cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-Meson Spectroscopy at GlueX

GlueX at Jefferson Lab aims to study the light meson spectrum with an emphasis on the search for light hybrid mesons. To this end, a linearly-polarized 9GeV photon beam impinges on a hydrogen targe...
Nanoparticles Enabled Mechanism for Hot Cracking Elimination in Aluminum Alloys

Hot cracking has been a long-term challenge for the solidification processing of many high-performance aluminum alloys, such as 7075, 6061, and 2024 alloys. Nano-treating, by adding a low loading of ceramic nanoparticles into a metal matrix, can effectively reduce the hot cracking susceptibility of aluminum alloys during solidification processes such as casting, welding, and additive manufacturing. While previous studies have shown that ceramic nanoparticles enhance heterogeneous nucleation, inhibit grain growth, and modify secondary phases during solidification of various alloys, no systematic study has been conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of hot cracking elimination by different nanoparticles on different alloy systems. In this work, TiC and TiB2 nanoparticles have been incorporated into hot crack susceptible aluminum alloys 7075, 6061, and 2024, and a detailed thermal analysis and microstructure study were carried out to investigate the nanoparticle-enabled principal mechanisms of hot cracking elimination. It is discovered that the underlying mechanism is attributed to the unusual modification of both grains and intermetallic phases as well as a much higher liquid fraction at the final stage of solidification. More specifically, nanoparticles enable faster nucleation with a gradual latent heat release, an effective growth restriction of spherical aluminum α-grains (especially by TiC nanoparticles), a significant modification of the intermetallic phases, and a higher liquid fraction of non-equilibrium eutectic due to nanoparticle-induced diffusion blockage at the terminal stages of solidification.
Tests in Censored Models when the Structural Parameters Are Not Identified

This paper presents tests for the structural parameters of a censored regression model with endogenous explanatory variables. These tests have the correct size even when the identification condition for the structural parameter is invalid. My approach starts from the estimation of the unrestricted parameters, which does not depend on the identification of the structural parameter. Next, I set up the optimal minimum distance objective function, from where I derive the tests. The proposed robust tests are implemented in many statistical software packages since they demand only the Tobit and the ordinary least squares estimation functions. By simulating their power curves, I compare the robust to the Wald and the likelihood ratio tests. A case of the labor supply of married women illustrates the use of the robust tests for the construction of confidence intervals.
Similarity Solution of the Flamant Problem by Means of a One-Parameter Group Transformation

The two-dimensional point load problem on a linear elastic half plane is solved using a one-parameter group transformation of the biharmonic equation. This solution technique allows the incorporation of the singular load directly through use of the Dirac delta function. The resulting fourth-order ordinary differential equation, while formidable in appearance, is exact and is readily solved through simple integration.
Acoustic Cavitation-Mediated Delivery of Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acids with Phase-Shift Nano-Emulsions

Localized, targeted delivery of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) has been the foremost hurdle in the use of siRNA for the treatment of various diseases. Major advances have been achieved in the synthesis of siRNA, which have led to greater target messenger RNA (mRNA) silencing and stability under physiologic conditions. Although numerous delivery strategies have shown promise, there are still limited options for targeted delivery and release of siRNA administered systemically. In this in vitro study, phase-shift nano-emulsions (PSNE) were explored as cavitation nuclei to facilitate free siRNA delivery to cancer cells via sonoporation. A cell suspension containing varying amounts of PSNE and siRNA was exposed to 5-MHz pulsed ultrasound at fixed settings (6.2-MPa peak negative pressure, 5-cycle pulses, 250-Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and total exposure duration of 100 s). Inertial cavitation emissions were detected throughout the exposure using a passive cavitation detector. Successful siRNA delivery was achieved (i.e., >50% cell uptake) with high (>80%) viability. The percentage of cells with siRNA uptake was correlated with the amount of inertial cavitation activity generated from vaporized PSNE. The siRNA remained functional after delivery, significantly reducing expression of green fluorescent protein in a stably transfected cell line. These results indicate that vaporized PSNE can facilitate siRNA entry into the cytosol of a majority of sonicated cells and may provide a non-endosomal route for siRNA delivery.
Observations of low mass X-ray binaries

In this paper I review the properties and behavior of low-mass X-ray binary systems (LMXBs) that contain neutron stars (NS), concentrating on the Galactic bulge sources and bursters. I describe the observed characteristics of LMXBs including their light curves, spectra, eclipses, dips, bursts, flares, pulsations, QPO, long-term periodicities and orbital period changes, and explain how fast timing results and the distinction between ‘Z’ and ‘atoll’-type sources provide the key to a unified model of LMXB behavior.
Recognition with and without identification: dissociative effects of meaningful encoding.

In a series of four experiments, the effects of levels of processing and generation on the recognition of identified versus unidentified word fragments were examined. After studying a list of words, participants took a word fragment completion test in which half of the fragments came from studied words and half came from nonstudied words. Regardless of whether they could complete a given fragment, the participants were asked to rate the likelihood that it came from a studied word. Recognition of identified fragments was best whenever the focus of the encoding task was on meaning. Recognition of unidentified fragments did not benefit from meaningful encoding in any of the experiments reported here but did benefit from generation. It is suggested that whereas recognitionwith identification involves the use of meaning, recognitionwithout identification involves the use of abstract orthographic information in memory.
Individual patient diagnosis of AD and FTD via high-dimensional pattern classification of MRI

The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI-based high-dimensional pattern classification in differentiating between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and healthy controls, on an individual patient basis. MRI scans of 37 patients with AD and 37 age-matched cognitively normal elderly individuals, as well as 12 patients with FTD and 12 age-matched cognitively normal elderly individuals, were analyzed using voxel-based analysis and high-dimensional pattern classification. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of spatial patterns of regional brain atrophy found to be characteristic of AD and FTD were determined via cross-validation and via split-sample methods. Complex spatial patterns of relatively reduced brain volumes were identified, including temporal, orbitofrontal, parietal and cingulate regions, which were predominantly characteristic of either AD or FTD. These patterns provided 100% diagnostic accuracy, when used to separate AD or FTD from healthy controls. The ability to correctly distinguish AD from FTD averaged 84.3%. All estimates of diagnostic accuracy were determined via cross-validation. In conclusion, AD- and FTD-specific patterns of brain atrophy can be detected with high accuracy using high-dimensional pattern classification of MRI scans obtained in a typical clinical setting.
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Thyroid Diseases in Chronic Renal Failure

I. Introduction END-STAGE renal disease (ESRD) is a relatively common nonthyroidal illness, which induces significant morbidity and mortality (1). In the United States, more than 220,000 patients were being dialyzed for ESRD in 1992, with an 8–9% annual increase in frequency over the last 10 years (1, 2). This rising incidence of ESRD reflects improved survival rates of ESRD patients and increasing age of the general population, with the greatest increase in ESRD frequency being in people over 64 yr of age (2). ESRD is a moderate to severe nonthyroidal illness and, as such, frequently alters thyroid hormone metabolism (3). In addition to metabolic and endocrine derangements induced by ESRD, these patients frequently have a multitude of nonrenal nonthyroidal disorders that affect thyroid hormone metabolism, including diabetes mellitus (1), infections (1), and malnutrition (4–6), and they are treated by a variety of pharmacological agents. Knowledge of alterations of thyroid hormone metabolism in euthyroid ...
Prestigious publications and public relevance: Vietnam war and black protest in the ASR and APSR

This study examines the manner and the extent to which the social sciences are prepared to address large scale, long term historical change. Particularly, the American Political Science Review and the American Sociological Review are subjected to a content analysis with regards to their analyses of the Vietnamese war and the Black uprisings of the 1960s. The results identify the fact that the most preeminent social science journals failed to analyze the conflicts; either prior to, during or after their emergence. This suggests, at a general level, that critical reflection of the dominant theoretical paradigms of social science did not take place. Moreover, it is suggested, on a more specific level, that the fundamental problem was the bankruptcy of the 1950s paradigm for the 1960s and the incapacity of the more influential journals to identify, address and overcome this intellectual limitation.
The scalp topography of potentials associated with missing visual or auditory stimuli

Averaged potentials time-locked to regularly presented visual and auditory stimuli and to the occasional random deletion of a stimulus were recorded from a scalp electrode array overlying the left hemicranium. The major components of visual and auditory evoked potentials and of the potentials associated with missing stimuli (MSP) were measured and their amplitude distributions depicted in the form of isopotential maps. The N1 components of the VEP and AEP had distributions compatible with sources in and near the respective primary cortical projection areas. The P2 components were more widely distributed and could be attributed in part to generators within modality specific association areas. The MSP comprised two main components, an initial negativity (NMSP) and a later positive wave (PMSP). The NMSP distributions were different in the visual and auditory modalities, and were similar to the respective EP topographies. The NMSP appeared to reflect a more powerful contribution of association areas than did the evoked responses. The PMSP topography was modality unspecific with distributions which were maximal over the parietal region. The possible functional significance of the NMSP and PMSP was considered in the light of their timing and topography.
The effect of disease, drug, and diet on whole body protein metabolism in adolescents with Crohn disease and growth failure

The effect of chronic inflammation, corticosteriod therapy, and nutritional supplementation on whole body protein metabolism and growth was determined in adolescent males with Crohn disease and growth failure. Body protein status was characterized in six patients and in five healthy, age-matched controls by nitrogen balance, whole body potassium (measured as 40 K), urinary creatinine excretion, and [ 15 N]glycine turnover studies. The patients subsequently received an intragastric nutritional supplement that increased dietary protein and nergy intakes by 40% for seven months. Follow-up anthropometric measurements were obtained in both groups of adolescents. Our results demonstrated that lean body mass ( 40 K) and muscle mass (creatinine) were significantly reduced in the patients compared to the controls, despite similar nitrogen balances between both groups. Whole bodh nitrogen flux, rates of protein synthesis and breakdown, and net protein retention were no different between those patients with chronic inflammation, while receiving corticosteroid therapy, and their controls. Long-term nutritional supplementation significantly improved linear and ponderal growth velocities in the patients such that growth rates were commeasure with those of the healthy controls. We conclude that chronic inflammation and corticosteroid therapy are not associated with detectable alterations in protein metabolic processes at the whole body level. Rather, dietary insufficiency appears to be primarily responsible for growth failure in adolescents with Crohn disease.
‘Things govern'd by words’: Late 17th‐century comedy and the reformers

(1987). ‘Things govern'd by words’: Late 17th‐century comedy and the reformers. English Studies: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 142-153.
The influence of temperature on the sorption and permeability of CO2 in poly(fluoroalkoxyphosphazene) membranes

Abstract This paper reports the transport and sorption properties of poly(fluoroalkoxyphosphazene) (PFAP) membranes for carbon dioxide and nitrogen in both pure and mixed gas experiments. The CO 2 permeability decreased from 336 to 142 Barrers with an increase in the CO 2 /N 2 ideal separation factor from 12 to 21 as the membrane temperature was decreased from 303 K to 258 K at feed pressure of 2.9 bars. At lower feed pressure (1.5 bars) the CO 2 permeability decreased from 327 to 140 Barrers, while the CO 2 /N 2 ideal separation factor increased from 13 to 22 over the same temperature range. CO 2 sorption isotherms were measured using the pressure decay equilibrium method. Solubility of CO 2 was determined using the sorption isotherms and the diffusion coefficients were calculated from CO 2 permeabilities and solubilities. Sorption isotherms were linear at each temperature for the pressure range studied and the enthalpy of sorption was −5.8 kcal/mol. The solubility coefficient values for CO 2 increased from 0.95 to 5.43 cm 3 CO 2 (STP)/cm 3 polymer atm whereas the diffusion coefficient decreased from 2.71 × 10 −6 to 0.19 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s as the temperature decreased from 303 K to 258 K.
SIR 2006 Annual Meeting Film Panel Case: Budd-Chiari syndrome in a patient with Cogan syndrome.

A 15-year-old girl presented with abdominal pain and distension. Her medical history was remarkable for bilateral lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis at the age of 10 and a transient episode of headache associated with right-hand numbness at age 12. At age 13, she experienced loss of visual acuity and a hearing deficit. Evaluation at that time with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging disclosed thinning of the optic chiasm. Fluorescein angiography showed enlargement of blood vessels and leakage of both optic nerves. Physical examination revealed hypertension (blood pressure, 138/100 mm Hg) and a normal heart rate. There was hepatosplenomegaly and abdominal distension. Engorged superficial veins were noted over the abdomen and both lower extremities. Her current medications included warfarin, prednisone, amlodipine, aspirin, and spironolactone. Findings of laboratory evaluation were as follows: hemoglobin, 10 g/dL (normal, 12–15.5 g/dL); hematocrit, 32.6% (normal, 36%-46%); prothrombin time, 36 seconds (normal, 11.5–14.5 sec); partial thromboplastin time, 38.6 seconds (normal, 24.1–34.8 sec); International Normalized Ratio, 3.3 (normal, 0.9–1.2); serum fibrinogen level, 353 mg/dL (normal, 175–433 mg/dL); alkaline phosphatase, 257 U/L (normal, 36–122 U/L); antinuclear antibody titer, 40 (normal, 40); immunoglobulin M, 413 mg/dL (normal, 39– 333 mg/dL); -1 antitrypsin, 201 mg/dL (normal, 79–207 mg/dL); cytomegalovirus antibody positive; varicella zoster antibody positive; hepatitis A, B, and C antibodies negative. Selected images from an abdominal MR imaging study, inferior vena cavogram, and transhepatic hepatic venogram are shown in Figures 1–6. In accordance with our institutional guidelines, this report does not require approval from the institutional review board.
Changes in Thermal Stability and Microunfolding Pattern of Collagen Helix Resulting from the Loss of α2(I) Chain in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine

Homozygous mutations resulting in formation of alpha1(I)(3) homotrimers instead of normal type I collagen cause mild to severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in humans and mice. Limited studies of changes in thermal stability of type I homotrimers were reported previously, but the results were not fully consistent. We revisited this question in more detail using purified tendon collagen from wild-type (alpha1(I)(2)alpha2(I) heterotrimers) and oim (alpha1(I)(3)) mice as well as artificial alpha1(I)(3) homotrimers obtained by refolding of rat-tail-tendon collagen. We found that at the same heating rate oim homotrimers completely denature at approximately 2.5deg.C higher temperature than wild-type heterotrimers, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. At the same, constant temperature, homotrimers denature approximately 100 times slower than heterotrimers, as determined by circular dichroism. Detailed analysis of proteolytic cleavage at different temperatures revealed that microunfolding of oim homotrimers and wild-type heterotrimers occurs at similar rate but within a number of different sites. In particular, the weakest spot on the oim triple helix is located approximately 100 amino acid residues from the C-terminal end within the cyanogen bromide peptide CB6. The same microunfolding site is also present in wild-type collagen, but the weakest spot of the latter is located close to the N-terminal end of CB8. Amino acid analysis and differential gel electrophoresis showed virtually no posttranslational overmodification of oim mouse tendon collagen. Moreover, thermal stability and microunfolding of artificial rat-tail-tendon homotrimers were similar to oim homotrimers. Thus, the observed changes are associated with difference in the amino acid composition of alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) chains rather than posttranslational overmodification.
Olfactory afferent regulation of the dopamine phenotype in the fetal rat olfactory system

Abstract Recent studies strongly suggest that functional olfactory receptor cell innervation is necessary for the maintenance of the dopamine phenotype in the adult rat olfactory bulb. To determine whether afferent innervation is required for the initial expression of the dopaminergic phenotype during development, the current studies investigated the association between afferent innervation and phenotypic expression using both in vivo and in vitro systems. Ontogeny of the dopamine phenotype in the rat main olfactory bulb was assessed by the appearance of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, the first enzyme in the dopamine biosynthetic pathway. Development of receptor afferent innervation of the bulb was demonstrated with olfactory marker protein immunoreactivity. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells occurred only in regions of the olfactory bulb receiving afferent innervation. However, the appearance of afferent fibers in the olfactory bulb preceded tyrosine hydroxylase expression by three to four days (gestational days 14–15 versus 18, respectively). In explant cultures, significant numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells were observed only in en bloc co-cultures of presumptive olfactory bulb and epithelium. Explant cultures of presumptive olfactory bulb alone contained few, if any, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells. Similarly, expiants produced by recombining previously separated presumptive olfactory bulb and epithelium exhibited very few tyrosine hydroxylase-immunostained cells. These data suggest that expression of the dopamine phenotype, as indicated by the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase, depends on a critical level of afferent innervation. The results also support previous studies which indicated that neuronal activity or an activity-dependent process may be required for induction of tyrosine hydroxylase expression.
Protective effect of melatonin in carrageenan-induced models of local inflammation: relationship to its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production and its peroxynitrite scavenging activity.

Cuzzocrea S, Zingarelli B, Gilad E, Hake P, Salzman AL, Szabo C. Protective effect of melatonin in carrageenan-induced models of local inflammation: Relationship to its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production and its peroxynitrite scavenging activity. J. Pineal Res. 1997; 23:106–116. © Munksgaard, Copenhagen Abstract In vitro studies have demonstrated that melatonin is a scavenger of oxyradicals and peroxynitrite and an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of melatonin treatment in two models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleurisy), where oxyradicals, NO, and peroxynitrite play a crucial role in the inflammatory process. Our data show that melatonin (given at 62.5 and 125 μg/paw in the paw edema model or 25 and 50 mg/ kg in the pleurisy model) inhibits the inflammatory response (paw swelling, pleural exudate formation, mononuclear cell infiltration, and histological injury) in dose-dependent manner in both models. Furthermore, our data suggest that melatonin exerts an inhibitory effect on the expression of the inducible isoform of NO synthase. Melatonin also prevented the formation of nitrotyrosine, an indicator of peroxynitrite, in both models of inflammation. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that melatonin exerts potent antiinflammatory effects. Part of these antiinflammatory effects may be related to an inhibition of the expression of the inducible NO synthase, while another part may be related to oxyradical and peroxynitrite scavenging.
Assessing NEO hazard mitigation in terms of astrodynamics and propulsion systems requirements.

: Uncertainties associated with assessing valid near-Earth object (NEO) threats and carrying out interception missions place unique and stringent burdens on designing mission architecture, astrodynamics, and spacecraft propulsion systems. A prime uncertainty is associated with the meaning of NEO orbit predictability regarding Earth impact. Analyses of past NEO orbits and impact probabilities indicate uncertainties in determining if a projected NEO threat will actually materialize within a given time frame. Other uncertainties regard estimated mass, composition, and structural integrity of the NEO body. At issue is if one can reliably estimate a NEO threat and its magnitude. Parameters that determine NEO deflection requirements within various time frames, including the terminal orbital pass before impact, and necessary energy payloads, are quantitatively discussed. Propulsion system requirements for extending space capabilities to rapidly interact with NEOs at ranges of up to about 1 AU (astronomical unit) from Earth are outlined. Such missions, without gravitational boosts, are deemed critical for a practical and effective response to mitigation. If an impact threat is confirmed on an immediate orbital pass, the option for interactive reconnaissance, and interception, and subsequent NEO orbit deflection must be promptly carried out. There also must be an option to abort the mitigation mission if the NEO is subsequently found not to be Earth threatening. These options require optimal decision latitude and operational possibilities for NEO threat removal while minimizing alarm. Acting too far in advance of the projected impact could induce perturbations that ultimately exacerbate the threat. Given the dilemmas, uncertainties, and limited options associated with timely NEO mitigation within a decision making framework, currently available propulsion technologies that appear most viable to carry out a NEO interception/mitigation mission within the greatest margin of control and reliability are those based on a combined (bimodal) nuclear thermal/nuclear electric propulsion platform. Elements of required and currently available performance characteristics for nuclear and electric propulsion systems are also discussed.
Laser photobioactivation mechanisms: In vitro studies using ascorbic acid uptake and hydroxyproline formation as biochemical markers of irradiation response

Clinical investigations of laser photobioactivation, or biostimulation, might be differently designed and more fruitful if knowledge of basic biochemical mechanisms were better understood. In this investigation, biochemical events identified as responses to 904 nm irradiation included increased ascorbic acid uptake by fibroblasts. These cells also showed increased hydroxyproline formation, and this was increased several-fold by the addition of proline to the medium. Maximum biochemical responses were observed at a pulse frequency of 67 Hz and a pulse width of 150 nsec with an energy density of approximately 7 mJ/cm2 per exposure. Elements in the mitochondrial cytochrome system are proposed as the radiation absorbing chromophore(s). Hypothetically, the energy generated is linked to ascorbic acid uptake, which in turn stimulates collagen synthesis.
The biodegradation of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates, PHAs, with long alkyl substitutents byPseudomonas maculicola

Utilizing a quantitative clear zone technique, the activity of an extracellular depolymerase system fromPseudomonas maculicola was investigated. Polymer degradation was influenced by the amount and availability of secondary carbon sources, with a simultaneous utilization of both sources. The initial carbon source in the liquid preculture also affected the eventual colony growth and polymer degradation. The enzyme solution was determined to readily degrade poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with relatively ‘long’ alkyl substituents at the 3 position: poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate (PHO), poly-3-hydroxynonanoate (PHN), and their copolymers (P[HO-co-HN]) and poly-3-hydroxyundecanoate (PHU). However, the system was unable to degrade either PHAs with shorter alkyl groups, including poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P[HB-co-HV]) or PHAs with unusual substituents such as poly(3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid) (PHPV). It is proposed that degradation of these more bulky side chain polymers was prevented by the inability of the bacteria to assimilate their monomeric components, which inhibited the successful utilization of secondary carbon sources and thus inhibited colony growth.
Detection of localized DNA flexibility

THE bending and flexibility of DNA are important in packaging, recombination and transcription1–3. Bending decreases electrophoretic mobility in a manner depending on bend position within a fragment (circular permutation4) and on the distance between bends (phasing analysis5,6). Bending can also affect DNA ring closure (cyclization7–10). The lack of a complete theory for the mechanism of gel retardation hampers measurement of bend magnitudes by electrophoresis, whereas cyclization is done entirely in solution and is well understood theoretically9. Disagreements between bend angles estimated by the two electrophoretic assays have been ascribed to DNA flexibility11. Here we test this interpretation using an internal loop as a model flexible locus. Whereas the circular permutation and helical phasing experiments are only subtly affected by the loop, DNA cyclization kinetics detects and quantifies substantial increases in torsional and bending flexibility. Furthermore, the results support a functional role for the stress of DNA bending in inducing base-pair opening12.
A kinetic-theory approach to turbulent chemically reacting flows

The paper examines the mathematical and physical foundations for the kinetic theory of reactive turbulent flows, discussing the differences and relation between the kinetic and averaged equations, and comparing some solutions of the kinetic equations obtained by the Green's function method with those obtained by the approximate bimodal method. The kinetic method described consists essentially in constructing the probability density functions of the chemical species on the basis of solutions of the Langevin stochastic equation for the influence of eddies on the behavior of fluid elements. When the kinetic equations are solved for the structure of the diffusion flame established in a shear layer by the bimodal method, discontinuities in gradients of the mean concentrations at the two flame edges appear. This is a consequence of the bimodal approximation of all distribution functions by two dissimilar half-Maxwellian functions, which is a very crude approximation. These discontinuities do not appear when the solutions are constructed by the Green's function method described here.
Isolation and properties of Acheta accessory gland polysomes.

Abstract Polysomes have been prepared from Acheta male accessory gland. The following factors are important in ensuring maximum yield: (1) homogenization at a large buffer to tissue excess (40 : 1), (2) use of 200 mM NH 4 Cl as a nuclease inhibitor, (3) addition of either sodium deoxycholate or Triton X−100 to the buffer before homogenization and (4) use of the Dounce homogenizer. Inclusion of NH 4 + gives no deleterious effects with respect to dissociation or activity of the ribosomes. The occurrence of cold-induced ‘run-off’ of polysomes has been confirmed by direct measurement. Polysomes reassemble within 15 to 30 min after return of the animals to higher temperatures, with restoration of endogenous protein synthetic capacity to control levels; the ribosomes appear to retain an elevated capacity for poly(U)-directed protein synthesis.
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by changes in blood pressure and in blood viscosity alike.

There is still considerable controversy regarding the influence of blood viscosity upon CBF. We have measured CBF with microspheres in 23 cats. Autoregulation was disturbed in the left caudate nucleus by microsurgical occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. Induced hypertension or hypotension was used and i.v. mannitol (1 g/kg) administered. In all cats blood viscosity decreased an average of 16% at 15 minutes and, in 16 cats, increased 10% at 75 minutes post-mannitol. CBF in the right caudate was 79 +/- 6 ml/100g/min, in the left 38 +/- 6 (p less than 0.001). Only minor changes of CBF occurred in areas with presumed normal autoregulation, including the right caudate, in conjunction with pressure or viscosity changes. In the left caudate CBF decreased 21% with hypotension and 18% with higher viscosity, more than on the right (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.2, respectively). CBF increased in the left caudate 56% with hypertension and 47% with lower viscosity, again much more than on the right (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01, respectively). In the other area which is (nearly) exclusively supplied by the middle cerebral artery of the cat, i.e., the ectosylvian cortex, results were similar to those in the caudate nucleus. These results show that viscosity changes must result in compensatory readjustments of vessel diameter, but that these adjustments do not occur where autoregulation to pressure changes is known to be defective. The adjustments to viscosity changes might be called blood viscosity autoregulation of CBF. We hypothesize that pressure autoregulation and blood viscosity autoregulation share the same mechanism.
Local cooling provides muscle flaps protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in the event of venous occlusion during the early reperfusion period.

Clinicians often place patients in heated rooms following muscle flap transfers. We hypothesize that exposure of flaps to heated room temperatures could result in an unnecessary hyperthermic ischemic insult if the flaps were to be compromised by venous outflow obstruction, while exposure of elective flaps to local cooling during early perfusion may provide protection in the event of venous occlusion. The rat rectus femoris muscle flap was elevated and clamped for 1 h. The muscle was then exposed to various temperatures for 1 h of perfusion followed by complete venous occlusion for 3 h. Occlusion clamps were removed and flaps were allowed to reperfuse for 24 h. Flaps were assessed for muscle necrosis and edema. Venous occluded muscles demonstrated decreased muscle necrosis and edema in the locally cooled group (8.5 ± 6.7%, 3.06 ± 0.14; P < 0.001) compared to the room temperature group (76.2 ± 23.0%, 3.73 ± 0.13), and the local warming group (97.3 ± 1.4%, 3.84 ± 0.29) respectively. No difference was noted in muscle necrosis nor edema amongst non-ischemic muscles irrespective of temperature exposure. These results suggest a beneficial role for exposure of elective flaps to local cooling during the early perfusion period in order to provide protection from ischemia reperfusion injury in the event of a venous occlusion insult. The prophylactic exposure of flaps to local cooling is further supported by the lack of a harmful effect when flaps were not compromised by venous occlusion.
In-line measurement characterization for multi-layers film stack of SiGe by advance spectroscopy ellipsometer

Faster time to results is becoming more and more critical for chip makers to build up the production monitoring capability on advanced process development. Especially for SiGe's process, which uses SEG process by adding germanium. SiGe products provide higher frequency and lower power dissipation than traditional Si based products due to lower energy band-gap. SiGe process can be integrated to current semiconductor process easily with lower cost comparing to GaAs process. The combination of HBT and CMOS is excellent on wireless and optical fiber communication application. This application introduce a SiGe's in-line measurement method by using spectroscopy ellipsometer, which offers a non-destructive and ultra fast measurements than typical metrology tools, such like RBS, XRD or SIMS, on both box profile and gradient profile of varied Ge concentration of the films. By characterizing the different RI interval of the dispersion curves of SiGe-films, single or multi layers, through spectroscopy ellipsometer, we may estimate the film thickness and the peak concentration of germanium. A correlation of this in-line method with off-line method, such as XRD or SIMS, is provided through different RI-intervals of SiGe films as a comparison. The content of this paper offered experimental measurements data, which is not only on monitor wafers but also on production wafers including different box and gradient profiles of Ge concentration of the SiGe films via spectroscopy ellipsometer.The optical method is highly reducing the fabrication costs and accelerating production yields.
The changing nature of acute chemical hazards: A historical perspective

Abstract Emergency situations may develop from a variety of circumstances when chemicals or chemically-related substances or materials are improperly used or inadequately controlled. The various processes or circumstances, which may result in an emergency endangering significant numbers of people and requiring response by emergency control personnel or systems, are placed in a historical perspective. Acute chemical emergencies may and do occur in several modes: fire, explosions, uncontrolled release of materials, uncontrolled reactions, and time-bombs of toxic or explosive materials from improper disposal. These modes are used to illustrate the difficulty of generalizing about the control of chemicals and to encourage wider appreciation of the changing nature of chemical emergencies. In all cases, it is the lack of adequate control which precipitated a crisis, not the chemical itself.
The effect of x-irradiation on cation transport in rabbit lens.

The effect of X-irradiation on the active transport and diffusion of 86 Rb was investigated at various times following exposure to a single dose of 2000 rad. In addition the levels of ascorbic acid, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lens and ascorbic acid and H 2 O 2 in aqueous humor were studied as a function of time after irradiation. A decrease in active transport of Rb and an increase in permeability was first observed after 4 weeks following X-ray; after 7 weeks, the active transport decreased by 80% and permeability increased by 44 times the control value. Despite the dramatic changes in cation transport and permeability, the hydration of the lens remained unaffected until the development of maturre cataracts, which appeared 8–9 weeks following exposure to X-ray. In contrast to the delayed effect of X-ray on hydration and cation transport, there was a gradual decrease in the level of GSH. The values of ascorbate in aqueous humor were significantly lower in the X-rayed eyes than the contralateral controls at all time periods after irradiation, while a lower concentration of H 2 O 2 in the aqueous of X-rayed eyes was first observed 4 weeks after exposure. The activity of SOD in the lens was unaffected at any time after X-irradiation. The decrease in the level of GSH in capsule and epithelium was less pronounced than in the decapsulated or whole lens The possible role of GSH in the epithelium in the regulation of cation transport and hydration is discussed.
Monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci Guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain

Monoclonal antibodies to a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) were developed. Only five of the 15 hybridomas isolated produced antibodies specific for the GPIC strain, while seven others produced antibodies which cross reacted with other strains and another species. Strain-specific and species-specific monoclonal antibodies were isotyped as IgG2a and IgG3, respectively. It appears that the GPIC strain has at least two epitopes, one of which is specific for the strain and the other common to the species. These monoclonal reagents may be used to immunotype GPIC agents, better than available methods and may be of potential use in the development of vaccines against chlamydial infections.
A Reconsideration of “Attributes and Adoption of New Social Studies Materials”

Abstract This replication study explores the relationship between attributes of innovative social studies materials and attitude towards and adoption of these materials. Four conceptually developed attributes (relative advantage, compatibility, observability, and trialability) were significangly related to both attitude toward materials and adoption of materials. Two factor-analyzed attributes (observable benefits and investment requirements) were also significantly related to attitude and adoption. A significant relationship between attitude toward materials and adoption of materials was discovered, and there was a difference between respondents with greater influence and respondents with lesser influence on their adoption of the materials.
The development of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in cat visual cortical areas

The development of somatostatin immunoreactive (SOM-ir) neurons in cat striate and extrastriate cortex was studied to determine whether temporal changes in the morphology, distribution and density of SOM-ir neurons during development would provide clues to the emergence of specific cortical areas. The visual cortical areas examined included areas 17-19 and 7, posteromedial lateral suprasylvian, posterolateral lateral suprasylvian cortex and splenial visual area. We observed that the pattern of SOM-ir neurons in the cortical plate reflects the maturation of the cortical plate. At 1 week of age, SOM-ir neurons were only found in layers V and VI of the developing cortex; by 2 weeks of age, SOM-ir neurons were found in layer IV; and by 3 weeks of age, SOM-ir neurons were located in all layers of the cortex except layer I. SOM-ir neurons in the subplate were much more numerous under lateral cortical areas than under medial areas. This difference decreased over the first 2 postnatal weeks and by the 14th day after birth (P14), the distribution and numbers of SOM-ir neurons in the subplate/white matter had reached the adult pattern. The timing of exuberant SOM expression in the subplate suggests a function in the formation of visual corticocortical connections which begin to develop during the first postnatal week in the kitten.
7 Computational protein design and discovery

Protein design has traditionally relied on an expert’s ability to assimilate a myriad of factors that together influence the stability and uniqueness of a protein structure. As many of these forces are subtle and their simultaneous optimization is a problem of great complexity, sophisticated sequence prediction algorithms have been developed to aid in the design of novel proteins by providing quantitative analysis of the sequence–structure relationship. This review discusses some of the major developments in computational protein design, focusing on common inputs to the calculation and several often used search methods. We also highlight accomplishments in computational protein design, ranging from simple core redesign of an existing protein, to the design of new functionalities (catalytic or ligand-binding), and finally to a large-scale design of de novo proteins.
Postoperative heart block in children with common forms of congenital heart disease: results from the KID Database.

Postoperative Heart Block in Congenital Heart Disease. Introduction: Cardiac conduction system injury is a cause of postoperative cardiac morbidity following repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). The national occurrence of postoperative complete heart block (CHB) following surgical repair of CHD is unknown. We sought to describe the occurrence of and costs related to postoperative CHB following surgical repair of common forms of CHD using a large national database. Methods and Results: Retrospective, observational analysis performed over a 10-year period (2000–2009) using the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID). Visits for patients ≤24 months of age were identified who underwent surgical repair of ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrioventricular canal defects (AVC), and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Patients were identified who were diagnosed with postoperative CHB, further identifying those requiring a new pacemaker placement during the same hospitalization. Costs associated with visits were calculated. There were 16,105 surgical visits: 7,146 VSD, 3,480 AVC, and 5,480 TOF. There was a decrease in postoperative mortality (P = 0.0001) with no significant change in postoperative CHB. Hospital stay and cost were higher with CHB and placement of a permanent pacemaker. Repair of AVC (OR 1.77; [1.32–2.38]) was associated with a higher rate of postoperative CHB. Length of hospital stay and total cost were significantly increased with the development of postoperative CHB and increased further with placement of a permanent pacemaker. Conclusion: There has been little change over time in the frequency of postoperative CHB in patients undergoing repair of VSD, AVC, and TOF. Postoperative CHB results in major added cost to the healthcare system. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1349-1354, December 2012)
Democracy and Development in Africa

1. The Facts: A Summary Scorecard A short three years ago, the African continent was dominated by unrepresentative, mostly predatory regimes that had lost whatever legitimacy they may have initially possessed. In 1992, although unrepresentative regimes still outnumber democrative governments, a dramatic process is underway to restore the fundamentals of political legitimacy. Because of Africa's poverty, observers who perceive economic progress as logically and chronologically superordinate to political pluralism see this process as anomalous. The experience of a few Asian countries (e.g. Korea) appears to support their view. But in Africa this proposition is counterfactual: predatory authoritarianism has been a central cause of Africa's economic underdevelopment not its handmaiden. Correspondingly, political pluralism is a necessary (though not sufficient condition for African economic recovery and not a luxury to be postponed until middle-income Nirvana is achieved. In the table below, the 52 African countries are classified in 2 x 2 matrices according to 'stability' and 'representativeness' in March 1989 and 1992, respectively.1 This classification contains some inevitable simplifications. Stability and representativeness are difficult concepts. Both of them are continuous variables, although the figures present them as dichotomous. Also, the evaluation of any given country as stable or unstable, representative or unrepresentative, has a subjective and arbitrary element. The discussion of the content of African democracy, below, may help to clarify the rationale for the classification. The trend, however, is unmistakable. Just 4 of the 52 African countries (Botswana, Gambia, Mauritius and Senegal) could be considered stable democracies in March 1989; three more (Madagascar, Tanzania and Zimbabwe) were moving in that direction; 40 countries almost 4 out of 5 were ruled by unrepresentative and unaccountable governments.
A Pre-Trial Domestic Violence Intensive Supervision Unit: Exploring Case Seriousness and Successful Disposition

This study measures the seriousness of domestic violence cases from the population of cases (N = 96) sentenced to a pre-trial domestic violence intensive supervision unit in one county probation office in Florida from April 1, 2006, to April 30, 2007. No significant differences were found in seriousness across sex, self-reported drug use, or attorney type. Furthermore, no relationship was found between the number of special conditions imposed by the court and the seriousness index value for a case. However, non-Whites had a significantly higher mean case seriousness index than Whites. Findings suggest that using the seriousness index presented in this study, some of the cases examined were not serious enough to warrant being sentenced to the pre-trial domestic violence intensive supervision unit. Implications for future research, including the use of lethality assessments, are addressed.
Nonresponsiveness of AKR.H-2b congenic mice for anti-AKR/Gross MuLV CTL responses: involvement of inhibitory cells as defined by adoptive transfer experiments.

Abstract AKR.H-2 b mice are unable to elicit AKR/Gross murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The participation of inhibitory cells was addressed through adoptive transfer experiments utilizing young AKR.H-2 b :Fv-1 b congenic responder mice as the recipients of AKR.H-2 b donor cells. The adoptive transfer of unfractionated viable splenocytes led to inhibition of virus-specific CTL responsiveness without affecting minor histocompatibility or allogeneic (H-2 d )-specific CTL responses. Negative cell selection studies indicated that of the donor AKR.H-2 b spleen cells that mediate specific inhibition, B lymphocytes, CD4 − CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 − T lymphocytes, but not macrophages, even though they are viral antigen positive (as are B and T lymphocytes), were the cells responsible for the diminution of the generation of AKR/Gross virus-specific CTL by AKR.H-2 b :Fv-1 b mice. To evoke maximal inhibition, the adoptive transfer of AKR.H-2 b cells had to be performed prior to in vivo priming with viral antigen. Anti-AKR/Gross MuLV nonresponsiveness of AKR.H-2 b mice could not be overcome through utilization of exogenous IL-2 at either the priming or in vitro restimulation phases of CTL generation. These results illustrate the complex interaction between retroviruses and lymphocytes and are relevant to understanding how retrovirus-infected cells may not only escape immune surveillance themselves, but also may inhibit the cytolytic T cell response directed at other infected cells, such as tumor cells.