cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron Diffraction Study of Cr under High Pressure

The spin density wave in pure Cr was studied by neutron diffraction under high pressures up to 6 kbar. The spin flip temperature T S F decreases linearly with an increase of pressure with a cofficient -5.8±0.2°K/kbar. The wave vector Q ' of the spin density wave in units of 2π/ a also decreases with an increase of pressure. Since the Neel temperature T N decreases with increasing pressure, data were analyez at constsnt reduced temperatures T / T N . The initial derivatives of the pressure dependence of Q ', \(\left(\frac{1}{Q'}\frac{dQ'}{dP}\right)_{0}\), are -2.08±0.15×0.15×10 -3 kbar -1 at T / T N =1.0 and -0.64±0.10×10 -3 kbar -1 at T / T N =0.3. The spontaneous magnetic moment µ decreases in proprtion to T N with an increase of pressure. These features are discussed in the light of Lomer's two band model.
A Survey on the Use of Premedication Prior to Iodinated and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Material Administration

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess Society of Uroradiology member use of premedication before the intravenous administration of low-osmolality iodinated contrast materials (LOCM) and gadolinium-based contrast materials (GBCM). Methods Society of Uroradiology members were invited to complete a Web-based survey concerning the use of premedication. The survey included scenarios concerning intravenous LOCM or GBCM injection in which respondents were asked whether they would recommend premedication or withhold contrast material injection. Results for LOCM questions were compared with those for GBCM questions. Question responses for LOCM were also compared with those from a similar Society of Uroradiology survey published in 1995. Results Sixty-two of 72 respondents (86%) used standardized premedication regimens. Fifty-nine of 61 described regimens (97%) included oral corticosteroids and 48 (79%) antihistamines. Twenty of 69 respondents (29%) had separate urgent premedication regimens. There was general agreement concerning premedication use; however, responses were inconsistent in patients with severe food or medication allergies, severe symptomatic asthma, or prior mild urticarial reactions. More respondents recommended premedication before LOCM than GBCM administration. More respondents recommended premedication or avoidance of contrast material injection in patients with prior contrast reactions in the current study compared with the 1995 study. Conclusions There is frequent agreement among uroradiologists concerning the use of corticosteroid prophylaxis, but there is inconsistency in some clinical situations. The threshold for premedication is often lower for LOCM than GBCM. Since 1995, recommendations for use of premedication have become more widespread.
Overlapping but Distinct RNA Elements Control Repression and Activation of nanos Translation

Abstract Spatially restricted synthesis of Nanos protein in the Drosophila embryo is essential for anterior–posterior patterning. Nanos translation is restricted to the posterior of the embryo by translational repression of nanos mRNA throughout the bulk cytoplasm and selective activation of posteriorly localized nanos mRNA. A 90-nucleotide translational control element (TCE) mediates translational repression. We show that TCE function requires formation of a bipartite secondary structure that is recognized by Smaug repressor and at least one additional factor. We also demonstrate that translational activation requires the interaction of localization factors with sequences that overlap TCE structural motifs. The identification of separate but overlapping recognition motifs for translational repressors and localization factors provides a molecular mechanism for the switch between translational repression and activation.
Measuring the Cross-Sectional Area of Cotton Fibers with an Image Analyzer:

A procedure for measuring the cross-sectional areas of cotton fibers with an image analyzer was developed. The fibers were embedded with an ultra-low-viscosity . embedding medium and sectioned 1.5-...
Measurement of forces between spontaneous vesicle-forming bilayers

The forces between bilayers self-assembled onto mica from dilute aqueous solutions containing vesicles of mixed cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammoniun tosylate (CTAT) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) were measured using the surface forces apparatus. At large separations (D > 20 A) the forces can be described by the DLVO theory of repulsive electrostatic and attractive van der Waals forces ; in dilute solution, the electrostatic repulsion is sufficient to make the net interaction ofthe mixed surfactant bilayers repulsive at all separations. The electrostatic force dominates any undulation or other long-range interactions and is sufficient to render the vesicles stable against aggregation in dilute solution. Although the net interactions between the mixed surfactant bilayers were monotonically repulsive, fusion of the bilayers could be induced at applied pressures orders of magnitude lower than for single-component phospholipid or surfactant bilayers. At sufficiently high concentrations of added salt (> 0.5 M), the electrostatic interactions were screened sufficiently that multilayers were trapped between the surfaces. The measured forces correlate well with the ternary phase diagram and the vesicle microstructures observed using freeze-fracture and cryo-electron microscopy.
Bioenergetic adaptation of individual human diaphragmatic myofibers to severe COPD.

To assess the effect of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the ability of human diaphragmatic myofibers to aerobically generate ATP relative to ATP utilization, we obtained biop...
A graphics interface to an engineering economy program

Abstract A general purpose engineering economy problem solving package has been created. This software allows the user to type in equations involving compound interest factors and unknown variables and will calculate the results or solve for the unknowns. The program is also able to compare alternative sets of cash flows using PEX, AEX, and ROR methodology. The program also includes interactive graphics features. This paper describes those features. For graphical output the program includes the capability to graph up to six equations with respect to one independent variable. This allows for the display of PEX vs. I graphs and breakeven graphs. The program will also draw cash flow diagrams and network diagrams. Cash flow data can be input graphically, using a mouse, by selecting a cash flow pattern (single amount, uniform series, or gradient series) and pointing to the position on the cash flow time line where the pattern should be placed. The program can calculate the net equivalent worth of the cash flows at any point in time given an interest rate, or find an interest rate at which the equivalent net cash flow is zero. This software is written in FORTRAN and can be linked to available graphics libraries on various computers. The author currently has versions for the VAX minicomputer, and IBM PC compatibles.
Opiate withdrawal in utero increases neonatal morbidity in the rat

Long-term oral administration of the long-acting opiate 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) to female rats beginning on the day of conception interfered with the dams' ability to carry litters to term. When treatment was initiated 3 weeks prior to mating this effect was not observed. Daily administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone from day 14 of gestation through term, to precipitate withdrawal in utero, resulted in increased stillbirths, decreased pup weight and size, and weight loss 24 hours after birth. These data question the validity of animal experiments which purport to be models for methadone maintenance programs but in which treatment is started immediately prior to or soon after conception. They also suggest that withdrawal in utero may be responsible for many of the adverse effects of opiates on human and animal development.
Measurements of Plasma Jets and Collimated Flux Tubes that are the Precursors of Spheromak Self-organization

A magnetized planar coaxial plasma gun is used to study the physics of spheromak formation. Eight magnetic flux tubes spanning from the cathode to the anode electrode are first filled with plasma by a rapid MHD pumping mechanism which ingests plasma from nozzles at the wall. The ingested plasma convects toroidal flux and the pile-up of this flux in the flux tube causes the flux tube to become collimated. The eight collimated flux tubes first have the shape of spider legs, but then merge to form a central column jet. This jet lengthens, continuing to ingest plasma from the wall sources, and becomes kink unstable. At a later stage the root of the jet can break off from the electrode and this detachment has been identified as being associated with a sausage instability. The sausage instability takes place during the nonlinear stage of the kinking. The above statements are based on experimental observations and have been reconciled with MHD models.
Computed tomography of splenic trauma

The purpose of this study was to illustrate and describe radiologic criteria of splenic injury, to recommend uniform reporting criteria of splenic injury, and to describe optimal scanning parameters relative to splenic injury. It consists of a retrospective blinded review of 66 patients with a discharge diagnosis of splenic injury who had abdominal computed tomography (CT) as part of their initial evaluation. The initial CT splenic diagnosis, the retrospective diagnosis, and the surgical description of injury were compared. The quality of the CT scan was evaluated with specific attention to the injection scan interval (ISI). ISI is defined as the time interval between the injection of intravenous contrast medium and the start of scanning. Scans with optimal ISI demonstrate maximal arterial opacification within the liver and spleen, renal parenchymal blush, but no contrast medium in the renal collecting system. Of the 66 patients, 31 (47%) had optimal scans, and 35 (53%) had extended scans. There were 22 surgically proven cases, 10 (45%) of which had extended scans. Of these 10 scans, five significantly undergraded the splenic injury when compared with the operative findings. Twelve of the 22 surgically proven scans (54%) had optimal timing, all of which correlated well with the operative findings. Twelve of the total group of patients (18%) had extended scans which demonstrated grade I or II injury; four of these patients required surgery. Similarly 12 patients (18%) had grade I or II injury and optimal ISI; however, all were managed nonoperatively. The optimal ISI was found to be 70 seconds (range, 60–90 seconds). When the ISI is greater than 90 seconds, splenic injuries are likely to be misdiagnosed or undergraded owing to venous filling, which obscures the detail of the splenic injury. Splenic injury may be undergraded or frankly missed by slow, low-resolution CT scanners, scans obtained with extended ISI, or scans without intravenous contrast medium. This study proposes an optimal CT scan technique that has eliminated discrepancies between radiologic interpretation of splenic injury and surgical findings. Splenic injuries can be classified on the basis of extent of injury, capsular tear, perisplenic hemorrhage, and bilar involvement. Active hemorrhage is the only absolute imaging indication for surgery.
Relation between adsorption at an oil/water interface and membrane permeability

Abstract Lipid permeation through a cell membrane involves adsorption onto the membrane, diffusion through the membrane and desorption into the interior solution. In order to determine the rate-limiting step, we have compared lipid permeability coefficients of human red cells with the free energies of adsorption, ΔG o/w , of the same molecule, from water onto an oil/water interface. Sha'afi, Gary-Bobo and Solomon ( J. Gen. Physiol. , 58 (1971) 238) had measured the permeability coefficients of human red cells to a series of homologous lipophilic amides and found a smooth increase from propionamide through butyramide to valeramide, as expected from lipid solubility. However, the permeability coefficients of the two branched isomers, isobutyramide and isovaleramide were each about 1 3 of that of the straight chain isomer. We have measured ΔG o/w for the branched and straight chain isomers at a decane/water interface, and found only a very small difference between the members of each isomer pair. The differences in red cell permeability coefficients are therefore attributed to different rates of diffusion within the membrane as a result of the increased steric hindrance in the branched chains. Thus diffusion within the membrane plays an important role as a determinant of membrane permeability.
Attention affects the organization of auditory input associated with the mismatch negativity system

The mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of event-related potentials (ERP), was used to investigate the effect of attention on auditory stream segregation. Subjects were presented with sequences of alternating high and low tones that occurred at a constant rate, which they ignored. When subjects ignored the stimuli, the three-tone standard and deviant sequences contained within the high- and low-pitched tones did not emerge and no MMNs were obtained. Subjects were then instructed to attend to the high-pitched tones of the stimulus sequences and detect the within-stream deviants. When subjects selectively attended the high-pitched tones, MMNs were obtained to the deviants within both the attended and unattended streams. These results indicate that attention can produce segregation such that the sequences of low- and high-pitched tones are available to the automatic deviance detection system that underlies the generation of the MMN. Selective attention can alter the organization of sensory input in the early stages of acoustic processing.
Functional consequences of the phosphorylation of the gonadotropin receptors

When target cells are exposed to a hormone, their responsiveness wanes with time, in spite of the continuous presence of the hormone. This phenomenon, referred to as desensitization, is due to regulatory steps that occur at the level of the hormone receptor as well as at post-receptor steps. While post-receptor events may be specific for the metabolic pathways activated in a given target cell, receptor events are more general in nature and conserved within a given family of receptors. There are at least two categories of regulatory events that occur at the level of the receptor and contribute to the process of desensitization. One of them, referred to as receptor uncoupling, will be used here to denote a change in the functional properties of a constant number of receptors resulting in a reduction in the ability of the receptor to activate its most proximal effector system. The other, referred to as receptor down-regulation, will be used here to denote a reduction in the density of cell surface receptors. Uncoupling is generally faster than down-regulation, and is believed to be due to post-translational modifications of the receptor. Down-regulation, on the other hand, is slower, and could be due to an increase in the rate of receptor internalization, sequestration or degradation, and/or to a decrease in the rate of receptor externalization, processing or synthesis. In this paper, recent studies from my laboratory designed to directly address the potential involvement of gonadotropin receptor phosphorylation in the process of uncoupling have been reviewed.
Model of psychological functioning

Abstract A model of psychological functioning, based on the activity of individual neurons, is proposed. A method to identify general patterns of behavior is outlined. A biochemical mechanism to account for synaptic transmission and modification of behavior by experience is suggested and incorporated in a holographic model of memory. A model of some cognitive processes is presented as an illustration of the method of applying the model; a means of extending the model to social organizations is suggested, and implications of the model are briefly discussed.
Latent Class Typologies for Emotional Support Among Midlife and Aging Americans: Evidence from the National Health and Human Nutrition Examination Survey

Using data from 40-year-old and older respondents in the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, this study sought to identify variations in emotional support networks among midlife and older adults and examine how those variations were related to depressive symptoms and to perceptions of inadequate support. Latent class analyses were used to identify six typologies of emotional support networks. Typologies were labeled, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine how membership in typologies was related to variations in depressive symptoms and perceived adequacy of emotional support. The findings indicate that when the focus is emotional support, social support from spouses is related to fewer depressive symptoms and less perceived need for increased emotional support. The results of this study suggest that access to family members, especially spouses, for emotional support is related to fewer depressive symptoms and a decreased probability of reporting inadequate social support. Overall, this study suggests that emotional support networks that include family members, especially spouses, are supportive of older persons’ quality of life.
Neural networks applied to retrocochlear diagnosis.

Methodologies have been developed, based on insights from signal detection theory, to evaluate quantitatively the diagnostic performance of tests. Several studies have demonstrated that, in fact, performance of a test battery can be inferior to the best of the tests it includes. These studies have been quite persuasive in damping enthusiasm for the test battery approach. Because the results of all tests in a battery were weighted equally in these studies, it is not surprising that an individual test with good sensitivity and specificity is more effective diagnostically than a combination of tests with poorer sensitivity and specificity. The authors of many of these studies were well aware of the limitations of this approach. In the present study, neural networks were applied to evaluate audiological tests used to predict retrocochlear pathology by differentially weighting the results of the tests in the battery. This technique avoids some of the limitations of previous approaches. Of the audiological tests evaluated in the present analysis, the superiority of the auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) in predicting retrocochlear disease was again demonstrated. However, the results also demonstrated that identification accuracy could be improved by combining the ABR with other tests (in this case contralateral acoustic reflex at 2000 Hz, ipsilateral acoustic reflex at 2000 Hz, tone decay, and word recognition score). Further, it was demonstrated that performance could be improved over that obtained using dichotomous test measures (i.e., positive or negative presence of pathology) by using raw test measures in conjunction with ABR.
Hansen, Lynne. (Ed.). Second Language Acquisition Abroad: The LDS Missionary Experience. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012. Pp. x, 268. $135.00, paper. ISBN 978–90–2724–186–3.

A review of the book "Second Language Acquisition Abroad: The LDS Missionary Experience," edited by Lynne Hansen, is presented.
Adsorptive endocytosis of HIV-1gp120 by blood-brain barrier is enhanced by lipopolysaccharide.

Previous work suggests that gp120 mediates the passage of HIV-1 and infected immune cells across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by induction of adsorptive endocytosis (AE) in brain endothelial cells. Other work has suggested that cytokines may increase the permeability of the BBB to free virus or infected immune cells. Here, we investigated the ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial wall toxin that stimulates the release of cytokines, to increase gp120 passage across the BBB by enhancement of AE and/or induction of BBB disruption. We found that LPS enhanced the passage of gp120 radioactively labeled with125I (I-gp120) in a reversible, time-dependent, prostaglandin-independent manner that was not completely explained by disruption of the BBB. LPS also enhanced wheatgerm agglutinin mediated uptake of I-gp120 almost exclusively through the potentiation of AE. These results show that LPS or cytokines released by LPS can have a major effect on the permeability of the BBB to HIV-1gp120 both by stimulating AE and by inducing a disruption of the BBB. This suggests that bacterial infection or other inflammatory states could facilitate invasion of the CNS by HIV-1.
Scintigraphic evaluation of traumatic splenic lesions in children.

Ninety-eight children with recent blunt abdominal trauma which initially evoked clinical suspicion of splenic injury were examined with colloid scintigraphy of the spleen and the liver using multiple imaging views and with abdominal survey. Nineteen children were, in addition, examined with tomographic scintigraphy. The clinical findings and the course of the disorder were reanalysed. Scintigraphy indicated splenic injury in 56 children and hepatic injury in another 5 children. The left lateral and the left oblique were the optimum imaging views for detecting splenic ruptures. Tomographic scintigraphy did not improve the diagnostic yield. Abdominal survey failed to indicate almost every second case of splenic rupture and provided no additional information of significance. The clinical review agreed with the scintigraphic diagnosis of splenic lesions but, in addition, it suggested possible splenic lesions in another 10 children with normal scintigraphy. This discrepancy cannot be explained as surgery was n...
FROZEN STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF COWNOSE RAY (RHINOPTERA BONASUS)

Frozen-stored (-18°C) vacuum-packed portions ofcownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) flesh, periodically analyzed for quality by chemical tests for ammonia nitrogen, pH, peroxide value, TBA content, extractable protein nitrogen, and by sensory methods, were still acceptable after 60 weeks.
Evaluation of outcomes from a national patient-initiated second-opinion program.

Abstract Background We examined outcomes of patient-initiated second opinions provided by a national second-opinion program. Methods We independently examined data collected from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012 from a second-opinion program (Best Doctors, Inc.) that allows employee-beneficiaries to request free second opinions. Clinical intake included ascertaining why patients sought second opinions and acquiring patients' complete medical records. Trained physicians summarized the cases; identified key, unresolved clinical questions; and forwarded the cases to expert specialists who provided independent assessments and recommendations. Second opinions were discussed with and returned to patients for review with their physicians. Nurses determined whether second opinions confirmed, clarified, or changed initial diagnoses and treatments, and physicians estimated their clinical impact. Patient satisfaction also was surveyed. Results A total of 6791 patient-initiated second opinions were completed across medical specialties. Patients primarily sought second opinions for help choosing treatment options (41.3%) and for diagnostic concerns (34.8%). Second opinions often resulted in changes in diagnosis (14.8%), treatment (37.4%), or changes in both (10.6%). Clinical impact was estimated as moderate/major in 20.9% of cases for diagnosis and 30.7% of cases for treatment. Changes in diagnoses and/or treatments and clinical impact varied across medical specialties. In patients surveyed (n = 2683), most (94.7%) were satisfied with the experience, but fewer (61.2%) planned to follow the recommendations. Conclusions Patient-initiated second opinions led to recommended changes in diagnosis for about 15% and in treatment for about 37% of participants. Further evaluation is needed to determine whether this impacts clinical outcomes, such as the reduction of diagnosis and treatment errors.
Foreign labours in Arctic destinations: seasonal workers' motivations and job skills

This research aims to trace the work phenomenon of foreign seasonal workers in Arctic destinations where the scenic landscapes and natural phenomenon are major attractions, and where labour shortage prevails during peak tourism months. Two themes relevant to Arctic seasonal workers are investigated in the study: worker job motivation and job performance. A qualitative approach is deployed, drawing on perspectives from both frontline staff and managers from the hospitality industry (e.g. hotels and cruise ships). The study setting is the Finnmark County in Norway, Europe's northernmost Arctic region. The resultant data reveal seven motivations for seasonal workers: (1) professional development, (2) novelty seeking, (3) decent pay scale, (4) friendship with colleagues, (5) favourable working environment, (6) scenery view and nature and (7) community integration. Future studies on job motivation may cross-validate these motivations to establish a robust measurement of foreign seasonal worker intention and be...
Neutrophil elastase and obliterative bronchiolitis.

Bronchoalveolar lavage levels of elastase were assayed to determine the timing and magnitude of elevations in elastase relative to both fibrosis, as indicated by hyaluronate (HA) levels, and decline in FEV, characteristic of the clinical syndrome of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Samples were collected from 48 heart-lung or single lung transplant recipients. Regression analysis was performed and demonstrated that high levels of elastase occurred with active decline in lung function and in association with high levels of HA. This study suggested that intense neutrophil elastase release occurs concurrent with the development of OB and may contribute to the destruction of bronchiolar architecture.
Trends in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage for tobacco-dependence treatments.

Background Nearly 1.8 million smokers in California receive their health insurance benefits through their employer. The extent to which these workers have coverage for tobacco-dependence treatments (TDTs) through their employer-sponsored health care is unknown. Methods This research used the 2000 and 2005 data from the California Employer Health Benefits Surveys to determine coverage for TDTs by private firms. The overall response rates of firms to the survey were 41% and 36%, respectively. The samples used in this analysis are limited to private firms in California that offered employee health benefits in 2000 ( n =729) or in 2005 ( n =745). Results This research found that among private firms offering health insurance coverage, there was a significant increase from 2000 to 2005 in the percentage of workers covered for any TDTs (44% to 57%). Rates of coverage for all three forms of TDTs (nicotine replacement therapy, Zyban ® , counseling) doubled from 11% to 22% over the 5-year time period. Conclusions Although coverage levels have improved, they still fall short of the recommendations made in the U.S. Public Health Service guidelines as well as in the Healthy People 2010 objectives. Given the effectiveness, cost effectiveness, public demand for coverage, and relatively low cost of covering TDTs—estimated to be $3–$6 per member per year—it is difficult to understand why such coverage is not more widely available in California.
Digital media, cultural production and speculative capitalism

This collection of essays explores the interfaces between new information technologies, their impact on contemporary culture, and recent transformations in capitalist production. From a transnation...
THYROXIN AS A DEPRESSANT OF THE DIVISION RATE OF PARAMECIUM.

In concentrations of 1:104, 1:105, 1:106, in alkaline solution with a hydrogen ion concentration approximating that characteristic of normal human blood, thyroxin acts like total thyroid in accelerating certain metabolic processes in Paramecium, notably those connected with the phenomena of excretion. Unlike total thyroid, thyroxin depresses the division rate of Paramecium, the degree of depression varying directly with its concentration. This depression of the division rate is due to the action of the thyroxin directly on Paramecium, not to a modification of the food supply.
Electoral and partisan influences on Australian fiscal policy from Menzies to Hawke

I examine the controversial questions of whether or not partisanship and electoral motives shape the fiscal policies of Australian governments. I also extend the partisan model of policy choice for the Australian case. Specifically, using time‐series data for the financial years 1962–63 through 1989–90,1 explore partisan and electoral influences on the overall fiscal stance and the personal income transfer payments of the Commonwealth government Results indicate that, net of the influences of inertia in the policy process and of variations in economic forces, partisanship and elections play significant roles in determining both overall fiscal policy and income transfer outlays. Analyses reveal that fiscal policies become more expansionary across the electoral cycle while Labor and coalition governments have large but diminishing partisan effects cm policy over their terms in office.
Bond behavior of superelastic shape memory alloys to carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

Abstract In this research pull-out specimens were tested to investigate the bond behavior of superelastic NiTi (Nitinol) SMA wires to carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). A total of 45 pull-out specimens were tested monotonically up to failure. The test parameters considered include the wire diameter and embedment length. A digital image correlation (DIC) system was used to identify the onset and propagation of debonding. Based on the experimental observations two debonding mechanisms were observed: complete debonding after the onset of martensitic transformation of SMA wire, and complete debonding before the onset of wire transformation. The former mechanism predominated, while the latter mechanism governed for larger diameter wires with shorter embedment lengths. A 3-D non-linear finite element model (FEM) was developed to predict the pull-out behavior. A cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to model the interface. A parametric study was conducted using the FEM to quantify the parameters of the cohesive zone model. The results demonstrate that the proposed modeling approach can be used to characterize the bond behavior of superelastic SMA wires embedded in FRP composites.
Pheromone-dependent Ubiquitination of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Ste7

Many cell signaling pathways are regulated by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of constituent proteins. As with phosphorylation, protein ubiquitination can be reversed, through the action of ubiquitin-specific processing proteases (UBPs). Here we have analyzed 15 UBP disruption mutants in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified one (ubp3Δ) that acts specifically in the pheromone response pathway. Upon pheromone stimulation, ubp3Δ mutants accumulate unconjugated polyubiquitin chains as well as polyubiquitinated forms of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Ste7. The ubp3Δ mutants exhibit a potentiated response to pheromone, as measured by in vivo MAP kinase activity, transcriptional induction, and cell cycle arrest. Signaling is likewise enhanced upon direct activation of Ste4 (G protein β subunit) and Ste11 (Ste7 kinase) but not the downstream transcription factor Ste12. These findings reveal a mechanism by which pheromone-triggered ubiquitination of Ste7 can modulate the pheromone response in vivo.
Comment on "Reconstructing past climate from noisy data".

von Storch et al. (Reports, 22 October 2004, p. 679) criticized the ability of the “hockey stick” climate field reconstruction method to yield realistic estimates of past variation in Northern Hemisphere temperature. However, their conclusion was based on incorrect implementation of the reconstruction procedure. Calibration was performed using detrended data, thus artificially removing a large fraction of the physical response to radiative forcing.
Studies of the incorporation of palmitate-1-C14 into tissue lipides in vitro.

Abstract Palmitate-1-C14 was found to be incorporated into lipides of rat tissues in vitro. In experiments with liver slices and homogenates, incorporation into phospholipides and non-phospholipides was significantly higher in tissue from fed than from fasted animals. A dependency on respiratory activity for incorporation into phospholipides was indicated by a higher incorporation with oxygen than with nitrogen in the gas phase, and by inhibiting effects of respiration inhibitors. Similar effects were not observed for incorporation of palmitate into non-phospholipides. Coenzyme A was found to stimulate incorporation of palmitate into phospholipides added as an aqueous emulsion to extracts of pigeon liver acetone powder. These results are regarded as indicating that the fatty acid ester bonds of phosphatides are formed by stepwise transesterification between acyl coenzyme A and either glycerophosphorylcholine or glycerophosphate. A similar mechanism is probably not involved in the formation of the glyceride ester bond.
Information at your fingertips: contextual IR in enterprise email

We present ICARUS, a contextual information retrieval system, which uses the current email message and a multi-tiered user model to retrieve relevant content and make it available in a sidebar widget embedded in the email client. The system employs a dynamic retrieval strategy to conduct automated contextual search across multiple information sources including the user's hard drive, online documents (wikis, blogs and files) and other email messages. It also presents the user with information about the sender of the current message, which varies in detail and degree based on how often the user interacts with this sender. We conducted a formative evaluation which compared three retrieval methods that used different context information: current message plus a multi-tiered user model; current message plus a single-tiered, aggregate user model; and lastly, cur-rent message only. Results indicate that the multi-tiered user modeling approach yields better retrieval performance than the other two. In addition, the study suggests that dynamically determining which sources to search, what query parameters to use, and how to filter/re-rank results can further improve the effectiveness of contextual IR.
Progestin-Regulated Luminal Cell and Myoepithelial Cell-Specific Responses in Mammary Organoid Culture

Normal mammary gland development requires the coordinated proliferation and morphogenesis of both mammary luminal epithelial cells (LECs) and myoepithelial cells (MECs). Cell proliferation in cultured mammary organoids containing both LECs and MECs is not increased by progestin (R5020) or 17β-estradiol (E2) alone or R5020+E2 but is increased by E2-regulated, mammary stroma-derived Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and further increased by HGF+R5020. We investigated the effects of HGF and/or R5020 on morphology and LEC- and MEC-specific in vitro proliferation in organoids. HGF-induced tubulogenesis was initiated and carried out by LECs starting with cellular extensions, followed by the formation of chains and cords, and culminating in tubule formation. MECs did not appear to have an active role in this process. Whereas HGF by itself caused maximal proliferation of LECs, HGF+R5020 produced a synergistic and specific increase in MEC proliferation. Because only LECs expressed progesterone receptors (PRs), we investigated the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a progestin-induced paracrine factor, in mediating increased MEC proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that RANKL mRNA was induced by R5020 or HGF+R5020 and RANKL protein colocalized with PRs in LECs. The increased proliferation of MECs in response to HGF+R5020 could be blocked by neutralizing antibody to RANKL and reproduced by treatment with HGF plus exogenous RANKL in place of R5020. Neither R5020, nor exogenously administered RANKL increased proliferation of LECs. These results led us to conclude that RANKL, induced by progestin in PR-positive cells, is secreted and interacts with HGF to specifically increase proliferation of PR-negative MECs.
Developing a full cycled silicon cathode-zinc electrolyte based solar cell using copper recovery electrodes

This work presents an effective and low cost method to develop a fully cycled photo electrochemical solar cell by incorporating a copper auxiliary electrode. The continued function of the previously demonstrated photo-electrochemical solar cells consisting of silicon and zinc electrodes, relies on the existence of a zinc source. Therefore, consumption of the zinc anode and transfer of metallic zinc to the silicon electrode surface is the most critical factor limiting the lifetime of such cells [1]. This work demonstrates how this limitation could be bypassed by recovering the zinc particles falling off the silicon electrode on the bottom of the reaction container. The zinc particles initially deposited on the silicon photocathode as a result of photo electrochemical reduction, eventually flake off the surface due to their porosity and poor adhesion to the surface. In this work, a pathway has been introduced using a copper auxiliary electrode to recycle and reengage the recovered zinc particles accumulated on the bottom of the cell in the redox cycle. The experiment results confirm the viability of the proposed approach. Recycling of 30% of the consumed zinc has been confirmed by the generated electric current after 350 hours of cell operation. This fully cycled photocell, along with the previously presented long term stability of the p-type silicon photocathode could fulfill the 10,000 hour lifetime requirement established by the United State Department of Energy without any fortifying surface modification.
Fuzzy clustering using automatic particle swarm optimization

Fuzzy clustering is a popular unsupervised learning method used in cluster analysis which allows a data point to belong to two or more clusters. Fuzzy c-means is one of the most well-known and used methods, however, the number of clusters need to be defined in advance. This paper proposes a clustering approach based on Particle Swarm Optimization. This approach automatically determines the optimal number of clusters using a threshold vector that is added to the particle. The algorithm starts by partitioning the data set randomly within a preset maximum number of clusters in order to overcome the fuzzy c-means shortcoming of the predefined cluster count. A reconstruction criterion is applied to evaluate the performance of the clustering results of the proposed algorithm. The experiments conducted show that the proposed algorithm can automatically find the optimal number of clusters.
Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes

Two groups of mediators, the neuropeptides substance P and K and the monocyte-derived cytokines, interact in the neural regulation of immunological and inflammatory responses. Substance P, substance K, and the carboxyl-terminal peptide SP(4-11) induce the release of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 from human blood monocytes. The neuropeptide effects occur at low doses, are specific as shown by inhibition studies with a substance P antagonist, and require de novo protein synthesis. Since monocyte-derived cytokines regulate multiple cellular functions in inflammation and immunity and since neuropeptides can be released from peripheral nerve endings into surrounding tissues, these findings identify a potent mechanism for nervous system regulation of host defense responses.
Structural Dynamics of Iowa, Dutch, and Arctic Mutations of the 21-30 Fragment of Amyloid Beta under Aqueous Salt Environments

The amyloid β protein (Aβ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Previous in vitro experiments have shown that the central Aβ(21-30) fragment may have special importance because it may act as a folding nucleus of the full-length protein. Recently, experiments of the full-length wild type (WT) peptide under aqueous salt environments have revealed varied responses in both the structure and growth of aggregates of the full-length peptide under these environments. Here we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of monomeric Aβ(21-30) to examine pre-aggregate structural alterations under similar dissolved salt conditions (CaCl2 and KCl). Further, we make use of the wild-type and three common mutations of the decapeptide (Arctic[E22/G22], Dutch[E22/Q22], and Iowa[D23/N23]) to explore the possible dependence of charged side-chain and salt-ion interactions in driving structural changes under aqueous salt environments. Our results indicate that the production and stability of open (random-coil) structures is enhanced under CaCl2 for the wild-type decapeptide, and both Dutch and Iowa mutations; while KCl environments enhanced the production of turn structures for wild-type and β-structures for the Iowa and Dutch mutations. Additionally, we present a possible explanation for these differences in structural response as a combination of volume exclusion, ion-residue interactions, and ion effects on the hydration of the decapeptide.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by an RNA fraction from myeloblastosis virus.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of the low molecular weight fraction from myeloblastosis virus BAI strain A on in vitro synthesis of polypeptides has been studied using cell-free extracts from Escherichia coli and polysome fractions from chick tissue. 2. 2. Inhibition by the low molecular weight virus RNA fraction was observed when natural messenger RNA, bacteriophage RNA and polycytidylic acid were used to direct peptide synthesis. 3. 3. Peptide synthesis directed by polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid was not inhibited by virus RNA. 4. 4. The inhibition by virus RNA was reversed by high messenger RNA concentration. 5. 5. The supernatant fraction from the E. coli S-30 preparation also reversed the inhibition of peptide synthesis. 6. 6. Ribosome concentration did not affect the inhibition by the virus RNA fraction. 7. 7. Peptide synthesis by polysomes from chick tissue was inhibited by virus RNA much less than peptide synthesis by the E. coli S-30 preparation directed by exogenous RNA. 8. 8. The RNA fraction from the tumor virus appears to affect protein synthesis prior to polysome formation.
Change in Parent- and Child-Reported Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors among Substance Abusing Runaways: The Effects of Family and Individual Treatments

Shelter-recruited adolescents are known to have high rates of substance abuse and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Many studies have documented these mental health concerns, but only a small number of studies have tested interventions that may be useful for ameliorating these vulnerabilities. The current study compared three empirically supported psychotherapy interventions, Motivational Interviewing (MI), the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), and Ecologically-Based Family Therapy (EBFT) with 179 substance abusing runaway adolescents (47 % female, 74 % minority) and their primary caretaker recruited through a Midwestern runaway crisis shelter. Examining both child and primary caretaker reports, each treatment was associated with significant reductions in internalizing and externalizing behaviors to 24 months post-baseline. However, the trajectory of change differed among the treatments. Adolescents receiving MI showed a quicker reduction in internalizing and externalizing behaviors but also a quicker increase in these behaviors compared to adolescents receiving EBFT, who continued to evidence improvements to 24 months. The findings provide support for continued evaluation of these treatments for use with this vulnerable population of adolescents.
Data, predictions, and decisions in support of people and society

Deep societal benefits will spring from advances in data availability and in computational procedures for mining insights and inferences from large data sets. I will describe efforts to harness data for making predictions and guiding decisions, touching on work in transportation, healthcare, online services, and interactive systems. I will start with efforts to learn and field predictive models that forecast flows of traffic in greater city regions. Moving from the ground to the air, I will discuss fusing data from aircraft to make inferences about atmospheric conditions and using these results to enhance air transport. I will then focus on experiences with building and fielding predictive models in clinical medicine. I will show how inferences about outcomes and interventions can provide insights and guide decision making. Moving beyond data captured by hospitals, I will discuss the promise of transforming anonymized behavioral data drawn from web services into large-scale sensor networks for public health, including efforts to identify adverse effects of medications and to understand illness in populations. I will conclude by describing how we can use machine learning to leverage the complementarity of human and machine intellect to solve challenging problems in science and society.
Sustainability of Harvested Pacú (Colossoma macropomum) Populations in the Northeastern Bolivian Amazon

: The pacu (Colossoma macropomum) is an important commercial and subsistence fish resource in Amazonia. Pacu depend on the unique hydrology of the Amazon Basin, in particular the occurrence of annual floods, and require a healthy and intact flooded forest ( varzea) for food resources during the wet season. From March to December of 1999, 128 pacu were collected and aged ( by means of otoliths) from subsistence harvests in the town of Bella Vista, located at the juncture of the San Martin and Blanco rivers in northeastern Bolivia. The age structure of the harvested population implied a healthy and lightly exploited stock and suggested that sustainable harvest is occurring. Population parameters at our site were similar to the neighboring, lightly exploited Mamore River system but differed slightly from heavily exploited stocks in Brazil. Pacu harvested near Bella Vista are of special concern because of poaching and the increasing regional demand for fish, and because the varzea habitat on which the pacu depends is currently threatened by cattle production, development activities, and land-tenure conflicts. As development increases throughout Amazonia, careful management of pacu fisheries and the flooded forest on which they depend will be of critical importance. Resumen: El pacu (Colossoma macropomum) es un recurso pesquero de importancia comercial y de subsistencia en la Amazonia. El pacu depende de hidrologia inigualable de la Cuenca del Amazonas, en particular de la presencia de las inundaciones anuales y requiere de un bosque inundado saludable e intacto (varzea ) como recurso alimenticio durante la temporada de lluvias. De marzo a diciembre de 1999, 128 pacus fueron colectados y se determinaron sus edades (empleando otolitos) de cosechas de subsistencia en el noreste de Bolivia. La estructura de edades de la poblacion denoto un stock saludable y ligeramente explotado sugiriendo que se esta llevando a cabo una cosecha sostenible. Los parametros poblacionales en nuestro sitio fueron similares a los del colindante y ligeramente explotado sistema del rio Mamore, pero difirieron ligeramente de los stocks fuertemente explotados del Brasil. El pacu capturado cerca de Bella Vista representa una preocupacion especial debido a que la pesca furtiva y la creciente demanda regional de peces y debido que el habitat de varzea del cual el pacu depende esta actualmente amenazado por la produccion ganadera, las actividades de desarrollo y los conflictos de tenencia de la tierra. A medida que el desarrollo se incrementa a lo largo de la Amazonia, el manejo cuidadoso de la pesqueria de pacu y de los bosques inundados de los cuales el pacu depende es de critica importancia.