cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myoglobin production in emperor penguins

Increased oxygen storage is essential to the diving capacities of marine mammals and seabirds. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation are unknown. Myoglobin (Mb) and Mb mRNA concentrations were analyzed in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) adults and chicks with spectrophotometric and RNase protection assays to evaluate production of their large Mb-bound O(2) stores. Mean pectoral Mb concentration and Mb mRNA content increased throughout the pre-fledging period and were 15-fold and 3-fold greater, respectively, in adults than in 3.5 month old chicks. Mean Mb concentration in 5.9 month old juveniles was 2.7+/-0.4 g 100 g(-1) muscle (44% that of wild adults), and in adults that had been captive all their lives it was 3.7+/-0.1 g 100 g(-1) muscle. The Mb and Mb mRNA data are consistent with regulation of Mb production at the level of transcription as in other animals. Significant Mb and Mb mRNA production occurred in chicks and young juveniles even without any diving activity. The further increase in adult Mb concentrations appears to require the exercise/hypoxia of diving because Mb concentration in captive, non-diving adults only reached 60% of that of wild adults. The much greater relative increase in Mb concentration than in Mb mRNA content between young chicks and adults suggests that there is not a simple 1:1 relationship between Mb mRNA content and Mb concentration. Nutritional limitation in young chicks and post-transcriptional regulation of Mb concentration may also be involved.
Semiautomatic 4D analysis of cardiac image sequences

Medical imaging scanners now exist that can generated 4D cardiac images (time sequences of 3D volumes). Since the heart is an organ that exhibits motion, examining its image characteristics with a 4D image can give useful information about its condition. For multi- dimensional image segmentation, semi-automatic methods have many advantages over manual segmentation. This paper describes a procedure for performing semi-automatic image segmentation and analysis upon a 4D cardiac image. This procedure involves the input of user- defined information (cues) at certain time points of the sequence. These cues are then automatically interpolated or extrapolated for the remaining time points. The analysis system interprets the completed sequence of cues to generate a list of image processing functions that can subsequently segment and analyze the 4D image. This paradigm has been implemented using INTERSEG, an existing 3D cue-based analysis system. This cue-based analysis procedure permits 4D cardiac image segmentation with a small amount of user interaction. Performance of the proposed 4D image analysis system compares favorably to results generated by defining cues on each individual volume, as well as manual techniques. Further, the 4D approach requires significantly less interaction time than a 3D-only approach.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlinear absorption study of a C 60 -toluene solution

Nonlinear absorption at 532 nm in a C60–toluene solution by using 8-ns and 30-ps laser pulses is reported. The transmittance for both pulse widths is fluence dependent. A five-level model of C60 is described that yields excellent agreement with both pulse-width data sets for incident fluences as high as approximately 1 J/cm2. Additional phenomena observed at higher fluences indicate that other mechanisms may be active and contribute to optical limiting in this regime. The application of C60 as an optical limiter material is discussed.
Transient, severe hyperlipidemia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with prednisone and asparaginase.

Background. Corticosteroids and asparaginase inhibit protein synthesis. Many of their side effects are familiar to oncologists. Conversely, the possibility of therapy-induced hyperlipidemia generally is not appreciated. The incidence of severe hyperlipidemia during therapy of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who received prednisone and asparaginase was evaluated. Methods. During therapy with prednisone and asparaginase, a 10-year-old girl with precursor B ALL was identified with a peak plasma triglyceride and cholesterol level of 20,600 mg/dl and 1640 mg/dl, respectively. The lipid profile of the 60 patients in the protocol with this patient, the lipid profile of 64 patients on the previous high-risk ALL therapy program, and the literature were reviewed. Results. Five of 60 patients on the New York-II protocol experienced transient, marked (triglyceride level ⩾ 1000 mg/dl), benign hyperlipidemia. No such problem was observed in the 64 patients on the New York-I protocol. Five similar cases were found in the literature during therapy with steroids (2), asparaginase (2), or both (1). There were no characteristics that distinguished these 10 patients from the vast majority of patients on similar therapy without severe hyperlipidemia. Prolonged therapy with either agent seemed to increase the possibility of hyperlipidemia. Conclusion. Severe hyperlipidemia during induction therapy for ALL is random, transient, and benign. Given the serious nature of the underlying disorder and the value of asparaginase and prednisone in its treatment, antileukemic therapy should not be modified when severe hyperlipidemia is observed.
Investigation on magnetically controlled delivery of doxorubicin from superparamagnetic nanocarriers of gelatin crosslinked with genipin

Gelatin (Type B) nanoparticles were prepared by a single W/O emulsion technique and characterized by infrared (IR) spectra, transmission electron micrographs (TEM), surface potential measurements and magnetization studies. Whereas the IR spectra clearly confirmed the presence of gelatin, genipin and doxorubicin in the loaded nanoparticles, the transmission electron micrographs (TEM) image depicts smooth surface, spherical shape and non-uniform size of nanoparticles (up to 100 nm). The prepared nanoparticles were loaded with doxorubicin, a well known anticancer drug, and in vitro release dynamics of entrapped drug was investigated as a function of various experimental factors such as percent loading of the drug, chemical architecture of the nanocarriers, and pH, temperature, ionic strength and nature of the release medium in presence and absence of magnetic field. The nanoparticles were also studied for their water sorption capacity. The drug release process was analyzed kinetically using Ficks power law and a correlation was established between the quantity of released drug and swelling of the nanoparticles.
Explicit constructions of code loops as centrally twisted products

Code loops are certain Moufang loop extensions of doubly even binary codes which are useful in finite group theory (e.g. Conway's construction of the Monster). We give several methods for explicitly constructing code loops as centrally twisted products . More specifically, after establishing some preliminary examples, we show how to use decompositions of codes to build code loops out of more familiar pieces, such as abelian groups, extraspecial groups, or the octonion loop. In particular, we use Turyn's construction of the Golay code to give a simple explicit construction of the Parker loop, one which may have applications to the study of the Monster.
Evaluation of drought tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) under a sprinkler irrigation gradient

Abstract The responses of two selected millet ( Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) parents and their hybrid to different levels of water stress were studied in field experiments on a loamy sand soil in Tucson, AZ. A line source sprinkler irrigation gradient was used to create the treatments (water levels). Dry weights were reducedd significantly by water stress, with the hybrid having the highest dry weight at the low water level. The hybrid also showed higher harvest index and water efficiency at low water level. The drought tolerance index was higher for the hybrid than for the male parent. Water use efficiency was increased by stress for dry weight and decreased for yield. Transpiration and diffusive resistance were not significantly different for parents and the hybrid at high or low water levels, but water stress reduced transpiration by 57, 56, 66% and increased diffusive resistance by 151, 148 and 294% for the female, male and the hybrid respectively.
Chemotherapy characteristics are important predictors of primary prophylactic CSF administration in older patients with breast cancer

Chemotherapy is vital for breast cancer management, but early onset toxicities like neutropenia hinder its administration. Primary prophylactic (PP) use of colony- stimulating factors (CSF) helps prevent neutropenia and ensures successful chemotherapy completion. Nevertheless, lack of specific guidelines for CSF administration in older patients has lead to unexplained geographic and racial, and counter-intuitive clinical variations in CSF administration. This study examined the reasons for these variations and for the first time looked at variations in PP-CSF administration and duration of administration in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. This retrospective observational study of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy used SEER-Medicare data from 1994-2003. Regression analyses were used to explore the factors associated with PP-CSF administration and duration of administration. Clinical and therapeutic characteristics previously unexplored by other studies were included. Univariate analyses demonstrated geographic, racial and clinical disparities similar to previous studies. However, clinical correlations resolved to statistical insignificance after inclusion of chemotherapy characteristics. The analysis showed that significant geographic and racial disparities existed. History of recent antibiotic use was associated with shorter PP-CSF administration. Physicians' decision to administer PP-CSF is predominantly driven by neutropenia risk associated with pre-planned chemotherapy regimen. Older, sicker women at a higher risk of neutropenia receive less intense/toxic chemotherapy and thus do not require PP-CSF. Geographic variations are driven by proportion of physicians administering PP-CSF with no evidence for overuse among specific physicians. Association of recent antibiotic use with shorter PP-CSF administration suggests intended substitution of the expensive PP-CSF with prophylactic antibiotics.
Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater

New data for the direct measurement of the isotopic composition of neodymium in Atlantic Ocean seawater are compared with previous measurements of Pacific Ocean seawater and ferromanganese sediments from major ocean basins. Data for Atlantic seawater are in excellent agreement with Nd isotopic measurements made on Atlantic ferromanganese sediments and are distinctly different from the observed compositions of Pacific samples. These results clearly demonstrate the existence of distinctive differences in the isotopic composition of Nd in the waters of the major ocean basins and are characteristic of the ocean basin sampled. The average e_(Nd)(0) values for the major oceans as determined by data from seawater and ferromanganese sediments are as follows: Atlantic Ocean,e_(Nd)(0) ≅ −12 ± 2; Indian Ocean,e_(Nd)(0) ≅ −8 ± 2; Pacific Ocean,e_(Nd)(0) ≅ −3 ± 2. These values are considerably less than e_(Nd)(0) value sources with oceanic mantle affinities indicating that the REE in the oceans are dominated by continental sources. The difference in the absolute abundance of ^(143)Nd between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans corresponds to ∼106 atoms ^(143)Nd per gram of seawater. The correspondence between the ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd in seawater and in the associated sediments suggests the possible application of this approach to paleo-oceanography. Distinctive differences in e_(Nd)(0) values are observed in the Atlantic Ocean between deep-ocean water associated with North Atlantic Deep Water and near-surface water. This suggests that North Atlantic Deep Water may be relatively well mixed with respect to Nd isotopic composition whereas near-surface water may be quite heterogeneous, reflecting different sources for surface waters relative to deep water. This suggests that it may be possible to distinguish the sources of water masses within an ocean basin on the basis of Nd isotopic composition. The Nd isotopic variations in seawater are used to relate the residence time of Nd and mixing rates between the oceans.
A power-line transient recorder

Those who have been associated with the industry during recent years have witnessed a most progressive expansion and improvement of electric power generation and distribution facilities. This growth has been accompanied and perhaps preceded in many instances, by improvements in instrumentation techniques and equipment. The recorder described here has capabilities which exceed those of similar recorders in general use. It provides a means of recording waveforms which exist in a power system immediately prior to, during, and after the occurrence of a fault or other disturbance without continuous consumption of photographic recording medium. This instrument will record current and voltage waveforms, or other waveforms if desired, as long as required after the disturbance occurs.
The neuroanatomy of schizophrenia: circuitry and neurotransmitter systems

Abstract This paper explores the basis of schizophrenia from a neuroanatomical systems perspective. This perspective includes an analysis of the literature on the neurochemical, neurotransmitter, morphological, neurophysiological, connectional, developmental, neurosurgical, behavioral, neurological, and psychophysical aspects of schizophrenia. The convergence of evidence from these diverse subfields of inquiry are then mapped as interacting circuits throughout the neuraxis. Viewed from these specific and whole brain points of view, several patterns emerge. First, virtually all major brain areas and circuits in the brain have been implicated in the etiology and symptomotology of schizophrenia. This is consistent with the multiple forms of schizophrenia and the constellation of clinical syndromes associated with the different schizophrenias. Second, although numerous, widely dispersed circuits are implicated, all circuits directly impact connections and functions of the dorsal prefrontal cortex, and specifically the cortico-cortical and corticosubcortical pyramidal neuron outputs and loop systems back to these pyramidal neurons. The neuronal systems most intimately associated with regulation of pyramidal neuron function are local GABA-ergic interneuronal inputs, dopaminergic inputs, glutaminergic drive, and differential regulation of excitability and firing of these neurons by the segregated inputs and local receptor and channel properties of the distal vs proximal compartments of the pyramidal neurons. The dorsal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appears to be at particular risk to dysregulated inputs, whereas the orbital cortex appears to more protected from hypofunctionality, perhaps due, in part, from a richer array of cortico-cortical inputs, and a relative independence from cerebellar dysmetric influences. Other cortical areas of the temporal lobe are, to a lesser degree, influential in the primary neuronal dysfunctioning in schizophrenia. Thus, although many brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems are implicated in schizophrenia, their ultimate impact on the dorsal prefrontal cortex pyramidal neuron, appear to be the common cause in this disease.
Cooperative multitarget tracking and surveillance with mobile sensing agents: A decentralized approach

In this paper, we consider the problem of co-operative multitarget tracking and surveillance with multiple mobile sensing agents (MSAs) in a decentralized network architecture. In multitarget tracking, each MSA runs a particle filter for each target. A map of the environment and observations communicated between the agents are utilized in target tracking. In multitarget surveillance, a leader is selected for each subnetwork of agents. The leader assigns regions to the agents in the subnetwork. Then, the individual agents plan their motions to improve the tracking results of the targets inside of their assigned regions. Our approach is evaluated with a number of simulation runs. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our decentralized approach, and how its performance is affected by design parameters and communication range. We believe that our approach provides an effective cooperation strategy in multi-MSA multitarget tracking and surveillance applications.
Detection of glaucoma using scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation.

PURPOSE. To evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracies for glaucoma detection of scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) with enhanced corneal compensation (GDx ECC) and variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC; both by Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA), according to different levels of disease severity and presence of atypical retardation patterns. METHODS. The study included 102 eyes of 68 patients with glaucoma and 94 eyes of 55 normal subjects. All patients underwent SLP imaging with ECC and VCC methods on the same day. Severity of disease was based on the AGIS (Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study) visual field score. An ROC regression model was fitted to evaluate the influence of disease severity and atypical retardation patterns (typical scan score [TSS]) on the diagnostic performance of the SLP parameters for both methods. RESULTS. GDx ECC performed significantly better than GDx VCC in glaucoma detection in patients with more severe atypical retardation patterns. For average disease severity and arbitrarily chosen TSS values of 20, 50, 70, and 100, the ROC curve areas for GDx ECC were 0.910, 0.935, 0.948, and 0.964. Corresponding values for GDx VCC were 0.684, 0.850, 0.920, and 0.975. For lower values of TSS and lower AGIS scores, GDx ECC performed significantly better than GDx VCC. CONCLUSIONS. GDx ECC performed significantly better than VCC for diagnosing glaucoma in patients with more severe atypical patterns of retardation and at earlier stages of disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3146‐3153) DOI:
Isolation and characterization of a Mo-MuSV-transformed TB cell line that produces noninfectious MuSV particles with uncleaved gag protein which is processed in the presence of Mo-MuLV.

Abstract A cell line, TBSV7, that produces noninfectious murine sarcoma virus (MuSV) in the absence of helper MuLV was isolated from TB cells infected with the supernatant of MuSV349 cells. These noninfectious MuSV particles with “immature” C-type virus morphology contain a 2.2 × 10 6 -Da genomic RNA and an uncleaved 62,000-Da gag precursor protein (Pr62). Neither viral envelope proteins (gp70, p15E, p12E) nor reverse transcriptase were detected in these virus particles. Pr62 was found to be phosphorylated in vivo and it could be phosphorylated in vitro with [λ- 32 P]ATP, indicating that protein kinase was packaged in these noninfectious virions. In vitro processing of Pr62 to smaller molecular weight proteins could be achieved by the addition of Mo-MuLV and Nonidet P-40. The initial cleavage products were proteins with molecular weights of 38K (Pr38) and 27K (Pr 27). Under optimum conditions Pr38 was cleaved to p30 and a protein band migrating with MuLV-p10, while Pr27 was cleaved to a 17,000-Da protein that migrated slower than MuLV-p15 and a protein band migrating with MuLV-p12. Pulse-chase experiments performed on TBSV7 cells superinfected with Mo-MuLV indicated that intracellular processing of Pr62 was much slower than that of Pr65. Cleavage protein products of Pr62 similar in size to the in vitro protein products were also detected in TBSV7 cells superinfected with MuLV.
Ultracapacitor frequency analysis and its equivalent circuit modeling

Energy storage system is becoming more and more important in power electronics device. The Ultracapacitor or so-called electrochemical capacitor is one of the most popular choices for the energy storage system because of its distinct characters. In the application UCAP's transient behavior need to be studied for design purpose. Usually these transient characters are not shown in the product data sheet. In this paper UCAP frequency analysis is performed, and based on the test data the equivalent model of the UCAP is built. The fitting result shows that using multi-level ladder circuit can perfectly fit the UCAP transient characters.
Probability mass functions for additional years of labor market activity induced by the Markov (increment–decrement) model

This paper finds probability mass functions for additional years of labor market activity by using recursive formulae. Empirical results are presented for parameters of some mass functions and for probability intervals around those parameters.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Airborne gamma-ray emitters from Fukushima detected in New York State

An air-sampling network that operates continuously as part of New York State’s environmental surveillance program collected radionuclides emitted as a result of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Samples were collected, typically for 7 days each, by drawing ~600 m3 of air through a particulate-collecting filter followed in series by a canister containing activated charcoal. Additional air sampling was implemented at ~3-day intervals at two locations. Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to confirm the detection of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs, and 7Be in the particulate phase at all sites, with maximum concentrations near 1,260, 160, 160, and 5,200 μBq/m3, respectively. Gas-phase 131I, collected on activated charcoal, exhibited a maximum concentration of 3,400 μBq/m3 at the sites. Assessment of radionuclide levels in the air samples suggests that there were minimal health impacts from the airborne radionuclides as the activities contributed an insignificant amount to the annual human dose.
Role of ‘catalytic’ iron in an animal model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome

Treatment of minimal change disease, like most glomerulonephritides, is empirical because underlying mechanisms that cause glomerular injury are not known. We examined a pathogenic role of 'catalytic' iron in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome induced by injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (7.5 mg/100 g body wt) to rats. Although there was no significant change in non-heme iron content in glomeruli, the bleomycin-detectable iron (capable of catalyzing free radical reactions) was markedly increased in glomeruli from nephrotic rats when compared to control. In contrast, despite a marked and significant increase in the non-heme iron content in tubules, there was no significant change in the bleomycin-detectable iron in tubules from nephrotic rats. In a separate in vivo study, the iron chelator, deferoxamine, prevented the increase in the bleomycin-detectable iron in glomeruli and provided complete protection against proteinuria. Taken together, our data suggest an important pathogenetic role for glomerular catalytic iron in the puromycin aminonucleoside-induced minimal change nephrotic syndrome.
Intravenous emulsified vitamin K1 in the treatment of coumarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia.

Abstract 1.1. Seven patients with severe coumarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia have been studied. Rapid reversal of the hypoprothrombinemia has been obtained with as little as 100 mg. of emulsified vitamin K 1 administered intravenously. 2.2. Following the administration of vitamin K 1 the patients are resistant to coumarin therapy and a period of hypercoagulability appears to exist during this phase. This can be controlled by the administration of heparin with the coumarin drugs to safeguard the patient in whom the continuation of anticoagulant therapy is desired.
West's proof of confinement and two-dimensional models

West's proof of confinement by contradiction is studied for the unconfined SU(N) Gross-Neveu model to leading order in 1/N and for the confining Schwinger model. In both cases, we find that the contradiction found by West for four-dimensional QCD is averted.
Cytoplasmic synthesis of acidic chromosomal proteins

Summary The site of synthesis of acidic chromosomal proteins was studied by pulse labeling exponentially growing HeLa cells with leucine- 3 H at 20° and determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated into proteins after-chasing for various periods of time, or after addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The incorporation of leucine- 3 H into total cellular, cytoplasmic, total nuclear and acidic nuclear proteins was measured. The results indicate that acidic chromosomal proteins are largely synthesized in the cytoplasma and then transferred to the nucleus; however, the possibility of some protein synthesis within the nucleus cannot be completely eliminated.
Isolation of a Novel Kunitz Family Protease Inhibitor in Association with Tethya Hemolysin from the Sponge Tethya ingalli

Aqueous extracts from the New Zealand sponge Tethya ingalli (Hadromerida) displayed potent cytotoxicity in the NCI's 60-cell-line human tumor panel. Fractionation of the extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, ultrafiltration, and both hydrophobic interaction and reversed-phase chromatography resulted in the isolation of two biologically active proteins. The first protein, Tethya protease inhibitor (TPI), which was purified to homogeneity, inhibited trypsin with an EC50 of 65 nM. TPI had a molecular mass of 11,431 Da, and an isoelectric point of 8.2. A partial N-terminal amino acid sequence determined for TPI showed significant homology with protease inhibitors of the Kunitz family. The second isolated protein displayed potent cytotoxicity, with pronounced selectivity for certain tumor cell lines (e.g., ovarian, renal, CNS, and breast). The latter protein, which had an apparent molecular weight of 21 kDa (SDS-PAGE), also lysed human red blood cells (EC50 of 39 nM) and was similar to a hemolysin previously isolated from the sponge Tethya lycinurium.
Dendritic cell chic

Editors and reviewers alike appreciate succinct reviews of fashionable topics. In this edition of Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, several preeminent immunologists have graced us with a collection of timely papers on dendritic cells (DCs), nature’s most potent antigen-presenting cells APCs, that is certain to be widely appreciated by scientists in their respective fields. The issue considers several characteristics inherent to DCs, namely their diversity, capacity to bridge innate and adaptive immunity, evolution of unique mechanisms and pathways of antigen acquisition, processing and presentation, and their capacity to enhance immunity in humans. The edition begins with a review by Ito et al. on the most trendy DC this season, the plasmacytoid DC (pDC). Led by Yong-Jun Liu, this group recognized a number of years ago that pDCs, formerly known as plasmacytoid T cells, were the enigmatic type I interferon (IFN)-producing cells. pDCs which can be phenotypically distinguished from myeloid (mDCs) through expression of CD123, and lack of typical myeloid markers, are now appreciated to be quite complex APCs, capable of activating and bridging innate and adaptive immune responses through their production of type I IFNs (a/b/w). Ito et al. highlight the role of pDC in sensing viral infection by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of 11 highly conserved receptors that recognize conserved structural motifs derived from microbial products. pDCs express TLR7, which recognizes viral single-stranded (ss) RNA (e.g., from HSV-1, HSV-2 and CMV), and TLR9, which recognizes CpG motifs common to both bacterial and viral DNA. Ligation of these TLRs induces rapid type I IFN production (particularly IFN-a) that is dependent upon the Toll-interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor MyD88, and facilitated by high constitutive expression of the IFN regulatory factor IRF7. MyD88 recruits IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members, which associates with the adaptor molecule tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated factor 6 (TRAF 6), culminating in the activation of the transcription factor NF-KB. The Akira group has recently shown that TLR7–9-mediated IFN-a production appears to be controlled by the formation of MyD88-TRAF6-IRF7 complexes. In contrast to
Rotifers, cladocerans and planktivorous fish: What are the major interactions?

Results of ten outdoor tank experiments on the effects of two kinds of planktivorous fish (Dorosoma cepedianum and Menidia beryllina ) on phytoplankton and zooplankton were reviewed for evidence of rotifercladoceran interactions. Correlation and multiple regression analyses of the responses of populations of six rotifer species in ten experiments were examined for evidence of interference competition with daphnids, resource exploitation, or invertebrate predation by crustaceans associated with daphnid-dominated communities. A separate enclosure experiment was conducted to assess the potential for short-term effects of dense daphnid populations on four rotifer populations. Indirect resource-mediated effects on rotifer populations associated with manipulations of planktivorous fish were more numerous and consistently expressed than direct negative effects of cladocerans or copepods on rotifer populations.
Influence of horizontal tube banks on the behavior of bubbling fluidized beds: 1. Bubble hydrodynamics

Abstract Experimental data on bubble characteristics—averaged size and rise velocity—were obtained using digital image analysis methods from two-dimensional (thin) bubbling fluidized beds with and without simulated horizontal tube bundles. These data were used to develop semiempirical correlations for bubble size and rise velocity. These mechanistic correlations can be extrapolated readily to three-dimensional fluidized beds, and calculations for bubble size, velocity and bubble fraction compare favorably with relevant literature data. Application of these correlations for bubble behavior in the interpretation of experimental data on the mixing of solids—in two- and three-dimensional fluidized beds containing horizontal tubes—is illustrated in an accompanying paper.
How Personal Should Supervison Be

The section on supervision (Section VII) of the Ethical Code for the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC, 1993) offers general direction regarding supervisor/counselor-supervisee dual relationships. A recent article from the family counseling literature provides a schema for more specific direction, thus enhancing the IAMFC code.
Afferent limb syndrome and delayed GI problems after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer: single-center, 14-year experience

Background There are limited data on the incidence of afferent limb syndrome and other delayed GI problems in pancreatic cancer (PaC) patients, especially among long-term survivors (>2 years). Objective To evaluate the incidence of afferent limb syndrome (chronic afferent limb obstruction resulting in pancreatobiliary obstruction) and delayed GI problems in PaC patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients PaC patients treated with PD (N = 186) over a 14-year period (January 1995-October 2009). Interventions Endoscopic balloon dilation and stent placement, percutaneous biliary drainage. Main Outcome Measurements Incidence of afferent limb syndrome and delayed GI complications (marginal ulcers, radiation enteropathy, anastomotic strictures). Results Mean age was 63 ± 10 years; 55% of patients were male. Afferent limb syndrome was noted in 24 patients (13%). Median time to diagnosis was 1.2 years (range 0.03-12.3 years); obstruction was primarily caused by recurrent PaC (8 patients, 33%) and radiation enteropathy (9 patients, 38%). Afferent limb syndrome was more likely to develop in patients with 2 years or longer of follow-up (n = 71, [38%]) compared with patients with 2 years or less of follow-up, after controlling for age, sex, surgery type, and adjuvant treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.8-11.7). Other delayed GI problems included radiation enteropathy (6%), marginal ulcers (5%), anastomotic strictures (4%), cholangitis/liver abscesses (5%), and GI bleeding (6%). Limitations Retrospective, single-center study. Conclusions GI problems, including afferent limb syndrome, are relatively common in PaC patients after surgery and adjuvant therapy. Clinicians should recognize and effectively treat these delayed GI problems, especially in long-term survivors.
In vivo monitoring of hepatic glutathione in anesthetized rats by 13C NMR

A method for in vivo 13C NMR monitoring of hepatic glutathione (GSH) in intact, anesthetized rats has been developed. Studies were conducted using a triple-tuned, surgically implanted surface coil designed for this animal model. The coil permitted complete decoupling and sufficient resolution in the 13C NMR spectrum to monitor the time course of hepatic 13C-metabolites of intravenously administered 2-13C-glycine, particularly GSH at 44.2 ppm and serine signals at 61.1 and 57.2 ppm, respectively. It further allowed concomitant monitoring of high-energy phosphagens and intracellular pH by 31P NMR. To confirm in vivo NMR peak assignments, we compared high-resolution 2D 1H{13C} heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and 1D 13C spectra of hepatic perchloric acid extracts to those of authentic standards. The fractional isotopic enrichment of hepatic 13C-glycine increased exponentially at a rate of 1.68 h−1 and reached its plateau level of 81% in 2 h. The 13C fractional isotopic enrichment of GSH increased exponentially at a rate of 0.316 h−1 and reached 55% after 4 h of 2-13C-glycine infusion, but without achieving a plateau. To confirm that the resonance at 44.2 ppm resulted from GSH, a rat was given an intravenous dose of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), a cysteine precursor that increases intracellular GSH. As expected, with OTC administration the hepatic 13C GSH-to-glycine peak area increased more than sevenfold. Magn Reson Med 48:430–439, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxide nucleation on thin films of copper during in situ oxidation in an electron microscope

single-crystalline thin films of copper were oxidized at an isothermal temperature of 425°C and at an oxygen partial pressure of 5×10−3 Torr in situ in a high-resolution electron microscope. The specimens were prepared by epitaxial vapor deposition onto polished {100} and {110} faces of rocksalt and mounted in a hot stage inside an ultra-high-vacuum specimen chamber of the microscope. Large amounts of sulfur, carbon, and oxygen were detected by Auger electron spectroscopy on the surface of the as-received films and were removed in situ by ion-sputter etching immediately prior to the oxidation. The nucleation and growth characteristics of Cu2O on Cu were studied. The predominantly observed crystallographic orientations of Cu2O on {100} and {110} copper films were epitaxial, parallel {100} and {110} orientations, respectively. In addition, a Cu2O {111} orientation with Cu2O 〈770〉//Cu 〈110〉 was found frequently on {100}-oriented copper films. The distinct particle shapes observed most frequently were square and hexagonal, representing {100} and {111} orientations, respectively. An induction period of about 30 min was found, which did not depend on the film thickness but did depend strongly on the oxygen partial pressure and the oxygen exposure prior to the oxidation. Neither stacking faults nor dislocations were found to be associated with the Cu2O nucleation sites. The growth of Cu2O nuclei was found to be linear with time. The experimental findings, including results from oxygen dissolution experiments and from repetitive oxidation-reduction-oxidation sequences, fit well into the framework of an oxidation process involving (a) the formation of a surface-charge layer, (b) oxygen saturation in the metal and formation of a supersaturated zone near the surface, and (c) nucleation, followed by surface diffusion of oxygen and bulk diffusion of copper for lateral and vertical oxide growth, respectively.
Rearing the Elm spanworm on Oak or Hickory.

Details are presented on the materials, methods, and results of rearing Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner) on leaves from northern red oak and pignut hickory. Spanworms completely reared on diets of tender juvenile leaves had greater survival from hatch to adult and greater egg production than did those reared on normally developing leaves.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with multiple cranial nerve deficits

Abstract Background Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a neoplastic disease that originates in the lymphatic system but has the potential to disseminate to the central nervous system (CNS), known as secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL). SCNSL most commonly involves the leptomeninges and often presents with multiple cranial nerve signs. Case report A 50-year-old black male presented to the clinic with complaints of vertigo and decreased vision in the left eye. The ophthalmic examination revealed reduced visual acuity, visual field loss, and limited abduction in the left eye. A review of the patient's medical record revealed a recent history of facial pain and numbness, as well as decreased taste. The totality of findings had a distinct neurological pattern consistent with multiple cranial nerve deficits. Subsequent neurological evaluation, neuroimaging, and laboratory testing confirmed a diagnosis of SCNSL. Conclusions Systemic NHL is capable of manifesting within the CNS during periods of progression or relapse. When NHL breaches the CNS it can present with numerous neurological deficits, some of which may be detected during ophthalmic examination. This report summarizes the ocular manifestations of SCNSL and describes a case that presented with multiple cranial nerve deficits.
Distribution of cow–calf producers’ beliefs about reporting cattle with clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease to a veterinarian before or during a hypothetical outbreak

Understanding the prevalence of cattle producers' beliefs regarding disease reporting can help officials improve surveillance programs with passive data collection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Texas in 2008 and 2009 to determine beliefs about reporting cattle with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) either prior to (scenario 1) or during an on-going outbreak of FMD (scenario 2). Two questionnaires were developed and distributed to Texas cow-calf producers in order to evaluate their behavioral, control, and normative beliefs related to disease reporting. The context for each behavior was provided through the use of scenarios, and belief strength was measured using a 7-point Likert-like scale. Beliefs were compared across scenarios and demographic categories, and the effect of scenario on belief examined using ordinal logistic regression. Respondents agreed that reporting clinically suspect cases would have positive economic and emotional consequences; however, when an outbreak was known to be present, producers were less likely to agree with many of the positive outcomes of reporting. Important barriers to disease reporting indicated by producers included a lack of knowledge related to clinical signs of highly contagious cattle diseases and which cattle are at risk of contracting FMD. In general, beliefs about barriers to reporting did not differ based on scenario. Veterinarians and regulatory authorities were the groups perceived to most strongly expect disease reporting, regardless of the scenario. Risk education for producers related to clinical signs of reportable livestock diseases, post-reporting procedures, and an understanding of FMD introduction and spread may improve the reporting of cattle with clinical signs consistent with FMD.
The sharing of an edge between a uranyl pentagonal bipyramid and sulfate tetrahedron in the structure of KNa5[(UO2)(SO4)4](H2O)

Nous avons synthesise un nouveau compose sulfate a uranyle, KNa 5 [(UO 2 )(SO 4 ) 4 ](H 2 O), et nous en avons determine la structure. Il s'agit d'une phase monoclinique, groupe spatial C2/c, a 16.917(1), b 5.5999(5), c 35.340(3) A, β 90.437(2)°, V 3347.7(5) A 3 , Z = 8. La structure a ete resolue et affinee en tenant compte des facteurs F 2 de toutes les donnees uniques en diffraction X, prelevees avec rayonnement monochromatique MoKa et un detecteur a charges couplees, jusqu'a un facteur de concordance R1 de 3.6%, calcule avec 4981 reflexions uniques observees (F c ≥ 4σ F ). La structure contient un groupement de sulfate a uranyle inhabituel, ayant la composition [(UO 2 )(SO 4 ) 4 ] 6 - . Le groupement contient une bipyramide pentagonale a uranyle et quatre tetraedres de sulfate. Trois de ces tetraedres sont lies a une bipyramide pentagonale a uranyle par partage de coins, tandis que le quatrieme partage une arete equatoriale d'une de ces bipyramides pentagonales. Les groupements de sulfate d'uranyle sont lies par liaisons avec les cations K et Na, et par liaisons hydrogene. Le groupement de sulfate d'uranyle, decouvert recemment dans deux sulfates d'uranyle contenant le sodium, est inhabituel a cause du partage d'une arete entre un polyedre a uranyle et un tetraedre M 6 + O 4 .
A quasi-two-dimensional model for small-geometry MOSFETs including the source/drain resistances

A quasi-two-dimensional model (El Banna and El Nokali 1988) for small geometry MOSFETs has been modified to include the effects of source/drain series resistances. A simple method that guarantees the continuity of the output conductance at the onset of saturation is proposed. Several second order effects, such as mobility degradation due to surface roughness, carrier velocity saturation, and channel length modulation have been included to account for the two-dimensional nature of small-geometry MOSFETs. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by comparing its theoretical predictions with the experimental data available in the literature. The model is also used to estimate the lateral field to which hot-carrier effects are sensitive.
Racial and ethnic differences in patient perceptions of bias and cultural competence in health care.

OBJECTIVES: To determine: 1) whether racial and ethnic differences exist in patients’ perceptions of primary care provider (PCP) and general health care system-related bias and cultural competence; and 2) whether these differences are explained by patient demographics, source of care, or patient-provider communication variables.
Strategies and External Relationships of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the US Agricultural Biotechnology Sector

This paper examines the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in the agricultural biotechnology (agro-bio) sector. Specific objectives are to understand firm-specific strategies utilized to remain competitive in an uncertain business environment, and to examine the impact of government/policy and farmers on strategies. The controversial nature of processes used and the ethical debate surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) contribute to an ongoing struggle for these firms in negotiating their position in society as innovators. Data from surveys of US-based firms and farmers are used to show how firms respond to external conditions and how farmers adjust to the GMO controversy, and, in turn, affect the business of biotech. At first cut, the data suggest that firms are worried only about science; as the survey probes into firm-level evaluation of external actors, the importance of Federal over local – regional initiatives stand out. While states are investing to pro...
Explication of interspousal criticality bias

Although bias towards perceiving spousal criticism is related to dysphoria and marital discord (Smith & Peterson, 2008), the bias construct has received insufficient elaboration. We explicated the criticality bias construct by exploring its correlates and incremental validity relative to perceived criticism, marital attributions, and negative affect. 118 couples completed self-report measures and undertook a videotaped discussion task. Signal detection analyses of both spouses' and outside observers' ratings of discussions produced bias indices. Criticality bias evidenced a pattern of convergent and discriminant validity mirroring perceived criticism's (Renshaw, 2008). Bias also provided incremental validity beyond perceived criticism, marital attributions, and negative affect to the prediction of behavior. Bias may be a dysfunctional way to view marital events and a stress generation process.
Differentiation of Acmaea digitalis oocytes with special reference to lipid-endoplasmic reticulum-annulate lamellae-polyribosome relationships.

During initial stages of oogenesis, many nucleoli are adpressed to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Small nucleolar fragments appear to traverse the pores of the nuclear envelope and accumulate in the perinuclear ooplasm as fibrogranular bodies. Mitochondria become closely associated with some of the fibrogranular bodies. In addition to ribosomes and polyribosomes that are present in small oocytes, lamellae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) increase greatly in number during early stages of differentiation. Some individual lamellae are attached at their ends to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Many parallel lamellae of rER are then encountered as well as numerous circular profiles consisting of concentric loops of rER. Soon after the differentiation of the extensive system of rER, lipid droplets or spheres appear in the ooplasm and they are initially surrounded by many circular, concentric lamellae of rER. Initially, the number of concentric lamellae of rER surrounding a lipid droplet may vary from less than a dozen to more than two dozen. During middle and late phases of vitellogenesis, most of the lipid spheres that comprise the most numerous and significant component of the yolk are surrounded by only one or two concentric lamellae of rER (in some cases the lamellae are part rough-surfaced and part smooth-surfaced). In addition, annulate lamellae are then observed to be associated with a portion of the lipid droplet surface. The number of annulate lamellae that extend focally from the lipid sphere distally into the cytoplasm is variable; often two or three to more than a dozen lamellae. Small granules, many of which range from 6 to 12 nm and thin fibrils (approximately 2-3 nm in width) may be associated with the annulate lamellae. In addition, polyribosomes frequently appear to be continuous with the pore-associated material of the annulate lamellae. The ends of some annulate lamellae may extend as lamellae of the rER. The morphologic relationships and relationships and variations observed between the lipid droplets, rER, annulate lamellae, and polyribosomes during lipidogenesis in this oocyte are interpreted to support a recent hypothesis (Kessel, 1981a,b) that the pores of annulate lamellae may be involved in some manner with the processing of ribosomal subunits or precursors into functioning polyribosomes, and that their appearance in specific association with the surface of many lipid spheres and rER in the oocyte late in vitellogenesis may be related to the formation of additional functional polyribosomes necessary to complete the final synthesis of many lipid droplets that are present in the ooplasm of the full-grown oocyte.
Methyl bonding to Fe and Fe(CO)n

Abstract Rate constants for atomic iron anion and successively ligated anions Fe(CO) n − (n = 0–4) reacting with CH 3 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) were measured using a selected-ion flow tube apparatus. The results indicate that X − formation occurs as the dominant channel when exothermic. Other observed reaction channels are ligand exchange (with CH 3 and X replacing two CO), halogen-atom abstraction and adduct formation. Fe(CO) 4 − is too stable for a reaction with CH 3 X to develop by any channel. Fe(CO) 2 − displays a rich chemistry. Information on the bond strengths, D [Fe(CO) n CH 3 ], is deduced from the results. Under the assumption that the X − product channel is observed if exothermic, we calculate the homolytic iron–methyl bond energies 0.13 eV ≤ D [FeCH 3 ] ≤ 1.76 eV, D [Fe(CO)CH 3 ] = 1.2 ± 0.2 eV, D [Fe(CO) 2 CH 3 ] = 1.3 ± 0.3 eV, D [Fe(CO) 3 CH 3 ] D [Fe(CO) 4 CH 3 ]