cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate: Lipid Ratio on Growth and Body Composition of Hybrid Striped Bass

A study was conducted to determine the ability of juvenile hybrid striped bass, Morone crysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂, to utilize dietary carbohydrate and lipid for energy. Four semipurified diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated to be isocaloric with various levels of dextrin and menhaden fish oil 50 the carbohydrate: lipid ratio (CHO:L) ranged from 2510 to 42:2.5. Diets were fed in triplicate to groups of hybrid striped bass initially averaging 1.5 g/fish in 38 L aquaria receiving a constant supply of hard (> 180 mg/L as CaCO3) freshwater for a period of eight weeks. Weight gain, feed and protein efficiencies were similar among all dietary groups. Hepatosomatic index (liver weight × 100/body weight), muscle ratio (whole muscle weight × 100/body weight) and condition factor were also similar, while intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio (IPF weight × 100/ body weight) was significantly (P × 0.05) increased as CHO:L decreased. Proximate composition of muscle did not show any effects of diet. However, dry matter and lipid of whole-body increased significantly as CHO:L decreased; conversely whole-body protein was significantly reduced. Moreover, liver glycogen significantly increased as CHO:L decreased. These data indicate hybrid striped bass are able to efficiently utilize carbohydrate for energy; and dietary lipid, which generally caused increased lipid deposition in various tissues, could be partially replaced with carbohydrate to improve fish quality and productivity.
Creep-rupture behavior of iridium at elevated temperatures

The creep-rupture properties of annealed arc-cast iridium were determined between 982°C and 1288°C for times less than 1000 h. It was found possible to fit the rupture and creep results by the Sherby-Dorn parameter method using an activation energy of 70,600 calJmole. It was found that under creep deformation, failure was at least partially intercrystalline, and the failure elongation decreased with increasing temperature and time.
Generating retinal neurons by reprogramming retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Importance of the field: Retinal degenerations cause blindness. One potential therapy is cell replacement. Because the human retina lacks regeneration capacity, much attention has been directed towards searching for cells that can differentiate into retinal neurons.Areas covered in this review: We discuss the possibility of using transcription factor genes to channel retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells' capabilities of proliferation and plasticity towards the production of retinal neurons.What the reader will gain: Experiments with chick embryos show that RPE cells – in the eye, in explant, or in a dissociated cell culture – can give rise to cells resembling retinal neurons when reprogrammed with regulatory genes involved in retinal neurogenesis. Depending on the regulatory gene used, reprogramming generates cells exhibiting traits of photoreceptor cells, amacrine cells and/or young ganglion neurons.Take home message: Gene-directed reprogramming of chick RPE can efficiently generate cells that exhibit ...
Tetralogy of fallot, pulmonary atresia, and diminutive pulmonary arteries

The surgical management of classical tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), with right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery continuity and pulmonic stenosis, has been well established and standardized, and both early and late results are good, even in critically ill infants. In other patients with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, however, significant additional therapeutic challenges are seen, primarily because of the wide range of origin, size, and distribution of pulmonary blood supply found in this entity. The most fortunate subset of patients with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (TOFPA) are those with valvar pulmonary atresia, a ductus-dependent pulmonary arterial circulation and essentially normal pulmonary arteries. At the other end of anatomic complexity are those patients with TOF-PA without a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and with diminutive or absent central pulmonary arteries. In these patients pulmonary blood flow is supplied exclusively by aortopulmonary collateral arteries (APCAs). Because of the significant variations in pulmonary arterial structure and blood flow, no single effective treatment plan is applicable to this diverse group of patients. Generally,
Angiotensinogen Thr235 variant is associated with abnormal physiologic change of the uterine spiral arteries in first-trimester decidua☆☆☆★

Objective: The angiotensinogen Thr235 polymorphism associated with preeclampsia is tightly linked to a mutation in the angiotensinogen promoter A(-6), which may lead to elevated expression in decidual spiral arteries. We hypothesize that locally elevated angiotensin II levels play a role in failed physiologic change leading to preeclampsia. Our objective was to determine whether spiral artery morphologic characteristics were different in first-trimester decidual samples from women homozygous for the angiotensinogen Thr235 allele and women homozygous for the normal angiotensinogen Met235 allele. Study Design: We used quantitative histologic analysis to study 1266 spiral artery cross-sections in decidual samples obtained from normal pregnancies (n = 53) terminated at 8 weeks' gestation. To define vessel characteristics before pregnancy-induced remodeling, we also examined 60 arteries in nonpregnant endometrial control samples (n = 5). We measured the aspect ratio, media area, and external diameter of each cross-section with Image-Pro plus software. Maternal angiotensinogen genotypes were determined by means of mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction. Average spiral artery morphologic measurements were compared between genotypes with the Student t test. Results: The media area/external diameter ratio was lower in decidual samples than in endometrial samples (P < .0001), consistent with pregnancy-induced physiologic changes. Women homozygous for the angiotensinogen Thr235 allele (n = 11) had a greater area/diameter ratio than did women homozygous for the normal angiotensinogen Met235 allele (n = 11, P < .05). Samples from heterozygous women (n = 31) had intermediate values. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the angiotensinogen Thr235 allele predisposes women toward abnormal physiologic change, potentially beginning the cascade of events leading to preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:95-102.)
A detector to search for antiproton decay at the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator

Abstract We describe the experimental apparatus used by the APEX experiment (Experiment 868) at the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator. The experiment is designed to search for decays of 8.9 GeV c antiprotons as they traverse a 3.7 m long evacuated decay tank inserted in a straight section of the Antiproton Accumulator ring. The detector components in the experimental set-up are discussed individually, and the performance of the experiment during data-taking is described.
Interfacial stability and misfit dislocation formation in InAs/GaAs(110) heteroepitaxy

Abstract A theoretical analysis based on continuum elasticity and atomistic simulations is presented of the structural stability of the InAs/GaAs(110) interface during InAs epitaxy. A transition is predicted from a coherently strained system to one with a semicoherent interface consisting of a regular array of edge misfit dislocations at a critical film thickness h f,c of 6 monolayers (ML) for a GaAs compliant substrate of 10 ML thickness. The theoretical results for h f,c , the coherently strained system, and the film surface profiles as a function of film thickness are in excellent agreement with recent experimental data.
RECENT PROGRESS IN SOFT X-RAY LASER DEVELOPMENT AT PRINCETON

Recent advances in research on soft X-ray lasers at Princeton are described. A one-dimensional code has been constructed which is in good agreement with the measured radial dependence of soft X-ray gain at 182 A in a magnetically confined recombining plasma. Multichannel detectors have been installed in the diagnostic spectrometers and spectra of the line emission in axial and transverse directions are presented. Initial measurements of the relative divergence and, very recently, absolute divergence measurements of the axial 182 A beam have been made by scanning the axial spectrometer across the beam.The absolute divergence was measured to be in the range 5-10 mrad, depending on experimental conditions and the maximum power of soft X-ray beam was ∼. Finally, a new two laser approach to create gain at wavelengths below 100 A is briefly described.
Fate of Surplus Sperm in the Fallopian Tube of the White Mouse

after coitus, was studied after serial sectioning of the entire oviduct. No active phagocytic cells were found in the epithelial lining of the intramural portion of the oviduct. The main site of phagocytosis was the epithelial layer of the caudal loops of the isthmus of the fallopian tube. In some regions, the lumen of the isthmus was filled with various kinds of cellular debris among which large numbers of sperm were trapped. But even in these areas no spermatozoon in an advanced stage of degeneration could be seen. The complete process of phagocytosis of the sperm in the female seemed to occur very slowly. Although a few spermatozoa could already be seen within the epithelial cells shortly after coitus, they showed no sign of degeneration. But 18-22 hours later they were in such advanced stages of degeneration that it was not possible to discern them at the optical microscope level. The sperm head, the most resistant structure, was found to be intact whenever present in a section. The coarse fibers were more resistant than the axonemal complex and fibrous sheath. The epithelial cells of the ampulla and fimbria did not show phagocytic activity. We concluded that phagocytosis probably constitutes the main route of elimination of those surplus spermatozoa which had already entered the isthmus of the fallopian tube but did not take part in fertilization.
Tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccination of adults in the USA

Pertussis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its incidence has been increasing in adolescents and adults over the past two decades. Waning immunity in adolescents and adults may be partially responsible. Adults can suffer significant illness from pertussis and its complications, such as pneumonia, rib fractures and syncope. Moreover, adults serve as a source of disease for infants, who are more vulnerable to severe complications and even death. The economic burden of pertussis is substantial, in terms of both medical and nonmedical costs. Fortunately, the burden of pertussis disease can now be safely and effectively reduced by vaccinating adults with tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of vaccination in pregnant women and those over 65 years of age, and also to determine whether further booster doses of Tdap are needed.
Selective visual attention in patients with frontal lobe lesions or Parkinson's disease

Visual selective attention and response competition were tested in patients with frontal lobe lesions or with Parkinson's disease, and matched normal controls. The target stimuli were presented with flanking distractors that were either compatible, incompatible, or neutral to the target stimulus. The distance between the target and distractors was systematically varied. A control condition without distractors was also included. Subjects' response times to target stimuli and accuracy were measured. Both patient groups responded significantly slower and less accurately than their respective matched normal controls across all interference conditions and spatial distances. However, they did not show significantly greater interference or facilitation effects. Thus, the data suggest that the cognitive processes underlying selective attention are, in general, spared in patients with frontal lobe lesions or basal ganglia dysfunction.
A case for run-time adaptation in packet processing systems

Most packet processing applications receive and process multiple types of packets. Today, the processors available within packet processing systems are allocated to packet types at design time. In this paper, we explore the benefits and challenges of adapting allocations of processors to packet types in packet processing systems. We demonstrate that, for all the applications and traces considered, run-time adaptation can reduce energy consumption by 70--80% and processor provisioning level by 40--50%. The adaptation benefits are maximized if processor allocations can be adapted at fine time-scales and if the total available processing power can be allocated to packet types in small granularities. We show that, of these two factors, allocating processing power to packet types is small granularity is more important---if the allocation granularity is large, then even a very fine adaptation time-scale yields meager benefits.
Binding Interpretations of Anaphors by Korean Heritage Speakers

This study investigates the potential incomplete acquisition of binding interpretations in Korean-English bilinguals by asking whether and how the majority language of these bilinguals (English) influences their family or heritage language (Korean), especially when exposure to and use of English starts very early. The experiment tested the long-distance and local interpretations of different Korean anaphors—caki, casin, and caki-casin—by 51 Korean-English bilinguals raised in Korean-speaking families residing in the United States (22 early bilinguals and 29 late bilinguals) together with a control group of 34 Korean monolinguals residing in Korea. Overall results indicated that the bilinguals maintain the distinction between local and long-distance anaphors, though not to the same degree as monolinguals. There was a tendency among early bilinguals to choose more local binding overall compared to the late bilinguals and Korean monolinguals. At the individual level, many early bilinguals failed to different...
Schizophreniform behavior in rats: Effects of L-dopa on various behavioral and physiological phenomena

The present study was conducted to investigate both the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and the validity of using rats as animal models for schizophrenia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were observed prior to and after intraperitoneal L-dopa injections. The following parameters were examined: (1) body weight, (2) wheel-running behavior, (3) open-field exploratory behavior, (4) grooming behavior, (5) body posture, and (6) urine ketone levels. Following intraperitoneal injections, the succeeding changes were noted: a decrease in mean gram body weight, a decrease in wheel-running behavior, a lack of exploratory behavior, an absence of grooming, a common occurrence of catatonic-like behavior in the home cage, and an increase in urine ketone levels. It is concluded that the rat is a good animal model for schizophrenia and that intraperitoneal in-jections of L-dopa do, in fact, produce symptoms suggestive of this disorder.
Mercury absorption in aqueous hypochlorite

The absorption of elemental Hg vapor into aqueous hypochlorite was measured in a stirred tank reactor at 25 and 55°C. NaOCl strongly absorbs Hg even at high pH. Low pH, high Cl- and high-temperature favor mercury absorption. Aqueous free Cl2 was the active species that reacted with mercury. However, chlorine desorption was evident at high Cl- and pH<9. Overall second-order reaction was observed between mercury and chlorine with an apparent second-order rate constant of 1.7×1015 M-1 s-1 at 25°C and 1.4×1017 M-1 s-1 at 55°C. Gas-phase reaction was observed between Hg and Cl2 on apparatus surfaces. Strong mercury absorption in water was also detected with Cl2 present. Results indicate that the chlorine concentration, moisture, and surface area contribute positively to mercury removal.
The biomechanical effect of shoulder remplissage combined with Bankart repair for the treatment of engaging Hill–Sachs lesions

The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical effects of the remplissage repair combined with Bankart repair for engaging Hill–Sachs lesions on range of motion (ROM), translation, and glenohumeral kinematics. Six cadaveric shoulders were tested using a custom shoulder testing system. ROM, kinematics, and anterior–posterior (AP) and superior–inferior glenohumeral translations were quantified at 0° and 60° glenohumeral abduction. Six conditions were tested: intact, Bankart lesion, Bankart with 40 % Hill–Sachs lesion, Bankart repair, Bankart repair with remplissage, and remplissage repair alone. Humeral external rotation (ER) and total range of motion increased significantly after the creation of the Bankart lesion at both 0° and 60° abduction. The Bankart repair restored ER to intact values at 0° and 60° abduction, and the addition of the remplissage repair did not significantly alter range of motion from the Bankart repair alone. AP translation increased following the creation of the Bankart and Hill–Sachs lesions and was restored with the Bankart repair; the remplissage did not alter translation from the Bankart repair alone. At maximum ER at 60° abduction, the apex of the humeral head shifted posteriorly and inferiorly with remplissage repair. The addition of the remplissage procedure combined with Bankart repair for treatment of large Hill–Sachs lesions had no statistically significant effect on ROM or translation, but altered the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint. Thus, by addressing the humeral bone defect following an anterior shoulder dislocation, the remplissage technique with concurrent Bankart repair may be a relatively minimally invasive option for converting engaging Hill–Sachs lesions to non-engaging and promoting shoulder stability, though further biomechanical and clinical studies are warranted.
Preparation of oriented Hg single crystals

Abstract A Bridgman method of slow cooling from the melt is described for the preparation of oriented single crystals of Hg with geometries suitable for ultrasonic and/ or other experiments.
A Comparison of Continuous and Phased Levels of Dietary Phosphorus for Commercial Laying Hens

Abstract One hundred and forty hens of a commercial strain were allocated randomly to 7 treatment groups of 20 birds each at 20 weeks of age. Five treatment groups were assigned to ground yellow corn-soybean meal diets containing either .40, .45, .50, .55, or .60% total phosphorus (TP) with supplemental phosphorus (P) from dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Two remaining groups were phase fed decremental TP levels of either .60, .55, .50, and .45%, or .55, .50, .45, and .40% for intervals of 21 to 32, 33 to 44, 45 to 56, and 57 to 68 weeks of age, respectively. The experiment was 48 weeks in duration. The 5 continuous phosphorus levels had nearly the same effect on cumulative egg production, egg weight, specific gravity of eggs, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio. A significant linear effect of phosphorus level on specific gravity of eggs was observed at 56 weeks (P Phased TP regimens significantly: improved egg specific gravity (P Results of this study suggested the feeding of at least .45% TP continuously from 21 to 68 weeks of age for optimum performance by this strain, Hy-Line W-36. Calculations of average daily TP consumption rates indicated that caged layers of this strain should ingest 600 and 540 mg of TP for intervals of 21 to 44 and 45 to 68 weeks of age, respectively, for optimum performance.
Gas-Phase Reactions of Bare and Ligated Uranium Ions with Sulfur Hexafluoride

Reactions of bare and ligated uranium ions with sulfur hexafluoride were studied in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Bare U{sup +} was found to react rather efficiently with SF{sub 6} (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 0.4) to produce both UF{sub n}{sup +} (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) and SF{sub n}{sup +} (n = 1, 2, 3). Whereas the UF{sup +}/SF{sub 6} reaction rate was essentially the same as that for U{sup +}/SF{sub 6}, both UF{sub 2}{sup +} and UF{sub 3}{sup +} were inert; this is attributed to a repulsive interaction between UF{sub n}{sup +} and SF{sub 6} when n exceeds 1. Reactions of UF{sup +} (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 0.2) and UF{sub 2}{sup +} (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 0.05) with H{sub 2}O resulted in both F {yields} OH exchange and oxidation. In contrast, UF{sub 3}{sup +} reacted very efficiently with H{sub 2}O (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 1), exhibiting only F {yields} OH exchange. The primary ion products of the UO{sup +}/SF{sub 6} reaction (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 0.2) were SF{sub 3}{sup +} and UOF{sub 2}{sup +}; those of the UOH{sup +}/SF{sub 6} reaction (k/k{sub ADO} {approx} 0.3) were SF{sub 3}{sup +} and UOF{sup +}. The reaction results are discussed in the context of amore » previously proposed reaction model, the distinctive chemistry of uranium, and thermodynamic considerations. The results illuminate the nature of uranium as well as general aspects of the interaction of bare and ligated transition-metal ions with SF{sub 6}. Results for collision-induced dissociation (CID) of selected uranium molecular ions support the concept of CID being a quasithermal process under these experimental conditions, with rearrangements prior to fragmentation possible for certain ions.« less
Further Experiments on the Surplus Gamma-Radiation from Granite

Field experiments in Massachusetts (1945) and laboratory experiments with a bulk sample of granite (300 lb.) from Quincy, Massachusetts, showed that the ionization produced by gamma-rays from this type of rock is about twice as great as the one computed from their content of uranium, thorium, and potassium. In order to find out the origin of this unexpected surplus radiation, new experiments were carried out, using essentially the same technique, but shielding the ionization chambers with lead cylinders about 1 cm thick. The radium content of the bulk sample of Quincy granite was re-checked in the National Bureau of Standards and found, on the average, only 7 percent above the figure given by Evans and Goodman.
REDUCED BODY SIZE OF FEMALE STELLER SEA LIONS FROM A DECLINING POPULATION IN THE GULF OF ALASKA

Nutritional stress is a leading hypothesis behind the decline in numbers of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and the Bering Sea. To evaluate this hypothesis we compared body growth of female Steller sea lions 1.0–13.9 yr of age collected in the Gulf of Alaska during two time periods, 1975–1978 just prior to or early in the decline and 1985–1986 when the decline was well established. We found that growth, as measured by standard length, axillary girth, and mass, was reduced during the 1980s, supporting the undernutrition hypothesis. We also found a suggestion of reduced growth in our 1970s and 1980s samples when compared to a collection of Steller sea lions obtained from the Gulf of Alaska in 1958. However, no direct link has been demonstrated between undernutrition and the actual decline in numbers.
The importance of cell size in influencing the texture of the cooked potato. I. Preliminary observations

The relationship between intercellular adhesion and the total surface area of cells per unit volume of tuber was investigated with samples from seventeen varieties grown in the field and eight varieties grown in pots. A direct relationship was found with a correlation coefficient of 0.63 (significant atP=0.001).
Fiber grating integrated with Kerr nonlinear fiber for all-optical switching

We describe an integrated structure comprising a fiber bragg grating and a semiconductor-doped fiber for all-optical switching at laser diode poser levels. The operation of the device is based on intensity induced wavelength shift of a probe signal. The doped-fiber section serves as a Kerr medium. Results include switching power as function of device length.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resilience as the Relational Ability to Spiritually Integrate Moral Stress

Resilience is an outcome of caregiving relationships that help people spiritually integrate moral stress. Moral stress arises from lived theologies and spiritual orienting systems—patterns of values, beliefs, and ways of coping energized by shame, guilt, fear of causing harm, or self-disgust (some of the so-called negative moral emotions that cut people off from social support). Spiritual care compassionately brings to light these life-limiting lived theologies of shame and fear shaped by intersecting social systems of oppression like sexism, classism, and racism. Spiritual care helps people co-create intentional theologies that draw upon goodness, compassion, and love—moral emotions that connect them to the web of life. This interdisciplinary approach to moral stress draws upon the living stories of moral stress and resilience by feminist theologians Bonnie Miller-McLemore and Valerie Saiving.
Stability analysis of several non-dilute multiple solute transport equations

Recently a new solute and solvent transmembrane cellular transport model accounting for non-dilute solute concentrations was introduced. This model depends on a second or third order polynomial expansion in mole fraction of Gibbs energy for solutes and solvents along with a mixing term that depends only on single solute data. This model is applicable to cells in so called semi-dilute anisosmotic conditions. The extents of these conditions are not immediately clear from within the theory. Therefore, in order to provide an estimate of the upper concentration bound of this model we rederive the original model in the practical molality form, apply a natural extension of the model to an arbitrary number of solutes, and provide concrete bounds on the maximal concentrations where the model may be stable, and thus likely physiologically relevant. Moreover, we apply a similar stability analysis for a simpler, and more classic model based on similar Gibbs energy. The results show that the classical model has an asymptotically stable rest point for all parameter values, whereas the new model does in fact become unstable at very high solute concentrations. This instability, however, occurs at concentrations that are most likely well beyond the intended applicability of the model.
Civil‐military cooperation in complex emergencies: Finding ways to make it work

This article looks into some of the effects resulting from the ever‐closer interaction between civilians and military in peace operations. A comment often heard is that too close a cooperation could have significant drawbacks. Other opinions state that better coordination could improve the overall efficiency of peace operations. For the author, international military and aid workers could best complement each other in the management of complex emergencies if clear distinctions were made between their respective spheres of responsibility. She also stresses the importance of joint training exercises and awareness courses and of developing mechanisms that could improve civil‐civil cooperation. She concludes that fostering a successful end state to a crisis can only result from complementary, yet distinctive actions carried out in their respective spheres by humanitarian, military and political actors.
Poliovirus adsorption to narrow particle size fractions of sand and montmorillonite clay

Abstract Poliovirus adsorption from 0.15 M, pH 7.3 phosphate-buffered saline solution to sand and sodium montmorillonite clay particles has been measured for conditions in which both virus and adsorbent particles are monodisperse. Sand and clay particles had narrow size distributions about their mean particle sizes of 123 and 1–2 μm, respectively. Adsorption to sand was carried out to high-equilibrium solution-phase virus concentration (109 PFU/ml) and showed saturation-limited behavior, but low fractional coverage of sand particle surface (f ∼ 0.01). This behavior is similar to that of protein adsorption to inorganic surfaces observed by others. Adsorption to clay could be made only to virus equilibrium concentrations of about 6 × 105 PFU/ml because the clay particles aggregated at higher virus concentrations. Below this concentration, adsorption to clay was found to fit an isotherm function for which amount adsorbed per mass of clay depends on equilibrium solution-phase concentration to the 1.3 power.
Antibiotic peptides as mediators of innate immunity

Antibiotic peptides are widely distributed in nature. Almost all function as membrane-active agents, disrupting target-cell permeability. Several exhibit a striking selectivity for single-celled microbes over metazoan cells, and as such are amongst the simplest components of the animal's defensive system, which distinguishes environmental microbes from 'self'.
Seismicity changes associated with reservoir loading

Abstract Changes in seismic activity have been related to the filling of large reservoirs in over thirty cases. These changes range from variations in the level of micro-earthquake activity detectable only with instruments of high sensitivity to destructive earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6. On the other hand, the filling of many other large reservoirs has not been accompanied by increased seismicity. A number of factors may contribute to the generation or absence of post-impounding seismicity. Increased vertical stress due to the load of the reservoir and decreased effective stress due to increased pore pressure can modify the stress regime in the reservoir region. Whether or not these stress changes are sufficient to generate earthquake activity will depend on a complex interaction of the induced stress with the state of pre-existing stress near the reservoir, and on the geologic and hydrologic conditions at the site. The combined effect of increased vertical load and increased pore pressure will have the greatest tendency to increase activity in regions where the maximum compressive stress is vertical (normal faulting). In regions where the minimum compressive stress is vertical (thrust faulting) increased stress due to a vertical load should have a minimum effect. For all of the larger reservoir-induced earthquakes the stress system determined from fault plane solutions is in agreement with the pre-existing stress field in the region of the reservoir. These earthquakes are all of strike-slip or normal type, there being no reported cases of large induced earthquakes with thrusting mechanisms. The potential for major changes in seismicity may be highest in regions of moderate strain accumulation (low to moderate natural seismicity). In areas of high strain accumulation and high levels of natural seismicity, the stress changes induced by the reservoir will be small compared to natural variations. In aseismic areas, with low strain accumulation, the reservoir-induced stresses may be insufficient to raise the stress level to a state of failure.
Cosmic chronometers in the Rh = ct Universe

ABSTRACT The use of luminous red galaxies as cosmic chronometers provides us with an in-dispensable method of measuring the universal expansion rate H(z) in a model-independent way. Unlike many probes of the cosmological history, this approachdoes not rely on integrated quantities, such as the luminosity distance, and thereforedoes not require the pre-assumption of any particular model, which may bias sub-sequent interpretations of the data. We employ three statistical tools – the Akaike,Kullback, and Bayes Information Criteria (AIC, KIC and BIC) – to compare theΛCDM model and the R h = ct Universe with the currently available measurementsof H(z), and show that the R h = ct Universe is favored by these model selectioncriteria. The parameters in each model are individually optimized by maximum like-lihood estimation. The R h = ct Universe ﬁts the data with a reduced χ 2dof = 0.745 fora Hubble constant H 0 = 63.2±2.5km s −1 Mpc −1 , and H 0 is the sole parameterin thismodel. By comparison, the optimal ΛCDM model, which has three free parameters(including H
Conditioned Reinforcement Using Brain Stimulation as a Primary Reinforcement

Summay.-The purposes of this study were to condition a secondary reinforcer using rewarding brain stimulation as a primary reinforcer, and to determine whether the absence of stimulation-induced motivational conditions during testing might be an important factor in making this phenomenon so difficult to obtain. A moderate conditioned-reward effect was obtained, but the importance of stimulation-evoked motivational conditions was not definitely established. Conditioned reinforcement using brain stimulation as a primary reward has been a difficult phenomenon to demonstrste. Positive results have been obtained by Stein (1958), Charipper (1963), Knott and Clayton (1966), and Trowill and Hynek (1970), while negative resnlts have been reported by Seward, Uyeda, and Olds (1959), Keys (1964), and Mogenson ( 1965). A possible explanation for the elusiveness of this effect is that the conditioned reinforcer may be being established with the animal in a motivational state induced by the rewarding brain stimulation. During testing no brain stimulation is presented, and the associated motivational state would thus be absent. The purposes of the present study were to attempt to condition a secondary reinforcer using rewarding brain stimulation as a primary reinforcer and to determine whether the absence of a stimulation-induced motivational state during testing might be contributing to the elusiveness of the phenomenon. To accomplish the latter, Ss in one experimental group received noncontingent background pulses of brain stimulation during testing, thus maintaining any stimulation-evoked motivational condition. Ss in a second experimental group did not receive stimulation during testing. METHOD Bipolar electrodes were stereotaxically implanted in the anterior hypothalamus of 23 albino rats. Twenty-one rats survived surgery, and 15 showed a primary brain-stimulation reward effect. These 15 included 5 animals tested in either of two experimental conditions and 5 control animals. The primary test box was 30 X 11 X 12 in., with a photoelectric relay system installed with the light beam projecting across the width of the box at a central position. Interrupting the beam activated a counter and was the operant response in the experiment. A second test box, in which white noise and brain stimulation were paired, was 25 X 25 X 12 in. Both boxes had open tops through which electrode leads were passed. Tape-recorded television static was used as a white noise CS.
Development and initial validation of the Brief Adolescent Life Event Scale (BALES)

We report initial validity analyses of the Brief Adolescent Life Event Scale (BALES). This instrument addresses negative and positive events pertinent to the well being of adolescent boys and girls, and is designed for use in studies utilizing an extended research protocol. Selection of items was guided by emerging perspectives on positive psychology , action theory , and personality vulnerability , as well as by new developments in statistical modeling theory. The 36 items of the scale tap negative and positive events, each of which addresses interpersonal and achievement life domains. Using a large sample of early-adolescents ( N = 895), we confirmed the hypothesized structure that includes four domain-level latent factors (i.e., negative interpersonal events, negative achievement events, positive interpersonal events, positive achievement events), and two overarching factors (negative events and positive events). Indices of positive and negative events predicted adolescent depressive symptoms in expect...
Pupillary dilations in movement preparation and execution.

Movement-related pupillary responses (MRPRs) were examined during self-triggered finger flexions to determine the time course and extent of response-related effects on this measure of general processing demands. MRPRs to self-triggered finger movements began about 1.5 s before the response and peaked 0.5 s post-response for simple movements. This dilation increased in amplitude and latency with the complexity of the movement as determined by the number of flexions executed. Peak pupillary amplitude was also sensitive to the force of the movement. The data establish the very large contribution of motoric processing demands to the pupillary response both before and after the onset of the movement.
Comparing Spray from Tires Rolling on a Wet Surface

ABSTRACT: Tire spray generated as automobile or truck tires roll over a wet roadway is a familiar hazard to all drivers. Past efforts to mitigate the effects of tire spray have focused on inventing and testing add-on devices to suppress, redirect, or contain spray. These devices have had only limited success in controlling spray. An alternate approach would be to examine tire spray at the source—the tire and wet roadway. This article describes a device designed to simulate tire spray in a laboratory setting, allowing a careful examination of spray in a controlled environment. The device limits the spray to that produced from water passing through a tire groove and then carried away from the roadway by the rotating tire. The spray pattern downstream of the tire patch is captured with high-speed video and stored on disk. The video images are then processed as desired by computer. A concept “time-to-drain” is introduced to characterize the angle at which spray leaves the tire. Time-to-drain is then used to c...
Technical considerations for supporting data rates beyond 100 Gb/s

As traffic demands continue to grow, supporting data rates beyond 100 Gb/s will be required to increase optical channel capacity and support higher-rate client interfaces. Advanced modulation formats that adapt to optimize spectral efficiency over a range of channel signal-tonoise ratio conditions are required. Channels can be constructed by varying parameters such as symbol rate, bits per symbol, number of polarizations, and number of optical and electrical subcarriers. Channel capacity can also be increased using advanced techniques such as optical time-division multiplexing, and fibers that support multiple cores and modes. Many channel designs can support higher data rates, but there are trade-offs between complexity, spectral efficiency, and optical reach.
Surficial Alteration of Pleistocene(?) Limestone Adjacent to Saline Lakes, Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico: ABSTRACT

Two interesting rock types result from calichification and alteration of the weathered surface of bedrock limestone adjacent to shallow saline lakes on Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Jet-black micritic limestone is produced on the periphery of the saline lakes, apparently as the combined result of calichification, blue-green algal penetrations, and sulfate-reducing bacterial action. Micrite layers are added by calichification. The black color is attributed to finely disseminated organic material and iron sulfide(?) produced by bacteria. Bacterial action not only may be partly responsible for the black color of the limestone, but also may account for the small amount End_Page 748------------------------------ of calcium sulfate found in the lake deposits. Similar black, algal, filament-bearing micrite, found as rounded pebbles on Caribbean beaches of Isla Mujeres, most likely was produced in a similar environment at a lower stand of sea level and worked shoreward from eroded, submerged outcrops. Hard caliche breccias crop out in several places adjacent to the salt flats. These rocks contain both angular fragments of bedrock and caliche and rounded, pisolitelike structures. Similar breccias are found on low rocky sea cliffs just above the surf zone of Isla Mujeres as well as on other islands in that vicinity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 749------------
Genetic mapping of mutations using phenotypic pools and mapped RAPD markers

Genetic markers facilitate the study of inheritance and the cloning of genes by genetic approaches. Molecular markers detect differences in DNA sequence, and are thus less ambiguous than phenotypic markers, which require gene expression. We have demonstrated a molecular approach to the mapping of mutant genes using RAPD markers and pooling of individuals based on phenotype. To map genes by phenotypic pooling a strain carrying a mutation is crossed to a strain that is homozygous for the wild-type allele of the corresponding gene. A set of primers corresponding to mapped RAPDs distributed throughout the genome and in coupling phase with respect to the wild type parent is then used to amplify DNA from wild type and mutant pools of F2 individuals. Linkage between the mutant gene and the RAPD markers is visualized by the absence of the corresponding RAPD DNA bands in the mutant pool. We developed a mathematical model for calculating the probability of linkage between RAPDs and target genes and we successfully tested this approach with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
A robust direct adaptive controller

This paper proposes a new direct adaptive control algorithm which is robust with respect to additive and multiplicative plant unmodeled dynamics. The algorithm is designed based on the reduced-order plant, which is assumed to be minimum phase and of known order and relative degree, but is analyzed with respect to the overall plant which, due to the unmodeled dynamics, may be nonminimum phase and of unknown order and relative degree. It is shown that if the unmodeled dynamics are sufficiently small in the low-frequency range, then the algorithm guarantees boundedness of all signals in the adaptive loop and "small" residual tracking errors for any bounded initial conditions. In the absence of unmodeled dynamics, the residual tracking error is shown to be zero.
Conditioning and Sexual Behavior: A Review

Sexual behavior is directed by a sophisticated interplay between steroid hormone actions in the brain that give rise to sexual arousability and experience with sexual reward that gives rise to expectations of competent sexual activity, sexual desire, arousal, and performance. Sexual experience allows animals to form instrumental associations between internal or external stimuli and behaviors that lead to different sexual rewards. Furthermore, Pavlovian associations between internal and external stimuli allow animals to predict sexual outcomes. These two types of learning build upon instinctual mechanisms to create distinctive, and seemingly "automated," patterns of sexual response. This article reviews the literature on conditioning and sexual behavior with a particular emphasis on incentive sequences of sexual behavior that move animals from distal to proximal with regard to sexual stimuli during appetitive phases of behavior and ultimately result in copulatory interaction and mating during consummatory phases of behavior. Accordingly, the role of learning in sexual excitement, in behaviors that bring about the opportunity to mate, in courtship and solicitation displays, in sexual arousal and copulatory behaviors, in sexual partner preferences, and the short- and long-term influence of copulatory experience on sexual and reproductive function is examined. Although hormone actions set the stage for sexual activity by generating the ability of animals to become sexually excited and aroused, it is each animal's unique experience with sexual behavior and sexual reward that molds the strength of responses made toward sexual incentives.
Conjoined twins in a monozygotic triplet pregnancy: prenatal diagnosis and X-inactivation.

Background The etiology of monozygotic twinning is not known. Some investigators have implicated abnormal X-inactivation, which could also be related to the increased female:male ratio in higher order multiple gestations in general, and in monozygotic and conjoined twins (CTS) in particular. CTS are rare, and even more unusual when part of a triplet pregnancy. Methods DNA polymorphism analysis using 13 markers in the buccal cells of the triplets and the lymphocytes of the parents were used to evaluate zygosity. We investigated the X-inactivation pattern of the triplets by analyzing methylation at the androgen receptor gene. Results We found a female triplet gestation consisting of CTS and a normal singleton. The thoracopagus CTS were joined from the clavicles to the umbilicus. Congenital heart disease was suspected antenatally, but the precise delineation of the heart defects required extensive postnatal evaluation. There was a single placental mass with a thin dividing membrane. Cesarean section was carried out at 32 weeks after the onset of labor. Histologically, the placenta was diamniotic monochorionic. The normal singleton did well after delivery; the CTS died at 35 days from cardiopulmonary collapse. The babies were monozygotic (>99.99% probability). Each baby in this triplet set exhibited a random and symmetric X-inactivation pattern. The degree of X-inactivation skewing fell in the range of 50–65%. Conclusion Genetic or environmental factors other than abnormal X-inactivation must be involved in causing monozygous multiple gestation or CTS. Despite prenatal diagnosis, shared myocardium or cardiac anomalies in CTS often determine the prognosis. Teratology 66:278–281, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cisplatin augments cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immunity in poorly immunogenic murine lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Many tumors are poorly immunogenic and resistant to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–mediated cell lysis. Because cisplatin has been demonstrated to increase tumor cell Fas receptor expression, we hypothesized that cisplatin will enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte tumor cell killing and augment the antitumor effect of an active immunotherapy strategy in a poorly immunogenic murine lung cancer model. Methods Lewis lung carcinoma cells were exposed to cisplatin in vitro, and Fas receptor expression and apoptosis in response to an agonistic anti-Fas antibody were quantified using flow cytometry. Wild-type and Fas ligand–deficient mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma flank tumors were then treated with intraperitoneal cisplatin as well as an intratumoral injection of an adenovirus gene transfer vector encoding CD40 ligand. End points included tumor size, animal survival, and Fas expression (determined using immunofluorescence). Cytotoxicity assays were performed using splenocytes from adenovirus gene transfer vector encoding CD40 ligand–treated animals as effectors and cisplatin-treated Lewis lung carcinoma cells as targets. Results Cisplatin induced heightened expression of Fas receptor on Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo and enhanced apoptosis in cells exposed to an agonistic anti-Fas antibody. In vivo, the combination of 1 dose of intraperitoneal cisplatin and intratumoral adenovirus gene transfer vector encoding CD40 ligand inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with adenovirus gene transfer vector encoding CD40 ligand alone, resulting in a higher cure rate. This effect was lost in Fas ligand–deficient mice. Splenocytes from adenovirus gene transfer vector encoding CD40 ligand–treated wild-type mice lysed cisplatin-treated Lewis lung carcinoma cells more efficiently than untreated Lewis lung carcinoma cells, an effect lost in splenocytes from Fas ligand–deficient mice. Conclusion Cisplatin augments the antitumor effect of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–mediated immunotherapy strategy, resulting in a higher cure rate than seen with immunotherapy alone. This effect is associated with the enhanced ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to lyse tumor cells that have been exposed to cisplatin through Fas/Fas ligand interactions.
Intellectual Estuaries: Connecting Learning and Creativity in Programs of Advanced Academics

Academic learning and creativity should be overlapping goals that can be simultaneously pursued in programs of advanced academics. However, efforts aimed at nurturing creativity and academic learni...