cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Lesions in Pigs Naturally or Experimentally Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Abundant intracytoplasmic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was associated with myocardiocyte swelling or necrosis, or myocardial fibrosis (or both) in three naturally infected pigs aged 4-7 weeks from three different farms. One 6 week old pig from a fourth farm had severe diffuse segmental to circumferential lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic periarteritis and endarteritis in several organs, PCV2 antigen was demonstrated in endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells in the arterial walls. In three pigs experimentally infected with PCV2, viral antigen was also associated with obliterated blood vessels in areas of granulomatous and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Together these findings suggest that the cardiovascular system in general and endothelial cells in particular play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCV2-associated diseases.
Neutrino oscillations at high densities

Abstract Neutrino-neutrino forward scattering via the standard model weak neutral current is flavor dependent. Incorporating this into neutrino propagation yields effective one-particle equations in limiting situations. But for general conditions relevant to stellar collapse or the early universe, the flavor evolution of massive neutrinos is a many-body phenomenon.
Significance of O2 availability and cycling on the respiratory burst response of human PMN's exposed to cytochrome c and superoxide dismutase.

Abstract In many instances the effect of superoxide ( O 2 − ) trapping agents in suppressing the net rate of O2 consumption of activated PMN's is not in accordance with theoretical expectations. We offer here an alternate explanation to those previously presented by Segal and Meshulam (FEBS Letters 100, 27–32) and Babior (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 91, 222–226). The paradoxical results previously presented can be explained by recognizing that shortly after activation of resting cells an O2 diffusion layer is established at or near the outer surface of these cells. The presence of this diffusion layer can markedly alter the anticipated stochiometric relationship between O 2 − trapped and apparent O2 consumed by these cells when they are exposed to O 2 − trapping agents.
BBC rock music programming on radio and television and the progressive rock audience, 1967–1973

A little more than forty years into its existence, the British Broadcasting Corporation replaced its original popular music radio show, the Light Programme, with its first popular music radio services, Radio One and Radio Two. The creation of two radio stations that broadcast popular music with no overt aim to educate the public’s taste appeared to be a major reversal of everything the BBC had stood for throughout its existence. Nevertheless, this accommodation of the public taste was received with opprobrium in some quarters, namely from the burgeoning ‘underground’ press and a small but very vocal and influential section of the audience whose tastes were defined by what they called ‘progressive’ rock music; music that they heard only in select and not very popular listening hours on Radio One. Criticism of the corporation’s broadcast and programming policies had rarely been so public, or so widespread.
Age hardening in beryllium-aluminum-silver alloys

Abstract Three different alloys of beryllium-aluminum-silver were processed to powder by centrifugal atomization in a helium atmosphere. Alloy compositions were, by weight percent, Be47.5Al2.5Ag, Be47Al3Ag, and Be46Al4Ag. Due to the low solubility of both aluminum and silver in beryllium, the silver was concentrated in the aluminum phase, which separates from the beryllium in the liquid phase. A fine, continuous composite beryllium-aluminum microstructure was formed, which did not significantly change after hot isostatic pressing. Samples of hot isostatically pressed material were solution treated at 550°C for 1 h, followed by a water quench. Aging temperatures were 150, 175, 200, and 225°C for times ranging from half an hour to 65 h. Results indicate that peak hardness was reached in 36–40 h at 175°C and 12–16 h at 200°C aging temperature, relatively independent of alloy composition.
Comparative analysis of the intrinsic leg musculature of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.).

The American cockroach has a total of 368 muscles inserting on the post-coxal segments of its legs. By using a narrow morphological definition for delimiting individual muscles, it is shown (i) that the protrochanteral musculatures (23 muscles/leg) differ from the essentially identical meso- and metatrochanteral musculatures (24 and 26 muscles/leg) in number and disposition of extensors and in having a completely different flexor composition, and (ii) that the musculatures of the more distal segments of the legs are completely serially homologous, there being 2 muscles for moving each femur, 23 for each tibia, 7 for each first tarsomere, and 5 for each of the paired pretarsal claws. In all six legs, the trochanteral and tibial musculatures each contain single slender muscles that may be acting proprioceptively to measure the angular displacements between, respectively, the coxas and trochanters, and the femurs and tibias. Neurological and phylogenetic considerations are used to demonstrate why a narrow morphological definition should be employed, and why the widely used functional definition of Snodgrass ('35) is not only fallacious on evolutionary grounds, but also leads to making erroneous conclusions regarding the manner in which insect musculature is controlled by the insect central nervous system. Finally, it is hypothesized that the physiological limitations imposed by having an open circulatory system and the problems inherent in the neural control of large muscles may have been major evolutionary factors in forcing insects to use many slender muscles to control their body movements.
Spatial Patterns of Glacial Erosion at a Valley Scale Derived From Terrestrial Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al Concentrations in Rock

The fundamentally geographic issue of the amounts and spatial patterns of erosion necessary to produce classic glacial landforms such as U-shaped valleys has been debated by scientists for over a century. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) measurements in glacially abraded bedrock were used to determine patterns of glacial erosion and to quantify the amount of rock removed during the last glaciation along valley-side transects in Sinks Canyon, Wind River Range, Wyoming, and the South Yuba River, Sierra Nevada, California. Surface exposure ages from bedrock and erratic samples obtained during this study indicate last deglaciation between 13–18 ka in the South Yuba River and 15–17 ka in Sinks Canyon. These ages are in agreement with previously published glacial chronologies. In both areas, samples from valley cross sections revealed a pattern of erosion during the last glaciation that decreased toward the lateral limit of ice extent, as predicted by numerical models, while transects further upstream recorded >1.4 meters of bedrock removal throughout. The effects of varying interglacial erosion and surface exposure histories on modeled glacial erosion depths were tested, validating the methodology used. The results demonstrate that the TCN technique, applied at the valley scale, provides useful insight into the spatial pattern of glacial erosion. Extensive sampling in areas with limited erosional loss may provide detailed records of erosion patterns with which to test predictions generated by models of ice dynamics and erosion processes.
New insights into neuromodulatory approaches for the treatment of pain.

Abstract Two lines of evidence about the association between the experience of pain and brain state (measured via electroencephalogram or EEG) have recently come to light. First, research from a number of sources suggests a link between brain EEG activity and the experience of pain. Specifically, this research suggests that the subjective experience of pain is associated with relatively lower amplitudes of slower wave (delta, theta, and alpha) activity and relatively higher amplitudes of faster wave (beta) activity. Second, there has been a recent increase in interest in interventions that impact the cortical neuromodulation of pain, including behavioral treatments (such as self-hypnosis training and neurofeedback) and both invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation. Although a direct causal link between experience of pain and brain activity as measured by EEG has not been established, the targeting of pain treatment at a cortical level by trying to affect EEG rhythms directly is an intriguing possibility. Perspective Preliminary evidence suggests the possibility, which has not yet adequately tested or proven, that the experience of chronic pain is linked to cortical activity as assessed via an electroencephalogram. Support for this hypothesis would have important implications for understanding the mechanisms that underlie a number of pain treatments, and for developing new innovative treatments for chronic pain management.
Rivalry in Price and Variety among Supermarket Retailers

Recent theoretical models of retail competition suggest that product heterogeneity is critical to retail price and variety strategies. This article provides empirical evidence on supermarket retailers' price and variety strategies using a nested constant elasticity of substitution (NCES) modeling framework. The model is estimated using chain-level scanner data for four major grocery chains in a large, urban West Coast market. The results show that retailers compete for market share using both price and variety. While they all tend to follow moderately cooperative pricing strategies, the extent to which they follow cooperative strategies in variety is less homogeneous.
Cold Induced Sweating Syndrome with Urinary System Anomaly Association

Mutation in the cytokine receptor-like factor 1 and the cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CRLF1 or CLCF1 genes) phenotypically presents as cold induced sweating syndrome (CISS), which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The syndrome is characterized by paradoxical sweating in cold weather, dysmorphic facial features, musculoskeletal deformities, difficulty in feeding, and unexplained recurrent episodes of high-grade fever. We are presenting the first case of CISS with urinary system anomaly, which might relate to CRLF1/CLCF1 complex role in the embryonal nephrogenesis.
Acute respiratory distress secondary to a proximal esophageal foreign body

We report the case of a 76-year-old woman who presented with acute respiratory distress from a proximal esophageal foreign body. Fiberoptic endoscopy (bronchoscopy) was essential for the diagnosis and successful management of this case.
Relationship of Depression to Physical and Psychologic Complaints in the Widowed Elderly

Coping with depression has always been a central theme in the life of the elderly, and many efforts have been made to develop a valid form of assessment. This article shows that an analysis of compliance may usefully supplement the usual instruments for measuring depression. The study group consisted of 10 widows and 8 widowers (age range, 69-74 years). They were tested by the Zung Depression Scale, particularly for physical and psychologic complaints. The pattern and correlates of these complaints are discussed in relation to depression and sex. The data indicate a relationship between compliance and the severity of depression, and also between sex and the expression of distress feelings.
Speeded retrieval abolishes the false-memory suppression effect: Evidence for the distinctiveness heuristic

We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm. The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall familiarity, is elicited by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after nondistinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence for an event’s nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false-recognition suppression effect only occurs when the recognition test is self paced. This suppression effect is abolished when participants make recognition decisions under time pressure, such as within 1 second of seeing the test item. These results are consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic that a time-consuming retrieval strategy is used to reduce false-recognition responses.
Gating and Permeation in Ion Channels Formed by Gramicidin A and Its Dioxolane-linked Dimer in Na + and Cs + Solutions

The association of two gramicidin A (gA) peptides via H-bonds in lipid bilayers causes the formation of an ion channel that is selective for monovalent cations only. In this study, two gAs were covalently linked with a dioxolane group (SS dimer). Some functional properties of natural gA channels were compared to that synthetic dimer in Na+- or Cs+-containing solutions. The SS dimer remained in the open configuration most of the time, while natural gA channels had a relatively brief mean open time. Single channel conductances to Na+ (g Na ) or Cs+ (g Cs ) in the SS dimer were smaller than in natural gA. However, g Na was considerably more attenuated than g Cs . This probably results from a tight solvation of Na+ by the dioxolane linker in the SS channel. In Cs+ solutions, the SS had frequent closures. By contrast, in Na+ solutions the synthetic dimer remained essentially in the open state. The mean open times of SS channels in different solutions (T open,Na > T open,Cs > T open,H ) were inversely proportional to the single channel conductances (g H > g Cs > g Na ). This suggests that ion occupancy inside the pore stabilizes the open configuration of the gA dimer. The mean closed time of the SS dimer was longer in Cs+ than in H+ solutions. Possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed.
A New Tag Scheme and Its Tree Representation for a Shuffle-Exchange Network

This paper introduces a new tag scheme having a flexibility and a bidirectionality for an N ? N k-stage shuffle-exchange network where k \ge log_2 N. Based on the interstage correlations for a path, the EB-tag generating rules are presented. In addition, an elegant and simple graphical representation called a N-leaf Dual Complete Binary tree (N-leaf DCB-tree) for a given permutation is proposed and its characteristics are discussed. Then the universal necessary condition for a conflict-free connection pattern is given. Due to this condition, the conflict-free routing problem can be transformed to the perfect assignment problem.
Naipaul's A Bend in the River and Neo-colonialism as a Comparative Context

In his article, "Naipaul's A Bend in the River and Neo-colonialism as a Comparative Context," Haidar Eid discusses the dialectical interplay between the political import and aesthetic qualities in Naipaul's novel. It contests Naipaul's conclusion that "Third World" peoples are not genuine and authentic human beings, like Westerners. Further, Naipaul's implication that political and social disorder is the unavoidable product of contemporary liberation movements, and that Africans are nothing and with no place in the world, are challenged and deconstructed. The independence of Third World countries, according to Naipaul, eliminates the last hope of resistance to ignorance, as well as the last civilizing traces of Western influence. What remains in Naipaul's Africa is only greedy, consumptive desire, and backward cultural identities. Eid argues that what Naipauls offers us is a condemned and fragmented society that lacks creative potential, a black society that cannot govern itself: a society that should be governed by an external Apower. Naipaul's conclusion, therefore, is not different from the racist ideology of colonialism that justifies the occupation of other lands, and then defends the so-called human face of Western colonialism. Haidar Eid, "Naipaul's A Bend in the River and Neo-colonialism as a Comparative Context" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.3 (2000):
Comparative developmental and maternal neurotoxicity following acute gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, exerts toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the present study, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given CPF (200 mg/kg, sc) as a single dose on gestation d 12 (GD12) and then sacrificed on either GD16, GD20, or postnatal d 3 (PND3) for measurement of maternal and developmental indicators of toxicity. While most CPF-treated rats exhibited no overt signs, a subset (4/28) showed moderate to severe signs of "cholinergic" toxicity at 2-3 d after treatment, and these rats were omitted from further studies. Extensive AChE inhibition (82-88%) was noted in maternal brain at all three time points following acute exposures. At GD16 and GD20, fetal brain AChE activity was inhibited 42-44%. While some degree of recovery in AChE activity was noted in pup brain by PND3, AChE activity was still inhibited (30%) in treated pups cross-fostered to control dams. In vitro inhibition of maternal and fetal (GD20) brain AChE activity by the active metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon, suggested that the prenatal brain AChE activity was somewhat more sensitive (IC50 at 37.0 degrees C, 20 min: dam, 26.6 +/- 1.8 x 10(-9) M; fetus, 6.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(-9) M). Maternal brain muscarinic receptor binding was more extensively reduced (30-32%) at GD20 and PND3 as compared to the developing brain at GD20 (16%) and PND3 (11%). A simple postnatal reflex test (righting reflex) was transiently altered by CPF. The results suggest that CPF exposure to dams during gestation produces more extensive neurotoxicological effects in the dam relative to the developing fetus.
The effects of auditory shadowing on recognition of information received visually

When Ss attend to one auditory message, they have no permanent memory for a second auditory message received simultaneously. Generally, it has been argued that a similar effect would occur crossmodally. This hypothesis was tested in the present experiment for messages presented to visual and auditory modalities. All Ss were tested for recognition of information presented either while shadowing or while hearing but not shadowing a passage of prose presented to one ear. One group heard a list of concrete nouns in their other ear. Three other groups received (1) printed words. (2) pictures of objects easily labeled, or (3) pictures of objects difficult to label. The shadowing task produced a decrement m recognition scores for the first three groups but not for the group receiving pictures of objects difficult to label. Further, the shadowing task interfered more with information received auditorily than with any form of visual information. These results suggest that information received visually is stored in a long-term modality-specific memory that may operate independently of the auditory modality.
Standardisation, globalisation and progressive investments: the power automation new challenges

The aim of this paper is to discuss key technical trends encountered in the area of power automation, i.e. substation automation within one or more substations, possibly integrating generators and loads. A first trend is standardisation in order to simplify the design and reduce the total cost of ownership. A second trend is to be more global therefore optimising decisions through better information sharing. This is based on the re-use of standard building blocks and offers unprecedented value creation opportunities. The third one is the migration from legacy situations to the new systems, suggesting answers to the when, what and how questions.
Redundant Sensor Calibration Monitoring Using Independent Component Analysis and Principal Component Analysis

This paper presents a comparison of methods for industrial on-line sensor calibration monitoring for redundant sensors. Principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) techniques are developed and compared using both simulated data and data sets from an operating nuclear power plant. The performance is dependent on the types of noise sources; however, under most conditions ICA outperforms PCA, based on the bias and variance of their respective parameter estimates. A case study is included to demonstrate the usefulness of both techniques for the early detection of sensor drift.
Bone resorptive factor produced by osteosarcoma cells with osteoblastic features is PGE2.

Summary Conditioned media from osteosarcoma clonal cell lines possess potent bone resorbing activity, assayed by measuring 45Ca release from prelabelled fetal rat bones. The resorbing activity correlated closely with the presence of osteoblastic features, such as elevated alkaline phosphatase and receptors for parathyroid hormone. Dialysis, organic solvent extraction, cyclooxygenase inhibition, thin layer chromatography of media from 14C-arachidonate-incubated cells and radioimmunoassay showed that the resorptive activity was due to PGE2. PGE2 was also produced by osteoblast-enriched rat calvaria cells. These findings support the hypothesis that osteoblastic cells participate in the local control of bone resorption via prostaglandin release.
Dead ends and new beginnings: the quest for a procedural republic in Poland

Abstract The article, by juxtaposing the Polish and the American democratic consolidations, examines the deficiencies of the state transformation in Poland, focusing specifically on the conflict between a procedural and a substantive interpretation of democratic order. The analysis of the act that initiated the process of transition to democracy, the Roundtable Accord of 1989, is followed by a case study of an imperfect consensus and political compromise, the choices of electoral laws. After discussion of some other cases of ill-conceived institutional designs, the article concludes with an analysis of the socio-political background of the institutional transformation in Poland.
Two-thumb vs Two-finger Chest Compression in an Infant Model of Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Abstract. Objective: Previous experiments in the authors swine lab have shown that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using two-thumb chest compression with a thoracic squeeze (TT) produces higher blood and perfusion pressures when compared with the American Heart Association (AHA)-recommended two-finger (TF) technique. Previous studies were of short duration (1-2 minutes). The hypothesis was that TT would be superior to TF during prolonged CPR in an infant model. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized crossover experiment in a laboratory setting. Twenty-one AHA-certified rescuers performed basic CPR for two 10-minute periods, one with TT and the other with TF. Trials were separated by 2-14 days, and the order was randomly assigned. The experimental circuit consisted of a modified manikin with a fixed-volume arterial system attached to a neonatal monitor via an arterial pressure transducer. The arterial circuit was composed of a 50-mL bag of normal saline solution (air removed) attached to the manikin chest plate and connected to the transducer with a 20-gauge intravenous catheter and tubing. Rescuers were blinded to the arterial pressure tracing. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in mm Hg, and pulse pressures (PPs) were calculated. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Sphericity assumed modeling, with Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt adjustments, was applied. Results: Marginal means for TT SBP (68.9), DBP (17.6), MAP (35.3), and PP (51.4) were higher than for TF SBP (44.8), DBP (12.5), MAP (23.3), and PP (32.2). All four pressures were significantly different between the two techniques (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: In this infant CPR model, TT chest compression produced higher MAP, SBP, DBP, and PP when compared with TF chest compression during a clinically relevant duration of prolonged CPR.
Two-Year Follow-Up of 263 Patients with Post/Perimenopausal Vaginal Bleeding and Negative Initial Biopsy

Patients with post- or perimenopausal bleeding (PMB) whose initial endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage (D&C) reveals benign or insufficient tissue may eventually be diagnosed with endometrial cancer or complex endometrial hyperplasia. We studied 286 consecutive patients with PMB who had either an endometrial biopsy or D&C at Brigham and Women's Hospital during November 1990 to April 1991 and reviewed their subsequent specimens after a minimum of 23 months of follow-up. Of the initial 286 patients with PMB, 6 (2%) had endometrial cancer on their index biopsy, 17 (6%) had complex hyperplasia, and 201 (70%) had other benign findings. Sixty-two (22%) had "tissue insufficient for diagnosis." Excluding the 23 with cancer/complex hyperplasia, there were 263 patients in the cohort, 86 of whom (33%) had further endometrial sampling during the follow-up period. Of these, four (2%) were subsequently found to have a uterine malignancy (2 of the benigns, 2 of the insufficients) and five (2%) were subsequently found to have complex hyperplasia. Of the four patients subsequently found to have cancer, two had stage I adenocarcinoma, one had stage IV adenocarcinoma, and one had stage I high-grade stromal sarcoma.
Effect of Anionic Hydration on Counterion Incorporation in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is widely used in organic electronics and biomedical device coatings because of its outstanding electrical properties and chemical stability. In our previous research, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the incorporation of various counterions into electrochemically polymerized PEDOT. In this research, XPS was used to further investigate the chemical composition of electrochemically polymerized PEDOT films to determine whether anionic hydration determined counterion affinity in a more systematic way. These counterions probed in this research included sodium citrate tribasic dIhydrate (Na3C6H5O7 2H2O), potassium citrate tribasic monohydrate (K3C6H5O7 H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), sodium acetate trihydrate (NaC2H3O2 3H2O), sodium phosphate dibasic hepthydrate (Na2HPO4 7H2O), sodium phosphate monohydrate (NaH2PO4 H2O), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), lithium bromide ...
Ultrastructure of the secretory response of male mouse submandibular gland granular tubules

The organization and fine structure of granular convoluted tubule cells (GCT) from male mouse submandibular glands have been examined in controls and in animals injected with adrenergic and cholinergic secretagogues. Control submandibular glands exhibited a single population of GCT cells with numerous homogeneous granules filling the apical two-thirds of the cytoplasm. A zone of transition cells, exhibiting characteristics of both GCT and striated duct cells, was found between the agranular intercalated duct and GCT segments. These transition cells possessed apical granules of variable size as well as prominent basal striations. Dramatic changes in the morphology of GCT cells followed administration of the α-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine. The extensive degranulation involved formation of “secretory pools” of fused granules and release of secretory material into the lumen. The appearance of numerous smooth vesicles near luminal membranes suggested extensive membrane retrieval. Intracellular membrane-limited aggregates of membrane fragments suggested that much of the retrieved membrane was destined for degradation. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was highly dilated but there was no indication of increased size or activity of the Golgi complex. Ultrastructural evidence indicated that the secretory responses to isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agent, and to pilocarpine, a cholinergic agent, were much more modest, but it is clear that some secretory response to these agents does occur. The other cell types of the duct and tubule system did not exhibit comparable morphological changes in response to the agents used.
Quantitative trait loci for BMD identified by autosome-wide linkage scan to chromosomes 7q and 21q in men from the Amish Family Osteoporosis Study.

Using autosome-wide linkage analysis in 964 Amish, strong evidence was found for the presence of genes affecting hip and spine BMD in men on chromosomes 7q31 and 21q22 (LOD = 4.15 and 3.36, respectively). Introduction: BMD is highly heritable, with genetic factors accounting for 60–88% of variation. The goal of this study was to localize genes contributing to BMD variation. Materials and Methods: The Amish Family Osteoporosis Study was designed to identify genes affecting bone health. The Amish are a genetically closed population with a homogeneous lifestyle. BMD was measured at the spine, hip, and radius using DXA in 964 participants (mean age, 50.2 ± 16.3 [SD] years; range, 18–99 years) from large multigenerational families. Genotyping of 731 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (average spacing of 5.4 cM) and autosome-wide multipoint linkage analysis were performed. Results: In the overall study population, no strong evidence for linkage was detected to any chromosomal region (peak LOD: 2.11 for radius BMD on chromosome 3q26). In a subgroup analysis of men (n = 371), strong evidence was detected for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing BMD variation on chromosome 7q31 at the total hip (LOD = 4.15) and femoral neck (LOD = 3.09) and for a second QTL influencing spine BMD at 21q22 (LOD = 3.36). Suggestive evidence of linkage was found in men for a QTL at 12q24 affecting total hip BMD (LOD = 2.60) and at 18p11 for femoral neck (LOD = 2.07), and in women (n = 593) at 1p36 for femoral neck BMD (LOD = 2.02) and at 1q21 for spine BMD (LOD = 2.11). In age subgroup analyses, suggestive evidence for linkage was found for those 50 years of age (n = 443) on 3p25.2 (LOD = 2.32). Conclusions: These results strongly suggest the presence of genes affecting hip and spine BMD in men on chromosomes 7q31 and 21q22. Modest evidence was found for genes affecting BMD in women on chromosomes 1p36 and 1q21 and in men at 12q24, replicating results from other populations.
Expansions of o-minimal structures on the real field by trajectories of linear vector fields

Let ℜ be an o-minimal expansion of the field of real numbers that defines nontrivial arcs of both the sine and exponential functions. Let g be a collection of images of solutions on intervals to differential equations y' = F(y), where F ranges over all ℝ-linear transformations ℝ n → ℝ n and n ranges over N. Then either the expansion of ℜ by the elements of g is as well behaved relative to ℜ as one could reasonably hope for or it defines the set of all integers ℤ and thus is as complicated as possible. In particular, if ℜ defines any irrational power functions, then the expansion of ℜ by the elements of g either is o-minimal or defines Z.
Direct optical measurement of surface dielectric responses: Interrupted growth on (001) GaAs

Anisotropies of the visible-near-ultraviolet dielectric responses of various (001) GaAs molecular-beam-epitaxy growth surfaces are measured at temperature using a new optical double-modulation technique and a low-strain fused-quartz window. Tight-binding calculations identify structure at 1.8 eV with Ga dimers and at 2.6 and 4.1 eV with As dimers. Transient behavior on interruption of As flux is substantially altered by misorientation, suggesting substantially different terrace properties for vicinally cut surfaces.
Nutritive value of herbage of five semi-irrigated pasture species across an irrigation gradient

As water resources become limiting, the need to produce stable amounts of herbage with a high nutritive value increases. An understanding of how levels of irrigation affect crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations and, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), is critical in the management of pastures. Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), prairiegrass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth), hybrid-bromegrass [meadow (Bromus riparius Rehm.) × smooth bromegrass], creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.) and RS wheatgrass (Elymus hoffmannii Jensen & Asay) were established under a line-source irrigation system to evaluate the effect of five water levels and three harvest dates on concentrations of CP and NDF, and values of IVTD. With CP concentration of herbage, there were positive linear significant relationships with decreasing water levels for all species. Rankings for mean CP concentrations across water levels and harvest dates were smooth bromegrass > RS wheatgrass > hybrid-bromegrass > creeping foxtail > prairiegrass. No consistent relationships with IVTD across water levels were detected among the species. Averaged across water levels, harvest dates and years, smooth bromegrass, hybrid-bromegrass and creeping foxtail had significantly higher IVTD values than RS wheatgrass and prairiegrass. Rankings of mean NDF concentrations across water levels and harvest dates combined over years were prairiegrass > RS wheatgrass > hybrid-bromegrass > creeping foxtail > smooth bromegrass. Herbage of smooth bromegrass had higher IVTD values and lower NDF concentrations than hybrid-bromegrass, prairiegrass, creeping foxtail and RS-hybrid at all water levels.
Use of an Electronic Health Record Clinical Decision Support Tool to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infections: The ABX-TRIP Study

BACKGROUND Antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for acute respiratory infections (ARIs).
Use of Trichomonas vaginalis Clinical Isolates to Evaluate Correlation of Gene Expression and Metronidazole Resistance

We investigated whether variations in gene expression of enzymes associated with anaerobic resistance of laboratory-derived strains of Trichomonas vaginalis could be detected in a group of 28 clinical isolates with variations in metronidazole sensitivity. We compared isolates by real-time PCR because this method allows for highly sensitive quantification of mRNA and for evaluation of several genes simultaneously. We found that PFOR gene A mRNA levels were highly correlated with PFOR gene B levels, as well as the D subunit of malic enzyme and ferrodoxin. Ferrodoxin mRNA expression was also significantly correlated with that of malic enzyme and hydrogenase. However, when we evaluated relationships between these enzymes and resistance to metronidazole, we found no significant correlations between aerobic or anaerobic in vitro sensitivity to drug and mRNA levels of any of the enzymes tested. Similarly, using a Student's t-test, no significant differences in enzyme mRNA levels were observed between isolates separated by metronidazole resistance or susceptibility. The lack of correlation between gene expression and resistance or susceptibility could be the result of differences in expression at the protein level or because other biochemical pathways or genes are involved in the resistance observed in clinical settings.
Comparison of ultrasound pancreatic scanning and encoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms: A retrospective study

In a retrospective study comparing ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) of the pancreas we found ultrasound 93.8 per cent accurate and ERCP 62.5 per cent accurate in detecting pancreatic pathology. Thus, sonography provides a safe screening procedure and ERCP provides a complementary approach.
The Role of Internet Use on International Trade: Evidence from Asian and Sub-Saharan African Enterprises

Internet use is expected to reduce fixed information-related costs of entering international markets. This paper looks at the impact of internet use by developing country firms from Asia and Sub-Sa...
Strength of correlations in electron- and hole-doped cuprates

Copper oxide superconductors do not superconduct unless electrons or holes are added to the parent compounds. A theoretical study reveals how the electrons or holes affect the host material microscopically in an asymmetric way.
Conditional lethal mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. IV. RNA species detected in nonpermissive cells infected with host-restricted mutants.

Abstract Host-restricted ( hr ) mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus were previously isolated and found to be defective for virus-specific RNA synthesis based on impaired uptake of RNA precursors by nonpermissive human cells [ Simpson, R. W., and Obijeski, J. F. (1974). Virology 57 , 357–368. ]. This study has allowed a further classification of some of these mutants according to the RNA species detected by electrophoretic analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from infected, actinomycin-treated cells. In HeLa/M cells, the mutants examined produced either no detectable RNA or all expected size classes (12–18 S, 30 S, 42 S). However, the former type of mutant could be shown to initiate primary transcription in vivo . HeLa/Ohio cells were found to be substantially more permissive than HeLa/M or other human cells for growth of most hr mutants tested. The patterns of RNA synthesis observed with different hr mutants in HeLa/Ohio cells included no detectable species, deficiencies for 42 S RNA, or production of all expected size classes. As a biochemical correlate of complementation, enhanced RNA synthesis and viral replication could be demonstrated in HeLa/Ohio cells doubly infected with certain pairs of hr mutants. These data illustrate that the intracellular synthesis of virus-specific RNA species by VSV is controlled, in part, by cellular factors which are yet to be identified.
Multiculturalism, Liberalism, and Philosophy

Many scholars now take it as a truism that identity politics has replaced the politics of class and wealth. Even political philosophy cannot miss such massive changes, and the field has had a number of new issues placed on its agenda. The old questions of politics as who gets what, so central to political philosophy from Marx to the early Rawls, have been at least somewhat displaced. A number of factors contributed to this change. New social movements, such as feminism and various raceand ethnicity-based groups, have become increasingly important over the past few decades, and not just in the West. These groups have often questioned whether the "universal" ideals, which underpin the politics of redistribution, are truly universal. The dissolution of the Iron Curtain and the Cold War unleashed a wave of nationalist conflicts. Migration has added to the already multicultural nature of societies, especially in Western Europe and North America. Hence, political life is increasingly driven by competing claims about how various groups can live together, or if they even should, since some argue for secession and desire to form their own state. While the rise of identity or recognition politics has been less violent in the West than in, say, Eastern Europe, it has still proven contentious.
Charge distribution in the light-atom mineral kernite.

A charge density analysis of accurate x-ray data for the mineral kernite Na2B4O6(OH)2. 3H2O indicates that the sodium and boron atoms have partial positive charges of 0.4 to 0.5 unit and 0.4 to 0.7 unit, respectively, whereas the oxygen atoms have negative charges of about 0.4 to 0.5 unit. The best agreement with the intensities and with the experimental scale factor is obtained with contracted molecule-optimized atomic orbitals. Difference density maps based on high-order parameters show more density in B-O than in Na-O bonds, thus supporting the covalent nature of the bonds between boron and oxygen atoms.
Results with autonomous vehicles operating in specialty crops

Specialty crops constitute a $45 billion/year industry. As opposed to crops such as wheat, cotton, corn and soybean, they are characterized by the need for intensive cultivation. Specialty crops growers currently face serious labor cost and availability problems, and few technological solutions exist to increase their efficiency given the past history of abundant supply of low-cost labor. This leads to an opportunity to use recent technological advances to not only increase efficiency and reduce labor costs in specialty crops production but also to support a domestic engineering solutions industry for specialty crops. We envision a family of reconfigurable vehicles that can be rapidly tasked to automate or augment pruning, thinning, harvesting, mowing, spraying, etc. They would share a common sensing and computing infrastructure, allowing applications created for one to be easily transferable to others—much like software applications today are transferable from one computer to another. In this paper we describe our work over the last three years designing and deploying a family of such vehicles, the Autonomous Prime Movers (APMs). The five vehicles completed so far have traveled autonomously over 300 km in research and commercial tree fruit orchards; preliminary results in time trials conducted by extension educators indicate efficiency gains of up to 58%.
Statistical Mechanics of Ferromagnetism; Spherical Model as High-Density Limit

It is shown that there is a class of graphs of the Ising model (or (Heisenberg model for $Tg{T}_{\mathrm{Curie}}$) which is comprised of cycle graphs plus some excluded volume effects which sum to the spherical model. The spherical model, suitably generalized for $Tl{T}_{\mathrm{Curie}}$, was conjectured in a previous work to be the high-density limit of the Ising model, correct to $\frac{1}{z}$, where $z$ is the number of spins in the range of the exchange potential (not restricted to nearest neighbor interactions). ${z}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ measures the range of the exchange potential. This is now proved by examining the omitted graphs. The error is shown to be $O(\frac{1}{{z}^{2}})$.
The Electrolytic Growth of Dendrites from Ionic Solutions

Measurements have been made of the electrolytic growth on silver spheres of dendrites from the silver + silver nitrate system in liquid sodium nitrate + potassium nitrate. The potential and current density for initiation have been determined as a function of concentration and purity of the solution. Rates of growth have been measured as a function of potential at constant overpotential. The radius of the tips has been determined by electron microscopy. At constant current, the current density on to the base electrode during dendritic growth is proportional to the overpotential and the slope of the current density-overpotential relation is proportional to the concentration of silver ions. A critical current density ( i crit ) exists for initiation of dendritic growth. It is proportional to the silver ion concentration and increases as the radius of the substrate electrode decreases. i crit corresponds to an overpotential of 3 mV and increases with increasing purity of the solution. Dendrites are initiated up to 1 h after a constant current is switched on. At a given overpotential, a number of dendrites grow at a characteristic rate ( v ). Dendrites initiated at higher potential grow faster than those initiated at lower potential. The growing tip is parabolic and r tip ≏ 10 -5 cm. Twins are in some dendrites. The current density to the substrate is controlled by diffusion at all conditions and obeys laws characteristic of spherical diffusion for small radii of the substrate. The rate of growth of the dendrites is controlled by the kinetics of the Ag + ion deposition on the dendrite tip (activation and (spherical) diffusion control) and the effect on the Ag + + e ⇌ Ag reaction of the tip radius. For low exchange currents ( i 0 ) v ∝ η: for high i 0 , v α η 2 . The calculated rate of growth agrees with experimental data on maximum growth rate to some 50 %. The calculated r tip for maximum growth is essentially in agreement with that observed. At IηI r tip for maximum growth rate increases rapidly, and an alternative electrode process succeeds that of dendritic growth. The theory shows that the optimum radius for growth undergoes a rapid increase in the neighbourhood of the critical overpotential for cessation of growth. Dendrites are initiated only after a preliminary prismatic growth passes through the diffusion layer characteristic of the substrate electrode. Not all prismatic protrusions from the substrate are growth sites. Conditions for the stability of the tip shape during growth are deduced. Dendrites which grow with v less than v max are those with a stable r less than r opt . It is a good approximation to apply equations for diffusion to a stationary surface for the moving dendrite tip. The model is consistent with an observed increase in the number of dendrites with potential and with aspects of side-arm growth.
Network Crosstalk Dynamically Changes during Neutrophil Polarization

How complex signaling networks shape highly coordinated, multistep cellular responses is poorly understood. Here, we made use of a network-perturbation approach to investigate causal influences, or "crosstalk," among signaling modules involved in the cytoskeletal response of neutrophils to chemoattractant. We quantified the intensity and polarity of cytoskeletal marker proteins over time to characterize stereotyped cellular responses. Analyzing the effects of network disruptions revealed that, not only does crosstalk evolve rapidly during polarization, but also that intensity and polarity responses are influenced by different patterns of crosstalk. Interestingly, persistent crosstalk is arranged in a surprisingly simple circuit: a linear cascade from front to back to microtubules influences intensities, and a feed-forward network in the reverse direction influences polarity. Our approach provided a rational strategy for decomposing a complex, dynamically evolving signaling system and revealed evolving paths of causal influence that shape the neutrophil polarization response.
High performance two-color one megapixel CMOS ROIC for QWIP detectors

Abstract FLIR Systems, Inc. has designed and fabricated the ISC0501 CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). The ISC0501 is a two-color 1024 × 1024 format array with a 30 μm pixel pitch. The ROIC contains a separate analog signal path for each wavelength band. Separate signal paths allow the two-colors to have optimized detector biases, integration times, offsets and gains. This architecture also allows both colors to simultaneously sample a scene and readout the pixel data. This paper will describe the interface, design and features of the ROIC as well as a summary of the characterization test results. A sample image is included from a focal plane array (FPA) built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) using the ISC0501 ROIC with QWIP detectors designed by JPL.
The Advanced Camera for Surveys+Wide Field Camera 3 Survey for Lyman Limit Systems. I. The Data

We present a set of 71 quasars observed in the near ultraviolet with the PR200L prism on the Advanced Camera for Surveys and the G280 grism on the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The quasars were selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data to search for intervening Lyman limit system (LLS) absorption. The sample was subjected to the constraints that the quasars have AB magnitude g' < 18.5, quasar emission redshift 2.3 < z{sub em} < 2.6, and lack strong BAL or z {approx_equal} z{sub em} absorption. The median emission redshift of the sample is z-bar = 2.403. The data were all processed using custom data reduction pipelines, and the one-dimensional spectra have sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and resolution to easily identify absorption from LLS over the redshift range 1.2 < z < 2.5. The WFC3 data presented here are the first non-calibration spectra from the G280 grism.
The Performance Effects of Pay Dispersion on Individuals and Organizations

Pay distribution research is relatively scarce in the compensation literature, yet pay distributions are viewed as critically important by organizational decision makers. This study is a direct tes...