cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specialization Within Pharmacy Education: A Survey of Curricular Track or Concentration Offerings

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this national survey was to determine what constitutes a curricular track or concentration within colleges and schools of pharmacy. Additionally, for programs not currently offering curricular tracks or concentrations, this survey sought to identify barriers to implementation. Methods A survey instrument was developed and piloted. It was distributed electronically via SurveyMonkey to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Curriculum Special Interest Group (SIG) contact list, along with academic affairs contacts for the balance of programs not included on the SIG contact list, as obtained via a targeted website search. Results Sixty-five of 134 programs responded to the survey (48.5%). Sixteen programs currently offer 38 curricular tracks or concentrations. On average, tracks or concentrations contained 10.6 didactic credits, with 4.6 elective and six required didactic credits; 0.7 introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) credits; and 5.3 advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) credits, with 2.8 elective and 2.5 required APPE credits. Most tracks did not require a summative project (n = 13), while some required completion of a project individualized by interest/needs (n = 7). Forty-nine programs do not currently offer curricular tracks, most frequently due to logistics of faculty, oversight, or the curriculum structure. Of these programs not currently offering curricular tracks or concentrations, 38.8% are currently considering implementation. Conclusion Existing tracks or concentrations are highly variable in their composition. Many colleges and schools of pharmacy are considering implementation of curricular tracks or concentrations; this report provides guidance for appropriate rigor and development considerations.
Misunderstandings Concerning the Significance of AMS Background 14C Measurements

We consider one misconception of those who currently reject the general validity of radiocarbon (14C) age determinations older than, at most, 10,000 BP. There is an allegation that the presence of 14C reported by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories in their measurements of 14C infinite age (>100,000 years) organics used to define background levels, support their point of view. This article has been written for a general audience, primarily for those who have questions about the validity of these arguments. However, they may not be familiar with the literature relevant to providing a clear response to the claims of these individuals. We conclude that, in our view, of all of the possible explanations for the reports of the presence of 14C in these background samples, the least probable explanation has been advanced by those rejecting the validity of the 14C time scale in excess of, at most, 10,000 BP.
Nucleation of Bubbles on Electrons in Liquid Helium

Cavitation in liquid helium has been studied for over forty years, beginning with the work of Misener and Hebert [1] and Beams [2]. The interest in helium stemmed from the expectation that because all other elements freeze at higher temperatures, liquid helium should have exceptionally high purity. It was expected that this would greatly reduce the chance of heterogeneous nucleation, and thus enable the study of homogenous nucleation under controlled conditions. However, the early experiments gave values of the cavitation strength that varied significantly from one measurement to the next [3-11], and were in all cases considerably less than the strength that was anticipated theoretically. Most of these experiments were conducted with large volumes of liquid, typically of the order of 1 cm3, and used liquid that was part of the main bath of a helium cryostat which could easily contain small particles of frozen air. In 1989, Nissen et al. [12] used a hemispherical ultrasonic transducer to focus 566 kHz sound into a small volume of liquid helium (volume -105 cm3). Their measurements gave a cavitation strength that increased rapidly as the temperature decreased. At their lowest temperature of 1.6 K, they estimated that vapor bubbles did not appear in the liquid until the pressure reached about — 8 bars. The difference between the results of Nissen et al. and the earlier workers is presumably due to the presence of some centers for heterogeneous nucleation in the liquid. Suppose, for example, that the density of these objects is 100 cm-3 and that one such object will result in bubble nucleation when the pressure becomes more negative than -0.1 bar. A measurement on a liquid sample of volume 1 cm4 will then almost certainly give a cavitation strength of 0.1 bars, whereas a measurement on a sample of volume 10-5 cm3 has a high probability of giving a result that is characteristic of the pure liquid.
Investigating the interaction of direct and indirect relation on memory judgments and retrieval.

This study examined the interactive relationship between two measures of association (direct and indirect associations) when predicting relatedness judgments and cued-recall performance. Participants were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and were given word pairs of varying relatedness to judge for their semantic, thematic, and associative strength. After completing a distractor task, participants then completed a cued-recall task. First, we sought to expand previous work on judgments of associative memory to include semantic- and thematic-based judgments (judgments of relatedness), while also replicating bias and sensitivity findings. Next, we tested for an interaction between direct and indirect association when predicting participant judgments while also expanding upon previous work by examining that interaction when predicting recall. The interaction between direct and indirect association was significant for both judgments and recall. For low indirect association, direct association was the primary predictor of both judgment strength and recall proportions. However, this trend reversed for high indirect association, as higher levels of indirect relation decreased the effectiveness of direct relation as a predictor. Overall, our findings indicate the degree to which the processing of similarity information impacts cognitive processes such as retrieval and item judgments, while also parsing apart the underlying, interactive relationship that exists between the norms used to represent concept information.
The Role of Children’s Literature in Cultivating Preservice Teachers as Transformative Intellectuals: A Literature Review:

This review of literacy education scholarship examines the ways that children’s literature is used as a resource within literacy methods courses in the preparation of preservice teachers (PTs) as t...
The individual's role in maintaining a positive climate.

Abstract Introduction This commentary adds to the discussion about academic workload challenges raised in the Mothers in Academic Pharmacy article. Outlined here are strategies for individual faculty members to proactively engage in developing a positive climate for all faculty. Perspective Faculty play an important role in building and maintaining a positive culture. This article provides suggestions for individuals to consider their role and impact at their institution. These suggestions focus on communication, building communities, embracing flexibility, and recognizing burnout. Implications Faculty retention is important for student support and financial efficiency. Faculty who are able to openly discuss their struggles in a positive climate are more likely to identify opportunities to be productive. This helps faculty meet their overall needs and maintain success in teaching, scholarship, and service.
Political Knowledge and the Development of Civic Dispositions and Skills

This study explores the proposition that knowledge of American government and politics is associated with heightened civic dispositions and skills. It find that quality civic education programs can increase civic knowledge, skills, and dispositions. Using middle and high school student data, the study establishes an empirical association between knowledge and dispositions, and to a lesser extent, civic skills. High-need students exhibited a strong connection between knowledge an dispositions. The association between knowledge and dispositions was stronger for high school students than for middle school students.
Abstract 1472: Paraoxonase 3 is a novel tumor suppressor protein in xenograft mouse model

Introduction: Dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chains or its associated machinery favors the aerobic glycolysis leading to upregulation of genes related to cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistant and cancer cell stemness, i.e., the Warburg effect, which has a major role in the pathogenesis of tumor formation. Various studies have documented that perturbation of mitochondria leads to apoptosis suggesting that the precise spatiotemporal regulation of mitochondrial function is a critical regulator of both cell survival and death, whcih determine tumorigenesis. Paraoxonase 3 (PON3) is an intracellular protein localized to the mitochondrial associated membrane. PON3 binds coenzymes Q10 and regulates the respiratory complex activity and prevents the ubisemiquinone-mediated mitochondrial superoxide levels in response to stress conditions. PON3 deficiency leads to dysfunction of mitochondria, which along with an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress causes systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis, obesity and gall stone formation. PON3 is upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues. However, it9s expression in various stages of ovarian cancer and its role on cancer development have not been studied. Hypothesis: PON3 expression may regulate the ovarian cancer development by enhancing the mitochondrial function. Methods and Results: Using human ovarian carcinoma tissue array, we identified that PON3 expression was higher in both early and late stages of ovarian cancer when compared to normal tissue. Interestingly, we demonstrated that overexpression of PON3 prevented tumor formation in a mouse ovarian cancer xenograft model. Overexpression of PON3, (i) reduced the tumor angiogenesis marker, CD31 levels in the tumor microenvironment and (ii) inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation in both normoxic and hypoxic condition in vitro. Moreover, PON3 reduced VEGF levels (but not IGF-1 levels) under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, mechanistically, overexpression of PON3 decreased the VEGF level by accelerating the proteasome-dependent protein degradation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) under hypoxic conditions. Finally, we demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of PON3 on HIF-1α levels is, in part, mediated by mitochondrial function. Conclusion: We report for the first time that PON3 functions as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer possibly by suppressing VEGF signaling via HIF-1α by enhancing the mitochondrial function suggesting that PON3 might be a successful strategy to inhibit the ovarian cancer development. Citation Format: Asokan Devarajan, Feng Su, Dawoud Sulaiman, Dorothy Nguyen, Robin Farias-Eisner, Srinivasa T. Reddy. Paraoxonase 3 is a novel tumor suppressor protein in xenograft mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1472.
Microalgae cultivation for space exploration: Assessing the potential for a new generation of waste to human life-support system for long duration space travel and planetary human habitation

Abstract One of the challenges of long duration NASA missions, such as human transportation and habitation of the moon and/or Mars, is the limited life-support resources that can be taken onboard. These missions would benefit from processes or systems that can provide sustainable close-loop, life-support functions such as O2 regeneration from CO2, supplemental food provision, and water remediation. In cases of long duration human planetary/moon habitation, life-support systems that can utilize local resources (i.e., CO2 in Mars' atmosphere) could dramatically increase mission success. Processes of these nature could profoundly reshape space systems' design and configurations, improve mission flexibility, provide a higher degree of astronaut life-support on-site independence, and pave the way to novel routes of producing life-support materials in space. In this work, the potential of integrating a microalgal system into the existing life-support system within the International Space Station (ISS) was assessed. Two well-studied microalgal species (Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis) were considered for both suspended and attached-growth cultivation. The assessment suggested that attached-growth cultivation of A. platensis using urine and flush water within the ISS could provide significant amounts of reclaimed O2 and food supplement (biomass) using the least reactor (wet) volume. However, the sustainability of the microalgal system will necessitate continuous supplements of N and P from external sources or from other waste streams within the ISS. This work highlights the potential and limitations of integrating microalgae into the existing life-support system in the ISS. This integration would provide the capability to produce food supplement (biomass), which is critical for long duration manned missions.
Partisan Differences in Social Distancing May Originate in Norms and Beliefs: Results from Novel Data

Recent academic work on the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic has established a persistent difference between Democrats and Republicans in social distancing behaviors We uncover a potential explanation for this difference—social norms and beliefs We use a series of ordinary least squares regression specifications on novel survey data collected in April through June of 2020 We find that Democrats are more likely to report social distancing than are Republicans, even after controlling for a range of demographic variables that might otherwise account for differences in social distancing and that these differences are found in partisans’ norms and beliefs around social distancing Our main analysis shows that the partisan difference in social distancing disappears when we control for social norms and beliefs, suggesting their salience in changing social distancing behaviors Our results contribute to current research focused on mitigating the spread of COVID‐19 by highlighting a mechanism, norms and beliefs, for interventions to target [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Methods for Deriving Urban Built-up Area Using Night-light Data:Assessment and Application

Night-light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) Operational Linescan System(OLS) has been widely utilized to derive the urban built-up areas.Four major methods,including Empirical Thresholding,Sudden Change Detection,Statistics-assisted Thresholding,and TM-assisted Thresholding,have been proposed to determine the threshold value for separating the illuminated urban areas from the dark background of rural areas in DMSP/OLS night-light images.This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of those methods through a case study of Shanghai,China.The methods are implemented to extract the urban built-up area for Shanghai using DMSP/OLS stable light data acquired in 2003.Then,the same threshold values obtained from 2003 DMSP/OLS night-light data are applied respectively to the 2000 and 2006 DMSP/OLS data,resulting in a significant error in urban built-up area detection.This analysis result suggests that the threshold value determined for a specific year cannot be extended and transferred to other years.The failure in temporal extensibility of threshold value means that an appropriate threshold value has to be determined for every year when a time series of DMSP/OLS nigh-light data need to be processed.Therefore,the method that determines threshold value independent of reference data is more suitable for processing time series DMSP/OLS data.The Sudden Change Detection method does not require ancillary reference data and is the best choice of those methods considering the convenience,accuracy,and automated data processing,and it is then adopted to derive the urban built-up areas of Shanghai from 2000 to 2006.
Revolution Reconsidered: An Alternative Approach to Understanding Social Revolution

Social revolutions are typically defined as a transformation of the social order and are among the most important world-historical events. Despite their importance, existing research often follows a set of implicit or explicit conventions in the definition and measure thereof that produce conceptual and empirical challenges to the study of social revolution. To correct these issues, I present a new framework for studying social revolution. If social revolutions are a transformation of the social order, the framework proposed here advocates shifting the unit of analysis from social revolutions as a whole to the programs and projects political actors use to achieve a transformation of the social order (e.g., land reform, emancipation, expanding access to political institutions, etc.). I call these programs and projects "revolutionary repertoires". The revolutionary repertoires approach addresses analytic issues that arise in works on social revolution, enables scholars to refine existing research questions, and offers several avenues for future work.
Bridging computational approaches to speech production: The semantic–lexical–auditory–motor model (SLAM)

Speech production is studied from both psycholinguistic and motor-control perspectives, with little interaction between the approaches. We assessed the explanatory value of integrating psycholinguistic and motor-control concepts for theories of speech production. By augmenting a popular psycholinguistic model of lexical retrieval with a motor-control-inspired architecture, we created a new computational model to explain speech errors in the context of aphasia. Comparing the model fits to picture-naming data from 255 aphasic patients, we found that our new model improves fits for a theoretically predictable subtype of aphasia: conduction. We discovered that the improved fits for this group were a result of strong auditory-lexical feedback activation, combined with weaker auditory-motor feedforward activation, leading to increased competition from phonologically related neighbors during lexical selection. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to other extant models of lexical retrieval.
Activated N-ras Oncogenes in Human Neuroblastoma

Fifteen primary neuroblastomas and four bone marrow samples from neuroblastoma patients, representing clinical Stages I to IV, have been screened for mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 of N- ras . Neuroblastoma DNAs were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the relevant sequences and were then hybridized with specific oligonucleotides to locate and identify point mutations. The results show that one Stage I tumor contained an N- ras gene that was activated by a GC-CG transversion of the first base of codon 61, while in one Stage II tumor, activation of N- ras involved a GC-CG transversion of the first position of codon 13. N- ras activations were not detected in the six Stage III tumors and eight Stage IV tumors that were examined.
Immunological Characterizations of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-related Symptom Complex, and a Related Life-Style

Immunological, hematological, and biochemical studies were done at the time of referral in 135 homosexual subjects, 28 of whom were symptom free (SF), 74 of whom had the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related symptom complex (ARC), and 33 of whom had AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma, opportunistic infection, or both. Of 38 laboratory parameters, 11 were significantly different than controls in the SF patients, 19 in the ARC patients, and 20 in the AIDS patients. In SF patients, delayed hypersensitivity was significantly suppressed for 6 of 12 recall antigens. In addition, the percentage of circulating lymphocytes, the percentage of T3+ cells, the percentage and absolute number of T4+ cells, the T4/T8 ratio, the blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A were depressed significantly in this group. In contrast, the percentage and absolute granulocyte count, the serum lysozyme, and the serum thymosin alpha 1 were significantly elevated in these patients. In patients with more advanced disease (ARC and AIDS), immunological and hematological parameters tended to worsen. Thus, in the AIDS patients the white blood cell count, percentage, and absolute T11+ cells, absolute T3+ cells, percentage of T4+ cells and absolute level of B-cells, as well as the monocyte adherence and delayed hypersensitivity responses to 12 of 12 recall antigens were depressed. Serum levels of thymosin alpha 1 were equally elevated in all three groups. Serum interferon was found in 15 of 18 opportunistic infection patients with or without Kaposi's sarcoma, in 3 of 9 Kaposi's sarcoma patients without opportunistic infection, but in none of the ARC or SF patients. This study has demonstrated that SF sexually active homosexuals have a characteristic pattern of immune deficiency and that immunodeficiency worsens as one compares SF to ARC to AIDS patients. The study has provided a data base for the development of prognostic criteria and for characterization and evaluation of immunorestorative and immunomodulatory therapy.
Abstract P162: The Baseline Ankle Brachial Index (ABI), but Not Change in the ABI, is Associated With 11-Year Change in the SF-36: The San Diego Population Study (SDPS)

Background: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects approximately 9 million people in the US. Less well-recognized is that PAD, even when asymptomatic, is associated with decreased functional status and quality of life. Previous studies have largely examined associations of the ankle brachial index (ABI) and quality of life in participants with PAD. To our knowledge no studies have examined the impact of ABI and change in ABI on change in quality of life in a population-based setting. Methods: The SDPS is a population-based prospective study that evaluated non-Hispanic White, African-American, Hispanic and Asian men and women for lower extremity PAD at two examinations approximately 11 years apart. Participants completed the SF-36 questionnaire, and 802 participants had ABI and SF-36 data available at both examinations. Analyses were restricted to these participants who also had a baseline ABI Results: Participants were on average 57±9 years of age at baseline, and 69±9 at follow-up. At baseline, nearly 2 percent had ABI≤0.90, and the mean±SD ABI was 1.12±0.10. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, ever smoking, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, each SD lower baseline ABI was significantly associated with an average change of -0.63 points (95% CI (-0.10, -1.17), p=0.02) on the PCS. This association was marginally significant for the MCS (-0.54 points (0.14, 1.22), p=0.12). Lower baseline ABI was also associated with negative change in two SF-36 subscales, physical functioning (p=0.02) and vitality (p=0.01). Change in the ABI over 11 years was not associated with change in the MCS (p=0.97) or PCS (p=0.41). Results were similar when excluding participants with ABI≤0.90. Conclusions: A lower ABI at baseline is associated with a significantly worse physical functioning quality of life approximately 11 years later. However change in the ABI was not significantly associated with change in quality of life over this time period. Additional studies are warranted in larger samples, especially to confirm the lack of findings for change in ABI.
Regeneration in the sea cucumber Leptosynapta. II. The regenerative capacity.

The dependence of survival and regeneration in the holothuroid Leptosynapta crassipatina (Apoda) on the oral complex—the mouth, the nerve ring, the calcareous ring, and the water vascular system—was investigated. The effect of surgical deletion of parts on survival and regeneration was determined. In isolated sections of the oral complex, the disk including the nerve ring and calcareous ring was able to survive and regenerate. Even small fractions of this disk began regeneration. Regeneration capacity and survival capacity were tested independently by deletion of parts from half animals. Regardless of the deletion, normal morphallactic posteriad regeneration occurred in animals surviving beyond five days. This was true even when the entire oral complex was deleted. Thus, no part of the oral complex is necessary for regeneration of posterior parts. Survival of a high percentage of the population was restricted to populations lacking a coelomic cavity (i. e., isolated pieces of the oral complex), or to those with a complete water vascular system. Simple section of the connection between the tentacular ampullae and the water ring leads to death in all animals with a coelomic cavity. A role for these parts in oxygenation of the coelomic fluid is suggested. Finally, the ability of the organism to regenerate deleted parts was tested. Missing parts posterior to the oral complex can be regenerated. In addition, lateral parts of the oral complex and the tentacles can be regenerated. Regeneration away from the disk containing the calcareous ring and the nerve ring always occurs. Regeneration towards this disk never occurs.
Enhanced pre‐monsoon warming over the Himalayan‐Gangetic region from 1979 to 2007

[1] Fundamental to the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon is the land-sea thermal gradient from the Indian Ocean to the Himalayas-Tibetan Plateau (HTP). The timing of the onset is strongly controlled by the meridional tropospheric temperature gradient due to the rapid premonsoon heating of the HTP compared to the relatively cooler Indian Ocean. Analysis of tropospheric temperatures from the longest available record of microwave satellite measurements reveals widespread warming over the Himalayan-Gangetic region and consequent strengthening of the land-sea thermal gradient. This trend is most pronounced in the pre-monsoon season, resulting in a warming of 2.7C in the 29-year record (1979–2007), when this region is strongly influenced by dust aerosols at elevated altitudes. The enhanced tropospheric warming is accompanied by increased atmospheric loading of absorbing aerosols, particularly vertically extended dust aerosols, raising the possibility that aerosol solar heating has amplified the seasonal warming and in turn strengthened the land-sea gradient. Citation: Gautam, R., N. C. Hsu, K.-M. Lau, S.-C. Tsay, and M. Kafatos (2009), Enhanced pre-monsoon warming over the Himalayan-Gangetic region from 1979 to 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07704, doi:10.1029/2009GL037641.
Differential response to stocking rates and feeding by two genotypes of Holstein-Friesian cows in a pasture-based automatic milking system

The throughput of automatic milking systems (AMS) is likely affected by differential traffic behavior and subsequent effects on the milking frequency and milk production of cows. This study investigated the effect of increasing stocking rate and partial mixed ration (PMR) on the milk production, dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and use of AMS by two genotypes of Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation. The study lasted 8 weeks and consisted in a factorial arrangement of two genotypes of dairy cattle, United States Holstein (USH) or New Zealand Friesian (NZF), and two pasture-based feeding treatments, a low stocking rate system (2 cows/ha) fed temperate pasture and concentrate, or a high stocking rate system (HSR; 3 cows/ha) fed same pasture and concentrate plus PMR. A total of 28 cows, 14 USH and 14 NZF, were used for comparisons, with 12 cows, six USH and six NZF, also used for tracking of animal movements. Data were analyzed by repeated measure mixed models for a completely randomized design. No differences (P>0.05) in pre- or post-grazing herbage mass, DMI and FCE were detected in response to increases in stocking rate and PMR feeding in HSR. However, there was a significant (P<0.05) grazing treatment×genotype×week interaction on milk production, explained by differential responses of genotypes to changes in herbage mass over time (P<0.001). A reduction (P<0.01) in hours spent on pasture was detected in response to PMR supplementation in HSR; this reduction was greater (P=0.01) for USH than NZF cows (6 v. 2 h, respectively). Regardless of the grazing treatment, USH cows had greater (P=0.02) milking frequency (2.51 v. 2.26±0.08 milkings/day) and greater (P<0.01) milk yield (27.3 v. 16.0±1.2 kg/day), energy-corrected milk (24.8 v. 16.5±1.0 kg/day), DMI (22.1 v. 16.6±0.8 kg/day) and FCE (1.25 v. 1.01±0.06 kg/kg) than NZF cows. There was also a different distribution of milkings/h between genotypes (P<0.001), with patterns of milkings/h shifting (P<0.001) as a consequence of PMR feeding in HSR. Results confirmed the improved FCE of grazing dairy cows with greater milk production and suggested the potential use of PMR feeding as a tactical decision to managing HSR and milkings/day in AMS farms.
Interleukin-1 receptor mediates the interplay between CD4 + T cells and ocular resident cells to promote keratinizing squamous metaplasia in Sjögren's syndrome

Interleukin-1 receptor mediates the interplay between CD4 + T cells and ocular resident cells to promote keratinizing squamous metaplasia in Sjogren's syndrome
Struggle and solidarity: civic republican elements in Pierre Bourdieu’s political sociology

Pierre Bourdieu developed a theory of democratic politics that is at least as indebted to civic republicanism as to Marxism. He was familiar with the civic republican tradition, and it increasingly influenced both his political interventions and sociological work, especially late in his career. Bourdieu drew above all on Niccolo Machiavelli’s version of republicanism, though the French republican tradition also influenced him via Durkheimian social theory. Three elements of Bourdieu’s work in particular—his concept of field autonomy, his view of interests and universalism, and his understanding of how solidarity is generated and sustained—may be understood, at least in part, as sociological reformulations of republican ideas. By drawing attention to these republican influences, the article aims to show that the conceptual resources which some critics, including Jeffrey C. Alexander, consider indispensable to an adequate theory of democracy are not entirely absent in Bourdieu’s work. On the basis of this reassessment, the article concludes that Bourdieu and Alexander are not as opposed in their thinking about democratic politics as it might first appear.
Estimation of Molten Content of the Spray Stream from Analysis of Experimental Particle Diagnostics

Particle melting is one of the key issues in air plasma spray processing of high temperature ceramics such as Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ). The significance of assessing, monitoring, and controlling the molten content in spray stream on achieving an efficient process and reproducible coating characteristics and properties is known. This study aims to estimate the molten content of the spray stream (as an ensemble) from experimental measurement of in-flight (individual) particle characteristics. In a previous study by Streibl et al. the presence of melting signature in the particle temperature distribution was observed, which has been confirmed by simulation and through independent experimental observation by Mauer et al. Based on this observation, the particle temperature distribution could be delineated into the different achievable particle states in-flight (unmolten, partially molten, and completely molten) to a first approximation. This in-turn would enable estimation of the molten content in the spray stream. Thus obtained percentage molten content (referred in this study as Spray Stream Melting Index—SSMI) has been observed to correlate well with the experimentally measured deposition efficiency for a wide range of process conditions and feedstock characteristics. The implications of estimating SSMI for other materials and processes are also discussed.
A universal topic framework (UniZ) and its application in online search

Probabilistic topic models, such as PLSA and LDA, are gaining popularity in many fields due to their high-quality results. Unfortunately, existing topic models suffer from two drawbacks: (1) model complexity and (2) disjoint topic groups. That is, when a topic model involves multiple entities (such as authors, papers, conferences, and institutions) and they are connected through multiple relationships, the model becomes too difficult to analyze and often leads to in-tractable solutions. Also, different entity types are classified into disjoint topic groups that are not directly comparable, so it is difficult to see whether heterogeneous entities (such as authors and conferences) are on the same topic or not (e.g., are Rakesh Agrawal and KDD related to the same topic?). In this paper, we propose a novel universal topic framework (UniZ) that addresses these two drawbacks using "prior topic incorporation." Since our framework enables representation of heterogeneous entities in a single universal topic space, all entities can be directly compared within the same topic space. In addition, UniZ breaks complex models into much smaller units, learns the topic group of each entity from the smaller units, and then propagates the learned topics to others. This way, it leverages all the available signals without introducing significant computational complexity, enabling a richer representation of entities and highly accurate results. In a widely-used DBLP dataset prediction problem, our approach achieves the best prediction performance over many state-of-the-art methods. We also demonstrate practical potential of our approach with search logs from a commercial search engine.
A chromatographic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of ceruloplasmin.

Abstract A quantitative method for the determination of ceruloplasmin has been developed. It is based on the separation of this protein from other serum constituents by means of DEAE-cellulose and the spectrophotometric determination of the vit. C reducible blue color that is eluted from the Chromatographie column.
856 CORRECTION OF CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CDG) BY BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (BMT)

Although the mortality and morbidity of CDG has been reduced by prophylactic antibiotics, certain CDG patients still have a severe course leading to death. A 15 year old white male with CDG had an acute reduction in pulmonary function (70→45% of expected) and it was decided to transplant him with 2.4 × 108 bone marrow cells/kg from his HLA identical sister after preparation with rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum, procarbazine, and total body irradiation (800 R). Prior to transplantation all the patient's peripheral blood granulocytes and bone marrow CFU-C were NBT negative while greater than 98% of the donor cells were NBT positive;after BMT all hematopoietic and lymphoid elements were of donor origin; 100% of the recipients peripheral granulocytes, monocytes and bone marrow CFU-C were NBT positive. The patient developed chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) and died six months following transplantation of renal failure. CDG, like other genetic disorders of bone marrow function, may be corrected by BMT in selective cases. The transplant related problem of chronic GVHD is the major limitation to the increased use of BMT.
Presence of μ-opioid receptors in targets of efferent projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the nucleus of the solitary tract

Opioids acting at μ-opioid receptors (MORs) within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) potently modulate autonomic functions that are also known to be influenced by inputs from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA). In addition, many of the physiological effects of MOR agonists have been attributed to interactions with neurons that contain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the neurotransmitters present in CEA-derived terminals and their targets in the medial NTS. Together, these observations suggest that MORs are present at pre- or postsynaptic sites within the CEA to NTS circuitry. To test this hypothesis, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with immunogold-silver localization of an antipeptide antiserum against the MOR in the NTS of adult rats. In animals receiving bilateral CEA injections of BDA, anterogradely labeled axons were seen throughout the rostrocaudal NTS. Electron microscopy of the medial NTS at rostral and intermediate levels showed anterograde BDA-labeling in many small unmyelinated axons and axon terminals, none of which contained detectable MOR. The BDA-labeled axon terminals formed mainly symmetric, inhibitory-type synapses with somata and dendrites. Over half of the somatic and approximately 10% of the dendritic targets showed nonsynaptic plasmalemmal immunogold labeling for MOR. The BDA-labeled axon terminals were also frequently apposed by other small axons that contained MORs. These results suggest that within the medial NTS, MOR agonists modulate the postsynaptic inhibition produced by CEA afferents and also play a role in the presynaptic release of other neurotransmitters. Synapse 33:141–152, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometric evidence of malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal adductions to radical-scavenging soy peptides.

Antioxidative peptides in food systems are potential targets of lipid oxidation-generated reactive aldehydes, such as malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In this study, covalent modifications on radical-scavenging peptides prepared from soy protein hydrolysate by MDA and HNE were characterized by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). MS/MS analyses detected the formation of Schiff base type adducts of MDA on the side-chain groups of lysine, histidine, arginine, glutamine, and asparagine residues as well as the N-termini of peptides. MDA also formed a fluorescent product with lysine residues. HNE adducted on lysine residues through Schiff base formation and on histidine, arginine, glutamine, and asparagine residues mainly through Michael addition. Despite the extensive MDA modification, peptide cross-linking by this potential mechanism was undetectable.
DOUBLE-BLIND EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY AND HYPNOTIC EFFICACY OF TEMAZEPAM IN INSOMNIAC OUTPATIENTS

1 Efficacy of temazepam 30 mg at night as an hypnotic was compared with placebo in 55 out-patients with insomnia. The study was double blind, with two comparable groups of patients established by random allocation. Placebo and medication were taken for 4 consecutive nights and sleep questionnaires were completed the next day. 2 Patients reported that temazepam was more effective than placebo in reducing the difficulty of falling asleep and improving sleep maintenance. They also indicated that they awoke less and were less disturbed by early morning awakenings reported as a group that the average duration of sleep was increased by 1 hour. 3 The patients receiving temazepam reported being more alert in the morning and for the entire day than with placebo.
A Note on Algebraic Solutions to Identification.

Algebraic methods to establish the identification of structural equation models remain a viable option. However, sometimes it is unclear whether the algebraic solution establishes identification. One example is when there is more than one way to solve for the parameter, but one way leads to a single value and a second way leads to a function with more than one value. This article proves that one explicit and unique solution is sufficient for model identification even when other explicit solutions permit more than one solution. The results are illustrated with an example. The results are useful to attempts to use algebraic means to address model identification.
An initial investigation into the parameters of overcorrection.

The aggressive-disruptive behaviors of hitting and crying were eliminated in two young children by an overcorrection procedure. The components of the procedure were examined for their relative effectiveness and the amount or intensity of the overcorrection training was explored.
STUDIES IN THE RELATION OF THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS TO RHEUMATIC FEVER : II. FRACTIONATION OF THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS BY HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGATION

After disintegration by sonic vibrations the contents of the hemolytic streptococcus can be separated by differential centrifugation into three fractions: an insoluble residue, cytoplasmic particles, and a solution of proteins of smaller unit size. The residue (R) presumably comprises the cell walls of the bacteria and contains the type-specific M protein. The cytoplasmic particles (CP) contain some lipoid, the group-specific carbohydrate, and nucleoprotein of the ribose type. The supernate fraction (S) contains two components, presumably protein, at least one of which is part of a dissociable nucleoprotein of the desoxyribose type. Both CP and S precipitate and fix complement with antistreptococcal sera. Both give rise to antibodies on injection into rabbits. Both are of broad reactivity. CP and S can be shown to be serologically distinct by several means, including cross-absorption tests. On continued disintegration of the organism an inverse relation is noted between the yield of R and that of CP, whereas the yield of S is constant. A theory as to the structure of the streptococcal cell is offered in terms of the data presented.
Investigation of Spin-Trapping Artifacts Formed by the Forrester-Hepburn Mechanism.

Free radical detection with ESR spin trapping relies on the specific addition of the radical to nitrone/nitroso compounds. It also has been proposed that spin traps can react in biological systems to give false-positive results. For nitrone spin traps, the reaction with nucleophiles, first described by Forrester and Hepburn, has been discussed as the most critical source of artifacts. For artifact identification, the ESR preincubation method may be used, which employs isotopically marked spin traps. Here we investigated the influence of fast sulfite-hydroxylamine equilibrium chemistry on the validity of this assay. Using the (faster) aspiration technique, we found that the Forrester-Hepburn mechanism also contributes to DMPO/(•)SO3(-) adduct formation during ferricyanide-mediated sulfite oxidation, but no evidence for artifactual DMPO/(•)SO3(-) formation was found if the more potent horseradish peroxidase was used. This is ESR evidence that the Forrester-Hepburn mechanism can occur under mild conditions, depending on the experimental details. This technique can also be used to test for other artifact mechanisms. We investigated the known ene reaction of DBNBS and tryptophan in more detail. We found that a strong artifact signal is induced by light; however, with atypically long incubations, we found that the artifact is also formed thermally.
On Averting the Tragedy of the Commons

One of the enduring facts of the human condition is that the earth's resources are finite and its environment fragile. It is also evident that human behavior is rarely based on an appreciation of these facts. While the outlook may be bleak, so are some of the proposed solutions. Reasonable people have suggested that, to survive, an environmentally enlightened authoritarian government must be adopted. This article suggests that such a solution is unworkable, in part because it fails to consider critical aspects of human nature. A framework is proposed for developing solutions compatible with human capabilities.
Computational image analysis of nuclear morphology associated with various nuclear-specific aging disorders

Computational image analysis is used in many areas of biological and medical research, but advanced techniques including machine learning remain underutilized. Here, we used automated segmentation and shape analyses, with pre-defined features and with computer generated components, to compare nuclei from various premature aging disorders caused by alterations in nuclear proteins. We considered cells from patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) with an altered nucleoskeletal protein; a mouse model of XFE progeroid syndrome caused by a deficiency of ERCC1-XPF DNA repair nuclease; and patients with Werner syndrome (WS) lacking a functional WRN exonuclease and helicase protein. Using feature space analysis, including circularity, eccentricity, and solidity, we found that XFE nuclei were larger and significantly more elongated than control nuclei. HGPS nuclei were smaller and rounder than the control nuclei with features suggesting small bumps. WS nuclei did not show any significant shape cha...
Report to the King: Colonel Juan Camargo y Cavallero's Historical Account of New Spain, 1815

Contents: The book describes the social, political, economic, and military conditions existing during the Mexican Wars of Independence.
SCHOOL BUS ROUTING BY COMPUTER

A PROCEDURE IS DESCRIBED FOR THE DESIGNING OF SCHOOL BUS ROUTES BY COMPUTER. THE PROCEDURE IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ONES IN A NUMBER OF WAYS. THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION INCLUDES THE REDUCTION OF STUDENT TRAVEL TIME, U-TURNS, AND BUS OVERLOADING, AS WELL AS THE REDUCTION OF BUS TRAVEL TIME. THE PROCEDURE CAN ALSO HANDLE ONE-WAY STREETS, A BUS GARAGE OTHER THAN AT THE SCHOOL SITE AND THE REQUIREMENT THAT AT CERTAIN STOPS THE BUS MUST PICK UP CHILDREN FROM ONE PARTICULAR SIDE OF THE ROAD. THE PROCEDURE IS AN EXTENSION OF THE CLARKE AND WRIGHT ALGORITHM FOR SCHEDULING DELIVERY VEHICLES. /TRRL/
Carbon dioxide sorption on carbon molecular sieves

Abstract The sorption of CO 2 on two carbon molecular sieves was studied at 273 and 298°K at pressures from about 2 millitorr to 250 torr. Over much of the pressure range, sorption was found to be reversible. The capacity of these carbons for CO 2 at a CO 2 pressure deemed physiologically safe in space vehicles for long missions was compared with the capacity of zeolitic sieves and other carbon adsorbents, reported in the literature. The capacity of the zeolite sieves for CO 2 is an order of magnitude higher than that of the carbon adsorbents.
The Search for ‘Balance’ in Literacy Instruction

The issue of ‘balance’ in literacy instruction is the focus of many current debates and criticisms of literature-based curriculum. These criticisms can be challenged by examining our histories as educators and developing curricular frameworks that provide alternative views of ‘balance’. This article presents one possible framework based on the work of Halliday (1985) and then uses this framework to examine the role of guided reading and literature discussion groups in children's lives as readers. Several scenarios for the future of literature in classroom instruction and life are also discussed.