cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using LES in a Discontinuous Galerkin method with constant and dynamic SGS models

The Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method provides numerical solutions of the NavierStokes equations with high order of accuracy in complex geometries and allows for highly efficient parallelization algorithms. These attributes make the DG method highly attractive for large eddy simulation (LES). The main goal of this work is to investigate the feasibility of adopting an explicit filter to the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations to increase the numerical stability of underresolved simulations such as LES and to use the explicit filter in dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) models for LES. The explicit filter takes advantage of DG’s framework where the solution is approximated using a polynomial basis. The higher modes of the solution correspond to a higher order polynomial basis, therefore by removing high order modes the filtered solution contains only lower frequency content. The explicit filter is successfully used here to remove the effects of aliasing in underresolved simulations of the Taylor-Green vortex case at a Reynolds number Re = 1600. The de-aliasing is achieved by evaluating a solution at a higher order polynomial (effectively increasing the number of quadrature points used for integration) and then projecting the solution down to a lower order polynomial. The SGS models investigated include the constant coefficient Smagorinsky Model (CCSM), Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM), and Dynamic Heinz Model (DHM). The Taylor-Green Vortex case exhibits a laminar-turbulent transition and it is shown that the dynamic SGS models capture this transition more accurately than the CCSM when a sufficiently high polynomial order is used. The explicit test-filter operation for the dynamic models introduces a commutation error. A brief comparison of the effects of the commutative error that exists with this filter implementation is shown although further investigation is needed to determine the more appropriate order of operations.
Termination of Hemodialysis Treatment—Staff Reactions

The progress of hemodialysis from an experimental phase to a therapeutic stage has brought new and difficult psychological problems. Stages of patient adjustment to dialysis from honeymoon, to middle letdown phase, to acceptance, have been identified. This helps staff to understand the psychological effects of the treatment upon the patient. The availability of hemodialysis to greater numbers of people was made possible by legislation in 1972 which saved the lives of end-stage renal disease patients on a nonselective basis. This availability of dialysis has created additional problems for patients, family, and staff about the efficacy of treatment. It is not uncommon for patients with no hope of functioning or rehabilitation, who are completely dependent on society for their existence, to be dialyzed. Professionals are more actively looking at what science and the government have accomplished and many are troubled by what they see. The dialysis honeymoon is over 17 years after it was instituted as the treatment of choice for ESRD. The treatment, patients, and care-givers are in the middle let-down stage regarding the quality of life for the patient on hemodialysis. We are becoming increasingly aware that in many cases it does not improve the prospect of a normal life for the patient. We as professionals are being forced to look at our feelings and the feelings of patients as well as those of their families before we determine what our part is to be in working with patients who have not adjusted to dialysis and who wish to terminate treatment. Ways of handling this problem are few and are often unsatisfactory or of questionable legality.
L. P. Hartley and the Reverberations of Absence

To scan the fiction of L. P. Hartley for explicit reference to the world of the 1930s is to confront absence. He neither published fiction during the thirties, nor used the substance of the thirties in the historically located fiction he began to publish in 1944. Biographically as well, Hartley’s thirties are routine and silence. Discharged from the army in the First World War because of a weak heart before his regiment went to France, he finished his degree at Oxford and began to write fiction in the 1920s. He published only a few stories, then a Jamesian novella set in Venice, Simonetta Perkins (1925). Living on an income from his father’s investments, he spent the thirties reviewing others’ fiction for periodicals. He had a house on the Avon near Bath; he also spent five months in Venice every year (the social months for the expatriate community, April, May, June, October and November). Although he apparently never wavered in his ambition to write fiction, he did not publicly articulate his world until after he was forced back to England by the Second World War. In his life, as in his fiction, the thirties, in fact the whole period between the wars, seems on the surface to have been one long evasion of experience.
Focus on You: Cancer clinical trials perspectives.

Abstract Background Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat diseases. Researchers have found that minority patients are willing to participate in clinical trials, yet these patients have barriers which hinder their access to trials. Methods To explore African American women's participation in breast cancer clinical trials, eight focus groups were conducted with breast cancer patients, family members/care givers, religious leaders, and healthcare providers to gather information on the perspectives and opinions on the topic. The focus group conversations were transcribed, and transcripts were imported into QSR International's NVivo 10 software. The transcripts were organized into folders based on four categories. The content analysis performed was based on recordings and notes. Results The following themes were generated as a result of conducting these focus groups and gathering information on the perspectives and opinions about participating in clinical trials, based on the groups who participated: Promoting participation in research; Personal experience with cancer; Support and support services; Awareness, knowledge, and experience with clinical trials; Providers' roles in clinical trials. Conclusion The data collected in this study present several actionable themes that, if addressed by individual researchers and the medical community at large, could increase participation in clinical trials by African American patients. They also provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing African American patients' decisions around participating in clinical trials.
Impact on T&D protection systems from low fault levels in high wind conditions in 2030

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: energy policy; 2030 fault currents in gone green scenario; and coping and avoidance of low fault level in transmission and distribution systems. (18 pages)
The Role of Sound Congruency on Ethnic Menu Item Selection and Price Expectations

ABSTRACTEarlier research considered ethnic congruent versus incongruent music; this study extended earlier research by comparing the impacts of ethnic congruent music, ethnic incongruent music and restaurant background sounds on the dining experience. Additionally, it extends earlier research considering the impact on menu item selection and price expectations based on the impact of music/sound. Findings indicated music congruence effects along with baseline sounds should be considered by practitioners and researchers. Italian folk music increased Italian item selections compared to restaurant background sounds. Thai folk music was equal to background sounds for Thai items. Higher expected prices were apparent when listening to both Italian music and background sounds.
Prevalence, predictors and correlates of insomnia in US army soldiers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the rates, predictors and correlates of insomnia in a national sample of US Army soldiers. Data were gathered from the cross-sectional survey responses of the All-Army Study, of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members. Participants were a representative sample of 21 499 US Army soldiers who responded to the All-Army Study self-administered questionnaire between 2011 and 2013. Insomnia was defined by selected DSM-5 criteria using the Brief Insomnia Questionnaire. The results highlight significant functional difficulties associated with insomnia among US soldiers, as well as insights into predictors of insomnia specific to this population. Insomnia was present in 22.76% of the sample. Predictors of insomnia status in logistic regression included greater number of current mental health disorders, less perceived open lines of communication with leadership, less unit member support and less education. Insomnia had global, negative associations with health, social functioning, support, morale, work performance and Army career intentions. The results provide the strongest evidence to-date that insomnia is common in a military population, and is associated with a wide array of negative factors in the domains of health, military readiness and intentions to remain in military careers.
Is cryptogenic cirrhosis different from NASH cirrhosis

Background & Aims We hypothesized that patients currently diagnosed with cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) have truly ‘cryptogenic' liver disease, which is unlikely to have evolved from NASH. The aim of this study is to characterize patients with CC, and compare their characteristics to patients with cirrhosis of other etiologies. Methods To investigate this, we compared the clinical characteristics of adults with CC (n = 7,999) to those with cirrhosis caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (n = 11,302), alcohol (n = 21,714) and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 3,447), using the UNOS database from 2002–16. We performed an age, gender and year of listing matched comparison of CC and NASH (n = 7,201 in each group), and also stratified patients by the presence of obesity or diabetes mellitus (DM). Results From 2002 to 2016, patients listed with a diagnosis of NASH increased from about 1% to 16% while CC decreased from 8% to 4%. A logistic regression model using the entire United Network for Organ Sharing data (n = 138,021) suggested that the strongest predictors of NASH were type 2 DM, obesity, age ≥60 years, female gender and white race. Type 2 DM was more common in patients with NASH (53%) than those with CC (29%), alcoholic cirrhosis (16%) and autoimmune hepatitis (16%), and obesity was more common in NASH (65.3%) compared to the other three groups (33–42%). There were more white individuals (82.3%) in the NASH group and a lower prevalence of black, Hispanic and Asian individuals, compared to the other three groups. Hepatocellular carcinoma was more commonly seen in NASH (19% vs. 9–13% in the other groups) and this is not influenced by obesity and type 2 DM. The differences between CC and NASH remained unchanged even when two groups were matched for age, gender and year of listing, or when stratified by the presence or absence of obesity or type 2DM. Conclusions Based on risk perspectives, CC should not be equated with the term ‘NASH cirrhosis'. Lay summary We hypothesized that cryptogenic cirrhosis is a distinct condition from cirrhosis caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By comparing cryptogenic cirrhosis with cirrhosis of other causes, we found clear clinical differences. Therefore, cryptogenic cirrhosis should not be considered the same as NASH cirrhosis. Further investigations are required to identify unknown causes of cirrhosis.
The Effect of an Illinois Wesleyan Education on Political Ideology

Political commentators often label American students not as liberals or conservatives, but simply as apathetic citizens unconcerned with political issues. The number of students venturing to the polls continues to be depressing to any advocate of a democratic form of government. Outside of political science classrooms, few students seem to be knowledgeable of simple political events and personalities. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol9/iss1/4
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Ureteroscopy in Children:: Evolutions

The increasing incidence of pediatric stone disease has coincided with significant advances in technology and equipment, resulting in drastic improvements in management. Miniaturization of both ureteroscopes and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) equipment has facilitated access to the entirety of the urinary tract and has made ureteroscopy a first-line therapy option along with shock-wave lithotripsy for kidney and ureteral stones. Advances in PCNL have decreased patient morbidity while preserving stone clearance rates. In this review, the advances in operative approach for ureteroscopy and PCNL in children and its applicability to current surgical management of pediatric stone disease are discussed.
Wie man zu brauchbaren chemischen Laboratoriums-ergebnissen kommt

Die meisten biochemischen Ereignisse spielen sich in den Gewebezellen ab, so das es ziemlich aussichtslos ist, im Blut nach Veranderungen zu suchen. Man braucht sich nicht daruber zu wundern, das fur viele Krankheiten (zum Beispiel ganz allgemein neoplastische Erkrankungen) noch keine eindeutigen diagnostischen Blutveranderungen entdeckt werden konnten. Im Vergleich mit tierexperimentell arbeitenden Untersuchern sind wir bei unserer Arbeit benachteiligt, weil wir uns immer noch auf einige wenige Korperflussigkeiten als Biopsieproben weitgehend beschranken mussen. Wenn eine Stoffwechselveranderung in unseren Zellen vorkommt, kann sich dieses Ereignis im Blut widerspiegeln oder auch nicht. Spiegelt es sich darin wider, dann haben wir dafur moglicherweise einen diagnostischen Test oder auch nicht.
Transcription Factors in Terminally Differentiated B Cells

During B cell development differentiation is accompanied by the selective activation of some genes and the repression of other genes. We wish to identify and characterize transcription factors responsible for the activation and repression of gene expression.
Sign-Based Morphology

Sign-Based Morphology (SBM) is a theory of phonology-morphology interface, proposed in Orgun (1996), that builds on unification-based syntactic theories such as G/HPSG and Construction Grammar, with which it shares the basic assumption that nodes in a constituent structure are signs—pairings of form (value of a phon attribute) and meaning (value of a synsem attribute). SBM aims to account for effects modeled in Lexical Phonology via interleaving within a monotonic model of constituent structure building.
EEG Analysis with Hybrid Computers

Perhaps a more accurate title for this article would be “Special-purpose Computers,” since any digital computer analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) first requires converting continuous (analog) EEG signals into numbers (digits), and thus all computer analysis of an electroencephalogram is a hybrid computation. Many attempts at automated EEG analysis minimize the amount of analog processing and maximize the amount of processing done on a general-purpose digital computer. This can be inefficient or even limit the amount of data that can be analyzed. An automated system that mimics the electroencephalographer in analyzing EEG data (an anthropomimetic system) requires the capability to process simultaneously long epochs of several channels of data in real time, or faster. Today’s general-purpose digital computers do not have this capability; but, if the data are first preprocessed with special-purpose instrumentation, it is possible to mimic closely some of the data-processing routines carried out by the electroencephalographer. This paper describes a Sleep Analyzing Hybrid Computer (SAHC) in order to demonstrate that with fairly inexpensive special-purpose instrumentation an increased amount of EEG data can be processed.
Upper Extremity Biomechanics and Gender: The Effects of Modern Computing Technologies

Mobile computing devices are often designed with a one-size-fits-all approach, and consumers purchase devices based off of technical specifications rather than whether the devices fit them. Female ...
Discrepancies Between FDA-Required Labeling and Evidence that Payers Cite in Drug Coverage Policies.

BACKGROUND: FDA-required labeling summarizes certain data that the FDA relies on in its drug approval process. However, when determining coverage of specialty drugs, health care payers may consider...
What counts as critical interpersonal and family communication research? A review of an emerging field of inquiry

A critical turn is currently taking place in interpersonal and family communication (IFC) studies, thereby reorienting the predominantly post-positivist, rationalist, and individualist sensibilitie...
Critical ‘street race’ praxis: advancing the measurement of racial discrimination among diverse Latinx communities in the U.S

Research demonstrates a causal link between increased exposure to racial discrimination and adverse health outcomes among diverse racial and ethnic populations in the U.S. However, most research on...
The RNA-binding protein FMRP facilitates the nuclear export of N6-methyladenosine–containing mRNAs

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant post-transcriptional mRNA modification in eukaryotes and exerts many of its effects on gene expression through reader proteins that bind specifically to m6A-containing transcripts. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein, has previously been shown to affect the translation of target mRNAs and trafficking of mRNA granules. Loss of function of FMRP causes fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability in humans. Using HEK293T cells, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, RNA-Seq, and LC-MS/MS analyses, we demonstrate here that FMRP binds directly to a collection of m6A sites on mRNAs. FMRP depletion increased mRNA m6A levels in the nucleus. Moreover, the abundance of FMRP targets in the cytoplasm relative to the nucleus was decreased in Fmr1-KO mice, an effect also observed in highly methylated genes. We conclude that FMRP may affect the nuclear export of m6A-modified RNA targets.
Unruly visions: the aesthetic practices of Queer Diaspora: by Gayatri Gopinath, Durham, Duke University Press, 2018, xii + 236 pp., US$25.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781478000358

Gayatri Gopinath’s Unruly Visions: The Aesthetic Practices of Queer Diaspora aims to trouble the associations between ‘archive, region, affect, and aesthetics’ (2005, 3) within disparate diasporic ...
A Brief Social History of Education in Nigeria

Schools in Nigeria have not always been very different from learning at home. Over time, however schools became the institutional instruments for the separation of education from home and from the society within which it was originally situated.
Effects of arsenite on the expression of estrogen receptor gene and the ER signaling pathway in rats

Objective To explore the effects of arsenite on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA, ER protein and the ER signaling pathway in rats. Methods Random grouping experiment design was used to evaluate the effects of arsenite on the expression of ER mRNA, ER protein and the ER signaling pathway (24 rats were divided into 4 groups: control, Aslow, Asmidlle, Ashigh groups; 6 rats in each group). Female rats were exposed to NaAsO2 (0.625, 2.500, 10.000 mg/kg) by oral perfusion at gradient doses for three months respectively. The expression of ER mRNA as effect biomarker was observed through RT-PCR. The concentration of ER, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclin D1 (CYC-D1), and progesterone receptor (PR) in serum was determined as effect biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The levels of ER mRNA, VEGF, PR, CYC-D1, and ER in control, Aslow, Asmidlle, and Ashigh groups were statistically different (F = 204.13, 227.14, 256.13, 179.23, 167.34, all P < 0.01). With increasing of arsenic, the expression of ER mRNA, VEGF, and PR gradually decreased (all P < 0.01); the dose effect relationship was obvious; the expression of CYC-D1 and ER in Asmidlle [(25.45 ± 9.29) U/L, (22.16 ± 9.16) ng/L] was higher than that in Ashigh [(2.60 ± 0.23) U/L, (9.06 ± 2.06) ng/L, all P < 0.01]. Arsenic was negatively associated with ER mRNA, ER, VEGF, CYC-D1 and PR (r =-0.689,-0.515,-0.675,-0.456,-0.397, P < 0.01 or < 0.05). ER mRNA was positively associated with ER, VEGF, CYC-D1 and PR (r = 0.894, 0.662, 0.713, 0.699, P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Conclusions The expression of ER mRNA and ER protein are inhibited by arsenic, ER may be served as a sensitive biomarker of reproductive system damage after exposed to arsenic. The ER-VEGF, CYC-D1 and PR pathway participate in the process of reproductive system damage caused by arsenic. Arsenic is probably a environmental estrogen. Key words: Arsenite; Estrogen receptor; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Cyclin D1; Progesterone receptor
Hepatitis B vaccine effectiveness in coping with global HBV genotype diversity

Recombinant hepatitis B vaccines are safe and effective methods for prevention of hepatitis B.Recombinant HBV vaccines are of the A2 genotype; one of ten known genotypes whose distribution varies globally.Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate cross-protection by A2 vaccines against non-A2 HBV genotypes.Available data show that current HBV A2 vaccines are highly effective in preventing infection and clinical disease caused by all known HBV genotypes. Key words: Hepatitis B vaccine; A2 genotype; Genotype diversity; Cross protection
Maintenance Therapy for Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma After Total Skin Electron Irradiation: Evidence for Improved Overall Survival With Ultraviolet Therapy.

Abstract Background Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with total skin electron beam (TSEB) therapy has been associated with deep responses but short progression-free intervals. Maintenance therapy might prolong the response duration; however, limited data assessing the outcomes with maintenance therapy after TSEB are available. We evaluated the effect of maintenance therapy on the outcomes for patients with CTCL receiving TSEB therapy. Materials and Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of 101 patients with CTCL who had received TSEB therapy from 1998 to 2018 at the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University and compared the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients had received maintenance therapy, including retinoids, interferon, ultraviolet therapy, nitrogen mustard, and extracorporeal photopheresis compared with those who had not. Results We found that pooled maintenance therapies improved PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60; P = .026) but not OS (median HR, 0.73; P = .264). The median PFS and OS was 7.2 months versus 9.6 months and 2.4 years versus 4.2 years for the no maintenance and maintenance groups, respectively. On exploratory analysis of the individual regimens, ultraviolet therapy was associated with improved OS (HR, 0.21; P = .034) and PFS (HR, 0.26; P = .002) compared with no maintenance. Conclusion Among the patients with CTCL who had received TSEB therapy, maintenance therapy improved PFS for all patients, and ultraviolet-based maintenance improved both PFS and OS in a subset of patients.
Recalcitrant Esophageal Stricture Secondary to Mycophenolate Mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is associated with various gastrointestinal toxicities. However, limited literature studies exist reporting MMF-related gastrointestinal toxicity manifesting as esophageal strictures. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with kidney transplant on MMF, tacrolimus, and prednisone, presenting with progressive dysphagia and odynophagia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed severe esophageal stricturing with near food bolus impaction, requiring dilations, esophageal stent, and ultimately gastrostomy tube. Biopsies revealed nonspecific inflammation with no evidence of infectious/neoplastic process; thus, our multidisciplinary esophageal group determined that the process was secondary to MMF. This case demonstrates that, though rare, MMF can result in severe esophageal strictures causing significant morbidity.
Early Risk of Readmission Following Hospitalization for Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

Objective For evaluation of 90-day readmissions after an inpatient admission for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), hospitalizations due to RCVS were identified from the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2016 to 2017. Methods The primary outcome of interest was nonelective readmission within 90 days of index hospitalization discharge. Survival analysis was performed, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the factors associated with readmission. Results Among the 1,157 hospitalizations due to RCVS during the study period (mean ± SD age 48.6 ± 16.1 years, women 76.4%), 164 (14.2%) patients had nonelective readmission within 90 days of discharge. The most common reasons for readmissions included acute cerebrovascular events (18.9%), continued or recurrent symptoms of RCVS (13.4%), infections (11.6%), and headache (9.8%). Diabetes, history of tobacco use, opioid use, and longer length of index hospitalization were independent predictors of 90-day readmission. For readmissions, the mean (SD) length of stay was 5.2 (6.1) days, and the mean (SD) cost per hospitalization was $14,214 ($15,140). There was no in-hospital mortality; however, 37.2% of patients were not discharged to home. Conclusion Nearly 14% of patients with RCVS are readmitted within 90 days of discharge, and a significant proportion of these readmissions are due to the ongoing/recurrent symptoms or neurologic sequelae of RCVS. Given that these patients are at a risk of early recurrence/worsening of their symptoms, an early postdischarge follow-up plan may need to be integrated into their care.
The problems of conversion among Iranian Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

(1986). The problems of conversion among Iranian Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Iranian Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3-4, pp. 215-228.
Masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults

Purpose To investigate differences in the age-related decline in brain tissue concentration between Masters athletes and sedentary older adults. Materials and Methods Twelve Masters athletes (MA) (three females, age = 72.4 ± 5.6 years, endurance training >15 years), 12 sedentary elderly (SE) similar in age and educational level (four females, age = 74.6 ± 4.3 years), and nine young controls (YC) (four females, age = 27.2 ± 3.6 years) participated. T1-weighted high-resolution (1 × 1 × 1mm3) images were acquired. Voxel-based analysis was conducted to identify clusters showing tissue concentration differences with t-tests. Cognitive function was assessed using a standard clinical battery focused on executive function and memory. Results Two MA and two SE were unable to complete the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Both SE and MA showed lower gray matter (GM) concentrations than YC in the superior, inferior and middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and the cingulate gyrus (PFDR-corrected < 0.001) and lower white matter (WM) concentrations in the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus (PFDR-corrected < 0.005). Notably, MA showed higher GM and WM concentrations than SE in the subgyral, cuneus, and precuneus regions related to visuospatial function, motor control, and working memory (PFDR-corrected < 0.005). After controlling for estimated intelligence, MA outperformed SE on tasks of letter (P < 0.01) and category (P < 0.05) fluency. Conclusion Life-long exercise may confer benefits to some aspects of executive function and age-related brain tissue loss in the regions related to visuospatial function, motor control, and working memory in older adults. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1169–1176. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analysis of Space Power System Masses

This paper analyzes various space electrical power system masses with particular emphasis on the power management and distribution (PMAD) portion. The electrical power system (EPS) is divided into functional blocks: source, interconnection, storage, transmission, distribution, system control and load. The PMAD subsystem is defined as all the blocks between the source, storage and load, plus the power conditioning equipment required for the source, storage and load. The EPS mass of a wide range of spacecraft is then classified as source, storage or PMAD and tabulated in a database. The intent of the database is to serve as a reference source for PMAD masses of existing and in-design spacecraft. The PMAD masses in the database range from 40 kg/kw to 183 kg/kw across the spacecraft systems studied. Factors influencing the power system mass are identified. These include the total spacecraft power requirements, total amount of load capacity and physical size of the spacecraft. It is found a new "utility" class of power systems, represented by Space Station Freedom, is evolving.
Application of nanoelectrodes in recording biopotentials

Previous attempts at directly recording sympathetic activity using wire electrodes without significant filtering have yielded poor signal-to-noise ratio. This is because the amplitude of the signal from a sympathetic nerve is typically -35 to +35 /spl mu/V and the electrode noise is on average 10 /spl mu/V for an ideal electrode resistance between 100 k/spl Omega/ and 10 M/spl Omega/ at 37/spl deg/C for a bandwith of 1 kHz. We hypothesized that if we fabricated an electrode with increased nervous tissue surface contact that was sharp enough to penetrate the epineurium without damaging sympathetic neurons we would improve our signal-to-noise ratio and therefore be able to record high fidelity sympathetic activity. We built an array of nano-sized rods on a silicon substrate using a combination of micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Afterwards, we patterned and deposited aluminum on the surface of our processed silicon substrate in order to form a bipolar biopotential electrode with a three-dimensional surface. At this time our fabrication technique did not include a passivation layer. This configuration allowed us to examine the performance of a bipolar electrode without much of the effects related to the parasitic capacitance. The signal-to-noise ratio of our recordings in wet media were similar for both the wire electrde and the bipolar nanoelectrode array. Finally, we were able to record stimulated nerve activity when the bipolar nanoelectrode array was placed on the cardiac sympathetic nerve of an anesthetized animal.
Do adults with autism benefit monetarily from working in their communities

This study explored the employment outcomes and cost-efficiency of 19,436 adults with autism spectrum disorder who had their cases closed by government-operated vocational rehabilitation agencies throughout the United States from 2002 to 2007. Analyses presented here indicated that individuals working in the community generated more monetary benefits than monetary costs (i.e. average benefit-cost ratio of 5.28 and monthly net benefit of $643.20). Further, this result was found regardless of the state in which services were provided or whether the individual had multiple conditions. However, rates of employment (M = 40. 6%), hours worked per week (M = 23.7), and wages earned per month (M = $793.34) were low throughout the United States.
CD13 Restricts TLR4 Endocytic Signal Transduction in Inflammation

Dysregulation of the innate immune response underlies numerous pathological conditions. The TLR4 is the prototypical sensor of infection or injury that orchestrates the innate response via sequential activation of both cell surface and endocytic signaling pathways that trigger distinct downstream consequences. CD14 binds and delivers LPS to TLR4 and has been identified as a positive regulator of TLR4 signal transduction. It is logical that negative regulators of this process also exist to maintain the critical balance required for fighting infection, healing damaged tissue, and resolving inflammation. We showed that CD13 negatively modulates receptor-mediated Ag uptake in dendritic cells to control T cell activation in adaptive immunity. In this study, we report that myeloid CD13 governs internalization of TLR4 and subsequent innate signaling cascades, activating IRF-3 independently of CD14. CD13 is cointernalized with TLR4, CD14, and dynamin into Rab5(+) early endosomes upon LPS treatment. Importantly, in response to TLR4 ligands HMGB1 and LPS, p-IRF-3 activation and transcription of its target genes are enhanced in CD13(KO) dendritic cells, whereas TLR4 surface signaling remains unaffected, resulting in a skewed inflammatory response. This finding is physiologically relevant as ischemic injury in vivo provoked identical TLR4 responses. Finally, CD13(KO) mice showed significantly enhanced IFNβ-mediated signal transduction via JAK-STAT, escalating inducible NO synthase transcription levels and promoting accumulation of oxidative stress mediators and tissue injury. Mechanistically, inflammatory activation of macrophages upregulates CD13 expression and CD13 and TLR4 coimmunoprecipitate. Therefore, CD13 negatively regulates TLR4 signaling, thereby balancing the innate response by maintaining the inflammatory equilibrium critical to innate immune regulation.
Fractal arrays based on iterated functions system (IFS)

Fractal arrays have been suggested, mostly in order to obtain some kind of self-similar features in the radiation patterns. This, in turn, will allow a multi-band frequency usage of the array. Most of the previous work done in this area deals with fractal arrays in which the distance between the elements is some fractal function (like the Cantor set), whereas their amplitude is constant. This work, on the other hand, deals with uniformly spaced elements, whereas the elements amplitude distribution is a fractal function. We use the iterated function system (IFS) method to produce fractals. The IFS is only one-of-many methods available to produce fractals, but it is probably the one most commonly used in image and signal processing. This is mainly because it can lead to an automated method for fractal encoding of signals. The use of the IFS enables one to create fractal arrays with many degrees of freedom. These free parameters can then be determined so as to meet specific design parameters.
Paradigm lost: race, ethnicity, and the search for a new population taxonomy

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently recommended that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reevaluate its employment of "race," a concept lacking scientific or anthropological justification, in cancer surveillance and other population research. The IOM advised the NIH to use a different population classification, that of "ethnic group," instead of "race." A relatively new term, according to the IOM, "ethnic group" would turn research attention away from biological determinism and toward a focus on culture and behavior. This article examines the historically central role of racial categorization and its relationship to racism in the United States and questions whether dropping "race" from population taxonomies is either possible or, at least in the short run, preferable. In addition, a historical examination of "ethnicity" and "ethnic group" finds that these concepts, as used in the United States, derive in part from race and immigration and are not neutral terms; instead, they carry their own burden of political, social, and ideological meaning.
El arte de vituperar

En el presente articulo, Jean Franco analiza El desbarrancadero y El don de la vida para establecer un contraste entre los lamentos de Vallejo. Franco reconoce que en estas dos obras Vallejo pasa del elogio de lo humano, materializado en el amor hacia su hermano Dario, al lamento descarnado por la perdida de la humanidad entera. La autora utiliza el cambio de marco de Vallejo y el estilo del 'memento mori' para reflexionar sobre lo que sigue siendo tan provocativo de la obra de Vallejo.
Differential Geometry of Submanifolds of Projective Space

These are lecture notes on the rigidity of submanifolds of projective space “resembling” compact Hermitian symmetric spaces in their homogeneous embeddings. The results of [16, 20, 29, 18, 19, 10, 31] are surveyed, along with their classical predecessors. The notes include an introduction to moving frames in projective geometry, an exposition of the Hwang-Yamaguchi ridgidity theorem and a new variant of the Hwang-Yamaguchi theorem.
Application of Models from Epidemiology to Metrics for Computer Virus Risk

One aspect of maintaining integrity in information systems is establishing an organizational environment that will prevent the damage caused by external agents. One particularly insidious such agent is the computer virus. It can alter data often without the owner or user of that data being aware. Establishing such an environment can often rely on the availability of metrics for organizational characteristics associated with harm to data integrity. This paper will focus on the development of organizational metrics for the threat of computer viruses. It is expected that many of these metrics will apply to other threats to data integrity although we have not pursued that line of research.
Teaching NeuroImages: Upright-supine test to evaluate vertical diplopia

A 36-year-old woman presented with vertical diplopia, nausea, and disequilibrium. Maddox rod testing was performed in the upright and supine positions (figures 1 and 2).
Effects of five southern California macroalgal diets on consumption, growth, and gonad weight, in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Consumer growth and reproductive capacity are direct functions of diet. Strongylocentrotid sea urchins, the dominant herbivores in California kelp forests, strongly prefer giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), but are highly catholic in their ability to consume other species. The biomass of Macrocystis fluctuates greatly in space and time, and the extent to which urchins can use alternate species of algae or a mixed diet of multiple algal species to maintain fitness when giant kelp is unavailable is unknown. We experimentally examined the effects of single and mixed species diets on consumption, growth and gonad weight in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Urchins were fed single species diets consisting of one of four common species of macroalgae (the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica, and the red algae Chondracanthus corymbiferus and Rhodymenia californica (hereafter referred to by genus)) or a mixed diet containing all four species ad libitum over a 13-week period in a controlled laboratory setting. Urchins fed Chondracanthus, Macrocystis and a mixed diet showed the highest growth (in terms of test diameter, wet weight and jaw length) and gonad weight, while urchins fed Pterygophora and Rhodymenia showed the lowest. Urchins consumed their preferred food, Macrocystis, at the highest rate when offered a mixture, but consumed Chondracanthus or Macrocystis at similar rates when the two algae were offered alone. The differences in urchin feeding behavior and growth observed between these diet types suggest the relative availability of the algae tested here could affect urchin populations and their interactions with the algal assemblage. The fact that the performance of urchins fed Chondracanthus was similar or higher than those fed the preferred Macrocystis suggests that the availability of the former could could sustain growth and reproduction of purple sea urchins during times of low Macrocystis abundance as is common following large wave events.
Geochemistry, geochronology, and petrogenesis of a Late Precambrian (∼ 590 Ma) composite dike from the North Eastern Desert of Egypt

Late Precambrian (575–600 Ma) igneous activity in the North Eastern Desert of Egypt produced large volumes of compositionally bimodal magmas. A single composite dike was studied to further examine petrogenetic relationships between andesitic and rhyolitic melts. The dike consists of 1.5–2 m of andesite on either side of a 5–6 m wide rhyolite core. Contact relations indicate that the andesite and rhyolite simultaneously existed as porphyritic liquids. Wholerock Rb-Sr dating indicates an age of 591 Ma, but with considerable scatter. Andesite and rhyolite had similar initial87Sr/86Sr of 0.7032±2, indicating derivation from a low Rb/Sr source, either the upper mantle, very young upper crust, or depleted lower crust. The composition of the andesites on either margin cannot be distinguished; these are very similar to andesites of the Dokhan Volcanics of similar age. Correspondingly, the rhyolite is compositionally similar to the epizonal Pink Granites. This dike and others like it represent hypabyssal feeders for the extrusive and shallow intrusive members of the North Eastern Desert bimodal suite. Major and trace element studies of the dike rocks show no evidence of mixing. With the exception of the alkaline earths, there is no evidence of diffusional transport across the rhyolite-andesite contacts. REE patterns indicate that petrogenesis of the andesite must have left a garnetiferous residue: either ⩽ 10% melting of LREE-enriched garnet lherzolite or ⩽ 25% melting of eclogite, followed by a small amount of shallow fractionation. Petrogenesis of the rhyolites remains enigmatic. Partitioning of trace elements and different plagioclase compositions in andesite and rhyolite argue against an origin by liquid immiscibility. Major and trace element models indicate that the rhyolite formed by fractional crystallization of the andesite or by anatexis of young amphibolite-facies crust.
100Rh pac study of the critical region of Co: The lessons learned

Observations of hyperfine fields over 295<T<1330 K and relaxation spectra above Tc demonstrate the feasibility of measuring static and dynamic critical exponents with sources of100PdCo. These PAC experiments promise to clarify current discrepancies between measured exponents and theory in Co once source contamination problems are resolved.
Reduction of ketones in liver cytosol.

1. The predominant site for the hepatic reduction of aromatic and aliphatic ketones is the cytosol.2. Compounds in which at least one aromatic ring is adjacent to the carbonyl group are reduced to aryl-alkyl or aryl-aryl carbinols in NADPH-requiring reactions, whereas either NADH or NADPH serves as cofactor in the analogous reaction with aliphatic ketones.3. Acetophenone reductase activity is not enhanced in liver cytosol after treatment of rats with phenobarbital.4. Ketone reductase activity was found in the cytosol fractions of some non-hepatic tissues, particularly in that of kidney.
Global imaging of Mars by Hubble space telescope during the 1995 opposition

Hubble space telescope (HST) imaging of Mars near the 1995 opposition resulted in excellent synoptic-scale images of the planet during the spring season in the northern hemisphere. Because this season coincides with the aphelion position of Mars in its orbit, it is therefore the most difficult for ground based observation because of the relatively small angular size of Mars. This is the first sequence of images fully utilizing the capability of the new Planetary Camera to produce global synoptic images of the planet. The images reveal bright, discrete clouds associated with topographic features superimposed on a zonal band of condensate clouds between latitudes -10° and 30° ; the maximum violet optical depth of the cloud band is about 0.3. In a few instances, the appearance of clouds beyond the morning terminator can be used to infer cloud heights of roughly 8 km. A large, dark albedo feature in the Cerberus region, observed for many years by ground-based observers, has almost disappeared in the 1995 HST images. Other aspects of Mars, such as the north polar cap, appear much as they did during previous oppositions. Although cloudy regions were observed by spacecraft during this season, the HST images uniquely reveal the global extent of significant optical depth clouds.
Maritime interdiction in Sri Lanka's counterinsurgency

A comprehensive maritime interdiction strategy to attack the insurgent's logistic system was a key element in the defeat of the Tamil Tigers. The campaign of maritime interdiction required the Sri Lankan Navy (SLN) to attack LTTE arms smuggling, sea piracy, and maritime terrorism. The SLN degraded the insurgency's robust maritime logistical network while also devising tactics to engage the maritime insurgents who reacted with swarm and suicide boat tactics. The efforts of the SLN forced the Tamil Tigers to confront the government's final land offensives with diminished resources, thus collapsing a three decades’ old insurgency in a matter of months.
Abstract A13: A combinatory treatment targeting CD25+ regulatory T cells and CTL-associated antigen-4 blockage enhanced anti-tumor immunity in the HLA-DR transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer

Abstract It is clearly established that the successful cancer immunotherapy will critically depend on the overcoming tolerance to “self” and negative immunoregulatory mechanisms. We have recently described a novel model of prostate cancer in double transgenic mice expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR ( HLA-DRB1*1501(DR2b) ) and human prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a “self” antigen. In DR2bxPSA F1 mice, immunological tolerance to the transgenic mouse adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAMP) tumor cells expressing PSA was established in a context of a “permissive” HLA-DR2b allele, and could be reversed by depleting CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) prior to tumor inoculation. Several studies suggested that simultaneous targeting of both Tregs and negative regulatory pathway mediated by the T-cell inhibitory receptor CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) may potentiate anti-tumor immune responses. We studied the effect of the combinatory treatment with anti-CD25 mAb and anti-CTLA-4 mAb on the growth of TRAMP-PSA tumor cells in DR2bxPSA F1 male mice. Single administration of anti-CD25 mAb (clone PC61) three days prior to tumor inoculation significantly increased PSA-specific CD8 T cell responses to the TRAMP-PSA tumor cells and delayed tumor growth compared to mice treated with isotype control antibodies. Similarly, treatment with anti-CTLA-4 mAb (clone 9D9) administered on days 3, 6 and 9 after tumor inoculation also significantly increased the levels CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ in response to the immunodominant H-2D b -restricted epitope PSA 65–73 and delayed tumor growth. A combinatory treatment with both anti-CD25 and anti-CTLA-4 mAbs further enhanced anti-tumor immunity and caused a more profound delay in the tumor growth compared to each treatment alone. There were no tumor-free survivors among mice treated with anti-CD25 mAb alone (0 out of 21 mice), while 2 out of 21 mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 mAb alone (9.5%) and 3 out of 10 mice treated with a combination of anti-CD25 and anti-CTLA-4 mAbs (30%) survived tumor-free. Mice that survived a primary tumor challenge for 20 weeks demonstrated strong polyfunctional CD8 T cell memory responses to the secondary challenge with TRAMP-PSA tumors that was characterized by the significantly increased levels of PSA-specific IFN-γ+TNF-α+ CD8 T cells. Our data suggest that a combinatory treatment targeting Tregs and CTLA-4-mediated inhibitory pathways may be a promising approach for the prostate cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Elena N. Klyushnenkova, Richard B. Alexander. A combinatory treatment targeting CD25+ regulatory T cells and CTL-associated antigen-4 blockage enhanced antitumor immunity in the HLA-DR transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A13.