cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-author network analysis of human-centered design for development

Human-centered design (HCD) offers a systematic approach to innovation practice, driven by customer research and feedback throughout the design process. Within the community of engineers and researchers who engage in design for global development, interest in HCD has grown in the past decade. In this paper, we examine the human-centered design for development (HCD+D) academic community to better understand the interactions between researchers. By building and evaluating a co-authorship network from a dataset of HCD+D papers, in which the nodes are researchers and the connecting links are co-authorship relationships, we provide a decade-long benchmark to answer a variety of questions about collaboration patterns within this emerging field. Our analysis shows that most HCD+D authors publish few papers and are part of small, well-connected sub-communities. Influential authors that bridge separate communities are few. HCD+D is emerging from disparate disciplines and widely shared scholarship across disciplines continues to be developed. Influential authors in HCD+D play a large role in shaping HCD+D, yet there are few authors that are in a position to connect and influence collaborative research. Our analysis gives rise to several implications including an increased need for cross-disciplinary collaboration and the need for a stronger core of HCD+D practitioners.
Language and Cognitive Assessment of Black Children

Publisher Summary Assessment procedures that use standard English as normal referents against which language problems are measured are inappropriate for black English speakers. The two most widely used assessment procedures involve standard and nonstandard elicitation methods. Both methods are broadly represented by many different procedures and tests that have standard English in common as the referent for normalization. This chapter discusses alternatives to the traditional assessment procedures. The proposed assessment strategies should not be viewed as appropriate only to black children, but they are suggestions that take language and cognitive dimensions unique to black children into consideration. Clearly, black children are more like children of other ethnic and cultural backgrounds than being different. Thus, the proposed strategies for assessment integrate principles that are more or less universally appropriate with those that are dialectically specific to black children
Functional Skills Training for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

With the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (originally titled the Education for All Handicapped Children Act) and the advent of normalization as a guiding philosophical premise and deinstitutionalization as prevalent public policy in the 1970s, monumental changes in the provision of services to individuals with mental retardation and similar developmental disabilities occurred. Importantly, individuals who might have once been placed in large state operated institutions at birth or shortly thereafter remained living at home and began attending public schools. At school, children with mild mental retardation often were exposed to a simplified version of the regular education curriculum (Heward, 1996). Children with more severe retardation were often exposed to a curriculum that was based on normal child development or a readiness model (Wilcox & Bellamy, 1982). Within the developmental model individuals were taught skills in the order in which they emerged in children without disabilities in the belief that those early skills were prerequisite or necessary for the attainment of skills typically learned by children later. Unfortunately, data collected on the postschool outcomes of individuals with disabilities, including mental retardation and related disabilities, revealed that they were not making transitions to adult life successfully (McDonnell, Wilcox, & Hardman, 1991). There were high rates of unemployment, with those who were employed working less than full time. Most lived with parents or
Nonprofit Merger: Proactive Nonprofit Restructuring

This study examines a 2003 merger between two prominent 501c(3) education advocacy and service organizations in Rhode Island. A case study of this merger reveals that these organizations merged not primarily as a defensive reaction to financial challenges, an account consistent with resource dependency theory, but because of the merging organizations' realization that conditions were right for proactive strategic restructuring that could make the resulting nonprofit a more effective social change agent. The merger process was aided by several key factors. First, a passionate "champion" board member with ties to both organizations facilitated the merger. Second, creative solutions were devised to reconcile the merging organizations' stark differences in organizational culture. Also, the anticipated roles members of the merging organizations would play in the new organization were clearly defined during merger negotiations, mitigating post-merger conflict. The findings also suggest that it is unclear whether the increased frequency of nonprofit mergers is generally a positive or negative for the sector as a whole; while there may be reductions in service-delivery quality in markets monopolized by one nonprofit, nonprofit mergers can also act as a counteragent to mission drift, making service-delivery and organizations more efficient and effective. Finally, this study's findings regarding donors' reactions to the merger suggest the need for further research about how donor networks are affected by nonprofit restructuring.
Prevalence of malignant tumors at autopsy in Chilean children from Santiago, with particlar reference to leukaemia.

An investigation on the prevalence of cancer at autopsy in children from the city of Santiago was made. Autopsies were performed from 1945–1966. Of the 6431 autopsy cases, 142 (2.21%) showed cancer. Leukaemia (50.70%), intracraneal and other neural tumours (25.35%), and malignant lymphomas (14.08%) were the most frequent groups of childhood cancer. Leukaemia accounted for 1.12% of all autopsies, and showed a corrected male: female ratio of 1∶0.61. Acute leukaemia accounted for 42.95% of tumour cases.
Teaching client-driven software development

To teach the principles and practice of software development, there's no better motivator than a team project that can be completed in a semester, real-world clients will value, and other courses and clients can freely adapt. This paper considers a model for teaching software development that uses modern collaboration tools, open source, continuous client involvement, and teamwork as primary ingredients. The model is based on an extraordinary software development experience that occurred in Spring 2008. This paper describes that experience and suggests guidelines that enable similar courses to be taught in the future.
Factors Influencing How Intensive Care Unit Nurses Allocate Their Time

Spending time with the patient is essential for intensive care unit (ICU) nurses to detect clinical change. This article reports on an examination of factors influencing nurses' activity time allocation. Data were analyzed from a prospective time and motion study of medical ICU nurses. Nurse demographic data and observation, electronic locator technology, and electronic medical record log data were collected over 12 days from 11 registered nurses. Charlson Co-Morbidity Index and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were calculated for patient assignments. Nurses averaged 78.04 (SD = 47.85) min per patient on activities in the patient room. Years of ICU nursing experience and the patient's Charlson Co-Morbidity Index was significantly associated with time spent in the patient's room. Neither nursing education nor specialty certification was found to influence time spent in a patient's room. Using technology can advance understanding of nurses' time allocation leading to interventions optimizing time spent with the patient.
PVTMC: An All-Digital Sub-Picosecond Timing Measurement Circuit Based on Process Variations

Measuring timing signals of sub-picosecond has become an urgent need in today's high-speed electronics design. However, conventional timing measurement devices are either built with analog circuits that are hard to integrate with digital systems or differential delay-lines whose resolution is significantly impacted by the process variations of a circuit or environmental conditions. In this work, we present a novel all-digital timing measurement circuit: PVTMC, which for the first time, constructively leverages process variations to measure timing signals of sub-picosecond duration. We show that PVTMC achieves high resolution and robust performance against environmental fluctuations. A simple random search-based method is proposed to speed up the measurements and improve its accuracy. We also demonstrate that PVTMC is compatible with most prevalent CMOS technology nodes, as well as FPGA implementations due to the existence of process variations.
Culturally Appropriate Care

Culture may be one of the most important influences on nutritional and exercise patterns and is therefore a critical determinant of adolescent nutritional health. Nutritional health care for adolescents cannot be effectively delivered without a thorough understanding of their cultural context. To complicate matters, culture is always changing and adolescents are often the drivers of these changes, which means that there may be cultural differences between adolescents and their caregivers which affect the nutritional health of the whole family. This chapter will begin with an overview of several cultural elements that have a particularly high impact on adolescent nutritional health, including traditional beliefs about nutrition and health, gender roles, body image, general functioning with the health care system, and acculturation. Subsequently, the chapter will discuss how providers can increase their cultural awareness of their patients and families as they obtain nutritional histories, optimize communication with families, and develop culturally appropriate management plans for each adolescent.
Retrospective Review of Preoperative Radiofrequency Tag Localization of Breast Lesions in 848 Patients.

Please see the Editorial Comment by Sally H. Goudreau discussing this article. BACKGROUND. Advantages of radiofrequency tags for preoperative breast lesion localization include decoupling of tag pl...
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of AZ31 magnesium‑carbon fiber reinforced polymer joint obtained by friction stir interlocking technique

Abstract Friction Stir Interlocking (FSI) has been applied for joining dissimilar materials with different physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The FSI process combines friction stir welding with mechanical interlocking where two dissimilar sheets are joined in a lap configuration using a third body interlock. In the present study, AZ31 magnesium alloy and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with a thermoplastic matrix were lap joined through FSI with AZ31 interlocks. Microstructural characterization of the FSI joint showed that AZ31 magnesium sheet was mixed sufficiently with AZ31 interlocks, effectively joining CFRP to the AZ31 sheet. Lap shear tensile testing showed that the load capacity of FSI joints ranged from ~80–100 N/mm with fracture occurring within the CFRP around AZ31 interlocks. Finite element analysis was conducted to simulate the lap shear tensile testing for different FSI configurations. The simulation results are in good agreements with the experimental data and observations in terms of both load-displacement curve and CFRP fracture occurring path.
Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on the breeding world

Since the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, has been an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020, and COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic in March 2020. As of the beginning of October 2020, more than 35 million cases have been confirmed in the world and the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 is now over 1 million. Besides this dramatic situation regarding human fatalities, the world has been on hold since March 2020. As a consequence, the majority of our economic and social activities have been deeply impacted. This article will outline the consequences of this extraordinary crisis on animal breeding activities either during the lockdown period imposed by a large number of countries or in the longer term after the lockdown. In order to cover this topic properly in essential scopes that lead to genetic improvement, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic will be described first on research activities and then on routine activities.
A Call for Action: Conceptualizing Assets-Based Inclusive Design as a Social Movement to Address Systemic Inequities: An Assets-Based Inclusive Design Framework

Digital technologies shape how individuals, communities, and societies interact; yet they are far from equitable. This paper presents a framework that challenges the “one-view-fits-all” design approach to digital health tools. We explore systemic issues of power to evaluate the multidimensional indicators of Latino health outcomes and how technology can support well-being. Our proposed framework enables designers to gain a better understanding of how marginalized communities use digital technologies to navigate unique challenges. As an innovative and possibly controversial approach to assets-based design, we stress the importance of industry and academia self-reflection on their organization's role in the marginalization of communities in addition to valuing the lived experiences of marginalized communities. Through this approach, designers may avoid amplifying structural and health inequities in marginalized communities.
Fluorescein-aided resection of fusiform gyrus neurocysticercosis in a patient with medically refractory epilepsy localized to the anterior hippocampus: Case report and surgical technique

Abstract Background Neurocysticercosis is the leading cause of epilepsy worldwide. It occasionally requires neurosurgical intervention, but intraoperative localization can be challenging. Sodium fluorescein has yet to be explored in many non-neoplastic processes. Case Presentation A patient with medically refractory epilepsy was found to have a right temporal lesion consistent with neurocysticercosis. Seizure foci were localized to the ipsilateral hippocampus, prompting RNS implantation and lesion resection. The cysticercal lesion avidly fluoresced after intraoperative administration of sodium fluorescein, which promoted total resection. Conclusion This surgical case report describes the investigational use of sodium fluorescein for localization and resection of a non-neoplastic lesion in a safer and more precise manner. Further investigation could prompt wider clinical use.
Non-Surgical Treatment of Displaced Abomasum

I feel embarrassed to be here before you because what little I can offer on the subject of non-surgical treatment of abomasal displacement is classified by the finest as 90% quackery and 10% hope, and that doesn’t leave much to the scientific world! I did not originate this deal. I use it occasionally. I am not going to imply in the least that it should be used when you are confronted with a case of displaced abomasum and the client evaluates the cow for you as one of his best, and do your best, and this would be any one of the acceptable and highly successful surgical techniques.
Norovirus Protease Structure and Antivirals Development

Human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is a global health and economic burden. Currently, there are no licensed HuNoV vaccines or antiviral drugs available. The protease encoded by the HuNoV genome plays a critical role in virus replication by cleaving the polyprotein and is an excellent target for developing small-molecule inhibitors. The current strategy for developing HuNoV protease inhibitors is by targeting the enzyme’s active site and designing inhibitors that bind to the substrate-binding pockets located near the active site. However, subtle differential conformational flexibility in response to the different substrates in the polyprotein and structural differences in the active site and substrate-binding pockets across different genogroups, hamper the development of effective broad-spectrum inhibitors. A comparative analysis of the available HuNoV protease structures may provide valuable insight for identifying novel strategies for the design and development of such inhibitors. The goal of this review is to provide such analysis together with an overview of the current status of the design and development of HuNoV protease inhibitors.
Foreign Investment in Uruguay: A Law and Development Perspective

* Attorney with Mattos Filho e Suchodolski Advogados, Sfto Paulo, Brazil; LL.B, Montevideo Law School; LL.M. Harvard Law School. I owe a special debt to Vice Dean David N. Smith of Harvard Law School and to Assistant Dean Frederick E. Snyder of Harvard Law School. They provided both valuable comments and thoughtful supervision during the time I was preparing the monograph that is the basis of this article.
A lightweight virtual machine monitor for security analysis on Intel64 architecture

As the demand for system virtualization grows, so does the need to securely virtualize a wider range of underlying physical resources which can be shared among multiple guest OSs. Recently, hardware support for virtualization has become available on commodity processors, and is poised to replace software support. Intel and AMD, have rolled out hardware virtualization support in their current processors. In this paper, we discuss Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT-x) and present a lightweight Intel-based hardware-assisted virtual machine monitor (IAVMM) prototype, which can be used as a platform for security analysis and experimentation with the hardware-based virtualization technology.
The design and performance of a CORBA audio/video streaming service

Recent advances in network bandwidth and processing power of CPUs has led to the emergence of multimedia streaming frameworks, such as NetShow, Realvideo and Vxtreme. These frameworks typically rely on proprietary stream establishment and control mechanisms to access multimedia context. To facilitate the development of standards-based distributed multimedia streaming applications, the OMG has defined a CORBA-based specification that stipulates the key interfaces and semantics needed to control and manage audio/video streams. This paper makes two contributions to the study of CORBA-based distributed multimedia streaming frameworks. First, it describes the design and performance of an implementation of the OMG audio/video (A/V) streaming model based on TAO, which is a real-time CORBA ORB. Second, it describes the design mid performance of a distributed application that uses TAO's A/V streaming framework to establish and control MPEG video streams. Our experience with TAO's A/V streaming framework indicates that CORBA defines a flexible and efficient model for developing standards-based multimedia streaming applications.
Complexity Effective Bypass Networks

Superscalar processors depend heavily on broadcast-based bypass networks to improve performance by exploiting more instruction level parallelism. However, increasing clock speeds and shrinking technology make broadcasting slower and difficult to implement, especially for wide issue and deeply pipelined processors. High latency bypass networks delay the execution of dependent instructions, which could result in significant performance loss. In this paper, we first perform a detailed analysis of the performance impact due to delays in the execution of dependent instructions caused by high latency bypass networks. We found that the performance impact due to delayed data-dependent instruction execution varies based on the data dependence present in a program and on the type of instructions constituting the program code. We also found that the performance impact varies significantly with the hardware configuration, and that with a high latency bypass network, the processor hardware critical for near-maximal performance reduces considerably. We then propose Single FU bypass networks to reduce the bypass network latency, where results from an FU are forwarded only to itself. The new bypass network design is based on the observations that an instruction's result is mostly required by just one other instruction and that the operands of many instructions come from a single other instruction. The new bypass network results in significant reduction in the data forwarding latency, while incurring only a small impact (about 2% for most of the SPEC2K benchmarks) on the instructions per cycle (IPC) count. However, reduced bypass latency can potentially increase the clock speed. Single FU bypass networks are also much more scalable than the broadcast-based bypass networks, for more wide and more deeply pipelined future microprocessors.
Anti-combining for MapReduce

We propose Anti-Combining, a novel optimization for MapReduce programs to decrease the amount of data transferred from mappers to reducers. In contrast to Combiners, which decrease data transfer by performing reduce work on the mappers, Anti-Combining shifts mapper work to the reducers. It is also conceptually different from traditional compression techniques. While the latter are applied outside the MapReduce framework by compressing map output and then decompressing it before the data is fed into the reducer, Anti-Combining is integrated into mapping and reducing functionality itself. This enables lightweight algorithms and data reduction even for cases where the Map output data shows no redundancy that could be exploited by traditional compression techniques. Anti-Combining can be enabled automatically for any given MapReduce program through purely syntactic transformations. In some cases, in particular for certain non-deterministic Map and Partition functions, only a weaker version can be applied. At runtime the Anti-Combining enabled MapReduce program will dynamically and adaptively decrease data transfer by making fine-grained local decisions. Our experiments show that Anti-Combining can achieve data transfer reduction similar to or better than traditional compression techniques, while also reducing CPU and local I/O cost. It can even be applied in combination with them to greater effect.
Increased carbamazepine plasma concentrations after fluoxetine coadministration.

The interaction between fluoxetine and carbamazepine was investigated in six normal, healthy male volunteers (aged 23 to 40 years). Subjects were given carbamazepine, 400 mg every morning, for 3 weeks. Venous carbamazepine blood samples were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after the morning dose. Fluoxetine, 20 mg every morning, was then coadministered with carbamazepine for 7 days. Venous carbamazepine blood samples were again obtained as described. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZE) were assayed by HPLC. Addition of fluoxetine resulted in a significant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve of carbamazepine (105.93 +/- 18.05 micrograms/ml.hr versus 134.97 +/- 12.15 micrograms/ml.hr; t = 3.284; df = 5; p = 0.022) and CBZE (11.6 +/- 1.93 micrograms/ml.hr versus 15.2 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml.hr; t = 2.805; df = 5; p = 0.038). Both oral and intrinsic clearance of carbamazepine was decreased significantly on fluoxetine addition (3.87 +/- 0.68 L/hr versus 2.98 +/- 0.26 L/hr; t = 3.025; df = 5; p = 0.029 and 17.90 +/- 4.9 L/hr versus 11.92 +/- 1.4 L/hr; t = 3.037; df = 5; p = 0.029, respectively). No significant changes were determined for fraction of absorbed dose, volume of distribution, absorption rate constant, and elimination rate constant. These findings suggest that fluoxetine can inhibit the metabolism of carbamazepine. Careful monitoring of patients is recommended when these two drugs are coadministered.
Rods and cones in the mouse retina. II. Autoradiographic analysis of cell generation using tritiated thymidine

The period of cell genesis of rod and cone photoreceptor cells has been determined in the retinas of C57BL/6J mice. Embryonic mice were exposed to a single dose of 3H-thymidine at embryonic day (E) 10--18 by injecting pregnant mice intraperitoneally. Animals at postnatal ages were injected subcutaneously once between postnatal day (P) 0--10. The eyes were removed at one to three months of age. After fixation, they were embedded in glycol methacrylate, sectioned at 1.5 micrometers and prepared for autoradiographic analysis. All of the cone cells are generated over a relatively short time interval during the fetal period. In the posterior retina, the peak of cone cell genesis occurs at E13-E14, and no cones are generated after E16. The rods, by contrast, are generated later and over a longer time period. They first begin to be generated in the posterior retina on E13, but the peak of cell genesis is not reached until the day of birth, and some rods are generated as late as P5. For both rods and cones the peaks of cell genesis in the peripheral retina occur two to three days later than in the posterior retina. The findings demonstrate that rods and cones are developmentally distinct cell types in the mouse retina.
Statistical trend and change-point analysis of land-cover-change patterns in East Africa

This work presents a new four-tier hierarchical change-point algorithm designed to detect land-cover change from satellite data. We tested the algorithm using Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies GIMMS data for eastern Africa. Using a unique sequence of four statistical change-point detection methods, we identified significant increases or decreases in normalized difference vegetation index NDVI, estimated the approximate time of change, and characterized the likely forms of change i.e. linear trend, abrupt mean and/or variability change, and hockey-stick shaped change. Our method allows not just the identification of the change point but also the manner of change, and it can provide considerable insights into land-cover trajectories. In that sense, our approach has a significant advantage over other types of change-detection methods commonly reported in the remote-sensing literature. Although we demonstrated our algorithm using annual averages for coarse resolution data, our method can be easily adapted to finer spatial or temporal scale data, assuming assumptions of normality and independence are met. Overall, the changes detected by the algorithm are consistent with changes observed by other authors for the East Africa study area. We have demonstrated a powerful new tool for the detection of land-cover change using multi-temporal satellite data.
The mechanism of the crosslinking of epoxide resins by amines

Abstract Previous work on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between amines and epoxides is reviewed, and it is considered that a termolecular mechanism is to be preferred to a bimolecular mechanism. The hypothesis that these reactions proceed via a termolecular hydrogen-bonded transition state is treated kinetically, and is shown to be consistent with previously published work. Energies of activation and entropies of activation of some amine-epoxide polymerizations have been studied by isothermal gel-point measurements, and by the observation of temperature changes during crosslinking. The results are consistent with the conclusion that the transition state is hydrogen bonded. This mechanism, it is concluded, applies to amine-epoxide reactions under all conditions previously studied, and the second-order kinetics reported from studies on dilute aqueous and dilute alcoholic solutions may therefore not be regarded as diagnostic of a bimolecular reaction mechanism.
Nuclear null tests for spacelike neutrinos

Abstract Recently, a type of null experiment for spacelike neutrinos has been proposed. We examine in detail a class of null tests involving nuclear beta decay or capture in atoms and ions. The most promising candidate systems are identified.
Neutrophil enzyme activities in rheumatoid inflammation.

This study analyzed the neutrophils and sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of normal controls. No significant differences were found in the activities of the granular enzymesβ-glucuronidase and lysozyme or the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Normal neutrophils were found to release significant (P < 0.05) amounts of the granular enzymes, but not of LDH in response to immunoglobulin G aggregates. There was no difference in the percent release exhibited by rheumatoid versus control neutrophils. Studies delineating the effects of rheumatoid factor sera and normal sera on aggregateinduced enzyme release revealed a significant negative correlation between the amount of rheumatoid factor in the sera and the percent release ofβ-glucuronidase and lysozyme but not of LDH. These studies thus demonstrate no abnormalities in rheumatoid neutrophil or rheumatoid serum enzyme activities or in neutrophil response to immunoglobulin G aggregates. They suggest, however, that rheumatoid factor may partially inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes, thus suppressing this important component of the rheumatoid inflammatory process.
Geometric structures and stabilities of CuSin clusters (n=8,10,12)

Abstract The geometric structures and stabilities of CuSi n ( n =8,10,12) clusters were studied using a hybrid density functional method (B3LYP). Eight isomers were found for CuSi 8 , 21 isomers for CuSi 10 and five isomers for CuSi 12 . The stabilities of CuSi n can be well related to the stabilities of Si n . The Si frameworks are kept nearly unchanged and Cu is located at a substitutional site in many isomers of CuSi n , especially for CuSi 10 . The obtained results can be used to understand well the observations in mass spectrometric experiments. The high abundance of CuSi 10 in the experimental mass spectrum is attributed to the enhanced stability of CuSi 10 over neighboring clusters and the existence of a large number of low-lying isomers.
Prostate cancer trends in the era of prostate-specific antigen: An update of incidence, mortality, and clinical factors from the SEER database

Concurrent with the successful life-saving efforts in terms of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, some men who do not need treatment are receiving it. These are men destined to die of causes other than prostate cancer. Unfortunately, at diagnosis, men needing treatment for prostate cancer cannot be differentiated from men who do not. To make such decisions correctly for individual patients would require extremely precise measures of the time to death from prostate cancer versus when the patient would die from a competing cause. Predictive tools with this level of accuracy will never be available given the inherent uncertainty of life. At the time of prostate cancer diagnosis, the date and the cause of death for the patient are matters of weak statistical speculation. Unless the date of death from prostate cancer and the date of death from non-prostate cancer causes can be precisely determined for each patient, some men will always be overtreated or undertreated. Conservative strategies result in the undertreatment of some patients who would benefit from treatment while sparing other patients unneeded treatment. Aggressive strategies result in the overtreatment of patients who do not need therapy while curing other men of prostate cancer. Both strategies are correct, but only some of the time. Better methods of determining the length of life and cause of death may improve this situation, but not by much. [figure: see text] Dramatic shifts in the incidence, grade, stage, and age of men with prostate cancer have been observed with the advent of widespread PSA-based cancer detection in the United States. Grade and stage trends suggest that more biologically relevant (the shift from well-differentiated to moderately differentiated tumors) and yet therapeutically amenable (earlier stage) tumors have been identified in large numbers of patients during the PSA era. Clearly many men have been diagnosed and treated who will not benefit from such treatment. The relative mix of these two groups of men is not known. Given the long delay between treatment and mortality that is inherent in prostate cancer (Fig. 14), the full effects of treatment on prostate cancer mortality are probably not yet seen in prostate cancer mortality data.
Grb2 SH3 binding to peptides from Sos: evaluation of a general model for SH3-ligand interactions.

Abstract Background: Grb2 acts as an adaptor protein in the transduction of signals from receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras. It binds to phosphotyrosine on the cytoplasmic tail of cell-surface receptors via its central SH2 domain, and to its immediate downstream target, Sos, via two SH3 domains. The basis of the Grb2-Sos interaction is not fully understood. We previously proposed a model for SH3 domain binding specificity, based on two solution structures of the Src SH3 domain complexed with high-affinity ligands, in which the ligands are bound in a polyproline type II conformation in two distinct orientations, class I and class II. Here, we have used this model to predict the identity and orientation of Grb2 SI-13 ligands in the human Sos protein. Results: Six contiguous fragments from the carboxy-terminal portion of hSos (amino acids 1000–1333), each containing a single potential SH3 binding site, were expressed in E. coli as GST fusion proteins. Four of these proteins were predicted to associate with SH3 domains. The amino-terminal Grb2 SH3 domain was shown to bind strongly to only these four fragments. Conclusions: We have used a general model for SH3-ligand interactions to predict the nature of Grb2 SH3 interactions with the hSos protein. Comparison of the four hSos sequences that bind Grb2 revealed a preference for the PXXPXR motif, consistent with the predicted class II-type binding interaction. The interaction between Grb2 and hSos peptides is predominantly via the amino-terminal SH3 domain, although the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain may increase the overall stability of the Grb2-hSos complex.
Histochemical mapping of monoamine oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase in the pons and mesencephalon of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

SUMMARY The detailed distribution of lactate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxide has been described at various levels through the pons and mesencephalon of the brain of the squirrel monkey. A comparison of the two enzymes has given an interesting picture of their selective localization in the different nuclei. Particular attention has been paid to select sections at comparative levels. Marked monoamine oxidase activity has been observed in the nucleus interpeduncularis, the nucleus centralis superior, the nucleus annularis, and in the neuropil and in the cytoplasm of neurons of some other nuclei. Particularly strong lactate dehydrogenase activity has, however, been observed in the corpus geniculatum laterale and mediale, the nucleus pulvinaris, the superior and inferior colliculi, the substantia grisea centralis and some of the nuclei of cranial nerves.
Bags versus strings: Hadrons in type I and type II superconducting vacua

Abstract Two popular models for hadronic structure are bags and strings. Both involve analogies with superconductivity. We claim that the most appropriate analogies are type I superconductors for bags and type II superconductors for strings. The structures of hadrons is somewhat different for the two situations. In principle, and in practice in the real world, it is the similarities which are most important. These include linear confining potentials, linearly rising Regge trajectories and short-distance Coulomb potentials. These are all generic properties of bound states in a superconductor and the main distinctions between bags and strings is under what circumstances these limiting behaviors set in.
Prevalence of interpersonal violence against community-living adults with disabilities: a literature review.

Objective: To review the empirical literature on the prevalence of interpersonal violence (IPV) against people with disabilities. Method: The authors searched for, obtained, and reviewed 6,000 abstracts published between January, 2000 and August, 2010 via searches in PsycINFO and PubMed. Subsequently, 177 potentially applicable full-text articles were independently assessed for inclusion; 22 articles describing 21 individual studies were included in this review. Results: The prevalence of IPV varied depending on the time frame, the definition and type of violence, perpetrator, and disability. Prevalence of any type of IPV among women with disabilities ranged from 26.0%-90.0% for lifetime; 4.9%-29.1% for the past 5 years; and 2.0%-70.0% for the past year. In some studies, when compared to women without disabilities, women with disabilities experienced more lifetime, 5 year, and past year physical and sexual IPV. Prevalence of any IPV in men with disabilities ranged from 28.7%-86.7% for lifetime; 24.9% for the past 5 years; and 36.7% for the past year. Conclusions/Implications: IPV occurs at elevated and disproportionate rates among women and men with disabilities, especially when assessed over the course of their lives. Future research that relies on standard definitions of disability and violence, uses accessible measurement, and examines IPV in diverse populations of people with disabilities will strengthen future reviews and better inform research and policy priorities on disability and violence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
A Review of: “Neither Jew Nor Gentile: Exploring Issues of Racial Diversity on Protestant College Campuses. George Yancey.”: New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 200 pp. Hardback, $29.95.

As I read the book, Neither Jew Nor Gentile by George Yancey, I constantly thought about the practicality of what was discovered from his research. The author explored the shortage of students of e...
Measuring the success of recycling programs

Abstract Drawing from resource recovery unit operations research, a single-value-parameter reflecting both material recovery and purity considerations is suggested for calculating recycling program efficiency. Other measures of success are presented and data from a 1989 survey of over 1200 residential curbside recycling programs are used to assess the degree to which these measures are used. The ability of block leaders to estimate block participation rates is also explored. Two important measures of recycling program success which do not take into account purity considerations are presented, annualized per capita material recovery rate (MRR), and annualized per capita recycler material recovery rate (RMRR) as is the participation rate (PR). It is suggested that, in conjunction with the annualized per capita material availability rate (MAR), knowledge of PR and RMRR can be used to determine program recruitment strategy. If PR is low, program recruitment strategy should target non-recyclers. If RMRR is low compared to MAR, strategies should encourage participants to recycle a greater percentage of the available recyclable material. Survey results indicate that success measures MRR and PR are under-utilized and unstandardized. Block leaders appear to be able to estimate general levels of block participation, but not specific participation rates.
A macro-level analysis of SRL processes and their relations to the acquisition of a sophisticated mental model of a complex system☆☆☆

Abstract In this study, we used think-aloud verbal protocols to examine how various macro-level processes of self-regulated learning (SRL; e.g., planning, monitoring, strategy use, handling of task difficulty and demands) were associated with the acquisition of a sophisticated mental model of a complex biological system. Numerous studies examine how specific micro-level SRL processes such as judgments of learning or prior knowledge activation are related to learning outcomes. However, it is also valuable to look at these processes in macro-level aggregates because efficacy and use of micro-level strategies can vary due to individual differences. Two hundred and nineteen high-school and middle-school students produced think-aloud protocols while learning with a hypermedia environment. We transcribed and coded participants’ learning sessions for the use of micro- and macro-level SRL processes. Participants’ developmental level, prior knowledge, and monitoring behaviors were associated with posttest mental model sophistication. These results illustrate that monitoring is a key SRL process when developing an understanding of a complex science topic using hypermedia.
Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors in avian spinal cord: increases in apparent density associated with the sympathetic preganglionic cell column.

Vertebrate spinal cord receives a dense and diversified catecholaminergic innervation from brainstem and diencephalon. Within the spinal gray, the densest terminations appear to be within the neuropil surrounding sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in thoracic spinal cord. Results of recent iontophoresis investigations showed that several catecholamines and clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, uniformly inhibited the maintained discharge activity of SPNs [19]. These experiments raised the possibility that the inhibitory effects might be mediated by activation of an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor. The present series of ligand binding studies provide biochemical evidence suggesting the presence of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors in the SPN cell column. Total specific binding (Bmax) of the radiolabeled agonists clonidine (CLO) and para-amino-clonidine (PAC) (at concentrations above and below apparent KDs) was significantly greater in thoracic spinal cord in comparison with cervical spinal cord (P propranolol.
On eliminating deposition-induced amorphization of interfaces in refractory metal multilayer systems

Abstract Multilayer thin films with refractory metal components are susceptible to solid state amorphization. It is an objective to minimize this interfacial reaction in order to ensure smooth layering and compositionally abrupt interfaces. These features are desirable for maximum reflectivity in X-ray optic applications such as projection lithography as well as neutron supermirror applications. This goal is achievable when the deposition process is optimized to thermalize the sputtered neutrals. Low working gas pressures (below 5 m Torr) and large source-to-substrate distances (more than 12 cm) typically provide the proper conditions to form dense sputter deposits without adatom-induced, interfacial amorphization. The interfaces of Mo/Si and Ni/Ti multilayers are examined with high resolution electron microscopy for samples sputter deposited under thermalized conditions. It is shown to be possible to produce crystalline, refractory metal layers in the as-deposited structure without amorphous interfacial regions.
Abstract B5: CpG-siRNA conjugates: Overcoming cancer immunoresistance

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been proved to be an effective tool for treating diseases caused by gene expression abnormalities. However, clinical relevance of siRNA technology is compromised by multiple obstacles, such as lack of cellular specificity, low efficiency of cellular uptake and/or poor cytoplasmic release. We have previously demonstrated that natural capability of certain immune cells to recognize non-methylated CpG motifs in DNA oligonucleotides can be harnessed for cell-specific siRNA delivery. The siRNA molecules conjugated to CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-siRNA) are efficiently internalized and bind to the intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in human and mouse dendritic cells as well as in certain TLR9-positive tumor cells. We designed a CpG-siRNA targeting Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3), a transcription factor, which is constitutively activated in majority of mouse and human cancers. Oncogenic Stat3 signaling regulates cancer cell proliferation, survival and promotes tumor immunoresistance. We have previously shown that CpG-Stat3 siRNA can eliminate Stat3 signaling in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, resulting in potent antitumor immunity. In the current study, we investigated the intracellular mechanism of action of CpG-siRNA conjugates. We have demonstrated that internalized CpG-siRNAs are recruited into endosomes by dynamin-dependent mechanism and bind to endosomal TLR9 receptor. Further events include uncoupling of siRNA from the CpG moiety by Dicer endonuclease, and rapid translocation of siRNA to endoplasmic reticulum for recruitment into functional RISC (RNA interference silencing complex). We confirmed the target gene silencing both in vitro and in vivo, and proved that it occurs through RNA interference mechanism. Our current results indicate that downstream effectors of TLR9 pathway may be involved in RISC assembly and/or activation. Overall, the CpG-siRNA strategy provides a novel opportunity for overcoming cancer immunoresistance with translational potential for therapy of various malignancies.
Cross-correlations between low-γ nuclei in solids via a common dipolar bath

Abstract Correlation of chemical shifts of low-γ nuclei (such as 15 N) is an important method for assignment of resonances in uniformly-labeled biological solids. Under static experimental conditions, an efficient mixing of low-γ nuclear spin magnetization can be achieved by a thermal contact to the common reservoir of dipole–dipole interactions in order to create 15 N– 15 N, 13 C– 13 C, or 15 N– 13 C cross-peaks in a 2D correlation spectrum. A thermodynamic approach can be used to understand the mechanism of magnetization mixing in various 2D correlation pulse sequences. This mechanism is suppressed under magic-angle spinning, when mixing via direct cross-polarization with protons becomes more efficient. Experimental results are presented for single-crystalline and powder samples of 15 N-labeled N -acetyl- l - 15 N-valyl- l - 15 N-leucine (NAVL). In addition to the thermodynamic analysis of mixing pulse sequences, two different new mixing sequences utilizing adiabatic pulses are also experimentally demonstrated.
Radiation produces differential changes in cytokine profiles in radiation lung fibrosis sensitive and resistant mice

Recent research has supported that a variety of cytokines play important roles during radiation-induced lung toxicity. The present study is designed to investigate the differences in early cytokine induction after radiation in sensitive (C57BL/6) and resistant mice (C3H). Twenty-two cytokines in the lung tissue homogenates, bronchial lavage (BAL) fluids, and serum from 3, 6, 12, 24 hrs to 1 week after 12 Gy whole lung irradiation were profiled using a microsphere-based multiplexed cytokine assay. The majority of cytokines had similar baseline levels in C57BL/6 and C3H mice, but differed significantly after radiation. Many, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) were elevated significantly in specimens from both strains. They usually peaked at about 3–6 hrs in C57BL/6 and 6–12 hrs in C3H. At 6 hrs in lung tissue, G-CSF, IL-6, and KC increased 6, 8, and 11 fold in C57BL/6 mice, 4, 3, and 3 fold in the C3H mice, respectively. IL-6 was 10-fold higher at 6 hrs in the C57BL/6 BAL fluid than the C3H BAL fluid. MCP-1, IP-10, and IL-1α also showed some differences between strains in the lung tissue and/or serum. For the same cytokine and within the same strain of mice, there were significant linear correlations between lung tissue and BAL fluid levels (R2 ranged 0.46–0.99) and between serum and tissue (R2 ranged 0.56–0.98). Radiation induced earlier and greater temporal changes in multiple cytokines in the pulmonary fibrosis sensitive mice. Positive correlation between serum and tissue levels suggests that blood may be used as a surrogate marker for tissue.