cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of high-Tc superconductivity in low-dimensional materials

High-T/sub c/ superconductivity is due to the action of two mechanisms: (1) plasmon mechanism, i.e., exchange of two-dimensional (2-D) plasmons and (2) strong electron--phonon coupling. The low dimensionality and the small value of the carrier concentration make the plasmon mechanism favorable. The small value of the coherence length leads to a unique opportunity to observe a multigap structure. The proximity effect can be used in order to increase T/sub c/ of A-15 compounds.
VULNERABILITY OF THE SUBTERMINAL CHROMOSOMES OF CULTURED RAT MAMMARY CANCER CELLS TO ALTERATIONS.

SummaryPermanent lines of cells cultured from a 3-methylcholanthrene and a 7,12 -dimethylbenzanthracene induced rat mammary cancer have been obtained. Although the most common chromosome number of cells in both lines was the diploid number, the 3-MC line had many hypodiploid cells and the DMBA line had many tetraploid and hypotetraploid cells. Deviations from the normal rat karyotype were the rule even in diploid cells. The most common alteration was absence of subterminal chromosomes.
Mindfulness Meditation for Children

Mindfulness meditation has been described as a useful adjunct to behavioral and medical interventions in the effective management of a range of somatic symptoms, including abdominal pain and atopic dermatitis. Mindfulness approaches can be taught to children, adolescents, and their parents to help reduce stress processes that result from and/or exacerbate functional symptoms. Moreover, mindfulness parenting techniques can augment traditional behavioral approaches to improve children’s behavior through specific forms of mindful parent–child interactions. A growing body of empirical studies and clinical experience suggest that the incorporation of mindfulness meditation will enable clinicians to more effectively treat pediatric patients and their families in coping optimally with a range of challenging physical symptoms. This chapter provides a description of mindfulness approaches, theoretical mechanisms of action, literature review, a sample script for a beginning mindfulness exercise, and case studies.
Group Identities and Theories of Justice: An Experimental Investigation into the Justice and Injustice of Land Squatting in South Africa

In land controversies around the globe, the unfairness of the past confronts the fairness of the present as alternative conceptions of justice collide and conflict. South Africa represents a useful case for investigating such issues of transitional justice since the country faces a massive problem of squatting and land grabbing. Using a formal experiment embedded within a 2004 national survey of South Africans, I investigate the means by which ordinary people adjudicate conflicts among alternative principles of justice. The findings indicate that South Africans of every race judge evictions as more fair when squatters are extended procedural justice. Moreover, the group identities of blacks significantly structure their justice judgments, weighting some types of justice more heavily than others. Thus, this analysis yields important insights into the connection between group identities and how citizens apply multidimensional theories of justice to conflicts over historical land injustices.
Diesel Emissions: Is More Health Research Still Needed?

It can legitimately be asked whether we need any more research on the health effects of diesel emissions. However, despite a research effort spanning at least 5 decades and the generation of a huge literature, there are still key uncertainties about the health impacts of present and future diesel emissions. This article briefly characterizes current knowledge and information gaps, and then proposes some key issues requiring further research. These issues include the adjuvant effect, the bioactivity of inhaled emissions at realistic doses, the toxicity of aged diesel exhaust particles, the importance of ultrafine particulate emissions, the need to improve our ability to predict the impacts of changes in emissions, and the placement of diesel health risks in context regarding other exposures.
The Influence of Caregiver Depressive Symptoms on Proxy Report of Youth Depressive Symptoms: A Test of the Depression-Distortion Hypothesis in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes

Objective To test the depression-distortion hypothesis in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Methods In a sample of 187 youth with type 1 diabetes, caregivers completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI): parent proxy report. Youth completed the CDI. To test whether caregiver depressive symptoms (CES-D) moderated the proxy report of youth depressive symptoms (CDI:P), the CDI, CES-D, and their interactions were entered as predictors in to a regression analysis. Results The regression was significant, F (8,178) ¼9.26, p <.0001, R 2 ¼.29, and all three variables were significant predictors. Post-hoc probing of the interaction showed that caregivers with high CES-D scores reported high levels of youth depressive symptoms at both high and low levels of youth-reported depressive symptoms. In contrast, caregivers with low CES-D scores reported similar levels as the youth. Conclusions These results support the depression-distortion hypothesis in a pediatric chronic disease sample.
Support of mobile networks in B3G systems

We consider the problem of supporting moving in systems beyond 3G (B3G). We summarize the scope of problem, current solution approaches and the remaining challenges that need to be addressed.
“My God Wants Me to Live Simply”: The Constructed Selfhood of Faith-Based Simple Livers

This study examines how participants in the faith-based voluntary simplicity movement, referred to here as “Simple Livers,” draw on the complex interactions of ideology and emotions as they construct a moral identity focused on social change. Drawing on qualitative data from participant observation and interviews, I examine the use of moral repertoires—combinations of principles, practices, and feelings, including guilt, pride, and frustration, grounded in both the Christian faith and the tenets of voluntary simplicity. I engage with the new literature on lifestyle movements to argue that the moral repertoires of Simple Livers reinforce these ideologies, resulting in the construction of an over-conforming moral self.
Development and Phenotyping of Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) Populations for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

ABSTRACT The identification of molecular markers for economically significant traits should greatly improve the speed and efficiency of all peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs. Developme...
Psycholinguistic evidence for split intransitivity in Spanish second language acquisition

This study investigates the acquisition and on-line processing of unaccusative and unergative verbs in second language (L2) Spanish by English-speaking learners. It asks whether L2 learners make a syntactic distinction between the two verb classes and whether there is an effect of semantic subclass, in accordance with a semantic hierarchy. Participants were 35 native Spanish speakers and 44 English-speaking learners of Spanish ranging from intermediate to advanced proficiency. The main task was an on-line visual probe recognition task. Subjects read sentences on a computer screen and had to decide whether a word had appeared in the sentence. The results of this study showed that native speakers who scan their syntactic representations to find a word contained in a complex subject noun phrase recognized the word faster with unaccusative-verb sentences than with unergative-verb sentences, suggesting that the syntactic presence of a trace in unaccusative-verb sentences facilitates comprehension. The L2 learners showed a similar response pattern, confirming that they differentiated between the two classes of verbs. Analyses of reaction times by verb class indicated that not all of the verbs in each class were responded to consistently: some subclasses induced shorter reaction times than others.
Coarse woody debris and channel morphology interactions for undisturbed streams in southeast Alaska, U.S.A.

Coarse woody debris and channel morphology were evaluated for five low-gradient streams that ranged from first to fourth order (0.7 to 55 km2 watershed area). Debris volumes were directly related to variations in bankfull width. Woody debris was associated with 65 to 75 per cent of all pools and the relative proportion of types of pools (i.e. plunge, lateral scour, etc.) varied with stream size. High variability in channel depths and widths was common. The results provide benchmark values of woody debris loadings and channel morphology for undisturbed coastal Alaskan stream systems.
Cervical Spine Arthroplasty Biomechanics

The advent of cervical intervertebral disc replacement represents an exciting and new frontier in the treatment of myelopathy and discogenic pain. The goal of most disc arthroplasty designs is to attempt to approximate the normal spinal motion as much as possible. This survey article provides a general overview as to the goals of cervical disc replacement, the current state of knowledge concerning how these devices have been evaluated, and a commentary on future work that should be performed to characterize these devices fully.
New recessive syndrome characterized by increased chromosomal breakage and several findings which overlap with Fanconi anemia

We describe four cases with several findings of Fanconi anemia (FA), but without hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking that is the distinguishing characteristic of FA. Two of the cases are male and female sibs of Hispanic origin, age 6 years and 11 months, respectively. Both have short stature, failure to thrive, absent thumbs, short palpebral fissures, and skin pigmentation abnormalities. The girl also has developmental "dysplasia" of her hips. Presently, both siblings are hematologically normal. Elevated baseline chromosome breakage was observed in the boy, but not in the girl. Neither sib showed elevated diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced chromosomal breakage. In a subsequent pregnancy, prenatal studies showed slightly elevated baseline and DEB induced chromosome breakage (greater than normal, but lower than the established range for FA). The fetus had intrauterine growth retardation and an absent right thumb. A review of cases referred to the International Fanconi Anemia Registry for DEB testing showed one additional case with similar findings. That patient, a girl, of Caucasian English ancestry, age 14 years, had short stature, a history of failure to thrive, skin pigmentation abnormalities, absent right thumb, hypoplastic left thumb, and hydrocephalus that resolved spontaneously. Elevated baseline chromosome breakage was observed in skin fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. We postulate that these cases represent a previously undescribed autosomal recessive syndrome. These and other previously reported cases provide evidence for alternative genetic mechanisms that may result in developmental anomalies similar to those seen in FA.
Tolerance of switchgrass to extreme soil moisture stress: Ecological implications

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a native of eastern and central North America, is a leading candidate as a dedicated biofuel feedstock in the US due to its broad adaptability, rapid growth rate, and ability to grow in low production soils. To begin to characterize the important agronomic and ecological traits related to environmental tolerance of switchgrass, we evaluated fitness under stressful growing conditions. We assessed the germination, establishment, performance, and reproductive potential of four common accessions, both upland and lowland ecotypes, at various levels of soil moisture availability (moisture deficit to flooded) in the greenhouse. Seeds emerged and established (55–90% survival) under all soil moisture conditions (� 0.3 MPa to flooded). Transplants of lowland ecotypes performed as well in flooded conditions as in field capacity controls, though flooding reduced performance of upland ecotypes. Drought treatments (� 4.0 and � 11.0 MPa) reduced tiller length and number, leaf area, and biomass production by up to 80%. However, once established, all plants survived at � 4.0 MPa and had the same proportion of tillers in flower as at field capacity. The ability of switchgrass to germinate, establish, and flower in low moisture and flooded conditions, particularly lowland ecotypes, may increase the range of environments suitable for biofuel cultivation, and can serve as a baseline for further ecological studies and genetic improvement. 2009 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Ethyl Vinyl Chloride Vapocoolant Spray Fails to Decrease Pain Associated with Intravenous Cannulation in Children

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray on pain reported by children undergoing intravenous cannulation. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on eligible children between the ages of 9 and 18 years seen in a pediatric emergency department and requiring intravenous cannulation. Informed consent was obtained, and children were randomized to receive ethyl vinyl chloride spray, isopropyl alcohol spray, or no spray (control group). Patient demographics and information pertaining to each intravenous cannulation were recorded. Children indicated the degree of pain associated with intravenous cannulation on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) compared to a baseline pain score of "zero." Statistical analysis was performed by using Stata version 7. One hundred twenty-seven subjects were enrolled: 37 received ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray, 48 received isopropyl alcohol spray (placebo), and 42 received no pretreatment. Mean VAS scores for pain experienced during cannulation were 34, 33, and 31 mL for each group, respectively. Ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray failed to measurably reduce pain associated with intravenous cannulation when compared to those pretreated with isopropyl alcohol spray or receiving no intervention.
Native and unfolded cytochrome c--comparison of dynamics using 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy.

Unfolded vs native CO-coordinated horse heart cytochrome c (h-cyt c) and a heme axial methionine mutant cyt c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (Ht-M61A) are studied by IR absorption spectroscopy and ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy of the CO stretching mode. The unfolding is induced by guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl). The CO IR absorption spectra for both h-cyt c and Ht-M61A shift to the red as the GuHCl concentration is increased through the concentration region over which unfolding occurs. The spectra for the unfolded state are substantially broader than the spectra for the native proteins. A plot of the CO peak position vs GuHCl concentration produces a sigmoidal curve that overlays the concentration-dependent circular dichroism (CD) data of the CO-coordinated forms of both Ht-M61A and h-cyt c within experimental error. The coincidence of the CO peak shift curve with the CD curves demonstrates that the CO vibrational frequency is sensitive to the structural changes induced by the den...
Failure of volar locking plate fixation of an extraarticular distal radius fracture: A case report

Background Volar locking plates provide significant structural stability to the distal radius. Failure of a volar locked plating is a rarely reported complication in the literature.
Control of local actin assembly by membrane fusion-dependent compartment mixing.

Local actin assembly is associated with sites of exocytosis in processes ranging from phagocytosis to compensatory endocytosis. Here, we examine whether the trigger for actin-coat assembly around exocytosing Xenopus egg cortical granules is 'compartment mixing' — the union of the contents of the plasma membrane with that of the secretory granule membrane. Consistent with this model, compartment mixing occurs on cortical granule–plasma membrane fusion and is required for actin assembly. Compartment mixing triggers actin assembly, at least in part, through diacylglycerol (DAG), which incorporates into the cortical granule membranes from the plasma membrane after cortical granule–plasma membrane fusion. DAG, in turn, directs long-term recruitment of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) to exocytosing cortical granules, where it is required for activation of Cdc42 localized on the cortical granules. The results demonstrate that mixing of two membrane compartments can direct local actin assembly and indicate that this process is harnessed during Xenopus egg cortical granule exocytosis to drive compensatory endocytosis.
Numerical Study of Resonant Interactions and Flow Control in a Canonical Separated Flow

A novel numerical configuration has been devised in order to investigate active control of separated airfoil flows in a comprehensive and systematic manner. The configuration consists of a flat plate at zero degrees angle-of-attack in a freestream on which a separation bubble of prescribed size is created at a prescribed location through blowing and suction on the top boundary of the computational domain. Numerical simulations of this configuration show that these canonical separated airfoil flows exhibit three distinct characteristic time scales corresponding to the shear layer, the separation zone and the wake vortex shedding. The vortex dynamics associated with these distinct phenomena are described. Preliminary simulations of this flow subjected to zero-net-mass-flux perturbation are also presented.
FIRST-PRINCIPLES DETERMINATION OF CHAIN-STRUCTURE INSTABILITY IN KNBO3

A complete mapping in the Brillouin zone of the structural instability associated with the ferroelectric phase transitions of ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ has been obtained by first-principles calculations using a linear response approach. The wave-vector dependence of the instability reveals pronounced two-dimensional character, which corresponds to chains oriented along $〈100〉$ directions of displaced Nb atoms. The results are discussed in relation to models of the ferroelectric phase transitions.
Lust and Disgust: The Rhetoric of Abjection in the Spanish Immigration Films Bwana, Flores de otro mundo and Princesas

In Spanish films about immigration, the notion of abjection, manifested as filth, contamination and similar types of debasement, has often been associated with the immigrant Other striving for integration. As interpreted by Julia Kristeva, the abject is an ambiguous figure, one that resists facile categorization and defies fixed notions of identity. The purpose of this investigation is to explore how the immigrant Other, through visual and verbal rhetoric of abjection, is posited as a figure of both attraction and repulsion in Bwana (1996), Flores de otro mundo (1999), and Princesas (2005). In these films, the myth of Spanish homogeneity is challenged by representations of physical and cultural ‘contamination’, which signal the supposed encroachment of immigrant behaviour, dress and appearance on Spanish national identity, and force a re-evaluation and reconfiguration of what constitutes ‘Spanishness’.
Background and the Problems Surrounding Confidential Informants

Relying on human intelligence sources in police work when the person is untested takes a syllogistic form: Faith is belief in things that are hoped for, but for which evidence does not exist; untested informants possess no evidence of veracity or reliability; therefore, a police agency that deploys an untested informant operates on faith in the informant’s veracity and reliability. This is a very precarious territory! Problems that arise may be linked to the informant’s integrity, or policy deficiencies that implicate a lack of control over the informant, which eventually fosters an organizational accident. Aside from the implications for criminal trials, misusing confidential informants (CIs) has also been costly for agencies involved in civil litigation arising primarily from Fourth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment violations. Without a documented history of testing the informant’s integrity before the informant is deployed, a police officer risks introducing biased, inaccurate, or perjured information at trial, which contaminates the search for truth and vitiates the judicial process.
Photon correlations in the homodyne detection of squeezed light

When the squeezed and highly bunched light from the DPO interferes with the coherent field of a local oscillator (LO), the superposed field can exhibit a rich variety of nonclassical photon correlations [1]. We show that these nonclassical correlations are a result of conditioned interference between the light from the DPO and the LO.
Intracerebroventricular CART peptide reduces rat ingestive behavior and alters licking microstructure

Intracerebroventricular administration of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides reduces food intake and increases c-Fos in brain areas involved in the control of feeding. To discern behavioral mechanisms through which CART alters the microstructure of feeding, we injected CART-(55--102) (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 microg, and saline controls) into the lateral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats 5 min before dark onset and, using lickometers, monitored the ingestion of an Ensure liquid diet for the first 6 h of dark. At a threshold dose of 1 microg, CART dose dependently 1) decreased intake of Ensure in licks; 2) decreased meal size, but did not alter meal duration or number; 3) reduced initial lick rate of meals; and 4) significantly reduced burst number, licks/burst, and licks/cluster. CART dose dependently increased interlick interval (0.5 microg threshold, 192 +/- 4 vs. 183 +/- 3 ms, control; 1 microg: 201 +/- 1 ms; 2 microg: 214 +/- 6 ms). These data suggest that altered oral motor function, and possibly palatability perception, may be fundamental to the anorexigenic action of CART.
Collapse of crucial resources and culture change : A model for the woodland to oneota transformation in the upper midwest

The Driftless Area of the Upper Midwestern United States offers a case study for the transition from hunter-gatherer (Late Woodland Effigy Mound) to agricultural (Oneota) societies between ca. A.D. 950 and 1150, a period that coincided with northward expansion of Middle Mississippian cultures from the American Bottom. Previous studies have not adequately explained the regional disappearance of Effigy Mound cultures, the appearance of Oneota cultures, or the cultural changes that occurred during this period. Our analysis considers ecological (deer and firewood) and cultural (population packing, community organization, hunting technology, and warfare) factors to develop a testable model applicable to broader regions. We propose that increasing Late Woodland populations reached the region's "packing threshold," disrupting a flexible seasonal round based on residential mobility and triggering shortages of two essential resources, white-tailed deer and firewood, which in turn led Late Woodland groups to abandon vast portions of the Driftless Area. The intrusion of Middle Mississippian peoples from the south created additional disruption and conflict. Remnant Woodland and Mississippian peoples amalgamated briefly in the region's first villages, which were palisaded. After A.D. 1150, Oneota cultures emerged, reoccupying specific localities in clustered settlements.
Fitness components associated with laying date in the cliff swallow

We report how clutch size, annual reproductive success, and annual survival of breeders and offspring vary with laying date in Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, from 1982-1993. Clutch size declined significantly across the season for both parasite-free (fumigated) and naturally infested nests. Larger clutches of 4 and 5 eggs were initiated significantly earlier in warm and dry seasons; laying dates for smaller clutches showed no relationship with weather. Incubation period declined significantly with laying date and was shorter in the absence of ectoparasites. Fledging success declined significantly with laying date in nonfumigated nests, primarily through greater loss of nestlings to parasitic swallow bugs (Oeciacus vicarius). First-year survival probabilities of offspring varied significantly with date among nonfumigated nests but not among fumigated nests; earlier-hatched young survived best in some years, and in other years intermediate- or late-hatched young had highest survival. Number of young locally recruited was highest for early nesters in 5 of 7 years with intermediate nesters doing best in the remaining years. Annual survival of female breeders increased with laying date, suggesting a benefit to late nesting and a potential life history trade-off between reproduction and adult survival. Nestling body mass did not vary with laying date, suggesting no decline in food availability over the summer. Female body mass prior to and during laying declined significantly with laying date but during brood rearing increased significantly with laying date. Female body mass had no significant effect on clutch size independent of laying date. The primary environmental factor causing the seasonal decline in reproductive success is ectoparasitism. A seasonal decline in clutch size may be a strategic adjustment to reduce ectoparasitism by lowering the parasite carrying capacity per nest. Greater apparent survival of late-nesting females may prevent directional selection for earlier breeding times in Cliff Swallows.
Application of Campbell Measurement/Control Module to Testing System of Wind Power

Both the importance of testing projects in the wind power fields and the problems being faced are described in the paper. Through selecting one advanced measurement/control module, processing hardware and programming software, a new wind power testing system is constructed. After a real testing in one wind turbine units, the advantage and advancement of the system are verified.
On Stability of Islanded Operation of Yunnan-Guangdong UHVDC Project

Firstly,according to the especial status of the islanded operation of Yunnan-Guangdong UHVDC,special stability criteria are proposed for the islanded operation.Secondly,static voltage stability problems are analyzed,static voltage stability margin index is presented,and stability limits and margins are calculated for typical islanded operation conditions.Thirdly,system responses of the islanded system to N-1,N-2,and other severe faults of lines and generators are studied and its transient voltage and frequency stability characteristics are generally discovered.Finally,suggestions on stability enhancement and security operation for islanded operation are proposed.
A User Friendly Guard with Mobile Post-Release Access Control Policy

Information security guards perform an important function in multilevel security (MLS) environments. To perform their functions correctly, guards must contain data release and sanitization rules that accurately reflect the reclassification or declassification requirements to move data across information security boundaries. The current guards, however, require considerable technical skill to express release and sanitization rules, which data producers typically do not possess. Another limitation of the current guards is that once the data passes through a guard, all access control requirements to that data is lost. In this paper, we propose a high-level language to express release and sanitization rules, as well as post-release access control rules. We also describe a prototype that demonstrates the applicability of our approach.
A Better Mobilization Regimen for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients

Abstract Abstract 4051 Introduction: What constitutes an acceptable mobilization regimen for collecting CD34+ cells depends on whether the goal of collection is to obtain a minimum number versus optimal number of cells. When treating patients with high-risk myeloma it may be important to obtain an optimal number. Here we compare retrospectively our earlier mobilization regimen, VTD-PACE, with MVTD-PACE in newly diagnosed, previously untreated multiple myeloma patients. Materials and Methods : We reviewed data for all patients who collected hematopoietic progenitor cells on Total Therapy protocols TT3a/TT3b with VTD-PACE (n=394) from February 2004 to September 2008 (138 females and 256 males, median age 59y; range 31–75), and on TT4/TT5 with MVTD-PACE (n=188) from August 2008 to May 2011 (78 females and 110 males, median age 61y, range 30–76). Based on their predicted first day collection with a large volume leukapheresis (30L processed), using our center’s predictive formula (Blood 2010; 116(21):1182a), patients were stratified into 4 mobilizer types: poor ( 10 to 20×106) and excellent (>20×106). Variables examined included number of CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 1 and day 2 of collection (we have a minimum 2 day collection requirement), number of collection days to reach our minimum goal of 20×106 CD34+ cells/kg, and total CD34+ cells/kg collected for both chemotherapy groups. Variables for both groups stratified by mobilizer type were compared using two-tailed student’s t-tests, except for the poor mobilizer group, where population size was too small for formal statistical analyses (VTD-PACE n=7, MVTD-PACE n=4), although averages were calculated. Results : There was no significant difference between VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE for CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 1 of collection among the excellent [mean 368.9 (n=184) vs. 434.6 x106 (n=92); p-value 0.07], good [mean 138.6 (n=102) vs. 128.6 x106 (n=40); p-value 0.19], and intermediate [mean 60.1 (n=100) vs. 55.9 x106 (n=52); p-value 0.39] groups. A statistically significant difference between VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE was found for CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 2 of collection for excellent mobilizers [mean 333.8 (n=184) vs. 460 ×106 (n=92); p-value Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Conclusions and Recommendations Moving Forward in the Arena of Fatal Child Maltreatment

This chapter provides recommendations for change in the larger social welfare and legal systems to help prevent instances of fatal child maltreatment. A comprehensive model of prevention includes the following: (1) defining and monitoring the identified problem; (2) identifying risk and protective factors; (3) providing evidence that the identified problem is linked to poor outcomes; (4) using evidence to develop and test prevention approaches; and (5) ensuring widespread adoption. Despite three decades of effort, time, attention, and resources, we are still in the early stages in each of these areas in the prevention of fatal child maltreatment. This chapter provides recommendations for change in the areas of the research, the child welfare profession, child death review teams, safe haven legislation—that allows a parent to legally relinquish an infant, the criminal justice system, and child maltreatment prevention.
Building Dispositions and Self-Efficacy in Preservice Art Teachers

Teaching art well in the Conceptual Age requires more from preservice art teachers than knowledge and skills; candidates will need capacities that inspire joy, empathy, and innovation (Pink, 2006). Dispositions that contextualize these capacities come from the affective aptitudes of teachers’ inner lives where feelings, perceptions, and beliefs reside (Klein, 2008). This article offers a theoretical, research-based interpretation of findings from a preceding study that observed a positive relationship between teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy and sense of humor beliefs. Data collected from K–12 art teachers (N = 354) on auto-report scales measured perceptions of their humor on four dimensions and teaching self-efficacy on three dimensions. The findings, joined with an analysis of corroborating research, identify five teacher dispositions that intersect humor with self-efficacy. Teacher educators are urged to consider developing dispositions that strengthen preservice self-efficacy beliefs for success...
Favela Digital: The Other Side of Technology, by David Nemer

When I first opened Favela Digital, I thought: “They shipped me the wrong translation! This book is written entirely in Portuguese.” Though I quickly discovered that the Portuguese text was in an o...
Problems of Equilibrium in the Introductory Stage of Comprehensive Economic Reform (1985–1986)

In the interest of a smooth introduction of the comprehensive economic reform, with its emphasis on the urban economy, and particularly on reform of the management of state enterprises, the State Council and the central economic management organs issued a number of preliminary instructions, circulars, decrees, and legal rules. All of them were aimed at facilitating the start of the reform on January 1, 1985. Some of them have already been mentioned or reviewed in the preceding chapter (e.g., replacement of the delivery of profits by profit taxation, the further expansion of autonomy of state enterprises, some temporary measures to improve the planning system). We have not yet mentioned the preliminary measures affecting the reform of the financial and credit system, or the labor and wages system, which were in some form linked to the above measures or to the complex reform experiments carried on in the cities earmarked for the purpose. Nor have we mentioned the preliminary measures related to the planned comprehensive reform of the price system, necessitated partly by the reform of agriculture and the rural economy, partly by the reform of the turnover system, outlined above. In the context of the reform of the financial and credit system, separate mention should be made of the preliminary measures taken to reform the banking system, because some of these had an extremely negative impact on the financial equilibrium and the credit balance of the state banks that had developed by the time the comprehensive reform of the urban economy was to be introduced.
Reinhold Schairer and the Revival of the German Philanthropic Tradition from Weimar to the Federal Republic

Malcolm Richardson develops a case study of America’s influence on German philanthropy and civil society through the career of Reinhold Schairer. After working with the Red Cross in Denmark during the First World War, Schairer became a skillful administrator of student groups and helped to institutionalize exchange programs for German students in the United States. As codirector of the Abraham-Lincoln Foundation, he received grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and in a 1928 editorial urged Germany’s wealthy to follow the example of American philanthropists such as Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan. After 1933, Schairer emigrated—first to Denmark, then Britain, and he arrived in the United States in 1940, where he created the U.S. Committee for Educational Reconstruction and positioned himself for a postwar career in Germany. Drawing on these experiences, Schairer played a key role in postwar Germany as an advocate for philanthropy and civil society.
Leadership for Democracy

Leadership is usually conceived of as a top-down activity, exercised by formal leaders who hold positions of power. Yet, this view of leadership is fast becoming obsolete in a world where all have instantaneous access to information. Further, in a society where specialization proceeds rapidly, the top-down heroic vision of leadership is fast giving way to other visions of leadership where leadership is more distributed. This chapter offers templates for students to understand different leadership theories, as well as ways for students to take leadership roles in the classrooms with academic material. The chapter concludes by linking the ideas of leadership for democracy with relevant skills, dispositions and school climate attributes.
Varying evapotranspiration and salinity level of irrigation water influence soil quality and performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Abstract Increasing use of recycled water that is often high in salinity warrants further examination of irrigation practices for turfgrass health and salinity management. A study was conducted during 2011–2012 in Riverside, CA to evaluate the response of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ‘SR 4550’ turf to varying quality and quantity of irrigation water. A modified line-source sprinkler irrigation system provided a salinity gradient (ECw ∼0.6–4.2 dS m−1) in between lines. Irrigation was scheduled in four separate irrigation zones perpendicular to the irrigation lines according to 80, 100, 120, and 140% ETo. Changes in turf quality (R2 = 0.30***), were primarily driven by the number of days that the area had been irrigated with saline water. When data were separated by irrigation amount, both time and water quality accounted for 54% and 46% of the variability (P
DisTeam: A decision support tool for surgical team selection.

Objective Surgical service providers play a crucial role in the healthcare system. Amongst all the influencing factors, surgical team selection might affect the patients’ outcome significantly. The performance of a surgical team not only can depend on the individual members, but it can also depend on the synergy among team members, and could possibly influence patient outcome such as surgical complications. In this paper, we propose a tool for facilitating decision making in surgical team selection based on considering history of the surgical team, as well as the specific characteristics of each patient.
Phased Array Imaging of Complex-Geometry Composite Components

Progress in computational fluid dynamics and the availability of new composite materials are driving major advances in the design of aerospace engine components which now have highly complex geometries optimized to maximize system performance. However, shape complexity poses significant challenges to traditional nondestructive evaluation methods whose sensitivity and selectivity rapidly decrease as surface curvature increases. In addition, new aerospace materials typically exhibit an intricate microstructure that further complicates the inspection. In this context, an attractive solution is offered by combining ultrasonic phased array (PA) technology with immersion testing. Here, the water column formed between the complex surface of the component and the flat face of a linear or matrix array probe ensures ideal acoustic coupling between the array and the component as the probe is continuously scanned to form a volumetric rendering of the part. While the immersion configuration is desirable for practical testing, the interpretation of the measured ultrasonic signals for image formation is complicated by reflection and refraction effects that occur at the water-component interface. To account for refraction, the geometry of the interface must first be reconstructed from the reflected signals and subsequently used to compute suitable delay laws to focus inside the component. These calculations are based on ray theory and can be computationally intensive. Moreover, strong reflections from the interface can lead to a thick dead zone beneath the surface of the component which limits sensitivity to shallow subsurface defects. This paper presents a general approach that combines advanced computing for rapid ray tracing in anisotropic media with a 256-channel parallel array architecture. The full-volume inspection of complex-shape components is enabled through the combination of both reflected and transmitted signals through the part using a pair of arrays held in a yoke configuration. Experimental results are provided for specimens of increasing complexity relevant to aerospace applications such as fan blades. It is shown that PA technology can provide a robust solution to detect a variety of defects including porosity and waviness in composite parts.
Pulse position coded PDUs: A new approach to networking energy economy

This paper develops a brand new approach towards data transfer using position-modulated pulses. The core idea is to encode a data value in terms of the time gap between two transmitted pulses whose positions are modulated accordingly. It is shown that this concept allows sending a data value using significantly less number of pulses or logical bits as used in conventional packet-based transports. Significant savings may come from the fact that it does not require the large number of preamble bits needed for synchronization in packets. Fewer pulses can lead to reduced-energy overhead compared to packets. The framework is mainly targeted towards sensing applications in which energy is a premium. Building on this fundamentally new concept, methods are developed in this paper for: 1) pulse-based transport on transmit-only links, and 2) code compression to reduce the overall energy and transmission delay. Analytical models and extensive simulations have been performed for evaluating the performance of the system relative to comparable packet-based solutions.
Computational Linker Design for Highly Crystalline Metal–Organic Framework NU-1000

NU-1000 is a metal–organic framework (MOF) with Zr6(μ3–OH)4(μ3–O)4(OH)4(OH2)4 nodes (called Zr6 nodes) and tetratopic 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene (TBAPy) linkers. NU-1000 has pores of 31 A diameter, and it has smaller pores connected perpendicularly to these large pores; this nanoporous structure makes it suitable as a catalyst or a support for catalysis. However, as ordinarily synthesized, NU-1000 has disordered Zr6 nodes populated in its large pores, and this introduces nonuniformity into the crystal and complicates structural characterization. We have examined possible MOF morphologies composed of Zr6 nodes and TBAPy linkers, and we propose that the extra Zr6 nodes in the large pores of NU-1000 are structurally similar to those of an NU-901 phase, which differs from NU-1000 in the relative orientation of Zr6 nodes and the linker conformations. This polymorphism comes from two rotamers of the TBAPy linkers; in NU-1000 the benzoates at the 1 and 3 positions and the 6 and 8 positions are disrotator...
Call for cross-national research: how do students view their university?

“How do students view their own university?” The answer to this important but elusive question offers a welcome opportunity for cross-national research. In this two-part report, part one reviews the value of 360-degree feedback for educational institutions - why and how this may promote cross-national research. Part two offers a case study of research at Fordham University, examining a shift in student attitudes after the opening in 2016 of a new half-billion dollar Law School building in New York City.
Consistency of Continuous Ambulatory Interstitial Glucose Monitoring Sensors

Aims: The abdominal region is the most common location for continuous glucose monitor (CGM) sensor insertion. However, a paucity of post-marketing data is available to demonstrate intra-individual consistency of CGM readings at different abdominal insertion sites. Methods: Healthy adults (fasting glucose (FG) < 5.5 mmol/L; BMI < 30 kg/m2) were recruited and a CGM sensor was placed on each side of the abdomen. Postprandial and continuous 48-h interstitial glucose levels were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in the 3-h postprandial glucose (PPG) level derived from the left versus right CGM, which remained non-significant after adjusting for waist circumference or FG. Among the glucose levels recorded over 48-h, values on the left site were greater in 3.6% of the data points (p < 0.05). After adjusting for waist circumference, only 0.5% of the glucose values remained significantly greater on the left (p < 0.05). When adjusted for FG, similar results were observed. For both PPG and 48-h readings, the mean absolute relative difference was not significant between the two abdominal sites. Conclusions: CGM-derived glucose measures were highly consistent between the left and right abdomen during both the postprandial and post-absorptive periods.
Measurement of corneal epithelial permeability to fluorescein. A repeatability study.

Purpose. Permeability (P dc ) to sodium fluorescein (F ) is a characteristic of the barrier function of the corneal epithelium. The repeatability, of several in vivo fluorophotometric methods used to measure permeability in humans remains largely undocumented. This study examines the repeatability of a method based on topical instillation of a single drop of F for the quantitative assessment of P dc . Methods. Nine healthy subjects with no history of ocular disease provided 1 (n = 1), 2 (n = 1), or 3 (n = 7) repeated measurements of each eye at successive visits. After making 3 baseline fluorescence scans centrally through the tear film and cornea, 2 μl of 0.35% F were instilled and 10 fluorescence scans were obtained at approximately 2-minute intervals immediately after instillation. Subsequently, the eyes were rinsed three times with nonpreserved saline and four additional scans were performed. Results. P dc was calculated by dividing the baseline-corrected postrinse stromal fluorescence by the time integral of the tear film fluorescence calculated over the 20-minute exposure period. After applying a logarithmic transformation to the P dc estimates, a mixed-model analysis was used to assess measurement repeatability. On the P dc , scale, there is an estimated 95% chance that a second measurement could be as much as 2.88 times higher or 0.35 times lower than a first measurement. Conclusions. This substantial variability between repeated measurements indicates that the single-drop procedure is unreliable for monitoring individual patient changes. However, with careful sample size planning, this technique can be used in population-based research to compare differences in treatment effects between groups of subjects.
Machine Scheduling and Job Shop Scheduling

This chapter focuses on job shops. There are n jobs and each job visits a number of machines following a predetermined route. In some models a job may visit any given machine at most once and in other models a job may visit each machine more than once. In the latter case it is said that the job shop is subject to recirculation. A generalization of the basic job shop is a so-called flexible job shop. A flexible job shop consists of a collection of workcenters and each workcenter consists of a number of identical machines in parallel. Each job follows a predetermined route visiting a number of workcenters; when a job visits a workcenter, it may be processed on any one of the machines at that workcenter.