cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interaction of K+, ouabain and Na+ on the cation transport and respiration of renal cortical cells of hamsters and ground squirrels.

Abstract 1. 1. The interactions of K+ and ouabain on kidney cell respiration and Na+ extrusion were studied. The influence of intracellular Na+ on kidney cell respiration was compared with its effect on K+ transport. 2. 2. Omission of K+ from the medium in which kidney slices are incubated causes a reduction in Na+ extrusion and respiration comparable to that caused by maximal ouabain inhibition. 3. 3. The effect of ouabain in K+-free medium on respiration, Na+ extrusion and tissue K+ concentration is greatly enhanced over its effect in the presence of K+. Na+ extrusion is virtually blocked; tissue K+ falls to extraordinarily low concentrations. In hamster kidneys which are normally insensitive to ouabain the sensitivity to low concentrations of ouabain is increased in the absence of K+. 4. 4. At 5° the omission of K+ from the medium has a slight effect on respiration in slices of kidneys of ground squirrels but not in those of hamsters. The combined effecs of K+ removal and ouabain on Na+ extrusion at 5° are similar to those at 38°. 5. 5. Slices of hamster kidney loaded with Na+ and incubated with Na+ respire more rapidly at 5° than slices leached of Na+ and incubated in Na+-free medium. 6. 6. Na+-loaded slices in Na+-free medium also have a high O2 consumption relative to slices with no Na+, showing that it is intracellular Na+ that stimulates respiration. Slices loaded with 30 mM Na+ and incubated in Na+-free medium at 5° respired at a rate midway between that of Na+-rich and Na+-depleted slices. This finding is in accord with the fact that the rate of K+ transport from slices loaded with 30 mM Na+ is also half-maximal. 7. 7. The findings with regard to K+, ouabain and Na+ effects on respiration and transport are discussed in terms of four recently suggested hypotheses. It is concluded that on the basis of available evidence the results may be best explained by the existence of long diffusion pathways between the site of the cation pump and the external medium. 8. 8. It is further concluded that while tissue respiration is governed partly and specifically by the rate of total Na+ transport, it is difficult to obtain a truly basal, non-transport related metabolism. This may also be because of the existence of local pools of cation in the vicinity of the pump activation sites.
Structural requirements for Hg(II) antidotes

Abstract A study involving (a) the structural chemistry of Hg(II) complexes with thiol containing ligands, (b) the stability constants for such systems and (c) the relative efficacy of 29 compounds as antidotes for mercury poisoning has been carried out to determine the structural requirements for Hg(II) antidotes. This leads to the suggestion that instances in which two thiol groups on the same chelate molecule are simultaneously bonded to the same Hg(II) species in a complex, water soluble or otherwise, are not found and Hg(II) species bearing two sulfur donors generally have a bond angle of 180° or so between these two bonds. It was hypothesized, from this, that chelating agents bearing a single sulfhydryl group might be almost as effective as mercury antidotes as those bearing two groups. Data on the stability constants and antidotal effectiveness are presented for such structures, but in general molecules which do not have the potential ability to chelate are also inferior as antidotes. From the data assembled it would appear that the presence of a second donor group is required. Because of the lability of the mercury-thiol bond, this second site seems necessary to provide the required kinetic stability for the complex. In the case of dithiols, the mercury may move back and forth from one sulfur donor site to another but may not (and possibily cannot) bind firmly and simultaneously to both donor sites.
The United States Drug Problem and International Trafficking. Part II. Denial of Safe-Havens to Illicit Drug Traffickers

Excessive reliance on extradition as a means of acquiring prosecutional control over illicit drug traffickers is short-sighted. Informal arrangements, like expulsion, should be given more consideration. A method for developing a unified antitrafficker policy and for implementing that policy through existing diplomatic channels is demonstrated through the use of the safe-haven deprivation/deterrence model. This paper focuses on drug traffickers. Trafficking is a function of the availability of both suppliers and consumers. Other available forms of cooperation within the United States government to induce foreign states to assure that opium crops are either destroyed or controlled within licit user channels should not be overlooked.
New or Worsening Lumbar Spine Vertebral Fractures Increase Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density and Falsely Suggest Improved Skeletal Status

Changes in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) are determined by follow-up dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments. Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures in follow-up measurements may increase BMD. To test this hypothesis, we examined pooled data from the placebo groups of two clinical trials that involved postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. DXA measurements of lumbar spine BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), and area were obtained at baseline and at two years in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Trial and at baseline and study endpoint in the Fracture Prevention Trial. In these trials, fractured vertebrae identified by expert radiologists during posterioranterior (PA) spine DXA assessment were excluded from the BMD assessment. Lateral spine radiographs were graded using a semi-quantitative (SQ) scale. Most new or worsening vertebral fractures (84%) diagnosed from lateral spine radiographs were not identified by PA spine DXA. While the follow-up BMD of vertebrae without new or worsening fractures did not change significantly, each unit increase in SQ grade was associated with an approximate 7.0% increase in the BMD of affected vertebrae (p < 0.001). Increases in BMD were highly correlated with increases in BMC (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures increased PA spine BMD measurements at follow-up, with the impact being related to the magnitude of change in SQ score. It is difficult to reliably identify vertebral fractures from PA spine DXA assessments. Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures in follow-up DXA measurements may falsely suggest an improvement in spine BMD. Our suggestion is to perform lateral spine imaging concurrently with any assessment of PA spine BMD in patients who, in the opinion of the health care provider, may have vertebral fractures.
The use of lipids as phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Phase change materials (PCMs) are substances capable of absorbing and releasing large 2 amounts of thermal energy (heat or cold) as latent heat over constant temperature as they 3 undergo a change in state of matter (phase transition), commonly, between solid and 4 liquid phases. Since the late 1940s, researchers have recognized the potential for phase 5 change materials to play an essential part in energy storage systems and the search for 6 suitable substances has received increasing interest. Currently, the global PCM market is 7 estimated to grow from $460 million in 2013 to approximately $1.15 billion by 2018. 8 Fats, oils, and their derivatives are diverse in their structures and among the few 9 renewable feedstocks available that have melting and enthalpy profiles among other 10 properties comparable to those of commercial paraffin waxes currently used in PCM 11 applications. This has led to the investigation of triglycerides, fatty acids, esters, 12 alcohols, and other lipid-based derivatives as potential PCMs and much research 13 examining lipid-based materials as PCMs has been published. This article gives a brief 14 overview of phase change materials, highlights the studies and applications of various 15 lipid substances as PCMs, and suggests potential future areas of study.
Testing juntas nearly optimally

A function on n variables is called a k-junta if it depends on at most k of its variables. In this article, we show that it is possible to test whether a function is a k-junta or is "far" from being a k-junta with O(ke + k log k ) queries, where epsilon is the approximation parameter. This result improves on the previous best upper bound of O (k3/2)e queries and is asymptotically optimal, up to a logarithmic factor.We obtain the improved upper bound by introducing a new algorithm with one-sided error for testing juntas. Notably, the algorithm is a valid junta tester under very general conditions: it holds for functions with arbitrary finite domains and ranges, and it holds under any product distribution over the domain.A key component of the analysis of the new algorithm is a new structural result on juntas: roughly, we show that if a function f is "far" from being a k-junta, then f is "far" from being determined by k parts in a random partition of the variables. The structural lemma is proved using the Efron-Stein decomposition method.
Waiver of Consent: The Use of Pyridostigmine Bromide during the Persian Gulf War

Abstract In 1990, issues of individual autonomy and informed consent came to the forefront when the United States Department of Defense requested and eventually obtained a waiver from the Food and Drug Administration authorizing the use of investigational compounds in soldiers without their informed consent. This article reviews the concepts of autonomy and informed consent within the military, and examines the history and ethical debate surrounding the Interim Rule. The author suggests that an ethical impasse will continue to exist so long it remains morally unacceptable to expose human subjects to chemical agents for the purposes of research. Yet definitional constraints should not preclude the development of potentially beneficial compounds in appropriate circumstances. The author proposes criteria to establish an investigational agent as standard of care. Using this set of criteria, he examines the use of pyridostigmine bromide during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, a notable decision given the strong asso...
CAN CULTURAL COMPETENCE BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT ATTENDING TO RACISM

An informative definition of cultural competence provides direction on how it can be achieved and articulates the skills, attitudes, and values that are needed in the areas of cultural knowledge, s...
Proofs and Confirmations: The Story of the Alternating-Sign Matrix Conjecture

1. The conjecture 2. Fundamental structures 3. Lattice paths and plane partitions 4. Symmetric functions 5. Hypergeometric series 6. Explorations 7. Square ice.
Mechanisms of constitutive and ATP-evoked ATP release in neonatal mouse olfactory epithelium

ATP is an extracellular signaling molecule with many ascribed functions in sensory systems, including the olfactory epithelium. The mechanism(s) by which ATP is released in the olfactory epithelium has not been investigated. Quantitative luciferin-luciferase assays were used to monitor ATP release, and confocal imaging of the fluorescent ATP marker quinacrine was used to monitor ATP release via exocytosis in Swiss Webster mouse neonatal olfactory epithelial slices. Under control conditions, constitutive release of ATP occurs via exocytosis, hemichannels and ABC transporters and is inhibited by vesicular fusion inhibitor Clostridium difficile toxin A and hemichannel and ABC transporter inhibitor probenecid. Constitutive ATP release is negatively regulated by the ATP breakdown product ADP through activation of P2Y receptors, likely via the cAMP/PKA pathway. In vivo studies indicate that constitutive ATP may play a role in neuronal homeostasis as inhibition of exocytosis inhibited normal proliferation in the OE. ATP-evoked ATP release is also present in mouse neonatal OE, triggered by several ionotropic P2X purinergic receptor agonists (ATP, αβMeATP and Bz-ATP) and a G protein-coupled P2Y receptor agonist (UTP). Calcium imaging of P2X2-transfected HEK293 “biosensor” cells confirmed the presence of evoked ATP release. Following purinergic receptor stimulation, ATP is released via calcium-dependent exocytosis, activated P2X1,7 receptors, activated P2X7 receptors that form a complex with pannexin channels, or ABC transporters. The ATP-evoked ATP release is inhibited by the purinergic receptor inhibitor PPADS, Clostridium difficile toxin A and two inhibitors of pannexin channels: probenecid and carbenoxolone. The constitutive release of ATP might be involved in normal cell turn-over or modulation of odorant sensitivity in physiological conditions. Given the growth-promoting effects of ATP, ATP-evoked ATP release following injury could lead to progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation and regeneration. Thus, understanding mechanisms of ATP release is of paramount importance to improve our knowledge about tissue homeostasis and post-injury neuroregeneration. It will lead to development of treatments to restore loss of smell and, when transposed to the central nervous system, improve recovery following central nervous system injury.
A eugenic effect of medical care.

Abstract When sophisticated medical attention substantially increases the life expectancy of individuals with a severe homozygous condition without significantly raising their reproductive success, an increase in parental investment should render a concomitant decrease in parental ability to reproductively compensate. This process will lower the expected number of heterozygous carriers produced by heterozygous parents and, in turn, will lower the equilibrium frequency of the gene.
Smart cities, smart places, smart democracy: Form-based codes, electronic governance and the role of place in making smart cities

Place matters in smart towns and cities. Technology may keep pushing us apart, but we as a culture continue to gather. Opinions differ as to whether the centrifugal forces of ‘splintering’ urbanism are stronger than the centripetal power of physical places. This article argues that if policies and implementation tools of placed-based urban design are embedded and encoded within the e-governance structure of a community, a balance can be achieved where both physical and virtual realms enhance the unique character of particular locations. The pervasive reach of electronic data and media can help bind the disparate elements of a community together as much as it may seek to disperse them. The process of developing plans, codes and sustainable strategies for a community seeking a truly ‘smart’ future in a competitive world is illustrated by a case study of Beaufort, a medium-sized town in South Carolina, USA, and these efforts highlight the challenges for English towns and cities in the context of the British ...
Horse genomics and reproduction

The rapid and continual development of new methodology has greatly expanded opportunities to undertake genetic studies across a wide range of species. Construction of genetic maps for an animal like the horse, with its long gestational period, late maturity, and the production of single young is now not only possible but also rapidly advancing. Several different types of genetic maps, albeit at low resolution, are now available for the horse. The principal mapping strategies being used are linkage, somatic cell hybrid (SCH) and radiation hybrid (RH panels), and in situ hybridization (physical mapping). Construction of gene sequence by overlapping clones from DNA libraries will likely occur for selected genes of particular interest in horses, but has not yet been applied to horse gene mapping. To capitalize on the wealth of genomic information being developed for humans and the mouse, a comparative gene map using the strategies listed above is also well underway for the horse. Expression sequence tags (ESTs) are just now beginning to be developed in the horse, but should result in the production of microarrays for assessing global gene expression patterns within the near future. For researchers in all fields of horse biology, genome analysis is rapidly becoming a reality and its application will assist the development of a better understanding of the horse.
The changing face of carotid endarterectomy

Purpose: The economic milieu and improvements in care have altered the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of the patient with carotid stenosis. This study analyzes the efficacy and safety of these changes. Methods: The records of patients who underwent 320 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed by three surgeons at our institution from 1990 to 1994 were reviewed retrospectively. Use of diagnostic angiography, use of carotid duplex ultrasound, length of hospital stay, postanesthesia recovery observation, intensive care unit (ICU) observation, complications, and hospital charges were analyzed. Results: The average length of hospital stay decreased from 6.18 days to 2.00 days ( p ≤0.001). The day of discharge decreased from 3.10 days to 1.24 days after surgery ( p ≤0.01). By 1993, 68% were discharged by the first day after surgery, increasing to 73% by 1994. From 1990 to 1992, average postoperative ICU observation time fluctuated between 18 and 25 hours; this time decreased to 12.2 hours by 1994. In 1993, only 12.5% of patients were admitted to the ICU, down from 94.8% in 1990; by 1994, only 7.3% were admitted to the ICU ( p ≤0.001). Postanesthesia recovery observation time decreased from 3.77 hours to 1.63 hours during this time ( p ≤0.04). With regard to preoperative diagnosis, angiography was performed in 93.1% of patients in 1990; by 1994, only 32.8% underwent this procedure ( p ≤0.0001). Average hospital charges decreased significantly (1990, $14,378;1994,$10,436) with these modifications in patient care ( p ≤0.001). The complication rate reflected no significant changes over the course of the study. There were six incidences of cerebrovascular accident (6/320, 1.9%), including one death. There were four incidences of transient ischemic attack (4/320, 1.3%), with no significant differences noted from year to year. Conclusions: This study confirms the changing nature of carotid endarterectomy and documents that these changes have not adversely affected the safety of the operation.
The “Generation Gap” in Later Life: An Introductory Discussion and Some Preliminary Findings

Transmission of values from one generation to the next is of vital con cern to a society that feels itself in the midst of particularly rapid social change. Consequently, there has been widespread discussion of generational differences, mainly under the rubric of the "generation gap." Most of this discussion has dealt with the earlier end of the life cycle, with the generational boundary at the onset of adulthood. The present paper focuses instead on the second half of life and on the possibility of generational boundaries that may exist there. Most of our attention here will be on the family system. Generational similarity can be studied in each of three separate?though admittedly related?systems: the individual, the family, and the larger society or subculture. Issues and concepts vary with the particular system being considered. (For a more detailed discussion of these issues and con cepts, see Troll, 1970a, b). If we look within the system of the individual, our concern will be with generational changes over the life cycle, with shifts in values from early to. later life. Such value shifts might accompany developmental changes and be inevitable concomitants of aging or maturation. For example, it is generally presumed that aging makes a person more con servative. On the other hand, value shifts in the individual may be the result of historical events he has lived through. Times may have changed so much since he was young that he has had to change along with them. Of course, this change could be either in the direction of greater or of lesser conservatism. A number of relevant issues may be mentioned here. The important question is whether or not there is any change in values, and, if so, how much change there is. An auxiliary question is whether change is more likely to occur, or to be more rapid, at one time of life than at another. Are people in their seventies and eighties as conventionally moral as they were in their teens and twenties?or more so? If they are indeed more so, when did this shift occur? Was it progressive and equal
Resonance structure and absolute cross sections in near-threshold electron-impact excitation of the 4s2 1S→4s4p 3P intercombination transition in Kr6+

First measurements of absolute total cross sections for electron-impact excitation of an intercombination transition to a nonradiating state of an ion are reported. The cross sections for near-threshold excitation of the 4${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4s4p $^{3}$P transition of ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{6+}$ are dominated by dielectronic resonances. The measurements can serve as a benchmark for theoretical predictions of dielectronic resonance structure in the excitation of multicharged ions.
The Structure of the Juvenile Prison Constructing the Inmate Father

Crime and adolescent fatherhood are generally discussed as separate social problems, with little attention paid to the fact that they increasingly intersect. In this article, the author discusses t...
Polycythemia following renal transplantation.

Abstract Among 60 renal allograft recipients, 3 patients were found to be polycythemic with hematocrits greater than 55 and were studied extensively with various hematologic and radiographic procedures. None of the patients showed evidence of erythropoietin-secreting malignancies, renal cysts, hydronephrosis, or hypoxemia. All had elevated erythropoietin levels, and 1 showed evidence of platelet trapping in his transplanted kidney, suggesting that the chronic polycythemia may be related to transplant rejection.
Ionothermal synthesis of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures from ionic-liquid precursors

An ionothermal process was employed to synthesize the hierarchical structures of zinc oxide with diverse morphologies. The key to this synthesis methodology was the use of metal-containing ionic liquids that acted both as solvents and as metal precursors in the ionothermal process. The growth environment was highly homogeneous, allowing facile control over reaction conditions. The morphologies of zinc oxide were strongly dependent on the nature of the corresponding ionic-liquid precursors, providing unique methodologies to control growth conditions.
Interpretation of electrospray/ion trap mass spectra of bile acids and other surfactants

Electrospray spectra of various bile acids and other surfactants were obtained using an ion trap instrument. Bile acids and bile acid derivatives such as 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) self associate to form micelles in a stepwise process. Their spectra show a distinct pattern of aggregation, with ions evenly separated in the m/z space. A new parameter, n/z, can be used to characterize such ions, where n is the number of molecules and z is the charge of the aggregate. The values of z were determined using multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) and high resolution in the ion trap.
Integrated Pb-perovskite dielectrics for science and technology

Abstract The critical requirements for thin film dielectric materials (ferroelectric and/or paraelectric) in niche technological areas (i.e., non-volatile memories, ULSI DRAMS and decoupling capacitors) are first considered. Next, the rationale for the need of epitaxial single crystal Pb-based ferroelectric perovskite thin films to address key scientific issues is outlined. These topics are followed by discussions on the recent progress (in our labortory) and future prospects on the chemical processing and properties of Pb-perovskite thin films. Finally, some thoughts on Professor Von Hippel's philosophy that will lead the field to advances into the threshold of the 21st century are echoed.
George Grant's Justice*

In 1974, George Grant delivered the Josiah Wood lectures at Mount Allison University on the theme English-Speaking Justice. The lectures, first published in 1978, have been republished, and a volume of later essays on somewhat related themes has recently appeared. Grant's work offers an impressionistic but deep challenge to the conception of justice in modern moral thought and practice, a challenge paralleled, in interesting and important ways, by concerns about morality raised in the writings of such persons as Alasdair MacIntyre, Bernard Williams, and, perhaps more surprisingly, J. L. Mackie. In this review, I want briefly to expound Grant's treatment of justice, to exhibit its relationships to other disquieting accounts, and to suggest some of the resources available to contractarian moral theory for lightening what for Grant is a terrifying darkness.
MRI-guided tumor tracking in lung cancer radiotherapy

Precise tracking of lung tumor motion during treatment delivery still represents a challenge in radiation therapy. Prototypes of MRI-linac hybrid systems are being created which have the potential of ionization-free real-time imaging of the tumor. This study evaluates the performance of lung tumor tracking algorithms in cine-MRI sagittal images from five healthy volunteers. Visible vascular structures were used as targets. Volunteers performed several series of regular and irregular breathing. Two tracking algorithms were implemented and evaluated: a template matching (TM) algorithm in combination with surrogate tracking using the diaphragm (surrogate was used when the maximum correlation between the template and the image in the search window was less than specified), and an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on the principal components of a region of interest that encompasses the target motion. The mean tracking error ē and the error at 95% confidence level e(95) were evaluated for each model. The ANN model led to ē = 1.5 mm and e(95) = 4.2 mm, while TM led to ē = 0.6 mm and e(95) = 1.0 mm. An extra series was considered separately to evaluate the benefit of using surrogate tracking in combination with TM when target out-of-plane motion occurs. For this series, the mean error was 7.2 mm using only TM and 1.7 mm when the surrogate was used in combination with TM. Results show that, as opposed to tracking with other imaging modalities, ANN does not perform well in MR-guided tracking. TM, however, leads to highly accurate tracking. Out-of-plane motion could be addressed by surrogate tracking using the diaphragm, which can be easily identified in the images.
Beautiful Friends and Ugly Strangers: Radiation and Contrast Effects in Perceptions of Same-Sex Pairs

Does the physical attractiveness of one's same sex peers affect the perceptions that others have of him or her? Subjects rated male or female targets who were either associated or unassociated with an attractive or unattractive same-sex other. Results indicated that targets were rated more positively when in the mere presence (unassociated) of an unattractive other and when associated by friendship with an attractive other. The results were interpreted as indicating the operation of two quite different processes, both based on physical attractiveness, underlying judgments of others.
Cushing's Key Marco Atlatls

AbstractTwo forms of prehistoric atlatl or spear thrower were recovered from a Florida swamp in 1895 by Frank Hamilton Cushing. Modern research on spear throwers requires a more useful detailed description of these artifacts, and leads to attempts to replicate and test them. In this case, replicative experiments provide some subjective evaluations of the atlatls, and several possible interpretive directions. As in many replicative experiments, physical tests of some aspects of the atlatls, such as possible length, are relatively easy, but do not fully solve the problem of choosing among different plausible reconstructions of the original specimens.
On the Synthesis of 1,4,7-Tris(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane

1,4,7-Tris(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of medically important DO3A and DOTA metal chelators. Despite its commercial availability and importance, the literature describing the preparation and properties of the free base is limited and sometimes unclear. We present herein an efficient synthesis of the hydrobromide salt of 1,4,7-tris(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, characterize this compound spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallographic analysis, describe its simple conversion to the corresponding free base, characterize this compound spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and make observations on the reactivity of this interesting and useful compound.
Electrical characteristics of the SiO2Si interface near midgap and in weak inversion

Abstract The electrical characteristics of the SiO 2 Si interface in depletion are well understood, but very little information is available on the behavior of surface states in the midgap and weak inversion regions. In this work we develop a general numerical model for the surface state branch which is valid in all bias regions. The model is compared to experimental results in detail, and the surface state density and electron capture cross-section are deduced in the lower half of the bandgap (weak inversion) for two thick oxide samples. The electron capture cross-section was found to be relatively independent of energy through midgap and into weak inversion, in contrast to the exponential dependence on energy reported by others in depletion. The ratio of electron capture cross-section to hole capture cross-section is measured at midgap and found to have a systematic dependence on midgap surface state density, independent of substrate orientation or sample annealing. It is possible that this observation arises because of inadequacies in the model.
As Nearshore Stocks Drop, Malawi Begins a Return to Local Fisheries Management

Abstract The co-management approach is being more widely employed as greater demands are placed on scarce government resources everywhere and the value of stakeholder involvement in natural resources management is recognized. In response to declining fish stocks in Malawi's waters, the government and foreign aid donors collaborated to create a new fisheries management approach. A co-management regime was introduced in a pilot program at Lake Malombe at the southern tip of Lake Malawi. Fishers elected management committees (“beach village committees” or BVCs) to work with Fisheries Department (FD) staff in several phases of management. Reviews of the program to date are mixed. Early compliance has turned to defiance. Conflict exists in BVCs. Evidence indicates that the FD is not relinquishing authority to the local level. A fisher-initiated and FD-supported program at Lake Chiuta, facing less severe and more focused problems, is regarded as successful. Expansion of co-management to Lake Malawi has been initiated, is reported to be progressing slowly, but must heed the problems encountered in the Lake Malombe regime.
On the inter-influence of classical heterogeneous combustion research and related aerospace problems

Interest in heterogeneous combustion is a relatively recent development in aerospace operations though it has been the concern of industrial and fire research for half a century or more. The two areas operate at altogether different levels of combustion intensity, temperature, pressure, velocity, etc., but they have common ground at the fundamental level. In either area, a complete description of any combustion process requires information on the reaction mechanisms, their kinetics, the solid's response to thermal stress (pyrolysis), and the heat and masstransfer operations involved. The form of the differential equations describing the system's behavior are then the same but with different practical situations distinguighed by the appropriate coefficients and boundary conditions in the equations. Incorporation of all factors simultaneously has been called the multiple-factor approach which has been the more commonly used in aerospace research, in contrast to the single-factor approach more generally used in the classical research. Nevertheless, a multiple-factor analysis is no better than the accuracy of the basic postulates and, in this outline-review of mechanisms and behavior of solids in combustion, seven areas are identified that require clarification.
Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War, 1820-1989

This study examines the relationships among cultural factors, contiguity, and the onset of interstate war. These concerns are nested within a larger debate about “ethnic conflict” that assumes the ...
The Biosynthesis of Heme O and Heme A Is Not Regulated by Copper

Heme A is an obligatory cofactor in all eukaryotic and many prokaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) enzymes. Despite its obvious importance to CcO and the electron transport pathway, essentially nothing is known concerning the regulation of heme A. Because CcO is the only natural target for heme A and copper is also required for CcO activity, it was postulated that copper might regulate heme A homeostasis. Work reported previously demonstrated that there is often a strong connection between copper and iron homeostasis in general, and circumstantial evidence pointed to a possible specific link between copper and heme A. To address this question, we conducted experiments to determine rigorously whether copper plays a role in heme A homeostasis. The two enzymes responsible for the conversion of heme B to heme A, heme O synthase (HOS) and heme A synthase (HAS), were separately genomically epitope-tagged in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their expression under various copper conditions was quantified by Western blot analysis. These results demonstrated that the sum of transcription, translation, and stability of HOS and HAS were independent of copper. Additionally, the effects of intracellular copper concentrations on the activity of HOS and HAS from Bacillus subtilis (expressed in Escherichia coli) and Rhodobacter sphaeroides were examined by analysis of cellular heme extracts. No trends with respect to intracellular copper were observed. In combination, our results demonstrate that intracellular copper levels do not affect the transcription, translation, stability, or activity of either HOS or HAS.
Sensitivity to Change in Cognitive Performance and Mood Measures of Energy and Fatigue in Response to Morning Caffeine Alone or in Combination With Carbohydrate

This double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects (N = 17) experiment compared the sensitivity to change of the cognitive performance and mood measures of mental energy following consumption of either a moderate dose of caffeine (200 mg), a small amount of carbohydrate (50 g white bread), or both. Caffeine improved mood and performance. The sensitivity to change of the mood and cognitive measures did not differ in response to the three treatments (all p values > .05). The mood and cognitive measures of mental energy used here have similar sensitivity to detecting change in response to caffeine and carbohydrate.
A new nonlinear analytical model for canopy flow over a forested hill

A new nonlinear analytical model for canopy flow over gentle hills is presented. This model is established based on the assumption that three major forces (pressure gradient, Reynolds stress gradient, and nonlinear canopy drag) within canopy are in balance for gentle hills under neutral conditions. The momentum governing equation is closed by the velocity-squared law. This new model has many advantages over the model developed by Finnigan and Belcher (Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 130: 1–29 2004, hereafter referred to as FB04) in predicting canopy wind velocity profiles in forested hills in that: (1) predictions from the new model are more realistic because surface drag effects can be taken into account by boundary conditions, while surface drag effects cannot be accounted for in the algebraic equation used in the lower canopy layer in the FB04 model; (2) the mixing length theory is not necessarily used because it leads to a theoretical inconsistency that a constant mixing length assumption leads to a nonconstant mixing length prediction as in the FB04 model; and (3) the effects of height-dependent leaf area density (a(z)) and drag coefficient (Cd) on wind velocity can be predicted, while both a(z) and Cd must be treated as constants in FB04 model. The nonlinear algebraic equation for momentum transfer in the lower part of canopy used in FB04 model is height independent, actually serving as a bottom boundary condition for the linear differential momentum equation in the upper canopy layer. The predicting ability of the FB04 model is largely restricted by using the height-independent algebraic equation in the bottom canopy layer. This study has demonstrated the success of using the velocity-squared law as a closure scheme for momentum transfer in forested hills in comparison with the mixing length theory used in FB04 model thus enhancing the predicting ability of canopy flows, keeping the theory consistent and simple, and shining a new light into land-surface parameterization schemes in numerical weather and climate models.
Distribution, accumulation, and fluxes of soil carbon in four monoculture lysimeters at San Dimas Experimental Forest, California

Abstract This research examines how vegetation type controls soil processes involving soil carbon fluxes, accumulation, and transport in a chaparral ecosystem. Carbon concentrations and δ13C values were measured for soil samples collected in 1987 from 1-m depth profiles in four lysimeters in the San Dimas Experimental Forest, southern California, USA. Each lysimeter has sustained a single vegetation type since 1946, the species being Quercus dumosa, Ceanothus crassifolius, Adenostoma fasciculatum, and Pinus coulteri. Archived samples of soil originally used for filling the lysimeters and litter samples from the surface of each lysimeter were analyzed to determine initial and boundary conditions. Although detectable changes in carbon content were limited to the topmost 20 cm of the profiles, variations in δ13C were found to depths of 80 cm, indicating that processing of carbon occurs much deeper than indicated by carbon concentrations alone, underscoring the utility of carbon isotopes in the study of soil carbon dynamics. A one-dimensional model that considers surface carbon input, downward transport, and loss through decomposition is developed to describe the evolution of carbon concentration and stable carbon isotope ratios in the four soil profiles. Comparison of measured and calculated profiles yields estimates of carbon fluxes, turnover rates, and accumulation of soil carbon. A set of physical parameters, including the rate constant of decomposition, downward transport rate of organic carbon, and rate of carbon input from the surface are derived from the model and can be related to the species and environmental conditions. The calculations indicate the importance of species on soil formation and carbon cycles, which is important for understanding the effects of changes in land use on ecosystem processes. Our results also suggest that fire may increase the rate of soil carbon accumulation in a chaparral ecosystem.
Morphological cell death in the post-embryonic development of the insect optic lobes.

THE incidence of cell death among differentiating cells of the embryonic vertebrate central nervous system is well documented1–3, and there is evidence that in some cases its occurrence is influenced by the peripheral load encountered by the outgrowing fibres1–5. In vertebrate neural ontogeny both morphogenetic and histogenetic cell death have been observed6,7. Histogenetic cell death—which is involved in the differentiation of organs and tissues—has also been reported in the embryonic nervous systems of insects, for example, Tenebrio8 and the gall midge, Miastor (personal communication from S. Counce). It is reported here in the post-embryonically developing optic lobes of the larval and pupal brains of the endopterygote Danaus plexippus L. (Lept.) and is of special interest because it is possible to determine the age of a particular cell in this region and to observe cell and fibre areas of a wide range of ages within the same individual (our unpublished results).
IBM POWER8 processor core microarchitecture

The POWER8™ processor is the latest RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) microprocessor from IBM. It is fabricated using the company's 22-nm Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology with 15 layers of metal, and it has been designed to significantly improve both single-thread performance and single-core throughput over its predecessor, the POWER7® processor. The rate of increase in processor frequency enabled by new silicon technology advancements has decreased dramatically in recent generations, as compared to the historic trend. This has caused many processor designs in the industry to show very little improvement in either single-thread or single-core performance, and, instead, larger numbers of cores are primarily pursued in each generation. Going against this industry trend, the POWER8 processor relies on a much improved core and nest microarchitecture to achieve approximately one-and-a-half times the single-thread performance and twice the single-core throughput of the POWER7 processor in several commercial applications. Combined with a 50% increase in the number of cores (from 8 in the POWER7 processor to 12 in the POWER8 processor), the result is a processor that leads the industry in performance for enterprise workloads. This paper describes the core microarchitecture innovations made in the POWER8 processor that resulted in these significant performance benefits.
A riboflavin tracer method for assessment of medication compliance in children

A series of studies was implemented to adapt a riboflavin tracer method of medication compliance detection that could be employed easily and accurately by parents in a behavioral program aimed at targeting and improving compliance in children. Results of these studies indicated that, with minimal training in the use of an inexpensive fluorescent “black light,” adults could reliably detect the presence of riboflavin (vitamin B2) in the urine of children who had ingested 10 mg of the vitamin at bedtime. Implications for the use of this technique in a home-based behavioral program that targets medication compliance are discussed.
Information Systems as a Professional Discipline: Focus on the Management of Information Technology

This article discusses the identity crisis in the Information Systems (IS) academic discipline. It reviews how Kuhn's (1970) concepts of paradigm and (normal) science apply to IS and argues that IS's scope is too broad and too disconnected from practice. The article proposes that IS become a professional discipline, guided by issues faced by providers and managers of Information Technology (IT). IS research would center on the management of provisioning, operation, and maintenance of IT artifacts. IS researchers would be practitioners similar to those in other professional fields, particularly medicine. The article contains a sample of potential research questions for IS as a professional discipline. Given the ubiquity of IT, the debate about IS identity is as important as ever. This article contributes insights to the debate, in the direction of facilitating a healthy discipline that enables productive and efficient use of IT resources, plus rewarding jobs for its practitioners, educators, and researchers.
Satellite attitude control using statistical game theory

We consider the application of multi-objective statistical game theory to a remote sensing satellite attitude control. Statistical game theory is a generalization of mixed H2/Hinfin control, where we have two objective functions and we optimize the higher order cumulants of these objective functions. We use previously developed satellite attitude model with thrusters, gravity torquers and a reaction wheel cluster. Then we control the satellite attitude using the statistical game (Minimal Cost Variance/Hinfin) control, Hinfin control, and mixed H2/Hinfin control. Throughout the simulations, statistical game control has an extra degree of freedom to improve the performance and reduce the overshoot and undershoot compared to either Hinfin control and H2/Hinfin control. The simulations show that the performance of Minimal Cost Variance/Hinfin is 8.8% and 5.4% faster than H2/Hinfin and Hinfin control, respectively. Moreover, the control actions of MCV/Hinfin is reduced by 67% compared to Hinfin control and 55% compared to H2/Hinfin control. So, we achieve both performance improvement while saving the control energy. In the case of the stability margin, MCV/Hinfin control has the highest stability margin, Hinfin control has the lowest, and H2/Hinfin control an intermediate value between those two.
An Intelligent Tutoring System Incorporating a Model of an Experienced Human Tutor

Symbolization is the ability to translate a real world situation into the language of algebra. We believe that symbolization is the single most important skill students learn in high school algebra. We present research on what makes this skill difficult and report the discovery of a "hidden" skill in symbolization. Contrary to past research that has emphasized that symbolization is difficult due to both comprehension difficulties and the abstract nature of variables, we found that symbolization is difficult because it is the articulation in the "foreign" language of "algebra". We also present Ms. Lindquist, an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to carry on a tutorial dialog about symbolization. Ms. Lindquist has a separate tutorial model encoding pedagogical content knowledge in the form of different tutorial strategies, which were partially developed by observing an experienced human tutor. We discuss aspects of this human tutor's method that can be modeled well by Ms. Lindquist. Finally, we present an early formative showing that students can learn from the dialogs Ms. Lindquist is able to engage student in. Ms. Lindquist has tutored over 600 students at www.AlgebraTutor.org.
The Value of Resource Flexibility in the Resource-Constrained Job Assignment Problem

We consider the problem of minimizing project duration in an environment where each project activity can be executed by a number of different flexible resources. The capabilities of the flexible resources are modeled using a binary activity-resource matrixA called theavailability matrix. Activity durations are known deterministically. We develop tight lower bounds and a variety of heuristics accompanied with extensive computational tests regarding their performance. It is shown that our algorithms consistently perform near optimally. Using these heuristics, we perform experiments on the effect of operating flexibility on project duration, where resource flexibility is measured by the number of resources available per activity, and the form of the availability matrixA. Our experiments lead to important managerial guidelines regarding the role of resource flexibility on project duration. For instance, it is found that when the flexible capabilities of the resources are evenly distributed across the activities, small improvements in resource flexibilities provide nearly the same benefits in project duration as a system of fully flexible resources.