cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of sunset orientation in a migratory bird: no calibration by the magnetic field ☆

Abstract The ontogeny of orientation mechanisms in migratory birds involves a complex of programmed learning rules and calibrations between the several compasses used during migration. Visual information at sunset, especially the pattern of polarized skylight, provides a primary source of orientation information for night-migrating species. To examine the development of visual orientation mechanisms at sunset, hand-raised Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis were given controlled experience with the clear daytime sky during the first 3 months of life. One group of birds saw the daytime sky only within an earth-strength magnetic field with magnetic north shifted 90° clockwise to true east; a control group had similar exposure to the sky within a normal, unshifted magnetic field. Orientation tests were performed on clear evenings between the time of sunset and the first appearance of stars within a vertical magnetic field of normal earth intensity (no directional magnetic information). There was no difference in the orientation of the two groups: both showed southwestward orientation. Contrary to indications from earlier experiments, the visual orientation mechanism at sunset develops independently of magnetic directions and, in this context, is similar to the ontogeny of stellar orientation.
Wisconsin Experience Indicates That Expanding Public Insurance To Low-Income Childless Adults Has Health Care Impacts

As states consider expanding Medicaid to low-income childless adults under the Affordable Care Act, their decisions will depend, in part, on how such coverage may affect the use of medical care. In...
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DISSOCIATIVE ATTACHMENT IN O$sub 2$ AND CO .

The onset, the shape, and the absolute magnitude of dissociative-attachment cross sections in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been determined as functions of gas temperature. The range of temperatures is 300-1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. In ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, the onset of dissociative attachment is lowered from 4.4 eV at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K to 3.5 eV at 1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K, in good agreement with O'Malley's theory. In C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, the first onset of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production occurs at 3.85 eV for a gas temperature of 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K and at 3.35 eV for a gas temperature of 950 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. The onset extrapolates to 4.1 eV at 0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. The magnitude of the cross section of the first peak in C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ increases monotonically with temperature, whereas the magnitude of the second peak decreases in the range 300-500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K, and then increases. It is found that the control of gas temperature, i.e., the control of the distribution of rotational and vibrational excitations of the target molecules, is necessary for an understanding of dissociative-attachment processes, and for the determination of certain molecular constants from such experiments.
Using metaphors for high-performance teaching and coaching.

(1999). Using Metaphors for High-Performance Teaching and Coaching. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 33-35.
MYC on the Path to Cancer

The MYC oncogene contributes to the genesis of many human cancers. Recent insights into its expression and function have led to therapeutic opportunities. MYC's activation by bromodomain proteins could be inhibited by drug-like molecules, resulting in tumor inhibition in vivo. Tumor growth can also be curbed by pharmacologically uncoupling bioenergetic pathways involving glucose or glutamine metabolism from Myc-induced cellular biomass accumulation. Other approaches to halt Myc on the path to cancer involve targeting Myc-Max dimerization or Myc-induced microRNA expression. Here the richness of our understanding of MYC is reviewed, highlighting new biological insights and opportunities for cancer therapies.
Currents in submarine canyon heads off north St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Abstract Currents in the heads of two canyons off the north shore of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands are characterized by slow velocity with high-frequency alternations of direction and occasional periods of relatively strong downcanyon flows; the latter occurred during falling tides. The downcanyon flows appear to be density driven by pulses of saline water coming out of either the estuary or harbor located shoreward of the canyon heads.
Formation of high electromagnetic gradients through a particle-based microfluidic approach

The ability to generate strong magnetic field gradients is a prerequisite for efficient magnetic-based cell/bio-particle separation or concentration. Creating these gradients is difficult under microscale fluidic devices. Conventional MEMS magnetic-based microfluidic devices involve the use of non-trivial and expensive multi-layer fabrication processes in order to produce magnetic field generators/concentrators (e.g. metal coil/ferromagnetic structures) around the microfluidic channels. A microfluidic device with simplified fabrication procedures while achieving the same functional purposes of magnetic separation/concentration of particles is highly desirable. Here, we propose a simple single-layer, single-mask fabrication technique for magnetic MEMS fluidic device construction, where nickel microparticles can be monolithographically integrated into any configurations. We constructed the microfluidic device through conventional PDMS replicate molding, with injection of nickel microparticles into a side channel 25 µm apart from the main separation channel. The nickel microparticles are responsible for bending and concentrating the external magnetic field for gradient generation. This magnetic field gradient induced magnetic forces on the particles present in the main channel. The force generated by the presence of the nickel particles is 3.31 times greater than that without the use of a magnetic field concentrator (i.e. nickel particles). The proposed methodology can be extended for the development of automated high-throughput microfluidic cell separation devices. The simplicity of fabrication and enhanced magnetic separation efficiency shows great promise for future microfluidic systems.
Labor Groups in Thai Rice and Fishing Villages

The paper analyzes technical imperatives and constraints for recruitment and reward of extra-household work groups for commercial rice cultivation and for commercial fishing. On the basis of this analysis, a characterization of these respective kinds of groupings is derived using a modified version of Eric Wolf's scheme for classifying peasant coalitions. This procedure allows direct comparison of the two types of groups and facilitates an exploration of some implications of the structural differences they exhibit. The modified version of Wolfs scheme is very general and is applicable to groups which are formed in the kinship idiom as well as to those which are not. Moreover, it allows direct comparison of kinship and non-kinship groups. When viewed in this light, non-kinship based fishing groups appear to be structurally more similar to rice-farming households than to the extra-household transplanting and harvesting groups.
Below bandgap second harmonic generation in GaAs photonic crystal cavites in (111) and (001) crystal orientations

We demonstrate second harmonic generation in photonic crystal cavities in (001)- and (111)-oriented GaAs, with fundamental resonance at 1800nm, leading to second harmonic below the GaAs bandgap. Below bandgap operation minimizes linear and nonlinear absorption.
Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the Northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 to 1994

This study provides the first detailed description of the diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. A total of 940 fecal and regurgitate samples were collected from the beaches of five islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) between 1991 and 1994. Some samples were collected from known ages and sexes of seals. Prey were identified from all available hard parts and identified to the lowest possible taxa. Teleosts were the most represented prey (78.6%) followed by cephalopods (15.7%) and crustaceans (5.7%). Of the teleosts, 31 families were identified, 30 of which are prevalent reef-associated fishes. The most common families found were marine eels, Labridae, Holocentridae, Balistidae, and Scaridae. Of the cephalopods, 7 octopus species and 21 squid species were identified, representing coastal, benthic, and offshore-mesopelagic species. A significant difference was seen in both the teleost and cephalopod components of the diet of the Hawaiian monk seal among the years 1991 to 1994 among the islands in the NWHI chain, and among juvenile, subadult, adult female and adult male seals. Some overlap was seen between the diet of the Hawaiian monk seal and the commercial fisheries that currently exist in the NWHI. These findings indicate that Hawaiian monk seals are opportunistic predators that feed on a wide variety of available prey.
Polymers to treat brain tumours

Brain tumours are difficult to treat by conventional methods. A biodegradable polymer, poly-[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane sebacic acid] with a nitrosourea, carmustine, has been demonstrated to be biocompatible in the brains of experimental animals and to release drugs in a predictable sustained manner. Carmustine impregnated in polymers appears to be more effective than when delivered by standard methods. A Phase I clinical study has demonstrated the safety of this approach in treating brain tumours and a Phase III placebo-controlled study is currently underway. Other applications of the polymer in the treatment of brain diseases are discussed.
Comparative in vitro and in vivo protein kinase C activation by selected pesticides and transition metal salts

Various pesticides and transition metals induce oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules. Protein kinase C (PKC) may mediate these effects. However, no information is available regarding whether these xenobiotics can modulate PKC which is a critical event signaling the increase in endothelial permeability and cell proliferation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated p.o. with two 0.25 LD50 doses of selected pesticides and transition metal salts at 0 and 21 h, and killed at 24 h. PKC activities were measured in liver and brain tissues. Cultured PC-12 cells were incubated for 24 h with 50, 100 or 200 nM concentrations of these pesticides, while 0.20, 0.40 or 0.60 microM concentrations of cadmium chloride (Cd(II)) and sodium dichromate (Cr(VI)) salts were employed. PKC activations were observed in the hepatic and brain cytosol fractions by all xenobiotics. Approximately 1.4- to 2.0-fold and 1.6- to 3.5-fold increases in PKC activity in the hepatic and brain cytosol fractions were observed, respectively. In the hepatic tissues, the greatest increases in activities were observed with TCDD, chlorpyrifos, endrin and Cd(II), while chlorpyrifos and fenthion exerted the greatest increases in the brain tissues. In cultured PC-12 cells, the greatest activation of PKC was observed primarily with 100-nM concentrations of the pesticides. The maximum effects were induced by chlorpyrifos, fenthion, Cd(II) and Cr(VI) salt. The results clearly indicate that pesticides as well as Cd(II) and Cr(VI) salts can modulate a vital component of the cell signaling pathway, namely PKC activity. PKC may be a target of free radicals and oxidative stress, leading to altered cell proliferation and differentiation.
Giant Magnetoresistance and Coercivity of electrodeposited multilayered FeCoNi/Cu and CrFeCoNi/Cu

Abstract The effect of Cr addition on electrodeposited multilayered nanowires CrFeCoNi/Cu was investigated from a magnetic property perspective: current perpendicular to the plane-Giant Magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) and Coercivity (BH loops). The magnetic behavior of multilayered nanowires of CrFeNiCo/Cu was also affected by the alloy deposition potential, alloy pulsing time (layer thickness) and number of bilayers. Furthermore, the addition of Cr influenced both the nanowires GMR and Coercivity. Cr addition to the ferromagnetic FeCoNi layer induced a reduction in the room temperature GMR from 10.64% to 5.62%; however, the magnetic saturation field decreased from 0.45 to 0.27 T. The increase in the number of bilayers, from 1000 to 2500, resulted in a higher GMR value, 14.56% with 0.35 T magnetic saturation field. Addition of Cr to the ferromagnetic layer decreased the coercivity from 0.015 to 0.0054 T. Low saturation field CPP-GMR nanowires showing low coercivity at room temperature opens a new door for magnetic sensing devices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on electrodeposited CrFeCoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires.
The Cyclical and Long-Term Behavior of Government Expenditures in Developing Countries

We examine the short- and long-term movements of government spending relative to output in 51 countries. We find that in the short term, the main components of government spending increase with output in about half of the sample countries, with some variation across spending categories and countries. Further, we find that there is a long-term relationship between government spending and output (in line with "Wagner`s law") for the majority of countries for at least one spending aggregate. In the short term, we find that power dispersion and government size typically dampen the positive response of government spending to output. Output volatility and financial risk, on the other hand, contribute to the procylicality of government spending.
Formation of Thioacylium Ions in the Gas Phase

A study of the ion chemistry of benzenethioic acid using ion cyclotron resonance techniques shows that a long-lived ion of composition C7H5S+ is formed from the reaction of the neutral acid with primary fragment ions, m/z 77 (phenyl) and m/z 105 (benzoyl). The product is assigned the thiobenzoyl structure on the basis df its mode of formation from benzoyl cations and tbe neutral acid. Other reactant ions (acetylium and thioacetylium) derived from mixtures of benzenethioic acid with ethanethioic acid or acetate esters similarly lead to thiobenzoyl ions as the major product The significance of these results as support for the thioacetylium structure of C2H3S+ ions from ethanethioic acid is discussed.
Quantum dots-based reverse phase protein microarray.

Abstract CdSe nanocrystals, also called quantum dots (Qdots) are a novel class of fluorophores, which have a diameter of a few nanometers and possess high quantum yield, tunable emission wavelength and photostability. They are an attractive alternative to conventional fluorescent dyes. Quantum dots can be silanized to be soluble in aqueous solution under biological conditions, and thus be used in bio-detection. In this study, we established a novel Qdot-based technology platform that can perform accurate and reproducible quantification of protein concentration in a crude cell lysate background. Protein lysates have been spiked with a target protein, and a dilution series of the cell lysate with a dynamic range of three orders of magnitude has been used for this proof-of-concept study. The dilution series has been spotted in microarray format, and protein detection has been achieved with a sensitivity that is at least comparable to standard commercial assays, which are based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogenesis. The data obtained through the Qdot method has shown a close linear correlation between relative fluorescence unit and relative protein concentration. The Qdot results are in almost complete agreement with data we obtained with the well-established HRP–DAB colorimetric array (R2 = 0.986). This suggests that Qdots can be used for protein quantification in microarray format, using the platform presented here.
A practical philosophy for managing a disk limited instructional computing facility

One of the problems associated with managing a computer used by students and instructors having a limited disk space is which programs and files should be on disk at any one time. One solution to this problem is to make extensive use of library tapes to keep unneeded programs and files off of disk, yet allow them to be loaded easily without much effort by the user. This necessitates a library scheme that is not only easily implemented, but is understandable to the user. Once such a scheme is developed and implemented the computer center can handle a larger number of active programs more effectively and provide better service to the user.
Identification and molecular genetic analysis of the cichorine gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans

We recently demonstrated that the phytotoxin cichorine is produced by Aspergillus nidulans. Through a set of targeted deletions, we have found a cluster of seven genes that are required for its biosynthesis. Two of the deletions yielded molecules that give information about the biosynthesis of this metabolite.
Trypanosoma musculi: population dynamics of erythrocytes and leukocytes during the course of murine infections

Abstract Cells of the hemocytic and lymphoreticular series located in the blood, bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal space have been analyzed throughout the course of Trypanosoma musculi infections of intact and splenectomized C3H female mice. Following an early (within 2 days after trypanosome inoculation intraperitoneally) shift of leukocytes from the blood to the peritoneal space, there occurred a more gradual, prolonged infusion of leukocytes into the peritoneal space, the primary site of infection, that continued until the infection was terminated. There was intense cytogeneractive activity in the spleen that included erythrocytes, lymhocytes, myelocytes, and megakaryocytes. The marrow became primarily a site of monocytopoiesis and, to some extent, of lymphopoiesis. During the first 8 days (approximately) of infection, there was a decline in mature erythrocytes in the blood (the well-known anemia) and development of a profound thrombocytopenia. In splenectomized mice, the depletion of these elements continued unabated until the mice died; the marrow of infected, splenectomized mice failed to provide these elements, as was also the case in intact mice. In the peritoneal space, the intense battle between leukocytes and trypanosomes was reflected in a gradual, impressive rise in the number of dead and fatigued cells and, late in infection, in the development of ascites. Both of these abnormal conditions disappeared shortly after cure of the infection. We conclude that infections of mice with T. musculi result in dedication of the entire lymphoreticular system to the generation of cells that are exported to the peritoneal space to combat the major infection the occurs in that locale. This is consistent with the evidence that the belated immune elimination of T. musculi is a cell-mediated (probably antibody-dependent) process. The disruption of the normal histoarchitecture, the shift in the normal proportions of cells and in cells of different degrees of maturity, and probably, a block imposed on precursor cell maturation, account to a large extent for the well-known failure of immune responses commonly associated with trypanosome infections.
Regulation of dendritic cell expansion in aged athymic nude mice by FLT3 ligand.

Abstract This report describes age-related alterations of dendritic cells (DC) distribution in nude athymic mice in vivo and reversal of certain age-dependent defects by an in vivo administration of hematopoietic growth factor FLT3 ligand (FLT3L). There are decreased percentages of CD11c+ DC in the bone marrow and spleen and a reduced expression of MHC class II and CD86 molecules on DC in old nude mice. The decreased levels of CD11c+ DC were due to the CD8α− DC subset. The distribution of CD11c+ CD8α+ DC in the lymphoid tissues was not different in young and old mice. The effect of in vivo administration of FLT3L on the generation and distribution of DC in the lymphoid tissues in young and old nude mice was also evaluated. Although, FLT3L had a higher inductive potential on the expansion of DC from the bone marrow in the elderly mice, the total level of CD11c+ DC in the young animals was still significantly higher as compared to the old animals. Interestingly, FLT3L induced a pronounced redistribution and accumulation of MHC class II+ DC in the lymphoid tissues in old mice, markedly increased the accumulation of CD8α− DC in the bone marrow in both young and old nude mice, and elevated both CD8α− and CD8α+ DC in the spleen in young mice. However, only the level of CD8α+ DC was up regulated in the spleen in old athymic mice after FLT3L-based therapy. In summary, abnormalities in DC generation and distribution in old athymic mice could be, in part, circumvented by the in vivo administration of FLT3L.
Persistence of cell cycle times over many generations as determined by heritability of colony sizes of ras oncogene-transformed and non-transformed cells.

. The persistence of cell lifetimes during about 10 successive cell generations was investigated by comparing the number of cells in primary colonies and in secondary colonies derived from primary colonies. Primary colonies were grown from single cells for 3 or 4 days (a time equivalent to an average of five cell generations) and the number of cells in each primary colony determined. Cells in each primary colony were dispersed to initiate secondary colonies, grown for the same time, and the number of cells in secondary colonies determined. Several criteria were used to compare primary and related secondary colonies, the most informative was found to be regression and correlation coefficients between number of cells in primary colonies and mean numbers of cells in related secondary colonies. For two non-transformed mouse fibroblast cell lines, NIH 3T3 and BALB 3T3, the regression and correlation coefficients of cell number in primary and secondary colonies were positive. This suggests inheritance of cell lifetimes over many cell generations. After the addition of an activated ras oncogene (human cellular Harvey ras, or viral Kirsten ras) some regression and correlation coefficients changed in magnitude but all remained positive. Comparison of experimental data and the results of computer simulations suggest that several models of inheritance of cell lifetimes are not adequate to explain the results, including a model of independence between lifetimes of mother and daughter cells and the common model that describes daughter cells as inheriting the lifetime of their mother with deviation. Simulations do suggest that cell lifetimes are inherited within clones as deviation from the lifetime of the initial cell, and that the ras oncogene does not destroy persistence within clones but does increase heterogeneity of cell lifetimes.
Bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone

Abstract Specific and sensitive in vitro bioassays suitable for measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in small quantities of serum and urine have recently been validated. Comparisons of bioassay (B-FSH) potencies with immunoassay (I-FSH) estimates and chromatofocusing patterns have facilitated new discoveries regarding the regulation of FSH biosynthesis, storage, secretion, serum concentrations and target cell responsiveness, plasma clearance, and the significance of excreted forms. A review of recent studies reveals that luteinizing hormone and FSH, as well as B-FSH and I-FSH, appear to be differentially regulated by GnRH, GnRH agonists and antagonists, sex steroids and gonadal peptides in both sexes, with significant differences between the sexes. The results support the overall hypotheses that the quality as well as the quantity of FSH are significant contributors to target cell signal transduction and that distinct FSH isoforms with different functional capabilities influence the expression of acute (ovulation) and chronic reproductive events.
The Lee-Weinberg magnetic monopole of unit charge: existence and uniqueness

Abstract We prove the existence and uniqueness of a spherically symmetric monopole solution in the Abelian model of Lee and Weinberg in the BPS limit. The solution carries finite energy and unit charge and generalizes the classical SU (2) BPS monopole. We also prove an existence theorem for the model with a general Higgs field-dependent mass term and establish the equivalence of the second-order equations of motion and the first-order Bogomol'nyi equations within radial symmetry assumption and BPS limit. Our methods have wide applicability in other monopole problems.
Dissipation, resistance, and rational impedance matching for TEM and birdcage resonators

Using simple circuit parameters, mathematical expressions are given for the power dissipated by pure excitation of the principal mode of a Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) or a birdcage resonator. From these, the Q, or quality factors are then derived for the TEM, and for the high and low pass birdcage. The drive point impedance is then expressed in terms of the Q and the element capacitance; and the synthesis of impedance matching networks by means of the Smith Chart is described, or in explicit detail for the discrete (or lumped) element TEM and the high pass birdcage, and in passing for the distributed TEM and the low pass birdcage. The limited applicability of a commonly used matching formula is noted. A complementary method of determining the drive point impedance by direct measurement is also given, along with corresponding Smith Chart calculations. All the proposed methodology is illustrated with respect to a pair of real world resonators—a discrete element TEM and a high pass birdcage—designed for proton imaging of the human head at 3.0 T. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 177–188, 2002
Immune control of Brucella abortus 2308 infections in BALB/c mice

BALB/c mice infected with Brucella abortus strain 2308 have 10-fold higher levels of bacteria during the plateau phase of infection (the time period when the number of colony-forming units in vivo remains consistent) than the more resistant C57BL/10 mice. This is due to a cessation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production that begins after the first week of infection and continues until the end of the plateau phase at least 6 weeks post infection. Despite the lack of IFN-γ production during this time BALB/c mice are able to prevent an increase in bacterial colony-forming units. Here it was shown that both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and CD8 T cells were involved in controlling bacterial numbers in BALB/c mice during this time. That is, neutralization of TNF-α or depletion of CD8 T cells with monoclonal antibodies resulted in a significant increase in the number of splenic colony-forming units recovered at 3 weeks post infection. In the absence of CD8 T cells there was also a significant increase in splenic macrophages. The role of TNF-α may depend upon the presence of interferon-γ early in the infection since when TNF-α was neutralized in interferon-γ gene knockout mice there was a marked increase in splenic macrophages, NK cells and neutrophils but not a significant increase in colony-forming units.
Hamiltonian Expectation Values for Time-Dependent Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformations: Implications for Electrodynamics and Resolution of the External-Field π N Ambiguity

Although the time-dependent Foldy-Wouthuysen (FW) transformation of the "Schr\"odinger" equation $\frac{i\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\psi}}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}=H\ensuremath{\psi}$ yields the transformed equation $\frac{i\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}={H}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=U\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}=UH{U}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{iU}\ensuremath{\partial}({U}^{\ensuremath{-}1})}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}$, the expectation values (${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{1}, H{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j}$) of $H$ are not equal to (${{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{'}}, {H}^{\ensuremath{'}}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), but rather, to (${{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{'}}, \mathrm{UH}{U}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$). But one still has $({{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{'}}, {{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j}}^{\ensuremath{'}})=({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}, {\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j})$. I discuss implications for perturbation calculations, scattering amplitudes, electrodynamics, and the external-field $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ ambiguity, and look at exact special cases.
Exogenous acetaldehyde as a tool for modulating wine color and astringency during fermentation.

Abstract Wine tannins undergo modifications during fermentation and storage that can decrease their perceived astringency and increase color stability. Acetaldehyde acts as a bridging compound to form modified tannins and polymeric pigments that are less likely to form tannin–protein complexes than unmodified tannins. Red wines are often treated with oxygen in order to yield acetaldehyde, however this approach can lead to unintended consequences due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The present study employs exogenous acetaldehyde at relatively low and high treatment concentrations during fermentation to encourage tannin modification without promoting potentially deleterious oxidation reactions. The high acetaldehyde treatment significantly increased polymeric pigments in the wine without increasing concentrations of free and sulfite-bound acetaldehyde. Protein–tannin precipitation was also significantly decreased with the addition of exogenous acetaldehyde. These results indicate a possible treatment of wines early in their production to increase color stability and lower astringency of finished wines.
Relativistic plane-wave Born theory and its application to electron-impact excitation

An exact treatment of the relativistic plane-wave Born (RPWB) cross section for electron-impact excitation is provided for an arbitrary atom or ion. This result represents an improvement over the cross section obtained from the widely used Bethe high-energy theory developed in the 1930s. The results obtained from this RPWB approach can be applied to a broad class of problems in fundamental electron-impact scattering theory. As an illustration, the approach is used to approximate the high-$\ensuremath{\ell}$, partial-wave contribution in more accurate calculations of the excitation cross section, a problem which has been lacking a fully relativistic treatment for more than $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{years}$.
Sol-gel glasses by non-aqueous processes

Abstract Fumed silica can form gels with a wide variety of non-aqueous liquids, which then can be removed under unusually mild conditions to yield coherent solids that appear suitable for firing to glasses. The elastic network structures of the gels appear to be composed of mostly physical bonds since they can be reversibly broken by lightly stirring. The deliquification characteristics of the aqueous and non-aqueous gels differed significantly. Compressive strengths of the gels, formed by fumed silica in the lower alcohols, acetone, ethylene glycol as well as water and tested with a spherical indenter of our own design, are reported for a range of solids content.
Syngamy and plasmodium formation in the Myxomycete Didymium iridis

Cell and nuclear behavior during syngamy in the MyxomyceteDidymium iridis and the development of zygotes into plasmodia by both synchronous mitoses and by coalescence with other zygotes and plasmodia are described. Various aspects of cell and nuclear behavior are discussed in relation to the induction of syngamy and the trigger mechanisms responsible for switching the course of development from one pathway to another.
Ouachita, Appalachian, and Ancestral Rockies deformations recorded in mesoscale structures on the foreland Ozark plateaus

Abstract Mesoscale structures in Paleozoic rocks of the Ozark plateaus reveal four Pennsylvanian deformation episodes in midcontinent North America. The two earliest episodes can be assigned to progressive northwestward docking of the Ouachita terrane with North America. Early extensional structures (Event 1) indicate a northwest/southeast maximum horizontal stress (Hmax) during Early Pennsylvanian Ouachita terrane advance. Event 2 extensional and strike-slip structures indicate Hmax across the Ozark plateaus that varies systematically from north-northwest/south-southeast in the south to northeast/southwest in the north. This suggests development of a slip-line deformation field in response to minor northeastward lateral escape of lithospheric blocks away from the northwestward-moving Ouachita terrane's leading edge, which acted as an indenter in western Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and Texas. Younger contractional and strike-slip structures of Event 3 indicate northeast/southwest Hmax across the entire Ozark plateaus, and deformation orientation and intensity are not readily assigned to Ouachita foreland deformation and may be related to Middle Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rockies contractional deformation. Finally, Event 4 contractional structures indicate northwest/southeast Hmax consistent with southern Appalachian late stage convergence. Deformation episodes are localized along basement fault zones, particularly at major bends, suggesting minor restraining-bend uplifts along strike-slip faults. Geometries of conjugate normal fault and hybrid shear joint arrays indicate localized areas of high differential stress consistent with basement block uplift at these bends. High-angle faults reactivated in a reverse sense and bedding-parallel veins suggest tensile minimum stresses and pore fluid pressures exceeding lithostatic stress, consistent with brine pulses driven into the midcontinent during Late Paleozoic orogeny (as proposed by other authors).
Migrating a clinical laboratory information system between technologies

The technical revolution that has strongly driven events in the clinical laboratory for the last thirty years is now threatening to make obsolete what has become the central pillar of operation in many laboratories, the minicomputer-based laboratory information system. Some of its functions could easily be absorbed by the personal computers which are proliferating in the laboratory, but any single step leap between systems risks replacing order with chaos. Appropriate use of networking tools, together with essential software development, can provide a systematic migrational path for both the administrative and technical computer support from one environment to another without the trauma of a massive replacement step.
INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENT, AND GROWTH: NEW CROSS‐COUNTRY AND PANEL DATA EVIDENCE

This paper outlines the alternative channels through which institutions affect growth, and studies the empirical relationship between institutions, investment, and growth. The empirical results indicate that (i) free-market institutions have a positive effect on growth; (ii) economic freedom affects growth through both a direct effect on total factor productivity and an indirect effect on investment; (iii) political and civil liberties may stimulate investment; (iv) an important interaction exists between freedom and human capital investment; (v) Milton Friedman's conjectures on the relation between political and economic freedom are correct; (vi) promoting economic freedom is an effective policy toward facilitating growth and other types of freedom. (JEL O17, O40, P51)
Mechanical and electromagnetic induction of protection against oxidative stress.

Abstract Cells and tissues can be protected against a potentially lethal stress by first exposing them to a brief dose of the same or different stress. This “pre-conditioning” phenomenon has been documented in many models of protection against oxidative stress, including ischemia/reperfusion and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Stimuli which induce this protective response include heat, chemicals, brief ischemia, and electromagnetic (EM) field exposures. We report here that constant mechanical vibration pre-conditions chick embryos, protecting them during subsequent stress from hypoxia or UV light exposure. Continuously mechanically vibrated embryos (60 Hz, 1g (32 ft/s2), 20 min) exhibited nearly double the survival (67.5%, P
Effect of Overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase on Succinate Production in Escherichia coli

Succinate fermentation was investigated in Escherichia coli strains overexpressing Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). In E. coli K-12, PEPCK overexpression had no effect on succinate fermentation. In contrast, in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mutant E. coli strain K-12 ppc::kan, PEPCK overexpression increased succinate production 6.5-fold.
Psychological Types of Academically Gifted Adolescents

This study provides descriptive information about the psychological types of a sample of 931 gifted adolescents who attended a public residential academy. Psychological types are assessed with the ...
Core concepts of paleopedology

Abstract The current renaissance of scientific interest in paleosols has brought a variety of views and approaches to paleopedology. Two main approaches have emerged for the description and labelling of paleosols. Geosols are ancient land surfaces, consisting of laterally connected suites of paleosols used for stratigraphic subdivision of sedimentary deposits. Pedotypes are individual kinds of paleosols named after localities like geosols. Pedotypes are used for mapping and describing individual profiles, usually for the purpose of paleoenvironmental interpretation. Both pedotypes and geosols are field-based labels for which genetic or interpretive considerations are at a minimum. They can be interpreted using at least three distinct approaches. Taxonomic uniformitarianism is based on the assumption that a paleosol is formed in a similar environment to a surface soil of the same type. The factor function approach interprets specific aspects of paleoenvironments from measured features of paleosols by comparison with paleoenvironmentally related variation of that feature in surface soils. Finally, the process model approach seeks to recreate soil-forming processes mathematically with input from measurable features of paleosols. Each approach has limitations, such as the need for proxy features to classify paleosols in systems designed for surface soils, the attainment of similar appearance of a paleosol by different pathways and the mathematical uncertainty of model assumptions. The approaches of classification, experimentation and modelling are not unique to paleopedology, being widespread among other sciences. Fundamental to paleopedology, however, are the concepts of profiles and soilscapes of the past.
Sponsorship and Enactment State Lawmakers and Aging Legislation, 1956-1978

Patterns of legislation are examined over a 24-year period and legislative outcomes are traced through the policy process of four states: Florida, Iowa, Michigan, and New Jersey. The findings indicate that legislators are drawn in large numbers to sponsor age-related bills. Legislative committees do most of the work in reducing these proposals to the eventual 10% to 27% that will pass. Floor action overturns an average of 3 % of all sponsored bills and governors veto over 4%. Gubernatorial vetoes are especially high when committees report out unusually high percentages of bills and resolutions. There is only slight evidence of state legislators who, as specialists, have a sustained interest in sponsoring and passing age-related legislation.
Mesh-free adjoint methods for nonlinear filters

We apply a new industrial strength numerical approximation, called the "mesh-free adjoint method", to solve the nonlinear filtering problem. This algorithm exploits the smoothness of the problem, unlike particle filters, and hence we expect that mesh-free adjoints are superior to particle filters for many practical applications. The nonlinear filter problem is equivalent to solving the Fokker-Planck equation in real time. The key idea is to use a good adaptive non-uniform quantization of state space to approximate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation. In particular, the adjoint method computes the location of the nodes in state space to minimize errors in the final answer. This use of an adjoint is analogous to optimal control algorithms, but it is more interesting. The adjoint method is also analogous to importance sampling in particle filters, but it is better for four reasons: (1) it exploits the smoothness of the problem; (2) it explicitly minimizes the errors in the relevant functional; (3) it explicitly models the dynamics in state space; and (4) it can be used to compute a corrected value for the desired functional using the residuals. We will attempt to make this paper accessible to normal engineers who do not have PDEs for breakfast.
Iron deficiency in infants: The influence of mild antecedent infection

In this study of 467 healthy term infants seen for routine 1-year health maintenance examination, we determined the influence of mild prior infection on the concentration of hemoglobin and other laboratory evidence of iron deficiency. In addition we studied the Hgb response in 261 infants randomized to receive a 3-month course of treatment with either iron or placebo. Infants who had had one or more clinic visits because of infection during the previous 3 months or who were reported as not being entirely well during the past month or who had an elevated sedimentation rate were more likely to have anemia or "low normal" Hgb, higher erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin values, and lower serum iron concentration than infants who had been well. Hgb response greater than or equal to 1 gm/dl after iron treatment occurred more commonly in infants who had had prior visits because of infection. The results indicate that upper respiratory and other mild antecedent infections commonly predispose to iron deficiency (probably because of a decrease in iron absorption).
Decision-based approach to plantwide control structure synthesis

The concept of plantwide control structure synthesis is not new to the chemical process industry. The approaches used can be classified into two main categories: a process engineering approach and a mathematically oriented approach. Within each category, there is no consensus as to one approach, which is not surprising given the size, complexity, and objectives of any plant. This work describes a modular decomposition of plant flowsheets that is assessed according to a decision-based approach, the analytical hierarchical process, that consistently evaluates the merits of the decomposition among alternatives and between neighboring modules to arrive at a prioritization of objectives for each module and for the integrated plant. An example system is discussed to demonstrate the approach.
Reception of Morse code through motional, vibrotactile, and auditory stimulation

The potential for communication through the kinesthetic aspect of the tactual sense was examined in a series of experiments employing Morse code signals. Experienced and inexperienced Morse code operators were trained to identify Morse code signals that were delivered as sequences of motional stimulation through up-down displacements (roughly 10 mm) of the fingertip. Performance on this task was compared with that obtained for both vibrotactile and acoustic presentation of Morse code using a 200-Hz tone delivered either to the fingertip through a minishaker or diotically to the two ears under headphones. For all three modalities, the ability to receive Morse code was examined as a function of presentation rate for tasks including identification of single letters, random three-letter sequences, common words, and sentences. Equivalent word-rate measures (i.e., product of percent correct scores and stimulus presentation rate) were nearly twice as high for auditory presentation as for vibrotactile stimulation, which in turn was about 1.3 times that for motional stimulation. The experienced subjects outperformed the inexperienced subjects by amounts that increased with task complexity. For example, the former were able to receive sentences at 18 words/min with motional stimulation, whereas the latter, following 75 h of training, were unable to perform this task. The present results and those of other research with tactual communication systems are compared, particularly regarding estimates of information-transfer rates.
Risk factors for accident death in the U.S. Army, 2004-2009.

Background Accidents are one of the leading causes of death among U.S. active-duty Army soldiers. Evidence-based approaches to injury prevention could be strengthened by adding person-level characteristics (e.g., demographics) to risk models tested on diverse soldier samples studied over time. Purpose To identify person-level risk indicators of accident deaths in Regular Army soldiers during a time frame of intense military operations, and to discriminate risk of not-line-of-duty from line-of-duty accident deaths. Methods Administrative data acquired from multiple Army/Department of Defense sources for active duty Army soldiers during 2004−2009 were analyzed in 2013. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify person-level sociodemographic, service-related, occupational, and mental health predictors of accident deaths. Results Delayed rank progression or demotion and being male, unmarried, in a combat arms specialty, and of low rank/service length increased odds of accident death for enlisted soldiers. Unique to officers was high risk associated with aviation specialties. Accident death risk decreased over time for currently deployed, enlisted soldiers and increased for those never deployed. Mental health diagnosis was associated with risk only for previous and never-deployed, enlisted soldiers. Models did not discriminate not-line-of-duty from line-of-duty accident deaths. Conclusions Adding more refined person-level and situational risk indicators to current models could enhance understanding of accident death risk specific to soldier rank and deployment status. Stable predictors could help identify high risk of accident deaths in future cohorts of Regular Army soldiers.
Consistent rates of kill of Staphylococcus aureus by gentamicin over a 6-fold clinical concentration range in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPDM)

OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of a 6-fold range in gentamicin concentration on the bacterial killing of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Six 24 h duplicate experiments were performed using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPDM) which was inoculated with 10(6) cfu/mL S. aureus (ATCC 29213) and subjected to desired initial gentamicin concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L. A 2 h half-life was emulated for gentamicin. Samples were drawn at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 24 h to quantify cfu/mL and gentamicin concentration. These samples were subjected to serial saline dilution to prevent antibiotic carryover and to produce a countable number of colonies. Pre- and post-gentamicin MIC values were performed for S. aureus. Duplicate 24 h kill curves were generated for each experiment and assessed for statistical difference (two-way ANOVA) between the slopes of the kill curves and time to 3 log kill. RESULTS Kill curve slopes were analysed out to the 2 h time point and no statistical difference was found between the different concentrations (P > 0.05). Time to 3 log kill was not significantly different between the concentrations. Post-exposure gentamicin MIC values were within one tube dilution of the pre-exposure MIC value (0.25 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that clinical gentamicin concentrations kill S. aureus with equivalent effectiveness and that the use of higher doses of aminoglycosides would probably not improve bacterial kill rates.
Dual-Frequency Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser

A dual-frequency, 2-cm silica fiber laser with two orthogonal polarizations has been demonstrated. Single-mode operation at each wavelength has been verified. The OSNR is greater than 60 dB with an output power of 43 mW.