cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleozoic Stratigraphy of Great Basin: ABSTRACT

The present Great Basin embraces deposits of an inner (eastern) geosyncline and an outer (western) geosyncline. Disregarding the problem of naming and classifying these two features, attention will be focused on the better known eastern trough where an intensive search for oil is currently in progress. Outstanding features of the sedimentary section are: (1) preponderance of marine chemical rocks, (2) great thickness of certain units, and (3) evidences for mid-Paleozoic orogeny. Base of the sedimentary section almost everywhere is a thick quartzite (Prospect Mountain-Brigham) which transgresses through time from late pre-Cambrian to late Cambrian. Above this is an accumulation of Cambrian carbonate rocks reaching a thickness of 10,000 feet in the central part of the trough. The Cambrian passes into Ordovician with little evidence of hiatus, and carbonate sediments (Pogonip-Garden City) continued to accumulate giving a complete record of the period up to about Chazy time. A useful key bed and one of the few clastic units, the Eureka-Swan Peak, was then laid down. Late in the Ordovician a second, thinner dolomite unit (Fish Haven-Hansen Creek) came into being. The Silurian system is represented by a rather uniform, scantily fossiliferous dolomite formation (Laketown-Lone Mountain-Roberts Mountain) which accumulated during the Niagaran epoch. Thickness averages between 500 and 1,000 feet. All epochs of Devonian time are represented, but Middle Devonian rocks are the most extensive. Key locality for the system is the Roberts Mountains region of Nevada where about 4,500 feet of Devonian rocks are present. Dolomite appears to be the dominant rock of the thinner sections. Much in the way of correlation of Devonian units in western Utah remains to be done. The Mississippian is lithologically the most varied of the Paleozoic systems. Sediments reflect orogeny in west-central Nevada and range from conglomerates and redbeds on the west through quartzites, sandstones and black shales to limestones on the east. Maximum thicknesses are on the order of 5,000 feet. Numerous named and unnamed units remain to be more thoroughly studied. Continuous sedimentation from Mississippian into Pennsylvanian is indicated. The most characteristic and striking Pennsylvanian unit is the fusulinid-bearing Oquirrh formation which shows crude cyclic deposition, involving a variety of chemical and clastic rocks. This unit may reach a thickness of 20,000 feet in the east-central Great Basin, but there is a decrease in thickness and loss of certain intervals westward. Again sedimentation disregarded systemic lines and Permian Wolfcamp fusulinids are found in the upper part of the Oquirrh. Following the Oquirrh is a variety of thinner Permian units such as the Phosphoria, Supai, Kaibab, and unnamed formations in Nevada. Redbeds, gypsum, phosphate rock and massive chert are rather unusual constituents of this interval. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1107------------
Speech recognition in the office: how the technology supports dictation

Automatic speech recognition by computer, in real-time and using only an input audio signal, has been developed over the last two decades to the point where it is useful for a number of practical applications, such as telephone enquiry services and office dictation. The purpose of talking to a computer is first examined and the inherent reasons for the difficulty of understanding speech are suggested. Three specific problems in the recognition process are highlighted: data rate reduction, speaker variability and application domain dependence. The currently successful metholology used in speech recognition systems is described in non-technical terms. The principal processes required for real-time automatic speech recognition are introduced, and the need for adaptation and customization discussed. Some suggestions for the directions of future research and applications are given
A general elongational flow experiment: Inflation and extension of a viscoelastic tube

The simultaneous inflation and extension of a tube is investigated as a method for conducting elongational flow experiments. This generally unsteady inhomogeneous deformation is restricted so that the material particles at the outer radius of the tube (r 0 ) experience steady elongational flow. The solution to the stress equations of motion, including inertia and interfacial tension, is given for a tube made of an incompressible, isotropic simple material. This solution is used to relate the contributions of interfacial tension, inertia and the normal stress differences to two measurable surface tractions: the pressure difference across the tube wall and the axial force on the ends of the tube. Explicit predictions for dimensionless force and pressure functions (related to the axial force and pressure difference) are obtained using a simplified form ofLodge's rubberlike liquid constitutive equation to evaluate the integrals containing the normal stress differences. For typical elongational flow experiments with high-viscosity materials, the contribution of inertia and interfacial tension to the predicted force and pressure functions is negligible, but the effect of the cylindrical geometry is significant, except for uniaxial elongation which is a homogeneous flow. For certain elongational flows the cylindrical geometry causes an “overshoot” in the predicted pressure function which is not observed in the related normal stress difference for the corresponding steady elongational flow atr 0 . As the time since the inception of any inhomogeneous elongational flow increases, the ratio of the tube wall thickness to the outer radius of the tube decreases and the force and pressure functions approach values predicted for the corresponding steady elongational flow atr 0 , provided that a critical value of one strain rate is not exceeded. Under these conditions the normal stress differences for the steady elongational flow atr 0 can be determined approximately from experimental measurements of the pressure difference and axial force. The restriction on one strain rate noted above indicates that it is not always valid to assume that the effect of the cylindrical geometry on the measured surface tractions decreases as the ratio of the tube wall thickness to the outer radius decreases.
The Ability of Databases and Guidelines to Drive Quality Improvement

The increased attention on excessive healthcare spending and the need to improve the efficiency and quality of healthcare in the USA has prompted medical specialties such as otolaryngology to take the lead in quality improvement initiatives. These projects aim to reduce variation in certain health practices, improve patient outcomes, and stimulate further strides toward better overall healthcare in our country. Some tools that are commonly employed toward this goal are clinical practice guidelines and national administrative databases. The two methods are very dissimilar in their makeup and creation, but both can serve a common and shared purpose. This review provides the reader with an understanding of how our specialty can utilize these tools to improve healthcare.
Basic statistical concepts in nutrition research

Statistical principles are used in nutrition research to plan and conduct research studies and to answer research questions. This article describes general statistical concepts and provides some guidelines to assist in the interpretation of research literature. Prospective and retrospective study designs used in nutrition research are presented as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of the study designs. Descriptive statistics used to summarize data and graphical tools used to display the shape of the distribution of a set of data guide nutrition support professionals to select appropriate statistical tests. Fundamental topics of statistics, including power analysis and sample size, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing, and analysis of variance and regression, are also reviewed. The article emphasizes the importance of effective collaboration with statisticians at an early stage of the research study to avoid potential pitfalls associated with improper utilization of statistical methods.
Polygalactolipids in Spinach Chloroplast

Two polygalactolipids, designated as components A and B, were isolated from spinach chloroplasts and were also obtained from glycolipid products synthesized with chloroplast enzymes using uridine diphosphate galactose as a galactose donor. These lipids were purified by column and thin layer chromatography. Chemical analysis of component A indicates that the lipid is trigalactosyl diglyceride, whereas component B behaves like tetragalactosyl diglyceride on a thin layer plate. The major fatty acid in trigalactosyl diglyceride was α-linolenic acid. Relative amount (molar ratio) of galactolipids in spinach chloroplasts was monogalactosyl diglyceride:digalactosyl diglyceride:trigalactosyl diglyceride:(tetragalactosyl diglyceride) = 60:30:5:1.
Specialty versus community hospitals: what role for the law?

ABSTRACT: U.S. health care has long featured a struggle between regulation and markets as vehicles of reform, and the community hospital is at the center of this struggle. The key to its financial ...
Frumkin corrections for heterogeneous rate constants at semiconducting electrodes

Abstract Frumkin corrections for semiconductor electrodes have been evaluated in both depletion and accumulation conditions. In conjunction with the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model, a finite difference approach was used to calculate the potential drop in a depleted semiconductor and in the compact and diffuse layers of the contacting solution as a function of the potential applied to the solid/liquid interface. At potentials greater than 30 mV positive of the flat-band potential Efb the potential frop across the solution accounts for less than 3% of the total potential drop across an n-type semiconductor of dopant density 1 × 1015 cm−3 in a methanolic solution of 1.0 M LiCl. Under these conditions, the concentration of a non-adsorbing, dipositively-charged redox species at the outer Helmholtz plane does not vary from its concentration in the bulk of the solution by more than 2%. This relatively small concentration gradient and potential drop across the Helmholtz layer combine to produce negligible Frumkin correction terms for kinetic data at depleted semiconductor electrodes compared to those for metallic electrodes at the same applied potential relative to the potential of zero charge. Under accumulation conditions, the potential drop across the solution is more significant, and the concentration of redox species at the surface can be as much as twice as great as that in the bulk of the solution. However, these conditions require an applied potential of −1 V relative to Efb. Additionally, under all conditions that were simulated, the correction to the driving force used to evaluate the heterogeneous rate constant does not exceed 2% of the uncorrected heterogeneous rate constant.
Form and Formlessness: The Spatiocorporeal Politics of the American Kennel Club:

This paper merges together the growing theoretical interest in nonhumans with longstanding philosophical questions about form in order to assess the political and ethical ramifications of contemporary human engagements with domestic dogs. In particular, this paper explores the organ-izational and legal activities of the American Kennel Club (AKC) to highlight the importance of form in their political engagements and to illustrate some of the unintended consequences these activities produce. Although the AKC attempts to instantiate its own vision of the ideal dog, the organization is incapable of solidifying the character of the domestic dog, for it must contend with other groups (animal welfare groups, dogfighters, governmental agencies, and dogs themselves) which have different visions of the ideal dog. To accentuate and counteract these failings, formlessness is utilized here as a tool and as a normative ethic to reconsider the nature of human–nonhuman relations. Dogs are an ideal subject for such an in...
Update on Preparation for Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy requires adequate bowel cleansing to be safe and effective. Current options for preparation include dietary restrictions plus cathartics and purgatives, large-volume gut lavage solutions, and sodium phosphate preparations. Gut lavage with or without a stimulant laxative is safe and effective, and traditionally is taken the evening before the procedure. Sodium phosphate formulations also provide effective cleansing, but fluid and electrolyte disturbances can occur. Recent advances include split administration of gut lavage solutions—ingesting only half of the solution the evening prior to, and the rest the morning of, the procedure. Split administration can yield adequate preparations in inpatients, traditionally a difficult group for proper cleansing. A new oral sulfate solution, when commercially available, should provide safe, effective cleaning with a lower ingested volume. This review discusses the current clinical experience of available preparation options and the efforts to make preparation for colonoscopy more tolerable.
Detergent-associated Solution Conformations of Helical and Beta-barrel Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins present major challenges for structural biology. In particular, the production of suitable crystals for high-resolution structural determination continues to be a significant roadblock for developing an atomic-level understanding of these vital cellular systems. The use of detergents for extracting membrane proteins from the native membrane for either crystallization or reconstitution into model lipid membranes for further study is assumed to leave the protein with the proper fold with a belt of detergent encompassing the membrane-spanning segments of the structure. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to probe the detergent-associated solution conformations of three membrane proteins, namely bacteriorhodopsin (BR), the Ste2p G-protein coupled receptor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the Escherichia coli porin OmpF. The results demonstrate that, contrary to the traditional model of a detergent-associated membrane protein, the helical proteins BR and Ste2p are not in the expected, compact conformation and associated with detergent micelles, while the ?-barrel OmpF is indeed embedded in a disk-like micelle in a properly folded state. The comparison provided by the BR and Ste2p, both members of the 7TM family of helical membrane proteins, further suggests that the interhelical interactions between the transmembrane helices of the two proteins differ, such that BR, like other rhodopsins,more » can properly refold to crystallize, while Ste2p continues to prove resistant to crystallization from an initially detergent-associated state.« less
Remote Sensing Of Coastal And Ocean Properties

Oceanographers and coastal researchers have long acknowledged the need for making synoptic observations. However, the conventional observational techniques, employing slow and costly oceanographic ships, preclude an adequate sampling of many phenomena that vary rapidly in both space and time. This is particularly true of the properties of the ocean surface. Remote sensing from aircraft and satellites, by its very nature, provides the required synoptic coverage. The development of quantitative techniques for the analysis of satellite data is already contributing to the understanding of the spatial distribution and dynamics of coastal and oceanographic parameters. Therefore, remote sensing has become quite important for coastal research and marine resources monitoring. Coastal applications of remote sensing require a wide assortment of sensors ranging from aerial film cameras for coastline erosion mapping; to multispectral scanners for marsh biomass or ocean chlorophyll concentration studies; to thermal infrared scanners for mapping surface temperatures and currents; and microwave devices for salinity or wave measurements. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the state of the art of remote sensing of coastal and ocean properties and to point out new sensing techniques needed for meeting user requirements.
Kinetics and products of reactions of MTBE with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide in water

Methyl-t-butyl-ether (MTBE) has become a prevalent groundwater pollutant due to its high volume use as a nationwide gasoline additive. Given its physicochemical properties, it requires new treatment approaches. Both aqueous O3 and a combination of O3/H2O2, which givesOH, can remove MTBE from water, making use of O3 a viable technology for remediation of groundwater from fuel contaminated sites. Rate constants and temperature dependencies for reactions of MTBE with O3 or withOH at pH 7.2, in a range of 21-45 ◦ C (294-318 K) were measured. The second-order rate constant for reaction of MTBE with O3 is 1.4×10 18 exp(−95.4/RT )( M −1 s −1 ), and for reaction of MTBE withOH produced by the combination of O3/H2O2 is 8.0×10 9 exp(−4.6/RT )( M −1 s −1 ), with the activation energy (kJ mol −1 ) in both cases. At 25 ◦ C, this corresponds to a rate constant of 27 M −1 s −1 for ozone alone, and 1.2 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 for O3/H2O2. The concentration ofOH was determined using benzene trapping. Products of reactions of O3 and O3/H2O2 with MTBE, including t-butyl-formate (TBF), t-butyl alcohol (TBA), methyl acetate, and acetone, were determined after oxidant depletion. A reaction pathway for mineralization of MTBE was also explored. Under continuously stirred flow reactor (CSTR) conditions, addition of H 2O2 markedly increases the rate and degree of degradation of MTBE by O3. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid by near- and middle- ultraviolet light: sensitization by sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline.

The inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus-ribonucleic acid infectivity by near (320–400 nm) or middle (290–320 nm) ultraviolet light was promoted by sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline, as well as acetone, hydroquinone, AgNO 3 , and HgCl 2 . Sulfanilamide was an especially effective sensitizing agent. Sulfanilamide and possibly chlortetracycline, like acetone, induced the formation of cyclobutadipyrimidines in the RNA. Damage to nucleic acids may result from clinical use of sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline and may partially explain the skin photosensitization associated with such use.
Granulomatous myositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, pancytopenia, and thymoma.

Granulomatous myopathies are rare. Most cases are associated with sarcoidosis. We report a case of granulomatous myopathy associated with primary biliary cirrhosis, pancytopenia, and thymoma. The literature in regard to granulomatous myopathy and its pathogenesis is reviewed. Intermittent pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone may be useful as maintenance therapy for granulomatous myopathy and other neuromuscular syndromes for patients intolerant of oral corticosteroids.
Open industry standards for mitigating risks to global supply chains

Governments and large enterprises are cognizant of and appreciate the benefits of globalization. They also recognize their increasing reliance on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) information technology (IT) components (software and hardware) necessary to meet the needs of their business missions. As cyberattacks increase in sophistication, stealth, and severity, governments and larger enterprises are taking a more comprehensive approach to risk management and product assurance. Simply improving today's security practices is insufficient. A comprehensive approach involves understanding the practices commercial technology suppliers can employ to protect the integrity of their products and services in the global supply chain--including an understanding of how suppliers manage the risks inherent in globalized product development and manufacturing. This paper outlines the nature of the global technology supply chain, the challenges posed, and the impact on consumers. It describes the added importance of a framework for addressing these challenges based on an approach of IBM, as well as evolving industry open standards efforts to address technology supply chain risks.
A review of wildlife changes in southern bottomland hardwoods due to forest management practices

One function of bottomland hardwood forests is provision of wildlife diversity and abundance. In this paper, we discuss the temporal and spatial changes in wildlife diversity and abundance often associated with forest management practices in bottomland hardwoods. Forest management activities after forest composition, structure, and spatial hetereogeneity, thereby changing the composition, abundance, and diversity of wildlife communities. Special habitat features such as snags, den trees, and dead and down woody material also may be impacted by forestry practices. More research is needed to fully understand landscape-level impacts of forest management.
Adaptive Optics For Space Telescopes

Adaptive optics systems for ground-based imaging through the earth's atmosphere must generally measure and correct for path distortions within a time period ranging from 0.5 to 10 milliseconds. For most astronomical objects, this requires a wavefront error sensor of the highest sensitivity -- typically a system which employs hundreds of quantum-limited photodetectors devoted exclusively to this task. This paper will point out how the system problems for figure control of orbiting telescopes are quite different since the error sources have periods which typically range from hours to years. Thus error signal integration times can be thousands of times larger for the orbiting optics, and it is feasible and economically advantageous to use low sensitivity dither adaptive optics systems, employing single detectors at the image plane. We will compare three classes of dither systems for this application: 1) one-element-at-a-time step systems; 2) half-at-a-time step systems; and 3) parallel sinusoidal dither (multidither) systems. Several types of signal processing will be compared from a signal-to-noise viewpoint. Computer simulations will be employed to illustrate the system performance at marginal signal-to-noise ratios.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Malignant hilar biliary obstruction

Diagnosis and management of malignant hilar biliary obstruction is a challenging problem for endoscopists. By using a systematic team approach that incorporates extensive noninvasive imaging and consultation with other specialties including hepatobiliary surgery and oncology, hilar tumors can be successfully approached with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, ERCP, with a conventional approach for diagnosis and drainage, often results in poor outcomes because of incomplete staging and tissue diagnosis, long- and short-term complications of stenting and ineffective palliation. As a result, patients with hilar obstruction are often referred to interventional radiologists, with similarly unsatisfactory outcomes as well as the need for external drainage. The key to optimizing outcomes is careful evaluation for resectability prior to considering ERCP. If surgical resection is not feasible, the primary goal of ERCP should be palliation of jaundice. The best results with ERCP are generally obtained via magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and computer tomography-targeted selective unilateral drainage with self-expanding metallic stents. With this approach, safe and effective drainage can usually be achieved, and bilateral stenting and/or percutaneous drainage are rarely necessary.
"Coloured Politics" in South Africa: The Quislings' Trek into the Abyss

(1984). ‘Coloured’ politics’ in South Africa: the quislings’ trek into the abyss. Review of African Political Economy: Vol. 11, No. 29, pp. 132-138.
The effect of prolonged dietary supplementation with guar gum on subsequent iron absorption and retention in rats.

1. The effect of prolonged consumption of guar gum on iron absorption and Fe status was investigated in rats. Experiments with closed loops of duodenum, isolated in siru, were designed to reveal changes in the short-term regulation of duodenal Fe uptake, induced by challenge with low- and high-Fe meals. In separate experiments, the effect of guar gum on the capacity of intact rats to maintain Fe status and to absorb Fe from a test-meal was investigated. 2. Male Wistar rats were given either a control, semi-synthetic diet (C) for 21 d or a similar diet containing 100 g guar gum (G)/kg for 27 d. Both diets contained 36 mg Fe/kg. Two subgroups were then challenged with meals containing low-Fe (8 mg/kg) or high-Fe (566 mg/kg), while a third subgroup received a meal of the control diet (36 mg Fe/kg). At intervals of 12,36,60 and 84 h after the dietary challenge, the uptake of [58Fe] ferric citrate was measured using closed duodenal loops in situ. All G-supplemented animals absorbed less Fe than their C-fed counterparts. Within group C, animals given the high-Fe challenge had lower absorptions 12, 36 and 60 h later, compared with those given the maintenance diet, whilst those given the low-Fe meal showed much increased uptake 12 and 36 h later. The latter effect was virtually abolished by guar gum. 3. In the second experiment, male Wistar rats were fed on the C or G diets containing 8, 15, 20, 26 or 36 mg Fe/kg for approximately 10 weeks adlib. Fe retention from a starch-sucrose test meal extrinsically labelled with 59Fe was then measured, together with packed cell volume and Fe content of the liver as indices of Ee status. No effect of feeding guar gum on Fe retention nor Fe status at any level of Fe intake was observed. 4. It was concluded that feeding guar gum leads to a small reduction in the rate of uptake of Fe in the rat duodenum and to an impairment of the regulation of uptake in response to brief episodes of dietary Fe depletion. However, these changes do not apparently lead to any nutritionally significant reduction in the capacity of the intact animals to absorb Fe and maintain their Fe status. Guar gum is a soluble galactomannan which falls within the definition of dietary fibre, and which increases the viscosity of the gut contents. The simultaneous ingestion of guar gum
STATUS REPORT: DIRECT TRACK DETECTOR DOSIMETRY IN FAST NEUTRON BEAMS

Abstract Cylindrical phantoms of both water and polyethylene 25 cm diameter by 25 cm high, have been exposed to fast neutrons from the therapeutic neutron beams at the University of Washington (where the neutrons are produced by 21 MeV deuterons striking a beryllium target) and also at the TAMVEC cyclotron at Texas A and M University (where the incident deuteron energy is 50 MeV). Both phantoms were loaded before irradiation with cellulose nitrate and Lexan polycarbonate track detectors, arranged in a regular pattern. The detectors are in direct contact with the water or polyethylene, thus permitting registration of the heavy ions produced by scattering or reaction in oxygen and carbon. These detectors have been partially analyzed and spatial macrodose distributions have also been measured. Additionally, the differential yields of various heavy ions from oxygen and carbon from the two different neutron spectra are presented and discussed.
Chest wall invasion by aspergillus in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood.

Chest wall invasion by the Aspergillus organism is described in two patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. This complication is usually a result of contiguous spread from pulmonary disease. In this report and a review of the three previously reported cases, the chest wall involvement was the initial indication of underlying lung disease.
Ion Temperatures in the Quiet Solar Corona

We measure the upper and lower limits of the temperatures Ti for a number of ions observed in the quiescent solar corona from 1996 to 2000, in order to compare with the measured electron temperature Te and test the assumption Ti = Te commonly adopted to measure the plasma nonthermal velocity vnth. We use a diagnostic technique that relaxes all assumptions on Ti and only requires that the plasma nonthermal velocity be the same for all ions; this provides a measurement of the upper limit on vnth and of a range of Ti-values compatible with observations. The measurements were carried out using spectra observed outside the solar limb in 1996, 1999, and 2000, spanning the rising phase of the solar cycle, and are repeated at different heights above the solar photosphere for each data set. We find that in the 2000 data set Ti > Te in the majority of cases, while the differences are smaller in the 1999 data set and nearly absent in the 1996 data set. We also investigate the correlation of the measured values of Ti with line wavelength, ion charge, charge-to-mass ratio, and temperature of maximum abundance, line intensity and width, and atomic weight, finding none.
Procedure to estimate genetic gain by stages in multistage testing programs

Development of cultivars requires testing in multiple stages, an expensive and lengthy process. Little research has been conducted on testing strategies. Our objectives were to develop a procedure to estimate genetic gains for each stage of testing and to illustrate the procedure using region soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] data. In the procedure, a test in which a set of strains is evaluated is paired both a test in the next stage, in which selections from the set are reevaluated
Concentration susceptibility of 3 He- 4 He mixtures near the superfluid transition

Measurements of the concentration susceptibility % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4baFfea0dXde9vqpa0lb9% cq0dXdb9IqFHe9FjuP0-iq0dXdbba9pe0lb9hs0dXda91qaq-xfr-x% fj-hmeGabiqaaiaacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacuaHhpWygaacai% abg2da9iabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGVaGaeyOaIyRaeuiLdqKaaiykamaa% BaaaleaacaWGubaabeaaaaa!3C99!\[\tilde \chi = \partial X/\partial \Delta )_T \] are reported for 3He-4He mixtures at saturated vapor pressure and at constant mole fraction X(3He) as a function of temperature. Here δ is the isotopic difference in chemical potentials. The mixtures cover the range from X = 0.60 to X = 0.677. Particular emphasis is given to the region near the lambda line for three mixtures and to the region close to the tricritical point. The method makes use of the vertical concentration gradient induced in the mixture by gravity. This difference δX is measured via the dielectric constant over a height of 2 mm using a capacitance technique. The predicted peak of the susceptibility at the superfluid transition is observed and as the tricritical point is approached, this peak is progressively broadened by gravity effects. The data are compared with those from other methods and also with estimations based on calorimetric data for more dilute mixtures. The susceptibility data are transformed into results along a path at constant chemical potential δ. Sufficiently close to T λ, these can be fitted to an expression with a weakly singular term, which is consistent with the predictions on the grounds of universality. These predictions are based on the calorimetric data of more dilute mixtures. The width of this critical region is found to be consistent with theoretical estimations by Riedel, Meyer, and Behringer. The tricritical scaling scheme by these authors is tested by the new data and the resulting scaling curve is found to be in reasonable agreement with that obtained from earlier data by Goellner, Behringer, and Meyer, except in the region closest to the tricritical point. There the new data appear to be more consistent with measurements from light scattering. In addition, the concentration susceptibility for more dilute mixtures (0.05 < X < 0.4) is calculated both from calorimetric data and from saturated vapor pressure measurements and the results are found to be internally consistent.
Flowering of mango trees in containers as influenced by seasonal temperature and water stress

Abstract Experiments were conducted in Homestead, FL, during July (mean minimum temperatures about 20°C, non-floral-inductive), and October and November (mean minimum temperatures about 15°C, floral-inductive), to determine if water stress induces floral morphogenesis in mango ( Mangifera indica L.). Suspending irrigation of container-grown cultivar ‘Tommy Atkins’ trees for 25 or 36 days in July caused water stress ( Ψ L of −3.55 MPa and −3.78 MPa, respectively), while irrigated trees remained non-stressed (−0.30 MPa). No flowering occurred, and all apical buds produced a vegetative flush which emerged later in water-stressed trees than in controls. In October, suspending irrigation of ‘Tommy Atkins’ trees for 35 days resulted in Ψ L values similar to those obtained during July. However, all apical buds, including those of irrigated trees, initiated flowers. Water stress advanced floral budbreak by nearly 2 weeks in nearly 40% of buds. In November, trees of four mango cultivars were or were not water-stressed in a glasshouse under warm conditions (mean minimum temperatures about 20°C), and were lightly pruned to stimulate growth of dormant axillary buds. Axillary buds produced vegetative growth only. Lightly pruned trees growing outdoors in cool temperatures initiated axillary floral buds. In warm temperatures (mean minimum temperatures about 20°C), water stress delayed shoot extension, but did not induce floral morphogenesis. In cool temperatures (mean minimum temperatures about 15°C), floral buds were initiated regardless of water stress. Thus, floral morphogenesis was induced by chilling temperatures. In contrast to water stress delaying the development of vegetative buds, the growth of floral buds was stimulated by water stress. Low temperatures thus promoted floral induction of mango, whereas water stress promoted growth of florally induced buds.
Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Enhanced electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on carbon-supported binary and ternary alloys of Pt in phosphoric acid fuel cells has been reported previously. This investigation focuses on the electrocatalysis of the ORR on some binary alloys of Pt (Pt+Ni, Pt+Cr and Pt+Co) at interfaces with proton exchange membranes (Dow perfluorinated sulfonic acids). Comparison of the results of these studies with those on carbon-supported Pt electrocatalysts (electrodes containing same Pt loading of 0.3 mg/cm2) revealed enhanced activities, lower activation energies and different reaction orders for all the alloys. X-ray powder diffraction showed lattice contractions for the alloys, the predominant phase being Pt3M (LI2) f.c.c. crystalline. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on the constituent elements of the electrocatalyst showed no chemical energy shifts owing to alloying and/or the presence of oxides on the surface. Lifetime evaluations of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, using both electrochemical as well as scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis techniques, revealed only small amounts of dissolution of the more oxidizable component during the testing periods, which ranged from 400 to 1200 h. Therefore, the enhanced electrocatalysis exhibited by the binary Pt alloys appears to originate primarily as a result of changes in the lattice structure owing to alloying and the unique environment of the supported catalyst in the particle size range 35–75 A.
A 1-year study of gait characteristics in diabetes: The impact of rosiglitazone

Fifty subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and 30 subjects with no history of diabetes (controls) were examined to assess their gait characteristics during the initiation of gait, gait in a linear path and during turns. Gait characteristics were measured by pressure sensors in the shoes, accelerometers on the knees and the electromyogram from the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Thirty subjects with diabetes (D1) and 20 control subjects (C) were followed for a period of 1year to see if gait changed over that period, especially in the diabetic population. Twenty additional subjects with diabetes (D2) were placed on the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone (RSG) – a drug known to also improve vascular endothelial function – and were also followed for 1year. The results showed that D1 had more unsteadiness in their gait; they walked more slowly and with more circumduction (lateral movement during the swing phase) than did C. D1 also showed greater muscle use and co-contraction of agonist an...
The effect of cryoprotection and cryodamage on corneal rehydration and endothelial structure

Abstract Corneal rehydration rate and endothelial ultrastructure were compared during postthaw perfusion of cryopreserved corneas and corneas that had been frozen and thawed without the benefit of cryoprotective solutions. The postthaw swelling rate of cryopreserved rabbit corneas was 171 μm/hr compared to 333 μm/hr in the cryodamaged corneas. Most of the endothelial cells were intact in the cryopreserved corneas, but the intercellular spaces were enlarged. In contrast, all of the endothelial cells in the cryodamaged corneas were disrupted and Descemet's membrane was only partially covered by the remaining cell fragments.
Therapeutic gene delivery to the skin

The skin represents a site for treatment of cutaneous and systemic disease and is the most accessible somatic tissue for therapeutic gene transfer in humans. Monogenic hereditary skin diseases, such as ichthyosis and epidermolysis bullosa subtypes, and disorders characterized by low levels of polypeptides in the systemic circulation, are current central foci of efforts in cutaneous-gene transfer. Additional efforts center on the treatment of wounds and malignancies. Recent developments in models of gene delivery to the skin underscore key challenges that must be met before successful treatment of human disease by cutaneous gene delivery can be achieved.
Effect of native dextran on granulation tissue formation.

SummaryHigh-polymer dextran only slightly inhibited granulation tissue formation when applied directly in high concentration, but not when injected intraperitoneally in rats. No qualitative differences between the granulation tissue of experimental and control groups were observed.
A Single-Element Polyphase Directional Relay

Increased speed because of reduced inertia and greater torque is obtained from the polyphase directional relay described in this paper. A single cup-like moving element is used in place of multiple disks as used heretofore, the polyphase function being obtained by the use of multiple poles.
Geologic setting and stratigraphy of the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado

The geologic setting of the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site is somewhat unusual — the sediments containing the Pleistocene fossils were deposited in a lake on top of a ridge. The lake basin was formed near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) when a glacier flowing down Snowmass Creek Valley became thick enough to overtop a low point in the eastern valley wall and entered the head of Brush Creek Valley. When the glacier retreated at about 155–130 ka, near the end of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6, the Brush Creek Valley lobe left behind a moraine that impounded a small alpine lake. The lake was initially ~ 10 m deep and appears to have been highly productive during most of its existence, based on the abundant and exquisitely preserved organic material present in the sediments. Over time, the basin slowly filled with (mostly) eolian sediment such that by ~ 87 ka it contained a marsh or wetland rather than a true lake. Open-water conditions returned briefly between ~ 77 and 55 ka before the impoundment was finally breached to the east, establishing ties with the Brush Creek drainage system and creating an alpine meadow that persisted until historic times.
On the Galois theory of difference fields

This paper contains the foundations of a Galois theory for difference fields which generalizes the results in [6]. The generalization is slight so the principal differences between this paper and [6] are the methods used to prove the theorems. We use the definition of algebraic group given by Kolchin in Chapter V of his book [8]. Some familiarity with this material (which is independent of the rest of the book) is assumed. Professor Richard Cohn has called the author's attention to two papers which also develop the Galois Theory of difference fields. These papers are by A. Bialynicki-Birula [On Galois Theory of Fields with Operators, Amer J. Math., 84 (1962), 89-109] and H. F. Kreimer [An Extension of Differential Galois Theory, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 118 (1965), 247-256]. The fields considered in these papers are more general than difference fields. However, when one specializes to difference fields, these authors obtain results which duplicate Theorems 1 and 2 of this paper with the following exceptions: Both BialynickiBirula and Kreimer assume that the field of constants is algebraically closed, an assumption which is not necessary using the methods of this paper. Also, parts (iii) and (v) of Theorem 2 are not given in either of the cited papers. In general, the terminology of Cohn [2] is used, except that solutions of xl = x
Testing Alternative Hypotheses Regarding the Association between Behavioral Inhibition and Language Development in Toddlerhood.

Studies have reported an inverse association between language development and behavioral inhibition or shyness across childhood, but the direction of this association remains unclear. This study tested alternative hypotheses regarding this association in a large sample of toddlers. Data on behavioral inhibition and expressive and receptive language abilities were collected from 816 twins at ages 14, 20, and 24 months. Growth and regression models were fit to the data to assess the longitudinal associations between behavioral inhibition and language development from 14 to 24 months. Overall, there were significant associations between behavioral inhibition and expressive language, and minimal associations with receptive language, indicating that the association is better explained by reticence to respond rather than deficient language development.
Individual differences in the performance of a process control task.

The allocation of functions and tasks to humans and machines is seldom considered as a step in system design. In those cases where function allocation is considered, it is usually based on fixed schemes for all operators; however, it is possible that the optimal allocation scheme is not the same across individuals. In this research, two studies employed a pasteurizing plant simulation to investigate the effect of gender, age, education, and experience on system performance. Results of the first study revealed individual differences between males and females. However, gender was confounded with education and age. Because this confound could not be removed with the available subject pool, a second study was conducted to separate the effects of age and education on performance. In this latter study, analyses revealed significant individual difference on performance. These data suggest that individual difference variables need to be examined more fully in the system design process.
High-contrast driving method for advanced CEL structure with magnesium oxide single-crystal powder in ACPDP

— A new driving method for an advanced-CEL-structure panel has been developed. Picture qualities have been upgraded. Discharge time lags are drastically shortened by priming electron emission from magnesium oxide (MgO) single-crystal powder, refered to as a crystal emissive layer (CEL). The advanced-CEL-structure panel has CEL material on the surface of not only the surface-discharge-electrode side but also on the address-electrode side. This panel structure enables a stable opposed discharge when the address electrode functions as a cathode. By utilizing the opposed discharges in the reset and LSB-SF sustain periods, the dark-room contrast ratio has been drastically increased to over 20,000:1, which is higher than five times that of the conventional method, and the luminance of the least-significant-bit sub-field (LSB-SF) is as low as 0.1 cd/m2, which is one-fourth that of the conventional method. The high-picture-quality PDP TVs refered to as “KURO” that employs these technologies have been introduced into the marketplace.
Scientific Method in Economics

THERE ARE A FEW minor negative points about the present book which a conscientious reader needs to include here as a kind of footnote, especially since the price of the volume seems somewhat out of line. There are perhaps the usual number of typographical errors, chiefly in the publication dates of books cited. The index is wholly inadequate, particularly for the section on Sources. Since most of the footnotes have been eliminated, the incompleteness of the index is a serious drawback. Finally, a biography selling for $9.50 might be provided with more illustrations than a mere frontispiece. In this lack, the book suffers in comparison with other recently-published biographies (the John Stuart Mill, again). But it would be captious to end on such a downbeat. For this promises to be a celebrated biography. Antioch College
Simultaneous Quantification and Identification Using 18O Labeling with an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer and the Analysis Software Application “ZoomQuant”

Stable isotope labeling with (18)O is a promising technique for obtaining both qualitative and quantitative information from a single differential protein expression experiment. The small 4 Da mass shift produced by incorporation of two molecules of (18)O, and the lack of available methods for automated quantification of large data sets has limited the use of this approach with electrospray ionization-ion trap (ESI-IT) mass spectrometers. In this paper, we describe a method of acquiring ESI-IT mass spectrometric data that provides accurate calculation of relative ratios of peptides that have been differentially labeled using(18)O. The method utilizes zoom scans to provide high resolution data. This allows for accurate calculation of (18)O/(16)O ratios for peptides even when as much as 50% of a (18)O labeled peptide is present as the singly labeled species. The use of zoom scan data also provides sufficient resolution for calculating accurate ratios for peptides of +3 and lower charge states. Sequence coverage is comparable to that obtained with data acquisition modes that use only MS and MS/MS scans. We have employed a newly developed analysis software tool, ZoomQuant, which allows for the automated analysis of large data sets. We show that the combination of zoom scan data acquisition and analysis using ZoomQuant provides calculation of isotopic ratios accurate to approximately 21%. This compares well with data produced from (18)O labeling experiments using time of flight (TOF) and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS instruments.
Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer

It is proposed that vitamin D is a protective factor against colon cancer. This hypothesis arose from the inspection of the geographic distribution of colon cancer deaths in the US, which revealed that colon cancer mortality rates were highest inplaces wherepopulations were exposedto theleast amountsof natural light—major cities, and rural areas at high latitudes. The hypothesis is supported by a comparison of colon cancer mortality rates in areas that vary in mean daily solar radiation penetrating the atmosphere. A mechanism involving cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is suggested. The possibility that an ecological fallacy or another indirect association explains the findings is explored. The amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface varies greatly from area to area in the US. Solar radiation (including ultraviolet and visible light) reaching the ground is measured by the US Weather Bureau at a number of weather stations which are distributed throughout the country. 1 The mean daily solar