cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the stochastic Burgers equation and their connection with turbulence

We present results for the one-dimensional stochastically forced Burgers equation when the spatial range of the forcing varies. As the range of forcing moves from small scales to large scales, the system goes from a chaotic, structureless state to a structured state dominated by shocks. This transition takes place through an intermediate region where the system exhibits rich multifractal behavior. This is mainly the region of interest to us. We only mention in passing the hydrodynamic limit of forcing confined to large scales, where much work has taken place since that of Polyakov.1 In order to make the general framework clear, we give an introduction to aspects of isotropic, homogeneous turbulence, a description of Kolmogorov scaling, and, with the help of a simple model, an introduction to the language of multifractality which is used to discuss intermittency corrections to scaling. We continue with a general discussion of the Burgers equation and forcing, and some aspects of three-dimensional turbulence where — because of the mathematical analogy between equations derived from the Navier–Stokes and Burgers equations — one can gain insight from the study of the simpler stochastic Burgers equation. These aspects concern the connection of dissipation rate intermittency exponents with those characterizing the structure functions of the velocity field, and the dynamical behavior, characterized by different time constants, of velocity structure functions. We also show how the exponents characterizing the multifractal behavior of velocity structure functions in the above mentioned transition region can effectively be calculated in the case of the stochastic Burgers equation.
William Faulkner's Ibero-American Novel Project: The Politics of Translation and the Cold War

Faulkner’s presence in Spanish American literature has been felt both directly and indirectly over the years. Much has been written about his impact on the work of authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa, among others, since he was first read by Spanish American authors in the 1930s. Much less has been written about Faulkner’s efforts to influence the course of Latin American literature, or about the geopolitical context in which these interventions took place. This essay will begin by presenting an overview of the Ibero-American Novel Project that he set up in 1961 at the University of Virginia, and its origins. It will examine the Project’s goals and mechanisms, as well as assessing the extent to which these were influenced by contemporary Cold War politics. Finally, I will look to the contemporary literary context—the early years of the so-called “Boom,” when Spanish American literature hit the international mainstream—for possible explanations of the Project’s failure to accomplish its goals. In 1950, when Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize, he initially refused to travel to Stockholm to pick up the award. The U.S. ambassador to Sweden sent an urgent cable to John Foster Dulles expressing his concern at the situation; ultimately, Muna Lee, southern poet and State Department official, was recruited to convince Faulkner to go to Stockholm and thus avoid international embarrassment for the U.S. (Blotner 1347-1348). The result was, of course, a great success, and from this moment until his death, Faulkner was persuaded numerous times by
Towards an Understanding of the Value of Cooperation in Uncertain World

Recent work has provided tantalizing hints that small amounts of cooperation may actually hurt a group's performance rather than help it. In this paper, we take a systematic look at the value of cooperation. Using a simple cooperative task where agents can act effectively individually but where high levels of cooperation will intuitively lead to better behavior, we investigated when and how cooperation helped overall performance. We systematically varied properties of the environment, e.g., the amount of uncertainty, and how much of what sort of cooperation the agents would perform, e.g., information sharing, resource allocation etc. Our experimental results show that, even if communication were free, and while typically coordination helps the team, under some circumstances, the team may be better off not coordinating at all than coordinating a little bit. We show that the level of uncertainty the agents face and their initial understandings of the environment determine whether a small amount of coordination is useful.
Variations in Decision Makers' Use of Information Sources: The Impact of Quality and Accessibility of Information

Variations in the reported frequency of use of four information sources by decision makers was investigated. Although the perceived quality of information available for decision making was related ...
Optimal error of query sets under the differentially-private matrix mechanism

A common goal of privacy research is to release synthetic data that satisfies a formal privacy guarantee and can be used by an analyst in place of the original data. To achieve reasonable accuracy, a synthetic data set must be tuned to support a specified set of queries accurately, sacrificing fidelity for other queries.This work considers methods for producing synthetic data under differential privacy and investigates what makes a set of queries "easy" or "hard" to answer. We consider answering sets of linear counting queries using the matrix mechanism [18], a recent differentially-private mechanism that can reduce error by adding complex correlated noise adapted to a specified workload.Our main result is a novel lower bound on the minimum total error required to simultaneously release answers to a set of workload queries. The bound reveals that the hardness of a query workload is related to the spectral properties of the workload when it is represented in matrix form. The bound is most informative for (e δ)-differential privacy but also applies to e-differential privacy.
Z \to b\bar b in a composite model of fermions

A composite model of fermions is proposed to explain the “anomaly” in \(Z \to b\bar b\) and, to a lesser extent, in \(Z \to c\bar c\) It contains a nonsequential fourth family whose mass of one member (the charge − 1/3 quark) is constrained to be between 47 GeV and 49 GeV. The charge + 2/3 quark is constrained to lie between 67 GeV and 107 GeV. This opens up the exciting prospect for nearfuture discoveries at LEP2 and possibly at the Tevatron.
Validation of a test of competence in transesophageal echocardiography.

Objective: A test was developed that is based on intraoperative findings to evaluate knowledge of intraoperative echocardiography. This study examines the performance of attending anesthesiologists and residents at various levels of training in order to validate the test's ability to measure physician competence in intraoperative echocardiographic diagnosis. Design: This study was a prospective evaluation of a test of competence in transesophageal echocardiography. Setting: Two university medical centers. Participants: Volunteer anesthesia faculty and residents. Interventions: The participants took an echocardiographic examination that consisted of 34 “K” -type multiple-choice questions and a 45-second video-loop sequence for each question. The video sequences were chosen for their high quality and unambiguous representation of both normal and pathologic images obtained by transverse transesophageal echocardiographic imaging. The questions were written by experienced echocardiographers. The test was administered to 25 individuals at two academic institutions: 11 residents with minimal transesophageal echocardiography exposure and 14 faculty who were relatively experienced with transesophageal echocardiography. All of the residents repeated the examination at the end of their third clinical anesthesia year, which included transesophageal echocardiography training. The differences between the groups' scores were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. To correct for the multiple comparisons, p Measurements and Main Results: Before their transesophageal echocardiography training, the residents scored significantly lower than the faculty (P Conclusions: Test performance differed according to level of experience. This suggests that the test is a valid measure of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography competence.
Fundamental Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

This section provides a summary of important units for geomagnetism and geoelectricty. In addition, a summary of conversion factors and fundamental units of relevance to earth and planetary science are presented for reference. Despite the sentiment expressed above by Vigoureux, it still seems that plenty of us slave over SI units in geomagnetism. There is probably no other scientific discipline in which the topic of units generates so much endless discussion and confusion than in magnetism. Before the late 1970’s, practically all the geophysical literature in geomagnetism and paleomagnetism used the Gaussian CGS system of units. The CGS system is a perfectly sound, intemally consistent, system of units, but, like all systems of units and dimensions, is totally arbitrary. As the name implies, the cgs system is based on three base units: centimeter, gram, and second. All other units are derived from these three. The Gaussian cgs system is based on two earlier systems, the electrostatic units (esu) and electromagnetic units (emu). Electrostatic units were defined by Coulomb’s law describing the force between two electrical charges. Similarly, electromagnetic units were defined by the force between two magnetic charges or two current-carrying wires. One consequence of this dichotomy is that the dimen-
Bipartite graph design principle for photonic switching systems

Several attributes of a bipartite graph are exploited in designing switching systems. First, in a network based on bipartite graphs, no two paths are allowed to intersect at a vertex. This attribute is used to design a directional coupler-based photonic switching network with very low crosstalk. Since crosstalk is the most limiting factor in constructing a large directional-coupler-based photonic switching network, crosstalk reduction on the device and architecture levels is an important design issue. Secondly, broadcast, which is an intrinsic property of a bipartite graph (the same is always true with a crossbar representation), is used in designing multiconnection switching networks. Thirdly, it is shown that the nonplanar nature of bipartite graphs makes them well suited for designing three-dimensional free-space-transmission photonic switching systems. >
Synthesis of enantioenriched γ-quaternary cycloheptenones using a combined allylic alkylation/Stork–Danheiser approach: preparation of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic systems

A general method for the synthesis of β-substituted and unsubstituted cycloheptenones bearing enantioenriched all-carbon γ-quaternary stereocenters is reported. Hydride or organometallic addition to a seven-membered ring vinylogous ester followed by finely tuned quenching parameters achieves elimination to the corresponding cycloheptenone. The resulting enones are elaborated to bi- and tricyclic compounds with potential for the preparation of non-natural analogs and whose structures are embedded in a number of cycloheptanoid natural products.
A universal quantum circuit scheme for finding complex eigenvalues

We present a general quantum circuit design for finding eigenvalues of non-unitary matrices on quantum computers using the iterative phase estimation algorithm. In addition, we show how the method can be used for the simulation of resonance states for quantum systems.
Poverty, inequality, and the local natural resource curse

The extent to which local communities benefit from commodity booms has been subject to wide but inconclusive investigations. This paper draws from a new district-level database to investigate the local impact on socioeconomic outcomes of mining activity in Peru, which grew almost twentyfold in the last two decades. The authors find evidence that producing districts have better average living standards than otherwise similar districts: larger household consumption, lower poverty rate, and higher literacy. However, the positive impacts from mining decrease significantly with administrative and geographic distance from the mine, while district-level consumption inequality increases in all districts belonging to a producing province. The inequalizing impact of mining activity, both across and within districts, may explain part of the current social discontent with mining activities in the country, even despite its enormous revenues.
Improving the reliability of commodity operating systems

Despite decades of research in extensible operating system technology, extensions such as device drivers remain a significant cause of system failures. In Windows XP, for example, drivers account for 85% of recently reported failures.This article describes Nooks, a reliability subsystem that seeks to greatly enhance operating system (OS) reliability by isolating the OS from driver failures. The Nooks approach is practical: rather than guaranteeing complete fault tolerance through a new (and incompatible) OS or driver architecture, our goal is to prevent the vast majority of driver-caused crashes with little or no change to the existing driver and system code. Nooks isolates drivers within lightweight protection domains inside the kernel address space, where hardware and software prevent them from corrupting the kernel. Nooks also tracks a driver's use of kernel resources to facilitate automatic cleanup during recovery.To prove the viability of our approach, we implemented Nooks in the Linux operating system and used it to fault-isolate several device drivers. Our results show that Nooks offers a substantial increase in the reliability of operating systems, catching and quickly recovering from many faults that would otherwise crash the system. Under a wide range and number of fault conditions, we show that Nooks recovers automatically from 99% of the faults that otherwise cause Linux to crash.While Nooks was designed for drivers, our techniques generalize to other kernel extensions. We demonstrate this by isolating a kernel-mode file system and an in-kernel Internet service. Overall, because Nooks supports existing C-language extensions, runs on a commodity operating system and hardware, and enables automated recovery, it represents a substantial step beyond the specialized architectures and type-safe languages required by previous efforts directed at safe extensibility.
Abortion Legalization and Child Living Circumstances: Who is the “Marginal Child”?

Weexaminethe impact ofincreased abortion availabilityon the averageliving standards of children through a selection effect. Would the marginal child whowas not born have grown up in different circumstances than the average child? We use variation in the timing of abortion legalization across states to answer this question. Cohorts born after legalized abortion experienced a signiecant reduction in a number of adverse outcomes. We end that the marginal child would have been 40‐60 percent more likely to live in a single-parent family, to live in poverty, to receive welfare, and to die as an infant. Access to abortion is one of the most contentious public policy issues facing the United States today. The period since the legalization of abortion under the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 has been marked by incessant debate over the appropriate government enancing and legal status of abortions. Meanwhile, pregnancy resolution through abortion is a very common outcome in the United States; roughly 25 percent of all pregnancies are aborted {Ventura et al. 1995}. As a result, major changes in abortion access could have substantial effects on the birthrate. Indeed, Levine, Staiger, Kane, and Zimmerman end that the legalization of abortion in the early 1970s led to an 8 percent reduction in the birthrate. 1
Regenerator Effectiveness During Transient Operation

Current designs of regenerative gas turbines include high-effectiveness rotary regenerators. The regenerators make the gas turbines highly efficient during steady-state operation. During engine transients, however, engine efficiency can be low because high-effectiveness regenerators tend to have large cores with large thermal masses, and it can take a long time (minutes for example) for these regenerators to reach their steady-state effectiveness. The following criterion determines the response time of regenerators: {tau}{sub ss} {approximately} (mc){sub R}/C{sub x}, where {tau}{sub ss} (S) is the time period of transient operation; (mc){sub R} (J/K) is the heat capacity of the core; and C{sub x} (W/K) is the heat-capacity rate of the exhaust. This criterion has been verified through analysis and experimentation. The criterion enables the designer to estimate the fraction of an operating cycle during which the regenerator will have reduced effectiveness.
Reverse Pricing and Online Price Elicitation Strategies in Consumer Choice

This research examines consumers’ willingness to pay in an online environment. Specifically, I compare two price-elicitation strategies: price generation (i.e., “name your price”) and price selection (i.e., “select your price”). Contrary to the common assumption that naming a price will be preferred by consumers because it offers the most flexibility in articulating one's willingness to pay, this research demonstrates that consumers often prefer to select rather than to generate a price. In a series of three experiments, I show that the potential unfavorable effects of the price-generation task are associated with the absence of a readily available reference price range. I further demonstrate that the reference price range also has to be externally provided and that internally generated reference prices can as well eliminate the potential negative effect of the price generation task and strengthen consumer preferences. These findings support the proposition advanced in this research that a pre-choice articulation of reference prices can simplify consumer choice by imposing a structure consistent with the nature of the decision task.
High-Stakes Choice: Achievement and Accountability in the Nation's Oldest Urban Voucher Program

This article considers the impact of a high-stakes testing and reporting requirement on students using publicly funded vouchers to attend private schools. We describe how such a policy was implemented during the course of a previously authorized multi-year evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, which provided us with data on voucher students before and after the reform, as well as on public school students who received no new policy treatment. Our results indicate substantial growth for voucher students in the first high-stakes testing year, particularly in mathematics, and for students with higher levels of earlier academic achievement. We discuss these results in the context of both the school choice and accountability literatures.
Sunset Company: Risk Analysis For Capital Budgeting Using Simulation And Binary Linear Programming

The Sunset Company case illustrates how the study of linear programming and risk analysis are facilitated with popular spreadsheets and their simulation add-ins. From new products having a singular expected value for NPV, binary linear programming (BLP) optimally selects the combination of products that maximizes total NPV given capital constraints. Yet, when probability distributions are used to model risk of the products, an optimized simulation finds a different set of products for a risk adverse strategy. Advances in spreadsheet technology facilitate accounting educators introducing meaningful modeling and risk analysis into the classroom.
Pluripotency and Cellular Reprogramming: Facts, Hypotheses, Unresolved Issues

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors has raised fundamental questions regarding the epigenetic stability of the differentiated cell state. In addition, evidence has accumulated that distinct states of pluripotency can interconvert through the modulation of both cell-intrinsic and exogenous factors. To fully realize the potential of in vitro reprogrammed cells, we need to understand the molecular and epigenetic determinants that convert one cell type into another. Here we review recent advances in this rapidly moving field and emphasize unresolved and controversial questions.
A Broadly Applicable Copper Reagent for Trifluoromethylations and Perfluoroalkylations of Aryl Iodides and Bromides

A large number of recently launched pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical candidates contain perfluoroalkyl groups because these moieties affect the physical properties and biological processing of organic molecules, while being stable to degradation.[1] For this reason, the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into aryl halides by simple laboratory procedures is a major synthetic goal. Despite much effort to develop reactions that introduce trifluoromethyl groups into arene substrates, current methods are limited by some combination of high temperatures, high catalyst loadings, expensive reagents, catalysts, and ligands, low reactivity with electron-rich aromatic groups, and intolerance toward protic and electrophilic functional groups.[2–6] Methods to introduce longer perfluoroalkyl groups into aryl halides are even more limited.[7,8]
Ultrasound findings of acute idiopathic scrotal edema.

Idiopathic scrotal edema is an uncommon cause of acute scrotal problems in children. This is a diagnosis that can be confirmed with color Doppler ultrasound, thus obviating the need for surgical exploration.1-4 Although the literature documents the benefit of Doppler ultrasound in identifying blood flow to the testis in these patients, there is little mentioned with regards to the scrotal wall changes on ultrasound.5-7 We submit ultrasound findings in three boys that presented to us with characteristic findings of idiopathic scrotal edema, each of which had significant scrotal wall subcutaneous edema on ultrasound examination. All three patients presented with acute onset of scrotal swelling and erythema. Scrotal ultrasound demonstrated similar findings in all three patients, including normal appearing testicular parenchyma and excellent blood flow to both testes. There was significant peritesticular edema with the appearance of considerable fluid in the scrotal wall (see Figure 1 and 2), with marked thickening of the subcutaneous tissues. There was also a significant increase in the vascularity of the scrotal skin and subcutaneous tissues. One patient was admitted overnight for IV antibiotics due to the severity of the scrotal wall edema. Two patients received oral Benadryl for the presumed diagnosis of idiopathic scrotal edema. Recovery was uncomplicated, with complete resolution of symptoms within 48 hours in all 3 patients.
Dynamic voltage-current characteristics of a megawatt MPD-ARC thruster

The dynamic voltage-current characteristic of a hot cathode, megawatt (Mw), pulsed MPDARC thruster are given for various axial magnetic fields (1.0-2.0 T). The arc is powered by a crowbarred capacitor bank, and the transient data is obtained for the 100 /zsec period after crowbar time. Each shot shows a positive sloped characteristic. A series of these dynamic characteristics, spanning 2—14 ka, along with estimated static characteristics are given for argon and for nitrogen propellant. As the magnetic field increases, the dynamic curves tend to be more identifiable as part of a connected, positive sloped line.
Compensation Effect in Semiconducting Barium Titanate

Donor-doped, stoichiometric BaTiO3 sintered at 1350°C for 1 h exhibits a maximum room-temperature conductivity at [La3+]∼0.15 mol%. Elements of lower valence than Ba2+ or Ti4+, when incorporated into semiconducting BaTiO3, are regarded as poisoning impurities, i.e., acceptors. They tend to increase the room-temperature resistivity of the semiconducting BaTiO3. For insulating BaTiO3 resulting from high Mg2+ acceptor doping levels, the semiconductivity can be restored by introducing higher La3+ donor-dopant concentrations. This behavior is interpreted as a compensation effect based on the defect chemistry of the acceptor- and donor-doped BaTiO3.
Isoprene increases thermotolerance of fosmidomycin-fed leaves.

Isoprene is synthesized and emitted in large amounts by a number of plant species, especially oak (Quercus sp.) and aspen (Populus sp.) trees. It has been suggested that isoprene improves thermotolerance by helping photosynthesis cope with high temperature. However, the evidence for the thermotolerance hypothesis is indirect and one of three methods used to support this hypothesis has recently been called into question. More direct evidence required new methods of controlling endogenous isoprene. An inhibitor of the deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate pathway, the alternative pathway to the mevalonic acid pathway and the pathway by which isoprene is made, is now available. Fosmidomycin eliminates isoprene emission without affecting photosynthesis for several hours after feeding to detached leaves. Photosynthesis of fosmidomycin-fed leaves recovered less following a 2-min high-temperature treatment at 46°C than did photosynthesis of leaves fed water or fosmidomycin-fed leaves in air supplemented with isoprene. Photosynthesis of Phaseolus vulgaris leaves, which do not make isoprene, exhibited increased thermotolerance when isoprene was supplied in the airstream flowing over the leaf. Other short-chain alkenes also improved thermotolerance, whereas alkanes reduced thermotolerance. It is concluded that thermotolerance of photosynthesis is a substantial benefit to plants that make isoprene and that this benefit explains why plants make isoprene. The effect may be a general hydrocarbon effect and related to the double bonds in the isoprene molecule.
The Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Ptosis

(1989). The Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Ptosis. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 111-126.
Goddard laser systems and their accuracies

The latest Goddard laser systems, and their use in the Earth Dynamic Program are described. The tracking accuracies obtained using actual field data are discussed.
Ambient assessment of daily activity and gait velocity

This paper describes novel ambient technologies for domestic gait velocity measurement and in-home daily activity monitoring. This was achieved through low cost, easily deployable passive infrared motion detectors and an unobtrusive wireless sensor network. This system was deployed in the houses of eight older adults (1 faller; 7 non-fallers) living independently over eight weeks. Inter-daily gait velocity and daily activity metrics were derived from this data set. Consistent daily rhythms were found, however no correlations to clinical or daily ethnographic data were found. Long-term data collection, particularly surrounding serious life events, would validate the ability of this system to highlight deviations in health status. This paper provides a framework for collecting, analysing and interpreting gait velocity and daily activity data.
Good medical ethics, justice and provincial globalism

The summer 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in Western Africa illustrates global health's striking inequalities. Globalisation has also increased pandemics, and disparate health system conditions mean that where one falls ill or is injured in the world can mean the difference between quality care, substandard care or no care at all, between full recovery, permanent ill effects and death. Yet attention to the normative underpinnings of global health justice and distribution remains, despite some important exceptions, inadequate in medical ethics, bioethics and political philosophy. We need a theoretical foundation on which to build a more just world. Provincial globalism (PG), grounded in capability theory, offers a foundation; it provides the components of a global health justice framework that can guide implementation. Under PG, all persons possess certain health entitlements. Global health justice requires progressively securing this health capabilities threshold for every person.
Know Your Enemy: How Repatriated Unauthorized Migrants Learn about and Perceive Anti-Immigrant Mobilization in the United States

Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the United States. In particular, residents called ‘minutemen’ have garnered attention for their vigilante patrols of the U.S.-Mexico border. Yet, there remains an absence of rigorously collected data from the unauthorized migrants they target. Filling this void, we draw on original survey data from wave 1 of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS) and address three questions: Among unauthorized repatriated migrants who have heard of minutemen, from where do they get their information? What qualities or characteristics do unauthorized repatriated migrants ascribe to minutemen? And, finally, how accurate are these perceptions? In so doing, we detail the composition of unauthorized repatriated migrants’ knowledge networks and the role these played in diffusing knowledge about minutemen. Additionally, we illuminate disparities in the quality of the minuteman-related information these networks diffuse. We find that respondents relied heavily on media outlets in the United States and Mexico to obtain information about minutemen. Social networks and the crossing experience itself mattered to a much lesser extent. Interestingly, unauthorized repatriated migrants were mixed in their perceptions of exactly who minutemen were, and migrants varied greatly in their ability to accurately identify minutemen. We conclude with implications and directions for future research.
Adjacent q -Cycles in Permutations

We introduce a new permutation statistic, namely, the number of cycles of length q consisting of consecutive integers, and consider the distribution of this statistic among the permutations of {1, 2, . . . , n}. We determine explicit formulas, recurrence relations, and ordinary and exponential generating functions. A generalization to more than one fixed length is also considered.
An optical technique for bit and packet synchronization

We have demonstrated a new synchronization technique to align the inputs at a fiber-optical switching node. We compensate for the delay induced by the slowly varying ambient temperature at the links with a temperature tuned laser diode in combination with the dispersion of the fiber. This scheme shows excellent linearity and negligible transmission penalty in timing jitter and pulse shape variations. The maximum bit-shift obtained experimentally was 850 ps for a fiber dispersion of 200 ps/nm, implying that bit synchronization can be obtained at bit-rates exceeding 1 Gb/s. >
The restricted likelihood ratio test at the boundary in autoregressive series

The restricted likelihood ratio test, RLRT, for the autoregressive coe-cient in autoregressive models has recently been shown to be second order pivotal when the autoregressive coe-cient is in the interior of the parameter space and so is very well approximated by the ´ 2 distribution. In this paper, the non-standard asymptotic distribution of the RLRT for the unit root boundary value is obtained and is found to be almost identical to that of the ´ 2 in the right tail. Together, the above two results imply that the ´ 2 distribution approximates the RLRT distribution very well even for near unit root series and transitions smoothly to the unit root distribution.
Do State Expenditures on Tobacco Control Programs Decrease Use of Tobacco Products Among College Students

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of state tobacco control program expenditures on individual-level tobacco use behaviors among young adults. Data come from the 1997, 1999 and 2001 waves of the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (CAS). Our findings indicate that a higher level of state spending on tobacco control programs in the prior year is associated with a statistically significant increase in the probability that current daily smokers report at least one attempt to quit smoking in the past year. We also find evidence that higher state expenditures on tobacco control programs in the prior year are associated with reductions in the prevalence of daily smoking and 30-day cigar use among college students. We do not find any statistically significant association between state tobacco control program expenditures and the number of attempts to quit smoking among those with at least one attempt, or on the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the past month. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The space of embedded minimal surfaces of fixed genus in a 3-manifold I; Estimates off the axis for disks

This paper is the first in a series where we describe the space of all embedded minimal surfaces of fixed genus in a fixed (but arbitrary) closed Riemannian 3-manifold. The key for understanding such surfaces is to understand the local structure in a ball and in particular the structure of an embedded minimal disk in a ball in R3 (with the flat metric). This study is undertaken here and completed in [CM6]. These local results are then applied in [CM7] where we describe the general structure of fixed genus surfaces in 3-manifolds. There are two local models for embedded minimal disks (by an embedded disk, we mean a smooth injective map from the closed unit ball in R2 into R3). One model is the plane (or, more generally, a minimal graph), the other is a piece of a helicoid. In the first four papers of this series, we will show that every embedded minimal disk is either a graph of a function or is a double spiral staircase where each staircase is a multi-valued graph. This will be done by showing that if the curvature is large at some point (and hence the surface is not a graph), then it is a double spiral staircase. To prove that such a disk
Covariate Catastrophic Risk Management in the Developing World: Discussion

Sustainable poverty reduction requires instruments to help rural households manage risk effectively. But appropriate interventions are highly conditional on the nature of the risk involved: idiosyncratic – meaning that one household’s experience is unrelated to neighbors’ – or covariate – meaning that neighboring households suffer similar shocks. Growing empirical evidence suggests that idiosyncratic risk due to crop yield shocks associated with microclimatic variation or localized wildlife damage or pest infestation, illness (especially chronic rather than infectious disease), and one-off events (e.g., property loss due to fire or theft) exceeds covariate income and asset risk in rural Africa and Asia.
Double-slot antennas on extended hemispherical and elliptical silicon dielectric lenses

Far-field patterns and Gaussian-beam coupling efficiencies are investigated for a double-slot antenna placed on hemispherical lenses with varying extension lengths. The radiation patterns of a double-slot antenna on a silicon dielectric lens are computed using ray-tracing inside the dielectric lens and electric and magnetic field integration on the spherical dielectric surface. The measured radiation patterns at 246 GHz and Gaussian-beam coupling efficiencies show good agreement with theory. The theoretical results are presented in terms of extension-length/radius and radius/ lambda , and therefore result in universal design curves for silicon lenses of different diameters and at different frequencies. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that for single units, there exists a wide range of extension lengths which result in high Gaussian-coupling efficiencies (50-60%) to moderately high f 's. These Gaussian-coupling efficiencies can be increased to 80-90 degrees % with the use of a lambda /sub m//4 matching-cap layer. For imaging array applications with high packing densities, an extension-length/radius of 0.38 to 0.39 (depending on frequency) will result in peak directivity and a corresponding Gaussian-coupling efficiency 15-20% lower than for single units. >
Gaseous contaminants modify the friction and wear response of precious metal electrical contact alloys

An in situ electrical contact resistance and friction coefficient measuring device has been installed in a scanning Auger microprobe. A pin-on-plate experimental configuration is used. This tribology system has been used to characterize the friction, wear, and electrical contact resistance of a Pd-alloy pin (ASTM B540) sliding on an Au-alloy plate (ASTM B541). Studies, with and without H/sub 2/S in the atmosphere, of wear in 1.6*10/sup -6/-Torr O/sub 2/, 700-Torr 5% O/sub 2/ in N/sub 2/, and 700-Torr He are reported. The presence of H/sub 2/S reduces the friction coefficient and decreases the wear track width on the Au alloy. The lower friction is associated with absorption and reaction of the H/sub 2/S with the Au-alloy plate. In the ambients containing H/sub 2/S, large accumulations of S in wear tracks are observed; however, no increase in the electrical contact resistance occurs. In the 700-Torr ambients containing H/sub 2/S, Cu segregates to the wear track surfaces to the exclusion of other metallic elements and forms Cu/sub 2/S layers. A concomitant shift occurs in the S and Cu Auger peak positions when the Cu/sub 2/S film thickens. >
A model of visual organization for the game of GO

No successful GO-playing program has appeared in the literature, although Remus used GO as the subject of a machine learning study, and Thorp and Walden have considered some of its mathematical aspects. Another author considered GO to be somewhat mysterious, making it a challenge to those interested in automating it. Apparently the game was described as being mysterious to indicate that people were able to play it without knowing how they were able to play so well. More study of this complex game may reward us with new insight into human perceptual and problem solving abilities as well as foster the development of new techniques for artificial intelligence. This report describes a program which plays GO. The program uses an information processing model to produce perceptual features which are seen by human GO players, and is capable of several responses to the recognition of significant configurations of these perceptual features.
Computing the profession

To most of the hundreds of millions of computer users around the world, the inner workings of a computer are an utter mystery. Opening the box holds as much attraction as lifting the hood of a modern car. Users expect computing professionals to help them with their needs for designing, locating, retrieving, using, configuring, programming, maintaining, and understanding computers, networks, applications, and digital objects. They expect academic computer science to educate and train computing professionals to be familiar with the changing technologies and to maintain research programs that contribute to these ends. Students of computing look to faculty for a comprehensive, up-todate view of a world with many fragments, for making sense of rapidly changing technologies, for assistance in framing and answering important questions, and for training in effective professional practices.
A new approach for sclera vein recognition

The vein structure in the sclera is stable over time, unique to each person, and well suited for human identification. A few researchers have performed sclera vein pattern recognition and reported promising initial results. Sclera recognition poses several challenges: the vein structure moves and deforms with the movement of the eye; images of sclera patterns are often defocused and/or saturated; and, most importantly, the vein structure in the sclera is multi-layered and has complex non-linear deformation. In this paper, we proposed a new method for sclera recognition: First, we developed a color-based sclera region estimation scheme for sclera segmentation. Second, we designed a Gabor wavelet-based sclera pattern enhancement method, and an adaptive thresholding method to emphasize and binarize the sclera vein patterns. Third, we proposed a line descriptor-based feature extraction, registration, and matching method that is illumination-, scale-, orientation-, and deformation-invariant, and can mitigate the multi-layered deformation effects exhibited in the sclera and tolerate segmentation error. It is empirically verified using the UBIRIS database that the proposed method can perform accurate sclera recognition.
XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS OF FOUR MILLISECOND PULSARS

I present an analysis of the XMM-Newton observations of four millisecond pulsars, J0437-4715, J2124-3358, J1024-0719, and J0034-0534. The new data provide strong evidence of thermal emission in the X-ray flux detected from the first three objects. This thermal component is best interpreted as radiation from pulsar polar caps covered with a nonmagnetic hydrogen atmosphere. A nonthermal power-law component, dominating at energies E greater than or equal to 3 keV, can also be present in the detected X-ray emission. For PSR J0437-4715, the timing analysis reveals that the shape and pulsed fraction of the pulsar light curves are energy dependent. This, together with the results obtained from the phase-resolved spectroscopy, supports the two-component (thermal plus nonthermal) interpretation of the pulsar's X-ray radiation. Highly significant pulsations have been found in the X-ray flux of PSRs 52124-3358 and 51024-0719. For PSR 50034-0534, a possible X-ray counterpart of the radio pulsar has been suggested. The inferred properties of the detected thermal emission are compared with predictions of radio pulsar models.
Experimental tests of general relativity: recent progress and future directions

Einstein's general theory of relativity is the standard theory of gravity, especially where the needs of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics are concerned. As such, this theory is used for many practical purposes involving spacecraft navigation, geodesy, and time transfer. We review the foundations of general relativity, discuss recent progress in tests of relativistic gravity, and present motivations for the new generation of high-accuracy tests of new physics beyond general relativity. Space-based experiments in fundamental physics are presently capable of uniquely addressing important questions related to the fundamental laws of nature. We discuss the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future and evaluate the discovery potential of a number of recently proposed space-based gravitational experiments.
Terabit LAN with optical virtual concatenation for Grid applications with super-computers

This paper proposes an optical local area network that can transmit terabit-class bulk-data with low latency in a dynamic manner. A group of wavelengths is assigned to bulk-data transmission according to the latency requirement, and parallel WDM signals are transmitted with bit-phase synchronization mechanism after fast provisioning.
Towards a Theory of the QCD String

We construct a new model of four-dimensional relativistic strings with integrable dynamics on the worldsheet. In addition to translational modes this model contains a single massless pseudoscalar worldsheet field — the worldsheet axion. The axion couples to a topological density which counts the self-intersection number of a string. The corresponding coupling is fixed by integrability to $$ Q=\sqrt{\frac{7}{16\pi }}\approx 0.37 $$ . We argue that this model is a member of a larger family of relativistic non-critical integrable string models. This family includes and extends conventional non-critical strings described by the linear dilaton CFT. Intriguingly, recent lattice data in SU(3) and SU(5) gluodynamics reveals the presence of a massive pseudoscalar axion on the worldsheet of confining flux tubes. The value of the corresponding coupling, as determined from the lattice data, is equal to Q L ≈ 0.38 ± 0.04.
Stereoselective synthesis of 5-O-carbamoylpolyoxamic acid by [2,3]-Wittig-Still rearrangement

Stereoselective [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of E- and Z-allylic stannyl ethers derived from an isopropylidene L-threitol derivative has been investigated. The E-isomer exhibited best diastereoselectivity and the resulting rearrangement product has been converted to protected polyoxamic acid, an amino acid component of many bioactive polyoxins.
Carrier-based discontinuous PWM modulation for current source converters

Two generalized discontinuous carrier-based pulse-width modulation (GDPWM) methodologies for three-phase current source converters (CSC) are developed based on the classical space vector method and the carrier-based generalized discontinuous modulation scheme for voltage source converters (VSC). With feasible operation in both the linear and overmodulation regions, they provide the known advantages of the discontinuous carrier-based modulation in voltage source converters-reduced switching loss and reduced effective switching frequency especially in the overmodulation region. These modulation schemes are implemented for a current source inverter from which experimental results are presented to verify concepts and theory.
Circumcenter of Mass and Generalized Euler Line

We define and study a variant of the center of mass of a polygon and, more generally, of a simplicial polytope which we call the Circumcenter of Mass (CCM). The CCM is an affine combination of the circumcenters of the simplices in a triangulation of a polytope, weighted by their volumes. For an inscribed polytope, CCM coincides with the circumcenter. Our motivation comes from the study of completely integrable discrete dynamical systems, where the CCM is an invariant of the discrete bicycle (Darboux) transformation and of recuttings of polygons. We show that the CCM satisfies an analog of Archimedes' Lemma, a familiar property of the center of mass. We define and study a generalized Euler line associated to any simplicial polytope, extending the previously studied Euler line associated to the quadrilateral. We show that the generalized Euler line for polygons consists of all centers satisfying natural continuity and homogeneity assumptions and Archimedes' Lemma. Finally, we show that CCM can also be defined in the spherical and hyperbolic settings.
Algorithmic Algebraic Model Checking III: Approximate Methods

We present computationally efficient techniques for approximate model-checking using bisimulation-partitioning, polyhedra, grids and time discretization for semi-algebraic hybrid systems, and demonstrate how they relate to and extend other existing techniques.
Shame Proneness and Guilt Proneness: Toward the Further Understanding of Reactions to Public and Private Transgressions

In Study 1, participants completed five extant shame and guilt proneness inventories based on different theoretical conceptions of the difference between shame and guilt. Factor analyses revealed that despite very different theoretical distinctions, the shame proneness subscales loaded on one factor, and the guilt proneness subscales loaded on one factor. In Study 2, we altered scale items so that hypothetical transgressions were committed in either public or private, and likelihood response options were either typical of a “shame-prone response” (negative self-evaluation; avoidance behavior) or a “guilt-prone response” (negative behavior evaluation; approach behavior). Our findings indicate that shame and guilt proneness can be measured both by responses to transgressions (e.g., negative self-evaluation and avoidance responses vs. negative behavior evaluation and approach responses) and the situational context in which the transgression occurs (e.g., public vs. private). We provide recommendations regard...