cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressed-domain spatio-temporal metric for change detection in image sequences

This paper addresses the problems associated with the dynamic change detection of an image sequence in the compressed domain. In particular, wavelet compression is considered here. With its multi-resolutional decomposition there are many different routes of image compression with wavelets. This paper will present some preliminary results of different compression schemes on spatio-temporal change detection metrics.
The Efficiency Effects of Categorical Discrimination in the Insurance Industry

Recent public policy debate has focused concern on the equity dimensions of categorical discrimination based on sex, age, or race in insurance and similar markets. We consider the efficiency effects of such discrimination and establish that costless imperfect categorization always enhances efficiency. When categorization entails a nonnegligible resource cost, however, no unambiguous efficiency ranking of informational regimes is possible. When categorization is costless, we demonstrate that government, having no better information than market participants, can effect redistribution without assuming dictatorial control of the market, implying that a market equilibrium with costless categorization is potentially Pareto superior to one without it. When categorization is costly, however, the market may categorize when Pareto improvements are not possible.
Ageing and exposure to oxidative stress in vivo differentially affect cellular levels of PrPc in mouse cerebral microvessels and brain parenchyma

The biological function of cellular prion protein PrPc has not been established, despite in vitro studies suggesting antioxidant activity or link to signal transduction pathways. In this study, mice were exposed to hyperoxia to establish whether oxidative stress affected prion expression in vivo. C57Bl/6J mice aged 6, 18, and 24 months, maintained under normoxic conditions, exhibited age-related increases in PrPc in both cerebral microvessels and in microvessel-depleted brain homogenate. We demonstrate that PrPc is differentially affected by exposure to hyperoxia in vivo for 1 (24 h) or 2 (48 h) days, or for 1 day hyperoxia, followed by 1 day normoxia. Brain parenchymal cells from 6-month-old mice exposed to 1 day hyperoxia showed elevation of a glycosylated approximately 36 kDa form, whereas in 24-month-old mice cellular prion level was substantially reduced. Extending hyperoxia from 1 to 2 days resulted in significantly reduced PrPc level, regardless of age. Parenchymal PrPc is substantially elevated in 6-month-old mice, but declines in 18- and 24-month-old animals following 1 day hyperoxia. By contrast, PrPc content in cerebral microvessels from 6-month-old mice declined after a 2 day exposure to hyperoxia, while microvessels from 24-month-old brains showed elevated prion levels 24 h after hyperoxia. Moreover, unglycosylated 25-30 kDa PrPc, and a previously undescribed 50-64 kDa band containing at least some glycosylated protein, predominated in microvessels with lesser content of the glycosylated approximately 36 kDa form. Cellular content of these unglycosylated forms was correlated with age, while the response to hyperoxia was evident in both unglycosylated and glycosylated forms of the protein following 1 and 2 day exposures. The observed elevation of the 25-30 and 50-64 kDa bands of microvessel PrPc is not sustainable following 1 day hyperoxia, but returns to near normoxic levels within 24 h after hyperoxia. We also show in a knockout mouse for methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA), the enzyme responsible for reducing methionine sulfoxide back to methionine, and a regulator of cellular antioxidant defence, that following hyperoxia brain PrPc in the null mutant is elevated relative to PrPc content in the parent strain. Our results show up-regulated PrPc expression or reduced turnover in response to age-related, and hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress.
Abstract 3751: Clinical correlation between Cyclin D1, pAKT, and FOXO1A in African American and Latino Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer amongst women and is the seventh highest cause of death in this population in the United States. Statistics indicate that minority and underserved populations have worse overall survival from breast cancer. Clinical data from our laboratory have shown that African American and Latino breast cancer patients with HER2/neu overexpression and high pAKT have poor outcomes. In vitro data on breast cancer cells have shown that Cyclin D1 is up-regulated by the PI3K/AKT pathway, while the FOXO1A transcription factor is down-regulated. Hence, the purpose of our current study was to evaluate clinical correlation between pAKT, Cyclin D1, and FOXO1A in tissues from the same patient. We used the same cohort of patients from our previous study. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin tissues from African American and Latino women with breast cancer. Results indicate that patients with HER2/neu overexpression were likely to be Cyclin D1 positive. In addition, those with high pAKT were also Cyclin D1 positive, thus indicating that HER2/neu overexpression might be associated with increase in Cyclin D1 and pAKT. Interestingly, breast tumors with high pAKT and low FOXO1A were also Cyclin D1 positive. In summary, immunohistochemical analysis and subsequent correlation of biomarkers associated with the HER2-PI3/AKT pathway, that include pAKT, Cyclin D1 and FOXO1 may provide better assessment of clinical outcome of breast cancer patients and therefore better target therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3751.
The Nuts and Bolts of Publication in Health Communication

Most established communication scholars already know the “how to” aspects of publishing in Health Communication, but newer researchers, those whose training was in other fields, or those who have m...
Symposium on computerized behavioral testing of humans in neurotoxicology research: overview of the proceedings.

Abstract The Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research, held in Portland, OR (USA), on June 21–23,1995, is the subject of the 23 articles in this issue of Neurotoxicology and Teratology. It is the first open forum to focus exclusively on computer-implemented behavioral test methods for neurotoxicology. Both the Symposium and this proceedings have been organized around the topics: new technologies and new batteries, confounders and methodologic factors, special populations (children), sensory and motor testing, clinical applications, and neurotoxicology research. The Symposium emphasized common approaches to computerized testing, highlighted fundamental differences in strategies for the selection of tests and produced tangible evidence that the NES2 test battery has become a pervasively used instrument for presenting valid tests in human neurotoxicology research. However, the dominant impression drawn from the Symposium is that there is a methodologic vigor in the field of computerized behavioral testing. This is revealed by the appearance of new test batteries, criticism of existing procedures, challenges to the existing order of test selection, and the identification of analytic covariates for commonly used tests.
Celecoxib (celebrex) increases canine lower esophageal sphincter pressure.

Abstract Background. Prostaglandins inhibit the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and may decrease lower esophageal sphincter tone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex) could increase lower esophageal pressure (without affecting gastric emptying) compared to placebo and cisapride (Prepulsid), a compound previously used to treat reflux disease. Materials and methods. Six mongrel dogs were assigned to receive celecoxib, cisapride, and placebo using a randomized cross-over design with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Prior to dosing, each dog underwent an esophagopexy to provide access to the esophagus and stomach. On the fourth day of dosing, sphincter tone was measured in awake unsedated dogs using radial manometry. In a different set of six dogs, liquid and solid gastric emptying rates were scintigraphically determined. Results. Celecoxib significantly increased mean and average maximum lower esophageal pressures compared to placebo without affecting the gastric emptying rate. The magnitudes of these increases were similar to that produced by cisapride. Conclusions. Celecoxib had a positive effect on canine lower esophageal sphincter tone. This finding, combined with the drug's low incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity, suggests that celecoxib may warrant consideration and investigation as a pharmacotherapy for human reflux disease.
How concrete is extrasyllabicity

The final /t/ of petit is considered extrasyllabic and subject to deletion at the end of the derivation, since an h-aspire" word like heros does not allow chaining (linking). There can be no question that the treatment of h-aspire as [-Enchainement] constitutes a 'concrete' analysis, as it duplicates, in fact, the rule feature account of Klausenburger (1978) and Tranel (I98I). In this brief note I would like to challenge, however, the concreteness of the concept of extrasyllabicity as applied to French. Stemberger argues, on the basis of experimental evidence, that 'extrasyllabic consonants can NEVER be pronounced unless they are associated with a syllable' (457). From this he concludes that assigning extrasyllabicity to the final /t/ of petit amounts to considering this consonant as optional, selected by a phonotactic constraint, as in the non-transformational model of Hudson (I980). I would agree that this indeed yields a (very) concrete interpretation, but the concept of extrasyllabicity will, as a consequence, be rendered meaningless, being disconnected from phonological structure. Stemberger's position leads to either a suppletive account, which posits both /pati/ and /patit/ underlyingly, or Tranel's insertion approach, which takes /pati/ as basic, both of which may be labeled 'non-phonological' solutions (cf. the discussion in Klausenburger, I984). The original sense of extrasyllabicity, as introduced by Clements/Keyser (cf. also the 'floating' version of Hyman, 1985), when applied to French equates to a diacritic feature of certain consonants, as it 'does not follow
Privacy issues in location-aware mobile devices

Location awareness, the ability to determine geographical position, is an emerging technology with both significant benefits and important privacy implications for users of mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs. Location is determined either internally by a device or externally by systems and networks with which the device interacts, and the resultant location information may be stored, used, and disclosed under various conditions that are described. Thirteen specific privacy issues are enumerated and discussed as examples of the challenges we face as these technologies and their associated products and services are deployed. Regulation by governments, standards organizations, industry groups, public interest groups, and marketplace forces are discussed as it may help address privacy issues.
Multiple Signal Detection and Measurement Using a Configurable Wideband Digital Receiver

A configurable wideband digital receiver with multiple signal detection capability is presented The implementation of multiple signal detection scheme is often a challenge due to the timing and hardware constraints. The efficient multiple detection scheme presented in this paper employs hardware reuse by effective configuration and detects multiple signals before the next set of buffered data arrives for processing. Performance evaluation of the configurable receiver to detect up to five signals, their maximum attainable instantaneous dynamic range (IDR) and frequency detection error analysis are presented.
Information processing and visualization of power system wide area time varying data

This paper presents a methodology for analyzing volumes of time varying data from wide area power systems and intelligently extracting information. The contributions are two-fold. Firstly, algorithms have been developed to identify distinct features of the system dynamic response, flagging outliers in the same process. The second contribution is in the use of advanced visualization tools such as “spark-lines” on geographic overlays to represent this information. The proposed methodology has been applied on 20 sec transient stability data in a system with over 2400 generators. The developed algorithms analyzed generator speeds and identified abnormal response characteristics in 2 generators. These abnormal responses were caused by errors in these generators' exciter models that were previously undetected and were subsequently corrected. This provides evidence of the capability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology as an operational tool.
Relationships Between Market Price Signals and Production Management: The Case of Fed Beef

The beef industry in the United Statesconsists of several distinct production levels ranging from the cow-calf producer at the lowest level to the final consumer. These sectors face varying levels of profitability, degrees of marketpower, conflicting goals, and price signals. Environmental regulations involve questions of what costs are involved, who is in a position to pay these costs, and whether market prices are capable of signaling different environmental practices. Understanding the relationships within the beef industry may allow researchersto fine-tune analyses of environmental issues in the beef industry,
Instructional Capacity and High Performance Schools

or more than a decade researchers have been studying the design and implementation of educational reforms in states and school districts. One of the major sets of issues concerns the "capacity" of these systems to achieve the goal of helping all students reach high standards of achievement. The task of formulating policy has been hampered by disagreement in both the research and policy communities about the degree to which capacity is a problem, and if it is, what capacity or capacities are needed, and therefore, what should be done. Discussions of capacity are often framed by advocates of particular reforms and their beliefs about what is essential to implementing their ideas. For example, those who advocate systemic reform focus on the capacity for policy alignment, adoption of standards, development of curriculum and assessment, and changes in governance (Smith & O'Day, 1991). In contrast, for those who advocate school-by-school change, capacity building means the creation of learning communities, changes in governance, and opportunities for teachers to share their craft knowledge (Darling-Hammond, 1993).
Probing the role of a secondary structure element at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites in group I intron self-splicing: the tetrahymena L-16 ScaI ribozyme reveals a new role of the G.U pair in self-splicing.

Several ribozyme constructs have been used to dissect aspects of the group I self-splicing reaction. The Tetrahymena L-21 ScaI ribozyme, the best studied of these intron analogues, catalyzes a reaction analogous to the first step of self-splicing, in which a 5 '-splice site analogue (S) and guanosine (G) are converted into a 5'-exon analogue (P) and GA. This ribozyme preserves the active site but lacks a short 5'-terminal segment (called the IGS extension herein) that forms dynamic helices, called the P1 extension and P10 helix. The P1 extension forms at the 5'-splice site in the first step of self-splicing, and P10 forms at the 3'-splice site in the second step of self-splicing. To dissect the contributions from the IGS extension and the helices it forms, we have investigated the effects of each of these elements at each reaction step. These experiments were performed with the L-16 ScaI ribozyme, which retains the IGS extension, and with 5'- and 3'-splice site analogues that differ in their ability to form the helices. The presence of the IGS extension strengthens binding of P by 40-fold, even when no new base pairs are formed. This large effect was especially surprising, as binding of S is essentially unaffected for S analogues that do not form additional base pairs with the IGS extension. Analysis of a U‚U pair immediately 3' to the cleavage site suggests that a previously identified deleterious effect from a dangling U residue on the L-21 ScaI ribozyme arises from a fortuitous active site interaction and has implications for RNA tertiary structure specificity. Comparisons of the affinities of 5 '-splice site analogues that form only a subset of base pairs reveal that inclusion of the conserved G‚U base pair at the cleavage site of group I introns destabilizes the P1 extension >100-fold relative to the stability of a helix with all Watson -Crick base pairs. Previous structural data with model duplexes and the recent intron structures suggest that this effect can be attributed to partial unstacking of the P1 extension at the G‚U step. These results suggest a previously unrecognized role of the G‚U wobble pair in self-splicing: breaking cooperativity in base pair formation between P1 and the P1 extensions. This effect may facilitate replacement of the P1 extension with P10 after the first chemical step of self-splicing and release of the ligated exons after the second step of self-splicing.
Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook

Since social networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook, began allowing organizations to create profiles and become active members, organizations have started incorporating these strategies into their public relations programming. For-profit organizations have used these sites to help launch products and strengthen their existing brands; however, little is known about how nonprofit organizations are taking advantage of the social networking popularity. Through a content analysis of 275 nonprofit organization profiles on Facebook, this study examines how these new social networking sites are being used by the organizations to advance their organization’s mission and programs. Solely having a profile will not in itself increase awareness or trigger an influx of participation. Instead careful planning and research will greatly benefit nonprofits as they attempt to develop social networking relationships with their stakeholders. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Palmitate-mediated Alterations in the Fatty Acid Metabolism of Rat Neonatal Cardiac Myocytes☆

During ischemia and reperfusion, increased palmitate oxidation is associated with diminished function of the myocardium. Palmitate, but not oleate, has been implicated in the induction of apoptosis in isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. We report that extended incubation (20 h) of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, in the presence of palmitate, causes a decrease in the ability of these cells to oxidize fatty acids, an increase in cellular malonyl-CoA and a decrease in the activity of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) compared to myocytes incubated in the presence of oleate. While palmitate decreases the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids, it increases the formation of intracellular triglyceride and ceramide. Increased ceramide formation is associated with an increase in apoptosis in many cell systems and we also observe an increase in caspase-3 like activity and DNA-laddering in these cells. At the onset of cardiac failure, a switch in myocardial substrate utilization from fatty acids to glucose occurs. Our data suggest that decreased palmitate oxidation in cardiac myocytes in culture may signal the initiation of programmed cell death and ceramide elevation previously documented in ischemic, reperfused hearts.
Complications of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following repeated exposure to gadolinium in a man with hypothyroidism: a case report

Introduction Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a condition that has recently been recognized in patients with chronic renal disease and is associated with use of gadolinium-based contrast agents of ubiquitous use in magnetic resonance imaging scans. The condition is believed to arise through inadequate renal clearance of the gadolinium-based contrast agents, resulting in bodily deposition of the gadolinium; this is most widely recognized in the skin, but also occurs in other tissues.
Electrical Properties of Donor and Acceptor Doped Gd2Ti2O7

The results of electrical conductivity measurements on Nb, W, and Mn-doped Gd2Ti2O7 are presented. A correlation between electrical conductivity, the oxygen partial pressure and type of dopants has been obtained. The source of the different PO2 dependence for Mn-doped material is discussed.
High saturation power and high gain integrated photoreceivers

A novel monolithically integrated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) receiver is presented. This receiver implements a flared SOA and tapered quantum-well detector. SOAs exhibited 22-dB unsaturated gain and 15.7-dBm output power at the 1-dB gain compression point while the receiver demonstrated 15-GHz bandwidth and -10.5-dBm sensitivity.
The Molecular Basis of Organ Formation: Insights From the C. elegans Foregut

The digestive tracts of many animals are epithelial tubes with specialized compartments to break down food, remove wastes, combat infection, and signal nutrient availability. C. elegans possesses a linear, epithelial gut tube with foregut, midgut, and hindgut sections. The simple anatomy belies the developmental complexity that is involved in forming the gut from a pool of heterogeneous precursor cells. Here, I focus on the processes that specify cell fates and control morphogenesis within the embryonic foregut (pharynx) and the developmental roles of the pharynx after birth. Maternally donated factors in the pregastrula embryo converge on pha-4, a FoxA transcription factor that specifies organ identity for pharyngeal precursors. Positive feedback loops between PHA-4 and other transcription factors ensure commitment to pharyngeal fate. Binding-site affinity of PHA-4 for its target promoters contributes to the progression of the pharyngeal precursors towards differentiation. During morphogenesis, the pharyngeal precursors form an epithelial tube in a process that is independent of cadherins, catenins, and integrins but requires the kinesin zen-4/MKLP1. After birth, the pharynx and/or pha-4 are involved in repelling pathogens and controlling aging.
Selenite targets eIF4E-binding protein-1 to inhibit translation initiation and induce the assembly of non-canonical stress granules

Stress granules (SGs) are large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that are assembled when cells are exposed to stress. SGs promote the survival of stressed cells by contributing to the reprogramming of protein expression as well as by blocking pro-apoptotic signaling cascades. These cytoprotective effects implicated SGs in the resistance of cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy. We have found that sodium selenite, a selenium compound with chemotherapeutic potential, is a potent inducer of SG assembly. Selenite-induced SGs differ from canonical mammalian SGs in their morphology, composition and mechanism of assembly. Their assembly is induced primarily by eIF4E-binding protein1 (4EBP1)-mediated inhibition of translation initiation, which is reinforced by concurrent phosphorylation of eIF2α. Selenite-induced SGs lack several classical SG components, including proteins that contribute to pro-survival functions of canonical SGs. Our results reveal a new mechanism of mammalian SG assembly and provide insights into how selenite cytotoxicity may be exploited as an anti-neoplastic therapy.
Quantitative estimates of uptake and internal cycling of 14N-labeled fertilizer in mature walnut trees

Summary Uptake and internal cycling of nitrogen (N) in mature walnut trees was studied over a period of 6 years using 15 N-depleted fertilizer and full-canopied walnut (Juglans regia L. cv Hartley) trees. The magnitude of internal N cycling, i.e., the availability of N for new growth from internal N pools, was quantified using both the percent annual depletion (PAD) and the N balance budget approaches. There was good agreement between the two measures, and about 60% of annual N demand was derived from N redistribution from internal pools. The remaining 40% of annual tree N demand was met by an influx of N from the soil/fertilizer pool. Trees were excavated, processed and analyzed after 6 years to determine total tree N content and labeled N recovery. Trees recovered 29.4% of the labeled N applied and, based on previous evidence, we as sumed that tree accumulation of labeled N occurred entirely in the first year. Labeled N in the fruits and leaves harvested in the first year represented 26% of the total labeled N accumulated, and the remaining 74% of the labeled N accumulated that year was stored and used to support development of annual organs in subsequent years. In the first year, the early maturing catkins did not accumulate labeled N, indicating their exclusive reliance on internal N. Using the atom% 14 N excess values of catkins and an exponential decline equation to determine turnover rate, the Mean Residence Time (MRT) of storage N in the tree was estimated to be 2.0 years. The size of the cycling pool of storage N in the tree was estimated to be about 50% of the total N content of perennial tree parts. Our data support the hypotheses that: (1) in any given year, mature walnut trees store the majority of soil and fertilizer N absorbed and within 2 years following uptake the N is remobilized and used for new growth, and (2) about half of the total N content of the perennial parts of mature walnut trees is present as nonstructural N and is available for recycling.
The effect of pH and complexation of amino acid functionality on the redox chemistry of methionine and X-Ray structure of [Co(en)2(L-Met)](ClO4)2.H2O

Abstract Anodic oxidation of methionine under different pH conditions is reported. The results are compared with the oxidation process when the glycinic terminus of methionine is coordinated with Co(III). Synthesis of [Co(en) 2 (L-Met)](ClO 4 ) 2 , [Co(trien)(L-Met)](CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 , and [Co(trien)(OSO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ]CF 3 SO 3 is reported where L-Met = L-methionine, en = ethylenediamine, trien = triethylenetetraamine. The triflato complex ([Co(trien)(OSO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ]CF 3 SO 3 ) can serve as a starting material for synthesizing a variety of complexes. The x-ray structure of [Co(en) 2 (L-Met)](ClO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O is also presented The complex crystallizes in space group P 2 1 of the mono-clinic system with two independent molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. The unit cell dimensions are a = 9.582 (2) A, b = 11.554 (2) A, c = 19.988 (6) A, and f = 98.85 (2)°. The two molecular units are related by a pseudo-center of symmetry. The electrochemical data presented here suggest a major role of the neighboring group and pH in defining the ease of oxidation of methionine.
A Blind Interpretation of Doe’s TAT

To the extent that I could be said to have a method, it consists in reading over the stories and making notes on aspects of form and content that strike my attention as being deviant or as fitting together with impressions from other stories or from other tests. (In clinical work I always use a battery of tests.) These notes, which are more or less copious, depending on the time pressure under which I am working and on the purpose for which the TAT is being used, are quite similar to the ones reproduced here. They consist mainly of three types of material: notations of significant formal aspects of the record (where I depend heavily on Rapaport), rather unsystematic skeletonizin of content in terms of need-press themas (where my debt to Murray is most clear), and speculations about the symbolic and dynamic significance of anything in the record. I try to be free and undisciplined in these speculations (which derive mainly from what knowledge of psychoanalysis I have) but keep a watch on the extent to which I am projecting myself, and treat them only as speculations until they are corroborated.
Beyond imperialism: the new internationalism

Daedalus Spring 2005 Much has been said about the United States having become, or having to become, an empire. To provide the chaotic world, especially in the wake of the Cold War, with some semblance of law and order, it has been asserted, the international community needs a new world order, a global empire, a superpower that can speak on behalf of all countries and all peoples, a power willing to use its military and economic resources to protect all against the forces of violence and anarchy. There is only one nation that can ful1⁄2ll the task: the United States. In the twenty-1⁄2rst century, therefore, humankind may be forced to choose between continued disorder and imperial governance instituted by the United States. So one side of the argument goes. But others dispute this contention, insisting that for practical or moral reasons the United States should never take on an imperial role. A historian can only contribute to this debate by historicizing it–that is, by noting what empires and imperialism have meant in the past, and by examining what these might mean in today’s world. This essay seeks to put empires and imperialism in the context of modern world affairs and to discuss how they contributed, or failed to contribute, to stabilizing international order.
IFN-induced depression: a role for NSAIDs.

Abstract Interferon-alpha (IFN) is widely used for the treatment of viral illnesses and other chronic diseases, though its usefulness is hampered by a problematic side-effect profile. In particular, IFN-alpha induces neuropsychiatric and neurotoxic side effects, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, lethargy, confusion, and psychosis. Of particular interest, a number of patients develop full psychiatric syndromes, particularly depressive disorders. Recent evidence suggests that conventional antidepressants (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are effective in preventing or reducing IFN-induced side-effects, but even these compounds are not 100% effective in preventing these symptoms. As such, alternative treatments must be considered. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to counteract a number of IFN-induced side effects, including cytokine activation, stress hormone release, and neurochemical alterations (reduced 5-HT [serotonin]). NSAIDs are widely recommended for various aspects of flu-like symptoms or sickness behaviors in humans, including those induced specifically by IFN. In addition, NSAIDs appear to be effective in treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder. These data indirectly specify a role for NSAIDs in syndromes with a prominent depression component. Drawing from an extensive pre-clinical and clinical research base, we hypothesize that pretreatment with NSAIDs will not only reduce the incidence of flu-like symptoms, but also prove effective for the prevention or reduction of IFN-induced depression.
Sentence Simplification as Tree Transduction

In this paper, we introduce a syntax-based sentence simplifier that models simplification using a probabilistic synchronous tree substitution grammar (STSG). To improve the STSG model specificity we utilize a multi-level backoff model with additional syntactic annotations that allow for better discrimination over previous STSG formulations. We compare our approach to T3 (Cohn and Lapata, 2009), a recent STSG implementation, as well as two state-of-the-art phrase-based sentence simplifiers on a corpus of aligned sentences from English and Simple English Wikipedia. Our new approach performs significantly better than T3, similarly to human simplifications for both simplicity and fluency, and better than the phrasebased simplifiers for most of the evaluation metrics.
Intent Structures

The process of goal formation is presently inefficient? suffering from neglect, confusion of nomenclature, problems of group dynamics, and other difficulties. Intent structures furnish a practical mechanism for use in individual or group formation of goals. Such structures can become a kind of portrait of an organization, characterizing it much more effectively than an organization chart. Intent structures can also serve as a basis for managing complex system programs. Examples of intent structures are given which relate to education and new city design.
Diffuse Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Secondary to Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis.

Background Aneurysmal rupture accounts for the majority of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Increasingly recognized is the occurrence of nontraumatic convexity SAH unaccounted for by aneurysmal rupture. Case report These presentations require consideration of rare but clinically significant sources of SAH. We report a patient presenting with prolonged mild headaches and acute onset of seizure like activity found to have diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage and extensive dural venous sinus thrombosis involving the superior sagittal sinus and right transverse-sigmoid sinuses. Conclusions There are few reported cases of SAH secondary to dural sinus thrombosis; however most of these are convexity hemorrhage. Sinus thrombosis presenting as diffuse SAH is extremely rare, as is showcased in this report.
Pesticide residues in food

Review: Pesticides Residues in Food (with Special Reference to Toxicology and Environmental Problems). This review covers the literature through 1972 with 64 references and discusses the named subject under the headings of 1. Ecology — Biomagnification; 2. Deposit in Man; 3. Pesticide Residues in Food; 4. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) vs. Tolerance; 5. Significance to Environmental Problems and Human Health, and 6. Effect on Food Quality. The review attempts to show that the probable entry of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues stored in human fat is through the daily food containing measurable amounts of pesticide residues. The review also illustrates the reasoning behind the ban on the use of DDT in the United States, based on environmental and toxicological factors. The significance of ADI concept compared with actual pesticide amounts from food intake is discussed. Finally, specific cases for a number of pesticides are described which have caused environmental or toxicologic problems, e.g. aramite, aminotriazole, 2, 4, 5-T, mercury and PCB's.
Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages Does Not Prevent Hantavirus Disease Pathogenesis in Golden Syrian Hamsters

ABSTRACT Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, dysregulation of components of the immune response is often suggested as a possible cause. Alveolar macrophages are found in the alveoli of the lung and represent the first line of defense to many airborne pathogens. To determine whether alveolar macrophages play a role in HPS pathogenesis, alveolar macrophages were depleted in an adult rodent model of HPS that closely resembles human HPS. Syrian hamsters were treated, intratracheally, with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes or control liposomes and were then challenged with ANDV. Treatment with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes resulted in significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, but depletion did not prevent pathogenesis or prolong disease. Depletion also did not significantly reduce the amount of virus in the lung of ANDV-infected hamsters but altered neutrophil recruitment, MIP-1α and MIP-2 chemokine expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in hamster bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid early after intranasal challenge. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages may play a limited protective role early after exposure to aerosolized ANDV but do not directly contribute to hantavirus disease pathogenesis in the hamster model of HPS. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses continue to cause disease worldwide for which there are no FDA-licensed vaccines, effective postexposure prophylactics, or therapeutics. Much of this can be attributed to a poor understanding of the mechanism of hantavirus disease pathogenesis. Hantavirus disease has long been considered an immune-mediated disease; however, by directly manipulating the Syrian hamster model, we continue to eliminate individual immune cell types. As the most numerous immune cells present in the respiratory tract, alveolar macrophages are poised to defend against hantavirus infection, but those antiviral responses may also contribute to hantavirus disease. Here, we demonstrate that, like in our prior T and B cell studies, alveolar macrophages neither prevent hantavirus infection nor cause hantavirus disease. While these studies reflect pathogenesis in the hamster model, they should help us rule out specific cell types and prompt us to consider other potential mechanisms of disease in an effort to improve the outcome of human HPS.
Adjust to Reguirment of Tidal Developement and Enhance the Administration of Agroecono-mics.

Agri-economic administration is important part of agriculture and agricultural business of the Party.In recent years,obvious achievements have been made in the agri-economy of Tai Gu County,characterizing legalization,regulation and procedurization.Though,agri-economy is faced with severe challenge in the course of the agriculture and rural economy.The various issues are ana- lyzed in the paper concerning the agri-economic administration of Tai Gu County.such as finance management,openness of rural administration,revolving of the land rent,creditor's rights,debt, organism construction and so forth.And the strategies to the above are put forward.
Book Review: Reconstructing Iraq's Budgetary Institutions: Coalition State Building after Saddam, by James D. Savage

A review of Professor Savage's important book on the drafting and executing of national budgets in Iraq in the post Saddam era. The review demonstrates that Professor Savage's book is by far the most careful, detailed and considered work on the Iraqi budget, and is likely to remain so for some time to come. Only one significant flaw mars the otherwise admirable effort, and this is that Savage's extensive research and interviews only seem to have reached as far as the CPA, its contractors, and those Iraqis closely affiliated with the CPA. The result is that, at times, there appears to be a tendency to credit expatriate and CPA driven accounts over those of local actors.
Proportional Hazard Model of doped low creep lead free solder paste under vibration

In this experiment, the vibrational performance of various lead-free doped (micro-alloyed) solder paste alloys on 15mm BGA packages were investigated. The Primary Goal of this test is to find a manufactureable solder paste that will mitigate the effects of aging on lead free solder joints. The results discuss the effects of different paste materials, the effects of doping level, and reflow profile on the resulting reliability of a variety of surface mount components. The test vehicle consists of 15 mm (CABGA 208) ball grid array packages with 0.8mm pitch, a leadless 5mm QFN package (MLF 20) with 0.65mm pitch and 2512 SMRs in order to understand the effect of doped solder paste on conventional packages. The test boards are built with three different reflow profiles and two different stencil thicknesses 8 mil (6 mil with overprint) and 4 mil to study the differences in doping effect of the new doped alloys. The test boards were built to withstand JEDEC JESD22-B103B standards of high stress test in vibrational shaker table to assess the solder joint performance. The test vehicle was subjected to accelerated life test of severe random vibration per board. The reliability of the component is determined by the ability of the components to withstand vibration as a result of motion produced by field operations. The deleterious effect of the mechanical loading of BGA's on the characteristic fatigue lifetime is reported. The time to failure were right censored after 20 hours. The experimental variables include paste materials, solder paste manufacturer, reflow profile, stencil thickness and component solder sphere. The response variable used in this test is Time to Failure (hours). The effect of experimental variables on Time to Failure were assessed at 5% level of significance using Cox Proportional Hazard Model. It is found that all the experimental variables have significant impact on the Time to Failure.
Eros and Aesthetics

In 1895, Oscar Wilde, for some the incarnation of aestheticism, was arrested on charges of homosexuality. The notoriety surrounding the public downfall of an artist at the height of his career codified society’s image of the Victorian aesthete: on one hand artistic and intellectual, and on the other dandified and homosexual. Yet very little attention has been paid in scholarship to the relationship between Wilde’s literary aesthetics and his complex sexual identity.
A Sexual Profile of Social Groups

ABSTRACTUsing behaviorally specific measures, this paper describes the sexual profiles of several social groups as represented by their sexual attitudes, activities, and preferences. The sample consists largely of younger, well-educated and fairly economically advantaged individuals who are predominantly single and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The social groups are defined according to: 1) sex, 2) ethnicity, 3) marital status, 4) number of marriages, 5) age, and 6) education. Significant mean differences within the social groups were obtained and assessed as confirming or disconfirming commonly held assumptions regarding their sexual proclivities. Implications of these findings for sex education and sex counseling are discussed.
Investigation of the Parameters Affecting Subpicosecond Pulse Durations in Passively Mode Locked Dye Lasers

We report the shortest pulses generated to date using a simple dispersionless three mirror cavity. In addition, for the first time, accurate fringe resolved autocorrelation measurements with a peak to background ratio of 8 to 1 are presented. These fringes enable us to determine in a single recording whether or not the pulses are bandwidth limited.
Bandwidth issues in advanced video quality and delivery (Invited Paper)

This discussion looks at the issue of bandwidth in the critical role it plays in video distribution. Content providers, broadcasters, distribution and etc. must abide by the restrictive physics of large data volume and limited channels. Add to this the increasing demands for higher quality and the problems become significant. The large abundance of available channels that are often limited by market and other factors must be considered in the attempt to achieve the triple-play in a profitable way. The process is ultimately limited by bandwidth when one considers the evolution and ultimate convergence of the computer and the television and the increasing consumer demand for more manageable content, freedom of choice and improved telepresence.
Mastering algebra retrains the visual system to perceive hierarchical structure in equations

Formal mathematics is a paragon of abstractness. It thus seems natural to assume that the mathematical expert should rely more on symbolic or conceptual processes, and less on perception and action. We argue instead that mathematical proficiency relies on perceptual systems that have been retrained to implement mathematical skills. Specifically, we investigated whether the visual system—in particular, object-based attention—is retrained so that parsing algebraic expressions and evaluating algebraic validity are accomplished by visual processing. Object-based attention occurs when the visual system organizes the world into discrete objects, which then guide the deployment of attention. One classic signature of object-based attention is better perceptual discrimination within, rather than between, visual objects. The current study reports that object-based attention occurs not only for simple shapes but also for symbolic mathematical elements within algebraic expressions—but only among individuals who have mastered the hierarchical syntax of algebra. Moreover, among these individuals, increased object-based attention within algebraic expressions is associated with a better ability to evaluate algebraic validity. These results suggest that, in mastering the rules of algebra, people retrain their visual system to represent and evaluate abstract mathematical structure. We thus argue that algebraic expertise involves the regimentation and reuse of evolutionarily ancient perceptual processes. Our findings implicate the visual system as central to learning and reasoning in mathematics, leading us to favor educational approaches to mathematics and related STEM fields that encourage students to adapt, not abandon, their use of perception.
Tremelimumab, a monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4, in combination with subtotal ablation (trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization [TACE], radiofrequency ablation [RFA] or cryoablation) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and biliary tract carcinoma (BTC).

270 Background: Tremelimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 expressed on the surface of activated T lymphocytes and results in inhibition of B7-CTLA-4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation (CA) have been shown to induce a peripheral immune response which may enhance the effect of anti-CTLA4 treatment in patients with advanced HCC. Methods: Patients with HCC [Childs Pugh A/B7; BCLC B/C; ECOG 0/1; post-sorafenib (BCLC stage C only)] or refractory BTC were enrolled in a study of Tremelimumab combined with subtotal TACE, RFA or CA performed on week 6. All BTC patients received RFA as the immune-stimulant in combination with tremelimumab. Tumor biopsies were performed at baseline and at time of RF/TACE. Results: 34 pts enrolled (28 HCC, 6 BTC). Characteristics: M:F 26:8; Median age 54(range 42-76); In HCC pts cirrhosis present in 17pts, BCLC Stage B/C: 9/19; Hepatitis B/C/neg: 4/15...
Detecting synaptic autoantibodies in psychoses: need for more sensitive methods.

Purpose of reviewSchizophrenic psychosis affects near 1% of the population. It typically starts in the first three decades of life, leading most often to chronic disability: antipsychotic treatment is palliative, not curative. The neurobiological abnormalities underlying psychoses are likely to diff
Radiation Oncology: Fundamentals and Controversies

Controversies in the selection of radiation treatment dose and fractionation pattern are an important, and ongoing, chapter in the history of radiation oncology. The recent expansion of the clinical practice of extracranial hypofractionated radiation therapy, made possible by advances in radiation treatment planning and image guidance, has raised an important host of biological questions with immediate clinical implications. In this chapter, we provide an overview of some of these questions, concluding with a discussion of the systemic effects of local therapies.
Rethinking the Paradigm

Education is a transformative process, a pathway for individuals to realize dreams and change trajectories. Yet, it is well-known that education, post-school outcomes, and the journey to attainment are not equal for all. Vulnerable populations, such as individuals with disabilities, demonstrate poorer long-term outcomes including increased high school dropout and lower employment rates (Newman, Wagner, Cameto, & Knockey, 2009).