Protein identification with sequence tags.

Genome sequences are available for increasing numbers of organisms. The proteomes (protein complement expressed by the genome) of some such organisms are being studied with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, but the identification of thousands of proteins on two-dimensional gels remains a challenge. Recent progress with mass spectrometric and traditional sequencing methods has increased the speed, sensitivity, and ease of protein sequence analysis. Although these methods can be used to produce extensive sequence information, they are also ideal for rapidly generating amino-and carboxy-terminal ‘sequence tags’ of six amino acids or less.To investigate the application of such sequence tags to the identification of proteins separated on two-dimensional gels, we have written a program, TagIdent, to match a protein sequence of up to six amino acids against entries in the SWISS-PROT database. Important features of the program are that it allows the user to specify (optionally) the estimated isoelectric point and mass, one or more species of organism to match against, and whether the sequence data are amino- or carboxy-terminal; in this way searches are highly directed. This is in contrast to BLAST, BLITZ or FASTA, which are global searching tools that either cannot search with very small sequences or return lists containing many irrelevant proteins. TagIdent is available on the world-wide web at http://expasy.hcuge.ch/www/tools.html and results are sent by e-mail.Use of TagIdent with proteins from organisms for which the genome has been completely, or almost completely sequenced shows that sequence tags have surprising specificity. Figure 1Figure 1 shows that a protein from an Escherichia coli two-dimensional gel, sequenced with rapid Edman degradation for four cycles only [1xRapid protein identification using N-terminal “sequence tag” and amino acid analysis. Wilkins, MR, Ou, K, Appel, RD, Sanchez, J-C, Yan, JX, Golaz, O et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 221: 609–613Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (60)See all References[1], was identified from 223 other candidate proteins within the specified windows of isoelectric point (pI) and molecular mass. The identity of the protein was confirmed by using the same sample for amino-acid composition identification. The theoretical ‘identification’ of 50 randomly selected proteins from E. coli using sequence tags of three, four or five amino acids and appropriate pI and mass windows revealed the same trend. At the amino-terminus, 68% of proteins could be uniquely identified with a three amino-acid tag, 90% with four amino acids, and 94% with five amino acids. The remaining proteins were not uniquely identified, but were correctly assigned as members of a family.Figure 1Output from the TagIdent program, uniquely identifying a protein from an E. coli two-dimensional gel by virtue of its amino-terminal sequence tag, estimated pI and mass (Mw). Generous pI and mass windows were used. The program was requested to display protein amino termini, but it will show any protein that carries a specified tag in the ‘results with tagging’ list, whether the tag is found at a protein's amino or carboxyl terminus or internally. Thus the identification of this protein as DHE4_ECOLI is convincing not only because the tag is at the amino terminus, but because the tag was not found anywhere in the sequence of the other 222 proteins that also fall within the specified pI and MW window. Note that the program can accept tags containing one or more “X” if an amino acid is unknown.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideHow accurate is the program, and how widely can it be applied? Accurate identification with sequence tags as described here relies on all proteins from an organism being in sequence databases. In this manner, if only one protein within a given pI and mass range is found with a certain amino- or carboxy-terminal sequence tag, one can be confident that there is no other, as yet undescribed, protein that could otherwise match the tag. In fully sequenced organisms, the procedure is thus self-checking. The specificity of sequence tags may be an issue in larger organisms: whereas there are (for example) 3 200 000 combinations of five amino-acid tags, protein amino termini have biased sequences and many amino termini are shared. However, protein carboxyl termini have almost random sequences (data not shown) so their sequence tags should be more specific. Other factors to consider will be the accuracy of sequence data that can be obtained from proteins purified from two-dimensional gels, and the accuracy of prediction of protein open reading frames in genome/proteome databases. Large-scale protein characterization projects will define the effect of these factors and thus the utility of sequence tags for protein identification.