cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinase Domain Mutations in JAK2V617F Confer Resistance to the Novel JAK2 Inhibitor Ruxolitinib

Abstract 125 The JAK2V617F kinase mutation is frequently associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and thought to be instrumental for the overproduction of myeloid lineage cells. Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) and several additional small molecule drugs targeting JAK2 are currently in clinical development for treatment in these diseases. We performed a high-throughput in vitro screen to identify point mutations in JAK2V617F that would cause resistance to ruxolitinib. Seven libraries of mutagenized JAK2V617F cDNA were screened to specifically identify mutations in the predicted drug-binding region that would lower sensitivity towards ruxolitinib, using a cell-based assay. We found 5 different non-synonymous point mutations that conferred drug resistance, including Y931C, G935R, R938L, I960V and E985K. Cells containing mutations had a 9 to 33-fold higher EC 50 for ruxolitinib. Results were analyzed by evaluating the three-dimensional structure of ruxolitinib bound to the ATP binding pocket of the monomer JAK2 kinase domain, using a docking algorithm. The inhibitor is held in the pocket by polar contacts and extensive hydrophobic interactions with several residues that line the binding pocket. A880, L855, V863 and M929 interact with the inhibitor on one side, and V911 and L983 provide hydrophobic interactions on the other side. The pyrazol ring of ruxolitinib appears to have a π-π interaction with the Y931 ring. Most mutations that were identified in our screen are either residues that interact with ruxolitinib or are in proximity to the binding pocket and hence are likely to indirectly alter inhibitor binding. The structural analysis indicates that there are additional residues in the kinase domain that may be critical for optimal binding of ruxolitinib and point mutations at these sites may also alter the affinity of the drug. Our analysis further suggests that ruxolitinib and other JAK2 inhibitors may bind in a similar way to the kinase domain. Consequently, these identified mutations conferred cross-resistance to all JAK2 kinase inhibitors tested in cell growth assays, including AZD1480 (5.6 to >7-fold higher EC 50 ), TG101348 (2.2 to 2.8-fold increase in EC 50 ), lestaurtinib (CEP-701) (2.6 to 3.3-fold increase in EC 50 ) and CYT-387 (5.1 to 7.4-fold increase in EC 50 ). Surprisingly, introduction of the ‘gatekeeper9 mutation (M929I) in JAK2V617F affected only ruxolitinib sensitivity (4-fold increase in EC 50 ). In addition, the E985K and Y931C mutations reduced the sensitivity to ruxolitinib and offered a growth advantage to cells during treatment, compared to native JAK2V617F expressing cells. These results suggest that the development of point mutations in JAK2 could result in clinical resistance to a wide variety of JAK2 inhibitors currently in clinical trials in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Layered lossless video coding based on Slepian-Wolf theorem

In this paper, we propose a layered lossless video coding scheme based on the Slepian-Wolf (SW) theorem. Motion JPEG2000 is performed as the base layer coder for real-time streaming and a SW coder is used as the enhancement layer coder. The computation burden is shifted to the network side so this scheme achieves low-complexity encoding. The proposed SW coder significantly improves the prediction accuracy of Side Information (SI). In addition to accurate prediction, SW exploits Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to improve lossless coding performance. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme gives higher coding performance than the existing JPEG2000 lossless mode.
Changing the Perspective of Virtual Work: Building Virtual Intelligence at the Individual Level

There is evidence that much virtual work takes place beyond traditionally studied contexts, arising organically as part of ongoing work flow. As this unstructured virtual work becomes increasingly ...
Managing IBD Therapies in Pregnancy.

Inflammatory bowel disease is frequently diagnosed before or during key childbearing years. One of the most important factors for a healthy pregnancy is having quiescent disease prior to conception and maintaining disease remission for the duration of the pregnancy. In order to achieve that, most women will need to continue their inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment during pregnancy. One of the main concerns these women have is whether these medications will have adverse effects on their growing fetus. Aminosalicylates, antibiotics, and steroids are all relatively low risk for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Recent studies also support the safety of continuing immunomodulators and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents during pregnancy and with breastfeeding. There seems to be an increased risk for infection, however, with use of combination therapy including both a biologic agent and an immunomodulator. Less evidence is available on the use of anti-integrins in pregnancy; however, the current data suggest they may be safe as well. Conversations about a patient’s desire for pregnancy should occur between the patient and provider on a regular basis prior to conception and particularly with any change in disease activity or change in the treatment regimen. This chapter will review the current evidence on the safety of IBD medications during pregnancy and lactation so that providers can more easily discuss the importance of medication adherence for disease remission with their patients who are contemplating conception.
New directions in thermoelectric and thermal-electric cooling

Conventional thermoelectric coolers have been widely used for cooling of electronic devices. Utilizing bismuth telluride materials, these Peltier modules are typically categorized as high heat flux devices that can achieve modest temperature differences in a compact architecture. Breaking from convention of typical bismuth telluride thermoelectric devices, an alternative method of providing thermal-electric cooling will be discussed providing inspiration for new cooling directions and materials challenges. While this approach has application in electric cooling of solids, there are also wider applications including space cooling and heat pumping.
The promise of an augmented reality game-Pokémon GO.

Recent advances in technology facilitate the promoting of physical activity (1-8). This is important due to the health effect of physical activity and the reach and disseminability of technology based programs/interventions. Specifically, Pokemon GO (released in 2016) may promote a higher degree of activity than many previous exergames such as Nintendo Wii Fit (released in 2007). Pokemon GO uses augmented reality (AR), which is similar to virtual reality but the key concept for it is ‘utility’ instead of ‘presence’. Pokemon GO encourages players to walk around, to socialize, and even to make friends. AR is a promising concept in that it allows for another type of tailoring of interventions, namely geographic tailoring to an individual’s environment.
DIGGING DEEPER: Bringing a Systems Approach to Food Systems: Feedback Loops

First paragraphs: Continuing from my first column in JAFSCD’s volume 3, issue 1, feedback loops are another systems concept with a great deal to offer to food systems projects and activities at any level — local to global. Feedback can be thought of as “an influence or message that conveys information about the outcome of a process or activity back to its source” (Capra, 1996, as cited in Sundkvist, Milestad, & Jansson, 2005, p. 225). Feedback loops act as communication and control devices in both natural and socioeconomic systems. Most people who have worked on sustainable agriculture are accustomed to thinking about ecosystem feedbacks such as those from eroded land, polluted water, declining biodiversity, and many other resource problems. People who study the phenomenon point out that feedback can be masked (when information can not be detected) or disregarded (when a problem is not addressed even though it is perceived). In the latter situation, often no effective measures are taken to change manage­ment practices — which allows disturbances to accumulate and create conditions for large-scale crises later on (Berkes & Folke, 1998, cited by Sundkvist et al., 2005), for example dead zones. With regard to masked feedback, we can examine the problem of long distances that impede the flow of information in the food system and block ecological feedback along the whole chain (Princen, 1999). We see this as the problem of not knowing how food is produced or where it comes from. Without information, the likelihood of farmers making good decisions on management and consumers good decisions on purchases is reduced. Also, as feedback loops become looser and less effective, the motivation for environmental action is reduced (Levin, 1999)....
The global HIV epidemic: What the pathologist needs to know

Abstract The World Health Organization estimates that at the end of 2015, approximately 36.7 million people were living with HIV worldwide. An estimated 0.8% of adults aged 15–49 years are infected with HIV with women representing a little over half of these infections. The burden of the epidemic varies considerably between regions of the world and within countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with most infections accounting for approximately 70% of people living with HIV. In the United States the number of new infections decreased by 19% between 2005 and 2014 yet, close to 40,000 new infections occurred in 2015 and, as people with HIV live longer and new infections continue, the number of people living with HIV in the US now stands at nearly 1.2 million and continues to rise. Unprecedented funding initiatives for antiretroviral therapy have resulted in coverage of up to 46% of those in need globally. In recent years, studies have demonstrated that HIV-infected persons who are on antiretroviral therapy and suppressed do not transmit HIV thus the United Nations AIDS Program (UNAIDS) initiative of “treatment is prevention”. The UNAIDS goals for 2020 are to have diagnosis of 90% of those infected, 90% of those infected will be on treatment and in 90% there will be viral suppression. Of note, for two of the goals, laboratory system strengthening is paramount.
Ex Vivo Cord Blood Manipulation: Methods, Data, and Challenges

Low cell content of umbilical cord blood (UCB) graft contributes to high risk of graft rejection, delayed engraftment, and poor immune reconstitution, consequently leading to risk of relapse and infections after UCB transplantation (UCBT). With ex vivo UCB graft expansion techniques, cell dose can be augmented exponentially. Many of these novel methods demonstrated significantly faster time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment as compared with unmanipulated UCBT. Other innovative methods are focusing on improving the inherent bone marrow homing defect of UCB progenitor cells, without actual expansion of the graft. Not only this, graft engineering techniques allow for expansion of UCB natural killer cells, T cells, and regulatory T cells to prevent or treat infections, disease relapse, and graft-versus-host disease, which are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality after UCBT. Herein, we review various graft manipulation methods and their clinical outcomes.
Sponsoring surgeons: An investigation on the influence of the da Vinci robot.

Abstract Introduction The integrity of the medical literature about robotic surgery remains unclear despite wide-spread adoption. We sought to determine if payment from Intuitive Surgical Incorporated (ISI) affected quality of the research produced by surgeons. Methods Publicly available financial data from the CMS website regarding the top-20 earners from ISI for 2015 was gathered. Studies conducted by these surgeons were identified using PubMed. Inclusion criteria consisted of publications about the da Vinci ® robot on patient outcomes. The primary outcome of our study was if the study conclusion was positive/equivocal/negative towards the robot. Secondary outcomes included authorship, sponsorship, study controls, and disclosure. Results The top earners received $3,296,844 in 2015, with a median of $141,959. Sub-specialties included general surgery (55%), colorectal (20%), thoracic (15%), and obstetrics/gynecology (10%). Of the 37 studies, there was 1 RCT, with observational studies comprising the rest. The majority of the studies (n = 16, 43%) had no control population, with 11 (30%) comparing to same institution/surgeon, Though ISI sponsored only 6 (16%) studies, all with positive conclusions, 27 (73%) studies had positive conclusions for robot use, 9 (24%) equivocal, and only 1 (3%) negative. Overall, 13 earners had lead authorship and 11 senior. Conclusion This initial pilot study highlights a potential bias as current literature published by benefactors demonstrates low quality and highly positive conclusions towards approval of the robot. This substantiates the need for a large, systematic review of the potential influence of sponsoring surgeons on medical literature.
Competitive effects of trade: theory and measurement

In this paper, I develop a simple model of heterogeneous exporters to a single destination. This model highlights how the response of producer markups to market-level changes in that destination are intrinsically tied to the induced reallocation of export sales to that destination. I discuss how additional assumptions on the shape of demand (originally advocated by Alfred Marshall as his second law of demand) generate specific predictions for the response of those markups and induced product reallocations to increases in market size and competition in a destination: markups fall and market shares are reallocated towards better performing products. Recent evidence on French multi-product exporters strongly confirms this prediction for market share reallocations. The predictions for the markup responses are also consistent with the findings of the large empirical literature on pricing to market and incomplete pass-through.
The Many Functions of Clinical Rounds

Pre-rounding, that is, seeing patients before formal morning rounds, allows clinical students to form relationships with patients, understand the importance of what has taken place during the night, and practice professional discipline. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Why You Should Be Unsettled by the Biggest Automotive Settlement in History

The settlement that followed the Volkswagen emissions scandal has been touted as the largest one in automative history. Affected car owners can sell their cars back to VW at pre-scandal prices and receive compensation on top of that; additionally, VW must pay billions of dollars into a climate mitigation fund to offset the emissions generated by its deceit. However, conscious consumers--individuals who care about the environmental and social impact of their purchases--should be cautious about overstating the settlement's precedential value. This is because the factors that contributed to making it so large are quite unique. This Essay argues that it is too easy for companies to make and then break sustainability promises without fear of accountability, and that it is too hard for consumers aggrieved by broken sustainability promises to vindicate their expectations in court. It introduces the notion of identity harm, which refers to the anguish experienced by consumers who come to learn that their efforts to consume in line with their personal values have been undermined by a seller's false or exaggerated promises about its wares. It proposes adding identity harm to the consumer law toolkit to better protect consumers' sustainability-related expectations, and, down the line, to improve the sustainability performance of corporations.
Pedagogical Design Factors That Enhance Learning in Hybrid Courses: A Contribution to Design-Based Instructional Theory

AbstractOur study develops a conceptual framework that integrates the theory of transactional distance with the community of inquiry framework. With data from six pilot hybrid courses in San Franci...
Gender disparities in screening for congenital hypothyroidism using thyroxine as a primary screen

Objective Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on testing for the markers thyroxine (T4) and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Diagnosis of CH is complicated because many factors affect the levels of these hormones including infant birth weight, prematurity and age at specimen collection. We investigated whether the sex of the newborn affected the levels of T4 and TSH and consequently the outcome of newborn screening. Design In New York State, the Newborn Screening program initially tests all infants for T4 and any baby with a result in the lowest 10% is triaged for TSH screening. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2016 to determine mean and median T4 and TSH values and how these results correlate with the sex of infants who are reported as borderline, referred and confirmed with CH. Methods T4 and TSH concentrations in dried blood spots were measured using commercially available fluoroimmunoassays. Results From 2008 to 2016, of the 2.4 million specimens tested for thyroxine, 51.5% were from male and 48.5% were from female infants. Male infants constituted 60% of specimens triaged for TSH testing, 64.9% of repeat requests and 59.6% of referrals, but only 49% of confirmed CH cases. The mean and median T4 values were lower (a difference of approximately 0.8-1.1 μg/dL each year) and the median TSH values were higher in male compared to female infants. Conclusions Natural differences in thyroid hormone levels in male and female infants leads to male infants being disproportionately represented in the false-positive category.
Proximal ulnar reconstruction with strut allograft in revision total elbow arthroplasty.

Background: The growing frequency of joint arthroplasty has led to increasing numbers of patients requiring revision surgery. In the treatment of a failed total elbow arthroplasty not associated with infection, one of the main issues is poor or absent proximal ulnar bone stock due to osteolysis. We report our experience with the use of strut allograft reconstruction of the proximal part of the ulna as an adjunct to revision total elbow arthroplasty with a noncustom implant. Our aim was to better define the indications, outcomes, and complications of this technique in a population of patients with a failed total elbow arthroplasty. Methods: We reviewed the cases of patients with aseptic failure of a total elbow replacement and proximal ulnar bone deficiency who were treated with allograft bone struts. The patients had had an average of 2.5 (range, one to four) prior open osseous operations addressing the elbow joint. In addition to revision of the prosthetic components, the deficient bone stock was treated with allograft strut grafts in one of four ways: (1) discrete cortical defects were contained, (2) periprosthetic fractures were splinted, (3) deficient triceps attachments were reconstructed, and (4) expanded segments were augmented with struts and filled with impaction graft. Twenty-one patients (twenty-two elbows) were followed for an average of four years (range, two to eleven years). Results: The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved from 34 points preoperatively to 79 points at the time of the latest follow-up. The scores for pain, stability, and activities of daily living improved most; there was little change in motion. Complications, consisting of four soft-tissue and four osseous problems, occurred in eight patients. Three patients had incorporation of 26% to 50% of the graft; five, 51% to 75%; and fourteen, 76% to 100%. Conclusions: Most deficiencies of proximal ulnar bone stock and fractures complicating revision total elbow surgery can be treated with allograft strut grafting. Although the complication rate is high, this technique is suitable for discrete cortical lesions, periprosthetic fractures, and an expanded proximal part of the ulna, which also requires augmentation with impaction grafting. The technique has been unreliable, however, in restoring deficient olecranon bone stock. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series [no, or historical, control group]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Family Caregiver Strain and Likelihood of Heart Failure Patient Clinical Events: A Replication Study

Introduction Higher caregiver strain was identified as a predictor of lower patient clinical event-risk in a previous analysis of Italian heart failure (HF) patient-caregiver dyads. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether this trade-off in patient and caregiver outcomes was culturally bound, or replicable in a North American sample. Hypothesis We hypothesized that, similar to the Italian study, higher strain in North American caregivers would predict lower patient event-risk. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data from a 3-arm (usual care, patient-family education, and family partnership intervention) randomized controlled trial to improve HF self-care. Data collection occurred pre-intervention and 4 and 8 months post-intervention. Caregiver strain was measured pre-intervention using the 15-item Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Survey (BCOS: range 15-105, higher scores indicate more positive outcomes related to caregiving), and tertiles were used to divide caregivers into low, moderate, or high strain for analysis. Generalized linear regression was used to examine caregiver strain as a predictor of the likelihood of having any event (HF hospitalization, HF emergency room visit, or all-cause mortality) over time, controlling for intervention group and recent HF hospitalization (previous 4 months). Results All patients (n=92) were NYHA Class II or III, with the majority being Class II (n=68, 73.9%). Patients and caregivers were in their mid-fifties on average (56.3±10.1 and 53.4±12.4 years, respectively) and racially diverse (n=58, 63.0% and n=59, 64.8% African American, respectively), with most patients being male (n=57, 62.0%) and most caregivers being female (n=75, 84.2%). The most common dyad type was spousal (n=40, 44.0%). Over the 8 months, 28 patients were hospitalized, 6 had an emergency room visit and 6 died. The average BCOS scores for the low, moderate, and high strain groups were 82.9±12.5 (range 66-105), 61.1±1.6 (range 60-65), and 52.1±7.4 (range 31-59), respectively. There was no difference in events by intervention group. High caregiver strain (as compared to low strain) was associated with 91.9% lower likelihood of the patient having an event over 8 months follow-up (OR=0.081, 95%CI=0.008-0.850, p=0.036). There was no significant difference in event-risk by moderate caregiver strain. Conclusions Similar to previous findings in an Italian cohort, higher caregiver strain predicted lower HF patient clinical event-risk in this North American sample. Patient event-risk reductions may come with a cost for the family caregiver - a cost that has known sequelae (morbidity, mortality) and must be assessed and addressed.
Control of nongenetic heterogeneity in growth rate and stress tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cyclic AMP-regulated transcription factors.

Genetically identical cells exhibit extensive phenotypic variation even under constant and benign conditions. This so-called nongenetic heterogeneity has important clinical implications: within tumors and microbial infections, cells show nongenetic heterogeneity in growth rate and in susceptibility to drugs or stress. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, shows a similar form of nongenetic heterogeneity in which growth rate correlates positively with susceptibility to acute heat stress at the single-cell level. Using genetic and chemical perturbations, combined with high-throughput single-cell assays of yeast growth and gene expression, we show here that heterogeneity in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels acting through the conserved Ras/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and its target transcription factors, Msn2 and Msn4, underlies this nongenetic heterogeneity. Lower levels of cAMP correspond to slower growth, as shown by direct comparison of cAMP concentration in subpopulations enriched for slower vs. faster growing cells. Concordantly, an endogenous reporter of this pathway’s activity correlates with growth in individual cells. The paralogs Msn2 and Msn4 differ in their roles in nongenetic heterogeneity in a way that demonstrates slow growth and stress tolerance are not inevitably linked. Heterogeneity in growth rate requires each, whereas only Msn2 is required for heterogeneity in expression of Tsl1, a subunit of trehalose synthase that contributes to acute-stress tolerance. Perturbing nongenetic heterogeneity by mutating genes in this pathway, or by culturing wild-type cells with the cell-permeable cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP or the PKA inhibitor H89, significantly impacts survival of acute heat stress. Perturbations that increase intracellular cAMP levels reduce the slower-growing subpopulation and increase susceptibility to acute heat stress, whereas PKA inhibition slows growth and decreases susceptibility to acute heat stress. Loss of Msn2 reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the correlation in individual cells between growth rate and acute-stress survival, suggesting a major role for the Msn2 pathway in nongenetic heterogeneity but also a residual benefit of slow growth. Our results shed light on the genetic control of nongenetic heterogeneity and suggest a possible means of defeating bet-hedging pathogens or tumor cells by making them more uniformly susceptible to treatment.
Undocumented Latina/o Immigrants in Multidisciplinary Settings: Behavioral Health Providers’ Role in Promoting Optimal, Ethical Healthcare

Undocumented immigrants experience health and treatment disparities exceeding those experienced by other immigrants (Hacker et al., 2011). Behavioral health providers in multidisciplinary medical settings play an integral role in the delivery of services to the 11 million undocumented immigrants residing in the United States, most of whom are Latina/o. Undocumented immigrants face cultural, legal, language, and psychological barriers that affect healthcare access, treatment utilization, and adherence (Achkar and Macklin, 2009). In the context of these disparities, little consensus exists regarding an ethical decisionmaking process specific to this population. How does a behavioral health provider respond to these dilemmas? This article reviews the changing sociopolitical landscape for the healthcare of undocumented immigrants. Case vignettes highlight and address important ethical issues arising from behavioral health providers’ work with this population. We conclude with recommendations regarding the navigation of these ethical challenges and the provision of high quality, accessible healthcare to undocumented immigrants.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111:H8 Strains Exhibiting an Aggregation Phenotype.

ABSTRACT Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are a common source of foodborne illness. STEC O111 is among the most prevalent non-O157 STEC serogroups. Few completed genomes of STEC O111 strains have been reported to date. We report here the complete genomic sequences of three O111:H8 strains that display a distinct aggregation phenotype.
Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Postmastectomy Radiated Patients: A Comparison between Delayed and Delayed Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction in a Predominantly Minority Patient Population.

Background Delayed immediate (DI) autologous breast reconstruction consists of immediate postmastectomy tissue expander placement, radiation therapy, and subsequent autologous reconstruction. The decision between timing of reconstructive methods is challenging and remains to be elucidated. We aim to compare patient reported outcomes and quality of life between delayed and DI reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review of all patients, who underwent autologous breast reconstruction at Montefiore Medical Center from January 2009 to December 2016, was conducted. Patients who underwent postmastectomy radiotherapy were divided into two cohorts: delayed and DI autologous breast reconstruction. Patients were mailed a BREAST-Q survey and their responses, demographic information, complications, and need for revisionary procedures were analyzed. Results A total of 79 patients met inclusion criteria: 34.2% (n = 27) in the delayed and 65.8% (n = 52) in the DI group. 77.2% (n = 61) of patients were a minority population. Patients in each cohort had similar baseline characteristics; however, the DI cohort was more likely to have bilateral reconstruction (46.2% [n = 24] vs. 7.4% [n = 2]; p = 0.0005) and to have major mastectomy flap necrosis (22.4% [n = 17] vs. 0.0% [n = 0]; p = 0.002). Premature tissue expander removal occurred in 17.3% (n = 9) of patients in the DI group. BREAST-Q response rates were 44.4% (n = 12) in the delayed group and 57.7% (n = 30) in the DI group. Responses showed similar satisfaction with their breasts, well-being, and overall outcome. Conclusion Delayed and DI autologous breast reconstruction yield similar patient-reported satisfaction; however, patients undergoing DI reconstruction have higher rates of major mastectomy necrosis. Furthermore, patients in the DI group risk premature tissue expander removal.
Escape in the city: urbanization alters the escape behavior of Anolis lizards

Behavioral adjustments may allow organisms to cope with the drastic environmental change caused by urbanization. We compared the escape behavior of Anolis lizards during simulated predator approaches on trees in both urban and forest habitats and on artificial structures (i.e., cement walls and metal posts) in urban areas. We found that urban lizards were less wary on trees, likely due at least in part to habituation to humans. In contrast, lizards on cement walls showed greater wariness, which may reflect a behavioral modification when escaping because of poor locomotor performance on this substrate. In both habitats, lizards modulated escape responses in ways consistent with their performance abilities on the various substrates. Escape by jumping decreased when lizards used wider and more isolated perches, which are characteristic of urban sites. Urban lizards squirreled (i.e., moved to the opposite side of a structure) more on wider trees and metal posts, and sprinted more but never jumped from cement walls. These behavioral responses for predator escape are consistent with the structural habitat changes caused by urbanization. Urban habitats had larger diameter trees, sparser ground vegetation, and many artificial structures. We found that urban lizards showed behavioral modulations because of exposure to humans as well as the locomotor constraints of using some artificial structures, such as cement walls. The ability of urban lizards to alter their escape responses and adjust to novel features of the habitat may be important traits of species able to colonize and persist in urban areas.
Fetal Echocardiographic Detection of Cardiac Tumors: A Case Report of Multiple Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas:

Cardiac rhabdomyomas are the most common fetal cardiac tumor. They can be detected in the second and third trimesters. Rhabdomyomas are most commonly associated with the genetic disorder tuberous s...
Teaching Practices That Support Student Sensemaking across Grades and Disciplines: A Conceptual Review.

Sensemaking entails being active, self-conscious, motivated, and purposeful in the world. It is an activity that is always situated within the cultural and historical contexts in which we interact ...
Protein Intake During Early Complementary Feeding Affects the Gut Microbiota in U.S. Formula-fed Infants (FS04-03-19)

Distinctive growth patterns were observed in formula-fed infants consuming a meat- or dairy-based complementary diet. The gut microbiota and its metabolites are characterized and compared in infants consuming these two common protein-rich foods. Healthy, term, formula-fed infants were recruited from metro Denver area, matched by sex and race/ethnicity, and randomized to a meat or a dairy complementary food group from 5 to 12 months of age. Meat- and dairy-based complementary foods and the same infant formula were provided. Total protein intake during the 7-month intervention was ∼3 g/kg/d for both groups. Intakes of infant formula, cereal, fruits, and vegetables were ad libitum. 16S rRNA sequencing and fecal metabolomics were conducted on stool samples collected at 5, 10 and 12 months. Stool samples were collected from 59 infants (Meat n = 29; Dairy n = 30). Alpha diversity increased over time in the meat group (P = 0.007), not dairy (P = 0.17). Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum for both groups at all time points and Proteobacteria decreased abundance from 5 (10 ± 4%) to 12 months (5 ± 3%) in both groups. At Genus level, Bifidobacterium significantly decreased (21% to 16%, P = 0.001) and Faecalibacteriumsignificantly increased (0.5 to 3.5%, P = 0.0006) over time in both groups, as expected for this age range and with the transition to complementary feeding. A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for Ruminococcus (P = 0.001) and Roseburia (P = 0.002), with increased abundances only in the meat group, not dairy. The abundance of Ruminococcus at 12 months was positively associated with length-for-age Z scores in the dairy group (P = 0.007, R² = 31%). Both Ruminococcus and Roseburia are potential short-chain fatty acid producers and we saw a significant increase of butyrate and acetate productions in the meat group over time. Types of protein-rich foods during complementary feeding were associated with the gut microbial composition and metabolites in formula-fed infants. These changes of the gut microbiota may be associated with the different infant growth patterns. NIH (NIDDK), NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA and (alphabetically) Abbott Nutrition, the American Heart Association, the Beef Checkoff through the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Leprino foods, the National Pork Board.
Children and Childhood in Black Panther Party Thought and Discourse: 1966–1974

While much has been written about the Black Panther Party’s politics, children comprise an under-studied cohort of the Black Power era. As students of the BPP’s political education classes and central figures in Party writings, young people were readily imagined and mobilized in the organization’s grassroots movement. Through close engagement with the Party’s official newspaper, I argue that children, and ideas about them, spurred members to imagine a future void of racial and class disparity.
PROPERTIES OF AN RNA RETROVIRUS CONTINUOUSLY PRODUCED AT LOW LEVELS BY A HUMAN HISTIOCYTIC LYMPHOMA CELL LINE

Type-C RNA viruses (retroviruses) are capable of inducing leukemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas in several mammalian species, including mice, cats, guinea pigs, cattle, and subhuman primates (Kaplan 1974), suggesting that they may also be involved in the etiology of these types of neoplasms in man. Retroviruses have been detected in culture fluids after short-term culture of hematopoietic cells of patients with leukemias (Gallagher and Gallo, 1975; Nooter et al.,1975; Teich et al., 1975) and of diploid human embryonic cell strains (Panem et al., 1975).
Exploring the Landscape of Employers for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorders are a class of neurodevelopmental disorders which usually present with difficulties in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal forms of communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. While there are several guides that describe the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements for employers looking to hire those with disabilities, the academic literature describing actual current employer programming to support employees with disabilities is scarce. This study utilizes unsupervised machine learning to explore the policies and practices of 285 employers with regard to autism spectrum disorders, with the ultimate goal of understanding shortcomings in employment practices that can be improved through a combination of educational programs and changes to corporate culture.
Experimental performance of an ultra-low-cost solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector using aluminum minichannels and nonimaging optics

Abstract Electricity, space heating, and hot water are ubiquitous needs among modern buildings. Solar photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) technologies are well suited to provide all of these in a distributed and renewable manner, however, the high cost of current PVT technologies remains a major barrier to implementation as the technology competes for roof space with low cost standalone PV modules. In an effort to reduce costs, a new type of solar PVT collector has been developed which replaces the traditional packaging materials with a low cost nonimaging optic and replaces sheet-and-tube heat exchange materials with a low cost and thermally efficient aluminum minichannel. A 1.2 m2 aperture prototype built using silicon SunPower solar cells has demonstrated 57.4% thermal efficiency and 12.3% electric efficiency at ambient temperature and a maximum (stagnation) temperature around 80 °C. Extrapolating this performance shows the PVT collector will to generate 226 kW-hours (kWh) of electricity and 603 kWh of heat per square meter each year for a solar resource of 5.5 kWh/m2/day, and by doing so avoid 1280 kWh of natural gas consumption and 183.8 kg of CO2 emissions. Technical performance is comparable with commercial PVT systems today, but with a much lower estimated module cost of $81/m2 ($0.54/WDC). A side-by-side analysis indicates the PVT collector can be installed for 85% of the capital cost of side-by-side PV + T with only 70% of the required roof space.
Heart Disease in Pregnancy

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in pregnancy includes congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and myocardial diseases. Although CVD affects only 1–4% of pregnancies in the United States, maternal CVD is the major cause of nonobstetric maternal mortality. Hypertensive disorders occur in 6–8% of all pregnancies and contribute to CVD in pregnancy. Advancing maternal age has increased the incidence of acquired heart disease complicating pregnancy. Congenital heart disease is now the most common form of CVD seen in pregnancy in the United States and Western Europe, accounting for about 80% of CVD cases and 20% of maternal deaths. In developing countries, rheumatic heart disease remains the most common cause (60–90%) of CVD in pregnancy. The hemodynamic adaptations of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy and labor and delivery increase the pregnancy-associated risks in women with preexisting cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, aortopathy, and valvular and congenital heart disease. Hypertension in pregnancy and peripartum cardiomyopathy are acquired disorders related to pregnancy. Proper risk assessment, prepregnancy counseling, and management of pregnancy in women with preexisting and acquired cardiovascular disease are best performed with a multidisciplinary team.
The Platformization of Propaganda: How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China

This study examines China’s ambitions to strengthen propaganda by creating a platform called Xuexi Qiangguo. Though platform studies have explored the important role of the U.S.-based platforms, we know very little about the intervention of state power in the design and operation of digital platforms. Using a mixed-methods approach, this article examines the technology, content, and users of Xuexi Qiangguo. The results suggest that the power the platform wields operates through its restrictive control modes, platformized persuasion modes, and user datafication. We reveal that online activities are largely limited to information learning and knowledge testing, and meantime, the platform constantly rates and ranks user behavior. Consequently, Xuexi Qiangguo enables state power to penetrate institutional structures and power relations into the online environment, replacing the conventional multisided markets with state–citizen relations. Our study enriches the understanding of the way in which states operate a platform to reinforce ideological persuasion and citizen assessment.
Improved performances of lithium-ion batteries by conductive polymer modified copper current collector

The copper current collector is an essential part of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that can greatly affect safety, stability, and energy density and it is thus of great importance to develop a strategy for improving copper (Cu) current collectors. Here, two kinds of conductive polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or polyaniline (PANi))-modified Cu foils were created through a facile anodic electrochemical polymerization method. These modified Cu foils improved the conductivity, bonding strength with electrode materials, and corrosion resistance to electrolyte, which led to superior LIB storage performance with Cu-graphite electrodes. The results showed that initial discharging capacities of Cu-graphite/Li half cells with PEDOT and PANi modification were as high as 353.9 and 332.8 mA h g−1, respectively, which were much higher than those of pristine Cu-graphite/Li half-cells (312.2 mA h g−1). After 200 cycles at 0.5 C, the discharging capacities remained at 323.27 and 279.62 mA h g−1, with capacity retention rates of 95.64 and 87.43%, respectively, which were also much higher than those of pristine Cu-graphite/Li half-cells (189.81 mA h g−1 and 67.41% retention after 200 cycles). These results indicated that Cu current collectors modified by a conductive polymer could provide a feasible approach for improving the capacity and long-life of LIBs.
Optimizing Acoustic Signal Quality for Linear Optoacoustic Communication

In underwater wireless networks, optoacoustic energy conversion using high energy laser pulse is the only known viable option for communication from an airborne unit to a node at large depth, e.g., a submarine or an unmanned underwater vehicle. However, controlling the generated acoustic signal through this process is very complex. Specifically, if the repetition rate of laser pulses is low, the corresponding acoustic signal is very broadband. The higher frequency components of this broadband signal attenuate more if the underwater node is very far from the surface. Hence, a relatively narrowband signal with lower frequency components is desirable for long distance communication. The frequency component of the broadband acoustic signal depends on the incident angle of the laser light and observation angle of the receiver, i.e., the position of the underwater hydrophone. Both of these angles also change continuously for a wavy water surface, which makes it more complex to determine the frequency components of this kind of signal. In this paper, we show that by carefully choosing the relative position of the airborne unit and underwater node, we can generate a narrowband acoustic signal with lower frequency components for both flat and wavy water surfaces. We provide theoretical analysis and simulation results to capture the effect of these angles on the generated acoustic signals. We further provide guidelines for optimum angle setting for improving the quality of the optoacoustic communication link.
A Comprehensive Comparison of Early-Onset and Average-Onset Colorectal Cancers.

BACKGROUND The causative factors for the recent increase in early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) incidence are unknown. We sought to determine if early-onset disease is clinically or genomically distinct from average-onset colorectal cancer (AO-CRC). METHODS Clinical, histopathologic, and genomic characteristics of EO-CRC patients (2014-2019), divided into age 35 years and younger and 36-49 years at diagnosis, were compared with AO-CRC (50 years and older). Patients with mismatch repair deficient tumors, CRC-related hereditary syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease were excluded from all but the germline analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS In total, 759 patients with EO-CRC (35 years, n = 151; 36-49 years, n = 608) and AO-CRC (n = 687) were included. Left-sided tumors (35 years and younger = 80.8%; 36-49 years = 83.7%; AO = 63.9%; P < .001 for both comparisons), rectal bleeding (35 years and younger = 41.1%; 36-49 years = 41.0%; AO = 25.9%; P = .001 and P < .001, respectively), and abdominal pain (35 years and younger = 37.1%; 36-49 years = 34.0%; AO = 26.8%; P = .01 and P = .005, respectively) were more common in EO-CRC. Among microsatellite stable tumors, we found no differences in histopathologic tumor characteristics. Initially, differences in TP53 and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathway (RTK-RAS)alterations were noted by age. However, on multivariate analysis including somatic gene analysis and tumor sidedness, no statistically significant differences at the gene or pathway level were demonstrated. Among advanced microsatellite stable CRCs, chemotherapy response and survival were equivalent by age cohorts. Pathogenic germline variants were identified in 23.3% of patients 35 years and younger vs 14.1% of AO-CRC (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS EO-CRCs are more commonly left-sided and present with rectal bleeding and abdominal pain but are otherwise clinically and genomically indistinguishable from AO-CRCs. Aggressive treatment regimens based solely on the age at CRC diagnosis are not warranted.
An experimental investigation of the diffusive infiltration of alkalis into partially molten peridotite: Implications for mantle melting processes

[1] When a silica-undersaturated melt is juxtaposed with partially molten peridotite, alkali elements rapidly diffuse into the peridotite in a process referred to as the diffusive infiltration of alkalis (DIA). Four types of piston cylinder experiments were performed providing constraints on the DIA process: (1) simple phase relation experiments, (2) melt-melt diffusion couples, (3) experiments examining the reaction between powders of basanite and spinel lherzolite (direct mixture experiments), and (4) diffusive infiltration-reaction couples between basanite and partially molten peridotite. Melt-melt diffusion couples constrain effective binary diffusion coefficients (EBDC) for all major elements except Na to be in the 10−6 to 10−7 cm2/s range at 1450°C and 0.9 GPa. The Na concentration profile is not binary being coupled to gradients in SiO2. EBDCs for Cl, Li, Rb, Sr, Ba, and La are in the 10−6 cm2/s range while Nb and Zr are in the 10−7 cm2/s range. A time series of direct mixture experiments shows that basanite reacts with lherzolite to reduce the orthopyroxene mode to a constant value within 15 min at 1300°C and 0.9 GPa. Quench modified melts in the direct mixture experiments have 50–51 wt.%. SiO2, independent of the basanite/lherzolite ratio. In contrast, infiltration-reaction experiments show that sodium diffuses from basanite into partially molten peridotite in 10–30 min, resulting in quench modified melt pools with up to 64 wt.% SiO2 within the peridotite. Modal analysis shows that addition of alkalis causes orthopyroxene to incongruently break down to olivine plus silica rich melt. In experiments using a basanite with enriched Cl concentrations, a distinct boundary zone appears between the basalt-peridotite interface and the peak in SiO2 concentration. Melts within this boundary zone have elevated CaO and Cl concentrations relative to both the basanite and melts within the peridotite beyond the boundary zone. The repeated formation of this boundary zone may indicate an important aspect of the DIA process, possibly responsible for the formation of anorthitic plagioclase and CaO rich melts.