cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferring causal networks from observations and interventions

Abstract Information about the structure of a causal system can come in the form of observational data—random samples of the system’s autonomous behavior—or interventional data—samples conditioned on the particular values of one or more variables that have been experimentally manipulated. Here we study people’s ability to infer causal structure from both observation and intervention, and to choose informative interventions on the basis of observational data. In three causal inference tasks, participants were to some degree capable of distinguishing between competing causal hypotheses on the basis of purely observational data. Performance improved substantially when participants were allowed to observe the effects of interventions that they performed on the systems. We develop computational models of how people infer causal structure from data and how they plan intervention experiments, based on the representational framework of causal graphical models and the inferential principles of optimal Bayesian decision-making and maximizing expected information gain. These analyses suggest that people can make rational causal inferences, subject to psychologically reasonable representational assumptions and computationally reasonable processing constraints.
Understanding retinal color coding from first principles

A previously proposed theory of visual processing, based on redundancy reduction, is used to derive the retinal transfer function including color. The predicted kernels show the nontrivial mixing of space-time with color coding observed in experiments. The differences in color-coding between species are found to be due to differences among the chromatic autocorrelators for natural scenes in different environments.
The evaluation of interior lighting on the basis of visual criteria.

Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity data are used to derive a unified visual performance contour which describes the generalized improvement in visual performance resulting as task background luminance is increased. Factors which influence the difficulty of visual tasks are described, and examples are given of the degree of task background luminance, and hence illuminance, required to permit criterion levels of performance for sample tasks. Physical principles and devices are described which permit measurements of: (a) task object contrast, (b) the integral of ocular light scatter which reduces task image contrast, and (c) the joint effect of luminance differences in the environment which produce transitional adaptive effects on visual performance. These physical aspects of luminous environments are shown to influence visual performance in quantitative ways which may be assessed by reference to the standard performance contour. An over-all lighting performance index is derived which takes account of the task background luminance and these three other measures of the effects physical aspects of luminous environments have upon visual performance. Lighting performance indices are presented for five sample lighting installations, which reveal the overriding importance of other aspects of luminous environments than the level of illuminance they provide. The problem of predicting the over-all visual performance to be expected from specific luminous environments in advance of construction is discussed, and empirically derived calculational methods are described.
Quantitative classification of canyon systems on continental slopes and a possible relationship to slope curvature

A recent analysis of continental slopes (Adams and Schlager, 2000) has established three basic shapes for classification: exponential, linear, and Gaussian. Examples of each of these shapes can be found on the middle US Atlantic margin, where sufficiently high-quality bathymetry data are available to investigate the systems of erosional canyons that incise the slopes. Significant morphological differences can be noted visually in these examples, suggesting that canyon systems can be classified in a quantitative manner. Here it is proposed that canyon system morphology can be distinguished by the downslope progression of cross-slope statistical parameters, particularly RMS relief. On the linear slope, rms relief decreases with depth, whereas rms relief increases on the exponentially shaped slope. On the Gaussian shaped slope, rms relief is roughly constant, with minor variations. This straightforward method of classification may hold great promise for systematically investigating relationships between slope canyons and their formative environments.
On the relation between triangular matrix decomposition and linear interpolation

The December 1983 letter by C. W. Therrien concerning the relation between triangular matrix decomposition and linear prediction is extended to include linear interpolation.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cardiac dysfunction: case report.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac dysfunction is a well-known complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that is generally regarded as secondary to catecholamine excess rather than overt ischemia. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is a novel method of evaluating cardiac function and perfusion.We report the use of MCE in a patient with SAH and correlate the results to coronary angiography. METHODS: Bedside MCE using Definity contrast agent (Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY) was performed at the onset of SAH and at the 1-week and 4-month follow-up evaluations. RESULTS: A 64-year-old woman presented with aneurysmal SAH. She developed transient ST elevation on lateral electrocardiographic leads and elevated cardiac enzymes with creatine-kinase MB isoenzymeof 44.3 ng/ml and troponin of 0.62 ng/ml. An emergent coronary angiogram performed at the outside facility revealed normal coronary anatomy, ejection fraction of 30%, and midventricular akinesis. On transfer to our facility, MCE demonstrated an ejection fraction of 45% with normal coronary perfusion in the akinetic midventricular segments and normally contracting basal and apical segments. At the 4-month follow-up examination, her ejection fraction normalized to 67% and regional wall motion bad improved. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, our case represents the first reported use of MCE in a patient with SAH. MCE demonstrating normal myocardium perfusion in the setting of normal coronary arteries on coronary angiogram and midventricular akinetic segments is compatible with nonischemic injury, which further supports the "catecholamine hypothesis" of neurogenic cardiac stunning. MCE may be a feasible non invasive method to evaluate myocardial perfusion in the SAH population.
Race and Leadership Development Among College Students: The Additive Value of Collective Racial Esteem

The purpose of this research was to contribute to the college student leadership literature through a more complex examination of the influences of race on socially responsible leadership development. Data represented 8,510 participants from 101 colleges and universities in the United States. Results provided evidence of the additive value of including measures of collective racial esteem (CRE) above and beyond simple indicators of racial group membership. CRE examines an individual’s selfconcept related to membership in a broader racial group and may be used as a correlate of racial identity in assessing the impact of race in quantitative research. Analyses also revealed different predictors of leadership development by racial group, as well as unique influences from subdimensions of CRE, demonstrating the importance of disaggregating data to provide a more complex picture of the influences of race on leadership development. Results offer implications informing educators’ abilities to better target leadership interventions to meet a diverse range of developmental needs.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Influenza

he impact of influenza infection is felt globally each year when the disease develops in approximately 20 percent of the world’s population. In the United States, influenza infections occur in epidemics each winter, generally between late December and early March. Recent events, including human cases of avian influenza, have heightened awareness of the threat of a pandemic and have spurred efforts to develop plans for its control. Although vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention of influenza, there are a number of likely scenarios for which vaccination is inadequate and effective antiviral agents would be of the utmost importance. During any influenza season, antigenic drift in the virus may occur after formulation of the year’s vaccine has taken place, rendering the vaccine less protective, and outbreaks can more easily occur among highrisk populations. In the course of a pandemic, vaccine supplies would be inadequate. Vaccine production by current methods cannot be carried out with the speed required to halt the progress of a new strain of influenza virus; therefore, it is likely that vaccine would not be available for the first wave of spread of virus. 1 Antiviral agents thus form an important part of a rational approach to epidemic influenza and are critical to planning for a pandemic. Four drugs are currently available for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza infections: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the newer class of neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir [Relenza] and oseltamivir [Tamiflu]). The adamantanes interfere with viral uncoating inside the cell. They are effective only against influenza A and are associated with several toxic effects and with rapid emergence of drug-resistant variants. Adamantane-resistant isolates of influenza A are genetically stable, can be transmitted to susceptible contacts, are as pathogenic as wild-type virus isolates, and can be shed for prolonged periods in immunocompromised patients taking the drug. This potential for the development of resistance especially limits the use of the adamantanes for the treatment of influenza, although the drugs still have a place in planning for prophylaxis during an epidemic. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir interfere with the release of progeny influenza virus from infected host cells, a process that prevents infection of new host cells and thereby halts the spread of infection in the respiratory tract (Fig. 1). Since replication of influenza virus in the respiratory tract reaches its peak between 24 and 72 hours after the onset of the illness, drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors that act at the stage of viral replication must be administered as early as possible. In contrast to the adamantanes, the neuraminidase inhibitors are associated with very little toxicity and are far less likely to promote the development of drug-resistant influenza. As a class, the neuraminidase inhibitors are effective against all neuraminidase subtypes t
Applying fuzzy relation equations to threat analysis

Targeting behavior of vehicles in the battlefield (target analysis) is one of the most critical tasks in computer generated force (CGF) systems. This is simply because of many complex and ambiguous factors that can affect the targeting behavior of such systems in the real world. There have been many approaches including using fuzzy set theory for target analysis. Target detection, and threat analysis and selection are considered the main constituents of target analysis and selection. We introduce a model to illustrate how to apply a fuzzy relational equation algorithm to threat analysis in the context of computer generated force systems such as ModSAF (Modular Semi Automated Forces). Using fuzzy relational equations, the proposed algorithm generates data from the historic information and its earlier runs. Therefore, each new outcome of the algorithm is more realistic and more accurate than the earlier one.
Critical charge and set pulse widths for combinational logic in commercial 90nm cmos technology

This work presents an efficient hybrid simulation approach, developed for accurate characterization of single-event transients (SETs) in combinational logic. Using this approach, we show that charges as small as 3.5fC can introduce transients in commercial 90nm CMOS technology, hence increasing the likelihood of SET-induced soft errors. SET pulse-widths as large as 942ps are predicted at an LET (Linear Energy Transfer) of 60MeV-cm2/mg. Process-corner variations are shown to modulate SET pulse-widths by up-to 75%. The results suggest that selection of mitigation techniques for SET radiation-hardened circuits cannot exclusively rely on baseline process analyses, as they might grossly underestimate the true SET risk to the design.
Role of estrogen in nitric oxide- and prostaglandin-dependent modulation of vascular conductance during treadmill locomotion in rats

Endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PG) may be greater in females than in males, increasing vasodilatory responses in females. Does sex influence the cardiovascular resp...
On the Microstructure of a Ni3Al/SiC/TiB2 Intermetallic Matrix Composite Processed by Spray Atomization and Co-Deposition

This work reports on the microstructure of a particulate reinforced nickel aluminide composite synthesized by spray atomization and co-deposition. This synthesis methodology involved using high energy inert gas to disintegrate the nickel aluminide matrix (IC-396) into a Gaussian distribution of micrometer-sized, semi-solid droplets while simultaneously co-injecting SiC and TiB2 particulates, followed by deposition onto a water cooled substrate. The microstructure of the as-spray deposited composite material consisted of a mixture of the ordered γ (Ni3Al) and the disordered γ (Ni-rich) phase with a homogeneous distribution of SiC and TiB2 particulates. Scanning electron microscopy, combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy were used to provide insight into the reactions taking place in the interfacial zone. The results of the present study show that a well defined reaction zone was formed at the Ni3Al/TiB2 interface; whereas extensive reaction occurred between the Si particulates and matrix, resulting in complete transformation of almost all SiC particulates into other carbide phases.
Cultural Mistrust of Mental Health Professionals Among Black Males Transitioning from Foster Care

We examined cultural mistrust of mental health professionals among Black males who are transitioning from the foster care system (N = 74) and its relationship to their level of satisfaction with child welfare services and the frequency of negative social contextual experiences. Results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the level of satisfaction with child welfare services moderated the relationship between negative social contextual experiences and cultural mistrust of mental health professionals. Specifically, more frequent negative social contextual experiences were related to greater cultural mistrust of mental health professionals for Black males reporting low satisfaction with child welfare services, but not for those reporting high satisfaction with child welfare services. Implications for service delivery are discussed.
ATTACHMENT, LOSS, AND DEPRESSION*

SUMMARY The influence of 10 days of maternal separation on behavior and physiology was studied in 8 social group living pigtailed macaque (M. nemestrina)monkey infants. Maternal separation was accompanied by behavioral changes' included slowing of movement, decreases in play, increases in oral behaviors, and assumption of a characteristic slouched posture and sad facial expression. Physiological changes included decreases in heart rate and body temperature, sleep disturbances that were most pronounced in the Awake and REM sleep systems, and changes in EEG alpha power-spectra. Individual variability in the behavioral and physiological response to maternal separation was marked, and showed only a minimal correlation with measures of early behavioral development and the early mother-infant interaction. Some physiological changes appeared to lie relatively long lasting. The data demonstrate that the disruption of an attachment bond may be accompanied by pronounced physiological changes suggestive of d general impairment of autonomic homeostatic regulatory processes. The findings have important implications for our understanding of the Pathophysiology of grief, and the physiological concomitants of. separation, loss, and depression in children.
Multifeature audio segmentation for browsing and annotation

Indexing and content-based retrieval are necessary to handle the large amounts of audio and multimedia data that is becoming available on the Web and elsewhere. Since manual indexing using existing audio editors is extremely time consuming a number of automatic content analysis systems have been proposed. Most of these systems rely on speech recognition techniques to create text indices. On the other hand, very few systems have been proposed for automatic indexing of music and general audio. Typically these systems rely on classification and similarity-retrieval techniques and work in restricted audio domains. A somewhat different, more general approach for fast indexing of arbitrary audio data is the use of segmentation based on multiple temporal features combined with automatic or semi-automatic annotation. In this paper, a general methodology for audio segmentation is proposed. A number of experiments were performed to evaluate the proposed methodology and compare different segmentation schemes. Finally, a prototype audio browsing and annotation tool based on segmentation combined with existing classification techniques was implemented.
Channel Conflict and Coordination in the E‐Commerce Age

A number of factors, including developments in Internet-based commerce and third-party logistics, have led many companies to consider engaging in direct sales. Such a company may at once be both a supplier to and a direct competitor of any existing reseller partners (e.g., land-based retailers), which can result in “channel conflict.” This can have momentous implications for distribution strategy. To generate managerial insights into this important issue, we develop a model that captures key attributes of such a setting, including various sources of inefficiency. We examine these in detail and identify a number of counterintuitive structural properties. For instance, the addition of a direct channel alongside a reseller channel is not necessarily detrimental to the reseller, given the associated adjustment in the manufacturer's pricing. In fact, both parties can benefit. Finally, we examine ways to adjust the manufacturer-reseller relationship that have been observed in industry. These include changes in wholesale pricing, paying the reseller a commission for diverting customers toward the direct channel, or conceding the demand fulfillment function entirely to the reseller. The latter two schemes could be mutually beneficial in that they achieve a division of labor according to each channel's competitive advantage.
Lead-Induced Hypertension: Interplay of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species

An elevation of mean blood pressure was found in rats treated with low lead (0.01% lead acetate) for 3 months, as contrasted to paired Sprague-Dawley control rats. In these rats, measurement of plasma and urine endothelins-1 and -3 revealed that plasma concentration and urinary excretion of endothelin-3 increased significantly after 3 months (plasma: lead group, 31.8+/-2.2, versus controls, 23.0+1.7 pg/mL, P<.001; urinary excretion: lead group, 46.6+11.7, versus controls, 35.6+6.7 pg/24 h, P<.05), whereas endothelin-1 was unaffected. Plasma and urinary nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP concentrations were not significantly changed. However, assay of plasma and kidney cortex malondialdehyde by high-pressure liquid chromatography, as a measure of reactive oxygen species, was elevated in lead-treated rats compared with that in control rats (plasma: lead group, 4.74+1.27, versus controls, 2.14+.49 micromol/L, P<.001; kidney cortex: lead group, 28.75+3.46, versus controls, 16.38+2.37 nmol/g wet weight, P<.001). There was increased NO synthase activity in lead-treated rat brain cortex and cerebellum. In lead-treated rat kidney cortex, the endothelial constitutive NO synthase protein mass was unaffected, whereas the inducible NO synthase protein mass was increased. These data suggest a balance between increased NO synthesis and degradation (by reactive oxygen species) in lead-treated rats, which results in normal levels of NO. Thus, the hypertension may be related to an increase in the pressure substances, endothelin-3 and reactive oxygen species, rather than to an absolute decrease in nitric NO.
Introduction to ‘Women and Globalization’

All the articles in this special double issue on Women and Globalization (with the exception of the articles by Shaw and Sanmiguel-Valderrama) were delivered as papers at a conference on Women and Globalization sponsored by the Center for Global Justice the Radical Philosophy Association the Argentina Autonomista Project the Global Studies Association Feminist Aid to Central America and the Union of Radical Political Economists in collaboration with El Recreo Centro Cultural and Mujeres Productoras in San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico from 27 July to 3 August 2005. Participants in the conference included 185 community activists and scholars from 13 different countries who spent a week discussing the impact of economic globalization on the lives and livelihoods of women in communities throughout the world. The articles highlight the themes of labor exploitation unemployment poverty migration community and activism all of which are central to the problematic of economic globalization. That is as the authors demonstrate many of these problems and the responses to them have been exacerbated as a direct consequence of global forces that have penetrated virtually every community everywhere in the world today. Indeed economic globalization or what some have referred to as turbocapitalism corporate globalization neo-liberalism or perhaps more accurately global apartheid has reached the remotest parts of individual countries and the most far-flung corners of the earth. (excerpt)
Functionalized Porous Silicon in a Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract: Modeling the Biocompatibility of a Monolayer Protected Nanostructured Material

Owing to its photoluminescent properties and high surface area, porous silicon (por-Si) has shown great potential toward a myriad of applications including optoelectronics, chemical sensors, biocomposite materials, and medical implants. However, the native hydride-termination is only metastable with respect to surface oxidation under ambient conditions.Por-Si samples oxidize and degrade even more quickly when exposed to saline aqueous environments. Borrowing from solution phase synthetic methods, a selection of hydrosilylation reactions has been recently reported for functionalizing organic groups onto oxide-free, hydride-terminated porous silicon surfaces. Monolayers, bound through direct silicon-carbon bonds, are produced via thermal, microwave, Lewis acid, and carbocation mediated pathways. All of these wet, benchtop methods result in the formation of stable monolayers which protect the underlying silicon surface from ambient oxidation and chemical attack. However, no direct comparison of monolayer stability resulting from these diverse mechanisms has been reported. A variety of alkyl monolayers were prepared on porous silicon using the diverse hydrosilylation routes describe above and then immersed into a sequence of simulated gastric and intestinal fluids to replicate the conditions of potentialpor-Si biosensors or medicinal delivery systems in the human gastrointestinal tract. Degradation of the organic monolayers and oxidation of the underlyingpor-Si surfaces were monitored using both qualitative and semiquantitative transmission mode Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our initial results indicate that methods employing chemical catalysts often incorporate these species within the monolayer as defects, producing less robust surfaces compared to catalyst-free reactions. Regardless, monolayer protectedpor-Si samples demonstrated superior durability as opposed to the unfunctionalized controls.
Randomized trial of self-management education in asthmatic patients and effects of depressive symptoms.

Background Self-management education is a cornerstone of routine asthma care. Objectives To improve asthma knowledge and self-efficacy and to assess effects in patients with depressive symptoms. Methods In a randomized trial, controls received asthma brochures and social support through frequent follow-up visits. Intervention patients made a contract to adopt a behavior to improve asthma and received a workbook, weekly reinforcements for 12 weeks, and frequent follow-up visits. Outcomes were Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores and emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for asthma. Results Ninety patients were randomized to each group. Mean age was 43 years, 84% were women, and mean study time was 27 months. Intervention patients had more improvement in AQLQ scores at 5 months, but this difference was not sustained. For the entire period, AQLQ scores improved by a clinically important difference from 4.1 to a mean of 5.1 in both groups ( P P = .91). In multivariate analysis, younger age, more education, better enrollment AQLQ score, more asthma self-efficacy and knowledge, and fewer depressive symptoms were associated with more improvement ( P Conclusions Quality of life improved in both groups, with particular benefit in intervention patients with depressive symptoms.
Description of healthcare needs at an episodic clinic in rural southwest Virginia.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to describe the population served at an episodic clinic in Southwest Virginia to better understand patient needs at a yearly episodic Remote Area Medical (RAM) clinic that provides free healthcare services. METHODS The dataset was compiled retrospectively from 2834 medical records from RAM patients between 1 July 2006 and 31 July 2008. Information was de-identified and manually recorded from paper records. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared to pre-existing estimates from the region. FINDINGS The number and type of services rendered at the RAM clinic each year varied greatly, and was dependent on the availability of staff and supplies. Diabetes, hypertension, and other prevalent diseases were reported, and an overwhelming majority (74%) of patients were overweight or obese. In 2008, 62% of patients were uninsured, 44% had no primary care physician, and a majority of patients were diagnosed with hypertension or poorly managed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Chronic diseases including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis plague the Appalachian region. However, better knowledge of the medically underserved in this region can help address the patient's needs through RAM clinics and other accessible health clinics by increasing patient and physician awareness of available services, decreasing patient waiting time, and improving medical recordkeeping.
Twelve years' continuous wear of the same therapeutic soft contact lens: a case report.

PURPOSE To describe a case of a patient who had worn the same therapeutic soft contact lens (TSCL) continuously for twelve years, since he had failed to attend normal follow-up visits. METHODS Microbiological histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of conjunctiva, cornea and TSCL were done. RESULTS Cultures were negative. Corneal histology revealed mild stromal edema and mild epithelial parakeratosis. Corneal SEM was remarkable for the preservation to some extent of normal corneal epithelial specialization with microtricae and microvillae. SEM of the TSCL showed a ruffed multi-layer surface with several cracks including different types of cells. CONCLUSIONS The patient showed surprising tolerance to the continuous wear of the same contact lens for l2 years. (Eur J Ophthalmol 1999, 9: 312-14).
A Self-Reacting Point Absorber With a Novel Mechanical Motion Rectifier as Power Takeoff System

A two-body self-reacting point absorber is proposed in this paper. This two body system is designed as a floating buoy and a bottom sphere. The energy is harvested through the relative motion between these two bodies. A mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) is used as the power takeoff (PTO) system. The PTO system will experience engagement and disengagement under wave excitation. Due to this nonlinearity, a time domain model is developed. The influences of the PTO parameters such as the equivalent inertia mass and equivalent damping on the absorbed power are obtained in regular waves. The system parameters were chosen to maximize the absorbed power. The performance of this device in irregular waves was also investigated.© 2014 ASME
Review of the Genus Perillus with Description of a New Species (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

The writer's interest in the genus Perillus dates back some 37 years when in August, 1913, near Batavia, N. Y., he first observed the red and black male of Perillus bioculatus Fab. mating with the white and black female form, clanda Say. There followed three years of breeding work to learn something of how color pattern might be inherited in this species. This involved a detailed study of the biology of this species, results of which came to publication in 1923. At the close of World War I the writer moved to the University of Minnesota where research on the nature of color in Hemiptera was resumed under favorable circumstances. This work culminated in the publication of results, with a colored plate (Knight, 1924). Briefly, this work showed that Perillus bioculatus Fab. is highly variable in color pattern, ranging from the white and black clanda Say to nearly solid black males in the extreme dark forms.
How does active substance use at psychiatric admission impact suicide risk and hospital length-of-stay?

Despite their high prevalence, little is known about the effects of substance use disorders and active substance use on the suicide risk or length-of-stay of psychiatric inpatients. This study examines the relationship between active substance use at the time of psychiatric hospitalization and changes in suicide risk measures and length-of-stay. Admission and discharge ratings on the Suicide Status Form-II-R, diagnoses, and toxicology data from 2,333 unique psychiatric inpatients were examined. Data for patients using alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, methamphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, opiates, barbiturates, phencyclidine, and multiple substances on admission were compared with data from 1,426 admissions without substance use. Patients with substance use by toxicology on admission had a 0.9 day shorter length-of-stay compared to toxicology-negative patients. During initial nurse evaluation on the inpatient unit, these patients reported lower suicide measures (i.e., suicidal ideation frequency, overall suicide risk, and wish-to-die). No significant between-group differences were seen at discharge. Patients admitted with a substance use disorder diagnosis had a 1.0 day shorter length-of-stay than those without, while those with a substance use disorder diagnosis and positive toxicology reported the lowest measures of suicidality on admission. These results remained independent of psychiatric diagnosis. For acute psychiatric inpatients, suicide risk is higher and length-of-stay is longer in patients with substance use disorders who are NOT acutely intoxicated compared with patients without a substance use disorder. Toxicology-positive patients are less suicidal on admission and improve faster than their toxicology-negative counterparts. This study gives support to the clinical observation that acutely intoxicated patients may stabilize quickly with regard to suicidal urges and need for inpatient care.
Gene therapy for cardiovascular manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases

Cardiac disease causes morbidity in several lysosomal storage diseases, which are the result of deficient activity of lysosomal enzymes. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) causes aortic and valvular disease, Pompe disease causes cardiac muscle weakness, and Fabry disease causes left ventricular hypertrophy. Enzyme replacement therapy involves intravenous injection of enzyme modified with mannose 6-phosphate, which can be taken up by cells, and is currently approved for some lysosomal storage diseases. Gene therapy can result in secretion of mannose 6-phosphate-modified enzyme into blood, from where it can; similarly, be taken up by cells. Gene therapy has been effective in animal models of lysosomal storage disease, and holds great promise.
E-016 pre-operative percutaneous embolization of head and neck tumors

Introduction and purpose Prior to surgical resection of a head and neck tumor, cerebral angiography clarifies the tumor’s vascular supply allowing the surgeon to better plan for the surgery. Excessive bleeding intra-operatively can lead to poor visualization of the tumor leading to subtotal resection, surgical complications, usage of blood products, prolonged surgical times and hemodynamic instability. Intra-arterial embolization of a tumor’s vascular supply has been used pre-operatively as an adjunctive treatment to reduce intra-operative bleeding. In cases where there is not a clear intra-arterial approach to the tumor’s vascular supply, percutaneous embolization is a pre-operative treatment that can effectively reduce the tumor’s vascular supply. Methods and materials A retrospective analysis at two academic institutions, between 2011 and 2015 was performed of patients with head and neck tumors that had pre-operative cerebral angiography with the intention to have tumor embolization. The following information was collected based on the pre-surgical cerebral angiogram: patients’ age, gender, tumor type/location, tumor’s vascular supply, fluoroscopy time, method of embolization (percutaneous, intra-arterial, and/or both modalities), percent embolization, type of embolic agent used, intra-procedure and/or immediate peri-procedural complications and sedation used [general endotracheal anesthesia (GETA) versus conscious sedation (CS)]. Intra-operative blood loss and need for any blood products, immediate and peri-procedural complications and final pathology was collected from the operative and pathology reports. Results A total of 17 patients were identified, 14 (82%) were male (average age ± SD, 36 ± 22). GETA and CS were used in 13 (76%) and 4(24%) respectively. There was a case of scalp necrosis, which healed following plastic surgery intervention; but otherwise there were no surgical or embolization related complications. Conclusion Direct, percutaneous embolization of a head and neck tumor is a safe and effective modality that can be a primary treatment or to complement an intra-arterial embolization. Disclosures H. Zacharatos: None. D. Sandhu: None. A. Grande: None. B. Jagadeesan: None. R. Tummala: None.
Breaking Down Silo Walls: Successful Collaboration Across Library Departments

Library work has historically been organized into silos - public services, technical services, and administration. Shifting trends, technology, and staff changes, however, are necessitating that organizations adapt to the current needs of their users. Given these new requirements, the traditional library silos create unnecessary barriers to collaboration across departments. Silos must be broken down if libraries are to operate successfully in today’s information environment. This article discusses how to identify problems and resistance, the benefits to breaking down silos, and offers recommended methods for collaboration that help remove the silo mindset to create a holistic library mindset.
A life-table model estimation of the parr capacity of a late 19th century Puget Sound steelhead population

An age-structured life-cycle model of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for the Stillaguamish River in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, was employed to estimate the number of age-1 steelhead parr that c...
Abstract 133: Outcomes Associated With Perioperative Amiodarone in Cardiac Surgery Patients Receiving Metoprolol

Background: Post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery occurs frequently and the guidelines make a Class I recommendation for peri-operative betablocker use and a Class IIa rec...
Mitigation of geomagnetically induced currents by variable series reactor

Geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) drive geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power networks. GICs are considered DC in nature due to their very low frequency (less than 1 Hz). GICs are known to trigger half-cycle saturation in power transformers. This, in turn, leads to stray flux, unusual swings in active and reactive power, and harmonics. The GIC flow could eventually collapse the entire power network. In this paper, a variable series reactor is proposed to block the GIC continuously without altering the AC systems' normal operation. Simulations are carried out using the SIMULINK software. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed variable reactor method. Moreover, the variable series reactor serves as a fault current limiter and as line-impedance compensation.
Polarizable Empirical Force Field for Halogen-containing Compounds Based on the Classical Drude Oscillator

The quality of the force field is crucial to ensure the accuracy of simulations used in molecular modeling, including computer-aided drug design (CADD). To perform more accurate modeling and simulations of halogenated molecules, in this study the polarizable force field based on the classical Drude oscillator model was extended to both aliphatic and aromatic systems using halogenated ethane and benzene model compounds for the halogens F, Cl, Br, and I. The force field parameters were optimized targeting quantum mechanical dipole moments, water interactions, and molecular polarizabilities as well as experimental observables, including enthalpies of vaporization, molecular volumes, hydration free energies, and dielectric constants. The developed halogenated polarizable force field is capable of reproducing QM relative energies and geometries of both halogen bonds and halogen–hydrogen bond donor interactions at an unprecedented level due to the inclusion of a virtual particle and anisotropic atomic polarizab...
Problem Behaviors and Psychological Distress among Teens Seen in a National Sample of Emergency Departments

Abstract Background Problem behaviors, such as substance use and peer aggression, frequently coexist and are common among youth seen in emergency departments (EDs). EDs are increasingly urged to screen for both psychological distress and problem behaviors. Objective To inform screening and intervention efforts, we aimed to identify classes of problematic substance use and peer aggression in a sample of adolescents from 16 pediatric EDs, and to examine the relative prevalence of psychological distress in identified classes. Methods We completed a cross-sectional survey of youth (n = 5001) presenting for any reason to 16 pediatric EDs across the United States, with the use of validated measures of demographics, alcohol and substance use, and peer aggression. We used standard latent class analysis techniques to create behavioral risk classes of adolescents based on violence and substance use variables; then we conducted logistic regression to examine the relationship between psychological distress and the latent classes. Results Three classes of problem behaviors were identified: low-risk (few problem behaviors, 91.2% of sample), medium risk (high cigarette smoking; moderate violence, alcohol/substance use; 5.2%), and high risk (high levels of all problem behaviors, 3.5%). A significant directional association ( P Conclusions Youth seen in the ED for any reason who report higher levels of past-year substance use and peer aggression are significantly more likely to report negative mood symptoms. Targeted screening and interventions for this population may be indicated.
Identifying and exploring design trade-offs in human-centered design

Human-centered design should not only be grounded in understanding new media and technologies in terms of productivity, efficiency, reliability, and from economic perspectives, but it needs to explore innovative socio-technical environments contributing to human creativity, gratification, enjoyment, and quality of life. It represents a wicked problem with no "correct" solutions or "right" answers; the quality and success of design solutions are not only a question of fact, but a question of value and interests of the involved stakeholders.Design trade-offs are the most basic characteristics of design. They are universal and they make us aware that there are "no decontextualized sweet spots". In contrast to design guidelines, they widen rather than narrow design spaces by (1) avoiding simple solutions to complex problems and (2) by identifying and exploring interesting new approaches with the objective to synthesize the strengths and reduce the weaknesses of the binary choices defining the trade-offs.The paper articulates a conceptual framework for human-centered design focused on a design trade-off perspective. The framework is inspired from a brief analysis of design trade-offs in large scale developments (self-driving cars, sharing economy, and big data). Based on our own research activities, it is elaborated with specific design trade-offs (context-aware information delivery, meta-design, and cultures of participation) and further illustrated with the description of the Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory, a socio-technical environment to frame and solve wicked problems in urban planning.
Assessing Subjectivity in Environmental Sensor Data Post Processing via a Controlled Experiment

Abstract Collection of high resolution, in situ data using environmental sensors is common in hydrology and other environmental science domains. Sensors are subject to drift, fouling, and other factors that can affect the quality of the measurements and their subsequent use for scientific analyses. The process by which sensor data are reviewed to verify validity often requires making edits in post processing to generate approved datasets. This quality control process involves decisions by technicians, data managers, or data users on how to handle problematic data. In this study, an experiment was designed and conducted where multiple participants performed quality control post processing on the same datasets using consistent guidelines and tools to assess the effect of individual technician on the resulting datasets. The effect of technician experience and training was also assessed by conducting the same procedures with a group of novices unfamiliar with the data and compared results to those generated by a group of experienced technicians. Results showed greater variability between outcomes for experienced participants, which we attribute to novice participants' reluctance to implement unfamiliar procedures that change data. The greatest variability between participants' results was associated with calibration events for which users selected different methods and values by which to shift results. These corrections resulted in variability exceeding the range of manufacturer-reported sensor accuracy. To reduce quality control subjectivity and variability, we recommend that monitoring networks establish detailed quality control guidelines and consider a collaborative approach to quality control in which multiple technicians evaluate datasets prior to publication.
The Three Kings of Physics

The measurement system in physics and other related sciences is based on three fundamental units, arbitrarily chosen as those of length, mass, and time, through which all other quantities—viscosity, the electric potential, the interaction constants between the elementary particles, and so on—can be expressed. Somewhat apart stands the temperature unit, which figures in the definitions of thermal concepts such as entropy, chemical potentials, etc. This fourth unit is not actually basic since, using statistical thermodynamics, we can define temperature in terms of energy.
A MedRadio Receiver Front-End With Wide Energy-Quality Scalability Through Circuit and Architecture-Level Reconfigurations

In this paper, the design considerations for a wide-range energy-quality (EQ) scalable RF wireless front-end are presented. A thorough design-space exploration for a MedRadio receiver highlights the critical circuit and architecture-level tuning knobs that are effective in achieving wide EQ scalability. Power-performance scaling limits of the low noise amplifier and frequency translation element are individually identified. Architectural level tuning by switching between operating modes are implemented to overcome single RF functional block’s adaptivity range bottleneck. For an EQ-scalable MedRadio receiver operating at 400 MHz, designed in a 65-nm TSMC CMOS process, two decades of tradeoff in power consumption and input referred noise are achieved through circuit and architecture-level reconfigurations. A wide-range of energy-scalability ( $16~\mu \text{W}$ to 1 mW) is demonstrated as noise figure varies from 28 to 9 dB.
Abstract 3594: DEK overexpression in breast epithelial tissue creates a pro-oncogenic environment

Dense epithelial breast tissue, as detected by mammography, is correlated with a four- to six-fold increased risk for developing breast cancer (BC). It is currently not possible to distinguish dense breast tissue from that which will develop into cancer. Therefore, the need to identify novel markers will improve breast cancer screening and reduce expensive overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Previous research has failed to define reliable diagnostic biomarkers that specify dense breast tissue from that which has the possibility to transform into malignant tissue. DEK, a chromatin binding and DNA repair protein, is upregulated in the majority of solid cancers including breast cancer. Previous publications from our lab demonstrate, in vitro, that DEK overexpression promotes proliferation, increased motility, and epithelial polarization in part through canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling. In vivo experiments with a DEK knockout murine model display a mitigated tumor development response as compared to wild-type mice. Given that DEK is highly expressed in over 60% of BC, we generated a conditional mammary epithelial specific doxycycline-regulated Dek overexpressing (DEK OE) murine model. We find that DEK OE leads to dense epithelial breast tissue, largely due to lobuloalveolar hyperplasia. Longitudinal findings demonstrate that DEK OE results in transformation of mammary epithelial tissue with microtumor development. DEK OE tissue sections display increased transcription of Wnt genes, with upregulation of downstream WNT signaling targets such as AXIN and β-catenin. Conversely, longitudinal repression of DEK OE with doxycycline displays normal tissue morphology and organization. Our data suggest that DEK OE stimulates hyperplasia of mammary epithelium, due to increased proliferation, similar to dense breast tissue as detected by mammography, and may increase risk for spontaneous transformation and BC development later in life. Citation Format: Megan Johnstone, Jon Cheek, Lisa M. Privette Vinnedge. DEK overexpression in breast epithelial tissue creates a pro-oncogenic environment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3594.