cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cognitive Consequences of Structural Changes to the Aging Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the history of the morphometric research on normal brain aging and examines in detail, the recently developed techniques for measuring the brain's structure and exploring structure- function association studies conducted within each neuroimaging modality in the context of aging. For comparison purposes, it reviews studies with participants showing “normal” aging, with a methodology in each technique following the most standard protocols. Because the state of the brain's structure affects the quality of its function, the study of changes in brain structure has proven fruitful in understanding cognitive aging. Brain's function ostensibly relies on the brain's structural integrity. Therefore, many studies have embarked on relating age differences in regional volume to their putative underlying function. The resulting literature is mixed in its findings because the brain's volume fluctuates over decades (incorporating growth and shrinkage), and because middle and older aged adults are probably able to compensate for degradation to the brain's structure over time or rely upon cognitive reserve resources to compensate for declines in structural integrity. Further, structure-cognition associations are not easily replicated and are sensitive to type of cognitive assessment and to sample composition. In this context, the chapter summarizes the volume cognition studies by cognitive domain. It concludes with a look toward needed future research directions with a particular focus on combined multimodality structure–function studies and a more careful selection and characterization of the health indices of the participants selected for cognitive aging studies.
Push-Pull Stabilization of Parent Monochlorosilylenes.

While reaction of carbene-stabilized disilicon L:Si═Si:L (L: = C{N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)CH}2) (8) with HCl·NC5H5 results in carbene-stabilized Si2Cl2 (2) and substituted 1H-imidazole (9), combination of the corresponding Fe(CO)4-modified disilicon carbene complex L:Si═Si[Fe(CO)4]:L (6) with pyridine hydrochloride gives a species containing two push–pull-stabilized parent monochlorosilylenes that are bridged by an Fe(CO)3 unit (7). The nature of 7 was further elucidated by spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational methods. Spectroscopic data suggest that 7 exists as two diastereoisomers.
Chapter 19 – Vision

The visual system consists of the optical components in the anterior segment, the phototransducers in the posterior segment, and the transmission pathways and higher processing centers in the central nervous system (CNS). The optical components include the cornea, aqueous humor, and lens. Light passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous and is focused accurately on the retina. The posterior segment includes the vitreous body and the retina, where the process of converting light into neural signals, called transduction occurs. In the CNS, the neural components include the optic nerves, optic tracts, optic radiations, the visual cortex, and a variety of nuclei within the brain. After initial visual processing in the retina, neural signals then pass through the optic nerves and tracts to central structures where more elaborate processing occurs and where information from other senses is integrated with those from the visual pathways. Finally, the oculomotor system—the efferent limb of the visual system—is responsible for maintaining eye position and executing eye movements. Each of these structures and their interconnections develop in the embryonic and early life through an inter-coordinated process involving neurotropisms of individual axons and active signaling by the components of the visual system.
ADHD medications and cardiovascular adverse events in children and adolescents: cross‐national comparison of risk communication in drug labeling

Purpose Regulators approve written medical information for healthcare professionals and consumers, but the consistency of these sources has not been studied. We investigated the consistency of information regarding four cardiovascular risks of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications approved in four countries. Methods Professional and consumer product labeling for five ADHD medications approved in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA were obtained in March/April 2016. Language describing the relationship between medication and elevated blood pressure and/or heart rate, myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death was extracted verbatim and classified into one of four categories based on the described relationship between medication and adverse event: “confirmed,” “unconfirmed,” “mixed,” and “not mentioned.” We judged the consistency of messages delivered to healthcare professionals and consumers as either “consistent” or “inconsistent.” Results We obtained 20 healthcare professional labels and 20 corresponding consumer labels for the five ADHD medications registered in all four countries. Not all professional and consumer labeling contained language regarding all four adverse events. Of the 80 theoretically evaluable drug-risk pairs, 38 (48%) were not evaluable because of absence of mention of the adverse event in the consumer label. For the remaining 42, the potential causal relationship was expressed consistently in professional and consumer labeling in 25 (60%) cases. The cardiovascular risk profile was not described consistently across all four countries for any of the five drugs. Conclusions Product labeling provides healthcare professionals and consumers with inconsistent messages regarding the potential causal relationship between stimulant use and specific cardiovascular risks in children and adolescents. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children’s strategies to solving additive inverse problems: a preliminary analysis

Prior studies show that elementary school children generally “lack” formal understanding of inverse relations. This study goes beyond lack to explore what children might “have” in their existing conception. A total of 281 students, kindergarten to third grade, were recruited to respond to a questionnaire that involved both contextual and non-contextual tasks on inverse relations, requiring both computational and explanatory skills. Results showed that children demonstrated better performance in computation than explanation. However, many students’ explanations indicated that they did not necessarily utilize inverse relations for computation. Rather, they appeared to possess partial understanding, as evidenced by their use of part-whole structure, which is a key to understanding inverse relations. A close inspection of children’s solution strategies further revealed that the sophistication of children’s conception of part-whole structure varied in representation use and unknown quantity recognition, which suggests rich opportunities to develop students’ understanding of inverse relations in lower elementary classrooms.
Renal Function Measures Improve on Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone and Compete with Patient Characteristics to Predict Lenalidomide Dose Density and Hematologic Toxicity: An E4A03 Analysis

Abstract Abstract 1882 Introduction: Lenalidomide (L) with dexamethasone (D) has demonstrated activity in untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) (Rajkumar et al. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 29–37). Neutropenia may occur, requiring dose reductions, interruptions, or G-CSF support in up to 20% of patients. Renal clearance accounts for 67% of L elimination, and renal insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of cytopenias. Product information recommends the use of the Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) equation for creatinine clearance (CrCL) estimation for initial dosing; however, other estimates including the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) method may be more accurate. We evaluated the impact of renal function on L dosing, cytopenias, and response in patients on the Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) E4A03 study. Methods: All patients (n=445) enrolled on E4A03 were included in this analysis. Clinical data at baseline and after 4 cycles was reviewed. Renal function over the first 4 treatment cycles was estimated using both last reported on cycle 4 and last ever reported serum creatinine (SCr) as the former method resulted in a loss of 70 more patients. Patients were classified by CrCL (mL/min) stage: (1) ≥90 (2) 60–89 (3) 30–59 (4) 15–29 (5) Results: Mean SCr improved in 361/445 (81%) by 0.23 mg/dL following treatment initiation. Mean MDRD CrCL improved in 264/445 (59%) by 24.3 mL/min. Because only initial weight was captured, C-G estimates over time were not available. ISS stage II/III was associated with baseline elevated SCr (> 1.5 mg/dL) and low CrCL (p Table 1 ). In adjusted analyses, C-G predicted L dose modifications, p Table 1 . Baseline Characteristics Associated with Lenalidomide Dose Modifications Variable OR (95% CI) p-value Age (≥ 65 vs 1.57 (1.08, 2.29) 0.019 SCr (> 1.5 vs ≤ 1.5 mg/dL) 1.83 (1.06, 3.15) 0.031 ISS Stage II/III vs I 2.04 (1.33, 3.12) 0.004 ECOG PS 1/2 vs 0 1.80 (1.23, 2.64) 0.002 MDRD (Stage 3–5 vs Stage 1) 1.97 (1.10, 3.51) 0.041 C-G (Stage 3–5 vs Stage 1) 2.59 (1.59, 4.21) Conclusion: Renal function improvement in patients receiving LD warrants regular CrCL monitoring and L dose increases in patients on reduced doses without cytopenias. Baseline MDRD is not superior to C-G for CrCL estimation for predicting L dosing and cytopenia development. Optimizing L exposure through pharmacokinetic modeling or other methods may further refine dosing. Disclosures: Lonial: Millenium: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Onyx: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy.
Gesture elicitation for 3D travel via multi-touch and mid-Air systems for procedurally generated pseudo-universe

With the introduction of new input devices, a series of questions have been raised in regard to making user interaction more intuitive - in particular, preferred gestures for different tasks. Our study looks into how to find a gesture set for 3D travel using a multi-touch display and a mid-air device to improve user interaction. We conducted a user study with 30 subjects, concluding that users preferred simple gestures for multi-touch. In addition, we found that multi-touch user legacy carried over mid-Air interaction. Finally, we propose a gesture set for both type of interactions.
Switched Capacitor and Infinite Impulse Response Summation for a Quarter-Rate DFE with 4Gb/s Data Rate

This paper presents a novel area effective 2-tap speculative Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) with one switched-cap and one IIR summation for data recovery in standard CMOS 180nm technology node. The conventional first-tap speculative quarter rate DFE is composed of eight different paths, which have exactly same hardware. By using the switched-cap method, it is possible to get rid of the duplicated paths. Instead of having a large number of feedback taps in conventional DFE, one single Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) tap in the DFE can compensate the effects of the multiple post-cursors. An input of the second tap is fed back from Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter with self-adjusted time constants (τ1). Less number of taps is used in the proposed scheme. The eight summers with two taps in conventional scheme are changed to four current integrating summers and one speculative tap and one general tap by using switched capacitor and IIR filter, respectively. The proposed DFE consumes 12.76mW with 1.8V supply when equalizing 4Gb/s data passed over a channel with 28 dB loss at 2GHz.
Addressing the Alerting Needs of Older Adults to Age in Place

Maintaining and managing independent living depends on older adult’s ability to remain safe and healthy. We researched the needs of older adults in connected living spaces to address the issue of forgetfulness to aid aging in place. We conducted formative and evaluative user studies, starting with contextual interviews in home, followed by usability testing of prototypes, and participatory design sessions. Here we discuss the findings, and the design guidelines abstracted from the user studies with older adults. We also reflect on adapting traditional forms of the research methods to better understand the needs of this demographic.
Saving Customers at Vigil Home Security

Mike Thomas, director of customer relationships at the second-leading provider of residential security systems in the United States, set out to examine data from 61,235 customer "saves" in order to determine if the offer used to persuade a customer not to discontinue service affected the subsequent longevity of the saved relationship. If some offers led to longer subsequent relationships, Thomas's next step would be to reward customer service representatives for these higher-quality saves. Excerpt UVA-QA-0804 Rev. Jun. 10, 2013 SAVING CUSTOMERS AT VIGIL HOME SECURITY One of Mike Thomas's first accomplishments after taking over as director of customer relationships at Vigil Home Security (VHS) was to arrange for customers calling in to cancel their home security service to be routed quickly to the “save desk.” The save desk was the informal name given to the handful of customer service representatives trained to work with customers to try to salvage their business. “It seemed so damned obvious to try to save these folks,” remarked Thomas, “that it was amazing it wasn't already happening. Before I got here, we would just let folks cancel. Because they were about to leave anyway, I argued that anything we can do to save the relationship should be done. Any save is a good save.” “It is just one example,” he continued, “of the easy wins I think are here for us to grab quickly. I helped this company for over 10 years from the outside as a consultant. Now that I'm inside, I'm hoping to move quickly to get things done and make a difference.” VHS was the second-leading provider of residential home security systems in the United States. Customers paid an up-front fee (often heavily discounted) for the installation of the system and then a low monthly fee for 24-7 monitoring by VHS fast responders. Once the system recognized a breach, an on-site alarm would sound, and the VHS fast responders would immediately attempt to contact the homeowner. Although in many cases the breech was caused by the homeowners themselves, on the rare occasions when the responders could not reach the homeowner (or the homeowner confirmed an actual emergency) the fast responders sent local authorities to the home. . . .
Calling 911: intimate partner violence and responsible citizenship in a neoliberal era

For most of United States’ history, the state did not intervene in violence perpetrated within the home or intimate relationships. Women experiencing intimate partner violence had little recourse f...
Identities Within Identities: Queering the Priestly Woman

It has been part of the Christian tradition that a convert is given a new name and thus a new identity when accepted into the faith. This new identity is meant to signify the overcoming of brokenness in a salvation event that unifies, celebrates, and reorients all the former “selves” under Christ. But for gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender people it is not the Christian identity but the Queer identity that brings wholeness. This discovery is traced in this essay through the journey of a lesbian Episcopal priest.
Empowerment and threat in response to mass protest shape public support for a social movement and social change: A panel study in the context of the Bersih movement in Malaysia

One path to social change is through sustained collective action. Although such actions often explicitly target the public audience to raise support for a movement's cause, we know little about how the public psychologically responds to protests. To examine this question, a sample of Malaysians was surveyed before and immediately after the occurrence of mass street protests in Malaysia (N = 422) using a two-wave longitudinal design. Analyses revealed that (beyond pre-existing levels of movement identity and support for social change) experiencing empowerment in response to the protests promoted a supportive movement identity and more support for social change after the protests, whereas experiencing threat in response to the protests promoted an oppositional movement identity and less support for social change after the protests. This research suggests that the psychological impact of ongoing protests on the public can determine subsequent public support for the movement and its goals.
Out-of-plane electron transport in finite layer MoS2

Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) has been used to study the processes affecting electron transport along the [0001] direction of finite layer MoS2 flakes deposited onto the surface of Au/Si(001) Schottky diodes. Prominent features present in the differential spectra from the MoS2 flakes are consistent with the density of states of finite layer MoS2 calculated using density functional theory. The ability to observe the electronic structure of the MoS2 appears to be due to the relatively smooth density of states of Si in this energy range and a substantial amount of elastic or quasi-elastic scattering along the MoS2/Au/Si(001) path. Demonstration of these measurements using BEEM suggests that this technique could potentially be used to study electron transport through van der Waals heterostructures, with applications in a number of electronic devices.
A weed resistance management game: a teaching tool.

Background This article provides instructions and materials to moderate an interactive resistance management game. The game is designed to generate discussion about the challenges and possibilities of coordinating resistance management activities among groups of farmers. The game has been successfully applied in classroom settings, extension workshops, and at professional weed science meetings. Research has found farmers often perceive the success of their own resistance management may be thwarted if their neighbors are not adequately managing resistance as well. This can lead to negative 'tragedy of the commons' outcomes. Results In past applications of the game exercise, participants have often responded in ways consistent with similar studies in experimental and behavioral economics. This includes dividing benefits evenly (even though this is not a requirement of the game) or treating one-time transactions as potentially repeated exchanges. Player behavior may also be greatly influenced by their attitudes toward monetary risks. Conclusion The game allows participants to explore ways to overcome the tragedy of the commons and illustrates the roles of information sharing and economic incentives in finding solutions. It also allows participants to experiment with bottom-up voluntary approaches toward resistance management as an alternative to top-down regulatory approaches. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Modal Analysis of Axially Deforming Rods with Isolated Lap Joints

Almost every modern engineering structure incorporates some form of mechanical interface, a connection between two otherwise separate mechanical structures. Complex machines and structures such as automobiles, bridges, aircraft, rockets, etc. rely heavily on these interfaces; however, high-fidelity numerical analysis of such connected structures is currently extremely difficult and computationally expensive due to the disparate length and time scales of the interface as compared to those characterizing the overall structure.
Optimizing electrospinning parameters for piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber membranes

Abstract In this study, nanofiber membranes were fabricated using electrospinning to induce piezoelectric properties. Optimization of the piezoelectric properties was achieved using the Taguchi design method to systematically vary the electrospinning parameters (acetone fraction, tip-to-collector distance (TCD), flow rate, and voltage setting). The optimized settings for piezoelectric properties were a solvent ratio of 60 v% DMF/40 v% acetone, a TCD of 16 cm, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/h, and a voltage setting of 14 kV. Additionally, the effect of three solvents (dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide) on fiber formation and piezoelectric properties was compared; dimethylformamide (DMF) created the smallest fiber diameter and highest piezoelectric properties. During filtration of a synthetic solution mimicking biofouling, severe fouling was observed for both the commercial flat-sheet PVDF microfiltration membranes and unactivated electrospun membranes, although fouling occurred at different times for the electrospun membranes fabricated with different solvents. Little to no flux decline or increase in TMP was observed for the piezoelectrically activated nanofiber membranes. Total suspended solids removal of anaerobic digester mixed liquor for the electrospun membranes were comparable to the commercial PVDF microfiltration membrane. The results demonstrate that piezoelectrically activated nanofiber membranes have the potential to mitigate fouling in water treatment applications, particularly for systems with high levels of biofouling that require suspended solids separation (i.e., membrane bioreactors).
Assessing the complexity of plan recognition

This paper presents a discussion of the theoretical complexity of plan recognition on the basis of an analysis of the number of explanations that any complete plan recognition algorithm must consider given various properties of the plan library. On the basis of these results it points out properties of plan libraries that make them computationally expensive.
Laser Safety in Laser Surgery

Lasers used for surgery and for some other biomedical applications can pose potential hazards to both the patient and the laser operating personnel. Because the laser beam is normally in the open when emitted from a surgical laser, special precautions are necessary. Unlike many industrial application of lasers, the very nature of most laser surgical procedures require both a flexible and often an open beam and the use of administrative controls with protective eyewear rather than engineering controls such as beam enclosures, baffles, etc. The potential for hazardous exposure to laser radiation can therefore be quite high for some surgical personnel[1,2,3].
Basic Equipment and Microbiological Techniques for Studying Bacterial Adhesion

The knowledge of laboratory safety, major equipment, and basic microbiological techniques are essential for conducting studies on bacterial adhesion. This chapter is written for beginners in the field of microbiology and for nonmicrobiologists who want to set up a laboratory for conducting bacterial adhesion studies. For a beginner, it is a good idea to visit a nearby microbiology laboratory either before or after reading this chapter. The reader should also refer to the biological or microbiological safety manuals available at most research institutions and facilities.
Prevalence and complications associated with off-label use of lenalidomide in older patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

7054Background: Lenalidomide (LEN) is approved for patients with lower-risk MDS with del5q who are transfusion-dependent (TD). We aimed to assess the prevalence and complications associated with LE...
Variation in Stable Hydrogen Isotope Values in a Wetland-Associated Songbird

Stable isotope analysis is often used to identify the geographic origins of migratory bird populations. While this method can accurately predict the provenance of migratory species, stable hydrogen isotope values measured in feathers (δ2Hf) can be variable within a site and may be influenced by differences among age class (second year vs. after second year), type of feather (primary vs. rectrix), year of sampling, species, and local hydrology. In this study, sources of variation in δ2Hf values were assessed in a wetland-associated Neotropical migratory bird, the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea), by comparing δ2Hf values among age classes, sexes, years and feather types in individuals breeding in eastern Virginia, USA. Age and year were found to influence δ2Hf values, with individuals in their second year having more depleted δ2Hf values (-62.43 ± 9.56‰) than individuals older than 2 years (-53.73 ± 9.04‰). Differences between primaries and rectrices were within the range of sampling error (-2.98‰), and there was no effect of sex. For wetland-associated songbirds, age-related differences in the dietary proportion of aquatic vs. terrestrial prey may provide an additional mechanism for differences observed in δ2Hf values between age classes. In studies that use stable isotopes to assign geographic feather origin, researchers should attempt to account for and propagate known variation in δ2Hf values in assignment models whenever possible.
AIR-BORNE MICROORGANISM POPULATIONS IN FOOD PACKAGING AREAS1,2

Summary A slit air-sampler was used to ascertain the numbers of air-borne bacteria, yeasts and molds in dairy product packaging areas. The mean air-borne bacteria count for all food packaging areas investigated was below 6 per ft3. The highest mean count for a daily sampling period was just over 10 per ft3. The mean count for air-borne yeasts was 2 per ft3 for all samples collected. About 17% of all counts were less than 1 yeast per 5 ft3. The mean air-borne mold count for all samples was over 12 per ft3 with nearly 10% of the counts over 20 per ft3. A mean count in cottage cheese packaging was over 22 mold per ft3 while mean counts for individual sampling days revealed populations as high as 67 mold per ft3. There were significant day to day variations in all areas and standard deviations of daily sampling periods indicated significant variations within 4-hr test periods. Some degree of correlation between worker activity and air-borne counts was indicated by the results. However, it is evident that othe...
Robot Assisted Surgery of the Vena Cava: Perioperative Outcomes, Technique, and Lessons Learned at The Mayo Clinic.

Introduction: This study aims to describe robot assisted surgery of the inferior vena cava (IVC) by assessing techniques utilized, perioperative outcomes, complications, and long-term patency of th...
Clinical illustration of the dialectical behavior therapy for preadolescent children: addressing primary targets

Abstract Dialectical behavior therapy for preadolescent children (DBT-C) retains the theoretical model, principles and therapeutic strategies of the adult DBT model and includes most of its skills training curriculum and corresponding didactics. The main changes to the model include extended treatment target hierarchy for addressing primary targets and addition of an extensive parent training component. This chapter illustrates application of the DBT-C model to primary treatment targets using a composite case example and demonstrates treatment delivery via session transcripts.
The Importance of Self-Care for Physicians and Providers

One of the greatest shortcomings faced in the field of Medicine is its dehumanization. Rather than learning Medicine as an art, it has been taught only as a science that treats the disease, rather than the person. In profound ways, this has affected the care provided to individual patients and their perceptions of the medical profession. In this chapter, we will define and identify differences between health-care provider burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction. Additionally, we will discuss different methods such as mindfulness and self-care rounds that can help clinicians focus on their own self-care as well as those of their trainees. Also, we will identify how clinicians can impact and assist with the self-care of family caregivers.
“Inadequate”: a new feminist modernist manifesto

Mina Loy sets her acerbic tone at the beginning of her “Feminist Manifesto” (1914) with this opening statement: The feminist movement as at present instituted is Inadequate 1 Speaking back to F.T. ...
Clio’s Non-education History Journal’s (NEHJ): Broadening Journal Publishing for History of Higher Education

Historians of higher education need to consider publishing in non-education history journals [NEHJ’s] to place scholarship, especially for visibility for their research, or remain an isolated research specialization. This examination focuses on the landscape of history journals that publish history of education topics, specifically [NEHJ’s], on an international basis. A case study approach yielded data and, discussion revolves on history of higher education publication uses in four representative case studies: colleges and universities, professors, science, and medicine, to illustrate NEHJ’s and their contribution to history of higher education. Publishing considerations of this scholarly landscape, based on data gathered from various databases will provide the baseline for exploratory discussion of disciplinary cultures as they inform or deform history of higher education published within NEHJ literature. Animated by historiographic, subject, and methodological concerns, this discussion meshes histories of higher education vis-a-vis globalization within the publishing landscape and the transnational turn in scholarship. Journals, geographical and linguistic dispersion, articles and book reviews, are examined, revealing a larger publishing topography for NEHJ journals.
Development of a Single-Cell Technique to Increase Yield and Use of Gastrointestinal Cancer Organoids for Personalized Medicine Application

Background Organoids are excellent 3-dimensional in vitro models of gastrointestinal cancers. However, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) remain inconsistent and unreliable for rapid actionable drug sensitivity testing due to size variation and limited material. Study design On day10/passage 2 after standard creation of organoids, half of PDOs were dissociated into single-cells with TrypLE Express Enzyme/DNase I and mechanical dissociation; and half of PDOs were expanded by the standard technique. Hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry with CK7 and CK20 were performed for characterization. Drug sensitivity testing was completed for single-cells and paired standard PDOs to assess reproducibility. Results After 2 to 3 days, >50% of single-cells reformed uniform miniature PDOs (∼50 μm). We developed 10 PDO single-cell lines (n = 4, gastric cancer, [GC]; and n = 6, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, [PDAC]), which formed epithelialized cystic structures and by IHC, exhibited CK7(high)/CK20(low) expression patterns mirroring parent tissues. Compared with paired standard PDOs, single-cells (n = 2, PDAC; = 2, GC) showed similar architecture, albeit smaller and more uniform. Importantly, single cells demonstrated similar sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs to matched PDOs. Conclusions PDO single-cells are accurate for rapid clinical drug testing in gastrointestinal cancers. Using early passage PDO single-cells facilitates high-volume drug testing, decreasing time from tumor sampling to actionable clinical decisions, and provides a personalized medicine platform to optimally select drugs for gastrointestinal cancer patients.
Parental Social Isolation and Child Maltreatment Risk during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The social isolation and economic stress resulting from pandemic have the potential to exacerbate child abuse and neglect. This study examines the association of parents' perceived social isolation and recent employment loss to risk for child maltreatment (neglect, verbal aggression, and physical punishment) in the early weeks of the pandemic. Participants (N = 283) were adults living in the U.S. who were parents of at least one child 0-12 years of age. Participants completed an online survey approximately 2 weeks after the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic. The survey asked about recent changes (i.e., in the past 2 weeks) to employment status, parenting behaviors, use of discipline, use of spanking, and depressive symptoms. Nearly 20% of parents had hit or spanked their child in the past two weeks alone. Parents' perceived social isolation and recent employment loss were associated with self-report of physical and emotional neglect and verbal aggression against the child, even after controlling for parental depressive symptoms, income, and sociodemographic factors. Parents' perceived social isolation was associated with parental report of changes in discipline, specifically, using discipline and spanking more often in the past 2 weeks. Associations were robust to analyses that included two variables that assessed days spent social distancing and days spent in "lockdown." Study results point to the need for mental health supports to parents and children to ameliorate the strain created by COVID-19.
Truth, Lies and The Paradox of Plea Bargaining

This Article describes the regular use of lying during plea bargaining by criminal justice stakeholders, and the paradox it presents for those who care about creating a fairer criminal legal system. The paradox is this: lying at plea bargaining allows defendants the opportunity to negotiate fair resolutions to their cases in the face of a deeply unfair system, even as that lying makes way for — and sustains — the problematic system it seeks to avoid. The Article lays out a taxonomy of lying at plea bargaining, organizing the types of lies into three categories: lies about facts, lies about law and lies about process. The criminal justice system produces a litany of injustices. Implicitly authorized, systemic lying offers a means of dealing with these perceived injustices. But lying also obscures the system from public view, hiding and relieving pressure points via plea bargaining. Unfortunately, what seems like the natural solution — to make the system more transparent and accountable — would likely harm individual defendants. If lying at plea bargaining disappeared tomorrow, many defendants would suffer dire consequences, such as deportation for minor charges or being subjected to outrageous mandatory minimum sentences. These defendants would lose their ability to avoid the injustices of the system. And yet, lying at plea bargaining is the result of a series of interlocking, mandatory laws and rules that many stakeholders believe are deeply unfair and should be reformed. Thus, lying at plea bargaining is both a means of avoiding injustice and a force prohibiting meaningful reformation of the laws and rules that produce such injustice. To put it another way, the lies in the taxonomy are workarounds for a system so barbaric that lawyers are willing to lie to help defendants avoid the worst of it, but they also make that same system nearly impossible to reform. Examining this paradox leads to the conclusion that conversations about reform must focus on total overhaul of the system, not piecemeal correction. Something closer to abolition than alteration is the appropriate response to a system so entangled that lying is the only way to reach a just resolution.
Performance of Cytokine Storm Syndrome Scoring Systems in Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate pediatric patients using existing macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) scoring systems to determine how these systems identify patients with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in the setting of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. METHODS: Hospitalized pediatric patients with MIS-C and active COVID-19 infection at a single institution were identified. Infectious data, clinical findings, and laboratory values were collected, and patients were stratified by disease severity. Eight historically used scoring systems for MAS, HLH, and CSS were examined in the cohort of patients with MIS-C and pediatric COVID-19. RESULTS: The HLH-2004 criteria and HScore did not identify any patients as having CSS on admission, with only one patient with COVID-19 meeting criteria at peak disease severity. The 2016 systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)/MAS criteria, ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ratio, and COVID-19 CSS Quick Score most frequently identified CSS in this population and distinguished between COVID-19 and MIS-C hyperinflammation. The 2019 MAS/sJIA (MS) score and the COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome (cHIS) criteria were less likely to identify CSS, as the MS score overestimated CSS and the cHIS resulted in similar scores regardless of severity or disease type. The Caricchio COVID-Cytokine Storm (COVID-CS) criteria identified patients with COVID-19 frequently but was less useful in MIS-C because of its COVID-19-specific criteria. CONCLUSION: MIS-C and pediatric COVID-19 result in relatively unique CSSs and patterns of inflammation. Existing scoring systems for CSSs likely do not capture the full breadth of this disease process in MIS-C and pediatric COVID-19.
CEINT internship program

Arizona State University, Motorola, and Intel have formed CEINT, the consortium for embedded and inter-networking technologies. CEINT sponsors paid internships for students in computer science and engineering. A student earns three credit hours per term for an internship, and a student can continue an internship for as long as three terms. An intern works 20 hours per week during the spring or fall semester, and 40 hours per week during the summer term. The internships are not just part-time jobs - each student participates as a member of a professional design and development team. Each student has an industrial mentor and a faculty mentor. At the end of the term, every student submits a final written report and makes a final oral presentation. In the spring semester of 2003, we had formal presentations as a one-day conference, and more than one hundred people attended the talks.
Die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Muskels

Tragen wir in einem Koordinatensystem die verschiedenen Langen des Muskels auf der Abszisse und die zugehorigen vom Muskel ausgeubten Spannungen als Ordinaten auf, so erhalten wir eine Langen-Spannungs-Kurve. Die Langen-Spannungs-Kurve des ruhenden Muskels und die Langen-Spannungs-Kurve des tatigen Muskels ergeben zusammen das sog. Langen-Spannungs-Diagramm. — An der Hand dieses Diagramms last sich eine Reihe von Tatsachen aus der Muskelmechanik erortern, denn es zeigt uns die verschiedenen Veranderungen von Lange und Spannung, die bei all den verschiedenen Formen der Muskelkontraktion vorkommen.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of YBa2Cu2O7−δ for Coated Conductor Applications: Current Status and Cost Issues

This book chapter reviews the current status of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) for coated conductor applications of YBCO on metallic tapes. Clearly, PLD is one of the most promising techniques - particularly for thick films - and has led to some of the highest critical currents Jc. The reputation of PLD as being an expensive technique for manufacturing is carefully addressed by calculating the laser operation cost per length of tape. It is shown that the expenses related to the ownership and operation of an industrial excimer laser (including, most importantly, laser tubes and window sets) contribute $10/kA m - $30/kA m to the cost of a superconducting tape. Significant lowering of this number would require "quantum-leap" changes in laser technology, PLD configuration, or an increase in the achieved Jc.
Cooperative and Collaborative Learning

Forms of cooperative or collaborative learning have been used for centuries and a variety of peer learning techniques have emerged. The underlying premise of these techniques is that learning is enhanced by peer interaction. Keywords: cooperative learning; collaborative learning; scaffolded instruction; peer learning; tutoring
Airway management of recovered pediatric patients with severe head and neck burns: a review

There are approximately 10,000 pediatric burn survivors in the United States each year, many of whom will present for reconstructive surgery after severe burns in the head and neck (1). These recovered burn victims, who are beyond the acute phase of injury, often have significant scarring and contractures in the face, mouth, nares, neck, and chest, which can make airway management challenging and potentially lead to a 'cannot intubate, cannot ventilate' scenario (2). Although numerous cases have been presented in the literature on this topic (3-17), there are no comprehensive review articles on the unique challenges of airway management in the recovered pediatric burn patient with distorted airway anatomy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of airway management in such patients, focusing on challenges encountered during mask ventilation and tracheal intubation, as well as the role of surgical release of neck contractures to facilitate tracheal intubation. Lessons learned from all reported cases identified in a thorough literature search are incorporated into this review.
Program Requirements for Fellowship Education in the Subspecialty of Clinical Informatics

The Program Requirements for Fellowship Education identify the knowledge and skills that physicians must master through the course of a training program to be certified in the subspecialty of clinical informatics. They also specify accreditation requirements for clinical informatics training programs. The AMIA Board of Directors approved this document in November 2008.
Uszkodzenia eksploatacyjne lotniczych silników turbinowych (LST); Operation-attributable failures to aircraft turbine engines

W artykule autorzy zwrocili uwage na najcześciej spotykane w procesie eksploatacji lotniczych silnikow turbinowych (LST) przyczyny inicjacji uszkodzen elementow rur zarowych zasadniczej komory spalania i zespolow turbin. Zostaly one zilustrowane licznymi przykladami stwierdzanej podczas wykonywania kontroli endoskopowych postepującej degradacji stanu powierzchni cześci i podzespolow roznego typu silnikow lotniczych. Omowiono na przykladzie wynikow systematycznej obserwacji proces niszczenia powierzchni lopatek wienca wirnika turbiny. Zwrocono uwage na dotychczasowy i nadal obowiązujący sposob oceny przydatności LST do dalszej eksploatacji z uwzglednieniem specyfiki jego uzytkowania. Abstract The paper has been intended to draw attention to some causes of the initiation of failures to components of flame tubes of the combustion chamber and turbine units, ones most often occurring throughout the process of operating aircraft turbine engines. They have been illustrated with multiple examples of degradation of surfaces of structural components and/or subassemblies, usually found during visual inspections of various types of aircraft engines. with results of systematic observations applied, the process of destruction of surfaces of blades in the turbine rotor blading has been discussed. Attention has also been paid to the way of evaluating the suitability of a given engine for further operation, the method that has hitherto been used and remains in force all the time.
Production and use of low-energy, monoenergetic positron beams from electron LINACS

Low-energy intense positron beams derived from pair production can be made at high-energy electron linacs and such beams are in operation or under installation at several linac facilities. Using a pulsed position beam made at a 100 MeV electron linac, we have measured the intensity and velocity distribution of positronium emitted from materials by measuring the time-of-flight of annihilating positronium. The time-of-flight data are augmented by positron lifetime and angular correlation measurements performed with the beam. Positronium spectra have been measured for a number of metallic samples. Several new observations have been made including details of the energy distribution of positronium emission formed by a thermalized positron and a conduction electron and the production of positronium from energetic positrons scattered out of the sample.
Probing the process of information source selection using Palm Pilots: A pilot study

The paper describes a pilot study that used PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants or Palm Pilots) to collect data on the information seeking habits of eight undergraduate students. Each student carried a PDA and recorded their information tasks, reasons for those tasks, and an evaluation of the information sources they used. In addition to their own information seeking behaviors in natural settings, the students also performed a set of assigned information seeking tasks. Each information task was treated as a discrete incident. A total of 287 incidents were collected. The data shows that for the majority of the tasks, the students used Internet search engines quite heavily. The data also shows that most information searches do not extend beyond the use of the first information source chosen. This paper describes the methodologies used and discusses how PDAs can be utilized to gather the information seeking behaviors of users.
Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction: Review and Classification

Technical and pharmacologic advances have reduced the occurrence of large periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but PMI still occurs in 6% to 18% of the cases and is associated with impaired short- and long-term survival. PMI might be due to side branch closure or flow-limiting dissection, but is most often diagnosed after apparently uncomplicated PCI and is due to atheroembolization into the microcirculation. Various definitions of PMI are used in clinical trials, but a rise in creatine kinase-MB greater than 3 to 8 times the upper limit of normal is consistently associated with worse prognosis, particularly as it reflects a more extensive and unstable atherosclerotic burden. On the other hand, data regarding the independent prognostic value of periprocedural troponin increase are conflicting. Some data suggest that PMI has a better prognosis than a spontaneously occurring myocardial infarction, and that its incidence is reduced with aggressive antiplatelet and statin therapy.
Inflammation, Autophagy, and Obesity: Common Features in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Inflammation and autophagy are cellular defense mechanisms. When these processes are deregulated (deficient or overactivated) they produce pathologic effects, such as oxidative stress, metabolic impairments, and cell death. Unresolved inflammation and disrupted regulation of autophagy are common features of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, obesity, a risk factor for pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, promotes inflammation and inhibits or deregulates autophagy, creating an environment that facilitates the induction and progression of pancreatic diseases. However, little is known about how inflammation, autophagy, and obesity interact to promote exocrine pancreatic disorders. We review the roles of inflammation and autophagy, and their deregulation by obesity, in pancreatic diseases. We discuss the connections among disordered pathways and important areas for future research.
Structural changes resulting from doping Ti2O3 with Sc2O3 or Al2O3

Abstract The crystal structures of (Ti1−xScx)2O3, x = 0.0038, 0.0109, and 0.0413, and of (Ti0.99Al0.01)2O3, have been determined from X-ray diffraction data collected from single crystals using an automated diffractometer, and have been refined to weighted residuals of 25–34. Cell constants have also been determined for x = 0.0005, 0.0019, and 0.0232. The compounds are rhombohedral, space group R 3 c , and are isomorphous with α-Al2O3. The hexagonal cell dimensions range from a = 5.1573(2)A, c = 13.613(1)A for (Ti0.9995Sc0.0005)2O3 to a = 5.1659(4)A, c = 13.644(1)A for (Ti0.9587Sc0.0413)2O3, and a = 5.1526(2)A, c = 13.609(1)A for (Ti0.99Al0.01)2O3. Sc and Al substitution cause similar increases in the short near-neighbor metal-metal distance across the shared octahedral face; for Sc doping the increase is from 2.578(1) A in pure Ti2O3 to 2.597(1) A in (Ti0.9587Sc0.0413)2O3. By contrast, changes in the metal-metal distance across the shared octahedral edge appear to be governed by ionic size effects. The distance increases from 2.994(1) A in Ti2O3 to 3.000(1) A in (Ti0.9587Sc0.0413)2O3 and decreases to 2.991(1) A in (Ti0.99Al0.01)2O3.