cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workplace Skills in Context

Concerns about people who are ill-prepared to perform in workplaces of the future have resulted in various policy reports identifying "basic skills," and postulating appropriate educational responses. Much of the supporting data are thin, and yield descriptions that characterize work through a limited and biased sample of possible observations. Work is made to appear unambiguous, instrumental, rational, and subject to universal categorization. Fieldwork in a manufacturing plant presents a richer picture of work that counters these distortions by demonstrating the importance of alternative styles of work. strategies for managing ambiguity, and the importance of local knowledge. The conventional focus on skills in isolation is replaced by one in which both skills and our ability to describe them is constrained by the technological and organizational contexts of workplaces. Incentives, opportunities, the expressive function of skilled performance, and feedback about results all influence skills. Finally, the...
Assessing Concentration Dependence of FCC Metal Alloy Diffusion Coefficients Using Kinetic Monte Carlo

Intrinsic diffusion coefficients have been calculated for a solid solution binary fcc metal alloy with vacancies using grand canonical and kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) methods for a variety of model Hamiltonians. Model Hamiltonians include a kinetically and thermodynamically ideal case, solute-vacancy attraction and repulsion, and solute-solute attraction and repulsion. These model Hamiltonians are chosen to have constant average activation energies in order to focus on contributions from other thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The thermodynamic factor calculated using MC is compared to a mean-field regular solution model. It is shown that the mean-field model accurately predicts the thermodynamic factors for each model alloy Hamiltonian except for the alloys with a solute-solute interaction and concentration that are in the spinodal region (as predicted by the regular solution model). The MC determined concentration-dependent intrinsic diffusion coefficients are compared to values determined from the dilute five-frequency model and Darken and Manning analytical approximations. The results indicate that for a solid solution with known average barriers and vacancy concentration, Darken and Manning approximation-based analytic expressions and mean-field theory can be used to predict concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients within a factor of approximately three, provided the system is outside of the spinodal region. The good accuracy of this approximate approach follows from the fact that the thermodynamic factor is the main contribution to the concentration dependence of the diffusion constants, and that this thermodynamic factor is well described by mean-field theory.
Mice Deficient in Interferon-Gamma or Interferon-Gamma Receptor 1 Have Distinct Inflammatory Responses to Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis

Interferon (IFN)-gamma is an important component of the immune response to viral infections that can have a role both in controlling virus replication and inducing inflammatory damage. To determine the role of IFN-gamma in fatal alphavirus encephalitis, we have compared the responses of wild type C57BL/6 (WTB6) mice with mice deficient in either IFN-gamma (GKO) or the alpha-chain of the IFN-gamma receptor (GRKO) after intranasal infection with a neuroadapted strain of sindbis virus. Mortalities of GKO and GRKO mice were similar to WTB6 mice. Both GKO and GRKO mice had delayed virus clearance from the brain and spinal cord, more infiltrating perforin+ cells and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNAs than WTB6 mice. However, inflammation was more intense in GRKO mice than WTB6 or GKO mice with more infiltrating CD3+ T cells, greater expression of major histocompatibility complex-II and higher levels of interleukin-17A mRNA. Fibroblasts from GRKO embryos did not develop an antiviral response after treatment with IFN-gamma, but showed increases in TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs although these increases developed more slowly and were less intense than those of WTB6 fibroblasts. These data indicate that both GKO and GRKO mice fail to develop an IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral response, but differ in regulation of the inflammatory response to infection. Therefore, GKO and GRKO cannot be considered equivalent when assessing the role of IFN-gamma in CNS viral infections.
A Hierarchy of Explode-Decay Mode Solutions of the Two-Dimensional KdV Equation and Their Superpositions

We investigate the explode-decay mode solutions of the two-dimensional KdV equation. It is shown that by exploiting the linearity of the associated inverse scattering formalism, a hierarchy of infinitely many solutions can be generated from the previously known similarity type solutions.
TWO TYPES OF γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR ON EMBRYONIC SENSORY NEURONES

Abstract 1 Embryonic sensory neurones of the chick grown in dissociated cell culture respond to application of low concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with a change in resting membrane resistance (Rin) and/or a change in action potential duration (APD) (Dunlap & Fischbach, 1978; Choi & Fischbach, 1981). Intracellular microelectrode recording techniques were employed to determine if these two effects are mediated by the same, or different, GABA receptors. 2 Cells responded, for the most part, with a change in either Rin or APD, but 10% of the cells exhibited both effects. In the latter cells the two responses were clearly distinguishable as discussed below. 3 The proportion of neurones exhibiting a GABA-induced decrease in Rin declined during the first week in vitro while the proportion exhibiting a decrease in APD increased during that time. 4 The two effects were pharmacologically distinct. Muscimol, a GABA analogue, produced only the change in Rin (ED50 = 5.5 μM) while baclofen, another analogue of GABA, produced only the change in APD (ED50 = 1 μM). The analogues were approximately equipotent with GABA. Bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, blocked the muscimol-induced change in Rin (but not the baclofen-induced change in APD) in a dose-dependent fashion with an ID50 = 0.7 μM. 5 The time courses of the two effects were different. The change in APD resulting from a brief application of GABA (or baclofen) was prolonged relative to the rapid return to control associated with the GABA- (or muscimol-) induced change in Rin. 6 Desensitization of the two responses exhibited separate time courses. In the continual presence of the agonists, GABA- and muscimol-induced decreases in Rin completely desensitized in ca. 10 s while GABA- and baclofen-induced decreases in APD persisted undiminished throughout a prolonged (1 min) application of the drugs and returned to control only after cessation of application. 7 It is concluded that embryonic chick sensory neurones in culture exhibit two types of GABA receptor that differ in their functional and pharmacological properties. Implications of these results are discussed.
β‐catenin mediates insulin‐like growth factor‐I actions to promote cyclin D1 mRNA expression, cell proliferation and survival in oligodendroglial cultures

By promoting cell proliferation, survival and maturation insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is essential to the normal growth and development of the central nervous system. It is clear that IGF-I actions are primarily mediated by the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R), and that phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)-Akt kinases and MAP kinases signal many of IGF-I-IGF1R actions in neural cells, including oligodendrocyte lineage cells. The precise downstream targets of these signaling pathways, however, remain to be defined. We studied oligodendroglial cells to determine whether beta-catenin, a molecule that is a downstream target of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and plays a key role in the Wnt canonical signaling pathway, mediates IGF-I actions. We found that IGF-I increases beta-catenin protein abundance within an hour after IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta. Inhibiting the PI3-Akt pathway suppressed IGF-I-induced increases in beta-catenin and cyclin D1 mRNA, while suppression of GSK3beta activity simulated IGF-I actions. Knocking-down beta-catenin mRNA by RNA interference suppressed IGF-I-stimulated increases in the abundance of cyclin D1 mRNA, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Our data suggest that beta-catenin is an important downstream molecule in the PI3-Akt-GSK3beta pathway, and as such it mediates IGF-I upregulation of cyclin D1 mRNA and promotion of cell proliferation and survival in oligodendroglial cells.
Pyrimidine nucleosides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose.

Abstract 2-Deoxy-2-(p-methoxybenzylidene)amino- D -galactose was acetylated, and the resulting product was treated with hydrochloric acid, giving 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-β- D -galactopyranose hydrochloride (3). Treatment of 3 with trifluoroacetic anhydride yielded 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-β- D -galactopyranose (4), which was converted into 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-α- D -galactopyranosyl bromide (5) by a previously published procedure. Condensation of 5 with bis(trimethylsilyl)cytosine yielded 1-[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-β- D -galactopyranosyl]cytosine, which was deacylated with methanolic ammonia to give 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β- D -galactopyranosyl)cytosine. Condensation of 5 with bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine yielded 1-[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)-β- D -galactopyranosyl]thymine (8), which was deacylated with methanolic ammonia to give 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β- D -galactopyranosyl)thymine (9). Condensation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- D -galactopyranosyl chloride with bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine gave 1-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -galactopyranosyl)thymine (11), but in substantially lower yield than 8. Compound 11 was also obtained by acetylation of 9.
Ohmage: A General and Extensible End-to-End Participatory Sensing Platform

Participatory sensing (PS) is a distributed data collection and analysis approach where individuals, acting alone or in groups, use their personal mobile devices to systematically explore interesting aspects of their lives and communities [Burke et al. 2006]. These mobile devices can be used to capture diverse spatiotemporal data through both intermittent self-report and continuous recording from on-board sensors and applications. Ohmage (http://ohmage.org) is a modular and extensible open-source, mobile to Web PS platform that records, stores, analyzes, and visualizes data from both prompted self-report and continuous data streams. These data streams are authorable and can dynamically be deployed in diverse settings. Feedback from hundreds of behavioral and technology researchers, focus group participants, and end users has been integrated into ohmage through an iterative participatory design process. Ohmage has been used as an enabling platform in more than 20 independent projects in many disciplines. We summarize the PS requirements, challenges and key design objectives learned through our design process, and ohmage system architecture to achieve those objectives. The flexibility, modularity, and extensibility of ohmage in supporting diverse deployment settings are presented through three distinct case studies in education, health, and clinical research.
Processing and memory of information presented in narrative or expository texts.

Background Previous research suggests that narrative and expository texts differ in the extent to which they prompt students to integrate to-be-learned content with relevant prior knowledge during comprehension. Aims We expand on previous research by examining on-line processing and representation in memory of to-be-learned content that is embedded in narrative or expository texts. We are particularly interested in how differences in the use of relevant prior knowledge leads to differences in terms of levels of discourse representation (textbase vs. situation model). Samples A total of 61 university undergraduates in Expt 1, and 160 in Expt 2. Methods In Expt 1, subjects thought out loud while comprehending circulatory system content embedded in a narrative or expository text, followed by free recall of text content. In Expt 2, subjects read silently and completed a sentence recognition task to assess memory. Results In Expt 1, subjects made more associations to prior knowledge while reading the expository text, and recalled more content. Content recall was also correlated with amount of relevant prior knowledge for subjects who read the expository text but not the narrative text. In Expt 2, subjects reading the expository text (compared to the narrative text) had a weaker textbase representation of the to-be-learned content, but a marginally stronger situation model. Conclusions Results suggest that in terms of to-be-learned content, expository texts trigger students to utilize relevant prior knowledge more than narrative texts.
Studies of Germfree Animals I. Response of Mice to Infection With Influenza A Virus.

SummaryGermfree mice were found to be more susceptible than conventional mice to mouse-adapted influenza A strain PR8, although the difference in susceptibility is small. Work with more precise dosage methods is indicated to ascertain the nature of the difference. At 21 days after infection, the predominant leukocytic response in GF lungs was lymphocytic infiltration, while conventional mice responded with lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and macro-phages. Gamma2 globulin was not detected by IE prior to infection either in GF mice or in 20 of 23 GF mice at 3 weeks after infection. HI antibody was not detected in GF mice before and after infection, but was detected in conventional mice after infection. Addendum. Since the submission of this paper, we have been able to elicit HI antibody production in germfree mice after intra-peritoneal inoculation of five LD50 of live PR8 virus.
Factors That Influence Radioimmunoassay of Human Plasma Melatonin: A Modified Column Procedure to Eliminate Interference

We describe here the effect of various agents and conditions that can influence the assay of plasma melatonin and report a modified column method which minimizes these interferences. Melatonin was measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay which can detect melatonin from 5 to 500 pg/ml; the assay was linear about 0-60 pg/ml range. The hemolysis of samples increases the apparent level of melatonin in plasma. When the hemolyzed samples were passed through the SEP-cartridge and washed with methanol, the normal basal level was restored. Elution from the column was highest at 100% methanol and proportionate with the "spiked" value of melatonin. The addition of hemoglobin standard and serum albumin decreases the assayed value of melatonin while the addition of red blood cells and heparin increases the level. EDTA, oxalate, and citrate do not influence the basal level of melatonin. Samples that have been affected by these various agents and conditions can be normalized by passing samples through the column. Up to three cycles of freezing and quick thawing of plasma had no effect on the assay of melatonin; however, beyond three cycles levels were reduced. Long-term storage (up to 4 years) has no influence on the assay.
Experimental investigation and flow visualization of the resin-transfer mold-filling process in a non-planar geometry

Abstract Resin-transfer molding (RTM) is a manufacturing process for composite materials in which resin is injected into a mold cavity filled with a fibrous preform. Complete saturation of the preform during RTM is necessary for successful manufacturing and performance of the composite part. Unsuccessful filling of the mold may lead to the formation of macroscopic and microscopic voids, both defects significantly affecting the quality of the finished product. Recently much effort has been directed towards modeling and simulation of the RTM process. Such simulations usually model the filling of RTM molds as flow through porous media employing Darcy's law. An experimental study has been completed, the goal of which was to develop a library of experimental flow visualization and pressure measurement data. A mold was constructed, providing a moderately complex three-dimensional mold cavity. The cavity shape is a thin-shelled, five-sided box, having a base and four sides. The mold was built to provide flexibility, including multiple injection, pressure measurement, and venting sites. A wide variety of experiments were completed, varying a number of important processing parameters. All experiments were isothermal, both mold and fluid being held at room temperature. Several examples of the experiments completed are described, and organized into two case studies. The first case study demonstrates how three experiments were used in an initial investigation into the ‘racetracking’ phenomenon. The second study investigates the effect of preform fiber volume fraction on fluid injection pressure. Numerical simulations of the experiments have been completed which demonstrate how existing numerical simulation codes can be validated against the experimental data.
Spectral Efficiency of Centralized and Decentralized Cooperative Networks with Relay Selection

In decode-and-forward cooperative networks, the best relay node is often selected among many available nodes to provide the diversity gain. Decentralized selection mechanisms such as timer-based relay selection are commonly used to achieve sub-optimal performance with low overhead. In this paper, we focus on the spectral efficiency of both centralized and decentralized relay-selection schemes. The impact of overhead, including channel estimation and feedback signals, is discussed. We show that centralized relay-selection achieve a higher spectral efficiency than decentralized schemes, only if the number of relays is small or the channel is static. Although decentralized schemes significantly reduce the amount of overhead, they also suffer from unavoidable performance loss. We also provide criteria for determining which scheme should be applied for given system environments.
Managing self-harm: Psychological perspectives

Managing self-harm: Psychological perspectives, edited by Anna Motz, London and New York, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009, 232 pp., £20.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1583917053, £60 (hardback), I...
Avoidance behavior and aggression in rats with transections of the lateral connections of the medial or lateral hypothalamus

Abstract Parasagittal surgical cuts in the medial quadrant of the lateral hypothalamus which isolated the medial half of the hypothalamus from all lateral connections produced marked deficits in avoidance learning but no discernible change in performance on a test of intra-species aggression. The animals showed transient motor deficits as well as aphagia and adipsia but were normal on all measures before the avoidance training and aggression tests were begun. Similar parasagittal cuts lateral to the lateral border of the anterior and medial hypothalamus (including the region lateral to the ventromedial nuclei) facilitated the acquisition of a shuttle box avoidance response but failed to affect intra-species aggression. These animals were aphagic and adipsic for longer periods of time but had recovered normal body weights and motor abilities at the time of testing.
ASTRONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE AZTEC EXPRESSION OF HISTORY

In this paper, we present a complete list of eclipses documented in the Mexica manuscripts. We use this list together with information in the chronicles to outline a possible method used by Mexica chronologists for linking historical with retrodictable cosmic events that were deliberately chosen to fit historical circumstances. Solar events, particularly eclipses, figure prominently in a scheme that stresses the recurrence of like-in-kind events positioned at multiples of the Xiuhmolpilli (52-year) cycle. Thus, both the foundation of the empire and calendrical adjustments related to the fictional chronology of World Ages are connected to eclipses that were visible at Tenochtitlan and that fell either at the solstices or the equinoxes.
The Role of Perceived Demographic Dissimilarity and Interaction in Customer‐Service Satisfaction1

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of perceived demographic dissimilarity and interaction on customer-service satisfaction. Data were collected from 301 spectators at a professional men's tennis tournament. Results indicate that perceived demographic dissimilarity was negatively associated with customer service satisfaction. Further, this relationship was moderated by the amount of interaction between the employee and customer, such that the negative relationship was strongest when interaction was high. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical implications related to relational demography and practical implications in terms of the “business case” for diversity.
Low temperature electron trapping lifetimes and extrinsic photoconductivity in n-type silicon doped with shallow impurities☆

Abstract The trapping lifetimes of conduction electrons photoexcited from shallow impurities have been measured in the liquid helium temperature range for samples of n -type silicon whose donor and compensating acceptor concentrations vary from 10 13 to 10 16 impurities/cm 3 . A steady state method was employed, in which the conduction electron lifetime t L is equal to n e τ i / N o D . n e is the conduction electron concentration which is determined from low temperature photo-Hall measurements, and N O D τ i is the electron generation rate. The neutral donor concentration No is measured by the Hall effect and T i , the lifetime against photoionization of a neutral donor, is obtained directly by an electron spin resonance technique. The trapping lifetimes t L are generally independent of temperature between 4-2°K and 1–2°K, and are inversely proportional to the compensating acceptor concentration. This latter was determined using a recently developed combined infrared radiation and spin resonance method. The trapping cross-section result for phosphorus donors is about 5 × 10 −12 cm 2 at 3°K. This is about an order of magnitude larger than the value obtained from the giant trap theory of L ax . Also, the concentration independence of the cross-section in the region of temperature independent t L . is not easily accounted for. The mobility of electrons photoexcited with 2 micron radiation considerably exceeds the mobility of electrons photoexcited with 8–25 micron radiation. This suggests the possibility of excitation to another band or minimum by the 2 micron radiation, as is also suggested by the free carrier absorption peak near 2 microns found in n -type silicon by S pitzer and F an .
Students evaluate MEDFILE, a preprinted medical literature filing system.

Summary. Medical professionals are highly dependent on personal libraries and reprint files as their sources for current information. A large population of practising doctors have poorly organized medical literature data bases in their professional environment. To expedite the development of a personal library data base by medical students, we created medfile, a preprinted, cross-indexed file folder system for organizing the medical literature. This paper reports the results of two surveys performed in connection with the distribution of the medfile system. One hundred percent of the students who used medfile found the system to be beneficial. Ninety-seven per cent felt their ability to find their personal literature improved by using medfile, and 65% felt medfile improved their clinical preparation. Of all surveyed recipients of the system, 96.8% felt medfile would be useful in their future studies.
Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines expressing glycoprotein genes of pseudorabies virus in the presence of maternal immunity

Piglets which had received colostral antibody to pseudorabie virus (PRV) were divided into four groups and inoculated with a NYVAC vaccinia recombinant expressing glycoprotein gD of PRV, a NYVAC recombinant expressing glycoprotein gB of PRV, an inactivated PRV vaccine, or no vaccine. The piglets were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, beginning at approximately 2 weeks of age and later challenged with virulent PRV oronasally. All three vaccines protected similarly when no maternal antibody was present. Although all three vaccines induced some active immunity in piglets with maternal antibody, piglets receiving the NYVAC/gB vaccine were the only ones protected similarly whether or not they had maternal antibodies to PRV.
Synthesis of Ni–Pd nanocubes and nanorods with high selectivity through a modified polyol process

Abstract Shape controlled bimetallic nanoparticles are important for catalytic, electrocatalytic, optical, and magnetic applications. This effort describes the synthesis of monodisperse bimetallic nickel–palladium (Ni 0.25 Pd 0.75 ) nanocubes and nanorods with a combined shape selectivity of over 85%. Composition of the synthesized nanoparticles was determined using STEM-EDX and XRD. The shape control was achieved through the use of poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) surfactant and solvated bromide ions in 1,5-propanediol under an inert argon atmosphere. The use of bromide ions facilitated the stabilization of (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) surface facets, yielding nanocubes and nanorods, respectively, while the polymeric capping agent prevented agglomeration. The influence of the bromide ions was verified by using TEM imaging to ascertain the shapes of the synthesized nanoparticles. The reduction temperature used in the synthesis (140 °C to 180 °C) and the bromide ion-to-metal precursor ratio (15:1 to 50:1) were varied to maximize the shape distribution towards nanocubes and nanorods and to regulate the nucleation and growth phases of the synthesis.
Modeling of filtration efficiency of nanoparticles in standard filter media

The goal of this study is to model the data from the experiments of nanoparticle filtration performed at the Particle Technology Lab, University of Minnesota and at the 3M Company. Comparison shows that the experimental data for filter efficiency are bounded by the values computed from theoretical expressions which do not consider thermal rebound. Therefore thermal rebound in the tested filter media is not detected down to 3 nm particles in the present analysis. The efficiency measured experimentally is in good agreement with the theoretical expression by Stechkina (1966, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 167, 1327) when the Pectlet number Pe is larger than 100; it agrees well with the theoretical expression by Kirsch and Stechkina (1978, Fundamentals of Aerosol Science. Wiley, New York) when Pe is of the order of unit. We develop an empirical power law model for the efficiency depending on the Peclet number, which leads to satisfactory agreement with experimental results.
Psychiatric implications of surgical treatment of epilepsy.

Clinicians must consider the psychiatric issues relevant to patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures for epilepsy. Obtaining the patient's psychiatric history can facilitate stabilizing the patient's condition before operative intervention. Preoperatively, depressive and anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions diagnosed in candidates for surgical treatment of epilepsy. Although psychotic disorders occur infrequently, they demand attention because symptoms may interfere with patient compliance with follow-up care. Patients with chronic psychotic symptoms who have ongoing seizures postop-eratively and bilateral seizure foci are at higher risk for a poor outcome and postoperative psychosis. When psychiatric disorders are present, surgical management is not contraindicated, but preoperative psychiatric intervention may be warranted. Most patients have a favorable outcome with the elimination of seizures, which simplifies the subsequent treatment of a psychiatric disorder.
Worker environment research: Dioxathion (delnav®) residues on and in orange fruits and leaves, in dislodgable particulate matter, and in the soil beneath sprayed trees

Deposits and residues of dioxathion disappear at similar rates on and in the rind of oranges and the leaves of orange trees; dislodgable residues on the leaves dissipate at the same rate as the penetrated residues. This fact is important in evaluating the potential hazard to workers in treated groves because their exposure to pesticide residues is principally through the dislodgable residues. Samples of vapor and particulate matter taken during violent shaking of the trees show that the exposure of workers is almost entirely through contact with, and inhalation of, particulate matter, dermal contact probably being the more important. In one experiment, pickers were used in trees sprayed with dust containing no toxicant to determine the actual weights of dust that are inhaled (using Unico air samplers) and that accumulate on their bare arms (by washing at ten-minute intervals). The data show that several times as much dust is contacted dermally than is inhaled. Washing the entire trees with a dilute detergent solution removes a significant part of the dislodgable residue; as much as 30 percent is removed 46 days after spraying. The data presented in this paper provide a guide for toxicologists to permit the design of tests required to evaluate hazards workers encounter in pesticide-citrus groves.
Sex and genotype determine the selective activation of neurochemically-distinct mechanisms of swim stress-induced analgesia.

A growing literature documents the important influence of organismic factors such as sex and genotype on pain sensitivity and pain modulation. We recently determined that 3-min forced swims in 15°C water produce non-opioid (i.e., naloxone-insensitive) analgesia in outbred Swiss–Webster mice of both sexes; this form of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) is significantly attenuated by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801) in males, but not females. A pilot study designed to confirm the non-opioid and (in male mice) NMDAergic nature of 15°C swim SIA in the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred strains used widely in gene mapping was conducted, using the hot-plate (54°C) assay of nociception. In female mice of both strains, 15°C swim SIA was insensitive to antagonism by either naloxone (10 mg/kg, IP) or dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg, IP). In male C57BL/6J mice, the observed SIA was naloxone-insensitive, but was attenuated by dizocilpine. This pattern of results is virtually identical to that obtained using Swiss–Webster mice in this and previous studies. However, male DBA/2J mice displayed SIA that was significantly attenuated by naloxone, but insensitive to dizocilpine antagonism. These findings support the hypothesis that genetic factors and sex, in addition to stressor parameters, can determine the selective recruitment of alternative central mechanisms of pain inhibition.
Designing a Nano Infrastructure for Brazil’s Amazon Water Resources: A Quadruple Helix Approach

This paper elaborates on the role of green technologies and innovations in “greening” Brazil’s Amazon region fresh water resources. The paper elaborates on the development of an innovation quadruple helix to better manage the region’s water resources. Brazil accounts for close to 12% of the earth’s fresh water reserves, while most of it is in the Amazon region. The preservation of water reserves on a global scale is of paramount importance in the 21st century. Brazil, however, has not managed its water resources effectively leading to the increasing pollution and contamination of its Amazonian water resources.
Techniques for Spawning Common Snook: Broodstock Handling, Oocyte Staging, and Egg Quality

Abstract Methods were developed to improve spawning procedures for common snook Centropomus undecimalis. Individual females were isolated in net-pens to facilitate handling in taking ovarian biopsies, contain shed eggs, and minimize mortalities. A simple coverslip wet-mount method was developed for rapid and accurate evaluation of final oocyte maturation; oocyte development was divided into four easily recognized stages. These stages were correlated with histological sections. Five indicators were examined to assess spawn quality. The three best indicators were percent fertilization, percent hatch, and percent survival to first feeding. Egg and oil droplet diameters were not reliable indicators of egg quality in common snook.
Revascularization in atherosclerotic renovascular disease: problems beyond the obstruction.

The main goal in the treatment of obstructive atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) is to preserve or recover renal function. The ARVD kidney continues to deteriorate in 20–40% of cases despite restoration of blood flow. Holden et al. report that renal function stabilized or improved in up to 97% of patients with the use of a distal embolic protection device.
A simplified procedure for evaluatingestrogenic effects and the sex chromatin pattern in exfoliated cells in urine: Studies in premature thelarche and gynecomastia of adolescence

Urethral cytology has been shown to correlate well with vaginal smears as an index of estrogenic stimulation. Urocytograms have practical advantages over vaginal smears in infancy and childhood and particularly in children with malformed genitals. A simplified Millipore filtration technique for obtaining desquamated cells from small amounts of urine is described. Differential cell counts show a higher percentage of superficial cells in the urine of young girls with premature thelarche and in adolescent boys with gynecomastia when compared, as a group, with those of normal controls of the same age. Possible mechanisms to explain these findings are discussed.
Rayleigh discriminations in young human infants

The capacity of young infants to discriminate 3 x 3 degrees broadband red or 550 nm green squares from a 589 nm yellow surround was tested by means of the forced-choice preferential looking technique. All 3-month olds, about 3/4 of the 2-month olds, and just under half of the one-month-olds could make at least one of these discriminations. Taken together with other known properties of infant color vision, the failures of discrimination shown by the younger infants are more readily modeled as immaturities of neural processing than as an absence of anomaly of LWS or MWS cones.
The role of PTSD and length of shelter stay in battered women's severity of re-abuse after leaving shelter.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with significant morbidity, including high rates of reabuse even after women have taken steps to achieve safety. This study evaluated the roles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and length of shelter stay in the severity of reabuse in 103 IPV victims over a six-month period after leaving a battered women's shelter. Results suggest that the length of shelter stay is inversely related to reabuse severity after leaving shelter. Additionally, more severe PTSD symptoms on shelter exit were associated with greater reabuse severity after leaving shelter. Furthermore, additional study findings support prior research suggesting that the emotional numbing symptoms of PTSD are a significant risk factor for reabuse among IPV victims after leaving shelter.
Asylum's Asylum: Undocumented Immigrants, Belonging, and the Space of Exception at a State Psychiatric Center

This article examines the life chances and subjectivities of a group of undocumented immigrants residing at a state psychiatric center, who are unable to leave because they lack the documentation which would make them eligible for most community-based services. The situation of these individuals underscores how interactions among various institutions, policies, and practices can confine populations to unexpected spaces of exception through processes of "captive displacement." Drawing on life history interviews, medical document reviews, policy analysis, and long-term institutional ethnography, this project asks how individuals come into and understand the institutional and physical space they occupy. As such, it also explores the subjectivities of these marooned individuals, underscoring the complexity of notions of belonging, citizenship, and biopower in their lives.
A method for the rapid generation of alpha-and classical satellite probes for human chromosome 9 by polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA and their application to detect chromosomal alterations in interphase cells

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome-specific DNA probes is a technique which has recently become widely used for the analysis of chromosome alterations in interphase and metaphase cells. In this report, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method is described for simultaneously amplifying and labelling probes targeting the alpha- and classical satellite regions of chromosome 9 using either plasmid or genomic DNA. Chromosome-specific probes were generated using readily obtainable plasmid DNA and genomic DNA from a hybrid cell line containing human chromosome 9 in a hamster cell background. The utility of these probes to detect and quantify structural and numerical aberrations in interphase cells was demonstrated using a new multicolor FISH strategy by comparing the frequencies of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage affecting the regions targeted by the probes in interphase and metaphase human lymphocytes irradiated during culture. The irradiated cells exhibited a significantly higher frequency of tetrasomy and breakage effecting the centromeric/pericentric region of chromosome 9 as compared with non-exposed cells. In general, similar frequencies of breakage and hyperdiploidy were observed in the interphase and metaphase preparations. These results show that DNA probes for the repetitive sequences in human chromosomes can be easily generated from genomic DNA and that these probes can be effectively used to detect chromosome breakage and aneuploidy in interphase and metaphase lymphocytes in vitro.
Vowel and vowel sequence processing by cochlear nucleus neurons

This study examined neuronal discharge rates and temporal patterns to vowels and vowel sequences in chinchilla. The properties of primary-like, chopper, and onset neurons were studied using vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ individually and paired with separations (0-100 ms), at sound levels above and below thresholds. The interspike interval, period, and post-stimulus-time histograms of all neuronal types to a vowel were modified when in a sequence. Primary-like and chopper discharges were reduced and enhanced depending on vowel sequence parameters; onset neurons exhibited discharge rate reductions only and not enhancements. In addition to rate changes, novel discharge intervals appeared with vowel pairs. An unexpected finding on choppers was that subthreshold levels of the preceding vowel in a paired sequence enhanced discharges to the succeeding one. Reducing levels of preceding or increasing levels of following vowels evoked changes not predictable from single vowel data. Thus the responses to paired vowels in a sequence are interactive. Patterns of discharges and rate functions to vowel sounds from neurons of the same type varied greatly. The cochlear nuclei harbor anatomically and functionally diverse neurons. Because of this heterogeneity, the neural transformations of vowel segments by all cochlear nucleus neuronal types can not be predicted from sinusoidal data.
Are pyrolyzed polyimides conducting polymers

We present the optical properties and the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the pyrolyzed polyimide Pyraliin® which is electrically conducting. Our results indicate that the pyrolyzed material can be described as consisting of carbonized islands in an insulating matrix.
Plasma-enhanced CVD low-k process enabling global planarity by controlling flowability

Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) flowable low-k process compatible with the conventional UV cure process has been developed. Reduction of shrinkage by the UV cure was critical to ensure gap-filling capability with planarity, which was achieved by deposition condition tuning to reduce hydro-carbon constituent in the film and enhancement of dehydration by applying post-deposition treatment. Complete filling of 45-nm-space trench was achieved with excellent global planarity. The present results suggest applicability of the process for future pre-metal dielectric (PMD) or inter-layer dielectric (ILD) for aggressively scaled devices.
Quality of life and mood in older patients after major lung resection.

Background The increasing percentage of older patients undergoing lung resection for cancer necessitates a better understanding of long-term outcomes in this population. We studied the associations among quality of life, mood, clinical factors, and age after major lung resection. Methods Outcomes for quality of life and mood questionnaires were compared with clinical factors for older (≥70 years) and younger (ω70 years) patients who recovered from major lung resection for stage I or II lung cancer from 1996 to 2006 and were without evidence of recurrence. Results Of 221 eligible patients, 124 completed questionnaires; 55 (44%) were older (age 76 ± 4 years). The time from resection was 2.6 ± 1.6 years. Despite similar comorbidities, older patients were more likely to experience pulmonary (11% versus 3%; p = 0.14), cardiovascular (9% versus 1%; p = 0.087), or any complications (25% versus 12%; p = 0.045). Quality of life function, mood, and symptom scores were similar between the two groups except older patients experienced worse physical function ( p = 0.067), fatigue ( p = 0.068), and dyspnea ( p = 0.094). Postoperative pulmonary complications were related to physical function and dyspnea scores. Covariates for worst quartile scores were percent predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (physical function, role function, fatigue, pain, and dyspnea) and pulmonary complications (physical function). Conclusions Quality of life after recovery from lung resection is similar for older and younger patients despite an increased frequency of postoperative complications among older patients. Important quality of life and symptom score differences are related to percent predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second. This information may help with patient selection and preoperative counseling.
Telescope Technology For The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)

Preliminary engineering studies are in progress to define a telescope for FUSE. General science objectives include high resolution spectroscopy in the 900-1200 A spectral region, low or moderate resolution spectroscopy in the 100-900 A range, and long slit imaging over a 1-arcmin field at a spatial resolution of 1 arcsec. Telescope design studies indicate that a 1-m-diameter Wolter-Schwarzschild type II glancing-incidence telescope with an effective collecting area of 3000 sq cm is required to meet the primary science objectives. A baseline optical design has been completed, and initial alignment sensitivities derived to begin the process of error allocation for the entire system.
Influence of voids on the strength of wrought materials

Three-dimensional voids, which are present in most materials, may be satisfactorily modelled by two-dimensional holes (i.e., cylindrical voids) in sheet metal. In this study, the influence of certain orientations and shapes of voids upon the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of certain ductile materials has been studied. The presence of voids is found to exert a negligible influence on the ultimate tensile strength, owing to plastic flow neutralizing the stress intensification present before yielding occurs. The shape and orientation of the defects, however, are seen to play an important role relative to strain at fracture. The maximum intensified tensile stress criterion which holds for brittle materials is found to apply to ductile materials as well.
Strength characteristics of illinois coal combustion by‐product: PCC dry bottom ash

The coal combustion by‐product, dry bottom ash, originates from the burning of pulverized coal to produce electricity. Currently, almost all of the pulverized coal combustion (PCC) dry bottom ash is being dumped into ash ponds and landfills. Some of the ash ponds are reaching their maximum capacity and there is an immediate need for alternative measures to either dispose of or utilize the coal combustion by‐products for construction purposes. Within the past five years, several studies have investigated the use of PCC dry bottom ash in concrete and concrete products. However, its use in geotechnical applications is very limited. The physical properties of Illinois PCC dry bottom ash are similar to that of natural sand with particle sizes ranging from fine gravel to fine sand. Shear strength characteristics of soils, or materials similar to soils, are the most important parameters needed for the design of any geotechnical engineering project. Therefore, this study was initiated to develop understanding of ...
Total quality management: are information systems managers ready?

Abstract The results of an empirical survey of information systems (IS) managers indicated that 41% understood the basic philosophy of Total Quality Management (TQM) fairly well. Furthermore, the IS managers typically indicated they thought most of the concepts/tools commonly associated with TQM would be useful to both the organization and the IS function. IS managers currently involved in implementing TQM reported their IS function had achieved the following benefits: improved customer satisfaction, enhanced quality of products and services delivered to the customer, and increased flexibility in meeting customer demands. It was also reported, however, that these benefits typically were not achieved until three-to-five years after TQM initiation.
TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR A CLASS OF COMMON RANDOM DISTURBANCES.

Abstract : The paper concerns the time optimal control of a system variable where the controlling input is bounded, as is usually the case, and the system is subject to arbitrary disturbances. An arbitrary disturbance is made up of uncontrollable portions followed by controllable sections. In industrial practice controllers are sized, as for example as to power, to fit the system so that the disturbances encountered are primarily made up of uncontrollable sections followed by controllable portions of sufficient duration for the controller to bring the system equilibrium. The control designer wishes to have optimal control for any disturbance made up of such an uncontrollable portion followed by a sufficiently long controllable section. Here this problem is solved with the aid of the maximum principle for the class of second order systems which describe almost all governor-engine applications to first approximation accuracy. Previous attempts to solve the problem involved assuming statistical properties of the disturbance thus severely restricting the class of applications. Here only those statistical properties required to implement optimal control are determined. A single control function is derived which suffices to yield optimal trajectories. (Author)