cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policing persons in behavioral crises: an experimental test of bystander perceptions of procedural justice

Policing is in the midst of a legitimacy crisis. Procedural justice is a primary avenue for police reform, including when police officers interact with vulnerable populations. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the nuanced circumstances in which the public may endorse police interactions with persons in crisis as more or less procedurally just. We recruited a nationally representative sample of 569 Americans and a diverse sample of 809 undergraduates. Using factorial survey vignettes, we assessed bystander perceptions of procedural justice to encounters between officers and a person suffering a behavioral crisis, which varied in officer tactics, use of force, and the cause of crisis. Officers were perceived as more procedurally just when they employed tactics consistent with Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training. Use of force reduced perceptions of procedural justice, but use of force by CIT officers was perceived as more procedurally just than conventional officers’ actions, regardless of use of force. Conventional treatment and use of force were considered less procedurally just when the person’s crisis was due to mental illness compared with substance use. The current findings suggest bystanders did not uniformly endorse use of force by police but were more tolerant of force when officers used CIT-informed tactics and when a person’s crisis was due to substance use. Use of force against persons with mental illness was viewed as procedurally unjust, perhaps reflecting the public’s increasing sensitivity to this population and a growing dissatisfaction with police involvement as the often standard response to persons in crises.
Impact of prostate focused alignment on planned pelvic lymph node dose.

Purpose Prostate patients with positive lymph node margins receive an initial course of 45 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV) comprised of prostate, seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes with a 1-cm margin. The prostate is localized via implanted fiducial markers before each fraction is delivered using portal-imaging. However, the pelvic lymph nodes are affixed to the bony anatomy and are not mobile in concert with the prostate. The aim of this study was to determine whether a significant difference in pelvic lymph node coverage exists between planned and delivered external beam therapy treatments for these patients. Methods The recorded prostate motions were gathered for 19 patients; conjointly the pelvic lymph node motions were determined by manual registration of the bony anatomy in the kV-images. The difference between the prostate and the bony anatomy coordinates was input into Eclipse as field shifts to represent the deviation in planned vs delivered pelvic lymph node coverage. Results Structure volume at V(100) was recorded for each patient for two structures: summed pelvic lymph nodes (LN CTV) and pelvic lymph nodes +1 cm margin (LN PTV) to express their contribution to the PTV. For the LN PTV, the average difference between the planned coverage and calculated delivered coverage was 3.5%, with a paired t-test value of P = 0.005. Based upon bony anatomy registration, 26% of patients received less than 95% dose coverage using V(100) criteria for LN PTV. Dose value differences between the two plans at minimum were 6.96 ± 6.23 Gy, at mean were 0.54 ± 0.40 Gy, and at maximum were 0.10 ± 0.29 Gy. For the LN CTV, the average difference between the planned coverage and calculated delivered coverage was 1%, with a paired t-test value of P = 0.53. Conclusions The results indicate a significant difference exists between the planned coverage and calculated delivered coverage for the LN PTV. There was no significant difference found for the LN CTV. We conclude that lymph node motion must be considered with the prostate motion when aligning patients before each fraction.
DNA Tiling Enables Precise Acylation-Based Labeling and Control of mRNA.

Methods for the site-selective labeling of long, native RNAs are needed for studying mRNA biology and future therapies. Current approaches involve engineering RNA sequences, which may alter folding, or are limited to specific sequences or bases. Here, we describe a versatile strategy for mRNA conjugation via a novel DNA-tiling approach. The method, TRAIL, exploits a pool of "protector" oligodeoxynucleotides to hybridize and block the mRNA, combined with an "inducer" DNA that extrudes a reactive RNA loop for acylation at a predetermined site. Using TRAIL, an azido-acylimidazole reagent was employed for labeling and controlling RNA for multiple applications in vitro and in cells, including analysis of RNA-binding proteins, imaging mRNA in cells, and analysis and control of translation. The TRAIL approach offers an efficient and accessible way to label and manipulate RNAs of virtually any length or origin without altering native sequence.
Martingale Marginals Do Not Always Determine Convergence

Baez-Duarte (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 36, 149–150, 1971, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247X(71)90025-4 [ISSN 0022-247x]) and Gilat (Ann. Math. Stat. 43, 1374–1379, 1972, http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177692494 [ISSN 0003-4851]) gave examples of martingales that converge in probability (and hence in distribution) but not almost surely. Here such a martingale is constructed with uniformly bounded increments, and a construction is provided of two martingales with the same marginals, one of which converges almost surely, while the other does not converge in probability.
Canker sores from allergy to weak organic acids (citric and acetic); case report and clinical study.

Abstract A report has been made of a male patient, aged 37, treated for nasal allergy, asthma, and migraine who for years was subject to frequent outbreaks of oral canker sores. Clinical investigation indicated that the latter usually followed the ingestion of foods, drugs, or carbonated beverages containing citric acid. Direct application of citric acid erystals to the oral mucosa repeatedly reproduced the ulcer in the patient, but not in the controls. Mucous membrane contact tests with substances containing citric acid gave similar positive results; likewise, tests with other weak organic acids contained in foods gave positive reactions to some of these, especially to acctic acid. Avoidance of foods containing the positive reactors was followed by marked relief not only of the ulccrs but also of the general "toxic" symptoms previously regarded as functional. This demonstration of possible allergic reactions to weak organic acids in foods provides additional explanation for the existence of clinical allergy to certain foods in some patients despite the presence of a negative skin test reaction.
Kaposi's Sarcoma: Advances in Tumor Biology and Pharmacotherapy

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly vascularized neoplasm that primarily results in raised, highly vascularized lesions. Before the 1980s, KS was a rare disorder that occurred predominantly in elderly men of Mediterranean or Eastern European Jewish descent. With the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, its occurrence has increased dramatically. It can be classified into four types: classic, African endemic, iatrogenic or drug associated, and AIDS related. Classic KS usually follows an indolent and benign clinical course that rarely requires treatment. In contrast, AIDS-KS is a fulminant disease that requires aggressive pharmacotherapy, especially when it involves visceral organs. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management strategies of AIDS-KS are reviewed, including recent pharmacologic advances.
Observations of the september 2, 1966 PCA event: Midday recovery in absorption

Abstract Balloon and riometer observations of the end-phase of a PCA midday recovery indicate that the increase in absorption was accompanied by corresponding changes in particle flux, with the high energy portion of the spectrum increasing before the lower energy end.
Emergence and Simulation

One approach to characterizing the elusive notion of emergence is to define that a property is emergent if and only if its presence can be derived but only by simulation. In this paper I investigate the pros and cons of this approach, focusing in particular on whether an appropriately distinct boundary can be drawn between simulation-based and non-simulation-based methods. I also examine the implications of this definition for the epistemological role of emergent properties in prediction and in explanation.
A review of the Gupta-Sobel subset selection rule for binomial populations with industrial applications

In 1960, Gupta and Sobel proposed a subset selection rule for selecting the best of k binomial populations. In applying the Gupta-Sobel procedure a number of practical considerations arise. Operating characteristics for this rule, and for an analogous rule when data are subject to contamination, are reviewed. Some extensions and variations of the Gupta-Sobel selection procedures are discussed. In particular, rules for selecting populations when bounds on the probability parameters are applicable are noted. Computational and theoretical difficulties arising in the case of unequal sample sizes are identified.
Sagnac interferometer amplitude modulator

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated broadband amplitude modulation using a travelling wave phase modulator in a Sagnac interferometer. The inherent bias stability when using a regular phase modulator makes this scheme advantageous over the Mach-Zehnder configuration in situations where low frequency response is not essential, such as subcarrier multiplexed analog communications and fiberfed radar applications.
Self-restriction of medications due to cost in seniors without prescription coverage

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about patients who skip doses or otherwise avoid using their medications because of cost. We sought to identify which elderly patients are at highest risk of restricting their medications because of cost, and how prescription coverage modifies this risk.
Closing the app gap: From plan to project I

Our Closing the App Gap research project, examines the use of tablets, apps, and e-books in public libraries as a tool against summer reading loss in primary-grades children in underserved communities. Children in low-income families are less likely to meet important reading milestones, and they are particularly likely to suffer from summer reading loss, the setback of skills over the long summer vacation. As we already know, this loss can be addressed by summer reading programs in public libraries. Additionally, as digital media grows in importance, the resource disparity between affluent families and lower-income families becomes even more pronounced, with a digital divide effect that shapes the experience of emergent readers. One 2011 study indicated that 55% of children eight and younger from families earning $75k or more per year have access to a smartphone, iPod/phone, or tablet, while in families earning $30,000 or less, only 22% of children have similar access. With apps a growing part of the educational landscape, increased access is advantageous. This approach brings new tools in the fight against summer reading loss, enhances technological literacy, and mitigates the effect of the digital divide on children in lower-income families. Our poster will discuss the various aspects of our research, including: our greatest challenges, the creation of a model that can help other public libraries use apps and tablets with children, our proposed multi-site project that builds on what we've learned, and the potential ramifications of closing the digital divide and improving literacy for every child.
Comparison of left atrial volume assessed by magnetic endocardial catheter mapping versus transthoracic echocardiography

Opin Lipidology 1992;3:377–383. 7. LaRosa JC. Pleiotropic effects of statins and their clinical significance. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:291–293. 8. Hecht HS, Harman SM. Comparison of the effects of atorvastatin versus simvastatin on subclinical atherosclerosis in primary prevention as determined by electron beam tomography. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:42–45. 9. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7–22.
Temperature corrected speed of sound for use in soft tissue imaging.

It has recently been suggested that values for the speed of sound in tissues currently reported in the literature are higher than those presently in use in diagnostic ultrasound. The purpose of this note is to indicate that the newer data under criticism was obtained at body temperature (and higher), whereas speed of sound in tissue data currently in use by medical physicists appear to be based on measurements made at room temperature. If a positive ultrasound temperature coefficient for soft tissue is used to extrapolate the data from body to room temperature, it can be seen that the extrapolation falls within the region of the bulk of room temperature measurements. Fortunately, most applications in which speed of sound data in tissue is used involves partial paths through lipidous tissue. Since the speed of sound in lipidous tissue is relatively lower at body temperature (lipid has a negative temperature coefficient) than is the speed of sound in soft tissue, the mean speed is lower than that obtained in soft tissue alone and room temperature values are probably justified. However, medical physicists should be careful to use body temperature data for soft tissue when the insonified region is composed mainly of soft tissue.
Effect of lipid composition on the calcium/adenosine 5'-triphosphate coupling ratio of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was purified and depleted of proteolipids by solubilization in Triton X-100 and by fractionation on a DE-52 column. The protein reconstituted by deoxycholate-cholate dialysis at low lipid to protein ratios (2-5 mg of lipid/mg of protein), with either dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine or monogalactosyldiglyceride, exhibited high initial rates of ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake [300-900 nmol min-1 (mg of protein)-1] and coupling ratios (Ca2+ transported/ATP hydrolyzed) up to 1.2. Ca2+-ATPase reconstituted with lipids of increasing degrees of methylation (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dioleoylmonomethylphosphatidylethanolamine, dioleoyldimethylphosphatidylethanolamine and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine) or increasing degrees of glycosylation (monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride) revealed a progressive decrease in both ATP-dependent Ca2+-uptake and coupling ratios. The rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake decreased as the dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine or monogalactosyldiglyceride/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine molar ratios in the reconstituted vesicles were reduced. Vesicles reconstituted with high molar ratios of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine or monogalactosyldiglyceride/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and at a high lipid to protein ratio became leaky and released the Ca2+ accumulated inside the vesicles when the temperature of the incubation mixture was increased (e.g., from 20 to 37 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MDA effects on classical appetitive conditioning of the rabbit jaw movement response

Abstract We determined MDA's effects on: 1. (a) conditioning of the rabbit's jaw movement response (JMR) (Experiment 1) 2. (b) nonassociative JMRs and unconditioned JMRs (Experiment 2). Rabbits were administered 3,4-methylene-dioxyamphetamine (MDA; 0, 2, or 4 mg/kg) into the marginal ear vein 20–30 min prior to each of 10 daily sessions. Experiment 1 involved 30 daily training trials of 15 tone- and 15 light-conditioned stimuli (CSs) paired with a 1-ml squirt of water, as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), injected into the oral cavity. The study revealed that MDA impaired conditioned response (CR) acquisition to tone-CS trials while augmenting CRs to light-CSs. In Experiment 2, the animals received 15 tone- and 15 light CS-alone and 30 UCS-alone presentations daily. The study revealed that MDA produced a modest increase in nonassociative responses over days that interacted with CS modality. Accordingly, these nonassociative effects could not account for MDA's influences on CR acquisition. Moreover, MDA's decrementing and enhancing of CRs to tone- and light-CSs, respectively, appears to be attributable to the drug's enhancing or decrementing tone- and light-CS intensity.
3D multi-gesture sensing system for large areas based on pixel self-capacitance readout using TFT scanning and frequency-conversion circuits

This paper presents a flexible 40×40cm2 gesture-sensing sheet for large-area interactive-spaces. The system achieves out-of-plane sensing to 16cm. Self-capacitance readout of individual electrode pixels in a 4×4 array enables multiple gestures to be sensed simultaneously without ghost effects. For high-sensitivity readout, pixel self capacitance is converted to frequency via high-Q LC oscillators formed from amorphous-silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) and planar inductors patterned directly on flex. Frequency readout is then performed by a CMOS IC. Scalability in the number and scan rate of pixels is achieved by (1) inductively coupling all oscillators to the CMOS IC through a single interface, and (2) reading out all pixels in a row simultaneously in separated frequency channels. With a hand 10 cm in front of a pixel, an SNR of 22dB is achieved at a scan rate of 240Hz and power consumption of 26mW.
Abstract 5470: Genotoxic effect and epigenetic alterations induced by the environmental carcinogen dibenzo[a, l]pyrene in oral tissues of mice

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Oral cancer is the major form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, which is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of oral cancer. Dibenzo[a, l]pyrene (DB[a, l]P) is the most potent carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke. Recently we developed a novel mouse model of oral cancer induced by DB[a, l]P; we also showed the remarkable carcinogenicity and specificity of the fjord region diol epoxide metabolite, (±)-anti-11,12-dihydroxy-13,14-epoxy-11,12,13,14-tetrahydrodibenzo[a, l]pyrene (DB[a, l]PDE). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we have shown over-expression of p53 protein in mice oral squamous cell carcinoma and dysplastic tissues induced by DB[a, l]P and DB[a, l]PDE. Current understanding of molecular pathogenesis of oral cancer in humans suggests that both genetic and epigenetic alterations are crucial and complement each other. Our hypothesis is that both genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by DB[a, l]P can contribute to the development of oral cancer. P53 protein overexpression detected by IHC may result from p53 gene mutation or exposure to genotoxic stress. To determine whether p53 over-expression is in part due to p53 mutations, Exons 5 to 8 of p53 from 5 tumor tissues were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphisms (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing. G to T transversion was detected in Exon 5, leading to mutation of codon 155 Arg to Leu; A to T transversion was detected in Exon 7, resulting in mutation of codon 232 Lys to stop codon. To test the epigenetic effect of DB[a, l]P, methylation specific PCR and bisulfate sequencing were used to detect methylation alteration of p16 and RAR-β promoters. Promoter hypermethylation of both p16 and RAR-β were detected in tumors induced by DB[a, l]PDE; also in oral tissues of mice treated with DB[a, l]P (24nmol, 3 times per week, for 5 weeks, sacrificed at 48 h, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after last dose). These results suggested that genotoxic DNA adducts derived from DB[a, l]P can induce mutations in critical genes, such as tumor suppressor gene p53; this environmental carcinogen also can induce p16 and RAR-β promoter hypermethylation at early stage, which can contribute to the promotion and progression of oral carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5470. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5470
AMPA receptor protein expression and function in astrocytes cultured from hippocampus

Glutamate receptors guide the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of glial cells. Here, we characterize AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid) and NMDA receptor protein expression and function and mRNA expression in hippocampal glial cultures. By immunocytochemistry, GluR2 (the subunit that limits the Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors) exhibited prominent labeling in hippocampal glial cultures. Double-labeling of GluR2 with GFAP and with A2B5 revealed GluR2 subunit expression on type-1 and type-2 astrocyte lineage cells. GluR1 subunit expression was more prominent in type-1 than in type-2 astrocytes. To characterize functional properties of glutamate receptors expressed in cultured hippocampal astrocytes, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recording. Application of L-glutamate, AMPA, and kainate, but not NMDA, to small, rounded cells (morphologically identified as type-2 astrocytes) elicited inward currents which were blocked by the AMPA/kainate antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX). Cyclothiazide potentiated AMPA- and kainate-elicited currents, indicative of AMPA-preferring receptors. Current voltage analysis indicated that type-2 astrocyte AMPA receptors were electrically linear, indicative of GluR2-containing, Ca(2+)-impermeable AMPA receptors. By Northern blot analysis, GluR1 mRNA was highest in astrocyte cultures from cerebellum and hippocampus and moderate in astrocyte cultures from neocortex and striatum. GluR3 mRNA was detectable in astrocyte cultures from cerebellum and neocortex. GluR2 and NR1 mRNA expression were not detected in astrocytes cultured from any brain region examined. In situ hybridization studies showed wide expression of GluR1 mRNA in cultured astrocytes; GluR2 and GluR3 mRNAs were near background levels. Thus, cultured type-2 astrocytes express functional AMPA receptors in a cell-specific and region-specific manner, consistent with their role in neuronal-glial communication.
Design and Practice: Education in the Formation of the New China in the Twentieth Century

These two books in concert enable a view of Chinese education in the twentieth century as intimately connected with social revolution and the formation of a China-centered modernity. This claim is complex, for these books also reveal Chinese partnerships with outsiders and participation in ideas, systems, and methodologies in the wider world even as Chinese intellectuals stoked the fires of Chinese nationalism. A further reality is that these books testify to the ways that education in modern China was and remained subordinate to politics in the late imperial period, through the overthrow of the Qing regime and the formation of the Republic of China in 1912 and through the Maoist and post-Mao reformist eras of the second half of the twentieth century. One theme prevails in both books: Education of all Chinese people was part of varying and contested conceptualizations of Chinese nationhood, but this populist approach has stayed within the confines of an elitist ideology inherited from Chinese tradition. Education is the means of both social control and social mobility, no matter that it now reaches into China's vast rural hinterland to an extent undreamed of a century ago.
The Effects of Domain Experience and Task Presentation Format on Accountants' Information Relevance Assurance

Information relevance advisory services offer growth opportunities for accountants in CPA firms, but we know little about the types of knowledge needed to provide high quality advice. In a two-stage experiment, accountants with different management and public accounting experience (that we suggest lead to different types of knowledge) receive task information in alternative formats, and develop relevant information for a client's decision. We find that participants are more likely to choose an appropriate problem representation when they receive an appropriate task format or when they have more management or public accounting experience (stage one). Also, when participants choose an appropriate problem representation, more management accounting experience improves their development of relevant information, but more public accounting experience does not (stage two). Our results suggest that tailored task presentation and domain experience that facilitates acquisition of multiple knowledge types improve accountants' information relevance advice.
Hong Kong Haze: Air Pollution as a Social Class Issue

Abstract Preliminary data show that Hong Kong9s poor suffer increased exposure to air pollution. People in lower-class areas may be up to five times as likely to be hospitalized for respiratory illness as their counterparts in high-income areas. In addition, variation in household income may explain up to 60%% of Air Pollution Index (API) variation between districts. Despite this, air pollution has not been seen as a class issue because of the invisibility of Hong Kong9s poor, the nature of environmental activism, and a relative lack of class tensions. Two of Asia9s most significant trends are deepening income inequality and increasing environmental degradation. Yet, these two trends are often examined separately, as parts of entirely different spheres. Using air pollution in Hong Kong as a case study, this article argues that environmental issues and social class are intimately intertwined. Environmental burdens, such as air pollution, disproportionately affect the poor. Social class——who is generating pollution and who is affected——also determines how environmental issues are perceived and addressed. However, little combined analysis of social class and the environment exists outside the United States. Hong Kong9s struggle to improve air quality in the post-handover period provides an unusual opportunity to examine the relationship between social class and the environment in Asia.
Genetic analysis of neurotransmitter release at the synapse.

Abstract The recent application of genetics to the study of synaptic mechanisms has examined the in vivo significance of individual synaptic proteins and has tested hypotheses that were derived from biochemical observations on these proteins. In the case of synapsin I and Rab3A, the phenotypes of mice lacking these proteins was startlingly mild; only subtle alterations in transmission were observed. Whereas in synaptotagmin mutants of flies and nematodes, transmission was severely curtailed, though not abolished. A detailed analysis of the phenotype has led to a hypothesis that this protein stabilizes the docking of vesicles at release sites. The analysis of additional synaptic proteins, Unc-18/Rop and the cysteine string protein, has synaptic protiens, Unc-18/Rop and the cysteine string protein, has indicated that these are important players in synaptic mechanisms and may soon illuminate their function at the synapse.
Acousto-optic architecture for two-dimensional beam scanning in phased-array antennas

An in-line additive acousto-optic architecture for very high speed (≈ 0.4 μs) two-dimensional, phased-array antenna beam scanning is introduced that uses only two independent analog scan control signals. Features include up to Ku band operation, intrapulse beam forming, and multiband, wide (2-GHz) tunable bandwidth capability.
Processing and quantification of X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectra in the Analytical Electron Microscope

Abstract Spectral processing in X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy deals with the extraction of characteristic signals from experimental data. In this text, the four basic procedures for this methodology are reviewed and their limitations outlined. Quantification, on the other hand, deals with the interpretation of the information obtained from spectral processing. Here the limitations are for the most part instrumental in nature. The prospects of higher-voltage operation does not, in theory, present any new problems and may in fact prove to be more desirable, assuming that electron damage effects do not preclude analysis.
A cellular phenomenon similar to lupus erythematosus in cantharidal blister fluid and its relation to gamma globulin

1. Bei 50 Patienten mit den verschiedensten Leiden wurden synchrone elektrophoretische und morphologische Untersuchungen des Blutes und des Inhaltes einer kunstlich gesetzten Cantharidenblase durchgefuhrt und dabei einZell-phanomen festgestellt, das vomγ-Globulingehalt im Blut und damit auch in der Cantharidenblase abhangig ist und eng mit dem sog.L.E.-Zellphanomen verwandt erscheint.
Struggles and Solutions for Streaming Video in the Online Classroom

Abstract The upcoming round of exemptions to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 anticircumvention provision and the questions raised by the copyright infringement lawsuit filed against the against University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for its streaming video practices illustrate the problematic state of the law concerning the digitization and streaming of video content by educators. This article reviews the current status of legislation and litigation and offers possible solutions for streaming video while librarians and educators await official instruction.
Spectrum management in heterogeneous bandwidth networks

As optical network continues to evolve, lightpaths will take on different spectrum spaces as opposed to current uniform 50-GHz grid. While lightpaths of heterogeneous bandwidths co-exist, two factors emerge that will degrade the provisioning efficiency and negatively impact its sustainable evolution: 1) unfairness of access among different bandwidth connections, and 2) spectrum fragmentation caused by bandwidth mismatch. Through analysis and simulations, we show that a spectrum management method that partitions resources for dedicated usage by different bandwidth lightpaths achieves better provisioning efficiency by resolving these two problems.
Phase retrieval and phase-space tomography from incomplete data sets

The problem of signal recovery from incomplete data is investigated in the context of phase-space tomography. Particular emphasis is given to the case where only a limited number intensity measurements can be performed, which corresponds to partial coverage of the ambiguity function of the signal. Based on numerical simulations the impact of incomplete knowledge of the ambiguity function on the performance of phase-space tomography is illustrated. Several schemes to address the limited data problem are evaluated. This includes the use of prior information about the phase retrieval problem. In addition, the redundancy of phase-space representations is investigated as the means to recover the signal from partial knowledge of phase space. A generalization of deterministic phase retrieval is introduced which allows one to obtain a model based phase estimate for bandlimited functions. This allows one to use prior information for improving the phase estimate in the presence of noise.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hyperthermia: potential as an anti-tumor agent

Response of cells in vitro and of intact tissue in vivo, both of normal and malignant origin, to moderate levels of hyperthermia has been reviewed. Abundant laboratory and clinical evidence exists which demonstrates that tolerable levels of hyperthermia (locally applied) can regularly effect a delay in tumor growth, often a complete regression, and occasionally a permanent control of tumor. This means that in some tumors, aerobic and hypoxic cells are inactivated by the heat applied. Further, moderate hyperthermia is a potent sensitizer to ionizing radiation. The mechanism of action of hyperthermia remains unknown; however, there is prompt suppression of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, reduction of oxygen consumption, labilization of lysozymes, etc. Effect of heating is strongly correlated with temperature level: an increase in temperature by 1 degree C reduces time for a specified response by a factor of 2. Application of local, regional, or systemic hyperthermia to the human cancer patient alone or in combination with radiation or certain drugs may be considered as attractive potential therapy modality. At present, information about relative thermal sensitivity of normal and tumor tissue is scant. This appears to be a good area for preclinical research.
Mortar and artillery variants classification by exploiting characteristics of the acoustic signature

Feature extraction methods based on the discrete wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm that reliably discriminates mortar and artillery variants via acoustic signals produced during the launch/impact events. Utilizing acoustic sensors to exploit the sound waveform generated from the blast for the identification of mortar and artillery variants. Distinct characteristics arise within the different mortar variants because varying HE mortar payloads and related charges emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects upon impact employing varying magnitude explosions. The different mortar variants are characterized by variations in the resulting waveform of the event. The waveform holds various harmonic properties distinct to a given mortar/artillery variant that through advanced signal processing techniques can employed to classify a given set. The DWT and other readily available signal processing techniques will be used to extract the predominant components of these characteristics from the acoustic signatures at ranges exceeding 2km. Exploiting these techniques will help develop a feature set highly independent of range, providing discrimination based on acoustic elements of the blast wave. Highly reliable discrimination will be achieved with a feed-forward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients, frequency spectrum, and higher frequency details found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition. The process that will be described herein extends current technologies, which emphasis multi modal sensor fusion suites to provide such situational awareness. A two fold problem of energy consumption and line of sight arise with the multi modal sensor suites. The process described within will exploit the acoustic properties of the event to provide variant classification as added situational awareness to the solider.
Which of the commonly used marker enzymes gives the best results in colorimetric and fluorimetric enzyme immunoassays: Horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase or β-galactosidase?

Comparing the marker enzymes horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and beta-galactosidase (beta Gal) in IgG-coupled form with respect to their temperature-dependent kinetics over a period of 22 h the temperature of 37 degrees C warrants highest substrate turnover for all enzymes at all reaction times using fluorogens. Also applying chromogens the optimum temperature for beta Gal is 37 degrees C and depends for HRP and AP on the reaction time. The substrate turnover of HRP using ABTS as chromogen is much higher compared to the other enzymes--both related to mol enzyme (molar activity) and to gram enzyme (specific activity). The turnover decreases for all enzymes in different degrees after coupling to IgG. The turnover of fluorogenic substrates is lower for all enzymes than the turnover of chromogenic substrates but due to the more sensitive detection of fluorogenic products the detection limits for all conjugates were lowered too--especially for beta Gal-IgG by a factor of 333 compared to the colorimetric procedure. In a 2-site binding enzyme immunoassay for alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) the detection limit for AFP was reduced by a factor of 2 only by the fluorimetry compared to the colorimetry with all 3 marker enzymes. The HRP-IgG conjugates warranted lowest detection limits for AFP (0.5-1 microgram/1), highest analytical sensitivity (slope of standard curves) at shortest periods of substrate reaction compared to the other enzymes.
Technical Features of Curriculum-Based Measurement in Writing A Literature Review

This article reviews research examining technical features of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) in written expression. Twenty-eight technical reports and published articles are included in this review. Studies examining the development and technical adequacy of measures of written expression are summarized, beginning with research conducted at the Institute for Research on Learning Disabilities at the University of Minnesota and followed by extensions of this work. Differences in technical features of writing tasks, sample durations, and scoring procedures employed within and across elementary and secondary levels are highlighted. Gaps in research addressing the technical adequacy of CBM in written expression are identified, and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF CLEISTOGAMY IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF THE GRASS DANTHONIA SPICATA

Sexual reproduction in plants can occur through three basic mechanisms: crossfertilization, self-fertilization, and apomixis. While many angiosperm species are limited to one of the above mechanisms, many, if not most, species are capable of reproduction by various combinations of them (Stebbins, 1950; Fryxell, 1957; Allard, 1975; Jain, 1976). The most common combination of reproductive mechanisms is a mixture of cross-fertilization and selffertilization (Fryxell, 1957; Allard, 1975). Reproductive systems in plants are of interest primarily because of the effects they can have on the genetic structure of populations (Stebbins, 1957; Jain and Marshall, 1968; Mather, 1973; Jain, 1975). Self-fertilization, or partial self-fertilization, can have a number of effects including increased homozygosis, increased linkage, decreased gene flow, and population subdivision (Jain, 1976). Studies of closely related species or populations within a species with different degrees of self-fertilization have demonstrated major morphological and genetic differences (Brown, 1961; Weil and Allard, 1964; Lloyd, 1965; Jain, 1969; Solbrig, 1972; Hillel et al., 1973; Harding et al., 1974; Arroyo, 1975). Partial self-fertilization has been enforced in a number of species by the evolution of floral dimorphism; the production of two types of flowers, one type adapted for cross-fertilization (chasmogamous [CH] flowers) and the other type adapted for self-fertilization (cleistogamous [CL] flowers) (Uphof, 1938). At least 287 species from 56 families have been reported to produce chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers (Lord, 1981). This
Synthesis and characterization of the B2S3Li2S, the P2S5Li2S and the B2S3P2S5Li2S glass systems

Abstract A glass processing method that employs a carbon-coated quartz container was used to study the B2S3 containing glasses i.e. (1−x) B2S3−xLi2S and 0.33[(1−y)B2S3−yP2S5]−0.67Li2S, which are extremely reactive towards quartz at temperatures above 400°C. This technique resulted in transparent glasses with a high Li2S content (0.5⩽x⩽0.75) for the (1−x)B2S3−xLi2S system. The glass forming region for the (1−x) P2S5−xLi2S glass system was expanded from 0.66⩽x⩽0.68 in previous studies to 0.5⩽x⩽0.7. The thermal behavior and the Li+ ionic conductivity of these glasses were analyzed. An exothermal peak was found during the glass transition for some B2S3 containing glasses, and the peak could be converted into a second glass transition by annealing at the peak temperature. The coformer sulfide glasses of the 0.33[(1−y)B2S3−yP2S5]−0.67Li2S system generally exhibited higher Li+ ionic conductivity than that of the single sulfide network former glasses, the room temperature conductivity of the glass with y=0.3 reached the value of 0.141 mS/cm.
In Situ Methods for Quantifying Gamma-Radiation Levels and Radionuclide Concentrations

Small perturbations of the environmental radiation field by artificial radionuclides have been successfully quantified using high pressure ionization chambers and in situ semiconductor detector gamma-ray spectra. The calibration and use of these instruments for the detection of ground-deposited and airborne sources of activity is described and general methods for data interpretation are discussed. Specific examples are given in which the exposure rate from fallout radionuclides deposited on the soil surface and from noble gases released by nuclear facilities are determined and unambiguously separated from variations in the underlying background.
Isolation and Characterization of Noncytopathic Pestivirus Mutants Reveals a Role for Nonstructural Protein NS4B in Viral Cytopathogenicity

Isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the prototype pestivirus, are divided into cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes according to their effect on cultured cells. The cp viruses also differ from ncp viruses by the production of viral nonstructural protein NS3. However, the mechanism by which cp viruses induce cytopathic effect in cell culture remains unknown. Here we used a genetic approach to isolate ncp variants that arose from a cp virus at low frequency. A bicistronic BVDV (cp strain NADL) was created that expressed puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker. This bicistronic virus exhibited slightly slower growth kinetics and smaller plaques than NADL but remained cp. A number of independent ncp variants were isolated by puromycin selection. Remarkably, these ncp variants produced NS3 and viral RNA at levels comparable to those of the cp parent. Sequence analyses uncovered no change in NS3, but for all ncp variants a Y2441C substitution at residue 15 of NS4B was found. Introduction of the Y2441C substitution into the NADL or bicistronic cp viruses reconstituted the ncp phenotype. Y2441 is highly conserved among pestiviruses and is located in a region of NS4B predicted to be on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Other engineered substitutions for Y2441 also affected viral cytopathogenicity and viability, with Y2441V being cp, Y2441A being ncp, and Y2441D rendering the virus unable to replicate. The ncp substitutions for Y2441 resulted in slightly increased levels of NS2-3 relative to NS3. We also showed that NS3, NS4B, and NS5A could be chemically cross-linked in NADL-infected cells, indicating that they are associated as components of a multiprotein complex. Although the mechanism remains to be elucidated, these results demonstrate that mutations in NS4B can attenuate BVDV cytopathogenicity despite NS3 production.
Experimental details for step-scan spectroscopy

The availability of commercial step-scan FT-IR instrumentation has led to the rapid development of a number of new and rediscovered applications. These take advantage of the peculiar features of step-scan FT-IR, for instance, separation of spectral and temporal multiplexing. This paper describes experimental arrangements for several studies including modulation spectroscopy, time resolved spectroscopy (TRS), vibrational circular dichroism, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. The use of devices external to the spectrometer (e.g., lock-in amplifiers) is described, with attention to multiple channel data collection.
Protection against both lethal and behavioral effects of soman.

ABSTRACTThis work developed two drug mixtures which alone had no effect on performance of a criterion behavior but when given as a pretreatment would protect against organophosphate-induced lethality and incapacitation. Candidate drugs (alone and together) were given to rats trained to respond on a two-component Fixed Ratio 10 - Extinction (FR10-EXT) schedule. After generating dose response curves for each cholinolytic drug, mixtures of atropine (A) + mecamylamine (M) + pyridostigmine (Py) or physostigmine (Ph) were prepared and a combination of doses that produced no effects on operant performance was determined (Mix I:A=.78, M=.78, Py=.056 mg/kg; Mix II:A=.78, M=.78, Ph=.026 mg/kg). Both pretreatment mixtures provided equivalent protection against the lethal effects of the organophosphate soman; however only Mix II was capable of reversing soman-induced physical incapacitation (PI) as assessed by performance on an accelerating rotarod or FRIO responding. Pretreatment of animals with Mix II resulted in s...
Simultaneous dielectric analysis—differential thermal analysis of solid materials

Abstract A novel technique has been developed wherein dielectric analysis (DA) and differential thermal analyis (DTA) are performed simultaneously on a single test material. The speed of data acquisition and the range of frequencies and temperatures that can be investigated in a single experiment are far beyond the capabilities of conventional techniques. The frequency range for dielectric measurements can be pre-selected in fixed steps over the range 1–10 7 Hz. DA and DTA measurements are carried out over the temperature range 25–800°C. The present technique, which features extensive automation in data acquisiton and processing, is illustrated by preliminary measurements on Colorado Green River oil shale. The results indicate that a combined use of DA and DTA techniques yields useful information for elucidation of thermal decomposition and phase transformation mechanisms.
Value and limitations of intravascular ultrasound imaging in characterizing coronary atherosclerotic plaque

Intravascular ultrasound uses a high-frequency, miniaturized, ultrasound transducer positioned on the tip of a coronary catheter to provide detailed cross-sectional images of the coronary vessel wall. Unlike angiography, which details only luminal encroachment, this imaging technique has the unique potential to provide an image of the atherosclerotic plaque, characterize its composition, and assess stenosis severity. Lipid-filled "soft" plaque, dense fibrous "hard" plaque, calcification, and thrombosis have all been identified on intravascular ultrasound images. Individual lesion types have been associated with specific clinical ischemic syndromes and with different responses to catheter-based intervention. By means of analyzing tissue composition, intravascular ultrasound may permit identification of high-risk lesions that may eventually rupture and cause unstable coronary ischemic syndromes. This article reviews the current approaches to plaque characterization by two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging and addresses clinical implications, technical limitations, and future promise of the technique.
Integral representations of solutions for two-dimensional viscous flow problems

This paper concerns the steady flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid past a cylinderical obstacle. Solutions are represented in terms of simple layer potentials. Existence and uniqueness of solutions to the corresponding integral equations of the first kind are established. Emphasis is given on the asymptotic behaviors of the solutions as well as their connections to the singular perturbation results.