cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmentally relevant concentrations of methamphetamine and sertraline modify the behavior and life history traits of an aquatic invertebrate.

Abstract Pharmaceutically active compounds are major contaminants of aquatic environments that show direct and indirect effects on aquatic organisms even at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the illicit drug methamphetamine and the antidepressant sertraline on clonal marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Crayfish exposed to the environmentally relevant concentrations of methamphetamine of ∼1 μg L−1 did not exhibit significant differences from unexposed controls in distance moved, velocity, and activity level with or without available shelter. Sertraline-exposed (∼1 μg L−1) crayfish were significantly more active, regardless of available shelter, and moved greater distances when shelter was available, compared to control crayfish. Crayfish exposed to methamphetamine and sertraline spent significantly more time outside the shelters compared to controls. Sertraline-exposed crayfish spawned more frequently and showed higher mortality than controls. The results suggest that the low environmental concentrations of the tested compounds could alter the behavior and life history traits of crayfish, resulting in higher reproductive effort and mortality.
Deep Learning Approaches Predict Glaucomatous Visual Field Damage from OCT Optic Nerve Head En Face Images and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Maps.

Purpose To develop and evaluate a deep learning system for differentiating between eyes with and without glaucomatous visual field damage (GVFD) and predicting the severity of GFVD from spectral domain OCT (SD OCT) optic nerve head images. Design Evaluation of a diagnostic technology. Participants A total of 9765 visual field (VF) SD OCT pairs collected from 1194 participants with and without GVFD (1909 eyes). Methods Deep learning models were trained to use SD OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness maps, RNFL en face images, and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) images to identify eyes with GVFD and predict quantitative VF mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and mean VF sectoral pattern deviation (PD) from SD OCT data. Main Outcome Measures Deep learning models were compared with mean RNFL thickness for identifying GVFD using area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. For predicting MD, PSD, and mean sectoral PD, models were evaluated using R2 and mean absolute error (MAE). Results In the independent test dataset, the deep learning models based on RNFL en face images achieved an AUC of 0.88 for identifying eyes with GVFD and 0.82 for detecting mild GVFD significantly (P Conclusions Deep learning models had high accuracy in identifying eyes with GFVD and predicting the severity of functional loss from SD OCT images. Accurately predicting the severity of GFVD from SD OCT imaging can help clinicians more effectively individualize the frequency of VF testing to the individual patient.
The association between collagen and bone biomarkers and radiographic osteoarthritis in the distal tarsal joints of horses

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints occurs commonly. Synovial fluid (SF) biomarkers of collagen and bone turnover have potential clinical value. OBJECTIVES: To measure SF biomarker concentrations from DIT and TMT joints in adult horses and determine if they correlate with radiographic OA severity and are higher in joints with radiographic OA compared to controls. STUDY DESIGN: Cross‐sectional. METHODS: Radiographic OA of DIT and TMT joints was evaluated from adult horses (5–35 years old). Overall radiographic scores divided horses into those with mild or moderate radiographic OA (16 joints from 9 horses) or controls (13 joints from 9 horses). Direct biomarkers of OA (Carboxypropeptide of type II collagen = CPII, carboxy‐neoepitope of type II collagen exposed after collagenase‐cleavage = C2C, Bone alkaline phosphatase = BAP and Chondroitin sulfate epitope = CS846) were measured via ELISA and CPII/C2C was calculated. Biomarkers were correlated with radiographic findings and concentrations from those with radiographic OA to control joints and were compared. RESULTS: Concentrations of CPII (R = 0.84, P<0.001), C2C (R = 0.69, P<0.001) and BAP (R = 0.41, P = 0.03) as well as CPII/C2C (R = 0.69, P<0.001) values positively correlated with overall radiographic scores. Adjusted means ± s.d., after controlling for age, for CPII (P<0.001), C2C (P<0.001), CPII/C2C (P = 0.004) and BAP (P = 0.05) were significantly higher in DIT and TMT joints with radiographic OA (CPII: 2174.45 ± 1064.01; C2C: 233.52 ± 51.187; CPII/C2C: 9.01 ± 4.09; BAP: 21.98 ± 15.34) compared to controls (CPII: 594.53 ± 463.05; C2C: 153.12 ± 48.95; CPII/C2C: 3.96 ± 2.38; BAP: 12.76 ± 3.61). CPII (P<0.001), C2C (P = 0.001) and CPII/C2C (P = 0.001) were significantly higher with moderate radiographic OA (CPII: 2444.61 ± 772.78; C2C: 248.90 ± 44.94; CPII/C2C: 9.47 ± 2.97) compared to controls (CPII: 658.38 ± 417.36; C2C: 156.49 ± 47.61; CPII/C2C: 4.15 ± 2.04), with CPII also showing significantly higher concentrations (P = 0.04) with mild radiographic OA compared (1515.00 ± 584.95) to controls (658.38 ± 417.36). There were no differences in CS846 concentrations between radiographic OA and control joints. Age positively correlated with CPII (R = 0.48, P = 0.01) and C2C (R = 0.44, P = 0.02) concentrations. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Radiographic OA was assessed, not clinical lameness. Controls were not age‐matched to those with spontaneous radiographic OA. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between collagen (CPII, C2C and CPII/C2C) and bone (BAP) biomarkers and radiographic OA in the distal tarsal joints of horses.
Lack of Regulations and Conflict of Interest Transparency of New Hernia Surgery Technologies.

Abstract Background Medical devices introduced to market through the 510K process often have limited research of low quality and substantial conflict of interest (COI). By the time high-quality safety and effectiveness research is performed, thousands of patients may have already been treated by the device. Our aim was to systematically review the trends of outcomes, research quality, and financial relationships of published studies related to de-adopted meshes for ventral hernia repair. Materials and methods Literature was systematically reviewed using PubMed to obtain all published studies related to three de-adopted meshes: C-QUR, Physiomesh, and meshes with polytetrafluoroethylene. Primary outcome was change in cumulative percentage of subjects with positive published outcomes. Secondary outcome was percentage of published manuscript with COI. Results A total of 723 articles were screened, of which, 129 were analyzed and included a total of 8081 subjects. Percentage of subjects with positive outcomes decreased over time for all groups: (1) C-QUR from 100% in 2009 to 22% in 2018, (2) Physiomesh from 100% in 2011 to 20% in 2018, and (3) polytetrafluoroethylene from 100% in 1979 to 49% in 2018. Authors of only 20% of articles self-reported no COI, most representing later publications and were more likely to show neutral or negative results. Conclusions Among three de-adopted meshes, early publications demonstrated overly optimistic results followed by disappointing outcomes. Skepticism over newly introduced, poorly proven therapies is essential to prevent adoption of misleading practices and products. Devices currently approved under the 510K processes should undergo blinded, randomized controlled trials before introduction to the market.
Fathers’ Shared Book Reading Experiences: Common Behaviors, Frequency, Predictive Factors, and Developmental Outcomes

A comprehensive critical review of the shared reading literature indicates that shared reading has the potential to yield positive developmental outcomes for children cognitively, socially, and emo...
Delay discounting in dyads and small groups: Group leadership, status information, and actor-partner interdependence

Abstract Delay discounting is usually studied at the individual level, though there exist many situations where dyads and small groups have to make intertemporal decisions about delayed rewards. In the current study, we investigated the social dynamics in collective intertemporal decision making by experimentally manipulating group leadership and status differentials among dyad and group members. Participants in all experiments completed three phases of an intertemporal decision-making task: an individual pre-collaboration phase, a collaboration phase in dyads or small groups, and an individual post-collaboration phase. In Experiments 1 and 2, small groups of three made collective decisions during the collaboration phase, with one member of the group being assigned a leadership position. Groups believed that leaders were chosen either randomly (Experiment 1) or systematically based on the normativity of the leader's pre-collaboration decisions (Experiment 2). Leaders exerted a stronger influence on group preferences than non-leaders, but only when participants believed leaders were chosen systematically. Experiment 3 then demonstrated that lower-status dyad members were more affected by a collaborative experience compared to higher-status members, suggesting that social influence on delay discounting depends on the relative status between dyad and group members.
Auto-titrating CPAP for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children.

Study Objectives:In-laboratory titration polysomnography (PSG) is standard to determine optimal therapeutic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)...
Vendor Variety and Market Sales: A Case Study of the Williamsburg Farmers Market

Although sales at farmers markets have been on the rise for a few decades, a regular challenge faced by market managers is how to ensure that their vendors are best positioned to maximize what they can capture in market sales. Farmers markets have varying degrees of data collection and data analysis. This study aims to demonstrate the value of under­standing data, so that market managers can take informed, effective steps to increase sales for their vendors. This is accomplished using 13 years of weekly sales data from the Williamsburg Farmers Market (WFM). The dataset categorized sales by produce, specialty crops, animal products, value-added products, non-edible crafts, and plant sales. This allowed us to explore the relationship between vendor variety and sales. In this paper we ask: To what extent does vendor and product variety affect sales at farmers markets? We use dynamic panel econometric models, including a vendor variety index and other salient market factors, to explore how market characteristics may affect overall mar­ket sales. We find that greater vendor variety in terms of the products they offer increases sales both on the aggregate and across vendor types. Based on these findings we argue that one signifi­cant thing that market managers can do to boost sales for their vendors is to increase the variety of offerings through the recruitment of vendors who can bring differing product types to the market. See the press release for this article.
Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic degenerative neuropathy characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells. It is a combination of vascular, genetic, anatomical, and immune factors. Glaucoma poses a significant public health concern as it is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts, and this blindness is usually irreversible. It is estimated that 57.5 million people worldwide are affected by primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). People over 60 years of age, family members of those already diagnosed with glaucoma, steroid users, diabetics, as well as those with high myopia, hypertension, central cornea thickness of <5 mm, and eye injury are at an increased risk of glaucoma. By 2020, it is expected that approximately 76 million people will suffer from glaucoma with that number estimated to reach 111.8 million by 2040. In this article, we perform an extensive literature review focusing on the epidemiology of glaucoma and try to determine the number of people affected; we categorize them by sex, location, and level of income. Furthermore, we strive to estimate the future projection of the disease in the next 20 years (2040) while determining the disease burden, including the cost involved in treating and preventing the disease and the disease and disability projection of glaucoma.
Queer Talkback on Space

This chapter elaborates on the relationship between space and morality by critiquing neoliberal and heteronormative spaces. This is followed by an analysis of queer discourses on space, heterotopia, and what such discourses mean for queer futurity and resistance.
Wireless Series-Parallel Capacitor Charger for DC Circuit Breaker Applications

This paper studies the inductive series-parallel (SP) topology as a wireless capacitor charger for DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) including active injection circuits (AICs). The design objectives are achieving fast response time and minimized steady-state power losses. As the capacitor charging time is significant to accelerate the reclosing process in AIC DCCBs, the impacts of the input dc link voltage, the quality factor of the coils, the input-to-output voltage ratio, and the load capacitance parameters on the transient response time of the wireless SP charger are investigated. Also, a new burst mode control strategy is proposed to reduce the steady-state power losses. The developed 12V–100V wireless charger operating at 1MHz switching frequency provides isolation voltage up to 80kV considering 2kV/mm breakdown voltage between coils. Based on the experimental results, the 10μF load capacitor is charged to 80V in 2.37ms and to 90V in 2.9ms.
Ariadne: A Space Program Planning Decision Support Tool for Strategic Planners

The methods and processes available for planning have historically been unable to provide decision-makers with objective, quantitative information from both the upper strategic levels and lower tec...
Take-and-Hold Prescriptions for Children with Respiratory Tract Infections Decrease Antibiotic Use with Similar Outcomes.

A strategy of providing education about the natural history of respiratory symptoms in children combined with giving a take-and-hold prescription (to be filled only if symptoms persisted) resulted in one in four of those children eventually receiving an antibiotic.
Information matrix equivalence in the presence of censoring: A goodness-of-fit test for semiparametric copula models with multivariate survival data

Various goodness-of-fit tests are designed based on the so-called information matrix equivalence: if the assumed model is correctly specified, two information matrices that are derived from the likelihood function are equivalent. In the literature, this principle has been established for the likelihood function with fully observed data, but it has not been verified under the likelihood for censored data. In this manuscript, we prove the information matrix equivalence in the framework of semiparametric copula models for multivariate censored survival data. Based on this equivalence, we propose an information ratio (IR) test for the specification of the copula function. The IR statistic is constructed via comparing consistent estimates of the two information matrices. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the IR statistic and propose a parametric bootstrap procedure for the finite-sample $P$-value calculation. The performance of the IR test is investigated via a simulation study and a real data example.
Distributed Computation of Stochastic GNE with Partial Information: An Augmented Best-Response Approach

In this paper, we focus on the stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium problem (SGNEP) which is an important and widely-used model in many different fields. In this model, subject to certain global resource constraints, a set of self-interested players aim to optimize their local objectives that depend on their own decisions and the decisions of others and are influenced by some random factors. We propose a distributed stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium seeking algorithm in a partial-decision information setting based on the Douglas-Rachford operator splitting scheme, which significantly relaxes assumptions on co-coercivity and contractiveness in the existing literature. The proposed algorithm updates players' local decisions through box-constrained augmented best-response schemes and subsequent projections onto the local feasible sets, which occupy most of the computational workload. The projected stochastic subgradient method is applied to provide approximate solutions to the augmented best-response subproblems for each player. The Robbins-Siegmund theorem is leveraged to establish the main convergence results to a true Nash equilibrium and sufficient conditions to be satisfied by the inexact solver used. Finally, we illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm through two numerical examples, i.e., a stochastic Nash-Cournot distribution game and a multi-product assembly problem with the two-stage model.
Chapter 2 The Spirobenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Currently, there are seven spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids that have been characterized—namely, ochotensimine, ochotensine, fumaricine, fumaritine, fumariline, sibiricine, and ochrobirine. The spirobenzylisoquinolines are all found in the members of the family Fumariaceae that is sometimes considered a subfamily of the Papaveraceae . The oxygenated positions in ring D of the spirobenzylisoquinoline skeleton are always numbered 9,10 rather than 11,12, in analogy with the protoberberines, most of which are also C-9,10 oxygenated. Ochotensine, C 21 H 21 0 4 N, a phenolic base, containing one methoxy group, was obtained as colorless prisms. The chapter discusses structural elucidations, syntheses, physical properties of spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and others. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of ochotensimine, which proved to be extremely instructive, was obtained at 60 MHz and then at 100 MHz in order to resolve the C-8 protons. Any attempt at the formulation of a biogenetic scheme for the spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids must proceed from a consideration of the other alkaloids that accompany the spirobenzylisoquinolines in plants; these are of the protoberberine and protopine types.
Changes in the activity of «active» pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the newborn of normal and diabetic rats

At birth, hepatic 'active' and 'dichloracetate-activated' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities in the newborn of normal, mildly diabetic, and severely diabetic rats were similar. The 'active' and 'dichloracetate-activated' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities increased significantly during the first 2 and 6 postnatal h, respectively in the three groups of neonates (p less than 0.05). The greatest increase in both 'active' and 'dichloroacetate-activated' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was observed in the neonates of mildly diabetic rats. Administration of glucose or insulin at birth to the newborn of normal rats caused a significant increase in the percentage of 'active' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity within 1 h (p less than 0.01). Similar treatment caused no significant increases in the newborn of severely diabetic rats. The transient increases in 'active' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in the neonates of normal and diabetic rats were consistent with rapid disappearance of blood lactate during the first hours of postnatal life.
Studies in Bisalbuminemia: Binding Properties of the Two Albumins

1. An abnormal serum protein pattern in a patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis and five of his relatives was identified as bisalbuminemia by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. 2. With the exception of the patient with Wegener’s syndrome, the presence of bisalbuminemia was not associated with a significant change in total serum proteins, total albumin, serum components other than albumin, or any disease. 3. Addition of I131-thyroxine to bisalbumin sera resulted in thyroxine binding by albumin B but not by albumin A. The failure of albumin A to bind added I131-thyroxine leads to speculation that, in this family, neither albumin A nor B are identical to normal human serum albumin.
New philosophies of science in the USA

The following overview of the present situation and recent trends in the philosophy of science in the USA brings together bibliographical and institutional evidence to document the last stages of the supersession (Aufhebung) of logical positivism, the emergence of the historical school (Toulmin, Hanson, Kuhn, Feyerabend), its widespread influence upon other fields as well as within philosophy of science, and finally some of the reactions to it, many of which envision their endeavors as mediations between the historical school and the older logical approaches As well as recording pertinent institutional trends, the report provides a series of capsule summaries of representative work from the extant literature primarily from 1966 to the present.
Abdominal and pelvic complications of molecular targeted therapy

Traditional chemotherapy is cytotoxic in nature and acts primarily by eliminating neoplastic cells. Change in tumor size, which is an indicator of change in the number of neoplastic cells, evolved into the radiologic biomarker of treatment response. The infectious, inflammatory, hemorrhagic and neoplastic complications of these therapies have been well described. Significant advances in molecular cytogenetics has led to the development of molecular targeted therapy which selectively acts on tumor cells and modifies their biologic characteristics, by affecting various cellular targets: growth factor receptors, signaling molecules, cell-cycle proteins, molecules that direct apoptosis and angiogenesis. This has required new means of assessing tumor response to therapy. Additionally, a variety of expected and unusual complications can develop in the abdomen and pelvis in these patients. This presentation highlights the imaging features of these complications which may be confusing both radiologically and clinically.
Small bugs, big business: The economic power of the microbe

The versatility of microbial biosynthesis is enormous. The most industrially important primary metabolites are the amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, solvents, and organic acids. Millions of tons of amino acids are produced each year with a total multibillion dollar market. Many synthetic vitamin production processes are being replaced by microbial fermentations. In addition to the multiple reaction sequences of fermentations, microorganisms are extremely useful in carrying out biotransformation processes. These are becoming essential to the fine chemical industry in the production of single-isomer intermediates. Microbially produced secondary metabolites are extremely important to our health and nutrition. As a group, they have tremendous economic importance. The antibiotic market amounts to almost 30 billion dollars and includes about 160 antibiotics and derivatives such as the β-lactam peptide antibiotics, the macrolide polyketide erythromycin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and others. Other important pharmaceutical products produced by microrganisms are hypocholesterolemic agents, enzyme inhibitors, immunosuppressants and antitumor compounds, some having markets of over 1 billion dollars per year. Agriculturally important secondary metabolites include coccidiostats, animal growth promotants, antihelmintics and biopesticides. The modern biotechnology industry has made a major impact in the business world, biopharmaceuticals (recombinant protein drugs, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies) having a market of 15 billion dollars. Recombinant DNA technology has also produced a revolution in agriculture and has markedly increased markets for microbial enzymes. Molecular manipulations have been added to mutational techniques as means of increasing titers and yields of microbial procresses and in discovery of new drugs. Today, microbiology is a major participant in global industry. The best is yet to come as microbes move into the environmental and energy sectors.
How Multiple Anchors Affect Judgment: Evidence from the Lab and eBay

The vast majority of anchoring research has found that judgments assimilate toward single anchors, but no papers have directly compared the impact of one anchor with that of multiple anchors. We hypothesized that the presence of additional anchors can reverse the usual anchoring effect. When one anchor is paired with a second, moderate anchor, people rely more on the additional anchor when the original anchor is extreme than when it is moderate. Extreme original anchors therefore generate less extreme estimates than moderate original anchors do in the two-anchor case — a reversed anchoring effect. Three controlled experiments verified that although estimates assimilated to single anchors, the reverse occurred when people were simultaneously given a second anchor: extremely low (high) anchors generated higher (lower) estimates than moderately low (high) anchors. A natural experiment using eBay auctions in the U.S. and China provided corroborating evidence. This research has implications for pricing strategies when there is more than one price cue available.
Circularly polarized light emission from microcavity light emitting devices based on sculptured chiral reflectors

In this paper, a novel microcavity light emitting device is demonstrated to produce pure circularly polarized light with simultaneous control over emission bandwidth and center wavelength. This is achieved by sandwiching fluorescent molecules (Alq3) between two sculptured thin film (STF) chiral reflectors to form a resonant microcavity device of circular polarization selectivity, and optically pumping the device with unpolarized violet light
Mechanism and consequences of the duplication of the human C4/P450c21/gene X locus.

Abstract The adjacent C4 and P450c21 genes encode the fourth component of serum complement and steroid 21-hydroxylase respectively, and are tandemly duplicated in the human, murine, and bovine genomes. We recently cloned a cDNA for another duplicated gene, operationally termed X, which overlaps the 3' end of human P450c21 and has the opposite transcriptional orientation. Thus, the organization of the locus is 5'-C4A-21A-XA-C4B-21B-XB-3' (Y. Morel, J. Bristow, S. E. Gitelman, and W. L. Miller, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6582-6586, 1989). To determine how this locus was duplicated, we sequenced the DNA at the duplication boundaries and the 7 kb between P450c21A and C4B comprising the XA locus. The sequences located the duplication boundaries precisely and indicate that the duplication occurred by nonhomologous recombination. The boundaries are substantially different from those of the corresponding duplication in the mouse genome, suggesting that similar gene duplications may have occurred independently in ancestors of rodents and primates after mammalian speciation. Compared with XB, the XA gene is truncated at its 5' end and bears a 121-bp intragenic deletion causing a frameshift and premature translational stop signal. Nevertheless, XA is transcribed into a stable 2.6-kb polyadenylated RNA that is expressed uniquely in the adrenal gland.
Theca cell tumors

Abstract The anatomic and histologic characteristics of theca cell tumors are described, together with their distinctive clinical and hormonal features. Descriptions are given of six cases illustrating variations from the more benign fibroma type to the highly cellular and malignant type. A correlation is made between the presence of hormonal changes and the presence of intracellular, doubly refractile fat containing cholesterol and cholesterol esters. It is suggested that some of the ovarian neoplasms previously diagnosed as fibromas or fibrosarcomas may on further investigation prove to be of theca cell origin.
Recommended manufacturing inspections and tests for major electrical equipment

Recommendations are presented for conducting proper manufacturing inspection procedures and tests of alternating-current (AC) motors, transformers, and certain packaged mechanical equipment. These recommendations will assist the purchaser in identifying tests (normally performed by the manufacturer and others) that should be conducted to gain confidence that equipment will be delivered operable and will meet its requirements. The manufacturer should provide documentation of the certified test data and a statement specifying compliance to the appropriate standards. >
Abnormal immunophenotype of the T-cell-receptor beta Chain in follicular-helper T cells of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Objective Analysis for 24 variable regions of the T-cell-receptor beta chain by flow cytometry (Vbeta) is a new technique to detect clonal alpha-beta T lymphocytes and is characteristically performed on peripheral blood. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) has increased neoplastic follicular-helper T cells (FHT), which often express CD10; but nonneoplastic, CD10-positive T cells may be associated with reactive lymphadenopathy and with B-cell lymphomas. This study documents the utility of Vbeta analysis of FHT in specimens of AITL from blood, from marrow, and from lymph nodes. Methods The electronic medical record in the flow cytometry laboratory was searched for specimens that were analyzed by flow cytometry for Vbeta and that were involved by AITL. Flow cytometry was performed for the following antigens: T-cell-associated proteins, CD10, CD56, CD94, CD161, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, alpha-beta T-cell receptor, gamma-delta T-cell receptor, and Vbeta. Results Five patients had six specimens of blood (two), of bone marrow (one), or of lymph nodes (three). Immunophenotypic aberrances were detected for antigens: CD2 (2/6), CD3 (6/6), CD4 (1/6), CD5 (1/6), CD7 (5/6), and CD45 (2/6). All abnormal T-cell populations expressed CD4, and most expressed CD10 (5/6). Four specimens were clonally restricted for Vbeta. Two specimens lacked the alpha-beta T-cell receptor and Vbeta. Conclusions Vbeta analysis by flow cytometry can be used to detect clonal alpha-beta FHT in AITL, which may be difficult to diagnose with early involvement. Abnormal Vbeta expression on CD10-positive T cells confirms that FHT are the neoplastic cells. © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Climate engineering through artificial enhancement of natural forcings: Magnitudes and implied consequences

[1] Explosive volcanism and solar activity changes have modulated the Earth's temperature over short and century time scales. Associated with these external forcings were systematic changes in circulation. Here, we explore the effect of similar but artificially induced forcings that mimic natural radiative perturbations in order to stabilize surface climate. Injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere, not unlike the effects from large volcanic eruptions, and a direct reduction of insolation, similar to total solar irradiance changes, are tested in their effectiveness to offset global mean temperature rise resulting from a business-as-usual scenario, thereby reducing surface temperatures to conditions associated with committed warming of a year 2000 stabilization scenario. This study uses a coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model to illustrate the character of resulting climate and circulation anomalies when both enhanced greenhouse (A2 scenario) and opposing geoengineering perturbations are considered. First we quantify the magnitude of the required perturbation and compare these artificial perturbations to the natural range of the respective forcing. Then, we test the effectiveness of the “correction” by looking at the regional climate response to the combined forcing. It is shown that widespread warming could be reduced, but overcompensation in the tropics is necessary because sea ice loss in high latitudes cannot be reversed effectively to overcome higher ocean heat content and enhanced zonal winter circulation as well as the continuous IR forcing. The magnitude of new, greenhouse gas-countering anthropogenic forcing would have to be much larger than what natural forcing from volcanoes and solar irradiance variability commonly provide.
Thermal anomalies in stressed Teflon.

In the course of testing polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) as a calorimetric gasketing material, serendipity revealed a thermal anomaly in stressed film that occurs concomitantly with the well-documented 25 C transition. The magnitude of the excess energy absorption - about 35 cal/g - is suggested to be related to the restricted thermal expansion of the film.
Colonization with group B streptococci in pregnancy and adverse outcome

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the association of cervicovaginal colonization with group B streptococci with pregnancy and neonatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was conducted at seven medical centers between 1984 and 1989. Genital tract cultures were obtained at 23 to 26 weeks' gestation and at delivery. Prematurity and neonatal sepsis rates were compared between group B streptococci positive and negative women. RESULTS: Group B streptococci was recovered from 2877 (21%) of 13,646 women at enrollment. Heavy colonization was associated with a significant risk of delivering a preterm infant who had a low birth weight (odds ratio=1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.9). Heavily colonized women given antibiotics effective against group B streptococci had little increased risk of a preterm, low-birth-weight birth. Women with light colonization were at the same risk of adverse outcome as the uncolonized women. Neonatal group B streptococci sepsis occurred in 2.6 of 1000 live births in women with and 1.6 of 1000 live births in women without group B streptococci at 23 to 26 weeks' gestation ( p = 0.11). However, sepsis occurred in 16 of 1000 live births to women with and 0.4 of 1000 live births to women without group B streptococci at delivery ( p CONCLUSIONS: Heavy group B streptococci colonization at 23 to 26 weeks' gestation was associated with an increased risk of delivering a preterm, low-birth-weight infant. Cervicovaginal colonization with group B streptococci at 23 to 26 weeks' gestation was not a reliable predictor of neonatal group B streptococci sepsis. Colonization at delivery was associated with sepsis. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1996;174:1354-60.)
Modeling and Simulation of Microwave Circuits

A new and efficient method is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped discontinuities. The technique obtains closed form expressions for the equivalent circuits which are used to model these discontinuities. Then it would be easy to handle and to characterize complicated structures like T and Y junctions, truncated junctions, arbitrarily shaped junctions, cascading junctions and more generally planar multiport junctions. Another advantage of this method is that the edge line concept for arbitrary shape junctions operates with real parameters circuits. The validity of the method was further confirmed by comparing our results for various discontinuities (bend, filters) with those from HFSS as well as from other published sources.
Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood

The origins of human childhood have fascinated scholars from many disciplines. Some researchers argue that childhood, and many other human characteristics, evolved by heterochrony, an evolutionary pro- cess that alters the timing of growth stages from ancestors to their descen- dants. Other scholars argue against heterochrony, but so far have not offered a well-developed alternative hypothesis. This essay presents such an alterna- tive. Childhood is defined as a unique developmental stage of humans. Childhood is the period following infancy, when the youngster is weaned from nursing but still depends on older people for feeding and protection. The biological constraints of childhood, which include an immature dentition, a small digestive system, and a calorie-demanding brain that is both relatively large and growing rapidly, necessitate the care and feeding that older individuals must provide. Evidence is presented that childhood evolved as a new stage hominid life history, first appearing, perhaps, during the time of Homo habilis. The value of childhood is often ascribed to learning many aspects of human culture. It is certainly true that childhood provides ''extra'' time for brain development and learning. However, the initial selective value of childhood may be more closely related to parental strategies to increase reproductive success. Childhood allows a woman to give birth to new offspring and provide care for existing dependent young. Understanding the nature of childhood helps to explain why humans have lengthy development and low fertility, but greater reproductive success than any other species. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:63-89, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Turnaround Strategies in Established Small Family Firms

This study employs a case-study approach to identify unique characteristics of established small family fi rms that affect their ability to initiate turnaround strategies when encountering an organizational crisis. In our case studies, we found evidence for family firms employing the standard strategies of top-management changes, infusion of external management expertise, and retrenchment that have been proposed in the general turnaround literature. The implementation of these strategies was, however, moderated by eight characteristics generally associated with family firms, including strong ties to the family firm, internal orientation, altruistic motives, and long-term goal orientation. The introduced framework contributes to a more fine-grained understanding of the turnaround challenges of established family firms and how they can be addressed. This is a topic of substantial practitioner interest considering the high failure rates of family firms.
An Introductory Policy Planning Course for Graduate Students.

Abstract This paper describes the organization and content of an introductory policy planning course and an associated teaching technique—the simulation of a legislative hearing. The course emphasizes the significance of values and of the scientific method in the development and analysis of social policy. Now, more than ever, it is important for social workers to use the skills associated with social policy development and analysis to protect the best interests of their clients.
On Sir Leon Radzinowicz Reading Michel Foucault: Authority, Morality and the History of Criminal Law at the Juncture of the Modern and the Postmodern

This essay draws on the intriguing fact that Sir Leon Radzinowicz, the leading historian of the progressive era in relation to criminal law and its administration was at the time of his death engag...
IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED MELANOMA IN AN ANIMAL MODEL USING UV-VISIBLE AND NIR ELASTIC SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY: PRELIMINARY TESTING.

Elastic light scattering spectroscopy (ESS) has the potential to provide spectra that contain both morphological and chromophore information from tissue. We report on a preliminary study of this technique, with the hope of developing a method for diagnosis of highly-pigmented skin lesions, commonly associated with skin cancer. Four opossums were treated with dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to induce both malignant melanoma and benign pigmented lesions. Skin lesions were examined in vivo using both UV-visible and near infrared (NIR) ESS, with wavelength ranges of 330-900 nm and 900-1700 nm, respectively. Both portable systems used identical fiber-optic probe geometry throughout all of the measurements The core diameters for illuminating and collecting fibers were 400 and 200 μm, respectively, with center-to-center separation of 350 μm. The probe was placed in optical contact with the tissue under investigation. Biopsies from lesions were analyzed by two standard histopathological procedures. Taking into account only the biopsied lesions, UV-visible ESS showed distinct spectral correlation for 11/13 lesions. The NIR-ESS correlated well with 12/13 lesions correctly. The results of these experiments showed that UV-visible and NIR-ESS have the potential to classify benign and malignant skin lesions, with encouraging agreement to that provided by standard histopathological examination. These initial results show potential for ESS based diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions, but further trials are required in order to substantiate the technique.
The effect of lead on oxidative hemolysis and erythrocyte defense mechanisms in the rat

The effect of chronic lead exposure on oxidative hemolysis and on biochemical defense mechanisms against such hemolysis was examined. The interaction between lead (Pb) and phenylhydrazine (PHZ) was studied using four groups of adult male rats treated with lead acetate in a combined oral-ip dosage regimen. After 27 days of exposure the blood lead (PbB) concentrations were (mean ± SD) 2.3 ± 1 (control), 33 ± 4, 67 ± 13, and 104 ± 17 μg/100 ml. On Day 27, PHZ (45 mg/kg sc) was administered to half of the rats in each group, and hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) determinations were performed on tail blood drawn on Days 28, 29, 34, and 40. The results showed that in the acute hemolytic phase after PHZ both lead alone and PHZ alone reduced Hb and Hct but that the lead-PHZ interaction was not synergistic. A synergistic interaction did occur during the compensatory phase of anemia. The effect of in vivo lead exposure on in vitro hemolysis and biochemical defense mechanisms was studied in a second experiment, the results of which showed that lead caused a dose-dependent increase in oxidative hemolysis in vitro. Superoxide dismutase activity was decreased, whereas pentose shunt activity was increased. The effect of lead on reduced glutathione concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activity was biphasic, being increased at the intermediate dose but returning to baseline at the highest dose. We conclude that the in vivo interaction between Pb concentrations of up to approximately 100 μg/100 ml blood and oxidative hemolytic anemia was due to the ability of lead to inhibit compensatory hematopoiesis after an acute hemolytic episode. The more sensitive in vitro hemolysis test showed that lead caused a dose-dependent increase in oxidative hemolysis, and the biochemical changes observed were consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo lead exposure exerts a moderate pro-oxidant effect on rat erythrocytes.
Compositional Effects on Processing and Properties of Nickel Aluminides

Compositional effects on hot and cold workability of ductile-ordered nickel aluminides are described. Compositional effects studied include variations of chromium, aluminum, iron, and zirconium. The hot and cold workability of various nickel-aluminide alloys was ranked with respect to workability of stainless steel. The nickel-aluminide alloy containing chromium and low zirconium (IC-218LZr) had the best combination of hot and cold workability. This alloy also offered a good combination of strength and ductility values over a range of test temperatures.
Bremsstrahlung from C 12 + p near the 461-keV Resonance

The spectrum of bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the scattering of protons by /sup 12/C near the 461-keV resonance has been studied at bombarding energies 130, 235, and 335 keV above the resonance. The measured spectra were analyzed and compared with the theoretical predictions calculated from the soft-photon approximation and the Feshbach-Yennie approximation.
Structural studies of the translational apparatus

Significant progress is occurring at an accelerated rate in structural studies of ribosomes. A 3D cryoelectron microscopy map of the 70S ribosome from Escherichia coli is available at 15 A resolution and a combination of cryoelectron microscopy with X-ray crystallography has yielded a 9 A resolution map of the 60S subunit from Haloarcula marismortui, an archaebacterium. For eukaryotes, 3D cryomaps of the 80S ribosomes from yeast and from mammals have now been produced at resolutions in the range 20 to 30 A. The most ground-breaking results have been obtained from the 3D mapping of ligands in functional studies of prokaryotic ribosomes. These studies, which directly visualize the protein synthesis machine in action, have brought new excitement to a field that was relatively dormant during the past decade.
Wild (powerful) women : restorying gender patterns

This paper addresses the use of the stories to help redefine gender expectations in relationships, creating a more active, powerful female voice. In particular, the popular bookWomen Who Run With the Wolves by Claudia Pinkola Estes is examined in context of other literature about women. Case examples demonstrating the application of such stories to marriage and family therapy are included.
Defense problems: Methodology of an event-driven Monte Carlo missile simulation

This paper describes the methodology used by the Center for Naval Analyses to develop a Monte Carlo missile simulation that computes probabilities of target acquisition and distributions of missile arrival times. The simulation accounts for numerous missile and target uncertainties. Coordinated strikes are simulated by modeling multiple missiles from multiple launch points firing on a group of targets. Tactical applications of the simulation required that it be computationally efficient. This led to an event-driven time advancement scheme.
Effect of sex, intrauterine position and androgen manipulation on the development of brain aromatase activity in fetal ferrets.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to explore the possible relationship between testicular androgen secretion and the development of brain aromatase activity in fetal ferrets. Aromatase activity in the preoptic+mediobasal hypothalamus and temporal lobe was similar in fetuses of both sexes between embryonic Days 26 and 36 even though whole body androgen content was invariably higher in males than females. Whole body androgen content was significantly higher in females located caudally (downstream) from two or more as opposed to zero or one males in the same uterine horn; nevertheless their brain aromatase activity was similar. Finally, maternal treatment with either the androgen receptor antagonist Flutamide or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate beginning on gestational Day 24 did not affect brain aromatase activity in fetal offspring of either sex, delivered on embryonic Day 34. Previous studies suggest that the biosynthesis of estrogen in the fetal ferret brain is normally greater in males than females. The present results suggest that this sex difference results primarily from increased androgenic substrate being available to non-saturated aromatizing enzymes and not from an androgen-dependent activation of aromatase.