cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Damping Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites

Because of their ultra small, nanometer scale size and low density, the surface area to mass ratio (specific area) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is extremely large. Therefore, in a nanotube-based polymeric composite structure, it is anticipated that high damping can be achieved by taking advantage of the interfacial friction between the nanotubes and the polymer resins. In addition, the CNT’s large aspect ratio and high elastic modulus features allow for the design of such composites with large differences in strain between the constituents, which could further enhance the interfacial energy dissipation ability. Despite their wonderful engineering potential, the damping properties of CNT-based composites have not been examined in any detail. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural damping characteristics of polymeric composites distributed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In this study, the system is modeled using a four-phase composite, composed of a resin, voids, and bonded and debonded nanotubes. A micromechanical model is proposed to describe interfacial debonding evolution. To characterize the overall behavior, the Weibull’s statistical function is employed to describe the varying probability of nanotube debonding under uniaxial loading. Fictitious, perfectly bonded inclusions are used to replace debonded nanotubes such that the elastic mechanical properties can be obtained through Eshelby’s approach. To address damping effects, the concept of interfacial “stick-slip” frictional motion between the nanotubes and the resin is proposed. A critical shear (bonding) stress is used to separate the material system into an energy-conservative range due to strong interfacial bonding, and a nanotube sliding range resulting in energy dissipation. The developed method is further extended to analyze composites with randomly oriented nanotubes. The analytical results show that the critical shear stress, nanotube weight ratio and structure deformation are the factors affecting the damping characteristic. Experimental efforts are also performed to verify the trends predicted by the analysis. Through comparing with neat resin specimens, the study shows that one can indeed enhance damping by adding CNT fillers into polymeric resins. It is also observed that SWNT-based composites can achieve higher damping than composites with other types (different size, surface area, density and stiffness) of fillers. These results confirm the advantage of using CNTs for damping enhancement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia: comparison of make- versus break-testing techniques.

ABSTRACTBurns SP, Breuninger A, Kaplan C, Marin H: Hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia: Comparison of make- versus break-testing techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005;84:22–29.Objective:To compare make and break techniques for hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia. We comp
Memory for pictures, words, and spatial location in older adults: Evidence for pictorial superiority.

In the present study the spatial location of picture and word stimuli was varied across four quadrants of photographic slides. Young and old people received either pictures or words to study and were told to remember either just the item or the item and its location. Recognition memory for items and memory for spatial location were tested. A pictorial superiority effect occurred for both old and young people's item recognition. Additionally, instructions to study position decreased item memory and facilitated position memory in both age groups. Spatial memory was markedly superior for pictures compared with matched words for old and young adults. The results are interpreted within the Hasher and Zacks framework of automatic processing. The implications of the data for designing mnemonic aids for elderly persons are considered.
Moisture and Microwave Effects on Selected Characteristics of Turkey Pectoral Muscles

Abstract The effect of added water and microwave heating on the water holding capacity as indicated by expressible moisture index (EMI), total moisture, cooking losses and pH for U.S.D.A. Grade A turkey toms was studied. Samples (200 g.) of ground composites of pectoral muscles containing 0, 15, or 30 ml. added water were heated in a microwave oven for 0, 70 or 130 sec. The 15 and 30 ml. samples represented 7 and 13% added water and end point temperatures for 70 and 130 sec. were 44 to 47°C. and 61 to 64°C. Expressible moisture index was the best measure of treatment effects. Percent variation was greater for the EMI than for measures of cooking losses and total moisture. Total moisture values indicated water loss during cooking but some added water was retained. Cooking time caused the greatest percent variation; added water also caused significant effects on all characteristics studied.
A thermal/nonthermal model for solar hard X-ray bursts

A formalism is developed for analyzing high-resolution hard X-ray spectra, incorporating the coexistence of thermal and nonthermal bremsstrahlung. The two processes are physically linked by the presence of electric currents, which both heat the surrounding plasma via Joule dissipation and accelerate electrons via the runaway process. We use this formalism to analyze the flare of 1980 June 27 and find that both the gradual and spike components of the hard X-ray emission are consistent with runaway acceleration. We also find that significant heating is observed only in the gradual component. The electric field is always sub-Dreicer, the maximum total potential drop in the acceleration region is found to be approximately 100 kV in two of the spikes, and the average accelerated electron flux is approximately 10(exp 34) electrons/s. We argue that classical resistivity is a valid assumption for this event and find the density in the current channels (approximately 10(exp 11)/cc) and a lower limit on the volume of the heated plasma. We find that the ratio of the electric field to the Dreicer field (epsilon = E/E(sub D) varies systematically, whereas the value of E alone does not. We also find that the acceleration region fragmented into many current/return current pairs, and that the fragmentation varied systematically. We also discuss further implications of this model.
The effect of pulsed ultrasound on mandibular distraction.

This study evaluated the effect of pulsed ultrasound on tissue repair and bone growth during mandibular osteodistraction. Twenty-one rabbits were divided into three groups of 7. The distraction started 72 h after surgically severing both sides of the mandible and proceeded at a rate of 1.5 mm/12 h for 5 days. Group 1 received pulsed ultrasound (nominally 200 μs pulse of 1.5 MHz at a 1.1 kHz pulse repetition frequency, 30 mW/cm2) for 20 min on both sides of the mandible every other day (alternating sides). Group 2 received the same pulsed ultrasound treatment on one side of the mandible every day for 20 min. Group 3 did not receive any ultrasound treatment. Bone formation at the distraction site was assessed by photodensitometry on head radiographs, a vibratory coherence test across the distraction site, a postmortem three-point bending mechanical stiffness test, and a postmortem histological examination. Statistical analyses performed using analysis of variance revealed that pulsed ultrasound enhanced bone formation at the distraction site with a high level of significance when assessed by the increase in new bone photodensity (p=0.001), vibratory coherence (p=0.001), mechanical stiffness (p=0.003), and qualitative histological studies, especially when the pulsed ultrasound treatment was directly applied daily. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
A marine coring instrument—Its construction and use

A bottom-sampler for procuring cores several feet long has been developed recently. Designed for use on the 34-foot ketch Queequeg, this instrument had to be light, inexpensive, operated with ease by a three-man crew, effective in deep water under various conditions of wind and sea, and of a type that could be handled with a light winch and light cable. The sampler consists essentially of a light cylindrical core-barrel that is held upright on the sea-bottom by a float, and is driven into the mud by a stream-lined lead hammer, which slides along the core-barrel.
Organometallic nonlinear optical polymers. 3. Copolymerization of bridged bis(ferrocenyl) and bis(cyanoacetate) monomers via the Knoevenagel condensation

Abstract : The bridged bis(ferrocenyl) monomer ((N5-C5H4CHO)Fe(n5-C5H4))2SiMe2 (1) was prepared in two steps from (n5-C5H4SnBu3)2Fe. The bis(cyanoacetate) monomers, CNCH2CO2(CH2)nO2CCH2CN (2) where n = 4, 6, and 8 where prepared in high yield by reacting ethyl cyanoacetate with the appropriate diol in the presence of Ti(OC4H9)4. Knoevenagel polycondensation [K2CO3, THF, 40 deg C] of 1 and 2 afforded a new class of organometallic accordion copolymers. Average molecular weights for the accordion copolymers ranged from 9,100 to 26,600 with polydispersities of approximately 2.1. The Knoevenagel polycondensation reaction appeared to produce a mixture of E- and Z-isomers (9/1, respectively); however, isomerically enriched polymer (i.e. 98% E-isomer) was obtained through selective precipitation.
Studies of Double-Sided Silicon Microstrip Detectors

The electrical characteristics of detectors manufactured by SINTEF/SI with a variety of geometrical and processing options have been investigated. The detectors` leakage current, depletion voltage, bias resistance, interstrip resistance, coupling capacitance, and coupling capacitor breakdown voltage were studied.
Investigation into the synergistic effects in ternary cementitious systems containing portland cement, fly ash and silica fume

Abstract This research was primarily conducted to verify the presence of synergistic effects in ternary cementitious systems containing portland cement (OPC), class C fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF). A subsequent objective of the study was to quantify the magnitude of the synergy and to determine its source. For a ternary mixture containing 20% FA and 5% SF by mass, the synergistic effect was observed mostly at later ages (7 days onward) and it resulted in an increased compressive strength and resistance to chloride ion penetration as well as a reduced rate of water absorption (sorptivity) compared to predictions based on individual effects of FA and SF in respective binary systems. The observed synergy was attributed to both chemical and physical effects. The chemical effect manifested itself in the form of an increased amount of hydration products. The physical effect associated with packing density was, somewhat contrary to general belief, not due to an optimized particle size distribution of the binder components of the ternary cementitious system. Instead, it was the result of smaller initial inter-particle spacing caused by lower specific gravities of both FA and SF which, in turn, led to a lower volumetric w/cm. If the mixture design was adjusted to account for these differences, the physical effect would be diminished.
Ovarian dynamics in Heliconius butterflies: Correlations among daily oviposition rates, egg weights, and quantitative aspects of oögenesis

Both oviposition and ovarian morphology were studied in individual butterflies of the neotropical genus Heliconius, which as adults ingest amino acids from pollen, live up to 6 months, and have continuous oogenesis. Among female Heliconius charitonius, daily oviposition correlates directly with the total number of oocytes developing in the ovaries. The calculated time required for complete growth of one oocyte is, however, reasonably constant among individuals of a species with widely varying oviposition rates. Thus, within a species, butterflies laying more eggs per day are not necessarily maturing each at a faster rate, but are processing more oocytes simultaneously in their ovaries. A further correlation between oviposition rate and adult size suggests that in H. charitonius both ovarian capacity and daily egg production are determined ultimately by extent and/or quality of larval nutrition. Among other Heliconius species, those producing larger eggs generally take longer to make them, but also may develop more oocytes at the same time in their ovaries. Finally, maximal volume attained by the cap of seven nurse cells associated with each growing oocyte appears constant within a species and among species is directly proportional to average mature egg weight.
Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins of the J Series Inhibit the Ubiquitin Isopeptidase Activity of the Proteasome Pathway

Electrophilic eicosanoids of the J series, with their distinctive cross-conjugated α,β-unsaturated ketone, inactivate genetically wild type tumor suppressor p53 in a manner analogous to prostaglandins of the A series. Like the prostaglandins of the A series, prostaglandins of the J series have a structural determinant (endocyclic cyclopentenone) that confers the ability to impair the conformation, the phosphorylation, and the transcriptional activity of the p53 tumor suppressor with equivalent potency and efficacy. However, J series prostaglandins have a unique structural determinant (exocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone) that confers unique efficacy as an apoptotic agonist. In seeking to understand how J series prostaglandins cause apoptosis despite their inactivation of p53, we discovered that they inhibit the ubiquitin isopeptidase activity of the proteasome pathway. In this regard, J series prostaglandins were more efficacious inhibitors than representative members of the A, B, or E series prostaglandins. Disruption of the proteasome pathway with proteasome inhibitors can cause apoptosis independently of p53. Therefore, this finding helps reconcile the p53 transcriptional independence of apoptosis caused by Δ12-prostaglandin J2. This discovery represents a novel mechanism for proteasome pathway inhibition in intact cells. Furthermore, it identifies isopeptidases as novel targets for the development of antineoplastic agents.
A microfluidic whole-plant phenotyping device

The paper reports on development of a microfluidic device for facilitating phenotypic assays of plant Arabidopsis thaliana at the whole organismal level. The device allows for convenient and high-quality observation of various plant phenotypes, including seed germination, root growth, and shoot growth.
Design and Characterization of Programmable DNA Nanotubes

DNA self-assembly provides a programmable bottom-up approach for the synthesis of complex structures from nanoscale components. Although nanotubes are a fundamental form encountered in tile-based DNA self-assembly, the factors governing tube structure remain poorly understood. Here we report and characterize a new type of nanotube made from DNA double-crossover molecules (DAE-E tiles). Unmodified tubes range from 7 to 20 nm in diameter (4 to 10 tiles in circumference), grow as long as 50 μm with a persistence length of ∼4 μm, and can be programmed to display a variety of patterns. A survey of modifications (1) confirms the importance of sticky-end stacking, (2) confirms the identity of the inside and outside faces of the tubes, and (3) identifies features of the tiles that profoundly affect the size and morphology of the tubes. Supported by these results, nanotube structure is explained by a simple model based on the geometry and energetics of B-form DNA.
Ligand-induced conformational change in the ferric enterobactin receptor FepA as studied by site-directed spin labeling and time-domain ESR.

A mutant of the ferric enterobactin receptor, FepA, containing a valine to cysteine (V338C) substitution was made and the purified protein selectively modified with a sulfhydryl-specific nitroxide spin label. In reconstituted liposomes, interaction of the attached spin label with a combination of water-soluble and lipid-soluble relaxation agents indicated that the V338C site was located in the polar headgroup region of the membrane, approximately 1.5−4.5 A above the phosphate groups of the lipids. Binding of the ligand, ferric enterobactin (FeEnt), to the purified spin-labeled protein produced a significant decrease in both the rotational freedom and accessibility of the nitroxide, indicating the formation of new structural contacts between the spin label and either the protein or the bound ligand. Electron spin−echo (ESE) measurements of the nitroxide phase-memory relaxation rate in the presence and absence of bound ligand showed substantial dipolar coupling between the Fe3+ of FeEnt and the spin label a...
Use of Radioisotopes in Laboratory Energy Assimilation Investigations with Daphnia

IN most zooplankton–phytoplankton grazing studies, assimilation by the grazers (which is the true measure of energy transfer in a food web) has been inferred indirectly from measurements of phytoplankton cell concentration and zooplankton filtration, egestion, growth, and respiration rates. A more rapid and critical method of assessing zooplankton assimilation is to measure it directly with a radioisotope tracer and translate radioactivity into energy units. Energy units (calories) are the logical choice for measurement of such rates, as all matter capable of being assimilated by an organism can be converted readily into a caloric ‘common denominator’ for easy comparison.
FAMILY CONSTELLATION AND BIRTH ORDER VARIABLES RELATED TO VOCATIONAL CHOICE OF DENTISTRY

Sum7nary.-A relatively small amount of research has been completed on the family-group variable of birth order and the vocational-group variable of choices in the world of work. Furthermore, extremely little research has been completed utilizing the socio-psychological perspective of family constellation and birth order. A sample of 282 dentists was interviewed regarding sociopsychological birth order and related information. Relationships were found for the psychological perspectives of ordinal and socio-psychological birth order, family size, closest sibling, and changing birth-rate trends. A possible unifying theme which relates this study to other investigations of vocational choice was discussed. A strong focus in psychology in recent years has been the individual's place of identity within the group. Two extremely important groups from a developmental perspective are the family group and the more broadly based group of vocational choices in the world of work. Researchers have been very interested in investigating possible relationships between these two groups. Yet relationships between the family groilp variable of birth order and the variable of choice within the vocations group have been studied by a relatively small number of investigators. In addition, the family constellation (socio-psychological) approach to birth order has been investigated even less. A review of the findings suggests a relationship may exist between "specialness" in birth order and in later vocational choice. Foi instance the special place within the family group of being firstborn may be related to the later choice of "special place" occupations involving prestige and achievement. For example, firstborns were overrepresented among eminent scientists (Roe, 1953), lawyers (Very & Prull, 1970), congressmen (Zweigenhofc, 1975 ) , army officers ( HerreU, 1972 ) . Whereas Very and Zannini ( 1969) found an overproportion of second borns among beauticians, a somewhat less prestigious occupation. Although there appears to be a dearth of information on the occupational focus of the present investigation, dentistry, Cobb and French ( 1966), for an area closely related to dentistry, found firstborns were overrepresented among a sample of American medical students, and Shaver,
RELEASE OF NOBLE GAS ATOMS FROM INSIDE FULLERENES

Abstract Noble gas atoms can be introduced into the interior of fullerene molecules. A procedure, using a mass spectrometer system, is described for measuring the rates and amounts of noble gas released on heating these compounds. We find that the half life for Ne@C 60 reacting to Ne + C 60 is at least many weeks at 630°C. Additionally, the rate of thermal decomposition of fullerenes can be very substantially faster if traces of trapped solvent are not removed. Noble gas atoms can be introduced into the interior of fullerene molecules. A procedure, using a mass spectrometer system, is described for measuring the rates and amounts of noble gas release on heating these compounds. We find that the half life for Ne@C 60 reacting to Ne+C 60 is at least many weeks at 630°C. Additionally, the rate of thermal decomposition of fullerenes can be very substantially faster if traces of trapped solvent are not removed.
Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika

Seit der bahnbrechenden Entdeckung von Penicillin wurde die Vielfalt naturlich vorkommender Molekule ausgiebig hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Medikamente sowie zum Auffinden neuer Leitstrukturen beim Wirkstoffdesign untersucht. Die Suche nach Wirkstoffen, mit denen Infektionskrankheiten bekampft werden konnen, war dabei von besonderem Interesse und verlief sehr erfolgreich. Die Erforschung der Antibiotika weist eindrucksvolle Entdeckungen und Geschichten uber die Entwicklung von Wirkstoffen auf, von denen die grose Mehrheit ihren Ursprung in Naturstoffen hat. Die Chemie und besonders die chemische Synthese haben eine bedeutende Rolle dabei gespielt, naturlich vorkommende Antibiotika und deren Derivate fur die medizinische Anwendung bereitzustellen, und zweifellos werden diese Disziplinen auch kunftig Schlusseltechnologien sein. In dieser Ubersicht stellen wir einige der bedeutendsten neueren Entwicklungen und Fortschritte in der Chemie, Biologie und Medizin naturlich vorkommender Antibiotika vor, wobei die Totalsynthese, das Design von Analoga und die biologische Bewertung von Molekulen mit neuartigen Wirkmechanismen im Vordergrund stehen.
Experiments on the flow over a rough surface

Abstract In order to explain the heat transfer in forced convection from a rough surface, a model of the flow over such a surface is required. The present experiments were conducted to provide information which might be helpful in the formulation of a suitable model. Observations were made of the flow over sets of artificial roughnesses consisting of square slots normal to the direction of flow. The boundary layer was turbulent and the experimental conditions could be adjusted so as to produce a relatively thick laminar sublayer. Ratios of slot depth to laminar sublayer as low as 2 or 3 could be obtained with the physical dimensions sufficiently large to allow convenient visualization. The experiments showed that when the slot exceeded the thickness of the laminar sublayer by a factor of about 20, a more or less steady vortex pattern would form in the slots. This pattern had been observed by several previous investigators. For lower slot depths, however, the flow in the slots was subject to random disturbances. A fairly steady vortex pattern would form periodically, but would be subsequently destroyed. The general appearance of the flow could be described in terms of four fairly well distinguishable patterns.
Foundations for Directed Alkaloid Biosynthesis

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Bernhardt and coworkers [1] assay the functional plasticity of strictosidine synthase, a gateway enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways of monoterpene indole alklaloids, and the downstream operability of the products of strictosidine synthase variants in the larger context of the plant biosynthetic pathways.
Photodissociation of Vibrationally Excited Pernitric Acid: HO2NO2 (2ν1) + 390 nm†

Pernitric acid (HO2NO2) molecule vibrationally excited in the vicinity of its first OH stretching overtone (2ν1) is dissociated via electronic excitation using 390-nm light. The nascent energy distribution of the resulting OH fragments is probed by using laser-induced fluorescence at sub-Doppler resolution. We find that for the minor OH + NO3 channel, 55% of the ∼19 600 cm-1of available energy goes into relative translation of the two fragments and 45% into internal excitation. In addition, electronically excited NO2 associated with the dominant HO2 + NO2 channel is also observed. The visible fluorescence from the excited NO2 fragments is sufficiently intense to allow vibrational action spectra of HO2NO2 to be recorded with good signal-to-noise. As vibrational states in the vicinity of the 2ν1 level can also undergo unimolecular dissociation on the ground electronic surface, comparing relative integrated intensities of spectral features appearing in the vibrational state selected action spectra with their...
Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection

Unconventional oil and gas production provides a rapidly growing energy source; however, high-production states in the United States, such as Oklahoma, face sharply rising numbers of earthquakes. Subsurface pressure data required to unequivocally link earthquakes to wastewater injection are rarely accessible. Here we use seismicity and hydrogeological models to show that fluid migration from high-rate disposal wells in Oklahoma is potentially responsible for the largest swarm. Earthquake hypocenters occur within disposal formations and upper basement, between 2- and 5-kilometer depth. The modeled fluid pressure perturbation propagates throughout the same depth range and tracks earthquakes to distances of 35 kilometers, with a triggering threshold of ~0.07 megapascals. Although thousands of disposal wells operate aseismically, four of the highest-rate wells are capable of inducing 20% of 2008 to 2013 central U.S. seismicity.
Interplay of pairing and multipole interactions in a simple model

The interplay of pairing and other interactions is addressed in this work using a simple single-j model. We show that enhancements in pairing correlations observed through studies of the spectra of deformed systems, moments of inertia, changes in transitional multipole amplitudes, and direct calculations of the pairing component in the wave function, indicate that even without explicit matrix elements responsible for pairing, a paired state can still appear from the kinematic coupling of pairing to deformation and from other geometrical restrictions that are of extreme importance in mesoscopic systems. Furthermore, we demonstrate that macroscopic transitions such as oblate to prolate shape changes can lead to strong dynamic enhancements of pairing correlations. In this work we emphasize that the pairing condensate has an important dynamic and kinematic effect on other residual interactions.
Super Hubble nonlinear perturbations during inflation

We show that the nonlinear evolution of long-wavelength perturbations may be important in a wide class of inflationary scenarios. We develop a solution for the evolution of such nonlinear perturbations which is exact to first order in a gradient expansion. As a first application, we demonstrate that in single field models of inflation there can be no parametric amplification of super-Hubble modes during reheating. We consider the implications of the solution for recent discussions of the back-reaction effect of long wavelength perturbations on the background geometry, give a new derivation of the equation of motion of stochastic inflation, and demonstrate that if the (generalized) slow-rolling condition is not satisfied, then inevitably long wavelength vector modes for gravitational fluctuations will be generated.
Recursive Image Enhancement--Vector Processing

A new approach to design of a recursive image enhancer is introduced when the image is characterized statistically by its mean and correlation function. A vector linear dynamical model is derived to represent the statistics of the processor output when several lines of the picture are processed simultaneously. Based on the vector model, a Kalman filter is designed and utilized to recursively enhance the image. The vector processing results in a simpler and more accurate image enhancement algorithm in comparison with scalar processing. Two examples, one with very low signal-to-noise ratio, are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure. Finally, the performance of the vector and scalar estimators is compared.
Administrative conflict and decentralization: The case of Sri Lanka

Decentralization involves changes in administrative structures which induce conflict as vested interests are affected. Such problems have occurred in Sri Lanka. The responses of the different interests involved in development administration to decentralization are examined. A number of propositions concerning group conflict are applied to the implementation of decentralized development policies in Sri Lanka. Decentralization has restructured power among the Kachcheri officials, Members of Parliament and departmental officers. Consequent conflicts within the administration have led to increased problems in the completion of projects. Power struggles could have been avoided by synchronizing political and administrative decentralization and by making the division of power within the bureaucracy explicit.
Sound velocities and single-crystal elasticity of orthoenstatite to 1073 K at ambient pressure

Single-crystal Brillouin spectroscopy measurements have been carried out to 1073 K and ambient pressure to determine the elastic modulus tensor of a natural orthopyroxene, nearly pure Mg end-member (Mg_(0.994)Fe_(0.002)Al_(0.004))_2(Si_(0.996)Al_(0.004))_(2)O_6 orthoenstatite. Three single-crystal specimens with orthogonal crystallographic orientations were prepared for Brillouin measurements to determine all the single-crystal elastic moduli (C_ij). The single-crystal elastic moduli were calculated using the measured velocities of sound and our independent measurement of the volume thermal expansion. These are, to our knowledge, the highest temperatures at which the complete single-crystal elastic modulus tensor of orthoenstatite has been measured. The elastic moduli at ambient conditions obtained in this study are in excellent agreement with previous measurements on Mg_(2)Si_(2)O_6 orthoenstatite (OEN). The elastic anisotropy of OEN is approximately the same at all measured temperatures. The velocities in different directions change at different rates, with C_33 showing the largest temperature dependence (decreasing with temperature almost twice as fast as C_11 or C_22). The variation of elastic moduli with temperature is linear up to approximately 673 K, above which some of the moduli decrease with a quadratic dependence on temperature. The non-linear behavior is in accord with recent elastic mode softening observations in orthoenstatite at higher temperatures and could add support to account for a thermally induced solid-state mechanism for the low velocity zone in Earth's upper mantle.
Linearized analysis of gasdynamic-laser wakes with applications

Theme S the wakes shed from the trailing edges of multiple nozzle cusps of gasdynamic lasers generate inhomogeneities in the laser cavity, it is desirable to know in advance these wake flows as a function of the gas flow design parameters. These parameters include the nozzle exit Mach and Reynolds number, the specific heat ratio, and the ratio of supply gas temperature to nozzle temperature. The objective of the present paper is to calculate the wake characteristics in nondimensional form so that the flow can be predicted at any point in the cavity for each set of design conditions. A suitable family of geometrically similar DeLaval nozzles is considered, and their total viscous drag and heat exchange in calculated for both laminar and turbulent nozzle boundary layers. With the wake integral properties thus known, linearized wake theories are utilized to predict the wake characteristics.
Absorption of Acyclic Oxygen Compounds in the Vacuum Ultraviolet. II. Ethers

A fluorite prism vacuum spectrograph and a hydrogen lamp have been used to determine the 45 000‐ to 65 000‐cm—1 absorption spectra of dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, divinyl ether, and 1,4‐pentadiene in the vapor phase at 22°C.
Radio Sources and Peculiar Galaxies

Statistical analyses of the distribution of quasars and radio galaxies over the sky suggest that they may be associated with certain types of peculiar galaxies.
Environmental controls on growth and lipid content for the freshwater diatom, Fragilaria capucina: A candidate for biofuel production

The use of microalgae for biofuel production has the potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption. Ideal candidate species of microalgae for bio-oil production need both relatively high growth rates and lipid content. Here, we report on the effects of temperature, nutrients (N, Si), and salinity on growth rates and lipid content of the common freshwater diatom, Fragilaria capucina (Desm), isolated from western Lake Erie. At low NaCl salinity, growth rate increased rapidly from 10 to 20°C, and then further increased slowly from 20 to 30°C, with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.61 day−1. Growth rate declined with increasing salinity (e.g., reduced by ca. 50 and 100% at 137 and 274 mmol L−1 NaCl, respectively), and increased with increased N and Si concentration until ca. 100 μmol L−1 for each (with >85% of maximum growth rate at 10 μmol L−1). Lipid content (% total lipid per dry mass) in nutrient-replete cultures was 14% and (1) increased to >30% at low N and, especially, low Si; (2) was lower at 30°C vs. 20 or 10°C; and (3) decreased with salinity. Thus, F. capucina accumulates lipid to high levels even under N, Si, and temperature levels that permit a high growth rate for this species, and hence, this species is a candidate for use in biofuel production.
Successes and Failures in Avian Egg and Nestling Recognition With Comments on the Utility of Optimality Reasoning

SYNOPSIS. Interactions between parasitic birds and their hosts provide some of the best examples of recognition that has obvious and strong adaptive value. But these interactions also involve numerous failures of recognition that result in enormous losses in fitness. The failures are more significant than the successes because they are exceptions to basic evolutionary theory which predicts that organisms behave optimally. The egg recognition behavior of North American passerines separates species into two discrete groups. In “rejecter” species nearly all individuals are intolerant of nonmimetic parasitic eggs. In “accepters” nearly all individuals tolerate such eggs. Rejecters possess a true recognition of their own eggs, apparently learning this in an imprinting-like process. No adaptive explanation accounts for the lack of rejection in accepter species. Many of these species are victimized heavily by parasitic cowbirds and have eggs divergent from those of the cowbird. They readily accept clutches containing only cowbird eggs. But accepters do show egg recognition in some contexts. They abandon clutches whose total volume of eggs falls below a critical value; they eject and visually discriminate among eggs that are broken, thus showing that they are capable of the critical behaviors needed to reject parasitic eggs. Since most accepters occur in taxa that also contain rejecters, I propose that stochastic processes are largely responsible for their nonoptimal behavior. Even though many birds reject parasitic eggs, all or nearly all accept nonmimetic parasitic nestlings, a situation for which there is no reasonable optimality explanation. Although these recognition studies demonstrate the value of optimality reasoning because they are based on clearly defined predictions arising from the expectation of adaptiveness, they also demonstrate some general problems inherent in optimization models. It is argued here that while optimality reasoning is the best and most all-inclusive paradigm in biology, its value will be enhanced if its limitations are recognized. When warranted, conclusions of nonoptimality should be stressed and optimality itself should be tested and not employed only as an assumption used to formulate hypotheses.
Submucosal endoscopy as an aid to full-thickness resection: Pilot study in the porcine stomach

Background Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is commonly performed with laparoscopic assistance. Submucosal endoscopy with full-thickness resection (SEFTR) is a new technique that combines submucosal endoscopy with the mucosal safety valve flap method to enable EFTR. Objective Pilot evaluation of the feasibility and safety of SEFTR in an animal model. Design In vivo animal study. Setting Developmental endoscopy unit/animal research unit. Intervention Five domestic pigs, under general anesthesia, were used. A 2-cm gastric target area was marked. A circumferential mucosal incision was made. Two parallel submucosal tunnels on opposite sides of the incision were made. The mucosa at the proximal and distal tunnel ends was cut. A suture was passed through the tunnels encircling the target. T bars with sutures were placed full thickness outside the target and brought out of the mouth. Pulling the oral sutures raised the target while the targeted area was cinched serosa to serosa with the encircling suture. Full-thickness excision was then performed without closure. Main Outcome Measurements Rate of adverse events, procedure times, adverse events, and difficulty scales were recorded prospectively. Results Circumferential mucosal incisions, submucosal tunnels, and connections were completed in all. In the first case, looping of the target lesion failed. In the remaining 4 cases, looping, cinching, and lifting were completed. Full-thickness resections were completed in 3 of 4 pigs. There were no procedural adverse events and no damage to adjacent organs. Limitations Acute animal study. Procedures were performed by an endoscopist skilled in the submucosal endoscopy with the mucosal safety valve flap method. Conclusion This pilot experience suggests that SEFTR is feasible and could be safe.
EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING OF AT-RISK INFANTS: COMPARISON TO 24 MONTH BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT (BSID). 105

EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING OF AT-RISK INFANTS: COMPARISON TO 24 MONTH BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT (BSID). 105
Grain-Boundary-Mediated Failure in Polycrystals

It is well known that the atomic structure of an interface has some influence on its properties and thus on the properties of a poly crystalline ensemble as a whole. However, with the enormously large number of interface structures possible and no cohesive framework within which to understand them, it seems a hopeless task to search for structure-property relationships for all interfaces. Rather, we have adopted the viewpoint that interfaces may be grossly categorized into low-misorientation angle/special boundaries and random boundaries with a subsequent two-state division in their properties. We will discuss a simple methodology for examining stress-voiding and electromigration failures in thin metallic interconnects that takes the differing abilities of the interface classes to contribute to failure into account. We thus provide one of the first attempts to account consistently for the atomic structure of an interface and the macroscopic behavior observed in a poly crystalline system.
Miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer fabricated with a femtosecond laser.

We report a miniaturized inline Fabry-Perot interferometer directly fabricated on a single-mode optical fiber with a femtosecond laser. The device had a loss of 16 dB and an interference visibility exceeding 14 dB. The device was tested and survived in high temperatures up to 1100°C. With an accessible cavity and all-glass structure, the new device is attractive for sensing applications in high-temperature harsh environments.
Stability measurements between Hg/sup +/ lite 12-pole clocks

We describe frequency stability measurements of two Hg-ion clocks based upon linear 12-pole shuttle ion traps. The inter-comparison was carried out over several multi-day intervals with the short-term stability of each clock better than 2/spl times/10/sup -13/ at 1 second. Longer-term stability as good as 3/spl times/10/sup -16/ was demonstrated for these clocks.
Market Efficiency and a Profitable Betting Rule Evidence From Totals on Professional Football

This article presents empirical tests of efficient markets on the professional football market for totals from 1979 through 2000. The forecast errors in the totals market were found to be skewed, so a test of a fair bet on National Football League totals was performed using a log likelihood ratio test as suggested by Evan and Noble. The under on the total is a winning proposition more than 50% of the time, but a fair bet cannot be rejected. A betting rule that looks at totals in the high end of the totals distribution and takes a contrarian strategy of betting unders for games that are 7,6, or 5 points above the mean is shown to violate a fair bet. Rejection of no profitability, when incorporating the take of the sportsbook, is also rejected for the highest of the totals.
Real-Time Measurements of Actin Filament Polymerization by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Understanding the mechanism of actin polymerization and its regulation by associated proteins requires an assay to monitor polymerization dynamics and filament topology simultaneously. The only assay meeting these criteria is total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (Amann and Pollard, 2001; Fujiwara et al., 2002). The fluorescence signal is fourfold stronger with actin labeled on Cys-374 with Oregon green rather than rhodamine. To distinguish growth at barbed and pointed ends we used image drift correction and maximum intensity projections to reveal points where single N-ethylmaleimide inactivated myosins attach filaments to the glass coverslip. We estimated association rates at high actin concentrations and dissociation rates near and below the critical actin concentration. At the barbed end, the association rate constant for Mg-ATP-actin is 7.4 μM−1 s−1 and the dissociation rate constant is 0.89 s−1. At the pointed end the association and dissociation rate constants are 0.56 μM−1 s−1 and 0.19 s−1. When vitamin D binding protein sequesters all free monomers, ADP-actin dissociates from barbed ends at 1.4 s−1 and from pointed ends at 0.16 s−1 regardless of buffer nucleotide.
A Pleistocene Sand Sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain

A ridge and thermokarst-basin landscape that is strikingly portrayed in Landsat winter imagery consists of large Pleistocene dunes that have been modified by younger eolian activity and thermokarst processes. This is the most extensive area of large stabilized dunes yet reported in the North American Arctic; the landscape is of particular interest because it has been proposed as a first-order analog for martian fretted terrain. Recognition of the large dunes permits a new interpretation for linear and curvilinear trends visible in Landsat summer imagery.
Abstraction of formal specifications from program code

A description is presented of the development of the tool AUTOSPEC (automated specification), which abstracts formal specifications from program code. The abstraction process can incorporate domain-specific information supplied interactively by the user, as necessary. The abstraction algorithms and a discussion of the use of formal methods and object-oriented techniques for the development of AUTOSPEC are given. Implementation-specific information is given and related work is described. >
Developing and enhancing a computer and network security curriculum

Little doubt remains that information security protection is paramount to business success. Computer and network security has come to the forefront as denial of service attacks and malware challenge the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of distributed computing environments. Look no further than recent headlines to understand the prominence of identity theft and phishing, evidence that protecting information assets is not only good security but good business. This paper describes the computer and network security undergraduate curriculum at a Liberal Arts and Science University in the upper Midwest Region, a national Center of Excellence in Information Assurance Education (CAE) as designated by the National Security Agency and The Department of Homeland Security. As the only CAE in the six-state upper Midwest, the University is often looked to for computer and network security education and research solutions. This paper describes the educational component of the University's nationally-recognized program and provides an overall description of the program, including how it evolved from no security class to a comprehensive undergraduate computer and network security program.
A New Method for Assessing the Statistical Significance in the Differential Functioning of Items and Tests (DFIT) Framework

A new item parameter replication method is proposed for assessing the statistical significance of the noncompensatory differential item functioning (NCDIF) index associated with the differential functioning of items and tests framework. In this new method, a cutoff score for each item is determined by obtaining a (1 − α) percentile rank score from a frequency distribution of NCDIF values under the no-DIF condition by generating a large number of item parameters based on the item parameter estimates and their variance-covariance structures from a computer program such as BIILOG-MG3. This cutoff for each item can be used as the basis for determining whether a given NCDIF index is significantly different from zero. This new method has definite advantages over the current method and yields cutoff values that are tailored to a particular data set and a particular item. A Monte Carlo assessment of this new method is presented and discussed. Currently, there are several procedures for assessing differential item functioning (DIF). Some of these procedures are based on item response theory (IRT), while others are non-IRT based. Examples of IRT-based procedures include Lord’s χ 2 (Cohen,
MEASUREMENT OF CHARMED PARTICLE LIFETIMES

This talk briefly reviews recent measurements of charmed particle lifetimes, then presents in detail the lifetime measurements of Fermilab Experiment 531.
Electromagnetic Shielding of Sources within a Metal-Cased Bore Hole

An abbreviated derivation is given for the electromagnetic fields produced by a two-dimensional source located within a metalcased bore hole surrounded by a homogeneous rock formation. Numerical results are presented for the fields in the external region. It is shown that the combined influence of the conductivity and permeability of the steel casing will severely attenuate the fields even at frequencies as low as 100 Hz.
Loop memory of haptic materials in posterior chamber intraocular lenses.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the shape recovery ratios after compression of haptic materials used in the manufacture of intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods: The loop memory of 40 silicone-optic posterior chamber IOLs was studied. All the IOLs had modified-C haptics made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA; n = 10), polyimide (n = 10), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF; n = 10), and polypropylene (PP; n = 10). After the overall diameter of each lens was measured (day 0), the lenses were inserted into plastic wells (9.5 mm in diameter) and immersed in water (37°C) for 1 month. They were then placed on an open plate and allowed to reexpand for 2 months. Overall diameter measurements were performed within 5 minutes of the IOLs’ removal from the wells and at subsequent time points (days 14, 28, 30, 60, 74, 88, and 95). Results: The loop memory of each lens was expressed as the difference between the initial overall diameter measurement (pretest) and the measurement at each time point; the lower the value, the higher the memory. The overall difference among the 4 groups was statistically significant at each time point ( P ≤ .001). From days 30 to 95, silicone-PMMA, silicone-elastimide, and silicone-PVDF IOLs had similar loop memory mean values, which were significantly lower than the mean value of silicone-PP IOLs ( P Conclusion: Studying the loop memory of haptic materials (PMMA, polyimide, PVDF, and PP) used in the manufacture of posterior chamber IOLs can help surgeons choose an appropriate IOL for each patient.