cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lexical change: how languages get new words and how words change their meaning

Introduction In this chapter we consider how the words of a language change. In previous chapters we have considered many changes that affect words. In Chapters 2 and 3 the discussion of sound change showed that the phonetic form of words can change, usually in a regular manner. In Chapters 4 and 5 we saw that the morphological composition of words can change as well. In Chapters 6 and 7 we saw that some words in specific constructions undergo grammaticalization and become grammatical morphemes. In Chapter 8 we saw that the particular constructions that words occur in can also change, which can affect the meaning of the words. Here we consider additional types of change in words or the lexicon. First, we discuss the ways in which languages acquire new words in Section 9.2. Then we consider how words change their meanings, spreading this discussion over several sections: first in Section 9.3 we discuss the nature of the categories that constitute word meaning, and then we treat the mechanism by which words change their meaning over time. In Section 9.4 we discuss some general tendencies in lexical semantic change, and then in Section 9.5 we discuss the way words that are formed by derivational affixes lose their compositional meaning. Finally, Section 9.6 adds a few comments about how old words are lost from a language.
Religion on the move: Mobility, migration and internal religious: Diversity in Biblical and Early Israel and Judah

Migracao e um processo social. A religiao e fundamentalmente uma empresa social. Como outros aspectos de suas identidades culturais, os humanos carregam suas identidades religiosas com eles enquanto atravessam as geografias. Este artigo explora os efeitos do movimento inter-regional, como mobilidade e migracao, sobre as praticas e crencas religiosas dos antigos povos do Mediterrâneo, especificamente daqueles que vem a ser chamados de israelitas. Varios estudos que explicam as diferencas religiosas internas em Israel e Judah explicam as multiplas associacoes geograficas de Yahweh como "Poli-Javismo", presumindo que a veneracao de diferentes associacoes geograficas e, na realidade, atos de culto dirigidos a diferentes Yahwehs. Os estudos de migracao, especificamente aqueles que envolvem a instrumentalizacao migratoria da religiao, nao tem sido parceiros centrais de conversacao nessas exploracoes de personagens divinos. Assim, argumento que as complexidades do intercâmbio cultural nas regioes levantinas do Mediterrâneo no primeiro milenio aC e o desenvolvimento da diversidade religiosa interna no antigo Israel podem ser melhor compreendidos pela integracao dos dados modernos sobre mobilidade e migracao. Alem disso, a explicacao da relacao dialogica entre mobilidade, migracao e religiosidade permite que os estudiosos respondam melhor pelas respostas culturais observadas nos espacos de colonizacao, onde a religiao funciona tanto como fonte de controle quanto como recurso empregado para minar estruturas de poder colonizadoras. Para este fim, este trabalho aborda especificamente a ocorrencia de modos variantes da religiosidade Javista atraves de dois estudos de caso: O primeiro e uma leitura informada de migracao de juizes 17-18. A segunda e uma analise informada das mobilidades de quatro inscricoes de Kuntillet "Ajrud (Horvat Teman). Juntas, essas exploracoes fornecem respostas a perguntas sobre a multiplicidade de Yahweh e sua natureza movel.
Clinical staging accuracy and the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cT3N0 rectal cancer: Propensity score matched National Cancer Database analysis.

Abstract Background While neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) is accepted as standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer, the approach to treatment of patients with clinically staged T3N0 disease has been increasingly debated. This study examines the accuracy of clinical staging for cT3N0 rectal cancer as recorded in the National Cancer Data Base and evaluates the role of nCRT in treating these patients. Methods Total of 15,843 patients with clinically staged T3N0M0 rectal cancer who either received nCRT or proceeded to surgery-first met inclusion criteria. Propensity score matching was employed to balance the groups. Results 23% of cT3N0 patients undergoing surgery-first were found to have pathologically positive nodes. Another 16% turned out to have Conclusions Poor clinical staging accuracy can result in both undertreatment and overtreatment of cT3N0 rectal cancer.
A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists' Approaches to Assessing Social Communication Disorders in Children

Purpose The purpose of this article is to explore and describe the approaches and specific assessment tools that speech-language pathologists are currently using to assess social communication diso...
The ‘Stiffer’ Dilemma: Some Thoughts on Contract, Remedies, and Dispute Resolution

In this Liber Amicorum Samir Saleh, I analyze the intersection between contract remedies for breach and dispute resolution. I reflect on how a stiffer's action and efficient breach theory operate in the context of dispute resolution to increase the stiffer's returns without reducing the overall efficiency of the stiffer's breach and to the detriment of the injured party.
Analysis workflow to assess de novo genetic variants from human whole-exome sequencing

Summary Here, we present a protocol to analyze de novo genetic variants derived from the whole-exome sequencing (WES) of proband-parent trios. We provide stepwise instructions for using existing pipelines to call de novo mutations (DNMs) and determine whether the observed number of such mutations is enriched relative to the expected number. This protocol may be extended to any human disease trio-based cohort. Cohort size is a limiting determinant to the discovery of high-confidence pathogenic DNMs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Dong et al. (2020) .
A basic model for cell cholesterol homeostasis

Cells manage their cholesterol by negative feedback using a battery of sterol-responsive proteins. How these activities are coordinated so as to specify the abundance and distribution of the sterol is unclear. We present a simple mathematical model that addresses this question. It assumes that almost all of the cholesterol is associated with phospholipids in stoichiometric complexes. A small fraction of the sterol is uncomplexed and thermodynamically active. It equilibrates among the organelles, setting their sterol level according to the affinity of their phospholipids. The activity of the homeostatic proteins in the cytoplasmic membranes is then set by their fractional saturation with uncomplexed cholesterol in competition with the phospholipids. The high-affinity phospholipids in the plasma membrane (PM) are filled to near stoichiometric equivalence, giving it most of the cell sterol. Notably, the affinity of the phospholipids in the endomembranes (EMs) is lower by orders of magnitude than that of the phospholipids in the PM. Thus, the small amount of sterol in the EMs rests far below stoichiometric capacity. Simulations match a variety of experimental data. The model captures the essence of cell cholesterol homeostasis, makes coherent a diverse set of experimental findings, provides a surprising prediction and suggests new experiments.
What Is the Relationship Between Language and Thought?: Linguistic Relativity and its Implications for Copyright

To date, copyright scholarship has almost completely overlooked the linguistics and cognitive psychology literature exploring the connection between language and thought. An exploration of the two major strains of this literature, known as universal grammar (associated with Noam Chomsky) and linguistic relativity (centered around the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis), offers insights into the copyrightability of constructed languages and of the type of software packages at issue in Google v. Oracle recently decided by the Supreme Court. It turns to modularity theory as the key idea unifying the analysis of both languages and software in ways that suggest that the information filtering associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis may be a general strategy for managing complex systems that is not restricted to language. It also examines Jerry Fodor’s application of modularity theory to cognition and his Language of Thought Hypothesis to see what they reveal about the idea-expression dichotomy.
SoTL Commons Conference: A Spirit of Inquiry

Excerpt: In March 2009 the SoTL Commons Conference at Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, Georgia (USA) was attended by many faculty members from across the globe. Three faculty members were invited to share both professional and personal perspectives about the conference. In this essay, we will talk about our experiences, the role and meaning of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL), and final impressions from the conference.
Influence Of Amplitude Modulation On The Fluid Forces Acting On A Vibrating Cylinder In Cross-Flow

This paper describes the results of measurements of the lift an drag forces acting on a circular cylinder undergoing amplitude modulated motion. Experiments were conducted in the Towing Tank Facility at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, involving a circular aluminium cylinder towed through still water and forced to oscillate with dual frequency beating motion transverse to the direction of towing. Lift and drag forces were measured and analysed for mean, rms, and spectral amplitude and phase information. The results are presented with comparison to those from pure-sinusoidal excitations using the same apparatus. The principal conclusion is that the modulation appears to reduce the mean drag coefficient and increase the oscillating drag coefficient. Hypotheses on the origins of this unexpected phenomenon are presented.
Endocrine control of lipid metabolism in the developing chick embryo: I. Blood cholesterol

Abstract The effect of hypophysectomy by means of surgical decapitation upon plasma cholesterol levels in the developing chick embryo has been studied from days 8.5 to 18.5 of incubation. Hypophysectomy results in a statistically significant reduction of plasma cholesterol concentrations on days 9.5–10.5 and days 12.5–16.5 of incubation. In pituoprivic chick embryos, plasma cholesterol levels return to normal on days 17.5 and 18.5 of incubation. Normal and hypophysectomized embryos show a depletion of plasma cholesterol concentrations on day 11.5 and highly elevated values on days 16.5–18.5 for the normal embryo, and days 17.5–18.5 for the pituoprivic animal. A single administration of cortisone acetate on days 13.5 to either normal or pituoprivic embryos results in statistically significant elevations of plasma cholesterol concentrations, 1 and 2 days postadministration for the normal embryo, and 1 day postadministration for the pituoprivic animal. The data suggest that the developing chick embryo may well exert hormonal control via the pituitary—adrenal axis over its metabolism and/or transfer of cholesterol.
Purification of Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase from Escherichia coli W: Evidence For Covalently Bound Pyruvate

Abstract Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase has been purified 800-fold from extracts of Escherichia coli W. This preparation, which was homogeneous by sedimentation equilibrium experiments and by analytical disc gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of approximately 113,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 15,000. The enzymatic activity is abolished by carbonyl reagents. Based on the spectrum of the enzyme following reaction with phenylhydrazine, and on the recovery of 3H-lactate from hydrolysates of borotritide-reduced enzyme, covalently bound pyruvate has been identified as the carbonyl moiety involved in the enzymatic activity. There are 1 to 2 moles of pyruvate present per mole of enzyme.
NARRATIVE KNOWING: BASIS FOR A PARTNERSHIP ON LANGUAGE DIVERSITY1

Six teachers, the school principal, six university faculty, and two doc- toral students participated in a school-university partnership based on narrative knowing. Using a teacher-as-researcher model to focus on the instruction of stu- dents labeled as language and learning disabled, we engaged in three preliminary activities: (a) identifying the best hopes and worst fears of the partnership partici- pants, (b) reading about teacher research, and (c) sharing descriptions of students with language-related problems. The six steps of the research collaboration in- cluded (a) consensus building; (b) data collection, including teacher observations and journaling, ethnographic observations, periodic videotaping, and home visits; (c) continuous joint study; (d) data analysis and descriptive narratives; (e) design and implementation of interventions; and (f) assessment.
The Prospects and Challenges of Educational Reform for Latino Undocumented Children: An Essay Examining Alabama’s H.B. 56 and Other State Immigration Measures

This essay analyzes the provisions of Alabama’s recent anti-illegal immigration law that affect the education of undocumented children and examines their constitutionality in view of current federal law, as embodied in Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982). As immigration law is an area of federal legislative authority, a key constitutional concern is whether Alabama’s law is preempted. This essay further discusses the recent litigation filed following the passage of this act. This essay also examines other recently enacted state anti-immigrant measures which pose obstacles to undocumented students and concludes by offering thoughts regarding the use of children as pawns in the raging immigration debate in the United States.
Use of herbal remedies and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids among inner-city asthmatic patients

Background Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), such as herbal remedies, are widely used by patients with chronic diseases, such as asthma. However, it is unclear whether use of the herbal remedies is associated with decreased adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), a key component of asthma management. Objective To examine the association among use of herbal remedies, adherence to prescribed ICSs, and medication and disease beliefs. Methods We surveyed 326 adults with persistent asthma who received care at 2 inner-city outpatient clinics. Patients were asked about CAM use (teas, herbs, and rubs) for the treatment of asthma in the prior 6 months. Medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale, a validated self-report measure. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the relationship among herbal remedy use, adherence to ICSs, and medication and disease beliefs. Results Overall, 25.4% (95% confidence interval, 20%–30%) of patients reported herbal remedy use. Univariate analyses showed that herbal remedy use was associated with decreased ICS adherence and increased asthma morbidity. In multivariable analysis, herbal remedy use was associated with lower ICS adherence (odds ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.8) after adjusting for confounders. Herbal remedy users were also more likely to worry about the adverse effects of ICSs ( P = .01). Conclusions The use of herbal remedies was associated with lower adherence to ICSs and worse outcomes among inner-city asthmatic patients. Medication beliefs, such as worry about ICS adverse effects, may in part mediate this relationship. Physicians should routinely ask patients with asthma about CAM use, especially those whose asthma is poorly controlled.
Glucuronidation of oxygenated benzo(a)pyrene derivatives by UDP-glucuronyltransferase of nuclear envelope

Abstract Several benzo(a)pyrene phenols, dihydrodiols, epoxides, quinones, and a diolepoxide were tested as possible substrates for UDP-glucuronyltransferase located in rat liver nuclear envelope fraction. Only phenolic derivatives of benzo(a)pyrene served as substrates for the nuclear membrane transferase, under the conditions tested. The specific activities observed in nuclear envelope preparations were greater than or equal to, those of the microsomal fraction indicating that a very effective detoxication mechanism for these phenols is present in the nuclear compartment.
COLLECTIONS OF SEQUENCES HAVING THE RAMSEY PROPERTY ONLY FOR FEW COLOURS

A family C of sequences has the r-Ramsey property if for every positive integer k, there exists a least positive integer g^\k) such that for every r-colouring of {1,2,... , 1 and 0 ^ a ) We show that if a ^ 0, there exist 4-colourings or 6-colourings (depending on 771 and a) of the positive integers which avoid 2-term monochromatic members of C*(mj, but that there never exist such 3-colourings. We also give an exact formula
Clear cell carcinoma of the liver with spontaneous regression of metastases

The purpose of this report is to establish in some detail a case of spontaneous regression of metastases secondary to a clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma. A review of the hepatocellular carcinomas from this department has been previously reported, and this particular study focuses on the two lesions that have the microscopic classification referred to above. One young female patient was 23 at the time of resection of the clear cell carcinoma of the liver plus diffuse intrahepatic metastases. She has been followed carefully over the years and has been seen as recently as June 1993. At that time, studies including ultrasonic and CT scan examinations of liver were carried out, all of which were negative for any evidence of residual disease. The evidence presented in this report would seem to establish conclusively that a spontaneous regression of the metastases from a clear cell carcinoma of the liver had occurred without any medication and without any obvious alteration in diet or state of health.
The Role of Complexity on Retention of Psychomotor and Procedural Skills

This paper describes the relative effects of task complexity on the retention of a skill over prolonged periods of non use. The paper focuses on the decay of skills and knowledges of the 20,000 reservists called up for active duty during Operation Desert Storm. Reservists were tested upon reentry to determine the extent of skill decay since their release, up to one year, from active. These data were analyzed with multiple regression and analysis of variance techniques. The major findings were: (a) procedural skills and knowledge about Army jobs decayed mostly within six months, but psychomotor skills (weapons qualifications) did not begin decay until ten months; and (b) previous skill qualification score was the best predictor of skill decay followed by aptitude score.
A Coordination Network That Catalyzes O2-Based Oxidations

Reaction of Tb(III) and two bridging ligands, a redox-active benzoic acid-terminated hexavandate ([V6O13{(OCH2)3C(4-CONHC6H4CO2H)}2]2- (1) and 4,4‘-bis(pyridine-N-dioxide) (bpdo) produces a catalytically active open-framework pillared layer-type coordination polymer, Tb1. The network material catalyzes aerobic oxidation of PrSH to PrSSPr and the oxidation tetrahydrothiophene (THT) to tetrahydrothiophene oxide (THTO) by tert-butylhydroperoxide under ambient conditions. Tb(III) ions and bpdo units form two-dimensional (2D) coordination layers, and the 2D layers are connected by 1 to produce a three-dimensional coordination network. IR and powder X-ray diffraction of Tb1 before and after catalysis indicate the catalyst maintains an open framework structure during the catalytic reactions.
Presidential Assessment: Obstacle To Leadership

(1984). Presidential Assessment: Obstacle To Leadership. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 5-7.
Potential larval sources, destinations, and self-seeding in the Mariana Archipelago documented using ocean drifters

Identifying transport pathways and sources of reef larvae is an essential component of ecosystem science. Ocean drifters tracked by satellite around the Mariana Archipelago were used to evaluate the possible pathways of transport among islands for passive larvae of reef organisms present in the surface layer. Reef taxa vary in their minimum and maximum larval duration from several days to a few months. Drifters leaving the Marianas required more than 16 days of transport prior to arriving near any adjacent island groups. Drifters arriving at the Marianas required more than 35 days of transport before being tracked back to any adjacent island groups. All arrived from the east or southeast via the North Equatorial Current. Roughly 27 % of the drifters that began in the Marianas returned. The majority of returning drifters (65 %) ended to the north of their starting point. Over 70 % of the drifters that returned to the Marianas after starting there did so in less than 40 days. Overall, this suggests that self-seeding may be of great importance to sustaining Mariana reef populations and that position within the archipelago affects connectivity among islands.
The maternal behavior of a home-reared, language using chimpanzee

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate general maternal behavior and (2) to determine if the presence of a human observer altered the maternal behavior of the home-reared, language using chimpanzee towards an adopted infant. The results showed that the subject,Washoe, was responsive to the behavior of the infant and was an adequate care-giver. However, the style of care-giving behavior was substantially altered by the presence of a human observer.
Friends, colleagues, authors, lend us your data.

The JCB was founded by a group of scientists who needed a journal to showcase their micrographs with the highest quality reproduction. Our commitment to innovative presentation and sharing of image data continues today with the JCB DataViewer.
Lifetimes of charmed mesons

We discuss a model of charmed-meson decay in which free-quark pairs rather than free quarks play a central role. This modification, while preserving the simplicity of the earlier model, has the advantage that it can incorporate some recent experimental developments which are difficult to understand in the earlier model.
Understanding the Challenges and Rewards of Social-Ecological Research in China

Interest in collaborative research on Chinese social and ecological systems has grown dramatically in recent decades. While international researchers are giving increased attention to China, foreign scholars, especially those new to China, are often unsure of the best way to find collaborators, garner sponsorship, and pursue research goals. Understanding research incentives for Chinese scientists, the culture of relationships, research topic sensitivity, and data access limitations are some of the challenges commonly experienced by foreign scholars in China. In this article we identify potential hurdles and offer remedies when possible so that foreign scholars can more readily adapt to China's scholarly environment and improve the prospect for mutually beneficial collaboration.
Two-photon excitation of dioxane: time-resolved measurements of excited state complex formation with water.

Abstract We observed emission from the non-aromatic hydrocarbon 1,4-dioxane upon illumination with ps pulses at 380 nm. The emission intensity depended quadratically on incident power at 380 nm, indicating a two-photon process. In the absence of water the intensity decay was close to a single exponential, but displayed some evidence of an excited state process. In the presence of 1% water the emission spectra shifted dramatically to long wavelength. Water also resulted in wavelength-dependent intensity decays with negative pre-exponential factors on the long wavelength side of the emission, demonstrating the presence of an excited state reaction. At this water concentration the results are consistent with a two-state model due to emission from dioxane and a dioxane-water complex.
Computation of the discrete autocovariance

Given an Nth-order discrete system, the autocovariance sequence is formulated as a set of recursive and non-recursive difference equations. Application of the final value theorem for a z transform then permits the first N terms of the steady-state autocovariance sequence to be computed via one matrix inversion. The remaining terms are calculated using a simple recursive relationship.
Race and Ethnic Differences in Attempts to Cut Down or Quit Substance Use in a High School Sample

Abstract Much attention has been given to the initiation and progression of substance involvement of youth. Less is known about decrements in substance use and cessation efforts among adolescents from diverse race/ethnic backgrounds. The present study examined substance use and attempts to reduce or quit substance use among adolescents from three race/ethnic groups. Participants were 3,756 Asian-American, Latino, and White high-school students surveyed regarding use of cigarettes, alcohol, illicit drugs, alcohol-related consequences, and substance use cessation efforts. Results indicated that Latino and White students had similar lifetime prevalence rates of alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use relative to Asian Americans. Although Latino youths reported lower or comparable rates of alcohol use compared to Whites, they experienced more legal consequences related to their use. A higher proportion of Latinos indicated attempts to reduce or stop alcohol use in comparison to Asian Americans and Whites, an...
Assessment of soil susceptibility to compaction using soil and climatic data bases

Abstract Owing to a wide range of soil types, climatic conditions and crop species, it its impossible to make a quantitative general statement about the effects that agricultural wheel traffic can have on soil compaction and plant response. There is a need to develop a methodlogy to assess the susceptibility of a given soil to compact and to predict the subsequent plant response. This paper outlines one approach being developed in the United States, using basic soil mechanics theory, soil survey data, long-term climatic data bases, and field research results.
Ectopic expression of S-RNase of Petunia inflata in pollen results in its sequestration and non-cytotoxic function

The specificity of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) is controlled by two S-locus genes, the pistil S-RNase gene and the pollen S-locus-F-box gene. S-RNase is synthesized in the transmitting cell; its signal peptide is cleaved off during secretion into the transmitting tract; and the mature "S-RNase", the subject of this study, is taken up by growing pollen tubes via an as-yet unknown mechanism. Upon uptake, S-RNase is sequestered in a vacuolar compartment in both non-self (compatible) and self (incompatible) pollen tubes, and the subsequent disruption of this compartment in incompatible pollen tubes correlates with the onset of the SI response. How the S-RNase-containing compartment is specifically disrupted in incompatible pollen tubes, however, is unknown. Here, we circumvented the uptake step of S-RNase by directly expressing S(2)-RNase, S(3)-RNase and non-glycosylated S(3)-RNase of Petunia inflata, with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused at the C-terminus of each protein, in self (incompatible) and non-self (compatible) pollen of transgenic plants. We found that none of these ectopically expressed S-RNases affected the viability or the SI behavior of their self or non-self-pollen/pollen tubes. Based on GFP fluorescence of in vitro-germinated pollen tubes, all were sequestered in both self and non-self-pollen tubes. Moreover, the S-RNase-containing compartment was dynamic in living pollen tubes, with movement dependent on the actin-myosin-based molecular motor system. All these results suggest that glycosylation is not required for sequestration of S-RNase expressed in pollen tubes, and that the cytosol of pollen is the site of the cytotoxic action of S-RNase in SI.
Ovarian remnant syndrome.

Objective This study was undertaken to examine surgical management of patients with ovarian remnant syndrome. Study design Data were abstracted from records of patients with a history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy who were treated surgically at Mayo Clinic between 1985 and 2003 for pathologically confirmed residual ovarian tissue. A follow-up questionnaire was also mailed. Results Records review identified 186 patients (mean age, 37.6 years; mean follow-up, 1.2 years). Of 180 patients with available data, 153 (85%) underwent oophorectomy by laparotomy, 13 (7%) by laparoscopy, and 14 (8%) by transvaginal approach, mostly for endometriosis (56.8%). Of 186 patients, 105 (57%) presented with pelvic masses and 89 (48%) with pelvic pain. Remnant ovarian tissue was associated with a corpus luteum in 78 (42%) and endometriosis in 54 (29%). The intraoperative complication rate was 9.6%. Of 142 patients, 12 (9%) required subsequent re-exploration (1 ovarian remnant identified). Conclusion This heavily pretreated population has modest risk of bowel, bladder, or ureteral trauma with definitive pelvic sidewall stripping and apical vaginal excision. However, subsequent recurrence is minimal (
Variability on steep, confined topography

Analytical f-plane wave characteristics forced by abrupt topography are computed and compared to numerical solutions. The topography is assumed to be both confined and steep and relative vorticity is not neglected, points that contrast the present study with some recent analyses. Both baroclinic and barotropic cases are considered. It is argued that such waves possess a number of unusual linear dispersive and nonlinear steepening tendencies. For example, baroclinic waves on finite topography mix barotropic and baroclinic dynamics in a manner distinct from those on weak topography. Their nonlinear behavior also discriminates strongly between on and offshore directions in amplitude and scale. Westward group velocities for weak topography are typical only for varicose waves, which does seem to characterize some observed waves. Finite topography however, routinely supports westward group velocities for sinuous and varicose waves because it is effective at filtering barotropic dynamics. It is thus suggested that the intersection of isopycnals with topography introduces a qualitative change to the dynamics of topographic variability.
The mechanical properties of Al alloys reinforced with continuous Al2O3 fibers

Abstract The mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites unidirectionally reinforced with Al2O3 fibers have been measured and characterized in longitudinal and transverse tension, as well as in shear. The flow strengths in transverse tension and shear are found to exceed those of the matrices, although the ductilities are lower. The strengthening is generally consistent with the development of plastic constraint in the matrix around well-bonded fibers, subject to the in situ properties of the matrix being known from independent measurements. The properties in longitudinal tension are found to involve interactions between fibers, such that fiber bundle strengths are not achieved, even when a low strength, pure Al matrix is used. Instead, the strengths are consistent with a crack growth controlled failure mechanism, wherein the strength is governed by the resistance of the material to crack extension from failed fibers.
Scalable fabrication of high performance graphene FETs with self-aligned buried gates

This paper presents a scalable technique to fabricate high performance graphene transistors with self-aligned buried gates process. Graphene FETs with two different structures have been compared and the buried gated structure shows less fringing capacitance and more reliable contacts. The buried-gate graphene transistor shows field-effect mobility of 6,100 cm2/V·s according to the transconductance measurement. This result paves the way for manufacturable high quality graphene transistor technology.
Metal and halogen dependence of the rate effect in hydroamination/ cyclization of unactivated aminoalkenes: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic rates of CCC-NHC hafnium and zirconium pincer complexes

Abstract 1,3-Bis(3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl)benzene dibromide (2b) or 1,3-bis(3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl)benzene dichloride (2c) was reacted with a stoichiometric amount of Zr(NMe2)4 or Hf(NMe2)4 yielding four new early transition metal CCC-N-heterocylic carbene (CCC-NHC) pincer complexes. Two of the CCC-NHC pincer complexes were synthesized via a new methodology, which allowed for a room temperature reaction, shorter reaction times, and slightly less Zr(NMe2)4 or Hf(NMe2)4. The molecular structure of 2-(1,3-bis-3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl-2′-ylidene)phenylene)(dimethylamido)(dibromo)zirconium(IV) (3b) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complexes were evaluated for hydroamination/cyclization of unactivated aminoalkenes yielding pyrrolidines or piperidines. The hydroamination/cyclization rates were dependent upon the halogen or the metal in the complex. The complexes with iodide ligands gave the fastest hydroamination/cyclization rates (I > Br > Cl). The Zr complexes provided faster hydroamination/cyclization rates than the Hf analogs. Use of CCC-NHC ZrI3 complex 5 enhanced the rate of reaction.
Optimal Timing for Group Therapy in the Criminal Justice System

Abstract If rehabilitation is the goal of the criminal justice system, where in that process is a group therapy intervention most appropriate? Group therapy is described as an appropriate and effective vehicle for learning and maintaining prosocial behavior. Inmate characteristics, group approaches in prison, and member templates are some of the significant variables studied, Outcome measures and studies indicate that: participation in group therapy in prison may result in inmate adaptation to prison conditions which negatively impacts upon subsequent adaptation to free society. It is proposed that structured, intensive group therapy be initiated as the inmate prepares to leave the prison system.
Cutaneous tuberculosis of the nose with unusual clinical and histological features leading to a delay in the diagnosis

Summary Five patients are reported who had cutaneous tuberculosis of the nose. All of them had unusual clinical or histological features that led to a delay in establishing the diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to highlight several of these features that would have enabled an earlier diagnosis to be made. The differential diagnosis of lesions occurring on the nose is discussed. The possible mechanisms by which certain diseases are localized to the nose, is explained. The importance of a deep biopsy to obtain representative histopathology is emphasized.
A qualitative study of social facilitators and barriers to health behavior change among persons with serious mental illness.

This qualitative focus group study was conducted to explore social facilitators and barriers to health behavior change in persons with serious mental illness engaged in a healthy lifestyle intervention. Six focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 30 clients stratified by “high” and “low” achievers in the program based on clinically significant weight loss or significant increase in fitness. Thematic analysis of focus group discussions revealed that emotional, practical, and mutual support from family members and significant others were social facilitators to health behavior change, while unhealthy social environments was a barrier. Participants in the “high” achiever group reported more mutual support for health behavior change than participants in the “low” achiever group. Results highlight the need for researchers and clinicians to consider the potential role of family and significant others as health supporters for persons with mental illness who could encourage healthy behavior in the social environment.
Invariant atomic orbitals by radial moment analysis of accurate molecular orbitals

Radial moment analysis of accurate molecular orbitals in extended Slater basis sets reveals approximately invariant atomic orbitals. These atomic orbitals are very similar to the solutions of the Hartree-Fock equations for the free atoms, but small, and possibly significant, regular differences are found. These atomic orbitals provide a suitable standard set of atomic orbitals for semiempirical molecular calculations, and provide theoretical support for the concept of atomic orbitals in molecules. Orbitals for first- and second-row elements and hydrogen are presented. Hydrogen is unique in showing an appreciable variation depending on the atom to which it is bonded.
Analysis and kinetic model of a high-pressure KrI excimer emission in a novel capacitively coupled rf lamp

We report and analyze KrI*/I2 * multi-emission spectra (160–360 nm) generated in a novel capacitively coupled 13.56 MHz rf lamp. The 13.56 MHz rf lamp, configured to avoid electrodes internal to the plasma, is used to generate a number of excimer emissions in the UV and visible spectral regions with potential biological, physical, and chemical application. We found that the total gas pressure strongly influenced the emission efficiency of KrI and I2 excimers in the pressure range of 200 to 1200 torr. A simple kinetic model was developed to explain the observed KrI* and I2 * pressure dependence. This work provides valuable experimental information (in the high pressure regime) for obtaining accurate potential energy curves, to determine the vibrational distribution in the emitting states for KrI.
Racial Contexts' Enduring Influence on Attitudes Toward Poverty*

Objective. This article's objective is to reply to Rodgers (2009) and to expand on the claim that living near poor African Americans influences Americans' views of poverty. Methods. It first presents additional analyses of the 2001 Poverty in America Survey demonstrating that respondents' racial contexts are consistent predictors of attitudes toward poverty. Other contextual variables are not. Results. The article then presents results from an exogenous shock—the post-Katrina migration—to reinforce its claims. Despite the widespread understanding that the evacuees were not to blame for their situation, their arrival in Houston and Baton Rouge led to more individualistic explanations of poverty. Conclusion. This article concludes that even in unlikely cases, racial contexts influence attitudes toward poverty.
Geomorphology: Co-evolution of rivers and plants

River systems have changed through time; the sinuous, stable channels common today developed relatively late in Earth's history. The rock record suggests that a specific type of fixed-channel river system arose after the expansion of arborescence.
Stage II endometrial carcinoma. Results and complications of a combined radiotherapeutic‐surgical approach

Since one third of the patients with Stage II endometrial carcinoma have occult extrauterine pelvic metastases at diagnosis, adequate treatment must include the pelvic lymph nodes and parametria. Eighty-three patients with Stage II endometrial carcinoma were treated between January 1964 and December 1983. Sixty-nine patients (83%) received combined whole-pelvic irradiation and surgery, five (6%) had surgery alone and nine (11%) had radiotherapy alone. Five-year actuarial survival rates were 67%, 60%, and 38%, respectively. No pelvic recurrence occurred in the 69 patients who received the combined therapy, and there was no vaginal recurrence in the 80 patients treated with intracavity radium. There was a significantly lower incidence of pelvic lymph node metastases (P = 0.03) in patients treated with preoperative irradiation. The median time to recurrence was 17 months, with 67% of the recurrences diagnosed before 2 years, and 88% within 5 years. Ten patients (12%) incurred severe complications and three died as a result. Whole-pelvic irradiation, intracavity radium, and hysterectomy are effective treatment for occult pelvic and vaginal disease.
Defective signal transduction via T-cell receptor-CD3 structure in T cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abstract T cells from patients with active RA are known to produce low levels of IL-2 and proliferate poorly in response to various mitogenic stimuli. The present work shows that cross-linking of CD3 antigen on patients' T- cell surface induces two-to threefold lower Ca 2+ response than in T cells from age-matched controls. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that the attenuated signal may be due to the suppressed expression of CD3 and/or CD45 molecules on patients' T cells. In the majority of the patients, the level of CD45 expression is reduced by 60%–70% as compared with that in the control T cells. Therefore, the poor mitogenic response of patient cells is apparently due to a deffect in early stages of signal transduction through the T-cell receptor (TCR-CD3).
Combination Antifungal Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis Infection in Liver Transplant Recipients: Report of Two Patients

Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients is associated with mortality of approximately 100%. The search for optimal therapy has led clinicians to administer antifungal combinations. Two orthotopic liver transplant recipients developed invasive aspergillosis (pulmonary and perivertebral) after transplantation and were treated with combination antifungal therapy consisting of liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole. Although both patients were initially stabilized, they died after 94 and 138 days of antifungal therapy, respectively. Presumably, aspergillosis was the principal cause of death. Antifungal serum concentrations and fungicidal titers in both patients indicated that the drugs may have been antagonistic and thus detrimental.
Reaching consensus and highlighting future directions for research: the osteoarthritis summit breakout sessions.

The major goal of the Summit was to foster discussion among the participants in an effort to reach consensus on important topics in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and to highlight future directions for research. To that end, long breakout sessions were held at the end of both days of the summit. Here, we provide a summary of the sessions. To focus the discussion, participants were challenged to develop answers to questions posed by the co-chairs (addressed below). Much of the discussion was also focused around a proposal from John Hardin of the Arthritis Foundation to develop a concentrated, multidisciplinary, multi-institutional effort centered on the stabilization of cartilage matrix after joint trauma. Applying candidate pharmacologic agents and detecting the resulting stabilization with new imaging and molecular biomarkers could be a way to achieve concrete progress in preventing OA (see John Hardin’s article elsewhere in this supplement).
Demonstration of entangled-photon ellipsometry

We report on experimental demonstration of entangled-photon quantum ellipsometry using semiconductor samples.
2-Thienylchlorocarbene: reactivity toward alkenes

Absolute rate constants for the additions of syn- and anti-2-thienylchlorocarbenes to various alkenes have been measured. The reactivity, selectivity, and structures of these species were characterized experimentally and computationally.
Molecular Mechanics Force Field for Modeling Technetium(V) Complexes.

A molecular mechanics (MM) force field is reported for modeling square pyramidal complexes of the Tc-(V) oxo group, which, as the {sup 99m}Tc radioisotope, are important in diagnostic nuclear medicine. A novel aspect of the parametrization is the inclusion of significant barriers to rotation about the Tc-L bonds. These barriers to rotation are interpreted in terms of overlap between filled p {pi} orbitals on the donor atoms and oxygen and d orbitals on the Tc.
Aortoiliac elongation after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Background Aortoiliac elongation after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is not well studied. We sought to assess the long-term morphologic changes after EVAR and identify potentially modifiable factors associated with such a change. Methods An institutional review board–approved retrospective review was conducted for 88 consecutive patients who underwent EVAR at a single academic center from 2003 to 2007 and who also had at least 2 follow-up computed tomography angiograms (CTAs) available for review up to 5 years after surgery. Standardized centerline aortic lengths and diameters were obtained on Aquarius iNtuition 3D workstation (TeraRecon Inc., San Mateo, CA) on postoperative and all-available follow-up CTAs. Relationships to aortic elongation were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum test or linear regression (Stata version 12.1, College Station, TX). Changes in length over time were determined by mixed-effects analysis (SAS version 9.3, Cary, NC). Results The study cohort was composed of mostly men (88%), with a mean age of (76 ± 8) and a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range, 0.4–7.5 years). Fifty-seven percent of patients ( n = 50) had devices with suprarenal fixation and 43% ( n = 38) had no suprarenal fixation. Significant lengthening was observed over the study period in the aortoiliac segments, but not in the iliofemoral segments. Aortoiliac elongation over time was not associated with sex ( P = 0.3), hypertension ( P = 0.7), coronary artery disease ( P = 0.3), diabetes ( P = 0.3), or tobacco use ( P = 0.4), but was associated with the use of statins ( P = 0.03) and the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( P = 0.02). Significant aortic lengthening was associated with increased type I endoleaks ( P = 0.03) and reinterventions ( P = 0.03). Over the study period, 4 different devices were used; Zenith (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, IN), Talent (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), Aneuryx (Medtronic), and Excluder (W. L. Gore and Associates Inc., Flagstaff, AZ). After adjusting for differences in proximal landing zone, significant differences in aortic lengthening over time were observed by device type ( P = 0.02). Conclusions Significant aortoiliac elongation was observed after EVAR. Such morphologic changes may impact long-term durability of EVAR, warranting further investigation into factors associated with these morphologic changes.
Weak Commutativity in Idempotent Semirings

Let U be the variety of idempotent semirings satisfying xy + yx = yx + xy. We give a description of the lattice L(U) of subvarieties of U: L(U) happens to be a 662-element distributive lattice which is isomorphic to a subdirect product of the lattices L(S+ l) and L(S. l), where L(S+ l) [L(S. l)] denotes the variety of all idempotent semirings whose additive [multiplicative] reduct is a semilattice. In particular, U = L(S+ l) ⋁ L(S. l). Every subvariety of U is finitely generated and finitely based. If S ∈ U, then both the additive reduct and the multiplicative reduct of S are regular bands. The structural relevance of the least U-congruence is investigated.
Multiple Factors Influence Calcium Synchronization in Arterial Vasomotion

The intercellular synchronization of spontaneous calcium (Ca2+) oscillations in individual smooth muscle cells is a prerequisite for vasomotion. A detailed mathematical model of Ca2+ dynamics in rat mesenteric arteries shows that a number of synchronizing and desynchronizing pathways may be involved. In particular, Ca2+-dependent phospholipase C, the intercellular diffusion of inositol trisphosphate (IP3, and to a lesser extent Ca2+), IP3 receptors, diacylglycerol-activated nonselective cation channels, and Ca2+-activated chloride channels can contribute to synchronization, whereas large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels have a desynchronizing effect. Depending on the contractile state and agonist concentrations, different pathways become predominant, and can be revealed by carefully inhibiting the oscillatory component of their total activity. The phase shift between the Ca2+ and membrane potential oscillations can change, and thus electrical coupling through gap junctions can mediate either synchronization or desynchronization. The effect of the endothelium is highly variable because it can simultaneously enhance the intercellular coupling and affect multiple smooth muscle cell components. Here, we outline a system of increased complexity and propose potential synchronization mechanisms that need to be experimentally tested.