cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Pulmonary and Systemic Blood Flow by 2-Dimensional Doppler Echocardiography Using Fast Fourier Transform Spectral Analysis

Abstract This study was designed to assess the accuracy and problems of noninvasively measuring right and left cardiac output by range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Sixteen children with cardiac disease, aged 3 months to 17 years, served as the subjects; 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiographic data were unobtainable in 2 children, leaving 14 for study. Diagnoses included shunt lesions, valvular abnormalities, coarctation, repaired defects, and Kawasaki's disease. The equipment for this study included a 2-dimensional echocardiographic Doppler sample volume locator. The Doppler frequency shift was analyzed by fast Fourier transform. Twenty 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiographic measurements (10 pulmonary and 10 aortic) were made simultaneously with indicator dilution outputs or angiographic outputs. In 4 subjects, 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiographic aortic outputs were not possible. For this study, vessel diameter was determined by both echocardiography and angiography, Doppler intercept angle by 2-dimensional echocardiography, and velocity by 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Comparison of cardiac output measurements obtained by invasive methods and by 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography (angiographic vessel measurement) showed a correlation of +0.94 (standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.53) with a slope of y = 0.83 × + 0.61, indicating that the slope and line of identity were almost equal and the offset from 0 was small. For 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography (echocardiographic vessel measurement), the correlation was +0.94 for aortic flow but only +0.72 for pulmonary flow. Problems encountered in some patients included turbulence, which made velocity measurements unreliable, difficulty in obtaining aortic flow by Doppler echocardiography due to transducer configuration, and measurement of pulmonary diameter by echocardiography. The results indicate that 2-dimensional range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiographic outputs are accurate under conditions of nonturbulent or minimally turbulent flow and adequate imaging, but only when vessel diameter can be accurately measured.
Research issues in systems development prototyping

The systems development function is changing. A recent survey by Alloway and Quillard indicates that the demand for new systems is shifting away from transaction processing systems and toward managerial support systems [3]. The survey also points out large known and invisible backlogs in systems development requests. These changing demands are happening in conjunction with new developments in hardware and software technology. As changes occur in demand and technology, the systems development function strives to attain a high level of user satisfaction. Prototyping is suggested as a method for building better systems, faster.
Is Equilibrium Indexation Efficient

This paper investigates the welfare properties of equilibrium indexation in a decentralized economy. If indexation is costless, so all firms index, then the equilibrium degree of indexation is efficient. But if indexation is costly and this leads some firms not to index, equilibrium indexation is inefficient because indexation has externalities for nonindexed firms. Firms choose too little indexation if labor demand is more responsive to movements in real money than to movements in real wages. The results do not depend on the relative importance of real and nominal shocks.
Multiple-Model Adaptive Control of Blood Pressure Using Sodium Nitroprusside

This paper presents a multiple-model adaptive control procedure for sodium nitroprusside regulation of arterial pressure. Pole-placement, via state-variable feedback, is included in the controller to achieve desired performance characteristics. A Smith predictor in the controller effectively removes the infusion delay time, thus simplifying the control analysis and design. Proportional-plus-integral control is used to achieve zero steady-state error. Computer simulations on linear transfer function models with varying gains, time constants, and infusion delays demonstrate the robustness of this multiple-model controller. Additional simulations on nonlinear, pulsatile-flow cardiovascular models lend further support to the ultimate use of this controller for blood-pressure regulation.
Fractal to classical crossover of chemical reactions

Abstract Computer simulations on binary reactions of random walkers (A + A → A) on two- and three-dimensional percolation clusters bear out the recent superuniversality conjecture (integrated reaction rate α t 213 ). Moreover, the fractal-to-euclidean crossover ( t 213 to t dependence) parallels that of the single walker.
Observations of inflorescence patterns and flower sex in a population of Sagittaria papillosa Buch. (Alismataceae)

Abstract Sagittaria papillosa Buch. is monoecious with unisexual flowers, pistillate below, staminate above, typically with an unbranched scape. A large population with unusual numbers of staminate and bisexual flowers on the lowest whorl of the inflorescence and many particles was quantitatively evaluated. First-formed inflorescences had more staminate and bisexual flowers than those produced later. Branched scapes were predominantly found to be the second inflorescence produced by a given plant. Genetic crosses between flowers on recemes and panicles produced no branched inflorescences. When grown under greenhouse conditions all tested plants had racemes with pistillate flowers in the lower whorls and staminate ones above. Data from soil parameters, daylengths and air temperatures are compared to reported information on modification of flower sexuality by these factors.
Cloning, characterization and chromosomal assignment of NBC4, a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family.

Abstract We report the cloning, characterization and chromosomal assignment of a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) family, NBC4, from human heart. NBC4 maps to chromosome 2p13 and is a new candidate gene for Alstrom syndrome. NBC4 encodes a 1074-residue polypeptide with 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. Unlike other members of the NBC family, NBC4 has a unique glycine-rich region (amino acids 438–485). In addition, NBC4 lacks the lysine-rich C-terminus of NBC1 with which it is most homologous. The first of two putative stilbene binding motifs (K(M/L)(X)K) is lacking in NBC4 (amino acids 655–658). The ∼6 kb NBC4 transcript is moderately expressed in heart, with the highest expression in liver, testes and spleen.
Importance of catalyst dispersion in the gasification of lignite chars

Abstract Lignite chars were prepared in N2 under widely varying conditions of pyrolysis heating rate, temperature, and residence time. Their reactivities were measured by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis in 0.1 MPa air. A major decrease in char reactivity was observed with increasing severity of heat-treatment conditions. The relatively high gasification reactivity of lignite chars, compared to those obtained from higher rank coals, is due to the catalytic effect of the initially very highly dispersed CaO on the char surface. Char deactivation is caused primarily by CaO crystallite growth, measured by X-ray diffraction line broadening. When the reactivities of the various chars are expressed as turnover frequencies, i.e., per unit catalyst site, differences in observed rates of about 200 times are reduced to within 1 order of magnitude. Thus, it has been shown that the commonly observed and heretofore empirically treated lignite char deactivation with increasing severity of pyrolysis conditions can be correlated with a decrease in a measurable fundamental property of the chars: catalyst dispersion.
Abridgment of telephone interference from A-C generators: Feeding directly on line with neutral grounded

The problem of telephone interference from a-c. generators, feeding directly on the line with neutral grounded, is discussed. It is shown that the triple and non-triple harmonics in the voltage wave shape cause currents which flow in different paths on the power system. As a result of this, the induction on paralleling telephone lines per ampere of triple harmonic is greater than the induction per ampere for a non-triple harmonic on a balanced power system. A method of measurement which would allow a rough comparison of the effects to be expected from both types of harmonics is suggested. This is based upon using the apparatus already available and setting up special connections for test. Data are given showing the results of such measurements made in the factory on a number of machines while they were being tested. Analyses are given of the wave shape of machines which gave rise to cases of interference. References are given to some of the data already published on methods which have been applied to relieve such situations.
On Tests for Equicorrelation Coefficient of a Standard Symmetric Multivariate Normal Distribution

Summary Sampson (1976, 1978) has considered applications of the standard symmetric multivariate normal (SSMN) distribution and the estimation of its equi-correlation coefficient, ρ. Tests for ρ are considered here. The likelihood ratio test suffers from several theoretical and practical shortcomings. We propose the locally most powerful (LMP) test which is globally (one-sided) unbiased, very simple to compute and is based on the best natural unbiased estimator of ρ. Exact null and non-null distributions of the test statistic are presented and percentage points are given. Statistical curvature (Efron, 1975) indicates that its performance improves with mk (sample size × dimension) while exact power computations show that even for reasonably small values of mk the performance is quite encouraging. Recalling Brown's (1971) cautions we establish by local comparison with the LMP similar test for ρ in the SMN (Rao, 1973) distribution, that here the additional information on the mean and variance is quite worthwhile.
Computing mating bull fertility from DHI nonreturn data.

Animal model methodology was used to compute yearly measures of relative fertility of Holstein AI mating bulls based upon 70-d nonreturn of first breedings as reported to U.S. DHIA from 1988 through 1997. Estimated Relative Conception Rates (ERCR) were computed for bulls with a minimum of 50 first breedings in a single year using variance ratios 45.5 for mating bull, 45.5 for animal genetic effects, and 31 for permanent environment. The model assumed repeatability across lactations of 0.05 and included fixed effects of herd-year-month bred and classes of parity, early lactation energy-corrected milk and days open when bred. Estimates of fertility were greater for breedings to cows that were young, had low early lactation production, and were in late stages of lactation. ERCR were expressed as difference in nonreturn from the average AI mating bull of herdmates. Values ranged from -18 to +13. For ERCR computed from a minimum of 1000 breedings, 90% were within four units of zero. Early ERCR computed from a few breedings in a single year were tested for ability to predict later ERCR computed from a minimum of 1000 different breedings. Early ERCR computed from 300 or more matings accurately predicted later independent ERCR. For yearly estimates each based upon a minimum of 1000 breedings, 8% changed more than three units, and 4% declined more than three units. Correlations between ERCR and predicted transmitting abilities protein and type production index were significant but accounted for little variance. Correlations between ERCR and other traits were not significant.
Cardiolipin synthesis for the assembly of bacterial and mitochondrial membranes

In this article, the formation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cardiolipin is reviewed in light of its biological function. I begin with a detailed account of the structure of cardiolipin, its stereochemistry, and the resulting physical properties, and I present structural analogs of cardiolipin that occur in some organisms. Then I continue to discuss i) the de novo formation of cardiolipin, ii) its acyl remodeling, iii) the assembly of cardiolipin into biological membranes, and iv) the degradation of cardiolipin, which may be involved in apoptosis and mitochondrial fusion. Thus, this article covers the entire metabolic cycle of this unique phospholipid. It is shown that mitochondria produce cardiolipin species with a high degree of structural uniformity and molecular symmetry, among which there is often a dominant form with four identical acyl chains. The subsequent assembly of cardiolipin into functional membranes is largely unknown, but the analysis of crystal structures of membrane proteins has revealed a first glimpse into the underlying principles of cardiolipin-protein interactions. Disturbances of cardiolipin metabolism are crucial in the pathophysiology of human Barth syndrome and perhaps also play a role in diabetes and ischemic heart disease.
Heteroplasmy in Chronic External Ophthalmoplegia: Clinical and Molecular Observations

ABSTRACT: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) describes a recognizable clinical syndrome frequently associated with variable dysfunction in other organ systems. Histochemical and biochemical studies suggested primary dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation. This has recently been confirmed by demonstration of partially deleted as well as normal mitochondrial DNA—heteroplasmy—in some of these patients, most of them sporadic. In the six heteroplasmic CPEO patients that we have examined to date, the partially deleted species has been detected in all tissues tested, albeit in vastly different proportions. We report here detection of physiologically significant proportions of partially deleted mitochondrial DNA in several organs taken at autopsy from a CPEO patient with severe multisystem disease. We discuss the relationship of CPEO to several other clinical phenotypes associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and discuss the possible implications of heteroplasmy for the development of variable phenotypes.
Precarious Generation: Women Writers and Reproduction in Catalonia

Sobre el tema de la reproduccio i la fecunditat en la literatura catalana, sobretot en obres escrites per dones. L'estudi parteix de la premisa que les problematiques relacionades amb el creixement (o decreixement) demografic han estat historicament un tema de debat recurrent a Catalunya.
Experimental investigation of the energy dependence and evidence for the softness of the He/Ni(110) potential

Helium-diffraction experiments on Ni(110) were performed with incident energies Ei between 17 and 270 meV for different angles of incidence θi different azimuthai orientations α of the sample, and surface temperatures of 100 and 200 K. with the aim of obtaining information on the dependence of the corrugation function on the effective incoming energy Eiz = Ei cos2θi. Hard-wall fits of both in-plane and out-of-plane intensities yielded the coefficients ζ(10) and ζ(01) which describe the corrugation amplitudes parallel and perpendicular to the close-packed Ni rows, respectively. Too small values of ζ(10) and ζ(01) were systematically observed whenever the coefficients were determined by in-plane beams, the deviations becoming larger with increasing θ1,. This can be understood qualitatively on the basis of calculations using a soft exponential potential performed recently by Armand. The present results indicate that the corrugation parameters can be determined reliably at small θi; effects due to the finite steepness of the potential become pronounced at medium and large θi and should permit determination of softness parameters. The results allow the conclusion that ζ(01) = 0.075 A is practically independent of energy, whereas ζ(10) increases from < 0.02 A to 0.055 A with increasing Eiz. These findings are discussed in connection with recent theoretical calculations of surface electron densities performed by Hamann and Manninen et al.
Design windows for low-high-low GaAs IMPATT's

An idealized device model is employed to determine the optimum material parameters for low-high-low (LHL) GaAs IMPATT's. Experimental efficiencies of 15-GHz devices indicate the model is of considerable utility for LHL GaAs IMPATT design.
Diffusion limited aggregation without branching: A brief overview

Abstract Diffusion limited aggregation without branching is a model of irreversible growth where the accreting particles move diffusively and the rules determining the growth of the cluster force a very simple structure on the resulting aggregates. The simplicity of the model makes it possible to give a more complete theoretical treatment than in other diffusive growth processes. Here a brief overview is given of the available simulation results and of the theoretical work: these results are compared with those obtained for ordinary DLA.
Sequences of three transfer RNAs from mosquito mitochondria

The sequences of three transfer RNAs from mosquito cell mitochondria, tRNAArgUCG, tRNAAspGUC, and tRNAIleGAU, determined using a combination of rapid ladder and fingerprinting procedures are reported. These were compared with hamster mitochondrial tRNAArgUCG and tRNAAspGUC determined similarly, and a bovine mitochondrial tRNAIleGAU determined using a somewhat different approach. The primary sequences of the mosquito tRNAs were 35 to 65% homologous to the corresponding mammalian mitochondrial species, and bore little homology to "conventional" (bacterial or eucaryotic cytoplasmic) tRNA. The modification status of the mosquito mitochondrial tRNAs resembled that of mammalian mitochondrial tRNA. The results contribute to the generalization that metazoan mitochondrial tRNA constitutes a distinctive, albeit loosely structured, phylogenetic group.
Circulating acylcarnitines as biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction after acetaminophen overdose in mice and humans

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic. However, APAP overdose is hepatotoxic and is the primary cause of acute liver failure in the developed world. The mechanism of APAP-induced liver injury begins with protein binding and involves mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Recent efforts to discover blood biomarkers of mitochondrial damage have identified increased plasma glutamate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial DNA concentration in APAP overdose patients. However, a problem with these markers is that they are too large to be released from cells without cell death or loss of membrane integrity. Metabolomic studies are more likely to reveal biomarkers that are useful at early time points, before injury begins. Similar to earlier work, our metabolomic studies revealed that acylcarnitines are elevated in serum from mice after treatment with toxic doses of APAP. Importantly, a comparison with furosemide demonstrated that increased serum acylcarnitines are specific for mitochondrial dysfunction. However, when we measured these compounds in plasma from humans with liver injury after APAP overdose, we could not detect any significant differences from control groups. Further experiments with mice showed that N-acetylcysteine, the antidote for APAP overdose in humans, can reduce acylcarnitine levels in serum. Altogether, our data do not support the clinical measurement of acylcarnitines in blood after APAP overdose due to the standard N-acetylcysteine treatment in patients, but strongly suggest that acylcarnitines would be useful mechanistic biomarkers in other forms of liver injury involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
Non-linear refractive indices of CS2-CCI4 mixtures

We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
What is Your Guess? An Unlikely Pregnancy

### CASE DESCRIPTION A 46-year-old woman presented for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion of C5/C6 and C6/C7 vertebrae to treat a cervical myelopathy. She had a history of anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and mild intellectual impairment. She denied any recent sexual activity, but was 2 weeks late for her menstrual cycle. A serum point-of-care human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test was interpreted as positive but a urine point-of-care hCG test was interpreted as negative and a quantitative serum hCG was <2 IU/L (reference …
HERDING SPECIES: Biosecurity, Posthuman Labor, and the American Industrial Pig

This article examines microbial ecologies and industrial ontologies as they unfold in the animal worlds created by the American factory farm. Based in a hundred-mile radius region of the U.S. Great Plains—where some seven million hogs are annually manufactured from prelife to postdeath—it unpacks agribusiness managers’ varied modes of socio-ecological intervention once porcine overproduction causes disease to breach the indoor spaces of confinement barns. Maintaining the genetic potency of modern industrial animals requires managers to appraise how the pig has become intertwined with wind patterns, terrain gradations, and humanity. One result is that corporations are enacting intimate biosecurity protocols in workers’ domestic homes, a move that frames human sociality as a reservoir sheltering porcine disease. Workers are reimagined as a threat to the vitality of industrial hogs in ways that subtly alter the value of human livelihood and autonomy in this region. To situate how rural work became ambiguously posthuman, this essay develops a political economy of speciation. It inhabits managers’ abstract technologies that allow them to become attuned to the industrial pig as a fragile and world-defining species in need of new types of laboring subjectivity, while analyzing the postanthropocentric politics of class and value in a zone reorganized around forms of capitalist animality.
Structural distinction among inositol phosphate isomers using high-energy and low-energy collisional-activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization.

Electrospray (ESI) collisional-activated dissociation (CAD) tandem mass spectrometric methods for the structural characterization of inositol phosphates (InsPs) using both quadrupole and sector mass spectrometers are described. Under low-energy CAD, the [M + H]+ ions of the positional isomers of inositol phosphates, including inositol mono-, bis- and trisphosphates, yield distinguishable product-ion spectra, which are readily applicable for isomer differentiation. In contrast, the product-ion spectra arising from high-energy CAD (2 keV collision energy, floating at 50%) tandem sector mass spectrometry are less applicable for isomer identification. The differences in the product-ion spectrum profiles among the aforementioned InsP isomers become more substantial and differentiation of positional isomers can be achieved when the collison energy is reduced to 1 keV (floating at 75%). These results demonstrate that the applied collision energies play a pivotal role in the fragmentations upon CAD. The product-ion spectra are similar among the positional isomers of inositol tetrakisphosphates and of inositol pentakisphosphates. Thus, isomeric distinction for these two inositol polyphosphate classes could not be established by the tandem mass spectrometric methods that have achieved such distinctions for the less highly phosphorylated inositol phosphate classes. Under both high- and low-energy CAD, the protonated molecular species of all InsPs undergo similar fragmentation pathways, which are dominated by the consecutive losses of H2O, HPO3 and H3PO4. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Long-Term Effect of Antibiotic-Impregnated Catheters on Bloodstream Infection Rate in a PICU

Abstract BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections are the most common reported healthcare-associated infections in pediatric facilities. To measure the effect, we compare catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) rates for antibiotic-impregnated (rifampin/minocycline) catheters (AIC) to non-impregnated catheters (NAIC) in a PICU. Interventions such as the use of maximum barrier precautions (1998), handwashing compliance campaign (2000/2001), and chlorohexidine prep (2003) prior to catheter insertion also occurred. METHODS: Prospective, observational study conducted in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a children's hospital over 5-year period (1999–2003). CRBSI definitions are from National Nosocomial Surveillance System. Infection control professionals collected catheter days and reviewed medical record to determine if CR-BSI was present. The Intensivist determined type of catheter. Duration of catheterization, location of catheter, pediatric risk index (PRISM), and age of the patient were collected for analysis. RESULTS: The mean rate of CR-BSI in the study period has been 5.0/1000 (range = 3.8/1000–6.1/1000), which is significantly lower than the preceding 5-year period (mean 9.2, range = 7.2/1000 − 9.7/1000) [{ P =0.006]. The rate of CRBSI in AIC (4.6/1000) (range = 3.3 − 5.8/1000) is lower compared to NAIC (7.2/1000) (range = 5.4–9.1/1000) during this time period. This is in spite of the fact that AIC were placed for a longer duration (11 days versus 9 days), and placed in patients with higher mean PRISM scores (19.5 versus 13.3) and younger mean age (4 years versus 11 years) as compared to NAIC. CONCLUSION: The introduction of AIC has contributed significantly to a decline in the rate of CR-BSI in pediatric ICU patients.
Women on the Fault Lines of Faith: Pussy Riot and the Insider/Outsider Challenge to Post-Soviet Orthodoxy

This article examines the explosive reaction to ‘Punk Prayer’ as a religious act. It argues that the power of the performance as iconoclash resulted from the fact that it tapped, resonated with, and disturbed Russia’s Orthodox culture through its appropriation of Orthodox sound, space, and symbols – namely, the image of Mary, the Mother of God. The perceived position of its performers as insiders or outsiders to Orthodoxy, the evaluation of the sincerity of Punk Prayer as prayer, and the paradoxical role that gender played in shaping these perceptions contributed to the tumultuous response.
Wide area information accesses and the information gateways

The various information access methods will be consolidated into a general and global solution in the future. We propose that the solution should be based on the information gateway model, in which a user can access information by navigating through layers of objects starting from the information brokers represented by the gateways, and by specifying various queries at any level of the navigation layer. This gateway model and its system structure represent a "standard" user and system interface for future information accessing and logical data association. >
Pain complaints in patients with fibromyalgia versus chronic fatigue syndrome.

Individuals with fibromyalgia (FM) and/or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) report arthralgias and myalgias. However, only persons with FM alone exhibit abnormal pain responses to mild levels of stimulation, or allodynia. We identify the abnormalities in the neuroendocrine axes that are common to FM and CFS as well as the abnormalities in central neuropeptide levels and functional brain activity that differentiate these disorders. These two sets of factors, respectively, may account for the similiarities and differences in the pain experiences of persons with FM and CFS.
Identification of the Plasmodium berghei resistance locus 9 linked to survival on chromosome 9

Background: One of the main causes of mortality from severe malaria in Plasmodium falciparum infections is cerebral malaria (CM). An important host genetic component determines the susceptibility of an individual to develop CM or to clear the infection and become semi-immune. As such, the identification of genetic loci associated with susceptibility or resistance may serve to modulate disease severity. Methodology: The Plasmodium berghei mouse model for experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) reproduces several disease symptoms seen in human CM, and two different phenotypes, a susceptible (FVB/NJ) and a resistant mouse strain (DBA/2J), were examined. Results: FVB/NJ mice died from infection within ten days, whereas DBA/2J mice showed a gender bias: males survived on average nineteen days and females either died early with signs of ECM or survived for up to three weeks. A comparison of brain pathology between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J showed no major differences with regard to brain haemorrhages or the number of parasites and CD3+ cells in the microvasculature. However, significant differences were found in the peripheral blood of infected mice: For example resistant DBA/2J mice had significantly higher numbers of circulating basophils than did FVB/NJ mice on day seven. Analysis of the F2 offspring from a cross of DBA/2J and FVB/NJ mice mapped the genetic locus of the underlying survival trait to chromosome 9 with a Lod score of 4.9. This locus overlaps with two previously identified resistance loci (char1 and pymr) from a blood stage malaria model. Conclusions: Survival best distinguishes malaria infections between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J mice. The importance of char1 and pymr on chromosome 9 in malaria resistance to P. berghei was confirmed. In addition there was an association of basophil numbers with survival.
Effects of Interstitial Solutes on the Microstructures of Self-Ion Irradiated Vanadium

Vanadium and vanadium containing 0.1 percent C, 0.4 percent C, 1.0 percent N, and 1.0 percent O were irradiated with 3-MeV /sup 51/V/sup +/ ions in the temperature range 650 to 880/sup 0/C to a dose level of approximately 20 dpa. The results show that nitrogen is most effective in controlling the void swelling. Carbon and oxygen also suppress the swelling considerably when compared with unalloyed vanadium. Except for V-1.0 percent N, all compositions exhibit a fine platelet precipitate with (012) habit at 650/sup 0/C. In the case of vanadium-carbon alloys, this phase persisted even at higher temperatures. Vanadium and V-1.0 percent O showed fine precipitation on dislocations and void surfaces at 880/sup 0/C. V-0.1 percent C exhibited a metastable (013) carbide precipitate at 880/sup 0/C, whereas V-0.4 percent C showed equilibrium V/sub 2/C phase with some (012) precipitates. This (012) precipitation was irradiation induced and was dependent upon the carbon concentration. V-1.0 percent N did not show any evidence of precipitation over the entire temperature range.
Key anticipated regulatory issues for clinical use of human induced pluripotent stem cells

The production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has greatly expanded the realm of possible stem cell-based regenerative medicine therapies and has particularly exciting potential for autologous therapies. However, future therapies based on hiPSCs will first have to address not only similar regulatory issues as those facing human embryonic stem cells with the US FDA and international regulatory agencies, but also hiPSCs have raised unique concerns as well. While the first possible clinical use of hiPSCs remains down the road, as a field it would be wise for us to anticipate potential roadblocks and begin formulating solutions. In this article, I discuss the potential regulatory issues facing hiPSCs and propose some potential changes in the direction of the field in response. Original submitted 20 April 2012; Revised submitted 25 May 2012; Published online 26 July 2012
The western Pacific brachyuran (Hemigrapsus sanguineus: Grapsidae), in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: geographic distribution and ecology

McDermott, J. J. 1998. The western Pacific brachyuran (Hemigrapsus sanguineus: Grapsidae), in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: geographic distribution and ecology. ‐ ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55: 289‐298. The Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1853), discovered on the coast of New Jersey in 1988, is now known to be distributed in the western Atlantic from Massachusetts (south of Boston) to Oregon Inlet, North Carolina. Living in the mid to upper rocky intertidal zone, it exploits a niche mostly unoccupied by native brachyurans. In the northern part of its range there is some mid-intertidal overlap with the green crab, Carcinus maenas. In North Carolina H. sanguineus becomes sympatric in the high intertidal with another grapsid, the wharf crab, Armases cinereum. Distributional evidence indicates that H. sanguineus was probably introduced via ballast water at one or more major shipping centres south of Cape Cod (i.e. the New York Bight, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay), perhaps in the early 1980s. Its present latitudinal range in the western Atlantic is only about one-fifth of that in the western Pacific. H. sanguineus is now the most abundant brachyuran at the intertidal monitoring site in southern New Jersey, and apparently in some areas of Long Island Sound to the north. In New Jersey, crabs range in carapace width from 2.3 to 43.9 mm. The breeding season is from late April through September, and recruitment to the intertidal population begins in June and continues through the fall and winter. Some crabs become subtidal, particularly during the winter months, as evidenced by the growth of bryozoans, mussels and barnacles on their carapaces. There is no evidence in this population of parasitism with metacercariae, nemerteans, rhizocephalans or bopyrid and entoniscid isopods. ? 1998 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Complications After Orthopedic Surgery in Alpacas and Llamas: 24 Cases (2000–2006)

Objective— To report complications associated with orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Alpacas (n=18) and llamas (n=6) that orthopedic surgery using internal or external fixation. Methods— Medical records (January 2000–December 2006) and radiographs were reviewed and owners contacted for follow-up information for alpacas and llamas that had orthopedic surgery involving internal or external fixation. Fourteen camelids had internal fixation, 7 had external fixation, and 3 had a combination of internal and external fixation. Results— Twenty-two animals (92%) were discharged after surgery (mean hospitalization, 15 days). Of 20 animals with ≥1 year follow-up information, 18 were alive (82%). Postoperative complications related to fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or joints occurred in 21 camelids (87%). Thirteen animals returned to their intended use, 4 animals returned to breeding but not their intended use, 4 were euthanatized, and 3 were only able to be used as pets. Conclusions— Fixation type (internal, external) did not have any significant effect on complications involving fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or chronic lameness. Camelids with open fractures were more likely to have complications associated with fracture healing, repair, and infection than closed fractures. Clinical Relevance— Complications after orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas are more common than previously reported and may result in chronic lameness or prevent return to their intended use.
Performance of the Alere Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo Rapid Test with specimens from HIV-1 seroconverters from the US and HIV-2 infected individuals from Ivory Coast

Abstract Background FDA-approved HIV Antigen/Antibody combo (4th generation) immunoassays (IAs) can identify HIV-1 infections before the Western blot (WB) becomes positive. In the US, increased detection of acute HIV infections has been facilitated by using 4th generation IAs, but there is no FDA-approved 4th generation rapid test (RT). The Alere Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo (Determine Combo) RT detects and distinguishes HIV p24 Antigen (Ag) from Antibody (Ab) to HIV-1 + HIV-2 and thus has the potential to improve diagnosis of acute HIV infection. Objective To evaluate the ability of Determine Combo RT to detect acute/early HIV-1 infections and HIV-2 antibody in well-characterized plasma specimens. Study design In HIV-1 seroconverters from the US, Determine Combo reactivity was evaluated by performing the 50% cumulative frequency analysis and by comparing with 3rd and 4th generation IAs’ reactivity. HIV-2 plasma specimens from Ivory Coast were tested with Determine Combo. Results The 50% cumulative frequency analysis in 17 seroconverters placed Determine Combo (Ag+/Ab−, Ag+Ab+, Ag−/Ab+) and Ab-component reactivity at 15.5 and 7 days before WB positivity, respectively. In 26 seroconverters, Determine Combo was reactive in 99.0% and 92.5% of 3rd and 4th generation IAs-reactive specimens, respectively. All HIV-2 plasma specimens were Ab-reactive/Ag-non-reactive by Determine Combo. Conclusions Based on previous results with the same seroconversion panels, combined Ag/Ab reactivity of the Determine Combo appears between FDA-approved 4th and 3rd generation laboratory IAs. These data indicate that this RT could detect HIV-1 infection earlier than other RTs and it performs well in HIV-2 specimens.
Nucleotide sequence of part of the gene for human chorionic somatomammotropin: purification of DNA complementary to predominant mRNA species.

Abstract A novel purification procedure for DNA complementary to individual mRNA species has been developed by using restriction endonuclease cleavage of cDNA transcribed from a complex mixture of mRNAs. This procedure has allowed us to isolate and analyze DNA fragments complementary to the mRNA coding for the human peptide hormone chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS). The mRNA for this hormone is a major constituent of placental polyadenylated RNA as shown by in vitro translation of placental RNA and by nucleic acid hybridization using HCS cDNA as a specific probe. The purification of HCS cDNA was achieved by Hae III and Hha I restriction endonuclease cleavage of single-stranded cDNA synthesized in vitro from total polyadenylated placental RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the products allowed detection and purification of discrete DNA fragments. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of these fragments with that predicted from the amino acid sequence of HCS demonstrated that the fragments are transcripts of HCS mRNA, containing most of the translated and 3′ untranslated regions. The latter region is characterized by a UAG termination codon immediately adjacent to the translated region (a second in phase UAG occurs 9 nucleotides away) and a palindromic sequence (GUGACCCCUCCCCAGUG) centered 27 nucleotides from the termination codon. The purification scheme outlined for HCS cCNA should be applicable to DNA sequences complementary to mRNA species which represent at least 2% of any polyadenylated RNA preparation. This was demonstrated by restriction endonuclease cleavage of cDNA synthesized from a mixture of purified rabbit globin and total polyadenylated human placental RNAs.
The Effects of Group Reinforcement Contingencies in an “Open-Style” Classroom:

This study demonstrated the effectiveness of group reinforcement procedures in managing the disruptive behavior of handicapped and nonhandicapped students in a regular third grade classroom. The pr...
Perspectives on antigenicity and idiotypy.

The recent crystal determination of a lysozyme-antilysozyme complex provides a three-dimensional prototype of the manner in which contacts in idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions may be realized. Such interactions can be approximated by two complementary "flat" surfaces. Each IDR (autoantigenic locus) location might provide a particular recognition feature between two interacting partners. The combinatorial manner in which IDR domains are recognized by anti-idiotypic antibodies describe the repertoire of private and public (crossreactive) idiotopes of an antibody. Several interesting features emerge from consideration of the Ab contact residues in the crystal structure. First, framework residues are implicated in contacting the antigen: Thr 30 (FR1) of the heavy chain and Tyr 49 (FR2) of the kappa light chain. Both of these residues lie within predicted IDRs. Framework regions have recently been suggested to be involved in several anti-idiotypic systems, although such regions have, in the past, been disregarded based solely upon sequence analysis. The surface variability analysis, which identifies the repertoire of complementary interacting surfaces, depicts the immunoglobulin as having more variability than generally thought. This variability may also extend to T cell receptors since T cell chains express an extensive surface variable repertoire similar to that of the immunoglobulin light chains (Kieber-Emmons and Kohler, unpublished). Second, the D region plays a critical role in the generation of the antilysozyme combining sites. Similarly, the D segment makes up the largest component of an IDR. Third, while the CDR3 of the heavy chain contributes most to the antibody-lysozyme complex it is not the most surface-exposed (see Novotny, this issue). Nevertheless, surface variability analysis indicates that this region is generally immunodominant which is also observed experimentally. Together, these results indicate that perhaps certain IDR regions are intrinsically more antigenic. Idiotypic structures must be accessible for antibody recognition and binding. From a structural viewpoint, a single antibody molecule has a continuum or several different combining sites. Subsequently, a single residue can be contained in several overlapping idiotypic determinants. Surface variability analysis suggests that the hypervariable regions of Igs provide a diverse idiotope repertoire that can be utilized for binding. Monoclonal antibodies have been shown to have multiple specificities and this capacity for multiple binding is also intrinsic to the definitions that have emerged for anti-idiotypic antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Identification of yeast oxidized proteins Chromatographic top-down approach for identification of carbonylated, fragmented and cross-linked proteins in yeast

The effects of oxidative stress on the yeast proteome were studied using hydrogen peroxide as the stress agent. Oxidized proteins were isolated by (1) biotinylation of oxidized proteins with biotin hydrazide, (2) affinity selection using monomeric avidin affinity chromatography, and (3) further fractionated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) on a C8 column. Oxidized protein fractions from RPLC were then trypsin digested and the peptide cleavage fragments identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Slightly over 400 proteins were identified. Sites of carbonyl formation were found in roughly one fourth of these proteins. Oxidation on other amino acids in carbonylated peptides was seen in 32 cases while carbonylation was absent in 96 of the oxidized proteins observed. Although there are large numbers of potential oxidation sites, oxidation seemed to be restricted to a small area in most of the proteins identified. Sometimes multiple amino acids in the same tryptic peptide were oxidized. A second trend was that more than 8% of the proteins identified appeared in more than one of the RPLC fractions. Based on the position of the peptides identified in the primary structure of protein candidates derived from databases it was concluded that this occurred by fragmentation of a parent protein. It is not clear from the data whether the fragmentation process was of enzymatic or oxidative origin. Finally, peptides from two or more proteins occurred together in more than one reversed phase fraction with 2% of the proteins identified. This data was interpreted to mean that this was the result of protein cross-linking.
The Hague Agreement on the Protection of Industrial Designs: Strategies to Use and U.S. Choices in Ratification of the Geneva Act

It is well known that how a product looks is very important to product sales. The role of industrial design is to create a product that is convenient for a customer to use, as well as make it visually appealing to customers. Industrial design adds significant value to a basic product, often marking the difference between whether a product will be successful. Once an effective product design is successful, competitors rush in and copy the product, particularly the product appearance. The fact is that a country that can provide the product value added from industrial design will have a stronger economy.This article has four main purposes: (1) It is an introduction to the importance of "industrial design" (referred to alternatively as "design") to the U.S. economy; (2) There is an explanation of how certain industrial designs are protected in the U.S. and in foreign countries, (3) The operation of the Geneva Act is described, along with strategies for its use; and (4) An analysis is made of U.S. progress in ratifying the Geneva Act.
Detection of Helix Fraying in Designed Transmembrane Alpha Helices

Transmembrane helices of integral membrane proteins often have aromatic residues flanking them. The aromatic residues favor locations within the membrane–water interface of a lipid bilayer and may serve as anchors to aid the stabilization of a tilted transmembrane orientation. To further understand the influence of Tyr, Trp or Phe residues upon the properties of helical membrane proteins (see Biochemistry 53, 3637), we have investigated the possibility of partial unwinding near the ends of selected transmembrane helices. For this purpose, we substituted positions 4 and 5 with either two Phe or two Ala residues to generate F4,5GWALP23 (acetyl-GGAF4F5(LA)6LW19LAGA-ethanolamide) or A4,5GWALP23 (acetyl-GGAA4A5(LA)6LW19LAGA-ethanolamide), respectively. By incorporating specific 2H-Ala labels at positions 3 and 21, we are able to compare the influence of interfacial Phe and Ala on the unwinding of the helix ends. Solid state NMR spectra of macroscopically aligned bilayer samples show well defined 2H-Ala quadrupolar splittings for both F4,5GWALP23 and A4,5GWALP23, suggesting that the peptide helices are well oriented in DLPC, DMPC and DOPC lipid bilayers. We are also able to estimate the helix tilt from deuterium labeling of the core alanine residues. Geometric Analysis of Labeled Alanines (GALA) then shows unwinding at the terminals for both F4,5GWALP23 and A4,5GWALP23. It is conceivable that the helix fraying may be critical for the stability of the transmembrane helix orientation in the lipid bilayer membranes.