cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point defect enthalpies in mixed crystals

Abstract The ionic conductivities of Mn 2+ doped AgBr AgCl mixed crystals have been measured. Pure crystals of various AgBr Cl composition from previous measurements, were doped with approx. 10 ppm Mn 2+ by diffusing MnCl 2 into the samples from clean surfaces. The ionic conductivities were measured from 300 to 25°C using standard capacitance bridge techniques. The results have been analyzed using a non-linear least squares fit to Lidiard-Debye-Huckel model to obtain the various defect parameters. As seen previously, the Frenkel defect formation enthalpy ( h f ) varies with Br Cl ratio in a way paralleling the ratio of bulk modulus to dielectric constant, thus reflecting a response to the bulk-average physical properties of the solid solution. The silver vacancy enthalpy of motion ( h v ) decreases as the composition changes from 0 to 50 mole% of AgCl, and then remains relatively constant with further increase in AgCl content. Comparison of plots of h f and h v vs Br Cl composition shows a striking symmetry concerning the number of halide neighbors which affect the various enthalpies. The energy of motion for the silver interstitial decreases linearly with increasing AgCl content, but since this constant is small the trend may not be particularly meaningful.
Effect of Selenium on Appetite in the Selenium-Deficient Chick

Experiments were conducted to determine the initial effects of oral selenium administration on selenium-deficient chicks. Administration of 5 microgram selenium as seleno-DL-methionine increased voluntary feed consumption within 2-3 hours, whereas selenite did not have a significant effect until 3-4 hours. Spontaneous activity, body weight gain and plasma glucose concentration increased 6-8 hours after selenium administration. The earliest response in the specific activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase occurred in plasma at 8 hours and in liver at 24 hours after selenium administration. The onset of pancreatic atrophy, however, was not affected by the level of feed intake suggesting that the effect of selenium upon appetite may be distinct from the involvement of selenium in nutritional pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis.
Bridging the Gap: Supporting Beginning Science Teachers

It is widely recognized that support systems for beginning science teachersfacilitate the process of socialization into the existing school culture (Atkinson D Gold, 1996; Henry, 1989; Loughran, 1994). Beginning scienceteachers need support as they struggle with the mechanics of implementing student-centered inquiry activities in teacher-centered environments (Loughran, 1994; SalishI Research Project, 1997; Sanford, 1988), and they need support as they confrontthe disparity between their student-centered ideology and their survival-basedteacher-centered practice (Salish I Research Project, 1997). Salish I Project (1997)researchers concluded, after following 300 induction science teachers from 11universities, that providing support for secondary science teachers during theirfirst three years is critical if they are to develop and maintain the inquiry-basedclassrooms described in the
Association of protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 with p75 nerve growth factor receptors

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) constitute a family of protein serine-threonine kinases implicated in a variety of cell-signaling pathways. In cultured rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, ERK1 and ERK2 are activated by nerve growth factor (NGF), which also induces rapid association between ERK1 and the high affinity gp140prototrk tyrosine kinase NGF receptor. In the present work, we investigated the possible association between ERKs and the low affinity NGF receptor, p75. Extracts of PC12 cells (before and after NGF treatment) were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-p75 antibodies or antiserum; the immune complexes were then assessed for the presence of ERK proteins and tyrosine phosphorylation or for ERK activity using a specific substrate peptide. ERK1 and, to a lesser extent, ERK2 were found to be constitutively associated with p75. NGF did not modulate the total amount of ERK proteins coimmunoprecipitated with p75 but did markedly stimulate the level of p75-associated ERK catalytic activity. NGF treatment also enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a p75-associated species that co-migrates with ERK1 in Western blots. Finally, K-252a, a compound that specifically inhibits activation by NGF of gp140prototrk, abolished the latter effect. These findings indicate that NGF, via activation of gp140prototrk, leads to association of enzymatically active ERKs with p75 and raise the possibility that this interaction may play a role in the NGF mechanism of action.
An introduction to inequalities

Most people, when they think of mathematics, think first of numbers and equations-the number (x)=that number (y). But professional mathematicians, in dealing with quantities that can be ordered according to their size, often are more interested in unequal magnitudes that are equal. This book provides an introduction to the fascinating world of inequalities beginning with a systematic discussion of the relation 'greater than' and the meaning of 'absolute values' of numbers, and ending with descriptions of some unusual geometries. In the course of the book, the reader will encounter some of the more famous inequalities in mathematics. Starting with the basic order properties of real numbers, this book carries the reader through the classical inequalities of Cauchy, Minkowsky and Horder with many variants and applications. The concluding chapter points the way to other metrics in the plane and the interrelations between geometry (convexity) and algebra (inequalities).
Autosomal dominant parkinson's disease and α‐synuclein

Multiple factors have been hypothesized over the years to be contributory and/or causative for Parkinson's disease (PD). Hereditary factors, although originally discounted, have recently emerged in the focus of PD research. The study of a large Italian family with PD using a genome scan approach led to the mapping of a PD susceptibility gene to the 4q21-q23 genomic region, where the gene for α-synuclein was previously mapped. Mutation analysis of the α-synuclein in four unrelated families with PD revealed a missense mutation segregating with the illness. α-Synuclein is an abundant presynaptic protein in the human brain with unknown function. It is conceivable that the mutation identified in the PD families may result in self-aggregation and/or decreased degradation of the protein, leading to the development of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and eventually to neuronal cell death. Moreover, the discovery of a mutation in the synuclein gene may offer us new insights in the understanding of the pathways that lead to neuronal degeneration.
Review Articles: Uremic Malnutrition: New Insights Into an Old Problem

Uremic malnutrition is highly prevalent and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Inadequate diet and a state of persistent catabolism play major roles in predisposing these patients to uremic malnutrition and appear to have an additive effect on overall outcome. Recent studies highlight the existence of a complex syndrome involving chronic inflammation, metabolic abnormalities, and hormonal derangements contributing to the increased morbidity and mortality observed in ESRD patients. Novel strategies such as appetite stimulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anabolic hormones along with conventional nutritional supplementation may provide potential interventions to improve clinical outcome in ESRD patients.
Supporting Data-Intensive Wireless Sensor Applications using Smart Data Fragmentation and Buffer Management

We propose an Application-Oriented service for wireless sensor networks that provides reliable transportation of large sensor data pay loads. The scheme uses data fragmentation and buffer management in order to guarantee the efficient delivery of large data units that otherwise exceed the maximum packet size in current transportation implementations. The proposed Lightweight Data Transportation Protocol provides location-aware retransmission per end- to-end connection. This scheme ensures that dropped packets are successfully retransmitted with minimal overhead through a novel buffer management techniques. This approach scales well for different network sizes or topologies. Simulation and experiment results show that our scheme provides significant improvement in network performance and throughput for data-intensive sensor applications.
A role for decorin in the remodeling of myocardial infarction

Because the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin has been implicated in regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis leading to proper extracellular matrix assembly, we hypothesized it could play a key role in cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction. In this study we ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery in wildtype and decorin-null mice to produce large infarcts in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. At early stages post-coronary occlusion the myocardial infarction size did not appreciably differ between the two genotypes. However, we found a wider distribution of collagen fibril sizes with less organization and loose packing in mature scar from decorin-null mice. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that these abnormal collagen fibrils would adversely affect post-infarction mechanics and ventricular remodeling. Indeed, scar size, right ventricular remote hypertrophy, and left ventricular dilatation were greater in decorin-null animals compared with wildtype littermates 14 days after acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography revealed depressed left ventricular systolic function between 4 and 8 weeks post-ischemia in the decorin-null animals. These changes indicate that decorin is required for the proper fibrotic evolution of myocardial infarctions, and that its absence leads to abnormal scar tissue formation. This might contribute to aneurysmal ventricular dilatation, remote hypertrophy, and depressed ventricular function.
The Absorption Cross Section Of As In Si

Infrared absorption cross sections of As in Si near zero Kelvin have recently been measured in two different investigations. The average of the integrals of the cross section over photon wavenumber was 8.64 x 10-13 cm-1. This is nearly equal to the value predicted by the oscillator-strength sum rule. Between 500 and 1000 cm-1, the absorption cross sections reported here agree very well with 0.7 times the currently accepted formula for the photoionization cross section of As in Si. Calibration errors in spreading resistance measurements on epitaxial layers seem to be the cause of the 0.7 multiplicative error in the photoionization formula. Above 1000 cm-1, 0.7 times the value from the formula predicts a larger photoionization cross section than the absorption cross sections reported here. This is apparently caused by the impact ionization of donor electrons from impurity atoms by energetic photoionized electrons.
Cognitive Lie Detection: Response Time and Consistency of Answers as Cues to Deception

Purpose The purpose of this study was to test a new cognitive lie detection method, time restricted integrity confirmation (Tri-Con), which uses response time and inconsistencies across answers as cues to deception.
33—THE STRUCTURE, TENSILE PROPERTIES, AND MORPHOLOGY OF FAILURE OF WRAPPED YARNS

An investigation is described in which several wrapped yarns were spun from 100% polyester staple fibre with different continuous-filament yarns in a wide range of wrapping densities. The tensile properties of the wrapped yarns were studied, and the effects of the linear density of the continuous filament yarn and the wrapping density on the yarn structure and tensile properties were investigated. The morphology of the yarn failure during tensile testing was studied by photographing the yarn during extension. The yarn structure for the different continuous-filament-yarn wraps was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The study illustrates the effect of the wrapping filaments on yarn structure, yarn tensile properties, and the mechanism of failure during extension. The effect of the wrapping continuous-filament, yarn on yarn characteristics was found to be the predominant factor'.
Scientific reasoning during adolescence: The influence of instruction in science knowledge and reasoning strategies

The mechanism linking instruction in scientific topics and instruction in logical reasoning strategies is not well understood. This study assesses the role of science topic instruction combined with logical reasoning strategy instruction in teaching adolescent students about blood pressure problems. Logical reasoning instruction for this study emphasizes the controlling-variables strategy. Science topic instruction emphasizes variables affecting blood pressure. Subjects receiving logical reasoning instruction link their knowledge of blood pressure variables to their knowledge of controlling variables more effectively than those receiving science topic instruction alone—their specific responses show how they attempt to integrate their understanding.
Metabolism of aspirin and procaine in mice pretreated with O-4-nitrophenyl methyl(phenyl)phosphinate or O-4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate.

Abstract Concentrations of [carboxyl-14C]procaine in blood of mice were increased threefold for 27 min by exposure to O-4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate 2 hr prior to [carboxyl-14C]procaine injection ip, while there was no effect of O-4-nitrophenyl methyl(phenyl)phosphinate pretreatment. There was no effect of either organophosphinate on the primary hydrolysis of [acetyl-1-14C]aspirin when assessed by the expiration of [14C]carbon dioxide; however, O-4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate pretreatment produced transient increases in blood concentrations of both [carboxyl-14C]aspirin and [carboxyl-14C]salicylic acid following administration of [carboxyl-14C]aspirin. Liver carboxylesterase activity in O-4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate pretreated mice was 11% of control activity. These results indicate the potential for drug interaction with O-4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate but not with O-4-nitrophenyl methyl(phenyl)phosphinate. It appears that liver carboxylesterase activity has a minor role in hydrolysis of aspirin in vivo, but may be more important in procaine metabolism.
The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants

The bilingual child is seen as a unique source of information about the relation between input and intake. The strength of the association between language exposure estimates and vocabulary learning was examined for 25 simultaneous bilingual infants (ages 8 to 30 months) with differing patterns of exposure to the languages being learned. Using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories, standardized parent report forms in English and Spanish, the percentage of all words that were known in each language was calculated and then plotted against the estimates of language input (also in percentages). A significant correlation was found, r(25) = .82, p < .001. The correlation was also strong when examined pointby-point, even for children whose language environments changed by more than 2O"7o between observations, although it was not reliable at lower levels of exposure to Spanish. Especially for children with less input in the minority language, the factors which appeared to affect the strength of the association between input and amount learned in a language are discussed.
Upscaling Crack Propagation and Random Interactions in Brittle Materials Under Dynamic Loading

Abstract Multi-scale mechanics problems require the use of an appropriate upscaling approach to link micro-scale architecture (e.g., grain structure, defect population, crystal orientation) to macro-scale effective response (e.g., stress, elastoplastic properties, damage). For brittle materials, failure is often associated with crack growth from pre-existing flaws in the material, and with the subsequent coalescence of these cracks. For low strain rates, the simplifying assumption that failure is governed by the largest flaw may be justified. For high strain rates, however, a wider range of the pre-existing flaw population leads to crack initiation prior to failure, making the analysis significantly more complex. Previous analytical models of this high strain-rate behavior apply one of two assumptions: flaws are uniformly sized and periodically located; or, cracks initiated from flaws do not interact. Both of these assumptions are questionable given that these materials are quite heterogeneous at the micro-scale and that fragmentation of these materials exhibit clear crack interactions. Paliwal & Ramesh [1,2] recently addressed this issue by applying a self- consistent model that treats each flaw as residing within an ellipse of pristine (uncracked) material surrounded by a damaged material. In this way, crack growth from each flaw is at least affected indirectly by the presence of cracks from other flaws; however, this model does not address explicit interactions of cracks. In the current research, a probabilistic approach is used to define the proportion of cracks that intersect each other in a given load step. Once two cracks interact, then they are treated as a single larger crack. This model provides a stress-time or stress-strain history at a fixed strain rate loading. Results show that the predictions of strength from the model with explicit crack interactions are reduced from those predicted by the non-probabilistic self-consistent model.
Expression of A and B Blood Group Antigens on Cryopreserved Homografts

Background The contribution of ABO blood group mismatching on the rate of cardiac homograft failure is uncertain. It has been shown that there is lack of expression of A and B blood group antigens on fresh and cryopreserved homograft valves. However, expression of these antigens on the homograft vessel conduit has not been reported. Methods Unused portions of cryopreserved pulmonary artery homografts (n = 16) were immunohistochemically stained and examined for expression of endothelial cell marker CD31 and A and B blood group antigens. The staining pattern for each antigen was described. Comparison of homograft donor blood group (as determined by immunostaining) to the blood group reported by the homograft supplier was made. Results Staining of CD31 and A and B blood group antigens was poor on the luminal surface (tunica intima) of the homograft conduit but strong in the vaso vasorum of the tunica media and adventitia. Homograft donor blood group was consistent with the reported donor blood group in 15 of 16 specimens (4 group A, 3 group B, 8 group O). In one specimen (reported as group O), we detected strong expression of CD31 and A antigen on the endothelium of the vaso vasorum. Conclusions Cryopreserved homografts strongly express A and B blood group antigens on well-preserved endothelial surfaces of the medial and adventitial vaso vasorum. The significance of this finding with regard to the immunologic response to mismatched ABO blood group antigens and homograft longevity is uncertain.
Implementing Self-Aligned Double Patterning on Non-Gridded Design Layouts

The Sidewall Spacer Double Patterning (SSDP) technique, also referred to as Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP), has been adopted as the primary double patterning solution for 32nm technology nodes and below for flash memory manufacturing. Many are now looking to migrate the technique to DRAM and random Logic layers. However, DRAM and especially Logic have far more complex layout requirements than NAND-FLASH, requiring a more sophisticated use of the SSDP technique. To handle the additional complexities an automated electronic design tool was used to calculate optimal layout splits of a design target into 2 or 3 masks. The model was programmed with immersion lithography and dry-193nm lithography MRC input rules and on wafer performance was tested. We discuss the patterning needs from the trim-mask and the pad-mask and associated lithography process window requirements and alignment accuracies necessary to pursue 32nm and 22nm half-pitch designs.
Biosocial theory of psychopathology: a three by three factor model.

Summary and conclusion An effort has been made in this paper to describe a broad based theoretical scheme for understanding emotional disorders in mentally retarded individuals. Incorporating research from a broad group of professionals and researchers is stressed, and some efforts to point out where additional research can further clarify the postulates noted here were made. Although the emphasis has been on the mentally retarded, it is likely that the implications of this view of psychopathology have credence for other populations as well. It cannot be stressed enough that those who propose theoretical models should also be willing to conduct many experimental studies as a means of supporting or refuting claims, and as a means of further clarifying theories that have been proposed. Efforts of this sort have rarely been the case and may be due to the long term dedication and hard work required. The work of Ellis, and Zeamon and House, who have conducted research on memory and learning strategies, are two of the welcome but rare exceptions to this criticism in the general literature. Similarly, Zigler and Menolasceno's efforts provide fine examples of how theoretical models might be empirically validated. The hypotheses in this theory have been made in a loosely constructed descriptive fashion to take into account a broad array of research, and to allow for later modifications based on the findings that emerge from studies on the topic. It is stressed that a link must be drawn between etiology, assessment, and treatment, if a model with maximum practical benefit is to emerge. This situation can only happen when information and developments from various disciplines and empirically supported theoretical views are synthesized.
Complete resolution of guttate psoriasis following autologous SCT for Ewing’s sarcoma in a pediatric patient

Complete resolution of guttate psoriasis following autologous SCT for Ewing’s sarcoma in a pediatric patient
Atomic structure and chemical order in Ge-As selenide and sulfoselenide glasses: An x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic study

The nearest-neighbor coordination environments of Ge and As atoms in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}$ glasses with $x:y=1:2$ and 1:1 and in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.154}{\mathrm{As}}_{0.308}$ $(\mathrm{S},\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}{)}_{0.538}$ sulfoselenide glasses with wide-ranging Se contents have been studied with Ge and As K-edge extended x-ray absorption time spectra spectroscopy. The average coordination numbers of Ge and As atoms are found to be 4 and 3, respectively, in all glasses. The compositional makeup of the first coordination shells of Ge and As atoms indicate that chemical order is largely preserved in stoichiometric and Se-excess ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}$ glasses. On the other hand, chemical order is found to be strongly violated in the case of Se-deficient ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}$ glasses where the chalcogen deficiency is entirely taken up by the formation of As-As homopolar bonds at low and intermediate levels of Se deficiency. The Ge atoms take part in homopolar bonding only in strongly Se-deficient glasses indicating clustering of As atoms. In the case of sulfoselenide glasses the distribution of S and Se atoms in the first coordination shells of Ge and As atoms is found to be random, signifying a chemically ordered chalcogen ``sublattice.'' It is shown that the intermediate-range structural and topological aspects of such compositional variation of chemical order may play a central role in controlling properties such as the molar volume of chalcogenide glasses.
Probing the Structural Topology of a Membrane Peptide in Mechcanically Aligned Lipid Bilayers using Bifunctional Spin Labeling EPR Spectroscopy

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a powerful structural biology tool for studying the structural and dynamic properties of peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The most commonly used spin label for SDSL is methanthiosufonate (MTSL), however the flexibility of this spin label can introduce greater uncertainties in the EPR measurements for determining structure, side chain orientations and backbone motion of membrane protein systems. Another spin label, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (TOAC) has been found to be a useful alternative given its rigid structure, however it is very challenging to introduce this spin label into biological protein systems. The goal of this research is to develop an improved biophysical method for studying the structural and dynamic properties of membrane proteins using EPR spectroscopy that will overcome the limitations associated with MTSL and TOAC. A recently discovered bifunctional spin label (BSL) 3,4-Bis-(methanethiosulfonylmethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yloxy, will be utilized. Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) will be used to generate a double cysteine mutant of the 23 amino acid α-helical membrane peptide, AChR M2δ. Once labeled with BSL and incorporated into 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers, alignment techniques utilizing EPR spectroscopy will be performed to examine the structural topology. This study will provide a structural biology tool that can be used to obtain very accurate and precise EPR measurements to answer several structural and dynamics related questions on membrane protein systems.
Molecular Engineering of Liquid Crystalline Polymers

Abstract : This chapter reviews the molecular engineering of main chain and side chain liquid crystalline polymers. Several factors influencing the phase transitions of liquid crystalline polymers are critically discussed. These include thermodynamics of phase transitions, isomorphism of liquid crystals, rigidity of rod-like mesogens and chemical heterogeneity of main chain liquid crystalline copolymers. The use of polyetherification and copolyetherification and of living cationic polymerization and copolymerization in the manipulation of phase transitions of liquid crystalline polymers is extensively discussed. This review also discusses several novel architectures such as liquid crystalline dendrimers and cyclic oligomers, liquid crystalline polymers containing crown ethers and polypodants, electron donor-acceptor complexes of discotic liquid crystalline polymers, as well as, self-assemblying supramolecular liquid crystalline polymers.
Is an Overdose of Paracetamol Bad for One’s Health?

Abstract1 Overview of the problem2 Situationally Specific Normal Functioning and Capacities3 Kingma’s Criticism4 How Normal Responses can be Pathological5 Too Many Pathologies?6 Conclusions
Aortic valve reinterventions after balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis intermediate and late follow-up.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of transcatheter balloon aortic valvuloplasty, the preferred treatment for congenital aortic stenosis (AS). Background Aortic valve function and reintervention late after this procedure are not well characterized. Methods From 1985 to 2008, 563 patients underwent balloon dilation for congenital AS. After excluding those converted to univentricular circulation and/or died ≤30 days after the procedure, 509 patients constituted the study cohort. Results The median follow-up period was 9.3 years (range 0.1 to 23.6 years); cumulative follow-up was 5,003 patient-years. The median age was 2.4 years (range 1 day to 40.5 years), and most patients (73%) had isolated native AS. Peak AS gradients decreased significantly after dilation (median decrease, 35 mm Hg), and acute post-dilation aortic regurgitation was moderate or greater in 70 patients (14%). Older patients more often had post-dilation aortic regurgitation (p Conclusions Although transcatheter aortic valvuloplasty is effective for relief of congenital AS, there are steady long-term hazards for surgical aortic valve reintervention and replacement that are independent of age at initial intervention or AS severity.
A note on the Sobolev inequality

Abstract In this note we consider the classical Sobolev inequality ∥▽ϑ∥ 2 ⩾ S ∥ϑ∥ 2 ∗ , ∀ϑ∈ D 01,2, where S is the best constant. Here D 01,2 is the space obtained by taking the completion of C0∞(Rn) with norm ∥▽u∥ 2 , 2 ∗ = 2n (n − 2) and n > 2 . Let M be the set of functions for which we have equality in the Sobolev inequality above. We will show that there is a positive constant α so that ∥▽ϑ∥ 2 2 − S 2 ∥ϑ∥ 2 ∗ 2 ⩾αd(ϑ, M) 2 , ∥▽∥ 2 2 −s 2 ∥ϑ∥ 2 2∗ ⩽ad(ϑ, M) 2 , ∀ϑ∈D 0 1,2 . The distance d is taken in the Sobolev space D 01,2.
Positive definite dictionary learning for region covariances

Sparse models have proven to be extremely successful in image processing and computer vision, and most efforts have been focused on sparse representation of vectors. The success of sparse modeling and the popularity of region covariances have inspired the development of sparse coding approaches for positive definite matrices. While in earlier work [1], the dictionary was pre-determined, it is clearly advantageous to learn a concise dictionary adaptively from the data at hand. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for dictionary learning over positive definite matrices. The dictionary is learned by alternating minimization between the sparse coding and dictionary update stages, and two different atom update methods are described. The online versions of the dictionary update techniques are also outlined. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed learning methods yield better dictionaries for positive definite sparse coding. The learned dictionaries are applied to texture and face data, leading to improved classification accuracy and strong detection performance, respectively.
A Cuban Convent in the Age of Enlightened Reform: The Observant Franciscan Community of Santa Clara of Havana, 1768-1808.

In 1807 the Commissary General of the Indies for the Franciscan Order, Pablo de Moya, appealed to the Spanish crown to lift a long-standing ban on the admission of novices at the Observant Franciscan community of Our Lady of Santa Clara ( Nuestra Senora de Santa Clara ) of Havana. Moya reported that the great majority of the clarisas had grown aged and infirm in recent years. The sad situation on which the commissary general reported was the result of four decades of convent reform at Santa Clara that successfully reestablished the common life (vida comun), something seldom achieved in the large, opulent convents of the Spanish empire.
Fontanelle size in black and white term newborn infants

course, the correction of severe fetal anemia, presumably prolonging intrauterine survival while delaying delivery to a more favorable gestational age. Bowman ~ has estimated that approximately 12% of transfused IP red blood cells are absorbed daily through the subdiaphragmatic lymphatics, absorption being complete in eight to nine days. Factors influencing the rate of peritoneal absorption of blood in humans, however, are unknown. In adult dogs, absorption of IP red cells is delayed under experimental conditions of anemia, hypoproteinemia, or ascites?. 4 Observations in human infants suggest that peritoneal absorption of red cells in a hydropic fetus is no less than that in a nonhydropic fetus? Our patient, though neither anemic, hypoproteinemic, nor hydropic, absorbed only an estimated 13% of the red cells given during her third IUT five days previously. This problem, coupled with premature delivery less than 48 hours after the IUT, contributed to an unusually recalcitrant hyperbilirubinemia. In contrast to 118 surviving recipients of IUT with initial AOD450's in the Liley upper zone, who required but 2.4 ETS on the average] our patient required in excess of 13 ETs. Since her hyperbilirubinemia was controlled only after the intraperitoneal evacuation of the equivalent of 87 ml of packed red cells, we attribute her unusually persistent jaundice to this extravascular source of hemolyzed red cells, not simply to Rh sensitization. Although maturation of liver enzyme systems and phenobarbital therapy cannot be excluded as contributing to the eventual decline in serum bilirubin concentration, we believe that removal of intraperitoneal blood Was the most important factor. This case is reported to alert other physicians to this previously undescribed complication of IUT.
Neither ideologues nor agnostics: : alternative voters' belief system in an age of partisan politics

How do Americans organize their political beliefs? This article argues that party polarization and the growing prominence of moral issues in recent decades have catalyzed different responses by different groups of Americans. The article investigates systematic heterogeneity in the organization of political attitudes using relational class analysis, a graph-based method for detecting multiple patterns of opinion in survey data. Three subpopulations, each characterized by a distinctive way of organizing its political beliefs, are identified: ideologues, whose political attitudes strongly align with either liberal or conservative categories; alternatives, who are instead morally conservative but economically liberal, or vice versa; and agnostics, who exhibit weak associations between political beliefs. Individuals’ sociodemographic profiles, particularly their income, education, and religiosity, lie at the core of the different ways in which they understand politics. Results show that while ideologues have g...
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |[lpar]|PA|[rpar]| OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN: SIGNIFICANCE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PA is usually regarded as an infrequent cause of childhood osteomyelitis. The records of 144 children below 19 years of age and hospitalized between 1972 and 1981 were retrospectively reviewed. Osteomyelitis was defined as signs of localized infection and radiographic or radioisotopic demonstration of an osseous lesion. 104 patients fulfilled these criteria. S. aureus, no etiologic agent, and PA occurred in 60.5%, 15.4%, and 10.6% of the cases respectively. Compared to all other cases, children with PA osteomyelitis were significantly older (mean 8.0 yrs. vs 13.4 yrs. p <.001), lacked fever at admission (60.9% vs 18%, p <.02), and lacked bacteremia (60% vs 0%, p <.03). The relationship between penetrating trauma or cutaneous drainage and PA infection was highly significant (p <.005). Although statistical significance was not achieved, at the time of presentation children with PA osteomyelitis had lower erythrocyte sedimentation rates, lower peripheral white blood cell counts, and longer duration of symptoms when compared with other causes of osseous infection. PA is a significant cause of adolescent osteomyelitis and is characterized by signs of local, rather than systemic infection.
Effects of gate recess etching on source resistance

Recessed gate microwave MESFET's and MODFET's have a recessed but unmetallized length L/sub /spl delta// of the channel adjacent to the gate, whose resistance R/sub /spl delta// can significantly contribute to the source resistance R/sub s/. The ratio R/sub /spl delta///R/sub s/ can be determined using common test structures. >
Assessment as a positive influence on 21st century teaching and learning: A systems approach to progress

This paper argues that assessment can serve as a positive influence on attaining 21st century learning goals. Section I focuses on 21st century education challenges and the types of assessments needed to support attainment of learning objectives relevant to a global society. Sections II and III discuss the purposes and contexts of educational assessment and three important conceptual frameworks: (a) assessment as a process of reasoning from evidence, (b) assessment driven by models of learning expressed as learning progressions, and (c) the use of an evidence-centered design process to develop and interpret assessments. Section IV considers the implications for design of classroom and large-scale assessment. Sections V and VI consider the elements of a balanced system of assessments and key indicators of quality we must keep at the forefront as we work towards implementing coherent assessment systems as part of the process of educational transformation in the 21st century.
On Norm Residue Symbols and Conductors

Abstract Using the norm residue symbol and a reciprocity law of Artin and Hasse, we determine the conductors of Kummer extensions of the form K ( a , ζ n )/ K ( ζ n ) for any unramified extension K of Q p , element a ∈ K *, and primitive p n th root of unity ζ n . We are able to do this without more recent and general reciprocity laws, which were needed in earlier proofs of the case K = Q p .
The transition from planktotrophy to lecithotrophy in larvae of Lower Palaeozoic Rhynchonelliform brachiopods

Criteria are established for defining the presence of protegula formed on embryonic or larval mantle in representative genera of Lower Palaeozoic Obolellata, Strophomenata and Rhynchonellata. Width was used to define protegular type. Taxa with only an embryonic protegulum are inferred to have had lecithotrophic larvae while taxa with a larval protegulum or an embryonic protegulum surrounded by a larval protegulum are inferred to have had planktotrophic larvae. All or most of the taxa examined in the Obolellata, the Strophomenata and the orders Protorothida and Orthida in the Rhynchonellata had planktotrophic larvae. In the Pentamerida a minority of genera had only a larval, or an embryonic and a larval protegulum while a majority had protegular widths indicating lecithotrophy. In the orders Rhynchonellida, Atrypida, Athyrida and Spiriferida derived from the Pentamerida (with the exception of one species in the Atrypida) a number of the genera had protegular widths indicating lecithotrophy. It is suggested that the onset of lecithotrophy in the Pentamerida was associated with a developmental innovation in which the mantle lobe of the larva was reflected over the apical lobe during the process of metamorphosis. This evolutionary innovation probably occurred during the late Cambrian or early Ordovician and was subsequently inherited during the process of cladogenesis.
Wavefront curvature sensing on extended arbitrary scenes: simulation results

We describe and evaluate the performance of a wavefront sensor based on curvature sensing which can be used to detect static aberrations given an extended reference source. The description includes a full mathematical treatment of the sensor signal, as well as how this signal is relate to the Laplacian of the wavefront. Evaluation of the technique is performed with computer simulations. A Monte-Carlo simulation is utilized to evaluate the performance of the technique in the presence of noise. The sensor was found to provide accurate measurement of the wavefront coefficients on high-contrast extended objects. It behaves well in the presence of a field stop, and in the presence of additive Gaussian noise.
Mucopolysaccharides: Comparison of Chondroitin Sulfate Conformations with Those of Related Polyanions

X-ray diffraction shows that chondroitin 6-sulfate, and some further rulfated derivatives, can occur in two ordered structures in stretched films. Both structures contain single helices with similar projected disaccharide lengths (9.6 and 9.8 angstroms) but with very different turn angles between successive disaccharides (120 and 45 degrees). In contrast, coaxial double helices of hyaluronates and t-carrageenates have shorter projected disaccharide lengths (8.5 and 8.9 angstroms).
How to create polymers with protein-like capabilities: a theoretical suggestion

Abstract The synthesis of a man-made polymer capable of functioning in a protein-like fashion can be of tremendous technological importance, and may also shed light on the natural creation of the molecular basis of life. In case of proteins, the unique 3D fold, responsible for the particular functionality of the molecule, is determined by the particular sequence of monomer units. We suggest a procedure, which we call imprinting , to control the monomer sequence of an artificial heteropolymer during its synthesis in order to obtain a heteropolymer with the protein-like properties of quick and reliable renaturability to some unique spatial fold capable of certain functional properties. To control the sequence formation, our procedure employs interactions between monomers. We will show that this leads to renaturable chains, because renaturation is governed exactly by the same interactions between monomer units. We present here both analytical and computational study of imprinting, yielding the requirements on the set of monomers chosen and further more specific prescriptions for the experimental verification of this theory.
Samplesort: A Sampling Approach to Minimal Storage Tree Sorting

The methods currently in use and previously proposed for the choice of a root in minimal storage tree sorting are in reality methods for making inefficient statistical estimates of the median of the sequence to be sorted. By making efficient use of the information in a random sample chosen during input of the sequence to be sorted, significant improvements over ordinary minimal storage tree sorting can be made.A procedure is proposed which is a generalization of minimal storage tree sorting and which has the following three properties: (a) There is a significant improvement (over ordinary minimal storage tree sorting) in the expected number of comparisons required to sort the input sequence. (b) The procedure is statistically insensitive to bias in the input sequence. (c) The expected number of comparisons required by the procedure approaches (slowly) the information-theoretic lower bound on the number of comparisons required. The procedure is, therefore, “asymptotically optimal.”
Nucleophilic SN2 displacements on penicillin-6- and cephalosporin-7- triflates; 6β-iodopenicillanic acid, a new β-lactamase inhibitor

Abstract Triflate or nonaflate esters of alkyl 6α (or β) hydroxypenicillanates are substituted (with inversion) by the soft nucleophiles iodide, bromide, chloride, azide, arylselenoxide, 1 thiocyanate, thiols, and thiolacids; carbon nucleophiles fail. Methoxide (hard) attacks the lactam bond, opening both rings to give a known 11 1,4 thiazine. Iodide substitutes 7α-trifloxycephalosporins, giving 7β-iodocephalosporins.
Magnetically coupled paramagnetic relaxation agents.

Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation rates of water protons made over a wide frequency range have demonstrated that the effects of paramagnetic relaxation agents may be considerably enhanced when the paramagnetic center is incorporated into a compact structure macromolecule such as a protein that is rotationally constrained. The immobilization of the macromolecule profoundly changes the nature of the magnetic field dependence of the relaxation rate for both the diamagnetic and the paramagnetic samples. The immobilization also amplifies the effect of the paramagnetic center as a water-proton relaxation agent. The direct exchange of labile water molecules or protons is not a requirement for the high efficiency of this class of magnetic relaxation agents. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Alternatives to Goodman and Kruskal's Lambda.

Lambda and kappa coefficients of nominal scale association are developed for research hypotheses that involve predictions of modality, agreement, or some theoretically specified configuration. The κλ coefficient is offered as an alternative to Goodman and Kruskal's λ.
A Collaborative Alternative-Path Program for Career-Changing Mathematics and Science Professionals: Context, Design, and Replication

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide insights useful to readers involved in or considering the design and delivery of alternative-path programs by presenting (1) a chronology of the multiple definitions of alternative certification, (2) key components of quality alternative-path programs, viewed through the example of a program for career-changing mathematics and science professionals, and (3) program and process challenges met when replicating the program. Key programmatic design components include (1) rigorous entrance requirements, (2) extensive preparation prior to beginning as the teacher of record, (3) ongoing preparation and support during an internship year, (4) comprehensive induction support, and (5) follow-up of graduates to facilitate program evaluation. The authors call for alternative-path program standards to assist educators, policymakers, and the general public in making quality-based distinctions pertinent to individual programs.
Catholics and the First World War: religion, barbarism and the reduction to culture

This paper analyses a polemic between French and German Catholics that erupted during the First World War. Building on earlier studies into the role of intellectuals during the war, it supports the view that intellectuals eagerly lent their support to the cause of the nation, and were thus part of a widespread ‘mobilization of intellect’. But it goes further, and looks at how Catholic scholars sought ways to enhance their position within the nation. Because the war was of an order to call into question basic faith in the achievements of culture and civilization, intellectuals shifted to looking at how nations and their politics were governed by culture. As a generative substratum for national character and behaviour, however, culture provided scholars with a way to recast their commitment to universal truth. By looking at the specific ways French and German Catholics accused each other of a reversion to barbarism, the paper develops this insight by showing how such accusations served each side as a strate...
Evaluating and Optimizing Thread Pool Strategies for Real-Time CORBA

Strict control over the scheduling and execution of processor resources is essential for many fixed-priority real-time applications. To facilitate this common requirement, the Real-Time CORBA (RT-CORBA) specification defines standard middleware features that support end-to-end predictability for operations in such applications. One of the most important features in RT-CORBA is thread pools, which allow application developers and end-users to configure and control processor resources.This paper provides two contributions to the evaluation of techniques for improving the quality of implementation of RT-CORBA thread pools. First, we describe the key patterns underlying common strategies for implementing RT-CORBA thread pools. Second, we evaluate each thread pool strategy in terms of its consequences on (1) feature support, such as request buffering and thread borrowing, (2) scalability in terms of end-points and event demultiplexers required, (3) efficiency in terms of data movement, context switches, memory allocations, and synchronizations required, (4) optimizations in terms of stack and thread specific storage memory allocations, and (5) bounded and unbounded priority inversion incurred in each implementation. This paper also provides results that illustrate empirically how different thread pool implementation strategies perform in different ORB configurations.