cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise‐induced changes in protein metabolism

Exercise has a profound acute effect on protein metabolism. Whereas reports on whole body responses to exercise have varied results, it is generally agreed leucine oxidation is increased during exercise, thus indicating increased net protein breakdown. Following endurance exercise, whole body protein breakdown is generally reduced from resting levels, while following eccentric exercise, both whole body protein breakdown and leucine oxidation are increased. Whole body protein synthesis, on the other hand, is either increased or unchanged. Much of the disagreement in the results of studies on the response of whole body protein metabolism to exercise may be attributed to the limitations of the available methods. Even if the methodology accurately reflects whole body metabolism, this may not reflect changes in the protein metabolism of muscle. Although endurance exercise has not been studied, muscle protein breakdown is increased following resistance exercise. There is a concomitant, and qualitatively greater, increase in muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise, which may last for as long as 48 h. Increased muscle protein synthesis is linked to increased intramuscular availability of amino acids, and thus, to increased blood flow and increased amino acid delivery to the muscle, as well as increased amino acid transport. Administration of exogenous amino acids after exercise increases protein synthesis while ameliorating protein breakdown, thus improving net muscle protein balance. While it is clear that muscle protein synthesis and protein breakdown increase in a qualitatively similar manner following exercise, the mechanisms of stimulation have yet to be determined. However, we propose that the intracellular availability of amino acids is the link between these processes.
HETEROCLINIC ORBITS FOR MONOTONE TWIST MAPS THROUGH A VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE

The variational method has shown many advantages over the geometric method in proving the existence of connecting orbits since it requires much weaker hyperbolicity and less smoothness. Many results known to be difficult to obtain by the geometric method can now be obtained by a variational principle with relative ease. In particular, a variational principle provides a constructive approach to the existence of heteroclinic orbits. In this paper a variational principle is used to construct a heteroclinic orbit between an adjacent minimal pair of fixed points for monotone twist maps on (ℝ/ℤ) × ℝ. Application of our results to a standard map is also given.
A Chronology of Organization-Stakeholder Relationships With Recommendations Concerning Practitioner Adoption of the Relational Perspective

The notion of relationships as the appropriate focus of public relations has evolved over the past two decades. Initially, reaction was limited to recognition of the role of relationships, with little development in terms of operationalization, exploration, or implications. In recent years, however, the “relational perspective” has become the foundation for a growing stream of scholarly inquiry encompassing relationship processes, roles, attributes, and measurement strategies. This discourse traces the concept from its emergence to its position today as the second most-popular area for scholarly inquiry within the discipline of public relations. In addition, the author offers recommendations to facilitate the adoption of the relational perspective by the practitioner community.
FRACTIONATION OF NUCLEAR, CHLOROPLAST, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA FROM POLYSIPHONIA BOLDII (RHODOPHYTA) USING A RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ISOLATION OF RNA AND DNA1

Extraction of nucleic acids from red algae is complicated by the presence of phycocolloids. For this reason, methods used for nucleic acid isolation from other organisms are not always amenable to use with red algal preparations; modifications in some cases lead to protocols that are time consuming and complicated, often requiring large amounts of algal tissue for starting material. Here we describe the isolation of both RNA and DNA followed by fractionation and identification of nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNAs from a single preparation of Polysiphonia boldii Wynne and Edwards using a simple method that yielded approximately 100 μg of total RNA and 20 μg of total DNA from 1 g of frozen powdered algae. The potent protein denaturant guanidinium thiocyanate and the detergent sarkosyl were used to gently lyse the cells and organelles and immediately inhibit nuclease activity in the extract. The nucleic acids were isolated by ultracentrifugation into a dense solution of CsCl; the RNA was recovered as a pellet and the DNA as a band within the CsCl solution. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the total RNA showed discrete ribosomal RNA bands, indicating little nonspecific degradation. The nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNAs were fractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of the DNA binding dye, bisbenzimide H (Hoechst 33258), which binds preferentially to DNA with a high A + T:G + C ratio, thus altering its density to a greater degree than it does that of DNA with a lower nucleotide ratio. The three fractions were identified by Southern blot analysis using heterologous gene probes specific for the different genomes. The protocol should be applicable to different types of algae. The simple nucleic acid isolation step can be performed on multiple samples simultaneously without subsequent fractionation of DNA, allowing comparison of DNA from different individuals, populations, or species.
First-principles prediction of redox potentials in transition-metal compounds with LDA+ U

First-principles calculations within the local density approximation (LDA) or generalized gradient approximation (GGA), though very successful, are known to underestimate redox potentials, such as those at which lithium intercalates in transition metal compounds. We argue that this inaccuracy is related to the lack of cancellation of electron self-interaction errors in LDA/GGA and can be improved by using the DFT+U method with a self-consistent evaluation of the U parameter. We show that, using this approach, the experimental lithium intercalation voltages of a number of transition metal compounds, including the olivine Li xMPO4 (M = Mn, Fe Co, Ni), layered LixMO2 (x = Co, Ni) and spinel-like LixM2O4 (M = Mn, Co), can be reproduced accurately.
Nickel silicide thermal stability on polycrystalline and single crystalline silicon

The thermal stability of NiSi on polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) or single crystalline silicon on sapphire (SOS) substrates has been investigated with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and in-situ resistance measurements. For NiSi on poly-Si, silicide enhanced grain growth occurs in the poly-Si. The grain growth first occurs from the NiSi/poly-Si interface with poly-Si grains growing into the silicide, resulting in alternating grains of poly-Si and NiSi on the top surface. With further annealing, grain growth also occurs in the bottom layer of the poly-Si, with NiSi moving to the bottom interface and consuming the small poly-Si grains, resulting in an inverted structure. Agglomeration of NiSi is observed for NiSi on SOS substrates after high temperature annealing. The activation energies for inversion and agglomeration are similar, (3.0 ± 0.2 and 2.9 ± 0.2 eV, respectively) suggesting that the same mechanism is controlling both processes. The activation energy may correspond to that for adding a Si atom onto a growing Si grain, as suggested by L.H. Allen, K.N. Tu, L.C. Feldman, and J.W. Mayer, Phys. Rev. B, 41 (1990) 8213.
CatSper-null mutant spermatozoa are unable to ascend beyond the oviductal reservoir.

Sperm hyperactivation is characterised by high-amplitude, asymmetrical flagellar bending and is required to penetrate the oocyte zona pellucida. It was proposed that hyperactivation also enables spermatozoa to reach the oocyte by assisting escape from the oviductal sperm reservoir. To test this hypothesis, the behaviour of CatSper-null mouse spermatozoa in the oviduct was compared with that of spermatozoa from heterozygotes. CatSper–/– males are infertile because their spermatozoa fail to hyperactivate, whereas spermatozoa from CatSper+/– males have normal amounts of CatSper proteins and can hyperactivate. Males were mated with wild-type females on the morning of ovulation. Oviducts were obtained 1 or 4 h later, and behaviour of spermatozoa was examined using transillumination. At 1 h, null mutant spermatozoa remained attached by their heads to oviductal epithelium in the reservoir, whereas spermatozoa from heterozygotes detached from the oviductal epithelium after performing deep asymmetrical flagellar bends. At 4 h, 50 to 200 CatSper+/– spermatozoa were still seen in the oviducts; in contrast, only one CatSper–/– spermatozoon was found. CatSper–/– spermatozoa were lost from the oviducts after failing to detach from the epithelium in a timely manner, thus demonstrating that hyperactivation is required by spermatozoa to ascend beyond the oviductal reservoir.
Pyridinomorphinans: Asymmetric synthesis of either enantiomer and opioid receptor binding selectivity

Abstract Either enantiomer of a new class of morphinans in which the aryl ring is replaced by a pyridine ring can be prepared by sequential iminium ion-allylsilane cyclization and intramolecular Heck insertion. Pyridinomorphinan 5 exhibits high affinity for the μ opioid receptor.
A molecular shape analysis and quantitative structure-activity relationship investigation of some triazine-antifolate inhibitors of Leishmania dihydrofolate reductase.

Abstract Molecular shape analysis (MSA) is used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for a set of 45 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3-substituted-phenyl)-s-triazine inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The MSA-QSARs are equally significant to a QSAR developed by R. G. Booth et al. ((1987) J. Med. Chem. 30 , 1218) using linear free energy descriptors. However, the MSA-QSARs have the same general form as all other QSARs developed for DHFR inhibitors using MSA. Molecular shape, as represented by common overlap steric volume of each inhibitor with a shape reference standard triazine from the set of 45 compounds, and relative lipophilicity account for the large majority of the variance in inhibition potency as a function of substituent choice. A general method of evaluating the impact of different conformational states of flexible substituents upon the form and significance of MSA-QSARs is developed. The results of applying this method to the 45 triazines indicate that the MSA-QSARs are relatively independent of the type of conformation assigned to the large flexible substituents. It is important to note, however, that the types of substituent conformations used in this analysis cannot necessarily be related to an “active” substituent conformation.
Acute, subacute, and residual effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in rats. I. Biologic half‐life in adipose tissue

Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diets containing Aroclor 1254 at 0, 5, 50, or 500 ppm for 4 wk. The biologic half‐life of Aroclor 1254 in adipose tissue of rats fed 500 ppm, as determined by a gas chromatographic method, was 8 wk in males and 12 wk in females. These results are in line with sex‐linked differences reported previously for other chlorinated hydrocarbons. It appears that the lower chlorine homologs in the Aroclor mixture are metabolized while those with higher chlorine content are lost more slowly.
AN EYE MOVEMENT PHENOMENON RELATING TO ATTENTION, THOUGHT AND ANXIETY.

An eye movement phenomenon, which is thought to be related to the shifting of attention and personal ways of handling anxiety, is described and discussed in relation to certain research hypotheses.
Twin Study on Ocular Pressure Following Topically Applied Dexamethasone: II. Inheritance of Variation in Pressure Response

A twin study was undertaken to reevaluate a widely held monogenic hypothesis relating to the ocular hypertensive steroid response. In the present (part II) analysis, intrapair differences for steroid response among the monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) samples were compared. Responsiveness was treated as both a qualitative and quantitative trait. For the parameter change in pressure, significant differences were never observed between the MZ and DZ samples and heritability index was consistently low. For final pressure, differences between the twin classes showed a mixed pattern of significance; the heritability index was low- to mid-range. Such observations do not support a predominant role of inheritance. It seems evident that a theory of simple monogenic determination can be questioned on the basis of these new findings.
Crystallization of Thin-Film Si Monitored in Real Time by In-situ Spectroscopic Techniques

We have developed optical techniques for real-time, in-situ monitoring of crystallization and epitaxial growth of silicon. Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry is used for evaluating epitaxial growth during hot-wire CVD (HWCVD) reveals the thickness at which epitaxy fails and amorphous cones start to nucleate. To distinguish the various processes related to solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon, we employ, instead, an in-situ real-time reflectance spectroscopy technique, which is simpler and less expensive. Here, we demonstrate the sensitivity of reflectivity spectroscopy to key changes in materials properties. By analyzing reflectance in strongly absorbing UV and transparent IR spectral regions, we distinguish and study the: (1) crystallization mode (random crystallization or solid-phase epitaxy); (2) nucleation location (uniformly in bulk, near film-substrate interface, or film surface); and (3) hydrogen effusion prior to crystallization.
A reinvestigation of the surface structure of Ni(110)−(2×1)2CO by LEED

Abstract New LEED measurements using improved apparatus and new calculations by a more accurate method than previously lead to the same conclusion by LEED that CO adsorbs on Ni(110) at the short bridge site at full coverage.
The scramble competition mating system of the sphecid wasp Palmodes praestans (Kohl)

Males of the wasp Palmodes praestans engage in non‐territorial patrolling behaviour within a scramble competition mating system, showing great fidelity to their wide‐ranging patrolling routes without attempting to monopolize the areas covered. Scramble competition appears adaptive given that mating opportunities are not spatially aggregated in this species, whose females build isolated, single‐celled nests. Because of the female distribution pattern, a male's reproductive success in P. praestans probably depends upon the ability to find highly scattered, unmated females. The females of some close relatives of this sphecid wasp form fairly dense nesting aggregations. As mating system theory predicts, the males of some (but not all) of these species focus their searching at these concentrated nesting/emergence sites where potential mates are clustered spatially.
Molecular orbital aspects of substituent effects

The charge densities at the exocyclic reaction centers of para-substituted benzoic acids calculated by the INDO-MO method correlate with the Hammett σ p constants.
Analysis of the Heat and Vapor Propagation from the Walls of the Nolan, Pollak and Gardner Type Condensation Nucleus Counters

Abstract The measurement of the temperature drop in a dry Pollak condensation nucleus counter by Israel and Nix has been interpreted as an indication that the expansion process does not yield as high a supersaturation as predicted by thermodynamics. An analysis of the heat and vapor diffusion from the walls of the chamber indicates that the counter does indeed develop the supersaturations predicted by thermodynamics in the absence of dropwise condensation and that the natural sensitive time is of the order of 0.3 sec. The measurements of Israel and Nix can be explained in terms of a thermal analysis of the thermocouple itself. The seemingly rapid response of the thermocouple is an indication of the attainment of the steady-state heat flow from the thermocouple and is not an indication that the thermocouple is reading the temperature of the ambient gas accurately. Moreover, the anomalous temperature drop observed about 1 sec after the expansion marks the point at which convection currents sweep away the he...
The Role of Stochastic and Modal Gating of Cardiac L-Type Ca2+ Channels on Early After-Depolarizations

Certain signaling events that promote L-type Ca2+ channel (LCC) phosphorylation, such as β-adrenergic stimulation or an increased expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, promote mode 2 gating of LCCs. Experimental data suggest the hypothesis that these events increase the likelihood of early after-depolarizations (EADs). We test this hypothesis using an ionic model of the canine ventricular myocyte incorporating stochastic gating of LCCs and ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels. The model is extended to describe myocyte responses to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Results demonstrate that in the presence of isoproterenol the random opening of a small number of LCCs gating in mode 2 during the plateau phase of the action potential (AP) can trigger EADs. EADs occur randomly, where the likelihood of these events increases as a function of the fraction of LCCs gating in mode 2. Fluctuations of the L-type Ca2+ current during the AP plateau lead to variability in AP duration. Consequently, prolonged APs are occasionally observed and exhibit an increased likelihood of EAD formation. These results suggest a novel stochastic mechanism, whereby phosphorylation-induced changes in LCC gating properties contribute to EAD generation.
Surgical Repair of a Perforated Gastric Ulcer in a Foal

An 11-day-old Thoroughbred colt was presented because of acute colic and a swollen right carpus. Exploration of the abdomen revealed peritonitis secondary to a perforated gastric ulcer. The ulcer was repaired, and the peritoneal cavity was lavaged. The foal recovered from the perforated ulcer but was euthanized one and a half months later because of progressive septic arthritis.
A simple technique for securing tubes

The brief task of inserting a tube, such as a central venous catheter or a chest tube, is usually followed by the longer task of ensuring that the tube will not be inadvertently pulled out. Various methods for securing tubes have been described, and yet these tubes continue to be pulled out with frustrating predictability. The author describes a technique for securing tubes which is simple, effective, requires no special equipment or assistance, and which is applicable to any flexible tube or catheter inserted at a site suitable for placement of an anchoring suture. After the anchoring suture is secured to the skin, an easily mastered knot is performed which, because it will not slip when tightened, allows an indentation to be made in the tube. Once this indentation is further secured with a square knot, it will not allow the tube to slip through it.
Simulation and experimental analysis for a ball stitch on bump wire bonding process above a laminate substrate

This study focuses on a ball stitch on bump (BSOB) wire bonding process above a laminate substrate by modeling and experiment. The goals of our study are: (1) to determine the stress and deformation mechanism of BSOB wire bonding process on laminate substrate; (2) to understand the impact of wire bonding parameters. The simulation includes the ultrasonic transient dynamic bonding process, and the stress wave transferred to the interface between bond structure and laminate substrate. Different laminate material parameters are studied for the optimized solution. Different ultrasonic parameters of bonding force and frequency are studied and discussed for the effects of bonding process on laminate substrate structures with partial supports. Experimental test work includes a DOE study with different parameters of ultrasonic power and bonding force. Finally, the comparison of modeling and experimental results is provided.
Genetics of Buff and Related Color Patterns in the Fowl

Abstract ONE of the landmarks in the history of poultry breeding was the importation of huge Chinese fowl into Europe about 1845. Tegetmeier’s (1873) account indicates that the names “Cochin-China” and “Brahma” were less correct than “Shanghai.” Fanciers crossed these into many other stocks, to give rise to American dual-purpose breeds and new color varieties of others, especially the buff, cinnamon, ginger-red, and light or Columbian. Genetic analysis of these color types has been sporadic and incomplete. A good review of such studies was presented by Jull (1932), indicating considerable complexity. Nevertheless he applied the symbol e, for restriction (non-extension) of black, following Dunn (1923). This practice was continued by Hutt (1949), as well as by a number of subsequent writers, e.g., Kimball (1956). In recent years evidence has been accumulating that a rather large number of multiple alleles of E exist (Brumbaugh and Hollander, 1965). These affect primarily the chick-down …
Blockade of autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of norepinephrine release by atipamezole is maintained after chronic reuptake inhibition

The role of a2-adrenergic autoreceptor desensitization in the delayed onset of antidepressant efficacy of selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitors is unclear. Using the a2-antagonist yohimbine, we showed previously that chronic treatment with desipramine (DMI) did not alter autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of NE release in the cortex. However, yohimbine may have non-selective effects that could confound this interpretation. Thus, using microdialysis, we measured acute effects of the highly selective a2-antagonist atipamezole on NE release in the prefrontal cortex following chronic DMI treatment, after 0–8 d washout. Atipamezole induced a similar elevation of extracellular NE in all treatment groups, indicating no change in autoreceptor function. Further, the effect was most rapid in DMI-treated rats with 0- and 2-d washout, suggesting that autoreceptor-mediated inhibition was most prominent when NE levels were highest. This provides further evidence that autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of NE neurotransmission remains functional after chronic DMI treatment, arguing against the hypothesis that desensitization of a2-autoreceptors accounts for the delayed onset of action of selective NE reuptake inhibitors.
The Management of Border Security in NAFTA Imagery, Nationalism, and the War on Drugs

As a free trade area, NAFTA requires the relatively unrestricted movement of people, goods, and services across the borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Although the pro- ponents of NAFTA emphasize positive economic outcomes for the three partners, the depend- ence of those outcomes on open borders inevitably brings with it the prospect of greater opportu- nities for transnational criminal activities, generally, and for narcotrafficking, in particular. Managing the free flow of goods and people while limiting the free flow of illegal substances and criminals is the central dilemma of the war on drugs in NAFTA. Cooperation between the mem- ber states differs strikingly, with smooth cooperation along the northern border between the United States and Canada and a troubling lack of cooperation along the U.S.-Mexico border. The different patterns in cooperation among policy makers and law enforcement agencies are largely attributable to mutual perceptions and nationalism in all three countries.
Assessment of the Position of Retrograde Cardioplegia Catheter: Comparison of Hemodynamic versus Manual Evaluation in a Prospective Randomized Trial

Objective: To evaluate a hemodynamic method for the assessment of the position of the retrograde cardioplegia catheter (RCC) versus conventional Manual Assessment. Methods: We randomized 200 patients undergoing aortic valve surgery to Manual (n = 101) or Hemodynamic Assessment (n = 99). In the Hemodynamic group a 25% pressure increase at the tip of the RCC when a fistula with the ascending aorta was created via a luer-lock was considered indicative of correct RCC placement. Transesophageal echocardiography was used as a comparison evaluation method. Results: The Hemodynamic and Manual Assessment considered the RCC positioning successful in 89.9% versus 85.1% of cases. Echocardiography confirmed these results in Hemodynamic group but revealed 23 cases of misrecognized incorrect placement in the Manual group (p < 0.0001). Manual maneuvers resulted in 18 cases of secondary displacement and 19 cases of hemodynamic instability (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The Hemodynamic Method is quantitative, reproducible, highly reliable, and safer than palpation in the posterior atrioventricular groove.
Trajectories of internalizing problems across childhood: Heterogeneity, external validity, and gender differences

Developmental psychopathology theory speaks to the existence of early-manifesting internalizing problems with a heterogeneous longitudinal course. However, the course of internalizing problems has been investigated largely from late childhood onward, with methods that assume children’s problem trajectories vary more so in rate than in qualitative functional form. This can obscure heterogeneity in symptom process and course, obscure onset of early gender differences in internalizing problems, and obscure the relevance of early sociocontextual risks for long-term internalizing outcomes. The present study addressed these issues by using person-oriented ~latent growth mixture! methods to model heterogeneity in maternal-reported internalizing symptoms from age 2 to 11 years ~N 1,364!. Three latent trajectory classes were supported for each gender: two-thirds of children followed a low-stable trajectory; smaller proportions followed decreasing0increasing or elevated-stable trajectories. Although the number, shape, and predictive validity of internalizing trajectory classes were similar across gender, trajectory classes’ initial values and rates of change varied significantly across gender, as did the impact of maternal postpartum depression and anxiety on latent growth factors. Extracted latent trajectories were differentially predicted by postpartum maternal psychopathology, and themselves, in several respects, differentially predicted self-reported depressive symptoms in preadolescence. However, discussion focuses on the need for further external validation of extracted latent classes.
A design guide for marine robots using sonar

This paper investigates how to design a robot that uses sonar. Governing equations describing the evolution of geometric measurements are derived as a function of 6-DOF robot dynamics. A non-dimensional analysis of the governing equations is presented, to determine which terms are relevant to specific robots. The contributions of waves and currents are considered. The equations are then expanded to evaluate the effect of transducer location on the robot. Finally, the computational complexity of detecting and tracking arbitrarily curved objects is derived as a function of dynamics and sonar properties.
The neural substrates of complex argument structure representations: Processing ''alternating transitivity'' verbs

This study examines the neural correlates of processing verbal entries with multiple argument structures using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared brain activation in response to ‘‘alternating transitivity’’ verbs, corresponding to two different verbal alternates*one transitive and one intransitive*and simple verbs, with only one, intransitive, thematic grid. Fourteen young healthy participants performed a lexical decision task with the two verb types. Results showed significantly greater activation in the angular and supramarginal gyri (Brodmann areas (BAs) 39 and 40) extending to the posterior superior and middle temporal gyri bilaterally, for alternating compared to simple verbs. Additional activation was detected in bilateral middle and superior frontal gyri (BAs 8 and 9). The opposite contrast, simple compared to alternating verbs, showed no significant differential activation in any regions of the brain. These findings are consistent with previous studies implicating a posterior network including the superior temporal, supramarginal, and angular gyri for processing verbs with multiple thematic roles, as well as with those suggesting involvement of the middle and superior frontal gyri in lexical ambiguity processing. However, because ‘‘alternating transitivity’’ verbs differ from simple intransitives with regard to both the number of thematic grids (two vs. one) and the number of thematic roles (two vs. one), our findings do not distinguish between activations associated with these two differences.
Site of synthesis of viral ribonucleic acid and phage assembly in MS2-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract In a lysate of MS2-infected cells, 70% of the viral progeny single-stranded RNA is present in polyribosomes that contain 2 to 5 ribosomes. The double-stranded viral RNA is mostly associated with a structure that sediments with the largest polyribosomes and contains little viral RNA that is infective to protoplasts. No pool of free RNA molecules appears during infection, but the viral RNA strands are always associated with other molecules. The fast sedimenting viral structure is believed to be the double-stranded replicative intermediate with ribosomes attached to the growing RNA strands, as suggested by Lodish & Zinder (1966b). The RNA molecules are probably released from the template as polyribosomes which continue to synthesize viral protein. After 30 minutes of infection, there are enough viral RNA strands to change the cellular polyribosomes to predominantly small viral polyribosomes. At lysis, there are still several thousand viral RNA molecules that are not encapsulated in whole phage. During the eclipse phase of infection, particles accumulate which have the same S-value as whole phage and contain infective RNA, but are not infective to whole cells, and these may be “unfinished” particles that are precursors of mature phage.
Fibroblast growth factor-10 is a mitogen for urothelial cells.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10 plays an important role in regulating growth, differentiation, and repair of the urothelium. This process occurs through a paracrine cascade originating in the mesenchyme (lamina propria) and targeting the epithelium (urothelium). In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that (i) fibroblasts of the human lamina propria were the cell type that synthesized FGF-10 RNA and (ii) the FGF-10 gene is located at the 5p12-p13 locus of chromosome 5. Recombinant (r) preparations of human FGF-10 were found to induce proliferation of human urothelial cells in vitro and of transitional epithelium of wild-type and FGF7-null mice in vivo.Mechanistic studies with human cells indicated two modes of FGF-10 action: (i) translocation of rFGF-10 into urothelial cell nuclei and (ii) a signaling cascade that begins with the heparin-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of surface transmembrane receptors. The normal urothelial phenotype, that of quiescence, is proposed to be typified by negligible levels of FGF-10. During proliferative phases, levels of FGF-10 rise at the urothelial cell surface and/or within urothelial cell nuclei. An understanding of how FGF-10 works in conjunction with these other processes will lead to better management of many diseases of the bladder and urinary tract.
Normal Sins: Sex Scandal Narratives as Institutional Morality Tales

Sex scandals are widely assumed to be tales of individual transgression, serving as reminders of the normative sexual order. This paper, a qualitative multiple-case comparison of three contemporary media-conveyed sex scandals narratives, suggests otherwise. Drawing on extensive news documents, the study considers three stories, each revolving around the same sexual behavior, but each playing out in a different institutional environment: televangelist Jimmy Swaggart's encounter with prostitute Debra Murphree in 1988, actor Hugh Grant's encounter with prostitute Divine Brown in 1995, and presidential advisor Dick Morris' encounter with prostitute Sherry Rowlands in 1996. On the one hand, within the same overarching narrative, different themes become dominant. In one case, the relationship with a prostitute gives rise to a story primarily focused on hypocrisy; in another, to a story focused mainly on recklessness; in the last, to a story focused mainly on amorality and disloyalty. On the other hand, the stories share a common dynamic and common themes: the discussions of sexual “misbehavior,” which kick each story into gear, are rapidly edged out by themes of inauthenticity, and by suggestions that hypocrisy, risk, or disloyalty are facilitated by the man's particular institutional environment. Sex scandal stories, rather than remaining stories of individual sexual transgression, are transformed into institutional morality tales. Such a pattern, the author argues, results from pronounced needs on the part of mainstream media organizations to both mimic and distinguish themselves from tabloid media, and from journalists' interest in transforming “soft” into “hard” news stories. While they draw on and buttress familiar “cultural givens” about masculine sexuality, these scandal stories offer an even more theoretically challenging twist: an unexpected cultural reversal, in which sexual “sins” as narrated by American news media, reveal not individual, but institutional pathologies; not a normative order, but institutional decay.
Thermal characterization of Fan-in Package-on-Packages

The 3D market continues to be driven by mobile applications. The technology integrates devices or packages in the vertical direction to achieve reduction in size and cost along with high performance, challenging IC package designers to maintain a low enough junction temperature without using fans and heat sinks. The study carried out in the paper investigates the effect of design criteria on the thermal performance of a new generation of stacked packages, called Fan-in Package-on-Packages (FiPoPs). The main goal of the undertaken project was to investigate the change in thermal performance in the test model due to variation in the internal thermal design parameters only. Based on the research of earlier generation models, the parameters chosen to analyze in this work included (a) number of thermal vias (b) solder ball I/O density and (c) die size. Due to limited design information pertaining FiPoPs, geometrical and materials parameters for a typical FiPoP were acquired from Statschippac, Inc. This stacked package within FiPoP chosen for analysis included two metal layers, 14 × 14 mm body size, 9 mm × 9 mm die size, 0.075 mm thickness for both top and bottom packages and 0.5 mm solder ball pitch. The results presented by the study show that the thermal resistance of the bottom package of a FiPoP decreases with increase in number of thermal vias and solder balls placed under the package. The decrease in thermal resistance with addition of thermal vias alone is small; solder balls must be added as well to result in significant improvement. As expected, the thermal resistance of the entire package increases as the die size drops.
Learned Fear of “Unseen” Faces after Pavlovian, Observational, and Instructed Fear

This study compared fear learning acquired through direct experience (Pavlovian conditioning) and fear learning acquired without direct experience via either observation or verbal instruction. We examined whether these three types of learning yielded differential responses to conditioned stimuli (CS+) that were presented unmasked (available to explicit awareness) or masked (not available to explicit awareness). In the Pavlovian group, the CS+ was paired with a mild shock, whereas the observational-learning group learned through observing the emotional expression of a confederate receiving shocks paired with the CS+. The instructed-learning group was told that the CS+ predicted a shock. The three groups demonstrated similar levels of learning as measured by the skin conductance response to unmasked stimuli. As in previous studies, participants also displayed a significant learning response to masked stimuli following Pavlovian conditioning. However, whereas the observational-learning group also showed this...
River Food Web Response to Large-Scale Riparian Zone Manipulations

Conservation programs often focus on select species, leading to management plans based on the autecology of the focal species, but multiple ecosystem components can be affected both by the environmental factors impacting, and the management targeting, focal species. These broader effects can have indirect impacts on target species through the web of interactions within ecosystems. For example, human activity can strongly alter riparian vegetation, potentially impacting both economically-important salmonids and their associated river food web. In an Olympic Peninsula river, Washington state, USA, replicated large-scale riparian vegetation manipulations implemented with the long-term (>40 yr) goal of improving salmon habitat did not affect water temperature, nutrient limitation or habitat characteristics, but reduced canopy cover, causing reduced energy input via leaf litter, increased incident solar radiation (UV and PAR) and increased algal production compared to controls. In response, benthic algae, most insect taxa, and juvenile salmonids increased in manipulated areas. Stable isotope analysis revealed a predominant contribution of algal-derived energy to salmonid diets in manipulated reaches. The experiment demonstrates that riparian management targeting salmonids strongly affects river food webs via changes in the energy base, illustrates how species-based management strategies can have unanticipated indirect effects on the target species via the associated food web, and supports ecosystem-based management approaches for restoring depleted salmonid stocks.
Carbonized Wood for Supercapacitor Electrodes

Three-dimensional network structures with interconnected micro-channels were formed through the carbonization of three different varieties of wood. Performance of these carbonized woods was tested for their application as supercapacitor electrodes. From charge-discharge cycling in a KOH electrolyte solution, a maximum energy density of ~45.6 Wh/kg (discharge current of 200 mA/g) and a maximum power density of ~2000 W/kg (discharge current of 4000 mA/g) were obtained. The carbonized wood electrodes exhibited excellent cyclability, with 99.7% of the specific capacitance being retained after 2000 cycles. These remarkable results demonstrate the exciting potential for carbonized wood materials as inexpensive, high performance supercapacitor electrodes.
MPLS-TP: Where are we?

This paper provides an introduction to MPLS-TP, how it differs from traditional IP/MPLS, an overview of its functionality, how it will be deployed, and its standardization status.
Oral propafenone therapy for patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

P ropafenone, a class IC antiarrhythmic drug with sodium-channel blocking properties along with weak calcium-channel and �3-blocking activity, has been shown to be effective for a variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. ‘‘#{176} To assess its effect on paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, we evaluated 16 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (eight), atrioventncular (AV) nodal reentry (five), or intra-atrial tachycardia (three). There were seven men and nine women, aged 30 to 82 (mean 59) years, who had paroxysms of tachyarrhythmia for a mean of 8. 6 years and had not improved with a mean of 3.4 prior antiarrhythmic drugs. Propafenone was initiated at a dose of 150 mg every 8 h and therapy titrated upward at intervals of at least 48 h to efficacy, intolerable side effects, or a maximum of 1,050 mg/day. Four patients continued to receive �3blockers for hypertension, and two received digoxin therapy to control the ventricular response during the study. Baseline arrhythmia frequency was assessed by patient interview. The efficacy of propafenone was assessed by follow-up interview and 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring. Successful oral therapy was defined as complete absence or a marked reduction of symptomatic arrhythmia compared with baseline measurements. Long-term oral therapy with propafenone was successful in treating five of eight (63 percent) patients with atrial fibrillation and four of eight (50 percent) patients with either AV nodal reentry or intra-atrial tachycardia as judged by history and follow-up 24-h
Parasitism by Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the Cowpea weevil, Callosbruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): Host density, temperature effects, and host finding ability

Abstract Studies on interactions between a larval parasitoid, Pteromalus cerealellae (Boucek) and one of its hosts, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) were carried out in the laboratory. The number of host larvae parasitized by P. cerealellae increased with host larvae at low densities and tended to a plateau at a density of 25 larvae per female parasitoid. Each parasitoid was able to parasitize more hosts and produced more offspring at 20 and 25 °C than at 30 °C. The number of non-infested seeds mixed with seeds infested with the last instar of C. maculatus did not preclude P. cerealellae from identifying infested seeds and attacking larvae inside them. When infested seeds were tightly packed, several host larvae escaped parasitism. P. cerealellae may be a useful biological control agent in newly harvested cowpea with low C. maculatus infestation, and lowering the temperature of the storage system may enhance the effectiveness of this parasitoid.
For effective facilities planning: layout optimization then simulation, or vice versa?

It is widely accepted that simulation is an integral part of any effective facilities planning or layout study. Traditional approaches claim that layout optimization produces strategic results and therefore should precede simulation analysis, which focuses on operational issues. On the other hand, more recent studies suggest that running simulation models prior to conducting layout optimization produces more realistic layouts. In this paper, we contrast these two paradigms, with respect to the general assumptions and the types of applications that advocates from each paradigm have used to support their claim. In addition, we propose guidelines on which approach to pursue according to the layout study objectives and the characteristics of the system under consideration.
Humanitarian Alliances: Local and International NGO Partnerships and the Iraqi Refugee Crisis

This article examines collaborations between international and local NGOs serving Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Refugee displacement, while fraught with challenges, also presents opportunities to support Jordanian civil society and the state social safety net. Such developments potentially benefit not only Iraqi refugees, but also low-income Jordanians. Barriers to international NGO involvement in Jordan have led to a collaborative model of humanitarian assistance, utilizing ties with local organizations to build programs and direct resources and services to Iraqis. The article is based on field research and interviews with representatives from the majority of international NGO in Jordan, Syria, and the United States. The authors find that while humanitarian cooperation in addressing Iraqi forced migration is important, the complexity of this crisis has limited their work. Without support from the international community and the United States for deepening such alliances, Iraqi refugees will remain vulnerable...
Ultrasound-guided Greater Auricular Nerve Block for Emergency Department Ear Laceration and Ear Abscess Drainage

Abstract Background Adequate emergency department (ED) anesthesia for painful ear conditions, such as ear lacerations or ear abscesses, can be challenging. Much of the sensory innervation of the ear is supplied from the anterior and posterior branches of the greater auricular nerve (GAN). The GAN is a branch of the superficial cervical plexus, which arises from the C2/C3 spinal roots. The GAN innervation includes most of the helix, antihelix, the lobule, and the skin over the mastoid process and parotid gland. Anesthesia of the GAN is commonly performed in emergency medicine as part of a landmark-based ear “ring” block. Recently, a selective ultrasound-guided GAN block has been described. Case Report We report the first cases of ultrasound-guided greater auricular nerve block (UGANB) successfully performed in the ED as the sole procedural anesthesia for both an ear laceration and abscess drainage. In addition, we review the relevant anatomy and technical details of the procedure. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Our cases suggest that UGANB is a potentially effective nerve block for ED management of acute ear pain related to procedures involving the tail of the helix and the lobule, such as ear lacerations or ear abscess incision and drainage. Advantages include real-time visualization of the GAN that may increase block success and the decreased volume of local anesthetic required for a block.
The link between reconstruction and development

Reconstruction after an earthquake should improve the residents' standard of living. Local social and cultural values and resources should be incorporated into reconstruction and development efforts.
Why Do Share Price Levels Matter? Investor Clienteles, Monitoring and Firm Performance

We develop a model in which firms select share prices by trading off the benefits of institutional investor monitoring against the value of a broad shareholder base. Firms that anticipate small gains from institutional monitoring target a retail investor clientele by setting lower share prices while firms that anticipate large gains from institutional monitoring target an institutional investor clientele by setting higher share prices. Our model also implies that high-priced stocks will be of higher quality than low-priced stocks, and that higher quality firms will more persistently maintain their quality over time and choose higher split-to prices when they split their shares. Our empirical findings confirm these predictions, providing strong support for our notion that share price levels are endogenously determined based on a firm's preferred ownership clientele.
The Res Judicata Worth of Illegal Bankruptcy Reorganization Plans

Every reorganization chapter in the Bankruptcy Code contains a statement that confirmed plans are binding on the debtor and its creditors. Yet the procedure in bankruptcy reorganization cases is so chaotic that courts often confirm plans that are illegal. Where the creditor does not appeal the confirmation order, the plan should have res judicata worth against the creditor. Yet courts have found many reasons why they should not follow the "plain meaning" of the Bankruptcy Code. This article surveys the large number of reasons courts have found to subvert the rule that confirmed plans are binding. In particular, it examines whether violations of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure are violations of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.