cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Branched Organs: Mechanics of Morphogenesis by Multiple Mechanisms

Branching morphogenesis is ubiquitous and important in creating bulk transport systems. Branched ducts can be generated by several different mechanisms including growth, cell rearrangements, contractility, adhesion changes, and other mechanisms. We have developed several models of the mechanics of cleft formation, which we review. We discuss the implications of several candidate mechanisms and review what has been found in models and in experiments.
Generation of extremely low frequency radiation by ionospheric electrojet modulation using powerful high‐frequency heating waves

[1] Using amplitude-modulated high-frequency (HF) heating waves for electron heating, the conductivity of plasma and thus the embedded electrojet currents in high-latitude ionosphere can be modulated accordingly to set up the ionospheric antenna current for extremely low frequency (ELF) wave generation. Electron heating is hampered by inelastic collisions of electrons with neutral particles (mainly due to vibration excitation of N2), which cause the induced modulation current to remain at a low level. However, this inelastic collision loss rate drops rapidly to a low value in the energy regime from 3.5 to 6 eV. Thus, as the heating power exceeds a critical level, electron heating suddenly reaches an unexpected high level, resulting to a near step increase (of about 5 to 8 dB depending on the modulation waveform and frequency) in the spectral intensity of ELF radiation. The dependency of this critical HF heating-wave power on the modulation frequency is determined for three heating wave modulation forms: (1) rectangular wave, (2) sine wave, and (3) half-wave rectified wave.
Authorship and Authority: John Milton, William Marshall, and the Two Frontispieces of Poems 1645

Berry, Herbert (1992), "The Miltons and the Blackfriars Playhouse", MP 89,510-14 Durning-Lawrence, Sir Edwin (1913), Milton'sEpitaph to Shakespeare (in the 1632 edition of the plays known as the second folio (London). Shawcross, John (1984), Milton: A Bibliography for the Years 1624-1 700 (Binghamton) Smith, R. M. (1928), "The Variant Issues of Shakespeare's First Folio and Milton's First Published English Poem: A Bibliographical Problem", Lehigh University Publications 2, no. 3. Todd, William (1952), "The Issues and States of the Second Folio and Milton's Epigraph on Shakespeare", SB 5, 81-108.
Hot spots, patterns, and contracts: an exploration of software framework design

This tutorial illustrates how hot-spot analysis [8], software patterns [1,4,5], and Design-by-Contract techniques [7] can be used effectively in the design of a software framework [6]. It demonstrates these techniques by focusing on the design of a framework for a Table (i.e., a dictionary or map) abstraction [3].
Chapter 5 Implicit Modeling of Membranes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents models to study lipid membranes— solute-focused and membrane-focused. The methods presented are largely focused on understanding the effects of membrane structure on the behavior of bound molecules. As a rule, the solute representations are not as detailed, but more care is taken to retain information about the membrane. In general, these models are intended in large part to describe the variation of membrane-solute interactions as a function of membrane composition. In solute-focused, the solute—typically a protein, peptide, or small molecule—is considered with atomic or near-atomic resolution, and the membrane is largely a backdrop intended to provide an appropriate venue. As a rule, these models neglect details of membrane structure other than the thickness of the hydrophobic low-dielectric core, and contain few provisions to account for the solute's disruption of membrane structure. Instead, these methods tend to focus on the membrane–solute interactions and the ways in which the membrane modifies solute–solute interactions, especially via electrostatics. Membrane-Focused models can be further divided into two subclasses: continuum models and chain models. The former class represents the membrane using some form of continuum mechanics based on some bulk property— for example, hydrophobic thickness, while the latter attempts to build toward macroscopic predictions via a microscopic consideration of chain statistics.
NDPMine: efficiently mining discriminative numerical features for pattern-based classification

Pattern-based classification has demonstrated its power in recent studies, but because the cost of mining discriminative patterns as features in classification is very expensive, several efficient algorithms have been proposed to rectify this problem. These algorithms assume that feature values of the mined patterns are binary, i.e., a pattern either exists or not. In some problems, however, the number of times a pattern appears is more informative than whether a pattern appears or not. To resolve these deficiencies, we propose a mathematical programming method that directly mines discriminative patterns as numerical features for classification. We also propose a novel search space shrinking technique which addresses the inefficiencies in iterative pattern mining algorithms. Finally, we show that our method is an order of magnitude faster, significantly more memory efficient and more accurate than current approaches.
THE GENETIC COVARIANCE BETWEEN CHARACTERS MAINTAINED BY PLEIOTROPIC MUTATIONS

A statistical genetic model of a multivariate phenotype is derived to investigate the covariation of pleiotropic mutations with additive effects under the combined action of phenotypic selection, linkage and the mating system. Equilibrium formulas for large, randomly mating populations demonstrate that, when selection on polygenic variation is much smaller than twice the harmonic mean recombination rate between loci with interacting fitnesses, linkage disequilibrium is negligible and pleiotropy is the main cause of genetic correlations between characters. Under these conditions, approximate expressions for the dynamics of the genetic covariances due to pleiotropic mutations are obtained. Patterns of genetic covariance between characters and their evolution are discussed with reference to data on polygenic mutation, chromosomal organization and morphological integration.
Analysis on access fairness and a technique to extend distance for 802.6

Even though IEEE 802.6 can cover longer distances than those of local area networks (LANs), it is limited by unfairness in terms of average access delay. The effect of distance on average access delay is analyzed based on homogeneous assumptions, and a technique to extend 802.6 over a wider area is proposed. The technique makes possible simplification of topology for wide area networks (WANs), which in turn simplifies routing and network management tasks. >
Bounds on Global and Finitistic Dimension for Finite Dimensional Algebras with Vanishing Radical Cube

Abstract It is shown that, given any left artinian ring Λ which has vanishing radical cube and n isomorphism classes of simple left modules, the global dimension of Λ is either infinite or bounded above by n2 − n, and the left finitistic dimension of Λ is always less than or equal to n2 + 1; in fact, sharper bounds are obtained, but these are not as easily described. Moreover, a tight grid for the "distribution" of the projective dimensions of the simple left Λ-modules, again in terms of n, is set up. The key to these estimates is a sequence of matrix groups which stores homological information on Λ in an efficient form. Additional applications of this machinery include lower bounds on the projective dimensions of the simple left Λ-modules and hence on the global dimension of Λ.
Flow structure and skin friction in the vicinity of a streamwise-angled injection hole fed by a short pipe

The velocity field and skin friction distribution around a row of five jets issuing into a crossflow from short (L/D ≃ 1) pipes inclined by 35° with respect to the streamwise direction, (i.e., “short holes”) are presented for two different jet supply flow directions. Velocity was measured using PIV, while the skin friction was measured with oil-film interferometry. The flow features are compared with previously published data for jets issuing through holes oriented normal to the crossflow and with numerical simulations of similar geometries. The distinguishing features of the flow field include a reduced recirculation region in comparison to the 90° case and markedly different in-hole flow physics. The jetting process caused by in-hole separations force the bulk of the jet fluid to issue from the leading half of the streamwise-angled injection hole, as previously reported by Brundage et al. (Tech Rep ASME 99-GT-35, 1999) and predicted by Walters and Leylek (ASME J Turbomach 122:101–112, 2000). The flow structure impacts the skin friction distribution around the holes, resulting in higher near-hole shear stress for a counter-flow supply plenum (jet fluid supplied by a high speed plenum flowing opposite to the free stream direction). In contrast, the counter-flow supply plenum was previously found to have the lowest near-hole wall shear stress for normal injection holes (Peterson and Plesniak in Exp Fluids 37:497–503, 2004b). Streamwise-angled injection generally reduces the near-hole skin friction due to the reduced jet trajectory resulting from the lower wall-normal jet momentum. Far downstream, the skin friction distributions are similar for the two injection angle cases.
Examination of a strategy failure

During the 1960s and 70s a large number of corporations focused on rapid growth and diversification. Within a few years, almost all of them experienced severe growing pains when they attempted to manage their diversified stable of companies. Many have found that such pains can wrack and sometimes even destroy an organization that otherwise seemed to be quite strong. The following case history of Teledyne/ Packard Bell outlines some of the problems and results in one instance of diversified growth. It also examines the process of planning and achieving growth and suggests strategies for avoiding the kind of failure that the Teledyne subsidiary, Packard Bell, experienced.
Clinical evaluation of a single crystal sapphire tooth implant in human beings

Single crystal sapphire implants are commercially prepared ceramics of aluminum oxide. These endosseous implants have been placed in patients at Washington University since 1978. The course of patients has been followed closely with periodic clinical and radiographic evaluations. Sapphire is well tolerated by hard and soft tissue and provides excellent abutments for fixed partial dentures.
Case-mix adjustment for evaluation of mortality in cystic fibrosis

Comparison of patient mortality rates in cystic fibrosis (CF) obtained from different institutions requires the use of case-mix adjustment methods to account for baseline differences in patient and disease characteristics. There is no current professional consensus on the use of case-mix adjustment methods for use in comparing mortality rates in CF. Characteristics used for this case-mix adjustment should include those that are different across institutions and are associated with patient survival. They should not include characteristics of disease severity that may be a consequence of effectiveness of treatment. The goal of these analyses was to identify a set of these characteristics of patients or disease that would be useful for case-mix adjustment of CF mortality rates. Data from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry and from the United States Census of the Population (1990) were used in these analyses. Kaplan-Meier techniques, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate survivorship, calculate hazard ratios (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI(95%)), and to conduct tests of statistical significance. The data set included all 30,469 CF patients seen at CF Care Centers from 1982-1998. There were 5,906 deaths during 508,721 person-years of follow-up. In multivariate analyses, female gender (HR 1.30, CI(95%) (1.16, 1,47), P $50,000/year (corrected for the 1999 consumer price index) were compared with those living in areas with a median household income < $20,000/year, it was apparent that those in the wealthier areas had a 40% reduced risk of death (HR 0.60, CI(95%) (0.44, 0.82), P = 0.001). All of these characteristics were independently significant predictors of death, and all of these characteristics differed significantly across the CF Care Centers. This case-mix adjustment model uses patient and disease characteristics available at the time of diagnosis of CF, and is not believed to be influenced by subsequent treatment to predict the risk of death. If these case-mix adjustment methods are adopted broadly, they will make it possible to study treatment effects and differences in mortality outcomes, while adjusting for baseline differences in patient and disease characteristics.
Responses to desiccation stress by Klebsormidium rivulare (Ulotrichales, Chlorophyta) from a Rhode Island stream

Epilithic populations of Klebsormidium rivulare (Kutz.) comb. nov. in a Rhode Island stream were subjected to prolonged intervals of desiccation during the summer and early fall. Following periods ...
High Extinction Polarimeter for the Precision Measurement of the In-Plane Optical Anisotropy of Molecular Monolayers

A polarimeter using selected Glan-Thompson polarizers, a spatially filtered probe laser beam, precision polarizer orientation, and spatially filtered output coupling into an optical fiber achieves ...
Evaluation of selected natural and synthetic products as house fly repellents

Abstract Twenty natural and synthetic substances, known or reported to be repellent to insects, were evaluated for repellency to adult house flies, Musca domestica L., by a new laboratory test method. Fourteen materials completely repelled the flies during a 30‐min test period. The most active material was 2‐phenylethanol.
Drag-induced instabilities and chaos in mooring systems

Abstract The influence of a quadratic viscous drag nonlinearity in multi-point mooring systems is examined in this paper. These systems are characterized by a nonlinear restoring force and a coupled wave-structure exciting force. Stability analysis of system response and its corresponding Poincare map define domains of primary and subharmonic resonances and reveal the existence of coexisting nonlinear solutions. Local and global tangent and period doubling bifurcations identify possible routes to chaotic motion and their controlling parameters. Thus, complex dynamics are obtained semi-analytically resulting in identification and control of the drag-induced instabilities which are not attainable by equivalently linearizing the hydrodynamic drag force.
Predation Risk Experienced by Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, in Intertidal and Subtidal Salt Marsh Habitats

It is often presumed that salt marshes provide a predation refuge for small fishes, but predation risks have rarely been compared in intertidal and subtidal habitats, making the importance of salt marshes as a predation refuge speculative. We measured relative survival of tethered mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in four habitats in a salt marsh-tidal creek system: unvegetated and vegetated intertidal areas and the subtidal creek at high and low tide. At high tide, mummichog in the intertidal zone had signif- icantly higher survival than in the subtidal creek in June through August. Survival rates in unvegetated and vegetated intertidal habitats were not significantly different, suggesting that higher intertidal survival was due to less abundant predatorscomparedwiththecreek,ratherthanpredatorsbeing less effective in vegetation. The lower predation risk experi- enced by mummichog in the intertidal marsh suggests that access to intertidal habitats will be important for production of small estuarine fishes.
Innovation, Nostalgia, and the Politics of Educational Change:

hangeOverTime?isanextraordinarystudy.Indeed,thereisnothingelselike it in the literature, at least nothing with this historical breadth, empiricalrichness, and theoretical resonance. Historians have examined the broadsweep of school change across large categories of schooling and largeexpanses of time, and they have also looked at the histories of individualinstitutions. Scholars of educational policy have explored the implementa-tion of particular efforts to reform pedagogy, curriculum, and school organi-zation in individual or multiple sites but rarely covering more than a halfdozen years or so. But as far as I know, no one has yet attempted to look atchangeinsomuchdetailforsomanydifferentkindsofschoolsduringsuchalong expanse of time. The project combines the best features of a case study(providing acloseexaminationof eighthigh schools, resultingina100-pagecase report on each institution), a reform implementation study (looking atthewayparallelreformeffortsplayoutintheinteriorlifeofaseriesofinstitu-tions at the same time), and a historical study (examining changes at thesehigh schools during three decades in two countries in light of both the largerhistorical context and the conditions within a particular school system andschool). Only through this kind of study can we really come to understandschool change as an interaction between school and context over decades.As Andy Hargreaves and Ivor Goodson point out in the opening article,the project has three major aims, which are apparent in the five articles pre-sentedhere.First,thesearticlesexplorethewaysinwhichavarietyoffactorsshape school change over time. The authors identify five such factors thatwere most important in the eight schools they examined in New York andOntario in the past three decades of the 20th century: waves of policy
The path to more general artificial intelligence

A small-N comparative analysis of six different areas of applied artificial intelligence (AI) suggests that the next period of development will require a merging of narrow-AI and strong-AI approaches. This will be necessary as programmers seek to move beyond developing narrowly defined tools to developing software agents capable of acting independently in complex environments. The present stage of artificial intelligence development is propitious for this because of the exponential increases in computer power and in available data streams over the last 25 years, and because of better understanding of the complex logic of intelligence. Applied areas chosen for examination were heart pacemakers, socialist economic planning, computer-based trading, self-driving automobiles, surveillance and sousveillance and artificial intelligence in medicine.
Conformational Studies of RS-66271, an Analog of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein with Pronounced Bone Anabolic Activity†

Both the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the functionally similar parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) have served as templates for the development of novel bone anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. The PTHrP analog RS-66271 (Vickery, B. H.; Avnur, Z.; Cheng Y.; Chiou, S.-S.; Leaffer, D.; Caulfield, J. P.; Kimmel, D. B.; Ho, T.; Krstenansky, J. L. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1996, 11, 1943-1951), in which the amino acids 22-31 have been substituted by the sequence E22-L-L-E-K-L-L-E-K-L31 (a model amphiphilic peptide), is a potent bone anabolic agent in vivo. Therefore, RS-66271 is a good candidate for structural analysis with the aim of developing a structure-activity relationship. The structural characterization described here was carried out in aqueous solution employing circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We find that the incorporated amphiphilic decapeptide is indeed helical. In addition, it induces the adjacent residues, up to residue 16, to adopt the helical conformation. The helical domain, including residues 16-32, incorporates most of the previously identified principal receptor binding domain PTHrP(25-34). We discuss the relevance of the distinct and extensive helicity in light of the reduced in vitro receptor affinity/ activity and the enhanced in vivo bone anabolic efficacy of RS-66271.
Pond acidification may explain differences in corticosterone among salamander populations.

AbstractPhysiological tolerances play a key role in determining species distributions and abundance across a landscape, and understanding these tolerances can therefore be useful in predicting future changes in species distributions that might occur. Vertebrates possess several highly conserved physiological mechanisms for coping with environmental stressors, including the hormonal stress response that involves an endocrine cascade resulting in the increased production of glucocorticoids. We examined the function of this endocrine axis by assessing both baseline and acute stress–induced concentrations of corticosterone in larvae from eight natural breeding populations of Jefferson’s salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum. We surveyed individuals from each pond and also examined a variety of environmental pond parameters. We found that baseline and stress-induced corticosterone concentrations differed significantly among ponds. Population-level baseline corticosterone concentrations were negatively related to...
Factors affecting perceived tumor volumes in magnetic resonance imaging.

Irregularly structured brain tumors, such as glioblastomas, challenge attempts to visualize and quantify their three-dimensional structure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents one tool for attempting to noninvasively track tumor size. MR images demonstrate widely varying perceived tumor margins. In addition, adjunct therapies, such as the administration of steroids, greatly affect the volumes perceived in images formed by certain pulse sequences. In this study tumors were grown in 15 dogs and the tumor size tracked for a period of time. The dogs were placed on dexamethasone for a week and another series of scans was obtained. No other therapies were provided. The data for visualized tumor size are provided for T1, T2, and proton density. Weighted images are provided and the relationships between the scans are discussed.
Properties of goat anti-human hemoglobin antibodies fractionated on subunit affinity columns

Abstract The antibodies to human hemoglobin A, (HbA 1 ) in the sera of two goats were fractionated on the basis of their ability or inability to bind to the isolated α and β subunits of the hemoglobin. The fractionation was carried out by a series of affinity chromatography steps and the characterization of the binding of the antibody populations thus obtained to HbA 1 , α and β revealed some predominating characteristics common to the two goat sera. In roughly proportional yields, the anti-HbA 1 in the sera were fractionated into three major catergories: antibodies which bind only to HbA 1 and β chains, antibodies which bind only to HbA 1 and α chains and antibodies which bind to HbA 1 and both α and β chains. One goat also had an antibody population that would bind HbA 1 but neither α nor β. There was, in both sera, a larger proportion of α binding control to β binding antibodies and of α−s non-cross-reacting compared to α−s cross-reacting antibodies. Upon consideration of the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structures of both the hemoglobin antigen and the host's own hemoglobin with respect to sequence differences and the exposure and clustering of such differences, the existence and proportions of the diffrent antibody populations can be explained.
Granoblastic olivine aggregates as precursors of Type I chondrules: An experimental test

Abstract Chondrule formation models involving precursors of granoblastic olivine aggregates (GOA) of either planetesimal or nebular origin have recently been proposed. We have therefore conducted chondrule simulation experiments using mixtures of 100 h-thermally annealed GOA and An + En to test the viability of GOA as predecessors of porphyritic olivine (PO) chondrules. Isothermal runs of less than 5 min at 1350–1550 °C result in GOA disaggregation and Fe–Mg exchange; runs of 0.5–4 h show textures superficially similar to granular and PO chondrules, but with reversely zoned olivine. Charges isothermally heated at 1550 °C for 1 and 4 h before being cooled at 10 and 100 °C/h undergo olivine crystallization and yield classical PO textures. Although most evidence of origin from GOA is erased, the cores of normally zoned euhedral crystals are relict. As ‘phenocrysts’ in Type I chondrules can be relict such chondrules could have experienced similar peak temperatures to those of Type II chondrules. Chondrules containing GOA with olivine triple junctions resemble experimental charges heated for minutes at temperatures between 1350 and 1450 °C and Type I chondrules with subhedral to anhedral olivine plus GOA relicts resemble charges heated at the same temperatures but for longer duration. Type I chondrules with a mass of granular olivine or irregular, anhedral olivine grains in the center, and much glass nearer the margin, on the other hand, require limited heating at high temperature (1550 °C) while Type I chondrules with euhedral olivines, resemble charges heated at 1550 °C for 4 h. The majority of Type I chondrules in CV chondrites display evidence of derivation from GOA. Many finer-grained chondrules in CR and UOC on the other hand, could not have been derived from such coarse-grained precursors, but could have formed from fine-grained dustballs as stipulated in the standard paradigm. Thus, both GOA and dustballs represent viable chondrule precursors of coarser and finer-grained Type I PO chondrules, respectively.
Design of Power-Line Monitoring Equipment

The extensive range in time duration (from microseconds to seconds) of power line distrubances which might affect the operation of data processing equipment requires monitors with characteristics not generally available. The operating and detection characteristics of two types of monitors specifically developed to monitor these disturbances are described. The first is an oscilloscope-automatic camera monitor called an "analog monitor." The second is a small, two-unit "digital printout monitor." Data obtained from the use of these monitors is also presented.
Analog-to-Digital Converters: Digitizing the Analog World

Challenges in analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion for future scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies are investigated. The analysis of a figure of merit (FOM) that accounts for energy per conversion step indicates that op-amps are one of the most significant performance bottlenecks. New mixed-signal circuit architectures, which are more suitable for A/D conversion in scaled CMOS technologies and are more energy efficient than traditional architectures, are described. These circuits sense the crossing of virtual ground with comparators or zero-crossing detectors instead of forcing the virtual ground with op-amps. The FOM derivations for the comparator and zero-crossing based circuits indicate potentially a large improvement over traditional op-amp based circuits. The designs and experimental results of analog-to-digital converters based on a prototype comparator and zero-crossing are discussed in detail.
Can Sphagnum leachate chemistry explain differences in anaerobic decomposition in peatlands

Abstract Peatlands are important ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, serving as both the largest terrestrial soil carbon pool and a significant source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH 4 ). In Sphagnum moss-dominated wetlands, anaerobic decomposition, and in particular the production of CH 4 , is highly variable and controlling factors are poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to determine if leachates of Sphagnum can explain differences in anaerobic decomposition and CH 4 production from three Sphagnum- dominated peatlands. Soils from each peatland were incubated anaerobically for 40 days with Sphagnum -derived organic matter (S-DOM) extracted using distilled water at 25 or 60 °C in a fully-crossed experimental design. S-DOM extracted at 25 °C had a minimal effect on decomposition, but S-DOM extracted at 60 °C increased CO 2 production in all soils. The magnitude of the increased CO 2 production in response to S-DOM depended on the source site of the S-DOM. The response of CH 4 production to additions of S-DOM extracted at 60 °C was more complex. Soils from one peatland produced no CH 4 during the incubation, regardless of S-DOM source. The same S-DOM additions led to an increase in CH 4 production in a second soil, but a decrease in CH 4 production in the third soil. Stable isotopic evidence suggests that these patterns were driven by the selective inhibition or stimulation of acetoclastic methanogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest S-DOM alone does not explain differences in anaerobic decomposition in peatlands, but may play a role in regulating CO 2 and CH 4 production.
Properties and tissue distribution of mouse monomeric carbonyl reductase

We previously cloned a cDNA for mouse cerebellum carbonyl reductase which shows more than 81% homology to the cDNAs for monomeric carbonyl reductases of the rat, rabbit and human, and for pig 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the present study, we expressed the recombinant monomeric enzyme (34 kDa and pI 8.3) from the cDNA and compared its properties with the recombinant human enzyme. The mouse and human enzymes showed similar functional properties, although they differed in kinetic constants for carbonyl substrates and in inhibitor sensitivity. Both enzymes lacked glutathione S-transferase activity. Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that the enzyme protein and its mRNA are expressed in various mouse tissues.
Results of experimental and theoretical investigations in charge transfer transitions, scintillators and Eu2+ based phosphors

Abstract A brief overview of recent results obtained in scintillator and phosphors are presented. Four topics, that are at the center of considerable research, and which are important from both fundamental and practical point of view, are chosen. The identification and behavior of ligand-to-RE 3+ (RE 3+ = rare earth) charge transfer transition when the ligand ions are halides and N 3− is reviewed. The reasons for the high light yield of the LuI 3 :Ce 3+ scintillator is investigated theoretically and a new channel of energy transfer to excitons and directly to the Ce 3+ ion identified. The prospect of increasing the light yield of Ce 3+ based scintillators by the Pr 3+ ion is discussed. Finally, the remarkable luminescence of octahedrally coordinated Eu 2+ ion in Cs 2 M 2+ P 2 O 7 (M 2+ = Ca, Sr) is discussed.
Thermo-optical model of repetitively pumped solid-state lasers

A thermo-optical model describing the cavity stability and TEM00-mode volume of a repetitively pumped solid-state laser is developed and verified experimentally. The model predicts a maximum theoretical TEM00 Gaussian-mode radius in the laser rod. This maximum mode radius is caused by a bifocusing of the cavity mode and is present even in gain-polarized materials that nominally suppress the effect of birefringence on beam polarization. The mode limitation effect is not eliminated by conventional optics and is reduced only marginally by the often-described technique of placing a second identical laser head in the cavity. A maximum mode radius implies a fundamental limit on the TEM00-mode energy that can be extracted from a given laser cavity.
A comparison of immediate postoperative rigid and soft dressings for below-knee amputations.

Background A variety of postsurgical dressings are used after a below-knee amputation (BKA), but there is no evidence-based guideline on which dressing to use. The purpose of this study was to compare the application of immediate postoperative rigid dressings or soft dressings on the healing times of BKA. Methods In this retrospective analysis we compared 151 patients who underwent BKA from 2000 to 2012 at Yale New Haven Hospital. Patient demographics were collected and the type of postoperative dressing utilized was recorded. Ninety-one patients received a rigid plaster or plastic dressing and 60 received a soft gauze dressing with knee immobilizer. Time was measured between amputation and initial casting of prosthesis. Results Average age for the rigid dressing group was 58.6 years, with 78.2% presenting with diabetes mellitus, compared with the soft dressing group of 61.0 years, with 82.8%, respectively. Using a Kaplan–Meier analysis, patients fit with a rigid dressing demonstrated significantly decreased healing time from BKA to initial casting for a prosthesis ( P = 0.02). After the first 60 days, 58.24% of patients who received a rigid dressing were ready to be cast, compared with 38.33% of patients receiving a soft dressing ( P = 0.03). Conclusions Below-knee amputees had a significantly quicker healing time, as measured by the time to be cast for prosthesis, when a rigid dressing was used compared with a soft dressing. Consideration should be given to the use of a rigid dressing after BKA to expedite healing and promote earlier ambulation.
Transient plane source measurements of the thermal properties of hydrating cement pastes

A transient plane source measurement technique is applied to assessing the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of hydrating cement pastes in their fresh state and during the course of 28 d of hydration at 20°C. Variables investigated include water-to-cement mass ratio (w/c – 0.3 or 0.4) and curing conditions (sealed or saturated curing). The heat capacity data for the fresh cement pastes are compared to a simple law of mixtures, and analytical expressions are developed to estimate the heat capacity as a function of degree of hydration for the two curing conditions. The measured thermal conductivities of the fresh pastes along with the known thermal conductivity of water are used to estimate the thermal conductivity of the original cement powder via application of the Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bounds. Hydration is seen to have only a minor influence on the measured thermal conductivity. Extension of the law of mixtures for heat capacity and the H-S bounds for thermal conductivity to predicting the corresponding properties of concretes are discussed.
Autonomic maneuvers in hereditary Q-T interval prolongation (Romano-Ward syndrome).

Abstract Since extrinsic autonomic defects have been postulated to be a primary etiologic mechanism in hereditary Q-T interval prolongation, heart rate and Q-T interval responses of three affected members of a family with Romano-Ward syndrome and eight normal volunteers were studied in the control state and after blocking doses of propranolol, atropine, propranolol plus atropine, and trimethaphan, a ganglionic blocking agent. The isoproterenol infusion rate required to increase resting heart rate by 30 per minute was determined. During the control state, cycle length changes in the normal volunteers and affected family members were not appreciably different with respect to: prolongation during carotid sinus pressure and post-Valsalva and shortening during the initial phase of hand-grip. These changes were abolished by atropine but not by propranolol. As compared to the normal volunteers, the affected family members' maximal heart rates during treadmill exercise were similar but after propranolol they were significantly lower. Isoproterenol sensitivity in affected family members was not significantly different from that in normal volunteers. The affected family members tended to have low resting heart rates and manifested abnormally low increments in rate with atropine. Their heart rates were abnormally low after propranolol plus atropine and trimethaphan, without evidence of depressed left ventricular function. When changes in cycle length were accounted for, affected family members' Q-T intervals during the control maneuvers were unaltered by propranolol, trimethaphan, and isoproterenol. However, one affected family member demonstrated disproportionate Q-T interval lengthening and alternation in T or U wave amplitude with the lowest isoproterenol infusion rate; these changes disappeared as the infusion rate was increased. The present study suggests intrinsic cardiac changes are present in this family with Romano-Ward syndrome. Their relationship to any extrinsic sympathetic defect is unclear.
Naloxone reduction of stress-related feeding

Abstract The effects of the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, on various types of stress- related feeding in rats were examined. Tail pinch-induced eating of a palatable substance, and 3 hr daytime rat chow intake following acute 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG, 400 mg/kg) administration or 24 hr food deprivation were significantly decreased by low doses (1 mg/kg) of naloxone. Night time food intake was likewise decreased by naloxone (4 mg/kg). In contrast, hyperphagia induced by insulin (10 U/kg) was not decreased by naloxone (0.06–16 mg/kg). These findings suggest that narcotic antagonists should be considered as possible anorexics selective for stress-induced eating, and that endogenous opiates may prove to be another significant factor involved in the control of food intake.
High-efficiency 5000 lines/mm multilayer-coated blazed grating for extreme ultraviolet wavelengths

Volume x-ray gratings consisting of a multilayer coating deposited on a blazed substrate can diffract with very high efficiency, even in high orders if diffraction conditions in-plane (grating) and out-of-plane (Bragg multilayer) are met simultaneously. This remarkable property, however, depends critically on the ability to create a structure with near atomic perfection. In this Letter we report on a method to produce these structures. We report measurements that show, for a 5000l/mm grating diffracting in the third order, a diffraction efficiency of 37.6% at a wavelength of 13.6nm. This work now shows a direct route to achieving high diffraction efficiency in high order at wavelengths throughout the soft x-ray energy range.
Algorithm 483: Masked three-dimensional plot program with rotations

PLOT3D will accept three-dimensional data in various forms, rotate it in three-space, and plot the projection of the resulting figure onto the x-y plane. Those lines or portions of lines which should be hidden by previous lines are masked.
Social Networking Sites, Literacy, and the Authentic Identity Problem.

Current interest in social media for educational purposes has led many to consider the importance of literacy development in online spaces (e.g., new media literacies, digital literacies, etc.). Relying heavily upon New Literacy Studies (NLS) as a base, these approaches treat literacy expansively to include socio-cultural factors beyond mere skill acquisition and behavior modification. Within such expansive views, we need to better understand the relationship between identity and social participation within online spaces. In particular, we need to better understand issues of identity and literacy within social networking sites (SNS) and consider how embedded values of such media influence social participation and identity construction within them. A problem exists, however, because most prominent SNS rely upon an authentic identity model of participation that is interpreted in an essentialist manner and is contradictory to NLS views of identity. In this paper, I highlight the complexities of this issue, identify the authentic identity problem, and offer some beginning remarks for working through this problem of developing literacy in a medium while utilizing a model that may contradict the medium’s assumptions.
Failure of plasma membranes of astrocytes in primary culture to insert exogenous ganglioside GM1

Primary cultures of astrocytes derived from newborn rat brain cerebral hemispheres did not incorporate ganglioside GM1 into their plasma membranes when cultured in a medium containing the added ganglioside. This finding suggests that the function and/or structure of the astrocyte cell membrane differs from that of the neuron and oligodendroglia cell.
The diagnosis and management of T-natural killer cell lymphoma of the sinonasal tract

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the sinonasal tract is a relatively uncommon neoplasm that can be morphologically difficult to distinguish from nonneoplastic diseases. The lethal midline granuloma syndrome was formerly believed to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including Wegener's granulomatosis, polymorphic reticulosis, idiopathic midline destructive disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The lack of definitive histopathologic differentiation of this group of lesions provided little guidance in their management. However, recent advancements in immunocytochemical phenotyping and molecular genetics have led to a revision of this outdated classification. Except for Wegener's granulomatosis, a well-characterized autoimmune disease, the majority of these lesions are now known to represent lymphomas of either B- or T-cell origin. T-cell or natural killer-cell phenotype (T-NK) lymphoma constitutes a particularly aggressive form of sinonasal lesions and carries a poor prognosis.
Diffractive exclusive electroproduction of ϱ0 mesons at HERMES

Abstract Recent HERMES measurements are presented on the diffractive slopes of the coherent and incoherent part of the cross section for exclusive diffractive production of ϱ 0 mesons. Based on data taken with a variety of targets, 1 H, 3 He, 14 N, 20 Ne and Krypton, the method to extract the coherent-to-incoherent cross section ratios in dependence of the coherence length l c and momentum transfer Q 2 is presented. These measurements provide important information about the interaction of quark-antiquark pairs with the nuclear medium. Using 2 H and 14 N targets, the nuclear transparency and coherent cross section ratio of ϱ 0 production has been measured versus coherence length and Q 2 . The data have been checked for a possible onset of color transparency and are compared with recent theoretical predictions.
XLII. The absorption of water in hot glass. Second paper

(1899). XLII. The absorption of water in hot glass. Second paper. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 47, No. 288, pp. 461-479.
Micropatterned Aptasensors for Continuous Monitoring of Cytokine Release from Human Leukocytes

We report the development of a microdevice for detecting local interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release from primary human leukocytes in real time. Our microdevice makes use of miniature aptamer-modified electrodes integrated with microfluidics to monitor cellular production of IFN-γ. The aptamer species consists of a DNA hairpin molecule with thiol groups on the 3′-end for self-assembly onto Au electrodes. A redox reporter is covalently attached at the 5′-end for electrochemical sensing. This aptasensor has excellent sensitivity for IFN-γ (<60 pM detection limit) and responds to the target analyte in real time without additional washing or labeling steps. Aptamer-functionalized electrode arrays are fabricated on glass slides containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel patterns designed to expose glass regions adjacent to electrodes while protecting the remainder of the surface from nonspecific adsorption. The micropatterned substrates are integrated with PDMS microfluidic channels and incubated with T-cell-s...
The role of ethics in quality and accountability initiatives.

There are significant moral issues in making a health care system deliver quality health care with accountability. Unfortunately, delivering such care with accountability will have to mean challenging the traditional ethical assumptions of most of the key players in a new health care system. It will mean challenging the traditional Hippocratic ethics of clinicians. At the same time it will also mean challenging the traditional utilitarian ethics of the administrators of health care. Both clinicians and administrators work
MULTI-MODULE FLOATING OCEAN STRUCTURES

Abstract In this paper, we describe an analysis of the wave-induced motions and structural response of a very large floating structure made up of a number of modules, each of which is treated as a rigid body having six degrees of motion freedom. The modules are connected to one another by mechanical joints having elastic and damping characteristics. The platform may be held in its mean position by various means including catenary and taut cable mooring systems. Each module consists of a floating body of quite general geometry and the range of shapes may include ship- or barge-like bodies and wave-transparent bodies similar to semi-submersible platforms. The wave-induced forces and the motion responses are computed within the context of linear ship and platform motion theory. Provision is made for utilizing any procedure appropriate for the individual body geometry in computing the fluid forces on each module. Such procedures include two-dimensional strip and three-dimensional panel methods, both of which are based on ideal-fluid potential theory, and the Morison formula which includes some real fluid effects. Viscous forces are included by means of the method of equivalent linearization, with the necessary iteration built into the computer code. The results of the computation include the absolute and relative motion responses of the individual modules, the forces and reactions in the connecting structure, and the mooring and restraint loads. In addition, the relative motions between adjacent unconnected modules may be determined in order to simulate the assembly of the structure at sea.
Interactive reliability-based structural optimization

Abstract In the field of structural optimization the interactive computer-aided design (CAD) system becomes central as a tool for searching and evaluating alternatives to obtain the best design among given choices. Along these lines, this paper presents a new interactive reliability-based CAD optimization procedure for plastic framed structures. Both loads and strengths are assumed to be random variables. Load correlations and resistance correlations are also considered. The procedure to obtain the best design is based on the minimization of the total expected weight for a specified probability of failure of the structure.
Abdominal Tubercles of Adult Male Camel Crickets, Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus Rehn (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), Produce Cues Attractive to Females

In contrast to many crickets and katydids, adult male camel crickets (Orthoptera: Raphidophoridae) do not stridulate and do not produce audible air-borne calling songs to attract females for mating. The mating behavior of most camel cricket species is undescribed; how pair-formation occurs is unknown, but chemical cues seem one likely possibility. In the camel cricket Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus Rehn, we test (1) the role of chemical cues in conspecific attraction, and (2) the role of the abdominal tubercles of adult males in producing those cues. We show (1) that virgin adult females are attracted to paper towels previously exposed to adult males, and (2) that paper towels previously exposed to adult males with exposed tubercles are more attractive than paper towels previously exposed to adult males with experimentally closed tubercles. In addition, we present Scanning Electron Microscope photos of adult male tubercle structure that are consistent with their putative role in producing chemical cues.