cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human liver microsomes glucuronidate both R- and S-7-hydroxywarfarin into two metabolites

The widely used anticoagulant Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) undergoes oxidation by cytochromes P450 into hydroxywarfarins that subsequently become conjugated for excretion in urine. Hydroxywarfarins may modulate warfarin metabolism transcriptionally or through direct inhibition of cytochromes P450 and thus, UGT action toward hydroxywarfarin elimination may impact levels of the parent drugs and patient responses. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about conjugation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in warfarin metabolism. Herein, we identified probable conjugation sites, kinetic mechanisms and hepatic UGT isoforms involved in microsomal glucuronidation of R- and S-7-hydroxywarfarin. Both compounds underwent glucuronidation at C4 and C7 hydroxyl groups based on elution properties and spectral characteristics. Their formation demonstrated regio- and enantioselectivity by UGTs and resulted in either Michaelis-Menten or substrate inhibition kinetics. Glucuronidation at the C7 hydroxyl group occurred more readily than at the C4 group, and the reaction was overall more efficient for R-7-hydroxywarfarin due to higher affinity and rates of turnover. The use of these mechanisms and parameters to model in vivo clearance demonstrated that contributions of substrate inhibition would lead to underestimation of metabolic clearance than that predicted by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Lastly, these processes were driven by multiple UGTs indicating redundancy in glucuronidation pathways and ultimately metabolic clearance of R- and S-7-hydroxywarfarin.
Oogenesis of campeloma rufum, a parthenogenetic snail

1. The oogonia, as they arise from the germinal epithelium, are about 10 microns in diameter. 2. A growth period follows the oogonial division. 3. The diploid number of chromosomes is 12. 4. In the prophase stages no synapsis has been observed. 5. Secondary nucleoli develop in the oocyte and disappear before polocyte formation. 6. But one polocyte is formed. This takes place while the egg cell is still attached to the ovarian wall. 7. there is no reduction in chromosome number in the polocyte formation. 8. After extrusion of the polar body, the egg passes into the oviduct where the first cleavage is completed. 9. Many abortive ova are found in some individuals, particularly in late summer months. 10. All the evidences, herein presented, support the view thatCampeloma rufum reproduces normally by a diploid parthenogenesis.
Evaluating Prototyping Technologies, for Product Design

Firms that design mechanical and electromechanical products confront a variety of difficult issues in their prototyping activities. For a given part, how can a choice among fabrication technologies be made? Where should investments in new prototyping technology be focused? How can new and existing prototyping technologies be evaluated? Our primary goal has been to develop a systematic method of evaluating prototyping processes in order to determine the best process for a given situation. A secondary goal has been to map the “space” of prototyping processes in order to determine future process development needs. Using data from a field study at the Kodak Apparatus Division, we have developed a systematic method for evaluating and selecting prototyping processes. Our data are drawn from (1) a user survey of prototyping perceptions and needs, (2) a survey to determine the importance of various prototype part performance attributes, and (3) estimates of the fabrication time, cost, and part performance for 104 parts and four prototyping processes.
Simulators of cutaneous lymphoma: where should our efforts go?

This issue of the Journal contains the report of a workshop on cutaneous lymphoma sponsored by the Society for Hematopathology and the European Association for Haematopathology. Although consensus appears elusive regarding the spelling of the name of one of their subspecialties, the exercise is obviously worthwhile. Dermatopathologists and h(a)ematopathologists bring different perspectives to the study of cutaneous lymphoma, and the field needs input from and, indeed, continuing contact between both groups. Dermatopathologists have been the first to recognize some conditions, such as primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma and leg type B-cell lymphoma. These neoplasms have turned out to have counterparts in other organs, but they are recognized in the World Health Organization lymphoma classification.1 Hematopathologists can bring a broad perspective to the table and, in many cases, know better how to apply evolving technologies used to evaluate lymphomas in general. The workshop, the highlights of which are delineated in this issue, concentrated on cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, drug reactions, lupus profundus, pityriasis lichenoides, Kikuchi disease, mucocutaneous ulcers, and pigmented purpuric dermatosis. The authors’ description of their experience notes some interesting and controversial cases among these entities. Certainly, anyone with an interest in this area would benefit from seeing these cases and hearing their discussion. But does it address the problems that pathologists who may encounter such cases have? Does it address the difficulties that consultant dermatopathologists have with this area? Are the issues important ones for the care of patients? Troubling issues in the culture of medicine need to be solved to make the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoma more accurate. Let’s start with dermatologists. Most dermatologists see more patients with cutaneous lymphoma during residency than in their careers. One senior physician who attended our cutaneous lymphoma clinic some years ago told me that he had never had a patient appear in …
C225 antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody enhances tumor radiocurability.

Abstract Purpose: Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been correlated with tumor resistance to radiation. Blockade of EGFR with C225 anti-EGFR antibody was previously shown to synergistically enhance radiation-induced tumor growth delay. The purpose of this study was to assess whether C225 can increase tumor cure by radiation. Methods and Materials: Nude mice bearing 8-mm-diameter A431 tumor xenografts in the hind leg were treated with C225 antibody, graded single doses of local tumor irradiation, or both. C225 was given i.p. at a dose of 1 mg/mouse 6 h before irradiation or 6 h before and 3 plus 6 days after irradiation. Tumor cure was the treatment endpoint assessed by the TCD 50 assay 120 days after treatment. The onset of recurrences of tumors not cured was also determined. Results: C225 antibody increased the antitumor effects of radiation by reducing TCD 50 values and delaying tumor recurrences. Tumor radiocurability was enhanced by a factor of 1.18 by a single dose and by a factor of 1.92 by three doses of C225. Likewise, the appearance of tumor recurrences was delayed by a factor of 1.37 by a single dose and by a factor of 2.13 by three doses of C225. Conclusion: The data presented here demonstrate that C225 can increase tumor radiocurability and delay the appearance of recurrences of tumors not cured by radiation treatment.
Comment on structural properties of the tetragonal superconductors LaBaCaCu3O7 − δ

Deux arrangements atomiques differents ont ete proposes pour decrire la structure quadratique de LaBaCaCu 3 O 7−x . L'auteur montre que ces deux structures sont des etats fondamentaux possibles du modele a deux dimensions d'Ising, deja applique a l'agencement de l'oxygene dans la classe Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−x . Cette possibilite est discutee en fonction des rapports des interactions entre plus proches voisins
Worker reproduction and related behavior in orphan colonies of a Japanese paper wasp,Polistes jadwigae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Worker reproduction and related behavior in 2 orphan colonies ofPolistes jadwigae, one of which had been maintained by a queen and 5 artificially introduced alien workers, were observed. After the queen loss, a dominance hierarchy was established among workers, and several workers laid eggs without physical interference from other workers. Only males emerged from worker-laid eggs, however, a few new queens were produced from queen-laid eggs. Investment sex ratio of queenright (=normal) colonies (0.27) fell between the 2 theoretical values, corresponding to worker control (0.20 or 0.18) and queen control (0.48 or 0.46) of the sex ratio, both being calculated by considering the excess of males produced in the orphan colonies.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During Condensation of Ammonia in Microchannels

An experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of ammonia flowing through a single, circular, microchannel (D = 1.435 mm) was conducted. The use of ammonia in thermal systems is attractive due to its high latent heat, favorable transport properties, zero ozone depletion (ODP), and zero global warming potential (GWP). At the same time, microchannel condensers are also being adopted to increase heat transfer performance to reduce component size and improve energy efficiency. While there is a growing body of research on condensation of conventional refrigerants (i.e., R134a, R404A, etc.) in microchannels, there are few data on condensation of ammonia at the microscale. Ammonia has significantly different fluid properties than synthetic HFC and HCFC refrigerants. For example, at Tsat = 60°C, ammonia has a surface tension 3.2 times and an enthalpy of vaporization 7.2 times greater than those of R134a. Thus, models validated with data for synthetic refrigerants may not predict condensation of ammonia with sufficient accuracy.The test section consisted of a stainless steel tube-in-tube heat exchanger with ammonia flowing through a microchannel inner tube and cooling water flowing through the annulus in counterflow. A high flow rate of water was maintained to provide an approximately isothermal heat sink and to ensure the condensation thermal resistance dominated the heat transfer process. Data were obtained at mass fluxes of 75 and 150 kg m−2 s−1, multiple saturation temperatures, and in small quality increments (Δx∼15–25%) from 0 to 1. Trends in heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops are discussed and the results are used to assess the applicability of models developed for both macro and microscale geometries for predicting the condensation of ammonia.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for treatment of vaginal vault prolapse.

Abstract Introduction To describe and demonstrate the use and benefit of robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. Technical considerations The procedure combines the use of standard laparoscopy with the daVinci robotic system. The patient is placed in the dorsal lithotomy position. One camera port, two robotic ports, and two standard laparoscopic ports are placed transperitoneally. Standard laparoscopic dissection, in combination with an intravaginal retractor, is used for initial anterior and posterior vaginal mobilization and exposure of the sacral promontory. The daVinci robot is then docked and used to suture a silicone Y -shaped graft from the vagina to the sacral promontory. Culdoplasty, with plication of the uterosacral ligaments, is then performed, with the final step, retroperitonealization of the graft. Conclusions A total of 5 women have undergone this procedure, 3 with concomitant pubovaginal sling placement. All 5 women were discharged after 24 hours. No complications from the sacrocolpopexy were reported; however, 1 patient experienced transient vaginal bleeding related to the pubovaginal portion of the case. No recurrent anterior, posterior, or apical prolapse has occurred at mean of 4 months of follow-up. Using a robotic system for laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy facilitated precise intracorporeal suture placement so that the procedure could be done in a fashion similar to that of the open method. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy may provide the same long-term durability of open sacrocolpopexy with the benefit of a minimally invasive approach.
Land Use Adaptation to Climate Change: Economic Damages from Land-Falling Hurricanes in the Atlantic and Gulf States of the USA, 1900-2005

Global climate change, especially the phenomena of global warming, is expected to increase the intensity of land-falling hurricanes. Societal adaptation is needed to reduce vulnerability from increasingly intense hurricanes. This study quantifies the adaptation effects of potentially policy driven caps on housing densities and agricultural cover in coastal (and adjacent inland) areas vulnerable to hurricane damages in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions of the U.S. Time series regressions, especially Prais-Winston and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models, are estimated to forecast the economic impacts of hurricanes of varying intensity, given that various patterns of land use emerge in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states of the U.S. The Prais-Winston and ARMA models use observed time series data from 1900 to 2005 for inflation adjusted hurricane damages and socio-economic and land-use data in the coastal or inland regions where hurricanes caused those damages. The results from this study provide evidence that increases in housing density and agricultural cover cause significant rise in the de-trended inflation-adjusted damages. Further, higher intensity and frequency of land-falling hurricanes also significantly increase the economic damages. The evidence from this study implies that a medium to long term land use adaptation in the form of capping housing density and agricultural cover in the coastal (and adjacent inland) states can significantly reduce economic damages from intense hurricanes. Future studies must compare the benefits of such land use adaptation policies against the costs of development controls implied in housing density caps and agricultural land cover reductions.
Caring: Reappropriating Our Tradition

Nursing stands poised before a new century that promises radical changes in healthcare delivery. Circumstances of care will offer the profession new opportunities. The authors provide a provocative review of the past two decades of nursing as a caring profession. Actions for the future are noted, which will enable nurses to reappropriate nursing's tradition of caring.
A method for calculating fractional s-character for bonds of tetrahedral oxyanions in crystals

A method for calculating fractional s-character, fs, for TO bonds has been devised to apply to TO4 tetrahedral oxyanions in crystals. These fs-values rank bond lengths with the better correlations obtained for T atoms associated with larger bond strengths and larger electronegativities. As a simple formula, it is found that 2cot2〈ϑ〉3 does a good job of estimating fswhere 〈ϑ〉3 is the triple angle average of the three angles common to a given bond.
Effects of hydrogen and of cesium adsorption on a beryllium surface: A theoretical and experimental study

Abstract Cesium and hydrogen adsorption on beryllium clusters containing 19, 33 and 45 atoms are studied using restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) calculations and ab initio relativistic effective core potentials. The Be clusters are taken as cylindrical plugs from a Be metal wafer. Be-Cs and Be-H internuclear distances are optimized, while Be-Be internuclear distances are frozen at the bulk metal values. For each system, numerous low-lying electronic states are investigated. The calculations are carried out in the context of an experimental study to determine the effects of Cs and of H adsorption on the work function of Be metal. Auger electron spectroscopy and experimental work function measurements indicate that H 2 does not adsorb on polycrystalline Be, while photoemission and thick Cs overlayer measurements show a 2.3 eV lowering in the work function of Be metal upon Cs adsorption. RHF calculations indicate that Be 19 , with three layers of atoms, is too small to adequately model the Be surface. Calculations on Be 33 , a five-layered system, and Be 45 , a seven-layered system, show that H does not chemisorb on the surfaces of these clusters, whereas Cs does and lowers the ionization potential of Be 33 by 1.5 eV. The emitted electron from the Be 33 Cs 2 cluster vacates a molecular orbital which is localized in the surface layer.
One- and two-phase heuristics for workforce scheduling

Abstract A common problem in manpower planning is the scheduling of employees to meet a fluctuating labor requirement. The problem has often been treated in the past by considering shift allocation and employee scheduling independently. In this paper we report on two heuristic procedures, one which uses the two-phase approach, and one which deals directly with the employee scheduling problem.
Worm-Bubble Flow Control

Deadlock-free flow control should be designed with minimal cost, particularly for on-chip designs where area and power resources are greatly constrained. While Bubble Flow Control, proposed a decade ago, can avoid deadlock in VCT-switched tori with only one virtual channel (VC), there has been no working solution for wormhole switching that achieves the similar objective. Wormhole switching allows the channel buffer size to be smaller than the packet size, thus is preferred by on-chip networks. However, wormhole packets can span multiple routers, thereby creating additional channel dependences and adding complexities in both deadlock and starvation avoidance. In this paper, we propose Worm-Bubble Flow Control (WBFC), a new flow control scheme that can avoid deadlock in wormhole-switched tori using minimally 1-flit-sized buffers per VC and one VC in total. Moreover, any wormhole-switched topology with embedded rings can use WBFC to avoid deadlock within each ring. Simulation results from synthetic traffic and PARSEC benchmarks show that the proposed approach can achieve significant throughput improvement and also area and energy savings compared to an optimized Dateline routing approach.
Competing with AT & T☆

Abstract This article discusses the transformation of the telecommunications industry from the perspective of one of the key long- distance voice industry participants, GTE Sprint. In reviewing the restructuring in long-distance voice telecommunications two major aspects are addressed; first, a commentary on the changes which have taken place and their causes, including a brief discussion on GTE Sprint's history and strategic planning process; and second, a section on the new, ‘post-divesture’ environment and GTE Sprint's strategic response to the new environment.
The Ruziewicz problem and distributing points on homogeneous spaces of a compact Lie group

LetG be any compact non-commutative simple Lie group not locally isomorphic to SO(3). We present a generalization of a theorem of Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak on distributing points on the sphere S2 (or S3) to any homogeneous space ofG, in particular, to all higher dimensional spheres. Our results can also be viewed as a quantitative solution to the generalized Ruziewicz problem for any homogeneous space ofG.
The Effect of Very Bulky Groups on the Equilibrium of Penta- and Hexacoordinated Phosphoranes 1

The synthesis of dithio-diphenol 4 and sulfonyl-diphenol 5, both with very bulky groups, provided starting materials for reaction sequences that led to the formation of the very stable hexacoordinated phosphorane 2 and sensitive pentacoordinated phosphorane 3. Hexacoordination was established in 2 by an intramolecular donor interaction at the phosphorus center from an oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group present as part of the eight-membered ring. The solid state structures of 2 and 3 were established by X-ray analysis, as was that of phosphite 1 formed in the reaction sequence leading to 2. In solution, 2 has two forms existing in a dynamic equilibrium between a pentacoordinated and the more dominant hexacoordinated form as determined by 31P and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The high stability of 2 with respect to hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions suggests that an associative process is responsible as the controlling reaction mechanism.
Localized pigmented villonodular synovitis presenting as a loose body in the knee

Localized pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare condition of the knee that can present with symptoms suggesting internal derangement. We report a case of a patient who presented with signs and symptoms of a loose body in the knee. The lesion was treated with resection using arthroscopic cautery.
Mechanisms of resistance to invasion in a California grassland : the roles of competitor identity, resource availability, and environmental gradients

Resistance to the invasion of exotic plants may sometimes result from the strong effects of a relatively small number of resident species. Understanding the mechanisms by which such species resist invasion could provide important insights for the management of invaded ecosystems. Furthermore, the individualistic responses of community members to resource availability and environmental gradients could drive spatial variation in resistance at the local to landscape scales. We tested the resistance of monoculture plots of three native perennial grasses from the California coastal prairie to the invasion of the European perennial grass Holcus lanatus. We also used a watering treatment that increased early summer water availability and a natural elevational gradient in resource availability and soil texture to evaluate how resident identity interacted with abiotic resistance to affect Holcus establishment. Two native species, Festuca rubra and Calamagrostis nutkaensis, exhibited strong resistance, correlated with their negative effects on light availability. A third native grass, Bromus carinatus var. maritimus, had either no effect or a weakly facultative effect on Holcus performance relative to bare plots. Water addition did not alter the resistance of these species, but the elevation gradient did. Holcus invasion increased with improving abiotic conditions towards the slope bottom in bare and Bromus plots, but invasion decreased towards the bottom in Calamagrostis plots, where better conditions favored competitive residents. These results support the idea that resistance to invasion can sometimes be due to a subset of native species, and that the resistance provided by even a single species is likely to vary across the landscape. Identifying the mechanisms by which species resist invasion could facilitate the selection of management strategies that at best increase, or at worst do not decrease, natural resistance.
Artificial dural sealant that allows multiple penetrations of implantable brain probes.

This study reports extensive characterization of the silicone gel (3-4680, Dow Corning, Midland, MI), for potential use as an artificial dural sealant in long-term electrophysiological experiments in neurophysiology. Dural sealants are important to preserve the integrity of the intracranial space after a craniotomy and in prolonging the lifetime and functionality of implanted brain probes. In this study, we report results of our tests on a commercially available silicone gel with unique properties that make it an ideal dural substitute. The substitute is transparent, elastic, easy to apply, and has re-sealing capabilities, which makes it desirable for applications where multiple penetrations by the brain probe is desirable over an extended period of time. Cytotoxicity tests (for up to 10 days) with fibroblasts and in vivo tests (for 12 weeks) show that the gel is non-toxic and does not produce any significant neuronal degeneration when applied to the rodent cortex even after 12 weeks. In vivo humidity testing showed no sign of CSF leakage for up to 6 weeks. The gel also allows silicon microprobes to penetrate with forces less than 0.5 mN, and a 200-μm diameter stainless steel microprobe with a blunt tip to penetrate with a force less than 2.5 mN. The force dependency on the velocity of penetration and thickness of the gel was also quantified and empirically modeled. The above results demonstrate that the silicone gel (3-4680) can be a viable dural substitute in long-term electrophysiology of the brain.
An Allocation Model for Catalog Space Planning

Deciding which items to include in a sales catalog and how much space should be allocated to each item is a major planning problem facing many large retailers and catalog firms. The steps in the catalog planning process include compiling a list of candidate items, developing one or several ad size “strategies” for each item, estimating the sales and contribution which would be realized as a result of each strategy, and then selecting a set of strategies which effectively allocate the space available in the catalog to some subset of items. This paper describes the planning process in detail. An integer programming model is presented which incorporates merchandising policy constraints in optimally choosing the items and ad strategies to be included in the catalog. The organizational implications of using such a model are also explored. A simple example of the application of the model to planning the tennis equipment lines of a major mass merchandiser appears as an appendix.
Tolerance intervals: alternatives to credibility intervals in validity generalization research

In validity generalization research, the estimated mean and variance of the true validity distribution are often used to construct a credibility interval, an inter val containing a specified proportion of the true valid ity distribution. The statistical interpretation of this in terval in the literature has varied between Bayesian and classical (frequentist) viewpoints. Credibility in tervals are here discussed from the frequentist perspec tive. These are known as "tolerance intervals" in the statistical literature. Two new methods for construct ing a credibility interval are presented. Unlike the cur rent method of constructing the credibility interval, tolerance intervals have known performance character istics across repeated applications, justifying confi dence statements. The new methods may be useful in validity generalization research involving a small or moderate number of validation studies. Index terms: Bayesian statistics, Credibility intervals, Meta- analysis, Tolerance intervals, True validit...
A simple ion beam scanner

Abstract A simple ion beam scanner for continuous monitoring of the properties of an ion beam is described.
Studies on Alternaria allergens: IV. Biologic activity of a purified Alternaria fraction (Alt-1)☆

Abstract We have previously isolated a purified Alternaria fraction (Alt-1) by means of immunochemical (RAST) assays to document allergenicity. In the present study we investigated the allergenicity of Alt-I by in vivo and in vitro biologic tests in a selected group of 16 nonimmunized Alternaria -sensitive patients, all of whom had positive skin tests to crude Alternaria extract: a control group of eight nonallergic individuals was also studied. Intradermal skin-test titration endpoints to Alt-I ranged from 60 pg/ml to 60 ng/ml in the Alternaria -sensitive patients. Alt-1 induced >30% in vitro leukocyte histamine in all Alternaria -sensitive patients at submicrogram concentrations. Alt-I did not produce positive skin tests or induce significant leukocyte histamine release in nonallergic individuals. In 14 of 16 Alternaria -sensitive patients bronchoprovocation testing produced >20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second at Alt-I test concentrations of 0.6 to 60 μg/ml. In a separate prospective study of 100 unselected individuals, concordant skin-test reactions were noted to crude Alternaria extract and Alt-I in 96 instances. These results confirm that the Alt-I fraction is a biologically active, major allergenic component of crude Alternaria extract.
Prevalence and risk of psychiatric disorders as a function of variant rape histories: results from a national survey of women

Purpose Rape is an established risk factor for mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episodes (MDE), and substance use disorders. The majority of studies have not differentiated substance-involved rape or examined comorbid diagnoses among victims. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of common trauma-related psychiatric disorders (and their comorbidity) in a national sample of women, with an emphasis on distinguishing between rape tactics. A secondary objective was to estimate the risk for psychiatric disorders among victims of variant rape tactics, in comparison to non-victims.
Alcohol Effects on Simulated Driving in Frequent and Infrequent Binge Drinkers

Objective Compared to non-bingers, binge drinkers are more likely to drive while intoxicated. The extent to which binge frequency impacts confidence in driving and subsequent driving impairment is unknown. This study compared the effects of an experimenter-delivered alcohol binge on subjective impairment and simulated driving ability in female High and Low Frequency bingers.
The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Family from Arabidopsis.AtUBP1 and 2 Are Required for the Resistance to the Amino Acid Analog Canavanine

Ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBPs) are a family of unique hydrolases that specifically remove polypeptides covalently linked via peptide or isopeptide bonds to the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. UBPs help regulate the ubiquitin/26S proteolytic pathway by generating free ubiquitin monomers from their initial translational products, recycling ubiquitins during the breakdown of ubiquitin-protein conjugates, and/or by removing ubiquitin from specific targets and thus presumably preventing target degradation. Here, we describe a family of 27 UBP genes from Arabidopsis that contain both the conserved cysteine (Cys) and histidine boxes essential for catalysis. They can be clustered into 14 subfamilies based on sequence similarity, genomic organization, and alignments with their closest relatives from other organisms, with seven subfamilies having two or more members. Recombinant AtUBP2 functions as a bona fide UBP: It can release polypeptides attached to ubiquitins via either alpha- or epsilon-amino linkages by an activity that requires the predicted active-site Cys within the Cys box. From the analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants, we demonstrate that the AtUBP1 and 2 subfamily helps confer resistance to the arginine analog canavanine. This phenotype suggests that the AtUBP1 and 2 enzymes are needed for abnormal protein turnover in Arabidopsis.
Edge Effects on Species Composition and Exotic Species Abundance in the North Carolina Piedmont

Edges between forest and non-forest habitats often have significant effects on forest microclimate and resource availability, with corresponding effects on species composition and abundance. Exotic species are often increased in abundance near forest edges. This increase in abundance could be either because of the increase in resource availability near edges, or because of increased dispersal into forest edges. We measured species composition and a set of geospatial variables on transects at 66 edges in the North Carolina Piedmont in an attempt to distinguish between these two factors. Mantel tests show that species composition is significantly different in forest edges than in the forest interior, but that this effect only penetrates about 5 m into the forest. Indicator species analysis finds several species that are indicative of edge communities, including trumpet vine (Campsis radicans), two drought-tolerant oak species (Quercus stellata and Q. falcata), a serviceberry (Amelanchier arboreum), and a common exotic species, tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Poisson regression techniques showed that in both the seedling and tree strata of the forest, exotic species increased in abundance on flat sites with a high potential seed source. Mapping predicted exotic species abundance onto the landscape. We find that large-scale variation in exotic species abundance is due mostly to variation in potential seed sources, while small-scale variation relates more to edaphic factors. Our results stress that both dispersal and environmental filters are important for determining exotic species abundance, but potentially the filters operate at different spatial scales.
Establishment and Characterization of a Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cell Line

Stringently controlled in vitro experiments are a necessary part of translational research. Cell lines are useful for exploring the underlying biology of cancer. Very few canine soft tissue sarcoma cell lines exist. This report describes the establishment of a new canine soft tissue sarcoma cell line (MBSa1) derived from a high-grade, metastatic neurofibrosarcoma. The primary tumor tissue was obtained from a 12-year-old neutered male German Shepherd Dog and was maintained in tissue culture for a minimum of 20 passages over 7 months. MBSa1 was injected into athymic mice to determine tumorigenicity. Five million cells were injected into the subcutis of the right flank of athymic nude mice. Nine of the 10 mice grew tumors 1 cm or larger within 8 weeks of cell injection. The large number of in vitro passages coupled with solid tumor formation in athymic nude mice demonstrates that MBSa1 has been immortalized and is tumorigenic.
Revisiting the Developed Versus Developing Country Distinction in Course and Outcome in Schizophrenia: Results From ISoS, the WHO Collaborative Followup Project

This article examines the long-standing and provocative finding of a differential advantage in course and outcome for persons with schizophrenia living in "developing" countries, using results from the newly completed World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative project, the International Study of Schizophrenia (ISoS). The article addresses two questions: Has the differential survived the 13 years since it was last reported? If so, are the results demonstrably not attributable to artifactual confounding? The analysis focuses on the 809 subjects who make up the combined incidence cohort of ISoS. These include members of the original treated incidence cohorts of two earlier WHO studies (the Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders and the Reduction of Disability Studies) as well as subjects drawn from two additional samples (Hong Kong and Madras/Chennai). We first review the consistency of the finding of a "developed versus developing" differential in course and outcome and then examine a variety of course and outcome measures for the ISoS incidence cohorts. Evidence of differences in illness trajectory in favor of the developing centers was consistently found. Six potential sources of bias are then examined: differences in followup, arbitrary grouping of centers, diagnostic ambiguities, selective outcome measures, gender, and age. None of these potential confounds explains away the differential in course and outcome. We conclude with suggestions for further research, with particular attention to the need for close documentation of everyday practices in the local moral worlds that "culture" refers to.
Management of massive air leak following intubation injury in a very low birth weight infant

Perforation of an infant's trachea after orotracheal intubation for general anaesthesia is a rarely described serious complication. This article reports an unusual case of laceration of the trachea in an 8-week-old infant with a history of prolonged neonatal intubation needed to treat hyaline membrane disease. After diagnosis the tracheal injury was managed conservatively. Factors involved in the occurrence of the injury and its management are discussed.
Data throughput on MILSATCOM channels using military standard 188-184 and 188-181B

The physical layer continuous phase modulated (CPM) waveforms that are defined in Mil-Std-188-181B can now be used with network layer protocols such as those defined in Mil-Std-188-184 and the UHF SATCOM high performance waveform (HPW). These CPM waveforms provide higher throughput than the standard, ubiquitous 16 kbps FSK waveform and this paper documents the performance of the combination of the two military standards as used in a tactical SATCOM radio (AN/PRC-117F). In addition, the uncoded CPM waveforms Mil-Std-188-181B also provide optional interleaving and Reed-Solomon outer codes which can be added to considerably enhance BER performance. This paper also documents the bit error rate performance of all of the Reed-Solomon coded waveforms in the tactical SATCOM radio. Unfortunately the improvement in bit error rate does not correspond to an equivalent improvement in data throughput. For example, since the Mil-Std-188-184 network layer provides an external "keyline" to a radio, the radio is required to wait until an interleaver is completely filled before transmitting an encoded set of data. This holdoff time also results in an equivalent wait time at the receiver while the entire codeword and interleaver block is demodulated and decoded at the receiver. The 184-capable receiver must wait for this end-to-end hold off time before it can respond with an ACK/NACK to the transmitter. This round-trip holdoff time consequently reduces the ultimate throughput of the message. This paper provides an analysis of this weakness in the strict layering (network/physical) approach to data throughput and provides recommendations for modifications to the Mil-Std-188-184 and HPW waveforms.
Variable frame rate parameter encoding via adaptive frame selection using dynamic programming

This paper presents a block-coded VFR strategy that removes the familiar "anchor frame" constraint in favor of a generalized delayed decision analysis. This approach is referred to as adaptive frame selection using dynamic programming (AFS/DP). The AFS/DP algorithm determines optimal breakpoint locations using a perceptually-based performance measure, accommodates fixed bit-rate operation, and operates with fixed delay and low complexity. The AFS/DP algorithm has been implemented in the context of the MELP vocoder at 2400 bits/sec, and has demonstrated comparable performance to block VFR methods, with lower coder delay.
MAdScope: Characterizing Mobile In-App Targeted Ads

Advertising is the primary source of revenue for many mobile apps. One important goal of the ad delivery process is targeting users, based on criteria like users' geolocation, context, demographics, long-term behavior, etc. In this paper we report an in-depth study that broadly characterizes what targeting information mobile apps send to ad networks and how effectively, if at all, ad networks utilize the information for targeting users. Our study is based on a novel tool, called MadScope, that can (1) quickly harvest ads from a large collection of apps, (2) systematically probe an ad network to characterize its targeting mechanism, and (3) emulate user profiles of specific preferences and interests to study behavioral targeting. Our analysis of 500K ad requests from 150K Android apps and 101 ad networks indicates that apps do not yet exploit the full potential of targeting: even though ad controls provide APIs to send a lot of information to ad networks, much key targeting information is optional and is often not provided by app developers. We also use MadScope to systematically probe top 10 in-app ad networks to harvest over 1 million ads and find that while targeting is used by many of the top networks, there remain many instances where targeting information or behavioral profile does not have a statistically significant impact on how ads are chosen. We also contrast our findings with a recent study of targeted in-browser ads.
Stage-specific sensitivity to p53 restoration during lung cancer progression

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process that results from the sequential accumulation of mutations in key oncogene and tumour suppressor pathways. Personalized cancer therapy that is based on targeting these underlying genetic abnormalities presupposes that sustained inactivation of tumour suppressors and activation of oncogenes is essential in advanced cancers. Mutations in the p53 tumour-suppressor pathway are common in human cancer and significant efforts towards pharmaceutical reactivation of defective p53 pathways are underway. Here we show that restoration of p53 in established murine lung tumours leads to significant but incomplete tumour cell loss specifically in malignant adenocarcinomas, but not in adenomas. We define amplification of MAPK signalling as a critical determinant of malignant progression and also a stimulator of Arf tumour-suppressor expression. The response to p53 restoration in this context is critically dependent on the expression of Arf. We propose that p53 not only limits malignant progression by suppressing the acquisition of alterations that lead to tumour progression, but also, in the context of p53 restoration, responds to increased oncogenic signalling to mediate tumour regression. Our observations also underscore that the p53 pathway is not engaged by low levels of oncogene activity that are sufficient for early stages of lung tumour development. These data suggest that restoration of pathways important in tumour progression, as opposed to initiation, may lead to incomplete tumour regression due to the stage-heterogeneity of tumour cell populations.
Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: Clinical application

Enamel surfaces were debonded by methods recommended in the literature and found to be problematic. A new method, not previously recommended, involving the use of a green rubber wheel followed by pumice or composite finishing paste was similarly examined and found to come closest to restoring the original, natural enamel surface. A step-by-step clinical procedure was described for highly filled, lightly filled, and unfilled adhesives.
Bayesian perspectives for epidemiologic research: III. Bias analysis via missing-data methods

I present some extensions of Bayesian methods to situations in which biases are of concern. First, a basic misclassification problem is illustrated using data from a study of sudden infant death syndrome. Bayesian analyses are then given. These analyses can be conducted directly, or by converting actual-data records to incomplete records and prior distributions to complete-data records, then applying missing-data techniques to the augmented data set. The analyses can easily incorporate any complete ('validation' or second-stage) data that might be available, as well as adjustments for confounding and selection bias. The approach illustrates how conventional analyses depend on implicit certainty that bias parameters are null and how these implausible assumptions can be replaced by plausible priors for bias parameters.
Moral Judgment and Causal Attributions: Consequences of Engaging in Earnings Management

Recent, well-publicized accounting scandals have shown that the penalties outsiders impose on those found culpable of earnings management can be severe. However, less is known about how colleagues within internal labor markets respond when they believe fellow managers have managed earnings. Designers of responsibility accounting systems need to understand the reputational costs managers impose on one another within internal labor markets. In an experimental study, 159 evening MBA students were asked to assume the role of a manager in a company and respond to a scenario in which another manager (the target manager) has the opportunity to engage in earnings management. Participants provided causal attributions, assessed the morality of the target manager, and indicated whether they would change their judgments about the target manager’s reputation. The study manipulated three between-subjects factors: (1) whether the target manager chose to engage in earnings management, (2) whether the company’s budgetary control system was rigid or flexible, and (3) whether the target manager’s work history was average or above average. We found that causal attributions are affected more by the budgetary systems when the target did not manage earnings than when the manager did. We also found that morality judgments were significantly associated with the target manager’s behavior, but not with the budgetary system. In addition, participants’ judgments about the target manager’s reputation were more strongly associated with morality judgments than with causal attributions. We discuss implications of the role of reputation in management control systems design.
The impact of infertility on family size in the USA: data from the National Survey of Family Growth

methods: We analyzed data from the male and female samples of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth using multivariable logistic regression models to determine the relationship between infertility and family size while adjusting for sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics. results: In the survey, 4409 women and 1739 men met the inclusion criteria, of whom 10.2% and 9.7%, respectively, were classified as infertile, on the basis of having sought reproductive assistance. Infertile females had a 34% reduced odds of having an additional child compared with women who did not seek reproductive assistance. For each additional 6 months it took a woman to conceive her first child, the odds of having a larger family fell by 9% and the odds of having a second child were reduced by 11%. A diagnosis of male infertility reduced the odds of having a larger family more than a diagnosis of female infertility. conclusions: A diagnosis of infertility, especially male factor, is associated with reduced odds of having a larger family, implicating a biologic role in the determination of family size in the USA.
Oncologic applications of functional MRI

Functional MRI (fMRI), in a broad sense, has many applications in oncology. In terms of functional task activation imaging, common applications are in image-guided surgical resections of lesions, and applications to non-surgical approaches, such as stereotactic radiation therapy, are currently being evaluated. In terms of functional imaging assessment of the microvascular environment, applications include improved non-invasive characterization of lesions and the ability to quantitatively assess the effects of novel therapeutic regimens on lesions and surrounding normal tissues. Other functional MR applications, such as MR spectroscopy and diffusion imaging techniques, also have found applications in oncology. In this symposium session, current clinical and translational research applications of fMRI in oncology will be briefly reviewed.
Prospective associations between forms and functions of aggression and social and affective processes during early childhood

The central goal of this study was to examine the prospective associations between forms (i.e., physical and relational) and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggressive behavior with social (i.e., peer rejection) and affective (i.e., anger, emotion regulation skills) processes during early childhood (N = 96, mean age = 42.80 months, SD = 7.57). A cross-lagged path analysis revealed that proactive relational aggression was uniquely associated with decreases in peer rejection, whereas reactive relational aggression was associated with increases in peer rejection over time. Proactive relational aggression predicted decreases in anger, whereas reactive relational aggression tended to be associated with increases in anger. Proactive relational aggression uniquely predicted increases in emotion regulation skills, whereas reactive relational aggression tended to be associated with decreases in emotion regulation skills over time. Finally, anger was significantly associated with increases in several subtypes of aggressive behavior. In sum, the findings provide further support for the distinction between subtypes of aggressive behavior in young children.