cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hyperexcitable neuron: microelectrode studies of the chronic epileptic focus in the intact, awake monkey.

Abstract The activity of single neurons in the chronic cortical epileptogenic focus in monkeys rendered epileptic by the intracortical injection of alumina cream was studied by extracellular recording over a number of days while the intact animals were awake. The activity of units in homologous cortex of normal control monkeys was also studied. In the normal preparation, fewer cells were spontaneously active, the discharge frequency was lower, and the discharge pattern was more irregular. Within the chronic epileptic focus, action potentials were smaller, and the unit activity was characterized by the occurrence of regular, autonomous, high-frequency bursts of three to twelve spikes. Synchronous unit-burst activity was noted. In contrast to previous observations in acute experimental preparations, long trains of tonic, high-frequency discharge were not observed, and propagating seizures were relatively infrequent.
Has Dating Become More Egalitarian? A 35 Year Review Using Sex Roles

In this selective review, we examined research on heterosexual dating published in Sex Roles since its inception to determine if dating practices have become more egalitarian over the past 35 years. An analysis of current best-selling dating advice books suggests that gender roles continue to be institutionalized in cultural scripts. A sexual scripts framework was used to categorize research findings to determine if the empirical evidence confirmed the durability of gender roles over time or revealed that dating has become less gender-typed. Research in Sex Roles suggests that heterosexual dating among young adults in the U. S. remains highly gender-typed in terms of cultural scripts (e.g., beliefs, ideals, and expectations), as well as interpersonal scripts (e.g., actual interpersonal emotions, interpersonal behaviors, or behaviors aimed at achieving or signaling a partner). Some variability was observed in interpersonal scripts in terms of occasional initiation of dates by women, for instance, but was not sufficiently widely used to challenge the dominant script. Functional reasons for the persistence of gender stereotypes in dating are presented. In addition, a friendship script is proposed as an alternative, egalitarian model of dating that might fulfill the same functions.
Something in motion and something to eat attract the crowd: Cooking with science at the 1893 world's fair

Studying past examples of successful technical communication may offer insight into strategies that worked with technologies and audiences in an earlier time. This article examines the texts documenting a controversy before and during the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. Ellen Swallow Richards, chemist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Bertha Honore Palmer, president of the Fair's Board of Lady Managers, had distinctly different visions of how cooking technology should be presented. Palmer invited Richards to create a Model Kitchen in the Woman's Building, but Richards wanted to avoid gendering the new knowledge of nutrition and she fought to control her exhibit. The multimedia Richards used in her resulting Rumford Kitchen exhibit reminds us that sometimes an entertaining but familiar atmosphere might be the best way to introduce threatening new knowledge and technology, particularly to our increasingly international and intergenerational audiences.
Critical Behavior of the Pseudospin Model of Order-Disorder Type Ferroelectrics

The behavior of the specific heat, the field-dependent susceptibility, and the soft mode is considered in the neighborhood of the critical point using the spin model for hydrogen-bonded ferroelectrics with a purely dipolar interaction. shape-independent results are obtained if one refers always to the state of zero internal field, i.e., with an external field present that just compensates the depolarizing field. The results are expressed in terms of the nonvanishing expectation values of single spin operators. These can be obtained either by solving self-consistency conditions or more crudely by using the molecular-field values. The critical co-efficients are given explicitly for the latter case. For the specific heat a logarithmic singularity is obtained, while the inverse susceptibility is found to depend linearly on $|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|$. The next higher-order response functions and the corresponding behavior of the soft mode, as well as the leading power in the electric field of the susceptibility and the soft mode at $T={T}_{c}$, have also been calculated. The predicted critical behavior agrees with experimental results surprisingly close to the critical point.
Developmental and Individual Differences on the P1 and N170 ERP Components in Children With and Without Autism

The P1 and N170 components, two event-related potentials sensitive to face processing, were examined in response to faces and vehicles for children with autism and typical development. P1 amplitude decreased, P1 latency decreased, and N170 amplitude became more negative with age. Children with typical development had larger P1 amplitudes for inverted faces than upright faces, but children with autism did not show this pattern. Children with autism had longer N170 latencies than children with typical development. Smaller P1 amplitudes and more negative N170 amplitudes for upright faces were associated with better social skills for children with typical development.
Closed Joint Traumatic Impaction and Its Influence on Meniscal Cell Viability

Traumatic impaction is known to cause acute cell death and macroscopic damage to cartilage and menisci in vitro1,2,3. It is understood that damage to the menisci can lead to chronic problems associated with excessive cartilage wear and the eventual onset of osteoarthritis (OA)4. Additionally, cartilage fissuring, subchondral bone bruising, and chondrocyte death are also believed to lead to the rapid progression of joint degeneration5. Such injuries, along with posterolateral meniscal tearing, are often observed after traumatic impaction and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture6–9. Therefore, understanding how the menisci and cartilage respond acutely to impaction may help guide future therapies following traumatic knee injury in order to prevent the development of OA.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Fracture behavior of nanocomposites based on poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers

Abstract The fracture behavior of nanocomposites formed from an organoclay, based on montmorillonite (MMT), and a poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomer prepared by melt compounding was investigated using an instrumented impact test. The data were analyzed using the essential work of fracture (EWF) methodology. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the clay platelets were well-exfoliated in this matrix. The fracture energy of these nanocomposites increased with organoclay addition at low concentrations but decreased with further increase in organoclay concentration with a maximum between 2 and 3 wt% MMT. The initial increase in fracture energy is a result of the higher forces during loading caused by the increase in modulus and yield stress upon addition of clay; however, the fracture energy eventually decreases with further addition of clay owing to the continuous decrease in ductility or deflection during testing. The EWF of fracture analysis showed that the energy per unit area of crack surface formed exhibits a maximum at 2–3 wt% MMT while the energy dissipated per unit volume in the surrounding process zone decreases monotonically for all clay loadings with a transition from ductile to brittle behavior occurring at 7–8 wt% MMT.
Design considerations for high-voltage DC bus architecture and wire mechanization for hybrid and electric vehicle applications

In electric and hybrid electric vehicle applications high-voltage (HV) DC bus is shared by multiple power converter units and energy storage systems. Each of these components should meet a set of common HV bus design requirements besides their own functional requirements. Selection of an appropriate HV DC bus architecture is intertwined with control dynamics and filter component sizing, together with a set of design metric for automotive applications. This paper discusses these items with simulation results and design trade-offs. Some vehicle level test data is also presented here in support. This paper describes HV DC bus architecture and component selection particularly for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle application. The analysis covered in this paper, in deciding an appropriate DC bus architecture, emphasizes on HV DC Bus ripple, resonance and voltage transients during various vehicle drive profiles.
The presence in elastin of possible cyclic precursors of desmosine and isodesmosine.

Abstract Mass spectral evidence is presented that the elastin of bovine ligamentum nuchae contains, in addition to desmosine and isodesmosine, larger levels of their respective cyclic dehydrodesmopiperidine precursors. In addition to being precursors of the desmosines, such compounds are most likely cross-links in themselves. In fact, the occurrence of these compounds, now isolated as their reduced derivatives, may clarify the discrepancies in the stoichiometry of the conversion of lysine residues to cross-linking components as noted by several workers (1,2,3). With this study the occurrence of all of the tetrafunctional amino acid cyclic structures related to the desmosines is now confimed by mass spectrometry.
A region of SV40 large T antigen can substitute for a transforming domain of the adenovirus E1A products

SV40 large T antigen contains a small region of amino acid sequence, conserved among the papovaviruses, that shows considerable similarity to conserved domain 2 of the adenovirus E1A oncogene, a domain which plays an important role in the E1A transforming functions. To learn whether the analogous SV40 T antigen sequences could substitute functionally for E1A domain 2, a chimaeric gene was constructed, coding for T antigen amino acid residues 101 to 118 in place of E1A domain 2. The resulting product showed much of the activity of the wild-type E1A products. It induced proliferation of primary BRK cells and cooperated with the ras oncogene to transform these cells fully. In addition, the chimaeric protein coprecipitated two cellular proteins whose specific binding to the E1A products depends on the presence of domain 2. The activity of the chimaeric product suggests that a similar functional unit exists in the transforming proteins of both SV40 and adenovirus, and that these proteins may exert their cell growth regulating effects through similar mechanisms.
Apparent competition in canopy trees determined by pathogen transmission rather than susceptibility

Epidemiological theory predicts that asymmetric transmission, susceptibility, and mortality within a community will drive pathogen and disease dynamics. These epidemiological asymmetries can result in apparent competition, where a highly infectious host reduces the abundance of less infectious or more susceptible members in a community via a shared pathogen. We show that the exotic pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and resulting disease, sudden oak death, cause apparent competition among canopy trees and that transmission differences among canopy trees drives patterns of disease severity in California coast redwood forests. P. ramorum ranges in its ability to infect, sporulate on, and cause mortality of infected hosts. A path analysis showed that the most prolific inoculum producer, California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), had a greater impact on the mortality rate of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) than did other inoculum-supporting species. In stands experiencing high tanoak mortality, lack of negative impacts by P. ramorum on bay laurel may increase bay laurel density and subsequently result in positive feedback on pathogen populations. This study demonstrates the degree to which invasive, generalist pathogens can cause rapid changes in forest canopy composition and that differences in transmission can be more important than susceptibility in driving patterns of apparent competition.
The Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) Measurement Program at LANSCE

Abstract The prompt neutron spectrum from neutron-induced fission needs to be known in designing new fast reactors, predicting criticality for safety analyses, and developing techniques for global security application. A program to measure this spectrum for neutron-induced fission of 239 Pu is underway at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The goal is to obtain data on the shape of the spectrum with a small uncertainty over the emitted neutron energy range of 100 keV to 12 MeV with additional data below and above this range. The incident neutron energy range will be from 0.5 to 30 MeV. The status of this program including results of initial experimental measurements is described here.
Moisture Sorption Isotherms for Bacon Slices

There is substantial evidence that controlled dehydration of bacon products to a water activity of 0.92 or below should allow control of spore outgrowth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum and permit reduction of added nitrite levels. This study presents sorption data necessary for the development of a practical dehydration technique for bacon. Variations in fat/lean ratio, storage temperature, sorption mode, and drying method result in changes to the moisture sorption isotherms. Of these parameters only fat/lean variability of bacon significantly affects the isotherms at water activity levels above 0.90. Empirical equations for the isotherms were derived and used to establish differences in the isotherms due to variation in the parameters studied.
Four‐Month‐Olds' Discrimination of Optic Flow Patterns Depicting Different Directions of Observer Motion

One of the most powerful sources of information about spatial relationships available to mobile organisms is the pattern of visual motion called optic flow. Despite its importance for spatial perception and for guiding locomotion, very little is known about how the ability to perceive one's direction of motion, or heading, from optic flow develops early in life. In this article, we report the results of 3 experiments that tested the abilities of 4-month-old infants to discriminate optic flow patterns simulating different directions of self-motion. The combined results from 2 different experimental paradigms suggest that 4-month-olds discriminate optic flow patterns that simulate only large (> 32°) changes in the direction of the observer's motion through space. This suggests that prior to the onset of locomotion, there are limitations on infants' abilities to process patterns of optic flow related to self-motion.
Stability and Robustness of an Organelle Number Control System: Modeling and Measuring Homeostatic Regulation of Centriole Abundance

Control of organelle abundance is a fundamental unsolved problem in cell biology. Mechanisms for number control have been proposed in which organelle assembly is actively increased or decreased to compensate for deviations from a set-point, but such phenomena have not been experimentally verified. In this report we examine the control of centriole copy number. We develop a simple scheme to represent organelle inheritance as a first-order Markov process and describe two figures of merit based on entropy and convergence times that can be used to evaluate performance of organelle number control systems. Using this approach we show that segregation of centrioles by the mitotic spindle can shape the specificity of the steady-state centriole number distribution but is neither necessary nor sufficient for stable restoration of centriole number following perturbations. We then present experimental evidence that living cells can restore correct centriole copy number following transient perturbation, revealing a homeostatic control system. We present evidence that correction occurs at the level of single cell divisions, does not require association of centrioles with the mitotic spindle, and involves modulation of centriole assembly as a function of centriole number during S-phase. Combining our experimental and modeling results, we identify two processes required for error correction, de novo assembly and number-limiting, and show that both processes contribute to robust and stable homeostatic control of centriole number, yielding a system capable of suppressing biological noise at the level of organelle abundance.
The 1989 ITU plenipotentiary and the IFRB

Abstract This article investigates some of the areas for concern that are likely to be raised at the 1989 ITU Plenipotentiary, and evaluates the possibility of their resulting in any drastic change in the IFRB's structure or functions. After a brief history of the IFRB the author addresses the issues raised in an article of 1964 advocating the elimination of the IFRB, whose author, John Gayer, was a member of the IFRB.
Hydrophobic vs coulombic interactions in the binding of steroidal polyamines to DNA

Seven new steroidal polyamines derived from bile acids, either lithocholic or deoxycholic acid, have been studied as DNA-binding agents using four complimentary methods: an ethidium displacement assay, observed changes in the thermal denaturation of poly[d(AT)], effects on hyperchromicity of DNA, and circular dichroism. In addition, modelling studies were conducted to examine the electrostatic surface potential of the polycations. The results point to a key role for a large hydrophobic surface area on the steroid in addition to the Coulombic attraction by ammonium and guanidinium groups on the steroid interacting with the polyphosphate backbone.
Specialized 12-Step Programs and 12-Step Facilitation for the Dually Diagnosed

The role of 12-step programs and 12-step-oriented treatments for dually diagnosed individuals (DDI) remains unclear. Here are presented the results of a pilot study in which 10 seriously mentally ill patients received a modified 12-step facilitation (TSF) therapy emphasizing engagement of DDI in a specialized 12-step program for DDI. Participants significantly increased their 12-step attendance and decreased their substance use during the 12 weeks of treatment. Larger and longer-term studies are needed to assess the efficacy of modified TSF for DDI relative to other treatments, and to determine what forms of TSF are most effective in this population.
Thioacids as spot test reagents for palladium.

Thioglycolic and thiomalic acids are found to be very sensitive reagents for the detection of palladium and are easily applicable over a wideph range. The reactions as far as the noble metals are concerned are remarkably selective. The acids do not possess the objectionable odor of many other thio compounds. Indirect evidence of the composition of the compound formed by the interaction of palladium and thioglycolic acid is described.
Immunocytochemical staining of GABA in the insular lobe of the savanna baboon: a light microscopic study

Abstract The free floating peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) technique has been applied to sections of the baboon insular cortex using an antibody for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Immunostaining was localized to neuronal cell bodies, neuronal processes, punctate structures in the neuropil, and neuroglial cells in the subcortical white matter. GABAergic neurons were present in all cortical layers (especially layers II, III, and V/VI), in the subcortical white matter, and at all insular levels. Individual GABA-immunostained nerve cell bodies were non-pyramidal in type, often vertically oriented, round or pear-shape, and 7.5–12.5 μm in their major transverse diameter. In the deepest cortical layers larger GABA-positive neurons were present. Horizontal GABA-positive cells were rarely indetified. Immunostained neurons with apically oriented processes, basally directed processes, bipolar neurons, and multipolar neurons (10–12.5 μm in major transverse diameter) were also identified. Pyramidal shaped cells (measuring 17.5–18.5 μm) and the proximal portions of their processes were often outlined by puncta. GABA-immunostained cells in the subcortical white matter typically had a long but narrow shape. These GABAergic neurons are considered to be intrinsic or local circuit neurons.
The Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Mast Cell Isoform of the Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor

The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is critical for mast cell development based on the severe mast cell deficiency seen in Mitf mutant mice. Mitf also is important for the development of melanocytes, osteoclasts, and retinal pigment epithelium. The lineage-restricted phenotypes of Mitfmutations correlate with tissue-restricted expression of Mitf, a feature due in part to the presence of several distinct Mitf isoforms. We report the identification and characterization of a novel mast cell isoform, Mitf-mc. This isoform arises from alternative splicing of a novel 5′-exon onto the common body of the gene and is predicted to encode a unique 43-amino acid sequence at its amino terminus. It is specifically expressed in mast cells. The mast cell isoform functions differently from the melanocyte isoform in its ability to activate cell type-specific Mitf gene targets. Mitf-mc functions only on a mast cell target promoter and fails to activate a melanocyte target promoter despite binding to its E-box element. Moreover, Mitf-mc heterodimerizes with a closely related transcription factor, Tfe3, and dominantly inhibits the ability of Tfe3 to transactivate a melanocyte-specific promoter. These studies identify a new isoform of Mitf with tissue-specific features that may underlie key aspects of the mast cell phenotype of Mitf mutations.
3H-diprenorphine is selective for mu opiate receptors in vivo

The displacement of 3H-diprenorphine from opiate receptors by mu-selective opiates was measured in the mouse striatum and thalamus in vivo. In addition, the regional distribution of opiate receptor binding using 3H-diprenorphine, 3H-naloxone and 3H-lofentanil was measured. The displacement of 3H-diprenorphine by naloxone and carfentanil in vivo showed no differences in the striatum and thalamus suggesting that 3H-diprenorphine binds only to one opiate receptor subtype in vivo. This finding is substantiated by the observation that the mu selective ligands 3H-naloxone and 3H-lofentanil have the same in vivo distribution of receptor binding as 3H-diprenorphine. The implication of these findings for PET imaging of opiate receptor subtypes is discussed.
Traffic grooming in WDM networks

The emergence of wavelength-division multiplexing technology has led to a tremendous increase In the available transmission capacity in wide area networks. Consequently, these networks may no longer be limited by the transmission bandwidth, but rather by the processing capability of electronic switches, routers, and multiplexers in the network. This realization has led to a new wave of research aimed at overcoming the electronic bottleneck by providing optical bypass at the WDM layer. Traffic grooming can be used as a bypass mechanism by which low-rate circuits are assigned to wavelengths in order to minimize the amount of electronic multiplexing equipment. This topic has received a significant amount of attention in both the research and commercial arenas. We give an overview of the traffic grooming problem and survey some representative work in this area. While most work has focused on grooming in SONET rings, grooming traffic in general mesh networks is an important emerging problem.
Mediating the potent ROS toxicity of acrolein in neurons with silica nanoparticles and a natural product approach

Acrolein, a very reactive aldehyde, is a culprit in the biochemical cascade after primary, mechanical spinal cord injury (SCI), which leads to the destruction of tissue initially unharmed, referred to as “secondary injury”. Additionally, in models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and some clinical research, acrolein levels are significantly increased. Due to its ability to make more copies of itself in the presence of tissue via lipid peroxidation, researchers believe that acrolein plays a role in the increased destruction of the central nervous system in both SCI and MS. Hydralazine, an FDAapproved hypotensive drug, has been shown to scavenge acrolein, but its side effects and short half life at the appropriate dose for acrolein scavenging must be improved for beneficial clinical translation. Therefore, a nanomedical approach has been designed using silica nanoparticles as a porous delivery vehicle hydralazine. The silica particles are formed in a one-step method that incorporates poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG), a stealth molecule, directly onto the nanoparticles. As an additional avenue for study, a natural product in green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has been explored for its ability to react with acrolein, disabling its reactive capabilities. Upon demonstration of attenuating acrolein, EGCG's delivery may also be improved using the nanomedical approach. The current work exposes the potential of using silica nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle and EGCG's antioxidant capabilities in B35 neuroblastoma cells exposed to acrolein. We also measure nanotoxicity to individual rat neurons using high-throughput image scanning cytometry.
Effects of dietary restriction on the composition of lipids in rat teeth

Abstract The effect of food restriction on the quality and quantity of lipids in the teeth of rats was studied. Control animals were fed a nutritionally adequate diet ad libitum while test animals were restricted to 65 per cent as much diet day by day. Both groups were started on the regimen at weaning. Approximately half were sacrificed at 43 days of age. and the remainder at 78 days of age. Compared to control group, the rats fed the restricted diet gained less body weight and retained less lipids in teeth. The tooth lipids of test animals were predominantly phospholipids and cholesterol, while those of control animals were mostly triglycerides and phospholipids. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids in the teeth of rats of both groups. The ratio of oleic acid to total fatty acids in teeth was higher in the test animals than in the control animals, and it increased sharply in the teeth of control animals as they advanced from 43 to 78 days of age. However, the fatty acid composition of tooth lipids of test animals did not change significantly during this period. Thus, food restriction can affect the lipid composition of the teeth of rats. The structural lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol) are retained while the storage lipids (triglycerides) are reduced.
All That Is Gas Is Not Gas Gangrene: Mechanical Spread of Gas in the Soft Tissues

The presence of visible gas on radiographs is associated with various pathological conditions, ranging from severe infections caused by gas-producing organisms to cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue disruption that allows an interface with the air. A high index of suspicion surrounds the finding of gas on radiographs because of the virulence of conditions such as gas gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis. We report a case in which proximal spread of gas in the soft tissues was not due to a spreading infection but rather to a cutaneous ulcer that, during walking activity, possibly acted as a one-way valve, allowing air to dissect proximally. To our knowledge, this mechanism of gas spreading in the soft tissues has not been reported previously. Our patient was informed that information concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Afifty-nine-year-old man with type-1 diabetes mellitus presented to our clinic for the treatment of a forefoot ulcer, under the area of the great toe, that had been present for more than five months. There was a history of a continuing serous discharge and increasing erythema during the week prior to presentation. Physical examination demonstrated swelling with erythema on the dorsum of the forefoot. The ulcer, located under the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (Fig. 1), was approximately 4 × 2 cm in size and exhibited no malodor or frank pus. Testing with a 5.07-g monofilament revealed a lack of protective sensation distal to the level of the ankle, but the patient had a palpable dorsalis pedis pulse and good capillary refill …
Capturing organizational wisdom for effective software development

Code reuse has been a fundamental principle of software engineering for decades, with modules and libraries of both general purpose and highly specialized code serving as the discipline's equivalent of bricks and steel. Research and practice have resulted in extensive general-purpose libraries incorporated into production level compilers, as well as a wide variety of special-purpose libraries and programming toolkits. While reusable code has helped make software more reliable and simplified some details of implementation, developing software systems that meet customer expectations on time and within budget remains problematic.
Modified model reference adaptive control with saturated inputs

Two modified model reference adaptive control schemes for the system with input saturation are presented. The properties of the proposed algorithms are studied, and the stability analysis for one of the algorithms is given for type-l systems. The performance improvement of these algorithms is verified by simulation results. >
Nutritive Properties of Broiler Excreta as Influenced by Environmental Temperature, Collection Interval, Age of Broilers and Diet

Abstract Excreta from broilers were collected under specified conditions in an attempt to identify the influence on excreta composition of environmental temperature, collection interval, age of broilers, and diet. Total protein equivalent (Total N × 6.25), amino acid, and ether extract content of the excreta increased with increasing dietary amino acid levels. This increase was accentuated when the diet contained amino acid levels in excess of the broilers’ requirements. Total protein equivalent increased and moisture decreased with increasing age of the broilers. There were no consistent differences for individual amino acids, total amino acids, total protein equivalent, or ash that was due to environmental temperature. Collection interval did not appear to affect individual amino acids, total amino acids, total protein equivalent, or ash. It appears from these data that no appreciable degradation of amino acids or loss of nitrogen occurs if the excreta are maintained under aerobic conditions.
Hybrid-Quad-Pol SAR

Data products from a quadrature-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are fully characterized by Stokes parameters. It follows that choice of the polarization basis of either the transmitted or the received EM fields has no impact on the measurement potential of the system. Hence the polarization plan for a quad-pol SAR can be selected to optimize the radar's engineering performance. The logical conclusion is that an optimal quad-pol radar should transmit circular polarization, and receive orthogonal linear polarizations. This paper shows that there is no loss in SNR on any polarization combination in the quad-pol data products as a result of this architecture, which is a more robust result than is true for a hybrid-dual-pol radar, in which SNR preservation is true if and only if the output polarization basis is chosen to match the input (circular) basis.
Electron Tunneling through Fluid Solvents

Despite the biological, chemical, and physical importance of electron tunneling across noncovalent matrices, relatively little is known about the ability of the various nonbonding interactions (hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals forces) to mediate charge transfer. Herein, we report the steady-state current−voltage (I−V) profiles of nanometer junctions filled with water and a variety of organic solvents. The maximum currents for the solvents studied span 6 orders of magnitude. The I−V data can be reasonably fit to a simple electron tunneling model with a rectangular energy barrier representing the solvent. Protic solvents provide the smallest barrier heights (greatest tunneling currents), and nonpolar solvents exhibit the largest energy barriers (lowest currents). Trends in the barrier heights with the strength of the solvent−solvent interactions (hydrogen-bonding < dipole−dipole < dispersion interactions) indicate that the solvent's cohesive energy largely determines/limits the barrier heights of the flui...
How to measure time preferences: An experimental comparison of three methods

In two studies, time preferences for financial gains and losses at delays of up to 50 years were elicited using three different methods: matching, fixed-sequence choice titration, and a dynamic “staircase” choice method. Matching was found to create fewer demand characteristics and to produce better fits with the hyperbolic model of discounting. The choice-based measures better predicted real-world outcomes such as smoking and payment of credit card debt. No consistent advantages were found for the dynamic staircase method over fixed-sequence titration.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Giant Cell Arteritis

A 66-year-old woman started oral prednisone for temporal artery biopsy (TAB) proven GCA and developed central haziness OD > OS. Visual acuity worsened to 20/100 OD and 20/25 OS. Clinical exam, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). The patient was treated with focal laser therapy for CSCR and steroid taper. Patients with giant cell arteritis on high dose steroids may present with significant loss of visual acuity and field. CSCR (precipitated by steroids) should be considered in the differential diagnosis as increasing the steroid dose for presumed visual loss secondary to GCA might worsen rather than improve the visual outcome.
Pedestrian injuries : viscoelastic properties of human knee ligaments at high loading rates

Objective. Accidents involving pedestrians are very common, and often lead to severe injuries to the lower extremities. In a large portion of pedestrian-automobile collisions, knee ligament injuries are sustained. In this study, the viscoelastic properties of the four major human knee ligaments were investigated at loading rates representative for pedestrian-automobile collisions. Methods. Bone-ligament-bone specimens were tested in knee distraction loading. The collateral ligaments and the separate functional bundles of the cruciate ligaments were tested in the anatomical position corresponding to a fully extended knee. A series of step-and-hold tests and ramp tests at different rates were conducted to characterize the time-dependent behavior of the knee ligaments for deformation rates associated with the pedestrian impact loading environment. The quasi linear viscoelastic (QLV) theory was used to describe the structural response of the knee ligaments and averaged parameters for this model were determine...
A membrane-based process for recovering isoflavones from a waste stream of soy processing

Based on a lab-scale aqueous process for making skimmed soymilk, a membrane intensive scheme was developed to recover isoflavones as a separate product from the waste stream while soymilk was prepared as the main product. It was shown that, despite the protein binding, most extracted isoflavones permeated through the selected ultrafiltration membranes. Therefore, instead of solvents or adsorbents, a combination of ultrafiltration and diafiltration was used to separate isoflavones from the proteins and other bean components, and isoflavones were then concentrated by reverse osmosis. A yield of approximately 50% of the total amount of isoflavones in soybeans was eventually obtained in the reverse osmosis retentate, which could be dried to make an isoflavone supplement. With minor modifications, the process was readily adaptable to isoflavone recovery from soy protein processing with defatted soy flour.
Specific and general language performance across early childhood: Stability and gender considerations:

Altogether 329 children participated in four longitudinal studies of specific and general language performance cumulatively from 1;1 to 6;10. Data were drawn from age-appropriate maternal questionnaires, maternal interviews, teacher reports, experimenter assessments and transcripts of children’s own spontaneous speech. Language performance at each age and stability of individual differences across age in girls and boys were assessed separately and together. Across age, including the important transition from preschool to school, across multiple tests at each age and across multiple reporters, children showed moderate to strong stability of individual differences; girls and boys alike were stable. In the second through fifth years, but not before or after, girls consistently outperformed boys in multiple specific and general measures of language.
A frequency domain approach to identification, uncertainty characterization and robust control design

This paper demonstrates an approach to frequency domain identification for the explicit purpose of designing robust H/sub /spl infin// controllers. The approach transforms raw experimental data into a plant set estimate directly usable by modern robust control design software. A key issue in control design from raw data is the question of whether the controller will work when applied to the true system. The main feature of this approach is that the resulting controller is guaranteed to work as designed (when applied to the true system) to a prescribed statistical confidence. While the overall methodology addresses key theoretical issues, it has at the same time been specifically designed to support practical implementations. A simulation example is included the demonstrate the overall approach. >
Anatomical Patterns of Recurrence Following Biochemical Relapse in the Dose Escalation Era of External Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We provide a comprehensive analysis of anatomical patterns of recurrence following external beam radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis included 2,694 patients with localized prostate cancer who received definitive, dose escalated external beam radiotherapy from 1991 to 2008. First recurrence sites were defined as initial sites of clinically detected recurrence and any subsequent clinically detected recurrence within 3 months. Anatomical recurrence patterns were classified as local (prostate/seminal vesicles only), lymphotropic (lymph nodes only) and osteotropic (bones only) in patients with disease confined only to these respective sites for at least 2 years from the initial clinically detected recurrence.Results: Prostate was the most common first recurrence site in the low, intermediate and high risk groups with an 8-year cumulative incidence of 3.5%, 9.8% and 14.6%, respectively. The 8-year risk of isolated pelvic lymph node ...
Critical evaluation of five methods for quantifying chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera).

Five methods for estimating the abundance of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) were tested. To evaluate the methods, feral pigeons (Columba livia) and 2 species of ischnoceran lice were used. The fraction of lice removed by each method was compared, and least squares linear regression was used to determine how well each method predicted total abundance. Total abundance was assessed in most cases using KOH dissolution. The 2 methods involving dead birds (body washing and post- mortem-ruffling) provided better results than 3 methods involving live birds (dust-ruffling, fumigation chambers, and visual examination). Body washing removed the largest fraction of lice ( .82%) and was an extremely accurate predictor of total abundance (r 2 5 0.99). Post-mortem-ruffling was also an accurate predictor of total abundance ( r2 $ 0.88), even though it removed a smaller proportion of lice (,70%) than body washing. Dust-ruffling and fumigation chambers removed even fewer lice, but were still reasonably accurate predictors of total abundance, except in the case of data sets restricted to birds with relatively few lice. Visual examination, the only method not requiring that lice be removed from the host, was an accurate predictor of louse abundance, except in the case of wing lice on lightly parasitized birds.
Extradural spinal cavernous malformation presenting with radiculopathy.

A 10-year-old boy presented with pain radiating down the left lower extremity and gait changes, which were noted by the parents. Neurologic examination was remarkable for left foot plantar flexion weakness and decreased muscle bulk in the left calf. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine revealed a complex cystic lesion in the epidural space with mass effect on the left S1 nerve root. MRI signal features included intrinsic T1 and T2 hyperintensity suggesting blood products or proteinaceous cyst contents (Figure). Intraoperatively, a cystic lesion with a greenish-brown wall was found, puncture of which resulted in leakage of contents of what appeared to be liquefied chronic hematoma. Pathologic evaluation demonstrated fibrovascular tissue with ectatic blood vessels and patchy hemosiderin deposition indicative of a cavernous malformation. Near-total resection of the lesion was achieved in this case without complication.
Selective Alteration in High Affinity Agonist Binding: A Mechanism of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization

Beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization of intact frog erythrocytes results in a greater percent fall in agonist ((±)[3H]hydroxybenzylisoproterenol) than in antagonist ((-)[3H]-dihydroalprenolol) binding. We now report the results of detailed studies on the alterations in agonist binding associated with beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization. Competition binding experiments revealed a lower overall affinity of agonist binding after desensitization. The affinity of antagonist ([3H]dihydroalprenolol) binding appeared unchanged after desensitization. Three reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, EDTA, and Gpp(NH)p) that decrease high affinity agonist binding were shown to have less effect on [3H]hydroxybenzylisoproterenol binding after desensitization. Two such agents (N-ethylmaleimide and dicyclohexyl carbodiimide) were also shown to block desensitization of intact cells. Guanine nucleotides failed to restore beta-adrenergic antagonist ([3H]dihydroalprenolol) binding sites after desensitization. Adenylate cyclase catalytic activity was not impaired by desensitization and remained normally responsive to guanine nucleotides. These findings are consistent with a model of beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization in which desensitized receptors arise from receptors in the high affinity state, with chronic occupancy by agonist. The process of desensitization thus appears to result in selective loss or inactivation of these high affinity agonist binding sites.
The Ortho Normalized Volume Magnetic Source Technique Applied to Live-site UXO Data: Inversion And Classification Studies

inversion and classification studies Fridon Shubitidze, Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College/Sky REsearch, Hanover NH, 03755 Ben Barrowes, USA ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Irma Shamatava, Sky Research Inc./Dartmouth College Etna NH, 03750 Juano Pablo Fernandez, Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755 Kevin O'Neill, USA ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
Inferring Parasitoid Searching Behavior from Host Mortality Data: A Note of Caution

In a recent paper, Chesson (Environ. Entomol. 11: 531–537, 1982) proposed a model based on the binomial distribution which, when applied to field measurements of host mortality, can be used to obtain post hoc estimates of the probability of encounter of host-containing patches, and the conditional probability of parasitism (given encounter) for hosts present in such patches. Chesson recommends that these estimates be used to draw inferences concerning the behavior of searching parasitoids-in particular, to determine whether individuals of a given parasitoid species respond to between-patch variations in host density during search. Here, we examine the model and suggest that it may produce misleading behavioral conclusions if interpreted in the way its author recommends. Chesson's critique of an earlier study by Morrison, Lewis, and Nordlund (Environ. Entomol. 9:79–85, 1980) is also discussed.
Digital Television Monitoring Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Today's broadcast facilities are increasing in complexity by an order of magnitude. The relatively straight-forward media formats of the past are being replaced by elaborate packet protocols that combine multiple video, audio and metadata into a digital multiplex. In such a highly computerized system there are many opportunities for error but there are also opportunities for self correction, intelligent report generation, and operator notification. This paper will describe various system monitoring architectures, categorize the types of errors that can be detected, and discuss a number of strategies for recognizing, logging and correcting errors.
Application of Correct-by-Construction Principles for a Resilient Risk-Aware Architecture

In this paper we discuss the application of correct-by-construction techniques to a resilient, risk-aware software architecture for onboard, real-time autonomous operations. We mean to combat complexity and the accidental introduction of bugs through the use of verifiable auto-coding software and correct-by-construction techniques, and discuss the use of a toolbox for correct-by-construction Temporal Logic Planning (TuLiP) for such a purpose. We describe some of TuLiP’s current functionality, specifically its ability to model symbolic discrete systems and synthesize software controllers and control policies that are correct-by-construction. We then move on to discuss the use of these techniques to define a deliberative goal-directed executive capability that performs risk-informed action-planning – to satisfy the mission goals (specified by mission control) within the specified priorities and constraints. Finally, we discuss an application of the TuLiP process to a simple rover resilience scenario.
Centralized Management of Prisoners with HIV/AIDS in Large Labor Camps

[Objective]To study the situation of centralized management of prisoners with HIV/AIDS in large labor camps,and to discuss further measures for improving management. [Methods]From 2008,the judicial system of Guangdong province took a measure that all prisoners with HIV/AIDS from whole province must be managed in 4 labor camps in Sanshui District of Foshan City.After carrying out a series of standardized management,core indicators by national supervision and evaluation of AIDS prevention was adopted for running status evaluation and relative control measures were proposed. [Results] Each HIV/AIDS management indicator had improved greatly since centralized management implementation.Among them,The HIV/AIDS patients follow-up rate increased from 64.42% in December 2007 to 98.83% in December 2010,and the CD4 detection rate increased from 24.04% to 96.44%.However,there still existed some problems such as delayed antiviral treatment in labor camps,follow-up management of prisoners released with difficulty and lack of medical health resource in labor camps. [Conclusion]As a result of centralized management,the national policy of caring HIV/AIDS patients has achieved good effect in these labor camps.Further measures like increasing investment,improving the medical treatment resource allocation,formulating corresponding policy,strengthening cooperation between labor camps and local medical departments should be taken.