cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunable electro-optofluidic resonators

We design and demonstrate electrically-enabled optofluidic devices for tuning and reconfiguring lab-on-chip photonic elements in silicon platforms. Optofluidic resonators integrated with electric microheaters for resonance tuning are demonstrated.
Testing and verification aspects of Pascal-like languages

This paper addresses aspects of programming language design that affect the ease with which programs written in a language can be subjected to systematic testing and/or program verification. The discussion focuses of Pascal and on several languages that have been derived primarily from Pascal, particularly Euclid and PLAIN. Specific language issues addressed include translation-time checking, program readability, flow of control, support for program modularity, data flow, and program immutability. The relative ease of validating such programs is then determined by the style in which the programs are written. The paper presents some guidelines for writing programs in Pascal-like languages for testability and verifiability.
Legal Attitudes and Legitimacy: Extending the Integrated Legal Socialization Model

Abstract Legal socialization is the process by which individuals acquire beliefs about rules and rule-violation by internalizing codified, normative rules within society. In the integrated legal socialization model, legal attitudes are mediators between legal/moral reasoning and rule-violating behavior (RVB; Cohn, Bucolo, Rebellon, & Van Gundy, 2010). In the alternative legal socialization model, legitimacy of authority is a predictor of RVB (Piquero, Fagan, Mulvey, Steinberg, & Odgers, 2005). In the current study, we attempted to replicate Cohn et al.'s (2010) integrated model. A path model revealed that legal attitudes (normative status) mediated the relationship between legal reasoning and RVB in partial support of the integrated model. We then expanded the theoretical model by arguing that police and parental legitimacy mediated between moral/legal reasoning and normative status (approval of RVB). We used longitudinal data from middle school and high school students to test our expanded theoretical mo...
Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Associated with Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus is one of the rare autoantibody mediated skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) demonstrating subepidermal blistering with neutrophilic infiltrate histologically. We present a case of a 40-year-old Hispanic female who presented with a several months' history of multiple blistering pruritic skin lesions involving the face and trunk, a photosensitive rash over the face and neck, swelling of the right neck lymph node, and joint pain involving her elbows and wrist. Her malady was diagnosed as bullous systemic lupus erythematosus based on the immunological workup and biopsy of her skin lesions. The patient also complained of odynophagia and endoscopy revealed esophagitis dissecans superficialis which is a rare endoscopic finding characterized by sloughing of the esophageal mucosa. The bullous disorders typically associated with esophagitis dissecans superficialis are pemphigus and rarely bullous pemphigoid. However, this is the first reported case of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus associated with esophagitis dissecans superficialis.
Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration.

Problem Currently, placentitis, an important cause of late pregnancy loss in mares, is diagnosed by clinical signs and ultrasonography. Acute phase proteins (APP) are mainly produced and secreted by the liver in response to acute inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesized that APP are increased in mares with placentitis. Method of study Concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen (Fb), and white blood cell counts (WBC) were determined in plasma of mares with experimentally induced placentitis and gestationally age-matched control mares. Placentitis was induced via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a common isolate from clinical cases of bacterial placentitis. Concentrations of SAA and Hp were also determined in the 10 days pre-partum in normal mares. Results and conclusion Mares with placentitis aborted within 5–25 days after inoculation. Concentrations of SAA and Hp rapidly increased subsequent to experimental induction of placentitis and remained increased until abortion. Neither Fb nor WBC appeared to be useful markers for placentitis. Parturition did not trigger increase in either SAA or Hp in normal foaling mares.
Nonstoichiometry in A2B2O7 Pyrochlores

Energies associated with deviations from stoichiometry for an extensive series of A2B2O7 pyrochlores have been predicted. A3+ cations range in size from Lu to La and B4+ cations from Ti to Pb. Results are presented in the form of contour maps as a means of conveying large quantities of data as well as predicting characteristics for pyrochlore compounds not explicitly modeled. These contour maps indicate that the BO2 excess nonstoichiometry in the pyrochlore structure is distinct from solid-solution fluorite. Within the limitations of this methodology, the contour maps provide a means to understand and predict distinct compositional variations. Defect cluster formation is discussed.
Equivalent performance of epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in children: a single institution and manufacturer experience.

Background Children requiring permanent pacing have a lifelong need for follow-up. Epicardial leads have traditionally fared worse than endocardial counterparts. We tested the hypothesis that steroid-eluting epicardial and endocardial leads had equivalent outcomes. Methods We reviewed medical records of 148 children, mean age 8.2 ± 4.8 years, in whom a dual-chamber pacemaker system with steroid-eluting leads from a single manufacturer was implanted. Primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included freedom from lead failure and pacemaker system reintervention. Loss of capture-sensing, lead displacement-fracture, exit block, and high thresholds constituted lead failure. Reintervention included need for lead revision or generator change. Results There was no early mortality. Late mortality occurred once (0.5 ± 0.5 deaths/1,000 patient-months) and eight times (3.4 ± 1.2 deaths/1,000 patient-months) in the endocardial and epicardial groups, respectively. The relative hazard of endocardial versus epicardial site for lead failure was 0.408 ( p = 0.038) and for reintervention was 0.629 ( p = 0.002). Endocardial and epicardial groups differed in important ways: concomitant cardiac surgery 5% (3 of 61) versus 27% (27 of 99); congenital heart disease 33% (20 of 61) versus 90% (89 of 99); single ventricle physiology 13% (8 of 61) versus 52% (51/99); and age (10.5 ± 4.5 years vs 5.5 ± 5.2 years). Adjusting for these covariants, the relative hazard for freedom from lead failure for endocardial versus epicardial leads was 0.546 ( p = 0.360). The adjusted relative hazard for freedom from reintervention was 0.157 ( p = 0.045). Conclusions Technologic advances attenuate important differences in lead failure rates between endocardial and epicardial steroid-eluting pacing leads and thus bridge the performance gap between these fixation modes.
Concealed Asymmetry in an Exchange-Coupled Trichromium(III) Cluster: Structure and Magnetic Spectrum of [Cr(3)O(OOCPh)(6)(py)(3)](py)(0.5)ClO(4).

The compound [Cr3O(OOCPh)6(py)3](py)ClO4 crystallizes in a lattice of threefold symmetry with the trichromium clusters forming equilateral trianges at 173 K, but at 1.5 K the neutron scattering spe...
Bathymetry and Marine Geology of the Andaman Basin, and Tectonic Implications for Southeast Asia

The Andaman Basin extends 1200 km from Burma to Sumatra and 650 km from the Malay Peninsula to the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The eastern portion of the basin is the Malay continental margin, a 250 km wide shelf which was cut into Malayan Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks during the Early and Middle Tertiary. Subsequent folding and faulting modified the shelf, forming at least two major terraces, the Sumatra Shelf-basin and a 650 km long continental slope. Only a discontinuous veneer of Cenozoic sediments covers the continental margin, except for the Sumatra Shelf-basin, in which over 1 km of sediment has collected. The Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, western boundary of the basin, consists of an Upper Cretaceous serpentinite-ophiolite-radiolarite core overlain by Paleocene to Miocene graywackes and shales at least 3000 m thick. Between the ridge and the Malay continental margin lies the Central Andaman Trough, two elongate basaltic seamounts 220 km long, and a complex system of rift valleys and associated smaller volcanic seamounts. Maximum depths of 4400 m in the Andaman Basin are located in the major branch of the rift system, the 700 km long Nicobar Rift Valley which is the proper boundary between the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge and the Central Andaman Trough. Sediments in the Central Trough are 1.5 km thick, surprisingly thin in view of the huge Irrawaddy River sediment load which enters the north end of the basin and is trapped in the basin by surface currents. Large volumes of detritus which must have been produced during the Tertiary planation of the Malay shelf also cannot be accounted for by the minor Andaman Basin fill. The great thicknesses of pre-Late Miocene Tertiary sediments in the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge were derived from the northeast, an area now occupied by submerged youthful rift topography. It is concluded that the sediments derived from planation of the Malay shelf were shed into an adjacent Tertiary trough which was subsequently molded into the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge during Oligocene to Miocene time. The continental margin and the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge were then rifted apart by Late Miocene to Recent movements which formed the Andaman Basin as a rhombochasm. Geophysical data support this interpretation. The entire southeast Asian margin is marked by evidences of south-southeastward movement. Dextral strike-slip along Sumatra and sinistral strike-slip along the Philippine Rift are documented in the literature. The Java Trench along the front of the block has been interpreted as a product of thrusting. Parallelism of the Philippine Trench and Philippine Rift is understandable when the trench is interpreted as a rhombochasm.
Inspection of 2-D objects using pattern matching method

Abstract A pattern matching scheme is developed for the inspection of objects in industrial environment. The inspection includes dimensional verification and shape matching which compares a 2-dimensional image of an object to a pattern image. The method proves to be computationally efficient and accurate for real time application.
A population projection component of a computer system—population policies and birth targets

Abstract As part of their economic development plans to modernize and increase their standards of living, many developing countries have a population policy of reducing some measure of fertility, such as the crude birth rate, by a fixed number of percentage points over a decade. Population policies of this nature give rise to the problem of determining the number of acceptors of contraception required to attain the targeted number of births prescribed by policy. The purpose of this paper is to set forth a population projection component of a computer system designed to supply solutions to the birth target problem. Although the crude birth rate is given specific attention, the system is sufficiently general to accommodate birth targets prescribed in terms of other measures of fertility such as age-specific birth rates. The paper is divided into twelve sections. After introducing the problem in Sec. 1 and reviewing pertinent literature, the target problem is formulated mathematically in Sec. 2 in terms of the crude birth rate. Section 3 contains an overview of the projection system followed by Secs. 4 and 5 on projecting total population size and single females. A classification of acceptors of contraception (family planning) is set down in Sec. 6. Then there follow Sections 7,8, and 9 on projecting nonacceptors of family planning, estimating the number of new acceptors, and projecting acceptors of family planning. Section 10 is devoted to formulas for estimating the number of births associated with various classifications of acceptors of family planning and Sec. 11 provides algorithms for determining the number of births required by the target problem. Finally, the paper concludes with Sec. 12 on estimating the number of units of contraceptive protection required to attain a given level of births. Numerical examples illustrating the use of the projection system described in this paper will be presented elsewhere.
The Interplay between the Microbiota and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is home to a plethora of microbial species that comprise the microbiota. The role of the microbiota in human health is at the forefront of science in recent years, because it is now appreciated that this intricate microbe-host association shapes the host's immune response and physiology. Many diseases are associated with changes in the microbiota, called dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is associated with obesity, metabolic syndromes, inflammatory bowel-disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, cancer, diabetes, allergies, and autism. The microbiota is largely regarded as a barrier to enteric infections, such as with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). However, the interactions between pathogens and the microbiota are largely unknown, as is how these interactions influence the outcome of enteric disease. The microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract shapes the landscape in which EHEC survives within the host. This organism competes for nutrients derived from the host diet, liberates additional resources from dietary and host sources, and produces signaling molecules sensed by EHEC to direct gene expression. To successfully colonize the recto-anal junction of a ruminant, the EHEC reservoir, or the colon of a human, an accidental host, EHEC must alter its physiology to survive within the host digestive tract. In this article, we explore the classes of molecules produced or modified by the microbiota that appear to be instrumental in governing virulence gene expression of EHEC. We also explore how interaction with different microbiotas influences EHEC infectivity and host interaction.
The combination of an mTORc1/TORc2 inhibitor with lapatinib is synergistic in bladder cancer in vitro

Objective To examine the ability of dual mTORc1/c2 inhibitors in conjunction with lapatinib to function in a synergistic manner to inhibit cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in bladder cancer cell lines.
Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places: A Security Case Study on Online Identity Theft

AbstractInformation systems are only as strong as their weakest elements. A truly secure environment requires effective network security, secure application development guidelines, well written policies and procedures, and a strong user educational component to account for the many potential attacks that can occur on a given day. In this case, the authors cover failed aspects of networking security, Web development, policies and procedures, as well as inadequate user education to illustrate how easily an attacker can glean critical business data from an organization via simple techniques known to the hacking community. This case demonstrates that even with basic physical security in place, social engineering practices, combined with well-known hacking techniques, can thwart an organization’s security procedures and practices. In our discussion, we analyze threats to Web servers and Web services using a sample business: MrLuv’s Online Dating Service. We also provide a scenario analysis to forensically expl...
Segmentation of Rat Brain MR Images Using Artificial Neural Network Classifier

Recently MR image based computational models are being developed to assist targeted drug delivery in the brain by helping determine appropriate catheter position, drug dose among others to achieve the desired drug distribution [1–3]. Such a planning might be important to prevent damaging healthier tissues because many of the drugs (e.g. chemotherapeutic agents) are usually toxic and needs to be concentrated in specific regions of interest (e.g. tumor). However, for the image based model to make accurate predictions, it is important to segment the image and assign appropriate tissue properties such as hydraulic conductivity which are known to vary significantly within the brain. For example, it has been experimentally found that drugs injected into brain parenchyma get preferentially transported along the white matter tracts compared to the gray matter regions [4]. Segmenting MR images is a challenging task since the pixel intensities between different regions often overlap, hence traditional approaches based on thresholds might not provide reliable results. In this study, we used multi-layered perceptron (MLP) neural network to segment rat brain MR images into 3 different regions namely white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Way We Live Now: The case for mandating fraud reporting by persons involved in real estate closings and settlements

Purpose – The paper seeks to focus on the causes of the recent subprime lending crisis in the US residential property market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the present situation. Findings – A number of causes for the crisis are shown, including the fragmented structure of the real estate settlement process, and the various people involved in real estate closings who operate under different regulatory and supervisory regimes with varying intensities of enforcement effort. This fragmentation makes it difficult to regulate the conduct of real estate industry insiders. Fragmented regulation also provides opportunities for swindlers, con‐artists, and fraudsters. Originality/value – The paper makes a case for a meaningful regulatory reform, namely mandatory fraud reporting by all those involved in residential real estate closings and settlements.
Direct observation of time-dependent intramolecular vibrational relaxation in jet-cooled p-n-alkylanilines by laser photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Two-step laser photoelectron spectroscopy with temporally separated picosecond excitation and ionization light pulses is used to measure the rate of intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR) in jet-cooled trans- p - n -butylaniline. Qualitatively similar data are obtained using nanosecond laser sources despite differences in their coherence properties. IVR in propylaniline is found to be slower than in butylaniline in agreement with previous workers, and its rate depends on the conformation of the alkyl side chain.
Runge-lenz wave packet in multichannel Stark photoionization

In a previous slow photoionization experiment, modulations of ionization rings were manifested for Xe in a constant electric field. The present quantum calculation reveals that the modulation is an effect of the multichannel core scattering and of tunneling waves through the Coulomb-Stark potential barrier: the barrier reduces the number of oscillations that is observed relatively to the number of oscillations of the short range wave functions, and the nonhydrogenic core phase shifts modify the position of the ionization rings. We find a hidden difference, in the ionization process, for two close values of the energy depending on the resonance with the barrier. The ionization intensity is interpreted as a Runge-Lenz wave packet; thus, we can relate the quantum modulation to the classical Coulomb-Stark trajectories. The Runge-Lenz wave packet differs from a usual temporal wave packet because its components are eigenstates of the Runge-Lenz vector $z$ projection and its evolution is not temporal but spatial.
Hot corrosion studies of zirconia ceramics

Abstract The corrosion of stabilized zirconia ceramics by vanadic salts at 700 – 900 °C was investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of attack, and to determine inter alia the effects of the chemical reactivity of the stabilizing oxide (CeO 2 , Y 2 O 3 ) and of the physical structure of the zirconia (sintered, rapidly solidified (RS), single crystal (SC)). The SC and RS zirconias were less degraded in molten NaVO 3 than was sintered zirconia; in fact, SC and RS degradation halted with time, presumably as Y 2 O 3 activity in the NaVO 3 melt equilibrated with the zirconia Y 2 O 3 activity. Both CeO 2 and ZrO 2 were shown not to react with NaVO 3 , but molten NaVO 3 readily leached CeO 2 from RS ZrO 2 -20 wt.%CeO 2 , which suggests that the chemical reactivity of CeO 2 is modified by incorporation in the ZrO 2 lattice, perhaps by solid state acid-base interactions. The results are discussed in terms of understanding ceramic molten salt corrosion, and the development of corrosion-resistant stabilized zirconias.
Morphology of the mammotrophs and gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland of rats with protein‐calorie malnutrition

The structure of the anterior pituitary gland of rats with protein-calorie malnutrition was studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a low-protein diet from 20 to 50 days of age. The hypophyses from these animals, along with those from age-matched controls, were then removed and fixed for light microscopic immunocytochemical analyses, using anti-rat PRL or anti-ovine LHβ serum, or for routine ultrastructural study. The overall number of mammotrophs and gonadotrophs appeared to be unaffected by the deficiency in dietary protein. However, the nuclei, in both cell types, were significantly smaller in the malnourished rats. Cytoplasmic volume was also apparently less than in control rats, leading to the “crowding” of adjacent cell types. Additionally, in the malnourished rats, the mammotrophs assumed a less polygonal profile, while the gonadotrophs, which were more irregularly shaped in the central zone, rarely displayed the negative image of a Golgi complex. Ultrastructurally, the mammotrophs in the experimental rats had a less extensively developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The number of secretory granules was not different; however, their size was markedly less and their shape was round to ovoid, rather than pleomorphic. Two types of gonadotrophs were distinguished, based on the classification of Kurosumi et al. ('76). The type-I cell (former “FSH” cell) had a smaller Golgi complex, less vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and smaller secretory granules. The major alteration in the type-II gonadotroph (former “LH” cell) was the smaller size of the secretory granules. The morphological changes found in this study support our previous physiological observations (Herbert, '80), which demonstrate that prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion are severely impaired in rats suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Transactivates the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor β Receptor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid generated during vascular injury that regulates cell growth, differentiation, survival, and motility via endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family G protein–coupled receptors. Although several G protein–coupled receptor ligands transactivate receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), S1P-stimulated receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation has not been well studied. We show that platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) and EGFR are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to S1P in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). S1P-stimulated transactivation of PDGFβR and EGFR was mediated via Gi-coupled EDG receptors. S1P-stimulated transactivation of EGFR and PDGFβR was dependent on Src, reactive oxygen species, and cholesterol-rich membranes. A phosphoinositide 3-kinase–Akt pathway was activated by S1P and blocked by AG1296 and AG1478. Activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and ERK2 pa...
The series elasticity of heart muscle during hypoxia.

Using papillary muscle preparations from rat hearts, the compliance of the series elastic element was shown to be decreased during hypoxia. Series elastic compliance was decreased only under conditions resulting also in an alteration of resting length-force relations. It reverted to normal on reoxygenation.
Brain Metabolite Concentrations and Neurocognition During Short-term Recovery from Alcohol Dependence: Preliminary Evidence of the Effects of Concurrent Chronic Cigarette Smoking

Background: Longitudinal studies of brain tissue metabolite recovery in short-term abstinent alcoholics have primarily investigated the frontal lobes and cerebellum with variable results. Preliminary proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) suggested that chronic cigarette smoking exacerbates alcohol-induced brain injury in 1-week abstinent alcoholics. However, the potential effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the recovery of alcohol-induced brain injury have not been studied. Methods: Multislice short-echo time 1H MRSI was used to measure longitudinal changes in common brain metabolites in 25 recovering alcohol-dependent individuals (RA), retrospectively assigned to smoking (n=14) and nonsmoking (n=11) subgroups. Recovering alcohol-dependent individuals in longitudinal analyses were studied after approximately 7 and 34 days of abstinence from alcohol. In cross-sectional analyses, 36 RA (19 smokers, 17 nonsmokers) with approximately 34 days of sobriety were compared with 29 light drinkers (LD). Relationships between neurocognition and metabolite concentrations in abstinent RA were also examined. Results: Over 1 month of abstinence from alcohol, RA, as a group, showed significant increases of regional N-acetylaspartate (NAA; marker of neuronal viability) and choline-containing compounds (Cho; marker of cell membrane synthesis/turnover) primarily in frontal and parietal lobes. These increases appeared to be driven by nonsmoking RA. Cross-sectional results indicate that metabolite levels in RA at 35 days of sobriety are not significantly different from those in LD in most regions, except for lower NAA and Cho in parietal WM and subcortical structures. However, metabolite levels at that time appear to be strongly modulated by smoking status. The patterns of metabolite–neurocognition relationships were different for nonsmoking and smoking RA. Conclusions: Within the first weeks of sobriety, regional brain NAA and Cho levels increased, but metabolite levels did not normalize in all brain regions after 35 days of sobriety. Neurobiologic recovery in RA appeared to be adversely affected by chronic smoking. Greater consideration of the effects of continued cigarette smoking on the neurobiologic and neurocognitive recovery of alcohol-dependent individuals is warranted.
Repeated Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases

The expansion of resection of colorectal hepatic metastases over the past two decades has been accompanied by a concomitant expansion of nonresectional options to treat patients with liver-only colorectal metastases. Comparative outcomes for different therapeutic strategies are largely unavailable or incomplete. Without sufficient equipoise to randomize the disparate population of patients with hepatic recurrence to all available therapeutic options, we will likely need to individualize our treatment strategies without the use of randomized trials. Clarifying the role of repeated hepatectomy for patients with recurrent disease requires knowledge of the outcomes, limitations, and alternatives for repeated resection of colorectal metastases. In this review, consideration of the published experience with hepatic re-resection can help define the boundaries and expectations for patient selection and outcomes.
Determinants of cruciate-ligament loading during rehabilitation exercise

OBJECTIVES: To predict and explain the pattern of cruciate-ligament loading during squatting exercises; to determine the effect of hamstrings co-contraction on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) load during squatting; and to determine the effect of the weightbearing force on ACL load during squatting. DESIGN: Mathematical modeling of the human musculoskeletal system. BACKGROUND: Squatting is a commonly prescribed exercise for strengthening the muscles of the thigh following ACL reconstruction. Although the forces induced in the ACL are purported to be low, no experimental data are available to corroborate this claim. The reason is that measurements of knee-ligament forces are difficult to obtain in vivo. METHODS: The human body was modeled as a four-segment, six-degrees of freedom, planar linkage. The hip, ankle and toes were each modeled as a hinge joint. The relative displacements of the femur, tibia and patella were calculated using a three-degrees of freedom, sagittal-plane model of the knee. Eleven elastic were used to describe the geometric and mechanical properties of the knee ligaments. The model was actuated by 22 musculotendinous units. Optimization theory was used to calculate the forces developed in the muscles and the forces transmitted to the knee ligaments during squatting. RESULTS: The model ACL was loaded from full extension to 10 degrees of knee flexion during squatting; the model PCL was loaded at knee-flexion angles greater than 10 degrees. The pattern of cruciate-ligament loading is determined by the shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones and by the changing orientation of the hamstrings muscles at the knee. Hamstrings co-contraction is the major determinant of ACL loading during squatting exercises; the weightbearing force has a relatively small effect on the force induced in the ACL. CONCLUSION: The calculations support the contention that squatting is a relatively safe exercise for strengthening the muscles of the thigh following reconstruction of the ACL. RELEVANCE: Knowledge of the forces borne by the knee ligaments is important for designing exercise regimens subsequent to ligament injury and repair. The quadriceps and hamstrings muscles may be strengthened without loading a newly reconstructed ACL by performing squats with the knee flexed to 10 degrees and greater.
Convective heat transfer measurements from a NACA 0012 airfoil in flight and in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel

Local heat transfer coefficients were measured on a smooth and roughened NACA 0012 airfoil. Heat transfer measurements on the 0.533 m chord airfoil were made both in flight on the NASA Lewis Twin Otter Icing Research Aircraft and in the NASA Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). Roughness was obtained by the attachment of uniform 2 mm diameter hemispheres to the airfoil surface in 4 distinct patterns. Flight data were taken for the smooth and roughened airfoil at various Reynolds numbers based on chord in the range 1.24 to 2.50 x 10 (exp 6) and at various angles of attack up to 4 deg. During these flight tests, the free stream velocity turbulence intensity was found to be very low (less than 0.1 percent). Wind tunnel data were acquired in the Reynolds number range 1.20 to 4.25 x 10 (exp t) and at angles of attack from -4 to 8 deg. The turbulence intensity in the IRT was 0.5 to 0.7 percent with the cloud generating sprays off. A direct comparison was made between the results obtained in flight and in the IRT. The higher level of turbulence in the IRT vs. flight had little effect on the heat transfer for the lower Reynolds numbers but caused a moderate increase in heat transfer at the high Reynolds numbers. Roughness generally increased the heat transfer.
Parallel Adaptive Multilevel Methods with Full Domain Partitions

Adaptive multilevel methods are methods for solving partial differential equations that combine adaptive grid refinement with multigrid solution techniques. These methods have been shown to be very effective on sequential computers. Recently, a technique for parallelizing these methods for cluster computers has been developed. This paper presents an overview of a particular adaptive multilevel method and the parallelization of that method via the full domain partition. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Tribological Properties of Low-friction Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon Measured in Ultrahigh Vacuum

In this paper, we investigate the sliding friction and wear behavior of a hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and under partial pressures of water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. The initial friction coefficient of the film in UHV was ~0.15, but decreased steadily to values as low as 0.03 after about 30 sliding passes. During longer duration tests, the friction coefficient increased again to values as high as ~0.15 and such an increase in friction coincided with hydrogen desorption from the contacting surfaces (as detected by a mass spectrometer). Heating DLC to temperatures higher than 360 K also caused desorption of hydrogen and a resulting marked increase in friction. The presence of molecular nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen in the test chamber did not have any noticeable effect on friction, but the presence of thermally dissociated or ionized hydrogen within the close proximity of sliding surfaces had a beneficial effect by restoring the low friction behavior of the DLC films. The introduction of water vapor into test chamber had an adverse effect on friction. The results of this study confirm that hydrogen is key to low friction behavior of hydrogenated DLC films and that the presence of water molecules has an adverse effect on their friction behavior.
The decomposition of idempotents associated with inflators

Abstract In a recent paper, Friedland, Hershkowitz, and Schneider introduced a new matrix product called the inflation product and a new class of matrices called inflators. Fundamental to the constructions were certain idempotent matrices associated with the inflators. This paper studies the structure of the idempotent matrix associated with an inflator. In particular, it is shown that if the idempotent associated with an inflator has rank greater than one, then the idempotent can be split into several pairwise orthogonal idempotents of lower rank such that the resultant idempotents are associated with inflators which are inflation product factors of the original inflator. The indecomposable idempotents associated with the decomposition of an inflator are characterized in terms of rank, and are shown to be generally nonunique. The number of indecomposable idempotents in a splitting is shown to be invariant.
The critter: a leather and felt interface for open-ended interaction

Leather and felt, as tangible interface materials, foster a unique user experience of empathy, heightened curiosity and intuitive communication. Demonstrated by way of a hand held device---the Critter---made of felt and leather, this work develops a language of tactile and visual communication based on the materials and form. By focusing on the relationship between the user and the object, the Critter becomes a foundation for open-ended interaction and user-defined functionality.
Determination of a novel substance P inhibitor in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection using single and triple quadrupole detectors

Abstract Methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometric (MS) detection using either single (MS) or triple (MS/MS) quadrupole mass spectrometric detection for the determination of (2R)-[1(R)-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethoxy]-3(S)-(4-fluoro-phenyl)morpholin-4-ylmethyl]-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazol)methyl morpholine (Aprepitant, Fig. 1) in human plasma has been developed. Aprepitant (I) and internal standard (II, Fig. 1) were isolated from the plasma matrix buffered to pH 9.8 using a liquid–liquid extraction with methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE). The analytes were separated on a Keystone Scientific’s Javelin BDS C-8 2 mm ×4.6 mm 3 μm guard column coupled to BDS C-8 50 mm ×4.6 mm 3 μm analytical column, utilizing a mobile phase of 50% acetonitrile and 50% water containing 0.1% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The single quadrupole instrument was operated in a single ion monitoring (SIM) mode analyzing the protonated molecules of Aprepitant and II at m/z 535 and 503, respectively. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) monitoring the precursor→product ion combinations of m/z 535→277 and 503→259 for Aprepitant and II, respectively. The linear calibration range for both single and triple quadrupole detectors was from 10 to 5000 ng/ml of plasma with coefficients of variation less than 8% at all concentrations. Both single and triple quadrupole instruments yielded similar precision and accuracy results. Matrix effect experiments performed on both instruments demonstrated the absence of any significant change in ionization of the analytes when comparing neat standards to analytes in the presence of plasma matrix. Both instruments were used successfully to support numerous clinical trials of Aprepitant.
30-Year atmospheric temperature record derived by one-dimensional variational data assimilation of MSU/AMSU-A observations

In the past, satellite observations of the microwave radiation emitted from the atmosphere have been directly utilized for deriving the climate tends of vertical-layer-averaged atmospheric temperatures. This study presents the 30-year atmospheric temperature trend derived by one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) data assimilation of Microwave Sounding Unit/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (MSU/AMSU-A) observations. Firstly, the radiance measurements from MSU on board the early National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-6 to NOAA-14 and AMSU-A on board NOAA-15 to -19 have been inter-calibrated to form a fundamental climate data record. A 1D-Var method is then employed to establish the thematic climate data record of atmospheric temperature profiles that are appropriate for climate change study. Verification of the MSU/AMSU-A derived temperature profiles with collocated Global Positioning System radio occultation data confirms a reasonable good accuracy of the derived atmospheric temperature profiles in the troposphere and low stratosphere. Finally, the global climate trend of the atmospheric temperature in clear-sky conditions is deduced, showing not only a global warming in the troposphere and a cooling in the stratosphere, but also a stronger warming in the upper troposphere than in the low troposphere.
The effect of cervical spine manual therapy on normal mouth opening in asymptomatic subjects

Objective Temporomandibular disorders are a group of disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint and/or masticatory muscles. One of the signs associated with temporomandibular disorders is a reduction in mouth opening. During normal mouth opening, extension occurs at the cervical-cranial junction. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if manual therapy applied to the cervical-cranial junction would significantly improve mouth-opening capacity.
Predictive validity of neuropsychiatric subgroups on nursing home placement and survival in patients with Alzheimer disease

Objective The aim of the study was to conceptualize neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease as distinct symptom profiles with differential disease outcomes. Two outcomes of interest in the study were nursing home placement and survival. Method Cluster analysis was used to categorize 122 patients with Alzheimer disease based on their neuropsychiatric symptoms as assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Both the presence as well as the severity and frequency of symptoms were considered. After identification of the subgroups, the predictive validity of the categorization was tested on time to nursing home placement and time to death over a three-year period. Cox proportional hazard models were used to perform survival analysis. Important covariates such as severity of cognitive and functional impairments, comorbid medical conditions, presence of parkinsonism, and marital status were adjusted at baseline. Results Based on the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, three subgroups were identified: minimally symptomatic, highly symptomatic, and affective/apathetic. Over a three-year period, the highly symptomatic group had an increased risk of nursing home placement. In addition, the rates of survival were significantly lower for the highly symptomatic and the affective/apathetic subgroups. Based on the severity and frequency of symptoms, two-cluster and four-cluster solutions were produced. The groupings based on severity and frequency of symptoms predicted significant differential outcomes in survival and nursing home placement. Conclusions Neuropsychiatric subgroups were able to predict differential outcomes and identify those with an increased risk for a worse prognosis. The findings were discussed through their research and clinical implications.
Measuring and improving police performance: the lessons of Compstat and its progeny

Police performance measurement systems based on traditional indicators, such as arrest rates and response times, prevent police organizations from moving towards a strategy of community problem solving as there is no way to hold police departments externally accountable for addressing community concerns and no way to hold particular officers internally accountable for engaging community problem‐solving activities. In the absence of relevant measurement systems, police executives experience difficulty motivating their managers and line‐level officers to change their approach towards policing. A number of departments have made considerable progress in developing performance measurement systems that both address community concerns and drive their organizations towards a community problem‐solving strategy. This paper argues why police executives would want to measure performance, describes how measurement is important in driving organizational change, discusses what police departments should be measuring, and presents an exploratory qualitative analysis of the mechanisms at work in the New York Police Department’s Compstat and its application in six other police departments.
Impact of Quality by Design in Process Development on the Analytical Control Strategy for a Small-Molecule Drug Substance

Development of the arzoxifene hydrochloride drug substance manufacturing process, first via a traditional approach and subsequently via an enhanced approach, provides an informative case study in quality by design (QbD). The primary focus of this paper is to illustrate the impact and advantages of QbD on the impurity control strategy. By operating the process at the extremes during design space studies, a larger collection of organic impurities and higher levels of typical impurities are observed in the intermediates. This enables a more thorough understanding of the ability of the process to purify the drug substance and results in a more complete and robust set of intermediate specifications as well as broader and more robust analytical methods. We demonstrate that, when each of the synthetic steps are operated within the design space, the byproduct impurities in the intermediates will not exceed levels found to be rejected in subsequent steps, ensuring that the drug substance will meet its critical quality attributes. Through the rigorous application of an enhanced process development approach, we have designed quality into the arzoxifene hydrochloride drug substance. As a result, real-time release of the intermediate batches is proposed to increase the process throughput and avoid the expense of nonvalue-added testing.
Sleep and body temperature responses in an acute viral infection model are altered in interferon type I receptor-deficient mice.

Abstract Type I interferons (IFNs) include IFNα and IFNβ, both of which are elevated in acute viral infections and both of which have been shown to induce symptoms such as fever and somnolence when administered in pharmacological doses. To investigate the role of type I IFNs in mediation of acute respiratory viral symptoms we examined sleep and body temperature responses in mice with a targeted mutation of the IFN receptor type I (IFN-RI knockouts). IFN-RI knockouts (KOs) or wild-type 129 SvEv controls were challenged intratracheally (IT) with combined poly[rI · rC] (synthetic double-stranded RNA) and IFNγ, a model that simulates an acute viral infection with respect to body temperature and locomotor activity responses. Control mice of both strains were treated with IT IFNγ alone. Hypothermic responses to IT poly[rI · rC]/IFNγ were more exaggerated in the IFN-RI KO mice than in wild-type. The non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) response to IT poly[rI · rC]/IFNγ was increased earlier in the IFN-RI KO mice than in wild-type, though the total time spent in NREMS was reduced in the KOs compared to wild-type and the return to baseline NREMS was faster in the KOs. The quality of NREMS also was altered more extensively in the wild-type than in the KO mice. Spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was suppressed in IFN-RI KOs as previously reported, but was not substantially altered in either mouse strain by IT poly[rI · rC]/IFNγ challenge. Our results implicate type I IFNs as inhibitors of the hypothermic response and enhancers of the NREMS response to IT poly[rI · rC]/IFNγ, a model of acute viral infection.
The Barcelona "Disputation" of 1263: Christian Missionizing and Jewish Response

THE "disputation" of Barcelona in 1263 has for some time interested modern historians.1 They have sensed that this event set an important precedent for the subsequent religious confrontations of the later Middle Ages. It was the first of a series of public clashes which eventually did much damage to west European Jewry, and as such it merits intensive investigation.2 In addition, this incident presents intriguing historiographic problems. A pair of descriptions, one from the Christian camp and the second from the Jewish side, has survived. While these reports reveal a remarkable level of agreement, there are a number of significant discrepancies which have sometimes puzzled and sometimes polarized modern researchers. These problems are real and meaningful, necessitating a careful analysis of the purposes and biases of each text.3 Finally, largely as a result of the Hebrew account of the confrontation, composed by the Jewish spokesman himself, there has remained a feeling of the drama of the affair. This Hebrew narrative is rich in detail, wit, and excitement, all of which have attracted modern scholars. Despite the number of studies devoted to this "disputation" in Barcelona and despite the advances made, particularly by Yitzhak Baer and Martin Cohen, enough important questions remain to warrant a fresh examination. The focus of this study will be the exact nature and purpose of the clash, leading to a scrutiny of the tactics of both parties and the results as seen by both sides.4 This will of necessity involve a close look at the two surviving reports, along with subsequent activities in both camps.
The role of analysis in an age of computers: view from the analytical side

The role of both past and current analysis in computer-based electromagnetics research is examined. Some observations on the current status of computer-based solutions are presented. It is concluded that analysis will remain an essential tool for making discoveries of electromagnetic phenomena, for providing physical insight into complex phenomena, and for the development of robust problem formulations and numerical methods, so that computed results with verifiable accuracy can be achieved. It is also concluded that more attention to verifying the accuracy of numerical results obtained from computer solutions is needed. >