cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphohematopoietic stem cell engraftment

Traditional dogma has stated that space needs to be opened by cytoxic myeloablative therapy in order for marrow stem cells to engraft. Recent work in murine transplant models, however, indicates that engraftment is determined by the ratio of donor to host stem cells, i.e., stem cell competition. One hundred centigray whole body irradiation is stem cell toxic and nonmyelotoxic, thus allowing for higher donor chimerism in a murine syngeneic transplant setting. This nontoxic stem cell transplantation can be applied to allogeneic transplant with the addition of a tolerizing step; in this case presensitization with donor spleen cells and administration of CD40 ligand antibody to block costimulation. The stem cells that engraft in the nonmyeloablated are in G0, but are rapidly induced (by 12 hours) to enter the S phase after in vivo engraftment. Exposure of murine marrow to cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-11 and steel factor) expands progenitor clones, induces stem cells into cell cycle, and causes a fluctuating engraftment phenotype tied to phase of cell cycle. These data indicate that the concepts of stem cell competition and fluctuation of stem cell phenotype with cell cycle transit should underlie any new stem cell engraftment strategy.
Evaluation of mental representation for same and mixed compatibility assignments.

In most studies of stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, assignments within a set are either compatible or incompatible for all S-R combinations. The present study provided an extension of previous research by examining the situations with same or mixed S-R assignments for pairs of subsets from a four-choice spatial precuing task. Assignments of stimuli to responses for the subsets could be same (both subsets assigned compatibly or both assigned incompatibly) or mixed (one subset assigned compatibly and one subset assigned incompatibly). A precue stimulus provided advanced information about which subset, and thus which assignment, would be required for responding on each trial. Experiment 1 had four visual stimuli assigned to four response locations, whereas Experiment 2 had the four visual stimuli assigned to only two response locations. For both experiments, the analyses revealed similar patterns of reaction times, with reaction times slower in themixed condition than in thesame condition. Moreover, the reaction times for the compatible assignments in the mixed sets were slowed more than the incompatible ones in those sets. The nonprecued subset influenced the S-R translation processes, indicating that the nonprecued subset was part of the mental representation upon which subjects were making decisions.
Notching up MYC gives a LIC.

In a recent issue of Cell, King et al. (2013) show that mutations in the ubiquitin ligase subcomponent FBXW7 increase MYC protein levels and expand the number of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) in Notch1-induced T-ALL. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of MYC abolishes LIC activity with broader therapeutic implications.
Behavioral characteristics of the recreational shopper and implications for retail management

The success of a retail image is dependent upon the retailer's ability to appropriately match store attributes and benefits with target market characteristics. This study indicates that many consumers (recreational shoppers) shop for other than purely economic considerations. The results provide new evidence pertaining to the appropriate retail strategy for attracting such shoppers.
Attempts to characterize the convulsive response of parathyroidectomized rats to pineal gland removal.

Abstract If thyroparathyroidectomized or parathyroidectomized (PTX) immature male rats are pinealectomized (PX) most (approx. 80%) of them experience numerous convulsive seizures within 8 hr after removal of the pineal gland. The postconvulsive mortality (by 48 hr after pinealectomy) is about 30%. Other surgical procedures involving opening of the skull, such as olfactory bulbectomy or unilateral transection of the nervi conarii, do not initiate convulsions in PTX rats. Likewise, denervation of the pineal gland by superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX) in PTX rats is not followed by seizures. However, if PTX + SCGX rats are subsequently subjected to pineal gland removal they experience the convulsions. This latter finding suggests that the pineal gland may remain functional after sympathetic denervation. The injection of calcium lactate does not protect against the seizures in PTX + PX rats. If the operations are reversed, i.e., if pineal gland removal precedes PTX by one week the rats do not exhibit the convulsive behavior. Whole brain norepinephrine is depressed in convulsing rats while serotonin and dopamine levels remain unchanged.
ECOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN FOUR NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE GRASSES. II. BEHAVIORAL VARIATION WITHIN TRANSPLANTED COMMUNITY FRACTIONS

Ecological variation within transplanted community fractions, containing Andropogon scoparius Michx., A. gerardi Vitman, Panicum virgatum L. and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, included broad behavioral and morphological differentiation. In Austin, Texas, during 1958-1962, southern community fractions that contained early spring activity, late flowering and late fall dormancy included taller plants than early-flowering, northern community fractions. The tallest populations in all 4 species originated in Texas. In P. virgalum, size of leaves and panicles showed north-south trends similar to culm height values. Leaf pubescence and leaf glaucousness in all 4 species showed geographic patterning that was not correlated with north-south maturity gradients. Greatest pubescence was on clones in community fractions from pine woods in the Southeast. Glaucousness was concentrated in community fractions from central Texas northward to Nebraska. ECOLOGICAL variation in 4 widely distributed prairie grasses includes a broad range of ecotypic differentiation and morphological variation. The present investigation of ecological variation is the first involving a series of transplanted community fractions and has been a comparison of morphological patterning. The second study (McMillan, 1965b) compares the behavioral range of the transplanted populations. For the comparison of community fractions from the eastern United States with those of the central grassland region, population samples of latitudinally diverse origin were assembled in Austin, Texas. From 1958 to 1962, the maturity range of eastern clones showed north-south correlations similar to those of the central grassland. Earliest spring activity, latest flowering, and latest dormancy were in southern populations. Northern community fractions from Massachusetts to North Dakota showed early flowering and a short span separating initial anthesis among the species-populations. The length of the growing period and other temperature-related phenomena in the native habitats appeared critical in the selection of the behavioral variation. The broad morphological patterning was investigated to determine its relation to differentiation that had included a range of leaf pubescence and glaucousness in the 4 taxa in Texas (Bragg and lVMcMillan, 1962). Although the community fractions exhibiting the morphological extremes of pubescence and glaucousness were not the extremes in maturity differentiation in Texas,
Cutaneous Vesicostomy for Palliative Management of Hemorrhagic Cystitis and Urinary Clot Retention

We present the case of a 9 year old boy with hemorrhagic cystitis and urinary clot retention in the setting of chemotherapy refractory pre-B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The patient was undergoing palliative care which was complicated by severe discomfort from urinary clot retention. The decision was made to perform a cutaneous vesicostomy for clot removal and urinary drainage given the goals of care. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was comfortable with no further urinary tract symptoms until he expired. Cutaneous vesicostomy should be considered as an effective surgical option for severe clot retention in children.
Capacity and Conductivity of Body Tissues at Ultrahigh Frequencies

Dielectric constant and specific resistance are reported for a variety of body tissues throughout the frequency range from 200 to 1,000 mc. The results are analyzed and explained by the cellular structure of tissue, the electrical properties of tissue electrolytes, and tissue protein content. Other results specify the temperature dependence of the electrical constants of tissue material. The temperature coefficients vary with frequency and are in agreement with theoretical expectation. A short description of measuring technique and of tissue sample thermostat is given.
Mars nonstop round-trip trajectories

Mars nonstop round-trip trajectories using gravity supplemented by propulsion or aerodynamic forces
The ultrastructural localization of the G-6-P hydrolyzing enzyme activity in Kupffer cells.

Die Aktivitatsverteilung eines Glukose-6-Phosphat hydrolysierenden Enzyms wurde in der Leber 24 Stunden alter Ratten elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Verteilung der Enzymaktivitat in den Kupffer-Zellen schien mit der in den Hepatozyten gefundenen identisch zu sein.
Identification of Structural Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of a Shoed-Brush Seal

The multiple-shoe brush seal, a variation of a standard brush seal, accommodates arcuate pads at the bristles' free ends. This novel design allows reverse shaft rotation operation and reduces and even eliminates bristle wear, since the pads lift-off due to the generation of a hydrodynamic film during rotor spinning. This type of seal, able to work at both cold and high temperatures, not only restricts secondary leakage but also acts as an effective vibration damper. The dynamic operation of the shoed-brush seals, along with the validation of reliable predictive tools, relies on the appropriate estimation of the seal structural stiffness and energy dissipation features. Single-frequency external load tests conducted on a controlled motion test rig and without shaft rotation allow the identification (measurement) of the structural stiffness and equivalent damping of a 20-pad brush seal, 153 mm in diameter. The seal energy dissipation mechanism, represented by a structural loss factor and a dry friction coefficient, characterizes the energy dissipated by the bristles and the dry friction interaction of the brush seal bristles rubbing against each other. The physical model used reproduces well the measured system motions, even for frequencies well above the identification range.
MOLECULAR MOTIONS IN A VISCOUS ORGANIC LIQUID : FERROCENE IN COLD BUTYL PHTHALATE

The two main purposes of this work were to learn (a) if rotational diffusion can be seen along with translational, and (b) is (x(T)/sup 2/) unusual as the sample is heated from a glass to a liquid. Our observations show that (a) rotational molecular diffusion is not likely ever to be observed by quadrupole relaxation and (b) that there is indeed a fast increase in (x/sup 2/) above T/sub g/. This increase is correlated with a rapid and linear increase of the number of ''soft modes'' for the liquid above the glass transition temperature.
Subjects' expectations, individual variability, and the scanning of mental images.

The near-perfect correlation between mental imagery scanning times (averaged across subjects) and interobject distances on imaged maps has been cited as evidence for Kosslyn's (1981) analog theory of mental imagery. Present results (1) indicate that individual subjects' scanning-time/distance correlations vary as a function of instructional set (and, hence, a priori expectations), and (2) reveal a large degree of individual variability in scanning-time/distance correlations.
The combination of nuclear and mitochondrial mutations as a risk factor for idiosyncratic toxicity

Idiosyncratic toxicity is an unpredictable and often life-threatening complication of drug therapy. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, but the evidence favours the view that reactive intermediates generated during phase I metabolism of a parent drug are inefficiently detoxified and cleared. These metabolites accumulate intracellularly and covalently bind to, and modify host proteins or DNA. If the adduct is presented to the immune system, a hypersensitivity reaction occurs (i.e. the hapten hypothesis) [1]. One caveat, however, is the fact that a high incidence of idiosyncratic reactions is not found with all drugs known to form reactive intermediates. This dilemma has led to the formulation of the ‘danger, or risk hypothesis’, wherein the potential for an idiosyncratic drug reaction is enhanced by certain host risk factors such as infection, injury or cell stress [2]. The challenge is to identify these risk factors and to elucidate their role in the toxic cascade. Here we report the case of a 68-year-old woman who possesses a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial defects. We submit that this combination presents a previously unrecognized risk factor and we advocate its consideration, along with other genetic determinants, in the evaluation of drug idiosyncrasy.
Diamagnetic Clusters of Paramagnetic Endometallofullerenes: A Solid-State MAS NMR Study

Solid powder samples of complexes of the endometallofullerenes (EMF) La@C82 and Y@C82 with hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) were studied by magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. We have obtained well-resolved 31P NMR spectra and 13C NMR spectra for both La-EMF/HMPA and Y-EMF/HMPA and 139La spectra for the La-EMF/HMPA. The 31P measurements on La-EMF/HMPA and Y-EMF/HMPA have revealed considerable chemical shifts of 31P signals relative to pure HMPA. Two-dimensional exchange 31P experiments revealed that HMPA molecules at different sites in the EMF/HMPA complex do not change positions at a time scale of up to 1 s. Both EMF samples demonstrate a vast chemical shift range for 31P of the bound HMPA molecules. In addition, the La-EMF/HMPA exhibits the enormous spreading of the chemical shifts for 139La. The experimental results suggest that paramagnetic La@C82 and Y@C82 in the solid state form clusters (nanoparticles) in which the exchange coupling of the EMF takes place with quenching of the most electron spins.
Generation of free oxygen atoms O(3P) in solution by photolysis of 4-benzoylpyridine N-oxide

Laser flash photolysis of 4-benzoylpyridine N-oxide (BPyO) at 308 nm in aqueous solutions generates a triplet excited state 3BPyO* that absorbs strongly in the visible, λmax 490 and 380 nm. 3BPyO* decays with the rate law kdecay/s−1 = (3.3 ± 0.9) × 104 + (1.5 ± 0.2) × 109 [BPyO] to generate a mixture of isomeric hydroxylated benzoylpyridines, BPy(OH), in addition to small amounts of oxygen atoms, O(3P). Molecular oxygen quenches 3BPyO*, kQ = 1.4 × 109 M−1 s−1, but the yields of O(3P) increase in O2-saturated solutions to 36%. Other triplet quenchers have a similar effect, which rules out the observed 3BPyO* as a source of O(3P). It is concluded that O(3P) is produced from either 1BPyO* or a short-lived, unobserved, higher energy triplet generated directly from 1BPyO*. 3BPyO* is reduced by Fe2+ and by ABTS2− to the radical anion BPyO˙− which exhibits a maximum at 510 nm, e = 2200 M−1 cm−1. The anion engages in back electron transfer with ABTS˙− with k = 1.7 × 109 M−1 s−1. The same species can be generated by reducing ground state BPyO with ˙C(CH3)2OH. The photochemistry of BPyO in acetonitrile is similar to that in aqueous solutions.
Polyhedral structure and properties of a model for layout design

Abstract In flexible manufacturing systems, the type of materials-handling system strongly influences the machine layout. This paper studies the problem of determining a machine layout for uni-directional loop-networks which minimizes the maximum number of loop-traversals for a family of parts, which we show to be NP-complete. We also show that the polyhedral structure of its integer-programming formulation is closely related to that of the maximum-weight acyclic subgraph problem. We introduce inequalities that define facets and faces of the convex hull of solutions for the layout problem, which also define corresponding facets and faces for the acyclic subgraph polytope. Preliminary computational results are also presented.
Circumferential Truncal Contouring: The Belt Lipectomy

The primary goal of belt lipectomy surgery is to improve the contour of the inferior truncal circumferential unit and to place the resultant scar in natural junctions. Excessive intra-abdominal content is a contraindication for belt lipectomy. The higher the presenting patient's body mass index (BMI), the higher the risk of postoperative complications and the less impressive the results. The converse is also true: the lower the BMI, the lower the risk of complications and the better the results. The most common complications are small wound separations and seromas.
Treatment with immunotoxin

T-cell depletion prior to or beginning at the time of transplantation has been shown to be a valuable adjunct to the induction of immunological unresponsiveness. Both total lymphoid irradiation and anti-lymphocyte globulin have been used for this purpose in experimental models of transplantation as well as in human organ transplant recipients. However, these methods of T-cell depletion are limited in their ability to deplete T cells selectively due to non-specific targeting and limited efficacy. A new anti-CD3 immunotoxin has been developed with a far more potent ability to deplete T cells selectively as measured by flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood T lymphocytes as well as lymph node lymphocytes. This immunotoxin is well tolerated by rhesus monkeys when administered in vivo. When administered as a single immunosuppressive agent pretransplant, it substantially promotes allograft survival, inducing tolerance in at least one-third of recipients as measured by subsequent acceptance of donor skin grafts and rejection of third-party skin grafts. When administered on the day of transplant in combination with steroid pretreatment and a brief course of deoxyspergualin or mycophenolate mofetil (4 to 14 days), long-term unresponsiveness is also produced and in a more reliable manner than using immunotoxin alone. A new immunotoxin directed at the human CD3epsilon has been developed with excellent potency in T-cell killing and lacking the Fc portion of the CD3 antibody. This construct may be useful for T-cell depletion in humans and has a potential application in tolerance induction in human organ transplantation. Lessons learned from anti-CD3 immunotoxin in the non-human primate model to date include (i) profound (2-3 log) depletion of T-cells can be accomplished safely without inducing lymphoma or infection, (ii) such depletion is a useful adjunct for tolerance induction to allogeneic organ transplants, and (iii) tolerance to both allogeneic renal transplants and xenogeneic islet transplants has been accomplished using such strategies to date in non-human primates and in pigs. Immunotoxin may be useful for the induction of chimerism using strategies that include donor bone marrow infusion. Successful strategies for tolerance induction have also been developed using immunotoxin without the adjunct of donor bone marrow or stem cell infusion. Clinical application of immunotoxin will use a newly engineered construct with the potential for causing cytokine release, less susceptibility to neutralization by anti-diphtheria antibody and not dependent on chemical conjugation of an antibody and toxin. The usefulness of immunotoxin is directly related to its tremendous potency for depleting T cells. Based on results in nonhuman primates, it is anticipated that it will become a useful agent in tolerance induction in humans.
Is genetic diversity compatible with human equality

(1973). Is genetic diversity compatible with human equality? Social Biology: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 280-288.
Fast multispectral diffuse optical tomography system for in vivo three-dimensional imaging of seizure dynamics

We describe a multispectral continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that can be used for in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of seizure dynamics. Fast 3-D data acquisition is realized through a time multiplexing approach based on a parallel lighting configuration--our system can achieve 0.12 ms per source per wavelength and up to a 14 Hz sampling rate for a full set of data for 3-D DOT image reconstruction. The system is validated using both static and dynamic tissue-like phantoms. An initial in vivo experiment using a rat model of seizure is also demonstrated.
Developing a Fully Integrated Medical Transport Record to Support Comparative Effectiveness Research for Patients Undergoing Medical Transport

The consolidation of health care systems to develop centers of clinical excellence has led to an increased reliance on medical transport to move patients requiring time-sensitive interventions and specialized treatments. There is a paucity of outcomes data, specifically comparative effectiveness research, related to the efficacy of different transport services and the overall morbidity and mortality of patients that undergo medical transfer. The rapid development of electronic medical record (EMR) use has also occurred with transport charting. However, limited studies have incorporated transport chart data in outcomes analyses. We have begun development of a fully integrated medical transport record, combining transport and hospitals EMRs, to support research efforts and develop clinical decision support tools for transported patients. In this paper, we describe the elements necessary to develop a fully integrated medical transport EMR to support the conduct of comparative effectiveness research, outline the current limitations and challenges, and provide insight into the future direction in developing clinical decision support tools for patients requiring transport.
Joint conference on digital libraries (JCDL) 2011

Welcome to this special issue of the International Journal of Digital Libraries (IJDL) to feature the winners and the runners-up in the Vannevar Bush best paper, and the best student paper of the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL) 2011 held in Ottawa, Canada, in June 2011. The Editors in Chief of IJDL extended an invitation to the winners and runners-up to submit extended versions of their JCDL 2011 papers. This special issue contains those papers. The ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries is a major international annual forum focusing on digital libraries and associated technical, practical, organizational, and social issues. The 2011 conference theme was ”Digital Libraries: Bringing Together Scholars, Scholarship and Research Data”, in recognition of the changes the digital age is now bringing to scholarship. The conference featured 28 full and 29 short technical papers that had gone through a rigorous peer review along with posters, tutorials, demonstrations and workshops. The JCDL program committee nominates papers they consider highlight work of significance in the field, and those are then reviewed again by an awards sub-committee. The invited authors submitted new versions of their papers that expanded upon the description of their work through providing more detail on their approaches and results. In each case, the papers provide more depth on the technical approach, and more detail on their results. The submissions went through the IJDL review process before acceptance to
Privatization Reform and Inequality of Educational Opportunity: The Case of Chile.

Chile has experienced considerable educational expansion over the past few decades, as well as a privatization reform in 1981 that introduced full parental choice through a voucher system, in the context of a market-oriented transformation of the country. Using a cohort analysis of the 2001 Chilean Mobility Survey, this article examines trends in educational stratification in Chile over the past 50 years, with a focus on the changes that followed the privatization reform. The analysis shows that, in line with international findings, there is “persistent inequality” of educational opportunity across cohorts in Chile. Persistent inequality is not total, however. There is a small but significant increase in inequality in the transition to secondary education, which is cotemporaneous with the market-oriented transformation. Furthermore, when school sector-a form of “qualitative inequality” expressed in the distinction among public, private-voucher, and private-paid schools-is considered, the analysis suggests...
Control problems in noise reduction: the case of two coupled hyperbolic equations

We consider a mathematical model of the noise reduction problem, which couples two hyperbolic equations: the wave equation in the interior (chamber)-which describes the unwanted acoustic waves-and a (hyperbolic) Kirchoff equation-which models the vibrations of the elastic wall. In past models, the elastic wall was modeled by an Euler-Bernoulli equation with Kelvin-Voight damping (parabolic model). Our main result is a sharp regularity result, in two dual versions, of the resulting system of two coupled hyperbolic P.D.E.'s. With this regularity result established, one can then invoke a wealth of abstract results from [L-T.6], [L-T.7], [M-T.1], [T.2], etc. on optimal control problems, min-max game theory (and H∞-problems), etc. The proof of the main result is based on combining technical results from [T.1], [L-T.1]-[L-T.4], [A.2], etc.
Accounting for center-of-mass target motion using convolution methods in Monte Carlo-based dose calculations of the lung.

We have applied convolution methods to account for some of the effects of respiratory induced motion in clinical treatment planning of the lung. The 3-D displacement of the GTV center-of-mass (COM) as determined from breath-hold exhale and inhale CT scans was used to approximate the breathing induced motion. The time-course of the GTV-COM was estimated using a probability distribution function (PDF) previously derived from diaphragmatic motion [Med. Phys. 26, 715–720 (1990)] but also used by others for treatment planning in the lung [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 53, 822–834 (2002); Med. Phys. 30, 1086–1095 (2003)]. We have implemented fluence and dose convolution methods within a Monte Carlo based dose calculation system with the intent of comparing these approaches for planning in the lung. All treatment plans in this study have been calculated with Monte Carlo using the breath-hold exhale CTdata sets. An analysis of treatment plans for 3 patients showed substantial differences (hot and cold spots consistently greater than ±15%) between the motion convolved and static treatment plans. As fluence convolution accounts for the spatial variance of the dose distribution in the presence of tissue inhomogeneities, the doses were approximately 5% greater than those calculated with dose convolution in the vicinity of the lung. DVH differences between the static, fluence and dose convolved distributions for the CTV were relatively small, however, larger differences were observed for the PTV. An investigation of the effect of the breathing PDF asymmetry on the motion convolved dose distributions showed that reducing the asymmetry resulted in increased hot and cold spots in the motion convolved distributions relative to the static cases. In particular, changing from an asymmetric breathing function to one that is symmetric results in an increase in the hot/cold spots of ±15% relative to the static plan. This increase is not unexpected considering that the target spends relatively more time at inhale as the asymmetry decreases (note that the treatment plans were generated using the exhale CT scans).
Standard state thermodynamic properties of aqueous cesium chloride using high dilution calorimetry up to 598.15 K

Abstract In this communication we report the calorimetric data for the standard state enthalpies of solution of cesium chloride obtained from low concentrations, down to (10−3 m), integral heats of solution measurement up to temperature of 573.30 K and extrapolated to 598.15 K. From these data and the unified theory of electrolytes, the complete standard state thermodynamic properties ( H 2 ∘ , G 2 ∘ , C p , 2 ∘ , V 2 ∘ , ( ∂ V 2 ∘ / ∂ T ) p , ( ∂ V 2 ∘ / ∂ p ) T ) of aqueous cesium chloride were determined up to temperature of 598.15 K.
Real-time spectral imaging in three spatial dimensions

We report what is to our knowledge the first volume-holographic optical imaging instrument with the capability to return three-dimensional spatial as well as spectral information about semitranslucent microscopic objects in a single measurement. The four-dimensional volume-holographic microscope is characterized theoretically and experimentally by use of fluorescent microspheres as objects.
"Unpacking" Reduction: Lithic Raw Material Economy in the Mousterian of West-Central Italy

Abstract The extent to which lithic artifacts are consumed or reduced can be attributed to a number of factors, including raw material accessibility, differential transport, patterns of site use, and tool function. In order to isolate the influence of any single factor, independent data must be used to control for variation caused by the other factors. Variation in the reduction of cores and retouched tools in eight Mousterian assemblages from west-central Italy reflects the effects of several processes and contingencies. The availability of lithic raw materials strongly affects the extent of core exploitation but not the intensity of tool retouch or reduction. Evidence for differential transport accounts for some but not all of the remaining contrasts in tool reduction. Information derived from associated faunas suggests that contrasts in the duration or stability of cave-use events as well as activity variation stand behind some of the most pronounced differences in the intensity of reduction among the lithic assemblages.
Waste Package Corrosion Studies Using Small Mockup Experiments.

Understanding the corrosion of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and the subsequent mobilization of released radionuclides, particularly under oxidizing conditions, is one of the key issues in evaluating the long-term performance of a nuclear waste repository. However, the large amounts of iron in the metal waste package may create locally reducing conditions that would lower corrosion rates for the SNF, as well as reduce the solubility of some key radionuclides, e.g., Tc and Np. In order to investigate the interactions among SNF-waste package-fluids, four smallscale (∼1:40 by length) waste package mockups were constructed using metals similar to those proposed for use in waste packages at the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain. Each mockup experiment differed with respect to water input, exposure to the atmosphere, and temperature. Simulated Yucca Mountain process water (YMPW) was injected into three of the mockups at a rate of 200 μL per day for five days a week using a calibrated needle syringe. The YMPW was prepared by equilibrating 50 mg/L silica as sodium metasilicate with air, and adding enough HCl to lower the pH to 7.6 in contact with an excess of powdered calcite. X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirm that, where corrosion occurred, the dominant corrosion product in all cases was magnetite. In the high temperature (60°C) experiment, hematite and a fibrous, Fe-O-Cl phase were also identified. The Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios measured in the corrosion products using a wet chemistry technique indicate extremely low oxygen fugacities (10-36 bar). Experiments are in progress in which 0.1g powdered UO2 was included in the mock-up in order to investigate the relative kinetics of Fe and U oxidation and to identify the U corrosion products formed under these conditions.
Visual Vestiges of Travel: Persian Windows on European Weaknesses

The increased presence of Europeans in Safavid Persia and especially in the capital city of Isfahan during the seventeenth century would imply the production of a kaleidoscope of observations of the foreigners. The scarcity of written Persian views on their European guests in contrast to the abundance of European chronicles about Safavid society has further fueled the expectation of 'oriental' apathy in modern historiography. In contrast to the discursive sources, Persian pictorial evidence of the European presence in Persia is surprisingly rich. This article focuses on a genre of Persian painting in which figural subject matter alludes to a sexual peculiarity of Europeans as observed by the people of Isfahan. The social agency of such pictures and their efficacy as historical sources allow us to tease out the different ways Safavid urban society observed the Europeans and lodged a cultural critique on aspects of their sexual behavior even before the emergence of Persian polemics on the Christian practice of celibacy.
Alpha2-adrenoceptors and endothelium-derived relaxing factor

Abstract The endothelium can release potent vasodilator substances, in particular prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The triggers for the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor include increases in levels of shear stress, neuro-transmitters, autacoids, platelet products, and hormones. The endothelium-dependent response to catecholamines involves stimulation of alpha 2 -adrenoceptors on the endothelial cells. Indeed, in a number of blood vessels, selective alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists cause endothelium-dependent relaxations. These are seen most typically in blood vessels with long-term exposure to high flows and high partial pressures of oxygen. In addition to the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists can stimulate postjunctional (postsynaptic) alpha 2 -adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscles. These receptors, which are more abundant in hypertensive blood vessels, activate the contractile process. However, the alpha 2 -adrenergic vasoconstrictors act as partial agonists (with a limited receptor reserve) and hence their vasoconstrictor response is very sensitive to functional antagonists such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Thus, the presence of endothelial cells can blunt the vasoconstrictor response to these substances not only because of an augmented release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor but also because the vasoconstriction that they induce is particularly susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the factor.
The degree diagram of undecidable problems of formal grammars

Let O be the degree of all solvable problems, let O' be the degree of unsolvability of the halting problem for Turing machines, let O'' be the degree of unsolvability of the problem of whether an arbitrary Turing machine eventually halts for only finitely many finite initial configurations, and let O''' be the degree of unsolvability of the problem of whether an arbitrary Turing machine never halts for only finitely many finite initial configurations. Let ≤ denote the partial ordering of Turing reducibility. Then using results and methods of 1. and 2., the following degree diagram refinement of a table of solvable and unsolvable problems, which appears in 3., p. 230, may be obtained.
Progressive band selection for satellite hyperspectral data compression and transmission

Efficient data transmission is an important part of satellite communication, particularly when large data volumes need to be downlinked to the Earth. One general approach to dealing with this dilemma is data compression, either lossless or lossy. For hyperspectral data, compression is specifically crucial due to its high inter-band spectral correlation, resulting from the use of hundreds of high spectral resolution bands for data collection. This paper develops a new approach, called progressive band selection (PBS), to achieve both data compression and data transmission, in the sense that data can be compressed and transmitted progressively. First, PBS prioritizes each spectral band by assigning a priority score based on its information content measured by a certain criterion. Then, bands are selected progressively according to the priority scores assigned to each spectral band. Consequently, data can be compressed and transmitted in a progressive fashion to meet the application's requirements; this task cannot be accomplished by most data compression techniques. Most importantly, PBS can be implemented in two opposite manners. One is forward progressive band selection (FPBS), which starts with a low number of bands and gradually improves data quality by including more bands progressively, based on their priority scores, until data quality is satisfactory. The other is backward progressive band selection (BPBS), which begins with a high number of spectral bands and progressively removes them in accordance with their priority scores, until data quality falls below a given tolerance level. In order to determine the lower and upper bounds on the number of bands used for FPBS and BPBS, we use a recently developed concept called virtual dimensionality (VD). We demonstrate the utility of PBS in compression and transmission for satellite communication with an experiment in land use and cover classification, which uses a dataset collected by the Hyperion instrument aboard NASA's EO-1 satellite.
Protein configuration changes in the photolysis of rhodopsin. II. The sequence of intermediates in thermal decay of cattle metarhodopsin in vitro.

On illumination of solutions of the visual chromoprotein, cattle rhodopsin, there is a sequence of thermal, first-order reactions. Whereas previous work has shown the first two appear to involve a rearrangement of the protein structure in which the solvent plays only a secondary role, the thermal changes beginning with metarhodopsin and terminating with a hydrolysis yielding the protein, opsin and trans-retinal all involve the solvent directly. Our studies show that there are five intermediates in the solvent-dependent sequence (subscripts denote spectral maxima): Previous flash-photolysis studies1 and the present kinetic data are consistent with the notion of three forms of metarhodopsin478 decaying by first-order, pH-dependent processes to metarhodopsin380. This is also borne out by the behavior of the metarhodopsin478 ↔ metarhodopsin380 reaction at different temperatures and pH's. The decay of metarhopopsin380 to metarhodopsin465 has a small temperature coefficient, a large negative ΔS∗, and is slow enough to be rate controlling at physiological temperatures. Metarhodopsin465 (transient orange) decays to N-retinylideneopsin (indicator yellow) by a single first-order process and like metarhodopsin478 → metarhodopsin380 has a large positive ΔH∗ and ΔS∗ rate constant is about io6 times smaller. Irradiation of metarhodopsin465 yields rhodopsin498, isorhodopsin487 and cis-isomers of retinal. The hydrolysis of N-retinylidene-opsin to retinal and opsin is faster than the metarhodopsin465 → N-retinylidene-opsin process at pH 7 but is sufficiently slower and lower and higher pH's to be observed.
The thermal conductivity of insulators and semiconductors

Abstract The thermal conductivity, over the entire temperature range, of insulators and semiconductors is discussed, starting with the concept of a phonon and a description of the various phonon scattering mechanisms. Graphs of experimental data are used to illustrate the effects of these scattering mechanisms on the conductivity, with respect to both the magnitude of the effects and the temperature ranges over which they are observed. Emphasis is placed on very recent developments. Several methods of electronic conduction in semiconductors, and radiative transmissions, are surveyed in both insulators and semiconductors. This review article concludes with a discussion of several applications including thermoelectric materials and heat sinks.
The relationship between solvent polarity and molar volume in room-temperature ionic liquids

Solvent polarity is a subject of great interest to chemists. A significant component of a solvent's polarity is its capacity for nonspecific electrostatic interactions, which is often parameterized using the dielectric constant e or the Kamlet–Taft dipolarity/polarizability parameter π*. Recent theoretical work has established a connection between the molar volume of an ionic liquid and its capacity for nonspecific electrostatic interactions with a neutral dipolar solute. In this work, we make use of a recently-developed theoretical method to estimate the molar volume of a series of ionic liquids, and explore the variation of experimentally-measured e and π* values with molar volume. Both variables are found to vary with molar volume, and we observe an anomaly in the behavior of π* that offers insight on the nanoscale inhomogeneity of ionic liquids. An important outcome of this work is a simple scheme for the estimation of the relative polarities of ionic liquids; while not quantitatively accurate, the scheme permits prediction of the change in solvent polarity on ionic substitution or derivitization. The approach is sufficiently simple that for most commonly-used ionic liquids it can be implemented on a pocket calculator in a matter of minutes, making it a practical aid to researchers seeking to design task-specific ionic liquids.
Effects of Continuous Vasopressin Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock

BACKGROUND:Small studies have reported that vasopressin improves hemodynamic instability in patients with septic shock.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether vasopressin infusion increases blood pressure, decreases catecholamine vasopressor use, and improves renal function in a large patient population with septic shock when used in a clinical setting.METHODS:A retrospective chart audit was conducted of critically ill patients who received vasopressin infusion for septic shock from January 2000 through September 2002. Demographic, hemodynamic, laboratory, vasopressor, and adverse event data were collected. Statistical methods included ANOVA with Tukey's test for post hoc analysis.RESULTS:A total of 102 of 353 patients met study criteria. The mean ± SD vasopressin dosage regimen was 0.11 ± 0.17 units/min for 53.8 ± 71.5 hours. Compared with baseline, vasopressin infusion improved mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 15% within one hour (p < 0.05), reduced heart rate by 9% within 4 hours (p < 0.05), and reduced hourly d...
Privilege delegation and agent-oriented access control in naplet

Access control in existing Java-based mobile agents is mostly based on code source due to limitations of early Java security architecture. That is, authorization is based on where the agent code comes from, regardless of the subject of code execution. This paper presents an agent-oriented access control strategy, by taking advantage of the latest Java subject-based security features. It allows the agents to exercise their privileges based on their own roles in distributed applications. The access control is realized by a group of additional agent-oriented permissions. They grant access control privileges to system resources and services in a flexible and secure manner. Permission implications between agents of different clone generations and from different owners are also supported.
Models of non-Newtonian Hele-Shaw flow

One reason for the enduring interest in Newtonian fluid flow in Hele-Shaw cells is its close analogy to quasistatic solidification. The Saffman-Taylor ~ST! instability of the driven fluid-fluid interface plays the same role as the Mullins-Sekerka instability of the solidification front @1#. Features usually associated with solidification, such as the growth of stable dendritic fingers and sidebranching, have also been observed in fluids with an imposed anisotropy, say by scoring lines on the plates of the cell @2#. However, experiments using non-Newtonian or anisotropic fluids, such as liquid crystals, have shown that ‘‘solidification’’ structures can be induced by the bulk properties of the fluid itself @3‐5#. The precise mechanisms of generating such dendritic fingers with stable tips are unknown. One of our interests is in liquid crystal flows, which are characterized by complicated hydrodynamics @6#. We conjecture that stable tip propagation in these materials is a consequence of shear thinning associated with flow induced realignment of the liquid crystal director. In this paper we focus on this single property, and consider an expanding gas bubble in a radial HeleShaw cell containing a shear-thinning liquid. In recent work on polymeric fluids, Bonn and co-workers @7# proposed modeling the Hele-Shaw flow of a nonNewtonian fluid by positing the modified Darcy’s law
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target of cardioprotective signaling

it is has been over two decades since Murry and colleagues ([15][1]) published their seminal study describing ischemic preconditioning, a phenomenon whereby brief antecedent periods of ischemia-reperfusion profoundly protect the heart against a subsequent lethal period of ischemia and reperfusion.
Influence of an Identified Advisor/Mentor on Urban Latino Students' College Experience

This study considers the scales previously used by Nora, Kraemer, and Itzen (1997) and Torres (2006) as contributing to the retention of Latino/a college students. T-tests were used to compare the ...
Mammography screening behavior in older women caregivers

The purposes of this study are to explore older caregivers' mammography participation and the facilitators and barriers to mammography screening. Of the 52 older female caregivers with a mean age of 65 years (range 50-90) interviewed by telephone, 80.8% had had a mammogram within 12 months. Significant facilitators included health care provider recommendation and beliefs in the efficacy of treatment. Significant barriers included health care providers' failure to recommend mammograms, caregiver procrastination, fear of pain, and lack of symptoms. Caregivers with higher burden reported less frequent self- and provider-conducted breast examinations.
Bridging the GPGPU-FPGA efficiency gap

This paper compares an implementation of a Bayesian inference algorithm across several FPGAs and GPGPUs, while embracing both the execution model and high-level architecture of a GPGPU. Our study is motivated by recent work in template-based programming and architectural models for FPGA computing. The comparison we present is meant to demonstrate the FPGA's potential, while constraining the design to follow the microarchitectural template of more programmable devices such as GPGPUs.The FPGA implementation proves capable of matching the performance of a high-end Nvidia Fermi-based GPU - the most advanced GPGPU available to us at the time of this study. Further investigation shows that each FPGA core outperforms workstation GPGPU cores by a factor of ~ 3.14x, and mobile GPGPU cores by ~ 4.25x despite a ~ 4x reduction in core clock frequency. Using these observations, we discuss the efficiency gap between these two platforms, and the challenges associated with template-based programming models.
A New Symbol Substitution Test for Investigating Reading Disabilities

Three symbol association subtests were constructed that involved association of words with geometric designs, words with nonsense words, and geometric designs with other designs. These tests were standardized on 457 children. In an initial study, each test was administered to 19 reading-disabled children and matched controls. Five specific score patterns were found for 15 poor readers, but only 4 controls. In a second study of 10 disabled readers, all showed one of these same five patterns. The possibility that the patterns reflect different types of cognitive dysfunction that underlie some specific reading disabilities is discussed. With further validation, the tests might prove useful in research and clinical practice with reading-disabled children.