cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavioral ecology of cultural psychological variation

Recent work has documented a wide range of important psychological differences across societies. Multiple explanations have been offered for why such differences exist, including historical philosophies, subsistence methods, social mobility, social class, climactic stresses, and religion. With the growing body of theory and data, there is an emerging need for an organizing framework. We propose here that a behavioral ecological perspective, particularly the idea of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, can provide an overarching framework for thinking about psychological variation across cultures and societies. We focus on how societies vary as a function of six important ecological dimensions: density, relatedness, sex ratio, mortality likelihood, resources, and disease. This framework can: (a) highlight new areas of research, (b) integrate and ground existing cultural psychological explanations, (c) integrate research on variation across human societies with research on parallel variations in other animal species, (d) provide a way for thinking about multiple levels of culture and cultural change, and (e) facilitate the creation of an ecological taxonomy of societies, from which one can derive specific predictions about cultural differences and similarities. Finally, we discuss the relationships between the current framework and existing perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Feasibility, benefit and risk of systematic intraoperative cholangiogram in patients undergoing emergency cholecystectomy.

Background The role of intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) during cholecystectomy is debated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility, benefit and risk of performing systematic IOC in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for acute gallstone-related disease. Methods Between July 2013 and January 2015, all patients admitted for an acute gallstone-related condition and undergoing same-hospital-stay cholecystectomy were prospectively followed. IOC was systematically attempted and predictors of IOC failure were analyzed. Results Among the 581 enrolled patients, IOC was deliberately not performed in 3 cases. IOC was successful in 509/578 patients (88.1%). The main predictors of IOC failure were age, body mass index, male gender and associated acute cholecystitis. Thirty-two patients with suspected common bile duct stone on IOC underwent 38 unnecessary negative postoperative common bile duct investigations (32/509, 6.3%). There was one IOC-related adverse outcome (mild pancreatitis, 1/578, 0.2%). Conclusions IOC can be successfully and safely performed in the majority of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for acute gallstone-related disease. Although its positive predictive value is suboptimal and results in a number of unnecessary postoperative common bile duct investigations, IOC accurately rules out common bile duct stones in patients with acute gallstone-related conditions.
The land, it's everything: Women farmland owners and the institution of agricultural conservation in the U.S. Midwest

This institutional ethnography was undertaken to address the problematic that far fewer women than men participate in the institution of agricultural conservation despite the fact that about the same numbers of men and women own roughly equal amounts of agricultural land in the U.S. Midwest. The institution of agricultural conservation—governmental agencies and private non-profit organizations—provides conservation services such as technical assistance and funding to clients, private farmland owners, who implement conservation practices on their lands. As a qualitative research methodology, institutional ethnography (IE) is a way to examine otherwise intractable or elusive problems that exist on an institutional level. This IE researcher stood shoulder-to-shoulder with clients—women farmland owners—and looked into the institution to examine processes and ruling relations that influence activities of the institution. Data were gathered concurrently from textual analyses of forms, letters, and other institutional publications and from conversations, interviews, and observations of interactions with women farmland owners and conservation workers. Analyses revealed ideologies on a continuum ranging from land-as-community orientations (that tend to favor restoring healthy ecosystem functions) to land-as-commodity orientations (that tend to favor the business and economic values of conservation programs). The institution of agricultural conservation favors land as commodity to the detriment of people who hold land-as-community values, such as women farmland owners, some men farmland owners, and some conservation workers. The key finding—the institution of agricultural conservation is failing to meet the needs of constituents who hold land-as-
Laurencia Then and Now: A Transhistorical Reading of Lope de Vega’s Fuenteovejuna

Among the many recent adaptations of Lope de Vega’s Fuenteovejuna that feature a modern sociopolitical reading of the play, Eugenia Cano Puga’s Laurencia stands out for the way in which it manages to distil the essence of Lope’s collective protagonist and transfer it to a single female leading character. By staging the basic story of Lope’s Early Modern drama to the Ciudad Juarez of the femicides, the article argues, Cano gives new relevance to Lope’s drama of a people who stand united against an unjust political system. Additionally, Laurencia masterfully reflects the complicity of local and global forces in failing to address the magnitude of violence against women. This article examines the dramatic and performative processes deployed by the playwright/director as she maintains the moral relevance of Fuenteovejuna while contemporizing its characters and its plot and highlighting the global responsibility for addressing the pervasive victimization of women.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in esophagogastric cancer: still a long way to go.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD1/PD-L1) pathway have revolutionized treatment for various cancers. Evasion of the immune system is one of the hallmarks of cancer and chronic inflammation can facilitate cancer progression.
Understanding and Valuing Customer Data

Firms such as Google and Amazon tout the value they generate from the skyrocketing amount of customer data they possess, which support product innovation efforts, tailored offerings, and targeted advertising. The revenues that can be earned by leveraging big data and customer data analytics also are projected to grow more than 50% over the five years from 2015 to 2019, reaching $187 billion worldwide. These sources of revenue reflect a new approach, such that “The capture of such data lies at the heart of the business models of the most successful technology firms (and increasingly, in traditional industries like retail, health care, entertainment and media, finance, and insurance) and government assumptions about citizens’ relationship to the state,” according to Leah Lievrouw, Professor of Information Studies at the University of California-Los Angeles.
Um romance vintage. Glória , de Victor Heringer

Gloria e um romance de muitas glorias, seja na polissemia da palavra detidamente explorada ao longo da narrativa, seja no ultimo feito alcancado pelo autor, ao ficar em segundo lugar no Premio Jabuti por um primeiro romance, publicado aos vinte e poucos anos, que concorria com nomes ja bem estabelecidos na cena literaria atual. Se a boa surpresa a principio inibe criticas negativas, a prosa trabalhada de Victor Heringer, aliada a cuidadosa arquitetura do enredo, tampouco as encorajam. Dado a tematicas contemporâneas, referencias a obra machadiana e multiplas tramas, o livro pede reflexao sobre a linguagem e uma abordagem pelo vies da irionia.
The African genus Hyalonysius Slater Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Hyalonysius, a member of the lygaeid subfamily Orsillinae, was proposed by Slater (1962) for two South African species (of which one had been descriptionbed in the genus Nysius by Distant in 1904) and one West African species. Ashlock (1967), revising the generic classification of the Orsillinae, placed Hyalonysius in the tribe Orsillini. Two new species of Hyalonysius from South Africa, fumosus and gilvus, found by Slater and his group in field-work in South Africa and during a visit to the British Museum (Natural History), are descriptionbed in this paper. The first biological observations on members of the genus are also included.
Intercomparison and improvement of two-stream shortwave radiative transfer schemes in Earth system models for a unified treatment of cryospheric surfaces

Abstract. Snow is an important climate regulator because it greatly increases the surface albedo of middle and high latitudes of the Earth. Earth system models (ESMs) often adopt two-stream approximations with different radiative transfer techniques, the same snow therefore has different solar radiative properties depending whether it is on land or on sea ice. Here we intercompare three two-stream algorithms widely used in snow models, improve their predictions at large zenith angles, and introduce a hybrid model suitable for all cryospheric surfaces in ESMs. The algorithms are those employed by the SNow ICe and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) module used in land models, dEdd–AD used in Icepack, the column physics used in the Los Alamos sea ice model CICE and MPAS-Seaice, and a two-stream discrete-ordinate (2SD) model. Compared with a 16-stream benchmark model, the errors in snow visible albedo for a direct-incident beam from all three two-stream models are small ( ± 0.005 ) and increase as snow shallows, especially for aged snow. The errors in direct near-infrared (near-IR) albedo are small ( ± 0.005 ) for solar zenith angles θ ∘ , and increase as θ increases. For diffuse incidence under cloudy skies, dEdd–AD produces the most accurate snow albedo for both visible and near-IR ( ± 0.0002 ) with the lowest underestimate ( −0.01 ) for melting thin snow. SNICAR performs similarly to dEdd–AD for visible albedos, with a slightly larger underestimate ( −0.02 ), while it overestimates the near-IR albedo by an order of magnitude more (up to 0.04). 2SD overestimates both visible and near-IR albedo by up to 0.03. We develop a new parameterization that adjusts the underestimated direct near-IR albedo and overestimated direct near-IR heating persistent across all two-stream models for θ>75 ∘ . These results are incorporated in a hybrid model SNICAR-AD, which can now serve as a unified solar radiative transfer model for snow in ESM land, land ice, and sea ice components.
Target-related autobiographical memories affect dietary intake intentions.

Although there is evidence that autobiographical memory (AM) recall impacts behaviour in multiple domains, the mechanisms for this effect are unclear. Two experiments examined how AM Frame and Rela...
Epigenetic modifications of histones in cancer

The epigenetic modifications of histones are versatile marks that are intimately connected to development and disease pathogenesis including human cancers. In this review, we will discuss the many different types of histone modifications and the biological processes with which they are involved. Specifically, we review the enzymatic machineries and modifications that are involved in cancer development and progression, and how to apply currently available small molecule inhibitors for histone modifiers as tool compounds to study the functional significance of histone modifications and their clinical implications.
Care Team Perspectives About an Inpatient Portal: Benefits and Challenges of Patients’ Portal Use During Hospitalization:

While current research about inpatient portals has focused largely on the patient perspective, it is also critical to consider the care team point of view, as support from these individuals is esse...
2021 Founders Lecture: Examining Mathematics Education Reforms’ Impact on Historically Excluded Learners

This paper uses a hybrid policy analysis lens primarily informed by the work of Derrick Bell to make the case that policies and reforms in mathematics education were not designed to address the nee...
Mortality following non-fatal suicide attempts by Veterans in Veterans Health Administration care.

Introduction Little is known regarding long-term mortality outcomes after non-fatal suicide attempts among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients, which may inform services delivery and program evaluation. Methods For 4,601,081 Veterans with 2005 VHA encounters, we assessed unadjusted and age-adjusted all-cause and cause-specific mortality through 2017, overall and for Veterans with (N = 8243) versus without (N = 4,592,838) 2005 VHA suicide attempt documentation. Standardized mortality ratios compared mortality rates by suicide attempt status. Multivariable proportional hazards regression models assessed age- and gender-adjusted mortality risk. Results Among Veteran VHA users with non-fatal suicide attempt diagnoses, 1.6% died of suicide, 4.6% of non-suicide external causes, and 30.7% of any cause. In age- and gender-adjusted analyses, Veterans who attempted suicide had increased suicide (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.82-5.36), non-suicide external cause (HR = 3.75, 95% CI = 3.38-4.17), and all-cause (separate due to non-proportional hazards: 2006, HR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.81-2.31; 2007-2017, HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.65-1.80) mortality through 2017. Conclusion Over 12 years, Veteran VHA patients with non-fatal suicide attempt diagnoses had increased risk of suicide, non-suicide external cause, and all-cause mortality. Over 98% of Veteran VHA users who had a diagnosed non-fatal attempt did not die by suicide, highlighting additional program evaluation outcomes and opportunities to support physical and mental health.
Alveolar cell carcinoma of lung: report of a case with pulmonary hemorrhage.

0. W., a 67 year old Negro farmer, was admitted to the University Hospital December 19, 1955, complaining of coughing up blood. His illness began insidiously two months before with a cough and slight shortness of breath. The cough soon become productive of copious amounts of sputum which was almost pure blood. He estimated that he coughed up as much as eight ounces in one night. Dyspnea became progressively worse and marked weakness was noted. Bronchoscopy was done at the Mississippi State Sanatorium on December 7, 1955. There was no evidence of endobronchial disease, and the bronchial washings contained many small clusters of cells which were reported as “suspicious of malignant cells.”
NY-ESO-1 immunotherapy for multiple myeloma

Most patients with poor-prognosis myeloma (abnormal metaphase cytogenetics) achieve excellent responses with tandem transplants, but the remissions are not durable. Novel interventions such as immunotherapy may eradicate the residual chemotherapy-resistant disease. Immunotherapy targeting weak antigens such as myeloma idiotype or tumor lysate has failed to produce clinically meaningful responses. We previously reported that the NY-ESO-1 antigen is expressed in >60% of poor-prognosis myeloma at diagnosis. Since NY-ESO-1 is highly immunogenic and is not expressed in most normal tissues, it is an ideal target for anti-myeloma immunotherapy. NY-ESO-1 based therapies are already being tested in clinical trials for a multitude of tumors. This review discusses the potential of NY-ESO-1 immunotherapy to improve outcome for myeloma.
Genome location of polyadenylated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 DNA

Abstract The genome location of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) polyadenylated RNA has been studied by hybridization of herpesvirus-specific nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA to the Eco R, restriction enzyme fragments of herpesvirus DNA, which have been separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper. For both HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA, the nuclear and the cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA are distributed on all the Eco RI fragments of the homologous DNA. In a heterologous system, total polyadenylated RNA from HSV-1-infected cells was annealed to the Eco RI fragments of HSV-2 DNA and vice versa. HSV-2 polyadenylated RNA hybridized to all fragments of HSV-1 DNA, and HSV-1 polyadenylated RNA hybridized to all but three of the fragments of HSV-2 DNA. These data indicate that the DNA base sequence homology between the two herpesvirus strains is dispersed throughout the genome and is not located in a single contiguous block.
Academic Achievement after Self-Paced Testing: A Long-Term Study

University records of 302 students who had taken an introductory biology course under either traditional (n = 147) or self-paced (n = 155) testing conditions were examined 1 yr. after the class was over to determine whether instructional method, gender, major or the interactions of these variables affected students' achievement or matriculation in subsequent biology courses. A multiple covariance model was used to adjust for individual differences in ability and background. Women who had the beginning course under self-pacing earned higher adjusted grades in subsequent, traditional courses. Men did not show similar gains. The number of subsequent life-science courses taken was influenced only by student's major.
On the Complexity of Finding Paths in a Two-Dimensional Domain II

The problem of finding a piecewise straight-line path, with a constant number of line segments, in a two-dimensional domain is studied in the Turing machine-based computational model and in the discrete complexity theory. It is proved that, for polynomial-time recognizable domains associated with polynomial-time computable distance functions, the complexity of this problem is equivalent to a discrete problem which is complete for Σ2P, the second level of the polynomial-time hierarchy.
Effect of Flow Excitation on Aero-Optical Aberration

This work presents the application of an implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) approach for the evaluation of aero-optical distortion in compressible turbulent flows. Flow fields are obtained by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations employing the FDL3DI solver, which utilizes a 6th-order compact scheme for spatial derivatives in conjunction with a very-high-order low-pass filter for regularization at high wavenumbers. Near-field optical aberration is characterized in terms of t he distortion of an initially planar wavefront propagating through the turbulent medium. Application to a compressible subsonic shear layer is considered as a canonical problem in order to investigate the dominant role of the large-scale coherent structures on the overall distortion. Forcing of the shear layer is found to promote regularization in the formation and convection of these structures at the expense of increased aberration due to the stronger density variations which are generated. Filtering of the computed fine-scale turbulent f eatures using the high-order low-pass operator confirms that most of the aberration is associated with the large -scale density variations within the vortex cores and in the region between the convecting vortices. The impact of high-frequency excitation appears promising since it delays the roll-up of the shear layer. This effect is examined for the more relevant resonant flow over a cavity wherein the formation of large-scale vortical structures is inhibited by application of high-frequency excitation.
Medicaid Reimbursement Policy for Mental Health Services in Texas: Impact on Service Access and Level of LCSW Social Workers Participation in Medicaid

This study asks Texas Licensed Social Workers (LCSWs) about their willingness to serve Medicaid clients and the factors influencing their decision to participate in the Medicaid program. The study finds that access to mental health care is being jeopardized by low rates and administrative obstacles. There is currently a low level of participation in the Medicaid program by LCSWs, and of those participating; almost one-third are seriously considering dropping out as Medicaid providers at a time when there is an increased need for mental health providers. Implications for Policy Practice are discussed.
Prostaglandins and oxytocin: Their effects on uterine smooth muscle*

Abstract A subcellular fraction was isolated from uteri of non-pregnant and pregnant cows. ATP-dependent calcium binding was shown to take place in this fraction. This calcium binding was inhibited in a dose related fashion when increasing amounts of prostaglandin (PG) E2 or F2α were added to the in vitro experimental medium. The physiologically inactive PGF1β had no inhibitory effect. Oxytocin caused inhibition of calcium binding in preparations from both pregnant and non-pregnant cows. The response to PGE2 and PGF2α was somewhat greater in preparations from pregnant uteri than from non-pregnant uteri. The response to oxytocin was very much greater in pregnant uteri. Because of the high PG sensitivity of calcium binding in preparations from the non-pregnant uterus, it is concluded that the PGs may be the more suitable agent in the control of reproduction.
Patterns of histone acetylation suggest dual pathways for gene activation by a bifunctional locus control region

The five genes of the human growth hormone (hGH) cluster are expressed in either the pituitary or placenta. Activation of the cluster is dependent on a locus control region (LCR) comprising pituitary- specific (HSI,II, −15 kb), placenta-specific (HSIV, −30 kb) and shared (HSIII, −28 kb; HSV, −32 kb) DNase I hypersensitive sites. Gene activation in the pituitary is paralleled by acetylation of a 32 kb chromatin domain 5′ to the cluster centered at HSI,II. In the present study we observed that acetylation of this region in placental chromatin was discretely limited to shared HSIII and HSV. Transgenic studies revealed placenta-specific activation of linked genes by a determinant (P-element) located 2 kb 5′ to each of the four placentally expressed genes. A localized peak of histone acetylation was observed at these P-elements in placenta but not pituitary. These data support a model for bifunctional action of the hGH LCR in which separate positive determinants, HSI,II and the P-elements, activate their respective target genes by tissue-specific recruitment of distinctly regulated histone acetyl transferase activities.
Tivozanib: Status of Development

Tivozanib is a potent and highly specific orally available, tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1, VEGF receptor-2, and VEGF receptor-3 at very low concentrations with a long half-life (4 days). After its promising activity in xenograft and preclinical models, tivozanib was evaluated in early phase clinical trials in various solid tumors. The phase III trial (TIVO-1) compared tivozanib with sorafenib in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Because of detrimental overall survival (OS), Oncology Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC) voted against its approval in RCC. Tivozanib is also being evaluated in various other solid tumors like breast, gastrointestinal cancers, hepatocellular cancer, sarcomas, and gynecological cancer. In BATON-CRC trial, low-serum neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) levels were associated with better progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with tivozanib. The NRP-1 will be evaluated as a biomarker for tivozanib response in future clinical trials. Ongoing clinical trial will further characterize activity of tivozanib in hepatocellular carcinoma, sarcomas, and gynecologic cancers.
The importance of sharing information: using NIEM to improve governance in developing countries

This case study explores the importance of sharing information in developing countries, explains the role of standards as a critical step towards developing sustainable information exchanges, and examines the suitability of the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) as a framework for building such exchanges. The US Government originally developed NIEM to support cross-jurisdictional information sharing between state and local governments and federal agencies. We review how the US Government employed NIEM to facilitate reporting and improve transparency of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) and propose lessons and next steps to encourage broader information sharing in general and the use of NIEM in particular. We call for the development of common standards that implementing partners and donor organizations can use -- and reuse -- in multiple countries and for multiple projects. Establishing standards is the first step to building systems that share information and enable countries to improve governance and collaborate across boundaries. Finally, we propose specific actions that the donor community can adopt to promote the emergence of these standards.
Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Sudden death and oxyhemoglobin desaturation are known to occur during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The present study was undertaken to determine the frequency with which nocturnal oxygen desaturation promotes an increase in ventricular ectopic activity, since such a relationship could represent a potential pathophysiologic mechanism for sudden death during sleep. Forty-two clinically stable subjects with moderately severe obstructive airways disease, mean ratio of one-second forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity = 51 +/- 12 percent, underwent overnight polygraphic sleep study. Oxyhemoglobin saturation was monitored by ear oximetry, and electrocardiographic leads CC5 and CM5 were employed for arrhythmia detection. Premature ventricular complexes were detected in 27 (64 percent) of the subjects and were complex (multifocal, repetitive, or both) in 17. No significant relationship between premature ventricular complex frequency and arterial oxygen saturation was detected for the group as a whole. In part, this result can be attributed to the relatively mild hypoxemic stress experienced by the 22 subjects in whom arterial oxygen saturation remained greater than 80 percent. In contrast, six (30 percent) of the 20 patients who had desaturation to less than 80 percent showed a greater than 150 percent increase in premature ventricular complex frequency with oxygen desaturation. These results suggest that nocturnal hypoxemia, if of sufficient magnitude, is capable of increasing ventricular ectopy during sleep in a substantial number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Conjectures about Hadamard matrices

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some conjectures related to the construction of Hadamard matrices. We review the results of a computer experiment concerning the extendability of row-Hadamard matrices, generating new conjectures and giving a counterexample to one suggested by Vijayan. An earlier computer investigation by Hall is discussed. We also connect the standard conjectures on the existence of real and generalized Hadamard matrices to the ramification of primes in cyclotomic extensions.
Maximum likelihood estimators for non-1-1 functions

Dudewicz (1969) discussed the problem of providing maximum likelihood estimators (MLE’s) for ranked means, noted the Berk-Zehna-MLE, and studied another method of providingMLE’s for ranked means. Below we formulate this latter method as a general inference principle and study it in some specific cases.
An ecological and behavioral approach to outpatient dialysis treatment

Abstract A treatment-research program is described which was implemented in an outpatient dialysis treatment unit to facilitate patients' psychosocial adjustment and quality of life. The program's theoretical framework and multifaceted treatment approach are based on an ecological-behavioral model of community intervention research. The effects of the program were evaluated from (1) pre- and post-measures of patients' and nurses' self-esteem and level of hope, (2) behavior changes. and (3) program evaluations from patients, nurses and doctors. These indices suggest that the program resulted in positive psychosocial consequences for patients and nurses.
Accuracy and Convergence Using a Local Interaction Simulation Approach in One, Two, and Three Dimensions

Guided waves are utilized in structural health monitoring for identifying damage in material components. Simulations can be used to examine how elastic waves propagate in components to help in selecting measurement and data analysis techniques. In this work, the influence of grid size and the frequency sample rate on the amplitude accuracy and convergence of local interaction simulation approach/sharp interface model (LISA/ SIM) numerical simulations are studied as they pertain to guided wave propagation in structural materials. These issues are studied in all three dimensions, and amplitude distortion with respect to the Courant-Friedrich-Lewy criterion is explored. The LISA/ SIM enables accurate and fast modeling of localized and sharp changes in material properties across interfaces associated with heterogeneities and/ or boundaries. The validity of the simulation is demonstrated by comparing simulated responses with experimentally measured data. Additionally, Lamb wave dispersion curves are extracted through the course of the convergence study using a broadband pulse and the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform method.
Nickel induction of Rosenthal fibers in rat brain

Nickel wire implants into the central nervous system of Lewis rats induces the formation of structures morphologically similar to Rosenthal fibers. The nickel-induced lesions are similar to those seen in Alexander's disease and other human conditions in which Rosenthal fibers are found. This is the first report on the induction of Rosenthal fibers in animals. It might be used to design animal models to study Rosenthal fiber formation and possibly Alexander's disease.
Reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies: Current status and the future

Reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) has opened a new era for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It was developed based on the knowledge that graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect is the main anti-tumor effect in allogeneic HSCT. Because RIST is associated with less morbidity and mortality, it can be applied to many patients who could not undergo conventional HSCT. Experiences in the last decade clarified many issues related to RIST. For example, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in RIST may differ in character compared to conventional HSCT. Also, it is now known that intensity of conditioning is important in disease control, and the optimal regimens may be different for each disease or for each disease status. There are still many unsolved questions, and large prospective randomized trials are necessary to resolve these.
Ab initio MO studies on the photodissociation of C2H2 from the S1(1Au) state. II. Mechanism involving triplet states

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the EOM-CCSD and CASSCF-CASPT2 level have been carried out for low lying triplet states of C 2 H 2 . Minima on the seam of crossing and dissociation transition states have been found. At a photon energy slightly above the H + C 2 H(X 2 Σ) asymptote, we propose the following pathway for photodissociation from the S 1 state; C 2 H 2 first hops to T 3 upon symmetric HCC bending and torsion, then adiabatically travels onto T 2 along asymmetric HCC bending and finally hops to T 1 to dissociate to H + C 2 H(X 2 Σ). The proposed mechanism and the reverse barrier height on T 1 are consistent with recent experimental observations.
Glassy behavior of the parking lot model

We present a theoretical discussion of the reversible parking problem, which appears to be one of the simplest systems exhibiting glassy behavior. The existence of slow relaxation, nontrivial fluctuations, and an annealing effect can all be understood by recognizing that two different time scales are present in the problem. One of these scales corresponds to the fast filling of existing voids, the other is associated with collective processes that overcome partial ergodicity breaking. The results of the theory are in a good agreement with simulation data; they provide a simple qualitative picture for understanding recent granular compaction experiments and other glassy systems.
An example and a conjecture concerning scaling limits of superdiffusions

Abstract Consider the superdiffusion corresponding to the semilinear operator Lu+βu−αu2 on R d . In [Englander and Turaev, 2002], the existence of the random measure lim t↑∞ e −λ c t X t ( d x) was shown under appropriate spectral theoretical assumptions. In the same paper we asked whether the probability of having a zero limit is the same as the probability of finite time extinction. In this note we give an answer in the negative by showing a counterexample.
Monte Carlo Investigation of Particle Properties Affecting TPB Formation and Conductivity in Composite Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces

A previously developed microstructure model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrode-electrolyte interface has been applied to study the impacts of particle properties on these interfaces through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation method. Previous findings that have demonstrated the need to account for gaseous phase percolation have been confirmed through the current investigation. In particular, the effects of three-phase percolation critically affect the dependence of TPB formation and electrode conductivity on (1) conducting phase particle size distributions, (2) electronic:ionic conduction phase contrast, and (3) the amount of mixed electronic-ionic conductor (MEIC) included in the electrode. In particular, the role of differing percolation effectiveness between electronic and ionic phases has been shown to counteract and influence the role of the phase contrast. Porosity, however, has been found to not be a significant factor for active TPB formation in the range studied, but does not obviate the need for modeling the gas phase. In addition, the current work has investigated the inconsistencies in experimental literature results concerning the optimal particle size distribution. It has been found that utilizing smaller particles with a narrow size distribution is the preferable situation for electrode-electrolyte interface manufacturing. These findings stress the property-function relationships of fuel cell electrode materials. © 2011 American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
HIV-specific TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cells do not express regulatory surface markers and are regulated by CTLA-4.

Abstract CD4+ T cell dysfunction in HIV-1 infection is associated with increased CTLA-4 and TGF-β expression. In this study we described a population of TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cells with multiple HIV specificities. These HIV-specific TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cells did not display the immunophenotypic patterns traditionally attributed to regulatory CD4+ T cells. TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cells were FOXP3 negative, CD25 negative, and displayed a heterogeneous surface expression of CD127. We also examined one potential mechanism for regulating TGF-β expression by HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. Blocking of the TGF-β receptor II led to increased HIV-specific IFN-γ-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, HIV-specific TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cells did not substantially express CTLA-4. Nevertheless, CTLA-4 blockade resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-specific TGF-β-positive CD4+ T cell responses, and a concomitant increase in HIV-specific IFN-γ-positive CD4+ T cell responses. Our study proposes a mechanis...
Writing History and Accident Reports: A Metaphorical Analysis:

This paper takes the writing of an accident report as a metaphor for the writing of history in general. Accident reports are telic analyses in which the consequences determine the antecedents. Such analyses are subject to the purposes and expertise of the observer. The causes of accidents may be infinite in number and regress into infinity. The focussing of the search is dependent upon the definition of the event and the focussing schema used may contain gaps or distractions. The methods for causal selection are poorly developed and the methods of verification lack objectivity. The report often fails the recipient. The extent to which the writing of the history of an accident is analogous to the writing of history in general determines the extent of these problems for all historians.
Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. I. Variations in abundance and diversity with succession

Abstract This is a study of the effects of successional algal changes on the community of small invertebrate animals living in the algae at a marine intertidal boulder field. At each of 14 sampling times over a 2-yr period, replicate samples were taken from all stages of succession. By sampling all successional stages simultaneously at each date over an extended period, we could analyze spatial and temporal variations within and among stages. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of the whole invertebrate community increased from early to middle successional stages, while remaining similar from middle to late stages. Evenness remained about constant throughout succession. The increases occur primarily through the addition of species to the community. Some taxonomic groups in this study showed different patterns. Unlike patterns seen in birds, insects, and spiders associated with terrestrial plant succession, species replacements are rare, and there are few early and middle successional specialists. Trophic structure changed markedly during succession. Spatial variation did not change with succession but temporal variation declined. Many of these results are different from the predictions of equilibrium-based theory. Succession in this marine animal community is very different from that in terrestrial animal groups, probably because of the higher rate of exchange of matter in this open coast system.
Metal ion reactive thin films using spray electrostatic LbL assembly.

By using the spray-layer-by-layer (Spray-LbL) technique, the number of metal counterions trapped within LbL coatings is significantly increased by kinetically freezing the film short of equilibrium, potentially limiting interchain penetration and forcing chains to remain extrinsically compensated to a much greater degree than observed in the traditional dipped LbL technique. The basis for the enhanced entrapment of metal ions such as Cu2+, Fe2+, and Ag+ is addressed, including the equilibrium driving force for extrinsic compensation by soft versus hard metal ions and the impact of Spray-LbL on the kinetics of polymer-ion complexation. These polymer-bound metal-ion coatings are also demonstrated to be effective treatments for air filtration, functionalizing existing filters with the ability to strongly bind toxic industrial compounds such as ammonia or cyanide gases, as well as chemical warfare agent simulants such as chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. On the basis of results reported here, future work could exten...
Binding of the COOH-terminal Lysine Residue of Streptokinase to Plasmin(ogen) Kringles Enhances Formation of the Streptokinase·Plasmin(ogen) Catalytic Complexes

Streptokinase (SK) activates human fibrinolysis by inducing non-proteolytic activation of the serine proteinase zymogen, plasminogen (Pg), in the SK·Pg* catalytic complex. SK·Pg* proteolytically activates Pg to plasmin (Pm). SK-induced Pg activation is enhanced by lysine-binding site (LBS) interactions with kringles on Pg and Pm, as evidenced by inhibition of the reactions by the lysine analogue, 6-aminohexanoic acid. Equilibrium binding analysis and [Lys]Pg activation kinetics with wild-type SK, carboxypeptidase B-treated SK, and a COOH-terminal Lys414 deletion mutant (SKΔK414) demonstrated a critical role for Lys414 in the enhancement of [Lys]Pg and [Lys]Pm binding and conformational [Lys]Pg activation. The LBS-independent affinity of SK for [Glu]Pg was unaffected by deletion of Lys414. By contrast, removal of SK Lys414 caused 19- and 14-fold decreases in SK affinity for [Lys]Pg and [Lys]Pm binding in the catalytic mode, respectively. In kinetic studies of the coupled conformational and proteolytic activation of [Lys]Pg, SKΔK414 exhibited a corresponding 17-fold affinity decrease for formation of the SKΔK414·[Lys]Pg* complex. SKΔK414 binding to [Lys]Pg and [Lys]Pm and conformational [Lys]Pg activation were LBS-independent, whereas [Lys]Pg substrate binding and proteolytic [Lys]Pm generation remained LBS-dependent. We conclude that binding of SK Lys414 to [Lys]Pg and [Lys]Pm kringles enhances SK·[Lys]Pg* and SK·[Lys]Pm catalytic complex formation. This interaction is distinct structurally and functionally from LBS-dependent Pg substrate recognition by these complexes.
Heuristics guided optimization of a batch autoclave curing process

Abstract A method for optimization of the autoclave curing process has been developed, which exploits accumulated knowledge regarding the process. The selection of the control variables follows the minimization of local (in time) optimization criteria derived from known heuristics and are used to drastically reduce the parameters of the problem. A near-optimun global solution is obtained by optimizing the values of only a few physically meaningful parameters which enter into the definition of the local criteria, employing any one of the available traditional methods for discrete optimization. The local criteria employed in the autoclave curing process involve an approximate (heuristic) evaluation of the process characteristics for different control scenarios projected forward from that point in time. The proposed methodology is exemplified by applying it to the well-known brachistochrone problem, which serves as a test bed, since the solution is known. A reactor optimization problem for the literature is used to confirm the adaptability of this technique to chemical engineering problems. The method is then used to optimize an autoclave molding process for the manufacture of thick composite laminates.
Formation of Cholesterol-Derived Photoproducts in Human Skin

Human skin specimens, previously incubated with 14 C-cholesterol, were irradiated with a mercury arc lamp for 2, 10, 20 and 60 minutes. Total lipids were extracted and preliminary separation of the lipid classes obtained by thin-layer chromatography. Cholesterol-derived photoproducts were observed as polar materials remaining at the origin of the chromatogram. The occurrence of these products was further verified by silicic acid column chromatography. Among those photoproducts tentatively identified by co-chromatography with reference oxidation compounds of cholesterol were cholestan-3β, 5α, 6β-triol, 7α and β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and cholesterol α-oxide. Quantitation and relative concentrations of the photoproducts were based upon 14 C-radioactivity measurements. Formation of these products was approximately proportional to exposure time. Further identification of two of these products, 7-ketocholesterol and cholesterol α-oxide, was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography-radiotracer analysis. The latter, cholesterol α-oxide, has been reported to possess carcinogenic properties when administered to experimental animals.
Josephus' Interpretation of Jonah

Josephus has transformed what Bickerman has called a morality play, which, in the Bible, focuses upon the sinful people of Nineveh, their genuine repentance, and their forgiveness by God, into a historical episode centering upon the historical figure of Jonah, who, as a prophet, is closely akin to the historian, and upon his political mission. All the reasons why the book was chosen for the haftarah of the afternoon service of the most sacred day of the Jewish calendar, the Day of Atonement, namely, to emphasize that God is the God of all mankind, that it is impossible to flee from His presence, and that He pities His creatures and forgives those who turn to Him in truth—all these are conspicuously absent from Josephus' account. The biblical version is more an unfulfilled prophecy than a book about a prophet, whereas Josephus' is about a prophet and, via Nahum, of a fulfilled prophecy. In an effort to appeal to his non-Jewish audience, he has emphasized the qualities of character of Jonah and muted the role of God. He has avoided taking responsibility for the central miracle of the book, the episode of Jonah in the big fish. Above all, in order not to offend his Roman hosts, who were very sensitive about proselytizing by Jews, he avoids subscribing to the biblical indications that the inhabitants of Nineveh had repented and had turned to Judaism, in whole or, at any rate, in part.
U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East A Critical Cultural Approach

A growing body of literature in the field of public relations has delved into the topic of public diplomacy; this growing interest in public diplomacy is juxtaposed in the backdrop of the recent increase in U.S. public diplomacy efforts in the Middle East. Based on a critical analysis of U.S. pubic diplomacy strategies in the Middle East, the author argues that the traditional models of public diplomacy continue to circulate in current public diplomacy efforts. Drawing on a ritual model of communication and building on the theory of communicative action, the author articulates the need to apply a culture-centered approach in conducting international public diplomacy.
Potential effects of midcycle cervical mucus on mediators of immune reactivity

Objective: To examine the effect of cervical mucus (CM) on immune mediators in cervicovaginal lavage fluid. Design: The stability of cytokines and immunoglobulins (Ig) within cervicovaginal lavage fluid was determined during 18-hour contact with unsolubilized midcycle CM in vitro. Setting: In vitro experiment. Patient(s): Healthy female volunteers from whom cervicovaginal lavage fluid and periovulatory CM were obtained. Intervention(s): Changes in cytokine and Ig concentration in cervicovaginal lavage fluid after incubation with CM. Main Outcome Measure(s): Interleukin (IL)-4, IgA, and IgG concentrations were determined by ELISA. Interleukin-2 concentration was determined by bioassay using the IL-2-dependent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cell line and ELISA. Results were expressed as percent antibody or cytokine recovery remaining after mucus contact, with differences over time evaluated by analysis of variance. Result(s): During 18-hour mucus contact, significant changes were detected for IL-4, IgA, and IgG concentration. Interleukin-2 was stable in mucus-associated cervicovaginal lavage fluid as determined by functional bioassay and ELISA. Conclusion(s): Immunoglobulins and cytokines differ in their recovery from aqueous media after CM contact, suggesting that midcycle CM could alter immune reactivity within the reproductive tract by modifying the availability or function of immunomodulatory substances.
Halogenated acetamides, but-3-en-2-ols, and isopropanols from asparagopsis taxiformis (delile) trev

Abstract Five dihaloacetamides, seven halogenated but-3-en-2-ols, and twenty halogenated isopropanols have been identified in the methylene chloride extract of the dried red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis from Hawaii. The structures of 1,1,4,4-tetrabromobut-3-en-2-ol and 1,1,1,4,4-pentabromobut-3-en-2-ol have been verified by synthesis.