cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wetting, meniscus structure, and capillary interactions of microspheres bound to a cylindrical liquid interface

Wetting, meniscus structure, and capillary interactions for polystyrene microspheres deposited on constant curvature cylindrical liquid interfaces, constructed from nonvolatile ionic or oligomeric liquids, were studied by optical interferometry and optical microscopy. The liquid interface curvature resulted from the preferential wetting of finite width lines patterned onto planar silicon substrates. Key variables included sphere diameter, nominal (or average) contact angle, and deviatoric interfacial curvature. Menisci adopted the quadrupolar symmetry anticipated by theory, with interfacial deformation closely following predicted dependences on sphere diameter and nominal contact angle. Unexpectedly, the contact angle was not constant locally around the contact line, the nominal contact angle varied among seemingly identical spheres, and the maximum interface deviation did not follow the predicted dependence on deviatoric interfacial curvature. Instead, this deviation was up to an order-of-magnitude larger than predicted. Trajectories of neighboring microspheres visually manifested quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, eventually producing square sphere packings that foreshadow interfacial assembly as a potential route to hierarchical 2D particle structures.
Yet again, new compounds found in systems with known binary phase diagrams. Synthesis, crystal and electronic structure of Nd3Bi7 and Sm3Bi7

The binary bismuthides Nd3Bi7 and Sm3Bi7 were synthesized and structurally characterized for the first time. The results from the calorimetric analysis show that both compounds are stable only up to about 500 °C, which may explain why they were overlooked during the original assessment of the corresponding phase diagrams.
Endoscopic management of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Introduction: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare but clinically important cholestatic liver disease. Histopathologically and cholangiographically, PSC is characterized by intra- and/or ...
Modulation of various biological phenomena

The most striking aspect of the in vitro cytotoxicity of diethyldithiocarbamate (DSH) is that it is bimodal. This phenomenon was first described by Rigas et al. (1979), who reported on the effects of a range of DSH concentrations on human monocytes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). While below 10-6M DSH was not toxic, cytotoxicity rose to a maximum as the DSH concentration was increased to 2.5 x 10-5M. Thereafter cytotoxicity decreased, reaching a minimum at 2.5 x 10-4M (Fig. 14.1). Analogous results have been obtained (Table 14.1) for DSH cytotoxicity in exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster cells (Westman and Midander, 1984; Lin et al., 1985) and mouse fibroblast cells (Maners et al., 1985; Taylor et al., 1986). In the latter, disulfiram (DSSD) cytotoxicity is similarly bimodal (Taylor et al., 1986). The absolute concentrations reported by different workers to be associated with the cytotoxicity maximum and minimum differ significantly, but the ratios of these concentrations remain more or less constant (range 9–20).
Reasons, Radical Change and Incommensurability in Science

A view is presented according to which scientific change, including radical change in the most fundamental scientific conceptions, takes place for reasons. In addition to changes in meanings and substantive claims, such change also often involves alterations in standards, goals, and methods of science. Some of the strengths of this view, as contrasted with some major alternative interpretations of science, are sketched. In particular, the view that some ideas, in some theories or traditions, are “incommensurable” with ideas in at least some other scientific theories or traditions is analyzed critically and reinterpreted.
LRPs in Bone Homeostasis and Disease

Abstract Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has long been studied for its role in cholesterol transport and lipid metabolism. The functions of LDLR-related proteins (LRPs), other members in the LDLR superfamily, in regulating signal transduction in a broad range of biological processes have recently been elucidated. Increasing evidence suggest that members in this family are crucial in regulating bone homeostasis, rendering them targets of novel therapeutics to treat human skeletal disorders. This review summarizes the current understanding on the function of several LRPs, especially LRP5, 6, and 4, in skeletal tissue and the underlying signaling mechanisms by which they regulate skeletal homeostasis.
Self-disclosure on social media: The role of perceived network responsiveness

Abstract Social media sites allow users to instantaneously self-disclose to their entire social network. This creates an opportunity to engage in self-expression that is farther-reaching than ever before, but also a new challenge: managing the risk inherent in self-disclosing to a large and diverse set of people. What guides decisions about how openly to self-disclose in such contexts? Building on theoretical and empirical evidence linking perceived partner responsiveness to open self-disclosure in face-to-face dyadic interactions, we hypothesized that perceptions of a Facebook network's responsiveness would shape people's self-disclosure on Facebook. We also examined whether observers can infer people's perceived network responsiveness from thin-slices of self-disclosure. Across two studies, people who perceived their Facebook network as more (vs. less) responsive self-disclosed more openly on Facebook. Furthermore, observers could infer participants' perceived network responsiveness with some accuracy on the basis of disclosure openness. Implications for the self-disclosure and person perception literatures are discussed.
Laparoscopy in Pregnant Patients

The need for abdominal surgery in the pregnant patient is not uncommon. The indication for non-obstetrical surgery during pregnancy should be approached in a similar fashion to the nonpregnant patient. While laparotomy has traditionally been used to address surgical disorders of the peritoneal cavity, the use of laparoscopy is a safe approach with many advantages and should be utilized, when appropriate. An understanding of the physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy is important to the operating surgeon, and anatomic alterations within the abdominal cavity will affect port placement. Proper patient positioning and fetal monitoring are also important in helping to prevent fetal loss during surgery. This chapter will discuss the use of laparoscopy in the pregnant patient with surgical disorders affecting the colon and rectum.
Urinary metabolites predict mortality or need for renal replacement therapy after combat injury.

Traditionally, patient risk scoring is done by evaluating vital signs and clinical severity scores with clinical intuition. Urinary biomarkers can add objectivity to these models to make risk prediction more accurate. We used metabolomics to identify prognostic urinary biomarkers of mortality or need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Additionally, we assessed acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis, injury severity score (ISS), and AKI stage. Urine samples (n = 82) from a previous study of combat casualties were evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Chenomx software was used to identify and quantify urinary metabolites. Metabolite concentrations were normalized by urine output, autoscaled, and log-transformed. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and statistical analysis were performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess prognostic utility of biomarkers for mortality and RRT. Eighty-four (84) metabolites were identified and quantified in each urine sample. Of these, 11 were identified as drugs or drug metabolites and excluded. The PLS-DA models for ISS and AKI diagnosis did not have acceptable model statistics. Therefore, only mortality/RRT and AKI stage were analyzed further. Of 73 analyzed metabolites, 9 were significantly associated with mortality/RRT (p < 0.05) and 11 were significantly associated with AKI stage (p < 0.05). 1-Methylnicotinamide was the only metabolite to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with all outcomes and was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients with adverse outcomes. Elevated lactate and 1-methylnicotinamide levels were associated with higher AKI stage and mortality and RRT, whereas elevated glycine levels were associated with patients who survived and did not require RRT, or had less severe AKI. ROC curves for each of these metabolites and the combined panel had good predictive value (lactate AUC = 0.901, 1-methylnicotinamide AUC = 0.864, glycine AUC = 0.735, panel AUC = 0.858). We identified urinary metabolites associated with AKI stage and the primary outcome of mortality or need for RRT. Lactate, 1-methylnicotinamide, and glycine may be used as a panel of predictive biomarkers for mortality and RRT. 1-Methylnicotinamide is a novel biomarker associated with adverse outcomes. Additional studies are necessary to determine how these metabolites can be utilized in clinically-relevant risk prediction models.
Extracellular polymeric substances in green alga facilitate microplastic deposition.

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) are globally ubiquitous in sediments and surface waters. Interactions between biota and MPs are complex and influence their fate and effects in the environment. Once MPs enter aquatic systems, they are colonized by biofilms that may form from the excretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from microalgae. Biofilm accumulation may change the density of the MPs, contributing to their transport to the sediments. Furthermore, benthic plantivores may consume biofilm laden MPs allowing them to enter the food web. Thus, it is crucial to understand the role algae plays in the vertical transport of MPs in the aquatic environment. In this study, Chlamydomonas was cultured with MPs at different concentrations (0–0.4 mg/mL), and temperatures ranging from 2.5 to 32.5 °C to understand the deposition dynamics and impacts of MPs on EPS production and algal density. Temperatures ranging up to 25 °C increased algal density and MPs deposition. However, at 32.5 °C, algal density and MPs deposition declined. The quantity of MPs also affected algal cell density and EPS production. MPs concentration from 0 to 0.4 mg/mL increased EPS production at all temperatures. Similarly, an increase in algal cell density and MPs deposition occurred when MPs concentration was raised to 0.3 mg/mL. Algal cultures exposed to 0.3–0.4 mg/mL of MPs had a decrease in algal cell density, with no corresponding decline in EPS production. At certain conditions, MPs can facilitate biofilm formation by stimulating EPS production, which can increase cell density thereby expediting MPs transport to the sediment.
Data driven gated PET/CT: The implications for lesion quantification and segmentation

1525 Objectives: Data driven gating (DDG) can improve PET quantification and alleviate many issues with patient motion. However, misregistration between DDG PET and CT may occur due to the distinct temporal resolutions of PET and CT, and can be mitigated by DDG CT. Here, the effects of misregistration and respiratory motion on PET quantification and lesion segmentation were assessed in order to explore the potential influence on radiation therapy planning and tumor response assessment. Methods: A low-dose cine CT was acquired in the region of misregistration to enable both average CT (ACT) and DDG CT. Four different sets of PET data were computed and compared: 1) baseline PET/CT, 2) PET with ACT attenuation correction (AC), 3) DDG PET with AC using baseline CT, and 4) DDG PET/CT with AC using DDG CT. For DDG PET, end-expiration (EE) data was derived from 50% of the total PET data at 30% from end-inspiration. For DDG CT, EE phase CT data was extracted from cine CT data. A total of 93 lesions from 16 patients were contoured using a threshold based on SUVmax. Changes in SUVmax, lesion volume, centroid-to-centroid distance, and DICE coefficients were tracked and compared. Results: Relative to baseline PET/CT, mean changes in SUVmax ±σ for all 93 lesions were 32±41%, 26±22%, and 85±66%, respectively, for PET/ACT, DDG PET, and DDG PET/CT. Of the 93 lesions tracked, 39%, 42%, and 78% maintained changes in SUVmax >30% for the same categories listed above. Mean changes in lesion volume were 28±75%, ˗33±30%, and -28±42%. Centroid-to-centroid distance averages were 2.7±3.1 mm, 5.0±3.8 mm, and 5.5±4.3 mm. DICE coefficients relative to the baseline PET/CT contours had mean±σ of 0.77±0.19, 0.61±0.20, and 0.58±0.19. Compared to baseline PET/CT, average total lesion glycolysis changes for the 16 patients were 30±30%, -20±19%, and 8±36%. Conclusions: Both accurate AC (improved registration) and motion correction (DDG) affected nearly all aspects of lesion quantification and segmentation. AC and DDG could cause opposite changes in quantification or segmentation, indicating these two corrections can at times work in distinct ways. As misregistration becomes more prominent, the effect of motion correction with DDG PET becomes less important. Tumor volume becomes smaller with DDG PET (p < 0.001). Quantification can increase over 30% for 39, 42 and 78% of the lesions with PET/ACT, DDG PET and DDG PET/CT, respectively. These results impress upon the necessity of ensuring both misregistration and motion correction are accounted for together to optimize the clinical utility of PET/CT. Acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by NIH grants R21-CA222749-01A1 and R03-EB030280-01, and a ROSI grant from the UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Oncology. This research was conducted at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging in-part with equipment support from General Electric Healthcare.
Carbohydrate Metabolism B: Di-, Oligo-, and Polysaccharide Synthesis and Degradation

Sugars, other than monosaccharides, are among the most important classes of biomolecules in nature. Most of the carbon in living organisms exists in higher-order sugars. No other class of compounds fulfills more roles in living systems than carbohydrates. This chapter describes the better known higher-order carbohydrates; their structure, function, and metabolism.
Multi-modal Endoscopy: OCT and Fluorescence

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging modality based on the technique of low-coherence interferometry. Although it is usually analogous to ultrasound imaging, the millimeter range echo time delay is too small to be directly measured due to the celerity of light. One uses a broadband light source and the interference between two arms in a low-coherence interferometer, which provides a coherence gate and depth-resolved information. The depth (axial) resolution is inversely proportional to the spectral bandwidth of the light source and ranges from 1 to 15 mm in most OCT systems. The reference arm in an OCT system also provides heterodyne (or homodyne) gain to the weak backscattered light from biological sample, offering OCT the most significant detection sensitivity (i.e., 100–120 dB). The imaging penetration depth of OCT can often reach 2–3 mm in most highly scattering biological tissues when using a near-infrared (NIR) wavelength from 800 to 1,300 nm. In short, OCT fills a gap between the scales of high-frequency ultrasound and confocal microscopy, providing better resolution than the former as well as deeper penetration than the latter. Recent development in Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) technology has significantly improved the imaging speed. It has been reported that an
Functional interactions between Drosophila bHLH/PAS, Sox, and POU transcription factors regulate CNS midline expression of the slit gene.

During Drosophila embryogenesis the CNS midline cells have organizing activities that are required for proper elaboration of the axon scaffold and differentiation of neighboring neuroectodermal and mesodermal cells. CNS midline development is dependent on Single-minded (Sim), a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS transcription factor. We show here that Fish-hook (Fish), a Sox HMG domain protein, and Drifter (Dfr), a POU domain protein, act in concert with Single-minded to control midline gene expression. single-minded , fish-hook , and drifter are all expressed in developing midline cells, and both loss- and gain-of-function assays revealed genetic interactions between these genes. The corresponding proteins bind to DNA sites present in a 1 kb midline enhancer from the slit gene and regulate the activity of this enhancer in cultured Drosophila Schneider line 2 cells. Fish-hook directly associates with the PAS domain of Single-minded and the POU domain of Drifter; the three proteins can together form a ternary complex in yeast. In addition, Fish can form homodimers and also associates with other bHLH-PAS and POU proteins. These results indicate that midline gene regulation involves the coordinate functions of three distinct types of transcription factors. Functional interactions between members of these protein families may be important for numerous developmental and physiological processes.
A tempora mereology for distinguishing between integral objects and portions of stuff

We develop a formal theory of mereology that includes relations that change over time. We show how this theory formalizes reasoning over domains of material objects, which include not only integral objects (my computer, your liver) but also portions of stuff (the water in your glass, the blood in a vial). In particular, we use different mereological summation relations to distinguish between the ways in which i) integral objects, ii) portions of unstructured, homogenous stuffs (e.g. the water in your glass), and iii) mixtures (the blood in a vial) are linked to their parts over time.
Super-resolution from image sequences-a review

Growing interest in super-resolution (SR) restoration of video sequences and the closed related problem of construction of SR still images from image sequences has led to the emergence of several competing methodologies. We review the state of the art of SR techniques using a taxonomy of existing techniques. We critique these methods and identified areas which promise performance improvements.
Regional leptin kinetics in humans

Background Leptin is known to be cleared by the kidney, a tissue with substantial leptin receptor mRNA expression; however, lung, liver, and muscle tissues also express leptin receptor messenger RNA and it is not known whether these tissues also clear leptin from the circulation. Objective This study was conducted to determine whether net leptin clearance takes place in the pulmonary, splanchnic, and leg tissue beds to a similar extent as in the kidney. Design Plasma leptin concentrations were measured in blood entering and exiting the renal bed, pulmonary bed, splanchnic bed, and leg in 4 groups of subjects. Regional plasma flow was measured in 3 of the 4 groups. Results Renal leptin uptake was substantial, whereas no net uptake of leptin by the splanchnic or pulmonary vascular beds was detected; leg tissue was a net leptin producer. Net leptin release by leg tissue, relative to leg adipose tissue mass, was comparable with that reported previously for abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conclusion These results confirm that the kidney is a significant site of leptin clearance in humans, whereas pulmonary and splanchnic beds are not.
Mouse Splenic Peroxidase and Its Role in Bactericidal Activity

Spleen cell suspensions from AKR and CD-1 mice contain peroxidase activity as determined by guaiacol oxidation. This activity is found predominately in the 20,000 x g pellet fraction of spleen cell homogenates. In the presence of H(2)O(2) and chloride ion at acidic pH, splenic peroxidase mediates the oxidation of d- or l-alanine to CO(2), NH(3), and acetaldehyde. The same reaction mixture without added amino acid can kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The conditions for both reactions are similar. Both have an absolute requirement for H(2)O(2) and chloride ion, neither is active at neutral or alkaline pH, and both are inhibited by the sulfonic amino acid taurine. In these aspects, splenic peroxidase is qualitatively similar in its activity to myeloperoxidase (MPO) from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is quantitatively different from MPO in that the latter is more potent on a per guaiacol unit basis with respect to both amino acid oxidation and bactericidal activity. Still another quantitative difference is that splenic peroxidase requires 0.1 m NaCl for activity, whereas MPO functions with as little as 0.005 m NaCl. Splenic peroxidase and MPO both appear to differ qualitatively from horseradish peroxidase in that the latter enzyme does not mediate amino acid oxidation.
Emotional deprivation in infants

Summary 1. The failure of infants to thrive in institutions is due to emotional deprivation. 2. In young infants emotional reactions arise principally, if not entirely,in response to sensory stimuli. These stimuli set in motion processes that appear to be essential for the child's well-being. 3. To offset the adverse effects of residence in an institution, babies whorequire hospital care should receive manipulation, attention and affection. Whenever possible, the mother should be at the baby's bedside during the greater part of the day. 4. There is no reason to believe that more handling of the baby and thepresence of the mother increase the incidence of infections; indeed, the evidence would indicate the reverse.
1.57‐Ga Magmatism in the South Carpathians: Implications for the Pre‐Alpine Basement and Evolution of the Mantle under the European Continent: A Discussion

Dragusanu and Tanaka (1999) provide intriguing new chemical and isotopic analyses of amphibolites and gneisses from the Cumpana Group, the oldest lithostratigraphic unit in the Getic‐Supragetic unit of the South Carpathians (Balintoni 1975; Pana 1994). Ten amphibolite whole‐rock data points form a linear trend in a plot of measured ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd against ^(147)Sm/^(144)Nd (Dragusanu and Tanaka 1999, fig. 3). Dragusanu and Tanaka interpreted this as a 1.57‐Ga isochron. This age corresponds to the oldest determined magmatism in the south Carpathians and, if true, would be instrumental in elucidating the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Carpathian basement, which is obscured by younger orogenic cycles such as the Hercynian (Variscan) and the Alpine.
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRON-POLARIZED BEAMS OF MULTIPLY-CHARGED IONS: THEIR USE IN TESTS OF FUNDAMENTAL ATOMIC PHYSICS

We discuss the prospects for production of an electron-polarized beam of multiply-charged ions by the technique of single-electron capture in a polarized atomic target. In addition, we suggest two atomic physics experiments which could utilize such beams. One of these is a test of the Standard Model of the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in a simple one-electron system. The other is a measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of a multiply-charged lithium-like system.
Using discrete optimization algorithms to find minimum energy configurations of slender cantilever beams with non-convex energy functions

Abstract This paper deals with a new solution technique for approximately solving certain variational problems in elasticity by using discrete optimization techniques that were originally used in information theory. This allows us to easily and approximately solve large deformation buckling problems for slender cantilever beams (including post-buckling behavior) as well as problems where the strain energy function is non-convex. The core idea is to quantize or discretize the variables describing the possible configurations of the body. This, when combined with the fact that the variational problem has an inherent Markov structure allows us to use computationally efficient search techniques based on dynamic programming (equivalent to finding the shortest path in a weighted directed graph) to find optimal solutions within the quantized state space. The results can be used in two ways: (1) directly as a fast approximate solution to the variational problem (2) As a means for finding very good (nearly minimum energy) initial configurations for application of conventional minimization techniques, which might otherwise fail because of a poor starting configurations which are far from the global minimum. We demonstrate both these uses in the paper.
Encoding Visual Information in Retinal Ganglion Cells with Prosthetic Stimulation

Retinal prostheses aim to restore functional vision to those blinded by outer retinal diseases using electric stimulation of surviving retinal neurons. The ability to replicate the spatiotemporal pattern of ganglion cell spike trains present under normal viewing conditions is presumably an important factor for restoring high-quality vision. In order to replicate such activity with a retinal prosthesis, it is important to consider both how visual information is encoded in ganglion cell spike trains, and how retinal neurons respond to electric stimulation. The goal of the current review is to bring together these two concepts in order to guide the development of more effective stimulation strategies. We review the experiments to date that have studied how retinal neurons respond to electric stimulation and discuss these findings in the context of known retinal signaling strategies. The results from such in vitro studies reveal the advantages and disadvantages of activating the ganglion cell directly with the electric stimulus (direct activation) as compared to activation of neurons that are presynaptic to the ganglion cell (indirect activation). While direct activation allows high temporal but low spatial resolution, indirect activation yields improved spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution. Finally, we use knowledge gained from in vitro experiments to infer the patterns of elicited activity in ongoing human trials, providing insights into some of the factors limiting the quality of prosthetic vision.
Storytelling the internationalization of the multinational enterprise

Internationalization deals with expansion across space and time. Researchers have framed internationalization as market growth and expansion through foreign direct investment (FDI). We use narrative theory to frame a bigger, richer picture. Using Mikhail Bakhtin’s typology of nine space–time conceptions and directed observations of McDonald’s Corporation, we show how multinational enterprises (MNEs) create narratives of internationalization to mitigate the risks of FDI. Competing space–time conceptions in consumers’, authors’ and societies’ stories interact with managerial narratives to affect international product and task environments. We increase awareness of MNEs’ storytelling by offering a typology of stakeholders’ stories across space and time.
Mevinic acids and analogues: preparation of a key chiral intermediate

Abstract The preparation of methyl 3-0-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2,4-dideoxy-β- D - erythro - hexopyranoside, a key chiral intermediate for mevinic acids, and its elaboration into four mevinate analogues are described.
Resuming: the final contingency of reproach

This report begins with an observed absence: the literature on classroom order and management contains few clues as to how, in the wake of troubles and distractions, the normal order of the room is reproduced. The interactional organization of resuming “the flow” is missing from these accounts and analyses. As the last contingency of reproach, the work of resuming is analyzed via a collection of videotaped and transcribed episodes gathered from a number of public secondary school classrooms. Several interactional structures are found, each built on the relevance for the participants of unspoken turn positions, and participants’ competence as analysts of their own affairs.
A study of Favre averaging in turbulent flows with chemical reaction

Abstract This article presents an investigation of the Favre averaging method for turbulent flows with chemical reaction. A set of data from direct numerical simulations of a chemically reacting turbulent mixing layer is employed. Favre-averaged quantities are compared directly with their corresponding Reynolds-averaged values. The gradient transport assumptions in the k - ϵ model in Favre-averaged form are also tested. Finally the transport equations for the Reynolds stress and the scalar flux of the chemical product are studied term by term. Some Favre-averaged quantities such as u , c , and k are very similar numerically to their Reynolds-averaged values. Other Favre-averaged quantities, however, like ϵ and ϱ u v , are significantly different from their Reynolds-averaged values. The gradient transport models generally work rather well when the mixing layer is in a naturally developing turbulent state, although some important weaknesses are noted. Some significant effects of pressure on the Reynolds stress ϱ u″v″ and scalar flux ϱ v″c″ are exhibited.
Physical-chemical treatment of landfill leachate for metals removal

Abstract A detailed treatability study investigating metals removal from leachates collected from a sanitary landfill is presented. Experiments investigated treatment of raw leachate from younger and older zones of the landfill and of a mixture of the two leachates (representing an average leachate from the landfill). The metal concentrations and COD in leachate from the older area were approximately one order of magnitude greater than in leachate from the active area. The leachates contained significant quantities of reduced iron and manganese that, upon aeration and base addition, were precipitated and served as sorbents for trace metals that were present at much lower concentrations. Most trace metals in the younger zone leachate and in the leachate mixture were removed by adjusting solution pH to 9.0, but in leachates collected from the older landfill area, even raising the pH to 11.0 did not remove all the trace metals efficiently. Various options for treating a blend of leachate from the older and younger areas (20%:80% by volume) were evaluated. One of the key design decisions was whether to aerate the leachate prior to pH adjustment. Trace metals could be removed efficiently from the leachate with or without aeration. Benefits of aeration include increased formation of iron oxide adsorbent and a significant reduction in the amount of base required to raise the pH, since aeration strips large amounts of CO2 from the leachates. Drawbacks include decreased sludge settleability and the cost of the aeration process itself. The settleability of the aerated sludge could be increased 5–10 fold by the addition of anionic polymer. Sludge produced was not toxic as determined by TCLP. Trade-offs implicit in these results are addressed both experimentally and theoretically.
Protein oxidation by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 and light: detection of a unique singlet oxygen-generated product in cytochrome c

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) damages cells and tissues via generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). One target of 1O2 in biological systems may be proteins, and numerous studies have shown that 1O2 can inactivate enzymes. Whereas the reactions of 1O2 with His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are well known, the reaction with these same residues in proteins is less well studied. PDT induces apoptosis via the release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) from mitochondria into the cytosol, followed by activation of caspases. Because Cyt-c resides in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, associated with the inner membrane, it would be exposed to 1O2 generated by photoactivation of lipophilic photosensitizers like Pc 4 located in mitochondrial membranes. Studies by others have shown that 1O2 can oxidize the ferro-form of Cyt-c, inactivate the function of Cyt-c as an electron carrier, and result in the loss of His, Trp, Tyr, and Met residues. However, mass spectrometric evidence for modifications of specific amino acid side chains of proteins by 1O2 has not been reported to our knowledge. Here, we used MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-ESI-MS to study the reaction of 1O2 with amino acid residues within two model peptides in homogeneous medium and within Cyt-c in homogeneous media and in liposomes. The analyses revealed multiple oxidation products, including at least one His-derived product that is unique to singlet oxygen and not found following reaction with other reactive oxygen species. This product may serve as a marker of mitochondrial photodynamic damage.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Peptides as putative excitatory neurotransmitters: carnosine, enkephalin, substance P and TRH

A number of in vitro preparations of the central nervous system have been used to characterize with intracellular recording the cellular actions of four neuropeptides. Carnosine, the putative excitatory neurotransmitter of olfactory nerves, was found to exert little or no effect in the turtle or the frog olfactory bulb, suggesting that this peptide may have other roles, e.g. neurotropic, in this system. Substance P and TRH were found to have some characteristics of a classical excitatory transmitter since they increase membrane conductance and depolarize frog motoneurons by a direct action. However, the slow time course and subthreshold nature of the depolarization may imply that these peptides function in a background manner to set the level of excitability of motoneurons. Finally, the effects of enkephalin on a variety of inhibitory systems have been examined. Enkephalin excites hippocampal pyramidal cells indirectly by blocking both spontaneous and evoked inhibitory potentials. In addition, both feedforward and feedback inhibitory pathways are depressed by enkephalin. All these effects are blocked by naloxone. Blockade of inhibitory pathways by enkephalin appears to be a general phenomenon, since similar depressant effects were seen for dendrodendritic inhibition in olfactory bulb mitral cells as well as for presynaptic inhibition of spinal primary afferents. These results indicate that neuroactive peptides can affect principal neurons by increasing their excitability via either subthreshold excitation or disinhibition.
Protection from cerebral ischemia by inhibition of TGFβ-activated kinase.

Objective Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (TAK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that plays important roles in apoptosis and inflammatory signaling, both of which are critical components of stroke pathology. TAK1 has recently been identified as a major upstream kinase that phosphorylates and activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major mediator of neuronal injury after experimental cerebral ischemia. We studied the functional role of TAK1 and its mechanistic link with AMPK after stroke.
Selecting a model of the neutral atmosphere

The characteristics and applicability of some of the more frequently used atmospheric models covering the thermosphere are discussed from the point of view of selecting the most appropriate model for an engineering or scientific problem. Models based on satellite atmospheric drag are the earliest examples of global models and are still widely used for engineering studies. Later models based on satellite instrumentation and ground based measurements were originally aimed at scientific studies of the atmosphere, but their absolute accuracies for total densities are now similar to those of drag based models while providing better thermospheric temperature, composition, and winds. Theoretical models are now approaching the accuracy of climatological empirical models and may surpass them in the near future. Each new model generation, however, is more complicated and costly to run on a computer.
Blunders With Bolsas: A Case Study of Diffusion of Closed-Basin Agriculture

Phil Head was a guy with character, sure. But you wouldn't expect him to be at the bottom of all this fuss. After all, he was just a well-driller working for the CCC out on the Papago Indian Reservation back in the thirties. To understand how this all started, you've got to understand how things were on the Reservation then.
Acute intracranial hemorrhage: intensity changes on sequential MR scans at 0.5 T.

Thirty-seven patients underwent MR imaging at 0.5 T within 7 days of a CT-documented intracranial hemorrhage. A total of 57 hematomas were evaluated. Twelve patients underwent serial scanning and 12 patients had multiple hemorrhages into different intracranial compartments. The appearances of the hematomas on spin-echo (SE) images with a short repetition time (TR) of 500 msec and short echo time (TE) of 32 msec (SE 500/32), long TR/intermediate TE (SE 2000/60), and long TR/long TE (SE 2000/120) were carefully evaluated with specific attention to the precise time after ictus. Hematomas showed heterogeneous, complex, rapidly changing intensities. There was a significant amount of variation among patients, especially between the third and seventh days. Hematomas studied between 12 and 24 hr after hemorrhage were mildly hyperintense on short TR scans and markedly hyperintense on long TR (intermediate and long TE) scans (stage I). These findings in acute hemorrhage have received little prior attention. Over the next 1–2 days, hematomas became iso- to mildly hypointense on short TR scans and markedly hypointense on long TR scans (stage II). Hypointensity on long TR scans has previously been described at high field strengths; our communication demonstrates that this phenomenon is seen routinely at intermediate field strengths as well. Hematomas became markedly hyperintense on short TR scans beginning on approximately the fourth day postictus and redeveloped hyperintensity on long TR scans approximately 5–6 days after ictus (stage III). By the end of the first week they were hyperintense on all pulse sequences (stage IV). MR findings on the first day after intracranial hemorrhage (in particular, subtle hyperintensity on short TR scans) probably allow for a specific diagnosis, while the variable, heterogeneous, and rapidly changing intensities noted between days 2 and 7 are often less specific.
Evaluating preventable adverse safety events after elective lower extremity procedures

Background Improving patient safety has become a national priority. Patient safety indicators (PSIs) are validated tools to identify potentially preventable adverse events. No studies currently exist for evaluating lower extremity (LE) vascular procedures and the occurrence of PSIs. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2003-2007) was queried for elective LE angioplasty (endo) and bypass (open). PSIs appropriate to surgery were analyzed by χ 2 and logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 226,501 LE interventions (104,491 endo; 122,010 open) were evaluated. The rate of developing any PSI was 7.74% (open) and 8.51% (endo), P P Conclusions Endovascular procedures were found to have lower mortality rates overall, but were found to have a greater number of safety events occur primarily due to bleeding complications in women and the elderly. PSIs were associated with advanced age, black race, and comorbidities. Adverse events added significant cost, occurred more frequently in teaching and large hospitals, and future organizational analysis may improve safety and reduce cost.
Data acquisition and evaluation in biological monitoring systems

Biological monitoring is a means of assessing the quality of water or wastewater. One such method, which enables continuous and automated monitoring, assesses the ventilatory rates of fish as an early warning system. The various methods for data acquisition and data analyses are discussed and compared.
The Ontogeny of the Androgen Receptor in Human Foreskin

To investigate the relationship between the androgen receptor content of human foreskin and age-dependent physiological changes in genital development, cytosolic and nuclear androgen receptors were measured in preputial skin specimens from male subjects of various ages. Optimum incubation conditions (4 C, 20 h) were established for measurement of androgen receptors by the exchange method with the synthetic androgen ligand methyltrienolone. The number of total androgen receptor sites, cytosolic plus nuclear, was fairly constant at all ages studied. However, the androgen receptor was predominantly localized to the nuclear compartment at those developmental stages characterized by higher levels of circulating blood androgens, i.e. newborns, pubertal males, and adults. By contrast, the androgen receptor in specimens from prepubertal boys was confined almost exclusively to the cytosolic compartment. This corresponds to a time of low plasma androgen levels and quiescence in genital maturation. It is suggested that changes in the intracellular distribution of androgen receptors may bear some relationship to the sequence of normal genital growth and development with nuclear androgen receptors having major physiological importance.
V. Public Information and Opinion.

as early as the spring of 1941 in a threat of a well organized "march" on Washington. To forestall this, President Roosevelt issued an executive order reprobating racial discrimination in the government service, and directing that all government defense contracts should contain clauses barring such discrimination. He also created the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practices to investigate charges of discrimination and to take steps to redress grievances. This Committee has done a useful job, but its achievements have been limited. It has had little money to spend. It has power to order war contractors to cease discriminatory employment practices under threat of cancellation of war contracts. Such orders have been issued, but the threatened penalty is so drastic that some employers have been willing to gamble that the government will not have the courage to cancel an important war contract on this ground. No contracts have been cancelled so far. Some lesser penalty for discrimination might be more effective. Negroes have not received equal treatment in the government's housing program for war workers, although they have not been ignored. In Detroit, the opening of federal housing facilities for Negroes resulted in violence and threats by white gangs. The Civil Rights Section of the Department of Justice secured the indictment of the leaders in these outrages under the sections of the Criminal Code penalizing interference with the constitutional or statutory rights of citizens. The cases have not yet been tried. The problem of racial discrimination cuts much deeper than any governmental policy or law. The problem is being exposed as never before, and constructive effort, private and official, is being focussed on it. Some progress is being made. There is disquieting evidence, however, of growing resentment and alarm in the South at any developments which might imperil the deep-rooted tradition of "white supremacy." Comment on the Bridges deportation case, the poll tax bill, and the peonage and lynching cases is omitted because these civil liberty situations did not stem from the war. The writer discussed the case of the Nazi saboteurs at length in the December, 1942, issue of this REVIEW.
Cancer: Directions for the drivers

A comparison of colorectal cancer and normal cells from 103 patients identifies dozens of genes that are differently expressed in tumour cells as a result of altered regulation of transcription. See Letter p.87 This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the transcriptome alterations and changes in the regulatory landscape associated with colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Using RNA sequencing of 103 matched tumour and normal colon mucosa samples from patients with colorectal cancer, and investigating allele-specific expression, the authors show that germline genotypes remain important determinants of allelic gene expression in tumours and identify 71 genes with excess of somatic cis-regulatory effects in colorectal cancer, suggesting a cancer driver role. New expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are identified, 36% of which are exclusive to colorectal cancer. Additional evidence indicates that tumour-specific eQTL genes constitute germline-derived cancer regulatory drivers.
TRIF Mediates Toll-like Receptor 5-induced Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells *

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) associate with adaptor molecules (MyD88, Mal/TIRAP, TRAM, and TRIF) to mediate signaling of host-microbial interaction. For instance, TLR4 utilizes the combination of both Mal/TIRAP-MyD88 (MyD88-dependent pathway) and TRAM-TRIF (MyD88-independent pathway). However, TLR5, the specific receptor for flagellin, is known to utilize only MyD88 to elicit inflammatory responses, and an involvement of other adaptor molecules has not been suggested in TLR5-dependent signaling. Here, we found that TRIF is involved in mediating TLR5-induced nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), specifically JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, activation in intestinal epithelial cells. TLR5 activation by flagellin permits the physical interaction between TLR5 and TRIF in human colonic epithelial cells (NCM460), whereas TLR5 does not interact with TRAM upon flagellin stimulation. Both primary intestinal epithelial cells from TRIF-KO mice and TRIF-silenced NCM460 cells significantly reduced flagellin-induced NFκB (p105 and p65), JNK1/2, and ERK1/2 activation compared with control cells. However, p38 activation by flagellin was preserved in these TRIF-deficient cells. TRIF-KO intestinal epithelial cells exhibited substantially reduced inflammatory cytokine (keratinocyte-derived cytokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 3α, and IL-6) expression upon flagellin, whereas control cells from TRIF-WT mice showed robust cytokine expression by flagellin. Compare with TRIF-WT mice, TRIF-KO mice were resistant to in vivo intestinal inflammatory responses: flagellin-mediated exacerbation of colonic inflammation and dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. We conclude that in addition to MyD88, TRIF mediates TLR5-dependent responses and, thereby regulates inflammatory responses elicited by flagellin/TLR5 engagement. Our findings suggest an important role of TRIF in regulating host-microbial communication via TLR5 in the gut epithelium.
Effects of two football stud configurations on biomechanical characteristics of single-leg landing and cutting movements on infilled synthetic turf

Multiple playing surfaces and footwear used in American football warrant a better understanding of relationship between different combinations of turf and footwear. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of shoe and stud types on ground reaction force (GRF) and ankle and knee kinematics of a 180° cut and a single-leg 90° land-cut on synthetic turf. Fourteen recreational football players performed five trials of the 180° cut and 90° land-cut in three shoe conditions: non-studded running shoe, and football shoe with natural and synthetic turf studs. Variables were analyzed with a 3 × 2 (shoe × movement) repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Peak vertical GRF (p < 0.001) and loading rate (p < 0.001) were greater during 90° land-cut than 180° cut. For 180° cut, natural turf studs produced smaller peak medial GRFs compared to synthetic turf studs and non-studded shoe (p = 0.012). For land-cut, peak eversion velocity was reduced in running shoes compared to natural (p = 0.016) and synthetic (p = 0.002) turf studs. The 90° land-cut movement resulted in greater peak vertical GRF and loading rate compared to the 180° cut. Overall, increased GRFs in the 90° land-cut movement may increase the chance of injury.
The facet design approach to the construction of multivariate marketing models

Introduces the concept of facet meta theory for the development of marketing theories proposes that this technique is effective in that it leads to systematic formulation of hypotheses, the definition an design of multivariate marketing studies and the analysis of data. Applies the facet approach to the marketing problem, where it is a relatively new concept, and suggests that it is a valuable model to use.