cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size effects in electronic and catalytic properties of unsupported palladium nanoparticles in electrooxidation of formic acid.

We report a combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA) study of formic acid electrooxidation on unsupported palladium nanoparticle catalysts in the particle size range from 9 to 40 nm. The CV and CA measurements show that the most active catalyst is made of the smallest (9 and 11 nm) Pd nanoparticles. Besides the high reactivity, XPS data show that such nanoparticles display the highest core-level binding energy (BE) shift and the highest valence band (VB) center downshift with respect to the Fermi level. We believe therefore that we found a correlation between formic acid oxidation current and BE and VB center shifts, which, in turn, can directly be related to the electronic structure of palladium nanoparticles of different particle sizes. Clearly, such a trend using unsupported catalysts has never been reported. According to the density functional theory of heterogeneous catalysis, and mechanistic considerations, the observed shifts are caused by...
(1S,4R)‐1,2,3,4,7,7‐Hexachloro‐5,6‐bis­(chloro­meth­yl)bicyclo­[2.2.1]hepta‐2,5‐diene

In the title compound, C9H4Cl8, the mol­ecules have approximate mirror symmetry, with the two C=C—CH2—Cl torsion angles differing by only 6.1 (2)°.
Application of a Variational Method to Milne's Problem

An approximate solution of Milne's integral equation for the neutron density is obtained by a variational method with high accuracy in simple analytical form. The extrapolated asymptotic density at the boundary is given by this method correct to 0.4 parts in a million. The density itself has a maximum error of 0.3 percent which occurs at the boundary and of less than 0.05 percent for all distances beyond 0.05 mean free paths. A simple expression for the angular distribution of emerging neutrons is also obtained.
Critical assessment of carcinogenic risk policy

Abstract To summarize U.S. policy on carcinogenic risk, the following facts and beliefs are listed in the order in which they are usually considered: • Fact . Cancer is a relatively common yet greatly feared disease. • Belief . The concept that cancer is largely preventable is widely held by advocate groups, the press, and Congress. • Belief . The concept that carcinogens at any level of exposure pose a significant cancer risk to human is widely believed by the public. • Fact . In contrast to this belief, carcinogens are now known to be widespread in the environment and that virtually all substances are contaminated with carcinogens at some albiet low level. • Fact . The solution to the ubiguitous presence of carcinogens cannot be solved by regulatory fiat. • Fact . Often the only viable solution to regulating carcinogens is setting maximum levels of acceptable exposure (tolerances). • Belief . In U.S. society, the process of establishing tolerances must be conducted in the open, providing adequate opportunity for public comment. • Fact . The courts will sustain regulatory agency decisions about risks only if the administrative procedures used comply with the Administrative Procedures Act and if the technical methodology used is in good standing. • Fact . For the method to be in good standing it cannot be a recent invention created after the fact to solve the issue at hand but must instead be a procedure that is claimed to be generally applicable to determining or estimating cancer risk. • Belief . QRA should be an orderly procedure or process by which cancer risk estimations are conducted in an unbiased manner. As such it is fundamentally acceptable to the courts for resolving disputes. • Fact . However, because QRA is dependent upon a large number of assumptions and because regulatory agencies feel compelled to act in a conservative, risk-adverse manner, risk estimates are often criticized for being over stated. • Belief . To make risk estimates more realistic, data or facts must substitute for worst case assumptions. • Fact . This process of substituting scientific facts for assumptions is occurring but it is expensive, time consuming, and not always possible. Nevertheless, it constitutes a major opportunity for improving the process by which risk estimates are made.
Eikonal tomography: surface wave tomography by phase front tracking across a regional broad‐band seismic array

SUMMARY We present a new method of surface wave tomography based on applying the eikonal equation to observed phase traveltime surfaces computed from seismic ambient noise. The source–receiver reciprocity in the ambient noise method implies that each station can be considered to be an effective source and the phase traveltime between that source and all other stations is used to track the phase front and construct the phase traveltime surface. Assuming that the amplitude of the waveform varies smoothly, the eikonal equation states that the gradient of the phase traveltime surface can be used to estimate both the local phase speed and the direction of wave propagation. For each location, we statistically summarize the distribution of azimuthally dependent phase speed measurements based on the phase traveltime surfaces centred on different effective source locations to estimate both the isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic phase speeds and their uncertainties. Examples are presented for the 12 and 24 s Rayleigh waves for the EarthScope/USArray Transportable Array stations in the western USA. We show that (1) the major resulting tomographic features are consistent with traditional inversion methods, (2) reliable uncertainties can be estimated for both the isotropic and anisotropic phase speeds, (3) ‘resolution’ can be approximated by the coherence length of the phase speed measurements and is about equal to the station spacing, (4) no explicit regularization is required in the inversion process and (5) azimuthally dependent phase speed anisotropy can be observed directly without assuming its functional form.
Moderating influence of proteins on nonplanar tetrapyrrole deformations : Coenzyme F430 in methyl-coenzyme-M reductase

Normal-coordinate structural decomposition, cluster analysis, and molecular mechanics calculations were undertaken to examine the effect of methyl-coenzyme-M reductase (MCR) on the nonplanar deformations of coenzyme F430. Although free 12,13-diepi-F430 has a lower energy conformation than free F430, the protein restraints exerted by MCR are responsible for F430 having a lower energy conformation than the 12,13-diepimer in MCR. According to the NSD analysis, the crystal structure of free diepimerized F430M is highly distorted. In MCR the protein prevents 12,13-diepi-F430 from undergoing nonplanar deformations; therefore, MCR favors F430 over the 12,13-diepimeric form. The strain imposed on 12,13-diepi-F430 in the protein is so large that although 88% of free F430 is found in the diepimeric form, none of the diepimeric form is found in MCR. This is of significance since the two forms have different chemistries. MCR also moderates the nonplanar deformations of coenzyme F430, which are known to affect redox potentials and axial ligand affinities in tetrapyrroles, suggesting that the protein environment (MCR) is responsible for tuning the chemistry of the active site nickel ion. F430 is bound to MCR by hydrogen bonds between the protein and the F430 carboxylate groups. Conformational searches have shown that F430 has very little rotational and translational freedom within MCR.
Factors predicting local recurrence, metastasis, and survival in pediatric soft tissue sarcoma in extremities

Background Pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are rare and differ from those in adults regarding the spectrum of diagnoses and treatment. Sarcomas in extremities may have different prognoses from those located elsewhere.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch from IgM to IgG in a hybridoma

A subclone of an IgM-producing hybridoma has been identified which has switched to producing an IgG1 antibody. The parent hybridoma, PC-140, produces an antibody which binds phosphorylcholine and reacts with monoclonal antibodies that recognize myelomas of the T-15 idiotype. The IgG1 antibody binds phosphorylcholine with the same affinity as the parental IgM and also reacts with the anti-T-15 monoclonal antibodies. While the IgM-producing parent hybridoma does not express detectable surface IgM, the IgG1-producing subclone produces both membrane and secreted IgG1.
Altered tissue eosinophils in Hodgkin's Disease.

Abstract Eosinophils were studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically in lymph nodes, spleen, lung, and peripheral blood from patients with Hodgkin's disease, reticulum cell sarcoma, and a chronic inflammatory disease. When compared with buffy coat eosinophils, the tissue eosinophils showed a marked numerical increase in acid phosphatase- and aryl sulfatase-positive small granules, a corresponding decrease in crystalloid granules, and various structural alterations of crystalloid granules. Changes in the tubular vesicular system appeared independent of granule alteration. Eosinophils afforded little or no evilence of exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules or macroendocytic activity and appeared involved in microendocytosis.
Languages Perform Us Decolonizing Options for Multilingual Identities

What are the stakes for colonized bodies in an allegedly postcolonial world where institutions still use the term non-native to classify those who speak a “first language” other than English? In this autoethnographic performance, I connect critical cultural theories with embodied linguistic negotiations of identity as a “multilingual” person teaching students at a public university in a predominately White region called “New England” in the United States. By tracing my visceral encounters with the power relations between my five languages (English, Arabic, Tamil, Malayalam, and Hindi), I seek to decolonize ideologies that enforce a stable origin for language itineraries.
Parent perceptions and attributions for children's math achievement

From junior high school on, girls report lower estimations of their math ability and express more negative attitudes about math than do boys, despite equivalent performance in grades. Parents show this same sex-typed bias. This paper examines the role that attributions may play in explaining these sex differences in parents' perceptions of their children's math ability. Mothers and fathers of 48 junior high school boys and girls of high, average, and low math ability completed questionnaires about their perceptions of their child's ability and effort in math, and their causal attributions for their child's successful and unsuccessful math performances. Parents' math-related perceptions and attributions varied with their child's level of math ability and gender. Parents credited daughters with more effort than sons, and sons with more talent than daughters for successful math performances. These attributional patterns predicted sex-linked variations in parents' ratings of their child's effort and talent. No sex of child effects emerged for failure attributions; instead, lack of effort was seen as the most important, and lack of ability as the least important, cause of unsuccessful math performances for both boys and girls. Implications of these attributions for parents' influence on children's developing self-concept of math ability, future expectancies, and subsequent achievement behaviors are discussed.
Error rate for testing a contrast after a significant F test

In statistical applications an experimenter often tests a particular contrast after a significant F test for the equality of means. This paper evaluates the overall error rate for this testing .procedure.
From sensors to informatics: creating communication protocols for caregiving

The caring home initiative, a series of evidentiary studies in the United States, England and the Netherlands, has been undertaken to better understand the integration of communication protocols at three distinct levels: sensor array; caregiving; and informatics. Findings indicate that if effectively integrated, the resulting system allows for improved care as well as for the creation of well being and care delivery records.
Preaxial acrofacial dysostosis (Nager syndrome) associated with an inherited and apparently balanced X;9 translocation: prenatal and postnatal late replication studies.

We report on an infant with preaxial acrofacial dysostosis (Nager syndrome) who was diagnosed prenatally as having an apparently balanced X/autosome translocation [46,X,t(X;9)(p22.1;q32)mat] inherited from a previously diagnosed mosaic translocation carrier mother [46,XX/46,X,t(X;9)(p22.1;q32)]. Replication studies on amniocytes showed the normal X chromosome to be late replicating while the same studies repeated on the infant's lymphocytes showed the translocated X chromosome to be late replicating in most cells. Late replication studies of the mother's lymphocytes demonstrated that the normal X chromosome was late replicating in most cells. The presence of Nager syndrome in this infant may be the result of critical break-points and/or position effects on chromosome 9, inducing expression of a gene responsible for the syndrome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anoxia reduces depolarization induced calcium uptake in the rat hippocampal slice

Abstract Veratridine-induced depolarization caused a large increase in Ca uptake in the rat hippocampal slice (30.2 vs. 9.0 nM/mg dry weight). This uptake was reduced to 18.4 nM/mg when veratridine was combined with anoxia. When compared with veratridine exposure alone, the combination of anoxia and veratridine increased intracellular Na(460 vs. 380 μM/g), decreased intracellular K (30 vs. 40 μM/g) and decreased ATP levels (0.1 vs. 0.8 nM/mg). The changes in Na, K, and ATP should enhance net Ca uptake, yet Ca uptake was reduced. This suggests an effect of anoxia to block Ca channels. In summary anoxia attenuates depolarization-induced Ca uptake. This may represent a mechanism by which neurons are partially protected against anoxic damage which could be more severe if depolarization-induced Ca uptake was not limited.
Longitudinal CSF isoprostane and MRI atrophy in the progression to AD

Very little data exist to evaluate the value of longitudinal CSF biological markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD).Most studies indicate that tau and amyloid beta markers do not reflect disease progression. We now report on a longitudinal, three-time point, CSF Isoprostane (IsoP) and quantitative MRI study that examined 11 normal elderly (NL) volunteers and 6 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients. After 4 years, all 6 MCI patients declined to AD and 2 of the NL subjects declined to MCI. At baseline and longitudinally, the MCI patients showed reduced delayed memory, increased IsoP levels, and reduced medial temporal lobe gray matter concentrations as compared to NL. A group comprised of all decliners to AD or to MCI (n = 8) was distinguished at baseline from the stable NL controls (n = 9) by IsoP with 100% accuracy.Moreover, both at baseline and longitudinally, the IsoP measures significantly improved the diagnostic and predictive outcomes of conventional memory testing and quantitative MRI measurements. These data indicate that IsoP is potentially useful for both the early detection of AD-related pathology and for monitoring the course of AD.
Inclusion of Regional Poroelastic Material Properties Better Predicts Biomechanical Behavior of Lumbar Discs Subjected to Dynamic Loading

Understanding the relationship between repetitive lifting and the breakdown of disc tissue over several years of exposure is difficult to study in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this investigation was to develop a three-dimensional poroelastic finite element model of a lumbar motion segment that reflects the biological properties and behaviors of in vivo disc tissues including swelling pressure due to the proteoglycans and strain-dependent permeability and porosity. It was hypothesized that when modeling the annulus, prescribing tissue specific material properties will not be adequate for studying the in vivo loading and unloading behavior of the disc. Rather, regional variations of these properties, which are known to exist within the annulus, must also be included. Finite element predictions were compared to in vivo measurements published by Tyrrell et al. (1985) of percent change in total stature for two loading protocols, short-term creep loading and standing recovery and short-term cyclic loading with standing recovery. The model in which the regional variations of material properties in the annulus had been included provided an overall better prediction of the in vivo behavior as compared to the model in which the annulus properties were assumed to be homogenous. This model will now be used to study the relationship between repetitive lifting and disc degeneration.
Automated video surveillance with unattended ground sensors

Video sensors represent one facet of the unattended ground sensors family used to support military operations. This paper provides technical details on a modular, automated video surveillance (AVS) system concept that provides a 4D modeling and segmentation capability. This capability, combining 3D imaging and embedded information processing, enables the AVS to reliably detect and roughly classify objects and activities with a high probable certainty and minimal false alarms. The beneficial result is an elimination of the need for human monitoring and reduction in data transmission requirements by several orders of magnitude. This modular, forward observer AVS sensor package is comprised of integrated CMOS arrays and lenses (one for monoscopic view and two rigidly fixed for stereo), image processing, communication, GPS chips, and battery. This smart sensor is inexpensive, miniature, self-contained, and man-packable. Real-time video processing onboard the sensor provides: analysis and automatic target recognition algorithms enabling robust moving object detection; tracking and delimitation; and target characterization based on motion, size, form factor, texture, and specific identifying characteristics of objects. Automation of video screening tasks provides the benefits of visual surveillance without the associated burden or distraction from the mission. Because of its size and simplicity the AVS requires minimal man-in-the-field set up and lends itself to clandestine deployment.. In the future it may be possible to reliably and cost effectively air deploy the AVS. Each method offers great benefits as unmanned forward observers and sophisticated `tripwires' for battlefield awareness. While well suited for military reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition missions for peacetime and/or wartime applications, the AVS also lends itself to other clandestine applications such as drug interdiction surveillance, monitoring, and tip off.
Highlights from the early (and pre-) history of reliability engineering

Abstract Reliability is a popular concept that has been celebrated for years as a commendable attribute of a person or an artifact. From its modest beginning in 1816-the word reliability was first coined by Samuel T. Coleridge-reliability grew into an omnipresent attribute with qualitative and quantitative connotations that pervades every aspect of our present day technologically intensive world. In this short communication, we highlight key events and the history of ideas that led to the birth of Reliability Engineering, and its development in the subsequent decades. We first argue that statistics and mass production were the enablers in the rise of this new discipline, and the catalyst that accelerated the coming of this new discipline was the (unreliability of the) vacuum tube. We highlight the foundational role of AGREE report in 1957 in the birth of reliability engineering, and discuss the consolidation of numerous efforts in the 1950s into a coherent new technical discipline. We show that an evolution took place in the discipline in the following two decades along two directions: first, there was an increased specialization in the discipline (increased sophistication of statistical techniques, and the rise of a new branch focused on the actual physics of failure of components, Reliability Physics); second, there occurred a shift in the emphasis of the discipline from a component-centric to an emphasis on system-level attributes (system reliability, availability, safety). Finally, in selecting the particular events and highlights in the history of ideas that led to the birth and subsequent development of reliability engineering, we acknowledge a subjective component in this work and make no claims to exhaustiveness.
Recurrent Neural Networks for Structural Optimization

This paper presents an improvement for an artificial neural network paradigm that has shown significant potential for successful application to a class of optimization problems in structural engineering. The artificial neural network paradigm includes algorithms that belong to the class of single-layer, relaxation-type recurrent neural networks. The suggested improvement enhances the convergence performance and involves a technique that sets the values of weight parameters of the recurrent neural network algorithm. The complete procedure of solving an optimization problem with a single-layer, relaxation-type recurrent neural network is introduced. The discrete Hopfield network is employed to solve the weighted matching problem. A set of simulation experiments is performed to analyze the performance of the discrete Hopfield network. Simulation results confirm that the discrete Hopfield network locates a locally optimal solution after each relaxation once the weight parameters are specified as defined in the suggested technique.
Peripapillary choroidal thickness in glaucoma measured with optical coherence tomography.

Abstract As choroidal changes have been suggested in glaucoma, we examined peripapillary choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with and without primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). We collected measurements retrospectively on 70 eyes of 70 patients consecutively undergoing SD-OCT. POAG (n = 31) and suspect eyes (n = 39) had two reliable and repeatable Humphrey 24-2 visual fields with glaucoma hemifield test outside or within normal limits, respectively. A 360-degree peripapillary scan was performed using the standard protocol for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) assessment. Using provided software, two independent masked investigators manually segmented CT as the area of visible choroidal vasculature. Agreement between investigators was determined using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). A single masked observer determined clock hours of parapapillary atrophy (PPA) and the presence of sPPA for each optic nerve quadrant. Correlation between RNFL and CT was assessed; two-sample t-tests were used to determine differences in RNFL and CT between POAG and suspect eyes; and linear regression was used to model changes in RNFL and CT. We found that independent measurements of CT by two observers were highly correlated (Lin’s CCC for global CT; ρc = 0.93, p
Discovery and recovery of a large theropod dinosaur footprint from the Cleveland Basin, North Yorkshire, UK

In December of 2004 a dinosaur footprint was discovered near Scarborough on the North Yorkshire coast of northern England. Arguably, it was the largest and best-preserved theropod print yet discovered on this coast, and indicated for the first time that large carnivores were present in the area around 165 million years ago. Many trace fossils are enigmatic ghosts of the animal that formed them, but footprints are so much more tangible; a footprint preserved from Jurassic time represents an individual animal, walking in this place at this time. In this article I provide the background to the discovery and collection of this trace fossil, which has enabled this footprint in time to be preserved for future study.
Zigzag analysis of interference effects in an arbitrarily oriented biaxial single layer

A wave-vector zigzag analysis is developed to investigate the complicated interference effects among the four extraordinary waves in a biaxial slab with general principal-axes orientation; the four corresponding zigzag Poynting vectors have distinct walk-off directions. Expressions for transmission and reflection coefficients, analogous to Airy’s summation for isotropic slabs, are determined for an arbitrarily oriented linearly polarized monochromatic plane wave at oblique incidence. A KTP slab is analyzed with the derived method, and the results are compared with those obtained with the 4 × 4 matrix method. Some common applications of this theory include analysis of multilayer structures and waveguides.
A sensitivity analysis of a probabilistic information retrieval system

Results of a set of exploratory simulations to test the effects of errors in estimation of individual term probabilities on the performance of a probabilistic information retrieval system are presented. Searches were executed with various levels of term error on a test collection of probabilistically indexed information sources. The amount of error in the final probability of relevance used to rank sources introduced by these errors was analytically determined
Stepped Cooling Control Model Based on Optimal Algorithm

A 1450mm cold rolling mill roll stepped cooling control technology has been studied. The basic principle of stepped cooling control has been analyzed. The important role of stepped cooling control in the control of thermal crown has been elaborated. In order to analyze impact of stepped cooling on the sectional shape of the strip, the roll under the influence of the cooling water temperature field has been established. The model of optimal cooling capacity in each segment has been established. The model has been successfully applied to a 1450mm cold rolling mill roll, and a good effect has been achieved.
The aging mouse partially models the aging human spine: lumbar and coccygeal disc height, composition, mechanical properties, and Wnt signaling in young and old mice.

Murine lumbar and coccygeal (tail) regions of spines are commonly used to study cellular signaling of age-related disc diseases, but the tissue-level changes of aging intervertebral discs and vertebrae of each spinal region remain unclear. Furthermore, the impact of aging lumbar and coccygeal discs on Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is putatively involved in the catabolism of intervertebral discs, is also unclear. We compared disc/vertebrae morphology and mechanics and biochemical composition of intervertebral discs from lumbar and coccygeal regions between young (4–5 mo) and old (20–22 mo) female C57BL/6 mice. Center intervertebral disc height from both regions was greater in old discs than young discs. Compared with young, old lumbar discs had a lower early viscous coefficient (a measure of stiffness) by 40%, while conversely old coccygeal discs were stiffer by 53%. Biochemically, old mice had double the collagen content in lumbar and coccygeal discs of young discs, greater glycosaminoglycan in lumbar discs by 37%, but less glycosaminoglycan in coccygeal discs by 32%. Next, we compared Wnt activity of lumbar and coccygeal discs of 4- to 5-mo and 12- to 14-mo TOPGAL mice. Despite the disc-specific changes, aging decreased Wnt signaling in the nucleus pulposus from both spinal regions by ≥64%. Compared with young, trabecular bone volume/tissue volume and ultimate force were less in old lumbar vertebrae, but greater in old coccygeal vertebrae. Thus intervertebral discs and vertebrae age in a spinal region-dependent manner, but these differential age-related changes may be uncoupled from Wnt signaling. Overall, lumbar and coccygeal regions are not interchangeable in modeling human aging.
Multiphoton detachment in a static uniform magnetic field.

Multiphoton detachment cross sections for a negative ion in a static, uniform magnetic field are obtained in the approximation that electron-atom interactions are ignored in the final state. The final state is described by the analytic momentum-space wave function for an electron in the combined field of a laser and a static uniform magnetic field. The effects of a static-field-induced electron-photon interaction are stressed. Three consequences of our general formulas are discussed. First, the ponderomotive shift is modified by the magnetic field. It goes through a resonance at the cyclotron frequency and becomes negative for smaller frequencies. Second, for N-photon detachment of an s-shell electron by a laser of arbitrary strength, the effect of a weak magnetic field can be described near threshold by two modulation factors, one for even N and one for odd N, which depend only on a scaled energy. Third, cyclotron resonances are shown to exist under certain conditions, as demonstrated here for the specific example of multiphoton detachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ by a weak laser in an arbitrarily strong magnetic field.
The Epicardial Field Potential in Dog: Implications for Recording Site Density During Epicardial Mapping

Investigations into mechanisms and successful surgical therapy of ventricular tachycardia (VT) depend upon accurate endocardial/epicardial mapping. Deduction of local activation is based upon parameters derived from the field potentiai (FP) (monopolar recording) or its first spatial derivative (bipolar recording). Adequate electrode spacing is an assumption fundamental to the mapping process, but the electrode spacing required for accurate representation of the FP is unknown. The purpose of this work is to derive the electrode spacing necessary to accurately describe the FP on the epicardium. In 11 dogs, electrograms from vertical (V) (base to apex h) bands having 40 electrodes and horizontal (H) bands having 40 to 80 electrodes were sampled at I kHz. The spatial handwidths (BW) were computed according lo two criteria: (1) the frequency yielding 2% mean squared error (MSE) computed at the time of the greatest integrated magnitudes of the Fourier transform; and (2) the highest frequency bounding 95% power computed at each msec throughout the beat. Implied electrode spacings were defined according to the sampling theorem. The 5th percentiles of the implied electrode spacing distributions were used to define the widest interelectrode distance required to prevent spatial aliasing. H-5th percentile and V-5th percentile were, respectively; 2% MSE (3.5 mm, 2.3 mm); 95% power (3.6 mm, 2.3 mm). Thus, a typical 20-kg dog requires more than 250 recording sites for accurate epicardial mapping. Extrapolating to man, these results suggest inadequate electrode density may partially be responsible for incomplete and ambiguous reentry patterns often observed during intraoperutive mapping.
Beginning Reading Intervention as Inoculation or Insulin First-Grade Reading Performance of Strong Responders to Kindergarten Intervention

This study examined the first-grade reading progress of children who participated in an intensive beginning reading intervention in kindergarten. Specifically, the study investigated whether kindergarten intervention could prevent first-grade reading difficulties, or produce an “inoculation” effect, for some children under certain instructional conditions. Participants included children at risk for developing reading difficulties who received a 7-month beginning reading intervention in kindergarten. In October of first grade, 59 children who had achieved criterion levels on measures of phonological awareness and alphabetic knowledge were randomly assigned to one of two types of first-grade reading instruction: (a) code-based classroom instruction and a supplemental maintenance intervention, or (b) only code-based classroom instruction. February posttest measures assessed oral reading fluency, word reading, nonword reading, and comprehension. Between-group analyses indicated that instructional groups did n...
Geology of the North Slope of the Puerto Rico Trench

Abstract We use bathymetric and continuous seismic reflection profiles and rocks dredged in 1962 and 1964 to described topography, stratigraphy and structure of the North Slope of the Puerto Rico Trench between 65° 00′W and 66° 30′W. Abundant basalt, chert, pink and green claystone and minor limestone and soft mudstone were dredged from 3200–3700 fms at 20° 16′N, 65° 42′W. The basalt has porphyritic, amygdular or diabasic texture, is partly altered to montmorillonitic clay, contains plagioclase which is mainly labradorite or bytownite, is low in potassium and titanium, and is normally tholeiitic. The tentative stratigraphic succession of the North Slope is as follows: (1) Cenomanian basalt flows, possibly interbedded with chert, claystone and limestone, form the oceanic basement, and have compressional velocity near 5 km/sec. (2) Consolidated sediment, with compressional velocity of 3·0–4·5 km/sec, possibly not present everywhere, lies unconformably on the basement. Age is Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, and maximum thickness 300 m. (3) Acoustically transparent unconsolidated sediment mantles the basement and the consolidated sediment. Age is Late Tertiary and Quaternary, compressional velocity 1·5–2·6 km/sec, and maximum thickness 400 m. (4) Acoustically layered flat-lying unconsolidated sediment lies in east-west valleys in the North Slope, and forms the abyssal plain at the bottom of the Trench. Maximum thickness in the valleys is 500 m. Present evidence from echo-sounding and seismic reflection profiles is insufficient to indicate whether the scarps, ridges and valleys of the North Slope were formed by thrusting, normal faulting strike-slip faulting or gravity sliding or from a combination of these processes.
Esteem and ignorance

Abstract We consider how the demand for esteem shapes behavior in the labor market. When individuals care about what other people think of them, especially fearing bad evaluations, they may prefer jobs that hide information about their qualities. We see how such a motive can contribute to explanations of wage stickiness, high-powered incentives, search, up-or-out contracts, mandatory retirement, and related issues.
FROM THE GOLDEN AGE TO THE NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE: FISHERY MODELING IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

. If the Golden Age of fishery modeling is over, the New Industrial Age is beginning. In this new age (the early decades of the 21st century), we1 expect to see increasing use of high-level modeling tools, assessments closely tailored to each stock and its data, more multi-agency collaboration, wider use of multiple-model assessments, and extensive peer review of stock assessments. We hope that fishery management, as well, will be seen as a proper object of peer review, from which it should benefit substantially. We believe that increasing attention will be paid to financial efficiency, both in shaping data collection programs and in specifying what information must be modeled to effect management. If presently depleted stocks start to recover, analysts will be required to examine in more detail the dynamics of increasing stocks. That would constitute a pleasant duty, and one that may yield new insights in population biology.
Cathodic regeneration of a clean and ordered Cu(1 0 0)-(1×1) surface from an air-oxidized and disordered electrode: An operando STM study

In work related to the electrocatalysis of the CO_2 reduction reactions, we recently reported in This Journal the structure and composition of a Cu(100) electrode surface, pre-dosed at low levels of O_(2(g)) to simulate a Cu electrocatalyst unprotected from air, before and after immersion in alkaline electrolyte at fairly negative potentials to ascertain if an oxide-to-metal reduction reaction can be effected; experimental measurements were based upon ex situ techniques, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It was found that the mildly oxided surface remained ordered and could be cathodically reduced back to a well-ordered oxide-free Cu(100); the quality of the LEED pattern and AES spectrum was less than ideal, however, due to small amounts of base electrolyte remnant in the emersed layer. In this Short Communication, we present results from operando electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) that not only confirm the earlier observations but, more importantly, depict more accurately the actual electrocatalysis conditions. An as-received commercially oriented Cu(100) disk that had not been protected from air was observed to consist of narrow terraces encrusted with highly disordered oxides. Cyclic voltammetry and coulometry showed that the oxidized surface consisted of five monolayers of CuO and quarter of a monolayer of Cu_2O. Upon complete cathodic reduction of the interfacial oxides, the surface was found to have reverted to a single-crystalline Cu(100)-(1×1) structure. It may thus be inferred that, under the conditions of electrochemical CO_2 reduction, the Cu catalyst would exist as a zerovalent metal.
Intravenous manganese-mesoporphyrin as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: An experimental model using VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits

Rationale and Objectives. We investigated the potential of manganese (III) mesoporphyrin (Mn-mesoporphyrin) as a hepatobiliary contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in rabbits given VX-2 carcinoma liver implants. Methods. Rabbits given VX-2 carcinoma liver implants (n = 8) were imaged before and after the intravenous (IV) administration of 0.04 mmol/kg Mn-mesoporphyrin. MR images were correlated with gross-specimen cross-sections. The distribution of Mn in various tissues following IV administration of 0.04 mmol/kg Mn-mesoporphyrin was determined using atomic absorption analysis. A standard panel of serum chemistries was followed over 7 days in six rabbits following this same dose of Mn-mesoporphyrin and compared with chemistries from two control rabbits. Results. IV administration of 0.04 mmol/kg (25 mg/kg) Mn-mesoporphyrin resulted in improvement of tumor-to-liver contrast, with enhancement of normal liver (99.7 ± 14.7%) and the gallbladder (442 ± 116%), but not VX-2 tumor tissue (14.8 ± 13.9%), (n = 8, p = .05). Analysis of tissue Mn levels 100 min after IV Mn-mesoporphyrin injection demonstrated preferential distribution of Mn to normal liver tissue (57.8 ± 15.3 μg Mn/g) compared with VX-2 tumor (4.28 ± 1.48 μg Mn/g). No significant change was found in the serum chemistries of six normal rabbits over a 7-day period after the IV administration of 0.04 mmol/kg Mn-mesoporphyrin. Conclusion. IV Mn-mesoporphyrin improved lesion-to-liver contrast because of preferential distribution of Mn mesoporphyrin to normal liver parenchyma and bile.
High affinity binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate to eosinophils detected by laser scanning cytometry: a potential source of error in analysis of blood samples utilizing fluorescein-conjugated reagents in flow cytometry.

Background: In samples of peripheral blood cells processed using the commercial kits for detection of apoptosis based on DNA strand break labeling, a subpopulation of cells characterized by high green fluorescence, similar in intensity to that of apoptotic cells but more uniform, was consistently observed by flow cytometry. The labeled cells had no other features of apoptosis. The labeling was observed regardless of the fixative used and was evident in control samples lacking terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Common to all the kits that generated this labeling pattern was the presence of fluorescein (f) conjugated reagents, f-dUTP, f-avidin, or f-antibody. Methods: Laser scanning cytometry was used to identify the labeled cells and study the mechanism of labeling. Because it was suspected that the traces of unconjugated f-isothiocyanate (FITC) that may contaminate the reagents were responsible for the labeling, FITC binding affinity to white blood cells was studied. Gel electrophoresis was used to detect the presence of unconjugated FITC in the reagents. Results: After staining with Giemsa, the strongly fluorescent objects were identified as eosinophils with normal morphology and no evidence of apoptosis. The fluorescence was localized exclusively within the cytoplasmic granules. Labeling of eosinophils was observed at 2 nM concentration of FITC, which was over three orders of magnitude lower than that needed to label neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes. Gel electrophoresis of the f-conjugated reagents revealed only minor contamination with FITC. Conclusions: (1) Trace amounts of unconjugated FITC contaminating the reagents are adequate to strongly label eosinophils thereby introducing experimental bias in analysis of apoptosis and in other studies on blood cells utilizing f-labeled antibodies, e.g., in detecting cytokines. (2) FITC at concentration 2– 500 nM can be used as a marker of eosinophiles; (3) Because of high affinity to FITC, eosinophiles (or the protein from these cells) may serve as a means of removing traces of unconjugated FITC from the reagents during their manufacture or prior to use. Cytometry 36:77–82, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observation of phase separation in Hg 1−x Cd x Te solid solutions by low incident angle x-ray diffraction

The low incident angle (surface analysis) and the conventional wide angle (bulk analysis) x-ray diffraction techniques were employed to investigate the existence of a miscibility gap in the Hg1−xCdxTe system. Samples of initial composition Hg0.46Cd0.54Te were annealed at 140 and 400°C, respectively, for four weeks. The diffraction planes (531) and (642) have been selected for the x-ray diffraction analysis. The results of this work provide the first, direct experimental evidence for the existence of a miscibility gap at lower temperature in the Hg1−xCdxTe system. The phase separation occurs primarily in a thin surface layer at 140°C and is reversible after annealing at 530°C. The compositions of the two compounds at the tie-line at 140°C are Hg0.22Cd0.78Te and Hg0.63Cd0.37Te.
Hydroprocessing C5-C8 raffinates over metal-zeolite catalysts in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons

In the production of aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum refineries that have been set up in the fuel-petrochemical profile, large quantities of raffinates are produced. The low knock resistance of these raffinates is an obstacle to their use as an automotive gasoline component. It is not feasible to raise the octane number of the raffinates by conventional isomerization, as they contain large amounts of C 8 paraffinic hydrocarbons. In order to obtain the required octane number, it has been proposed that the raffinates should be processed over a catalyst that will give partial hydrocracking of the low-octane hydrocarbons.
Crystal growth and the fast reaction paradox: Mathematical resolution and implications for habit and compositional zoning

Fast reactions in the medium from which a crystal is growing (e.g., H + + HCO 3 − ↔ H 2 CO 3 ) occurring near the crystal surface can conflict with the stoichiometry of crystal formula-unit creation (e.g., CO 3 2− is readily incorporated in calcite but H + is not). As a result, a thin fast-reaction boundary layer (FRBL) is created within which the fast reactions are out of equilibrium even though they are maintained at equilibrium far from the crystal surface. The FRBL corrects the fluxes of components to and from the surface of the crystal; not taking the FRBL into account leads to violation of mass conservation. This “paradox” is resolved by showing how the equations of crystal growth can be solved in the fast-reaction limit without violating mass conservation. As this paradox was not understood in the literature, models and geological conclusions drawn should be re-examined.
Complex pathologies of angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms

Angiotensin II (AngII) is the primary bioactive peptide of the renin angiotensin system that plays a critical role in many cardiovascular diseases. Subcutaneous infusion of AngII into mice induces the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Like human AAAs, AngII-induced AAA tissues exhibit progressive changes and considerable heterogeneity. This complex pathology provides an impediment to the quantification of aneurysmal tissue composition by biochemical and immunostaining techniques. Therefore, while the mouse model of AngII-induced AAAs provides a salutary approach to studying the mechanisms of the evolution of AAAs in humans, meaningful interpretation of mechanisms requires consideration of the heterogeneous nature of the diseased tissue.
Wavelet-based temporal segmentation and analysis of body surface potential maps during PTCA-induced ischemia

The discrete wavelet transform is used to find lead-by-lead fiducial points of BSPM recordings. The space-varying ST segment can then be used to detect and characterise changes induced by ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Bacterial Cyanuric Acid Hydrolase for Water Treatment.

ABSTRACT Di- and trichloroisocyanuric acids are widely used as water disinfection agents, but cyanuric acid accumulates with repeated additions and must be removed to maintain free hypochlorite for disinfection. This study describes the development of methods for using a cyanuric acid-degrading enzyme contained within nonliving cells that were encapsulated within a porous silica matrix. Initially, three different bacterial cyanuric acid hydrolases were compared: TrzD from Acidovorax citrulli strain 12227, AtzD from Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, and CAH from Moorella thermoacetica ATCC 39073. Each enzyme was expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli and tested for cyanuric acid hydrolase activity using freely suspended or encapsulated cell formats. Cyanuric acid hydrolase activities differed by only a 2-fold range when comparing across the different enzymes with a given format. A practical water filtration system is most likely to be used with nonviable cells, and all cells were rendered nonviable by heat treatment at 70°C for 1 h. Only the CAH enzyme from the thermophile M. thermoacetica retained significant activity under those conditions, and so it was tested in a flowthrough system simulating a bioreactive pool filter. Starting with a cyanuric acid concentration of 10,000 μM, more than 70% of the cyanuric acid was degraded in 24 h, it was completely removed in 72 h, and a respike of 10,000 μM cyanuric acid a week later showed identical biodegradation kinetics. An experiment conducted with water obtained from municipal swimming pools showed the efficacy of the process, although cyanuric acid degradation rates decreased by 50% in the presence of 4.5 ppm hypochlorite. In total, these experiments demonstrated significant robustness of cyanuric acid hydrolase and the silica bead materials in remediation.
What is (the) Mishnah? Concluding Observations

If the scholarly works discussed here are any indication, as I believe they are, the study of the Mishnah is alive and well. Yet a question immediately suggests itself: Do the works under consideration here together constitute a new approach to the Mishnah and thus inaugurate a new era in mishnaic studies?
State-Space Constitutive Model for Magnetization and Magnetostriction of Galfenol Alloys

We present a thermodynamic model that quantifies the magnetization and magnetostriction of annealed or unannealed Galfenol alloys subjected to magnetic fields and mechanical stresses. The model requires a small number of parameters directly related to physical properties of the data, thus providing a useful tool for material characterization and design. Furthermore, the model is formulated in state-space form, which simplifies computations for design and control of Galfenol devices.