cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the high-temperature strength properties of reactor materials after fabrication

Abstract Possibilities are reviewed for improving the high-temperature strength properties of three nickel-base alloys after fabrication of sheet material. Creep and tensile data are presented for Inconel, Hastelloy B, and INOR-8. Depending on the material and service conditions, improvements in strength can be brought about by any of three treatments: (1) annealing or aging, (2) carburization, and (3) environmental control during service. Data showing the relative strengthening by each of these means are presented. Carburization produces the greatest increase in creep strength. Although the improvements are not as pronounced as in the case of carburization, nitriding and oxidising environments also can increase the creep life over the life in argon. Optimum annealing or aging treatments, however, are dependent on the anticipated service temperature and stress.
Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials of the Mississippi River

Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials were determined for water samples from 12 sites along the Mississippi River from Minneapolis, MN, to New Orleans, LA, for the summer and fall of 1991 and the spring of 1992. The formation potentials increased with distance upstream, approximately paralleling the increase of the dissolved organic-carbon concentration. The pH and the dissolved organic-carbon and free-chlorine concentrations were significant variables in the prediction of the formation potentials. The trihalomethane formation potential increased as the pH increased, whereas the nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potential decreased. All formation potentials increased as the dissolved organic-carbon and free-chlorine concentrations increased, with the dissolved organic-carbon concentration having a much greater effect.
S-Cholesteryl Alkanethioates

Abstract A homologous series of S-cholesteryl alkanethioates was prepared by reaction of 3β-mercaptocholest-5-ene with the imidazolides of alkanoic acids. The mesomorphic properties of 20 members, S-cholesteryl thioformate through eicosanethioate were determined. All alkanethioates are monotropic cholesteric except the cholesteryl thioformate. Cholesteryl thioheptanoate and all higher homologues in this series also exhibit a monotropic smectic mesophase. A comparison with the corresponding cholesteryl alkanoates shows that the replacement of the ester group by the thiol ester group leads to an increase in both the smectic-cholesteric and the cholesteric-isotropic transition temperatures.
Proestrus levels of estradiol during transient global cerebral ischemia improves the histological outcome of the hippocampal CA1 region: perfusion-dependent and-independent mechanisms

Abstract We conducted this study to determine whether high physiological levels of estradiol (proestrus) could protect the hippocampal CA1 neurons following transient global ischemia. Ovariectomized or ovary-intact female rats were subjected to 20 min of ischemia and allowed to survive for 96 h. Estradiol was administered subcutaneously in a group of ovariectomized rats 24 h before ischemia induction. Ending serum estrogen levels were correlated to cerebral blood flow (CBF), histologic assessment and immunofluorescent caspase-3 active peptide (C-3AP) positive cell count. Estradiol administration significantly improved CBF in the hippocampus (compared with intact or ovariectomized rats) but not in the parietal cortex. No significant differences in CBF between intact or ovariectomized rats were noted. Estradiol administration maintained serum levels of the steroid in estradiol-treated rats—about 10 times that of intact animals and more than 20 times that of ovariectomized animals. Morphologically, live cell counts in estradiol-treated rats were significantly higher than in intact or ovariectomized rats. Live cell counts were also significantly higher in intact than ovariectomized rats. C-3AP positive cell counts were much higher in ovariectomized rats than in intact and estradiol-treated rats. In conclusion, proestrus levels of 17β-estradiol protect hippocampal CA1 neurons against transient global ischemia, through mechanisms that appear to involve improvement of perfusion and inhibition of caspase-3 activity.
Annihilation prediction for lanchester-type models of modern warfare with logistics constraints☆

Abstract Force-annihilation-prediction conditions are developed for Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare in which an important type of logistics constraint (limited ammunition) has been incorporated into the attrition-rate coefficients. Conceptually, combat is decomposed into two processes: (1) attrition and (2) logistics (ammunition consumption). After a discussion of Lanchester-type modelling of logistics processes for different levels of combat operations, a Lanchester-type homogenous-force model of a fire fight in small-scale combat (during which there is assumed to be no redistribution of ammunition) is presented with limited ammunition for each combatant being represented by time-dependent attrition-rate coefficients with compact support. Since physical/operational considerations compel one to sometimes consider discontinous attrition-rate coefficients, previous force-annihilation-prediction conditions developed under more restrictive conditions are extended to the general case of nonnegative, integrable attrition-rate coefficients and applied to the logistics-constrained Lanchester-type model developed here. The qualitative structure of battle outcome as a function of the initial force ratio for such logistics-constrained battles is discussed and several numerical examples given, which show that the situation considered here is a special case of time-constrained combat. These results allow one to study a broader class of variable-coefficient combat models of considerable tactical interest (e.g., models of logistics-constrained combat) almost as easily and thoroughly as Lanchester's classic constant-coefficient model (without logistics constraints).
Recent trends in rehabilitation interventions for visual neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia following right hemisphere stroke

This article highlights the most recent findings regarding the rehabilitation interventions for the syndromes of visual neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia that occur following right hemisphere stroke. We review papers published in the past 4 years pertaining to therapeutic approaches for these two syndromes in order to identify the trends in the development of effective interventions. Overall, it appears well recognized that visual neglect syndromes and awareness syndromes frequently co-occur and both include complex, multifaceted impairments leading to significant difficulties in daily life functioning following stroke. Thus, the interventions for these syndromes must be multifaceted in order to address the complex interplay of cognitive–behavioral–emotional components. There appears to be a trend for using combination therapeutic interventions that address these components.
High-performance strain-compensated InGaAs-GaAsP-GaAs (/spl lambda/=1.17 μm) quantum well diode lasers

This letter reports studies on highly strained and strain-compensated InGaAs quantum-well (QW) active diode lasers on GaAs substrates, fabricated by low-temperature (550/spl deg/C) metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth. Strain compensation of the (compressively strained) InGaAs QW is investigated by using either InGaP (tensile-strained) cladding layer or GaAsP (tensile-strained) barrier layers. High-performance /spl lambda/=1.165 /spl mu/m laser emission is achieved from InGaAs-GaAsP strain-compensated QW laser structures, with threshold current densities of 65 A/cm/sup 2/ for 1500-/spl mu/m-cavity devices and transparency current densities of 50 A/cm/sup 2/. The use of GaAsP-barrier layers are also shown to significantly improve the internal quantum efficiency of the highly strained InGaAs-active laser structure. As a result, external differential quantum efficiencies of 56% are achieved for 500-/spl mu/m-cavity length diode lasers.
Exome sequencing and in vitro studies identified podocalyxin as a candidate gene for focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

Our understanding of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has advanced significantly from the studies of rare, monogenic forms of the disease. These studies have demonstrated the critical roles of multiple aspects of podocyte function in maintaining glomerular function. A substantial body of research has suggested that the integral membrane protein podocalyxin (PODXL) is required for proper functioning of podocytes, possibly by preserving the patency of the slit diaphragm by negative charge–based repulsion. Exome sequencing of affected cousins from an autosomal dominant pedigree with FSGS identified a cosegregating private variant, PODXL p.L442R, affecting the transmembrane region of the protein. Of the remaining 11 shared gene variants, two segregated with disease, but their gene products were not detected in the glomerulus. In comparison with wild type, this disease-segregating PODXL variant facilitated dimerization. By contrast, this change does not alter protein stability, extracellular domain glycosylation, cell surface expression, global subcellular localization, or interaction with its intracellular binding partner ezrin. Thus, a variant form of PODXL remains the most likely candidate causing FSGS in one family with autosomal dominant inheritance, but its full effect on protein function remains unknown. Our work highlights the challenge faced in the clinical interpretation of whole-exome data for small pedigrees with autosomal dominant diseases.
Breadmaking Quality of Selected Durum Wheat Genotypes and Its Relationship with High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits Allelic Variation and Gluten Protein Polymeric Composition

ABSTRACT Twenty-seven durum wheat genotypes originating from different geographical areas, all expressing LMW-2 at Glu-B3, and five bread wheats were evaluated for flour mixing properties, dough physical characteristics, and baking performance. Gluten polymeric composition was studied using size-exclusion HPLC of unreduced flour protein extracts. As a group, durum wheats had poorer baking quality than bread wheats in spite of higher protein and total polymer concentrations. Durum wheats exhibited weaker gluten characteristics, which could generally be attributed to a reduced proportion of SDS-unextractable polymer, and produced less extensible doughs than did bread wheats. However, substantial variation in breadmaking quality attributes was observed among durum genotypes. Better baking performance was generally associated with greater dough extensibility and protein content, but not with gluten strength related parameters. Extensibility did not correlate with gluten strength or SEHPLC parameters. Genotype...
Surrogate buyers and the new product adoption process: a conceptualization and managerial framework

Models the role and impact of a relatively new intermediary, the surrogate buyers, on the new product adoption process. Existing diffusion models have ignored the impact of this intermediary who is becoming increasingly influential in many product categories/ purchase situations. Given the increasing product complexity and a plethora of product‐related information in the market, buyers are delegating the task of processing this information and making purchase decisions to surrogate buyers (such as wardrobe consultants, interior decorators). Examines the impact of such delegation on the adoption process. The inclusion of surrogate buyers not only makes the adoption process two‐staged, but also has other important managerial implications because of the unique characteristics of surrogate buyers. Develops a conceptual model to examine the impact of these characteristics on the adoption process and presents strategies to market new products successfully in situations where the surrogate buyers are the primary adopting units.
Radiation-induced intracranial malignant fibrous histiocytoma

An autopsy case of radiation-induced intracranial malignant fibrous histiocytoma (fibroxanthosarcoma) is reported. The tumor developed in the region of the sella turcica 11 years after high dose radiotherapy of a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. The tumor had infiltrated the base of the brain as well as the base of the skull. Metastases were not found. The tumor was composed of an admixture of bizarre fibroblasts, histiocytes and giant cells, xanthoma cells and siderophages, with a storiform fibrous stroma. This appears to be the first documented instance of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma occurring intracranially after local x-irradiation.
Brg1 Governs a Positive Feedback Circuit in the Hair Follicle for Tissue Regeneration and Repair

Hair follicle stem cells (bulge cells) are essential for hair regeneration and early epidermal repair after wounding. Here we show that Brg1, a key enzyme in the chromatin-remodeling machinery, is dynamically expressed in bulge cells to control tissue regeneration and repair. In mice, sonic hedgehog (Shh) signals Gli to activate Brg1 in bulge cells to begin hair regeneration, whereas Brg1 recruits NF-κB to activate Shh in matrix cells to sustain hair growth. Such reciprocal Brg1-Shh interaction is essential for hair regeneration. Moreover, Brg1 is indispensable for maintaining the bulge cell reservoir. Without Brg1, bulge cells are depleted over time, partly through the ectopic expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1). Also, bulge Brg1 is activated by skin injury to facilitate early epidermal repair. Our studies demonstrate a molecular circuit that integrates chromatin remodeling (Brg1), transcriptional regulation (NF-κB, Gli), and intercellular signaling (Shh) to control bulge stem cells during tissue regeneration.
Fundamental aspects of film nucleation and growth in chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The importance of surface reconstruction plus the generation of stress and electric fields at expanding islands during film formation are extremely important considerations for both surface cluster formation and ledge movement kinetics in the overall film deposition process. Using computer simulations and semi-empirical potential energy functions for Si and GaAs, both long-range field effects and cluster excess energy effects are demonstrated. Using a continuum approach with a ledge energy that depends on cluster radius, great differences relative to the classical nucleation picture are found. For vicinal surface orientations, an equation for film growth velocity is developed which incorporates gas phase transport, surface transport, ledge collection efficiency, ledge attachment kinetics and excess energy storage due to deposition stress and adsorbate trapping. The paper first treats the case of Si film formation from SiH 4 in H 2 with only SiH 2 forming in the adlayer. It then extends the treatment to deal with other Si intermediates formed in the adlayer which then desorb into the gas phase. Finally, the treatment is extended to consider SiN x film formation from SiH 4 + NH 3 in H 2 .
The Most Cost-Effective Integrator (TSV Interposer) for 3D IC Integration System-in-Package (SiP)

The significant roles of Cu-filled TSV passive interposers for 3D IC integration are investigated in this study. Emphasis is placed on the roles they play as: (1) substrates; (2) carriers; (3) thermal management tools; and (4) reliability buffers. It is shown that the Cu-filled TSV passive interposers are the most cost-effective integrator for 3D IC integration system-in-package (SiP).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Can prenatal ultrasound findings predict ambulatory status in fetuses with open spina bifida

Abstract Objective: To determine whether prenatal sonographic findings in fetuses with open spina bifida can predict ambulatory potential and the need for postnatal shunt placement. Study Design: Ongoing pregnancies complicated by isolated open spina bifida from January 1996 to March 2000 were studied retrospectively. Static images and reports generated every 3-4 weeks from diagnosis until delivery were reviewed for lesion level and type, ventricular width, and lower extremity appearance. Operative summaries as well as neonatal and pediatric charts were reviewed. Ambulatory was defined in infants ≥2 years old as walking with or without appliances. In those
Born under a bad sign? Astrological sign and suicide ideation.

This study tests the thesis that the internalization of the traits associated with astrological signs affects suicide ideation. Data are from a national sample (N = 7,508). Only the most negativistic sign of Pisces was significantly associated with suicide ideation. Language: en
Paths in spaces of homeomorphisms on the plane

Abstract The path components and connected components are determined for the space H ( C ) of homeomorphisms on the complex plane C for the three cases that H ( C ) has the pointwise topology, the compact-open topology, and the fine topology. The space H ( C ) is also considered with the uniform topology, but the characterization of the path components and connected components there is left as an open question.
Application of whole slide image markup and annotation for pathologist knowledge capture.

Objective: The ability to transfer image markup and annotation data from one scanned image of a slide to a newly acquired image of the same slide within a single vendor platform was investigated. The goal was to study the ability to use image markup and annotation data files as a mechanism to capture and retain pathologist knowledge without retaining the entire whole slide image (WSI) file. Methods: Accepted mathematical principles were investigated as a method to overcome variations in scans of the same glass slide and to accurately associate image markup and annotation data across different WSI of the same glass slide. Trilateration was used to link fixed points within the image and slide to the placement of markups and annotations of the image in a metadata file. Results: Variation in markup and annotation placement between WSI of the same glass slide was reduced from over 80 μ to less than 4 μ in the x-axis and from 17 μ to 6 μ in the y-axis ( P < 0.025). Conclusion: This methodology allows for the creation of a highly reproducible image library of histopathology images and interpretations for educational and research use.
Sources of Information on International Marketing: A Checklist

There are a multitude of sources of value to researchers who require information on international marketing. This holds true for the person seeking those sources or for those whose function it is to provide information. Whether you are teacher, student, marketing executive, or scholar, you might save yourself hours of time by using these references.
Reaction dynamics on the formation of 1- and 3-cyanopropylene in the crossed beams reaction of ground-state cyano radicals (CN) with propylene (C3H6) and its deuterated isotopologues.

Crossed molecular beams experiments were utilized to explore the chemical reaction dynamics of ground-state cyano radicals, CN(X2Σ+), with propylene (CH3CHCH2) together with two d3-isotopologues (CD3CHCH2, CH3CDCD2) as potential pathways to form organic nitriles under single collision conditions in the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan and in the interstellar medium. On the basis of the center-of-mass translational and angular distributions, the reaction dynamics were deduced to be indirect and commenced via an addition of the electrophilic cyano radical with its radical center to the α-carbon atom of the propylene molecule yielding a doublet radical intermediate: CH3CHCH2CN. Crossed beam experiments with propylene-1,1,2-d3 (CH3CDCD2) and propylene-3,3,3-d3 (CD3CHCH2) indicated that the reaction intermediates CH3CDCD2CN (from propylene-1,1,2-d3) and CD3CHCH2CN (from propylene-3,3,3-d3) eject both atomic hydrogen through tight exit transition states located about 40−50 kJmol−1 above the separated products:...
An analytical model of the knee for estimation of internal forces during exercise

An analytical model of the knee joint was developed to estimate the forces at the knee during exercise. Muscle forces were estimated based upon electromyographic activities during exercise and during maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle fiber length at contraction and the maximum force produced by an unit PCSA under MVIC. Tibiofemoral compressive force and cruciate ligaments' tension were determined by using resultant force and torque at the knee, muscle forces, and orientations and moment arms of the muscles and ligaments. An optimization program was used to minimize the errors caused by the estimation of the muscle forces. The model was used in a ten-subject study of open kinetic chain exercise (seated knee extension) and closed kinetic chain exercises (leg press and squat). Results calculated with this model were compared to those from a previous study which did not consider muscle length and optimization. Peak tibiofemoral compressive forces were 3134 +/- 1040 N during squat, 3155 +/- 755 N during leg press and 3285 +/- 1927 N during knee extension. Peak posterior cruciate ligament tensions were 1868 +/- 878 N during squat, 1866 +/- 383 N during leg press and 959 +/- 300 N for seated knee extension. No significant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tension was found during leg press and squat. Peak ACL tension was 142 +/- 257 N during seated knee extension. It is demonstrated that the current model provided better estimation of knee forces during exercises, by preventing significant overestimates of tibiofemoral compressive forces and cruciate ligament tensions.
Therapeutic hypothermia on neonatal transport: 4-year experience in a single NICU.

Therapeutic hypothermia instituted within 6 h of birth has been shown to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in term newborns with moderate–to–severe hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The majority of infants who would benefit from cooling are born at centers that do not offer the therapy, and adding the time for transport will result in delays in therapy, that may lead to suboptimal or no neuroprotection for some patients. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of our center's experience with therapeutic hypothermia on neonatal transport. Retrospective review of all cases of therapeutic hypothermia at a single neonatal intensive care unit from 2005 to 2009. Of 50 infants with HIE treated with hypothermia, 40 were outborn and 35 were cooled on transport. The majority of patients were passively cooled by the referring clinicians, then actively cooled by our transport team. Overcooling to <32 °C occurred in 34% of patients, but there were no significant differences in admission vital signs or laboratory values between overcooled and appropriately cooled infants. The average time after birth of initiation of passive cooling was 1.4 h and active cooling was 2.7 h compared with the time of admission to our unit of 5.9 h. We discuss the important aspects of our program, including the education of referring and receiving clinicians and avoidance of overcooling.
Factors Affecting Sound Velocity (Triggering Frequency) in Fats and Oils

Abstract Triggering frequency (cps), an indirect and highly accurate indicator of sound velocity, was measured at 65 C in animal and vegetable oils. Each measurement was made after about 5 minutes of temperature equilibration with an instrument known as the Solution Analyzer, manufactured by Chesapeake Instrument Corporation, Shadyside, Maryland. Oils containing more unsaturated fatty acids, as determined by iodine values, revealed higher frequencies. Lipids containing large percentages of longer-chained fatty acids also revealed higher frequencies. Butteroil, being highly saturated and containing large quantities of short-chained fatty acids, revealed a frequency that was approximately 262 to 363 cps less than those of corn, soybean, cottonseed, peanut, safflower or olive oils. Frequencies from partly saturated margarine and shortening oils were slightly less than those in the vegetable oils, but at least 189 cps above butteroil. Coconut oil was the only oil that revealed a value lower than butteroil. The effect on the frequency of several added or naturally occurring constituents in fats and oils was also determined. In addition the greatest possible frequency range (53 cps) for 126 butteroil samples from selected sections of Wisconsin over 13 months was determined. A linear relationship existed between ratios of individual animal or vegetable oils to butteroil and the corresponding frequency at 65 C. This relationship may be useful in detecting adulteration of butteroil with other fats and oils, and in analyzing products containing mixtures of butteroil and other oils.
Ion Transport through Membrane-Spanning Nanopores Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Continuum Electrostatics Calculations

Narrow hydrophobic regions are a common feature of biological channels, with possible roles in ion-channel gating. We study the principles that govern ion transport through narrow hydrophobic membrane pores by molecular dynamics simulation of model membranes formed of hexagonally packed carbon nanotubes. We focus on the factors that determine the energetics of ion translocation through such nonpolar nanopores and compare the resulting free-energy barriers for pores with different diameters corresponding to the gating regions in closed and open forms of potassium channels. Our model system also allows us to compare the results from molecular dynamics simulations directly to continuum electrostatics calculations. Both simulations and continuum calculations show that subnanometer wide pores pose a huge free-energy barrier for ions, but a small increase in the pore diameter to approximately 1 nm nearly eliminates that barrier. We also find that in those wider channels the ion mobility is comparable to that in the bulk phase. By calculating local electrostatic potentials, we show that the long range Coulomb interactions of ions are strongly screened in the wide water-filled channels. Whereas continuum calculations capture the overall energetics reasonably well, the local water structure, which is not accounted for in this model, leads to interesting effects such as the preference of hydrated ions to move along the pore wall rather than through the center of the pore.
Uncovering the mystery: factors of African American suicide

Traditionally, African Americans have registered lower rates of suicide than other ethnic groups. In the last 20 years this pattern has changed, particularly among young African Americans. To date, the research conducted regarding this phenomenon has been limited for a variety of reasons and previous research has been inconclusive in determining risk factors of African American suicide. The purpose of this paper is to identify risk and protective factors specific to African American suicide. To determine the factors, the 1993 National Mortality Follow-back Survey was analyzed. The risk factors identified include being under age 35, southern and northeastern residence, cocaine use, firearm presence in home, and threatening others with violence. Some of the protective factors associated with African American suicide include rural residence and educational attainment. These results provide valuable information about completed African American suicides in relation to Whites. Several of these factors are unique to African Americans.
Spectral, Temporal and Coherence Properties of Supercontinuum Generation in a Photonic Crystal Fiber

Spectral, temporal and coherence properties of the supercontinuum generation in the photonic fiber were investigated using a novel spectral interferometry approach. It is shown that the coherence is high for the blue-shifted radiation and low for the soliton wavelength region. The multiple channels generation is demonstrated using two time-delayed pulses.
A new study of the problem of compatible impedances

It is a classical result, known as Darlington's theorem, that every rational positive-real function z(p) is realizable as the input impedance of a lumped reciprocal reactance two-port tuner Nt closed at the far end on 1 Ω. The theorem is evidently false if the 1 Ω termination is replaced by some prescribed non-constant positive-real impedance z1(p) . Any z(p) synthesizable in this more restrictive manner is said to be compatible with z1(p) and we write z∼z1 to indicate the correspondence. The determination of necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of z∼z1 is the problem of compatible impedances. Of the four better-known network treatments, only that of Schoeffler IRE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-8, 131–137 (1961) is completely correct, although severely restricted in scope. In particular, the remaining three contain a common error which appears to have propagated because a constraint on the ratio of even parts ze(p)/z1e(p) derived by Schoeffler is unnecessary if z(p) is not minimum-reactance. The main theorems of Wohlers (IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-12, 528–535 (1965)) and Satyanaryana and Chen (J. Franklin Inst., 309, 267–280 (1980)) are very similar in structure to our Theorem 3 but considerably more complex and do not provide a sufficiently explicit description of the associated tuner Nt. In fact (Theorem 1), with the exception of a physically irrelevant degeneracy (which is easily detected), Nt, when it exists, must possess an impedance matrix Z(p). Moreover, the latter can be effectively parametrized in terms of z(p), z1(p) and a regular-allpass b(p) found as the solution of a standard interpolation problem of the Nevalinna–Pick type. Three fully worked examples clarify the theory and also illustrate many of the numerical steps. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interrelationships between Cloud Properties and Sea Surface Temperatures on Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales

Abstract Monthly means of selected variables of the 2.5° International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C2 total cloud cover (CC), cloud-top pressure (CTP), and cloud water (CW) are statistically related to sea surface temperature (SST). The statistical tools utilized include intra- and interannual correlation, regression, and composite empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses. The dominant intra- and interannual composite EOFs all show that CC, CTP, and CW departures have spatially coherent links with those of SST. The second most important intra-annual functions also show coherent relations, which are about three months out of phase with those of the dominant functions. The regression analysis suggests that this phase relation may be explained by significant correlations of the cloud variables with not only SST, but also with the time derivative of SST (dSST/dt). For instance, in the tropical Pacific increased CC is accompanied by increases in SST but decreases in dSST/dt, and increased C...
Role of galaptin in ovarian carcinoma adhesion to extracellular matrix in vitro.

Immunohistochemical studies indicated that galaptin is a major protein of ovarian carcinoma cells present in patient effusions and it is distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that galaptin is also a major protein of the A121 ovarian carcinoma cell line, constituting ≤1% of extractable protein bound by DEAE Sephacel. Western blot analyses revealed that the galaptin present in ovarian carcinoma consists of a 14.5 KD subunit. Ovarian carcinoma and mesothelial cells isolated from patient effusions display surface receptors for galaptin with an apparently greater density of receptors present on the carcinoma cells. A121 cells also display surface receptors for galaptin: binding sites/cell = 3 × 108 and Ka = 1.2 × 109M−1. The presence of galaptin in bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCEC) and BCED-derived extracellular matrix (ECM)was demonstrated by ELISA. Of the total ECM-bound galaptin, about 75% appears to be insoluble in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) lactose. ECM was also found to contain abundant receptors for galaptin. Treatment of ECM with lactose increased the apparent galaptin receptor density:binding sites/cm2 = 7 × 1013 and Ka = 2.6 × 109 M−1. Pretreatment of A121 cells with galaptin inhibited adhesion to ECM. The addition of exogenous galaptin to ECM had variable effect on cell adhesion. The data presented here suggest that early adhesion events may be carbohydrate-specific involving interaction between ECM-bound galaptin and cell surface galaptin receptors.
Working Time on Mars

The constancy of clock time as an effective work support technology has made it almost impossible to imagine a modern organization where time, specifically standard clock time, is not a component of the organizational infrastructure. Demonstrating the degree to which clock time has become embedded within the organizational sphere are the ways in which clock time operates as though it were a natural phenomenon, rather than a human-built technology (Adam, 1990; Anderson, 1964; Bluedorn, 2002; de Grazia, 1964; Zerubavel, 1981). The naturalization of clock time within organizations is evidenced by the reified assumption technology of clock time is fixed and cannot be modified to support contextually based temporal rhythms of work. The opportunity to challenge particular notions about the relationship between time and work is found in the organization of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers mission (MER). In addition to standard clock time, the MER mission employed an extra-terrestrial version of standard clock time, known as “Mars time,” to track the presence and absence of sunlight on Mars. Drawing on empirical data, I foreground the inadequacies of the time support technologies that led me to question the use of standard clock time as a way of ordering the experience of time on Mars. I argue that the naturalization of clock time within post-industrial organizations contributed to this occasion in which the scientific exploration of Mars was conducted according to an agrarian era temporal rhythm but for which work support was organized around an industrial era time/work relationship.
Selective Deposition of Thin Films for Integrated Notch Filters in Optofluidic Sensors

Selective deposition of dielectric thin films on an optofluidic sensor provides the means for localized, on-chip optical filtering. These integrated filters can provide increased sensitivity to fluorescence signals without the need for external (off-chip) components.
Actions and interactions of cocaine on self-stimulation behavior in rats.

The effect of cocaine, over a dose range of 2–60 mg/kg, i.p., on self-stimulation (SS) behavior was studied in rats with electrodes either in the posterior hypothalamus (PH, monoaminergic) or the area ventralis tegmentum (A10, dopaminergic). The drug increased SS behavior with peak effects at 30 mg/kg in PH rats and 20 mg/kg in A10 rats. Azaperone (an α-adrenergic blocker) and haloperidol (an antidopaminergic neuroleptic) given at doses that did not affect baseline SS responses reduced cocaine-induced enhancement of SS in both PH and A10 rats, showing the involvement of both noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in SS behavior. A scopolamine dose that itself facilitated SS responding enhanced the effect of cocaine on this behavior, thus suggesting an additional involvement of cholinergic mechanism in cocaine effect.
Extraction and quantification of acrosin, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulfatase-A from equine ejaculated spermatozoa.

Acrosin, Arysulfatase A, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase are three key enzymes localized within the mammalian acrosome that play a pivotal role in the penetration of the oocyte. The objectives of this study were to compare two methods of enzyme extraction based on the activities of these enzymes from equine spermatozoa. Method A utilized a 0.5M Tris-maleate buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and Hyamine 2389. Method B used 0.05M Tris-HCl, 0.05M MgCl2 in 0.05M Tris-maleate, followed by 0.05M Tris-maleate containing 0.1% Triton X-100. Results indicated that acrosin was initially bound in an acrosin-acrosin inhibitor complex; this complex was dissociated after incubating the extract in 2 mM Hcl. Significant (P < 0.001) increases in acrosin activity were found after acid extraction from 0.076 U/mg after Method B to 0.327 U/mg after Method A. Arylsulfatase A activity was found to have a higher mean activity (P < 0.03) after Method A (0.012 U/mg) as opposed to Method B (0.007 U/mg). Similarly, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase was found to have a higher mean specific activity (P < 0.001) after Method A (0.037 U/mg) as compared to Method B (0.008 U/mg). This is the first report of the quantification of these enzymes from equine spermatozoa which can ultimately be used as an index of acrosomal damage in cryopreserved semen, and provide additional insight into biochemical alterations between normal vs. Abnormal semen. J. Exp. Zool. 279:301–308, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visualizing Turbulent Flow

Introduction The images shown in Figure 1 display a single time step of a turbulent flow simulation computed by Dr. Thomas J. R. Hughes, Professor of Aerospace Engineering, and Victor Calo at The University of Texas at Austin. This research examines how a fluid running over a flat plate suddenly becomes turbulent. The smooth flow seen at the left-hand side of the volume has low-amplitude fluctuations that interact with the smooth, laminar boundary layer of the fluid. As the energy of the fluctuations is convected downward into the boundary layer, there is a sudden explosion of the entire flow into turbulence. The left-most image of Figure 1 displays the left to right nature of the fluid as it passes over the flat plate, showing the turbulent boundary layer. The middle image shows the volumetric flow with sheet of particles inserted at designated locations to show increasing turbulent behavior. The right-most image in Figure 1 is a close up of particle sheets showing local velocity fluctuations inside the turbulent boundary layer.
Chemical reactions following the IRMPD of C2F3Cl

C2F3Cl is photolyzed with a TEA-CO2 laser at 1050.44 cm−1 with focussed fluences up to 280 J/cm2. The stable products in the IRMPD of C2F3Cl are determined for up to 10 Torr of C2F3Cl being photolyzed both neat and with added O2. C2F4 and trans-C2F2Cl2 are found to occur in the greatest yield though C3F5Cl, C3F4Cl2, C4F7Cl, and C2F3Cl3 also appear to be primary products. When O2 is present F2CO, FClCO, and CF2ClCOF are the exclusive products. The formation of these products are for the most part consistent with a carbene formation dissociation mechanism for C2F3Cl IRMPD. C2F3Cl3 may best be explained by another mechanism competitive with carbene formation. Many products attributed to secondary photolysis mechanisms are observed for long photolysis times.
ISASS Policy Statement - cervical interbody.

Morgan Lorio, MD, FACS, Chair, ISASS Task Force on Coding & Reimbursement In 2011, CPT code 22551 was revised to combine or bundle CPT codes 63075 and 22554 when both procedures were performed at the same site/same surgical session. The add on code +22552 is used to report each additional interspace. 2014 heralded a downward pressure on this now prime target code (for non-coverage?) 22551 through an egregious insurer attempt to redefine cervical arthrodesis, effectively removing spine surgeon choice and altering best practice without clinical evidence. Currently, spine surgeons are equally split on the use of allograft versus cages for cervical arthrodesis. Structural allograft, CPT code 20931, is reported once per same surgical session, regardless of the number of allografts used. CPT code 22851 which is designated solely for cage use, has a higher reimbursement than structural allograft, and may be reported for each inner space. Hence, the rationale behind why some payers wrongly consider “spine cages NOT medically necessary for cervical fusion.” A timely consensus paper summarizing spine surgeon purview on the logical progressive evolution of cervical interbody fusion for ISASS/IASP membership was strategically identified as an advocacy focus by the ISASS Task Force. ISASS appreciates the authors’ charge with gratitude. This article has both teeth and transparent clinical real-world merit.
An exonucleolytic activity of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease on 3′ mispaired DNA

Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) is an essential enzyme in DNA base excision repair that cuts the DNA backbone immediately adjacent to the 5' side of abasic sites to facilitate repair synthesis by DNA polymerase beta (ref. 1). Mice lacking the murine homologue of APE1 die at an early embryonic stage. Here we report that APE1 has a DNA exonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules. The efficiency of this activity is inversely proportional to the gap size in DNA. In a base excision repair system reconstituted in vitro, the rejoining of nicked mismatched DNA depended on the presence of APE1, indicating that APE1 may increase the fidelity of base excision repair and may represent a new 3' mispaired DNA repair mechanism. The exonuclease activity of APE1 can remove the anti-HIV nucleoside analogues 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-didehydro-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine from DNA, suggesting that APE1 might have an impact on the therapeutic index of antiviral compounds in this category.
Elapsed time on arrival: a simple and versatile primitive for canonical time synchronisation services

Time synchronisation is one of the most important and fundamental middleware services for wireless sensor networks. However, there is an apparent disconnect between existing time synchronisation implementations and the actual needs of current typical sensor network applications. To address this problem, we formulate a set of canonical time synchronisation services distilled from actual applications and propose a set of general application programming interfaces for providing them. We argue that these services can be implemented using a simple time-stamping primitive called Elapsed Time on Arrival (ETA) and we provide two such implementations. The Routing Integrated Time Synchronisation (RITS) is an extension of ETA over multiple hops. It is a reactive time synchronisation protocol that can be used to correlate multiple event detections at one or more locations to within microseconds. Rapid Time Synchronisation (RATS) is a proactive timesync protocol that utilises RITS to achieve network-wide synchronisation with microsecond precision and rapid convergence. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to build high-performance timesync services using the simple ETA primitive and suggests that more complex mechanisms may be unnecessary to meet the needs of many real world sensor network applications.
ARE THERE KINDS OF CONCEPTS

Past research on concepts has focused almost exclusively on noun-object concepts. This paper discusses recent research demonstrating that useful distinctions may be made among kinds of concepts, including both object and nonobject concepts. We discuss three types of criteria, based on structure, process, and content, that may be used to distinguish among kinds of concepts. The paper then reviews a number of possible candidates for kinds based on the discussed criteria.
Bulimia nervosa and depression

Previous prevalent reports of first-degree relatives with affective disorder among bulimic versus control probands did not relate family history to probands' own levels of depression. We classified patients with bulimia nevosa according to their pretretment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and compared the number of patients within each of these categories (none, mild, moderate, and severe depression) with at least one first-degree relative with depression. The more severely depressed patients were the most likely to have a positive family history. This suggests that family histories of depression that have been reported in some (but not all) samples of bulimics are more a function of concurrent depression than the eating disorder itself. The implications of this finding and other relevant data for the theory that bulimia nervosa is a form of affective disorder are discussed.
The Challenges and Rewards of Engaging a Skeptical Public

Findings published in this issue suggest that a substantial subset of the Israeli public generally trusts government, yet is determined to make their own judgments about the need for precautionary action in certain types of public health emergencies. This reflective approach, which may be common in other countries as well, poses a substantial challenge to achieving desired levels of compliance, particularly when the threat requires swift and concerted action. The aim of this commentary is to discuss both the challenges and the rewards of engaging a public that wants to weigh evidence prior to taking action in an emergency, rather than defer to expert judgment. While engaging a skeptical public can be difficult, a reflective public acknowledges that preparedness is a shared responsibility of government and individuals and may be receptive to messages about the need for household and community self-sufficiency in a disaster. This is a commentary on the article “Analysis of Public Responses to Preparedness Policies” by Velan and colleagues.
Targeting aspartate aminotransferase in breast cancer

Introduction Glycolysis is increased in breast adenocarcinoma cells relative to adjacent normal cells in order to produce the ATP and anabolic precursors required for survival, growth and invasion. Glycolysis also serves as a key source of the reduced form of cytoplasmic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) necessary for the shuttling of electrons into mitochondria for electron transport. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) regulates glycolytic flux by converting pyruvate to lactate and has been found to be highly expressed in breast tumours. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) functions in tandem with malate dehydrogenase to transfer electrons from NADH across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxamate is an inhibitor of both LDH and AAT, and we hypothesised that oxamate may disrupt the metabolism and growth of breast adenocarcinoma cells. Methods We examined the effects of oxamate and the AAT inhibitor amino oxyacetate (AOA) on 13 C-glucose utilisation, oxygen consumption, NADH and ATP in MDA-MB-231 cells. We then determined the effects of oxamate and AOA on normal human mammary epithelial cells and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, and on the growth of MDAMB-231 cells as tumours in athymic BALB/c female mice. We ectopically expressed AAT in MDA-MB-231 cells and examined the consequences on the cytostatic effects of oxamate. Finally, we examined the effect of AAT-specific siRNA transfection on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation.
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry workflow for spatial profiling analysis of N-linked glycan expression in tissues.

A new matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) method to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple N-linked glycan species in tissues is described. Application of an endoglycosidase, peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), directly on tissues followed by incubation releases N-linked glycan species amenable to detection by MALDI-IMS. The method has been designed to simultaneously profile the multiple glycan species released from intracellular organelle and cell surface glycoproteins, while maintaining histopathology compatible preparation workflows. A recombinant PNGaseF enzyme was sprayed uniformly across mouse brain tissue slides, incubated for 2 h, then sprayed with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix for MALDI-IMS analysis. Using this basic approach, global snapshots of major cellular N-linked glycoforms were detected, including their tissue localization and distribution, structure, and relative abundance. Off-tissue extraction and modification of glyc...
The group mind: Generative and regressive groups

Abstract This article describes characteristics of immature and mature groups, investigates the notion of group mind, and concludes that the evolution of mind is dependent on the group's psychological maturity