cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The search for copper in L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases.

L-Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11) catalyzes the formation of N-formylkynurenine from L-tryptophan and O2 (Figure 1) (see references 1, 2 for reviews). The enzymes from L-tryptophan induced Pseudomonas acidovorans (ATCC 11299b) and from L-tryptophan and cortisone induced rat liver have been purified to homogeneity (3,4). Both proteins are allosteric enzymes composed of tetramers of subunits of equal size, having a total molecular weight of 122,000 for the bacterial enzyme and 167,000 for the hepatic enzyme. Before tryptophan oxygenase was purified to homogeneity it was established as a heme protein, based on inhibitor and spectral studies (5) and the demonstration of a restoration of catalytic activity to hepatic apo-tryptophan oxygenase by the addition of ferri protoporphyrin IX (6–8). Both the bacterial and hepatic enzymes contain two g-atoms copper per mole enzyme, as functioning cofactors. The possible presence of copper in these enzymes has been a source of dispute amongst several laboratories for many years. In this paper I will present historically the evidence for copper being a cofactor of tryptophan oxygenase and will attempt to rebut the evidence for copper not being a cofactor.
Propagation of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) by Stem Cuttings is Influenced by Clone and Date of Cutting Collection

Abstract Stem cuttings of four popular clones of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L. ‘Ace of Hearts’, ‘Appalachian Red’, ‘Hearts of Gold’, and ‘Forest Pansy’) were taken on seven dates following budbreak during Spring and Summer 2007 and evaluated for rooting potential. Rooting was affected by a clone and cutting date interaction, indicating the optimum time to take cuttings was different for each clone. Cuttings of ‘Ace of Hearts’ taken 6 weeks after budbreak (WAB) rooted at 75 and 71% when treated with the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 5000 mg·liter−1 (ppm) or 15,000 mg·liter−1, respectively. In contrast, cuttings of ‘Appalachian Red’ rooted at 96 and 93% when taken 15 WAB, the last date tested for that clone, and treated with K-IBA at 5000 mg·liter−1 or 15,000 mg·liter−1, respectively. When taken 8 WAB and treated with K-IBA at 5000 mg·liter−1 or 15,000 mg·liter−1, cuttings of ‘Hearts of Gold’ rooted at 42 and 58%, respectively. Cuttings of ‘Forest Pansy’ rooted poorly r...
Time-Aware Abstractions in HybridSal

HybridSal is a tool for enabling verification of hybrid systems using infinite bounded model checking and k-induction. The core component of the tool is an abstraction engine that automatically creates a discrete, but infinite, state transition system abstraction of the continuous dynamics in the system. In this paper, we describe HybridSal’s new capability to create time-aware relational abstractions, which gives users control over the precision of the abstraction. We also describe a novel approach for abstracting nonlinear expressions that allows us to create time-aware relational abstractions that are more precise than those described previously. We show that the new approach enables automatic verification of systems that could not be verified previously.
Compilation of Constraint Systems to Procedural Parallel Programs

This paper describes the first results from research on the compilation of constraint systems into task level parallel programs in a procedural language. This is the only research, of which we are aware, which attempts to generate efficient parallel programs for numerical computations from constraint systems. Computations are expressed as constraint systems. A dependence graph is derived from the constraint system and a set of input variables. The dependence graph, which exploits the parallelism in the constraints, is mapped to the target language CODE, which represents parallel computation structures as generalized dependence graphs. Finally, parallel C programs are generated. The granularity of the derived dependence graphs depends upon the complexity of the operations represented in the type system of the constraint specification language. To extract parallel programs of appropriate granularity, the following features have been included: (i) modularity, (ii) operations over structured types as primitives, (iii) definition of sequential C functions. A prototype of the compiler has been implemented. The execution environment or software architecture is specified separately from the constraint system. The domain of matrix computations has been targeted for applications. Some examples have been programmed. Initial results are very encouraging.
Biological properties of the naturally occurring plasma inhibitor to activated factor X.

Abstract Highly purified fractions of the plasma inhibitor of activated Factor X were found to inhibit purified thrombin, but had no effect on activated Factors XI and XII or on nonactivated Factor X. The inhibitor was greater than 30 times more effective towards activated Factor X than thrombin, on a weight basis. The inhibition of the biological activity of both enzymes by activated Factor X inhibitor was progressive and irreversible. Irreversible inhibition of activated Factor X by its inhibitor was also demonstrated by employing a purified fraction of goat antibody developed against the inhibitor. Both the coagulant and esterase activities of activated Factor X and thrombin were neutralized by activated Factor X inhibitor. In the presence of optimal amounts of heparin and activated Factor X inhibitor, the destruction of the coagulant activity of activated Factor X and the blockade of the thrombin coagulant activity occurred. The esterase activity of activated Factor X was similarly affected in the presence of heparin, but that of thrombin was unaffected. In the presence of heparin, the complete and irreversible inactivation of the biological activity of activated Factor X by its inhibitor remained unchanged when the heparin was subsequently neutralized with protamine sulfate. In contrast, the thrombin clotting activity blocked by activated Factor X inhibitor in the presence of heparin was quantitatively recovered when the heparin was neutralized by protamine sulfate. The complete recovery of biologically active thrombin was dependent upon the pH of the test system and the ratio of activated Factor X inhibitor to heparin. These data indicate that the efficiency of activated Factor X inhibitor as an anticoagulant during normal blood coagulation (an action profoundly enhanced by heparin) may depend more on its preventing any generated activated Factor X from activating prothrombin than it may on preventing thrombin from attacking fibrinogen.
The TWEAK receptor Fn14 is a potential cell surface portal for targeted delivery of glioblastoma therapeutics

Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14; TNFRSF12A) is the cell surface receptor for the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). The Fn14 gene is normally expressed at low levels in healthy tissues but expression is significantly increased after tissue injury and in many solid tumor types, including glioblastoma (GB; formerly referred to as ‘GB multiforme’). GB is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor and the current standard-of-care therapeutic regimen has a relatively small impact on patient survival, primarily because glioma cells have an inherent propensity to invade into normal brain parenchyma, which invariably leads to tumor recurrence and patient death. Despite major, concerted efforts to find new treatments, a new GB therapeutic that improves survival has not been introduced since 2005. In this review article, we summarize studies indicating that (i) Fn14 gene expression is low in normal brain tissue but is upregulated in advanced brain cancers and, in particular, in GB tumors exhibiting the mesenchymal molecular subtype; (ii) Fn14 expression can be detected in glioma cells residing in both the tumor core and invasive rim regions, with the maximal levels found in the invading glioma cells located within normal brain tissue; and (iii) TWEAK:Fn14 engagement as well as Fn14 overexpression can stimulate glioma cell migration, invasion and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. We also discuss two new therapeutic platforms that are currently in development that leverage Fn14 overexpression in GB tumors as a way to deliver cytotoxic agents to the glioma cells remaining after surgical resection while sparing normal healthy brain cells.
A Restatement of Torts

In 1986 the American Law Institute (ALI), which is most well known for its "Restatement of the Law" efforts, launched an ambitious project to evaluate contemporary personal injury law. Five years later, the ALI published and put before the membership of the Institute the results of that project in a massive two volume Reporters' Study.1 In May 1991, at the Institute's meetings devoted to discussion of the Study, which I attended, several members complained that this project was, unfortunately, unlike the ALI's previous endeavors. They argued that the study was inappropriately political or policy-oriented, in contrast to what a Restatement (Third) of Torts might have been. These complaints are ironic. First, most of the important recommendations of the Study can readily be described as modifications of the ALI's Restatement (Second) of Torts. At the same time, it is naive to suggest that key changes made in the first Restatement of Torts by the second were not also driven by policy or politics. The most obvious and important example is section 402A concerning manufacturers' strict liability for product defects.2 Section 402A did not "restate" the dominant common law rule in
Revision of the Orasema festiva species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

The Neotropical Orasema festiva species group is revised, retaining O. festiva (Fabricius) and O. delicatula (Walker) as valid species, and describing four new species: O. alvarengai n. sp., O. caesariata n. sp., O. erwini n. sp., and O. reburra n. sp. The festiva-group is characterized by features that are unusual or unique in Orasema, including the presence of 8-11 labral digits, a smooth face, and a lateral petiolar carina. The egg of O. caesariata and the first-instar larva of O. delicatula are newly described and found to be similar to other species of Orasema.
Thinking about archival preservation in the '90s and beyond : Some recent publications and their implications for archivists

A profusion of new preservation literature has rapidly developed from current research, technological experimentation and pilot projects, task forces, and conferences. The drive to disseminate new approaches in preservation management to practicing collections managers has also contributed to this new base of literature. This essay introduces recent advances in preservation administration and their implications for archival practice, through an examination of the preservation-related publications released in the last few years. It also confirms a growing interest among archivists in preservation ideas from other information management fields, particularly in the areas of selection for preservation, standard preservation assessment methods, preservation of electronic media, the use of digital technology in preservation reformatting, and specialized media preservation.
The Fallacy of Crowding-Out: A Note on “Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration”

In “Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration,” George Borjas (2006) identifies a strong negative correlation between immigration and native-born employment in the US using local area data. This relationship is particularly strong at the metropolitan area level, weaker but still significant at the state level, and weakest at the Census region level. In this note, we show that Borjas’s negative correlation arises due to the construction of the dependent and explanatory variables rather than from any true negative association between the employment growth of immigrants and natives. Borjas regresses log native employment, ln(Nt), on the share of foreign-born employment, pt = Mt/(Mt + Nt), across skill-state-year cells. The specification therefore includes native employment in the numerator of the dependent variable and in the denominator of the explanatory variable. This builds a negative correlation into the model that is particularly strong if the variance of Nt relative to Mt is large. To illustrate, we first show that state and city level regressions of the standardized native employment change, (Nt+10−Nt)/(Mt+Nt), on standardized immigration, (Mt+10−Mt)/(Mt+Nt), always find a positive and mostly significant correlation between the two. Second, we randomly simulate changes in the native and foreign-born workforce with a data generating process that has zero or positive correlation between the shocks ∆Mt and ∆Nt (i.e., so that immigration is associated with either no change or an increase in native employment). Borjas specifications employing this simulated data estimate large and significantly negative coefficients as long as the variance of ∆Nt is larger than the variance of ∆Mt, which is true in observed state-level and city-level data.
Nearest neighbor and generalized inverse distance interpolation for Fourier domain image reconstruction

Several well known imaging techniques operate by recording samples of the Fourier transform of the object function and then reconstructing the object function by means of the 2D inverse FFT. A central problem arises in interpolating from the inherent polar raster to a rectangular raster, so the inverse FFT can be properly applied. This paper considers the use of nearest neighbor and inverse distance interpolation when the angular recording interval is relatively small. The objective is to obtain a computationally simple reconstruction algorithm that achieves good resolution in the final image plane.
Ground truth from the Opportunity Rover for Mars thermal inertia data

[1] The temperature of the Martian surface has been measured by a number of spacecraft and numerical models of the surface thermal response constrain the near-surface physical properties. The results allow inferences regarding the surface layer and help determine potential hazards for landed spacecraft. However, thermal models generally do not incorporate the degree of surface complexity that is seen from landers. Here we examine potential contributions to the thermal response along the Opportunity Rover's traverse by using ground truth in conjunction with orbiter data from the THEMIS instrument on Mars Odyssey. We show that the size distribution of the ubiquitous hematite spherules varies in a way that is consistent with expectations from orbiter data. Secondly, exposures of bedrock along Opportunity's traverse have no observable effect on the bulk thermal response seen from orbit. These field observations are an important step toward improving understanding of the physical composition of the Martian surface.
Absorption‐induced separations in oscillatory liquid chromatography

It has been shown that small-amplitude oscillations can augment the diffusional flux across a cylindrical tube by several orders of magnitude through Taylor–Aris dispersion phenomena (Aris, 1960). This enhancement in mass transport is selective for species with different molecular diffusion coefficients. This article shows that by coupling fluid oscillations with a reversible absorption in a stationary phase, the transport of species, which have similar molecular diffusivities but different affinities for the stationary phase, can be enhanced selectively. We developed analytical and asymptotic solutions to the enhancement of mass transfer as a result of the interaction between reversible absorption and fluid oscillations in a cylindrical tube. These results were qualitatively confirmed by experiments with a model system. For purely oscillatory flow, the maximum selectivity (the ratio of the fluxes of the species to be separated) achievable is 4.4 for solute species with widely different affinities for the stationary phase. The superposition of a small-amplitude steady backflow, however, can greatly increase the selectivity, but at the expense of throughput. Analysis shows that this technique may offer improvements relative to conventional liquid membrane separations, if the solute affinities for the stationary phase do not greatly differ or if a thick membrane is required for stability.
Software development for airborne imaging system

This paper describes software development for an Airborne Multi-Spectral Imaging System that uses digital cameras to provide high resolution images at very high rates. The software controls the camera and the GPS receiver and allows the remote manipulation of various functions, including play, stop, and rewind. The GPS co-ordinates and the corresponding time are simultaneously recorded. The system is viable for many applications that require reasonably good resolution at low cost. Such applications include vegetation detection, oceanography, marine biology, geographical information systems, and environmental coastal science analysis. The paper presents results of two successful flight tests.
Unexplained protracted infant deaths.

. Seven unexplained, protracted infant deaths with similar clinical, biochemical and laboratory characteristics are described, being similar to other groups reported previously. Although autopsy examination frequently revealed extensive tissue damage, a primary cause of death could not be elucidated. It is argued that this condition represents a protracted form of conventional cot death and should be considered in any severely shocked infant where the cause is not readily identifiable. Many of the clinical and pathological manifestations are similar to those described in endotoxic shock and a small intestinal mucosal abnormality on histology of unknown pathogenesis was common.
Managing oneself: An essential skill for managing others

Abstract Objectives To discuss the importance of self-management for student pharmacists, pharmacists, and pharmacy managers and present a series of steps that students and new pharmacists can use in managing themselves. Data sources An English language—only literature search was conducted of the PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases from 1980 to 2007 using the keywords managing and career , managing oneself , and career management . Information from the search was supplemented with selected articles and books from the management and self-improvement literature. Study selection Cited sources were chosen based on their relevance to the article's objectives. Data extraction By the author. Data synthesis Common steps associated with managing oneself and one's career consist of taking responsibility for your life, knowing yourself, deciding what you want to do and be, establishing goals to achieve the life you want to live, and taking action. A major goal of any self-management plan for managers is to develop soft interpersonal skills that help individuals manage themselves and influence the world around them. Conclusion Effective self-management is necessary for success in managing others. The steps are relatively simple but take a lifetime to master.
Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Precipitation

Abstract Airborne measurements have been made of aerosol particle size distributions (>0.01 μm) in aged air masses, in the plumes from several coal power plants and a large Kraft paper mill, and in the emissions from a volcano, before and after rain or snow showers. These measurements have been used to deduce the precipitation scavenging collection efficiencies of aerosol particles ranging in size from ∼0.01 to 10 μm diameter. Despite large variations in the nature of the aerosol particles and the precipitation, the scavenging collection efficiencies as a function of particle size showed marked similarities, with some well-defined maxima and minima values. The measurements agree well with theoretical calculations for aerosol particles >1 μm, but for the submicron aerosol particles the scavenging collection efficiencies are generally much higher, and the region of very low scavenging efficiencies (the “scavenging gap”) much narrower, than current theories predict. Some possible explanations for these discr...
Texture boundary classification using Gabor elementary functions

Many texture-segmentation mechanisms take the form of an elaborate bank of filters. Commonly used within such mechanisms are the Gabor elementary functions (GEFs). While filter-bank-based mechanisms show promise and some analytical work has been done to demonstrate the efficacy of GEFs, the relationships between texture differences and the filter configurations required to discriminate these differences remain largely unknown. In this paper, we given analytical and experimental evidence that suggests that various types of discontinuities can occur at texture boundaries when appropriately 'tuned' GEF-based filters are applied to a textured image; thus, by applying a discontinuity-detection scheme (i.e., edge detector) to such a filtered image, one can segment the image into different textured regions.
Coupled discrete-layer finite elements for laminated piezoelectric platess

Finite element models based on discrete-layer theories are presented for the coupled-field analysis of laminated plates containing piezoelectric layers. The three displacements and the electrostatic potential are treated as unknowns in this formulation, which allows for piece-wise approximations of the variables through the thickness of each layer. Two specific models are demonstrated in which the transverse displacement is either variable or constant, and the in-plane displacements and potential take piece-wise linear approximations through the thickness. The models are applied to example problems with applied surface tractions and specified surface potentials. Good agreement is found with exact solutions.
Contribution of Native and Stocked Walleye Fingerlings to the Anglers' Catch, Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin

Abstract Abundance and yield for various year classes of a landlocked walleye population was studied in a northern Wisconsin Lake. The size of individual year classes varies greatly and is determined during the first summer. The number of fingerling surviving in the fall is an indication of the future role of a year class in the fishery. Yield to the angler of a particular year class over its lifetime depends on the fishing pressure but may not be directly proportional. In Escanaba Lake, as high as 25% of the fingerling surviving in the fall may be harvested by anglers during the life of the year class. Four experimental stockings of marked fingerling walleye were traced through the creel census of which only one of the four added significantly to the harvest. The yield of the successful stocking was 13%. In three of the stocked year classes, the yield was less than 1% of the number stocked.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HIGH pH CHEMICAL FLOODING.

This paper describes a generalized compositional reservoir simulator for high-pH chemical flooding processes. This simulator combines the reaction chemistry associated with these processes with the extensive physical- and flow-property modeling schemes of an existing micellar/polymer flood simulator, UTCHEM. Application of the model is illustrated for cases from a simple alkaline preflush to surfactant-enhanced alkaline-polymer flooding.
MORPHOLOGY OF ISOLATED RABBIT HEART MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA AND THE OXIDATION OF EXTRAMITOCHONDRIAL REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE

The morphology of rabbit heart muscle mitochondria isolated in several media has been compared by electron microscopy. The internal structure of isolated mitochondria differs from that of in situ mitochondria, with the type and degree of alteration depending on the isolation medium. Examination of the isolated mitochondria after incubation revealed that additional morphological changes occurred during incubation, but these changes were less pronounced when the incubation was conducted in a complete medium containing substrate. The isolated mitochondria have been shown to be capable of catalyzing a slow aerobic oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. The rate of DPNH oxidation observed is sufficient to account for the ability of the mitochondria to oxidize lactate in the presence of catalytic amounts of DPNH. The suspensions used were essentially free of mitochondrial fragments, which are known to oxidize DPNH. Possible relationships of these findings to metabolism in situ are discussed. The results indicate the desirability of correlating biochemical activities with the morphology of isolated mitochondria.
Inverse diffusion methods for data peak separation

Previous methods for separation of overlapping data peaks include geometrical assessment and Fourier deconvolution. On the basis of inverse diffusion theory, we present new separation methods suitable for convenient programming and rapid calculation of Gaussian area contributions. Both continuum and discrete inverse diffusion models are described. Example computations are given for biological data: density gradient centrifugation, isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, and high-pressure liquid chromatography.
Transient Peanut Allergy Following Solid Organ Transplant

T U E S D A Y 832 Persisting Food Allergen Sensitization after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for DOCK8 Deficiency Corinne Savides Happel, MD, Kelly D. Stone, MD, PhD, FAAAAI, Dennis D. Hickstein, MD, Alexandra F. Freeman, MD, Helen C. Su, MD, PhD; NIH/NIAID, Laboratory of Host Defenses, Bethesda, MD, NIH/NIAID, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, MD, NIH/ NCI, Department of Experimental Transplantation and Immunology, Bethesda, MD, NIH/NIAID, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD. RATIONALE: DOCK8 deficiency is a combined primary immunodeficiency commonly associated with eczema and clinical food allergy. Previous reports of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for DOCK8 deficiency have described mixed clinical food allergy outcomes. The leading hypothesis explaining mixed outcomes is that mixed donor chimerism allows for food allergy persistence. METHODS: Among a cohort of 6 patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a reduced intensity myeloablative regimen at the National Institutes of Health, allergy-specific history revealed 2 patients with food allergy-induced anaphylaxis prior to transplantation. Skin prick testing was performed after transplant for relevant food allergens for these 2 patients. Food challenges were not performed. RESULTS: Skin prick testing performed 2 years after transplant for a 27year-old male with history of DOCK8 deficiency and peanut allergy was positive for peanut. Similarly, skin prick testing performed 6 months after transplant for a 10-year-old female with history of DOCK8 deficiency and egg, milk, wheat, and tree nut allergies was positive for milk, egg, wheat, and cashew. Peripheral donor chimerism was 100% in myeloid and lymphoid cells for both patients. CONCLUSIONS: These cases are the first demonstrating food allergen sensitization by skin prick testing in DOCK8 patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, despite 100% donor chimerism in peripheral blood. Food allergy may not be cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, even when full donor chimerism in peripheral blood is achieved.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in children - single-centre clinical observations and experience.

Background CRMO is characterized by chronic bone pain of recurrent nature. The onset is usually at the beginning of the second decade of life. Bony lesions may be visible on radiographs, although sometimes a CT or MRI scan is necessary to visualise them. The aim of study was analyse symptoms, diagnostic difficulties and results of accessory investigations in patients suffering from CRMO. Material and methods Medical records of 42 patients with CRMO were analysed to assess: age at onset of the disease, symptoms reported, location of lesions and abnormalities in laboratory and imaging studies. Results The medical records of 42 children, including 16 boys (38%) and 26 girls (62%), were analysed. The median age at onset was 10.5 years. The first symptom was bone pain in 34 patients (81%), with the remaining 8 (19%) presenting with widened bone contour in the absence of pain. Initially, only 5 (12%) subjects had multiple foci, whereas the vast majority (88%) presented with a single lesion. During exacerbations, osteocalcin levels were significantly elevated, increasing to a mean of 34 ng/ml (max. 68, min.14.6) against a reference upper limit of 13.7 ng/ml. Diagnostic difficulties and complications were found in 18 children. Conclusions 1. Familiarity with CRMO in orthopaedic clinical practice is indispensable in differential diagnosis with other bone diseases, including those suggestive of malignancy. 2. Correctly diagnosed CRMO is managed conservatively as a treatment of choice.
Von Willebrand’s Disease in the Dog and Cat

Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) is a bleeding disorder that is recognized commonly in dogs but rarely in cats. This article presents the pathophysiology and clinical features of vWD, including a discussion of inherited and acquired types of vWD. Laboratory evaluation and treatment of vWD are reviewed.
Refractive Index of the Dispersed Phase in Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Its Dependence on Droplet Size and Aging

A simple method of determining the refractive index of the dispersed phase was applied on different gum-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, in which this refractive index is taken to be equal to that of the continuous phase at (extrapolated) zero optical density point. Refractive indices of dispersed phases were usually lower than those of the oil part alone. In dilute emulsions, the refractive index of the dispersed phase increased with time, while optical density of emulsion decreased. In aged concentrated emulsions, both refractive index and optical density decreased with time. At a given composition, the refractive index and optical density varied directly with droplet size. The results are interpreted in terms of reasonable physical and chemicl phenomena.
Postharvest performance of cut carnation, chrysanthemum and rose as influenced by conventional and organic floral preservatives

Selected commercial preservatives were tested to determine the optimum conventional and organic hydrator and holding solutions for vase life extension and suppression of microbial populations in vase solutions of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Select Red, chrysanthemum [Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitam.] Anastasia, and rose (Rosa × hybrida L.) Freedom. Hydrators extended vase life of carnation but had no effect on chrysanthemum or rose. Chrysal Professional 2 (conventional holding solution), after hydration with deionized (DI) water, extended vase life of cut carnation to 36.0 days compared with DI water or Vita One Step (organic preservative solution), resulting in vase lives of 21.0 or 20.9 days, respectively. For chrysanthemum, all preservative solutions had statistically similar vase life. Holding solutions increased vase life of cut roses and carnation, but were ineffective for chrysanthemum. The greatest vase life extension occurred with Floralife Premium Rose Food (conventional ho...
Barrett's esophagus, Part II: treatment

The rise in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been witnessed in the United States and in the entire western world. Mortality rates from this cancer have paralleled this increase in incidence. Barrett’s esophagus as a premalignant lesion is recognized in the majority of cases of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Increasing attention has recently been focused on the diagnosis and treatment of Barrett’s esophagus with attempts to reverse the lesion, and alter the progression to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. The current treatment of patients with Barrett’s esophagus is aimed at reducing esophageal acid exposure by proton pump inhibitor therapy or by antireflux surgery. Although reflux symptoms are significantly improved in patients with Barrett’s esophagus by acid-reducing therapies, their impact on neoplastic progression has yet to be demonstrated in clinical trials. Use of aspirin or other selective/nonselective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors as an adjunct to acid reduction therapy appears to hold promise as a chemotherapeutic strategy. Use of various tools to ‘‘ablate’’ Barrett’s mucosa have consistently shown subsquamous regrowth/persistence of metaplasia and occasionally also of dysplastic/cancerous tissue. These endoscopic techniques, however, can probably play a role in subgroups of patients with high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma. Clearly we have a long way to go before cancer-reducing strategies can be applied to all patients with Barrett’s esophagus. A previous issue of the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America discussed the epidemiology, endoscopic diagnosis, and alternative methods for diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer. In this issue, the controversies surrounding the use of endoscopic techniques as well as medical and surgical interventions are discussed eloquently by leaders in the Barrett’s
Dogmatism, need for social approval, and the resistance to persuasion

This report focuses on two antecedent variables, dogmatism and need for social approval of the receivers. The study tested whether either antecedent variable would affect the relationship between message strategy and resistance to persuasion.
I-BAR protein antagonism of endocytosis mediates directional sensing during guided cell migration

Although directed cellular migration facilitates the coordinated movement of cells during development and repair, the mechanisms regulating such migration remain poorly understood. Missing-in-metastasis (MIM) is a defining member of the inverse Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domain (I-BAR) subfamily of lipid binding, cytoskeletal regulators whose levels are altered in a number of cancers. Here, we provide the first genetic evidence that an I-BAR protein regulates directed cell migration in vivo. Drosophila MIM (dmim) is involved in Drosophila border cell migration, with loss of dmim function resulting in a lack of directional movement by the border cell cluster. In vivo endocytosis assays combined with genetic analyses demonstrate that the dmim product regulates directed cell movement by inhibiting endocytosis and antagonizing the activities of the CD2-associated protein/cortactin complex in these cells. These studies demonstrate that DMIM antagonizes pro-endocytic components to facilitate polarity and localized guidance cue sensing during directional cell migration.
XXXIII. The photoelectric effect in potassium vapour as a function of the frequency of the light

The photoelectric effect in a stream of potassium vapour has been observed, and it has been found that light of wave-length greater than 2610 angstroms produces no effect, and that the efficiency o...
Money, prices, and causality: The Chinese hyperinflation, 1945–1949

Abstract This paper empirically examines causality between money and prices during the Chinese hyperinflation, 1945-49. The major issue concerning the interrelationship between money and prices is the endogeneity of money supply and the rate of inflation. Both the Sims test and the Granger test indicate that there was strong feedback causation between money creation and inflation during the Chinese hyperinflation. The mutual feedback between money creation and the rate of inflation is an important cause of the development of hyperinflation.
A Method of Correcting the Superfish-Calculated Value of ZT2/Q for Cavities with Truncated Beam Tubes

The performance of an accelerating cavity can be characterized by the values of ZT/sup 2//Q for each of the cavity's resonant modes. For cylindrically symmetric structures, the program SUPERFISH can be used to find the field patterns of the azimuthally - invariant (''accelerating'') modes. However, SUPERFISH is limited to lossless regions of space entirely enclosed by Dirichlet or Neumann boundaries i.e., standing-wave solutions, and so cannot correctly treat the physical case of a cavity with open beam tubes through which energy can propagate. Instead, it is necessary to truncate the beam tubes with perfect reflectors, which introduce large amplitude standing-waves in the beam tubes, and consequently large errors in the calculated accelerating voltage and ZT/sup 2//Q. In the past, these errors have been avoided by employing long tapered beam tubes. This technique requires a considerable amount of additional computer memory, and cannot be used when memory is at a premium. In this paper, the authors describe a new technique which evaluates the errors in the accelerating voltage due to the truncated beam tubes. The method requires no special geometries or time-consuming calculations, and the results are in excellent agreement with other cavity calculations.
Variational bounds on energy dissipation in incompressible flows: Shear flow.

A variational principle for upper bounds on the time averaged rate of viscous energy dissipation for Newtonian fluid flows is derived from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. When supplied with appropriate test background'' flow fields, the variational formulation produces explicit estimates for the energy dissipation rate. This dissipation rate is related to the drag of the fluid on the boundaries, and so these estimates translate into bounds on the drag. We analyze the problem of boundary-driven shear flow in detail, comparing the rigorous estimates obtained from the variational method with both recent experimental results and predictions of a conventional closure approximation from statistical turbulence theory.
The role of Coulomb collisions in limiting differential flow and temperature differences in the solar wind

Data obtained by OGO 5 are used to confirm IMP 6 observations of an inverse dependence of the helium-to-hydrogen temperature ratio in the solar wind on the ratio of solar-wind expansion time to the Coulomb-collision equipartition time. The analysis is then extended to determine the relation of the difference between the hydrogen and helium bulk velocities (the differential flow vector) with the ratio between the solar-wind expansion time and the time required for Coulomb collisions to slow down a beam of ions passing through a plasma. It is found that the magnitude of the differential flow vector varies inversely with the time ratio when the latter is small and approaches zero when it is large. These results are shown to suggest a model of continuous preferential heating and acceleration of helium (or cooling and deceleration of hydrogen), which is cancelled or limited by Coulomb collisions by the time the plasma has reached 1 AU. Since the average dependence of the differential flow vector on the time ratio cannot explain all the systematic variations of the vector observed in corotating high-velocity streams, it is concluded that additional helium acceleration probably occurs on the leading edge of such streams.
Intramyocardial Pressure and Coronary Extravascular Resistance

Intramyocardial pressure is an indicator of coronary extravascular resistance. During systole, pressure in the subendocardium exceeds left ventricular intracavitary pressure; whereas pressure in the subepicardium is lower than left ventricular intracavitary pressure. Conversely, during diastole, subepicardial pressure exceeds both subendocardial pressure and left ventricular pressure. These observations suggest that coronary flow during systole is possible only in the subepicardial layers. During diastolic, however, a greater driving pressure is available for perfusion of the subendocardial layers relative to the subepicardial layers. On this basis, measurements of intramyocardial pressure contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of the phasic and transmural distribution of coronary blow flow.
Perturbation Approach to Spatial Brightness Interaction in Human Vision

The tools of Fourier analysis can be used to explain visual phenomena of spatial brightness interaction, provided that attention is confined to small perturbations of spatially uniform fields. A perturbation approach is outlined here, and a transfer function is presented which is appropriate for small perturbations. The transfer function was obtained from human subjects with psychophysical methods, for the case of briefly flashed, achromatic fields at photopic levels of illumination. For the frequency range of 0.005 to 0.15 cycles per minute of arc, the transfer function is roughly proportional to spatial frequency, thus reflecting, in large part, nonoptical properties of the system. A simple mechanism of lateral inhibition could underlie this transfer function.
THE USE of FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR the RAPID CHARACTERIZATION of MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

Flow cell cytometry is reported here as a rapid fluorescent immunoassay method to characterize monoclonal antibody production in hybridoma cultures. Actinomyces viscosus was the bacterium chosen as a model to illustrate this procedure. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), coupled to staphylococcal Protein A (PA), was used as the fluorescent marker to detect and quantitate antigen-antibody reactions. Flow cell cytometry was also used with rabbit polyclonal antibodies to A. viscosus coupled with PAFITC for comparison and verification of the two procedures. Over 25,000 individual bacteria could be analyzed in a single cytometer injection within 2 min. the data, presented as histograms and figures, supported the feasibility of this method and also provided an in-depth analysis of the degree of fluorescence, cell size, distribution and light scatter not available with most other immunoassay methods.
Chest radiography in desquamative interstitial pneumonitis: a review of 37 patients

Follow-up radiographs were obtained in 37 cases of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) in order to assess the degree to which the radiographic appearance could be used to follow the course of the disease and/or predict prognosis. The films were compared to the clinical outcome in 21 patients and the histology of the original biopsy was studied in 16 cases. The radiographic appearance was most commonly nonspecific, consisting of irregular opacities especially at the bases. Only six cases had the "classic" appearance of hazy, ground-glass densities in the medial parts of the lower lung fields. Of the 21 patients, 16 showed clinical improvement, usually after corticosteroid therapy. The radiographic changes accurately reflected the clinical course in 18 of 21 patients, although specific patterns could not be associated with any specific outcome and the films became completely normal in only four of the 16 patients who improved. Histologic characteristics within the confines of those diagnostic of DIP...
Photo‐fabrication of surface relief gratings on polymer films

Surface relief gratings were optically produced on a number of azobenzene-based polymer films. The surface grating formation was investigated by monitoring the diffraction efficiency and using atomic force microscopy. The effect of the structure of the chromophores on surface modulation was investigated. The surface deformation process depended on the polarization state of the writing beams. The localized variations of the light intensity and alteration of the resulting electric field polarization were essential writing conditions to the formation of the surface relief gratings. The surface pattern from straight edge diffraction established that the surface profile of the recorded gratings is proportional to negative gradient of the intensity pattern incident on the polymer film.
Non-traumatic anterior cruciate ligament abnormalities and their relationship to osteoarthritis using morphological grading and cartilage T2 relaxation times: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI).

Objectives The aim of this work was to study anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) degeneration in relation to MRI-based morphological knee abnormalities and cartilage T2 relaxation times in subjects with symptomatic osteoarthritis.
Management of chemical dependence in pregnancy.

Although the percentage of pregnant pa- tients who use illicit drugs is relatively low, the effects can be devastating on both mother and fetus—loss of custody, growth restriction, placental abruption, and death. The practicing obstetrician may be unfamiliar with the various presentations of chemical depen- dency in pregnancy, including intoxication and with- drawal, and difficulty in making the diagnosis. The obstetrician is in the unique situation of being respon- sible for the safety of both mother and fetus, which may involve engaging the unwilling patient in treat-
When Decentralization Leads to Recentralization: Subnational State Transformation in Uganda

AbstractAmong other shortcomings of decentralization reforms undertaken by developing countries since the 1980s, recent research finds that the reforms' primary aim—devolution of authority to localities—has often not been achieved in practice. This article builds on that insight, examining an understudied pathway through which states that have undertaken decentralization can ultimately recentralize power: administrative unit proliferation. Rapid creation of numerous new subnational administrative units is an increasingly common occurrence in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This phenomenon, I argue, allows for recentralization by reducing the intergovernmental bargaining power and administrative capacity of each subnational unit, as well as by substantially expanding both the reach of the national executive's patronage network and its ability to monitor emergent security threats on its periphery. The article illustrates these mechanisms with evidence from Uganda.
Near-Critical Swirling Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids in a Pipe

The interaction between flow inertia and elasticity in high Reynolds number, axisymmetric, and near-critical swirling flows of an incompressible and viscoelastic fluid in a straight circular pipe is studied. The stresses of the viscoelastic fluid are described by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model (representing the low constant-viscosity Boger fluids). A nonlinear small-disturbance analysis is developed from the governing equations of motion in order to understand the complicated interactions between flow inertia and fluid viscosity and elasticity. The effects of the fluid viscosity, relaxation time, and retardation time on the flow development in the pipe and on the critical swirl for vortex breakdown are explored. It is found that increasing the relaxation time with other parameters being fixed increases the critical swirl for vortex breakdown whereas increasing the retardation time with other parameters being fixed decreases the critical swirl for breakdown. Also, when the relaxation and retardation times are the same the critical swirl is the same as that of a Newtonian fluid. The viscoelastic characteristic times also effect the size of the flow perturbation. These results may explain the changes in the appearance of breakdown zones as function of Reynolds numbers (swirl level) that have been recently observed in the experiments by Stokes et al. (2001) where Boger fluids were used. This work extends for the first time the theory of vortex stability and breakdown to include effects of non-Newtonian fluids.Copyright © 2002 by ASME