cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Comparative study on burden of diet-related chronic diseases in China between 1990 and 2016].

OBJECTIVE To compare the disease burden of diet-related chronic diseases in China between 1990 and 2016. METHODS Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2016, we extracted the absolute number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years( DALYs) of diet-related chronic diseases and the corresponding age-standardized rates in China in 1990 and 2016. Subgroup analyses were conducted in various gender, dietary risk factors and categories of diseases. RESULTS In 2016, the total number and rate of diet-related NCDs deaths was 2493 thousand and 182. 4/100000. The corresponding number and rate of DALYs was 54995 thousand person-year and 4023. 0/100000. Compared with those in 1990, the rates of death and DALYs in 2016 increased by19. 5% and 9. 3%, respectively. Both death rate and DALYs rate increased with the age. Death rate( 214. 6/100000) and DALYs rate( 4961. 1/100000) in males were 1. 4-fold and 1. 6-fold as that in females( 148. 2/100000 and 3028. 2/100000, respectively). High intake in sodium, low intake in whole grains and low intake in fruits were the three leading dietary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases accounted for 88. 1% DALYs in all chronic diseases. CONCLUSION The burden of diet-related chronic diseases in China is severe and it continues increasing over years.
Impact of Changes in the Food, Built, and Socioeconomic Environment on BMI in US Counties, BRFSS 2003‐2012

Objective Researchers have linked geographic disparities in obesity to community-level characteristics, yet many prior observational studies have ignored temporality and potential for bias. Methods Repeated cross-sectional data were used from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (2003-2012) to examine the influence of county-level characteristics (active commuting, unemployment, percentage of limited-service restaurants and convenience stores) on BMI. Each exposure was calculated using mean values over the 5-year period prior to BMI measurement; values were standardized; and then variables were decomposed into (1) county means from 2003 to 2012 and (2) county-mean-centered values for each year. Cross-sectional (between-county) and longitudinal (within-county) associations were estimated using a random-effects within-between model, adjusting for individual characteristics, survey method, and year, with nested random intercepts for county-years within counties within states. Results A negative between-county association for active commuting (β = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.23 to -0.16) and positive associations for unemployment (β = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.19) and limited-service restaurants (β = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.14) were observed. An SD increase in active commuting within counties was associated with a 0.51-kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.72 to -0.31) decrease in BMI over time. Conclusions These results suggest that community-level characteristics play an important role in shaping geographic disparities in BMI between and within communities over time.
The superiority effect in Albanian multiple wh-movement structures

This study examines the order of wh-phrases in Albanian multiple wh-questions. Despite SVO and OVS orders, I argue that Albanian wh-movement displays the superiority effect, through a mechanism generating a rightmost highest specifier. OVS order constructions are subject to the haplology effect and word order freezing, showing the presence of a multiple wh-fronting step in the derivation. The study highlights a general observation concerning opacity and the cross-linguistic wh-question environment. Linear order does not reveal hierarchical structure, as a typically leftmost wh-phrase is pronounced rightmost. This rightward wh-movement analysis may explain future findings of languages claimed to not display the superiority effect.
Rural children's iodine-nutritional status in Qiannan state:an evaluation on 20-year salt iodization

Objective To investingate the iodine-nutritional status of the rural children form 8 to 10 years old after salt iodzation had been implemented in Qiannan State.Methods The size of thyroid gland waft measured by palpation in 421 rural children aged 8～10 years old in Qiannan State.Calorimetric eerie-arsenic assay and vitriolic ammonium assimilmion were used for testing urinary iodine,while Rsvens test was used to test the intelligent quotient (IQ).Results The rate of goiter was 5.0%(21/421).The median of urinary iodine Was 331.2μg/L The average IQ was 93.32±18.68 of the children aged 8～10.The IQ of children with different iodine-nutritional level was significantly different(P＜0.05).Conclusions The children's iodine nutrition in Qiannan State has been improved after the salt adds the iodine.Their intelligence level is quite normally.Iodine dificiency disease has been eliminated according to the national standard in terms of 8～10 year old child ufinaty iodine level and goiter rate. Key words: Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Intelligence tests
Rebound lymphocytosis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after cessation of a CDK 4/6 inhibitor for concomitant breast cancer

Herein, we present the case of a female with co-occurring chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and metastatic ER/PR-positive breast cancer, who when taken off palbociclib for severe neutropenia and infectious complications, experienced rebound lymphocytosis. Though this was ultimately a benign clinical outcome, it exemplifies how CDK4/6 inhibitors induce a cell cycle arrest by decreasing the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), in this case CLL cells, with recovery of counts once drug is stopped.
Expanding the parameter space of the wide-pedestal QH-mode towards ITER conditions

Significant parameter space expansion of the wide-pedestal quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) towards more ITER and reactor relevant conditions has been achieved in the DIII-D tokamak. Recent experiments reveal this naturally ELM-free regime can operate over a range of neutral beam injected (NBI) torque spanning from the co- to counter-Ip direction. The accessed torques completely cover the scaled ITER-equivalent applied torque range. Wide-pedestal QH-mode features an edge region where the ExB shear is lower than that of standard QH-mode and H-mode, as well as unique low- to intermediate-k turbulence and a flattening of the pedestal profiles in the low ExB shear region. Wide-pedestal QH-mode has also been extended to lower single null shaping matching ITER average triangularity. A NBI power scan at moderate density and net-zero NBI torque shows no upper power limit to wide-pedestal QH-mode while the confinement quality H98y2 increases with power. At the highest power, H98y2 reaches 1.6 and normalized pressure βN reaches 2.3 simultaneously. The wide-pedestal QH-mode also exhibits improved confinement when 1) transitioning from standard QH-mode, 2) adding core ECH power, and 3) by transitioning from LSN to DN plasma shape. Turbulence suppression by increased ExB shear inboard of the pedestal top plays an important role in all three of these observations. These recent advances make wide-pedestal QH-mode a stronger candidate for an ELM-free, high performance regime for ITER and future reactors.
Development of a finite element based strain periodicity implementation method

Abstract The current work proposes a novel approach for the implementation of periodic representative volume element (RVE) based multiscale modeling using the finite element method. The approach is based on a rigorous mechanics foundation that implements appropriate boundary conditions for the RVE analysis and simplifies the homogenization technique. Stress components are relaxed in the chosen periodic directions and associated strains are calculated while maintaining periodicity. Our concept ensures that for a displacement-based mechanics approach, the stresses and strains in the domain are periodic, rather than the displacements. This approach allows for computing homogenized effective mechanical properties of heterogeneous materials and capturing appropriate volume change and shape distortion of the RVE at lower length scales. We use the finite element based Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE, https://mooseframework.org) for implementing the proposed periodic RVE scheme. Our model has been verified with analytical calculations and effective property estimation from various micromechanical approaches. The effective stiffness of a composite material calculated from this approach is in good agreement with other computational and experimental findings. The proposed model has also been applied to different multiscale and multiphysics engineering applications.
Experiments as Instruments: Heterogeneous Position Effects in Sponsored Search Auctions

Google and Bing employ generalized second price (GSP) auctions to allocate billions of dollars of sponsored search advertising. The theoretical work establishing the VCG equivalence of the GSP hinges on strong, and largely untested, assumptions about the causal impact of ad position on user click probability and the value of resulting clicks. We re-purpose internal business experimentation to test these assumptions using a broad cross-section of advertisers. We find a minimal, homogenous impact of position on average click quality, providing a valuable assurance in that domain. In contrast, we find substantial heterogeneity of the impact on click through rates. For brand queries, off-brand competitors show much steeper click curves than the advertiser matching the query. For generic queries, higher quality and less popular websites benefit more from position. These findings strongly reject the conventional multiplicatively-separable model and the associated VCG equivalence, raising serious question about the efficiency properties of the GSP in sponsored search. ∗We would like to thank the Microsoft Corporation for allowing us to publish this work and Jim Andreoni, Susan Athey, Dean Foster, Sebastien Lahaie, R. Preston McAfee, Andrey Simonov and Vasilis Syrgkanis for helpful discussion and comments. †Much of this work was done while Goldman was an intern at Microsoft Research.
Copper-67 radioimmunotheranostics for simultaneous immunotherapy and immuno-SPECT

Copper-67 (t1/2 = 2.58 days) decays by β− ( $$\text{E}_{{\upbeta^{-}\text{max}}}$$ : 562 keV) and γ-rays (93 keV and 185 keV) rendering it with potential for both radionuclide therapy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Prompted by the recent breakthrough of 67Cu production with high specific activity, high radionuclidic purity, and sufficient quantities, the interest in the theranostic potential of 67Cu has been rekindled. This work addresses the practicability of developing 67Cu-labeled antibodies with substantially improved quality for cancer radioimmunotheranostics. Proof of concept is demonstrated with pertuzumab, a US-FDA-approved monoclonal antibody for combination therapies of HER2-positive breast cancer. With an average number of 1.9 chelators coupled to each antibody, we achieved a two-order of magnitude increase in radiolabeling efficiency compared to literature reports. In a preclinical therapeutic study, mice (n = 4–7/group) bearing HER2+ xenografts exhibited a 67Cu-dose dependent tumor-growth inhibition from 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab co-administered with trastuzumab. Furthermore, greater tumor size reduction was observed with 67Cu-labeled-pertuzumab formulations of higher specific activity. The potential of SPECT imaging with 67Cu radiopharmaceuticals was tested after 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab administration. Impressively, all tumors were clearly visualized by SPECT imaging with 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab even at day 5 post injection. This work demonstrates it is practical to use 67Cu radioimmunoconjugates for cancer radioimmunotheranostics.
The Constitutional and Legal Basis of Food and Drug Regulation in Ethiopia

One of the traditional functions of the law is regulation of behavior. Law is characterized with the feature of normativity for its capacity to establish norm in the society. Business law, specifically economic/social regulation in law is one of the manifestations of this norm building process. The era which argue for a government and its enforcement organs to distance from the market as much as possible is being replaced by a more regulation friendly market system establishment. Certain areas of business call for regulation for stronger reasons. The food and drug industry come in the forefront of this sector. This paper presents the constitutional and legal basis of the food and drug industry regulation in Ethiopia. It starts by presenting the traditional arguments for regulation in general and the food/medicine sector in particular. A global approach of food and drug industry is presented to lay the foundations for Ethiopian case narration. This is followed by the investigation of the FDRE constitution for locating basis for regulation of the industries. An exhaustive examination of current laws in place which have direct relation with regulating the food and drug industry is presented paving the road for the discussion of the major issues worthy of consideration in the discourse of regulation of food and drug industry in Ethiopia. The paper ends by arguing that the Ethiopia regulatory legal framework is constitutional and there indeed is a sufficient basis for the food and drug regulation yet the fear of capture of the regulator by the industry is not sufficiently addressed in the legal framework.
Probabilistic Data Association for Orbital-Element Estimation Using Multistage Expectation–Maximization

Tracking space objects is important for managing space traffic and predicting collisions, but is difficult in part due to data association and orbit model uncertainty. Expectation–maximization (EM)...
The Influence of Academic Pedigree on Integrated Plastic Surgery Resident Training Location.

INTRODUCTION Plastic surgery residencies are among the most competitive programs for graduate medical education. While board scores and research output are well-studied indicators of match success, no studies describe the association between an applicant's medical school ranking and subsequent residency ranking. METHODS A cross-sectional study of integrated plastic surgery residents for the 2019 to 2020 academic year was performed. Integrated plastic surgery residency programs were ranked according to 2020 Doximity Residency Navigator. AAMC-affiliated allopathic medical schools were ranked according to US News & World Report 2020 Best Medical Schools. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine if academic pedigree predicted placement at highly competitive plastic surgery residency programs. RESULTS A total of 914 residents across 69 integrated plastic surgery residency programs were included. Ten medical schools accounted for 169 (18.4%) of all trainees. 159 (16.5%) matched at their home program for residency. Medical school ranking and medical school-affiliated integrated plastic surgery program ranking were significant predictors of match success and future residency competitiveness. The presence of an affiliated plastic surgery residency program predicted total number of medical school graduates who matriculated into plastic surgery residency (p CONCLUSIONS Both medical school ranking and home plastic surgery program ranking appeared to influence match success and future residency training program competitiveness. This is the first study to demonstrate these associations.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Small Satellite Dynamics Testbed Planar Air-Bearing Propulsion System Characterization

The Small Satellite Dynamics Testbed (SSDT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory offers infrastructure that supports small satellite guidance and control testing in a relevant dynamics environment whil...
Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva, Aortic-Left Ventricular Tunnel

Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is a very rare lesion which leads to aneurysmal bulging of the aortic sinus. It may involve any of the aortic sinuses but more commonly involves right aortic sinus. Noninvasive imaging with cardiac computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to provide excellent definition of the aneurysm and the tissue planes involved. Cardiac CT also delineates the fistula connection between aneurysmal aortic sinus and cardiac chamber. The definitive therapy is surgical repair. Aortic-left ventricular tunnel is also a very rare congenital heart disease that presents as an abnormal paravalvular communication between the left ventricle and ascending aorta. Echocardiography with color Doppler and aortography serve to separate this lesion from aortic valve regurgitation by the absence of retrograde flow through the aortic valve. Treatment of aortic-left ventricular tunnel has been surgical.
Two dimensional discrete statistical shape models construction

In this paper, we present a discrete approach to 2D statistical shape models construction. An object is modeled in terms of landmark points on its contour. An optimized process of intrinsic discrete properties computes then curvilinear position, curvature and normal vector for each point. The approach uses after a dynamic programming process to match points of different shapes. By identifying matched points on a set of training examples, a statistical approach with principal component analysis, computes the mean object shape, the major modes of shape variation and extracts a compact and generic model.
Legal Issues in Violence toward Children

Legal issues on child maltreatment focus on the role of the state to investigate, adjudicate, and respond to those who maltreat children. In this chapter we will review issues relating to the typical practices and concerns at each stage in the legal processing of child abuse and neglect cases. We will also discuss current controversies in how and when the criminal justice system should intervene in cases of child maltreatment. Finally, we will review innovative approaches and policies that have been proposed, and in some cases implemented, for cases of child maltreatment.
Properties of some C18 stationary phases for preparative liquid chromatography: II. Column efficiency

Abstract Apparent column efficiencies were measured for 2,6-dimethylphenol, 3-phenyl-1-propanol, m -cresol and methyl benzoate on six columns packed with two commercial octadecyl silica, using methanol-water solutions as the mobile phase. The columns having the less dense packing are also the most efficient (the long-term stability problem conventionally associated with low packing-density columns has not been studied). The dependence of the column efficiency on the sample size is well accounted for by the Knox-Pyper model, using the isotherm data previously determined and the solution of the ideal model to account for the thermodynamic contribution to band broadening.
Predictability and forecasting

In April of 2002, a workshop was held that brought together participants with a wide range of geophysical expertise to focus on the problem of sub-seasonal predictability (Schubert et al., 2002). This workshop marked a relatively important milestone in the development of our predictive capability of the atmosphere, ocean, and land systems. The fact that it lured scientists with expertise in modeling, theory, and observations, as well as operational forecasters and funding agency administrators indicated that we had reached the point where sub-seasonal variability presented itself as more than a theoretical concern or vaguely observed set of phenomena. In fact, the need for such a workshop was based on the recognition that a number of sub-seasonal features could likely provide near-term opportunities for improving long-lead forecast skill. One of the keynote speakers, H. van den Dool, brought to the participants’ attention the early foresight that John von Neumann (1955) had of the expected progress to be made in the area of “long-range” forecasting. In terms of present-day terminology, von Neumann recognized (see Appendix I for excerpt) that the first gains to be made in the area of [atmospheric] prediction were likely to be made at the short range where the initial conditions are expected to play an important role (i.e., 1950s–1970s). Following progress in this area, substantial gains would next be likely made at the very long range, meaning climate prediction, where surface boundary conditions (e.g., large-scale sea surface temperature (SST)) are expected to play the most important role (i.e., 1980s–1990s). Then, only after considerable understanding was obtained in each of these two extreme regimes could progress be made at the sub-seasonal timescale (e.g., 2 weeks to 2 months) where both the initial conditions and boundary conditions are expected to be important. The occurrence of this workshop and its follow-on activities (Waliser et al., 2003a) indicate that by virtue of our progress with both “weather” and “climate” prediction problems, we had reached a point where it was feasible to consider the intermediary problem of the sub-seasonal timescale.
The role of interleukin-27 in influenza A and Staphylococcus aureus co-infection (INC8P.435)

Rationale: Influenza A represents a significant cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality and results in increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections in the lung. We have previously shown that Influenza A impairs bacterial host defense through inhibition of Type 17 immunity. IL-27 is known to inhibit Type 17 immunity, suggesting a potential critical role for IL-27 in viral and bacterial co-infection. Methods: Wild-type and IL-27 receptor α knock-out (IL-27Ra-/-) mice were infected with Influenza A H1N1 (PR/8/34) or vehicle for 6 days followed by challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 49775) or vehicle for 24 hours. Lung inflammation, bacterial burden, gene expression, and cytokine production were determined. Results: IL-27Ra-/- mice challenged with influenza A had increased weight loss compared to controls. In addition, IL-27Ra-/- mice displayed significantly decreased IL-10 production. IL-27Ra-/- mice co-infected with influenza and S. aureus had improved bacterial clearance compared to wild-type controls despite worsened lung pathology. Importantly, there were increased IL-17 and IL-22 expression and significantly decreased IL-10 production in the IL-27Ra-/- mice. Conclusions: These data suggest that IL-27 contributes to enhanced susceptibility to S. aureus pneumonia following influenza infection through the induction of IL-10 and regulation of Type 17 immunity.
1-Pyrrolidino-1-cyclopentene

(1; R = 1-pyrrolidino) [7148-07-4] C9H15N (MW 137.25) InChI = 1S/C9H15N/c1-2-6-9(5-1)10-7-3-4-8-10/h5H,1-4,6-8H2 InChIKey = KOFSFYBXUYHNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R = 4-morpholino) [936-52-7] C9H15NO (MW 153.25) InChI = 1S/C9H15NO/c1-2-4-9(3-1)10-5-7-11-8-6-10/h3H,1-2,4-8H2 InChIKey = VAPOFMGACKUWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3; R = 1-piperidino) [1614-92-2] C10H17N (MW 151.28) InChI = 1S/C10H17N/c1-4-8-11(9-5-1)10-6-2-3-7-10/h6H,1-5,7-9H2 InChIKey = SWSBEBHRHKHUHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4; R = 1-perhydroazepino) [7374-91-6] C11H19N (MW 165.31) InChI = 1S/C11H19N/c1-2-6-10-12(9-5-1)11-7-3-4-8-11/h7H,1-6,8-10H2 InChIKey = REAGJPFUDDURQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (5; R = Me2N) [4840-12-4] C7H13N (MW 111.21) InChI = 1S/C7H13N/c1-8(2)7-5-3-4-6-7/h5H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = GSHGEYWHRWQIPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (either the enamine nitrogen or its β-carbon atom is nucleophilic, undergoing substitution or conjugate addition;1 can take part in 1,2- or 1,4-cycloadditions1) Physical Data: (1) bp 88–92 °C/15 mmHg; n20D 1.5155; IR (CC) 1630 cm−1. (2) bp 105–106 °C/12 mmHg; nD20 1.5118; IR (CC) 1630 cm−1. (3) bp 90–91 °C/12 mmHg; nD20 1.5042; IR (CC) 1634 cm−1. (4) bp 83–85 °C/1 mmHg; nD20 1.517; IR (CC) 1630 cm−1. (5) bp 68 °C/45 mmHg; IR (CC) 1648 cm−1. Preparative Methods: the most commonly used method of preparation for these enamines is the acid-catalyzed condensation of a secondary amine with cyclopentanone (eq 1).1a (1) The use of a stoichiometric amount of Titanium(IV) Chloride makes it possible to produce highly hindered as well as ordinary enamines.2, 3 More highly hindered ketones react more rapidly with dimethylamine than with heterocyclic secondary amines such as Pyrrolidine (eq 2).2 (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: readily reacts with water or atmospheric oxygen; should be stored under dry nitrogen.
Growth Phase Influences Complement Resistance of Bordetella pertussis

The BrkA protein of Bordetella pertussis inhibits killing by the antibody-dependent classical pathway of complement; however, susceptibility to complement can be highly variable. Log-phase bacteria grown in Stainer-Scholte (SS) broth plated on Bordet-Gengou (BG) agar were about 500 times more sensitive to killing by complement than stationary-phase SS-BG cultures. While always more susceptible to complement than the wild-type strain, a BrkA mutant displayed a similar growth phase variation in susceptibility to complement. Growth phase susceptibility to complement was also observed for a mutant constitutive for Bvg activation of BrkA, suggesting that modulation of virulence factor expression was not responsible for sensitivity to complement. Susceptibility was not due to differential antigenic expression, since serum adsorbed with complement-resistant, stationary-phase SS-BG cultures lacked bactericidal activity against B. pertussis harvested at all times during the growth cycle. These results suggest that log-phase susceptibility to complement is not due to variable expression of BrkA or antigenic differences and may be an inherent property of rapidly growing cultures. Implications for vaccine development are discussed.
Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study.

Glutamine (GLN), long considered to be a nonessential amino acid, may be conditionally essential during periods of metabolic stress.1 It has been suggested that the improved results seen in patients given enteral, as opposed to parenteral, nutrition may in part be due to the provision of GLN. Commercial amino acid solutions do not contain GLN because of its inherent instability. Glutamine-supplemented solutions are currently under investigation and may be of benefit to patients who cannot tolerate enteral feedings. Bone marrow transplantation is one such setting, where the combination of radiation and chemotherapy make enteral support untenable.Forty-five patients underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies. They were randomly assigned to receive either a standard glutamine-free total parenteral nutrition solution or one supplemented with L-glutamine to provide 0.57 g of GLN/ kg per day in a blinded fashion. Overall protein intake was 1.5 g/kg per day. Patients were allow...
Diabetic glomerulopathy in the SHR/N-corpulent rat: role of dietary carbohydrate in a model of NIDDM

We evaluated the course of diabetes and nephropathy in the SHR/N-cp (corpulent) rat characterized by genetic obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), and hypertension, and examined whether the nephropathy in this model is influenced by the type of carbohydrate intake. Two groups of obese and lean SHR/N-cp rats were fed diets containing 54 % carbohydrate, as either sucrose or starch for 3 months (group I) and 9 months (group II). After 3 months on either diet, group I obese rats had higher 2-h response serum glucose levels and urinary glucose excretion than lean rats. Sucrose feeding was associated with greater proteinuria and a higher percentage of abnormal glomeruli in obese rats. Morphometric evaluation of glomeruli (by computerized image analysis) showed greater mean renal corpuscular volume and mesangial fraction in obese than in lean rats fed similar diets. Mean renal corpuscular volume and mesangial fraction were also greater in sucrose-fed obese rats than in starch-fed obese rats. After 9 months, group II obese rats had substantial reductions in serum and urine glucose levels but they were still hyperinsulinaemic and showed more proteinuria than lean rats and a higher percentage of sclerotic glomeruli compared with group I obese rats. At this time, mean mesangial fraction but not renal corpuscular volume was still higher in obese than in lean rats. In group I obese rats, a significant correlation was found between mesangial fraction and urinary protein excretion (r= 0.67,p<0.05). In group II obese rats, renal corpuscular volume was correlated with percentage of glomerular sclerosis (r=0.60,p<0.05). Thus, obese SHR/N-cp rats develop persistent proteinuria and glomerulopathy marked by glomerular enlargement, increased mesangial matrix, and progressive glomerular sclerosis. Sucrose feeding accentuates mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis in obese rats. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 31–38]
Identification of volatile organic contaminants in Washington, D.C. municipal water

Abstract A method is described by which trace quantities of volatile organic compounds can be recovered from water by purging the water with a counter-current flow of helium gas. The recovered organic mixture is separated on a suitable gas chromatographic column and eluted components are identified by means of a mass spectrometer. Compounds can be identified at concentrations in the ppt range. Nineteen volatile organic compounds have been identified in District of Columbia drinking water at concentrations below 5 ppb: 13 additional compounds were detected, but with concentrations too low for identification. Possible sources of the major contaminants are discussed.
Assessing the Value of an Optional Radiation Oncology Clinical Rotation During the Core Clerkships in Medical School

Purpose Few medical students are given proper clinical training in oncology, much less radiation oncology. We attempted to assess the value of adding a radiation oncology clinical rotation to the medical school curriculum. Methods and Materials In July 2010, Jefferson Medical College began to offer a 3-week radiation oncology rotation as an elective course for third-year medical students during the core surgical clerkship. During 2010 to 2012, 52 medical students chose to enroll in this rotation. The rotation included outpatient clinics, inpatient consults, didactic sessions, and case-based presentations by the students. Tests of students’ knowledge of radiation oncology were administered anonymously before and after the rotation to evaluate the educational effectiveness of the rotation. Students and radiation oncology faculty were given surveys to assess feedback about the rotation. Results The students’ prerotation test scores had an average of 64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61–66%). The postrotation test scores improved to an average of 82% (95% CI, 80–83%; 18% absolute improvement). In examination question analysis, scores improved in clinical oncology from 63% to 79%, in radiobiology from 70% to 77%, and in medical physics from 62% to 88%. Improvements in all sections but radiobiology were statistically significant. Students rated the usefulness of the rotation as 8.1 (scale 1–9; 95% CI, 7.3–9.0), their understanding of radiation oncology as a result of the rotation as 8.8 (95% CI, 8.5–9.1), and their recommendation of the rotation to a classmate as 8.2 (95% CI, 7.6–9.0). Conclusions Integrating a radiation oncology clinical rotation into the medical school curriculum improves student knowledge of radiation oncology, including aspects of clinical oncology, radiobiology, and medical physics. The rotation is appreciated by both students and faculty.
The distribution of sums of certain I.I.D. pareto variates

ABSTRACT Though the Pareto distribution is important to actuaries and economists, an exact expression for the distribution of the sum of n i.i.d. Pareto variates has been difficult to obtain in general. This article considers Pareto random variables with common probability density function (pdf) f(x) = (α/β) (1 + x/β)α+1 for x > 0, where α = 1,2,… and β > 0 is a scale parameter. To date, explicit expressions are known only for a few special cases: (i) α = 1 and n = 1,2,3; (ii) 0 0, and α and n are positive integers. Laplace transforms and generalized exponential integrals are used to derive these expressions, which involve integrals of real valued functions on the positive real line. An important attribute of these expressions is that the integrands involved are non oscillating.
Effects of Anatomical Site, Exposure Time, Age, Refrigerant, and Breed on Legibility of Freeze Marks on Dairy Cattle

Abstract Freeze marks were applied by the same person to 17 dairy steers at Beltsville, Maryland, and four dairy steers at Jeanerette, Louisiana. Sites were close clipped before marking. Steers were marked at three pigmented anatomical sites (neck-shoulder, rib-cage, and rump-thigh) for three exposure times (10, 20, and 30 s) at three marking ages (3, 6, and 12 mo); dry ice was the refrigerant on one side and liquid nitrogen on the other side. Marks were evaluated when steers were 3 yr old. With liquid nitrogen 91% of the marks were bald, and only 2% contained white hair. With dry ice 37% of the marks were bald, and 28% contained white hair. White-haired marks are superior to bald marks on most dairy cattle because peripheral hair growth could obscure bald marks during winter. Hair acts as an insulator; and when the hair is close clipped, the extremely low temperature (−196 C) of liquid nitrogen destroys the hair follicles, and a bald mark results. For this reason, liquid nitrogen is not recommended as a freeze-marking refrigerant when hair is clipped close in premarking preparation. Dry ice marking at 3 mo for 20 s resulted in the highest percentage (47%) of white-haired marks in the premarking preparation method with close clipped hair.
Silicones in experimental peptic ulceration.

In the search for a silicone as uniformly successful as the one used earlier, in preventing and treating experimental peptic ulceration in animals, 30 different silicones were used in pylorus-ligated rats, Mann-Williamson dogs and histamine ulcerated dogs. None were found to be uniformly effective and the initial encouraging results reported by us could not be reproduced with subsequent silicone preparations.
Intrapartum nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing and prediction of adverse outcomes: interobserver variability.

OBJECTIVE: We determined interobserver variability in the classification of fetal heart rate (FHR) tracing with periodic deceleration as being reassuring or nonreassuring and in the ability to predict emergency cesarean delivery (ECD) or umbilical arterial pH 7.00. STUDY DESIGN: Five clinicians reviewed 100 FHR tracings 1 hour before abnormalities and, if applicable, the hour before delivery. We calculated weighted Kappa coefficients (WKC) to assess interobserver variability and likelihood ratio of FHR tracing to identify ECD and low pH. RESULTS: Among 100 parturients, 46% of the women had ECD, and 2% of the women had low pH. The WKC for the classification of the FHR tracing as reassuring or nonreassuring in early labor was -0.12 and before delivery was 0.15. The WKC for ECD was 0.26 and for low pH was 0.21. The likelihood ratio for these 2 outcomes was 2.0. CONCLUSION: There was poor agreement among the clinicians who classified FHR as reassuring vs nonreassuring; they could not identify which parturient would have ECD or a newborn infant with low pH.
Learning at Unexpected Times in Unlikely Places

W hen I was young, years ago—decades ago, actually—I attended a Danforth Fellows Conference on improving the effectiveness of college teachers. The featured instructor was Albert C. Outler, a famous theologian from Southern Methodist University. He was billed as one of the leading scholars on Biblical authority. The program listed an impressive sample of his publications, mostly on quadrilateral methodology for theological re ection based on four sources: scripture, tradition, experience, and reason. The people around me were from the arts—as alien to me as if they were from Mars. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v36i6_box
LRRK2 mutations in a clinic‐based cohort of Parkinson's disease

In the last decade, major breakthroughs in the understanding of genetic contributions to Parkinson's disease (PD) have been achieved. Recently, mutations in LRRK2, encoding dardarin, have been found to be responsible for an autosomal dominant parkinsonism (OMIM 607060). We screened 311 subjects (cases: n = 202, controls: n = 109) for the three previously reported LRRK2 mutations. Our investigation revealed a sporadic case of PD with a heterozygous mutation G2019S (c.6055G>A). Here, we present the clinical phenotype of this patient and discuss the implications of genetic testing for the G2019S mutation in patients with sporadic PD.
Protection and the Historical Situation: Australia

I. Alleged special features of Australia's economic position, 87.— II. The argument based on the terms of trade, 89.— The question of elasticity of demand, 92.— III. The influence of diminishing returns in the primary industries, 97.— Average vs. marginal conditions, 99.— The infant industry argument, 100.—IV. Effect of protection on the distribution of the national income, 102.— Conclusions, 104.
The Effect of Simultaneous Administration of Levarterenol and Phentolamine on Renal Blood Flow

The effect of simultaneous administration of levarterenol and phentolamine upon renal blood flow was studied over a 3-hour period in 22 mongrel dogs. The infusion of levarterenol alone produced a fall in renal blood flow that ranged from 28 to 58% from the baseline value. When both drugs were administered simultaneously, renal flow fell only 17 to 22% from baseline (p less than 0.05). From these studies we conclude that the simultaneous administration of levarterenol and phentolamine in optimal ratios maintains renal blood flow near baseline levels.
The incorporation of methyl groups into amino acid transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The presence of methylated purine and pyrimidine bases in the amino acid transfer or soluble RNA (S-RNA) of both mammalian and bacterial cells has been known for several years ( Dunn, 1959 ). The methylated bases, which occur in different relative concentrations in each species ( Smith and Dunn, 1959 ), are not incorporated as such ( Starr, 1962 ) but apparently are formed by methylation of the preformed polymucleotide chain ( Fleissner and Borek, 1962 ). Methionine acts as the methyl donor in the intact cell ( Biswas et al., 1961 , Mandel and Borek, 1961 ) as well as in the in vitro cell-free preparations ( Fleissner and Borek (1962) ). The function of the methyl groups is not known. Fleissner and Borek (1962) have suggested that the methylation alters the secondary and tertiary structures of the polymucleotides, or reduces the number of sites of hydrogen bonding, thereby facilitating transient attachment to binding sites. The studies reported in this and the following paper were undertaken in order to confirm the presence of the methyl groups in the soluble RNA fraction and to determine whether the pattern of methylation is involved in the determination of amino acid specificity of S-RNA.
Ecrire La Fontaine: technology for reading literature

Today, foreign language teaching can find important resources in technology, the Internet, etc.; but how the teaching of foreign literature, or literature in general, might benefit from technology remains a more open question. The project “Writing La Fontaine” seeks to complement the traditional practice of literary imitation with technology that facilitates writing and peer‐editing. The project allows for detailed study of the literary text and may provide a possible model for the use of technology in the teaching of literature.
ethnicity, information sources, and fear of crime

Using data from a 1997 random digit dial survey of Orange County, California residents, this article examines the "indirect victimization" thesis regarding the effects of mass media on perceived risk and fear of crime among whites and Latinos. Using structural equation models, we analyze the differential effects of television and newspapers when used as the primary source of information about crime. For whites, relying on the newspaper has a negative indirect impact on fear through perceived risk, but television has no effects. For Latinos, newspaper has no effects on fear, but televisionhas both a positive direct effect and indirect effect on fear through perceived risk.
The Decline of the Rate of Profit in the Postwar U.S. Economy: An Alternative Marxian Explanation

This paper presents an explanation of the decline of the rate of profit in the postwar U.S. economy which is based on Marx's distinction between productive labor and unproductive labor. According t...
Taste perception and coding in Drosophila.

Abstract Background: Discrimination between edible and contaminated foods is crucial for the survival of animals. In Drosophila , a family of gustatory receptors (GRs) expressed in taste neurons is thought to mediate the recognition of sugars and bitter compounds, thereby controlling feeding behavior. Results: We have characterized in detail the expression of eight Gr genes in the labial palps, the fly's main taste organ. These genes fall into two distinct groups: seven of them, including Gr66a , are expressed in 22 or fewer taste neurons in each labial palp. Additional experiments show that many of these genes are coexpressed in partially overlapping sets of neurons. In contrast, Gr5a , which encodes a receptor for trehalose, is expressed in a distinct and larger set of taste neurons associated with most chemosensory sensilla, including taste pegs. Mapping the axonal targets of cells expressing Gr66a and Gr5a reveals distinct projection patterns for these two groups of neurons in the brain. Moreover, tetanus toxin-mediated inactivation of Gr66a - or Gr5a -expressing cells shows that these two sets of neurons mediate distinct taste modalities—the perception of bitter (caffeine) and sweet (trehalose) taste, respectively. Conclusion: Discrimination between two taste modalities—sweet and bitter—requires specific sets of gustatory receptor neurons that express different Gr genes. Unlike the Drosophila olfactory system, where each neuron expresses a single olfactory receptor gene, taste neurons can express multiple receptors and do so in a complex Gr gene code that is unique for small sets of neurons.
The double burden of undernutrition and excess body weight in Ecuador

Background: Ecuador’s current nutrition policies have not taken adequate notice of the double burden of malnutrition and continue to focus on stunting and to a lesser extent on overweight, without addressing the simultaneous presence of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight or obesity (OW/OB). Objective: The aim of this article was to describe the prevalence and distribution of undernutrition (stunting, anemia, and zinc deficiency), overweight, and obesity in Ecuador to explore the evolving double burden of malnutrition at the national, household, and individual levels and to discuss whether current public health policies are addressing the double burden. Design: Data from the 2012 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU) was used to estimate the dual burden of malnutrition at the national, household, and individual levels in children ,5 y old, school-aged children, and women of reproductive age. Results: In 13.1% of households, mothers with excess body weight coexist with a stunted child ,5 y old. Moreover, among households with overweight or obese mothers, 12.6% have an anemic child and 14% have a zinc-deficient child. At the individual levels, the coexistence of OW/OB and stunting, anemia, or zinc deficiency was found in 2.8%, 0.7%, and 8.4% of school-aged children, respectively. In addition, 8.9% and 32.6% of women aged 12–49 y have excess body weight and anemia or zinc deficiency, respectively. Conclusions: This article shows the coexistence of high rates of undernutrition and OW/OB at the individual, household, and national levels in Ecuador. Although integrated approaches to address the emerging double burden are required, public health policies to date have not responded adequately. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100 (suppl):1636S–43S.
Lung epithelial cell death induced by oil-dispersant mixtures.

Abstract The dispersants used in oil spill disasters are claimed to be safe, but increased solubility of high-molecular-weight components in crude oil is of public health concern. The water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil mixed with dispersants may become airborne and cause lung epithelial damage when inhaled. This study was designed to examine the cell death and related death pathways of lung epithelial cells in response to WAF. Cultured A549 cells were treated for 2 or 24 h with different concentrations of WAF. The WAF was prepared by mixing each of the dispersants (Corexit EC9527A, Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9580A) with crude oil for extraction with PBS. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay, morphology and cleaved caspase 9 protein, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 were all used to measure cell viability, necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy quantitation, respectively. Results showed that the WAF of oil-dispersant mixtures caused cell death in the lung epithelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner, with the major cellular pathways of necrosis and apoptosis involved. Autophagy also occurred in cells exposed to WAF mixtures at lower concentrations before any detectable cell death, indicating greater sensitivity to WAF exposure. The three types of cell behavior, namely necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, may play different roles in oil spill-related respiratory disorders.
Evaluating and rethinking the case study

This paper will first explore briefly how the case study fell out of favour as a legitimate research tool, and how case study researchers responded to the critique that case study research lacked internal and external validity. Some case study advocates attempted to meet this critique by using the case to compare different theoretical predictions, dividing the case into subcases, or treating the case as an experiment. A more effective response distinguishes between ‘extensive’ and ‘intensive’ research designs, and critiques the extensive model. The paper then provides a clarification of purpose and a revived emphasis on theory, history, and intervention to develop the case study method. This paper will begin to construct a comprehensive case study methodology independent of the old critiques, and will show the crucial place which case studies must occupy in our craft.
Phonatory characteristics of the excised human larynx in comparison to other species.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions needed to elicit phonation from excised human larynges and the resultant range of phonations produced; compare that with similar information previously obtained from canine, pig, sheep, and cow; and relate those findings to previously reported information about viscoelastic properties of the vocal fold tissue (ie, stress-strain curves and Young's modulus). Methods Six human larynges of the geriatric group (age range, 70–89) were mounted on the bench without supraglottic structures, and phonation was achieved with the flow of heated and humidified air through the tracheal tube. Using various sutures to mimic the function of the laryngeal muscles, the larynges were put through a series of sustained oscillations with adduction as a control parameter. Results The human larynges oscillated with an average frequency that was close to the canine larynges, but the oscillation behavior and wide frequency range were similar to those of pig larynges. The similarity of the wide vibration frequency ranges of human and pig larynges may be because of the nonlinear behavior of their elasticity, which is related to the high collagen content of the vocal folds. On the contrary, other species with limited frequency ranges showed almost linear stress-strain curves because of the higher elastin and lower collagen contents. Conclusions The physiological differences in the linearity and ranges of oscillation of excised larynges reported in this study and previous studies are reflective of the tissue composition and mechanics.