cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repetition and verbal STM in transcortical sensory aphasia: a case study.

The repetition performance of a patient (S.T.) with transcortical sensory aphasia is examined in four experiments with particular emphasis on the STM capacities underlying her performance. S.T.'s repetition of word strings exceeding her span (two words) is characterized by good recall of the final items and a strong tendency to lose the initial items in the input string. This pattern contrasts with the serial position effects observed in a phonologically based STM impairment, and it is suggested that a lexical-semantic impairment, also evident in S.T.'s naming and lexical comprehension, contributes to her inability to retain the primacy portions of the input string. Lexical effects obtained in her reproduction of words and nonwords, as well as word strings (Experiments 1 and 2), indicate that under conditions of impaired semantics S.T. is relying on lexical phonological information to repeat. Priming by repeated exposure (Experiment 3) failed to improve her repetition performance, indicating that access to lexical information is brief and dependent on recent phonological input. In Experiment 4, the role of syntactic structure in S.T.'s sentence repetition was examined, and it was shown that syntactic structure affects the recall of order information, but not the number of items recalled. The repetition and verbal STM abilities of this patient, in light of her total language profile, are then evaluated in the context of a language-based view of verbal STM.
Elucidating Changes in Interfacial Water Structure upon Protein Adsorption

A coat to fit the body: Although protein adsorption onto surfaces is a complicated process, sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy probes the interfacial water structure around a silica surface as a model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) adsorbs onto it from solution. At pH 8.0, the attenuated SFG intensity after BSA adsorption indicates that interfacial water molecules are less ordered due to a reduction in surface ξ-potential. The SFG spectrum shows the C-O stretching vibrations subject to stronger ([symbol: see text]≈3200 cm(-1)) and weaker (3200 cm(-1)) hydrogen bonds.
Long Live Teddy/Death to Woodrow: The Polarized Politics of the Progressive Era in the 2012 Election

Two historic moments from the run-up to the 2012 presidential election might well stir the interest of readers of the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era : December 6, 2011: President Barack Obama traveled to Osawatomie, Kansas, to deliver what proved to be his signature speech about the economy. Indeed, former labor secretary Robert Reich called the address, “the most important economic speech of his or any modern presidency.” Obama castigated radical free marketeers, he vindicated communal bonds, and he upheld the great middle class. And the reason that the president traveled to the metropolis of Osawatomie? Because in 1910 Theodore Roosevelt had gone there to repudiate the laissez-faire policies of the Gilded Age and put forth his case for a progressive “New Nationalism” in an oration that White House press secretary Jay Carney characterized as “the speech that really set the course for the 20th century.”
Complications of renal cyst exploration versus renal mass aspiration.

Abstract This report presents a comparison of the complications of surgical exploration with unroofing and renal cyst puncture. Two hundred fifty-five patients were operated on, with a mortality rate of 1 per cent and a morbidity rate of 28 per cent. The complications in 63 patients examined by mass aspiration included a morbidity rate of 6.4 per cent and no mortality. The possibilities of overlooking carcinomas through cyst aspiration are weighed against the demonstrated morbidity of surgical exploration and found to be much less significant. The authors recommend that an asymptomatic renal mass that radiographically appears to be a cyst and is unaccompanied by urine changes or clinical stigmata of renal neoplasia be treated by cyst aspiration and not subjected to surgical exploration.
Loss of mitochondrial MnSOD in acute cardiac rejection: synergistic protection by low-dose cyclosporine plus vitamin C

Background: Tyrosine nitration (NO-Tyr) of proteins may occur via peroxynitrite (ONOO−), the product of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide, or via secondary radicals formed after reaction of ONOO− and endogenous bicarbonate to form nitrosoperoxocarboxylate. Tyrosine nitration of purified manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) by ONOO− leads to decreased enzyme activity, thereby increasing oxidative stress. Purpose: We examined the role of NO derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on MnSOD protein and activity in acute cardiac rejection, and the benefits of treatment with vitamin C (VitC). Methods: Lewis (isograft) or Wistar-Furth (allograft) donor hearts were transplanted into Lewis recipient rats. Rats were untreated or treated daily with low-dose cyclosporine (CsA) 2.5 mg/kg i.m., VitC 120 mg/100 g gavage or VitC+CsA. We determined histological rejections scores, MnSOD activity, MnSOD and iNOS protein (Western blots), plasma NO metabolites and NO-Tyr (slot blot). Results: Rejection scores (untreated: 4.6 ± 0.2; VitC: 4.1 ± 0.4; CsA: 2.6 ± 0.3, P < 0.001 vs. untreated; VitC + CsA: 3.4 ± 0.4, P < 0.05 vs. untreated) as well as myocardial fractional shortening determined by sonomicrometry were improved by treatment (untreated: 0.77 ± 0.17; VitC: 1.45 ± 0.09; CsA: 2.24 ± 0.22, P < 0.01 vs. untreated; VitC + CsA: 1.77 ± 0.19, P < 0.05 vs. untreated). MnSOD activity was decreased on POD6 (5.8 ± 1.3 U/mg/min) but not POD4 (12.1 ± 2.1 U/mg/min) in untreated allografts vs. isografts (10.4 ± 2.5 U/mg/min). On POD6, MnSOD protein was decreased by 50% and was prevented by treatment with an iNOS dimerization inhibitor, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine (LNIL), (2.7 ± 0.3, 1.5 ± 0.4, 3.5 ± 0.4 arbitrary units for isografts, allografts and treated allografts, respectively). Loss of MnSOD protein was partially protected by CsA or VitC alone, but fully protected by VitC + CsA. VitC alone had no effect on iNOS protein while CsA alone or VitC + CsA decreased iNOS to a similar level. NO-Tyr was elevated by 3-fold in allografts at POD6. In contrast to effects of treatments on iNOS, VitC or CsA alone decreased NO-Tyr (untreated: 45 ± 9; VitC: 32 ± 1; CsA: 26 ± 6, ng NO-Tyr-BSA equivalents). Conclusions: Decreases in MnSOD protein occur via an iNOS-dependent pathway. As VitC alone did not change iNOS protein or NO production (i.e., NO metabolites) and the published rate constant of reaction of VitC with superoxide is modest, it is unlikely that VitC preserves MnSOD protein simply by limiting ONOO− formation. Rather, VitC may act to decrease NO-Tyr by quenching tyrosyl radicals produced secondary to ONOO−formation.
Excited State Isomerization Kinetics of 4-(Methanol)Stilbene: Application of the Isodielectric Kramers−Hubbard Analysis

Trans-4-(methanol)stilbene (HMS) is a member of the diphenylpolyene family with a methanol group appended to one of the phenyl rings of stilbene. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the polar functional group has a substantial influence on rotational dynamics of HMS in polar liquids and in supercritical CO2. In this paper, we examine the influence of the methanol group on the trans−cis excited state photoisomerization of HMS. We present absorbance and fluorescence spectra that indicate that the spectroscopy of HMS is nearly identical to that of stilbene. We utilize the spectra to calculate the radiative rate constant of the excited-state trans isomer of HMS. Using this result and measured fluorescence lifetimes, we characterize the trans-cis isomerization rate of HMS in a series of n-alcohols over temperatures from 0 to 60 °C. Linear Arrhenius plots are observed over this temperature range. We also present an analysis based on the isodielectric Kramers−Hubbard method originally developed by And...
Is Higher Education Becoming a Commodity

This paper develops a statistical model over the 1992 to 2002 period to measure the forces that lead colleges and universities to price discriminate. Identifying those forces makes it possible to determine the kinds of schools that are better or less able to effectively price discriminate. The empirical findings strongly suggest that schools with lower student selectivity need to give back a high proportion of tuition increases to students in the form of discounts (financial aid) than do higher selectivity schools. This result is consistent with economic theory that suggests price discrimination is more effective when demand is inelastic.
Tetrathiafulvalene‐mediated Biosensor for L‐lactate in Dairy Products

A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-mediated, amperometric biosensor was developed for the specific determination of L-lactate. L-lactate oxidase was immobilized by adsorption and retained on the surface of a carbon-paste electrode using an electro-polymerized film of 1,3-phenylenediamineresorcinol. The response of the biosensor was maximum at pH 7.0 and 30 o C. Response was linear up to 0.6 mM lactate and had a minimum detection limit of 56 μM. Response time was less than 90 sec. When stored at 4 o C response was stable for >36 days and subsequently decreased. The sensor was unresponsive after 96 days. This enzyme-based biosensor was suitable for determining lactate concentrations in milk and yogurt
Antigenic analysis of extracts from barley infected with barley stripe mosaic virus

Abstract Extracts from barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var. Moore) infected with barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) were analyzed by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis by using virus antiserum and antiserum to fractions from healthy barley. Immunodiffusion of sap from BSMV-infected barley revealed nonsedimentable virus-related antigens in addition to antigens associated with infectious virus. The nonsedimentable antigens were not detected in freshly purified virus preparations. Immunoelectrophoresis of purified virus showed the presence of two antigens at pH 6–7 and three antigens at pH values above 7. Barley antigens were detected by immunoelectrophoresis of partially purified virus preparations by using antiserum to concentrated barley antigens, but these antigens were not detected when an antiserum to barley sap was used. The incorporation of Leonil SA, an anionic detergent, in the immunodiffusion system facilitated immunodiffusion of purified virus. Evidence from sucrose gradient centrifugation of BSMV-Leonil SA mixtures indicated that the detergent effect in immunodiffusion was due to the degradation of the virus with the resultant production of rapidly diffusing antigens.
Nutritional management in the head and neck cancer patient

Cancers of the head and neck result in complex problems that may impact negatively on the patient's nutritional status. In fact, nutritional compromise is frequently present at the time the patient first seeks medical help. Nutritional assessment includes an evaluation of dietary intake, measurement of anthropometrics, a laboratory assessment, and physical examination
Isocitrate binding at two functionally distinct sites in yeast NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase

Yeast NAD(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an octamer containing two types of homologous subunits. Ligand-binding analyses were conducted to examine effects of residue changes in putative catalytic and regulatory isocitrate-binding sites respectively contained in IDH2 and IDH1 subunits. Replacement of homologous serine residues in either subunit site, S98A in IDH2 or S92A in IDH1, was found to reduce by half the total number of holoenzyme isocitrate-binding sites, confirming a correlation between detrimental effects on isocitrate binding and respective kinetic defects in catalysis and allosteric activation by AMP. Replacement of both serine residues eliminates isocitrate binding and measurable catalytic activity. The putative isocitrate-binding sites of IDH1 and IDH2 contain five identical and four nonidentical residues. Reciprocal replacement of the four nonidentical residues in either or both subunits (A108R, F136Y, T241D, and N245D in IDH1 and/or R114A, Y142F, D248T, and D252N in IDH2) was found to be permissive for isocitrate binding. This provides further evidence for two types of binding sites in IDH, although the authentic residues have been shown to be necessary for normal kinetic contributions. Finally, the mutant enzymes with residue replacements in the IDH1 site were found to be unable to bind AMP, suggesting that allosteric activation is dependent both upon binding of isocitrate at the IDH1 site and upon the changes in the enzyme normally elicited by this binding.
Building reputation in StackOverflow: An empirical investigation

StackOverflow (SO) contributors are recognized by reputation scores. Earning a high reputation score requires technical expertise and sustained effort. We analyzed the SO data from four perspectives to understand the dynamics of reputation building on SO. The results of our analysis provide guidance to new SO contributors who want to earn high reputation scores quickly. In particular, the results indicate that the following activities can help to build reputation quickly: answering questions related to tags with lower expertise density, answering questions promptly, being the first one to answer a question, being active during off peak hours, and contributing to diverse areas.
Forecasting economic time series using flexible versus fixed specification and linear versus nonlinear econometric models

Nine macroeconomic variables are forecast in a real-time scenario using a variety of flexible specification, fixed specilication, linear, and nonlinear econometric models. All me, dels are allowed to evolve through time. and our analysis focuses on nltKlel selection and performance. In the context of real-time forecasts, flexible specilication models (including linear autoregressive models with exogenous variables and nonlinear artificial neural networks) appear to offer a useful and viable ahernative to less flexible fixed specification linear tm~dels for a subset of the economic variables which we examine, particularly at forecast h~rizons greater than I-step ahead. We speculate that one reason for this result is that the economy is evolving (rather slowly) over time. This feature cannot easily be captured by lixed specilication linear models, however, attd manifests itself in the form of ewdving coeflieient estimates. We also provide additional evidence supporting the claim that models which "win' based oil Otle model selection criterion (say a squared error measure) do not necessarily win when an alternative selection criterion is used (say a confusion rate measure), thus highlighting the import:race of the particuhtr cost function which is used by forecasters and "end-users" to evaluate their models. A wide variety of different model selection criteria and statistical tests are used to illustrate our lindings. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Adopting pen-based technology to facilitate active learning in the classroom: is it right for you?

In this work, we identify factors that should be examined when considering the adoption of collaboration-facilitating software and hardware and also determine what needs to be done to facilitate the use of this technology in the classroom.
Civil War Victory and the Onset of Genocide and Politicide

Why do some governments engage in genocide and/or politicide? A common explanation for such government-sponsored mass killing is that civil war provides governments both the incentive and opportunity to eradicate their enemies during the fighting. However, many episodes of genocide and politicide begin once the fighting has ended. I argue that when the civil war ends with a clear victor the winning party is more likely to engage in mass killing than if the conflict ends through negotiated settlement or other inconclusive manners, since the victorious party does not fear armed resistance while they eliminate dissidents throughout the country. Moreover, I posit that the government will be more likely to engage in politicide rather than genocide, as politicide eradicates the leader’s political enemies across cross-cutting segments of the population, whereas genocide only destroys certain communal groups. Statistical examination of all post-civil war periods between 1955 and 2009 supports my argument.
Enhancing Radiotherapy Through a Greater Understanding of Homologous Recombination

Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer can cause a wide range of cellular effects, the most biologically potent of which is the double-strand break in DNA. The process of repairing DNA double-strand breaks involves 1 of 2 major mechanisms: nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination. In this review, we review the molecular mechanisms of homologous recombination, in particular as it relates to the repair of DNA damage from ionizing radiation. We also present specific situations in which homologous recombination may be dysfunctional in human cancers and how this functional abnormality can be recognized. We also discuss the therapeutic opportunities that can be exploited based on deficiencies in homologous recombination at various steps in the DNA repair pathway. Side-by-side with these potential therapeutic opportunities, we review the contemporary clinical trials in which strategies to exploit these defects in homologous recombination can be enhanced by the use of radiotherapy in conjunction with biologically targeted agents. We conclude that the field of radiation oncology has only scratched the surface of a potentially highly efficacious therapeutic strategy.
GPU-based simulation of cellular neural networks for image processing

The inherent massive parallelism of cellular neural networks makes them an ideal computational platform for kernel-based algorithms and image processing. General-purpose GPUs provide similar massive parallelism, but it can be difficult to design algorithms to make optimal use of the hardware. The presented research includes a GPU abstraction based on cellular neural networks. The abstraction offers a simplified view of massively parallel computation which remains reasonably efficient. An image processing library with visualization software has been developed to showcase the flexibility and power of cellular computation on GPUs. Benchmarks of the library indicate that commodity GPUs can be used to significantly accelerate CNN research and offer a viable alternative to CPU-based image processing algorithms.
Radiometric measurements of the microwave emissivity of foam

Radiometric measurements of the microwave emissivity of foam were conducted during May 2000 at the Naval Research Laboratory's Chesapeake Bay Detachment using radiometers operating at 10.8 and 36.5 GHz. Horizontal and vertical polarization measurements were performed at 36.5 GHz; horizontal, vertical, +45/spl deg/, -45/spl deg/, left-circular, and right-circular polarization measurements were obtained at 10.8 GHz. These measurements were carried out over a range of incidence angles from 30/spl deg/ to 60/spl deg/. Surface foam was generated by blowing compressed air through a matrix of gas-permeable tubing supported by an aluminum frame and floats. Video micrographs of the foam were used to measure bubble size distribution and foam layer thickness. A video camera was boresighted with the radiometers to determine the beam-fill fraction of the foam generator. Results show emissivities that were greater than 0.9 and approximately constant in value over the range of incidence angles for vertically polarized radiation at both 10.8 and 36.5 GHz, while emissivities of horizontally polarized radiation showed a gradual decrease in value as incidence angle increased. Emissivities at +45/spl deg/, -45/spl deg/, left-circular, and right-circular polarizations were all very nearly equal to each other and were in turn approximately equal to the average values of the horizontal and vertical emissivities in each case.
Research on the School Administrator: The State of the Art, 1967-19801

This review maps the domain of research on school administrators for the period, 1967-1980, using 322 research reports drawn from two major sources: Dissertation Abstracts and published journals re...
Bimatoprost: a member of a new class of agents, the prostamides, for glaucoma management.

Bimatoprost, a synthetic analogue of endogenous prostamides, is in development as a topical ocular hypotensive agent for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Prostamides are a newly discovered class of compounds that have been shown to have potent ocular hypotensive activity in the laboratory. Bimatoprost mimics the endogenous prostamides by lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). Bimatoprost provides outstanding control of IOP throughout the day, and a high percentage of patients receiving bimatoprost achieve the low target pressures important for clinical success. In controlled clinical trials, bimatoprost 0.03% given once daily has displayed efficacy superior to timolol 0.5% given twice daily, the current standard for therapy. Analysis of pooled six month data from two large Phase III trials demonstrated that mean IOP was consistently 2 - 3 mmHg lower with bimatoprost q.d. than with timolol b.i.d. Bimatoprost 0.03% q.d. has also been shown to provide significantly better diurnal IOP control ...
Aortic valve replacement in patients aged 50 to 70 years: improved outcome with mechanical versus biologic prostheses.

Objective Improved durability of bioprostheses has led some surgeons to recommend biologic rather than mechanical prostheses for patients younger than 65 years. We compared late results of contemporary bioprostheses and bileaflet mechanical prostheses in patients who underwent aortic valve replacement between 50 and 70 years old. Methods In this retrospective study, patients received either St Jude bileaflet valves or Carpentier–Edwards bioprostheses. Operations were performed between January 1991 and December 2000, and groups were matched one-to-one according to age, sex, need for coronary artery bypass grafting, and valve size. Results Four hundred forty patients were matched, and follow-up was 92% complete, with median durations of 9.1 years for patients who received mechanical valves and 6.2 years for patients who received bioprostheses. The 5- and 10-year unadjusted survivals were 87% and 68% for mechanical valves and 72% and 50% for bioprostheses, respectively ( P P = .06). Rates of late stroke or other embolic events and of endocarditis were similar between groups. Hemorrhagic complications necessitating hospitalization occurred in 15% of patients with mechanical valves and 7% of patients with bioprostheses ( P = .01). Notably, 19% of patients with bioprostheses were receiving warfarin sodium at last follow-up. After adjustment for unmatched variables, including diabetes, renal failure, lung disease, New York Heart Association functional class, ejection fraction, and stroke, the use of a mechanical valve was protective against late mortality (hazard ratio 0.46, P Conclusion In this study, patients aged 50 to 70 years who underwent aortic valve replacement with mechanical valves had a survival advantage relative to matched patients who received bioprostheses. These findings question recommendations of bioprostheses for younger patients and suggest that a randomized trial may be warranted.
Hierarchical Estimation of Spatial Properties from Motion

Multiresolution matching techniques for motion-induced change lead naturally to a hierarchical refinement of three-dimensional properties such as edge location, surface shape, spatial layout, and motion parameters. A hierarchical representation of these relationships is useful for subsequent analysis of more symbolic properties. Aggregate information about larger surfaces is available at the coarser levels of the hierarchy. This can be used to normalize values at finer levels so that detailed, local properties are not hidden by grosser effects.
Nano-scale Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Photodetectors

We present the design, fabrication and testing results of a nano-scale quantum dot photodetector composed of quantum dots that are positioned between a nano-gap in electrodes and optically excited with CW light.
Quantitative analysis of selegiline and three metabolites (N-desmethylselegiline, methamphetamine, and amphetamine) in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

This report describes a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of subnanogram concentrations of selegiline and its three principle metabolites, N-desmethylselegiline, methamphetamine, and amphetamine, in human plasma. The assay has a dynamic range of 0.1-20 ng/mL for selegiline and N-desmethylselegiline (norselegiline) and 0.2-20 ng/mL for methamphetamine and amphetamine. The inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy varied by less than 11% for all analytes at 0.3, 2.5, and 15 ng/mL and less than 16% at the lower limit of quantitation (0.1 ng/ml, for selegiline and norselegiline; and 0.2 ng/mL for methamphetamine and amphetamine). Selegiline and its metabolites showed no significant loss in quantitative accuracy after three freeze/thaw cycles or after up to 6 h at room temperature prior to extraction. Extracted plasma samples retained quantitative accuracy after storage for at least 7 days at -20~ or up to 70 h at room temperature. Methanolic stock solutions were stable for at least 6 h when kept at room temperature or at least 90 days when kept at -20~
Asegurar la 'defensa y custodia' de las campañas: Vaquerías y diplomacia interétnica en las sierras pampeanas durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII

El trabajo analiza un hecho que puede ser considerado el primer contacto diplomatico oficial entre las autoridades de Buenos Aires y los indigenas de la pampa: el nombramiento, en febrero de 1717, de dos caciques que habitaban las serranias como Guardas Mayores para la "defensa y custodia" de las campanas. Para entender el motivo de este hecho sin precedentes se analizan los crecientes conflictos entre hispanocriollos por el acceso al ganado cimarron y los intensos contactos en las serranias durante las decadas de transicion del siglo XVII al XVIII donde convergian indigenas de diferentes regiones -incluyendo el area cordillerana- e hispanocriollos de diferentes jurisdicciones, todos ellos atraidos por la abundancia de ganado cimarron. Finalmente, el trabajo ofrece una interpretacion del nombramiento de los caciques en 1717 en funcion tanto de los intereses portenos como de los intereses indigenas.
Current perspectives in transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases: emerging and re-emerging infections

Background In August 2009, a group from the AABB (Stramer et al., Transfusion 2009;99:1S–29S, Emerging Infectious Disease Agents and their Potential Threat to Transfusion Safety; http://www.aabb.org/resources/bct/eid/Pages/default.aspx) published a Supplement to Transfusion that reviewed emerging infectious disease (EID) agents that pose a real or theoretical threat to transfusion safety, but for which an existing effective intervention is lacking. The necessary attributes for transfusion transmission were outlined including: presence of the agent in blood during the donor's asymptomatic phase, the agent's survival/persistence in blood during processing/storage, and lastly that the agent must be recognized as responsible for a clinically apparent outcome in at least a proportion of recipients who become infected. Without these attributes, agents are not considered as a transfusion-transmission threat and were excluded. Sixty-eight such agents were identified with enough evidence/likelihood of transfusion transmission (e.g., blood phase) and potential for clinical disease to warrant further consideration. In the Supplement, Fact Sheets (FS) were published providing information on: agent classification; disease agent's importance; clinical syndromes/diseases caused; transmission modes (including vectors/reservoirs); likelihood of transfusion transmission, and if proven to be transfusion-transmitted, information on known cases; the feasibility/predicted success of interventions for donor screening (questioning) and tests available for diagnostics/ adapted for donor screening; and finally, the efficacy, if known, of inactivation methods for plasma-derived products. The Supplement included a separate section on pathogen reduction using published data. Agents were prioritized relative to their scientific/epidemiologic threat and their perceived threat to the community including concerns expressed by the regulators of blood. Agents given the highest priority due to a known transfusion-transmission threat and severe/fatal disease in recipients were the vCJD prion, dengue viruses and the obligate red-cell parasite that causes babesiosis (B. microti and related Babesia). Although the focus of the Supplement was towards the United States and Canada, many of the agents (and the process) are applicable worldwide.
Variable time headway for string stability of automated heavy-duty vehicles

We present adaptive nonlinear schemes for longitudinal control of automated heavy duty vehicles. An important control objective is string stability, which ensures that errors decrease as they propagate downstream through the platoon. It is well known that string stability requires intervehicle communication if a constant spacing policy is adopted. When vehicles operate autonomously, string stability can be achieved if speed-dependent spacing with constant time headway is used. This, however, results in larger steady-state spacing, which increase the platoon length hence decreasing traffic throughput. In this paper we propose a new spacing policy in which the time headway varies linearly with the velocity error. Our simulation results demonstrate that this modification significantly reduces the transient errors and allows us to use much smaller spacing in the autonomous mode of platoon operation.
Modification of macroporous stainless steel supports with silica nanoparticles for size selective carbon membranes with improved flux

Silica nanoparticles were slip cast into porous stainless steel supports, which were then coated with polyfurfuryl alcohol and pyrolyzed to make nanoporous carbon membranes. The single gas permeances of the membranes formed on modified stainless steel supports were found to be between two and three orders of magnitude larger than the permeances of nanoporous carbon membranes (<10 � 11 mol m � 2 s � 1 Pa � 1 ) synthesized on unmodified supports. Importantly, these high permeances (10 � 8 –10 � 9 mol m � 2 s � 1 Pa � 1 ) were achieved within the same range of O2/N2 selectivities (3–5) that we have observed for single gases permeating at much lower fluxes through the nanoporous carbon membranes on unmodified supports. The nanoporous carbon membranes also were formed by combining the silica nanoparticles with polyfurfuryl alcohol resin and applying the mixture directly onto an unmodified support. This simpler process was as effective in producing selective-high permeance membranes. In both cases the significant increase in permeance without loss of selectivity is attributed to the silica nanoparticles filling the macropores of the stainless steel supports, thereby leading to the formation of very thin but selective carbon layers. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Role of Oxidant Stress in Lawsone-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

Lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is the active ingredient of henna (Lawsonia alba), the crushed leaves of which are used as a cosmetic dye. Application of henna can induce a severe hemolytic anemia, and lawsone is thought to be the causative agent. Administration of lawsone to rats has been shown to induce a hemolytic response that is associated with oxidative damage to erythrocytes. However, direct exposure of isolated erythrocytes to lawsone did not provoke oxidative damage, suggesting that lawsone must undergo extra-erythrocytic bioactivation in vivo. In the present study, the survival of rat 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes in vivo after in vitro exposure to lawsone and its hydroquinone form, 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN) has been examined. Neither lawsone nor THN were directly hemolytic or methemoglobinemic, even at high concentrations (>3 mM). Lawsone had no effect on erythrocytic GSH levels, whereas THN (3 mM) induced a modest depletion (approximately 30%). Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the lack of hemotoxicity of lawsone was associated with a poor capacity to undergo redox cycling. In contrast, ortho-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones without a 2-hydroxy group, such as 2-methyl- and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, were redox active, were able to deplete GSH, and were direct-acting hemolytic agents. An oxidant stress-associated hemolytic response to lawsone could be provoked, however, if it was incubated with GSH-depleted erythrocytes. The data suggest that lawsone is a weak direct-acting hemolytic agent that does not require extra-erythrocytic metabolism to cause hemotoxicity. Thus, the hemolytic response to henna may be restricted to individuals with compromised antioxidant defenses.
A unified and pipelined hardware architecture for implementing intra prediction in HEVC

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard can achieve significant improvements in coding performance over H.264/AVC. To achieve significant coding improvements in intra-predictive coding, HEVC relies on the use of an extended set of intra-prediction modes and prediction block sizes. This paper presents a unified hardware architecture for implementing all 35 intra-prediction modes that include the planar mode, the DC mode, and all angular modes for all prediction unit (PU) sizes ranging from 4 × 4 to 64 × 64 pixels. We propose the use of a unified reference sample indexing scheme that avoids the need for sample re-arrangement suggested in the HEVC reference design. The hardware architecture is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex 5 device (XC5VLX110T) for which we report power measurements, resource utilization, and the average number of required cycles per pixel.
A Mixed Methods Approach to Network Data Collection

There is a growing interest in examining network processes with a mix of qualitative and quantitative network data. Research has consistently shown that free recall name generators entail recall bias and result in missing data that affects the quality of social network data. This study describes a mixed methods approach for collecting social network data, combining a free recall name generator in the context of an online survey with network relations data coded from transcripts of semi-structured qualitative interviews. The combined network provides substantially more information about the network space, both quantitatively and qualitatively. While network density was relatively stable across networks generated from different data collection methodologies, there were noticeable differences in centrality and component structure across networks. The approach presented here involved limited participant burden and generated more complete data than either technique alone could provide. We make suggestions for further development of this method.
Schottky Barrier Diodes for Millimeter Wave SiGe BiCMOS Applications

For the first time, a high performance, low leakage Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with cutoff frequency above 1.0 THz in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology for millimeter-wave application is described. Device optimization has been evaluated by varying critical process and layout parameters such as, anode size, cathode depth, cathode resistivity, junction tailoring, and guardring optimization is investigated.
Volume-activated cation transport in dog red cells: detection and transduction of the volume stimulus.

Abstract 1. 1. Carnivore red cells lose their Na/K pump capability as they develop from erythroblasts to reticulocytes to mature cells. They defend their fluid volume by utilizing the Ca/Na exchanger as a Na extrusion pump, the energy for which is ultimately derived from active Ca transport. 2. 2. Swelling-induced [K-Cl] cotransport and shrinkage-induced Na/H exchange are regulated in a coordinated fashion in dog red cells. Circumstantial evidence points to a regulatory protein kinase-phosphatase system. 3. 3. Dog red cells detect changes in their fluid volume, not by virtue of membrane distortion, but by alterations in the concentrations of cytoplasmic macromolecules induced by swelling or shrinkage.
Polar Reactions under Basic Conditions

Now that you have learned how to identify the mechanistic class of a particular reaction, you are ready to learn how to write the mechanism itself. This chapter is devoted to polar mechanisms that occur under basic conditions. Archetypical mechanisms will be presented and discussed so that you become familiar with the patterns of reactivity of organic compounds under basic conditions.
Search-Aware Tuning for Hierarchical Phrase-based Decoding

Parameter tuning is a key problem for statistical machine translation (SMT). Most popular parameter tuning algorithms for SMT are agnostic of decoding, resulting in parameters vulnerable to search errors in decoding. The recent research of “search-aware tuning” (Liu and Huang, 2014) addresses this problem by considering the partial derivations in every decoding step so that the promising ones are more likely to survive the inexact decoding beam. We extend this approach from phrase-based translation to syntaxbased translation by generalizing the evaluation metrics for partial translations to handle tree-structured derivations in a way inspired by inside-outside algorithm. Our approach is simple to use and can be applied to most of the conventional parameter tuning methods as a plugin. Extensive experiments on Chinese-to-English translation show significant BLEU improvements on MERT, MIRA and PRO.
Final Intermediate Sanctions Regulations Solve Some Problems But Not Others

In his article "Final Intermediate Sanctions Regulations Solve Some Problems But Not Others," Peter L. Faber, the former Chair of the American Bar Association Section of Taxation now with McDermott, Will & Emery, New York, examines the final regulations under section 4958, released January 23, 2002 that replace temporary regulations released January 10, 2001. Although not intended as a general summary of the regulations under section 4958, the article purviews the finalized regs and pinpoints the changes that were or were not made from the temporary regulations. Areas covered in the article include the regs' approach to definitions of an organizational manager, an applicable tax-exempt organization, and an excess benefit transaction; practitioner commentary on revenue-based payments; and the correction amount applicable to excess benefit transactions involving a section 501(c)(3) organization.
Different states of synaptotagmin regulate evoked versus spontaneous release

The tandem C2-domains of synaptotagmin 1 (syt) function as Ca(2+)-binding modules that trigger exocytosis; in the absence of Ca(2+), syt inhibits spontaneous release. Here, we used proline linkers to constrain and alter the relative orientation of these C2-domains. Short poly-proline helices have a period of three, so large changes in the relative disposition of the C2-domains result from changing the length of the poly-proline linker by a single residue. The length of the linker was varied one residue at a time, revealing a periodicity of three for the ability of the linker mutants to interact with anionic phospholipids and drive evoked synaptic transmission; syt efficiently drove exocytosis when its tandem C2-domains pointed in the same direction. Analysis of spontaneous release revealed a reciprocal relationship between the activation and clamping activities of the linker mutants. Hence, different structural states of syt underlie the control of distinct forms of synaptic transmission.
A Mechanism for the Removal Of Dislocations in SOI Compliant Substrate Systems

It is demonstrated that the time required for strain transference during the postgrowth anneal of a SOI compliant substrate system is much too long to explain the observed reduction in dislocation density in the resulting microstructure. A mechanism by which misfit dislocation segments are drawn out of the system through viscous dissipation in the bonding layer is proposed and demonstrated to be consistent with observation. The mechanism is mtodeled in the context of elastic dislocation theory and linear viscoelasticity.
Simulation of III-V HEMTs for High-speed Low-power Logic Applications

In this paper a program to numerically simulate quantum transport in III-V HEMTs is described. The program uses a Green's function approach for ballistic transport in HEMTs designed for logic applications. The well-confined charge distribution in the quantum well permits an efficient mode space approach that dramatically lowers the computational burden. The program is described, and some results for an 80nm In0.7Ga0.3As HEMTs are presented as an example.
Shock, Chaos, and Change: An Elementary School Turned Upside Down

The following case is inspired by real-life events that the authors experienced while working in the K-12 public school system. This case describes the experiences of Mrs. Hodge, a seasoned assista...
American Ways of Ensuring SCADA Security and Its Revelation to Our Country

This paper introduces the ways of SCADA protection in USA, describes the risks and threats that Chinese ICS is facing and discusses the ways of improving and strengthening SCADA protection in China.
Firn Densification: An Empirical Model

An empirical model of firn densification from the surface to the zone of pore close-off has been constructed. Fundamental rate equations have been derived for the first two stages of densification. In the first stage, for densities less than 0.55 Mg m−3, the densification rate is proportional to the mean annual accumulation times the term (ρ i − ρ), where ρ is the density of the snow and ρ i is the density of pure ice. The densification rate in the second stage, where 0.55 Mg m −3 < ρ < 0.8 Mg m−3, is proportional to the square root of the accumulation rate and to (ρi− ρ). Depth–density and depth–age calculations from this model are compared with observation. Model accumulation rates are within about 20% of values obtained by other techniques. It is suggested that depth intervals of constant density in some Antarctic cores may represent a synchronous event in the 1880 ’s when ten times the normal accumulation fell within a year or two.
A breathless builder

The patient was a 30-year-old male mason whose work frequently involved cutting and grinding brick and cement with powered tools. He was an active smoker (1–1.5 packs per day). He had worked in building construction since the age of 14 yrs, as a labourer then as a mason and had been a mason for the previous 13 years. He reported frequent exposure to cement and brick dust while removing stone floors with a jackhammer. From 8–2 months prior to presentation, he had been employed repairing exterior brick on three large apartment buildings (figure 1). This required cutting through brick and mortar with a powered, high-speed demolition saw and grinding mortar from between bricks with a powered hand-grinder, a common task known as “tuckpointing” (figure 2), while intermittently using a disposable particle mask. After completing this job, he felt well for ~2 months and then gradually began to develop a nonproductive cough, dyspnoea on exertion and an 11 kg weight loss without fever. Serial pulmonary function testing showed restriction and a marked reduction in diffusing capacity. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral diffuse infiltrates. A purified protein derivative test was negative. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was mucoid, and culture was negative. A transbronchial biopsy was nondiagnostic and the post-bronchoscopy chest film showed a very small right apical pneumothorax. An HIV test was negative.
Electrochemical and structural investigation of the interactions between naphthalene diimides and metal cations

The effects of Li+ and Mg2+ on the electrochemical behaviour and photoreduction of N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)naphthalene diimide (Dipp2NDI) have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroscopy. Strong cation–anion interactions between Li+ or Mg2+ and [Dipp2NDI]2− result in solvent-dependent anodic shifts of the NDI˙−/2− redox couple. In organic solvents of moderate dielectric constant and donor ability, the two, one-electron redox processes typically observed for Dipp2NDI merge into a single, two-electron process. This strong metal cation effect has been leveraged for the photoreduction of Dipp2NDI to [Dipp2NDI]2−via a disproportionation process. Chemical reduction of Dipp2NDI with iPrMgCl has allowed the isolation of Mg2+ complexes of [Dipp2NDI]2−. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of a dimeric complex, [(Dipp2NDI)Mg2(THF)3]2, that features strong coordination of Mg2+ by the oxygen atoms of the reduced NDI.
Identification of a Raloxifene Analog That Promotes AhR-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells

We previously reported that raloxifene, an estrogen receptor modulator, is also a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Raloxifene induces apoptosis in estrogen receptor-negative human cancer cells through the AhR. We performed structure–activity studies with seven raloxifene analogs to better understand the structural requirements of raloxifene for induction of AhR-mediated transcriptional activity and apoptosis. We identified Y134 as a raloxifene analog that activates AhR-mediated transcriptional activity and induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human triple negative breast cancer cells. Suppression of AhR expression strongly reduced apoptosis induced by Y134, indicating the requirement of AhR for Y134-induced apoptosis. Y134 also induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells without having an effect on cell cycle regulation. Toxicity testing on zebrafish embryos revealed that Y134 has a significantly better safety profile than raloxifene. Our studies also identified an analog of raloxifene that acts as a partial antagonist of the AhR, and is capable of inhibiting AhR agonist-induced transcriptional activity. We conclude that Y134 is a promising raloxifene analog for further optimization as an anti-cancer agent targeting the AhR.
Bleeding and thrombotic complications of pediatric liver transplant

Background Pediatric patients undergoing liver transplant are at significant risk for bleeding and thrombotic complications due to the complex nature of rebalanced hemostasis in patients with liver disease. Methods/objectives We reviewed records of 92 pediatric liver and multivisceral transplant cases at Duke University Medical Center between January 2009 and December 2015. The goal was to define the nature and incidence of bleeding and thrombotic complications in this cohort and define potential risk factors. Results There were 24 major bleeding events in 19 transplants (incidence 20.7%) and 30 thrombotic events in 23 transplants (incidence 25%). Five of the 10 retransplantations were for vascular thrombotic complications. Thirty-day mortality was 4.9%, and three of these four deaths were due to vascular thrombosis. No bleeding events led to retransplantation or mortality. Prophylactic aspirin was associated with decreased risk of thrombosis without increased bleeding. Prophylactic heparin did not increase bleeding risk. Laboratory assays predicted events poorly, apparently failing to capture the nuanced and dynamic interplay between pro- and anticoagulant factors in the posttransplant patient. Conclusions Both bleeding and thrombosis are frequent in this population, but only thrombotic complications contributed to retransplantation and mortality. A standardized approach to coagulation testing and antithrombotic therapy may be useful in predicting and reducing adverse outcomes. Alternative approaches to monitoring hemostasis need to be prospectively investigated in this complex patient population.