cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid Injectable Silicone for the Upper Third of the Face

Liquid injectable silicone (LIS) is the most permanent of all injectable fillers employed within the United States. For certain soft tissue defects, pure liquid silicone may be superior to other currently available filling agents in properly selected patients.
A spatially explicit statistical model to quantify nutrient sources, pathways, and delivery at the regional scale

Nutrient loading has been linked to many issues including eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and decreases in aquatic species diversity. In order to develop mitigation strategies to control nutrient sources, the relative contribution and spatial distribution of nutrient sources must be quantified. Though many watershed nutrient models exist in the literature, there is generally a tradeoff between the scale of the model and the level of detail regarding the individual sources of nutrients and basin transport and fate characteristics. To examine the link between watershed nutrient sources, landscape processes, and in-stream loads in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, a spatially explicit nutrient loading model was developed. The model uses spatially explicit descriptions of nutrient sources and a novel statistical model describing spatially-explicit nutrient attenuation along transport pathways to predict total nitrogen and phosphorus loads. Observations collected during baseflow and melt conditions from 2010–2012 were used to calibrate and validate the model. The model predicts nutrient loads, provides information on the sources of nutrients within each watershed, and estimates the relative contribution of different sources to the overall nutrient load. The model results indicate that there is a high degree of variability in seasonal nutrient export rates, which can be significantly greater during snow melt conditions than during baseflow. In addition, the model highlights the considerable variability in seasonal pathways and processes that impact nutrient delivery. The model performance compares favorably to other regional scale nutrient models. This work has the potential to provide valuable information to environmental managers regarding how and where to target efforts to reduce nutrient loads in surface water.
Passive Cooling System with Temperature Control for Reactor Containments

The temperature-initiated passive cooling system (TIPACS) is a new reactor containment cooling system that is applicable to multiple reactor types. TIPACS, which transfers heat from a hot, insulated system to a cooler, external environment, has five defining characteristics: It has efficient heat transfer, is passive (i.e., no moving mechanical components), has a thermal switch mechanism that allows heat transfer only above a preset temperature, has one-way (heat diode) heat transfer from the internal warm system to ambient, and is suitable to use with any size power reactor. TIPACS consists of two subsystems: a heat transfer system (HTS) and a temperature control system (TCS). The HTS in full operation is a single-phase, natural-circulation system that uses carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) above its vapor-liquid critical point (T > 31 C; P > 72.85 atm) as the heat transfer fluid. The TCS is a passive device that blocks the flow of CO{sub 2} if the interior containment temperature drops below a present temperature, which is between the vapor-liquid critical point and {approximately}15 C below the vapor-liquid critical temperature of CO{sub 2}. The preset temperature is determined by the system hardware design. The control mechanism is driven only by the change of fluid propertiesmore » near the critical point (i.e., there are no active mechanical components).« less
Clinical Skills Passport: A Method to Increase Participation in Clinical Skills by Medical Students During a Surgery Clerkship.

Objective To prospectively evaluate the effect of introducing a clinical skills “passport” on medical students’ reporting of their experience with basic clinical skills. Design A prospective longitudinal intervention study was conducted. Medical students were administered a questionnaire at the conclusion of their 12-week surgery clerkship regarding their experience with 15 clinical skills, inquiring whether they had “learned on surgery clerkship”, “learned before surgery clerkship”, or “not learned”. Preintervention baseline data were obtained for 2 consecutive academic years ( n = 213 students). In the third year, students ( n = 124) were given a clinical skills passport to document performance of 8 of the 15 skills under the supervision of a surgical resident or faculty member. After excluding from analysis those students who learned a skill before their surgery clerkship, the fraction of students who reported learning clinical skills during their surgery clerkship before and after the introduction of the clinical skills passport was compared using Fisher exact test and chi-squared test, where appropriate (p ≤ 0.003 was considered significant; Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). Setting Washington University School of Medicine. Participants A total of 337 medical students completing the junior surgery clerkship over a 3-year period were included in the study. Results All 337 students completed a survey. Considering each skill individually, survey response rate was 5045/5055 (99.8%). Combining all responses for all skills, the fraction of students reporting that skills were learned on the surgery clerkship increased after the introduction of the clinical skills passport (1498/1938 [77%] preintervention vs. 974/1109 [88%] postintervention, p Conclusions Institution of a clinical skills passport system during a surgery clerkship increased medical student reporting of their performance of basic clinical skills.
Polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice reduces IgE binding to cashew nut allergens.

Food allergy negatively impacts quality of life and can be life-threatening. Cashew nuts can cause severe reactions in very small amounts, and they are included in a group of foods most commonly responsible for causing food allergy. Polyphenols and polyphenol-rich juices have been demonstrated to complex with peanut allergens. Here, the interaction between cashew nut allergens and polyphenol-rich juices is evaluated biochemically and immunologically.; Results: Various juices, including pomegranate (POM), blueberry (BB), and concord grape (CG) juices, were evaluated for polyphenol content and formation of polyphenol-cashew allergen complexes. Among the various juices studied, POM juice showed a greater capacity to form complexes with cashew proteins. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated a sharp increase in cashew protein extract particle size to around 3580 nm, and fewer cashew proteins were resolved by electrophoresis after treatment with POM juice. Immunoassays demonstrated reduced IgG and IgE binding to cashew allergens due to allergen precipitation by POM juice. These observations support the formation of complexes between polyphenol and cashew proteins that can prevent antibody recognition of cashew allergens through allergen precipitation.; Conclusion: POM juice treatment of cashew extract effectively reduces antibody binding through allergen precipitation, and these findings could be applied to the development of less allergenic cashew nut products and oral immunotherapy. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.; Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
ChIP-BIT2: a software tool to detect weak binding events using a Bayesian integration approach

Transcription factor binding events play important functional roles in gene regulation. It is, however, a challenging task to detect weak binding events since the ambiguity in differentiation of weak binding signals from background signals. We present a software package, ChIP-BIT2, to identify weak binding events using a Bayesian integration approach. By integrating signals from sample and input ChIP-seq data, ChIP-BIT2 can detect both strong and weak binding events at gene promoter, enhancer or the whole genome effectively. The ChIP-BIT2 package has been extensively tested on ChIP-seq data, demonstrating its wide applicability in ChIP-seq data analysis.
Long-Term Fuel-Specific NO x and Particle Emission Trends for In-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicles in California.

Two California heavy-duty fleets have been measured in 2013, 2015, and 2017 using the On-Road Heavy-Duty Measurement System. The Port of Los Angeles drayage fleet has increased in age by 3.3 model years (4.2–7.5 years old) since 2013, with little fleet turnover. Large increases in fuel-specific particle emissions (PM) observed in 2015 were reversed in 2017, returning to near 2013 levels, suggesting repairs and or removal of high emitting vehicles. Fuel-specific oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of this fleet have increased, and NOx after-treatment systems do not appear to perform ideally in this setting. At the Cottonwood weigh station in northern California, the fleet age has declined (7.8 to 6 years old) since 2013 due to fleet turnover, significantly lowering the average fuel-specific emissions for PM (−87%), black carbon (−76%), and particle number (−64%). Installations of retrofit-diesel particulate filters in model year 2007 and older vehicles have further decreased particle emissions. Cottonwood f...
Filtering and specification of self-affinity

Chapter N1 argued that Fƒ−B noises with the same exponent B can take any of many very different forms. This brief chapter takes the next step and faces the challenge of going beyond the spectrum and discriminating between those various possibilities. Two very different questions come to mind.
An Out-of-Math Experience: Einstein, Relativity, and the Developmental Mathematics Student.

"I have no particular talent; I am merely extremely inquisitive" A LBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955) had a passion /% for sailing. The natural counterplay of % wind and water, stress and strain, action Ai and reaction thrilled the phy never learned to swim and who ref life jacket on board. When the breezel sails drooped, unlike other sailors, he was cte Out came his notebook. He would begin to i away, jotting a new idea or making a calculation, until the breeze picked up once again. Einstein said of himself "I have no particular tal ent. I am merely extremely inquisitive." His work required neither a laboratory nor equipment. He started with the discoveries and failures of other scientists; his greatness came from the conclusions that he drew by using his magnificent powers of deduction. It is interesting to note that a motor of any sort was a mechanical barrier for Einstein. He once politely returned an outboard motor that had been presented to him as a gift. And he did not drive because driving was "too complicated" (Clark 1971).
A Comparison of Practice Patterns Among Certified and Noncertified Asthma Educators.

BACKGROUND: Asthma educators are essential for providing patients with the knowledge and skills needed to control asthma. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional survey was to examine the differences in practice patterns between certified and noncertified asthma educators. METHODS: Subjects (N = 98) included certified asthma educators (n = 66) and noncertified asthma educators (n = 32) who provided asthma education directly to patients and their families. Subjects were asked to complete an asthma task assessment tool, composed of a 31-item Likert scale survey based on the AE-C certification exam content and the National Asthma Education Prevention Program’s Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines, which include 6 domains of asthma education (ie, the asthma condition, assessing the patient and family, behavioral and environmental factors, asthma management education, asthma medications, and organizational issues). Subjects identified frequency in performing specific asthma education tasks on a scale from “Always” to “Never.” RESULTS: Noncertified asthma educators were significantly more likely than certified asthma educators to report performing tasks more frequently than certified asthma educators for item 17: Explain the definition of asthma control and loss of control, and controlled versus not well controlled. The largest difference in reported means between certified and noncertified asthma educators was for item 8: Diagnose asthma, with certified asthma educators reporting higher frequencies. Certified asthma educators reported higher frequency scores on 11 of the 31 tasks. CONCLUSIONS: For a majority of the education tasks, certified versus noncertified responses did not differ in their reported frequency of performing education tasks. Future researcher should examine the potential differences in patient outcomes based on provider certification status.
Visual Outcomes of Patients With Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Undergoing Lateral Canthotomy and Cantholysis.

Purpose Evaluate visual outcomes in relation to time from injury to intervention in patients who undergo lateral canthotomy with cantholysis (LCC) for retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH). Methods Retrospective study of patients with orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) secondary to RBH who underwent LCC. OCS due to RBH was defined by a combination of decreased vision, proptosis, resistance to retropulsion, increased intraocular pressure, and relative afferent pupillary defect. Time from injury to intervention and change in visual acuity were calculated, with regression analysis identifying predictors of vision recovery. Results Fifteen participants were included. Three (20%) participants presented with no light perception, 7 (47%) with count fingers (CF) to light perception, and 5 (33%) with better than count fingers vision. All 5 participants who had LCC within 3 hours (twice the standard 90 minutes) gained some vision, and 6 of 10 participants who had LCC after 3 hours recovered some vision. The latest intervention with visual acuity improvement was performed 9 hours postinjury. Of 3 participants who presented with no light perception vision, 1 regained vision to 20/40 (intervention 1.7 hours postinjury), and 2 did not regain any vision (interventions at 5 and 8.7 hours postinjury). Duration from injury to intervention was associated with decreased amount of vision recovery (P = 0.03). Conclusions Increased time to intervention with LCC was associated with less vision recovery after OCS from RBH. However, over half of participants with intervention more than 90 minutes after injury still showed visual acuity improvement. The authors recommend LCC in all patients who present with OCS regardless of the time since injury.Patients with orbital compartment syndrome may see visual recovery after lateral canthotomy and cantholysis, even if performed outside of the previously accepted 3-hour window.
Why Most Empirical Distributions Are Few-Modal

In principle, any non-negative function can serve as a probability density function–provided that it adds up to 1. All kinds of processes are possible, so it seems reasonable to expect that observed probability density functions are random with respect to some appropriate probability measure on the set of all such functions–and for all such measures, similarly to the simplest case of random walk, almost all functions have infinitely many local maxima and minima. However, in practice, most empirical distributions have only a few local maxima and minima–often one (unimodal distribution), sometimes two (bimodal), and, in general, they are few-modal. From this viewpoint, econometrics is no exception: empirical distributions of economics-related quantities are also usually few-modal. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for this empirical fact.
Evidence of spawning by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush on substrates at the base of large boulders in northern Lake Huron

Abstract Identification of lake trout spawning sites has focused on cobble substrates associated with bathymetric relief (e.g., ‘contour’ or ‘slope’ along reefs), but this ‘model’ may be narrow in scope. Previous telemetry work conducted near Drummond Island, USA, Lake Huron, identified egg presence in substrates at the base of large boulders (>1 m diameter); however, the extent of this phenomenon was unknown. Telemetry data paired with multi-beam bathymetry identified a 0.63 km2 area used by lake trout characterized by low bathymetric relief and numerous (~269) large boulders (>1 m diameter) with small-diameter substrates at their bases. Diver surveys revealed egg presence at all 40 boulders surveyed, exclusively associated with clean gravel-cobble (0.6–42 cm) substrates in undercut areas beneath overhanging edges of boulders and in narrow spaces between adjacent boulders. Egg presence was not associated with boulder or substrate physical characteristics which highlighted the possible importance of interstitial currents. Successful incubation in these habitats was inferred by capture of free embryos and post-embryos the following spring using traps and an electrofishing ROV although at lower densities than at popular spawning habitats nearby (1–3 km away). Free embryos and post-embryos were also caught where eggs were not observed the previous fall including unexpectedly on top of boulders which suggested that post-hatch stages may move more than previously thought. Extensive use of boulder-associated habitats for spawning, egg incubation, and early growth suggested this undescribed habitat type may provide an unanticipated contribution to total available lake trout spawning habitat and recruitment in the Great Lakes.
Alternate Approach to Concomitant Carotid and Coronary Disease: Perioperative IABP Use during Carotid Endarterectomy.

Background Demographics are shifting toward an increasingly older population in the United States; thus, it is imperative that patients with a complex cardiovascular history are approached in a systematic fashion. Currently, there is no clear protocol on how best to manage elderly patients who present with both severe coronary artery disease and symptomatic carotid stenosis. For cardiac patients with severe, asymptomatic, high-grade carotid artery stenosis, there may be even more of a conundrum. Although most centers would tend to manage the asymptomatic carotid stenosis expectantly, it is well known that patients with severe, uncorrected internal carotid artery disease are at an increased risk of experiencing a cerebrovascular accident during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). One approach that has been recognized in other settings as a cost-effective strategy to stabilize high-risk elderly patients preoperatively is the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). To better understand the best approach to take in these patients with concomitant disease, we analyzed the outcomes of 4 patients who underwent placement of an IABP before carotid endarterectomy (CEA) as a bridge to CABG. Methods Between 2017 and 2019, 4 patients presented with multivessel symptomatic coronary artery disease and greater than 90% stenosis of at least one internal carotid artery and underwent either staged or simultaneous CEA and CABG. There was placement of an IABP in all patients before the CEA. Time to CABG ranged from a simultaneous procedure to 23 days after CEA. Results The only death within 30-day postoperation involved the patient who had CEA and CABG performed simultaneously. None of the surviving patients experienced a myocardial infarction. Two of the 4 patients experienced acute kidney injury after surgery, and one patient developed atrial fibrillation postoperatively. None of the patients experienced a postoperative neurological complication. In addition, there were no access site complications associated with IABP placement. Conclusions A staged procedure with placement of an IABP can be successfully used in carefully selected patients presenting with concomitant severe carotid and coronary artery disease who will undergo surgical management of their disease. The stabilization provided by IABP was potentially protective against adverse postoperative events and appeared to allow for flexibility in the time between CEA to CABG for patients. Additional studies are necessary to further understand the impact of such an approach.
The South African Judicial Order and the Future: A Comparative Analysis of the South African Judicial System and Judicial Traditions in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Nicaragua

The judiciary in South Africa functions as an integral part of the apartheid system. Despite its nominal independence from the government, the judiciary constitutes an arm of the white state. Although it has at times come into conflict with the government, it applies the laws which maintain the apartheid system and suppress resistance by the black majority.
Diabetes mellitus due to toxic misfolding of proinsulin variants.

Abstract Background Dominant mutations in the human insulin gene (INS) lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus (DM) due to toxic misfolding of a mutant proinsulin. Analogous to a classical mouse model of monogenic DM (“Akita”), this syndrome highlights the susceptibility of β-cells to endoreticulum (ER) stress due to protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation. Scope of Review Diverse clinical mutations directly or indirectly perturb native disulfide pairing. Whereas most introduce or remove a cysteine (Cys; leading in either case to an unpaired thiol group), non-Cys-related mutations identify key determinants of folding efficiency. Studies of such mutations suggest that the hormone's evolution has been constrained not only by structure–function relationships but also by the susceptibility of its single-chain precursor to impaired foldability. An intriguing hypothesis posits that INS overexpression in response to peripheral insulin resistance likewise leads to chronic ER stress and β-cell dysfunction in the natural history of nonsyndromic Type 2 DM. Major Conclusions Cryptic contributions of conserved residues to folding efficiency, as uncovered by rare genetic variants, define molecular links between biophysical principles and the emerging paradigm of Darwinian medicine: Biosynthesis of proinsulin at the edge of nonfoldability provides a key determinant of “diabesity” as a pandemic disease of civilization.
Remediation of environmentally hazardous organophosphates by artificial metalloenzymes

Organophosphates constitute environmentally hazardous molecules that are commonly used in agriculture and various industries and as chemical warfare agents. They are extremely stable compounds with a half-life of up to thousands of years. Because of the lack of a protection against their harmful activities in the environment, recently intensive efforts have been made to design synthetic molecules for their hydrolytic degradation. These molecules include both peptidic (short peptides, three-stranded coiled coils, and four-helix bundles) and nonpeptidic (polyoxometalates, metal–organic frameworks, and organometallic complexes) compounds that are often inspired by the catalytic cores of hydrolytic enzymes. However, because of their structural simplicity, the current synthetic analogs are significantly less efficient than natural enzymes. They lack the effective combination of various chemical factors that provides enormous rate acceleration to enzymes. In this review, we discuss the recent progress made in the design of enzymatic mimics with potential applications in the decontamination of organophosphates.
Karyotyping as the first genomic approach

Abstract Cytogenetics represents one of the first methodologies to observe the totality of the human genome. For more than 50 years, the identification of rare chromosomal disorders has been a major application of this approach. Today, chromosome analysis is still an important diagnostic procedure in numerous areas of clinical medicine, and modern technical advances have allowed for increasing resolution and precision at both the chromosomal and genomic levels. In this chapter, we explore mechanisms of abnormalities that illustrate the major categories of chromosomal disorders, discuss any recent improvements in their detection, and review common indications for cytogenetic studies.
Famigration (Fam Imm): The Next Frontier in Immigration Law

The recently published article, Immigration’s Family Values by Professor Kerry Abrams and R. Kent Piacenti, and the forthcoming Removing Citizens: Parenthood, Citizenship, and Immigration Courts by Kari Hong examine how, when, and why immigration law uses a different definition of family than the one used in state courts. Despite their differences, in conversation, these two pieces highlight how the Department of Homeland Security likely is either following misguided policies or pursuing improper objectives when creating a federal family law. Crimmigration (Crim Imm) scholarship successfully identified the ways in which the (purported) civil proceedings of immigration law needed the extra constitutional protections found in criminal law. In analogous ways, Famigration (Fam Imm) calls on scholars to engage in the similar project of scrutinizing existing immigration practices through the lens of family law. In do so, a more systematized approach may introduce constitutional protections, resolve federal and state law conflicts, and formulate more universal, idealized concepts into the technocratic scheme of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Debtor-Creditor Issues with Basic Income Guarantees

With his pledge to give every American $1,000 per month, 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang catapulted the idea of a universal basic income into the national conversation. The United States' response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which includes direct cash payments to Americans, makes plain that basic income is technically feasible and politically tenable. However, looking at the design of direct cash payments proposals through the lens of debtor-creditor law reveals that many basic income guarantee proposals could leave Americans worse off, unless recipients are protected from debt collectors and bankruptcy issues are accounted for. This Article also has important implications for any program of direct cash payments to Americans, including additional COVID-19 pandemic relief checks.
Confocal Spatial frequency modulation imaging with wavelength domain modulation

We present a novel single element detector imaging scheme in which spatial information is encoded into the spectral content of a broadband source. The technique is confocal when delivered with optical fiber.
Founder Imprinting: Innovation Performance Differences between Founders Versus Agent CEOs

Using founder imprinting literature, we theorize the innovation performance of founder versus agent CEOs. While founder imprinting is a unique mechanism that is exclusively available to founder CEOs, few studies have explored this phenomenon with corporate innovation performance. Previous studies addressing founder imprinting are in smaller context such as family firms. The role of founder imprinting in large publicly traded companies and its mechanisms that impact innovation performance are underexplored. To address this gap in literature, we created a large longitudinal dataset of 2,716 publicly traded companies from 1992 to 2010. We identify hiring board members with technological backgrounds as an initial imprinting condition and long tenured founder CEO with co-working boards as imprinting institutionalizing conditions that enable successful innovation performance of public firms. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for how founder CEOs can imprint conditions that enhance the innovation performance of large publicly traded organizations.
Preventative Strategies in the Management of ROP: A Review of Literature

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding eye disorder that primarily affects premature infants weighing 1250 grams or less that are born before 31 weeks of gestation. It is one of the most common causes of visual loss in childhood and can lead to lifelong vision impairment and blindness. Certain strategies for prevention have been confirmed by numerous trials, namely the role of oxygen therapy as an independent risk factor for the development of ROP and the benefits of strict control of premature infant oxygen saturations in the NICU. There is valuable data that supports use of other approaches, such as beta adrenergic blockade and IGF-1 supplementation, for which clinical trials are still in the works to establish clear protocols for their clinical use. Supplementation with vitamin A, omega-3 fatty acids, and inositol are all exciting arenas for further trials as preliminary data shows promising results in ROP prevention. It has also been shown that the benefit of vitamin E is not worth the increased incidence of NEC and sepsis as potential side effects. Furthermore, while it was an interesting idea to use the chelator D-penicillamine as a preventative strategy for ROP, the results of multiple trials seemed to be equivocal. This brief review is not all-inclusive, as there are many more modes of prevention currently being studied.
Reaction of diethylphenylphosphine with chloranil

Abstract Diethylphenylphosphine reacts with p -chloranil at a carbon atom and forms a trichloroquinone-C-phosphonium chloride. Triphenylphosphine reacts with chloranil at an oxygen atom and forms an O-phosphonium-phenoxide dipolar-ion. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The trichloroquinone-phosphonium chloride serves as starting material for a new type of stable, coloured phosphorus ylide: dichloro- and hydroxychloro-quinoneoxyphosphonium betaines and quinone-bisoxyphosphonium dibetaines. IR and UV spectra and p K -values are given. The P 31 NMR shifts of these and of other stable P-ylides are given.
HLA-DRα1-mMOG-35-55 treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduces CNS inflammation, enhances M2 macrophage frequency, and promotes neuroprotection

DRα1-mouse(m)MOG-35-55, a novel construct developed in our laboratory as a simpler and potentially less immunogenic alternative to two-domain class II constructs, was shown previously to target the MIF/CD74 pathway and to reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DR*1501-Tg mice in a manner similar to the parent DR2β1-containing construct. In order to determine whether DRα1-mMOG-35-55 could treat EAE in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mice and to evaluate the treatment effect on central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, C57BL/6 mice were treated with DRα1-mMOG-35-55. In addition, gene expression profile was analyzed in spinal cords of EAE DR*1501-Tg mice that were treated with DRα1-mMOG-35-55. We here demonstrate that DRα1-mMOG-35-55 could effectively treat EAE in MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 mice by reducing CNS inflammation, potentially mediated in part through an increased frequency of M2 monocytes in the spinal cord. Microarray analysis of spinal cord tissue from DRα1-mMOG-35-55-treated vs. vehicle control mice with EAE revealed decreased expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory genes including CD74, NLRP3, and IL-1β and increased expression of genes involved in myelin repair (MBP) and neuroregeneration (HUWE1). These findings indicate that the DRα1-mMOG-35-55 construct retains therapeutic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities during treatment of EAE across MHC disparate barriers.
Smaller Vehicle versus Larger Vehicle Collisions

THE LARGER VEHICLE WEIGHED FROM 1.5-4 TIMES AS MUCH AS THE SMALL VEHICLE. THE STRUCTURE-OVERRIDING TENDENCIES OF LARGER VEHICLES IN A PARTICULAR COLLISION WAS FOUND TO GREATLY INFLUENCE THE SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE TO INJURY FOR OCCUPANTS OF THE SMALLER VEHICLE; RELATIVE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURES WAS SIMILARLY IMPORTANT. THE CRASH SAFETY OF A MOTORIST IS SHOWN TO DEPEND MORE ON THE USE OF ADEQUATE RESTRAINING DEVICES THAN ON THE SMALLNESS OF HIS CAR. MISMATCHED SIZES OF VEHICLES WERE CRASHED HEAD-ON, AS WELL AS IN REAR-END AND INTERSETION-TYPE EXPOSURES. ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POST-IMPACT DISPLACEMENTS AS WELL AS TRANSDUCER AND PHTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTATION DATA ARE PRESENTED. ACTUAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED WHICH PROVIDED BACKGROUND PREPARATION FOR THIS SERIES OF CRASH TESTS. RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL FINDINGS RELATIVE TO THE SMALL VERSUS LARGER VEHICLE COLLISION INJURY PROBLEM. /SAE/
A Supraliminal Channel in a Videoconferencing Application

Unlike subliminal or steganographic channels, a supraliminal channel encodes information in the semantic content of cover data, generating innocent communication in a manner similar to mimic functions. These low-bitrate channels are robust to active wardens, and can be used with subliminal channels to achieve steganographic public key exchange. Automated generation of innocent-looking content, however, remains a difficult problem. Apple's iChat, a popular instant-messaging client and the default client on the Macintosh operating system, includes a video chat facility that allows the user to apply special effects such as replacing the user's background with a video file. We show how this can be used to implement a high-bitrate supraliminal channel, by embedding a computer animation engineered to communicate ciphertext by its pseudo-random behavior.
Developing Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems: From Design Models to Authoring Tools

Adaptive hypermedia is a new area of research at the crossroads of hypermedia, adaptive systems, and intelligent tutoring systems. Educational hypermedia systems is currently the most popular kind of adaptive hypermedia. The goal of this paper is to uncover the secrets of authoring adaptive educational hypermedia. The paper provides a clear structured view on the process of adaptive hypermedia authoring starting from the early design stage. It also reviews a few modern adaptive hypermedia authoring systems that are oriented to educational practitioners.
Eagleson receives Bowie Medal

The 1994 William Bowie Medal, given by AGU for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research, was presented to Peter S. Eagleson at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony on May 25, 1994, in Baltimore, Md. The award citation and Eagleson's response are given here.
Derepression of Alkaline Phosphatase in Escherichia coli by p-Fluorophenylalanine

p-Fluorophenylalanine (FPA) causes a 100-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli B, strain PR1 at 30 C in minimal medium that contains excess inorganic phosphate (1.92 × 10−3m). Little increase in alkaline phosphatase synthesis occurs under these conditions at 22 C. [This strain is known to have a mutation in a regulator gene (R2) that, in the absence of FPA, permits derepression of alkaline phosphatase synthesis at 37 C, but not at 30 C or below.] In contrast, E. coli B3 (the strain from which E. coli B strain PR1 was derived) is not derepressed at 30 C by FPA. 14C-FPA is incorporated into bacterial proteins. Temperature-shift experiments (30 C⇌22 C) in the presence of FPA are consistent with the following mechanism. FPA is incorporated into the genetically altered R2 protein at 30 and 22 C. This further alteration due to the incorporation of analogue makes the R2 protein inactive at 30 C, but active at 22 C.
Life After NHST: How to Describe Your Data Without “p-ing” Everywhere

In this article we provide concrete guidance to researchers on ways that they can explore and communicate the results of their studies. Although we believe the methods we outline are important for any study, they are particularly useful for researchers who wish to avoid the null hypothesis significance testing paradigm. We articulate three basic principles of data presentation: (a) use graphic displays to facilitate understanding of descriptive statistics, (b) provide measures of variability with measures of central tendency for continuous outcomes, and (c) compute and thoughtfully interpret effect sizes and effect size translations. We then put these principles into action using data drawn from two real social psychological experiments and provide tools (including software code and a new effect size translation) that will help researchers to quickly and efficiently adopt the recommendations that they find sensible.
Adverse effects in dual-feed interferometry

Abstract Narrow-angle dual-star interferometric astrometry can provide very high accuracy in the presence of the Earth’s turbulent atmosphere. However, to exploit the high atmospherically-limited accuracy requires control of systematic errors in measurement of the interferometer baseline, internal OPDs, and fringe phase. In addition, as high photometric SNR is required, care must be taken to maximize throughput and coherence to obtain high accuracy on faint stars. This article reviews the key aspects of the dual-star approach and implementation, the main contributors to the systematic error budget, and the coherence terms in the photometric error budget.
Black Students in “White” Universities: the character and provision of liberal higher education institutions in post‐apartheid South Africa

(1994). Black Students in “White” Universities: the character and provision of liberal higher education institutions in post‐apartheid South Africa. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 67-78.
Finger joint movement sensitivity of non-cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents in the human radial nerve

The responses of non-cutaneous receptors in the human hand to normal digit movements were studied using single afferent recordings from the radial nerve. Eight joint-related afferents had thresholds of 50 mN or less. All responded to passive flexion movements within the physiological range of joint rotation and showed predominantly static response sensitivity; none increased its discharge during passive extension. However, only two of these eight afferents showed the same response pattern during active movements; three discharged only during the extension phase whereas the other three discharged both during extension and flexion. No highthreshold, joint-related mechanoreceptive afferents were encountered in a population of 148 afferents recorded from the cutaneous portion of the radial nerve indicating a scarcity of such afferents on the dorsal aspect of finger joints. Seven high-threshold, subcutaneous mechanoreceptive units not related to joints had thresholds for indentations of 50 mN or more and lacked responses to finger movements. Low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents related to joints in the human hand may thus provide kinematic information in the physiological midrange of both passive and active movements. Joint position cannot, however, be derived unambiguously from their discharge since the receptor responses may be dramatically altered by muscle activity.
CERAMIC INDICES OF AZTEC ELITENESS

This article explores the complex, multidimensional nature of Aztec social organization and, specifically, the concept of “eliteness,” as it applies to the Aztecs. I discuss both why we can speak of Aztec “elites” and how we can monitor them using ceramic data. I argue it is possible to distinguish elites archaeologically by identifying the ceramic attributes and variables that best reflect feasting behavior, one of the primary practices the Aztecs used to socially construct and reproduce unequal relations of power, wealth, and estate. Ceramics thus served as one of the primary media through which politically and socially charged “communication” occurred among the Aztecs. I define and evaluate six ceramic indices of eliteness using Late Aztec ceramic data (ca. a.d. 1350–1520) from Teotihuacan, an Aztec period altepetl (city-state) located in the northeastern Basin of Mexico. I use the most effective eliteness indices to interpret the intrasite spatial patterning of elite residences at Late Aztec Teotihuacan and infer some observations about the social and political organization of the altepetl.
The role of tracking and tolerance in relationship among friends

Friendship is a core aspect of human social life. Friends form long-term, cooperative relationships, and provide material and emotional support for one another. Previous research in social psychology suggests that people prefer balanced relationships over unbalanced relationship with friends, but at the same time, friendship is defined by an absence of direct reciprocity and careful tracking of favors given and received. The goal of this study was to distinguish between differences in tracking and tolerance of imbalances among friends and strangers. We conducted parallel behavioral economic experiments in three different urban cultural settings, USA, Japan and China, in an effort to expand our understanding of the dynamics of human friendship. Across all sites, we found that subjects monitored their friends less carefully than they monitored strangers, were more generous to friends than to strangers and that friends were more tolerant of imbalances in payoffs than strangers were. Although there were differences in the extent of tracking among friends and strangers, tracking did occur among friends. Our study extends the understanding on the dynamics of human friendship and emphasizes the need for further investigation on how friends balance vigilance and tolerance in real-life interactions.
ABC multidrug transporters in schistosomes and other parasitic flatworms

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease affecting hundreds of millions, is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. Treatment and control of schistosomiasis relies almost exclusively on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ), a dangerous situation for a disease of this magnitude. Though PZQ is highly effective overall, it has drawbacks, and reports of worms showing PZQ resistance, either induced in the laboratory or isolated from the field, are disconcerting. Multidrug transporters underlie multidrug resistance (MDR), a phenomenon in which resistance to a single drug is accompanied by unexpected cross-resistance to several structurally unrelated compounds. Some of the best studied multidrug transporters are members of the ancient and very large ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of efflux transporters. ABC multidrug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) are also associated with drug resistance in parasites, including helminths such as schistosomes. In addition to their association with drug resistance, however, ABC transporters also function in a wide variety of physiological processes in metazoans. In this review, we examine recent studies that help define the role of schistosome ABC transporters in regulating drug susceptibility, and in normal schistosome physiology, including reproduction and excretory activity. We postulate that schistosome ABC transporters could be useful targets for compounds that enhance the effectiveness of current therapeutics as well as for agents that act as antischistosomals on their own.
Factors Influencing Infarct Size Following Experimental Coronary Artery Occlusions

The purpose of this study was the determination of whether hemodynamic and pharmacologic factors influence the extent and severity of myocardial necrosis produced by coronary occlusion. In 48 dogs, 10 to 14 epicardial leads were recorded on the anterior surface of the left ventricle in the distribution and vicinity of the site of occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The average S-T segment elevation for each animal was determined at 5-min intervals after occlusion. This elevation was used as an index of the presence and severity of myocardial ischemic injury. The number of sites showing this elevation provided an additional measure of the size of the injured area. Occlusion alone raised the average S-T segment elevation from 0.22 ± 0.04 to 3.32 ± 0.37 mv (SEM). Isoproterenol, ouabain, glucagon, bretylium, and tachycardia given prior to a repeated occlusion increased the severity and extent of ischemic injury, while propranolol decreased it. Elevation of arterial pressure ...
Estimation of state line statistics in sequential circuits

In this article, we present a simulation-based technique for estimation of signal statistics (switching activity and signal probability) at the flip-flop output nodes (state signals) of a general sequential circuit. Apart from providing an estimate of the power consumed by the flip-flops, this information is needed for calculating power in the combinational portion of the circuit. The statistics are computed by collecting samples obtained from fast RTL simulation of the circuit under input sequences that are either randomly generated or independently selected from user-specified pattern sets. An important advantage of this approach is that the desired accuracy can be specified up front by the user; with some approximation, the algorithm iterates until the specified accuracy is achieved. This approach has been implemented and tested on a number of sequential circuits and has been shown to handle very large sequential circuits that can not be handled by other existing methods, while using a reasonable amount of CPU time and memory (the circuit s38584.1, with 1426 flip-flops, can be analyzed in about 10 minutes).
PKA isoforms, neural pathways, and behaviour: making the connection

In mammals, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) family of enzymes is assembled from the products of four regulatory and two catalytic subunit genes, all of which are expressed in neurons. Specific isoforms of PKA display differences in biochemical properties and subcellular localization, but it has been difficult to ascribe specific physiological functions to any given isoform. The recent development of gene knockout and transgenic mouse models has allowed for a more integrated examination of the in vivo roles of specific PKA isoforms in gene expression, synaptic plasticity, and behaviour.
Eliminating stripping in machine milking

Abstract Cows were divided into two groups to evaluate consequences of eliminating stripping from milking. The seven control cows were machine stripped in the normal manner, but the machines were removed from the nine experimental cows as soon as a sensor indicated flow less than .5 kg/min. Cows in the stripped group averaged .7 kg/milking more than those not stripped. The differences between the two groups diminished as lactation progressed. The small but significant interaction of treatment by stage of lactation indicated that cows not stripped were more persistent. Cows in the stripped group had more mastitis as indicated by the higher Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores and greater amounts of milk discarded.
Speckle intensity correlation and optical diffusion profile in biological media

Short-range speckle correlation techniques were used to measure the refractive index of turbid biological media. The refractive index depends on the cell content, which is about 80% water and 15% protein. The variation in water or protein content produced various small shifts in the oscillatory features of the speckle intensity spatial correlation function for correlation distances shorter than the transport mean free path. Optical diffusion profiles in transmission, and long range speckle intensity correlation techniques were used to measure the transport mean free path. The optical system was calibrated with a porous silicate slab, and live yeast was the biological system studied. It is found that the techniques employed could serve as markers for the cell's water and protein contents. Consistent results were also found for chicken tissue and a combined yeast sample. Extension to abnormal cell detection, and the application to in-situ refractive index mapping are also discussed.
Haptic perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion by the blind

4 groups of Ss, congenital blind, blinded in adulthood, sighted blindfolded, and sighted visual, were each shown to experience the Mueller-Lyer illusion to a statistically reliable extent. The extent of illusion in the sighted blindfolded group was significantly less than that in each of the other three groups. None of the other pairs of means were significantly different. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for perspective theories of visual illusions and in terms of the blind Ss' presumably better utilization of short-term memory for retaining haptic relationships.