cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avian Disease Virus and Nutrition Relationships 5. Relation of Vitamin K Reserves to Prothrombin Times in Chicks Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus

Abstract SQUIBB (1961) demonstrated the importance of adequate body reserves of vitamin A during a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicks and that vitamin A therapy of infected individuals with adequate reserves was ineffective. Similar results have been reported in birds infected with Mycoplasma and E. coli (Boyd and Edwards, 1962); E. tenella (Waldroup et al., 1963); and infectious bronchitis (Gratzl et al., 1963). The status of reserves of other fat soluble vitamins during an NDV infection is of importance. NDV is known to interfere with blood clotting; for example, Moolten et al. (1953) demonstrated that this disease may cause acute anemia in human subjects. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of NDV on the prothrombin times of immature cockerels conditioned on diets with and without adequate vitamin K activity. EXPERIMENTAL White Leghorn cockerel chicks of known breeding were housed in all-wire batteries in an air-conditioned room…
Unusual presentations of pleural sarcoidosis.

Summary Three patients with unusual patterns of pleural involvement by sarcoidosis are described. Two patients presented with massive recurrent pleural effusions and the third had extensive bilateral pleural thickening. Because of the uncommon presentations, the possibility of sarcoidosis in these patients was initially overlooked. The diagnoses were made only after extensive investigations including multiple biopsies.
Neurochemical Characterization of Canine α-L-Iduronidase Deficiency Disease (Model of Human Mucopolysaccharidosis I)

This report presents the neurochemical findings on the first dog to die with deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (mucopolysaccharide alpha-L-iduronohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.76). The principal findings were (a) markedly increased glycosaminoglycan content in all neural tissues examined (from threefold in sciatic nerve to 15-fold in brainstem), (b) a modest increase in levels of gangliosides GM2, GM3, and GD3, particularly in gray matter, (c) excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the CSF, (d) the increased glycosaminoglycans were dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, and (e) the molecular weights of the liver glycosaminoglycans were shifted toward smaller sizes, indicating partial degradation. The canine disorder thus resembles mucopolysaccharidosis I in all aspects.
Influence of denatured and intermediate states of folding on protein aggregation.

We simulate the aggregation thermodynamics and kinetics of proteins L and G, each of which self-assembles to the same β/β topology through distinct folding mechanisms. We find that the aggregation kinetics of both proteins at an experimentally relevant concentration exhibit both fast and slow aggregation pathways, although a greater proportion of protein G aggregation events are slow relative to those of found for protein L. These kinetic differences are correlated with the amount and distribution of intrachain contacts formed in the denatured state ensemble (DSE), or an intermediate state ensemble (ISE) if it exists, as well as the folding timescales of the two proteins. Protein G aggregates more slowly than protein L due to its rapidly formed folding intermediate, which exhibits native intrachain contacts spread across the protein, suggesting that certain early folding intermediates may be selected for by evolution due to their protective role against unwanted aggregation. Protein L shows only localized native structure in the DSE with timescales of folding that are commensurate with the aggregation timescale, leaving it vulnerable to domain swapping or nonnative interactions with other chains that increase the aggregation rate. Folding experiments that characterize the structural signatures of the DSE, ISE, or the transition state ensemble (TSE) under nonaggregating conditions should be able to predict regions where interchain contacts will be made in the aggregate, and to predict slower aggregation rates for proteins with contacts that are dispersed across the fold. Since proteins L and G can both form amyloid fibrils, this work also provides mechanistic and structural insight into the formation of prefibrillar species.
Acquired genomic copy number aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Genomic aberrations are of predominant importance to the biology and clinical outcome of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and FISH-based genomic risk classifications are routinely used in clinical decision making in CLL. One of the known limitations of CLL FISH is the inability to comprehensively interrogate the CLL genome for genomic changes. In an effort at overcoming the existing limitations in CLL genome analysis, we have analyzed high-purity DNA isolated from FACS-sorted CD19+ cells and paired CD3+ or buccal cells from 255 patients with CLL for acquired genomic copy number aberrations (aCNAs) with the use of ultra-high-density Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays. Overall, ≥ 2 subchromosomal aCNAs were found in 39% (100 of 255) of all cases analyzed, whereas ≥ 3 subchromosomal aCNAs were detected in 20% (50 of 255) of cases. Subsequently, we have correlated genomic lesion loads (genomic complexity) with the clinical outcome measures time to first therapy and overall survival. With the use of multivariate analyses incorporating the most important prognostic factors in CLL together with SNP 6.0 array–based genomic lesion loads at various thresholds, we identify elevated CLL genomic complexity as an independent and powerful marker for the identification of patients with aggressive CLL and short survival.
Verbal Protocols in Real-Time Dynamic Decision-Making

This study presents the results from the analyses of verbal protocols elicited from inexperienced and experienced participants of a real-time, Dynamic Decision-Making (DDM) task. This research intends to complement a series of studies performed in DDM environments analyzing the cognitive structures and processes involved in learning in DDM. Results show that inexperienced and experienced participants differ in several ways: in the way they distribute attention to different parts of the system, in their awareness of the relationship of the attributes involved in the decision making process, and in their coordination to make decisions in real time. These results have been used to support the refinement of a cognitive model developed to explain how people learn in DDM tasks.
The reactions of Mo2Ru(CO)7Cp2(η3-S) with phenylacetylene and Ru(CO)5

Abstract The reactivity of the heteronuclear cluster complex Mo2Ru(CO)7Cp2(η3-S) (1) toward HC2Ph was investigated and compared with the reactivity of the homonuclear complexes Ru3(CO)10(μ3-S) (2) and [Mo(CO)2Cp]2 (3). The reaction of 1 with HC2Ph yielded the new compound Mo2Ru(CO)2Cp2[μ3-η6-HCC(Ph)CHC(Ph)CHC(Ph)](μ3-S) (6), 15%. The compound contains a 1,3,5-triphenyldimetallahexatrienyl ligand formed by the head-to-tail coupling of three HC2Ph molecules. The C6-chain bridges one face of the triangular cluster. Three of the carbon atoms of the chain are π-bonded to one molybdenum atom. The other three carbon atoms are π-bonded to the ruthenium atom. The two ends of the chain are σ-bonded to the second molybdenum atom. When treated with CO at 100°C/25 atm, 6 eliminates 1,3,5,triphenylbenzene and reforms 1. At 125°C under nitrogen, the C6-chain in 6 is split at the C(3)C(4) bond to yield the two isomeric products Mo2Ru(CO)2Cp2[μ3-η3-HCC(Ph)CH][μ-η3-PhCC(H)CPh](μ3-S) (7) and Mo2Ru(CO)2Cp2[μ3-η3-HCC(Ph)CH][μ-η3-PhCC(Ph)CH](μ2-S) (8). Both products contain two dimetallaallyl ligands. One bridges the face of the cluster. The other bridges the MoMo edge. Compound 7 is converted into 8 at 125°C. When 1 is treated with Me3NO and HC2Ph at 25°C, the compound Mo2Ru(CO)5Cp2[μ-η4-PhCC(H)CC(H)Ph](μ3-S) (9) is formed in 11% yield. Compound 9 consists of an open cluster with a PhCC(H)CC(H)Ph ligand that bridges the open edge of the cluster. The four-carbon chain is π-bonded to a molybdenum atom while one carbon serves as the bridging link by bonding to the ruthenium atom. Compound 9 does not appear to be an intermediate en route to 6. When 1 is treated with Ru(CO)5 at 80°C, two higher nuclearity cluster products Mo2Ru4(CO)13(μ4-η2-CO)Cp2(μ4-S) (10) and Mo2Ru5(CO)14(μ4-η2-CO)2Cp2(μ4-S) (11) are formed. Compound 10 consists of a square pyramidal Mo2Ru4 cluster containing a quadruply bridging sulphido ligand on the square base. An Ru(CO)3 group bridges an RuRu edge of the square base. A dihapto quadruply bridging carbonyl ligand is bonded by its carbon atom to an MoRu2 triangle of the square pyramid and is bonded by its oxygen atom to the Ru(CO)3 group. Compound 11 is similar to 10 but has an additional Ru(CO)3 group bridging the second RuRu basal edge of the cluster and also has a second dihapto quadruply bridging carbonyl ligand. IR spectra show that the two quadruply bridging carbonyl ligands are vibrationally coupled by the appearance of two CO stretching absorptions at 1419 and 1453 cm−1. When 10 is heated to 80°C, it is converted to an isomer 12 by shifting the quadruply bridged carbonyl ligand to a terminal bonding mode. The cluster is transformed from an edge bridging form in 10 to a face capped form in 12.
Radial Forearm Free Flap Phalloplasty for Penile Inadequacy in Patients with Exstrophy

Purpose: Male patients with bladder and cloacal exstrophy are born with demure genitalia and often desire phalloplasty during late adolescence or early adulthood. Radial forearm free flap phalloplasty was used successfully for congenital aphallia in a few small series. We present a series of patients treated with phalloplasty using a radial forearm free flap after the repair of bladder and cloacal exstrophy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 10 patients who underwent radial forearm free flap phalloplasty between 2007 and 2012. Indications for phalloplasty were classic bladder exstrophy in 8 cases and cloacal exstrophy in 2. Nine patients underwent prior urinary diversion and 1 underwent urethroplasty at phalloplasty. In each case we reviewed the details of prior exstrophy repair, flap size, donor and recipient vessels, complications, need for subsequent surgeries and self-reported sensation.Results: The graft survived in all 10 patients. Short-term complications requiring surgical intervent...
Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization

Two-hundred ninety-eight patients with gallstones accompanied by mild or nonspecific symptoms, 123 with asymptomatic gallstones, and 46 with nonfunction on cholecystogram and mild or nonspecific symptoms were followed in the setting of a health maintenance organization for up to 25 years after diagnosis. In a life-table analysis, complications (severe events) developed in about 1% per year of patients with visualized gallstones and in about 2% per year of patients with nonfunction. During each of the first 5 years after diagnosis, all events, both severe and non-severe (including surgery for continuing mild symptoms) occurred in about 6% of the patients with mild symptoms accompanying either gallstones or nonfunction, and in about 4% of patients with asymptomatic gallstones. The annual probabilities for all events tended to decrease as length of follow-up increased. Among patients with stones and mild symptoms, women were more apt to develop any event than men (p = 0.02) and more obese patients were more likely to develop severe events than those who were thinner (p = 0.05). The patients in this study are probably more representative of outpatients with gallstones seen by most primary care physicians than are most groups investigated previously for prognosis. Their event rates are sufficiently similar to those used in published decision analyses, that they should not alter previous conclusions that early elective cholecystectomy will have little positive or negative effect on average life expectancy of patients with gallstones.
Fibrovascular ingrowth at sclerotomy sites in vitrectomized diabetic eyes with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage: Ultrasound biomicroscopy findings

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the frequency of fibrovascular ingrowth (FVIG) at sclerotomy sites in vitrectomized eyes of diabetic patients with postoperative vitreous hemorrhage referred for ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants Twenty-six eyes of 23 diabetic patients with recurrent, nonclearing postoperative vitreous hemorrhage subsequent to pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods Ultrasound biomicroscopy evaluation of all sclerotomy sites in patients referred for postoperative nonclearing or recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after PPV for PDR. Correlation with intraoperative findings was obtained in eyes undergoing revision of the vitrectomy. Eight eyes underwent repeat UBM after revision of the vitrectomy, and changes at previous sclerotomy sites were evaluated. Main outcome measures Ultrasound biomicroscopy images at each sclerotomy site were classified into 3 categories: none (grade 0), minor (grade 1), and major (grade 2). The UBM characteristics of each category were defined by the examiner. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with development of FVIG in the study patients. Results Grade 1 or 2 FVIG was detected in 85% of cases, and grade 2 FVIG was identified in ≥1 sclerotomy site in 58% of cases. Grade 1 or 2 FVIG was detected in 56% of microvitrector sites, 41% of infusion sites, and 61% of light port sites. Ten patients underwent repeat vitrectomy because of recurrent nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage and UBM images showing FVIG. Inspection of the sclerotomy site confirmed the UBM findings in every case. Eight of these patients underwent follow-up UBM evaluation subsequent to the repeat vitrectomy. In 6 of the 8 patients, follow-up UBM showed no residual FVIG. Conclusions Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed FVIG in a high proportion of eyes that experienced recurrent nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage after PPV for PDR. Ultrasound biomicroscopy is capable of detecting and characterizing FVIG at sclerotomy sites and may aid in reoperative planning.
COMMENT ON 'PARENTAL BONDING AND RELIGIOSITY IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD'

Gnaulati and Heine (1997) interpret overemphasis on religion for security as a carry-over from past over-reliance on the mother for similar security. A more parsimonious explanation might be that mother and child simply share a common personality trait that has religiosity as a characteristic expression.
Convergence rates of certain approximate solutions to Fredholm integral equations of the first kind

where S, T are closed, bounded intervals of the real line, K(t, s) is a given kernel on T x S with appropriate properties, and u(t) is known only for t E A = (t1 ) t, )..., t,J, where tl < t2 < *.. < t, , [tl , tn] = T. Letting u(t*) = ui , we take as an approximate solution the function 2 which satisfies Uf = s K(ti , s) S(s) ds, i = 1, 2,..., n (1.2) s and minimizes a quadratic functional J(z) of the form
Protein-free medium for C-1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells

An optimized medium, designated MCDB 411, has been developed for mouse neuroblastoma cells. At cell densities of 1×104 cells/cm2 or greater, several different clones of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells can be cultured serially in Medium MCDB 411 with no serum or other undefined supplementation and with a doubling time of about 24 h. At clonal densities it is necessary to supplement the medium with 1.0 μg/ml insulin. Alternately, good clonal growth can be obtained without direct supplementation by coating the culture dishes with insulin and rinsing off all that is not tightly bound. Primary cultures of cells from serially transplanted C1300 tumors that have never been cultured previously in vitro can be established directly in unsupplemented Medium MCBD 411 with rapid initiation of multiplication and no apparent crisis or selection for minority cell types. The availability of a synthetic medium that supports growth of neuroblastoma cells without supplementation should facilitate the use of these cells as model systems for the study of neuronal function and differentiation.
Atmospherically-derived mass-independent sulfur isotope signatures, and incorporation into sediments

The discovery of sulfur mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) in Archean sediments has motivated new work on atmospheric sulfur chemistry. Laboratory experiments showed that SO2 photolysis produces S-MIF at wavelengths both shortward of and longward of the SO2 photodissociation wavelength of 220 nm. It has been argued that the underlying S-MIF mechanism at wavelengths 0 and Δ33S > 0) and from bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) of BaSO4 (yielding pyrite with δ34S < 0 and Δ33S < 0) may contribute to reducing δ34S from photochemical values to the observed range in Archean pyrites.
The mechanism of opiorphin-induced experimental priapism in rats involves activation of the polyamine synthetic pathway

Intracorporal injection of plasmids encoding opiorphins into retired breeder rats can result in animals developing a priapic-like condition. Microarray analysis demonstrated that following intracor...
A generalization of the inertia theorem for quadratic matrix polynomials

Abstract We show that the inertia of a quadratic matrix polynomial is determined in terms of the inertia of its coefficient matrices if the leading coefficient is Hermitian and nonsingular, the constant term is Hermitian, and the real part of the coefficient matrix of the first degree term is definite. In particular, we prove that the number of zero eigenvalues of such a matrix polynomial is the same as the number of zero eigenvalues of its constant term. We also give some new results for the case where the real part of the coefficient matrix of the first degree term is semidefinite.
The Role of Classroom Artifacts in The Clinical Supervision of Science

How might a supervisor approach the use of classroom artifacts while helping teachers to improve their teaching? Artifacts, whether teacher or student made, provide solid, visual referents that the teacher and the supervisor can use not only as data, but also as springboards for wider distribution to other teachers.
Regulating the Regulators: Lysine Modifications Make Their Mark

Decades of research have uncovered much of the molecular machinery responsible for establishing and maintaining proper gene transcription patterns in eukaryotes. Although the composition of this machinery is largely known, mechanisms regulating its activity by covalent modification are just coming into focus. Here, we review several cases of ubiquitination, sumoylation, and acetylation that link specific covalent modification of the transcriptional apparatus to their regulatory function. We propose that potential cascades of modifications serve as molecular rheostats that fine-tune the control of transcription in diverse organisms.
Discipline with Common Agency: The Case of Audit and Non-audit Services

Using a common agency model, we investigate the strategies of self-interested auditors (the agent) hired by both managers (for non-audit services) and shareholders (conducting an audit) of the same firm. In a single period model, managerial discretion over consulting fees can influence auditors to issue reports that are more favorable than warranted. Shareholders, represented by an audit committee cannot recover truth-telling. Removing the current restriction on contingent audit fees allows audit committees to offset the incentives provided by management and instead provide the auditor incentives to report truthfully. Extending the model to a multiperiod framework, the audit committee can motivate truth-telling by making retention decisions which are contingent on outcome. Auditors will consider the impact of overreporting on their ability to generate future audit fees from the same client.
The Grocery Store Blues: Recognizing a Toxic Syndrome When History Fails

Altered mental status and decreased respiratory effort are potentially life-threatening symptoms that encompass a wide variety of etiologies including toxic ingestions. We report a case of methadone toxicity in a 34-month-old girl with Noonan syndrome who presented to the emergency department with episodes of altered mental status, bradypnea/apnea, and miosis. Initial history and comprehensive evaluation including urine drug screen did not reveal a diagnosis; however, response to naloxone indicated that her presentation was likely caused by opioid toxicity. This diagnosis was later confirmed with toxicologic testing, which demonstrated an elevated serum methadone concentration. This case illustrates the need for a high index of suspicion for ingestions in children presenting with altered mental status and respiratory depression without an obvious pulmonary or central nervous system cause as well as the importance of recognizing a toxidrome, despite a lack of history of a toxic exposure.
Appendiceal length as an independent risk factor for acute appendicitis.

Objectives To determine if appendiceal lengths differ between adults with acute appendicitis and asymptomatic controls.
Mitral valve replacement in the first 5 years of life.

Abstract Between 1976 and 1986, 19 children aged 1 month to 5 years underwent replacement of the mitral (systemic atrioventricular) valve. Indications for valve replacement included isolated congenital mitral stenosis (n = 2), valve dysfunction associated with a more complex procedure (n = 15), and failed valvuloplasty (n = 2). Seven different valve types were used; nine were mechanical valves and ten were bioprosthetic valves. There were 6 hospital deaths (32%; 70% confidence limits, 20% to 47%). Among the 13 survivors there were 3 late deaths at a mean of 14 months after operation. The late deaths were unrelated to valve malfunction. Thromboembolic events occurred in 2 patients, both with mechanical valves. One minor bleeding complication occurred among 10 patients on a regimen of Coumadin (crystalline warfarin sodium). Five patients, all with bioprostheses, required a second valve replacement. Indications for reoperation included prosthetic valve regurgitation (n = 1) and calcific stenosis (n = 4). No early or late deaths occurred after second valve replacement. Survival was 51% ± 12% (standard error) at 112 months after valve replacement. Analysis failed to identify age, weight, sex, previous operation, underlying cardiac lesion, or prosthesis size and type as significant risk factors for mortality. Mechanical valves had a lower reoperation rate compared with bioprostheses. These data suggest that although mitral valve replacement within the first 5 years of life is associated with a high operative and late mortality, satisfactory long-term palliation for many patients can be achieved. Mechanical valves are superior to bioprosthetic valves, and offer the best long-term results.
Mammography With Magnification And Grids Detail Visibility And Dose Measurements

AbstractThe possibility has been demonstrated of significant image improvement in screen -filmmammography without increase in relevant patient dose, when a fast screen -filmcombination is used with magnification or grid, when compared with a slower screen -filmcombination using conventional technique (no grid use or magnification). An ideal dedi-cated mammography x -ray unit, containing a small (+ 300 micron) tungsten focal spot, anda grid should result in optimal imaging of all breast sizes and tissue consistencies.IntroductionAt present the Xerox 125 system demonstrates finer anatomic details than screen -filmcombinations. However, this is at the cost of twice as great gxposure to the breastglandular parenchyma, even with high kVp /filtration technique. Ppparently a "low"dose" Xerox system is not in prospect. Consequently it is important to improve screen -filmimages while retaining low patient exposure. Fortunately both scatter reduction anddirect magnification can improve these images.Barnes' work indicates that 50% greater mammographic image contrast should result fromtotal scatter removal (2). Friedrich's study using the Philips mammography grid supportsthis view (3). Sickles (4) and Haus (5) reported substantial image improvement from useof direct magnification. However, fast image receptors were not used in all these imageevaluations. As a result, patient exposure was at least double that of conventional"low dose" screen technique. Therefore these studies did not address the importantquestion: Can one significantly improve screen -film images, while retaining "low dose"patient exposure?The present paper presents preliminary results of a study designed to answer thisquestion. Both direct magnification and grid images were compared with those obtainedusing conventional molybdenum target tube technique. In addition:1. A very fast film was used to achieve "low dose" operation.2. Visibility of calcific and soft tissue detail was measured using a quantitative breastphantom.3. Average glandular parenchymal exposures wer compared for various techniques, using anovel dosimetry breast model and procedure.Materials and MethodsWe used two mammography machines: a Philips Mammo Diagnost, operated both with andwithout the new Philips mammography grid, and an RSI magnification unit *. Figure 1 givesexposure details. A single Kodak Min -R screen was used throughout, with a Picker vacuumbag system to assure good screen -film contact. In addition to the Min -R screen, a newfast experimental film, designed by Eastman Kodak, was also used (which, in this paperwe shall refer to as "X" film). This was of single emulsion, orthochromatic design and2.5 times faster than Min -R film. It also has more contrast. Development was carriedout in a well -stabilized Kodak X -omat processor during a single seven -hour period.
Regulation of 5-HT1A receptor function in brain following agonist or antidepressant administration

Adaptive changes in the serotonergic system are generally believed to underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of the azapirone anxiolytics and a variety of antidepressant drugs. The serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor has been implicated in affective disorders. Thus, studies of the regulation of 5-HT(1A) receptor function may have important implications for our understanding the role of this receptor in the mechanism of action of these therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the regulation of central 5-HT(1A) receptor function following administration of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists or antidepressant drugs expected to increase the synaptic concentration of the neurotransmitter 5-HT. The majority of evidence supports regional differences in the regulation of central 5-HT(1A) receptor function following repeated agonist or antidepressant administration, which may be due to differences in processes involved in desensitization of the receptor at the cellular level. Region-specific differences in the regulation of 5-HT(1A) receptor function may be based on compensatory changes distal to the receptor, such as regulatory changes at the level of effector (e.g. adenylyl cyclase or ion channel), or at the level of the G protein such as changes in G protein expression, or phosphorylation of the G protein. It may be that the increase in serotonin neurotransmission, due to somatodendritic autoreceptor desensitization following agonist or antidepressant treatment, to normo-sensitive 5-HT(1A) receptors in certain brain regions (e.g. hippocampus or cortex) and to sub-sensitive 5-HT(1A) receptors in other brain regions (e.g. amygdala or hypothalamus) underlies the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs.
Thermal Conductivity in Nanocrystalline Ceria Thin Films

The thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline ceria films grown by unbalanced magnetron sputtering is determined as a function of temperature using laser-based modulated thermoreflectance. The films exhibit significantly reduced conductivity compared with stoichiometric bulk CeO2. A variety of microstructure imaging techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron analysis, and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicate that the thermal conductivity is influenced by grain boundaries, dislocations, and oxygen vacancies. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity is analyzed using an analytical solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. The conclusion of this study is that oxygen vacancies pose a smaller impediment to thermal transport when they segregate along grain boundaries.
Assisting with tobacco cessation

Tobacco use is the primary preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States today. The consequences of smoking are well documented, and it is the responsibility of every health care provider to routinely screen and offer treatment to their patients who smoke. Nurses are no exception; we are uniquely qualified to provide practical skills training to our patients. Irrefutable data exist that even 3 minutes of counseling can have a positive influence that moves the patient who smokes further along the continuum toward quitting. The treatment recommendations and strategies that will be discussed are found in the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline entitled "Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence." The algorithm will be broken down into practical interview questions and activities that every nurse can implement with his or her patients, regardless of practice setting.
Evidence from a genetic fate-mapping study that stem cells refresh adult mammalian cardiomyocytes after injury

An emerging concept is that the mammalian myocardium has the potential to regenerate, but that regeneration might be too inefficient to repair the extensive myocardial injury that is typical of human disease. However, the degree to which stem cells or precursor cells contribute to the renewal of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes remains controversial. Here we report evidence that stem cells or precursor cells contribute to the replacement of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes after injury but do not contribute significantly to cardiomyocyte renewal during normal aging. We generated double-transgenic mice to track the fate of adult cardiomyocytes in a 'pulse-chase' fashion: after a 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was induced only in cardiomyocytes, with 82.7% of cardiomyocytes expressing GFP. During normal aging up to one year, the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes remained unchanged, indicating that stem or precursor cells did not refresh uninjured cardiomyocytes at a significant rate during this period of time. By contrast, after myocardial infarction or pressure overload, the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes decreased from 82.8% in heart tissue from sham-treated mice to 67.5% in areas bordering a myocardial infarction, 76.6% in areas away from a myocardial infarction, and 75.7% in hearts subjected to pressure overload, indicating that stem cells or precursor cells had refreshed the cardiomyocytes.
Educating women: schooling and identity in England and France, 1800–1867

by Christine de Bellaigue, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, 280 pp., £57.95 (hardback), ISBN 0199289980 This ambitious comparative study of the education of middle‐class English and French gi...
Inclusive Processes at High Transverse Momentum

We calculate the distribution of secondary particles $C$ in processes $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C+\mathrm{anything}$ at very high energies when (1) particle $C$ has transverse momentum ${p}_{T}$ far in excess of 1 GeV/c, (2) the basic reaction mechanism is presumed to be a deep-inelastic electromagnetic process, and (3) particles $A$, $B$, and $C$ are either leptons ($l$), photons ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$), or hadrons ($h$). We find that such distribution functions possess a scaling behavior, as governed by dimensional analysis. Furthermore, the typical behavior even for $A$, $B$, and $C$ all hadrons, is a power-law decrease in yield with increasing ${p}_{T}$, implying measurable yields at NAL of hadrons, leptons, and photons produced in 400- GeV $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions even when the observed secondary-particle ${p}_{T}$ exceeds 8 GeV/c. There are similar implications for particle yields from ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliding-beam experiments and for hadron yields in deep-inelastic electro-production (or neutrino processes). Among the processes discussed in some detail are $\mathrm{ll}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$, $\mathrm{lh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}l$, as well as $\mathrm{hh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}l$, $\mathrm{hh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\mathrm{hh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W$, and $W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$, where $W$ is the conjectured weak-interaction intermediate boson. The basis of the calculation is an extension of the parton model. The new ingredient necessary to calculate the processes of interest is the inclusive probability for finding a hadron emerging from a parton struck in a deep-inelastic collision. This probability is taken to have a form similar to that generally presumed for finding a parton in an energetic hadron. We study the dependence of our conclusions on the validity of the parton model, and conclude that they follow mainly from kinematics, duality arguments $\stackrel{`}{a}\mathrm{la}$ Bloom and Gilman, and the crucial assumption that multiplicities in such reactions grow slowly with energy. The picture we obtain generalizes the concept of deep-inelastic process, and predicts the existence of "multiple cores" in such reactions. We speculate on the possibility of strong, nonelectromagnetic deep-inelastic processes. If such processes exist, our predictions of particle yields for $\mathrm{hh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$ could be up to 4 orders of magnitude too low, and for $\ensuremath{\gamma}h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h$ and $\mathrm{hh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ up to 2 orders of magnitude too low.
Strong multifield slowroll condition and spiral inflation

We point out the existing confusion about the slowroll parameters and conditions for multifield inflation. If one requires the fields to roll down the gradient flow, we find that only articles adopting the Hubble slowroll expansion are on the right track, and a correct condition can be found in a recent book by Liddle and Lyth [The Primordial Density Perturbation: Cosmology, Inflation and the Origin of Structure (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2009)]. We further analyze this condition and show that the gradient flow requirement is stronger than just asking for a slowly changing, quasi-de Sitter solution. Therefore, it is possible to have a multifield slowroll model that does not follow the gradient flow. Consequently, it no longer requires the gradient to be small. It even bypasses the first slowroll condition and some related no-go theorems from string theory. We provide the ``spiral inflation'' as a generic blueprint of such an inflation model and show that it relies on a monodromy locus, a common structure in string theory effective potentials.
Preliminary evaluation of a standard reference material for chiral stationary phases used in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography

The applicability of a new Standard Reference Material (SRM) for the evaluation of chiral stationary phase (CSP) performance was demonstrated by utilizing the SRM to characterize the chromatographic behavior of eight commercially available CSPs in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography. The SRM consists of five ethanolic solutions, each containing one chiral compound. These test mixtures can be used to assess changes in column performance over time and to evaluate lot-to-lot variability in column manufacturing. The SRM was also used to probe the effect of various parameters on column performance.
Comparison of hole and electron intersubband absorption strengths for quantum well infrared photodetectors

It is well known that the hole intersubband absorption of normally incident (TE polarized) radiation is nonzero for p-doped quantum well infrared photodetectors (p-QWIP's) which have been fabricated without an optical grating. This present paper shows from k/spl I.oarr//spl middot/p/spl I.oarr/ theory that, for typical p-QWIP designs, this hole intersubband absorption of TE polarized radiation (without the help of an optical grating) is significantly smaller than the electron intersubband absorption of TE polarized radiation in those n-doped QWIP's (n-QWIP's) fabricated with an optical grating. A second result of this present work is that, even when there is significant mixing of the light and heavy hole states, the p-QWIP absorption of TE polarized radiation (without the help of an optical grating) is still much smaller than the n-QWIP absorption of TE polarized radiation (with the help of an optical grating). The reason is that the mixing of light and heavy hole states never increases the amount of |S>-symmetry in the mixed hole wave function beyond the amount of |S>-symmetry which was present in the unmixed, purely light hole state. Finally, this present paper shows from k/spl I.oarr//spl middot/p/spl I.oarr/ theory that strained layer growth on an [001] substrate does not significantly affect the strength of the hole intersubband absorption. The reason is that the Hamiltonian describing uniaxially strained quantum wells has precisely the same (tetragonal) symmetry as the Hamiltonian describing carrier confinement in unstrained quantum wells. All of these results are important in choosing a QWIP device design.
Effect of Nasal Obstruction on Upper Airway Muscle Activation in Normal Subjects

It is not known whether nasal occlusion produces obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by decreasing upper airway muscle activation via nasal reflexes or by increasing upper airway resistance and hence lowering the pressure in the pharnyx. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nasal occlusion on upper airway muscle activation. We studied seven men and measured alae nasi (AN) and genioglossal (GG) electromyograms (EMGs) during two nights of sleep, one with their nose open and the other with their nose occluded. Nasal occlusion produced OSA in all subjects and also increased the percentage of time during sleep in which phasic AN and GG EMG activity was present. Apneas tended to occur at the nadirs of EMG activity. This suggests that nasal occlusion generally increases respiratory drive to upper airway muscles during sleep and that it does not cause OSA by merely decreasing respiratory drive to these muscles.
Supporting intelligent organizations: problem solving and learning

The foundations of a psychology of intelligent organizations based on contemporary and traditional cognitive theory is described. This organizational psychology is then used to describe the architecture for an integrated learning and problem-solving system. The ultimate purpose of the system is to support organizational cognition by facilitating the understanding, formalization, and development of technology. It is reasonable to consider organizations as intelligent systems because they have the capability to abstract, interact, and learn from their environments. >
Graft copolymers from poly(2,6‐dimethylphenylene oxide) and pivalolactone

The copolyether-polyester system resulting from the anionic graft polymerization of pivalolactone onto poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) has been formulated with differing graft densities and graft segment lengths. Wide angle X-ray scattering studies on these materials indicated an increased crystalline order with increased PVL segments/graft for similarly annealed specimens and a decrease in such order with increasing carboxylation.
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Improving Mitochondrial Function

Objectives The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that long-term dietary nitrate supplementation protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by improving ventricular function and reducing mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. Background Doxorubicin is a powerful anthracycline antibiotic used to treat divergent human neoplasms. Its clinical use is limited because of severe cardiotoxic side effects. Dietary nitrate and nitrite are essential nutrients for maintenance of steady-state tissue levels of nitric oxide and may play a therapeutic role in diseases associated with nitric oxide insufficiency or dysregulation. Dietary nitrate and nitrite supplementation alleviates myocardial injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion and cardiac arrest–resuscitation. Methods Adult male CF-1 mice were given a single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and left ventricular contractile function was assessed 5 days later using both echocardiography and pressure-volume Millar catheterization. A nitrate supplementation regimen (1 g/l sodium nitrate in drinking water) was started 7 days before doxorubicin injection and continued thereafter. Cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis, tissue lipid peroxidation, and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were assessed. In addition, mitochondrial complex I activity, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and hydrogen peroxide generation were determined in parallel experiments. Results Doxorubicin caused impairment of ventricular contractility and cell death, which were significantly reduced by nitrate supplementation (p Conclusions Long-term oral intake of inorganic nitrate attenuates doxorubicin-induced ventricular dysfunction, cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. Nitrate could be a promising therapeutic agent against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Selecting the Number of Observations in Multivariate Measurement Studies Under Budget Constraints

When limited resources are available, determining the optimal number of observations to use in multivariate measurement design is not a simple task. This paper presents a method for determining the optimal number of conditions to use in measurement designs when resource constraints are imposed. The method is illustrated using a multivariate two-facet design, and extensions to other designs are discussed.
2. INDIGENOUS POWER IN THE COMANCHE EMPIRE

Pekka Hamalainen's The Comanche Empire reflects critical historiographical turns—indigenous power, responses to settler colonialism, and a reorientation of perspective—while uncovering new directions in American Indian history. Moreover, his four-part framework for understanding power—spatial control, economic control, assimilation, and influence over neighbors—provides a useful model for analyzing indigenous polities in other places and times. However, by not explicitly framing the narrative of the Comanche empire within notions of sovereignty, Hamalainen leaves open opportunities for other scholars of the Comanche and of Native North America. Future historical studies of Native sovereignty, though, should include tribally specific notions of sovereignty and ways of knowing and remembering the past.
Electrochemical evaluation of LiCoO2 synthesized by decomposition and intercalation of hydroxides for lithium-ion battery applications

LiCoO2 has been synthesized by a solid-state synthesis route involving the decomposition and intercalation of hydroxide precursors generated by precipitation and freeze-drying. Cyclic voltammetry of LiCoO2 obtained by heating at 100°C for 2h has shown this material to be electrochemically active with an initial discharge capacity of 92mAhg−1. Optimization of processing conditions reduced the firing time to as little as 2h at 800°C, producing LiCoO2 powders with high reversible capacity (142mAhg−1), good rate capability, and good cyclability. The favourable performance of this oxide powder in LiCoO2/C lithium-ion cells using the present oxide powders shows the instant synthesis route to be promising and cost-effective for lithium-ion battery applications.
The Relation Between Illegal Risk Behaviors and the Acquired Capability for Suicide

Background: Suicide is the third leading cause of death among college students. The interpersonal theory of suicide may provide a way to conceptualize suicide risk in this population. Aims: We sought to examine relations between illegal behaviors that may act as risk factors for suicide and the acquired capability for suicide. Method: College students (N = 758) completed assessments of acquired capability and previous exposure to painful and provocative events, including illegal risk behaviors (IRBs). Linear regression, a nonparametric bootstrapping procedure, and two-tailed partial correlations were employed to test our hypotheses. Results: There was no significant relation between IRBs and acquired capability after controlling for legal painful and provocative experiences. A significant positive relation was identified between IRBs and fear/anxiety, contradicting the expected relation between increased painful and provocative experiences and lower fear/anxiety. Acquired capability explained variance in ...
The trade in native and exotic turtles in Texas

There are growing concerns among conservationists that commercial trade in many species of wild-caught turtles may not be sustainable. Little information on the turtle trade and its impact on populations is available at the national level, and there are no analyses of the commercial trade in turtles in Texas. To quantitatively describe the turtle trade in Texas, we surveyed government organizations, pet and meat establishments, rep- tile expositions, zoos, aquariums, and Texas herpetological societies by mail, phone calls, or visits. We used the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) database to quantify the turtle trade in Texas from 1995-2000. Five turtle species accounted for 99% of collections from the wild in 1999, but at least 69 native and exotic species were available in the pet and meat mar- kets. Nonnative species were exported from Texas, implying that they were either import- ed from other states and re-exported from Texas or were bred in captivity. Unfortunately, the current national wildlife trade monitoring system does not distinguish between export and re-export, making it difficult to fully understand wildlife trade patterns. Turtle popu- lations in general were susceptible to overexploitation. We recommend that populations of commercially exploited turtles be monitored to build databases required for establish- ing harvest quotas and size limits. Methods used in this study could be implemented by other states to monitor their turtle trade.
The Accountant’s Role In Supporting A Legal Prosecution

This paper lays out a logical framework for the Accountant to assist a prosecutor in preparing a criminal case. It utilizes the example of an employee theft. It suggests analyzing what laws have been broken to establish an outline for the supporting documents. While the Accountant will likely understand the internal controls and employee training which will form the basis of the prosecution’s case, the lawyer will not be so familiar with the process. By laying out the legal case underpinned by the internal controls and procedures broken by the employee, the case will be better understood by both the prosecutor and the jury.