cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realizing space vector modulation in MATLAB/Simulink and PSCAD

Space vector modulation (SVM) is a frequently used method to implement pulse width modulation (PWM) in three-phase switching converters. SVM allows us to maximize the exploitation of the converter hardware. Compared to sine PWM, SVM can achieve a higher AC voltage level (15% more in magnitude). This paper develops SVM models in Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD, two most popular packages for power system dynamic studies. Theory of space vector will be clearly explained to present the principles of SVM based sinusoidal waveform synthesis. The three unique contributions of this paper include: (i) A sawtooth triangular waveform is used to generate repeating switching period for digital control. (ii) A technique to integrate blocks with different sampling rates is employed to generate SVM pulses. (ii) Both Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD models are developed. The developed models are very useful to develop detailed SVM enabled power converters in power system studies. A step by step tutorial of the model development procedure and the simulation results are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the SVM models.
Multistep redirection by cross-beam power transfer of ultrahigh-power lasers in a plasma

A demonstration of the ability to control the flow of laser energy in a dense plasma by tuning the colour of multiple laser beams injected into it could be useful in the development of laser-driven fusion.
Immunological characterization of constitutive isozymes of cytochrome P-450 from rainbow trout. Evidence for homology with phenobarbital-induced rat P-450s

Abstract Immunoglobulin G fractions (IgGs), isolated from rabbits immunized against hepatic cytochrome P -450 isozymes were used to investigate the immunochemical homology among trout P -450s and between trout and rat P -450s. The antigens used for immunization were five constitutive trout P -450s (LMC1 to LMC5), one β-napthoflavone (BNF)-inducible trout P -450 (LM4b), and one phenobarbital-induced rat P450IIB1 (PB-B). In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), strong cross-reactivity was observed between anti-LMC2 IgG and P -450 LMC1, and between anti-LMC3 IgG and P -450 LMC4. There was little or no cross-reactivity of anti-LMC5 IgG with other trout P -450s. Trout P -450 LM4b was not recognized by any of the antibodies against constitutive trout P -450s. Antibodies to P -450 LMC1 and P450 LMC2 cross-reacted strongly with rat P450IIB1 and with proteins of PB-induced rat liver microsomes. Rat P450IA1 (BNF-B) did not cross-react with anti-LMC1 or anti-LMC2 IgG. These cross-reactions were essentially confirmed by immunoblot (Western blot) analysis. Western blots of PB-induced rat liver microsomes probed with anti LMC1 revealed two major immunoreactive proteins in the P -450 region, one of which co-migrated with rat P450IIB1. P450IIB1 itself cross-reacted strongly with anti-LMC1 IgG. In control rats, a single protein band cross-reacted poorly with anti-LMC1 IgG. Antibodies to LMC1 and LMC2 did not cross-react with rat P450IA1 in Western blots. The antigenic epitopes in rat P450IIB1 recognized by anti-LMC1 IgG and anti-LMC2 IgG are probably not located at or near the active site of the enzyme since these antibodies did not inhibit benzphetamine N -demethylase activity of P450IIB1 or of PB-induced rat liver microsomes. In general, our results demonstrate: (1) the presence of a significant homology between LMC1 and LMC2, and between constitutive trout P -450 (LMC1) and PB-induced rat P -450 (P450IIB1); and (2) distant homology between constitutive trout P -450s and constitutive rat P -450s or BNF-induced rat P -450s.
On the Determinants of Corporate Usage of Financial Derivatives

We analyze firm characteristics associated with adoption and then level of financial derivatives usage for U.S. non-financial firms. Interest-rate derivatives are disaggregated from foreign-exchange derivatives. The analysis provides initial evidence on determinants of the level of derivatives usage. We find differences between characteristics of adopters and characteristics influencing level of derivative activity. We also find differences between characteristics of interest-rate and foreign-exchange derivatives users. Level of both interest-rate and foreign-exchange derivatives usage is positively associated with multinationality, variance of accounting return on assets, and growth opportunities (proxied by research and development expenditures), and size. Interest-rate derivatives usage is also positively associated with debt levels. The findings on the adoption decision generally confirm other research. Our findings are consistent with extant theories.
The virtues of extended matching and uncued tests as alternatives to multiple choice questions

The objectives of this study were to compare the reliability and validity of written test formats that are widely used in medical education (multiple choice, uncued, extended matching, and true/false) and evaluate the effects of uncued examinations on long-term retention of medical knowledge. Uncued tests were introduced into a traditional course in general and systemic pathology (six interim tests). In the following year, students were given eight tests written in the four formats, each being used twice. The academic achievement of students in these 2 years was compared with that of students in 2 previous years, in which multiple choice tests were used. Measures of academic achievement included performance on a final comprehensive examination and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Student performance on uncued tests was consistent over time (i.e., there was no learning curve). Mean scores ranged from 77% to 84%, and coefficient alpha reliability estimates on 100-item tests were excellent (0.79 to 0.90). Extended matching tests were also reliable, with a mean coefficient alpha of 0.90. There was no significant relationship between test format and student performance on subsequent comprehensive examinations. Our results indicate that extended matching and uncued tests have considerable advantages over multiple choice and true/false examinations. They are more reliable, better able to discriminate the well-prepared from the marginal student, and well suited for tested core knowledge. Contrary to our expectation, extended matching questions with 20 choices presented to the student were as statistically reliable and valid as uncued queries with several hundred choices.
Folder management on a multimodality PACS display station

The Radiology Department at the University of Pennsylvania is installing a clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The first phase of the PACS will support two MRI scanners, one film digitizer, and will provide display stations for four intensive care units and the MRI section. The software design for the image display stations has taken the form of two software modules: a display process (DP) and a worstation folder manager (WFM). This layered approach will ease the addition of new display stations into the PACS. The two processes communicate directly and through a folder database (FDB) that resides on the display node. The DP will allow the user to view and perform spatial and grayscale manipulation on multimodality images displayed on two high-resolution (2560 H X 2048 V) grayscale monitors. The WFM is responsible for processing folder requests from the DP, receiving folders from the main archive folder manager (MAIN_FM), fetching images from the image archive and retrieval system (IARS), and maintaining the FDB. All communication between the WFM and both the MAIN_FM and IARS is performed using ACR-NEMA style messages. The WFM has the ability to receive unsolicited folders in addition to folders on request. The WFM can also generate return folders for the MAIN_FM that contain physician reports of viewed images.
Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate homeostasis regulated by Nir2 and Nir3 proteins at endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) at the plasma membrane (PM) constitutively controls many cellular functions, and its hydrolysis via receptor stimulation governs cell signaling. The PI transfer protein Nir2 is essential for replenishing PM PIP2 following receptor-induced hydrolysis, but key mechanistic aspects of this process remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that PI at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required for the rapid replenishment of PM PIP2 mediated by Nir2. Nir2 detects PIP2 hydrolysis and translocates to ER-PM junctions via binding to phosphatidic acid. With distinct phosphatidic acid binding abilities and PI transfer protein activities, Nir2 and its homolog Nir3 differentially regulate PIP2 homeostasis in cells during intense receptor stimulation and in the resting state, respectively. Our study reveals that Nir2 and Nir3 work in tandem to achieve different levels of feedback based on the consumption of PM PIP2 and function at ER-PM junctions to mediate nonvesicular lipid transport between the ER and the PM.
A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary routine HIV-antibody testing for hospital patients

The objectives of this paper are threefold: first, to develop a taxonomy of potential benefits from voluntary, routine HIV-antibody testing of hospital patients; second, to inform attending healthcare workers, hospital patients and policy makers of the potential benefits from such testing; and third, to make inferences about whether such testing is warranted by a cost-benefit criterion. Benefits stemming from information about a patient's HIV serostatus accrue to: (1) healthcare workers if extra precautions reduce their HIV-exposure rate; (2) the patient if knowledge of HIV serostatus allows life-extending prophylactic treatment to be initiated; and (3) the patient's sex partners if the patient is less likely to transmit HIV after undergoing HIV testing. Using recent estimates on the value of life, hospital-specific HIV-prevalence rates, the effectiveness of prophylactic treatment, rates of HIV exposure and conversion by healthcare workers, and reduction in high-risk sexual behaviors by seropositive patients, we estimate the benefits of testing as the value of statistical life saved. The opportunity cost of HIV testing is calculated as the reported cost of a standard HIV-test protocol with pre- and post-test counseling. Information about a patient's HIV serostatus provides small expected benefits to healthcare workers ($3.34) because the risk of HIV transmission is small; benefits to attending healthcare workers are insufficient to warrant routine HIV testing on a stand-alone basis even in high HIV-prevalence hospitals. However, an HIV-seropositive test result provides large expected benefits to the patient ($11,202) and to the patient's sex partners ($5271). Adding these nonrivalrous benefits, we find that routine, voluntary HIV-testing of hospital patients passes a cost-benefit test even in low HIV-prevalence hospitals. Four major qualifications of the cost-benefit analysis should be considered. (1) The benefits to some parties can only be achieved if the patient's serostatus is disclosed to them. (2) The net benefits may be negative if HIV-testing induces riskier behavior. (3) The analysis does not incorporate the significant potential for third-parties (employers, insurers, healthcare workers) to use the test to impose costs on HIV-seropositive patients. (4) The sample of inpatients choosing voluntary HIV testing may not be representative of the overall hospital population. These unmeasured factors suggest that policymakers should exercise caution in implementing a voluntary HIV-testing program.
The Man Who Counted: a collection of integrated adventures

Issues of disconnect and isolation from other disciplines seem to plague numerous subjects taught in high schools today. Although they share common roots, mathematics, natural sciences and humanities appeared to have developed rich, but separated curricula with only occasionally emphasized and seemingly weak connections between their respective contents. The absence of truly meaningful context that allows students to build connections to material they are learning often results in procedural, factual and regrettably short-term knowledge. One approach to repair the disarray within our educational structure may be by developing integrated projects that span not only across different facets of one particular subject, but across multiple disciplines as well. Most educational reforms have been strongly supporting the idea of integration of curricula, emphasizing that the noticeable lack of connections between the subjects is affecting not only mathematics, but also language arts, social studies and various other disciplines.The primary purpose of this article is to describe an integrated project that successfully merged the teaching standards of mathematics, social studies and language arts, while utilizing technology as the means to an innovative learning medium for high school students. The focus of the article is the development process of an integrated project,more specifically the obstacles that needed to be overcome for its successful completion. Through this particular example of a mathematics-base integrated project, we demonstrate how content standards of various disciplines can be effectively combined to produce a meaningful teaching and learning context. It is our hope that the presented development process can be generalized and applied in various collaborative teaching efforts.
Effects of nicotine on brain 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and 1-phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate synthesis and metabolism--possible relationship to nicotine-induced behaviors.

Abstract The effects of nicotine and other cholinergic drugs on the initial incorporation of 32 P i , and [ 3 H]glycerol into 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate(DPI)and 1-phosphatidylinsitol-3,4-bisphosphate (TPI) in the rat brain microsomal fraction were studied. Nicotine and eserine significantly decreased and mecamylamine increased [ 32 P]- and [ 3 H]TPI levels. Atropine had no effect on labeled TPI levels. Dose-effect studies for nicotine revealed that as little as 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine, i.p., significantly decreased the accumulation of labeled TPI. It was concluded that pharmacologically relevant and nonconvulsive doses of nicotine can markedly affect brain polyphosphoinositide synthesis and/or metabolism; the nature of the effects is consistent with theories suggesting that the conversion of TPI to DPI will release membrane lipid bound Ca 2+ and, thus, increase membrane excitability.
Minimisation of fixed-polarity AND/XOR canonical networks

A method for extracting the cubes of the generalised Reed-Muller (GRM) form of a Boolean function with a given polarity is presented. The method does not require exponential space and time complexity and it achieves the lower-bound time complexity. The proof of the method's correctness constitutes the first half of the paper. Also, a separate heuristic algorithm to find the optimal polarity that requires the least number of cubes in the GRM representation is proposed. The algorithm is fast and derives the polarity for variables and extracts all cubes simultaneously. It is based on the concept of a Boolean centre for vertices, which emulates the centre of gravity concept in geometry. The experimental results for the heuristic algorithm agree strongly with the authors observations and analysis.
Mechanisms of the growth inhibitory effects of the isoflavonoid biochanin A on LNCaP cells and xenografts.

BACKGROUND Isoflavones inhibit the growth of some types of tumor cells, including prostate adenocarcinoma. This study used LNCaP cells and xenografts to investigate the mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of biochanin A, a major isoflavone present in red clover but not soy-derived products. METHODS LNCaP cells were exposed to varying doses of biochanin A to evaluate viability, DNA synthesis, and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) analysis. Regulation of gene expression was determined by using Western immunoblotting and cDNA microarrays. Anti-tumorigenic effects were evaluated by using athymic mice with LNCaP flank tumors. RESULTS Biochanin A induced a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and [3H]thymidine incorporation that correlated with increased DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis. Western blot analyses of cell cycle regulatory proteins revealed that biochanin A significantly decreased expression of cyclin B and p21, whereas flow cytometry showed that cells were accumulating in the G0/G1 phase. cDNA microarray analyses identified 29 down-regulated genes with six reduced below assay detection limits. Eleven genes were up-regulated, including 9 that were undetectable in controls. In mice with LNCaP xenografts, biochanin A significantly reduced tumor size and incidence. CONCLUSION These results indicate that biochanin A inhibits prostate cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Biochanin A-regulated genes suggest multiple pathways of action. Biochanin A inhibits the incidence and growth of LNCaP xenograft tumors in athymic mice. Prostate 52:201–212, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents

The maintenance of high social competence despite stress was examined in a 6-month prospective study of 138 inner-city ninth-grade students. The purpose was to provide a replication and extension of findings derived from previous cross-sectional research involving a comparable sample of children. Specifically, goals were to examine the extent to which high-stress children with superior functioning on one or more aspects of school-based social competence could evade significant difficulties in (a) other spheres of competence at school and (b) emotional adjustment. Measurements of stress were based on uncontrollable negative life events. Competence was assessed via behavioral indices including school grades, teacher ratings, and peer ratings, and emotional distress was measured via self-reports. Results indicated that high-stress children who showed impressive behavioral competence were highly vulnerable to emotional distress over time. Furthermore, almost 85% of the high-stress children who seemed resilient based on at least one domain of social competence at Time 1 had significant difficulties in one or more domains examined when assessed at both Time 1 and Time 2. Findings are discussed in terms of conceptual and empirical issues in resilience research.
Asymptotic target recognition performance for FLIR and ladar systems

Automatic target recognition (ATR) performance based on forward-looking infrared (FLIR) and laser radar (LADAR) image sensors is studied for the recognition of ground-based targets with unknown random pose. High signal-to-noise ratio results are obtained by using the Laplace approximation to simplify nuisance integrals which appear in Bayesian likelihood-ratio calculations. This analytical approach applied to simple blocks-world target models and statistical sensor models provides insight into how target and sensor parameters affect recognition performance. The Laplace method used in this paper can be applied to obtain expressions for the probability of error in binary recognition as well as more general situations such as target detection and M-ary recognition. These theoretical results are compared with computer-simulated calculations of the probability of error in binary recognition and sensor fusion scenarios.
Looking and approach behavior of psychotic and normal children as a function of adult attention of preoccupation

Abstract Forteen autistic and schizophrenic children with matched normal controls were found not to differ significantly in their behavior of looking at and of approach toward strange adults, although gross differences in other aspects of their behavior were observed. Both groups responded significantly more to an attentive than to a preoccupied adult. Some implications of these findings for the diagnosis and psychopathology of autism and early childhood schizophrenia are discussed.
Why patients sock unproven cancer remedies: A psychological perspective

When it is discovered that cancer has recurred, patients experience a period of acute emotional distress, with increased anxiety, fear, helplessness, and depression. Well-meaning colleagues, friends, and relatives feel compelled to tell them about unorthodox cancer "cures." These unproven remedies tend to fit holistic health concepts purporting to enhance the body's own defenses; most involve the use of chemicals or drugs, nutritional supports, vitamins, vaccines, and mind-body techniques. In the past decade, laetrile has been the most popular unorthodox remedy. The distraught patient and family are deluged with information and have trouble evaluating what is valid. Physicians who treat patients with cancer should make sure that they themselves understand the emotional basis for a patient's need to pursue unorthodox remedies. The risk is heightened when the patient senses the doctor has "given up" and has "nothing more to offer." Patients should feel able to ask questions about unproven remedies without fear that the physician will be judgmental or punitive. Participation in a clinical trial of a new and promising treatment under investigation, within the full protection of ethical guidelines, should be suggested as an alternative to unproven treatments outside the medical system that are not subject to the same constraints.
Inconsistency-induced learning: A step toward perpetual learners

One of the long-term research questions in machine learning is how to build never-ending learners. The state-of-the-practice in the field of machine learning thus far is still dominated by the one-time learner paradigm: some learning algorithms are utilized on data sets to produce certain results, and then the learner is put away and the results are put to work. Such a learn-once-apply-next (or LOAN) approach may not be adequate in dealing with many real world problems and is in sharp contrast with human's life-long learning process. On the other hand, learning is often brought on through some stimulus. In this paper, we describe a framework for inconsistency-induced learning. The framework relies on utilizing inconsistency as learning stimulus and inconsistency resolution as impetus for continuous learning. The framework hinges on recognizing inconsistency in information or knowledge, identifying the cause of inconsistency, revising beliefs to explain, resolve, or accommodate inconsistency. The perpetual learning process is triggered by an agent encountering some antagonistic circumstance, and is embodied in the continuous inconsistency-induced belief revisions. Though there can be other stimuli to learning, we believe that inconsistency-induced learning can be an important step toward building perpetual learning agents.
On the deformation of an elastoplastic body when placed between flat plates rotating about non-coincident axes

While several boundary value problems concerning the inelastic response of bodies have been studied analytically within the context of small strains, there are few studies that have been dedicated to such bodies undergoing large deformations despite the fact that numerous theories have been advanced to describe large inelastic deformations. Here, we discuss a solution to a boundary value problem (using an elastoplastic model for a polymeric material) wherein a layer is subject to a large deformation due to the rotation of two bounding planes of the layer. While the amount of rotation of the two planes is the same, the axes of rotation of the planes, while being parallel to one another, are non-coincident. The deformation under consideration amounts to a shear followed by a large rotation. It transpires that although the body is subject to a cyclic deformation, there is no unloading, i.e., the body, once it yields, continues to do so under deformation. The problem also highlights the shortcoming of a purely Eulerian approach to studying the inelastic response of bodies as the resulting permanent deformation and change of shape can be understood only in terms of a referential (or Lagrangian) approach. The solution also highlights the development of forces in a direction perpendicular to the plane of shear, namely the Poynting effect that is characteristic of the response of non-linear materials.
Insulin-like effects of polyamines spermine binding to fat cells and fat cell membranes

Abstract Two naturally occurring polyamines, spermine and spermidine, mimic the action of insulin on lipid and glucose metabolism in adipocytes. To evaluate the role of cell membranes in the action of polyamines, studies of [14C] spermine binding using an oil separation method were conducted in isolated rat adipocytes and adipose cell membranes. Spermine binding and dissociation in fat cells and fat cell membranes were rapid and complete within 3–6 min. Following a 30-min incubation of [14C] spermine with fat cell membranes, over 90% of bound [14C] spermine was dissociable while under similar conditions only 25% of bound [14C] spermine was dissociable in cells. The non-dissociable fractions in cells likely represented intracellular accumulation. Binding and stimulation of glucose oxidation were demonstrated at similar concentrations. Bound spermine was displaced by spermine, spermidine and 1,8-diaminooctane with greater efficacy than putrescine (a polyamine devoid of insulin-like properties) or insulin. Similarly, polyamines did not complete with insulin for binding to isolated adipocytes. It appears, therefore, that polyamines initiate their insulin-like effects by interacting with the cell membrane at sites which are common to biologically active polyamines and which are distinct from the insulin receptor.
How Berkeley Can Maintain That Snow Is White

Berkeley has made the bold claim on behalf of his theory that it is uniquely able to justify the claim that snow is white. But this claim, made most strikingly in the Third of his Three Dialogues, has been held, most forcefully by Margaret Wilson, to conflict with Berkeley's argument in the First Dialogue that, because of various facts to do with perceptual variation, colors are merely apparent and hence, mind-dependent. This paper develops an alternative reading of the First Dialogue arguments, in which their project is not to establish the mind-dependence of colors but instead to undermine the position that colors are also mind-independent. Under these circumstances, the coherence of the First and the Third Dialogue arguments is assured, just so long as the Third Dialogue claim to have established that snow is really white is not taken to mean that snow is mind-independently white, but instead, something like that our experiences of snow are stably and regularly white.
Utilidad del dispositivo de cierre arterial StarClose en pacientes con arteriopatía periférica

El dispositivo de cierre arterial StarClose (Abbott Vascular, Redwood City, CA) utiliza un clip de nitinol extraluminal para establecer la hemostasia. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seguridad y la eficacia de StarClose a partir de un registro prospectivo de arteriopatia periferica (AP). A lo largo de un periodo de 18 meses se utilizaron 500 dispositivos StarClose en 378 pacientes consecutivos con AP sintomatica tras la intervencion endovascular diagnostica y/o terapeutica. Se analizaron las caracteristicas demograficas de los pacientes junto con criterios objetivos derivados del examen con eco-Doppler, la velocidad del flujo de la arteria femoral comun y el indice tobillo-brazo (ITB) obtenidos antes y despues de la colocacion del dispositivo StarClose. Todos los pacientes ambulatorios recibieron un tratamiento preventivo con antibiotico (una dosis), heparina perioperatoria (sin reversion con protamina) y tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario. Se administro acido acetilsalicilico y clopidogrel (Plavix) a todos los pacientes sometidos a intervencion terapeutica. Trescientos setenta y ocho pacientes fueron sometidos a intervenciones por una AP aortoiliaca o infrainguinal, 99 de las cuales fueron bilaterales. De los 500 cierres de abordaje arterial realizados, en 296 casos se trato de intervenciones terapeuticas con introductores de 6 a 8F en la arteria femoral comun. Los estudios diagnosticos (n = 204 abordajes arteriales) se realizaron a traves de un introductor 5F. Se consiguio con exito tecnico la hemostasia en el 97,2%; unicamente 14 dispositivos presentaron un problema de sangrado persistente en el que fue necesario prolongar la compresion manual prolongada. La mediana de la duracion de la hospitalizacion en los pacientes ambulatorios fue de 157 min. Once de los 260 seguimientos con eco-Doppler (4,2%) presentaron un aumento del doble de la velocidad sistolica maxima, siendo asintomatico solamente uno de ellos. El seguimiento tardio mostro una reduccion del ITB > 0,10 en 42 de 360 (11,7%) cierres. Se identificaron 9 complicaciones mayores (2,0%) durante el seguimiento. El dispositivo de cierre StarClose tiene una tasa de complicaciones mayores baja, y es seguro y eficaz en pacientes con AP, aunque puede producirse una estenosis en el lugar del abordaje arterial. El dispositivo consiguio una rapida hemostasia sin necesidad de reversion de la anticoagulacion y precisa, de forma significativa, menos tiempo de reposo para la deambulacion que la compresion manual.
A Satellite Determination of Tidal Parameters and Earth Deceleration

Summary This paper uses perturbations in the inclination and in the longitude of the node for four nearly polar satellites to find values of the tidal number k and of the phases for the lunar and solar semi-diurnal tides. In order to obtain the desired accuracy, it was necessary to include the following perturbations in the analysis: (1) differences between UT2c and UTI, (2) the motions of the true coordinate systems of date, including the rotation of the ecliptic, (3) atmospheric drag, (4) radiation pressure, including radiation scattered or emitted by the satellite and including radiation scattered by the Earth as well as direct sunlight, (5) the atmospheric tide, (6) the gravitational perturbations produced by the Sun and Moon, and (7) the perturbations due to the zonal gravity harmonics. For many of these, existing perturbation procedures are not accurate enough, and new methods were devised. The new methods are described. By-products of the perturbation analysis include a small change in the method of inferring wind velocities from orbital data at altitudes around 600 km, and a substantial change in the value of the estimated torque due to the atmospheric tide. The value found for the ratio of lunar to solar tida1 friction torques is considerably greater than that given by any existing model, but is closer to the value generally given for linear friction than to that for non-linear friction. This does not imply that the friction is linear. It is shown that the relation between the torque ratio and the type of friction depends upon an unknown parameter of the oceans. Over a large range of this parameter, which includes plausible values, the ratio of the friction torques is independent of the law of friction. The value found for k is 0.336 f 0-028. The deceleration of the Earth's rotation due to the combination of the gravitational and atmospheric tides is estimated to lie between 16.8 and 21.4 parts in 10" per year. This is lower than other recent estimates and is in better agreement with the value deduced from ancient eclipses.
Phi-accretive operators and Ekeland's theorem

Abstract Let X and Y be Banach spaces, ϑ: X → Y ∗ and P: X → Y ; P is said to be strongly ϑ-accretive if 〈Px − Py, ϑ(x − y)〉 ⩾ c ¦|x − y¦| 2 for some c > 0 and each x,y ϵ X. These mappings constitute a generalization simultaneously of monotone mappings ( when Y = X ∗ ) and accretive mappings (when Y = X). By applying a theorem of 1. Ekeland, it is shown that a localized class of these mappings must be surjective under appropriate geometric assumptions on Y ∗ and continuity assumptions on P. The results generalize two theorems of F. E. Browder and the proofs further refine the methodology for dealing with such mappings.
Enantiodifferentiation of aryl-substituted heterocycles: a mechanistic study using γ-lactones

Abstract As part of a larger study concerning the nature of the chiral recognition processes utilized by chiral stationary phase CSP 1, we have investigated the chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of a series of aryl-substituted heterocycles, focusing on lactones and analogs with systematically varied structures. Virtually all of the heterocycles described herein are readily resolved. The relation between structure and enantioselectivity, as well as the observed elution orders of the enantiomers, proves to be consistent with the mechanistic hypothesis used to design CSP 1.
Great Gordian knots: sex ratio and sexual size dimorphism in aggregations of horsehair worms (Gordius difficilis)

. Large knots (>100 individuals) of adult horsehair worms (Gordius difficilis) were collected in several spring-fed habitats in Wisconsin and Minnesota. These aggregations were dominated numerically by males. Although distributions of length and diameter of males and females overlapped, females tended to be significantly longer and wider than males. Moreover, at any given length, females were wider than males. These findings confirm and add statistical support to previously published reports.
Bombesin antagonists inhibit proangiogenic factors in human experimental breast cancers.

The overexpression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) plays a role in the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in many cancers. Consequently, we investigated the effects of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists on the expression of these angiogenic factors, the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9, as well as the vascular density in MDA-MB-435 human oestrogen-independent breast cancers. Nude mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of MDA-MB-435 breast cancers were treated with bombesin/GRP antagonists for 6 weeks. Daily administration of 20 μg of RC-3095 or 10 μg of RC-3940-II significantly decreased the weight of MDA-MB-435 cancers by 44 and 53%, respectively. The inhibition of tumour growth was associated with a substantial reduction in the expression of mRNA and protein levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), IGF-II and VEGF-A in the tumours. Both bombesin/GRP antagonists significantly decreased the vessel density of the tumours by about 37%, as shown by immunohistochemical detection of vessels on tumour slides. Gelatinolytic activities, detected by zymography, revealed a 33–46% reduction in MMP-9 activity after the treatment with either antagonist. In vitro studies revealed that MDA-MB-435 cells secrete bFGF, IGF-II and VEGF-A, and the secretion of these factors is inhibited by RC-3095 and RC-3940-II. This study demonstrates the antiangiogenic effect of bombesin/GRP antagonists RC-3095 and RC-3940-II, and underscores their possible therapeutic application for treatment of breast cancers.
Exploring SOI device structures and interconnect architecures for 3-dimensional integration

3-Dimensional (3-D) integration offers numerous advantages over conventional structures. Double-gate (DG) transistors can be fabricated for better device characteristics, and multiple device layers can be vertically stacked for better interconnect performance. In this paper, we explore the suitable device structures and interconnect architectures for multi-device-layer integrated circuits and study how 3-D SOI circuits can better meet the performance and power dissipation requirements projected by ITRS for future technology generations. Results demonstrate that DGSOI circuits can achieve as much as 20% performance gain and 8% power delay product reduction than SGSOI (single-gate SOI). More important, for an interconnect-dominated circuits, multi-device-layer integration offers significant performance improvement. Compared to 2-D integration, most 3-D circuits can be clocked at much higher frequencies (double or even triple). Multi-device-layer circuits, with suitable SOI device structures, can be a viable solution for future low power high performance applications.
The Social Function of the Law Faculty: Demographics, Republican Reform, and Professional Training at the Paris Law Faculty, 1870–1914

In a high-profile newspaper editorial written in the fall of 1868, the future French premier Jules Ferry denounced the “lamentable” state of training in France's law faculties in no uncertain terms: “One must say that the lowly consideration that is given today in our courts to what was once legal science; the mania for judging and pleading only on the facts; the growing elasticity of texts and the lazy indiscipline of interpretation; the substitution of equity, that is to say arbitrariness, for the rule of law, have all created harmful trends that threaten all the good habits, the noble scruples, and all of the perhaps strict but salutary traditions of past times.” Given the limits placed on the press, suffrage, and the practice of law itself under the regime of Napoleon III, it is striking that Ferry would focus on France's law faculties as a primary area of concern. But like other critics who spoke out on the issue, Ferry saw the weakness of legal education as a symbol of the corruption of elites in Second Empire France, and education reform would be a hallmark of his tenure as Premier in republican governments of the 1880s. In addition to the momentous laws that bore his name making secondary education “obligatory, secular and free,” the reform of training for the professions was a priority for Ferry and others who followed his strain of moderate, or “opportunist,” republicanism.
A Cancer Center’s Approach to Engaging African American Men About Cancer: The Men’s Fellowship Breakfast, Southeastern Michigan, 2008–2014

Background Despite disproportionate rates of cancer morbidity and mortality among African American men, few community-based efforts have been developed and sustained to educate African American men about cancer. The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center implemented a series of breakfasts to improve cancer awareness, screening, and education among African American men. This article describes the rationale for and history of the community intervention. Community context The 21 breakfasts were held from 2008 through mid-2014 in Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ypsilanti ranks below Michigan and the nation on most socioeconomic indicators, although most residents are high school graduates (88% in Ypsilanti and 96.5% in Ann Arbor). African American men in Ypsilanti have higher death rates for diseases associated with poor diet and inadequate physical activity compared with Ypsilanti whites and general populations in Michigan and the nation. Methods We conducted a multicomponent qualitative process evaluation including staff meetings, conversations with participants, and focus groups. We collected 425 post-event surveys to evaluate the breakfasts quantitatively. Outcomes Participants were African American (85%), were aged 51 to 70 years (54%), had health insurance (89%), and had some college education (38%). Fifty-three percent of participants reported interest in the breakfast topics including nutrition; 46%, prostate cancer; 34%, colorectal cancer, and 32%, pain management; 62% reported willingness to participate in a clinical trial. Interpretation African American men are interested in learning about health and are willing to attend a health-focused breakfast series. The Men's Fellowship Breakfast is a promising strategy for bringing men together to discuss cancer screening and risk reduction.
Strength of association between sex and field dependence.

An index of the strength of association between sex and each of two measures of field dependence, the Rod and Frame Test and Embedded Figures Test, was calculated based upon reported significant sex differences on these measures. Median omega2 values based upon 20 rod-and-frame results and 18 embedded-figures results are .11 for the former and .12 for the latter. It appears that gender accounts for less than 15% of the variance in field-dependence scores.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI III. THE ALLERGIZING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT STRAINS.

The indifferent streptococci are remarkably efficient allergizing agents when inoculated intradermally into rabbits. This is revealed by the high percentage of secondary reactions which occur in the lesions resulting from the inoculation of small doses of these organisms, and by the relative frequency with which positive ophthalmic reactions are obtained following sensitization with relatively small doses. This allergizing capacity is most marked in the organisms of Type I and least marked in the non-inulin-fermenting strains of Group X. The different resultants emerging from variations in allergizing capacity of streptococci and reactivity of host are clearly demonstrated in this series of experiments.
Photosynthesis and water relations of four oak species: impact of flooding and salinity

As global climate changes, sea level rise and increased frequency of hurricanes will expose coastal forests to increased flooding and salinity. Quercus species are frequently dominant in these forest, yet little is known about their salinity tolerance, especially in combination with flooding. In this study, 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus lyrata Walt. (overcup oak), Q. michauxii Nutt. (swamp chestnut oak), Q. nigra L. (water oak), and Q. nuttallii Palmer (Nuttall oak) were chronically (simulating sea level rise) and acutely (simulating hurricane storm surge) exposed to increased flooding and salinity, individually and in combination. The four species demonstrated two response patterns of photosynthesis (A), conductance, and leaf water potential, apparently related to their relative flood tolerance. In Q. lyrata, Q. nuttallii, and Q. nigra (moderately flood-tolerant), A was not immediately reduced after the initiation of the freshwater flooding, but was reduced as the duration of flooding increased. In the second pattern, demonstrated by the weakly flood-tolerant Q. michauxii, A was immediately reduced by freshwater flooding with an increasing impact over time. Watering with 2 parts per thousand (ppt) saline water did not consistently reduce A, but flooding with 2 ppt reduced A of all species, similar to the response with freshwater flooding. Photosynthesis of all species was reduced by 6 ppt watering or flooding, with the latter treatment killing all species within 8 weeks. When acutely exposed to 30 ppt salinity, A was quickly and severely reduced regardless of whether the seedlings were watered or flooded. Acutely flooded seedlings exposed to high salinity died within 2 weeks, but seedlings watered with 30 ppt saline water recovered and A was not reduced the following spring. As saline flooding of coastal areas increases due to sea level rise, photosynthesis of these species will be differentially affected based primarily on their flood tolerance. This suggests that increased flooding associated with sea level rise will impact these tree species to a greater extent than small increases in soil salinity. High salinity accompanying storm surges will be very harmful to all of these species.
Choropleth Map Review: A Class Exercise

Abstract The purpose of this exercise is to help students review some important aspects of choropleth maps that appear in a selected geographic journal for a specific time period. Through this exercise, students in a cartography course can identify the most common number of classes used for choropleth maps, the most popular method used to determine the class intervals, the most frequently used legend structure, and the most popular symbol used in choropleth maps. This exercise will provide an opportunity for the student to judge the published maps against accepted cartographic standards. The exercise can be used either as an alternative to or independently of the atlas review.
The effect of 6-substituted-4',4"-difluorobenztropines on monoamine transporters and the muscarinic M1 receptor.

Abstract A series of racemic 6-hydroxy and carboalkoxy substituted-4′,4″-difluorobenztropines was synthesized and evaluated for binding at the dopamine (DAT), the serotonin (SERT), the norepinephrine (NET) transporters, and the muscarinic M1 receptor. Each of the analogues displaced [3H]WIN 35,428 (DAT) with a range of affinities from 5.81 to 175 nM and [3H]pirenzepine (M1), with a range of affinities (Ki=27.0–8430 nM). Binding affinities at the SERT and the NET were generally low.
Minimax Design of Statistics-Based Control With Noise Uncertainty for Highway Bridges

An approach for the statistical control of infinite horizon, linear quadratic systems subject to noise uncertainties is presented. The solution lies in the same solution space as the infinite horizon, statistical feedback solution but is designed for a least favorable system model. The impetus for this approach is the active control of seismically induced vibrations in newly constructed 91/5 highway over-crossing in Southern California where the hydraulic actuators working in parallel with passive isolation bearings are now capable of alleviating excessive displacement of bearings and damage to bridge piers during near fault ground motions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reduction of mass bias and matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a supplemental electron source in a negative extraction lens

Electrons from a heated tungsten filament are created inside the extraction lens and driven out toward the skimmer. These electrons move through the ion path and reduce space charge effects between positive ions in the beam. The ion transmission efficiency is improved by factors of two (for Pb+) to 27 (for Li+). The greater sensitivity improvement for low-mass ions leads to a substantial reduction in mass bias. With the additional electrons, MO+/M+ and M2+/M+ abundance ratios increase but can be minimized with a small reduction in aerosol gas flow rate. No new background ions are observed with this technique. Matrix effects can be significantly diminished when the electron source is operated under the high electron current mode. The mass dependence of matrix-induced suppression of analyte signals is essentially eliminated. Using flow injection analysis to minimize solid deposition, the technique can tolerate Na matrix up to 10 000 ppm (1%) with only ∼15% loss of analyte sensitivity.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GEOMORPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ENGINEERED TIDAL INLETS

In recent years, numerous technological advances have made field studies and laboratory analyses of tidal inlets more time efficient while also substantially improved data quality. Mapping channel bathymetry was once a labor-intensive task that was accomplished by measuring water depths along a detailed network of channel profiles. Now aircraftoperated Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) can accurately map the bathymetry of most tidal inlets in a few hours’ time. If greater detail of the channel bottom is required, then a multibeam acoustic system is utilized, although this technique is deployed from a boat and is less time efficient. The topographic version of LIDAR enables the construction of inlet shoreline maps and determination of volumes associated with shoreline gains and losses. In another advancement, side scan sonar mosaics now provide a picture of the bottom indicating different sediment types, bedrock outcrops, and bedform distributions. These surveys have also become essential for identifying scour holes next to rock jetties and assessing the susceptibility of these structures to collapse. The accretionary history and/or migrational trend of a tidal inlet can be determined from ground-penetrating radar transects on land and from shallow seismic surveys in water. These records provide a representation of the layers of sediment left behind as the inlet shifted positions. The hydraulic regime of a tidal inlet can be much more accurately determined using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). This instrument produces velocity profiles for an entire