cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypermethylation of the GATA genes in lung cancer.

Purpose: In lung cancer, DNA hypermethylation is known to be a common event. Experimental Design: Gene expression and methylation status of GATA-4, GATA-5, and GATA-6 were analyzed with cell lines and primary human lung cancers. Methylation profiles of primary lung cancers were analyzed and correlated with clinical as well as histopathological data. Results: Complete methylation was detected by methylation-specific PCR for both GATA-4 and GATA-5 in four cell lines (H358, DMS-53, A549, and H1299), all of which had no expression by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Demethylation with 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine restored expression in each case. GATA-6 was ubiquitously expressed in all of the six cell lines. GATA-4 bisulfite sequencing revealed complete methylation of the GATA-4 promoter in H358 cells, correlating well with its lack of expression at the mRNA level. Only a few CpG sites showed methylation by bisulfite sequencing within the GATA-4 promoter in a cell line that expressed the gene. In 63 cases of primary lung cancers, GATA-4 and GATA-5 promoter methylation was detected in (42 of 63) 67% and (26 of 63) 41%, respectively. GATA-6 remained unmethylated both in cell lines and primary tumors. Six autopsy specimens of normal lung tissue showed no aberrant promoter hypermethylation for the GATA genes. Correlation of concomitant GATA-4 and GATA-5 methylation with clinicopathological parameters only found a statistically significant increase in methylation frequency with increasing patient age ( P Conclusions: These epigenetic changes in the GATA genes in lung cancer are tumor-specific, relate to the loss of GATA gene expression, and occur increasingly in the elderly.
Do Golden-cheeked Warblers Select Nest Locations on the Basis of Patch Vegetation?

Abstract Proper management of endangered species requires an understanding of habitat use at a variety of spatial scales, and information on nesting habitat is especially important in that regard. We examined vegetation features associated with nest patches of the Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia), a federally endangered migrant songbird that breeds only in central Texas. We used a spatially paired design to measure 13 vegetation variables at 43 nests and at an equal number of randomly chosen nonuse patches, one located near each nest. Canopy closure was greater at nest patches than at nonuse patches. However, none of the other vegetation variables differed between a nest patch and its paired non-use patch on the same territory, despite high power to detect such differences. In contrast, 8 of the 13 variables exhibited significant variation among territories. For all 13 variables, effect size was substantially greater for variation between territories than for variation between nest patches a...
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Urinary Calculi in Transplanted Kidneys

Renal lithiasis in a transplanted kidney is a rare, usually late, complication occurring in approximately 1% of all allografts. This report outlines the treatments for and the problems and success rates of calculi in transplanted kidneys.
Mining representative maximal dense cohesive subnetworks

Massive amounts of graph data have been generated in many areas, including computational biology and social networks. Often these graphs have attributes associated with nodes. One of the most intriguing questions in graphs representing complex data is to find communities or clusters. The use of attribute data in finding clusters is shown to be effective in many application areas, e.g., finding subnetwork biomarkers for cancer prediction and targeted advertising for a group of friends in social network. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for mining maximal dense cohesive clusters from node-attributed graphs. Typically the number of reported maximal dense cohesive clusters can be very large for relaxed constraints; therefore, we propose a post-processing algorithm for extracting a representative subset of these clusters. Experiments on real-world datasets show that the proposed approach is effective in mining meaningful biological clusters from protein–protein interaction network with attributes extracted from gene expression datasets. Furthermore, the proposed approach outperforms competitive algorithms in terms of the running time of the algorithm.
Collaboration in Social Studies Teacher Education: Crossing the (Disciplinary) Line

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a rich description of the development, implementation, and evaluation of a course, co-taught by the authors who are Secondary Social Studies and Special Education faculty, focused on the development of effective collaborative skills in teacher candidates. Until this course was developed, Secondary Social Studies teacher candidates in our program did not have any systematic experiences collaborating with other education professionals until student teaching or thereafter. Together, we report our journey from initial concept to implementation, revision, and student outcomes from the course implementation, including: (1) a case study of the development of the relationship between faculty, (2) a study of the first implementation of the course, and (3) a study of the revision and second implementation of the course, as well as student outcomes for each. Finally, we discuss implications and future directions.
Things I: Property: The Legal ‘Thing’ as Artwork

In using a Peircean conceptual framework for legal semiotics it becomes essential to examine the idea of a legal aesthetics. And since actual legal systems, as they function in human societies are assumed to be both the ground and the consequence of the abstract normative ethics, it is interesting to see what connections are effectual between actual legal systems and a Normative Esthetics.
Clinical Utility of Pteridine Measurement in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Pteridine (folate and pterin) analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is performed only in a few specialist laboratories. This article is designed to emphasize that measurement of these compounds can have great utility in the differentiation and diagnosis of many inherited and non-inherited conditions that affect the central nervous system.
Molecular correlates of fat mass expansion in C57BL/6J mice after short-term exposure to dietary fat

Heterogeneity of obesity within a population of inbred mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with changes of gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). One gene in particular with large variations among mice, mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest), has been shown to be highly inducible after being fed a short-term HFD, and its expression in WAT before HFD feeding is predictive for susceptibility to the development of obesity. To gain further insight into the association of Mest with rapid changes in body composition, 96 individually housed C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD for only 2 weeks, resulting in a 12-fold and 90-fold variation in Mest mRNA in visceral epididymal and subcutaneous inguinal WAT, respectively. WAT Mest mRNA was positively associated with interindividual variation of fat mass. Surprisingly, there was only a slight association of WAT Mest with food intake when normalized by body weight or lean mass. In addition, WAT Mest expression coincided highly with the expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 14 (Klf14), an imprinted gene that regulates lipid metabolism in WAT. Our data suggest that KLF14 transcriptional activity may partially mediate, or act in concert with, MEST as part of an epigenetic mechanism that promotes fat mass accumulation in mice fed an obesogenic diet.
Thoughts on National Wind Power Standard System Completion

By introducing the history and the main content of standards,testing and certification system of wind power systems at home and abroad.This paper analyzed the key status of the standards,testing and certification system of the wind power systems,and indicated that some imperfections of the standards system.On that basis,combined with our management and application of standards,this paper proposed the construction principles of China's wind power standard and testing and certification system,as well as the main tasks to be resolved.
Development of angiogenesis inhibition as therapy for prostate cancer.

Angiogenesis is essential to prostate cancer progression. The first study of antiangiogenic therapy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center showed that
Light-based circadian rhythm control

Light is a strong synchronizer for circadian rhythm - the 24-h biological oscillation in plants, insects, and mammals. This paper considers the circadian entrainment problem for a popular circadian oscillation model (the Kronauer model) by using light intensity as the control input. This problem is commonly encountered by shift workers and international travelers - how to shift the phase of one's circadian rhythm by a specified amount, preferably as fast as possible? We consider three approaches: 1.?Periodic entrainment: use the light/dark cycle corresponding to the desired circadian rhythm as the light input. 2.?Optimal entrainment: use light input to shift the circadian rhythm to the desired state in minimum time. 3.?Feedback entrainment: use circadian state feedback to adjust light input. For feedback entrainment, we consider two cases: active lighting control which can inject artificial lighting on demand and subtractive lighting control which only blocks the ambient lighting. For the periodic entrainment, which is used as a baseline for comparison, we apply the harmonic balance method to assess the existence of a stable periodic solution, and verify the result by simulation. For the minimum time entrainment, we present an efficient solution to the two-point boundary value problem and show that active lighting control significantly reduces the entrainment time from the baseline. The feedback algorithm augments the periodic entrainment with a circadian state feedback to account for modeling error and noise. Results from this study provide new insight and guideline to light intensity control for circadian rhythm regulation.
Unilateral vocal cord paralysis in squamous cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy

Aim We report a unique presentation of a late side effect associated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of the lung. Summary The case of a 65-year-old male who developed left-sided vocal cord paralysis after two courses of SBRT for squamous cell lung carcinoma is presented. The patient developed this late toxicity 15 months after his second treatment, which was to address a recurrence in the perihilar region of the left upper lobe.
Selenite sorption by carbonate substituted apatite.

The sorption of selenite, SeO32−, by carbonate substituted hydroxylapatite was investigated using batch kinetic and equilibrium experiments. The carbonate substituted hydroxylapatite was prepared by a precipitation method and characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, BET and solubility measurements. The material is poorly crystalline, contains approximately 9.4% carbonate by weight and has a surface area of 210.2 m2/g. Uptake of selenite by the carbonated hydroxylapatite was approximately an order of magnitude higher than the uptake by uncarbonated hydroxylapatite reported in the literature. Distribution coefficients, Kd, determined for the carbonated apatite in this work ranged from approximately 4200 to over 14,000 L/kg. A comparison of the results from kinetic experiments performed in this work and literature kinetic data indicates the carbonated apatite synthesized in this study sorbed selenite 23 times faster than uncarbonated hydroxylapatite based on values normalized to the surface area of each material. The results indicate carbonated apatite is a potential candidate for use as a sorbent for pump-and-treat technologies, soil amendments or for use in permeable reactive barriers for the remediation of selenium contaminated sediments and groundwaters.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Prevention and Intervention for FASD in the USA

The USA has relatively well-developed programs focused on the prevention of and intervention for prenatal alcohol exposure when compared with most other countries. This includes federal and state government programs involving extensive efforts by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Despite these efforts and widely available and publicized information about the danger of alcohol exposure to the developing fetus, prenatal alcohol exposure remains a significant problem in the USA. As such, more advocacy efforts are needed to increase the research in this area and the dissemination of these findings. Pediatric neuropsychologists are ideally suited to consider the neurological compromise associated with prenatal alcohol exposure and how risk and resiliency factors in the environment influence neurodevelopment. As such, pediatric neuropsychologists can serve as effective advocates for improved services and research for children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. Advocacy needs include increased funding for research and intervention, greater engagement, and coordination of the medical, educational, juvenile justice, and psychological communities as well as increased support of local, state, and federal government agencies to reduce the incidence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and provide appropriate services. This article reviews the available literature regarding these concerns and discusses considerations for pediatric neuropsychologists for the current efforts on prevention and intervention for individuals with FASD in the USA.
Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing

Mechano-biochemical wear encompasses the tribological interplay between biological and mechanical mechanisms responsible for cartilage wear and degradation. The aim of this study was to develop and start validating a novel tribological testing system, which better resembles the natural joint environment through incorporating a live cartilage-on-cartilage articulating interface, joint specific kinematics, and the application of controlled mechanical stimuli for the measurement of biological responses in order to study the mechano-biochemical wear of cartilage. The study entailed two parts. In Part 1, the novel testing rig was used to compare two bearing systems: (a) cartilage articulating against cartilage (CoC) and (b) metal articulating against cartilage (MoC). The clinically relevant MoC, which is also a common tribological interface for evaluating cartilage wear, should produce more wear to agree with clinical observations. In Part II, the novel testing system was used to determine how wear is affected by tissue viability in live and dead CoC articulations. For both parts, bovine cartilage explants were harvested and tribologically tested for three consecutive days. Wear was defined as release of glycosaminoglycans into the media and as evaluation of the tissue structure. For Part I, we found that the live CoC articulation did not cause damage to the cartilage, to the extent of being comparable to the free swelling controls, whereas the MoC articulation caused decreased cell viability, extracellular matrix disruption, and increased wear when compared to CoC, and consistent with clinical data. These results provided confidence that this novel testing system will be adequate to screen new biomaterials for articulation against cartilage, such as in hemiarthroplasty. For Part II, the live and dead cartilage articulation yielded similar wear as determined by the release of proteoglycans and aggrecan fragments, suggesting that keeping the cartilage alive may not be essential for short term wear tests. However, the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans was significantly higher due to live CoC articulation than due to the corresponding live free swelling controls, indicating that articulation stimulated cell activity. Moving forward, the cell response to mechanical stimuli and the underlying mechano-biochemical wear mechanisms need to be further studied for a complete picture of tissue degradation.
EOP and scale from continuous VLBI observing: CONT campaigns to future VGOS networks

Continuous (CONT) VLBI campaigns have been carried out about every 3 years since 2002. The basic idea of these campaigns is to acquire state-of-the-art VLBI data over a continuous time period of about 2 weeks to demonstrate the highest accuracy of which the current VLBI system is capable. In addition, these campaigns support scientific studies such as investigations of high-resolution Earth rotation, reference frame stability, and daily to sub-daily site motions. The size of the CONT networks and the observing data rate have increased steadily since 1994. Performance of these networks based on reference frame scale precision and polar motion/LOD comparison with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) earth orientation parameters (EOP) has been substantially better than the weekly operational R1 and R4 series. The precisions of CONT EOP and scale have improved by more than a factor of two since 2002. Polar motion precision based on the WRMS difference between VLBI and GNSS for the most recent CONT campaigns is at the 30 $$\upmu $$ as level, which is comparable to that of GNSS. The CONT campaigns are a natural precursor to the planned future VLBI observing networks, which are expected to observe continuously. We compare the performance of the most recent CONT campaigns in 2011 and 2014 with the expected performance of the future VLBI global observing system network using simulations. These simulations indicate that the expected future precision of scale and EOP will be at least 3 times better than the current CONT precision.
The Spectrum and Structure of the Free BH$_2$ Radical

A new absorption spectrum has been found in the flash photolysis of H 3 BCO which, from its structure and the observed isotope shifts can be unambiguously assigned to the free BH 2 radical. The spectrum represents a transition similar to those previously observed in NH 2 and CH 2 . The molecule is linear in the excited state but bent (with an angle of 131°) in the ground state. Molecular constants and geometrical data are evaluated. The electronic transition is 2 B 1 ( II u ) – 2 A 1 and fits well with expectation from the Walsh diagram for X H 2 molecules.
Seasonal trends and phenology shifts in sea surface temperature on the North American northeastern continental shelf

The northeastern North American continental shelf from Cape Hatteras to the Scotian Shelf is a region of globally extreme positive trends in sea surface temperature (SST). Here, a 33-year (1982–2014) time series of daily satellite SST data was used to quantify and map spatial patterns in SST trends and phenology over this shelf. Strongest trends are over the Scotian Shelf (>0.6°C decade –1 ) and Gulf of Maine (>0.4°C decade –1 ) with weaker trends over the inner Mid-Atlantic Bight (~0.3°C decade –1 ). Winter (January–April) trends are relatively weak, and even negative in some areas; early summer (May–June) trends are positive everywhere, and later summer (July–September) trends are strongest (~1.0°C decade –1 ). These seasonal differences shift the phenology of many metrics of the SST cycle. The yearday on which specific temperature thresholds (8° and 12°C) are reached in spring trends earlier, most strongly over the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine (~ –0.5 days year –1 ). Three metrics defining the warmest summer period show significant trends towards earlier summer starts, later summer ends and longer summer duration over the entire study region. Trends in start and end dates are strongest (~1 day year –1 ) over the Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf. Trends in increased summer duration are >2.0 days year –1 in parts of the Gulf of Maine. Regression analyses show that phenology trends have regionally varying links to the North Atlantic Oscillation, to local spring and summer atmospheric pressure and air temperature and to Gulf Stream position. For effective monitoring and management of dynamically heterogeneous shelf regions, the results highlight the need to quantify spatial and seasonal differences in SST trends as well as trends in SST phenology, each of which likely has implications for the ecological functioning of the shelf
Modeling of active swimmer suspensions and their interactions with the environment

In this article, we review mathematical models used to study the behaviour of suspensions of micro-swimmers and the accompanying biophysical phenomena, with specific focus on stimulus response. The methods discussed encompass a range of interactions exhibited by the micro-swimmers; including passive hydrodynamic (gyrotaxis) and gravitational (gravitaxis) effects, and active responses to chemical cues (chemotaxis) and light intensities (phototaxis). We introduce the simplest models first, and then build towards more sophisticated recent developments, in the process, identifying the limitations of the former and the new results obtained by the latter. We comment on the accuracy/validity of the models adopted, based on the agreement between theoretical results and experimental observations. We conclude by identifying some of the open problems and associated challenges faced by researchers in the realm of active suspensions.
MUSE microscopy for thick tissue imaging with extended depth of field (Conference Presentation)

MUSE (Microscopy with UV Surface Excitation) is a simple new approach to microscopy, being a straightforward and inexpensive method that can provide diagnostic-quality images, with enhanced spatial and color information, directly and quickly from fresh or fixed tissue. The process is non-destructive, permitting downstream molecular analyses. Samples are briefly stained with common fluorescent dyes, followed by 280-nm UV light excitation that generates highly surface-weighted images due to limited penetration depth of light at this wavelength. The method also takes advantage of the "USELESS" phenomenon (UV stain excitation with long emission Stokes shift) for broad-spectrum image generation in the visible range. MUSE readily provides surface topography information even in single snapshots, and while not fully 3-dimensional, the images are easy to acquire, and easy to interpret, providing more insight into tissue structure. However, working with samples with intrinsic depth information can pose problems with respect to determining appropriate focal points as well as capturing extended depth-of-field images. We demonstrate an accelerated and efficient variant approach for extending depth of field by employing swept-focus acquisition techniques. We have also developed a novel method for rapid autofocus. Together, these capabilities contribute to MUSE functionality and ease of use.
Castoreum of Beaver (Castor Canadensis): Function, Chemistry and Biological Activity of Its Components

Castoreum, the paste found in the paired castor sacs of both sexes in beaver, Castor canadensis and C. fiber, has been used for medicines and perfumes since time immemorial. The Romans burned castoreum in lamps and believed that the fumes caused abortions (McCully, 1969). Trappers have attracted beaver to castoreum lures for a long time. As for the natural history of castoreum, Audubon first published a trapper’s report of mud piles topped with strong-smelling castoreum that beaver built at the banks of their ponds. Two neighbor colonies alternated in marking, accumulating mud piles up to five feet high (Audubon and Bachman, 1849). To this date, we don’t know the precise role scent mounds play in the behavior, physiology and population ecology of the beaver. Aleksiuk (1968) proposed that scent marks may warn transient beaver away from occupied territories and that scent mounding may be an epideictic display sensu Wynne Edwards (1962) that communicates population density.
Transient Performance Bounds for Adaptive Control

In this paper, we develop a methodology to understand and analyze transient performance in adaptive switching control systems that employ hysteresis type switching algorithms. In particular, we quantify the transient performance in terms of percent overshoot bound of the cost function (performance metric). The overshoot essentially measures the amount by which the achieved cost exceeds the robust cost, which is defined as the supremum of minimum controller cost over all possible input-output data and time. Furthermore, we highlight the parameters that can reduce this bound, which in turn improves the transient performance of the system. The efficacy of the proposed ideas are validated using simulation examples.
Efficacy of Combinations of Methoprene and Deltamethrin as Long-Term Commodity Protectants.

Wheat, corn, and brown rice were treated with different combinations of a deltamethrin suspension concentrate (SC) formulation and a new emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation, at rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 ppm alone or in combination with 1.25 and 2.5 ppm methoprene (10 treatments in all, including an untreated control). Treated commodities were stored at ambient conditions on the floor of an empty grain bin in Manhattan, KS, USA, in 5-kg lots for individual replicates. The commodities were sampled and bio-assayed every three months for 15 months by exposing 10 mixed-sex parental adults of selected adult stored product insects on 70–80 g of the commodity. For all treatments, there was no regression of declining efficacy with respect to the month. Therefore, the data were combined for analysis. On wheat and brown rice, there was no reproduction of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in any of the treatments, and there was no weight loss in either commodity that was caused by feeding of the parental adults or developing progeny. There was reproduction of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on wheat but, for several combinations, the EC formulation gave better suppression of progeny compared to the standard SC. However, on brown rice, only the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene was different than other treatments with respect to progeny development, sample weight loss caused by feeding, and weight of the feeding damage itself. Progeny production was correlated with grain damage. No progeny of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) developed on the treated corn, but there was some variation in insect damage, with less damage in those treatments involving the EC formulation. Progeny production of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) was at the lowest in the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene. The resulting insect damage was the lowest in this combination as well. Results of this study were used by the registrant (Central Life Sciences) in the United States (US) to modify the commercial formulation to replace the deltamethrin SC with the EC, at label rates of either 0.5 ppm EC + 1.25 ppm methoprene, or 1.0 ppm EC + 2.5 ppm methoprene, on wheat, corn, and rice.
Hearing vs. engaging in negative body talk: an examination of adult men

This study examined the negative body talk both engaged in and heard by adult men as separate constructs and how both constructs are related to men's body dissatisfaction and muscle dysmorphia. Data were collected from 260 adult men on negative body talk both engaged in and heard, body fat dissatisfaction, muscle dissatisfaction, and muscle dysmorphia. Results indicated that the muscle talk that men engaged in acted as a mediator between the relationship between the body talk men heard and muscle dissatisfaction. The same mediating relationship also existing for muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Similarly, the fat talk that men engaged in mediated the relationship between the fat talk that men heard from friends and body fat dissatisfaction. In addition, age was negatively related to muscle talk and body mass index was positively correlated with fat talk. These findings suggest that the relationship between the body talk that men hear from others and their body image may be explained by the body talk that men verbally engage in themselves.
Understanding the Type of Support Offered Within the Caregiver, Family, and Spiritual/Religious Contexts of Cancer Patients.

Abstract Context/Objectives We sought to characterize patterns of social support types (i.e., emotional, informational, appraisal, and instrumental) within the caregiver/spouse, family, and spiritual/religious contexts for patients diagnosed with cancer. Methods Focus groups were conducted with mixed groups of patients with cancer and caregiver/family members at a Midwestern comprehensive cancer center. Participants completed brief demographic questionnaires. Focus groups were moderated using semistructured interviews. The 90-minute discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and uploaded into NVivo for analysis using a deductive approach based on four social support types and the constant comparative method. Results Four focus groups were conducted (n = 25). The average age was 58.4 years (SD = 15.1, range 26.0–76.0). Patient participants reported different malignancy types, including breast, gynecologic, skin, oral, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Participants acknowledged changes within their social network across the cancer journey. Overall, the caregiver/spouse fulfilled all types of social support. Spirituality/religion was often discussed as a form of appraisal social support. Fellow survivors were sources of informational support. Across groups, nondirective/emotional support was most frequently mentioned. Conclusion Cancer is a unique experience, and understanding the importance of social support, including types of social support needed from different contexts to best meet the needs of the patient, may promote optimal, patient-centered care across the cancer trajectory.
The 2011 Riots in London

This case study will examine the riots that occurred in the London boroughs in 2011 and the response of the Metropolitan Police Service. The case study will provide the background and the context in which the riots occurred and will present a chronology of the August 2011 riots. The chapter discusses the police response in detail and provides a critique of the response within a framework of seven operational issues that were identified in an analysis of the police response to the riots. It also discusses the operational issues within the context of what they mean for policing and the conclusions are presented in the final section.
Effects of High-Dose, Short-Duration β-Alanine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Mood, and Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) in Recreationally-Active Males Before Simulated Military Operational Stress.

Introduction: β-alanine (BA) supplementation may improve cognition and mitigate symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with aging, neurological disorders, and physical exertion, which has be...
Depleted Graphene-Oxide-Semiconductor Junctions for High Energy Radiation Detection

The deeply depleted graphene-oxide-semiconductor junction $(\mathrm{D}^{2}\mathrm{GOS})$ architecture has been shown to be a highly sensitive light detector [1]. In this architecture, photogenerated charge in the depletion region of the semiconductor is separated and then directly readout by an adjacent graphene layer similarly to a photoFET. Although detection of (electrons and light) radiation using graphene has been previously demonstrated, only limited work has been conducted on other types of ionizing radiation detection with graphene [2]–[3]. In this work we demonstrate advances made in high energy (2 & 20 MeV), heavy ion (Si+) detection using the $\mathrm{D}^{2}\mathrm{GOS}$ junction, leveraging our previous experience and fabrication improvements for visible light detection using a silicon absorber substrate.
Let’s Learn! An Initial Guide on Using Drones to Teach STEM for Children

Although the number of careers calling for training and knowledge of STEM topics continue to grow, the presence of STEM education in K-12 is lacking. Therefore, there is a need to broaden the presence of STEM in current curricula. There is also a need for tools and guidelines to help educators in teaching STEM courses. Such tools should engage students in the subject and encourage them to pursue further education and careers in the field. In this paper, we support the use of drones as STEM teaching tools. Drones naturally spark students’ interest, making it easier to engage them in the classroom. Additionally, they can be used to teach a broad spectrum of STEM courses and they allow students to get both hardware and software experience. Our contributions in this paper include (1) a discussion on how drones can be integrated in education, (2) a series of guidelines for educators on how to use drones in their classroom, (3) a detailed description of a five session (15-h) course designed to introduce young students to drones while motivating them to pursue further education in STEM.
Mechanisms of Diffusive Charge Transport in Redox-Active Polymer Solutions

Redox-active polymers (RAPs) have pendant groups that can change their charge state due to an electrochemical driving force. There has been an interest in using RAPs as a charge storage medium in r...
Automatic Assessment of Students' Engineering Design Performance Using a Bayesian Network Model.

Integrating engineering design into K-12 curricula is increasingly important as engineering has been incorporated into many STEM education standards. However, the ill-structured and open-ended natu...
Learning to Speak Up: Acclimation Effects and Supreme Court Oral Argument

A long line of literature examines acclimation effects for newly confirmed U.S. Supreme Court justices. However, most of these analyses focus only on how new justices vote or write opinions. Here, ...
Identifying Mobile Sensing Indicators of Stress-Resilience

Resident physicians (residents) experiencing prolonged workplace stress are at risk of developing mental health symptoms. Creating novel, unobtrusive measures of resilience would provide an accessible approach to evaluate symptom susceptibility without the perceived stigma of formal mental health assessments. In this work, we created a system to find indicators of resilience using passive wearable sensors and smartphone-delivered ecological momentary assessment (EMA). This system identified indicators of resilience during a medical internship, the high stress first-year of a residency program. We then created density estimation approaches to predict these indicators before mental health changes occurred, and validated whether the predicted indicators were also associated with resilience. Our system identified resilience indicators associated with physical activity (step count), sleeping behavior, reduced heart rate, increased mood, and reduced mood variability. Density estimation models were able to replicate a subset of the associations between sleeping behavior, heart rate, and resilience. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first methodology to identify and predict indicators of resilience using passive sensing and EMA. Researchers studying resident mental health can apply this approach to design resilience-building interventions and prevent mental health symptom development.
Integration of DFB laser with fluorescence analysis on a single chip

We demonstrate integration of a DFB laser and an analyte detection region on a single chip. We showcase its sensing and pneumatically switchable functionalities with the detection of fluorescent nanoparticles and their concentration measurement.
Cellular microRNA-127-3p suppresses oncogenic herpesvirus-induced transformation and tumorigenesis via down-regulation of SKP2

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes the endothelial tumor KS, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. KSHV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play an important role in viral oncogenesis; however, the role of host miRNAs in KS tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, high-throughput small-RNA sequencing of the cellular transcriptome in a KS xenograft model revealed miR-127-3p as one of the most significantly down-regulated miRNAs, which we validated in KS patient tissues. We show that restoration of miR-127-3p suppresses KSHV-driven cellular transformation and proliferation and induces G1 cell cycle arrest by directly targeting the oncogene SKP2. This miR-127-3p–induced G1 arrest is rescued by disrupting the miR-127-3p target site in SKP2 messenger RNA (mRNA) using gene editing. Mechanistically, miR-127-3p–mediated SKP2 repression elevates cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21Cip1 and down-regulates cyclin E, cyclin A, and CDK2, leading to activation of the RB protein tumor suppressor pathway and suppression of the transcriptional activities of E2F and Myc, key oncoprotein transcription factors crucial for KSHV tumorigenesis. Consequently, metabolomics analysis during miR-127-3p–induced cell cycle arrest revealed significant depletion of dNTP pools, consistent with RB-mediated repression of key dNTP biosynthesis enzymes. Furthermore, miR-127-3p reconstitution in a KS xenograft mouse model suppresses KSHV-positive tumor growth by targeting SKP2 in vivo. These findings identify a previously unrecognized tumor suppressor function for miR-127-3p in KS and demonstrate that the miR-127-3p/SKP2 axis is a viable therapeutic strategy for KS.
Are We Ready

Astronomy and religion have been intimate partners for far longer than humans have been recording their histories. Each and every day, ancient peoples needed to find enough food to nourish their bodies. Each and every evening by sundown, they needed to shelter themselves in secure places where they could hope to sleep in safety through the perilous hours of darkness. At sunrise, they would arise and work again to obtain sustenance for themselves. Another sunset followed by another sunrise meant another day still alive, another day during which mothers could give birth to babies, children could grow bigger and stronger, and young adults could be taught the ways of the tribe so that they might lead their communities through future days and nights.
Biochemical systems analysis. I. Some mathematical properties of the rate law for the component enzymatic reactions.

A mathematical description of component enzymatic reactions is developed as a first step toward a method of analysis for biochemical systems. This serves to emphasize the particular non-linearities encountered in these components. For a broad class of enzymatic mechanisms the general form of the rate law is a ratio of polynomials in the reactant and modifier concentrations. The degree of the numerator is always less than or equal to the degree of the denominator, and all the coefficients are positive real. The rate law, expressed in factored form, is converted into a sum of simple terms by taking the logarithm. In this form, the rate law is formally amenable to a Bode-type of analysis. These properties form the bases for the systems analyses techniques presented in the subsequent papers. The advantages of this approach for the analysis of enzyme kinetic data are also discussed.
Regulators of Slc4 bicarbonate transporter activity.

The Slc4 family of transporters is comprised of anion exchangers (AE1-4), Na-coupled bicarbonate transporters (NCBTs) including electrogenic Na/bicarbonate cotransporters (NBCe1 and NBCe2), electroneutral Na/bicarbonate cotransporters (NBCn1 and NBCn2), and the electroneutral Na-driven Cl-bicarbonate exchanger (NDCBE), as well as a borate transporter (BTR1). These transporters regulate intracellular pH (pHi) and contribute to steady-state pHi, but are also involved in other physiological processes including CO2 carriage by red blood cells and solute secretion/reabsorption across epithelia. Acid-base transporters function as either acid extruders or acid loaders, with the Slc4 proteins moving HCO3– either into or out of cells. According to results from both molecular and functional studies, multiple Slc4 proteins and/or associated splice variants with similar expected effects on pHi are often found in the same tissue or cell. Such apparent redundancy is likely to be physiologically important. In addition to regulating pHi, a HCO3– transporter contributes to a cell’s ability to fine tune the intracellular regulation of the cotransported/exchanged ion(s) (e.g., Na+ or Cl–). In addition, functionally similar transporters or splice variants with different regulatory profiles will optimize pH physiology and solute transport under various conditions or within subcellular domains. Such optimization will depend on activated signaling pathways and transporter expression profiles. In this review, we will summarize and discuss both classical and more recently identified regulators of the Slc4 proteins. Some of these regulators include traditional second messengers, lipids, binding proteins, autoregulatory domains, and less conventional regulators. The material presented will provide insight into the diversity and physiological significance of multiple members within the Slc4 gene family.
Knowledge Management: Learning from Knowledge Engineering

From the Publisher: Knowledge Management (KM) is strongly rooted in the discipline of Knowledge Engineering (KE), which in turn grew partly out of the artificial intelligence field. Despite their close relationship, however, many KM specialists have failed to fully recognize the synergy or acknowledge the power that KE methodologies, techniques, and tools hold for enhancing the state of the art in Knowledge Management.Knowledge Management: Learning from Knowledge Engineering addresses this vacuum. It gives concise, practical information and insights drawn from the author's many years of experience in the fields of expert systems and Knowledge Management. Based upon research, analyses, and illustrative case studies, this is the first book to integrate the theory and practice of artificial intelligence and expert systems with the current organizational and strategic aspects of Knowledge Management.The time has come for Knowledge Management professionals to appreciate the synergy between their work and the work of their counterparts in Knowledge Engineering. Knowledge Management: Learning from Knowledge Engineering is the ideal starting point for those in KM to learn from and exploit advances in that field, and thereby advance their own.
Site-specific Processing of the N-Linked Oligosaccharides of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin α Subunit

Two forms of the gonadotropin α subunit are synthesized in placenta and in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-producing tumors: an uncombined (monomer) form and a combined (dimer) form. These forms show differences in their migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The slower migration of the monomeric form on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been attributed to a different glycosylation pattern. Previous studies demonstrated different roles of each of the two α N-linked glycosylation sites (Asn-52 and Asn-78) in secretion of the uncombined subunit and the biologic activity of hCG dimer. To assess the influence of formation of dimer on the processing pattern at the individual sites, we characterized the N-linked oligosaccharides of monomer and dimer forms of recombinant human choriogonadotropin α subunit. Two approaches were employed. First, site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter the two N-linked oligosaccharide attachment sites, thus allowing the expression of α subunits containing only one glycosylation site. Second, tryptic glycopeptides of the wild-type subunits were examined. Concanavalin A (ConA) binding and sialic acid content indicated that the oligosaccharides at each glycosylation site of the uncombined α subunit are processed differently. Oligosaccharides present at Asn-52 are almost exclusively ConA-unbound and contain three sialic acid residues. The majority of Asn-78-linked oligosaccharides are ConA-bound and disialylated. Both sites are processed independently because no significant differences were observed between the oligosaccharides at the same sites in wild-type and mutant monomeric α subunits. By contrast, the majority of the oligosaccharides at both glycosylation sites of the dimer α are bound to ConA. Thus, combination primarily affects the processing pattern of the Asn-52-linked species. Because glycosylation at this site is essential for hCG assembly and signal transduction, these data imply a critical link between the site-specific processing and hormone function.
Heavy Episodic Drinking and Sexual Aggression Among Male College Students The Protective Influence of Church Attendance

Much research has examined personal characteristics that increase the risk of men engaging in sexual aggression. Heavy episodic drinking, typically operationalized for males as consuming five or more standard drinks of alcohol in a 2-hr period, is one factor that has been found in most studies to be associated with higher risk for sexual aggression. Although relatively little empirical attention has been given to personal characteristics that can protect men from perpetrating sexual aggression, research on factors that are tied to less alcohol use may be fruitful in this regard. Accordingly, the current study examined if church attendance protected against sexual aggression perpetration by reducing heavy episodic drinking among male students who completed survey questionnaires during their first, second, and third years of college. The results showed increased church attendance over the first and second years of college was associated with lower levels of subsequent, heavy episodic drinking and sexual aggression. Moreover, the results indicated lower levels of heavy episodic drinking mediated the protective effect of church attendance on sexual aggression. These findings can inform sexual aggression prevention efforts in the male, college student population.
Orientation adaptation of eye movement–related vestibular neurons due to prolonged head tilt

Sixteen neurons, including vestibular-only (VO), eye–head velocity (EHV), and position-vestibular-pause (PVP) neurons sensitive to head tilt were recorded in the rostromedial and in superior vestibular nuclei. Projection of the otolith polarization vector to the horizontal plane (response vector orientation [RVO]) was determined before and after prolonged head orientation in side-down position. The RVO of VO neurons shifted toward alignment with the axis of gravity when the head was in the position of adaptation. PVP neurons had similar changes in RVO. There were also changes in RVO in some EHV neurons, but generally in directions not related to gravity. Modeling studies have suggested that the tendency to align RVOs with gravity leads to tuning of gravity-dependent angular vestibular ocular reflex (aVOR) gain changes to the position of adaptation. Thus, coding of orientation in PVP neurons would contribute significantly to the gravity-dependent adaptation of the aVOR.
Chemokines: Integrators of Pain and Inflammation

Chronic (neuropathic) pain is one of the most widespread and intractable of human complaints, as well as being one of the most difficult syndromes to treat successfully with drugs or surgery. The development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of painful neuropathies requires a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the development of these chronic pain syndromes. It is clear that inflammatory responses often accompany the development of neuropathic pain, and here we discuss the idea that chemokines might be key to integrating the development of pain and inflammation and could furnish new leads in the search for effective analgesic agents for the treatment of painful neuropathies.