cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitation-scanning hyperspectral imaging microscope.

Hyperspectral imaging is a versatile tool that has recently been applied to a variety of biomedical applications, notably live-cell and whole-tissue signaling. Traditional hyperspectral imaging approaches filter the fluorescence emission over a broad wavelength range while exciting at a single band. However, these emis- sion-scanning approaches have shown reduced sensitivity due to light attenuation from spectral filtering. Consequently, emission scanning has limited applicability for time-sensitive studies and photosensitive applications. In this work, we have developed an excitation-scanning hyperspectral imaging microscope that overcomes these limitations by providing high transmission with short acquisition times. This is achieved by filtering the fluorescence excitation rather than the emission. We tested the efficacy of the excitation-scanning microscope in a side-by-side comparison with emission scanning for detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing endothelial cells in highly autofluorescent lung tissue. Excitation scanning provided higher signal-to-noise characteristics, as well as shorter acquisition times (300 ms∕wavelength band with excitation scanning versus 3 s∕wavelength band with emission scanning). Excitation scanning also provided higher delin- eation of nuclear and cell borders, and increased identification of GFP regions in highly autofluorescent tissue. These results demonstrate excitation scanning has utility in a wide range of time-dependent and photosensitive
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate serotonin uptake in platelets

Uptake of tritiated serotonin into human platelets was found to be rapidly inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate. Binding studies indicated that uptake inhibition did not correlate with direct binding of these inhibitors to the transporter. Chelation of mobilizable intracellular Ca2+ did not inhibit the effects of genistein on uptake. These results suggest a more direct, non-Ca2+ mediated effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on uptake.
The interaction of 1,3-diaryltriazenes with the receptor

Abstract Certain substituted 1,3-diaryltriazenes possessing anorectic activity were evaluated for their ability to compete with 3 H-TCDD for specific binding to the Ah receptor. The N-substituent had little effect while aromatic substitution was important in determining binding to the receptor.
Cochlear inner hair cells exist transiently in the fetal Bronx Waltzer (bv/bv) mouse.

In the cochlea of the adult Bronx waltzer (bv/bv) mouse, the majority of inner hair cells are missing or deformed. As a result, Bronx waltzer mice are severely hearing impaired or deaf. Previous studies determined that most inner hair cells in these mice are missing by the time of birth, but no studies have resolved whether the missing inner hair cells ever exist in the mutant cochlea. The present study used light and electron microscopy to locate inner hair cells in the mutant mouse before birth. Most, and possibly all, inner hair cells exist in the embryonic day (E) 17 mouse. The shapes of the cells vary from normal and elongated in the youngest animals, to round and protruding through the reticular lamina a few days later. The density of sensory cells in the inner hair cell region (inner hair cells/millimeter) decreases in the basal turn between E17 and birth, and in the apical turn between birth and the third postnatal day. The initial presence of the full complement of inner hair cells, taken together with the temporospatial pattern of degeneration, suggests that the cause of inner hair cell death in the Bronx waltzer mouse is related to a differentiation event subsequent to cell birth. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of gentamicin on lipid peroxidation in rat renal cortex

We examined the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation participates in the pathogenesis of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with gentamicin, 100 mg/kg per day, for 1-4 days. Twenty-four or forty-eight hours after the last injection the rats were killed and the renal cortex was processed for total phospholipids, malondialdehyde (MDA), phospholipid fatty acid composition, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. Gentamicin induced a significant increase in total renal cortical phospholipids which was evident after a single injection and by the third injection reached a plateau 17% above the baseline level. MDA, an end product of lipid peroxidation, increased from 0.674 +/- 0.021 nmole/mg protein in the control group to 0.931 +/- 0.053 nmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001) 48 hr after the fourth injection. As another index of lipid peroxidation, we determined the shift from polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids of renal cortical phospholipids. By the second injection of gentamicin we detected a significant decline of arachidonic acid (20:4) present in phospholipid. By the fourth injection, arachidonic acid had fallen 48% below control and was accompanied by reciprocal increases of more saturated fatty acids including linoleic (18:2), oleic (18:1) and palmitic (16:0) acids. The number of double bonds per mole of fatty acid declined from a baseline value of 1.62 +/- 0.01 to 1.20 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) by the fourth injection of drug. Superoxide dismutase showed no consistent alteration, whereas catalase activity (k) fell from the control value of 0.221 +/- 0.007 min to 0.155 +/- 0.009 min (P less than 0.01) by the third injection, where k is the first-order rate constant. Total and reduced glutathione declined after the fourth injection of gentamicin accompanied by a shift to oxidized glutathione with an increase in the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione. These data support the conclusion that accelerated lipid peroxidation occurs early in the course of gentamicin administration and raise the possibility that lipid peroxidation is a proximal event in the injury cascade of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
THE VIABILITY OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS AFTER DRYING: A STUDY OF ONE OF THE FACTORS IN PNEUMONIC INFECTION.

I. In moist sputum kept in the dark at room temperatures the average life of the pneumococcus is eleven days, though considerable variations may be noted in different specimens of sputum. In the same sputum kept at o° C. the average life of the organism is thirty-five days. In sputum kept at room temperature and in a strong light the pneumococcus lives less than five days. II. In dried sputum ( a ) in the dark the pneumococcus lives on an average thirty-five days; ( b ) in diffuse light, thirty days; ( c ) in sunlight, less than four hours. III. In powdered sputum even when kept in the dark the death of the pneumococcus takes place in from one to four hours. When exposed to sunlight death occurs within an hour. IV. No important differences were noted in the life of the pneumococcus when dried on glass, tin, or wood. On cloth the life was usually slightly longer than on non-absorbing surfaces. V. Sprayed sputum particles remain in suspension for twenty-four hours, but all masses of a size sufficient to contain bacteria settle at a rate of about 40 cm. per hour. VI. When sputum containing pneumococci is sprayed the organisms rarely survive for more than an hour, and often die in less time. The substance upon which the particles fall makes but little difference in the life of the organism. On cloth a slight prolongation is occasionally noted, due perhaps to the slow drying. VII. The mucus of the sputum exerts a destructive action on the pneumococcus. VIII. Exposure of bacterial spray to sunlight while in suspension results in the destruction of the pneumococcus within half an hour.
Memoirs from a Mental Health Affiliation

SUMMARY For students entering the Level II ficldwork experience in mental health, there is often great concern about one's ability to work effectively with the mentally ill population. Developing competency and comfort with this population is a critical area of practice and students can benefit from peer-oriented learning experiences which address their particular issues. This memoir recounts one student's log as a learning chronicle for the benefit of other students. It outlines common fears, coping skills and knowledge that are mastered during the course of practice in a typical psychiatric setting.
Data acquisition card for fluctuation correlation spectroscopy allowing full access to the detected photon sequence

Typically, fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) data acquisition cards measure the number of photon events per time interval (i.e., bin)—time mode. Commercial FCS cards combine the bins through hardware in order to calculate the autocorrelation function. Such a design therefore does not yield the time resolved photon sequence, but only the autocorrelation of that sequence. A different acquisition method which measures the number of time intervals between photon events has been implemented—photon mode. This method takes advantage of the fact that in FCS the rate of photon counts is much less than the frequency of the clock that is used to determine the temporal location of the photons. By using this new mode of data acquisition, the current card design allows for 25 ns time resolution. The data acquisition card can operate in both time and photon mode and yields the time resolved sequence of photon arrivals in both cases. Therefore, the data is available for analysis by any method(s), such as but not...
Molecular architecture of axonemal microtubule doublets revealed by cryo-electron tomography

The axoneme, which forms the core of eukaryotic flagella and cilia, is one of the largest macromolecular machines, with a structure that is largely conserved from protists to mammals. Microtubule doublets are structural components of axonemes that contain a number of proteins besides tubulin, and are usually found in arrays of nine doublets arranged around two singlet microtubules. Coordinated sliding of adjacent doublets, which involves a host of other proteins in the axoneme, produces periodic beating movements of the axoneme. We have obtained a three-dimensional density map of intact microtubule doublets using cryo-electron tomography and image averaging. Our map, with a resolution of about 3 nm, provides insights into locations of particular proteins within the doublets and the structural features of the doublets that define their mechanical properties. We identify likely candidates for several of these non-tubulin components of the doublets. This work offers insight on how tubulin protofilaments and accessory proteins attach together to form the doublets and provides a structural basis for understanding doublet function in axonemes.
Distributions of the ranks of hadamard powers

For α∊C, the αth Hadamard power of an m×n matrix A is defined entrywise: where the principal branch of the logarithm is used to define the exponential. It is proven here that if α is nonintegral and A is a rank 1 matrix whose entries are chosen at random, then the rank of A (α) has a hypergeometric distribution. If A is also positive semidefinite Hermitian, then the rank of A (α) has a binomial distribution on the odd integers. These distributions are independent of α.
Application of 13C-labeled litter and root materials for in situ decomposition studies using phospholipid fatty acids

Abstract Microorganisms play a central role in litter decomposition and partitioning C between CO2 evolution and sequestration of C into semi-permanent pools in soils. At the ecosystem level, forest stand age influences rates of litter accumulation and quality, and micro-climatology which could affect the microbial community structure and C sequestration processes. Although numerous laboratory experiments have studied the decomposition of model 13C-labeled compounds, few studies have verified these findings under field conditions. The objective of this study was to track decomposition of 13C-labeled Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) materials into the soil microbial community using 13C-phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA) analysis in three different aged forest stands. A field experiment was conducted that had three forest stand age treatments: old-growth (>500 yrs); 8-year-old clear-cut (CC8); and 25-year-old clear-cut (CC25) (landscape reps of n = 2). Each stand age had in situ microcosms that were amended with either 13C-labeled surface litter or root material. Microcosms were destructively sampled seven times over a 22-month period and the soil was analyzed for the relative amounts of 13C incorporated (13C%INCORP) into PLFAs and the proportional distribution of 13C incorporated into PLFAs. The 13C%INCORP was affected by stand age and 13C source with greater 13C%INCORP in samples from CC8 than OG or CC25. Also, the level of 13C%INCORP was greater for labeled litter than root material in five out of the seven sample dates. In general, 18:1ω9 and 18:2ω6,9 (common fungal biomarkers) had the greatest amount of 13C incorporation throughout the study period in both clear-cut and old-growth sites, especially in plots with 13C-labeled litter. Our data showed a low fungal 13C-PLFA: bacterial 13C-PLFA ratio (0.45) 1 month after incubation was initiated compared to 5, 7 and 9 months after incubation (two of these dates were >1.0). This suggests that initially bacteria played a greater role in the decomposition of the added needles with fungi playing a more important role in subsequent sample dates. Our results illustrate that the use of 13C-labeled materials in field studies coupled with13C-PLFA profiling is a powerful tool for determining microbial dynamics during decomposition – enabling statistically significant detection of land management treatment effects on C acquisition by microbial functional groups.
Heuristic Continuous Base Flow Separation

A digital filtering algorithm for continuous base flow separation is compared to physically based simulations of base flow. It is shown that the digital filter gives comparable results to model simulations in terms of the multiyear base flow index when a filter coefficient is used that replicates the watershed-specific time delay of model simulations. This way, the application of the heuristic digital filter for practical continuous base flow separation can be justified when auxiliary hydrometeorological data (such as precipitation and air temperature) typically required for physically based base flow separation techniques are not available or not representative of the watershed. The filter coefficient can then be optimized upon an empirical estimate of the watershed-specific time delay, requiring only the drainage area of the watershed.
Examining Patterning Abilities in First Grade Children: A Comparison of Dimension, Orientation, Number of Items Skipped and Position of the Missing Item

Current curricula in most school districts in the United States include some instruction on the recognition of patterns in kindergarten and continuing into the early elementary school years. Despite the fact that patterning is so common in school cirricua, very few reports of what types of patterns are easy or difficult for children to learn have been published. In an effort to address this issue, 121 first grade children from an urban school district were tested with 48 patterns that varied in dimension, orientation, position of missing items, and magnitude of the gap between items. An ANOVA for completely correlated factors was conducted. Results indicated that only the magnitude of gaps (i.e., “skips”) made a significant difference. There were indications of an interaction between that factor (skips) and the position of a missing item. Implications were discussed.
Thrombose aiguë d’un anévrysme de l’aorte abdominale suivie d’une rupture associée à une infection bactérienne

La thrombose aigue d’un anevrysme de l’aorte abdominale (AAA) est un evenement particulierement rare, associe a une mortalite pouvant atteindre 50%. L’infection d’un AAA est egalement un evenement rare. Nous rapportons le cas extremement inhabituel d’une thrombose d’AAA causant une ischemie aigue de membre. Cet evenement etait suivi quelques mois plus tard de la rupture secondaire de l’AAA, associee a une infection a Escherichia coli. Nous pensons que le thrombus aortique etait contamine de maniere heterogene par une infection urinaire. La revue de la litterature revele que l’infection bacterienne d’un AAA prealablement thrombose causant une rupture secondaire n’avait jamais ete rapportee.
The development of striatal patch/matrix organization after prenatal methylazoxymethanol: A combined immunocytochemical and bromo-deoxy-uridine birthdating study

The antimitotic drug methylazoxymethanol was used to destroy striatal patch neurons during their three-day-period of neurogenesis in the rat. Single or multiple injections of methylazoxymethanol were given during embryonic days 13-15, the period when patch neurons are known to undergo their final cell division. Methylazoxymethanol treatments produced a dramatic reduction in striatal volume. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the continued presence of patches of neurons that were substance P-immunoreactive and devoid of calbindin and enkephalin immunoreactivity. Both the number of patches and relative volume occupied by patches was reduced in methylazoxymethanol-treated striata. Patch neurons could also be labelled by an intrastriatal injection of FluoroGold during the first postnatal week. The early ingrowth of nigrostriatal dopamine afferents was less noticeably patchy in the methylazoxymethanol-treated animals, in part owing to an overall increase in density. Large reductions in the number of neurons immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase were observed, whereas NADPH diaphorase-stained neurons were not reduced unless methylazoxymethanol was given on embryonic day 15. Injections of bromo-deoxy-uridine, either during or after the 24 h that each methylazoxymethanol injection was considered to be effective, revealed that (i) some patch neurons continued to be generated in the 24-h period following methylazoxymethanol administration, and (ii) many patch neurons were generated after the effects of methylazoxymethanol had worn off. These findings demonstrate that it was impossible to completely eliminate the patches using methylazoxymethanol injections during the period of patch neurogenesis. However, methylazoxymethanol treatment during this time did produce a dramatic loss of cells and a relatively greater reduction in patch volume. Despite this disruption, the appropriate compartmentalization of neuroactive substances appeared to be maintained.
Oral health content in diabetes self-management education programs

Oral health information was included in 89.5% of diabetes education programs in states with high diabetes prevalence compared to 85.9% in low prevalence states (P=0.22). However, management of dry mouth, demonstrations and return demonstrations of oral hygiene techniques were covered by 27.0%, 10.1% and <1% programs, respectively.
Temporary international migration and the nontraded sector of the labor-importing developing economy

In this paper the author examines the effects of external migration on the nontraded sector of the labor-importing developing economy. It is found that devaluation by the labor-exporting country will reduce the pressure on excess demand for labor and reduce the price of nontraded goods. Increases in the migrant workers’ consumption expenditures, the government expenditures on nontraded goods and the price of traded goods will increase the pressure on excess demand for labor and raise the price of nontraded goods. The effects of an increase in host country nominal wage, however, will remain ambiguous.
DNA cleavage by copper-ATCUN complexes. Factors influencing cleavage mechanism and linearization of dsDNA.

The reactivity of two [peptide−Cu] complexes ([GGH−Cu]- and [KGHK−Cu]+) toward DNA cleavage has been quantitatively investigated. Neither complex promoted hydrolytic cleavage, but efficient oxidative cleavage was observed in the presence of a mild reducing agent (ascorbate) and dioxygen. Studies with scavengers of ROS confirmed hydrogen peroxide to be an obligatory diffusible intermediate. While oxidative cleavage of DNA was observed for Cu2+(aq) under the conditions used, the kinetics of cleavage and reaction products/pathway were distinct from those displayed by [peptide−Cu] complexes. DNA cleavage chemistry is mediated by the H2O-dependent pathway following C-4‘H abstraction from the minor groove. Such a cleavage path also provides a ready explanation for the linearization reaction promoted by [KGHK−Cu]+. Kinetic activities and reaction pathways are compared to published results on other chemical nucleases. Both [peptide−Cu] complexes were found to display second-order kinetics, with rate constants k2 ...
Meningeal involvement in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Two patients with early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia were found to have meningeal involvement. The diagnosis was confirmed by cerebral spinal fluid cytology in the first patient and by flow cytometric analysis in the second patient. Both patients responded well to intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial irradiation. Central nervous system infiltration by tumor cells has rarely been described in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but must be considered in all patients regardless of stage who present with lethargy, dementia, or focal neurologic signs. Cancer 59:798-800, 1987.
Interactions of 6-O-Stearoylascorbic Acid and Vitamin K1 in Mixed Langmuir Films at the Gas/Water Interface

6-O-Stearoylascorbic acid (ASC) and vitamin K1 (2-methyl-3-phytylnaphthoquinone) behave as surfactant molecules and form stable monomolecular spreading films at the gas/water interface. This paper ...
Financial Development and the Distribution of Income in Latin America and the Caribbean

One of the central concerns in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has been the reduction of poverty and inequality so prevalent in the continent. Using large world samples, the literature has found that financial development increases economic growth, increases the income of the poor, and reduces inequality. This paper studies the effects of financial development on the whole distribution of income in LAC. We find that the income of the poorest quintile has not been affected by expansion in the financial system. However, we do find that financial development has had a disproportionate positive effect on the incomes of the second, third and fourth quintiles. We also find some evidence for the GreenwoodJovanovic (1991) hypothesis that this positive effect only begins after a country crosses a certain economic development threshold.
Adaptive state space filtering with FIR convergence behaviour

An adaptive filter that addresses the problems of convergence to a stable filter, the optimization of multimodal performance surface, and the computational complexity of implementing an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is described. The adaptive filter is based on describing the adaptive IIR filter in its state space form. The adaptive state space filter algorithm can best be described as a recursive form of the matrix minimum principle. The adaptive state space is a two-part algorithm. The first part is a recursive algorithm for optimizing a predictor matrix which describes the transformation from past data to future data. The second part determines the system parameters from the optimized predictor matrix by the decomposition of the predictor matrix and the use of projection techniques. Assurance of convergence to a stable filter is also proven. >
Yaqui Resistance and Survival: The Struggle for Land and Autonomy, 1821–1910

Among Mexico's indigenous populations, the Yaqui Indians of Sonora have most successfully repelled threats to their identity, land, and community. Interested in explaining how the relatively "small" nation withstood four centuries of contact with white culture, Evelyn Hu-DeHirt focuses here on the Indians' response to shifting environmental pressures in the period 1820 to 1910 an increasingly violent, and ultimately decisive, chapter in their lives."
Exploring gender effects on the spatial probability measure

This paper presents the spatial probability measure (SPM). The SPM is an adapted assessment instrument that attempts to ascertain a learner's strength of response or response certitude relative to other options and may be useful to designers of computer-based instruction. The question the study addresses is, does gender influence the degree to which the variable response certitude is expressed through the SPM instrument. Results indicate that gender is not a significant factor in responding to the SPM. Many of the details of this experiment have been excluded for brevity, a full account, as well as additional studies on the SPM are available at http://oak.cats, ohiou.edu//spl sim/moored3 by D.R. Moore (2005).
Questioning the Sacred Cow of the Transference

As we know, the transference is the sacred cow of the psychoanalytic treatment method. Since I have always been skeptical about sacred cows, I thought it worthwhile to examine this one and to question some of the premises that the psychoanalytic world has taken for granted.
Calcitriol and energy metabolism

Calcitriol, a calcitrophic hormone that can be suppressed by high dietary calcium, favors fatty acid synthesis and inhibits lipolysis via non-genomic modulation of Ca(2+) influx. Calcitriol also suppresses UCP2 expression via the nVDR and thereby increases energy efficiency. Calcitriol exerts a dose-dependent impact on adipocyte apoptosis and regulates adipose tissue fat depot location and expansion by promoting glucocorticoid production and release. Recent data also demonstrate a pivotal role of calcitriol in the modulation of cytokines, with potential roles in energy metabolism in adipocytes, macrophages, and skeletal muscle.
Telomerase RNA Template Mutations Reveal Sequence-Specific Requirements for the Activation and Repression of Telomerase Action at Telomeres

Telomeric DNA is maintained within a length range characteristic of an organism or cell type. Significant deviations outside this range are associated with altered telomere function. The yeast telomere-binding protein Rap1p negatively regulates telomere length. Telomere elongation is responsive to both the number of Rap1p molecules bound to a telomere and the Rap1p-centered DNA-protein complex at the extreme telomeric end. Previously, we showed that a specific trinucleotide substitution in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase gene (TLC1) RNA template abolished the enzymatic activity of telomerase, causing the same cell senescence and telomere shortening phenotypes as a complete tlc1 deletion. Here we analyze effects of six single- and double-base changes within these same three positions. All six mutant telomerases had in vitro enzymatic activity levels similar to the wild-type levels. The base changes predicted from the mutations all disrupted Rap1p binding in vitro to the corresponding duplex DNAs. However, they caused two classes of effects on telomere homeostasis: (i) rapid, RAD52-independent telomere lengthening and poor length regulation, whose severity correlated with the decrease in in vitro Rap1p binding affinity (this is consistent with loss of negative regulation of telomerase action at these telomeres; and (ii) telomere shortening that, depending on the template mutation, either established a new short telomere set length with normal cell growth or was progressive and led to cellular senescence. Hence, disrupting Rap1p binding at the telomeric terminus is not sufficient to deregulate telomere elongation. This provides further evidence that both positive and negative cis-acting regulators of telomerase act at telomeres.
Bis(2,2,2‐trichloroethyl) Azodicarboxylate

[38857-88-4] C6H4Cl6N2O4 (MW 380.83) InChI = 1S/C6H4Cl6N2O4/c7-5(8,9)1-17-3(15)13-14-4(16)18-2-6(10,11)12/h1-2H2 InChIKey = LIEOEYTUTSDYKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a reactive dienophile,2 diene,7 and enophile8) Physical Data: mp 110–111 °C. Solubility: sol in a wide range of organic solvents. Form Supplied in: slightly yellow plates. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl3) displays a singlet at δ 5.05. Preparative Method: commercially available.1 Purification: recrystallize from pentane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: as with all azo compounds, caution should be exercised to avoid exposure of the material to heat. Store in a brown bottle.
Using design notebooks to map creativity during team activities

Previously, the authors investigated the use of design notebooks as indicators of student participation in team activities. It was demonstrated that design notebooks are a good indicator of teamwork practices. The motivation of this study is to enhance creativity in capstone design. In order to effectively enhance creativity, tools have to be developed to map it. Here an attempt was made to differentiate team creativity from individual creativity. Individual creativity here relates to the process of generating ideas on the basis of learning types and brainstorming techniques. Team creativity relates to the additional creativity, which is generated through synergy and team dynamics. For the design notebooks, a coding rubric is presented that is used describe and quantify the creativity instances that occur in the course of a design process. The study involved senior undergraduate students, in a two-semester capstone course. The results presented in this paper reveal that design notebooks can be used as an effective tool to map creativity instances during team activities. It was also shown that the creativity instances for the students occur at different points along the design process compared to expert designer. A discussion on how to shift the occurrences of the instances of creativity in the capstone design process is presented.
Estrogen Synthesis in Leydig Cells: Structural-Functional Correlations in Necturus Testis

The intratesticular site of estrogen biosynthesis is still somewhat controversial. Since the testis of the urodele amphibian Necturus maculosus has exceptionally high aromatase activity and is organized into a distinct glandular region that can be readily separated from another component made up mainly of seminiferous lobules, a study was undertaken to correlate function and structure of these two regions. When microsomal preparations were incubated with radiohabeled substrates, two key enzymes in estrogen biosynthesis, aromatase and 1 7a-hydroxylase, were found to be concentrated in the glandular tissue. Also, spectral measurements showed that eytochrome P450 speciesthatbind androstenedione and progesterone, respective steroidal substrates for aromataseand 17cs-hydroxylase, were distributed between the two zones in ratios similar to their steroidogenic activities. The relative yields of radioimmunoassayable estrogen and androgen from cultured cells derived from each zone was further evidence fot the higher steroidogenic capacity of the glandular tissue. Observations with the electron microscope indicate that active steroid synthesis in the glandular tissue could be attributed solely to numerous, highly differentiated Leydig cells, which are characterized by enormous volumes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae. The presence of structural heterogeneities in the cell population in this region further suggests there may be functional differences among the various Leydig cell types. Although differentiating Leydig cells were seen surrounding the seminiferous lobules, they had little smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Based on structural features, it is improbable that differentiating Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, or elements other than differentiated Leydig cells in either the glandular or lobular tissues are steroidogenically active. The functional significance of testicular estrogen is still unknown. Because of the uniquely high Leydig cell aromatase aetivity, the specialized anatomy of the urodele testis, and an annual cycle in which temporal changes are protracted, we conclude that Necturus is a useful animal model for further investigation of this problem.
Chemical and mineralogic variations within four dikes of the Columbia River Basalt Group, southeastern Columbia Plateau

Four dikes within the western portion of the Chief Joseph dike swarm of the Mio-Pliocene Columbia River Basalt Group show systematic major-element, mineralogic, and textural trends across their widths. Two of the dikes are of Wanapum Basalt (Dodge chemical type) and served as source vents for two flows of Dodge chemistry and petrography that are exposed in the study area. A third dike of Saddle Mountains Basalt served as a vent for the Wenaha flow (Elephant Mountain chemical type), also present in the area. Two additional dikes of probable Saddle Mountains Basalt cannot be correlated unambiguously with any flows exposed in the area, but one of them closely resembles the Buford flow chemically and petrographically. The chemical variations across all four dikes indicate that the chilled dike margins are slightly enriched in felsic components and incompatible elements (SiO 2 , P 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , and K 2 O) and depleted in MgO and FeO compared to dike interiors. Most of these chemical trends can be related to the marked enrichment in glass at chilled dike margins compared to their more crystalline interiors. Microprobe analyses of glasses from chilled dike margins, when compared to whole-rock analyses from dike interiors, agree with the above-described trends for SiO 2 , TiO 2 , MgO, and probably K 2 O. FeO is also concentrated in the three glasses analyzed, producing an opposing and stronger trend (increase) than shown by the whole-rock data. This probably reflects the greater concentration of opaque oxides within the marginal tachylite compared to the more crystalline dike interiors, which lack tachylite. This variation in glass content is, of course, controlled by the rapid quenching of magma against the relatively cold country rock and the progressively decreasing cooling rate toward the interior of a dike as intrusion continues. In addition to variations in crystallinity, fractionation and/or crustal contamination may also have contributed to or modified these major-element trends. Mineralogic trends inward from dike margins are from mafic-to-felsic, with plagioclase anorthite content, and perhaps the Ca content of augite, decreasing. Orthopyroxene (hypersthene-bronzite) is present only in the chilled margin of the Wenaha dike and exhibits well-developed reaction rims of augite. These mafic-to-felsic mineralogic trends were superposed on the felsic-to-mafic chemical trends.
PREDICTORS OF PRONUNCIATION ACCURACY: A REEXAMINATION

Suter (1976) studied the correlations between English pronunciation accuracy scores and a battery of 20 variables for 61 normative speakers of English. Although he found that 12 of the 20 were significantly correlated with pronunciation accuracy, he did not attempt to assess the relative importance of the 12 in accounting for the criterion's variance. By limiting his analysis to a consideration of zero order correlations it was not possible to determine which of the significant predictors were true predictors of pronunciation accuracy in and of themselves and which were only significant predictors by virtue of their substantial correlations with other, more efficient predictors of pronunciation accuracy. In the present paper we apply more advanced techniques to the analysis of the predictors and conclude that only 4 variables, one of them a composite of 2 of Suter's predictors, are useful in accounting for the variability of subjects' pronunciation accuracy scores.
Anatomical and physiologic characteristics to predict football ability. Report of study methods and correlations, University of Arkansas, 1976

In a prospective study of 56 scholarship players at the Univer sity of Arkansas in 1976, 14 anatomical and physiologic mea surements were carried out on each of the 56 players, to include certain orthopaedic strength, power, and balance tests, and compared to the coaches' subjective ratings of football ability in an effort to determine which characteristics best correlate to the athlete's true performance.The correlation matrix for the criterion measure and the predictor variables of selected anatomical strength, balance, and power measures are presented, and the results of the study indicate that genu varum (0.445) and tibial torsion (—0.33) had the highest correlation with the coaching criterion variable. The average tibial torsion was 42.6 for these scholarship ath letes, while normal average tibial torsion among a nonscholar ship group was 27.40 degrees. Other anatomical characteristics measured, as well as strength and power measure, could not reach the critical level of ±0.263 to be significant at t...
Restrictions imposed for simultaneous high data rate telemetry and varying modulation index commanding

Specifications for the Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) identify limitations for the total modulation index and telemetry data rates permitted. This paper investigates the limitations on Space-ground link subsystem (SGLS) telemetry and command performance due to varying combinations of command modulation index and telemetry data rates. The downlink SGLS signal investigated in this paper includes the telemetry data and the commanding echo data. Ranging data is not included since the ranging modulation index is small and does not interfere with the telemetry data to any significant degree. Analysis of the downlink signal will be presented to show the limitations of the command modulation index and the telemetry data rate. Current specifications for the satellite Space/ground interface allow a telemetry data rate of 256 kilobits per sec (kbps) for any combination of downlink ranging, commanding, and telemetry modulation indices given the total modulation index is less than or equal to 3.0 radians (rad). It was found that the total modulation index is much more restrictive than the 3.0 rad specification and is dependent on the telemetry data rate.
Thermal Aging Phenomena in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels

Cast stainless steels (CASSs) have been extensively used for the large components of light water reactor (LWR) power plants such as primary coolant piping and pump casing. The thermal embrittlement of CASS components is one of the most serious concerns related to the extended-term operation of nuclear power plants. Many past researches have concluded that the formation of Cr-rich α′-phase by Spinodal decomposition of δ-ferrite phase is the primary mechanism for the thermal embrittlement. Cracking mechanism in the thermally-embrittled duplex stainless steels consists of the formation of cleavage at ferrite and its propagation via separation of ferrite–austenite interphase. This article intends to provide an introductory overview on the thermal aging phenomena in LWR-relevant conditions. Firstly, the thermal aging effect on toughness is discussed in terms of the cause of embrittlement and influential parameters. An approximate analysis of thermal reaction using Arrhenius equation was carried out to scope the aging temperatures for the accelerated aging experiments to simulate the 60 and 80 years of services. Further, an equilibrium precipitation calculation was performed for model CASS alloys using the CALPHAD program, and the results are used to describe the precipitation behaviors in duplex stainless steels. These results are also to be used to guide an on-going research aiming to provide knowledge-based conclusive prediction for the integrity of the CASS components of LWR power plants during the service life extended up to and beyond 60 years.
Patterns of placental pathology in preterm premature rupture of membranes

Inflammation is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and adverse neonatal outcomes. Subchorionic thrombi, with or without inflammation, may also be a significant pathological finding in PPROM. Patterns of inflammation and thrombosis may give insight into mechanisms of adverse neonatal outcomes associated with PPROM. To characterize histologic findings of placentas from pregnancies complicated by PPROM at altitude, 44 placentas were evaluated for gross and histological indicators of inflammation and thrombosis. Student's t-test (or Mann-Whitney U-test), χ 2 analysis (or Fisher's exact test), mean square contingency and logistic regression were used when appropriate. The prevalence of histologic acute chorioamnionitis (HCA) was 59%. Fetal-derived inflammation (funisitis and chorionic plate vasculitis) was seen at lower frequency (30% and 45%, respectively) and not always in association with HCA. There was a trend for Hispanic women to have higher odds of funisitis (OR = 5.9; P = 0.05). Subchorionic thrombi were seen in 34% of all placentas. The odds of subchorionic thrombi without HCA was 6.3 times greater that the odds of subchorionic thrombi with HCA (P = 0.02). There was no difference in gestational age or rupture-to-delivery interval, with the presence or absence of inflammatory or thrombotic lesions. These findings suggest that PPROM is caused by or can result in fetal inflammation, placental malperfusion, or both, independent of gestational age or rupture-to-delivery interval; maternal ethnicity and altitude may contribute to these findings. Future studies focused on this constellation of PPROM placental findings, genetic polymorphisms and neonatal outcomes are needed.
Symposium on Amartya Sen's philosophy: 3 Sen and consequentialism

It is a particular pleasure to be able to participate in this symposium in honor of Amartya Sen. We agree on a wide range of topics, but I will focus here on an area of relative disagreement. Sen is much more attracted to consequentialism than I am, and the main topic of my paper will be the particular version of consequentialism that he has articulated and the reasons why he is drawn to this view.
Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children.

Background: This article selectively reviews the biological bases of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children with a focus on low autonomic functioning, prefrontal deficits, and early health factors. Results: Low resting heart rate is thought to be the best-replicated biological correlate of antisocial and aggressive behavior in child and adolescent populations and may reflect reduced noradrenergic functioning and a fearless, stimulation-seeking temperament. Evidence from neuropsychological, neurological, and brain imaging studies converges on the conclusion that prefrontal structural and functional deficits are related to antisocial, aggressive behavior throughout the lifespan. A prefrontal dysfunction theory of antisocial behavior is advanced. This argues that social and executive function demands of late adolescence overload the late developing prefrontal cortex, giving rise to prefrontal dysfunction and a lack of inhibitory control over antisocial, violent behavior that peaks at this age. Birth complications and minor physical anomalies are selectively associated with later violent behavior, especially when combined with adverse psychosocial risk factors for violence. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk for antisocial and violent behavior in later life by disrupting noradrenergic functioning and enhancement of cholinergic receptors that inhibit cardiac functioning. Malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with later antisocial behavior and may be mediated by protein deficiency. Conclusions: It is argued that early health intervention and prevention studies may provide the most effective way of reversing biological deficits that predispose to antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adults.
Experiments on internal intermittency and fine-structure distribution functions in fully turbulent fluid

Spatial ‘intermittency’ in the velocity field fine-structure of fully turbulent flow regions, first observed by Batchelor & Townsend (1949), is studied further here in grid-generated nearly isotropic turbulence and on the axis of a round jet. At large enough Reynolds numbers, appropriately filtered hot-wire anemometer signals appear intermittent as the turbulent patterns are convected past the hot wire by the mean flow. Measurements show that there is a decrease in the relative fluid volume (equal to the ‘intermittency factor’) occupied by fine-structure of given size as the turbulence Reynolds number is increased. They show also that, for a fixed Reynolds number, the relative volume is smaller for smaller fine-structure. The average linear dimension of the fine-structure regions turns out to be much larger than the sizes of fine-structure therein. At Rλ, = 110, for example, the ratio ranges from 15 to 30, decreasing with decreasing ‘eddy’ size. It appears to be approaching an asymptote with increasing Rλ.The flatness factors and probability distributions of the first derivative, the second derivative, band-passed and high-passed velocity fluctuation signals were also measured. The turbulence Reynolds numbers Rλ ranged from 12 to 830. The flatness factors of the first and the second derivatives increase monotonically with Rλ. Those of the second derivative vary with Rλ0.25 for Rλ 300. No indication of asymptotic constant values was observed for Rλ up to the order of one thousand.The probability distributions of velocity fluctuations and large-scale signals are nearly normal, while the small-scale signals are not. The flatness factor of the filtered band-pass velocity signal increases with increasing frequency.At the larger Reynolds numbers, the square of the signal associated with large wave-numbers may be approximated by a log-normal probability distribution for amplitudes when probabilities fall between 0·3 and 0·95, in limited agreement with the theory of Kolmogorov (1962), Oboukhov (1962), Gurvich & Yaglom (1967).
Assessing the corrosion risk of plastics in fires

Abstract Corrosion risk is discussed as a component element of total fire risk, and the importance of the combustibility characteristics of materials in this connection is highlighted. The author discusses the contributions to corrosion hazard made by the ignitability of materials as well as their flame spread rates, rates of heat release and the chemical composition of their combustion products. The author illustrates this with experimental results from a programme of research into the flame and heat response characteristics of a series of filled and unfilled polymers, both halogenated and non-halogenated. The position of the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) on the question of discriminatory standards is reviewed and, in this connection, the relative benefits and disadvantages of halogenated and non-halogenated materials are compared. The author draws attention to the limitations of small-scale tests in assessing the heat and flame response characteristics of materials (often referred to as ‘fire properties’). The need for qualification procedures of relevance to end-use performance is emphasised.
EVALUATING ACEPHATE FOR INSECTICIDE EXCLUSION OF OXYOPS VITIOSA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA

Abstract One method of evaluating the impact of insect weed biological control agents is to exclude them from their host with insecticides, thereby enabling comparisons of host fitness between infested and non-infested plants. However, the insecticide must not positively or negatively affect the plant being protected. The insecticide acephate was tested for its effects on Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe and Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake. Saplings of M. quinquenervia were sprayed with concentrations of 0, 0.073, 0.36, and 0.73% a.i. acephate every 7, 14, and 21 days. A bioassay using leaves from sprayed plants and third instars of O. vitiosa found reduced defoliation up to 21 days after treatment at the 0.36 and 0.73% concentrations of acephate. There were minor phytotoxic effects on younger, more tender leaves at the 0.73% concentration of acephate which reduced leaf biomass. Acephate can protect M. quinquenervia foliage from O. vitiosa larvae at the 0.36% concentration and spraying every 14 days will ...