cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDINS E2, A2 AND F2α ON CAROTID BARORECEPTORS AND CHEMORECEPTORS

The actions of prostaglandins E2, A2 and F2α on the sensory receptors of the carotid bifurcation have been investigated. Electrical activity of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor fibres was recorded from the sinus nerve of anaesthetized cats. Prostaglandins elicited alterations in blood pressure which were accompanied by changes in baroreceptor activity. Chemoreceptor spontaneous activity was modified by the injection of prostaglandins; such variation did not occur in vitro and thus appears to be secondary to changes in carotid blood flow. We have been unable to demonstrate any action of the prostaglandins at the concentrations studied on baroreceptors or chemoreceptors of the carotid bifurcation, apart from changes secondary to vascular effects.
Synaptotagmin-2 Is Essential for Survival and Contributes to Ca2+ Triggering of Neurotransmitter Release in Central and Neuromuscular Synapses

Biochemical and genetic data suggest that synaptotagmin-2 functions as a Ca2+ sensor for fast neurotransmitter release in caudal brain regions, but animals and/or synapses lacking synaptotagmin-2 have not been examined. We have now generated mice in which the 5' end of the synaptotagmin-2 gene was replaced by lacZ. Using beta-galactosidase as a marker, we show that, consistent with previous studies, synaptotagmin-2 is widely expressed in spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum, but is additionally present in selected forebrain neurons, including most striatal neurons and some hypothalamic, cortical, and hippocampal neurons. Synaptotagmin-2-deficient mice were indistinguishable from wild-type littermates at birth, but subsequently developed severe motor dysfunction, and perished at approximately 3 weeks of age. Electrophysiological studies in cultured striatal neurons revealed that the synaptotagmin-2 deletion slowed the kinetics of evoked neurotransmitter release without altering the total amount of release. In contrast, synaptotagmin-2-deficient neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) suffered from a large reduction in evoked release and changes in short-term synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mutant NMJs, the frequency of spontaneous miniature release events was increased both at rest and during stimulus trains. Viewed together, our results demonstrate that the synaptotagmin-2 deficiency causes a lethal impairment in synaptic transmission in selected synapses. This impairment, however, is less severe than that produced in forebrain neurons by deletion of synaptotagmin-1, presumably because at least in NMJs, synaptotagmin-1 is coexpressed with synaptotagmin-2, and both together mediate fast Ca2+-triggered release. Thus, synaptotagmin-2 is an essential synaptotagmin isoform that functions in concert with other synaptotagmins in the Ca2+ triggering of neurotransmitter release.
Stability of emotional responding in schizophrenia

Empirical research has shown that schizophrenic patients exhibit fewer facial expressions yet report experiencing similar levels of emotions compared to nonpatients. However, it remains unclear whether medication dampens expressivity or other components of emotional responding and whether emotional responding is stable across time. In this study, schizophrenic patients viewed emotionally evocative stimuli and participated in a clinical interview on two occasions: when they were off- and on-medication. Medication did not significantly affect any component of emotional responding among patients. Moreover, both schizophrenic patients' and nonpatient controls' expressivity and reports of emotional experience were significantly correlated at the two tests, suggesting that emotional responding is stable across time. Implications for understanding emotional responding in schizophrenia are also discussed.
Geometry-based simulation (GBS) algorithms for island nucleation and growth during sub-monolayer deposition

Abstract Versatile geometry-based simulation (GBS) algorithms are developed to describe the formation of two-dimensional islands during sub-monolayer film growth. These GBS algorithms avoid an explicit treatment of the diffusion of deposited atoms across terraces, the process which mediates both island nucleation and growth. Treatment of terrace diffusion is a computationally expensive component of either conventional atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, or of coarse-grained continuum formulations of island edge evolution. Our GBS approach characterizes island growth in terms of simply constructed “capture zones” surrounding each island, an old concept which was recently refined and made quantitatively precise. However, in addition, GBS implements simple but realistic geometric rules to incorporate crucial spatial aspects of the island nucleation process, specifically nucleation nearby capture zone boundaries. By detailed comparison of predictions of results from GBS with conventional atomistic KMC simulations, we show that this approach correctly predicts island size distributions as well as subtle spatial correlations in island locations. Perhaps, just as importantly, refinement of the prescription of island nucleation is readily achieved in GBS, thus elucidating the effects of this prescription on the resulting island distribution. Finally, we emphasize that GBS is particularly effective for highly reversible island formation where atomistic KMC simulation becomes inefficient.
Bacteriological Studies on Cotton

Experimental data are presented on the occurrence of cellulose decomposing bacteria on raw cotton. From all samples of filed cotton investigated, cellulose bacteria could he isolated starting from the moment shortly after the opening of the boll. All species belong to the order of the Myxobacteriales, of which all representatives known to decompose cellulose in the total six species were found to occur. Some of these bacteria are common inhabitants of the soil ; a few others have been rarely observed in the United States.The decomposition of raw cotton fiber, under the influence of some of these bacteria, is studied in the laboratoryA literature review on cellulose decomposing bacteria is added.
Good Money and Bad Money: Do Funding Sources Affect Electoral Outcomes?

There is lively public debate about the normative impact of different kinds of money in elections. However, there is surprisingly little examination of the practical impact that funding sources hav...
A population based study of incidence and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1987 to 1997.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common problem faced by aging men, has changed dramatically during the last decade. While BPH has long been considered a surgical condition, the advent of less invasive therapies makes the evaluation of the use of these various treatments important. Thus, this population based study was undertaken to describe the incidence and treatment for BPH from 1987 to 1997 among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Materials and Methods: We identified all Olmsted County men with a new diagnosis of BPH from 1987 to 1997 through the Medical and Surgical Indices made available through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Overall year and age specific incidence rates were calculated for diagnosed BPH and by treatment type (surgical, minimally invasive, pharmacological, watchful waiting) assuming all men of the Olmsted County population to be at risk. Temporal changes in incidence were analyzed by Poisson regression. Results: From 1987 to 1997, 2,330 cases of BPH were identified representing an age adjusted, corrected incidence for BPH among male residents of Olmsted County of 854.7 per 100,000 men. While the incidence of BPH increased from 1987 to 1992, coinciding with the introduction of serum prostate specific antigen testing, and subsequently decreased through 1997, the overall incidence of BPH decreased during the 10-year period for the entire cohort (p =0.002). Although the incidence of watchful waiting appeared to increase in the mid 1990s, significant decreases in age adjusted incidence were observed for the period overall (p Conclusions: The introduction of serum prostate specific antigen testing as a screening tool for prostate cancer along with the advent of less invasive alternatives, including pharmacological therapy, have had a significant impact on the incidence of diagnosed BPH in the last decade.
Economic ordering policy during special discount periods for dynamic inventory problems under certainty

Abstract In this paper a procedure is given for determining the economic ordering policy for a product for which the supplier has offered a reduction in price during a given specified period. The demand for the product is assumed to be constant over an infinite time horizon. An example is given to illustrate this method.
Pharmacogenomics and the drug discovery pipeline: when should it be implemented?

One of the key factors in developing improved medicines lies in understanding the molecular basis of the complex diseases we treat. Investigation of genetic associations with disease utilizing advances in linkage disequilibrium-based whole genome association strategies will provide novel targets for therapy and define relevant pathways contributing to disease pathogenesis. Genetic studies in conjunction with gene expression, proteomic, and metabonomic analyses provide a powerful tool to identify molecular subtypes of disease. Using these molecular data, pharmacogenomics has the potential to impact on the drug discovery and development process at many stages of the pipeline, contributing to both target identification and increased confidence in the therapeutic rationale. This is exemplified by the identified association of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP/FLAP) with increased risk of myocardial infarction, and of the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) with HIV infection and therapy. Pharmacogenomics has already been used in oncology to demonstrate that molecular data facilitates assessment of disease heterogeneity, and thus identification of molecular markers of response to drugs such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®) and trastuzumab (Herceptin®). p]Knowledge of genetic variation in a target allows early assessment of the clinical significance of polymorphism through the appropriate design of preclinical studies and use of relevant animal models. A focussed pharmacogenomic strategy at the preclinical phase of drug development will produce data to inform the pharmacogenomic plan for exploratory and full development of compounds. Opportunities post-approval show the value of large well-characterized data sets for a systematic assessment of the contribution of genetic determinants to adverse drug reactions and efficacy. The availability of genomic samples in large phase IV trials also provides a valuable resource for further understanding the molecular basis of disease heterogeneity, providing data that feeds back into the drug discovery process in target identification and validation for the next generation of improved medicines.
A Single-Molecule Potentiometer

Controlling electron transport through a single-molecule device is key to the realization of nanoscale electronic components. A design requirement for single molecule electrical devices is that the molecule must be both structurally and electrically connected to the metallic electrodes. Typically, the mechanical and electrical contacts are achieved by the same chemical moiety. In this study, we demonstrate that the structural role may be played by one group (for example, a sulfide) while the electrical role may be played by another (a conjugated chain of C═C π-bonds). We can specify the electrical conductance through the molecule by modulating to which particular site on the oligoene chain the electrode binds. The result is a device that functions as a potentiometer at the single-molecule level.
Introduction: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in gustation

A complex chain of neural events is initiated when a chemical is placed on the tongue that eventually leads to a taste sensation. Beginning with transduction and a receptor potential, the sensory information has to be transformed into action potentials that ascend from the periphery through the central nervous system. This process involves many synaptic junctions where the message is transformed and distributed to a number of different brain areas. While transduction has been a major focus of recent investigations in taste, synaptic processing, and the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators used by the taste system have received less attention. Obviously, an understanding of the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the gustatory system is very important if progress is to be made in comprehending how taste information is processed by the central nervous system. Thus, it is timely to examine the current knowledge of the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in gustation. A symposium at the Association for Chemoreception Sciences Annual Meeting (AChemS XVII) recently focused on this topic to address the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at the level of the taste bud and at the first central relay in the taste pathway—the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). The first report of this symposium is a comprehensive review by Steve Roper of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at the level of the taste receptors. Once transduction has taken place at the taste cell receptor membrane the information has to pass through a synapse between the taste cells and the primary afferent taste fibers. Suprisingly little is known about this essential event or about the identity of the neurotransmirter/s involved. As detailed in this report several investigators have attempted to study synaptic transmission at the taste bud. Histochemical, immunocytochemical and physiological techniques have been used in a number of different species with many conflicting results. Often an investigator produces a flurry of papers and then apparently abandons the effort. A few years later another investigator tries again, probably because new methods become available, to re-investigate the question of synaptic transmission at the level of the taste bud. Roper describes recent work from his laboratory indicating the significant role played by serotonin as a neuromodulator in the taste bud, but also reports that the identity of the neurotransmitter released at the taste cellprimary afferent fiber synapse is still unknown. In the last three reports information is presented on neurotransmiters and neuromodulators at the level of the NST. Synaptic events at the first relay in the central taste pathway are also little understood, as are the neurotransmiters
A note on the measured interests of Australian and New Zealand psychologists

Abstract In 1969-70 we conducted a small project which aimed at comparing the measured interests of psychologists in five countries (Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and South Africa). The well-known Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), a United States paper-and-pencil device with a 40-year history, was mailed to random samples of 75 psychologists in each country. The response rate was about 41%, and a total of 153 usable returns were included in a multi-national comparison of measured interests. We wish to summarize the findings for readers of this Journal and to refer them to lengthier reports given in the reference listed below. A similar note is being sent to appropriate British and Canadian journals, while one of the lengthier reports will appear in a South African journal (see references).
Matching 3-D objects using surface descriptions

A method is developed to extract important curves, corresponding to physical boundaries of objects, from a range image. It is shown how to infer, from these curves, a segmentation of the scene into surface patches, and how to use these descriptions to establish correspondences between two scenes. In a first step, labeled curves corresponding to jump boundaries, creases, and limbs of objects are grouped into boundaries of regions. Each region is therefore described by its boundaries and by a polynomial approximation, which allows each path individually and also the complete scene to be reconstructed. In a second step, objects (or partial objects) are inferred from surface patches, and then two range images are at this partial object level. Graphs of objects are matched using a best-first search under three types of constraints: unary constraints between corresponding nodes, binary constraints between corresponding linked pairs of nodes, and constraints imposed by the computed geometric transformation. Substantial partial occlusion is allowed. The generality and robustness of this approach is illustrated by several examples. >
Effect of hospitalist workload on the quality and efficiency of care.

Importance Hospitalist physicians face increasing pressure to maximize productivity, which may undermine the efficiency and quality of care. Objective To determine the association between hospitalist workload and the efficiency and quality of inpatient care. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 20 241 admissions of inpatients cared for by a private hospitalist group at a large academic community hospital system between February 1, 2008, and January 31, 2011. Exposures Daily hospitalist workload as measured by relative value units and patient encounters from the hospitalist billing records. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were length of stay (LOS), cost, rapid response team activation, in-hospital mortality, patient satisfaction, and 30-day readmission rates. Key covariates included hospital occupancy and patient-level characteristics. Results The LOS increased as workload increased, particularly at lower hospital occupancy. For hospital occupancies less than 75%, LOS increased from 5.5 to 7.5 days as workload increased. For occupancies of 75% to 85%, LOS increased exponentially above a daily relative value unit of approximately 25 and a census value of approximately 15. At high occupancy (>85%), LOS was J-shaped, with significant increases at higher ranges of workload. After controlling for LOS, cost increased by $111 for each 1-unit increase in relative value unit and $205 for each 1-unit increase in census across the range of values. Changes in workload were not associated with the remaining outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Increasing hospitalist workload is associated with clinically meaningful increases in LOS and cost. Although our findings should be validated in different clinical settings, our results suggest the need for methods to mitigate the potential negative effects of increased hospitalist workload on the efficiency and cost of care.
Ab Initio Pseudopotential Calculations of Carbon Impurities in SI

Ab initio planewave pseudopotential method is used to study carbon diffusion and pairing in crystalline silicon. The calculation is performed with a 40 Ry planewave cutoff and 2×2×2 special k-point sampling with a supercell of 64 atoms. It is found that substitutional carbon attracts interstitial Si forming a C interstitial with a large binding energy of 1.45 eV. The interstitial carbon is mobile and can migrate with a migration energy of 0.5 eV. The interstitial carbon can bind further to another substitutional carbon forming a substitutional carbon-interstitutional carbon pair with a binding energy of 1.0 eV. This model is used to understand the effect of high C concentration on the transient enhanced diffusion in Si.
Linking marketing capabilities with profit growth

article i nfo Article history: First received in 19 February 2009 and was under review for 1 month Profit growth is one of the primary drivers of a firm's stock price and therefore is a clear priority for managers. Yet little is known about how a firm's marketing capabilities may be linked with its profit growth. In this study, we use data from a cross-industry sample of 114 firms to investigate how market sensing, brand management, and customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities determine firms' revenue growth and margin growth—the two components of profit growth. Our results reveal that these marketing capabilities have direct and complementary effects on both revenue and margin growth rates. Critically, we find that brand management and CRM capabilities have opposing effects on revenue and margin growth rates, such that a failure to examine these two underlying components would mask the relationships between these marketing capabilities and ultimate profit growth rates.
Chromatin Assembly on Herpes Simplex Virus 1 DNA Early during a Lytic Infection Is Asf1a Dependent

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a large DNA virus which is characterized by its ability to form latent infections in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Although histones are found in the capsids of small DNA viruses (papovaviruses), none are found in the capsids of large HSV. However, after entry into the infected cell nucleus, the HSV genome begins to associate with nucleosomes during the earliest stages of infection. In contrast, late during infection, newly replicated viral DNA does not appear to associate with nucleosomes, suggesting that histones are deposited specifically on input viral DNA. The mechanisms of deposition and removing histones from the viral genome are unclear. Recently, histone chaperones, involved in the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes, have been identified. Human antisilencing factor 1 (Asf1) is one such factor which is involved in both the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes in cellular systems. In this study, we have examined the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of Asf1a on HSV infections in HeLa cells. Both viral replication and growth were found to be decreased. Also, viral DNA was significantly less protected from micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion up to 6 h postinfection (hpi). However, transcription of the immediate early (IE) genes ICP0 and ICP4 was significantly upregulated at 3 h postinfection. Also, these genes were found to be less protected from MNase digestion and, therefore, less associated with nucleosomes. These results suggest that Asf1a plays a role in regulating IE genes by assembling chromatin onto histone-free viral DNA by 3 h postinfection.
When sensor Webs start being taken seriously

The art and science of sensing and responding to dynamic data over vast areas through distributed network of assets has long been in existence for centuries. Much of the current and emerging developments in sensor-networks and trusted computing have their metaphorical counterparts seen in history. Clear insights into the architecture and effective practices in command, control, communication, computation, collaboration and coordination (C*) have much to offer to the way we design and deploy new and innovative sensors as we continue to exploit latest developments in micro- and nano-scale sensors and systems. This paper presents a brief overview of how a complex Web of intelligent autonomous and heterogeneous sensors might be used in a dynamic environment. The key elements of enabling technologies and required capabilities are identified to facilitate a paradigm for sensors, driven by system level considerations.
Flamand and His Architectural Entourage

Over the past decade, contemporary Belgian choreographer Frederic Flamand has collaborated with several architectural and design practices on conceptualizing and realizing performances. These offered the architects a laboratory for intensive and focused exploration of space in relation to body, time, and perception. This article investigates the themes established as a common ground for three of the collaborative teams and the manner in which each participant investigated their own career-long, discipline-specific obsessions through the work. Furthermore, these collaborative projects are examined for their success at pushing beyond mere “collages” of dance and spatial decor, creating synthesized performance works.
Current Role of CT in Imaging of the Stomach

Recent advances in computed tomographic (CT) technology and three-dimensional (3D) imaging software have sparked renewed interest in using CT to evaluate gastric disease. Multidetector row CT scanners allow thinner collimation, which improves the visualization of subtle tumors as well as the quality of the 3D data sets. When water is used as an oral contrast agent, subtle disease is easier to visualize, especially when a rapid contrast material bolus is intravenously administered. Adenocarcinoma is the most common gastric malignancy and typically appears as focal or segmental wall thickening or a discrete mass. Gastric lymphoma can have a CT appearance similar to that of adenocarcinoma. Both gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma may be associated with adenopathy. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) tend to appear as well-defined masses that arise from the gastric wall and may be exophytic when large. GISTs are usually not associated with significant adenopathy. In addition to gastric malignancies, CT can also help detect inflammatory conditions of the stomach, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. CT angiography is especially helpful for depicting the gastric vasculature, which may be affected by a variety of disease conditions.
A modeling framework for assessing the impact of new time/mileage warranty limits on the number and cost of automotive warranty claims

Abstract An automobile with over 7000 parts is a highly complex product. In spite of employing the best quality and reliability practices during product development, manufacturing, and assembly, unexpected failures during warranty period do occur and cost automobile companies billions of dollars annually in warranty alone. Warranty coverage for an automobile is generally stated in terms of mileage (in miles) and time (in months or years). The coverage expires when any of the two limits is crossed. Any change in warranty coverage too, influences warranty cost significantly. However, changes made to warranty coverage are often market driven. In either case, a company needs to plan for maintaining a large cash reserve to pay for the warranty services on their products. In this paper, we present a simple method to assess the impact of new time/mileage warranty limits on the number and cost of warranty claims for components/sub-systems of a new product. We highlight the use of mileage accumulation rates of a population of vehicles to arrive at claims per thousand vehicles, sold with new time/mileage warranty limits. We also discuss the bias in warranty cost estimates that may result in using cumulative cost per repair information. We recommend the use of incremental cost per repair especially when populations with different mileage accumulation rates are under consideration. Application examples are included to illustrate the use of the proposed methodology.
MMW scattering by rough lossy dielectric cylinders and tree trunks

The millimeter-wave (MMW) radar backscatter response of a rough, lossy, dielectric cylinder is examined both analytically and experimentally. Models for both the coherent and incoherent components of the scattered field are developed based on the geometric-optics approximation. The accuracy of the analytical models and their applicability in predicting the backscatter response of tree trunks are determined experimentally by measuring the radar backscatter at 95 GHz from a rough conducting cylinder and from a section of a tree trunk. In both cases, very good agreement was achieved between the model predictions and the measurements.
Complex Mode Indication Function and its Applications to Spatial Domain Parameter Estimation

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of the Complex Mode Indication Function (CMIF) and its application in spatial domain parameter estimation. The concept of CMIF is developed by performing singular value decomposition (SVD) of the Frequency Response Function (FRF) matrix at each spectral line. The CMIF is defined as the eigenvalues, which are the square of the singular values, solved from the normal matrix formed from the FRF matrix, [H(jω)]H[H(jω)], at each spectral line. The CMIF appears to be a simple and efficient method for identifying the modes of the complex system. The CMIF identifies modes by showing the physical magnitude of each mode and the damped natural frequency for each root. Since multiple reference data is applied in CMIF, repeated roots can be detected. The CMIF also gives global modal parameters, such as damped natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal participation vectors. Since CMIF works in the spatial domain, uneven frequency spacing data such as data from spatial sine testing can be used. A second-stage procedure for accurate damped natural frequency and damping estimation as well as mode shape scaling is also discussed in this paper.
Coal-water slurry combustion in gas turbines

This paper presents preliminary results of a program to investigate the key technologies for burning coal-water slurries in gas turbines. Results are given for slurry atomization and combustion testing and analyses performed at conditions typical for gas turbine applications. Significant progress has been made toward the understanding of slurry combustion and ash deposition phenomena. Confidence has been gained to the extent where elimination of a supplementary pilot fuel can now be projected.
Robots and topology

Topology and topological invariants can be used to give insight into engineering problems. In the case at hand we consider a robot arm constructed out of links serially attached. Each link can move only by rotating about an axis through the previous link's point of contact with the link at hand. The problem is to devise an algorithm so that the end effector at the end of the arm can follow the motion of any frame through its workspace. The difficulty is that there are positions of the arm from which it cannot move instantaneously in the correct direction. These singular positions can be explained through topology. They can never be eliminated but they can be avoided.
Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field:

Public diplomacy is a political instrument with analytical boundaries and distinguishing characteristics, but is it an academic field? It is used by states, associations of states, and nonstate actors to understand cultures, attitudes, and behavior; build and manage relationships; and influence opinions and actions to advance interests and values. This article examines scholarship with relevance, usually unintended, to the study of public diplomacy and a body of analytical and policy-related literature derived from the practice of public diplomacy. Ideas, wars, globalism, technologies, political pressures, and professional norms shaped the conduct of public diplomacy and the literature of scholars and practitioners during the hot and cold wars of the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, thick globalism, network structures, and new technologies are transforming scholarship, governance, and state-based public diplomacy. An achievable consensus on an analytical framework and a substantial scholarl...
The effects of increased heart work on the tricarboxylate cycle and its interactions with glycolysis in the perfused rat heart.

1. The work of the perfused rat heart was acutely increased by raising the aortic pressure in the Langendorff preparation from 50 to 120mmHg; within 1 min in perfusions with media containing glucose or glucose+acetate, rates of oxygen consumption and tricarboxylate-cycle turnover increased 2.5-fold, glycolysis rate doubled and oxidation of triglyceride fatty acid was strikingly enhanced. 2. Increased cardiac work had no significant effects on the heart concentrations of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP or 5′-AMP. The only significant changes in tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates were a decrease in malate in perfusions with glucose and decreases in acetyl-CoA and citrate and an increase in aspartate in perfusions with glucose+acetate. 3. Measurements of intracellular concentrations of hexose phosphates, glucose and glycogen indicated that work accelerated glycolysis by activation of phosphofructokinase and subsequently hexokinase; the activation could not be accounted for by changes in the known effectors of phosphofructokinase. 4. Acetate at either perfusion pressure increased heart concentrations of acetyl-CoA, citrate, glutamate and malate and decreased that of aspartate; acetate increased tricarboxylate-cycle turnover by 50–60% and inhibited glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. 5. In view of the markedly different effects of acetate and of cardiac work on the concentrations of cycle intermediates the changes that accompany acetate utilization may be specifically concerned with the regulatory functions of the cycle in control of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation and not with the associated increase in cycle turnover. It is suggested that the concentrations of key metabolites controlling the rate of cycle turnover may fluctuate with each heart beat and that this may explain why no significant changes (for example, in adenine nucleotide concentrations) have been detected with increased work in the present study.
Homelessness in the elementary school classroom: social and emotional consequences

This study examined elementary school teachers’ experiences working with homeless students. Specifically, we focused on the psychosocial impacts of homelessness on students and their teachers. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 teachers who worked at designated public schools for family homeless shelters. A prominent theme that emerged from teachers’ accounts was how the instability tied to homelessness affected students’ behavioral, social, and emotional adjustment in the classroom (e.g. externalizing problems, difficulty developing peer relationships, and withdrawn behavior). Teachers’ own social and emotional competencies (e.g. fostering positive teacher–student relationships, and perspective taking) influenced the manner in which they responded to their students’ needs. Findings suggest that critical components may be lacking articulation in the McKinney-Vento Act’s Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program such as guidelines for teacher responsibilities, supports f...
Does psychosis increase the risk of suicide in patients with major depression? A systematic review.

Abstract Objective Over the years studies have shown conflicting results about the risk of suicide in psychotic depression (MD-psych). To understand this association, we undertook a comprehensive review of the literature to ascertain whether individuals with MD-psych have higher rates of completed suicides, suicide attempts or suicidal ideation compared to those with non-psychotic depression (MD-nonpsych). Methods We searched Pubmed, PsycINFO and Ovid in English language, from 1946-October 2015. Studies were included if suicidal ideation, attempts or completed suicides were assessed. Results During the acute episode of depression, patients with MD-psych have higher rates of suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation than patients with MD-nonpsych, especially when the patient is hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Studies done after the acute episode has resolved are less likely to show this difference, likely due to patients having received treatment. Limitations Diagnostic interviews were not conducted in all studies. Many studies did not report whether psychotic symptoms in MD-psych patients were mood-congruent or mood-incongruent; hence it is unclear whether the type of delusion increases suicide risk. Studies did not describe whether MD-psych patients experienced command hallucinations encouraging them to engage in suicidal behavior. Only 24 studies met inclusion criteria; several of them had small sample size and a quality score of zero, hence impacting validity. Conclusions This review indicates that the seemingly conflicting data in suicide risk between MD-psych and MD-nonpsych in previous studies appears to be related to whether one looks at differences during the acute episode or over the long-term.
PARASITISM OF OLPIDIOPSIS INCRASSATA ON MEMBERS OF THE SAPROLEGNIACEAE. I. HOST RANGE AND EFFECTS OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND STAGE OF HOST ON INFECTIVITY

SUMMARYThe host range of Olpidiopsis incrassata was tested on 32 members of the Saprolegniaceae. It was parasitic on all members of the genus Saprolegnia, except for S. parasitica, and was parasitic on Isoachlya unispora and I. monolifera. It was not able to parasitize any member of the genus Achlya, Protoachlya paradoxa, Dictyuchus sp., Thraustotheca clavata, Aphanomyces laevis, A. scaber, or S. parasitica.Presence or absence of light does not affect either the growth of host or parasite.A change in temperature does not affect susceptibility of a host to O. incrassata. A temperature of 6° C retards the growth of the parasite and reduces greatly the number of resting bodies that are formed.It is difficult to infect a host at a temperature of 30° C. O. incrassata grown at 30° will not infect another host unless put at a lower temperature. Degeneration of the parasite will occur at 30° if left at that temperature for 24 hours. When the parasite is established at a more reasonable temperature and then placed...
Breeding and application of hybrid rice,II Youhang No.1

"II Youhang No.1" was developed by crossing the good quality three-line male sterile "Ⅱ-32A" with the restorer line "Hang No.1." The hybrid rice combination exhibited the desirable characteristics including high and stable yield,wide ecological adaptabilities and high seed production.It has been certified by the crop variety evaluation committees in Fujian in 2001,and subsequently,in China in 2005.This paper presents the breeding process,characteristics,cultivation techniques and seed production of ⅡYouhang No.1.
Dark adaptation and purkinje shift: a laboratory exercise in perceptual neuroscience.

The systematic measurement of luminance thresholds during dark adaptation usually requires advanced optical equipment not available in most undergraduate classes. Here we describe an easy, inexpensive alternative that uses a printed grayscale to measure visual thresholds. Adaptation curves found with this method are comparable to those found with the technologically advanced tools in the standard literature and even show the shift from cone to rod vision at around 4–8 minutes. The exercise can furthermore be easily combined with a demonstration of the Purkinje shift (the different spectral sensitivity of the rod and cone systems) and of multi-sensory integration across vision, touch and proprioception. The lab allows students to collect, graph and analyze both qualitative and quantitative data. Student ratings of the activity are highly positive, even when compared to other visual neuroscience labs. The activity provides an effective and accessible tool for teaching several important neuroscience concepts, including retinal circuitry, spectral sensitivity, and multi-sensory integration.
A War-Economy Theory of the Long Wave

Long waves of roughly fifty years in economic and social life have intrigued many scholars because they offer an alternative perspective from which to view history and the present situation - an alternative to either static or linear projections of the future. Past empirical studies of long waves have agreed on the dating of long waves historically but not on the scope of those waves in terms of variables encompassed, relevant time-periods, or causal mechanisms (see review in Goldstein, 1988: ch. 3). I have sought to advance the empirical evidence relevant to long waves by sorting and testing conflicting hypotheses in the long-wave debate against about fifty historical time-series (Goldstein, 1988). Based on the most salient lagged correlations among variables found in my empirical analysis, I adduced a set of causal dynamics among variables that could account for the sequence of phenomena making up the long wave - as best that sequence could be inferred from spotty empirical data. The adduced theory is a tentative one, with many remaining loose ends and anomalies. But it is better-grounded empirically than past longwave theories.
Transvaginal sling excision: tips and tricks.

Introduction and hypothesis Complications of synthetic midurethral sling surgery include bladder outlet obstruction, mesh extrusion, and vaginal pain. A treatment of these complications is transvaginal mesh removal. The objectives of this video are to present cases of complications after sling placement and describe techniques to help with successful sling removal.
Modeling snow anisotropy and backscattering co-polarization phase difference using bicontinuous media and numerical solutions of Maxwell equations

We apply computer generation of anisotropic bicontinuous media with different vertical and horizontal correlation functions. We then use NMM3D (Numerical solutions of Maxwell equations in 3-Dimensions) to calculate the uniaxial effective permittivities and the effective propagation constants of V and H polarizations. The co-polarization phase differences (CPD) between VV and HH backscattered signal are derived. The CPD has recently been applied to the retrieval of snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow depth. The NMM3D simulation results are also compared with the results from that of the strong permittivity fluctuations (SPF) in the low frequency limit.
Synthesis and characterization of copolyimides containing fluorine and silicon surface-modifying agents:

Understanding the effects that monomer chemistries have on material properties allows for fine tuning of polymer synthesis for current and future applications. In order to develop polymeric based coatings that have minimal surface adhesion characteristics when exposed to a variety of contaminants, a more thorough understanding of fundamental structure-property relationships is needed. In the aeronautics field, one concept to improve fuel efficiency of future aircraft is to modify the wing design to enable laminar flow. There is a concern that contaminants such as insect residue and other debris will adhere to airflow surfaces and have sufficient height to disrupt laminar flow thereby increasing drag with concomitant loss of fuel efficiency. One potential solution would be a polymer surface or coating that prevents or minimizes adhesion of such contaminants. As part of a structure-property relationship study involving modification of surface properties, a series of copolyimides containing both fluorine and silicon surface modifying agents (SMAs) were prepared and characterized. Based on knowledge of structure-property relationships with polyimides containing either type of SMA, it was hypothesized that the combination of two different surface-modifying agents may lead to unique surface properties as the two SMAs competed for surface area at the polymer-air interface. Copolyimides for this study were prepared through a multi-step synthesis using an aromatic dianhydride with equimolar amounts of diamino functionalities comprised of an aromatic diamine along with two SMAs. Films were cast from copoly(amide acid) solutions that were subsequently thermally imidized under a nitrogen atmosphere. Polyimide films and coatings were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), contact angle goniometry (CAG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to determine chemical, thermal, and surface properties. Select samples were subject to high velocity insect impacts in a small scale wind tunnel and the resulting residues were characterized for height and surface area and compared to those of a control surface.
Clock tree synthesis for heterogeneous 3-D integrated circuits

Heterogeneous integration of disparate device planes is a benefit of through-silicon-via based 3-D integrated circuits (ICs). Clock delivery for heterogeneous 3-D ICs requires novel circuit techniques and algorithms as compared to 2-D and even homogeneous 3-D ICs. Novel algorithms for topology generation (heterogeneous 3-D balanced bipartitioning) and for embedding of a clock tree in a heterogeneous 3-D stack (heterogeneous 3-D deferred merge and embedding) are described. The algorithms are applied to a two-tiered heterogeneous stack of dies with configurations using the 28 nm, 40 nm, and 65 nm technology nodes. The results are analyzed against existing process agnostic clock tree synthesis algorithms for 3-D ICs, showing a reduction of 7% in power consumption, 6% in delay, 4% in buffer count and 4% in wirelength.
Agricultural R&D, Technology, and Obesity

Agricultural R&D has contributed to obesity by making food more abundant and cheaper, and some commentators have proposed that the agricultural research portfolio could be tilted more in favor of healthy foods, and away from less-healthy foods. We review these ideas in principle, and present a review of prior work and new evidence on the effects of past research investments and on the likely costs of changing the R&D portfolio as a way of fighting obesity in the United States. Our analysis suggests that redirecting agricultural research priorities would be a generally ineffective and highly expensive way of fighting obesity.
Other Local Diagnostics

a) Principle of operation. Fluctuating RF magnetic fields inside the plasma can be measured with a magnetic probe, which is a small coil of wire, perhaps 2 mm in diameter, covered with glass or ceramic so as to protect it from direct exposure to charged particles. When the eoil is placed in a time-varying magnetic field B. an electric field is induced along the wire according to Faraday’s Law: $$ \nabla \times {\rm E} = - {{dB} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{dB} {dt.}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt.}} $$ (32) Integrating this over the surface enclosed by the coil with the help of Stokes’ theorem to convert the surface integral to a line integral, we obtain $$ \int {\dot B \cdot dS} \equiv {\rm{\dot \Phi }} = - \int {\left( {\nabla \times E} \right)} \cdot dS = - \int {E \cdot d\ell } \equiv - {V_{ind}}. $$ (33) Here the line integral is along the wire in the coil and Φ is the magnetic flux through the coil, which is ≈BA, where A is the area of the coil. The induced voltage V ind is measured by a high-impedance device like an oscilloscope. If there are N turns in the coil, the voltage will be N times higher; hence, $$ {V_{ind}} = - NA\dot B $$ (34) The dol indicates the time-derivative and is the origin of the name “B-dot probe.” The minus sign indicates that the induced electric field is in the opposite direction to that obtained when the right-hand rule is applied to B. For a sinusoidal signal, B-dot is proportional to ωB so that the probe is more sensitive to higher frequencies. To obtain B from the measured V ind, one can use a simple integrator consisting of a resistor and a capacitor to ground to obtain $$ B = - {1 \over {NA}}\int {{V_{ind}}dt.} $$ (35) One only has to be sure that the RC time constant of the integrator is much longer than the period of the signal.
Symbolic execution and probabilistic reasoning

Symbolic execution is a systematic program analysis technique which explores multiple program behaviors all at once by collecting and solving symbolic path conditions over program paths. The technique has been recently extended with probabilistic reasoning. This approach computes the conditions to reach target program events of interest and uses model counting to quantify the fraction of the input domain satisfying these conditions thus computing the probability of event occurrence. This probabilistic information can be used for example to compute the reliability of an aircraft controller under different wind conditions (modeled probabilistically) or to quantify the leakage of sensitive data in a software system, using information theory metrics such as Shannon entropy. In this talk we review recent advances in symbolic execution and probabilistic reasoning and we discuss how they can be used to ensure the safety and security of software systems.