cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency-Response Characteristics of Polymer/Ceramic Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Empirical and analytical means have been used in this work to explore the dynamic response characteristics of polymer/ceramic pressure-sensitive paint. An acoustic resonance tube was used to understand the effect of surface roughness on the frequency response of the polymer/ceramic pressure-sensitive paint coating. Steady-state lifetime measurements were also performed. A model based on diffusion, excited-state-luminophore population dynamics, and attenuation of excitation light was derived and numerically implemented. Inclusion of light attenuation in the model improved the accuracy of the simulation and, on comparison with experimental data, was used to obtain characteristic parameters of the paint coating.
Biological activity of a partially purified inhibitor of vaccinia virus hemagglutinin.

Abstract An inhibitor acting against vaccinia virus hemagglutinin, and producing a hemagglutinin-negative virus, was separated from tumorous ascitic plasma. The finding that the partially purified inhibitor was biologically active strengthens the evidence for a specific role of the inhibitor in altering the virus.
Bridging Home and Host Country: Educational Predispositions of Chinese and Indian Recent Immigrant Families

This research focuses on the predispositions that recent Chinese and Indian immigrant families bring with them to the United States and how these are reinforced by the communities in which they locate. The findings draw from 144 interviews in California. Three themes dominate: positioning through schooling, transnational family, and extended community and education. Our perspective joins Asian diaspora studies with cultural capital and social structural theories, enabling a more nuanced understanding of ways in which schooling in the home country informs how children are positioned in the American schooling system.
VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF FRESHLY HARVESTED AND STORED POTATOES

The major US potato varieties grown in various locations were analyzed for their contents in water-soluble vitamins both at harvest time and during subsequent storage. Compositional ranges of each vitamin were quite large. Only a few varietal and location effects were detected. In the case of ascorbic acid, what appeared to be a location effect could likely have been the result of differences in harvest time of the samples. Prolonged storage had little overall effect on thiamine and riboflavin. It resulted in a sharp initial decrease in ascorbic acid, significant decreases in niacin and folic acid, and a significant and large increase in Vitamin B6. Storage temperature in the range of 38°-45°F did not affect the vitamin composition, nor did reconditioning of the tubers at room temperature following cold storage.
The direct and contingency effects of supplier coordination and customer coordination on quality and flexibility performance

In today's highly competitive environment, a goal-oriented supply chain needs coordination to manage the interdependent activities of supply chain partners. The role of coordination mechanisms is critical in achieving supply chain performance. We thus suggest that supplier coordination and customer coordination influence performance, operationalised in this paper under two dimensions, e.g., quality and flexibility. Moreover, drawing on contingency theory, we suggest that the relationships are contingent upon factors such as firm size and clockspeed. Using empirical data collected from 197 production/operations managers of Chinese manufacturing firms, a regression analysis approach is employed to test the theoretical framework. The results provide support for the four direct and positive relationships between each coordination mechanism studied and quality and flexibility performance. The interaction between supplier coordination and size was directly and positively related to quality performance (large si...
Predicting plant nutrient concentrations from temperature and sigma-t in the upper kilometer of the world ocean

A National Oceanographic Data Center data set comprised of 230,202 oceanographic stations representing all regions of the world ocean was analyzed statistically for temperature and sigma-t (σt) relationships with nitrate, phosphate or silicic acid concentrations in the upper kilometer of the water column. Six cubic regressions were computed for each 10° square of latitude and longitude containing adequate data. World maps display the locations that allow the prediction of plant nutrient concentrations from temperature or σt within the limits of selected subjective and objective criteria. Geographic coverage improves along the sequence: nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, and is better for σt than for temperature. A percentile analysis of the temperature or σt at which less a selected amount of plant nutrient occurs provided a method to examine incipient nutrient limitation. Contour maps display the approximate temperatures above or σt values below which nitrate, phosphate or silicic acid routinely approach unmeasurable concentrations in the world ocean as determined by classical plant nutrient analyses. The results summarize the global potential to predict plant nutrient concentrations from remotely sensed temperature or σt and emphasize the latitudinally and longitudinally changing phytoplankton growth environment based on temperature, σt and plant nutrients in present and past oceans.
A 20-year-old female with hemoptysis and high blood pressure: An unusual case of papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Patient: Female, 20 Final Diagnosis: Papillary renal cell carcinoma Symptoms: Hemopthysis Medication: Sutent Clinical Procedure: CT guided biopsy Specialty: Oncology Objective: Rare disease Background: Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a rare disease and is a carcinoma of the renal tubular epithelium, comprising only 10–15% of all renal cell carcinoma cases. The majority of cases occur in the sixth decade of life. PRCC rarely occurs before the fourth decade in the absence of family history. This paper describes an aggressive, sporadic case of PRCC in a 20-year-old female without family history and no risk factors. Case Report: A 20-year-old African American female was admitted for hemoptysis with elevated blood pressure and was found to have left peri-hilar opacification on chest X-ray. Further radiological studies led to the discovery of a large complex left renal lesion within the collecting system, infiltrating the renal artery and causing severe hydronephrosis with para-aortic lymphadenopathy. An MRI also showed signal heterogeneity in the L2 and L3 vertebrae. Biopsies of the left renal mass and a right endobronchial lesion confirmed metastatic PRCC. Treatment was commenced with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Within a few weeks, the vertebral metastatic lesions progressed to cause spinal compression. After targeted radiotherapy, the patient was referred to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for enrolment in a clinical trial. Conclusions: PRCC rarely occurs in the second decade of life and even then, most such early cases occur in family clusters. PRCC also has a relatively benign course, constituting less than 10% of all metastatic renal cell carcinomas, further making this case a unique presentation.
Aerosol classification by electric mobility: apparatus, theory, and applications

Abstract An improved version of the Hewitt (differential) electric mobility analyzer was developed and its classifying characteristics were determined theoretically. The central mobility of the classified aerosol was found to be (qc + qm)/4πΛV, where qc and qm are the clean air and main outlet flows, respectively, Λ is a geometric factor, and Λ is the center rod voltage. The half-width of the mobility band was found to be (qa + qs)/4πΛV, where qa and qs are the aerosol and sampling outlet flows, respectively. These expressions were verified by the tests with a monodisperse aerosol of known size and low charge. A major advantage of this device is that the classified aerosol fraction remains airborne, ready for further use or analysis. Thus, one application of the device is the production of monodisperse test aerosols of known size, charge, and concentration by classification of a polydisperse aerosol. Other current applications include accurate measurement of particle electric mobility moments and high-resolution particle size analysis for polydisperse aerosols in the 0.005–1.0 μm size range.
How to rig your results with a fancy coding scheme

Two types of multivariate methods are distinguished from one another: structure-seeking methods and causal modeling. The former is particularly susceptible to coding artifacts based on improper use of dummy variables or of ranking procedures. Solutions for both problems are suggested.
Theoretical study of pressure broadening of lithium resonance lines by helium atoms

Quantum mechanical calculations are performed of the emission and absorption profiles of the lithium $2s\text{\ensuremath{-}}2p$ resonance line under the influence of a helium perturbing gas. We use carefully constructed potential energy surfaces and transition dipole moments to compute the emission and absorption coefficients at temperatures from $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}3000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at wavelengths between $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. Contributions from quasibound states are included. The resulting red and blue wing profiles are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with an experiment, carried out at a temperature of $670\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Efficacy of Monensin or Amprolium in the Prevention of Hepatic Coccidiosis in Rabbits

SYNOPSIS. New Zealand White rabbits were fed monensin (Coban® Premix) or amprolium in pelleted feed as a prophylaxis against infection with Eimeria stiedai. Rabbits receiving monensin at 0.005, 0.01, or 0.02% concentrations in the feed did not become infected but ate only small amounts of pellets when the drug concentration was 0.02%. All rabbits given 0.02% amprolium in pelleted feed developed severe infections. Rabbits on “limited” (8 gm pellets per day) diets were susceptible to infection.
An Historical Perspective of Self-Determination in Special Education: Accomplishments and Challenges.

Self-determination for people with severe disabilities first appears in the 1972 writing of Benget Nirje, where he came to the realization that they could and should have a role in their own choices (Shapiro, 1993). Nirje's writings called for a wide range of actions that would enable them to better control their lives and destinies, including choice and control over personal activities, education, independence, participation in decisions, and information upon which to make decisions and solve problems (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2003). Nirje equated self-determination with the respect and dignity to which all people are entitled. He identified making choices, asserting oneself, self-management, selfknowledge, decision making, self-advocacy, selfefficacy, self-regulation, autonomy, and independence (although often not using those terms) as the salient features of personal self-determination (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2003; Nirje, 1972).
The Rtt109 histone acetyltransferase facilitates error-free replication to prevent CAG/CTG repeat contractions.

Lysine 56 is acetylated on newly synthesized histone H3 in yeast, Drosophila and mammalian cells. All of the proteins involved in histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56) acetylation are important for maintaining genome integrity. These include Rtt109, a histone acetyltransferase, responsible for acetylating H3K56, Asf1, a histone H3/H4 chaperone, and Hst3 and Hst4, histone deacetylases which remove the acetyl group from H3K56. Here we demonstrate a new role for Rtt109 and H3K56 acetylation in maintaining repetitive DNA sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that cells lacking RTT109 had a high level of CAG/CTG repeat contractions and a two-fold increase in breakage at CAG/CTG repeats. In addition, repeat contractions were significantly increased in cells lacking ASF1 and in an hst3Δhst4Δ double mutant. Because the Rtt107/Rtt101 complex was previously shown to be recruited to stalled replication forks in an Rtt109-dependent manner, we tested whether this complex was involved. However, contractions in rtt109Δ cells were not due to an inability to recruit the Rtt107/Rtt101 complex to repeats, as absence of these proteins had no effect on repeat stability. On the other hand, Dnl4 and Rad51-dependent pathways did play a role in creating some of the repeat contractions in rtt109Δ cells. Our results show that H3K56 acetylation by Rtt109 is important for stabilizing DNA repeats, likely by facilitating proper nucleosome assembly at the replication fork to prevent DNA structure formation and subsequent slippage events or fork breakage.
Simultaneous N7,O6-Binding of Guanine to Two Zinc Centers and Its Possible Biological Significance

The reaction of ZnCl2 with 9-ethylguanine (9-EtGH) produced a novel dinuclear Zn(II) complex, [Zn2Cl4(H2O)(μ-9-EtGH-N7,O6)(9-EtGH-N7), 1. The X-ray structure analysis (monoclinic, P21 (No. 4), a = 11.0636(6) A, b = 6.6546(4) A, c = 15.9630(9) A, β = 101.069(1)°, V = 1153.4(1) A3, Z = 2) revealed that one of the tetrahedrally coordinated Zn(II) atoms binds to the N7 site of 9-EtGH and to the exocyclic O6 atom of another 9-EtGH molecule. The remaining Zn(II) atom binds to the N7 site of the second 9-EtGH moiety.
Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives for High-Temperature Lubricants

New aircraft engines require new lubricants that will function under extreme conditions. Synthetic lubricants such as polyphenyl ethers are being explored as functional fluids in this new area. Although the thermal and oxidative properties of polyphenyl ethers are quite good, the lubricity properties are not outstanding. This paper summarizes research done in our laboratory on lubricity additives for polyphenyl ethers. A number of additives have been found to be effective. In general they contained a hetero atom (phosphorus, halogen, sulfur) incorporated into an organic structure. The trichloroacetoxy functional group in an organometallic structure gave compounds with very high extreme pressure (EP) weld points. Although no pattern has been established for antiwear additives, several additives were found that reduced wear. These were not limited to one chemical class. Some additives gave good EP weld points and also reduced wear, but no one compound was extremely effective in both areas. Contributed by th...
Free Machining Steel: III—Cutting Forces; Surface Finish and Chip Formation

Tests upon a variety of friction sliders reveal that, contrary to common belief, manganese sulfide is a poor solid lubricant relative to air. Lead, on the other hand, is found to be an excellent solid lubricant. An analog tool is introduced to enable surface finish studies to be made in the absence of feed marks. Cutting force results are presented for a wide variety of cutting conditions for both resulfurized and leaded steels. The built-up edge and thermal softening along the tool face lead to complex curves of cutting force versus speed. Additions of sulfur are found to promote the formation of a small built-up edge that is stable to much higher values of speed than that normally experienced with a nonresulfurized steel. Lead, on the other hand, tends to prevent built-up edge formation. Both lead and sulfur are found to produce thinner chips, promote chip curl, and to give rise to a shorter contact length between chip and tool. A discussion of the significance of the observed changes in contact length will be found in part 4 of this series.
A Black-White Representation of a Gray-Scale Picture

A hardware-implemented algorithm combining dynamic thresholding and edge detection allows black-white representation of gray-scale images for computer storage. The output resembles a highly detailed sketch, with resolution and contrast superior to a halftone representation. The same algorithm can be applied to text and line drawings, so that all three types of images can be stored using the same compression algorithm.
2 Barrier-1 site pore: an interactive spreadsheet model for two permeating ions

Abstract An interactive ion channel permeation tutorial was developed using a Microsoft® Excel v5.0 spreadsheet to describe a two barrier, one site channel model by means of Eyring rate theory (ERT). The spreadsheet is inherently interactive so that the user receives immediate feedback about how changes in the energy barrier profile or ion concentrations affect current–voltage relations and single channel conductance. The spreadsheet model is easy to use, allows direct access to intermediate calculated values and all equations, contains graphical displays of parameters and lends itself to customization by a user having only a basic knowledge of spreadsheet operations.
The influence of culture, validation and control on the quality of data obtained from process measurements

Abstract Tranter, R.L., 1992. The influence of culture, validation and control on the quality of data obtained from process measurements. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 14: 85–91. Many methods conveniently labelled as chemometrics have undergone considerable theoretical development in the last decade and this expansion seems set to continue into the next. A proper understanding of the new algorithms and their behaviour is fundamental to their effective use, but it does not take into account the problems of implementation in real (as distinct from simulated or laboratory models) applications. Process monitoring and control offers many challenges to chemometricians as multivariate data come naturally from manufacturing processes. The development of effective and robust tools requires that the chemometrics is properly integrated into an overall system that takes account of cultural differences between research and development and process environments, the need for instrument and operator control and the effect of legislation and regulation. Some aspects of these are discussed and explored.
Reversing the objective: Adding guinea pig pedagogies

This article explores objectification in science and science education, i.e., the way material is turned into an object of interest to scientists. Drawing on sociological and anthropological drama theory, it examines how objectification does and does not occur in classrooms and schools. To understand the role and relationship of the object to the scientist, I look at current literature from the social studies of science concerning human and nonhuman objects as well as my own ethnographic work on the activism of politicized human research subjects. The paper concludes by how and why a more self-conscious focus on the object of science is important for those concerned with equity in science education, suggesting that such guinea pig pedagogies restore missing historical and ethical dimensions to science education. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88:248–262, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10107
Two pharmacologically distinct histamine receptors mediating membrane hyperpolarization on identified neurons of Aplysia californica.

Two distinct hyperpolarizing responses are produced when histamine is iontophoretically applied onto the somal membranes of identified neurons within the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia: a biphasic response consisting of a rapid component (< 5sec) usually superimposed upon a slowly developing component; or a monophasic slowly developing response 5–20 sec in duration. The reversal potential values for the fast (typically −65 mV) and the slow (typically −89 mV) responses, and their shift to new values when the external potassium or chloride concentrations were altered, revealed that the fast and slow potentials are produced predominantly by conductance increases to chloride and potassium ions, respectively. The effects of histamine H1- and H2-receptor agonists and antagonists were studied to characterize the pharmacological properties of histamine receptors mediating these two ionically dissimilar hyperpolarizing responses. The slow potassium-dependent hyperpolarization could be mimicked by several histamine analogues; the most potent tested were the H1-receptor agonist, 2-methylhistamine, and the H2-receptor agonist, 4-methylhistamine. Neither of these agents mimicked the fast chloride-dependent histamine response. The slow potassium-dependent responses induced by histamine or histamine agonists were completely and reversibly blocked by the H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine. By contrast, the slow potassium-dependent hyperpolarizations produced by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine or by dopamine to the same neurons were unaffected by cimetidine. Other H1 and H2 antagonists tested were either ineffective, or only partially blocked the slow hyperpolarizations in a non-selective manner. The fast chloride-dependent hyperpolarizations were not selectively antagonized by any of the H1 or H2 reagents tested, although they were effectively suppressed by tubocurarine and strychnine. These data indicate that two pharmacologically distinct histamine receptors mediate potassium- and chloride-dependent hyperpolarizations in Aplysia neurons. Neither of these receptors, however, could be classified as strictly H1 or H2 according to criteria presently used in non-neuronal tissues. The selectivity and reversibility of cimetidine indicate that this particular antihistaminic could be a valuable pharmacological tool for defining putative histaminergic synapses in Aplysia and perhaps other nervous systems.
Discordant Effects of Insulin-Hypoglycemia on Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated GH and Thyrotropin (TSH)-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated TSH Secretion

The hypothesis that insulin hypoglycemia-induced GH release is mediated by a decrease in hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIH) secretion was tested by investigating whether insulin administration enhanced the responses of SRIH-sensitive pituitary hormones to hypothalamic hormone stimulation. Eight normal men were given a combined iv injection of GHRH (1 μg/kg) and TRH (0.3 μg/kg) on two occasions, on one of which regular insulin (0.1 U/kg, iv) was given 30 min before GHRH-TRH administration. Insulin hypoglycemia augmented the maximal incremental (P < 0.01) and integrated (P < 0.025) plasma GH responses to GHRH. In contrast, plasma TSH responses to TRH were diminished by insulin (maximal imcrement, P < 0.025; integrated response, P < 0.05). TRHstimulated PRL secretion was not altered by prior insulin administration. The enhancement of GH responsiveness to maximal GHRH stimulation indicates mediation by a non-GHRH pathway. However, the discordant decrease in TSH responsiveness to TRH argues against a reduction i...
Advantages of firefly luciferase as a reporter gene: Application to the interleukin-2 gene promoter

Abstract The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene is widely used in recombinant constructs employed to study promoter and enhancer control of gene expression. However, CAT-based assays require a laborious, multi-step procedure for quantitation of promoter activity. We have applied the recently described firefly luciferase (LUC) reporter gene to the study of the interleukin-2 (IL2) promoter and have further defined the properties of this reporter gene system. We find that IL2-LUC constructs have multiple advantages over IL2-CAT constructs. The LUC assay is highly sensitive and requires 1 10 the cells used in the CAT system. A final quantitative measure of promoter activity can be obtained within 25 h following transfection with IL2-LUC, compared to 108–160 h with IL2-CAT. Light emission significantly (fourfold) above background is detectable 3 h after induction in a direct assay of extracts from transfected cells. We have described the variability of the assay, the minimum number of transfected cells required to detect light, the stability of luciferase in cell extracts, the effect of Triton X-100 on the assay, and a rapid cell lysis procedure. The luciferase system is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the study of promoter activity in transfected cells, particularly for weakly expressed genes such as IL2 which give low activity in the CAT assay.
Proton-deuteron double scattering

A simple but accurate form for the proton-deuteron elastic double scattering amplitude, which includes both projectile and target recoil motion and is applicable at all momentum transfer, is derived by taking advantage of the restricted range of Fermi momentum allowed by the deuteron wave function. This amplitude can be directly compared to approximations which have neglected target recoil or are limited to small momentum transfer; the target recoil and large momentum transfer effects are evaluated explicitly within the context of a Gaussian model.
A framework for time indexing in sensor networks

In this article, we define the time-indexing problem as the in-network storage and querying of sensor network data based solely on the time attribute. We argue qualitatively why existing storage schemes may be insufficient as solutions. We then present, analyze, and evaluate novel and lightweight solutions to both the storage and the querying subproblems for time indexing. First, the time-indexed storage problem is formally defined and two formulations are presented seeking to optimize generic utility functions that are derived from concerns about energy, bandwidth usage, and storage balancing. We present and analyze decentralized protocols to solve these formulations and prove the optimality of some of our solutions. Secondly, maintenance and use of simple overlays among rendezvous point nodes in order to enable fault-tolerant and efficient time-indexed queries are discussed. Finally, simulation results are presented to quantify performance characteristics of the protocols, and we find that our proposed scheme has low query overhead that scales with system size and density while exhibiting very good load-balancing and fault-tolerance properties. The use of time-indexed structure is shown to achieve more than double the lifetime of sensor networks compared to existing approaches in some scenarios.
Effects of prior discriminative stimulus and reinforcer presentation on acquisition of instrumental responding in rats

Independent groups of rats underwent various pretraining procedures involving key light illumination and presentation of food before introduction of instrumental conditioning in which food reinforcement was immediately contingent upon pressing the illuminated key. Key illumination followed immediately by food presentation produced facilitation of subsequent acquisition of instrumental responding which increased with 0, 10, 50, and 200 pretraining trials; the facilitative effect of 1,000 pairings of key illumination and food was no greater than that of 200 pairings. The facilitative effect of key illumination and food presentation upon subsequent instrumental learning was the same regardless of whether food presentations in pretraining immediately accompanined illumination offset or were delayed for 8 sec. Food presentations alone on 10, 50, or 200 pretraining trials facilitated subsequent instrumental learning less than equivalent numbers of presentations of illumination and food, but 200 presentations of food alone facilitated subsequent instrumental learning more than 0 pretraining trials.
A method for differentiating ocular higher-order aberrations from light scatter applied to retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to report a method for differentiating ocular higher-order aberrations and intraocular light scatter based on a deconvolution technique. METHODS An optical system was used to image a laser slit on the retina and also to perform Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing. From the laser slit image, the line spread function, incorporating both ocular higher-order aberrations and light scatter, was derived. The laser slit image was deconvolved with a point spread function obtained from the Shack-Hartmann image. The area under the line spread function that was derived from the laser slit image after deconvolution provided a measurement of intraocular light scatter. The deconvolution technique was applied to images obtained in a group of 13 patients (mean age +/- 1 standard deviation: 42 +/- 12 years) with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a retinal disease in which, by clinical examination, changes in the lens of the eye can be manifested. Measurements were compared with those obtained from 20 visually normal control subjects (mean age +/- 1 standard deviation: 43 +/- 17 years). RESULTS Combined higher-order aberrations and light scatter, measured as the area under the line spread function derived from the laser slit image, were increased significantly in the patients with RP as compared with the control subjects (p = 0.004). Ocular higher-order aberrations obtained from the Shack-Hartmann images were higher in the patients with RP than in the control subjects (p = 0.05). Intraocular light scatter derived from the deconvolved laser slit image was significantly higher in the patients with RP than in the control subjects (p = 0.009). Minimizing the contribution of ocular higher-order aberrations by deconvolution reduced the area under the line spread function in the control subjects and patients with RP, denoting an improvement in retinal image quality. CONCLUSIONS A method for differentiating ocular higher-order aberrations and intraocular light scatter based on deconvolution was developed that may be useful for determining the level of improvement in retinal image quality that can be anticipated by the application of adaptive optics to aging and diseased human eyes.
Evaluation of a 12-week home-based walking intervention for breast cancer survivors

Goals of work To evaluate a 12-week home-based walking intervention among breast cancer survivors and to quantify changes in physical activity (PA) behaviors, body weight, and body composition in response to the intervention.
Pre- and post-inoculation activity of a protectant and a systemic fungicide for control of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry under different wetness durations

Abstract A protectant fungicide (Captan, a.i. captan) and a systemic fungicide (Switch, a.i. fludioxonil + cyprodinil) were evaluated as pre- and post-inoculation applications for control of anthracnose fruit rot (AFR), caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, under a short (6 or 8 h) or long (18 or 24 h) wetting period. Evaluations were conducted for two seasons in Maryland and for two seasons in Florida. Both Captan and Switch were very effective for control of AFR when applied prior to inoculation, but control was more effective under the shorter wetting period. Switch was as effective when applied 4, 8, or 24 h post-inoculation as when applied before inoculation, but control was better under the short wetting period. Captan was effective when applied 4 or 8 h after inoculation under the short wetting period, but was ineffective at 24 h post-inoculation. Post-inoculation sprays of Captan were ineffective at any time under the long wetting period. The post-infection activity of Switch allows greater flexibility for managing AFR when fungicide applications are scheduled based on weather-based decision-support systems.
The Value of Display Space at Encoding and Retrieval in Keeping Track

Participants kept track of rapidly changing information in a two-session experiment which investigated how altering the spatial characteristics of a display influences performance in a complex memory task. Participants took advantage of spatial resources in the display when they were available at both encoding and retrieval. Participants trained with spatial support showed poor transfer when spatial information was removed as a retrieval cue. Results suggest that the spatial distribution of displayed data can aid keeping track when spatial support is consistently available at both encoding and retrieval, and when the support provided in training is also available in the transfer display.
HIGH-ENERGY TOTAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR POSITIVE PIONS AND PROTONS ON HYDROGEN

Total cross sections for the ( pi /sup +/,p) and (p,p) reactions in hydrogen were determined at 1.4 to 4.0 Bev/c. Values for ( pi /sup +/,p) ranged from 39.4 to 29.3 mb and for (p,p) from 46.9 to 42.4 mb. (C.J.G.)
Pulmonary pentane excretion increases with age in healthy subjects.

Abstract Excessive lipid peroxidation occurs in various diseases. However, even in health low levels of lipid peroxidation can be detected by measuring the pulmonary excretion of pentane. Lipid peroxidation has been postulated to be one of the causes of the ageing process. In order to test whether pentane excretion is related to age, we measured breath pentane in 47 healthy subjects (ages 21–79). We also measured serum levels of the antioxidants tocopherol, retinol, lycopene, beta carotene, ascorbate and zinc. We found that pentane excretion significantly ( P r = 0.32) increased with age. Of the six antioxidants measured, only lycopene decreased significantly ( P r = 0.47) with age, however, this decline did not statistically correlate with pentane excretion. The remaining five antioxidants either remained stable or increased over the age range studied. We conclude that lipid peroxidation, as assessed by pentane excretion, increases with advancing age but that this increase is independent of dietary antioxidant levels.
Information Policies for Collection Development Librarians

Beware of “Info‐Smoke” warns Art Plotnick in a recent American Libraries editorial. It clouds the meaning and purpose of libraries by embroiling them in the “world's hottest commodity”—information. “The information age” or “the information society” are cliches used with abandon by many librarians. “Information” is the buzzword for grant applications, articles, and new names for libraries and library schools. As Plotnick rhetorically asks, “Who isn't in the information business?”
Stimulation of Ejaculated Domestic Cat Sperm Motility with Caffeine, Pentoxifylline, and 2′-Deoxyadenosine

Sperm motility patterns of cryopreserved domestic cat ejaculates treated at 37°C with 1 mM caffeine, pentoxifylline, or 2′-deoxyadenosine were analyzed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). The percent motility (MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN), and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were measured for each group following 15 min of treatment. Motility indices were examined during a 6-h treatment period to determine the effect of each chemical on sperm longevity. Caffeine, pentoxifylline, and 2′-deoxyadenosine each increased (p>. 05) the MOT and VCL of the ejaculates compared to the controls. The longevity of the treated and control samples were not significantly different throughout the incubation period. These results, similar to previous findings with cryopreserved epididymal cat sperm, demonstrate that motility stimulants can significantly elevate the MOT and VCL of cryopreserved ejaculated cat sperm without having deleterious effects on...
General mathematical models of transport processes with and without chemical reactions

Based on the surface renewal and penetration concept, a number of fairly general mathematical models for transport systems without chemical reaction or heat generation and transport systems with zero and first order reactions have been developed. Solutions of the governing transport equations are presented for cases in which the number of capacitors of the multiple capacitance age distribution is finite or infinite. Some of their limiting solutions are reduced to those proposed by the previous investigators. En se basant sur le renouvellement de la surface et le concept de penetration, on a mis au point un certain nombre de modeles mathematiques assez generaux pour les systemes de transport ou il ne se produit aucune reaction chimique ni production de chaleur et pour ceux ou les reactions sont de premier ordre ou d'aucun. On presente les solutions des equations qui regissent le transport dans des cas ou le nombre de capaciteurs de la distribution de resistance electrostatique multiple est fini ou infini. Quelques-unes des solutions-limites sont ramenees a celles proposees par des chercheurs precedents.
Parallel Rosenbrock methods for chemical systems.

Abstract Parallel Rosenbrock methods are developed for systems with stiff chemical reactions. Unlike classical Runge–Kutta methods, these linearly implicit schemes avoid the necessity to iterate at each time step. Parallelism across the method allows for the solution of the linear algebraic systems in essentially Backward Euler-like solves on concurrent processors. In addition to possessing excellent stability properties, these methods are computationally efficient while preserving positivity of the solutions. Numerical results confirm these characteristics when applied to problems involving stiff chemistry, and enzyme kinetics.
The role of binding in inhibation of hepatic microsomal metabolism by parathion and malathion

Abstract Parathion, malathion and their oxygenated analogs bind to the reduced form of cytochrome P-450 from rats and mice producing spectra with a maximum at 421 nm and a minimum at 450 nm. Determinations of microsomal heme suggest that the Soret at 421 nm is not associated with conversion of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420. In vivo pretreatment with C14-parathion indicates that this insecticide covalently binds to mouse hepatic microsomal protein. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which these insecticides and their analogs inhibit hepatic microsomal metabolism is identical to their mode of inhibiting esterases, that is, covalent binding to catalytic site.
Design Optimization of a Single Fluid, Solid Sensible Heat Storage Unit

The optimization of the design of a solid sensible heat storage unit initially at a uniform temperature is presented. The storage unit is composed of a number of rectangular cross-sectional channels for the flowing fluid, connected in parallel and separated by the heat storage material. The complex method for constrained nonlinear optimization as presented by M.J. Box is utilized, with some modifications. The design optimization is based upon achieving maximum utilization of the heat storage or removal capabilities of the material for a given set of operating conditions. This is achieved by varying the storage unit's geometry while placing constraints on the maximum and minimum length of the unit, fluid channel size, storage material thickness, maximum and minimum outlet fluid temperature, and the minimum amount of heat to be stored.
Adeno‐Associated Virus RNA Transcription in vivo

We have studied RNA transcripts of the defective parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) present in poly(A)rich and poly-(A)free fractions of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA prepared from cells infected together with a helper adenovirus. Cytoplasmic poly-(A)rich RNA contains three overlapping spliced AAV RNAs having sizes of 3.9 X 10(3), 3.3 X 10(3) and 2.3 X 10(3) bases respectively. The nuclear precursors of these RNAs appear to be the coterminal unspliced poly(A)-rich RNAs containing 4.2 X 10(3), 3.6 X 10(3) and 2.6 X 10(3) bases respectively. These unspliced RNAs were also found in the cytoplasm. The nuclear poly(A)-free RNA contained a heterogenous population of AAV RNAs that were generally smaller than 2.3 X 10(3) bases. In addition, the Hirt pellet fraction of the nuclear RNA contained two discrete AAV poly(A)-free RNAs having sizes of 2.5 X 10(3) and 2.8 X 10(3) bases. The 4.2 X 10(3) and 3.6 X 10(3)-base unspliced RNAs are more abundant than the coterminal 3.9 X 10(3) and 3.3 X 10(3)-base spliced RNAs whereas the 2.3 X 10(3)-base spliced RNA is much more abundant than the 2.6 X 10(3)-base unspliced RNA. Thus, the cytoplasmic abundance of the AAV spliced RNAs appears to be controlled in part by the post-transcriptional events of splicing or message stability. We also analysed the effects of AAV defective-interfering genomes upon AAV transcription. These studies showed that when synthesis of standard AAV genomes was inhibited more than 10-fold by defective-interfering genomes there was no significant effect on the types or amounts of AAV RNA transcripts which accumulated. These observations indicate that interference by defective-interfering genomes occurs mostly at the level of DNA replication rather than transcription.
NEO impact projections.

: The concept of a near-Earth object (NEO) impact projection metric (PM) based on the ratio of the observation time to the impact time, ρ(t), for a projected NEO impact is developed. The PM can assist NEO mitigation decision-making that is based on the discontinuously changing cumulative impact probability and help mitigate false alarms of NEO impact with Earth that have undermined public perception toward the veracity of predicting NEO threats.
PREPARATION OF TOSYLATES OF PHENOLS AND ACIDIC ALCOHOLS

(1969). PREPARATION OF TOSYLATES OF PHENOLS AND ACIDIC ALCOHOLS. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 225-228.
Combination of the preoperative PSA level, biopsy gleason score, percentage of positive biopsies, and MRI T-stage to predict early PSA failure in men with clinically localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives. Early (2 years or less) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure has been shown to predict for distant failure. The independent clinical predictors of time to postoperative PSA failure were used to identify prostate cancer patients at high risk for early PSA failure. Methods. A Cox regression multivariable analysis was used to determine whether additional predictive information was provided by the endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (erMRI) T-stage when controlling for the established prognostic factors in predicting the time to postoperative PSA failure in 977 men with palpable (T2) or PSA-detected (T1c) prostate cancer. Results. Preoperative PSA (P = 0.0001), percentage of positive prostate biopsies (P= 0.0001), erMRI T-stage (P = 0.0001), biopsy Gleason score (P = 0.0015), and clinical stage T2c disease (P = 0.004) were independent predictors of time to postoperative PSA failure. Two-year PSA failure rates derived from the Cox regression model and bootstrap estimates of the 95% confidence intervals are presented in nomogram format stratified by the preoperative PSA, percentage of positive prostate biopsies, erMRI T-stage, and the biopsy Gleason score. Conclusions. Patients at high risk for early PSA failure and subsequent distant progression include men with erMRI T3 disease and 3 or more of 6 cores positive for a Gleason score 6 or higher disease when the PSA is more than 10 but not more than 20 ng/mL and any Gleason score when the PSA is more than 20 ng/mL. Men with erMRI T2 disease and 3 or more of 6 cores positive for a Gleason score 8 or higher disease and who have a PSA more than 20 ng/mL are also at high risk. Neoadjuvant therapy trials in these select patients may be justified.
Effects of variation in look angle and wavelength in radar images of volcanic and aeolian terrains, or now you see it, now you don't

The effects of look angle and wavelength variation in geologically applied radar images are examined and the applications of observations of these effects for the study of other planets are discussed. Seasat, SIR-A, SIR-B, and airborne radar images and multiple look angle and multiwavelength scatterometer data are used. It is found that smaller look angle radar data can provide good discrimination among certain diverse materials which are not distinguishable at larger look angles, such as subpixel fault scarps and volcanic dykes. Discriminant analyses of scatterometer data of all geological targets observed gave best results with minimum data by using all wavelengths available and small look angles. The results provide information on the nature of radar images which could be valuable in interpreting radar images of Venus.
Meiosis in Pupal Ovarian Cells of Samia cynthia cultured in vitro

OVARIAN tissue has been much used in insect tissue culture; indeed, several cell lines derived from ovaries of the silkmoth Antheraea eucalypti are now being maintained in continuous culture1,2. The cell lines are believed to be derived from cells of the ovariole sheath found in the primary cultures, and after 120 generations in vitro they have nuclei which range in ploidy from 2n to approximately 128n. The three distinct cell types in these lines apparently undergo only mitotic divisions typical of somatic cells or of primordial germ cells.
Photochemistry of 1,5-diaryl-1,5-diketones

The photochemistry of ketones 1-3 of the structure where 1,R/sup 1/ = R/sup 2/ = H, 2,R/sup 1/ = H; R/sup 2/ = CH/sub 3/, 3,R/sup 1/ = CH/sub 3/; R/sup 2/ = H, has been examined in solution at room temperature by using quantum yield and laser flash photolysis techniques. Triplet energy migration between the two chromophores leads to complete excitation equilibration. In the case of 3, two triplet states have been characterized, reflecting the syn and anti conformation of the o-methylbenzoyl chromophore. The biradicals produced in the triplet decay have lifetimes of ca. 50 ns in wet acetonitrile, for 1 and 2 and 430 ns in the case of 3, where it results from abstraction of the benzylic hydrogens. Biradicals are produced from 2 with a quantum yield of 1.0; however, the product yields are considerably lower, even in polar hydroxylic solvents. The effect is attributed to strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the biradical.
Harnessing evolutionary computation to enable dynamically adaptive systems to manage uncertainty

This keynote talk and paper intend to motivate research projects that investigate novel ways to model, analyze, and mitigate uncertainty arising in three different aspects of the cyber-physical systems. First, uncertainty about the physical environment can lead to suboptimal, and sometimes catastrophic, results as the system tries to adapt to unanticipated or poorly-understood environmental conditions. Second, uncertainty in the cyber environment can have lead to unexpected and adverse effects, including not only performance impacts (load, traffic, etc.) but also potential threats or overt attacks. Finally, uncertainty can exist with the components themselves and how they interact upon reconfiguration, including unexpected and unwanted feature interactions. Each of these sources of uncertainty can potentially be identified at different stages, respectively run time, design time, and requirements, but their mitigation might be done at the same or a different stage. Based on the related literature and our preliminary investigations, we argue that the following three overarching techniques are essential and warrant further research to provide enabling technologies to address uncertainty at all three stages: model-based development, assurance, and dynamic adaptation. Furthermore, we posit that in order to go beyond incremental improvements to current software engineering techniques, we need to leverage, extend, and integrate techniques from other disciplines.
Why are living things sensitive to weak magnetic fields

AbstractThere is evidence for robust interactions of weak ELF magnetic fields with biological systems. Quite apart from the difficulties attending a proper physical basis for such interactions, an equally daunting question asks why these should even occur, given the apparent lack of comparable signals in the long-term electromagnetic environment. We suggest that the biological basis is likely to be found in the weak (∼50 nT) daily swing in the geomagnetic field that results from the solar tidal force on free electrons in the upper atmosphere, a remarkably constant effect exactly in phase with the solar diurnal change. Because this magnetic change is locked into the solar-derived everyday diurnal response in living things, one can argue that it acts as a surrogate for the solar variation, and therefore plays a role in chronobiological processes. This implies that weak magnetic field interactions may have a chronodisruptive basis, homologous to the more familiar effects on the biological clock arising from ...