cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 10–40 GHz frequency quadrupler source with switchable bandpass filters and > 30 dBc harmonic rejection

This paper presents a 10–40 GHz wideband frequency quadrupler in GF8HP 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS process. Three bands (low-, mid-, and high-band) are implemented on-chip for wideband operation. An on-chip 4-pole switchable elliptic bandpass filter is also used to result in greatly improved harmonic rejection ratio (HRR). The measured worstcase HRR is 32–48 dBc at 11–40 GHz with an output power of +1 to −8 dBm for P in = 1 dBm (25–32 dB at 10–11 GHz). The output power and HRR remain nearly constant with P in of 0–7 dBm. The chip is 3.96 mm2 and consumes 60 mW in low- and mid-band modes, and 84 mW for the high-band mode. To our knowledge, this wideband frequency quadrupler represents state-of-the-art performance in terms of bandwidth, HRR and P out . Application areas are wideband low-harmonic content sources for wideband measurement systems, high-resolution imaging systems and digital beamforming phased-arrays.
What We Think We Know About Metal Thieves

This chapter is a thorough review of what is known, or what is thought to be known, about metal theft. Topics include the fallacious connection between drug usage (particularly methamphetamines) and metal theft. This drug addict hypothesis is built around anecdotal stories and has been encouraged through careless citations by the government and other groups. Further, an analysis of the current data indicates that metal thieves operate in a calculated way and within groups, but not necessarily organized criminal groups. However, metal thieves are also opportunistic in their behavior. Finally, an examination into some of the only empirical and scholarly research on metal theft reveals that metal theft has a strong connection with the price of metal (specifically copper), termed the price-theft hypothesis.
Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium.

Actinyl chemistry is extended beyond Cm to BkO2+ and CfO2+ through transfer of an O atom from NO2 to BkO+ or CfO+ , establishing a surprisingly high lower limit of 73 kcal mol-1 for the dissociation energies, D[O-(BkO+ )] and D[O-(CfO+ )]. CCSD(T) computations are in accord with the observed reactions, and characterize the newly observed dioxide ions as linear pentavalent actinyls; these being the first Bk and Cf species with oxidation states above IV. Computations of actinide dioxide cations AnO2+ for An=Pa to Lr reveal an unexpected minimum for D[O-(CmO+ )]. For CmO2+ , and AnO2+ beyond EsO2+ , the most stable structure has side-on bonded η2 -(O2 ), as AnIII peroxides for An=Cm and Lr, and as AnII superoxides for An=Fm, Md, and No. It is predicted that the most stable structure of EsO2+ is linear [O=EsV =O]+ , einsteinyl, and that FmO2+ and MdO2+ , like CmO2+ , also have actinyl(V) structures as local energy minima. The results expand actinide oxidation state chemistry, the realm of the distinctive actinyl moiety, and the non-periodic character towards the end of the periodic table.
"You Are My [Camp]fire": Tradition and Structure in Maggie Thrash's Graphic Memoir "Honor Girl".

This essay argues that Maggie Thrash’s Honor Girl navigates a multi-liminal space allowing it to participate in and expand upon traditions that already exist within children’s literature, graphic memoirs, the comics medium, and the history of girl camps as homosocial spaces. By discussing graphic memoirists for adults (such as Alison Bechdel and Phoebe Gloeckner) and children (such as Raina Telgemeier and Cece Bell), the paper establishes that Thrash adopts practices of representing sexual desire from both traditions in order to establish new territory for adolescents. Turning then to camp environments, the essay examines how camp becomes a space for campers to experiment and come to be true versions of themselves, with the all-girls camping environment being particularly suited for young lesbians. Finally, this paper looks at how Thrash utilizes the medium of comics to draw Erin and Maggie together (both literally and figuratively), illuminating how this relationship, while certainly not subtextual, is also not presented as explicitly as heterosexual romance for a younger audience. By operating both within and outside traditions, Honor Girl allows for the possibility for queer content within memoirs for young people, while also raising an expectation that queer identities still must be shielded and coded.
When phonation matters: The use and function of yeah and creaky voice

This paper illuminates the conversational functions of the combination of creaky voice quality and the response token yeah. Jefferson (1984) described yeah as an acknowledgement token that also projects “a preparedness to shift from recipiency to speakership” (p. 200). This speaker incipiency is not consistent, though. While yeah is sometimes used to indicate a shift from recipient to speaker, it is sometimes used simply as an acknowledgement token. This difference in function of apparently similar items may be related to token shape. This paper examines several telephone interactions and finds the use of yeah with creaky voice to indicate passive recipiency and either a dispreference to continue the current topic, or a disalignment with the primary speaker. This analysis contributes to the study of phonetics in interactional linguistics. In addition, it supports the notion that token-shape distinctions can account for functional differences within token types. It suggests that phonation or other behavior below the word level may be significant in verbal interaction.
Computing Greenians: Quadrature and Termination

Since the advent of the recursion method, its applications have been multitudinous [1], but the computation of the greenian remains an area of research aimed at improving the extraction of physical quantities from the results. The problem is to incorporate information about the analytic structure of the greenian, G(e) = m(e) − i π n(e), with the explicitly calculated coefficients obtained in the application of the recursion algorithm to the given physical system. The principal line of enquiry [2] in this area has been oriented by the continued fraction representation of the greenian and analysis and extrapolation of its coefficients to take account of additional physical knowledge. The quadrature approach [3] has not proved fruitful in the incorporation of other than general analytic properties, but can in fact be so used as will be shown later.
Developments in additive manufacturing of arranged scintillating particle composites for neutron detection

The technological advances introduced by additive manufacturing techniques have significantly improved the ability to generate functional composites with a wide variety of mechanical and optical properties. Progress in the additive manufacturing of scintillating particle composites could enable new capabilities that span applications in nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear energy and basic science. The present work focuses on developing capabilities for additively manufacturing scintillating particle composites where successful implementation could enable cost-effective highperformance detectors for a wide range of applications. The results demonstrate the optical and response characteristics of arranged scintillating glass particle composites that are optically transparent, mechanically robust and respond to incident fast neutrons.
Exact Tests for Disease Prevalence Studies With Partially Validated Data

To estimate the disease prevalence, a gold standard test is the best choice for accurate estimation. The gold standard could be very expensive or time consuming for use in practice. For this reason...
Life cycle assessment with primary data on heavy rare earth oxides from ion-adsorption clays

Heavy and light rare earth elements (REEs) are critical to clean energy technologies, and thus the environmental impacts from their production are increasingly scrutinized. Most previous LCAs of REE production focus on sites producing light REEs. This research addresses this gap by collecting primary data from sites producing heavy rare earth oxides (HREOs) from ion-adsorption clays, conducting an LCA, and providing open-source life cycle inventory (LCI) datasets of HREO production for the LCA community. This study conducts a LCA based on acquired primary data from four mining sites in Jiangxi Province, China. The functional unit is 1 kg of mixed HREOs of 90% purity from ion-adsorption clays using the technology of in situ leaching. Previous studies have used the Ecoinvent database, relying mostly on European or global life cycle inventories (LCIs). Here, the Chinese Life Cycle Database provided China-specific reference life cycle inventories (LCIs) for all inputs and processes with the exception of electricity generation LCIs used in a scenario analysis, which were provided by Ecoinvent 3. Twelve impact categories were examined using Impact 2002+, USEtox 2.01, and IPCC methods. Results are provided as a bounded range, reflecting low and high estimates based on collected primary data. Results show 1 kg of mixed HREOs emit 258–408 kg CO2e, and consume 270–443 MJ primary energy. These values fall within the range of previous LCAs that examined both bastnaesite/monazite deposits and ion-adsorption clays using literature values. Other impact categories considered are not similar across studies, however. Differences are due to variability in resource type and quality, technology, and modeling choices, such as reference LCI sources. Mining and extraction contribute most to impacts due to large quantities of chemicals for leaching and precipitation of REOs, and electricity consumption. Among chemicals, ammonium sulfate is the largest contributor to many impact categories. When China’s electricity grid mix change over time is included, environmental impacts for the whole production process can change up to 12%. The primary contributions of this study are the collection and publication of primary data from mining companies in Jiangxi Province, China; the provision of open-source LCI datasets for mixed HREOs from ion-adsorption clays; and a comparison of results between this study and previously published studies. While the scope of this study concludes at the production of mixed HREO, which is a limitation, it provides a foundation for development of LCIs for refined heavy REEs.
Interdiction-Based Approaches to Identify Damage in Disrupted Critical Infrastructures with Dependencies

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a problem in which the decision maker only has access to outage reports from service receivers in critical infrastructures with dependencies among them, and our o...
Repair of encephalocele and cerebrospinal fluid leak with the use of bone morphogenetic protein: A case report.

Background Encephaloceles are rare phenomena which occur when brain parenchyma herniates through a skull defect which, if left untreated, may lead to significant issues such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, meningitis, and intractable seizures. Due to the rarity and variety in size and location of encephaloceles, no standard technique has been established for the resultant defect. Herein, we demonstrate the safe and effective use of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the repair of CSF leak caused by encephalocele. Case description A retrospective chart review was conducted on a 50-year-old female who presented with sudden onset spontaneous right nostril CSF leak due to the right lateral sphenoid sinus recess encephalocele, for which she underwent surgical repair. After resecting the encephalocele, cadaver crushed bone was used to fill the skull base defect. Following, an absorbable sponge from the extra-small BMP kit was cut in half and soaked with recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) before being laid over the bony defect. On postoperative clinic visits at 2 weeks and at 3 months, the patient demonstrated good recovery without evidence of recurrent CSF leak. On follow-up computed tomography imaging at 9 months' postsurgery, there was no evidence of recurrent CSF leak or encephalocele, infection, ectopic bone formation, excessive inflammation, or neoplasm. Conclusion In this case, we demonstrate the successful use of BMP for the repair of CSF leak due to encephalocele. It is our extrapolation that the pro-inflammatory properties of rhBMP-2 lead to the prevention of recurrent CSF leak.
Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing

Abstract Previous studies have shown that 3D printed composites exhibit an orthotropic nature with inherently lower interlayer mechanical properties. This research work is an attempt to improve the interlayer tensile strength of extrusion-based 3D printed composites. Annealing was identified as a suitable post-processing method and was the focus of this study. Two distinct thermoplastic polymers, which are common in 3D printing, were selected to study the enhancement of interlayer tensile strength of composites by additive manufacturing: a) an amorphous polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG), and b) a semi-crystalline poly (lactic acid) (PLA). It was determined that short carbon fiber reinforced composites have lower interlayer tensile strength than the corresponding neat polymers in 3D printed parts. This reduction in mechanical performance was attributable to an increase in melt viscosity and the consequential slower interlayer diffusion bonding. However, the reduction in interlayer tensile strength could be recovered by post-processing when the annealing temperature was higher than the glass transition temperature of the amorphous polymer. In the case of the semi-crystalline polymer, the recovery of the interlayer tensile strength was only observed when the annealing temperature was higher than the glass transition temperature but lower than the cold-crystallization temperature. This study utilized rheological and thermal analysis of 3D printed composites to provide a better understanding of the interlayer strength response and, therefore, overcome a mechanical performance limitation of these materials.
Virtually Constrained Dancing: Encoding Language in Movement and Sound

This paper presents the development of the TED (Tap Encoding Decoding) program with results and reflections on its usage. TED is a program to be used in partnership with a tap dancer for decoding tap dancing audio. To perform with TED, a tap dancer must execute their dance with steps that encode Morse code. This paper will elaborate on the processes by which TED was developed, including methodologies such as audio signal peak detection for tap dancing and audio decoding analysis. We also explore the relationship developed between the dancer and TED during experimentation and live performance. We draw upon notions of extended and embodied cognition to explain observations regarding the dancer's feedback driven adaptations to TED's outputs during their performance. The programmatic constraints introduced during partnership with TED result in novel choreographic challenges and impose atypical structure in improvisation, leading to unusual performance characteristics.
Prematurity and race account for much of the interstate variation in infant mortality rates in the United States.

To assess the correlation between infant mortality and extreme prematurity by state. This ecological study included data on 28,526,534 infants from 2007 to 2013 in all 50 US states and DC using CDC WONDER linked birth and infant death records. Regression analyses determined the correlation between infant and neonatal mortality rates and the proportion of extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight, and black births by state. State infant and neonatal mortality rates were directly and highly correlated with the proportion of extremely preterm births (infant, r2 = 0.71, P < 0.001; neonatal, r2 = 0.77, P < 0.001) and extremely low birth weight births (r2 = 0.63, P < 0.001; r2 = 0.73, P < 0.001). The proportion of black births also correlated directly with infant and neonatal mortality rates. Interstate variation in infant and neonatal mortality rates are primarily driven by rates of extremely preterm and extremely low birth weight births which is closely related to the proportion of black births.
PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PULMONARY VEINS AND ARTERIES IN EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION AS A MODEL OF GROUP 2 PH

Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to heart disease induced pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) is characterized by remodeling of pulmonary veins (PV) and arteries (PA). We hypothesized that different biologic pathways are altered in remodeled PV and PA in experimental PVH. Left superior and
Identification of Compartment Volumes

Up to now, our discussion on the identification of the compartmental model \( \dot x = Ax + b \) has centered on the determination of the fractional transfer coefficients aij of the compartmental matrix A. In this section we shall also be concerned with the determination of the volume or size Vi > 0 of the ith compartment, i = 1, 2, …,n (see Section 9). If known, these together with the aij’s constitute the complete identification of the steady-state parameters of an n-compartment time-invariant system of physical compartments in which the volumes of the compartments are of primary importance.
Physical Optics, Wave Optics, and Fourier Optics

When any of the dimensions or sizes of the components in an optical system is on the order of wavelength, then the methods discussed under geometrical optics do not give the proper solution to the problem. For this case, we must start from Maxwell’s equations, and derive the wave equation from which the proper solution to this problem can be obtained.
Three-Dimensionally-Printed Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds: Construct Effects on Bone Regeneration.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The utilization of three-dimensionally (3D)-printed bioceramic scaffolds composed of beta-tricalcium phosphate in conjunction with dipyridamole have shown to be effective in the osteogenesis of critical bone defects in both skeletally immature and mature animals. Furthermore, previous studies have proven the dura and pericranium's osteogenic capacity in the presence of 3D-printed scaffolds; however, the effect galea aponeurotica on osteogenesis in the presence of 3D scaffolds remains unclear. METHOD/DESCRIPTION Critical-sized (11 mm) bilateral calvarial defects were created in 35-day old rabbits (n = 7). Two different 3D scaffolds were created, with one side of the calvaria being treated with a solid nonporous cap and the other with a fully porous cap. The solid cap feature was designed with the intention of preventing communication of the galea and the ossification site, while the porous cap permitted such communication. The rabbits were euthanized 8 weeks postoperatively. Calvaria were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, 3D reconstruction, and nondecalcified histologic sectioning in order assess differences in bone growth between the two types of scaffolding. RESULTS Scaffolds with the solid (nonporous) cap yielded greater percent bone volume (P = 0.012) as well as a greater percent potential bone (P = 0.001) compared with the scaffolds with a porous cap. The scaffolds with porous caps also exhibited a greater percent volume of soft tissue (P < 0.001) presence. There were no statistically significant differences detected in scaffold volume. CONCLUSION A physical barrier preventing the interaction of the galea aponeurotica with the scaffold leads to significantly increased calvarial bone regeneration in comparison with the scaffolds allowing for this interaction. The galea's interaction also leads to more soft tissue growth hindering the in growth of bone in the porous-cap scaffolds.
Nutrition data use and needs: Findings from an online survey of global nutrition stakeholders.

Background There is growing global demand for country-specific information to track nutritional status and its determinants, including intervention coverage. Periodic population-based surveys form the backbone of most national nutrition information systems. However, data on the coverage of many nutrition specific and sensitive interventions remain sparse. Methods An online survey was administered to the international nutrition community in 2018 through relevant listservs and professional networks to characterize their use of nutrition-related indicators and data sources. Respondents were asked about their professional background, access and use of specific indicators and data sources in the previous year, and unmet data needs. Results were tabulated by respondent characteristics and χ2 tests used for statistical testing. Results Complete survey responses were received from 235 respondents, the majority from non-governmental organizations and research communities, and few from governments. Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) were the most frequently accessed country-specific data source and the Global Nutrition Report (GNR) was the most accessed consolidated data source, each accessed by approximately 75% of respondents. Respondents with a multi-country focus were more likely to have accessed DHS than those with a single-country focus (85% vs 60%, P < 0.001). Similarly, respondents with a multi-country focus were more likely to have accessed the GNR compared to those with a single-country focus (82% vs 66%, P < 0.05). The most commonly accessed indicators overall were the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (69%), child minimum dietary diversity (66%), under-5 stunting (65%), and under-5 wasting (65%). Reported data gaps included adult and household diet quality indicators (n = 32), nutrition-sensitive intervention coverage (n = 25), and infant and young child feeding promotion coverage (n = 11). Lack of data availability for the desired geographic level (82%) or demographic group of interest (82%) and out-of-date data (77%) were common data challenges experienced by respondents. Conclusions The survey results highlight the continued need for high-quality, actionable nutrition data to help facilitate progress towards national and global nutrition targets.
Hopf–Cole transformation via generalized Schrödinger bridge problem

Abstract We study generalized Hopf–Cole transformations motivated by the Schrodinger bridge problem, which can be seen as a boundary value Hamiltonian system on the Wasserstein space. We prove that generalized Hopf–Cole transformations are symplectic submersions in the Wasserstein symplectic geometry. Based on this transformation, energy splitting inequalities are provided.
Engineered proteins and three-dimensional printing of living materials

Additive manufacturing is a revolutionary three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that has applications in a vast number of fields from aerospace to biological engineering. In the field of bioengineering, it was recently discovered that the principles used in 3D bioprinting of organs and tissues could also be used to 3D print biological materials produced by genetically engineered bacteria. This new technology requires the development of modified bio-ink and optimized printing parameters to promote bacterial physiology while allowing printability. In this article, we highlight the recent advancements in additive manufacturing of engineered living materials using bacteria and their potential applications. We will discuss recent progress and significance of additive manufacturing of proteins and polypeptides produced in situ by engineered bacteria to make multifunctional materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of this technology and highlight some of the biomaterials that may benefit from additive manufacturing with bacteria.
Kindergarten Teachers’ Ratings of Children’s Behavioral and Learning Competencies: Predictive Impact on Children’s Third and Fourth Grade Achievement Trajectories

Teachers’ valid observational assessments of children’s competencies in kindergarten are critical, as formal classroom testing is not prevalent. Controlling for SES and gender, hierarchical multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses that kindergarten teachers’ ratings of certain learning and behavioral competencies related to literacy, mathematics, and approaches to learning were predictive of third and fourth grade reading and mathematics achievement. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K:2011) were used for analyses. The ECLS-K:2011 sample included 12,866 children assessed at the end of kindergarten and who completed measures of academic achievement at the end of third and fourth grade. The hypothesized models suggested that the most basic literacy and mathematics competencies measured at the end of kindergarten along with approaches to learning are the most predictive of academic performance in third and fourth grade. Implications for teaching and learning in kindergarten were examined and discussed.
Higher Incidence of Complete Lateral Meniscal Root Tears in Revision Compared With Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of complete lateral meniscal posterior root tears (LMPRTs) repaired at revision as compared with primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (PACLR) and to determine whether other demographic or surgical characteristics were associated with LMPRTs needing repair. Methods A chart review was performed to identify the PACLR and revision ACL reconstruction (RACLR) cohorts. Demographic and surgical characteristics were recorded. Cases with concurrent lateral meniscal posterior root repair were identified. Cases were classified as acute ( 5 months) based on the time from reported injury to surgery. Tunnel malposition in revision cases was recorded if either tunnel or both tunnels were malpositioned on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Results Data from 167 cases, 140 PACLR and 27 RACLR cases, were included. The cohorts had similar demographic characteristics including age, sex, and lateral meniscal injury. The overall incidence of lateral meniscal root repair in ACL reconstruction patients was 12.6% (21 of 167 patients). The incidence of LMPRT repair was 7.1% (10 of 140 patients) in the PACLR cohort versus 40.7% (11 of 27 patients) in the RACLR cohort. The revision cohort was significantly more likely to have a chronic injury (66.7% [18 of 27 patients] vs 31.4% [44 of 140 patients]). The most significant predictor of concurrent lateral meniscal posterior root repair was RACLR versus PACLR for both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (χ2 = 20.603; P < .0001; odds ratio, 13.887; 95% confidence interval, 1.531-125.993). Analysis of tunnel positions for the revision group revealed that PACLR tunnel malposition was a significant predictor of LMPRTs (χ2 = 4.91, P = .027). Conclusions Complete LMPRTs warranting repair are encountered with a significantly greater frequency at RACLR as compared with PACLR. The overall incidence of LMPRT repair at RACLR is high. In this cohort, LMPRT repair in RACLR cases was associated with tunnel malposition of the PACLR. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
A guide to the seen costs and unseen benefits of e-commerce

Abstract As consumer shopping preferences shift from traditional retail channels toward e-commerce, the negative effects of e-commerce are easy to see and are often noted in the popular press. Yet, the benefits of this shift are often unseen. In this article, we first consider empirical evidence that suggests technological innovation is generally a net positive for society. We look at the unseen benefits along with each of the seen costs of e-commerce growth to fully understand the impacts on society. To do this, we consider packaging and waste, traffic and emissions, and energy and resource consumption—all considered costs of e-commerce. Based on this evidence, we propose that policymakers should exercise caution before developing policies that may alter this shift and limit innovation.
Techniques in corneal neurotization

Drs. Leyngold, Kossler, and Yen have composed a high yield, informative and innovative textbook that provides a comprehensive resource for corneal neurotization. This text explores this hot topic w...
The Effect of Lumpectomy and Cavity Shave Margin Status on Recurrence and Survival in Breast-Conserving Surgery:

Background/ObjectiveCavity shave margins (CSMs) decrease rate of positive margins and need for re-excision. Recurrence data following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) are not always available in lar...
Coordinated regulation of plant immunity by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and K63-linked ubiquitination.

Abstract Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a posttranslational modification reversibly catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolases (PARGs) and plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. The molecular mechanisms by which PARylation regulates innate immunity remain largely unknown in eukaryotes. Here we show that Arabidopsis UBC13A and UBC13B, the major drivers of lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination, directly interact with PARPs/PARGs. Activation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity promotes these interactions and enhances PARylation of UBC13. Both parp1 parp2 and ubc13a ubc13b mutants are compromised in immune responses with increased accumulation of total pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins but decreased accumulation of secreted PR proteins. Protein disulfide-isomerases (PDIs), essential components of endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) that ensure proper folding and maturation of proteins destined for secretion, complex with PARPs/PARGs and are PARylated upon PAMP perception. Significantly, PARylation of UBC13 regulates K63-linked ubiquitination of PDIs, which may further promote their disulfide isomerase activities for correct protein folding and subsequent secretion. Taken together, these results indicate that plant immunity is coordinately regulated by PARylation and K63-linked ubiquitination.
Laser Charging Enabled DBS Placement for Downlink Communications

Drone-mounted base-station (DBS) can empower 5G and beyond networks with additional flexibility and maneuverability, and laser charging can potentially extend the DBSs flight time. We propose a laser charging enabled DBS framework in which a laser charging station on the ground constantly transmits energy to a quadrotor DBS, which provides communications for all users. The DBS is to be intelligently placed in the optimal location to provide service to the ground users in each time slot. We thus formulate the joinT powEr and bandwidth assignment, LasEr Charing enAbled DBS placemenT (TELECAST) problem to jointly maximize the flight time and communications data rate. Since the TELECAST problem is NP-hard, we decompose it into two sub-problems: the joint power and bandwidth allocation problem (JPB) and the DBS placement problem. A recursive algorithm is employed to solve the JPB problem and a counting placement algorithm is used to tackle the DBS placement problem. The performance of our algorithm is superior to fixed placement algorithms and greedy resource allocation algorithm and Lagrange resource allocation algorithm upon which the user data rate is improved by more than 6% and the total flight time is extended by 20%, as demonstrated in our simulation results.
Expression and Purification of the Metacaspase Protein Scp3 from the Fungus S. commune

The objective of the present study was to obtain pure, active Scp3 protein for enzymatic and structural studies. Previous work with Scp3 yielded insoluble aggregates, so the protein Small Ubiquitin...
After War Ends: Reconciliation of warring parties

One of the central worries of the previous chapters on retribution was that holding a criminal trial for war crimes sometimes makes reconciliation harder. Political reconciliation involves bringing parties to the point where they have respect for each other’s rights and can live peaceably together. After a war or mass atrocity it is especially hard to achieve reconciliation. In this chapter I will address this topic by examining how best to overcome post war attitudes of mistrust among previously warring parties, especially mistrust that they will not be treated with equal respect. I will focus on the attitudes that are generated due to policies of how the war or atrocity was conducted by soldiers or other agents of the State. While reconciliation is clearly a paradigmatic jus post bellum principle, I will address it also in terms of jus in bello in this chapter since it is underappreciated, I believe, how attitudes toward soldiers on both sides during war or armed conflict will affect the ability to achieve reconciliation after war ends. The structure of the chapter is as follows. First, I will rehearse some of my previously published views about the nature of reconciliation. Second, I will describe the current debate about what jus in bello posture we should take toward soldiers who participate in unjust wars or who in some other way act immorally during war or times of political crisis. Third, I will explain in more general terms how jus post bellum considerations can affect jus in bello ones. Fourth, I will then revisit the conceptualization of political reconciliation in terms of post war attitudes toward those who have recently been one’s enemies, suggesting two normative principles that might be usefully applied to such situations. Finally I will discuss some objections to my diagnosis and solution to these problems of post war reconciliation. In this respect I will be especially concerned with the challenge that reconciliation is too amorphous a category to count as a jus post bellum normative principle.
Crimes and Transactions

Professor Finkelstein's paper focuses on perhaps the most basic question one could ask about the criminal law: What explains the existence of the criminal category, as distinct from other kinds of mischief? Assuming that society has good reason to deter mischievous conduct or to sanction those responsible for it, we might still ask why either goal should require a distinctively criminal category. The problem was brought to contemporary prominence by Robert Nozick, who, in Anarchy, State and Utopia,1 asked: Why not simply compensate? If we begin with the (contestable) premise that every kind of wrong that we might want to deter or to sanction consists in a rights violation, then the question is, why don't we simply have a scheme in which those who are the victims of rights violations secure compensation from those who have wronged them? In the language of the law, why not torts alone? While a variety of plausible responses have been offered (beginning with Nozick's own), the question poses a particularly acute challenge for those who defend an economic analysis of the law. Since they seek to explain the law in terms of a relatively narrow range of concepts, these theorists find their explanatory resources correspondingly limited; they cannot avail themselves of the most familiar philosophical solutions. Roughly, they have proposed the following sort of account. We begin with a system of property rights or entitlements; the justification for having any such set of entitlements is to be conceived of in economic terms. For example, ownership encourages investment and reduces uncertainty; for those and other reasons, ownership is wealth enhancing or productive. The degree to which a system of property ownership can be efficient is limited, however, since having a right to something does not yet permit one to alienate it. Without the right to alienate, individuals may be unable to make mutually advantageous-and therefore efficient-exchanges. Thus, it is desirable (in economic terms) to supplement the scheme of initial
Prime Generation with the Demytko-Miller-Trbuvich Algorithm

Prime numbers satisying certain constraints are used in public-key cryptosystems. Consequently, some attention has been paid to algorithms which allow large, cryptographically useful, primes to be created. One algorithm, devised by Miller and Trbovich, was neglected until Nick Demytko of Telecom Research Laboratories published a theoretical examination of it in 1988. At Telecom's invitation the following practical analysis of the method was undertaken. An implementation of the algorithm was written, and nearly one million primes generated, and analysed. This paper gives details of the algorithm, implementation, experiments and results, and draws conclusions about the applicability of the algorithm.
Constraints on the history of open-basin lakes on Mars from the composition and timing of volcanic resurfacing

[1] Abundant evidence exists for valley network-related fluvial activity near the Noachian-Hesperian transition on Mars, and areally significant quantities of volcanic ridged plains were emplaced during this period as well. Thus, it is worthwhile to explore the hypothesis that lava-water interaction occurred on the surface of Mars at this time. We analyzed the morphology, physical properties, composition, and surface ages of thirty open-basin lakes (topographic lows with both an inlet valley and an outlet valley) that were also resurfaced by volcanic flows. Hyperspectral imaging data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activite (OMEGA) instruments indicate that of the 30 basins, 12 exhibit the spectral properties of basaltic lithologies with diagnostic absorptions of olivine, high-calcium pyroxene and low-calcium pyroxene. An olivine/high-calcium pyroxene mixture is the most commonly identified mineral assemblage, consistent with other Hesperian-aged volcanic units. Therefore, our mineralogical results for over a third of the open-basin lake floors analyzed support prior interpretations that the basins were resurfaced by volcanic flows. Supporting evidence for resurfacing by volcanic flows is also given by the observed morphology and physical properties (e.g., surface roughness, thermal inertia) of the resurfaced open-basin lake floors. In these 30 examples, however, no evidence was found for lava-water interaction. The ages of emplacement, derived through counts of superposed craters, of all 30 of the open-basin lake volcanic resurfacing units show that resurfacing began in the Late Noachian, near the Noachian-Hesperian boundary, was concentrated in the Hesperian, and continued into the Early Amazonian. The lack of geologic features indicative of lava-water interaction suggests that the basins were likely to have been mostly devoid of water at the time of the latest phase of volcanic resurfacing. We conclude that there is no geologic evidence that suggests the fluvial activity associated with the studied paleolakes was coeval with the emplacement of the observed volcanic resurfacing units, several of which date to the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian.
Equations of state for solid NaCl-KCl and saturated liquid NaCl-KCl-H2O

The equilibrium between the solid solution of NaCl-KCl and the ternary liquid NaCl-KCl-H2O is both scientifically interesting and geologically important. Equations of the Margules type have been derived for the two phases that accurately reproduce the extensive array of published measurements, together with recent measurements of Chou for the liquidus of the ternary and the solidus of the NaCl-KCl binary. The range of validity of the equations extends to 1200 K, to 5 kbar, but for the aqueous system it is limited to compositions on the salt saturation surface. Of particular interest is the transition in the liquid-solid equilibrium of the ternary from the pattern at high temperatures where the solid is a solution of composition near that of the liquid to that at lower temperatures where the solid is nearly pure Had or KC1. The phase compositions for anhydrous NaCl-KCl are consistent with the heat of mixing data of Hersh and Kleppa and yield a new expression for the entropy of mixing.
Perchlorate and ion chemistry of road runoff

Environmental context. Recognising that road flares and air bags may contribute perchlorate to road runoff, we analysed perchlorate in runoff from two accident-prone suburban highways during a period of five rain events. This runoff reaches recharge basins where it then infiltrates into the groundwater. The concentrations of perchlorate averaged ~2 μg L–1, high enough to be of concern if the drinking water standard for perchlorate were in the low μg levels. Abstract. First flush samples of road runoff were sampled in April 2006 corresponding with five rain events at 12 catch basins and two recharge basins in Suffolk County, NY. Most runoff here is directed into recharge basins or sumps that drain directly into the sole source aquifer. Thus, contaminants from road runoff can contaminate groundwater. In addition to ClO4, we present data for Cl, Na, Br, Sr, and nitrogen as nitrate (N-NO3) as they are the dominant ions in the most probable sources of ClO4 to road runoff, presumably road flares, road salt, air bags and road-side fertilizers. Correlations between the ions indicate that road salt elevates concentrations of Na, Br and Cl in road runoff. The average ClO4 value is 2.18 ± 0.66 (standard error of the mean) μg L–1 for the catch basins and 2.98 ± 0.87 μg L–1 for the two recharge basins. Excess ClO4 in the present study appears mainly from road flares. On average, only 47% of the ClO4 in the catch basins and 11% in the recharge basins can be accounted for by bulk precipitation.
Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood Black Women's Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment

Recent research indicates that among young women, Blacks have lower employment rates than whites. Evidence is provided about whether young Black women's lower employment rates stem from structural features of the labor market, discrimination, or changing family or individual characteristics. Data show that Black women exit full-time employment at higher rates because they are more likely to be laid off, to leave because they work in temporary/seasonal jobs, and to leave for other reasons. Structural features of the labor market are key in explaining Black women's higher rates of lay-offs, exits from temporary/seasonal work, and exits for other reasons. Individual characteristics and discrimination play a role in Black women's higher rates of lay-offs and exits for other reasons while family characteristics are important in explaining Black women's higher rates of leaving temporary/seasonal work and leaving for other reasons. Evidence suggests that Black women's higher exit rates are indicative of disadvan...
Molecular and genetic basis of normal and toxicant-induced apoptosis in female germ cells

The union of a healthy egg and a healthy sperm is required for propagation of mammalian species, and thus any factor that disrupts the normal production of female or male gametes is a potential threat to reproductive performance. These hazards to gonadal function are derived from both clinical and environmental sources, and can affect either somatic cell or germ cell lineages, or in some cases both, with equal consequences, i.e. the loss of fertility. Females of the species are particularly at risk to gonadal toxicants since, unlike males, females are born with an irreplaceable stockpile of germ cells in their ovaries at the time of birth. Natural selection processes further dwindle this precious reserve such that by the time of puberty, when eggs could actually be used for fertilization and pregnancy, the number of remaining oocytes has been depleted to less than three-quarters of the starting cohort. In the human female, this completely normal loss of oocytes eventually leads to near-exhaustion of the germ cell reserve around the fifth decade of life, and the menopause ensues. Consequently, exposure of women to potentially damaging agents, such as anti-cancer drugs, industrial chemicals or even cigarette smoke, can have a dramatic and irreparable effect on the ovary by accelerating the natural process of germ cell depletion and, as a direct consequence, advance the time to menopause. This mini-review attempts to bring together these concepts from a molecular biological standpoint, and further offers the hypothesis that many gonadal toxicants exert their effects via modulation of discrete signaling pathways linked to apoptotic cell death in the female germline.
Differential effects of caveolin-1 and -2 knockdown on aqueous outflow and altered extracellular matrix turnover in caveolin-silenced trabecular meshwork cells.

Purpose. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified between caveolin-1 (CAV1) and caveolin-2 (CAV2) on chromosome 7 is associated with glaucoma. One function of CAVs is endocytosis and recycling of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here, we generated CAV-silencing lentivirus to evaluate the effects on ECM turnover by trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and to measure the effect on outflow facility in anterior segment perfusion culture.
Heavy metal chronologies in selected coastal wetlands from northern Europe

Abstract Sediment cores were collected from five coastal wetlands in England, the Netherlands, and Poland, and samples analysed for heavy metal concentrations. Depth profiles of metal concentrations were converted to time-based profiles, using vertical accretion rates obtained from 137 Cs dating. Chronologies of metal concentrations from the two cores (high and low marsh) at each site showed good agreement, indicating that sediment profiles represent historical inputs of metals. Sediment metal concentrations showed that some of the areas are highly polluted, with peak sediment concentrations up to five times greater than in the oldest sediment samples (1890s to 1900s). Chronologies indicated different pollution histories for the five areas. Local hydrology appeared to be important in affecting metal accumulation. Metal concentrations have recently decreased in the cores from St. Annaland Marsh (the Netherlands) and Stiffkey Marsh (UK). Levels of metals from the Oder River remained high throughout the upper part of the cores.
Secondary overtriage: a consequence of an immature trauma system.

Background Trauma systems are designed to bring the injured patient to definitive care in the shortest practical time. This depends on prehospital destination criteria (primary triage) and interfacility transfer guidelines (secondary triage). Although primary undertriage is associated with increased costs and worse outcomes for selected injuries, secondary overtriage can overwhelm system resources and delay definitive care. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of secondary overtriage in a region without a formal trauma system. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of trauma registry data at an American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma−verified Level I trauma center and regional referral center. Secondary overtriage was defined as patients transferred from another hospital emergency department to our trauma receiving unit who had an injury severity score Results Data on 9,064 patients were reviewed; 6,875 (76%) arrived directly from the scene and 2,189 (24%) were transferred. Although the transferred group was more severely injured, the majority (64%) had minor injuries and 824 (39%) met secondary overtriage criteria. The degree of secondary overtriage and injury pattern varied with respect to referring facility. Peak admission day and times for overtriage patients coincided with scene admissions trauma receiving unit closure events. Patient payor mix and facility cost and reimbursement profiles did not differ between scene and transfer overtriage patients. Conclusions A substantial proportion of transferred trauma patients require only brief diagnostic or observational care. Excessive overtriage calls for development of a regional inclusive trauma system with established primary and secondary triage guidelines to improve access to care and trauma system efficiency.