cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adding data abstraction to Fortran software

The Fortran Abstract Data (FAD) system was designed to facilitate the structured reuse of Fortran-callable software. FAD uses data abstraction to implement information hiding. It lets the implementer of a data type explicitly control how instances of that type are used, while itself utilizing Fortran's separate compilation and the vast collection of available Fortran libraries. The principle and methods of information hiding are discussed. The use of FAD, which is designed for situations where the user of an abstract data type is distinct from the implementer of the abstract data type, is described. Some related work is examined. >
The Activity of HF / H 2 O Treated Silicon Surfaces in Ambient Air Before and After Gate Oxidation

A strong correlation is observed among surface charge, contact angle, and native oxide thickness in which up to 10,000 min of exposure time to ambient air, the and treated surfaces seem to undergo three distinct periods of evolution. The results indicate that the treatment yields surfaces with greater activity in ambient air. The trends, which are explained by considering the reaction between unpassivated trivalent silicon and hydroxyl groups, are shown to be consistent with XPS data on surface carbon, fluorine, and oxygen. Following thermal oxidation, the total oxide charge, oxide thickness, and contact angle are stable over time. This is possibly due to the complete surface oxide coverage. The thermal oxide thicknesses of and treated surfaces are different and can be correlated to preoxidation surface XPS results. Following thermal oxidation, no differences between and are detected in terms of oxide charge and contact angle as a function of ambient air exposure time. However, results indicate that an increase in the waiting period prior to oxidation in ambient air results in lower oxide charge values. This is attributed to the increase in hydroxyl coverage as a function of waiting period.
A proposed experimental method for the determination of the digestible energy of ingredients in pig feeds

For the purposes of compounded feed formulation an important assumption with regard to the digestible energy (DE) content of ingredients is made. It is assumed that the energy contents of individual ingredients in a feed are additive and therefore that, irrespective of the combinations in which the various ingredients occur, the energy contributed per unit of a particular ingredient remains constant. This implies that the DE content per unit of that ingredient is the same at all concentrations of the ingredient in the feed mixture. In other words, as one ingredient is substituted in increasing amounts for another in a dietary mixture, there is a linear change in the DE content of the whole feed. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether this assumption is valid.
A person-centered approach to moral motivations during emerging adulthood: Are all forms of other-orientation adaptive?

The purpose of this study was to explore other-oriented motivations for moral behavior, including community orientation and fear of negative evaluation from others and to examine how differences in the way that these motivations are balanced might be linked to prosocial behavior, identity development and well-being. Participants included 550 university students from four different universities across the United States (M age = 19.87, SD = 2.00; 333 females). The majority of the respondents were Caucasian (60.9%), living away from home (89%). Results of latent profile analyses revealed four classes: ‘low other-orientation’, ‘high fear, moderate community’, ‘high community, low fear’ and ‘high other-orientation’. These groups differed in meaningful ways on measures of prosocial behavior, identity development and well-being.
Fractures of the Tibia

Fractures of the tibia are generally considered major injuries because delayed and nonunions are frequent, angulatory deformities are common, the rate of infection is greater than in most other bones and the period of incapacitation and reha-bilitation is lengthy. It should be obvious that one single treatment is not applicable to all types of fractures, at all times, and in all circumstances. It is the surgeon’s responsibility to have adequate knowledge of the various systems and techniques available and to institute the most appropriate procedure required by the circumstances. Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures is a proven and acceptable method of treatment of many fractures of long bones and has served countless patients over the decades. It must be understood, however, that the internal fixation of a fracture constitutes a violation of the natural biologic process of osteogenesis and that it interferes with normal healing. There is considerable evidence in the literature that the placement of a plate or the insertion of a nail delays the healing of a fracture. The disruption of the normal healing process from internal or rigid fixation, as well as external immobilization of fractures, is discussed in Chapter 2
Membrane trafficking: dual-key strategy.

Traffic flow between cellular compartments is controlled by recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins. New work exemplifies a dual-key mechanism, involving membrane lipids and proteins, that coordinates this control.
The transmission of pathologic changes between the pulp and the periodontal structures.

Abstract The possibility that pathologic conditions in the dental pulp or periodontal ligament cause changes in the other structure was explored. This was undertaken by creating pulpal and periodontal lesions in different areas in white rats and examining the adjacent pulp or periodontium after varying intervals of time. The data seem to substantiate the interrelationship of these two organs.
Convergence radii of five intermolecular perturbation theories applied to the interaction between two hydrogen atoms

For H2 at infinite separation R we show that the convergence radii can be calculated exactly for two perturbation theories and to high precision for three others. The key in each case is to calculate the lowest energy wave functions belonging to the two possible localizations of the electrons. By focusing on the localization of the electrons the two-electron eigenproblems are reduced to the solution of 2 one-electron problems. The wave functions and energies calculated at R = ∞ are used to calculate approximately radii at finite separations. For two theories the dependence of the approximate radii on R is consistent with accurate published results. For two of the perturbation theories a very simple extrapolation procedure is shown to give radii with useful accuracy at R as small as 8 bohr. For the fifth case there are no accurate values known to which our approximate ones may be compared. Why the extrapolation procedure work is explained by a formal analysis based on the assumption of sufficiently large R. Understanding why our method works suggests how radii may be calculated for symmetry-adapted perturbation theories applied to systems more complex than H2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Inverse Regulation of Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Transport in Skeletal Muscle of Hypercatabolic Patients

We have investigated the relationships between the rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation and of transmembrane transport of selected amino acids in leg skeletal muscle of 19 severely burned patients and 18 normal controls in the postabsorptive state. Patients were studied on the 14 +/- 5 postburn day, and their mean burn size was 66% +/- 18% of total body surface area. Methods were based on the leg arteriovenous balance technique in combination with biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle and infusions of isotopic tracers of amino acids. Net muscle protein breakdown was greater in the patients because of an 83% increase in the rate of muscle protein degradation. The rate of muscle protein synthesis was also increased in the patients but to a lesser extent than protein degradation, i.e. by 50% with the arteriovenous phenylalanine balance technique and by 49% with the direct tracer incorporation method. The absolute values of inward transport of phenylalanine, leucine, and lysine were not significantly different in the two groups. However, the ability of transport systems to take up amino acids from the bloodstream, as assessed by dividing inward transport by amino acid delivery to leg muscle, were 50-63% lower in the patients. In contrast, outward phenylalanine and lysine transport were 40% and 67% greater in the patients than in the controls, respectively. We conclude the primary alteration in muscle protein metabolism is an acceleration of protein breakdown, and the increase in protein synthesis likely is due to increased intracellular amino acid availability as a result of accelerated breakdown. Transmembrane transport in the outward direction is accelerated, presumably to facilitate the export of amino acids from muscle to other tissues. In contrast, transmembrane transport in the inward direction is impaired relatively to the increased delivery of circulating amino acid to skeletal muscle secondary to accelerated blood flow.
Describing cloud usage with excess entropy

The growing complexity and size of computer systems calls for improved methods to describe and analyze them. We propose to use excess entropy for that purpose. Excess entropy can be applied to quantify imbalance and concentration of processing. It also allows considering systems composed of subsystems. We demonstrate the utility of excess entropy approach by applying it to the description of the elements of load in Windows Azure compute clusters. Using excess entropy we locate unusual situations in the division of load between clusters. We also apply excess entropy to describe the imbalance of load in time.
Risk factors for the development of retroperitoneal hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and vascular closure devices.

Objectives We sought to determine the incidence, clinical features, and risk factors for retroperitoneal hematoma (RPH) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Little is known about the clinical features, outcomes, and determinants of this serious complication in the contemporary era of PCI. Methods A retrospective analysis yielded 26 cases of RPH out of 3,508 consecutive patients undergoing PCI between January 2000 and January 2004. Cases were compared with a randomly selected sample of 50 control subjects without RPH. Results The incidence of RPH was 0.74%. Features of RPH included abdominal pain (42%), groin pain (46%), back pain (23%), diaphoresis (58%), bradycardia (31%), and hypotension (92%). The mean systolic blood pressure nadir was 75 mm Hg. The hematocrit dropped by 11.5 ± 5.1 points from baseline in RPH patients, as compared with 2.3 ± 3.3 points in controls (p 2 ; OR 7.1, p = 0.008), and higher femoral artery puncture (OR 5.3, p = 0.013). There was no association between RPH and arterial sheath size, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, or deployment of a vascular closure device. Conclusions Female gender, low BSA, and higher femoral artery puncture are significant risk factors for RPH. Awareness of the determinants and clinical features of RPH may aid in prevention, early recognition, and prompt treatment.
VEGF signaling through NADPH oxidase-derived ROS.

Angiogenesis is a key process involved in normal development and wound repair, as well as ischemic heart and limb diseases, and atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenesis factor, stimulates proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells (ECs), primarily through the VEGF receptor type2 (VEGFR2). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules to mediate biological responses. In ECs, NADPH oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS and consists of catalytic subunits (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4), p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, and the small GTPase Rac1. VEGF stimulates ROS production via activation of gp91phox (Nox2)-based NADPH oxidase, and ROS are involved in VEGFR2-mediated signaling linked to EC migration and proliferation. Moreover, ROS derived from NADPH oxidase are involved in postnatal angiogenesis. Localizing NADPH oxidase and its regulators at the specific subcellular compartment is an important mechanism for activating specific redox si...
Fecal coliform dispersal by rain splash on slopes

Abstract The movement of fecal pathogens from land to surface and ground water are of great interest because of the public health implications. Non-structural best management practices that control the timing, volume, and placement of animal manures are commonly used to limit opportunities for fecal pathogens to enter water bodies. Increased infiltration capacity, water and waste diversions, and vegetated filter strips are used to control fecal pathogen movement in surface runoff. Fecal pathogens transported by rain splash could conceivably bypass physical barriers. The relationship between slope angle and the transport of fecal coliform bacteria by rain splash was studied. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant down slope transport of fecal coliform bacteria by raindrops falling on a bare soil surface inoculated with fecal coliform bacteria. Slopes from 0° to 40.8° were studied. The mean splash distance for fecal coliforms was less than 50 mm in all directions at 0° slope and more than 500 mm in the downslope direction on a 40.8° slope. Maximum splash distances ranged from about 400 mm on the horizontal surface to more than 1900 mm in the downslope direction on the 40.8° slope. Sequential downhill movement of fecal coliform (FC) bacteria by repeated rain splash could transport FC directly to water bodies or areas of saturation excess where they will become entrained in overland runoff. Further studies on raindrop and rainfall characteristics, as well as surface cover and soil characteristics, will be necessary to more fully understand the mechanisms of FC transport on sloping land by rain splash.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM WITH FEMALE DEMOGRAPHIC DOMINANCE: AGE, SIZE, AND SEX RATIO AT MATURATION

Under the influence of natural and sexual selection, males and females will often differ in the costs and benefits of achieving some particular body size; we might therefore expect to find them growing at different rates for different times, and dying on different schedules. The analysis of sexual dimorphism presented here assumes that life histories are optimized over three key variables: activity level (or “effort”) during the juvenile stage, duration of the juvenile stage, and size at maturation. Reproduction is taken to be semelparous (or monocarpic), reproductive success is size dependent, and females are demographically dominant. Juvenile male and female life histories are assumed to be “structurally identical” (i.e., governed by identical functions of activity, size, and development time). Under these conditions, sexually dimorphic life histories readily arise when features of juvenile behavior and development are adjusted to maximize r in response to gender-specific selection pressures on adults. ...
Scanning electron microscopy of thiobacilli grown on colloïdal sulfur.

Autotrophic sulfur oxidizers,Thiobacillus thiooxidans andT. denitrificans, grown on colloidal sulfur, were examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Expectancy Accessibility, Alcohol Expectancies, and Intentions to Consume Alcohol

Drug use tends to correlate more strongly with positive expectancies than with negative expectancies. The expectancy-accessibility model provides one explanation for this disparity. This model suggests that the association between positive expectancies of a drug's effects and intentions to use the drug are larger because positive expectancies are often more accessible in memory. Previous work supports the model for positive expectancies and intentions to use smokeless tobacco. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to use smokeless tobacco only when they were primed in memory. The current study attempted to extend these findings to alcohol consumption. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to drink when they were primed in memory, as the model predicts. Nevertheless, positive expectancies also correlated significantly with intentions when negative expectancies were primed. In addition, negative expectancies were not associated with intentions to drink, regardless of priming condition. These latter results are not consistent with the model. These findings suggest that the expectancy-accessibility model may be limited.
Civil–Engineering Education: Alternative Paths

Education in civil and hydraulic engineering has undergone only evolutionary change in the past half-century. During that time the salary levels of civil engineers, including hydraulic engineers, have markedly decreased in comparison with nonengineering professions and even compared to other engineering disciplines. Presently, the mode of engineering education is being challenged, with many proposing to increase the educational requirement for professional engineers. Calls for a 5–year first professional degree in the United States have become popular. However, such a change is insufficient and will not cure the current problems. To promote professionalism and to remedy other concerns now plaguing civil engineering, two alternative paths are proposed for civil engineering education. One path is to broaden professional engineering education by offering a 6–year undergraduate program of study as an option to the present 4–year undergraduate program. The alternative path is to broaden the purpose of graduate engineering study to include practice–oriented programs aimed at producing doctorate–level engineering professionals, rather than engineering academics. Both paths emphasize an integrated, broad education, but not at the expense of technical depth. And both directly affect the education of hydraulic engineers.
Four different study designs to evaluate vaccine safety were equally validated with contrasting limitations

Abstract Objective We conducted a simulation study to empirically compare four study designs [cohort, case–control, risk-interval, self-controlled case series (SCCS)] used to assess vaccine safety. Study Design and Methods Using Vaccine Safety Datalink data (a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded project), we simulated 250 case sets of an acute illness within a cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated children. We constructed the other three study designs from the cohort at three different incident rate ratios (IRRs, 2.00, 3.00, and 4.00), 15 levels of decreasing disease incidence, and two confounding levels (20%, 40%) for both fixed and seasonal confounding. Each of the design-specific study samples was analyzed with a regression model. The design-specific β ^ estimates were compared. Results The β ^ estimates of the case–control, risk-interval, and SCCS designs were within 5% of the true risk parameters or cohort estimates. However, the case–control's estimates were less precise, less powerful, and biased by fixed confounding. The estimates of SCCS and risk-interval designs were biased by unadjusted seasonal confounding. Conclusions All the methods were valid designs, with contrasting strengths and weaknesses. In particular, the SCCS method proved to be an efficient and valid alternative to the cohort method.
Development of sample verification system for sample return missions

This paper describes the development of a proof-of-concept sample verification system (SVS) for in-situ mass measurement of planetary rock and soil sample in future robotic sample return missions. Our proof-of-concept SVS device contains a 10 cm diameter pressure sensitive elastic membrane placed at the bottom of a sample canister. The membrane deforms under the weight of accumulating planetary sample. The membrane is positioned in proximity to an opposing substrate with a narrow gap. The deformation of the membrane makes the gap to be narrower, resulting in increased capacitance between the two nearly parallel plates. Capacitance readout circuitry on a nearby printed circuit board (PCB) transmits data via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface. The fabricated SVS proof-of-concept device has successfully demonstrated approximately 1pF/gram capacitance change.1, 2
Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment in 103 patients for 153 cerebral melanoma metastases

Abstract Purpose To report on the outcome of patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Patients and methods One hundred three patients with 153 intracranial melanoma metastases consecutively underwent Linac-based SRS between November 1991 and October 2001. The Kaplan-Meier method, univariate comparisons with log–rank test, and multivariate analyses with classification and regression tree models were performed. Calculations were based on last imaging date rather than the date of the last visit. Results Median age was 51 years (range, 18–93 years). Median Karnofsky performance status was 90. Sixty-one patients (59%) had single brain metastasis at presentation. Treatment sequence was SRS alone (61 patients), SRS + whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) (12 patients), and salvage SRS after WBRT (30 patients). The median tumor volume was 1.9 cm 3 (range, 0.06–22.3 cm 3 ). The median SRS minimum peripheral dose and isodose was 18 Gy (range, 10–24 Gy) and 85% (range, 60%–100%), respectively. The median follow-up was 6 months for all patients and 13 months (range, 2–46 months) for patients alive at the time of analysis. The 1-year local control (LC) for all patients treated with SRS was 49%. Among the patients treated with initial SRS alone, the 1-year LC was better for patients with tumors ≤2 cm 3 than with tumors >2 cm 3 : 75.2% vs. 42.3% ( p p 6 and 10% for SIR ≤6 (relative hazard ratio, 2.1; p 6 vs. ≤6), and systemic disease status. Conclusions Initial SRS alone was an effective treatment modality for smaller cerebral melanoma metastases, achieving a 75% incidence of 1-year LC for ≤2 cm 3 single brain metastases and should be considered in patients with SIR >6. The role of WBRT in melanoma brain metastases cannot be addressed, owing to retrospective bias toward administering this treatment to patients with more aggressive disease. A prospective study is needed to assess the role of WBRT in patients with melanoma brain metastasis.
HDL code restructuring using timed decision tables

Behavioral HDL descriptions from designers are structured in a program calling hierarchy for the purposes of programming convenience and conceptualization. This code structure is often not suitable for direct synthesis into digital hardware. For instance, information regarding operation exclusivity and resource sharing can be explored by restructuring the code. In this paper, we present a method to restructure behavioral HDL code using merging and decomposition of Timed Decision Tables (TDTs).
Do monsters dream? Young children's understanding of the fantasy/reality distinction

Young children are often thought to confuse fantasy and reality. This study took a second look at preschoolers’ fantasy/reality differentiation. We employed a new measure of fantasy/reality differentiation— a property attribution task— in which children were questioned regarding the properties of both real and fantastical entities. We also modified the standard forced-choice categorization task (into real/fantastical) to include a ‘ not sure’ option, thus allowing children to express uncertainty. Finally, we assessed the relation between individual levels of fantasy orientation and fantasy/reality differentiation. Results suggest that children have a more developed appreciation of the boundary between fantasy and reality than is often supposed.
Brilliant Sm, Eu, Tb, and Dy chiral lanthanide complexes with strong circularly polarized luminescence.

The synthesis, characterization, and luminescent behavior of trivalent Sm, Eu, Dy, and Tb complexes of two enantiomeric, octadentate, chiral, 2-hydroxyisophthalamide ligands are reported. These complexes are highly luminescent in solution. Functionalization of the achiral parent ligand with a chiral 1-phenylethylamine substituent on the open face of the complex in close proximity to the metal center yields complexes with strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activity. This appears to be the first example of a system utilizing the same ligand architecture to sensitize four different lanthanide cations and display CPL activity. The luminescence dissymmetry factor, glum, recorded for the Eu(III) complex is one of the highest values reported, and this is the first time the CPL effect has been demonstrated for a Sm(III) complex with a chiral ligand. The combination of high luminescence intensity with CPL activity should enable new bioanalytical applications of macromolecules in chiral environments.
Adolescent social competence: Effectiveness in a group setting

We used a longitudinal data set to evaluate an observational assessment of adolescent competence within a group context. Participants were 40 (21 males, 19 females) ethnically diverse children who had earlier been observed in summer camp (age 10) and preschool (age 4H), as well as in infancy. A revealed differences task was videotaped as part of an intensive weekend camp reunion at ages 15 to 16. Raters, blind to the adolescents' developmental histories, coded each adolescent on the following behavioral rating scales: enjoyment of the task, involvement, leadership, self-confidence in the task, and global social competence. Both concurrent validity (strong correlations with independent camp reunion counselor ratings and peer sociometric measures) and clear associations with antecedent measures of peer competence in preschool and middle childhood were demonstrated. A pattern of correlations revealed considerable discriminate validity. Neither IQ nor socioeconomic status accounted for these associations. Overall, the results confirm the power of a developmentally appropriate, taxing, behaviorally based assessment of group functioning as a measure of competence in adolescence.
Ambivalent Alliance: Chinese Policy towards Indonesia, 1960–1965

From 1960 until 1965, the People's Republic of China (PRC) built a remarkably cordial quasi alliance with the Republic of Indonesia. At the same time, however, the years between 1960 and 1965 were marked by two large waves of anti-Chinese movements in Indonesia. Although more than half a century has passed since these events, our understanding of Chinese foreign policy towards Indonesia during these turbulent years remains incomplete. In 2008, the Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives declassified for the first time documents produced during the years between 1961 and 1965. However, very recently in summer 2013, the Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives re-classified the main body of its collection. Through examining this body of fresh but currently inaccessible official records, this article aims to bridge the gap between scholarly works on the PRC's diplomatic history and overseas Chinese history. By tracing the processes by which Chinese diplomats dealt with Sukarno, the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, and the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, or the PKI), this article argues that the ambivalent Chinese alliance with Indonesia was shaped by three disparate pressures which interacted and competed with one another: the strategic need to befriend Third World countries, ethnic ties to the Chinese in Indonesia and ideological commitment to the international communist movement.
Rates and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation During the First Year After Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives. We examined rates of suicidal ideation (SI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigated whether demographic characteristics, preinjury psychiatric history, or injury-related factors predicted SI during the first year after injury.Methods. We followed a cohort of 559 adult patients who were admitted to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, with a complicated mild to severe TBI between June 2001 and March 2005. Participants completed structured telephone interviews during months 1 through 6, 8, 10, and 12 after injury. We assessed SI using item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).Results. Twenty-five percent of the sample reported SI during 1 or more assessment points. The strongest predictor of SI was the first PHQ-8 score (i.e., PHQ-9 with item 9 excluded) after injury. Other significant multivariate predictors included a history of a prior suicide attempt, a history of bipolar disorder, and having less than a high school education.Conclusions. Rates of SI among i...
Hydroelasticity of an infinitely long plate in oblique waves: Linear Green-Naghdi theory

The Level I Green-Naghdi (GN) theory is developed, within the assumptions of linearity, to analyse the hydroelastic response of an infinitely long elastic plate of finite width. The plate is freely...
Solving for Mistuned Forced Response by Symmetry

The introduction of mistuning in jet-engine bladed disks can lead to large changes in stability and forced response. Even small random mistuning (within the bounds of manufacturing tolerance) can lead to unacceptable response and high-cycle fatigue. Meanwhile, intentional mistuning may improve stability and forced response under manufacturing uncertainty. This paper presents a general framework for predicting forced response as a function of mistuning. Because the forced response problem is an almostsingular linear problem, its solution is highly nonlinear in the mistuning parameters. Our methods exploit symmetry arguments and eigenstructure perturbation to provide a method valid for any model. It is shown that, by perturbing eigenvectors in the numerator and the inverse of eigenvalues in the denominator (exploiting symmetry in both computations), we can accurately approximate the forced response as a function of mistuning. Results are demonstrated for a simple lightly damped model, and the consequent sharp nonlinear behavior is captured almost perfectly. We also show that intentional mistuning may guarantee improved stability and forced response under fixed manufacturing tolerances. Thus, intentional mistuning should be considered as a practical means of increasing safety and enhancing engine performance.
Gender And Executive Pay In The S&P Mid-Cap And Small-Cap Companies

Gender pay equity among all levels of workers is a topic of interest to the public as well as to business researchers. Catalyst, a non-profit group devoted to the advancement of women in management, noted that women executives were paid only 68% of the earnings of their male counterparts in 1997. In this current study of the S&P Mid-Cap and Small-Cap companies, we find that variations in annual and long-term executive pay are generally not associated with gender, but rather with the size of the company, CEO pay (a control for pay-scale strategy), and whether the executive is in a line position. While women appear to be earnings equal amounts of total remuneration in these smaller companies, it should be noted that only 3.6% of the S&P Mid-Cap and Small-Cap five top-paid executives were female in 1998.
EcoFlash™: Next level of enhanced isotropic etchants

With the trend towards miniaturization IC-manufacturers are permanently requested to increase the density of interconnects generating conductors featuring finer lines and spaces. Advanced manufacturing technologies such as Semi-Additive-Processing (SAP) and advanced Modified-Semi-Additive-Processing (aMSAP) were devised, realized and implemented in order to meet the requirements.i According to the roadmaps of the major Original Equipment Manufacturers, line and space requirements of copper conductors become increasingly finer and will be below 5/5µm for the future packaging substrates.ii
Are Individual Current-Meter Ratings Necessary?

Price current meters used by the Geological Survey are calibrated individually at the National Bureau of Standards. Calibration data for three groups of meters from three different manufacturers were studied to determine the feasibility of continuing this practice. No significant difference was found between the standard error of individual ratings and the standard error of an average rating for a group. New standards for the manufacture, calibration, and use of Price current meters are proposed.
Recovery rates of fracturing fluids and provenance of produced water from hydraulic fracturing of Silurian Qusaiba hot shale, northern Saudi Arabia, with implications on fracture network

Geochemical fingerprinting of produced water from hydraulic fracturing projects is an essential tool to trace their provenance during the postfracturing period, to quantify recovery rates and volumes of fracturing fluids, and to visualize the geodynamic structure of natural or induced fracture networks. A total of 41 produced water samples from an exploration well in the Northern Arabia Exploration Area in Saudi Arabia were collected daily from the fracture-stimulated Qusaiba hot shale and analyzed for major ions and trace elements and partially for environmental isotopes. The postfracturing period shows an initial return of supply water and potassium chloride brine, subsequently replaced by the inflow of sodium chloride–type formation water with a stable plateau salinity of 50,000 mg/L. Less than 10% of the total injected fracturing fluids were recovered during postfracturing, whereas 78.8 vol. % of the total recovered fluid is composed of formation water (20,843 out of 26,446 bbls) during the study period. Coinciding values between logged reservoir temperature and calculated geothermometers confirm the provenance of pore water from the Qusaiba hot shale or from nearby units. The recharge of the Silurian sequence with meteoric surface water occurred during the early Holocene (6–6.7 ka), as evidenced by geochronological dating with the 14C method and δ18O/δ2H values close to the global meteoric water line. The inflow of formation water into the stimulated shale layer in the postfracturing stage could be originated by the natural occurrence of pore water within a naturally fractured, black shale layer or, more likely, by the rise of groundwater from the underlying Sarah sandstones via migration pathways of natural or newly formed, vertically induced hydraulic fractures. For this particular well site and the specific hydraulic fracturing project, chemical and isotopic fingerprinting confirms the absence of ascending migration pathways from the Silurian Qusaiba hot shale toward a shallower groundwater system, which are isolated through a lithological set of more than 900 m (3000 ft) of impermeable mudstone from the Qusaiba Member.
Design and Synthesis of Chemical Precursors to Boron Carbide

The design of molecular and preceramic polymer precursors to boron carbide based ceramics is described. The goal was to design nonvolatile, tractable precursors to boron carbide with high ceramic yields. Molecular precursors containing carburane cages and acetylenie groups were synthesized and converted to nonvolatile, soluble preceramic polymers. Pyrolysis of these polymers gave boron carbide based ceramics in 60–70% ceramic yield. A B4C/SiC film has been fabricated from one of the polymers and the film is uniform and crack-free.
SAFETY OF VERY LOW LDL-C LEVELS WITH EVOLOCUMAB: AN ANALYSIS OF 5942 PATIENTS FROM PHASE 2 AND 3 AND OPEN-LABEL EXTENSION STUDIES

Evolocumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, can reduce LDL-C to very low (VL) levels. We assessed the safety of VL LDL-C by analyzing data from a pooled analysis of patients in evolocumab phase 2 or 3 randomized and placebo/comparator-controlled trials and in open-label extension (OLE)
Los cinco apoyos esenciales para el mejoramiento de los aprendizajes en la escuela: movilizando los resultados

In 2010, the University of Chicago Consortium on Chicago School Research (CCSR) released a book that established the importance of five organizational domains in improving student outcomes in public elementary schools. These “five essential supports” highlighted the combined importance of school leadership, professional capacity, parent-community ties, a student-centered learning environment, and instructional guidance. Schools strong on clusters of these supports were 10 times more likely to improve learning of reading and mathematics, compared to schools weak in these supports. Building on the original research, designers and researchers created a set of survey-based diagnostic tools that allow educators to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their own school in the five essential supports. Based on these results, principals, teachers, and parents can craft an evidence-based narrative and diagnosis about their school and develop action plans to strengthen these organizational practices. This paper details the underlying research, the creation of the diagnostic tools, and the use of the diagnostics to support school improvement.
Detection and serotype of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Longgang District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To understand the contamination,serotype distribution and carrying of tdh virulence gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic products,external environmental water and food poisoning samples in Longgang District of Shenzhen City. [Methods]A total of 548 samples were collected from aquatic products,external environmental water and patients' fecal samples in 5 outbreaks of food poisoning in Longgang District of Shenzhen City during June-October,2009.After V.parahaemolyticus were preliminary screened by real-time PCR,they were isolated and identified by routine methods.These isolates were performed serotyping and detected the presence of tdh virulence gene. [Results]223 V.parahaemolyticus isolates were obtained from 548 samples.35 isolates with tdh virulence gene were isolated from 42 food poisoning samples.21 isolates belonged to the serotype O3∶K6,other 14 isolates belonged to the serotype O4∶K8.188 V.parahaemolyticus were isolated in 506 aquatic products and external environmental water.They had diverse serogroups,the most common is serogroup O2(25.0%),followed by O3(10.1%),O1(6.4%),O10(6.4%). [Conclusion]The most common pathogen that caused food poisoning is O3∶K6 or O4∶K8 V.parahaemolyticus isolates with tdh virulence gene in Longgang District of Shenzhen City.A high rate of V.parahaemolyticus was present in aquatic products and external environmental water in this area.The serotype of isolates from these samples is diversity,and they are different from serotypes of food poisoning isolates.
AT-1001 Is a Partial Agonist with High Affinity and Selectivity at Human and Rat α3β4 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors

AT-1001 [N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3-amine] is a high-affinity and highly selective ligand at α3β4 nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) that was reported to decrease nicotine self-administration in rats. It was initially reported to be an antagonist at rat α3β4 nAChRs heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells. Here we compared AT-1001 actions at rat and human α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs similarly expressed in HEK 293 cells. We found that, as originally reported, AT-1001 is highly selective for α3β4 receptors over α4β2 receptors, but its binding selectivity is much greater at human than at rat receptors, because of a higher affinity at human than at rat α3β4 nAChRs. Binding studies in human and rat brain and pineal gland confirmed the selectivity of AT-1001 for α3β4 nAChRs and its higher affinity for human compared with rat receptors. In patch-clamp electrophysiology studies, AT-1001 was a potent partial agonist with 65-70% efficacy at both human and rat α3β4 nAChRs. It was also a less potent and weaker (18%) partial agonist at α4β2 nAChRs. Both α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs are upregulated by exposure of cells to AT-1001 for 3 days. Similarly, AT-1001 desensitized both receptor subtypes in a concentration-dependent manner, but it was 10 and 30 times more potent to desensitize human α3β4 receptors than rat α3β4 and human α4β2 receptors, respectively. After exposure to AT-1001, the time to recovery from desensitization was longest for the human α3β4 nAChR and shortest for the human α4β2 receptor, suggesting that recovery from desensitization is primarily related to the dissociation of the ligand from the receptor.
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in low cardiac output states.

Failure of medical treatment of the patient in cardiogenic shock has been far too common. The availability of counterpulsation may improve an otherwise grave prognosis in these patients. The application of this technique has been extended to other types of illnesses with low cardiac output including late septic shock.
Resolving the Chemistry of Zn3P2 Nanocrystal Growth

[EtZnP(SiMe3)2]3 has been identified as a competent intermediate for the growth of stoichiometric α-Zn3P2 nanocrystals from Zn-rich zinc phosphide seeds as determined by powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Solution-phase NMR data show that this trimer forms in situ upon reaction of P(SiMe3)3 and ZnEt2 in the presence of Zn(O2CR)2 under zinc carboxylate-limited conditions. [EtZnP(SiMe3)2]3 can also be used to nucleate zinc phosphide; however, in comparison to a previously examined nucleation pathway involving (Et2Zn)P(ZnO2CR)2(SiMe3), a decrease in relative reactivity leads to fewer nuclei and larger, more crystalline particles. These data, in combination with previous literature on the synthesis of zinc phosphide nanocrystals, were then aggregated to propose a set of design principles for the synthesis of zinc phosphide nanocrystals using P(SiMe3)3 as the phosphorus precursor.
Nocturnal Familial Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

A clinical and video-polysomnographic (VPS) study in 40 patients complaining of repeated abnormal nocturnal motor and/or behavioral phenomena, from 30 unrelated Italian families, is reported from the Sleep Disorders Centre and the Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
Information Processing: Bipolar Cells

As the central neurons of the retina, bipolar cells (BCs) serve several key functions: (1) Different types of BCs carry light-elicited signals of different attributes from the outer retina to different sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, forming an orderly array of information substrates for third-order cells. (2) BCs initiate the ON and OFF signaling pathways in the visual system. (3) BCs segregate rod and cone signaling pathways so that light signals of enormously wide-intensity range can be effectively processed. (5) They exhibit center-surround antagonistic receptive fields, forming the basic alphabets for spatial information processing in the visual system.
X-Ray Crystallography Structures of Drosophila Striated Muscle Myosin II

Skeletal muscle myosin class II proteins are molecular machines that convert the chemical energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP into mechanical work used to power muscle contraction. Drosophila melanogaster contains one gene encoding all striated muscle myosin II isoforms. The objective of this study is to gain insight into how alternative exon selection imparts myosin protein isoform biochemical and biophysical specificity. To this end, two His-tagged recombinant proteins encoding an indirect flight muscle myosin isoform (IFI) and an embryonic body wall myosin isoform (EMB) were expressed in and purified from the indirect flight muscles (IFM) of engineered fly lines lacking endogenous IFM myosin (Caldwell et al., Methods, 2012). The purified His-tagged myosins retain ATPase activity similar to their corresponding untagged isoforms. The myosin subfragment-1 (S1) contains the myosin heavy chain motor domain and the essential light chain. We determined the three-dimensional structure of IFI S1 at 2.5 A resolution and EMB S1 at 2.2 A resolution. They are the first insect myosin protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography (EMB is PDB 4QBD). Both structures are in the post rigor enzymatic state, as determined by comparisons with known myosin structures. For the EMB structure, two copies of the myosin molecule with slight conformational differences were resolved in the asymmetric unit. The electron density revealed a citrate molecule (contained in the crystallization solution) bound in the nucleotide-binding pocket. For the IFI structure, there is one myosin molecule in the asymmetric unit. The nucleotide-binding pocket contains an ADP molecule. Differences in conformation within regions of the proteins encoded by alternative exons suggest a source of the observed physiological differences in the embryonic and adult flight muscle fibers. (Funded by NIH R01GM32443 to SIB).
Executive Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder Is Associated With a Failure to Modulate Frontoparietal-insular Hub Architecture

Abstract Background Comorbid executive dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a barrier to adaptive functioning, despite remittance of core social-communication symptoms. Network models of ASD address core symptoms but not comorbid executive dysfunction. Following recent demonstrations in healthy adults that, with increasing executive demands, hubs embedded within frontoparietal-insular control networks interact with a more diverse set of networks, we hypothesized that the capability of hubs to do so is perturbed in ASD and predicts executive behavior. Methods Seventy-five 7- to 13-year-old children with ASD ( n = 35) and age- and IQ-matched typically developing control subjects ( n = 40) completed both a resting-state and a selective attention task functional magnetic resonance imaging session. We assessed changes in the participation coefficient, a graph theory metric indexing hubness, of 264 brain regions comprising 12 functional networks between the two sessions. Parent reported executive impairment in everyday life was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Results The participation coefficient of the frontoparietal-insular cortex, including core nodes of the frontoparietal control and salience networks, significantly increased in typically developing children but not in children with ASD during the task relative to rest. Change in frontoparietal-insular participation coefficient predicted Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores indexing the ability to attend to task-oriented output, plan and organize, and sustain working memory. Conclusions Our results suggest that executive impairments in ASD emerge from a failure of frontoparietal-insular control regions to function as adaptive and integrative hubs in the brain's functional network architecture. Our results also demonstrate the utility of examining dynamic network function for elucidating potential biomarkers for disorders with comorbid executive dysfunction.
Analysis of Student and Faculty Perceptions of Textbook Costs in Higher Education

The cost of textbooks has continued to impact students in higher education. Students have reported that they make decisions on which courses to take based on the specific cost of textbooks. Faculty have reported willingness to use open textbooks to help ease the burden on students but are unsure where to find viable options. We examined the responses of 676 students and 573 faculty from a large private university (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah) to understand the real impact of textbooks costs to students and how they are dealing with this ongoing problem. We found that 66% of students at this institution have not purchased a textbook due to cost. We also discovered that 91% of faculty at this institution would be willing to use OER alternatives and that 53% of them would welcome assistance identifying and adapting materials for their course.