cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zeolite catalysis studies by radiation chemical methods

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the radiolytic spin labeling technique for analyzing products of catalytic reactions in zeolites. Radiolytic spin labeling of molecules adsorbed in zeolites occurs by ionization to form radical cations and by formation of H-adduct radicals by H atom addition. The chapter discusses the proton- and Na + -exchanged zeolites. Proton-exchanged zeolites derive catalytic activity from bridging hydroxyl groups that are strong Bronsted acid sites and Na + -exchanged zeolites are inert adsorbents. The advantages of the radiolysis/electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method for studying mechanisms of zeolite catalysis are due to the sensitivity and structural specificity of EPR, surpassing that of other in situ spectroscopies, such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the ability to identify products at low temperature. It is often the case that at high temperatures needed to evolve products from the zeolite for ex situ analysis, a complex sequence of reactions has already occurred. Therefore, elucidation of the elementary reactions of the sequence necessitates in situ analysis at low temperatures. In addition, product selectivity can be more pronounced for reactions carried out under mild conditions.
Maximum network lifetime in wireless sensor networks with adjustable sensing ranges

This paper addresses the target coverage problem in wireless sensor networks with adjustable sensing range. Communication and sensing consume energy, therefore efficient power management can extend network lifetime. In this paper, we consider a large number of sensors with adjustable sensing range that are randomly deployed to monitor a number of targets. Since targets are redundantly covered by more sensors, in order to conserve energy resources, sensors can be organized in sets, activated successively. In this paper we address the adjustable range set covers (AR-SC) problem that has as its objective finding a maximum number of set covers and the ranges associated with each sensor, such that each sensor set covers all the targets. A sensor can participate in multiple sensor sets, but sum of the energy spent in each set is constrained by the initial energy resources. In this paper we mathematically model solutions to this problem and design heuristics that efficiently compute the sets. Simulation results are presented to verify our approaches.
Abstract 723: Liver-detargeted Ad5/48 chimaeric hexon based oncolytic adenovirus targeting TGFβ signaling: A safe and effective approach for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: We have previously shown that systemic delivery of oncolytic Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) expressing soluble transforming growth factorβ receptorII-Fc protein (Ad.sTβRFc) produced anti-tumor responses in a mouse model of prostate cancer bone metastases. However, the majority of the Ad.sTβRFc was taken up by the liver causing hepatic and systemic toxicities. Since Ad5 uptake in the liver is primarily due to its binding with blood factor X (FX), and that Ad48 has much reduced binding with FX, to prevent the adenoviral-induced liver and systemic toxicity, a chimaeric Ad5/48 adenovirus mHAd.sTβRFc was created. Our objective is to examine the safety and efficacy of mHAd.sTβRFc in a mouse model of prostate cancer bone metastases. Methods: Liver toxicity studies. Following intravenous delivery of adenoviruses, HE osteoclasts were measured by tartarate resistant acid phosphatase staining, plasma calcium levels were determined, and microCT analyses of the bones were performed. Results: Systemic delivery of Ad5 based Ad.sTβRFc showed that a low dose (2.5x1010 viral particles (VPs)/mouse or a high dose (1011 VPs/mouse ) produced significant liver necrosis and a transient increase in ALT and AST levels; the high dose (1011 VPs/mouse) killed all the mice by day 3. On the other hand, intravenous delivery of low or high dose of Ad5/48 chimaeric mHAd.sTβRFc virus did not produce liver damage or increased plasma ALT and AST levels; even the higher doses (up to 2x1011 VPs/mouse) did not cause any animal deaths. There was a much reduced liver uptake of mHAd.sTβRFc compared to Ad.sTβRFc. Intravenous delivery of Ad.sTβRFc and mHAd.sTβRFc (5x1010 viral particles (VPs)/mouse) exhibited a significant inhibition of bone metastases as revealed by BLI and X-ray analyses. The higher doses of mHAd.sTβRFc (2x1011 VPs/mouse or 4x1011 VPs/mouse) were more effective than the lower dose (5x1010 VPs/mouse) of Ad.sTβRFc or mHAd.sTβRFc in inhibiting bone metastases, and produced a significant reduction in the tumor burden, hypercalcemia and osteoclast numbers, and produced normal bone architect as revealed by the microCT scan analyses. Conclusion: Ad5/48 chimaeric hexon based oncolytic adenoviruses produce much reduced liver and systemic toxicity, and can be administered in much larger amounts to produce superior anti-tumor responses, and should be tested in the future clinical trials in prostate cancer patients. Citation Format: Weidong Xu, Zhenwei Zhang, Theresa Guise, Charles B. Brendler, Prem Seth. Liver-detargeted Ad5/48 chimaeric hexon based oncolytic adenovirus targeting TGFβ signaling: A safe and effective approach for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 723. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-723
A Delayed-Initiation Risk-Free Multiversion Temporally Correct Algorithm

In this paper, we devise a “temporally reordering” mechanism of supporting update transactions that are impacted by delays (e.g., network delays) to the extent that they cannot be executed because of the irreversible progress of other conflicting transactions (i.e., data dependent and temporally dependant) extend this scheme with a delayed-initiation mechanism. This mechanism allows (a) the impacted update transaction to be repositioned to the earliest supportable point in the temporal ordering of transactions, and (b) the associated transaction manager (and in turn, the application or entity that submitted the transaction) to be notified of the new position, thereby providing the opportunity for adjustments or transaction termination. We describe the risk-free MVTC (RF-MVTC) algorithm and its delay-initiation variation (RF-MVTCD). We also present the set of experiments we have carried out to study the performance of MVTC and its variations: RF-MVTC, and RF-MVTCD.
Abstract P276: Gender Associated With Youth Physical Activity Independent of Neighborhood Safety Factors

Introduction: Low levels of physical activity in youth remains a significant public health problem, particularly among urban youth where less than 30% achieve the recommended 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per day. Elucidating the determinants of urban youth physical activity levels is important for informing programming efforts. Ecological models of health behavior recognize the role that environmental features play in activity levels. To date, the role of neighborhood safety on urban youth activity levels has yet to be fully considered. Hypothesis: Neighborhood safety is expected to be associated with physical activity levels, independent of known determinants of youth activity levels including gender, race, age, current alcohol and tobacco use, overweight status and poor mental health. METHODS: Cross-sectional data collected by the Centers for Disease Control funded Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used for his analysis. Participants were 9th-12th grade high school students enrolled in the Philadelphia school district. Bivariate logistical regression accounting for the YRBS sampling procedures was used to examine the association between perceived neighborhood safety and physical activity levels. Perceived neighborhood safety was defined as feeling safe walking in the neighborhood during the day and at night. Being physically active was defined as achieving at least 60 minutes of activity on 5 of more days of the week. RESULTS: The weighted sample (N=35,005) were mostly Black (57.5%), 50% were male and 66% were 16 years and older. Neighborhood safety was significantly associated with activity levels: 42% of youth who perceived their neighborhood as safe were active as compared to 32% who reported their neighborhood as unsafe (χ 2 = 1.48, p CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that independent of neighborhood safety and other risk behaviors for inactivity, gender emerges as the only significant correlate of physical activity. Gender specific programming to improve physical activity in urban adolescent females is urgently needed.
Immunoperoxidase staining of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins: A diagnostic aid in distinguishing cutaneous reactive lymphoid hyperplasia from malignant lymphoma

A method for staining cytoplasmic immunoglobulins utilizing an immunoperoxidase technic on paraffin-embedded tissue was used to examine two cutaneous lesions. On routine hematoxylin-eosin staining, one lesion exhibited what appeared to be a mixed population of mature cell types and was therefore interpreted as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, whereas the other lesion showed a uniform population of immature cells and was interpreted as a malignant lymphoma. Immunoperoxidase staining supported these interpretations since the reactive lesion showed polyclonal IgGλ and κ staining, and the malignant lymphoma monoclonal staining with IgGλ. In selected material, immunoperoxidase staining can distinguish a truly mixed population of cell types (probably benign) from a monoclonal population of cells exhibiting either uniform or mixed morphologic configurations associated with B lymphocyte transformation (probably malignant).
Use of Aromatic Compounds for Growth and Isolation of Zoogloea

Nine Zoogloea strains, were examined for their ability to utilize 35 aromatic compounds. Benzoate, m-toluate, and p-toluate, as well as phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol, were utilized by eight strains. These strains exhibited meta cleavage of catechol and of methyl-substituted catechols. With the exception of L-tyrosine, none of the aromatic compounds tested supported growth of Z. ramigera ATCC 19623. A medium containing sodium m-toluate was used to isolate 37 zoogloea-forming bacteria from various polluted environments. The isolates were identified as strains of Zoogloea.
The technology of fast-wave current drive antennas

The design of fast-wave current drive (FWCD) antennas combines the usual antenna considerations (e.g. the plasma-antenna interface, disruptions, high currents and voltages, and thermal loads) with new requirements for spectral shaping and phase control. The internal configuration of the antenna array has a profound effect on the spectrum and the ability to control phasing. The authors elaborate on these considerations, using a proof-of-principle (POP) experiment designed for the DIII-D tokamak. The extension of FWCD for machines such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will require combining ideas implemented in the POP experiment with reactor-relevant antenna concepts such as the folded waveguide. >
Frequency agility of a ferrite-loaded, nonlinear transmission line

A nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) provides a solidstate means of generating high power, microwave pulses. The NLTLs in this study are coaxial transmission lines whose center conductor is encapsulated by ferrite beads. Operational frequency can be controlled by varying the dimensions of the ferromagnetic material, which affects azimuthal magnetic fields and material losses, or by varying the biasing field strength. This research demonstrates frequency agility of an NLTL by documenting the design, construction, and testing of three NLTLs. The NLTL will be one meter long, and to test for frequency agility, three different sizes of ferrites will be loaded onto NLTL with various biasing fields applied. Azimuthal field strengths due to an incident high voltage pulse range from 10-36 kA/m with magnetic biasing fields between 0 kA/m and 50 kA/m.
Separation of thermostable pectinmethylesterase from Marsh grapefruit pulp

A rapid, ion-exchange method that isolates thermostable pectinmethylesterase (TS-PME) from Marsh grapefruit pulp is presented. TS-PME was selectively extracted with 1 M NaCl and equilibrated at low pH (3.1 +/- 0.04). After dilution to a final concentration of 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5, and 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 M NaCl, the extract was applied to an ion-exchange column without ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. The percent yield varied from an average of 70% (0.1 M NaCl) to 14% (0.5 M NaCl), with a specific activity of >400 U/mg protein in the latter sample. TS-PME activity of some column fractions varied compared with crude extracts before column separation. Some fractions lost thermostability after separation if loaded at 0.1 M or 0.25 M NaCl. In extracts that were loaded at 0.5 M NaCl, the TS-PME activity was significantly higher than that observed in the heated crude extracts. Ion-exchange chromatography may have separated an unidentified protective factor in PME fractions.
EXAMINING THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VERBAL AND VISUAL LITERACY IN TERMS OF FACILITATING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

The use of visuals specifically designed to complement printed instruction can significantly improve student achievement of certain types of educational objectives. However, the specific type of visual which will be most effective is dependent on the student's prior knowledge level in the content area, the level of information processing required by the objective to be achieved and the academic capacity of the students themselves. Although properly designed and positioned visuals can significantly improve student achievement of specific types of educational objectives, visualization itself represents only a mild rehearsal strategy which will not always optimize student achievement of the more complex levels of learning. To maximize student achievement of the more complex types of learning, the visualized print mode of instruction needs to be complemented by embedded printed adjunct learning and/or preinstructional strategies. Evidence is also furnished to support the contention that if visualization is us...
The Use of Different-Sized Stimuli in Automated Perimetry

Eighteen patients with glaucoma who failed to respond (0 dB) to maximum intensity (1,000 apostilbs) No. 3 (4 mm 2 ) stimuli during threshold static perimetry performed with an Octopus automated perimeter were retested using the same test program with No. 5 (64 mm 2 ) stimuli. All responded to the larger stimulus at the 5-dB (315 apostilbs) level or higher in at least three previously undetected locations. Ten of the 18 patients responded in at least 80% of the locations they were unable to detect with smaller stimulus. After four patients were tested twice with the No. 5 stimulus the improvement in response was confirmed. The use of the larger-sized stimulus permitted us to measure visual function in areas that had been considered absolute scotomas with the standard-sized stimulus. In this way, we can monitor changes that may occur in these areas in the future.
Climb kinetics of dislocation loops in aluminium

Abstract The annealing kinetics of dislocation loops in quenched aluminium has been studied using transmission electron microscopy techniques. An influence of the vicinity of the foil surface on the rate of climb was confirmed. The apparent activation energy for climb of faulted loops was found to be 1·18 ± 0·02 ev and the pre-exponential factor, (7 ± 3)1013 A/S. The stacking-fault energy was estimated as 110 ergs/cm2 by comparing shrinkage rates of ⅓⟨111⟩ and ½⟨110⟩ loops. A simple model, taking into account rapid diffusion of vacancies along the dislocation, is suggested to account for the observed maintenance of circular shape during loop shrinkage.
Stochastic flutter of a panel subjected to random in-plane forces. I: Two mode interaction

The analysis includes stochastic stability and response moments of linear and nonlinear panels. The response moment equations are generated by using the Fokker-Planck equation approach. The mean-square stability boundaries and response moments are determined as functions of the spectral density of in-plane loads, aerodynamic pressure, air-to-structure mass ratio, and structural damping ratios. The nonlinear response is estimated by using a cumulant-neglect scheme. The nonlinear response statistics are obtained in the time domain, the steady-state reveals that the response process is strictly stationary
Physical and genetic-interaction density reveals functional organization and informs significance cutoffs in genome-wide screens

Genome-wide experiments often measure quantitative differences between treated and untreated cells to identify affected strains. For these studies, statistical models are typically used to determine significance cutoffs. We developed a method termed “CLIK” (Cutoff Linked to Interaction Knowledge) that overlays biological knowledge from the interactome on screen results to derive a cutoff. The method takes advantage of the fact that groups of functionally related interacting genes often respond similarly to experimental conditions and, thus, cluster in a ranked list of screen results. We applied CLIK analysis to five screens of the yeast gene disruption library and found that it defined a significance cutoff that differed from traditional statistics. Importantly, verification experiments revealed that the CLIK cutoff correlated with the position in the rank order where the rate of true positives drops off significantly. In addition, the gene sets defined by CLIK analysis often provide further biological perspectives. For example, applying CLIK analysis retrospectively to a screen for cisplatin sensitivity allowed us to identify the importance of the Hrq1 helicase in DNA crosslink repair. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of CLIK to determine optimal treatment conditions by analyzing genome-wide screens at multiple rapamycin concentrations. We show that CLIK is an extremely useful tool for evaluating screen quality, determining screen cutoffs, and comparing results between screens. Furthermore, because CLIK uses previously annotated interaction data to determine biologically informed cutoffs, it provides additional insights into screen results, which supplement traditional statistical approaches.
Kinetics of strain relaxation through misfit dislocation formation in InAs/GaAs(111)A heteroepitaxy

The kinetics of strain relaxation through misfit dislocation formation is investigated in InAs/GaAs(111)A layer-by-layer heteroepitaxy. Experimental measurements are presented of strain relaxation as a function of InAs film thickness for epitaxial film growth on thin and thick GaAs buffer layers. The experimental measurements are described successfully through a phenomenological mean-field theoretical analysis. The analysis reveals that the mechanical behavior of our heteroepitaxial system with a thin buffer layer is similar to that of a system with a thin compliant substrate that is practically unconstrained at its base.
The Origin of Vowel Length Neutralization in Final Position: Evidence from Finnish Speakers

In a broad variety of languages with contrastive vowel length, long vowels are systematically excluded from a domain-final position, and are replaced with short vowels there. This is despite the fact that vowels at the end of a domain (utterance, phrase, word) are generally longer in duration than corresponding nonfinal vowels. We propose that the phonological pattern of final shortening arises diachronically from the effects of final devoicing – the breakdown in voicing at the end of an utterance. Partial devoicing of the final vowel makes it difficult to hear the end of the vowel and so favors identification of final vowels as short. If language learners generalize such an identification pattern, they have adopted a final shortening pattern. The claim that partially voiceless final vowels tend to be identified as short is supported by a series of experiments with Finnish speakers. The first two experiments establish that there is both final lengthening and final devoicing in the language. Three further experiments show that Finnish speakers identify the length category of partially voiceless final vowels on the basis of the duration of its voiced portion, so that partial devoicing of a vowel increases the probability of its being identified as short.
Electrophoretic deposition of YSZ electrolyte coatings for SOFCs

The main purpose of this study was to create crack-free, thin-film electrolyte coatings for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at low cost. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was employed to prepare dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films on stainless steel and porous strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) substrates. The LSM substrates were produced by slurry casting and subsequent sintering. The suspensions of YSZ were prepared in pure acetylacetone, ethanol, and in mixtures of the two. The deposition experiments were performed with the YSZ suspensions in different solvents to examine the effects of the solvent on the EPD behavior. The effects of current density and powder concentration on the EPD rate were also studied. The deposited films were dried at room temperature and then sintered at high temperatures. The microstructures of the sintered coatings were observed with scanning electron microscopy. By using a partially sintered LSM substrate and an optimized set of deposition conditions, dense and continuous YSZ thin-film coatings with thicknesses less than 10 μm were achieved.
A Numerical Averaging Algorithm for Rapid Simulation of Multiscale Damage Dynamics

We study the nonlinear dynamics of damage evolution under periodic loading using a new numerical approach based on the method of averaging. The algorithm can reduce the computational time required for multiscale life-cycle simulations by many orders of magnitude. We use the algorithm to study a previously-developed finite element multiscale continuum damage model, and derive an approximate autonomous rate law for the damage elements. This permits us to efficiently study space-time failure statistics using large ensembles of simulations starting from random initial damage states. The algorithm derivation and simulations illustrate how increased dynamical brittleness reduces the need for higher-order damage terms in the rate laws. We show how localized initial damage gives rise to low-dimensional autonomous rate laws: the geometry of the resulting averaged damage phase space can be used understand the likelihood of different failure modes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Expression of Somatomedin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in the Human Fetus: Identification, Characterization, and Tissue Distribution*

Several lines of evidence indicate that multiple human fetal tissues synthesize somatomedins/insulin-like growth factors (Sm/IGFs). To investigate the synthesis of Sm/IGFs in vivo, we isolated polyadenylated RNAs from multiple human fetal tissues of 16–20 weeks gestation and performed Northern and dot-blot analyses using 32P-labeled cDNAs and oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligomer) probes complementary to human Sm-C/IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs. Sm-C/IGF-I mRNAs were present in all tissues studied. IGF-II mRNAs were detectable in all tissues except the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. IGF-II mRNA levels were consistently higher than Sm-C/IGF-I mRNAs in all tissues where IGF-II mRNAs were detectable (varying from 2-fold higher in spleen and thymus to 650-fold higher in liver), suggesting that IGF-II is synthesized in greater quantities than Sm-C/IGF-I in most tissues during early fetal life. Liver, adrenal, and skeletal muscle had the highest levels of IGF-II mRNAs, while placenta and stomach had the highest level ...
Measurement and Inference in Wine Tasting

The paper has three basic objectives: (1) to discuss and analyze the subtleties of ranking wines in blind tastings, (2) to analyze the degree of agreement or disagreement among the tasters (judges) and (3) to shed some light on the problem of identifying the wines and to determine when the identifications of the judges might be called statistically significant. The first issue utilizes the rank sums or the related measure, “votes against,” and discusses the appropriateness of a statistical test introduced by Kramer. The second introduces Kendall's W coefficient of concordance and discusses some other, related measures. The third derives the finite sample distribution of the number of correct identifications under the null hypothesis of random identifications, from which critical values can be obtained, both for the case in which each wine has to be identified exactly and the case in which there is a small number of different types of wine that have to be identified. (JEL Classification numbers: C12, C15, C49, C59)
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY TERMINATION OF “DON'T” (AND SYMMETRICAL “DO”) REQUESTS

We used descriptive assessment information to generate hypotheses regarding the function of destructive behavior for 2 individuals who displayed near-zero rates of problem behavior during an experimental functional analysis using methods similar to Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994). The descriptive data suggested that destructive behavior occurred primarily when caregivers issued requests to the participants that interfered with ongoing high-probability (and presumably highly preferred) behaviors (i.e., a "don't" or a symmetrical "do" request). Subsequent experimental analyses showed that destructive behavior was maintained by contingent termination of "don't" and symmetrical "do" requests but not by termination of topographically similar "do" requests. These results suggested that destructive behavior may have been maintained by positive reinforcement (i.e., termination of the "don't" request allowed the individual to return to a highly preferred activity). Finally, a treatment (functional communication training plus extinction) developed on the basis of these analyses reduced destructive behavior to near-zero levels.
Shaping solar concentrator mirrors by radiative heating

Here we report a newly developed method for gravity sag molding of large glass solar reflectors, 1.65 m x 1.65 m square, with either line or point focus, and short focal length. The method is designed for high volume manufacture when incorporated into a production line with separate pre-heating and cooling. The tests reported here have been made in a custom batch furnace, with high power radiative heating to soften the glass for slumping. The mold surface is machined to the required shape as grooves which intersect the glass at cusps, reducing the mold contact area to <1%. Optical metrology of replicas made with the system has been carried out with a novel test using a linear array of coaligned lasers translated in a perpendicular direction across the reflector while the deviation of each beam from perfect focus is measured. Slopes measured over an array of 4000 points show an absolute accuracy of <0.3 mrad rms in sx and sy. The most accurate replicas we have made are from a 2.6 m2 point focus mold, showing slope errors in x and y of 1.0 mrad rms. The slump cycle, starting with rigid flat glass at 500C, uses a 350 kW burst of radiative heating for 200 seconds, followed by radiative and convective cooling.
The structure of communication rules and the form of conversation: An experimental simulation

The theory of “the coordinated management of meaning” predicts that the forms of conversations are a function of the degree to which the communicators’ rules for meaning and action are similar in structure and content. A new game of simulated conversation, “Coordination,” permitted an experimental test which supported the theory and demonstrated the utility of the game as a research protocol.
Plate tectonics models for the Ouachita foldbelt

Plate tectonics models proposed for the Ouachita foldbelt include cordilleran models, flip models, and collision models. Upper-plate cordilleran models and flip models fail because (1) no Paleozoic plutonic rocks or high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphic rocks have been found, (2) volcanic and metamorphic components are rare in the Carboniferous Ouachita flysch, and (3) the subsidence history of the craton suggests an Atlantic-type margin during part of the Carboniferous flysch interval. Collision models fit the known geologic data best. An oceanic part of the North American plate was consumed beneath a southern continental mass (South America?), which contained the magmatic arc. Collision began in Early Pennsylvanian time, with postcollision convergence through earliest Permian time.
Gerontologic nurse practitioner care guidelines: urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection in elderly people and is the most common cause of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood).1 The prevalence of bacteremia increases with age. Factors that confound the diagnosis of UTI among elders include existing comorbidities, drug/drug interactions, multiple presentations of symptoms, and the common presence of urinary symptoms not related to UTI. Those who are involved in the care of elderly people with UTI must consider cause, prevention, optimal evaluation strategies, and antimicrobial therapies currently available for safe and effective use among this patient population.
F-box/WD-repeat proteins Pop1p and Sud1p/Pop2p form complexes that bind and direct the proteolysis of Cdc18p

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis plays an important role in cell-cycle control [1] [2]. In budding yeast, the protein Skp1p, the cullin-family member Cdc53p, and the F-box/WD-repeat protein Cdc4p form the SCFCdc4p ubiquitin ligase complex, which targets the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor Sic1p for proteolysis [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. Sic1p is recruited to the SCFCdc4p complex by binding to the WD-repeat region of Cdc4p [5] [6], while Skp1p binds to the F-box of Cdc4p [9]. In fission yeast, two distinct Cdc4p-related proteins, Pop1p/Ste16p [10] [11] and the recently identified Sud1p/Pop2p [12], regulate the stability of the replication initiator Cdc18p and the Cdk inhibitor Rum1p. We show here that, despite their structural and functional similarities, the pop1 and pop2 genes fail to complement each other's deletion phenotypes, indicating that they perform non-redundant, but potentially interdependent, functions in proteolysis. Consistent with this hypothesis, Pop1p and Pop2p formed heterooligomeric complexes when overexpressed, and binding of Cdc18p to Pop2p was dependent on Pop1p. The Pop1p-Pop2p interaction was mediated by the amino-terminal domain of Pop2p which, when fused to full-length Pop1p, rescued the phenotype of a Deltapop1Deltapop2 double mutant. Thus, close physical proximity of two distinct F-box/WD-repeat proteins directs proteolysis mediated by the SCFPop ubiquitin ligase complex.
Abstract 376: Development of nanosuspension formulation of diethylstilbestrol and effect of particle size on the in vitro drug release

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose: To develop a sustained release nanosuspension formulation of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for subcutaneous delivery, in recurrent prostate cancer, to by-pass the first pass hepatic metabolism and potentially reduce the adverse effects of DES. Methods: Three nanosuspension formulations of DES were prepared by the wet milling technique with sizes of 160 (A), 300 (B) and 500 (C) nm, respectively. The formulations were characterized by particle size, zeta-potential and release kinetics. The release study was performed by adding each formulation, equivalent to 1mg of DES, to a dialysis bag (M.W cut off, 6000-8000). The bag was placed in 20 ml of PBS to simulate the subcutaneous conditions. The tubes were shaken at 100 rpm in a water bath at 37°C. The drug release was monitored for 14 days. DES concentrations were quantified by a validated HPLC assay. Results: Sizes of the nanosuspensions were 162.5±1.5 nm, 287.1±2.7 nm and 492.5±8.3 nm, and the polydispersity was 0.18±0.01, 0.15±0.01, 0.20±0.03 for formulations A, B and C, respectively. The time of milling required for A, B and C was 30, 8 and 6 hours respectively. The zeta potential was -18.11±0.65, -19.49±0.49, -18.08±0.45 mV for formulations A, B and C, respectively. The release profiles showed a biphasic pattern, with an initial rapid release in 4 days followed by a slower release and reaching plateau after 6 days. Formulations A and B showed a significantly higher release than the formulation C by using ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the release profiles of A and B. Formulation A had a much faster initial release rate of 25.06%/day than B and C with an initial release rate of 15.68%/day and 15.51%/day respectively (p<0.05). The extents of release were 65.76% (A), 67.38% (B) and 55.42% (C) at 6 days and 67.77% (A), 70.53% (B) and 64.79% (C) at 14 days. Conclusion: Stable nanosuspension formulations were successfully formulated for DES with particle sizes of 162.5 nm, 287.1 nm and 492.5 nm. The particle size depends on the duration of milling. The 162.5 nm and 287.1 nm formulations achieved a much higher release than the 492.5 nm nanosuspension indicating that the particle size has a profound effect on the release of the drug. A sustained and extended release of DES was achieved over a period of 14 days in simulated subcutaneous conditions indicating that these formulations definitely warrant further preclinical evaluations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 376. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-376
Inter-Area Resonance in Power Systems From Forced Oscillations

This paper discusses a recent event in the western American power system when a forced oscillation was observed at a frequency that was close to a well-known 0.38-Hz inter-area electromechanical mode frequency of the western system. The event motivates a systematic investigation in this paper on the possibility of resonant interactions between forced oscillations and electromechanical inter-area oscillatory modes in power systems. When the natural oscillatory mode of a power system is poorly damped, and the forced oscillation occurs at a frequency close to system mode frequency at critical locations for the mode, resonance is observed in simulation test cases of the paper. It is shown that the MW oscillations on tie-lines can be as high as 477 MW from a 10-MW forced oscillation in Kundur test system because of resonance. This paper discusses the underlying system conditions and effects as related to resonance in power systems caused by forced oscillations and discusses ways to detect such scenarios using synchrophasors. Simulated data from Kundur two-area test power system as well as measurement data from western American power system are used to study the effect of forced oscillations in power systems.
Methods to evaluate risks for composite end points and their individual components.

Abstract Objective Both randomized and observational studies commonly examine composite end points, but the literature on model development and criticism in this setting is limited. Study Design and Setting We examined approaches for evaluating heterogeneity in the effects of risk factors for different components of the end point, and determining the impact of heterogeneity on the ability to predict the composite end point. A specific example considered the composite cardiovascular disease end point in the Physicians' Health Study that occurred in 1,542 (myocardial infarction, n = 716; stroke, n = 557; cardiovascular death, n = 269) of 16,688 participants with complete information on baseline covariates. The strategy compared alternative polytomous logistic regression models assuming different effects of risk factors on components of the end point and a comparable logistic model assuming common effects. Results Likelihood ratio tests identified heterogeneity in the effects of age, alcohol consumption, and diabetes across components of the outcome, but comparability in the effects of other risk factors. However, a model assuming uniform effects explained over 90% of the log-likelihood change in the best polytomous model, and the two models also performed similarly based on a comparison of ROC curves. Conclusion The overall strategy may be helpful for evaluating the validity of a composite end point analysis and identifying heterogeneity in risk factors.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: A Bibliographic Examination of Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Science

Grizzly bears inhabit wilderness areas in the northwestern region of the lower forty-eight states, western Canada, and areas of Alaska. Because of the settlement of the west and loss of prime habitat, populations declined rapidly in the nineteenth century, and in 1975 federal action was taken to protect grizzlies under the Endangered Species Act. Since 1950 about 722 technical papers have been written on the grizzly bear. Major research has focused on ecology, conservation, reproductive biology, behavior, dietetics, anatomy, and physiology, among other topics. Due to geographic distribution of the species, much of the research has been carried out by authors and organizations in western regions of the United States and Canada where major grizzly populations exist. A significant number of technical papers appear in three key journals: Ursus, the Journal of Wildlife Management, and the Canadian Journal of Zoology. According to data in WorldCat, about 1,167 records, covering monographs and technical reports,...
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Exposure to a Combination of Nisin and Cold-Pressed Terpeneless Valencia Oil

: Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen and its control in foods is a significant challenge. This study evaluated the effectiveness of nisin and cold-pressed terpeneless Valencia oil (CPTVO) on limiting L. monocytogenes growth. Disk diffusion assays were performed to determine the effects of CPTVO and nisin individually and in combination. Together, these antimicrobials produced a zone of inhibition that was significantly larger (P < 0.05) than zones correlating to CPTVO or nisin individually. Furthermore, L. monocytogenesΔsigB had an increased sensitivity to the combination treatment. Growth experiments performed in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth revealed the effects of nisin and CPTVO, individually and in combination on L. monocytogenes growth rate. When L. monocytogenes was grown in BHI containing 0.025% CPTVO and 26 IU/mL nisin, no growth inhibition was observed relative to the control. However, exposure to CPTVO at 0 h followed by the introduction of nisin at 15 h resulted in a statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth. This approach to inhibiting L. monocytogenes has potential as an all-natural, generally-recognized-as-safe multiple hurdle intervention that may be applicable for ready-to-eat products in which L. monocytogenes is likely to cause foodborne illness.
Interactions between Viruses and Bacteria in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis

The possibility that viral infections of the respiratory tract might predispose to bacterial colonization or infection was studied in 120 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 30 control subjects; these individuals were observed for seven years. The ratio of the number of observed to the number of expected associations between viruses and bacteria was 2.43 (P = 0.037) for the pair influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and was 2.06 (P = 0.056) for influenza virus and Haemophilus influenzae. Consistently positive, but not significant, associations were detected between rhinovirus and herpes simplex virus infections and isolations of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. In contrast, isolations of the nonpathogenic Haemophilus parainfluenzae could not be related to prior viral infections. Significant rises in titer of antibody to H. influenzae were detected on 76 occasions, and 20 (26%) of these antibody rises were associated with viral or mycoplasmal infections during the preceding 120 days. The expected number of such associations was 8.34 (ratio of number observed to number expected, 2.40; P = 0.08). These results suggest that viral infections of the respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria and may also predispose to infections with H. influenzae.
Flavor, Texture, Color, and Hexanal and TBA Values of Frozen Cooked Beef Packaged in Modified Atmosphere

Cooked beef loin slices were packaged with (1) vacuum, (2) 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, or (3) air and stored at -20°C for 11 wk. Modified packaging of cooked beef improved flavor and odor. After storage and reheating, flavor and aroma of samples in vacuum and N2/CO2 packages were more meaty, less warmed-over, less cardboardy, and less oxidized and had lower TBA, less hexanal, and less pentanal than those in air-containing packages. Textural properties of beef were unaffected by packaging treatments. Vacuum-packaged beef slices had higher HunterLab a values than those in N2/CO2 and air packages.
Sequential Roles of Receptor Binding and Low pH in Forming Prehairpin and Hairpin Conformations of a Retroviral Envelope Glycoprotein

A general model has been proposed for the fusion mechanisms of class I viral fusion proteins. According to this model a metastable trimer, anchored in the viral membrane through its transmembrane domain, transits to a trimeric prehairpin intermediate, anchored at its opposite end in the target membrane through its fusion peptide. A subsequent refolding event creates a trimer of hairpins (often termed a six-helix bundle) in which the previously well-separated transmembrane domain and fusion peptide (and their attached membranes) are brought together, thereby driving membrane fusion. While there is ample biochemical and structural information on the trimer-of-hairpins conformation of class I viral fusion proteins, less is known about intermediate states between native metastable trimers and the final trimer of hairpins. In this study we analyzed conformational states of the transmembrane subunit (TM), the fusion subunit, of the Env glycoprotein of the subtype A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV-A). By analyzing forms of EnvA TM on mildly denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate gels we identified five conformational states of EnvA TM. Following interaction of virions with a soluble form of the ASLV-A receptor at 37°C, the metastable form of EnvA TM (which migrates at 37 kDa) transits to a 70-kDa and then to a 150-kDa species. Following subsequent exposure to a low pH (or an elevated temperature or the fusion promoting agent chlorpromazine), an additional set of bands at >150 kDa, and then a final band at 100 kDa, forms. Both an EnvA C-helix peptide (which inhibits virus fusion and infectivity) and the fusion-inhibitory agent lysophosphatidylcholine inhibit the formation of the >150- and 100-kDa bands. Our data are consistent with the 70- and 150-kDa bands representing precursor and fully formed prehairpin conformations of EnvA TM. Our data are also consistent with the >150-kDa bands representing higher-order oligomers of EnvA TM and with the 100-kDa band representing the fully formed six-helix bundle. In addition to resolving fusion-relevant conformational intermediates of EnvA TM, our data are compatible with a model in which the EnvA protein is activated by its receptor (at neutral pH and a temperature greater than or equal to room temperature) to form prehairpin conformations of EnvA TM, and in which subsequent exposure to a low pH is required to stabilize the final six-helix bundle, which drives a later stage of fusion.
Nanoscale Devices for Large-Scale Applications

In this article, the authors review the progress toward carbon nanotube based electronics and consider the implications for application of nanotubes in analogue RF devices and RF system applications as well as recent prospects in printed electronics, especially printed RFID tags. The author also points out that nanowire devices are also starting to show similar performance in the RF domain, with similar manufacturing challenges.
A secure communication framework for large-scale unmanned aircraft systems

The application areas for Unmanned Aircraft (UA) Systems (UAS) are constantly expanding. Aside from providing an attractive alternative in applications that are risky for humans, smaller UAS become highly attractive for applications where use of larger aircraft is not practical. This paper presents the UAS Collaboration Wireless Network (UAS-CWN), a secure and reliable UAS communication mesh-network. This solution is proposed for the circumstances where a large number of UAS are deployed to cooperatively accomplish a mission such as surveillance in hostile environments. The proposed UAS-CWN system provides high fault-tolerance through use of information dispersal algorithm and meanwhile reduces the risk of information exposure to the adversaries via security-enhancing mechanisms. Our evaluation shows promising results. Especially, a UAS-CWN with high security-level settings can withstand losing 30% of the total number of unmaned aircrafts while steadily achieving above 96% data recovery rate.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Tumors

Pituitary adenomas frequently pose challenging clinical problems. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is one treatment option in selected patients. The purpose of this report is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of radiosurgery in cases of pituitary tumors to assess better its role in relation to other treatment. Methods for optimizing outcome are described. The author reviews several recent series to determine rates of growth control, endocrine response, and complications. In general, growth control is excellent, complications are very low, and reduction of excessive hormone secretion is fair. Depending on the clinical situation, SRS may be the treatment of choice in selected patients.
Importance of conspicuous colours in warning signals: the great tit’s (Parus major) point of view

Few studies have dealt with the importance of colours per se in warning signalling, with the use of a broader array of different colours. We tested the reactions of great tits (Parus major) to colour modifications (red, orange, yellow, white, blue, violet, and green) of the warning signal of the red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus), preserving its typical black pattern. We used the edible Guyana spotted roach (Blaptica dubia) as the prey, each of which carried a paper sticker shield of a particular colour on its back. With such prey, the effects of the other traits of the red firebug (e.g. shape of the legs and antennae or chemical signals) on the birds’ reactions were removed. All of the conspicuous forms of the prey, possessing a black pattern, were protected against great tits better than the non-patterned brown control form. The level of protection decreased from those forms with colours similar to the model and commonly occurring in warning signals in nature (red, orange, yellow), through other conspicuous colours rarely occurring in warning signals in nature (white, violet, blue), to the colour which usually occurs as cryptic in nature (green). In the green form, repeated encounters were necessary to reach avoidance. Avoidance learning came to pass despite the fact that the presented prey was neither inedible nor distasteful.