cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density extremes in the solar wind

The largest density variations in the solar wind occur near the streamer belt, where frequently they are associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). They tend to be embedded in larger-scale regions of high pressure: high densities in ICME sheaths and corotating interaction regions and low densities in structures with distinctive, high-magnetic-pressure profiles, sometimes within ICMEs. On average, however, ICME densities are similar to ambient-wind densities. For a set of 34 ICMEs identified in Wind data as magnetic clouds, the average density was 11 cm−3 in both the clouds and all slow wind during the same period. A set of low-density structures observed earlier by ISEE 3 recurred for three solar rotations, possibly owing to recurrence of the streamer belt itself, with its frequent transient outflows. Density averages less than 1 cm−3 show a possible solar cycle variation which peaks 1–2 years prior to the peak of ICME signatures.
Promoter Methylation and Response to Chemotherapy and Radiation in Esophageal Cancer

Background & Aims: Multiple studies have shown that promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes underlies esophageal carcinogenesis. Hypothetically, methylation resulting in tumor suppressor gene inactivation might result in tumors that are unresponsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Accordingly, our aim was to find methylation markers that could be used to predict response to chemoradiation. Methods: Tumor specimens were obtained before treatment from 35 patients enrolled in a uniform chemoradiation treatment protocol. Methylation-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on all samples. Pathology reports from esophagectomy specimens were used to define response to treatment. Results: Thirteen (37%) of 35 patients were responders, and 22 (63%) of 35 patients were nonresponders. The number of methylated genes per patient was significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders (1.4 vs 2.4 genes per patient; Student t test, P = .026). The combined mean level of promoter methylation of p16, Reprimo, p57, p73, RUNX-3, CHFR, MGMT, TIMP-3, and HPP1 was also lower in responders than in nonresponders (Student t test, P = .003; Mann-Whitney test, P = .001). The frequency (15% of responders vs 64% of nonresponders; Fisher exact test, P = .01) and level (0.078 in responders vs 0.313 in nonresponders; Mann-Whitney test, P = .037) of Reprimo methylation was significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders. Conclusions: Reprimo methylation occurred at significantly lower levels and less frequently in chemoradioresponsive than in nonresponsive esophageal cancer patients, suggesting potential clinical application of this single-gene biomarker in defining prognosis and management. In addition, increased methylation of a 9-gene panel correlated significantly with poor responsiveness to chemoradiation.
The effect of an electric current on the nanoindentation behavior of tin

Abstract Electrical–thermal–mechanical interactions determine the reliability and performance of microelectromechanical devices and systems. Using the nanoindentation technique the effect of an electric current on the indentation deformation of Sn strips was studied for an indentation load in the range 50–200 μN. During the indentation an electric current density in the range 993.05–4087.89 A cm −2 was passed through the Sn strips, which introduced electrical–thermal–mechanical interactions. The experimental results showed that the reduced contact modulus decreased with increasing electric current density. For an electric current density less than 4087.89 A cm −2 the decrease in the reduced contact modulus with increasing electric current density was mainly controlled by Joule heating due to an electrothermal interaction. The electrothermal interaction caused surface softening of the Sn strips. A simple relation is proposed to describe the dependence of the reduced contact modulus on the electric current density. The indentation hardness decreased with increasing indentation load, showing a normal indentation size effect. Using the relationship between indentation hardness and indentation depth from strain gradient plasticity theory we curve fitted the experimental data and found that both the indentation hardness at the limit of infinite depth and the characteristic length were dependent on the electric current density. Finite element analysis was performed to analyze the indentation deformation of a two-dimensional tin strip under the simultaneous action of an electric current. The simulation results showed that the contact modulus of tin decreased linearly with the square of the electric current density, qualitatively in accordance with experimental observations for an electric current density ⩽ 2803.7 A cm −2 .
Michael Savage and the Political Transformation of Shock Radio

Comedic iterations of shock radio gained notoriety by pushing the boundaries of decency via sexually oriented speech. In recent years, the same shock aesthetics have been adapted to political talk shows, where hate speech now proliferates. This article examines Michael Savage and his program The Savage Nation as exemplary of this latest variant of shock radio, ultimately arguing that the proliferation of hate speech in politically-oriented programming is a result of the contemporary cultural and regulatory climate.
Multi-Project Reticle Design and Wafer Dicing under Uncertain Demand ∗

The pervasive use of advanced reticle enhancement technologies demanded by VLSI technology scaling leads to dramatic increases in mask costs. In response to this trend, multiple project wafers (MPW) have been proposed as an effective technique for sharing the cost of mask tooling among up to tens of prototype and low volume designs. Previous works on MPW reticle design and dicing have focused on the simple scenario in which production volumes are known a priori. However, this scenario does not apply for low- and medium-volume production, in which mask manufacturing is typically started when only rough estimates of future customer demands are available. In this paper we initiate the study of MPW use for production under demand uncertainty and propose efficient algorithms for two main optimizations that arise in this context: reticle design under demand uncertainty and on-demand wafer dicing. Preliminary experiments on simulated data show that our methods help reducing the cost overheads incurred by demand uncertainty, yielding solutions with a cost close to that achievable when a priori knowledge of production volumes is available.
Antibody testing as a diagnostic tool in autonomic disorders

Some forms of peripheral autonomic dysfunction (especially enteric neuropathy and subacute panautonomic failure) occur as autoimmune phenomena either in isolation or in the context of cancer. Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is an example of a severe, but potentially treatable, antibody-mediated form of autonomic failure. Diagnostic evaluation of autonomic disorders can be supplemented by testing for paraneoplastic antibodies and antibodies against membrane receptors. The diagnostic antibodies most commonly associated with dysautonomia are paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Hu and CRMP-5) and ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibodies.
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response and increased longevity: Cause, consequence, or correlation?

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response is a conserved pathway that allows mitochondrial chaperones and other factors to be induced in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of this pathway has been proposed to underlie lifespan extension from knockdown or mutation of several nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. In some cases, however, induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is associated with a reduction of lifespan in both yeast and C. elegans. It also has yet to be demonstrated that induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is sufficient to increase lifespan in the absence of overt mitochondrial dysfunction. In this perspective, we briefly review the evidence for and against a direct pro-longevity role of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and suggest important areas of investigation for experimentally addressing this question.
Conformational distributions of melittin in water/methanol mixtures from frequency-domain measurements of nonradiative energy transfer.

Abstract We used fluorescence energy transfer to examine the effects of solvent composition on the distribution of distances between the single tryptophan residue of melittin (residue 19) to the N-terminal α-amino group, which was labeled with a dansyl residue. The tryptophan intensity decays, with and without the dansyl acceptor, were measured by the frequency-domain method. The data were analyzed by a least-squares algorithm which accounts for correlation between the parameters. A wide distribution of tryptophan to dansyl distances was found for the random-coil state, with a Gaussian half-width of 25 A. Increasing concentrations of methanol, which were shown to induce an α-helical conformation, resulted in a progressive decrease in the width of the distribution, reaching a limiting half-width of 3 A at 80% (v/v) methanol. The distance from the indole moiety of Trp-19 to the dansyl group in 80% (v/v) methanol/water was found to be 25 A, as assessed from the center of the distance distribution. A distance of 24–25 A was recovered from the X-ray crystal structure of the tetramer, which is largely α-helical. At low ionic strength (
Reversible redox titrations of cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase using detergent solubilized electrochemically generated mediator-titrants

Abstract The repetitive, reversible equilibrium redox cycling of cytochrome c , cytochrome c oxidase, or mixtures thereof has been made possible by the use of the oxidant, ferricinium ion. This ion is electrochemically generated by the use of non-ionic detergent solubilized ferrocene which is apparently incorporated as micelles and readily electron transfers with an electrode. The ferricinium-ferrocene couple equilibrates rapidly with these heme proteins. Electrochemically generated benzylviologen radical cations are used as the reductant. The EO′ values for cytochrome c oxidase at pH 7.0 are 209 ± 15 mv (2e−) and 340 ± 15 mv (2e−).
Disciplined heterogeneous modeling

Complex systems demand diversity in the modeling mechanisms. One way to deal with a diversity of requirements is to create flexible modeling frameworks that can be adapted to cover the field of interest. The downside of this approach is a weakening of the semantics of the modeling frameworks that compromises interoperability, understandability, and analyzability of the models. An alternative approach is to embrace heterogeneity and to provide mechanisms for a diversity of models to interact. This paper reviews an approach that achieves such interaction between diverse models using an abstract semantics, which is a deliberately incomplete semantics that cannot by itself define a useful modeling framework. It instead focuses on the interactions between diverse models, reducing the nature of those interactions to a minimum that achieves a well-defined composition. An example of such an abstract semantics is the actor semantics, which can handle many heterogeneous models that are built today, and some that are not common today. The actor abstract semantics and many concrete semantics have been implemented in Ptolemy II, an open-source software framework distributed under a BSD-style license.
Asymptotic Expansion of the Misclassification Probabilities of D- and A-Criteria for Discrimination from Two High Dimensional Populations Using the Theory of Large Dimensional Random Matrices

In this paper some ideas on experimental designs are used in discriminant analysis. By considering the populations as groups, one may classify a new observation by minimizing a suitable norm of the within groups sum of squares and cross products matrix after assigning it to each group. The classification based on the D-criterion is identical to that based on the maximum likelihood ratio criterion. For a high dimensional setting with measurement space (p) nearly equal to the total sample size (n), the A-criterion performs better than the D-criterion. Approximate misclassification error probabilities were derived using Edgeworth expansions and it is shown these agree closely with simulated results.
Method and Detailed Analysis of Individual Hydrocarbon Species From Diesel Combustion Modes and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

An undiluted exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) speciation method, using flame ionization detector (FID) gas chromatographs (GC), is developed to investigate HC species from conventional and low-temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) combustion, from pre- and post-diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) exhaust. This paper expands on previously reported work by describing in detail the method and effectiveness of undiluted diesel exhaust speciation and providing a more detailed analysis of individual HC species for conventional and PCI diesel combustion processes. The details provided regarding the effectiveness of the undiluted diesel exhaust speciation method include the use of a fuel response factor (RF) for HC species quantification and demonstration of its linearity, detection limit, accuracy and precision. The listing of individual HC species provides not only the information needed to design surrogate exhaust mixtures used in reactor tests and modeling studies, but also sheds light on PCI combustion and DOC characteristics. Significantly increased engine-out concentrations of acetylene, benzene and toluene support the theory that net soot reduction associated with PCI combustion occurs due to the reduction of soot formation from soot precursors. DOC oxidation behavior differs depending on the combustion characteristics, which change exhaust species and temperature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Kapitza resistance between liquid and solid helium. I. Theory

Detailed calculations are presented of the phonon transmission between liquid and solid helium. The transmission coefficients are used to determine the Kapitza conductance. Calculations have been made based on the usual acoustic-mismatch theory, and also using a modified theory in which it is assumed that very rapid melting and freezing can occur at the interface.
A combined passive/active microwave remote sensing approach for surface variable retrieval using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission observations

The backscattering and emission measured simultaneously by radar and radiometer show promise for the estimation of surface variables such as near-surface soil moisture and vegetation characteristics. In this paper, the 10.7 GHz Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) channel and 13.8 GHz precipitation radar (PR) observations are simultaneously used for the estimation of the near-surface soil moisture and vegetation properties. The Fresnel model for soil and a simple model for vegetation are used to simulate the passive microwave emission at 10.7 GHz. To determine the PR backscatter signal from a land surface, a theoretical approach is used based on the Geometric Optics Model for simulating bare soil and a semi-empirical water-cloud model for vegetation. The model parameters required in specifying the nature of the soil and vegetation are calibrated on the basis of in situ soil moisture data combined with remotely sensed observations. The calibrated model is subsequently used to retrieve near-surface soil moisture and leaf area index for assumed values of surface roughness and temperature. Algorithm assessment using synthetic passive and active microwave data shows a nonlinearity effect in the system inversion, which results in a varying degree of error statistics in soil wetness and vegetation characteristics retrieval. The technique was applied on TRMM radar/radiometer observations from three consecutive years and evaluated against in situ near-surface (5 cm) soil moisture measurements from the Oklahoma Mesonet showing a consistent performance.
Identification of multiple glutathione S-transferases from Daphnia magna.

Abstract 1. 1. Six anionic glutathione S-transferases (GST) were purified from the crustacean, Daphnia magna, by means of affinity chromatography, that are responsible for ca. 40% of cytosolic GST activity. 2. 2. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) revealed the presence of three proteins, with molecular weights of 27,500, 28,000, and 30,200. 3. 3. Separation under nondenaturing conditions revealed six proteins, all of which exhibited GST activity, with molecular weights ranging from 55,000 to 61,700. 4. 4. Ethacrynic acid is a competitive inhibitor of activity towards CDNB of all six GSTs, binding each with similar affinities. 5. 5. Chlorinated phenols are also competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, with the degree of inhibition being directly correlated with the lipohilicity of the compounds. 6. 6. Analysis of inhibition of separated isoforms reveals that form 4 is most strongly inhibited by these chlorinated phenols, with forms 5 and 6 being inhibited to a lesser degree.
Effect of energetic electron irradiation on graphene and graphene field-effect transistors

We present a study of the effects of electron-beam irradiation on the Raman spectra and electronic transport properties of graphene and the operation of graphene field-effect transistors (GFET). Exposure to a 30 keV electronbeam causes negative shifts in the charge-neutral point (CNP) of the GFET, interpreted as due to n-doping in the graphene from the interaction of the energetic electron beam with the substrate. The electron beam is seen to also decrease the carrier mobilities and minimum conductivity of the graphene, as well as increase the intensity of the Raman D peak, all of which indicate defects generated in the graphene. We also study the relaxation of electronic properties after irradiation. The findings are valuable for understanding the effects of radiation damage on graphene and for the development of radiation-hard graphene-based electronics.
Why Busing Plans Work

The year 1975 has seen a rising opposition to busing for school integration. Advocates of busing are placed in the position of defending the initiation and continuation of busing. Those opposed to busing can have their opposition widely accepted despite the complete lack of analysis of the consequences. Historical injustices against Blacks and minorities are widely known, but much of the public seems unaware of or unconcerned about present injustices and the official acts of discrimination which are still perpetuated. I have come to the conclusion that there is a categorical truth in the United States: Black children attending predominantly Black schools are attending schools which are inferior in every dimension. If the injustices of racial isolation, segregation, and unequal opportunity are not to be perpetuated, desegregation is a necessity. The issue is not whether or not to bus, but whether or not to integrate, for there is no way to achieve integration except by busing. Busing need not be a calamitous event which tears cities apart and drives those who can leave to the suburbs, but to avoid calamity requires procedures which deal with the issues and problems involved. In this paper I want to examine some of these problems and to look at the procedures used in carrying out desegregation and suggest why some desegregation plans have been successful and some have not.
Envisioning the Future of Special Education Personnel Preparation in a Standards-Based Era

The authors consider the future of special education personnel preparation by responding to an overarching question: What frameworks might teacher educators use as a basis to promote special education teacher effective performance now and in the future? In answering this question, they summarize current trends in the context of schooling and special education (i.e., Common Core State Standards [CCSS], multi-tiered systems of support [MTSS]) and what these contexts demand of special education teachers. The authors propose a practice-based model for fostering effective special education teacher performance. Grounded in the science of learning, the model includes approaches in teacher education that align with this literature. Implications for implementing the model are provided, which recognize current constraints on schools and colleges of education, to better promote this model for fostering effective performance.
Aberrant Renal Vascular Morphology and Renin Expression in Mutant Mice Lacking Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme plays a role in the development and maintenance of normal renal architecture, the renal morphology of 10- to 12-month-old female mice homozygous for a disruption of the converting enzyme gene was compared with that of age-matched wild-type mice. Tubular obstruction, dilatation, and atrophy were present in all kidneys from the homozygous mutant mice but absent in wild types; two kidneys from 4 mutant mice but none from the wild types were hydronephrotic. The entire arterial vascular tree, microdissected from mice with no converting enzyme, was grossly distorted in comparison to the vasculature of wild-type mice; all intrarenal arterial vessels were widened and thickened, including the terminal (afferent) arterioles. In wild-type mice kidneys, renin-positive cells were detected exclusively in a juxtaglomerular localization. In contrast, abnormal distribution of renin immunostaining was observed in mice without converting enzyme; scattered renin-positive cells were seen along the arterial vessels, often in a perivascular localization, and interstitial reninpositive cells surrounded glomeruli. Kidney renin mRNA was increased more than 32-fold in the mutant mice compared with wild types. Northern blot analysis revealed that this increase included the accumulation of large amounts of smaller renin RNA transcripts. In summary, mice lacking the converting enzyme exhibit abnormal renal vessels and tubules. Renin synthesis is increased, accompanied by the presence of small renin mRNA species, and renin is present mainly in interstitial and perivascular cells. We conclude that angiotensin-converting enzyme is necessary to preserve normal kidney architecture and the normal pattern of renin expression.
Mandibular lingual releasing approach to oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas

Resection of a carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx requires adequate exposure for direct visual and bimanual examination. Transoral resection of tumors of the oral cavity using the "pull-through" procedure can be difficult due to interference by the circumoral tissue and mandibular arch. Exposure of carcinomas involving the base of tongue may require mandibulotomy or lateral mandibulectomy even when margin control does not mandate removal of the jaw. Alternatively, surgical techniques routinely used for exodontia and periodontal surgery can be applied to the creation of a mandibular lingual mucoperiosteal flap that allows for the entire tongue and floor of mouth to be delivered into the neck. Oral cavity and base of tongue lesions can then be resected with excellent direct visual and palpable control of margins, but without lip splitting, mandibulotomy or mandibulectomy.
Mapping quantitative trait loci in tetraploid populations.

Knowledge of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in polyploids is almost void, albeit many exquisite strategies of QTL mapping have been proposed and extensive investigations have been carried out in diploid animals and plants. In this paper we develop a simple algorithm which uses an iteratively reweighted least square method to map QTLs in tetraploid populations. The method uses information from all markers in a linkage group to infer the probability distribution of QTL genotype under the assumption of random chromosome segregation. Unlike QTL mapping in diploid species, here we estimate and test the compound ‘gametic effect’, which consists of the composite ‘genic effect’ of alleles and higher-order gene interactions. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method are investigated through simulation studies. Results show that the method can successfully locate QTLs and separates different sources (e.g. additive and dominance) of variance components contributed by the QTLs.
Impact of grazing restrictions on livestock composition and husbandry practices in Madi Valley, Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Livestock grazing restrictions are a common practice in the protected areas of developing countries. Understanding the influence of these restrictions on livestock husbandry is critical because local people's livelihoods often depend on access to grazing lands and biodiversity conservation may be affected by grazing activities. Household surveys and government records were used to examine impacts of grazing restrictions on livestock composition and use of available forage resources in the Madi Valley of Chitwan National Park (Nepal) during early (1997) and late (2006) restriction policy periods. Households responded to grazing restrictions by reducing numbers of less productive cattle and high maintenance buffalo to offset forage demands, but there was no decrease in the number of goats. In 2006, average household fodder biomass (3.4 t yr−1) available from agricultural land was adequate for the average household livestock units (3.3 t yr−1) requirement. Although most households ‘stall fed’ livestock as an adjustment to the new policy, about 30% still depended on community forests and parklands for livestock rearing. Higher ‘stall feeding’ reduced grazing pressure and increased forest cover but demanded more fodder cutting, which has the potential to increase human/wildlife interactions, particularly with tigers in the buffer zone community forests.
Posterior longitudinal ligament status in cervical spine bilateral facet dislocations.

Objective It is generally accepted that cervical spine bilateral facet dislocation results in complete disruption of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The goal of this study was to evaluate the integrity of numerous spine-stabilizing structures by MRI, and to determine if any associations between injury patterns exist with respect to the posterior longitudinal ligament status.
Better Confidence Intervals: The Double Bootstrap with No Pivot

The double bootstrap is an important advance in confidence interval generation because it converges faster than the already popular single bootstrap. Yet the usual double bootstrap requires a stable pivot that is not always available, e.g., when estimating flexibilities or substitution elasticities. A recently developed double bootstrap does not require a pivot. A Monte Carlo analysis with the Waugh data finds the double bootstrap achieves nominal coverage whereas the single bootstrap does not. A useful artifice dramatically decreases the computational time of the double bootstrap.
Zur Chemie der kondensierten Phosphate und Arsenate, V. Über das chemisch unterschiedliche Verhalfen der Hydrate des Natriumsalzes der Trimetaphosphorsäure, Na3(P3O9) · 6 H2O und Na3(P3O9) · 1 H2O†

Die beiden Kristallhydrate des Natriumtrimetaphosphates Na3[P3O9] · 6 H2O und Na3[P3O9] · 1 H2O verhalten sich insofern sehr verschieden, als sich das 6-Hydrat sehr leicht und direkt zum Anhydrid entwassern last, das Wasser aus dem 1-Hydrat hingegen nur unter chemischer Veranderung des Anions aus dem Kristallverband austritt. Es wird eine gittergeometrische Deutung fur dieses Verhalten vorgeschlagen, die durch die Grosen der scheinbaren Molvolumina des Wassers in diesen Hydraten gestutzt wird.
Metallo-β-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria: introducing the era of pan-resistance?

Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are being reported with increasing frequency and from several countries worldwide and are becoming the prevalent and most clinically significant determinants of carbapenem resistance. Furthermore, MBL-producing strains that exhibit a pan-resistant phenotype are increasingly detected. Initially MBLs were detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however nowadays they are frequently found in Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae. MBLs spread easily on plasmids and cause nosocomial infections and outbreaks with excess mortality. Such infections mainly concern patients admitted to Intensive Care Units with several co-morbidities and a history of prolonged administration of antibiotics. MBL-producing strains exhibit resistance to almost all currently available antibiotics. In vitro studies reveal that tigecycline and colistin are the only antibacterial agents with consistent activity against MBL-producing strains. Randomised controlled trials are required in order to evaluate the available therapeutic regimens, including treatment combinations. Tigecycline and colistin should be used under appropriate prescribing practices. Surveillance to monitor the emergence of resistance to these agents as well as implementation of infection control measures should be strengthened. MBL inhibitors are urgently needed, however, none is in late pre-clinical development.
DDDAMS-based Crowd Control via UAVs and UGVs☆

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) collaboratively play central roles in intelligence gathering and control in urban/border surveillance and crowd control. In this paper, we first propose a comprehensive planning and control framework based on dynamic-data-driven, adaptive multi-scale simulation (DDDAMS). We then discuss proposed algorithms enabling DDDAMS capability based on several methods such as 1) Bayesian-based information aggregation/disaggregation, 2) dynamic information updating based on observation/simulation, 3) temporal and spatial data fusion for enhanced performance, 4) multi-resolution strategy in temporal tracking frequency, and 5) cached intelligent observers. Finally, preliminary results based on the proposed framework, algorithms, and testbeds are discussed.
Effect of coronary reperfusion on myocardial hemorrhage and infarct healing.

Abstract Early coronary reperfusion for treatment of acute myocardial infarction is a promising mode of therapy but may result in hemorrhagic infarction. The effect of hemorrhage on healing of myocardium subjected to early reperfusion is unknown, but could be detrimental. To compare repair of reperfused infarcts and permanently ischemic infarcts, 2 coronary arteries were occluded in 14 anesthetized dogs, and after 4 hours, 1 artery was reperfused. Either 1 or 14 days later, samples from the center of the infarcts and from normal myocardium were analyzed for hemoglobin (milligrams per gram), creatine kinase (international units per milligram of protein), and hydroxyproline (micrograms per gram) content. In an additional 7 dogs killed at 3 days after coronary occlusion, the myocardium was studied histologically. Gross subendocardial hemorrhage was present in all reperfused infarcts at 1 day; hemoglobin content was 8 ± 1 in normal myocardium and 10 ± 2 in permanently ischemic infarcts, but was highest in reperfused infarcts at 38 ± 7 (p
National disparities in the quality of a medical home for children.

Objectives To examine socio-demographic disparities associated with a quality medical home. Methods A nationally representative sample of children ages 0–17 years (n = 102,353) from the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health. Risk factors including non-white race/ethnicity, income <200% of the federal poverty level (FPL), uninsured, parent education lesser than high school, and non-English primary household language, were examined in relation to a quality medical home separately and together as a “profile” of risk. Fourteen questions were used to measure five medical home features: access, continuity, comprehensiveness, family-centered care, and coordination. Quality was defined as a value greater than median for each feature and for an overall score. Results Before and after adjustment for child demographics and health status, all studied risk factors were associated with poorer quality medical home features. Uninsured [odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40–0.47] and low-income children (OR = 0.65, CI: 0.62–0.69) had among the lowest odds of a quality medical home overall and across most features, except coordination that showed an opposite trend. Summarized through risk profiles, children experiencing all five risk factors had 93% lower odds of a quality medical home overall (OR = 0.07, CI: 0.04–0.25) compared to zero risk children. Conclusion This study demonstrates large national disparities in the quality of a medical home for children. That disparities were most prevalent for the uninsured and those in or near poverty, both modifiable risk factors, suggests that reforms to increase coverage and to lift families out of poverty are essential to assuring that children have access to the full complement of appropriate health care services including a quality medical home.
The Place of Languages in Scientific Education

Some of the weaknesses of the old method of handling the language requirements for Ph.D. candidates are pointed out. It is maintained that a considerable waste of time was involved and that the requirement was not satisfactory to all concerned. The author supports the proposal that a good training in one language is preferable.
Changes in Drug Use During Young Adulthood: The Effects of Parent Alcoholism and Transition Into Marriage

The present study examined the changes in drug use during the transition from emerging adulthood into young adulthood among a community sample of children of alcoholics (COAs) and demographically matched non-COAs. Consistent with national data, the non-COAs significantly decreased their drug use during this time, but the COAs did not significantly decrease their use. On the basis of role compatibility theory, the authors next examined whether marital status mediated or moderated this difference between COAs and non-COAs in linear drug use growth trajectories. In support of mediation, the authors found that COAs were significantly less likely than non-COAs to be currently married and that, for male participants, marriage was significantly associated with greater decreases in drug use during the mid to late 20s.
Depression and Incident Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Prospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE: To test whether depression is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS: The Pathways Epidemiologic Study is a population-based prospective cohort study of 4839 patients with diabetes in 2000-2007. The present analysis included 3474 adults with type 2 diabetes and no prior diabetic foot ulcers or amputations. Mean follow-up was 4.1 years. Major and minor depression assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were the exposures of interest. The outcome of interest was incident diabetic foot ulcers. We computed the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident diabetic foot ulcers, comparing patients with major and minor depression with those without depression and adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, medical comorbidity, glycosylated hemoglobin, diabetes duration, insulin use, number of diabetes complications, body mass index, smoking status, and foot self-care. Sensitivity analyses also adjusted for peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease as defined by diagnosis codes. RESULTS: Compared with patients without depression, patients with major depression by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 had a 2-fold increase in the risk of incident diabetic foot ulcers (adjusted hazard ratio 2.00; 95% CI, 1.24-3.25). There was no statistically significant association between minor depression by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and incident diabetic foot ulcers (adjusted hazard ratio 1.37; 95% CI, 0.77-2.44). CONCLUSION: Major depression by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is associated with a 2-fold higher risk of incident diabetic foot ulcers. Future studies of this association should include better measures of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease, which are possible confounders or mediators.
A GALS Solution Based on Highly Scalable, Low Latency, Crossbar Using Token Ring Arbitration

This paper presents a new low latency Crossbar design that can be used to interface systems working at different frequencies. For case of multiple input ports contending for same output port contemporary designs provide localized arbitration solution. The arbitration circuitry itself is a major contributor to the area and latency of the crossbar. This hinders the scalability of contemporary designs. A crossbar using a distributed arbitration mechanism in the form of token rings, is presented in this paper. This implementation provides a highly scalable solution, in terms of both area and latency.
The decomposability of simple orthogonal arrays on 3 symbols having t + 1 rows and strength t

It is well-known that all orthogonal arrays of the form OA(N;t+1;2;t) are decomposable into ‚ orthogonal arrays of strength t and index 1. While the same is not generally true when s = 3, we will show that all simple orthogonal arrays of the form OA(N;t + 1;3;t) are also decomposable into orthogonal arrays of strength t and index 1.
Does A Tone At The Top That Fosters Ethical Decisions Impact Financial Reporting Decisions: An Experimental Analysis

The accounting profession believes the reliability of financial reporting is affected by an organizations internal control, the foundation of which relates to the tone at the top of an organization. Despite attempts by organizations to create ethical environments, financial accountants are sometimes confronted with ethical dilemmas that may affect financial reporting decisions. An experiment that consisted of six different financial reporting scenarios was used to examine the influence of the tone at the top on financial reporting decisions. Subjects were assigned to three different organizational categories in terms of tone at the top a tone that fosters ethical behavior, a tone that does not foster ethical behavior, and a neutral tone. The results support the position that tone at the top does relate to financial reporting decisions.
Does the Banking Sector Affect Sovereign Risk

We examine the effects of liquidity in the banking system (proxy for financial sector sophistication) and the degree of competition in the banking sector within a nation on sovereign risk. We hypothesize that more competitive and sophisticated financial systems will be less prone to panics or bank runs, and, consequently, be associated with superior sovereign credit ratings. Using Ordered Probit with Aggregate Time Effects methodology, our results show that financial system variables such as Concentration in Banking System, Size of Financial System, and Liquidity of Banking Assets are significantly related to sovereign credit ratings. Since the use of these sovereign ratings is ubiquitous in international finance in varied applications such as determination of the cost of international borrowing by governments, international cost of capital for FDI, and others, the relationships identified in this paper have important public policy implications.
Hybrid ensemble 4DVar assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a globalshallow water model

Abstract. Wind extraction from stratospheric ozone (O3) assimilation is examined using a hybrid ensemble 4-D variational assimilation (4DVar) shallow water model (SWM) system coupled to the tracer advection equation. Stratospheric radiance observations are simulated using global observations of the SWM fluid height (Z), while O3 observations represent sampling by a typical polar-orbiting satellite. Four ensemble sizes were examined (25, 50, 100, and 1518 members), with the largest ensemble equal to the number of dynamical state variables. The optimal length scale for ensemble localization was found by tuning an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). This scale was then used for localizing the ensemble covariances that were blended with conventional covariances in the hybrid 4DVar experiments. Both optimal length scale and optimal blending coefficient increase with ensemble size, with optimal blending coefficients varying from 0.2–0.5 for small ensembles to 0.5–1.0 for large ensembles. The hybrid system outperforms conventional 4DVar for all ensemble sizes, while for large ensembles the hybrid produces similar results to the offline EnKF. Assimilating O3 in addition to Z benefits the winds in the hybrid system, with the fractional improvement in global vector wind increasing from ∼ 35 % with 25 and 50 members to ∼ 50 % with 1518 members. For the smallest ensembles (25 and 50 members), the hybrid 4DVar assimilation improves the zonal wind analysis over conventional 4DVar in the Northern Hemisphere (winter-like) region and also at the Equator, where Z observations alone have difficulty constraining winds due to lack of geostrophy. For larger ensembles (100 and 1518 members), the hybrid system results in both zonal and meridional wind error reductions, relative to 4DVar, across the globe.
Supramolecular effects on anion-dependent spin-state switching properties in heteroleptic iron(II) complexes.

We describe the preparations, characterizations, and spin-state properties of heteroleptic Fe(II) complexes containing 2,2′-bi-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (H2bip) and 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine (pic)...
Chromatographic Reduction of Isobaric and Isomeric Complexity of Fulvic Acids To Enable Multistage Tandem Mass Spectral Characterization

Humic substances and related material commonly grouped under the designation of natural organic matter (NOM) are of interest in fields ranging from marine chemistry and geochemistry to industry, ag...
Large molecules reveal a linear length scaling for double photoionization.

We present experimental results for the ratio of doubly to singly charged parent ions of structural similar molecules with different lengths. 1 The molecules under investigation are linearly fused benzene rings. The lengths of these molecules vary with respect to the structure of their carbon atoms from 2.8 A for benzene 2 to 14 A for pentacene 3 , which consists of five fused benzene rings and is also the longest stable chain of fused benzene rings. We discovered that the doubleto-total photoionization cross section ratio increases perfectly linearly with the lengths of the molecules for photon energies up to at least 30 eV above the double-ionization threshold (cf. Fig. 1). The dramatic increase of the ratio by a factor of 5 for pentacene as compared to the ratio of benzene can be understood in terms of the knock-out model that was previously introduced for atoms by comparing that ratio to the electron-impact single-ionization cross section of a singly charged ion 4 . Our results provide direct evidence of this model for the first time without the need for using electron-impact data for comparison. This discovery means that the structure of a molecule can have a significant influence on the ratio and that the origin of the two emitted electrons can be far apart. Moreover, the overall energy dependences of the molecules' ratios are very similar to that of He. This observation is another indication that the knock-out model is valid.
Geometric Porosity as a Dynamically-Driven Process: Inflation versus Steady Descent

The geometric porosity of a parachute is an all-important design characteristic that determines fall rates and stability during steady descent. Herein the concept is further explored in the context of inflation, where the complexity of the flows within the expanding canopy is likely to change the discharge of the air through a parachute’s vent and gaps. Here a simple example of an apex-vented, flat-circular parachute built out of non-porous fabric and inflating quasi-steadily is used to show how geometric porosity could indeed vary. This is numerically demonstrated from the analysis of CFD-generated flows through the vent. The numerical data suggest the discharge coefficient of the entire canopy (i.e., of the whole parachute seen as a nozzle) to be in the 0.93 – 0.95 range early during the inflation process when the canopy contains a relatively small about of air. This coefficient is seen to decrease to about 0.88 – 0.89 when it is nearly inflated and containing a lot more air. In other words, one has a scenario where the geometric porosity decreases over time, as the result of increasing viscous friction within an ever-increasing air mass. The CFD data was also used to study vent discharge, i.e., with the vent itself seen as a nozzle. In this case the discharge coefficient appears to remain constant at 0.95 – 0.96 throughout the inflation process.
Cyclic variation in women’s preferences for masculine traits

Women’s preferences for several male traits, including voices, change over the menstrual cycle, but the proximate causes of these changes are unknown. This paper explores relationships between levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone (estimated using menstrual cycle information) and women’s preferences for male vocal masculinity in normally cycling and hormonally contracepting heterosexual females. Preferences for vocal masculinity decreased with predicted progesterone levels and increased with predicted prolactin levels in normally cycling—but not hormonally contracepting—women. Adaptive explanations for menstrual variation in women’s preferences for masculine traits are discussed and evaluated in light of these findings.
Effect of anthocyanin pigments on certain enzymes.

SummaryThe activities of alpha glucan phosphorylase and glutamic acid decarboxyl-ase increased when increasing amounts of 4 anthocyanin compounds were added to the substrate. The activities of glycerol dehydro-genase, malate dehydrogenase and hexokinase decreased except at the lowest concentration, 0.01%. At this level, the tendency was to increase slightly the activity of the enzymes studied. Possible explanations for the effect of anthocyanin pigments on the enzyme systems studied are discussed.
Formal Synthesis of Palmerolide A, Featuring Alkynogenic Fragmentation and syn-Selective Vinylogous Aldol Chemistry

An enantioselective route to palmerolide A is described. The approach features original syntheses of three subunits, which are then assembled to produce a known late-stage intermediate and formally provide the highest overall yield of the natural product reported to date. Recent innovations in alkynogenic fragmentation and vinylogous aldol methodology figure prominently in the synthesis of the C1–C15 and C16–C25 subunits, respectively.
Transforming a Trip Abroad Into an Experiential Exercise in Entrepreneurship

At some point in their careers, many professors ponder the idea of taking a group of students abroad. This notion is especially true for entrepreneurship professors interested in exposing students to international entrepreneurship. In this article, we discuss how a professor and a student organization turned organizing a study abroad trip to China into an experiential exercise in entrepreneurship by creating and managing a short-term business to fund and plan the trip. Specific recommendations for a new set of entrepreneurial experiential best practices are outlined and illustrated.