cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Assembling Ability Determines the Activity of Enzyme-Instructed Self-Assembly for Inhibiting Cancer Cells

Enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA) represents a dynamic continuum of supramolecular nanostructures that selectively inhibits cancer cells via simultaneously targeting multiple hallmark capabilities of cancer, but how to design the small molecules for EISA from the vast molecular space remains an unanswered question. Here we show that the self-assembling ability of small molecules controls the anticancer activity of EISA. Examining the EISA precursor analogues consisting of an N-capped d-tetrapeptide, a phosphotyrosine residue, and a diester or a diamide group, we find that, regardless of the stereochemistry and the regiochemistry of their tetrapeptidic backbones, the anticancer activities of these precursors largely match their self-assembling abilities. Additional mechanistic studies confirm that the assemblies of the small peptide derivatives result in cell death, accompanying significant rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins and plasma membranes. These results imply that the diester or diamide der...
Trauma Systems: Origins, Evolution, and Current Challenges

Trauma is the leading cause of death among patients 46 years or younger, and having a system in place for the care of the injured is of paramount importance to the health of a community. The growth and development of civilian trauma systems has not been an easy process. The concept of regionalized health care that the trauma system models has been emulated by other specialized and time-sensitive areas of medicine, notably stroke and acute cardiac events. Continued process improvement, public education, support and involvement, a sound infrastructure, and integrated technology should remain our focus.
Static detection of unsafe component loadings

Dynamic loading of software components is a commonly used mechanism to achieve better flexibility and modularity in software. For an application's runtime safety, it is important for the application to load only its intended components. However, programming mistakes may lead to failures to load a component, or even worse, to load a malicious component. Recent work has shown that these errors are both prevalent and severe, sometimes leading to remote code execution attacks. The work is based on dynamic analysis by monitoring and analyzing runtime component loadings. Although simple and effective in detecting real errors, it suffers from limited code coverage and may miss important vulnerabilities. Thus, it is desirable to develop effective techniques to detect all possible unsafe component loadings. This paper presents the first static binary analysis aiming at detecting all possible loading-related errors. The key challenge is how to scalably and precisely compute what components may be loaded at relevant program locations. Our main insight is that this information is often determined locally from the component loading call sites. This motivates us to design a demand-driven analysis, working backward starting from the relevant call sites. In particular, for a given call site c, we first compute its context-sensitive executable slices, one for each execution context. Then we emulate the slices to obtain the set of components possibly loaded at c. This novel combination of slicing and emulation achieves good scalability and precision by avoiding expensive symbolic analysis. We implemented our technique and evaluated its effectiveness against the existing dynamic technique on nine popular Windows applications. Results show that our tool has better coverage and is precise--it is able to detect many more unsafe loadings. It is also scalable and finishes analyzing all nine applications within minutes.
Modeling visuospatial reasoning

I apply my proposed modification of Soar/Spatial/Visual System and Kosslyn’s (1983) computational operations on images to problems within a 2 × 2 taxonomy that classifies research according to whet...
Summary — Second Week

In making this summary of the second week of the XI. Schladming Winter School I must begin with some subjective observations that have personally impressed me.
Capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for bottom-up proteomics

Abstract Bottom-up proteomics characterizes proteins by analysis of peptides generated through proteolysis. Bottom-up analysis of a complex proteome inevitably generates tens of thousands of peptides, and the analysis of these peptides is a serious challenge. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) generates separations that are orthogonal to reversed phase liquid chromatography, which has led to consideration of CZE as an alternative separation technology in proteomic analysis. The steady improvement in mass spectrometer (MS) technology coupled with improvements in capillary coatings and the development of robust CZE-MS interfaces have contributed to the rapid advancement of CZE's identification performance in bottom-up proteomics analysis. In this review, we focus on recent advances of CZE-MS based bottom-up proteomics, including optimization of CZE and MS conditions, and the application of CZE-MS in phosphoproteomics, glycoproteomics, clinical diagnosis, host cell protein analysis, ultrasensitive proteomics, and quantitative proteomics. Finally, we outline future opportunities and challenges in this field.
Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in NRF2- and Sirtuin-Dependent Maintenance of Cellular Redox Balance.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has arisen as a critical gasotransmitter signaling molecule modulating cellular biological events related to health and diseases in heart, brain, liver, vascular systems and immune response. Three enzymes mediate the endogenous production of H2S: cystathione β-synthase (CBS), cystathione γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). CBS and CSE localizations are organ-specific. 3-MST is a mitochondrial and cytosolic enzyme. The generation of H2S is firmly regulated by these enzymes under normal physiological conditions. Recent studies have highlighted the role of H2S in cellular redox homeostasis, as it displays significant antioxidant properties. H2S exerts antioxidant effects through several mechanisms, such as quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), by modulating cellular levels of glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx-1) or increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOE), by activating the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). H2S also influences the activity of the histone deacetylase protein family of sirtuins, which plays an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and during the aging process by modulating AOE gene expression. This review focuses on the role of H2S in NRF2 and sirtuin signaling pathways as they are related to cellular redox homeostasis.
Computational Discovery of Li–M–O Ion Exchange Materials for Lithium Extraction from Brines

Lithium is an essential element for today’s high-performance batteries. Brine resources contain most of the world’s lithium reserves, but conventional processes for extracting lithium from brines a...
Self-Evolving Machine: A Continuously Improving Model for Molecular Thermochemistry

Because collecting precise and accurate chemistry data is often challenging, chemistry data sets usually only span a small region of chemical space, which limits the performance and the scope of applicability of data-driven models. To address this issue, we integrated an active learning machine with automatic ab initio calculations to form a self-evolving model that can continuously adapt to new species appointed by the users. In the present work, we demonstrate the self-evolving concept by modeling the formation enthalpies of stable closed-shell polycyclic species calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(2df,p) level of theory. By combining a molecular graph convolutional neural network with a dropout training strategy, the model we developed can predict density functional theory (DFT) enthalpies for a broad range of polycyclic species and assess the quality of each predicted value. For the species which the current model is uncertain about, the automatic ab initio calculations provide additional training data to i...
A clinical decision support system learned from data to personalize treatment recommendations towards preventing breast cancer metastasis.

Objective A Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) that can amass Electronic Health Record (EHR) and other patient data holds promise to provide accurate classification and guide treatment choices. Our objective is to develop the Decision Support System for Making Personalized Assessments and Recommendations Concerning Breast Cancer Patients (DPAC), which is a CDSS learned from data that recommends the optimal treatment decisions based on a patient’s features. Method We developed a Bayesian network architecture called Causal Modeling with Internal Layers (CAMIL), and an algorithm called Treatment Feature Interactions (TFI), which learns from data the interactions needed in a CAMIL model. Using the TFI algorithm, we learned interactions for six treatments from the LSDS-5YDM dataset. We created a CAMIL model using these interactions, resulting in a DPAC which recommends treatments towards preventing 5-year breast cancer metastasis. Results In a 5-fold cross-validation analysis, we compared the probability of being metastasis free in 5 years for patients who made decisions recommended by DPAC to those who did not. These probabilities are (the probability for those making the decisions appears first): chemotherapy (.938, .872); breast/chest wall radiation (.939, .902); nodal field radiation (.940, .784); antihormone (.941, .906); HER2 inhibitors (.934, .880); neadjuvant therapy (.931, .837). In an application of DPAC to the independent METABRIC dataset, the probabilities for chemotherapy were (.845, .788). Discussion Patients who took the advice of DPAC had, as a group, notably better outcomes than those who did not. We conclude that DPAC is effective at amassing and analyzing data towards treatment recommendations. Some of the findings in DPAC are controversial. For example, DPAC says that chemotherapy increases the chances of metastasis for many node negative patients. This controversy shows the importance of developing a conclusive version of DPAC to ensure we provide patients with the best patient-specific treatment recommendations.
Pseudorange measurement outlier detection for navigation with cellular signals: WIP abstract

We present an autonomous measurement outlier detection and exclusion framework for ground vehicle navigation using cellular signals of opportunity (SOPs) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The experimental results demonstrate the proposed framework successfully detecting and excluding outlier measurements, improving the position root mean-squared error (RMSE) by 42%. The demo session will showcase work in progress, namely (1) demo (in the form of a video of our experiment driving in downtown Riverside, California) and (2) a poster that includes the navigation framework, the proposed outlier detection method, and the experimental results.
Lesson Study for Preservice Teachers

The research lesson sets lesson study apart from most other forms of teacher learning. The observed interactive, real-time lesson puts theories about learning, expressed as a lesson plan, to the test of practice, in the company of one’s professional peers. In a cycle of lesson study, the research lesson sits between the planning that teachers do in preparation for interactive work and the analysis that teachers do after a lesson with students. As such, lesson study holds particular promise for preservice teacher education because it can serve as a bridge between theory and practice, a divide that has confounded teacher education for decades. Typically, preservice coursework provides opportunities for planning before lessons and analysis of artifacts coming out of lessons, but the actual interactive work with children is distant—and it is precisely this interactive work that most concerns preservice teachers. Thus, lesson study, with its inclusion of the research lesson, provides a promising model for preservice teacher learning. This chapter presents a case of lesson study carried out in a methods class for elementary preservice teachers. Analyses of data in this case study show that preservice teachers developed an expansive disposition of mathematical care, a repertoire of pedagogical moves linked to research and children’s learning, and an expanded sense of the teaching self from their participation in a cycle of lesson study.
Preventing Irrigation Canal Breaches Using Small Unmanned Aerial System with Multispectral Payload

This article proposes a solution for detecting and localizing water leaks in irrigation canals using a small unmanned aerial system (UAS) with a multispectral payload to enable timely prevention of irrigation canal breaches. The current state of the art is to use multispectral imagery from satellites orhigh-altitude manned aircraft, but this lacks sufficient resolution to find seepage and erosion before a catastrophic failure occurs. The other current practice is manual ground inspection, which is time-consuming and expensive plus inspectors may not be able to getthrough the brush to fully inspect the canal. This project is adapting and expanding multispectral payloads developed for manned aircraft and applying them to an AirRobot AR180 and AR200 quadcopter UAS. A custom payload weighing 1 kg was designed and built, fusing two nadir-mounted thermal FLIR Vue Pro R and multispectral MicaSense RedEdge cameras and incorporating a forward-facing CMOS Camera Module 728 px × 488 px visual pilot camera. A total of 27 flights were flown at 13 sites in 4 irrigationdistricts in Garwood, TX, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley region to establish ramifications for UAS, payload, and concept of operations as well as to evaluate the proposed solution. The fused imagery identified all known surface leaks but was unable to detect any underground leaks. This work is expected to reduce leaks in irrigation canals which account for 10 % to 40 % of all water loss. A low-cost platform would enable the local water districts to fly their canals each month rather than annually and catch leaks before they cause major problems. The work is also expected to aid in detecting seepage in levees before they fail, thus preventing major damage from flooding.
Thoracic disc herniation: Improved diagnosis with computed tomographic scanning and a review of the literature

Thoracic disc herniation is uncommon. One of the main problems in the treatment of thoracic disc herniation has been the lack of accuracy of diagnostic tests. Now, with the use of computed tomographic scanning with and without metrizamide in the subarachnoid space, this accuracy has greatly improved. Computed tomography scanning can demonstrate the type and level of the lesion even when the myelographic study is negative. We have reviewed 280 cases; a peak incidence was noted in the fourth decade with 75% of the protruded discs occurring below T-8. Back pain was the most common presenting symptom followed by sensory disturbances. By the time of diagnosis, 70% of the patients had signs of spinal cord compression. A small group of patients could be identified that invariably had a good prognosis. They had a history of trauma, symptoms lasting less than a month, and soft disc herniation. Regarding the results of surgical treatment, there was a success rate ranging from 57% for decompressive laminectomy to over 80% for the posterolateral, lateral, and transthoracic approaches.
Pause for effect: A 10-s interviewer wait time gives children time to respond to open-ended prompts.

Abstract When researchers and helping professionals interview children about a target event, how long should they tolerate silence before delivering another prompt? In other words, at what point are children so unlikely to begin talking again that continued silence would likely be unproductive? To test the reasonableness of a 10-s wait time guideline during open-ended prompting, we analyzed the wait times of research assistants (N = 7) who interviewed with a 10-s guideline, timed how quickly children responded to prompts, and also timed pauses within children’s event narratives. In our sample (105 conversations with children aged 4–8 years), interviewers complied fully with the 10-s rule in the majority of interviews, children often paused for longer than 5 s before beginning to talk about the event or continuing a narrative, and more than 96% of children’s pauses that were followed by event information fell within the 10-s window. These findings show that the 10-s wait time was a practical guideline that gave children time to respond without peppering interviews with uncomfortably long pauses. We conclude that adding wait time guidelines to protocols for interviewing children, and augmenting guidelines with wait time training for research assistants and helping professionals, could improve the quality of information obtained from children and advance our understanding of age differences in event memory.
Impact of prior trauma exposure on the development of PTSD symptoms after suspected acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Objective To determine the association between PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma and prior trauma type with PTSD symptoms after suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Method A consecutive sample of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) for suspected ACS were surveyed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of elevated ACS-related PTSD symptoms [PCL-S ≥ 33] at 1-month associated with PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma and prior trauma type at the time of suspected ACS, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, depression, and etiology of ACS symptoms. Results Of 984 patients, 81.6% reported ≥1 prior trauma type and 22.5% reported PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma at the time of suspected ACS. One month later, 18.0% had ACS-related PTSD symptoms. Patients with versus without PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma at the time of the suspected ACS had increased odds of ACS-related PTSD symptoms one month later (42.1% vs 9.9%; aOR 4.49, 95% CI:3.05–6.60; p Conclusions PTSD symptoms from prior trauma and history of life-threatening medical illness at the time of suspected ACS increased risk of ACS-related PTSD symptoms one month later.
Temperature-Dependent Power Transfer Capability of Transmission Systems Under Uncertainty: An Affine-Arithmetic Approach

Traditionally used continuation power flow methods do not consider the variation in line conductor temperature with increase in line loading. In this paper, a temperature-dependent continuation power flow (TD-CPF) approach is used and considers both thermal and voltage stability limits to determine the maximum transfer capacity of a transmission system. Moreover, the TD-CPF method is enhanced via use of affine arithmetic to account for the presence of uncertainties in weather parameters, overhead line conductor properties, and regional pollution levels. Considering these uncertainties, the voltage stability is assessed and compared to the line thermal limits in order to obtain a non-deterministic solution of the maximum power transfer capability of the system. The methodology is tested on a 4-bus and a 30-bus test cases to demonstrate the contribution of the proposed method.
More things in heaven and earth

In his work, The Problem of Universals in Indian Philosophy,1 Raja Ram Dravid has done an excellent job of locating and elucidating a large number of the major discussions of the problem of universals in the Indian tradition. In so doing, he succeeds in demonstrating that all of the major positions which are associated with the problem in the Western tradition — extreme realism, moderate realism, conceptualism, and extreme nominalism — are to be found as well in Indian philosophy. The picture which emerges from his account is that of an often heated debate in which the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to the problem are thoroughly explored. Dravid's discussions of this debate reveal him to be possessed of a remarkable command of an extensive and widely varied literature. He has done other scholars in the field of Indian philosophy a great service by providing an illuminating guide to the relevant portions of a sometimes bewildering array of texts. There are, nonetheless, a number of problematic areas in Dravid's work. In what follows I shall be focusing on these, not because I wish to belittle Dravid's accomplishment, but rather because I feel there are some important methodological issues here which require comment. The general question which informs my remarks is this: To what use should we put those materials on the problem of universals which we discover in the Indian tradition. This question arises in part because it is not clear that Dravid feels there is much, if anything, which we can learn about the problem from the examination of these materials. I wish to suggest that a study of the Indian debate on the question of universals can play an important role in our attempts at under standing this issue, for instance by suggesting to us possible approaches which have not been extensively explored in the Western tradition. I shall confine my remarks to two issues: the status of qualities, and the possibility of a consistent extreme nominalism. On the first point, the consensus in at least the modern Western tradition is that if there are universals, these are of the nature of recurrent qualities. In the Indian tradition, on the other hand, it is assumed by realists and nominalists alike that the qualities of a particular
Aminoglycoside-resistance gene signatures are predictive of aminoglycoside MICs for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

BACKGROUND Aminoglycoside-containing regimens may be an effective treatment option for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp), but aminoglycoside-resistance genes are common in these strains. The relationship between the aminoglycoside-resistance genes and aminoglycoside MICs remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To identify genotypic signatures capable of predicting aminoglycoside MICs for CR-Kp. METHODS Clinical CR-Kp isolates (n = 158) underwent WGS to detect aminoglycoside-resistance genes. MICs of amikacin, gentamicin, plazomicin and tobramycin were determined by broth microdilution (BMD). Principal component analysis was used to initially separate isolates based on genotype. Multiple linear regression was then used to generate models that predict aminoglycoside MICs based on the aminoglycoside-resistance genes. Last, the performance of the predictive models was tested against a validation cohort of 29 CR-Kp isolates. RESULTS Among the original 158 CR-Kp isolates, 91.77% (145/158) had at least one clinically relevant aminoglycoside-resistance gene. As a group, 99.37%, 84.81%, 82.28% and 10.76% of the CR-Kp isolates were susceptible to plazomicin, amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin, respectively. The first two principal components explained 72.23% of the total variance in aminoglycoside MICs and separated isolates into four groups with aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib', aac(6')-Ib+aac(6')-Ib' or no clinically relevant aminoglycoside-resistance genes. Regression models predicted aminoglycoside MICs with adjusted R2 values of 56%-99%. Within the validation cohort, the categorical agreement when comparing the observed BMD MICs with the predicated MICs was 96.55%, 89.66%, 86.21% and 82.76% for plazomicin, gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Susceptibility to each aminoglycoside varies in CR-Kp. Detection of aminoglycoside-resistance genes may be useful to predict aminoglycoside MICs for CR-Kp.
NMR studies of oxygen-doped La2CuO4 + δ

The observation that the structure of this material is sensitive to levels of doping sufficient to produce superconductivity (Tc ∼ 40 K) suggests an important role for structure in determining its electronic properties. Here we discuss unusual features of phase separation and studies of cooling rate dependence of the superconducting Tc relevant to this proposition.
Response of an Escherichia coli-bound fluorescent probe to colicin E1.

The fluorescent probe, 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonate (ANS) binds to Escherichia coli, showing an enhanced fluorescence. The interaction of colicin E1 with sensitive cells causes an increase of about 100% in the fluorescence of the bound ANS, and this change at equilibrium has an apparent “all-or-none” nature as a function of E1 multiplicity. Approximately 6 to 8% of the ANS is bound to the cells at equilibrium. The colicin E1-induced fluorescence increase can be attributed partly to an increase in ANS binding and partly to an increase in the fluorescence yield of the bound ANS. The kinetics of the E1-induced fluorescence increase in sensitive cells are very similar to those of the adenosine triphosphate decrease. The phosphorylation uncoupler p-trifluoromethoxy-carbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone also causes a large change in the fluorescence of bound ANS. Colicin E2 or E3 does not cause any fluorescence change, nor does colicin E1 cause fluorescence change with a colicinogenic strain. ANS appears to be a probe of structural or conformational change in the cell envelope that is closely associated with the colicin E1-induced adenosine triphosphate decrease.
SU-E-P-17: Flipping the Classroom: Improving Physics Education in a Clinical Environment

Purpose: The traditional model of an active presenter with a passive audience is one of the least effective methods of education availiable.1 Additionally, it is difficult for an instructor to balance time preparing for course lectures with clinical duties. An alternative method would be to reduce the amount of lecture time in the class, with a greater emphasis on outside readings or videos that students watch prior to attending scheduled class hours. Methods: The Clinical Rotation course at ECU was revamped to incorporate >30 TG Reports to develop deeper understanding of clinical aspects. Students were expected to read and bring questions on the topics to a weekly discussion session. Additional questions were asked by the instructor to verify understanding and emphasize key points of the reports. A final oral exam was given in the style of ABR part 3 to determine comprehensive analysis of the students understanding. Results: Over the past five semesters of the course, students have consistently had positive feedback on the course and overall scores have been good. Students benefited greatly from active learning during class discussions. A comparison with previous average grades was not possible. Time for preparation of the discussion is greatly reduced from time consuming powerpoint presentations. Conclusion: It is important to balance time in clinic and time teaching to optimize efficiency in education without sacrificing patient care. It is also important to deliver a quality education to students. This method also has the added benefit of emphasizing the importance of task group reports to students which will be a primary source of reference in clinical settings.1McIntosh, N.,&Sullivan, N. (1996). Delivering effective lectures. JHPIEGO Strategy Papers.
"The U.S. Attorneys Scandal" and the Allocation of Prosecutorial Power

Critics of George W. Bush's administration have charged that the balance in federal law enforcement has tipped in the direction of too much centralized control of prosecutorial decision making. The discharges of eight U.S. Attorneys in late 2006 are viewed as a prime example. Allegations surfaced that DOJ influenced U.S. Attorneys' Offices to pursue the President's partisan agenda by encouraging the overzealous pursuit of voting rights cases and government corruption cases against Democrats and by discharging individual U.S. Attorneys who resisted. The centralization of prosecutorial authority that the recent firings exemplify can be seen as a mechanism that facilitates abuse of government power, because it enables the Attorney General and other high-ranking DOJ officials to enforce prosecutorial decisions that promote partisan objectives. Nevertheless, any call to give lower level prosecutors greater independence from higher ranked officials would be strikingly at odds with one of the primary themes of contemporary commentary on prosecutorial ethics. Prosecutorial misconduct traditionally is considered to be the product of too much independence, particularly on the part of rogue prosecutors on the front lines. Centralization checks line prosecutors' overzealousness while promoting accountability and consistency. The events surrounding the recent firings provide an occasion for reconsidering conventional wisdom about how prosecutorial power should be allocated. By addressing the question of who should exercise federal prosecutorial discretion and on what basis, this Article helps develop a better understanding of the multi-faceted roles of the participants in the federal prosecutorial system, as well as general considerations applicable to federal and state prosecution agencies alike.
Using cultures of participation to change behaviors

My doctoral research addresses two major systemic problems: energy sustainability and education, specifically how to engage learners as active contributors and decision makers rather than passive consumers. I design, develop, and evaluate socio-technical environments that facilitate cultures of participation in order to change human behavior towards energy sustainability.I analyze group interactions that influence and determine cultures of participation and I am conducting crowd-sourced user studies with the goal of creating theoretically-based and empirically-supported frameworks for the creation of socio-technical environments.
On a computational method for the second fundamental tensor and its application to bifurcation problems

An algorithm is presented for the computation of the second fundamental tensorV of a Riemannian submanifoldM ofR n . FromV the riemann curvature tensor ofM is easily obtained. Moreover,V has a close relation to the second derivative of certain functionals onM which, in turn, provides a powerful new tool for the computational determination of multiple bifurcation directions. Frequently, in applications, thed-dimensional manifoldM is defined implicitly as the zero set of a submersionF onR n . In this case, the principal cost of the algorithm for computingV(p) at a given pointp?M involves only the decomposition of the JacobianDF(p) ofF atp and the projection ofd(d+1) neighboring points ontoM by means of a local iterative process usingDF(p). Several numerical examples are given which show the efficiency and dependability of the method.
Mutations affecting the pattern of the PNS in drosophila reveal novel aspects of neuronal development

Through a systematic genetic screen, we have identified 55 mutations that affect the development of the PNS of Drosophila embryos. These mutations specify 13 novel and 5 previously characterized genes and define new phenotypes for 2 other known genes. Five classes of mutant phenotypes were identified in the screen: gain of neurons, loss of neurons, abnormal position of chordotonal neurons, aberrant neuronal trajectories, and abnormal morphology of neurons. Phenotypic analyses of mutations identified in this study revealed three novel aspects of PNS development. First, we have identified a novel gene that may be required to define glial versus neuronal cell identity. Second, our data indicate that neuronal migration plays an important role in pattern formation in the embryonic PNS. Third, we have identified mutations that cause a lack of sensory organs, but unlike mutations in proneural genes, do not affect the formation of sensory organ precursors. These genes may be required for key aspects of neuronal differentiation. Our studies suggest that approximately 70 essential genes are required for proper PNS development in Drosophila embryos.
Gauged N=4 supergravities in five dimensions and their magnetovac backgrounds

Abstract Gauged N = 4 supergravity theories with Yang-Mills symmetry SU(2) × U(1) are constructed in five dimensions. As in four dimensions, the presence of a nonsimple gauge group leads to the existence of three distinct theories, depending (in five dimensions) on the values of the SU(2) and U(1) coupling constants. Two of the theories are distinguished by the relative sign of the coupling constants; one of these has a vacuum state exhibiting the full N = 4 anti-de Sitter supersymmetry SU(2,2|2), while the other has a scalar potential with no critical points. The third theory, in which the SU(2) coupling constant is taken to be zero, has vanishing scalar potential. This leads to vacua with spontaneously broken supersymmetry and zero cosmological constant, admitting compactification to four dimensions. All three theories possess “magnetovac” ground states with residual supersymmetry and hence presumably stable. Several of these may be interpreted as four-dimensional cosmological models.
Ultrasonic Attenuation and Backscatter Coefficient Estimates of Rodent-Tumor-Mimicking Structures: Comparison of Results among Clinical Scanners

In vivo estimations of the frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation (α) and backscatter (η) coefficients using radio frequency (RF) echoes acquired with clinical ultrasound systems must be independent of the data acquisition setup and the estimation procedures. In a recent in vivo assessment of these parameters in rodent mammary tumors, overall agreement was observed among α and η estimates using data from four clinical imaging systems. In some cases, particularly in highly attenuating heterogeneous tumors, multi-system variability was observed. This paper compares α and η estimates of a well-characterized rodent-tumor-mimicking homogeneous phantom scanned using 7 transducers with the same four clinical imaging systems: a Siemens Acuson S2000, an Ultrasonix RP, a Zonare Z.one, and a VisualSonics Vevo2100. α and η estimates of lesion-mimicking spheres in the phantom were independently assessed by three research groups, who analyzed their system’s RF echo signals. Imaging-system-based estimates of α and η of both lesion-mimicking spheres were comparable to through-transmission laboratory estimates and to predictions using Faran’s theory, respectively. A few notable variations in results among the clinical systems were observed, but the average and maximum percent difference between α estimates and laboratory-assessed values was 11% and 29%, respectively. Excluding a single outlier dataset, the average and maximum average difference between η estimates for the clinical systems and values predicted from scattering theory was 16% and 33%, respectively. These results were an improvement over previous inter-laboratory comparisons of attenuation and backscatter estimates. Although the standardization of our estimation methodologies can be further improved, this study validates our results from previous rodent breast-tumor model studies.
Correlation of nanoindentation measurements of nickel made using geometrically different indenter tips

Abstract Nanoindentation is a widely used technique to measure the mechanical properties of coatings and thin films whose thickness ranges from nanometers to micrometers. Measurement of mechanical properties like hardness and modulus of elasticity of the sample being indented depends on the geometry of the indenter. A change in tip geometry is an added characterization advantage for reliability in design of structural components for mechanical systems. Different kinds of stresses imposed by geometrically different indenters give an indication of material behavior when multiple stresses act on a surface. Tip calibration and analytical simulations of these experiments have been performed using the finite element method. Hardness and modulus values differ for geometrically different indenters. In this paper, an attempt is made to correlate hardness values obtained using three indenters of different geometries and to understand deformation mechanisms of nickel in nanoindentation. The results are examined on the basis of geometrically necessary deformation mechanisms theory [Nix WD, Gao H. J Mech Phys Solids 1998;46:411].
Cognitive, social, and environmental attributes of distributed engineering collaboration: A review and proposed model of collaboration

The objective of this article is to review the attributes that influence distributed collaboration groups engaged in engineering tasks in order to guide the research into the development of new tools and methods to support engineering groups. Three comprehensive areas of literature that describe the cognitive, social, and environmental factors influencing collaboration are covered including task characteristics, collaborative technology, and group/individual development. A model is proposed that can contribute to the understanding of the engineering collaboration process, distributed group interaction, and the role of the task within this environment. The relationships between the attributes included in the model are hypothesized to affect the distributed collaboration process. This article discusses the attributes and suggests that further research is required to validate the model's relationships. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Non-Homogeneous Equilibrium Model for Convective Transport in Flowing Nanofluids

A base fluid (e.g., water, ethanol, oil) in which nano-sized (1–100 nm) particles of a different material are dispersed, is known as a nanofluid. Nanofluids are attractive because the presence of the nanoparticles enhances energy transport considerably. As a result, nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity and single-phase heat transfer coefficients than their base fluids. In particular, the heat transfer coefficient increases appear to go beyond the mere thermal-conductivity effect, and cannot be predicted by traditional pure-fluid correlations such as Dittus-Boelter’s. In the nanofluid literature this behavior is generally attributed to thermal dispersion and intensified turbulence, brought about by nanoparticle motion. To test the validity of this assumption, we have considered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base fluid. These are inertia, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Magnus effect, fluid drainage and gravity. We concluded that, of these seven, only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluids. Based on this finding, we developed a two-component four-equation non-homogeneous equilibrium model for mass, momentum and heat transport in nanofluids. A non-dimensional analysis of the equations suggests that energy transfer by nanoparticle dispersion is negligible, and thus cannot explain the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases. Furthermore, a comparison of the nanoparticle and turbulent eddy scales clearly indicates that the nanoparticles move homogeneously with the fluid in the presence of turbulent eddies, so an effect on turbulence intensity is also doubtful.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reliability growth testing, what is the real final result? Accelerated test methodology for reliability growth

This paper discusses the error in the understanding and representation of the traditional reliability growth model where the failure rates of different failure modes are treated in the same manner. The total initial failure rate of an item, consisting of the constant and changing components, is modeled mathematically as changing, but during the test, the random failures (a part of the overall failure rate) are disregarded. This introduces inevitable overestimation of the reliability growth and the reliability improvement. Only a smaller portion of the total tested item (design errors' where the failure rate is only a fraction of the total item failure rate) can be improved Improving a much smaller rate to a desired reliability goal requires considerably and often cost prohibitive test time To perform correct calculations for realistic test results and with reasonable resources, accelerated testing based on the Physics of Failure is recommended to use. This method is capable of providing a reasonable test duration which would be technically correct and economically feasible. This tutorial presents the methodology for the design of the accelerated reliability growth tests and their data analysis.
Central Patterning of a Vocalization in Fowl

BROWN1 has described a region of the lateral tegmental gray in red-winged blackbirds where focal electrical stimulation regularly produces alarm calls with very low stimulus intensities. We have found that stimulation of the same structure in chickens (stereotoxic co-ordinates A 4, L 4.5, V 4; ref. 2) produces clucking, which is an alarm call in this species. We present here evidence that this clucking is patterned in the central nervous system and does not depend on phasic input for its timing. This behaviour is favourable for analysis because the response is easily obtained under deep anaesthesia, making possible surgical manipulations.
In-situ hybridization of tropoelastin mRNA during the development of the multilayered neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell culture.

Summary Cultured neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells are active in synthesizing and depositing large amounts of elastin in their extracellular matrix, making this an ideal system for studying elastogenesis. In this study, the ability of individual cells to synthesize tropoelastin was examined by in-situ hybridization methods. One-micron semi-thin epoxy resin-embedded transverse sections of cells cultured 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks showed an increase with time in both the number of cells with hybridization signal and the signal intensity; tropoelastin mRNA hybridization signal intensity decreased thereafter up to 8 weeks in culture. In longitudinal sections through the early cultures (1-week), we observed mitotic cells with no detectable hybridization signal, and nonmitotic cells with either no, little or high signal intensity. These data suggest that mitotic cells do not synthesize tropoelastin, and that there is a strong correlation between the hybridization signal intensity and the rate of tropoelastin synthesis. These data also suggest in-situ hybridization methods can detect which cell(s) contain tropoelastin mRNA, their location in the multilayer, and variations in signal intensity. We conclude it is possible to correlate hybridization signal intensity with varitions of tropoelastin mRNA levels within individual cells of the cultured smooth muscle cell multilayer.
A new method for transferring sections from the liquid surface of the trough through staining solutions to the supporting film of a grid

A method has been developed which makes it possible to obtain virtually wrinkle-free sections for electron microscopy. The sections are picked up together with a drop of liquid in a one-hole grid which has no supporting film. The grids and sections may then be transferred to the different staining and rinsing solutions before they are finally allowed to dry on a second grid which supports a carbonr-reinforced Formvar film. This procedure also eliminates the risk of films breaking during staining (particularly at high temperatures), drying, and carbon evaporation. Thus sections and films are handled separately up to the point when the specimen is ready for the electron microscope. The loss of valuable material, particularly serial sections, is thereby reduced to a minimum.
Community Power and Policy Outputs The Routines of Local Politics

The concern with the effects of different types of community power structures has produced two prominent research and conceptualization strategies—the separability and community mobilization models...
Investigating the Implementation of Charitable Choice

Abstract This paper reports on a project to investigate the implementation of charitable choice in TANF-funded job services in Indiana, Massachusetts, and North Carolina. A number of issues needed to be addressed in the course of the research project. State-level government responses to charitable choice were found to vary widely, making comparisons across states difficult. In Indiana, job training providers and clients were also interviewed. For providers, a major research issue was the assessment of the degree to which they were faith-based and the impact of this. To measure the impact of provider faith orientation on clients, a pre-and post-service study was designed. Providers were to administer the tests, but in many cases failed to do so correctly, thereby limiting the utility of the results. Finally, during the last year of the study, the state changed its funding priorities, thereby altering the provider system. A number of the providers changed their programs or stopped providing services, thereb...
High-Resolution Imaging of Circumstellar Gas and Dust in UZ Tauri: Comparing Binary and Single-Star Disk Properties

We present (Lamda)=1.3 and 3mm aperture sysnthesis imaging of the multiple T Tauri system UZ Tauri.
Behavior treatment, behavior management, and behavior control: Needed distinctions

Behavioral procedures are used frequently with persons who present the dual handicapping conditons of mental retardation and chronic behavior difficulties. It is suggested that behavior management and behavior control procedures are used excessively and at the expense of active behavior treatment. It is recommended that behavior treatment staff be more discriminating in use of these classes of procedures, and that the major focus of behavioral programs be that of active treatment.
Prospective memory skill

Two experiments examined the likelihood of remembering each of 24 different kinds of appointments (which differed from one another in importance, retention interval, amount of recurrence, and precision with which the appointment is to be met) as a function of their frequency of occurrence. In Experiment 1, subjects rated how often they experienced and forgot to meet the different kinds of appointments. In Experiment 2, subjects kept a diary over a 3-week period of their appointments and which ones they forgot to meet. In both experiments, we found a strong positive correlation, across the different kinds of appointments, between the likelihood of remembering to meet a certain kind of appointment and the frequency of having such appointments.
THE ROLE OF PRESSURE IN GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUD FORMATION

We examine the hypothesis that hydrostatic pressure alone determines the ratio of atomic to molecular gas averaged over a particular radius in disk galaxies. The hypothesis implies that the transition radius, the location where the ratio is unity, should always occur at the same value of stellar surface density in all galaxies. We examine data for 28 galaxies and find that the stellar surface density at the transition radius is indeed constant to within 40% at a value of 120 M☉ pc-2. If the hypothesis can be confirmed at all radii within a large range of galaxy types and metallicities, combining it with the observed relation between the star formation rate and H2 surface density may enable us to derive a physically motivated star formation prescription with wide applicability.