cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term changes in carbohydrate tolerance, insulin secretion and action in African-American patients with obesity and history of hyperglycemic crises

Introduction Many African-Americans (AA) with obesity with newly diagnosed diabetes presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or severe hyperglycemia (SH) discontinue insulin therapy and achieve near-normoglycemia remission (hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Research design and methods Seventy-five participants with DKA (n=33) and SH (n=42) underwent 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after insulin discontinuation and every 6 months until hyperglycemia relapse (FBG ≥130 mg/dL, HbA1c >7% or two random BG ≥180 mg/dL) while treated with OAD (metformin, sitagliptin or pioglitazone) or placebo. Glucose tolerance status was defined as per the American Diabetes Association. Sensitivity index (Si) was calculated by oral minimal model, insulin secretion as the incremental area under the curve of insulin (IncreAUCi) and disposition index (DI) as Si×IncreAUCi. Results During remission, OGTT showed normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n=9 (12%)), prediabetes (n=34 (45%)) and diabetes (n=32 (43%)). DI and Si were higher in patients with NGT versus prediabetes versus diabetes (p Conclusions In AA patients with obesity with history of DKA and SH, near-normoglycemia remission is associated with improved insulin secretion and action with half of patients achieving NGT or prediabetes, and only half having diabetes on OGTT. NGT and prediabetes on OGTT were not associated with prolonged hyperglycemia relapse-free survival. Trial registration number NCT01099618, NCT00426413.
First Report of a Putative Cyanophage, Mc-1, of Microcoleus Sp.

A current review (1) lists 21 cyanophages of coccoid and filamentous heterocystic and non-heterocystic blue-green algae (BGA). The capsid diameters of these viruses range from 50-90 nm, and none have been previously reported for Microcoleus,a sheath-producing, filamentous, surface colonizing BGA (Fig. 1), of the order Oscillatoriales, and class Cyanophyceae (= Cyanobacteria). From a freshwater culture of Microcoleussp. we report here a putative cyanophage with a side-to-side hexagonal capsid diameter of 140 nm, based on measurements from thin sections of algal filaments prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).An earlier report (2) documented the ultrastructure of mucilage secretion, and its role in sheath, trichome and filament formation in an isolate of the BGA Microcoleus sp. grown in soil-water medium. Now we report large cyanophage-like particles in a majority of cells making up the trichomes. These putative hexagonal viral capsids (Figs. 2-5) are mainly clustered in the center or to one side of the nucleoplasm.
Breed and heterotic effects on postweaning traits in Altex and New Zealand White straightbred and crossbred rabbits.

Postweaning data from 1,111 straightbred and reciprocally crossbred rabbits were analyzed to evaluate Altex and New Zealand White (NZW) breeds for individual growth and litter traits. The Altex is a recently developed sire breed, whereas the NZW is a popular commercial dam breed. Individual fryer growth traits were weaning (28 d; WW) and market (70 d; MW) weights and ADG. Litter traits included litter size (LSW) and total weight of litter at weaning (LWW), 28 to 70 d total feed intake (LFI), feed efficiency (LFE = total litter gain/LFI), survival rate, and within-litter MW uniformity. Least squares models consisted of fixed effects of sire breed, dam breed, season of weaning, doe parity, two- and three-way interactions, and random effects of sire within sire breed, litter within sire x dam breed, and(or) residual error (depending on whether an individual or a litter trait was analyzed). Crossbreeding parameters (direct breed additive, maternal breed, and individual heterosis) were estimated. Altex sires increased WW, ADG, and MW by 40 g (P 0.05) other litter traits. No relationship existed between breed type of fryer and survival status (chi2 = 2.81; P > 0.25). For litter traits, straightbred Altex had significantly greater LFI by 2.45 kg and increased LFE by 0.015 units relative to NZW. Combined direct breed additive and heterosis effects increased LFI by 1.84 kg (P or = 1.8 kg) by 63 d of age than NZW straightbred fryers. These data suggest that crossing Altex bucks to NZW enhanced breeding efficiency of fryer growth performance.
Some exact Ramsey–Turán numbers

Let r be an integer, f(n) a function, and H a graph. Introduced by Erdýos, Hajnal, Sos, and Szemeredi (8), the r-Ramsey-Turan number of H, RTr(n,H,f(n)), is defined to be the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex, H-free graph G with αr(G) ≤ f(n) where αr(G) denotes the Kr-independence number of G. In this note, using isoperimetric properties of the high dimensional unit sphere, we construct graphs providing lower bounds for RTr(n,Kr+s,o(n)) for every 2 ≤ s ≤ r. These constructions are sharp for an infinite family of pairs of r and s. The only previous sharp construction was by Bollobas and Erdýos (6) for r = s = 2.
Determining unfused powder threshold for optimal inherent damping with additive manufacturing

Abstract The practicality of inherent damping with the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Additive Manufacturing (AM) process is strengthened with the identification of a threshold value for unfused powder volume. This approach provides the ability to design parts with inherent damping that can suppress vibration by 88–95% compared to fully-fused counterparts, and the damping achieved is a product of only 1–4% unfused powder volume. Inherent damping with LPBF has also addressed conventional shortcomings like manufacturing feasibility, high cycle fatigue (HCF) endurance, and a predictive tool that helps optimize damping by configuring unfused powder volumes. Despite the proven capability of the approach, a threshold unfused powder volume for optimizing damping performance and minimizing structural integrity impact has not been identified. The work in this manuscript addresses this gap in the inherent damping with LPBF capability by leveraging damping data from a varied collection of Nickel Alloy 718 and Stainless Steel 316 L specimens and assessing the trend in vibration suppression with respect to unfused powder volume. Results from this study show a trend in the effects of unfused powder volume on inherent damping performance. With the application of regression and probability distribution analyses, a rule-of-thumb comparison between undamped and passively damped systems has allowed for systemic identification of a threshold value for unfused powder volume.
Frozen mode in coupled silicon ridge waveguides for optical true time delay applications

We propose a simple photonic waveguide structure that exhibits light propagation modes with vanishing group velocity via mode degeneracy. This enables stationary inflection point dispersion leading to the frozen mode and a true time delay device suitable for ultra-wide-band beamforming for millimeter wave (mmWave) phased arrays. The structure consists of three silicon ridge waveguides in proximity with periodic gaps introduced in the outer waveguides to create a band gap. The structure is complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible with a very small footprint of only about 56µm2 and more resilient to fabrication uncertainties as compared to the previously studied structures. Simulation results show transmission of 70% of the incident wave for the frozen mode at the 1.55 µm (193.6 THz) wavelength through the waveguide. It also enables a delay-bandwidth product of 6.75 along with unprecedented frequency independent bandwidth of about 0.5 THz for RF-mmWave–terahertz beamforming.
Reactive oxygen species mediate thylakoid membrane remodeling and triacylglycerol synthesis under nitrogen starvation in the alga Chlorella sorokiniana

Many microbes accumulate energy storage molecules such as triglycerides and starch during nutrient limitation. In eukaryotic green algae grown under nitrogen limiting conditions, triglyceride accumulation is coupled with chlorosis and growth arrest. In this study we show that accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under nitrogen limitation in the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana is involved in thylakoid membrane remodeling, leading to chlorosis. We show that ROS accumulation under nitrogen limitation is an active process involving downregulation of expression of ROS-quenching enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalase, peroxiredoxin, and glutathione peroxidase-like, and upregulation of enzymes involved in generating ROS, such as NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase and amine oxidases. Expression of enzymes involved in ascorbate and glutathione metabolism are also affected under these conditions. We also show that calcium influx plays a putative role in activation of NADPH oxidases, leading to ROS generation and membrane remodeling. Quenching ROS under nitrogen limitation reduces TAG accumulation, adding additional evidence for the role of ROS signaling in the process.
Comparison of Guidelines for the Use of Interleukin-17 Inhibitors for Psoriasis in the United States, Britain, and Europe: A Critical Appraisal and Comprehensive Review.

Background Interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors are a newer class of biologic used to treat patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Objective We compared evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) from leading dermatological organizations for the use of IL-17 inhibitors in psoriasis. Methods Guidelines from the Joint American Academy of Dermatology-National Psoriasis Foundation (AAD-NFP) Guidelines, British Association of Dermatologists guidelines (BAD), and European S3 group (ES3) were all reviewed and compared. Results This analysis revealed significant overlap in the recommendations made by experts from each CPG. However, our review highlights differences in routine laboratory recommendations and the relative and absolute contraindications to use with IL-17 inhibitors. Conclusion IL-17 inhibitors are an effective treatment option for psoriasis. This analysis and review of guidelines for IL-17 inhibitor use highlights the consensus in treatment protocols and areas of disagreement between CPGs.
The Role of Streptococcal and Glomerular Basement Membrane Antigens in Glomerulonephritis

The association of the group A streptococcus with the subsequent development of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is now well established (Rammelkamp, 1954). However, there are enormous gaps in our knowledge concerning the mechanisms of interaction between the host and the organism which finally results in the acute disease. Specifically, one would like to know what streptococcal antigens are involved in the acute process, where they are localized in the organism, and by what mechanism they exert their noxious stimuli (i.e., complex formation, activation of complement components, alteration of host gamma globulin, binding to renal glomerular cells, or a combination of all these factors).
Carson McCullers’ COURT IN THE WEST EIGHTIES and the Framed (Male) Object

Carson McCullers's novels, such as The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1940) and The Member of the Wedding (1946), are often cited for their dramatic depictions of outcasts and misfits positioned at the ...
Configurations of Points and Lines

This is the only book on the topic of geometric configurations of points and lines. It presents in detail the history of the topic, with its surges and declines since its beginning in 1876. It covers all the advances in the field since the revival of interest in geometric configurations some 20 years ago. The author's contributions are central to this revival. In particular, he initiated the study of 4-configurations (that is, those that contain four points on each line, and four lines through each point); the results are fully described in the text. The main novelty in the approach to all geometric configurations is the concentration on their symmetries, which make it possible to deal with configurations of rather large sizes. The book brings the readers to the limits of present knowledge in a leisurely way, enabling them to enjoy the material as well as entice them to try their hand at expanding it.
Fundamental electronic properties of metal-organic contacts and organic-organic heterojunctions

The electronic transport and optoelectronic properties of crystalline and amorphous phases of /spl pi/-conjugated organic molecular films have been extensively investigated over the past decade. This paper reviews about the formation of metal-organic (MO) interface barriers and their dependence on the (work function of the) metal. The work spans many /spl pi/-conjugated molecular materials with different molecular configurations and with energy gaps ranging from 1.5 to more than 4.5 eV. Differences between organic-on-metal and metal-on-organic interfaces are also discussed. Electrically doping the molecular film leads to the formation of a narrow depletion region that allows tunneling of electron from the injecting contacts. this effective reduction in barrier leads to an injection current enhancement by up to 7 orders of magnitude.
Agents for distributed decision-making

Agents are modules from which problem solving can be built. Structurally, an agent is a bundle of sensors, decision-makers and actuators; behaviorally, an agent is a mapping from an in-space (all the things the agent can sense) to an out-space (all things the agent can affect). Agents can be simple or compound. More specifically, lesser agents can be organized into greater or super-agents. An agent in an organization is autonomous to the extent that it is unsupervised. In this paper the benefits of an autonomous agent is discussed. However, there is a downside to autonomy: the work of completely autonomous agents cannot be externally coordinated. Unless such agents are self-coordinating, they will tend to work at cross-purposes, creating pandemonium rather than progress. The mechanism for self-coordination of an autonomous agent is presented in this paper.
Some Remarks on Heegner Point Computations

We explain how to find a rational point on a rational elliptic curve of rank 1 using Heegner points. We give some examples, and list new algorithms that are due to Cremona and Delaunay. These are notes from a short course given at the Institut Henri Poincare in December 2004.
Biosynthesis of ochratoxin A.

Biosynthesis of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. was investigated by radiolabeling experiments in which phenylalanine-1-14C and sodium acetate-2-14C were supplied to the fungus in sucrose-yeast extract medium. Results showed that phenylalanine was incorporated unaltered into the phenylalanine moiety of ochratoxin A, whereas the isocoumarin moiety of ochratoxin A was mostly derived via acetate condensation.
A Retrospective Dental Study on 5334 Horses in General Practice

Reasons for performing study Rasping of sharp enamel points (SEPs) is the most common procedure performed at routine dental examinations; however, there is little evidence to prove the true clinical significance of SEPs [1]. Maxillary SEPs are thought to cause buccal ulceration and pain on external palpation of the cheeks. Mandibular SEPs are thought to cause lingual ulceration. Objectives To examine associations between the presence of SEPs on the cheek teeth rows and the presence of pain on palpation of the cheeks and buccal and/or lingual ulceration. Study design Retrospective clinical case series. Methods Clinical records of routine dental examination performed by 8 veterinary surgeons in a single first opinion practice were examined. Presence of SEPs, buccal and/or lingual ulceration and pain on palpation of the cheeks (externally) were recorded. Chi squared tests were used to examine whether horses exhibiting pain on palpation or oral ulceration were significantly more likely to have SEPs present. Results Prevalence of buccal SEPs was 84.8% and prevalence of lingual SEPs was 84.3%. Five hundred and forty-eight horses (6.0%) had signs of pain on palpation. Prevalence of buccal ulceration was 5.9%. In contrast, only 0.2% of horses had visible lingual ulceration. Buccal ulceration and pain on palpation were significantly associated with presence of buccal SEPs (P<0.001 for both). Lingual ulceration was not significantly associated with lingual SEPs (P<0.0001). Conclusions Buccal SEPs are common and often result in pain and buccal ulceration. Routine rasping would appear to be justified. Lingual SEPs are common but rarely cause lingual ulceration. The value of routine rasping of lingual SEPs is therefore questionable. Ethical animal research: Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: retrospective study of clinical records. Explicit owner informed consent for inclusion of animals in this study was not stated. Source of funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
Branchial ventilation rates of cataleptic goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the effects of light and electric shock.

Abstract Inverted, cataleptic goldfish showed an increase in ventilation rate over a 20 min period. The time-dependent increase in respiratory movement was initially suppressed when a 10 sec light or a 0.1 sec shock was presented at 1.5 min intervals. Contingent presentation of the light and shock, in a classical conditioning paradigm, resulted in reduced ventilation rates during the session. Physiological changes accompanying conditioning may thus alter the cataleptic state.
Data driven modeling of co‐movement among international stock market

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to research the correlation using artificial intelligent tools among international stock markets issuing for the companies.Design/methodology/approach – The objective is to find out the correlation among markets so it can be used for trend prediction. The stock price data from various companies that have issued stock in different countries were used to produce analysis for predictive purposes. Various artificial intelligent tools were used and the predictive performance among them compared.Findings – The finding is that the predictive results when using one market to predict another is above 50 percent and higher, which is much better than random walk.Research limitations/implications – The limitations are that only the raw market data are worked on, but there are many factors that could affect the short‐term trend of a stock.Practical implications – This could benefit traders who are interested in trading international issuing stock by taking advantage of markets' diffe...
Mechanism of dissolution III: Relationship between solid‐liquid interfacial energies and dissolution rates in organic solvents

The interfacial energies between m-acetotoluide and four saturated hydrocarbon solvents, n-hexane, n-heptane, cyclohexane, and decahydronaphthalene, were determined using the Ostwald-Fruendlich equation. Dissolution rates were determined in a descending direction to obtain interfacial control. The dissolution rates were found to decrease as the interfacial energy increased. The dissolution rates were also found to decrease as the saturation solubility of m-acetotoluide in the four solvents increased. An interfacial dissolution model, in which the interfacial region is associated with the solid phase rather than the liquid phase, is postulated.
Personality: Another “Hidden Factor” in Stress Research

(1990). Personality: Another 'Hidden Factor' is Stress Research. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-24.
How Important is Past Analyst Forecast Accuracy

The Wall Street Journal rates analysts on the basis of past earnings forecast accuracy. These analyst ratings are important to practitioners who believe that past accuracy portends future accuracy. An alternative way to assess the likelihood of "more" or "less" accurate forecasts in the future is to model the analyst characteristics related to the accuracy of individual analysts' earnings forecasts. No evidence yet exists, however, as to whether an analyst characteristics model is better than a past accuracy model for distinguishing more accurate from less accurate earnings forecasters. I show that a simple model of past accuracy performs as well for this purpose as a more complex model based on analyst characteristics. The findings are robust to annual and quarterly forecasts and pertain to estimation and prediction tests. The evidence suggests that practitioners' focus on past accuracy is not misplaced: It is as important as five analyst characteristics combined.
Augmentative and alternative communication: Does it have a future in aphasia rehabilitation?

Abstract Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) techniques have been used in aphasia treatment for the past two decades. This paper examines the multiple ways in which non-speech modes have been applied—as an alternate means of communication, a means of facilitating the re-acquisition of spoken language skills, and to enhance specific language and communication functions—and the results that have been realized. The assumption that AAC techniques offer minimal assistance to the adult with language impairment is critically examined. Future directions for clinical practice, research and technology are discussed.
Probing the Conformation Landscape of the Unfolded State: Do Disordered and Unfolded Dynamics Differ?

Intrinsically disordered proteins undergo conformational changes that are often beyond the scope of current computational techniques used to study the dynamics of folded proteins. New approaches to define a metric for the dynamics of disordered proteins have been developed which are also readily applicable to the study of non-equilibrium globular protein dynamics. We use dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques applied to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a class of entirely disordered proteins (outside of a small anchoring domain) involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, the FG-nucleoporins (FG-nups), as well as folding simulations of several globular proteins of similar size and sequence composition to compare disordered protein dynamics to early-stage folding dynamics. Our results provide detailed maps of the protein conformation space, allow us to classify proteins based on their dynamics, and indicate that disordered protein motion is of higher-dimensionality than early-stage folding dynamics.
Politics of technology: U.S. technological progress: Alternative approaches: Technical developments might best be served by modifying existing agencies or by legislation, rather than by creating a new agency

A National Engineering Foundation within the Federal government was recently proposed by Bruno Weinschei, president of the Weinschel Engineering Co. in Gaithersburg, Md., to help increase innovation and productivity in the United States (Spectrum, February, pp. 58?60). Allen B. Rosenstein, professor of engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles, then suggested a different type of Federal agency ? a National Professions Foundation (Spectrum, August, pp. 41?43). Meanwhile, a National Technology Foundation has been proposed in Congress. In this article, F. Karl Willenbrock discusses alternatives to the new agency approach.
Selected characteristics of leachate, condensate and runoff released during composting of biogenic waste

During composting, depending on the feedstock and the chosen composting technology, leachate, condensate and runoff are generated. To determine pollution loads of these liquid by-products of composting, selected chemical, physical and biological characteristics of leachates, condensates and runoff from full-scale composting facilities and lab-scale experiments were evaluated using biogenic waste (source-separated food and yard waste) as feedstock. Parameters included settleable solids, pH, conductivity, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH+4 -N, NO3--N, NO2--N; Cl-, Zn, Pb, Cd, As and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The measurements showed that, as stipulated by German regulations, leachates and some condensates need to be pretreated before released into public sewers unless diluted with other waste streams. The effect of different biogenic waste fractions on leachate and condensate quantity and quality are described.
Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation

Land subsidence in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, between April 1992 and December 1997 was measured using spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The detailed deformation maps clearly show that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by geologic structures (faults) and sediment composition (clay thickness). The maximum detected subsidence during the 5.75 yr period is 19 cm. Comparison with leveling data indicates that the subsidence rates declined during the past decade as a result of rising ground-water levels brought about by a net reduction in ground-water extraction. Temporal analysis also detects seasonal subsidence and uplift patterns, which provide information about the elastic and inelastic properties of the aquifer system and their spatial variability.
Identities and phylogenetic comparisons of posttranscriptional modifications in 16 S ribosomal RNA from Haloferax volcanii.

Small subunit (16 S) rRNA from the archaeonHaloferax volcanii, for which sites of modification were previously reported, was examined using mass spectrometry. A census of all modified residues was taken by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of a total nucleoside digest of the rRNA. Following rRNA hydrolysis by RNase T1, accurate molecular mass values of oligonucleotide products were measured using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and compared with values predicted from the corresponding gene sequence. Three modified nucleosides, distributed over four conserved sites in the decoding region of the molecule, were characterized: 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine-966,N6-methyladenosine-1501, andN6,N6-dimethyladenosine-1518 and -1519 (all Escherichia coli numbering). Nucleoside 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine, previously unknown in rRNA, occurs at a highly conserved site of modification in all three evolutionary domains but for which no structural assignment in archaea has been previously reported. NucleosideN6-methyladenosine, not previously placed in archaeal rRNAs, frequently occurs at the analogous location in eukaryotic small subunit rRNA but not in bacteria.H. volcanii small subunit rRNA appears to reflect the phenotypically low modification level in the Crenarchaeota kingdom and is the only cytoplasmic small subunit rRNA shown to lack pseudouridine.
Studies of disulfide bond location in ovine lutropin β subunit

By combinations of selective chemical cleavage (cyanogen bromide), selective enzymatic cleavage (trypsin, thermolysin), and random cleavage (partial acid hydrolysis) a series of disulfide-containing peptides have been isolated from ovine lutropin beta subunit. These peptides suggest six disulfide linkages between half-cystine residues in positions 23-72, 26-110, 93-100, 34-88, 9-90, and 38-57. The latter pair was placed by elimination of other possibilities. The first three pairs are in agreement with a report by Chung, D., Sairam, M. R. and Li, C. H. (1975) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 7, 487-493; the pair 93-100 has also been detected by Reeve, J. R., Cheng, K. W. and Pierce, J. G. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 149-155, using partial reduction and alkylation. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of enzymatic attack, a preliminary partial reduction as per Reeve et al. [16] was done. In this instance a peptide suggesting an additional disulfide linkage between half-cystines 23-26 was obtained as well as peptides consistent with the 23-72 and 26-110 placements. This was interpreted as an artifactual opening and recombining during partial reduction-reoxidation to produce the 23-26 linkage. The placement of three disulfide bonds (34-88, 9-90, and 38-57) is in disagreement with the pairings Chung et al. [15] suggest for these six half-cystine residues. Six reasons for uncertainty in the placement of disulfide bonds are discussed. It is concluded the definitive placement of the disputed three disulfide bonds in ovine lutropin beta subunit remains an open question.
Occurrence and implications of seizures in subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

The records of 100 consecutive cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm were reviewed to determine the incidence and the prognostic implications of seizures during the acute phase. Seizures occurred in 26% of the patients. Sixty-three per cent of the seizures occurred near the onset
Rubber aging in tires. Part 1: Field results

Oxidative aging of skim and wedge rubber inside the tire results in a loss of peel strength and tensile properties of these rubber materials, which has been found to increase the likelihood of tread separations in certain tires. In order to develop an accelerated laboratory tire aging test, we have carried out extensive field and laboratory studies of rubber property change in tires. This paper describes the analysis of rubber oxidation in a specific set of tires collected from the field. In particular, we determine the rate of property loss under worst-case environmental conditions and analyze the implications of variability in aging results. The analysis is used in a companion paper to develop acceleration factors for different laboratory tests.
Prediction of Crizotinib-Midazolam Interaction Using the Simcyp Population-Based Simulator: Comparison of CYP3A Time-Dependent Inhibition between Human Liver Microsomes versus Hepatocytes

Crizotinib (Xalkori) is an orally available potent inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor. Objectives of the present study were as follows: 1) to characterize crizotinib time-dependent inhibition (TDI) potency for CYP3A in human liver microsomes (HLM) and cryopreserved human hepatocytes suspended in human plasma (HSP); 2) to characterize crizotinib enzyme induction potency on CYP3A4 in cryopreserved human hepatocytes; 3) to predict crizotinib steady-state plasma concentrations in patients (e.g., autoinhibition and autoinduction) using the mechanistic dynamic model, Simcyp population-based simulator; and 4) to predict a clinical crizotinib-midazolam interaction using the dynamic model as well as the static mathematical model. Crizotinib inactivation constant (K(I)) and maximum inactivation rate constant (k(inact)) for TDI were estimated as, respectively, 0.37 µM and 6.9 h(-1) in HLM and 0.89 µM and 0.78 h(-1) in HSP. Thus, crizotinib inactivation efficiency (k(inact)/K(I)) was ∼20-fold lower in HSP relative to HLM. Crizotinib E(max) and EC(50) for CYP3A4 induction (measured as mRNA expression) were estimated as 6.4- to 29-fold and 0.47 to 3.1 µM, respectively. Based on these in vitro parameters, the predicted crizotinib steady-state area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) with HLM-TDI was 2.1-fold higher than the observed AUC, whereas that with HSP-TDI was consistent with the observed result (≤1.1-fold). The increase in midazolam AUC with coadministration of crizotinib (21-fold) was significantly overpredicted using HLM-TDI, whereas the prediction using HSP-TDI (3.6-fold) was consistent with the observed result (3.7-fold). Collectively, the present study demonstrated the value of HSP to predict in vivo CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction.
JUDICIAL FEDERALISM AND PROSECUTORIAL VINDICTIVENESS: STATE RESPONSES TO BORDENKIRCHER AND GOODWIN

ABSTRACT In this paper the application of “judicial federalism” to state criminal law is examined. In particular, the author examines how state courts have reacted to the United States Supreme Court's interpretation of “prosecutorial vindictiveness” in state cases. Results show that state courts have not utilized “independent state grounds” as a means of protecting individual rights in this aspect of criminal procedure. State supreme courts are neglected elements in the American political system. While their activities have often been over-looked by both scholars and the public, their work is important. State supreme courts decide over ten thousand cases each year. In the vast majority of these cases, their rulings are determinative: most litigants do not seek to appeal the decisions, and should they wish to do so, often the United States Supreme Court either lacks jurisdiction or declines to hear the appeals (Tarr and Porter, 1988:1). Indeed, because of their importance, state supreme courts have been re...
Land surface modeling inside the Biosphere 2 tropical rain forest biome

[1] Tropical rain forests contribute substantially to regional and global energy, water, and carbon exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere, and better understanding of the mechanisms of vegetation response to different environmental stresses is needed. The Biosphere 2 facility provides an opportunity to link laboratory-scale and plot-scale studies in a controllable environment. We compiled a consistent quality-controlled time series of climate data from Biosphere 2 and used it to drive the Simple Biosphere model (SiB3) to test how well it represented the behavior of soils and vegetation inside the tropical rain forest biome of Biosphere 2 (B2-TRF). We found that soil respiration parameterization in SiB3 was not suitable for use in B2-TRF, so several alternative parameterizations were tested. None gave outstanding results, but a modified version of the parameterization originally proposed for SiB3 gave the best results. With this modification, SiB3 well simulated the observed net ecosystem exchange in B2-TRF but, significantly, only after additionally modifying parameters describing the thermal tolerance of plants so that photosynthetic capacity was reduced on average but maintained to higher temperatures. This implies either that tropical rain forest species can acclimate to higher temperatures than allowed for by vegetation models or that the plant community assembly in B2-TRF has shifted to allow continued functioning at higher temperatures, and plants in natural ecosystems could also. In either case, this suggests that the Amazon rain forest may be more resilient to climate change than hitherto thought.
Behavioral effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Bestimmung der Verhaltensanderung bei Tauben, durch Injektion von 5-Hydroxytryptophan, der Vorstufe von Serotonin hervorgerufen. Mit steigender Dosis von 5-Hydroxytryptophan wird eine entsprechende Frequenzverminderung des Pick-Verhaltens ausgelost.
The hard core dimensions of the noble gas atoms

Abstract The closed form structure factor for a hard sphere system arising from the known solution of the Percus-Yevick equation is matched with the experimental data for liquid He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe and the hard core diameters deduced are found to be in good agreement with the values appropriate to the law of corresponding states applied to the gaseous phase. Small deviations in the case of liquid He are attributable to quantum effects.
A Spatial Resolution Measure of Cutaneous Vision

An experiment was designed to measure the spatial resolution of a visual prosthetic. Blind subjects were instructed to identify from tactile stimulation the orientation of grated targets of specific spatial frequencies. The bandwidth of the probability of correct detection of orientation versus the spatial frequency is taken as a measure of the system resolution. For a 20° field of view, the equivalent visual acuity of this system is 20/4820.
Family measurement techniques: A Review of faces III

Abstract Since Joanning's (1985) review of FACES II and the Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems, David Olson and associates have released FACES III (Olson, et al., 1985). This review discusses changes in the instrument and psychometric analyses conducted to date along with a critique of the measure.
Access to benefits from forest commons in the Western Himalayas

Little statistical evidence exists on the effects of forest management regimes and wealth on forest access rates in South Asia. To determine the magnitude and significance of these effects, this paper analyzes a dataset of communities from Himachal Pradesh, India, with a fractional logit model. The investigation considers three specific forest management regimes including a regime under complete state control, traditional community regime and a co-management regime known as Joint Forest Management. Communities with higher incidence of land poverty have lower forest access rates for grazing and fodder extraction, whereas communities with a higher incidence of land-rich households have higher forest access rates for fodder extraction. Forest access rates for fuelwood collection are lower under traditional and co-management regimes. However, the interaction between land-poverty and co-management regime increases forest access rates for fodder collection and livestock grazing.
Voices from a decade ago: The first national symposium on court management

This article reviews the record of the First National Symposium on court management which drew together scholars, judges, and court administrators to consider developments in the field of court management prior to 1981. The record reflects a mixed view about how far the field had developed, whether court management had benefited the judicial system, and whether a profession of court management had emerged. It also reflects uncertainty about the appropriate division of labor and relationships between court administrators and judges. These and other themes are seen to have been carried into deliberations of the Second National Conference.
Managing the unmanageable: integrating the supply chain with new developments in software

Unlike management in a traditional organization, supply chain management is a collaborative effort among various organizations or entities whose well being relies on dependency relationships within a value chain. As such, shared information and the ability to analyze it effectively are crucial to the effort. Supply chain management software is evolving rapidly in three major areas: supply chain planning and execution, warehouse management, and transportation management systems. Emerging trends, which include third party software systems, collaborative technology, increased optimization, and use of expert systems, provide the potential for considerable adjustment and improvement in supply chain strategies.
Effect of Al2O3 overlay on hot-corrosion behavior of yttria-stabilized zirconia coating in molten sulfate-vanadate salt

Abstract A 25 μm thick dense and continuous Al 2 O 3 overlay has been deposited on the outer surface of the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating by electron-beam physical vapor deposition. Hot corrosion tests were carried out on the thermal barrier coating (TBC) with and without an Al 2 O 3 coating in molten salt mixtures (Na 2 SO 4 +5%V 2 O 5 ) at 950 °C for 100 h. Although the Al 2 O 3 overlay was gradually degraded by the formation of low-melting liquid phase during exposure to the molten mixture of sulphate and vanadate, it remarkably restrained the infiltration of the molten salt into the YSZ coating. For the YSZ coating without the Al 2 O 3 overlay, the YSZ reacted with V 2 O 5 to form YVO 4 during exposure to the molten salt, leading to the formation of a large amount of M-phase of ZrO 2 due to the leaching of Y 2 O 3 from YSZ. In contrast, the amount of M-phase in the TBC coating with Al 2 O 3 overlay was substantially reduced.
Serological reactions of mouse plasma fractions

Abstract Gamma globulin was prepared from mouse plasma by subfractionation of Cohn fraction II + III obtained by the cold ethanol fractionation technique. Serological studies indicated that this preparation gave cross-reactions with other plasma proteins, indicating contamination. It is suggested that the difficulty in isolating serologically specific γ-globulin may be the result of a low concentration of lipoprotein in mouse plasma. The γ-globulin recovered from Fraction IV-4 was not serologically homogeneous, either.
Trends in professional advice to lose weight among obese adults, 1994 to 2000

CONTEXT: Obesity is a fast-growing threat to public health in the U.S., but information on trends in professional advice to lose weight is limited.
Preserving fertility in young patients with endometrial cancer: current perspectives.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries and affects predominantly postmenopausal women. It is estimated, however, that 15%–25% of women will be diagnosed before menopause. As more women choose to defer childbearing until later in life, the feasibility and safety of fertility-sparing EC management have been increasingly studied. Definitive treatment of total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy precludes future fertility and may thus be undesirable by women who wish to maintain their reproductive potential. However, the consideration of conservative management carries the oncologic risks of unstaged EC and the risk of missing a synchronous ovarian cancer. It is further complicated by the lack of consensus regarding the initial assessment, treatment, and surveillance. Conservative treatment with progestins has been shown to be a feasible and safe fertility-sparing approach for women with low grade, early stage EC with no myometrial invasion. The two most commonly adopted regimens are medroxyprogesterone acetate at 500–600 mg daily and megestrol acetate at 160 mg daily for a minimum of 6–9 months, with initial response rates commonly reported between 60% and 80% and recurrence rates between 25% and 40%. Photodynamic therapy and hysteroscopic EC excision have recently been reported as alternative approaches to progestin therapy alone. However, limited efficacy and safety data exist. Live birth rates after progestin therapy have typically been reported around 30%; however, when focusing only on those who do pursue fertility after successful treatment, the live birth rates were found to be higher than 60%. Assisted reproductive technology has been associated with a higher live birth rate compared with spontaneous conception, most likely reflecting the presence of infertility at baseline. Close follow-up is of paramount importance, and definitive treatment after completion of childbearing is advised.
Optical stochastic cooling

In this paper, we consider the utilization of optical amplifiers with bandwidth \ensuremath{\Delta}f\ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{14}$ Hz for use in stochastic cooling. It is shown that quadrupole and dipole wigglers can be used as pickups and kickers, respectively. The proposed method increases the application of the stochastic cooling method beyond the traditional area of proton-antiproton cooling. For example, the method has application to electron-positron cooling as well as potential in muon cooling. The proposed method makes possible the independent choice of damping time and source of excitation of emittance, thereby providing a new direction for the design of low-emittance damping rings.
DISPERSION RELATIONS FOR SCATTERING IN THE PRESENCE OF A COULOMB FIELD

A dispersion relation is derived for short-range potential scattering in the presence of a Coulomb field, and on the basis of this result a conjectare is made as to the Coulomb modifications of the Goldberger relations for pion-nucleon scattering. The new relations contain in addition to Coulomb phase shifts only amplitudes that are directiy measurable experimentally, the assumption of charge independence not being required. Estimates are made to show that the Coulomb phases that appear explicitly are of no practical importance. (auth)
Role of intramural virtual electrodes in shock-induced activation of left ventricle: optical measurements from the intact epicardial surface.

Background According to one hypothesized mechanism of defibrillation, shocks directly excite the bulk of ventricular myocardium in the excitable state due to intramural virtual electrodes; however, this hypothesis has not been examined in intact myocardium. Objectives The purpose of this study was examine the role of intramural virtual electrodes in shock-induced activation of intact left ventricular (LV) tissue. Methods Twelve isolated porcine LV preparations were stained with a transmembrane potential (V m )-sensitive dye by two methods: (1) surface staining and (2) global staining via coronary perfusion. Shocks ( E ≈0.8–48 V/cm, duration=10 ms) were applied across the wall from epicardium to endocardium during diastole via transparent electrodes. Shock-induced V m responses were measured optically from the intact epicardial surface after surface staining and global staining. Results Surface-staining recordings demonstrated different V m responses to cathodal and anodal shocks. Whereas cathodal shocks caused depolarization and rapid activation of the epicardial surface, anodal shocks induced hyperpolarization and delayed surface activation. In contrast, global-staining V m responses to cathodal and anodal shocks were qualitatively similar. Both responses were characterized by activation with small latency and rapid propagation. Weak shocks of both polarities induced monotonic action potential upstrokes; stronger shocks induced nonmonotonic upstrokes with two rising phases at shock onset and end. Such features of global-staining V m responses as make activation of the epicardium by anodal shocks and the nonmonotonic action potential upstrokes can be explained by the presence of subepicardial intramural virtual electrodes. Conclusion These data suggest that shocks induce intramural virtual electrodes that directly excite LV tissue and account for the shape of optical V m responses recorded from the epicardial surface.
On detection and tracking of variant phenomena clouds

Phenomena clouds are characterized by nondeterministic, dynamic variations of shapes, sizes, direction, and speed of motion along multiple axes. The phenomena detection and tracking should not be limited to some traditional applications such as oil spills and gas clouds but also be utilized to more accurately observe other types of phenomena such as walking motion of people. This wider range of applications requires more reliable, in-situ techniques that can accurately adapt to the dynamics of phenomena. Unfortunately, existing works which only focus on simple and well-defined shapes of phenomena are no longer sufficient.In this article, we present a new class of applications together with several distributed algorithms to detect and track phenomena clouds, regardless of their shapes and movement direction. We first propose a distributed algorithm for in-situ detection and tracking of phenomena clouds in a sensor space. We next provide a mathematical model to optimize the energy consumption, on which we further propose a localized algorithm to minimize the resource utilization. Our proposed approaches not only ensure low processing and networking overhead at the centralized query processor but also minimize the number of sensors which are actively involved in the detection and tracking processes. We validate our approach using both real-life smart home applications and simulation experiments, which confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms. We also show that our algorithms result in significant reduction in resource usage and power consumption as compared to contemporary stream-based approaches.