cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcompliance in Water Quality Trading Programs: Findings from a Qualitative Case Study in North Carolina

Nutrient trading systems are increasingly common elements of water pollution control programs. Participants in these programs often appear to be economically irrational since programs can drive regulatory overcompliance, while promoting few transactions. We examine this behavior through a case study of a nitrogen trading program in the rapidly urbanizing Neuse River basin, North Carolina (USA). Program analysis, meeting observations, and a series of semistructured interviews with wastewater dischargers (point sources) revealed factors promoting overcompliance by the Neuse River Compliance Association (NRCA). In particular, overcompliance and low trading volume in the NRCA can be explained by participant hedging against uncertainty in the region's future population growth and land-use change. Public sector participants in high-growth areas are likely to engage in high levels of information sharing and collaborative abatement activities. This work has implications for water-quality trading program design, p...
Shamanism, Christianity and Culture Change in Amazonia

Among many indigenous peoples of Amazonia, shamanism and Christianity co-exist as central cultural elements shaping the ways in which people interpret and interact with the world. Despite centuries of co-existence, the relationship between shamanism and Christianity has entered an especially dynamic era as many of Amazonia’s indigenous peoples abandon Catholicism for Evangelical and Sabbatarian churches. Testing the relationship between Christian church affiliation and shamanism in 23 Makushi and Wapishana communities in southern Guyana, we found that Evangelicals and Sabbatarians are less likely to visit shamans or accept their legitimacy than are Anglicans and Catholics. However, conversion does not necessarily imply a complete rejection of indigenous religious systems as many self-identified Evangelicals and Sabbatarians continue to adhere to some indigenous beliefs and practices. We conclude by positing possible implications of religious conversion for natural resource use on indigenous lands.
Influence of catecholamines on epidermal cell migration during wound closure in adult newts

Abstract 1. Following removal of a skin patch from each hind limb of a series of adult newts, the limbs were explanted into small dishes of Holtfreter solution containing various combinations of test drugs. Later, the amount of wound epithelium that formed on each limb was determined using a planimeter on wound tracings obtained with the aid of a drawing tube-equipped microscope. 2. All three (−)-catecholamines tested inhibited migration with the following order of effectiveness: isoproterenol > epinephrine > norepinephrine. 3. The effect was stereospecific with (−)-isoproterenol clearly more effective than the (+)-isomer. 4. Propranolol, a β antagonist, blocked the effect of (−)-isoproterenol while the α antagonist, phentolamine, was less effective. 5. One hour in (−)-isoproterenol inhibited migration to the same degree as continuous exposure for the 6 hr most experiments were allowed to run. 6. Taken together, the data suggest that catecholamines exert their effect on epidermal cell migration via β2 adrenergic receptors on the cell surface, a binding site which implicates cAMP in the chain of events.
ROLE OF INTRAVASCULAR REPLICATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL HAEMOPHILIUS INFLUENZAE B (Hib) BACTEREMIA

The occurrence of sustained bacteremia is a critical determinant in the pathogenesis of experimental Hib meningitis. We studied the potential role of (1) extravascular and (2) intravascular replication of Hib in the initiation of bacteremia. To identify tissues, in addition to nasopharynx (np), where Hib might replicate prior to seeding the bloodstream, rats (age 20 d.) were sacrificed 6-24 h. after intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with 105 Hib and whole organs (liver, spleen, etc.) and body fluids (CSF, joint fluid, etc.) were cultured to recover Hib. We were unable to recover Hib from any putative extravascular focus (other than np) prior to the development of bacteremia. To evaluate the potential contribution of intravascular replication in initiation of Hib bacteremia, rats were injected i.v. with a small inoculum (<100 Hib). Serial blood cultures showed a prompt (negligible lag) and exponential increase in bacterial counts in the blood in the ensuing 6 h. (mean doubling time ~47 min.). We noted a similar exponential increase in bacterial counts when serial blood cultures were performed 12-18 h. after intranasal inoculation with Hib. Thus, a few surviving Hib that enter the bloodstream from the np may undergo intravascular replication to initiate a sustained, high level (≥103 Hib per ml) bacteremia.
Use of “penalty” finite elements in analysis of polymer melt processing

The finite element method is an approximate numerical analysis approach of great applicability to a wide variety of field problems. This paper describes the formulation of a convenient method for treating fluid-flow problems relevant to analysis of polymer processing operations, and illustrates its use by means of some linear and nonlinear problems in melt extrusion.
Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a common conifer throughout northeastern North America. The species is threatened by the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae; infestation by this forest pest can result in high levels of mortality of overstory trees with a resultant change in understory vegetation composition and structure. Pre-salvage harvesting of overstory hemlock results in a residual stand compositionally and structurally similar to that resulting from mortality due to adelgid infestation, except for the occurrence of standing or fallen dead trees in adelgid infested stands. The vertebrate fauna of hemlock-dominated forests is poorly studied and the effects of the mortality or removal of overstory hemlock on forest fauna in these stands is unknown. This study reports the findings of a 3-year study of the effects of pre- or green-tree salvage of overstory hemlock from hemlock-hardwood stands on terrestrial salamanders. The residual hemlock stocking was reduced an average of 60% following harvesting and the understory vegetation responded vigorously. The relative abundance of eastern redback salamanders was reduced in harvested stands but the effect was ephemeral and salamander numbers appear to be increasing within a few years of the logging. It appears that hemlock defoliation and mortality due to HWA infestation or pre-salvage harvesting of live hemlock will result in only a brief reduction in the principal terrestrial salamander of hemlock-dominated forests.
Influence of Fluid Rheological Properties and Particle Location on Ultrasound‐assisted Heat Transfer between Liquid and Particles

Convective heat transfer between fluids and a particle was investigated as a function of fluid rheological properties and position in the ultrasonic field, expressed as dimensionless parameters. The convective heat transfer coefficient was determined for an irregularly shaped particle immersed in sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions of various concentrations. The extent of sonic enhancement was strongly dependent on fluid rheological properties. At low viscosity, the distance of the particle to the nearest corner of the tank was found to be significantly correlated with heat transfer coefficient; this effect decreased as viscosity increased. Dimensionless correlations were developed.
Heat Transfer in High-Pressure Metal Hydride Systems

High-pressure metal hydride vehicular hydrogen storage systems can offer good overall gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities. Enhanced heat transfer techniques will be essential to achieve established goals for tank filling times. A numerical model is developed to simulate the hydrogen filling process of a subscale high-pressure metal hydride (Ti1.1CrMn) system. The model is validated by comparison of simulated and experimental transient temperature profiles of both metal hydride and gas. The substantial influence of free convection in the system was discovered. As such, heat transfer enhancement by free convection is discussed and illustrated in a practical configuration.
Probabilistic reliability of a canonical fault-tolerant standby redundancy

Increasing use will be made of multifault-(n-fault-) tolerant systems, i.e. systems whose performance is unaffected by any arbitrary combination of n faults. The paper presents a family of fundamental fault-tolerant systems using standby spares. Recursive algebraic expressions are given both for the smallest combinations of disabling failures and for the probabilistic reliabilities of each system in the family. It is shown that multifault tolerance by itself is not exactly synonomous with a best reliability or a best cost/benefit parameter. The `crossover? surface of any redundancy is defined as the infinite set of all combinations of component reliabilities (as they decrease) for which the reliability of the redundant system has deteriorated to the same reliability as the nonredundant system. For component reliabilities outside the `crossover? surface, the presence of the redundancy further decreases system reliability. This fact is established numerically for n=6. The 3-failure-tolerant system was proposed for an aerospace application, but in a slightly modified form. This modified form would tolerate only two failures of the most highly reliable components, but three failures of the least reliable components.
Relationship of necrosis to organ failure in severe acute pancreatitis

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic necrosis and organ failure are principal determinants of severity in acute pancreatitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of necrosis to organ failure in severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Patients with necrotizing pancreatitis from May 1992 to January 1996 were retrospectively studied. Pancreatic necrosis was identified by characteristic findings on dynamic contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scan and infected necrosis by computerized tomography-guided percutaneous aspiration. Organ dysfunction was defined in accordance with the Atlanta symposium. RESULTS: Organ failure was present in only 26 of 51 patients (51%). There was no difference in the prevalence of organ failure in infected necrosis compared with sterile necrosis (approximately 50% in both groups). Patients with increased amounts of necrosis did not have an increased prevalence of organ failure or infected necrosis compared with those with lesser amounts of necrosis. Patients with organ failure had an increased morbidity and mortality compared with those without organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: Organ failure occurred in only one half of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Because organ failure increases the severity of illness, studies of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis must stratify for organ failure to facilitate interpretation of results. (Gastroenterology 1997 Sep;113(3):899-903)
Estimating the Precision of Ground-Water Elevation Data

1. Abstract A common problem in ground-water monitoring and hydrogeology in general is determining the precision with which to plot ground-water elevation contours. If ground water represented a completely static system and could be measured without error, the choice would simply be a function of the ambition of the graphic artist or the capabilities of the available computer algorithm. Since contour maps involve an interpolation from a set of irregularly spaced points (i.e., wells or piezometers) to a grid or mesh of evenly spaced points, which in general contains far more points or “nodes” than the original dataset, virtually any level of “graphical precision” is possible (e.g., one-tenth of a foot). However, ground-water elevation measurements represent the results of a dynamic process that, in general, does not affect all wells equally. Furthermore, as in any measuring process in which humans are involved, errors of measurement must certainly exist. The natural consequence, of course, is that one component of the total variation in ground-water elevation data represents random sampling fluctuations. The magnitude of these random sampling fluctuations can in turn be used to make probabilistic statements regarding the precision of ground-water elevation data such that ground-water elevation contours may be determined at meaningful intervals. The importance of empirically determining ground-water elevation precision is that it assures us that the plotting interval will never be less than the precision of the generating ground-water elevation data. Without this assurance, which of course is the typical case in practice, structure and even gradients that are observed in a contour plot may be nothing more than the effects of random sampling variability.
Change in plasma Aβ peptides and onset of dementia in adults with Down syndrome

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42 are the 2 major species generated by sequential proteolytic cleavage by β and δ secretases of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).1 Brain levels of Aβ42 increase early in the development of dementia,2 and studies of Aβ peptides in CSF have consistently shown that low levels of Aβ42 and high concentrations of tau protein are associated with AD and predict incipient AD.3–5 Reduced CSF Aβ42 is also associated with high brain amyloid load as imaged with Pittsburgh Compound B.5 Results from studies examining the relation of plasma concentrations of Aβ42 and Aβ40 to risk of AD have been less consistent, and the usefulness of plasma Aβ as a risk biomarker remains controversial.6–8 Several studies have reported that either elevated or decreasing plasma Aβ42 or Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio levels in older adults without dementia are associated with increased risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitive decline, and AD,6,7,9–14 but others have not found this relationship.15,16 Still others have found that risk of AD is associated with low plasma levels of Aβ42, Aβ40, or the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio.8,17–19 Although differences in Aβ assays, in study design and in populations examined are likely to influence findings, these inconsistencies may also be related to the timing of Aβ measures in relation to the development of AD, given the dynamic rather than static nature of the underlying neuropathology.20 Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have increased levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides in plasma together with increased risk for AD neuropathology and clinical dementia.21–25 The nearly universal presence of AD neuropathology as well as the increased levels of Aβ peptides have been attributed, at least in part, to the triplication and overexpression of the gene for APP, located on chromosome 21,26 but large individual differences in plasma Aβ levels and the wide range of age at onset of AD within this population suggest a more complex underlying mechanism. In previous studies of this population, we found that high initial levels of plasma Aβ42, but not Aβ40, predicted onset of dementia over a 4-year follow-up period.11 The aim of the present study was to expand our previous work by examining the relation of change in levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio to onset of dementia with longitudinal follow-up and repeated measures of Aβ peptides.
Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Environment Effect of Channel-Narrowing Project in the Complex Tidal Estuary

The recent evolution of the North Branch of Changjiang Estuary is seriously affect the development of social economy in the region of Changjiang Estuary, regulation project of North Branch is extremely urgent. Now, the Channel-narrowing project in local implementation of North branch is already implemented. For study the effect of Channel-narrowing project on the hydrodynamic environment of the North Branch, a 2-D vertical average tidal current numerical model of Yangtze Estuary was set up with flexible irregular triangular grid to simulate the hydrodynamic before and after the Channel-narrowing Project in the North Branch. The following conclusions are drawn from the study. The results show that, the characteristics of tidal current in North Branches are not change a lot; the flood volume has been greatly decreased by the width of the North branch in the estuary area being narrowed down; the high tidal level lowers after the project. On the other hand, the low water level became increase and decrease, but the change of relative amplitude is not obvious. To sum up, the narrow project works to the advantage of the hydrodynamic environment in North branch.
Baseline Attitudes About Prostate Cancer Screening Moderate the Impact of Decision Aids on Screening Rates

Background The impact of decision aids on prostate cancer screening outcomes has been inconsistent.
A moment-generating function with application to the birnbaum-saunders distribution

The Birnbaum-Saunders distribution is a fatigue life distribution that was derived from a model assuming that failure is due to the development and growth of a dominant crack. This distribution has been shown to be applicable not only for fatigue analysis but also in other areas of engineering science. Because of its increasing use, it would be desirable to obtain expressions for the expected value of different powers of this distribution. In this article, the moment-generating function for the sinh-normal distribution is derived. It is shown that this moment-generating function can be used to obtain both integer and fractional moments for the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution. Thus it is now possible to obtain an expression for the expected value of the square root of a Birnbaum-Saunders random variable. A general expression for integer noncentral moments for the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution is derived using the moment-generating function of the sinh-normal distribution. Also included is an approximation ...
Propulsion patterns and pushrim biomechanics in manual wheelchair propulsion

Abstract Boninger ML, Souza AL, Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Koontz AM, Fay BT. Propulsion patterns and pushrim biomechanics in manual wheelchair propulsion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:718-23. Objectives: To classify stroke patterns of manual wheelchair users and to determine if different patterns of propulsion lead to different biomechanics. Design: Case series. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Thirty-eight individuals with paraplegia who use manual wheelchairs for mobility. Intervention: Subjects propelled their own wheelchair on a dynamometer at 2 different steady state speeds. Bilateral biomechanical data were obtained by using a force and moment sensing pushrim and a motion analysis system. Main Outcome Measures: The propulsive stroke of each participant for each speed and side was classified as following 1 of 4 patterns. These 4 patterns were then compared by using a mixed-model analysis of variance. The biomechanical variables that were compared were cadence, peak and rate of rise of the resultant force, mechanical effective force, push angle, and ratio of time spent pushing to time in recovery. Results: The most common propulsive stroke involved the user lifting the hand over the pushrim during the recovery phase. The stroke pattern was independent of axle position and varied from side to side and between speeds. After controlling for subject characteristics, significant differences were observed between stroke patterns in cadence and ratio of time spent pushing to time in recovery. A stroke pattern that involves using a semicircular motion with the hand below the pushrim during the recovery phase of the propulsion stroke was associated with a lower cadence and more time spent in the push phase relative to the recovery phase. Conclusion: The semicircular motion of propulsion displayed characteristics consistent with reduced repetition and more efficient propulsion. Use of this propulsion style may reduce trauma to the upper extremities. Clinicians should consider training individuals in this propulsion style. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Circannual variations in the B cell/T cell ratio in normal human peripheral blood.

In previous studies we have shown that B cells and subpopulations of T cells can be identified in blood smears with bacteria used as markers that bind spontaneously to lymphocytes. We have also identified Ig-bearing cells by using an Escherichia coli coated with anti-human Ig antibody. Here we determined the absolute values and the percentage of B cells and of other lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of six normal donors every 2 mo for 1 yr. we found that the total leukocyte counts and the total number of lymphocytes remained unchanged throughout the year, whereas the percentage of B cells in the coldest month was at almost twice the level observed in summer. The percentage of cells that bind Arizona hinshawii ans Salmonella schottmulleri remained practically unchanged during the entire year. A variation was noted in the ratio between T1 and T2 cells, which also appears to be seasonally related. We speculate that hormonal factors, probably corticosteroids, are responsible for changes in the traffic of some lymphocyte subpopulations.
DYNAMIC FEEDFORWARD/OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROL OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES

Abstract This paper addresses the feedforward/output feedback control problem for single-input single-output minimum-phase nonlinear processes. Combination of dynamic feedforward/static state feedback laws and state observers is employed to synthesize nonlinear dynamic feedforward/output feedback controllers that completely eliminate the effect of measurable disturbances and induce a desired input/output behavior. The developed methodology in applied to an exothermic continuous chemical reactor and extensive simulations illustrate the controller performance and robustness.
A reexamination of deindividuation in synchronous computer-mediated communication

Classical deindividuation theory has been posited as a useful framework for understanding certain cognitive and behavioral changes commonly seen in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Participants in CMC discussion groups were significantly more immersed in the discussion than face-to-face (FTF) discussants, and tended not to perceive their team members as individuals, providing evidence that the CMC users met the cognitive criteria for a state of deindividuation. Nevertheless, CMC participants did not produce more negative behaviors than FTF participants, demonstrating that it is insufficient to attribute negative behavior solely to a deindividuated state. These results are discussed in light of classical deindividuation theory and are contrasted with predictions from the more recent social identity/deindividuation model.
Operator formulation of interacting string field theory (II)

Abstract The operator construction of the interacting string field theory presented by Witten is completed. The ghost sector of the theory is discussed in detail, using the fermionic formulation of the ghosts. The Fock space representation of the functionals that represent integration, multiplication, and the interaction vertex are constructed explicitly. We prove that the formalism is invariant under reparameterizations and under BRST gauge transformation.
Design, Fabrication and Application of Integrated VCSELs

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have unique properties that enable integration that is nearly impossible with conventional waveguide lasers. This paper describes the design, growth/fabrication technologies and applications for a broad range of integrated VCSEL structures.
Experimental models of epilepsy in young animals.

Seizures occur more frequently early in life. Some of these early seizures may eventually become epilepsy. Others are reactive seizures due to excessive environmental stimuli that, in any other age...
Comparative analysis of chloroplast DNA variability in wild and cultivated Citrullus species

PCR amplification and restriction site analysis of chloroplast (cp) DNA regions was used to detect inter- and intraspecific differences in the genus Citrullus. More than 55 C. lanatus and 15 C. colocynthis accessions collected from diverse geographical areas, C. ecirrhosus and C. rehmii were used. Most of the cpDNA variation within Citrullus was the result of large indels and transitions and transversions. Indels at the ndhA, trnS-trnfM and trnC-trnD regions and several substitutions at restriction enzyme sites can be used to separate C. colocynthis from the other Citrullus species. A nucleotide substitution at a restriction enzyme site at the 3′ flanking region of ndhF provided a diagnostic haplotype for C. lanatus var. lanatus, the cultivated watermelon. Similarly, a nucleotide substitution at an intergenic spacer region of the trnC-trnD region resulted in a diagnostic haplotype for citron, C. lanatus var. citroides. Several C. lanatus var. citroides accessions showed the var. lanatus haplotype. C. rehmii showed almost the same haplotype as C. lanatus var. citroides with the exception of a unique insertion at a cpSSR site. Since C. ecirrhosus lacks the derived diagnostic nucleotide substitutions of C. lanatus, it is probably the progenitor of the cultivated watermelon. Intraspecific haplotypes detected within C. colocynthis were associated with geographic origin.
Flow-injection spectroptometric determination of acetaminophen in drug formulations

Abstract A flow-injection method is described for the determination of acetaminophen (paracetamol) (linear range 0.8.100 gmg ml −1 based on its oxidation with 2-iodylbenzoate in acid medium to produce a yellow-orange compound, believed to be N -acetyl-1,4-benzoquinoneimine, which is monitored at 445 nm. The sample throughput is 360 h −1 . The precision (R.S.D) of determination was 0.5−2%. The method was applied to the determination of acetaminophen in drug formlations, and evaluated by analyzing spiked sample solutions, a mean recovery of 1006% (range 96.3−105.2%) being obtained. No interference was observed from the common exicipients of drugs and other active substances, e.g., dipyrone, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylamide and oxyphenbutzone. Te possible application of the proposed method in content uniformity test and drug dissolution studies is indicated. Comparison of the present method with a liquid chromatographic method for acetaminophen determination gave a mean difference of 1.2% (range 0.4−2.4%).
Free-Electron Lasers as Pumps for High-Energy Solid-State Lasers

High average-power free-electron lasers may be useful for pumping high peak-power solid-state laser-amplifiers. At very high peak-powers, the pump source for solid-state lasers is non-trivial: flash lamps produce thermal problems and are unsuitable for materials with short florescence-times, while diodes can be expensive and are only available at select wavelengths. FELs can provide pulse trains of light tuned to a laser material's absorption peak, and florescence lifetime. An FEL pump can thus minimize thermal effects and potentially allow for new laser materials to be used. This paper examines the design of a high average-power, efficient high-gain FEL for use as pump source. Specifically, the cases of a 100 J class pump, and a 100 TW-class laser at a planned fourth-generation light-source are considered.
Cardiac Development: New concepts

Understanding normal development is a prerequisite to unraveling the mechanisms that underlie congenital heart disease, a critical step if one is to design rational new therapies. Over the past 20 years, human molecular genetics and developmental biology have provided a group of powerful tools to uncover a number of now well-defined pathways. There is now a confluence of new technologies and experimental systems that may allow for a more profound understanding in the near future.
Image navigation for PACS workstations

ABSTRACTWe present a novel image navigation methodology for PACS viewing stations to handle very high volume studiesefficiently. This methodology is based on the "customizable folder" concept in which a scaleable electronic worklist is formulated according to the prefetching algorithm based on radiologist's preference and the "virtual panel" concept which provides an virtually unlimited screen space on the station. Furthermore, the "moving strips paradigm" is presented toserve as an efficient "browsing" method to allow rapid and random access to a selection of studies and a "pre-hanging procedure" during the formation of an electronic work list. Finally, the advantages and applications of such methodologyare presented.Key Words: PACS Diagnostic Viewing Station, Image Navigation, Virtual Panel, Moving Strips Paradigm 1. INTRODUCTION One of the crucial tasks in the development ofPACS viewing stations is to design a user-friendly interface which can allow
Unique variable line-space spectrometers on the EUVE satellite: in-flight performance and selected scientific results

Until recently, spectrometer designs for use at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths have been limited to grazing incidence Rowland spectrometers and transmission gratings. In principle, the new class of variable line-space spectrometers offer substantial advantages over these classic designs. The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite has three variable line-space spectrometers as part of its scientific complement; this is the first use of this class of device. The results obtained have been quite noteworthy. The in-orbit performance of these spectrometers are demonstrated with examples of the scientific results obtained in this mission.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The connections of the septal region in the rat.

The efferent, afferent and intrinsic connections of the septal region have been analyzed in the rat with the autoradiographic method. The lateral septal nucleus, which can be divided into dorsal, intermediate and ventral parts, receives its major input from the hippocampal formation and projects to the medial septal-diagonal band complex. The ventral part of the nucleus also sends fibers through the medial forebrain bundle to the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, to the lateral hypothalamic area and the dorsomedial nucleus, to the mammillary body (including the supramammillary region), and to the ventral tegmental area. The medial septal nucleus/diagonal band complex projects back to the hippocampal formation by way of the dorsal fornix, fimbria, and possibly the cingulum. Both nuclei also project through the medial forebrain bundle to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, to the lateral hypothalamic area, and to the mammillary complex. The medial septal nucleus also sends fibers to the midbrain (the ventral tegmental area and raphe nuclei) and to the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus, while the nucleus of the diagonal band has an additional projection to the anterior limbic area. Ascending inputs to the medial septal nucleus/diagonal band complex arise in several hypothalamic nuclei and in the brainstem aminergic cell groups. The posterior septal nuclei (the septofimbrail and triangular nuclei) receive their major input from the hippocampal formation, and project in a topographically ordered manner upon the habenular nuclei and the interpeduncular nuclear complex. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis receives its major input from the amygdala (Krettek and Price, '78); but other afferents arise from the ventral subiculum, the ventromedial nucleus, and the brainstem aminergic cell groups. The principal output of the bed nucleus is through the medial forebrain bundle to the substantia innominata, the nucleus accumbens, most parts of the hypothalamus and the preoptic area, the central tegmental fields of the midbrain, the ventral tegmental area, the dorsal and median nuclei of the raphe, and the locus coeruleus. The bed nucleus also projects to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, the parataenial and paraventricular nuclei, and the medial habenular nucleus, and through the stria terminalis to the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, and to the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area.
In the eye of the beholder: The social construction of injustice along the Mexico‐U.S. border

This essay examines the implications of the growing cross-border justice movement along the Mexico-U.S. border. As corporate reorganization in North America threatens "downward harmonization" in wages and working conditions, cross-border activists are responding by attempting to construct "upward harmonization" in wage and workplace expectations among maquiladora workers. Activists do so by utilizing an array of innovative framing practices in their daily activities and organizational literature. The author analyzes such practices by drawing on several years of experience in cross-border advocacy and ten months of field work in a poor colonia in Reynosa, Mexico. The data show that maquiladora activists inside the movement are much more critical of their wages and working conditions than workers with no exposure to the movement. It is argued, however, that the contrast in views does not mean that activists are merely ideological "dupes" of northern organizations. On the contrary, from a social constructionist perspective, it is maintained that conceptions of economic "justice" or "exploitation," satisfaction or dissatisfaction with wages, are necessarily fluid phenomena bound up with global economic and cultural integration.
E.coli SSB Under Tension

E. coli SSBs (single-stranded DNA binding proteins) are essential accessory proteins in replication, recombination and during DNA repair. They not only protect ssDNA from chemical and nucleolytic attack, but also associate with many genome maintenance proteins. E. coli SSBs are tetrameric and have at least two binding modes: SSB35 and SSB65, which bind 35 and 65 nucleotides, respectively. Proteins in the SSB35 mode bind cooperatively, interacting with each other and creating long nucleoprotein filaments. In this study, we present mechanical studies of SSB bound to ssDNA using dual trap, high-resolution optical tweezers. This assay allows us to probe the interaction of SSBs to ssDNA constructs of various lengths, in real time, with nanometer resolution. By directly detecting wrapping of ssDNA by a single protein, we are able to characterize the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleoprotein complex formation. Mechanical pulling of our constructs in the presence of SSBs reveals that the protein condenses ssDNA in the force range 0-8pN and that tension can be used to modulate the binding mode of SSBs. Binding kinetics further indicate that SSBs bind to ssDNA in two successive processes consisting of a loose binding step in which the protein associates weakly with its substrate, followed by a wrapping step in which ssDNA is condensed.
HUMAN COAGULATION FACTOR V IS ACTIVATED TO THE FUNCTIONAL COFACTOR BY ELASTASE AND CATHEPSIN G EXPRESSED AT THE MONOCYTE SURFACE

The ability of intact peripheral blood monocytes to modulate factor V procoagulant activity was studied using electrophoretic and autoradiographic techniques coupled to functional assessment of cofactor activity. Incubation of plasma concentrations of factor V with monocytes (5 × 106/ml) resulted in the time-dependent cleavage of the 330-kDa protein. Activation occurred via several high molecular mass intermediates (≥200 kDa) to yield peptides of 150, 140, 120, 94, 91, 82, and 80 kDa, which paralleled the expression of cofactor activity. The cleavage pattern observed differed from that obtained with either thrombin or factor Xa as an activator. The incubation time required to achieve full cofactor activity was dependent on the monocyte donor and ranged from 10 min to 1 h and was consistently slightly lower than that obtained with thrombin-activated factor Va. Cofactor activity was not diminished by additional incubation. The cofactor activity generated bound to the monocyte such that a competent prothrombinase complex was formed at the monocyte membrane surface. Furthermore, within 5 min of factor V addition to monocytes, near maximal cofactor activity (∼70%) was bound and expressed on the monocyte membrane. The proteolytic activity toward factor V was associated primarily with the monocyte membrane, as little proteolytic activity was released into the cell-free supernatant. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. However, the inhibitor profile obtained with α1-antiproteinase inhibitor, α1-antichymotrypsin, and α2-macroglobulin suggested membrane-bound forms of elastase and cathepsin G were mediating, in large part, the proteolysis observed. These data were confirmed using purified preparations of both proteases and a specific anti-human leukocyte elastase antibody. Thus, expression of these proteases at the monocyte surface may contribute to thrombin generation at extravascular tissue sites by catalyzing the activation of the essential cofactor, factor Va, which binds to the monocyte surface and supports the factor Xa-catalyzed activation of prothrombin.
Developing selectively nonselective drugs for treating CNS disorders

For the past two decades, drug discovery has been dominated by the ‘magic bullet’ or single molecular target-based approach. But for many diseases of the central nervous system, especially complex polygenic disorders such as schizophrenia, the most effective drugs have affinity for many molecular targets. Various methods have been recently proposed for developing so-called ‘selectively nonselective drugs’ or ‘magic shotguns’ – that is, therapeutics with more complex pharmacological profiles.
The Long-Term Impact of A Man-Made Disaster - An Examination of A Small Town in the Aftermath of the Three-Mile-Island Nuclear-Reactor Accident

This paper explores the long-term effects of a nuclear accident on residents' perceptions of their physical and mental health, their trust of public officials, and their attitudes toward the future risks of nuclear power generation In their community. We find that in the period after the accident at Three Mile Island that there are constant or Increasing levels of distress reported by community residents. We conclude that the effects of a technological disaster may often be more enduring than those natural disaster and that greater research efforts should be made to Investigate the long-term consequences of man-made catastrophies of all types.
The Effect of Temperature on the Percentage of Fat in Milk: A First Report

Summary It is shown that all other conditions being approximately the same, the lower the environmental temperature within the observed limits, the higher the percentage of fat in cows’ milk.
Enhanced nonpeptidergic intraepidermal fiber density and an expanded subset of chloroquine-responsive trigeminal neurons in a mouse model of dry skin itch.

Abstract Chronic pruritic conditions are often associated with dry skin and loss of epidermal barrier integrity. In this study, repeated application of acetone and ether followed by water (AEW) to the cheek skin of mice produced persistent scratching behavior with no increase in pain-related forelimb wiping, indicating the generation of itch without pain. Cheek skin immunohistochemistry showed a 64.5% increase in total epidermal innervation in AEW-treated mice compared to water-treated controls. This increase was independent of scratching, because mice prevented from scratching by Elizabethan collars showed similar hyperinnervation. To determine the effects of dry skin treatment on specific subsets of peripheral fibers, we examined Ret-positive, calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP)–positive, and glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α3 (GFRα3)–positive intraepidermal fiber density. AEW treatment increased Ret-positive fibers but not CGRP-positive or GFRα3-positive fibers, suggesting that a specific subset of nonpeptidergic fibers could contribute to dry skin itch. To test whether trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cheek exhibited altered excitability after AEW treatment, primary cultures of retrogradely labeled neurons were examined using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. AEW treatment produced no differences in measures of excitability compared to water-treated controls. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of trigeminal ganglion neurons was responsive to the nonhistaminergic pruritogen chloroquine after AEW treatment. We conclude that nonpeptidergic, Ret-positive fibers and chloroquine-sensitive neurons may contribute to dry skin pruritus. Perspective This study examines the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of persistent dry skin itch. Our results indicate that nonpeptidergic epidermal hyperinnervation and nonhistaminergic pruritic receptors are potential targets for chronic pruritus.
Paraneseuthia Franz in the Indian Himalayan Region and Western Palaearctic Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Paraneseuthia loebli sp. n. (northern India) and P. meybohmi sp. n. (central-southern Turkey) are described. This is the first record of Paraneseuthia west of Sundaland, with the Turkish species occurring over seven thousand kilometers westward from the hitherto known westernmost range of this genus. Moreover, for the first time Paraneseuthia is reported to occur in the Mediterranean zone of moderate climate. Previously proposed phylogeographic hypotheses concerning the evolution of Paraneseuthia are discussed and the currently known distribution of this genus is summarized.
The Role of the Listener: Addressee Influences on Message Formulation:

Psycholinguistic models tend to depict speech production as a unidirectional process in which speakers create messages for generic addressees. Missing from such characterisations is an analysis of the process by which addressees influence the form and content of messages created for them. Addressees affect message form and content in at least two ways: (1) Their personal characteristics help define the common ground they share with the speaker and, hence, the knowledge the speaker can draw upon in formulating messages; (2) In conversation, their on-line responses serve to inform the speaker about changes in their knowledge state and, hence, about the communicative effectiveness of the messages transmitted. A series of experiments illustrating these processes is described.
Can Hofstede's Model Explain National Differences in Perceived Information Overload? A Look at Data From the US and New Zealand

Hofstede's cultural dimensions model has been widely used as a basic explanatory and predictive model in a variety of business studies, including studies addressing information management and electronic communication issues. This study aimed at assessing Hofstede's model by looking into a key issue for information management and electronic communication-information overload. The study compared information overload-related data from the US and New Zealand. The sample involved 108 MBA students who held professional or management positions. Data analyses employed comparisons of means and partial least squares (PLS)-based structural equation modeling techniques. Information overload perceptions in the two countries appear to differ significantly. This finding seems to be inconsistent with the relatively small differences in cultural dimension scores between the US and New Zealand, and with those two countries being placed in the same country cluster in Hofstede's model. The results call into question the adequacy of Hofstede's model as a basis to explain information management phenomena.
Transient behavior of real-time self-similar sources and its impact on best-effort traffic

We study the impact of multiplexing real-time and best-effort sources (ATM-ABR, or TCP sources on the Internet) when the real-time sources are long-range dependent. We consider M/G//spl infin/ and on-off models for the long-range dependent real-time sources and show that, once the long-range dependent sources reach a heavily-congested state, it takes a long time for the low priority best-effort sources to achieve fairness. The measure of fairness we consider is the average data rate available to best-effort sources over some period of time. We study the impact of long-range dependence on this performance measure.
Human colour perception and its adaptation

Information about colour is initially extracted by the visual system in terms of the activity within a small number of receptor types with different spectral sensitivities, and then recoded within channels that respond to different combinations of the receptor signals. Many insights have been gained about these post-receptoral transformations, yet their number and nature remain poorly defined. This review examines how the signals coding colour are organized within the human visual system, and how these signals are affected by the processes of adaptation. Sensitivity is controlled by two distinct classes of adaptation that adjust to different aspects of the stimulus; retinal mechanisms of light adaptation adjust for changes in the average colour across scenes, while cortical mechanisms of contrast adaptation adjust for changes in the distribution of colours. Together these exert a profound and pervasive influence on our colour perception.
I've got 99 problems, but vibration ain't one: a survey of smartphone users' concerns

Smartphone operating systems warn users when third-party applications try to access sensitive functions or data. However, all of the major smartphone platforms warn users about different application actions. To our knowledge, their selection of warnings was not grounded in user research; past research on mobile privacy has focused exclusively on the risks pertained to sharing location. To expand the scope of smartphone security and privacy research, we surveyed 3,115 smartphone users about 99 risks associated with 54 smartphone privileges. We asked participants to rate how upset they would be if given risks occurred and used this data to rank risks by levels of user concern. We then asked 41 smartphone users to discuss the risks in their own words; their responses confirmed that people find the lowest-ranked risks merely annoying but might seek legal or financial retribution for the highest-ranked risks. In order to determine the relative frequency of risks, we also surveyed the 3,115 users about experiences with "misbehaving" applications. Our ranking and frequency data can be used to guide the selection of warnings on smartphone platforms.
Is there a decisive test between matching and maximizing

Reinforcers under typical concurrent variable-interval, variable-ratio schedules may be (a) earned and obtained during the variable-interval component, (b) earned and obtained during the variable-ratio component, or (c) earned during the variable-ratio component and obtained during the variable-interval component. Categories a and b, which have no bearing on matching versus maximizing accounts of choice, were set at zero. The rate of Category c reinforcers and the duration of a changeover delay were varied. Simple matching, which predicts exclusive choice of the variable-interval component, and strict maximizing of overall reinforcement rate, which predicts a bias towards the variable-ratio component, were both disconfirmed: Subjects spent approximately 25% of their time in the variable-ratio component, contrary to the matching prediction, but earned only about one third of the reinforcers predicted by strict maximizing. However, maximizing describes the findings functionally in terms of discounting of delayed reinforcers; matching may describe the data in terms of a restructuring of the alternatives. Matching and maximizing are not competing theories about the fundamental nature of choice, but compatible points of view that may reveal environmental function and behavioral structure.