cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastatic spinal cord compression in patients with colorectal cancer

Background. A retrospective study was performed to examine the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer who had metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) and received radiation therapy (RT). Methods. Forty episodes of MSCC were treated with external beam RT in 34 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The median total dose was 3000 cGy (1800–4750 Gy), and the daily fraction size was 300 cGy (151–400 cGy). All patients were followed until death. Results. Median overall survival for the entire cohort was 4.1 months. Of 21 patients ambulatory before RT, 20 remained ambulatory after treatment, whereas only 2 of 9 patients who were nonambulatory regained full ambulatory status. Patients with rectal primary tumors had improved survival (median 7.9 months) compared with those who had colon primary tumors (2.7 months) (P=0.002). Patients who received a total dose of more than 3000 cGy had a better survival (7 months) than those who received 3000 cGy or less (3.1 months) (P=0.024). There was a trend for improved survival in patients fully ambulatory at diagnosis (P=0.056) and after RT (P=0.07). Unlike other primary sites in which approximately 70% of lesions are located in the thoracic spine, the location of epidural metastasis in colorectal primary tumors was most frequently in the lumbar spine (55% of lesions). Conclusions. Prognostic features and outcomes for MSCC with primary colorectal cancer are similar to those for other primary sites. There is a suggestion that rectal primary tumors may be associated with an improved outcome compared with colon primary tumors. Patients who received more than 3000 cGy total dose had a longer survival than those who received lower total doses.
Fatty Acid Replacements in a Fatty Acid Auxotroph of Escherichia coli

Unsaturated fatty acids having structural features which are different from those of the monoenoic acids normally synthesized by Escherichia coli can serve as growth factors for an auxotroph requiring unsaturated fatty acids. These analogues were incorporated into the phospholipids, as shown by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid composition. Some of these fatty acids were cisΔ5- and cis-Δ9-tetradecenoic, cis-Δ11-eicosenoic, cis,cis-Δ11,14-eicosadienoic, cis,cis,cis-Δ11,14,17-eicosatrienoic, trans-Δ9- and trans-Δ11-octadecenoic acids. Although partial degradation of some of these analogues to shorter even-chain homologues occurred, chain elongation of the exogenous fatty acids was not detected. Trans-olefinic acids were utilized without stereochemical or positional isomerization. These studies provide a basis for exploring the properties of the fatty acids and phospholipids required for the formation, structure, and function of membranes.
Sensitive Radioimmunoassay for Measurement of Circulating Peptide YY

A radioimmunoassay with sufficient sensitivity to detect the recently discovered, circulating peptide YY in the majority of healthy adults has been developed. The antiserum to synthetic peptide YY raised in rabbits essentially showed no cross-reactivity with bovine or porcine synthetic pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, or neuropeptide Y, but cross-reacted to the extent of 0.03% with synthetic peptide HI. The minimum detectable limit of the assay for plasma peptide YY was 20 pg/ml with coefficients of variation less than 16%. The immunoreactivity of peptide YY isolated from healthy adult plasma had a gel-filtration chromatographic profile similar to that of synthetic peptide YY. Fasting levels of peptide YY in plasma from 127 of 137 (92.7%) ostensibly healthy adults were measurable and showed a log-normal distribution. Using the maximum-likelihood estimation method, we calculated the normal range to be 13-178 pg/ml with a geometric mean value of 49 pg/ml. The fasting plasma peptide YY levels showed no significant age or sex dependency.
Selenium and inflammatory bowel disease

Dietary intake of the micronutrient selenium is essential for normal immune functions. Selenium is cotranslationally incorporated as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, into selenoproteins that function to modulate pathways involved in inflammation. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between selenium levels and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that can potentially progress to colon cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we summarize the current literature on the pathophysiology of IBD, which is multifactorial in origin with unknown etiology. We have focused on a few selenoproteins that mediate gastrointestinal inflammation and activate the host immune response, wherein macrophages play a pivotal role. Changes in cellular oxidative state coupled with altered expression of selenoproteins in macrophages drive the switch from a proinflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype to efficiently resolve inflammation in the gut and restore epithelial barrier integrity. Such a phenotypic plasticity is accompanied by changes in cytokines, chemokines, and bioactive metabolites, including eicosanoids that not only mitigate inflammation but also partake in restoring gut homeostasis through diverse pathways involving differential regulation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. The role of the intestinal microbiome in modulating inflammation and aiding in selenium-dependent resolution of gut injury is highlighted to provide novel insights into the beneficial effects of selenium in IBD.
Fatal Congestive Heart Failure Associated with Cardiac Enlargement of Unexplained Origin

A case of progressive cardiac enlargement of unknown cause in a 22-year-old man is reported. Death from congestive failure occurred 18 months after the onset of symptoms. Postmortem examination showed only cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation as an explanation for the congestive failure.
Histological image classification using biologically interpretable shape-based features.

Automatic cancer diagnostic systems based on histological image classification are important for improving therapeutic decisions. Previous studies propose textural and morphological features for such systems. These features capture patterns in histological images that are useful for both cancer grading and subtyping. However, because many of these features lack a clear biological interpretation, pathologists may be reluctant to adopt these features for clinical diagnosis. We examine the utility of biologically interpretable shape-based features for classification of histological renal tumor images. Using Fourier shape descriptors, we extract shape-based features that capture the distribution of stain-enhanced cellular and tissue structures in each image and evaluate these features using a multi-class prediction model. We compare the predictive performance of the shape-based diagnostic model to that of traditional models, i.e., using textural, morphological and topological features. The shape-based model, with an average accuracy of 77%, outperforms or complements traditional models. We identify the most informative shapes for each renal tumor subtype from the top-selected features. Results suggest that these shapes are not only accurate diagnostic features, but also correlate with known biological characteristics of renal tumors. Shape-based analysis of histological renal tumor images accurately classifies disease subtypes and reveals biologically insightful discriminatory features. This method for shape-based analysis can be extended to other histological datasets to aid pathologists in diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Effects of oxaliplatin and CPT-11 on cytotoxicity and nucleic acid incorporation of the fluoropyrimidines

The addition of oxaliplatin or CPT-11 to 5-FU has become common practice in the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is not known, however, which fluoropyrimidine drug (5-FU, FUdR, or FUR) will produce superior cytotoxicity when combined with either oxaliplatin or CPT-11. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of oxaliplatin and CPT-11 on cytotoxicity and nucleic acid incorporation of all three fluoropyrimidines. HT-29 cells were exposed for 2 h to IC10, IC30, and IC70 of oxaliplatin and CPT-11. Subsequently, cells were exposed for 24 h to IC10, IC30, and IC70 of 5-FU, FUdR, and FUR. Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay. Nucleic acid incorporation of [3H]fluoropyrimidine was then compared in the presence and absence of oxaliplatin or CPT-11 pretreatment. Synergistic cytotoxicity was displayed when IC30 of oxaliplatin or CPT-11 was combined with IC10 and IC30 of the fluoropyrimidines. One fluoropyrimidine did not achieve superior cytotoxicity over the others. After pretreatment with oxaliplatin or CPT-11, cytotoxic antagonism was observed as the concentration of a fluoropyrimidine increased up to IC70. The increasing cytotoxic antagonism correlated with decreases in fluoropyrimidine nucleic acid incorporation. The most significant incorporation difference existed within the 5-FU treated group. No single fluoropyrimidine is more cytotoxically effective over the others when combined with oxaliplatin or CPT-11. Correlation of cytotoxic antagonism to the inhibition of fluoropyrimidine nucleic acid incorporation implies difficulties in drug transport and/or metabolism only after oxaliplatin or CPT-11 pretreatment.
Congenital cytomegalovirus effects on postnatal neurological development of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) offspring

Abstract Prenatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been reported to cause sensory deficits, neurological damage, mental deficiency, low birth weight, microcephaly, impairment of neuromuscular coordination, and retardation of postnatal growth in human offspring. The close taxonomic relationship of diurnal primates to man is reflected in great similarities of sensory, cognitive, motor capacity, timing of the “brain growth spurt” in relation to birth, and other aspects of embryonic, fetal, and postnatal stages of development. Susceptibility of squirrel monkey fetuses to SqCMV was shown by the isolation of the virus from the tissues of one of two stillborn offspring and by the presence of SqCMV-specific IgM antibodies in two of three liveborn, nursery-reared offspring all exposed to the virus during gestation. Reflexes and neuromuscular responses of SqCMV offspring were less accurate, poorly coordinated, and required more time for completion than those of controls. Visual acuity of SqCMV offspring was less at birth and also improved at a slower rate during the first month after birth. SqCMV offspring were significantly inferior in percentage correct responses in tests of visual orientation and discrimination and reversal learning. Prenatal SqCMV effects on postnatal somatometric growth rates included significant reductions of head circumference and crown-rump length, and to a lesser degree, offspring body weight from birth to 90 days. We conclude that diurnal primates provide appropriate models to study congenital CMV effects on the brain as the target organ in terms of sensory impairment, learning capacity, neurological damage, and neuromuscular performance of offspring.
SU-E-J-45: Validation of the ExacTrac Virtual Isocenter Based Target Localization Method.

Purpose: With no stable landmarks available for localization, a ‘virtual isocenter’ “‘or surrogate landmark near the target’” can be used for image guidance. However, using a virtual isocenter in ExacTrac has not been thoroughly validated. This study evaluates its target localization accuracy and investigates the impact of two different couch correction sequences.Methods: A CT scan was acquired on an anthropomorphic thoracic phantom with a 2mm‐diameter ball bearing (BB) marker implanted in thelung region. A treatment plan was created with isocenter placed at the BB center, and exported to ExacTrac. In ExacTrac, a virtual isocenter wasplaced on a spine vertebral body where three translational shifts (8.8cm laterally, 1.5cm longitudinally and 6cm vertically) were present. A series ofcouch rotations (+/−3 degrees, 1 degree increment) was intentionally applied to simulate angular setup variations. For each rotation, two stereoscopic x‐rayimages were acquired and fused using the ExacTrac 6D registrationalgorithm. Calculated shifts were applied using two sequences: (1)automatic 5D corrections (three translations/two robotic couch rotations) followed by manual couch rotation; (2) manual couch rotation then automatic 5D corrections. After each ExacTrac localization, orthogonal (anterior‐posterior and right‐lateral) portal images were acquired to quantify BB center deviations from the radiation isocenter as an indicator of residual error. Results: Minimal difference between investigated table correction sequences was observed. Average translational deviations between the BB and radiation isocenter (mean+/−1SD) were 0.3+/−0.3mm and 1.0+/−0.2mm for lateral and vertical axis respectively. Longitudinally, the deviations were 0.8+/−0.4mm from the anterior‐posterior image and 0.1+/−0.3mm from the right‐lateral image. The systematic difference (0.7+/−0.1 mm) between thetwo may have been attributed to gantry sagging during rotation. Conclusions: ExacTrac system successfully corrected angular shifts using the virtual isocenter method in a rigid phantom setup. The sequence ofcouch correction did not influence the localization accuracy. Further patient study is warranted.
ION SOURCES FOR HEAVY ION FUSION INDUCTION LINACS

Abstract Depending on the type of beam transport selected at the front end of a heavy ion fusion driver, the optimum injector current (per beam) can vary from 0.5 to 25 A of cesium ions. The average current density should be ≥10 mA/cm 2 . So far, surface ionization sources have been used in most HIF driver designs. These sources can efficiently produce singly charged alkali ions such as Cs + and K + . Nevertheless, the gas sources and the metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) sources are also potentially useful for HIF applications. Recent experimental results on ion source development are summarized.
Hot fusion: music, art, and computer science education

This panel will be a conversation about the challenges of creating interdisciplinary programs and teaching interdisciplinary courses linking computer science and the arts. Three panelists will offer the benefit of their experience teaching interdisciplinary courses, overseeing the development of interdisciplinary programs, writing interdisciplinary computer science/arts textbooks, and mentoring students on interdisciplinary projects with significant and fascinating scientific and creative components. The overarching question will be "how do we teach creative computational problem solving with intentionality in interdisciplinary arts/computer science courses"?
Mineral and bulk compositions of three fragments from Luna 16

Electron microprobe analyses of fragment G37 show that it is a mare basalt with high aluminum and low magnesium content. Detailed analyses are given of olivine, pyroxene, ilmenite, ulvospinel and plagioclase. Fragment G46 is a cinder with bulk composition fairly similar to G37. Fragment G51 is entirely composed of plagioclase, An(93-96), with low contents of minor elements.
Inhibition of intraluminal pancreatic enzymes with nafamostat mesilate improves clinical outcomes after hemorrhagic shock in swine.

BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that intraluminal pancreatic enzymes play a major role in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade by the gut after hemorrhagic shock. Previous animal models have shown that the inhibition of enteral pancreatic enzymes with a serine protease inhibitor, nafamostat mesilate (NM), decreases leukocyte activation and transfusion requirements after hemorrhagic shock. The objective of this study was to determine whether enteroclysis with NM would improve the clinical outcomes in swine after hemorrhagic shock and intestinal hypoperfusion. METHODS Thirty-three male Yucatan minipigs weighing 25 kg to 30 kg underwent a controlled hemorrhage of 25 mL/kg with mesenteric clamp for further gut ischemia. Animals were allocated to three groups: (1) shock only (n = 15), (2) shock + enteroclysis with 100 mL/kg GoLYTELY (GL) as a carrier (n = 11), and (3) shock + enteroclysis with GL + 0.37 mmol/L NM (GL+NM, n = 7). Animals were resuscitated, recovered from anesthesia, observed for 3 days, and graded on a daily 4-point clinical scoring system. A score of 0 indicated a moribund state or early death, and a score of 4 indicated normal behavior. RESULTS Pigs treated with GL + NM had significantly higher mean postoperative recovery scores (3.8 +/- 0.4, essentially normal behavior with no early deaths) compared with animals within the shock only and shock + GL groups (2.1 +/- 1 with one early death and 2.2 +/- 1.2 with two early deaths, respectively, analysis of variance p < 0.003). CONCLUSION The inhibition of intraluminal pancreatic enzymes using enteroclysis with the serine protease inhibitor, NM, after hemorrhagic shock significantly improves the clinical outcome.
Microfabric and microshear evolution in deformed till

Abstract The bed-deformation model of glacier movement requires that ice masses shear their beds to high strains. For homogeneous basal tills that can result from such deformation, however, there are no sedimentological criteria for estimating strain magnitude. Thus, a large ring-shear device was used to shear two basal tills, and their particle fabrics and microshears were studied at various strains up to 108. Sand-particle fabrics in a longitudinal flow plane became steady at shear strains of 7–39; steady fabrics were moderately strong, with S1 eigenvalues of 0.71–0.74. These values are smaller than those from experiments with pebble-sized particles, perhaps reflecting the greater probability of sand particles colliding with larger grains. Fabrics parallel to flow strengthened progressively, indicating that particles did not reorient with their long axes transverse to flow. R1 and R2 microshears developed and persisted to the highest strains attained. R1 shears became more pervasive with strain and oriented closer to the shear plane. Movement along both sets of shears provides an explanation for the plunge of the steady-state sand fabric, approximately 10° “upglacier.” These experiments provide a basis for estimating till-deformation magnitude, but results will require cautious application to the geologic record where deformation processes may be ambiguous.
Progesterone induces expression of endometrial messenger RNA encoding for cyclooxygenase (sheep).

Abstract Exogenous progesterone given early in the ovine estrous cycle results in precocious luteolysis. It has been suggested that under this circumstance regression of the corpus luteum is caused by an advancement in the timing of uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2α. Uterine tissues were obtained from ewes following administration of progesterone (or injection vehicle), fixed in paraformaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were hybridized using an 35S-labeled cRNA probe specific for cyclooxygenase mRNA. There was approximately an eight-fold increase in the level of hybridization signal, localized mainly to uterine glands, consequential to treatment with progesterone. Thus, progesterone appears to control expression of the endometrial gene and (or) the stability of the message encoding for a rate-limiting enzyme involved in metabolism of arachidonic acid to its luteolytic product, thereby resolving the length of the nonpregnant cycle.
HTS Quadrupole for FRIB—Design, Construction and Test Results

This paper presents the outcome of significant magnet R&D that was started over a decade ago towards solving one of the most critical issues in the design of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) and resulted in the successful demonstration of a full size prototype HTS quadrupole for the fragment separator region. This magnet will be subjected to unprecedented radiation and heat loads. An HTS quadrupole, with more than a 12 K margin over the nominal 38 K operating temperature, provides a unique solution. After briefly presenting the design and construction, the test results will be discussed in more detail. An advanced quench protection system was able to protect the magnet against an accident which caused thermal run away (or quench) is also discussed. The magnet uses a significant amount of HTS from two leading manufacturers. The successful demonstration should encourage the use of HTS magnets where one must deal with a large amount of radiation and/or energy deposition.
Integrated-circuit reliability simulation with emphasis on hot-carrier effects

Reliability assurance and enhancement of analog VLSI circuits are of fundamental importance in the design of high quality signal processing and computing systems. An analog integrated circuit may fial due to degradation of some critical transistors. In this paper, strategies for use in a hierarchical reliability simulation environment covering various levels of VLSI circuit design are presented. Hot-carrier effects are used to demonstrate the prediction of degradation in circuit performance. This degradation information is propagated through the design hierarchy, with the data at each stage conforming with the complexity of representation at that stage. Circuit topology changes may be made at different levels to reduce the intensive electrical stress applied to weak components. At the top level the chip degradation information is essential for the design of reliable VLSI systems. The method used to include the first-order ac degradation effects into the circuit reliability simulator is described. Experimental results on inverters, precharging circuitry for sense amplifiers, and operational amplifiers designed in submicron technologies are presented.
Transformational question-answering (TQA) system: IBM, Yorktown Heights

The Transformational Question Answering (TQA) system, formerly known as REQUEST [1,2,3], is an experimental natural English query system that has been under development since the early 1970s. Its syntactic analyzer is based upon transformational grammar [4,5,6,7], and its semantic interpreter makes use of a Knuth attribute grammar [8,9]. The combination of these components provides sufficient generality, convenience, and efficiency to implement a broad range of linguistic models. The particular model which was developed is closest to the generative semantics variety of transformational grammar.
The benefits of mammography are not limited to women of ages older than 50 years.

BACKGROUND Although the benefits of mammography are established in women age ≥ 50 years, its use in women age < 50 years is controversial. It is the purpose of this study to determine whether the better outcome in mammographically detected breast carcinoma compared with clinically detected breast carcinoma observed in women age ≥ 50 years also is observed in women age < 50 years. METHODS The authors analyzed 869 cases of Stage I and II breast carcinoma in women treated with breast-conserving therapy between 1984-1994. The median follow-up was 43 months (range, 3-128 months). Three hundred and eighteen patients (37%) presented with mammographic abnormalities without clinical signs of disease and 551 patients (63%) presented with clinical signs of disease. The median age of the patients was 56 years (range, 22-88 years). Three hundred and four patients (35%) were age < 50 years. RESULTS Mammographically detected tumors in women age < 50 years were of similar size to those in women age ≥ 50 years (median 1.1 cm vs. 1.0 cm). Axillary lymph node involvement and tumor grade were not significantly different between these two groups. However, in women age < 50 years the clinically detected tumors were found to be significantly larger, more likely to be axillary lymph node positive, and of higher grade compared with tumors in older women. Consequently, in patients with mammographically detected tumors, there was no significant difference in recurrence free survival (RFS) between women age < 50 years compared with women age ≥ 50 years (90% and 92%, respectively; P = 0.4), whereas in patients with clinically detected tumors there was a significant difference in 5-year RFS (77% vs. 87%, respectively; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Mammography results in the diagnosis of smaller and lower grade breast carcinoma. If mammographically detected, there appears to be no difference in RFS between women age < 50 years and those women age ≥ 50 but there is a difference if the tumors are clinically detected. If left to grow to the size necessary for clinical detectability, the disease appears to be more aggressive in younger women. Cancer 1998;82:2221-2226. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Mechanotransduction: Touch and Feel at the Molecular Level as Modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to respond to its environment through its senses. The sense of touch is one of the most vital; still, it is the least understood. In the process of touch sensation, a mechanical stimulus is converted into electrical signals. Groundbreaking electrophysiological experiments in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals have suggested that this conversion may occur through the activation of ion channels that gate in response to mechanical stimuli. However, the molecular identity of these channels has remained elusive for a very long time. Breakthroughs in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of touch sensation have come from the analysis of touch-insensitive mutants in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. This review will focus on the elegant genetic, molecular, imaging, and electrophysiological studies that demonstrate that a channel complex composed of two members of the DEG/ENaC gene family of channel subunits (named for the C. elegans degenerins and the related mammalian epithelial amiloride-sensitive Na channel), MEC-4 and MEC-10, and accessory subunits is gated by mechanical forces in touch-sensing neurons from C. elegans. I also report here electrophysiological and behavioral studies employing knockout mice that have recently shown that mammalian homologues of MEC-4, MEC-10, and accessory subunits are needed for normal mechanosensitivity in mouse, suggesting a conserved function for this channel family across species. The C. elegans genome encodes 28 DEG/ENaC channels: I discuss here the global role of DEG/ENaCs in mechanosensation, reporting findings on the role of other three nematode DEG/ENaCs (UNC-8, DEL-1, and UNC-105) in mechanosensitive and stretch-sensitive behaviors. Finally, this review will discuss findings in which members of another family of ion channels, the Transient Receptor Potential channels family, have been implicated in mechanosensitive behaviors in organisms ranging from C. elegans to mammals.
INTERACTION OF S-(1,2-DICHLOROVINYL)-L-CYSTEINE WITH PROTEINS.

Abstract S -(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine (DCVC) and its d isomer are subject to nonenzymic cleavage which is catalyzed, with increasing effectiveness, by (a) crystallized bovine serum albumin, (b) a crude serum albumin fraction prepared from fresh bovine blood, and (c) this fraction with added vanadyl sulfate. Identified products are pyruvate, ammonia, and chloride. A yellow pigment, formed coincident with the cleavage, arises apparently from the other, unidentified product of cleavage, the sulfur-containing 2-carbon fragment. This pigment is associated with the proteins and precipitated with the proteins by trichloroacetic acid. Although the pigment is firmly joined with the protein, no evidence could be found for covalent binding.
Ultramicroelectrodes: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) have led to unprecedented advances in electrochemical studies since their introduction to electroanalytical chemistry about twenty five years ago. During this time, several UME geometries have been reported of which disk, ring, ring-disk, hemispherical, spherical, and etched (finite cone) UMEs are the most commonly used. In this review, the design and fabrication procedures for each are described. Issues related to UME electrode surface treatment and characterization are also addressed.
The Promise and Perils of Worker Participation in Management

. Movement from authoritarian to participatory work organization promises gains in both worker satisfaction and productivity. In spite of the potential gain in social welfare, change in the United States has been relatively slow. Part of the explanation lies in problems of implementation, in the practical problems of transition Part also lies in management fears concerning the ability to circumscribe the scope of worker participation in order to preserve historic prerogatives. To limit participation may be to compromise participation. There is the additional possibility that change may be transitory, waxing and waning with changes in business conditions.
Policy modes, firms and the natural environment

This paper examines how different environmental policy types differentially impact firms and why firms vary in their responses to such policies. Based on the mechanisms embedded in policy instruments to create incentives for firms to comply, the characteristics of benefits/costs that policies impose on firms and the institutional context in which policy instruments were created and are sustained, the paper identifies five policy categories. These are category I (command and control), category II (market based), category III (mandatory information disclosures), category IV (business–government partnerships) and category V (private voluntary codes). Different policy types often bestow asymmetrical benefits/costs on firms. Some benefits/costs may constitute ‘private/club goods’ while others may constitute ‘public goods’. Drawing insights from public policy literature, the paper argues that firms can be expected to favor policies whose benefits have the characteristics of private/club goods but the costs of public goods. Thus, understanding the nature of benefits/costs (private/club versus public) and the magnitude of their excludability is critical in explaining the variations in firms' responses. To understand how managers perceive the nature of benefits/costs (monetary as well as non-monetary), the paper draws on theories and perspectives in the business and public policy field. In doing so, the paper examines the ‘demand’ and the ‘supply’ sides as well as the market and non-market environments of a given policy. Thus, the paper makes a case for a multi-theoretic approach to understand variations in managerial assessments of benefits/costs, and consequently variations in their responses to various policy types. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Open unbranched pathways through the vertices of an icosahedron

Abstract The complete list is given of all the pathways mentioned in the title, together with the symmetry classes.
Conversion from phase map to coordinate: Comparison among spatial carrier, Fourier transform, and phase shifting methods

For full-field phase measurement methods, many algorithms have been developed to extract a phase map from fringe image(s). Both phase wrapping and unwrapping algorithms have been extensively investigated by many researchers, but few papers can be found on how to calculate the coordinates of surface points from a phase map. This paper focuses on algorithms that show how a phase map can be used to calculate coordinates. Details are given for single image methods such as Fourier transform, spatial carrier methods, and multiple image methods like traditional phase-shifting methods. Algorithms that can be used to convert a phase map to coordinates and some issues related to these conversion algorithms are discussed. An artifact is measured using these phase measurement methods. The results show that using the correct algorithm to convert a phase map to coordinates is a key to obtaining accurate measurement results.
Predicting fly ash resistivity—an evaluation

Abstract Recently a technique for predicting fly ash resistivity from an as-received, ultimate coal analysis and the chemical composition of the coal ash produced by simple laboratory ignition was published. This paper evaluates this technique by comparing predicted resistivity data with laboratory measured values, in situ resistivity data, and precipitator performance information acquired from 12 field test programs. Considering the precision of measurement generally encountered in precipitator technology and the limited amount of certain laboratory data available, the results are encouraging and the evaluation is favorable.
Studies on the mechanism of protection by aurintricarboxylic acid in beryllium poisoning. IV. Comparative effects of related compounds on survival of Be-poisoned animals and on distribution of Be.

Abstract The ability of an injection of either sulfosalicylic acid or gentisic acid, given 1 hr. before or after beryllium, to prevent death of mice injected with the LD 95 of BeSO 4 is lost when these compounds are injected 4 hr. after or 2 hr. before the Be. Salicylic acid loses its effectiveness when given about 8 hr. before or after Be. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) loses effectiveness when given between 10 and 16 hr. after Be and gradually loses protective ability when given more than 1 day before Be. When small, partially effective doses were compared on a molar basis, ATA was much more effective in protecting Be-poisoned mice than either salicylic acid or sulfosalicylic acid. ATA was equally effective injected 5 min. or 1 hr. after the Be, while small doses of salicylic acid and especially of sulfosalicylic acid were less effective given at 1 hr. In comparison to ATA, which has been shown to have no effect on the distribution of Be that might explain its therapeutic effect in Be-poisoned mice, salicylic and sulfosalicylic acids injected 1 hr. after radioberyllium caused a marked increase in Be 7 excretion and a reduction in the over-all retention of Be 7 . Since sulfosalicylic acid given 4 hr. after the Be still causes this increase in excretion but does not prevent the death of the mice, the increase in Be excretion is not thought to be responsible for protecting the animals treated at 1 hr. Inactivation of Be by chelation in situ in critical tissues appears to be the important factor in preventing death of mice acutely poisoned with Be.
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Reaction of OH and CO: Master Equation Modeling on a High-Level Potential Energy Surface

The temperature and pressure dependence of the reaction of OH + CO has been modeled using the (energy-resolved) master equation and RRKM theory. These calculations are based on the coupled-cluster potential energy surface of Yu and co-workers (Chem Phys Lett 349, 547–554, 2001). As is well known, this reaction shows a strong non-Arrhenius behavior at moderate and low temperatures because of the stabilization of the HOCO intermediate. Kinetic simulations are in excellent agreement with experiments at temperatures above 300 K, but the agreement is only modest at temperatures below 250 K. Our calculations indicate that the contribution of tunneling to the rate constant is marginal, given the small energy difference between the transition states corresponding to formation and decomposition of the HOCO intermediate. Parametric fits to the calculated rate constants are provided for modeling purposes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 464–474, 2003
The Limitations of Infant and Preschool Tests in the Measurement of Intelligence

The practical application of intelligence tests and the scientific and theoretical problems opened up by them, have been so valuable that they constitute one of the greatest achievements in the modern study of man. Recently, however, some of the assumptions of modern test theory have been called into question. Wellman (23, 24, 25, 26), Skeels (15, 16, 17, 18), and Skodak (19, 20), in a series of articles, state that scores on intelligence tests are determined by environmental opportunities and imply that inherited factors are of little or no weight. Children, with nursery school experience, made better scores on subsequent intelligence tests than did children without such experience. Foster children, tested in infancy, increased in test score when placed in good homes. Children in a good orphanage environment increased in test score over those in a poor orphanage environment. These results, all of which are based on infant or preschool tests as origins, are interpreted to show that a favorable environment produces great changes upward and an unfavorable environment great changes downward in true intelligence.
A reduction method for atypical representations of classical Lie superalgebras

Abstract We introduce a reduction method for studying representations of classical Lie superalgebras with atypical central character. We show that the atypical quotient of universal enveloping algebra has a non-trivial Jacobson radical. The factor by this radical has a new center, which is calculated for sl(1| n ) and psl(2|2). Using this center we obtain new character formulae, generalization of Borel–Weil–Bott and Beilinson–Bernstein localization theorems.
Myocardial membrane function and drug action in heart failure

Abstract Calcium lons play a major role in controlling both the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart. These important regulatory functions are affected when calcium moves across cellular membranes, including the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum. These membranes are composed of a hydrophobic lipid bilayer, which constitutes a barrier to the flux of ions in which are embedded a number of intrinsic membrane proteins. Some of the latter are involved in the movement of calcium between different regions of the myocardial cell. The “downhill” movement of calcium from regions of high Ca ++ activity in the extracellular space and sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, where Ca ++ concentration is much lower, is mediated by “channels” that are probably lined by hydrophilic regions of the intrinsic membrane proteins. The sarcolemmal calcium channels, which carry the slow inward current that is responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, is regulated by a voltage-sensitive gating mechanism that controls the access of ions to the channel. The calcium permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which regulates the calcium release into the cytosol that initiates cardiac systole, may be regulated by the calcium pump adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) protein, also responsible for the active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during diastole. Drugs that affect the flux of ions through membrane “channels” can act by inducing the phosphorylation of membrane proteins, for example, phospholamban in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is phosphorylated in response to elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) induced by β-receptor agonists. Other agents may bind directly to channel proteins, for example, tetrodotoxin, which binds specifically to the fast channel. It appears likely that many drugs, including antiarrhythmic agents and possibly calcium channel blockers, may modify ion fluxes through membrane channels by an interaction with functionally important membrane lipids surrounding the hydrophobic regions of the “channel” proteins. Abnormal calcium movements may contribute to the depression of myocardial contractility seen in the failing heart. These alterations may be produced by abnormalities in both the “channel” proteins and the membrane lipids in which the channels are embedded. It is not clear whether these abnormalities, and the resulting depression of contractility in the failing heart, represent a “defect” that shortens survival in these patients or whether the accompanying reduction in energy demand may be at least in part compensatory.
Development of Walsh linear coding and its application to speech recognition

Abstract In this paper a Walsh linear coding algorithm (WLC) is developed which yields a compressed approximation to the Walsh power spectrum of a time frame. This algorithm is interpolative, rather than predictive. It minimizes the mean square interpolative error, and it yields WLC model spectra. The effectiveness of utilizing WLC model spectra in speech recognition systems is explored. Each of two unity gain distortion measures is embedded in a dynamic time warp based speaker-dependent isolated word recognition system and is tested by means of a 10-digit vocabulary.
Bodystorming Mobile Learning Experiences

Bodystorming is a technique used by designers to better understand how the settings where interactive systems are deployed might affect their intended uses. The articulation of design concepts “in the wild” and using forms of performance and improvisation are intended to help designers become more aware of contextual issues that may not be revealed in traditional brainstorming exercises. Bodystorming can be a useful technique for designers of mobile learning experiences, as it helps make interactions between learners, devices, and locations more explicit. The general method is described in this paper and followed by two case studies of its use in the design of mobile learning experiences.
Experimental canine endotoxin shock: failure to correlate outcome with persistent endotoxemia.

SummaryEndotoxin was detected serially in the circulating blood of dogs with a bioassay by injecting canine plasma intravenously into New Zealand albino rabbits and simultaneously 50 μg epinephrine intradermally. The presence of rabbit dermal necrosis 24 hours later indicated the presence of endotoxin in the canine plasma. Prior to the injection of endotoxin all canine plasmas gave a negative reaction. Within 3 minutes post-endotoxin all plasmas showed a positive test. At 3 hours when the blood pressures had stabilized in 7 surviving animals no endotoxin was in the plasmas. However at 6 hours endotoxin was detected in the plasma of 6 out of 7 surviving animals. The persistence of endotoxin in the circulating blood could not be correlated with survival or death.
MLP neural network models of CMM measuring processes

The objective of this study is to show how a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network can be used to model a CMM measuring process. To date, most MLP-based process models have been established for process mean only. An innovative approach is proposed to model simultaneously the mean and the variation of a CMM process using one integrated MLP architecture. Therefore, the MLP-based model obtained captures not only the process mean but also the process variation information. Selected issues related to neural network training are also discussed. Specifically, the guideline that was proposed by Mirchandani and Cao (1989) for selecting a number of hidden neurons is tested to determine the effects of the number of hidden neurons. The performances of two different learning algorithms - back-propagation with momentum factor (BPM) and the Fletcher-Reeves (FR) algorithm - are studied in terms of CPU time, training error, and generalization error.
Treatment of DNA with ammonium bicarbonate or thiourea can lead to underestimation of platinum-DNA monoadducts

Thiourea and NH4HCO3 are widely used to block the conversion of Pt-DNA monoadducts to diadducts prior to the enzymatic digestion of DNA and subsequent analysis of the relative proportion of the different types of Pt-DNA adducts. Our data show that NH4HCO3 (100 mM, 18 h, 25°C) is much less effective than thiourea (10 mM, 10 min, 25°C) at blocking monoadducts, apparently because considerable monoadduct-to-diadduct conversion occurs during the incubation of platinated DNA with NH4HCO3. Under these incubation conditions, neither NH4HCO3 nor thiourea treatment causes significant diadduct-to-monoadduct conversion. At 25°C, thiourea causes no significant removal of either ethylenediamine(en)- or diaminocyclohexane(dach)-Pt monoadducts. However, at 37°C, both en-Pt and dach-Pt monoadducts are selectively removed. Pt-DNA diadducts are stable to 10nM thiourea at either temperature. These data suggest that previous experiments using NH4HCO3-blocked DNA are likely to have underestimated Pt-DNA monoadducts and to have overestimated diadducts. As a consequence, such studies are likely to produce inaccurate estimates for the repair of individual adducts. The data also show that although thiourea treatment is suitable for blocking Pt-DNA monoadducts under the conditions generally used (10m, 10 min, 25°C), it can selectively remove Pt-DNA monoadducts at higher temperatures.
Effects of insulin on cellular growth and proliferation

Abstract Insulin stimulates the growth and proliferation of a variety of cells in culture. The growth-stimulatory effects of insulin are observed in Go/Gl arrested cells limited for serum growth factors or essential nutrients, and in cells growing in hormone-supplemented serum-free media. Some, but not all, of the effects of insulin on growth require superphysiological concentrations of insulin. The action of insulin on growth is synergistic with the action of other hormones and growth factors, including FGF, PDGF, PGF2α and vasopressin. This observation, as well as other observations regarding the temporal sequence of action of growth factors, suggests that different growth factors act on different intracellular biochemical events. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the effect of insulin on cellular proliferation, including regulation of essential metabolic processes and interaction of insulin with receptors for insulin-like growth factors. Evidence supporting these various hypotheses is reviewed. In addition to the growth-stimulatory effect of insulin observed in cell culture, a number of clinical examples suggest that insulin is an important growth-regulating hormone during fetal development.
Primisulfuron Herbicide-resistant Tobacco Cell Lines. Application of Fluctuation Test Design to in vitro Mutant Selection with Plant Cells

Summary A fluctuation test experimental design was used to select tobacco cell cultures resistant to a new sulfonyl urea herbicide, primisulfuron (2-[3-(4,6-bis(difluoromethoxy)-pyrimidin-2-yl)-ureidosulfonyl]benzoic acid methylester). From approximately 3.95 × 109 plated cells a total of 2455 resistant colonies were obtained, 2362 from selection at 100 µg/L, another 93 from selection at 1000 µg/L. Selection at 100 µg/L yielded resistant colonies at a frequency about 60 times higher than did selection at 1000 µg/L. Following mutagenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitroso-urea, a bulk culture and 20 separate individual cultures were employed in a fluctuation test experiment to calculate mutation rates. No significant difference was found in the distribution of mutants among the individual and the bulk cultures, but the ratio of variance to mean (≫ 1) indicated a spontaneous origin of the mutants. The mutagen treatment increased the frequency of resistant lines about 25-fold. The mutation rate per cell generation was calculated to be 2.7 × 10-8 for the non-mutagenized bulk culture selected at 100 µg/L. Mutation rates were almost 30-times higher for the mutagen-treated bulk and the individual cultures selected at 100 µg/L. Mutagenized bulk and individual cultures selected at 1000 µg/L had mutation rates of 2.9 × 10-8 and 4.4 × 10-8 per cell generation, respectively. About 45 % of the lines originally selected at 100 µg/L grew vigorously upon transfer to 1000 NAg/L primisulfuron, indicating effective selection for high level resistance even though the initial selection pressure was comparatively low.
Student Motivation in Physical Education Breaking down Barriers

Abstract Student motivation in physical education typically declines after the early years. Why? And what can be done about it?