cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the performance of 4-phase sequences in asynchronous CDMA systems

CDMA systems use code sequences to separate users. At present 2-phase sequences are primarily used as spreading sequences for these systems. Boztas et al [1] have developed 4- phase sequences with maximum periodic cross-correlation values that are smaller than those for 2-phase sequences and that asymptotically approach lower bounds on maximum cross-correlation. While a probabilistic analysis indicates that the performance of both types of sequences is equal, a deterministic analysis shows that 4-phase sequences indeed offer better average probability of error performance than 2-phase sequences for cases analyzed thus far.
Risk convolution calculations

Convolutions of probability distributions have long been used in collective risk theory to determine the distribution of aggregate claims. Two examples of such a distribution are given. The paper then presents results for the distribution of aggregate claims for the family of claim distributions in which claim values are equi-spaced, and equi-probable. The distribution of claims may be either the Poisson or negative binomial law. Examples and tables are included. A convolution type series for the infinite time ruin function is examined, including approximations and their error analyses.
Selective alpha-blockade versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition as initial antihypertensive therapy: Effects on circulating lipoproteins

This study evaluated the overall efficacy and safety of two specific vasodilators--the alpha-blocker prazosin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril--in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Because the current approach to antihypertensive treatment should consider possible drug-related changes in circulating lipid fractions, the present study investigated the effects of these two drugs on lipid parameters as well. Used either as single agents or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, both drugs effectively reduced high blood pressure. Neither drug had adverse effects on the lipid profile in general, although there were significant differences between the effects of prazosin and captopril on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B.
Implementing a violence intervention for inner-city adolescents: Potential pitfalls and suggested remedies

SUMMARY Violence is a growing public health problem that disproportionately affects African American adolescents. There is a pressing need for more attention to be directed to the development of theoretically-based, research-validated, culturally sensitive preventive interventions and programs. This article focuses on the steps involved in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a culturally-specific program designed to reduce the prevalence of violent behaviors and related injuries and deaths among urban, African American teens. The project's success was heavily dependent upon the commitment and cooperation of the community organizations that participated in the field research. Although numerous unexpected challenges were encountered, the preliminary findings indicate that it is possible to effectively implement preventive interventions in urban communities with modest funding.
Multi-scale analysis of exotic dynamics in surface catalyzed reactions—I: Justification and preliminary model discriminations

Abstract The applicability of a multi-time scale analysis (specifically three time scales) in the modelling of heterogeneously catalysed reaction systems is shown based on experimental data on their various dynamic behaviors and estimates of the time scales of the underlying processes and associated species. The multi-time scale assertion enables a transformation of the governing transient equations into singular perturbation form. Multibranched topologies and special attracting characteristics of certain behavior manifolds defined by use of ensuing degenerate system equations are qualitatively shown to explain how slow and fast single-peak relaxation oscillations as well as multipeak ones can arise. Multi-scale arguments in connection with the required topology of these behavior manifolds for slow oscillations to occur in catalytic wire and differential reactor systems are used to reject the Eley-Rideal mechanism in favor of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood one with specific relative rates of the elementary steps. The analytical tool introduced promises to be powerful in future modelling work of catalytic systems.
Advances in genomics and proteomics-based methods for the study of foodborne bacterial pathogens

Abstract: Omic technologies, including genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are used to study pathogen behavior at the molecular level and develop improved pathogen detection and typing systems. Omic technologies analyze complete or nearly complete expressions of cell functions. DNA sequencing has resulted in complete genomes of foodborne pathogens. Omic-based technologies explore biological processes in a quantitative and integrative manner. They facilitate identification of genes and proteins that contribute to survival and persistence in food and other environments, that play a role in pathogenesis and that are targets for detection methods and control strategies. Challenges that remain are performing genomic and proteomic studies in food and other complex matrices and interpreting and analyzing the data produced from these investigations to enhance food safety.
Risk factor distribution among sociodemographically diverse African American adults.

Because African Americans tend to have lower socioeconomic status (SES) than whites and numerous health indicators are related to SES variables, it is important when examining between-group differences in health indices to account for SES differences. This studyexamined the effects of income and education on several biologic and behavioral risk factors in a sample of sociodemographicallydiverse African American adults. Approximately 1,000 African American adults (aged 18–87) were recruited from 14 churches with predominantlyblack membership to participate in a nutrition education intervention. Demographics, height, weight, blood pressure, self-reported cigarette and alcohol use, self-reported diet byfood frequencyquestionnaire, serum carotenoids, serum total cholesterol, and nutrition knowledge were assessed. The association of these risk factors were examined byfour levels of education and income. For men, bodymass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, dailyintake of fruits and vegetables, serum carotenoids, heavyalcohol use, or exercise were not associated significantlywith income or education using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Past month alcohol use and nutrition knowledge were associated positivelywith education, but not income. For women, bodymass index and smoking were associated inverselywith income, but not with education. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, intake of fruits and vegetables, heavyalcohol use, and exercise were not associated with either income or education using ANOVA., Serum carotenoids, any 30-dayalcohol use, and nutrition knowledge were associated positivelywith both income and education. Results using linear regression generallywere similar for men and women, although a few more variables were associated significantlywith SES compared to ANOVA analyses. Several health indicators that have been associated with socioeconomic variables in whites were not associated or onlyweaklyassociated in this diverse sample of African Americans. One interpretation of these findings is that SES factors mayfunction differentlyamong blacks and whites.
The enzymic pattern of neoplastic tissue.

Publisher Summary The correlation of the intermediate and minimal types of enzyme patterns in tumors, along with the metabolic behavior of these tumors provides a means for identifying the physiological role of individual enzymes in living processes. There is a particular pattern of glycolytic enzymes toward which the tumorsin normal tissues progress as the rates of glycolysis in these tissue slices increase. The neoplastic tissues share this same pattern to the extent that they also have similar high glycolytic rates in slices. Warburg's generalization that neoplastic tissues tend to have high glycolytic rates and Greenstein's generalization that neoplastic tissues tend to have the same pattern of enzymes arc both illustrated in the chapter. Also, the similar pattern of glycolytic enzymes to which neoplastic tissues tend is the particular pattern that can be associated with the high glycolytic rates in any tissues. The two generalizations about glycolysis and enzyme patterns are linked, yet the convergence toward a particular type of metabolism and enzyme pattern in tumors is descriptive, not diagnostic. The enzyme pattern of neoplastic tumors in addition to the increase of glycolytic capability and the associated decrease of the glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) can be defined further by other functional groups of enzymes. One such group is responsible for the direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism leading, inter alia, to pentoses. It is suggested that there is a minimal pattern of enzymes that is characteristic of all neoplastic tissues. More of certain enzymes, or additional enzymes, may be added to the pattern in particular neoplastic tissues. These enzymes may indicate the origin of the tumor, and they can endow the tumor with their own peculiarities, but presumably they are not essential for tumor survival. The added enzymes give intermediate types of enzyme patterns in neoplasms. The minimal enzyme pattern, if known, would predict the metabolic behavior of tumors beyond their high glycolysis.
Indirect Suppression Involving Behavioral Mutants with Altered Nerve Excitability in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

ABSTRACT Two classes of X -linked behavioral mutants of Drosophila melanogaster , leg-shaking mutants and bang-sensitive mutants, are suppressed by nap ts (no action potential, temperature-sensitive), an autosomal temperature-sensitive paralytic mutation. So far, nap ts is found to suppress thirteen mutations at seven loci, two of which produce leg shaking and five bang-sensitivity. Suppression is recessive, occurs at temperatures permissive for nap ts , and is indirect and function-specific rather than allele-specific. At restrictive temperatures, nap ts is known to completely block all nerve activity. Several of the mutants suppressed by nap ts are shown by neurophysiological experiments to have increased nerve excitability. The physiological defect of these mutants as well as their behavioral defect is suppressed by nap ts . Thus, suppression occurs within individual neurons at the level of excitable membranes and apparently depends on the reduction in membrane excitability caused by nap ts even under permissive conditions. We suggest that all mutants suppressed by nap ts may have related defects leading to enhanced nerve excitability. Genetic interactions of this type help reveal functional relationships between different behavioral mutants and suggest ways of isolating new mutants with altered excitable membranes.
A Preliminary Bloom's Taxonomy Assessment of End-of-Chapter Problems in Business School Textbooks.

This article examines textbook problems used in a sampling of some of the most common core courses found in schools of business to ascertain what level of learning, as defined by Blooms Taxonomy, is required to provide a correct answer. A set of working definitions based on Blooms Taxonomy (Bloom & Krathwohl, 1956) was developed for the six different levels of the taxonomy. Because the course credit model relies so heavily on textbooks, the end of chapter problems for a leading text book in eight traditional business disciplines were evaluated. The initial findings indicate that the vast majority of end of chapter problems examined only required students to function at Level 1 (Knowledge) or Level 2 (Comprehension). While preliminary in nature, these data suggest the need for the use of other methods to challenge the student to think on higher cognitive levels.
Two effects of context of the presence/absence of connecting segments

Stimulus A consisted of two proximal brackets with colinear lines separated by small gaps. Stimulus B was a square-like rectangle produced by inserting connecting segments into the gaps. Stimulus A was frequently represented as B (i.e., as closed). Following Pomerantz and Pristach (1989) and Treisman and Paterson (1984), perhaps A produced a closure emergent feature that was salient but otherwise independent of other features. However, adding the same two vertical lines (context) to both A and B produced a contrasting division outcome, even though the putative closure emergent feature was an element of the A + context stimulus, and even though it matched a physical feature of the B + context stimulus. Therefore, this emergent feature did not produce the closure. Two additional experiments indicated that the two context lines made the two connecting segments more visible—a context-produced increase in visibility occurred that is not comparable to other known evidence of perceptual improvement. This greater visibility also indicates that the division was not due to the two context lines inhibiting the perception of the two connecting segments, and the closure was not due to good continuation.
Development of a Topical Hematoporphyrin Derivative Formulation Characterization of Photosensitizing Effects In Vivo

Photochemotherapy offers a unique approach for the selective therapy of skin diseases. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) in combination with visible light exhibits cytocidal activity in vitro and systemically has demonstrated applicability to the treatment of experimental and human tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the phototoxic effects in guinea pig skin of systemic HPD in comparison with locally (intradermal) and topically administered HPD. Maximum erythema was obtained by irradiation with red light or UVA 6 h postsystemic HPD (10 mg/kg). Erythema response was dependent upon the dose of irradiation. Systemic HPD produced complete inhibition of epidermal DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis 6-12 h postirradiation with red light, with a lesser degree of inhibition in the deeper hair roots. Local (intradermal) HPD (5-500 μg) in combination with red light or UVA produced a dose-dependent erythema and inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis. Effective in vitro percutaneous penetration of HPD was demonstrated in vehicles containing Azone and N-methylpyrrolidone. Topical application of these HPD formulations in vivo in combination with red light or UVA produced significant erythema and inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis. These results suggest that HPD can cause photosensitization of the skin. It may therefore be reasonable to explore topical applications as an alternative approach for the photochemotherapy of psoriasis and other cutaneous diseases.
Investigation of X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) and K-Edge Imaging

This work provides a comprehensive Monte Carlo study of X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) and K-edge imaging system, including the system design, the influence of various imaging components, the sensitivity and resolution under various conditions. We modified the widely used EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code to simulate XFCT images of two acrylic phantoms loaded with various concentrations of gold nanoparticles and Cisplatin for a number of XFCT geometries. In particular, reconstructed signal as a function of the width of the detector ring, its angular coverage and energy resolution were studied. We found that XFCT imaging sensitivity of the modeled systems consisting of a conventional X-ray tube and a full 2-cm-wide energy-resolving detector ring was 0.061% and 0.042% for gold nanoparticles and Cisplatin, respectively, for a dose of ~10cGy. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of XFCT images of the simulated acrylic phantoms was higher than that of transmission K-edge images for contrast concentrations below 0.4%.
Cost Trends for Oncological Renal Surgery: Support for a Laparoscopic Standard of Care

Purpose: There may be inherent costs associated with the cultivation of laparoscopic expertise. We compared the cost trends for laparoscopy during the development of our program with that of open surgery for renal neoplasms.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 381 patients treated surgically for renal cortical neoplasms from 1998 to 2003. Demographic information and cancer specific data were recorded on each subject. Direct variable costs, which are directly traceable to the patient care service provided and vary with patient volume, were used to analyze cost. Temporal trends were assessed using multivariate models developed to determine smoothed mean costs by year.Results: Although it was initially more expensive, by 2003 mean costs were lower for laparoscopic than for open radical nephrectomy ($5,157 vs $5,808). This reflected a significantly lower annual increase in direct variable costs for laparoscopy vs open surgery even after adjustment for patient age, sex, race and cl...
Assessing the influence of flight parameters, interferometric processing, slope and canopy density on the accuracy of X-band IFSAR-derived forest canopy height models

High resolution, active remote sensing technologies, such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) and airborne laser scanning (lidar) have the capability to provide forest managers with direct measurements of 3-dimensional forest canopy surface structure. While lidar systems can provide highly accurate measurements of canopy and terrain surfaces, high resolution (X-band) IFSAR systems provide slightly less accurate measurements of canopy surface elevation over very large areas with a much higher data collection rate, leading to a lower cost per unit area. In addition, canopy height can be measured by taking the difference between the IFSAR-derived canopy surface elevation and a lidar-derived terrain surface elevation. Therefore, in areas where high-accuracy terrain models are available, IFSAR may be used to economically monitor changes in forest structure and height over large areas on a relatively frequent basis. However, IFSAR flight parameters and processing techniques are not currently optimized for the forest canopy mapping application. In order to determine optimal flight parameters for IFSAR forest canopy measurement, we evaluated the accuracy of high resolution, X-band canopy surface models obtained over a mountainous forested area in central Washington state (USA) from two different flying heights (6000 m and 4500 m), from different look directions, and with different interferometric processing. In addition, we assessed the influence of terrain slope and canopy density on the accuracy of IFSAR canopy height models. High-accuracy lidar-derived canopy height models were used as a basis for comparison. Results indicate that sensing geometry is the single most important factor influencing the accuracy of IFSAR canopy height measurements, therefore acquiring IFSAR from multiple look directions can be critically important when using IFSAR for forest canopy measurement applications, especially in mountainous areas.
Possible Problems with Four-Dimensionalism and a Possible Solution

Mark Heller, in “Temporal Parts of Four-Dimensional Objects,” argues for an ontology of objects with four dimensions. He thinks that by arguing for an ontology that incorporates the temporal dimension he is able to deny some distasteful propositions that the proponent of a three-dimensional ontology must choose between to avoid contradicting themselves as they attempt to develop an account of how objects are able to persist, as the same objects, through change. This is a view that I find attractive, but with some reservation. This paper will explain Heller’s fourth-dimensionalism by looking at an argument he brings up against three-dimensionalism. I will reply to his handling of the argument by raising two important areas of clarification that the four-dimensionalist must address. After this, I will bring up a possible solution to the areas needing clarification by suggesting an ontology that includes an essential part alongside temporal parts.
Risks of smoking to reproductive health: assessment of women's knowledge.

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to assess the knowledge of women regarding the gender-specific health risks associated with smoking. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey was given to 388 female hospital employees. Knowledge of smoking-related illnesses that are specific to women was assessed. Regression analysis was used to discern potential predictors of this knowledge. Results: Most women are aware that smoking causes respiratory disease (99%), lung cancer (99%), heart disease (96%), and pregnancy complications (91%). Few women are aware of the health risks of smoking that are specific to women, such as infertility (22%), osteoporosis (30%), early menopause (17%), spontaneous abortion (39%), ectopic pregnancy (27%), and cervical cancer (24%). Knowledge of these health risks was not predicted by age, education, or smoking status. Health care professionals were no more likely than other women to have knowledge of these risks. Conclusion: Most women are unaware of the health risks specific to women from smoking. Even female health care professionals do not generally have greater knowledge of these conditions. Further public health measures are necessary to increase knowledge of smoking risks that may be particularly relevant to women. This increase in knowledge has the potential to reduce significantly the smoking-related illnesses in women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:934-9.)
On the role of density jumps in the reflexion and breaking of internal gravity waves

A laboratory experiment is presented which examines the role of density jumps in the reflexion and breaking of internal gravity waves. It is found that the measured phase shift of the reflected wave and the measured amplitude of the density jump are in good agreement with linear theory. Local overturning occurs when wave amplitude becomes large, and there appears to be a critical amplitude above which overturning will occur and below which it will not. The overturning seems to be due to local gravitational instability, caused by the horizontal advection of density. Overturning changes the basic flow field in the region of interaction; and it results in smaller-scale motions.
Diffusional Dissolution of Alumina in Various Steelmaking Slags

Fast dissolution of nonmetallic inclusions such as alumina particles in molten slags has been required in secondary steelmaking-ladle and tundish-to minimize the amount and the size of nonmetallic inclusions in steel products. In the present work, the dissolution behavior of alumina particles in molten CaO-Al 2 O 3 and CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 slags at the temperatures between 1 500 and 1 550°C have been investigated in terms of kinetics and mechanism. Alumina particles were added directly into the slags and the variation of the particle size with time was determined using optical and electron microscopes. The conventional types of slag for ladle and tundish were included in the dissolution study. The effects of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaF 2 and MgO contents on the dissolution rate of alumina particles have also been determined. The diffusion boundary layer between alumina particle and bulk slag phase was observed and analyzed using SEM and EDS. Based on the analysis of kinetic data and the boundary layer, the dissolution mechanism has been discussed.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate hemodynamic responses to deception in the prefrontal cortex

Deception involves complex neural processes and correlates in the brain. Functional brain imaging techniques have been used to study and understand brain mechanisms during deception. In this study, we utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate hemodynamic responses to deception in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at the individual level. The protocol involved a mock theft scenario that was previously used in a functional MRI (fMRI) study of detecting deception. Subjects (N=11) were instructed to steal a ring or a watch and then conceal the item that they stole. Participants then responded to visually presented questions regarding which item they took. While the subjects were answering the questions, their PFC activity was measured using fNIRS. The brain activity associated with deceptive responses demonstrated significant changes in hemoglobin concentrations with respect to the baseline, while the response of truth telling was not statistically different from baseline. The regions of greater activation induced by deception identified by fNIRS were approximately consistent with those reported by the previous fMRI study using a similar protocol. This study demonstrates that fNIRS is a promising new technique to understand hemodynamic and neural correlates of deception and thus to detect deception with the added advantages of being compact, technically easier to implement, and inexpensive compared to functional MRI.
THE “COATLICUES” AT THE TEMPLO MAYOR

The colossal “Coatlicue” sculpture has usually been interpreted as a representation of the female supernatural Coatlicue (Serpents Her Skirt) who gave birth to the Mexica patron deity Huitzilopochtli, or it has been identified as the cult figure of Cihuacoatl (Woman Serpent) or Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord). This paper offers an alternative reading of the monumental statue, one that recognizes the existence of at least three nearly identical “Coatlicues” and thus recontextualizes the monument as one of a larger set. The iconography of these great stone females points to their identity as Tzitzimime, celestial demons who were understood to descend to devour humankind if the sun were to fail. According to the Mexican chroniclers, a cadre of these fearsome monoliths dominated the sculpture progam of the Templo Mayor.
Impact of Microarray Technology in Clinical Oncology

Genomic technologies are rapidly evolving and have demonstrated utility inaugmenting oncological pathology or clinical presentation in disease classification and risk of relapse assessment. Numerous malignancies have been subject to microarray examination, and through a variety of analysis methodologies, groups of reporter genes have been identified to generate ‘molecular portraits’ of these diseases. Once validated, it is likely that assessment of the expression levels of subsets of reporter genes will contribute to personalized genomic medicine through diagnosis and selection of treatment options for patients. The dynamic nature of this field ensures that new developments are missing from this review.
Physicochemical characteristics of drugs and response to repeat-dose activated charcoal

Abstract Although the administration of repeated doses of activated charcoal has been advocated to increase the systemic clearance of many drugs, it is unknown whether a drug's physicochemical properties are associated with enhanced removal by repeat-dose activated charcoal. The English language literature was searched to identify clinical studies evaluating repeat-dose activated charcoal. Percent reduction in plasma elimination half-life during repeat-dose activated charcoal was calculated and correlated with the drugs' characteristics. A step-wise multiple regression analysis with the independent variables of the drugs' molecular weight, pKa, plasma protein-binding, intrinsic plasma elimination half-life, and volume of distribution falied to identify potential predictors ( P = .1) of effectiveness of repeat-dose activated charcoal. This analysis suggested that charcoal therapy was more effective for drugs with a longer intrinsic half-life ( r 2 = .24, P = .04). A uniform framework that evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of drugs and their response to repeat-dose activated charcoal is needed to better define which patients would benefit from repeat-dose activated charcoal therapy.
Responses of growth and primary metabolism of water-stressed barley roots to rehydration

Barley seedlings were grown in pots in controlled environment chambers and progressive drought treatments were imposed 11 d after sowing. Soil water content decreased from 92 to 10% following 14 d without watering. Increases of biomass in shoots and roots slowed after 4 and 9 d of water stress, respectively. Thirty barley root metabolites were monitored in this study and 85% were significantly altered by drought. Sucrose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, maltose, malate, asparagine and proline increased and myo-inositol, glycerate, alanine, serine, glycine and glutamate decreased during drought. Primary metabolism was likely involved in various crucial processes during water stress including, osmotic adjustment, nitrogen sequestration and ammonia detoxification. Rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance recovered in 2 d and shoot growth commenced the 3rd day after rehydration. Root growth also exhibited a lag after rehydration but this was attributed to high nutrient concentrations during water stress. Malate and proline recovered within 1 d but serine was only partially reversed 6 d after rehydration. Malate, aspartate and raffinose decreased below well-watered, control levels following rehydration. Variation in the magnitude and time necessary for individual compounds to fully recover after rehydration suggested the complexity of metabolic processes initiated by re-watering.
Implications of Social Reaction Research for Racism

Summary.-It was asserted that evidence for the existence of the phenomrnon "racism" would be forthcoming if anti-black sentiment is shown to be manifested in social reality in some consistent manner. The "Rokeach-Triandis Controversy" was reviewed in order to demonstrate that past research yields a suggestion of a possible rnsnlfesration of racism. An experimental approach at direct confirmation of the suggested manifestation was defined. The relationship of this approach to other actual and possible approaches was described. Finally, possible misinterpretations of the specified approach to the investigation of racism were delineated. Since the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders ( 1968), the concept "racism" has received much attention. Subsequently, it ap pears many whites interpreted "racism" to mean thac whites tend to reject blacks with almost every social reaction they commonly emit (e.g., friendship choice, admiration reaction, marital choice). Given this interpretation, there has been a tendency to discount racism because it is possible to point to cases where race is not apparently the most critical criterion'for social reaction. Indeed, research on social reaction ostensibly supports the latter position. Triandis and his colleagues (Triandis, Fishbein, & Hall, 1964; Triandis, Loh, & Levin, 1966) have shown thac race is given little weight relative to quality of spoken English and beliefs of the person to whom reactions are directed for the determination of friendship choice, evaluation (affect directed toward another), and admiration of another. However, if one assumes what is common to the many discussions of racism (e.g., Quarles, 1964; Goldschmid, 1970; Schwartz & Disch, 1970; Clark, 1969; Clarke, 1970), that negativism toward blacks is pervasive in American cillnue, it is not necessary to assume that racism is manifested in all the social behaviors exhibited by American whites. All that is required to support the existence of a social phenomenon is that it be manifested in social reality in some consistent manner. Thus, "racism" is manifested if it is shown thac, for a specifiable set of incrasimilar reactions, race is rather universally the primary criterion, just as "social class conscio~~sness" is manifesred if it is observed that social class membership is a basic criterion for a specifiable set of intrasimilar reactions. A particular body of research, which might be termed "the Rokeach-Triandis conuoversy," suggests that such a set of social reactions might be located. For this reason "the controversy" is reviewed in some detail below.
Localization of bulbar respiratory center by microelectrode sounding

Abstract Microelectrode “sounding” confirmed the presence of two bilateral aggregates of bulbar respiratory neurons. The larger of these lay in and along the branchial motor nuclei of the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The smaller region lay ventrolateral to fasciculus solitarius just rostral to the obex. The juxtabranchiomotor group exhibited unit discharges over a larger mediolateral span than would fit the distribution of the cells of nucleus ambiguus alone. Electrolytic deposition of iron at the active sites with subsequent Prussian blue histological procedures corroborated this measurement. However, respiratory fusillades were also detected in nucleus ambiguus itself. It was not possible to distinguish the source of activity by the firing pattern except in the case of one type of rare expiratory unit which was apparently located in that part of nucleus ambiguus which is the source of a fraction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The location of a large part of the respiratory center along the branchial motor column is not incompatible with comparative and developmental anatomy. It should be expected that, in its evolution, such a vital collection of neurons would have been retained in nearly original position. The results of the present investigation favors the existence of a compact rather than a diffuse respiratory center.
A Dislocation Model for Twinning and Fracture and Its Application to H.C.P. Metals

A dislocation model for deformation twinning and cleavage fracture is developed based on the dislocation theory of fracture and the anisotropic elasticity theory of dislocations. The extension of a Mode-I crack and a deformation twin is treated in a unified manner in terms of the surface energy, the twin boundary energy, and the applied stress state. A criterion is established for predicting twin nucleation or crack initiation and is applied to sixteen hexagonal metals.
Compaction Stress in Fine Powders

A vexing feature in granular materials compaction is density extrema interior to a compacted shape. Such inhomogeneities can lead to weaknesses and loss of dimensional control in ceramic parts, unpredictable dissolution of pharmaceuticals, and undesirable stress concentration in load-bearing soil. As an example, the centerline density in a cylindrical compact often does not decrease monotonically from the pressure source but exhibits local maxima and minima. Two lines of thought in the literature predict, respectively, diffusive and wavelike propagation of stress. Here, a general memory function approach has been formulated that unifies these previous treatments as special cases; by analyzing a convenient intermediate case, the telegrapher's equation, one sees that local density maxima arise via semidiffusive stress waves reflecting from the die walls and adding constructively at the centerline.
Analysis of steel samples employing ion chromatography—sequential inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Ion chromatography with sequential inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (SICP) detection was employed to determine chromium, molybdenum, manganese and nickel in certified samples, after digestion with nitric acid. The use of ion chromatography eliminated spectral interference problems from iron emissions normally encountered with plasma emission systems for analysis of such samples. Ion chromatography combined with SICP allowed these elements to be determined at their wavelength of maximum emission. Although the emission signals were transient, a low-cost sequential spectrometer could be utilized since enough time existed to make a determination and then drive the instrument's monochromator to the wavelength of the next element of interest before it was eluted from the column. The determined concentrations of all elements were very close to the values reported for the certified samples, except for chromium determinations, which were not quantitative.
Algebras with modular lattice reducts and simple subdirectly irreducibles

Some general results are obtained for any equational class K whose members satisfy the conditions of the title. This yields a method for determining the length of finitely generated algebras in K. Included are applications to some relatively free modular lattices and algebras arising from some non-classical logics.
53 The Role of Folate and Vitamin B12 in the Etiology of the Thrombocytopenia of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Thrombocytopenia is an unexplained complication of iron deficiency anemia. Studies have suggested that the low levels of platelets may in some instances be related to a folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. In order to pursue this possibility, neutrophile lobe counts, bone marrow examinations, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels, and formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) excretion studies were performed on 55 iron deficient anemic infants and children both with and without thrombocytopenia. Similar studies were performed on normal children. There was an increased incidence of hypersegmentation in the iron deficiency patients and a number of these children exhibited increased lobe averages. Twenty-five of the anemic children showed abnormalities of the bone marrow consistent with megaloblastic dysplasia. The serum vitamin B12 levels were within normal limits in all patients but the serum folate level was decreased in two of them, and three children excreted increased amounts of FIGLU. Although there appeared to be a slightly greater incidence of bone marrow megaloblastoid changes in the thrombocytopenic children no clear separation on a morphologic or biochemical basis could be made between those with and without a platelet deficiency. These findings indicate that although a folate or vitamin B12 deficiency at the bone marrow level may be involved in the causation of the thrombocytopenia of iron deficiency anemia, other factors may also be important in the etiology of the complication. (SPR)
Evidence that Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Down-Regulation Involves Decreased Levels of Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid*

Injection of pseudopregnant rats with pharmacological doses of hCG leads to a characteristic decrease in LH/hCG binding by the isolated luteal cells. The steady state levels of LH/hCG receptor mRNA were determined in rat ovaries during hCG-induced down-regulation of the receptor. Northern blots were performed using a 20-mer probe corresponding to a guanine cytosine-rich carboxyl-terminal untranslated region of the LH/hCG receptor cDNA. The hybridization of the probe to LH/hCG receptor mRNA was highly specific, since the probe hybridized only to rat luteal cell RNA fraction, with no signal detected in nontarget tissues. The LH/hCG receptor level was quantitated by [125I]hCG binding to the isolated membrane fractions from the corresponding treatment and control groups. Examination of mRNA levels of the receptor during hCG-induced down-regulation showed a steady decrease from 0-24 h, followed by a gradual increase to control levels from 24-72 h corresponding to days 8-9 of pseudopregnancy. The [125I]hCG-binding activity during down-regulation paralleled the mRNA profile in both the experimental and control groups. Examination of the levels of mRNA for alpha-actin showed no change during this period, suggesting that the loss of LH/hCG receptor mRNA at 24 h was not due to a general loss of mRNA in luteal cells. These results suggest that hCG-induced down-regulation of the LH/hCG receptor in luteal cells involves regulation of the receptors at the message level.
Comparative Study of Two Configurations of Solar Tower Power for Electricity Generation in Algeria

Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative energetic and economic assessment of two solar tower power configurations; the molten salt (MS) and the direct steam generation (DSG) technologies in order to study the appropriate configuration for Algerian climate conditions. For this, Tamanrasset has been chosen as representative site to simulate the proposed solar tower power plant configurations. The first section of this paper analyses the conversion of the solar energy into electric energy. The NREL's SAM software (Solar Advisor Model) is used to evaluate the energetic performances of the two plant configurations in the proposed site and also to study their economic feasibility in the second section.
Localization of PSORS1 to a haplotype block harboring HLA-C and distinct from corneodesmosin and HCR.

Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory disease of the skin affecting 1–2% of the Caucasian population. Associations with alleles from the HLA class I region (now known as PSORS1), particularly HLA-Cw*0602, were described over 20 years ago. However, extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) within this region has made it difficult to identify the true susceptibility allele from this region. A variety of genes and regions from a 238-kb interval extending from HLA-B to corneodesmosin (CDSN) have been proposed to harbor PSORS1. In order to identify the minimum block of LD in the MHC class I region associated with psoriasis we performed a comprehensive case/control and family-based association study on 242 Northern European psoriasis families and two separate European control populations. High resolution HLA typing of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles was performed, in addition to the genotyping of 18 polymorphic microsatellites and 36 SNPs from a 772-kb segment of the HLA class I region harboring the previously described interval. This corresponded on average to one SNP every 7 kb in the candidate 238 kb region. With all tests, the association was the strongest with single markers and haplotypes from a block of LD harboring HLA-C and SNP n.9. Logistic regression analyses indicated that association seen with candidate genes from the interval such as CDSN and HCR was entirely dependent on association with HLA-Cw*0602 and SNP n.9-G alleles. The previously reported association with CDSN and HCR was observed to be due to the existence of the associated alleles lying on the most commonly over-transmitted haplotype. Rare over-transmitted haplotypes also harbored HLA-Cw*12 alleles. HLA-Cw*12 family members are closely related to HLA Cw*0602, sharing identical sequences in their alpha-2 domains, peptide-binding pockets A, D and E and all 3′ introns. The introduction of a potential binding site for the RUNX/AML family of transcription factors in intron 7, is also specific to these HLA-C alleles. These variants need to be investigated further for their role as PSORS1.
Sensitivity to pictorial shape perspective in 5-year-old children and adults

Five-year-old children’s and adults’ sensitivity to shape perspective was tested with relative length judgments of two crossed lines on the surface of a tilted “box.” The stimuli were presented in both slides and three-dimensional viewing conditions. Judgments in the three-dimensional condition corresponded closely to the actual three-dimensional lengths. Responses in the slide-viewing condition were similar for both age groups, and showed about a one-third regression toward picture-plane length judgments. The lack of age effects was considered with respect to theories of the development of sensitivity to shape perspective.
Exogenous RNA is selectively retained in the small micromeres during sea urchin embryogenesis.

The small micromeres are multipotent cells of the sea urchin embryo that populate the coelomic pouches and contribute to various tissues of the adult (Juliano and Wessel 2010). This lineage forms by two sequential unequal cleavages, divides only once prior to gastrulation, and accumulates several mRNAs and proteins selectively, including vasa, nanos, and piwi. In manipulating this embryo for experimentation, investigators often inject mRNAs to over-express proteins, thought to occur uniformly throughout the embryo and to thereby influence cells equally. We show here a new character of the small micromeres, which is a selective retention of injected synthetic mRNA. Vasa mRNA is present uniformly throughout the early embryo, but the Vasa protein accumulates selectively in the small micromeres (Voronina et al. 2008) by differential protein turnover (Gustafson et al., submitted). Here we test the ability of protein derived from exogenous mRNA to phenocopy endogenous Vasa protein by microinjecting mRNA from a vasa-GFP construct containing Xenopus β-globin UTRs. These reporter constructs were generated from the transcriptional vector pSP6T4, commonly used in sea urchin overexpression analyses (Lepage and Gache 2004). The Vasa 1F construct contains the sequence encoding the full length vasa open reading frame, and indeed, the protein from this mRNA injection accumulates selectively in the small micromeres, and eventually more in the small micromeres in the left coelomic pouch, just as the endogenous protein (Voronina et al. 2008). Co-injecting mRNA (using the same UTRs and transcriptional vector) that encodes mCherry shows fluorescence uniformly throughout the early embryo (data not shown) but later also selectively in the small micromeres. To test if either of these selective protein accumulations results from differential retention of the mRNA in small micromeres, we performed in situ hybridization on the injected embryos using sequences specific to the mRNA encoding the fluorescent proteins. Indeed, by gastrulation both the Vasa 1F-GFP and the mCherry mRNAs were retained selectively by the small micromeres. Vasa is an RNA helicase that is thought to be involved in translational regulation. In testing whether it is involved in the mRNA retention phenomenon, we manipulated the vasa sequence such that it lacks its N-terminus or its catalytic domains; both regions are required for Vasa function. Following microinjection of these mRNAs and culture of the embryos, each of the vasa mRNAs and the mCherry mRNA showed persistent and specific retention in the small micromeres. The mechanism of this selective mRNA retention is unknown, but is unlikely due to a lack of mRNA turnover mechanisms in this relatively quiescent cell since several endogenous mRNAs are turned over during development in this same cell. Since the small micromeres appear to be a multipotent cell similar to those found in other organisms, especially in the lophotrochozoans (Juliano and Wessel, 2010), this phenomenon of selective mRNA retention may reflect a shared character of multipotency.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Blood Volume

Abstract A REPORT by Olson (1937) suggested that for adult chickens hematocrits and numbers of red cells were higher in the winter than in the summer. Huston (1965), Washburn and Huston (1968) and Deaton et al. (1969) have extended these results to show increased hematocrits and hemoglobin levels for broilers reared at low environmental temperatures when compared to chicks maintained at higher temperatures. Moye et al. (1969) attributed the increase in packed cell volume to both increased numbers of cells and increased red cell volume. Williams and Rodbard (1960) noted that hypothermia resulted in decreased blood volume. The objective of this study was to determine if hemoconcentration contributed to the elevated hematocrit caused by rearing at low environmental temperatures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Commercial broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups and placed in environmental chambers immediately after hatching. The chambers were maintained at a temperature of 32.2°C. with a 10°C. dewpoint…
Reactions of Phenylsilanes with Iron Nonacarbonyl

Reaction of equimolar amounts of Fe2(CO)9 and SiPhH3 yields the triply bridged diiron complex [(OC)3Fe]2(μ-SiPhH)2(μ-CO) (1a). The analogous reaction of Fe2(CO)9 and SiPh2H2 provides the singly bridged diiron complex [(OC)4Fe−Fe(CO)3(SiHPh2)](μ-η2-H-SiPh2) (4). When 4 is photolyzed for 12 h, the complex [(OC)3Fe]2(μ-η2-H-SiPh2)2 (5) is obtained. Both 4 and 5 exhibit agostic Fe−H−Si interactions. Reaction of Fe2(CO)9 or Fe(CO)5 with the disiloxane Ph2HSi−O−SiHPh2 gives the singly bridged diiron complex [(OC)4Fe]2(μ-η2-Ph2Si−O−SiPh2) (6). All compounds have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR and IR spectroscopy. Compounds 4−6 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.