cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground Water Solute Transport, Optimal Remediation Planning, and Decision Making Under Uncertainty

: A groundwater quality modeling advisory system has been developed for the U.S. Air Force for use in investigating remediation alternatives for the cleanup of subsurface contamination. The system is capable of accounting for uncertainty, not only in the prediction of solute transport but also in the optimization of the remediation scheme through chance constraints. The system guides users in the selection of appropriate transport models through an algorithm independently tested with machine learning codes. An application to Hill Air Force Base, Utah, is presented for which different pump-and-treat strategies are considered: the results are evaluated in terms of the cumulative distribution of the contaminant concentration for each case and the tradeoff relationship between the cost of remediation and the probability that the remediation strategy exceeds an established maximum allowable contaminant concentration.
Conservation of the supportive mechanism

Abstract Stress dissipation is mandatory when the supporting structures of one jaw overpower those of the opposing jaw. A technique utilizing the internal clip attachment is outlined for maximally supporting weakened teeth. The intensity of force directed to the remaining teeth is dissipated in the attempt to assign stresses compatible with the conservation of the supportive elements of both jaws.
Cavities formed on liquid surfaces by impinging gaseous jets

Experimental tests of an axisymmetric jet of air impinging on both water and wet cement were performed and analyzed. Since the cavities formed on the water were unsteady and irregular, cavities were formed on wet fast-setting cement and allowed to set with the jet impinging. In this way, detailed measurements of the solidified cavity shape were made and shown to agree well with theory. This correlation of the data with the theory indicates that little gas was entrained in the liquid and that the influence of liquid viscosity and surface tension was small for the experimental conditions tested. A simplified analysis is also presented for an incompressible axisymmetric gas jet impinging normally on a liquid surface. The analysis was effected by combining the following physical conditions and assumptions: (i) the stagnation pressure corresponding to the centreline conditions of the jet at the bottom of the cavity is equal to the hydrostatic pressure, wherein an empirical turbulent jet decay law is used to predict the variation of stagnation pressure with distance from the nozzle; (ii) the force on the liquid is equal to the total change in normal momentum, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid; (iii) the shape of the cavity is a paraboloid.
Bio-inspired, bioengineered and biomimetic drug delivery carriers

The exploitation of natural particulates, such as pathogens and mammalian cells, for drug delivery applications is a rapidly emerging field. Here, Yoo and colleagues discuss recent advances in the design of drug carriers based on natural particulates, provide an overview of their current development status and highlight the various applications and limitations of each approach.
Large strain multidirectional deformation of 1100 aluminum at 300 K

Abstract Multidirectional compression testing of 1100 aluminum cubes at room temperature in three orthogonal directions developed saturation flow stresses at very large accumulated strains. The saturation stress was found to be a function of the strain increment used, and followed a power-law relationship. The results correlated well with fatigue tests of aluminum and alpha iron. Copper data showed a similar but more pronounced behavior. The presence of dislocation cells, subgrains and dislocation tangles dominated the microstructure as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure changed in a systematic manner with accumulated straining. Significant differences in sizes and concentrations of cells and subgrains were found for unidirectional compared with multidirectional straining. These features were correlated using generally accepted relationships between individual substructural configurations and flow stress.
Variable rate fertilizer application for corn and soybean

Abstract Some have argued that variable rate application (VRT) of fertilizer is appropriate and profitable for the highly productive and fertile fields of the central cornbelt, but the proposition has not been tested. In this field experiment treatments of variably and uniformly applied phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer and a control treatment with no P or K fertilizer were applied in a randomized complete block design at six locations in central Illinois in 1994. Individual experimental units were from 1,000 to 1,500 m in length and about 20 m in width. Fertilizer application rate was based upon a 100 m grid soil sampling. The variable rate treatment rate for each plot was based upon interpolated values of the soil fertility of each portion of the experimental unit. Uniform rate treatments were based upon the median soil fertility value for the entire field. Yield estimates were obtained with grain yield monitors. Neither corn nor soybean yield was significantly affected by fertilizer applicati...
Two syntheses of the 16- and 17-membered DEF ring systems of chloropeptin and complestatin.

Two syntheses of a model system of the DEF ring system of complestatin and chloropeptin are described. The key step in both of these syntheses involves the formation of the biaryl linkage using a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction and a catalytic enantioselective ene reaction to form the 6-bromo-d-tryptophan. Additionally, ring contraction of the 17-membered DEF ring system of complestatin generates the 16-membered DEF ring system of chloropeptin in a biomimetic fashion.
The psychoanalytic concept of feminine passivity: A comparative study of psychoanalytic and feminist views ☆

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the psychoanalytic concept of feminine passivity as described by Freud and to review challenges of this concept by feminists and other psychoanalysts. The concept of feminine passivity is, as will be demonstrated later in this paper, dependent upon two other psychoanalytic concepts related to women: (1) penis envy and (2) that the clitoris is an inadequate and immature sexual organ. All three of these concepts are seriously questioned by feminists and some psychoanalytic writers. The criticisms raised by feminist writers have created within the women's movement, and even among some mental health workers, the feeling that psychiatric treatment of women is dangerous and repressive rather than helpful and liberating.1,2 The criticisms raised make it clear that a new look must be taken if we are to more accurately understand the psychology of women.
Examination of the Decadal Tropical Mean ERBS Nonscanner Radiation Data for the Iris Hypothesis

Abstract Recent studies of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) nonscanner radiation data indicate decadal changes in tropical cloudiness and unexpected radiative anomalies between the 1980s and 1990s. In this study, the ERBS decadal observations are compared with the predictions of the Iris hypothesis using 3.5-box model. To further understand the predictions, the tropical radiative properties observed from recent Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiation budget experiment [the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) parameters] are used to replace the modeled values in the Iris hypothesis. The predicted variations of the radiation fields strongly depend on the relationship (−22% K−1) of tropical high cloud and sea surface temperature (SST) assumed by the Iris hypothesis. On the decadal time scale, the predicted tropical mean radiative flux anomalies are generally significantly different from those of the ERBS measurements, suggesting that the decadal ERBS nonscanner radiative ene...
Detection of electrophilic aromatic substitution by addition–elimination using natural abundance deuterium NMR: a pyrrole example

Natural abundance 2H NMR has been used to demonstrate that the reaction of 1-methylpyrrole with N-chloroimides occurs by addition–elimination and this method can be applied to other reactions.
The spending constraint model for market equilibrium: algorithmic, existence and uniqueness results

The traditional model of market equilibrium supports impressive existence results, including the celebrated Arrow-Debreu Theorem. However, in this model, polynomial time algorithms for computing (or approximating) equilibria are known only for linear utility functions. We present a new, and natural, model of market equilibrium that not only admits existence and uniqueness results paralleling those for the traditional model but is also amenable to efficient algorithms.
Approximate p-values of predictive tests for structural stability

Abstract We approximate the p-values for the non-standard asymptotic null distribution of predictive tests proposed by Ghysels et al. (Journal of Econometrics,1997;82:209–233). The p-value response surfaces are approximated by a parametric function using the methodology proposed by Hansen (Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 1997;15:60–67). We illustrate the use of the approximate p-values through an application to consumption based asset pricing models.
MicroRNAs in resolution of acute inflammation: identification of novel resolvin D1-miRNA circuits

Mechanisms controlling resolution of acute inflammation are of wide interest. Here, we investigated microRNAs (miRNAs) in self-limited acute inflammatory exudates and their regulation by resolvin D1 (RvD1). Using real-time PCR analysis, we found in resolving exudates that miR-21, miR-146b, miR-208a, miR-203, miR-142, miR-302d, and miR-219 were selectively regulated (P<0.05) in self-limited murine peritonitis. RvD1 (300 ng/mouse or 15 μg kg(-1)) reduced zymosan-elicited neutrophil infiltration into the peritoneum 25-50% and shortened the resolution interval (R(i)) by ∼4 h. In peritonitis at 12 h, RvD1 up-regulated miR-21, miR-146b, and miR-219 and down-regulated miR-208a in vivo. In human macrophages overexpressing recombinant RvD1 receptors ALX/FPR2 or GPR32, these same miRNAs were significantly regulated (P<0.05) by RvD1 at concentrations as low as 10 nM, recapitulating the in vivo circuit. In addition, RvD1-miRNAs identified herein target cytokines and proteins involved in the immune system, e.g., miR-146b targeted NF-κB signaling, and miR-219 targeted 5-lipoxygenase and reduced leukotriene production. RvD1 also reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and SMAD and down-regulated phospho-IκB. Taken together, these results indicate that resolvin-regulated specific miRNAs target genes involved in resolution and establish a novel resolution circuit involving RvD1 receptor-dependent regulation of specific miRNAs.
Ti(IV) hydrolysis constants derived from rutile solubility measurements made from 100 to 300°C

Using a Au–Ir hydrothermal reaction cell and dilute buffer solutions to control pH, the isobaric solubility of rutile (TiO2) was measured over a broad pH range from pH 1 to 13 between 100 and 300°C. The solubility data were regressed to derive the cumulative and stepwise hydrolysis constants for Ti(IV) in aqueous solution. The data were accurately modeled using the hydrolysis species: Ti(OH)+3, Ti(OH)4(aq) and Ti(OH)−5. The following cumulative (Ks3, Ks4, Ks5) hydrolysis constants (log K and error, reactions written with respect to the solid oxide) and stepwise (K34, K45) hydrolysis constants (log K and error) were determined by regression: 100°C 150°C 200°C 250°C 300°C log Ks3 −5.44(0.032) −5.42(0.106) −5.28(0.055) −5.03(0.046) −4.61(0.112) log Ks4 −7.72(0.150) −7.66(0.202) −7.57(0.153) −7.93(0.202) −7.92(1.11) log Ks5 −17.8(0.068) −17.1(0.138) −16.4(0.132) −15.9(0.018) −15.4(0.057) log K34 −2.28(0.153) −2.24(0.228) −2.29(0.162) −2.90(0.207) −3.31(1.12) log K45 −10.1(0.165) −9.42(0.245) −8.86(0.202) −7.95(0.203) −7.43(1.11) Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV These data are required to model the chemical behavior of Ti(IV) in aqueous solutions and provide a baseline for the Ti-solubility-limited dissolution of titanates.
Phase separation temperatures of mixtures of Triton X-114 and Trition X-45: Application to protein separation☆

Triton X-114 solutions separate above 22 degrees C into two immiscible aqueous phases. The more dense phase is enriched in detergent, and the less dense phase is depleted of detergent, relative to the original single phase. This phenomenon has been used to partition proteins according to hydrophobicity. The phase separation temperature is sensitive to the length of the polyoxyethylene headgroup. When Triton X-45, with a shorter headgroup, is mixed with Triton X-114 in various proportions, the phase transition temperature can be adjusted anywhere between 0 and 22 degrees C. Partitioning properties of the resulting mixtures are similar to those of Triton X-114 alone.
Efficient cap-dependent translation of polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs is restricted to the first gene in the operon

Certain polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs, when modified at their 5′-termini with a cap structure, are translated as efficiently as, or more efficiently than eukaryotic mRNAs in a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesising system. However, in this case efficient cap-dependent translation is apparently restricted to the 5′-proximal coding sequence. Moreover, certain translational regulatory signals potentially used by these prokaryotic mRNAs to regulate their levels of expression seem to be recognised by the eukaryotic translational components. The evolutionary significance and practical implications of these results are discussed.
A high-order path-following method for projection onto the primal-dual optimal solution set of linear programs

A linear program may have several optimal solutions, but the one that is closest to any given vector is unique. In 18, a globally convergent path-following interior-point-like method was proposed to locate the optimal solution of a linear program that is closest to the origin. The method was based on a special regularized central path. However, no local convergence result is known about that method. In this article, by using the analytical properties of a variant of the regularized central path, we present a high-order path-following method that is globally and locally superlinearly convergent under certain conditions. This method can find the projection of any given vector onto the optimal solution set of the linear program with respect to the 2-norm.
Photonic microwave down-conversion based on linear modulation and filtering

A photonic technique for self-homodyne down-conversion from an RF/microwave signal is demonstrated. Using this approach information can be extracted from a transmitted carrier microwave signal without using high-speed photodetector and photonic or electronic nonlinear elements.
Health and well being of adults with cerebral palsy.

Purpose of review This article reviews what is known about the health and well being of adults with cerebral palsy. It also addresses the factors known to affect the areas identified in the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning model as being critical for optimal health and well being. Recent findings As adolescents with cerebral palsy progress to adulthood, they decrease their utilization of health and related services, in part because the transition to adult services is less than optimal. Adults with cerebral palsy have a high prevalence of comorbid and secondary conditions like pain. They have been shown to have regression in several areas of functioning including mobility. Adults with cerebral palsy also have less participation in areas such as social interactions, employment, marriage, and independent living than adults without cerebral palsy. Factors such as cognitive abilities, the severity of the cerebral palsy and age all affect participation. Very few studies have been done in adults to identify interventions that will help them achieve better health and well being. Summary The International Classification of Functioning can help identify areas in which research is needed to develop interventions that will optimize the health and well being of adults who have cerebral palsy.
Temperature distribution around heated horizontal jet in fluidized bed

In a previous study (Chen and Weinstein, 1993) in which the literature was reviewed, the authors determined the shape and extend of the void formed by a horizontal jet using X-ray imaging. The void fraction distribution around the jet and the tracks of the bubbles formed by the jet gas leaving the void were described. In the present study using the same experimental facility, the horizontal jet was heated and temperature surveys were obtained in the bed. These data provide a comparison of the picture of the jet structure obtained from the spread of the heated gas with that previously obtained from the spread of the jet mometum. In addition, in the present study the superficial velocity of fluidizing gas (through the grid) was varied to determine its effect on the jet penetration and dispersion.
How Easily Does a Social Difference Become a Status Distinction? Gender Matters

Are people quick to adopt status beliefs about a social difference that lead them to treat others unequally? In a test of status construction theory, two experiments show that men and women form equally strong status beliefs from only two encounters with others. Men act powerfully on these new beliefs in their next encounters with others but women do not, possibly because women face greater social risks for acting on ambiguous status advantages. Women are just as likely as men, however, to treat someone unequally on the basis of an established status distinction. This suggests that men are first movers in the emergence of status distinctions, but women eventually adopt the distinctions as well. Our results show that people readily transform social differences into status distinctions-distinctions that act as formidable forces of inequality.
Condom Use and Concurrent Partnering among Heterosexually Active, African American Men: A Qualitative Report

African Americans are overrepresented among heterosexual cases of HIV/AIDS in the USA. Inconsistent condom use and concurrent partnering are two sexual behaviors driving the heterosexual HIV epidemic in the African American community. To inform the development of an HIV prevention behavioral intervention to decrease concurrent partnering and increase condom use among African American heterosexual men, we conducted formative research, including 61 structured interviews, 5 focus groups with 25 men, and 30 in-depth qualitative interviews between July and December 2009. We used a grounded theoretical approach and categorizing strategies to code and analyze the qualitative data. Results around condom use confirmed earlier findings among heterosexual men in general: condoms diminish pleasure, interfere with erection, and symbolize infidelity. Although valued by some as a form of disease prevention and pregnancy prevention, condoms are often used only with specific types of female partners, such as new or casual partners, or due to visual risk assessment. Sex partner concurrency was described as normative and ascribed to men’s “natural” desire to engage in a variety of sexual activities or their high sex drive, with little recognition of the role it plays in the heterosexual HIV epidemic. Fatherhood emerged among many men as a crucial life event and compelling motivation for reducing sexual risk behavior. Based on these results, we conclude that existing HIV prevention efforts to improve attitudes towards and motivate use of condoms either have not reached or have not been successful with African American heterosexual men. In designing behavioral interventions to decrease concurrent partnering and increase condom use, addressing negative attitudes towards condoms and partner risk assessment is critical, as is integrating novel motivational approaches related to identity as fathers and men in the African American community.
Innovative RFDAC concepts for digital multi-mode transmitter in cellular applications

Digital polar transmitter concepts based on RF-DA-converter recently proved the potential to significantly reduce power consumption. Furthermore, external component count as well as PCB area is minimized since no TX SAW filter is required and a single multimode, multiband power amplifier can be used.
Light and matter interactions: Going with the grain

Non-reciprocal optical phenomena — effects that depend on the direction of light propagation — are rare. Researchers have now observed non-reciprocal material modification when moving a beam of ultrashort light pulses through a lithium niobate crystal.
Is prevention a realistic goal for schizophrenia

Over the past 2 decades, increased efforts have focused on identifying those at genetic or clinical risk for psychosis and promoting interventions that may alter the onset or trajectory of schizophrenia. We review studies published between 2010–2013 that: (1) investigate at-risk states for psychosis in larger epidemiological studies; (2) identify causes of certain clinical presentations of the schizophrenia phenotype and (3) investigate focused and multidisciplinary approaches to treat early clinical symptoms. The article places these recent studies within the context of prior research and the concept of potential measures to prevent or ameliorate the onset of psychosis.
Time course of TMV 30K protein accumulation in intact leaves.

Abstract The kinetics of accumulation of the 30K and coat proteins of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which are expressed via subgenomic mRNAs were determined in near-synchronously infected cells of intact tobacco leaves. The 30K protein accumulated to maximal levels during the early stages of the infection as previously reported in tobacco protoplasts. However, in intact leaves, 30K protein accumulated for longer periods and attained higher concentrations than in protoplasts, remaining detectable in all later time samples. Detection of the coat protein, and also the 126K and 183K proteins, began at approximately the same time as the 30K protein (9–12 hr after initiation of replication), but their accumulation continued throughout the 72-hr sampling period. Most of the 30K protein accumulated before 24 hr, whereas most of the coat protein accumulated after 24 hr. This confirms that these two genes are regulated differently, both temporally and quantitatively.
Inclusive π0 and η production from kaon, proton and antiproton beams in the triple-Regge region☆

Data are presented on the reactions K±p → π0X, K±p → ηX, pp → π0X and pp → π0X in the kinematic region with s ⋍ 200 GeV2, x ≳ 0.7 and −t ≲ 1 GeV2. The data agree well with the predictions of triple-Regge theory and the K∗ and nucleon Regge trajectories extracted from the data agree with the linear trajectories extrapolated from the particle poles.
Design and implementation of a resource sharing system as an extension to a personal computer operating system

The software and hardware available today for personal computers provides a broad range of support for personal productivity, business applications, research, programming, and other activities. If personal computers are connected in a local area network, they can form a system whose total resources are very great compared to those of each computer. With appropriate system mechanisms, users can share these resources.We describe the design and implementation of a resource sharing system for IBM Personal Computers. The system generalizes the traditional file and device server approach, allowing applications of any kind to be offered as services on the network. The system supports services by maintaining service definitions, queuing requests by priority, creating server processes, loading service programs, and combining services into larger distributed applications. A user may start several independent activities that proceed concurrently. Each activity can span several machines. The system is built upon an existing operating system, PC-DOS, extending the view it provides to users. Multitasking and enhanced memory management are provided. Interprocess communication is supported by a high-level service request protocol. The discussion emphasizes the problems encountered in building the system and the solutions devised.
Perinatal changes in the pulmonary vascular bed with stenosis and atresia of the pulmonic valve.

Abstract The perinatal development of muscle in the pulmonary arteries is influenced by reductions in pressure and flow through these vessels. Before birth there is a moderate reduction in the pulmonary arterial muscle mass in cases of both pulmonic stenosis and pulmonic atresia. This reduction continues after birth in mary cases of pulmonic stenosis. In cases of pulmonic atresia in which the ductus arteriosus is closed the pulmonary arterial muscle mass is markedly decreased. In cases in which the ductus remains patent the muscle mass does not decrease, but is maintained. The implications of these findings are discussed.
China's Leap into the Information Age: Innovation and Organization in the Computer Industry

Guided by two basic theoretical underpinnings—namely, a top-down model of technological learning and institutional arrangements of enterprise governance—Professor Qiwen Lu conducted in-depth case studies of four leading competitors in the Chinese information technology (IT) industry. His book “China's Leap into the Information Age: Innovation and Organization in the Computer Industry,” presents the key results of this study. The six chapters cover an introduction of the research setting and basic theoretical model, four in-depth case studies, and major findings and contributions. This review describes the basic content of the book and then provides an evaluation of the findings and contribution.
Efficient deadlock resolution for lock-based concurrency control schemes

A distributed algorithm is proposed for detection and resolution of resource deadlocks in object-oriented distributed systems. The algorithm can be used in conjunction with concurrency control algorithms that are based on the semantic lock model. To drastically reduce message traffic, the algorithm properly identifies and eliminates redundant messages. It is shown that its worst and average time complexities are O(ne), where e is the number of edges in the waits-for graph and n is the number of vertices. >
Self-Care Practices and Perceived Stress Levels Among Psychology Graduate Students

It is well known that stress among psychology graduate students can negatively impact academic performance, clinical skills, and personal well-being. However, less is known about factors related to stress management among psychology graduate students. The current study examined self-care practices and perceived stress among psychology graduate students Four hundred eighty-eight psychology graduate students from across the United States completed an anonymous survey of self-care practices and stress. Multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep hygiene, social support, emotion regulation, and acceptance within a mindfulness framework were significantly related to perceived stress. Results suggest that educating students about self-care practices can be an integral part of helping students manage stress associated with clinical training.
Transformation of titanomagnetite to titanomaghemite; a slow, two-step, oxidation-ordering process in MORB

Magnetic iron oxides in a sequence of pillow basalts that were dredged from the Atlantic Ocean floor have been studied to characterize titanomaghemite and to define the processes of maghemitization. Distances from the spreading ridge and ages (in parentheses) of the samples are 0‐10 (0‐1), 160 (9), 450 (26), and 900 km (70 Ma). Iron titanium oxides occur as 1 to 10 mm-sized dendritic and cruciform-shaped crystals with identical appearances in all samples and with no signs of change or significant heterogeneity in composition or structure as observed by TEM and AEM. Parameters change progressively from the youngest to the oldest, e.g., Curie temperature 5 180 to 360 8C; lattice parameter 5 8.466 to 8.361 A ˚; number of octahedral cations per cell from Rietveld
Reflection, transmission, and stability characteristics of optical beams incident upon nonlinear dielectric interfaces

A recently developed equivalent-article theory is illustrated by presenting the first analytic stability result for trapped transverse electric nonlinear surface waves at an interface separating two nonlinear dielectric media. The theory permits us to make quantitative predictions on beam reflection, transmission, and breakup with accurate estimates of the amount of incident beam power converted into propagating self-focused channels and scattered as radiation. Contact is made with earlier numerical studies of Gaussian beam incidence upon a linear–nonlinear interface and of the stability properties of trapped nonlinear surface waves.
The complex net effect of reciprocal interactions and recruitment facilitation maintains an intertidal kelp community

Summary 1. Theoretical and empirical ecology has transitioned from a focus on the role of negative interactions in species coexistence to a more pluralistic view that acknowledges that coexistence in natural communities is more complex, and depends on species interactions that vary in strength, sign, and reciprocity, and such contexts as the environment and life-history stage. 2. We used a whole-community approach to examine how species interactions contribute to the maintenance of a rocky intertidal macroalgal canopy–understorey assemblage. We determined both the types of interactions in this network, and whether interactions were sensitive to environmental gradients. 3. Focusing on a structurally dominant canopy kelp Saccharina sessilis, and its diverse co-occurring understorey assemblage, we evaluated the role of the understorey in controlling S. sessilis recruitment and quantified the reciprocal effect of the S. sessilis canopy and understorey on one another using a removal experiment replicated across 600 km of coastline. We determined the sensitivity of interactions to natural variation in light and nutrient availability (replicated among four regions on the N.E. Pacific coast), and under different wave conditions (three wave regimes). 4. Surprisingly, species interactions were similar across sites and thus not context-dependent. Unexpectedly, the understorey community had a strong positive effect on the S. sessilis canopy, whereby the adult canopy decreased dramatically following understorey removal. Additionally, S. sessilis recruitment depended on the presence of understorey coralline algal turf. In turn, the canopy had a neutral effect on the coralline understorey, but a negative effect on non-calcifying algal turfs, likely eventually generating positive indirect canopy effects on the coralline understorey. Densitydependent intraspecific competition between S. sessilis adults and recruits may moderate this positive feedback between the S. sessilis canopy and coralline understorey. 5. Synthesis. Our research highlights the importance of positive interactions for coexistence in natural communities, and the necessity of studying multiple life-history stages and reciprocal species interactions in order to elucidate the mechanisms that maintain diversity.
Does social identity theory underlie relational demography? A test of the moderating effects of uncertainty reduction and status enhancement on similarity effects

Relational demography research has its roots in social identity theory. However, prior research has not directly tested the effects of the two primary motives of social identification; uncertainty reduction and status enhancement. In this study, we examined the moderating effects of these motives on the relationship between demographic similarity and individuals’ affective reactions toward their work group. Uncertainty reduction, which we operationalized as self-continuity, moderated the relationship between race similarity and cohesiveness. In addition, status enhancement moderated both race and gender similarity effects on the group outcomes. We discuss implications of our findings for theory and research.
The effects of dietary phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion rates on the avian phosphaturic response to PTH.

Summary Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of dietary available phosphorus (aP) and PTH infusion rates on avian urinary inorganic phosphate (Pi) excretion. In experiment I, female domestic fowl were fed diets containing low (0-45%) or high (0-83%) aP for 2-4 weeks prior to renal function studies. Pi excretion was significantly higher for birds fed the high-aP diet than for birds fed the low-aP diet. PTH was infused (60-240 units kg body mass" 1 h" 1 ) unilaterally into the renal portal system. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), included in the unilateral infusate as a marker for effective renal portal perfusion, indicated that PTH .must have been delivered to the peritubular surfaces of the infused kidney. However, bilateral but not unilateral phosphaturia occurred, and there were no significant differences in the phosphaturic responses to PTH when low- and highaP diet treatment groups were compared. In experiment II, PTH was infused at rates of l-Sunitsh" 1 . Infusing PTH at 5unitsh -1 caused a unilateral increase in urine flow but the phosphaturic response was still bilateral. It appears unlikely that unilateral renal portal PTH infusions can be used to trigger unilateral phosphaturia in domestic fowl.
How people experience and change institutions: a field guide to creative syncretism

This article joins the debate over institutional change with two propositions. First, all institutions are syncretic, that is, they are composed of an indeterminate number of features, which are decomposable and recombinable in unpredictable ways. Second, action within institutions is always potentially creative, that is, actors draw on a wide variety of cultural and institutional resources to create novel combinations. We call this approach to institutions creative syncretism. This article is in three parts. The first shows how existing accounts of institutional change, which are rooted in structuralism, produce excess complexity and render the most important sources and results of change invisible. We argue that in order to ground the theory of creative syncretism we need a more phenomenological approach, which explains how people live institutional rules. We find that grounding in John Dewey’s pragmatist theory of habit. The second part of the article explains Dewey and shows how the theory of habit can ground an experiential account of institutional rules. The third part presents a field guide to creative syncretism. It uses an experiential approach to provide novel insights on three problems that have occupied institutionalist research: periodization in American political development, convergence among advanced capitalist democracies, and institutional change in developing countries.
Development and usability testing of a Web-based decision aid for families of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation

Web-based decision aids are increasingly important in medical research and clinical care. However, few have been studied in an intensive care unit setting. The objectives of this study were to develop a Web-based decision aid for family members of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation and to evaluate its usability and acceptability. Using an iterative process involving 48 critical illness survivors, family surrogate decision makers, and intensivists, we developed a Web-based decision aid addressing goals of care preferences for surrogate decision makers of patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation that could be either administered by study staff or completed independently by family members (Development Phase). After piloting the decision aid among 13 surrogate decision makers and seven intensivists, we assessed the decision aid’s usability in the Evaluation Phase among a cohort of 30 surrogate decision makers using the Systems Usability Scale (SUS). Acceptability was assessed using measures of satisfaction and preference for electronic Collaborative Decision Support (eCODES) versus the original printed decision aid. The final decision aid, termed ‘electronic Collaborative Decision Support’, provides a framework for shared decision making, elicits relevant values and preferences, incorporates clinical data to personalize prognostic estimates generated from the ProVent prediction model, generates a printable document summarizing the user’s interaction with the decision aid, and can digitally archive each user session. Usability was excellent (mean SUS, 80 ± 10) overall, but lower among those 56 years and older (73 ± 7) versus those who were younger (84 ± 9); p = 0.03. A total of 93% of users reported a preference for electronic versus printed versions. The Web-based decision aid for ICU surrogate decision makers can facilitate highly individualized information sharing with excellent usability and acceptability. Decision aids that employ an electronic format such as eCODES represent a strategy that could enhance patient-clinician collaboration and decision making quality in intensive care.
Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry study of cyclodextrin complexes with A007 prodrugs

Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometric (ESIMS) studies of several A007 prodrugs in aqueous cyclomaltohexaose (α-cyclodextrin, α-CD), cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin, β-CD), and cyclomaltooctaose (γ-cyclodextrin, γ-CD) were performed. The acetic acid derivative of A007 should metabolize in vivo before becoming the A007 prodrug, while on the other hand, the glycine-modified A007 prodrug has surfactant-like physical properties and slowly hydrolyzed in the aqueous cyclodextrins by releasing free A007. ESIMS studies give insight into the process of prodrug hydrolysis in the presence of cyclodextrins and, hence, the influence of cyclodextrins on the timely release of the A007 prodrug. Formation of various molecular aggregates and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of A007 prodrugs and their hydrolyzed products was demonstrated by ESIMS.
Making Big Communities Small: Using Network Science to Understand the Ecological and Behavioral Requirements for Community Social Capital

The concept of social capital is becoming increasingly common in community psychology and elsewhere. However, the multiple conceptual and operational definitions of social capital challenge its utility as a theoretical tool. The goals of this paper are to clarify two forms of social capital (bridging and bonding), explicitly link them to the structural characteristics of small world networks, and explore the behavioral and ecological prerequisites of its formation. First, I use the tools of network science and specifically the concept of small-world networks to clarify what patterns of social relationships are likely to facilitate social capital formation. Second, I use an agent-based model to explore how different ecological characteristics (diversity and segregation) and behavioral tendencies (homophily and proximity) impact communities’ potential for developing social capital. The results suggest diverse communities have the greatest potential to develop community social capital, and that segregation moderates the effects that the behavioral tendencies of homophily and proximity have on community social capital. The discussion highlights how these findings provide community-based researchers with both a deeper understanding of the contextual constraints with which they must contend, and a useful tool for targeting their efforts in communities with the greatest need or greatest potential.
Ripeness and Tissue Depth Effects on Heat Inactivation of Papaya Ethylene-Forming Enzyme

Heat inactivation studies were conducted on the ethylene-forming enzyme system (EFE) in papayas of different maturities, and at three tissue depths. D-values showed EFE in the mesocarp and endocarp were more heat sensitive than EFE in the exocarp. Within the mesocarp and endocarp, EFE in ¼ and ½ ripe papayas were more heat labile than in mature green and color break fruits. Ion leakage increased concomitantly with increased mesocarp and endocarp ripeness confirming that papayas ripen differentially from the innermost tissues outwards. Membrane integrity as determined by ion leakage may explain the increase in heat sensitivity of EFE in riper tissues.
Patterns of diametric growth in stem-analyzed laurel trees ( Cordia alliodora ) in a Panamanian forest

Abstract Based on cross-dated increment cores, yearly diameters of trees were reconstructed for 21 laurels (Cordia alliodora) growing in a natural secondary forest on Gigante Peninsula, Panama. From this sample of dominant-codominant trees, ages were 14–35 years with an average of 25 years. Growth typically slowed at 7 years old, indicating effects of competition from closure of gaps in the canopy. Rate of growth in diameter was modeled using the Bertalanffy-Richards growth function. Four patterns of growth were detected, of which 57% were sigmoidal, 19% were convex, 10% were monomolecular, and 14% were inverse sigmoid.
Biomedical applications of enhanced backscattering spectroscopy

Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy enables minimally invasive measurement of optical properties of biological tissues by characterizing the shape of backscattered light in both angle and spectrum. The peak in scattering intensity in the retroreflection direction depends on the scattering properties of a random medium including mean free path, anisotropy, and even higher order characteristics such as mass fractal dimension. These properties are shown to be significant markers of risk in gastrointestinal cancers. Miniaturization of the technology with development of a fiber optic probe and supporting instrumentation enables in vivo clinical studies of risk stratification.
Gaudenzia, Incorporated: Historical and Theoretical Background of a Self-help Addiction Treatment Program

Preliminary investigation indicates that self-help programs such as Gaudenzia, Incorporated, did not simply materialize out of nothingness. Rather, they have a definable, if not yet fully defined, historical and theoretical background. From a general viewpoint there are significant similarities between their basic principles and the thought of such men as Alfred Adler and Kurt Lewin. More particularly there is a direct line of descent which is well documented from Alcoholics Anonymous, founded in 1935, to Gaudenzia, Incorporated, founded in 1968. From participant observation of the Gaudenzia program and other self-help programs it appears that there are close similarities between the basic ideas of these programs and current thought in at least the areas of existential philosophy and learning theory. As indicated, this is almost certainly not an exhaustive compilation of the theoretical sources of the program. But it may be sufficient to demonstrate that such programs are grounded in substantial thought a...
Vertical distribution of ammonium in stratified oligotrophic waters

A method for measuring nanomolar concentrations of ammonium in seawater was used for the first time under field conditions in the Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream. Ammonium concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (3.5 nM) to 164 nM NH4+. Subsurface ammonium maxima (16–59 nM NH4+) occurred within the seasonal thermocline and near the deep chlorophyll a maximum in association with the primary nitrite maximum. The latter feature was observed in both the Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream, suggesting that it may be common in stratified oligotrophic waters. Vertically integrated nitrite concentrations in the upper 140 m generally exceeded those for ammonium, suggesting more efficient use of reduced nitrogen by the microplankton.
Time-Reversal Invariance and the Inverse Reactions C 12 + α ⇄ N 14 + d

The experimeni described differs from the p-p experiments in that it also involves n-p forces and is in a quite different energy region. The angular distributions for the inverse reactions C/sup 12/( alpha ,d)N/sup 14/ and N/sup 14/ (d, alpha )C/sup 12/ were measured. The measurements were carried out using 41.7-Mev alphas and 20.0-Mev deuterons from the external beam of the University of Washington cyclotron. (W.D.M.)
Chikungunya Virus Sequences Across the First Epidemic in Nicaragua, 2014–2015

Chikungunya is caused by the mosquito-borne arthrogenic alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Chikungunya was introduced into the Americas in late 2013 and Nicaragua in mid-2014. Here, we sequenced five imported and 30 autochthonous Nicaraguan CHIKV from cases identified in the first epidemic in the country between August 2014 and April 2015. One full-length and two partial genomic sequences were obtained by deep sequencing; Sanger methodology yielded 33 E1 sequences from five imported and 28 autochthonous cases. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Nicaraguan CHIKV all belonged to the Asian genotype, Caribbean clade. Moreover, E1 gene sequences revealed accumulation of mutations in later months of the epidemic, including four silent mutations in 11 autochthonous cases and three non-synonymous mutations in three autochthonous cases. No mutations contributing to increased transmissibility by Aedes albopictus were identified in the E1 gene. This represents the most comprehensive set of CHIKV sequences available from the Americas to date.
Advanced engineering materials at high temperatures

Materials that are available at the present time for use as engineering components are highly limited in their performance at temperatures above about 1000°C in corrosive environments. There is probably no satisfactory material for service in air above 1400°C and there is only a restricted selection of materials in view including silicon nitride based materials, silicon carbide based materials, and carbon–carbon–silicon carbide composites. This article summarizes the findings of several recent workshops concerned with high–temperature engineering ceramics, and covers nitrogen ceramics, ceramic–ceramic composites, ceramic coatings, Zr02–based ceramics, non–oxide ceramics, ceramic toughening mechanisms, and the microstructure and processing of engineering ceramics. Progress towards improved ceramic properties is not automatic, and many severe problems remain. Developments are needed in: oxidation resistant coatings for carbon–carbon composites, and for super alloys; particulate dispersants of controlled morphology suitable for Si3N4–based and SiC–based materials; high–stability fibres with non–reactive interfaces in refractory matrices; sintering mechanisms of monolithic and of composite ceramics; other high–temperature materials such as borides, silicides, carbides; detection of small flaws in ceramics; data on the mechanical properties of ceramics at temperatures above 1400°C; other methods of preparation of ceramic microstructures; ceramic toughening mechanisms and their interactions.
New Species of Blancan Woodrat (Cricetidae) from North-Central Kansas

Woodrat ( Neotoma ) specimens from the White Rock local fauna (Blancan) of Republic Co., Kansas, are presently assigned to Neotoma taylori Hibbard. However, mensural data obtained during a reanalysis of these specimens show that m1 or m3 is significantly larger than that of any previously described Blancan or Hemphillian woodrat. White Rock specimens differ from most post-Blancan taxa by a difference in occlusal morphology of at least one molar. Post-Blancan taxa that share a similar molar morphology with White Rock specimens can be distinguished from them by relative size, or the distance between the base of the folds and the base of the crown.