cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freshwater Ice Thickness Observations Using Passive Microwave Sensors

Walden Reservoir, a freshwater lake in north-central Colorado, was overflown six times by a NASA C-130 aircraft between January 1977 and April 1980. The aircraft was equipped with four microwave radiometers operating between 0.81 and 6.0 cm in wavelength (37.0 to 5.0 GHz). The 6.0-cm radiometer data showed a good relationship (R2 = 0.98) with ice thickness based on a sample of four ice thickness values. The 1.67- and 1.35-cm radiometer data showed weaker relationships with ice thickness. The 0.81-cm sensor data showed no positive relationship with ice thickness. None of the relationships was statistically significant because of the small sample size. The 6.0-cm sensor data in the nadir-viewing mode was found to have the most potential of all the wavelengths studied, for use in remotely determining ice thickness. The 6.0-cm radiometer probably sensed the entire thickness of the ice on the reservoir (ranging from 25.4 to 67.3 cm in thickness) and was apparently not significantly affected by the snow overlying the ice. The shorter wavelengths are scattered by the snow overlying the ice and are more suitable for snow studies than for ice thickness studies.
Altered Migratory Behavior of Interneurons in a Model of Cortical Dysplasia: The Influence of Elevated GABAA Activity

Appropriate function of the neocortex depends on timely generation and migration of cells produced in the germinal zones of the neocortex and ganglionic eminence (GE). Failure to accurately complete migration results in cortical dysplasia, a developmental syndrome implicated in many neurologic disorders. We developed a model of cortical dysplasia in ferrets involving administration of methylaxozymethanol acetate (MAM), an antimitotic, to pregnant ferrets on gestational day 33, leading to dramatic reduction of layer 4 in the neocortex. Here, using time-lapse video imaging, we investigate dynamic behavior of migrating cells arising from the GE and cortical ventricular zone (CVZ) in ferrets and the role of GABAA activity. Treatment with MAM significantly reduced migration speed and the relative proportion of cells arising from the GE demonstrating exploratory behavior. To a lesser extent, the behavior of cells leaving the CVZ was affected. Pharmacologic inhibition of GABAA receptors (GABAAR) improved the speed of migration and exploratory ability of migrating MAM-treated cells arising from the GE. Additionally, the expression of α2 and α3 subunits of GABAAR and the potassium chloride co-transporter (KCC2) increased in the neocortex of MAM-treated animals. After MAM treatment, increases in endogenous KCC2 and GABAAR combine to alter the dynamic properties and exploratory behavior of migrating interneurons in ferrets. We show a direct correlation between increased GABAA and KCC2 expression with impaired migration and ability to explore the environment.
CAMPTOTHECIN ANALOGUES/CISPLASTIN: AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED BLADDER CANCER IN A PRECLINICAL IN VIVO MODEL SYSTEM

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the impact of the camptothecin analogs on human TCC xenograft, both as monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin (CDDP).Materials and Methods: Human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) xenograft tumor line (DU4184) tested by subrenal capsule assay in 112 nude mice(NM-SRCA). CDDP and the camptothecin analogs irinotecan (CPT-11) and 9-aminocamptothecin(9-AC) were evaluated.Results: Both of the camptothecin analogs showed significant short term tumor inhibition which translated into enhanced survival. Maximal tumor inhibition (>95%) was achieved when either of the camptothecin analogs was combined with CDDP with minimal host toxicity. This translated into 400% increase in median survival. While all controls were dead 39 days following tumor implantation, none of the combination treated animals had died.Conclusion: The combination of CDDP with these camptothecin analogs is an effective therapy against this model of advanced TCC. These observations suggest potential clinical value.
Capital Investment and Stock Returns: An Alternative Test of Investment Frictions

We use an alternative model of capital investment to test for the effects of financing constraints and agency costs of free cash flows. This model, derivable from q theory and based on an established body of prior research, specifies capital investment growth as a function of stock returns. Using stock returns removes the measurement problem inherent in Tobin’s q and allows us to directly test the role of markets in investment frictions. We find evidence supporting the existence of financing constraints in that the capital investment growth of the highest financially constrained firms has nearly double the sensitivity to stock returns compared to the least constrained firms. We fail to find evidence supporting the existence of agency costs of free cash flows, even after taking corporate governance into account.
Store-operated Ca2+ Entry Modulates the Expression of Enamel Genes

Dental enamel formation is an intricate process tightly regulated by ameloblast cells. The correct spatiotemporal patterning of enamel matrix protein (EMP) expression is fundamental to orchestrate the formation of enamel crystals, which depend on a robust supply of Ca2+. In the extracellular milieu, Ca2+-EMP interactions occur at different levels. Despite its recognized role in enamel development, the molecular machinery involved in Ca2+ homeostasis in ameloblasts remains poorly understood. A common mechanism for Ca2+ influx is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). We evaluated the possibility that Ca2+ influx in enamel cells might be mediated by SOCE and the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel, the prototypical SOCE channel. Using ameloblast-like LS8 cells, we demonstrate that these cells express Ca2+-handling molecules and mediate Ca2+ influx through SOCE. As a rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is a versatile signal that can modulate gene expression, we assessed whether SOCE in enamel cells ha...
Evaluation of Mouse Pads Designed to Enhance Gaming Performance

In recent years, competitive computer gaming has enjoyed a rise in popularity. Marketers of gaming accessories make claims as to how their product can improve user performance. An experiment was co...
Trialkyl phosphites and diaryliodonium salts as co-initiators in a system for radical-promoted visible-light-induced cationic polymerization.

Trialkyl phosphites ((RO)3P) can act as co-initiators for the diaryliodonium-induced cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) or THF. A radical initiation step is also required, consisten...
Abstract 4012: GANT-61 inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell growth in vitroand in NOD/SCID/IL2R gamma null mice xenograft.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is aberrantly reactivated in pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which GANT-61 (Gli transcription factor inhibitor) regulates stem cell characteristics and tumor growth. Effects of GANT-61 on CSC's viability, spheroid formation, apoptosis, DNA-binding and transcriptional activities, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were measured. Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2Rgammanull mice were used to examine the effects of GANT-61 on CSC's tumor growth. GANT-61 inhibited cell viability, spheroid formation, and Gli-DNA binding and transcriptional activities, and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of Poly-ADP ribose Polymerase (PARP). GANT-61 increased the expression of TRAIL-R1/DR4, TRAIL-R2/DR5 and Fas, and decreased expression of PDGFRα and Bcl-2. GANT-61 also suppressed EMT by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and transcription factors Snail, Slug and Zeb1. In addition, GANT-61 inhibited pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, Oct4, Sox-2 and cMyc. Suppression of both Gli1 plus Gli2 by shRNA mimicked the changes in cell viability, spheroid formation, apoptosis and gene expression observed in GANT-61-treated pancreatic CSCs. Furthermore, GANT-61 inhibited CSC tumor growth which was associated with up-regulation of DR4 and DR5 expression, and suppression of Gli1, Gli2, Bcl-2, CCND2 and Zeb1 expression in tumor tissues derived from NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice. Our data highlight the importance of Shh pathway for self-renewal and metastasis of pancreatic CSCs, and also suggest Gli as a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer in eliminating CSCs. Citation Format: Junsheng Fu, Mariana Rodova, Sanjit K. Roy, Sharmila Shankar, Rakesh K. Srivastava. GANT-61 inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell growth i n vitro and in NOD/SCID/IL2R gamma null mice xenograft. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4012. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4012
Effects of sulfur deficiency on non-protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, and N/S ratios in young corn (Zea mays L.) plants

The concentrations of several N fractions, soluble sugars and N/S ratios were determined in Golden Bantam sweet corn and hybrid field corn grown in nutrient solutions and/or soil with various SO4-S levels provided. When the level of SO4-S supplied was less than that needed for maximum growth, higher-than-normal concentrations of amide (asparagine) N and lower-than-normal soluble sugar concentrations were found in the plants. An inadequate S supply appears to limit the plants capacity to synthesize protein to a much greater extent than it inhibits the nitrogen uptake mechanism.
Analysis of Status of Food Contaminants of Shenzhen City from 2004 to 2005

Objective To analyze the hygienic status of 19 kinds of foods in Shenzhen city from 2004 to 2005,and establish "food contaminants monitoring system of Shenzhen city ".Method 359 items from 19 kinds of foods were tested,such as soybean products,confection and glace fruit,aquatic products,cold dish,cooked meat products,condiment,milk and dairy products,etc.The qualified items and main unqualified items of all kinds of foods between two years were statistically analyzed.Results The standardizing eligibility rates were 80.87% in 2004,and 87.84% in 2005.By statistical analysis,the qualified rate of food contaminants monitoring had significant difference.The main unqualified food kinds in 2004 were poultry meat,confection and glace fruit,condiment,soybean products,cold dish and cooked meat products.The main unqualified food kinds in 2005 were soybean products and cold dish.Conclusion The food hygienic status should be questioned,and the supervision and monitoring work should be strengthened.
High-tech home care.

The past 20-25 years have seen innovations in equipment and drugs that have allowed infusion services to move from institutions to the home. The home care industry moved into the HDIT field, considering this a natural direction in which to develop. High-tech home care is now a substantial aspect of the industry.
Effects of Passive and Structural Stream Restoration Approaches on Transient Storage and Nitrate Uptake

Understanding nitrogen dynamics in headwater streams is important for ascertaining how they influence downstream nutrient loads and identifying strategies for reducing loading through stream restoration. We compare nitrate uptake associated with two restoration approaches in headwater streams, Sheep Creek and Nunn Creek, of northern Colorado, USA. Segments of Sheep Creek were exclosed (fenced off) from open rangeland cattle grazing in the 1950s, allowing riparian corridors of these segments to naturally revegetate (passive approach), while other segments have been continually grazed. In 2003, restoration structures including cross vanes, J‐hook vanes, rootwads, log vanes, and bank riprap (structural approach) were installed along portions of Nunn Creek for trout habitat enhancement and local bank stabilization. We performed detailed physical characterizations and multiple nutrient injections of Br⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ to estimate transient storage and nitrate uptake in four reaches along Sheep Creek (two reaches exclosed from grazing and two grazed reaches) and two reaches along Nunn Creek (one with restoration structures and one without structures). Parameters of transient storage and nitrate uptake were estimated with the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage model run through universal inverse modelling code for optimization. Responses of transient storage and nitrate uptake to restoration techniques depended upon the type and extent of restoration implemented, as well the context and physical setting of each study reach. For example, in the higher‐gradient pair of Sheep Creek reaches, the restored reach showed greater nitrate uptake, while in the lower‐gradient pair of reaches, the non‐restored reach had greater uptake. At Nunn Creek, the reach with instream wood but without restoration structures exhibited more transient storage and nitrate uptake when compared with the reach with extensive J‐hook vane structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ED Patients with Prolonged Complaints and Repeat ED Visits Have an Increased Risk of Depression.

Author(s): Brickman, MD, Kris R.; Bahl, MD, MBA, Rajiv; Marcinkowski, MS, Nathan F.; Ammons, MS, Katelyn R.; Akpunonu, MD, Peter | Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study was to explore associations between presenting chief complaints of prolonged symptomatology, patient usage of the emergency department (ED), and underlying depression so that emergency physicians may better target patients for depression screening.Methods: A convenience sample of ED patients were administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) to assess for depression. We correlated completed BDI-II surveys to patient information including demographics, pertinent history of present illness information, and past medical history.Results: Out of 425 participants screened, we identified complaints of two weeks or longer in 92 patients (22%). Of these patients, mild to severe depression was recognized in over half of the population (47), yet only nine patients reported a prior depression diagnosis. These 92 patients also visited the ED three times as frequently as those patients with more acute complaints (pl0.001). Finally, our study showed that patients with mild to severe depression had three times as many ED visits compared to patients with minimal or no depression (pl0.001). Conclusion: Patients with complaints of symptomatology two weeks or longer are more likely to have underlying depression when presenting to the ED. Patients with three or more ED visits within the past year also have a greater incidence of underlying depression. We found a strong correlation between complaints with symptomatology of two weeks or longer and multiple ED visits, in which underlying depression may have contributed to these patients’ ED visits. [West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(5)613-616.]
Characterization of highly pixelated CZT detectors for sub-millimeter PET imaging

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors with 600 μm pitches and 350 μm pitches in 5mm thickness were developed and tested for investigation pixilated CZT detector applications in Positron Emission Tomography. In addition to flood γ-ray source measurements (662keV, 122keV and 59.5keV), we scan across pixels with a collimated Co-57 source (collimated beam size < pixel size) with a step size 50 μm. We sorted events based on the number of pixels that detect a charge signal (single, double, triple) and analyzed the charge sharing at different energies for detectors of different pitches. Results show the number of charge sharing events increases when γ-ray energy increases or when pixel size decreases. Based on the collimated beam measurements of energy at 122keV, the charge sharing range in a 5mm thick CZT detector biased at -1000V was estimated to be around 125μm FWHM for both 600μm and 350μm pitched anodes, while the charge loss is more severe in 350μm pitched detectors than in 600μm pitched detectors.
641. Cancer Detection Via Expression-Targeted Gene Delivery in Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Expression-targeted gene delivery was used to detect cancer cells by delivering exogenous secretory reporter genes into them under the control of cancer-specific promoters. Almost all cancer biomarkers currently in use are secreted proteins or cell surface proteins. Our strategy takes advantage of cancer-specific promoters, even those associated with exons encoding proteins that are not secreted. Plasmids that coupled such promoters with exons encoding secretable (and excretable) reporters were constructed.This strategy has yielded relatively high reporter expression in cancer cells as compared to normal cells and tissues, both in vitro in cell supernatants and in vivo, as detected in mouse urine. This technology could be used eventually for early cancer detection or the detection of cancer cells remaining following tumorectomy.Gaussia luciferase (LUC) is a secreted protein that has been used for monitoring bioprocesses. Plasmids carrying luc, driven by the promoters for cyclooxygenase type 2 (Pcox2), osteopontin (Popn), or the universally strong cytomegalovirus promoter (Pcmv) (used as a positive control) were constructed and delivered to cells using the branched polycation poly(ethyleneimine). The empty pUC19 vector was used as a negative control. The reporter levels detected in cell supernatants via a Gaussia luciferase assay showed that Pcox2- or Popn-driven luc expression was significantly higher in the bladder cancer cell line MB49 versus normal murine fibroblasts. In vivo experiments in an orthotopic model of transitional cell carcinoma showed that delivery of Pcox2-luc into tumor-bearing mice yielded detectable LUC excretion that was significantly higher versus negative controls.Interestingly, tumor-bearing mice excreting LUC did so with a 24-hour periodicity. This seemingly circadian phenomenon was counterintuitive. The implanted cells did not have synchronous cell cycles upon instillation 8 days prior, and had not developed organized vascular networks (data not shown). Urine concentration also was not seen as a factor, since total LUC per sample was quantified, and such values are independent of concentration. Circadian products known to be excreted in the urine were administered to transfected cells in vitro with no effects upon LUC expression. It was ultimately determined that urine collected at the onset of mouse morning (6:00 pm, mice being nocturnal), contained an agent that masked the detection of LUC. It was also found that serum shock could also induce increased LUC detection in vitro.Additional human reporters, including secreted alkaline phosphatase, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostate-specific antigen were examined in this study for the purpose of developing a non-invasive urinary lateral flow assay for cancer detection which would detect more than one reporter protein simultaneously by delivering multiple plasmids containing different cancer-specific promoters.
Shared decision making in contraceptive counseling.

Abstract Background Shared decision making (SDM) is a potentially valuable but underexplored approach to contraceptive counseling. Methods We determined the correlation between patient report of SDM and of whether their provider had a method preference with measures of satisfaction. Results Women reporting SDM were more likely to be satisfied with counseling than those reporting a provider-driven decision and were more likely to be satisfied with their method than those reporting a patient-driven decision. Patients who felt that the provider had a method preference were less likely to be satisfied with their method. Conclusions SDM in contraceptive counseling is associated with patient satisfaction.
Differential response to fire by an introduced and an endemic species complicates endangered species conservation

Fire is a natural component of and serves as a tool for the restoration of forested ecosystems worldwide; however, disturbance due to fire also has been implicated in the proliferation of invasive species. How these fires affect occupancy and use of the forest by wildlife is of great concern, in particular, the differential response of non-native and native species. In the American Southwest, prior to European settlement, frequent wildfires helped to maintain forest structure. We examined the effect of a large wildfire on an introduced population of the Abert’s squirrel ( Sciurus aberti ) that has invaded the high elevations inhabited by the critically endangered Mt. Graham red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis ). We found that introduced Abert’s squirrels were more common than native red squirrels in burned areas. Abert’s squirrels did not abandon burned areas but nested, foraged, and tended to have small home ranges in burned areas. This suggests that invasive Abert’s squirrels are better able to exploit burned areas than are native red squirrels and that fire can favor non-native species. This interaction between non-native species, native species, and fire adds new insight into the complexities of conservation and restoration of ecosystems and helps to inform conservation activities worldwide.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Prediction Analysis

The life prediction of solder joints under thermal cyclic loading requires a two-stage analysis: (1) a three-dimensional finite element analysis to compute the stress, strain, and strain energy field, and (2) a life prediction analysis. As shown in Fig. 2.1, a typical thermal cycle is described by its starting, maximum, and minimum temperatures, as well as the durations of time for ramp-up, ramp-down, and dwell at maximum and minimum temperatures. The starting temperature is the reference (stress-free) temperature of the thermal cycle. Four thermal cycles in the simulation are usually sufficient to ensure the stability of the hysteresis loop.
Did New Regulations Target the Relevant Corporate Governance Attributes

Recent corporate scandals have led to new governance rules that include the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation (SOX) and additional regulations by stock exchanges. This study examines the changes in corporate governance practices during 2001-2005, which covers the period before and after the new regulations. We analyze a comprehensive set of 64 governance attributes for more than 5,200 firms. Our findings indicate that corporate governance practices beyond those mandated by new regulations changed substantially over this period. We find statistically significant differences in governance across firm size and industries. After controlling for size and industry we find a positive and significant relation between governance and firm value. We find that new regulations are associated with higher firm value in firms that adopted the regulations prior to them being mandated. The results are statistically and economically significant. In this sense our findings suggest that the new regulations did target relevant governance attributes. However, the analysis also indicates that the markets were already rewarding firms that had better governance. Therefore, it is not clear that mandatory rules for all firms were required. Clearly the costs of imposing new regulations on certain types of firms, for example, small firms, were potentially too costly. In the post-regulatory period, as expected, the relationship between the regulatory governance attributes and firm value does not exist. We find that the positive relationship between governance attributes not mandated by regulations and firm value continues even in the post-regulatory period.
Bindings of NO, CO, and O2 to multifunctional globin type dehaloperoxidase follow the 'sliding scale rule'.

Dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin (DHP), a multifunctional globin protein, not only functions as an oxygen carrier as typical globins such as myoglobin and hemoglobin, but also as a peroxidase, a mono- and dioxygenase, peroxygenase, and an oxidase. Kinetics of DHP binding to NO, CO, and O2 were characterized for wild-type DHP A and B and the H55D and H55V DHP A mutants using stopped-flow methods. All three gaseous ligands bind to DHP significantly more weakly than sperm whale myoglobin (SWMb). Both CO and NO bind to DHP in a one-step process to form a stable six-coordinate complex. Multiple-step NO binding is not observed in DHP, which is similar to observations in SWMb, but in contrast with many heme sensor proteins. The weak affinity of DHP for O2 is mainly due to a fast O2 dissociation rate, in accordance with a longer eN-Fe distance between the heme iron and distal histidine in DHP than that in Mb, and an open-distal pocket that permits ligand escape. Binding affinities in DHP show the same 3-4 orders separation between the pairs NO/CO and CO/O2, consistent with the 'sliding scale rule' hypothesis. Strong gaseous ligand discrimination by DHP is very different from that observed in typical peroxidases, which show poor gaseous ligand selectivity, correlating with a neutral proximal imidazole ligand rather than an imidazolate. The present study provides useful insights into the rationale for DHP to function both as mono-oxygenase and oxidase, and is the first example of a globin peroxidase shown to follow the 'sliding scale rule' hypothesis in gaseous ligand discrimination.
The US Opioid Crisis: Current Federal and State Legal Issues

The United States is in the midst of a devastating opioid misuse epidemic leading to over 33,000 deaths per year from both prescription and illegal opioids. Roughly half of these deaths are attributable to prescription opioids. Federal and state governments have only recently begun to grasp the magnitude of this public health crisis. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released their Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. While not comprehensive in scope, these guidelines attempt to control and regulate opioid prescribing. Other federal agencies involved with the federal regulatory effort include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and the Department of Justice. Each federal agency has a unique role in helping to stem the burgeoning opioid misuse epidemic. The DEA, working with the Department of Justice, has enforcement power to prosecute pill mills and physicians for illegal prescribing. The DEA could also implement use of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), currently administered at the state level, and use of electronic prescribing for schedule II and III medications. The FDA has authority to approve new and safer formulations of immediate- and long-acting opioid medications. More importantly, the FDA can also ask pharmaceutical companies to cease manufacturing a drug. Additionally, state agencies play a critical role in reducing overdose deaths, protecting the public safety, and promoting the medically appropriate treatment of pain. One of the states' primary roles is the regulation of practice of medicine and the insurance industry within their borders. Utilizing this authority, states can both educate physicians about the dangers of opioids and make physician licensure dependent on registering and using PDMPs when prescribing controlled substances. Almost every state has implemented a PDMP to some degree; however, in addition to mandating their use, increased interstate sharing of prescription information would greatly improve PDMPs' effectiveness. Further, states have the flexibility to promote innovative interventions to reduce harm such as legislation allowing naloxone access without a prescription. While relatively new, these types of laws have allowed first responders, patients, and families access to a lifesaving drug. Finally, states are at the forefront of litigation against pharmaceutical manufacturers. This approach is described as analogous to the initial steps in fighting tobacco companies. In addition to fighting for dollars to support drug treatment programs and education efforts, states are pursuing these lawsuits as a means of holding pharmaceutical companies accountable for misleading marketing of a dangerous product.
How Terrible Is the New Tax Law? Reflections on TRA17

Overall, TRA17 is not much worse than TRA86 or TRA14. It increases the deficit, but not by an impossible amount; it is distributionally skewed, but less so than is usually assumed; and its details are not terrible (on the international side they are a big improvement over prior law). There is one big problem, the pass through provisions, and we can only hope that as its horrible implications unfold it will be a prime candidate for repeal.
Assessing and Treating Emotion Dysregulation and Anger Management

Abstract Although Tourette syndrome (TS) is diagnosed based on the presence of chronic tics, many individuals with TS present with emotion dysregulation that can cause functional impairment. Emotion dysregulation in children with TS is most commonly manifested in anger outbursts, referred to as “rage attacks” due to their intensity, and related behavioral difficulties such as noncompliance. This chapter describes current methods to the assessment and treatment of emotion dysregulation in TS. To date, cognitive-behavioral interventions aimed at teaching children with TS to identify triggers and consequences of their anger outbursts and to learn emotion regulation and cognitive problem-solving skills have received the most research support. Parent training can also be helpful for reducing noncompliance and irritability in younger children with TS. In addition to the review of current research, this chapter also provides case illustration and practical strategies for clinicians working with individuals with TS and their families.
Measurement of Fungitoxicity

Fungitoxicity has been defined as the ability of a chemical to interfere in an adverse way with the vital functions of a fungus by physiochemical means (Anon, 1943). Fungistatic action implies a continuous interference as long as the organism is in the presence of the toxicant. Fungicidal action denotes a persistent action after withdrawal of the toxicant. Unfortunately, there is no single site of action on which to base an assay of fungitoxicity. Thus, criteria for toxic action are described in general terms as inhibition of growth and development. Growth, swelling of cells, collapse of protoplasts, sporulation, germination of spores, and respiration all are responses used to determine fungitoxicity. Fungitoxicity can also be expressed in numerical terms as the dosage of toxicant that produces a unit inhibition of fungal response in a prescribed period of time.
Leveling the playing field: can psychological coping resources reduce the influence of physical and technical skills on athletic performance?

Background and Objectives: The present study assessed the extent to which individual differences in psychological coping resources are related to athletic performance; whether they can attenuate the amount of performance variance accounted for by physical/technical skills; and whether coping resources remain significant predictors of performance when physical/technical skill level is statistically controlled.Methods: Twenty college golf coaches rated the physical/technical skills of 189 men and women varsity golfers on their teams. Athletes completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28), with the total (Personal Coping Resources) score serving as a global measure of sport-relevant psychological coping resources. Subsequent performance (stroke average per round) of 105 golfers was assessed over a mean of 12.04 competitive rounds during the remainder of the season.Results: Physical/technical skills and psychological coping resource measures were minimally correlated and both were significa...
Adaptive base isolation system to achieve structural resiliency under both short- and long-period earthquake ground motions:

Base isolation system is widely used to protect important and essential buildings from seismic hazards. The use of high damping is effective in reducing the resonance effect under long-period earth...
A Hierarchical Release Control Policy Framework

With increasing information exchange within and between organizations, it becomes increasingly unsatisfactory to depend solely on access control to meet confidentiality and other security needs. To better support the regulation of information flow, this paper presents a release control framework founded on a logical language. Release policies can be specified in a hierarchical manner, in the sense that each user, group, division and organization can specify their own policies, and these are combined by the framework in a manner that enables flexibility within the context of management oversight and regulation. In addition, the language can be used naturally to specify associated provisions (actions that must be undertaken before the release is permitted) and obligations (actions that are agreed will be taken after the release).
ПРИНЦИПЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ЦЕНТРА ДЛЯ ЗАНЯТИЙ ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНЫМИ ВИДАМИ СПОРТА В КУРСКЕ

The purpose of this paper is to identify the basic principles of formation of a multifunctional complex for extreme sports. It includes a comparative analysis of extreme sports facilities in Kursk as well as a number of previously studied similar projects and existing buildings by Russian and foreign architects. The authors of the paper propose a sports complex that fits into the existing architecture of the city. New technologies have been introduces to implement the design of such complex objects as a wind tunnel, a deep-water diving pool, a large-span indoor skate hall with seats for spectators and overhead light. All these elements have been taken from the projects of well-known architectural firms, such as eXtreme Architects, White Studio, Moko Architects, as well as other foreign projects of Danish and Norwegian architects. The authors also considered some ideas on the reconstruction of industrial facilities, such as a fan depot or a silo tower, which were converted into multifunctional sports complexes. The social, economic and environmental aspects of designing such an object have been taken into consideration. The authors give the regulatory framework including the fire safety requirements, requirements on building maintenance by limited mobility populations (MH), the impact on the environment. Moreover, the authors mention building regulations, which establish requirements to the equipment, inventory and the space of the whole complex. The article examines the importance of building a multifunctional complex for practicing extreme sports, and also confirms the relevance of such sports in Kursk.
The Influence of Scientists’ Knowledge Diversity, Dissimilarity, and Experience on Publications

We apply the problem-solving perspective of the knowledge-based theory to government-funded interdisciplinary R&D programs and assess key factors that influence scientists’ publication performance....
Health, work, and income among middle-aged and older adults: A panel analysis for China

Abstract This paper analyzes for the first time changes in health experienced by middle-aged and older adults in China and the extent to which they are associated with changes in individual work and income outcomes. The paper uses a fixed effect specification, six measures of health (self-reported health status, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs, depression, word recall, and hypertension) and data from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). We find gender and rural-urban gaps in levels and rates of decline in the health of middle-aged and older Chinese, with worse health outcomes overall and worse declines for women among those with rural household registration status (or Hukou)-rural residence. Results from the fixed effects models indicate that among men age 45 to 59 with rural Hukou and residing in rural areas, health decrements are significantly associated with a lower likelihood of working and reduced work hours, earnings, and income. The work status and work hours of older women (age 60–69) with a rural Hukou (regardless of rural or urban residence) are associated with health changes, while earnings or income are not. These results suggest that in China, gender, Hukou, and residence are particularly important factors to consider for the relationship between health and individual work and income outcomes for middle-aged and older adults. Overall, they point towards a need in China for policies that support health, work, and income among middle-aged and older adults in rural areas, especially among middle-aged men with rural Hukou-rural residence.
Weight Stigma and Weight-Related Health: Associations of Self-Report Measures Among Adults in Weight Management.

BACKGROUND Weight stigma impairs health. Few studies have disentangled the associations of experienced versus internalized stigma with weight-related outcomes. PURPOSE To examine weight and health variables associated with weight stigma experiences and internalization in the largest-to-date sample of adults in weight management. METHODS WW (formerly Weight Watchers) members (N = 18,769, 94.6% female, 91.1% white) completed an online survey from 2017 to 2018. Participants reported whether they had experienced weight stigma and, if so, the onset, past-year frequency and distress, and interpersonal sources of stigma. Participants completed the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M) and self-reported: past-year weight and lifetime weight cycles; current self-monitoring behaviors; eating self-efficacy; physical activity; perceived stress; eating to cope; body image; and mental and physical health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL). Participants reported their demographic characteristics, including height and weight to compute body mass index. RESULTS In logistic and linear regression analyses (controlling for participant characteristics), WBIS-M scores were negatively associated with weight loss, self-monitoring, eating self-efficacy, body image, and mental HRQOL and positively associated with weight gain, weight cycling, perceived stress, and eating to cope (p < .001). Experiencing weight stigma was associated with greater weight loss and less weight gain, although associations with other variables had small effect sizes (absolute β values < 0.10). WBIS-M scores remained significantly associated with all variables when including stigma onset, frequency/distress, and sources. CONCLUSIONS Internalized, but not experienced, weight stigma was consistently associated with adverse weight and health factors. Developing and testing interventions targeting internalized stigma in the context of weight management should be a research priority.
The Influence of Social Determinants of Health on Emergency Departments Visits in a Medicaid Sample.

Study objective We evaluate the relationship between social determinants of health and emergency department (ED) visits in the Medicaid Cohort of the District of Columbia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 8,943 adult Medicaid beneficiaries who completed a social determinants of health survey at study enrollment. We merged the social determinants of health data with participants' Medicaid claims data for up to 24 months before enrollment. Using latent class analysis, we grouped our participants into 4 distinct social risk classes based on similar responses to the social determinants of health questions. We classified ED visits as primary care treatable or ED care needed, using the Minnesota algorithm. We calculated the adjusted log relative primary care treatable and ED care needed visit rates among the social risk classes by using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Results The majority (71%) of the 49,111 ED visits made by the 8,943 participants were ED care needed. The adjusted log relative rate of both primary care treatable and ED care needed visit rates increased with each higher (worse) social risk class compared with the lowest class. Participants in the highest social risk class (ie, unemployed and many social risks) had a log relative primary care treatable and ED care needed rate of 39% (range 28% to 50%) and 29% (range 21% to 38%), respectively, adjusted for age, sex, and illness severity. Conclusion There is a strong relationship between social determinants of health and ED utilization in this Medicaid sample that is worth investigating in other Medicaid samples and patient populations.
Liquid-like protein interactions catalyse assembly of endocytic vesicles.

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, dozens of proteins assemble into an interconnected network at the plasma membrane. As initiators of endocytosis, Eps15 and Fcho1/2 concentrate downstream components, while permitting dynamic rearrangement within the budding vesicle. How do initiator proteins meet these competing demands? Here we show that Eps15 and Fcho1/2 rely on weak, liquid-like interactions to catalyse endocytosis. In vitro, these weak interactions promote the assembly of protein droplets with liquid-like properties. To probe the physiological role of these liquid-like networks, we tuned the strength of initiator protein assembly in real time using light-inducible oligomerization of Eps15. Low light levels drove liquid-like assemblies, restoring normal rates of endocytosis in mammalian Eps15-knockout cells. By contrast, initiator proteins formed solid-like assemblies upon exposure to higher light levels, which stalled vesicle budding, probably owing to insufficient molecular rearrangement. These findings suggest that liquid-like assembly of initiator proteins provides an optimal catalytic platform for endocytosis. Phase separation promotes clathrin-mediated endocytosis; Day et al. show that Eps15 and Fcho1 rely on weak, liquid-like interactions to efficiently catalyse endocytosis.
Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: Constituents, Mechanical Properties, Applications and Current Challenges

Abstract Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a new class of concrete developed in France in the 1990s with superior characteristics including high workability, high compressive strength, increased ductility, and high resistance to environmental attacks. UHPC is increasingly used in local and international construction markets in the construction of high rise structures, long-span precast/prestressed bridge girders, marine, aviation, and defense construction applications due to its superior mechanical properties, and favorable long-term performance. This study presents recent research findings regarding the UHPC mix designs, fresh and hardened concrete properties, and current UHPC applications in the construction industry including specific bridge applications. Despite of UHPC advantages, multiple impediments are present that delays the widespread of UHPC application in the construction industry including lack of design codes and specifications for estimating UHPC performance, the need for special batching, mixing, and curing. This study assists different construction stakeholders in understanding the unique characteristics, advantages, and impediments to the widespread of UHPC applications. The deciphering of UHPC will help increase its overall market share in local and global construction markets.
Understanding mental health outcomes related to compassion fatigue in parents of children diagnosed with intellectual disability.

Background:Parenting a child diagnosed with intellectual disability includes a variety of stressors. The degree to which stress affects these parents has been given little emphasis. Compassion fati...
Changes in Merkel Cell Oncoprotein Antibodies (AMERK) After Radiation Therapy (RT) in Curatively Treated Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) and Association With Recurrence.

Purpose/objective(s) Serum antibodies to the Merkel oncoprotein (AMERK) are expressed in approximately 50% of patients (pts) with MCC and can be used to monitor for recurrence. This study aimed to describe changes in AMERK levels after RT for MCC and identify patterns that predict disease recurrence. Materials/methods Pts with MCC were identified retrospectively if they had curative-intent postoperative or definitive RT at a single institution from 2010-2020. Pts treated with RT at other institutions were excluded due to inability to assess RT quality, previously shown to impact MCC outcomes. All patients had a pre-RT AMERK and at least one post-RT AMERK (median no. Tests 5, range 1-10). Changes in AMERK were described and compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test for two-sample non-parametric comparisons and the Chi-square test for recurrence association. Results Of 202 MCC pts treated at our institution, 61 curatively treated pts had a pre-RT AMERK test performed. AMERK was detectable in 27 of the 61 patients (44%) with a median value of 2950 (range 127 to 115,000 [upper limit of assay]). Detectable pre-RT AMERK was associated with decreased MCC recurrence compared to pts with undetectable pre-RT AMERK (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12,1.04). The 27 pts with positive pre-RT AMERK had Stages I (n = 5), II (n = 1), and III (n = 21) from sites of the extremity (n = 14), head/neck (n = 7), unknown primary (n = 4), and trunk (n = 2). Pts with gross disease at RT (n = 11) had higher median pre-RT AMERK than those without gross disease at RT (n = 16) (median 8550 vs. 1840, P = 0.06). With a median follow-up of 20 months (range 2.3-61.3), there were 7 recurrences, all were distant. All AMERK-positive pts were alive at last follow-up except for the single immunosuppressed pt who recurred and died of MCC. A ≥50% AMERK reduction by 6-months after RT had a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI 74-100) for detecting disease-free status and a negative predictive value of 83% (95% CI 41-97%), reflecting the probability of recurrence if 115,00 value, had initiated high-dose corticosteroids for a comorbid condition. Out of 8 recurrence-free patients with AMERK levels available more than 2-years post-RT, 50% (4 of 8) had detectable AMERK (range 239-1960, > 2 years post-RT). Conclusion Reduction in AMERK post-RT can be used to predict MCC recurrence, which rarely occurs with a sustained ≥50% reduction by 6-months post-RT. AMERK may be persistently detectable in recurrence-free pts beyond 2 years. Further research is needed to determine the impact of corticosteroid initiation on AMERK levels.
Factors Associated with Decision Aid Use in Localized Prostate Cancer

AbstractIntroduction:Decision aids have been found to improve patients’ knowledge of treatments and decrease decisional regrets. Despite these benefits, there is not widespread use of decision aids...
Limitations on Proton Decay Modes from a Passive Detection Scheme

Passive proton decay experiments are based on the observation that a kiloton of material after one year will have experienced as many proton (or bound neutron) decays as a single gram of a billion year old piece of matter. The observations I will discuss are based on the following. First, following a proton decay event within a nucleus, such as 160 or 56Fe, a spallation of that nucleus is fairly probable. The size of the probability depends somewhat on the nucleon decay products, e.g. a pion will scatter or react approximately half the time in 160. However, even if nucleon decays were into all neutrinos, the “hole” left in the daughter nucleus would leave it with an excitation energy of up to about 50 MeV. This highly excited nucleus would then emit protons, neutrons and alphas until only a stable particle fragment was left. Second, it is known that the heavy recoiling fragments from such spallation reactions are highly ionizing enough to cause damage in solids such as mica, and indeed short (l to 2µ) spallation recoil tracks have been observed.1
The politics of adjustment: The African case

Abstract Food aid has been used consciously and increasingly for promoting structural adjustment, and has had a major impact on the economic programmes of many states in the 1980s, particularly in Africa. This article considers the politics of adjustment programmes and food aid, and the dilemmas which arise, including the effects of food subsidies, conditionality, overhead costs, varying food needs, and attitudes towards food aid. New approaches and more coordination are needed if food aid, to Africa in particular, is to be even moderately effective in aiding countries making major policy changes.