cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parkinsonian Mimetics Induce Aspects of Unfolded Protein Response in Death of Dopaminergic Neurons

Genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested a role for ubiquitin-proteasome dysfunction and aberrant protein degradation in this disorder. Inasmuch as oxidative stress has also been implicated in PD, the present study examined transcriptional changes mediated by the Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxins 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in a dopaminergic cell line. Microarray analysis of RNA isolated from toxin treated samples revealed that the stress-induced transcription factor CHOP/Gadd153 was dramatically up-regulated by both 6-OHDA and MPP+. Treatment with 6-OHDA also induced a large number of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) such as ER chaperones and elements of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemical approaches were used to quantify and temporally order the UPR pathways involved in neurotoxin-induced cell death. 6-OHDA, but not MPP+, significantly increased hallmarks of UPR such as BiP, c-Jun, and processed Xbp1 mRNA. Both toxins increased the phosphorylation of UPR proteins, PERK and eIF2α, but only 6-OHDA increased phosphorylation of c-Jun. Thus, 6-OHDA is capable of triggering multiple pathways associated with UPR, whereas MPP+ exhibits a more restricted response. The involvement of UPR in these widely used neurotoxin models supports the role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway dysfunction in PD.
Case‐control assessment of diet and lung cancer risk in African Americans and Mexican Americans

Abstract In this case‐control study we determined whether dietary differences underlie some of the ethnic and sex differences in US lung cancer rates. We examined the relationship between diet and lung cancer development in 137 lung cancer cases (93 African Americans and 44 Mexican Americans) and 187 controls (78 African Americans and 109 Mexican Americans). Cases reported a higher daily mean total fat intake (p < 0.001), whereas controls had a higher daily mean intake of dietary fiber (p < 0.001) and fruits (p = 0.02). Ethnic differences in diet were also observed: Mexican Americans consumed less total fat (p < 0.02) and more fiber (p < 0.001) and vegetables (p = 0.08) than African Americans. Additionally, men consumed more total fat (p = 0.08) and less fiber (p = 0.001), fruits (p < 0.001), and vegetables (p = 0.002) than women. Multivariable analysis, after adjustment for the effects of pack‐years of smoking, age, total energy intake, sex, and ethnicity, demonstrated a positive association between high...
Population Structure and Reproductive Biology of Saururus cernuus L. (Saururaceae)

The population structure and reproductive biology of Saururus cernuus (Lizard's Tail; Saururaceae; Piperales), is documented in five sites in southern Louisiana (Mississippi Delta). The species is common throughout the southeastern United States in marshes, along streams, edges of lakes, and in the understory of moist forests. The clonal species exhibits sexual and vegetative reproduction. Wind and insects both play important roles in pollination. Pollen may be borne by insects directly. Alternatively, the pollen may be borne by wind after its release is triggered from pendulous floral spikes (the “Lizard's Tail”) by either wind or insect landings (insect-mediated wind pollination). The plants are self-incompatible and seed set results from a combination of pollination modes with wind pollination being the primary mode (rare in the Magnoliidae). Inflorescence and floral structure exhibit adaptive features that facilitate the various modes of pollen transfer, viz., numerous, small scented, protogynous flowers with no perianth, ultraviolet patterns produced by stamen filaments, small pollen grains, curved inflorescences, and exerted stamens, etc. Fruit production and seed germination are documented and plant growth and densities are compared in sunny versus forest sites.
Spectral Asymptotics of Toeplitz Operators on Zoll Manifolds

We prove a generalization of the Strong Szego Limit Theorem for Zoll type operators on smooth compact closed manifolds. More precisely, letXbe a compact manifold, and letQ:C∞(X)→C∞(X) be a self-adjoint first order ellipticΨDOwhose spectrum is {1, 2, 3, …}. LetAbe a zeroth orderΨDO onXwhose spectrum does not contain zero in its closed convex hull. WritePnfor the projector onto the span of the eigenfunctions ofQwith eigenvalues in {1, …, n}. Our main result is a second order asymptotic formula for log detPnAPn, asn→∞.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STIMULUS CONTROL BY INSTRUCTIONS AND BY DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT

A repeated acquisition design was used to study the effects of instructions and differential reinforcement on the performance of complex chains by undergraduates. The chains required responding on a series of keys that corresponded to characters that appeared on a monitor. Each day, subjects performed a new chain in a learning session and later relearned the same chain in a test session. Experiment 1 replicated previous research by showing that instructional stimuli paired with the correct responses in the learning sessions, combined with differential reinforcement in both learning and test sessions, resulted in stimulus control by the characters in each link. Experiment 2 separated the effects of instructional stimuli and differential reinforcement, and showed that stimulus control by the characters could be established solely by differential reinforcement during the test sessions. Experiment 3 showed that when a rule specified the relation between learning and test sessions, some subjects performed accurately in the test sessions without exposure to any differential consequences. This rule apparently altered the stimulus control properties of the characters much as did differential reinforcement during testing. However, compared to differential reinforcement, the rule established stimulus control more quickly.
Management utilization of computers in American local governments

Traditional concepts of management information systems (MIS) bear little relation to the information systems currently in use by top management in most US local governments. What exists is management-oriented computing, involving the use of relatively unsophisticated applications. Despite the unsophisticated nature of these systems, management use of computing is surprisingly common, but also varied in its extent among local governments. Management computing is most prevalent in those governments with professional management practices where top management is supportive of computing and tends to control computing decisions and where department users have less control over design and implementation activities. Finally, management computing clearly has impacts for top managers, mostly involving improvements in decision information.
Complementary Selenium···Iodine Halogen Bonding and Phenyl Embraces: Cocrystals of Triphenylphosphine Selenide with Organoiodides

Se···I Halogen bonding (XB) between triphenylphosphine selenide and organoiodides: 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,2-F4DIB), 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,4-F4DIB), and tetraiodoethylene (TIE) has been used to assemble molecules into finite adducts, chains, and two-dimensional layers. Phenyl embraces involving the triphenylphosphine groups extend these moieties into additional dimensions, leading in two cases (1,4-F4DIB and TIE) to open structures, with filled or partially filled cavities. Comparison of structural parameters for 26 reported zigzag chains of embracing Ph3XY reveals that this synthon can adapt its registry to accommodate widely diverse structures. The strengths of the XB interactions were analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) theory, which provides an estimate of the energy of a donor–acceptor interaction (ΔEd→a) through localization of the molecular orbitals. Structures of 1:1 and 1:2 XB complexes of Ph3P═Se with 1,2-F4DIB and 1,4-F4DIB were optimized at the DFT(B97-1)/BSI level. The...
Partners and strangers revisited

Abstract This study replicates Andreoni's (Journal of Public Economics, 1988, 37, 291–304) public goods experiments. The results are not consistent with simple learning, but are compatible with strategies, unlike Andreoni's original experiment. An investigation of the variance of contributions provides an organizing explanation of previous results.
Combinatorial optimization of spinel Co3−xMxO4 M = (Al, Ga, In) alloyed thin films prepared by ink jet printing: photoelectrochemical, optical, and structural properties

The photoelectrochemical, optical, and structural properties of semiconducting spinel oxide solid solutions and mixed phase thin films of Co3−xMxO4 [M = (Al, Ga, In)] are investigated as a function the Al : Ga : In alloying ratio and the total Co substitution amount, x. The highest photocurrent, and improved dark currents relative to unalloyed Co3O4 films, were measured from films with Al : Ga : In ratios of ∼1.5 : 1 : 1.9 at x = 0.4. Glancing angle XRD reveals a lattice expansion upon alloying when x ≥ 0.6 along with a general disordering of the crystal structure that appears to correlate with the In mole fraction since In has limited solubility in the spinel structure. However, an optimal balance of properties may be achieved, within the In solubility range, by the combined effects of the group IIIB elements resulting in higher cathodic photocurrents relative to unalloyed Co3O4 even though the optical absorption of the alloyed compositions is systematically reduced and blue shifted. SEM analysis reveals clear changes in film morphology exhibiting a smoother surface when x ≥ 0.6. This work demonstrates that combinatorial band engineering can help optimize the photoelectrochemical performance of Co3O4 by offsetting losses in optical absorption via improved carrier transport.
Design of Nonlinear Sensor Networks for Process Plants

In this article we extend and generalize the ideas of two previous articles devoted to linear sensor networks to nonlinear systems. In those previous articles the use of cutsets and a decomposition procedure were proposed and proved efficient to solve large scale linear problems. In this article we show that a similar procedure, now based on a variable elimination scheme, can be also used efficiently for medium size nonlinear problems, but its computational efficiency for realistic large scale problems is not satisfactory. We also propose an alternative technique for the case of tree enumeration using instruments instead of equations that is very efficient for heavily instrumented flowsheets.
Torsion of the fallopian tube: progression of sonographic features.

Isolated torsion of the fallopian tube is a rare gynecologic condition that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. We present the sonographic and CT findings over a 48-hour period in a case of isolated torsion of the fallopian tube. The radiologic features of isolated torsion have been described previously; however, to our knowledge, the progressive findings have not been previously reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 26:374–376, 1998.
X-ray rocking curve analysis of strained heterointerfaces and quantum wells

A detailed discussion is given for the x-ray rocking curve analysis of semiconductor heterointerfaces and strained quantum wells using x-ray interferometry. It is shown that for a single beteroepitaxial layer sample and a multiple quantum well sample, the heterointerface where the composition changes in both anion and cation sublattices can be studied with a half monolayer sensitivity by analyzing the x-ray rocking curve profile. Such sample systems include GaInAs/InP, InGaSb, GaInP/GaAs, ZnSe/GaAs, etc. A simple kinematical diffraction principle involved in the x-ray analysis is explained. Namely, the relative phase difference between the reflection amplitudes of any two layers depends on the total sum of strain (or mismatch)-thickness products over the intervening layers and interfaces. The x-ray interferometry is also effective in measuring the strain-thickness product of strained quantum wells. Experimental data and analysis results are presented for a series of functional device structures having a strained quantum well. For a more complicated sample structure which involves both a (strained) quantum-effect layer and gained interfaces, it is shown that the x-ray interferometry is only capable of providing the total strain-thickness product over the quantum layer and the surrounding interfaces, but no detailed information about the interface grading can be gained frommore » the rocking curve analysis alone if only one isolated sample is measured. An experimental data of such a sample, 0.3{mu}m-GaAs/100{Angstrom}-GaInP/GaAs(001), is analyzed. 15 refs., 6 figs.« less
Misconceptions about brain injury: A survey replication study

Primary objective: The researchers sought to update information about the public's knowledge about brain injury and to document progress made toward correcting misconceptions.Research design: Survey replication.Methods and procedures: Three hundred and eighteen respondents from the lay public answered questions about general brain injury knowledge, coma and unconsciousness, memory deficits and brain injury recovery. Chi-square analyses revealed significant differences among respondents based on age, gender, education and personal experience with brain injury or brain injury survivors. Findings were also compared with those reported by previous researchers administering similar questionnaires.Main outcomes and results: Misconceptions persist regarding some brain injury sequelae. Although most respondents knew general information, large numbers reported incorrect beliefs about memory problems, coma and unconsciousness and recovery.Conclusions: Despite the frequency with which it occurs, the general public p...
Differentiating Fact from Fantasy: The Reliability of Children's Memory

This paper examines a set of common assumptions about children's memory. Children compared to adults are thought to notice less, omit more, forget faster, be more susceptible to suggestion, and especially to intermingle imagination and perception in remembering. These propositions are interesting from the point of view of theoretical models of memory and memory development. They also have important implications for legal practice. While children's tendency to recall less than adults is well documented, there is surprisingly little evidence for other deficits in children's memory. This paper describes a new line of research, directed at the question of whether children are worse than adults in discriminating real from imagined events in memory (reality monitoring). The results suggest that children may have difficulty with some, but not all, reality-monitoring situations.
The free amino acid contents and growth rates of polyploidSaccharomyces

In einer genetisch nachweisbar polyploiden Familie von Saccharomyces wurden der Gesamtgehalt an freien intrazellularen Aminosauren und die Geschwindigkeit der Zellteilungen in Abhangigkeit der Ploidie bestimmt. Es liess sich zeigen, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Zellteilungen von der Ploidie nicht beeinflusst wird, wahrend der Gesamtgehalt an freien intrazellularen Aminosauren sich direkt proportional mit der Zunahme der Ploidie vergrossert (Verhaltnis 1:1).
Bone infarcts in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

The Case: A 48-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosed more than 20 years ago presented to our clinic with a history of generalized pain, profound fatigue, oral ulcers, dry eyes and mouth, and hair loss. She complained of severe pain in her fingers, wrists, knees, hips and
Model‐Based fMRI and Its Application to Reward Learning and Decision Making

In model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), signals derived from a computational model for a specific cognitive process are correlated against fMRI data from subjects performing a relevant task to determine brain regions showing a response profile consistent with that model. A key advantage of this technique over more conventional neuroimaging approaches is that model-based fMRI can provide insights into how a particular cognitive process is implemented in a specific brain area as opposed to merely identifying where a particular process is located. This review will briefly summarize the approach of model-based fMRI, with reference to the field of reward learning and decision making, where computational models have been used to probe the neural mechanisms underlying learning of reward associations, modifying action choice to obtain reward, as well as in encoding expected value signals that reflect the abstract structure of a decision problem. Finally, some of the limitations of this approach will be discussed.
The tempo and mode of gopher mound production in a tallgrass prairie remnant

Klaas, B. A., Moloney, K. A. and Danielson, B. J. 2000. The tempo and mode ofgopher mound production in a tallgrass prairie remnant. – Ecography 23: 246–256.To gain better insight into how small-scale disturbances might affect ecologicalprocesses, such as the maintenance of plant species diversity, we conducted atwo-year study characterizing spatio-temporal patterns of gopher mound productionon a tallgrass prairie remnant located at Anderson Prairie, Iowa, USA. The locationsof all newly produced gopher mounds were mapped on two 80˛80 m permanentplots. We used these data to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of mound produc-tion across a range of scales. We found that mound production was highly clusteredat scales of B8 m over short periods of time (B2 weeks), but shifted in locationover a 3–4 weeks time period, resulting in a clustered pattern at scales of B20 mover longer time periods (up to the 2 yr of the study). We also found that patternsof mound production at intermediate spatial scales (\20 m) remained fairly staticover time, although they differed signiﬁcantly from site to site. The results of thisstudy suggest that small-scale patterns of variability in mound production mayincrease habitat variability over very short spatial scales, possibly providing amechanism that can enhance the development and maintenance of species diversity.
A comparative study of within-basin and regional peatland development: implications for peatland carbon dynamics

Abstract Northern peatlands are among the most carbon-rich ecosystems on Earth, but many unanswered questions remain regarding linkages between their long-term developmental processes and climatic variability. In this paper, we present a detailed paleoecological reconstruction of the developmental history of a kettle peatland in northern Wisconsin, USA (Fallison Bog) based on 21 coring locations and temporally constrained by 69 radiocarbon dates. This record of within-basin developmental history is compared to a regional dataset containing estimated ages of peatland establishment for 75 core samples collected from 37 depressional peatlands throughout the Great Lakes Region. Finally, our data are used to develop a spatially explicit model of whole-system carbon accumulation in Fallison Bog, which distinguishes between carbon pools stored in limnic sediments and peat deposits. Results indicate that peatland development in Fallison Bog was episodic and spatially complex. Peatland development was related to the morphology of the underlying basin and characterized by pulses of both terrestrialization and paludification. Major episodes of terrestrialization centered on 4980 and 3180 years before A.D. 1850 (cal yr BP), with less extensive episodes occurring around 3840, 1060, 670, and 410 cal yr BP. Extensive peatland area developed by paludification of shallow portions of the basin around 2040 cal yr BP. The timing of peatland development within Fallison Bog was correlated with the timing of peatland development in other depressional peatlands across the Great Lakes Region ( r = 0.70), suggesting a common climatic driver. Comparison of peatland development in Fallison Bog and independent paleoclimate records suggested that both millennial-scale and sub-centennial-scale variability in moisture balance influenced spatiotemporal patterns of peatland development. Model results indicated that Fallison Bog accumulated ∼6655 t of carbon during the Holocene, with 66% of this total stored in peat deposits that have accumulated in only the last ∼5000 years. Collectively, model results and the strong correlation between the timing of within-basin and regional pulses of peatland establishment imply that depressional peatlands likely experienced climate-sensitive and episodic changes in carbon accumulation rates during the Holocene, and similar dynamics could be expected in response to ongoing and future climatic change.
GroEL and GroES Control of Substrate Flux in the in Vivo Folding Pathway of Phage P22 Coat Protein

Our present understanding of the action of the chaperonins GroEL/S on protein folding is based primarily on in vitro studies, whereas the folding of proteins in the cellular milieu has not been as thoroughly investigated. We have developed a means of examining in vivo protein folding and assembly that utilizes the coat protein of bacteriophage P22, a naturally occurring substrate of GroEL/S. Here we show that amino acid substitutions in coat protein that cause a temperature-sensitive-folding (tsf) phenotype slowed assembly rates upon increasing the temperature of cell growth. Raising cellular concentrations of GroEL/S increased the rate of assembly of the tsf mutant coat proteins to nearly that of wild-type (WT) coat protein by protecting a thermolabile folding intermediate from aggregation, thereby increasing the concentration of assembly-competent coat protein. The rate of release of thetsf coat proteins from the GroEL/S-coat protein ternary complex was approximately 2-fold slower at non-permissive temperatures when compared with the release of WT coat protein. However, the rate of release of WT or tsf coat proteins at each temperature remained constant regardless of GroEL/S levels. Thus, raising the cellular concentration of GroEL/S increased the amount of assembly-competent tsf coat proteins not by altering the rates of folding but by increasing the probability of GroEL/S-coat protein complex formation.
Evapotranspiration of Corn and Forage Sorghum for Silage

In the U.S. Southern High Plains, dairies have expanded and have increased the regional demand for forage and silage. The objectives were to measure water use and determine crop coefficients for corn (Zea mays L.) and forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) produced for silage on the Southern High Plains. Water use was measured with large, precision weighing lysimeters in 2006 and 2007. Both growing seasons had normal to above normal rainfall. The 2006 season was more advective with greater mean daily reference evapotranspiration (ET) rates. Seasonal ET was 671 mm for forage sorghum with a yield of 1.48 kg m -2 in 2006 and 489 mm in 2007 with a yield of 1.70 kg m -2 ; water productivity was 2.21 kg m -3 in 2006 and 3.47 kg m -3 in 2007. Seasonal ET was 418 mm for corn for silage with a yield of 1.52 kg m -2 in 2006 and 671 mm in 2007 with a yield of 2.44 kg m -2 ; water productivity was 3.63 kg m -3 in 2006 and 3.64 kg m -3 in 2007. Using the 2007 season as a better species comparison, forage sorghum can achieve comparable water productivity as corn with less ET (~73% of corn ET) and irrigation requirement although with a reduced yield (~62% of corn dry matter).
Effect of prevention of lung inflation on metamorphosis and respiration in the developing bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana.

We tested the hypothesis that respiratory development would be retarded in tadpoles reared in aquaria in which a barrier prevented access to the air–water interface. To test this hypothesis, we examined swimming behavior and respiration in intact tadpoles and gill and lung respiratory activity and central chemosensory responses in an in vitro brainstem preparation. The “barrier” tadpoles had significantly lower resting gill frequencies and higher lung breath attempts than control tadpoles at the same metamorphic stage. Control tadpoles swam greater distances and spent more time in the upper one third of the aquaria, while barrier tadpoles spent significantly more time at the bottom of the aquaria. There was significantly greater mortality for barrier tadpoles compared to control animals in the earliest and latest metamorphic stages. Mean body weight was significantly greater, and metamorphic rate was reduced in barrier tadpoles. Neither control nor barrier tadpole brainstem preparations demonstrated a gill ventilatory response to CO2; however, both control and barrier preparations possessed significant lung frequency responses to central CO2 chemoreceptor stimulation. Bath application of the GABAA and glycine receptor antagonists, bicuculline and strychnine, had greater effects on control tadpole gill burst activity and produced a similar large-amplitude bursting pattern in both control and barrier tadpoles, that was insensitive to CO2 chemoreceptor stimulation. We conclude that development of the respiratory pattern was perturbed by the barrier, but the major effect was on gill ventilation rather than lung ventilation as we had expected. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:335–347, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mending mutations by in vivo site-directed mutagenesis

Abstract In vivo site-directed mutagenesis of the factor IX gene by chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides Kren, B.T. et al. (1998) Nat. Med. 4, 285–290 Targeted nucleotide exchange in the alkaline phosphatase gene of HuH-7 cells mediated by a chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotide Kren, B.T. et al. (1997) Hepatology 25, 1462–1468
Dielectric breakdown threshold, two-photon absorption, and other optical damage mechanisms in diamond

The breakdown threshold and two-photon absorption coefficient are measured in diamond with picosecond pulses at 1.06 and 0.53 μm. The rms breakdown threshold at 1.06 μm is 21.5 MV/cm. The two-photon absorption coefficient at 0.53 μm is less than 2.6 \times 10^{-4} cm/MW.
Protein Kinase C-θ Clustering at Immunological Synapses Amplifies Effector Responses in NK Cells

In lymphocytes, stimulation of cell surface activating receptors induces the formation of protein microclusters at the plasma membrane that contain the receptor itself, along with other signaling molecules. Although these microclusters are generally thought to be crucial for promoting downstream cellular responses, evidence that specifically links clustering potential to signaling output is lacking. We found that protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ), a key signaling molecule in multiple lymphocyte subsets, formed microclusters in activated NK cells. These microclusters coalesced within the immunological synapse between the NK cell and its target cell. Clustering was mediated by the regulatory region of PKCθ and specifically required a putative phosphotyrosine-binding site within its N-terminal C2 domain. Whereas expression of wild-type PKCθ rescued the cytokine production defect displayed by PKCθ-deficient NK cells, expression of a PKCθ point-mutant incapable of forming microclusters had little to no effect. Hence, PKCθ clustering was necessary for optimal effector function. Notably, only receptors containing ITAMs induced PKCθ microclusters on their own, explaining previous observations that ITAM-coupled receptors promote stronger activating signals and effector responses than do receptors lacking these motifs. Taken together, our results provide a cell biological basis for the role of PKCθ clustering during NK cell activation, and highlight the importance of subcellular compartmentalization for lymphocyte signal transduction.
An Interactive Method for Modeling Leaves

This paper describes a realistic interactive method for modeling leaves which incorporates a number of interesting techniques. Using a 2D leaf image as input, this method first extracts a set of feature points by image processing and manual interaction. Second, we use these feature points to generate the leaf shape by double silhouette-axis skeleton method. Finally, Laplacian surface editing is applied for deformation to produce a real leaf model. Our approach is simple and flexible, and we believe it can be a general method be widely used for modeling various leaves.
Role of the clotting system in cell-mediated hypersensitivity. I. Fibrin deposition in delayed skin reactions in man.

The expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in animals has been inhibited by a variety of anticoagulants, but direct evidence for activation of clotting in the evolution of these reactions has been lacking. Using the fluorescent antibody technique we here demonstrate that fibrin deposition is a prominent and consistent feature of both allergic contact dermatitis and classic delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in man. Fib was detected in 55 of 58 delayed reactions studied at the peak of their intensity. The characteristic distribution of Fib—principally in the intervascular portions of the reticular dermis with sparing of vessels and their associated cuffs of mononuclear cells—is unusual and quite different from that described in antibody-mediated lesions in animals or man. Fib was found in vessel walls in only 2 of 94 biopsies studied. With a single exception, deposition of immunoglobulins and complement was not observed. The pathogensis and significance of Fib deposition in these reactions are not yet clear. Fib is ultimately derived from circulating fibrinogen, and its accumulation provides additional evidence for locally increased vascular permeability in delayed hypersensitivity. Polymerization of extravascular fibrinogen could be triggered nonspecifically by dermal elements (e.g., collagen) or by a product of sensitized lymphocytes. The appearance of Fib early in the development of these reactions (4–8 h after epicutaneous test with DNCB) and inhibition studies with anticoagulants together suggest that clotting may have a role in their pathogenesis, possibly by the release of bioactive peptides from fibrinogen/fibrin or by contributing to the induration characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity.
The impact of religiosity and attribution theory on attitudes toward addiction and cancer

Little is known about the relation between religiosity and illness stigma. This study examined the relationship between religiosity and stigmatizing attitudes toward the mental illness of addiction and the physical illness of cancer. Participants (N = 120) completed a measure of religiosity and evaluated a vignette describing either a person with addiction or cancer. The results indicated that attitudes were more negative toward a person with addiction than a person with cancer, which is consistent with attribution theory. However, religiosity was generally unrelated to stigmatizing attitudes. These results suggest that religiosity may be a less powerful determinant of stigmatizing attitudes than attributions about the illness.
Balloon Angioplasty for the Treatment of Left Innominate Vein Obstruction Related Chylothorax after Congenital Heart Surgery

Objective Chylothorax complicates the postoperative course of patients after congenital heart surgery. Innominate vein thrombosis and stenosis have been associated with postoperative chylothorax. Revascularization and angioplasty can be accomplished using transcatheter techniques. We report our experience with this procedure for the management of postoperative chylothorax. Design This is a retrospective case series of patients who underwent catheter revascularization and/or angioplasty of the innominate vein following cardiac surgery at our institution from January 1, 2008 through April 9, 2014. Setting The cardiovascular intensive care unit and cardiac catheterization laboratory at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Benjamin Russell Hospital for Children in Birmingham, Alabama were used as settings for the study. Patients Out of 112 patients with postoperative chylothorax, 7 (6.3%) underwent transcatheter dilation of the innominate vein for occlusion/stenosis. The median age of the cohort was 1 month (15 days–6 years); median weight was 3 kg (2.7–22.2). Diagnosis was made a median 8 days (2–20) and persisted for a median of 24 days (9–44). Most patients failed medical management (low fat diet, nothing by mouth, and/or octreotide). Results Cardiac catheterization occurred at a median 9 days (2–29) after chylothorax diagnosis. Median chest tube output on the day prior to procedure was 63 (12–149) cc/kg/day and decreased to 23 (0–64) cc/kg/day 2 days postprocedure (P = .01). Effusions resolved in a median of 5 days (1–16). There were no clinical complications postcatheterization. All patients who have undergone repeat angiography have maintained patency of the innominate vein. There was no mortality. Complications from chylothorax included prolong hospitalization, hyponatremia, hypoproteinemia, coagulopathy, lymphopenia, and infection. Conclusions Innominate vein occlusion and stenosis associated with chylous effusion are amenable to transcatheter revascularization and/or angioplasty, consistently leading to improvement, if not full resolution of chylothorax.
A Door Sub-System Sled Test Methodology for Simulation of Occupant Responses in FMVSS 214 Side Impact Oblique Pole Test

This paper describes the development of a new door subsystem sled test methodology to simulate the occupant responses in NHTSA's 75° oblique pole side impact test mode using SID-IIs and ES-2re dummies. This sled subsystem test methodology consists of a door sled oriented at 75°, with the dummy on a seat located at the same distance from the door as in full-vehicle test, to simulate gap closure for evaluating side airbags. The door sled is accelerated to an initial velocity of 20 mph and then impacts the stationary pole. From the onset of door contact with the pole, the velocity of door sled is decelerated following the non-struck side velocity of the vehicle by means of VIA decelerator. The validation of the test methodology with both SID-IIs and ES-2re dummies is presented by comparing their respective responses between the sled subsystem and full-vehicle tests.
Rapidly tunable acoustic gradient index lenses for pulsed imaging and laser processing

A MHz-rate device employing acoustic waves within a fluid is used to reshape and focus an incident laser beam. Rapidly changeable focal lengths and patterns can be formed for pulsed imaging and processing applications.
Attempted therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee chronic HBV carrier with a high viral load.

Background— We previously reported successful therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee having a relatively low viral load, which was immunized with recombinant plasmid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) DNA and boosted with recombinant HBsAg encoding canarypox virus. In the present study, we attempted to confirm these findings in an animal with a high virus load. Methods and Results— We tested three immunization strategies successively over a 3-year period. In the first of these, we administered four monthly injections of DNA encoding HBsAg + PreS2 + hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) + DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12, (given 3 days later), and boosted with canarypox expressing all of the above HBV genes 6 months after initial immunization. No reduction in viral load was observed. In the second trial, we administered lamivudine for 8 weeks, and then began monthly DNA-based immunization with plasmids expressing the above viral genes; however, viral loads rebounded 1 week after termination of lamivudine therapy. In a third trial, we continued lamivudine therapy for 30 weeks and immunized with vaccinia virus expressing the above viral genes 18 and 23 weeks after the start of lamivudine therapy. Again viral loads rebounded shortly after cessation of lamivudine treatment. Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses, and their avidity, revealed that DNA-based immunization produced the strongest enhancement of high avidity T-cell responses, while recombinant vaccinia immunization during lamivudine therapy enhanced low avidity responses only. The strongest low and high avidity responses were directed to the middle surface antigen. Conclusions— Three strategies for therapeutic immunization failed to control HBV viremia in a chronically infected chimpanzee with a high viral load.
Getting In and Out The RACE to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has emerged as the preferred reperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation–myocardial infarction (STEMI) when performed in a timely fashion.1,2 Moreover, shorter time to reperfusion (door-to-balloon or device time) in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI has been associated with improved survival.3,4 However, of the 5000 acute care hospitals in the United States, only 1449 have the capability to perform emergency PCI,5 necessitating interhospital transfer for the majority of STEMI patients and an inherent treatment delay. Yet, previous randomized trials in highly organized European centers have demonstrated the benefit of primary PCI when compared with fibrinolytic therapy, even for patients who require transfer to a PCI-capable hospital.6,7 The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for STEMI recommend that PCI be performed within 90 minutes of first medical contact.1 Although voluntary national registries in the United States have shown that among patients with STEMI who undergo interhospital transfer, only 10% achieve a door-to-balloon time within 90 minutes,8 national initiatives have focused primarily on improvement in the timeliness of reperfusion in hospital centers that perform primary PCI.9,10 However, for patients requiring interhospital transfer for primary PCI, streamlined systems of care and integration of resources in the community are needed to effectively deliver time-sensitive treatment.11,12 Refining the systems to rapidly identify, triage, and transfer patients …
Perceptions of Parental Support and Depressive Symptomatology among Black and White Adolescent Mothers

Parental support and conflictual relationships in a sample of 48 Black and White adolescent mothers between the ages of 14 and 19 were examined. Adolescent mothers were interviewed when their babies were 3 months old. Most adolescent mothers reported close relationships with both their mothers and fathers before and after the births of their babies. The perception of a supportive relationship with the mother after the birth of a baby increased more than the perception of a supportive relationship with the father. Perceptions of conflict were much higher, for mothers than for fathers, and less conflict with parents was reported by Black than by White adolescent mothers. Older White adolescent mothers rated their fathers as more supportive than did younger White mothers, but these differences did not exist among Black adolescent mothers. The effects of self-esteem and parental relationships on adolescent depressive symptomatology were also examined. Self-esteem and supportive relationships with fathers were...
Effect of chemistry and morphology on the biofunctionality of self-assembling diblock copolypeptide hydrogels.

Amphiphilic, diblock copolypeptides of hydrophilic lysine or glutamic acid and hydrophobic leucine or valine have been observed to self-assemble into rigid hydrogels in aqueous solution at neutral pH and very low volume fraction of polymer, ≥0.5 wt % polypeptide. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and ultra small angle neutron scattering revealed a heterogeneous microstructure with distinct domains of hydrogel matrix and pure water pores. In situ nanoscale characterization, using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, revealed a porous, interconnected membranous network of assembled polypeptides. At concentrations of polypeptide below gelation, diblocks containing lysine were cytotoxic to cells, whereas those containing glutamic acid were noncytotoxic. At higher polypeptide concentrations, within rigid gel scaffolds, both lysine and glutamic acid based diblocks were noncytotoxic but did not support cell attachment/proliferation. The cationic chemistry observed as cytotoxic in the fluid state was esse...
Investigating the mutation resistance of nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-RT using multiple microsecond atomistic simulations.

Inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase through the use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has become an essential component in drug regimens for the treatment of HIV. Older NNRTIs, such as nevirapine, are structurally rigid, exhibiting decreased inhibitory function on development of common mutations in the NNRTI-binding pocket, which is located around 10 A from the catalytically active binding site. The newer generation of drugs, such as rilpivirine, are more flexible and resistant to binding pocket mutations but the mechanism by which they actually inhibit protein function and avoid mutations is not well-understood. To this end, we have performed 2–2.4 µs simulations with explicit solvent in an isobaric-isothermal ensemble of six different systems: apo wild-type, apo K103N/Y181C mutant, nevirapine-bound wild-type, nevirapine-bound mutant, rilpivirine-bound wild type, and rilpivirine-bound mutant. Analysis of protein conformations, principal components of motion, and mutual information between residues points to an inhibitory mechanism in which the primer grip stretches away from the catalytic triad of aspartic acids necessary for polymerization of HIV-encoding DNA, but is still unable to reveal a specific structural mechanism behind mutation resistance. Proteins 2014; 82:130–144. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unsupervised training for farsi-english speech-to-speech translation

Speech-to-speech translation has evolved into an attractive area in recent years with significant progress made by various research groups. However, the translation engines usually suffer from the lack of bilingual training data, especially for low-resource languages. In this paper we present an unsupervised training technique to alleviate this problem by taking advantage of available source language data. Different approaches are proposed and compared through extensive experiments conducted on a speech-to-speech translation task between Farsi and English. The translation performance is significantly improved in both directions with the enhanced translation model. A state-of-the-art Farsi automatic speech recognition system is also established in this work.
KAoS policy and domain services: toward a description-logic approach to policy representation, deconfliction, and enforcement

We describe our initial implementation of the KAoS policy and domain services. While primarily oriented to the dynamic and complex requirements of software agent applications, the services are also being adapted to general-purpose grid computing and Web services environments as well. The KAoS services rely on a DAML description-logic-based ontology of the computational environment, application context, and the policies themselves that enables runtime extensibility and adaptability of the system, as well as the ability to analyze policies relating to entities described at different levels of abstraction.
A Nobel Prize for Game Theorists: The Contributions of Harsanyi, Nash and Selten

The purpose of this essay is to celebrate the contributions of John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash, and Reinhard Selten to economics. The emphasis is on tracing the influence of their work on economic analysis rather than giving a detailed account of each of their contributions. The three researchers are identified with the three most important ideas in game theory: equilibrium, asymmetric information, and credibility. These three ideas have dominated not only theoretical research but also numerous other fields within economics since the 1950s.
Moving beyond Taylorism

Scientific management, commonly called Taylorism, developed in the period of very rapid United States industrial growth, 1880–1910, which saw a tremendous demand for labour. Taylor restructured jobs through simplification and enhanced supervision in order to overcome workers' lack of education, skill and experience. The introduction of mass production also led to further division of labour, and the separation of "planning" from "doing" removed all intellectual content from production jobs. Time–and–motion study, moreover, prescribed how the simplified job was to be performed, and how long it should take. Taylorism fostered greater efficiency, and thus enormous rises in living standards, but it also resulted in many production jobs becoming routine and boring. A better–fixated labour force, however, has become increasingly reluctant to work at such jobs. New technology – programmable automation – changes the nature of jobs, with workers having to "do" less, but "think" more. Flexible manufacturing requires that jobs be more general purpose, and that shop–floor workers should be more broadly skilled. Companies are undertaking new ways of organizing work, expanding the scope of jobs and training workers to be more versatile, and involving employees in decision–making with respect to their jobs. A few have adopted socio–technical approaches, in which autonomous work groups share among themselves much of the decision–making about the planning and execution of work.
Is the Pyriform Ligament Important for Alar Width Maintenance After Le Fort I Osteotomy

Purpose To determine whether identification and incorporation of the pyriform ligament in the alar cinch results in decreased alar base widening compared with standard alar cinch techniques. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective case series and the sample was composed of patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy. Intraoperatively, the pyriform ligament was identified and incorporated in the alar cinch suture. Greatest alar width (GAW) measured immediately after closure was compared with GAW measured at least 5 months postoperatively. The change in alar base width was compared with that reported in the literature using other alar cinch techniques. Two case examples are reported. Results The sample was composed of 15 patients (mean age, 27.1 yr; 27% female). The mean postoperative change in GAW was 1.0 ± 0.6 mm (2.59 ± 1.59%). Postoperative change in alar base width reported in the literature ranged from 0.5 to 10.8%. Conclusion The pyriform ligament is easily identified during exposure of the maxilla and pyriform aperture and can be used to control widening of the alar base after Le Fort I osteotomy.
Shopping Habits and Income: A Philadelphia Department Store Study

ARECENT study1 has been made of a cross section of all the credit customers of a large Philadelphia department store. The analysis was based on 467 personal interviews in Philadelphia County, on 320 mail questionnaires returned by patrons in the trading area outside Philadelphia, and on an examination of store records. The study has contributed new data on some fundamental problems of shopping behavior. Primary emphasis was placed on family characteristics (such as income, number of members, and age of buyers) and on expenditure data (such as number and location of credit accounts in five department stores, cash vs. credit expenditures at each, and the relative amount of total expenditures at each). Only the data pertaining to primary shopping habits and to income will be covered in this article.
Neutralizing antiserum to thrombopoietin.

SummaryPotent thrombopoietin (TSF) materials were mixed with normal rabbit serum and serum from rabbits that had been immunized with TSF-rich fractions of human plasma, human urine, or kidney cell culture media; the supernatant fluids from these incubations were then assayed for TSF content by means of the immunothrombocythemic mouse assay. The results indicate that TSF, after incubation with normal rabbit serum, stimulated platelet production in mice, whereas pretreatment of the TSF with anti-TSF serum neutralized the ability of TSF to stimulate thrombocytopoiesis in mice. These data support the hypothesis that TSF found in kidney cell culture medium is immunologically similar to TSF from human urine or plasma.