cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Above and Beyond: Periorbital Suspension for Endoscopic Access to Difficult Frontal Sinus Pathology.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The periorbital suspension (PS) is an advanced adjunctive technique performed during endoscopic approaches to frontal sinus pathology that would be too far lateral or superior to address using traditional endoscopic transnasal approaches. The objectives of this study are to characterize the utility of this technique for frontal sinus pathology, determine anatomic limitations, and assess clinical outcomes following surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case series. METHODS Patient data including demographics, etiology, technique, complications, and clinical follow-up were collected. Preoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed for maximum lateral and superior extent of pathology, supraorbital recess height, anterio-posterior (AP) diameter of the frontal sinus, interorbital distance, and orbital-first olfactory neuron distance. RESULTS The PS approach was used in 30 surgeries (29 patients) for cerebrospinal fluid leaks (n = 5), benign tumors (n = 17), malignant tumors (n = 5), allergic fungal sinusitis (n = 2), and mucocele (n = 1) between 2018 and 2020. Approaches included 15 Draf IIB and 15 Draf III frontal sinusotomies. All pathology was surgically accessible using the PS approach and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Postoperative follow-up was 11.7 ± 7.6 months. Mean recorded measurements (in mm) were as follows: maximum lateral extent -15.0 ± 7.7, superior extent 21.2 ± 7.7 in surgical plane and 20.9 ± 9.8 in the vertical plane, supraorbital recess height -2.6 ± 1.9, AP frontal sinus diameter -13.2 ± 4.7, interorbital distance -29.8 ± 5.4, and orbital-olfactory neuron distance -14.8 ± 2.9. CONCLUSIONS The PS technique can be safely and successfully utilized to provide endoscopic endonasal access to lateral and superior frontal sinus pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Perception of Multi-Cue Indexical Speech Leads to Amplified Stereotyping

Negative appraisals may stem from the identification of a social mismatch (i.e., expectation violation) of cues assumed by in-group characteristics, with out-group persons perceived more negatively...
Phosphorylation of Beet black scorch virus coat protein by PKA is required for assembly and stability of virus particles

Phosphorylation of Beet black scorch virus coat protein by PKA is required for assembly and stability of virus particles
Defined, feeder-independent medium for human embryonic stem cell culture

The developmental potential of human ES cells makes them an important tool in developmental, pharmacological, and clinical research. For human ES cell technology to be fully exploited, however, culture efficiency must be improved, large-scale culture enabled, and safety ensured. Traditional human ES cell culture systems have relied on serum products and mouse feeder layers, which limit the scale, present biological variability, and expose the cells to potential contaminants. Defined, feeder-independent culture systems improve the safety and efficiency of ES cell technology, enabling translational research. The protocols herein are designed with the standard research laboratory in mind. They contain recipes for the formulation of mTeSR (a defined medium for human ES cell culture) and detailed protocols for the culture, transfer, and passage of cells grown in these feeder-independent conditions. They provide a basis for routine feeder-independent culture, and a starting point for additional optimization of culture conditions.
Effect of smartphone aesthetic design on users' emotional reaction: An empirical study

Purpose – This paper discusses the impact of aesthetic design of smartphones on users' emotional reactions and preferences towards the product. To this end, the paper presents a study that explores emotional reaction of males to varying aesthetic design of the BlackBerry and empirically evaluates their preferences for the BlackBerry in different colours and overlay patterns. The paper then presents the statistical results of the study in an innovative graphical representation.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative and qualitative research design was used, including three types of data‐collection instruments (direct observations, rating scales, and interviews) to investigate if males have a stronger positive emotional reaction for visually treated BlackBerry Pearl devices over the original treatment (piano black) of the BlackBerry Pearl. A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out with an independent within subjects variable “Pattern” with ten different levels (i.e. ten different visual tr...
Inhibition of Transformation of Bacillus subtilis by Heavy Metals

Mercuric ions, as well as organomercuric ions and cadmium ions, can inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation in Bacillus subtilis 168 without decreasing the viability of the total population. Differences in the inhibition of transformation by mercuric ions are identifiable on a temporal and concentration dependence basis. Sensitivity to low concentrations (9.2 × 10−8 M) appears early in the uptake of deoxyribonucleic acid before the transformed markers have become insensitive to deoxyribonuclease. Resistance to “low concentrations” of Hg2+ is kinetically indistinguishable from the requirement for magnesium in the transformation process. This inactivation is not reversed by the mercury-binding compound glutathione. Sensitivity to mercuric ions at a higher concentration (5.52 × 10−7 M) occurs after the donor deoxyribonucleic acid has become insensitive to deoxyribonuclease. These complex interactions between mercuric ions and the process of transformation are discussed.
Geometric modeling of nano structures with periodic surfaces

Commonly used boundary-based solid and surface modeling methods in traditional computer aided design are not capable of constructing configurations with large numbers of particles or complex topology. In this paper, we propose a new geometric modeling scheme, periodic surface, for material design at atomic, molecular, and meso scales. At molecular scale, periodicity of the model allows thousands of particles to be built efficiently. At meso scale, inherent porosity of the model represents morphology of polymer and macromolecule naturally. Model construction and operation methods are developed to build crystal and molecular models based on periodic surfaces.
Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibodies: I. “Passive” Hemagglutination Test

A passive hemagglutination test has been developed to detect and measure foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibody by using glutaraldehyde as a coupling reagent. An optimal concentration of 10 to 40 mug of virus per ml with 0.25% glutaraldehyde at 25 C for 1 hr was established for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes. A reaction time of 18 hr at 4 C or 2 hr at 37 C induced good agglutination in the presence of specific antibody. Sensitization was carried out in phosphate buffer, whereas agglutination and preadsorption of nonspecific agglutinins from sera were performed in gelatin (0.1%, w/v)-stabilized, phosphate-buffered saline. An optimal pH of 7.2 was also established for all reactions. Antibodies derived from guinea pigs hyperimmunized by infecting with FMDV, types A, O, and C were both virus-and type-specific. Preliminary experiments showed that strain A-119 and strain A-24 Cruzeiro could also be distinguished by hemagglutination. Parallel hemagglutination and complement-fixation tests showed the former to be two to four times more sensitive than the latter.
Regulation of bioluminescence in Photobacterium leiognathi strain KNH6

ABSTRACT Bacterial bioluminescence is taxonomically restricted to certain proteobacteria, many of which belong to the Vibrionaceae. In the most well-studied cases, pheromone signaling plays a key role in regulation of light production. However, previous reports have indicated that certain Photobacterium strains do not use this regulatory method for controlling luminescence. In this study, we combined genome sequencing with genetic approaches to characterize the regulation of luminescence in Photobacterium leiognathi strain KNH6, an extremely bright isolate. Using transposon mutagenesis and screening for decreased luminescence, we identified insertions in genes encoding components necessary for the luciferase reaction ( lux , lum , and rib operons) as well as in nine other loci. These additional loci encode gene products predicted to be involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, DNA and RNA metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and the synthesis of cytochrome c , peptidoglycan, and fatty acids. The mutagenesis screen did not identify any mutants with disruptions of predicted pheromone-related loci. Using targeted gene insertional disruptions, we demonstrate that under the growth conditions tested, luminescence levels do not appear to be controlled through canonical pheromone signaling systems in this strain. IMPORTANCE Despite the long-standing interest in luminous bacteria, outside a few model organisms, little is known about the regulation and function of luminescence. Light-producing marine bacteria are widely distributed and have diverse lifestyles, suggesting that the control and significance of luminescence may be similarly diverse. In this study, we apply genetic tools to the study of regulation of light production in the extremely bright isolate Photobacterium leiognathi KNH6. Our results suggest an unusual lack of canonical pheromone-mediated control of luminescence and contribute to a better understanding of alternative strategies for regulation of a key bacterial behavior. These experiments lay the groundwork for further study of the regulation and role of bioluminescence in P. leiognathi.
Identification of a structural hairpin in the filamentous chimeric phage M13Gori1.

Abstract M13G ori 1 is a filamentous chimeric bacteriophage constructed in vitro from the replicative forms of two single-stranded DNA viruses by the insertion of a 2216-base fragment of G4 viral DNA into the intergenic region of M13 (Kaguni & Ray, 1979). The cloned insert contains a functional G4 origin of complementary strand synthesis (ori C ). We have tested the model in which either the M13 ori C or the G4 ori C in M13G ori 1 is located at the end of the virion. By photochemically crosslinking the DNA strands in situ with hydroxymethyl trioxsalen, we determined that the chimeric DNA is oriented with the most stable M13 hairpin, which is presumably non-essential for replication, at one end of the virus. This is the same hairpin as that found at the end of the closely related wild-type fd virion. The M13 ori C and G4 ori C are, respectively, 2333 and 1244 bases away from the end hairpin in the chimeric phage. The G4 insert is between the M13 ori C and this most stable hairpin located at the end of the virion. Thus, location of the ori C at the end of the filamentous virion is not a necessary requirement for initiation of replication. A probable role for the end hairpin in phage morphogenesis is proposed.
Varying protein content and nitrogen solubility for pluriparous, lactating Holstein cows: digestive performance during early lactation.

Abstract Thirty-four pluriparous Holstein cows were used to examine effects of crude protein (15.3 vs. 13.6%, dry matter basis) and nitrogen solubility (39.7 vs. 47.9%) on digestibility, energy and protein balances, and related traits during early lactation. Cows were assigned randomly at parturition to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement; measurements were during wk 6, 10, and 14 postpartum. Diets were protein supplements (varying in protein content and nitrogen solubility), low-protein concentrate, corn silage treated with urea at ensiling, and wilted grass silage fed individually for ad libitum intake. Reducing nitrogen solubility of diet improved energy intake and productive energy factors but resulted in no significant increase of milk yield or body tissue balances, although body fat balance tended to be higher for low-solubility diets. There was no effect on overall partition of nitrogen in the body. Digestibility of carbohydrates and protein was higher for 15.3 than for 13.6% crude protein diets, resulting in higher total digestible nutrients and digestible and metabolizable energy of dry matter. Raising crude protein in the ration decreased milk yield of cows in early lactation but generally increased body tissue balances. Concentrations of rumen ammonia and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by nitrogen solubility; increasing dietary protein increased concentrations of both, although not enough to increase consumption of free water. Best digestive efficiency was for animals fed the ration of medium crude protein and low nitrogen solubility.
Dynamically managed data for CPU-GPU architectures

GPUs are flexible parallel processors capable of accelerating real applications. To exploit them, programmers must ensure a consistent program state between the CPU and GPU memories by managing data. Manually managing data is tedious and error-prone. In prior work on automatic CPU-GPU data management, alias analysis quality limits performance, and type-inference quality limits applicability. This paper presents Dynamically Managed Data (DyManD), the first automatic system to manage complex and recursive data-structures without static analyses. By replacing static analyses with a dynamic run-time system, DyManD overcomes the performance limitations of alias analysis and enables management for complex and recursive data-structures. DyManD-enabled GPU parallelization matches the performance of prior work equipped with perfectly precise alias analysis for 27 programs and demonstrates improved applicability on programs not previously managed automatically.
Factors Influencing Stored-oat Insect Populations in South Dakota

Factors related to insect population fluctuations in stored oats were identified in a 2-year study. Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Cryptolestes spp., and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were the predominant pests of stored oats and their population levels remained constant from 8 to 11% moisture. At moisture levels >11%, average insect density increased with increased moisture. High densities of O. surinamensis were found at moisture levels 13%. Average insect density levels peaked in November 1982 and again in September 1983. The incidence of live insects peaked at 74% in October 1982, while in September 1983 population levels peaked at 84%. The type of bin construction showed significant differences in insect density levels. Oats stored in flat storage and oats in large steel bins had significantly higher average insect density levels than oats stored in wooden bins. As bin size increased, the average insect density also increased. False or steel floors were found to have higher average insect density levels. Bins cleaned with a vacuum cleaner before filling had significantly lower average insect density levels than those cleaned with a scoop shovel or broom.
RHEOLOGY OF HUMAN BLOOD. STUDIES ON THE FLOW OF FRESH VENOUS BLOOD AND OF CITRATED BLOOD THROUGH TUBING OF DIAMETERS BETWEEN 0.09 AND 0.20 CM

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the rheological properties of blood are anomalous, in particular, that rate of flow through cylindrical tubing is not related linearly to the imposed gradient in pressure and that the viscosity of blood increases at low rates of flow (1-10). These data, and similar data obtained by means of other viscometric methods (11-13), are characteristic of non-Newtonian flow (14) and necessitate that any study of the rheological properties of blood must examine the dependence of viscosity upon applied shearing stress.
The theoretical channel capacity of a single neuron as determined by various coding systems

The information channel capacity of a model neuron with a fixed refractory period δ has been calculated for optimum continuous time interval coding. Two types of noise perturbations have been considered, a Gaussian probability distribution and a rectangular distribution of the time of occurrence of the response to a stimulus. Laboratory measurements indicate a Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of latency σ, of about 5 μsec gives the best fit to an actual nerve fiber. This results in a maximum information transmission of slightly over 4000 bits per second. The results are compared with the discrete theory of MacKay and McCulloch.
Maintaining and checking parity in highly available Scalable Distributed Data Structures

Access to data stored in distributed main memory is much faster than access to local disks. Highly available, Scalable Distributed Data Structures (SDDS) utilize this fast access. They counteract the effects of failed or unavailable nodes by storing data redundantly. Since main memory per node is limited, they generate this redundancy by storing parity data calculated with erasure correcting codes instead of using replication. We present here a way to maintain parity that is about 10 times faster than using the traditional 2PC scheme. We also present a scheme that can diagnose a mismatch between parity and user data with very little network traffic.
Efficient Linear Programming Formulations of Model Predictive Control for Cross-Directional Control of a Paper Machine

Efficient formulations of linear programming based model predictive control are considered for cross direction (CD) control of a dual headbox paper machine. A number of techniques including coincidence points, efficient mathematics, implementation strategies, and the solution of progressively more complicated optimization problems are considered for both their performance and efficiency.
The Teaching of Minority Languages as Academic Subjects: Pedagogical and Theoretical Challenges

This article raises questions about the practice of teaching minority (ethnic/immigrant) languages as academic subjects in multilingual settings and points to directions in which the field of applied linguistics must move in order to develop adequate principles of language learning that can support such instruction. The article consists of three principle sections. Section one defines the term “linguistic minority” and offers examples of linguistic minority populations. Section two describes the teaching of Spanish to bilingual-Spanish-speaking students in the United States. It then illustrates the broad problems and questions encountered in teaching minority languages as school subjects by drawing on the discussion of the history, development, and current status of the teaching of Spanish to bilingual minorities in the U.S. Section three proposes a reconceptualization of the language teaching focus within applied linguistics that takes into account the problems and challenges surrounding the teaching of minority languages.
A mammalian origin of bidirectional DNA replication within the Chinese hamster RPS14 locus.

Abstract Two complementary experimental approaches have been used to identify a chromosomal origin of bidirectional DNA replication within or immediately downstream of the Chinese hamster ribosomal protein S14 gene (RPS14). The replication origin, designated oriS14, maps within a 1.6- to 2.0-kbp region of RPS14 that includes the gene's third and fourth introns, exons IV plus V, and approximately 500 bp of proximal downstream flanking DNA. The nucleic acid sequence encoding oriS14 closely resembles the other mammalian chromosomal replication origins whose primary structures are known. It contains DNA binding sites for a large number of transcription factors, replication proteins, and mammalian oncogenes as well as several dinucleotide repeat motifs, an AT-rich region, and a sequence that is likely to bend the DNA. In contrast to the other well-characterized mammalian replication origins, which are autosomal and therefore carried as two copies per somatic cell, oriS14 is encoded by single-copy DNA within a hemizygous segment of chromosome 2q in CHO-K1 cells. Also, other known mammalian replication origins are situated in nontranscribed, intergenic DNA, whereas the DNA sequence encoding oriS14 substantially overlaps the transcribed portion of a constitutively expressed housekeeping gene.
Induced Disulfoton Resistance in Greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididea)

Field studies were done to determine whether continuous exposure to the systemic insecticides al bicarb, carbofuran, disulfoton, and terbufos would induce or select for insecticide-resistant green bugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). The extent of resistance was determined with a surface residue bios say for each of the insecticides. In field experiments, green bug populations exhibited 21- to 104-fold increases in resistance to disulfoton. Green bugs exposed to the other insecticides did not exhibit significant increases in resistance. Greenhouse studies were done to determine if disulfoton resistance resulted from a change within a genotype (green bug clone) or was simply the result of selection of resistant genotypes from a genetically diverse population. Green bugs originating from a single aphid susceptible to insecticides developed 65- to 300-fold increases in resistance. Similar results were obtained when the study was repeated with progeny from a different green bug. These results indicate that resistance developed within green bug clones after exposure to disulfoton for 3 wk or longer. When resistant green bugs were tested for cross-resistanceto carbofuran, dimethoate, malathion, and terbufos, a significant increase in cross-resistance to dimethoate (nine-fold) and terbufos (two-fold) was observed, but cross-resistance to carbofuran and malathion was not significant.
Experimental study of dynamic plasticity at elevated temperatures

In this paper it is shown that the diffraction-grating technique and the optical-displacement technique used by the writer for the study of plastic wave propagation at room temperature, may both be extended to within 100° F of the melting point of aluminum. In addition to the measurement of stress history at the impact face obtained by the extension of the load-bar technique to elevated temperatures, strain-time, surface angle-time, time of contact, coefficient of restitution, and displacement-time behavior at the free end of the struck specimen may all be determined at elevated temperatures. Typical strain-time behavior is shown at 800, 1000, and 1100° F, for three types of impact situations.
The Use of Internal and External Vascular Conduits for Correction of D-Transposition of the Great Arteries and Double-Outlet Right Ventricle with Pulmonary Atresia

Abstract Between 1967 and 1978, an 11-year-old boy had undergone 3 separate systemic–pulmonary artery shunt operations. Two of the 3 shunt operations failed. The patient was restudied because of progressive cyanosis and was diagnosed as having D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. Repair was successfully accomplished with the use of an internal vascular conduit and an external vascular conduit with a glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valve. Four months after the corrective procedure, the patient's exercise tolerance had improved dramatically.
MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN BILE SALTS AND BLOOD SERUM AND THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATION IN THE FORMATION OF BILE SALTS.

These experiments suggest the following conclusions concerning hemolytic action: 1. It is probably the proteid part of the serum which inhibits the bile salts. 2. The cholalic acid group is the active part of the bile salt molecule. 3. The protection afforded by bile salts against serum is of especial interest from the following considerations: (a) The protective action is a property apparently peculiar to proteids obtained from blood serum. It is not given satisfactorily by egg albumen. (b) The conjugation of cholalic acid with glycocoll in the formation of the bile salts is of some advantage to the organism. Although the toxicity of the cholalate for red corpuscles, when free from serum, is at most only slightly diminished by conjugation, yet the blood serum possesses a greater inhibiting action for the resulting glycocholate than for the original cholalate. 4. As compared with its inhibition of sodium glycocholate, normal serum possesses relatively little inhibiting action against certain foreign hemolytic agents, such as tetanus toxin, sodium benzoate, phenol and ethyl alcohol. 5. Hemolytic experiments afford a fairly general method for studying, in vitro, certain syntheses occurring in the body. They avoid, largely, the complications, such as rapid chemical alteration, which might occur in animal experimentation. Contrary to the results obtained with bile salts, the conjugation of benzoic acid and of phenol results in an effective reduction of their hemolytic action independently of the presence or absence of serum.
Increased Efficiency of Photovoltaic Module via Groundwater Cooling: Energy and Economic Considerations

Solar energy will be an important source of energy for a sustainable energy system whether or not it is directly collected (solar thermal, photovoltaics) or indirectly collected (wind, wave, etc). This project focused on increasing the efficiency of the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity, which is also known as photovoltaics (PV). It has long been known that photovoltaic cells perform less efficiently at higher temperatures. In fact, solar modules under concentration are frequently cooled either actively or passively. The current study, however, focused on cooling modules under no concentration. The goal of the current project was to answer the question: Can the energy gained by cooling a photovoltaic module with groundwater be greater than the energy used by the cooling system and is there an economic benefit? A digital simulation of a simple photovoltaic module under groundwater cooling was performed in order to answer the research question. The simulation was performed for Phoenix, AZ and assuming certain control parameters it was found that the overall system produced over 9% more electricity than a system without groundwater cooling. While the groundwater cooled system increased overall electrical production, the economics of the system will also be presented. Recently, an Arizona utility APS introduced time of use pricing for electricity. Because groundwater cooling provides the most benefit during very hot days with high electrical demand, cooling is more economically attractive. A simple economic analysis will be presented including estimated costs of the cooling system and added value of the excess electrical energy produced under different APS rate plans.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Neo-Idealism: A Practical Matter

The classical realist world view places moral standards subservient to the power concerns of international actors. Realists did not make this valuation without some hesitation, as the issue of morality was addressed with seriousness and concern. The neo-realist thinking of today embraces with less hesitation the ultimate conclusion of the realist premises: statesmen never act according to moral precepts, thus such concerns need not be addressed by a political theory. Kegly argues the neo-idealist position that opposes this empirical observation: states consistently act according to values that are based on more than power concerns. Kegley's primary intent is to show that neo-realism ignores factors that influence international actors, and that a theory is needed that expands the notion of self-interest to include the moral sphere.
Physiologic roles for the heme oxygenase products carbon monoxide, bilirubin and iron: links to neuroprotection in stroke and Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Heme oxygenase (HO) cleaves the heme ring releasing iron, carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin, which is immediately reduced to bilirubin by the abundant biliverdin reductase. Recent research indicates major cellular roles for all three HO products. The constitutive isoform, heme oxygenase 2 (HO2), is concentrated in the brain with discrete localizations resembling soluble guanylyl cyclase, implying a role in regulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). HO2 is localized to myenteric plexus neurons of the intestine similar to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Mice with targeted deletion of HO2 or nNOS each display marked reductions in non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic neurotransmission and cGMP levels indicating a neurotransmitter role for the two gases acting as co-transmitters. HO2 is localized to the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels as well as neurons in the adventitial layer. HO inhibitors reduce nitric oxide (NO)-independent vasodilation implicating CO as an endothelial derived relaxing factor. Bilirubin, formed from HO2, appears to be a physiologic neuroprotectant. Neurotoxicity is augmented in brain cultures from HO2 gene knockout mice which also display augmented neural damage following cerebral vascular occlusion. Very low concentrations of bilirubin reverse the neurotoxicity. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) plays a role in iron efflux from cells. Iron efflux is diminished in cells from HO1 gene knockout mice, while HO1 transfection augments efflux. Iron dependent cytotoxicity is worsened in HO1 gene knockout cells while HO1 transfection alleviates the toxicity.
Characteristics of takeover targets that trigger insider trading investigations

We assess trading and non-trading characteristics of takeovers that trigger Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigations of illegal insider trading. We find that targets with more pronounced abnormal stock price run-ups (especially in long pre-bid windows) and abnormal trading volume (especially in short pre-bid windows) trigger an SEC investigation. We also find that an SEC investigation is more likely when the takeover is characterized by a foreign bidder, a public bidder and a relatively large target. Thus, non-trading characteristics complement the trading characteristics in explaining what triggers an SEC investigation of insider trading.
Dry Regenerable Metal Oxide Sorbents for SO2 Removal from Flue Gases. 2. Modeling of the Sulfation Reaction Involving Copper Oxide Sorbents

The expanding grain model is used to describe the sulfation reaction rate involving sol−gel-derived copper-based sorbents and sulfur dioxide. The intrinsic reaction rate constant was estimated from the experimental data presented in Part 1 to be in the range of 0.014−0.0047 cm/min for the sorbents with copper content ranging from 11.2% (Cu-1) to 26.5% (Cu-5). The grain radius and the expansion factors were calculated from the physical and chemical properties of sol−gel-derived copper-based sorbents, such as the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface areas, particle porosities, and true densities, as well as chemical composition. The grain radius of the sorbents ranged from 8.89 to 9.14 nm, while the expansion factor ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. The model, which contained two adjustable parameters [i.e., the product layer diffusion (Dg) and the tortuosity parameter (α)], was shown to be capable of describing the experimental data of the sulfation reaction with excellent accuracy. On the basis of the model results...
A comparison of secondary ion mass spectra from keV and MeV ion bombarded vanadium, niobium and copper

Abstract Positive secondary ion mass spectra have been measured from stainless steel, copper, niobium, and vanadium targets bombarded by 70 MeV 79 Br 7+ and 100 keV 40 Ar + ions using a modified quadrupole residual gas analyzer. Additional spectra have also been measured from the vanadium target for a number of 79 Br and 40 Ar projectile energies from 25 keV up to 5 MeV. As has been previously reported [13], under MeV ion bombardment there is an enhancement in the yield of positive ions of electronegative trace constituents relative to the yield of singly charged metal substrate ions. These data suggest that projectiles capable of large inelastic energy deposition may induce secondary ion emission by a mechanism whose contribution to the total ion yield is insignificant or absent when the projectile energy is limited to a few keV. The similarity of these data to recent results in electron- and photon-stimulated desorption is noted.
SIMPLE : a novel concept of an imaging camera for space applications

Abstract A novel concept of a large camera for space applications is proposed. It comprises extremely light and inexpensive construction, and very high photon detection efficiency. The essential point of the concept is the evasion of any vacuum-sealing constructional elements, and the exploitation of vacuum in space. This concept was developed particularly for the next-generation experiments aimed to detect extensive air showers in the atmosphere, initiated by extreme energy cosmic rays (like the EUSO experiment). The SIMPLE camera, as well as its launch, should be much less expensive than the previously considered options.
The effect of Lactococcus lactis starter cultures on the oxidative stability of liquid whey.

The oxidative stability of liquid Cheddar cheese whey was evaluated using 2 Lactococcus lactis starter cultures in combination and alone along with a control, utilizing glucono-δ-lactone for acid development. Fresh and stored whey were evaluated for volatile composition, free fatty acids, and flavor by descriptive sensory analysis. A significant increase in volatile lipid oxidation products, most notably, hexanal, occurred during storage, and a corresponding decline in the free fatty acid linoleic acid was found. The flavor and aroma characteristic, cardboardy, was correlated to the increase in volatile lipid oxidation products and the decline in linoleic acid. Evidence strongly suggested that lipid oxidation was initiated during whey production and escalated during storage and that the starter cultures significantly influenced the level of volatile lipid oxidation products. Further understanding of the impact of starter cultures on whey may allow for the production of higher quality whey ingredients with wider food application.
Transforming the stereographic map

The stereographic projection, because of the simplicity and elegance of its mathematical properties, has been a mathematician's playground ever since the time of Hipparchus. In endeavoring to explain some of its properties a few years ago, I chanced to hit upon several that certainly do not seem to be well known. One of these “The rule for longitude” was announced in a paper read by Father Buckley at our Fordham meeting two years ago. Another property, concerned with transforming the projection, forms the subject of the present paper. It is well known that the stereographic projection can be transformed into either an orthographic, or gnomonic, or equal-area, or equal-distance map, merely by displacing the points radially. These are transformations of the stereographic map into other maps possessing other properties. In this paper, however, we are interested in another sort of transformation. We must first digress to explain the concept of inverse in a circle.
Interannual variation in effective number of breeders and estimation of effective population size in long‐lived iteroparous lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)

Quantifying interannual variation in effective adult breeding number (N(b)) and relationships between N(b), effective population size (N(e)), adult census size (N) and population demographic characteristics are important to predict genetic changes in populations of conservation concern. Such relationships are rarely available for long-lived iteroparous species like lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). We estimated annual N(b) and generational N(e) using genotypes from 12 microsatellite loci for lake sturgeon adults (n = 796) captured during ten spawning seasons and offspring (n = 3925) collected during larval dispersal in a closed population over 8 years. Inbreeding and variance N(b) estimated using mean and variance in individual reproductive success derived from genetically identified parentage and using linkage disequilibrium (LD) were similar within and among years (interannual range of N(b) across estimators: 41-205). Variance in reproductive success and unequal sex ratios reduced N(b) relative to N on average 36.8% and 16.3%, respectively. Interannual variation in N(b)/N ratios (0.27-0.86) resulted from stable N and low standardized variance in reproductive success due to high proportions of adults breeding and the species' polygamous mating system, despite a 40-fold difference in annual larval production across years (437-16 417). Results indicated environmental conditions and features of the species' reproductive ecology interact to affect demographic parameters and N(b)/N. Estimates of N(e) based on three single-sample estimators, including LD, approximate Bayesian computation and sibship assignment, were similar to annual estimates of N(b). Findings have important implications concerning applications of genetic monitoring in conservation planning for lake sturgeon and other species with similar life histories and mating systems.
Geometrical modelling of current gain ratio for a bipolar transistor

This paper presents a method of determining the superior cut-off frequency for bipolar, alloyed transistors. This method is based on a geometrical modelling of the current gain ratio for this type of transistors; the modeling takes in consideration the displacement of the mobile charge carriers and the technological quantities material dependent.
PARADOXICAL INHIBITORY AND STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) ON LYMPHOKINE-ACTIVATED KILLER (LAK) CELLS

Strong LAK cell activity induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) of cord (and adult) mononuclear cells (Pediatr. Res. 19: 271A, 1985) has suggested a possible role for LAK and/or IL-2 therapy in newborns with certain infections. The effect of HSV (type 1) on the LAK effector cell was studied by adding live or irradiated virus (10,000 R) (MOI=10) to 10 cells which have been incubated for 4-6 days with IL-2 (50-100 U/ml). The cells were tested 18-24 hrs later for cytotoxic activity against Cr-labelled K562 and Raji target cells. Live HSV inhibited LAK cytotoxicity of adult cells to K562 by 44% (72 ± 2.4%) to 40 ± 6.2%, n=15) and by 62% against Raji (50 ± 5.6% to 19 ± 4.4%). There was similar inhibition of cord LAK activity. Inhibition was dose dependent and independent of virus replication, since inhibition was observed with irradiated virus. The addition of live virus at the time of the cytotoxic assay or at the beginning of the IL-2 incubation did not affect LAK activity. By contrast, HSV stimulated cytotoxic activity against both targets in the absence of IL-2. The cytotoxicity of adult cells in the presence of live HSV (MOI=10) for 5-7 days increased from 3.3 ± 1.1% in the absence of virus and IL-2 to 19 ± 3.6% against K562 and from 2.2 ± 0.6% to 14 ± 4.4% against Raji targets (n=10). Cord cytotoxicity was stimulated but to a lesser degree. In sum, HSV inhibits LAK effector cell activity independent of virus replication. Further, HSV alone induces natural cytotoxicity which may represent a unique antiviral defense system.
Burying the Hatchet? The Sources and Limits of Japan-South Korea Security Cooperation 1

Abstract This article critically evaluates the basis, aspirations, and prospects for bilateral security cooperation between Japan and South Korea. The assumption that common enemies, friends, and interests should have given rise to solid and steadily improving relations between Tokyo and Seoul has been far from realized. Rather, the Japan-ROK relationship continues to be marked by highly volatile behavior – ranging from intense friction to reluctant cooperation – which not only offers a vexing puzzle to the Realist school of international relations but also to the Constructivist one. This article argues that despite the perceived improvement in relations, Japan-South Korea security cooperation is situational and limited; recent developments do not imply a fundamental realignment of the two powers towards one another.
The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Iris gatesii (Section Oncocyclus), a Bearded Species from Southeastern Turkey

Iris gatesii is a rare bearded species in subgenus Iris section Oncocyclus that occurs in steppe communities of southeastern Turkey. This species is not commonly cultivated, but related species in section Iris are economically important horticultural plants. The complete plastid genome is reported for I. gatesii based on data generated using the Illumina HiSeq platform and is compared to genomes of 16 species selected from across the monocotyledons. This Iris genome is the only known plastid genome available for order Asparagales that is not from Orchidaceae. The I. gatesii plastid genome, unlike orchid genomes, has little gene loss and rearrangement and is likely to be similar to other genomes from Asparagales. The plastid genome of I. gatesii demonstrates expansion of the inverted repeat, loss of 95% of the rps19–rpl22 intergenic spacer, the presence of introns in several protein-coding regions, and alternate start codons. Potentially variable regions are identified for further study.
Agricultural pesticides in Mississippi Delta oxbow lake sediments during autumn and their effects on Hyalella azteca.

Agricultural pesticide contamination of sediments from five Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes and their effects and bioavailablity to Hyalella azteca were assessed during a low-application season—autumn. Three reference oxbow lakes were located in the White River National Wildlife Refuge (WRNWR), Arkansas and two impaired lakes, according to the US Environmental Agency Sect. 303 (d) Clean Water Act, were located in Mississippi. Surface sediment (top 5 cm) was collected at three sites within each lake and analyzed for 17 current and historic-use pesticides and metabolites. Chronic 28-day H. azteca sediment bioassays and pesticide body residue analyses were completed to determine the degree of biological responses and bioavailability. The greatest number of detectable pesticides in WRNWR and 303 (d) sediment samples was 9 and 12, respectively, with historic-use pesticide metabolite, p,p′-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] ubiquitous. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in animal survival were observed among sites. Animal growth was significantly (p < 0.05) less at only one site in a 303 (d)-listed lake (Macon Lake). Only six pesticides were observed in H. azteca with current-use pesticides detected at three sites; historic-use pesticides and metabolites detected at 11 sites. Animal body residues of a historic-use pesticide (dieldrin) and metabolite (p,p′-DDE) were associated with observed growth responses. Results show limited current-use pesticide contamination of sediments and H. azteca body tissues during autumn and that historic-use pesticides and metabolites are the primary contributors to observed biological responses.
Measuring Internal Energy Deposition in Collisional Activation Using Hydrated Ion Nanocalorimetry to Obtain Peptide Dissociation Energies and Entropies

The internal energy deposited in both on- and off-resonance collisional activation in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is measured with ion nanocalorimetry and is used to obtain information about the dissociation energy and entropy of a protonated peptide. Activation of Na+(H2O)30 results in sequential loss of water molecules, and the internal energy of the activated ion can be obtained from the abundances of the product ions. Information about internal energy deposition in on-resonance collisional activation of protonated peptides is inferred from dissociation data obtained under identical conditions for hydrated ions that have similar m/z and degrees-of-freedom. From experimental internal energy deposition curves and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory, dissociation data as a function of collision energy for protonated leucine enkephalin, which has a comparable m/z and degrees-of-freedom as Na+(H2O)30, are modeled. The threshold dissociation energies and entropies are correlated for data acquired at a single time point, resulting in a relatively wide range of threshold dissociation energies (1.1 to 1.7 eV) that can fit these data. However, this range of values could be significantly reduced by fitting data acquired at different dissociation times. By measuring the internal energy of an activated ion, the number of fitting parameters necessary to obtain information about the dissociation parameters by modeling these data is reduced and could result in improved accuracy for such methods.
Relationship between pressure drop and cell resistance as a diagnostic tool for PEM fuel cells

An increase in pressure drop, particularly on the cathode side of PEM fuel cell, is a reliable indicator of PEM fuel cell flooding, while an increase in cell resistance is a reliable indicator of fuel cell drying. By monitoring both pressure drop and cell resistance in an operational fuel cell stack it was possible to diagnose either flooding or drying conditions inside the stack. These parameters may be used for making decisions on corrective actions.
Subsidizing Health Care Providers Through The Tax Code: Status Or Conduct?

The merits of tax exemption for nonprofit health care providers have been hotly debated for decades. Mark Schlesinger and Brad Gray provide a useful, dispassionate meta-analysis of past research; they conclude that there are real differences in the performance of nonprofit and for-profit hospitals and nursing homes, although they vary along several key dimensions. Unfortunately, their findings offer no insight on whether these differences are large enough to justify a sizable subsidy and whether it makes more sense to use an undifferentiated subsidy tied to status (current practice), or a graduated subsidy tied to quantifiable and objective measures of performance.
G3(MP2) calculation of the enthalpies of formation, isomerization and hydrogenation of cubane and cyclooctatetraene

Abstract We have used the G3(MP2) composite molecular orbital method to calculate standard enthalpies of formation and hydrogenation (ΔfH2980, ΔhydH2980) of a series of compounds obtained from cubane by breaking, successively, one C–C single bond at a time. We have calculated the enthalpy of isomerization (ΔisomH2980) of each cubane derivative from the corresponding isomer in the sequence obtained by stepwise hydrogenation of cycloocta-1,3,5,7-tetraene to cyclooctane. The motivation of this work is to show an example of the exploitation of ΔisomH2980 to obtain thermochemical information on compounds about which we know little by comparison to those about which we know a lot. For larger molecules, there may be some advantage to calculating ΔfH2980 by comparison to an isomer with a known ΔfH2980 over carrying out the same calculation via atomization enthalpies or bond separation enthalpies. The isomerization method minimizes accumulated error. Questions regarding atomic spin–orbit coupling energies and the “higher level correction” of the Gaussian family of composite molecular orbital methods cancel in the isomerization method. A drawback is the necessity of selecting ΔfH2980 from among alternative choices if two or more credible experimental values exist.