cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal rearrangement within the α/δ T-cell receptor locus in lymphomas from Atm-deficient mice

Atm -deficient mice ( Atm −/− ) recapitulate many aspects of the ataxia telangiectasia (AT) syndrome, including the susceptibility to tumors of lymphoid origin. To investigate the mechanism of tumorigenesis, we have examined a panel of 8 thymic lymphomas from Atm −/− mice. All Atm −/− tumors are of thymic lymphoblastoid origin, display an immature CD3 − and CD4 + /CD8 + phenotype, and arise coincident with V(D)J recombination. Cytogenetically, all tumors are diploid or near diploid but exhibit multiple chromosome aberrations with an average of 4 abnormal chromosomes per tumor. All the tumors revealed chromosome 14 rearrangements precisely at the T-cell receptor α/δ ( Tcrα/δ ) locus, suggesting the involvement of V(D)J recombination in these translocations. In addition, 11.5% of Atm −/− peripheral T cells showed chromosome 14 translocations, suggesting that rearrangements at the Tcrα/δ locus occur early during tumor development in the absence of ATM . However, additional genetic aberrations are required for tumorigenesis. For example, translocations involving chromosome 12, often with chromosome 14 (more than 60%), and partial or complete trisomy of chromosome 15, with copy number increases of the c- myc oncogene were frequently observed. These observations suggest that ATM is required for normal rearrangement of the Tcrα/δ locus but not for V(D)J recombination at other loci. The mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis may be due to the involvement of ATM in monitoring double-stranded DNA breaks.
Protecting newborns by immunizing family members in a hospital-based vaccine clinic: a successful Tdap cocooning program during the 2010 California pertussis epidemic.

Objective.Infants are at greatest risk for mortality from pertussis infection. Since 2005, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended a cocooning strategy of vaccinating all c...
Control of autoreactive B cells by IgM and IgD B cell receptors: maintaining a fine balance.

A substantial fraction of mature naive B cells recognize endogenous antigens, and this autoreactivity must be controlled to prevent autoantibody secretion. Selective downregulation of the IgM BCR on autoreactive B cells has long been appreciated, and recent findings illustrate how this might impose tolerance. The BCR isotype maintained on autoreactive B cells, IgD, is less sensitive to endogenous antigens than IgM. This reduced sensitivity may be conferred by structural properties of IgD and/or differential association with activating and inhibitory co-receptors. Once activated, autoreactive B cells are normally excluded from rapid plasma cell responses, but they can enter the germinal center and lose their autoreactivity through a mutation-selection process termed clonal redemption.
Oscillating-flow Thermal Gradient PCR

We report the development of a versatile system based on oscillating-flow methodology in a thermal gradient system for nucleic acid analysis. Analysis of DNA and RNA samples were performed in the device, without additional temperature control and complexity. The technique reported in this study eliminates the need for predetermined fluidic channels for thermocycles, and complexity involved with additional incubation steps required for RNA amplification. A microfluidic device was fabricated using rapid prototyping by simply sandwiching dual side adhesive Kapton tape and a PDMS spacer between glass microscope slides. Amplification of the 181-bp segment of a viral phage DNA (ΦX174) and B2M gene in human RNA samples was demonstrated using the system. The developed system enables simultaneous acquisition of amplification and melt curves, eliminating the need for post-processing.
Translating JSON Schema logics into OWL axioms for unified data validation on a digital manufacturing platform

Abstract JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a prevalent data format used in cloud-based platforms that support composable digital manufacturing workflows. The current work presents a method to translate the logics found in JSON Schema into OWL axioms, in order to facilitate ontology-based unified data validation with JSON data. The specific contributions of this paper include the demonstration of using a formal ontology for the logic translation and data validation, a technique for disambiguating implicit relations found in JSON Schema as explicit OWL properties, and mapping JSON Schema validation keywords to equivalent OWL expressions.
Minerals of the English Midlands by Roy E. Starkey. British Mineralogy Publications, 15 Warwick Ave., Bromsgrove, Worchestershire, England B60 2AH; www.britishmineralogy.com. 426 pages; 2018; €35 (softbound), €50 (hardbound).

The diverse geologic setting found in the English Midlands has been the source of unusual and in some instances unique mineral specimens for at least three centuries. Specimens from its many mines ...
"On Vivo" and Wearable Clinical Laboratory Testing Devices for Emergency and Critical Care Laboratory Testing.

Background: Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices are designed for clinical laboratory testing at the bedside or near the patient and can significantly reduce the turnaround time for laboratory test results. The next generation for clinical laboratory testing may be devices that are worn or attached to the patient. Content: POCT devices that are designed where samples are tested directly on the patient include bilirubinometers, pulse oximeters, breathalyzers (for alcohol and, more recently, cannabinoid detection), transcutaneous blood gas analyses, and novel testing applications such as glucose and tumor signatures following surgical excision. The utility of these devices with special reference for use within the intensive care unit and the emergency department is reviewed. Summary: It is likely that wearable POCT devices will be developed in the future that can meet current and emerging clinical needs. Advancements in biomedical engineering and information technology will be needed in the creation of next-generation devices.
Justifying Social Inequalities: The Role of Social Darwinism

Three studies supported a model whereby associations between ideologies that share roots in biological determinism and outcomes that reinforce inequality (based on gender, race, or class) were mediated by system justification beliefs (SJB). Outcomes included support for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton as president (Study 1), justifying police brutality (Study 2), and support for a White House budget that slashed the social safety net to endow the wealthy with tax cuts (Study 3). These findings provoke a vital question: How do people deem unequal systems worthy of defense? Each study compared social Darwinism, social dominance orientation (SDO), and biological essentialism. We expected social Darwinism to account for the most variance in SJB because it provides both the rationale for social hierarchies (natural selection) and defends them as required for human welfare. This prediction was supported in each study. Implications for the psychology of legitimacy are discussed.
Diffuse and Nonlinear Imaging for In Vivo Monitoring of Tumor Vascular Structure and Function

We present a novel preclinical imaging technique called Diffuse and Nonlinear Imaging (DNI), which combines Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM) with Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) to provide spatially coregistered datasets of tumor vascular structure and function.
Method for improving stability of plasma ignition in a multi-cathode magnetron PVD system

This paper presents a multi-step process to improve the stability of plasma ignition of a magnetic target in a multi-cathode physical vapor deposition (PVD) system. Most target materials in the system have no issues igniting a stable plasma. The material in question is a material for which it is much more difficult to ignite a reliable plasma because it is a more complex target made of different compounds, therefore this target will be affected by grain size, impurities, and other factors from its manufacturing, therefore there are more ignition faults and retries than with other conventional targets using the same recipe settings. It was found that ignition retries and faults can be improved by implementing sequence start cleans, high pressure ignition using the sputter on shield, and/or by using a higher wattage power supply to ignite the plasma with the ion gauge on. Each method was shown to decrease the number of retries and faults and can be used on PVD systems with targets which are difficult to ignite. Any combination of these solutions should result in improvement of up to 50% reduction in ignition faults.
Distinct lipid signatures are identified in the plasma of rats with chronic inflammation induced by estradiol benzoate and sex hormones.

Prostatitis is likely to occur in younger or middle-aged men, while prostate cancer is likely to occur in older men. Although amino acids and lipids as biomarkers of prostate cancer have been examined using prostate cancer cell lines/tissues, no previous studies have evaluated amino acids or lipids as potential chronic prostatitis biomarkers. The study’s aim was to identify amino acids and lipids that could serve as potential biomarkers of chronic prostatitis. We profiled the amino acids and lipids found in plasma from rats collected in a previous study. In brief, a total of 148 Sprague–Dawley rats (offspring) were dosed with estradiol benzoate (EB) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3 and 5, and subsequently dosed with testosterone (T)/estradiol (E) tubes via subcutaneous implants from PND 90 to 200. Plasma was collected on PNDs 30, 90, 100, 145 and 200. Analysis was conducted with a Xevo TQ-S triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using a Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. Plasma acylcarnitines [(C2, C16:1, C18, C18:1, C18:1-OH, and C18:2)], glycerophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine-acyl, -di-acyl, and -di-acyl acyl-alkyl) and sphingomyelins [SM (OH) C16:1, SM C18:0, SM C18:1, and SM C20:2] significantly increased on PND 145, when chronic inflammation was observed in the dorsolateral prostate of rats dosed with EB, T, and E. No statistical significances of amino acid levels were observed in the EB + T + E group on PND 145. Exposure to EB, T, and E altered lipid levels in rat plasma with chronic prostate inflammation. These findings suggest that the identified lipids may be predictive chronic prostatitis biomarkers. The results require confirmation through additional nonclinical and human studies.
Sleep Extension: A Potential Target for Obesity Treatment

Sleep and obesity share a bidirectional relationship, and weight loss has been shown to enhance sleep. Aiming to extend sleep on its own or as part of a lifestyle intervention may attenuate health consequences of short sleep. This review highlights several sleep extension approaches, discusses feasibility of each, and summarizes findings relevant to obesity. Sleep extension in response to experimental sleep restriction demonstrates partial rescue of cardiometabolic dysfunction in some but not all studies. Adequate sleep on a nightly basis may be necessary for optimal health. While initial sleep extension interventions in habitually short sleepers have been met with obstacles, preliminary findings suggest that sleep extension or sleep hygiene interventions may improve glycemic control, decrease blood pressure, and enhance weight loss. Sleep extension has the potential to attenuate obesity risk and cardiometabolic dysfunction. There is tremendous opportunity for future research that establishes a minimum threshold for sleep extension effectiveness and addresses logistical barriers identified in seminal studies.
Calic, Marie-Janine, The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 724 pp., $39.95, ISBN 978-0-674-98392-2, Publication Date: June 2019

There is a need for an up-to-date textbook on Balkan and southeastern European history. With The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe, Marie-Janine Calic, a professor of eastern and sou...
Stability of thiamine and riboflavin during extrusion processing of triticale

Triticale kernels were extruded using a Brabender Plasticorder extruder with ¾-inch rifled barrel and 1:1 flight depth ratio screw. Whole grain samples were extruded at initial moisture contents of 15, 20, and 25%. Debranned samples were extruded at an initial moisture content of 22%. Barrel temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 F and nozzle openings of 1/8 inch and 1/16 inch were used. The products were analyzed for thiamine and riboflavin content. Results were corrected for final moisture content and expressed as fraction retained. A multiple regression was done to determine the relationship between independent and derived variables, and the retention. Riboflavin retention was correlated simply as a function of barrel temperature. Thiamine retention of the debranned material was correlated as a function of nozzle size and barrel temperature. Thiamine retention of the whole grain samples was correlated for nozzle size, first and second order temperature effects, and confounding between nozzle size and temper...
Consultation scheduling with LibCal at the University of Michigan

Many academic libraries use an intermediary technology for scheduling research and consultation appointments with users A variety of scheduling tools are available on the market, distinguished by features, interface, and price In 2018, the University of Michigan Library (U-M Library) began testing the use of SpringShare’s LibCal Appointments scheduling tool The library had already been using other SpringShare products and piloting the use of LibCal as a means for users to book study rooms Two years out from the initial start of the pilot, it is possible to step back and see the bigger picture of how LibCal has been used across the library While other academic libraries chronicled the use of scheduling tools, including LibCal, for research consultation bookings, this paper will discuss the experiences of the U-M Library during the appointment scheduling pilot, including challenges, successes, and current applications of LibCal This work has been affected by oscillating changes in the past years, including the situation of COVID-19 and rapid change to remote workflows, and an entire website redesign project for the Library in Summer 2020 © 2020 The Author(s) Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Family rules, routines, and caregiver distress during the first year of pediatric cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE: A new diagnosis of pediatric cancer may disrupt family functioning. The current study aimed to describe changes in family rules and routines during the first year of pediatric cancer treatment, and to explore associations with demographics, illness factors, and caregiver distress. METHODS: This exploratory mixed-methods, cross-sectional study examined 44 primary caregivers of youth in treatment for a new cancer diagnosis in 2019 and 2020, before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Caregivers completed validated questionnaires assessing demographic and child illness characteristics, psychosocial distress, and cancer-related stressors, and participated in a semi-structured interview about family rules and routines. RESULTS: Caregivers reported changes in bedtime, mealtime, and school routines, relaxed behavioral expectations and rules around screen time, and new rules and routines around treatment, medications, and infection control. Caregivers with elevated levels of psychosocial distress reported more changed routines than caregivers with low levels of psychosocial distress. Caregivers who endorsed more cancer-related stressors reported more new rules and routines than those who reported fewer cancer-related stressors. Demographic and illness factors were not significantly associated with the number of changed, new, or stable family rules and routines. CONCLUSIONS: Families may relax rules and routines during the first several months of diagnosis, and this may be related to side effects of treatment and limited caregiver capacity. The long-term impact of changes in family rules and routines during cancer treatment warrants further study given that accommodating parenting strategies have been associated with adverse short- and long-term child health and behavior outcomes.
Ontology-Driven Learning of Bayesian Network for Causal Inference and Quality Assurance in Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of complex geometries that are difficult to realize using conventional manufacturing techniques. Advanced sensing is increasingly being used to improve AM processes, and installing different sensors onto AM systems has yielded more data-rich environments. Transforming data into useful information and knowledge (i.e., causality detection and process-structure-property (PSP) relationship identification) is important for achieving the necessary quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in AM. However, causality modeling and PSP relationship establishment in AM are still in early stages of development. In this paper, we develop an ontology-based Bayesian network (BN) model to represent causal relationships between AM parameters (i.e., design parameters and process parameters) and QA/QC requirements (e.g., structure properties and mechanical properties). The proposed model enables engineering interpretations and can further advance AM process monitoring and control.
Is Chief Counsel Resurrecting the Chapter 14 'Monster'?

This article critically reviews the analysis of the office of the IRS Chief Counsel in its recent CCA #201442053. The CCA deals with the restructuring of a profits interest that clearly resulted in at least one gift under the gift tax rules of Chapter 12, Rather than address those ordinary gift tax rules, the CCA attempts to apply Section 2701, which is part of Chapter 14, to value the gift. Its analysis fails completely. Because the facts included the creation of a profits interest, the author is concerned that more may be made of this CCA than justified. The author believes that the CCA ignores the important differences in the proposed and final regulations under Section 2701, which he considers to be extraordinary work by the writers of those regulations. The author requests that the Chief Counsel withdraw the CCA to honor the earlier work on Treasury and the IRS.
Representing 'undefined' in lambda calculus

Let ψ be a partial recursive function (of one argument) with λ-defining term F ∈Λ°. This means There are several proposals for what F ⌜ n ⌝ should be in case ψ( n ) is undefined: (1) a term without a normal form (Church); (2) an unsolvable term (Barendregt); (3) an easy term (Visser); (4) a term of order 0 (Statman). These four possibilities will be covered by one ‘master’ result of Statman which is based on the ‘Anti Diagonal Normalization Theorem’ of Visser (1980). That ingenious theorem about precomplete numerations of Ershov is a powerful tool with applications in recursion theory, metamathematics of arithmetic and lambda calculus.
Quantitative Analysis of Charge Injection and Discharging of Si Nanocrystals and Arrays by Electrostatic Force Microscopy

NASA requirements for computing and memory for microspacecraft emphasize high density, low power, small size, and radiation hardness. The distributed nature of storage elements in nanocrystal floating-gate memories leads to intrinsic fault tolerance and radiation hardness. Conventional floating-gate non-volatile memories are more susceptible to radiation damage. Nanocrystal-based memories also offer the possibility of faster, lower power operation. In the pursuit of filling these requirements, the following tasks have been accomplished: (1) Si nanocrystal charging has been accomplished with conducting-tip AFM; (2) Both individual nanocrystals on an oxide surface and nanocrystals formed by implantation have been charged; (3) Discharging is consistent with tunneling through a field-lowered oxide barrier; (4) Modeling of the response of the AFM to trapped charge has allowed estimation of the quantity of trapped charge; and (5) Initial attempts to fabricate competitive nanocrystal non-volatile memories have been extremely successful.
Genetic Basis of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors and Therapeutic Implications

The advent of molecular biology has provided tools to delineate genetic mutations that cause disease. Recently, several genetic mutations have been associated with intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Concurrently, advances in micro-neurosurgical techniques have significantly decreased the morbidity of surgical resection. In this review, we describe the current understanding of genetic mutations in sporadic and familial intramedullary spinal cord tumors. The future success of innovative gene therapy protocols may depend upon establishing a cause and effect relationship between these genetic mutations and disease progression. Successful gene therapy will also depend upon increasing the efficiency of gene therapy vector delivery.
The Regional Dimensions of Barriers to Business Transactions in Russia

This analysis, based on more than 70 company case studies across 13 Russian regions during the spring, summer and fall of 2000 and the summer of 2001, examines four key issues that Russian firms face in carrying out business transactions in Russia's regional markets: (i) the state of inter-enterprise competition; (ii) the regulatory regime governing the delivery of infrastructure services (with a focus on the telecom and Internet sector); (iii) the sources and use of corporate finance; and (iv) the efficacy of the court system in fostering the settlement of commercial disputes. The study formulates policy recommendations for each of the areas analyzed. In so doing it sheds light on salient inter-regional differences in existing policy frameworks and in the structure and nature of the country's enterprise sector, as well as on how regional governments and firms both respond to and shape these differences. The study also highlights the evolution of inter-regional policy and economic changes over time, assessing the extent to which, two years after the 1998 crisis, enterprise restructuring at the local level has been affected by the devaluation of the ruble.
CONFORMERS OF TRANS-N-METHYLACETAMIDE Ab initio study of geometries and vibrational spectra*

Energies and geometries have been obtained, at the 4-31G* level, for the four stable conformers of trans.N-methylacetamide that result from conformational isomerism of the CH, groups. Ab initio force fields were obtained for these four structures, and the force constants were scaled to experimental matrix-isolated frequencies. The results show that the conformers should be spectroscopically distinguishable, and in fact the observed bands can be satisfactorily assigned on this basis without invoking a non-planar amide group. Conformational isomerism may also be partly responsible for the unusual breadth of the amide V band.
A Film Aesthetic to Discover

Challenging today’s ascendant digital aesthetic, this essay retraces one powerful line of French theory which treats film as an art which “discovers” significance rather than “constructs” meaning. Champions of today’s technology find that the digital at last permits complete control over image construction and therefore over “cinema effects.” Opposed to this aesthetic which targets the audience, the French aesthetic stemming from Roger Leenhardt and Andre Bazin concerns itself with the world the filmmaker engages. An interplay of presence and absence, as well as of human agency in the non-human environment, characterizes the French aesthetic at each phase of the filmic process: recording, composing and projecting. This article focuses on the central phase, composing, and on the terminological shift from “image” to “shot” picked up after Bazin by the Nouvelle Vague and passed forward to our own day through Serge Daney. In short, there is a Cahiers du cinema line of thought, applied to questions of editing, which emphasizes the filtering implied in shots and the ellipses implied in their order. Conventional editors, on the other hand, manipulate or juxtapose images (using processes known as “compositing” today). The Cahiers line of thought developed in symbiosis with neo-realism and with a spate of post-war essay films of the “camera-stylo” sort (Resnais, Franju) wherein editing works to cut away and filter out the inessential so that a mysterious or abstract subject can be felt as beginning to appear. Rivette, Rohmer and Godard have passed this line of thought on to a later generation represented by Philippe Garrel and a still later one for which Arnaud Desplechin stands as a good example.
Anesthesia for a thoracic BB gun injury

Pediatric anesthesiologists care for children with penetrating trauma from nonpowder (BB and pellet) guns. We present the case of a 9-year-old boy who required urgent median sternotomy for cardiac tamponade after sustaining a close-range BB gun injury to the chest. After summarizing the epidemiology of nonpowder gun injuries in children, we clarify the nomenclature, ballistics, and mechanisms of these guns, discuss the tendency to minimize these kinds of injuries, explain bullet embolization, and review (by body area) current clinical management issues.
Understanding Mental Health for the Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases

As a group, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for nearly a quarter of the global burden of disease. Mental disorders play an important role in multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and other chronic non-communicable diseases. Mental disorders independently confer an adverse prognosis for CVD mortality and death from all causes. They also directly impair quality of life. In addition, they impact the success of effective prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of CVD as well as rehabilitation after cardiovascular events. Failure to detect and address underlying mental disorders leads to an underestimation of overall CVD risk and importantly, leads to suboptimal quality health care. In this perspective, we provide a brief overview of the global burden of mental disorders and explore the established relationships between mental health and cardiovascular disorders. We describe selected global strategic research efforts to improve the lives of people with mental disorders and CVD.
'Generic' physical mechanisms of morphogenesis and pattern formation.

The role of ‘generic’ physical mechanisms in morphogenesis and pattern formation of tissues is considered. Generic mechanisms are defined as those physical processes that are broadly applicable to living and non-living systems, such as adhesion, surface tension and gravitational effects, viscosity, phase separation, convection and reaction-diffusion coupling. They are contrasted with ‘genetic’ mechanisms, a term reserved for highly evolved, machine-like, biomolecular processes. Generic mechanisms acting upon living tissues are capable of giving rise to morphogenetic rearrangements of cytoplasmic, tissue and extracellular matrix components, sometimes leading to ‘microfingers’, and to chemical waves or stripes. We suggest that many morphogenetic and patterning effects are the inevitable outcome of recognized physical properties of tissues, and that generic physical mechanisms that act on these properties are complementary to, and interdependent with genetic mechanisms. We also suggest that major morphological reorganizations in phylogenetic lineages may arise by the action of generic physical mechanisms on developing embryos. Subsequent evolution of genetic mechanisms could stabilize and refine developmental outcomes originally guided by generic effects.
Optical Problems of the Satellite

Some of the optical problems connected with an artificial earth satellite are: visibility, the photographic determination of the precise orbit, and the temperature that the satellite will reach through radiation exchange. These matters are discussed with particular reference to the plans for the satellites to be launched by the United States during the International Geophysical Year. One of the first experiments to be flown will be the monitoring of the Lyman alpha line radiation of hydrogen emitted by the sun and the measurement of intensity variations associated with solar flares.
Conversion of a fixed partial denture to an interim removable partial denture: A clinical report

An easy, one-appointment procedure for the modification and conversion of a failed 10-unit FPD into a complete interim overdenture has been described. The benefits to the patient and advantages to the dentist have been noted.
SU‐E‐T‐798: Phantom and Clinical Study of Whole‐Abdominal Radiation Therapy on a TrueBeam Linac: A Comparison Between Traditional Treatment and Volumetric Intensity—modulated Arc Therapy

Purpose: To assess the dosimetric characteristics of volumetric intensity‐modulated arc therapy (Rapid Arc) versus traditional anterior‐posterior beam arrangement with kidney blocks, and to demonstrate the feasibility of whole‐abdominal rapid arc being used in a routine clinical setting.Methods: A rapid arc plan was optimized (with 3 isocenters and 6 arcs) and a traditional AP/PA plan was generated with posterior kidney blocks for a patient prescribing 30 Gy to the whole abdomen. Both plans were copied onto a Rando phantom and optically stimulated luminescent detectors(OSLs) were placed on the phantom to measure the dose delivered by a Varian TrueBeam linac.OSLs were also placed on the patient and the measurements were evaluated. Pre‐treatment quality assurance was evaluated utilizing the Octavius QA device and analyzed using the criteria of 3%/3mm threshold for the gamma index.Results: Mean dose to PTV with rapid arc was 28.3Gy and with AP/PA was 28.5Gy. Target homogeneity was improved for the rapid arc plan. For organs at risk, the dose to the bone marrow was V90% = 18.4% in the rapid arc plan and V90% = 95.13% in the AP/PA plan. Mean doses to the kidneys were comparable in both plans. The OSL results were within 3% for the phantom study and within 6% for the patient measurements. Pre‐treatment QA passed with gamma index in the range of 93.9%–99.4% for all the arcs Conclusions: Rapid arc is a feasible alternative to the traditional therapy. Rapid arc for whole abdominal irradiation in patients offers better homogeneity with the same level of kidney sparing while providing more sparing of organs at risk, such as the bone marrow.
An enhanced MPC-based strategy for non-disruptive load shedding

Model predictive control (MPC) methods have a well-earned reputation for providing on-line solutions to optimal feedback control problems, particularly for systems with control and parameter constraints. Previous work has shown the value of MPC in designing non-disruptive loadshedding strategies for power systems. The nonlinear, non-smooth dynamics of power systems make direct application of MPC difficult though. Therefore previous load-shedding applications of MPC have made use of an approximate discrete-time linear dynamic model that describes perturbations to the system's nominal behavior over a finite-time horizon. This approximate model is based on trajectory sensitivities. The article pursues several enhancements of such MPC-based loadshedding strategies. Specifically, at each MPC stage, we propose using a two-step optimization process to determine the optimal input sequence. This helps in combating the possibility of growing error in the discrete-time approximation if large input modifications are needed. We also consider the effects of varying voltage constraints over the MPC optimization horizon. The new two-step MPC strategies are used to design load-shedding controls that prevent voltage collapse in a ten-bus benchmarksystem example.
Web Citation by Graduate Students: A Comparison of Print and Electronic Theses

This article reports on the Web citation behavior of print and electronic thesis authors at Iowa State and Virginia Tech from 1997 to 2003. Citations from print theses were compared with those submitted as an electronic thesis or dissertation (ETD). This study suggests that students who are required to publish their theses digitally exhibit citation behavior that is no different from students who produce their theses in print. Web citations accounted for 2.2 percent of citations in print theses and 5.4 percent of citations in ETDs. Persistence of Web citations was uniformly poor. The implications for library services and future research directions are discussed.
A new insulating material for traction motors

THE STANDARDS FOR TRACTION MOTORS list them as class B (1943 AIEE Standard No. 77), which provides that peak value by resistance shall not exceed 160 C for the armature and 170 C for the fields. Modern diesel-electric locomotive traction motors often exceed these limits by 20 to 30 C. Coupled with this are severe vibration conditions, dust, water, varying humidity, highly variable maintenance, and shock.
Improvement of Cold Tolerance in Horticultural Crops by Genetic Engineering

Abstract Chilling and freezing temperatures often adversely affect the productivity and quality of horticultural plants. Attempts to enhance cold tolerance through traditional breeding have achieved limited success, mainly due to the complexity of the genetics associated with a plant's response to low temperatures. Recently, the improvement of cold tolerance by genetic engineering has been achieved in many species. Nevertheless, transgenic plants with greater tolerance have been reported in only a few horticultural examples. Their production has led to a new era in improving performance. In this review, we first present recent advances in understanding cold acclimation. We then describe a few cases in which improved cold tolerance has been achieved with transgenic plants.
A multidimensional analysis of the epistemic origins of nursing theories, models, and frameworks

The purpose of this article is to introduce our notion of epistemic space and to demonstrate its utility for understanding the origins and trajectories of nursing theory in the 20th century using multidimensional scaling (MDS). A literature review was conducted on primary and secondary sources written by and about 20 nurse theorists to investigate whether or not they cited 129 different scholars in the fields of anthropology, biology, nursing, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Seventy-four scholars were identified as having been cited by at least two nurse theorists (319 citations total). Proximity scores, quantifying the similarity among nurse theorists based on proportions of shared citations, were calculated and analyzed using MDS. The emergent model of epistemic space that accommodated these similarities among nurse theorists revealed the systematic influence of scholars from various fields, notably psychology, biology, and philosophy. We believe that this schema and resulting taxonomy will prove useful for furthering our understanding of the relationships among nursing theories and theories in other fields of science.
On anisotropic compressible materials that can sustain elastodynamic anti-plane shear

We characterize the class of compressible, homogeneous, possibly anisotropic elastic materials that can undergo nontrivial finite elastodynamic anti-plane shear motions.
The diagnosis of childhood neurodegenerative disorders presenting as dementia in adults.

This review will present an approach to the evaluation of dementia in adults related to «pediatric» metabolic and degenerative diseases
Activity periods and energetic reserves of the brown lemming in northern Alaska

Radiotelemetry provided data on the activity periods of brown lemmings Lemmus sibiricus in northern Alaska. Activity inside the burrow and inactivity outside the burrow usually occurred in short episodes (<3 min), whereas periods of activity outside the burrow and inactivity inside the burrow were more prolonged and appeared to be associated with foraging (outside) and sleeping (inside). Energetic reserves for lemmings entering a burrow consisted of body fat and undigested gut contents, which allowed minimal survival times of 8.6 ? 2.3 h (mean ? 1 S.E.). Nevertheless, lemmings usually left their burrows within 40 min of entering, at which time their stomachs would be at least two-thirds empty. Activity patterns of lemmings appear to change in response to predators, weather and nutritional requirements. We argue that lemmings seek to minimize the time spent foraging rather than to maximize the net energy gain while foraging.
Being and Becoming Moral in a Chinese Culture: Unique or Universal?

The state of being moral and the process of becoming moral was examined in a sample of 211 Chinese students from Taiwan who were divided into seven age groups. "Structured wholeness" was demonstrated by cross-sectional data that showed that moral mean ings associated with the self are organized coherently across different situations; this finding describes the state of being moral. With respect to the process of becoming moral, the longitudinal data suggested an invariant sequence of moral reasoning stages, with little retrogression or skipping of stages by most subjects. Social class but not gender had a positive although modest effect on rate of development. A comparison of the Chinese data with previous American and Israeli data points to basic cross-cultural similari ties in terms of sequence of stages and rate of development.
Dental health knowledge and attitudes in Haiti.

Dr. Rundberg's visit and study of rural Haitians make an interesting story of a people's struggle to gain a living and establish an independent culture.
DECREASING THE DOSIMETRIC EFFECTS OF MISALIGNMENT WHEN USING A MONO-ISOCENTRIC TECHNIQUE FOR IRRADIATION OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify and develop methods to decrease inhomogeneities created with field edge mismatch when using a mono-isocentric beam-split technique. Methods and Materials: We validated techniques to determine dose across a half-blocked field edge and quantified potential sources of systematic matchline error. Then, two methods were used to evaluate matchline doses. The first used film dosimetry data from a half-beam field and a spreadsheet. Duplication and reversal provided two columns, each representing a beam-split field edge. Summation simulated perfect abutment and shifting created various gaps and overlaps. The second method involved obtaining dose profiles at midfield along the ray perpendicular to abutted, overlapped, and gapped beam-split fields on six linear accelerators. To enlarge the penumbra, we designed several field edge modifiers, then re-evaluated matchline doses. The field edge modifiers applicability to a 3-field head and neck treatment technique was also examined. Results: Film-determined dose profiles provide similar information across a beam-split field edge as an ionization chamber. With the mono-isocentric beam-split technique, a 4-mm overlap or gap produces inhomogeneities nearly 60% above or below the intended dose. A 2-mm overlap or gap produces inhomogeneities nearly 30% above or below the intended dose. A customized penumbra generator decreased the magnitude of these inhomogeneities to 20% and 10%, respectively. Conclusion: The two methods of evaluating matchline dose described above gave similar results. When using the mono-isocentric half-field technique, small misalignments produce worrisome regions of inhomogeneity. Our penumbra generator substantially decreases the magnitude of the dose inhomogeneities, although the volume receiving an inhomogeneous dose increases.
The Tobacco Settlement

The fate of the proposed tobacco settlement and, in turn, the health and longevity of generations of Americans now lie in the hands of the Congress. The settlement is the product of intense negotiations among 40 state attorneys general, a coalition of trial lawyers, and the tobacco industry itself. Under the current provisions of the settlement, the tobacco industry would be required to pay $368.5 billion to reimburse the various states for the cost of providing health care services to people with tobacco-related diseases. The industry would then be allowed to recover that reimbursement through raising the price of cigarettes . . .
Patient expectations regarding eye care: development and results of the Eye Care Expectations Survey (ECES).

Objective To develop an instrument (the Eye Care Expectations Survey [ECES]) that can identify and quantify the expectations of patients visiting eye care providers. Methods A total of 202 patients attending 4 ophthalmology practices affiliated with Duke University Eye Center enrolled in the study. All participants completed the pilot version of the ECES, which was developed through a review of the expectations literature and a multicondition focus group process. Factor analysis of patients’ responses was used to identify the performance characteristics of the ECES. Results Factor analysis yielded factors that describe 4 distinct types of expectations: patient involvement in eye care, interpersonal manner, information about diagnosis and prognosis, and communication and clinical competence. These 4 factors explained 89% of the total variance. The factor analysis identified a subset of 27 questions (of the original 37) to represent the 4 factors. Estimates of internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility indicate that the ECES is reliable. In addition, tests of association with clinical variables support the construct validity of the survey. The psychometric properties of the ECES were influenced by the severity of the underlying eye condition as well as other demographic and clinical variables, including the patient’s rating of his or her own vision, best corrected visual acuity, sex, education, race, and household income. Conclusions Based on this cross-sectional study, the 27-item ECES appears to be a useful tool for better understanding patients’ expectations regarding eye care.
Discovery of N-[(3R,5R)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl]furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide as an agonist of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: in vitro and in vivo activity.

Abstract A novel α7 nAChR agonist, N-[(3R,5R)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl]furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide (3a, PHA-709829), has been identified for the potential treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The compound shows potent and selective α7 in vitro activity, excellent brain penetration, good rat oral bioavailability and robust in vivo efficacy in a rat auditory sensory gating model.
The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule: Approach for a General Surgeon

The solitary pulmonary nodule is a common finding on radiographic studies performed for other reasons. It is important that the probability of malignancy be assessed when these nodules are found. This chapter outlines a diagnostic approach for these nodules to optimize non-invasive and invasive testing, and describes the value of the various modalities used to evaluate these abnormalities.
Posterior leukoencephalopathy following repair of an ileocecal anastomosis breakdown: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome refers to a constellation of neurologic symptoms related to temporary white matter changes. The disease typically presents in the context of an abrupt and drastic elevation in blood pressure (>180/110 mmHg). We report an unusual case of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a post-operative setting, with a blood pressure parameter generally tolerated by most patients.
Statistical analysis of literature: A retrospective on Computers and the Humanities , 1966–1990

This retrospective on statistical analysis of literature in the first twenty-four years of Computers and the Humanities divides the essays under review into four groups: the philosophical, the statistical analyses of language, the statistical analyses of literary texts, and the statistical analyses of themes. It begins with the question: must valid statistical analysis of any literary text be based on a complete linguistic description of the language of the text? It summarizes and evaluates over forty essays, giving details on works discussed, sample sizes used, statistical methods applied, and quotations from the researchers. The essay ends with a polemical summary of what has been done and what the future holds. It emphasizes the importance of extended pre-computational stages of learning about language and discourse analysis; reading previous research, building on and challenging theory; and the use of carefully crafted, small databases to test specific questions.
Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. The effect of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on enzyme activity and dissociation.

Reaction of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate with e-amino groups of lysine residues in sheep heart phosphofructokinase causes a loss in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Inactivation is slowed by the presence of Fru-6-P. Maximum inactivation occurs when 4 moles of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate are bound per 100 000 g of enzyme. Reaction with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in the absence of Fru-6-P causes the enzyme to dissociate at 0°. Warming the dissociated enzyme to room temperature causes it to reassociate. Enzyme with a small amount of bound pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (<1 mole per 100 000 g) is more sensitive to allosteric inhibition by ATP than native enzyme. This is associated with a shift in the acidic portion of the pH-activity curve of the enzyme to higher pH's.
Solitary pulmonary nodule characterization on CT by use of contrast enhancement maps

Studies have shown that vascular structure of a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) can give insight into the diagnosis of the nodule. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utility of texture analysis as a quantitative measure of the vascular structure of a nodule. A contrast CT study was conducted for 29 patients with an indeterminate SPN. For each patient, the post-contrast series at maximum enhancement was volumetrically registered to the pre-contrast series. The two registered series were subtracted to form difference images of the nodule and each voxel was color-coded into 7 bins. Initially, a representative image of each nodule was subjectively rated on a five-point by a radiologist as to the magnitude, extent, and heterogeneity of the enhancement. From the initial analysis the heterogeneity of the nodule was found to be significantly different for benign versus malignant nodules (p<0.01), while the other two ratings were found not to be significant. We then attempted to quantify this subjective rating of heterogeneity by calculating 14 textural features based on co-occurrence matrices. These features included various measures of contrast, entropy, energy, etc. Dimension reduction techniques such as principal component and factor analysis were applied to the features to reduce the 14 variables to one factor. The mean of this factor was significantly different for malignant versus benign nodules (p=0.010). Texture analysis of contrast enhancement maps appears to be useful tool to characterize SPNs.
Subjective Probability Forecasts for Recessions

Probabilistic forecasts are often more useful in business than point forecasts. In this paper, the joint subjective probabilities for negative GDP growth during the next two quarters obtained from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) are evaluated using various decompositions of the Quadratic Probability Score (QPS). Using the odds ratio and other forecasting accuracy scores appropriate for rare event forecasting, we find that the forecasts have statistically significant accuracy. However, compared to their discriminatory power, these forecasts have excess variability that is caused by relatively low assigned probabilities to forthcoming recessions. We suggest simple guidelines for the use of probability forecasts in practice.