cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Brief History of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Criticality Facility

Thousands of critical and high-multiplication subcritical experiments were performed at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) Critical Facility throughout the 1950s and 1960s. This paper presents a brief history of the origins of the LRL and the critical facility with a synopsis of those experiments that have been evaluated and published or will soon appear in the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments.
How Water Enters the Stratosphere

Earth9s stratosphere (from ~11 to ~50 km) contains much less water than would be expected based on the water vapor content at the boundary between the stratophere and the underlying troposphere. In her Perspective, Rosenlof discusses how this extreme aridity may arise. She highlights the report by Webster and Heymsfield, whose isotope data show that small-scale processes play an important role in the transport of water through the troposphere and into the stratosphere. These processes are not captured correctly by today9s models.
Program verification: the very idea

The notion of program verification appears to trade upon an equivocation. Algorithms, as logical structures, are appropriate subjects for deductive verification. Programs, as causal models of those structures, are not. The success of program verification as a generally applicable and completely reliable method for guaranteeing program performance is not even a theoretical possibility.
Prevention: rhetoric and reality.

This article examines the value context in which health policy is decided and reviews the empirical evidence in support of present and future initiatives in preventie psychiatry. Health ministries today enthusiastically embrace the rhetoric of prevention because of the relentless growth of medical care costs. US health expenditures in 1981 for example accounted for 9.8% of the gross national product up from 8.9% 2 years previously. A comparison of health gains from vaccination against poliomyelitus with health gains from vaccination against influenza virus illustrates that the dollar amount expended per year of life saved may vary greatly. Vaccination of persons against influenza and pneumonia would necessitate increasing the very health expenditures that governments are trying to reduce. Fundamental problems of social justice exist in the asymmetry between those who pay and those who benefit from preventive health measures and in the scales on which costs and benefits are assessed. Moreover prevention of premature death results in a larger population in the older age groups which consume proportionately more health resources. Such consideratons make obvious the danger of trying to justify prevention on purely economic grounds. Medical knowledge provides a technological base for the analysis of health policy options but the political process reflecting the power and the values of the various constituencies in society is what determines which choices are made. Present knowledge of prevention of psychiatric disorders in children must be considered against the context in which policy decisions are made. Prenatal preventive measures migh address birth weight maternal smoking and alcohol intake and rubella and the conditions diagnosed by amnioscentesis. Neonatal screening could be used to identify phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism. Measures to prevent accidents and poisonings could minimize brain trauma. Vaccination has become the paradigm for prevention an inexpensive measure applied once or a few times to yield permanent immunity but the model does not apply to the prevention of psychosocial disorders: there is no shortterm psychiatric intervention that confers immunity to later challenge. Psychosocial measures proposed for the reduction of psychiatric morbidity and mortality in childhood and adolescence include family planning preschool intervention programs shortterm psychotherapy and suicide prevention.
ABC transporter FtsABCD of Streptococcus pyogenes mediates uptake of ferric ferrichrome.

The Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) genome encodes three ABC transporters, namely, FtsABCD, MtsABC, and HtsABC, which share homology with iron transporters. MtsABC and HtsABC are believed to take up ferric (Fe3+) and manganese ions and heme, respectively, while the specificity of FtsABCD is unknown. Recombinant FtsB, the lipoprotein component of FtsABCD, was found to bind Fe3+ ferrichrome in a 1:1 stoichiometry. To investigate whether FtsABCD transports Fe3+ ferrichrome, GAS isogenic strains defective in lipoprotein gene ftsB and permease gene ftsC were generated, and the effects of the mutations on uptake of Fe3+ ferrichrome were examined using radioactive 55Fe3+ ferrichrome. FtsB was produced in the wild-type strain but not in the ftsB mutant, confirming the ftsB inactivation. While wild-type GAS took up 3.6 × 104 Fe3+ ferrichrome molecules per bacterium per min at room temperature, the ftsB and ftsC mutants did not have a detectable rate of Fe3+ ferrichrome uptake. The inactivation of ftsB or ftsC also decreased 55Fe3+ ferrichrome uptake by >90% under growth conditions in the case of limited uptake time. Complementation of the ftsB mutant with a plasmid carrying the ftsB gene restored FtsB production and 55Fe3+ ferrichrome association at higher levels compared with the parent strain. The inactivation of mtsA and htsA and Fe-restricted conditions enhanced the production of FtsB and Fe3+ ferrichrome uptake. The FtsB protein bound Fe3+ ferrichrome, and inactivation of ftsB or ftsC, but not htsA or mtsA, diminished Fe3+ ferrichrome uptake, indicating that FtsABCD, but not HtsABC and MtsABC, is the transporter that takes up Fe3+ ferrichrome in GAS. Fe acquisition systems are virulence factors in many bacterial pathogens and are attractive vaccine candidates. The elucidation of the FtsABCD specificity advances the understanding of Fe acquisition processes in GAS and may help evaluating the GAS Fe acquisition systems as vaccine candidates.
Class dependent departure process from multiclass phase queues : Exact and approximate analyses

In this paper we study class dependent departure processes from phase type queues. When the arrival process for a subset of the classes is a Poisson process, we determine the Laplace-Stieltjes transform of the stationary inter-departure times of the combined output of all the other classes. We also propose and test approximations for the squared coefficient of variation of the stationary inter-departure times of each customer class. The approximations are based on the detailed structure of the second order measures of the aggregate departure process. Finally, we propose renewal approximations for the class dependent departure process that take into account the utilization of the queue that customers next visit.
Resonance hyper-Raman scattering in the VUV. Femtosecond dynamics of the predissociated C state of methyl iodide

Abstract The polarization-resolved resonance hyper-Raman (RHR) scattering of CH3I vapor is observed as blue incident radiation is tune through two-photon resonance with the origin absorption band of the predissociative ∼ ← ∼ Rydberg transition in the VUV (183–175 nm). These results demonstrate the ability of this nonlinear Raman technique to probe the ultrafast dynamics of molecular levels in the VUV. The C-state lifetime is determined to be 180±30 fs by fits of theory to the depolarization ratio excitation profile and rovibrational hyper-Raman bandshapes. Hence, predissociation is approximately three times faster on the C-state than the B-state surface of CH3I (τ = 500 fs). Additionally, the depolarization ratio dispersion and RHR bandshapes indicate mode specific predissociation effects, at least for the ν3 methyl iodine vibronic C-state level, just as found for the B state.
Effect of prednisolone on motor end‐plate fine structure: A morphometric study in hamsters

The fine structure of quadriceps motor end-plates in hamsters was analyzed quantitatively one, two, four, seven, and thirty-two weeks following intraperitoneal injections of prednisolone. Except for transient increases in postsynaptic length and membrane profile concentration after prednisolone administration at dosages of 4 mg per kilogram of body weight for one week and 2 mg per kilogram for four weeks, mean values for various measurable profiles in the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions showed no significant differences between control and treated animals.
Superconducting, magnetic, electronic transport, and structural properties of (R1.5Ce0.5)Sr2Cu2NbO10, R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu

Abstract The (R 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 system has been characterized for R=Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu using X-ray diffraction, resistivity, and magnetization measurements. (Nd 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 has been previously reported and is confirmed to be a superconductor with T c near 28 K. (Sm 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 and (Eu 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 are also superconductors with T c s near 28 K. (Pr 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 is not superconducting and is an insulator. In addition, magnetic susceptibility data reveal two magnetic ordering transitions at 17 K and 53 K for (Pr 1.5 Ce 0.5 )Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 . In contrast, no such transitions are observed for R=Nd, Sm, or Eu down to 2 K. This behavior is analogous to that found for R=Pr or Cm in the RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x system and for R=Pr in the RBa 2 Cu 2 NbO 8 system. A proposal is made for the generalization of a correlation between an anomalously high Neel temperature and the lack of superconductivity in RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x related structures.
The functional independence of response latency and accuracy: implications for the concept of conceptual tempo.

Kagan (1965a) developed the concepts of impulsive and reflective cognitive styles (conceptual tempo) to add a new dimension to the understanding and assessment of human intelligence. Although latency (the principal component of conceptual tempo) is negatively correlated with academic performance, it may not be necessary to modify latency in order to modify accuracy. With 40 disadvantaged preschool children, it was found that reinforcing long latencies in choice tasks did not increase accuracy and vice versa, and that reinforcing both long latencies and accuracy was no more effective than reinforcing accuracy alone. These data were used to question the usefulness of the construct of conceptual tempo.
ALTEP-A Cellular processor for high-speed pattern matching

The design of a high-speed cellular pattern matcher, called theAssociative Linear Text Processor (ALTEP), is presented.ALTEP was originally designed for systems which use signature files as an access method. However, it is also suitable for systems which store the database in fixed length blocks.ALTEP is a linear array of logic cells which respond to commands sent from a central controller over a bus. A text block is loaded into the cells and pattern characters are broadcast to the cells for comparison.ALTEP has the capability of recognizing full regular expressions and is the only cellular logic array which has this capability. It requiresO(p) steps for patterns which do not contain closures andO(len(max(T(P)))) steps for closures, wherep is the the length of the pattern andlen(max(T(P))) is the length of the longest substring in the text which matched the closure.
Acceleration to Terminal Velocity of Cloud and Raindrops.

Abstract A theoretical method is given which allows computing the acceleration to terminal velocity of cloud and raindrops at various levels in the atmosphere. For drops of equivalent radius 800 μm ≤ a0 ≤ 3500 μm our theoretical predictions were found to agree well with the results of an experimental study carried out in the UCLA Rain-Shaft. For drops of 20 μm ≤ a0 ≤ 80 μm our theoretical predictions were found to agree well with the experimental results of Sartor and Abbott (1975). Experiment and theory indicate that in air of 1000 mb and 20°C, drops of a0 > 1000 μm need distances of at least 12 m to accelerate to terminal velocity.
THE CHEMISTRY OF IODINATION

Reactions involved in the iodination of proteins are discussed. Procedures for the preparation of I/sup 131/-labeled proteins are described. (C.H.)
A second supersymmetric S-matrix for the perturbed tricritical Ising model

Abstract We show that there are two different soliton scattering theories for the supersymmetric perturbation of the tricritical Ising model, each associated with a projection of the full theory onto a local field theory. The theory discussed in detail in this letter is described by a super-Landau-Ginzburg action. It corresponds to an integrable deformation of the Neveu-Schwarz sector of the conformal field theory, where supersymmetry acts locally. This is opposed to the scattering theory discussed in the literature, which is described by a Landau-Ginzburg action with a single scalar field upon which supersymmetry acts nonlocally. We find the soliton spectrum and the purely elastic S -matrix for the theory described by a super-Landau-Ginzburg action.
Simulation of Heat Transfer From Flow With High Free-Stream Turbulence to Turbine Blades

The present investigation is devoted to one of the most difficult problems in the gas turbine industry: predicting the heat transfer to turbine blades. It is known that one of the important factors that affects heat transfer coefficients is a significant level of turbulence in the flow that surrounds a turbine blade. The influence of free-stream turbulence on heat transfer coefficients for a flat plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient or in the vicinity of the stagnation point of a circular cylinder is investigated numerically. An algebraic relaxation-length model of turbulence is applied in order to simulate real situations in flows with a high level of free-stream turbulence. The results, temperature and velocity profiles, and heat transfer and drag coefficients, are compared with available experimental data. The proposed method is recommended for practical calculations of heat transfer coefficients on turbine blades.
Brain window language of fireflies

Before mating female fireflies of the species Photuris versicolor respond to the courtship flashes of conspecific males. After mating they become femme fatales (FFs) by answering the courtship flashes of males of other species. By analyzing the responses of females to artificial stimulus flashes we have identified the language of the firefly, based on brain windows and on biological oscillators with a period of about 2 seconds. The response latency of the famale is a function of the stimulus interval, and these stimulus-response relationships form six clusters or “dialogs”. Each dialog is composed of a narrow range of stimulus intervals and their associated narrow range of response latencies. These dialogs are related to the three response behaviors of females: responses to the short stimulus intervals of conspecific males and responses to medium and long stimulus intervals of heterospecific males. These interval classes are named courtship, mimicry and patrolling respectively. Each behavior uses one receive brain window and one send brain window. The receive window is a time interval during which a female will only accept the stimulus flash. The send window is a time interval during which the female can only initiate a response. Similar stimuli can produce different latencies depending on the context stored in the females' memory. This context or expectation is defined by the past history of stimulation. The context is used to dynamically adjust the brain windows depending upon the behavior. The six dialogs together form the brain window language of the firefly. The language is defined in terms of message quantum, distance and redundancy. The message quantum is the smallest item used in coding and it is a fraction of the biological oscillator period. The coding distance is a measure of how far the receive windows are separated from each other and determines the safety of coding. The coding distance measured in message quanta is large for courtship and small for mimicry communication. Language redundancy shows the efficiency of coding and it is greater than one. A computer model has been developed that uses the brain window language. The model is in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
Developing DNA tiles for oligonucleotide hybridization assay with higher accuracy and efficiency

We demonstrate the versatility of a DNA tile system for oligonucleotide hybridization assay and explored the detection limit of the probe tiles for DNA targets of varied lengths.
THE NATURE OF FRONTIERS AND BOUNDARIES

This chapter deals with the problem of clarifying, and disentangling for the purpose of theoretical understanding, the two elements which combine in what we commonly call frontiers and boundaries: the physical and the political that is moral and legal, element. Historically, the word "frontier" implied what it suggests etymologically, that is, that which is "in front." The importance of the relative compatibility of cultures which meet on a given frontier can be illustrated by comparing the advance of the Russian and the northern Chinese frontier. Both of these frontiers have been biting into the heritage of the Mongol Empire. The nature of frontiers differs greatly from the nature of boundaries. Frontiers are a characteristic of rudimentary socio-political relations; relations marked by rebelliousness, lawlessness, and/or absence of laws. Both frontiers and boundaries are manifestations of socio-political forces, and as such are subjective, not objective.
The visceral ganglion of Aplysia californica.

1. The neurons and glial cells of the visceral ganglion are closely packed together except in the peripheral zone of the ganglion, where an extracellular space, the subcapsular sinus, occurs. The interglial clefts are often dilated in this region, and contain small amounts of the flocculent material which fills the sinus. 2. Most of the glial cells of the peripheral zone are filled with particles of glycogen. Processes of these cells invaginate deeply into neuronal perikarya. Patches of glycogen also occur in the neurons. 3. Some of the neurons contain small, membrane-limited granules which resemble neurosecretory granules. These appear to arise in Golgi cisternae. Such granules also occur in neuronal processes within the basement membrane of the ganglion and in the connective tissue capsule outside. In the latter location the nerve fibers may be entirely unsheathed. 4. Small caliber processes in the neuropil contain vesicles which resemble synaptic vesicles in other locations. In this ganglion the vesicles usually have osmiophilic centers.
Serum neuraminidase activity and hematological alterations in acute human Chagas' disease

Abstract Neuraminidase activity was detected in serum 12 days after an accidental laboratory infection with Trypanosoma cruzi , peaked at the time when clinical symptoms appeared, and dropped to undetectable values by the day antibodies specific for T. cruzi were first demonstrated. A seric factor blocking neuraminidase activity was demonstrated when antibodies were first detected and persisted with high titers for at least 12 weeks there-after. Erythrocyte and white blood cell counts as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit were below the lower limit of normality when seric neuraminidase activity was at its peak.
The perversion of empire: Edmund burke and the nature of imperial responsibility

Professions by British politicians of their nation's responsibility or obligation to provide “just” rule for foreign peoples have long been characterized by critics of the British Empire as being little more than hypocritical ploys intended to obfuscate the “true” economic and racist motivations for nineteenth‐century imperialism. But such criticisms, while undoubtedly accurate in many cases, do not account for the British public's acceptance of the ideal of imperial responsibility as a political necessity. This essay proposes an alternative interpretation of imperial responsibility founded upon Edmund Burke's rhetorical denunciation of the East India Company in 1783. By ironically foregrounding the classical justification for empire in order to indict the Company's policies in India, Burke essentially constructed a new understanding of imperial responsibility in which the need to protect foreign peoples from unscrupulous Britons was stressed instead of any sense of racial superiority or paternalism. This...
Differential Cross Sections for Electron Emission in Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions

The systematics of differential ionization cross sections are explored for incident charged particles which possess atomic structure. Although little has been published regarding outer shell ionization by structured projectiles, sufficient data are becoming available to provide some insight into the collision process. This discussion concentrates on systematics of emission cross sections for the intermediate and high energy projectiles where the applicability of high energy approximations can be tested and the dramatic changes in emission spectra observed as the projectile energies decrease. Since heavy ion interactions are important in many research fields, it is particularly useful to determine where simple methods of cross section scaling may be appropriate.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are highly specialized to carry out their unique role in cell signaling. Significant progress has been made in the last several years determining the molecular mechanisms for these specializations. The activation of the channels begins with the binding of cyclic nucleotide to a domain in the carboxyl terminal region. This binding, in turn, produces an induced fit of the protein that involves a movement of the C-helix portion of the binding domain. The induced fit of the binding domain is coupled to an allosteric conformational change that opens the channel pore. The pore is formed primarily from the sequence between the S5 and S6 segments. A single glutamic acid in the pore represents the binding site for multiple monovalent cations, the blocking site for external divalent cations, and the site for the effect of protons on permeation.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake during ischemia is regulated by cytosolic ATP:ADP ratio

Abstract Prolonged ischemia causes functional impairment of mitochondria by irreversible Ca2+ overload, which leads to induction of permeability transition and initiation of apoptosis. It has been reported that cytosolic adenine nucleotides regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in a concentration dependent manner, through a mechanism which does not require hydrolysis. In ischemia, cytosolic [ATP] is decreased and [ADP] is increased. We hypothesized that during ischemia, the fluctuations in the ATP:ADP ratio, rather than absolute changes in either, govern mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Methods: Mitochondria were isolated from rat livers by differential centrifugation and incubated at 37°C in Mg2+-free medium containing 0.2 μM 45Ca2+, 1 mM pyruvate, and 1 mM malate. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was determined by scintillation counting in the presence of varying ATP:ADP (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) and each alone (0, 0.1, 1, 3 mM). All measurements were performed in triplicate on mitochondria prepared from 4 separate rats. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test, with p 0.1 mM and [ADP] > 1 mM, however, there was a decrease in Ca2+ uptake. 3) The individual effects of ATP and ADP on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake were not additive when combined: Ca2+ uptake was increased by about 12-fold at ATP:ADP ratio of 1:3, while it was only increased by 3-fold at 3:1. Conclusion: These data indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is significantly enhanced when the extramitochondrial ATP:ADP is low; thus, ischemic conditions facilitate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Maintenance of a cytosolic ATP:ADP > 3 during ischemia, however, will minimize mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and may minimize subsequent cellular damage. Download : Download high-res image (69KB) Download : Download full-size image
Critical Events: An Anthropological Perspective on Contemporary India

Identifying key events in the history of contemporary India - Partition, sati, minority rights, the Bhopal industrial disaster, the nature of the Indian state - Veena Das describes the implications of these occurrences within the framework of anthropological knowledge. Her attempt here is to produce an ethnography of contemporary India which is sensitive to both world historical processes and the inner life of individuals. The critical events that Professor Das analyzes have all instituted new sorts of action which have, in turn, redefined traditional categories such as codes of purity and honour; the meaning of martyrdom; and the construction of a heroic life. The author shows how these new forms took shape and were appropriated by a variety of political actors such as caste groups, religious communities, women's groups, and the nation as a whole.
Perineal abscess after embolization for high-flow priapism

High-flow priapism is unusual and is most often due to blunt perineal trauma with resultant laceration of the cavernosal artery, creating an arteriocavernosal fistula. Although few cases have been reported, the consensus on management appears to be embolization of the fistula with autologous clot, alone or in combination with Gelfoam. We present a case of high-flow priapism treated in this manner. The embolized pseudoaneurysm evolved into an abscess that eventually spread to the perineum. The rarity of this entity and the postprocedural morbidity are reported.
Hot Electron Injection Efficiency in IGFET Structures

A model is presented for predicting hot electron induced threshold shifts in N-channel Insulating Gate Field Effect Transistors (IGFET). Indirect measurements of electron injection currents are used to predict their dependence upon transistor parameters. These results are compared to long term stress tests on single transistors and large scale integrated circuits.
B- and C-class gene expression during corona development of the blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea, Passifloraceae)

 Premise of study : The origin of the passionfl ower corona, a complex series of structures between the petals and stamens, has intrigued botanists for centuries, but has proven intractable using traditional approaches. Supplementing developmental data with expression analyses of three fl oral identity genes, we test whether the corona in Passifl ora caerulea (blue passionfl ower) is homologous to petals or stamens or whether an alternative hypothesis of the corona as a novel structure is supported.  Methods : Corona development was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Expression of the P. caerulea B-class genes PISTILLATA ( PcPI ) and TOMATO MADS6 ( PcTM6 ), and C-class gene AGAMOUS ( PcAG ) was investigated using a combination of RT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization analyses.  Key results : Corona development starts as a ring of tissue at the base of petals. The outer radii and operculum initiate fi rst at the periphery, followed by the inner radii and pali toward the center, and fi nally an annulus beneath the operculum. Late in development, a limen, the innermost component of the corona, develops from the side of the androgynophore. RT-PCR analyses indicate that the B-class genes PcPI and PcTM6 and C-class gene PcAG were all expressed in mature coronas. However, mRNA in situ hybridization analyses revealed complex temporal patterns of gene expression in the different corona elements.  Conclusions : Our data support the hypothesis that the corona is a composite structure, with the radii, pali, and operculum homologous to stamens, and the limen, which only expresses PcTM6 , considered to be a novel structure distinct from the androgynophore.
The Reversing Weekend Effect: Evidence from the U.S. Equity Markets

The well-known weekend effect has been reversing in Major U.S. indices from late 1980s to late 1990s. The correlation between Monday and Friday returns also exhibited a declining trend, and fluctuated around zero in the 1990s. A power ratio method is developed to measure consistently the relative contribution of Friday and Monday returns to the return of the week in each individual year. The revealed dynamics of the anomaly explains why previous researchers report different or conflicting findings. The anomaly may not be necessarily related to firm size.
An object-oriented product database using ROSE

A product database for a design and manufacturing enterprise serves as a repository for the data needed to manufacture a product. This paper discusses how an object-oriented persistent object manager named ROSE, under development at Rensselaer, has been used in the Rensselaer CIM program to develop a STEP/PDES-compliant product database for its research test bed. In so doing, it provides an overview of the requirements for a product database system in an integrated design and manufacturing facility, and it discusses how the chosen system meets these requirements.
Individuality and heritability of the blood composition of calves with particular reference to the selection of stock with improved growth potential

Blood samples, taken from each of 231 calves on three occasions at 9,10 and 11 weeks of age, were analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose and Hb; and serum albumin, urea nitrogen, total protein, Ca, inorganic phosphate, Mg, K, Na and Cu. Differences in the blood composition for individual calves were demonstrated for all blood constituents (P 0·4).There were significant correlations (P < 0·001) between the calves' growth rates from 1 to 12 weeks and the concentrations of each of the blood constituents, glucose Hb, K, Na, albumin and inorganic phosphate; in the cases of Na and albumin, comparison of the blood analysis at 9–11 weeks with body weights at 6 and 9 months showed that these correlations persisted, and that by 9 months differences in concentrations of Na and albumin among individuals were associated with an average difference of as much as 55 kg in body weight.The evidence that concentrations of certain blood constituents are both inherited and related to growth rate suggests that not only might calves be screened early in life for indications of rapid growth rate, but also that animals might be bred to have the blood characteristics indicative of this quality.
The Scattering of Lithium Ions by a Polycrystalline Nickel Surface

Positive ions scattered by a nickel target were measured both as to energy and quantity in various directions. The ions are scattered in a forwardly directed beam whose width at one-half the maximum intensity is about 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The direction of the maximum is independent of the incident energy and nearly so of the angle of incidence. The ratio of the most probable energy of the scattered ions to that of the incident ions is found to decrease as the total angle of scattering increases and to be independent of the energy or the angle of incidence. To a first approximation the energy distribution is found to be the same as that for projectiles of macroscopic size undergoing elastic impacts at a rough surface with a small coefficient of restitution.
Applications of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) in Neuropsychological Assessment

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983a) is a recently published, individually administered clinical test of intelligence and achievement designed specifically for use with children from 24 to 124 years of age. The K-ABC was developed from a theoretical framework that to a large degree reflects a coalescence of the work of Luria and Vygotsky and American researchers with interests in cerebral specialization as interpreted and integrated by Alan and Nadeen Kaufman. The K-ABC is thus of interest to clinical neuropsychologists. This chapter will review the theoretical framework of the K-ABC, provide an overview of the test, its methods of development and standardization, its technical properties, and describe its conceptual and empirical relationship to neuropsychology. Additionally, techniques for rehabilitation of academic disturbances will be introduced as viewed from the K-ABC model.
Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of cardiac patients.

Abstract Objective Despite the importance of dietary factors in treating and preventing heart disease, relatively little work has explored how well cardiac patients understand the nutrition information they are given. This study was designed to assess the nutrition knowledge and attitudes of cardiac patients. Design An onsite survey was administered to patients who were waiting to see their cardiologists. The survey focused on patients' medical history, attitudes toward nutrition, and knowledge of "heart-healthy" dietary information. Setting Cardiology practices in New England, Southern California, and the Midwest. Subjects A total of 606 patients completed the survey (roughly 74% of those approached). Results Most patients rated dietary factors as extremely important in treating and preventing heart disease, and 67.0% of those who had experienced a heart attack reported believing that diet had played a contributing role. Nonetheless, nutrition knowledge was marginal. Despite the fact that 92.4% of patients reported receiving dietary literature, overall accuracy rates on responses to nutrition questions did not exceed chance levels. Only 30.5% of the patients who were given dietary literature reported understanding it completely. Conclusions Nutrition counseling should receive higher priority, both in medical training and in patient care, and cardiac patients should be referred to dietitians on a more routine basis. Physicians should not assume that patients who are given dietary information understand the materials they receive. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:442–446.
Initial experience with a practical hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy regimen

Abstract This paper presents early results of a trial of a three-fractions-per-day (TID) regimen that is more convenient to schedule than the Continuous Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy (CHART) protocol currently being tested in Europe. The treatment schedule used in the CHART regimen has been modified from 36 fractions of 1.5 Gy TID in 12 days to 72 fractions of 1.1 Gy in 24 treatment days, with all fractions delivered during normal working hours. With no weekend treatments, the entire course of radiotherapy is completed in less than 5 weeks. The doses used were determined using the L-Q model, with correction for incomplete repair between fractions and for accelerated repopulation of cancer cells. Comparison with historical controls shows statistically significant improvements both in CR rates for the primary tumor and in acute toxicity, as measured by reduced treatment interruptions. L-Q model calculations predict that, compared to the highest dose achieved in previous studies without exceeding tolerance, we are able to obtain a 12% increase in bioeffect dose to the primary tumor due to accelerating the treatment. An analysis of the potential tumoricidal effectiveness of this new treatment regimen shows that it should be better than several other accelerated fractionation schedules being tested for all values of T ot . For short T pot times, the advantage may be as much as one log cell kill, corresponding to a 10–15% potential improvement in local control.
Quadriceps muscle strength and dynamic stability in elderly persons

Abstract Several measures of dynamic stability during two functional activities correlated to quadriceps femoris muscle strength. A total of 34 disabled elders (aged 60–88) living in the Boston area consented to maximum isometric quadriceps muscle strength testing, chair rise and gait analysis. During chair rise, quadriceps strength significantly correlated with maximum upper body vertical linear momentum, r =0.53, P r =0.38, P . 05, and the time to complete the chair rise, r =−0.48, P n =29. Stride length and gait velocity correlated ( r =0.56, P . 001 and r =0.51, P . 002, n =34) with quadriceps muscle strength. The maximum range of whole body anteroposterior (A/P) linear momentum during gait also correlated with quadriceps strength ( r =0.47, P =0.004, n =31). Dynamic stability during chair rise and gait, at preferred speed, correlates directly with quadriceps femoris muscle strength in functionally limited elderly individuals. In our sample, elders performed one of three movement strategies to arise from a chair, and quadriceps strength did not statistically differ between the chair rise strategy groups. However, persons with the greatest quadriceps strength values were more stable regardless of which chair rise strategy they performed. Our data indicate that clinicians should not suggest that patients use compensatory momentum inducing locomotor strategies unless the patient has sufficient strength to control these induced forces.
Ovarian influences on body weight regulation in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions

Abstract The effect of lateral hypothalamic lesions upon the level of maintained body weight was studied in gonadally intact and ovariectomized female rats. The body weight of both the gonadally intact and ovariectomized animals declined after lesioning; but, while the weight level of the ovariectomized animals remained approximately 10% below normal, the body weight of the intact group steadily approached that of nonlesioned controls. This result suggests that ovarian factors contribute to the smaller effect on body weight as reported by others for females with lateral hypothalamic lesions. Further support for this hypothesis was found in the observations that (1) the reduced effect of lateral hypothalamic lesions on body weight of gonadally intact females was associated with prolonged periods of diestrus and (2) the normal weight suppressing effects of estrogen were attenuated by lateral hypothalamic lesions in the ovariectomized animals.
Politics and Nonverbal Cues: A Natural Pairing—Introduction to the Special Issue

The Journal of Nonverbal Behavior is pleased to present this Special Issue on Politics and Nonverbal Cues. Aristotle argued that by nature we are political animals. Other scholars would agree that we are also social animals driven by interpersonal exchange. Thus, the pairing of politics with nonverbal cues is a natural one, and in a world filled with political competition and conflict it is a necessary relationship to acknowledge and understand better. In the provocative feature paper, Olivola and Todorov (2010) reinforce the finding that extremely rapid personality judgments of political candidates based solely on their appearance can predict their electoral success. In doing so, they examine the pivotal role of perceived facial competence and introduce a computer model to explore and test other mediating facial cues. In the spirit of political debate, three commentaries respond to Olivola and Todorov (2010), challenging their conclusions and offering additional positions to consider. Verhulst et al. (2010) concur with the notion that superficial cues can drive political outcomes; however, they call for a closer look at pathways determined by facial attractiveness and its concomitant effects. Riggio and Riggio (2010) direct our attention to the likely evolutionary roots of these swift, automatic judgments and the extent to which other evolved pathways characterized by conscious control and motivation might be used to moderate them. Lieb and Shah (2010) urge for a more contextual analysis of the implications of political snap judgments by way of culture, campaign systems and candidate management. This issue is surely one that will generate discussion and debate, in addition to calling for even more attention to research into our political nature and nonverbal behavior.
Biogenesis of Phycobiliproteins III. CpcM IS THE ASPARAGINE METHYLTRANSFERASE FOR PHYCOBILIPROTEIN β-SUBUNITS IN CYANOBACTERIA

All phycobiliproteins contain a conserved, post-translational modification on asparagine 72 of their β-subunits. Methylation of this Asn to produce γ-N-methylasparagine has been shown to increase energy transfer efficiency within the phycobilisome and to prevent photoinhibition. We report here the biochemical characterization of the product of sll0487, which we have named cpcM, from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Recombinant apo-phycocyanin and apo-allophycocyanin subunits were used as the substrates for assays with [methyl-3H]S-adenosylmethionine and recombinant CpcM. CpcM methylated the β-subunits of phycobiliproteins (CpcB, ApcB, and ApcF) and did not methylate the corresponding α-subunits (CpcA, ApcA, and ApcD), although they are similar in primary and tertiary structure. CpcM preferentially methylated its CpcB substrate after chromophorylation had occurred at Cys82. CpcM exhibited lower activity on trimeric phycocyanin after complete chromophorylation and oligomerization had occurred. Based upon these in vitro studies, we conclude that this post-translational modification probably occurs after chromophorylation but before trimer assembly in vivo.
Phosphotransferases Associated with the Regulation of Kinesin Motor Activity

Kinesin, a plus-end-directed microtubule motor protein, functions in concert with accessory factors that have been shown to regulate enzyme activity and may also provide cargo specificity. This report identifies the 79-kDa kinesin-associated phosphoprotein as a phosphoisoform of kinesin light chain. Increased phosphorylation of this light chain isoform is sufficient to account for the increase in kinesin-mediated microtubule-gliding activity. Additionally, it was found that the degree of phosphorylation of this isoform is regulated by a 100-kDa kinase and 150-kDa type 1 phosphatase. Both the kinesin light chain kinase and phosphatase co-purify with the kinesin heavy chain, suggesting that kinesin exists in a large complex capable of self-regulation.
Regulation of skeletogenic differentiation in cranial dermal bone

Although endochondral ossification of the limb and axial skeleton is relatively well-understood, the development of dermal (intramembranous) bone featured by many craniofacial skeletal elements is not nearly as well-characterized. We analyzed the expression domains of a number of markers that have previously been associated with endochondral skeleton development to define the cellular transitions involved in the dermal ossification process in both chick and mouse. This led to the recognition of a series of distinct steps in the dermal differentiation pathways, including a unique cell type characterized by the expression of both osteogenic and chondrogenic markers. Several signaling molecules previously implicated in endochondrial development were found to be expressed during specific stages of dermal bone formation. Three of these were studied functionally using retroviral misexpression. We found that activity of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) is required for neural crest-derived mesenchyme to commit to the osteogenic pathway and that both Indian hedgehog (IHH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP, PTHLH) negatively regulate the transition from preosteoblastic progenitors to osteoblasts. These results provide a framework for understanding dermal bone development with an aim of bringing it closer to the molecular and cellular resolution available for the endochondral bone development.
Order in confined ions

The phenomena associated with the ordering in classical finite one-component plasmas are reviewed with emphasis on simulations. The inevitable surface of finite systems imposes boundary conditions that have to be satisfied. The consequence of this is shell structure in the interior, which, for sufficiently large clouds, gives way to the body-centred cubic order characteristic of infinite Coulombic matter. The density of ions is constant if the confining potential is harmonic, but for forces with different radial dependence the density is non-uniform, becoming a hollow shell for a square well. The phase transition from an ordered state to a liquid in a finite system occurs at a temperature that is lower than that for an infinite system, with an associated latent heat of melting. This lowering in temperature depends on the size (number of ions) and is associated with the surface-to-volume ratio. For time-dependent confining forces, such as are characteristic of radio-frequency quadrupole (Paul) traps, the concept of temperature is complicated by the 'micro-motion' associated with the confining field. Simulations indicate that periodic motion is coupled to the random thermal motion very weakly for 'cold' systems.
Peptide Mimic of the HIV Envelope gp120-gp41 Interface

The human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (Env) is composed of surface (gp120) and transmembrane (gp41) subunits, which are noncovalently associated on the viral surface. Human immunodeficiency virus Env mediates viral entry after undergoing a complex series of conformational changes induced by interaction with cellular CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor. These changes propagate from gp120 to gp41 via the gp120-gp41 interface, ultimately exposing gp41 and allowing it to form the trimer-of-hairpins structure that provides the driving force for membrane fusion. Key unresolved questions about the gp120-gp41 interface include the specific regions of gp41 and gp120 involved, the mechanism by which receptor and coreceptor-binding-induced conformational changes in gp120 are communicated to gp41, how trimer-of-hairpins formation is prevented in the prefusogenic gp120-gp41 complex, and, ultimately, the structure of the prefusion gp120-gp41 complex. Here, we develop a biochemical model system that mimics a key portion of the gp120-gp41 interface in the prefusogenic state. We find that a gp41 fragment containing the disulfide bond loop and C-peptide region binds primarily to the gp120 C5 region and that this interaction is incompatible with trimer-of-hairpins formation. Based on these data, we propose that in prefusogenic Env, gp120 sequesters the gp41 C-peptide region away from the N-trimer region, preventing trimer-of-hairpins formation until coreceptor binding disrupts this interface. This model system is a valuable tool for studying the gp120-gp41 complex, conformational changes induced by CD4 and coreceptor binding, and the mechanism of membrane fusion.
African American Mother-Daughter Relationships Mediating Daughter's Self-Esteem

For many, adolescence is a time when it is difficult to stand in front of a mirror and say, “I like myself and I am competent.” Such a statement requires a supportive environment and self-knowledge. This research explored global self-esteem in a sample of 105 urban African American seniors that attended an all girls' Catholic high school. A ten item scale that measured participants' belief in their mothers' ability and willingness to protect and soothe them (attachment) explained 27% of the variance in global self-esteem. Also important was feeling committed to an African American identity.
CETT: A cross layer routing metric for cooperative wireless Ad hoc networks

Cooperative link layer protocols are typically used in single hop networks to enhance the link layer capabilities using a special node, called relay. In multi-hop networks, a frame is sent from an original source to the final destination through a series of intermediate nodes. The performance benefits of cooperation at link layer can be channeled into multi-hop networks as well. This paper addresses the challenge in finding multi-hop routes accounting for relays at the link layer by proposing the cooperative expected transmission time (CETT) metric. CETT is used to compute the route, i.e., the sequence of intermediate nodes in terms of the minimum end-to-end average transmission time taking into account the cooperative nature of the link layer.