cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collective Creativity through a Micro-Tasks Crowdsourcing Approach

Research and commerce activity has been expanding the potential of micro-task markets. Initially used for simple, disconnected tasks, they have now been able to achieve impressive results in creative domains such as writing and design. The goals for this research are to further explore the possibilities of micro-task markets for performing creative work by defining a set of tasks and processes for such a synergistic creative collaboration, as well as expanding this micro-task approach beyond traditional markets such as Mechanical Turk to skilled and motivated communities.
Particle Optics in the Rayleigh Regime

Light scattering and absorption by particles suspended in the atmosphere modifies the transfer of solar energy in the atmosphere, thereby influencing global and regional climate change and atmospheric visibility. Of particular interest are the optical properties of particles in the Rayleigh regime, where particles are small compared with the wavelength of the scattered or absorbed light, because these particles experience little gravitational settlement and may have long atmospheric lifetimes. Optical properties of particles in the Rayleigh regime are commonly derived from electromagnetic theory using Maxwell's equations and appropriate boundary conditions. The size dependence of particle scattering and absorption are derived here from the most basic principles for coherent processes such as Rayleigh scattering (i.e., add amplitudes if in phase) and incoherent processes such as absorption (i.e., add cross sections), at the same time yielding understanding of the upper particle size limit for the Rayleigh regime. The wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering and absorption are also obtained by adding a basic scale invariance for particle optics. Simple consequences for particle single-scattering albedo ("whiteness") and the optical measurement of particle mass densities are explained. These alternative derivations complement the conventional understanding obtained from electromagnetic theory.
Insulin secretion by perfused islets from the obese Zucker rat.

SummaryThe dynamics of insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of the Zucker-obese rat were studied by in vitro perfusion of individual islets. Glucose and l-leucine were used as insulinogenic stimuli. Control pancreatic islets were obtained from both normal weight Zucker-thin littermates and equivalent weight Sprague-Dawley rats.Our results demonstrate that pancreatic islets from 13-wk-old Zucker-obese rats hypersecrete insulin in the basal state and in response to both glucose and amino acid (l-leucine) stimuli. Neither pancreatic islets from control Zucker-thin littermate animals (matched with the Zucker-obese animals for age or for total body weight), nor islets from Sprague-Dawley rats of comparable age and weight demonstrate comparable hypersecretion of insulin.These findings; i.e., hypersecretion of insulin from obese pancreatic islets, suggest that the plasma hyperinsulinism characteristic of the obese state is maintained, at least in part, by an inherent abnormality of β cell secretion. Whether ...
Chemical, Physical, and Biological Characteristics of Urban Soils

Urban soils provide an array of ecosystem services to inhabitants of cities and towns. Urbanization affects soils and their capacity to provide ecosystem services directly through disturbance and management (e.g., irrigation) and indirectly through changes in the environment (e.g., heat island effect and pollution). Both direct and indirect effects contribute to form a mosaic of soil conditions. In the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES), we utilized the urban mosaic as a series of “natural experiments” to investigate and compare the direct and indirect effects of urbanization on soil chemical, physical, and biological properties at neighborhood, citywide, and metropolitan scales. In addition, we compared these results with those obtained from other metropolitan areas to assess the effects at regional and global scales and to assess the generality of these results. Our overall results suggest that surface soils of urban landscapes have properties that can vary widely, making it difficult to define or describe a typical “urban” soil or soil community. Specifically, we conclude that (i) urban effects on soils occur at multiple scales; (ii) management effects are greater than environment effects, although environmental effects are more widespread reaching beyond the boundary of most urban areas; (iii) urban landscapes are biologically active in pervious areas and have a high potential for carbon storage and nitrogen retention; (iv) the importance of urban and native factors depends on the property being measured; and (v) cross-city comparisons support in part the biotic homogenization and urban ecosystem convergence hypothesis. Soils in urban landscapes are generally thought of as highly disturbed and heterogeneous, with little systematic pattern in their characteristics. As such, most studies have focused on human-constructed soils along streets and in R.V. Pouyat (rpouyat@fs.fed.us) and I.D. Yesilonis (iyesilonis@fs.fed.us), U.S. Forest Service, North Research Stn., c/o Baltimore Ecosystem Study, 5200 Westland Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21227; K. Szlavecz, Dep. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Univ., 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 (szlavecz@jhu.edu); P.M. Groffman, Cary Inst. of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 (groffmanp@caryinstitute.org); K. Schwarz, Dep. of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, currently Cary Inst. of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129 (schwarzk@caryinstitute.org). doi:10.2134/agronmonogr55.c7 Copyright © 2010. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Agronomy Monograph 55. Urban Ecosystem Ecology. J. Aitkenhead-Peterson and A. Volder (ed.)
Spray Desuperheater Control Sysytem Based on Thermal Balance Model

Stability and accuracy of main stream temperature control for utility boiler have great influence on the safe and economic operation of generating unit.Spray desuperheater control system is an important component of automatic control system in thermal power plant.Traditional stream temperature control strategy was analyzed. Then,a new spray desuperheater control strategy based on thermal balance model was proposed.According to the set enthalpy of sprayed stream and the enthalpy of stream at the entrance of superheater,the quantity of needed desuperheating water was derived.The temperature at the entrance of superheater no longer involve in the control of spray desuperheater.By use of this strategy,the lagging control on the main stream temperature was resolved and the advanced and precise control was realized.The field operation results have proved that this control strategy has excellent characteristics in terms of control precision and stability.It has a better promotional and application value.
Analysis on On-line Partial Discharge Test on HV Cable Terminals

This paper introduces use of high frequency(HF) and ultrahigh frequency(UHF) in partial discharge test on HV cable terminals.UHF test system is used for preliminary test,then various signal detection modes are adopted to sample measured signals from cable terminals for in-depth measurement of HF.The measurement obtains spectrogram of partial discharge in different center frequencies.Judgement of PD power source by spectrogram of partial discharge is in conformity with overhauling result.It is believed that the integrated use of HF and UHF test techniques for PD test on HV cable terminals can improve test accuracy of the system,effectively suppress field interference and accurately diagnose power source of partial discharge.
Secession Risk and Fiscal Federalism

Why is fiscal federalism so often dysfunctional from an economic point of view? Particularly in the developing world, fiscally decentralized systems often lack hard budget constraints and an open, common market. This article argues that preventing secession can require fiscally deleterious institutions. Beyond the well-known device of “fiscal appeasement,” central governments facing potential secessionist challenges try to hamstring regional tax collection and permit regional protectionism against goods and labor. While ethnic diversity has helped to preserve relatively robust forms of fiscal federalism in Canada and Switzerland, it has had the contrary effect in developing countries. Even among Western democracies, those governments unwilling to countenance secession are less likely to respond to secessionist challenges by decentralizing taxation powers. The political logic of decentralization may stymie efforts to reform decentralized institutions along the lines recommended by economists and the multilateral lending institutions.
Prenatal and lactational exposure to methylmercury affects select parameters of mouse cerebellar development

Animal studies of the neuropathological effects of prenatal methylmercury (MeHg) seldom use regimens that represent environmental exposures. While acute administration of high doses of MeHg to developing rodents can model some of the outcomes MeHg produces in the human cerebellum, their long-term relevance to cerebellar development is unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of chronic dietary exposure to MeHg. Pregnant mice were exposed throughout gestation to 0.0 or 4.0 ppm methylmercury in their drinking water. Postpartum exposure of pups and lactating dams continued to postnatal day (PND) 30. On PND7, 14, 21, and 30, several morphometric indices of cerebellar cortex development, as well as blood and brain levels of total Hg, were measured in pairs of male and female littermates. No signs of overt toxicity were observed in the dams or offspring. Blood and brain levels of total Hg were highest in the exposed PND7 offspring and fell throughout the sampling period despite continued exposure. In a region of molecular layer in the anterodorsal lobe, MeHg exposure reduced the density of migrating cells in PND7 offspring. Molecular layer widths were reduced in PND30 offspring. In a region of the inferior lobe of PND7 offspring, MeHg exposure reduced external granular layer widths and decreased the density of migrating cells in the molecular layer. However, MeHg did not affect cerebellar cortex development in the central lobe, suggesting a regional sensitivity to chronic, low-level MeHg exposure during development.
The Algorithms of Gauss, Borchardt and Carlson

We shall study several algorithms of the form $${X_{n + 1}} = f\left( {{X_n},{Y_n}} \right)$$ $${Y_{n + 1}} = g\left( {{X_n},{Y_n}} \right)$$ where f, g are given functions and x0, y0 are given, from the point of view of the rates of convergence of the sequences y n . In most cases x0, y0 will be non-negative, the sequences x n , y n will be monotonie and bounded and therefore convergent. The limits of x n , y n will be the same in each case but the rates of convergence to these limits will differ markedly from case to case.
The Coping Strategies of Child Sexual Abusers

The purpose of this study was to compare sexual offenders and non-sexual offenders on the coping strategies they employ in attempting to deal with both life stress and the temptation to sexually molest a child. To this end, 20 known sexual offenders and 20 nonoffenders responded to the Coping Strategies Inventory to measure their coping strategies for dealing with stress. A revised version of this instrument was used to measure their coping strategies for dealing with the temptation to molest a child. Results indicate that in attempting to deal with life stress, sexual offenders make more use of self-denigration strategies. However, self-denigration has been associated with increased dysphoria and negative affect, which may result in offenders being at higher risk to molest. When attempting to control the urge to act out sexually with children, sexual offenders made more use of self-denigration and avoidance strategies, however, these strategies may not be helpful in exercising self-control as self-denigr...
An Analysis of Drawing Programs for Early Adolescents

Teaching drawing to early adolescents can be challenging because of problems with learners' lack of confidence, interest in naturalistic drawing, and special developmental characteristics. In this study, published drawing instruction strategies were reviewed, analyzed, and compared in an attempt to discover practical methods for teaching drawing to this age group. Three orientations to drawing instruction that parallel three major developmental perspectives were found. The author argues that a balanced drawing program can most suitably be developed by adopting an eclectic approach.
Cyclin D1 Immunohistochemistry Identifies a Subset of Plasma Cell Myeloma with Superior Overall Survival.

The expression of Cyclin D1 is dysregulated in approximately half of cases of plasma cell myeloma due to translocations, aneusomy, or other abnormalities. Recent studies using quantitative mRNA analysis have suggested that increased Cyclin D1 mRNA expression is associated with a favorable prognosis. Previous attempts to examine the significance of cyclin D1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry have been hampered by the use of antibodies with weak staining and high background. In this study, we employ a newly available, commercial antibody that gives superior staining in B5 fixed tissues. We performed immunohistochemistry for Cyclin D1 on bone marrow core biopsies from a series of 44 newly diagnosed plasma cell myeloma patients who were uniformly treated on a Phase II study of rituxan, melphalan and prednisone. 22 patients (50%) were positive for Cyclin D1, defined as any plasma cells with positive nuclear staining. Cyclin D1 positive and negative cases displayed no significant differences in the initial levels of β 2 m (3.6±0.5 mg/L vs. 3.5±0.5 mg/L, p =0.860), number of bone marrow plasma cells (63±5.5% vs. 47±6.2%, p =0.063), or proportion of cases classified as SWOG stage 3-4 (2 of 22 (9%) vs. 5 of 22 (23%), p =0.412). The cyclin D1 positive cases displayed a superior overall survival with an estimated 3-year survival of 95% for Cyclin D1 positive cases versus 56% for Cyclin D1 negative cases ( p =0.032). The cyclin D1 positive cases also displayed a trend towards better progression-free survival (median progression free survival of 15.7 months for Cyclin D1 positive versus 12.8 months for Cyclin D1 negative, p =0.13). In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, used to compare the effect of Cyclin D1 protein expression on overall survival time while adjusting for stage, the Cyclin D1 positive patients continued to show a strong trend to better overall survival ( p =0.062). This study demonstrates that cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry, which could be readily performed in most pathology laboratories, is capable of identifying a subset of plasma cell myeloma with a favorable survival. Additional studies are ongoing to determine if these results can be generalized to other forms of therapy. If confirmed, routine cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry at the time of diagnosis may offer important prognostic information that could identify lower risk patients for whom less intensive therapies might be appropriate.
Characterization of a cold-adapted DNA photolyase from C. psychrerythraea 34H

The phrB gene encoding a putative cold-adapted DNA photolyase was cloned from the bacterial genomic DNA of Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, a psychrophilic bacterium. Recombinant DNA photolyase, rCpPL, was overexpressed and purified from three different vectors. rCpPL binds its DNA substrate by flipping a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) into its active site and repairs CPD-containing DNA in vitro. rCpPL contains one catalytic flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, but displays promiscuity in cofactor binding, in which either a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or a methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) molecule is bound as an antenna molecule and found in sub-stoichiometric amounts. The UV/Vis spectrum of oxidized rCpPL shows that the FADOX absorption maximum is the most red-shifted reported for a PL, suggesting a unique cavity electrostatic environment. Modest FAD vibronic structure suggests that the binding pocket is more flexible than warmer PLs, corroborating the hypothesis that psychrophilic proteins must be highly flexible to function at low temperatures. Fluorescence excitation data show that the freshly purified flavin cofactor is in its fully reduced state (FADH¯). A homology analysis of PL protein structures spanning 70 °C in growth temperature supports the data that the structure of CpPL is quite different from its warmer cousins.
Trends and Outcomes After Same-Day Discharge After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions.

Background—Despite the demonstrated safety of the same-day discharge (SDD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), uptake of this program has been relatively poor in the United States. We e...
Magnetoencephalographic Characteristics of Cortical Dysplasia in Children.

Abstract Background and Rationale Magnetoencephalography has emerged as a tool for preoperative evaluation in children. We studied magnetoencephalography characteristics in subtypes of focal cortical dysplasia and correlated the findings with postoperative seizure outcome. Methods Inclusion criteria were children ≤18 years who underwent magnetoencephalography during the preoperative evaluation followed by epilepsy surgery and a histopathologic diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia between February 2008 and February 2013. Patient demographics, MRI, video electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography data were reviewed. Postoperative seizure outcome data were categorized per International League against Epilepsy definitions. Results Of 178 magnetoencephalography studies performed in children during the study period, 33 patients met inclusion criteria. Focal cortical dysplasia type I, II, and III were found on histopathology in 52%, 39%, and 9% of patients, respectively. Thirty patients had positive magnetoencephalography dipoles, including all patients with focal cortical dysplasia type II and III and 82% of patients with focal cortical dysplasia type I. Three patients had magnetoencephalography unique spikes. Brain MRI lesions were noted preoperatively in 21 patients (64%). Twenty-three patients (77%) had surgical resection of magnetoencephalography dipoles and 11 (48%) of them achieved favorable outcome. Conclusions Magnetoencephalography supplemented scalp electroencephalography data in spike source localization and showed unique spikes in 10% of the focal cortical dysplasia patients. Magnetoencephalography spikes and tight magnetoencephalography clusters were found more frequently in patients with focal cortical dysplasia type II and III as compared with focal cortical dysplasia type I. Presence of an MRI lesion and complete versus incomplete resection of magnetoencephalography cluster did not result in significant difference in postoperative seizure outcome, likely reflecting selection bias of doing magnetoencephalography in only difficult-to-localize epilepsies.
Increased Shoulder Arthroscopy Time Is Associated With Overnight Hospital Stay and Surgical Site Infection

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the rates of short-term postoperative complications, readmissions, and overnight hospital stays as a function of shoulder arthroscopy procedure time. A secondary aim of this current study was to identify baseline patient risk factors for adverse outcomes. Methods This study used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry from 2012 to 2015. Shoulder arthroscopy cases were categorized based on operative time, either 90 minutes. The rates of 30-day postoperative complications, readmissions, and overnight hospital stays were compared with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results In total, 33,095 shoulder arthroscopy procedures were identified. Of these, 7,027 (21.2%) were 90 minutes. Multivariate analysis identified increased the risk of superficial surgical site infections (SSIs) for procedures lasting between 45 and 90 minutes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.63; P = .036) and for procedures >90 minutes (OR = 4.40; P = .019), compared with procedures 90 minutes (OR = 2.14), compared with procedures 30 kg/m 2 was an independent predictor of both overnight hospital stay and superficial SSI ( P = .020). Age >60, female gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3, and a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were additional predictors of overnight hospital stay ( P Conclusions Increased shoulder arthroscopy procedure time is associated with adverse short-term outcomes, particularly superficial SSI and overnight hospital stay. This information may be useful for patient counseling and postoperative risk stratification, as operative time is an easily measured surrogate for surgical complexity or difficulty. Level of Evidence Retrospective cohort study, Level III.
The Intersection of Firearms and Intimate Partner Homicide in 15 Nations.

Intimate partners commit approximately one in three homicides against women worldwide. Little is known about situational factors that contribute to intimate partner homicides (IPH) and how they may...
Lipopeptide PAM3CYS4 Synergizes N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-Induced Calcium Transients in Mouse Neutrophils.

N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), a mimic of N-formyl oligopeptides that are released from bacteria, is a potent leukocyte chemotactic factor. It induces intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transient that is important for various neutrophil biological functions, e.g., adhesion, ROS, and cytokine productions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an essential part of host innate immunity, regulate neutrophil activities, but their role in [Ca2+]i signaling is less clear. In the present study, we examined the effect of several TLR ligands, including Pam3Cys4 (TLR1/2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA, TLR2/6), on calcium signaling and on the fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i transients in mouse neutrophils loaded with Fura-2/AM. We found that unlike fMLP, the three TLR ligands tested did not elicit any detectable Ca2+ flux. However, Pam3Cys4, but not LPS or LTA, markedly synergized the fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i transients, and had no effect on the host component keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC)- or C5a-induced calcium flux. The effect of Pam3Cys4 on the fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i transients is by enhancing extracellular Ca2+ influx, not intracellular Ca2+ release. Surprisingly, deletion of TLR2 or MyD88 in neutrophils had no impact on the Pam3Cys4's effect, suggesting a TLR2-MyD88-independent mechanism. Finally, using the pan PKC activator and inhibitor, we demonstrated that PKC negatively regulated fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i transients and that inhibition of PKC did not prohibit Pam3Cys4's synergistic effect on the fMLP-induced calcium influx. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel synergistic effect of Pam3Cys4 on fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i transients, a process important for many neutrophil biological functions.
Using autoencoders and text mining to characterize single cell populations in the hippocampus and cortex

Revolutionary advances in genomic technology have allowed researchers to address biological questions about cell types, states, and gene regulation at the scale of single cells. However, the ability to characterize gene expression and function of individual cells brings with it new data-related challenges, such as dimensionality, feature reduction, and noise reduction. The central objective of this research was to use existing methods in a novel application of single-cell gene expression data to better characterize sub-populations of cell types in various regions of the brain. This research approach used a computational bioinformatics pipeline for single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) normalization and clustering. Data science methodologies, such as autoencoding and text mining, were adapted to identify candidate gene sets that distinguish different types of cells in the central nervous system. Then, the functional themes of these gene sets were inferred using a combination of functional enrichment of gene ontology terms and topic modeling. Topic modeling revealed various functional themes among the clusters, in some cases reinforcing the results of biomarker analysis, and in other cases providing further insight into potential functional differences between clusters. For one cluster in the cortex, an immune theme emerged with stemmed-words as specific as “immun” and “antigen” appearing in the results. In the hippocampus, clusters determined to be neurons could be further differentiated as themes related to various organs were identified. One of these clusters featured a vascular theme with words related to “endotheli.” Future applications of these methods intend to expound upon specific cellular processes, in relation to immune function, and translational research on neurological disease states.
Players and Market Structure

The offshore drilling industry is composed of publicly owned, privately held, and state-owned firms. Large-cap firms diversify their risk by operating in a large number of markets and segments, while firms with smaller fleets specialize and compete in regional markets. In this chapter we describe the contractors, strategies, and market structure of the industry circa 2012, and begin by describing how rigs are valued by the market and compare a cash flow model of net asset value to industry algorithms. The ownership structure of the major players are introduced along with their specialization. A discussion of competition and market concentration concludes the chapter.
Endoscopic treatment of early-stage lung cancer.

BackgroundDisease-free survival after surgical resection of lung carcinoma in situ has been reported as over 90%. After resection of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer, survival at 5 years is appr...
Retrieving information from an episodic memory or why computers' memories should be more like people's

A computer memory organization modeled after human memory is proposed, along with strategies for accessing that memory. CYRUS, a program which implements the theory, is described.
Selective control : the political economy of censorship

In recent years, alongside democratic backsliding and security threats, censorship is increasingly used by governments and other societal actors to control the media. Who is likely to be affected by censorship and why? Does censorship as a form of punishment coexist with or act as a substitute for reward-based forms of media capture such as market concentration or bribes? First, this argues that censors employ censorship only toward certain targets that provide information to politically consequential audiences, while allowing media that caters to elite audiences to report freely. Second, the paper hypothesizes that coercion and inducements are substitutes, with censorship being employed primarily when bribes and ownership fail to control information. To test these hypotheses, a new data set was built of 9,000 salient censorship events and their characteristics across 196 countries between 2001 and 2015. The study finds strong empirical support for the theory of media market segmentation.
On the Simulation of Mitral Valve Function in Health, Disease, and Treatment

The mitral valve (MV) is the heart valve that regulates blood ?ow between the left atrium and left ventricle (LV). In situations where the MV fails to fully cover the left atrioventricular ori?ce during systole, the resulting regurgitation causes pulmonary congestion, leading to heart failure and/or stroke. The causes of MV insuf?ciency can be either primary (e.g. myxomatous degeneration) where the valvular tissue is organically diseased, or secondary (typically inducded by ischemic cardiomyopathy) termed ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), is brought on by adverse LV remodeling. IMR is present in up to 40% of patients and more than doubles the probability of cardiovascular morbidity after 3.5 years. There is now agreement that adjunctive procedures are required to treat IMR caused by lea?et tethering. However, there is no consensus regarding the best procedure. Multicenter registries and randomized trials would be necessary to prove which procedure is superior. Given the number of proposed procedures and the complexity and duration of such studies, it is highly unlikely that IMR procedure optimization will be achieved by prospective clinical trials. There is thus an urgent need for cell and tissue physiologically based quantitative assessments of MV function to better design surgical solutions and associated therapies. Novel computational approaches directed towards optimized surgical repair procedures can substantially reduce the need for such trial-and-error approaches. We present the details of our MV modeling techniques, with an emphasis on what is known and investigated at various length scales.
Opportunities lost and found: experiences of patients with cerebral palsy and their parents transitioning from pediatric to adult healthcare.

Purpose To describe and define the experiences of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and parents of adults with CP who have been involved in a transfer of physiatry care from pediatric to adult healthcare and to explore their experiences more generally in the transition from pediatric to adult services. Methods A qualitative research approach was used. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with adults with CP (n=5) and parents of adults with CP (n=8) to explore the health care transition (HCT) process from pediatric to adult healthcare. Four key content domains were used to facilitate the focus groups; 1) Transition Planning, 2) Accessibility of Services, 3) Experience with Adult Providers, and 4) Recommendations for Improving the Transition Process. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Four themes emerged from the focus groups; Lost in Transition, Roadmap to Care, List of None, and One Stop Shopping. Participants felt lost in the HCT process, requested a transparent transition plan, expressed concern regarding access to adult healthcare, and made recommendations for improvements. Conclusion Challenges in transitioning from pediatric to adult health care were identified by all participants and several strategies were recommended for improvement.
The Incarceration of Kindness

The question is not whether kindness exists in prison, it does. Instead, my question in this essay is not if but how kindness functions; understanding kindness not based upon the idiosyncratic virtues of an individual but how the community and structure of prison enables or hinders kindness. To explore how kindness exists within prison I asked prisoners participating in the Prisoner Express project to describe four different experiences involving kindness. (PE is a distant learning project for which I am the volunteer art director, providing courses for 6500 prisoners throughout the United States and to whom I send several newsletters a year.) In one newsletter, I invited prisoners to describe: Kindness that felt sincere; kindness that seemed masquerading for something else; kindness that began with sincere intention, but got misinterpreted and misdirected into another action (often violence); kindness between a prisoner and staff or volunteer; what I refer to as “across the border” kindness. In understanding the phenomenology of kindness in prison, this essay examines both the prisoners’ descriptions of kindness and my own observations from teaching in various prisons for several years.
Economic impact of implementing decennial tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination in adults in the United States.

Abstract Background In the United States, persons ≥11 years are recommended to receive one dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine, followed by decennial tetanus- and diphtheria-toxoid (Td) boosters. Many providers use Tdap instead of Td. We evaluated epidemiologic and economic impacts of replacing Td boosters with Tdap. Methods We used a static cohort model to examine replacing Td with Tdap over the lifetime of 4,386,854 adults ≥21 years. Because pertussis is underdiagnosed and true incidence is unknown, we varied incidence from 2.5 cases/100,000 person-years to 500 cases/100,000 person-years. We calculated vaccine and medical costs from claims data. We estimated cost per case prevented and per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved; sensitivity analyses were conducted on vaccine effectiveness (VE), protection duration, vaccine cost, disease duration, hospitalization rates, productivity loss and missed work. We did not include programmatic advantages resulting from use of a single tetanus-toxoid containing vaccine. Results At lowest incidence estimates, administering Tdap resulted in high costs per averted case ($111,540) and QALY saved ($8,972,848). As incidence increased, cases averted increased and cost per QALY saved decreased rapidly. With incidence estimates of 250 cases/100,000 person-years, cost per averted case and QALY saved were $984 and $81,678 respectively; at 500 cases/100,000 person-years, these values were $427 and $35,474. In multivariate sensitivity analyses, assuming 250 cases/100,000 person-years, estimated cost per QALY saved ranged from $971 (most favorable) to $217,370 (least favorable). Conclusions Our findings suggest that replacing Td with Tdap for the decennial booster would result in high cost per QALY saved based on reported cases. However, programmatic considerations were not accounted for, and if pertussis incidence, which is incompletely measured, is assumed to be higher than reported through national surveillance, substituting Tdap for Td may lead to moderate decreases in pertussis cases and cost per QALY.
Conventional hydroelectricity and the future of energy: Linking national inventory of dams and energy information administration data to facilitate analysis of hydroelectricity

Abstract Within the energy community, conventional dam and reservoir-based hydroelectricity is often viewed as a low-cost, immediately available zero-carbon resource that could facilitate more intermittent renewable electricity integration, seasonal storage, and other grid benefits. Conventional hydroelectricity systems, however, are potentially unique among power plants in that energy provisioning is not the only priority for their fuel, stored water. This paper presents a record linkage between electricity- and dam management-oriented datasets to facilitate attention to the fundamental challenge of altering operational regimes for systems that have other uses.
Temporal Dynamics of Treatment Receipt in a Text Message Intervention for Physical Activity: Single-Group, Within-Person Trial.

Background: Mobile technology has increased the reach of health behavior interventions but raised new challenges in assessing the fidelity of treatment receipt. Fidelity can be compromised if participant fatigue or burden reduces engagement, leading to missed or delayed treatments for just-in-time interventions. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the temporal dynamics of text message receipt confirmations. Methods: Community-dwelling adults (N=10) were sent five text messages daily for 4 months (5598 messages sent in total), with a financial incentive to confirm receipt of 75% or more messages. Results: Overall, the message receipt confirmation rate was very high (5504/5598, 98.32%) and timely (eg, two-thirds of confirmations within 2 min). Confirmation times were slightly slower on weekends (vs weekdays) and as a function of the cumulative time in the study. Neither time of message delivery nor message content was associated with message confirmation latencies. Conclusions: Participants receiving financial incentives to confirm text message receipt exhibit extremely high and fast confirmation rates, although receipt confirmations were somewhat less timely on weekends (vs weekdays) and later in the intervention. The social calendar and treatment fatigue should be considered when planning text message–based interventions, especially if treatments are intended for a just-in-time delivery that requires extended engagement and precise timing.
A review of the effects of uncertainty in public science communication

Uncertainty is inherent to science and science communication. However, the evidence appears mixed regarding whether portraying uncertainty in science communication has positive or negative effects. We review a diverse range of experimental literature (k = 48; from 40 searches and 8000 retrievals), summarize the extant findings, and observe how the effects vary across four different types of communicated uncertainty (deficient, technical, scientific, and consensus uncertainty). The results indicate that most findings of negative effects (such as reduced credibility and beliefs) are from experiments that operationalized uncertainty as disagreement or conflict in science (consensus uncertainty). In this review, consensus uncertainty was never found to have positive effects. In contrast, uncertainty in the form of quantified error ranges and probabilities (technical uncertainty) in these studies has had only positive or null effects, not negative effects. We also highlight frequent moderators of the effects of uncertainty, such as prior beliefs and worldviews.
Fluorescenz des Chlorophylls in Zellen und Chloroplasten und ihre Beziehungen zu den Primärakten der Photosynthese

In photosynthetisch aktiven Zellen und Chloroplasten ist eine Fluorescenz des Chlorophylls und auserdem ein Nachleuchten mit dem gleichen Spektrum wie das Fluorescenzlicht beobachtet worden. Zum Teil wird uber Chlorophyll-fluorescenz auch in anderen Abschnitten des Handbuches berichtet, insbesondere in den Beitragen von French (S. 252) und Livingston (S. 830), in diesem Teilband. Der vorliegende Artikel erganzt diese beiden hinsichtlich der Fluorescenz und behandelt das Nachleuchten in einem Sonderabschnitt.
Multimodality Imaging for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, an inherited autosomal dominant disease, is the most common familial cardiovascular disorder and presents with heterogeneous pathobiological, clinical, and phenotypic features. This review will explore how multimodality cardiovascular imaging offers insight into understanding and identifying these heterogeneous features which are important to reliably diagnose and risk stratify patients with HCM. Beyond the left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, multimodality imaging is able to fully characterize a number of structural and functional abnormalities seen in HCM such as mitral valve leaflet elongation, abnormal chordal attachment, accessory apical-basal muscle bundle, papillary muscle abnormalities, LV outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, microvascular dysfunction, and fibrosis. These anatomical and functional abnormalities contribute to the spectrum of different HCM presentations. Recent research shows that various morphological subtypes of HCM present with distinct clinical, genetic, LVOT, and fibrosis characteristics. Late gadolinium enhancement as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is useful in risk stratification of patients with HCM. In addition, native T1 and extracellular volume may add to prognostication. Strain, as measured by echocardiography and CMR, and novel techniques, such as positron emission tomography, have shown promise in determining prognosis in HCM. Computed tomography evaluates not only for obstructive coronary artery disease, but also for variations in coronary anatomy. Complimentary use of these imaging modalities is crucial in comprehensive evaluation of HCM as well as in diagnosing various features of HCM, differentiating it from other cardiomyopathies, and in identifying prognosis.
Relationship between composition and electromechanical properties of CuO-doped textured PYN-PMN-PT ceramics

Abstract This study reports the effects of composition and the presence of residual template particles on the electromechanical properties of random and textured CuO-doped Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics. Fully textured PYN-PMN-PT ceramics were produced with [001]-oriented barium titanate (BT) particles. The strain of all textured compositions was improved by 40–82 %, and the coercive field was increased by −1 kV/cm relative to ceramic compositions. Textured 20PYN-46PMN-34PT ceramics had the best combination of properties including a high Ec of 9.8 kV/cm and a low strain hysteresis of 8.5 %. Rayleigh analysis of textured PYN-PMN-PT ceramics showed that more rhombohedral compositions have greater strain because of improved extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric response. These results demonstrate that textured PYN-PMN-PT is a promising material for high power transducers, however compositions must be sufficiently on the rhombohedral side of the morphotropic phase boundary to compensate for the phase-shifting effects of residual stresses from residual BT template particles.
A Public University Futures Collaboratory: A Case Study in Building Foresightfulness and Community

What happens when a public university decides to construct a cross-disciplinary, cross-functional initiative to explore the future, build capacity to be more “future ready” and resilient, and serve...
Implementing point of care ultrasound in the neonatal intensive care unit: a safety study

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) use is increasing in pediatrics and has been demonstrated to be superior in identifying central catheter tip location in neonatal intensive care units. However, limited data exist regarding cardiorespiratory changes secondary to POCUS in neonates. A prospective observational equivalence study was performed on 50 POCUS assessments of central catheter tip location in 46 patients ≥23 weeks gestation. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and percent oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels were collected before and after POCUS. Limits of equivalence were set in advance. Equivalence was demonstrated in HR, RR, and SpO2 before and after POCUS. HR decreased by 3.24 beats per minute (90% CI: −5.36, −1.14). RR increased by 0.71 breath/min (90% CI: −1.84, +3.27). SpO2 increased by 0.54 percentage points (90% CI: −0.23, +1.31). Identifying central catheter tip location using POCUS in neonates appears safe without affecting cardiorespiratory stability.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Removal of a Large Primary Retroperitoneal Mature Cystic Teratoma in an Adult.

Mature teratomas are unique and generally benign neoplasms. They are derived from embryonic tissues and typically located within the gonadal region. Primary retroperitoneal teratomas are uncommon in adults and often challenging to treat, given their location and size. Here, we offer a rare case of a large primary retroperitoneal mature cystic teratoma, detected on abdominal ultrasound during the work-up of abdominal bloating and nausea and treated with robot-assisted laparoscopic excision in a 58-year-old male. In this report, we sought to describe the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of this condition, as well as review the associated literature.
Using Frost to Promote Cassie Ice on Hydrophilic Pillars

We develop a novel approach to suspend ice in the air-trapping Cassie state without requiring any fragile hydrophobic coatings or nanostructures. First, frost was preferentially grown on the tops of hydrophilic aluminum pillars due to their sharp corners and elevation over the noncondensable gas barrier. Subsequently, Cassie ice was formed by virtue of the impacting droplets getting arrested by the upper frost tips. A scaling model reveals that the dynamic pressure of an impacting droplet causes the water to wick inside the porous frost faster than the timescale to impale between the pillars.
A Wideband Coplanar L-Strip Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna

The drawbacks of conventional L-probe fed antennas, namely multilayered structure and complicated fabrication process, are addressed in this letter by proposing a novel coplanar, modified/printed L-strip fed patch antenna. The achieved VSWR < 2 range with the proposed antenna is in the order of 41% from 5.09 to 7.7 GHz, which is wider than that of the conventional L-probe antenna with the dimensions on par with the proposed design. The realized patterns are also quite stable over the entire frequency range and the 3 dB gain bandwidth matches with the impedance bandwidth. The concept behind the wideband property of the printed L-strip antenna is explained in detail and the proposed antenna is numerically investigated to realize the effective impedance and radiation characteristics. A prototype of the antenna is also fabricated and successfully validated for its impedance and radiation characteristics.
WE‐F‐201‐00: Practical Guidelines for Commissioning Advanced Brachytherapy Dose Calculation Algorithms

With the recent introduction of heterogeneity correction algorithms for brachytherapy, the AAPM community is still unclear on how to commission and implement these into clinical practice. The recently-published AAPM TG-186 report discusses important issues for clinical implementation of these algorithms. A charge of the AAPM-ESTRO-ABG Working Group on MBDCA in Brachytherapy (WGMBDCA) is the development of a set of well-defined test case plans, available as references in the software commissioning process to be performed by clinical end-users. In this practical medical physics course, specific examples on how to perform the commissioning process are presented, as well as descriptions of the clinical impact from recent literature reporting comparisons of TG-43 and heterogeneity-based dosimetry. Learning Objectives: 1. Identify key clinical applications needing advanced dose calculation in brachytherapy. 2. Review TG-186 and WGMBDCA guidelines, commission process, and dosimetry benchmarks. 3. Evaluate clinical cases using commercially available systems and compare to TG-43 dosimetry
One Perspective on Open Problems in Multi-Dimensional Conservation Laws

It is evident from the lectures at this meeting that the subject of systems of hyperbolic conservation laws is flourishing as one of the prototypical examples of the modern mode of applied mathematics. Research in this area often involves strong and close interdisciplinary interactions among diverse areas of applied mathematics including (1) Large (and small) scale computing (2) Asymptotic modelling (3) Qualitative modelling (4) Rigorous proofs for suitable prototype problems combined with careful attention to experimental data when possible. In fact, the subject is developing at such a rapid rate that new predictions of phenomena through a combination of theory and computations can be made in regimes which are not readily accessible to experimentalists. Pioneering examples of this type of interaction can be found in the papers of Grove, Glaz, and Colella in this volume as well as the recent work of Woodward, Artola, and the author ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]). In this last work, novel mechanisms of nonlinear instability in supersonic vortex sheets have been documented and explained very recently through a sophisticated combination of numerical experiments and mathematical theory.