cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate construction of high dimensional model representation with applications to uncertainty quantification

Abstract Surrogate modeling is a popular and practical method to meet the needs of a large number of queries of computationally demanding models in the analysis of uncertainty, sensitivity and system reliability. We explore various methods that can improve the accuracy of a particular class of surrogate models, the high dimensional model representation (HDMR), and their performances in uncertainty quantification and variance-based global sensitivity analysis. Rigorous analysis is provided to show the equivalence of the two common types of HDMRs—Cut-HDMR and random sampling-HDMR (RS-HDMR), when they are the same order of truncation. We propose using the nodes of Gauss and Clenshaw–Curtis quadratures as the interpolation points for the construction of Cut-HDMR to achieve high (spectral) accuracy for both the surrogate model and global sensitivity indices. As for RS-HDMR, randomized quasi-Monte Carlo sampling with variance reduction techniques, coupled with a procedure to select the optimal polynomial orders and prune potential noise terms, is shown to be capable of effectively enhancing the model accuracy. The efficiency of our proposed methods is demonstrated by a few analytical examples that are commonly studied for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis algorithms. Finally, we apply HDMR surrogate modeling techniques for an operational wildland fire model that is widely employed in fire prevention and safety control, and a chemical kinetics H 2 / air combustion model predicting the ignition delay time, which plays an important role in studying fuel and combustion system reliability and safety.
The Reich Interior Ministry and the Evangelical Kirchenkampf, 1933

The substantial literature on Adolf Hitler's accession to and consolidation of power during 1933-1934 clearly reveals the early efforts to achieve what the National Socialist regime called Gleichschaltung (policy of coordination). Equally clear is the fact that the application of this strategy to the evangelical churches set off the complex confrontation between state and church which became known as the Kirchenkamp]. It would thus seem a reasonable assumption that the National Socialist state, apparently clairvoyant in matters political, attempted to bring the churches into line fully conscious of its methods and its ultimate objectives. A closer examination of the events, however, casts doubt upon such an assumption. There is no doubt about the reality of the struggle which set the National Socialist German Workers' party (NSDAP)-oriented Deutschen Christen against a variety of individuals and groups representing the church establishment. Nor can the interest of the state in general, and the NSDAP in particular, in evan gelical affairs be questioned.1 To suggest, however, that the party possessed a well-defined set of immediate and long-range goals toward the churches implies a degree of uniformity that did not in fact exist. On the contrary, the party leadership was of several minds as to the best means of dealing with the church question. In this regard, one must note especially the role of a small coterie of bureaucrats in the Ministry of the Interior. Though, except for Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, they re mained largely in the background of the drama, their effect upon the church issue was material.2
Continuum characterization of jointed rock masses: Part I—The constitutive equations

Hill has proved that the average strain energy density in any region of an elastic and inhomogeneous material can be calculated from the average values of the stresses and strains within that region. This concept has been used to derive the general constitutive equations of a rock mass containing an orthogonal set of discontinuous joints intersecting an anisotropic rock material. The constants required for the continuum characterization of the jointed mass are the ‘joint stress concentration factors’ BN1 and BT1 (see Fig. 1 of this paper). These are defined as the ratio of stresses along the joint to the overall stresses in the rock. Exact expressions for the stress concentration factors have been obtained for the case of a rigid rock (i.e. the intact material between the joints) containing staggered compliant joints, and a correction is proposed for the case where the rock is (elastically) deformable. These results suggest that interlocking betweem blocks of rock may become significant even for a slight offset along the joints, such as may occur during shear deformation of a rock mass containing an initially continuous orthogonal joint set. Stress concentration factors computed independently from the results of a finite element program for a jointed mass compare excellently with the above-mentioned theoretical results. It is further shown that tensile stresses are developed inside a rock with staggered joints, and may be as high as twice the overall shear stresses or the overall compressive stresses. Typical stress distributions within a block are given in Fig 6(a) and 6(b) of this paper. It is concluded that a rock mass is rendered anisotropic by any joint set having a preferred orientation. Expressions from which the elastic moduli of the equivalent continuum anisotropic rock mass may be obtained are presented in Table 1.
Open-world probabilistic databases

Large-scale probabilistic knowledge bases are becoming increasingly important in academia and industry alike. They are constantly extended with new data, powered by modern information extraction tools that associate probabilities with database tuples. In this paper, we revisit the semantics underlying such systems. In particular, the closed-world assumption of probabilistic databases, that facts not in the database have probability zero, clearly conflicts with their everyday use. To address this discrepancy, we propose an open-world probabilistic database semantics, which relaxes the probabilities of open facts to intervals. While still assuming a finite domain, this semantics can provide meaningful answers when some probabilities are not precisely known. For this open-world setting, we propose an efficient evaluation algorithm for unions of conjunctive queries. Our open-world algorithm incurs no overhead compared to closed-world reasoning and runs in time linear in the size of the database for tractable queries. All other queries are #P-hard, implying a data complexity dichotomy between linear time and #P. For queries involving negation, however, open-world reasoning can become NP-, or even NPPP-hard. Finally, we discuss additional knowledge-representation layers that can further strengthen open-world reasoning about big uncertain data.
Student Characteristics and Collegiate Environments That Contribute to the Overall Satisfaction with Academic Advising among College Students.

Academic advising satisfaction is highly correlated with retention in higher education. Thriving Quotient survey responses were collected from undergraduate students at a private, liberal arts coll...
Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (6063) on Arterial-Alveolar C02 Gradient in Man ∗

SummaryDiamox (6063) was administered per os to 3 human subjects without pulmonary disease in single doses of 50 mg per kg body weight. This dose elicited typical renal effects (diuresis and increased excretion of bicarbonate, sodium and potassium) but failed, even when combined with mild exercise, to interfere with C02 elimination from pulmonary capillary blood into alveolar air.
Dearomative dihydroxylation with arenophiles

Dearomatization reactions that can simultaneously introduce functionality are valuable transformations that are largely underdeveloped. Now, a synthetic strategy based on the combination of arenophiles with catalytic dihydroxylation reactions enables rapid and controlled access to synthetically useful cyclohexene and cyclohexadiene derivatives from readily available arene starting materials.
Bullet Proof Vest using Non-Newtonian Fluid

Bullet proof vests, made of Kevlar are used for preventing projectiles from injuring humans. Soft armours are capable of protecting humans from low energy projectiles while hard-plate reinforced armours use metal plates, which weigh over 14+ kg for protection against high energy projectiles. NonNewtonian fluids which have time dependent properties (particularly viscosity) are prepared and tested for energy absorbing properties. It was proved that when Kevlar was used with Oobleck sample, the deformation produced in test plate was reduced considerably as compared to that of only Kevlar sample.
Media Narratives Versus Evidence in Economic Policy Making: The 2008–2009 Financial Crisis*

Objective Economic policy in late 2008 and through 2009 led to unprecedented media coverage and debate. This debate played out on the 24-hour news cycle of cable news networks. Traditionally, media has been viewed as merely reporting the news, but today evidence suggests that the media is an active player for or against certain policies. This study asks: “How did the three major cable news networks cover the economic crisis of 2008–2009 and how did this coverage converge or diverge from the impacts that economists thought these policies actually had on the economy?” Methods We content analyzed 50 news transcripts each from Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC. Results We found that MSNBC primarily constructed Democratic Party officials and their allies as heroes (fixers of the problem), and that Fox News primarily constructed Democratic Party officials and their allies as villains (the cause of the problem). Fox News when discussing the economic policies constructed more costs (victims) than benefits (beneficiaries), whereas both MSNBC and CNN constructed more benefits (beneficiaries) than costs (victims). Overall, MSNBC was the most pro-Democratic Party in its narratives, with Fox News the most pro-Republican Party, and CNN leaning Democratic but also mixed in its narratives. Nonpartisan economic analyses showed that despite the pessimistic narratives about financial reform found in Fox News, the economic policies had a positive impact on the economy. Conclusions This study concludes with an analysis of the potential impact of media coverage on U.S. public policy making as a new U.S. president takes office.
Mechanical Circulatory Support for High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism.

Temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have a role in treating high-risk patients with pulmonary embolism with cardiogenic shock. Mechanical circulatory device selection should be made based on center experience and device-specific features. All current devices are effective in decreasing right arterial pressure and providing circulatory support of 4 to 5 L/min. The pulmonary artery pulsatility index may prove to be an unreliable method to assess right ventricular function. Careful clinical evaluation on an individual patient basis should determine the need for MCS.
Menopause and the Musculoskeletal System

Estrogen is a known regulator of both bone and muscle. Estrogen withdrawal, either iatrogenic or due to menopause, has a profound impact on the musculoskeletal system. Reductions in muscle power, strength, and endurance as well as accelerated bone turnover and increased fracture risk lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
Biospecimen donors' views about biobank closure.

TPS6625Background: The future of biobanks is often uncertain due to sporadic funding. A survey of 456 biobank administrators found that they consider the loss of funding to be either a "massive (40...
Abstract TP116: Racial Difference in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaque Features by High-resolution Vessel Wall MRI

Introduction: Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS), the most common cause of stroke worldwide, is more prevalent in non-white populations including Asian, African-American and Hispanic indi...
Colored no more: reinventing black womanhood in Washington, D.C.

Treva Lindsey’s Colored No More is an insightful analysis of black womanhood during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The objective of the book is to highlight the role black women...
Investigating Radical Reactivity and Structure-Property Relationships through Photopolymerization.

The ACS Guidelines for bachelor’s degrees in chemistry call for the curriculum to include polymer chemistry principles and the synthesis of different classes of macromolecules. Organic chemistry can provide an important introduction to polymer chemistry principles, and photochemically induced radical polymerization is one method for generating polymers that is well suited to be explored in this course. The development and implementation of an experiment for undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory in which students explore both photochemistry and radical chemistry by synthesizing cross-linked polymers via photopolymerization is reported. An inquiry design is used to introduce polymerization reactions, and students learn about air-sensitive lab techniques. Students must pool their data to explain how molecular structure affects the physical properties of a macroscopic material.
Making Science Palatable with Molecular Gastronomy

Courses on the biophysics of food have been developed to demonstrate how cooking transforms the physiochemical properties of food (e.g., viscosity, elasticity, and diffusivity). Although less fully developed, food science is equally useful to motivate topics relevant to chemistry and biochemistry (e.g., acids/bases, redox reactions, and forces in proteins).
Sleeve gastrectomy in obese Wistar rats improves diastolic function and promotes cardiac recovery independent of weight loss

Abstract Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is the most common cause of heart failure and is characterized by impaired diastolic relaxation. Bariatric surgery significantly improves diastolic relaxation, but a mechanism beyond weight loss remains unknown. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) will improve diastolic dysfunction independent of weight loss due to postoperative alterations in the enterocardiac axis. Setting University research laboratory. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 10 weeks and then divided into SG-HFD, pair-fed sham HFD, ad-lib sham HFD, or ad-lib sham LFD groups (n = 9–14 per group). At least 2 months postoperatively, cardiac function, meal tolerance, glucose tolerance, and cardiac gene expression were compared between groups. Results Only the SG cohort showed significant improvements in postoperative diastolic relaxation (isovolumetric relaxation time pre-SG: 14.7 ± 2.3 msec, post-SG: 11.2 ± 1.8 msec, P Conclusions SG improves diastolic function independent of weight loss in a rat model of obesity with beneficial alterations in cardiac gene expression of multiple known targets related to cardiac failure, including SERCA2 a. These data support that a greater curve gastrectomy induces beneficial intracellular cardiac signaling for diastolic function mediated by the enterocardiac axis that is independent of weight loss. These findings could translate to offering metabolic surgery to patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
The third post-world war II wealth bubble

The United States has now experienced three major wealth bubbles since 1945. The first two peaked in 1999 and 2006, followed by crash and recession. By 2018, peaks were higher than ever, implying new risks that either this third bubble will pop, or returns on investments will fall, or some combination. This article provides data to support the wealth-bubble assertions, suggests that all three bubbles share characteristics and causes unique to a modern period since about 1990 and extending across asset markets, and faults arguments about market timing based on starting points with lower wealth valuations.
Macrocycle Formation by Catalytic Intramolecular Cyclopropanation. A New General Methodology for the Synthesis of Macrolides

Catalytic intramolecular cyclopropanation by diazoacetates onto a remote carbon−carbon double bond resulting in the formation of 9- to 20-membered ring lactones is reported. When competition exists between proximal allylic and remote olefinic cyclopropanation, macrocyclization is favored by catalysts of increasing electrophilicity: Rh2(pfb)4 > Rh2(OAc)4, Cu(MeCN)4PF6 > Rh(cap)4, and Cu(acac)2. Terpene systems, cis-nerolidyl diazoacetate and related structures, malonic ester derivatives, and those with 1,2-benzenedimethanol, pentaerythritol, and cis-2-buten-1,4-diol linkers all undergo cyclopropanation onto the most remote carbon−carbon double bond in good yield. Generally, only one cyclopropane diastereoisomer is observed, but increasing ring size allows stereochemistries in macrocyclization reactions that resemble those of their intermolecular cyclopropanation counterparts. In one system (25) macrocyclic addition is accompanied by ylide formation/[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement resulting in the formatio...
Visualization of a Prosthetic Vascular Graft Due to Platelet Contamination During 111Indium-labeled Leukocyte Scintigraphy

A prosthetic axillo-femoral bypass graft was visualized during 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in a patient referred for possible abdominal abscess. The presence of significant cardiac blood-pool activity raised the possibility that this uptake was due to deposition of contaminating labeled platelets rather than labeled leukocytes. An analysis of a small sample of the patient’s blood confirmed that the circulating activity was due to labeled platelets. Increased activity along prosthetic vascular grafts in patients undergoing 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy may be due to adherent platelets and not indicative of infection.
Incorporating Intra-Operative Medication Information for Prediction of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation

This study aimed to construct and evaluate a novel prediction model for postoperative atrial fibrillation (PoAF) with the addition of intraoperative medications. The study patient population included 4731 patients who underwent CABG surgery, of which 1363 developed PoAF, and the prediction methods included three logistic regression models. Multivariate logistic regression was performed with traditional clinical variables only for the first model, intraoperative medications added in the second model, and a subset of all variables chosen by the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) in the third model. Age and prior AF diagnosis were consistently the strongest predictors for PoAF across all three models. The specific intra-operative medications moderately improved predictive accuracy as compared to the clinical feature-only model.
Demonstration of infectious DNA in transformed cells

The initial steps in the DNA-transfer, or transfection, method of virus rescue were characterized using primary green monkey kidney (GMK) cells exposed to SV 40-transformed mouse (SV-3T3) cell DNA in the presence of 1 mg/ml DEAE-dextran. When large amounts (10–50 µg) of high molecular weight DNA (>107 daltons) were inoculated onto 106 GMK cells, usually less than 1 µg became cell-associated. DNA fragmented to a size of 1–3×106 daltons was bound more efficiently by the recipient cells, but generally only 5–10 per cent of the inoculum (representing 1–4 µg) was taken up. Approximately 50 per cent of the cell-associated DNA had penetrated to a DNase-resistant state by the end of the 30-minute incubation period. The effect of the size of the transformed cell DNA molecule on the recovery of SV40 in transfection experiments was investigated. The trend appeared to be that rescue was more efficient with the larger molecular weight samples.
A Comprehensive Data Driven Outage Analysis for Assessing Reliability of the Bulk Power System

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of how historical outage data can be analyzed to determine the reliability of the bulk power system (BPS) using both outage frequency and outage duration metrics. In addition to outage analysis, different outage categories are analyzed and prioritized according to their outage severity level. A new reliability indicator, Outage Impact Index (OII) is also proposed which identifies annual system risks for a given voltage class. The key performance indices discussed in this paper can be used by power utilities to quantify and assess transmission system performance, establish baselines from chronological trends, and minimize system risks by developing corrective measures.
Stable fiber-based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography/optical microangiography system for simultaneous birefringent and microvascular imaging (Conference Presentation)

A novel stable fiber-based multi-functional imaging system capable of simultaneously acquiring the birefringent and polarization artifact-free microvascular information within scanned tissue volume is demonstrated. A novel system design that can compensate for the changes in polarization state generated by the optics fibers is introduced to stabilize the imaging system. The proposed system is employed to visualize the birefringent components and the vasculature networks of the human skin in vivo.
Synthesis and Applications of the C2-Symmetrical Diamine 2,7-Diazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecane

Chiral diamines are particularly useful as ligands for asymmetric catalysis. In an effort to expand the library of such diamines, the synthesis and resolution of the C2-symmetric diamine 2,7-diazab...
Dispersing the crowd: Adopting 13C direct detection for glycans

Abstract As a direct consequence of technological advancements, the interest in direct detection of low-gamma/low-sensitivity heteronuclei for NMR experiments has been revived. Until recently, experimental development of 13C/15N detected experiments has been focused on protein NMR. In the present report, we extend the use of 13C-detected experiments to structural studies of glycans in natural abundance. The narrow 1H and wider 13C signal dispersion make glycans ideal candidates for heteronuclear detection. We show that 13C-detected HSQC offers a ten-fold increase in 13C dimension resolution compared to the analogous 1H-detected HSQC, when the experiments are acquired for the same amount of time. The enhanced resolution comes at the expense of 2 to 3-fold loss in SNR; however, the observed signal loss is a fraction of the theoretical 8-fold difference expected between experiments. Further, we show that by combining a 1H constant time element (CT), SMILE data reconstruction and 13C-direct detection, complete resonance assignments of highly degenerate glycan signals are possible. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of our strategy to aid in the assignment of complex glycans, by using a novel 13C-detected version of the CT-HSQC-TOCSY experiment performed on sialyl Lewis X pentasaccharide model system.
Cultural psychiatry as the basic science of addressing health and mental health disparities

Abstract Cultural psychiatry’s focus has shifted its focus on ‘culture-bound syndromes’, to cultural competence training, to addressing mental health disparities and related injustices. Tools to hardwire culturally competent approaches include cultural formulation interviews and frameworks to address implicit biases. Professional organizations have elaborated on the components of culturally effective child and adolescent psychiatric care and have supported the principles that cultural assessment is important in ensuring access to mental healthcare, in ensuring accurate formulation and appropriate treatment, and in appreciating the acculturative and related stressors that can increase youth psychiatric risk. With these principles in mind and with consideration of lessons learned from a case vignette, the authors propose that, from a population health perspective, the specialty should work towards reducing—as with other types of trauma and other known risk factors for psychopathology—stressors that adversely affect healthy cultural identification and cultural adjustment in children globally.
Coining Neoliberalism: Interwar Germany and the Neglected Origins of a Pejorative Moniker

Widespread academic use of the term "neoliberalism" is of surprisingly recent origin, dating to only the late 20th century. The vast and growing literature on this subject has nonetheless settled on an earlier origin story that depicts the term as self-selected moniker from the Walter Lippmann Colloquium, a 1938 Paris gathering of free-market academics that foreshadowed the post-war founding of the Mont Pelerin Society. This origin story, however, is a myth that likely derives from a misreading of French philosopher Michel Foucault, who first directed modern scholarly attention to the Paris gathering. By turning to neglected German-language sources, this study shows that the term and modern concept of "neoliberalism" predate the 1938 conference. Rather, "neo/neu-liberalismus" was first popularized by a succession of Marxist and Fascist political theorists in the early 1920s, who employed it as a term of disparagement against the "Marginal Utility School" of economic thought anchored at the University of Vienna. These critics of marginalism diverged sharply on the political far-left and far-right of interwar Austrian and German politics, but shared a common disdain for the theory of subjective value promoted by the Viennese circle around economist Ludwig von Mises. This earlier origin story of the term links it conceptually to modern-day uses, which often display a similar pejorative character to its interwar uses on the political left. It further helps to explain why several attendees of the 1938 conference, Mises among them, rejected the proposed term.
Fair Class Balancing: Enhancing Model Fairness without Observing Sensitive Attributes

Machine learning models are at the foundation of modern society. Accounts of unfair models penalizing subgroups of a population have been reported in domains including law enforcement, job screening, etc. Unfairness can spur from biases in the training data, as well as from class imbalance, i.e., when a sensitive group's data is not sufficiently represented. Under such settings, balancing techniques are commonly used to achieve better prediction performance, but their effects on model fairness are largely unknown. In this paper, we first illustrate the extent to which common balancing techniques exacerbate unfairness in real-world data. Then, we propose a new method, called fair class balancing, that allows to enhance model fairness without using any information about sensitive attributes. We show that our method can achieve accurate prediction performance while concurrently improving fairness.
Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Probability of Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma After Surgery: Prediction Model Development Study.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a high recurrence rate of 20% to 30% after nephrectomy for clinically localized disease, and more than 40% of patients eventually die of the disease, making regular monitoring and constant management of utmost importance. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm that predicts the probability of recurrence of RCC within 5 and 10 years of surgery. Methods: Data from 6849 Korean patients with RCC were collected from eight tertiary care hospitals listed in the KOrean Renal Cell Carcinoma (KORCC) web-based database. To predict RCC recurrence, analytical data from 2814 patients were extracted from the database. Eight machine learning algorithms were used to predict the probability of RCC recurrence, and the results were compared. Results: Within 5 years of surgery, the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was obtained from the naive Bayes (NB) model, with a value of 0.836. Within 10 years of surgery, the highest AUROC was obtained from the NB model, with a value of 0.784. Conclusions: An algorithm was developed that predicts the probability of RCC recurrence within 5 and 10 years using the KORCC database, a large-scale RCC cohort in Korea. It is expected that the developed algorithm will help clinicians manage prognosis and establish customized treatment strategies for patients with RCC after surgery.
Silence, Voice, and Resilience: An Examination of Workplace Sexual Harassment

Whether victims of workplace sexual harassment voice their abuse or remain silent has implications for both organizations and victims. This study surveyed victims and observers of workplace sexual ...
Prediction of Secondary Structures of Proteins

Artificial neural network techniques and Statistical techniques have been used for the prediction of secondary structures of proteins. Back-error propagation was used initially. However it has some inherent shortcomings in its implementation, one being a long convergence time for training and the other being the occurrence of local minima. To overcome the above mentioned drawbacks, a different algorithm called Fuzzy-Adaptive Resonance Theory Mapping (ARTMAP) was employed for our complex pattern mapping problem. Fuzzy ARTMAP is an incremental supervised learning algorithm which combines fuzzy logic and adaptive resonance theory neural network for the recognition of pattern categories.
DIFFERENTIAL BINDING OF ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) BY NEONATAL AND ADULT PLASMA

AA metabolites including both thromboxanes and leukotrienes have recently been implicated in neonatal pulmonary pathology, including respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary hypertension. We have previously shown that neonatal platelet rich plasma (PRP) produces more thromboxane B2 than adult PRP when stimulated with low levels of exogenous AA. If neonatal plasma binds less AA than adult plasma in vivo, more substrate (AA) availability could lead to the increased production of these products. The present study was thus undertaken to determine if neonatal plasma had less capacity to bind AA than adult plasma. Thirteen adult and 13 neonatal plasma samples (0.5m1) were dialyzed against 10 ml of 400 um 3H-AA (0.1uci/um) for 24 hrs at room temperature. Bound AA was calculated from the radioactivity present in the dialyzed plasma minus the radioactivity in an equal volume of dialysate. Neonatal plasma bound significantly less AA than adult plasma 2064 nm/ml ±60.7 (1SD) vs 2776 ± 92.6 (p <.01). When AA binding was expressed as nm AA bound/nm albumin, neonatal and adult plasma bound nearly equivalent amounts 4.75±0.81nm AA/nm albumin vs 4.35±0.35;(p=ns). We have shown that neonatal plasma has a significantly decreased binding capacity for AA when compared to the adult. This difference appears to be due to the decreased albumin levels in neonatal plasma. Increased availability of AA in neonatal plasma, especially in the hypoalbuminemic premature infant, may be important in neonatal pathophysiologic states involving thromboxanes and leucotrienes.
Outcomes after radiotherapy for basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an uncommon, high-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. Its poorer prognosis compared with common SCC remains controversial. The authors investigated the outcomes of patients with BSCC who received radiotherapy and compared them with the outcomes of patients with SCC. METHODS. From 1994 to 2004, 1007 patients received radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma with lymph node involvement. The histologic types consisted of 51 BSCC, 431 poorly differentiated SCC (PSCC), and 525 well or moderately differentiated SCC (WMSCC). A case–control analysis was performed with BSCC matched against both PSCC and WMSCC to compare disease-control and survival rates. RESULTS. Patients with BSCC received treatment modalities similar to those received by patients with SCC: They received induction chemotherapy (12%) or concurrent chemotherapy (33%), and a median radiation dose of 70 Gray. Posttreatment viable tumor was present in 44%, 13%, and 28% of neck dissection specimens from patients with BSCC, PSCC, and WMSCC, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival rates (63%, 77%, and 76%, respectively) and overall survival rates (85%, 70%, and 71%, respectively) demonstrated no statistically significant differences for BSCC, PSCC, or WMSCC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, a poorer prognosis could not be demonstrated for irradiated patients with BSCC compared with either PSCC or WMSCC. All patients in this study had positive lymph node status, and the majority of patients (84%) had oropharyngeal cancer. The BSCC cohort did have a relatively high rate of viable tumor in their posttreatment neck dissections, and they had a relatively high rate of distant disease. On the basis of the high rate of lung metastases and the possibility of efficient salvage, the authors recommend obtaining a chest computed tomography scan during initial staging and follow-up. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Libraries as publishers of digital video

Dubbed as the next "Killer Application" (Hanss, 2001), digital video's anticipated impact on computer networks is enormous. Few other applications are so severely impacted by networks incapable of delivering quality of service guarantees for the latency and delay with which video stations receive information packets. The goal of this chapter is to briefly discuss the teaching and research uses of video materials in academic environments, inform librarians of the various forms into which video materials may be encoded, the strengths and weaknesses of the media formats, and to argue for a comprehensive implementation plan when considering the distribution of video resources. We will conclude the chapter with an illustration of how one academic library employed database technology to create a video card catalog accessible from the Internet.
Analysis of tradeoffs between security strength and energy savings in security protocols for WLANs

Energy sayings are extremely important in wireless networks where devices operate using battery power. Security in wireless networks is also becoming crucial with the deployment of wireless local area networks in hot spot areas, organizations, hospitals and so on. Security protocols depend on energy consuming operations that occur in the cryptographic primitives used in the protocols. It has been observed that different cryptographic algorithms consume different amounts of energy. Also, the amount of energy consumed can depend on the key size, the number of cryptographic operational rounds, and packet or frame size. At the same time, the strength of a security protocol also depends on the key sizes and ciphers used to build it. We apply these results to protocols in wireless local area networks and study the tradeoffs between the security strengths of these protocols and the amount of energy consumed. For the analysis, we use distributions of packet sizes based on packets collected in home and campus wireless local area networks and measurements of the number of CPU cycles taken for cryptographic computation.
Exploiting rich context: an incremental approach to context-based web search

Proactive retrieval systems monitor a user's task context and automatically provide the user with related resources. The effectiveness of such systems depends on their ability to perform context-based retrieval, generating queries which return context-relevant results. Two factors make this task especially challenging for Web-based retrieval. First, the quality of Web retrieval can be strongly affected by the vocabulary used to generate the queries. If the system's vocabulary for describing the context differs from the vocabulary used in the resources themselves, relevant resources may be missed. Second, search engine restrictions on query length may make it difficult to include sufficient contextual information in a single query. This paper presents an algorithm, IACS (Incremental Algorithm for Context-Based Search), which addresses these problems by building up, applying, and refining partial context descriptions incrementally. In IACS, an initial term-based context description is the starting point for a cycle of mining search engines, performing context-based filtering of results, and refining context descriptions to generate new rounds of queries in an expanded vocabulary. IACS has been applied in a system for proactively supporting concept-map-based knowledge modeling, by retrieving resources relevant to target concepts in the context of the rich information provided by “in progress” concept maps. An evaluation of the system shows that it provides significant improvements over a baseline for retrieving context-relevant resources. We expect the algorithm to have broad applicability to context-based Web retrieval for rich contexts.
What Is Evidence-Based Medicine and Why Should I Care?

The principles of evidence-based medicine provide the tools to incorporate the best evidence into everyday practice. Evidence-based medicine is the integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available research evidence from systematic research and the patient's values and expectations. A hierarchy of evidence can be used to assess the strength of evidence upon which clinical decisions are made, with randomized studies at the top of the hierarchy. The efficient approach to finding the best evidence is to identify a systematic review or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Calculated metrics, such as sensitivity, specificity, receiver-operating-characteristic curves, and likelihood ratios, can be used to examine the evidence for a diagnostic test. High-level studies of a therapy are prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, have a concealed allocation, have a parallel design, and assess patient-important outcomes. Metrics used to assess the evidence for a therapy include event rate, relative risk, relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, number needed to treat, and odds ratio. Although not all tenets of evidence-based medicine are universally accepted, the principles of evidence-based medicine nonetheless provide a valuable approach to respiratory care practice.
Metabolism of monoterpenes: demonstration that (+)-cis-isopulegone, not piperitenone, is the key intermediate in the conversion of (-)-isopiperitenone to (+)-pulegone in peppermint (Mentha piperita).

Abstract Piperitenone is commonly considered to be the key intermediate in the conversion of (−)-isopiperitenone to (+)-pulegone in peppermint; however, [ 3 H]piperitenone gave rise only to the inert metabolite (+)-piperitone when incubated with peppermint leaf discs. Under identical conditions, (−)-[ 3 H]isopiperitenone was efficiently incorporated into (+)-pulegone, (−)-menthone, and (+)-isomenthone in leaf discs, and yielded an additional metabolite identified as (+)- cis -isopulegone; piperitenone was poorly labeled. Moreover, (+)- cis -[ 3 H]isopulegone was rapidly converted to (+)-pulegone, (−)-menthone, and (+)-isomenthone in leaf discs, and the reduction of (+)-[ 3 H]pulegone to (−)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone was similarly documented. Each step of the pathway was demonstrated in a crude soluble preparation from peppermint leaf epidermis and each of the relevant enzymes was partially purified in order to compare relative rates of catalysis. The results of these studies indicate that the endocyclic double bond of (−)-isopiperitenone is reduced to yield (+)- cis -isopulegone, which is isomerized to (+)-pulegone as the immediate precursor of (−)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone, and they rule out piperitenone as an intermediate of the pathway.
Visual hallucinations in progressive supranuclear palsy.

records were collected on an annual basis and all pertinent information was entered into a database. For patients with cognitive impairment a caregiver with knowledge of the patient’s family and personal medical history completed the registry form. Upon death, remaining medical records were collected and neuropathological analyses were performed. Patients were brought to autopsy according to standardized protocols for brain handling and processing. The clinical diagnosis of PSP was made either by movement disorders specialists and/or general neurologists before death and was clearly documented in the medical fi les. Two patients were only evaluated by a general neurologist. Multiple documented neurological evaluations throughout the course of the patients’ illness were reviewed. Diagnoses were re-confi rmed after death by a movement disorders specialist (S.P.), who applied standard criteria for PSP [4] (vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, prominent postural instability, falls in the fi rst year of onset, and no evidence of other disorders to explain the neurologic fi ndings). Diagnoses of dementia and psychiatric disorders were made by the patients’ treating physicians and were clearly documented in the medical fi les. Clear documentation of dementia included diagnosis by a psychiatrist, formal psychometric testing and/or Mini-Mental State Examination ! 24 [5] . The characterDear Sir, Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the most common and best recognized atypical parkinsonian syndrome. The clinical characteristics of PSP as described by Steele, Richardson and Olszewsky [1] in 1964 include parkinsonian features, postural instability, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, pseudobulbar symptoms and cognitive decline. However, it has been widely recognized that PSP is characterized by an ever-expanding and ‘diverse’ clinical phenotype [2] that among others includes a fl orid neuropsychiatric symptomatology [3] . This report focuses on the description of hallucinations in a small cohort of clinically and pathologically diagnosed PSP patients. Our study population consisted of 22 consecutive PSP patients. All subjects consented during life to donate their brains to the University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank TM . Brain donors were recruited and registered with the Brain Bank through a campaign performed throughout the United States over the last decade. All donors completed the Brain Bank’s PD registry form (a 128-item, self-administered questionnaire) providing information about demographics, environmental exposures, personal and family history, activities of daily living, clinical and treatment details. Yearly updates on all brain donors were obtained until death. Medical and hospital Received: July 7, 2005 Accepted: September 28, 2005 Published online: January 6, 2006
Comparison of Desvenlafaxine and Venlafaxine Ingestions Reported to Texas Poison Centers

Background:Desvenlafaxine is the major active metabolite of the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine and is prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorder.Objective:To compare desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine ingestions reported to a statewide poison center system.Methods:Cases included all desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine ingestions reported to Texas poison centers during 2008–2009. The distribution of all cases by selected demographic factors was identified. After cases that involved coingestants and/or were not followed to a final medical outcome were excluded, the distribution of the remaining cases by clinical and management factors was determined.Results:There were 144 desvenlafaxine and 777 venlafaxine ingestions. The distribution of desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine ingestions was, respectively, female patients 61.8% versus 64.2%, age 0–5 years 31.9% versus 19.3%, unintentional 47.2% versus 39.8%, and involving no coingestants 56.3% versus 46.7%. There were no coingestants a...
The movement of organic solutes between the retina and pigment epithelium.

The transport of several membrane precursors across the bullfrog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid was studied in a modified Ussing chamber. The substrates choline, ethanolamine, and glucose did not exhibit a net flux across the tissue, while all amino acids tested showed a net flux in the retina to choroid direction. The ‘sink’ for a particular amino acid, leucine, was measured in bullfrog retinas in vitro. Decarboxylation of leucine was the major fate of the incorporated amino acid, while much less was directed toward protein synthesis. The subretinal fluid concentration of leucine was estimated to be in the order of 10 10 μ m , approximately eight-fold less than in plasma, and consistent with levels in cerebrospinal fluid. The sink for leucine in the retina at 10 μ m leucine is smaller than the fluxes across the RPE-choroid under conditions of an eight-fold gradient. This suggests that the RPE, not the retina, is responsible for controlling the concentrations of solutes in the subretinal fluid.
The influence of trace additions of zirconium on diffusional creep in Ni-20% Cr

The usefulness of nickel base alloys in high temperature structural applications is sometimes limited by low creep ductilities. Creep ductilities in turn may be significantly influenced by trace element additions and residual impurities. For example, creep fracture strains in nickel can be substantially reduced by small amounts of antimony and the creep ductility of Ni-20% Cr can be greatly improved by additions of zirconium. Holt and Wallace suggest a number of ways in which a beneficial element like zirconium might influence creep fracture characteristics. Zirconium might prevent the agglomeration of carbides at the grain boundaries and thus remove potential sites for intergranular cracking or cavitation, remove detrimental sulfur and carbon fro the grain boundaries by forming zirconium-sulphides or zirconium-carbosulphides, or segregate to the grain boundaries and slow down grain boundary diffusion. One of the three possibilities listed above, namely, the effect of zirconium additions on diffusion along the grain boundaries, is examined in the present paper. Coble creep was selected as a convenient experimental technique to do this. In order to simplify the experiments, high purity alloys with low precipitate and inclusion contents were employed. The effect of zirconium on carbide agglomeration suggested above is therefore not important in themore » present experiments and need not be considered in their interpretation.« less
Unfamiliar objects in familiar places: The public response to art‐in‐architecture

Over the last three decades the federal government, through its Art-in-Architecture program, has funded more than 200 permanent art installations in cities throughout America. This study examines the public response to a sample of 41 such public art projects and attempts to illuminate the factors that lead to official or organized conflict. Findings suggest that controversies are most likely to erupt over abstract art placed in relatively small cities and cities experiencing high rates of population growth. This is especially true when the community is not asked to participate in the project in any meaningful way. And although artistic freedom is the norm, in a few cases, community participation led to editing of provocative or challenging content from a proposed artwork.