cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biferrocenium tetrabromoferrate, [(C5H5)Fe(C5H4)- (C5H4)Fe(C5H5)]FeBr4. The X-ray structural characterization of a mixed-valence compound

Abstract Biferrocenium tetrabromoferrate, [(C5H5)Fe(C5H4)-(C5H4)Fe(C5H5)]FeBr4 (1) obtained as a by-product in the synthesis of biferrocenium trihalide salts, crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic space group, P212121: (at 296 K) a 7.492(2), b 9.903 (2), c 31.604(9) A, V 2345(1) A3, and Z = 4. The cation, similar to other structurally characterized biferrocenium salts, adopts a trans-configuration, but, in contrast, possesses no crystallographically imposed symmetry relating the two ferrocenyl environments. Different average Fe-ring distances at the two environments: Fe(1), 2.02(2) and Fe(2), 2.08(2) A are typical of iron(II) and iron(III) states, respectively, indicating the presence of trapped oxidation states. Interionic contacts are both shorter and more numerous for the iron(III) ferrocenyl fragment than for the iron(II) fragment. Both ferrocenyl units have non-eclipsed ring configurations, with a staggering angle of 6.5(3)° at Fe(1) and 23.5(3)° at Fe(2). The FeBr4− counterion is tetrahedral and ordered.
On Capacity of Automatic Target Recognition Systems Under the Constraint of PCA-Encoding

Limiting capabilities of practical recognition systems are determined by a variety of factors that include source encoding techniques, quality of images, complexity of underlying objects and their projections. Given a source encoding technique, the remaining factors are characteristics of a recognition channel. In this work, we evaluate recognition capacity of a PCA-based automatic target recognition system. The encoded data are modeled to be Gaussian distributed with zero mean and estimated variances. We analyze both the case of a single encoded image and the case of encoded correlated multiple frames. For this case, we propose a model that is orientation and elevation angle dependent. The fit of proposed models is verified using statistical tests. Similar to the communication channel, the recognition channel capacity is the best achievable recognition rate in practice. Given a value of capacity and the length of encoded image (assume large), we can predict the number of distinct target classes that can be stored in a target library and be identified with probability of error close to zero. In this work, the constrained recognition capacity is evaluated as a function of the asymptotic signal-to-noise ratio.
Über Aminoalkoholester von Hydroxyboranen, VIII. Einfluss von Substituenten in 3‐Stellung des triptych‐Boroxazolidins auf die Geschwindigkeit der SN‐B‐paltung

Isokinetische Kurven der Aktivierungsenthalpie und -entropie fur die N-B-Spaltung von 3-substituierten triptych-Boroxazolidinen zeigen, das die entropische Beteiligung an der Aktivierungsenthalpie des Spaltungsprozesses von der Natur der Substituenten abhangt. Mindestens zwei isokinetische Kurven existieren, und beide lassen eine betrachtliche entropische Hemmung des Aktivierungsprozesses erkennen. Man findet auch cine geradlinige Beziehung zwischen den Aktivierungspotentialen bei verschieden substituierten Boroxazolidinen und den entsprechenden “polar substituent constants” (σ*) nach Taft. Diese Verbindungen liefern die ersten Beispiele einer solchen Beziehung zwischen den σ*-Parametern und den Substituenten am Alkylrest eines Esters.
Gene-environment interactions in cardiovascular disease

Background: Historically, models to describe disease were exclusively nature-based or nurture-based. Current theoretical models for complex conditions such as cardiovascular disease acknowledge the importance of both biologic and nonbiologic contributors to disease. A critical feature is the occurrence of interactions between numerous risk factors for disease. The interaction between genetic (i.e. biologic, nature) and environmental (i.e. non-biologic, nurture) causes of disease is an important mechanism for understanding both the etiology and public health impact of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to describe theoretical underpinnings of gene–environment interactions, models of interaction, methods for studying gene–environment interactions, and the related concept of interactions between epigenetic mechanisms and the environment. Discussion: Advances in methods for measurement of genetic predictors of disease have enabled an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the causes of disease. In order to fully describe the effects of genetic predictors of disease, it is necessary to place genetic predictors within the context of known environmental risk factors. The additive or multiplicative effect of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors is often greater than the contribution of either risk factor alone.
Inhibition of FcεRI-dependent mediator release and calcium flux from human mast cells by sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 8 engagement

Background Sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of glycan-binding inhibitory receptors, and among them, Siglec-8 is selectively expressed on human eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. On eosinophils, Siglec-8 engagement induces apoptosis, but its function on mast cells is unknown. Objective We sought to study the effect of Siglec-8 engagement on human mast cell survival and mediator release responses. Methods Human mast cells were generated from CD34 + precursors. Apoptosis was studied by using flow cytometry. Mast cell mediator release or human lung airway smooth muscle contraction was initiated by FceRI cross-linking with or without preincubation with Siglec-8 or control antibodies, and release of mediators was analyzed along with Ca ++ flux. RBL-2H3 cells transfected with normal and mutated forms of Siglec-8 were used to study how Siglec-8 engagement alters mediator release. Results Siglec-8 engagement failed to induce human mast cell apoptosis. However, preincubation with Siglec-8 mAbs significantly ( P 2 release, Ca ++ flux, and anti-IgE–evoked contractions of human bronchial rings. In contrast, release of IL-8 was not inhibited. Siglec-8 ligation was also shown to inhibit β-hexosaminidase release and Ca ++ flux triggered through FceRI in RBL-2H3 cells transfected with full-length human Siglec-8 but not in cells transfected with Siglec-8 containing a tyrosine to phenylalanine point mutation in the membrane-proximal immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain. Conclusion These data represent the first reported inhibitory effects of Siglec engagement on human mast cells.
On the finite-length performance of universal coding for k-ary memoryless sources

In this paper, we investigate the performance of universal coding schemes on finite-length memoryless sequences. Rissanen demonstrated that for the universal compression of k-ary memoryless sources, expected redundancy for regular codes is asymptotically lower bounded by k-1 over 2 log n for almost all sources. Xie and Barron derived the minimax expected redundancy for k-ary memoryless sources, which characterizes the maximum redundancy over all possible source parameters. It does not provide much information about different source parameter values. This paper is a finite-length extension to Rissanen's result. Our treatment in this paper is probabilistic. In particular, we derive a lower bound on the probability measure of the sources that are not compressible with a redundancy smaller than a certain fraction of k-1 over 2 log n. In other words, we demonstrate a lower bound on the redundancy for a given percentile of sources. We demonstrate that as the length of the memoryless sequence decreases, the redundancy tends to become significant and comparable to the entropy of the sequence.
Use of a thirty-degree caudal tilt radiograph in the shoulder impingement syndrome.

The formation of a bony spur or prominence at the anterior acromion is an important pathologic factor in impingement syndrome, and the detection and estimation of the size of such a spur are also important for diagnosis and treatment. We investigated the usefulness of a 30° caudal tilt view of the shoulder for detection of the bony spur. A 30° caudal tilt view was used to detect a spur in 52 of 73 joints diagnosed as having the impingement syndrome, whereas the spur was detected in only 27 joints when routine anteroposterior films were used. Only sufficiently larger spurs that projected toward the coracoid process could be recognized on anteroposterior films. Because the 30° caudal tilt view demonstrated the exact architecture of the spur encountered at operation, it was useful not only for preoperative planning but also for evaluation of the adequacy of surgery.
Presidential Press Conferences over Time

Scholars have debated whether the president's public activities are a function of political and economic factors (presidency-centered variables) or individual presidents and their administration's tendencies (president-centered variables). This article examines one of the only quantitative studies that assesses the influence of these variables on presidential press conferences over time. I replicate this study (Hager and Sullivan 1994) and find the authors' conclusions to be misleading. I then present methodologically correct analyses that show—consistent with the qualitative evidence—that the behavior of individual presidents offers the best explanation of press conferences over time.
Methylnaltrexone Mechanisms of Action and Effects on Opioid Bowel Dysfunction and Other Opioid Adverse Effects

OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanisms of action of methylnaltrexone and its effects on opioid bowel dysfunction, as well as its effects on other opioid-induced adverse effects (ADEs), and its potential roles in clinical practice.DATA SOURCES:A literature search using the MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaboration databases for articles published between 1966 and March 2007 was performed. Additional data sources were obtained from manual searches of recent journal articles, book chapters, and monographs. An updated literature search showed no additional publications.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Abstracts and original preclinical and clinical research reports published in the English language were identified for review. Review articles, commentaries, and news reports of this compound were excluded. Literature related to opioids, opioid receptors, opioid antagonists, methylnaltrexone, opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, constipation, nausea, and vomiting was evaluated and selected based on consideration of the sup...
Fourth Graders Confront an Injustice: The Anti-Bullying Campaign—A Social Action Inquiry Project

As the development of active, democratic citizens has become, arguably, the primary purpose of social studies education, the model of instruction in citizenship education varies significantly. Although current models of citizenship education typically foster a sense of societal conformity and law-obeyance to the exclusion of social change, this article illustrates how elementary school students engaged in the critical examination of a pertinent social issue and guided the direction of a social action plan devised to overcome the injustice of bullying. The focus of this article is to illustrate how one fourth-grade teacher harnessed her students’ enthusiasm and interest in activism through an inquiry-based, interdisciplinary social action unit devised to solve elementary school bullying. A detailed, step-by-step narrative of the unit is described.
How Money Buys Happiness: Genetic and Environmental Processes Linking Finances and Life Satisfaction

Measures of wealth such as income and assets are commonly considered to be objective measures of environmental circumstances, making direct contributions to life satisfaction. Here, the authors explored the accuracy of this assumption. Using a nationwide sample of 719 twin pairs from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, the authors first noted the relative independence of most perceptions about financial status from measures of actual wealth. They then demonstrated that perceived financial situation and control over life completely mediated the association between measures of actual wealth and life satisfaction. Finally, they showed that financial resources appeared to protect life satisfaction from environmental shocks. In addition, control appeared to act as a mechanism translating life circumstances into life satisfaction.
Clocking Analysis, Implementation and Measurement Techniques for High-Speed Data Links—A Tutorial

The performance of high-speed wireline data links depend crucially on the quality and precision of their clocking infrastructure. For future applications, such as microprocessor systems that require terabytes/s of aggregate bandwidth, signaling system designers will have to become even more aware of detailed clock design tradeoffs in order to jointly optimize I/O power, bandwidth, reliability, silicon area and testability. The goal of this tutorial is to assist I/O circuit and system designers in developing intuitive and practical understanding of I/O clocking tradeoffs at all levels of the link hierarchy from the circuit-level implementation to system-level architecture.
A rapid synthesis of A-ring bromine-77-labelled estrogens with high specific activity

A rapid method of no-carrier-added radiobrominations of A-ring estrogens has been demonstrated. The method employs N-chlorosuccinimide and high specific activity sodium bromide-77 to generate an electrophilic brominating agent, which when reacted with phenolic steroids, yields three primary products. Two of the radiobrominated products have been shown to be the phenolic ortho brominated regioisomers, and the third product is believed to be a reaction intermediate. The use of HPLC afforded a method of separation and isolation of radiobrominated products. The 2-bromo-77Br- and 4-bromo-77Br- isomers were found to be quite stable in vitro, where-as the suspected intermediates were not. A specific activity range of 600-1200 Ci/mmole and radiochemical yields of 25-30% were obtained for the 4-bromo-77Br regioisomers.
International Migration and Religious Selection

Migrants are selected by several characteristics (age, education, skill, health, and family migration experience). Often less examined is religious selection. Using Guatemalan data, this research note tests whether religious affiliation is significantly associated with migration to the United States, net of other competing factors. Results are robust, demonstrating that Protestants are more likely than other religious groups to migrate. Additionally, mediating factors (social networks, cultural norms, and ideological links) are tested to identify social mechanisms behind the Protestant effect. The research note concludes with implications of religious selection and how religious selection can be further examined in migration and religion studies.
A structured approach for assessing & analyzing technical & nontechnical interoperability in socio-technical systems

This paper outlines our ongoing efforts to study interoperability in socio-technical systems. It presents an overarching framework for defining and characterizing technical as well as nontechnical types of interoperability. The framework leverages lessons learned within the NextGen initiative and represents a structured approach to define, characterize, assess, and analyze technical and nontechnical interoperability types for the purpose of identifying and formulating implementation strategies to mitigate the influence of technical and nontechnical factors acting as barriers to interoperability.
A New Strategy of RNA Interference That Targets Heterologous Sequences Reveals CITFA1 as an Essential Component of Class I Transcription Factor A in Trypanosoma brucei

Conditional gene silencing by RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei can be inconclusive if knockdowns are inefficient or have off-target effects. To enable efficient, specific silencing of single-copy genes in mammalian-infective, bloodstream form trypanosomes, we developed a system that targets the heterologous and functional Trypanosoma cruzi U2AF35 3′ untranslated region (UTR) (Tc3) or, alternatively, the sequence of the PTP tag, which can be fused to any mRNA of interest. Two cell lines were created, single-marker Tc3 (smTc3) and smPTP, which conditionally express Tc3 and PTP double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), respectively. The system depends on manipulating both alleles of the gene of interest so that cells exclusively express the target mRNA as a fusion to one of these heterologous sequences. We generated allele integration vectors in which the C-terminal part of a gene's coding sequence can be fused to either heterologous sequence in a single cloning step. We first tested this system with CITFA7, which encodes a well-characterized subunit of the class I transcription factor A (CITFA), an essential factor for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase I. Targeting either Tc3 or PTP fused to the CITFA7 mRNA resulted in gene knockdowns that were as efficient and specific as targeting the endogenous CITFA7 mRNA. Moreover, application of this system to CITFA1, which could not be silenced by established methods, demonstrated that the gene encodes an essential CITFA subunit that mediates binding of the transcription factor complex to RNA polymerase I promoters.
Statistical Error Decomposition of Regional-Scale Climatological Precipitation Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

Abstract Monthly rainfall estimates inferred from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite contain errors due to discrete temporal sampling and remote spaceborne rain retrievals. This paper develops a regional-scale error model that uses the rain information in the ground data to disentangle the sampling and retrieval errors in the satellite estimate statistically. The proposed method computes a mean rain rate from monthly rainfall statistics for each TRMM rain sensor by subsampling high-resolution ground-based rain data at satellite overpass times. This additional rain-subsampled parameter plays an essential role in the statistical decomposition of the total error distribution into its sampling and retrieval error components. Using the statistical formalism developed in this study, an error analysis was performed on 5 yr of monthly rain estimates produced by the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR) rain sensors aboard TRMM over a quasi 2° × 2° region of the TRMM g...
Analysis of nucleosome positioning landscapes enables gene discovery in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria-causing parasite, has an extremely AT-rich (80.7 %) genome. Because of high AT-content, sequence-based annotation of genes and functional elements remains challenging. In order to better understand the regulatory network controlling gene expression in the parasite, a more complete genome annotation as well as analysis tools adapted for AT-rich genomes are needed. Recent studies on genome-wide nucleosome positioning in eukaryotes have shown that nucleosome landscapes exhibit regular characteristic patterns at the 5’- and 3’-end of protein and non-protein coding genes. In addition, nucleosome depleted regions can be found near transcription start sites. These unique nucleosome landscape patterns may be exploited for the identification of novel genes. In this paper, we propose a computational approach to discover novel putative genes based exclusively on nucleosome positioning data in the AT-rich genome of P. falciparum. Using binary classifiers trained on nucleosome landscapes at the gene boundaries from two independent nucleosome positioning data sets, we were able to detect a total of 231 regions containing putative genes in the genome of Plasmodium falciparum, of which 67 highly confident genes were found in both data sets. Eighty-eight of these 231 newly predicted genes exhibited transcription signal in RNA-Seq data, indicative of active transcription. In addition, 20 out of 21 selected gene candidates were further validated by RT-PCR, and 28 out of the 231 genes showed significant matches using BLASTN against an expressed sequence tag (EST) database. Furthermore, 108 (47 %) out of the 231 putative novel genes overlapped with previously identified but unannotated long non-coding RNAs. Collectively, these results provide experimental validation for 163 predicted genes (70.6 %). Finally, 73 out of 231 genes were found to be potentially translated based on their signal in polysome-associated RNA-Seq representing transcripts that are actively being translated. Our results clearly indicate that nucleosome positioning data contains sufficient information for novel gene discovery. As distinct nucleosome landscapes around genes are found in many other eukaryotic organisms, this methodology could be used to characterize the transcriptome of any organism, especially when coupled with other DNA-based gene finding and experimental methods (e.g., RNA-Seq).
Vascular Notch proteins and Notch signaling in the peri-implantation mouse uterus

Angiogenesis is essential for uterine decidualization, the progesterone-mediated transformation of the uterus allowing embryo implantation and initiation of pregnancy. In the current study, we define the vasculature, expression of Notch proteins and Notch ligands, and Notch activity in both endothelial cells and vascular-associated mural cells of blood vessels in the pre-implantation endometrium and post-implantation decidua of the mouse uterus. We used immunofluorescence to determine the expression of Notch in endothelial cells and mural cells by co-staining for the endothelial cell marker, CD31, the pan-mural cell marker, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), the pericyte markers, neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) and desmin, or the smooth muscle cell marker, alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA). A fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran tracer, was used to identify functional peri-implantation vasculature. CBF:H2B-Venus Notch reporter transgenic mice were used to determine Notch activity. Notch signaling is observed in endothelial cells and pericytes in the peri-implantation uterus. Prior to implantation, Notch1, Notch2 and Notch4 and Notch ligand, Delta-like 4 (Dll4) are expressed in capillary endothelial cells, while Notch3 is expressed in the pericytes. Jagged1 is expressed in both capillary endothelial cells and pericytes. After implantation, Notch1, Notch4 and Dll4 are expressed in endothelial cells of newly formed decidual capillaries. Jagged1 is expressed in endothelial cells of spiral arteries and a subset of decidual pericytes. Notch proteins are not expressed in lymphatic vessels or macrophages in the peri-implantation uterus. We show Notch activity and distinct expression patterns for Notch proteins and ligands, suggesting unique roles for Notch1, Notch4, Dll4, and Jag1 during decidual angiogenesis and early placentation. These data set the stage for loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies that will determine the cell-type specific requirements for Notch proteins in decidual angiogenesis and placentation.
Cell Structure and Dynamics

The cell is the smallest autonomous unit of living tissue. A eukaryotic cell is characterized by many internal structures organized within membranes. These organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. There are, in addition, many internal vesicles that transport metabolic reagents and enzymes. The complex internal structures have differing protein and lipid densities and differing refractive indices that scatter light. The cellular structures are in constant motion, leading to highly dynamic light scattering (DLS).
Chemical Composition, Size Distribution and Particle Morphology of Suspended Particulate Matter at DOMES Sites A, B, and C: Relationships with Local Sediment Composition

Detailed measurements of the concentration, composition, size, and morphology of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean were made during separate cruises in 1975 and 1976. SPM concentrations in the surface waters (0–300 m) were highly variable (~30 ± 18 µg/1) and primarily dependent on the concentration of biogenic material which accounted for > 90% of the total SPM. Mean Si/Al, K/Al, Ti/Al ratios were significantly higher than the corresponding values for the underlying sediments, indicating probable concentration of these elements in biogenic matter and other nonaluminosilicate phases. Mn/Al ratios however, were close to or even less than the sediment values.
From diffuse damage to sharp cohesive cracks: A coupled XFEM framework for failure analysis of quasi-brittle materials

Abstract Failure of quasi-brittle materials is governed by crack formation and propagation which can be characterized by two phases: (i) diffuse material degradation process with initial crack formation and (ii) severe localization of damage leading to the propagation of large cracks and fracture. While continuum damage mechanics provides an excellent framework to describe the first failure phase, it is unable to represent discontinuous displacement fields. In sharp contrast, cohesive zone models are poorly suited for describing diffuse damage but can accurately resolve discrete cracks. In this manuscript, we propose a coupled continuous/discontinuous approach to model the two failure phases of quasi-brittle materials in a coherent way. The proposed approach involves an integral-type nonlocal continuum damage model coupled with an extrinsic discrete interface model. The transition from diffuse damage to macroscopic cohesive cracks is made through an equivalent thermodynamic framework established in multidimensional settings, in which the dissipated energy is computed numerically and weakly matched. The method is implemented within the extended finite element framework, which allows for crack propagation without remeshing. A few benchmark problems involving straight and curved cracks are investigated to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of the coupled XFEM cohesive-damage approach. Force–displacement responses, as well as predicted propagation paths, are presented and shown to be in close agreement with available experimental data. Furthermore, the method is found to be insensitive to various damage threshold values for damage–crack transition, yielding energetically consistent results.
Polymeric reflection modulators for free space optical interconnects

A reflection-mode spatial light modulator (RSLM) with a high bandwidth, a large contrast ratio, and low power consumption will have great potential for use in free space optical interconnects. Reflection-mode devices modulate the intensity of the reflected light and could possibly be used to optically interconnect internal nodes of a transmitting chip to internal nodes of a receiving chip. Existing electrooptic materials do not allow for a RSLM with all of the above characteristics. As a result of material limitations, current RSLM designs must incorporate performance tradeoffs. The performance of Fabry-Perot (FP), surface plasmon (SP), and long range surface plasmon (LRSP) thin film nonlinear polymeric reflection modulators are analyzed here.
Fatty-Acid Composition of Dendroctonus frontalis at Various Developmental Stages

Fatty acids of the neutral lipid (NL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, were examined at 6 developmental stages: egg, inner-bark larval, outer-bark larval, pupal, emerging adult, and attacking adult. In all life stages, the predominant fatty acid of the NL fraction was oleic (29-51%). Palmitic acid was the 2nd most common (16-24%), except in the eggs and attacking females, where linoleic was slightly higher (28 and 24%). Oleic was also highest in the PL fraction of the larval, pupal, and emerging adult stages (27-38%). Linoleic was 2nd in concentration in these stages (14-19%). In the attacking beetles, linoleic was highest (25%), followed by oleic (19%); and in the eggs, shortchain compounds (less than C16:0) accounted for over ½ the fatty acids.
Squamous Metaplasia of the Tracheal Epithelium in Organ Culture. II. Nutritional Influences

SummaryThe mucociliary epithelium of the adult hamster trachea undergoes squamous metaplasia in organ culture when maintained in a complex, chemically-defined medium (Waymouth's MAB 87/3) without serum. This change fails to develop in explants cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) (8, 9). To determine the factors promoting squamous metaplasia, nutritional constituents in Waymouth's MAB 87/3 medium but not present in MEM were divided into five groups: (a) insulin and glutathione, (b) vitamins C, B12 and biotin, (c) nucleic acid intermediates, d) inorganic salts and e) nonessential amino acids. Test media were formulated by adding each group or combinations of groups to Eagle's MEM. Organ cultures were maintained in the test media for 4 weeks and then examined histologically. The nonessential amino acids were most important in enhancing metaplasia and keratinization. When nonessential amino acids were added individually to MEM, L-glutamic acid and L-serine seemed most influential in inducing me...
Group Development, Trainer Style and Carry-over Job Satisfaction and Performance

The effects of variations in trainer style on group development and back-home job satisfaction and performance were studied. A directive and structured style (TGS) and a facilitative or less direct...
472 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PULMONARY FUNCTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION.

Background The relationship between pulmonary function abnormalities and quality of life (QOL) in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension has not been well described. Methods We studied pulmonary function data from 58 subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension defined by mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg on right heart catheterization. Airway obstruction was defined as an FEV1 Results Causes of pulmonary hypertension included idiopathic, 17 (29%); connective tissue disease, 22 (38%); portal hypertension, 9 (16%); and other, 10 (17%). Airway obstruction was present in 18 (31%) subjects, restriction in 15 (26%), and impaired diffusion in 21 (36%). FEV1% predicted correlated significantly with both 6MWD (r = .44, p = .001) and airway-specific QOL (r = .31, p = .03). TLC correlated with 6MWD (r = .48, p = .001) but not QOL. Diffusion capacity did not correlate with either 6MWD or QOL. In a multivariable model adjusted for the presence of restriction and diffusion impairment, FEV1 was an independent predictor of airway-specific QOL (p = .01). Further adding 6MWD to the model did not significantly alter this relationship. Conclusion Pulmonary function abnormalities are prevalent in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Reduced FEV1 is associated with worse airway-specific QOL in pulmonary arterial hypertension even after taking exercise capacity into account. Funded by the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Method on Seal Ability of Mudstone Caprock to Gas in Water-Dissolving Phase and its Application

To study seal ability of mudstone caprock to gas in water-dissolving phase, based on seal mechanism analysis of the mudstone caprocks to gas in water-dissolving phase, a research method of calculating relative percolation velocity, by Darch's law, of the gas in water-dissolving phase through mudstone caprocks under unit pressure difference was proposed. Based on the relative percolation velocity of gas in water-dissolving phase through mudstone caprocks, a comprehensive evaluation index (CSWI)for seal ability of mudstone caprock to gas in water-dissolving phase was established. CSWI can reflect not only the influence of the characteristics of mudstone caprock itself on its seal ability to gas in water-dissolving phase, but also the influence from the characteristics of the formation water to the seal ability of mudstone caprock to gas in water-dissolving phase. It is a comprehensive evaluation index for the seal ability of mudstone caprock to gas in water-dissolving phase. It was applied in evaluating comprehensively the seal ability of Kq_ 1+2 mudstone caprocks to gas in water-dissolving phase to the east of the Daqing Pacanticline. The result reveals a good seal ability of Kq_ 1+2 mudstone caprocks in water-dissolving phase in the west of research region, with a decreasing trendency in seal ability from west to east. The evaluation results are in accord with the actual geological conditions of gas accumulation in the west of research region, revealing the effectiveness of the evaluation.
Secular Stagnation and Monetary Policy

This article is based on the author’s Homer Jones Memorial Lecture delivered at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, April 6, 2016.
Tailoring porosity in carbon spheres for fast carbon dioxide adsorption.

Abstract Highly-porous carbon spheres were prepared by modified Stober method combined with silica templating and CO2 activation. Silica was delivered in the form of either colloids or tetraethyl orthosilicate and used to create porosity. Subsequently, CO2 activation was used to develop microporosity. CO2 activation was done either: (1) on carbon spheres, following silica etching or (2) on silica-carbon composites, before silica removal. Both methods delivered carbon materials with well-developed structures and, importantly, preserved spherical morphology. Still, activation of the silica-carbon composites with subsequent silica etching afforded carbons with better structural properties and CO2 adsorption. Between materials prepared with silica colloids and TEOS-generated silica, the former showed more developed structures. The best material had specific surface area reaching 1500 m2 g−1 and total pore volume exceeding 1.2 cm3 g−1 and showed CO2 uptakes as high as 7.8 mmol g−1 (0 °C, 1 bar) and 4.0 mmol g−1 (23 °C, 1 bar). Mesoporosity improved mass transfer, which directly translated to faster CO2 equilibration (30–40% on average). The proposed synthesis afforded carbons with high and fast CO2 adsorption, which makes them good candidates for CO2 sorption applications. Moreover, it was shown that both, microporosity and mesoporosity, are important in development of prospective CO2 sorbents.
Common-path biodynamic imaging for dynamic fluctuation spectroscopy of 3D living tissue

Biodynamic imaging is a novel 3D optical imaging technology based on short-coherence digital holography that measures intracellular motions of cells inside their natural microenvironments. Here both common-path and Mach-Zehnder designs are presented. Biological tissues such as tumor spheroids and ex vivo biopsies are used as targets, and backscattered light is collected as signal. Drugs are applied to samples, and their effects are evaluated by identifying biomarkers that capture intracellular dynamics from the reconstructed holograms. Through digital holography and coherence gating, information from different depths of the samples can be extracted, enabling the deep-tissue measurement of the responses to drugs.
Equivariant Morse Theory and the Yang-Mills Equation on Riemann Surfaces

It is a great pleasure to address this symposium in honor of my dear friend, teacher, and collaborator. I first met Chern in 1950, when he dropped in to visit Princeton for just one day and I sat near him at lunch. I don’t suppose that you remember this occasion, my dear friend, though I am sure I contrived to attract your attention by some impertinence or other. For I was immediately captivated by what you said and how you said it.
Seismic Data Processing with Seismic Un*x

Our objective is to introduce you to the fundamentals of seismic data processing with a learn-by-doing approach. We do this with Seismic Un*x (SU), a free software package maintained and distributed by the Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP) at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). At the outset, we want to express our gratitude to John Stockwell of the CWP for his expert counsel. SU runs on several operating systems, including Unix, Microsoft Windows, and Apple Macintosh. However, we discuss SU only on Unix. Detailed discussion of wave propagation, convolution, cross- and auto-correlation, Fourier transforms, semblance, and migration are too advanced for this Primer. Instead, we suggest you refer to other publications of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, such as “Digital Processing of Geophysical Data – A Review” by Roy O. Lindseth and one of the two books by Ozdogan Yilmaz: “Seismic Data Processing,” 1987 and “Seismic Data Analysis,” 2001. Our goal is to give you the experience and tools to continue exploring the concepts of seismic data processing on your own. This Primer covers all processing steps necessary to produce a time migrated section from a 2-D seismic line. We use three sources of input data: Synthetic data generated by SU; Real shot gathers from the Oz Yilmaz collection at the Colorado School of Mines (ftp://ftp.cwp.mines.edu/pub/data); and Real 2-D marine lines provided courtesy of Prof. Greg Moore of the University of Hawaii: the “Nankai” data set and the “Taiwan” data set. The University of Texas, the University of Tulsa, and the University of Tokyo collected the Nankai data. The U.S. National Science Foundation and the government of Japan funded acquisition of the Nankai data. The University of Hawaii, San Jose State University, and National Taiwan University collected the Taiwan data. The U.S. National Science Foundation and the National Science Council of Taiwan funded acquisition of the Taiwan data. Chapters 1–3 introduce the Unix system and Seismic Un*x. Chapters 4–5 build three simple models (complexity slowly increases) and acquire a 2-D line over each model. (These chapters may be skipped if you are only interested in processing.) Chapters 6–9 build a model based on the previous three, acquire a 2-D line over that model, and process the line through migration. Chapters 10–11 start with a real 2-D seismic line of shot gathers (Nankai) and process it through migration. Chapters 12–13 and 15–16 start with a real 2-D line of shot gathers (Taiwan) and process it through migration.
Interstitial Policymaking in the U.S. Courts of Appeals

The paper examines kinds of purposive behavior among Courts of Appeals judges in immigration cases and distinguishes this paper from the strategic behavior described in rational choice literature.
Acute Respiratory Failure in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES Acute respiratory failure is common in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and has a high mortality. However, respiratory prognostic markers have not been adequately evaluated for this population. Our objectives are to assess respiratory support strategies and indices of oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and investigate how these strategies are associated with mortality. DESIGN Retrospective, multicenter investigation. SETTING Twelve U.S. pediatric centers. PATIENTS Pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with respiratory failure. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two-hundred twenty-two subjects were identified. PICU mortality was 60.4%. Nonsurvivors had higher peak oxygenation index (38.3 [21.3-57.6] vs 15.0 [7.0-30.7]; p < 0.0001) and oxygen saturation index (24.7 [13.8-38.7] vs 10.3 [4.6-21.6]; p < 0.0001), greater days with FIO2 greater than or equal to 0.6 (2.4 [1.0-8.5] vs 0.8 [0.3-1.6]; p < 0.0001), and more days with oxygenation index greater than 18 (1.4 [0-6.0] vs 0 [0-0.3]; p < 0.0001) and oxygen saturation index greater than 11 (2.0 [0.5-8.8] vs 0 [0-1.0]; p < 0.0001). Nonsurvivors had higher maximum peak inspiratory pressures (36.0 cm H2O [32.0-41.0 cm H2O] vs 30.0 cm H2O [27.0-35.0 cm H2O]; p < 0.0001) and more days with peak inspiratory pressure greater than 31 cm H2O (1.0 d [0-4.0 d] vs 0 d [0-1.0 d]; p < 0.0001). Tidal volume per kilogram was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with respiratory failure in the PICU, impaired oxygenation and use of elevated ventilator pressures were common and associated with increased mortality.
Neck Lifting Variations

Many patients seeking facial rejuvenation report concerns regarding neck skin laxity manifesting as the classic “turkey waddle,” platysmal banding, and deep horizontal neck lines as a top priority. Standard face/neck lift procedures coupled with submentoplasty can effect great improvements in the upper neck and cervicomental angle in the large majority of patients. Nonetheless, in some patients, especially those with pronounced lower neck vertical banding and/or horizontal pleating and deep lines, additional procedures may be beneficial. The pathophysiology of the aging neck, evaluation of the aging neck, and surgical technique selection are discussed. The choice of treatment options, especially surgical options, needs to be tailored to the individual and depend on the patient’s physical findings. The various techniques are described.
Protestants and Family Planning

There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that the historically favorable views of Protestants regarding the practice of family planning are changing among selected sub-groups. Such an attitudinal shift among Protestants has been rarely investigated by social scientists. This literature review represents an initial step in examining the phenomenon. A profile of Protestants' historical views of family planning will be presented first, followed by a discussion of the recent questioning of this group's favorable attitudes towards the practice. Additionally, research literature on contraceptive behavior and fertility patterns will provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis.
Introduction: The Parasitic Way of Life and its Consequences

The parasitic mode of obtaining food is a major life strategy among arthropods. Insects which are parasitic on animals constitute about 10 percent of named species in the Animal Kingdom (Askew 1971). For many large groups perhaps only 25% of the world fauna has been described (e.g., Townes 1969, on Ichneumonidae, Matthews 1974, on Braconidae), so percentage representation in the Kingdom should be more than doubled. Insects and mites which are parasitic on plants are even more numerous. Therefore probably at least half of the animals on Earth are parasitic arthropods.
Opinion Leaders: Are They Really Important as Innovation Buyers?

Research on the exact nature of the relationship between opinion leadership and innovative purchase behavior has produced apparently inconsistent results. This study warranted by consumer scoring the innovativeness (or lack of it) of 40 products. It included 36 other products intuitively judged to be widely diffused. The study related opinion leadership scores to scores of ownership of innovative, and noninnovative, and nonwar-ranted products. The results showed that opinion leadership scores were twice as likely to be related to scores of ownership of noninnovative products as they were to be related to ownership of innovative products.
The Wainwright Building:: Monument of St. Louis's Lager Landscape

Louis Sullivan9s Wainwright Building has long occupied a central place in the history of modern architecture. In The Wainwright Building: Monument of St. Louis9s Lager Landscape, Paula Lupkin reexamines the canonical “first skyscraper” as a different type of monument: the symbolic center of St. Louis9s “lager landscape.” Viewed through the lenses of patronage and local history, this ten-story structure emerges as the white-collar hub of one of the city9s most important cultural and economic forces: brewing. Home to the city9s brewery architects and contractors, a brewing consortium, and related real estate and insurance companies, the building, as Ellis Wainwright conceived it, served as the downtown headquarters of the brewing industry. Echoing the brewery stock house as well as cold storage structures and ornamented with motifs of lager9s most expensive ingredient, hops, the building9s design incorporated both the natural and technological elements of brewing. Analyzing the Wainwright Building as part of a lager landscape adds new dimension and significance to Sullivan9s masterpiece.
Evaluation of pharmacist interventions in a head and neck medical oncology clinic.

IntroductionHead and neck cancers (HNC) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers, often necessitating a multidisciplinary approach across the care continuum. Oncology pharmacists are unique...
Astrometry and Orbits of Asteroids and Comets

Astronomers have been consciously making positional observations of comets since the sixteenth century, and rough information on bright comets is available from social records collected in the Far East, the Middle East and Europe over the previous two millennia. Attempts at representing the observations with orbits also date back to the sixteenth century, well before the earliest computations were made on the basis of gravitational theory. Improvement in the accuracy of cometary astrometric data was slow to develop following the invention of the telescope and, a few decades later, the micrometer, for this had to await the availability of Flamsteed’s star catalogue and the understanding brought about by Bradley’s discovery of aberration and nutation. In spite of important contributions by some of the most celebrated scientists of the eighteenth century, orbit computation remained largely a process of trial and error until the discovery of the first asteroids and the rise of Gauss and his followers. By the 1880s the availability of a dense star catalogue like the AGK1 was allowing micrometric observations of comets and asteroids often to achieve an accuracy of 2 to 3 arcsec, and the subsequent introduction of photographic astrometry brought convenience but relatively little additional improvement in accuracy. The use nowadays of charge-coupled devices clearly has the potential for a further increase in accuracy, even for diffuse objects like comets, but for the moment the accuracy tends generally to be limited by the inadequacy of the available star catalogues. Modern orbit determination routinely includes the use of sophisticated techniques to identify isolated observations of the same asteroid at different oppositions and in the case of a comet the examination of the nongravitational effects that can strongly influence the object’s motion.