cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARS spectra from lean and stoichiometric CH4N2O flames

Abstract Broadband CARS spectra were obtained from both the reaction zone and postflame regions of lean and stoichiometric CH 4 N 2 O flames. To assess methods of obtaining concentration from broadband spectra, N2 CARS spectra were obtained from a series of air Ar mixtures at room temperature. The concentration of N2 was obtained with good accuracy (6%) both from fitting the shape of the broadband spectra and from the ratio of the resonant susceptibility to the nonresonant susceptibility. Both methods were utilized in interpreting flame spectra. CARS spectra of both N2 and N2O were obtained from the reaction zone of 0.3 equivalence ratio CH 4 N 2 O flames. Spectra were obtained from room temperature to near the adiabatic flame temperature. Simultaneous observation of both N2 and N2O spectra allowed determination of temperature and concentrations of both species from the same point in the flame. The spectra demonstrated the high spatial resolution of CARS. In addition, N2 CARS spectra were obtained from the postflame region of φ = 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 1.0 CH 4 N 2 O flames. The N2 spectra were used to obtain concentration and temperature profiles by a least squares fit to model calculations. The temperatures obtained varied with reactant flow rates. However, at appropriate flow rates, the concentrations and temperatures obtained close to the burner surface were in accord with thermochemical calculations. The temperature and concentration profiles obtained from both N2 and N2O CARS spectra can be used to help understand the elementary processes occuring in the CH 4 N 2 O flames investigated.
Elevated couch potato transcripts associated with adult diapause in the mosquito Culex pipiens

The couch potato (cpo) cDNA that we cloned from the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, encodes the C-terminus containing a highly conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM). Protein structure prediction indicates a canonical RRM structure with a βαββαβ topological structure. Northern blots indicate a single mRNA band over 9.49 kb, and Southern blot analysis suggests that the cpo gene contains large introns. Highest expression was noted in first instar larvae and pupae. A comparison of nondiapausing (long daylength) and diapausing (short daylength) adult females showed no difference immediately at adult eclosion, but by day 7 and thereafter, expression of cpo was much higher in diapausing adults. When 2-month old diapausing females were transferred from short daylength to diapausing-terminating conditions of long daylength and high temperature, expression of cpo declined. Similarly, when a topical application of JH III was used to terminate diapause abundance of the cpo transcript declined. Consistent with observations in Drosophila melanogaster and several other species levels of cpo in C. pipiens are influenced by the diapause program, although the direction of change is not the same in all species.
Determining effective methadone doses for individual opioid-dependent patients.

Background Randomized clinical trials of methadone maintenance have found that on average high daily doses are more effective for reducing heroin use, and clinical practice guidelines recommend 60 mg/d as a minimum dosage. Nevertheless, many clinicians report that some patients can be stably maintained on lower methadone dosages to optimal effect, and clinic dosing practices vary substantially. Studies of individual responses to methadone treatment may be more easily translated into clinical practice. Methods and Findings A volunteer sample of 222 opioid-dependent US veterans initiating methadone treatment was prospectively observed over the year after treatment entry. In the 168 who achieved at least 1 mo of heroin abstinence, methadone dosages on which patients maintained heroin-free urine samples ranged from 1.5 mg to 191.2 mg (median = 69 mg). Among patients who achieved heroin abstinence, higher methadone dosages were predicted by having a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder or depression, having a greater number of previous opioid detoxifications, living in a region with lower average heroin purity, attending a clinic where counselors discourage dosage reductions, and staying in treatment longer. These factors predicted 42% of the variance in dosage associated with heroin abstinence. Conclusions Effective and ineffective methadone dosages overlap substantially. Dosing guidelines should focus more heavily on appropriate processes of dosage determination rather than solely specifying recommended dosages. To optimize therapy, methadone dosages must be titrated until heroin abstinence is achieved.
Infrared Astronomy Satellite

The Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) is a project undertaken by NASA jointly with the space agencies of the Netherlands and of Great Britain. It will be launched into a sun synchronous polar orbit early in 1981 and will survey the entire celestial sphere in four broad infrared bands centered at 11.8µm, 24.4µm, 58.6µm and 101µm. The 60 centimeter diameter telescope is constructed entirely of Be and will be maintained at 2K by 65Kg of superfluid He. During the expected lifetime of one year, the sky will be surveyed with a high degree of redundancy to permit an unbiased, highly reliable mapping of the celestial sphere down to a flux level on the order 19-19 W/cm2. Both extrinsic silicon and germanium will be used in an array of 62 detectors to provide a positional accuracy of 1 arcmin or better for point sources. Because these detectors are used in a direct coupled circuit, both extended sources and diffuse infrared background will be measured directly. Additional experiments will be carried out to expand the sensitivity in selected regions of the sky and to provide additional spectral data on selected objects.
Process Distance-Aware Adaptive MPI Collective Communications

Message Passing Interface (MPI) implementations provide a great flexibility to allow users to arbitrarily bind processes to computing cores to fully exploit clusters of multicore/ many-core nodes. An intelligent process placement can optimize application performance according to underlying hardware architecture and the application's communication pattern. However, such static process placement optimization can't help MPI collective communication, whose topology is dynamic with members in each communicator. Conversely, a mismatch between the collective communication topology, the underlying hardware architecture and the process placement often happens due to the MPI's limited capabilities of dealing with complex environments. This paper proposes an adaptive collective communication framework by combining process distance, underlying hardware topologies, and runtime communicator together. Based on this information, an optimal communication topology will be generated to guarantee maximum bandwidth for each MPI collective operation regardless of process placement. Based on this framework, two distance-aware adaptive intra-node collective operations (Broadcast and All gather) are implemented as examples inside Open MPI's KNEM collective component. The awareness of process distance helps these two operations construct optimal runtime topologies and balance memory accesses across memory nodes. The experiments show these two distance-aware collective operations provide better and more stable performance than current collectives in Open MPI regardless of process placement.
The use of contingent water misting in the treatment of self-choking

Abstract A 25-year-old, deaf-blind, mentally retarded male was treated for chronic self-choking using water mist treatment and positive reinforcement. During pre-treatment baseline, self-chokes occured at a rate of 2.09 per minute. During treatment sessions each self-choke was followed by water misting of the subject's face paired with a forceful “No!”. Periods of 20 sec absent of self-chokes were positively reinforced with liquids and/or social contacts. Treatment procedures were generalized from the initial therapists, location, and absence of other clients and staff to other locations, and the presence of other clients and staff. Water mist treatment was associated with at least a 10-fold and as much as a 100-fold reduction of self-choking (i.e. to 0.02–0.20 self-chokes per min) across treatment and generalization phases. Eight-month follow-up observations showed that self-choke rates were at zero.
Can Genomics Help Usher Schizophrenia Into the Age of RDoC and DSM-6?

In the last 7 years, we have witnessed the emergence of the first molecular insights into the etiopathogenic mechanisms of psychiatric illness. These have resulted from the first genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with sufficient power to detect small allelic effects. Two major factors have contributed to these advances. First, technological breakthroughs have made it possible to affordably interrogate the human genome in exquisite detail in large numbers. DNA microarrays have made it possible to rapidly genotype millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), providing information on common alleles, with the added benefit of also being used to detect structural copy number variants (CNVs), including deletions, insertions, and duplications. Next-generation sequencing methods have advanced such that the cost of sequencing whole genomes has diminished more than a million-fold. This has allowed the completion of megaprojects such as HapMap1 and the Thousand Genomes Project,2 which have in turn greatly benefitted studies of specific illnesses by allowing them to “fill in the gaps” in their own limited genomic data. The second major factor has been the convening of large international consortia comprised of individual groups, which together have resulted in samples of tens of thousands of cases and controls.3 This has resulted from the realization that the small effect sizes of most common variants can only be detected using very large Ns, which could never be obtained in any single study. Schizophrenia has been one of the main beneficiaries of these advances. For the first time, numerous genetic markers have been reliably associated with illness across multiple populations. The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Schizophrenia Workgroup has by now amassed most of the existing GWAS samples in the field and continues to grow.4 The most recent “mega-analysis” has resulted in the identification of >100 significantly associated loci, of which 75% included protein coding genes.4 While many of the reported genes have been novel, with no previous suggestions of effect on schizophrenia risk, others have long been suspected. The latter include DRD2 and several genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. At the level of rare variants (<1% minor allele frequency), a number of deleterious CNVs have been identified,5–8 and the accumulation of rare sequence variants has been in genes that have been implicated in GWASs and other genetic studies.9,10 While it is nearly certain that no discovered genetic risk factor will be deterministic, we are in a very different position now than when systems of psychiatric diagnosis and classification could only rely on expert consensus, which was used to generate operationalized criteria. In this article, I will describe recent and ongoing efforts to utilize the wealth of genomic information provided by GWA and other studies to clarify basic issues in the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia.
Heart rate variability analysis and weaning from mechanical ventilation: lessons from exercise physiology.

In the previous issue of Critical Care, I read with interest the article by Huang and colleagues, who suggested that heart rate variability (HRV) changes might predict the success of ventilator weaning [1]. Although this perspective is attractive, a methodological issue must be highlighted. The fast Fourier transform, as used by the authors to assess HRV, produces a spectrogram of power spectral density characterized by two peaks of variability - low frequency and high frequency (HF) - the latter of which is centered at the respiratory rate [2,3]. The recommendation of the Task Force [4] to use the range of 0.15 to 0.4 Hz (9 to 24 respirations per minute) to compute HRV in the HF band assumes that this range will include the respiratory rate, which is true in most clinical situations. However, in more extreme conditions, like heavy exercise, the actual respiratory rate may be out of this range, and therefore most studies on HRV during exercise used a range from 0.1 to 0.8 (or even 1) Hz to compute HRV in HF [5,6]. Likewise, patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation can be tachypneic; the authors used a respiratory rate as high as 35 respirations per minute as a criterion for a failed spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), and such respiratory rates are obviously outside the range (0.15 to 0.4 Hz) chosen to compute HF HRV. We suggest that, in patients failing an SBT or extubation, respiratory rate may increase and shift the HF peak of HRV toward the right of the spectrogram, above 0.4 Hz, mistakenly decreasing the HF HRV if computed in the range of 0.15 to 0.4 Hz. This might account for the lack of difference in HF HRV between successful/failed weaning, while a difference in total power was observed. I believe that future studies should take this methodological issue into consideration.
Substituent effects on the hepatotoxicity of thiobenzamide derivatives in the rat.

Abstract Thiobenzamide has been found to produce dose-dependent increases in three biochemical indexes of hepatic injury in rats, plasma bilirubin, plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and hepatic triglyceride content. The toxicity of thiobenzamide was greatly altered by the addition of para substituents to the ring. Thus by all three biochemical indexes p -methoxythiobenzamide was markedly more toxic than thiobenzamide, and conversely p -chlorothiobenzamide markedly less so. Benzonitrile, p -anisonitrile, and p -chlorobenzonitrile, which are anticipated metabolites of the thioamides, were found to have no significant hepatotoxicity. However, after phenobarbital pretreatment, thiobenzamide caused a fourfold rise in transaminase activity, and SKF 525-A produced a modest decrease in transaminase activity as well as significant decreases in plasma bilirubin and hepatic triglyceride content. Thus, as with other toxic thione-containing compounds such as thiourea and thioacetamide, metabolic activation appears to be an important aspect of the toxicity of thiobenzamide.
The Effects of Covert Audio Coaching on the Job Performance of Supported Employees

The importance of employment in society is unmistakable, but for many people sustained employment remains elusive. The unemployment rate for individuals with disabilities is staggering, and the consequences of being unemployed affects those individuals, their families, and society. The effects of performance feedback delivered via covert audio coaching on the job performance of supported employees were examined in this investigation. A multiple baseline design across employees and work tasks was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention on work performance. Supported employees made substantial improvements on their work performance, and the improvements maintained for 4 to 5 weeks following the removal of the intervention. The results have implications for the use of covert audio coaching in employment and other settings.
Scanning force microscopy at -25°C

Abstract Scanning force microscopy (SFM) images of lipid membranes at -25°C are compared with those at room temperature both in air and in glycerol/buffer solution. The results show that at low temperatures membrane samples can be imaged with less damage, presumably because they become more rigid. Apparent resolution also improves. In glycerol buffer solution there are pronounced effects on force curves due to viscous drag on the cantilever. Drag coefficients are measured as a function of temperature, and are found to closely follow changes in solution viscosity. Finally, sample “freeze fracture” experiments were performed on buffer solutions which were frozen between glass coverslips, and then split apart. The images show that at -25°C the pressure beneath the SFM tip is sufficient to melt the ice, making detailed imaging impossible.
Peripheral axonal injury results in reduced μ opioid receptor pre- and post-synaptic action in the spinal cord

In both the spared nerve injury (SNI) and spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat peripheral neuropathic pain models the presynaptic inhibitory effect of the μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonist (DAMGO) on primary afferent-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and miniature EPSCs in superficial dorsal horn neurons is substantially reduced, but only in those spinal cord segments innervated by injured primary afferents. The two nerve injury models also reduce the postsynaptic potassium channel opening action of DAMGO on lamina II spinal cord neurons, but again only in segments receiving injured afferent input. The inhibitory action of DAMGO on ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation in dorsal horn neurons is also reduced in affected segments following nerve injury. MOR expression decreases substantially in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG), while intact neighboring DRGs are unaffected. Decreased activation of MOR on injured primary afferent central terminals and the second order neurons they innervate may minimize any reduction by opioids of the spontaneous pain mediated by ectopic input from axotomized small diameter afferents. Retention of MOR expression and activity in nearby non-injured afferents will enable, however, an opioid-mediated reduction of stimulus-evoked and spontaneous pain carried by intact nociceptor afferents and we find that intrathecal DAMGO (1000 ng) reduces mechanical hypersensitivity in rats with SNL. Axotomy-induced changes in MOR may contribute to opioid- insensitive components of neuropathic pain while the absence of these changes in intact afferents may contribute to the opioid sensitive components.
Flow field characterization of friction stir processing using a particle-grid method

Abstract Flow behavior in friction stir processing of metals is investigated by tracking the motion of discrete particles and grid deformation in a plasticine workpiece. Mechanical and thermal similarities between plasticine and metals are discussed. These similarities along with ease of particle/grid setup and post-processing examination make plasticine an ideal analog material for friction stir processing. Uniformly spaced steel particles are arranged along lines parallel to the tool feed direction at the mid-pin depth in the plasticine. During friction stir processing of the plasticine, the forward motion of the tool is stopped nearly instantaneously in order to freeze the flow of material around the tool. X-ray images of particle streamlines are acquired after processing. The particle spacing before and after processing is used to calculate velocities, strains, and strain-rates along streamlines. Results from the particle streamlines show substantial slip at the material/pin interface. The maximum velocity of the material in contact with the pin is only 6.0–7.0% of the pin speed. Generally, material initially at the far advancing side of the pin is compressed, while the remaining material near the pin is stretched during processing. The highest strain and strain-rate are 4.4 and 1.3 s −1 , respectively, which occurs in the material that contacts the pin. The gross flow of material around the tool pin is also observed from contrasting colors of the plasticine, which are arranged as markers in several layers parallel to the feed direction. Markers at the mid-pin depth in the processed zone exhibit significant deformation and irregular flow.
Expression and purification of the hormone binding domain of the Drosophila ecdysone and ultraspiracle receptors.

Escherichia coli vectors were constructed for the production of a protein complex that mimics the native ecdysone receptor (EcR) isolated from Drosophila. The two steroid receptors, ultraspiracle (USP) and EcR, were expressed as truncations, retaining primarily the hormone binding domains. The recombinant receptor complex was able to mimic the pharmacology of the native receptor with respect to both synthetic and natural agonists. USP and EcR fusion proteins could be expressed in separate cell lines and then recombined following isolation to yield a ligand binding preparation with a dissociation constant (KD) for Ponasterone A of 1.5 nM and a total yield of 1.9 pmol ligand binding sites/mg protein. Alternatively, the simultaneous coexpression of both receptors increased yields by several orders of magnitude to 6 nmol ligand binding sites/mg protein with a KD of 0.6 nM. Chromatographic analysis under native conditions showed that EcR, when expressed alone, migrated as a variety of complexes, mostly coming out in the void volume as denatured, insoluble, aggregate. In contrast, purified extracts of coexpressed EcR and USP eluted as a single peak with a mobility indicating a heterodimer. The majority of the coexpressed fusion receptors, following purification, formed functional steroid binding sites. A detailed scheme is provided for the expression and isolation of milligram quantities of highly purified receptor dimer.
Echocardiographic Features of Double-Outlet Right Atrium and Straddling Tricuspid Valve with Intact Ventricular Septum: A Rare Cardiac Anomaly Associated with Pulmonary Atresia and Single Coronary Artery Ostium

Double-outlet right atrium is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly previously described in association with atrioventricular canal defect. Straddling tricuspid valve is another uncommon anomaly that is almost always associated with a ventricular septal defect. We report the echocardiographic features of a newborn with double-outlet right atrium associated with pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum, and right coronary artery ostial atresia. Alternatively, the anatomy can be interpreted as straddling tricuspid valve with intact ventricular septum. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization.
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide-dependent lipid peroxidation in intact and triton-dispersed erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Isolated erythrocyte membranes incubated with xanthine, xanthine oxidase, and Fe(III) underwent lipid peroxidation, as indicated by the thiobarbituric acid reaction and iodometric determination of hydroperoxides. In detergent-free medium (phosphate buffered saline) peroxidation was inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and EDTA; but was promoted by OH· scavangers, eg. mannitol. Generation of OH· in the system via iron-catalyzed reduction of H 2 O 2 by O 2 − was demonstrated by EPR spectrometry using spin trapping. In membranes treated with Triton X-100 lipid peroxidation was stimulated by EDTA and suppressed by OH· traps. This and other evidence suggests that OH· in the medium was an effective initiator of lipid peroxidation in detergent-dispersed membranes, but not in intact membranes.
Incremental mechanics of collagen gels: new experiments and a new viscoelastic model.

Paired incremental uniaxial step (i.e., relaxation) and ramp tests were conducted simultaneously on four (nominally) identical samples of type I collagen gel, over a direct strain range 0 < ɛ < 0.2. The paired step and ramp responses could not both be predicted by a simple viscoelastic constitutive relation (either linear or Fung-type), but could be predicted reasonably accurately by a general nonlinear viscoelastic relation with a strain-dependent relaxation spectrum, of the form \(\sigma (t){} = \int {_{ - \infty}^t g(t - \tau ;\varepsilon )} [d\varepsilon (\tau )/d\tau ]d\tau .\) Based on a four-term exponential-series approximation, we measured the stiffness moduli and time constants of the relaxation function, g(t,\varepsilon ), for the four gel samples that we tested, and found that the time constants were independent of strain but the moduli increased strongly with strain. Further, we found that the time constants did not vary across the four gels, but the moduli varied by a factor of about 2 across the gels. Some additional tests show features of the response of collagen gels to cycles of application and removal of loading. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Status and barriers of advanced biofuel technologies: A review

Development of biofuels from renewable resources is critical to the sustainability of the world’s economy and to slow down the global climate change. Currently, a significant amount of bioethanol and biodiesel are produced as biofuels to partially replace gasoline and diesel, respectively, in the transportation sector worldwide. However, these biofuels represent a tiny portion (<4%) of the total fuels consumed. Furthermore, bioethanol is produced predominantly from sugarcane and corn, and biodiesel from crop and plant oils. Production of these raw materials is competing for the limited arable land against food and feed production. It is not feasible to tremendously increase biofuel production using the current technologies. Therefore, it is critical to investigate advanced or 2nd generation biofuel production technologies. This article is trying to summarize the current status of the 2nd generation biofuel technologies including bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials and biodiesel from microalgae. The summary includes the descriptions of the technologies, their advantages and challenges, feedstocks for the 2nd generation biofuels, the key barriers to their commercial applications, and future perspectives of the advanced technologies.
Enterprise-Level Groupware Choices: Evaluating Lotus Notes and Intranet-Based Solutions

This paper considers collaborative software at the enterprise level, specifically Lotus Notes and alternatives which use Intranet-based (World Wide Web) technologies. We examine the strategic reasons, both short-term and long-term, motivating firms‘ choices in the decision phase and organizational issues in the implementation phase in three exploratory case studies. We review prior coordination technology literature to show that our focus on the decision faced by senior management of which groupware system to implement is a useful and novel perspective to pursue. We argue that this choice, and its consequences, is of crucial importance to the firm. To understand more fully the nature of the decision, we consider a thematic pair of related issues: Internet standards and interoperability. Why are so-called ’Open Systems‘ a major factor to some firms and not important to others? Why is the proprietary nature of Lotus Notes a stumbling block to some firms and a strategic advantage to others? We explore enterprise-level groupware expectations and requirements in our case studies to address these interesting questions. The final section focuses on predicting change to understand when an organization might reverse its initial enterprise-wide collaborative strategy.
An elderly woman with leg swelling and pain.

Six days after she started treatment for deep venous thrombosis, her platelet count drops to 60 × 109/L. What is the cause?
Vasopressin improves hemodynamic status in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objective To assess the ability of vasopressin to stabilize hemodynamics in infants with systemic hypotension secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Study design A retrospective chart review was performed to identify 13 patients with CDH treated with vasopressin for refractory hypotension to assess the effect of vasopressin on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics and gas exchange in this setting. Data collected included demographics, respiratory support, inotropic agents, pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, urine output, and serum and urine sodium levels during vasopressin therapy. Results Vasopressin therapy increased mean arterial pressure and decreased pulmonary/systemic pressure ratio, heart rate, and fraction of inspired oxygen. In 6 of 13 patients, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy was no longer indicated after treatment with vasopressin. Improvement in left ventricular function and oxygenation index after vasopressin initiation was associated with a decreased need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Prolonged vasopressin treatment was associated with hyponatremia, increased urine output, and increased urine sodium. Conclusions Vasopressin stabilized systemic hemodynamics without adverse effects on pulmonary hemodynamics in a subset of infants with CDH. Our results suggest a potential role for vasopressin therapy in patients with CDH with catecholamine-resistant refractory hypotension.
MORPHOGENESIS OF MONOSTROMA OXYSPERMUM (KÜTZ.) DOTY (CHLOROPHYCEAE) IN AXENIC CULTURE, ESPECIALLY IN BIALGAL CULTURE1

The typical morphology of Monostroma oxyspermum (Kutz.) Doty is lost in axenic culture. In synthetic media of the ASP type, it grows as a colony-like mass composed of round cells with numerous rhizoids. Such a mass is a fragile structure which falls apart upon shaking, or slight touch, into small cell-groups and single cells or cells with a long rhizoid. Only temporary saccate or monostromatic fronds appear and reach 1–2 mm in length when grown in enriched seawater media, but disintegrate and become a colony-like mass. The typical morphology is easily restored by adding at specific intervals filtrates of bacterial cultures and supernatant medium from axenic brown and red algal cultures to the basal medium (ASP7), or by reinfecting the Monostroma with an appropriate bacterial flora. Furthermore, the typical morphology in also maintained by bialgal cultures between Monostroma and other axenic strains of various species of seaweeds except the species belonging to the Chlorophyceae. Monostroma thus appears to utilize some substances released by most species of brown and red algae for its typical growth. Active substances released by bacteria, brown and red algae have not yet been identified and purified. However, it is demonstrated that in axenic cultures many species of seaweeds produce active extracellular substances which play an important role in growth and Morphogenesis of other species of seaweeds.
Learning about Vegetarian Diets in School: Curricular Representations of Food and Nutrients in Elementary Health Education

This paper examines the way non-meat and plant based diets are discussed in four elementary curricula. The author used an open coding technique of grounded theory to understand the way food, nutrition and vegetarianism was discussed. The curricula relied heavily upon the USDA Food Pyramid and a related concept of “balance” for nutritional information. The curricula also discussed nutrition in terms of food and food groups, rather than in terms of nutrients. Although some of the curricula included information about the benefits of vegetarian diets, the high level of use of the Food Pyramid often overwhelmed the low level of information about vegetarianism.
A Markov model for assessing ecological stability properties.

Ecological systems are frequently modeled as dynamic systems. It is natural then to use the techniques of dynamic systems theory to analyze such models. However, the methods and results that are produced by dynamic systems theory do not always capture the aspects of ecological systems that are of greatest interest to managers and decision-makers. We identify some of the challenges of using dynamic systems theory to explore ecological systems and propose an alternative approach that emphasizes the understanding of transient effects in light of uncertainty and variability. We illustrate this method by an examination of a model for phosphorus levels in fresh water lakes.
Organizational and technological correlates of nurses' trust in a smart intravenous pump.

The aim of this study was to understand technology and system characteristics that contribute to nurses’ ratings of trust in a smart IV pump. Nurse’s trust in new technologies can influence how technologies are used. Trust in technology is defined as a person’s belief that a technology will not fail them. Potential outcomes of trust in technology are appropriate trust, over trust, distrust, and mistrust. Trust in technology is also related to several use specific outcomes, including appropriate use and inappropriate use such as over reliance, disuse or rejection, or misuse. Understanding trust in relation to outcomes can contribute to designs that facilitate appropriate trust in new technologies. A survey was completed by 391 nurses a year after the implementation of a new smart IV pump. The survey assessed trust in the IV pump and other elements of the sociotechnical system, individual characteristics, technology characteristics and organizational characteristics. Results show perceptions of usefulness, safety, ease of use and usability are related to ratings of trust in smart IV pumps. Other work system factors such as perception of work environment, age, experience, quality of work, and perception of work performance are also related to ratings of trust. Nurses’ trust in smart IV pumps is influenced by both characteristics of the technology and the sociotechnical system. Findings from this research have implications for the design of future smart IV pumps and health systems. Recommendations for appropriately trustworthy smart IV pumps are discussed. Findings also have implications for how trust in health technologies can be measured and conceptualized in complex sociotechnical systems.
The Production and Interpretation of ARPANET Maps

This article explores a 20-year series of ARPANET maps produced by the firm Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). These BBN maps signify the earliest efforts to represent an early and central piece of the modern Internet, and they wind up as illustrations in contemporary discussions of ARPANET history and the early Internet. Once a functional tool for engineers, they now serve as an aesthetic backdrop used without explicit recognition of their intended purpose. The authors propose an excavation of their production, design conventions, and symbolic functions. They find that the maps represent a specific technological focus--the subnet--that worked well with the maps' network graph form and also aligned with the map creators' purposes during the network's early years. As a result, the continuities and systematic nature in the maps' form, one so central to the subnet, encourage us to read them from a certain technological perspective based in particular on the network's early, a view that may affect how retrospective histories depict the ARPANET's entire lifetime.
DYNAMICS OF A SLUNG LOAD.

The yaw damping coefficient of an 8x8x20 ft cargo container is experimentall y determined by forced oscillation tests. The result is then used in linearized small-perturbation stability analyses of a slung load, considering both single-cable and two-cable tandem suspension systems. The effect of attaching stabilizing fins to the container and of incorporating a rotating wheel for stability augmentation is also theoretically investigated. The results agree well with previous model and full-scale tests and also show that the two-cable tandem suspension system may offer a satisfactory means of transporting the standard cargo container throughout the speed range of most present-day cargo helicopters.
CONTINUOUS EQUILIBRIUM NETWORK DESIGN MODELS

Abstract It is known that the network design problem with the assumption of user optimal flows can be modeled as a 0–1 mixed integer programming problem. Instead, we formulate the network design problem with continuous investment variables subject to equilibrium assignment as a nonlinear optimization problem. We show that this optimization problem is equivalent to an unconstrained problem which we solve by direct search techniques. For convex investment cost functions, the performance of both Powell's method and the method of Hooke and Jeeves is approximately the same with respect to computational requirements for a 24 node, 76 arc network. For the case of concave investment functions, Hooke and Jeeves was superior. The solution to the concave continuous model was very similar to that of the 0–1 model. Furthermore, the required solution time was far less than that required by the corresponding discrete model of the same network. The advantages and disadvantages of the continuous approach as well as the computational requirements are discussed.
Gastric secretory response of Shay rats to ICI-50123.

An mannlichen Ratten wurden nach 2 h Pylorusligatur Magensaftmenge, Volumen/100 g Korpergewicht, pH, Aziditat, gesamte Aziditat und Saureproduktion bestimmt und als Funktion von ICI-50123 studiert. Eine maximale Stimulation erfolgte bei einer Dosierung von 1000.0 g/kg s.c. Eine Abnahme der Saureproduktion zeigte sich bei supramaximaler Dosis.
Effects of d-amphetamine on spontaneous motor activity in pigeons.

Animal activity monitors were used to measure spontaneous motor activity in pigeons.d-Amphetamine produced dose-dependent (0.56–5.6 mg/kg) increases in total activity counts while the highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) of drug increased activity counts less. Compared to the 24-h distribution of activity counts in the undrugged control conditions, the 5.6- and 10.0-mg/kg doses produced a change in the temporal pattern from a unimodal to a bimodal form. Increased spontaneous motor activity at low to moderate doses ofd-amphetamine, with smaller increases at the higher doses, has been observed with other species, indicating that the spontaneous motor activity of the pigeon is affected byd-amphetamine in a manner similar to that of other species.
Technological Innovation and Organizational Change

Technology has been one of the major factors driving changes in the way students, faculty and most people communicate, learn, find and use information. The widespread use of computers on campuses and the increasing availability of network connections will drive greater change in the future. For the purposes of this paper, information technology will be defined as information logistics, that is, the storage, transmission, receipt, retrieval and manipulation of data in all forms including voice, text, photographs, graphics and multimedia. Information technology provides support services to libraries which deal with substance, content, instruction and research. While technology is helping to deliver data where and when it is needed, students and faculty are becoming more sophisticated users of technology. Information technology has effected innovation in human behavior. We do not do things the same way we did them five years ago. During the last ten years technology has brought about changes in work routines...
Constitutive Steroidogenesis in Ovine Large Luteal Cells May Be Mediated by Tonically Active Protein Kinase A

The mechanisms responsible for the increased basal rates of progesterone secretion from large steroidogenic luteal cells (LLC) relative to small steroidogenic luteal cells (SLC) have not been clearly defined. To determine if protein kinase A (PKA) is tonically active in LLC, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and a specific PKA inhibitor (PKI) were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment with each steroidogenic cell type. Progesterone and cAMP production were quantified after the different treatments. In addition, the effects of the treatments on the concentrations and relative phosphorylation status of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein in the two cell types were determined as a measure of PKA activity. Treatment with PKI blocked forskolin-induced increases in progesterone secretion by SLC without affecting the production of cAMP. The treatment of LLC with PKI significantly decreased basal progesterone secretion in the presence or absence of forskolin, indicating that the high level of steroidogenesis in this cell type requires PKA activity. There were no differences in the steady-state concentrations of STAR protein in either cell type after treatment. However, the percentage of relative STAR phosphorylation was higher in the LLC than in SLC, and PKI treatment significantly decreased the phosphorylation of STAR in the LLC. The relative phosphorylation status of STAR and the concentrations of progesterone in the media were significantly correlated with the treatments in both cell types. The amount of progesterone secreted per picogram of cAMP was higher in the LLC than in the SLC, and this was accompanied by a significant increase in the ratio of relative STAR phosphorylation to the steady-state concentration of STAR protein. These data are compatible with the theory that LLC are constitutively steroidogenic, partly because they have tonically active PKA. In addition, the phosphorylation of STAR appears to be a primary activity of PKA in both types of ovine steroidogenic luteal cells.
Extensions To Dammann's Method Of Binary-Phase Grating Design

A zero-based representation of binary-phase gratings developed by Dammann [1,2] has been reported as one means for generating an array of point sources. Dammann gratings have since be used as beam splitters and combiners for coherent communications [3,4] and for designing array generators [5,6] and interconnects [7-9] for optical computing. Dammann's original design assumed a one-dimensional, symmetric array of sources generated by a binary-phase grating. However, designs for producing asymmetric arrays [10], two-dimensional arrays [10,11], and multi-phase gratings [6,10] have recently been proposed. In this work these extensions are used to develop a procedure for designing quarternary, or 4-level, phase gratings capable of realizing an arbitrary array of coherent sources. The distinction between coherent and incoherent array generation is noted and used to show that Dammann's method of binary-phase grating design is less effective than other methods when maximum diffraction efficiency is desired. Although only one-dimensional gratings are discussed, extensions to two-dimensional quarternary-phase gratings are straightforward. The design and construction of two-dimensional gratings is discussed in Refs. 8, 10, and 11.
PAH repartitioning in field-contaminated sediment following removal of the labile chemical fraction.

The effect of removing the labile chemical fraction associated with sediment particles followed by internal chemical redistribution was examined in a field-contaminated sediment. Using data from de...
Interference pulses in optical free induction decay

A new feature of optical free induction decay (FID) is observed in a coherently prepared sample of $^{13}\mathrm{CH}$$_{3}\mathrm{F}$ by the method of Stark switching. The preparative phase is due to the resonant steady-state excitation by a cw laser beam, and is followed by FID upon sudden application of a dc Stark field that switches the molecular sample out of resonance. The emission is not observed as a simple decay but instead appears as a train of sharp pulses regularly spaced in time as a result of a repetitive interference. This situation arises because an entire set of infrared transitions within the Stark split manifold are initially prepared, in contrast to our previous study of a nondegenerate transition. The emission, which beats with the laser, produces a heterodyne beat spectrum, consisting of a set of regularly spaced frequencies, that is the Fourier transform of the slowly decaying pulse progression observed. We thus demonstrate what is the optical analog of the well-known NMR method of high-resolution pulse Fourier spectroscopy. The detailed behavior of the pulse train agrees well with an FID theory that assumes the transitions to be uncoupled. The subtle behavior of FID near the time origin is explored also by approximate analytic expressions that reveal either a near zero amplitude or sizable amplitude depending on the degree of saturation in the preparative stage. The experimental technique discussed offers an attractive way for obtaining high-resolution optical spectra without Doppler broadening, and for generating an optical pulse train whose time scale can be compressed by simply increasing the Stark field.
Reconstructive pelvic surgery and plastic surgery: safety and efficacy of combined surgery.

Objective The purpose of this study was to address the safety of combining aesthetic and pelvic floor reconstructive procedures. Study Design Fifty-four subjects were included in a case-control study; 18 patients undergoing combined pelvic and plastic reconstructive surgery, age and procedure matched to 18 pelvic surgery and 18 plastic surgery only controls. Chi-square, t test, and Kruskal-Wallis analysis were used to compare the estimated blood loss (EBL), body mass index (BMI), hospital days, operative times, and complications between the groups. Results No differences were seen with regards to age, BMI, or EBL. There was, however, a significant increase in minor complications and hospital stay after combined procedures relative to the pelvic surgery control group but not the aesthetic control group. Operative times were only greater during combined procedures relative to isolated pelvic floor procedures. Conclusion Combining pelvic and aesthetic procedures may increase complications, operative times, and length of hospital stay when compared to pelvic reconstructive surgery alone.
The structure of interstate and interregional migration: 1965–1970

This study examines the structure present in interstate migration at the national level and interregional migration in the Western states in an attempt to identify the interrelationships that exist between the respective areal units. Places which act as important origins and destinations in the process are determined through the use of nodal and principal component analyses. It is found that the nation can be dichotomized into regions oriented towards the states of California and Florida and that the western part of the nation can also be regionalized into a small number of important migration fields. The centers of the majority of these fields are metropolitan areas. Such identification of the spatial organization provides a useful picture of the areal extents over which major attractive centers have influence.
Summary of Inlet Characteristics of the F/A-18A High Alpha Research Vehicle

Effects of high-angle-of-attack flight on aircraft inlet aerodynamic characteristics were investigated at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center as part of NASA's High Alpha Technology Program. The highly instrumented F/A-18A High Alpha Research Vehicle was used for this research. A newly designed inlet total-pressure rake was installed in front of the right-hand F404-GE-400 engine to measure inlet recovery and distortion characteristics. Objectives included: (1) determining the inlet total-pressure characteristics at steady high-angle-of-attack conditions; (2) assessing if inlet distortion is significantly different between rapid angle-of-attack maneuvers and corresponding steady aerodynamic conditions; (3) assessing inlet characteristics during aircraft departures; (4) providing data for developing and verifying computational fluid dynamic codes; and (5) calculating engine airflow using four methods for comparison with a reference method. This paper describes the results obtained from this investigation. These data and the associated database were rigorously validated to establish the foundation for understanding inlet characteristics at high angle of attack.