cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Millennials? The Four Traveler Types of Young People in the United States in 2009:

Are young Americans embracing a mix of travel modes? This article identifies four types of travelers to answer that question. Drivers travel almost exclusively by automobile; Long-distance Trekkers...
Regulation of intestinal biotin transport in the rat: effect of biotin deficiency and supplementation.

The effect of biotin deficiency and supplementation at pharmacological doses on the intestinal transport of the vitamin was examined in the rat using a brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) techniqu...
Intra-specific responses of a dominant C 4 grass to altered precipitation patterns

The mechanisms by which global change alters the genotypic structure of populations by selection remain unclear. Key to this understanding is elucidating genotype–phenotype relationships under different environmental conditions as genotypes could differ in their plasticity or in their tolerance to changing environmental conditions. We have previously observed selection of certain genotypes of the dominant C4 grass Andropogon gerardii L. within the on-going Rainfall Manipulation Plots (RaMPs) experiment at Konza Prairie Biological Station in Kansas. The RaMPs experiment has been experimentally imposing ambient and more variable (altered) precipitation patterns since 1998. Here, we studied phenotypic differences among six genotypes to gain insight into what drove the pattern of selection previously observed and assess potential genotype × environmental interactions. In 2008 and 2009 we sampled individuals of genotypes in the RaMPs and within unmanipulated reference plots located adjacent to the RaMPs experiment. For each individual, we measured both leaf-level (specific leaf area, stomatal conductance) and whole-plant growth (height, biomass) traits. We consistently detected differences among genotypes in the reference plots. Additionally, when focusing on two genotypes found in the altered and ambient RaMPs we observed no genotype × environment interactions. Overall, we found in an intact population of A. gerardii there exists phenotypic variability among genotypes, but no genotype × environment interactions. Thus our results demonstrate that differences in plasticity of genotypes do no explain the pattern of selection we observed.
Debating Early Child Care: The Relationship between Developmental Science and the Media

Throughout distressing cultural battles and disputes over child care, each side claims to have the best interests of children at heart. While developmental scientists have concrete evidence for this debate, their message is often lost or muddied by the media. To demonstrate why this problem matters, this book examines the extensive media coverage of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development – a long-running government-funded study that provides the most comprehensive look at the effects of early child care on American children. Analyses of newspaper articles and interviews with scientists and journalists reveal what happens to science in the public sphere and how children's issues can be used to question parents' choices. By shining light on these issues, the authors bring clarity to the enduring child care wars while providing recommendations for how scientists and the media can talk to – rather than past – each other.
Do They Know Who We Are?: A Starting Point for Enhancing the Visibility of Adult Education Programs within Schools of Education

Within the contemporary landscape of higher education, adult education programs are generally housed, academically and organizationally, within Colleges and Schools of Education. Given the breadth of programs offered, it is perhaps not surprising when faculty are unaware of what those in adjacent programs are doing, but this segregation may make it difficult to garner necessary support for students and programs. Drawing from a small-scale study among teacher educators within a School of Education, this article argues that even short conversations across sub-disciplines can be productive and can ultimately enhance our collective work as educators of educators.
Place of life stories in labour geography: Why does it matter?

Abstract Labour geography foregrounds the role of workers in shaping geographies of work by paying attention to the larger actions of labour in response to the capital and state. It however pays less attention to the everyday geographies of labour and the complexities of the ‘social being’ in trying to understand workers motivations and responses. This review argues for labour geography to look beyond the factory gates to understand the nuanced politics of labour as relations get ‘reworked’ within a patriarchal-capitalist society. It argues for paying close attention to the life stories and experiences of workers, to create linkages between lives as waged workers in a formal workspace with the informal nature of work-life outside, without losing sight of the larger struggles of labour and global processes, to develop a more grounded understanding of worker’s agency and actions.
SSDE-Cluster: Fast Overlapping Clustering of Networks Using Sampled Spectral Distance Embedding and GMMs

Clustering social networks is vital to understanding online interactions and influence. This task becomes more difficult when communities overlap, and when the social networks become extremely large. We present an efficient algorithm for constructing overlapping clusters, (approximately linear). The algorithm first embeds the graph and then performs a metric clustering using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). We evaluate the algorithm on the DBLP paper-paper network which consists of about 1 million nodes and over 30 million edges, we can cluster this network in under 20 minutes on a modest single CPU machine.
“Opting Out” or “Pushed Out”? Integrating Perspectives on Women’s Career Equality for Gender Inclusion and Interventions

This paper integrates the rapidly growing literatures on the individual and organizational factors that contribute to women’s career equality. We organize studies into three research perspectives: career preference, gender bias, and work-family explanations. These literatures diverge on whether women “opt out” or are “pushed out” of leadership positions in organizations. Further, the interconnectedness of these “pushes” and “pulls” and micro-macro linkages are not well-integrated. This creates a lack of clarity about what scholars should study and what practices organizations should implement. We define women’s career equality as an individual and organizational phenomenon involving the degree to which women (a) have equal access to and participation in career opportunities, and (b) experience equal intrinsic and extrinsic work and nonwork outcomes compared to men. We bridge the interdisciplinary divides by developing an integrative multi-level model of women’s career equality. We propose that individuals...
Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adoptive Parents’ Perceptions of Inclusivity and Receptiveness in Early Childhood Education Settings

ABSTRACTLittle research has examined the experiences of lesbian/gay (LG) parent families or adoptive parent families in early childhood education settings. This study uses interview data to examine the perceptions and experiences of 45 lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples (90 individuals) with 10 adopted children with respect to their (1) openness with schools and teachers regarding their child’s adoptive status, racial background, and LG–parent family status and (2) perceptions of school inclusivity and responsiveness with respect to adoption, race, and family structure. The majority of parents explicitly disclosed their adoptive and LG–parent family status with teachers, but few discussed children’s racial background with teachers. Many parents viewed their children’s schools and teachers as explicitly inclusive of all types of families, providing specific examples of teacher practices that they appreciated. Some parents viewed schools as tolerant but not explicitly inclusive; reactions to this approa...
Estimating cost-effectiveness associated with all-oral regimen for chronic hepatitis C in China.

Background All-oral regimens are associated with higher effectiveness and shorter treatment duration for chronic hepatitis C. Given its superior effect and enormous patients in China, clinicians or patients may be compelled to consider delaying treatment for all-oral regimen. Objective To estimate cost-effectiveness of delaying treatment for all-oral regimen in the subsequent years under different assumptions about their price and efficacy compared with standard of care in China. Methods A state-transition Markov model was developed to estimate lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net monetary benefit (NB) were calculated. And sensitivity analyses were also performed to assess the impact of uncertainty. Results For treatment naive patients with Genotype 1, immediate treatment with all-oral regimen under assumed cost and efficacy at present was cost-effective compared with peginterferon α-2a (PegIFN) regimen at present with an ICER of $12536 per QALY gained and a positive NB of $6832 at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $21209. And it was more than 95% likely to be cost-effective if weekly drug cost was less than $1000. Moreover, patients delaying treatment for all-oral regimen in the 1st year were associated with increase in QALYs of 0.62 and increase in cost of $10114 compared with initiating PegIFN regimen at present, which resulted in a positive NB of $3115. Conclusion From a payer perspective, all-oral regimen is associated with good long-term health and economic benefit for treatment-naive patients infected with HCV genotype 1. Particularly, if all-oral regimen would become available at lower price in the future, delaying treatment for all-oral regimen may be a good choice for patients in China.
Does Ischemia Burden in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Effectively Identify Revascularization Candidates? Ischemia Burden in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Effectively Identifies Revascularization Candidates

Given the enormous economic and human consequences of ischemic heart disease (IHD), it is not unanticipated that IHD has been the central clinical focus of the cardiology community for many years. The primary question that generations of cardiologists have faced, and we continue to face, is how do we optimally manage these patients? Fundamentally, it is a strategy of revascularization with adjunct medical therapy superior to medical therapy alone for optimal survival in patients with IHD? Addressing this question has been an iterative process as pharmacotherapy and interventions have evolved over time. The importance of the answer, however, seems to increase as issues of healthcare costs face us today. See Response by Reynolds et al Given the spectrum of IHD, an important component of this question is defining patient subgroups, in which different treatment strategies may be advantageous. In large part, physicians have defined these subgroups the way they have defined IHD, by using anatomic criteria—1 vessel, 2 vessel, multivessel, etc. Alternatively, patients with IHD can also be considered on the basis of whether their obstructive disease is flow limiting, as would be determined by direct assessment of the flow reserve of the individual lesions, or by assessment of the amount of ischemic myocardium by noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission computed tomography (PET) techniques. As we will see, the perceived therapeutic benefit of a treatment strategy can differ on the basis of how IHD is defined and which criteria are used for patient selection. The early, original randomized clinical trials (RCT; pre-1990) comparing strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization with medical therapy were interpreted as suggesting a survival advantage for a revascularization strategy in the setting of more advanced, higher risk, IHD (left main, 3-vessel coronary artery disease [CAD]) but …
Responses of carbonate system and CO2 flux to extended drought and intense flooding in a semiarid subtropical estuary

Globally, estuaries are considered important CO2 sources to the atmosphere. However, estuarine water carbonate chemistry and CO2 flux studies have focused on temperate and high latitude regions, leaving a significant data gap in subtropical estuaries. In this study, we examined water column carbonate system and air–water CO2 flux in the Mission-Aransas Estuary, a subtropical semiarid estuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, by collecting samples at five System Wide Monitoring Program stations from 05/2014 to 04/2015. The carbonate system parameters (total alkalinity [TA], dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC], pH, CO2 partial pressure [pCO2], and carbonate saturation state with respect to aragonite [ΩAr]) and air–water CO2 flux all displayed substantial seasonal and spatial variations. Based on freshwater inflow conditions, a drought period occurred between 05/2014 and 02/2015, while a flooding period occurred from 03/2015 to 04/2015. Average DIC was 2194.7 ± 156.8 μmol kg−1 and 2132.5 ± 256.8 μmol kg−1, TA was 2497.6 ± 172.1 μmol·kg−1 and 2333.4 ± 283.1 μmol kg−1, pCO2 was 477 ± 94 μatm and 529 ± 251 μatm, and CO2 flux was 28.3 ± 18.0 mmol C·m−2·d−1 and 51.6 ± 83.9 mmol·C·m−2·d−1 in the drought and flooding period, respectively. Integrated annual air–water CO2 flux during our studied period was estimated to be 12.4 ± 3.3 mol·C·m−2·yr−1, indicating that this estuary was a net CO2 source. High wind speed, warm climate, riverine input, and estuarine biogeochemical processes all contributed to the high CO2 efflux despite the modest pCO2 levels year round.
Collaborative phenotype inference from comorbid substance use disorders and genotypes

Data in large-scale genetic studies of complex human diseases, such as substance use disorders, are often incomplete. Despite great progress in genotype imputation, e.g., the IMPUTE2 method, considerably less progress has been made in inferring phenotypes. We designed a novel approach to integrate individuals' comorbid conditions with their genotype data to infer missing (unreported) diagnostic criteria of a disorder. The premise of our approach derives from correlations among symptoms and the shared biological bases of concurrent disorders such as co-dependence on cocaine and opioids. We describe a matrix completion method to construct a bi-linear model based on the interactions of genotypes and known symptoms of related disorders to infer unknown values of another set of symptoms or phenotypes. An efficient stochastic and parallel algorithm based on the linearized alternating direction method of multipliers was developed to solve the proposed optimization problem. Empirical evaluation of the approach in comparison with other advanced data matrix completion methods via a case study shows that it both significantly improves imputation accuracy and provides greater computational efficiency.
Experimental studies of omentum-derived neurotrophic factors

Experimental and clinical evidence continues to accumulate regarding the beneficial effects of omental placement upon the brain and spinal cord for repair of apparently irreversible injuries. Of particular interest have been the rapid neurological changes observed 24 h to several days following omental transposition in some stroke patients with long-standing motor and speech deficits (1). The observation that these changes could occur years after a stroke raised the possibility that omental tissue might contain neurotrophic factors that facilitate regenerative and possibly synaptogenic events in the central nervous system.
Contributions and challenges of cultural research on the development of social cognition

Abstract Drawing from our cross-cultural research on social attribution, interpersonal morality, and motivation, we identify contributions as well as challenges of cultural research in developmental psychology. Cultural research not only is valuable in enhancing awareness of diversity in developmental outcomes but in providing new conceptual insights into existing psychological claims and greater awareness of culturally variable developmental endpoints and pathways. We argue for the need to conduct cultural research that embodies sensitivity to contextual variation. We also focus on effective methodological strategies for cultural developmental research, including the use of projective measures and of interview approaches that involve both quantitative indices and empirical coding of open-ended qualitative responses. The cultural research that we have undertaken uncovers culturally variable age trends in social attribution, expands the scope of the moral domain, and identifies culturally variable meanings of deontic considerations in work on motivation. In terms of challenges, we point to the need to tap outlooks in more naturalistic ways that go beyond simple taxonomic schemes to embody a greater sensitivity to the meanings and practices of particular cultural groups.
Avoidance of a continuous-random-network in vitreous silica: Entropic and energetic consequences

Abstract The relative entropic contributions of correlated vs. uncorrelated Si O bond length and Si O Si bond angle distributions in the corner-shared tetrahedral network of vitreous silica are estimated semi-quantitatively using the concept of differential entropy. The results suggest that a positively correlated Si O vs. Si O Si distribution will be entropically stabilized in a glass structure over a negatively correlated distribution, which is typical of crystalline polymorphs of silica. This hypothesis lends support to the recent experimental observation of a positively correlated joint distribution of Si O distances and Si O Si angles in vitreous silica by 17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. On the other hand, an estimation of the relative effect of these distributions on the ring strain energy suggests that the glass structure avoids a random or uncorrelated joint distribution of these structural parameters as in a continuous random network, due to the high strain energy associated with such a distribution.
Al-Bīrūnī on Hermetic Forgery

In Central Asia in the early eleventh century, the Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī recognized that the Arabic works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were inventions of recent centuries falsely written in the name of the ancient sage of legend. He did, however, accept the existence of a historical Hermes and even attempted to establish his chronology. This article presents al-Bīrūnī’s statements about this and contextualizes his view of the Arabic Hermetica as he derived it from Arabic chronographic sources. Al-Bīrūnī’s argument is compared with the celebrated seventeenth-century European criticism of the Greek Hermetica by Isaac Casaubon. It documents a hitherto unknown but significant event in the reception history of the Hermetica and helps to illustrate al-Bīrūnī’s attitude toward the history of science.
Harmonic Injection Locking for a Direct Optical to RF Link

We demonstrate a chip-scale direct optical to RF link, that down-converts 60GHz optical frequency combs to 10GHz, using harmonic multi-tone injection locking. A minimum injection power of 10uW and locking bandwidth of 4.3MHz is observed.
Does Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Affect the Outcome of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation? A Matched Cohort Study With a Mean Follow-up of 6 Years.

Background:Few studies have evaluated the influence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on the outcome of cartilage repair.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose was to investigate the assoc...
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions with Delinquents

Crimes committed by adolescents and, increasingly, by preadolescent children constitute a major part of the current crime problem in the United States. In 1976, for example, persons between ages 11 and 18, who represented about 12% of the population, committed 34% of the robberies, 52% of the burglaries, 53% of the car thefts, and 17% of the forcible rapes and aggravated assaults that were reported to police and subsequently accounted for by arrests (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1977). About 35% of imprisoned male felons have spent some time as adolescents in training schools and other institutions for delinquents, and a much higher percentage have had some contact with a juvenile court (Allen & Simonsen, 1978), so that even the very high crime rates just cited for adolescents underestimate the amount of crime that might be prevented by effective treatments for “juvenile delinquency.”
Biocompatibility and Lifespan of MEMS Bio-Implants

Although both nervous tissue and silicon electronics process and communicate information using electrical (voltage/current) signals, there has been no reliable integration of silicon with nervous tissue either for investigatory or medical purposes. Linking biological systems to microelectronics and modern information processing devices will provide vast new opportunities for advances in neuroscience, medicine, information processing, and other disciplines. Designing and testing these bio-interfaces raises various difficult challenges.
The Microscopic Description of Inelastic Scattering and Charge Exchange with Complex Projectiles

The simplest microscopic picture of inelastic scattering is one in which each nucleon in the projectile interacts with each one in the target in first order with no exchange of particles between them. This picture was formalized several years ago1,2,3) and has been the theoretical framework within which many analyses of inelastic scattering have been carried out. The nuclear wave functions for the target are obtained from some sort of structure- model calculation, such as a diagonalization in a truncated space, resulting in spherical shell-model description.
Property Modeling across Transition Temperatures in PMC's: Part I. Tensile Properties

Numerous studies report the effects of temperature on the stiffness and strength of polymer matrix composites (PMC's). Due to the complexity of the relaxation phenomenon in the matrix, these studies are mainly qualitative. In the present paper models were developed that can explicitly relate the mechanical response of the composite to temperature. These models are related to the microstructure of the constituents, and therefore can be applied to any polymer matrix composite. The possibility of using these models was illustrated by the study of the mechanical behavior of carbon fiber AS4/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) at elevated temperatures. Part I of this paper relates to the modeling of the temperature-dependent composite tensile properties (stiffness and strength). Parts II and III focus on the life prediction of AS4/PPS undergoing static and fatigue end-loaded bending at elevated temperatures.
The Dragon Meets the Angry River

When I first visited Yunnan and its three parallel rivers, my main focus was water. The rivers provide water and water is life. From my perspective, keeping the rivers flowing was paramount, and I saw the dam moratorium as a tentative sign that Beijing might be inching toward my way of thinking. I had yet to fully grasp the power of China’s economic currents. My visits to the Nujiang up north and to Xishuangbanna’s southern borderlands had shown me that, despite some efforts at conservation, development remained the national priority. Everywhere I went, water was being transformed from a commons into a commodity.
Predicting American Board of Emergency Medicine Qualifying Examination Passage Using United States Medical Licensing Examination Step Scores.

Background: The objective of the current study was to determine whether emergency medicine residents9 United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores are significantly associated with first-attempt passage of the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) qualifying (written) examination. We hypothesized that USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores would be useful in predicting students who passed the ABEM qualifying examination on their first attempt. Methods: For this retrospective cohort study, we examined the data of residents who successfully completed training at two emergency medicine residency programs between the years 2002-2013. Because scores on the USMLE Step examinations varied greatly across years, we obtained means and standard deviations from the National Board of Medical Examiners. We subtracted the mean score for the year each resident took the examination from the resident9s examination score, creating centered Step 1 and centered Step 2 CK scores. Results: A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that centered Step 2 CK scores could be used to predict the odds of passing the ABEM qualifying examination (odds ratio = 1.05 [95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.08, P Conclusion: Program directors and selection committees may wish to consider whether applicants9 Step 2 CK scores are near the national average when making ranking decisions, as this variable is highly predictive of passing the ABEM qualifying examination on the initial attempt.
Exploration of memory and cluster modes in directory-based many-core CMPs

Networks-on-chip have become the standard interconnect solution to address the communication requirements of many-core chip multiprocessors. It is well-known that network performance and power consumption depend critically on the traffic load. The network traffic itself is a function of not only the application, but also the cache coherence protocol, and memory controller/directory locations. Communication between the distributed directory to memory can introduce hotspots, since the number of memory controllers is much smaller than the number of cores. Therefore, it is critical to account for directory-memory communication, and model them accurately in architecture simulators. This paper analyzes the impact of directory-memory traffic and different memory and cluster modes on the NoC traffic and system performance. We demonstrate that unrealistic models in a widely used multiprocessor simulator produce misleading power and performance predictions. Finally, we evaluate different memory and cluster modes supported by Intel Xeon-Phi processors, and validate our models on four different cache coherence protocols.
Deformation of human red blood cells in extensional flow through a hyperbolic contraction

Flow-induced damage to red blood cells has been an issue of considerable importance since the introduction of the first cardiovascular devices. Early blood damage prediction models were based on measurements of damage by shear stress only. Subsequently, these models were extrapolated to include other components of the fluid stress tensor. However, the expanded models were not validated by measurements of damage in response to the added types of stress. Recent investigations have proposed that extensional stress might be more damaging to red cells than shear stress. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare human red cell deformation under laminar extensional stress versus laminar shear stress. It was found that the deformation caused by shear stress is matched by that produced by an extensional stress that is approximately 34 times smaller. Assuming that blood damage scales directly with cell deformation, this result indicates that mechanistic blood damage prediction models should weigh extensional stress more than shear stress.
Definiteness with Bare Nouns in Shan

Shan, a Southwestern Tai language spoken in Myanmar, Thailand, and nearby countries, uses bare nouns to express both unique and anaphoric definiteness, a definiteness distinction identified by [15]. This novel data pattern from the author’s fieldwork can be analyzed by adding an anaphoric type shifter, \(\iota ^x\), to the available type shifting operations defined by [6] and [7]. Otherwise, the data from Shan fit well with predictions from a type shifting analysis as laid out by [8]. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the consistency test [7] is not sufficient to determine what counts as a definite determiner for a language.
Legitimising the need for another curriculum reform and policy framing: the case of South Korea

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how the initiation of a national-level curricular reform invites different educational ideas and how such ideas attain legitimacy through policy narratives that confer m...
The sacred relationship between marriage, spirituality and healthy aging in Hinduism

Marriage is perhaps the most important foundation in human society. In Hinduism, the foundation for marriage is friendship, which is the understanding and the commitment between spouses. Arrange ma...
Local Therapy for Cancer

Carcinoma that has been determined to be confined to its site of origin or spread only to regional lymph nodes is treated with local therapy: surgical resection and/or radiation therapy. If the entire cancer can be removed by surgery and no regional lymph node involvement is identified, the chances of cure are typically high. If macro- or microscopic tumor is left behind after surgical resection, radiation treatment to the area of involvement may be used to eliminate residual disease. If nodal involvement is present, systemic chemotherapy may be used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence from clinically undetectable disease elsewhere in the body. Radiation or chemotherapy used after surgery is called adjuvant therapy and is employed with the expectation of increasing the possibility of cure. Radiation or chemotherapy also may be used before surgery, without curative intent, merely to shrink the tumor enough to improve its resectability. The term neoadjuvant therapy is used to describe treatment used in this way. For oncological surgery, the technique used and the amount of tissue resected must be tailored to the tumor type, its location, and its growth pattern. Radiation is used as primary treatment for localized cancer that is not amenable to surgical resection for either anatomical or biological reasons. Radiation may be administered from a source located outside of the body but focused on the tumor (teletherapy) or delivered internally by inserting a radioactive device or implant (brachytherapy) into the tumor. Local therapies are almost always delivered with curative intent, and indeed, the highest rates of cure, overall, are achieved with low-stage disease and complete elimination of the cancer by physical removal. This chapter reviews the factors that determine the appropriateness of local therapy and the factors that determine its success. Modern techniques and technologies are discussed, and the relative benefits and harms of each are highlighted.
Membrane fluidity changes accompanying phagocytosis in normal and in chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

We have studied membrane fluidity changes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during phagocytosis. Membrane fluidity was assessed by electron spin resonance (ESR) using a nitroxide-substituted stearic acid analog (5DS) as a spin probe. PMN from normal subjects and from 3 CGD patients (2 males, 1 female) were incubated in Kreb's Ringers phosphate with or without opsonized zymosan. ESR spectra were obtained and the order parameter (S), which is inversely related to membrane fluidity, was calculated. Without zymosan addition, S for normal (0.638) and for CGD (0.635) were not significantly different (p less than 0.35). The S values indicate that under resting conditions the molecular environment of the CGD membrane is similar to that of normal PMN membranes. However, with addition of opsonized zymosan, the normal, but not the CGD, PMN showed a significant increase (CGD, S = 0.638; normal, S = 0.647; p less than 0.001). This change in S for the normals is consistent with a more restricted movement of 5DS. Treatment of normal PMN with a mixture of scavengers specific for H2O2 (catalase, 1600 U/ml), O2-.(superoxide dismutase, 100 micrograms/ml), and for HO., (sodium benzoate, 1mM) during zymosan stimulation gave S values similar to those of resting cells. Catalase alone also lowered S value, suggesting that H2O2 was instrumental in causing the initial S value increase. This idea was supported by studies in which CGD cells were incubated with zymosan in the presence of glucose oxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes glucose oxidation resulting in the direct reduction of molecular oxygen to H2O2. Our results indicate that reduced O2 by- products, particularly H2O2, can cause altered biophysical properties of PMN membrane during phagocytosis.
Post-translation regulation inhibits Claudin-7 expression in invasive breast cancer cells.

323 Claudins are intercellular junction proteins present near the apical end of the lateral membrane surface between epithelial cells. They provide both strong adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells and control the diffusion of material through the intercellular (paracellular) space from one side of the epithelium to the other. It has been well documented that during the progression of metastasis, such as in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, there is loss of the expression of claudins possibly promoting the dissemination of epithelial tumor cells. We have reported previously that expression of the tight junction protein Claudin-7 is lost in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast compared to normal mammary epithelium. In contrast to MCF-7 cells where exogenously expressed Claudin 7 mRNA and protein are detectable, in HS578T, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells only mRNA was detectable, but protein were undetectable. This was not uniformly true of other claudins, since stably transfected Claudins 1, 3 and 4 were easily detectable in all the cell lines. By performing gene swapping experiments between Claudin 3 and Claudin 7, we determined that the N-terminal domain of the protein likely determines protein stability. Furthermore, addition of cytoplasmic extracts of MDA-MB-435 to both endogenous and exogenously expressed Claudin-7 protein in MCF-7-Claudin7-EGFP transfected cell lines resulted in loss of the Claudin-7 protein, but not of other Claudins, like Claudin-3 or Claudin-1, suggesting the presence of factors in these invasive cells that promotes degradation of the protein. The nature of these factors is being investigated. In summary, our preliminary data strongly suggest that a specific regulatory mechanism appear to be occurring at post-translational level in invasive and metastatic breast cancer cells to tightly control the expression of a specific Claudin protein. The relevance of this finding to human breast cancer arises from the loss of Claudin 7 in 50% of primary tumors, and this tight and specific control of Claudin 7 expression gives a clue to the important role for Claudin 7 in tumor progression, and ability of breast cancer cells to metastasize.
Orientation-dependent band offsets between (AlxGa1−x)2O3 and Ga2O3

Band alignments between Al2O3 and Ga2O3 are investigated for four different orientations [(100), (010), (001), and ( 2 ¯01)] using density functional theory with a hybrid functional. By comparing with explicit interface calculations, we confirm that alignments can be reliably extracted from slab calculations that take atomic relaxation and strain into account. The presence of pseudomorphic strain shifts the average electrostatic potential as well as the band edges. Tensile strain in Al2O3 is found to lower the conduction band; the absolute deformation potential is calculated to be −9.5 eV for Al2O3 and −9.1 eV for Ga2O3. Our results show that the largest conduction-band offset will occur at a pseudomorphic (AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 interface with the (100) orientation, allowing us to estimate the density of the two-dimensional electron gas in a modulation-doped field-effect transistor.
Estimating the Direct Economic Damages of the Earthquake in Haiti

This paper uses simple regression techniques to make an initial assessment of the monetary damages caused by the January 12, 2010 earthquake that struck Haiti. Damages are estimated for a disaster with both 200,000 and 250,000 total dead and missing (i.e., the range of mortality that the earthquake is estimated to have caused) using Haitis economic and demographic data. The base estimate is US$8.1bn for a death toll of 250,000, but for several reasons this may be a lower- bound estimate. An estimate of US$13.9bn for the same death toll is within statistical error. While the results are subject to many caveats, the implications of such an estimate are significant. Raising such a figure will require many donorsbilateral, multilateral and private. Hence excellent coordination of funding and execution will be the key to ensuring the efficient use of funds.
Scaling analysis of the Plateau–Rayleigh instability in thin film flow down a fiber

A thin viscous film flowing down a fiber is subject to Plateau–Rayleigh instability leading to temporal beading patterns, characterized by the bead spacing $$S_b$$ , bead velocity $$V_b$$ , and bead diameter $$D_b$$ . In this study, experiments are performed to document the beading pattern as it depends upon the flow rate Q, nozzle diameter $$D_n$$ , fiber diameter $$D_f$$ and liquid viscosity $$\mu$$ . The large experimental data set collapses upon scaling with the Nusselt solution for gravity-driven thin film flow with viscous time scale showing the dimensionless bead diameter scales with the capillary number. The dimensionless bead frequency and bead spacing are similarly related and characterize the dispersion relationship.
Reanalyzing Definiteness in Bangla

Definite descriptions in Bangla are expressed via two morpho-syntactic patterns, namely the bare classifier and the bare noun, discussed in detail in Simpson et al. 2011. The bare classifier form consists of a noun phrase and a classifier without a numeral, syntactically derived by NP-movement across the classifier (“NP-raising”). In the bare noun form, there is no classifier or a numeral accompanying the NP. In this paper, I argue that two factors, “anaphoricity” and “uniqueness”, play important roles in the selection of the pattern of the definite expression in Bangla. The NP-raising structure is used exclusively in anaphoric contexts, and shows similar properties to “strong article” definites cross-linguistically (cf. Schwarz 2009). Uniqueness-based definites are expressed by bare nouns, which are otherwise similar in distribution to the “weak article” definites (Schwarz 2009). This paper contributes to our overall understanding of definiteness in Bangla, and of the cross-linguistic expression of anaphoricity and uniqueness aspects of definiteness.
Down stream oxidation of silicon using an ECR microwave plasma disk reactor

A microwave plasma disk reactor (MPDR) is being used to develop a low-temperature method for growing high-quality oxides on silicon wafers. The MPDR is used as an electrodeless, low-maintenance, high-density source of energetic oxygen ions and free radicals which are applied in the anodic growth of oxides on silicon. It is excited in a tuned, single resonant mode for efficient coupling to the plasma. A 7.6-cm-diameter silicon wafer has been oxidized using a 2.45-GHz multicusp electron cyclotron resonant MPDR. To cover the wafer area uniformly, a low-pressure, downstream approach is used. Plasma diffusion lengths are sufficiently large that uniform downstream plasmas result. Uniformity of oxide thickness across the wafer surface and oxide growth have been studied by ellipsometric and stylus techniques as a function of the downstream distance from the plasma discharge. >
Genetic and Environmental Control of Salmonella Invasion

An early step in the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella species is the ability to penetrate the intestinal epithelial monolayer. This process of cell invasion requires the production and transport of secreted effector proteins by a type III secretion apparatus encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island I (SPI-1). The control of invasion involves a number of genetic regulators and environmental stimuli in complex relationships. SPI-1 itself encodes several transcriptional regulators (HilA, HilD, HilC, and InvF) with overlapping sets of target genes. These regulators are, in turn, controlled by both positive and regulators outside SPI-1, including the two-component regulators BarA/SirA and PhoP/Q, and the csr post-transcriptional control system. Additionally, several environmental conditions are known to regulate invasion, including pH, osmolarity, oxygen tension, bile, Mg2+ concentration, and short chain fatty acids. This review will discuss the current understanding of invasion control, with emphasis on the interaction of environmental factors with genetic regulators that leads to productive infection.
Anytime coevolution of form and function

This paper describes an approach to continuous coevolution of form (the morphology) and function (the control behaviour) for autonomous vehicles. This study focuses on coevolution of the characteristics such as beam width and range of individual sensors in the sensor suite, and the reactive strategies for collision-free navigation for an autonomous micro air vehicle. The results of the evolution of the system in a fixed simulation model were compared to case-based anytime learning (also called continuous and embedded learning) where the simulation model was updated over time to better match changes in the environment.
Object-oriented architecture measures

Early elimination of poor design architecture allows software to be constructed that is more extendible, flexible, maintainable, and thus less expensive. Currently, there exist few object-oriented design architecture measures to aid in this task. Many contemporary object oriented software measures fail to address the intrinsic components of the object-oriented paradigm: hierarchy, inheritance, identity, polymorphism, and encapsulation. By focusing upon the intrinsic components of the object-oriented paradigm, it is hoped a better set of measurements can be created which help to distinguish between those architectures that follow object-oriented principles and those that do not. This research proposes four new software measures that attempt to measure the strength of these intrinsic concepts in an object-oriented design. These measurements are derived from available principles of object-oriented design which are relatively new to research.
A period-based group membership strategy for nodes of TDMA networks

Abstract Group membership provides strong guarantees for safety-critical fieldbus systems. However, using a single group for all messages provides an unnecessarily high risk of temporary node outages in the face of transient faults. Using groups based on virtual nodes that are divided by message period can increase the availability for the most critical, high-speed network messages with potentially reasonable bandwidth cost and without giving up the assurances of strong group membership algorithms.
Spectroscopic observations of X-ray selected late type stars

A spectroscopic survey of 9 X-ray selected late type stars has been conducted. These stars are serendipitiously discovered EINSTEIN X-ray sources, selected from two large X-ray surveys: the Columbia Astrophysical Laboratory survey (5 stars) and the CFA Medium Sensitivity survey (4 stars). Four of the Columbia survey stars were found to be short period binaries (probable RS CVn’s). The fifth Columbia survey star was found to be an active single G dwarf. None of the Medium Sensitivity Survey stars were found to be either binaries or active stars. Activity was measured by comparing the H-alpha and the Call infrared triplet (8498, 8542) lines in these stars to the lines in inactive stars of similar spectral type. A correlation was found between the excess H-alpha line emission and V sin(i) and between the excess H-alpha line emission and X-ray luminosity. No correlation was found between the infrared line emission and any other measured quantity.
Testing force systems and biomechanics--measured tooth movements from differential moment closing loops.

Abstract Orthodontic tooth movement can be compared to a stimulus-response model, where the stimulus is the applied force system and the response is the resulting tooth movement. Although the principles of mechanics have been applied to orthodontic appliance design, the expression of treatment responses to the force systems is less well known. The purpose of this study was to compare measured tooth movements with the theoretical force system exerted by differential moment closing loops. Sixteen subjects requiring maximum posterior anchorage control were selected to participate in this prospective investigation. T-loop springs designed to deliver a differential moment-to-force ratio to the posterior vs the anterior teeth were used. Initial cephalometric radiographs were taken with special devices attached to the molar and canine teeth to allow precise identification. Immediately after the radiograph, the T-loop archwires were inserted and activated. After an observation period of approximately 90 days, the...
Emerging drug problems in Asia

This session, "Emerging Drug Problems in Asia," focused on emerging drug problems in Asia. Dr. Juana Tomas-Rossello discussed "East and Southeast Asia: Emerging Drug Problems and Response" and Dr. Wei J. Chen discussed "Ketamine Use among Regular Tobacco and Alcohol Users as Revealed by Respondent Driven Sampling in Taipei: Prevalence, Expectancy, and Users' Risky Decision Making."
In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Anti‐Semitism, 1890–1944 – By Paul A. Hanebrink

The book under review is a pedantic scholarly work that tries to explain the reasons behind the growth of ethnic intolerance in interwar Hungary. The author attributes this phenomenon to the increa...
The Meager Voice of Empiricist Affirmation

In the initial argument for generative theory an antiempiricist gauntlet was thrown in the hope that a confrontation with fundamental assumptions in social psychology might ensue. Yet, the Shaeffer, Francis, and Ruback critique fails to confront the central arguments raised by the initial paper. Its avoidance of the critical issues suggests that the long standing empiricist assumptions currently function in social psychology as talismans. So long as these assumptions remain unexamined they fend against the rising specter of doubt.
Biomagnetic Glasses: Preparation, Characterization, and Biosensor Applications

In this work, a novel avenue to create a generic approach for the fabrication of biofunctional materials with magnetic capabilities to be used in the design of highly stable, magnetically separable enzyme-based systems was explored. As a model system, immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated using biomagnetic glasses composed of a magnetic core with a size tunable porous silica shell. The efficiency of the immobilization was determined by analyzing the biosensing capability of these biomagnetic glasses for the detection of the organophosphorous pesticide paraoxon. Screen printed electrodes with the AChE-biomagnetic glasses showed higher current response and stability than for the free enzyme. The detection limit of the paraoxon biosensor was in the nanomolar range.
Asymmetrische Protonierung von Enolaten

Efficient chiral proton sources have long been the organic chemist's dream. With a lactam based on Kemp's tricarboxylic acid, cyclic enolates have now been protonated with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of up to 91%. The reason for the high ee values is the asymmetric microenvironment of the acidic NH group