cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel nonlinear bifurcating optical associative retrieval and pattern recognition technique

The principle and experimental results of a novel spatial bifurcating optical associative retrieval and pattern recognition technique are presented. A single 2D input image is associated with self-amplification with two output images through holographic diffraction in a photorefractive crystal. In an optical experimental setup utilizing a photorefractive crystal BaTiO3, interesting optical edge enhancement, pattern recognition and auto-associative retrieval phenomena have been demonstrated.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intramolecular alkylation of 3-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylates. Formation of , , and ring systems related to pyrrolidine alkaloids

Abstract The intramolecular alkylation of 3-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylates 4, 8, and 12 leads to fused ring systems found in the pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and related pyrrolidine alkaloids.
Recent progress on beam stability study in the PSR

A fast transverse instability has been observed in the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) when the injected beam intensity reaches more than 2/spl times/10/sup 13/ protons per pulse. Understanding the cause and control of this instability has taken on new importance as the neutron-scattering community considers the next generation of accelerator-driven spallation-neutron sources, which call for peak proton intensities of 10/sup 14/ per pulse or higher. Previous observations and theoretical studies indicate that the instability in the PSR is most likely driven by electrons trapped within the proton beam. Recent studies using an experimental electron-clearing system and voltage-biased pinger-electrodes for electron clearing and collection support this hypothesis. Experiments have also been performed to study the instability threshold when varying the electron production rate. Theoretical studies include a computer simulation of a simplified model for the e-p instability and the investigation of possible electron confinement in the ring-element magnetic fields. This paper reports some recent results from these studies.
Atypical hemispheric specialization for faces in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder.

Among the many experimental findings that tend to distinguish those with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are face processing deficits, reduced hemispheric specialization, and atypical neurostructural and functional connectivity. To investigate the earliest manifestations of these features, we examined lateralization of event-related gamma-band coherence to faces during the first year of life in infants at high-risk for autism (HRA; defined as having an older sibling with ASD) who were compared low-risk comparison (LRC) infants, defined as having no family history of ASD. Participants included 49 HRA and 46 LRC infants who contributed a total of 127 data sets at 6- and 12-months. EEG was recorded while infants viewed images of familiar/unfamiliar faces. Event-related gamma-band (30-50Hz) phase coherence between anterior-posterior electrode pairs for left and right hemispheres was computed. Developmental trajectories for lateralization of intra-hemispheric coherence were significantly different in HRA and LRC infants: by 12-months HRA infants showed significantly greater leftward lateralization compared to LRC infants who showed rightward lateralization. Preliminary results indicate that infants who later met criteria for ASD were those that showed the greatest leftward lateralization. HRA infants demonstrate an aberrant pattern of leftward lateralization of intra-hemispheric coherence by the end of the first year of life, suggesting that the network specialized for face processing may develop atypically. Further, infants with the greatest leftward asymmetry at 12-months where those that later met criteria for ASD, providing support to the growing body of evidence that atypical hemispheric specialization may be an early neurobiological marker for ASD.
The function of growth/differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) in rostrocaudal patterning of the developing spinal cord

Hoxc family transcription factors are expressed in different domains along the rostrocaudal (RC) axis of the developing spinal cord and they define RC identities of spinal neurons. Our previous study using an in vitro assay system demonstrated that Fgf and Gdf11 signals located around Hensen's node of chick embryos have the ability to induce profiled Hoxc protein expression. To investigate the function of Gdf11 in RC patterning of the spinal cord in vivo, we expressed Gdf11 in chick embryonic spinal cord by in ovo electroporation and found that ectopic expression of Gdf11 in the neural tissue causes a rostral displacement of Hoxc protein expression domains, accompanied by rostral shifts in the positions of motoneuron columns and pools. Moreover, ectopic expression of follistatin (Fst), an antagonist of Gdf11, has a converse effect and causes caudal displacement of Hox protein expression domains, as well as motoneuron columns and pools. Mouse mutants lacking Gdf11 function exhibit a similar caudal displacement of Hox expression domains, but the severity of phenotype increases towards the caudal end of the spinal cord, indicating that the function of Gdf11 is more important in the caudal spinal cord. We also provide evidence that Gdf11 induces Smad2 phosphorylation and activated Smad2 is able to induce caudal Hox gene expression. These results demonstrate that Gdf11 has an important function in determining Hox gene expression domains and RC identity in the caudal spinal cord.
An environment for runtime power monitoring of wireless sensor network platforms

Wireless sensor networks emerged as a key technology for prolonged, unsupervised monitoring in a wide spectrum of applications, from biological and environmental to civil and military. The sensor networks should operate autonomously for a long period of time under stringent resource and energy constraints. Energy conservation and power-awareness have become a focus of a number of research efforts, as sensor network nodes must operate on batteries or use energy extracted from the environment, such as solar energy or vibrations. Runtime power measurements and characterization of real existing systems are crucial for studies that target power optimizations, including techniques for dynamic adaptation based on the current energy status. This paper introduces an environment for unobtrusive real-time power monitoring that could be used for a number of wireless sensor platforms. We describe our methodology for calibration and validation of the environment and give empirical data for the Telos wireless sensor platform when it runs a subset of representative applications.
The Role of Stratification in the Formation and Maintenance of Shelf-Break Fronts

Abstract A mechanism is described for the formation or a front at the edge of a continental shelf in an initially linearly stratified fluid lacking horizontal density gradients. A primitive equation numerical model is used with a specified vertically uniform inflow imposed at the upstream boundary, and the flow is allowed to evolve alongshelf under the influence of bottom friction. As the flow progresses downstream, the shelf water moves steadily offshore due to the Ekman flux concentrated in the bottom boundary layer. This offshore flow transports light water under heavier water, which leads to convective overturning and ultimately a vertically well-mixed density field over the shelf. Large cross-shelf density gradients appear along the bottom at the shelf break where the vertically well-mixed shelf water abuts the linearly stratified water on the upper slope. At the shelf break, the bottom boundary layer detaches and continues offshore along upward sloping isopycnals. Neutrally buoyant particles in the ...
An optimal strategy for searching the best fault-plane solution using wave-amplitude data

abstract This paper presents an optimum search procedure known as the Fibonacci Technique for abstracting the earthquake-source parameters from the amplitude data of seismic waves. The power of the method has been demonstrated by determining the fault-plane solution of a deep-focus earthquake using the P -wave spectral amplitude data.
The ∑ (1660) hyperon

Evidence for the existence of an excited hyperon of mass 1680 MeV was first obtained by Bastein et al. (1962b) and by Alexander et al. (1962 a). Bastien et al. observed it as a peak in the ETC channel in K-p interactions at incident momenta from 293 to 850 MeV/c. It was seen by Alexander et al. in π-p interactions at 1.89 and 2.04 GeV/c. Since it appeared in the Λπ as well as the ∑π channel, it must have I = 1.
Emergence of Zeolite Analogs and other Microporous Crystals in an Atomic Lattice Model of Silica and Related Materials.

The potential of tailored nanopores to transform technologies such as drug delivery, biofuel production, and optical-electronic devices depends on fundamental knowledge of the self-assembly of ordered nanoporous solids. Atomic-level geometries of critical nuclei that lead to such solids have remained hidden in the nanoscale blind spot between local ( 5 nm) probes of structure. Heroic efforts at molecular simulation of nanopore formation have provided massive libraries of hypothetical structures;(1-5) however, to date no statistical simulation has generated a crystallization pathway from random initial condition to ordered nanoporous solid, until now. In this work, we show that a recently developed atomic lattice model of silica and related materials can form ordered nanoporous solids with a rich variety of structures including known chalcogenides, zeolite analogs, and layered materials. We find that whereas canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the model consistently produce the am...
Effect of adrenocortical hormones on serum proteins of adrenalectomized mice infected with M. tuberculosis.

SummaryFollowing administration of varying amounts of hydrocortisone, desoxycorticosterone, and 2-methyl-9-fluorohydrocortisone to adrenalectomized non-infected mice and adrenalectomized mice experimentally infected with M. tuberculosis, changes in serum proteins were determined by a paper electrophoretic technique. An increase in total protein was observed with hydrocortisone; a decrease in albumin and an increase in alpha3 globulin occurred with hydrocortisone, high doses of desoxycorticosterone, a combination of hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone, and 2-methyl-9-fluorohydrocortisone; and an increase in gamma globulin resulted with a high dose of hydrocortisone. The individual effects of the hormones on serum proteins were not apparent in those animals infected with M. tuberculosis. All of the animals, except those treated with 2-methyl-9-fluorohydrocortisone, showed an increase in alpha2 globulin while only the high dose of hydrocortisone produced a decrease in albumin.
Pickup Basketball in the Production of Black Community

Recent studies on basketball employ Elijah Anderson’s decent-street dichotomy. In these works, institutional basketball is “decent” and unifying, whereas pickup basketball is “street” and atomizing. Based on ethnographic research in New York City’s pickup basketball scene, this article argues that such an approach obscures many of the ways in which pickup basketball actually strengthens Black community. The article shows that through practice, contests, competitions, and its embeddedness in everyday life pickup basketball directly produces Black community by bringing together diverse people. Pickup basketball also indirectly produces community by: 1) articulating, enacting, and disseminating essential communal values; and 2) serving as a collective depot for information and support. In rejecting the institutional basketball-pickup basketball as decent-street binary, the article attempts to reorient the very understanding of pickup basketball and its place in the urban Black community.
Phylogenetic relationships of Memnoniella and Stachybotrys species and evaluation of morphological features for Memnoniella species identification

Members of the anamorphic fungal genus Memnoniella demonstrate morphological and biolog- ical similarities to species within the genus Stachybo- trys, and the taxonomic distinctions between the gen- era have been the subject of controversy in the past. Sixteen strains representing described species of Memnoniella were examined for morphology using light and scanning electron microscopy and for phy- logenetic relationships using comparative sequence analysis of a segment of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon (rDNA) including the internal tran- scribed spacer 1 and 2 regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S gene. These analyses resolved the Memnoniella strains into two highly divergent phylogenetic clades with morphologies generally consistent with the cur- rent descriptions of M. echinata and M. subsimplex. One strain, showing morphological features more similar to M. subsimplex, was placed in the M. echin- ata clade in the phylogenetic analysis and probably represents a new species. A second strain, showing a typical M. echinata DNA sequence, showed morpho- logical features that were similar to Stachybotrys spe- cies when grown on certain culture media. The evo- lutionary relationships between the genera were eval- uated by phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the 18S, 28S, 5.8S rDNA genes and ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Results of several different analyses were in agreement in indicating that Memnoniella is paraphy-
UNSTABLE INTERMEDIATES BETWEEN ORINOCAN AND INTERIOR SEMISPECIES OF DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM.

Though no two of the six semispecies that compose the superspecies Drosophila paulistorum have identical geographic areas of distribution, their areas overlap in many places. No intersemispecies hybrids have thus far been found in the zones of overlap. At least in these zones, the reproductive isolation of the semispecies is as complete as is usual among full species (Dobzhansky and Spassky, 1959; Spassky et al., 1971). The Orinocan and Interior semispecies are exceptions; they occur nowhere sympatrically, although their distribution areas are geographically adjacent (Fig. 1). Like other semispecies, they can be crossed in laboratory experiments, and give fertile F1 hybrid females and completely sterile hybrid males. They also show ethological (sexual) isolation, which is however weaker than that between other semispecies (Ehrman, 1965; Perez-Salas et al., 1970). The questions arise whether the Orinocan and Interior semispecies may be less strongly isolated in the adjacent than in distant parts of their geographic areas, and whether they intergrade to some extent where their distributions meet. The study reported in the present article was designed to answer these questions.
Future Directions in Health Information Exchange

Abstract Health information exchange (HIE) seeks to facilitate the electronic sharing of patient information across organizations so that it available when and where it is needed by clinicians and other key stakeholders. While HIE has been pursued at both policy and organizational levels for many years, it is still a work-in-progress. Some types of information are routinely electronically exchanged while others are not; some communities have achieved robust interconnectivity while others have not; and some countries have mature HIE policies while others are early in their development. Thus, HIE will continue to be an active domain and is increasingly the top priority of countries that have invested in electronic health records. This chapter begins by describing near-term, pressing HIE challenges, which are the focus of current efforts to advance HIE and then addresses the opportunities created for informatics research and for professionals. We conclude by discussing long-term trends that are anticipated to shape the future direction of HIE.
Changing trends of tuberculosis burden in county- level areas implementing designated hospital strategy and CDC TB dispensary strategy

Objective To analyze the changing trends of tuberculosis( TB) burden in county- level areas implementing designated hospital strategy and CDC TB dispensary strategy,and to provide evidence for improving TB control. Methods Six counties of Nanning City were selected as the study sites,including Longan County implementing designated hospital strategy from2005 and the other five counties implementing CDC TB dispensary strategy. Morbidity,mortality,new smear- positive detection rate( NSPDR) and cure rate were used as the indicators to estimate the changing trends of TB burden and control effects in the six counties implementing different cooperation modes between hospitals and TB prevention and control institutions in TB control strategy from 2005 to 2010. Results An annual decline of 4. 3%- 16. 9% for the notification rate was found in the 6 counties during 2005- 2010,moreover,a faster decrease of morbidity was observed. The county implementing designated hospital strategy had a faster annual decline in the mortality( 16. 2%) and a faster annual increase in the cure rate of new TB patients( 1. 4%) than the other five counties implementing CDC TB dispensary strategy,which had a slight decrease in the mortality( only 13. 7%) and an annual decline in the cure rate of new TB patients( 0. 5%- 0. 8%). The NSPDRs of the counties implementing CDC TB dispensary strategy gradually increased year by year( 0. 6%- 4. 9%),while that of the county implementing designated hospital strategy gradually decreased year by year( 2. 0%). Conclusions Thanks to the effective control strategies,all the study counties show decrease tendencies in TB burden from 2005 to 2010. Designated hospital strategy is superior to CDC TB dispensary strategy in improving the cure rate and reducing the mortality of tuberculosis.
(3-Methyl­benzo­nitrile-κN)tetra­kis(μ-N-phenyl­acetamidato)-κ4N:O;κ4O:N-di­rhodium(II)(Rh—Rh)

In the title compound, [Rh2(C8H8NO)4(C8H7N)], the four acetamidate ligands bridging the dirhodium core are arranged in a 2,2-trans manner. One RhII atom is five-coordinate, in a distorted pyramidal geometry, while the other is six-coord­in­ate, with a disorted octa­hedral geometry. For the six-coord­inate RhII atom, the axial nitrile ligand shows a non-linear Rh–nitrile coordination with an Rh—N—C bond angle of 166.4 (4)° and a nitrile N—C bond length of 1.138 (6) A. Each unique RhII atom is coordinated by a trans pair of N atoms and a trans pair of O atoms from the four acetamide ligands. The Neq—Rh—Rh—Oeq torsion angles on the acetamide bridge varies between 12.55 (11) and 14.04 (8)°. In the crystal, the 3-methyl­benzo­nitrile ring shows a π–π inter­action with an inversion-related equivalent [inter­planar spacing = 3.360 (6) A]. A phenyl ring on one of the acetamide ligands also has a face-to-face π–π inter­action with an inversion-related equivalent [inter­planar spacing = 3.416 (5) A].
Factors associated with the internal jugular venous approach for Melody™ Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve implantation.

Background Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation is usually performed from a femoral venous – transfemoral – approach, but this may not be the optimal vascular access option in some patients. This study aimed to determine which group of patients might benefit from an internal jugular – transjugular – approach for transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation. Methods This multicentre retrospective study included all patients who underwent attempted transcatheter pulmonary valve placement in the right ventricular outflow tract between April 2010 and June 2012 at two large congenital heart centres. Patients were divided into two groups based on venous access site – transfemoral or transjugular. Patient characteristics, procedural outcomes, and complications were compared between groups. Results Of 81 patients meeting the inclusion criteria (median age 16.4 years), the transjugular approach was used in 14 patients (17%). The transjugular group was younger (median age 11.9 versus 17.3 years), had lower body surface area (mean 1.33 versus 1.61 m2), more often had moderate or greater tricuspid regurgitation (29% versus 7%), and had a higher ratio of right ventricle-to-systemic systolic pressure (mean 82.4 versus 64.7). Patients requiring a transjugular approach after an unsuccessful transfemoral approach had longer fluoroscopic times and procedure duration. Conclusions The transjugular approach for transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation is used infrequently but is more often used in younger and smaller patients. Technical limitations from a transfemoral approach may be anticipated if there is moderate or greater tricuspid regurgitation or higher right ventricular pressures. In these patients, a transjugular approach should be considered early.
Effect of Total Joint Arthroplasty Surgical Day of the Week on Length of Stay and Readmissions: A Clinical Pathway Approach

Abstract Background The demand for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is increasing at the same time that alternative payment models place increased scrutiny on the cost of these procedures. Using a clinical pathway model, this study aimed to examine the effect of day of surgery on length of stay (LOS). Methods A retrospective electronic chart review was conducted on 2968 cases over 20 months at a single hospital. Least square means analysis of the effect of surgical day of the week on LOS was conducted using Statistical Analysis Software 9.3, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Logistic regression assessed the effect of surgical day of week on readmission. Results Within the primary TJA group, there was no significant difference in mean LOS for each day of the week (1.17, 1.32, 1.29, 1.27, and 1.27 for Monday through Friday, respectively). Of all days, mean LOS for revision TJA (1.51, 1.57, 1.57, 2.49, and 2.03) only differed significantly for Thursday ( P P = .3954). Readmission was likewise not significantly affected by surgical day of week (chi sq = 1.426, P = .8396) in the sample. Conclusion As the volume of joint arthroplasties increases and alternative payment models are implemented, programs that promote decreased LOS regardless of operative day of the week are critical. Practices can use clinical pathway models to reduce costs related to LOS while maintaining a high level of patient care.
Utility and reproducibility of semiquantitative analysis of sestamibi breast images.

UNLABELLED Technetium-99m-sestamibi scintimammography has been shown to be a useful diagnostic test in the detection of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was two-fold to: (a) evaluate semiquantitative indices of tracer uptake in lesions and determine if they are helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant breast lesions; and (b) test the reproducibility of these measures of sestamibi uptake in breast images. METHODS Prone lateral planar imaging was performed on 27 patients after intravenous injection of 20-30 mCi 99mTc-sestamibi. Data were analyzed by creating three regions of interest (ROIs) over designated areas: lesion, normal breast and right chest wall. Lesion-to-normal (L:N) and lesion-to-chest wall (L:CW) ratios were calculated for each patient. Reproducibility was assessed by having two independent observers draw ROIs (interobserver) and one observer draw two independent sets of ROIs (intraobserver). RESULTS L:N and L:CW ratios were significantly different for malignant versus benign lesions (p < 0.001 for both ratios). Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility showed good correlation with r = 0.98 (L:CW ratio). CONCLUSION Semiquantitative analysis of sestamibi breast imaging results in reproducible uptake ratios that may be helpful in objectively interpreting imaging results.
Genotype x environment interactions in Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows and their calves grazing common bermudagrass, endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures, or both forages.

Reproductive and preweaning data on 190 Angus (A x A), Brahman (B x B), and reciprocal-cross cows (A x B and B x A) and 434 two- and three-breed-cross calves managed on common bermudagrass (BG), endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+), or a combination of both forages (ROT) were used to evaluate the interaction of forage type with individual and maternal heterosis and maternal and grandmaternal breed effects. Cows were born from 1988 to 1991, and calves sired by 13 Polled Hereford bulls were born from 1995 to 1997. Heterosis for calving rate was larger on E+ than on BG or ROT (P < .05), whereas maternal effects were larger on BG than on ROT (P < .10). Maternal heterosis for birth weight was negative on BG (P < .11) but positive on E+ and ROT (P < .10). Grandmaternal effects were evident on BG (P < .10) and E+ (P < .01) but not on ROT. Forage effects were generally substantial for 205-d weight, calf weaning hip height, and calf weaning weight:height ratio; BG was highest, ROT was intermediate, and E+ was lowest. Maternal heterosis for these traits was generally greater on E+ than on BG (P < .10). Grandmaternal effects for 205-d weight, hip height, and weight:height ratio were not important on any forage. Heterosis for weaning weight per cow exposed was substantial on all forages (P < .01) and was significantly greater on E+ (P < .01) than on BG or ROT, but maternal effects were not significant. Thus, we observed more advantage to Brahman-cross cows over purebreds on E+ than on BG. We also observed that moving cows and calves from E+ to BG in the summer will alleviate some, but not all, of the deleterious effects of E+ on calf growth, although it may be more beneficial for reproductive traits in purebred cows.
Differentiation and Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons From Baboon Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

UNLABELLED : The progressive death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the principal cause of symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells have potential therapeutic use in replacing these cells and restoring function. To facilitate development of this approach, we sought to establish a preclinical model based on a large nonhuman primate for testing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based transplantation. To this end, we differentiated baboon fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons with the application of specific morphogens and growth factors. We confirmed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons resemble those found in the human midbrain based on cell type-specific expression of dopamine markers TH and GIRK2. Using the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we also showed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons express PAX6, FOXA2, LMX1A, NURR1, and TH genes characteristic of this cell type in vivo. We used perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology to demonstrate that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons fired spontaneous rhythmic action potentials and high-frequency action potentials with spike frequency adaption upon injection of depolarizing current. Finally, we showed that biPSC-derived neurons released catecholamines in response to electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate the utility of the baboon model for testing and optimizing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD. SIGNIFICANCE Functional dopamine neurons were produced from baboon induced pluripotent stem cells, and their properties were compared to baboon midbrain cells in vivo. The baboon has advantages as a clinically relevant model in which to optimize the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Baboons possess crucial neuroanatomical and immunological similarities to humans, and baboon pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into functional neurons that mimic those in the human brain, thus laying the foundation for the utility of the baboon model for evaluating stem cell therapies.
Bloody Emesis in a Newborn

A 6-day-old term male born via spontaneous vaginal delivery was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit because of difficulty feeding, abdominal distention, and bloody emesis. The infant was born to a 28-year-old gravida 2 para 1 Hispanic mother. The pregnancy and the delivery were uncomplicated. The Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. On the second postnatal day, the infant experienced frequent “spit-ups,” abdominal distention, and an episode of “coffee-ground” emesis. Feedings were held and a kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiograph was obtained, which revealed a large stomach bubble with scant distal bowel gas. The patient remained NPO for the next 24 hours. Over the next several days, attempted feedings were unsuccessful. A KUB radiograph obtained on arrival at the neonatal intensive care unit revealed significant stomach distention with minimal distal bowel gas. ### Vital Signs ### Admission Laboratory Studies
Holiness and humour

Prof Dr. Anita Houck is chair and associate Professor of Religious Studies at St Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana, and is part of the research project, ‘Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics: Holiness’, directed by Prof Dr. Andries van Aarde, professor emeritus and senior research fellow in the Faculty of Theology of the University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Global Diversity and Conservation of Freshwater Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)

The global diversity of the almost 1400 species of primary brachyuran freshwater crabs that spend their entire lives in freshwater habitats is outlined, along with that of 220 species of secondary brachyuran freshwater crabs that spend part of their life in fresh water and part in salt water. Estimates of freshwater crab diversity based on the current rates of discovery and levels of exploration indicate that the field is still in a growth phase, and it is likely that there are a substantial number of undescribed taxa. The distribution pattern of the brachyuran freshwater crab families across zoogeographic regions is discussed, and the conservation status and current threats to the group are highlighted. It is likely that a greater proportion of the global fauna of freshwater crabs is actually threatened with extinction than is currently realized.
A Reevaluation of the 9Be(n, 2n) Reaction and Its Effect on Neutron Multiplication in Fusion Blanket Applications

Using a Monte Carlo technique and recent double-differential measurements, a reevaluation of the 9Be(n, 2n) reaction has been completed. This evaluation is currently available for use in the most r...
Imagery and The Short-Term Recall of Words by Schizophrenics

Process schizophrenics, reactive schizophrenics, and normal adult volunteers were tested for immediate free recall of 2-, 3-, and 4-pair word lists that were presented dichotically. Each pair consisted of one high-imagery and one low-imagery word. Amount recalled was an interactive function of imagery and list position and was similar for each list length. The groups differed in amount recalled but their patterns of recall as an interactive function of imagery and list position were virtually identical. Supplementary analyses tentatively linked the differences in amount recalled to processes underlying (a) the tendency to emit acoustically related intrusion errors, (b) the tendency to begin recall with items from the first list position, and (c) the tendency to preserve presentation structure in recall.
Spin Transport in Carbon Nanostructures

After the review of spin interactions in carbon nanostructures in Chapters 7 and 8, and the summary of mechanisms and material properties essential for spintronics in the previous chapter, the present chapter will combine these two domains. In the first place, we will attempt to clarify why carbon nanostructures are of major interest as potential carrier materials in spintronics circuits. Further, we will characterize the physical effects that make these structures relevant as elements of spin networks. Since devices based on these effects have been conceived but are still quite far from the manufacturing stage, our account will be about currently discussed models of these devices, and their experimental examination. We focus on two classes of materials: graphene and carbon nanotubes. Graphene Spintronics Graphene is of high interest as nanoelectronic material. Among the features of graphene that motivate this interest are experimentally confirmed electron mobilities as high as 2.00 10 5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 [347], which is about a hundred times higher than typical mobilities of electrons in silicon. This suggests that graphene-based transistors will function at substantially higher speeds than elements of conventional electronics, while being more efficient in terms of power consumption. Test devices have been shown to be capable of operating at hundreds of gigahertz [348]. Another graphene property of direct relevance for nanotechnological applications is its gate-tunable charge carrier density, resulting from the double-cone structure of the energy surfaces close to the Dirac points. Further, in terms of heat resistance, graphene transistors are distinctly superior to the tools of presently existing electronics, as they have been shown to perform at temperatures higher by 20– 30 ◦ C than their silicon counterparts [349]. The challenge of the semi-metallic character of two-dimensional periodic graphene crystals can be met in various ways. Thus, one may tailor a finite band gap in controlled ways by modifying the graphene sheet with adsorbates. In addition, manufacturing electronic devices from the pristine graphene crystal requires its dimensional reduction, associated with the formaton of a finite band gap (see Section 4.5).
Investigating per Topic Upper Bound for Session Search Evaluation

Session search is a complex Information Retrieval (IR) task. As a result, its evaluation is also complex. A great number of factors need to be considered in the evaluation of session search. They include document relevance, document novelty, aspect-related novelty discounting, and user's efforts in examining the documents. Due to increased complexity, most existing session search evaluation metrics are NP-hard. Consequently, the optimal value, i.e. the upper bound, of a metric highly varies with the actual search topics. In Cranfield-like settings such as the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), scores for systems are usually averaged across all search topics. With undetermined upper bound values, however, it could be unfair to compare IR systems across different topics. This paper addresses the problem by investigating the actual per topic upper bounds of existing session search metrics. Through decomposing the metrics, we derive the upper bounds via mathematical optimization. We show that after being normalized by the bounds, the NP-hard session search metrics are then able to provide robust comparison across various search topics. The new normalized metrics are experimented on official runs submitted to the TREC 2016 Dynamic Domain (DD) Track.
A comparison of inertial-based navigation algorithms for a low-cost indoor mobile robot

Reliable navigation of a low-cost mobile robot in an indoor environment can prove to be challenging as position fixing sensors, such as a GNSS receiver, are typically unavailable. Subscribing to the premise of a baseline of odometry and inertial sensors, this paper compares three navigation strategies, namely, a full 6-DOF inertial measurement unit (IMU) with kinematic constraints, a partial IMU with gyro pseudo-measurements, and an IMU with a depth camera. In the third configuration, by embracing the reality that vertical and horizontal planes dominate the indoor environment, an infrared depth camera is employed to determine surface normals and thereby provide attitude aiding. The paper presents a theoretical basis of the aided inertial navigational problems, MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation results, and finally the performance realized from the implementation of the algorithms on a QUANSER QBot 2 mobile robot employing a VectorNav VN-200 IMU and Kinect IR depth camera.
REACHABILITY UNDER STATE CONSTRAINTS - THE ELLIPSOIDAL TECHNIQUE

Abstract This report describes the calculation of the reach sets and tubes with hard bounds on the controls and state space variables, with an emphasis on linear nonautonomous systems. The topic is important in the verification of hybrid systems and navigation problems, in set-membership estimation, robust control synthesis and related fields. The suggested scheme for linear systems relies on external approximations by ellipsoidal-valued tubes and induces a smaller computational burden compared with other methods of reach set calculation. In particular such approximations may be expressed through ordinary differential equations with coefficients given in explicit analytical form. This results in exact parametric representation of reach tubes through families of external ellipsoidal tubes. A tight approximation partly requires an online solution of a recurrent optimization problem. Applications to target problems relevant for verification of complex systems are finally indicated.
A Difficult Patient Encounter: Using a Standardized Patient Scenario to Teach Medical Students to Treat Medication-Seeking Patients.

Introduction Substance dependence and the misuse of prescription narcotic medications have recently been a topic of increased national attention. Since this is both a difficult and increasingly imp...
Innovation and shortage: The Yin and Yang of the health sector*

The economic challenges countries face when adopting personalized medicine technologies provide an important illustration of many of the concepts articulated by Janos Kornai in his pioneering research on innovation in market-driven, capitalist surplus economies. In Chinese philosophy, Yin and Yang often represent contradictory yet inseparable opposites – two forces that not merely coexist, but are synergistic and mutually dependent. This concept is an apt analogy for the relationship between innovation and shortage in the health sector. Dangers arise from over-emphasizing the Yin of innovation over the Yang of access, and vice versa. If we over-constrain innovation, we die needlessly early and forfeit quality of life that innovations might have enabled. If we do not distribute access to innovations equitably, we diminish our humanity, suffer backlashes from populism and distrust of science and expertise, and risk social instability, even violent conflict.
Human Amniotic Membrane for the Prevention of Intradural Spinal Cord Adhesions: Retrospective Review of its Novel Use in a Case Series of 14 Patients.

Background Tethering after spinal surgery is caused by adhesions that arise from intradural tissue manipulation. Microsurgical detethering is the only treatment for symptomatic patients, but retethering occurs commonly and no treatment is widely available to prevent this complication. Objective To apply human amniotic membrane (HAM) grafts, which are immune-privileged and known to possess antifibrogenic properties, in patients requiring microsurgical detethering. For this first-in-human use, we evaluated the safety and potential efficacy of these grafts for preventing retethering. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who required detethering surgery and received an HAM graft between 2013 and 2016 at our institution after various previous intradural spinal surgeries. In all 14 cases, intradural lysis of adhesions was achieved, an HAM graft was sewn in place intradurally, and a dural patch was closed in a watertight fashion over the graft. Results Fourteen patients had received HAM grafts to prevent retethering. All patients had at least 6 mo of follow-up (mean follow-up, 14 mo). Retethering was noted in only 1 patient. Surgical re-exploration showed that the retethering occurred caudal to the edge of the HAM graft, with no tethering underneath the original graft. No complications were attributed specifically to the HAM graft placement. Conclusion This first-in-human series provides evidence that HAM grafts are a safe and potentially efficacious method for preventing retethering after microsurgical intradural lysis of adhesions. These results lay the groundwork for further prospective controlled trials in patients with this difficult-to-treat pathology.
OpenSoundEdit: An Interactive Visualization and Editing Framework for Timbral Resources

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Soda HallUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720{amar,adrian}@cnmat.berkeley.edu, rowe@cs.berkeley.eduOpenSoundEdit is a sound-editing system that provides a unified three-dimensional user interface to edit complexsounds composed from different representations. Sounds are mapped onto a single three-dimensional spacerepresenting time, amplitude and a view-dependent third dimension (e.g., frequency, channel number, etc.) Soundscan be edited by direct manipulation on the 3D display window or using additional representation-specific controls.As the user edits sounds, changes can be heard through a synthesis server, an application that generates sound inresponse to commands supplied by OSE. OSE is implemented using extensible, multi-platform technologies. Thispaper illustrates the features of OSE with sinusoidal-track and resonance models.1. IntroductionThe emergence of real-time audio synthesis on desktop computer systems is providing musicians and sounddesigners with richer and more complex control over sounds. OpenSoundEdit, or OSE, is a sound-editing systemthat provides a unified three-dimensional user interface to edit complex sounds composed from differentrepresentations. In OSE, sounds are mapped onto a three-dimensional space representing time, amplitude and aview-dependent third dimension (e.g., frequency, channel number, etc.). Sounds are edited by direct manipulationon the 3D display window, or using additional representation-specific controls. As the user edits sounds, changescan be heard through a synthesis server, an application that generates sound in response to data and controlmessages sent by OSE during user operations. Servers can run on the same machine as OSE, or on another host ina network.This paper describes the novel sound-editing features of OSE. Section 2 illustrates the use of OSE with sinusoidal-track and resonance models, and section 3 describes the implementation. A more detailed report on the design andimplementation of OSE is available elsewhere [C98].2. Features of OpenSoundEditIn OSE, each sound representation is associated with a view, or a mapping of the sound onto the three dimensionalspace. OSE currently supports views for time-varying sinusoids and resonances. It can be easily extended to handleother sound representations as well. All views are presented in the same 3D display window, and aligned alongtheir time and amplitude axes. A ground plane, horizon and coordinate axes are included to orient the user in thisdisplay.The OSE user interface is illustrated in
Diabetes Mellitus Selected Aspects of Pathophysiology and Clinical Practice

The field of diabetes has become extremely broad and difficult to review at any one time. The authors have, therefore, selected six topics in which new insights important to the etiology, pathogenesis, or treatment of diabetes have become evident in the past 2–3 years. Each area attempts to present a coherent statement of new information, its relationship to earlier data, what the clinical implications may be, and what the future is likely to bring. Topics will be chosen in future years based on a judgment that sufficient new information has accumulated to be organized in such a way. No attempt to completely review the literature has been made, but selected references should make it accessible to the interested reader.
On the value of architecture and facility management in health administration education.

This article discusses the role and function of architecture and facility management in health administration education vis-a-vis an interdisciplinary set of courses taught in a graduate-level health administration program. These courses provide the future health care executive with theory and applied knowledge on a variety of topics. These include the history of health care facilities, issues in facility planning and management, principles of patient and staff-focused design, campus master planning, participatory methods to involve end users in the design of their work, and care settings. Additional skills acquired include an introduction to contract negotiations, the reading of technical documents such as blueprints, the post-occupancy assessment of facilities-in-use, and familiarity with future trends. Students address the topic of managerial ethics in relation to the built environment in some detail as a vehicle to illustrate the nature of key fine-grain issues of importance to the health administration scholar and professional. The discussion concludes with the presentation of a model curriculum in this subject area.
The Future of Science

Let us attempt to look forward. As has been emphasized in preceding chapters, the two major influences upon society emerging from the evolution of science are conceptual enlightenment and technical innovation. Both are equally important in their ways. Science has shed a clear light of understanding on many aspects of the physical and biological world that were once deemed to be mysterious and potential objects for superstitious beliefs. On the technical side, it has provided radically new ways of improving classical technologies in fields such as agriculture, medicine, mechanical engineering and metallurgy. Still further and at least as important, scientific research has made it possible to generate entirely new areas of technology such as those linked to chemistry, electromagnetic devices, electronics, information processing and nuclear energy. All are essentially indispensable to modern life.
Thermal Analysis of Lateral GaN HEMT Devices for High Power Density Integrated Motor Drives Considering the Effect of PCB Layout and Parasitic Parameters

A high power density inverter is one of the most important design requirements for a compact and energy-efficient integrated motor drive (IMD) design. Agallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has a lateral device structure with land grid array (LGA) or ball grid array (BGA) package for minimum parasitic inductance and resistance, which is also advantageous in a thermal management. This paper presents a new thermal management methodology for a high power density IMD using GaN HEMTs. An optimized printed circuit board (PCB) design is investigated for an effective bottom-side cooling method without any heatsink. The parasitic components are also analytically estimated to prove the validity of the proposed circuit design.