cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reifying Imagined Communities: The Triumph of the Fragile Nation-State and the Peril of Modernization

In complex ethnic landscapes—wherein the boundaries inside a mosaic of salient identity groups are pillared, impermeable, and determined along fixed-identity markers—pathological homogenization often emerges as the only practical mode for political integration. Thus, a cascading series of nationalist conflicts that ultimately result in the realization of a set of ideal nation-states—a national cascade. This is the process that occurred during the Wars of Religion in Western Europe and the decay of multiethnic empires in Central and Eastern Europe, and this zero-sum dynamic is fuelling the identity-driven conflicts that today pervade many regions consisting of postcolonial fragile states. Such pathological national cascades are intractable by foreign interventions, and Western-style electoral democracy is ill-equipped to result in inclusive governance when elections are little more than ethnic censuses. Nation-building, then, is a prerequisite for state-making. But nation-building requires inclusive institutions that enable crosscutting affiliations and the capacity to aggregate, articulate, and channel the demands of all salient social forces. Thus, a paradox of modernization: as nation-building is a prerequisite for state-making, so too is state-making a prerequisite for nation-building. This chapter argues that the modern state has transcended the classic Weberian conception of the coercive state. Instead, a modern state is the centrally administered, functionally differentiated, and internationally recognized set of institutions within a given territory that is concerned with the maintenance of order among social forces across the spectrum of social power. When conceived as such, stability is highly concomitant with the state, the boundaries of identity become highly tangible, and the networks upon which public goods are provided and national identity are consolidated. It presents a theory of the modern nation-state to explain the ubiquitous nature of fragility and political adaptation. Thus, rather than tell a story of state fragmentation, the instability and identity-driven conflict pervading much of the postcolonial developing world are presented as a central determinant of nation-state formation.
Neural Sequential Malware Detection with Parameters

Sequential models which analyze system API calls have shown promise for detecting unknown malware. Athiwaratkun and Stokes recently proposed a two-stage model which uses a long short-term memory (LSTM) model for learning a set of features which are then input to a second classifier. Kolosnjaji et al., first use a convolutional neural network followed by an LSTM to predict unknown malware. However, neither of these models consider the parameters which are input to the system API calls. These input parameters offer significant information regarding malicious intent. In this paper, we extend Athiwaratkun's model to include each system API call's two most input parameters. We then show that the proposed model dominates these previously proposed models in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
Characterizing HIV risk among cisgender men in Latin America who report transgender women as sexual partners: HIV risk in Latin America men.

Cisgender men (CM) who report transgender women (TW) as sexual partners are an understudied population in the HIV epidemic in Latin America. The current study sought to characterize this group in a...
Conjugation-dependent "gene drives" harness indigenous bacteria for bioremediation

Engineering bacteria to clean-up oil spills is rapidly advancing but faces regulatory hurdles and environmental concerns. Here, we develop a new technology to harness indigenous soil microbial communities for bioremediation by flooding local populations with catabolic genes for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. Overexpressing three enzymes (almA, xylE, p450cam) in E.coli led to degradation rates of 60-99% of target hydrocarbon substrates. Mating experiments, fluorescence microscopy and TEM revealed indigenous bacteria could obtain these vectors from E.coli through conjugation. Inoculating petroleum-polluted sediments from a former refinery with engineered E.coli showed that the E.coli die after five days but a variety of bacteria received and carried the vector for over 120 days after inoculation. This approach could prime indigenous bacteria for degrading pollutants while providing minimal ecosystem disturbance.
Health Care Utilization and Economic Burdens of Hemochromatosis in the United States: A Population-Based Claims Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the health care burden of hemochromatosis in the United States, despite its increased morbidity and mortality due to associated advanced liver diseases. OBJECTIVE:...
Strategizing Kashmiri Freedom Struggle Through Nonviolent Means

Since 1947, Kashmiris are demanding freedom from Indian occupation. They have adopted numerous approaches to gain independence from Indian subjugation, including nonviolent resistance, election boycotts and international arbitration. Various new trends in the Kashmiri freedom struggle have been observed since 2008 including a signature campaign ‘Safr-e-Azadi’ (journey for freedom) in 2008, ‘Muzaffarabad Chalo’ (Got to Muzaffarabad) march of 2008 and sit-ins of 2010 which have significantly changed the nature of Kashmir struggle. This paper explores emerging trends of strategic nonviolent Kashmiri struggle and practical future options to strategize the former through the prism of Gene Sharp's Theory of Nonviolence. This study assumes that strategic nonviolent movement in IOJ&K has highlighted the Kashmir cause across the world. It has challenged the Indian occupation through staging mass protests and employing new forms of strategic methods, which will likely put India under pressure in the future. If organized, well-coordinated and strategically planned, this struggle can be successful. In the wake of the Indian government's abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A and illegal annexation of IOJ&K on August 5, 2019, the need for devising a well-calibrated, inclusive and comprehensive strategy and employing all viable options for peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute further increases.
Shape and texture-based radiomics signature on CT effectively discriminates benign from malignant renal masses.

Using a radiomics framework to quantitatively analyze tumor shape and texture features in three dimensions, we tested its ability to objectively and robustly distinguish between benign and malignant renal masses. We assessed the relative contributions of shape and texture metrics separately and together in the prediction model. Computed tomography (CT) images of 735 patients with 539 malignant and 196 benign masses were segmented in this retrospective study. Thirty-three shape and 760 texture metrics were calculated per tumor. Tumor classification models using shape, texture, and both metrics were built using random forest and AdaBoost with tenfold cross-validation. Sensitivity analyses on five sub-cohorts with respect to the acquisition phase were conducted. Additional sensitivity analyses after multiple imputation were also conducted. Model performance was assessed using AUC. Random forest classifier showed shape metrics featuring within the top 10% performing metrics regardless of phase, attaining the highest variable importance in the corticomedullary phase. Convex hull perimeter ratio is a consistently high-performing shape feature. Shape metrics alone achieved an AUC ranging 0.64–0.68 across multiple classifiers, compared with 0.67–0.75 and 0.68–0.75 achieved by texture-only and combined models, respectively. Shape metrics alone attain high prediction performance and high variable importance in the combined model, while being independent of the acquisition phase (unlike texture). Shape analysis therefore should not be overlooked in its potential to distinguish benign from malignant tumors, and future radiomics platforms powered by machine learning should harness both shape and texture metrics. • Current radiomics research is heavily weighted towards texture analysis, but quantitative shape metrics should not be ignored in their potential to distinguish benign from malignant renal tumors. • Shape metrics alone can attain high prediction performance and demonstrate high variable importance in the combined shape and texture radiomics model. • Any future radiomics platform powered by machine learning should harness both shape and texture metrics, especially since tumor shape (unlike texture) is independent of the acquisition phase and more robust from the imaging variations.
Silicone Scaffold Support Using a Bilayer Dermal Regeneration Matrix Template for Correction of Primary or Recurrent Eyelid Retraction.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a bilayer dermal regenerative matrix for primary or complex/recurrent eyelid retraction. Methods Retrospective review of patients undergoing eyelid retraction repair using the bilayer dermal regenerative matrix from 2005 to 2019. Nineteen eyelid surgeries from 15 patients were identified. Collected data included patient demographics, symptoms, preoperative/postoperative lower eyelid position, inferior scleral show, lagophthalmos, etiology of retraction, history of prior retraction surgeries, major/minor complications, and follow-up duration (minimum 6 months). Postoperative measurements were taken at a minimum of 1 week, 3-6 weeks, 2-4 months, and 6 months. Results Postoperatively, 90% of cases had good improvement of lower eyelid retraction (defined as 1 mm or less below the inferior limbus). Postoperative elevation of the lower eyelid ranged 1-3.5 mm compared with preoperative measurements. When used in the upper eyelid for conjunctival scarring, the implant improved the superior fornix depth. Complications were minimal and included transient conjunctival injection, eyelid edema, and foreign body sensation. No patients requested early removal of the silicone layer due to ocular pain. Conclusions The bilayer dermal regeneration matrix template may be considered a reasonable alternative to other spacers to reduce the vertical palpebral fissure and eyelid malposition in primary, complex, or recurrent cases. It also worked well for first-line correction of thyroid retraction, which tend to be more challenging due to globe proptosis. Suboptimal results may have occurred due to active cicatrizing conjunctival disease, or residual negative vector of the cheek and orbit. High cost may be a consideration, and the bilayer dermal regeneration matrix template was not studied directly against hard palate and other spacer materials.
Nanoscale Tantalum layer impacting magnetic properties of tunnel junction-based molecular devices

Magnetic tunnel junction can produce highly configurable molecular spintronics devices. This paper highlights a rather subtle attribute of magnetic tunnel junction fabrication that can lead to the very pronounced impact on magnetic properties of molecular spintronics device. We conducted magnetic studies to observe the effect of depositing ~5 nm Tantalum (Ta) on the top of a magnetic tunnel junction. We investigated the effect of Ta by using characterization techniques like ferromagnetic resonance, magnetometry, and polarized neutron reflectometry. Bridging paramagnetic molecules between the two ferromagnetic electrodes of magnetic tunnel junctions with and without Ta top layer produced the very different magnetic response.
A desingularization of the main component of the moduli space of genus-one stable maps into ℙn

We construct a natural smooth compactification of the space of smooth genus-one curves with k distinct points in a projective space. It can be viewed as an analogue of a well-known smooth compactification of the space of smooth genus-zero curves, that is, the space of stable genus-zero maps S M0;k.P n ;d/. In fact, our compactification is obtained from the singular space of stable genus-one maps S M1;k.P n ;d/ through a natural sequence of blowups along “bad” subvarieties. While this construction is simple to describe, it requires more work to show that the end result is a smooth space. As a bonus, we obtain desingularizations of certain natural sheaves over the “main” irreducible component S M 0;k .P n ;d/ of S M1;k.P n ;d/. A number of applications of these desingularizations in enumerative geometry and Gromov‐Witten theory are described in the introduction, including the second author’s proof of physicists’ predictions for genus-one Gromov‐Witten invariants of a quintic threefold. 14D20; 53D99
#PhDlife: The Effect of Stress and Sources of Support on Perceptions of Balance among Public Administration Doctoral Students.

Emerging studies indicate a dangerous trend regarding high levels of stress, depression, and burnout among graduate students across all disciplines. This study focuses on public administration doct...
Design and Evaluation of Cascading Cuckoo Filters for Zero-False-Positive Membership Services

The approximate set-membership data structures (ASMDS), like the Bloom filter and cuckoo filter, provide constant-time testing of set-membership. They produce false positives because of a loss of bits during compression. However, in case all potential false positives are known (or can be evaluated), it is possible to use filter cascades and collectively eliminate such false positives. The application of filter cascading algorithm to the Bloom filter was originally proposed for optimizing memory usage and is currently an integral part of CRLLite. Recently proposed cuckoo filters function similarly to Bloom filters but with cuckoo hashing techniques. They produce comparatively lower storage overheads and additionally support efficient deletions. Therefore, applying the cascading algorithms to the cuckoo filter will also produce lower storage overheads in comparison to cascading Bloom filters. Further, cuckoo filter's support for deletions enable efficient updates to the filter cascades. In this paper, we present the design and analysis of cascading cuckoo filters, a potentially more space-optimal ASMDS in comparison to cascading Bloom filters. A novel contribution of this paper is the application of filter cascading algorithm to cuckoo filter, which has not been proposed before to the best of our knowledge.
Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection: A Dual Theory of Hyperspectral Target Detection

Hyperspectral target detection (HTD) and hyperspectral anomaly detection (HAD) are designed by completely different functionalities in terms of how to carry out target detection. Specifically, HTD is a reconnaissance technique looking for known targets as opposed to HAD which is a surveillance technique seeking unknown targets of interest. So, HTD is generally designed by the hypothesis testing theory to derive likelihood ratio test (LRT)-based detectors. However, such hypothesis testing theory-based HTD requires the targets under the alternative hypothesis to be known. In addition, it also requires knowledge of the probability distribution under each hypothesis such as Gaussian distributions. Accordingly, the LRT-based HTD cannot be directly applied to HAD. This article develops a dual theory of LRT-based HTD for HAD, which converts HTD to HAD by making LRT-based detectors anomaly detectors. In addition, by virtue of this dual theory a new signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based theory can be also developed for HAD. Interestingly, the commonly used hyperspectral anomaly detector, referred to as Reed and Xiaoli detector (RXD), which is derived from the generalized LRT (GLRT), can be also rederived by this dual theory as well as the new developed SNR-based HAD theory.
An Adaptive Framework for Oversubscription Management in CPU-GPU Unified Memory

Hardware support for fault-driven page migration and on-demand memory allocation along with the advancements in unified memory runtime in modern graphics processing units (GPUs) simplify the memory management in discrete CPU-GPU heterogeneous memory systems and ensure higher programmability. GPUs adopt to accelerate general purpose applications as they are now an integral part of heterogeneous computing platforms ranging from supercomputers to commodity cloud platforms. However, data-intensive applications face the challenge of device-memory oversubscription as the limited capacity of bandwidth-optimized GPU memory fails to accommodate their increasing working sets. Performance overhead under memory oversubscription comes from the thrashing of memory pages over slow CPU-GPU interconnect. Depending on the diverse computing and memory access pattern, each application demands special attention from memory management. As a result, the responsibility of effectively utilizing the plethora of memory management techniques supported by GPU programming libraries and runtime falls squarely on the application programmer. This paper presents a smart runtime that leverages the faults and page-migration information to detect underlying patterns in CPU-GPU interconnect traffic. Based on the online workload characterization, the extended unified memory runtime dynamically chooses and employs a suitable policy from a wide array of memory management strategies to address the issues with memory oversubscription. Experimental evaluation shows that this smart adaptive runtime provides 18% and 30% (geometric mean) performance improvement across all benchmarks compared to the default unified memory runtime under 125% and 150% device memory oversubscription, respectively.
A Review of: “Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life," by Evan Stark

A founder of one of the first shelters for abused women in the United States, Evan Stark is an award-winning researcher with an international reputation for his work on interpersonal violence. He h...
Analysis of wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) root exudates using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Plant root systems mediate ecological processes in the rhizosphere through the exudation of organic compounds. Although exudate composition is thought to depend strongly on plant nutrient status, little is known about the influence of multi-nutrient stresses. In this study, we examined responses to short-term (3 d) nutrient limitation in Helianthus annuus (common sunflower), and root exudates were collected for 2, 4, or 6 h with the trap-solution method. Root exudates, analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, consisted of over 60 sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, and phosphates, with sugars and organic acids generally detected in the highest quantities. Twenty-five of the detected metabolites, including half of the organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols, differed in relative abundance among the three sampling intervals, exhibiting higher abundance in sampling intervals greater than 2 h. Similarly, 24 of the detected metabolites, including half of the amino acids, phosphates, and sugar alcohols, were affected by nutrient supply, with 20 exhibiting higher abundance in the high-nutrient treatment. Fumaric acid, quinic acid, and glucose were detected at significantly higher levels in the low-nutrient treatment, potentially representing an adaptive response to nutrient limitation in sunflower. However, as sampling interval exerted a strong influence on the apparent effects of nutrient supply, future studies should consider the potential impacts of sampling-interval length in comparative analyses of genotypes or treatments.
Privatization, City Residency, and Black-White Earnings Differentials: Evidence from the Public Transit Sector

Becker's theory on the economics of discrimination suggests that enhanced competition creates a business environment that discourages employers from paying racial earnings differences. This study tests this hypothesis by examining black-white earnings differentials for public transit bus drivers for pre- and post-privatization periods. The findings reveal an erosion of the racial earnings differential in the post-privatization period which is consistent with the Becker hypothesis. Public transit black union drivers earned more than their white counterparts prior to privatization. City residency accounts for 36 percent of this premium. However, the city-residency earnings advantage and the black-white union premium declinedappreciably in the post-privatization period.
Dye-enhanced cataract surgery. Part 3: posterior capsule staining to learn posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the use of 2 dyes for staining the posterior capsule to enhance visualization during posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC). Setting Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods Indocyanine green 0.5% (ICG) and trypan blue 0.1% were used to stain the posterior capsule for performing PCCC in 8 human eyes obtained postmortem. The eyes were prepared according to the posterior video technique of Miyake–Apple. After CCC and hydrodissection/delineation were performed, the nucleus was carefully delivered by hydroexpression. Cortical cleanup was completed by irrigation/aspiration. The posterior capsule was stained by instilling 1 microdrop of ICG (4 eyes) or trypan blue (4 eyes) in the capsular bag. A PCCC was then performed by 2 independent surgeons (4 eyes/surgeon) not familiar with this technique. Each surgeon also performed PCCC in 2 eyes without the use of dye. Results Both dyes facilitated the performance of PCCC after staining the otherwise transparent posterior capsule. It was easier to differentiate the stained posterior capsule flap from the underlying transparent anterior hyaloid phase of the vitreous. In addition, optic capture of an intraocular lens, with or without anterior vitrectomy, was easily accomplished because of the enhanced visualization by posterior capsule staining. Conclusion Posterior capsule staining can be successfully used to learn and perform the PCCC procedure, combined with optic capture, anterior vitrectomy, or both.
The First Four Ecumenical Councils as Ineffective Means to Control the Rise and Spread of Heterodox Christian Ideologies

This paper is essentially an examination of the doctrine produced at the first four Christian ecumenical councils, and whether the codification of the theological constructs therein served the purpose for which they were designed. At the councils of Nicaea in 325 C.E., Constantinople I in 381, Ephesus in 431, and Chalcedon in 451, attempts were made to establish a correct, and therefore universally acceptable, form of the Christian faith. Any divergent beliefs, as well as those individuals who harbored them, were considered heretical. While the bishops at the councils desired to eradicate heresy and institute orthodoxy, the most common outcome was both the perseverance of existing heterodox positions and the birth of new ones. As a direct result, further councils were convened in response to the ongoing predicaments, and the Orthodox Christians were consequently required to alter their creeds. Given this combination of the persistence of heterodox ideas and the resulting instability of orthodox doctrine, Hasbrouck concludes that the first four ecumenical councils were an inadequate method by which to restrict heresy.
Encapsulating model complexity and landscape-scale analyses of state-and-transition simulation models: an application of ecoinformatics and juniper encroachment in sagebrush steppe ecosystems

State-and-transition simulation modeling relies on knowledge of vegetation composition and structure (states) that describe community conditions, mechanistic feedbacks such as fire that can affect vegetation establishment, and ecological processes that drive community conditions as well as the transitions between these states. However, as the need for modeling larger and more complex landscapes increase, a more advanced awareness of computing resources becomes essential. The objectives of this study include identifying challenges of executing state-and-transition simulation models, identifying common bottlenecks of computing resources, developing a workflow and software that enable parallel processing of Monte Carlo simulations, and identifying the advantages and disadvantages of different computing resources. To address these objectives, this study used the ApexRMS® SyncroSim software and embarrassingly parallel tasks of Monte Carlo simulations on a single multicore computer and on distributed computing systems. The results demonstrated that state-and-transition simulation models scale best in distributed computing environments, such as high-throughput and high-performance computing, because these environments disseminate the workloads across many compute nodes, thereby supporting analysis of larger landscapes, higher spatial resolution vegetation products, and more complex models. Using a case study and five different computing environments, the top result (high-throughput computing versus serial computations) indicated an approximate 96.6% decrease of computing time. With a single, multicore compute node (bottom result), the computing time indicated an 81.8% decrease relative to using serial computations. These results provide insight into the tradeoffs of using different computing resources when research necessitates advanced integration of ecoinformatics incorporating large and complicated data inputs and models.
False Uniqueness Effect

The false uniqueness effect refers to a tendency for people to underestimate the similarity and overestimate the distinctiveness of personal attributes and variables, compared to the general population. The distortions exhibited by the false uniqueness effect can reveal both positive and negative biases about the person making the estimates. For example, a man who is clinically depressed may not be aware that many other people experience grief and sadness throughout their lives, and thus may feel that his own suffering is more severe than the suffering of others. In contrast, some students with high grade averages may overestimate the extent to which their scholastic achievements qualify them for admission to a competitive university, because they are not aware of the many equally qualified applicants applying to the same institution. Keywords: cognition; social cognition
Semimembranosus Tendinopathy: One Cause of Chronic Posteromedial Knee Pain

In comparison to anterior and lateral knee pain, chronic posteromedial knee pain is a relatively uncommon entity. Causes of pain in this area include medial meniscal tears, osteoarthritis, tendinopathy or bursitis of the pes anserine, popliteal (baker’s) cysts, strain of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, popliteus muscle strain, medial collateral ligament sprain, and semimembranosus tendinopathy (SMT), among others. The last, SMT, is relatively uncommon in this location but is by no means rare, and the astute clinician should be aware of the condition to avoid delay of diagnosis and treatment.
Electrophysiologic findings and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing third or more catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation

Outcomes After Third or More Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Introduction Pulmonary vein (PV) status, arrhythmia sources, and outcomes with ≥3 ablation procedures have not been characterized. Methods and Results All patients with ≥3 procedures were included and underwent antral reisolation of reconnected PVs and ablation of non-PV triggers. Of 2,886 patients who underwent PVI, 181 (6%) had more than 2 ablation procedures (3 procedures in 146 and ≥4 procedures in 35). In 12 patients, the clinical arrhythmia was other than AF. Of the remaining 169 patients, 69 (41%) had 4 reconnected PVs, 27 (16%) had 3, 31 (18%) had 2, and 29 (17%) had 1. Only 13 (8%) had all PVs still isolated. Provocative techniques in 127 patients initiated PV triggers in 92 patients, including AF or PV atrial tachycardia in 64 (50%), and reproducible PV APDs in 28 (22%). Thirty-six (20%) had a new non-PV trigger targeted. At a mean of 36 months (12–119 months) after last procedure, 63 patients (47%) had no AF off antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD); 28 (21%) had no AF with AAD; and 18 (13%) had rare AF with good symptom control; 26 patients (19%) had recurrent AF. Conclusions At time of third or greater AF ablation, PV reconnection is the rule (92%) and PV triggers initiating AF can be demonstrated. Following repeat PVI and targeting non-PV triggers, 81% of patients had clinical AF control. Our findings suggest that PV reisolation and attempts to identify and eliminate non-PV triggers are effective and support the role of multiple repeat procedures for AF recurrence.
Oxygen isotope signature of Pi regeneration from organic compounds by phosphomonoesterases and photooxidation

Abstract Phosphomonoesters are an important source of dissolved inorganic orthophosphate (PO4 or Pi), the preferred form of P utilized by microbiota and aquatic plants in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Two enzymes involved in phosphomonoester metabolism and commonly detected in natural waters (alkaline phosphatase and 5′-nucleotidase) have been studied to determine the oxygen isotope signature of Pi-regeneration from phosphomonoesters by enzymatic degradation. Oxygen (O) isotope ratios of water and Pi released from phosphomonoesters during enzyme hydrolysis experiments demonstrate that released Pi incorporates one oxygen atom from water. The isotopic fractionation between this incorporated water O and ambient water O is −30 (±8)‰ for alkaline phosphatase and −10 (±1)‰ for 5′-nucleotidase, with very weak dependence on temperature. The result of these enzyme-specific isotopic fractionations at one of the four O sites in PO4 is that the δ18O value of Pi regenerated by 5′-nucleotidase is 5‰ higher than Pi regenerated by alkaline phosphatase from the same phosphomonoester substrate. The δ18O value of regenerated Pi also reflects inheritance of 75% of O from the phosphomonoester substrate, thus making the δ18O of phosphomonoester-derived Pi a potential tracer of organophosphorous compound sources. Phosphomonoesterase-regenerated Pi has a distinct phosphate oxygen isotope signature that is different and distinguishable from that of biologically recycled and subsequently equilibrated Pi and Pi regenerated from photooxidation of organic matter. The δ18O value of regenerated Pi will correlate positively with the δ18O value of bulk water and the fractionation, α, between regenerated Pi and water, αregen Pi-water, should converge toward equilibrium αPi-water values with increased biological cycling of Pi.
Specific staining of tissue components with metal-hematoxylin complexes.

Abstract The older metal–hematoxylin stains stain a broad spectrum of tissue components. Several recently introduced metal–hematoxylin stains are highly selective. This selectivity is usually bought at the price of severe limitations on the choice of fixative. A very dilute (2×10 −4 M ) aluminum hematoxylin is selective for nucleic acids in tissues fixed in organic solvents alone. Vanadate hematoxylin is selective for basic proteins in tissues fixed in formaldehyde or mercuric salts. Bismuth hematoxylin is selective for arginine residues and thus for histones and myelin basic protein in tissues fixed in strong acids (Bouin's fluid or SUSA fluid). Zirconyl hematoxylin is selective for acidic mucins. Zirconyl hematoxylin does not restrict the choice of fixative.
Personality Ratings Are Influenced by Religious Stereotype and Ingroup Bias

A religious prosociality stereotype exists such that religiosity and prosociality are presumed to be positively associated, as evidenced by proxy measures such as personality traits. However, studies using self- and peer-ratings of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness have not simultaneously controlled for the religiosity of the participant and the target. One hundred and sixty students completed measures of religiosity in a prescreening survey. Later, participants rated an array of targets, including a Christian and an atheist, on adjectives corresponding to Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Regardless of participant religiosity, atheist targets were rated as being lower in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness relative to those labeled as Christians. This bias was greater for highly religious participants. This effect was mediated by perceptions of the morality of the target independent of participants' broader attitudes concerning the target's religious group. Implications are discussed.
Direct role of dynein motor in stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment, orientation, and alignment

Cytoplasmic dynein has been implicated in diverse mitotic functions, several involving its association with kinetochores. Much of the supporting evidence comes from inhibition of dynein regulatory factors. To obtain direct insight into kinetochore dynein function, we expressed a series of dynein tail fragments, which we find displace motor-containing dynein heavy chain (HC) from kinetochores without affecting other subunits, regulatory factors, or microtubule binding proteins. Cells with bipolar mitotic spindles progress to late prometaphase-metaphase at normal rates. However, the dynein tail, dynactin, Mad1, and BubR1 persist at the aligned kinetochores, which is consistent with a role for dynein in self-removal and spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation. Kinetochore pairs also show evidence of misorientation relative to the spindle equator and abnormal oscillatory behavior. Further, kinetochore microtubule bundles are severely destabilized at reduced temperatures. Dynein HC RNAi and injection of anti-dynein antibody in MG132-arrested metaphase cells produced similar effects. These results identify a novel function for the dynein motor in stable microtubule attachment and maintenance of kinetochore orientation during metaphase chromosome alignment.
Empirical slip and viscosity model performance for microscale gas flow

For the simple geometries of Couette and Poiseuille flows, the velocity profile maintains a similar shape from continuum to free molecular flow. Therefore, modifications to the fluid viscosity and slip boundary conditions can improve the continuum based Navier–Stokes solution in the non-continuum non-equilibrium regime. In this investigation, the optimal modifications are found by a linear least-squares fit of the Navier–Stokes solution to the non-equilibrium solution obtained using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Models are then constructed for the Knudsen number dependence of the viscosity correction and the slip model from a database of DSMC solutions for Couette and Poiseuille flows of argon and nitrogen gas, with Knudsen numbers ranging from 0.01 to 10. Finally, the accuracy of the models is measured for non-equilibrium cases both in and outside the DSMC database. Flows outside the database include: combined Couette and Poiseuille flow, partial wall accommodation, helium gas, and non-zero convective acceleration. The models reproduce the velocity profiles in the DSMC database within an L2 error norm of 3% for Couette flows and 7% for Poiseuille flows. However, the errors in the model predictions outside the database are up to five times larger. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Splicing Twist on Metastasis

An oncogenic splice variant of the transcription factor KLF6 is associated with metastasis and poor survival in node-negative breast cancer patients and promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by regulating Twist.
Identification of QTL for crop timing and quality traits in an interspecific Petunia population

Genetic mapping in ornamental plant species has lagged behind crop plants from other sectors of agriculture. Here, we describe the generation of a genetic linkage map for the important herbaceous ornamental crop petunia and the identification of QTL for several key crop timing and quality traits, including plant development rate, days to flower and flower number. An F2 population derived from a cross between the progenitor species of cultivated petunia, P. integrifolia × P. axillaris, exhibited transgressive segregation for a broad panel of crop timing and quality traits. A genetic linkage map comprised of 75 simple sequence repeat and six cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers spanning 359.1 cM across seven linkage groups was developed and utilized to identify 24 QTL for ten crop timing and quality traits. These included QTL explaining 26.3, 25.9, 26.2 and 43 % of the observed phenotypic variation for flower length, branch number, internode length and the number of flower buds on the primary shoot, respectively. These data provide a foundation for understanding the genetic control of critical traits and identify molecular markers with potential utility to facilitate gene discovery in petunia.
Vapor pressures of binary aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at concentrations and temperatures of interest in desalination processes

Abstract Vapor pressures of binary aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na 2 SO 4 . and MgSO 4 were measured in glass isoteniscopes over the temperature range of 75 to 150°C at a series of concentrations. The precision of these measurements was 0.1 per cent of the measured vapor pressure. The data were correlated by using molar vapor pressure depressions. This simplified method permitted the estimation of vapor pressures, activities of water and boiling points with a precision equivalent to the precision of experimental data.
Use of Neural Networks to Predict Results of Ventilator Changes during High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation

Use of Neural Networks to Predict Results of Ventilator Changes during High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
Ethical Behavior: A Stumbling Block to Longevity in the Superintendency

(1984). Ethical Behavior: A Stumbling Block to Longevity in the Superintendency. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 398-401.
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RISKS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

Several approaches to performance assessment for selecting projects for highway infrastructure improvement are synthesized. In a planning cycle, highway agency divisions face many diverse candidates for maintenance and improvements, originating from public demand, accident data, engineering judgment, and local officials. Resources are limited, and selection factors to consider include crash risk reduction, travel time savings, economic development, environmental protection, aesthetics, and capital and maintenance costs. This article describes the adoption of quantitative metrics for some factors, their estimation with varying precision for about 30 actual projects, graphical project comparison, and a related application of multiple factors to interchange design. Identified needs include to (a) select appropriate metrics for diverse projects; (b) coordinate information systems; (c) avoid preassigned factor weighting, enabling juxtaposition of quantitative and qualitative factors and invitation of newfactor...
Bionomics of Psorophora varipes, a model laboratory mosquito.

Psorophora varipes (Coquillett), a species native to the Americas, is a model for colonizing in laboratories in need of a substitute for the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). It mates readily in cages of all sizes; embryos remain viable in eggs for months both at room and refrigerator temperatures; caged adults and larvae are hardy; the adult thrives on rodent and primate blood; it is multivoltine; and it has a short life cycle. An account of bionomic details essential for securing and maintaining colonies of P. varipes is given.
Self-recognition and stimulus preference in autistic children

A common notion regarding autistic children is that they do not show self-recognition. In this study, 7 autistic children were compared to a group of normal infants at the age of self-recognition. Using a videotape "mirror image" and an objective self-recognition criterion, we observed that 6 of the 7 autistic children exhibited self-recognition. In a 2-choice preference situation, autistic children tended to prefer the more predictable mirror image to a previously taped film of self.
A geochemical expert system prototype using object-oriented knowledge representation and a production rule system

Abstract This paper presents the design and development of a Geochemical Expert System prototype (GES) for analyzing solution—mineral interactions in nature. The emphasis is placed on expert system design and knowledge representation. One of the most challenging and research-intensive steps was the identification of the key geochemical characteristics that would enable the expert system to identify salient features of any user-defined geochemical composition. Moreover, developing a system to create geochemical interpretations similar to those written by expert geochemists proved to be difficult. Important geochemical characteristics and their interrelationships which were “discovered” during knowledge acquisition and conceptualization are presented. These characteristics have been organized and documented within the expert system to emulate the skills of an expert geochemist. Examples of expert system-generated analyses are presented.
Equine syndrome X, the metabolic disease, and equine grain-associated disorders

In 1988, a Stanford endocrinologist suggested that a high-carbohydrate diet aggravated or exacerbated a predisposition to insulin resistance, which he identified as a primary factor in the etiology of obesity, non–insulin– mediated or type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and, surprisingly, coronary heart disease.1 This is surprising because the high-carbohydrate diet was, in effect, the same as the low-fat diet championed for 40 years by the American Heart Association to lower blood cholesterol and ward off coronary heart disease. The focus on cholesterol preceded knowledge of the adverse effects of hyperglycemia on vascular endothelium and blood clotting, which may contribute to coronary heart disease. The endocrinologist, Gerald Reaven, was receiving the Banting Medal and presenting the Banting Lecture to the American Diabetes Association.1 He proposed the existence of “a series of related variables—syndrome X—
Remembering Rhys Isaac

Some of the late Rhys Isaac's friends and colleagues were reflecting via email on Rhys and on his significances for them and for the profession. They did this because they needed to, and to help two of them who had been asked write the obituary for the Journal of Southern History that ends this suite of remembrances. The author of this essay, ‘Remembering Rhys Isaac', wrote this memoir of him out of his personal and from their shared knowledge, as much as possible in the spirit of its subject, and unintentionally – because it is still too early and the memories too strong – in the episodic forms of his narrative style. Our readers felt that it evokes its subject. There will be time later to understand better what he meant to us. If this piece feels like the spirit of this remarkable man, it is in tribute to him.
Effect of tilting on RK time in normal subjects and in patients with heart disease

Abstract The time from onset of the R wave of the electrocardiogram to the registration of the arterial compression sound of Korotkoff at diastolic pressure level (RK D time) was measured before and after passive changes in posture. In normal subjects the RK D time was significantly prolonged after they assumed the upright position and shortened to control values when they returned to the horizontal position. These effects were diminished by compression of the calves, thighs, and abdomen of the subject with an antigravity suit. In patients with previous or present congestive heart failure the response of the RK D time to the changes in posture was significantly reduced or was opposite to that seen in normal subjects. These data may be interpreted to suggest that in normal subjects with a relatively constant level of diastolic pressure, RK D time varies inversely with the stroke volume. This relationship is eliminated in patients with congestive failure. The simplicity of the method permits the study of responses to experimental or therapeutic procedures.
Exact Power of Goodness-of-Fit Tests of Kolmogorov Type for Discontinuous Distributions

Abstract Goodness-of-fit tests of Kolmogorov type reject a null hypothesis H 0 : F(x) = F*(x) whenever the graph of the sample cumulative distribution function crosses one of two boundary functions, G 1(x), G 2(x). The best-known example of a test of this type is the Kolmogorov—Smirnov test D. When the true cumulative distribution function F(x) is continuous, a number of algorithms are available for calculating the exact powers of such tests. In this article it is shown that such algorithms can also be used to calculate the exact power and level of significance of Kolmogorov-type goodness-of-fit tests when F(x) is discontinuous.
Late Jurassic magnetic polarity sequence

Abstract Polarity reversal sequences have been observed in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age) at two sites in western Colorado separated by 80 km. The two polarity reversal sequences display a good correlation of relative lengths and number of polarity intervals and thus may provide a significant correlation tool in this laterally variable formation. The whole polarity sequence observed in the Morrison Formation correlates very well with the oldest portion of lineated anomalies of the sea floor. The sedimentary record on land and the anomaly pattern of the oceanic crust both show the same relative lengths and approximate number of polarity intervals, as well as ratio of reversed to normal polarity.
Packet doppler: network monitoring using packet shift detection

Due to recent large-scale deployments of delay and loss-sensitive applications, there are increasingly stringent demands on the monitoring of service level agreement metrics. Although many end-to-end monitoring methods have been proposed, they are mainly based on active probing and thus inject measurement traffic into the network. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for monitoring service level agreement metrics, in particular, delay distribution. Our scheme is passive and therefore will not cause perturbation to real traffic. Using realistic delay and traffic demands, we show that our scheme achieves high accuracy and can detect burst events that will be missed by probing based methods.
Multimedia article. Thoracoscopic patch repair of a right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a neonate.

Purpose Minimally invasive techniques continue to expand in pediatric surgery; however, there has been some debate over the appropriate operative technique for the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernias in neonates [1, 2, 3]. We present a video of a thoracoscopic patch repair of a right-sided Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a 3-day-old male.
The use of cardioselective β-blockers in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs are commonly used in the treatment of patients with idiopathic hypertropic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). These drugs, however, are contraindicated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We report the anesthetic management of a patient with IHSS complicated by severe COPD. We concluded that the beta(1) selective, ultra-short acting beta-blocker, esmolol, can be used intraoperatively when both conditions are present. The pathophysiology and the commonly used anesthetic drugs and practices for treatment of patients with IHSS are reviewed.