cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE ETHOLOGY OF THE CICONIIDAE. THE WOOD-STORKS (GENERA MYCTERIA AND IBIS)*

Summary This paper reports on an 11-year study of the comparative behaviour of the four species of wood-storks. All species were studied under natural conditions at breeding colonies in the U.S.A., East Africa, India, and Indonesia. In addition, observations were made on hand-reared young of two species (Mycteria americana and Ibis ibis). Various aspects of signal (display) and non-signal behaviour are described. The most common ritualised display away from the nest is the Forward Threat. At the neBt, the following displays are seen, mainly during courtship and pair-formation: Aerial Clattering Threat, Forward Clattering Threat, Snap Display, Anxiety Stretch, Flying Around, Gaping, Balancing Posture, Swaying Twig-Grasping, Display Preening, Up-Down, and Copulation Clattering. Each of these patterns is described in the text and many of them are illustrated. The four species treated here are similar to each other in most behaviour patterns. They do show some quantitative differences in courtship displays, particularly in the Up-Down, a common “greeting” display shown to the mate at the nest. The behavioural and morphological evidence now available does not justify the separation of M. americana into a monotypic genus, and I suggest that all four wood-storks be combined in the genus Mycteria. Thus, the wood-storks include: M. americana, M. cinerea, M. ibis, and M. leucocephala.
Using Corporate Universities to Failitate Knowledge Transfer and Achieve Competitive Advantage: An Exploratory Model Based on Media Richness and Type of Knowledge to be Transferred

The knowledge literature suggests that transferring knowledge leads to synergistic cost advantages, better implementation of organizational strategies, and competitive advantage. Organizations are implementing corporate universities to aid in knowledge transfer. There is no standardized definition for corporate universities, but rather models that allow organizations to customize them to meet their training needs. Building on recent work of managing the knowledge transfer process (Murray & Peyrefitte, 2007) and on seminal work on media richness theory (Daft & Lengel, 1986), the authors propose that the type of knowledge to be transferred, and the appropriate media to transfer that knowledge, determine the most beneficial generation of corporate university to achieve competitive advantage. The article presents a model and propositions concerning relationships between the type of knowledge to be transferred, appropriate media selection, and generation of corporate university to implement.
Applications-aware virtual machine provisioning

Virtualization is widely used in large-scale computing environments, such as clouds, data centers, and grids, to provide multi-tenancy while retaining application isolation and portability. The consumers and providers of such virtualized infrastructures typically have distinct, often conflicting, requirements and optimization metrics. For instance, the user of a virtualized infrastructure typically cares about achieving high performance for their applications while minimizing costs. From the infrastructure provider's perspective, the desired objective is to achieve high system throughput and resource utilization, while minimizing energy consumption. We argue that providers can significantly lower operational costs and improve hosted application performance through application-aware virtual machine provisioning: using application characteristics, such as their data dependencies and resource usage patterns, in VM placement, migration, and resource management decisions. In this talk, Prof. Chandra will illustrate the notion of application-aware virtual machine provisioning through two systems that have been developed as part of his research. Starling is an affinity-aware VM provisioning framework that incorporates intra-application communication patterns to allocate virtual machines on the available physical resources. It dynamically adjusts VM placement to achieve both faster application runtimes as well as lower network communication overheads. STEAMEngine is a provisioning framework for virtualized MapReduce clusters that incorporates MapReduce job characteristics to optimize both cloud-level (e.g., energy) and user-level (e.g., performance) metrics. STEAMEngine exploits spatio-temporal tradeoffs in VM provisioning: efficient spatial fitting of VMs on servers based on their resource requirements, as well as balanced temporal fitting based on the estimated job runtimes
Effect of Reduced Postpartum Length of Stay on Mother and Infant Primary Care Services Use • 534

Objective. To analyze the impact of reduced obstetrical length of stay on total burden and specific categories of primary care utilization. Methods. Design: Modified time series analysis of retrospective chart review. Setting: A large New England managed care plan which instituted a non-compulsory reduced OB length of stay program(ROLOS) to facilitate next day discharge through prepartum educational classes, risk assessment, and home visitation. Subjects: 1315 consecutive delivering mothers, belonging to the plan and sampled from Feb-May, during the pre-ROLOS years of '92-94, and the ROLOS year of '95.Measures: The main independent variable was pre-ROLOS vs. ROLOS. Dependent measures were rates of scheduled primary care visits, unscheduled problem-oriented visits, urgent care visits, as well as home visits and telephone calls for mothers and infants during the first 3 weeks postpartum.Analysis: Multivariate regression testing for the effect of ROLOS while adjusting for secular time trends. Results. In the pre-ROLOS years there was a mild trend of decreasing length of stay (51.6 to 44.3 hours) with a drop to a mean of 36.5hrs with ROLOS. The mean number of total primary care contacts increased significantly for mothers and babies (see Table). This increase is accounted for primarily by home visits, patient-initiated telephone calls, and scheduled maternal primary care visits. There was no increase in urgent care or unscheduled primary care visits. Conclusion. In a moderately reduced length of stay program, where enhanced ambulatory services are offered, there is no increase in problem-oriented or urgent care primary care utilization. An increase in parent-initiated telephone calls suggests the need for increased contact with primary care providers after early discharge.
A meme's eye view of speech-language pathology.

In this article, the reason why certain terms, labels, and ideas prevail, whereas others fail to gain acceptance, will be considered. Borrowing the concept of "meme" from the study of evolution of ...
Heterogeneous inbred populations are useful as sources of near-isogenic lines for RAPD marker localization.

The development and use of RAPD markers for applications in crop improvement has recently generated considerable interest within the plant breeding community. One potential application of RAPDs is their use for “tagging” simply-inherited (monogenic) pest-resistance genes and enabling more efficient identification and selection of genotypes carrying specific combinations of resistance genes. In this report, we propose and describe the use of heterogeneous inbred populations as sources of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for targeting RAPD markers linked to major pest resistance genes. The development of these NILs for RAPD marker analyses involved a sequence of line and mass selection during successive generations of inbreeding. DNA bulks derived from the NILs were used to identify a RAPD marker (designated OK14620, generated by 5′-CCCGCTACAC-3′ decamer) that was tightly linked (2.23±1.33 centiMorgans) to an important rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus] resistance gene (Ur-3) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The efficiency of this approach was demonstrated by a low rate of false-positives identified, the tightness of the linkage identified, and the ability to detect polymorphism between genomic regions that are representative of the same gene pool of common bean. This method of deriving NILs should find application by researchers interested in utilizing marker-assisted selection for one or more major pest resistance genes. The identification of OK14620 should help to facilitate continued use of the Ur-3 resistance source and will now enable marker-assisted pyramiding of three different bean rust resistance sources (two previously tagged) to provide effective and stable resistance to this important pathogen.
High-Calcium Flue Gas Desulfurization Products Reduce Aluminum Toxicity in an Appalachian Soil

An acid Appalachian soil was amended with two flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products, one consisting of wallboard-quality gypsum (CaSO{sub 4}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}) and the other containing CaSO{sub 3}{center_dot}0.5H{sub 2}O as a major component. Soil columns treated with FGD by-products were leached with deionized H{sub 2}O under unsaturated conditions. Aluminum amounts leached increased 25-fold over the control when CaSO{sub 4}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O FGD by-product was incorporated into the soil. Leachate pH decreased with FGD product treatment, but bulk soil pH increased, and exchangeable Al and total soil acidity decreased. Mean 4-d root lengths of sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) seedlings grown in the leached soils were as much as 440 and 310% the value of the control for CaSO{sub 3}{center_dot}0.5H{sub 2}O and CaSO{sub 4}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O treatments, respectively. Mechanisms by which mitigation of Al toxicity occurs with addition of high-Ca FGD by-products to acid soils are discussed. 48 refs., 8 figs., 6 tabs.
Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic 'liking' for food: map based on microinjection Fos plumes.

Abstract Microinjection of opioid agonists, such as morphine, into the nucleus accumbens shell produces increases in eating behavior (i.e. ‘wanting’ for food). This study (1) reports direct evidence that activation of accumbens opioid receptors in rats also augments food ‘liking’, or the hedonic impact of taste, and (2) identified a neural site that definitely contains receptors capable of increasing food intake. Morphine microinjections (0.5 μg) into accumbens shell, which caused rats to increase eating, were found also to cause selective increases in positive hedonic patterns of behavioral affective reaction elicited by oral sucrose, using the ‘taste reactivity’ test of hedonic palatability. This positive shift indicated that morphine microinjections enhanced the hedonic impact of food palatability. The accumbens site mediating morphine-induced increases in food ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ was identified using a novel method based on local expression of Fos induced directly by drug microinjections. The plume-shaped region of drug-induced increase in Fos immunoreactivity immediately surrounding a morphine microinjection site (Fos plume) was objectively mapped. A point-sampling procedure was used to measure the shape and size of ‘positive’ plumes of Fos expression triggered by microinjections of morphine at locations that caused increases in eating behavior. This revealed a functionally ‘positive’ neural region, containing receptors directly activated by behaviorally-effective drug microinjections. A subtraction mapping procedure was then used to eliminate all surrounding regions containing any ‘negative’ Fos plumes that failed to increase food intake. The subtraction produced a conservative map of the positive site, by eliminating regions that gave mixed effects, and leaving only a positive region that must contain receptors capable of mediating increases in food intake. The resulting mapped ‘opioid eating site’ was contained primarily within the medial caudal subregion of the nucleus accumbens shell, and did not substantially penetrate either into the accumbens core or into other subregions of the shell. Several other structures outside the nucleus accumbens (such as rostral ventral pallidum), immediately medial and adjacent to the shell, also appeared to be included in the functional site. Opioid receptors within this site thus are capable of mediating morphine-induced increases in eating, in part by enhancing the hedonic reward properties of food.
Assessing quality of metaphor interpretation by right hemisphere damaged patients

Patients with right hemisphere damage (RHD) can display various cognitive-linguistic deficits including disrupted comprehension of figurative language such as metaphor (Myers, 1999 and Tompkins, 1995). Most studies documenting figurative language comprehension difficulties have used multiple choice tasks (Van Lancker & Kempler, 1987). Multiple choice formats are generally easier than open-ended verbal explanation formats and, therefore, may be less sensitive and, accordingly, less adequate for documenting clinically relevant changes in the quality of comprehension over time. However, scoring a patient’s extended verbal responses can be subjective. Also, there is uncertainty whether the resulting scores provide only ordinal information or approach interval level measurement, which makes statistical analysis easier. Although scales have been developed for scoring proverb interpretation (Gorham, 1956 and Nippold et al., 1997), we are not aware of a scoring system for representing the quality of metaphor interpretations.
THE SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS CONTAINING PARAQUAT ON AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.

Summary. Herbicide combinations containing paraquat were synergistic and provided control of established Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (quackgrass) sods for the entire growing season. Paraquat applied at 0–5 lb/ac with simazine or diuron at 4–0 lb/ac was more phytotoxic than either herbicide applied singly and the enhanced activity was more than additive. This synergism was not due to increased absorption or translocation of either herbicide in aerial portions of the plant. Paraquat applied to the shoot increased the susceptibility of quackgrass to simazine action through the soil. Pre-treatment of quackgrass with aminotriazole or amitrole-T at 10 lb/ac 7 days before paraquat application at 0–5 lb/ac provided increased toxicity over that obtained when the two herbicides were applied together or singly. Subsequent studies indicated that aminotriazole applications prior to shoot destruction by either paraquat or clipping resulted in more chronic aminotriazole toxicity. Using methyl-14C-paraquat it was found that aminotriazole pre-loading also increased the movement of paraquat in and out of the treated leaf. This increase was even more pronounced with amitrole-T. When the two herbicides were applied together, antagonism in absorption and translocation occurred. Action synergique de combinaisons d'herbicides comprenant du paraquat sur Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Four-story Structured Character Recognition Sensor Image with 3D Integration

This paper describes the design and implementation of a four-story structured character recognition system with three-dimensional (3D) integration. This device is capable of sensing the image of 12 characters at the same time and also recognizing 64 kinds of characters. The efficiency of the device has been verified.
An algorithm for generating color scales for both categorical and ordinal coding

Previous research has shown multihue scales to be well-suited to code categorical features and shown lightness scales to be well-suited to code ordinal quantities. We introduce an algorithm, Motley, that produces color scales varying in both hue and lightness, intended to be effective for both categorical and ordinal coding, allowing users to determine both absolute and relative quantities efficiently and accurately. The algorithm first determines the lightnesses of scale colors to maximize perceived lightness differences and establish the lightness ordering, generating separate search spaces for each scale position. It then selects hues by heuristic search to maximize the discriminability of the scale. It produces scales that are ordered with respect to lightness but unordered with respect to hue and thus more discriminable than typical multihue lightness scales. In an experimental evaluation on human subjects, Motley's scales enabled accurate judgments of relative quantity, with response times superior to unordered multihue scales and comparable to ordered lightness scales, and enabled accuracy and speed of judgments of absolute quantity superior to lightness scales and comparable to multihue scales. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.
Atomic structure of the Cu/Si(111) interface by high-energy core-level Auger electron diffraction

High-energy core-level Auger emission from adsorbed atoms on single-crystal surfaces is accompanied by diffraction and interference effects, similar to those observed in x-ray photoemission. We have used azimuthal anisotropies in the Cu(LMM) intensity at shallow polar angles and a kinematical scattering model to determine the atomic geometry of the annealed one-monolayer-thick Cu/Si(111) interface. The calculated azimuthal intensity distributions are a very sensitive function of surface geometry. Optimal agreement with experiment occurs when the ideal unreconstructed Si(111) surface is allowed to reconstruct to a planar geometry and Cu atoms are placed in hollow sites at a depth of 0.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 A\r{} below the surface plane.
Improvement in Cardiovascular Indices After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy for Morbid Obesity

Background Morbidly obese patients display cardiac abnormalities which are partially reversed after weight loss. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential difference in cardiovascular disease indices between patients who underwent either gastric bypass surgery or sleeve gastrectomy.
Basic Sociologies of Knowledge: On the Nature of Possible Relationships between Ideas and Social Contexts

W hen we speak of sociology of knowledge, most of us know that it deals with a relationship between ideas and the social context in which those ideas are implicated. What seems less clear to many, however, is the nature of this relationship. Certainly the most commonly thought of is that ideas reflect (often mechanically) the social context. If most sociologists were asked to specify other possible relationships that a sociology of knowledge could posit, I suspect they would be hard pressed to do so. Surprisingly, even the major survey texts and readers on the subject do not specify explicitly what these possibilities might be (Curtis and Petras, 1970; Hamilton, 1974; Remmling, 1967, 1973; Stark, 1958; Stehr and Meja, 1984). If one examines the literature on the sociology of knowledge, one finds essentially two ways of analyzing the subject. The first is to discuss the sociology of knowledge in terms of the writings of persons considered important in the area. While there is nothing inherently wrong with approaching the subject this way, and in some ways it has advantages, it does not provide a theoretically justified basis for understanding the sociology of knowledge. Rather, this approach is based on a kind of bio-historical arbitrariness. In the second approach, a conceptual scheme is devised in order to classify and make sense of the various works in the sociology of knowledge. Certainly such conceptual schemes can be quite helpful in sorting out such works and making them more comprehensible. But in none of these schemes is theoretical justification provided for as to why they categorize the sociology of knowledge in a particular way. In this case, a conceptual arbitrariness is introduced. Without theoretical justification for categorization, we can have as many "variants" in the sociology of knowledge as there are people who have taken pen to the subject and are considered its significant figures or as there are imaginative sociologists willing to create conceptual schemes. The purpose of this paper will be to explicitly extrapolate, from a theoretically justified typology for categorizing fundamental forms of sociological
Nuclear science programs at San Jose State University

San Jose State University provides undergraduate, graduate, and outreach programs in nuclear science education that are unique in this country and perhaps in the world. A dedicated Nuclear Science Facility, specifically designed and equipped for undergraduate and graduate nuclear science laboratory work, is a key resource that helps make these programs possible.
Preparation and Characterization of Ligand-Modified Labelled Liposomes for Solid Phase Immunoassays

AbstractSmall unilamellar vesicles conjugated with an enzyme label and with specific ligands for biological molecules may prove to be useful as signal enhancement vehicles in the development of enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays and other detection applications. Bifunctional vesicles have been prepared by covalently attaching horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and monoclonal antibodies to the outside of the lipid bilayer. The reaction conditions were optimized to obtain 7-12 antibody molecules and 100-200 HRP molecules per vesicle. The enzyme retained 70-80% of its specific activity after immobilization with no apparent change in vesicle stability. These bifunctional vesicles were used in a noncompetitive immunoassay for D-Dimer, a fibrin dimer formed at the early stages of thrombogenesis. The assay results using vesicles led to a detection limit for D-Dimer in human plasma which was five times lower than what was achieved using a conventional enzyme-antibody conjugate assay. HRP labelled (bifunctional) lipos...
Cloning and characterization of the G protein βγ subunits from Trichoplusia ni (High Five™ cells)

Baculoviral-mediated expression in insect cells has become a method of choice where high-level protein expression is desired and where expression in Escherichia coliform (E. coli.) is unsuitable. Genes of interest are inserted into the baculoviral genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) under the extremely strong, but very late polyhedron gene (PolH). The preferred host lines are derived from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9 or Sf21) or Tricoplusia ni (High Five, Invitrogen). Viral expression in insect cells is commonly used in the signal transduction field, due to the more than satisfactory capacity to express membrane proteins. However, co-association and/or co-purification of contaminating endogenous host G protein subunits, for example, may potentially threaten the functional and structural homogeneity of membrane preparations. The undefined G protein composition is complicated by the limited sequence data of either the S. frugiperda or Tricoplusia ni genomes. Here we report the isolation of cDNAs encoding two members of the heterotrimeric G protein family, Gbeta (Tn-Gbeta) and Ggamma (Tn-Ggamma), from Tricoplusia ni. Tn-Gbeta shares approximately 90% amino acid sequence identity with Gbeta from Drosophila melanogaster and 84% identity with mammalian Gbeta (human Gbeta1). Tn-Ggamma shares approximately 71% amino acid identity with D. melanogaster Ggamma1 and 42% identity with mammalian Ggamma (human Ggamma2). Tn-Gbetagamma is also functionally similar to mammalian Gbeta1gamma2 by virtue of their capacity to form a complex with mammalian Galpha subunits, support G-protein-dependent agonist binding to a mammalian G protein-coupled receptor (beta2-adrenergic receptor) and directly regulate effectors such as adenylyl cyclase.
Terahertz Pioneer: Richard J. Saykally Water, Water Everywhere $\ldots$

This article presents a biographical account of Richard J. Saykally and his pioneering work on the terahertz spectral properties of water.
Translation, Value, and Space: Theorizing an Ethnographic and Engaged Environmental Anthropology

In this article, I argue for placing the politics of translation and theories of value and spatial production at the center of environmental anthropology. For the past ten years, the Gimi-speaking peoples living in Maimafu village, Papua New Guinea, have taken part in an integrated conservation and development project attempting to foster a local system of valuing “nature” by tying biological diversity to economic markets through the creation of “eco-enterprises.” However, the project fails to consider how Gimi produce, theorize, transmit, and express knowledge. Using ethnographic material concerned with hunting and song composition, I show that Gimi understand their forests to be part of a series of transactive dialectical relationships that work to produce identity and space. I also demonstrate that, as part of this project, Gimi social relations with their forests have been translated in ways that fit their beliefs into generic and easily understandable categories. This has been detrimental to the conservation project and it is politically problematic for an engaged environmental anthropology.
The Role of the Geomagnetic Tail in Substorms

The substorm is a magnetospheric phenomenon in which a large amount of energy is suddenly given to plasma particles at various locations throughout the magnetosphere. It is now generally accepted that the energy required to drive a magnetospheric substorm is supplied by the solar wind, stored in the magnetic field of the tail between substorms, and suddenly released in the form of plasma energy during a substorm. However, there is as yet no wide agreement on the mechanism(s) that govern the behavior of the tail to produce the substorm. Our understanding of this phenomenon ultimately rests on our achieving a quantitative theory of the magnetic merging process in the tail, as well as a quantitative understanding of the origin of the plasma sheet in the tail.
Measurement of applied force on cornea based on common-path optical coherence tomography with external contact reference

We demonstrate experimentally that applied force on a cornea can be accurately measured by using a common-path fiber optical coherence tomography system with an external contact reference.
Guest editorial: Addressing child poverty

THIS SPECIAL EDITION OF Enterprise Development and Microfinance is concerned with the question of investing in children born into and growing up in poverty – and how children in poor families and settings can better be supported to make successful transitions into good livelihoods and decent work as young adults. Across all regions, child poverty has long been an unduly neglected issue in national policy. Its implications for economic development have been underestimated and its impacts on societies, future prosperity, and for disadvantaged children themselves have been poorly understood. Within the global push toward poverty-reduction goals, the persistence of poverty among children needs to be addressed as an urgent priority. Children are by far the most vulnerable to poverty’s damaging effects: harms suffered by poor children, such as stunting in early childhood and learning deprivation, are hard to recover from in later years; such deprivations have major costs, not only for the young people affected but also for their whole societies; and poverty’s effects are powerfully transmitted to the next generation in turn. The elimination of extreme poverty among children cannot be safely left to the forces of economic growth alone. Particularly in quite unequal societies, rising average incomes may not translate powerfully into gains for the poorest children, while improvements in basic services, if they occur, may fail to reach the most deprived. Specific, strongly targeted interventions for the poorest families and children are needed to ensure that girls and boys and young people around the world are able to fulfil their potential, including as future entrepreneurs and wealth-creators. Of the more than 1 billion people currently living in extreme income-poverty, almost half are children, while in low-income countries, some 52 per cent of under-12s live in income-poverty, compared to 42 per cent of people over this age (Olinto et al., 2013). Rates of poverty are significantly higher among children compared to adults in many rich-world countries, too (UNICEF, 2012). Such patterns will continue unless there is a concerted focus on child poverty in its own right. Low family economic status is associated with poor outcomes and major deprivations in young lives. Children born in the lowest household wealth quintile in developing countries are over twice as likely to die before the age of five years as their counterparts in the top quintile, while the prevalence of malnutrition (low weight for age) among young children is about two-and-a-half times higher in the poorest families in developing countries compared to the richest (UNICEF, 2010). The physical stunting of children is not only a poverty trap for them as individuals; it also represents a fundamental squandering of human potential. It leads to long-term, largely irreversible damage – through poorer school performance, lower work capacity, and diminished adult productivity. Girls who suffer under-nutrition
Selfishness, altruism, and inequality aversion toward consumers and farmers

One hypothesis explaining the persistence of farm programs in the United States is the public's altruism toward farmers. We utilize economic experiments to identify the motivations of selfishness, altruism, and inequality aversion toward anonymous members of the general population and toward different types of farmers. We find that people are generally less selfish and more altruistic toward small farmers than other members of the population. We also find that (i) people are more averse to inequality in a market-like setting as compared to a nonmarket setting, (ii) there is significant heterogeneity across people in terms of other-regarding preferences, and (iii) experimental choices accurately predict preferences for “real-world” income re-distribution policies that entail giving up one's own money to benefit farmers, but fail to predict preferences for policies that redistribute others’ incomes.
Computational fluid dynamics modeling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

A detailed steady-state isothermal two-dimensional model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell has been developed. A finite element method was used to solve this multi-component transport model coupled with flow in porous medium, charge balance, electrochemical kinetics, and a rigorous water balance in the membrane. The model-predicted fuel cell performance curves are compared with published experimental results and a good agreement was found. The complex water balance in the membrane was investigated and the operating conditions where the membrane becomes dehydrated were identified. The effects of channel width and bipolar plate shoulder dimensions, porosity, and the relative humidity of the inlet streams on the fuel cell performance are evaluated. It was found that smaller width channels and bipolar plate shoulders were required for high current density operations. As the electrode area under the bipolar plate shoulder increases, the fuel cell benefits more from higher porosity electrodes. The anode gas stream's relative humidity was found to be more critical for fuel cell performance than the cathode gas relative humidity.
Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen

The purpose of this study was to investigate interrater and intrarater reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) with real-time administration with raters of different educational background and experience. The FMS was assessed with real-time administration in healthy injury-free men and women and included a certified FMS rater for comparison with other raters. A relatively new tool, the FMS, was developed to screen 7 individual movement patterns to classify subjects' injury risk. Previous reliability studies have been published with only one investigating intrarater reliability. These studies had limitations in study design and clinical applicability such as the use of only video to rate or the use of raters without comparison to a certified FMS rater. Raters (n = 4) with varying degrees of FMS experience and educational levels underwent a 2-hour FMS training session. Subjects (n = 19) were rated during 2 sessions, 1 week apart, using standard FMS protocol and equipment. Interrater reliability was good for session 1 (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.89) and for session 2 (ICC = 0.87). The individual FMS movements showed hurdle step as the least reliable (ICC = 0.30 for session 1 and 0.35 for session 2), whereas the most reliable was shoulder mobility (ICC = 0.98 for session 1 and 0.96 for session 2). Intrarater reliability was good for all raters (ICC = 0.81-0.91), with similar ICC regardless of education or previous experience with FMS. The results showed that the FMS could be consistently scored by people with varying degrees of experience with the FMS after a 2-hour training session. Intrarater reliability was not increased with FMS certification.
Genitourinary Gonorrhea Presenting as Mild Arthritis

It has long been recognized that post-gonococcal arthritis may take one of two forms: disseminated gonococcemia with acute septic arthritis and a milder self limited disease with few systemic symptoms. The findings in this patient suggest that occult genitourinary gonococcal infection is a meaningful differential diagnosis in patients with unexplained mild arthritic symptoms.
TeleIntervention: Improving Service Delivery to Young Children With Hearing Loss and Their Families Through Telepractice

As telecommunication technology continues to evolve, opportunities are emerging for telepractice to meet the communication needs of children with hearing loss. As well, documented shortages of well...
The Culture of Poverty and Learned Helplessness: A Social Psychological Perspective*

This paper links the sociological work of Ball on the analgesic subculture-a subculture of Appalachian poverty-with the sociological research of Merton on adaptation, the social psychological research of Seeman on alienation, and the psychological research of Seligman on learned helplessness. We suggest that (1) Ball's cultural explanation work has not been pursued because it has not been integrated with relevant structural and relevant psychological theory and (2) the analgesic subculture of Appalachia is an extreme intensification of the consequences of alienation resulting in a psychology of learned helplessness.
Wound classification reporting in HPB surgery: can a single word change public perception of institutional performance?

Abstract Introduction The drive to improve outcomes and the inevitability of mandated public reporting necessitate uniform documentation and accurate databases. The reporting of wound classification in patients undergoing hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) surgery and the impact of inconsistencies on quality metrics were investigated. Methods The 2005–2011 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) participant use file was interrogated to identify patients undergoing HPB resections. The effect of wound classification on post-operative surgical site infection (SSI) rates was determined through logistic regression. The impact of variations in wound classification reporting on perceived outcomes was modelled by simulating observed-to-expected (O/E) ratios for SSI. Results In total, 27 376 patients were identified with significant heterogeneity in wound classification. In spite of clear guidelines prompting at least ‘clean-contaminated’ designation for HPB resections, 8% of all cases were coded as ‘clean’. Contaminated [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.39, P = 0.001] and dirty (AOR: 1.42, P = 0.02] cases were associated with higher odds of SSI, whereas clean-contaminated were not ( P = 0.99). O/E ratios were highly sensitive to modest changes in wound classification. Conclusions Perceived performance is affected by heterogeneous reporting of wound classification. As institutions work to improve outcomes and prepare for public reporting, it is imperative that all adhere to consistent reporting practices to provide accurate and reproducible outcomes.
Evolutionary expansion and divergence in the ZNF91 subfamily of primate-specific zinc finger genes

Most genes are conserved in mammals, but certain gene families have acquired large numbers of lineage-specific loci through repeated rounds of gene duplication, divergence, and loss that have continued in each mammalian group. One such family encodes KRAB-zinc finger (KRAB-ZNF) proteins, which function as transcriptional repressors. One particular subfamily of KRAB-ZNF genes, including ZNF91, has expanded specifically in primates to comprise more than 110 loci in the human genome. Genes of the ZNF91 subfamily reside in large gene clusters near centromeric regions of human chromosomes 19 and 7 with smaller clusters or isolated copies in other locations. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that many of these genes arose before the split between the New and Old World monkeys, but the ZNF91 subfamily has continued to expand and diversify throughout the evolution of apes and humans. Paralogous loci are distinguished by divergence within their zinc finger arrays, indicating selection for proteins with different regulatory targets. In addition, many loci produce multiple alternatively spliced transcripts encoding proteins that may serve separate and perhaps even opposing regulatory roles because of the modular motif structure of KRAB-ZNF genes. The tissue-specific expression patterns and rapid structural divergence of ZNF91 subfamily genes suggest a role in determining gene expression differences between species and the evolution of novel primate traits.
Regenerating muscle fibers induce directional sprouting from nearby nerve terminals: studies in living mice

The principal aim of this work was to better understand how regenerating muscle fibers become innervated in adult animals. To induce muscle regeneration, individual identified muscle fibers in a mouse were damaged with a laser focused through a microscope. The muscle fiber that degenerated and the muscle fiber that was formed in its place were followed by viewing the same site repeatedly over a period of 2 d to 40 weeks. Commonly, the nerve terminal innervating the irradiated muscle fiber partially retracted during muscle fiber degeneration, and then sprouted to innervate the regenerating muscle fiber at the same site it had previously innervated the muscle fiber that was damaged. During the early phase of muscle regeneration we also observed sprouts originating from nerve terminals on adjacent muscle fibers. The new nerve growth was a response to the regenerating muscle fiber rather than to the degenerated fiber it replaced because repeated damage of the same site every 2–3 d over a 10 d period (to prevent regeneration) did not cause any sprouting. The direction of the sprouts on adjacent muscle fibers showed a bias toward the regenerating muscle fiber, although they avoided the region occupied by the original nerve terminal. Forty percent of the sprouts managed to reach the regenerated fiber. Nonetheless, by 11 d after muscle fiber damage, all sprouts had regressed, leaving the new fiber innervated by the same motor axon that innervated the fiber that was damaged. On the other hand, when the overlying nerve terminal as well as the muscle fiber was damaged, the sprouts from nearby muscle fibers were both more numerous and more stable, and in five cases we observed two or more new synaptic junctions on the regenerating fiber originating from different axons. In one case we witnessed a protracted competition between the original motor axon as it sprouted back and the sprouts from nearby junctions for sole innervation of the regenerate. Ultimately, the surviving sprouts myelinated and became the permanent and exclusive input to the new fiber. These results indicate that regenerating muscle fibers emit a signal that induces directional sprouting from nearby undamaged nerve terminals. Reinnervation of the regenerating muscle fiber by one axon apparently prevents the maintenance of such neurites. Because the process of muscle regeneration shares many features in common with myogenesis during embryonic development, it is likely that developing muscle fibers present an analogous stimulus to ingrowing motor axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Importance of biogenic precursors to the budget of organic nitrates: observations of multifunctional organic nitrates by CIMS and TD-LIF during BEARPEX 2009

Abstract. Alkyl and multifunctional organic nitrates, molecules of the chemical form RONO2, are products of chain terminating reactions in the tropospheric HOx and NOx catalytic cycles and thereby impact ozone formation locally. Many of the molecules in the class have lifetimes that are long enough that they can be transported over large distances. If the RONO2 then decompose to deliver NOx to remote regions they affect ozone production rates in locations distant from the original NOx source. While measurements of total RONO2 (ΣANs) and small straight chain alkyl nitrates are routine, measurements of the specific multifunctional RONO2 molecules that are believed to dominate the total have rarely been reported and never reported in coincidence with ambient ΣANs measurements. Here we describe observations obtained during the BEARPEX 2009 experiment including ΣANs and a suite of multifunctional nitrates including isoprene derived hydroxynitrates, oxidation products of those nitrates, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) derived hydroxynitrates, and monoterpene nitrates. At the BEARPEX field site, the sum of the individual biogenically derived nitrates account for two-thirds of the ΣANs, confirming predictions of the importance of biogenic nitrates to the NOy budget. Isoprene derived nitrates, transported to the site, are a much larger fraction of the ΣANs at the site than the nitrates derived from the locally emitted MBO. Evidence for additional nitrates, possibly from nocturnal chemistry of isoprene and α-pinene, is presented.
Correction to "Diffraction Corrections to Fields Specularly Reflected by a Smooth 2-D Surface"

The author corrects an equation from his original article (see ibid., vol.54, no.10, p.2703-12, Oct. 2006).
An examination of building block dynamics in different representations

We compare the traditional, fixed genetic algorithm (GA) representation scheme with a floating representation scheme and examine the differences in building block dynamics and how these differences affect a GA's ability to balance exploration and exploitation of building blocks. This study examines both the overall performance of a GA and the detailed events that contribute to overall behavior. Results indicate that the floating representation allows a GA to maintain a higher-level of construction which results in a more diverse population from which to build solutions.
The distribution of the ratio of independent central wishart determinants

Ratios of independent central Wishart determinants are useful statistics in multivariate analyses, particularly in the study of multivariate linear models. A method based on the inversion of characteristic functions is outlined for deriving new experessions for the probability distribution functions of the logarithms of these statistics. Accurate tables of the percentiles of these distributions have been obtained covering many bivariate and trivariate cases which have been computed by approximating these expression.
Synchrony and neural coding in cerebellar circuits

The cerebellum regulates complex movements and is also implicated in cognitive tasks, and cerebellar dysfunction is consequently associated not only with movement disorders, but also with conditions like autism and dyslexia. How information is encoded by specific cerebellar firing patterns remains debated, however. A central question is how the cerebellar cortex transmits its integrated output to the cerebellar nuclei via GABAergic synapses from Purkinje neurons. Possible answers come from accumulating evidence that subsets of Purkinje cells synchronize their firing during behaviors that require the cerebellum. Consistent with models predicting that coherent activity of inhibitory networks has the capacity to dictate firing patterns of target neurons, recent experimental work supports the idea that inhibitory synchrony may regulate the response of cerebellar nuclear cells to Purkinje inputs, owing to the interplay between unusually fast inhibitory synaptic responses and high rates of intrinsic activity. Data from multiple laboratories lead to a working hypothesis that synchronous inhibitory input from Purkinje cells can set the timing and rate of action potentials produced by cerebellar nuclear cells, thereby relaying information out of the cerebellum. If so, then changing spatiotemporal patterns of Purkinje activity would allow different subsets of inhibitory neurons to control cerebellar output at different times. Here we explore the evidence for and against the idea that a synchrony code defines, at least in part, the input–output function between the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. We consider the literature on the existence of simple spike synchrony, convergence of Purkinje neurons onto nuclear neurons, and intrinsic properties of nuclear neurons that contribute to responses to inhibition. Finally, we discuss factors that may disrupt or modulate a synchrony code and describe the potential contributions of inhibitory synchrony to other motor circuits.
Initial research on schedule interface with shop floor control system

This paper investigates the integration of scheduling with a shop floor control system in general, and a simulation-based shop floor control system in particular. Simplifications and assumptions made in traditional operations scheduling, such as disregarding material handling and buffers, have created questions concerning the fidelity of scheduling and implementing them in production systems. Since the simulation is used as an online task generator in a simulation-based control system, invalid schedules cause catastrophic results or system deadlocking (blocking) on the shop floor. In this paper, the assumptions made in scheduling are investigated in order to determine if schedules can be actually implemented as intended. In addition, two prominent scheduling algorithms, Johnson's algorithm and Jackson's algorithm, are investigated to determine whether and in what conditions they work properly.
Ionic conductivity enhancement of sputtered gold nanoparticle-in-ionic liquid electrolytes

Ionic liquids (ILs) are being widely investigated as advanced electrolytes within electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) due to their inherent ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical windows, essentially zero volatility, and high temperature stability. Despite being composed entirely of ions, the ionic conductivity of a typical IL is significantly hindered by its high viscosity, rendering it akin to normal electrolytes. In this light, in order to increase the applicability of IL electrolytes, it is of the utmost priority to discover approaches for improving the electrochemical properties of ILs without adversely affecting their other beneficial attributes. In this work, we make important strides toward this goal by employing low energy sputtering to generate novel electrolytes comprising gold nanoparticle dispersions within the prototypical IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, [emim][EtSO4]. This study also afforded the unique opportunity to investigate nanoscale growth mechanisms occurring within the IL. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses revealed that when the IL contained a substantial fraction of sub-nanometer-sized particles, the double-layer capacitance was increased by ∼190%, concomitant with a bulk electrolyte resistance decrease of ∼70% with respect to a gold-free control. An exponential rise in resistance accompanied by a proportional decrease in capacitance accompanies nanoparticle growth until a critical size is reached—typically within 10 h at room temperature—beyond which the final capacitance is typically ∼60% higher than the control with an electrolyte resistance similar to the control. Overall, our results reveal an anomalous capacitance increase and low internal resistance for nanoparticle-in-IL dispersions, suggesting intriguing potential as electrolytes for next-generation EDLCs, fuel cells, and sensors.