cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summer and Follow-Up Interventions to Affect Adiposity with Mothers and Daughters

Background The development of effective obesity interventions to reduce adiposity indicators in Latina girls is a public health priority because of their increased risk for becoming overweight. Research indicates that the summer season may be a critical time to intervene because summer exacerbates children's risk for excessive weight gain and increased body fat development. Purpose The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine if summer and follow-up interventions reduce adiposity in Latina girls; (2) to assess if such interventions reduce adiposity in Latina girls after controlling for their mothers' adiposity measures. Design This study had a non-experimental (one-group pre- and multiple post-intervention assessment) design. Following a 4-week healthy-lifestyle summer program, each mother–daughter pair participated in 12 weekly follow-up sessions. Setting/participants The sample consisted of 61 pairs of Latina girls and their mothers (N=122). Daughters' average age was 10.9 years (±1.6 years) and mothers' average age was 38.0 years (±1.6 years). All daughters and 92% of the mothers were categorized as overweight/obese. Main outcome measures Percent body fat (%BF), abdominal fat, and height and weight measurements to calculate BMI were conducted at pre-intervention (M1 [baseline]) and three post-intervention time points (M2 [Month 2]; M3 [Month 3]; and M4 [Month 6]). Paired sample t -tests were used to assess the differences in adiposity among the daughters from M1 to M4. Repeated-measures ANCOVA tests were used to control for mother's adiposity. Results Reductions of %BF ( p p p Conclusions Results from this study revealed that a summer intervention appears to be effective in reducing adiposity in Latina girls, but the follow-up sessions did not result in sustaining continued reductions. Maternal measures did not influence their daughters' adiposity measures.
Integrated Care: Nonfasting Screening for Cardiovascular Risk Among Individuals Taking Second-Generation Antipsychotics

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality among adults with severe mental illness. Although gains in reducing mortality from IHD through screening, risk reduction, and early intervention have been realized for the general public, rates of recognition and treatment among individuals with mental illness continue to be poor. Obtaining blood samples from patients who have been fasting for eight to 12 hours is challenging for adults with severe mental illness and presents an additional obstacle to screening and treatment. This column outlines newer guidelines for cholesterol and diabetes screening that provide valid alternatives to fasting blood draws, thereby significantly reducing this common barrier to recognition of leading risk factors for IHD.
Modeled Particle Signatures of Magnetic Structures in the Geomagnetic Tail

Using noninteracting particle simulation in prescribed fields, we present a range of potential particle signatures for several models of magnetic structures in the geomagnetic tail. We consider X-type neutral lines, weak fieldd regions, O-type neutral lines, flux ropes, and some combinations of structures, both symmetric and asymmetric. We concentrate on predictions of the variety of qualitative features one might be able to observe in the presence of these structures. Results include previously known features such as dips in the distribution function at resonant energies, ridges and sharp dropoffs, and field-aligned beams. In addition to these, new features including “cliffs”, “box canyons”, and quasi-trapped regions are seen. This catalog of potential signatures may be useful in interpreting data from the AMPTE spacecraft and from the recently launched Galileo, GEOTAIL and Interball spacecraft.
Orientation of the HAARP ELF ionospheric dipole and the auroral electrojet

[1] The HF heating facility of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP), located near Gakona, Alaska, generates ELF (300 Hz - 3 kHz) waves via modulated HF (2.7–10 MHz) heating of the auroral electrojet. Using two ELF/VLF receivers at ∼700 km from HAARP, the orientation of the equivalent ELF radiating ionospheric dipole is inferred from the relative strength and Earth-ionosphere waveguide modal content of signals received. In several cases analyzed the effective HAARP electric dipole orientation is generally along magnetic east-west direction. A new metric is introduced to evaluate the validity of the determination of source characteristics with medium and long-range ELF/VLF measurements. Results are put into context of the auroral electrojet, indicating the possibility of studying small-scale electrojet structure not observable with magnetometers.
Inhibition of lipolysis by hypoxia in puppies.

Summary and ConclusionsUpon breathing 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen, 10 puppies, 21-35 days of age, became severely hypoxic and developed partially compensated metabolic acidosis. Marked falls in plasma glycerol (.48 ± .16 μmole/ml, mean change ± S.D.) and FFA (.35 ± .15 μeq/ml) indicate that lipolysis was inhibited with hypoxia. It is suggested that products of anaerobic glycolysis contribute to the decreased FFA mobilization. Evidence implying that insulin is also involved is incomplete. Although diminished lipolysis may play a role in decreased heat and energy production in the severely hypoxic mammal, its relative importance needs to be resolved.
Success of women in a worksite weight loss program: does being part of a group help?

Abstract This study reports the results of a worksite weight loss program which allowed female hospital and nursing home employees to enroll in a worksite weight loss program as individuals or as part of a group. After 8 weeks, employees (irrespective of group versus individual participation) lost an average of 6.2 lb and 1.5% body fat. The initial weight, body fat, and body mass index reductions were all significantly greater, in absolute and percentage terms, among group participants than individual participants. Weight reduction averaged 7.6 + 1.1 lb for group participants and 4.2 + 6.4 lb for individual participants; body fat reduction was 1.7 + 1.3% for group participants and 0.9 + 1.3% for individual participants. Exercising more frequently was significantly associated with weight loss in those participating as a group, while following a written diet plan was significantly associated with weight loss in those participating as individuals.
The Role of Guidelines in Stroke

Clinical practice guidelines have been developed to improve patient outcomes, reduce variability in care, and decrease health care expenditures by providing an organized framework to diagnosis and treatment. Numerous guidelines have been published about different aspects of stroke care. The application of guidelines to the “real world” situation of the individual patient has often been less successful, however. The rationale for guidelines, as they pertain to cerebrovascular disease, are reviewed as well as some of the barriers to guideline implementation.
Studies on cell growth and cell division. II. Selective activity of chloramphenicol and azaserine on cell growth and cell division.

A simplified practical procedure for the study of drug action on cell growth and cell division as two distinct processes is described. To illustrate one of the many uses of this system, the selective activity of two antibiotics, chloramphenicol and ataserine on cell growth and cell division is demonstrated.
Mitoxantrone and Fludarabine in the Treatment of Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Failing Primary Therapy with a Doxorubicin-or Mitoxantrone-Containing Regimen

Patients with recurrent lymphoma of any grade were treated with mitoxantrone (12 mg/m2 given intravenously (IV) over 15–30 minutes on day 1) followed by fludarabine at a dose of (25 mg/m 2 given IV over 30 minutes on days 1–3) every 28 days fludarabine at a dose of(25 mg/m2 given IV over 30 minutes on days 1–3) every 28 days. All patients had failed one prior chemotherapy regimen that contained either doxorubicin or mitoxantrone, total dose not exceeding 350 mg/m2 doxorubicin or 80 mg/m2 mitoxantrone. mitoxantrone. Thirty one patients (22 with intermediate-or high-grade and 9 with low-grade NHL) were enrolled. Median age was 63 years (range: 21 to 87). The objective response rate for patients with intermediate/high-grade NHL was 55% (27% with CR) and 89% (56% with CR) for patients with low-grade NHL. Median time to disease progression was 5.1 months for patients with intermediate/high-grade NHL and 10.8 months for patients with low-grade NHL. Median time to death for patients with intermediate/high-grade ...
ROLE OF ADRENAL MEDULLA IN MORPHINE-INDUCED HYPERTHERMIA THROUGH CENTRAL ACTION

The role of the adrenal glands, in morphine-induced hyperthermia was studied in normal, chemically-sympathectomized, adrenalectomized, adrenal-demedullated or splanchnicotomized rats. 2. In restrained female rats, 5 mg/kg morphine produced hyperthermia whereas 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg produced hyperthermia. 3. After adrenalectomy, 5 mg/kg morphine did not produce hyperthermia. 4. After adrenal-demedullation or adrenal-denervation (splanchnicotomy), 5 mg/kg morphine did not produce hyperthermia. 5. The results suggest that, in the rat, the adrenal medulla plays an important role in morphine-induced hyperthermia, and that morphine acts centrally to stimulate the medulla.
Combining multiple pedagogies to boost learning and enthusiasm

This paper describes the pedagogy we applied in a 5-week class, in which students taught themselves (and each other) a new language, new OS, GUI programming, and simple networking for collaborative games. They learned communication, negotiation, collaboration, presentation and teamwork skills; and project design and iterative development. We had four goals: increased learning, enthusiasm about CS, confidence in technical ability and communication skills. To achieve these goals, we decided to rely solely on the integration of teaching techniques that we believed would be highly effective: collaborative teams, student presentations, student critique of work, open-ended projects of student design, iterative process, journal re-ection, and motivation through helping others. The students had to learn about each technique through discussion, modeling, and moderated practice. We focused on this process learning and trusted that the technical material would come from solving the (unspecified) assignments. This focus left no time for traditional teaching activities. We present quantitative and qualitative results from a student survey and the students' re-ective journals. Students reported learning at a greater rate than in other CS courses while maintaining (and in some cases acquiring) a high level of enthusiasm and confidence.
GORTER-MELLINK HEAT TRANSPORT IN He-II TRANSVERSE TO TUBE BANKS AND THROUGH DUCTS OF NONUNIFORM CROSS SECTION

Heat transport in the practical range of fluxes (/approximately/1 W/cm/sup 2/) obeys the nonlinear Gorter-Mellink relation /rvec q/ = -K(/del/T)/sup 1/3/. In this paper, we study steady-state Gorter- Mellink heat transport through a plane duct of nonuniform cross section and transverse to a bank of parallel tubes with adiabatic surfaces ranged in either a square or triangular lattice. Both problems are solved by the method of complementary variational principles. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
With Limitation Comes Inspiration: The Case for Interior Prefabrication

I have found that it is generally assumedwhen I initially speak about the prefabricated interior, and students are no exception, that it is just another conversation on prefabricated architecture. However, the topic is, in fact, a reconsideration of prefabrication from the interior perspective (Schneiderman 2012). In their exploration of the prefabricated interior, my students have found inspiration from the limitations assumed when discussing prefab. Prefabrication is typically understood as mass produced and fixed, designed without a specific user in mind, and therefore not customized to the individual. Within the prefabricated interior, however, the ability to combine widely available and varied mass-produced and prefabricated elements of the interior have increased the possibility of individualization.
Water Treeing in Polyethylene - A Review of Mechanisms

A literature survey on the mechanisms of water-treeing electrical cables is presented. The survey provides an introduction, some background, and examples of current research on water-treeing mechanisms. The mechanisms of water-treeing have been broken into three categories: chemical, electrical, and mechanical. Along with discussion on the types of mechanisms, methods are discussed for reducing tree growth by fillers, additives, or structural changes in polyethylene. Some interesting new theories have been proposed which may help to explain the appearance and growth of water trees in electric cables.
Laboratory experiments on internal wave interactions with a pycnocline

Laboratory experiments have been performed to investigate the interaction of internal waves with a pycnocline. An oscillating cylinder generated internal wave beams, which were observed using the synthetic schlieren technique. Internal waves incident on the pycnocline layer excited higher-frequency modes. In the absence of shear, a discrete spectrum of harmonic modes was generated due to nonlinear effects. These harmonic modes might play a role in the formation of internal solitary waves which have been observed in ocean pycnoclines. With shear, a continuous spectrum of excited modes was found.
The relative effects of pre- and postattention directing devices on learning from a walk-through museum exhibit

Twenty-eight seventh and eighth grade students were randomly assigned to two treatments and a control as they entered the Florida State Museum. All subjects were given set induction materials saying in effect: (1) Treatment-Study the wall panel which is part of the cave exhibit and describes the many biologic relationships and organisms in the cave at the cave entrance. Continue into the cave and study the habitat. When you exit the cave you will be given a test to see how much you learned; (2) Treatment II-Enter the cave and study that habitat. When you exit at the other end, study the wall panel which is part of the cave exit and describes the many biologic relationships and organisms in the cave. After studying this panel you will be given a test to see how much you learned; (3) Control-You will take a walk through exhibits depicting a variety of Florida Habitats and later see a film on the Habitats of Florida that are represented in the museum. Then you will be given a test to determine how much you know about one type of habitat. Both treatments and the control spent equivalent time at their tasks and were confronted with either the cave exhibit as described or the equivalent control experiences. A 25 item criterion test was designed to measure the acquisition of conceptual and factual knowledge and specific attentional factors relative to both the cave and the instructional panel. A Kr-20 indicated that this instrument had a reliability coefficient of 0.80. It was anticipated that the panel, used as an attention directing and controlling device prior to entering the cave (Treatment I) or upon exiting the cave (Treatment II), would function as a forward-shaping or backward review prompting adjunct, hence both should be significantly more effective than the control. This was confirmed (df 2,28; F 8.09) p < 0.01. It was also expected that the forward shaping panel would be more effective than the backward review panel in the tradition of inserted questions in prose research. Although the differences were in this direction, they were not significant (p≤ 0.10).
Federal Reserve transparency: The more things change, the more they stay the same?

The calculus of electoral politics and the central bank’s bureaucratic objectives can explain the recent trend toward greater Federal Reserve transparency and can shed light on the likelihood that this trend will continue. If incumbent politicians see no electoral advantage in pressuring the Fed to become still more transparent, and if the Fed sees no benefit to greater transparancy, then further changes in current practice are unlikely. Private sector agents will continue to face a significant degree of uncertainty about the Fed’s policy objectives and about the information that policymakers consider in the monetary policy decision process.
Effect of hormonal and dietary treatments on lipogenesis from acetate in hereditarily obese hyperglycemic mice.

Es wird die Wirkung einer Behandlung mit verschiedenen Hormonen und Kostformen auf den Azetateinbau in Fettsauren bei erblich fettsuchtigen Mausen und ihren normalen Geschwistern aus dem gleichen Wurf untersucht. Insulin, mit und ohne Glukose verabreicht, steigert die Lipogenese bei beiden Mausetypen. Wachstumshormon und Glukagon vermindern den Azetateinbau bei den fettsuchtigen, vermehren ihn aber bei nichtfetten Tieren. Glukagon bewirkt bei normalen Tieren eine Steigerung der Einbaurate, die der bei unbehandelten fettsuchtigen gleichkommt. Futterung einer fettreichen Kost senkt die Lipogenese bei fettsuchtigen Mausen in starkerem Ausmass als bei nichtfettsuchtigen.
Self-calibration of a cone-beam micro-CT system.

Use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is becoming more frequent. For proper reconstruction, the geometry of the CBCT systems must be known. While the system can be designed to reduce errors in the geometry, calibration measurements must still be performed and corrections applied. Investigators have proposed techniques using calibration objects for system calibration. In this study, the authors present methods to calibrate a rotary-stage CB micro-CT (CBμCT) system using only the images acquired of the object to be reconstructed, i.e., without the use of calibration objects. Projection images are acquired using a CBμCT system constructed in the authors’ laboratories. Dark- and flat-field corrections are performed. Exposure variations are detected and quantified using analysis of image regions with an unobstructed view of the x-ray source. Translations that occur during the acquisition in the horizontal direction are detected, quantified, and corrected based on sinogram analysis. The axis of rotation is determined using registration of antiposed projection images. These techniques were evaluated using data obtained with calibration objects and phantoms. The physical geometric axis of rotation is determined and aligned with the rotational axis (assumed to be the center of the detector plane) used in the reconstruction process. The parameters describing this axis agree to within 0.1 mm and 0.3 deg with those determined using other techniques. Blurring due to residual calibration errors has a point-spread function in the reconstructed planes with a full-width-at-half-maximum of less than 125 μm in a tangential direction and essentially zero in the radial direction for the rotating object. The authors have used this approach on over 100 acquisitions over the past 2 years and have regularly obtained high-quality reconstructions, i.e., without artifacts and no detectable blurring of the reconstructed objects. This self-calibrating approach not only obviates calibration runs, but it also provides quality control data for each data set.
Two opacification patterns of the same hydrophilic acrylic polymer: Case reports and clinicopathological correlation

We report 2 intraocular lenses (IOLs) manufactured from the same hydrophilic acrylic polymer by Ioltech that developed optic opacification. In both cases, the postoperative course after implantation of the IOLs was complicated by significant inflammatory reaction with fibrin formation in the anterior chamber. Pathologic analyses of the explanted IOLs were consistent with dystrophic calcification leading to optic opacification, but the pattern was different between the 2 IOL designs. Patient-related factors might have been responsible for this complication.
HIV-1 Induced Nuclear Factor I-B (NF-IB) Expression Negatively Regulates HIV-1 Replication through Interaction with the Long Terminal Repeat Region

Background: Retroviruses rely on host factors for cell entry, replication, transcription, and other major steps during their life cycle. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) is well known for utilizing a plethora of strategies to evade the host immune response, including the establishment of latent infection within a subpopulation of susceptible cells. HIV-1 also manipulates cellular factors in latently infected cells and persists for long periods of time, despite the presence of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Results: In this study we demonstrate that Nuclear Factor-IB (NF-IB) is induced during HIV-1 infection and its expression negatively impacts viral replication. During HIV-1 infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the T cell line, Jurkat or during induction of virus replication in latently infected cells, ACH2 and J1.1, we observed a time-dependent alteration in NF-IB expression pattern that correlated with HIV-1 viral expression. Using the Chip assay, we observed an association of NF-IB with the long terminal repeat region of HIV-1 (LTR) (-386 to -453 nt), and this association negatively correlated with HIV-1 transcription. Furthermore, knock-down of NF-IB levels in J1.1 cells resulted in an increase of HIV-1 levels. Knock-down of NF-IB levels in J-Lat-Tat-GFP (A1), (a Jurkat cell GFP reporter model for latent HIV-1 infection) resulted in an increase in GFP levels, indicating a potential negative regulatory role of NF-IB in HIV-1 replication. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that NF-IB may play a role in intrinsic antiretroviral defenses against HIV-1. These observations may offer new insights into the correlation of the latently infected host cell types and HIV-1, and help to define new therapeutic approaches for triggering the switch from latency to active replication thereby eliminating HIV-1 latent infection.
Aspen (Populus tremuloides) stand dynamics and understory plant community changes over 46 years near Crested Butte, Colorado, USA

Abstract Aspen stands in the Rocky Mountains form especially productive and diverse plant understory communities. However, little is known about canopy–understory relationships or understory dynamics, especially in light of widespread aspen decline. The purpose of our research was to assess recent aspen plant community dynamics by resampling 19 sites sampled in 1964 and 1994 near Crested Butte, Colorado. In 2010, we replicated previous sampling methods to measure canopy structure and understory composition at each site. In contrast with the conclusions of previous work in the study area, sampled aspen stands did not exhibit long-term stability, nor were they succeeding to conifers. Over the 46-year sample period, live aspen density and basal area both decreased significantly (3151–1605 stems ha−1; 39.2–33.7 m2 ha−1), with more pronounced decreases over the most recent sampling interval, 1994–2010. These changes appear linked to natural patterns of stand maturation, but may also have been enhanced by recent, drought-triggered mortality, as well as constraints on aspen regeneration imposed by elk and livestock. A striking decrease in the cover and frequency of fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) was consistent with expectations of aging stands initiated by historic fire, and the expansion of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) indicated strong effects of ungulate herbivory. Recent overstory losses had little effect on understory communities, which were dominated by a suite of large perennial herbs that showed little change over the sampling interval, including Fendler’s meadowrue (Thalictrum fendleri), osha (Ligusticum porteri), elk and dryspike sedge (Carex geyeri and C. siccata), and blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus). Understory community composition was not closely related to current stand conditions or light levels, but was linked with regional elevational and geographic gradients and historic (1994) stand structure.
Copper uptake by silica and iron oxide under high surface coverage conditions: surface charge and sorption equilibrium modeling.

Abstract A sorption modeling approach based on surface complexation concepts was applied to predict copper uptake and its effects on the surface electrostatic potential of ferric oxide and silica colloids. Equilibrium modeling of copper uptake by ferric oxide using the traditional surface complexation model (SCM) was reasonably successful with some discrepancies especially in the acidic pH ranges and high colloid concentration cases. Good predictions of the ferric oxide charge reversals during uptake were obtained from the modeling. Based on the SCM predictions, copper removal from solution is due to the outer-sphere complexation of the first hydrolysis product, resulting in the surface-metal complex SO − CuOH + . The SCM was found to be insufficient to describe copper uptake by silica particles. To address discrepancies between experimental data and SCM predictions, the SCM was modified to include attributes of the surface polymer model (SPM), which incorporates sorption of the dimeric copper species Cu 2 (OH) 2 2+ . The continuum model (CM) was also studied as a second modification to the SCM to include formation of surface precipitates. Both the SPM and the CM were successful in modeling copper uptake and ζ potential variations as a function of pH at various solution conditions and colloid concentrations. From the SPM and CM predictions, it was concluded that for systems with high surface loadings, copper removal from solution occurs due to the formation of both monomeric and dimeric surface complexes, as well as through precipitation mechanisms.
Cell proliferation during cardiac growth

Abstract During the embryonic development of the myocardium both undifferentiated cells and cells containing muscle-specific proteins divide. As the heart grows and approaches maturity, its muscle cells progressively lose their mitotic activity; myocardial cell enlargement then becomes the principal process by which the heart as a whole enlarges. Mitotic figures in nuclei of heart muscle cells are frequent in the neonatal rat but become very rare at about the third month of postnatal life. Both in the developing and adult animal the work load is one of the determinants of cardiac size. The cytologic features of cardiac enlargement depend on the stage of development of the heart at the time when the stimulus to growth occurs. A work load imposed on embryonic or early neonatal hearts results in enlargement characterized by an increase in both the number and size of myocardial cells. The adult heart enlarges only by enlargement of its component muscle cells. Division of ventricular muscle cells in mammals is not activated after cardiac injury. The inability of ventricular myocardial cells to regenerate stands in sharp contrast to skeletal muscle, which is capable of considerable tissue repair, involving both regeneration of individual fibers and reconstitution of the whole muscle.
Insects of war, terror and torture

Whether natural or intentional, the security threats posed by arthropods — from assassin bugs to disease-carrying pests — should be of concern to us all, explains Kenneth J. Linthicum. Humans have been fighting mosquitoes and other menacing insects for centuries. But humans, too, have recruited insects in order to inflict harm. In Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War, Jeffrey Lockwood provides a surprisingly long list of examples, from 'bee bombs' to modern bio-warfare with insect pests. Reviewer Kenneth Linthicum endorses Lockwood's pessimistic view of the world's readiness to cope with future threats from military operations, accidental introductions or bioterrorism. As Alan Landsburg once wrote: the insects are coming.
Drug Courts: Current Issues and Future Perspectives

This article provides an overview of the evolution of the "drug court" concept in the United States, from its introduction in Miami in 1989 to the over 1300 programs now operating or being planned in every state. The topics covered will include: a) a description of the drug court process and services compared with the traditional adjudication process; b) principal findings to date, including what has been learned and what still needs to be studied; c) implications of the drug court concept for other aspects of the U.S. justice system; and d) unresolved critical issues that will impact upon its future development.
Management of Urethral Stricture in Women

Purpose: We describe the diagnosis and treatment of urethral strictures in women.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified female urethral strictures from 1998 to 2010. Study inclusion criteria were 1) clinical diagnosis of stricture, 2) stricture seen on cystoscopy, 3) urethral obstruction on videourodynamics according to the Blaivas-Groutz nomogram and/or 4) urethral caliber less than 17Fr. Postoperative recurrence was defined by the preoperative criteria.Results: We identified 17 women with a mean age of 62 years (range 32 to 91) with stricture. Stricture was idiopathic in 8 patients, iatrogenic in 6, traumatic in 2 and associated with a urethral diverticulum in 1. Videourodynamics could not be done in 3 women due to complete obliteration of the urethra. Ten of 14 patients satisfied videourodynamic criteria for obstruction and 4 had impaired detrusor contractility. Nine women underwent vaginal flap urethroplasty, including 5 who also had a pubovaginal sling and 1 who had a Martius flap. One ...
The Complexity of Implementing Culture Change Practices in Nursing Homes

Purpose The culture change (CC) movement aims to transform the traditional nursing home (NH) that is institutional in design with hierarchical management structure into a homelike environment that empowers residents and frontline staff. This study examines differences in adoption of CC practices according to a NH's self-reported extent of CC implementation and its duration of CC adoption. Furthermore, it examines differences in adoption by whether a CC practice is considered less versus more complex, using complexity theory as the theoretical framework for this classification. Design and Methods Using data from a 2007 Commonwealth-funded study, we analyzed a national sample of 291 US nursing homes that identified as being “for the most part” or “completely” CC facilities for “1 to 3 years” or “3+ years.” Also, using a complexity theory framework, we ranked 16 practices commonly associated with CC as low, moderately, or highly complex based on level of agreement needed to actuate the process (number of parties involved) and the certainty of intended outcomes. We then examined the prevalence of CC-associated practices in relation to their complexity and the extent and duration of a NH's CC adoption. Results We found practices ranked as less complex were implemented more frequently in NHs with both shorter and longer durations of CC adoption. However, more complex CC practices were more prevalent among NHs reporting “complete” adoption for 3+ years versus 1 to 3 years. This was not observed in NHs reporting having CC “for the most part.” Conclusions/Implications Less complex practices may be more economical and easier to implement. These early successes may result in sufficient momentum so that more complex change can follow. A nursing home that more completely embraces the culture change movement may be more likely to attempt these complex changes.
The Foundations and Assumptions of Technology-Enhanced Student-Centered Learning Environments.

Direct instruction approaches, as well as the design processes that support them, have been criticized for failing to reflect contemporary research and theory in teaching, learning, and technology. Learning systems are needed that encourage divergent reasoning, problem solving, and critical thinking. Student-centered learning environments have been touted as a means to support such processes. With the emergence of technology, many barriers to implementing innovative alternatives may be overcome. The purposes of this paper are to review and critically analyze research and theory related to technology-enhanced student-centered learning environments and to identify their foundations and assumptions.
The Time and Change Test: A Simple Screening Test for Dementia

Background Although dementia screening tests are available, they have not gained widespread use in hospital or primary care settings. Our goal was to develop a simple, standardized, performance-based test incorporating real-world activities to augment screening efforts in older populations: the Time and Change (T&C) Test. Methods The study followed a prospective cohort design, involving medicine and surgery services at an urban teaching hospital. From consecutive admissions, 776 participants aged 70-98 years, 14% with dementia, were enrolled. T&C ratings were validated against a reference standard based on the modified Blessed Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Convergent validity with other cognitive measures, test-retest agreement, and interobserver reliability were assessed. Results The T&C Test had a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 71%, and negative predictive value of 97%. The T&C Test demonstrated convergent agreement with three cognitive measures, agreeing most strongly with the MMSE (r = .58). Test-retest and interobserver agreement rates were 88% and 78%, respectively. Education explained 3% of the variance of the T&C Test, compared with 13% of the MMSE. The T&C Test took a mean of 22.9 seconds to complete and was acceptable to participants. Refusal of any test component occurred in 39 individuals (5%). Conclusions The T&C Test is a simple, accurate, reliable, performance-based tool for detection of dementia. With its quick, easy-to-use, real-world nature, we hope the T&C Test will be used for widespread cognitive screening in older populations.
A high speed position-decoding electronics for BGO block detectors in PET

A high-speed prototype electronics for positioning gamma event at EGO block detectors in PET has been developed. It adapts the "high-yield pileup-event recovery" method (HYPER) proposed by the authors for nonimaging probes and gamma camera. HYPER uses recurring residual subtractions for multiple/continuous pileup conditions. The regular Anger positioning algorithm was modified by the HYPER method. The HYPER-Anger positioning circuit was designed for individual EGO blocks or block arrays and tested on a EGO block (2/spl times/2 cm with 7/spl times/7 elements on 4 PMT). The block was well decoded even at 800 kcps, which is 6-7/spl times/ higher than the typical maximum rate of 130 kcps for EGO blocks. The position-decoding electronics may be used to increase the maximum imaging-rate of regular EGO PET or to compensate for the lower imaging rate of the PMT-quadrant-sharing detector design, which doubles spatial resolution in both transaxial and axial directions.
Methods for Measuring Serum Activity Levels of the 192 Q and R Isoenzymes of Paraoxonase 1 in QR Heterozygous Individuals

BACKGROUND: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an esterase that hydrolyzes toxic organophosphates and has antioxidative and antiatherogenic properties, contains a common polymorphism at position 192: glutamine (Q) or arginine (R). The Q and R isoenzymes exhibit different physical and protective properties. We describe 2 methods for quantifying their serum activity levels. METHODS: We measured serum hydrolytic activity with paraoxon [paraoxonase (PXN) activity], phenylacetate [arylesterase (AE) activity], and diazoxon [diazoxonase (DZN) activity] with standard automated assays. We determined PON1 Q192R genotypes with PCR and Q192R phenotypes using the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios. Interpolation equations were empirically derived to predict the percentage of total PON1 hydrolytic activity due to the Q isoenzyme (%Q) from the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios; %R is 100 − %Q. We estimated Q and R isoenzyme activity levels in sera from 2095 veterans by multiplying AE activity, a measure of total PON1 hydrolytic activity, by %Q and %R. RESULTS: In all 2095 samples, the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios predicted Q192R phenotypes with nearly identical accuracy (κ = 0.997). In the 925 QR heterozygotes, the 2 interpolation methods predicted Q and R isoenzyme activity levels with excellent agreement (intraclass correlation 0.94). After excluding a few genotype/phenotype-discordant samples, the percentage of total PON1 activity due to the Q isoenzyme ranged from 22% to 70%. CONCLUSIONS: These new interpolation methods allow accurate estimation of PON1 192 Q and R isoenzyme activity levels, increasing specificity and power for studying susceptibility to disease.
Organ Preservation for Advanced Resectable Cancer of the Base of Tongue and Hypopharynx: A Southwest Oncology Group Trial

Purpose The Southwest Oncology Group designed a phase II trial for patients with base of tongue or hypopharyngeal cancer to evaluate the complete histologic response rate at the primary site after induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy for responders. Secondary end points were the rate of organ preservation and the need for salvage surgery. Patients and Methods Fifty-nine eligible patients were enrolled; 37 had base of tongue cancer, and 22 had hypopharynx cancer. Forty-two percent had stage III disease, and 58% had stage IV disease. Induction chemotherapy was two cycles of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/d for 5 days. Patients who had a greater than 50% response at the primary site were treated with radiation 72Gy and concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 for three cycles. Patients with less than partial response at the primary had immediate salvage surgery. Results Forty-five patients (76%) had a greater than 50% response at the primary after induction chemotherapy; 43 went on to...
Lattice matching and dislocations in LPE in1−xGaxP1−zAsz—InP heterojunctions

Abstract The growth of lattice-matched In 1- x Ga x P 1- z As z -InP heterojunctions by constant-temperature liquid phase epitaxy has been examined. The LPE heterojunction growth is carried out at 640°C employing In-rich melts saturated at 650°C. The effect of lattice mismatch on heterojunction interfaces and on crystal surface morphology is reported. In particular, the characterization of the misfit dislocation structure resulting from lattice mismatch is described. Also described is the growth of multilayer In 1- x Ga x P 1- z As z heterojunction structures which permit further examination of the effects of lattice mismatch and disl ocation formation, and which demonstrate that complex lattice-matched In 1- x Ga x P 1- z As z heterojunction structures can be grown b y liquid phase epitaxy.
Serrated Colon Polyps as Precursors to Colorectal Cancer

Identification of the serrated neoplasia pathway has improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Insights include an increased recognition of the malignant potential of different types of serrated polyps such as sessile and traditional serrated adenomas. Sessile serrated adenomas share molecular features with colon tumors that have microsatellite instability and a methylator phenotype, indicating that these lesions are precursors that progress via the serrated neoplasia pathway. These data have important implications for clinical practice and CRC prevention, because hyperplastic polyps were previously regarded as having no malignant potential. There is also evidence that the serrated pathway contributes to interval or missed cancers. Endoscopic detection of serrated polyps is a challenge because they are often inconspicuous with indistinct margins and are frequently covered by adherent mucus. It is important for gastroenterologists to recognize the subtle endoscopic features of serrated polyps to facilitate their detection and removal, and thereby ensure a high-quality colonoscopic examination. Recognition of the role of serrated polyps in colon carcinogenesis has led to the inclusion of these lesions in postpolypectomy surveillance guidelines. However, an enhanced effort is needed to identify and completely remove serrated adenomas, with the goal of increasing the effectiveness of colonoscopy to reduce CRC incidence.
Accuracy of a narrow-diameter battery-powered endoscope in sedated and unsedated patients.

Abstract Background: Esophagoscopy with a portable battery-powered endoscope could provide a safe, inexpensive, and minimally invasive way to screen for Barrett's esophagus or esophageal varices. The use of such an instrument in an unsedated fashion has not been previously evaluated. Methods: Patients referred for an EGD were recruited to undergo an additional examination with the battery-powered endoscope before EGD. In phase 1, (n = 42) patients received conscious sedation before the battery-powered endoscopic examination. In phase 2, (n = 56) patients were not sedated and were given the option of a peroral (n = 43) or transnasal (n = 13) endoscopy. Examiners were blinded to patient history and procedure indications. Esophageal findings, ease of intubation, optical quality, and patient comfort for the battery-powered endoscope and standard EGD were recorded by the endoscopist. Results: Ninety-eight patients (60 men, 38 women, mean age 53 years) were recruited. The sensitivity for detecting Barrett's esophagus, esophageal tumors, and esophageal varices was 54.5%, 66.7%, and 80%, respectively. Ease of intubation and patient comfort as perceived by the endoscopist were not significantly different between the battery-powered endoscope and EGD. Optical quality was ranked as less than 4 (on a 5-point scale with 5=standard EGD and 1=poor) in 42% of battery-powered endoscopic examinations. There were no complications. Conclusion: The accuracy of esophageal examination with a 3.1-mm endoscope is substantially inferior to standard EGD. Thus, the battery-powered endoscope would not be useful for screening patients for Barrett's esophagus or varices unless improvements in optical quality and visualization are made. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:484-7.)
Management of systemic manifestations of fungal disease in patients with AIDS

In patients with AIDS with cryptococcosis, prompt diagnosis is essential. Poor results with conventional therapy (amphotericin-5FC) have led to exploration of the azoles. Both fluconazole and itraconazole have given good short-term results with less toxicity. However, cure is achieved far less often than in other compromised hosts. Fluconazole is also useful to prevent relapse after successful initial amphotericin therapy, particularly from genitourinary foci. In both histoplasmosis and aspergillosis, itraconazole has produced impressive therapeutic results, and in histoplasmosis, secondary prophylaxis as well. In coccidioidomycosis results thus far have not been better than conventional amphotericin therapy, especially in initial treatment.
Francisella tularensis LVS Induction of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis by Infected Macrophages Requires Specific Host Phospholipases and Lipid Phosphatases

Francisella tularensis induces the synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by infected macrophages to alter host immune responses, thus providing a survival advantage to the bacterium. We previously demonstrated that PGE(2) synthesis by F. tularensis-infected macrophages requires cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA(2)), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES1). During inducible PGE(2) synthesis, cPLA(2) hydrolyzes arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids to be converted to PGE(2). However, in F. tularensis-infected macrophages we observed a temporal disconnect between Ser505-cPLA(2) phosphorylation (a marker of activation) and PGE(2) synthesis. These results suggested to us that cPLA(2) is not responsible for the liberation of AA to be converted into PGE(2) by F. tularensis-infected macrophages. Utilizing small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrated that phospholipase D and diacylglycerol lipase were required for providing AA for PGE(2) biosynthesis. cPLA(2), on the other hand, was required for macrophage cytokine responses to F. tularensis. We also demonstrated for the first time that lipin-1 and PAP2a contribute to macrophage inflammation in response to F. tularensis. Our results identify both an alternative pathway for inducible PGE(2) synthesis and a role for lipid-modifying enzymes in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory function.
Image degradation with random wavefront tilt compensation

The perturbations on electromagnetic wavefronts resulting from the propagation of plane waves through a random medium are resolved into two components: a random tilt and a random residual phase perturbation. This analysis permits the determination of the mean square angle of arrival from knowledge of the aperture plane phase correlation. It also suggests the use of the statistics of the residual phase perturbation in calculations of resolution and of antenna power patterns. The mean square angle of arrival is calculated for linear and circular apertures with various exponential weightings using the description of phase statistics derived by Tatarski from the Obukhov-Kolmogorov theory of locally homogeneous turbulence. Integrals for tilt-compensated average power patterns are derived. It is demonstrated that a significant reduction in the image degradation results when the aperture tracks the random tilt of the wavefront.
Relationships Between Abundance of Insects and Standing Crop of Coarse Detritus in a Pennsylvania Stream

Relationships between insect abundance and standing crop of coarse detritus, which was estimated both volumetrically and gravimetrically, were studied in a second-order stream (Little Sugar Creek, Pennsylvania) between June 1977 and June 1978. For individual taxa, coefficients of determination (R2) for relationships between insect abundance and standing crop of detritus were significant (P≦0.05) in 39% (by volume) and 32% (by weight) of the cases. Deposit feeding collectors accounted for only 41% of the significant R2 values. For total fauna, R2 values were significant (P≦0.05) on 7 of the 11 dates (by volume) and on 8 of the 11 dates (by weight).
A fullerene complex of BDMT-TTeF

Abstract For the donor bis(dimethylthieno)tetratellurafulvalene (BDMT-TTeF), already known to form red triclinic crystals (space group P1), a new black monoclinic polymorph (space group P21/n) was found, with a different molecular geometry. A stable 1:1 complex of BDMT-TTeFis formed with buckminsterfullerene, C60 and CS2 (space group C2/c), which is neutral and electrically insulating, and has a magnetic transition at 260 K, probably associated with incipient rotation of C60.