cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemokine signaling in cancer: One hump or two?

Chemokines and their receptors play essential roles in the development and function of multiple tissues. Chemokine expression, particularly CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4, has prognostic significance in several cancers apparently due to chemokine mediated growth and metastatic spread. These observations provide the rationale for pursuing CXCR4 inhibition for cancer chemotherapy. However, the multiple homeostatic functions of CXCR4 may preclude global inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Here I review CXCR4 signaling and how it might differ in normal and transformed cells with special emphasis on the role that altered CXCR4 counter-regulation might play in tumor biology. I propose that CXCR4 mediates unique signals in cancer cells as a consequence of abnormal counter-regulation and that this results in novel biological responses. The importance of testing this hypothesis lies in the possibility that targeting abnormal CXCR4 signaling might provide an anti-tumor effect without disturbing normal CXCR4 functions.
The Use of Mental Health Services Among Victims of Partner Violence on College Campuses

The present study investigated the relationship between past victimization of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV; physical, psychological, and sexual) and the likelihood of using mental health services. Results indicate 86% of participants reported experiencing some form of IPV, but only 16% of those victims used mental health services to address emotional problems. The participants reported embarrassment, expense, ineffectiveness, and social stigma as the most prominent barriers to seeking help from a mental health professional. The study also found that participants who experienced physical and psychological IPV, but not sexual IPV, reported using mental health services. Sexual IPV may elicit different barriers in help-seeking behaviors. Implications for college IPV prevention programs and mental health services are discussed.
Nonsurgical untangling of a multiple-coiled flow-directed catheter.

A multiple-coiled, flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter was successfully untangled by hooking it with a tip-deflector guidewlre. This nonsurgical technique was an effective means of untangling the catheter when previously reported techniques were not feasible.
Recent advances in schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease, affecting nearly 200 million persons, worldwide. Major advances in our knowledge-in terms of pathogenesis, improved diagnosis, therapeutics (both drugs and strategies), and morbidity assessment-now make schistosomiasis a curable, often preventable disease. In contrast to most other illnesses, most schistosomiasis pathology appears to be reversible over time. For the future, several promising vaccine candidates are already in phase-I or phase-II testing. On the other hand, the range of this disease has been increasing, as water resources are developed in several newly industrialized countries and much of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa remains largely untreated.
Effect of specific bacteria on lymphocyte proliferation in diseased and nondiseased tonsils.

Tonsillar tissue lymphocyte (TTL) function as measured by lymphocyte proliferation was assessed in vitro in 38 tonsils--30 diseased and 8 normal controls. TTLs from diseased and control tonsils were challenged with intact, heat-inactivated bacteria which may be found in the core of diseased tonsils; these bacteria were Streptococcus pyogenes and Hemophilus influenzae type B (HIB), as well as the dominant bacterium (DB) grown from that particular tonsillar core. The phytomitogen leukoagglutinin (LA) was used as a nonspecific activator. Lymphocyte proliferation was quantified and reported using a stimulation index (SI) which was based upon viable cell counts at 2, 4, and 6 days following inoculation. Overall, the greatest degree of lymphocyte proliferation in diseased TTLs (SI = .91) was produced by HIB. However, both SP and HIB produced more lymphocyte proliferation in the nondiseased TTLs than in the diseased TTLs (P < .01). H influenzae (non-B) and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were the pathogens most frequently cultured as the dominant bacteria from the core of diseased tonsils; Streptococcus viridans was most frequently cultured in nondiseased tonsils. The DB caused greater TTL proliferation in diseased (SI = .89) versus control (SI = .63) TTLs (P < .001). These findings suggest a differential proliferative response in vitro for diseased and nondiseased TTLs in response to specific bacteria. The role of possibly pathogenic bacteria and commensals, as well as the implications for clinical disease, are discussed.
Petrography and mineral chemistry of the anhydrous component of the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite

Most studies of Tagish Lake have considered features that were either strongly affected by or formed during the extensive hydrous alteration experienced by this meteorite. This has led to some ambiguity as to whether Tagish Lake should be classified a CI, a CM, or something else. Unlike previous workers, we have focused upon the primary, anhydrous component of Tagish Lake, recovered through freeze-thaw disaggregation and density separation and located by thin section mapping. We found many features in common with CMs that are not observed in CIs. In addition to the presence of chondrules and refractory forsterite (which distinguish Tagish Lake from the CIs), we found hibonite-bearing refractory inclusions, spinel-rich inclusions, forsterite aggregates, Cr-, Al-rich spinel, and accretionary mantles on many clasts, which clearly establishes a strong link between Tagish Lake and the CM chondrites. The compositions of isolated olivine crystals in Tagish Lake are also like those found in CMs. We conclude that the anhydrous inclusion population of Tagish Lake was, originally, very much like that of the known CM chondrites and that the inclusions in Tagish Lake are heavily altered, more so than even those in Mighei, which are more heavily altered than those in Murchison.
Acute Renal Failure Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit: Impact on Prognostic Assessment for Shared Decision Making

Abstract A 69-year-old female was receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute renal failure (ARF) in an intensive care unit (ICU). Consultation was requested from the palliative medicine service to facilitate a shared decision-making process regarding goals of care. Clinician responsibility in shared decision making includes the formulation and expression of a prognostic assessment providing the necessary perspective for a spokesperson to match patient values with treatment options. For this patient, ARF requiring RRT in the ICU was used as a focal point for preparing a prognostic assessment. A prognostic assessment should include the outcomes of most importance to a discussion of goals of care: mortality risk and survivor functional status, in this case including renal recovery. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to document published data regarding these outcomes for adult patients receiving RRT for ARF in the ICU. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined mean ...
Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Johns Hopkins approach

Carcinoma of the hepatic duct confluence is the most common site of bile duct malignancies. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The diagnosis is generally made in the jaundiced patient with contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning followed by cholangiography. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is favored over endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in that it better defines the proximal extent of the tumor involvement and allows placement of percutaneous transhepatic catheters. The preoperative placement of stents facilitates the surgical management, as well as decompressing the obstructed biliary tree. The operative technique at The Johns Hopkins Hospital involves resection of the hepatic confluence and reconstruction over Silastic stents. In patients in whom the hilar cholangiocarcinoma extends along either the right or left hepatic duct into the hepatic parenchyma, appropriate hepatic lobectomy is performed. A recent review of the Johns Hopkins experience has demonstrated that 67% of cholangiocarcinomas are located in the perihilar location. Fifty-six percent of these patients were resectable for potential cure. Of the 109 resected patients, 4 patients (3.6%) died secondary to complications of sepsis. In the 109 patients with resected perihilar tumors, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival was 68%, 30% and 11%, respectively. The median survival was 19 months. The addition of hepatic lobectomy did not alter the survival rate. Negative margins and negative lymph node status were associated with improved survival. Postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy did not provide benefit to patients with resected perihilar carcinoma.
Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of persistent hyperphenylalaninemia in an infant heterozygous for the gene of phenylketonuria

The heterozygosity of an infant, in whom the diagnosis of phenylketonuria was originally made, was inferred on the basis of the responses of his parents to phenylalanine loading tests. Through fourteen months of age this child's biochemical findings still reflect defective liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. Our experiences with this child and a review of the relevant literature suggest that presently available biochemical tests and information are not sufficiently discriminating to justify a definitive diagnosis of homozygous phenylketonuria in an asymptomatic infant. The practical implications of this conclusion are briefly discussed.
1,3 Butadiene, a vapor phase component of environmental tobacco smoke, accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development

Background Our recent results support predictions from epidemiology studies that thousands of excess heart disease–related deaths result yearly in the United States from involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Limited exposures of cockerels to ETS significantly accelerate arteriosclerosis. Despite little direct in vivo support, tar fraction rather than vapor phase compounds are considered largely responsible for the plaque-promoting effects of cigarette smoke. Here, we evaluate the effects of two ETS components on plaque development: the vapor phase component, 1,3 butadiene, and the tar component, the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). At relatively high doses, injected NNK is carcinogenic in rodents. Epidemiology studies have identified increased mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease among black men working in the butadiene rubber industry. Neither butadiene nor NNK has been tested experimentally for a possible role in plaque d...
Lung Cytokine Production in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

In bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, lung injury is accompanied with inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. In this study, lung mRNA for several cytokines was measured in bleomycin-treated mice to evaluate their roles in lung fibrosis. Significant increases in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA were found in lungs of bleomycin-treated responder CBA mice but not in nonresponder BALB/c mice. Increases in responder animals peaked on day 7 after bleomycin administration, and subsequently returned toward control levels. This time course paralleled that for the increase in β-actin mRNA, but preceded the peak increase in mRNA for collagens I and III. When lung macrophages were analyzed for cytokine secretion, differences were observed between alveolar macrophages and interstitial cells, and between cells from bleomycin-responsive CBA and nonresponsive BALB/c mice. Only alveolar macrophages from CBA mice secreted increased amounts ofIL-1. TNF-α activity was increased ...
Effects of Eighth-Grade Transition Programs on High School Retention and Experiences

The effectiveness of middle school transition programs on high school retention and student performance are explored in this study. From a nationally representative sample of public school students, results suggest that programs targeting a combination of students, parents, and school staff in assisting students to make this transition have a measured impact, even after accounting for student demographics, family characteristics, and student behavior. Further, there is some indication that the best results may be achieved in a combination of program commitment and other middle school characteristics focused on attaining a more personal adult commitment to student success.
Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil in PTSD

Objective: Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests a role for alterations in the benzodiazepine/GABA A receptor complex in stress and anxiety. Flumazenil is a relatively pure benzodiazepine/GABA A antagonist with limited intrinsic activity. In panic disorder patients, but not healthy controls, flumazenil has been demonstrated to provoke panic attacks. Method: Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD ( n = 14) received 90-second intravenous infusions of flumazenil 2 mg or placebo in a double-blind, crossover study design, PTSD symptomology was assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale, and anxiety symptoms were measured with visual analogue rating scales. Results: There was no significant difference in PTSD and anxiety symptoms between administration of flumazenil and placebo. Conclusion: Flumazenil administration does not produce an increase in anxiety and PTSD symptoms in patients with PTSD. This suggests that PTSD and panic disorder are dissimilar in terms of benzodiazepine/GABA A system function.
The multivariate slash and skew-slash student t distributions

In this article, we introduce the multivariate slash and skew-slash t distributions which provide alternative choices in simulating and fitting skewed and heavy tailed data. We study their relationships with other distributions and give the densities, stochastic representations, moments, marginal distributions, distributions of linear combinations and characteristic functions of the random vectors obeying these distributions. We characterize the skew t, the skew-slash normal and the skew-slash t distributions using both the hidden truncation or selective sampling model and the order statistics of the components of a bivariate normal or t variable. Density curves and contour plots are drawn to illustrate the skewness and tail behaviors. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation of the parameters are discussed. The proposed distributions are compared with the skew-slash normal through simulations and applied to fit two real datasets. Our results indicated that the proposed skew-slash t fitting outperformed the skew-slash normal fitting and is a competitive candidate distribution in analyzing skewed and heavy tailed data. Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 62E10; Secondary 62P10
Opportunities in preparing global leaders in nursing.

Abstract During the past decade, there has been a large increase in the number of international nurses pursuing doctoral education in the United States. The influx of these nurses has ramifications for the institutional systems providing education as well as on international and American nursing students. To begin understanding the issues presented by international doctoral nursing education, a survey of U.S. schools of nursing as well as a focus group of currently enrolled international doctoral students was conducted. The survey revealed that both international students and nursing programs experience challenges with regard to language, communication, financing, and support systems. More specifically, information gathered from the focus group identified issues regarding (1) lack of familiarity with the U.S. health care system, (2) lack of previous experience with the seminar format used in doctoral programs, (3) restricted opportunities to participate in faculty research, and (4) stress from a heavy course load to finish the program within a very short time period. Universally, the surveys and focus group lauded the positive global perspective imbued on all students and faculties via the international connection. Nonetheless, schools of nursing need to identify more effective strategies to aid international students in their development as successful global leaders. Meleis's framework for culturally competent scholarship is offered as a guide for schools of nursing. J Prof Nurs 18:70-77, 2002. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Saying “yes” to obese living liver donors: Short-term intensive treatment for donors with hepatic steatosis in living-donor liver transplantation. Nakamuta M, Morizono S, Soejiima Y, Yoshizumi T, Aishima S, Takasugi S, et al. Transplantation 2005;80:608–612.

Background The use of steatotic livers is associated with increased primary nonfunction in liver transplantation. To reduce the risk of liver injury, we applied a short-term combination therapy of diet, exercise and drugs for 11 living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) candidates with steatosis. Methods Subjects were treated with a protein-rich (1000 kcal/day) diet, exercise (600 kcal/day), and bezafibrate (400 mg/day) for 2-8 weeks. Results The treatment significantly improved macrovesicular steatosis (30±4% vs. 12±2% [mean±SEM], P=0.0028). Body weight and BMI were significantly reduced (73.7±3.2 kg vs. 66.9±2.9 kg, P=0.0033, 26.4±0.7 kg/m2 vs. 24.1±0.8 kg/m2, P=0.0033). The treatment completely normalized liver function tests and lipid metabolism. Seven treated liver grafts (left lobe) were transplanted to the recipients. We compared transplanted graft function and resected liver function of donors using parameters such as peak total bilirubin, prothrombin time at postoperative day 3, and peak alanine aminotransferase between treated liver (n=7) and donor liver without hepatic steatosis (n=37). The transplanted grafts showed good liver functions, and there was no difference between them with respect to functional parameters. The treated donors also showed good liver functions, and no significant differences in functional parameters. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that our short-term treatment effectively reduced steatosis and contributed to safer LDLT. Our findings also suggest that even severely steatotic livers can be used for LDLT grafting subsequent to our short-term treatment regimen.
Distribution of Ovary Ecdysteroidogenic Hormone I in the nervous system and gut of mosquitoes.

Ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone I (OEH I) is a gonadotropin in the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Whole-mount immunocytochemistry using OEH I antisera revealed an extensive distribution of immunostained cells in larvae and adults of this mosquito comparable to that observed in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Medial neurosecretory cells were stained in brains of larvae and adult Ae. aegypti. In An gambiae the lateral neurosecretory cells were stained more often. In both species, immunostained axons from these cells extended out of the brain through the neurohemal organ associated with the aorta and branched extensively along the midgut. Immunostained endocrine cells were observed in larval and adult midguts of both species. In adults, abdominal metameric perivisceral organs were stained. Stained axons interconnected the perivisceral organs and neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglia. Episodic release of OEH I from these organs was evident in female Ae. aegypti, when staining disappeared at 12 hours after a blood meal and returned by 48 hours to levels observed before and up to 2 hours after the blood meal. Two sites were specifically stained only in An. gambiae: an axon net around the pyloric valve in the hindgut of larvae and adults and a ring of endocrine cells in the cardiac valve in the larval midgut. The markedly similar localizations of immunostained cells in larvae and adults of two distantly related species indicate that OEH I, or a homolog, is conserved within this group of Diptera and likely has stage- and sex-specific functions.
Experimental study of hydrocarbon hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions in silicon microfabricated reactors of two different geometries

Miniaturization is fast gaining importance and relevance in chemical processes that are conventionally carried out on a lab-scale or larger. Miniaturized chemical-reaction systems, or microreactors, are devices that behave as continuous flow systems and whose dimensions are in sub-millimeter range. Microreactors were successfully fabricated using wet silicon bulk micromachining and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) techniques, were used to characterize reactions involving heterogeneous catalysis, and demonstrated their feasibility as efficient tools in catalyst and process development. In this study, the relatively simple reactions of cyclohexene hydrogenation and de-hydrogenation over a platinum catalyst were studied, reactions which are models for important classes of reactions of significance in petroleum industry. The conversion, selectivity and yield for products cyclohexane and benzene, were measured as a function of temperature and reactant flow rates. The experiments were done in microreactors of characteristic dimensions of 100 and 5 μm. The results are shown which compare the performance of these two types of reactors.
Acute no-effect dose for in ova exposure to C3F7 tagged 5-hydroxytryptophan, a novel probe for investigating neural development.

Abstract Purpose To create a probe for investigating neural development in chicks using magnetic resonance, a C 3 F 7 tag was bonded to the indole ring of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Immunoassays indicate that a low dose (5 μg/egg) administered in ova results in 0.5—1.0 μg accumulating in a 250 μL midbrain. Procedures Given the potential for developmental neurotoxicity of a compound that replaces an endogenous neurotransmitter, we investigated the effects of acute exposure during development. Results No qualitative differences were observed between treatment groups. Differences in mortality rates between treatment groups were not statistically significant [ X 2 obs = 2.30, X 2 crit (df = 2) = 5.99, P > .05]. Conclusion The no-effect dose for in ova administration of C 3 F 7 tagged5-HTP is 5 μg/egg on Day 17.
Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Older Adults: A Focus on the Oldest Old

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF), Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification expanded the focus of chronic kidney disease (CKD) management from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to the entire spectrum of kidney disease including early kidney damage through the stages of kidney disease to kidney failure. A consequence of these guidelines is that a large number of older adults are being identified as having CKD, many of whom will not progress to ESRD. Concerns have been raised that reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among older adults may not represent "disease" and using age-specific cut-points for staging CKD has been proposed. This implies that among older adults, CKD, as currently defined, may be benign. Several recent studies have shown that among people greater than or equal to 80 years old, CKD is associated with an increased risk for concurrent complications of CKD (eg, anemia, acidosis) and adverse outcomes including mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Further, among older adults, CKD is associated with problems not traditionally thought to be associated with kidney disease. These nondisease-specific outcomes include functional decline, cognitive impairment, and frailty. Future research studies are necessary to determine the impact of concurrent complications of CKD and nondisease-specific problems on mortality and functional decline, the longitudinal trajectories of CKD progression, and patient preferences among the oldest old with CKD.
The Effects of Eserine and Atropine on the Epileptiform Activity of Chronically Isolated Cortex

SUMMARY Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that the epileptiform activity of chronically isolated cortex is due to supersensitivity to endogenous acetylcholine. Eserine and atropine were administered systemically to cats with chronically isolated occipital cortex and implanted EEG recording electrodes. Eserine usually diminished the amplitude and increased the duration of the epileptiform EEG discharges in the isolated area. These changes were antagonized by a subsequent administration of atropine. Atropine, without a preceding application of eserine, did not abolish the paroxysmal discharges but tended to obscure them by inducing slow waves in the island. In contrast, diazepam was very effective in abolishing the paroxysmal discharges. The effects of both eserine and atropine on the paroxysmal activity of the island occurred only at those dosage levels that produced changes in the EEG from other areas of the brain. These results do not support the hypothesis investigated.
What effect from a single advertisement

This article describes the results of a study of the effectiveness of a single advertisement, or, more basically, a single advertising exposure. A randomized block analysis of variance was applied to preference measures of the experimental subjects and members of control groups. Both long and short run measures of effectiveness were obtained. Generally, the study provided evidence that a single advertising exposure can evince both long and short run changes in attitudes toward a promoted brand.
Optimal temperature tracking for accelerated cooling processes in hot rolling of steel

This paper is concerned with the development of a control system for tracking of a desired temperature-time profile for accelerated cooling processes in hot rolling of steel. Control of temperature during cooling is essential for achieving desired mechanical and metallurgical properties of steel. The cooling process is represented by the heat equation in Lagrangian coordinates which is approximated by a set of ordinary differential equations. The control variable is the velocity of coolant water flow. Motivated by the fact that in many steel industries water flow is adjusted to some fixed velocity based on experience and heuristics, we assume that the control variable, water jet velocity, be a constant time invariant parameter. Gamkrelidze minimum principle is used to determine the optimal jet velocity for the desired temperature tracking. The results are illustrated by simulation examples.
Influence of hyperthyroid conditions on gene expression in extraocular muscles of rats

Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a highly specialized type of tissue with a wide range of unique properties, including characteristic innervation, development, and structural proteins. Even though EO...
Reduced adipsin expression in murine obesity: effect of age and treatment with the sympathomimetic-thermogenic drug mixture ephedrine and caffeine.

Adipsin gene expression is greatly diminished in certain forms of genetic and acquired obesity. In the present study we evaluate the time course for the development of adipsin deficiency in obesity and its regulation by the sympathomimeticthermogenic drug mixture ephedrine and caffeine. Previously, it was unknown whether adipsin deficiency occurred before or after the development of massive obesity. In the first series of experiments in which mice were treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) for the first week of life, we demonstrate that adipsin deficiency occurs early in the development of MSG-induced obesity as evidenced by decreased circulating adipsin concentrations by 1 week of age and deficient adipsin mRNA levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) by 2 weeks. In db/db mice, diminished circulating adipsin was noted at 2 weeks of age. In both models, decreased adipsin gene expression precedes the development of marked obesity. Little is known about the factors which regulate adipsin gene expression in ob...
A Framework for Computer Security Risk Management

For the past few years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST; formerly the National Bureau of Standards) and the National Security Agency (NSA) have been jointly developing a framework for computer security risk management. The need for this framework became increasingly apparent with the proliferation of personal computer-based risk management tools and approaches. Since many of these tools and approaches rarely contained descriptions of their underlying models, it has been difficult for users to make comparisons of their capabilities. The framework under development, which will identify/define elements of the risk management process and describe the functional relationships between the elements, will provide the means for comparing alternative approaches and for developing new risk management tools. This paper will focus on several key activities/events surrounding the development of the framework including the publication of NIST’s Guideline for Automatic Data Processing Risk Analysis, proliferation of PC-based software tools for risk management, development of the first strawman framework, the first Risk Management Model Builders Workshop, which led to a second strawman framework, and the second Model Builders Workshop. The paper concludes with an indication of future plans of NIST and NSA to continue the framework effort.
“Pioneers of a New Germany”: Returning POWs from the Soviet Union and the Making of East German Citizens, 1945–1950

In early December 1945, the Communist Party functionary Karl Lewke sent an alarming report to the leadership of the German Communist Party (KPD). It was entitled “One million anti-Bolshevists are approaching. The democratic reconstruction of Germany is threatened by greatest dangers!” The report referred to the thousands of returning German POWs from the Soviet Union who daily entered the Soviet zone of occupation through Frankfurt an der Oder. Lewke's description of the mentality and the attitudes of these returning POWs was not very comforting for his party superiors in Berlin.
Flow induced at a wall by a vortex pair

Etude du mouvement d'une paire de tourbillons bidimensionnels tournant en sens opposes au-dessus d'une paroi plane. On suppose que les tourbillons sont places initialement dans un fluide incompressible au repos. Suivant le sens de rotation les tourbillons se rapprochent ou s'eloignent de la paroi
Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis

Little work has directly examined the course of hippocampal volume in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data from adults suggest that hippocampal volume deficits are associated with PTSD, whereas findings from children with PTSD generally show no hippocampal volume deficits in PTSD. Additionally, the role of the amygdala in emotional response makes it a possible region for investigation in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related PTSD. The objectives of this study were 2-fold: (1) to meta-analytically determine whether hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with PTSD from childhood maltreatment differ from those in healthy controls, and (2) to use cross-sectional findings performed with meta-analyses as a proxy for longitudinal studies to estimate the course of hippocampal and amygdala volumes in child and adult subjects with PTSD from childhood maltreatment. Using electronic databases, we identified articles containing hippocampal and amygdala data for children with PTSD and adults with PTSD from childhood maltreatment. Data were extracted and effect sizes were calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0. Reduced bilateral hippocampal volume was found in adults with childhood maltreatment-related PTSD compared with healthy controls, but this deficit was not seen in children with maltreatment-related PTSD, suggesting hippocampal volume deficits from childhood maltreatment may not be apparent until adulthood. Greater left than right hippocampal volume was found in the adult healthy control group but not in the PTSD group. Amygdala volume in children with maltreatment-related PTSD did not differ from that in healthy controls. Hippocampal volume is normal in children with maltreatment-related PTSD but not in adults with PTSD from childhood maltreatment, suggesting an initially volumetrically normal hippocampus with subsequent abnormal volumetric development occurring after trauma exposure. However, longitudinal studies are needed to support these preliminary findings.
Surface acoustic wave characterization of PECVD films on gallium arsenide

Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) measurement techniques can be effectively used to determine the acoustic properties of dielectric and piezoelectric films. Such films can be used for the development of semiconductor-integrated microwave-frequency surface and bulk acoustic wave devices. The acoustic properties of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, and TEOS glass, deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposition (PECVD) on GaAs, have been characterized using linear arrays of SAW interdigital electrodes operating in the harmonic mode over the frequency region from 30 MHz to above 1.0 GHz. The elastic constants of these amorphous films have been determined by fitting theoretical dispersion curves to the measured SAW velocity characteristics. Frequency-dependent SAW propagation-loss values have been determined from the observed linear change in loss as a function of transducer separation. Preliminary measurements of the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for SAW propagation of the films on GaAs are also given. >
Nonuniform Banking for Reducing Memory Energy Consumption

Main memories can consume a large percentage of overall energy in many data-intensive embedded applications. The past research proposed and evaluated memory banking as a possible approach for reducing memory energy consumption. One of the common characteristics/assumptions made by most of the past work on banking is that all the banks are of the same size. While this makes the formulation of the problem easy, it also restricts the potential solution space. Motivated by this observation, this paper investigates the possibility of employing nonuniform bank sizes for reducing memory energy consumption. Specifically, it proposes an integer linear programming (ILP) based approach that returns the optimal nonuniform bank sizes and accompanying data-to-bank mapping. It also studies how data migration can further improve over nonuniform banking. We implemented our approach using an ILP tool and made extensive experiments. The results show that the proposed strategy brings important energy benefits over the uniform banking scheme, and data migration across banks tends to increase these savings.
Nurse practitioners' role perception, stress, satisfaction, and intent to stay at a Midwestern academic medical center.

AbstractPurpose:There is a growing demand for nurse practitioners (NPs) within academic medical centers (AMCs) because of physician shortages and increased need for access to care. In order to retain these NPs, it is important to assess their role perception and satisfaction. The purpose of this stu
Exposure characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles in the workplace

This study presents exposure data for various metal oxides in facilities that produce or use nanoscale metal oxides. Exposure assessment surveys were conducted at seven facilities encompassing small, medium, and large manufacturers and end users of nanoscale (particles <0.1 μm diameter) metal oxides, including the oxides of titanium, magnesium, yttrium, aluminum, calcium, and iron. Half- and full-shift sampling consisting of various direct-reading and mass-based area and personal aerosol sampling was employed to measure exposure for various tasks. Workers in large facilities performing handling tasks had the highest mass concentrations for all analytes. However, higher mass concentrations occurred in medium facilities and during production for all analytes in area samples. Medium-sized facilities had higher particle number concentrations in the air, followed by small facilities for all particle sizes measured. Production processes generally had the highest particle number concentrations, particularly for ...
Analysis of Nighttime Drainage Winds in Boulder, Colorado during 1980

Abstract Characteristics of nighttime drainage winds that occurred along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains around Boulder, Colorado during the calendar year 1980 are examined. The data used for this study were acquired from the Boulder Wind Network (BWN) and from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO). Data were available almost continuously from BWN and less frequently from BAO. BAO is a 300 m tower, instrumented at eight levels, but only surface wind observations are obtained from BWN. However, the combination of BWM and BAO observations represents a relatively unique set of wind data for the examination of drainage flows. Criteria for the identification of drainage winds are used to isolate events that are relatively free from external influences. Eighteen drainage wind events are identified, and some climatological features of the wind regime are established. In addition, the vertical structure of the flow associated with one event that reached the tower is examined in detail. Descriptions o...
Ancient Plants and People: Contemporary Trends in Archaeobotany

The field of archaeobotany (a term often used interchangeably with paleoethnobotany) has rapidly grown in recent decades as archaeologists have begun to fully appreciate the utility of botanical da...
Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antiozonant in Polychloroprene Rubber

Abstract Elastomers susceptible to ozone cracking can be protected by the addition of antiozonants. For polychloroprene (CR) rubber, a mixture of diaryl-p-phenyl-enediamines, Wingstay 100 (WS 100), is one of the most effective antiozonants. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have shown that the effectiveness of WS 100 can be improved even further by the use of an organobentonite clay. To provide more insight into the way in which this antiozonant provides resistance to ozone cracking, a technique for its analysis was required. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an attractive technique for analyzing WS 100, as well as for a wide variety of additives in polymers. This study describes a newly developed method for the determination of WS 100 in CR. The method is based on acetonitrile extraction of the antiozonant from the rubber, followed by quantitative analysis using HPLC. With this method, subtle differences in concentrations of WS 100 in CR, caused by changes in compounding, mixing sequen...
Powderless processing of ceramics: Thin-layer electroceramics

A review is made of progress on the sol-gel processing of dense insulating electroceramics by polymeric condensation routes. Up until the past ten years, powders and porous coatings were principally made for optical and conductive applications. Much effort was expended on silica (SiO2) and silicate-based systems. Recently, these approaches have been extended to non-silicate systems [1]. In this paper information is presented for the powderless processing of selected electroceramics in thin-layer form. Materials include PbTiO3, BaTiO3, Ba1−x Pb x TiO3, PbZrO3, Pb(Zr1−y Ti y )O3 and (Pb1−x La x )(Zr1−y Ti y )O3 which find applications in ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric transducers and electrooptic modulators. The approach is to avoid powders, and the attendent problems of powder handling, flow, packing, etc., and make use of polymerization condensation reactions to form extended networks with chemical linkage. Data are reported for the synthesis and low temperature processing routes for amorphous and polycrystalline ceramics.
Orientations of Low-Energy Domain Walls in Perovskites with Oxygen Octahedral Tilts

Many applications of ferroic materials, such as data storage and spintronics, are achieved through the control and manipulation of their domain wall (DW) orientations and configurations. Here we propose a rotational compatibility condition to identify low-energy DWs in perovskites with oxygen octahedral tilt instability. It is derived from the strong DW energy anisotropy arising from the rigidity and corner-sharing feature of the octahedral network. We analyze quantitatively the DWs in $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and explain successfully the unusual ferroelectric DW width and energy in $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Relationship between surface tension and surface coverage.

Surfactant action is caused in part by a dramatic reduction in surface tension. Using surface excess measurements from a radioactive surfactant, it was possible to show that (a) the surface tension declines only slightly when the occupancy of the air/water interface increases from 0 to 60% of the maximum and (b) the steep drop in surface tension in region B (Figure 1), frequently observed to be linear, begins at about 80% occupancy. Surfactant continues to enter the interface cooperatively up to and past the critical micelle concentration. Linearity in region B is not indicative of surface saturation despite a seemingly constant surface excess throughout the region. The disparity between interfacial areas determined by surface tension and by other methods is discussed in terms of these results.
Functions of the Ventral Air Space and First Abdominal Spiracles in Aedes Aegypti Pupae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Studies were conducted on the functions of the ventral air space (VAS) and 1st abdominal spiracles in Ae. aegypti pupae. The VAS is filled with gas from the tracheal system during larval-pupal ecdysis. Gas appears to be forced into the VAS by hemostatic pressure caused by contraction of body musculature. Mean VAS gas volume (0.8000 ± 0.0339 mm3) does not change between larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis. There is a moderate positive correlation between size and VAS gas volume. Although gas can be withdrawn from the VAS via the 1st abdominal spiracles, pupae do not replace lost VAS gas. Therefore, VAS gas volume probably is not regulated. The VAS cuticle is hydrophobic, and the remaining pupal cuticle is hydrophilic. Due to the hydrophobic property, VAS gas is held in place during ecdysis and throughout the pupal-pharate adult period. The mechanisms of both temporary and permanent buoyancy changes in pupae are discussed.
Dual-Energy CTA to Diagnose Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Ready for Prime Time?

In the article published in this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology , “Evaluation of Virtual Noncontrast Images Obtained from Dual-Energy CTA for Diagnosing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,”[1][1] the authors studied 84 patients, including 55 with subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs), by using
Abstract 695: Synergistic antitumor effects of polo like kinase inhibitor volasertib in combination with ionizing radiation in glioblastoma

Despite the availability of hundreds of drugs, there is little data on the efficacy of these agents in the extremely heterogeneous populations of tumor cells observed in glioblastoma. In this study, a high-throughput compound-screening (HTS) assay was used to identify drug sensitivities of a panel of 15 glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) lines, which are representative of the classic the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) molecular subtypes, to 21 compounds in Published Protein Kinase Inhibitor Set (PKSI). This HTS screen identified sensitivity of GSCs to inhibition of polo like kinase-1 (PLK-1), a key regulator of mitosis. Given that PLK-1 is often overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancers, and with highest expression levels being correlated with poor prognosis in several cancer types as well, we further verified the HTS result with the second-generation PLK1 inhibitor volasertib as a single agent or in combination with ionizing radiation in GSCs. Efficacy of volasertib was analyzed by Cell-Titer Glo 5 days after treatment. Morphological and molecular changes were approached by immunoblotting and flow cytometry after volasertib treatment, and in combination with ionizing radiation at 2 Gy. In vitro studies showed that volasertib inhibited cell viability with an IC50 ranging from 44.3nM to 4.36μM. Volasertib induced G2/M arrest accompanied by high levels of PLK-1, Aurora B and phosphor-histone 3 and prominent cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Colony formation assay demonstrated that volasertib and ionizing radiation had synergistic effects on colony formation inhibition, suggesting that GSCs arrested in M phase by volasertib are more sensitive to ironizing radiation. The promising in vitro results of volasertib in GSCs led to further investigate the drug efficacy in intracranial xenograft models by volasertib alone, and in combination with radiation. Taken together, our results reinforce the potential therapeutic candidate of volasertib as a single agent and in combination with ionizing radiation in glioblastoma. Citation Format: Jianwen Dong, Nghi Nguyen, Ravesanker Ezhilarasan, Shaofang Wu, Yuji Piao, Soon Young Park, Ningyi Tiao, Clifford Stephan, Erik P. Sulman, John F. de Groot. Synergistic antitumor effects of polo like kinase inhibitor volasertib in combination with ionizing radiation in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 695. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-695
Engraftment potential of different sources of human hematopoietic progenitor cells in BNX mice

Human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), adult bone marrow (ABM), and fetal bone marrow (FBM) were evaluated for their ability to produce multilineage human hematopoietic engraftment in vivo. Sublethally irradiated BNX (beige/nude/xid) mice were injected with either unfractionated cells or CD34+ cells purified from these sources. The presence of human cells in the mouse PB, BM, and spleen was evaluated by flow cytometry at either 6 to 8 weeks or 6 months postinjection. Recipients with > or = 1% human cells in any of these tissues were considered chimeric. Of 26 mice injected with FBM, 4 showed up to 73% human cells in the BM or spleen at 6 months. The phenotypes of these cells included CD13/33+ myelomonocytic cells (38%), CD19+ B cells (67%), and CD34+ progenitor cells (28%). In contrast, ABM gave rise to a mean of 5% human cells in the PB in 2 of 42 (4%) recipients at 6 to 8 weeks. These circulating human cells were predominantly CD3+, whereas CD13/33+ and CD34+ cells were detected in the BM for up to 6 months. A total of 18% of mice injected with PBMCs showed a mean of 36% human cells in the PB. Both the BM and spleens of PBMC-injected mice contained CD3+ cells in a proportion similar to that observed in the PB. These CD3+ cells were phenotypically mature CD4+,CD8-or CD4-,CD8+ T cells and coexpressed a variety of Vbeta T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. The percentage of CD3+ cells in the circulation of chimeric recipients injected with either FBM, ABM, or PBMCs correlated well with the input CD3+ cell dose for each of these HPC sources (r = .99). The high levels of engraftment of CD3+ cells in recipients of PBMCs and the long-term multilineage engraftment of FBM recipients have important implications for developing strategies to study the regulation of these human cells in vivo.
Value-Critical Policy Analysis

The task of policy analysis is to bring evidence and interpretation to bear on decision making and social practice. This task involves not only the presentation of evidence about the consequences of pursuing alternative actions but also an interpretation of what it is we are doing in society, why we are doing what we do, and what we might do differently given our puzzlement and worry about what we do.