cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method of brief psychotherapy.

A method of brief psychotherapy is described, characterized by early, vigorous interpretation of negative transference and separation anxiety. In no way a substitute for psychoanalysis, its purpose is to restore the patient's function, to show him how his conflicts have led to his self-destructive actions and inhibitions in the past, and to suggest that there are other ways to handle his conflicts. Just as in growing up the child finds his own way, so the patient must find his. The doctor can onlybe there to be reacted with and to give attention, honesty, sincerity, understanding, and acceptance without moral judgment. Brief therapy is a challenge that the patient may or may not accept.
Resolution limitations in chemically amplified photoresist systems

A variety of experimental evidence suggests that positive-tone chemically amplified photoresists have an intrinsic bias that might limit resolution during high-volume lithographic processing. If this is true, the implications for the semiconductor industry require careful consideration. The design concept of chemical amplification is based on generation of a chemically stable catalytic species in exposed regions of the photoresist film. The catalytic action of the photoproducts on the photoresist polymer causes a change in the dissolution rate in the irradiated regions of the film. Formation of a stable catalyst species is required for chemical amplification, but it has long been recognized that catalyst migration can produce a difference between the initial distribution of exposure energy and the final distribution of photoproducts. This difference, known as diffusion bias, depends on the photoresist chemistry and processing conditions. Diffusion bias is insensitive to exposure conditions, but it is possible to reduce catalyst migration through changes to resist formulation such as increasing the size of the catalyst molecule or processing conditions such as reducing the post exposure bake temperature. Another common approach to limiting diffusion bias is to incorporate base additives into the photoresist formulation to scavenge diffusing acid catalyst. All of these approaches to reducing catalyst migration generally reduce the catalytic efficiency of each photoproduct and therefore increase the total exposure dose required to pattern the film. Increases in required exposure dosage reduce the throughput of the exposure tools and can reduce the profitability of the manufacturing process. In this paper we present experimental results that are suggestive of an intrinsic photoresist bias. This diffusion bias sets a minimum resolution limit for chemically amplified resist systems that can be improved at the cost of reduced throughput and productivity.
Glycoprotein Ibα Can Mediate Endothelial Cell Migration on von Willebrand Factor-Containing Substrata

Abstract We have previously shown that, in addition to the vitronectin receptor (VNR, α v β 3 ), the GP Ib complex can participate in endothelial cell (EC) attachment to von Willebrand Factor (vWF) (D. A. Beacham, M. S. Cruz, and R. I. Handin, 1995, Thromb. Haemostas. 73, 309–317; D. A. Beacham, L.-P. Tran, and S. S. Shapiro, 1997, Blood 89, 4071–4077). In this study we have investigated the functional roles of these vWF receptors in the migration of untreated and TNFα-treated EC on vWF, a mixture of vWF and type I collagen, and on vitronectin (VN). In agreement with previous studies (D. I. Leavesley, M. A. Schwartz, M. Rosenfeld, and D. A. Cheresh, 1993, J. Cell Biol. 121, 163–170), the migration of untreated and TNFα-treated EC on VN was dependent entirely on the VNR. Migration of untreated EC on vWF was inhibited 10–15% by recombinant vWF-A1, the GP Ibα-binding domain on vWF which abrogates the platelet GP Ibα–vWF interaction. In contrast, migration of TNFα-treated EC on vWF was inhibited 50–60% by vWF-A1 or the anti-GP Ibα mAb AS-7 but only 20% by the anti-VNR mAb LM609. On a mixed vWF–collagen substratum, vWF-A1 inhibited untreated EC migration by 45%, and TNFα-treated EC migration by 75%. The possible role of EC proliferation was eliminated, since hydroxyurea completely inhibited EC proliferation without reducing migration significantly. The anti-GP Ibα mAb Ib1 inhibited EC migration by 50%, but reduced proliferation by only 15%. Taken together, our data demonstrate that EC migration on vWF-containing substrata involves the GP Ib complex as well as the VNR and raises the possibility that the VNR and GP Ib act cooperatively in supporting EC migration.
Frequency distribution of radiation emitted from excited atomic systems

General expressions for the time-dependent probability amplitudes of the quantum states of two arbitrary, interacting atoms are calculated when one atom is initially in an excited p state and the other atom is in an s ground state. The lifetimes of the excited states and the line shape of the emitted radiation are obtained as functions of both the atomic separation and the energy difference between the excited states of the two atoms. The emission line shape is shown to be doubly peaked and to agree with the line shape of the radiation scattered by a system of two interacting atoms. The expressions for the lifetimes of the excited states are found to be identical to those obtained for the radiation scattering situation.
Viscous flow of molten polyethylene resins

A screw extruder and capillary dies of different length radius ratios were used to measure melt flow and end effects for three commercial polyethylene resins, two of low density and one of high density. The apparent melt viscosities of the low density resins decreased faster with increasing shear and temperature than that of the high density resin. Zero shear activation energies for viscous flow were 11.6 and 12.7 kcal./mole for the low density resins and 7.0 for the high density resin. Apparent activation energies at fixed shear stresses were independent of shear stress while apparent activation energies at fixed shear rates decreased with increasing shear rate. End effects and recoverable shear strain were smallest for the high density resin. The differences between the melt flow characteristics of the two types of polyethylene are tentatively correlated with structure.
Linear perturbation methods for topologically consistent representations of free-form surface intersections

By applying displacement maps to slightly perturb two free-form surfaces, one can ensure exact agreement between the images in R3 of parameter-domain approximations to their curve of intersection. Thus, at the expense of slightly altering the surfaces in the vicinity of their intersection, a perfect matching of the surface trimming curves is guaranteed. This exact agreement of contiguous trimmed surfaces is essential to achieving topologically consistent solid model constructions through Boolean operations, and has a profound impact on the efficiency and reliability of applications such as meshing, rendering, and computing volumetric properties. Moreover, the control point perturbations require only the solution of a linear system for their determination. The basic principles of this approach to topologically consistent surface trimming curves are described, and example results from the implementation of a simple instance of the method are presented.
Preliminary experience with FK506 in thoracic transplantation.

FK506, a potent immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotic, underwent initial clinical trails in liver recipients with intractable rejection or refractory drug toxicity (1,2). The dramatic results achieved by this agent in “rescue” therapy were followed shortly by its introduction as a primary immunosuppressant in kidney and liver recipients beginning in March 1989 at the Presbyterian University and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (3,4). In October 1989, a prospective clinical trial was begun using FK506 and low-dose steroids as the sole immunosuppression in patients undergoing orthotopic cardiac transplantation. The preliminary results using FK506 and low-dose steroids as primary immunosuppression in 23 patients following cardiac transplantation and in 4 patients as “rescue” therapy for refractory rejection or drug toxicity are reported here.
Power grid analysis with hierarchical support graphs

It is increasingly challenging to analyze present day large-scale power delivery networks (PDNs) due to the drastically growing complexity in power grid design. To achieve greater runtime and memory efficiencies, a variety of preconditioned iterative algorithms has been investigated in the past few decades with promising performance, while incremental power grid analysis also becomes popular to facilitate fast re-simulations of corrected designs. Although existing preconditioned solvers, such as incomplete matrix factor-based preconditioners, usually exhibit high efficiency in memory usage, their convergence behaviors are not always satisfactory. In this work, we present a novel hierarchical support-graph preconditioned iterative algorithm that constructs preconditioners by generating spanning trees in power supply networks for fast power grid analysis. The support-graph preconditioner is efficient for handling complex power grid structures (regular or irregular grids), and can facilitate very fast incremental analysis. Our experimental results on IBM power grid benchmarks show that compared with the best direct or iterative solvers, the proposed support-graph preconditioned iterative solver achieves up to 3.6X speedups for DC analysis, and up to 22X speedups for incremental analysis, while reducing the memory consumption by a factor of four.
A lipid-rich gestational diet predisposes offspring to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a potential sequence of events

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. It affects 20%–30% of the US population, and it is increasing worldwide. Recently, the role of lipid-rich maternal gestational nutrition in spurring the development of NAFLD among offspring has been indicated. Fetal predisposition to NAFLD involves numerous physiological reroutings that are initiated by increased delivery of nonesterified fatty acids to the fetal liver. Hampered β-oxidation, uncontrolled oxidative stress, increased triacylglycerol synthesis, and the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response are all implicated in sculpting a hepatic phenotype with a propensity to develop NAFLD in the postnatal state. This review suggests a mechanism that integrates outcomes reported by a variety of studies conducted in an analysis of fetal hepatic metabolic capacity amid the maternal consumption of a high-fat diet. Potential preventive measures and therapies for use both as part of prenatal nutrition and for those at risk for the development of NAFLD are also discussed.
Highly optically active triglycerides of Sebastiana ligustrina and related species

Abstract The highly optically active triglycerides (OAT) of the seed oil of Sebastiana ligustrina were isolated and characterized. As with the similar known triglycerides from Sapium sebiferum , the optically active 8-hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid is esterified to glycerol and to 2,4-decadienoic acid. The other two acyl moieties in the triglycerides of both these species are common fatty acids, principally 16:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 which occur in pairs ranging in degree of unsaturation from 16:0, 18:1 to 18:3, 18:3. Analyses of lipids of parts of the related species Stillingia sylvatica and S. texana revealed no allene or carbonyl conjugation, and thus by implication no OAT. A substance having IR absorptions characteristic of allenes and carbonyl conjugated dienes, but different from OAT, was found in the stems of S. texana . The seeds of S. sebiferum are known to contain OAT, but it was not found in fresh leaves.
Variability in IQ Scores and Prognosis of Children with Hyperlexia

Abstract The interrelationships between early development, IQ scores and prognosis were studied in 18 boys and 3 girls with hyperlexia (unexpectedly high word recognition skills in association with impaired language comprehension). All children were examined during the preschool period and subsequently at least once during school age. During the preschool period all disclosed abnormally low language development and aberrant behavior; nonverbal abilities ranged from normal to severely retarded, and 6 were considered nontestable. The results of the preschool assessments did not necessarily predict IQ scores at school age. Persisting deficits in social and emotional maturity prevented most from entering a regular educational program at school age, regardless of IQ score. We conclude that hyperlexia is a nonspecific finding in some children with developmental or neurological disorders, and indicates neither a potential or normal academic performance nor a primary emotional disturbance. A long-term prognosis should not be attempted until school age in children with hyperlexia and then only when IQ scores and reading comprehension skills are noted to be stable.
Development of a lasercom testbed for the pointing, acquisition, and tracking subsystem of satellite-to-satellite laser communications link

A lasercom pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) testbed has been developed at The Aerospace Corporation. The current setup represents a GEO-to-GEO link, but depending on the target PAT subsystem, this testbed can be reconfigured. No communication aspects are currently implemented. The system operates in small beam space and consists of a far field space simulator, and two identical lasercom terminals implemented with representative hardware (fast steering mirrors, optical detectors, etc.) and differentiated only by two laser sources operating at visible wavelengths of 473 nm and 633 nm. In this paper, the design process will be examined, and aspects of the pointing accuracy will be discussed.
Quality and utilization of food co-products and residues

Some agricultural industries generate large amounts of low value co-products/residues, including citrus peel, sugar beet pulp and whey protein from the production of orange juice, sugar and cheese commodities, respectively. National Program #306 of the USDA Agricultural Research Service aims to characterize and enhance quality and develop new processes and uses for value-added foods and bio-based products. In parallel projects, we applied scanning microscopies to examine the molecular organization of citrus pectin gels, covalent crosslinking to reduce debonding in sugar beet pulp-PLA composites and functional modification of whey protein through extrusion in order to evaluate new methods of processing and formulating new products. Also, qualitative attributes of fresh produce that could potentially guide germ line development and crop management were explored through fluorescence imaging: synthesis and accumulation of oleoresin in habanero peppers suggest a complicated mechanism of secretion that differs from the classical scheme. Integrated imaging appears to offer significant structural insights to help understand practical properties and features of important food co-products/residues.
Transplantation of renal primordia: renal organogenesis

Dialysis and allotransplantation of human kidneys represent effective therapies to replace kidney function, but the former replaces only a small component of renal function, and the latter is limited by lack of organ availability. Xenotransplantation of whole kidneys from nonprimate donors is complicated by humoral and severe cellular rejection. The use of individual cells or groups of cells to repair damaged tissue (cellular therapies) offers an alternative for renal tissue replacement. However, recapitulation of complex functions such glomerular filtration and reabsorption and secretion of solutes that are dependent on a three-dimensionally integrated kidney structure are beyond the scope of most cellular replacement therapies. The use of nonvascularized embryonic renal primordia for transplantation circumvents humoral rejection of xenogeneic tissue and ameliorates cellular rejection. Renal primordia are preprogrammed to attract a vasculature and differentiate into a kidney and in this manner undergo organogenesis after transplantation into the mesentery of hosts. Here we review a decade’s progress in renal organogenesis.
Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses during exercise at various ambient temperatures

Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses during exercise at various ambient temperatures, noting effects on sensory estimates
A second-order coupled immersed boundary-SAMR construction for chemically reacting flow over a heat-conducting Cartesian grid-conforming solid

Abstract In this paper, we present a second-order numerical method for simulations of reacting flow around heat-conducting immersed solid objects. The method is coupled with a block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) framework and a low-Mach number operator-split projection algorithm. A “buffer zone” methodology is introduced to impose the solid–fluid boundary conditions such that the solver uses symmetric derivatives and interpolation stencils throughout the interior of the numerical domain; irrespective of whether it describes fluid or solid cells. Solid cells are tracked using a binary marker function. The no-slip velocity boundary condition at the immersed wall is imposed using the staggered mesh. Near the immersed solid boundary, single-sided buffer zones (inside the solid) are created to resolve the species discontinuities, and dual buffer zones (inside and outside the solid) are created to capture the temperature gradient discontinuities. The development discussed in this paper is limited to a two-dimensional Cartesian grid-conforming solid. We validate the code using benchmark simulations documented in the literature. We also demonstrate the overall second-order convergence of our numerical method. To demonstrate its capability, a reacting flow simulation of a methane/air premixed flame stabilized on a channel-confined bluff-body using a detailed chemical kinetics model is discussed.
Analytic recovery of transition probabilities in three-dimensional diffuse tomography

A recovery algorithm is given for the 2 X 2 X 2 problem in diffuse tomography. This three dimensional algorithm is computationally more complex and yields relatively more information than its two dimensional counterpart.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular targets for neuroprotection

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic neurodegenerative disorder. Experimental models of ALS such as the transgenic rodents expressing mutant superoxide dimutase-1 are playing a pivotal role in our understanding of ALS pathogenesis, and in our testing of new therapeutic interventions aimed at protecting against neurodegeneration. Apoptosis has emerged as a significant pathogenic factor in several neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. Constructed of multiple interacting molecules, the apoptosis machinery offers a host of attractive targets for pharmacological and genetic interventions to be tested in experimental models of ALS. Information generated by these pre-clinical studies holds the promise to provide sound scientific basis for the development of effective neuroprotective therapies for ALS.
Hyperventilation-induced seizures in mentally impaired children

Two children with profound development delay and medically intractable seizures were found to have hyperventilation-induced seizures. Following detection of this precipitating factor the parents, teachers and caretakers were taught to modify the childrens' breathing when they began to hyperventilate. In both patients this technique resulted in a dramatic decrease in seizure frequency.
The Motion of Solid Bodies in Potential Flow With Circulation: A Geometric Outlook

The motion of a circular body in 2D potential flow is studied using symplectic reduction. The equations of motion are obtained starting front a kinetic-energy type system on a space of embeddings and reducing by the particle relabelling symmetry group and the special Euclidian group. In the process, we give a geometric interpretation for the Kutta-Joukowski lift force in terms of the curvature of a connection on the original phase space.
Effect of gonadotropin administration on estrus synchronization and ovulation rate following induced abortion in swine

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on synchronization of estrus and the ovulation rate following prostaglandin F2α-induced abortion. Twenty-seven pregnant gilts were aborted between Days 20 and 40 of gestation by the administration of PGF2α (10 mg/injection) at 0700 and 1600 h. Control gilts (C; n = 9) received an injection of physiological saline (2 ml) immediately following the second injection of PGF2α, while PMSG1 (n = 11) and PMSG2 (n = 7) gilts received an injection of PMSG (1250 IU) from lots #1 and #2, respectively. Gilts which failed to exhibit estrus within 80 h following PMSG were given 500 IU hCG (PMSG1+hCG: n = 5; PMSG2+hCG: n = 4). Gilts were bred at 12 and 24 h after the onset of estrus (Day 0) by natural or artificial insemination. Embryos were recovered between Days 1 and 6 of gestation. Because the source of PMSG had no effect on the interval from PGF2α to estrus, PMSG1 and PMSG2 gilts were pooled into two groups: PMSG (n = 9) and PMSG+hCG (n = 9). Mean interval from PGF2α to estrus and its variance were greater for C than PMSG and PMSG+hCG gilts. Mean ovulation rate was greater for PMSG2 as compared with PMSG1 and C gilts (26.0 ± 2.0 vs 15.6 ± 1.6 and 13.2 ± 1.8, respectively). The embryo recovery rate was lower for PMSG2 than for PMSG1 and C gilts. These results indicate that administration of PMSG alone or in conjunction with hCG increases synchronization of estrus following induced abortion. Finally, the ovulatory response to a commercial preparation of PMSG may vary greatly between lots.
The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on habituation of activity in the developing rat pup

Abstract The role of brain catecholaminergic mechanisms in habituation of activity was investigated in rat pups treated with 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA). Intracisternal administration of this agent in the neonatal period resulted in a permanent and significant depletion of brain dopamine to 35.5% of controls while brain norepinephrine remained unchanged. Activity levels in normal developing rat pups increased rapidly between 15–22 days, then declined at maturity (26 days), while activity in 6-OHDA treated animals during this peak period of behavioral arousal increased to a significantly greater degree than that of their littermate controls. Habituation of activity, defined as the decrement of spontaneous activity, was calculated by regression over the first 30 min of observation. At both 5 and 8 days of age 6-OHDA and control rat pups exhibited low levels of activity whose decrease with time did not differ significantly and this pattern continued through 12 days of age. However, by 15 days of age activity in control animals declined by 19% each 10 min period compared to only a 10% decline found in 6-OHDA animals. At 19 days normal rat pups declined by 10% compared to a significantly reduced decrement of 3% found in treated animals, but these differences were no longer apparent by 22, 26, or 29 days of age. Our results are consistent with the notion that habituation of activity is a complex phenomenon mediated in part by catecholaminergic systems.
Transcriptome-wide ribonuclease-mediated protein footprinting to identify RNA–protein interaction sites

Abstract RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are intimately involved in all aspects of RNA processing and regulation and are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Therefore, investigating the relationship between RBPs and their RNA targets is critical for a broader understanding of post-transcriptional regulation in normal and disease processes. The majority of approaches to study RNA–protein interactions interrogate only individual RBPs. However, there are hundreds of these proteins encoded in the human genome, and each cell type expresses a different repertoire, greatly limiting the ability of current methods to capture the global landscape of RNA–protein interactions. To address this gap, we and others have recently developed methods to globally identify regions of RNAs that are bound by proteins in an unbiased manner. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for performing our ribonuclease-mediated protein footprint sequencing approach, termed protein interaction profile sequencing (PIP-seq). In this protocol, RNA–protein interactions are stabilized by cross-linking, and unbound regions are digested with ribonucleases (RNases), leaving only the protein-bound regions intact. To control for RNase insensitive regions, proteins are first denatured and degraded, then protein-depleted RNAs are subjected to RNase treatment. After high-throughput sequencing of the remaining fragments, peak calling is performed to identify protein-protected sites (PPSs). We describe the application of this protocol to a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T) and perform basic quality control, reproducibility, and benchmarking analyses. Finally, we delineate the landscape of protein-interactions in HEK293T cells, underscoring the value of this approach. Future applications of this method to study the dynamics of RNA–protein interactions in developmental and disease processes will help to further uncover the role of RBPs in post-transcriptional regulation.
Adhesion, Morphology, and Locomotion of Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page (Amoebida, Paramoebidae): Effects of Substrate Charge Density and External Cations1

Morphology and locomotive behavior in the marine amoeba, Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page, was examined under different environmental conditions. Paramoeba requires a minimum surface negative charge density for adhesion of amoebae to substrata. Once adhesion to the substratum has been attained, however, surface negative charge density has no effect on morphology or locomotive rate. Divalent cations are not required for adhesion, but external calcium is required for normal locomotion. In the presence of calcium, Paramoeba often assumes a locomotive form with a broad, well-developed anterior hyaline region and truncate posterior region. Locomotive forms vary from those with only a well-developed hyaline region (Flabellula-like) to forms with long digitiform sub-pseudopodia (Vexillifera-like), with intermediate morphotypes. Locomotive rates decrease and anteroposterior polarity disappears in the presence of living or heat-killed bacteria, indicating that phagocytosis temporarily interferes with locomotion and alters form.
Information Technology Control and Audit

The new edition of a bestseller, Information Technology Control and Audit, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of IT governance, controls, auditing applications, systems development, and operations. Aligned to and supporting the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT), it examines emerging trends and defines recent advances in technology that impact IT controls and auditsincluding cloud computing, web-based applications, and server virtualization. Filled with exercises, review questions, section summaries, and references for further reading, this updated and revised edition promotes the mastery of the concepts and practical implementation of controls needed to manage information technology resources effectively well into the future. Illustrating the complete IT audit process, the text: Considers the legal environment and its impact on the IT fieldincluding IT crime issues and protection against fraud Explains how to determine risk management objectives Covers IT project management and describes the auditors role in the process Examines advanced topics such as virtual infrastructure security, enterprise resource planning, web application risks and controls, and cloud and mobile computing security Includes review questions, multiple-choice questions with answers, exercises, and resources for further reading in each chapter This resource-rich text includes appendices with IT audit cases, professional standards, sample audit programs, bibliography of selected publications for IT auditors, and a glossary. It also considers IT auditor career development and planning and explains how to establish a career development plan. Mapping the requirements for information systems auditor certification, this text is an ideal resource for those preparing for the Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) and Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT (CGEIT) exams. Instructor's guide and PowerPoint slides available upon qualified course adoption.
For the Record: What Education Policy Could Be

A review of education reform policies reveals a shift from an input guarantee approach aimed at providing funds to level the playing field for all students to an output guarantee approach based on ...
Sacral block anesthesia in proctologic operations

M Y experience with sacra1 bIock anesthesia for proctologic operations extends a IittIe over the Iast twenty-five years. In this period I have had the opportunity to use sacrat bIock for other types of operations. In addition to using this type of anesthesia for surgica1 operations I have used it for obstetric procedures and also for the diagnosis of pain paths in an attempt to bIock sacra1 nerves therapeuticaIIy. that might be needed in certain circumstances. This series was smaI1 but served to show that such a combination may be used in most cases without untoward results. In most cases in which patients are sensitive to penicillin skin manifestations may be seen at the site of the
Chronic stress down-regulates growth hormone gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of older adults.

“Pituitary” peptides are produced in both endocrine and immune cells. Acute and chronic stress can alter pituitary peptide secretion and might also influence neuroendocrine gene expression in human immune cells. We reasoned that, in Alzheimer caregivers, the chronic stress of caregiving would impact on the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis possibly leading to alterations in GH mRNA in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Therefore, we evaluated 10 caregivers and 10 controls subjects using a math and speech stress protocol to determine their neuroendocrine profile and to evaluate any relationship with mononuclear cell GH mRNA levels simultaneously acquired and then evaluated by a quantitative competitive RT-PCR technique. We found a significant (p<.0001) decrease 50% in GH mRNA levels in cells from caregivers. Plasma ACTH and norepinephrine levels were negatively correlated with GH mRNA levels, suggesting their possible role in the down-regulation of mononuclear cell GH gene expression. These observations support the hypothesis that experiences associated with caregiving alter the brain's autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. These and perhaps other influences may then produce altered GH gene expression in mononuclear cells of chronically stressed individuals. It is tempting to speculate that the decreased GH mRNA that we found in these chronically stressed caregivers was partially responsible for their poor response to influenza vaccine and their delayed wound healing.
Leveraging non-blocking collective communication in high-performance applications

Although overlapping communication with computation is an important mechanism for achieving high performance in parallel programs, developing applications that actually achieve good overlap can be difficult. Existing approaches are typically based on manual or compiler-based transformations. This paper presents a pattern and library-based approach to optimizing collective communication in parallel high-performance applications, based on using non-blocking collective operations to enable overlapping of communication and computation. Common communication and computation patterns in iterative SPMD computations are used to motivate the transformations we present. Our approach provides the programmer with the capability to separately optimize communication and computation in an application, while automating the interaction between computation and communication to achieve maximum overlap. Performance results with a model application show more than a 90% decrease in communication overhead, resulting in 21% overall performance improvements.
Imatinib for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Impact of Its Effectiveness and Long-term Side Effects

The development of effective, selective therapies has long challenged researchers trying to improve treatment options for cancer patients. The allure of such therapies has always been that so-called “ targeted therapies ” would by their very nature limit toxic effects commonly associated with traditional cytotoxic agents. Moreover, if the targeted agents are effective, such therapies might improve clinical responses, alter disease biology, and ultimately improve survival for a multitude of cancer patients. The threats to such promising approaches include serious or unexpected toxic effects (ie, narrow therapeutic indices) or partially effective therapies that could allow the emergence of drug resistance. To date, the success of imatinib mesylate (IM) in the treatment of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) remains the best example of successful targeted therapy. This is true despite challenges as a result of its toxicity profi le and the fi nding that drug resistance does occur. IM has transformed this leukemia with a previously optimistic life expectancy of 4 – 6 years with interferonbased treatments ( 1 ) into a true chronic illness with overall survival rates that appear to be increasing each year. However, there are still concerns about long-term tolerability and long-term effi cacy with IM. In this issue of the Journal, the article by GambacortiPasserini et al . ( 2 ) adds “real-life, long-term” tolerability data to Imatinib for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Impact of Its Effectiveness and Long-term Side Effects
BOUNDARY PATROLS AND INTERGROUP ENCOUNTERS IN WILD CHIMPANZEES

Summary Chimpanzees are among the few mammals that engage in lethal coalitionary aggression between groups. Most attacks on neighbors occur when parties made up mostly of adult males patrol boundaries of their community’ s range. Patrols have time, energy, and opportunity costs, and entail some risks despite the tendency of males to attack only when they greatly outnumber their targets. These factors may lead to a collective action problem. Potential benee ts include protection of community members, particularly infants; range expansion and increases in the amount and quality of food available; and incorporation of more females into the community. Males may not share these equally; for example, those able to obtain
The development of sensorimotor synaptic connections in the lumbosacral cord of the chick embryo.

We have examined the development of synaptic connections between afferents and motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the chick embryo between stages 28 and 39. The central projection of afferents was visualized following injection of dorsal root ganglia with HRP. Afferent fibers first entered the dorsal gray matter between stages 29 and 31. They grew in a ventrolateral direction, reaching motoneuron dendrites by stage 32. Quantitative analysis of axon numbers suggested that individual axons did not begin to branch extensively until they approached the lateral motor column at stage 36. Connectivity between afferents and motoneurons was assessed by stimulating dorsal roots or nerves supplying the femorotibialis muscle and recording the resulting motoneuron synaptic potentials intracellularly or from the cut ventral roots. At stages 37–39, low-intensity stimulation produced a short- latency positive potential that was followed at higher stimulus currents by slower positive potentials. All of these potentials were abolished in solutions that block chemical synaptic transmission (zero Ca2+/2 mM Mn2+). The early potential, which includes the monosynaptic EPSP produced by muscle afferents, persisted in the presence of the N- methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), but was largely eliminated by the more general excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid. Therefore, in the chick, as in other species, a glutamate-like transmitter appears to be released at the synapses between muscle afferents and motoneurons. The APV-resistant potential was reduced in amplitude during bath application of the glycine and GABA antagonists, strychnine and picrotoxin, suggesting that it was composed of depolarizing inhibitory as well as excitatory components at these stages. The monosynaptic EPSP could be recorded in ventral roots as early as stages 32–33, when muscle afferents first grew into the vicinity of motoneuron dendrites. The EPSP in these young embryos was unaffected by picrotoxin and strychnine, but responded to APV and kynurenate in a manner similar to that at later stages. Between stages 28 and 32, only long-latency, slowly rising potentials could be evoked in the ventral roots by afferent activation. These potentials were abolished by superfusion with zero Ca2+/2 mM Mn2+, APV, or kynurenic acid, and could be revealed before stage 31 only by removing Mg2+ from the bath.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The relationship of thoracic lymphadenopathy to pulmonary interstitial disease in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis: CT findings.

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is frequently associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study compared the extent of lymphadenopathy in diffuse and limited SSc with the presence and type of ILD found on CT scans.Seventy-three patients with diffuse and limited SSc underwent thoracic CT. The presence of lymphadenopathy was correlated with the frequency and type of ILD.Fifty-eight percent (18/31) of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc and 40% (17/42) of patients with limited cutaneous SSc had lymphadenopathy. A significant relationship was found between lymphadenopathy and the presence of interstitial disease (p = .0002). Seventy-two percent (18/25) of patients with a ground-glass parenchymal pattern of interstitial disease and 74% (14/19) of patients with a honeycomb pattern had lymphadenopathy.Lymphadenopathy is prevalent in patients with SSc and ILD regardless of clinical subtype or interstitial pattern. Lymphadenopathy appears to increase as a function of...
The Patient-Doctor Relationship and Online Social Networks: Results of a National Survey

To the Editors: —We write to express our concern regarding the article entitled “The Patient Doctor Relationship and On-line Social Networks: Results of a National Survey.”1 We believe this study has serious methodological errors that render the data uninterpretable and the conclusions inappropriate. The most obvious concern is the 16% response rate. With such a poor response rate and with no knowledge of how respondents differed from non-respondents, it is impossible to have confidence in the population estimates for behaviors such as participation in online social networking (OSN). For example, suppose the 84% of the sample who did not respond to the survey are different from the 16% of the people who did respond, perhaps because use of OSNs is correlated with the decision to respond. For practicing physicians, the survey reports that about 40% use OSNs. If the rate of use among the 84% of the sample who did not respond to the survey were really 20%, then the overall population estimate for use among practicing physicians would be 23.2%. This would be about half of the reported 40% and could lead to a totally different perspective on the results. Second, the data are not weighted to adjust for differences in response rates and the different probabilities of selection within the sample. Development and application of the survey weights are essential to appropriately develop strata level and population estimates. Failing to conduct weighted analyses that adjust for both non-response and survey design effects calls into question all of the population-level estimates presented in this paper. Third, the study significantly over-represents female physicians. This over-representation is problematic since female gender is also strongly associated with choice of specialty, both personal age and professional age—factors that could be related to participation in OSN and other forms of social behaviors. Generally, fatal flaws of this nature are easily detectable upon peer-review. We are surprised that such a paper was accepted for publication in a journal of JGIM’s quality. It is our opinion that any basic survey text or any survey professional could have helped the authors to take up this interesting research question and provide data to inform it.
Influence of emergence success on the annual reproductive output of leatherback turtles

Reproductive output of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) is affected by the stochastic nature of emergence success. Average emergence success of nests at Playa Grande, Costa Rica was 0.38 ± 0.27. Incubation temperature affected development of leatherback turtle eggs and emergence of hatchlings from the nest. We found that high temperatures reduced hatching success and emergence rate and increased embryonic mortality both early and late during incubation at Playa Grande. There was a temporal effect on emergence success that resulted in more hatchlings being produced at the beginning of the season, because of higher emergence success, than toward the end. Likewise, production of hatchlings varied from year to year. The average annual reproductive output was 252 ± 141 hatchlings per female. The 2005–2006 nesting season had the highest emergence success and produced the greatest number of hatchlings per female compared to the 2004–2005 (+120%) and 2006–2007 (+41%) seasons. However, average clutch size (62 ± 10) and clutch frequency (9.45 ± 1.63), were not different among years. Turtles that had nested a high number of years exhibited greater clutch frequency and arrived earlier to nest than turtles that had nested in fewer numbers of years. Nesting when environmental conditions favor high developmental success and emergence rate may constitute an advantageous reproductive strategy.
Bit-interleaved space-time trellis coding for frequency selective block fading channels

In this paper, the performance of a bit-interleaved space-time trellis coding (BISTTC) scheme is investigated for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems utilizing multiple antennas. The BISTTC scheme considered here concatenates the outer code with the well-known spacetime trellis code (STTC) through a bit interleaver. Compared to existing concatenation of BICM with space-time block code (STBC), BISTTC has significant performance advantage in applications with low spectral efficiency and simple outer code, due to its ability to exploit available diversity resources more efficiently.
Computers in Early Childhood Education

Abstract Computer use in all licensed preschools and day care programs in a metropolitan county was studied. Of the 124 programs, 24 owned one or more computers. In-depth interviews were conducted with the directors of the 18 programs which both owned a computer and were providing children with access to it in the classroom. Some instances of satisfactory integration of the computer into the early childhood education environment were found, however, substantial levels of frustration and disappointment were also found in many programs owning a computer. Three categories of challenges to educators interested in using computers effectively with preschool children emerged from this study. Related to personnel, curriculum, and practical concerns, these challenges are discussed and exemplified by interview responses. Finally, results are summarized and suggestions for future research are offered.
Oxygen isotopic equilibrium between carbon dioxide and water in soils

Exact mathematical solutions are presented for some simple cases of isotopic equilibration of oxygen-18 between carbon dioxide and water in soils, which is a major component of the 18 O isotopic balance of atmospheric CO 2 . The soil-to-air exchange is made up of 2 components. First, respiratory CO 2 is produced in the soil and escapes to the atmosphere through diffusion. The lighter isotopic species escapes a little more rapidly, enriching the heavier isotopic species in the CO 2 left behind in the soil, which is then out of isotopic equilibrium with soil water. Therefore, simultaneously with the escape of gas, there is continuous re-equilibration of CO 2 with soil water. The second component of soil-to-air exchange is independent of the production of CO 2 in the soil: the invasion of atmospheric CO 2 into the soil, where it equilibrates isotopically with the soil moisture before diffusing back out. A consequence for atmospheric isotopic measurements is that, in general, for respired CO 2 a plot of the isotopic ratio versus the inverse of the concentration is curved, and that the slope in the vicinity of the ambient concentration may not point towards the isotopic ratio of the net CO 2 evolved from the soil. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-1-00004.x
Unfolding narrative meaning over time: The contributions of mother–daughter conversations of difficulty on daughter narrative sense-making and well-being

ABSTRACTRecent narrative theorizing suggests that humans process their difficult experiences by not only creating stories—called individual narrative sense-making (NSM)—but also by telling those stories with others—called communicated narrative sense-making (CNSM). The present study investigated the relationship between individual and communicated NSM to understand the effects of interpersonal communication on intrapersonal meaning-making and well-being. In this longitudinal, laboratory-based study, 62 mother–daughter pairs wrote and discussed stories of daughters’ difficulty. Findings revealed that CNSM—particularly turn-taking, coherence, and daughters’ perspective-taking—predicted increased positivity in daughters’ stories over time, suggesting that CNSM contributes to “re-authoring” of individual stories. Limited effects emerged for CNSM and well-being. Findings expanded knowledge about the interconnections between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, and well-being.
Feature-aided tracking in dense clutter using the Clutter09 data set

A feature-aided multihypothesis tracker (MHT) was used to process bistatic sonar data from the Clutter09 sea trial. The trial used a towed echo repeater that modified and retransmitted several variations of an incident signal including one that was intended to mimic interaction with a hollow steel cylinder. An automated aural classifier evaluated each of the contact signals in terms of its time-frequency and spectral characteristics, producing a set of feature values for each contact. The tracker used a subset of the feature information in its track score calculation to encourage the association of contacts that were similar in nature to the specified target. Comparisons of the baseline and feature-aided cases in three scenarios showed that the use of feature information in the tracker resulted in a factor of six reduction in the number of false tracks and a one-third reduction in the duration of the false tracks. There was limited impact on the quality of the specified target track. Tracks on other known objects, including the Campo Vega oil rig, were eliminated or degraded to the degree that they were dissimilar to the specific target.