cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISCIPLINE, PHILOSOPHY, AND HISTORY

Gorman proposes to investigate historical practice under the rubric of a philosophy of disciplines. Such philosophy must first “recover historically” the self-constitution of the discipline in order then to appraise its procedures for warranting claims. Gorman's concept of discipline would have profited from consulting the substantial body of empirical research and theory regarding disciplinarity, and his “historical recovery” of the discipline of history leaves a lot to be desired. These insufficiencies vitiate the interesting arguments he has to offer concerning the question of the truth-claims of whole historical accounts. A better reconstruction of disciplinarity might also have provided him with stronger rejoinders to the postmodern challenge to historical practice that he sees himself called to rebut.
Effective properties of three-phase electro-magneto-elastic composites

Coupling between the electric field, magnetic field, and strain of composite materials is achieved when electro-elastic (piezoelectric) and magneto-elastic (piezomagnetic) particles are joined by an elastic matrix. Although the matrix is neither piezoelectric nor piezomagnetic, the strain field in the matrix couples the electric field of the piezoelectric phase to the magnetic field of the piezomagnetic phase. This three-phase electro-magneto-elastic composite should have greater ductility and formability than a two-phase composite in which the electric field and the magnetic field are coupled by directly bonding two brittle materials. A finite element analysis (FEA) and micromechanics based averaging of a representative volume element (RVE) are performed in this work to determine the effective dielectric, magnetic, mechanical, and coupled-field properties of an elastic matrix reinforced with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers as functions of the phase volume fractions, the fiber arrangements in the RVE, and the fiber material properties with special emphasis on the poling directions of the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers. The effective magneto-electric moduli of this three-phase composite are found to be less than the effective magneto-electric moduli of a two-phase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite, because the elastic matrix is not stiff enough to transfer significant strains between the piezomagnetic and piezoelectric fibers.
Diagnosing early lyme disease

The diagnostic value of clinical, culture, and serologic findings was studied prospectively in 41 patients with early Lyme disease. Fifteen patients had erythema chronicum migrans alone, and 26 had clinical evidence of disseminated infection, most commonly affecting the brain or meninges, other skin sites, lymph nodes, or joints. Of 40 blood cultures, only one, from a patient with disseminated infection, yielded spirochetes. One of 10 patients tested with localized infection had an elevated IgM response to the Lyme spirochete (200 units or greater) during acute disease. Two to three weeks after beginning antibiotic therapy, four of the 10 patients had elevated specific IgM or IgG responses (200 units or greater). Of the 22 patients tested with disseminated disease, 10 initially had elevated levels of specific IgM or IgG, and 12 had such responses by convalescence. Because of the low yield of cultures and the delay in the specific antibody response, recognition of the clinical picture remains very important in diagnosing early Lyme disease.
p-Laplacian boundary value problems on exterior regions

Abstract This paper treats some variational principles for solutions of inhomogeneous p -Laplacian boundary value problems on exterior regions U ⊊ R N with dimension N ⩾ 3 . Existence-uniqueness results when p ∈ ( 1 , N ) are provided in a space E 1 , p ( U ) of functions that contains W 1 , p ( U ) . Functions in E 1 , p ( U ) are required to decay at infinity in a measure theoretic sense. Various properties of this space are derived, including results about equivalent norms, traces and an L p -imbedding theorem. Also an existence result for a general variational problem of this type is obtained.
H. Basil S. Cooke FRSSAf: an appreciation

It gave me great pleasure to learn in July 2006 about efforts to publish a festschrift honouring H.B.S. Cooke, whose career truly transformed not only what we know about African palaeontology, but how that information is applied in the reconstruction of the past. I therefore decided to write a letter to add my voice to those paying homage to Basil, because I believe it is important to acknowledge those who have 'showed the way' to generations of students, and because he was, directly and indirectly, so influential on my own career.
Older Patients With Schizophrenia: Does Military Veteran Status Matter?

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the influence of military veteran status within a data set of older patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Methods The data set was examined to determine whether veteran status influenced psychopathology, quality of life, cognitive performance, and everyday functioning among 746 male participants. Results There were no significant differences between the groups on measures of premorbid functioning or psychopathology. Veterans in the sample were older, had a higher likelihood of being married (or previously married), had a lower likelihood of living in a board-and-care facility, and had a later age of onset of schizophrenia compared with nonveterans. Though veterans reported worse physical health, they also had better everyday functioning and better performance on some cognitive tasks than nonveterans. Fewer veterans endorsed current use of substances than nonveterans. Conclusions There were several differences based on veteran status, including everyday functioning, health-related quality of life, cognitive performance, and current substance use.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Osmium(VI) Thiolate Complexes, [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(μ-SR)]2 and [Os(N)(SCH2Ph)4]-

Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkanethiolate complexes of osmium(VI) possessing bridging thiolate ligands have been prepared and characterized. The complexes [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(μ-SR)]2 (R = CH2CH3, CMe3, CHMe2, CH2CHMe2, CH2Ph) are synthesized by the reaction of [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2Cl]2 with alkali metal thiolates. They are air- and water-stable and unreactive toward nucleophiles and electrophiles. Anionic tetrathiolate and tetraalkoxide complexes of osmium(VI) have also been prepared and characterized. Reaction of [PPh4][Os(N)Cl4] with NaSCH2Ph or LiOCH2Ph in refluxing THF produces [PPh4][Os(N)(SCH2Ph)4] or [PPh4][Os(N)(OCH2Ph)4]. Thermolysis of [PPh4][Os(N)(SCH2Ph)4] gives benzyl disulfide, probably via reductive elimination, while the tetraalkoxide complex produces benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol upon heating in a β-hydrogen elimination reaction.
Unexpected conversion of a polycyclic thiophene to a macrocyclic anhydride

Abstract Oxygenation of 2,5,9,12-tetra( tert -butyl)diacenaphtho[1,2- b :1′,2′- d ]-thiophene ( 1 , C 40 H 44 S) by peracids gave the cyclic sulfonic ester 4 (2,7,10,13-tetra( tert -butyl)diacenaphtho[1,2- c :1′,2′- e ]oxathiin 5,5-dioxide, C 40 H 44 O 3 S) which, when heated in nitrobenzene, is converted into a complex, macrocyclic anhydride 3 (C 80 H 88 O 3 ), which is derived from two molecules of 4 . Further investigation found a likely intermediate in this reaction, 4,4′,7,7′-tetra( tert -butyl)-1,1′-biacenaphthylenylidene-2,2′-dione ( 5 , C 40 H 44 O 2 ), apparently formed from 4 by additional oxidation. Anhydride 3 plausibly arises by Diels–Alder reaction of 4 and 5 followed by several ring fragmentations. The structures of 3 , 4 , and 5 were unambiguously established by X-ray crystallography.
Evoked responses from the auditory cortex

Evoked response from auditory cortex in cat in relation to local injury to cortex, anesthesia, and sleep
Online droplet diameter measurements to improve the crude oil dehydration process

Emulsion droplet size is information of paramount importance in the design and evaluation of oil–water separators. This paper describes the application of a technique for in situ determination of water droplet diameter distribution (DDD) in actual production scenarios. We discuss the DDD and water content measurements in emulsions obtained during normal operation and plant upsets including variations of the demulsifier chemical dosage or tripping of the electrostatic coalescer grids inside a large dehydrator vessel operated on a crude oil production field in Saudi Arabia. It is demonstrated that DDD data can provide a detailed understanding of the oil–water separation phenomena occurring inside the dehydrator vessel, which helped in planning process recovery strategies in the event of a plant upset.
Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance.

Abstract The endothelium regulates vascular tone through the release of vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances. The most important of these vasodilating substances is nitric oxide (NO), which is also vascular protective and inhibits inflammation, oxidation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and migration. Damage to the endothelium causes endothelial dysfunction with impaired release of NO and loss of its antiatherogenic protection. Traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are associated with endothelial dysfunction and thus promote the atherogenic process. More recently, insulin resistance in the absence of overt diabetes or the metabolic syndrome has been associated with endothelial dysfunction. This association provides evidence that the atherosclerotic process may actually begin earlier in the spectrum of insulin resistance, ultimately resulting in a progression of the metabolic syndrome to prediabetes and then to type 2 diabetes. Aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension, even before the onset of type 2 diabetes, would appear prudent in decreasing the progression of the atherosclerotic process. The thiazolidinediones are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ agonists that improve glucose and lipid metabolism. These agents have recently been shown to improve endothelial function in the early stages of insulin resistance. Results from ongoing trials with thiazolidinediones will reveal whether they will also reduce cardiovascular end points.
Effects of analysis method and forcing waveform on measurement of respiratory mechanics

The respiratory system has been shown to exhibit nonlinear mechanical properties in the frequency (f) range of normal breathing, manifested by tidal volume (Vt) dependence. Calculations of respiratory system resistance (R) and elastance (E) from pressure-flow measurements during external forcing at a given f may be ambiguous, especially if non-sinusoidal forcing waveforms are used. We evaluated the degree to which R and E depended upon: (1) analysis method (Fourier transform, multiple regression and pressure-volume loop analysis) and; (2) shape of the forcing waveform (sinusoidal, quasi-sinusoidal and step). We measured pressure and flow at the mouth of 5 healthy, awake subjects, relaxed at functional residual capacity, during forcing with the three different waveforms in the normal range of f (0.2-0.6 Hz) and Vt (250-750 ml). During sinusoidal forcing, E and R were not affected by analysis method (P greater than 0.2). With Fourier transform and multiple regression, E was not affected by waveform shape (P greater than 0.05); with loop analysis, E was slightly (less than 10%) higher during quasi-sinusoidal and step forcing than during the sine (P less than 0.05). R was least affected by waveform shape with Fourier transform. We conclude that, in the f and Vt range of normal breathing: (1) respiratory system impedance is 'quasi-linear,' i.e. despite dependencies of R and E on Vt, non-linearities are not large enough to restrict interpretation of R and E at a given f and Vt; (2) it may be possible to measure R and E using non-sinusoidal forcing waveforms available on most clinical ventilators, incurring only modest error.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of trilactone siderophores: where chiral recognition occurs in enterobactin and bacillibactin iron transport.

Bacillibactin and enterobactin are hexadentate catecholate siderophores produced by bacteria upon iron limitation to scavenge ferric ion and seem to be the ultimate siderophores of their two respective domains: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Iron acquisition mediated by these trilactone-based ligands necessitates enzymatic hydrolysis of the scaffold for successful intracellular iron delivery. The esterases BesA and Fes hydrolyze bacillibactin and enterobactin, respectively, as well as the corresponding iron complexes. Bacillibactin binds iron through three 2,3-catecholamide moieties linked to a trithreonine scaffold via glycine spacers, whereas in enterobactin the iron-binding moieties are directly attached to a tri-l-serine backbone; although apparently minor, these structural differences result in markedly different iron coordination properties and iron transport behavior. Comparison of the solution thermodynamic and circular dichroism properties of bacillibactin, enterobactin and the synthetic analog...
Embedded indices of effort in the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) in a geriatric sample.

The clinical utility of embedded indices of effort in the RBANS was examined in a geriatric sample. Patients were classified as providing suspect effort (n = 45) or probable good effort (n = 258) using the TOMM and clinical consensus. Following the methodology of Silverberg and colleagues (2007), selected individual subtests and a summary Effort Index were evaluated. Setting specificity at approximately 85% yielded cut-offs of 3 on the Effort Index. The modest sensitivity (51.1-64.4%) suggests that the indices should be used in conjunction with additional effort measures. In addition, the RBANS Picture Naming subtest was examined and showed modest sensitivity to detect suboptimal effort, but did not show notable incremental validity for detecting suboptimal effort beyond the Effort Index.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the northern Chihuahuan desert: Temporal trends and potential consequences

Abstract Rates and impacts of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are poorly understood in arid land ecosystems where soils are typically low in plant available N. To address this issue, we quantified long-term trends in N deposition and estimated its impact on plant community structure in the northern Chihuahuan desert of Central New Mexico, USA. Annual and seasonal rates of N deposition were strongly positively correlated with precipitation. When precipitation effects were removed statistically, N deposition increased at an annual rate of 0.049 kg ha−1 yr−1 between 1989 and 2004. Based on two independent fertilization studies at our desert grassland field site, continued atmospheric inputs are likely to increase grass cover, decrease legume abundance, and may favor blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) at the expense of the current dominant species, black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda). We conclude that, although arid lands have low rates of N deposition and are primarily water limited, observed trends in N deposition rates may lead to significant changes in plant community structure.
Longitudinal Assessment of Early Onset Periodontitis

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical course of early onset periodontitis and to investigate factors which may influence its clinical course. For the past 15 years we have been conducting a study of families with early onset periodontitis, and have examined 142 localized juvenile periodontitis and 185 severe generalized early onset periodontitis patients. In order to study the clinical course of early onset periodontitis we recalled our subject population to determine their periodontal status. Forty (40) patients with localized early onset periodontitis (LJP) and 48 with generalized early onset periodontitis (SP) were re-examined. The time since the most recent visit for LJP patients was approximately 3 years and for SP patients almost 4 years. LJP patients who received periodontal therapy on the average gained periodontal attachment. In contrast, LJP patients who did not receive therapy lost periodontal attachment. SP patients lost periodontal attachment regardless of whether or not they had periodontal therapy. SP patients also lost an average of one tooth during the approximately 4 years of observation. LJP patients lost very few teeth with only 4 teeth being lost in 40 patients. The results of this study suggest that localized juvenile periodontitis is a stable disease in most individuals. In contrast, patients with severe generalized early onset periodontitis continued to lose both periodontal attachment and teeth.
Drop formation in a liquid jet

A one-dimensional analysis of drop formation in a liquid jet is developed under the assumption that the axial velocity of the axisymmetric, nonviscous liquid jet remains independent of the radial coordinate. The resulting equations are used for both linear and nonlinear analyses. In the linear form, this model provides a stream stability relation comparable to that of Rayleigh; transient solutions are obtained for given initial conditions of an infinite stream. For the nonlinear equations, numerical simulation was done to study the satellite drop formation; with the present model, the satellite drop is always formed.
Appetitive response of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans to oxygen

Using a technique of recording the behavior of individual nematodes during exposure to various solutions, it was demonstrated thatC. elegans made more reversal behaviors after transfer to solutions of lower oxygen tension than higher. The response was stronger after the first hour in the apparatus than initially. This change was not dependent on reduced oxygen availability during the initial period. Starvation is the most likely cause of this change. A variety of mutant strains ofC. elegans that are defective in response to most known chemotactic stimuli, including two strains that have been shown to be severely abnormal in the ciliated endings of all sensory neurons of the worm's snout, all responded to changes in oxygen tension. This observation suggests that oxygen is sensed internally rather than by specialized peripheral receptor cells.
Theoretical investigations of ferrocene/ferrocenium solvation in imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids

The ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox couple has been deemed one of the best candidates of the standard electrochemical reference for redox reactions in ionic liquids (ILs). To fully reveal the redox reaction mechanism in the IL condensed phase, solvation, as a prerequisite, apparently needs to be understood. As a preliminary attempt to study the solvation of Fc/Fc+ in imidazolium-based ILs, using model complexes, systematic investigations of the intrinsic pair-wise interactions between the solute and solvent ions in the gas phase are performed with B97-D, a dispersion-corrected density functional method. B97-D is carefully benchmarked with available experimental values and high-level ab initio quantum mechanical results for Fc/Fc+ alone and the solvated structures. Present calculations demonstrate dramatically different solvation features for Fc vs. Fc+, e.g., Fc forms direct stable interactions with both solvent cations and anions with binding energies of −11 to −14 kcal mol−1. As an interesting observation, no π-stacking interactions are captured between the imidazolium ring of the solvent cation and the cyclopentadienyl motif of the solute. However, due to the strong electrostatic interactions, Fc+ can only be solvated by solvent anions in the first solvation shell with much stronger binding energies of −72 to −86 kcal mol−1. Binding energies, structures, and electrostatic potentials are all characterized. The electronic structures are further analyzed with the Natural Bond Orbital method. The theoretical calculation results help explain several experimental observations obtained earlier or in the present work, including solubility, diffusion coefficient, and solution conductivity. Due to the involvement of the aromatic structures, the current study also sheds valuable light on π-interactions, in general.
Stress Responses and Psychological Adjustment in Patients with Cancer and Their Spouses

Abstract The relationship between husbands' and wives' individual stress responses (intrusive thoughts and avoidance) and symptoms or anxiety and depression was examined shortly after diagnosis in a sample of 58 patients with cancer (43 women, 15 men) and their spouses. Marital partners' symptoms of anxiety or depression were positively correlated with one another's symptoms; however, the patients' and spouses' intrusive thoughts and avoidance were not correlated. The male patients' avoidance was positively correlated with their wives' anxiety or depression. In regression analyses, patients “avoidance uniquely predicted greater distress in both male and female patients. Male patients' avoidance also uniquely predicted greater distress in their wives. No significant interactions were found between patients' and spouses” avoidance in predicting distress in cither partner.
Micro- and macrobifurcation of fibrous metal-matrix composites under uniaxial compression

Abstract The AIM of this paper is to investigate the relation between macrobifurcation of dilute fibrous metal-matrix composites under uniaxial compression. The microbifurcation analysis involves examining the possibility for the existence of shear bands, or formation of either diffuse axisymmetric or asymmetric geometric modes in the representative volume element, which in the present analysis is considered to be the composite cylinder model. The results indicate that for small slenderness ratios (long wavelengths) [slenderness ratio = kR m /L , with R m = outer radius of the composite cylinder, L = fiberlength , and k = wave number (for a fixed R m , this quantity is inversely proportional to the wavelength, 2L/k )], the diffuse asymmetric mode is always the critical mode for microbifurcation. For small to moderate fiber volume fractions, we found a specific slenderness ratio (wavelength) above (below) which the diffuse axisymmetric mode becomes the critical microbifurcation mode. Due to the criticality of the asymmetric mode in the microbifurcation, only this mode has been considered in the macro analysis. The overall incremental moduli in the macrobifurcation study are obtained by using the Voigt approximation. For realistic dimensions of the composite cylinder, the critical strain for asymmetric microbifurcation will be always lower than the critical strain for the macrobifurcation of the same type in a solid cylinder with effective properties and a radius which is larger than that of the composite cylinder. An important aspect of the analysis is that it provides exact solutions to the three-dimensional diffuse bifurcation of the representative volume element under consideration.
Computer studies of molecular air flow around a circular cylinder

Molecular flow of air around a right circular cylinder is simulated using a molecular mechanics formulation. Flows around right circular sections of different radii are studied as are flows into vacuum and nonvacuum areas. Molecular dispersion is described as the generation of wake vortices.
Distribution and Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in North America: Ecological Processes and Spatial Analysis

Conditions influencing the distribution and abundance of Ixodes scapularis Say in North America have been the object of considerable study during the past 2 decades, resulting in new information about its expanding range, population structure, host associations, and environmental constraints. Variation in the methods, timing, or extent of sampling, the type of population estimate developed, and the spatial scale of analysis makes comparisons of results difficult. This report summarizes research on I. scapularis habitat, including the diversity of hosts and physical conditions in the environment where they are abundant, and how this may influence dispersal and range expansion. Recent efforts to analytically address spatial distributions are considered. Approaches that may be useful in clarifying and resolving unanswered questions are suggested, and a conceptual framework for analyzing this vector's expanding abundance and distribution is offered.
A new relaxed flexible bay structure representation and particle swarm optimization for the unequal area facility layout problem

The facility layout problem (FLP) with unequal area departments is a very hard problem to be optimally solved. In this article, a hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) and local search approach is proposed to solve the FLP with unequal area departments. The flexible bay structure (FBS), which is a very common layout in manufacturing and retail facilities, is used. Furthermore, the FBS is relaxed by allowing empty spaces in bays, which results in more flexibility while assigning departments in bays. The proposed PSO approach is used to solve the FLP instances from the literature with varying sizes. The comparative results show that the PSO approach is very promising and able to find the previously known-optimal solutions in very short CPU times. In addition, new best solutions have been found for some test problems. Improvements have been achieved by allowing partially filled bays.
Risk aversion, impatience, and optimal timing decisions☆

Abstract In this paper, a theory measuring a decision maker's aversion to temporal risks is developed in the context of a simple choice framework that admits the interpretation “time varying utility of wealth.” A relation “more temporally risk averse” is defined and characterized in terms of instantaneous risk aversion (the usual single variable case) and impatience. A further characterization of this relation is obtained in the context of a class of action timing problems known as optimal stopping problems and is applied to preference based investigations of information production, incentives to innovate, and job search.
Incumbent positioning, ideological heterogeneity and mobilization in U.S. House elections

This article examines whether the need to mobilize citizens pushes incumbents to the ideological extremes in U.S. House elections. We test whether incumbents are more ideologically extreme as the ideological heterogeneity of the district increases and if turnout increases as incumbents become more extreme. These tests combined with the observation that divergence decreases with competitiveness suggest that candidates balance the need to attract swing voters with the need to mobilize supporters. The results also suggest that the growth in elite polarization is linked to the growing ideological heterogeneity in the electorate.
Confessions of an information worker: a critical analysis of information requirements discourse

Abstract This paper seeks to demonstrate the benefit of critical discourse analysis as a research approach for examining information systems development. Research has shown that eliciting user requirements is a critical activity of information systems development. However, the requirements phase is not only a key activity, it is highly problematic. Requirements determination is considered a process fraught with conflicting, inconsistent and competing viewpoints in which users and analysts do not share a “consensual domain,” thus barring them from reaching agreements about requirements. Therefore, analytic tools that recognize and examine requirements analysis as a polyphonic interaction hold much promise for improving requirements elicitation and analysis. Critical discourse analysis offers the tools to examine systematically the fundamental substance of requirements elicitation — interactional talk. This analysis employs sociolinguistic methods for specifying the linguistic features of different types of discourse units and the way they are tied together to create meaning, but also concerns itself with critically examining social context. In this paper requirements elicitation takes on the form of a “confessional” act where the individual verbalizes thoughts, intentions and consciousness. Findings show that during this ritual, discourse is revealed as a dialectic between two different domains of meaning, that of analyst and client. Analysts, in their official roles, propose a “frame” which conflicts with that proposed by clients during interviews. Changes in frames and deft face-saving work during interviews function to discursively produce and challenge client identities. The paper explores the tension between the frames proposed by the analyst and client during interviews which explains some of the frustrations and “gaps” which characterize this type of encounter. Issues of power inequality, identity formation, and symbolic control are presented as explanations of why competing frames are proposed and sustained while resisted by clients.
Increased Incidence of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis with Aminosyn PF Compared to Trophamine

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) between two pediatric parenteral amino-acid formulations, Aminosyn PF (APF) and Trophamine (TA). STUDY DESIGN: Setting: Tertiary newborn intensive-care nursery. Subjects: A total of 661 neonates who received either TA or APF. Design: Retrospective. The incidence of PNAC was determined in three groups: Group I (TA, 8/19/97 to 8/19/98, n=335), Group II (APF, 8/20/98 to 1/28/99, n=157), and Group III (TA, 1/29/99 to 8/1/99, n=169). RESULTS: No PNAC developed in any infant receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) for <3 weeks. Of 141 patients given PN for ≥21 days, 24 were diagnosed with PNAC: Group I (TA, 10/78, 12.8%), Group II (APF, 9/27, 33.3%), and Group III (TA, 5/36, 13.9%). The incidence of PNAC was significantly higher in infants who received APF (p=0.043). Using logistic regression, only birth weight, duration of PN, and use of APF were significant risk factors for the development of PNAC. Despite an earlier initiation of enteral feedings, APF recipients developed PNAC sooner, had higher peak direct bilirubin levels, and remained jaundiced longer. CONCLUSIONS: The use of APF was temporally associated with a greater than two-fold increase in the incidence of PNAC compared to periods of exclusive TA use. In the absence of significant differences in parenteral nutrient or energy intake in neonates who developed PNAC, we speculate that possible differences between the amino-acid compositions of TA and APF may be responsible for the observed differences in the incidence of PNAC.
New faces of spiritual pride

Contemporary counseling and psychotherapy, including pastoral counseling and psychotherapy, frequently claim as their domain the total person, including the spiritual dimension. Within the traditions of spiritual direction is a deep concern for the phenomenon of spiritual pride, If counseling and psychotherapy are to deal with the person's spiritual development, counselors ought to be aware of this disruptive dynamic. It is suggested that the counselor's own personhood may be a primary condition for leading to spiritual pride and that the process of termination may be a specific illustration of this phenomenon. The negative power of spiritual pride is significant in that it leads to premature closure relative to the growth process.
Graph multidimensional scaling with self-organizing maps

Self-organizing maps (SOM) are unsupervised, competitive neural networks used to project high-dimensional data onto a low-dimensional space. In this paper it is shown that SOM can be used to perform multidimensional scaling (MDS) on graphs. The SOM-based approach is applied to two families of random graphs and three real-world networks.
Agnes Arber: form in the mind and the eye

Agnes Arber (1879–1960) was a British botanist who was a leading plant morphologist during the first half of the 20th century. She also wrote on the history and philosophy of botany. I argue in this article that her philosophical work on form and on how the work of the mind and the eye relate to each other in morphological research are relevant to the science of today. Arber's unusual blend of interests—in botany, history, philosophy, and art—put her in a unique position to examine issues of form. Even her unorthodox ideas on evolution can now be seen as fitting in well with discussions of natural selection as the predominant engine of evolutionary change. Arber's views also throw light on present work dealing with developmental plant genetics and with the study of protein form. I will further argue that her marginal position relative to institutional science, while it may have left her vulnerable to criticism, also made possible her deep philosophical reflections on morphology.
Analogy in a general-purpose reasoning system

This paper introduces the various forms of analogy in NARS, a general-purpose reasoning system. NARS is an AI system designed to be adaptive and to work with insufficient knowledge and resources. In the system, multiple types of inference, including analogy, deduction, induction, abduction, comparison, and revision, are unified both in syntax and in semantics. The system can also carry out relational and structural analogy, in ways comparable to (though different from) that in some other models of analogy, such as Copycat and SME. The paper addresses several theoretical issues in the study of analogy, including the specification and justification of analogy, the context sensitivity of analogy, as well as the role analogy plays in intelligence and cognition.
Calcemic responses to photic and pharmacologic manipulation of serum melatonin.

We have reported decreased serum calcium(CaS) in human infants(HI) and in newborn rats(NBR) during exposure to white light(Photo). In NBR, bone Ca uptake increased. At wavelengths below 600nM (orange to blue), cranial light penetration fell sharply and CaS was unaffected. Occipital shields prevented hypocalcemia in both HI and NBR. Pineal melatonin synthesis is increased by isoproterenol and decreased by propanolol and by light (PNAS 69: 2547, 1972). In NBR we found serum melatonin to be 27±8 pg/ml during Photo and 122±32 pg/ml in shaded littermates (n=24, p<.01). Exogenous melatonin (20ng/Gm IP) gave serum concentrations of 383 pg/ml at 1 hr and 83 pg/ml at 2 hrs and prevented the hypocalcemic response to Photo. Propanolol reduced CaS in shaded NBR from 9.5±.1 mg/dl to 7.9±.2 mg/dl; after propanolol + melatonin, CaS was 8.8±.2 mg/dl. Isoproterenol ameliorated hypocalcemia during Photo (Shade 9.7±.1 mg/dl, Photo 8.8±.1 mg/dl, Photo + isoproterenol 9.4±.1 mg/dl). These findings support the hypothesis that hypocalcemia during phototherapy results from transcranial photic inhibition of melatonin synthesis.
THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE WAGNER AND MORSE COMPETENCE INDEX: ANOTHER VIEW '

Srinivasan and Anantharaman's analysis of the factor structure of the Wagner and Morse (1975) Competence Index is considered in light of previous research and new data. Results support the factor structure proposed by Snyder and Morris in 1978.
An Investigation of Differential Prediction with the WISC-R.

Abstract Test bias continues to be a topic of particular concern in determining the eligibility of minority students for placement in special education programs. Although critics of IQ testing have made some concessions concerning the internal structure of IQ tests, the differential prediction of academic achievement for minority group members remains a critical issue. Investigations of the correlation between IQ tests and standardized achievement tests have typically not produced evidence supporting the differential validity hypothesis. However, critics have claimed that standardized achievement and IQ tests are alternate samples of the same behavioral domain and have called for the validation of IQ with classroom achievement. The relationship between IQ, California Achievement Test scores, and grade point average was examined for a sample of 168 (83 black and 85 white) elementary and middle school students. An examination of the correlation coefficients and regression lines demonstrated little evidence of differential prediction. A significant relation was obtained between Full Scale IQ and grade point average for both black and white students. Overall, the data suggest that the WISC-R IQ is an equally valid predictor of academic achievement for the two groups.
Correlates of physical activity guideline compliance for adolescents in 100 U.S. Cities.

Purpose This study assessed the rates and correlates of adolescents’ compliance with national guidelines for physical activity.
Thermal Effects in Rolling/Sliding Contacts: Part 3—Approximate Method for Prediction of Mid-Film Temperature and Sliding Traction

An approximate method for mid-film temperature and traction force in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication of sliding contacts is obtained. The results are obtained at the point of maximum pressure where the pressure gradient is zero. The results indicate excellent correlation exists between this approximate method and results of a previous paper by the authors [1].
The place for cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis in geriatric patients: comparison with hemodialysis

This study was designed to assess the place for cycler assisted peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) in the treatment of the elderly. The study population included 542 hemodialysis (HD) and 160 CCPD patients, including 206 HD and 60 CCPD patients older than 60 years of age. Physical activity (evaluated by the Karnofsky scale), risk of hospitalization, risk of death, subjective evaluation of health status (Nottingham Health Profile), peritonitis rate and peritoneal transport rates were evaluated. The incidence of peritonitis and solute transport rates among elderly and younger CCPD patients were similar. Physical activity scores were consistently lower among the elderly patients without differences between HD and CCPD. No apparent differences in the subjective assessment of physical health was seen between the elderly on HD and CCPD. Sixty percent of the elderly CCPD patients required partner assistance. The relative risk of hospitalization, risk of death and risk of discontinuation of therapy were higher for the elderly patients (p<0.05), without significant differences between HD and CCPD patients. No significant differences in the transfer rate to other therapy were seen between the elderly undergoing HD and CCPD.
Combined radiocarbon and CO2 flux measurements used to determine in situ chlorinated solvent mineralization rate

A series of combined measurements was made at the Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI) Installation Restoration Site 5, Unit 2 during July and August 2013. Combined measurements included CO2 respiration rate, CO2 radiocarbon content to estimate chlorinated hydrocarbon (CH) mineralization and a zone of influence (ZOI) model. CO2 was collected continuously over 2 two-week periods by recirculating monitoring well headspace gas through NaOH traps. A series of 12 wells in the main CH plume zone and a background well with no known historical contamination were sampled. The background well CO2 was used to determine radiocarbon content derived from respired natural organic matter. A two end-member mixing model was then used to determine the amount of CH-derived carbon present in the CO2 collected from plume region wells. The ZOI model provided an estimate for the soil volume sampled at each well. CH mineralization rates were highest upgradient and at the plume fringe for areas of high historical contamination and ranged from 0.02 to 5.6 mg CH carbon per day. Using the ZOI model volume estimates, CH–carbon removal ranged from 0.2 to 32 mg CH–carbon m−3 per day. Because the rate estimates were based on a limited sampling (temporally), they were not further extrapolated to long-term contaminant degradation estimates. However, if the site manager or regulators required them, estimates – subject to long-term variability uncertainties – could be made using volume and rate data determined over short timescales. A more comprehensive seasonal sampling is needed to constrain long-term remediation models for the entire impacted area and identify environmental conditions related to more rapid turnover times amongst the wells.
Interactions of Fibronectin with Streptococci: The Role of Fibronectin as a Receptor for Streptococcus pyogenes

Current evidence suggests that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes is centrally involved in the adherence of these bacteria to the oral mucosa. The major receptor on the surface of buccal mucosal cells for S. pyogenes is fibronectin. Fibronectin is a complex glycoprotein found in blood, extracellular matrices, and saliva. Many species of streptococci bind to fibronectin, although the characteristics of these interactions are different. Furthermore, whereas LTA is an efficient inhibitor of the binding of fibronectin to group A streptococci, it has little ability to inhibit the binding of fibronectin to Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. Studies conducted with fibronectin show that different bacteria bind to different sites. The ability of various bacteria to interact with different domains on the fibronectin molecule may play an important role in bacterial adherence and tissue tropism.
FTIR Spectroscopy Study of Ester Crosslinking of Cotton Cellulose Catalyzed by Sodium Hypophosphite

In previous research, we found that sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) reduces the temperature required for the formation of anhydride intermediates by polycarboxylic acids. We also found that a chemic...
Nonlinear Soft-Output Signal Detector Design and Implementation for MIMO Communication Systems with High Spectral Efficiency

VLSI implementations of nonlinear MIMO signal detectors are not trivial, particularly for systems with high spectral efficiency. For example, realization of such a detector for 4 times 4 MIMO with 64-QAM still remains missing in open literature. To tackle this challenge, we developed a nonlinear soft-output detector design solution, based on which a detector for up to 4 times 4 MIMO with 64-QAM has been designed using 0.13mum CMOS technology. Above 75 Mbps detection throughput has been verified based on post-layout results
Mirrored Disk Organization Reliability Analysis

Disk mirroring or RAID level 1 (RAID1) is a popular paradigm to achieve fault tolerance and a higher disk access bandwidth for read requests. We consider four RAID1 organizations: basic mirroring, group rotate declustering, interleaved declustering, and chained declustering, where the last three organizations attain a more balanced load than basic mirroring when disk failures occur. We first obtain the number of configurations, A(n, i), which do not result in data loss when i out of n disks have failed. The probability of no data loss in this case is A(n, i)/matrix of(n, i). The reliability of each RAID1 organization is the summation over 1 les i les n/2 of A(n, i)rn-i (1 - r) i, where r denotes the reliability of each disk. A closed-form expression for A(n, i) is obtained easily for the first three organizations. We present a relatively simple derivation of the expression for A(n, i) for the chained declustering method, which includes a correctness proof. We also discuss the routing of read requests to balance disk loads, especially when there are disk failures, to maximize the attainable throughput
Protease activation of split green fluorescent protein.

Macromolecules sensitized to a user-defined signal represent important tools in chemical and cellular biology, with potential applications in medical diagnostics. A variety of engineering techniques have been developed to produce macromolecular switches, yet these efforts have focused primarily on modifying single-chain proteins (for recent examples see[1-5]). We have designed an approach suited to controlling the growing number of “split” proteins, comprised of self-assembling protein fragments. The method depends on the introduction of structural distortion to one of the complementary fragments, using a conditionally stable tether. Distortion serves to diminish the mutual affinity of the two fragments, and thereby blocks protein self assembly until the tether is cleaved. Here we describe how this strategy was employed to create a protease-activatable switch based on split green fluorescent protein (GFP). The switch functions in vitro and in E. coli with a gain of fluorescence, providing operational advantages over existing GFP-based protease reporters.
Pressure/Saturation System for Immiscible Two-Phase Flow: Uniqueness Revisited

We give a sufficient condition for uniqueness for the pressure/saturation system. We establish this condition through analytic arguments, and then construct “mobilities” (or mobility-like functions) that satisfy the new condition (when the parameter  is 2). For the constructed “mobilities”, we do graphical experiments that show, empirically, that this condition could be satisfied for other values of 1< < 2  . These empirical experiments indicate that the usual smoothness condition on the fractional flow function (and on the total mobility), for uniqueness and convergence, might not be necessary. This condition is also sufficient for the convergence of a family of perturbed problems to the original pressure/saturation problem.
“We’re Off to Replace the Wizard”: Lessons from a Collaborative Group Project Assignment

This article examines the effectiveness of a collaborative group learning project for teaching a core competency in comparative politics: constitutional structures. We use a quasi-experimental design and propensity score matching to assess the value of a constitutional writing group project and presentation. The results provide strong evidence that these learning tools are highly valuable for teaching abstract concepts. Students who participated in the project scored significantly higher on a short series of questions in final exams given several weeks after the completion of the group project. Somewhat paradoxically, the project increased competency but did not affect student self-reported interest in the subject matter. The challenges and improvements that can be made for the use these types of learning tools concludes the article.
HIV disease and its treatment: current status and future prospects

Treatment of HIV infection in the current era is based on an understanding of this disease as a chronic viral illness characterized by progressive immunosuppression. A decline in helper T lymphocytes leaves the patient susceptible to an increasing number of infectious and neoplastic conditions. Medical therapy for patients with HIV infection centers on prevention of opportunistic infections, treatment of infectious and other consequences of immunosuppression when they do occur, and antiretroviral medications to suppress HIV replication. Recommendations for preventive therapy are based on the association of specific opportunistic infections with typical levels of immunodeficiency. Decisions on the use of antiretroviral therapy are also based on an assessment of the patient's level of immune suppression, and may additionally incorporate a measure of plasma HIV viral burden.