cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Ka-band digitally-controlled phase shifter with sub-degree phase precision

We present a passive digital-to-phase converter with sub-degree phase precision for phased array frontends. The phase tuning approach is based on manipulating the electromagnetic properties of an artificially constructed transmission line. By simultaneously controlling dispersion, characteristic impedance, and loss across the structure, the phase shifter minimizes phase imprecisions while ensuring a flat amplitude response across different phase settings. The chip prototype is fabricated in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS process, occupies an area of 0.18mm2, and consumes no power. The insertion loss is −9.3 dB ± 0.25 dB at 28 GHz. The phase control operates with 4.75 degree steps while maintaining an RMS phase error of 0.6 degrees across multiple chips and temperatures, demonstrating the best phase and amplitude accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art integrated microwave and mm-wave phase shifters.
Abstract # 1710 The relationship between mood and inflammatory biomarkers is influenced by their temporal proximity and mood measurement

We examined whether peripheral inflammatory markers were better predicted by negative and positive affect (NA and PA) measures derived from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in daily life, as compared to standard recall “over the past month” questionnaire. Diverse adult participants ( N = 206) completed questionnaires and then EMAs 5x/day for 14 days; blood was drawn afterwards, from which levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and hsCRP were determined. Analyses controlled for BMI, age, gender, income, marital status, race/ethnicity, health conditions, and use of statins/anti-depressants. NA and PA derived from standard recall were not related to any biomarker. EMA reports were aggregated across each of the two weeks; Week 1 affect was not associated with any biomarker, but week 2 NA (more proximal to the blood draw) was associated with higher levels of every cytokine except IL-5 and IL-1beta (ps.01 to .001) and week 2 PA was associated with lower IL-6 ( p
Accuracy, conditionalization, and probabilism

Accuracy-based arguments for conditionalization and probabilism appear to have a significant advantage over their Dutch Book rivals. They rely only on the plausible epistemic norm that one should try to decrease the inaccuracy of one's beliefs. Furthermore, conditionalization and probabilism apparently follow from a wide range of measures of inaccuracy. However, we argue that there is an under-appreciated diachronic constraint on measures of inaccuracy which limits the measures from which one can prove conditionalization, and none of the remaining measures allow one to prove probabilism. That is, among the measures in the literature, there are some from which one can prove conditionalization, others from which one can prove probabilism, but none from which one can prove both. Hence at present, the accuracy-based approach cannot underwrite both conditionalization and probabilism.
Ultrasound risk stratification for malignancy using the 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer provides selection criteria for nodules prior to ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of pediatric thyroid nodule risk stratification for predicting malignancy when applying the ultrasound (US) criteria recommended. US characteristics of 39 thyroid nodules in 33 pediatric patients who underwent US fine-needle aspiration biopsy were reviewed by two radiologists. Based on the aggregated US criteria from the ATA Guidelines, each nodule was assigned a level of malignancy risk. Kappa coefficients were estimated to assess intra- and interobserver reliability. Using each patient’s largest nodule observation (n = 33), univariable exact logistic regression analyses of US parameters were then conducted to estimate the odds of a malignant pathology diagnosis. A penalized Firth correction was employed in the univariable models analyzing composition, shape and level of suspicion due to quasi-complete data separation. Twenty-seven nodules in 21 patients (median age: 16 years; 17 female) were benign and 12 nodules in 12 patients (median age: 16.5 years; 11 female) were malignant. Intraobserver agreement was substantial to almost perfect for composition, echogenicity, shape and margins. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect for composite level of suspicion. High level of suspicion was assigned to all 12 malignant nodules versus 9/21 (43%) of the benign nodules. Level of suspicion, solid/predominantly solid composition, irregular margins and echogenic foci emerged as significant predictors of malignancy with odds ratios (OR) of 8.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–1,130, P = 0.001), 10.5 (95% CI: 1.1–1,417, P = 0.04), 53.2 (95% CI: 5.1–2,988, P < 0.0001) and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.1–23.2, P = 0.03), respectively. The composite, US-based risk stratification criteria from the 2015 ATA Guidelines may provide an appropriate and reproducible method for estimating risk of malignancy for pediatric thyroid nodules.
Ischemic Stroke in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation at Warfarin Initiation: Assessment via a Large Insurance Database.

Background and Purpose—Stroke risk may increase shortly after warfarin initiation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Because of the brief period and limited number of events, large sample...
The C-terminus of ribosomal protein uS4 contributes to small ribosomal subunit biogenesis and the fidelity of translation.

Ribosomal protein uS4 is an essential ribosomal component involved in multiple functions, including mRNA decoding. Structural analyses indicate that during decoding, the interface between the C-terminus of uS4 and protein uS5 is disrupted and in agreement with this, C-terminal uS4 truncation mutants are readily isolated on the basis of their increased miscoding phenotypes. The same mutants can also display defects in small subunit assembly and 16S rRNA processing and some are temperature sensitive for growth. Starting with one such temperature sensitive Escherichia coli uS4 mutant, we have isolated temperature insensitive derivatives carrying additional, intragenic mutations that restore the C-terminus and ameliorate the ribosomal defects. At least one of these suppressors has no detectable ribosome biogenesis phenotype, yet still miscodes, suggesting that the C-terminal requirements for ribosome assembly are less rigid than for mRNA decoding. In contrast to the uS4 C-terminal mutants that increase miscoding, two Salmonella enterica uS4 mutants with altered C-termini have been reported as being error-restrictive. Here, reconstruction experiments demonstrate that contrary to the previous reports, these mutants have a distinct error-prone, increased misreading phenotype, consistent with the behavior of the equivalent E. coli mutants and their likely structural effects on uS4-uS5 interactions.
Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli

Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the dorsal raphe nucleus DA neurons are critical modulators of behavioral arousal and sleep-wake patterning. Using simultaneous fiber photometry and polysomnography, we observed time-delineated dorsal raphe nucleus dopaminergic (DRNDA) activity upon exposure to arousal-evoking salient cues, irrespective of their hedonic valence. We also observed broader fluctuations of DRNDA activity across sleep-wake cycles with highest activity during wakefulness. Both endogenous DRNDA activity and optogenetically driven DRNDA activity were associated with waking from sleep, with DA signal strength predictive of wake duration. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition opposed wakefulness and promoted NREM sleep, even in the face of salient stimuli. Therefore, the DRNDA population is a critical contributor to wake-promoting pathways and is capable of modulating sleep-wake states according to the outside environment, wherein the perception of salient stimuli prompts vigilance and arousal.
Regina Horta Duarte, Activist biology: the National Museum, politics, and nation building in Brazil

Duarte’s engaging study examines the emergence of professional biology in twentieth-century Brazil through the lens of the National Museum and three of its most influential scientists (Cândido de M...
Novel insights on population and range edge dynamics using an unparalleled spatiotemporal record of species invasion

Summary Quantifying the complex spatial dynamics taking place at range edges is critical for understanding future distributions of species, yet very few systems have sufficient data or the spatial resolution to empirically test these dynamics. This paper reviews how data from a large-scale pest management program have provided important contributions to the fields of population dynamics and invasion biology. The invasion of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is well-documented from its introduction near Boston, Massachusetts USA in 1869 to its current extent of over 900,000 km2 in Eastern North America. Over the past two decades, the USDA Forest Service Slow the Spread (STS) program for managing the future spread of gypsy moth has produced unrivaled spatiotemporal data across the invasion front. The STS program annually deploys a grid of 60,000 – 100,000 pheromone-baited traps, currently extending from Minnesota to North Carolina. The data from this program has provided the foundation for investigations of complex population dynamics and the ability to examine ecological hypotheses previously untestable outside of theoretical venues, particularly regarding invasive spread and Allee effects. This system provides empirical data on the importance of long-distance dispersal and time lags on population establishment and spatial spread. Studies showing high rates of spatiotemporal variation of the range edge, from rapid spread to border stasis and even retraction, highlight future opportunities to test mechanisms that influence both invasive and native species ranges. The STS trap data have also created a unique opportunity to study low-density population dynamics and quantify Allee effects with empirical data. Notable contributions include evidence for spatiotemporal variation in Allee effects, demonstrating empirical links between Allee effects and spatial spread, and testing mechanisms of population persistence and growth rates at range edges. There remain several outstanding questions in spatial ecology and population biology that can be tested within this system, such as the scaling of local ecological processes to large-scale dynamics across landscapes. The gypsy moth is an ideal model of how important ecological questions can be answered by thinking more broadly about monitoring data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Biochemical Interactions between Molluscs and Their Algal and Bacterial Symbionts

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses biochemical interactions between mollusks and their algal and bacterial symbionts. Host–symbiont interactions in mollusks, like those in other host–symbiont systems, may confer important nutritional advantages on the host. The chapter discusses the biochemistry of mollusk–algae, mollusk–chloroplast, and mollusk–bacteria symbioses largely from the perspective of the advantages gained by the mollusk host. The most studied symbiotic relationships among the Mollusca are those involving photosynthetic symbionts, either intact unicellular algae or isolated chloroplasts. These symbiotic relationships have been fairly well characterized in terms of species-distribution patterns (for both host and symbiont), the nature of the photosynthetically derived products that are translocated from the symbiont to the host, and the acquisition and turnover of the algal and chloroplast members of the partnership. The recent discovery of an oligochaete worm that contains bacterial symbionts suggests that the type of symbiosis described for bivalve mollusks and pogonophoran tube worms may occur in other invertebrate groups living in habitats where simultaneous access to oxygen and sulfide exists.
Technological and Public Health Problems Associated With Commercial Utilization of Game

(1968). Technological and Public Health Problems Associated With Commercial Utilization of Game. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 33, Proceedings of the Symposium on Wildlife Management and Land Use, Nairobi, 5–8 July 1967, pp. 271-274.
Occupancy modeling of Parnassius clodius butterfly populations in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

Estimating occupancy patterns and identifying vegetation characteristics that influence the presence of butterfly species are essential approaches needed for determining how habitat changes may affect butterfly populations in the future. The montane butterfly species, Parnassius clodius, was investigated to identify patterns of occupancy relating to habitat variables in Grand Teton National Park and Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming, United States. A series of presence–absence surveys were conducted in 2013 in 41 mesic to xeric montane meadows that were considered suitable habitat for P. clodius during their flight season (June–July) to estimate occupancy (ψ) and detection probability (p). According to the null constant parameter model, P. clodius had high occupancy of ψ = 0.78 ± 0.07 SE and detection probability of p = 0.75 ± 0.04 SE. In models testing covariates, the most important habitat indicator for the occupancy of P. clodius was a strong negative association with big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata; β = − 21.39 ± 21.10 SE) and lupine (Lupinus spp.; β = − 20.03 ± 21.24 SE). While P. clodius was found at a high proportion of meadows surveyed, the presence of A. tridentata may limit their distribution within montane meadows at a landscape scale because A. tridentata dominates a large percentage of the montane meadows in our study area. Future climate scenarios predicted for high elevations globally could cause habitat shifts and put populations of P. clodius and similar non-migratory butterfly populations at risk.
Epsilon Near-Zero Nonlinear Optical Measurements of Titanium Nitride Thin Films

Using the optical beam deflection method we measure the transient optical nonlinearity of titanium nitride thin films deposited at 350° and 800° C around their respective epsilon near-zero wavelengths.
Introduction to Pediatric Psychology

The history of pediatric psychology is relatively brief, but like developing humans from infancy to adulthood, the early years have been ones of rapid and complex growth. In fact, the field’s organizational home, the Society of Pediatric Psychology (Section V of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association), celebrated its twenty-first birthday as a “Coming of Age” in 1989. This chapter will provide an overview to this developmental history of pediatric psychology in terms of its concepts, organizational bases, practice, research, and publication archive. An historical perspective may also be obtained from the two articles from early in the field’s development reprinted in Section I. For additional views, several knowledgeable authors have described the history of pediatric psychology (e.g., Magrab, 1989; Mesibov, 1984; Routh, 1975, 1988a; Walker, 1988; White, 1991).
Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneous Reactions

There is now general agreement that heterogeneous chemistry must be included in photochemical models used to predict the abundance of stratospheric ozone. Both heterogeneous chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and on the stratospheric sulfate layer must be considered. A summary of the properties of the stratospheric particulate is given in Table 1. For more details, see Turco et al (1989). Type I and type II PSCs are solid particles composed of nitric acid/ice and water-ice, respectively. In particular, type I PSCs are thought to be nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) crystals (Toon et al., 1986; McElroy et al., 1986; Crutzen and Arnold, 1986; Hanson and Mauersberger, 1988a). However, recent work by Worsnop et al. (1993) has suggested that there may be a substantial barrier to NAT nucleation, and that nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) may precede NAT formation. Because both type I and type II PSCs require quite low temperatures to form, they are found predominantly in the cold polar winters.
Epigenetic Dysregulation of Maspin (SerpinB5) in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis

The goal of this chapter is to promote the value of studying maspin regulation as a paradigm for loss of transcriptional control during cancer progression and to highlight the importance of this endeavor in developing a comprehensive picture of the epigenetics of the malignant phenotype. We will attempt to do this through a discussion of the structure and functions of the serpin superfamily of proteins, with an emphasis on maspin, its discovery as a tumor suppressor, and its functional role in cancer. The control of maspin expression in normal tissue by epigenetic mechanisms will be described and how this underlying mechanism is compromised in cancer leading to the inappropriate silencing of maspin in cancers derived from maspin-positive cell types, as well as the activation of maspin in cancers derived from normally maspin-negative cell types. Finally, we will close with speculation that maspin may represent an inaugural member of a class of cell-type restricted genes involved in cancer cause and progression that are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. During transformation, epigenetic instability and mischief results in a loss of control in the expression of these genes. We propose that these genes, through metastable epigenetic switching mechanisms, can be turned off and on in response to environmental stresses and cues in the cancer cell, thereby allowing tumor cells a phenotypic plasticity that appears necessary for the challenges a tumor cell and its progeny must undertake to migrate from primary tumor site to distant metastatic site. It is proposed that this epigenetic switch can be targeted by therapeutics designed to transcriptional reprogram tumor cells and flip the switch back to non-malignant behavior.
Role of Shoe–Surface Interaction and Noncontact ACL Injuries

This chapter presents the evidence regarding one of the environmental factors affecting a female athlete’s risk of noncontact ACL injury, shoe–surface interaction. This interaction is defined as the coefficient of friction (COF) between the athlete’s shoe and the surface. There are three factors that may affect the COF of the shoe–surface interaction: the intrinsic shoe properties, the intrinsic surface properties, and the weather conditions during the time of play. Furthermore, increased COF conditions are associated with higher ACL injury rates than decreased COF conditions. Additionally, increasing the COF of the shoe–surface interaction causes an athlete to alter her movement techniques in specific ways that increase the risk of ACL injury, providing a biomechanical basis for the increased incidence of ACL injuries observed on high COF surfaces.
Abstract 4202: Resection of primary osteosarcoma tumors terminates self-seeding, increasing lung metastasis

Like many solid tumors, osteosarcoma (OS) kills patients through metastatic spread. In the case of OS, metastasis occurs almost exclusively to lung. Metastases most often arise after both resection of a primary tumor and completion of chemotherapy. In seeking to understand this long-appreciated pattern of spread, we sought to explore whether the presence of a primary tumor protects mice from developing OS lung metastasis through the process of self-seeding, and whether resection then faciliates metastatic lung colonization. Our data show that resection of a primary orthotopic tumor triggers the spread of OS tumor cells into the lung. Mice bearing a primary tumor have fewer labeled tumor cells recovered in the lung after IV inoculation. Many labeled cells can be recovered in the primary tumor. Supernatants from OS cell cultures drive OS cell chemotaxis with greater potency than serum. Several specific soluble factors produced by OS cells also drive chemotaxis of those same cells. Disruption of these signals may prevent self-seeding. Manipulation of this system may be used to remove OS cells from circulation. Citation Format: Ryan D. Roberts, Amanda J. Saraf, Helene Le Pommellet, Randall Evans, Amy C. Gross. Resection of primary osteosarcoma tumors terminates self-seeding, increasing lung metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4202.
Evaluating the yield of gastrointestinal testing in pediatric patients in aerodigestive clinic.

Objective To improve understanding of the interrelatedness of airway and esophageal diagnoses by evaluating the yield of procedural and radiographic testing of the gastrointestinal tract in children with airway conditions by their referring diagnoses in a pediatric aerodigestive clinic. Methods A retrospective chart review of all 325 patients seen in the aerodigestive program from 2010 to 2013 was performed in a single academic medical center. Demographics and results from esophagogastroduodenoscopies with biopsies (EGD), upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy studies (UGI), and pH multichannel intraluminal impedance probe (pH-MII) performed within 30 days of the clinic visit were evaluated according to presenting diagnoses. Results Mean patient age was 3.15 years (range 0.15-24 years) and 41.2% were born premature. 189/325 (58.1%) were on acid suppression. A total of 295 EGD, 193 pH-MII, and 54 UGI were performed. The most common diagnosis with an abnormal pH-MII was asthma. The most common diagnoses with an abnormal EGD were feeding difficulty and tracheal esophageal fistula/ esophageal atresia (TEF/EA). EGDs were normal in 188/295 (63.7%), while 39/295 (13.2%) demonstrated esophagitis, and 22/295 (7.5%) had >15 esophageal eosinophils per high power field. The majority of pH-MII (144/193 [74.6%]) and UGI (47/54 [87%]) were normal. Conclusions Children with feeding difficulty, TEF/EA, and asthma were the mostly likely to have a histologic abnormality on EGD or an abnormal pH-MII. The majority of children were previously prescribed acid suppression medication and had a referring diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease but were subsequently found to have normal evaluation. Prospective studies are needed to optimize care of this population.
Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United States

Objective This brief report presents contemporary national estimates of the spatial distance between residences of parents and adult children in the United States, including distance to one's nearest parent and/or adult child and whether one lives near all of their parents and adult children. Background The most recent national estimates of parent-child spatial proximity come from data for the early 1990s. Moreover, research has rarely assessed spatial clustering of all parents and adult children. Method Data are from the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics on residential locations of adults 25 and older and each of their parents and adult children. Two measures of spatial proximity were estimated: distance to nearest parent or adult child, and the share of adults who have all parents and/or adult children living nearby. Sociodemographic and geographic differences were examined for both measures. Results Among adults with at least one living parent or adult child, a significant majority (74.8%) had their nearest parent or adult child within 30 miles, and about one third (35.5%) had all parents and adult children living that close. Spatial proximity differed substantially among sociodemographic groups, with those who were disadvantaged more likely to have their parents or adult children nearby. In most cases, sociodemographic disparities were much higher when spatial proximity was measured by proximity to all parents and all adult children instead of to nearest parent or nearest adult child. Conclusion Disparities in having all parents and/or adult children nearby may be a result of family solidarity and also may affect family solidarity. This report sets the stage for new investigations of the spatial dimension of family cohesion.
Greenhouse gas fluxes from coastal wetlands at the intersection of urban pollution and saltwater intrusion: A soil core experiment

Abstract Wetlands serve an important role in regulating greenhouse gases globally. Anthropogenic stressors including elevated nutrients and contaminants from urban pollution and elevated salinity from saltwater intrusion have the potential to alter greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in tidal wetlands that experience these stressors simultaneously. We designed a laboratory soil core experiment to disentangle the separate and combined effects of saltwater intrusion (elevated salinity versus elevated sulfate) and urban pollution (elevated nitrogen versus elevated copper) on carbon and nitrogen cycling in wetland soils. We collected 45 intact soil cores from a brackish tidal wetland and applied chemical treatments for seven weeks in the laboratory. We measured greenhouse gas soil-to-atmosphere fluxes (CO2, CH4, N2O) and porewater chemistry weekly. Soils were harvested at the end of the experiment to analyze soil chemistry and microbial carbon and nitrogen processing rates. Compared to the freshwater control, we found that elevated copper and sulfate (without elevated salinity) decreased CH4 fluxes. Treatments with elevated salinity, sulfate, or both also reduced CO2 fluxes. Likewise, carbon mineralization at the end of the experiment was lower for all treatments with elevated copper, sulfate, or salinity. In contrast, elevated salinity enhanced N2O fluxes but did not affect potential denitrification rates at the end of the experiment. Combined urban pollution and sea salt enrichment suppressed carbon gas fluxes but enhanced N2O emissions. Decreased carbon gas fluxes offset increased N2O fluxes such that the saltwater, urban, and combined treatments reduced the total global warming potential by 6.9×, 2.6×, and 3.6×, respectively, relative to the freshwater control. Thus our laboratory experiment suggests in the short-term, saltwater intrusion could reduce global warming potential of coastal wetland soils in Southern New England with typical levels of urban pollution. Future research that addresses the response of coastal wetland ecosystems to combined effects of urban pollution and saltwater intrusion will be critical for predicting long-term coastal wetland function under future land use and climatic conditions.
Wideband Image-Based Transskull Refocusing Using Dual-Mode Ultrasound Arrays

A new image-based wideband transcranial refocusing algorithm is presented together with ex vivo experimental verification results. A dual-mode ultrasound array (DMUA) prototype and supporting real-time imaging platform are used for the acquisition and processing of refocusing beams through ex vivo skull samples. The algorithm utilizes pre-beamforming DMUA echo data to perform optimal refocusing in multiple frequency bands within the transducer bandwidth based on user selection of the target and any critical points on the skull where the exposure is to be minimized. Hydrophone measurements were performed in water tank with and without the skull in the path of the beam. These measurements clearly demonstrated that the focusing gain has non-monotonic frequency dependence for any target point. Moreover, the focusing gain profiles vary considerably between different target points. In the former case, the measurements were performed with and without refocusing. Additional experimental verification was obtained using ex vivo skull samples embedded in tissue-mimicking phantoms. Transient temperature rises at the target location (thermocouple junction) were recorded with and without optimal refocusing. The results from both setups clearly demonstrate the increase in focusing gain at the target location and its frequency dependence. The results clearly demonstrate that real-time, site-specific refocusing allows for synthesizing refocused tFUS beams with the maximum operating bandwidth allowable by the transmission characteristics of the skull to the target point(s).
Results of recent investigations at Sandia National Laboratories on core debris interactions with concrete

Studies of core debris interaction with concrete have been extensive over the last decade. These studies have reached a climax in recent tests of the interactions of prototypical melts of UO[sub 2], ZrO[sub 2], zirconium, and stainless steel with concrete. Zirconium metal has been found to have profound effects on melt interactions with concrete. Zirconium metal reacts with condensed-phase products of concrete decomposition as well as with steam and carbon dioxide evolved from the concrete. Models of core debris interactions with concrete have been modified to include heat produced by the condensed-phase reactions of zirconium. The modified models predict well the high-temperature interactions of prototypical melts with concrete. Discrepancies between predictions and observations are being addressed by improving models of phase relationships in the melt-concrete system.
Some Important Problems in Metamorphic Geology

In a classical view, one cycle of orogeny includes a long series of events beginning with geosynclinal sedimentation, followed by phases of deformation, regional metamorphism, and plutonic intrusion, and ending with post-meta-morphic disturbances. The duration of a cycle is usually of the order of tens or hundreds of million years. In some regions, the-geosynclinal sedimentaton is followed immediately by tectonic disturbances and metamorphism. In other regions, there is so long a lapse of time between the end of sedimentation and metamorphism that the existence of genetic connection may well be doubted.
Ionic direct current modulation evokes spike-rate adaptation in the vestibular periphery

Recent studies have shown that ionic direct current (iDC) can modulate the vestibular system in-vivo, with potential benefits over conventional pulsed stimulation. In this study, the effects of iDC stimulation on vestibular nerve fiber firing rate was investigated using loose-patch nerve fiber recordings in the acutely excised mouse crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals. Cathodic and anodic iDC steps instantaneously reduced and increased afferent spike rate, with the polarity of this effect dependent on the position of the stimulating electrode. A sustained constant anodic or cathodic current resulted in an adaptation to the stimulus and a return to spontaneous spike rate. Post-adaptation spike rate responses to iDC steps were similar to pre-adaptation controls. At high intensities spike rate response sensitivities were modified by the presence of an adaptation step. Benefits previously observed in behavioral responses to iDC steps delivered after sustained current may be due to post-adaptation changes in afferent sensitivity. These results contribute to an understanding of peripheral spike rate relationships for iDC vestibular stimulation and validate an ex-vivo model for future investigation of cellular mechanisms. In conjunction with previous in-vivo studies, these data help to characterize iDC stimulation as a potential therapy to restore vestibular function after bilateral vestibulopathy.
From the Gold Clause Cases to the Gold Commission: A Half Century of American Monetary Law

Half a century ago, Franklin Roosevelt, in one of his first official acts, took the United States off the gold standard. That was the most lasting effect of the March 1933 Bank Holiday and its accompanying proclamations and legislation.' This reversal of more than fifty years' resolute adherence to the gold standard was all the more remarkable because Roosevelt as candidate had excoriated Herbert Hoover's warning that the United States was close to going off gold as "a libel on the credit of the United States." Roosevelt declared that "no responsible government would have sold to the country securities payable in gold if it knew that the promise-yes, the covenant-embodied in these securities was as dubious as the President of the United States claims it was."2 In 1980 American voters, again dissatisfied with an economy that was reducing the standard of living of the American worker,3
Bioinspired CNP Iron(II) Pincers Relevant to [Fe]-Hydrogenase (Hmd): Effect of Dicarbonyl versus Monocarbonyl Motifs in H2 Activation and Transfer Hydrogenation.

A set of bioinspired carbamoyl CNP pincer complexes are reported that are relevant to [Fe]-hydrogenase (Hmd). The dicarbonyl species [(CNHNNHPR2)Fe(CO)2I] [R = Ph, 1; R = iPr, 2] undergoes ligand deprotonation, resulting in the dearomatized complexes of formulas [(CNHNN=PR2)Fe(CO)2] (5 and 6). The crystal structure and 1H{31P} NMR spectroscopy of the iodide-bound dearomatized species [Na(18-crown-6)][(CNHNN=PPh2)Fe(CO)2I] (7) showed that the deprotonated moiety was the phosphoramine N(H) linkage. Separately, the monocarbonyl complexes [(CNHNNHPR2)Fe(CO)(MeCN)2](BF4) (8 and 9) synthesized, as well as deprotonated and dearomatized in similar fashion. Reactivity studies revealed that the parent dicarbonyl complexes require more forceful conditions for H2 activation, compared with the monocarbonyl complexes. The ligand backbone was not found to participate in H2 activation and H2 → hydride transfer to an organic substrate was not observed in either case. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the higher reactivity of the monocarbonyl complex in H2 splitting could be attributed to its higher affinity for H2. This behavior is attributed to two key points related to the requisite dπ(Fe) → σ*(H2) back-bonding interaction in a conventional M-H2 Kubas interaction: (i) generally, the weaker π donor capacity of the dicarbonyls, and (ii) specifically, the detrimental effect of a strongly π acidic CO ligand (versus weakly π acidic MeCN ligand) trans to the H2 activation site. The higher reactivity of the monocarbonyl complex is also evidenced by the catalytic transfer hydrogenation by monocarbonyl 8, whereas dicarbonyl 1 was ineffective. Overall, the results suggest that Nature uses the dicarbonyl motif in [Fe]-hydrogenase to diminish the interaction between the Fe center and dihydrogen, thereby preventing premature H2 activation prior to substrate (H4MPT+) binding and any resulting nonspecific hydride transfer reactivity.
The Nicotiana sylvestris nucleobase cation symporter 1 retains a dicot solute specificity profile

Abstract Nucleobase Cation Symporter 1 proteins are present in bacteria, fungi and among plants. Microbes often contain numerous NCS1 proteins that have evolved specific solute specificity profiles (solute transport and binding). Conversely, most members of Viridiplantae have a unique NCS1 that shows a broad, yet species –specific, solute specificity profile. Properties of NCS1 from Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & Comes (NsNCS1) have been determined as part of an ongoing evolution-function analysis through heterologous expression studies in ncs1-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen as well as functional assays and subcellular localization studies in planta. NsNCS1 transports the purine adenine with high affinity and moves guanine, uracil, cytosine and hypoxanthine. Xanthine, uric acid and 5-flourocytosine act as competitive inhibitors for NsNCS1. When expressed in Arabidopsis, NsNCS1 locates to the chloroplast and facilitates the transport of guanine and 8-azaguanine. The NsNCS1 solute specificity profile is very similar, yet distinct, from AtNCS1 (A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. NCS1) and indicates that despite evolutionary divergence in the Eudicots - Nicotiana, an Astrid, and Arabidopsis, a Rosid, − little functional difference evolved. The alignment of select plant NCS1 amino acid sequences coupled with a detailed knowledge of each solute specificity profile facilitates identifying residues that may contribute to subtle solute discrimination. Such an evolution-function analysis will complement recent molecular model based site-directed mutagenesis analysis of select microbial and plant NCS1.
Extending free‐space mapping to unstructured, off‐road environments

Autonomous vehicles are complex robotic and artificial intelligence systems working together to achieve safe operation in unstructured environments. The objective of this work is to provide a foundation to develop more advanced algorithms for off-road autonomy. The project explores the point cloud data captured from lidar sensors, and the processing to restore some of the geometric information lost during sensor sampling. Because ground truth values are needed for quantitative comparison, the MAVS was leveraged to generate a large off-road dataset in a variety of ecosystems. The results demonstrate data capture from the sensor suite and successful reconstruction of the selected geometric information. Using this geometric information, the point cloud data is more accurately segmented using the SqueezeSeg network.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor budding refine prognostication in patients with low- and high-risk stage III colon cancers (NCCTG N0147)[Alliance].

4065Background: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor budding (linked to epithelial mesenchymal transition) may influence metastatic potential and patient prognosis. We analyzed these fea...
Intersatellite Communication: An MBSE Operational Concept for a Multiorbit Disaggregated System

Operational concept (OpsCon) development is a key activity performed during the conceptual phase of system development. Presently, most OpsCon documentation captures the system operations in a text-based format. Applying model-based systems engineering (MBSE) principles to OpsCon development will accomplish the goal of having a model serve as the single source of truth, enabling traceability of the system design back to stakeholder needs and goals. Presented in this work is an MBSE OpsCon for an intersatellite communication (ISC) system utilizing visible light, deployed in a multiorbit disaggregated system. The OpsCon model provides a high-level visualization of the operational capability of the ISC system. We specify use cases, operational scenarios, system context, high-level behavior, and measurements of effectiveness in a system model using systems modeling language.
The Association of Orthostatic Hypotension with Ambulatory Blood Pressure Phenotypes in SPRINT.

Background Clinic blood pressure (BP) when measured in the seated position, can miss meaningful BP phenotypes, including low ambulatory BP (white coat effects [WCE]) or high supine BP (nocturnal non-dipping). Orthostatic hypotension (OH) measured using both seated (or supine) and standing BP, could identify phenotypes poorly captured by seated clinic BP alone. Methods We examined the association of OH with WCE and night-to-daytime systolic BP (SBP) in a subpopulation of SPRINT, a randomized trial testing the effects of intensive or standard ( 1. Results Of 897 adults (mean age 71.5±9.5 years, 29% female, 28% black), 128 had OH at least once. Among those with OH, 15% had WCE (vs. 7% without OH). Moreover, 25% of those with OH demonstrated a non-dipping pattern (vs. 14% without OH). OH was positively associated with both WCE (OR=2.24; 95%CI: 1.28, 4.27) and reverse dipping (OR=2.29; 95% CI: 1.31, 3.99). Conclusions The identification of OH in clinic was associated with two BP phenotypes often missed with traditional seated BP assessments. Further studies on mechanisms of these relationships are needed. Clinical trials registration Trial Number NCT03569020.
Is Growth Share Working for New Jersey

The current administrative iteration of the Mount Laurel doctrine presents a familiar problem of local government law: when should the state defer to its constituent municipalities' zoning choices, and when should the state tell those municipalities what to build‘ The Mount Laurel doctrine has both modified and been modified by the political and geographical landscape of New Jersey. The doctrine morphed from a judge-made constitutional command, to a litigation remedy, to a legislative edict, to an administrative matrix. To many who initiated and inspired the Mount Laurel movement in New Jersey, the present form of the law barely resembles the civil-rights-inspired rulings of the New Jersey Supreme Court in the 1970's. What was a command that towns shall not use exclusionary zoning, and then that towns must provide inclusionary zoning, has become an administrative miasma to those on all sides of the issue. Despite this controversy, Mount Laurel has not been a failure. Since 1983, the doctrine has generated 40,000 new low and moderate income housing units in New Jersey, provided for the refurbishing of 15,000 substandard units, and generated over $200 million to refurbish urban housing. Nonetheless, the Council on Affordable Housing ("COAH") and the State Planning Commission, the two agencies charged by the legislature with overseeing implementation of Mount Laurel, are the targets of sharp criticism by builders, municipalities, and housing advocates. Part I of this Note examines how Mount Laurel arrived at its current iteration. Part II provides the perspectives of those on all sides of the affordable housing debate in New Jersey - advocates who seek to remedy a history of racial injustice throughout the state, municipalities burdened by seemingly arbitrary affordable housing requirements unrelated to harms committed in recent collective memory, and builders compelled by business concerns to create sprawl in America's most densely populated state. Part III evaluates the relative success or failure of "Growth Share," the current implementation of Mount Laurel doctrine. This survey will reveal that the goals of Mount Laurel vary depending upon one's place in the political landscape. To make the evaluation more palpable, this Note examines the current affordable housing situations, both positive and problematic, in several New Jersey municipalities.
Well-Posedness of Nematic Liquid Crystal Flow in $${L^{3}_{\rm uloc}(\mathbb{R}^3)}$$

In this paper, we establish the local well-posedness for the Cauchy problem of a simplified version of hydrodynamic flow of nematic liquid crystals in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) for any initial data (u0, d0) having small \({L^{3}_{\rm uloc}}\) -norm of \({(u_{0}, \nabla d_{0})}\). Here \({L^{3}_{\rm uloc}(\mathbb{R}^3)}\) is the space of uniformly locally L3-integrable functions. For any initial data (u0, d0) with small \({\|(u_0, \nabla d_0)\|_{L^{3}(\mathbb{R}^3)}}\), we show that there exists a unique, global solution to the problem under consideration which is smooth for t > 0 and has monotone deceasing L3-energy for \({t \geqq 0}\).
Weight loss monitoring reduces the occurrence of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration in breastfeeding neonates

Abstract Background Excessive weight loss enhances the incidence of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration (NHD). We compared the effect of a new breastfeeding policy against an old breastfeeding policy on neonatal weight change and the incidence of NHD. Methods This was a QA project between two sets of breastfeeding (BF) protocols for exclusively BF newborns. Under our old BF policy, a number of neonates had a significant loss of weight after birth and were admitted to the NICU due to NHD. We implemented a new BF policy that was used when a newborn loses>5% of previously recorded weight within a 24-h interval. Two groups were compared: the preintervention group (old BF policy) and postintervention group (new BF policy). Additionally, characteristics of newborns admitted to NICU were separately compared with the subgroup of pre- and post intervention dehydration groups. Results Preintervention = 1320 and postintervention = 1450. Neonates with weight loss of ≥ 5% within the first 24-h time interval were higher in the postintervention group (19.7%) as compared to the preintervention group (10.2%) (P Conclusion An intervention at ≥ 5% neonatal weight loss markedly reduces the incidence of NHD-associated NICU admissions.
Confidence Bounds on Identification of Linear Systems with Multiplicative Noise

Linear systems with multiplicative noise (LSMN) generalize the more common case of additive noise models. The multiplicative noise can model state-dependent noise and variations in the dynamics. We present an LSMN system identification algorithm which estimates both the first and second moments of the system parameters, and offers a probability bound on the estimates. We further develop an online scheme for identification and a robust control scheme based on the estimation bounds. Numerical examples are provided.
Comparison of Methodologies used to Determine Aromatic Lignin Unit Ratios in Lignocellulosic Biomass

Multiple analytical methods have been developed to determine the ratios of aromatic lignin units, particularly the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio, of lignin biopolymers in plant cell walls. Chemical degradation methods such as thioacidolysis produce aromatic lignin units that are released from certain linkages and may induce chemical changes rendering it difficult to distinguish and determine the source of specific aromatic lignin units released, as is the case with nitrobenzene oxidation methodology. NMR methods provide powerful tools used to analyze cell walls for lignin composition and linkage information. Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry methods are also widely used, particularly as high-throughput methodologies. However, the different techniques used to analyze aromatic lignin unit ratios frequently yield different results within and across particular studies, making it difficult to interpret and compare results. This also makes it difficult to obtain meaningful insights relating these measurements to other characteristics of plant cell walls that may impact biomass sustainability and conversion metrics for the production of bio-derived fuels and chemicals. The authors compared the S/G lignin unit ratios obtained from thioacidolysis, pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS), HSQC liquid-state NMR and solid-state (ss) NMR methodologies of pine, several genotypes of poplar, and corn stover biomass. An underutilized approach to deconvolute ssNMR spectra was implemented to derive S/G ratios. The S/G ratios obtained for the samples did not agree across the different methods, but trends were similar with the most agreement among the py-MBMS, HSQC NMR and deconvoluted ssNMR methods. The relationship between S/G, thioacidolysis yields, and linkage analysis determined by HSQC is also addressed. This work demonstrates that different methods using chemical, thermal, and non-destructive NMR techniques to determine native lignin S/G ratios in plant cell walls may yield different results depending on species and linkage abundances. Spectral deconvolution can be applied to many hardwoods with lignin dominated by S and G units, but the results may not be reliable for some woody and grassy species of more diverse lignin composition. HSQC may be a better method for analyzing lignin in those species given the wealth of information provided on additional aromatic moieties and bond linkages. Additionally, trends or correlations in lignin characteristics such as S/G ratios and lignin linkages within the same species such as poplar may not necessarily exhibit the same trends or correlations made across different biomass types. Careful consideration is required when choosing a method to measure S/G ratios and the benefits and shortcomings of each method discussed here are summarized.
Machiavelli and the Play-Element in Political Life:

This essay interprets Machiavelli’s famous letter to Francesco Vettori in terms of a play-element that runs across his works. The letter to Vettori is a masterpiece of epistolary form, but beyond i...