cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterolysis of H2 Across a Classical Lewis Pair, 2,6‐Lutidine⋅BCl3: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanism

We report that 2,6-lutidine⋅trichloroborane (Lut⋅BCl3) reacts with H2 in toluene, bromobenzene, dichloromethane, and Lut solvents producing the neutral hydride, Lut⋅BHCl2. The mechanism was modeled with density functional theory, and energies of stationary states were calculated at the G3(MP2)B3 level of theory. Lut⋅BCl3 was calculated to react with H2 and form the ion pair, [LutH+][HBCl3−], with a barrier of ΔH≠=24.7 kcal mol−1 (ΔG≠=29.8 kcal mol−1). Metathesis with a second molecule of Lut⋅BCl3 produced Lut⋅BHCl2 and [LutH+][BCl4−]. The overall reaction is exothermic by 6.0 kcal mol−1 (ΔrG°=−1.1). Alternate pathways were explored involving the borenium cation (LutBCl2+) and the four-membered boracycle [(CH2{NC5H3Me})BCl2]. Barriers for addition of H2 across the Lut/LutBCl2+ pair and the boracycle BC bond are substantially higher (ΔG≠=42.1 and 49.4 kcal mol−1, respectively), such that these pathways are excluded. The barrier for addition of H2 to the boracycle BN bond is comparable (ΔH≠=28.5 and ΔG≠=32 kcal mol−1). Conversion of the intermediate 2-(BHCl2CH2)-6-Me(C5H3NH) to Lut⋅BHCl2 may occur by intermolecular steps involving proton/hydride transfers to Lut/BCl3. Intramolecular protodeboronation, which could form Lut⋅BHCl2 directly, is prohibited by a high barrier (ΔH≠=52, ΔG≠=51 kcal mol−1).
Crack-size dependence of fracture toughness in transformation-toughened ceramics

Fracture toughness (K IC) has been determined for Y2O3-partially stabilized zirconia, Y2O3-partially stabilized hafnia, CaO-partially stabilized zirconia and Al2O3+ZrO2 composites. It is shown thatK IC determined using the identation technique may not yield a unique number but may depend upon the crack size (C) (on the indent load). The slope ofK IC againstC 1/2 yields the magnitude of the surface stress created by the tetragonal → monoclinic transition on the surface induced by grinding.K IC determined using the double cantilever beam (DCB) technique, on the other hand, is shown to be independent of crack length.
Similarity Laws of Friction-Reduced Flows

Similarity la\/s are developed and tested for the case of friction-reduced flows at minimum friction conditions using solvent-based Reynolds numbers. These laws are deduced from empirical pipe data and a modified 1/n/th-power velocity distribution that can describe both laminar and turbulent Newtonian flows. Integral momentum methods are used to test these laws in comparison with torque measurements on a rotating disk and displacement thickness measurements in the entry region of a pipe. The results of experiments in the entry region of a l^-in.-diam by 18-ft pipe are reported at water-based Reynolds numbers up to 9 X 10 and show friction reductions of 84%. Developing boundary-layer conditions are shown that simulate full-scale torpedo operation; and causes of suboptimum performance of large pipes and underwater vehicles are indicated.
It's not where you live but how you live: Choice and adaptive/maladaptive behavior in persons with severe handicaps.

Although it is generally accepted that beneficial effects accrue when relocating persons with severe handicaps from large to smaller facilities, a specific analysis of concurrent environmental changes is needed. The present study investigated the relationship between choice availability and levels of adaptive and maladaptive behavior in persons with severe handicaps following their relocation to smaller residential facilities. Specifically, 57 residents of a large developmental center (30 men and 27 women, mean age 35 years) were relocated to either a transitional developmental center before placement into smaller residential facilities or directly into separate smaller community residences. AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, Vineland Maladaptive Behavior Scale, and Resident Choice Assessment Scale data were obtained for both groups over a 1-year follow-up period. Degree of resident choice was significantly correlated with areas of adaptive and, to a lesser extent, maladaptive behavior. Choice availability is proposed as a meaningful variable for modifying residential programs, developing effective behaviors, and classifying living facilities for persons with severe handicaps.
An experimental evaluation of traumatic globe rupture.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the surgeon's ability to assess various types of globe injury, to determine the force necessary to rupture the globe with these types of injuries, and to determine typical orbital retraction forces used in the clinical setting. Materials and Methods: Forty-four enucleated globes from recently killed cows were divided into four equal groups—one uninjured control group, one group with a through-and-through scleral laceration, another group with a subtotal scierai laceration, and the last group with an 18-gauge needle perforation. Twenty-seven boarded or board eligible oral and maxillofacial surgeons were asked to assess one sample from each of the four groups. They were then asked to retract a simulated globe on a custom-fabricated jig to determine clinical retraction forces. Ten globes from each of the four groups were then subjected to forces until rupture on an Instron 8501M mechanical testing unit. Accuracy of the clinical assessment was determined, and means and standard deviations of the retraction forces and globe rupture forces were derived. Results: Through-and-through lacerations were assessed by surgeons with 100% accuracy, subtotal lacerations with 96% accuracy, uninjured globes with 74% accuracy, and perforated globes with 15% accuracy. Globe rupture occurred at 16.72 ± 7.87 kg in the control group, 20.36 ± 7.87 kg in the perforated group, 15.38 ± 6.06 kg in the subtotal laceration group, and 4.94 ± 2.56 kg in the through-and-through laceration group. Statistically significant differences (P Conclusions: Severe injuries (through-and-through lacerations) were assessed with 100% accuracy by the clinicians, and less severe injuries with less accuracy. Rupture forces for globes with perforations and subtotal lacerations were no different than for the control group, but substantially less than for the total laceration group. The simulated clinical retraction forces were substantially more than the rupture forces in all of the groups, including the through-and-through laceration group.
Socioeconomic Status and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in African American College Students: The Mediating Role of Hopelessness

Factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) and hopelessness, a dimension of cognitive vulnerability, have been associated with the onset of depression and anxiety pathology in primarily European American study samples. The purpose of this brief article was to examine a main effect of SES and mediating effect of hopelessness in relation to acute symptoms of depression and anxiety in African American college students. Vulnerability-stress theories suggest that cognitively vulnerable individuals are more likely to develop depressive symptoms than individuals without cognitive vulnerabilities. Participants were 133 African American college students who completed self-report measures of hopelessness and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results revealed that the relationship between participants’ SES and participants’ symptoms of depression was partially mediated by self-reported hopelessness. The relationship between participants’ SES and anxiety symptoms was fully mediated by their level of hopelessness. H...
Induction of autophagy through the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent amino acid response pathway in maternal skeletal muscle may function as the molecular memory in response to gestational protein restriction to alert offspring to maternal nutrition.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanistic basis of protein deficiency during pregnancy in mother that is transduced to offspring. To this end, timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a control (20 % of energy from protein) or low-protein (LP, 8 % of energy from protein) diet during gestation. Tissues were collected after delivery from rat dams, and skeletal muscle was collected at postnatal day 38 from the offspring. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to determine mRNA and protein levels. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate myofibre size. LP dams gained significantly less weight during pregnancy, developed muscle atrophy, and had significantly lower circulating threonine and histidine levels than control dams. The mRNA expression of the well-known amino acid response (AAR) pathway-related target genes was increased only in the skeletal muscle of LP dams, as well as the protein expression levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α). The mRNA expression of autophagy-related genes was significantly increased in the skeletal muscle of LP dams. Moreover, the mRNA expression of genes involved in both AAR and autophagy pathways remained elevated and was memorised in the muscle of LP offspring that consumed a post-weaning control diet. Additionally, the LP diet increased an autophagy marker, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) protein expression in the skeletal muscle of rat dams, consistent with the initiation of autophagy. The LP diet further increased ATF4 binding at the predicted regions of AAR and autophagy pathway-related genes. Increased binding of ATF4 unveils the crucial role of ATF4 in the activation of autophagy in response to protein restriction. Our data suggest that molecular changes in maternal muscle are memorised in the offspring long after gestational protein restriction, reinforcing the role of maternal signalling in programming offspring health.
Counting Those Who Count: The Impact of Latino Population Growth on Redistricting in Southern States

The purpose of this article is to examine the potential impact of Hispanics on the electoral geography of the southern United States after the 2010 decennial census. Hispanics are the largest and fastest-growing minority group in the United States today. In addition to traditional Hispanic destinations such as Florida and Texas, many of the areas experiencing the most rapid growth in Hispanic population are southern states such as Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. Geographic information systems are used to determine where majority-minority and influential districts are likely to emerge in southern states. We argue that although the Latino population has increased significantly over the past decade, the proportion of Latinos living in southern states remains relatively low in comparison to the general population. Therefore, no new majority-minority or influence districts will emerge in Louisiana, Mississippi, or Tennessee. Majority-minority and influence districts are likely to emerge in Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia at the state and local levels, but not at the U.S. congressional level. Texas and Florida are the only southern states where new majority-minority and influence districts are likely to emerge at the U.S., state, and local levels after the 2010 decennial census.
Tenofovir diphosphate concentrations and prophylactic effect in a macaque model of rectal simian HIV transmission

Objectives This study evaluated the relationship between intracellular tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and prophylactic efficacy in a macaque model for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Methods Macaques were challenged with simian HIV (SHIV) via rectal inoculation once weekly for up to 14 weeks. A control group (n=34) received no drug, a second group (n=6) received oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine 3 days before each virus challenge and a third group (n=6) received the same dosing plus another dose 2 h after virus challenge. PBMCs were collected just before each weekly virus challenge. The relationship between tenofovir diphosphate in PBMCs and prophylactic efficacy was assessed with a Cox proportional hazards model. Results The percentages of animals infected in the control, one-dose and two-dose groups were 97, 83 and 17, respectively. The mean (SD) steady-state tenofovir diphosphate concentration (fmol/10(6) cells) was 15.8 (7.6) in the one-dose group and 30.7 (10.1) in the two-dose group. Each 5 fmol tenofovir diphosphate/10(6) cells was associated with a 40% (95% CI 17%-56%) reduction in risk of SHIV acquisition, P=0.002. The tenofovir diphosphate concentration associated with a 90% reduction in risk (EC90) was 22.6 fmol/10(6) cells (95% CI 13.8-60.8). Conclusions The prophylactic EC90 for tenofovir diphosphate identified in macaques exposed rectally compares well with the EC90 previously identified in men who have sex with men (MSM; 16 fmol/10(6) cells, 95% CI 3-28). These results highlight the relevance of this model to inform human PrEP studies of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for MSM.
An examination of women in federal law enforcement: an exploratory analysis of the challenges they face in the work environment

For a study of occupational barriers, qualitative and quantitative data were generated from surveys collected from 168 women working in 34 federal law enforcement agencies and varying in race, ethnicity, age, rank, and tenure. All women report at least one occupational barrier in the workplace. Pervasive negative attitudes from male colleagues, lack of high-ranking female role models, and work–life balance issues prove to be the biggest barriers women face in federal law enforcement. Despite the obstacles, women not only persist against the challenges but also highlight the unique attributes of federal law enforcement to the policing research community. Language: en
Prediction of Wave Propagation in Buildings Using Data from a Single Seismometer

Crowd‐sourced seismic networks in buildings collect important scientific data, in addition to allowing a diverse audience to visualize the vibrations of buildings. Visualization of a building’s deformation requires spatiotemporal interpolation of motions from seismometers that are located wherever the crowd places them. In many cases, a crowd‐sourced building network may actually be just a single seismometer. A method to rapidly estimate the total displacement response of a building based on limited observational data, in some cases from only a single seismometer, is presented. In general, the earliest part of the response is simulated by assuming a vertically propagating shear wave. Later motions are simulated using mode shapes derived from a beam model (a shear beam, or more generally a Timoshenko beam), the parameters of which are determined from the ratios of the modal frequencies and the building’s exterior dimensions. The method is verified by (1) comparing predicted and actual records from a 54‐story building in downtown Los Angeles, California, and (2) comparing finite‐element simulations of the 17‐story University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Factor building. The response of each of these buildings can be simulated with a simple shear beam. The importance of including the traveling wave part of the solution depends on the characteristics of the base ground shaking; the traveling wave becomes more apparent as the excitation becomes more impulsive. The method can be straightforwardly applied to multiple instrumented buildings, resulting in a tool to visualize linear elastic motions of those buildings.
The accelerated power method

An algorithm is presented to accelerate the convergence of the inverse iteration method for the solution of algebraic symmetric eigensystems. The algorithm is based on the use of the Ritz analysis during inverse iteration to generate improved trial vectors at virtually no extra cost. Examples are shown to illustrate the computational advantages of the method. The results are compared with those obtained using the subspace iteration method, the determinant search method and the accelerated subspace iteration method.
Pharmacologic treatments for pulmonary hypertension: exploring pharmacogenomics

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease with multiple etiologies and is categorized into five broad groups. Of these groups, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the most studied and, therefore, all of the currently available drug classes (prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors) were developed to treat PAH. Thus, limited treatment data exist for the less-studied non-PAH forms of PH. Pharmacogenomics can be a tool to better understand the pathways involved in PH, as well as to improve personalization of therapy. However, little pharmacogenomic research has been carried out on this disease. New treatments for PH are on the horizon, deriving from both repurposed currently available drugs and novel therapeutics.
Efficient Mapping and Cloning of Mutations in Zebrafish by Low-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequencing

The generation and analysis of mutants in zebrafish has been instrumental in defining the genetic regulation of vertebrate development, physiology, and disease. However, identifying the genetic changes that underlie mutant phenotypes remains a significant bottleneck in the analysis of mutants. Whole-genome sequencing has recently emerged as a fast and efficient approach for identifying mutations in nonvertebrate model organisms. However, this approach has not been applied to zebrafish due to the complicating factors of having a large genome and lack of fully inbred lines. Here we provide a method for efficiently mapping and detecting mutations in zebrafish using these new parallel sequencing technologies. This method utilizes an extensive reference SNP database to define regions of homozygosity-by-descent by low coverage, whole-genome sequencing of pooled DNA from only a limited number of mutant F2 fish. With this approach we mapped each of the five different zebrafish mutants we sequenced and identified likely causative nonsense mutations in two and candidate mutations in the remainder. Furthermore, we provide evidence that one of the identified mutations, a nonsense mutation in bmp1a, underlies the welded mutant phenotype.
Depression measures in outcomes research

Abstract Vahle VJ, Andresen EM, Hagglund KJ. Depression measures in outcomes research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81 Suppl 2:S53-S62. Objective: To review critically the measures used to screen for depression for disability outcomes research and to recommend measures and needed research. Date Sources: Review of literature pertaining to the development, testing, and use of depression measures for outcomes research. Study Selection: English language literature from scientists from a broad range of disciplines and research settings, focusing mainly on the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Center for Epidemiology Study–Depression scale. Data Extraction: A literature review was completed through MEDLINE. Based on the review, instruments were selected according to their use among people with disability and the reliability and validity of the instrument. Two instruments were selected for a complete review, and 5 instruments were selected for a brief review. Data Synthesis: A critical review of measures that have been and may be used to measure depressive symptomatology among people with disability. Conclusions: Screening measures of depression are easy to administer and score. Almost all have low respondent burden and good face validity, thereby contributing to a high participation rate for most studies. Some problems exist with the application of these instruments to people with disability (ie, overlap of symptoms of depression and indicators of physical impairment). © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
Digital compensation of sampling instant errors in the track-and-hold portion of an ADC

Track-and-hold (TH) circuits in the front end of high-speed high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) typically limit ADC performance at high input signal frequencies. This paper develops mathematical models for THs implemented in both bipolar and MOS technologies. The models are derived by analyzing the sampling instant error and reveal that the nonlinear behavior is dependent on the input signal and it's derivatives. A digital post compensation method is then presented with it's coefficients estimated using an energy-free method in a background calibration configuration. Simulation results on a nonlinear TH model show that the proposed method achieves a significant improvement in the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). The method is also applied to a commercially available ADC to demonstrate it's effectiveness.
Longitudinal Exercise Capacity of Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot have a reduced percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and percentage of oxygen pulse (O 2 P%) compared to healthy controls. Because data regarding the progression of exercise intolerance in these patients is limited, we sought to analyze the serial exercise data from patients with Tetralogy of Fallot to quantify the changes in their exercise capacity over time and to identify associations with clinical and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging variables. The data from cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPXs) from 2002 to 2010 for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot with ≥2 CPXs separated by ≥12 months were analyzed. Tests occurring after interventional catheterization or surgery were excluded. A total of 70 patients had 179 CPXs. They had a median age at the initial study of 23.6 years and an interval between the first and last CPX of 2.8 years. At the initial CPX, the peak VO 2 was 27.6 ± 8.8 ml/kg/min (78 ± 19% of predicted), and the peak O 2 P% was 89 ± 22% of predicted. At the most recent study, the peak VO 2 averaged 25.0 ± 7.4 ml/kg/min (73 ± 16% of predicted), and the peak O 2 P% averaged 83 ± 20% (p 2 was strongly associated with a decrease in O 2 P% and an increase (worsening) in the slope of the minute ventilation-versus-carbon dioxide production relation. Changes in the peak VO 2 did not correlate with concomitant changes in any other CPX variable. The rate of decrease was not related to a history of shunt palliation, age at CPX, or any other baseline clinical parameter, including cardiac magnetic resonance measurements. In conclusion, the exercise capacity of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot tends to decrease over time. This deterioration is variable and unpredictable and is primarily related to a decrease in the forward stroke volume at peak exercise.
The adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli on cotton, polyester and their blends

The adherent behaviour of the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli on cotton, polyester and their blends through contact in aqueous suspensions was studied. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found to adhere to fabrics much more so than Staph. aureus. The adherence of both Staph. epidermidis and Staph. aureus to fabrics increased as the content of polyester fibres in the fabrics increased. The attachment of E. coli to all fabrics was very low and was not affected by the fibre contents. Total numbers of adherent bacteria on cotton and polyester fabrics were related directly to the concentrations of the bacterial suspensions. The extents of adherence, expressed by the percentage of adherent bacteria from the suspension, however, were independent of the concentration. The length of contact with bacteria was also found to affect the adherence of bacteria on fabrics studied.
Relationship between Computer-Based Reading Activities and Reading Achievements among Hong Kong and U.S. Students: A Comparative Study Using PIRLS 2011 Data.

Reading for personal interest and acquiring and using information using various reading processes are important parts of reading literacy that students need to develop in order to progress successfully through their schooling and fully function in the information society. Computer assisted reading instructional activities are assumed useful in improving the reading literacy of students, especially reading processes. However, students in Hong Kong and the US demonstrated a substantial performance gap in reading proficiency. Using the data from Progress in International Reading Literacy (PIRLS) 2011, this study examines whether and to what extent four computer-based reading instructional activities influence students’ performance in reading processes central to reading for interest and acquiring and using information in Hong Kong and the US. It found that computer-based reading activities are associated with students’ literacy performance in different ways in the two places. In particular, the more often Hong Kong students used the computer to read, the lower the reading achievement in all reading processes measured. However, in the US context, using the computer to write is positively associated with students’ reading scores in all reading processes while using software is negatively related to their reading performance in using all the reading processes.
Non-Audit Fees, Disclosure and Auditor Independence

This paper investigates the effect of non-audit services on auditor independence for a large sample of UK companies between 1988-94. The results suggest that when non-audit services are undisclosed, there could be a perception of auditor independence problems. When non-audit fees are disclosed, the provision of non-audit services appears to strengthen independence. These findings suggest that policy should be aimed at disclosure rather than a ban on non-audit services.
Logic KM: A Biography

This chapter is an attempt to collect under one roof all currently available facts related to logic \({\mathbf{KM }}\). Discovered as an equational class of the corresponding algebras, it has been developed as a natural intuitionistic counterpart of provability logic GL. We also outline the background, the work of thought, which had preceded and eventually had led to the birth of \({\mathbf{KM }}\). Where the results are new, the proofs are provided. Sometimes we derive conclusions, if they can be easily obtained from key results.
Mergers of Closed-End Funds: An Analysis of Discount and Expense Ratio Reduction

This paper examines the pricing behavior and the discount of U.S. within-family closed-end funds merger. The sample consists of 90 U.S. closed-end funds within-family mergers during the 1994-2005 period. The discounts of both target and acquiring funds before and after the merger announcement are analyzed. We document a significant average abnormal return of 0.83% during the announcement period to the merger announcement. Consistent with the hypothesis that target funds’ shareholders will be the major beneficiaries of merger, we observe a reduction of 0.66% in the target funds discounts from pre-announcement to pre-merger. In contrast, the discount of the acquiring funds widened by 1.51% on average during the same period. Following the merger, the average expense ratio of the surviving funds increases significantly by 0.14%. Cross-sectional analysis reveals that the announcement return is positively related to the size of the discount. However, the announcement reaction is not related to the volatility of the discount.
Carcinogenic Impurities in Food and Color Additives—An Analysis of Presumptive Risk Levels

In April 1982, the Food and Drug Administration implemented a new policy (originally called the Carcinogenic Constituents Policy) under which it began issuing food and color additive regulations permitting the use of substances which (although noncarcinogenic themselves) may contain carcinogenic impurities. This policy is based upon the premise that such additives are not subject to prohibition under the Delaney Clause. Rather, their use can be considered safe as long as the upper-bound risk posed by exposure to the carcinogenic impurities is sufficiently low, as determined by a conservative carcinogen risk assessment procedure. During the seven years that the policy has been in effect, the FDA has issued over 50 regulations for uses of food and color additives which are known to contain carcinogenic impurities. This paper analyzes these data on the carcinogens of concern to see how the upper-bound risks in all cases vary simultaneously as a function of human exposure and carcinogen potency. Both potency and human exposure data are arrayed on a two-dimensional logarithmic coordinate system to explore the consequences of this novel policy.
Evidence (2001-2002 Survey of New York Law)

This article is a survey of developments in evidence rules in 2001-2002. This issue covers Procedure, Relevancy, Witnesses, Cross-examination and Impeachment, and Hearsay. Procedure includes: Preservation, Harmless Error, Res Ipsa Loquitur, and Reopening of a Party's Case. Relevancy includes: General considerations, Other Crimes, Habit, and Demonstrative and Real Evidence. Witnesses includes: A Calling of Witnesses by the Court, Rebuttal Witnesses, and Confrontation. Cross-examination and Impeachment includes: Prior Convictions, Prior Inconsistent Statement, Perception, Religious Belief, and Prior Consistent Statements. Hearsay includes: Speaking Agent, Present Sense Impression, Excited Utterance, State of Mind, Statement of Physical Condition, and Business Records.
Circumstances of Death and Complicated Grief: Indirect Associations Through Meaning Made of Loss

ABSTRACTLosses by violent means and the loss of primary attachment figures may increase the likelihood of developing a chronic and severe grief response (referred to as complicated grief, or CG). Path analysis was used to examine the relationships between these risk factors and CG symptoms. College student participants filled out online questionnaires relating to their bereavement. Analyses provided support for statistical models whereby meaning made of the loss fully mediated the association between cause of death and CG symptoms and partially mediated the association between relationship to the deceased and CG symptoms. Although based on cross-sectional data, these findings provide additional support for meaning-oriented understandings of adaptation to loss.
Role of Surface Chemistry in Adhesion between ZnO Nanowires and Carbon Fibers in Hybrid Composites

Low interface strength is a persistent problem in composite materials and cascades to limit a variety of bulk material properties such as lamina shear strength. Whiskerization has long been pursued as a method to reinforce the interphase and improve both the single fiber interface strength as well as the bulk properties. Recent developments have shown that ZnO nanowire whiskerization can effectively improve the properties of a bulk composite without requiring the high temperatures that previous deposition processes needed. Although the efficacy of a ZnO nanowire interphase has been established, the mechanism for adhesion of the interphase to the fiber has not been identified. Specifically, the addition of the ZnO nanowires to the surface of the fibers requires that the ZnO nanowires have strong chemical adhesion to the fiber surface. This work will create a variety of chemical environments on the surface of the fibers through new and common chemical functionalization procedures and quantify the surface ch...
Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster Among Adults.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that establishes latency in sensory ganglia after initial infection as varicella. Herpes zoster is a painful and debilitating illness that affects approximately 1 in 3 persons during their lifetime [1]; its morbidity and impacts on quality of life increase with age [2–4]. Although it affects a large number of persons, with an estimated 1 million HZ cases annually in the United States, the causes of VZV reactivation and HZ are not completely known. Older age and immunosuppression are well documented risk factors, attributed to diminished VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity, but they cannot fully explain the epidemiology of HZ [5]. Several other potential risk factors have been evaluated but are unconfirmed or of insufficient prevalence to explain most episodes [5, 6]. Since 2006, a vaccine to prevent HZ has been available and recommended in the United States for use in immune-competent adults age ≥60 years [7, 8]. Other HZ vaccines are currently undergoing development. An understanding of risk factors for HZ is vitally important. Improved awareness of epidemiological risk factors could help inform mechanistic understanding of VZV reactivation and HZ disease. In the context of HZ vaccines, observational studies of HZ vaccine performance cannot be properly evaluated without recognizing key risk factors to know whether their prevalence is balanced in vaccine recipients and nonrecipients. Furthermore, for unknown reasons, HZ rates have been increasing in the United States for decades [1, 9, 10]. These increases make it impossible to interpret HZ vaccine impact; indeed, HZ increase has made it challenging to interpret long-range clinical vaccine trials because these trials generally use historic controls for long-range follow up [11, 12]. Recognition of key risk factors for HZ could thus make trends interpretable and allow for better assessment of vaccine impact. In addition, a better understanding of these factors may suggest new approaches for prevention and treatment of HZ. Although there is an enormous amount of literature relating to HZ risk factors, most studies have explored factors that can be assessed using medical records or administrative data [5, 8]. However, there are many plausible risk factors for HZ for which information would not typically be available in the medical sector. Given the important unknowns relating to HZ risk, we attempt to fill this gap by conducting an analysis of a large array of potential risk factors for HZ that are based on patient self-report.
Canalization failure of the müllerian tract.

A patient is described with canalization failure of the mullerian system. This patient presented with primary amenorrhea and absence of the vagina. At the time of laparotomy, a uterus of normal size and shape was found with two small areas of canalization. This syndrome, associated with absence of the vagina, appears to result from a defect occurring later in development than does classical mullerian aplasia. Pathological examination of the patient's uterus supports the tenant that canalization begins after fusion and at various places along the line of fusion.
Contribution of genetic epidemiology to our understanding of psychiatric disorders

Abstract This chapter describes the goals and methods of genetic epidemiology, and summarizes aggregate phenotypic risk estimates, heritability, and findings from genome-wide association studies of each of the major psychiatric disorders. Future applications of epidemiology to psychiatric molecular genetics are described: (1) study designs that are adequately powered to examine genetic and environmental risk factors simultaneously; (2) newer statistical approaches that incorporate molecular genetics into risk estimation; (3) approaches for phenotypic refinement that move beyond the current categorical phenotypic classification; (4) challenges and methods in the measurement and incorporation of environmental risk factors in molecular genetic studies and analyses; and (5) the role of epidemiology in team science that seeks to translate molecular genetics to the clinic and public health.
Secure Military Communications Can Benefit from Accurate Time

Some military communications systems have requirements quite different from civilian systems. Among others there is the necessity to protect military communications from detection, interception, exploitation, or disruption by adversaries, particularly during times of hostilities. There are a number of techniques available to protect communications against these threats. Some of them can benefit from unambiguous time information. A hypothetical military communications system is used in this paper to discuss these protection techniques and to illustrate how time may assume a useful role in their operation. The paper will also cover sources external to the communications system from which the necessary time information may be obtained.
Redesigning care delivery with patient support personnel: Learning from accountable care organizations:

IntroductionAccountable care organizations are a value-based payment model in the United States rooted in holding groups of health care providers financially accountable for the quality and total c...
A Pilot Study for Haploidentical Transplant Using a Chemotherapy only Preparative Regimen eith T-Cell Depleted Haploidentical Transplant and Intensive Antibiotic Prophylaxis To Treat Advanced Leukemia Patients (pts).

We present preliminary data of haploidentical transplant for 12 patients (pts) with relapse of refractory acute leukemia using a chemotherapy only preparative regimen of 140 mg/m 2 Melphalan on day −8; 10 mg/kg Thiotepa on day −7; 160 mg/m 2 Fludarabine on days −6, −5, −4, −3; 1.5 mg/kg of rabbit ATG/day days −6, −5, −4, −3 and T-cell depleted peripheral blood progenitor cells, processed using the CliniMACS® device. All products had 4 CD3+ T-cells/kg recipient body weight and needed a minimum of 5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg but preferably >1 x 10 7 CD34+ cells/kg recipient body weight. Pts received: intensive PCP prophylaxis with bactrim and pentamidine prior to transplant and during pancytopenia; CMV prophylaxis with valcyte during the BMT prep and foscarnet while pancytopenic; and with ambisone for fungus. The last 4 pts enrolled were treated with cancidas prophylactically instead of ambisome. 10 of 12 pts engrafted (83%). 2 pts had protocol deviations and primary graft failure - 1 survived disease free and 1 relapsed. Median time to engraftment was 14 days (range, 9–26) to 500 neutrophils and 13 days to platelets 20,000 (range, 10–25). Among engrafting patients, two died within 100 days due to disease progression and multiple organ failure. Six-month overall survival is 50% (21–74). One year overall and progression-free survival is 33% (95% CI 10–59). 7 pts had disease relapse at a median of 10 months (range 2–13 months). Two of 10 pts who engrafted developed grade 1 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and 4/8 pts who engrafted and survived beyond day 100 had chronic GVHD. The 2 patients who engrafted and survived beyond 1 year post transplant had chronic GVHD. This report for haploidentical transplant demonstrates that a chemotherapy only preparative regimen achieved a high rate of engraftment. Infectious complications were minimal. 25% of patients survived progression free. If these results are sustained in a larger study, haploidentical transplant may offer hope of allogeneic transplant for every individual needing such therapy.
Reserve tree mortality in two expanding-gap silvicultural systems 20 years after establishment in the Acadian forest of Maine, USA

Abstract Land managers are increasingly called upon to maintain ecosystem function and restore late-successional forest structures by retaining trees (“reserves”) in harvest prescriptions. Such retention practices often result in mortality of reserve trees owing to increased exposure to wind and ‘gap shock’, thereby compromising management objectives. This study investigated the mortality of reserve trees (n = 787) retained over 20 years in the Acadian Forest Ecosystem Research Project (AFERP), a long-term ecological forestry experiment in central Maine, USA. Cumulative mortality across 18 species was very low (8.4% ± 3.3%, mean ± SD) relative to similar studies throughout the world. Annualized mortality of reserve trees of the two silvicultural systems was 1.1% for the large-gap treatment and 0.4% for the small-gap treatment. Cumulative mortality of Tsuga canadensis was lowest (2%) among species with >50 individuals, while the cumulative mortality of Thuja occidentalis was highest at 19%. Over 59% of cumulative mortality was wind-related. Annualized wind-related mortality of the reserve trees was 0.6% in the large-gap treatment and 0.2% in the small-gap treatment. More vigorous trees showed lower mortality rates. Cumulative mortality and wind-related deaths were somewhat higher in large gaps, and were influenced by spatial position within gaps. The non-traditional, expanding-gap, multi-aged silvicultural systems in this study may explain the lower incidence of windthrow and gap shock experienced by reserve trees relative to the annualized mortality rates from studies of similar, though predominantly single-cohort, silvicultural systems.
Phylogenomics: Constrained gene tree inference

Data from many genes across the genome are now being routinely used in the hope of reconstructing challenging parts of the tree of life, and a new method provides a practical way of resolving the phylogenetic trees suggested by different genes.
A no-reference video quality predictor for compression and scaling artifacts

No-Reference (NR) video quality assessment (VQA) models are gaining popularity as they offer scope for broader applicability to user-uploaded video-centric services such as YouTube and Facebook, where the pristine references are unavailable. However, there are few, well-performing NR-VQA models owing to the difficulty of the problem. We propose a novel NR video quality predictor that solely relies on the ‘quality-aware’ natural statistical models in the space-time domain. The proposed quality predictor called Self-reference based LEarning-free Evaluator of Quality (SLEEQ) consists of three components: feature extraction in the spatial and temporal domains, motion-based feature fusion, and spatial-temporal feature pooling to derive a single quality score for a given video. SLEEQ achieves higher than 0.9 correlation with the subjective video quality scores on tested public databases and thus outperforms the existing NR VQA models.
The Generalized Stationary Scattering Problems

We introduce and investigate the important notion of the generalized stationary scattering function for Schrodinger and Dirac radial equations. In particular, this notion is fruitful in the case of Coulomb-type potentials. Although generalized dynamical scattering functions were introduced and actively studied in the previous century, the notion of the generalized stationary scattering function is new.
The Critique of Marxist Philosophy: 1956–1981

The period from 1956 to 1981 forms a quarter century in the life of a philosophical enterprise worthy of acknowledgement and reflection. In 1956 Khrushchev made his famous speech denouncing the crimes of the Stalin era. For Marxist, and even more importantly for Marxist-Leninist, philosophy the speech was a call to renewed activity. From 1931 until 1956 Stalin had dominated Marxist interpretation. Wherever Marxism had been joined to power, it was a Stalinist version of Marxism, called Marxism-Leninism, that was adopted. Stalin, until 1956, was the unchallenged interpreter of Marx and Lenin in the Soviet Union, as well as in the so-called satellite countries. Just as the U.S.S.R. dominated the politics of the Eastern bloc and exercised undisputed political hegemony, so Stalinist Marxism-Leninism held philosophical hegemony. The official Soviet Marxism-Leninism was dogmatic, despite claims to the contrary. It was also pedestrian. Large, verbose volumes were based on Stalin’s sparse philosophical writings. They did not command respect in philosophical circles outside of the countries in which Marxism-Leninism was the official doctrine. Often they commanded only little more respect in those countries.
Using Others in the Nicest Way Possible: On Colonial and Academic Practice(s), and an Ethic of Humility:

In this article, we draw from two independent, completed projects that forced us to struggle with our ethics and how we understood the nature of the researcher–participant relationship. We move pas...
Fungal Communities and Functional Guilds Shift Along an Elevational Gradient in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Nitrogen deposition alters forest ecosystems particularly in high elevation, montane habitats where nitrogen deposition is greatest and continues to increase. We collected soils across an elevational (788–1940 m) gradient, encompassing both abiotic (soil chemistry) and biotic (vegetation community) gradients, at eight locations in the southern Appalachian Mountains of southwestern North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. We measured soil chemistry (total N, C, extractable PO4, soil pH, cation exchange capacity [ECEC], percent base saturation [% BS]) and dissected soil fungal communities using ITS2 metabarcode Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Total soil N, C, PO4, % BS, and pH increased with elevation and plateaued at approximately 1400 m, whereas ECEC linearly increased and C/N decreased with elevation. Fungal communities differed among locations and were correlated with all chemical variables, except PO4, whereas OTU richness increased with total N. Several ecological guilds (i.e., ectomycorrhizae, saprotrophs, plant pathogens) differed in abundance among locations; specifically, saprotroph abundance, primarily attributable to genus Mortierella, was positively correlated with elevation. Ectomycorrhizae declined with total N and soil pH and increased with total C and PO4 where plant pathogens increased with total N and decreased with total C. Our results demonstrate significant turnover in taxonomic and functional fungal groups across elevational gradients which facilitate future predictions on forest ecosystem change in the southern Appalachians as nitrogen deposition rates increase and regional temperature and precipitation regimes shift.
Abstract MP77: Patient, Provider, and Insurance Predictors of Oral Anticoagulation Initiation and Dosing in Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Recent research has shown strong provider-level variation in oral anticoagulation (OAC) use in atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of the present study was to examine predictors of prescribing OAC to newly diagnosed AF patients, with special attention to prescribing low-dose direct oral anticoagulant agents (DOACs) to patients with no diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Using 2013-2014 Medicare claims data, we identified patients newly diagnosed with AF who had CHA2DS2-VASc score≥2. Our sample included 19,390 patients who did not initiate OAC, and 22,299 OAC initiators, among whom 12,786 initiated warfarin, 5,984 high-dose DOACs and 3,529 low-dose DOACs. We constructed logistic regression models to estimate the effect of patient demographics, clinical characteristics, provider specialty, and insurance factors on OAC initiation and likelihood of prescribing low dose DOAC in patients with no CKD. Results: As shown in the table, age, gender, heart failure, and a history of bleeding affected the initiation of OAC as well as DOAC dosing. White patients were more likely to initiate OAC, but race did not affect DOAC dosing. Use of antiplatelet agents decreased the odds of OAC initiation by 27% (95%CI, 23%-31%), but did not impact DOAC dosing. The odds of OAC initiation decreased by 10% (95%CI, 6%-15%) for each point increase in the Geographic Practice Cost Index for malpractice. The odds of initiating low-dose DOACs were 30% (95%CI, 11%-38%) lower for patients seen by cardiologists than for those seen by internists or family practitioners. Conclusions: In addition to demographics and clinical characteristics, provider and insurance factors have a strong impact on initiation and dosing of OAC.
Evaluation of video-based linear depth inversion performance and applications using altimeters and hydrographic surveys in a wide range of environmental conditions

Abstract The performance of a linear depth inversion algorithm, cBathy, applied to coastal video imagery was assessed using observations of water depth from vessel-based hydrographic surveys and in-situ altimeters for a wide range of wave conditions (0.3