cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract SY21-02: Extracellular matrix density, alignment, and tumor progression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA An increase in the mammographic density of breast tissue is correlated to a four to six-fold increased risk of developing breast carcinoma, making it the single biggest risk factor for breast carcinoma. Increased breast density is associated with a significant increase in the deposition of ECM components, most notably collagen, which leads to an increase in matrix stiffness. In a mouse model of increased collagen deposition, we find that mammary tumor incidence, invasion, and metastasis increased three-fold. Mammary tumors arising in FAK-/- mammary glands were non-invasive and non-metastatic. Gene expression profiling of these tumors identified a metastasis signature regulated by FAK, and further identify novel mechanisms and signaling pathways governing invasion into collagen matrices. Using state-of-the-art non-linear optical imaging techniques (FLIM and SHG), we have imaged collagen and cells at the tumor-stromal boundary in live, unfixed mammary tumors. We find that during tumor progression, the structure and alignment of collagen fibers is altered, such that the perpendicular realignment of collagen fibers is completely coincident with areas of local invasion. A recent analysis of 207 human samples demonstrates that the presence of perpendicular aligned collagen was a novel significant and independent prognostic indicator of poor patient survival, with a risk factor of 4.3. To determine whether fibril alignment facilitates invasion, we engineered aligned matrices, and found that human breast carcinoma cells preferentially invaded along perpendicularly aligned vs. random or parallel collagen fibers. Our results demonstrate collagen fibers serve as a highway to facilitate local invasion, and promote distal metastasis. Citation Format: Patricia J. Keely. Extracellular matrix density, alignment, and tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY21-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY21-02
Clindamycin in the Treatment of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndromes

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the utility of clindamycin in the treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal toxic shock syndromes.DATA SOURCES:Biomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–December 1999). Key terms included clindamycin, streptococcal toxic shock, and staphylococcal toxic shock.DATA SYNTHESIS:Streptococcal and staphylococcal toxic shock syndromes are associated with a high mortality rate. β-Lactams have been considered the drug of choice for the treatment of these serious infections, with the occasional use of adjunctive clindamycin, although no clinical evidence has been published to support this latter regimen. An evaluation of the information to propose the usefulness of clindamycin was conducted.CONCLUSIONS:Experimental laboratory evidence suggests utility of the adjunctive use of clindamycin in streptococcal and staphylococcal infections complicated by toxin production. Research using animal models comparing clindamycin plus β-lactams with β-lactams alone for the treatment of the...
Swahili-L: the Internet promotes literacy

Abstract Swahili-L is an electronic, language-specific mail service developed for use on the Internet. In 1992, teachers of Swahili in the U.S. and East African nationals proposed a service in which they and their students might communicate in Swahili. The founding subscribers anticipated this service not only to enhance the reading and writing skills of students of Swahili but also to become a forum for discussion on a wide variety of topics. After 2 years, it provides over 200 world-wide subscribers an opportunity to read and write in Swahili on a variety of topics. As a result of its success, instructors of other major African languages are reviewing this model for their students and colleagues.
Poe Yu-Ze Wan: Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory

The last few years have witnessed a virtual efflorescence of increasingly sophisticated writings on the meta-methodological, epistemological, and ontological foundations of Social Science. This renaissance of ‘‘foundational’’ inquiry has been buoyed by the rise, growth, and institutionalization of such scientific-intellectual movements as Critical Realism, Analytical Sociology, ‘‘the mechanisms movement’’ (among others) and by the contributions of such figures as Mario Bunge, Peter Hedstrom, Charles Tilly, Christian Smith, Phillip Gorski, Dave Elder-Vass, and Daniel Little (among many others). The main motivation of this variegated line of work has been to move beyond the methodological strictures of classical positivism by providing the social sciences with renewed epistemic and ontological foundations. These foundations are characterized by returning to realism (as opposed to empiricism) moving beyond correlational view of causation (and towards a concern with powerful particulars, causal powers, and social mechanisms) and a renewed appreciation for the precedence of ontological considerations over epistemic guidelines or operational conventions. Poe Yu-Ze Wan’s Reframing the Social is one of the most sophisticated entries into this now burgeoning literature. Wan’s intellectual achievement in this book stands out from comparable entries in the marketplace for at least two reasons. First, there is just the sheer amount of ground covered in the book. Wan manages a rare feat here: not only does he address essentially every major debate in the methodological foundations of social science today (e.g. on causation, emergence, the status of mechanistic explanation, and analytical sociology), but Wan manages to do this in a sophisticated, constructive, and even-handed manner, ranging over a bewildering large number of authors, schools and positions. Even if the book had been confined to simply reviewing the state of the field today, it would have been an impressive accomplishment. Every scholar interested in this literature needs to read this book simply to be able to claim that he or she is acquainted with the state of the art and with the now staggering breadth of writings on the various inter-related subjects. Wan not only appears to have read everything and everyone, but he has done the field a great service by providing a characterization of the
LOCOMOTOR DESIGN OF DOLPHIN VERTEBRAL COLUMNS: BENDING MECHANICS AND MORPHOLOGY OF DELPHINUS DELPHIS

The primary skeletal structure used by dolphins to generate the dorsoventral bending characteristic of cetacean swimming is the vertebral column. In the vertebral column of the saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis, we characterize the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the intervertebral joints, describe regional variation and dorsoventral asymmetries in mechanical performance, and investigate how the mechanical properties are correlated with vertebral morphologies. Using a bending machine that applies an external load (N m) to a single intervertebral segment, we measured the resulting angular deformation (rad) of the segment in both dorsal extension and ventral flexion. Intervertebral segments from the thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions of the vertebral column were tested from five individuals. Using quasi-static bending tests, we measured the initial (low-strain) bending stiffness (N m rad-1) as a function of segment position, direction of bending (extension and flexion) and sequential cutting of intervertebral ligaments. We found that initial bending stiffness was significantly greater in the lumbar region than in adjacent thoracic and caudal regions, and all joints were stiffer in extension than is predicted (r2 = 0.554) by the length and width of the intervertebral disc and the length of the cranial vertebral body in the segment. Stiffness in flexion is predicted (r2 = 0.400) by the width of the nucleus pulposus, the length of the caudal vertebral body in the segment and the height of the transverse processes from the ventral surface of the vertebral body. We also performed dynamic bending tests on intervertebral segments from the lumbo-caudal joint and the joint between caudal vertebrae 7 and 8. Dynamic bending stiffness (N m rad-1) increases with increasing bending amplitude and is independent of bending frequency. Damping coefficient (kg m2 rad-2 s-1) decreases with increasing bending amplitude and frequency. Resilience (% energy return) increases from approximately 20% at low bending amplitudes (+/-0.6 degree) to approximately 50% at high bending amplitudes (+/-2.9 degrees). Based on these findings, the dolphin's vertebral column has the mechanical capacity to help control the body's locomotor reconfigurations, to store elastic energy and to dampen oscillations.
Distributed caching and adaptive search in multilayer P2P networks

To improve the scalability of Gnutella-like unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, a uniform index caching (UIC) mechanism was suggested in some earlier work. In UIC, query results are cached in all peers along the inverse query path such that the same query of other peers can be replied from their nearby-cached results. However, our experiments show that the UIC method causes a large amount of duplicated and unnecessary caching of items among neighboring peers. Aiming at improving the search efficiency, we propose a distributed caching mechanism, which distributes the cache results among neighboring peers. Furthermore, based on the distributed caching mechanism, an adaptive search approach is built which selectively forwards the query to the peers with a high probability of providing the desired cache results. All the enhancements above are defined in a protocol called distributed caching and adaptive search (DiCAS). In the DiCAS enhanced Gnutella network, all the peers are logically divided into multiple layers, with the character that all the peers in the same layer have the same group ID. The query flooding is restricted in one layer with the matched group ID. Our simulation study shows that, with the help of the index caching and search space division, the DiCAS protocol can significantly reduce the network search traffic in unstructured P2P systems without degrading query success rate.
Investigation of Grain‐Boundary Segregation in Ceramic Oxides by Analytical Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (AEM) was used to study grain-boundary solute segregation in the systems MgO-NiO, A12O3-Y, O3, NiO-Cr2O3, and NiO-Al2O3. Electron beam spreading within the specimen was incorporated into a model to quantitatively measure solute segregation. Grain-boundary segregation occurred in A12O3-Y2O3 and NiO-Cr2O3 but was not detected in MgO-NiO and NiO-Al2O3 specimens. These results and the quantitative measurements agree with equilibrium solute segregation theories. Microhard-ness measurements indicate no difference in hardness between the grain boundary and the matrix for Cr-doped NiO, a system in which segregation was detected.
Structural Details of Anthrax Spores During Stages of Transformation into Vegetative Cells

Moberly, Betty J. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), F. Shafa, and Philipp Gerhardt. Structural details of anthrax spores during stages of transformation into vegetative cells. J. Bacteriol. 92:220-228. 1966.-Anthrax spores in stages of dormancy, activation, germination, and outgrowth into vegetative cells were examined in an electron microscope. The fine structure proved to be much like that observed in related species of Bacillus, except for a visible alteration after heat activation and clusters of vesicle-like bodies in the cytoplasm of vegetative cells.
Presence and quantification of mast cells in the gingiva of cats with tooth resorption, periodontitis and chronic stomatitis.

Abstract Objective Mast cells are tissue-dwelling granule-containing immune cells that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and other processes. The three most common orodental disorders in cats are periodontitis, feline resorptive lesions (FRL), and chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS). The presence and density of mast cells in the gingiva has been established in healthy cats but not in cats affected by FRL, FCGS or periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to document and quantify the presence of mast cells in the gingiva adjacent to teeth affected by FRL, FCGS or chronic periodontitis. Methods Samples from the gingiva of 32 cats affected by FRL, FCGS or periodontitis were obtained and compared to samples obtained from 7 specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats. Evaluation of mast cells and the inflammatory infiltrate were performed on hematoxylin and eosin, and toluidine blue stained sections. Results Mast cells densities were significantly increased in gingival tissues adjacent to teeth affected by FRL, FCGS or periodontitis in comparison to SPF samples. There were no significant differences between gingival tissues of the FRL, FCGS and periodontitis groups. However, the relative inflammatory score in the FRL group was significantly lower as compared to the FCGS or periodontitis groups, yet with similar density of mast cells. Conclusion In the gingiva of cats affected with FRL, FCGS or periodontitis, there is an increase in the number of mast cells. The high number of mast cells in the FRL group and concurrent mild inflammatory reaction suggests the notion that mast cells may potentially play role in the pathogenesis of FRL.
An approximate dynamic programming approach for communication constrained inference

Resource management in distributed sensor networks is a challenging problem. This can be attributed to the fundamental tradeoff between the value of information contained in a distributed set of measurements versus the energy costs of acquiring the measurements, fusing them into a model of uncertainty, and transmitting the resulting model. Communications is commonly the highest contributor among these costs, typically by orders of magnitude. Failure to consider this tradeoff can significantly reduce the operational lifetime of a sensor network. While a variety of methods have been proposed that treat a subset of these issues, the approaches are indirect and usually consider at most a single time step. In the context of target tracking with a distributed sensor network we propose an approximate dynamic programming approach which integrates the value of information and the cost of transmitting data over a rolling time horizon. Specifically, we consider tracking a single target and constrain the problem such that, at any time, a single sensor, referred to as the leader node, is activated to both sense and update the probabilistic model. The issue of selecting which sensor should be the leader at each time is of primary interest, as it directly impacts the trade-off between the estimation accuracy and the cost of communicating the probabilistic model from old leader node to new leader node. We formulate this trade-off as a dynamic program, and use an approximation based on a linearization of the sensor model about a nominal trajectory to find a tractable solution. Simulation results demonstrate that the resulting algorithm can provide similar estimation performance to that of the common most informative sensor election method at a fraction of the communication energy cost
Prospective CT Confirms Differences Between Vascular and Alzheimer’s Dementia

Background and Purpose Cognitive test performances were correlated prospectively with changes in cerebral CT measurements of atrophy, infarct volume, ventricular enlargement, local tissue density, and local perfusion to contrast annual rates of changes among patients with ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) or dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Methods The cerebral atrophic index (ATI; ratio of cerebrospinal fluid or infarcted brain to intracranial volume), infarct volume ratio, ventricular volume ratio (VVR; ventricular volume/intracranial volume), cortical and subcortical gray and white matter local perfusion (local cerebral blood flow [LCBF]), and local Hounsfield unit (HU) density were measured concurrently and compared longitudinally with Cognitive Capacity Screening Examinations (CCSE) scores among 24 treated IVD (age, 68.2±9.7 years; follow-up, 42±27 months) and 24 DAT patients (age, 74.2±6.2 years; follow-up, 30±19 months). Results IVD annual changes were as follows: CCSE, +1.2±5.9; ATI, +2.1%/y; ...
Piezoelectric transducer-controlled tunable hairpin bandpass filter

A piezoelectric transducer (PET)-controlled tunable hairpin bandpass filter (BPF) is introduced. A dielectric perturber is attached to a PET cantilever beam and suspended above the hairpin BPF. The PET actuator vertically lifts up or pulls down the attached dielectric perturber using a DC bias voltage. The dielectric perturber changes the effective permittivity, causing a variation in the BPF's effective capacitance. This changes the centre frequency and passband of the BPF. The hairpin BPF is designed at 5.8 GHz with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 0.414%. The fabricated BPF shows a measured insertion loss of less than 2.5 dB and a return loss of greater than 12 dB in the frequency tuning range.
An efficient 175 MHz programmable FIR digital filter

An efficient 175-MHz programmable finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter is implemented. It uses a novel switchable unit-delay to allocate the optimal hardware resources to each filter tap. The authors' prototype circuit can have up to 32 linear taps with 16-bit I/O in a die size of 5.9mm by 3.4mm using 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. A simple recoding of the coefficient values results in a simplification of the digit multiplication hardware. On-chip testing circuitry permits the testing of the chip at a high frequency. >
On Eddy Viscosity, Energy Cascades, and the Horizontal Resolution of Gridded Satellite Altimeter Products*

Motivated by the recent interest in ocean energetics, the widespread use of horizontal eddy viscosity in models, and the promise of high horizontal resolution data from the planned wide-swath satellite altimeter, this paper explores the impacts of horizontal eddy viscosity and horizontal grid resolution on geostrophic turbulence, with a particular focus on spectral kinetic energy fluxes P(K) computed in the isotropic wavenumber (K) domain. The paper utilizes idealized two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) models, realistic highresolution ocean general circulation models, and present-generation gridded satellite altimeter data. Adding horizontal eddy viscosity to the QG model results in a forward cascade at smaller scales, in apparent agreement with results from present-generation altimetry. Eddy viscosity is taken to roughly represent coupling of mesoscale eddies to internal waves or to submesoscale eddies. Filtering the output of either the QG or realistic models before computing P(K) also greatly increases the forward cascade. Such filtering mimics the smoothing inherent in the construction of present-generation gridded altimeter data. It is therefore difficult to say whether the forward cascades seen in present-generation altimeter data are due to real physics (represented here by eddy viscosity) or to insufficient horizontal resolution. The inverse cascade at larger scales remains in the models even after filtering, suggesting that its existence in the models and in altimeterdata is robust.However,themagnitudeofthe inverse cascadeis affectedbyfiltering,suggestingthat the wide-swath altimeter will allow a more accurate determination of the inverse cascade at larger scales as well as providing important constraints on smaller-scale dynamics.
"Survivors : Postholocaust Yiddish Poems in Non-Jewish Language"

This article, dealing with the translation of Postholocaust Yiddish poetry into non-Jewish languages like French, English and German, must necessarily sketch in a linguistic, literary and social background to prepare the ground for the complete understanding of the special task involved in the rendering of Jewish expression. (Conversion into Hebrew presents a far different challenge, described in a related study). Discussed here are literary movements like European Expressionism and Yiddish “Introspectivism” as practiced in the United States as well as the linguistic basis of these in Yiddish speech and poetic prosody and embodied in the translations of Cynthia Ozick (English), Charles Dobzynski (French) and Gabriele Kohlbauer-Fritz (German).
The topological fundamental group and free topological groups

Abstract The topological fundamental group π 1 top is a homotopy invariant finer than the usual fundamental group. It assigns to each space a quasitopological group and is discrete on spaces which admit universal covers. For an arbitrary space X, we compute the topological fundamental group of the suspension space Σ ( X + ) and find that π 1 top ( Σ ( X + ) ) either fails to be a topological group or is the free topological group on the path component space of X. Using this computation, we provide an abundance of counterexamples to the assertion that all topological fundamental groups are topological groups. A relation to free topological groups allows us to reduce the problem of characterizing Hausdorff spaces X for which π 1 top ( Σ ( X + ) ) is a Hausdorff topological group to some well-known classification problems in topology.
S phase entry causes homocysteine-induced death while ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein functions anti-apoptotically to protect neurons

A major phenotype seen in neurodegenerative disorders is the selective loss of neurons due to apoptotic death and evidence suggests that inappropriate re-activation of cell cycle proteins in post-mitotic neurons may be responsible. To investigate whether reactivation of the G1 cell cycle proteins and S phase entry was linked with apoptosis, we examined homocysteine-induced neuronal cell death in a rat cortical neuron tissue culture system. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is a physiological risk factor for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. We found that in response to homocysteine treatment, cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 2 translocated to the nucleus, and p27 levels decreased. Both cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 2 regained catalytic activity, the G1 gatekeeper retinoblastoma protein was phosphorylated and DNA synthesis was detected, suggesting transit into S phase. Double-labelling immunofluorescence showed a 95% co-localization of anti-bromodeoxyuridine labelling with apoptotic markers, demonstrating that those cells that entered S phase eventually died. Neurons could be protected from homocysteine-induced death by methods that inhibited G1 phase progression, including down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 or 2 activity by small molecule inhibitors, or use of the c-Abl kinase inhibitor, Gleevec™, which blocked cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 nuclear translocation. However, blocking cell cycle progression post G1, using DNA replication inhibitors, did not prevent apoptosis, suggesting that death was not preventable post the G1-S phase checkpoint. While homocysteine treatment caused DNA damage and activated the DNA damage response, its mechanism of action was distinct from that of more traditional DNA damaging agents, such as camptothecin, as it was p53-independent. Likewise, inhibition of the DNA damage sensors, ataxia-telangiectasia mutant and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related proteins, did not rescue apoptosis and in fact exacerbated death, suggesting that the DNA damage response might normally function neuroprotectively to block S phase-dependent apoptosis induction. As cell cycle events appear to be maintained in vivo in affected neurons for weeks to years before apoptosis is observed, activation of the DNA damage response might be able to hold cell cycle-induced death in check.
Pill Taking From the Perspective of HIV-Infected Women Who Are Vulnerable to Antiretroviral Treatment Failure

We conducted this longitudinal qualitative study to gain in-depth understanding of HIV-infected women's experiences with antiretroviral (ARV) regimens, exploring from their perspective what medication taking was like for them and what it meant in the context of their everyday lives. We engaged 55 participants over a 2-year period in 10 narrative-eliciting interviews. From their medication stories, we were able to track a 2-year prospective pattern of self-reported adherence for each individual who was prescribed ARVs. In this article we focus on the medication experiences of a subsample of 14 women who persistently had difficulties taking ARVs as prescribed, detailing their descriptions and evaluations of pill taking. Results suggest that rather than judging themselves harshly for nonadherence, they perceived their at-odds pill taking to be personally meaningful and accomplished for good purpose. Their rationales provide insights for more nuanced, empowerment-based interventions for individuals who are vulnerable to ARV treatment failure.
Diagnostic dilemmas of squamous differentiation in prostate carcinoma case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of pure squamous cell carcinoma involving the prostate and urinary bladder and describe the diagnostic dilemmas that we faced in trying to determine its origin. The patient was diagnosed ten years ago with prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with radioactive seed implantation. During the last year he also underwent a TURP procedure for urinary obstruction complicated by multiple infections. Postsurgery, the patient developed colo-urethral fistula and decision to perform cystprostatectomy was taken. Excision illustrated a tumor mass replacing the entire prostate that microscopically proved to be squamous cell carcinoma. The challenge that we encountered was to determine its origin, the possibilities being divergent differentiation from adenocarcinoma post radiation therapy, de novo neoplasm or urothelial carcinoma with extensive squamous differentiation. Our literature review showed also that the etiology of prostatic squamous carcinoma is still unclear. We present our approach in an attempt to solve this dilemma.
Medical Student Advising: Informed Individualized Advice Is the Key.

Ihave been advising medical students for more than 15 years. Most have been students who are interested in internal medicine, but a number of them were applying for preliminary years, the ‘‘couples match,’’ and had difficulty finding someone in their desired specialty to talk with, or were unsure of what they wanted to do for the next 4 to 5 decades of their life. Fourth-year advising generally focuses on 2 primary domains: (1) how to maximize success in the Match, and (2) how to best prepare for internship. The students I have advised ranged from highly competitive and dedicated applicants who were overly anxious, to learners with poor insight, little chance of matching in their desired fields, and in need of significant additional training prior to graduation. Regardless of the situation, advising them always felt like a high-stakes discussion—a critical time where all the decisions the students had already made and the decisions they would make in the coming months would determine their fate. This determined fate would come about in the form of the name of a program written on a little piece of paper on Match Day, setting the stage for the beginning of their professional career as a physician. In recent years, the stakes have felt even higher. Medical school applicants have increased, and firstyear core residency positions have grown much more slowly. Some have compared this experience to the National Football League Draft, especially now that these high-stakes dramas are played out not just in large ceremonies but also almost instantaneously sent out into the world via simulcasting and social media. 1 Despite concerns, the 2015 US Match results were stable compared to the last decade, with a 93.9% match rate for US allopathic seniors. Among the 18025 MD seniors in the United States, 16932 matched into a first-year residency position. 2 In addition to questions regarding the match itself, many students seek advice regarding their fourth-year schedule. The final year of medical school has been the focus of much interest of late, with some calling for elimination and others touting its value. 3‐5 To this
Purification and characterization of a connective-tissue-degrading metalloproteinase from the cytosol of metastatic melanoma cells

A metalloproteinase with activity against type IV collagen, type I collagen and gelatin has been purified from the cytosol of a highly metastatic mouse melanoma by anion-exchange, zinc-chelated and lectin-affinity column chromatography. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of approx. 59 kDa and on isoelectric focusing in two-dimensional gels produced three spots with apparent isoelectric points (pI) between 5.7 and 6.1. Enzymic activity with collagen, but not gelatin, substrates was latent, requiring activation by trypsin or organomercurials. Trypsin activation of this metalloproteinase was accompanied by a change in molecular mass, whereas autoactivation after 1 month9s storage, was not. The degradation of types I and IV collagen by the melanoma enzyme yielded products of lower molecular masses than those yielded by mammalian collagenases, this characteristic thus differentiating this metalloproteinase from classical collagenases.
The bacchanalian revel : Hegel and deconstruction

This text argues that Hegel's Concept, insofar as it has already deconstructed all opposed and fixed standpoints, supersedes deconstruction. Reducing the Logic and Phenomenology to the same kind of schematic formalism for which Hegel criticized his predecessors (Fichte and Schelling), Derrida misses the ways in which Absolute Spirit shows itself as the “bacchanalian revel wherein no member is not drunk.” Thus, this article defends Hegel against Derrida on Derrida's terms.
Role of aggregated bovine albumin in pathogenesis of serum sickness nephritis in rabbits.

Summary1. A working hypothesis concerning the nature of serum sickness involving a dissection of the antigen into “antigenic” component and “combining” component of the antigen is presented. 2. Evidence is presented that injection of aggregated BSA in amounts capable of inducing an immune response does not lead to the renal lesions of serum sickness in the rabbit. If, however, this stimulus was combined with subsequent administration of soluble BSA serum sickness nephritis occurred. 3. BSA centrifuged for 5 hours at 105,000 × g had lesser capacity to induce serum sickness than did an unmodified BSA. 4. These observations are consistent with the view that the production of serum sickness nephritis can be dissected into two separate components which can be separately manipulated.The technical assistance of Miss A. Opstad and Mrs. L. Lang is gratefully acknowledged.
Response to Latta and Baltz (1997)

Latta and Baltz (1997) recently published a commentary on our paper, "Cause and effect in population declines of migratory birds" (Rappole and McDonald 1994) wherein we presented the following hypothesis for evaluation: "Populations of Nearctic avian migrants are declining as a result of breeding ground events." In our paper, we used our own data and available literature to evaluate 14 predictions deriving from this hypothesis, and concluded that "... populations of many species of Nearctic migrants appear to be controlled by wintering ground events" (Rappole and McDonald 1994:652). We welcome discussion on the critical issues involved in population changes in migratory birds. However, we prefer to defend only those positions that we actually took. In their opening statement, Latta and Baltz attribute the following conclusion to us: "They [Rappole and McDonald 1994] concluded that general declines of Neotropical migratory birds are a result of habitat alteration on the wintering grounds." We did not state, nor was it our intent to imply, that our conclusions applied to all migrants that winter in the Neotropics. Unquestionably, many migratory species' populations are controlled by breeding-ground events, including species dependent on ephemeral successional stages for breeding habitat, wetland birds, beach-nesting shorebirds, and raptors, to name only a few (Rappole 1995:141-144). However, populations of many species, mainly forest-breeding migrants, have been reported to be declining for reasons that are not understood (Morton and Greenberg 1989, Robbins et al. 1989b, Askins et al. 1990, Sauer and Droege 1992, DeGraaf and Rappole 1995). The causes for these declines have been the subject of debate, and were the impetus for our paper. We sought to emphasize that, contrary to the conclusions expressed in a number of papers on this topic (see Askins et al. 1990, Robinson et al. 1995, Sherry and Holmes 1995), events during the nonbreeding season can be the principalfactors affecting population size for a migrant species. The bulk of the Latta and Baltz paper is devoted to a
Abstract A30: Cost‐effectiveness analysis of HER2 testing methods in adjuvant treatment of HER2 breast cancer

Background: Trastuzumab is a targeted therapy indicated for the treatment of HER2‐postive breast cancers, an aggressive form of this disease. HER2 status can be assessed using two tests: florescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which tests for HER2 gene amplification; or immunohistochemistry (IHC), which tests for HER2 protein overexpression. There is considerable debate regarding which of these tests should be used for HER2 detection due to differences in cost, accuracy, and health outcomes. Objective: To compare the outcomes and cost effectiveness of FISH and IHC for HER2 testing in breast cancer. Design: Based on data from outpatient electronic medical records, decision models were designed for FISH, IHC and No Test scenarios (in which all patients received trastuzumab without being tested). Each model considered costs and health outcomes. Treatment possibilities included chemotherapy (with or without trastuzumab), radiation therapy, and surgery. Cost for trastuzumab adverse events were also included. Point estimate analysis and Monte Carlo simulations (varying false positive rates of tests) were used to determine results. Data: A hypothetical cohort of 100,000 female breast cancer patients. Interventions: Testing with FISH or IHC followed by subsequent trastuzumab treatment when indicated (i.e., when the test result is positive for HER2), which included false positive and false negative results. Outcome Measures: Medical costs, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) and percentage of patients correctly tested (true positives who test as positive and true negatives who test as negative). Results: The expected per‐patient costs of the No‐test model, IHC model and FISH model were $166,360, $72,405, and $64,626 respectively. The expected values of total QALYs experienced by IHC and FISH groups were essentially identical. Using Monte Carlo analysis to vary test accuracy rates also indicated decreased costs and improved outcomes for FISH. In addition, FISH had increased levels of correct HER2 status detection when compared with IHC: if tested with FISH rather than IHC, there was a 3.58% increase in probability that a patient who is HER2 positive will be diagnosed as positive and a 15.66% increase in probability that a patient who is HER2 negative will be diagnosed as negative. Conclusions: FISH should replace IHC as the preferred method of choice for HER2 testing. This would result in increased cost‐effectiveness of testing and treatment for HER2 breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A30.
Early life trauma is associated with altered white matter integrity and affective control

Early life trauma (ELT) has been shown to impair affective control and attention well into adulthood. Neuroimaging studies have further shown that ELT was associated with decreased white matter integrity in the prefrontal areas in children and adults. However, no study to date has looked at the relationship between white matter integrity and affective control in individuals with and without a history of ELT. To examine this, we tested 240 Veterans with (ELT N = 80) and without (NoELT N = 160) a history of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse or family violence. Affective control was measured with the Affective Go/No-Go (AGN) and attention was indexed with the Test of Variable Attention (TOVA). White matter integrity was measured using fractional anisotropy (FA). Results showed greater number of errors on the AGN in ELT compared to NoELT. There was no difference on the TOVA. While there were no mean differences in FA, there was an interaction between FA and reaction time to positive stimuli on the AGN where the ELT group showed a positive relationship between FA and reaction time in right frontal and prefrontal areas, whereas the NoELT group showed a negative or no association between FA and reaction time. This suggests that ELT may be associated with a distinct brain-behavior relationship that could be related to other determinants of FA than those present in healthy adults.
Comparative study on injuries in primary and secondary school students in Liuzhou

Objective To investigate the prevalence of injuries among primary and secondary school students and its risk factors including types,causes,location, school and the gender distribution of urban-rural differences, and provide foundation for developing interventions. Methods In 18 schools of Liuzhou, 3 600 students were selected by stratified cluster sampling method in November 2007. Their injury prevalence in the past year was surveyed with questionnaires. Results The overall incidence was 12.34% for urban students, lower than the rural 36.79% (χ2=265.91,Р0.01). The first four types of the injury among students in urban included: falling, bumping, traffic related injuries and animal biting, and the leading causes were playing (31.72%), classes and extracurricular activities (13.81%), and physical education (10.82%). The first four types of the injury among students in rural included: falling,bumping,knife-cutting and traffic related injuries, and the leading causes were playing (24.94%),housework (12.47%) and physical education (12.47%). Conclusion Based on the differences of course,gender,urban and rural among the students, preventive measures was developed to prevent injury-related risk behaviors in target population.
AIDS: Psychological stresses on the family

Abstract Psychological repercussions of AIDS on family members were assessed and treated during psychiatric consultations over 4½ years with 50 relatives of 15 AIDS patients. The most frequent sources of stress were fears of contracting AIDS, the simultaneous revelations of homosexual or bisexual activity and what could prove to be a terminal disease, notoriety, a sense of helplessness, and grieving, especially among parents. Beneficial interventions for relatives include the provision of accurate information, a nonjudgmental approach, grief counseling, and peer-support groups, which in particular combat the sense of isolation felt by the family.
TH-CD-207B-10: Effect of CT Reconstruction Filter On Measured Hounsfield Values in Lung Nodules

Purpose: Measured Hounsfield numbers in CT are used by radiologists to determine the presence of calcium or fat in lung nodules, either of which suggests a benign diagnosis. However, substantial variations in Hounsfield number may arise due to the use of different reconstruction parameters such as the filter/kernel, leading to measurement inaccuracies. This quality improvement project was developed to demonstrate measurement pitfalls and to identify acceptable conditions for incorporating Hounsfield values as a factor in lung nodule diagnosis. Methods: 12 mm-diameter spheres of polyurethane and urethane foam were placed into an anthropomorphic chest phantom, and 10 mm-diameter tubes with varying iodine concentrations were placed into a 16 cm PMMA cylindrical phantom. Additionally, 11 mm-diameter PMMA and HDPE spheres were placed in a 10 cm PMMA cylindrical phantom. Phantoms were scanned at 120 kVp using a Siemens Biograph mCT and on a Philips iCT and reconstructed using various reconstruction filters. Results: For the Siemens system, both sharp kernels and smooth kernels altered the Hounsfield numbers. Hounsfield numbers varied within a range of 8.9 HU for urethane foam and varied within 58.7 HU for polyurethane. The iodine measurements varied up to 37.9 HU for the lowest concentration. For the Philips system, Hounsfield numbers were relatively consistent but were higher for the “Detail” and “Lung Enhanced” filters, varying by 36.9 HU for PMMA and 15.9 HU for HDPE. Conclusion: Reconstruction filters can change the measured Hounsfield numbers of nodular objects, especially with detail-enhancing (sharpening) filters commonly used in lung imaging. Measured values should only be used for diagnostic decision support with filters that have demonstrated accuracy and consistency. While filter accuracy statements are available from manufacturers, radiologists are likely not aware of the extent of potential variations that can occur in a clinical setting.
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in patients with HPV positive DNA testing and correlation with disease progression by age group: an institutional experience

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) is a broad diagnostic category that could be attributed to human papillomavirus infection (HPV), malignant neoplasia and reactive conditions. We evaluated our institutional experience with ASC-US in women who are positive for high risk HPV (HRHPV+) by the Digene hybrid capture method from 2005-2009 to identify the risk of progression to squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in association with age. We reviewed cytologic and follow-up surgical pathology reports for all specimens available. Progression was defined as a diagnosis of at least CINI on follow-up biopsy or resection or SIL on cytology. We identified 2613 cases and follow-up was available in 1839 (70.4%). Of these 74.2% had just one follow-up, 16.2% had a total of 2 follow-ups, 5.3% had a total of 3 follow-ups, and the remaining had as many as 6 follow-ups. Among the 1839 patients, 69.4% were age 30 or younger, 16.0% were between 31 to 40, 9.0% were between 41 to 50, and 5.6% were 51 or older. Among these, 25-30% progressed to dysplasia. The risk of progression varied by age (p=0.04) and was lowest among women between the ages of 41-50. Our findings highlight the importance of continued cytologic follow-up in women with HRHPV+ ASC-US in order to detect progression of disease, although the risk of progression is age dependent.
“Are the Instructors Going to Teach Us Anything?”: Conceptualizing Student and Teacher Roles in the “Rhetorical Composing” MOOC

Abstract This project investigates expressed student and instructor roles within the second iteration of the “Writing II: Rhetorical Composing” MOOC. We utilize cluster criticism and curricular analysis to explore the ways in which MOOC participants slide along a spectrum of roles between student and expert. Our analysis of two primary sites, the course discussion boards and peer review platform (the Writers Exchange), complicates existing MOOC literature, which configures students as either passive recipients of knowledge or active agents who generate knowledge in these massive open online environments. Instead of conforming to the roles of either passive learner or expert teacher, participants in “Rhetorical Composing” shift between these roles frequently and depend upon role switching to both consume and produce knowledge in the MOOC environment. Our findings suggest that we should move beyond traditional, binary ways of understanding performed roles of student and instructor so that we can better understand how learning takes place in these online writing environments.
Quantitative evaluation of Half-Cone-Beam data acquisition trajectories in triple- camera brain SPECT

In this study related to human brain SPECT imaging, simulation of half-cone-beam collimation with different scan paths is performed and compared with simulated fan-beam and parallel-hole circular orbit acquisitions. Acquisition types are quantitatively evaluated based on photon detection efficiency, root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and contrast measurements of reconstructed images. We demonstrate that triple-HCB collimation with a circle-and-helix scan path can offer up to 26% and 128% efficiency increase over fan-beam and parallel-hole collimators (for equal spatial resolutions) correspondingly, and display no visible axial sampling artifacts in reconstructed images. It has a potential for improved data acquisition and image reconstruction, producing higher image quality with smaller reconstruction error (RMSE) and better lesion detectability compared to fan-beam, parallel-hole and half-cone- beam circular orbit acquisitions.
An Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Iron–Air Redox Battery Operated on O2–-Chemistry and Loaded with Pd-Catalyzed Iron-Based Energy Storage Material

The solid oxide iron–air redox battery (SOIARB) operated on high-temperature O2–-chemistry is an emerging all-solid-state battery suitable for large-scale energy storage with strong advantages in rate capacity and safety. However, it faces a serious challenge, particularly at lower temperatures, in rechargeability controlled by sluggish reduction kinetics of iron oxide. This work demonstrates that the slow iron oxide reduction kinetics can be significantly enhanced by loading Pd nanoparticles into the Fe-based energy storage material, achieving high cycle efficiency at high energy and power density. A representative result shows that at 500 °C and C/5.3 (10 mA cm–2, or 239.6 mA g–1-Fe) rate, the battery delivers a discharge specific energy of 960.3 Wh kg–1-Fe at 80% iron utilization (UFe) and ∼600 Wh kg–1-Fe at UFe = 50% with an average cycle efficiency of 62.9% over 25 cycles.
Characterizing the detectability of emission signals from a North Korean nuclear detonation.

The detectability of emission sources, defined by a low-level of mixing with other sources, was estimated for various locations surrounding the Sea of Japan, including a site within North Korea. A high-resolution meteorological model coupled to a dispersion model was used to simulate plume dynamics for four periods, and two metrics of airborne plume mixing were calculated for each source. While emissions from several known sources in this area tended to blend with others while dispersing downwind, the North Korean plume often remained relatively distinct, thereby making it potentially easier to unambiguously ‘backtrack’ it to its source.
Semiclassical theory of anomalous transport in type-II topological Weyl semimetals

Weyl semimetals possess low-energy excitations which act as monopoles of Berry curvature in momentum space. These emergent monopoles are at the heart of the many novel transport properties that Weyl semimetals exhibit. The singular nature of the Berry curvature around the nodal points in Weyl semimetals allows for the possibility of large anomalous transport coefficients in zero applied magnetic field. Recently, a new class, termed type-II Weyl semimetals, has been demonstrated in a variety of materials, where the Weyl nodes are tilted. We present here a theoretical study of anomalous transport in this new class of Weyl semimetals. We find that the parameter governing the tilt of these type-II Weyl points is intimately related to the zero-field transverse transport properties. We also find that the temperature dependence of the chemical potential plays an important role in determining how the transport coefficients can effectively probe the Berry curvature of the type-II Weyl points. In particular, we find that the transverse thermoelectric transport coefficient ${L}_{xy}^{ET}$ is strongly enhanced with the tilt of the type-II Weyl nodes and with increasing temperature. We also discuss the experimental implications of our work for time-reversal breaking type-II Weyl semimetals.