cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gonadectomy and Hormone Replacement on Steroid Hormone Receptors and 5α-Reductase Activity in Pituitaries of Male Rhesus Macaques*

We measured androgen, estrogen, and progestin receptors and 5α-reductase activity in the anterior and posterior pituitary gland of intact and 6-week castrate adult male rhesus monkeys and castrate males which were treated with testosterone (T) or estradiol (E) from time of surgery. Saturation analysis of anterior pituitary tissues from monkeys receiving various treatments revealed an apparent mean dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.53 ± 0.17 (±se) × 10−10 mol/L (n = 3) for [3H]R1881 (androgen) binding to cytosol, 2.6 ± 0.50 × 10−10 mol/L (n = 3) for [3H]R2858 (estrogen) binding to cytosol, 1.7 × 10−10 mol/L (n = 2) for [3H]R5020 (progestin) binding to cytosol, and 6.2 × 10−10 mol/L (n = 2) for [3H]Rl881 binding to cell nuclear extract. The highest levels of nuclear androgen receptor (AR) were found in intact males [37.1 ± 3.5 (±se) fmol/mg DNA; n = 7] and castrated males treated with T for 6 weeks (89.7 ± 30.2 fmol/ mg DNA; n = 5). High levels of nuclear AR corresponded to serum T levels and low serum LH lev...
Geometry descriptors of irregular microphone arrays related to beamforming performance

Performance analysis for microphone arrays with irregular geometries typically requires direct computation of beamforming gains over the spatial and frequency ranges of interest. However, theses computations can be very consuming and limit synthesis methods for applications that require rapid answers, as in the case of surveillance and mobile platforms. A better understanding of microphone arrangements and their impact on performance can result in more efficient objective functions for optimizing array performance. This article, therefore, analyzes the relationship between irregular microphone geometries and spatial filtering performance with Monte Carlo simulations. Novel geometry descriptors are developed to capture the properties of irregular microphone distributions showing their impact on array performance. Performance metrics are computed from three-dimensional beam patterns through a delay and sum beamformer with a fixed number of microphones for irregular arrays and comparable regular arrays. Statistical analysis and Multi-way Analysis of Variance establish relationships between key performance metrics and proposed geometry descriptors. It is demonstrated that in conjunction with array centroid offset and dispersion, statistics of the microphone differential path distance can explain variations of performance metrics when steering at targets for immersive or near-field microphone applications.
Co-link configuration: using wireless diversity for more than just connectivity

This paper describes a novel approach to setting up peer to wireless links, such as IrDA, Bluetooth, and 802.11b. We explain how the lack of physical contact inherent in wireless creates new configuration challenges and ease of use issues, and we discuss the limitations of current wireless autoconfiguration techniques. We present co-link configuration and co-link activation, two techniques using wireless diversity to improve the performance of minimise the power consumption of autoconfiguration. We then describe the implementations of co-link, the simple IrDA connection point and the peer-to-peer co-link implemented within the connection diversity framework.
Institutional and Faculty Influences on the Reputation of Doctorate-Granting Programs in Special Education:

This study is based on a survey of all faculty members in 66 qualifying doctorate-granting special education programs in the United States. Seventy-two percent of the faculty responded to the survey. Faculty members were asked to rate the quality of each program except their own. The top 10 programs are reported in the study. Additionally, data on several productivity and output variables were gathered, including publication records from a computer data base for each of the 700 faculty members. Using multiple regression analysis, it was, determined that 73% (R = .85, p <.001) of the variance in program reputation could be explained by four variables, where research productivity contributed most to the prediction. The implications of these results are discussed.
Study of ion field desorption for compact piezoelectric ion accelerators

Studies are being conducted to create a compact neutron source to be used for active interrogation in areas where a large facility is impractical [1]. Using structures with nanometer scale radii of curvature, a large electric field can be created which will produce deuterium ions through field desorption and ionization in a portable system [2]. Neutron production is directly related to the ion current [3], making emission arrays promising.
Goethe’s Color Studies in a New Perspective: Die Farbenlehre in English

It was related in antiquity that in atonement for their misdeeds the daughters of King Danaus were made to spend eternity filling a vessel with water. The bottom of the vessel was riddled with holes so that no matter how they labored their task was never accomplished. The work of the translator bears a certain resemblance to this penance of the children of Danaus: the vessel provided by the second language is often frustratingly inadequate in conveying the meanings found in the original, and this frustration may yield to a sense of despair when the fundamental impossibility of the task is realized.
Health disparities in colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States

In the 2010 Census, just over one-third of the United States (US) population identified themselves as being something other than being non-Hispanic white alone. This group has increased in size from 86.9 million in 2000 to 111.9 million in 2010, representing an increase of 29 percent over the ten year period. Per the American Cancer Society, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to develop cancer and die from it when compared to the general population of the United States. This is particularly true for colorectal cancer (CRC). The primary aim of this review is to highlight the disparities in CRC among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Despite overall rates of CRC decreasing nationally and within certain racial and ethnic minorities in the US, there continue to be disparities in incidence and mortality when compared to non-Hispanic whites. The disparities in CRC incidence and mortality are related to certain areas of deficiency such as knowledge of family history, access to care obstacles, impact of migration on CRC and paucity of clinical data. These areas of deficiency limit understanding of CRC’s impact in these groups and when developing interventions to close the disparity gap. Even with the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act, disparities in CRC screening will continue to exist until specific interventions are implemented in the context of each of racial and ethnic group. Racial and ethnic minorities cannot be viewed as one monolithic group, rather as different segments since there are variations in incidence and mortality based on natural history of CRC development impacted by gender, ethnicity group, nationality, access, as well as migration and socioeconomic status. Progress has been made overall, but there is much work to be done.
The influence of distinctiveness on stimulus selection

Paired-associate lists with compound stimuli composed of three adjectives which varied along a distinctiveness (D) dimension and single digit responses were presented to 18 Ss. The Ss were given 12 learning trials and then a transfer task on which they were asked to recall the correct response when each word was presented alone. The results indicated that selection occurred along the D dimension.
Solid state measurements of optical activity

Measurements of the optical activity of suspensions of optically active poly(triphenylmethyl methacrylate) (PTrMA) were successfully carried out on THF-soluble and THF-in-soluble fractions of the polymer. The values of the optical rotations of [α]D=+400°to+450° were substantially the same and, as expected, depended somewhat on the suspending medium.
Civil Finance and Informal Finance: Origins and Differences

The concepts of civil finance and informal finance could not be abused,which have linkages and differences. Civil finance is the expression uniquely in Chinese financial system in period of transition,and it w ould vanish as follow ed as reforming of Chinese financial system. But informal finance definitely w ould survive and parallel w ith formal finance in long term because it has informalities. By review ing the origins of civil finance and informal finance and deep analysis,the paper show s the differences betw een them,and it is very meaningful to carry out the further research and practice in future.
Cancer of the paranasal sinuses.

Anatomic relationships, epidemiology, natural history, and histology of paranasal sinus cancers are presented. Diagnostic and staging techniques as well as treatment and reconstructive methods are outlined, with emphasis on surgical technique.
Detection of Promastigote Stage-Specific Antigens on Leishmania Mexicana Amazonensis Developing in the Midgut of Lutzomyia Longipalpis

Previously described monoclonal antibodies IX-IF9-D8, IX-2H7-E10 and IX-5H9-C1 recognize promastigote stage-specific determinants present on externally exposed membrane proteins of axenically cultured Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. In the present study, these antigens were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence to be present on promastigotes found in the gut lumen of infected Lutzoymia longipalpis. The presence of these antigens on promastigotes found in infected sandflies suggests that the same antigens should be relevant for protective immunity studies and for species identification of Leishmania encountered in epidemiological studies.
Dietary Retinoids and the Chemoprevention of Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis

Over the years, the thrust of cancer therapy has been the destruction of malignant cells; comparatively little effort has been directed toward modifying the behavior of malignant cells toward normalcy. In recent years, considerable interest in the use of dietary retinoids (vitamin A and its naturally occurring and synthetic analogues) as potential mediators of this process has come to the fore. To date, the “chemopreventive” effects of dietary retinoids have been demonstrated in a variety of experimental tumor models; tumorigenesis of the bladder, cervix, colon, forestomach, integument, liver, lung, pancreas, vagina and mammary glands has been suppressed by the feeding of pharmacological levels of natural and synthetic retinoids. The purpose of this communication is to provide a succinct review of the pertinent information that has emerged in recent years documenting the use of retinoids in the chemoprevention of mammary tumorigenesis in experimental animals. More specifically, this review will examine the chemopreventive effects of dietary retinoids in the development of mammary tumors in rats and mice and lastly will focus on potential mechanisms by which these compounds may suppress tumorigenesis.
β-Tantalum, a better candidate for spin-to-charge conversion

Abstract Development of thermoelectric energy harvesting devices has hit a stumbling block due to the intrinsically linked electrical and thermal conductivities of materials. However, this field can still be improved by employing devices that take advantage of spin-based effects. A temperature gradient can be converted to a spin-polarized current in a ferrimagnetic insulator by the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), and that spin current can be converted to an electrical voltage in a heavy metal by the Inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Thus, the thermal energy capture and charge production steps can be separated into two distinct regions of the thermoelectric device, allowing separate tuning of electrical and thermal conductivities. The second step of this process, spin current to electrical voltage conversion, is controlled by the strength and sign of ISHE in the metal, and platinum has become the standard for this purpose. However, here we report a better candidate, β-Tantalum, which shows a spin Seebeck voltage approximately 4 times higher than that of Pt at room temperature. The temperature dependence of spin Seebeck in YIG/β-Ta also closely follows that of YIG/Pt, consistent with magnon spin current theory. The sign of the spin Seebeck voltage in Ta found to be opposite to that of Pt, making the two materials highly complementary for fabricating spintronics-based thermoelectric modules for practical applications.
High-resolution non-parametric spectral estimation using the Hirschman uncertainty and filter banks

The traditional Heisenberg-Weyl measure quantifies the joint localization, uncertainty, or concentration of a signal in the phase plane based on a product of energies expressed as signal variances in time and in frequency. Unlike the Heisenberg-Weyl measure, the Hirschman notion of joint uncertainty is based on the entropy rather than the energy. Furthermore, its definition extends naturally from the case of infinitely supported continuous-time signals to the cases of both finitely and infinitely supported discrete-time signals, the Hirschman optimal transform (HOT) is superior to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) in terms of its ability to separate or resolve two limiting cases of localization in frequency, viz pure tones and additive white noise. In this paper, we implement a stationary spectral estimation method using filter banks, which are constructed using the HOT and the DFT. We combine these filter banks with the classic interpolating procedure developed by Barry Quinn to develop our line estimation algorithm. We call the resulting algorithm the smoothed HOT-DFT periodogram. We compare its performance (in terms of frequency resolution) to Quinn's smoothed periodogram. In particular, we compare the performance of the HOT-DFT with that of the DFT in resolving two close frequency components in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We find the HOT-DFT to be superior to the DFT in frequency estimation, and ascribe the difference to the HOT's relationship to entropy.
Correlates of verbal learning and memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury

This study examined the role of injury-related variables, socioeconomic disadvantage, and preexisting conditions on verbal learning and memory in a sample of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We also explored the mediating effect of processing speed and working memory. One hundred children aged 7-16 years (M = 13.46, SD = 2.78) completed a neuropsychological assessment between 1-12 months post injury. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted on domains comprising the four-factor model of the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C). Results revealed independent associations between injury severity as well as parental education on learning efficiency and delayed recall, while injury severity alone accounted for inaccurate recall. Working memory and prior special education placement were predictive of the attention factor of the CVLT-C. Additionally, Sobel tests showed that working memory mediated the effect of prior special education on learning efficiency (Z = 2.90, p < 0.01) and delayed recall (Z = 2.82, p < 0.01). Working memory was unrelated to injury severity. No evidence for a mediating effect of processing speed was found. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the impact of socioeconomic disadvantage and pre-injury conditions in addition to injury-related factors on outcomes of TBI.
An interview with Rachel Mulvihill and colleagues at the university of Central Florida about the foundations of excellence transfer initiative

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to ask librarian Rachel Mulvihill (Head of Teaching and Engagement) and colleagues at University of Central Florida libraries about the Foundations of Excellence Transfer Initiative, an extensive, university-wide self-study program examining their transfer student needs for success and retention. University librarians participated in Foundational Dimensions groups in the first year of the program and with action groups in the second year. Design/methodology/approach This is an interview. Findings Participation in campus-wide initiatives to reach transfer students improved the libraries’ image in the university system, strengthened inter-department connections and supported the success of transfer students. Developing personal connections with transfer students and understanding your school’s transfer population needs and dialogues with feeder school can help libraries better support their student populations. Originality/value The integration of library staff into a system-wide transfer-student assessment program is rare, if not unique.
Using Linear Arithmetic Procedure for Generating Induction Schemes

Inspired by Boyer and Moore''s approach for generating induction schemes based on terminating function definitions, Zhang, Kapur and Krishnamoorthy introduced a cover set method for designing induction schemes for automating proofs by induction from specifications expressed as equations and conditional equations. This method has been implemented in the theorem prover Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL) and a proof management system Tecton built on top of RRL, and it has been used to prove many nontrivial theorems and reason about sequential as well as parallel programs. The cover set method is based on the assumption that a function symbol is defined using a finite set of terminating (conditional or unconditional) rewrite rules. The left side of the rules are used to design different cases of an induction scheme, and recursive calls to the function made in the right side can be used to design appropriate instantiations for generating induction hypotheses. A weakness of this method is that it relies on syntactic unification for generating an induction scheme for a conjecture. This paper goes a step further by proposing semantic analysis for generating an induction scheme for a conjecture from a cover set. The use of a decision procedure for Presburger arithmetic (quantifier-free theory of numbers with the addition operation and relational predicates , , =, ) is discussed for performing semantic analysis about numbers. The focus in this paper is on the use of the decision procedure for generating appropriate induction schemes from a conjecture and cover sets. This extension of the cover set method automates proofs of many theorems which otherwise, require human guidance and hints. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated using simple examples which commonly arise in reasoning about specifications and programs. It is shown how semantic analysis using a Presburger arithmetic decision procedure can be used for checking the completeness of a cover set of a function defined using operations such as + and - on numbers. Using this check, the completeness of many function definitions used in a proof of the prime factorization theorem stating that every number can be factored uniquely into prime factors, which had to be checked manually, can now be checked automatically in RRL .
PLEURAL EFFUSIONS | Pleural Fibrosis

The response of the mesothelial cell and basement membrane to injury is vital in determining whether there is normal healing or pleural fibrosis. The formation of a fibrinous intrapleural matrix is critical to the development of pleural fibrosis. This matrix is the result of disordered fibrin turnover, whereby fibrin formation is upregulated and fibrin dissolution is downregulated. Transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha are important cytokines that facilitate formation of the fibrin matrix. A complete understanding of the pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis and why dysfunctional pleural space remodeling occurs in some and not in others remains unknown. Clinically significant pleural fibrosis requires involvement of the visceral pleura, while isolated parietal pleural fibrosis does not cause restriction or respiratory impairment. The vast majority of diseases causing visceral pleural fibrosis include asbestos-associated diffuse pleural thickening, coronary bypass graft surgery, tuberculous pleurisy, rheumatoid pleurisy, uremic pleurisy, hemothorax, radiation, and empyema. Systemic and intrapleural corticosteroids administered during the initial presentation of rheumatoid pleurisy anecdotally may have decreased the incidence of pleural fibrosis. Several randomized control trials of corticosteroids in tuberculous pleurisy have not shown efficacy in reducing residual pleural fibrosis. Decortication is effective in treating symptomatic patients regardless of the cause of pleural fibrosis as long as chronicity has been documented and significant underlying parenchymal disease has been excluded.
Performance and Return to Sport After Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair in Major League Baseball Players

Background:Acute ruptures of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb are common injuries in sports. Surgical repair has yielded excellent results and high return-to-sport (RTS) rates in el...
Optimal Sample Allocation to Strata Using Convex Programming

The optimal sample allocation is determined using convex programming methods for an example of a stratified survey design involving multiple characteristics. Some comparisons are given with alternative methods of allocation. The effect of variations in the variance restrictions can be studied. Some times required for computation are given.
Intercontinental Air Pollution Transport: Links to Environmental Health

In considering the environmental health impacts of air pollution, it is important to consider the degree to which local, regional, and global emission sources each play a role. Ozone, fine particulate matter, and mercury are three main health-relevant air pollutants with significant global transport. Still, local and regional sources typically dominate health impacts. Ground-level ozone is a powerful oxidant, with high concentrations associated with respiratory disease, heart disease, and premature mortality. Fine particular matter is small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs, which subsequently poses a greater health risk than coarser particles, and is light enough to stay in the atmosphere for about a week and transport far from emission sources. Human exposure to toxic methylmercury occurs primarily through consumption of contaminated fish and aquatic species, with mercury entering aquatic systems via the deposition from the atmosphere. Of particular health concern is prenatal exposure, which can lead to developmental delays in speech, motor skills, and mental capacity. Effective control of these environmental health risks requires understanding how different emission source contribute to population exposure.
Atomic and Molecular Physics Using Positron Traps and Trap-Based Beams

Techniques to accumulate and cool positrons in Penning traps provide new tools to study atomic and molecular physics and chemistry. This chapter presents an overview of studies of the interaction of low-energy positrons with atoms and molecules using these methods. In the vacuum environment of a trap, isolated twobody interactions of positrons with atoms and molecules can be studied with precision. Measurements include annihilation rates, Zeff, as a function of both atomic and molecular species and positron temperature. Doppler-broadening studies provide information about the electronic states involved in the annihilation process. Positron accumulation techniques have also enabled the creation of cold, bright low-energy positron beams. High-resolution scattering measurements are described, including absolute measurements of the cross sections for vibrational excitation of molecules. Prospects for future developments in these areas are also discussed.
A Self-organizing Neural Network for Learning A Body-centered Invariant Representation of 3-D Target Position

This paper describes a self-organizing neural network that learns a body-centered representation of 3-D target positions. This representation remains invariant under head and eye movements, and is a key component of sensory-motor systems for producing motor equivalent reaches to targets [1]. Learning requires no teacher, instead utilizing information gained from an action-perception cycle in which head movements are made while a stationary target is foveated. Because the spatial representations used relate closely to neck anatomy, the network learns very rapidly, converging after foveating only 200 targets.
Temperature-Dependent Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Glassy Carbon Wires

Glassy carbon nanowires show potential as nano-gap electrode devices and gas sensors; however, its properties have not been fully explored. After previously reporting the sizedependent electrical and thermal conductivities of electrospun glassy carbon wires, here, we report how these properties change with temperature. We measured the electrical and thermal conductivities using the 4-probe technique from room temperature to 600 K. The resulting linear increase of both properties with the temperature indicates that the electrons and phonons are being thermally activated and that the lattice disorder dominates the scattering of the carriers. We find the electron activation energy to be between 8.5 and 14 meV, depending on the sample. In addition, we use local Joule heating to study the effect of high temperatures up to the sublimation point, including the mean change in electrical and thermal conductivity and the mechanical stability of the structure. Wires shorter than $40 ~\mu \mathrm {m}$ preserved its shape and all samples undergo an annealing process when the maximum temperature surpasses 800 K. Moreover, we explored how non-uniformities in the wire diameter change the temperature profile. The outcomes of this work will enable precise understanding of temperature dependent processes in glassy carbon and promote the development of glassy carbon-based sensors.
Autism as a Mode of Engagement

Autism, and the autistic processing style, is often conceptualized as a series of deficits: in theory of mind, in executive function, in central coherence. This chapter, instead, considers autistic theory of mind, executive function, and the creation of coherence as modes of engagement, characterized by a deep involvement with external systems of organization. I share cases of three young men on the autism spectrum, showing how their manifestation of the profile of symptoms associated with autism is contingent upon not only the configuration of their particular minds, but also upon the available cultural materials through which they seek and create a sense of coherence, order, safety, and joy. Autism is understood here as a form of permeability, of deep existential vulnerability, to the order of things around us: structured systems, elements in their robust relation, arrangements both deliberate and disavowed. In its maintenance of the fundamental structure of that which it integrates, the autistic mode of engagement renders particularly visible the inevitable traces of human creations within human being. Taking up Anthony Giddens’ notion of “manufactured risk”, I argue that understanding autism requires that we reckon with both the dangers and the pleasures of human work upon the world.
Linearly Polarized Generalized-Gaussian Laser Beams

Dominant and cross-polarization intensity profiles of Generalized Gaussian beams are produced of several orders and angle parameters using a spatial light modulator. The experimental and theoretical profiles are in agreement.
Experimental characterization of turbulent mixing performance using simultaneous stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence

Simultaneous measurements of velocity and concentration using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) were used to investigate the mixing performance of a scaled-up multi-inlet vortex reactor (MIVR). Data were collected in three measurement planes located at different heights from the reactor bottom (¼, ½, and ¾ of the reactor height) for Reynolds numbers of 3250 and 8125 based on the reactor inlet velocity and hydraulic diameter. The collected data were analyzed to determine turbulent flow statistics such as turbulent viscosity, turbulent diffusivity, and turbulent Schmidt number. When analyzed across 16 different azimuth angles and radial positions (r) normalized by the reactor radius (Ro), the turbulent viscosity was found to be nearly axisymmetric. In the free-vortex region (r/Ro > 0.2), the turbulent viscosity results were nearly constant. Near the center of the reactor in the forced-vortex region (r/Ro < 0.1), the turbulent viscosity significantly increased, with peak values occurring near the center. The turbulent viscosity and Reynolds shear stress were highest near the reactor exit at the ¾ plane. The dominance of high turbulent fluxes and low concentration gradients near the reactor center led to high turbulent diffusivity. Away from the center, the turbulent diffusivity was reduced because of large concentration gradients and low turbulence intensity in the spiral arm region. The turbulent Schmidt numbers were also found to correlate with concentration gradients. The turbulent Schmidt number values were found to vary from 0.1 to 1.2. The highest spatial variation in $$S{c_t}$$ was observed in the spiral arms region, where the concentration gradients are also the highest. This spatial variation in Schmidt number contrasts with the common assumption of constant $$S{c_t}$$ in Reynolds-averaged CFD models. A typical stereo-PIV/PLIF simultaneous instantaneous measurement for Re = 8125. The color and vectors represent the instantaneous mixture fraction and in-plane velocity field, respectively. (a) ¼ Plane. (b) ½ Plane. (c) ¾ Plane.
Longitudinal active sampling for respiratory viral infections across age groups.

Background Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, their characterization is incomplete because prevalence estimates are based on syndromic surveillance data. Here, we address this shortcoming through the analysis of infection rates among individuals tested regularly for respiratory viral infections, irrespective of their symptoms. Methods We carried out longitudinal sampling and analysis among 214 individuals enrolled at multiple New York City locations from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined personal information with weekly nasal swab collection to investigate the prevalence of 18 respiratory viruses among different age groups and to assess risk factors associated with infection susceptibility. Results 17.5% of samples were positive for respiratory viruses. Some viruses circulated predominantly during winter, whereas others were found year round. Rhinovirus and coronavirus were most frequently detected. Children registered the highest positivity rates, and adults with daily contacts with children experienced significantly more infections than their counterparts without children. Conclusion Respiratory viral infections are widespread among the general population with the majority of individuals presenting multiple infections per year. The observations identify children as the principal source of respiratory infections. These findings motivate further active surveillance and analysis of differences in pathogenicity among respiratory viruses.
The Rhetoric and Reality of English Law in Colonial Maryland, Part 2, 1689-1732

The first half of this essay, published in MdHM, 108 (2013): 393-409, explored the status of English law in colonial Maryland from the colony's beginnings to 1689. Despite heated rhetoric to the contrary, the central issue of contention for Marylanders was not the extension of specific rules of English law, but whether the proprietor and his judicial appointees should have the last word on the subject. Political flare-ups in the legislature notwithstanding, a stable legal reality developed in practice. Maryland law ruled in all legal proceedings. English law remained available in reserve for use as appropriate where Maryland law was silent. This practical solution prevailed against the impractical alternative sometimes advocated by the Lower House of the legislature, namely, requiring judges, by their oath of office, to apply English rules in any case where Maryland law was silent. The issue remained a highly emotional one, however, as English law continued to symbolize liberty as strongly as it had before, and any abridgment of it came even more strongly to epitomize tyranny during Maryland's years as a royal colony and during the restored proprietorship of Charles Calvert, the Fifth Baron of Baltimore. The resolution of the conflict was a subtle compromise that accommodated political realities as well as the intricacies of early Maryland law.
Design and Simulation of GaN Superjunction Transistors With 2-DEG Channels and Fin Channels

High-performance 2-D-electron-gas (2-DEG) channel and submicron fin-shaped channel have recently been demonstrated in vertical GaN power transistors. This indicates that, unlike Si and SiC, the inversion-type metal–oxide–semiconductor channel is no longer the “default option” for future GaN superjunction transistors. This paper demonstrates the design and simulation of GaN superjunction transistors with 2-DEG and fin channels, i.e., a superjunction current-aperture vertical electron transistor (SJ-CAVET) and a superjunction fin field-effect-transistor (SJ-FinFET). A breakdown voltage over 2.2 kV and a specific on-resistance ( $R_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON},\mathrm {sp}}$ ) of $0.35~\text {m}\Omega \cdot \text {cm}^{2}$ were demonstrated in the simulated GaN SJ-CAVETs and SJ-FinFETs with 10- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick superjunction region. Mixed-mode simulations were used to evaluate their performance in 1.7 kV, 50-A power switching applications. Their $R_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON},\mathrm {sp}}$ and die size are at least 30-to-50-fold smaller than that of today’s best 1.7-kV power transistors. Thanks to the smaller die size, the junction capacitances and switching charges are significantly smaller, allowing for a megahertz practical switching frequency which is at least tenfold higher than today’s 1.7-kV power transistors. The simulations of higher voltage GaN SJ-CAVETs and SJ-FinFETs up to 10 kV reveal consistent advantages over commercial transistors. These results show the great potentials of GaN SJ-CAVETs and SJ-FinFETs for future medium-voltage high-frequency power applications.
Aging and Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Television Ads: The Effects of Individual Differences and Risk Presentation

To determine how individual difference (age, cognition, and hearing) and risk presentation (audio frequency, speed, and organization) variables affect viewing of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescripti...
Interpretable Deep Learning for Spatial Analysis of Severe Hailstorms

AbstractDeep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks, utilize multiple specialized layers to encode spatial patterns at different scales. In this study, deep learning models are comp...
Low-Power 4-b 2.5 GSPS Pipelined Flash Analog-to-Digital Converters in 0.13 &#956;m CMOS

This paper presents a 4-bit high-speed, low-power, pipelined flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed ADC is pipelined and mainly consists of three stages: 1) track-and-hold (T/H), 2) differential comparator, and 3) Differential Cascode Voltage Switch with Pass Gates (DCVSPG) encoder. The T/H uses a current mode, dual-array structure to reduce the aperture jitter for high input frequency. The differential comparator eliminates the use of the resistor ladder circuit by generating the reference voltages internally. The DCVSPG encoder has a full output signal swing and compact logic design style of pass gate circuits which makes it suitable for high sampling frequency. The DCVSPG encoder reduces the power consumption by a factor of 88% as compared to the conventional ROM encoder. The ADC is designed in 130 nanometer CMOS technology. FFT tests prove proper operation of the ADC sampled at 2.5 GHz for input signal frequency up to 1 GHz
A Sampler of Autobiographical Memory Research: Contexts, Descriptions, Linkages, and Implications:

This article introduces the special issue on autobiographical memory for Psychological Reports. In this introduction, we attempt to provide a context for autobiographical memory area by highlightin...
The other public health crisis

In his book Together, Vivek Murthy—who served as the 19th surgeon general of the United States—draws from decades of scientific research and his own experiences with patients to show how damaging loneliness can be to our physical and mental health.
Microlevel Sources of Institutional Change: New Insights Into the Legitimacy Imperative

A key component of organizational analysis, from the perspective of institutional theorizing, is an emphasis on the concept of “legitimacy” as a centrally defining construct (see DiMaggio & Powell,...
The impact of a university-based Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Program (ICAP) on psychosocial well-being in stroke survivors with aphasia

Stroke survivors with aphasia often experience reduced psychosocial well-being. Intensive comprehensive aphasia programs (ICAPs) are an ideal model in which to treat persons with aphasia (PWAs) to ...
Learning Canonical Transformations.

Humans understand a set of canonical geometric transformations (such as translation and rotation) that support generalization by being untethered to any specific object. We explore inductive biases that help a neural network model learn these transformations in pixel space in a way that can generalize out-of-domain. Specifically, we find that high training set diversity is sufficient for the extrapolation of translation to unseen shapes and scales, and that an iterative training scheme achieves significant extrapolation of rotation in time.
Turkers of the World Unite: Multilevel In-Group Bias Amongst Crowdworkers on Amazon Mechanical Turk

Crowdsourcing has become an indispensable tool in the behavioral sciences. Often, the “crowd” is considered a black box for gathering impersonal but generalizable data. Researchers sometimes seem to forget that crowdworkers are people with social contexts, unique personalities, and lives. To test this possibility, we measure how crowdworkers (N=2337, pre-registered) share a monetary endowment in a Dictator Game with another MTurk worker, a worker from another crowdworking platform, or a randomly selected stranger. Results indicate preferential in-group treatment for MTurk workers in particular and for crowdworkers in general. Cooperation levels from typical anonymous economic games on MTurk are not a good proxy for anonymous interactions and may generalize most readily only to the intragroup context.
Smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of techniques to increase engagement.

Meta-analyses have shown that digital mental health apps can be efficacious in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, real-world usage of apps is typically not sustained over time, and no studies systematically examine which features increase sustained engagement with apps or the relationship between engagement features and clinical efficacy. We conducted a systematic search of the literature to identify empirical studies that (1) investigate standalone apps for depression and/or anxiety in symptomatic participants and (2) report at least one measure of engagement. Features intended to increase engagement were categorized using the persuasive system design (PSD) framework and principles of behavioral economics. Twenty-five studies with 4159 participants were included in the analysis. PSD features were commonly used, whereas behavioral economics techniques were not. Smartphone apps were efficacious in treating symptoms of anxiety and depression in randomized controlled trials, with overall small-to-medium effects (g = 0.2888, SE = 0.0999, z(15) = 2.89, p = 0.0119, Q(df = 14) = 41.93, p < 0.0001, I2 = 66.6%), and apps that employed a greater number of engagement features as compared to the control condition had larger effect sizes (β = 0.0450, SE = 0.0164, t(15) = 2.7344, p = 0.0161). We observed an unexpected negative association between PSD features and engagement, as measured by completion rate (β = −0.0293, SE = 0.0121, t(17) = 02.4142, p = 0.0281). Overall, PSD features show promise for augmenting app efficacy, though engagement, as reflected in study completion, may not be the primary factor driving this association. The results suggest that expanding the use of PSD features in mental health apps may increase clinical benefits and that other techniques, such as those informed by behavioral economics, are employed infrequently.
Le sel de tous les oublis: by Yasmina Khadra, Paris, Julliard, 2020, 256 pp., €19 (softcover), ISBN 978-2-260-05453-5

Yasmina Khadra is, as readers may know, the pen name of Mohammed Moulessehoul, a former Algerian military officer who, in the 1990s, adopted his wife’s name as a pseudonym to avoid military censors...
Selfies Can Improve the Nation's Retirement Security

Last month, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a stunning report, “The Nation’s Retirement System: A Comprehensive Re-evaluation Is Needed to Better Promote Future Retirement Security” (GAO-18-11SP), on the U.S.’ retirement preparedness. In the report, it notes, “The U.S. retirement system, and the workers and retirees it was designed to help, face major challenges. … individuals are increasingly responsible for planning and managing their own retirement savings accounts … [M]any households are ill-equipped for this task and have little or no retirement savings.” The report ends with a very strong recommendation, or plea, that, “Congress should consider establishing an independent commission to comprehensively examine the U.S. retirement system and … improve how the nation promotes retirement security.” Coincidentally, the U.S. Treasury also issued a report, “A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities,” that makes the case for in-pension plan retirement income options and the importance of funding infrastructure. The U.S. government can have an immediate impact on the retirement challenge, create a liquid in-plan retirement income option, and raise funding for infrastructure by issuing a new type of long-term bond, one we call SeLFIES—Standard of Living indexed, Forward-starting, Income-only Securities. SeLFIES address many of the challenges raised in the GAO and U.S. Treasury reports and are also advantageous to the U.S. Treasury.
Methadone maintenance patients lack analgesic response to a cumulative intravenous dose of 32 mg of hydromorphone.

Abstract Objectives Acute pain management in patients with opioid use disorder who are maintained on methadone presents unique challenges due to high levels of opioid tolerance in this population. This randomized controlled study assessed the analgesic and abuse liability effects of escalating doses of acute intravenous (IV) hydromorphone versus placebo utilizing a validated experimental pain paradigm, quantitative sensory testing (QST). Methods Individuals (N = 8) without chronic pain were maintained on 80−100 mg/day of oral methadone. Participants received four IV, escalating/incremental doses of hydromorphone over 270 min (32 mg total) or four placebo doses within a session test day. Test sessions were scheduled at least one week apart. QST and abuse liability measures were administered at baseline and after each injection. Results No significant differences between the hydromorphone and placebo control conditions on analgesic indices for any QST outcomes were detected. Similarly, no differences on safety or abuse liability indices were detected despite the high doses of hydromorphone utilized. Few adverse events were detected, and those reported were mild in severity. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that methadone-maintained individuals are highly insensitive to the analgesic effects of high-dose IV hydromorphone and may require very high doses of opioids, more efficacious opioids, or combined non-opioid analgesic strategies to achieve adequate analgesia.
Effects of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Skills Training for Emotional Problem Solving for Adolescents (DBT STEPS-A) Program of Rural Ninth-Grade Students

A classroom guidance curriculum following the dialectical behavior therapy skills training for emotion problem solving for adolescents (DBT STEPS-A) was evaluated using a pretest–posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experimental design. Data from 94 ninth-grade students (42 treatment, 52 control) enrolled in a rural high school were analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated a treatment effect on students’ self-reported social resilience and emotion regulation difficulties, indicating potential for the classroom guidance curriculum. Results from exploratory analyses also supported a treatment effect for understanding and acceptance of DBT skills. The findings have direct implications for school counselors and other school-based mental health professionals, highlighting the positive effects of proactively employing universal social and emotional learning interventions targeting the development of adolescent social and emotional skill building. A discussion on future practice and research is also included.
100 years of Insulin: Why is Insulin So Expensive and What Can be Done to Control Its Cost?

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and subsequent improvements in insulin formulations and delivery devices have changed the lives of people with diabetes. Unfortunately, the average price of insulin in the United States has nearly tripled over the past decade, and the high cost of insulin has become a barrier to diabetes treatment. On the 100th anniversary of insulin's discovery, this life-saving treatment is financially out of reach for as many as one-third of people with diabetes. The challenge now is to ensure that insulin is available for all people with diabetes who need it. We explore reasons for the high cost of insulin and recommend some clinical and policy interventions to improve insulin access and affordability.
Analysis of Simian Virus 40 DNA with the Restriction Enzyme of Haemophilus aegyptius, Endonuclease Z

Abstract Limited digestion of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA from both small- and large- plaque strains with the restriction endonuclease Z from Haemophilus aegyptius yielded 10 specific fragments. The number of nucleotide pairs for each fragment, determined by co-electrophoresis with X174 RF fragments produced by endonuclease Z, ranges from 2,050 to 80. The difference in the pattern between the large- and small-plaque strains is the disappearance of one fragment containing approximately 255 nucleotide pairs and the appearance of a new fragment with 145 nucleotide pairs. This finding can be explained either by deletions or insertions totaling 110 nucleotide pairs. Complementary RNA synthesized in vitro from the adeno-SV40 hybrid virus, strain ND-1, hybridized preferentially to four of the fragments of SV40 DNA.
Differentiation of pancreatitis from common bile duct obstruction with hyperamylasemia.

It is often difficult to differentiate pancreatitis from common duct stone without pancreatitis when there is an elevated serum amylase. Thirty-seven patients were studied who had a surgical or definite radiological diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP), common duct stone without pancreatitis (CDS), or common duct stone with acute pancreatitis (CDS + AP). CDS patients had pain and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen much more often (P