cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circular dichroism and conformational transitions of leucoagglutinin.

Abstract Conformational transitions of leucoagglutinin from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were studied by the circular dichroism (CD) probe. The CD spectrum of leucoagglutinin in the far ultraviolet zone was similar to the spectrum of concanavalin A, indicating the presence of high amount of the β pleated sheet structure. The CD spectrum of the leucoagglutinin in the near ultraviolet zone was similar to the CD spectra of peanut and soybean agglutinins. The conformation of leucoagglutinin was not significantly affected by alkali at pH 9.4 or 10.4; however, at pH 11.2 the conformation was disrupted. Appearance of a new CD band at 255 nm was related to ionized OH groups of tyrosine side chains. Acidification of the strongly alkaline solutions lead to a loss of all near ultraviolet bands and formation of large amounts of pleated sheet structure in this denatured lectin. Native leucoagglutinin was resistant to acid, as only a slight weakening of the CD bands was observed at pH values as low as 2.1 to 2.4. These changes (at pH 2.5–2.8) were facilitated by EDTA, and the demetallized lectin slowly precipitated from these solutions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) disorganized the native structure of leucoagglutinin, and the secondary structure was reorganized into new conformations of moderate α-helix contents. These transitions were strongly promoted by acid, enhancing the helix content to about 30%.
Stochastic complements in substochastic Matrices

If is an n × n substochastic matrix and A 11 is a k × k submatrix, 1 ≤ k < n, then the stochastic complement of A 11 in A is the matrix Properties of stochastic complementation are investigated. It is shown that every stochastic complement in a substochastic matrix is a substochastic matrix, and that stochastic complementation is transitive. It is shown that every stochastic complement in an n × n substochastic matrix A n ≥ 3, is fully indecomposable if and only if A is fully indecomposable, and that every stochastic complement in a stochastic matrix B is a stochastic matrix if and only if there exist permutation matrices P and Q such that PBQ is a direct sum of fully indecomposable matrices. It is shown that every stochastic complement in a doubly stochastic matrix is doubly stochastic, that every stochastic complement in a permutation matrix is a permutation matrix, and that the permanent of each stochastic complement in a fully indecomposable doubly stochastic matrix A exceeds the permanent of A.
Wave propagation in a random medium layer with rough boundaries

Wave propagation in random media, and scattering from rough surfaces have been studied extensively during the past few decades. However, the combined problem of propagation in random media with rough boundaries has not been well investigated. Yet there are many situations where there is a need for models involving random media and rough boundaries. To address this people have used hybrid approaches that directly add procedures from random media and rough surface scattering theories. Another popularly used approach for this problem is the radiative transfer theory. In contrast to these we present in this paper a unified approach which treats volumetric scattering and surface scattering on an equal footing. For illustration, we choose the following model. The permittivity of the random medium layer has a deterministic part and a randomly fluctuating part. The rough boundaries are parallel planes on the average. All random fluctuations of the problem are zero-mean stationary processes independent of each other. A point source excites waves in the random medium layer and we are interested in the propagation characteristics of waves in the layer.
Lattice-Boltzmann methods for suspensions of solid particles

In this paper, dedicated to Prof. Jean-Pierre Hansen, I will summarise the development of lattice-Boltzmann methods for simulating the dynamics of colloidal suspensions. I will describe the main ideas and subsequent improvements, and place them in the wider context of particle-based methods for fluid dynamics.
Design of optimal binary phase and amplitude filters for maximization of correlation peak sharpness.

Current binary-phase filters used for optical correlation are usually assumed to have uniform amplitude transmission. Here, a new type of filter is studied, the binary-phase-and-amplitude filter. If binary phase values of 0 and pi are assumed, the amplitude transmittance values of this type of filter can be optimized to maximize the peak sharpness. For a polarization-encoded binary-phase filter this can be translated into optimization of the rotation angle of the output polarizer following the filter-spatial-light modulator. An analytic expression is presented for the optimum polarizer angle and thus for the optimum binary-phase-and-amplitude filter design.
Posterior fossa ischemia and bilateral vertebral artery hypoplasia.

Abstract Objective: To discuss cerebellar infarct in a patient with bilateral hypoplasia of the vertebral arteries. Clinical Features: A 67-year-old woman suffered neck pain and headaches immediately after a minor motor vehicle accident. Fracture and dislocation were radiographically ruled out. Within a few days, the patient began to experience symptoms of vertigo and dizziness. Computed tomography scanning of the brain revealed a cerebellar infarct, and an angiogram of the vertebral arteries demonstrated bilateral hypoplasia. Intervention and Outcome: The cerebellar infarct created mild, stable symptoms, and the patient was monitored closely in a hospital setting until the risk of possible complications was negligible. After an uncomplicated and full recovery, the patient was given recommendations regarding critical neck positions to decrease the potential for further ischemic events. Conclusion: Cerebellar infarcts are rare and may be associated with rare vascular anomalies. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:245–9)
Outline of a Physico-Mathematical Theory of the Brain

Les travaux precedents physico-mathematiques de l'auteur sur la cinetique cellulaire supportent l'hypothese advoquee parmi les neurologistes qu'entre des neurones excites il y a des forces d'attrac...
Immortalization and characterization of lineage-restricted neuronal progenitor cells derived from the porcine olfactory bulb

Crucial aspects in the development of in vitro neuropathogenic disease model systems are the identification, characterization and continuous mitotic expansion of cultured neuronal cells. To facilitate long-term cultivation, we immortalized porcine olfactory neuronally restricted progenitor cells by genomic insertion of a cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) yielding a stable neuroblast subclone (OBGF400). The altered cells exhibited progenitor-cell-like morphology and mitotic competency based on sustained subpassaging, prevalence in the cell cycle G0/G1 phase and an overall lack of cellular senescence as compared to primary cultures. An OBGF400 neuronal phenotype was indicated by the recognition of a transfected neuronal progenitor-cell-specific tubulin-alpha1 gene promoter, intracellular presence of early neuronal markers (TuJ1, neuregulin-1, doublecortin and SOX2) and enhanced expression of neuronal- and progenitor lineage-active genes (MAP2, nestin, ENO and Syn1) compared to that of porcine epithelial cells. These OBGF400 neuroblasts are likely dependent on telomerase to prevent terminal differentiation as subcultures with a predominance of neuronally differentiated members had less enzymatic activity. Based on its susceptibility to a porcine alphaherpesvirus infection, this novel neuroblast cell line may be useful for exploring neuronal cell-pathogen interactions in vitro.
THE BASE COMPOSITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEOLI, NUCLEAR SAP, AND CYTOPLASM OF TRITURUS OOCYTES

The base composition of RNA's extracted from chromosomes, nucleoli, nuclear sap, and cytoplasm of Triturus oocytes has been determined by microelectrophoresis. The chromosomal RNA has a content of guanine+cytosine equal to that of DNA, but there is no complementarity in the composition as for DNA. Nuclear sap contains a highly variable RNA with a tendency towards high uracil values. Nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA's are similar in composition and both are of the guanine-cytosine rich type. The chromosomes and nucleoli contain roughly equivalent amounts of RNA, somewhat less than is present in the nuclear sap. The RNA/DNA ratio of the whole chromosomes is about 10. However, the ratio in the synthetically active regions, the loops, is much higher, since the loops contain all the chromosomal RNA but only a small fraction of the DNA.
Symmetrization of the Sinc-Galerkin Method with Block Techniques for Elliptic Equations

Description des techniques de blocs efficaces pour un systeme discret symetrique lie a la symetrisation de la methode de Galerkine-Sinc. Resultats numeriques
Tissue distribution of caffeine and its metabolites in the mouse.

Abstract The disposition of a single oral dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg of [3H, 14C]caffeine in the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, testes, muscle, plasma and erythrocytes of the CD-1 mouse was investigated. Caffeine appeared in all tisues within 5 min. It distributed in proportion to tissue water only at 1 hr after dosing, entering and leaving various organs at different rates. The maximum organ half-life of caffeine was 3 hr. A shorter half-life was observed after the 5-mg/kg dose, but the disposition of both doses was otherwise similar. 1,7-Dimethylxanthine is the major tissue metabolite. Little methyluric acid was present in the tissues. No methylxanthine nucleotides were demonstrable in the liver. The exposure of organs to caffeine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine was calculated.
Caveolated cells observed in the duodenal glands of the white-tailed deer

This study reports the presence of caveolated cells in the duodenal glands of the white-tailed deer. Caveolated cells have not been observed previously in the duodenal glands of other species studied to date.
Enaminones 8: CoMFA and CoMSIA studies on some anticonvulsant enaminones.

Abstract 3D-QSAR studies comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were carried out on 26 structurally diverse subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) active enaminone analogues, previously synthesized in our laboratory. CoMFA and CoMSIA were employed to generate models to define the specific structural and electrostatic features essential for enhanced binding to the putative GABA receptor. The 3D-QSAR models demonstrated a reliable ability to predict the CLog P of the active anticonvulsant enaminones, resulting in a q 2 of 0.558 for CoMFA, and a q 2 of 0.698 for CoMSIA. The outcomes of the contour maps for both models provide detailed insight for the structural design of novel enaminone derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents.
Operating regime-based controller strategy for multi-product processes

Abstract A hybrid, dynamical supervisory control strategy is introduced to control multi-product processes. The scheme involves the selection of the best setpoint controller, from an existing family of feedback controllers, to be placed into feedback with the process so as to cause the output to track the desired setpoint. This task is performed without exhaustive trial and error, by minimizing a specific normed output estimation error that relates the process output to a shared controller state. The performance of the supervisory control strategy is demonstrated on a continuous-stirred tank reactor that can be operated at three different conversion levels. However, the most desirable operating point is open-loop unstable. Linear controllers are designed for each operating region and the role of the supervisory control strategy will be to determine the switching logic as different scheduling policies are demanded.
Measuring nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by intact roots of mature Acer saccharum Marsh., Pinus resinosa Ait., and Picea abies (L.) Karst

A common method for measuring uptake by intact roots in situ is the depletion method, wherein intact fine roots are separated from soil and placed in nutrient solution. The difference between initial and final amounts of nutrient in solution is attributed to root uptake. Variations on this method include applying pretreatment solutions, training roots to grow into bags or trays, and varying concentrations of nutrient solution. We tested whether variations in methods affected measured net uptake rates of NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and PO 4 3− . Intact roots of 60 year-old sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were given one of four treatments prior to measuring net uptake. “Trained” roots were grown in a sand-soil mixture. “Recovered” roots were excavated and allowed to recover in nutrient solution for two or four days (“two-day recovery” and “four-day recovery”, respectively). “No recovery” roots were excavated and used immediately in experiments. We exposed roots to three concentrations of nutrient solutions to observe the effects of initial nutrient solution concentration. Initial nutrient solution concentration was an important source of variation in measured uptake rates, and N uptake was stimulated by low antecedent concentrations. We found no significant differences in net uptake rates between pretreatments for any of the species studied, indicating that our pretreatments were not effective in improving measurement of uptake. Such pretreatments may not be necessary for measuring net uptake and may not hinder the comparison of rates measured using variations of the depletion method.
Fractional quantum Hall effect with an added parallel magnetic field.

The fractional quantum Hall states with fractions between 2 and 1 have been studied in the presence of an added parallel magnetic field. The fractional states in this range are observed to behave differently than those associated with fractions less than 1. Whereas there is a definite symmetry about 1/2 for the fractions less than 1, there is no correspondingly simple symmetry about 3/2 for the fractions between 2 and 1. The implications of these results for the hierarchical model and for calculations involving an exact numerical diagonalization for a small number of electrons are discussed.
The Effects of Exchange-Rate Volatility on Korean Trade Flows: Industry-Level Estimates

As one of the world's most important exporters, Korea might find volatility in the won to be detrimental to trade. But, since previous studies – as well as economic theory – suggest that the impact of exchange-rate risk on individual countries trade flows can be ambiguous, each case must be tested empirically. This study does, examining 148 Korean export industries and 144 import industries vis-a-vis the rest of the world. We find that in the long run, twenty export industries respond negatively to exchange-rate risk, while twelve respond positively. For imports, however, eight have negative coefficients and fourteen have positive ones. The majority of industries are unaffected. Small Korean exporters are particularly vulnerable to exchange-rate risk, as are two large export industries. Imports in the Machinery and transport equipment sector, particularly automobiles, are most likely to see a decrease in the overall trade balance due to increased risk.
Detection of biological particles in ambient air using Bio-Aerosol Mass Spectrometry

The Bio-Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) system is an instrument used for the real time detection and identification of biological aerosols. Particles are drawn from the atmosphere directly into vacuum and tracked as they scatter light from several continuous wave lasers. After tracking, the fluorescence of individual particles is excited by a pulsed 266nm or 355nm laser. Molecules from those particles with appropriate fluorescence properties are subsequently desorbed and ionized using a pulsed 266nm laser. Resulting ions are analyzed in a dual polarity mass spectrometer. During two field deployments at the San Francisco International Airport, millions of ambient particles were analyzed and a small but significant fraction were found to have fluorescent properties similar to Bacillus spores and vegetative cells. Further separation of non-biological background particles from potential biological particles was accomplished using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. This has been shown to enable some level of species differentiation in specific cases, but the creation and observation of higher mass ions is needed to enable a higher level of specificity across more species. A soft ionization technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is being investigated for this purpose. MALDI is particularly well suited for mass analysis of biomolecules since it allows for the generation of molecular ions from large mass compounds that would fragment under normal irradiation. Some of the initial results from a modified BAMS system utilizing this technique are described.
Assessment of soil spatial variability at multiple scales

Abstract Quantification of soil spatial variability across multiple scales is important in ecological modeling, environmental prediction, precision agriculture, and natural resources management. This study investigates the variability of soil map units and soil properties at multiple scales using two case studies, and demonstrates that soil spatial variability is a function of map scale, spatial location, and specific soil property. In the first case study, the variability of soil components within a map unit, termed map unit purity, was examined at three orders of soil surveys in the Backswamp Watershed in South Carolina. Soil maps of Order I (1:7920), Order II (1:24,000) and Order IV (1:250,000) were independently obtained and examined in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that the area-weighted mean purity P m for the Order II soil map when compared to the Order I delineations was 51–99% for soil taxonomic units (soil series to order) and 65–85% for soil properties important for land management in the area (texture, structure, surface thickness, hydrologic group, and drainage class). Corresponding values of P m for the Order IV map were 24–81% and 60–90% when compared to the Order II delineations. In the second case study, 324 soil samples were collected across the Minnesota River Basin using a nested hierarchical sampling design that allowed for variability assessment at multiple scales through a hierarchical analysis of variance. A-horizon thickness, depth to calcium carbonate, and surface soil pH values were summarized by soil regions, hillslope positions, clusters, and point scales. The majority of the variability (over 50% in most cases) for all three soil properties was at the local point scale, suggesting that careful examination of short-range soil property variability should not be overlooked. Possible causes of variability ranged from climate at the basin scale to localized effects of differential infiltration and runoff caused by the differences in landscape positions and soil characteristics. We recommend a hierarchical sampling approach similar to the one used in this study to inventory soil spatial variability at multiple scales so that an understanding could be developed not only for soil property variability across the landscape, but also for determining at what scale the variability is most likely to occur.
Cellulose splitting micro-organisms in human feces

One hundred seventy-one stools from normal persons were examined for the presence of cellulose digesting micro-organisms. 111 strains of common fungi were isolated from 65 (38%) of these stools.
Noise effects in field-effect transistor biological sensor detection circuits

Affinity-based biological sensor field-effect transistors (BioFETs) exhibit a large amount of noise in their drain current under constant bias. In this work, we use SPICE to simulate the effect of sensor noise on a differential pair amplifier detection circuit. This is accomplished by the generation of a realistic noise signal with 1/f power spectrum which is applied to the back gate and reference electrode of a nanoribbon BioFET sensor. The resulting output signal from the transient simulation is time-averaged to obtain the noise rms amplitude. The ability to distinguish the sensor signal from the noisy environment is examined for various amounts of noise power and integration time. Corresponding minimum theoretical direct detection limits for of Biotin-Streptavidin attachment and DNA hybridization are also provided, along with discussion of possible methods to reduce the noise effects.
Cyclic Loading of Growing Tissue in a Bioreactor: Mathematical Model and Asymptotic Analysis

A simplified 2D mathematical model for tissue growth within a cyclically-loaded tissue engineering scaffold is presented and analyzed. Such cyclic loading has the potential to improve yield and functionality of tissue such as bone and cartilage when grown on a scaffold within a perfusion bioreactor. The cyclic compression affects the flow of the perfused nutrient, leading to flow properties that are inherently unsteady, though periodic, on a timescale short compared with that of tissue proliferation. A two-timescale analysis based on these well-separated timescales is exploited to derive a closed model for the tissue growth on the long timescale of proliferation. Some sample numerical results are given for the final model, and discussed.
An Analysis of Quantitative Relationships of Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy in Canines

Granulocyte transfusions were administered to dogs rendered neutropenic by prior cyclophosphamide treatment. Linear regression analysis established significant direct relationships between numbers of granulocytes infused per kg body weight and blood increment achieved. Migration of granulocytes to cerebrospinal fluid during induced Candida albicans meningitis related to concurrent increments in blood following transfusion. Levels of C. albicans systemic infection were inversely related to numbers of granulocytes administered during a four-day course of therapy. These studies demonstrate the quantitative relationships of granulocyte transfusion therapy to potential therapeutic effects at the tissue level.
Measurement of the size dependent hole spectrum in CdSe quantum dots

We combine a new synthesis with transient optical hole burning to observe and assign the size evolution (19 to 115 \AA{} diameter, \ensuremath{\sigma}5%) of a series of excited states in CdSe quantum dots. We observe an avoided crossing around the spin orbit energy in the hole spectra for \ensuremath{\sim}65 \AA{} dots, indicating the importance of valence band complexities in the description of the excited states. Comparsion with dc Stark data shows that bleach spectra are consistent with localized carrier induced electric fields.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Methane Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Emulsions

Water-in-oil emulsions are of particular interest concerning methane hydrate formation during crude oil production. The objective of this work is to understand the morphology of the hydrate/water d...
Voluntary reciprocal altruism: a novel strategy to encourage deceased organ donation

New strategies are needed to encourage organ donation. Altruism, the impulse that underlies our present system, is undermined by proposals that provide tangible inducements to improve donation which are, in their own subtle ways, coercive. I propose a new strategy based on implementing an option to donate that reinforces the strong reciprocity which drives anonymous altruism.
Working-class America : essays on labor, community, and American society

At the time of its original publication, Working-Class America represented the new labor history par excellence. A roster of noteworthy scholars in the field contribute original essays written during a pivotal time in the nation's history and within the discipline. Moving beyond historical-sociological analyses, the authors take readers inside the lives of the real men and women behind the statistics. The result is a classic collection focused on the human dimensions of the field, one valuable not only as a resource for historiography but as a snapshot of workers and their concerns in the 1980s.
Validation Facility and Model Development for Nuclear Fuel Assembly Response to Seismic Loading

A joint experimental and numerical campaign is conducted to provide validation dataset of high-fidelity fluid–structure interaction (FSI) models of nuclear fuel assemblies during seismic loading. A refractive index-matched (RIM) flow loop is operated on a six-degree-of-freedom shake table and instrumented with nonintrusive optical diagnostics. The test section can house up to three full-height fuel assemblies. To guarantee reproducible and controlled initial conditions, special care is given to the test section inlet plenum; in particular, it is designed to minimize secondary pulsatile flow that may arise due to ground acceleration. A single transparent surrogate 6×6 fuel subassembly is used near prototypical Reynolds number, Re=105 based on hydraulic diameter. To preserve dynamic similarity of the model with prototype, the main dimensionless parameters are matched and custom spacer grids are designed. Special instruments are developed to characterize fluid and structure response and to operate in this challenging shaking environment. In parallel to the earlier experiments, we also conducted fully coupled direct numerical simulations, where the equations for the fluid and the structure are simultaneously advanced in time using a partitioned scheme. To deal with the highly complex geometrical configuration, which also involves large displacements and deformations, we utilize a second-order accurate, immersed boundary (IB) formulation, where the geometry is immersed in a block-structured grid with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). To explore a wide parametric range, we will consider several subsets of the experimental configuration. A typical computation involves 60,000 cores, on leadership high-performance computing facilities (i.e., IBM Blue-Gene Q–MIRA).
Specific Muscarinic-Cholinergic Desensitization in the Neuroblastoma-Glioma Hybrid NG108-15

The cholinergic agonist carbachol, epinephrine, and the opiate morphine all inhibit prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated adenylate cyclase in homogenates from the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15. Pretreatment of the hybrid with 100 microM carbachol resulted in the rapid loss (desensitization) of the carbachol inhibition of adenylate cyclase (t1/2 less than 3 min). The desensitization of the carbachol inhibition was blocked by 0.1 microM atropine. Pretreatment with carbachol (1-24 h) did not significantly affect the inhibition of adenylate cyclase by either epinephrine or morphine, nor did it alter the PGE1-stimulated activity, that is, no supersensitization was observed. Cholate extracts of the particulate fraction from either carbachol-desensitized or of control NG108-15 were able to reconstitute adenylate cyclase activities of the coupling proteins (G/F)-deficient cyc- lymphoma cell membranes with equal efficacy. These results suggested that the coupling proteins of the adenylate cyclase were not altered by the carbachol pretreatment and that desensitization occurs at the receptor or at a receptor-associated level. However, the possibility remained that specific domains of the G/F, which interact only with muscarinic receptors, were altered.
Electrically-Controlled Penicillin/Streptomycin Release from Nanostructured Polypyrrole Coated on Titanium for Orthopedic Implants

Implant infection leading to revision surgery can be avoided by incorporating controllable antibiotic release from titanium (Ti) implant surfaces. In this study, penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) and dexamethasone (Dex) were successfully immobilized via electropolymerization within polypyrrole membranes coated on the surface of Ti, which is widely used in orthopedic applications. In vitro results showed that greater numbers of osteoblasts adhered on these polymer-coated substrates than on currently-used unmodified Ti. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to monitor and compare the reaction effectiveness and the yield of electropolymerization. Polypyrrole membranes conjugated with P/S and Dex, and then coated with PLGA, all possessed nanometer scale roughness, as analyzed by atomic force microscopy. In summary, this study demonstrated that drugs incorporated within electroactive polypyrrole membranes, whose release was controlled by applying voltages, supported osteoblast adhesion and could potentially fight bacterial infection.
Planning the multiple use of maqui land

Abstract Amir, S. and Sarig, G., 1977. Planning the multiple use of maqui land. Landscape Plann. , 4: 359–373. Open land fails to fulfil much of its potential when it is zoned to single use by administrative controls. Multiple use policy is advocated for the maqui land in northern Israel as a means to increase economic return, sound management and use of the recreation potential of the region. The work is based on a case study that was prepared to demonstrate a suitable planning process to enable the implementation of a proposed policy. It presents the process, the criteria for evaluation and the data, explains the proposed general multiple use plan and presents the implications of such a policy for regional and national land use.
Culture and Constructs: Communicating Attitudes and Values in the Foreign Language Classroom

George Kelly's psychology of personal constructs can serve as a useful framework to promote cross-cultural understanding in the classroom. To avoid developing in the students a tourist's perspective on the foreign culture, cultural facts and events must be interpreted in the light of underlying attitudes and values. This interpretation is an on-going process of exchange and negotiation of meaning between the two cultures. By constructing both their own and the foreign values, by organizing and extending the range of convenience of these constructs, students can find bridges to the other culture, anticipate foreign events, and discover alternatives to their own cultural patterns of thought.
The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World:

In the last quarter of a century migration theory has undergone fundamental change moving from the classic "individual relocation" genre initiated by Ravenstein a century ago to a variety of new approaches which nevertheless share important elements: they tend to be historical structural globalist and critical. Historicization implies a constant modification of theoretical concerns and emphases in the light of changing social realities and a commitment to a critical approach entails a view of research as 1 element in a broader project concerned with the elucidation of social and political conditions. The article uses elements from 2 major theoretical traditions - a modified world-systems approach and state theory - to project current trends. Global inequality is considered as a structural given. The article then reviews major topics including the persistence of restrictive immigration policies as barriers to movement changing patterns of exploitation of foreign labor liberalization of exit from the socialist world and the refugee crisis in the developing world. It concludes with a brief consideration of the normative implications of these trends.
An infrastructure for designing custom embedded wide counterflow pipelines

Abstract Application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) design is a promising approach for meeting the performance and cost goals of embedded systems. We have developed a new microarchitecture, called a wide counterflow pipeline (WCFP), for automatically constructing ASIPs. Our ASIP synthesis technique uses software pipelining and design-space exploration to generate a custom WCFP and instruction set for an embedded application. This paper describes an innovative methodology and framework for WCFP synthesis and the lessons learned from designing and building the infrastructure. These lessons can be applied to other automated design tools for application-specific processors. The framework includes a user-supplied design database, intermediate representations for pipeline organization and custom instruction set architecture, and a reconfigurable simulator and performance analysis tool. The paper describes how the requirements and needs of automatic architectural design for WCFPs influenced the synthesis methodology and framework. To demonstrate the framework, we show its usefulness in refining the organization of custom WCFPs to better match the execution behavior of an application.
Test scheduling for wafer-level test-during-burn-in of core-based SoCs

Wafer-level test during burn-in (WLTBI) has recently emerged as a promising technique to reduce test and burn-in costs in semiconductor manufacturing. However, the testing of multiple cores of a system-on-chip (SoC) in parallel during WLTBI leads to constantly-varying device power during the duration of the test. This power variation adversely affects predictions of temperature and the time required for burn-in. We present a test-scheduling technique for WLTBI of core-based SoCs, where the primary objective is to minimize the variation in power consumption during test. A secondary objective is to minimize the test application time. Simulation results are presented for two ITC'02 SoC benchmarks, and the proposed technique is compared with two baseline methods.
Militarism, Masculinity, and Empathy

In recent years, the gendered dimension of US imperialism has received increasing attention. Certainly, the dominant organizations supporting the empire are gendered, and it behooves us to incorporate an understanding of the masculinization of these institutional subcultures into our analysis of empathy. Professor Robert Jensen has noted the close overlap between how men are socialized and the mission of the US military’s killing machine, referring to its “Dominance and conquest through aggression and violence, in the service of deepening and extending elite control over the resources and markets of the world.”1 Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Blood Politics, depicts this perverse construction of masculinity, coupled with warfare, as “mutually reinforcing enterprises.”
Accuracy of a Continuous Real-Time ECG Dysrhythmia Monitoring System

The accuracy of QRS detection and premature ventricular beat (PVB) recognition by an on-line computer system was evaluated in a prospective study. Long-term studies in six cardiac patients and short term studies in thirty revealed a QRS detection accuracy of 99%. PVB accuracy was tested in twenty-eight patients for a total time of 415 minutes. About 10% of the heart beats in this group were recognized as PVBs by the cardiologist; 90% of these were correctly identified by the computer system. False positive PVBs were less than 1% of the PVBs. The major types of PVBs missed were fusion beats and late PVBs. Some were unrecognized because of coincident excessive movement artifact. The computer system appeared to be sufficiently reliable to warrant further clinical studies.
Clearance of sensitized erythrocytes in NZB/NZW mice Effects of castration and sex hormone treatment

The clearance of particulate immune complexes consisting of erythrocytes sensitized with IgG or complement was investigated in (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice. Treatment of castrated B/W mice with androgen or estrogen was able to modulate this clearance. Young (3-month-old) male and female B/W mice cleared IgG-sensitized mouse erythrocytes rapidly, whereas older males (13 months) and females (7 months) showed a marked impairment in their ability to clear these cells. In addition, erythrocytes sensitized with complement in the absence of antibody were cleared within 5 min in young B/W mice. Older mice showed a greater and more rapid clearance rate of these cells. Castrated female B/W mice treated with androgen implants from three weeks of age showed improved clearance of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes at 7 months, whereas estrogen-treated male mice showed delayed clearance. These results suggest an age-dependent defect in the clearance of IgG-sensitized particles, perhaps due to diminished levels of serum complement and/or saturation of Fc receptors. In addition, there is an alteration in the clearance of complement-sensitized erythrocytes which may be related to changes in macrophage activity or enzyme inactivators of C3 and C4. The possible mechanisms responsible for the hormonal modulation of clearance are discussed in relation to the known ability of these hormones to influence autoimmune diseases.
Robotic-Assisted Thymectomy

Thymectomy is an established therapy for myasthenia gravis. Minimally invasive surgery for thymectomy has been reported, but not clearly shown to be equivalent to open resection. Robotic-assisted thymectomy may provide the benefit of a full resection of thymic tissue and anterior mediastinal tissue for the treatment of myasthenia gravis by a minimally invasive approach. We present a review of the experience of robotic thymectomy.
Parkin-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination targets misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes via binding to HDAC6

Sequestration of misfolded proteins into pericentriolar inclusions called aggresomes is a means that cells use to minimize misfolded protein-induced cytotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism by which misfolded proteins are recruited to aggresomes remains unclear. Mutations in the E3 ligase parkin cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease that is devoid of Lewy bodies, which are similar to aggresomes. Here, we report that parkin cooperates with heterodimeric E2 enzyme UbcH13/Uev1a to mediate K63-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded DJ-1. K63-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded DJ-1 serves as a signal for interaction with histone deacetylase 6, an adaptor protein that binds the dynein–dynactin complex. Through this interaction, misfolded DJ-1 is linked to the dynein motor and transported to aggresomes. Furthermore, fibroblasts lacking parkin display deficits in targeting misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes. Our findings reveal a signaling role for K63-linked polyubiquitination in dynein-mediated transport, identify parkin as a key regulator in the recruitment of misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes, and have important implications regarding the biogenesis of Lewy bodies.
Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems

Consumer demand regarding the impacts of conventional agriculture on the environment and human health have spurred the growth of organic farming systems; however, organic agriculture is often criticized as low-yielding and unable to produce enough food to supply the world’s population. Using wheat as a model crop species, we show that poorly adapted cultivars are partially responsible for the lower yields often found in organic farming systems when compared with conventional farming systems. Our results demonstrate that the highest yielding soft white winter wheat genotypes in conventional systems are not the highest yielding genotypes in organic systems. An analysis of variance for yield among 35
Bare metal stents: I am still standing.

Coronary artery stents were envisioned by two of the founding fathers of coronary artery intervention, Drs. Charles T. Dotter and Melvin Judkins. In 1964, they described a transluminal approach with rigid dilators for the treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia [1]. Dr. Dotter took almost twodecades to describe thefirst percutaneous placement of nitinol coil stents for the nonoperative restoration and maintenance of patency of blood vessels and biliary ducts [2]. Dr. Jacques Puel, however, is credited for the implantation of thefirst coronary artery stent in March 1986, and the first report, which was published in the same year, on the clinical use of stents for the prevention of occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty in 19 patients belongs to Drs. Ulrich Sigwart and Jacques Puel [3]. The Cook Inc. GianturcoRoubin Flex-StentTM was the first coronary stent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 1993 for “chronic placement in a coronary artery or graft to obtain vessel patency in the treatment of acute or threatened closure associated with an interventional procedure.” However, the stent was frequently used for additional nonapproved indications, including the treatment of restenosis, early recoil, high-risk lesions, and the treatment of primary (de novo) lesions in an attempt to improve the clinical outcome in these different settings. After a lengthy seven-year development process by Drs. Julio Palmaz and Richard Schatz, the FDA approved the Palmaz-Schatz® stainless steel stent in August of 1994. In its first year alone, the Palmaz-Schatz stent was implanted in more than 100,000 patients in the United States. Bare metal stents (BMS) clearly helped reduce the incidence of elastic recoil and restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Two landmark studies, the BElgian NEtherlands Stent study (BENESTENT) and the STent REStenosis Study (STRESS), demonstrated the clear superiority of BMS over balloon angioplasty, and by 1999, BMS were used in 85% of all coronary interventions. However, long-term follow-up revealed a 10–40% incidence of in-stent restenosis with significant morbidity and mortality [4]. It took 15 years after the first stent was deployed and numerous studies with different metals, alloys, drugs, devices, and strategies to find and develop a stent that would have lower restenosis rates.
Modulating fibroblast growth factor 21 in hyperphagic OLETF rats with daily exercise and caloric restriction

Chronic treatment with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) favorably improves obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) outcomes; however, FGF-21 expression is paradoxically elevated in...
Structural effects in metal ion catalysis of isocyanate–hydroxyl reactions

Metal ion catalysis of isocyanate–hydroxyl reactions is considerably enhanced by the presence of certain “activating” groups α, β, even γ to the carbon carrying the reactive hydroxyl. Few metal ions can significantly catalyze the isocyanate–butanol reaction. In general the metal ion catalysts fall into two groups: catalysts which maintain a fair portion of their activity, even in systems containing hindered isocyanates, and catalysts which are very sensitive to changes in steric factors. It is believed that metal ions fulfill a two fold function: they increase the electrophilic character of the isocyanate group by coordinating either at the oxygen or nitrogen, and they bring the isocyanate and alcohol in closer proximity. The “activating” groups are believed to have two major opposing effects: to increase the overall stability of the ternary complex while allowing the hydroxyl group to retain most of its nucleophilicity and to produce in some cases urethanes which preferentially chelate the metal ion and kill the catalysis. All metal ions exhibit greater catalytic activity in systems containing 1,2- than 1,4-glycols; furthermore the sensitivity to steric hindrance increases from 1,2- to 1,4-glycols, indicating that only chelation can sufficiently increase the stability of the ternary complex to produce the maximum catalytic effect.
A Preliminary Study on the Value of Condensed Fish Solubles for Turkey Poults

Abstract Previous workers, Lassen and Bacon (1946), Cravens, et al. (1945), have shown that condensed fish solubles is a valuable supplement for chicks fed diets containing adequate amounts of riboflavin. Berry, et al. (1945) fed chicks a basal ration containing riboflavin, Vitamin D, and minerals to supplement ground yellow corn and soybean oil meal. They found that 2% condensed fish press water added to this diet apparently supplied other growth factors. Pratt and Biely (1945) secured favorable results with chicks by adding to a soybean basal ration a concentrate of the liquors from the wet-rendering of fish products. Mishler et al. (1947) obtained significantly better growth by supplementing a corn and soybean oil meal ration containing 1.5% condensed fish solubles and synthetic riboflavin with niacin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride and methionine. When fish solubles and riboflavin were compared with the four synthetic vitamins and methionine (without fish solubles), the results gave . . .
Argon laser phototherapy of human malignancies using rhodamine‐123 as a new laser dye: The intracellular role of oxygen

Recent studies demonstrated that the cationic, mitochondrial-specific dye Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123), is an efficient tumor photosensitizer for Argon laser treatment of human cancer cells both in vitro and in tumors grown as xenografts in athymic mice. To demonstrate the photodynamic mechanism of action of this reaction, the intracellular role of oxygen and temperature changes in treated cells have to be defined. In the current study, a large panel of human tumor cell lines of diverse histologic origin were tested for in vitro sensitivity to Rh-123 and the Argon laser (514.5 nm) in oxygen, deuterium oxide (D2O), and nitrogen (N2) environment. Tumor cells in suspension were first sensitized to Rh-123 (1 or 20 micrograms/ml for 1 hour), cooled on ice to 4 degrees C, and then exposed to the Argon laser (delta T = 14 +/- 1 degree C). Cell proliferation measured by (3H)-thymidine uptake 24 hours after sensitization with Rh-123 and laser treatment was significantly decreased in tumor cells kept in oxygen and D2O atmospheres. No decrease in DNA synthesis was seen in Rh-123 and laser treated cells kept in an N2 environment. Control tumor cells treated with Rh-123 or the Argon laser separately did not show any decreased (3H)-thymidine uptakemore » in oxygen, D2O or N2 environment. These results provide evidence of a photodynamic process since Rh-123 sensitization and Argon laser activation occur at nonthermal levels of energy and are oxygen dependent. The high effectiveness of this technique of photodynamic therapy with the Argon laser, and low toxicity of Rh-123 could make its clinical use very attractive for the treatment of superficial malignancies.« less
Parental Disapproval and Gay and Lesbian Relationship Quality

Parental disapproval of a different-sex romantic relationship is associated with reduced relationship quality and stability. However, little is known about how disapproval from parents matters for gay and lesbian relationship quality and stability. This article examines how 60 adults in gay and lesbian relationships understand and negotiate parental disapproval. Findings reveal three main ways parental disapproval is perceived to matter for the quality of gay and lesbian relationships. First, respondents describe experiencing increased relationship strain. Second, disapproval from parents is understood as promoting relationship resilience. Third, respondents separate themselves from parents to protect and bolster their relationship quality. In conversation with previous work on different-sex relationships, findings suggest that gay and lesbian adults perceive and negotiate strain from parents in ways that are both similar to, but also unique from, different-sex contexts. The implications for theory and re...
Waters of Hydration of Cupric Hydrates: A Comparison between Heating and Absorbance Methods

The empirical formulas of four cupric hydrates are determined by measuring the absorbance in aqueous solution. The Beer−Lambert Law is verified by constructing a calibration curve of absorbance versus known Cu2+(aq) concentration. A solution of the unknown hydrate is prepared by using 0.2−0.3 g of hydrate, and water is added such that the total mass is between 12 and 15 g. The density of the prepared solution is determined using a 1.00 mL autopipettor, and its absorbance measured. From these measurements, the water of hydration is calculated. The procedure conserves materials, produces little waste, and takes ∼15 min per sample; therefore, students are able to analyze the four hydrates in one lab period. The compounds are cupric sulfate pentahydrate, cupric nitrate hemi(pentahydrate), cupric chloride dihydrate, and cupric sulfate (anhydrous). Students also analyze one of these cupric hydrates by heating. The heating approach uses more material and takes longer, but the results from the two approaches are ...