cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Growth and Interaction of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures

A general-purpose numerical formulation is presented for the incremental quasistatic stable lateral growth and interaction of fluid driven fractures in reservoir structures. Multiple fractures emanating from multiple wellbores are allowed to evolve on arbitrarily curved trajectories, dictated by non-uniform stress fields arising from interaction of fractures with one another and with material/stress variations. The model simulates fracture growth by simultaneously solving for stresses, displacements and pressure distributions associated with the fracturing configuration at each timestep. The elastostatic computation employs a surface integral method, while the coupled fluid flow and crack opening modelling involves a weak starting assumption of (instantaneous) self-similarity in the opening displacement profile. A search scheme is used to determine the directions and amounts of growth at the end of each timestep. Several sample fracture growth patterns are presented to illustrate the generality and applicability of the simulator, which is verified by comparison with many of our laboratory experiments. The overall scheme provides an efficient, direct and convenient tool for design of multiple fracturing treatments, whenever these begin to be used for creation of suitable underground fracture networks (e.g., for enhanced petroleum recovery or solution mining).
Behavioral complexity in leadership: The psychometric properties of a new instrument to measure behavioral repertoire ☆

Abstract Research in managerial and executive leadership recognizes the importance of behavioral complexity, particularly for addressing the competing demands and roles expected of managerial leaders. Though some empirical research on behavioral complexity exists, further progress requires a more rigorous instrument to measure behavioral repertoire. We design an elaborated, multi-dimensional instrument based on the Competing Values Framework (CVF). To examine the underlying conceptual structure and remove measurement error, we test this second-order measurement model using structural equation modeling (SEM). We also test the spatial relationship of the factors using a Bayesian circumplex model. Our data largely support the theoretical structure and stringent demands of the CVF model as applied to this instrument. Finally, we test the instrument's ability to predict managerial effectiveness and find that higher overall ability is correlated with greater overall performance. With this new instrument, we suggest the modification and addition of roles associated with the CVF model.
John Jones, M.D.: pioneer, patriot, and founder of American surgery.

John Jones was a pioneer of American Surgery. Born in Long Island, New York in 1729, he received his medical degree in France from the University of Rheims. He returned to the colonies and helped to establish the medical school that would later become Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons where he was appointed the first Professor of Surgery in the New World. He used his position to assert that surgeons trained in America should be familiar with all facets of medicine and not be mere technicians. Before the outbreak of the American Revolution, he wrote a surgical field manual, which was the first medical text published in America. A believer in the principles of the American Revolution, he would go on to count Benjamin Franklin and George Washington as his patients. Despite achieving many firsts in American medicine, his influence on surgical training is his most enduring legacy.
Reflections on interpretive structural modeling as technology of social learning

In this paper, an example of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) involving citizen's definition of factors contributing to crime is developed. Working from this example, several ideas on how ISM can be developed as a technology of social learning are explored. A suggested structure of social learning is proposed, namely dialogue, decision, action, and evaluation. This structure of social learning is an aid to the analyst in designing ISM exercises.
Killer Applications for Mobile: Opportunity and Challenges Report Activity

In this report, we document the Killer Apps for Mobile Opportunity and Changes activity that we facilitated as part of the Workshop on Mobile Development Lifecycle 2014 (MobileDeLi 14) in conjunction with SPLASH 2014. Together with the attendees, we possible list a future killer apps and the associated research challenges.
Acculturation and teacher ratings of hispanic and Anglo‐American students∗

(2000). Acculturation and teacher ratings of hispanic and Anglo‐American students. Roeper Review: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 45-46.
Intracellular pH as Measured by 19F NMRa

19F NMR pH measurements with the fluorinated pH indicators we have described are rapid and sensitive, work with readily available commercial instruments, and extend the applicability of nondestructive NMR measurements to systems for which 31P NMR measurements are presently impractical. The family of 19F pH indicators is useful for independent confirmation of pHi values obtained by 31P NMR, distribution of radioactive weak acids, or other methods. The necessity for using exogenous indicators, which at first appears as a liability, can be turned to advantage also. Our future goal is to direct our measurements unambiguously to compartments (in cells or in tissues) of particular interest, by matching the indicator precursor molecule to the hydrolytic enzyme activities inherent in the target cell or compartment, so that the pH indicator is generated in situ.
Strategic Use of Pension Funds Since 1978

Through their pension funds, workers own, but do not control, most of the finance capital in the United States. Since 1978 the U.S. labor movement's defensive and offensive pension strategies have bolstered union bargaining power and provided funds to profitable and union-only construction projects. However, the role of unions in the U.S. industrial relations system, the structure of pension management and the competing uses of pension funds stymie labor's efforts to control pension funds. Moreover, labor's reliance on property rights and the market rate of return (to identify worthy projects) may, over time, contravene other labor goals. Challenging how finance capital is invested, rather than who owns the capital, is a strategy the labor movement should begin to consider.
Comparisons of modelled and observed climate for impact assessments

Comparisons between observed and modelled values of surface temperature, surface precipitation and 500 hPa height for the current climate were made for the southeast United States. Daily values and analyses pertinent to impact assessment, were emphasized. For the model, the time-independent 10-year series of values developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model were used. Observations were drawn from records for various stations and decades within the model grid-cell. Cumulative frequency distributions of temperature indicated both more clustering close to the mean and greater extremes for the model. The model reproduced the seasonal cycle of day-to-day temperature variability, but introduced a phase shift of about four months. One result was an apparent overabundance of hot spells in the model results. For precipitation the model indicated twice as many raindays as were observed, about the same number of days when precipitation exceeded 5 mm, and fewer days with amounts exceeding 10 mm, effectively decreasing the probability of heavy precipitation while enhancing annual totals. In winter the model appeared to represent the results from an aggregation of stations within the grid-cell, but in summer it was closer to individual station results. The model reproduced the seasonal cycle in the height and standard deviation of the 500 hPa surface, with a damped amplitude in both cases.
Metabolic Clearance Rates of Luteinizing Hormone in Women during Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle and While Taking an Oral Contraceptive

The MCR of human LH (hLH) was determined in five healthy young women by the continuous iv infusion of purified pituitary hLH to steady state levels in serum. Each woman was studied on three occasions: once each during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and a third time after a brief (8–12 days) course of a combination oral estrogen/progestagen agent to suppress the endogenous production of hLH. The immunoreactive hLH in serum at steady state was indistinguishable from the purified hLH infused in terms of apparent molecular size, as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and parallel dose-inhibition curves in the hLH RIA. Steady state levels of hLH in serum were achieved in 60-80 min and ranged from 660–1330 ng/ml (LER-907 standard). The MCR of hLH was slightly more rapid in the luteal phase [22.8 ± 2.0 ml/min-m2 (mean ± SEM)[ than in the follicular phase (20.5 ± 1.6 ml/min-m2; P < 0.02, by paired t test). The MCR of hLH during estrogen/progestagen administration (22.2 ± 1.6 ml/m...
Invariance of an integral average of a logarithm

An invariance property of an integral which represents an average of the logarithm over the interval (x,y) is proved. The invariance is used repeatedly to deduce the (previously known) value of the integral. A more general integral is then considered and a quadratic equation which yields the invariance of A as a special case is proved. (BJG)
Strategies to Identify Adaptive Genes in Hybridizing Trees like Oaks and Poplars

Ecologically divergent, hybridizing species such as oaks and poplars provide models to identify genomic regions under selection and adaptive alleles that are transferred between species in hybrid zones. Oaks show patterns of genomic divergence characteristic for early stages of speciation with gene flow, in which large genomic regions are homogenized by interspecific gene flow interspersed by smaller regions (outlier regions) with high interspecific differentiation as result of divergent selection. These outlier regions can be identified using genome scans in hybrid zones and anchored to the Quercus robur genome sequence which will become available in the near future. Combined outlier and association genetic approaches can assess the role of individual genes in outlier genomic regions in adaptive trait variation. In contrast, hybridizing poplar species show a pattern of genomic divergence with large genomic regions of high interspecific differentiation punctuated by smaller regions of low differentiation as the result of interspecific gene flow. Genome scans in multiple hybrid zones of interfertile poplar species and in populations outside the area of sympatry will allow for the identification of genes that are exchanged between species by interspecific gene flow using the Populus trichocarpa genome sequence as a reference. Again association genetic approaches can be used for the characterization of variation in these introgressed genes with adaptive trait variation. In the present paper, the application of genomic approaches to identify genes for adaptive species divergence and reproductive isolation, and introgressed genes between species is discussed.
Germinal vesicle configurations and patterns of polypeptide synthesis of porcine oocytes from antral follicles of different size, as related to their competency for spontaneous maturation

The cytogenetic configurations of germinal vesicle (gv) chromatin were analyzed for pools of porcine oocytes harvested from small (1.0–2.0 mm), medium (3.0–5.0 mm), and large (6.0–10.0 mm) antral follicles. Groups of oocytes from these follicular classes also were examined by high-resolution, two-dimensional, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to compare their patterns of polypeptide synthesis. The results show a high incidence of gross and cytogenetic degeneration among oocytes from small antral follicles as compared with those from medium or large follicles. Pools of oocytes could be separated, on the basis of gross morphology and integrity of adherent granulosa cells, into two classes: “Type A” which appeared normal, and “type B” which appeared to be atretic. Among selected “type A” oocytes a particular chromatin configuration, termed “fibrous” characterizes the gv of oocytes from small follicles; whereas a different configuration, termed “diffuse,” characterizes the gv of oocytes from large follicles. The patterns of polypeptide synthesis were markedly different for samples of “type A” oocytes of the three follicular classes; and the patterns for oocytes from medium and large follicles were more similar to each other than to patterns for oocytes from small follicles. The incidences of maturational development beyond the gv stage in vitro were similar for “type A” oocytes from the three follicular classes (i.e., 66% to 82% maturation); although “type B” oocytes underwent maturation beyond the gv at a significantly reduced incidence (i.e., 20% to 29% maturation). “Type A” oocytes from large follicles completed maturation in vitro (i.e., underwent the first meiotic division) at a significantly higher incidence (55%) than did oocytes from small (11% to 20%) or medium (16%) follicles. Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that a high proportion of oocytes from small antral follicles are atretic, and that a developmental program controls the molecular and cytogenetic changes occurring in porcine oocytes during follicular growth. These changes appear to be highly correlated with the acquisition of competency to complete maturation in vitro, and possibly also are required for normal fertilization and embryogenesis.
Drape Prediction by Means of Finite-element Analysis

The draping behaviour of fabric treated as an orthotropic shell membrane is predicted by using a geometric non-linear finite-element method, and the results are compared with actual behaviour. A drape tester employing photovoltaic cells was designed and constructed to determine the drape coefficient of fabric specimens of 10-in. diameter. The warp- and weft-direction tensile moduli of these samples were determined by using a Kawahata Tensile and Shear Tester, and literature values of Poisson's ratio were obtained. With this approach, excellent agreement between experimental and predicted drape coefficients resulted. For a 100% cotton plain-weave fabric, a drape coefficient of 68.4% was experimentally determined as compared with a predicted value of 71.0%.
DNA synthesis during the division cycle of three substrains of Escherichia coli Br

The relationship between chromosome replication and the bacterial division cycle has been examined in three substrains of Escherichia coli Br obtained from different sources and designated Br A, Br F and Br K. At growth rates greater than 1.0 doubling per hour (μ > 1.0), the time for a round of chromosome replication (C) was 42 minutes in all three substrains, but the time between the end of a round and cell division (D) was 22 minutes in Br A, 16 minutes in Br F and 14 minutes in Br K. At slower growth rates C and D increased, but to significantly different extents in the three substrains. When μ = 0.5, C and D were approximately 80 and 40 minutes in Br A, 60 and 20 minutes in Br F, and 70 and 20 minutes in Br K. As a consequence of the lengths of the C and D periods in the three stocks of E. coli Br, the patterns of chromosome replication during the division cycle differed. The most obvious difference was that E. coli Br F and E. coli Br K possessed periods devoid of DNA synthesis at both the beginning and the end of the division cycle during slow growth, whereas E. coli Br A contained only one period devoid of DNA synthesis at the end of the cycle.
Formation of polypyrrole coatings on stainless steel in aqueous benzene sulfonate solution

Abstract Polypyrrole coatings with varying surface morphology have been formed on a stainless steel working electrode using benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt as the electrolyte. The morphology of the coatings varied with the current density. The amount of polypyrrole formed during electropolymerization increased with current density and monomer concentration, but was unaffected by increased electrolyte concentration. The electropolymerization potential of pyrrole increased with increased current density but the current efficiency remained relatively unchanged at 99–105%. The rate of electropolymerization of pyrrole onto stainless steel increased slightly with increased monomer concentration. The electropolymerization potential decreased with increased monomer and electrolyte concentration.
Preprofessional Participation and Later Professional Affiliation and Education among Home Economics Graduates.

Home Economics graduates were surveyed to determine the relationships between preprofessional student activity and later education and professional affiliation, leader ship, and recognition. Undergraduate participation and recognition were related to beginning graduate school but not to finishing it. Finishing graduate school was more strongly predicted by exogenous variables like mobility and undergraduate recognition other than that provided by the home economics related student organizations. Later professional participation was predicted by student participation, though there were large sub-area differences. Student leadership was a good predictor of later leadership and later professional recognition.
Atomic layer deposition: medical and biological applications

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is being used for deposition of conformal thin films on a variety of materials, including medical device materials and biologically derived materials. This review describes thin film deposition on materials using ALD for bioelectronic device, implantable device, biosensor, drug delivery device, tissue engineering scaffold and bioassay device applications. Recent advances in ALD technology, including low temperature ALD of thin films on temperature sensitive substrates, are considered. Finally, translation of ALD to commercial use, including use of ALD by the medical device industry, is described.
Total energies and bonding for crystallographic structures in titanium-carbon and tungsten-carbon systems.

A full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital calculation is presented of titanium-carbon systems in a variety of crystallographic forms. The calculated electronic structure, total energies, and equilibrium lattice constants are determined for the ground-state NaCl structure of TiC and for prototype superlattice structures, and these results are discussed in terms of the nature of bonding found in TiC. Similar calculations are also given for WC in two of these crystalline forms, and the differing ground-state structure and equilibrium lattice constants in these two carbide materials are related to the behavior of those metallic d states which are occupied in WC and unoccupied in TiC. The behavior of these one-electron states, which stabilize WC in a simple hexagonal form, is similar to the calculated behavior of associated states in the prototype superlattice Ti-C structures, and these states are found to play a similar role in determining the structural characteristics in these systems. Some of the properties and probable stability of the various crystalline forms are also discussed in terms of our results.
The theory of change and response: an application to Puerto Rico, 1940 to 1970.

Summary This study demonstrates that even the complex and much misunderstood demographic transition in Puerto Rico can be understood with the aid of the Theory of Change and Response. Analysis of census and vital statistics in Puerto Rico by decade for the rural and urban sectors reveals a wide range of demographic responses. The 1940's were characterized by rural/urban migration, urban emigration, and moderate reductions in urban marital fertility. There was no decline in rural marital fertility during the 1940's. Contrary to expectations, rural fertility fell very little during the 1950's, and the rate of decline of urban fertility was reduced. The decline in the urban general marital fertility rate was smaller than in the 1940's (15 against 23 per cent), despite a highly publicized development programme and rapid growth in gross national product. This occurred because there was a ready emigration outlet (to the mainland United States), and because emigration was preferred to a reduction of marital fert...
A study of turbulent heat transfer in a sudden-expansion pipe with drag-reducing viscoelastic fluid

Abstract The turbulent heat transfer behavior of a drag-reducing viscoelastic fluid is experimentally investigated in a sudden-expansion circular pipe with aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (200, 500, and 1000 ppm). The ranges of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers tested are 6200–6300 and 8.5–16.2, respectively. A minimum asymptote of the local maximum Nusselt number is found to exist at the sudden-expansion pipe flow with the drag-reducing viscoelastic fluid and is given by the following equation: Nu x , max = 0.233 Re 0.83 a , d . When the average Nusselt number is compared with and without the suddenexpansion step, the percentage heat transfer enhancement due to the sudden-expansion step for the polyacrylamide solutions is 40–63%, depending on the Reynolds number, while that for water is 3–6%. The current results suggest that many energy-intensive industries that process huge amounts of viscoelastic fluids through various types of heat exchangers can capitalize upon heat transfer performance enhanced by the sudden-expansion step.
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I): a molecular basis for endocrine versus local action?

Hormones have traditionally been considered substances elaborated by specialized tissues (endocrine glands) and subsequently transported to distant target cells via the circulation. Growth factors have, in contrast, been defined as substances that are synthesized and secreted by a wide variety of cells and tissue types, which then act through paracrine or autocrine mechanisms after diffusion through the extracellular fluids (Sporn and Roberts, 1988). Although the separation between endocrine and paracrine/autoc~ne systems is valid in certain instances, there are numerous aspects of each that overlap, making such a distinction somewhat artificial; for example, insulin, a hormone, can also affect growth in certain tissues. The major elements in each case, including ligands, receptors and post-receptor mechanisms are often the same. To further complicate matters, recent evidence suggests that to promote growth and differentiation certain growth factors do not need to be secreted to interact with their targets. In some instances, for example, partially processed growth factors are retained in the plasma membrane of the cell of origin, presumably to interact more efficiently with receptors on adjacent target cells
Localized States due to Expulsion of Resonant Impurity Levels from the Continuum in Bilayer Graphene

The Anderson impurity problem is considered for a graphene bilayer subject to a gap-opening bias. In-gap localized states are produced even when the impurity level overlaps with the continuum of band electrons. The effect depends strongly on the polarity of the applied bias as long as hybridization with the impurity occurs within a single layer. For an impurity level inside the conduction band a positive bias creates the new localized in-gap state. A negative bias does not produce the same result and leads to a simple broadening of the impurity level. The implications for transport are discussed including a possibility of the gate-controlled Kondo effect.
Polyvinylidene fluoride film sensors for measurement of unsteady pressures on aerodynamic surfaces Part I: Design, fabrication, calibration and demonstration

The design and calibration of a unique thin unsteady pressure sensor for use on small-scale marine propellers is presented. The Polyvinylidene Fluoride film-based sensor incorporates a miniature interface circuit suitable for use where space is a premium. Sensitivity of the sensor is comparable to high-quality microphones. Calibration is performed using an acoustic source and an industry-standard microphone. Evaluation of the sensor’s performance is presented for white noise unsteady pressure input. Results show excellent agreement between sensor-measured pressures and standard microphone-measured pressures.
The Marijuana Withdrawal Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment

A subset of marijuana smokers develop a cannabis use disorder and seek treatment for their marijuana use on their own initiative. A less well-known consequence of daily, repeated marijuana use is a withdrawal syndrome, characterized by a time-dependent constellation of symptoms: irritability, anxiety, marijuana craving, decreased quality and quantity of sleep, and decreased food intake. Treatment studies show that rates of continuous abstinence are low (comparable to relapse rates for other abused drugs), and more treatment options are needed. The objective of this review is to update clinicians on the current state of marijuana research and to describe features of marijuana withdrawal to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of cannabis use disorders.
Invariant subalgebras of affine vertex algebras

Abstract Given a finite-dimensional complex Lie algebra g equipped with a nondegenerate, symmetric, invariant bilinear form B , let V k ( g , B ) denote the universal affine vertex algebra associated to g and B at level k . For any reductive group G of automorphisms of V k ( g , B ) , we show that the invariant subalgebra V k ( g , B ) G is strongly finitely generated for generic values of k . This implies the existence of a new family of deformable W -algebras W ( g , B , G ) k which exist for all but finitely many values of k .
Daily Plasma Globulin Levels in the First Week Posthatch of the S. C. White Leghorn Cockerel

Abstract INTRODUCTION Our laboratory has conducted a series of studies to determine normal changes in the chick during the first week of life. During studies of various blood parameters, several changes were noted in the circulating proteins, particularly in plasma globulins. This preliminary report relates the results obtained on the plasma globulins within the first week posthatch. EXPERIMENTAL Three separate studies with three different diets were conducted using day old S. C. White Leghorn cockerels. In each study the chicks were placed in batteries as one group and given feed and water ad libitum. Diet 1 (22.7% prot; 19.6% fat) is a corn-soya-midds ration. Diet 2 (30.9% prot.; 18.1% fat) is a purified ration used for bioassay of chick edema factor activity (Flick et al., 1963), and Diet 3 (26.2% prot.; 11.4% fat) is a prestarter type broiler ration. Six to eight chicks were removed daily for seven days from each …
Monte Carlo Algorithms for Identifying Densely Connected Subgraphs

The problem of finding densely connected subgraphs in a network has attracted a lot of recent interest. Such subgraphs are sometimes referred to as communities in social networks or molecular modules in protein networks. In this article, we propose two Monte Carlo optimization algorithms for identifying the densest subgraphs with a fixed size or with size in a given range. The new algorithms combine the idea of simulated annealing and efficient moves for the Markov chain, and both algorithms are shown to converge to the set of optimal states (densest subgraphs) with probability 1. When applied to a yeast protein interaction network and a stock market graph, the algorithms identify interesting new densely connected subgraphs. Supplementary materials for the article are available online.
Nature's secrets: the implications of herbal and complementary therapies in HIV.

(1999). Nature's Secrets: Implications of Herbal and Complementary Therapies in HIV. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 157-174.
The extent of bibliographic instruction in academic libraries: A Preliminary Examination

Abstract The author presents the result of a preliminary survey of academic libraries and reports on the magnitude of bibloiographic instruction programs across various types of institutions. The major findings suggest that librarians at four-year baccalaureate schools are reaching a significantly greater proportion of their student bodies than those at graduate institutions.
A low-cost method of reclaiming strip-mined land in Iowa to agriculture

Strippable coal in Iowa is overlain by sulfidebearing black shales capped with glacial till and loess. Weathering of these shales produces acid levels toxic to most plants, which necessitates rapid burial of the spoils. We have designed and tested a loess terrace method for returning Iowa strip mines to crop land as mining progresses. During the 1970s, corn growth and yields were monitored on various thicknesses of bess over leveled acid spoils in Mahaska County, Iowa. We evaluated the costs of reclaiming mined land to acceptable levels of productivity.
Optimal space allocation on disk storage devices

When the amount of space required for file storage exceeds the amount which can be kept online, decisions must be made as to which files are to be permanently resident and which mountable. These decisions will affect the number of mount requests issued to the operators. This is often a bottleneck in a computing facility, and reducing the number of mounts thus decreases turnaround time. An optimization model for the assignment of files to disk packs, and packs to either resident or nonresident status is presented. Heuristics are suggested for those cases in which it is Inefficient to compute the actual optimum.
The Gauge Argument for Accurate Quantization of the Hall Conductance

In this paper I review my theory [1] of the Ordinary Quantum Hall Effect which identifies the quantum measured in these experiments as the electron charge. This concept is important for understanding why the effect is so accurate, and also for understanding why fractionally charged quasiparticles need be invoked to explain the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect. The vehicle for making this identification is a thought experiment which I shall motivate and describe in detail.
Spectral geometric albedos of the Galilean satellites from 0.24 to 0.34 micrometers - Observations with the International Ultraviolet Explorer

An 8-year IUE satellite spectrophotometric observation campaign's results for the Galilean satellites of Jupiter indicate low albedos for all four, consistent with the distribution of sulfurous materials escaping from the surface of Io to the surfaces of the three other bodies by means of magnetospheric processes. A previously reported UV spectral asymmetry between Europa's leading and trailing hemispheres is confirmed. The greater trailing than leading side opposition surge observed in Europa implies that the trailing side is the less compact of the two. Ganymede exhibits UV spectral asymmetry also, but only at wavelengths greater than 0.28 microns.
AMS 14C dating of critical bone samples: Proposed protocol and criteria for evaluation

Abstract AMS 14C determinations on samples of human bone from sites in the Western Hemisphere currently play an important role in discussions concerning the timing of the initial peopling of the New World. Previous AMS 14C analysis has indicated that all New World human skeletal samples previously assigned Pleistocene ages in the range of 70000-20000 years B.P. are, in fact, of Holocene age. It is proposed that future AMS 14C measurements on human bone samples from the New World suspected to be of an age in excess of late terminal Pleistocene be conducted in what is defined as a “critical sample” AMS 14C analysis mode. A series of procedures and protocols are proposed for such “critical” analyses.
An analysis of reduction opportunities for consumption of hydrofluorocarbons and comparisons to US climate policy proposals

Many of the most cost-effective options for reducing emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) involve: reducing leaks; responsible handling practices; replacement with a substance with little or no global warming potential; or reducing the amount of the greenhouse gas (GHG) needed. Some of these options can be implemented immediately for quick emission reductions. However, because many of the types of equipment that rely on these gases have lifetimes ranging from 10 to 30 years, fully implementing these emission reductions can take decades. Reductions in HFC consumption, however, can generally be seen more immediately. Recent US proposals for climate legislation have considered limits on HFC consumption under a cap separate from other GHGs. Whether and how such a cap would be implemented, and the economic efficiencies of such a framework, are the subject of considerable debate. Marginal abatement cost curves developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency are used here to examine possible reductions in ...
Simple Reaction Time for Good and Poor Readers in Grades Two and Six

Recently, the present authors (1971) ran an experiment that suggested no difference in word-scanning rate (words/sec.) between good and poor readers in the fifth grade. Ss were required to scan 2 or 3 word targets for the presence or absence of a predetermined word. Although scanning rates did not differ, the good readers were 250 msec. faster over-all than the poor readers. Such results suggested that the faster response time for good readers was due to superiority in perceiving the change in stimulation with target onset and/or superiority in performing the motor response itself. To assess these possibilities, a simple reaction time experiment was run which was closely analogous to the original task without the requirement to scan. Each trial consisted of a 20-msec. warning signal (buzzer) followed by the onset of a neon bulb 940 msec. later. The bulb remained lit until S responded by pressing a telegraph key. Ss were 12 good and 12 poor readers in the sixth grade and 15 good and 15 poor readers in the second grade. Ss were classified on the basis of Wide Range Achievement Test reading scores. After 4 practice trials, S was run for 30 trials. For each S , the reciprocal of the median latency ( in sec.) was computed for the five successive trials in each of six blocks. An analysis of variance performed on these data suggested only an effect due to grade (P = 4.3, df = 1/23, p < .05). The mean reciprocal latencies over 30 trials were: Good Second Grade Readers, 2.75; Poor Second Grade Readers, 2.67; Good Sixth Grade Readers, 3.61, Poor Sixth Grade Readers, 4.06. Clearly, processes involved in simple reaction time cannot account for the superiority of good readers in the scanning task (Katz & Wicklund, 1971). Since good and poor readers did not differ in scanning rate either, the superioriry of good readers may be due to a greater facility in retrieving the key word just prior to scanning. That is, difference between good and poor readers may be found in memory processes; our data have not suggested differences due to perceptual or motor processes.
Band ordering in PbTe

Abstract Two possible conduction band orderings, I, L - 6 ( L 2' ), L - 6 ( L 3' ), L - 45 ( L 3' ) and II, L - 6 ( L 3' ), L - 45 ( L 3' ), L - 6 ( L 2' ) are considered for PbT e using the Empirical Pseudopotential method. Various properties (i.e. optical reflectivity temperature and pressure dependence of the band gap and effective masses) are considered for the two possible orderings.
Phenomenology and Meaning Making: Student Voices and Understandings of Cultural Difference

The purpose of this study is to examine international school secondary students’ understandings of intercultural sensitivity and the life experiences they attribute as influencing their own develop...
The Sociology of a Multimodality Strategy 1n the Treatment of Narcotics Addicts

(1971). The Sociology of a Multimodality Strategy 1n the Treatment of Narcotics Addicts. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 4, The Contemporary Heroin Scene, Part II: Treatment Perspectives, pp. 132-137.
Reconsidering the effect of work intensity on study time

Recent evidence on the impact of youth employment on study time has found only small, negative effects. However, previous estimates may be biased downward due to weak identification and measurement error. In this article, we re-examine the question with more recent data from the American Time Use Survey (2003–11) using a number of alternate estimation techniques. Results show that using a longer time span, state unemployment rates appears to be a stronger instrument for part-time work than was previously found. Depending on the estimation method used, the negative effects of part-time work on study time may be considerably larger than previously thought.
Nitroacetylene: Computed Heats of Formation and Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms with Vinyl Ethers

The first synthesis of nitroacetylene was recently reported by Zhang et al. (Zhang, M.-X.; Eaton, P. E.; Steele, I.; Gilardi, R. Synthesis 2002, 2013). They found it to react in a seemingly anomalous fashion with furan and with vinyl ethers, yielding nitrovinylisoxazoles. Mechanisms were proposed that would account for these unexpected products. We have investigated these mechanisms computationally in vinyl methyl ether at the B3PW91/6-311G(3df,2pd) level, calculating ΔH and the activation barrier for each of the 10 steps. Our results fully support the interpretation of Zhang et al. All of the steps were found to be exothermic and to have low barriers, between 1 and 14 kcal/mol. Using other computational procedures, we also determined the molecular geometry of nitroacetylene, its gas and liquid phase heats of formation, and its molecular surface electrostatic potential.
FORMATION OF FILTER CAKES WITH PARTICLE PENETRATION AT THE FILTER SEPTUM

The mass of solid particles entering the formation is an important factor in industrial cake filtration operations. Predictions of the concentration at the filter septum require the ability to predict the mass transport of solid particles under variety of conditions. This study analyzes cake formation, including particle penetration at the filter septum. In addition to the total instantaneous mass balance equation, mass balance equations for captured and suspended particles and the fluid phase are averaged along the cake thickness taking into account conditions at the surface and the septum. Capture mechanisms, such as surface straining, and internal cake erosion and particle capture are included in the analysis. The results are ordinary differential equations in terms of thickness, concentration of suspended particles in the filtrate, average particle concentration, average porosity, and such operational parameters, as slurry concentration, injection rate, and volumetric solid fraction. To test tbe valid...
Effects of methanol on the thermodynamics of iron(III) [tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)]porphyrin chloride dissociation and the creation of catalytically active species for the epoxidation of cyclooctene.

In a previous study, the authors showed that iron(III) [tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)]porphyrin chloride [(F20TPP)FeCl] is catalytically inactive for cyclooctene epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile but is catalytically active if the solvent contains methanol. It was suggested that the precursor to the active species is (F20TPP)Fe(OCH3) in methanol-containing solvents. The present study was aimed at evaluating this hypothesis. (F20TPP)Fe(OCH3) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR but was found to be inactive in both acetonitrile and methanol. Further investigation of the interactions of (F20TPP)FeCl with methanol in acetonitrile/methanol mixtures was then carried out using NMR. Two species, characterized by 1H NMR resonances at 82 and 65 ppm, were observed. The first resonance is attributed to the β-pyrrole protons on molecularly dissolved (F20TPP)FeCl, whereas the second is attributed to β-pyrrole protons of [(F20TPP)Fe]+ cations that are stabilized by coordination with a molecule of met...
Incorporation of methyl acrylate in acrylonitrile based copolymers: effects on melting behavior

Abstract The effects of methyl acrylate (MA) incorporation (0–15 mol%) on the glass transition, melting behavior, and the peak temperature of the stabilization exotherm in acrylonitrile (AN) based copolymers were studied. A qualitative decrease in crystalline content with increasing MA content was observed using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The lower crystallinity of the high MA content copolymers could also be noted by the magnitudes of the modulus drop at Tg using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the step change in heat capacity at Tg using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC and differential thermal analysis (DTA) results indicated that the melting temperature of the copolymers decreased with increasing MA content. The magnitude of the crystallization exotherms decreased with successive melting/crystallization cycles. DTA experiments demonstrated that the stabilization reaction, which transforms polyacyrlonitrile into an insoluble, rigid structure, is delayed by the presence of the comonomer.
Radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy in the octogenarian and nonagenarian: comparison of laparoscopic and open approaches.

Abstract Objectives. To retrospectively compare the outcome of laparoscopic and open radical nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy in patients 80 years old or older, inasmuch as the tolerance profile of major laparoscopic renal surgery in comparison to open surgery in the elderly patient has not been previously reported. Methods. Since September 1997, 11 patients 80 years old or older underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy for cancer. These patients were compared with 6 consecutive patients 80 years old or older who underwent comparable open surgery at our institution since January 1994. No tumor had computed tomographic evidence of lymphatic, vascular, or perirenal extension. Results. Baseline parameters were comparable between the laparoscopic and open groups. The laparoscopic group had a similar median surgical time (210 minutes versus 175 minutes; P = 0.1) and blood loss (150 mL versus 125 mL; P = 0.8) compared with the open group. However, specimen weight was larger in the laparoscopic group (568 g versus 292 g; P = 0.04). Moreover, the laparoscopic group had a quicker resumption of oral intake (less than 1 day versus 4 days; P P = 0.004), shorter hospital stay (2 days versus 6 days; P P Conclusions. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy are well tolerated by the elderly patient. Although our sample size was small, it appears that laparoscopy is an excellent alternative to open surgery for excision of selected renal malignancies in the octogenarian and nonagenarian population.
Reliability and Validity of the Self-Perception Profile for Children with Mexican American Elementary-Age Children:

The internal consistency and concurrent validity of the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) were investigated for 107 elementary-age Mexican American children. The results indicated a high ...
Neurofuzzy clustering approach for quadtree segmentation of images

Segmentation of images is used for several purposes such as estimation of the boundary of an object, shape analysis, contour detection, texture segmentation, and classification of objects within an image. Despite the existence of several methods and techniques for segmenting images, this task still remains a crucial problem. In our research we have developed a neural network-based fuzzy clustering technique to segment images into regions of specific interest using a quadtree segmentation approach. Since different regions of an image contain varying amount of detail, it is advantageous to segment the regions into blocks of different sizes depending on the content of information present within each block. As the global features of an image are distributed over a wider span of the image and the finer details are concentrated in limited regions, a quadtree segmentation algorithm can efficiently tackle the problem of segmenting images of all kinds. However, block-based techniques tend to introduce blocking artifacts and this problem can be avoided by using a neuro-fuzzy clustering scheme to merge the neighboring blocks of similar regions in a smooth fashion. The proposed algorithm has been applied to images of different kinds and has yielded promising results.
Actor–observer differences in frequency-of-use estimates: Sometimes strangers know us better than ourselves

People make optimistic predictions about themselves; they expect relationships to last longer, tasks to take less time, and things to turn out generally better than they will. In contrast, predictions about others are more realistic, but lack discriminatory power. We investigated first- and third-party predictions for holiday gifts, and how the actor's own prediction influences the observer's prediction. As expected, actors’ predictions were optimistic but showed discrimination, while observer accuracy depended on access to the actor's prediction. Observers who saw the actor's prediction showed no optimism but similar discrimination, while other observers showed an optimistic bias but no discrimination. These results suggest that predictions allow efficient use of an anchor-and-adjust strategy, while their absence leads observers to use projection.
Big chill, big deal

w riter{director Lawrence Kasdan has had a hand in creating some of the most popular and successful screen entertainment in recent years, writing or cowriting Raiders of the Lost Ark, Continental Divide, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, and Body Heat, which also marked his directorial debut. Recently, Kasdan directed a unique ensemble of contemporary young actors in The Big Chill, which he cowrote with Barbara Benedek and describes as a "comedy of values." The performers chosen for the film include some of Holywood's most popular rising stars: Tom Berenger, Glenn Close, lef t Goldblum, William Hurt, Kevin Kline, Mary Kay Place, Meg q?il~y, and JoBeth Williams. Although The Big Chill differs in subject matter and style from Body Heat, both films share Kasdan's interest in creating dynamic characters which are true to people's lives. How successful that effort was is the subject of the following essay.
Meta-Analysis of Drosophila Circadian Microarray Studies Identifies a Novel Set of Rhythmically Expressed Genes

Five independent groups have reported microarray studies that identify dozens of rhythmically expressed genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Limited overlap among the lists of discovered genes makes it difficult to determine which, if any, exhibit truly rhythmic patterns of expression. We reanalyzed data from all five reports and found two sources for the observed discrepancies, the use of different expression pattern detection algorithms and underlying variation among the datasets. To improve upon the methods originally employed, we developed a new analysis that involves compilation of all existing data, application of identical transformation and standardization procedures followed by ANOVA-based statistical prescreening, and three separate classes of post hoc analysis: cross-correlation to various cycling waveforms, autocorrelation, and a previously described fast Fourier transform–based technique [1–3]. Permutation-based statistical tests were used to derive significance measures for all post hoc tests. We find application of our method, most significantly the ANOVA prescreening procedure, significantly reduces the false discovery rate relative to that observed among the results of the original five reports while maintaining desirable statistical power. We identify a set of 81 cycling transcripts previously found in one or more of the original reports as well as a novel set of 133 transcripts not found in any of the original studies. We introduce a novel analysis method that compensates for variability observed among the original five Drosophila circadian array reports. Based on the statistical fidelity of our meta-analysis results, and the results of our initial validation experiments (quantitative RT-PCR), we predict many of our newly found genes to be bona fide cyclers, and suggest that they may lead to new insights into the pathways through which clock mechanisms regulate behavioral rhythms.