cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1X HP EUV reticle inspection with a 193nm inspection system

The current industry plan is for EUV Lithography (EUVL) to enter High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) in the 2019/20 timeframe for the 1X nm half-pitch (HP) node (logic and memory). Reticle quality and reticle defects continue to be a top industry risk. The primary reticle defect quality requirement continues to be “no reticle defects causing 10% or larger CD errors on wafer (CDE)”. In 2013, KLA-Tencor reported on inspection of EUV reticles using a 193nm wavelength inspection system1. The report included both die-to-database (db) and die-to-die (dd) inspection modes. Results showed the capability to detect a wide variety of programmed and native reticle defects judged to be critical. We have developed extensions to the 193nm wavelength (193) inspection system for the typical 2019/20 HVM EUV reticle defect requirements. These improvements include innovations in: defect enhancement methods, database modeling, defect detection, and throughput. In this paper, we report on the latest data and results of this work, focusing on EUV reticle dieto- database inspection. Inspection results are shown using typical next generation EUV programmed defect test reticles and typical full field product-like EUV reticles, all from industry sources. Results show significant defect detection improvements versus the prior generation inspection system. We also report the test results of a high throughput die-todatabase inspection mode that could be used for the typical mask shop outgoing inspection of EUV reticles where particles are the primary defect to be detected and there is no pellicle (or the pellicle transmits 193nm wavelength2).
Actor-Oriented Models for Codesign

Most current hardware engineering practice is deeply rooted in discrete-event modeling and synchronous design. Most current software engineering is deeply rooted in procedural abstractions. The latter says little about concurrency and temporal properties, whereas the former lacks many of modularity capabilities of modern programming languages. Actor-oriented design emphasizes concurrency and communication between components while maintaining modularity. Components called actors execute and communicate with other actors. In contrast to the interfaces in object-oriented design (methods, principally, which mediate transfer of the locus of control), interfaces in actor-oriented design (which we call ports) mediate communication. But the communication is not assumed to involve a transfer of control. This paper discusses the structure of actor-oriented models and shows how data and behavioral type systems enhance modularity and re-use potential while enabling designs that embrace concurrency and time. This paper shows how components can be designed for re-use through parameterization and behavioral polymorphism, and how component specialization can offset the performance costs of doing so.
Parameterizing Eddies in Ocean Climate Models

Gent and McWilliams(1990) proposed a parameterization for the effects of mesoscale eddies on the large-scale flow for use in ocean climate models. It proposes that eddies advect tracers in addition to mixing them along isopycnal surfaces. This parameterization can be considered as a generalization of the residual-mean meridional circulation of (1976) to three dimensions. The resulting Eliassen-Palm fluxes have to be parameterized in order to determine the momentum equation used in non-eddy-resolving ocean climate models. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current region of the ocean is most like the atmosphere in that there are no continents to block the zonal jet. The nonacceleration theo rem would suggest that the eddy-induced advection of tracers should oppose mean flow advection at the latitude of Drake Passage, and this is confirmed in global ocean model simulations.
Precise Multimodal Localization with Smart Phones

In this paper we propose the integration of computer vision with accelerometry and the magnetometer and radios available in current state-of-the-art smart phones, in order to provide a precise localization solution feasible for indoor environments. In terms of accelerometry, we apply the wavelet transform to the signal of a single off-the-shelf accelerometer on the waist to obtain the velocity and stride length of the user. This allows us to link accelerometry and computer vision through the kinetic energy of the user. Additionally, our system leverages the capabilities of current state-of-the-art smart phones to integrate both offline and online phases of radio fingerprinting with WiFi, achieving an accuracy of 1.5 meters. We have also studied the possibilities offered by the cellular communications radio, with the intention to build a multimodal solution for localization, delivering an accuracy of up to 0.5 meters when all the information is combined with a Kalman filter.
Perspectives of the Immunology of Proteins

When this symposia series was founded in 1976, the major contributions and concepts which constituted the foundations of contemporary immunology of proteins and peptides were quite clear. However, in the last 2–3 years, this field has witnessed an unprecedented activity and has been the focus of a great deal of excitement. As a result, many investigators have entered this area of endeavor from backgrounds other than the molecular immunology or biochemistry of proteins. Therefore, there has been considerable confusion and ambiguity as to the meaning and understanding of various principles and the source of various ideas, concepts and approaches, on which the field is founded. I would like to use the prerogative of these opening remarks, to put a few of these matters in their proper historical perspective.
Medical Marijuana for Minors May Be Considered Child Abuse.

The Food and Drug Administration categorizes marijuana (cannabis) as a Schedule I drug, meaning that it has no currently accepted medical use, a high potential for abuse, and no good data on safety. Other Schedule I drugs are heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide, peyote, methaqualone, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). The authors of some studies have shown that marijuana can reduce nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, can improve food intake in patients with HIV, can reduce neuropathic pain, and may slow the growth of cancer cells. In many states, marijuana use is illegal. No state has approved its use for children. What, then, should doctors do if they become aware that parents are using marijuana to treat medical conditions in their children? What if the children have adverse reactions to the marijuana? In this Ethics Rounds, we present such a case and ask experts in child protection and child abuse to discuss the appropriate response.
Communication: Approaching exact quantum chemistry by cluster analysis of full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo wave functions

We propose to accelerate convergence toward full configuration interaction (FCI) energetics by using the coupled-cluster approach, in which singly and doubly excited clusters, needed to determine the energy, are iterated in the presence of their three- and four-body counterparts extracted from FCI quantum Monte Carlo (FCIQMC) propagations. Preliminary calculations for the water molecule at the equilibrium and stretched geometries show that we can accurately extrapolate the FCI energetics based on the early stages of FCIQMC propagations.
The initial-boundary value problem for the compressible viscoelastic flows

The initial-boundary value problem for the equations of compressible viscoelastic flows is considered in a bounded domain of three-dimensional spatial dimensions. The global existence of strong solution near equilibrium is established. Uniform estimates in $W^{1,q}$ with $q>3$ on the density and deformation gradient are also obtained.
The Death of a Clinic

After years of expansion nationally, an alarming number of law school clinics have been shuttered in recent years. Some of these closings are due to deaths or retirements, while others have resulted from institutional decisions following the precipitous drop in enrollment from 2011 to 2017 or the loss of grant funding for externally-funded clinics. Still others may be clinics that have low enrollment or may have run their natural course. In many cases, the political forces surrounding the decision to close a clinic can be enormous and overwhelming. To further complicate a clinic closing, the ethical obligations are both complex and unclear. For example, who is responsible for the continuing representation of the clinic’s clients — the law school, other attorneys in the clinical law program, or the attorney who is leaving? Can the client representation be terminated? If so, by whom? If the dean asks for a list of client matters without identifying information in order to direct what should happen to the clients, are the clinical faculty obligated to provide the dean with that redacted information? How does one manage a dean who insists that they will take over the closure of the clinic if the clinic faculty do not handle the closing of the clinic, including the termination of client representation, in a manner that the dean agrees with? The political risks are potentially career-ending. To make things worse, the shame that one may feel being associated with a clinic that is closing may inhibit clinical faculty from discussing the challenges they are facing both inside and outside their institutions, which might prevent them from finding the answers and wisdom they need to navigate these perilous waters. This essay, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Clinical Law Review, calls for an article to take on the subject of clinic closings head on, examining the reasons and circumstances for the rise in recent closings, and highlighting the ethical and political landmines that those who are responsible for closing clinics need to avoid.
Estimating the Role of Social Reproduction in Economic Growth

Do investments in social reproduction, or the time and commodities that it takes to produce and maintain the labor force, actually matter for the rate of economic growth? Using a Kaleckian macroeco...
Smoking Behavior of Older Adults: A Panel Data Analysis Using HRS

Using longitudinal data from Health and Retirement Surveys over 1992–2010, this paper analyzes decisions by older American to continue smoking and the number of cigarettes to consume using two-part hurdle models with correlated effects. We build on the existing literature by incorporating a myriad of factors including cigarette prices, health shocks and smoke-free laws in one econometric framework. Our estimates indicate that higher cigarette prices play an important role in both reducing participation and the intensity of consumption even for this adult population. In addition, health shocks, as measured by newly diagnosed diseases, raise the probability of quitting, highlighting the ‘curative’ aspects of cessation. However, we find very little effect of health on smoking intensity if an older adult does not quit after a health shock. Per capita cigarette consumption in the US declined by over 64% during the period. We show that increased cigarette prices and health shocks together contribute almost equally to explain nearly 86% of the decline, with little that can be attributed to smoking bans and anti-smoking sentiment.
Commemorating Frances Arnold

Frances H. Arnold is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology, and Director of Caltech’s Rosen Bioengineering Center. Anyone reading this Retrospective probably knows that Frances was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018 for the directed evolution of enzymes. She is also only the fifth woman to ever win this prize, and the First American woman to win it. The list of Frances’ prior honors and awards is extensive and astounding, and includes elections to the National Academy of Engineering (2000), the National Academy of Medicine (2004), and the National Academy of Sciences (2008) (the first woman to be elected to all three), the 2011 NAE Draper Prize (the first woman to receive it), and the 2016 Millennium Technology Prize (first woman to win). At the time of this writing, Google Scholar reports her co-authored publications receiving over 50,000 citations, with an h-index of 122. She is co-founder of Gevo, Inc. (producing carbon-neutral biofuels) and Provivi (producing environmentally safe biopesticides), and was recently appointed to the board of directors for Alphabet, Inc. (the parent company of Google).
Relationship of white matter lesion severity with early and late outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel stroke.

Background White matter lesions (WML) are associated with poor outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel stroke; the reasons are uncertain. To elucidate this issue we sought to determine the association of WML with multiple early and late outcome measures after MT. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 181 MT patients prospectively included in our local stroke registry (January 2012 to November 2016). Using multiple regression modeling, we assessed whether WML was independently associated with early outcomes (successful recanalization, degree of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) improvement, hemorrhagic transformation, duration of hospitalization) as well as an unfavorable 90-day modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) (≥3) and 90-day survival. Explorative analyses examined the association with the 90-day home-time and 90-day risk for hospital readmission. Results WML were not significantly associated with early outcome measure (P>0.05, each). Patients with moderate-to-severe WML more often had an unfavorable mRS (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.04 to 8.33) and risk of death (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.84) after adjustment for pertinent confounders. Patients with moderate-to-severe WML had a significantly shorter home-time (19±32 vs 47±38 days, P Conclusion Our analyses suggest that poor outcomes among patients with moderate-to-severe WML were related to factors unrelated to procedural success and risk. WML should not be used to render treatment decisions in otherwise eligible patients. Aggressive monitoring of medical complications after MT could represent a viable strategy to improve outcome in affected patients.
Rehabilitation of Individuals with Head and Neck Cancers

Head and neck cancers comprise 5.6% of all cancers in the developed world. Survival rates have improved to 60.6% at 5 years. The percentage of individuals with virally mediated (human papilloma and Epstein-Barr) tumors has risen, and fortunately these have a better prognosis than those induced by tobacco or alcohol abuse. The anatomy and histology of tumors are reviewed here, as well as the impact on impairments and prognosis. Common impairments of disfigurement, dysphagia, dysarthria, pain, and range of motion are delineated as they relate to tumor location and treatment side effects. These impairments may have major impacts on social participation and quality of life. Rehabilitation management strategies include speech pathology, physical therapy, bracing, medications, and injections.
Post-activation muscle potentiation and its relevance to cyclical behaviours

Muscle can experience post-activation potentiation (PAP), a temporary increase in force and rate of force development, when contractions are closely timed; therefore, cyclical behaviours are likely affected by PAP, as succeeding contraction cycles can lead to potentiation over several subsequent cycles. Here, we examined PAP during in situ cyclical contractions of the mallard lateral gastrocnemius (LG). Surface swimming, a cyclical behaviour, was mimicked with work-loops using in vivo LG length change and stimulation parameters. Tests were performed at mallards' preferred cycle frequency as well as at lower and higher frequencies. Like muscles from mammals, anurans and arthropods, the mallard LG exhibited PAP with increases in peak force, average force rate and net work. Staircase potentiation occurred over two or more work-loop cycles, resulting in gradual increases in PAP. The number of cycles needed to reach maximum work varied with cycle frequency, requiring more cycles at higher cycle frequencies. PAP occurred under in vivo-like stimulation parameters, suggesting a potentially important role of PAP in animal locomotion, especially in cyclical behaviours.
Magnon-bipolar carrier drag thermopower in antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic semiconductors: Theoretical formulation and experimental evidence

Quantized spin-wave known as magnon, a bosonic quasiparticle, can drag electrons or holes via s-d exchange interaction and boost the thermopower over the conventional diffusive thermopower. P-type magnon-drag thermopower has been observed in both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic metallic and degenerate semiconductors. However, it has been less reported for intrinsic or $n$-type magnetic semiconductors; therefore, the impact of magnon-bipolar carrier drag on thermopower has remained unexplored. Here, a theoretical model for magnon-bipolar carrier drag thermopower is derived based on the magnon-carrier interaction lifetimes. The model predicts that the bipolar carrier drag thermopower becomes independent of both the carrier and magnon relaxation times. A proof of concept experiment is presented that confirms this prediction. We also report the observation of magnon-carrier drag thermopower in n-type and intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors experimentally. The p-type antiferromagnetic MnTe is doped with different amounts of Cr to produce nondegenerate and n-type semiconductors of various carrier concentrations. Cr dopants have a donor nature and create ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic clusters due to the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}^{3+}$ oxidation state. Heat capacity measurements confirm the presence of magnons in Cr-doped MnTe. It is shown that the magnon-drag thermopower is significantly reduced for 3%--5% Cr-doped samples due to bipolar drag effects and becomes negative for 14% and 20% Cr-doped MnTe due to dominant magnon-electron drag thermopower.
Agile FRACAS in Production Manufacturing

SummaryThis paper provides a detailed and methodical approach towards the implementation of an agile Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS). It is important that the user already have tools in place for data collection, and for the management of FRACAS activities so that this methodological proposition can be accomplished. The method is a data-driven approach to collecting failure information and utilizing / allocating resources with maximum efficiency. Current FRACAS methods are fairly basic and not set up to allow the data to lead a program towards task and resource prioritization. Per MIL-STD-2155 [1], a Failure Review Board (FRB) is the primary mechanism for the review of failure trends, corrective action status, and to assure adequate corrective actions are taken. Additionally, it describes failure reporting simplistically as it pertains to individual failed items, not necessarily to failure trends and process issues. There is nothing specific in the document to drive high-rate production manufacturing environments towards utilizing failure trend information to identify high value / volume failures, thus developing the needs for an investigation into Root Cause and Corrective Action (RCCA). This proposal works under the following assumptions/steps:1.There exists a method to capture failure information and data2.The program can properly delineate production manufacturing issues from other non-production manufacturing issues, such as Development & Verification Testing, Qualification Testing, Mission Testing, etc.3.Leadership is not just in agreement with the process, but will act as an advocate4.Appropriate risk analysis and fault tree analysis techniques are utilized and presented5.An appropriate command media process already exists for the documentation of implementation requirements
Kelly v. US on Public Fraud and the Bridgegate Controversy

Staffers of New Jersey Governor Chris Christie shut down traffic between Manhattan and Ft. Lee, NJ across the George Washington Bridge—known as the busiest bridge in the world—during rush hour, on the first day of school, because the mayor of Ft. Lee had refused to endorse Christie in his reelection bid. The perpetrators of Bridgegate either committed a piece of political ugliness or a federal crime. They were convicted for engaging in fraud, specifically by deceiving government employees about the purpose of the shutdown and diverting federal funds to pay the employees who spent their day on the bridge rather than in productive labor. Whether political motives are a defense against fraud charges may have far-reaching consequences in an era of deep political polarization.
Business Aspects of Telemedicine

This chapter focuses on the business aspects of telemedicine and how an organization or individual practitioner sets up a successful telemedicine program by considering and planning for the components of any health care business. Planning for financial success, achieving a return on investment, and being able to scale a telemedicine program from pilot to national presence are topics covered in this chapter. Taking into consideration the seven models of telemedicine and the ability to generate revenue, receive payment, contract for shared savings and value-based purchasing arrangements, as well as direct-to-consumer (DTC), direct-to-patient (DTP), and direct-to-employee (DTE), business models are discussed in relation to telemedicine planning and implementation. Included are financial projections for the use of remote patient monitoring, DTC break-even analysis, reimbursement in a fee-for-service world, and Medicare, Medicaid, and private payer environments. Telemedicine initiatives must conduct a thorough analysis of how to attain financial stability, value-added service to the organization, and quality care, to ensure a sustainable and scalable program.
Childhood environments and their relationship with sleep and ambulatory blood pressure in college students.

OBJECTIVE Investigate whether psychosocial risk in the childhood family environment moderates the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and sleep, and the relationship between childhood SES and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in college students, two factors that are linked to future risk for cardiovascular disease. Participants: 124 American college students. Methods: Childhood SES and psychosocial risk in childhood family environments were measured by self-report instruments. Sleep was measured with self-report and actigraphy (over 5 days) and ABP over a 2-day period. Results: Linear regressions adjusting for age, sex, current SES, and current depressive symptoms indicated that SES and psychosocial risk in family environments during childhood interact to inform sleep quality, actigraphy derived wake after sleep onset (WASO), actigraphy derived Sleep Efficiency (SE) and ABP. Conclusions: Psychosocial risk in the childhood family environment may offset previously documented relationships between childhood SES and health-relevant outcomes in college students.
Bayesian single-arm phase II trial designs with time-to-event endpoints

For the cancer clinical trials with immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapy, time-to-event endpoint is often a desired endpoint. In this paper, we present an event-driven approach for Bayesian one-stage and two-stage single-arm phase II trial designs. Two versions of Bayesian one-stage designs were proposed with executable algorithms and meanwhile, we also develop theoretical relationships between the frequentist and Bayesian designs. These findings help investigators who want to design a trial using Bayesian approach have an explicit understanding of how the frequentist properties can be achieved. Moreover, the proposed Bayesian designs using the exact posterior distributions accommodate the single-arm phase II trials with small sample sizes. We also proposed an optimal two-stage approach, which can be regarded as an extension of Simon's two-stage design with the time-to-event endpoint. Comprehensive simulations were conducted to explore the frequentist properties of the proposed Bayesian designs and an R package BayesDesign can be assessed via R CRAN for convenient use of the proposed methods.
Is glucose the scapegoat for tumor evasion

Tumor cells undergo rapid aerobic glycolysis to fuel growth and proliferation. A recent finding in Nature reveals that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells demonstrate greater capacity for glucose uptake than tumor cells and consume significant amounts within the tumor milieu. Unexpectedly, tumor cells account for the highest glutamine utilization in the tumor microenvironment.
Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in 324 infants with hypotonia

This retrospective cohort study was designed to determine the yield of genetic tests in hypotonic infants and develop a diagnostic algorithm. Out of 496 patients identified by ICD 9/10 coding, 324 patients met the inclusion criteria. Diagnostic yields were 32% for karyotype, 19% for microarray, 30% for targeted genetic tests, 38% for gene panels, and 31% for exome sequencing. In addition, we considered the diagnostic contribution of ancillary tests, including neuroimaging, metabolic tests, etc. The combination of microarray and exome sequencing gave the highest diagnostic yield. None of the other tests added significant value in arriving at a diagnosis. Based on these results we propose that the vast majority of infants with congenital hypotonia should start with a microarray and proceed with exome sequencing, with the notable exception of infants with clearly syndromic features in whom karyotyping or targeted testing may be more appropriate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Gestational and lactational exposure to BPA or BPS has minimal effects on skeletal outcomes in adult female mice.

Abstract Bisphenol-A (BPA) and bisphenol-S (BPS) are estrogen disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in the environment and common household items. Estrogen is a primary hormonal regulator of bone growth and development; however, the impact of gestational BPA or BPS exposure on skeletal health of offspring remains relatively unknown. In this longitudinal study, adult female mice were randomized into three groups: 200 μg BPA/kg BW (BPA), 200 μg BPS/kg BW (BPS) or control (CON). Animals in each group were further randomized to exercise treatment (EX) or sedentary (SED) control, resulting in six overall groups. BPA/BPS/CON and EX/SED treatment were initiated prior to mating and continued through mating, gestation, and lactation. One female offspring from each dam (n = 6/group) was assessed at 17 weeks of age to evaluate effects of EDC exposure on the adult skeleton. Cortical geometry of the mid-diaphysis and trabecular microarchitecture of the distal femur were assessed via micro-computed tomography. Biomechanical strength and mineral apposition rate of the femoral diaphysis were assessed via three-point bending and dynamic histomorphometry, respectively. Sclerostin expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. Two-factor ANOVA or ANCOVA were used to determine the effects of maternal exercise and BPA or BPS exposure on trabecular and cortical bone outcomes, respectively. Consistent with prior studies, there were no significant differences in body weight, femoral length, cortical geometry, trabecular microarchitecture, or biomechanical strength between groups in female offspring. In conclusion, gestational BPA exposure and maternal exercise have minimal impact on skeletal outcomes in female adult offspring.
Decentralized control information structures preserved under feedback

We consider the problem of constructing decentralized control systems. We formulate this problem as one of minimizing the closed-loop norm of a feedback system subject to constraints on the controller structure. We define the notion of quadratic invariance of a constraint set with respect to a system, and show that if the constraint set has this property, then the constrained minimum norm problem may be solved via convex programming. We also show that quadratic invariance is necessary and sufficient for the constraint set to be preserved under feedback. We develop necessary and sufficient conditions under which the constraint set is quadratically invariant, and show that many examples of decentralized synthesis which have been proven to be solvable in the literature are quadratically invariant. As an example, we show that a controller which minimizes the norm of the closed-loop map may be efficiently computed in the case where distributed controllers can communicate faster than the propagation delay of the plant dynamics.
A contrast in responses to the unspeakable events of September 11: American Airlines vs. United Airlines

September 11, 2001, is a date that has caused nearly everyone in the civilized world to reflect on all elements of life and work. Certainly, the events of that day caused a multitude of corporate communicators to reflect on their communication strategies, and in particular on their crisis response plans. This extraordinary event was a most severe test of how well these plans stood up. The events of September 11 were a national disaster (in the US) in which two airlines had their planes used as weapons in a most horrendous terrorist attack against the United States. Instead of one terrible crash, there were four. Instead of relatives and friends of one planeload of passengers to communicate with, there were four. With all of the political, financial, and emotional implications of these crashes, imagine the crisis communication task that American Airlines and United Airlines had to cope with. The paper examines the first twenty-four hours of press releases from the two airlines and analyzes what they tell us about how well each airline seemed to be prepared for a disaster of this magnitude. W.T. Coombs' (1995; 2000) crisis response strategies are the basis for the analysis.
Sedation Scales and Discharge Criteria: How Do They Differ? Which One to Choose? Do They Really Apply to Sedation?

Assessing the depth of sedation in children is critically important to determine whether the goals of sedation are met without exposing the patient to the risk of adverse outcomes. In Cravero’s model of pediatric sedation, the patient’s state ranges from fully awake undergoing a painful procedure without sedation or analgesia to apnea, hypoxia, and death from oversedation. Clearly, having the sedated child’s state in the goal zone is important, and objective tools to assess sedation depth are necessary to standardize depth of sedation. Additionally, having objective assessment scales available to rate a child’s readiness for discharge from a sedation recovery area is also important, as premature discharge may lead to adverse events and even death. This chapter will review commonly used pediatric sedation scales, focusing on procedural sedation. Then methods of sedation assessment using processed EEG will be reviewed and compared to pediatric sedation scales.
Relationships Among Disease, Social Support, and Perceived Health: A Lifespan Approach

We examined the relationship between the cumulative presence of major disease (cancer, stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension), social support, and self-reported general and emotional well-being in a community representative sample of predominantly White and African American respondents (N = 1349). Across all ages, greater presence of disease predicted poorer reported general health, and predicted lower emotional well-being for respondents 40 and above. In contrast, social support predicted better-reported general and emotional well-being. We predicted that different types of social support (blood relatives, children, friends, community members) would be relatively more important for health in different age groups based on a lifespan or life stage model. This hypothesis was supported; across all ages, social support was related to better reported general and emotional health, but sources of support differed by age. Broadly, those in younger age groups tended to list familial members as their strongest sources of support, whereas older group members listed their friends and community members. As a whole, social support mediated the effect of disease on reported well-being, however, moderated mediation by type of support was not significant. The results are consistent with a lifespan approach to changing social ties throughout the life course.
The Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of All-Cause Mortality Among Women With Impaired Fasting Glucose or Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the independent and joint associations among cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index, and risk of mortality from any cause among women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Female patients (N=3044; mean age, 47.4 years) with IFG or undiagnosed DM completed a maximal exercise treadmill test (between January 26, 1971, and March 21, 2001). The women had no history of a cardiovascular disease event or diagnosed DM at baseline. Cardiorespiratory fitness was defined categorically as low (bottom 20%), moderate (middle 40%), or high (upper 40%) according to previously published Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study guidelines. Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (kg/m 2 ). RESULTS During a 16-year follow-up period, 171 deaths occurred. There was an inverse association between CRF and all-cause mortality risk. Women with moderate or high CRF were at lower risk of mortality (moderate CRF, 35% lower; high CRF, 36% lower; P trend =.03) than those with low CRF. An exercise capacity lower than 7 metabolic equivalents was associated with a 1.5-fold higher risk of death than an exercise capacity of 9 metabolic equivalents or higher ( P trend =.05). The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), including adjustments for CRF, were higher for heavier patients than for patients of normal weight (overweight patients: HR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.30; obese patients: HR, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-2.03; P trend =.84). Combined analyses showed that women who were overweight or obese and unfit (low CRF) were at more than twice the risk of death than women who were of normal weight and fit (moderate or high CRF). CONCLUSION Cardiorespiratory fitness, not body mass index, is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality among women with IFG or undiagnosed DM. Assessing CRF levels provides important prognostic information independent of traditional risk factors.
Toxic misfolding of Arabidopsis cellulases in the secretory pathway of Pichia pastoris

Plants produce a large number of cellulases that are either secreted or anchored in the plasma membrane where they likely function in various aspects of cellulose synthesis, modification and degradation during plant growth and development. Very few of these enzymes have been characterized in any detail, however. Here we attempted to produce two Arabidopsis modular cellulases, which contain a catalytic domain belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) and a carbohydrate binding module (CBM), in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Neither of the intact modular enzymes was detectably produced, although the independently expressed GH9 catalytic domain of one enzyme was secreted when the protein was expressed at low temperature. Expression of intact and truncated cellulases at the standard temperature caused extensive cell lysis, with release of high concentrations of endogenous proteins into the culture medium. Cell lysis appeared to result from misfolding of cellulase proteins within the Pichia secretory pathway. The toxicity of these misfolded cellulases potentially could be exploited to derive host strains with enhanced capability to fold recombinant secretory proteins.
Presteady-State Kinetic Evidence for a Ring-Opening Activity in Fructose-1,6-(bis)phosphate Aldolase

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, a glycolytic enzyme, catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, resulting in two three-carbon products. The reaction of the class I enzymes, which utilize a Schiff-base intermediate, requires that the hexose be in the open-chain form. This form comprises only 1−2% of the sugar at equilibrium. The chemical form of the substrate that binds to aldolase and begins the catalytic cycle has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Transient-state kinetics in single-turnover experiments of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with aldolase in excess reveals the rates of the intermediate steps in the cleavage reaction, including those from initial binding to Schiff-base formation. The rate of hexose Schiff-base formation was faster than the uncatalyzed rate for ring-opening of either the α- or β-furanose at 4 °C. In addition, approach-to-equilibrium experiments reveal that aldolase binds and reacts first with 70% of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a fast reaction, consistent with the am...
A New Fossil Salamander (Caudata, Proteidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT North American Late Cretaceous salamanders are principally known by isolated atlantes and trunk vertebrae. Here I describe a new genus and species of fossil salamander, Paranecturus garbanii, gen. et sp. nov., based on these elements from the lower portions of the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Garfield County, northeastern Montana, U.S.A. It is diagnosed by a unique combination of character states that include the presence of an alar-like process of the atlas and a groove on the posterior face of the neural arch and solid dorsal rib-bearers of the trunk vertebrae. My phylogenetic analysis of 13 caudate taxa and 23 atlantal and trunk vertebral characters recovered P. garbanii as a member of the Proteidae. P. garbanii represents the oldest fossil record of the Proteidae and demonstrates that this lineage was present before the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP
Detecting Propagating Signals with Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions: A Cautionary Note

Abstract A limitation on the performance of complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analyses in the time domain is illustrated with synthetic, noise-free, nondispersive, propagating signals. Numerical examples using a band-limited white spectrum and a simulation of costal-trapped waves sampled with an array of tide gauges, demonstrate that CEOF analysis is degraded with increasing ΔκΔχ (Δκ is the wavenumber bandwidth and Δχ is the instrument array length). A relatively wide wavenumber bandwidth [ΔκΔχ < 0(2π)] results in a significant loss of variance recovery towards the ends of the array. The CEOF method don yield an average frequency and wavenumber for the first mode, independent of ΔκΔχ, that accurately estimate the phase speed of the nondispersive propagating signal. These simple simulators indicate that modal spatial patterns from a time domain CEOF analysis of wide-banded signals should be interpreted cautiously.
General theory for the processing of compressed and encrypted imagery with taxonomic analysis

The processing of compressed and encrypted imagery can exhibit advantages of computational efficiency as well as data security. Due to the data reduction inherent in compression, the computational speedup achieved via compressive processing can equal or exceed the compression ratio. Encryptive transformations which yield compressed ciphertext can similarly facilitate computational speedup, and are well known. However, due to analytical difficulties inherent in the derivation of operations which compute over the range space of commonly employed compressive transforms, reports of such processing paradigms are not evident in the open literature. In this introductory paper, we describe compressive and encryptive transformations in terms of functional mappings derived from abstract mathematics and image algebra (IA). An emerging technology, IA is a rigorous, concise notation which unifies linear and nonlinear mathematics in the image domain, and has been implemented on a variety of serial and parallel computers. Additionally, we derive a taxonomy of image transformations. Each taxonomic class is analyzed in terms of computational complexity and applicability to image and signal processing. We further present decompositions specific to each transformational class, which facilitate the design of operations over a given transform's range space. Examples and analysis are given for several image operations.
Mine‐induced seismicity likely caused Utah mine event

With six coal miners trapped in the Crandall Canyon Mine in east central Utah since 6 August, seismologists analyzing the estimated 3.9 magnitude event have indicated that it most likely was caused by an underground cavity collapse rather than by a tectonic earthquake. “Most of the seismic wave energy is consistent with an underground collapse; however, the cause of the mine collapse is still unknown,” according to an analysis of the event by Douglas Dreger, assistant professor of geophysics with the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) at the University of California, Berkeley, and colleagues at BSL and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (http://seismo.berkeley.edu/-peggy/Utah20070806.htm).
Early evaluation of mixed leukocyte interactions in mice and guinea pigs using measurements of protein synthesis.

Abstract A rapid microassay for mixed lymphocyte interactions (MLI) in the mouse and the guinea pig has been developed. This assay is based on the stimulation of protein synthesis (SPS) that occurs as soon as 11 hr after initiation of the culture and can be measured with high precision. The cells are cultured in leucine-free medium without serum in microtiter plates in 0.2 ml volumes using 2 × 106 cells of each cell type. Stimulation of protein synthesis as measured by increased incorporation of a pulse of 3H-leucine into protein occurs in allogeneic MLI's in which cells differ at major and minor, as well as at only minor histocompatibility loci, but does not occur in xenogeneic MLI's. Unidirectional MLI's can also be performed using either Xirradiated cells or cells from F1-hybrid animals. The sum of the two one-way MLI's in each case equals that of the two-way MLI. The advantage of this assay are: (1) it can be completed in less than 24 hr; (2) serum is not required in the culture medium; (3) relatively few cells and small amounts of reagents are required; (4) it is highly reproducible.
Unsteady, laminar, incompressible flow through rectangular ducts

L'etude porte sur la theorie de lecoulement non permanent d'un fluide visqueux incompressible dans de canaux rectangulaires d'allongement divers, sous l'influence d'un gradient de pression arbitraire, dependant du temps. Des solutions ont ete obtenues dans 4 cas particuliers: 1. gradient de pression impulsif, 2. gradient de pression constant et etabli brusquement, 3. gradient de pression en fonction harmonique du temps, 4. gradient de pression a une composante constante et une composante harmonique. On donne les repartitions de vitesse, les coefficients de frottement et la dissipation d'energie par unite de longueur.
Direct and incentive planning within a university

Abstract This paper explores appropriate roles of “direct” and “incentive” academic planning in helping universities relate advantageously to the aspect of their environments represented by the instructional and research demands of their constituencies. Adopting these roles requires a university to have flexible, uncommitted resources which are difficult to obtain from program reductions because of the impossibility of administratively valuing a university's programs. The paper presents evidence that at one university these funds can be derived alternatively from improved tuition policy and legislative funding relationships.
Faculty Adopters of Podcasting: Satisfaction, University Support and Belief in Podcasting

Educators have started incorporating iPods for academic purposes and a growing interest exists in using podcasting as an educational tool. However, it remains uncertain whether podcasting will hit the critical mass and become an indispensable teaching tool for the classroom. In this regard, it is critical to evaluate the adoption experience of the faculty and identify the benefits and challenges encountered in the process. This paper derives its theoretical framework from two threads, the original model of the diffusion of innovation and the modified model in the organizational setting, which will help explore the phenomenon of podcast use at universities. This paper examines factors that might have a significant role in the faculty's experiential use of podcasting.
Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and risk for colorectal adenomas ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Background & Aims: Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to protect against the development of colorectal cancer. Because adenomas are precursors to most colorectal cancers, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship of these medications to the risk for colorectal adenomas in a colonoscopy-based case-control study. Methods: Study participants were drawn from patients who underwent colonoscopy at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. Medication use was assessed by telephone using a comprehensive list of prescription and nonprescription drugs as well as questions about dietary and lifestyle factors that might be relevant for adenoma development. Results: There were 210 patients with adenomas and 169 adenoma-free controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, regular users were half as likely to currently have adenomas compared with nonusers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.92). Regular users who stopped medication at least 1 year before colonoscopy were still protected (adjusted odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.21–1.67), although small numbers make this conclusion tentative. The protective effects of aspirin and the nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were similar. Conclusions: The results suggest that aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause early disruption of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The challenge for the future will be to learn more about dose, duration, and mechanism of action. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;114:441-447
[Comment on “Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”] from A. D. Kirwan Jr.: More on anonymous reviews

Judging by the considerable and varied response it generated, the letter by Myrl Beck in the 1 July 2003 issue calling for signed reviews touched a sensitive point with many AGU members. As succinctly noted by Joseph Walder (Eos, 23 September 2003), all of the evidence cited for abuse of the review process is anecdotal. Yet,the shear volume and variety of the responses was surprising, at least to me. This suggests there are some broad editorial issues that appropriate AGU oversight committees might address. To further this, I offer my perspective as a former editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans and Atmospheres) and Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, and as current editor of the International Journal of Engineering Science.
A New Multi-Dimensional RF and Microwave Modeling Algorithm Based on Rational Interpolants and Hybrid Mapping

A new adaptive multi-dimensional RF/microwave modeling algorithm based on rational interpolants is proposed. For the first time, the algorithm integrates rational functions, genetic concepts, and frequency mapping into a unified CAD tool, which facilitates accurate and fast EM based RF/microwave modeling. Given an RF/microwave modeling problem, highly non-linear and relatively less non-linear model inputs are distinguishable. The algorithm consists of two phases. Starting with a minimal number of EM data and with lowest-order rational functions, Phase 1 systematically produces a sub-model with highly non-linear inputs alone. In Phase 2, an initial overall model is first constructed based on the above sub-model. A hybrid mapping then fine-tunes the initial model to capture the RF/microwave tendencies w.r.t. the less non-linear inputs. The algorithm is illustrated through a practical example.