cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of senescence-associated genes in broccoli (Brassica oleracea) following harvest

Abstract We used genomic tools to understand senescence and molecular signaling events in harvested broccoli florets stored at 25 or 4 °C to test the hypothesis that genetic markers can be used to identify the stage of senescence or physiological age of plant tissue. The RNA-sequencing approach provided key insights into the gradual changes in transcriptome during postharvest storage in broccoli. We found that 4279 and 4143 transcripts were differentially expressed after 3 and 5 days of storage at the two storage temperatures, respectively. We then performed genome-wide comparisons at 25 and 4 °C and illustrated the temporal and spatial-specific genes in stored broccoli. By using quantitative Real-Time PCR and transient tobacco assay, we validated our RNA-sequencing experiment. We further performed comparative analysis of Arabidopsis and broccoli to disclose conserved senescence genes. Concurrently, we found that 43 genes were senescence-specific genes that are common senescence-associated genes (SAGs) regardless of tissue-specific expression. Interestingly, we observed 73 transcription factors (TFs) within this group that might form a core transcriptional regulatory circuitry to control the onset and progression of senescence. Moreover, we also identified new molecular players involved in postharvest senescence including brassinosteroids (BR) perception genes, BIK1 (Brassinosteroid-Interacting Kinase1), BRL1 (BRI1-like 1), BIR1 (BAK1-Inteacting Receptor-Like Kinase 1), stomatal patterning gene SPCH, and circadian clock genes CCA1. Those genes could serve as ‘freshness-indicators’ for the stage of senescence or relative freshness of the product. This report identified the SAGs that are essential for tissue-specific senescence and provided fundamental insights into signaling events during postharvest senescence in Brassica plants.
WE-G-204-02: Utility of a Channelized Hotelling Model Observer Over a Large Range of Angiographic Exposure Levels

Purpose: Mathematical model observers provide a figure of merit that simultaneously considers a test object and the contrast, noise, and spatial resolution properties of an imaging system. The purpose of this work was to investigate the utility of a channelized Hotelling model observer (CHO) to assess system performance over a large range of angiographic exposure conditions. Methods: A 4 mm diameter disk shaped, iodine contrast test object was placed on a 20 cm thick Lucite phantom and 1204 image frames were acquired using fixed x-ray beam quality and for several detector target dose (DTD) values in the range 6 to 240 nGy. The CHO was implemented in the spatial domain utilizing 96 Gabor functions as channels. Detectability index (DI) estimates were calculated using the “resubstitution” and “holdout” methods to train the CHO. Also, DI values calculated using discrete subsets of the data were used to estimate a minimally biased DI as might be expected from an infinitely large dataset. The relationship between DI, independently measured CNR, and changes in results expected assuming a quantum limited detector were assessed over the DTD range. Results: CNR measurements demonstrated that the angiography system is not quantum limited due to relatively increasing contamination from electronic noise that reduces CNR for low DTD. Direct comparison of DI versus CNR indicates that the CHO relatively overestimates DI for low DTD and/or underestimates DI values for high DTD. The relative magnitude of the apparent bias error in the DI values was ∼20% over the 40x DTD range investigated. Conclusion: For the angiography system investigated, the CHO can provide a minimally biased figure of merit if implemented over a restricted exposure range. However, bias leads to overestimates of DI for low exposures. This work emphasizes the need to verify CHO model performance during real-world application.
Tursiops truncatus (Bottle-nosed dolphin)

One pair of the small acrocentric autosomes actually has a short second arm. This pair is arranged at the right side of the second row in these karyotypes.
Use of intraoperative fluoroscopy for the safe placement of C2 laminar screws: technical note

Rigid fixation of the atlantoaxial joint can be quite challenging due to complex anatomic variants. Numerous techniques have evolved over time, improving the surgeon’s adaptability. The recent advent of C2 laminar screws adds to the surgeon’s armamentarium, but is not without its own set of limitations. Risk of ventral laminar breach with possible spinal cord injury, CSF leak, or poor bony fixation have led some to recommend prefabricated models or expensive intraoperative spinal navigation to aid screw placement. The purpose of this report is to detail how the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy can be used to aid in the safe placement of C2 laminar screws. One patient with rheumatoid arthritis and progressive cervical myelopathy from C1–2 instability underwent C1–2 fixation using C2 laminar screws. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to guide and confirm safe laminar screw placement. Immediate and 6-month postoperative imaging demonstrated excellent placement of C2 laminar screws without ventral breach. At 6 months, the patient noted significant improvement of her preoperative symptoms. Use of intraoperative fluoroscopy is an easy and safe method for the placement of C2 laminar screws. Given its use of readily available equipment, this method can be implemented without significant pre-planning, or as an impromptu salvage maneuver.
Oncogene-specific gene expression signature at preneoplastic stage defines distinct mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis in E2f1, c-Myc, and E2f1/c-Myc transgenic mice

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 829 We applied a genome-wide microarray analysis to three transgenic mouse models of liver cancer in which targeted over-expression of either c-Myc , E2f1 , or their combination was driven by the albumin enhancer promoter. Although gene expression profiles in HCCs derived in all three transgenic lines were highly similar, oncogene-specific gene expression signatures were identified at an early dysplastic stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. Over-expression of E2f1 was associated with a strong alteration in lipid metabolism, and Srebp1 was identified as a candidate transcription factor responsible for lipogenic enzyme induction. The molecular signature of c-Myc over-expression included more than 60 genes involved in the translational machinery that correlated with an increase in liver mass. In contrast, the combined activity of c-Myc and E2f1 specifically enhanced the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, particularly the components of the respiratory chain and correlated with an increased ATP synthesis. Thus, the results suggest that E2f1, c-Myc, and their combination promote liver tumor development by distinct mechanisms. Determination of tissue specific oncogenes gene expression signatures might be useful to identify conserved expression modules in human cancers.
Intensity oscillation in Hα-fine structure

Using a new technique of directly measuring the intensity variation from the 16 mm time-lapse filtergram movies taken in the blue wing and in the line center of Hα, we found periodic intensity oscillations in the center of Hα-supergranulation network, in rosette centers and in plage granules. The oscillatory period of intensity in the network is of the order of 170 ± 44 seconds while in regions of stronger magnetic field, such as in plages and in rosettes, the period was found to be longer, on the order of 300 ± 50 seconds. It is suggested that observed intensity oscillation in the rosette center is related to the shooting out of dark mottles from rosettes. Oscillatory intensity fluctuations have been also observed in the sunspot umbra.
Laser resurfacing and remodeling of hypertrophic burn scars: the results of a large, prospective, before-after cohort study, with long-term follow-up.

Objectives Hypertrophic burn scars produce significant morbidity, including itching, pain, stiffness, and contracture, but best management practices remain unclear. We present the largest study to date that examines long-term impact of laser therapies, a potentially transformative technology, on scar remodeling. Methods We conducted a prospective, before-after cohort study in burn patients with hypertrophic scars. Pulsed-dye laser was used for pruritus and erythema; fractional CO2 laser was used for stiffness and abnormal texture. Outcomes included (1) Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), which documents pigmentation, erythema, pliability, and height, and (2) University of North Carolina "4P" Scar Scale (UNC4P), which rates pain, pruritus, paresthesias, and pliability. Results A total of 147 burn patients (mean age, 26.9 years; total body surface area, 16.1%) received 415 laser sessions (2.8 sessions/patient), 16 months (median) after injury, including pulsed dye laser (n = 327) and CO2 (n = 139). Laser treatments produced rapid, significant, and lasting improvements in hypertrophic scar. Provider-rated VSS dropped from 10.43 [standard deviation (SD) 2.37] to 5.16 (SD 1.92), by the end of treatments, and subsequently decreased to 3.29 (SD 1.24), at a follow-up of 25 months. Patient-reported UNC4P fell from 5.40 (SD 2.54) to 2.05 (SD 1.67), after the first year, and further decreased to 1.74 (SD 1.72), by the end of the study period. Conclusions For the first time, ever, in a large prospective study, laser therapies have been shown to dramatically improve both the signs and symptoms of hypertrophic burn scars, as measured by objective and subjective instruments. Laser treatment of burn scars represents a disruptive innovation that can yield results not previously possible and may displace traditional methods of operative intervention.
Utilizing the ECHO Model in the Veterans Health Affairs System: Guidelines for Setup, Operations and Preliminary Findings

Background: In 2011, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) consulted with the Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) team at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, to reproduce their successful model within the VHA. Methods: The VHA launched SCAN-ECHO (Specialty Care Access Network-Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), a multisite videoconferencing system to conduct live clinical consultations between specialists at a VHA Medical Center (hospital) and primary care providers stationed at satellite VHA CBOCs (Community-Based Outpatient Clinic). Results: Analysis of the first three years rendered a mean attendee satisfaction of 89.53% and a consultation satisfaction score of 88.10%. About half of the SCAN-ECHO consultations resulted in patients receiving their treatment from their local primary care providers; the remaining half were referred to the VHA Medical Center when the treatment involved equipment or services not available at the CBOCs (e.g., MRI, surgery). Conclusion: This paper details the setup, operation logistics and preliminary findings, suggesting that SCAN-ECHO is a viable model for providing quality specialty clinical consultation service, prompter access to care, reduced commutes and continuing education. Additionally, the use of a secured Internet-based videoconferencing system that supports connectivity to multiple (mobile) devices could expand the utilization of this service.
Prejudice Reduction Through Intergroup Contact in Northern Ireland: A Social-Psychological Critique

The simplistic view that prejudice stems from ignorance and that ignorance can be cured by contact was elevated to "a cultural truism and a plan for action" in the early 1950s,3 and has been at the heart of the study of intergroup relations, particularly in the US, ever since.4 In 1962, Berkowitz proposed the ESC hypothesis as the only successful means of reducing hostilities across racial divides.5 Subse­ quently, cross-community contact schemes were widely deployed throughout the period of the civil rights movement in America. Like many aspects of that period, which made their way across the Atlantic, the concept of contact as a means of improving relations between divided communities received considerable support from those working for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants in North­ ern Ireland at that time,6 and is still the prevailing philosophy behind many crosscommunity endeavors in the province today.7 THE ESC MODEL AS A FORM OF EDUCATION The implementation of the ESC hypothesis in Northern Ireland has taken many forms, all of which may be said to be educational in nature, whether or not they take place in the classroom.8 Nevertheless, it is in a formal educational setting, where equality of contact is most pronounced, that the hypothesis should, in theory, be best put to the test. In such a setting equality exists not only in terms of age and environment, but also in program of study, criteria for individual assessment, rules of conduct, and even (in some cases) code of dress. Because attendance is compulsory, contact between students is regular, consistent, and long-term: most children spend more than forty hours a week engaged in school-related activities, nine months out of every year, for more than a decade. Education for Mutual Understanding (EMU) has been developed to intro­ duce a cross-communit y theme into the design of school curricula at all levels throughout the province; it also forms the basis of the European Studies Project
The ringed X-galaxy NGC 7020

The southern SO (sup +) galaxy NGC 7020 presents an unusual morphology: it includes a very regular outer ring which is completely detached and which envelops an inner ring/lens zone with a hexagon surrounding an X shape. The outer ring has a high contrast compared to those usually observed in barred galaxies, yet NGC 7020 is not obviously barred. The morphology of this galaxy poses an interesting puzzle in that the hexagonal/X zone is not a typical type of feature to find in the interior of such a regular ring. Instead, the zone bears a striking resemblance to the edge-on galaxy IC 4767, recently studied by Whitmore and Bell (1988 = WB88) and dubbed by them as the X-galaxy because its inner regions appear to be crossed by two distinct enhancements lined at plus or minus 22 deg with respect to the major axis. The observation of a similar phenomenon in NGC 7020 is interesting because of the suggestion by WB88 that X structures could be related to accretion of matter associated with a merger or tidal encounter between an SO and a small satellite galaxy. If this interpretation is correct for NGC 7020, then it has important implications for the nature of the outer ring. An alternative interpretation is that the inner hexagonal/X zone is a region where resonant periodic orbits in a weak bi-symmetric potential perturbation are influencing the morphology more strongly than might be expected. A brief summary of a more extensive paper (Buta 1990c = B90c) and a few other details concerning this interesting galaxy are given.
Detection of masses on mammograms using a convolution neural network

A convolution neural network (CNN) was used for classification of masses and normal tissue on mammograms. A generalized CNN was developed that uses multiple images derived from a single region of interest (ROI) as the input. The CNN input images were obtained from the ROIs using (i) averaging and subsampling; and (ii) texture feature extraction methods on smaller sub-regions inside the ROI. In (ii), features computed over different sub-regions were arranged as texture-images, and subsequently used as inputs to the CNN. The results indicate that using texture-images improves the classification accuracy.
Unique properties of lunar impact glass: Nanophase metallic Fe synthesis

Lunar regolith contains important materials that can be used for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) on the Moon, thereby providing for substantial economic savings for development of a manned base. However, virtually all activities on the Moon will be affected by the deleterious effects of the adhering, abrasive, and pervasive nature of lunar dust (<20 {micro}m portion of regolith, which constitutes {approx}20 wt% of the soil). In addition, the major impact-produced glass in the lunar soil, especially agglutinitic glass (60-80 vol% of the dust), contains unique nanometer-sized metallic Fe (np-Fe{sup 0}), which may pose severe pulmonary problems for humans. The presence of the np-Fe0 imparts considerable magnetic susceptibility to the fine portion of the lunar soil, and dust mitigation techniques can be designed using these magnetic properties. The limited availability of Apollo lunar soils for ISRU research has made it necessary to produce materials that simulate this unique np-Fe{sup 0} property, for testing different dust mitigation methods using electromagnetic fields, and for toxicity studies of human respiratory and pulmonary systems, and for microwave treatment of lunar soil to produce paved roads, etc. A method for synthesizing np-Fe{sup 0} in an amorphous silica matrix is presented here. This type of specific simulantmore » can be used as an additive to other existing lunar soil simulants.« less
Fault diagnosis of automotive electric power generation and storage systems

Automotive vehicles are becoming increasingly dependent on electric power, and this trend will accelerate. The health of the vehicular electric power generation and storage (EPGS) system is crucial to enhance vehicle safety, fuel economy, and reliability. In this paper, a fault detection and isolation method is presented for the automotive EPGS system, focusing on alternator related faults. Parity relations and structured residuals are designed using principal component analysis techniques. Real-time implementation and validation of the diagnostic algorithm have been successfully conducted by utilizing an automotive EPGS system test bench.
An open source implementation of colon CAD in 3D slicer

Most colon CAD (computer aided detection) software products, especially commercial products, are designed for use by radiologists in a clinical environment. Therefore, those features that effectively assist radiologists in finding polyps are emphasized in those tools. However, colon CAD researchers, many of whom are engineers or computer scientists, are working with CT studies in which polyps have already been identified using CT Colonography (CTC) and/or optical colonoscopy (OC). Their goal is to utilize that data to design a computer system that will identify all true polyps with no false positive detections. Therefore, they are more concerned with how to reduce false positives and to understand the behavior of the system than how to find polyps. Thus, colon CAD researchers have different requirements for tools not found in current CAD software. We have implemented a module in 3D Slicer to assist these researchers. As with clinical colon CAD implementations, the ability to promptly locate a polyp candidate in a 2D slice image and on a 3D colon surface is essential for researchers. Our software provides this capability, and uniquely, for each polyp candidate, the prediction value from a classifier is shown next to the 3D view of the polyp candidate, as well as its CTC/OC finding. This capability makes it easier to study each false positive detection and identify its causes. We describe features in our colon CAD system that meets researchers' specific requirements. Our system uses an open source implementation of a 3D Slicer module, and the software is available to the pubic for use and for extension (http://www2.wfubmc.edu/ctc/download/).
Perceptual Differences in Racial Descriptions of Euro-American and Hispanic Persons:

This study examined negative stereotypes held about Hispanic persons by 116 Euro-American graduating MBA students. Schein's 92-item Descriptive Questionnaire (1973) was rated by subjects as either positive (e.g., intelligent, persistent, ambitious, etc.) or negative (e.g., uncertain, passive, nervous, etc.). 53 items were characterized as positive while 18 were considered negative. When applied to Euro-American and Hispanic persons, zero and 8 negative items, respectively, could be used to describe these two groups in general. Conversely, while 26 positive items were used exclusively to describe Euro-American persons, only one could be applied exclusively to Hispanic persons. The potential effects of such perceptions on Hispanic persons job opportunities are discussed.
On Indirect Genetic Effects in Structured Populations

Abstract: Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when the phenotype of an individual, and possibly its fitness, depends, at least in part, on the genes of its social partners. The effective result is that environmental sources of phenotypic variance can themselves evolve. Simple models have shown that IGEs can alter the rate and direction of evolution for traits involved in interactions. Here we expand the applicability of the theory of IGEs to evolution in metapopulations by including nonlinear interactions between individuals and population genetic structure. Although population subdivision alone generates some dramatic and nonintuitive evolutionary dynamics for interacting phenotypes, the combination of nonlinear interactions with subdivision reveals an even greater importance of IGEs. The presence of genetic structure links the evolution of interacting phenotypes and the traits that influence their expression (“effector traits”) even in the absence of genetic correlations. When nonlinear social effects...
Visualization of chemokine binding sites on human brain microvessels.

The chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) aid in directing leukocytes to specific locales within the brain and spinal cord during central nervous system inflammation. However, it remains unclear how these chemokines exert their actions across a vascular barrier, raising speculation that interaction with endothelial cells might be required. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine whether binding domains for these chemokines exist along the outer surface of brain microvessels, a feature that could potentially relay chemokine signals from brain to blood. Using a biotinylated chemokine binding assay with confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, spatially resolved binding sites for MCP-1 and MIP-α around human brain microvessels were revealed for the first time. Binding of labeled MCP-1 and MIP-1α could be inhibited by unlabeled homologous but not heterologous chemokine, and was independent of the presence of heparan sulfate, laminin, or collagen in the subendothelial matrix. This is the first evidence of specific and separate binding domains for MCP-1 and MIP-1α on the parenchymal surface of microvessels, and highlights the prospect that specific interactions of chemokines with microvascular elements influence the extent and course of central nervous system inflammation.
Multiproperty Microstructure and Property Design of Magnetic Materials

Microstructure sensitive design was used in this study to design a textured soft magnet material to meet a range of magnetic properties. The evolution of microstructure and magnetic properties during mechanical processing was simulated and presented in a spectral representation for microstructure (texture hull) and magnetic property (property hull). The set of properties for a single path (or multiple processing paths) is represented in the property hull with a direct link to the range of desired microstructures. A methodology is proposed to achieve microstructures satisfying the requirement of multiple properties.
Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of higher-spin nuclei. I. Some general considerations and case studies of systems of three nuclei with spin = 1

Abstract This is the first of a projected series of papers on the theoretical calculation and analysis of NMR spectra for nuclei with spin greater than 1 2 . The Hamiltonian, the symmetry, basis sets, and the “matrix element machine” for such higher-spin systems are discussed. Case studies are made for systems of three spins with spin equal to 1.
Self-assembled nanoelectronic quantum computer based on the Rashba effect in quantum dots

Quantum computers promise vastly enhanced computational power and an uncanny ability to solve classically intractable problems. However, few proposals exist for robust, solid-state implementation of such computers where the quantum gates are sufficiently miniaturized to have nanometer-scale dimensions. Here I present a new approach whereby a complete computer with nanoscale gates might be self-assembled using chemical synthesis. Specifically, I demonstrate how to self-assemble the fundamental unit of this quantum computer---a two-qubit universal quantum gate---based on two exchange coupled multilayered quantum dots. Then I show how these gates can be wired using thiolated conjugated molecules as electrical connectors. Each quantum dot in this architecture consists of ferromagnet-semiconductor-ferromagnet layers. The ground state in the semiconductor layer is spin split because of the Rashba interaction and the spin-splitting energy can be varied by an external electrostatic potential applied to the dot. A spin polarized electron is injected into each dot from one of the ferromagnetic layers and trapped by Coulomb blockade. Its spin orientation encodes a qubit. Arbitrary qubit rotations are effected by bringing the spin-splitting energy in a target quantum dot in resonance with a global ac magnetic field by applying a potential pulse of appropriate amplitude and duration to the dot. The controlled dynamics of the universal two-qubit rotation operation can be realized by exploiting the exchange coupling with the nearest-neighboring dot. The qubit (spin orientation) is read via the current induced between the ferromagnetic layers under an applied potential. The ferromagnetic layers act as ``polarizers'' and ``analyzers'' for spin injection and detection. A complete prescription for initialization of the computer and data input/output operations is presented. This paradigm, to the best of our knowledge, draws together two great recent scientific advances: one in materials science (nanoscale self-assembly) and the other in information science (quantum computing).
Endopolyploidy in diploid and tetraploid maize (Zea mays l.)

Abstract Nuclei from different tissues such as stem, mesocotyl, nodal root and root tip of diploid and tetraploid maize were isolated, stained with propidium iodide and passed through an EPICS-751 flow-cytometer cell sorter. Variations in flow histograms were observed in different tissues. Stem tissues of both the diploid and tetraploid had two peaks representing G1 and G2 somatic nuclei. The remaining tissues in both the diploids and tetraploids exhibited three peaks. The first peak observed in these tissues represents G1 somatic nuclei of the lowest ploidy level. The second peak represent G2 somatic nuclei of the lowest ploidy level+G1 somatic nuclei of the next ploidy level. The third peak represents G2 of the higher ploidy level+G1 somatic nuclei of the next higher ploidy level. Statistically significant differences were observed between the diploid and tetraploid maize tissues with respect to nuclei distribution in the higher ploidy level peaks implying variation in the degree of endopolyploidy in the diploid and tetraploid maize. The results of this study suggest that the amount of endopolyploid observed in maize genotypes has an effect on their overall agronomic performance under the field conditions.
Is it better to be naughty or nice

Investment analysts are trained that the primary responsibility of managers in public companies is to maximize shareholder wealth by raising the value of their stock holdings without regard for any greater societal good. Only recently have analysts begun to recognize the influence of various external stakeholders on the financial viability of corporations that violate ethical norms. The result is an increasing interest in socially responsible investing, defined as the process of integrating personal values and societal concerns into investment decision making. This orientation to the issue considers both academic research and popular press treatments. Careful selection of socially responsible investments over broader market investments may actually represent a value-maximizing strategy. Financial analysts will need to move beyond a laundry list of mutual funds in their dealings with investors.
Comparing Ada and FORTRAN Lines of Code: Some Experimental Results

This paper presents the results of a study comparing pairs of functionally equivalent programs written in the FORTRAN and Ada languages. We found the Ada programs to require more lines of code than their functionally equivalent FORTRAN counterparts. However, we also observed that the overhead for Ada diminishes as program size increases. Our limited data suggested that there may be a cross-over point beyond which the size of an Ada program would be smaller than a functionally equivalent FORTRAN program. We explore some of the reasons for these economies of scale when using Ada. The implications of our findings on software cost estimating are also discussed.
Prostaglandin synthesis by enterocyte microsomes of rabbit small intestine.

Abstract We studied the prostaglandin (PG) synthetic capacity of microsomes of a relatively pure population of rabbit enterocytes and determined ideal conditions for product synthesis. The epithelial cells were freed from the basement membrane by a combination of calcium chelation and mechanical vibration, and 100,000 x g microsomes were prepared. These microsomes were found to synthesize PG from exogenously added arachidonic acid. The ideal conditions for the reaction were a microsomal protein concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, an arachidonic acid concentration of 33 μM, a reaction mixture pH of 8.0 − 9.5 and with epinephrine 1.5 mM added as a cofactor. The product yields increased linearly with time up to 30 min, of incubation and were inhibited by 100 μM indomethacin. Under the above ideal conditions enterocyte microsomes yielded the following products expressed as pmole/mg protein/20 min, incubation: PGF 2α 98±7, PGE 2 48±9, PGD 2 28±7, TxB 2 40±5, 6 Keto PGF 1α 15 ± 6.
Stimulation of calcium uptake in cultured astrocytes by hypoosmotic stress — effect of cyclic AMP

Abstract To investigate the role of Ca2+ in astrocyte volume regulation, we determined Ca2+ fluxes following hypoosmotic stress and how these fluxes were modified by cyclic AMP. In isoosmotic conditions treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP) caused almost a twofold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake. Efflux studies of 45Ca2+ in dBcAMP-treated cells showed three Ca2+ compartments while only two Ca2+ compartments were identified in non-dBcAMP-treated cells. Following hypoosmotic stress a twofold stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake occurred in both non-dBcAMP-treated and dBcAMP-treated astrocytes. Stimulation of Ca2+ uptake begins at ∼ 270 mOsm and is half-maximally stimulated at ∼ 100 mOsm. This uptake is partly mediated through L-type ‘slow’ inactivating Ca2+ channels. Hypoosmotic stress also induces the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The influx of extracellular Ca2+ and efflux of intracellular Ca2+ appear to be important factors in volume regulation after hypoosmotic stress. Cyclic AMP plays an important role in modulating hypoosmotically stimulated Ca2+ uptake.
Coons Award Lecture

The 1987 recipient of the Steven A. Coons Award speaks out on the state of the art in computer graphics and what the future can bring the industry under the right influences.
Three-year clinical evaluation of a self-cured posterior composite resin

Abstract A study was conducted to determine whether the wear resistance of a posterior composite could be improved by maximizing filler particle-to-particle contacts. This was expected to reduce stress concentrations on the resin matrix and thus reduce occlusal wear. A self-curing quartz-filled composite with this design, P-10, was used to restore 90 Class I and II cavity preparations in adult teeth. Restorations were recalled after baseline at six months, one year, two years, and three years to measure wear by direct and indirect evaluation methods. There was no apparent advantage for this material compared with other previously evaluated posterior composites. The average cumulative wear for P-10 after three years was 145 μm. In addition, the restorations were evaluated for color-matching, interfacial staining, secondary caries, marginal adaptation, surface texture, and post-operative sensitivity. This material was not significantly different in those ways from other posterior composite products except in terms of more rapid color change, because it is self-cured.
Interstate Differentials in State and Local Business Taxation, 1971–86

A necessary step in addressing questions of business tax incidence or resource allocation is the development of adequate measures of interstate business tax differentials. Earlier work by Wheaton is extended and updated by the construction of new estimates of the aggregate state and local taxation of US business over the period 1971–86. The results suggest the following: First, the average level of business taxation by state and local governments is approximately 5% of net business income. Second, there appears to be substantial and increasing variation in the effective tax rate on businesses among the individual states. Third, the Northeast remains a place of significantly high tax burdens on businesses. And, last, certain states experience more variation in their effective tax rate over time—a phenomenon at least partly attributable to the effects of the business cycle on business income.
Energy-Gap Anomaly in the Semiconductor Sequence PbS, PbSe, and PbTe

The $f$-sum rule has been examined at the conduction- and valence-band edges of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe. Experimental values of electron and hole effective masses, and of energy gaps were used. For both two-band and six-band models, it was found that PbTe does not follow the same $f$-sum rule as do PbS and PbSe. However, it was also found that, for the III-V and II-VI semiconductor sequences (InSb, InAs, InP), (GaSb, GaAs), and [CdSe, CdS (hexagonal)], the members of each sequence do follow the same $f$-sum rule. It is concluded that the well-known anomaly in the values of the energy gap ${E}_{G}$ of the $\mathrm{Pb}X$ sequence [${E}_{G}(\mathrm{PbS})g{E}_{G}(\mathrm{PbTe})g{E}_{G}(\mathrm{PbSe})$] is due to an irregular value of ${E}_{G}$ for PbTe. It appears likely that this anomalous value of the energy gap of PbTe reflects, through the ${L}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ conduction-band edge, an irregular value of the $5s$ electron energy of the tellurium atom. It is proposed that the ${L}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ conduction-band edge states in PbTe differ from the equivalent states in PbS and PbSe. This difference results in PbTe having an $f$-sum matrix element different from that for PbS and PbSe; this is the reason that PbTe does not follow the same $f$-sum rule as do PbS and PbSe. The $f$-sum-rule plots of the experimental data for these semiconductors have been used to calculate matrix element values.
Radiometric test chamber for earth-looking sensors

A sensor test facility has been established by Rockwell's Space Operations/Integration and Satellite Systems Division (SO/I&SSD) to support thermal-vacuum and radiometric testing at its Seal Beach facility. The system was designed specifically to support the Teal Ruby Experiment (TRE) and generally to accommodate other large infrared sensors. Primary elements of the system consist of a cryopumped thermal-vacuum chamber with its test volume completely enveloped within a 90°K cold shroud, and a 24-inch-diameter infrared collimator. Consideration was given during the design to accommodate remote handling of the TRE, ambient thermal influence to the TRE, remote collimator positioning and focusing, and seismic isolation of the test system.
Trends, transitions, and events in cryptozoic history and their calibration: apropos recommendations by the subcommission on precambrian stratigraphy

Abstract Here I examine the semifinal recommendations of the Subcommission on Precambrian Stratigraphy of the International Union of Geological Sciences (Plumb and James). Although stratigraphy is the subject, the stated objective is ‘subdivision of geologic time’. From that the Subcommission derives a potentially workable set of eons, eras, and Proterozoic systems, arbitrarily separated by radiometric numbers seen as having the virtues of objectivity and stability. The time-transgressive transitions that actually separate the broad succession of prevailing stratigraphic and historical modes thereby become fixed, globally synchronous ‘boundaries’ by decree. What kind of stratigraphy is that? Apart from its essential role in calibration, what does geochronometry have to do with stratigraphy and historical geology? How do practices proposed reconcile with those heretofore applied? Given radiometric ‘boundaries’, are the numbers chosen the most appropriate? Just how is the system recommended to become ‘useful…to working geologists’? Such reflections lead me to conclude that the proposed ‘geochronometric subdivision’ is mistaken in principle, confining in application, and self-contradictory — particularly as concerns the grossly discordant but historically illuminating transition from the mantle-dominated Archean Eon to continent-dominated Proterozoic history. Such matters are the foci of this brief paper.
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL WILDLIFE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

Climate change and biodiversity are interconnected, where climate change is reshaping global biodiversity. Unsustainable human activities that increase accumulation of greenhouse gases and hinder the natural balance of atmospheric greenhouse gases aggravate the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Rising seas-levels could inundate coastal habitats and stem the flow of nutrients from the ocean to the terrestrial ecosystems. Altered climate regimes directly affect wildlife, their behavior, migration, foraging, growth and reproduction. Climate change could disturb the dynamic equilibrium of terrestrial ecosystems by affecting ecosystem productivity, biomass production, hydrological balance, and trophic interactions. Further, climate change intensifies natural disasters and shifts in natural disturbance regimes. Such processes impose physiological and environmental stress on terrestrial ecosystems which adversely affect the ecosystem resistance and resilience. Moreover, warming atmosphere causes thermal optima to shift towards high latitudes and high altitudes. Terrestrial biota readily responds to temperature, where both flora and fauna alter distributions toward more favorable climatic conditions. Some climatic parameters that drive life history events, such as photoperiod, are fixed, while others, such as the timing of spring weather, are changing because of greenhouse gasses. The resulting mismatch between fixed and variable drivers of phenology, such as in mating, breeding, migration, hibernation, and post-hibernation activities, will disadvantage some species and benefit others. This will result in new ecosystems. Warming temperature favors biological activities of wildlife pathogens, since high temperature increases breeding rate, survival, hatching success and transmission of wildlife parasites and disease-causing agents. Climate change dissociates species interactions, mutual associations and a multitude of ecosystem functions. Ultimately, climate change predisposes native terrestrial wildlife to extinction and alters the functions and structure of terrestrial ecosystems. Biodiversity provides ecosystem services including the regulation and mitigation of the adverse impacts of climate change. Therefore, biodiversity conservation and terrestrial ecosystem management is critical to address climate change. Robust climate-oriented models with the use of GIS and remote sensing technology are needed to make effective predictions about the spatial and temporal effects of climate change. Key words: Global warming; Biodiversity; phenological changes; Range shifting; Wildlife diseases DOI: 10.4038/tapro.v2i1.2705 TAPROBANICA , April, 2010. Vol. 02, No. 01: pp. 30-47
Studies on the formation of discontinuous chips during rock cutting using an explicit finite element model

Predicting the fragmentation process during rock cutting poses significant technical challenges. In this respect, previous research related to rock cutting using various numerical methods was reviewed in detail. A method for simulating the fragmentation process during the mechanical cutting of rock was then introduced using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. In the numerical simulations, the base rock material properties were defined using a damage constitutive model. This model simulates the separation of rock chips from the base rock material and the subsequent breakage of the chips into multiple fragments. In the simulations, a rigid steel cutting tool was translated at various sliding velocities (1, 4, 10, 50, and 100 mm/s) against a stationary rock material. For a given sliding velocity, simulations were conducted for various cutting depths (1, 2, 3, and 4 mm). The variation of stresses and the amount of chip formation at different depths of cut and velocities were analyzed. The simulations indicated that the cutting forces and chip morphology were significantly influenced by sliding velocities and cutting depths. Overall, the results indicate that the explicit finite element method was a powerful tool for simulating rock cutting and the chip fragmentation processes, as it was able to predict chip separation behavior from the base rock at different depths of cut accurately.
Energies and distributions of dislocations in stacked pile-ups

Abstract To understand the kinematic and thermodynamic effects of representing discrete dislocations as continuous distributions in their slip planes, we consider stacked double ended pile-ups of edge and screw dislocations and compute their distributions and microstructural energies, i.e., the elastic interaction energies of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). In general, three kinds of representations of GNDs are used: discrete, semi-discrete, and, continuous representation. The discrete representations are closest to reality. Therefore, the corresponding solutions are considered exact. In the semi-discrete representation, the discrete dislocations are smeared out into continuous planar distributions within discrete slip planes. The solutions to problems formulated using different descriptions are different. We consider the errors in: dislocation distributions (number of dislocations), and, microstructural energies; when the discrete description is replaced by the semi-discrete one. Asymptotic expressions are derived for: number of dislocations, maximum slip, and, microstructural energy density. They provide a powerful insight into the behavior of the system, and are accurate for a wide range of parameters. Two characteristic lengths emerge from the analysis: the ratio of pile-up length to slip plane spacing (lambda), and, the ratio of slip plane spacing to the Burgers vector. For large enough lambda and large enough number of dislocations, both the discrete and semi-discrete solutions are well-approximated by asymptotic solutions. Results of a comprehensive numerical study are presented.
The Geometric Contribution to Gauge Factor of Patterned Lines on Substrates

: A semi-analytical approach is taken to calculate the geometric contribution to gauge factor for patterned lines on substrates. A finite element model is presented in which a line section is strained along its length, and cross-sectional dilatation is calculated for different line aspect ratios, and elastic properties of line and substrate. Results are bounded by analytical solutions for infinitely wide and tall lines. A simple experiment is posed for measuring Poisson's ratio and piezoresistivity of coatings, films or patterned structures.
Treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease: a nationwide analysis of patterns and outcomes of care.

Background Abdominal abscesses are a common complication in Crohn’s disease (CD). Percutaneous drainage of such abscesses has become increasingly popular and may deliver outcomes comparable to surgical treatment; however, such comparative data are limited from single-center studies. There have been no nationally representative studies comparing different treatment modalities for abdominal abscesses.
Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia

Dietary fish oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids are remarkably hypotriglyceridemic in both normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. This present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that dietary fish oils could prevent the usual sharp increase in plasma triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels that occur physiologically after the induction by a high-carbohydrate diet. Seven healthy volunteers consumed three experimental liquid formula diets: the baseline diet (45% fat, 10% protein, 45% carbohydrate) and two high-carbohydrate diets (15% fat, 10% protein, 75% carbohydrate), one as a control diet and the other containing fish oil. The baseline and control dietary fats were a mixture of peanut oil and cocoa butter, whereas the fish oil diet contained high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. The plasma triglyceride levels rose from 105 mg/dL during baseline diet to 194 mg/dL during the high-CHO control diet (P less than 0.005). VLDL triglyceride levels increased from 69 to 156 mg/dL (P less than 0.005) and VLDL cholesterol from 18 to 34 mg/dL (P less than 0.005). When fish oil was substituted for the control fats, plasma triglyceride levels fell from 194 to 75 mg/dL (P less than 0.005), VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol levels were reduced from 156 to 34 mg/dL (P less than 0.005) and from 34 to 12 mg/dL (P less than 0.005), respectively. These effects were noted by two to three days after beginning the fish oil diet. Thus, dietary omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil rapidly and markedly reduced VLDL triglyceride levels even in the face of a high-carbohydrate diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patterns of inhibition in auditory cortical cells in awake squirrel monkeys

Two-tone interactions are recorded in the responses of single units in the superior temporal gyrus to contralateral acoustic stimulation of the awake squirrel monkey. Four response types are distinguished based primarily on the nature of the inhibitory responses elicited by two-tone stimuli, and secondarily on such criteria as the patterns of response to single tones and noise stimuli, thresholds, and spontaneous activity levels. Type A units display strong lateral inhibitory influences which may extend up to 2 octaves on either side, or both sides, of the BF. They are sharply tuned at all intensities and exhibit sustained response to single tone stimuli at the BF. The units have nonmonotonic rate-level functions, and show little or no response to broad band noise. Type A units have low spontaneous rates (less than 3 spikes/s) and relatively high thresholds (greater than or equal to 30 dB SPL). Type B units are characterized by relatively high spontaneous rates of activity (greater than 20 spikes/s) and inhibitory responses to single tone stimuli. Broad band noise may evoke strong excitatory response. Type C units summate the responses to the two-tone stimulus, and show little or no inhibitory influences. They have V-shaped tuning curves, monotonic rate-level functions, low thresholds (greater than or equal to 30 dB SPL), moderate spontaneous rates (ca. 10 spikes/s), and a strong and sustained response to noise and single tone stimuli. Type D units show 'temporal inhibition' to two-tone stimuli, in that an excitatory response to the first tone suppresses (adapts or inhibits) the response to the second tone. These units generally have moderate to broad frequency tuning and phasic responses to single tone stimuli. Histological examination of electrode tracks suggests that Type A units are restricted to A1 (and possibly the rostral field) while other types are distributed over all auditory fields.