cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evolutionary Optimization Method for Designing a Thermal Protection System for Dynamics

Abstract This paper presents a new evolutionary optimization method for the optimum dynamic performance of a three-dimensional thermal protection system. An optimum structure is obtained in this method by allowing finite elements to be added and removed. This evolutionary optimization method is developed by using two forms of sensitivities: one uses the Rayleigh quotient and the other uses static analysis. In particular, the sensitivity based on static analysis is newly formulated to consider the correlation between the natural mode of interest and neighboring natural modes, as well as the structural stiffness, in order to prevent difficulties with the “mode-switching” phenomenon. This proposed method can make efficient structural evolution possible with a simpler algorithm even though “mode-switching” happens frequently in the evolutionary processes. In this method, the dynamic characteristic of a thermal protection system model is optimized to shift the fundamental natural frequency to a target frequency.
Identification of a Key Catalytic Intermediate Demonstrates That Nitrogenase Is Activated by the Reversible Exchange of N2 for H2

Freeze-quenching nitrogenase during turnover with N2 traps an S = 1/2 intermediate that was shown by ENDOR and EPR spectroscopy to contain N2 or a reduction product bound to the active-site molybdenum–iron cofactor (FeMo-co). To identify this intermediate (termed here EG), we turned to a quench-cryoannealing relaxation protocol. The trapped state is allowed to relax to the resting E0 state in frozen medium at a temperature below the melting temperature; relaxation is monitored by periodically cooling the sample to cryogenic temperature for EPR analysis. During −50 °C cryoannealing of EG prepared under turnover conditions in which the concentrations of N2 and H2 ([H2], [N2]) are systematically and independently varied, the rate of decay of EG is accelerated by increasing [H2] and slowed by increasing [N2] in the frozen reaction mixture; correspondingly, the accumulation of EG is greater with low [H2] and/or high [N2]. The influence of these diatomics identifies EG as the key catalytic intermediate formed b...
DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION OF AN I-RTD HYBRID THz OSCILLATOR BASED UPON In1−xGaxAs/GaSbyAs1−y HETEROSTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

An In1−xGaxAs/GaSbyAs1−y hetero-system with staggered band-lineups as solid-state platform for design of an interband resonant double-barrier tunneling diode (I-RTD) based optically-pulsed (OT) hybrid device for generating THz oscillations is theoretically investigated. It is demonstrated that this optical I-RTD hybrid is compatible with the robust state-of-art 1.55 micron laser technology Multi-band wave equations in the framework of six-band Kane's model are applied for understanding the carrier dynamics when strain-induced effects are present. Simulation results for practical circuit implementations clearly show the superiority of this new oscillator concept.
Recent Advances in the Production of Heavy High Speed Ions Without the Use of High Voltages

A description is given of improvements in the Sloan-Lawrence method of accelerating heavy ions. The new apparatus yields mercury ions with energies of 2,850,000 electron volts, while the previous apparatus yielded ions with energies of 1,260,000 electron volts. The intensity of the beam of ions is of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ amperes---only slightly less than in the previous tube which was considerably shorter. The new tube withstands the application of 79,000 volts while the previous tube was limited to 42,000 volts. This improvement is due principally to decreased heating of the electrodes as a result of lowering their resistance and capacity. The spacing of the electrodes has been increased to 20 percent of their length, and their diameter decreased from 13 mm to 6 mm. The number has been increased from 30 to 36 and the length of each is now 25 percent greater. The possibility of extending this method to the acceleration of lighter ions is discussed.
Cylinder Alignment in Annular Structures of Microphase-Separated Polystyrene-b-Poly(methyl methacrylate)

We present a novel and simple method for generating micron-scale annular structures formed from polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer on a silicon oxide substrate. This method is based on prewetting of the underlying substrate with a minor polar solvent before spin-casting of the diblock solution. When using this procedure, we also see, using atomic force microscopy, a unique alignment effect which occurs in the cylinder-forming microdomains of PS-b-PMMA annuli without the aid of an external alignment field. These aligned microdomains, with controlled nanometer-scale spacing and coherence on the order of microns, facilitate the ongoing exploration of self-organizing nanofabricated surfaces.
Mixed modelling to characterize genotype–phenotype associations

We propose using mixed effects models to characterize the association between multiple gene polymorphisms, environmental factors and measures of disease progression. Characterizing high-order gene-gene and gene-environment interactions presents an analytic challenge due to the large number of candidate genes and the complex, undescribed interactions among them. Several approaches have been proposed recently to reduce the number of candidate genes and post hoc approaches to identify gene-gene interactions are described. However, these approaches may be inadequate for identifying high-order interactions in the absence of main effects and generally do not permit us to control for potential confounders. We describe how mixed effects models and related testing procedures overcome these limitations and apply this approach to data from a cohort of subjects at risk for cardiovascular disease. Four (4) genetic polymorphisms in three genes of the same gene family are considered. The proposed modelling approach allows us first to test whether there is a significant genetic contribution to the variability observed in our disease outcome. This contribution may be through main effects of multi-locus genotypes or through an interaction between genotype and environmental factors. This approach also enables us to identify specific multi-locus genotypes that interact with environmental factors in predicting the outcome. Mixed effects models provide a flexible statistical framework for controlling for potential confounders and identifying interactions among multiple genes and environmental factors that explain the variability in measures of disease progression.
Interactions and Assembly of Simple Solvated Polymers Models

In this paper we discusses the application of a three-dimensional implementation of a geometry-based nonlocal density functional theory to the interactions between rigid polymers in solution. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) provides inspiration for the three simple model polymers (cylindrical, bead chain, and periodic) we consider; however the results are more generally applicable to rigid polymers such as liquid crystals. The calculations show that fine details of polymer surface structure play a critical role in determining the solvation energy landscape. This solvation energy landscape in turn controls routes for assembly of bundles of macromolecules. This approach provides a new level of molecular insight into interactions in solvated polymer systems with wide applications to both industrial and biological polymers.
Hypothalamic and pituitary regulation of adrenocortical function in the hamster: effects of gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement.

Prepuberal gonadectomy in the hamster resulted in greater pituitary content of ACTH in adult castrates than in intact controls. Testosterone or estradiol replacement did not restore pituitary ACTH content to intact levels. Daily administration of ACTH for 2 weeks resulted in adrenal enlargement in all groups, abolished or reversed the diminutions in adrenal weight, plasma steroids, and adrenal slice steroid output observed after orchiectomy, and abolished the diminution in adrenal weight observed after ovariectomy. Pituitary content of ACTH was markedly diminished after ACTH injections in intact males and females in comparison with saline-injected controls. Pituitary release of ACTH in vitro was similarly reduced in ACTHtreated males. Testosterone replacement stimulated adrenal weight and hepatic metabolism of the side-chain of cortisol in vitro in hypophysectomized, castrated males but failed to alter adrenal slice steroid output or hepatic metabolism of ring A. Estradiol had no effect on adrenal weight,...
The determinants of parenting behavior.

Explored factors that influence parenting behavior through examination of previously reported and more recently developed models for predicting parenting behavior. Patterson's behavioral model, Abidin's initial model of parenting stress, and Belsky's process model of determinants of parenting are reviewed. A proposed model is presented to improve on previous models by integrating sociological, environmental, and behavioral factors, as well as personality characteristics of the parent, in predicting parenting behavior. Finally, description is provided on a new self-report measure (i.e., the Parenting Alliance Inventory) developed to focus on those aspects of the marital relationship that bear directly on parenting. Implications for future research are presented.
Journeying Into the Personal Constructs of Children

Abstract In a personal construct approach to children, two aspects of the theory are highlighted. First, the theory is written on a number of levels that include the more formal structural theory as well as an implicit theory of experience. It is on the experiential level that the concerns with children are most clearly revealed. Second, there is a profound commitment, in personal construct theory, to a psychological understanding of the human being as a person. In the child area this results in a commitment to viewing the child as a complete person in his or her own right rather than seeing the child as a transitional phase of the truly complete adult. The last section of the paper is concerned with a number of alternative methodologies for the study of children as well as a caution concerning construct theory being construed as just another cognitive psychology.
Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in North Carolina

The response of male European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) to synthetic pheromone lures containing various isomeric blends of the sex pheromone 11-tetradecenyl acetate was measured in 13 counties in North Carolina. The blends consisted of either 3% Z (‘E strain’), 97% Z (‘Z strain’), or 35% Z (‘hybrid’) 11-tetradecenyl acetate. Response to E strain lures predominated in those counties located in the Coastal Plain (east) of the state, while response to the Z strain pheromone was dominant in the west. A zone of overlap of these broad strain distributions appears to occur in the eastern Piedmont. Within this zone there was substantial response to both E and Z blends. The proportion of these responses changed considerably between generations within years as well as between years. Significantly higher capture rates in hybrid baited traps in parts of the overlap zone may be indicative of increased rates of hybridization between the E and Z strains.
The Dialogue of Scholarship

Reflecting on Bill Foster’s influence on the author’s work leads to reflections about the lifelong dialogue among scholars whose thinking and writing is continually refreshed and deepened by a scholarly field of dialogue. Over time, a dialogue between two scholars illuminates earlier scholarly influences on each of them, leading to the enrichment and extension of each other’s thinking, and thus to their future dialogue with other scholars. From this perspective, Bill Foster’s influence continues in tacit and explicit nuances in the work of scholars around the world.
Further evidence of a sensory-tonic interaction in pigeons.

The five pigeons in Group 1 were given successive intradimensional discrimination training in which responses to a line of 49° were reinforced on a variable-interval schedule and responses to a line of 33° were not reinforced. Subsequent generalization testing with other line orientations revealed a peak shift from the positive stimulus in the direction away from the negative stimulus in all subjects. The four pigeons in Group 2 received successive discrimination training with the 49° value on the key during both stimuli. During the negative stimulus, however, the floor was tilted 16° counterclockwise. When tested (with the floor flat) these subjects showed peak shifts similar to those observed with Group 1. A third group of three pigeons, given successive interdimensional discrimination training with the 49° line as the positive stimulus and the absence of the line as the negative, showed no peak shift in a subsequent generalization test. It was concluded that tilting the floor on which the pigeon stood systematically distorted the bird's visual perception of the orientation of the line in a manner consistent with the results of other studies in this laboratory.
Two-Period Repetitive and Adaptive Control for Repeatable and Nonrepeatable Runout Compensation in Disk Drive Track Following

This paper presents the design and implementation of an integrated two-period repetitive and adaptive control scheme to reject both repeatable and nonrepeatable disturbances in the track-following servo control of a hard disk drive read-write head. A baseline linear quadratic Gaussian controller is augmented by a plug-in repetitive controller to reject periodic disturbances with two periods, one that is synchronized with the disk rotation and the other that is not, and an additional adaptive-Q control scheme to reject the remaining aperiodic and random disturbances. The adaptive-Q control algorithm uses the well-known result that all stabilizing controllers for a plant can be synthesized by conveniently parameterized augmentation to a nominal controller. The Q-filter is restricted to a finite impulse response filter, which minimizes the root-mean-square value of the track-following error. Experimental results show substantial performance improvement for the two-stage augmented controller over the single-stage repetitive or adaptive-Q control acting alone.
Does CH3 addition to C6H6 occur as reported

The kinetics for the CH3 + C6H6 reaction has been investigated by modeling the existing data obtained by Holt and Kerr [Int J Chem Kinet 1977, 9, 185.]. The result of the modeling suggests that the yields of CH4 measured in the UV photolysis of mixtures of (CH3CO)2, i-C4H10, and C6H6 and employed in their analysis of the CH3 + C6H6 kinetics could be quantitatively predicted by the reactions of CH3 with i-C4H10 and alkyl radicals present in the system, independent of the CH3 + C6H6reaction. The CH3 + C6H6 reaction was concluded to be insignificant under the conditions employed on account of the instability of the C7H9 radical adduct and the strong CH bonds in benzene, which prevent the occurrence of the simple abstraction process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 803–807, 2001
Hydrolysis, Hydrosulfidolysis, and Aminolysis of Imido(methyl)rhenium Complexes

The tris(imido)methylrhenium complex CH3Re(NAd)3 (1a, Ad = 1-adamantyl) reacts with H2O to give CH3Re(NAd)2O (2a) and AdNH2. The resulting di(imido)oxo species can further react with another molecu...
Hot particle ignition of methane flames

Ignition by sparks, glowing embers, or other hot particulate materials presents serious safety hazards.This paper describes a detailed numerical study conducted on the bulk ignition of premixed and non-premixed atmospheric methane flames by hot inert particles in opposed-jet configurations. The coupled conservation equations were solved for both phases along the stagnation streamline, with detailed descriptions of gas-phase chemical kinetics, molecular transport, and radiative heat transfer. Results showed the effects of independently varying the reactant concentrations, strain rate, particle injection orientation, number density, temperature, and velocity. For both premixed and non-premixed configurations, increasing the amount of methane was found to inhibit ignition under all conditions considered. Analysis showed that the H-production is sensitive to the CH 4 →CH 3 →CH 3 O→H path that is strengthened under fuel-lean conditions. While premixed ignition by hot particles was found to be similar to ignition triggered by impinging a mixture on heated air or O 2 , differences were observed for non-premixed systems. For nonpremixed particle ignition, increasing the fuel concentration was found to always inhibit ignition, while in non-premixed gas-phase ignition, this inhibiting effect was found to reverse at very low fuel concentrations. This is a result of the noticeably different gas-phase temperature profiles that are induced during particle and gas-phase ignition. Finally, there is a major alteration in the ignition response of non-premixed particle ignition caused by moving the particle seeding from the fuel to the oxidizer side. This is attributed to the different thermal properties of the air and fuel that result in different heat transfer rates between the particles and air, in turn affecting the kinetic paths leading to the production of H radicals.
The Effects of Therapeutic Storytelling and Behavioral Parent Training on Noncompliant Behavior in Young Boys

This study investigated effects of therapeutic storytelling and behavioral parent training in treating four clinic-referred, noncompliant males (ages five to seven). A nonconcurrent multiple baseline crossover design across age-matched subjects was conducted. In condition I, one therapeutic storytelling session was followed by one behavioral parent training session. In condition II, the sequence was reversed. Results indicate that both treatments decreased frequency and intensity of noncompliance, with the greatest decrease following composite treatment. Since this is the first known empirical study to evaluate the effects of therapeutic storytelling, the findings suggest that additional research with this promising technique is warranted.
Heart of Borneo as a 'Jalan Tikus': Exploring the Links Between Indigenous Rights, Extractive and Exploitative Industries, and Conservation at the World Conservation Congress 2008

At the Fourth World Conservation Congress in Barcelona in October 2008, a number of motions were passed that emphasised human and indigenous rights and the role of the private sector, particularly extractive and exploitative industries, in conservation. These issues are highly relevant to the ongoing World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-led Heart of Borneo (HoB) conservation initiative, which is situated in an area with overlapping political jurisdictions and an array of possible futures, which could include new or expanded protected areas, community-managed conservation programmes, or oil palm plantations potentially covering millions of hectares. The HoB initiative is ambiguous in the sense that its borders are not fixed, its land and resource management strategies are not clearly defined, its projects are not predetermined, and its policies regarding who benefits from it are not obvious. HoB is also ambitious, and its actors must negotiate a number of different types of scales: geographic, political, economic, institutional, and ecological. These factors offer both opportunities and weaknesses both for conservation and for local and indigenous communities living within the HoB area. Using HoB as an example, I show how small NGOs, national branches of multinational NGOs like WWF, and local and indigenous communities must walk a ' jalan tikus ' to accomplish conservation and indigenous rights goals. I also offer suggestions on how the motions passed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) membership can be incorporated into HoB planning on the ground.
The Anthropology of the U.S.: Cited Not Nearly Enough and Still Earning Respect

This article provides an overview of some significant trends and developments in the anthropology of the U.S. The author, a young North Americanist, highlights the ongoing need to acknowledge and cite the extensive body of work that seems to get lost with each new cohort of anthropologists seeking to do ethnography “at home” in the U.S. Tracing the origins of American anthropology to its “Indianology” roots, the author sketches changes that came with World War II and the post-war generation of anthropologists calling for new, U.S.-based research. The role of black anthropologists in developing an activist anthropology located in the U.S. is often overlooked and underrated. The work of AAA sections such as SANA and ABA have helped provide a corrective to the erasure of pioneering scholarship based on U.S. research and of the pioneers and those who followed them. As more anthropologists engage in U.S. fieldwork, we must build on the scholarship of our anthropological forebears, especially those who may not have received prominence in their own time, but whose works have proven to be visionary.
GPR30 Activation Opposes Estrogen-Dependent Uterine Growth via Inhibition of Stromal ERK1/2 and Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) Phosphorylation Signals

Although estradiol-17β (E2)-regulated early and late phase uterine responses have been well defined, the molecular mechanisms linking the phases remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that E2-regulated early signals mediate cross talk with estrogen receptor (ER)-α to elicit uterine late growth responses. G protein-coupled receptor (GPR30) has been implicated in early nongenomic signaling mediated by E2, although its role in E2-dependent uterine biology is unclear. Using selective activation of GPR30 by G-1, we show here a new function of GPR30 in regulating early signaling events, including the inhibition of ERK1/2 and ERα (Ser118) phosphorylation signals and perturbation of growth regulation under the direction of E2 in the mouse uterus. We observed that GPR30 primarily localizes in the uterine epithelial cells, and its activation alters gene expression and mediates inhibition of ERK1/2 and ERα (Ser118) phosphorylation signals in the stromal compartment, suggesting a paracrine signaling is involved. Importantly, viral-driven manipulation of GPR30 or pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 activation effectively alters E2-dependent uterine growth responses. Overall, GPR30 is a negative regulator of ERα-dependent uterine growth in response to E2. Our work has uncovered a novel GPR30-regulated inhibitory event, which may be physiologically relevant in both normal and pathological situations to negatively balance ERα-dependent uterine growth regulatory functions induced by E2.
An Ultra High Resolution 7-Inch Round Monochrome Crt

This report describes the general theory and design of an ultra high resolution, film recorder CRT which was developed at Tektronix, Inc. The electron gun utilizes a unique pre-focusing scheme to significantly reduce aberrations in the final focusing lens, thus yielding a spot of less than .001" (1 mil) at the half power point (50%) with a beam current of 10 μA. The non-aluminized, fine particle phosphor screen was developed to minimize spot growth and maximize luminance output, while meeting stringent target defect specifications.
Culture and group processes by Yuki, M., and Brewer, M. (Eds.).

Culture and Group Processes is an excellent and important book edited by renowned scholars in culture and group research. Masaki Yuki is a professor in the Department of Behavioral Science and the ...
Restricted Feeding with Restricted Light for Developing Pullets

Abstract IN PRACTICALLY all of the literature, both scientific and popular, the conclusion is reached that restricting nutrient intake of developing pullets results in delayed sexual maturity (Sunde et al., 1954; Milby and Sherwood, 1956; Tomhave, 1958; and MacIntyre and Aitken, 1959). However, the effect of restricted feeding during the developing period on such laying house performance criteria as egg production, body weight, liveability and size of egg have not been consistent from test to test. Many of the experiments reported have been conducted with winter or spring hatched pullets subjected to natural daylight during the developing period. In such instances the birds were exposed to increasing day length as they progressed to sexual maturity. The data to be reported herein indicate that when pullets are raised under conditions of restricted light, from 8 to 21 weeks of age, restricting the feed intake of pullets to 83 percent of normal consumption …
Ovarian hormones and pain response: a review of clinical and basic science studies.

Abstract Background: Most clinical pain disorders are more common in women than in men, particularly during the peak reproductive years. This suggests that fluctuations in the ovarian hormones encountered during the female menstrual cycle may increase pain response. Objectives: This article examined whether pain severity and experimental pain thresholds vary during the phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without clinical pain disorders. It also reviewed the effect of ovarian hormones on behavioral responses to painful stimuli (pain reactivity) in animal models and the potential mechanisms through which ovarian hormones modulate pain reactivity. Methods: A narrative review was performed to ascertain the relationship between ovarian hormones and pain response. Relevant English-language publications describing pain reactivity in premenopausal women and female rodents were identified through searches of MEDLINE and PubMed from January 1, 1967, through May 1, 2008, as well as through the reference lists of identified articles. Results: In the clinical studies reviewed, most pain disorders were reported to worsen during the late luteal and early follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Pain thresholds and tolerance times also varied during different phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy premenopausal women in the majority of studies. Basic science studies suggested that ovarian hormones have distinct effects—on inflammation, affective states, stress responses, modulatory pain systems, and afferent sensory systems—that increase or decrease pain reactivity. Conclusions: Fluctuations of ovarian hormones in the course of the menstrual cycle appear to be associated with a mild to moderate effect on pain response. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms by which ovarian hormones modulate pain would broaden our understanding of why pain disorders are more frequent, severe, and disabling in women than in men.
Improvement of sickle cell anemia by iron-limited erythropoiesis

We report the hematologic and clinical features of four adult patients (Pts.) with sickle cell anemia and iron-limited erythropoiesis. Two of the Pts. had spontaneous iron deficiency (chronic Gl bleeding, low-grade hemoglobinuria). In the other two Pts. iron restriction was induced by periodic RBC aphereses as part of a pilot protocol designed to decrease intracellular HbS polymerization by MCHC reduction. Iron-limited erythropoiesis was defined by reduction in red cell indices (MCV range 60.4–67 fl) in the presence of low serum ferritin (range <10–20 ng/ml). In these Pts. iron restriction did not cause clinically significant worsening of the anemia (Hb 7.8–9.0 g/dl). In two Pts. the anemia actually improved. Other hematologic effects of iron restriction were: decreased MCHC, reticulocyte count, RDW, and dense cells. A reduced hemolytic rate was suggested by a lowering of serum bilirubin and LDH. In one of the Pts. the 51Cr RBC T1/2 survival increased from 12 to 16 days. The intracellular HbS polymer fractions (fp) were determined at 25% O2 by Csat and with the use of the conservation of mass equation. The baseline fp values ranged from 0.48–0.53. After iron restriction they ranged from 0.33–0.48. The fp decreased even though iron-limited erythropoiesis also lowered the Hb F concentration in three of our Pts. In one of the two Pts. with induced iron depletion, hospitalization days for pain crises decreased from an average of 4.5 days/month (2 year baseline period) to an average of 0.5 days/month in the 3 year follow-up after iron depletion. The second patient with induced iron restriction experienced the rapid healing of a leg ulcer. Controlled iron restriction should be explored as a therapeutic strategy in selected SS patients. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diverse deafness mechanisms of connexin mutations revealed by studies using in vitro approaches and mouse models

Mutations in connexins (Cxs), the constitutive protein subunits of gap junction (GJ) intercellular channels, are one of the most common human genetic defects that cause severe prelingual non-syndromic hearing impairments. Many subtypes of Cxs (e.g., Cxs 26, 29, 30, 31, 43) and pannexins (Panxs) are expressed in the cochlea where they contribute to the formation of a GJ-based intercellular communication network. Cx26 and Cx30 are the predominant cochlear Cxs and they co-assemble in most GJ plaques to form hybrid GJs. The cellular localization of specific Cx subtypes provides a basis for understanding the molecular structure of GJs and hemichannels in the cochlea. Information about the interactions among the various co-assembled Cx partners is critical to appreciate the functional consequences of various types of genetic mutations. In vitro studies of reconstituted GJs in cell lines have yielded surprisingly heterogeneous mechanisms of dysfunction caused by various Cx mutations. Availability of multiple lines of Cx-mutant mouse models has provided some insight into the pathogenesis processes in the cochlea of deaf mice. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the structure and function of cochlear GJs and give a critical review of current findings obtained from both in vitro studies and mouse models on the mechanisms of Cx mutations that lead to cell death in the cochlea and hearing loss.
Whole body protein turnover in aging man

Abstract To explore the effects of aging on dynamic aspects of whole body protein metabolism in man, the 15 N-glycine infusion method of Picou and Taylor-Roberts was used to estimate rates of total body protein synthesis and breakdown in both young adults and elderly subjects. Nine healthy elderly subjects, 4 male and 5 female, 65–91 yr old, participated in the study. Results obtained with 4 young men and 4 young women, 18–25 yr old, were used for comparative purposes. Total body protein synthesis and breakdown rates, per day and per unit body weight per day, were lower in women than in men and significantly lower in elderly women than in young women. Urinary creatinine was used to estimate muscle mass, and whole body 40 K to calculate body cell mass. Whole body protein synthesis and breakdown rates, per unit creatinine, were higher in the elderly than in the young adults. Expressed per unit body cell mass, the rates were higher in elderly men than in young men, and a similar, but not statistically significant, difference was observed between elderly and young women. From these results it appears that whole body protein synthesis declines with age in man and is associated with the loss of body cell mass. There is also a redistribution in the pattern of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown as aging progresses, with the visceral organs making a progressively greater contribution to whole body protein metabolism than the skeletal musculature.
Downbeat nystagmus with supra-tentorial disease

A patient with a supra-tentorial glioma and increased intracranial pressure had downbeat nystagmus of small amplitude. The nystagmus disappeared after surgical decompression. This is only the second report of downbeat without primary posterior fossa dysfunction.
Gradients for growth within intact Streptococcus mutans plaque in vitro demonstrated by autoradiography.

Abstract In-vitro growth of intact Streptococcus mutans plaque was studied by autoradiography using [ 3 H]-thymidine and NaH 2 33 PO 4 . The isotopes were added to either the inside or the outside of plaque grown on dialysis membranes. The labelling pattern was similar for both isotopes. Two types of growth gradients were observed: one within and the other between micro-colonies. The greatest growth was at the free surfaces of both the micro-colonies and the plaque.
A Bayesian decision theoretic approach to directional multiple hypotheses problems

A multiple hypothesis problem with directional alternatives is considered in a decision theoretic framework. Skewness in the alternatives is considered, and it is shown that this skewness permits the Bayes rules to possess certain advantages when one direction of the alternatives is more important or more probable than the other direction. Bayes rules subject to constraints on certain directional false discovery rates are obtained, and their performances are compared with a traditional FDR rule through simulation. We also analyzed a gene expression data using our methodology, and compare the results to that of a FDR method.
In vitro myometrial contractility profiles of different pharmacological agents used for induction of labor.

Objective To investigate the effects of different pharmacological induction agents on myometrial contractility.
Inhibition of aggregation by light in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum

Aggregation of Dictyostelium amoebae is inhibited by light. White light intensities ≥102 μW · cm-2 cause an inhibition which reaches a saturation at 2 · 103 μW · cm-2. The action spectrum, based on photon fluence-response curves, shows a major peak around 405 nm and extends through most of the visible spectrum with a secondary maximum at about 530 nm. The action spectrum of the inhibition of aggregation resembles the action spectrum of accumulations of amoebae in light traps and the action spectrum of photodispersal from light traps; it does not resemble the action spectrum of phototaxis in pseudoplasmodia.
TIDS: threshold and identity-based security scheme for wireless ad hoc networks

Abstract As various applications of wireless ad hoc network have been proposed, security has received increasing attentions as one of the critical research challenges. In this paper, we consider the security issues at network layer, wherein routing and packet forwarding are the main operations. We propose a novel efficient security scheme in order to provide various security characteristics, such as authentication , confidentiality , integrity and non-repudiation for wireless ad hoc networks. In our scheme, we deploy the recently developed concepts of identity-based signcryption and threshold secret sharing . We describe our proposed security solution in context of dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. Without any assumption of pre-fixed trust relationship between nodes, the ad hoc network works in a self-organizing way to provide key generation and key management services using threshold secret sharing algorithm, which effectively solves the problem of single point of failure in the traditional public-key infrastructure (PKI) supported system. The identity-based signcryption mechanism is applied here not only to provide end-to-end authenticity and confidentiality in a single step, but also to save network bandwidth and computational power of wireless nodes. Moreover, one-way hash chain is used to protect hop-by-hop transmission.
Science TV News Exposure Predicts Science Beliefs Real World Effects Among a National Sample

The authors attempt here to address a dilemma faced in recent investigation of science and health communication effects: the difficulty of assessing exposure impact in situations beyond the laboratory. Based on social representation theory, we posit that TV news exposure, especially for stories framed as relevant to the everyday lives of individual audience members, can affect people’s beliefs about science and that such exposure also should interact with interpersonal conversation to jointly predict beliefs. To assess these relationships in a real world setting, we integrated market-level and individual-level data from a science TV news project funded by the National Science Foundation and employed multilevel modeling to predict beliefs about science. This move allowed us to combine information about TV Designated Market Areas with responses from a national Internet-based survey and permitted a model that included both market-level and individual-level variables. Results indicate both main effects and in...
Morris S. Ogul

Morris S. Ogul died on April 6, 2008, after a lengthy illness finally succumbing to pneumonia. He was 76. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, Morry spent his entire career on the faculty of the political science department at the University of Pittsburgh, beginning in 1957 and became professor emeritus in 1998. He also served as chair of the department.
Does Racial Segregation Make Community‐Based Organizations More Territorial? Evidence from Newark, NJ, and Jersey City, NJ

This article contributes to research on urban nonprofit community-based organizations (CBOs) by exploring how high racial/ethnic segregation within a city creates a context wherein CBOs become terr...
Guest Editor's Introduction: Infrastructure Security--Reliability and Dependability of Critical Systems

This special issue of IEEE Security & Privacy focuses on the security, agility, and robustness of large-scale critical infrastructure. Specifically, it examines the challenges associated with infrastructure protection for enhanced system security, reliability, efficiency, and quality.
Informational Standards in Development Agency Management

Abstract How well do international development agencies support development in poor countries? Idealist, legal-bureaucratic, and populist views insist that they often do a good job, and documentary evidence suggests that aid generally works (Cassen and Associates, 1994, Does Aid Work? Report to an Intergovernmental Task Force, second edition. Oxford University Press, New York). Realist, neomarxist and neoliberal critiques, however, suggest that documents may not be reliable. This paper presents evidence of informational standards and development impacts from four US Agency for International Development (USAID) and four World Bank projects in Africa. We find significant positive bias in project documents; promotional and analytical purposes often collide. Weak informational standards undermine incentives to manage for impact and reduce the prospects for bureaucratic learning.
Design of a network of robotic Lagrangian sensors for shallow water environments with case studies for multiple applications

This article describes the design methodology for a network of robotic Lagrangian floating sensors designed to perform real-time monitoring of water flow, environmental parameters, and bathymetry of shallow water environments (bays, estuarine, and riverine environments). Unlike previous Lagrangian sensors which passively monitor water velocity, the sensors described in this article can actively control their trajectory on the surface of the water and are capable of inter- sensor communication. The addition of these functionalities enables Lagrangian sensing in obstacle-encumbered envir- onments, such as rivers. The Ishikawa cause and effect design framework is used to ensure that the final system synthesizes the diverse operational and functional needs of multiple end-user groups to arrive at a broadly applicable system design. A summary of potential applications for the system is given including completed projects performed on behalf of the Department of Homeland Security, Office of Naval Research, and the California Bay-Delta Authority.
Flat-beam RF photocathode sources for linear collider applications

Laser-driven RF photocathodes represent a recent advance in high-brightness electron beam sources. The author investigates a variation on these devices that was obtained by using a ribbon laser pulse to illuminate the cathode, yielding a flat beam ( sigma /sub x/>> sigma /sub y/) which has asymmetric emittances at the cathode proportional to the beam size in each transverse dimension. The flat-beam geometry mitigates space charge forces which lead to intensity-dependent transverse and longitudinal emittance growth, thus limiting the beam brightness. The fundamental limit on achievable emittance and brightness is set by the transverse momentum distribution and peak current density of the photoelectrons. >
N.m.r. analyses of the histidine microenvironments in a human salivary proline-rich glycoprotein.

The pKa's of the three histidine residues in a proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva (PRG) were determined by 360 MHz proton n.m.r. spectroscopy. The addition of calcium (0.64 mM) caused drops in the pKa's of all three histidines by approximately 0.25 units. When imidazole and cyclo)L-histidine-L-proline) were used as model compounds, corresponding concentrations of calcium had no effect on their pKa's. Also, the model compounds gave absolute pKa values in good agreement with similar chemical species reported in the literature. Exchange lifetime data and previously reported hydrogen----deuterium exchange experiments suggest that the PRG histidine N tau H protons are not involved in hydrogen-bonds. Collectively, these data imply that changes in PRG conformation occur upon the addition of calcium.
Chaitin-Kolmogorov Complexity and Generalization in Neural Networks

We present a unified framework for a number of different ways of failing to generalize properly. During learning, sources of random information contaminate the network, effectively augmenting the training data with random information. The complexity of the function computed is therefore increased, and generalization is degraded. We analyze replicated networks, in which a number of identical networks are independently trained on the same data and their results averaged. We conclude that replication almost always results in a decrease in the expected complexity of the network, and that replication therefore increases expected generalization. Simulations confirming the effect are also presented.
Over-expression of ZnT7 increases insulin synthesis and secretion in pancreatic β-cells by promoting insulin gene transcription

The mechanism by which zinc regulates insulin synthesis and secretion in pancreatic beta-cells is still unclear. Cellular zinc homeostasis is largely maintained by zinc transporters and intracellular zinc binding proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that zinc transporter 7 (ZnT7, Slc30a7) was co-expressed with insulin in the islet of Langerhans in the mouse pancreas. In RIN5mF cells (rat insulinoma cells), ZnT7 was found mainly residing in the perinuclear region of the cell, which is consistent with its Golgi apparatus localization. Over-expression of ZnT7 in RIN5mF cells increased the total cellular insulin content leading to a high basal insulin secretion. Furthermore, glucose-induced insulin secretion was not altered in RIN5mF cells over-expressing ZnT7. Quantitative RT-PCR and (35)S metabolic labeling analysis demonstrated that over-expression of ZnT7 in RIN5mF cells led to an increase of insulin mRNA expression and subsequent insulin protein synthesis in the cell. Metal-responsive elements (MREs) were identified in the promoter regions of the Ins1 and Ins2 genes. Mtf1, a metal-responsive transcription factor, was shown to specifically bind to the MRE in the Ins genes and activated the insulin gene transcription. Together, the data strongly suggest that ZnT7 plays an important role in regulating insulin expression by modulating Mtf1 transcriptional activity.
A 20% dose reduction of the original CISCA/VB regimen allows better tolerance and similar survival rate in disseminated testicular non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: final results of a phase III randomized trial

Background: This prospective randomized clinical trial was designed to compare the efficacy of low-dose regimen of cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide alternated with vinblastine and hleomycin (CISCA/VB) with the original CISCA/VB regimen in patients with disseminated non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT) and a predicted favorable outcome. Patients and methods: One hundred and twenty-five patients with disseminated NSGCT and a predicted favorable outcome according to the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center classification [testicular primary and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serum level <50 000 mIU/ml] [ were randomized to receive the original CISCA/VB regimen (100% dose) or a low-dose CISCA/VB regimen (80% dose). Results: Among the 124 eligible patients, there was no significant difference in the number of patients in the two treatment arms who achieved a complete response to therapy: 53 of 65 patients (82%) on the original CISCA/VB regimen and 53 of 59 patients (90%) on the low-dose CISCA/VB regimen (P = 0.29). Overall, the original CISCA/VB regimen resulted in a significantly higher relative dose intensity (P<0.0001). After a median follow-up of 6.8 years (range 0.37 to 12.94 years), there was no significant difference in disease-free survival (P = 0.87) or in overall survival (P = 0.88) between the two treatment arms. The 5-year overall survival rate was 93.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88% to 100%] and 94.1% (95% CI 84% to 100%) in the original CISCA/VB arm and the low-dose CISCA/VB arm, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rate for the entire study population was 98% (95% CI 94% to 100%) and 88% (95% CI 76% to 100%) in the good- and intermediate-prognosis groups, respectively, as defined by the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification Group (IGCCCG). The low-dose CISCA/VB regimen resulted in significantly less neutropenic fever (P<0.001) grade 4 thrombocytopenia (P<0.03) and severe mucositis (P<0.01) than the original CISCA/VB regimen. Conclusions: CISCA/VB is highly efficient in patients with good or intermediate prognosis NSGCT according to the IGCCCG criteria. Although equivalent antitumor efficacy cannot he claimed, the low-dose CISCA/VB regimen appears to be a better mode of delivery than the original CISCA/VB regimen with respect to toxicity, since survival is comparable.
Transmissivity identification through multi-directional aquifer stimulation

This paper presents a geostatistical approach to multi-directional aquifer stimulation in order to better identify the transmissivity field. Hydraulic head measurements, taken at a few locations but under a number of different steady-state flow conditions, are used to estimate the transmissivity. Well installation is generally the most costly aspect of obtaining hydraulic head measurements. Therefore, it is advantageous to obtain as many informative measurements from each sampling location as possible. This can be achieved by hydraulically stimulating the aquifer through pumping, in order to set-up a variety of flow conditions. We illustrate the method by applying it to a synthetic aquifer. The simulations provide evidence that a few sampling locations may provide enough information to estimate the transmissivity field. Furthermore, the innovation of, or new information provided by, each measurement can be examined by looking at the corresponding spline and sensitivity matrix. Estimates from multi-directional stimulation are found to be clearly superior to estimates using data taken under one flow condition. We describe the geostatistical methodology for using data from multi-directional simulations and address computational issues.