cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermodynamic-based approach to analyzing a highly solvating polymorphic system: the desolvation window method.

There are two major challenges in developing a solid form: (1) identifying the thermodynamically stable form and (2) determining the method used to crystallize that form. Often experiments performed to address these challenges have different objectives and use separate experimental techniques. The thermodynamically stable form is usually found on small scale, utilizing slurries or crystallizations. Subsequently, a crystallization process is developed to purge impurities and to increase yield and these experiments are typically conducted on medium to large scale (greater than 10 g). Axitinib, a research compound for the treatment of cancer, forms solvates in most solvents to which it is exposed, presenting a problem in discovering and making a desirable anhydrous phase. A method has been developed that will give the best chance of making a thermodynamic stable form of the anhydrous material, necessarily not a desolvated form. This approach relies on solvent mediated transformation (thermodynamic control), rather than crystallization or solid-to-solid phase desolvation (generally kinetic control). Experimental conditions (a desolvation window) to produce an anhydrous solid form for this compound that shows predominance for solvate formation is detailed.
THE AGGREGATION OF IMPACTS: USING SPECIES‐SPECIFIC EFFECTS TO INFER COMMUNITY‐LEVEL DISTURBANCES

The use of BACI (before–after, control–impact), comparisons to assess environmental impacts on communities requires strict adherence to the principles of good experimental design in order to derive unambiguous conclusions. Unplanned natural ecological experiments seldom meet these requirements. What unplanned experiments lack in rigor, they often make up for in an abundance of data that has the potential to make even weak signals detectable. To realize this potential the following conditions should be satisfied. (1) High taxonomic resolution is achieved in identification (species level if possible). (2) Species-specific tolerance values are available for most of the collected taxa. (3) An individual measure of impact is obtained for each taxon at a site. (4) All taxa are used in impact assessment. As a practical illustration we examine the effect of sedimentation from construction runoff on the population levels of stream benthic macroinvertebrates. Our purpose is to assess the efficacy of erosion- and sedimentation-control regulations and their enforcement in three North Carolina (USA) jurisdictions. Due to the asynchronous onset and duration of construction events, samples from different sites varied both in their timing and frequency. As a result, the benthos (both the kinds and numbers of taxa collected) overlapped so little between sites that the standard multimetric approaches to impact assessment were of little use. The typical multivariate methods of impact assessment examine changes at the community level. Our approach focuses on changes at the individual species level for all collected taxa. By correlating species-level population changes with known species-level tolerance values we are able to construct an impact score for each site along with a measure of its reliability. Impact scores are then used to test for jurisdiction differences using a weighted regression approach to analysis of variance. If the immediate goal of a study is not to assess the impact at a single site but to compare the degree of impact across a number of impacted sites and to relate this to one or more classification variables, then we believe this approach can be broadly applicable.
IBM network management strategy

This essay describes some major directions at IBM with respect to network management. It describes the network management environment and discusses four key initiatives of IBM's SystemView™ network management strategy. This strategy provides integrated applications and services, broadens the scope of network management products, provides open access to multivendor products, and delivers and supports complete solutions for customers.
Increased error-related negativity (ERN) in childhood anxiety disorders: ERP and source localization.

Background: In this study we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and source localization analyses to track the time course of neural activity underlying response monitoring in children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder compared to age-matched low-risk normal controls. Methods: High-density ERPs were examinedfollowingerrorsonaflankertaskfrom12childrenbetween8and14 yearsolddiagnosedwithan anxiety disorder (ANX) and 13 age-matched low-risk normal controls (LRNC). Results: Children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder had increased error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude. The neural generators of the ERN in the ANX group were estimated to be localized in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). There were no significant group differences in PE amplitude. Conclusions: These data provide evidenceforincreasedERNamplitudelocalizedtotheACCinchildrendiagnosedwithananxietydisorder, suggesting altered maturational patterns of the ACC circuitry early in the course of this illness. Keywords: Children, anxiety disorders, error-related negativity (ERN), error-related positivity (PE), anterior cingulate cortex, event-related potentials, source localization. Abbreviations: ANX: Anxiety Disorder group; LRNC: Low-Risk Normal Control group; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; SCARED: Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders; CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.
Neutrophilia Predicts Death and Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction A Community-Based Study

Background— The relationship between neutrophils and outcomes post–myocardial infarction (MI) is not completely characterized. We examined the associations of neutrophil count with mortality and post-MI heart failure (HF) and their incremental value for risk discrimination in the community. Methods and Results— MI was diagnosed with cardiac pain, biomarkers, and Minnesota coding of the ECG. Neutrophil count at presentation, reported as counts ×109/L, was categorized by tertiles (lower tertile, 8.5). From 1979 to 2002, 2047 incident MIs occurred in Olmsted County, Minn (mean age, 68±14 years; 44% women). Median (25th to 75th percentile) neutrophil count was 7.0 (5.1 to 9.5). Within 3 years post-MI, 577 patients died, and 770 developed HF. Overall survival and survival free of HF decreased with increased neutrophil tertile ( P <0.001). Compared with the lower tertile, the age and sex adjusted hazard ratio for death was 1.44 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.81) for the middle tertile and 2.60 (95% CI, 2.10 to 3.22) for the upper tertile ( P <0.001). Similarly, for HF, the hazard ratio was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.59) for the middle and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.77 to 2.53) for the upper tertile ( P <0.001). These associations persisted after adjustment for risk factors, comorbidities, Killip class, revascularization, and ejection fraction. Neutrophil count improved risk discrimination as indicated by increases in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (all P <0.05) and by the integrated discrimination improvement analysis (all P <0.001). Conclusions— In the community, the neutrophil count was strongly and independently associated with death and HF post-MI and improved risk discrimination over traditional predictors. Received October 23, 2008; accepted July 27, 2009.
Electrical Signals of Memory and of the Awareness of Remembering

Learning factual information and accurately remembering specific experiences from the past are central to human intellectual and social life. These extraordinary abilities require computations on diverse sorts of information represented in the brain. Networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex are specialized for analyzing and representing such information, whereas the storage of facts and events within these networks depends fundamentally on linking multiple representational fragments together. This cross-cortical linking function is disrupted in patients with amnesia. Electrical measures of the brain in action, obtained while people perform feats of memory in laboratory settings, have been used to investigate the storage and retrieval of facts and episodes. Electrical signals associated with specific aspects of memory processing have been identified through research that constitutes part of a larger scientific endeavor aimed at understanding memory, the subjective experience of remembering that can accom...
Alfvén Waves These waves, predicted by Alfvén, have been studied in laboratory and geophysical plasma experiments

We have described a set of laboratory experiments which establish the primary properties of Alfven waves and have mentioned natural phenomena in which these waves exert a strong influence. To date, there have been few technological applications of Alfven waves, although the waves are being considered for use in hydromagnetic amplifiers and in connection with plasma heating techniques associated with controlled thermonuclear fusion devices. As with any new findings, detailed prediction of future applications is impossible.
The vorticity budget of developing typhoon Nuri (2008)

Abstract. The formation of west Pacific tropical cyclone Nuri (2008) was observed over four days from easterly wave to typhoon stage by aircraft using scanning Doppler radar and dropsonde data. This disturbance developed rapidly in a significantly sheared environment. In spite of the shear, overlapping closed circulations existed in the frame of reference of the storm in the planetary boundary layer and at 5 km elevation, providing a deep region protected from environmental influences. The rapid spinup of Nuri can be attributed to the strong increase with height at low levels of the vertical mass flux during and after the tropical depression stage, and the correspondingly strong vorticity convergence in the planetary boundary layer. As Nuri developed, convective regions of boundary layer vortex stretching became fewer but more intense, culminating in a single nascent eyewall at the tropical storm stage. A non-developing tropical wave case was also analyzed. This system started with much weaker circulations in the boundary layer and aloft, leaving it unprotected against environmental intrusion. This may explain its failure to develop.
Origin of Transient and Sustained Responses in Ganglion Cells of the Retina

Phasic and tonic light responses provide a fundamental division of visual information that is thought to originate in the inner retina. However, evidence presented here indicates that this duality originates in the outer retina. In response to a steady light stimulus, the temporal responses of On-bipolar cells fell into two groups. In one group, the light response peaked and then rapidly declined (τ ∼ 400 msec) close to the resting membrane potential. At light offset, these cells exhibited a transient afterhyperpolarization. In the second group of On-bipolar cells, the light response declined 10-fold more slowly and reached a steady depolarization that was ∼40% of the peak response. These neurons had a slowly decaying afterhyperpolarization at light offset. A metabotropic glutamate antagonist, ( RS )-α-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylyglycine (CPPG), blocked light responses in both types of On-bipolar cell. CPPG only slightly depolarized transient On-bipolar cells, whereas sustained On-bipolar cells were significantly depolarized. Inorganic calcium channel blockers disclosed that these distinct On-bipolar responses were inherent to the bipolar cell and not attributable to synaptic feedback. CPPG had distinct effects on sustained and transient ganglion cells, similar to its action on bipolar cells. The antagonist depolarized and blocked the light responses of sustained ganglion cells. In transient ganglion cells, CPPG suppressed the On light response but did not depolarize the cell or block the Off light response. These results suggest that transient and sustained light responses in ganglion cells result from selective bipolar cell input and that these two fundamental visual channels originate at the dendritic terminals of bipolar cells.
Strong Performance Guarantees for Asynchronous Crossbar Schedulers

Crossbar-based switches are commonly used to implement routers with throughputs up to about 1 Tb/s. The advent of crossbar scheduling algorithms that provide strong performance guarantees now makes it possible to engineer systems that perform well, even under extreme traffic conditions. Up to now, such performance guarantees have only been developed for crossbars that switch cells rather than variable length packets. Cell-based schedulers may fail to deliver the expected performance guarantees when used in routers that forward packets of variable length. We show how to obtain performance guarantees for asynchronous crossbars that are directly comparable to the performance guarantees previously available only for synchronous, cell-based crossbars. In particular we define derivatives of the Group by Virtual Output Queue (GVOQ) scheduler of Chuang et. al. and the Least Occupied Output First Scheduler of Krishna et. al. and show that both can provide strong performance guarantees in systems with speedups ≥2. We also show that there are schedulers for segment-based crossbars, (introduced recently by Katevenis and Passas) that can deliver strong performance guarantees with small buffer requirements and no bandwidth fragmentation.
Stealth Inequity: Using Corporate Integration to Ease Unfairness in the Tax Code

This article explores the inequities inherent in the current corporate income tax structure. The author argues that notions of vertical and horizontal equity are violated in the current tax code. In particular, tax payers are taxed differently depending on the type of business entity that they invest in, which violates notions of horizontal equity; and higher income investors are allowed to invest in certain entities with lower tax consequences, that are not available to lower income investors, which violates notions of vertical equity. Hedge funds, partnerships, limited liability companies, and a variety of other business choices are only available to accredited investors who earn high incomes or have a certain amount of wealth. This makes the double tax on corporations unfair from both a vertical and a horizontal equity standpoint. Various approaches to alleviating the double tax and inequitable tax burden are introduced and analyzed including complete integration proposals which would eliminate the corporate income tax at the corporate level and partial integration proposals which, in some circumstances, would allow for dividend deductions at the shareholder level. Proposals face various criticisms including administrability concerns, loss of revenue and allowing certain tax-exempt and foreign investors to escape any sort of taxation on their earnings. The author explores each of these criticisms and introduces her own integration proposal which seeks to alleviate equity and fairness objections to the current corporate income tax structure while keeping in mind the present concerns over integration which includes a deduction for dividends and proposes to tax all income from any type of investment at the investor’s personal ordinary income tax rate.
The Predictors of Postoperative Laryngeal Nerve Paresis in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Surgery: A Pilot Study

Summary Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors predictive of postoperative laryngeal nerve paresis (LNP) in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. We also assess the implications of preoperative LNP on postoperative vocal fold status. Study Design Case series with retrospective chart review. Methods Charts of 17 patients who underwent thyroid surgery and had pre- and postoperative laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) were reviewed. LEMGs were ordered routinely in all patients undergoing thyroid surgery, not just in those with clinical findings suggestive of paresis. We collected data relating to pre- and postoperative laryngeal and thyroid evaluations and the details of the surgical procedure. We analyzed the prevalence of preoperative LNP and relationship of thyroid diagnoses, size of thyroid mass, and type of surgery performed with respect to the outcome of the LNP. Results All the 17 patients had a mild to moderate degree of unilateral or bilateral LNP preoperatively. However, only seven (41.2%) had vocal symptoms. After surgery, only five of these seven patients had voice complaints, and there were no patients with voice complaints among the group that had been asymptomatic preoperatively. Thyroid diagnoses included 11 cases of benign disease (64.7%) in which LNP improved in two, worsened in four, and remained the same in five; and six cases of malignant disease (35.3%) in which LNP improved in none, worsened in two, and remained the same in four. Predictors of worsening postoperative LNP on LEMG included the diagnosis of goiter ( P =0.0005) and size of mass greater than 5cm (0.032). Conclusions This study supports the notion that there is an intrinsic relationship between benign thyroid diseases and LNP that is probably related to local effects of the disease on the laryngeal nerves. All patients with the postoperative diagnosis of goiter worsened, and all patients with the postoperative diagnosis of adenoma showed no change on postoperative electromyography (EMG). Similarly, all patients with the diagnosis of thyroiditis alone improved, and there were no cases of improvement outside this group. Of the six cases of malignancy, four exhibited no change on EMG and only two worsened. The only reliable predictors of worsening paresis postoperatively are mass size greater than 5cm and diagnosis of goiter.
Molecular clouds in the galaxy

Spectral-line radio astronomy has revealed over 50 molecular lines in the past four years. These lines correspond to 24 interstellar molecules, mostly organic, which are contained in dust clouds. Molecular clouds play an essential part in the evolutionary cycle taking place in our galaxy.
REGULATION OF POLYRIBOSOME FORMATION AND CELL DIVISION IN CULTURED SOYBEAN CELLS BY CYTOKININ

SUMMARY Cytokinin was shown to be required for cell division in cultured cells of Clycine max var. Sodifury. This cytokinin-induced mitotic activity was correlated with a high cellular content of polysomes. Within 24 h after transfer to a cytokinin-containing medium there was a 4 - 5-fold increase in the percentage of ribosomes bound as polyribosomes, as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of extracted ribosomal material. Relatively high levels of polysomes and mitotic activity were maintained through the first 6 days of the culture period on cytokinin-containing medium. Thereafter, both cell division activity and the percentage of polyribosomes declined progressively with increasing time in culture. A comparatively small increase in polyribosomes occurred within 24 h of transfer to medium lacking cytokinins, followed by the progressive decline of the level of polyribosomes. The time course of cytokinininduced polyribosome formation was determined by treating cells with cytokinin after they had been cultured for 24 h on a medium lacking cytokinin. Under these conditions there was a rapid increase in polyribosomes over the next 3 h with no detectable lag period, and near maximal levels of polyribosomes after 6 h of treatment. The initial stimulation of polyribosome formation by cytokinin was not blocked by actinomycin D. Cytokinin was shown to have a comparatively small effect on the ribonuclease activity in extracts of these cells.
Inhibitors of Copi and Copii Do Not Block PEX3-Mediated Peroxisome Synthesis

In humans, defects in peroxisome biogenesis are the cause of lethal diseases typified by Zellweger syndrome. Here, we show that inactivating mutations in human PEX3 cause Zellweger syndrome, abrogate peroxisome membrane synthesis, and result in reduced abundance of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) and/or mislocalization of PMPs to the mitochondria. Previous studies have suggested that PEX3 may traffic through the ER en route to the peroxisome, that the COPI inhibitor, brefeldin A, leads to accumulation of PEX3 in the ER, and that PEX3 overexpression alters the morphology of the ER. However, we were unable to detect PEX3 in the ER at early times after expression. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of COPI function by brefeldin A has no effect on trafficking of PEX3 to peroxisomes and does not inhibit PEX3-mediated peroxisome biogenesis. We also find that inhibition of COPII-dependent membrane traffic by a dominant negative SAR1 mutant fails to block PEX3 transport to peroxisomes and PEX3-mediated peroxisome synthesis. Based on these results, we propose that PEX3 targeting to peroxisomes and PEX3-mediated peroxisome membrane synthesis may occur independently of COPI- and COPII-dependent membrane traffic.
Faith in Yourself: Self-Esteem in Guatemalan Religious Schools

This study examines the effect that private religious schools have on self-esteem. Using data collected from 21 Catholic, evangelical and secular private schools in Guatemala, comparisons are made to determine if there are differences between these school types in students’ self-esteem and academic confidence. Hierarchical linear models are constructed to further examine school differences in the presence of controls for gender and gender ideology, family influence and various religious measures. Contrary to many previous findings, results in this study show that Catholic school students generally have lower levels of self-esteem and academic confidence than students at other types of private religious schools. These lower Catholic school findings persist for measures of reflected appraisals and math confidence even in the presence of relevant controls. Full models also show that gender ideology, family background, and religious beliefs and practices have a significant effect on student self-esteem and academic confidence. Overall, results highlight the key role that religious beliefs and religious saliency have on student self-esteem.
Polydactyly: How many disorders and how many genes?

Disorders that include polydactyly as a manifestation are diverse and numerous. Cataloging these disorders by phenotype and genotype demonstrates numerous overlapping phenotypes, genetic heterogeneity of phenotypes, and distinct phenotypes generated from mutations in single genes. To assess these issues, a list of disorders with polydactyly has been compiled from several sources. Among 119 disorders, 39 disorders are associated with mutations in genes, and among these, genotypic and phenotypic overlap is demonstrated. These issues highlight the need for a diagnostic system that catalogs both genotype and phenotype. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the Validity of Portfolio Assessments for Licensure Decisions

This study examines one part of a validity argument for portfolio assessments of teaching practice used as an indicator of teaching quality to inform a licensure decision. We investigate the relationship among portfolio assessment scores, a test of teacher knowledge (ETS’s Praxis I and II), and changes in student achievement (on Touchstone’s Degrees of Reading Power Test [DRP]). Key questions are the extent to which the assessment of teaching practice (a) predict gains in students’ achievement and (b) contribute unique information to this prediction beyond what is contributed by the tests of teacher knowledge. The venue for our study is Connecticut State Department of Education’s (CSDE) support and licensure system for beginning teachers, the Beginning Educator Support and Training (BEST) program (as it was implemented at the time of our study). We investigated whether elementary teachers’ mean effects on their students’ reading achievement support the use of BEST elementary literacy portfolio scores as a measure of teaching quality for licensure, using a data set gathered from both State and two urban school district sources. The HLM findings indicate that BEST portfolio scores do indeed distinguish among teachers who were more and less successful in enhancing their students’ achievement. An additional analysis indicated that the BEST portfolios add information that is not contained in the Praxis tests, and are more powerful predictors of teachers’ contributions to student achievement gains.
A comparative study of polyol complexes of arsenite, borate, and tellurate ions

Abstract An investigation using a pH method has been made of the polyol complexes of arsenite, borate, and tellurate ions. The constants obtained for arsenite and borate ions correlate well. The order of values for tellurate complexes does not agree, however, with that for the other two ions; evidence is presented which indicates that the variations in order are caused by steric effects.
ON BEHAVIORAL AND PERCEPTION GEOGRAPHY

(1979). ON BEHAVIORAL AND PERCEPTION GEOGRAPHY. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 463-464.
The stability of metallized, thin, flexible III–V structures for high temperature applications and wafer bonding

The stability of thin, flexible III–V layers / solar cells with metallization was addressed. Reduced cell thickness (reduced weight) places added constraints on metallization sequences, thicknesses, and thermal budgets for these cells. We subjected a structure of a thin (few μm) III–V layers (the focus here is on InP-based structures) with metallization backing (Au, Ni, and Cu-based metallizations, several μm thick) to annealing at 200 °C, 300 °C, or 400 °C for up to a twelve hours. X-ray diffraction is a particularly useful technique as measurements from the solar cell (semiconductor) side of the stack also reveals the metallization diffraction peaks and hence any reaction byproducts. This is due to the beam penetration through the few μm thick cell layers. After 200 °C for twelve hours, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate reactions between the metal layers in the stack but the semiconductor is unchanged. After 300 °C, twelve hours, there is more extensive intermetallic compound formation. However, after annealing at 400 °C, twelve hours, the III–V layer is entirely consumed. In contrast, when much thicker cells / semiconductor layers are subject to similar annealing conditions, there may not be a significant impact on performance because only a few μm of the total cell thickness is consumed. When the total thickness is only a few μm, however, the reaction between the metal contact layer and the semiconductor leads to consumption of the entire device. These results demonstrate that (i) the total cell thickness is important when considering contact-semiconductor interactions at elevated operating or processing temperatures and (ii) x-ray diffraction through the thin cell provides a detailed assessment of reactions; it can be utilized for any combination of thin film solar cell and metallization.
Child sexual abuse as an international health problem.

The sexual abuse of children by adults is a global phenomenon, though not always admitted to exist nor defined as a problem. Rather, the associated physical and behavioural sequelae to sexual assault are viewed in isolation by the child, family and health care providers because of cultural and political factors that are, to some extent, specific to certain societies. Yet they are universal when viewed in the broader context of women's role. The Council of National Representatives voted at the ICN Congress in Seoul to establish a policy for the nurse's role in protecting children from abuse (see page 140). Below the author presents her argument for defining the sexual abuse of children as an international health problem. Language: en
Efficacy of Fluensulfone in a Tomato–Cucumber Double Cropping System

Vegetable crops in the southeastern United States are commonly grown on plastic mulch with two crop cycles produced on a single mulch application. Field trials were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in two locations to evaluate the efficacy of fluensulfone for controlling Meloidogyne spp. when applied through drip irrigation to cucumber in a tomato-cucumber double-cropping system. In the spring tomato crop, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), fluensulfone, and a resistant cultivar significantly decreased root galling by 91%, 73%, and 97%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Tomato plots from the spring were divided into split plots for the fall where the main plots were the spring treatment and the subplots were cucumber either treated with fluensulfone (3.0 kg a.i./ha. via drip irrigation) or left untreated. The fall application of fluensulfone improved cucumber vigor and reduced gall ratings compared to untreated subplots. Fluensulfone reduced damage from root-knot nematodes when applied to the first crop as well as provided additional protection to the second crop when it was applied through a drip system.
DEPRESSION: PATTERN OF MEDICAL UTILIZATION AND SOMATIZATION IN PRIMARY CARE

Epidemiologic studies in primary care have documented that between 25 and 75 percent of all patient visits are due to psychosocial stress as opposed to biomedical problems (Stoeckle, Zola, and Davidson, 1964; Manucci, Friedman, and Kaufman, 1961; Garfield, Collen, Feldman, et al., 1976). Studies that have used structured interviews and research diagnostic criteria for psychiatric illness have determined that one in every four primary care patients has a major mental illness. Hoeper and others (1979) in a study of primary care patients utilizing the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and Research Diagnostic Criteria found that 26.7 percent of patients in a primary care clinic suffered from a mental illness. Hoeper, Nyczi, Cleary, et al. (1979) as well as Marsland, Wood and Mayo (1970), have demonstrated that the anxiety and affective disorders are the two most common types of mental disorders afflicting primary care patients.
On dynamical analysis of a horizontal trafic queue

We consider a horizontal trafic queue on a circular road, where vehicles arrive according to a spatio-temporal Poisson process, and, upon arrival, move clockwise until they reach a common destination point, from where they depart the queue. When inside the queue, the speed of a vehicle is proportional to the distance to the vehicle in front. We provide a tight characterization of the throughput of such a queueing system. The dynamics of inter-vehicular spacings in between jumps is reminiscent of linear consensus on directed graphs. The finer properties of the departure process of the proposed queue depend on the dynamics of the minimum inter-vehicular distance. Motivated by the need to study such finer dynamics, we study the evolution of the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the inter-vehicular spacings in between and during jumps. Simulations that illustrate phase transitions in the throughput under nonlinear car following models are also provided.
Clarity and Challenges in Tissue Fibrosis

The tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of tissue fibrosis has led to realistic hopes for effective antifibrotic therapies in a range of diseases, including hepatic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and renal fibrosis, as well as fibrotic disorders of muscle, heart, skin and bone marrow. Common mechanisms across these different tissues have unearthed targets that may be relevant to many organs. Best understood are pathways leading to hepatic fibrosis, which also predispose to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic stellate cells are the principal fibrogenic cells in the liver following their activation into myofibroblasts, and their detailed characterization has unearthed many targets for therapy. Increasingly, investigators now rely on genetic mouse models to define contributions of specific molecules, in hopes of antagonizing these molecules as therapeutic targets. Both genomic and molecular approaches are unveiling new patterns of gene expression and molecules. A robust framework for antifibrotic drug discovery has been developed, and many agents are in clinical trials. With iterative evaluation of drug candidates in both animal models and humans, accelerated progress in bringing these drugs to patients is anticipated.
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator Does Not Accurately Predict Risk of 30-Day Complications Among Patients Undergoing Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction.

Purpose The American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Surgical Risk Calculator (SRC) is a novel universal risk calculator designed to aid in risk stratification of patients undergoing various types of major surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the ACS NSQIP SRC in predicting postoperative complications in patients undergoing microvascular head and neck reconstruction. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing head and neck microvascular reconstruction with fibular free flaps at a single institution was completed. The NSQIP SRC was used to compute complication risk estimates and length of stay (LOS) estimates for all patients under study. Associations between complication risk estimates generated by the SRC and actual rates of observed complications were evaluated using logistic regression models. Logistic regression models also were used to evaluate the SRC estimates for LOS duration compared with the actual observed LOS after surgery. Results Of 153 patients under study, 46 (30%) developed a postoperative complication corresponding to those defined by NSQIP SRC. Thirty-eight patients (25%) developed a postoperative complication categorized as severe in the parameters of the NSQIP SRC. None of the SRC complication estimates showed a statistically relevant association with the corresponding observed rates of complications. The mean LOS predicted by the SRC was 8.0 days (median, 7.5 days; interquartile range [IQR], 6.5 to 9; range, 5.0 to 18.5 days). The mean observed LOS for the study group was 9.6 days (median, 7.0 days; IQR, 6 to 9; range, 5 to 67 days). Lin's (Biometrics 45:255, 1989) concordance correlation coefficient to measure agreement between observed and predicted LOS was 0.10, indicating only slight agreement between the 2 values. Conclusion The ACS NSQIP SRC is not a useful risk-stratifying metric for patients undergoing major head and neck reconstruction with microvascular fibular free flaps. The SRC also does not accurately predict hospital LOS for this same patient cohort.
Fluorescence Molecular Tomography Based on A Priori Information

We obtain fluorophore absorption reconstructions from small animals in-vivo by incorporating anatomical information obtained from MRI into the optical measurements. The mismatch between the anatomical and functional images is accounted by using Tikhonov-based regularization approach.
An Ancient Roman Toadstool Carved in Stone

About 100 A.D., the Roman emperor, Trajan, ordered the legate, P. Munatius Gallus, commander of the Third Legion, to found the City of Thamugadi (Timgad) at the foot of the Aures mountains in eastern Algeria, as the outpost of Roman power in North Africa to guard the empire against the native Berber tribes (Barbarians). The town saw its prime in the second half of the Second and in the Third Century, passing later through trying vicissitudes until it was destroyed and burned by the hostile Berber tribes of the Aures mountains in 534 A.D. It was
Subsurface and Surface Insecticide Applications to Control Subterranean Larvae of the Grape Root Borer

Twenty-five insecticides were evaluated at various rates for control of subterranean larvae of Vitacea polistiformis (Harris) during 1974–76. Tests included contact, systemic, and fumigant insecticides. Several application methods were tested induding surface soil and subsurface soil applications. Of these, only soil injection of fumigants among infested roots close to the vine collar or in lateral roots under the trellis effectively controlled larvae. Ethylene dibromide (EDB) and ethylene dichloride (EDC) were the most effective. Lowest effective rates for EDB and EDC were 2.5 and 17.5 kg/1000 linear m, respectively. None of the insecticides were phototoxic to bunch grapes at rates tested. A pressure flow injection device was the most practical method of injecting toxicants among infested roots. The device was attached to conventional low pressure sprayers and injected water miscible insecticides under pressure in the soil around the vines.
From Integrated Financial Services Supervision to the Twin Peaks Model: The Future of Financial Regulation and the Role of the Basel Capital Framework

As regards macro prudential policies, the focus by Basel III on macro prudential policies can also be considered a consequence of the recent Financial Crisis. Hence, in response to efforts aimed at addressing issues relating to coordination, this paper not only seeks to highlight and comprehensively analyze initiatives which have been taken to address macro prudential regulation through Basel III, but also demonstrate how Basel III functions as a vital tool whereby coordination between regulatory and supervisory authorities, both at national and supra national, as well as globally, can be achieved. Through efforts aimed at facilitating harmonization, consistency and comparability, Basel III has not only attained immense progress and recognition in pivotal leading economies, but also proven its potential to pave the way for global harmonization efforts which is so vital and crucial if coordination is to be achieved given complex structures and functions which currently persist with regulatory and supervisory authorities.
On Capital Taxation and Economic Growth and Welfare in a Creative Region

We follow Donovan and Batabyal (Int Rev Econ Financ, 38:67–72, 2015) and study the effects of physical capital or investment income taxation on economic growth and welfare in a region that is creative in the sense of Richard Florida. This region possesses physical and creative capital. Our analysis leads to six findings. First, we demonstrate the effect of the investment income tax ζ on steady-state consumption and physical capital per effective creative capital unit, denoted by c and k, respectively. Second, we show how the economy of our creative region responds to the implementation of ζ. Third, we compare c and k on the new balanced-growth path (BGP) with c and k on the old or pretax BGP. Fourth, we study the effect of ζ in an aggregate economy consisting of many creative regions. Fifth, we analyze whether a policy of subsidizing investment and raising the revenue for this subsidy with lump-sum taxes increases welfare in our creative region. Finally, we study the impacts in our creative region when, instead of rebating the revenue from ζ to the creative class households, the taxing authority (TA) in this region makes purchases.
Wrestling the Giant: New Approaches for Assessing Titin Variant Pathogenicity.

In the recent past, the clinical availability of genetic information has increased exponentially and with it the opportunity to use this information to aid in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. One of the greatest challenges we face with this wealth of potentially useful diagnostic information is determining the pathogenicity of the myriad genetic variants identified. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a particularly salient example of this challenge. Compared with other inherited cardiovascular diseases, such as long QT syndrome, with a diagnostic yield of genetic testing of ≈80%, only 15% to 40% of DCM genetic tests yield a pathogenic variant.1 This reduced diagnostic capability is due in part to our lack of precision in defining phenotypes, as well as the sheer size and number of genes thought to be involved, rendering the examination of a large number of variants in an individual cumbersome. Articles, see p 419 and 426 In the current issue, 2 groups have addressed an exemplar of these challenges: Titin (TTN ).2,3 TTN encodes the largest human protein, consisting of 364 exons that are spliced into transcripts encoding ≈5000 to 34 000 amino acids. Largely because of its size and the ubiquity of rare variation, many individuals harbor variation in the TTN gene (1%–3% differ from the human reference sequence).4,5 However, significant data support the presence of pathogenic variation in TTN , leading to dilated cardiomyopathies, specifically truncating variants in the A-band. Although consistent cosegregation evidence is lacking,6 such variants clearly have lower prevalence in the healthy population,5,7 highlighting the importance of critical evaluation of clinically observed variation in TTN . In this issue, Hastings et al3 and Deo2 each address this challenge with the use of innovative perspective, proposing novel solutions to the problem of …
Increasing Consumer Engagement by Tailoring a Public Reporting Website on the Quality of Diabetes Care: A Qualitative Study

Background: The majority of health care utilization decisions in the United States are made by persons with multiple chronic conditions. Existing public reports of health system quality do not distinguish care for these persons and are often not used by the consumers they aim to reach. Objective: Our goal was to determine if tailoring quality reports to persons with diabetes mellitus and co-occurring chronic conditions would increase user engagement with a website that publicly reports the quality of diabetes care. Methods: We adapted an existing consumer-focused public reporting website using adult learning theory to display diabetes quality reports tailored to the user’s chronic condition profile. We conducted in-depth cognitive interviews with 20 individuals who either had diabetes and/or cared for someone with diabetes to assess the website. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed, then analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Three themes emerged that suggested increased engagement from tailoring the site to a user’s chronic conditions: ability to interact, relevance, and feeling empowered to act. Conclusions: We conclude that tailoring can be used to improve public reporting sites for individuals with chronic conditions, ultimately allowing consumers to make more informed health care decisions. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(12):e332]
The Inverse Relationship between Digital Media Exposure and Childhood Flourishing.

Objective To describe the relationship between digital media exposure (DME) and parental perception of childhood flourishing, or overall positive well-being. It is hypothesized that there is an inverse association between parent-reported measures of childhood flourishing and increasing daily DME. Study design Parental responses for children ages 6-17 years (N = 64 464) from the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health were analyzed. Average weekday DME that was not school work related was categorized in 2-hour intervals: 0 to Results Only 31% reported Conclusion This study provides evidence that, among school-aged children, increasing weekday DME has an inverse dose-dependent relationship with multiple childhood flourishing markers.
Developing Literacy Skills in Children Through Interaction with Dogs

This chapter chronicles the history of dog-assisted literacy programs beginning with the work of Sandi Martin in 1999. The growth of these programs is documented not only as an increase in number of participants and variety of settings, but also by the proliferation of research reports recognizing their benefits. Most critically, the chapter details the outcomes of dog-assisted literacy programs by reviewing the wide range of documented benefits, such as improvement in reading skills (e.g., reading level, oral fluency), attitudes (e.g., confidence, self-esteem, interest, motivation), and behaviors (e.g., focus, cooperation, calm, socialization). We also focus attention on the methodological and measurement challenges in evaluating on-going educational programs. The progression of the research on dog-assisted literacy programs is detailed beginning with anecdotal and single group post-test designs, to more recent studies utilizing control groups and pre/post-test methodologies. Whether reported as case studies, qualitative interviews, or quantitative reading scores, the research findings concur that dog-assisted literacy programs are effective in developing children’s reading.
Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant

Abstract With the pervasive nature of chronic kidney disease, kidney transplantation is likely to continue to increase in the coming years. There are many infectious risks related to kidney transplant, including reactivation of latent infections, surgical complications, infectious risks related to immunosuppression, and nosocomial and community-acquired infections. These are described classically via timeline with early infections (first month), middle (1 to 6 months), and late (after 6 months). Kidney transplant patients may suffer from infections secondary to a vast array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Certain infections, particularly viral infections such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and BK virus, may portend acute and chronic implications of the infection and its subsequent impact on graft function. Critical care physicians and nephrologists caring for patients with a renal transplant must understand the broad array of possible infections, atypical presentations, and nuanced implications for appropriate evaluation and subsequent therapy, combined with the need for possible prophylaxis and/or suppression. Multidisciplinary teams, including transplant physicians and infectious diseases physicians, are encouraged strongly.
FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORMATIONS

This chapter discusses the Fourier and Laplace transformations. The Poisson Integral Formula is intimately related to the notion of Fourier series and a similar connection exists between the Fourier series and the Laurent series of a function f ( z ) analytic in an annulus r 1 2 . The problem of convergence is of fundamental importance in the study of Fourier series. The main problem is to discover under what circumstances the values U(o) and U(o) coincide, as then U provides an inversion formula for the Fourier transform u . This has the effect of doubling the size of a given table of integrals, for if a closed form solution is known for the Fourier transform u ( t ), one is also known for its inverse. The Fourier integral theorem provides useful conditions under which U(o) and U(o) agree.
Submucosal variant anal squamous cell carcinoma

Background Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is increasing in incidence. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), its immediate precursor, arises in the mucosa or perianal skin. SCCA without mucosal involvement is rare and diagnostically challenging. This phenomenon has been described in the cervix after HSIL treatment. We describe six cases of submucosal SCCA. Methods All patients with SCCA seen in our practice from February 2014 through February 2018 were included in this study. We described all six who presented without mucosal involvement. Results Six patients developed submucosal SCCA. The first case occurred in 2009 and all subsequent cases occurred within the past three years. The median age at diagnosis was 58 (range 41–83) years, 4 were male, 5 were HIV+, and none had inflammatory bowel disease. Five patients had a prior or concurrent HSIL discrete from the SCCA. Two HIV+ patients (TJ and JG) developed SCCA within fistula tracts three years after initial abscess drainage. Two (JE and YW) developed submucosal SCCA after multiple HSIL ablations. Two HIV+ patients (LR and JP) developed submucosal SCCA remote from prior HSIL. LR was diagnosed with SCCA in a submucosal rectal nodule after hemorrhoid rubber band ligation and JP developed SCCA deep to the mucosa within an anal canal sinus tract diagnosed by PET/CT. Conclusions We described 6 cases of SCCA without apparent mucosal involvement. One must maintain a high index of suspicion in high risk individuals with submucosal nodules or recurrent abscesses/fistulae. Previous anal procedures may increase risk for submucosal variant SCCA.