cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetimes in Si CVD-epitaxial and other layers determined by spectral LBIC

In an effort to evaluate the minority carrier lifetimes in CVD-epitaxially grown layers in their dependence on the CVD process variables, the absolute spectral LBIC method was found to be the only available method capable of yielding both lifetime and surface recombination velocity in layers, independent of the resistivity of this layer or that of the substrate, as long as they are separated by a pn-junction. With this method, it was not only possible to determine the minority carrier lifetimes in as-grown epi-layers, but to observe their changes through the device fabrication processes. In addition, it was possible for the first time to determine the lifetimes in the alloy-regrowth p(+) layers of base high/low junction structures.
Exception Handlers as Extensible Cases

Exceptions are an indispensable part of modern programming languages. They are, however, handled poorly, especially by higherorder languages such as Standard ML and Haskell: in both languages a well-typed program can unexpectedly fail due to an uncaught exception. In this paper, we propose a technique for type-safe exception handling. Our approach relies on representing exceptions as sums and assigning exception handlers polymorphic, extensible row types. Based on this representation, we describe an implicitly typed external language EL where well-typed programs do not raise any unhandled exceptions. EL relies on sums, extensible records, and polymorphism to represent exceptionhandling, and its type system is no more complicated than that for existing languages with polymorphic extensible records. EL is translated into an internal language IL that is a variant of System F extended with extensible records. The translation performs a CPS transformation to represent exception handlers as continuations. It also relies on duality to transform sums into records. (The details for this translation are given in an accompanying technical report.) We describe the implementation of a compiler for a concrete language based on EL . The compiler performs full type inference and translates EL -style source code to machine code. Type inference relieves the programmer from having to provide explicit exception annotations. We believe that this is the first practical proposal for integrating exceptions into the type system of a higher-order language.
A method for determination of the synthesis rate of stable and unstable ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A method to determine the relative rates of stable and unstable RNA synthesis is presented. The method employs the antibiotic rifampicin. For exponential phase Escherichia coli B/r growing at rates between 0.67 and 2.10 doublings per hr (3.2-fold range in growth rate), the fraction of the instantaneous rate of total RNA synthesis which is stable RNA was found to increase 2.3-fold (with increasing growth rate) from 0.29 to 0.68. Correspondingly, the fraction of the instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis which is unstable and presumably mRNA, decreases from 0.71 to 0.32 over this growth rate range. These relative synthesis rates are in good agreement with values obtained by DNA-RNA hybridization and other methods reported in the literature. The new method is simpler than these other methods and presumably as accurate.
Stimulus properties of facial expressions and their influence on the classical conditioning of fear

The influence of particular stimulus properties of facial expressions of emotion upon associative learning to a neutral cue was examined in the present investigation. A compound stimulus, composed of either a fearful, happy, or neutral facial expression paired with a neutral cue (tone), signaled an aversive event (mild electric shock). Phasic change in skin conductance (SC) was used as the measure of associative learning. Analyses of variance revealed that subjects who saw a fearful expression paired with the tone gave larger SC responses to the fearful expression than to the tone. The opposite pattern was obtained for subjects who had a happy expression paired with the tone. Subjects who had the neutral expression paired with the tone showed no significant difference in their responses to the two stimuli. Results of the present investigation were consistent with those of an earlier study by Lanzetta and Orr (1980), and extend the earlier theoretical interpretations by suggesting that fear expressions function as excitatory stimuli and happy expressions act as inhibitory stimuli. Methodological changes in the present study, which include a shorter CS interval and asynchronous stimulus onsets, also extend the previous findings.
Transport of insulin-related peptides and glucose across the blood-brain barrier.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is situated at the capillary endothelium, and arises from epitheliallike tight junctions that adjoin capillary endothelia in more than 99% of brain.' The endothelial barrier segregates blood from the brain interstitial fluid compartment. A second brain barrier system, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, is situated at the choroid plexus epithelium as well as epithelia in other circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are about a half dozen tiny regions of the brain lining the ventricle.2 The capillaries in the choroid plexus and CVOs are porous, whereas the epithelial barrier segregating the interstitial fluid of the choroid plexus or CVO from the ventricular compartment contains tight junctions.' The distinction between these two barriers oftentimes is blurred. For example, measurements of solute distribution into CSF are frequently taken as a measurement reflecting BBB permeability. However, uptake into the CSF does not pertain to BBB permeability, but actually reflects blood-CSF barrier permeability. An example of the differential nature of the two barrier systems is found in azidothymidine (AZT), a therapy used in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Circulating A Z T readily distributes into the CSF3 owing to the presence of an appropriate nucleoside transport system at the blood-CSF barrier, or choroid plexus epithelium. Conversely, AZT does not undergo transport through the BBB? owing to the lack of the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter in the brain capillary endotheliIn the case of insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), or glucose, the measurement of solute distribution into CSF should not be used as an index of BBB permeability. BBB transport of insulin, IGFs, or glucose is best measured with experimental techniques that directly assess cerebral vascular permeability. The recognition of two barrier systems in brain also has implications for peptidc drug delivery to brain.h For example, the administration of neuropeptide via intraventricular infusion allows for peptide distribution to the ventricular compartment and to the surface of the brain bathed by the subarachnoid space. However, CSF undergoes relatively rapid bulk flow through the CSF flow tracks, and, in the human
p38 mediates mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes

Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) affects more than 25% of patients with type 2 diabetes; however, the pathogenesis remains unclear due to lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to PDN. In our current study, we use an animal model of type 2 diabetes in order to understand the roles of p38 in PDN. Previously, we have demonstrated that the C57BLK db/db (db/db) mouse, a model of type 2 diabetes that carries the loss-of-function leptin receptor mutant, develops mechanical allodynia in the hind paws during the early stage (6-12 wk of age) of diabetes. Using this timeline of PDN, we can investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying mechanical allodynia in the db/db mouse. We studied the role of p38 in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (LDRG) during the development of mechanical allodynia in db/db mice. p38 phosphorylation was detected by immunoblots at the early stage of mechanical allodynia in LDRG of diabetic mice. Phosphorylated p38 (pp38) immunoreactivity was detected mostly in the small- to medium-sized LDRG neurons during the time period of mechanical allodynia. Treatment with an antibody against nerve growth factor (NGF) significantly inhibited p38 phosphorylation in LDRG of diabetic mice. In addition, we detected higher levels of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LDRG neurons of db/db mice compared to non-diabetic db+ mice. Intrathecal delivery of SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, significantly inhibited the development of mechanical allodynia and the upregulation of COX2, iNOS and TNF-α. Our findings suggest that NGF activated-p38 phosphorylation mediates mechanical allodynia in the db/db mouse by upregulation of multiple inflammatory mediators in LDRG.
Computer simulation of experimental Zeeman-effect patterns of forbidden lines of Bi i and Bi ii and estimation of electric-quadrupole admixture in mixed-type radiation

Studies of the interference effect in mixed-type forbidden lines with hyperfine structure are reported. Hyperfine structure and Zeeman patterns at various magnetic fields were obtained for three lines of Bi i and one line of Bi ii. Differences in intensity distribution for patterns observed in the L and π directions (ΔM = ±1 components) caused by the interference between electric-quadrupole (EQ) and magnetic-dipole (MD) radiation were looked for. Since the number of Zeeman components is very large (in hundreds), only a general contour of a line broadened by the field could be observed. A special computer program was designed to obtain the predicted contour for various values of the mixing ratio of EQ and MD radiation. The external parameters entered into the program are the J and I values; gJ, A, and B hyperfine-structure constants for each level involved; and the magnitude of the external magnetic field. The selection of profiles best matching the experimental patterns leads to an estimate of the EQ admixture in a given spectral line. The values found were 2.5 ± 0.5% for 4597 A, 6.5 ± 0.5% for 4615 A, and 16 ± 1% for 6476 A of Bi i and 3 ± 1% for 4850 A of Bi ii.
Comparative effectiveness of anthracycline-containing chemotherapy in United States veterans age 80 and older with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Abstract Objectives While anthracycline-based treatment can cure diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, most patients over age 80 do not receive doxorubicin due to toxicity concerns. This study evaluated this practice, as patients age 80 and older are largely excluded from clinical trials. The primary outcome of interest was overall survival. Secondary outcomes included treatment-related mortality and anthracycline dose intensity. Materials and Methods We assembled a cohort of 530 newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients age 80 or older diagnosed within United States Veterans Health Administration. Treatment and survival information were obtained to determine associations between anthracycline use, dose intensity, treatment-related mortality and overall survival. Results Of the 530 patients, 285 received systemic treatment and 193 received an anthracycline. After controlling for potential confounders, rituximab decreased mortality (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–0.88), while doxorubicin was not significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.64–1.17). Completion of treatment with anthracycline dose intensity ≥ 85% of expected was only 14%. Patients treated with anthracycline dose intensity Conclusion These results suggest that full dose anthracycline therapy may be less important in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients over age 80. The low frequency of completion of full dose intensity treatment suggests that standard doses are an unrealistic standard of care for patients this age. Alternate treatment strategies and risk stratification should be considered for these patients.
Syndrome of short stature, widow's peak, ptosis, posteriorly angulated ears, and joint problems: exclusion of the Aarskog (FGD1) gene as a candidate gene.

A syndrome encompassing postnatal onset of short stature, widow's peak, ptosis, posteriorly angulated ears, and limitation of forearm supination is reported in a boy and his mother. The boy has not yet experienced dislocation of patella or other joint anomaly except for limitation of supination of the forearms. On the other hand, the mother has a milder limitation of supination only on the left arm and is devoid of ptosis. Their condition is reminiscent of that described in the family reported by Kapur et al. [1989: Am. J. Med. Genet. 33: 357-363.], which showed an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. DNA study on our family using an intragenic polymorphism of the Aarskog syndrome (FGD1) gene and four other adjacent markers convincingly excludes the possibility that their condition could be caused by a mutation of the FGD1 gene. Our family and the family reported by Kapur et al. may suggest segregation of a novel X-linked dominant condition.
G proteins and autocrine signaling differentially regulate gonadotropin subunit expression in pituitary gonadotrope.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts at gonadotropes to direct the synthesis of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency of GnRH pulses determines the pattern of gonadotropin synthesis. Several hypotheses for how the gonadotrope decodes GnRH frequency to regulate gonadotropin subunit genes differentially have been proposed. However, key regulators and underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. We investigated the role of individual G proteins by perturbations using siRNA or bacterial toxins. In LβT2 gonadotrope cells, FSHβ gene induction depended predominantly on Gαq/11, whereas LHβ expression depended on Gαs. Specifically reducing Gαs signaling also disinhibited FSHβ expression, suggesting the presence of a Gαs-dependent signal that suppressed FSH biosynthesis. The presence of secreted factors influencing FSHβ expression levels was tested by studying the effects of conditioned media from Gαs knockdown and cholera toxin-treated cells on FSHβ expression. These studies and related Transwell culture experiments implicate Gαs-dependent secreted factors in regulating both FSHβ and LHβ gene expression. siRNA studies identify inhibinα as a Gαs-dependent GnRH-induced autocrine regulatory factor that contributes to feedback suppression of FSHβ expression. These results uncover differential regulation of the gonadotropin genes by Gαq/11 and by Gαs and implicate autocrine and gonadotrope-gonadotrope paracrine regulatory loops in the differential induction of gonadotropin genes.
Encephalopathy and hypotonia due to baclofen toxicity in a patient with end-stage renal disease.

Patient: Female, 57 Final Diagnosis: Baclofen toxicity Symptoms: Encephalopathy • hypotonia Medication: Baclofen Clinical Procedure: Hemodialysis Specialty: Critical Care Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment
A stopped-flow/continuous-flow method for kinetic determinations

A simple stopped-flow/continuous flow method is introduced to acquire kinetics information and to make kinetic determinations. The technique uses a photometric detector placed within the sample loop of a stopped-flow/continuous flow system. Several different carrier streams (aqueous fluids, organic solvents and air bubbles) were investigated. The analytical performance of the system is illustrated with the enzymatic determination of glucose in wine and serum samples.
Failure of dietary lyophilized strawberries to inhibit 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-and benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tumorigenesis in strain A/J mice.

In the present study, we examined the ability of lyophilized strawberries in the diet to inhibit 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)- and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse. Groups of 20 mice were administered purified AIN-76A diet containing 10% lyophilized strawberries 1 week before carcinogen dosing, and for the duration of the study. NNK was administered by i.p. injection in five, 0.414 mg doses. B[a]P was administered by gavage in five, 0.2 mg doses. At 20 weeks, there were no significant differences in tumor incidence or tumor multiplicity between the NNK+10% lyophilized strawberry group and the NNK control group. Similarly, at 24 weeks, there were no differences in tumorigenesis between the B[a]P+10% lyophilized strawberry group and the B[a]P control group. Therefore, lyophilized strawberries at 10% in the diet failed to inhibit NNK- and B[a]P-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis.
The immunisation performance of minimum M-square portfolios

We examine the immunisation performance of minimum M-square portfolios using a Monte-Carlo simulation in which interest rates evolve according to an exponentially decaying volatility Heath?Jarrow?Morton (1992) model. We consider both duration, and duration and convexity matching immunisation strategies. Our results show that the immunisation performance of minimum M-square portfolios is very sensitive to the holding period. Minimum M-square portfolios have the best performance for short holding periods. However, all minimum M-square portfolios have good immunisation performance irrespective of the risk measure used, especially with duration and convexity matching strategies.
Polynomial robust control design for uncertain systems

Abstract We consider the problem of stabilizing a class of nonlinear uncertain systems. The system possesses (possibly fast) time-varying uncertainty which lies within a prescribed set. No statistical information of the uncertainty is imposed. A new robust control design which ensures practical stability is proposed. This control invokes a polynomial-type dependent gain provided the uncertainty is also polynomially bounded. Practical stability is automatically assured if the order of the polynomial in the control is chosen high enough. The bound of uncertainty does not need to be known in this case. Furthermore, the system performance can be strengthened to be asymptotic stability if the uncertainty bound does not have any constant offset.
A 213GHz – 228GHz, −91dB/Hz phase noise triple push oscillator in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents a wide tuning range sub THz oscillator based on triple push operation. The triple push action combined with the use of slow coplanar waveguide structures and artificial dielectric transmission lines in the passive network results in a 15 GHz tuning range with an f0 of 220GHz using 65nm CMOS technology. The optimization procedure for the oscillator and passives modeling is outlined. A Digitally Controlled Artificial Dielectric transmission line is used to boost the tuning range of the oscillator by 5GHz. The oscillator consumes 19mW of DC power while generating −18dBm of output power with a phase noise of −91 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from a 220 GHz carrier giving it a Figure of Merit of 167.
Spin-Polarized Light-Emitting Diodes with Mn-Doped InAs Quantum Dot Nanomagnets as a Spin Aligner

We have fabricated and characterized surface-emitting, spin-polarized light-emitting diodes with a Mn-doped InAs dilute magnetic quantum dot spin-injector and contact region grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy, and an In0.4Ga0.6As quantum dot active region. Energy-dispersive X-ray and electron energy loss spectroscopies performed on individual dots indicate that the Mn atoms incorporate within the dots themselves. Circularly polarized light is observed up to 160 K with a maximum degree of circular polarization of 5.8% measured at 28 K, indicating high-temperature spin injection and device operation.
Observation of tracks in a two-dimensional liquid argon time projection chamber☆

Abstract The operation of a two-dimensional liquid argon time projection chamber (TPC) has been demonstrated by using ionization electrons drifting over distances up to 25 cm.
Labor‐market Volatility in Matching Models with Endogenous Separations*

The business-cycle behavior of a matching model with endogenous separations is studied in this paper. We show that whether aggregate productivity shocks have a larger effect on the vacancy–unemployment ratio than in a model with exogenous separations depends on whether worker productivity stochastically increases with tenure. The difference in the response is quantitatively small, however. We also show that the cleansing effect introduced by allowing for endogenous separations can help in reconciling the model with observed fluctuations in the unemployment rate, but not with those in the vacancy rate.
A Joint Prediction of the Folding Types of 1490 Human Proteins from their Genetic Codons

Abstract The codon usages for 1490 human proteins have been published by Wada et al. (1990). Based on these data, the frequencies of occurrence of 20 amino acids for each of the 1490 proteins have been calculated according to the genetic codes. Proteins are generally classified into five folding types, i.e. the α, β, α + β, α/β and ζ (irregular) types. The folding type of a protein is correlated to its amino acid composition. By means of three methods established by different investigators, the folding type for each of the 1490 human proteins has been predicted. It has been demonstrated that the accuracy of prediction for the 1490 human proteins is at least 80% by examining the predicted results of some structurally known proteins with these methods. There are only six proteins for which there is uncertainty about their folding types as completely inconsistent results were obtained when predicted with the three different methods. For the remaining 1484 human proteins the numbers of α, β, α + β, α/β, and ζ folding type proteins were found to be 128, 235, 169, 933 and 19, respectively, suggesting that the α/β type proteins would predominate in this set of human proteins. The occurrence frequencies of bases in the first, second and third codon position for each folding type of protein have been calculated. It is shown that the folding type of a protein is strongly dependent on the ratio of frequency of base G in the first codon position with that in the second codon position. The biological implication of the results has been discussed.
A simple recipe for modeling reaction-rate in flows with turbulent-combustion

A computationally viable scheme to account for chemical reaction in turbulent flows is presented. The multivariate beta-pdf model for multiple scalar mixing forms the basis of this scheme. Using the model scalar joint pdf and a general form of the instantaneous reaction-rate, the unclosed chemical reaction terms are expressed as simple functions of scalar means and the turbulent scalar energy. The calculation procedure requires that the mean scalar equations and only one other transport equation - for the turbulent scalar energy - be solved.
Complex Inequality: A Contextual Parenting Framework for Latino Infants.

Abstract Latino infants and toddlers are rapidly becoming the most represented ethnic group within the overall U.S. child population, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive conceptual framework informed by the factors that affect their well-being, including their lived environments. Research that explores parenting among Latino families is limited or tends to portray a homogenized Latino experience, without accounting for within-group differences. This paper presents a contextual parenting framework for Latino infants that incorporates a more nuanced understanding of culture as well as its complex and reciprocal relationship with environment. It highlights the multi-level, multisystemic, contexts affecting these families on the present day. This framework hypothesizes that cultural beliefs around family and child rearing, as well as the environment — constituted of physical environment and social opportunities — influence parenting. Further, institutional and structural inequalities can significantly affect the environmental conditions that Latino families experience and are therefore examined in the model. The way parenting behaviors are understood and interpreted by researchers and practitioners has serious consequences for parents engaged in the child welfare system. This paper explores how vulnerable Latino families with young children engaged in this complicated system experience the factors described by the parenting framework.
Systemic alarms in fear conditioning II: An experimental methodology using 20% carbon dioxide inhalation as an unconditioned stimulus

We present a conditioning methodology to examine the role of abrupt aversive systemic bodily responses (alarms) in human fear acquisition and extinction in a non-clinical student population (N = 64). Animated fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant video stimuli referring to either the body (internal) or environment (external) were paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of 20 sec inhalations of 20% carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched air. Measurements of psychophysiological responses, such as electrodermal, electromyograph (EMG), heart rate, and Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) to fear-relevant stimuli were more easily acquired, were of higher magnitude, and showed greater resistance to extinction compared with measurements for fear-irrelevant stimuli. Conditioning was more pronounced to external (snake) than to internal (heart) phobic stimuli. Findings support the viability of using CO2-enriched air as an alternative to commonly used peripheral UCSs (e.g., shock) to mimic the role of alarms as conditioning events in human fear acquisition. We discuss the relevance of this methodology for understanding fears that develop without identifiable environmental trauma.
Microwave detection of the primary ozonide of ethylene in the gas phase

Abstract The primary ozonide of ethylene has been observed and studied in the gas phase for the first time. A specially designed low-temperature absorption cell was employed in which the primary ozonide was prepared in situ by the low-temperature reaction of ozone with ethylene. An assignment of the rotational spectrum and electric dipole moment measurements have established the oxygen envelope conformation (C s symmetry) to the lowest-energy form for this elusive chemical species.
Comparison of Model-Produced and Observed Microwave Radiances and Estimation of Background Error Covariances for Hydrometeor Variables within Hurricanes

Abstract A radiative transfer model was updated to better simulate Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)–observed brightness temperatures in areas of high ice concentration. The difference between the lowest observed and model-produced brightness temperatures at 85 GHz has been reduced from over 100 K to roughly 20 K. Probability distribution functions of model-produced and SSM/I-observed brightness temperatures show that the model overestimates the areas of precipitation, but overall matches the SSM/I observations quite well. Estimates of vertical background error covariance matrices and their inverses were calculated for all hydrometeor variables (both liquid and frozen). For cloud and rainwater, the largest values in the matrices are located in the lower levels of the atmosphere, while the largest values in the cloud ice, snow, and graupel matrices are in the upper levels of the atmosphere. The inverse background matrices can be used as weightings for hydrometeor variables in assimilation experiments...
Evaluation of silicon neutron resonance parameters in the thermal to 1800 keV energy range

Because silicon is a major constituent of concrete and soil, neutron and gamma ray information on silicon is important for reactor shielding and criticality safety calculations. Therefore, much effort was put into the ENDF/B-VI evaluation for the three stable isotopes of silicon. The neutron capture cross section of natural silicon was recently measured at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) in the energy range 1-700 keV. Using the ENDF/B-VI evaluation for initial values, a new evaluation of the resonance parameters was performed by adding the results of the ORELA capture measurements to the experimental database. The computer code SAMMY was used for the analysis of the experimental data; the new version of SAMMY allows accurate calculations of the self-shielding and multiple scattering effects in the capture measurements. The accuracy of the radiative capture widths of the resonances was improved by this analysis. Accurate values of the s-, p- and d-wave neutron strength functions were also obtained. Although the resonance capture component of the present evaluation is 2-3 times smaller than that in ENDF/B-VI, the total capture cross section is much larger, at least for energies >250 keV, because the direct capture component contributes values of the same order of magnitude as the resonance component. The direct component was not taken into account in the ENDF/B-VI evaluation and was calculated for the first time in the present evaluation.
Nuclear segregation without DNA replication in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract When spores of a Bacillus subtilis temperature-sensitive mutant (NV-75) are germinated and grown at 45°, a small amount of either [14C]thymine or [3H]thymidine is incorporated into acid-insoluble material (DNA). It may be shown by autoradiography that the newly-synthesized material which is located in the center of the small cell emerging from a spore becomes separated into two discrete regions (“nuclei”) as the cell continues to grow. Measurements of the distance between grain clusters in cells of various lengths demonstrates the relationship of cell growth to nuclear separation. By counting the number of grains per cluster it may be shown that nuclear separation procedes in the absence of DNA synthesis. Finally, it was noted that nuclei occupy various positions along the length of the cell when the cells are grown at the restrictive temperature, although a statistical preference for two positions may be demonstrated. It should be noted that there is appreciable heterogeneity in both the time of outgrowth and initiation of DNA synthesis when this mutant is grown under restrictive conditions. After 2 h at 45°, for example, only about 49% of the spores have grains demonstrable by autoradiography which are indicative of DNA synthesis.
Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Assay for Miconazole and Clotrimazole In Skin Samples

Abstract Electron capture gas chromatographic assay procedures were developed for quantitating the antifungal agents clotrimazole and miconazole. The procedures were specifically developed for analysis of the drugs in superficial samples of human skin. The analytical methods were sensitive to 5 ng of miconazole and 10 ng clotrimazole per tissue sample.
More than the money: a review of the literature examining healthy volunteer motivations

Abstract Background and objective Few existing data report the motivations of healthy volunteers in clinical research trials. Some worry that volunteers consider only financial motivations. This study summarized and analyzed existing empirical research on self-reported motivations of healthy volunteers participating in studies not intended to offer benefit from participation. Study selection A systematic PubMed search was conducted. Inclusion criteria captured English-language empirical studies on the self-reported motivations, reasons, or factors influencing the decision of healthy volunteers to enroll in clinical research. Thirteen studies involving more than 2000 healthy volunteers met the criteria and were included in this review. Data extraction Independent review by the authors and extraction of information about the sample, methodology and objectives of the motivations study, description of the clinical trial and whether participation was actual or hypothetical, reported primary and secondary motivations of the healthy volunteers, risk evaluation, and reported differences in motivations related to sociodemographic variables. Results This review showed that although financial reward is the primary motivation for healthy volunteers to participate in clinical trials, financial motivations are one among many other reported motivations, including contributing to science or the health of others, accessing ancillary healthcare benefits, scientific interest or interest in the goals of the study, as well as meeting people and curiosity. Volunteers consider risk when making a decision about participation. Conclusions Although financial incentives are important in recruiting healthy volunteers, their motivations are not limited to financial motivations. Further research is needed to examine motivations in different contexts and countries, the decision making of healthy volunteers, and the dynamics of repeat participation.
Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics with NIDDM. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in adults in the United States. Because photocoagulation can reduce the incidence of blindness from severe DR by ∼50%, it is important to identify people at increased risk for DR so that appropriate treatment can be accomplished. Use of populations at increased risk for diabetes may identify groups at increased risk for complications. A recent report from the San Antonio Heart Study showed that Mexican Americans were at greater risk for servere DR than non-Hispanic Whites. To compare the prevalence of DR between non-Hispanics and Hispanics in southern Colorado, 279 people with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were identified, and retinal photographs identified the presence and severity of retinopathy. The worse eye was used to classify the severity of DR for each patient. Ninety percent of the subjects (166 Hispanics and 85 non-Hispanic Whites) were classified by retinopathy level. The duration-adjusted prevalence of any DR was 41.8% in Hispanics and 54.1% in non-Hispanic Whites. Severe DR (preproliferative and proliferative) occurred in 18.5% of the Hispanics and in 21.3% of the non-Hispanic Whites. The odds ratio for any DR, comparing Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites adjusted for other risk factors, was 0.40 (95% confidence interval = 0.21, 0.76). Other risk factors for the presence of any retinopathy included use of exogenous insulin, increased duration of diabetes, younger age at diagnosis, increased glycosylated hemoglobin level, and increased systolic blood pressure. These data suggest that, compared with non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics in Colorado may be at decreased risk for diabetic retinopathy.
The Role of Iex-1 in the Pathogenesis of Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia Associated with Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) used for hemodialysis fail because of venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH). There are 1,500,000 patients that have end stage renal disease worldwide and the majority requires hemodialysis. In the present study, the role of the intermediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1), also known as IER-3 in the pathogenesis of VNH was evaluated. In human samples removed from failed AVF, there was a significant increase in IEX-1 expression localized to the adventitia. In Iex-1−/− mice and wild type (WT) controls, chronic kidney disease was induced and an AVF placed 28 days later by connecting the carotid artery to jugular vein. The outflow vein was removed three days following the creation of the AVF and gene expression analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) gene expression in Iex-1−/− mice when compared to WT mice (P<0.05). At 28 days after AVF placement, histomorphometric and immune-histochemical analyses of the outflow vein demonstrated a significant decrease in neointimal hyperplasia with an increase in average lumen vessel area associated with a decrease in fibroblast, myofibroblast, and Ly6C staining. There was a decrease in proliferation (Ki-67) and an increase in the TUNEL staining in Iex-1 KO mice compared to WT. In addition, there was a decrease in Vegf-A, Mcp-1, and matrix metalloproteiniase-9 (Mmp-9) staining. Iex-1 expression was reduced in vivo and in vitro using nanoparticles coated with calcitriol, an inhibitor of Iex-1 that demonstrated that Iex-1 reduction results in decrease in Vegf-A. In aggregate, these results indicate that the absence of IEX-1 gene results in reduced VNH accompanied with a decrease in proliferation, reduced fibroblast, myofibroblast, and Ly6C staining accompanied with increased apoptosis mediated through a reduction in Vegf-A/Mcp-1 axis and Mmp-9. Adventitial delivery of nanoparticles coated with calcitriol reduced Iex-1 and VNH.
Hybrid quadrupole mass filter/quadrupole ion trap/time-of-flight-mass spectrometer for infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected ions

We present a laboratory-constructed mass spectrometer optimized for recording infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectra of mass-selected ions using a benchtop tunable infrared optical parametric oscillator/amplifier (OPO/A). The instrument is equipped with two ionization sources, an electrospray ionization source, as well as an electron ionization source for troubleshooting. This hybrid mass spectrometer is composed of a quadrupole mass filter for mass selection, a reduced pressure (∼10−5 Torr) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) for OPO irradiation, and a reflectron time-of-flight drift tube for detecting the remaining precursor and photofragment ions. A helium gas pulse is introduced into the QIT to temporarily increase the pressure and hence enhance the trapping efficiency of axially injected ions. After a brief pump-down delay, the compact ion cloud is subjected to the focused output from the continuous wave OPO. In a recent study, we implemented this setup in the study of protonated tryptophan, Trp...
A Note on Permutation Flow Shop Problem

In this paper we present two approximation algorithms for the permutation flow shop problem with makespan objective. The first algorithm has an absolute performance guarantee, the second one is an \(O(\sqrt {m{\text{ log }}m} )\)-approximation algorithm. The last result is almost best possible approximation algorithm which can be obtained using the trivial lower bound (maximum of the maximum machine load and the maximum job length) (Potts, Shmoys, and Williamson, 1991).
A comparison and modification of methods of total glycoalkaloid analysis

Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of potato tissues was determined using six methods of extraction. Blending 50 g tuber tissue for 8 minutes in a Waring Blendor with a 100 ml of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in 75% methanol resulted in 99% extraction of TGA in relation to the soxhlet method of extraction. Extraction with 5% TCAA in 75% methanol reduced the analysis variation (standard error) by about one-half. TGA extraction with 5% TCAA and determination of TGA concentration with antimony trichloride can be completed in about 1/30 of the time required for the standard soxhlet method, thereby allowing for TGA analysis of a greater number of samples.
Bulk and Plate Annulus Stacks for Compact NMR Magnets: Trapped Field Characteristics and Active Shimming Performance

We have constructed two “annulus” magnets, YP2800 and YB10; each consists of 2800 YBCO thin square “plate annuli” (YP2800) and 10 YBCO thick “bulk annuli” (YB10). Their trapped field characteristics, spatial and temporal, were investigated and compared, experimentally and analytically. Two sets of field-cooling tests were performed at 77 K: (1) maximum trapped field tests, where a 2-T background field was applied to investigate the maximum trapped field capability of the two magnets; and (2) reduced trapped field tests, where spatial homogeneity improvement of the two magnets was investigated after field cooling with a reduced background field. Also, a Z1 copper shim coil was designed, constructed, and operated, alone and with YP2800 and YB10. When it was operated with the annulus magnets at 77 K, a significant attenuation of the shim coil strength was observed due to the screening currents induced within the annulus magnets.
Thermal desorption and disproportionation of CO adsorbed on Ru/SiO2

The dynamics of CO desorption from a Ru/SiO{sub 2} catalyst have been studied by means of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption of CO onto reduced Ru/SiO{sub 2} leads to the appearance of tricarbonyl species and linearly adsorbed CO. The tricarbonyl species are present on Ru{sup 2+} cations bonded directly to support (i.e., (SiO){sub 2}Ru(CO){sub 3}), whereas the linearly adsorbed CO resides on the surface of Ru crystallites. During TPD, CO is released from the tricarbonyl species at temperatures between 300 and 475 K. Desorption of linearly adsorbed CO begins at 300 K and reaches a maximum at 520 K. CO{sub 2} formed via the Boudouard reaction is achieved above 500 K. No molecularly adsorbed CO is present on the catalyst surface above 675 K. CO and CO{sub 2} formation at temperatures above 675 K are due to the recombination of adsorbed C and O atoms. Only linearly adsorbed CO is reactive for the formation of methane. Atomically adsorbed carbon formed by the dissociation of CO is reactive with H{sub 2} in three different temperature regimes, reflecting the presence of different forms of adsorbed carbon. 18 refs.
Insertions and duplications of mtDNA in the nuclear genomes of Old World monkeys and hominoids

USING oligonucleotide primers designed to match conserved regions of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)1, we have amplified and sequenced two divergent cytochrome b nuclear pseudogenes from orangutan cellular DNA. Evolutionary analysis suggests that a nuclear transfer occurred about 30 million years ago on the lineage leading to the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and hominoids), and involved a long (at least 3 kilobases), probably damaged, piece of mtDNA. After this transfer, the pseudogene duplicated, giving rise to the two copies that are probably present in all hominoids, including humans. More recent transfers involving the entire cytochrome b gene have also occurred in the Old World monkeys. Such nuclear copies of mtDNA can confound phylo-genetic and population genetic studies2–4, and be an insidious source of DNA contamination of 'ancient'3,5 and forensic DNA. Indeed, contamination with these anciently transferred human pseudogenes5 is almost certainly the source of the cytochrome b sequences recently reported from 'dinosaur bone 'DNA'6.
Theoretical Study of the Adsorption of Halogens on GaAs Surfaces

The structure and properties of absorbed fluorine and chlorine atoms on GaAs surfaces are investigated. The energies of surface species' localized vibrations are determined. Our results show that localized As-Cl and Ga-Cl valence vibrations occur in the 40 and 50 meV regimes, respectively, while As-F and Ga-F vibrations are found in the 90 and 80 meV regimes, respectively. Comparisons are made with experimental high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy spectra. Our results accord well with a variety of experimental data.
Scaling behavior in first-order quark-hadron phase transition.

It is shown that in the Ginzburg-Landau description of first-order quark-hadron phase transition the normalized factorial moments exhibit scaling behavior. The scaling exponent \ensuremath{\nu} depends on only one effective parameter g, which characterizes the strength of the transition. For a strong first-order transition, we find \ensuremath{\nu}=1.45. For weak transition it is 1.30 in agreement with the earlier result on second-order transition.
Imipramine effects on sleep in depressed adolescents: A preliminary report

Antidepressant medications, including ~cyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium, and fluoxetine, generally have been found to suppress rapid eye movement (RFaM) sleep (yon Bardeleben et al. 1989, reviewed by Salem 1986), although several unusual antidepress~ts have been found to increase REM sleep (Wiegand et al. 1986; Di Peril et al. 1987; Soldatos et al. 1988; Monti 1989). Additional evidence that there may be a_n association between the antidepressant effects of the medications and their REM sleep effects include the following: (1)The extent to which amitrip~!ine (Kupfer et ai. 1976; Gillin et al. 1978; Kupfer et al. 1981) and clomipramine (H6chli et at: 1986) suppress REM sleep was found to ~redict eventual antidepressant response in depressed adults. Kupfer et al. (1979) extended these findings into depressed ctfildren ,'xeated with hnipmmine. (2) Selective REM sleep deprivation improved depressive symptoms (Vogel et al. 1975). Eight of 9 subjects unrespeusive to selec~ve REM sleep depfivafian were also unre%-~onsive to imi_pramine. Characteristic sleep abnormalities found in depressed adults have not been consistently
Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and Resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability

This paper addresses the theme of spatial autocorrelation impacting spatial equilibria, and hence an understanding of economic network resilience and vulnerability. It exploits the notion that spatial autocorrelation in the geographic distribution of origin and destination attributes and network autocorrelation in the flows between origins and destinations constitute two spatial autocorrelation components contained in spatial interaction data. It illustrates that a spatial interaction model specification needs to incorporate both components in order to furnish sound implications about associated economic network resilience and vulnerability. Such models also need to undergo sensitivity analyses in terms of changes in geographic scale and resolution. And, it furnishes a novel 3-D visualization of geographic flows, such as journey-to-work trips, in order to achieve a better comprehension of economic network resilience and vulnerability.
BACKGROUND LEVELS OF URANIUM IN HUMAN URINE

The literature on the normal content of uranium in urine is reviewed. The reported normal concentration has declined several orders of magnitude over the years, probably due to improvements in analytical technique rather than a real change. The lowest mean values were reported with α spectrometry (mean of 23 ng/l in 12 subjects) and thermal ion mass spectrometry (3.4 ng/l in 1 subject). Even α spectrometry is not sufficiently sensitive at normal levels, so that techniques such as fission track analysis or mass spectrometry must be used to obtain results above the detection limit of the technique for individual samples.
Thermal reliability of VCO using InGaP/GaAs HBTs

Abstract Degradations of InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) collector current and base current subjected to cumulative long-term junction temperature stress are examined experimentally. The aged SPICE model parameters as a function of stress time are extracted from the measurement data. The VCO phase noise, tuning range, and output amplitude are studied in circuit simulation. The phase noise increases, tuning range and output amplitude decrease with increasing junction temperature.
Implementing a Knowledge Management System in a School of Social Work: The Possibilities, Challenges, and Lessons Learned

Managing emerging scientific, professional, and applied practice knowledge has become increasingly more important in the 21st century because economic and social connections in organizations are becoming more complex, associated with greater global connectivity. One approach to this growing complexity and emerging need involves the development of a technology-based knowledge management (KM) system. This paper describes one human service organization's attempt to implement and capture the complex knowledge needs and requirements for a knowledge management system. The implementation described is in the third year of a five year process. The challenges when incorporating such reorganization will be addressed. This case example also illustrates the complexities, possibilities, and lessons learned while implementing a knowledge management system within a school of social work and subsequently its capacity to be transferred to human service organizations.