cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreign trade and economic growth: time series evidence from Latin America

This paper extends our understanding of the relationship between trade and growth by emphasizing time series evidence rather than the more traditional aggregate cross-section evidence from past studies. Cross-section studies obscure intercountry differences and sacrifice revealing information about dynamic behaviors within countries. Also, the nonstationary nature of many time series makes the use of period averages inappropriate. The use of time series data introduces other difficulties, however, and our analysis pays close attention to the possibility of spurious regressions, nonstationarity and cointegrating relationships among variables. Seventeen Latin American economies are examined, and a mixture of model forms must be applied to deal with the variety of temporal behaviors. The results confirm a positive relationship between export growth and aggregate economic growth over time for the majority of the seventeen countries.
Toward a More Complete Understanding of Reactions to Hooking Up Among College Women

Hooking up, a relatively common behavior among young adults, refers to a casual sexual encounter, ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse, without an expectation of ongoing physical encounters or relational commitment. Reactions to hooking up have examined psychosocial outcomes as a proxy for specific reactions. The present study examined the reactions of 190 college women, with a specific focus on the effect of hooking up on their social/peer network, their sexual/romantic sense of self, and their academic performance. Results demonstrated large positive effects for sexual/romantic reactions and social/academic engagement reactions in comparison with negative personal reactions. In addition, higher ratings of anxious attachment, loneliness, and relational/intimacy sex motives were related to less positive reactions, highlighting the importance of attachment and motivations behind hookup experiences. Implications for educational practice and future research are offered.
Using artificial intelligence for automating testing of a resident space object collision avoidance system on an orbital spacecraft

Resident space objects (RSOs) pose a significant threat to orbital assets. Due to high relative velocities, even a small RSO can cause significant damage to an object that it strikes. Worse, in many cases a collision may create numerous additional RSOs, if the impacted object shatters apart. These new RSOs will have heterogeneous mass, size and orbital characteristics. Collision avoidance systems (CASs) are used to maneuver spacecraft out of the path of RSOs to prevent these impacts. A RSO CAS must be validated to ensure that it is able to perform effectively given a virtually unlimited number of strike scenarios. This paper presents work on the creation of a testing environment and AI testing routine that can be utilized to perform verification and validation activities for cyber-physical systems. It reviews prior work on automated and autonomous testing. Comparative performance (relative to the performance of a human tester) is discussed.
A novel, linear voltage variable MMIC attenuator

Voltage variable attenuators (VVAs) for microwave applications that are fabricated using present technology and design methods feature a nonlinear relationship between the attenuation measured in decibels and the control signal. A novel VVA that features a linear attenuation-control-voltage relationship without the need for external linearization is described. This is accomplished by connecting a number of FET segments in a unique fashion to form a composite FET. The channel resistance of the composite FET constitutes a prescribed function of its gate-source voltage. By careful design the resistance functions that are necessary for realization of linear attenuators are synthesized. The attenuator was fabricated using GaAs MMIC technology employing MESFETs as voltage variable resistors. It is completely passive and does not require a DC supply. The attenuation ranges from 2 to 15 dB over DC to 8 GHz while port impedance is kept close to 50 Omega . The deviation of the attenuation from a straight line is less than 0.2 dB. >
THE EFFECT OF POROSITY ON GLASS TRANSITION MEASUREMENT

ABSTRACT Texture is considered a key quality parameter determining the acceptability of many porous foods. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is commonly employed in food and polymer science research as a means of measuring the glass transition (Tg) of materials. In the field of food science, Tg measurements have been used to characterize the textural changes of food materials. However the effect of sample porosity and different sample preparation techniques on Tg measurement using a DMTA have not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to compare Tg measurements of identical materials varying only with porosity and to examine the effect of sample preparation technique on Tg measurements. Both starch based extrudates and synthetic polymers with different porosities were tested with DMTA. For comparison, representative samples from the porous specimens were obtained and subjected to one of three methods of Tg determination: 1) ground into a powder and compressed into tablets for testin...
Cautious cannibals: Behavioral responses of juvenile and adult blue crabs to the odor of injured conspecifics

Blue crabs are cannibalistic, and therefore the scent of injured conspecifics represents both a potential food cue, as well as an indicator of predation risk. We examined the response of blue crabs to conspecific odor alone, as well as in mixtures of attractive cues to determine how animals evaluate and respond to this odor. We explicitly manipulated risk-sensitivity based on either animal size (an indicator of susceptibility to predation) or hunger state (susceptibility to starvation) as ways to evaluate theories of risk-allocation, which suggest that decreases in predation risk, or increases in the risk of starvation, ought to result in diminished responses to sensory cues that signal predator presence or activity. Large and small blue crabs were challenged to locate the source of odor plumes consisting of the scent of injured conspecifics (risk cue), attractive food odors (attractive cue), or their mixture (conflicting cue). Neither large nor small blue crabs tracked aversive cues, but large blue crabs consistently tracked conflicting treatments to their source. Responses to conflicting and aversive treatments also involved diminished movement and reduced tracking speed relative to behaviors displayed in attractive plumes. Thus, even cannibalistic crabs seem to respond more prevalently to the apparent predation risk then to food reward, and risk-sensitive behaviors have a likely cost in terms of reduced food intake. Starved animals were more likely than unstarved animals to track conflicting plumes. Both the ontogenic shift and the response of starved animals support the notion that the cost of risk-aversive behaviors results in this strategy being allocated in proportion to the degree of potential risk. Since risk-aversive responses to chemical cues can produce strong effects in communities, the size-dependent nature of these responses in blue crabs may introduce considerable complexity in interactions between blue crabs, their predators, and their prey.
Toxicity of sediment associated PAHs to the estuarine crustaceans, Palaemonetes pugio and Amphiascus tenuiremis

Toxicity of Sediment Associated PAHs to the Estuarine Crustaceans, Palaemonetes pugio and Amphiascus tenuiremis E. F. Wirth, M. H. Fulton, G. T. Chandler, P. B. Key, G. I, Scott 1 USDC, NOAA, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research at Charleston, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA 2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Interpersonal perceptions by depressed college students

Depressed college students were compared with nondepressed psychopathological students and normal controls regarding perceptions of their dormitory roommates' interpersonal behaviors towards them. Results indicated that depressed subjects overestimated hostility in their roommates and underestimated friendly roommate behaviors. Subjects who were to become depressed later also displayed overestimations of their roommates' aggressiveness. The findings are discussed in relation to Beck's theory of depression.
A unified simulation of the filling and postfilling stages in injection molding. Part II: Experimental verification

The unified numerical simulation of the filling/postfilling stages of the injection-molding process described in Part I is compared in the present paper with experimental results obtained with instrumented test molds. Flush-mounted pressure traces in the delivery system as well as in the cavity are favorably compared with corresponding predictions for both an amorphous and a semicrystalline polymer. It is demonstrated that the present unified formulation is well suited to handle complicated molds where compressibility effects can become important even during the filling stage, as portions of the cavity fill and undergo a packing behavior even when other regions of the cavity are still only partially filled.
Fluorination of Diamond Surfaces by Irradiation of Perfluorinated Alkyl Iodides

A facile method for chemically functionalizing diamond surfaces has been developed using x-ray irradiation of perfluoroalkyl iodide layers on the surface. Perfluoroalkyl radicals chemically bond to the diamond surface and can be thermally decomposed to produce strongly bound surface C-F bonds that are stable at high temperatures.
A Science of Social Work, and Social Work as an Integrative Scientific Discipline: Have We Gone Too Far, or Not Far Enough?

There are two purposes to this article. The first is to update the science of social work framework. The second is to use recent discussions on the nature of realist science and on social work scie...
Laboratory manifestations of polymyositis/dermatomyositis.

Abstract The laboratory is important in both the diagnosis and treatment of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). Serum or urine levels of the various muscle constituents released as a result of muscle injury are monitored, assisting in patient management by providing evidence of muscle damage (Table 9-1). The factors commonly monitored include enzymes (creatine kinase [CK], aldolase, the transaminases, and lactic dehydrogenase [LDH]), as well as myoglobin and creatine. In addition, autoantibodies can be detected in most patients with PM/DM, providing evidence of autoimmunity and assisting in diagnosis and patient classification.
Pregnancy and estradiol modulate myometrial G-protein pathways in the guinea pig

Objective Coupled to hundreds of receptors, G-proteins modulate signal transduction pathways and are important hormonal targets. The first objective was to determine the effect of pregnancy and estradiol on myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity. The second objective was to begin dissecting the molecular mechanism(s) underlying alterations in guanosine triphosphatase activity. Study design Myometrial tissue was obtained from pregnant, nonpregnant, and ovariectomized untreated and estradiol-treated guinea pigs. Myometrial membranes were prepared by homogenization and differential centrifugation. Basal high-affinity specific guanosine triphosphatase activity was quantitated by enzymatic assay and expressed in ρmol 32 Pi per milligram protein per minute. Guanosine triphosphatase activity was stimulated using oxytocin, isoproterenol, and prostaglandin F 2 α. Specific G-protein subunits were quantitated using Western blots. G-protein associated gene expression was semiquantitated using HGU133A gene array chips from Affymetrix. Results Basal myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity was increased in pregnant compared with nonpregnant animals. Estradiol increased basal myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity, compared with untreated controls. The effect of estradiol on stimulated activity was agonist dependent. Both Gαs and Gαi isoform 1 protein levels were increased in myometrium from late pregnant compared with nonpregnant animals. By late gestation, the messenger ribonucleic acid levels of those genes were unaltered, compared with the nonpregnant animal. In general, the impact of pregnancy on G-protein family member gene messenger ribonucleic acid expression was modest. Only the small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1b demonstrated altered expression more than 2-fold during either myometrial quiescence (midpregnancy) or activation (term pregnancy) (up 3-fold during quiescence). Genomic network analyses revealed that the expression of another small guanosine triphosphatase, Rab7, was exclusively up-regulated (80%) during quiescence. During late pregnancy, network analysis showed that only G-protein β was exclusively altered (up-regulated). Estradiol mimicked the pregnancy effect on both transcription and translation of G-protein family members for some but not all potentially relevant genes. Conclusion The increase in functional myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity during pregnancy may reflect increased synthesis of 1 or more small guanosine triphosphatase.
Estrogen regulation of methyl p-hydroxyphenyllactate hydrolysis: correlation with estrogen stimulation of rat uterine growth.

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that methyl p-hydroxyphenyllactate (MeHPLA) is the endogenous ligand for nuclear type II binding sites in the rat uterus and other estrogen target and non-target tissues. MeHPLA binds to nuclear type II binding sites with a very high binding affinity (Kd ∼ 4–5 nM), blocks uterine growth in vivo, and inhibits MCF-7 human breast cancer cell growth in vitro. Conversely, the free acid (p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, HPLA) interacts with type II binding sites with a much lower affinity (Kd ∼ 200 nM) and does not inhibit estrogen-induced uterine growth in vivo or MCF-7 cell growth in vitro. On the basis of these observations, we suggested that one way that estrogen may override MeHPLA inhibition of rat uterine growth may be to stimulate esterase hydrolysis of MeHPLA to HPLA. The present studies demonstrate that the rat uterus does contain an esterase (mol. wt ∼ 50,000) which cleaves MeHPLA to HPLA, and that this enzyme is under estrogen regulation. This conclusion is supported by the observations that MeHPLA esterase activity is increased 2–3-fold above controls within 2–4 h following a single injection of estradiol, and is maintained at high levels for 16–24 h following hormone administration. This sustained elevation of MeHPLA esterase activity correlates with estradiol stimulation of true uterine growth and DNA synthesis.
Present Status of Image Intensifier Systems

In its application to high-energy physics the luminescent chamber image intensifier system holds forth the promise of combining the advantage of visual measuring techniques with the advantage of the high time resolution of electronic counters. To realize this potential it is necessary that a system satisfy three basic requirements: 1) it should be a competent image-producing device capable of yielding pictures of minimum ionizing particle tracks with small distortion and with sufficient spatial resolution to permit adequate measurements to be made; 2) it should be a gated system with a time resolution of about one microsecond or less; and 3) it should utilize luminescent chambers large enough to allow useful experiments to be done, which demands high efficiency of the image preserving optical coupling between chamber and intensifier. This paper will describe the extent to which presently existing systems meet these requirements and indicate the improvements likely to be forthcoming from developmental efforts now in progress.
A comprehensive closed form micromechanics model for estimating the elastic modulus of nanotube-reinforced composites

Abstract This paper describes an approximate, yet comprehensive, closed form micromechanics model for estimating the effective elastic modulus of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites. The model incorporates the typically observed nanotube curvature, the nanotube length, and both 1D and 3D random arrangement of the nanotubes. The analytical results obtained from the closed form micromechanics model for nanoscale representative volume elements and results from an equivalent finite element model for effective reinforcing modulus of the nanotube reveal that the reinforcing modulus is strongly dependent on the waviness, wherein, even a slight change in the nanotube curvature can induce a prominent change in the effective reinforcement provided. The micromechanics model is also seen to produce reasonable agreement with experimental data for the effective tensile modulus of composites reinforced with multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) and having different MWNT volume fractions.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of high-k dielectric HfO2 thin films and the high-temperature annealing effects on their optical properties

The optical properties of a set of high-k dielectric HfO2 films annealed at various high temperatures were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results show that the characteristics of the dielectric functions of these films are strongly affected by high temperature annealing. For a sample annealed at 600 °C, the film becomes polycrystalline, and its dielectric function displays a distinctive peak at 5.9 eV. On the other hand, the film remains amorphous without the 5.9 eV feature after 500 °C annealing. To model the dielectric functions, the Tauc–Lorentz dispersion was successfully adopted for these amorphous and polycrystalline films. The absorption edge was observed to shift to a higher energy at a high temperature annealing. Defects in the films were shown to relate to the appearance of a band tail above the absorption edge, and they appear to diminish with high temperature annealing.
The wear mechanism obtained in copper by repetitive impacts

Abstract A hardened steel spherical indenter used to impact repetitively the flat surface of single crystals of copper at right angles produced a permanent indentation in the shape of a crater. A study of the crater revealed the following. 1. (1) Material flow consists mainly of the movement of a surface layer 100 μm thick in the direction parallel to the surface towards the center of the crater and a revolving motion of the material under the base of the crater extending to a depth of 400 μm. 2. (2) Cracking and flaking of a surface layer approximately 20 μm thick occurred at the bottom of the crater, with material removal in the form of thin plates. As a result of material flow the damaged surface layer extended to approximately 300 μm below the surface. Material removal appears to be a fatigue process resulting from sliding friction between the indenter and the contact surface.
The vertebrate homolog of the putative transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus: Characteristics of the DNA locus and its RNA transcript

Abstract Vertebrate genomes contain nucleotide sequences homologous to the putative transforming genes of at least several avian retroviruses. Each of these homologs is highly conserved throughout vertebrates; each may function during the course of normal cellular growth and development; and each may have served as a progenitor for a viral oncogene. The present communication substantiates and enlarges upon these conclusions by providing further characterization of proto-onc MCV , the cellular homolog of the putative transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29V). We used three experimental approaches to characterize proto-onc MCV . First, we analyzed proto-onc MCV in DNA from each of 18 chickens by using restriction endonucleases. Our results suggest that proto-onc MCV is situated at a single constant locus in the chicken genome. By contrast, the number and location of loci harboring endogenous retrovirus genes varies from one chicken to another (Hughes et al. , 1979a). Second, we fractionated chicken chromosomes by rate-zonal centrifugation and found that proto-onc MCV is not linked to proto-src , the cellular homolog of the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus. Third, we demonstrated that the principal transcript from proto-onc MCV is a 2.8-kb polyadenylated RNA located primarily in the cytoplasm of chick fibroblasts. Embryonic RNA from other avian species also contained a 2.8-kb RNA that shared homology with proto-onc MCV . We conclude that proto-onc MCV , like proto-src , is a normal locus in the vertebrate genome whose expression may be essential to cellular growth and/or development.
Modeling the Leigh syndrome nt8993 T→C mutation in Escherichia coli F1F0 ATP synthase

Abstract The mutations in human mitochondrial DNA at nt8993 are associated with a range of neuromuscular disorders. One mutation encodes a proline in place of a leucine conserved in all animal mitochondrial ATPase-6 subunits and bacterial a subunits of F 1 F 0 ATP synthases. This conserved site is leu-156 and leu-207 in humans and Escherichia coli , respectively. An a leu-207→pro substitution mutation has been constructed in the E. coli F 1 F 0 ATP synthase in order to model the biochemical basis of the human disease mutation. The phenotype of the a leu-207→pro substitution has been compared to that of the previously studied a leu-207→arg substitution (Hartzog and Cain, 1993, Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 12250–12252). The leu-207→pro mutation resulted in approximately a 35% decrease in the number of intact enzyme complexes as determined by N, N′ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive membrane associated ATP hydrolysis activity and western analysis using an anti- a subunit antibody. A 75% reduction in the efficiency of proton translocation through F 1 F 0 ATP synthase was observed in ATP-driven proton pumping assays. Interestingly, the loss in F 1 F 0 ATP synthase activity resulting from the leu-207→pro substitution was markedly less dramatic than had been observed for the leu-207→arg mutation studied earlier. By analogy, the human enzyme may also be affected by the leu-156→pro substitution to a lesser extent than the leu-156→arg substitution, and this would account for the milder clinical manifestations of the human leu-156→pro disease mutations.
Advancing the relationship between business school ranking and student learning

This commentary advances a positive relationship between a business school's ranking in the popular press and student learning by advocating market‐oriented measures of student learning. A framework for student learning is based on the Assurance of Learning mandated by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International, requiring business schools to measure and report demonstrations of student learning as a prerequisite for successful graduates. Examples of student demonstrations of performance and their associated market‐oriented learning goals are offered to help define and position business schools for advantage in published rankings.
Prostaglandins and renin release: II. Assessment of renin secretion following infusion of PGI2,E2 and D2 into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs

The influence of intra-renal infusions of prostaglandin (PG) I2, PGE2 and PGD2 on renin secretion and renal blood flow was investigated in renally denervated, beta-adrenergic blocked, indomethacin treated dogs with unilateral nephrectomy. All three prostaglandins when infused at doses of 10(-8) g/kg/min and 10(-7) g/kg/min resulted in marked renal vasodilation. Renin secretory rates increased significantly with both PGI2 and PGE2 at the 10(-8) g/kg/min and 10(-7) g/kg/min infusion rates in a dose dependent manner. However, PGD2 was inactive. At 10(-7) g/kg/min, PGI2 infusions resulted in systemic hypotension indicated recirculation of this prostaglandin. These findings suggest that PGI2 should be included among the cyclooxygenase derived metabolites of arachidonic acid to be considered as possible mediators of renin release.
Age and petrology of alkalic postshield and rejuvenated-stage lava from Kauai, Hawaii

At the top of the Waimea Canyon Basalt on the island of Kauai, rare flows of alkalic postshield-stage hawaiite and mugearite overlie tholeiitic flows of the shield stage. These postshield-stage flows are 3.92 Ma and provide a younger limit for the age of the tholeiitic shield stage. The younger Koloa Volcanics consist of widespread alkalic rejuvenated-stage flows and vents of alkalic basalt, basanite, nephelinite, and nepheline melilitite that erupted between 3.65 and 0.52 Ma. All the flows older than 1.7 Ma occur in the west-northwestern half of the island and all the flows younger than 1.5 Ma occur in the east-southeastern half. The lithologies have no spatial or chronological pattern. The flows of the Koloa Volcanics are near-primary magmas generated by variable small degrees of partial melting of a compositionally heterogeneous garnet-bearing source that has about two-thirds the concentration of P2O5, rare-earth elements, and Sr of the source of the Honolulu Volcanics on the island of Oahu. The same lithology in the Koloa and Honolulu Volcanics is generated by similar degrees of partial melting of distinct source compositions. The lavas of the Koloa Volcanics can be generated by as little as 3 percent to as much as 17 percent partial melting for nepheline melilitite through alkalic basalt, respectively. Phases that remain in the residue of the Honolulu Volcanics, such as rutile and phlogopite, are exhausted during formation of the Koloa Volcanics at all but the smallest degrees of partial melting. The mantle source for Kauai lava becomes systematically more depleted in 87Sr/86Sr as the volcano evolves from the tholeiitic shield stage to the alkalic postshield stage to the alkalic rejuvenated stage: at the same time, the lavas become systematically more enriched in incompatible trace elements. On a shorter timescale, the lavas of the Koloa Volcanics display the same compositional trends, but at a lower rate of change. The source characteristics of the Koloa Volcanics, considered along with those of the Honolulu Volcanics, support a mixing model in which the source of rejuvenated-stage lava represents large-percent melts of a plume source mixed with small amounts of small-percent melts of a heterogeneous mid-ocean-ridge source.
Dry Cooling in Solar Thermal Power Plants

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance metrics of a solar thermal power plant with dry cooling and further implement a method to increase the cycle efficiency, using passive cooling techniques within the dry cooling cycle. Current methods implementing dry cooled condensation use an air-cooled condenser for heat rejection. While this reduces the water consumption of the plant, it results in performance penalties in the overall plant between 5–10% [1]. Passive cooling methods can be used to alleviate the performance penalties. While passive cooling methods have been studied and used on a small scale, this model explores the possibilities of applying these methods to large-scale solar thermal power plants. Based on the model developed, it was found that underground-cooling techniques can improve the performance of the overall dry cooled solar thermal power plant by up to 3% at peak dry bulb temperatures. This study finds that there is a possibility to apply these passive cooling techniques on a large scale to yield positive results.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Surgical Treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot with Unilateral Absence of a Pulmonary Artery

Abstract Tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery imposes more marked symptomatology and a much shorter life-span in comparison with the usual tetralogy of Fallot. The operative mortality with total correction has been 50%, and the survivors require prolonged hospitalization for control of severe right heart failure. An aorta-to-right pulmonary artery shunt is suggested as a satisfactory palliative measure which may have beneficial effects on the pulmonary vascular bed, permitting a safer total correction at a later date.
Meaningless minis? Mechanisms of neurotransmitter-receptor clustering

Initiation and maintenance of the postsynaptic neurotransmitter-receptor field are important steps during synapse formation and maturation, as they play a determinative role in regulating synaptic strength. However, the mechanisms directing neurotransmitter-receptor clustering and maintenance are poorly understood. Recently, two models explaining glutamate-receptor clustering at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction have been proposed. One model postulates that release of an agent via single vesicle fusion events (minis) is required for the initiation of postsynaptic glutamate-receptor clustering, and that glutamate is not responsible for initiation or maintenance of the postsynaptic receptor field. The other model rules out a role for minis in initiation of clustering, and suggests a role for non-vesicular release of glutamate in receptor-field maintenance. Here, we compare and discuss the data underlying both models.
Phase separation models for cuprate stripe arrays

An electronic phase separation model provides a natural explanation for a large variety of experimental results in the cuprates, including evidence for both stripes and larger domains, and a termination of the phase separation in the slightly overdoped regime, when the average hole density equals that in the charged stripes. Several models are presented for charged stripes, showing how density waves, superconductivity, and strong correlations compete with quantum size effects (QSE's) in narrow stripes. The energy bands associated with the charged stripes develop in the middle of the Mott gap, and the splitting of these bands can be understood by considering the QSE on a single ladder.
Run-time Estimation of the Number of Active Stations in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

In a dynamic wireless LAN (WLAN), an important issue is how to estimate the number of active stations (denoted by M) at run-time and in a distributed manner, which is required by dynamic radio channel allocations. In this paper, we propose a new model for the M value estimation. Then, we develop a new algorithm to estimate the M values in a WLAN by using the least square estimation (LSE) based on Gauss-Markov Theorem. The novelty of this algorithm is that the performance of the estimate does not depend on the variance of the state noise. The estimator is unbiased and has minimum variance, in addition to its prompt reactivity to the changes of network dynamics.
Response to Fumerton, Marti, Reimer and Stroud

Magic tantalizes and at the same time gives off the scent of sham. Two of the papers collected here take up the challenge of linguistic magic, the fact that words (as opposed to other natural objects) mean, that words stand for things. I begin with those two papers, one by Barry Stroud, who I count as a kindred spirit, the other by Richard Fumerton, who represents the loyal opposition.1 Stroud begins by delineating two major themes in my book. First, I seek to criticize a traditional approach to language that sees the application of words, proper names for example, as supervening on the mind's grasp of the referent. I call this "the cognitive fix requirement." It is maintained by many Frege, Russell, and their followers for example and in a variety of forms. An elementary survey of actual linguistic practice, I argue in my book, puts the cognitive fix idea at great risk. The cognitive fix requirement reflects a deeper philosophical tendency, what I call in Chapter 3, "linguistic Cartesianism." For the linguistic Cartesian thought is prior to language in any number of respects, and it is this priority that is supposed to explain the magic, what Wittgenstein speaks of as the peculiar vitality of language; that linguistic symbols have a kind of life for us that rocks do not. I see in early direct reference literature not only a frontal assault on the cognitive fix idea but also the suggestion of a radical departure from the Cartesian perspective. "In the idea of 'direct' reference," writes Stroud, "reference without cognitive intermediaries, Wettstein sees promise of an end to 'linguistic Cartesianism' once and for all." "Once and for all...." I chuckled at the virtually messianic thought. My aim was hardly to finish off my opponent the view is deeply entrenched but to lay out my alternative and explain its attractions.
High-diversity millimeter-wave CoMP transmission based on centralized SFBC in radio-over-fiber systems

We propose a space-frequency block coding transmission method enabled by centralized radio-over-fiber systems to improve diversity gain in millimeter-wave coordinated multipoint transmission. A real-time end-to-end experiment reveals improved signal quality and stability.
When Science Counts as Much as Reading and Mathematics: An Examination of Differing State Accountability Policies

Although only results from mathematics and reading assessments are required to be used when Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) of schools is calculated, some states have elected to include science achievement results either in their AYP calculations or as part of a separate dual accountability system. This study examined 2009 National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP) results based on how states use, or do not use, science in their accountability programs. Consideration was given to the idea that including science achievement might detract from efforts, and consequently results, in mathematics and reading. Results from both fourth- and eighth-grade data indicated that states choosing to use science in their accountability calculations did not lose ground in those other subjects. Fourth-grade data indicates that the states using science in their accountability programs additionally had significantly higher science achievement than the other states.
Blood pressure increases in response to feeding in the term neonate.

We studied blood pressure and heart rate of 18 medically well newborn babies before, during and after feeding. Seven were breast-fed and 11 bottle-fed and all were studed between 24 and 92 hr of age. There was an increase in heart rate associated with sucking on a pacifier but no additional increase with feeding. By 30–60 min after feeding, heart rate had returned to baseline value. Blood pressure, however, did increase in response to feeding and showed a greater increase in the breast-fed group than in the bottle-fed group. Systolic blood pressure rose from 72 mmHg in the basal state to 85 mmHg during the first 3 min of feeding in the bottle-fed babies and from 73 to 99 mmHg during comparable periods in the breast-fed babies. The results for diastolic blood pressure were similar except that changes within the bottle-fed group were not statistically significant. Bottle-fed babies rose only from 42 to 47 mmHg while breast-fed babies rose from 42 to 61 mmHg from basal conditions to feeding. Blood pressure responses to feeding may have implications for susceptibility to necrotizing enterocolitis, for future blood pressure liability in adulthood and for later hypertensive disease. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Percutaneous and open surgical repairs of Achilles tendon ruptures. A comparative study.

A comparative study between percutaneous repair and open surgical repair of acute spontaneous Achilles ten don ruptures in young athletic patients is presented. Twenty-seven patients with acute Achilles ruptures were evaluated objectively and with subjective ques tionnaires. Fifteen of the patients were treated by re construction with a gastrocsoleus fascial graft (fol lowup, 4.6 years) and 12 treated by percutaneous repair (followup, 1.8 years).Subjectively, both groups were very satisfied with the results of their treatment. Cybex II dynamometer measuring strength, power, and endurance revealed no statistical significant differences between groups, even in light of the shorter followup of the percutaneous group. The percutaneous repairs demonstrated signifi cantly more symmetry in injured/uninjured tendon size than did the open surgical repairs. Two reruptures occurred in the percutaneous group. No other compli cations were noted. After evaluation of both subjective and objective data we recommend percu...
Classification of interpolation theorems for spanning trees and other families of spanning subgraphs

We say that a graphical invariant i of a graph interpolates over a family F of graphs if i satisfies the following property: If m and M are the minimum and maximum values (respectively) of i over all graphs in F then for each k, m ⩽ k ⩽ M, there is a graph H in F for which i(H)= k. In previous works it was shown that when F is the set of spanning trees of a connected graph G, a large number of invariants interpolate (some of these invariants require the additional assumption that G be 2-connected). Although the proofs of all these results use the same basic idea of gradually transforming one tree into another via a sequence of edge exchanges, some of these processes require sequences that use more properties of trees than do others. We show that the edge exchange proofs can be divided into three types, in accordance with the extent to which the exchange sequence depends upon properties of spanning trees. This idea is then used to obtain new interpolation results for some invariants, and to show how the exchange methods and interpolation results on spanning trees can be extended to other families of spanning subgraphs.
Treatment of pernicious anemia with crystalline vitamin B12.

Summary(1) Four patients with pernicious anemia in relapse were treated with 1 μg of crystalline vit. B12 intramuscularly, daily. Three cases showed submaximal reticulocyte responses and failed to reach normal blood levels in 53 to 93 days. Clinical improvement was observed in all instances. (2) Four other patients with pernicious anemia in relapse, treated with 2 μg of crystalline vit. B12, intramuscularly, daily, showed satisfactory clinical improvement, optimal reticulocyte responses, and normal blood levels in 48 to 69 days. Symptoms of neurologic disease disappeared in one person but persistent signs were observed in all 4 cases.
Sperm competition affects male behaviour and sperm output in the rainbow darter

Rainbow darters, Etheostoma caeruleum, are promiscuous fish with moderate rates of group spawning (between one and five males may simultaneously mate with one female). In this study, I examined male sperm output and male willingness to spawn under different levels of sperm competition intensity. One male and one female were allowed to spawn in an aquarium where they had visual and olfactory access to one of four treatments: four males, one male, zero males, or one female. Theory predicts that males should reduce sperm output when there are more than the average number of males at a group spawning (four-male treatment) and should increase sperm output when there are fewer than average males at a group spawning (one-male treatment). Mean sperm output did not differ among treatments. However, males released more sperm when spawning in the presence of competing males (four-male and one-male treatments pooled) than when spawning in the absence of competing males (zero-male and one-female treatments pooled). Males were also most likely to forego spawning opportunities when sperm competition intensity was high. Furthermore, male willingness to spawn was size dependent. Large males were more likely to forego spawning opportunities under high sperm competition intensity. Large males may be better off waiting for future spawning opportunities when there is a lower potential for sperm competition intensity.
Particle Assemblies in the Plasma Membrane of Tetrahymena: Relationship to Cell Surface Topography and Cellular Morphogenesis1

During a freeze-fracture electron microscopical study of the plasma membrane of Tetrahymena, several different types of organized particle assemblies were observed. Three of these were found only on the protoplasmic face and were localized in the anterior-ventral region of the cell. These consisted of plate-like arrays composed of 4–25 triplet rows of small 3–4 nm particles; long, paired linear arrays localized at the tops of cortical ridges and composed of 7–8 nm particles; and elongated tetragonal arrays located in the grooves between ridges and composed of approximately 10 nm particles. The distribution of these arrays is consistent with roles in cellular morphogenesis, chemoreception, or cell-cell pairing during conjugation. In addition, a unique particle track associated with the cytoproct (anal pore) was observed in the external face of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the protoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is characterized by a high density of particles organized into localized microarrays, consisting of small paracrystals or strings, which exhibit a loose higher-order patterning most evident toward the anterior end of the cell. Particle distributions on the protoplasmic face do not appear to be significantly altered by conditions that cause clumping of alveolar membrane particles. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the idea that the proteins of the plasma membrane are highly ordered and relatively immobile and that the structure of the plasma membrane is regionally differentiated.
Oncologists’ Confidence in Knowledge of Fertility Issues for Young Women with Cancer

We sought to identify factors associated with greater cancer-related fertility knowledge in a national survey of oncologists. We surveyed 344 oncologists from a sampling pool drawn randomly from the AMA Masterfile. We conducted multiple linear regression to determine the relationship between confidence in knowledge and oncologists' characteristics. Respondents' average age was 48.5, and 75.3% were male. The average confidence in knowledge summary score was 23.8 (SD 6.4, range 8-40). In multivariable regression, confidence was higher among oncologists with more information resources, a sense of responsibility to discuss fertility issues and among gynecologic oncologists vs. other oncology specialties. Physician age, gender, and practice setting were not associated with fertility-related knowledge. Oncologists lack confidence in their knowledge of fertility issues in young women with breast cancer. Increasing professional responsibility to discuss fertility and greater information access could improve the depth and breadth of education regarding fertility issues among oncologists and their young patients.
Angle-domain seismic imaging and the oriented wave equation

I introduce a theoretical framework for angle-oriented seismic imaging. The central part of this construction is the oriented wave equation that describes propagation of waves in the phase space. An oriented wave is defined not only by its time and space coordinates but also by orientation angles, which act as independent variables. The connection between oriented and regular waves is easily understood in the case of a layered one-dimensional medium, where the horizontal ray parameters are preserved in the vertical wavefield continuation. The oriented wave equation extends this analysis to the case of laterally variable velocities.
Solvability of systems of polynomial congruences modulo a large prime

We consider the following polynomial congruences problem: given a prime p, and a set of polynomials \( f_1,\ldots,f_m \in {\Bbb F}_p[x_1,\ldots,x_n] \) of total degree at most d, solve the system \( f_1 = \cdots = f_m = 0 \) for solution(s) in \( {\Bbb F}^n_p \). We give a randomized algorithm for the decision version of this problem. For a fixed number of variables, the sequential version of the algorithm has expected time complexity polynomial in d, m and log p; the parallel version has expected time complexity polylogarithmic in d, m and p, using a number of processors, polynomial in d, m and log p. The only point which prevents the algorithm from being deterministic is the lack of a deterministic polynomial time algorithm for factoring univariate polynomials over \( {\Bbb F}_p \).
X-ray photoelectron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction study of the interaction of oxygen with the Ni(001) surface: c(2 × 2) to saturated oxide

Abstract We have carried out a combined X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) study of the interaction of oxygen with Ni(001) at ambient temperature from the c(2 × 2) structure up to the saturated oxide. Several structural conclusions are possible based on an R-factor comparison of an extensive series of azimuthal- and polar-O 1s XPD data to theoretical simulations based on a single-scattering cluster (SSC) model with spherical wave scattering. A new method for normalizing experimental and theoretical intensities for XPD R-factor analyses is also used. For the c(2 × 2) structure, we find that the oxygen sits in the fourfold hollows site, at a vertical distance (z) of approximately 0.75 A above the first Ni plane, in excellent agreement with the most recent LEED determination. There is also strong evidence from the XPD results that oxide nucleation occurs very early in the chemisorption region (much earlier than observable by LEED) and this effect could explain the proposals for in-plane bonding or pseudobridge bonding previously reported in the literature. The saturated oxide that forms at ambient temperatures is found from LEED and XPD to form a strained superlattice that is expanded by 1 6 with respect to the underlying Ni(001). We also find that the saturation oxide coverage is much larger than that previously reported in the literature of 2–3 monolayers (ML), and that it is in fact 4–5 ML. Other conclusions concerning the nature of the strain in the oxide are also possible, including a vertical expansion in lattice constant from the first to second plane of 0.1–0.2 A.
A recombinagenic effect of strychnine in Salmonella typhimurium

The aroC321 allele in Salmonella typhimurium permits a positive selection for genetic duplications. Bacteria that contain a large genetic duplication are detected as tryptophan prototrophs in aroC321 strains and occur at a spontaneous frequency greater than 1/10(4) cells plated on the selection medium. Duplications originate by a recombinational mechanism, and the induction of duplications by chemicals or radiation may therefore be considered to be a recombinagenic effect. We have found that strychnine is a potent recombinagen in this system; it causes a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of genetic duplications, and very high frequencies of duplications are recovered at high doses. In contrast, brucine, the 2,3-dimethoxy derivative of strychnine, caused no increase in duplication frequencies under the identical conditions.
Smectic Mesomorphism Of P-N-Alkoxyniline Hydrochlorides

Abstract The melts of p-n-butyloxy - and hexylxyaniline hydrochlorides exhibit smectic liquid crystallinity. The methoxy, ethoxy and n-propyloxy homologs are not mesomorphic.
Moderators of the interest congruence-occupational outcome relation

Several reasons for the modest relation between interest congruence and occupational outcomes are discussed, but focus is placed on possible moderators of this relation. Specifically individual differences, environmental differences and time are proposed as potential moderators. Overall, it is important to investigate theoretically driven moderators of the congruence-outcome relation to further our knowledge of this area.