cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irinotecan and Taxane Combinations for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Based on nonoverlapping toxicity profiles and at least additive cytotoxicity in preclinical models, chemotherapy regimens have been developed that feature the combination of irinotecan and a taxane drug. In the first study, the optimal doses of paclitaxel and irinotecan were 75 mg/m 2 and 50 mg/m 2 , respectively, when chemotherapy was administered weekly for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by a 2-week rest. The dose-limiting toxicity for this regimen was neutropenia, and the most prominent nonhematologic toxicities were mild diarrhea and fatigue. Pharmacokinetic studies failed to demonstrate any sequence-dependent interaction between these agents on the metabolism of irinotecan or its major metabolite. This regimen has been modified, with chemotherapy given on day 1 and day 8 every 3 weeks, and is being tested further in previously untreated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In a second trial, irinotecan was combined with docetaxel on a weekly schedule. When chemotherapy was given weekly for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest, the recommended doses of docetaxel and irinotecan were 35 mg/m 2 and 50 mg/m 2 , respectively. Lowgrade gastrointestinal toxicity and asthenia were the dose-limiting toxicities. The treatment schedule was modified, with chemotherapy given on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle, and patients are currently being treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m 2 and irinotecan 65 mg/m 2 . Among the 10 evaluable patients with NSCLC in this second study, there was one partial response lasting 24 weeks and four patients with stable disease, including one patient who had progressive disease on a prior paclitaxel-containing regimen. The combinations of irinotecan and a taxane on a weekly schedule are active and well tolerated and deserve further evaluation in the treatment of NSCLC.
Nursing Home Error and Level of Staff Credentials

Providing safe nursing home care is both a clinical and fiscal challenge in many countries. The fiscal realities result in the addition of other workers, such as medication technicians or aides (CMT/A), to the health care team. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of various levels of credentialing among nursing home staff who deliver medications (RN, LPN, or CMT/A) on medication error. In addition, the impact of distractions and interruptions was explored. Using naive observation, 39 medication administrators representing various levels of credentialing were unobtrusively observed to determine the number of medication errors, distractions, and interruptions in five nursing homes. There were no differences in medication error rates by level of credential. However, RNs had more interruptions during their medication administration, and these increased interruptions were associated with increased medication error rates when wrong time errors were excluded (p = .0348).
A Parametric Analysis of the Performance of Internally Finned Tubes for Heat Exchanger Application

This paper presents a parametric analysis of the performance of internally finned tubes in turbulent forced convection for application to heat exchangers. The analysis compares the performance of an internally finned tube exchanger with that of an exchanger having internally smooth tubes. The calculations are performed for three important design cases.
Exploring the impact of police officer education level on allegations of police misconduct

The study presented in this paper examines the relationship between police officers' education levels, types of degrees, and formal and informal complaints filed against patrol officers. This study...
Molecular systematics of six Calanus and three Metridia species (Calanoida: Copepoda)

The discrimination of species of the copepod genus, Calanus (Copepoda; Calanoida), is problematical-especially in regions of sympatry. Although the species of Calanus exhibit exceptional morphological similarity, they are quite distinct in genetic character. The DNA base sequences of the mitochondrial large subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene unambiguously discriminated C. finmarchicus (Gunnerus 1765), C. glacialis (Jaschnov 1955), C. marshallae (Frost 1974), C. helgolandicus (Claus 1863), C. pacificus (Brodsky 1948), C. sinicus (Brodsky 1965), and C. hyperboreus (Kroyer 1838). Sequence differences among Calanus species for this gene portion range from 7.3% (between C. glacialis and C. marshallae) to 23.9% (between C. glacialis and C. sinicus). Differences among conspecific individuals were approximately 1 to 2%. [These sequence data were determined between April and November 1993; the sequenced domain is similar to that published previously in Bucklin et al. (1992) but are derived from analysis of additional individuals.] Statistical analysis of the sequence data using a variety of tree-building algorithms separated the taxa into one group of species corresponding to the C. finmarchicus group (C. finmarchicus, C. marshallae, and C. glacialis) and another ungrouped set of species corresponding to the C. helgolandicus group (C. helgolandicus, C. pacificus, and C. sinicus). The C. helgolandicus group may be older than the C. finmarchicus group, making the tree topology less reliable in this area. Calanus hyperboreus was an outlier; Nannocalanus minor (Claus 1863) was the outgroup. Similar analysis of Metridia species confirmed that M. lucens (Boeck 1864) and M. pacifica (Brodsky 1948) are distinct species; M. longa (Lubbock 1854) was still more divergent. These sequence data will allow the design of simple, molecular tools for taxonomic identifications. Diagnostic characters, assayed by rapid molecular protocols, will enable biological oceanographers to answer important questions about the distribution and abundance of all life stages (as well as patterns of reproduction) of morphologically similar species, such as those of Calanus.
Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish–English and English–Spanish bilinguals

In this study we address the question of how lexical selection is achieved by bilingual speakers during speech production. Specifically, we test whether there is competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access. In two picture–word interference experiments we explore the performance of two groups of bilinguals, English–Spanish and Spanish–English proficient bilinguals while naming pictures either in their L1 (Spanish) or in their L2 (Spanish). Picture naming was facilitated when the name of the picture and the distracter word were the “same”, regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed: same-language (e.g., mesa–mesa [table in Spanish]) or different-language pairs (e.g., mesa–table). The magnitude of this facilitatory effect was similar when naming in L1 (Experiment 1) and in L2 (Experiment 2). We also found that naming latencies were slower when the distracter word was semantically related to the picture's name (e.g., mesa–chair), regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed. The results suggest that there is no competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access for production. This interpretation favors a model of lexical access in which lexical selection is language-specific both when speaking in L1 and in L2.
Fibrin sealant does not decrease seroma output or time to drain removal following inguino-femoral lymph node dissection in melanoma patients: A randomized controlled trial (NCT00506311)

Background: This study assessed the impact of closed suction drains and evaluated whether the intraoperative use of a fibrin sealant decreased time to drain removal and wound complications in melanoma patients undergoing inguino-femoral lymph node dissection. Methods: A pilot study (n = 18) assessed the impact of a closed suction drain following inguinofemoral lymph node dissection. A single-institution, prospective trial was then performed in which patients were randomized to a group that received intraoperative application of a fibrin sealant following inguino-femoral lymph node dissection or to a control group that did not receive sealant. Results: The majority of the patients enrolled felt the drains caused moderate or severe discomfort and difficulties with activities of daily living. Thirty patients were then randomized; the median time to drain removal in the control group (n = 14) was 30 days (range, 13–74) compared to 29 days (range, 11–45) in the fibrin sealant group (n = 16; P = 0.6). Major and minor complications were similar in the two groups. Conclusion: Postoperative closed suction drains were associated with major patient inconvenience. Applying a fibrin sealant at the time of inguino-femoral lymph node dissection in melanoma patients did not reduce the time to drain removal or postoperative morbidity. Alternative strategies are needed.
Forecasting near-future events in manufacturing cell control

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are discussed with regard to their use in shop floor automation and materials flow control, especially as a part of a task-oriented intelligent manufacturing control system in which the manufacturing system is controlled by cooperative coexistence of its components. A prerequisite is local intelligence at each autonomous component. This means giving the workforce freedom and room to alter operation modes and to install equipment that can schedule near-future operations. The ANN is a nonlinear forecaster, and it requires on formal model. Once it is in place, the network continually learns from its environment and adapts to new patterns of data. These qualities make ANNs the superior choice for forecasting. It is demonstrated that the results of near-feature event forecasting by neutral networks with three hidden layers are better than those obtained by regression analysis and exponential smoothing. >
Novel self-configurable positioning technique for multihop wireless networks

Geographic location information can effectively improve the performance (e.g., in routing or intelligent coordination) of large wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a novel self-configurable positioning technique for multihop wireless networks, based on a Euclidean distance estimation model and a coordinates establishment scheme. A number of nodes serve as the landmarks to establish a coordinates system. Specifically, any pair of landmarks estimate their Euclidean distance according to the shortest path length between them and establish the coordinates system by minimizing an error objective function. Other nodes in the network can accordingly contact the landmarks and determine their own coordinates. The proposed technique is independent of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), and the established coordinates can be easily tuned to GNSS if at least one node in the network is equipped with GNSS receiver. Our simulation results show that the proposed self-configurable positioning technique is highly fault-tolerable to measurement inaccuracy and can effectively establish the coordinates for multihop wireless networks. More landmarks yield more accurate results. With the rectification of our Euclidean distance estimation model, four to seven landmarks are usually sufficient to meet the accuracy requirement in a network with hundreds of nodes. The computing time for coordinates establishment is in the order of milliseconds for a GHz CPU, acceptable for most applications in the mobile ad hoc networks as well as the sensor networks.
A two-stage vehicle routing model for large-scale bioterrorism emergencies

In this article, we are interested in routing vehicles to service a large-scale bioterrorism emergency. We describe the specifics of routing vehicles in such a large-scale emergency and decompose the problem into two stages: a planning stage and an operational stage. In the planning stage, we generate the routes well in advance of any emergency. In the operational stage, we take into account the planned routes and the information revealed at the time of the emergency, to decide the delivery quantity and any adjustments to the routes. We propose mathematical formulations and solution approaches for both stages. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our formulations and solution procedures in developing robust routes through numerical experiments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
The Corporate Settlement Mill

From cases involving “robo-signed” mortgages to catastrophic oil spills, the United States legal system increasingly encourages corporate wrongdoers to design and implement their own high-volume settlement programs to compensate thousands of unrepresented victims. These private settlement systems rely on corporate economies of scale to resolve massive disputes as comprehensively as a class action, but entirely outside of the court system. We call these systems “corporate settlement mills.”Like class action settlements and “no fault” insurance options, corporate settlement mills may ameliorate many of the most commonly criticized features of individualized litigation. They offer redress to people who often cannot afford counsel, handle large volumes of claims quickly and predictably, and reduce court congestion. For those reasons such programs are increasingly required by federal laws, regulatory bodies and as a matter of complex litigation practice. But corporate settlement mills also have a dark side. When sophisticated corporate actors quietly settle large numbers of cases in assembly-line fashion, they threaten transparency, fair dealing, and the rule of law. We argue that this new category of dispute resolution is more dangerous than others because a single, self-interested party — the prospective defendant itself — designs and oversees the entire determination process. Corporate settlement mills thus raise fundamental questions about how far policymakers may go to privatize our public, and historically neutral, system of adjudication.Drawing lessons from other movements to privatize government, we argue that corporate settlement mills can provide an appropriate alternative to public adjudication as long as they remain answerable to the regulators, courts, and claimants that rely on them. We therefore offer specific suggestions to make them more accountable — including targeted prospective regulation, judicial review, stakeholder participation, and ethical reform. In so doing, we broaden the debate over what constitutes mass litigation, in the hope that lawmakers realize the benefits of large private settlements, without frustrating administrative regulation or the judiciary’s authority to “say what the law is.”
Australia's 'Together We Do Better' Campaign: Diversifying Mental Health Benefits for Local Communities

Australia, both a continent and a country, straddles an Eastern geography and a Western cultural sensibility. In Australia's state of Victoria, the "Together We Do Better" campaign offers a unique approach to promoting social connectedness, on that likes better community relations with positive mental health outcomes. By partnering with an extensive network of state service agencies and local media, the "Together We Do Better" campaign aims to effect change at grassroots, programmatic levels.
Increased Risk of Breast Cancer with Alcohol Consumption in Postmenopausal Women

The association between breast cancer incidence and alcohol consumption among postmenopausal women was examined in the Iowa Women's Health Study. In January 1986, a cohort of 41,837 postmenopausal women, aged 55-69 years, completed a questionnaire that included alcohol intake and other information. Through December 1989, 493 incident breast cancer cases were identified. Age-adjusted relative risks of consumption of less than 1.5, 1.5-4.9, 5.0-14.9, and 15.0 g or more of alcohol per day compared with abstention were 1.08, 1.10, 1.08, and 1.28, respectively (p for trend = 0.11). After controlling for age, body mass index, age at first livebirth, age at menarche, and family history of breast cancer, the relative risks were 1.18, 1.20, 1.25, and 1.46 (p for trend = 0.04). Multivariate modeling, using Cox proportional hazards regression, revealed a significant multiplicative interaction between alcohol intake and noncontraceptive estrogen use. The relative risks of breast cancer associated with average daily alcohol consumption of 5.0-14.9 and 15.0 g or more were 1.88 (95% confidence interval 1.30-2.72) and 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.18-2.85), respectively, among ever-users of estrogen; no association between alcohol and breast cancer was observed among never-users of estrogen.
Strain among Caregivers: Comparing the Experiences of African American and Hispanic Caregivers of Alzheimer's Relatives

This study of the experiences of seventy-six Black and eighty-six Hispanic caregivers of Alzheimer's relatives sought to determine the factors characterizing the caregiving process and its outcomes, particularly personal and role strain, in each group. The findings reveal that Hispanics are more vulnerable to each type of strain and this may be partially attributed to their caring for more impaired relatives, their younger ages, and comparative lack of expressive supportive relationships. The mediating role played by culture and informal supports in the caregiving process is highlighted by the results as well as the need for the development of sensitive and appropriate interventions and supports.
The design of a case management system for ALC patients: a preliminary report

Summary The design of a database management system is described as an attempt by an urban teaching hospital to improve the quality of care and contain costs of Alternate Level of Care (ALC) patients. Preliminary research findings indicate that particular discharge problems, discharge plans, and demographic characteristics of patients are related to prolonged ALC lengths of stays. These findings have helped staff to identify patients most at risk resulting in improved discharge planning.
Effect of Solvent in the Reaction of Cp2ZrH{(μ-H)2BR2} (R2 = C4H8, C8H14) with B(C6F5)3: Formation of [HB(C6F5)3]- Salts of the Unsupported Hydrogen-Bridged Cations [(μ-H){Cp2Zr(μ-H)2BR2}2]+ (R2 = C4H8, C8H14) and [Cp2Zr(OEt2)X]+ (X = OEt, {(μ-H)2BC8H14})

Hydride abstraction reactions of the zirconocene cyclic organohydroborate complexes Cp2ZrH{(μ-H)2BR2} (R2 = C4H8, 1; C8H14, 2) with B(C6F5)3 were observed as a function of solvent. The reaction in poorly coordinating solvents, benzene and toluene, forms [HB(C6F5)3]- salts of Zr−H−Zr hydrogen-bridged cations [(μ-H){Cp2Zr(μ-H)2BR2}2]+ (R2 = C4H8, 3; C8H14, 4), in which there is no direct metal−metal bonding between the bridged metals. The unsupported hydrogen-bridged bond in complex 4 was cleaved when it was dissolved in the coordinating solvent THF to produce the neutral complex 2 and the ionic complex [Cp2Zr(THF){(μ-H)2BC8H14}][HB(C6F5)3]. In the coordinating solvent, diethyl ether, the salts of [Cp2Zr(OEt2)X]+[HB(C6F5)3]- (X = OEt, 5; {(μ-H)2BC8H14}, 6) consisting of zirconocene cations with coordinated solvent ligands were isolated. The formation of 5 involves hydride insertion from zirconium into the carbon oxygen bond of one the coordinated ethers, resulting in the liberation of ethane and the formati...
The Juror and Courtroom of the Future

Litigation and trial practice today reflect the same increasing use of and dependence on digital, screen-based, multimedia communication that characterizes the culture as a whole. More evidence and arguments in brick-and-mortar courtrooms are being presented digitally, on screens. At the same time, dispute resolution is moving online and hence being conducted through screen-based interfaces. We can expect this convergence to accelerate in coming years. This chapter explores both trends, tracing the movement from screens in court to courts on the screen, from video trials and videoconferencing to trials in virtual reality. Practical and evidentiary concerns are discussed. Finally, the chapter sketches a portrait of jurors in the digital and Internet age and explains how the law is addressing, and should address, their changing needs and demands.
Study on the Failure Mechanism of TSC High Voltage Thyristor Valve Over-current

For studying the reliability, testing methods and the mechanism of thyristor switched capacitor (TSC), the over-current failure of high voltage thyristor valve, which is the core component of TSC, is analyzed. Firstly, the configuration of the TSC and its thyristor valve is described; the over-current fault is examined; the waveform and its analysis representation are given. Then, based on the different development stages of TSC over-current fault, the voltage, current and thermal stresses on valve is expounded, the expression of each stress is inferred; the inner physical processes of the TSC valve under variable stresses are expounded. Finally, the failure modes and failure indexes of TSC valve on different over-current stages are obtained, thus the failure mechanism of TSC high voltage thyristor valve over-current is revealed.
The Governor's Power of Removal: An Added Mechanism for Ethics Enforcement in New York State

This paper reviews the possible use of the New York State governor's power to remove public officials as a way to strengthen ethics enforcement in New York.
Solidification microstructures in Ag3Sn-Cu3Sn pseudo-binary alloys

The solidification microstructures in three alloys from the Ag3Sn–Cu3Sn pseudo-binary section in the Ag–Cu–Sn system have been studied using a combination of X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and quenching experiments. The three alloys have Ag:Cu ratios of 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70. In each case, the as-cast structures exhibit the equilibrium phases θ-Ag3Sn and e1-Cu3Sn, with a little η-Cu6Sn5. There is no evidence of the metastable high-temperature phases that are so prevalent in as-cast structures of the corresponding binary alloys. The differential scanning calorimetry data obtained on heating the alloy samples are consistent with the transformations expected on the basis of the published ternary Ag–Cu–Sn diagrams. It is proposed that the solidification microstructures observed experimentally in such alloys must correspond to the nucleation of the high-temperature phases being kinetically limited upon cooling for these compositions. This leads to the direct formation of the equilibrium low-temperature phases by eutectic-type co-operative growth.
Adolescent Female Identify Development

The purpose of this study was to (a) add to the current literature on female identity development and (b) determine whether a gender specific pattern of identity formation is evident in females during their early and middle adolescent years. The Measures of Psychosocial Development (MPD) was administered by graduate students to 317 males and 332 females in sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades from schools in a small and a mid-sized mid-western city. The schools were selected because they were representative of the racial/ethnic status of the cities (African American, 12%, Asian American, 4%, European, 63%, Latino, 10%, and Native American, 6%; 5% did not state their ethnicity). The results of the two by four analyses of variance (gender by grade) indicated that females blend interpersonal and intrapersonal identity development, whereas males appear to develop only intrapersonal identity. Limitations and recommendations for future research are also included.
596. AAV Gene Delivery of the Anti-Tau Antibody PHF1 Reduces Brain Tau Pathology in P301L Mice

Anti-tau immunotherapy has been proposed as a promising therapy for various tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, there are limitations to passive immunization including the need for repeated administration and the very low levels of antibody that get into brain from the circulation. To circumvent the disadvantages of passive immunization, we have used serotype rh. 10 adeno-associated virus vectors to deliver an anti-tau monoclonal antibody PHF1, known to reduce tau pathology following passive immunization in several tauopathy mouse models directly to the CNS. To accomplish this, we stereotactically administered 1010 viral genomes (vg) of AAVrh. 10-PHF1 or AAVrh. 10-mCherry as a control, bilaterally into the hippocampus of young (3.5-month old) homozygous P301L mice, a model that develops robust tau pathology in an age- and brain region-dependent manner. Six months after injection, mice were sacrificed to measure the presence of anti-tau antibody as well as the effects of treatment on tau pathology in several brain regions using specific ELISAs and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for quantifying pathological and normal tau. In pilot experiments using wild-type C57BL/6 and P301L mice, we observed much higher levels of PHF1 antibody in the hippocampus when delivered via the AAVrh. 10 vector compared to passive immunization (3100-fold higher). We observed that treatment with AAVrh. 10-PHF1 resulted in a marked antibody-dependent reduction in tau pathology in P301L mice, including a highly significant reduction in tau pathology in the hippocampus (≥80-90% p=0.001) compared to the control vector. There was also no reduction in total tau measured by ELISA in any brain region examined. Based on these observations, AAVrh. 10 gene delivery of anti-tau monoclonal antibodies to the CNS may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating various tauopathies including FTD, PSP and AD.
Expanding Role of Orbital Decompression in Aesthetic Surgery.

Background Eye prominence is a source of cosmetic "deformity" for many patients not afflicted by Graves. Objectives To report our experience in using customized orbital decompression for purely aesthetic reason to reduce eye prominence in non-thyroid patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing cosmetic orbital decompression by one surgeon. Surgical technique included customized graded orbital bony-wall decompression (lateral-wall, basin, medial-wall, posterior-strut) and intraconal fat removal using eyelid crease and/or caruncle incisions. Inclusion criteria included any patient with relative prominent eye due to non-thyroid etiology. Preoperative and postoperative photographs at longest follow-up were used for analysis. Outcome measures included patient satisfaction (via a written questionnaire) and complication rates. Results Etiologies of prominent eyes included congenital shallow orbits (14), congenital hypoplasia of malar-eminence (5), enlarged globe from high myopia (5), buphthalmos (1), and relative proptosis from contralateral enophthalmos (1). Concurrent procedures included lower eyelid-retractors lysis (5), periocular fat injection (3), tear-trough implant (3), canthoplasty (3), and periocular filler injection (3). Mean patient age was 33.8 years (range, 19-60 years). The average follow-up was 9 months (range, 6 months-4 years). All 26 patients (11 males, 15 females) had reduction in globe prominence. The mean reduction in axial globe position was 3.1 mm (range, 1.5-6.2 mm). Twenty-four of 26 patients were satisfied with the surgical outcome, with 2 patients complaining of sunken eyes. No case of permanent diplopia occurred. Conclusions Orbital decompression may be done for cosmetic purpose, effectively and safely, to reduce eye prominence in non-thyroid patients by an experienced orbital surgeon. Level of Evidence 4.
Neurotransmitter-Regulated Regeneration in the Zebrafish Retina.

Current efforts to repair damaged or diseased mammalian retinas are inefficient and largely incapable of fully restoring vision. Conversely, the zebrafish retina is capable of spontaneous regeneration upon damage using Muller glia (MG)-derived progenitors. Understanding how zebrafish MG initiate regeneration may help develop new treatments that prompt mammalian retinas to regenerate. We show that inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling facilitates initiation of MG proliferation. GABA levels decrease following damage, and MG are positioned to detect decreased ambient levels and undergo dedifferentiation. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that GABAA receptor inhibition stimulates regeneration in undamaged retinas while activation inhibits regeneration in damaged retinas.
Separation of Spatial and Temporal Effects in an Ultrasonic Transducer

This paper focuses on the separation of the smoothing effect of a signal caused by a finite-size transducer and that by an emission source of finite bandwidth. The total output response of a transducer as a receiver is a superposition of these two effects, resulting in a waveform whose frequency response is determined by the product of the spectrum of the excitation, the structure Green’s function and the equivalent spectrum of the transducer’s aperture. The true time function of a source can only be recovered by separating the aperture effect from the detected signal. Results are demonstrated with experimental data determined with capacitive transducers of varying apertures detecting signals on plates of various thicknesses.
The Medieval Chinese Gāthā and Its Relationship to Poetry

This paper investigates the shifting definitions of the term gāthā (Ch. ji) over an 800-year period, from the earliest sūtra translations into Chinese until the mid-tenth century. Although the term originally referred to the verse sections of scriptures, gāthās soon began to circulate separately, used in ritual, contemplative, and pedagogical practices. By the late sixth century, it began to mean something like “Buddhist verse.” Over the course of the Tang, gāthās came to take on the formal features of poetry, eventually becoming all but indistinguishable from elite verse. However, the word gāthā was always seen as something inferior to real poetry, and, by the late Tang, we find poet-monks belittling other monks’ didactic verses so as to distinguish their own work and avoid the taint of the word gāthā. Cet article explore l’evolution du sens du terme gāthā (ch. ji) sur une periode s’etendant sur plus de huit cent ans, depuis les premieres traductions des sūtra en chinois jusqu’au milieu du dixieme siecle. Bien que ce terme designât a l’origine les parties rimees des textes sacres bouddhiques, les gāthās tres tot commencerent a circuler independamment et a etre employees dans les pratiques rituelles, contemplatives et pedagogiques. Vers la fin du sixieme siecle, il devint synonyme de « poesie bouddhique ». Au cours de la dynastie des Tang, les gāthās adopterent les regles formelles de la poesie, si bien qu’ils devinrent quasiment identiques aux autres formes d’expression poetique des elites. Le mot gāthā cependant continua a evoquer un style inferieur a celui de la « vraie » poesie, et a la fin des Tang des moines-poetes moquerent les vers didactiques composes par d’autres moines dans le but de distinguer leur propres compositions et de se demarquer des connotations peu flatteuses du terme gāthā.
A Novel Use of Olaparib for the Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

Although mortality from prostate cancer has declined over the past 20 years as a result of early detection and treatment, the 5-year survival rate for men with prostate cancer who develop metastatic disease is only 29%. Current treatment options for metastatic castration-recurrent prostate cancer (mCRPC) are associated with toxicity and a limited durable response; therefore, additional lines of efficacious and minimally toxic therapy are needed. Olaparib, a poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate) ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, received a U.S. Food and Drug Administration breakthrough therapy designation in January 2016 for the treatment of patients with BRCA1/2 or ATM gene-mutated mCRPC based on results of a compelling phase II trial of olaparib in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (TOPARP-A). This study found that men with mCRPC and genetic mutations in DNA damage repair genes had an overall response rate of nearly 90% with olaparib treatment. In this review, we describe current therapies for mCRPC, the rationale for anti-PARP therapies, the pharmacology of olaparib for prostate cancer, clinical trials of olaparib for mCRPC, our clinical experience with olaparib for prostate cancer at a comprehensive cancer center, and future directions of olaparib for the treatment of mCRPC. Olaparib may constitute a promising treatment to prolong survival in patients with mCRPC, with an acceptable adverse effect profile. As the role of PARP inhibition in prostate cancer and other malignancies becomes further elucidated, olaparib may be shown to be beneficial for other patient populations.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I Surgical therapy

The therapy of MEN-I is multifaceted in that surgical treatment in the individual patient is dependent on the phenotypic expression at the time of diagnosis. In many patients, the first clinical expression of the syndrome is hyperparathyroidism (HPT). In others, it may be a combination of manifestations, including a functional endocrine pancreatic syndrome and HPT, or a combination of HPT and a pituitary tumor such as a prolactinoma. Occasionally, an MEN-I patient may present with clinical manifestations in all three organs simultaneously. This discussion will be limited to the surgical management of the parathyroid and pancreatic components of the syndrome.
Simplified models of the symmetric single-pass parallel-plate counterflow heat exchanger: a tutorial

The heat exchanger is important in practical thermal processes, especially those of (i) the molten-salt storage schemes, (ii) compressed air energy storage schemes and (iii) other load-shifting thermal storage presumed to undergird a Smart Grid. Such devices, although central to the utilization of energy from sustainable (but intermittent) renewable sources, will be unfamiliar to many scientists, who nevertheless need a working knowledge of them. This tutorial paper provides a largely self-contained conceptual introduction for such persons. It begins by modelling a novel quantized exchanger, impractical as a device, but useful for comprehending the underlying thermophysics. It then reviews the one-dimensional steady-state idealization which demonstrates that effectiveness of heat transfer increases monotonically with (device length)/(device throughput). Next, it presents a two-dimensional steady-state idealization for plug flow and from it derives a novel formula for effectiveness of transfer; this formula is then shown to agree well with a finite-difference time-domain solution of the two-dimensional idealization under Hagen-Poiseuille flow. These results are consistent with a conclusion that effectiveness of heat exchange can approach unity, but may involve unwelcome trade-offs among device cost, size and throughput.
The Micro-demise of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Working around the State in Comparative Perspective

This chapter provides comparative case-study evidence of the core argument of this book: that ordinary people can create change in small ways by leveraging new media tools to network around the state, and other structures of power at work in their lives. In the service of this argument, three types of digital resistance in authoritarian political contexts in the Middle East are examined: digital disclosure to confront bad governance; peopleto- people diplomacy; and social media for social change. These examples of digital resistance are based upon new media campaigns against the Egyptian, Turkish, Kuwaiti, Israeli, Iranian and Saudi states. In each of these cases, citizens use new communication devices to resist bad governance, and to enhance agency and autonomy in their everyday lives. The story of enhanced state power in the digital age, so-called ‘repression 2.0’ (Seib 2012: 97), is a common one, and yet not surprising (Kalathil and Boas 2003, Calingaert 2010, MacKinnon 2011, Morozov 2011b). Especially in authoritarian contexts, the Internet has been used by the state for ‘propaganda purposes’ and ‘surveillance’, by ‘paying bloggers to spread propaganda and troll social networking sites looking for new information on those in the opposition’ (Morozov 2011b: xiv, xv). What is surprising, however, is that citizens in authoritarian contexts have effectively used the Internet to enhance their political and social agency in spite of the risks. Why, when the chances of success are so limited, and the costs for taking on the authoritarian state are so potentially life threatening, do Middle Eastern citizens resist? As demonstrated vividly by the Arab Spring revolutions, and the case studies examined in this book, the Middle East is an increasingly oppositional space. Collectively examples of digital resistance present ‘new avenues of political change, through autonomous capacity to communicate and organize’ which take place ‘beyond the usual methods of … political control’ (Castells 2012: 21). In other words, as argued in this chapter, people in the Middle East use social media to resist because they can, and because they have a great degree of dissatisfaction to express. Digital media multiply the forms in which resistance can occur, replicate the avenues through which resistance can be expressed, and pool and intensify the results of small acts of defiance into big, potentially transformative waves.
Fiscal decentralization and the distributive incidence of the Great Recession

This paper argues that fiscal decentralization is one important explanation for variation in distributive outcomes following the Great Recession. Using a difference-in-differences approach, it exam...
Great Lakes Basin Snow-Cover Ablation and Synoptic-Scale Circulation

AbstractSynoptic-scale atmospheric conditions play a critical role in determining the frequency and intensity of snow-cover-ablation events. Using a synoptic weather-classification technique, disti...
Exploring Perceptions of Blame for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Science has made strides in describing the neurobiological and genetic bases for autism, but its etiology remains poorly understood. Literature reveals that when families face an autism diagnosis they speculate reasons for its cause, many of which are consistent – and others not consistent – with current scientific understanding. Beliefs affect families’ emotional responses and behaviors related to helping their children. This pilot study involved the development of a survey instrument based on a sample of fifteen “causal” beliefs for autism reported in a review of the literature, and five hundred and eighty-nine adults indicated their agreement with each. Factor analysis reduced beliefs to four categories, thought to represent Parenting, Genetics, Supernatural and Medical/Chemical causes. Multiple regression analyses suggest that demographic characteristics, including education level and race, predicted endorsement of beliefs. The most common is “Genetics” but additional explanations are also involved to a lesser degree. Given the prevalence of autism worldwide, this pilot study established an approach for gauging the range of lay explanations for its cause, and addressed the potential emotional and behavioral consequences of beliefs.
QX factorization of centrosymmetric matrices

Abstract We show how the factorization A = Q X , introduced in Burnik (2015) [2] , of a real centrosymmetric m × n matrix A into a centrosymmetric orthogonal m × m matrix Q and a centrosymmetric m × n matrix X with a double-cone structure can be directly obtained via standard QR factorizations of two matrices about half the size of A. Examples and a Matlab code are included.
Political Articulation in the Sicuani Region

This chapter discusses the shifts in power relations on the regional level, in particular the weakening of village elites and the end of their domination of the peasantry, the rise of a trader-dominated regional elite, and the growing importance of Sicuani as an administrative center. All these changes imply the increasing importance of the state in regional and local affairs caused by the growth of national government revenues and the power held by state employees. The rise of the traders and bureaucrats and the defeat of the hacendados were carried out in an alliance with other rural sectors. The specific form of articulation between sectors within the Sicuani region led to the stagnation of wool output and the lack of a more productive, capital-intensive pastoralism such as that found in Puno, Junin, and elsewhere in South America. The peasants and herders in the Sicuani region were able to use this to their economic and political advantage; their lot has been much less harsh than that of their counterparts in many other parts of the Andes.
Spitzka, Edward Charles

New York neurologist Edward Charles Spitzka (1852–1914) was a pugnacious advocate for the reform of institutional psychiatry in the conflict between American neurologists and institutional psychiatrists (‘alienists’) from approximately 1878 to the mid-1880s. Spitzka was most noted for his involvement with various medicolegal matters, including his controversial (though likely correct) support of the insanity defense of assassin Charles Guiteau, and his infamous involvement with the first state execution by the electric chair.
A Tutorial on Learning Causal Influence

In the 1990’s related research in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and philosophy resulted in a method for learning causal relationships from passive data when we have data on at least four variables. We illustrate the method using a few simple examples. Then we present recent research showing that we can even learn something about causal relationships when we have data on only two variables.
Hypertension Treatment Effects on Orthostatic Hypotension and Its Relationship With Cardiovascular Disease.

Although orthostatic hypotension (OH) is often considered a contraindication to blood pressure (BP) treatment, evidence is lacking. We examined the effect of BP goal or initial medication choice on...
Cytogenetic Analysis of Wheat and Rye Genomes

Cytogenetics is the correlated study of genetics and cytology. In cereals, five phases of cytogenetic research can be recognized: (i) meiotic pairing analysis of F1 hybrids; (ii) aneuploidy. (iii) molecular cytogenetics (C-banding and in situ hybridization); (iv) deletion bin mapping; and (v) flow cytogenetics. We review here the first four phases of cytogenetic research with special reference to chromosome analysis of wheat and rye. Meiotic pairing analysis revealed genomic relationships among diploid and polyploid species. Aneuploidy opened possibilities of chromosome/arm and comparative mapping. C-banding and in situ hybridization allowed rapid identification and analysis of heterochromatic and euchromatic components of wheat and rye chromosomes. The isolation of deletion stocks and their use to study the structure and function of the expressed portion of the wheat genome further revealed structural and functional differentiation of wheat chromosomes into proximal gene-poor/low recombination and distal gene-rich/high recombination compartments. The abovementioned structural and functional differentiation may have been driven by chromosome behavior at meiosis. As DNA sequence information becomes available and with the application of techniques such as Fiber FISH and others that close the gap between DNA level and chromosome level observations, we can truly begin to understand the biological meaning of the superimposed structural, functional, and behavioral differentiation and organization of cereal chromosomes.
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment individuals with dissimilar pathologic origins show common regional vulnerability in the default mode network.

Abstract Introduction Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (AD and PD) are distinct disorders but share similar biomarker profiles. The regions of the default mode network are implicated in these diseases and are associated with amnestic symptoms. The role of apolipoprotein-e4 (APOE-e4), which is associated with cognitive function, is unclear in PD. Methods In this work, we evaluated cortical thickness of default mode network regions that are likely affected in both early AD and PD individuals, that is, with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. We identified the prevalence of APOE-e4 and evaluated its association with cortical atrophy. Results We observed significant parahippocampal atrophy and hippocampal atrophy rates in amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects, regardless of disease origins (AD or PD). Similarly, mild cognitive impairment e4 carriers showed significant precuneal atrophy compared with noncarriers. Discussion This work supports that converging changes to default mode network regions, especially the temporal lobe and precuneus, are shared in AD and PD.
Dog Training Intervention Shows Social-Cognitive Change in the Journals of Incarcerated Youth

There is limited research assessing the effectiveness of Animal-Assisted Therapy in at-risk adolescent populations. In a recent study, 138 adjudicated adolescents participated in a randomized controlled trial of an animal-assisted intervention, in which participants either trained shelter dogs (Teacher’s Pet group) or walked the dogs (control group), with both groups participating in classroom work related to dogs (Seivert, Cano, Casey, Johnson, & May, 2018). Journal writing was a part of class activities for all youth in the study. Conventional assessments of youth behavior made by staff or youth themselves did not demonstrate the expected differences between the groups favoring the dog training group, as youth in both groups showed a significant increase in staff and youth rated internalizing behavior problems and empathy from the beginning to the end of the project. (Seivert et al., 2018). However, subsequent analysis of the journal content from 73 of the adjudicated youth reported here, did reveal significant differences between treatment and control groups, favoring the Teacher’s Pet group. Youth participating in the dog training intervention showed through their journal writing greater social-cognitive growth, more attachment, and more positive attitudes toward the animal-assisted intervention compared to youth in the control group. The 73 youth whose journals were available were very similar to youth in the larger group. Their results illustrate that journaling can be a useful method of assessing effects of similar animal-assisted interventions for at-risk youth. Writing done by youth receiving therapy appeared to promote self-reflection, desirable cognitive change, and prosocial attitudes that may signify improving quality of life for such youth. The expressive writing of participants could reveal important effects of treatment beyond the behavioral changes that are often the targeted outcomes of animal-assisted interventions.
Anisotropic Origins of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in n-Type Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystals

Colloidal nanocrystals of anatase TiO2 exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the mid-infrared upon carrier accumulation through synthetic doping or electrochemical reduction. Howeve...
Boudicca and Elizabeth Rally Their Troops: “Two Queens Both Alike in Dignity”

Fifteen hundred years separated them, but two British queens, both known for their long brightly colored hair, encouraged their troops against foreign invaders, with what was reported to be stirring rhetoric. The queens were Boudicca, head of the Celtic Iceni tribe, and Queen Elizabeth I. We know far less about Boudicca than we do about Elizabeth, but in both cases we do not have definitive evidence about the speeches they gave. This chapter analyzes depictions of Boudicca and how she is compared with Elizabeth, particularly as queens encouraging their troops, in Elizabeth’s reign. Both were powerful women who ruled on their own—Elizabeth as an unmarried woman ruling in her own right and Boudicca as a widow ruling for her young daughters.