cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wideband dual polarized dielectric resonator antennas at X-band

A wideband dual polarized dielectric resonator antenna is designed. A two-step stair shaped DRA is excited through a cross-shaped slot by two orthogonal ports. Microstrip lines are terminated with a U-shaped tuning stub to optimize the matching. Both ports are able to give more than 20% bandwidth. To achieve high isolation, two orthogonal ports are placed in two different layers, with one port above the ground plane and the other port below the ground plane. Isolation with more than 30dB is achieved between the two ports.
Quantitative analysis of biological tissues using Fourier transform-second-harmonic generation imaging

We demonstrate the use of Fourier transform-second-harmonic generation (FT-SHG) imaging of collagen fibers as a means of performing quantitative analysis of obtained images of selected spatial regions in porcine trachea, ear, and cornea. Two quantitative markers, preferred orientation and maximum spatial frequency are proposed for differentiating structural information between various spatial regions of interest in the specimens. The ear shows consistent maximum spatial frequency and orientation as also observed in its real-space image. However, there are observable changes in the orientation and minimum feature size of fibers in the trachea indicating a more random organization. Finally, the analysis is applied to a 3D image stack of the cornea. It is shown that the standard deviation of the orientation is sensitive to the randomness in fiber orientation. Regions with variations in the maximum spatial frequency, but with relatively constant orientation, suggest that maximum spatial frequency is useful as an independent quantitative marker. We emphasize that FT-SHG is a simple, yet powerful, tool for extracting information from images that is not obvious in real space. This technique can be used as a quantitative biomarker to assess the structure of collagen fibers that may change due to damage from disease or physical injury.
Strongly nonlinear luminescence in oxidized porous silicon films

Abstract Partially oxidized free-standing porous silicon films show a strongly superlinear increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity above a threshold cw excitation intensity of ∼10 W/cm2. The PL-intensity increase can be expressed by a power law with n∼9 as a function of the excitation intensity. The PL-peak wavelength of this emission is slightly redshifted from that at low-excitation levels. These changes are fully reversible and reproducible, but not observed in samples on substrate. We attribute this behavior to thermal reexcitation of carriers trapped at the dangling bond states in initially nonluminescent Si nanocrystallites.
FTIR and DFT-D investigation of the structure of ruthenium pentacarbonyl in small alcohol solvents

Abstract The equilibrium structure of Ru(CO) 5 in butanol, ethanol and isopropanol has been investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and DFT-D calculations. It was determined that 88–100% of the Ru(CO) 5 molecules form a weak hexacoordinated complex with a single alcohol molecule under ambient conditions. Complexation of Ru(CO) 5 is more favorable than Fe(CO) 5 in all solvents studied. The DFT-D calculations predict that the complex formation occurs via electron donation from the complexing alcohol molecule to Ru(CO) 5 at an equilibrium distance of ∼375 pm from the metal center to the hydroxyl oxygen.
Emerging Adulthood—The Journal

It is with great pleasure that I write this editorial for the first issue of Emerging Adulthood. The study of people in their late teens and twenties is not new. For decades, scholars have investigated the unique challenges and possibilities of the late teens and twenties (e.g., Arnett, 2000; Erikson, 1968). Demographic changes and new conceptualizations of the distinctiveness of this age period (e.g., Arnett, 2006a) have fueled new and innovative scholarly work on this age period. Furthermore, scholars studying this topic are not solely dispersed across professional organizations. The Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood (SSEA) provides a home for scholars interested in the scientific study of the challenges and opportunities this age period provides. The coming of age of a new journal on this age period is the next logical step to solidify a common scientific outlet for scholars.
Microstructural changes in dilute Ni-Be alloys during HVEM sub-threshold irradiations☆

Abstract The microstructural sensitivity of Ni-0.7 at% Be alloys to HVEM subthreshold irradiations was investigated. Several aspects were examined: (i) dose dependence of the microstructure change during irradiation with 350 keV electrons at 350°C; (ii) energy dependence of the incubation dose for the first appearance of black dots in the alloy films under irradiation at 350°C along various crystallographic directions; and (iii) temperature dependence of the microstructural evolution during 350 keV electron irradiation. It was found that sub-threshold irradiations were capable for inducing nonequilibrium solute segregation. Below ~400°C, segregation-induced homogeneous precipitation of the γ-phase occurred in the alloy matrix, whereas at higher temperatures, only heterogeneous precipitation was observed at defect sinks. From the information about the energy dependence of the incubation dose for precipitation, the displacement threshold energy for Ni and point-defect production rate by secondary Be-Ni collisions were estimated.
Computing the Cost of Occlusion

Recently, Cox et al. (1996, CVGIP: Image Understanding63, 542?567) presented a new dynamic programming-based stereo matching algorithm. The algorithm uses a parameter which represents the cost of occlusion. This cost is levied if the algorithm decides that two measurements, each from a different camera along corresponding epipolar lines, are not projections of the same point in space. The occlusion cost is dependent on the standard deviation of the (Gaussian) sensor noise, ?, and the probability of match detection, PD. Under certain conditions such as low signal-to-noise ratio, the algorithm of Cox et al. will declare occlusions where they do not exist. We offer an alternative definition for the cost of occlusion, based on a decision-theoretic formulation for the matching process. This alternative improves the performance of the matching algorithm.
Adaptive robot navigation protocol for estimating variable terrain elevation data

Efficiently measuring environmental phenomena (e.g., elevation, chemical composition, and mineral density) is a task typically reserved for the geoscience community. Recent robotic systems with the potential for addressing the task of sampling currently exist, yet their navigation strategies (and subsequently sampling strategies) are seldom a function of the spatial change in the measured phenomena of interest. Solutions are especially void for intelligent systems to which resource constraints are applied (i.e., battery power and experimentation time) while complete coverage of an area is expected. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of a custom navigation strategy based on immediately-sensed data that, when combined with spatial interpolation techniques, yields a re-creation of the surveyed space with root mean squared error that meets accepted mapping standards. Our methodology employs an adaptive coverage algorithm which succeeds in lowering the RMS error when compared to other navigation techniques. Our results are validated in simulation by considering: 1) randomly-generated terrains and 2) realistic digital elevation map (DEM) data transposed from publically available terrain contour maps.
Faith and commitment to the poor: Theological orientation and support for government assistance measures

Pretnous research has generated contradictory asseriions regard ng a krkge between theological and economic conseTvatism. Some studies suggest that fundamentalism is related to SUppOTt for consertoative econorruc pnnciples, whgle others reject such a claIm. FOT this study it was hypothesized that clas, race, and party preference would be more important than one's Teligious onentation m explAning support for govemrnent assistance speg, but that once these factors weTe controlledw theological conservatisrn would pTedIct conservative economic views. An anslysis of natiarul SUTVeY data affirrns the importance of class, roce, and paTty pTefeTence; however, there is no clear link between theological and econonx conseTvaiism. BibLical liteTalism predicts suppo7t foT econornic restructuring policies, and denonunations within the Conservative Protestant family are divided in their support for goverrznenc assistcrnce policies. The relationship between religious orthodoxy and political conservatism has received considerable attention over the years. The conventional wisdom is that members of fundamentalist religious groups are more likely than members of liberal faith groups to hold conservative attitudes regarding personal morality issues, and it is also thought that theological conservatism is linked to support for conservative social and economic policies. The visibility of right-wing religious groups like the Moral Majority has reinforced the public perception that Christian fundamentalism is closely tied to political and economic conservatism. The implication is that fundamentalist religious adherents are opposed to progressive public policies, including efforts by the government to increase social service expenditures and reduce economic inequality. Liberal Protestants, reflecting their Social Gospel heritage, are thought to take a more progressive stand in regard to issues of personal morality, and it is generally assumed that they are more supportive than theological conservatives for govemment efforts to regulate the economy and provide for the economic well-being of needy individuals. Spokespersons for the National Council of
Incorporating effective media in the finite-difference time-domain method for spherical nanoparticle modeling

A computational formulation is presented for the low frequency single-cell finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling of nanospheres. The methodology is developed based on the observation that the electrostatic field inside a dielectric sphere is similar in nature to that of an FDTD cell, or equivalently by considering the electromagnetic correspondence between the single electric field component across an FDTD cell edge, and the electric dipole moment induced in an electrically small dielectric sphere when the latter is excited by a plane wave. By rigorously applying effective medium theory the physical existence of a subcell dielectric sphere in the FDTD grid is translated into an equivalent material, characterized by an effective permittivity that obeys the Clausius-Mossotti (CM) mixing rule, appropriately defined across the cell edge parallel to the excitation plane wave. A circuit based methodology is devised that allows to easily incorporate the effective medium representation of a subcell dispersive dielectric sphere into FDTD update equations. The theoretically derived results are supported by numerical experiments.
Environmental Ethical Decision Making in the U.S. Metal-Finishing Industry

We investigated the individual and contextual influences shaping the environmental ethical decision intentions of a sample of managers in the U.S. metal-finishing industry in this study. Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior and Jones's (1991) moral intensity construct grounded our theoretical framework. Findings revealed that the magnitude of consequences, a dimension of moral intensity, moderated the relationships between each of five antecedents—attitudes, subjective norms, and three perceived behavioral control factors (self-efficacy, financial cost, and ethical climate)—and managers' environmental ethical decision intentions. We then developed implications for theory and practice in environmental ethical decision making.
Description of FORMAT, a text-processing program

FORMAT is a production program which facilitates the editing and printing of “finished” documents directly on the printer of a relatively small (64k) computer system. It features good performance, totally free-form input, very flexible formatting capabilities including up to eight columns per page, automatic capitalization, aids for index construction, and a minimum of nontext items. It is written entirely in FORTRAN IV.
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analog, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD), suppress intraocular pressure in non-human primates

Ocular hypertension is the greatest known risk factor for glaucoma that affects an estimated 70 million people worldwide. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the mainstay of therapy in the management of glaucoma. By means of microarray analysis, we have discovered that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) regulates genes that are known to be involved in the determination of intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical administration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 or its analog, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD), markedly reduce IOP in non-human primates. The reduction in IOP is not the result of reduced aqueous humor formation, while a 35% increase in aqueous humor removal by 1,25(OH)2D3 was found but this increase did not achieve significance. Nevertheless, our results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 or an analog thereof may present a new approach to the treatment of glaucoma.
New processing methods to produce silicon carbide and beryllium oxide inert matrix and enhanced thermal conductivity oxide fuels

Abstract For inert matrix fuels, SiC and BeO represent two possible matrix phase compounds that exhibit very high thermal conductivity, high melting points, low neutron absorption, and reasonably high radiation stability. BeO is chemically compatible with UO 2 , PuO 2 and Zircaloy to very high temperatures, but SiC reacts with all three at somewhat lower temperatures. We have developed the Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis or PIP method, making use of a commercial SiC polymeric precursor, to consolidate both particulate fuels like ‘TRISO’ microsphere fuels, and to impregnate UO 2 fuels with pure stoichiometric SiC to improve their thermal conductivity. This method was employed to fabricate Enhanced Conductivity Oxide fuels, or ECO fuels with 5–10 vol.% of the high conductivity phase, and with 50 vol.% for TRISO dispersion fuels. For ECO fuels, a new ‘slug/bisque’ method of fabricating the UO 2 fuel granules was necessary to produce sintered fuel with open pore structures, allowing almost complete impregnation of the continuous SiC phase. The advantages of the PIP process are that it is a non-damaging consolidation process for particulates (TRU, UC or TRISO microspheres), forms a continuous, pure β-SiC phase at temperatures as low as 1573 K, and allows the maximum in fissile atom density. However, several PIP impregnation cycles and high crystallization temperatures are necessary to obtain high thermal conductivity SiC. For producing IMF fuels using the PIP process, the fissile PuC and/or TRU actinides can be added in small concentrations along with SiC ‘filler particles’ and consolidated with the SiC precursor for either open or closed fuel cycles. For BeO, a second approach was developed for ECO fuels that involves a ‘ co-sintering ’ route to produce high density fuels with a continuous BeO phase of 5–10 vol.%. Special granulation and mixing techniques were developed, but only one normal sintering cycle is required. For BeO matrix IMF fuels, PuO 2 granules and TRU actinides or YSZ granules containing actinides could be simply dry-mixed with BeO powder and co-sintered to produce a dispersed fuel form. Alternatively, the BeO could be granulated, and the PuO 2 and/or TRU oxides would fill the interstices forming a continuous minor phase that could be recycled in closed fuel cycles. Some advantages and disadvantages of these matrices are discussed.
Food, sovereignty, and social order in Havelok the Dane

as hannah arendt suggests in the above passage, there is a generic problem inherent to the story of the struggle of the working class. In myths humans labor heroically against nature and find victory and glory in their efforts. Even when a hero performs a seemingly ordinary act—for example, cleaning out a stable or competing in a swimming contest —the stakes become magnified far beyond what any other person could expect to achieve. For everyone else, there is only a “relentless repetition” of the struggle against decay and chaos, an interminable battle to maintain life itself. The circularity of labor, which must immediately reincorporate some part of what it produces in order to continue working, forestalls the question of heroism as much as its grinding endlessness overflows narrative bounds. To be recognized as extraordinary, a hero must wrest surplus into his possession, a feat that demonstrates excellence among others. In the narrative of productive labor, there are few of the remainders—wealth, honor, or glory—that allow a tale to be pushed toward climax, conclusion, and repose. Labor power as material phenomenon or human condition exists beyond the horizon of aristocratic genres, like tragedy, epic, and romance, and this exclusivity renders these literary forms unable to represent the actual source of the political power they celebrate. The romance of Havelok (ca. 1295) is an experiment in generic frontiers, an attempt to look into the vanishing point that is the unrepresentable space of labor. It is a narrative profoundly concerned with the human body’s distressing vulnerability in a world of sweat and hunger. It is a story pitched at the grand scale of international political maneuvering, of dynas-
Job Satisfaction of Nursing Home Administrators and Turnover

We know little about factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction for nursing home workers. In this investigation, the authors use data from a large sample of nursing home administrators (NHAs) to examine: (1) their levels of job satisfaction, (2) whether job satisfaction is associated with intent to leave, (3) whether job satisfaction is associated with turnover after 1 year, and (4) whether job satisfaction after 1 year varies for NHAs who left based on where they subsequently worked. Overall, NHAs were more satisfied with the job satisfaction subscales of: rewards, work skills, and workload but were less satisfied with work demands and coworkers. NHAs appeared particularly sensitive to work skills, with this area of job satisfaction being associated with intent to turnover and actual turnover. In general, the authors found a stronger association with job satisfaction and actual turnover than with intent to turnover.
A theoretical study of propagation along tape ladder lines

Dispersion curves are calculated for single-ridge, double-ridge, single T-section and double T-section ladder lines in which the rungs of the ladder are thin tapes. Each structure is broken up into several regions having simple geometries. In each region the electromagnetic field is expanded as a series of suitable wave functions. Matching of the fields at the boundaries of the regions leads to an infinite set of homogeneous linear equations for the coefficients in the expansions. These equations have a non-trivial solution only if the determinant of their matrix is zero. The dispersion curves are obtained numerically from such determinantal equations. They confirm the qualitative predictions. Throughout the analysis, the ladder is approximated by a uniform sheet which conducts only in the direction of the tapes.
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF Na, Cd, Bi for Ca in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS

Samples with compositions Bi1.8Pb0.2Sr2(Ca2−xNax)Cu3Oy, BiSr(Ca1−xCdx)Cu2Oy and BiSr(Ca1−xBix)Cu2Oy were prepared through solid state reaction. The X-ray diffraction results were analyzed and their resistivity behavior was studied. In general, all such substitution adversely affected their superconductive properties. All samples are of multiphase. The normal state resistivity behaves quite differently with the substitution of electropositive Na as compared with the replacement of electronegative Bi.
A model for ascidian development and developmental modifications during evolution

Ascidian development is reviewed and a model is presented for specification of the larval body plan and cell fate during embryogenesis. The model involves the combined activity of determinants inherited from the egg and inductive cell interactions in the embryo. It is suggested that there are four determinant systems in the egg which are segregated to different blastomeres during cleavage. The ectodermal, endodermal, and muscle determinants specify cell fate autonomously, while the axial determinants initiate cell-shape changes at gastrulation and generate a cascade of inductive activities establishing the larval body plan. In the proposed signalling cascade, the endoderm induces notochord by generating a planar inductive signal late during the cleavage phase, and the notochord cells in turn induce the nervous system by generating a vertical inductive signal in the overlying ectoderm during gastrulation. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation experiments are described which suggest that axial and muscle determinants exhibit UV-sensitive components resembling nucleic acids and proteins, respectively. The model is evaluated in terms of developmental changes during the evolutionary transition from indirect to direct development. This transition can be explained according to the model by loss or inactivation of the muscle determinants and modification of the inductive activities generated by the axial determinants. These changes are supported by recent studies of embryogenesis in direct-developing ascidians.
Resting Ventilatory Pattern, Mouth Occlusion Pressure, and the Effects of Aminophylline in Asthma and Chronic Airways Obstruction

Patients with obstruction of the airways can maintain normocapnia either by increasing the central inspiratory neuromuscular output or by altering the central timing of each breath. This point and the effects of administration of aminophylline on ventilatory regulation were studied in six normal subjects, seven asthmatic patients, and eight patients with unresponsive chronic obstruction of the airways. Spirometric and body plethysmographic values, the ventilatory pattern, and the mouth occlusion pressure did not differ between the two groups of patients. The results indicate that in these patients, normocapnia is maintained at rest by increased central inspiratory neuromuscular output; central respiratory timing is not altered. Intravenous administration of aminophylline (5.6 mg/kg of body weight) increased alveolar ventilation in all three groups, without increasing the uptake of oxygen. In normal subjects, there was no significant effect on ventilatory regulation or drive. In asthmatic patients the central timing of each breath was altered, with no significant effect on central inspiratory output. In unresponsive obstruction of the airways, the central inspiratory output increased transiently, with no effect on central timing.
Potentiometric semimicrodetermination of some triazoles, diazoles, and triazenes

Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds possessing a free hydrogen atom on the secondary amino nitrogen and at least two heterocyclic nitrogen atoms can be determined by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate in the presence of borate buffer. Triazenes react similarly. Water-soluble compounds can be determined in aqueous solution; others are determined in methanol. Emf's were monitored with a sulfide ion-selective indicator electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. If the hydrogen atom on the secondary amino nitrogen is replaced by another moiety then the acidic character of the molecule is lost and it cannot be analyzed by this method. The method works when substituents such as nitro, halogen, or alkyl groups are present. The presence of amino groups results in a different stoichiometry, each nitrogen-containing molecule requiring 1.5 mol of silver ions.
Instrumentation for Theory-Inspired Photocathode Development within the Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) Project

Abstract We have designed and are commissioning a laboratory for the growth and characterization of photocathodes at Argonne National Laboratory. Two growth facilities, a versatile ultra high vacuum growth chamber and an industrial photomultiplier production facility, allow the investigation of fundamental aspects of the cathode growth and the development, modification and implementation of recipes in an industrial production environment. The instrumentation allows the study of optical properties, electrical behaviors and spectral response of the cathode.
Effects of previous delay of reward, generalized effort, and deprivation on impulsiveness

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of learning and motivational variables upon rats' degree of impulsiveness (choice of a small, immediate reward versus a large, delayed reward). In Experiment 1, food was presented in one of four ways for 24 sessions: fixed-ratio lever pressing requirement, continuous-reinforcement lever-pressing requirement, long intervals between free food presentations, or short intervals between free food presentations. Exposure to the long intervals produced less subsequent impulsiveness in 48 choice trials than did the short intervals, there being no effect of the instrumental requirement. In Experiment 2, there were 48 choice trials in which two hunger levels were combined factorially with two delays of reward for the self-control alternative. Hunger level did not affect implusiveness when there was a short delay, but high hunger increased the impulsiveness when there was a long delay. These results indicate that impulsiveness is affected by prior learning and current motivation. Implications for Baum, Rachlin, and Green's matching formula and for frustration theory are discussed.
Gravity Probe B to test Einstein

Gravity probe B, which has been proposed for a space shuttle launch in 1992, is a 2-ton spacecraft that has been under study for several years at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. The heart of the spacecraft is a gyroscope, which consists o f a solid quartz golfball-sized sphere that serves as the rotor. Levitated in space by an electric field, the rotor would spin completely untouched at 170 cycles per second. The rotor is so nearly perfectly round that if it were expanded from its golfball size to the size of the earth, the highest imperfection on its surface would be only about 1.8 m (6 feet). To give the ball superconductivity, Marshall has developed a niobium coating for the rotor and has been instrumental in the development of an isothermal barrier—a large vacuum-bottlelike container that would provide near-absolute-zero temperatures for the gyroscope.
The visible excitation spectra of benzyl, benzyl-d7 and p-methylbenzyl in rigid solution at 77 K

Abstract The full low resolution fluorescence-excitation spectra of benzyl, benzyl-d7 and p-methylbenzyl in rigid amorphous solution at 77 K are reported, together with the polarization spectrum of the visible excitation band of p-methylbenzyl. The three excitation spectra are roughly similar in their low energy region appearing like weakly allowed spectra having stronger “forbidden” components. The three spectra more or less agree with the mirror image of the benzyl and benzyl-d7 fluorescences. The emission of p-methylbenzyl is strikingly different, showing a considerable relative strengthening of the allowed portion over the “forbidden” component and, with that, an apparent strong break with the absorption fluorescence mirror image rule. One interpretation anticipates an important effect of geometry change in pMB, due to electronic excitation, upon both the allowed and “forbidden” components of this well known weak transition. Alternatively, it may be that the elusive second excited state (2B2) appears in the pMB excitation spectrum in such a coincident manner that the mirror image rule holds even while conferring upon the excitation spectrum a structure very much like the absorption and emissions of the two benzyl radicals. This second state, in any case, is supposed to lie very near tthe first excited (2A2−) state. The polarization results in pMB are consistent with either interpretation. Since theoretical predictions indicate that the ratio of 2B2− to 2A2− intensity should be much larger in p-methylbenzyl than in benzyl, it may well be that the 2B2− band is an important part of the excitation spectrum in the latter case. The necessary coincidence of energy and intensity required of the 2B2− transition with what should characterize the nontotally symmetric vibronic activity in the 2A2− transition is a complicating factor which these low resolution studies are not able to overcome in trying to resolve this question.
Cooperation and competition: nepotistic tolerance and intrasexual aggression in western bluebird winter groups

Two hypothesized benefits of delayed dispersal are access to resources and prolonged brood care (or parental nepotism). Resource abundance (mistletoe wealth) is a key factor influencing whether sons stay home in western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana, but nepotism is also observed. Western bluebird sons commonly remain in their family groups throughout the winter, whereas daughters usually disperse before winter. Because pairing often takes place in winter groups, with newly formed pairs settling on exclusive all-purpose territories in spring, selection for sexual competition and nepotism co-occur and may simultaneously influence patterns of aggression within groups. We measured aggression at mealworm feeder stations, finding evidence of (1) intrasexual aggression against unrelated group members by experienced breeders of both sexes and (2) nepotism towards sons and daughters by experienced breeder females but not by experienced breeder males. Females showed much higher levels of aggression towards same-sex immigrants than males did. Experienced breeder males did not evict their sons from the natal territory, but they were 12 times more aggressive towards sons than breeder females were towards daughters. They were also equally aggressive towards sons and immigrant males, suggesting that local breeding competition and the benefits of intrasexual dominance counter the benefits of paternal nepotism towards sons.
The interactive effects of affective demeanor, cognitive processes, and perspective-taking focus on helping behavior.

The author manipulated affective demeanor (positive or negative) and cognitive processes (positive or negative) displayed by a target person, along with the perspective-taking focus (affect or cognitions) of participants, to assess the unique and interactive effects of those variables on the participants' helping behavior, operationalized as time volunteered to help other students. An ethnically diverse sample (N = 109) of U.S. working adults (mean age = 31.56 years, SD = 8.21) viewed a videotape of a female target talking about returning to college. Participants adopting an affective perspective-taking focus volunteered more time than did those who adopted a cognitive perspective-taking focus. Also, a significant interaction between participants' perspective-taking focus and target's affective demeanor revealed that participants who focused on the target's feelings and who viewed a warm, cheerful target volunteered more time than did the other groups. Moreover, a significant interaction between participants' perspective-taking focus and target's cognitive processes revealed that the participants who focused on the target's feelings and who viewed a confused and unfocused target volunteered more time than did the other groups. The author also discusses the relationship between empathy, personal distress, and helping.
Evaluation of Seed Selection Strategies for Vehicle to Vehicle Epidemic Information Dissemination

We consider the problem of how to identify a set of seed nodes in order to disseminate content efficiently in a vehicular network. We consider several relevant dimensions including proximity, encounters, speed, etc. and identify and taxonomize a number of candidate strategies. We comparatively evaluate these strategies using a set of real vehicular traces (Taxis in Beijing). We conclude that identifying seeds based on their speed, while eliminating redundant and isolated nodes, is the most effective approach, performing significantly better than the previously random seed strategy.
Electric conductivity and small ion concentration of the atmosphere at one metre above ground and conductivity at ground level

Abstract The diurnal variation of the polar conductivities of the atmosphere was obtained at ground level and at 1 m above ground at five locations in and within 120 miles of New York City. The diurnal variation in the concentration of small ions of both signs at 1 m above ground was found simultaneously with the conductivity measurements. Results show that the polar conductivities at ground level are not equal to the respective values at 1 m and the ratios of the polar ground conductivities to the corresponding metre values are not constant. Factors such as meteorological changes and local air conditions do not affect conductivity at both levels equally. The total conductivity at ground level is in general not equal to the total conductivity at 1 m nor is the ratios of these quantities constant. Some of the factors causing variation in the concentration of small ions have a parallel effect on the average mobilities ∗ of the ions in a given mobility range. Thus variation in conductivity is dependent not only on the concentration of small ions but also on their average mobilities. An explanation is offered for the apparent fact that while the electric field of the earth shows little difference from the ground level up 1 m above ground, conductivity may differ considerably between the two levels.
Technological and scientific landscape of laser cladding process in 2007

Abstract In the last 30 years, public and private organizations involvement in laser cladding R&D activities is increasing. These activities are mainly conducted in universities, public research institutes and technical centres of private companies worldwide. This study shows a bibliometric analysis of the patents and scientific publications in the laser cladding field for the period ranging from 1985 to 2007. This seeks to identify the activity and trends in its environment for strategic purposes. All the laser cladding processes and all the substrates (steel, aluminium and superalloys) used for coating, repairing and 3D fabrication were taken into account. At first, the world patent production was analysed in terms of volume (580 patent families found since 1985), frequency and applications. Then, the same strategy was applied to the scientific publications for a total volume of 588 targeted papers. Using bibliometric techniques, an analysis and mapping of the information was performed to highlight the temporal, geographical and institutional aspects of R&D activities. The patented applications were also classified in order to identify opportunities. This study shows the evolution of the scientific and technological environments of the laser cladding technology and can help public or private organizations to generate new ideas, gain awareness of emerging trends and validate the relevance of projects.
Matching IMRT fields with static photon field in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer.

Abstract Radiation treatment with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head-and-neck cancer usually involves treating the superior aspects of the target volume with intensity-modulated (IM) fields, and the inferior portion of the target volume (the low neck nodes) with a static anterior-posterior field (commonly known as the low anterior neck, or LAN field). A match line between the IM and the LAN fields is created with possibly large dose inhomogeneities, which are clinically undesirable. We propose a practical method to properly match these fields with minimal dependence on patient setup errors. The method requires mono-isocentric setup of the IM and LAN fields with half-beam blocks as defined by the asymmetric jaws. The inferior jaws of the IM fields, which extend ∼1 cm inferiorly past the isocenter, are changed manually before patient treatment, so that they match the superior jaw of the LAN field at the isocenter. The matching of these fields therefore does not depend on the particular treatment plan of IMRT and depends only on the matching of the asymmetric jaws. Measurements in solid water phantom were performed to verify the field-matching technique. Dose inhomogeneities of less than 5% were obtained in the match-line region. Feathering of the match line is done twice during the course of a treatment by changing the matching jaw positions superiorly at 3-mm increments each time, which further reduces the dose inhomogeneity. Compared to the method of including the lower neck nodes in the IMRT fields, the field-matching technique increases the delivery efficiency and significantly reduces the total treatment time.
Interdiction's impact on the structure and behavior of the export-import sector for illicit drugs

The U.S. devotes substantial resources to interdicting illicit drugs. The goal of most prior research on interdiction has been to assess its impact on the price and availability of drugs in retail markets. Interdiction may also, however, affect the export-import industry itself in ways that are of interest to policy makers. This paper explores this possibility by developing a mathematical model which relates the interdiction rate to exporters' and importers' behavior. In particular, interdiction's effect on the relative profitability of large and small firms, optimal shipment size, and shipment frequency are discussed.
Breast and cervical cancer screening among migrant and seasonal farmworkers: a review

Women constitute about one in five hired farmworkers in the US. Their health may be affected by exposure to unhealthy living and working conditions, by increased exposure to health hazards, by poverty, and by poor utilization of health care and preventive services. About 69% of migrant and seasonal farmworkers were born outside the US, mostly in Mexico and central America, and many speak little English. The health concerns of women who are migrant and seasonal farmworkers include breast and cervical cancer, which can be prevented or controlled through routine screening, but cancer incidence and mortality data for migrant workers are sparse. We reviewed published studies that examined breast and cervical cancer screening in this population. These studies include cross-sectional surveys, health needs assessments, and randomized and non-randomized intervention trials. A review of published studies of cancer screening among women who are migrant and seasonal farmworkers indicates that underutilization of mammograms and Papanicolau (Pap) tests among this population may stem from their limited awareness of the importance of cancer screening and cultural beliefs. Other barriers include cost, lack of health insurance, lack of transportation and child care difficulties. The extent to which results obtained in selected localities are generalizable to other settings is uncertain, but results to date provide important information about possible approaches for increasing cancer screening among women migrant farmworkers.
A computerized compensator design algorithm with launch vehicle applications

This short paper presents a computerized algorithm for the design of compensators for large launch vehicles. The algorithm is applicable to the design of compensators for linear, time-invariant, control systems with a plant possessing a single control input and multioutputs. The achievement of frequency response specifications is cast into a strict constraint mathematical programming format. An improved solution algorithm for solving this type of problem is given, along with the mathematical necessities for application to systems of the above type. A computer program, compensator improvement program (CIP), has been developed and applied to a pragmatic space-industry-related example.
Nonlinear fixed‐bed sorption when mass transfer and sorption are controlling

Mise en place d'un modele general pour l'adsorption et la desorption isotherme d'un composant unique dans un lit fixe. Les courbes de rupture (adsorption) et d'elution (desorption) sont calculees a l'aide de la methode des caracteristiques
German Expressionist Theatre: The Actor and the Stage

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Abstraction and empathy: the philosophical background in the socio-economic foreground 2. The poetics of Expressionist performance: contemporary models and sources 3. Schrei ecstatic performance 4. An 'Expressionist solution to the problem of theatre': Geist abstraction in performance 5. Late Expressionist performance in Berlin: the Emblematic mode Concluding observations Notes Select bibliography Index.
Mouse Pathogenicity with Gastric Mucin as an Index of Staphylococcus Virulence.

SummarySignificant enhancement of mouse pathogenicity was observed following intraperitoneal injection of staphylococci with gastric mucin. By means of the adjuvant, the mouse was converted from a host resistant to staphylococcus infection by this route into one readily susceptible with 37 strains. High to fair degree of correlation, depending upon the test, was found between the in vitro presumptive biochemical tests and intraperitoneal mouse pathogenicity with mucin but some discrepancies were noted between both. The procedure under consideration is proposed as a supplementary method for the direct determination of virulence of staphylococci.
Preliminary report on the effect of smoking on the ascorbic acid content of whole blood.

The effect of smoking on the ascorbic acid level of the blood was investigated. Five subjects were chosen, three of whom smoked (the experimental group) and two who did not smoke (the control group). Three periods were planned of four days each. The groups were placed in the second and third periods on a controlled diet and the blood level of ascorbic acid was determined during a period of smoking and during a period when no smoking was permitted. The blood level of ascorbic acid appears to be lowered by smoking. Nicotine was added to a sample of whole human blood of known ascorbic acid content. Nicotine added under the conditions of this experiment decreased the ascorbic acid of whole blood about 24 to 31 per cent.
Nonlinear Bearing Effects on Rotor Dynamic Analysis

Nonlinear effects due to fluid film bearings become significant when vibratory amplitudes are large. To include these effects in rotor dynamic analysis requires conducting time-transient response analysis, where the fluid film forces are estimated at each time step. The present paper describes an approach where a unique treatment of bearing forces results in an efficient computational scheme for performing time transient analysis. The method developed is applicable to a flexible-rotor system with multi-degrees of freedom. A study conducted on a canned annulus motor pump using tilting pad bearings for the rotor support is described in this paper. The results showed severe loading at the bearings due to the canned annulus forces. Nonlinear effects due to the bearings were found only at large rotor unbalance loads.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Initial development and validation of the Academic Self-Concept Scale.

The Academic Self-Concept Scale (ASCS) was developed as a measure of an academic facet of general self-concept in college stu dents. The initial item pool consisted of 59 items worded to conform to a 4-point Likert-type response format. On the basis of responses from 427 college students, the final form of the ASCS was con structed consisting of 40 items with an estimated internal con sistency reliability of .91. Validity was established by correlating the ASCS with grade point averages (GPAs) of students and with their scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A multiple regression analysis of the ASCS with GPA and Rosenberg scores as predictor variables resulted in a multiple correlation of .64. These and other data lend support to the reliability and validity of the ASCS as a measure of academic self-concept.
Strength variability and size effect of Nicalon fibre bundles

Statistical strength and size effect of Nicalon fibre bundles are studied. The Weibull type of statistical theory underlying predictions of bounding Nicalon fibre bundle strength is presented and discussed. The relationship of bundle strength to single Nicalon filament strength and a model explaining the correlation are also discussed. The predicted values for Nicalon fibre bundles were in close agreement with the experimental data. Characterization of Nicalon fibres or bundles provides an insight into the ultimate mechanical performance of ceramic-matrix composites.
Response events as well as goal events as sources of animal memory

Current approaches emphasize the control exercised over behavior by various internal stimuli arising from goal events such as reward and nonreward. In contrast, certain earlier views emphasized the behavioral control exercised by internal stimuli arising from responding. The purpose of the three experiments reported here was to determine if stimuli arising both from goal events and from response events control instrumental behavior, and, if so, how much behavioral control is exercised by each. In the three experiments reported, rats received partial reinforcement in a runway either at a 24-h ITI or at both a 24-h ITI and a shorter ITI (2 min, 15 min, 30 min, or 1 h), with extinction always occurring at the shorter ITI. The results suggest that both goal-produced and response-produced internal stimuli control behavior simultaneously. Too, it was found that at ITIs as long as 30 min, response-produced cues regulate responding about as strongly as goal-produced cues.
Marital status and the epidemiology and outcomes of sepsis.

Background Sepsis is a major public health problem. Social factors may affect health behaviors, economic resources, and immune response, leading to hospitalization for infection. This study examines the association between marital status and sepsis incidence and outcomes in a population-based cohort. Methods We analyzed 1,113,581 hospitalizations in New Jersey in 2006. We estimated risk-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for sepsis among divorced, widowed, legally separated, single, and married subjects using population data from the American Community Survey. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate marital status-specific hospital mortality. Results We identified 37,524 hospitalizations for sepsis, of which 40% were among married (14,924), 7% were among divorced (2,548), 26% were among widowed (9,934), 2% (763) were among legally separated, and 26% (9355) were among single subjects. The incidence of hospitalization for sepsis was 5.8 per 1,000 population. The age, sex, and race-adjusted IRR for hospitalization with sepsis was greatest for single (IRR = 3.47; 95% CI, 3.1, 3.9), widowed (IRR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.6), and legally separated (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.8) subjects compared with married (referent). We observed that single men and women and divorced men had greater odds of in-hospital mortality compared with married men; widowed and legally separated men and all ever-married women had no excess mortality during hospitalization for sepsis. Conclusions Hospitalization for sepsis is more common among single, widowed, and legally separated individuals, independent of other demographic factors. Among patients hospitalized for sepsis, single and divorced men and single women experience greater hospital mortality, highlighting the need to characterize the potentially modifiable mechanisms linking marital status to its greater burden of critical illness.
Efficient solution of covariance equations for linear prediction

An algorithm for the solution of the linear equations for the "covariance method" of linear prediction is stated and proved. The algorithm requires only O(p2) arithmetic operations, and in form resembles the Levinson algorithm for solution of the linear equations for the "correlation method" of linear prediction. The structural properties of the problem and its solution are emphasized in the analysis presented.