cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of 14C in neutron irradiated NBG-25 nuclear graphite

Abstract Recent studies suggest that the highest concentration of 14C contamination present in reactor-irradiated graphite exists on the surfaces and within near-surface layers. Surface-sensitive analysis techniques (XPS, ToF-SIMS, SEM/EDS and Raman) were employed to determine the chemical nature of 14C on irradiated NBG-25 (nuclear grade) graphite surfaces. Several 14C precursor species are identified on the surfaces of irradiated NBG-25; the quantities of these species decrease at sub-surface depths, which further suggests that 14C formation is predominantly a surface-concentrated phenomenon. The elevated presence of several surface oxide complexes on irradiated NBG-25 surfaces are attributed directly to neutron irradiation. Larger numbers of oxide bonds were found on irradiated NBG-25 surfaces (when compared to unirradiated samples) in the form of interlattice (e.g. ether) and dangling (e.g. carboxylate and ketone) bonds; the quantities of these bond types also decrease with increasing sub-surface depths.
Greenhouse crises of the past 300 million years

Proxies of past CO 2 and climate over the past 300 m.y. now reveal multiple global climate change events in unprecedented detail. Evidence for past CO 2 spikes comes from expanded and refined data on stomatal index of fossil Ginkgo and related leaves. New evidence for synchronous climatic change comes from paleosols in Montana, Utah, and neighboring states. Each CO 2 spike was coeval with unusually clayey, red and decalcified paleosols, which can be traced throughout the Colorado Plateau. Spikes in atmospheric CO 2 also were coeval with increases in paleosol alkali depletion as an indication of high temperature, and spikes in paleosol base depletion and depth to calcic horizons as indications of high precipitation. In the Colorado Plateau, times of warmer climate were also more humid, perhaps due to greater moisture potential of warmer air. Seasonality of climate did not increase during warm-wet spikes. The Mesozoic greenhouse was not persistently hot with cool spells, but warm with hot flashes. These data furnish power laws predicting the sensitivity and magnitude of change in mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) due to rising CO 2 in a mid-latitude, mid-continental region. The magnitude of the coming anthropogenic greenhouse pales in comparison with past greenhouse spikes at times of global mass extinctions.
Airbridged-gate MESFETs fabricated by isotropic reactive ion etching

The authors have designed, fabricated, and characterized 0. 1- mu m-gate-length MESFETs in which isotropic BCl/sub 3/ reactive ion etching is used to remove material under the gate feed to form an airbridge and isolate the active area. This etching is more controllable than wet etch techniques now used. For comparison, conventional mesa-isolated MESFETs were fabricated on the same wafer. By measuring the RF properties at several bias points, fringing capacitances have been extracted. The parasitic capacitances are smaller in the airbridged-gate configuration. >
Non enim ab hiis que sensus est iudicare sensum. Sensation and Thought in Theaetetus, Plotinus and Proclus

I examine the relation between sensation and discursive thought (dianoia) in Plato, Plotinus, and Proclus. In Theaetetus, a soul whose highest faculty was sensation would have no unified experience of the sensible world, lacking universal ideas to give order to the sensible flux. It is implied that such universals are grasped by the soul’s thinking. In Plotinus the soul is not passive when it senses the world, but as the logos of all things it thinks the world through its own forms.Proclus argues against the derivation of universal logoi from the senses, which alone can’t make the sensible world comprehensible. At most they give a record of the original sense-impression in its particularity. The soul’s own projected logoi give the sensible world stability. For Proclus, bare sensation does not depend on thought, but a unified experience of the sense-world depends on its paradigmatic logoi in our souls.
Prospective Open-Label Clinical Trial of Trihexyphenidyl in Children With Secondary Dystonia due to Cerebral Palsy

Although trihexyphenidyl is used clinically to treat both primary and secondary dystonia in children, limited evidence exists to support its effectiveness, particularly in dystonia secondary to disorders such as cerebral palsy. A prospective, open-label, multicenter pilot trial of high-dose trihexyphenidyl was conducted in 23 children aged 4 to 15 years with cerebral palsy judged to have secondary dystonia impairing function in the dominant upper extremity. All children were given trihexyphenidyl at increasing doses over a 9-week period up to a maximum of 0.75 mg/kg/d. Trihexyphenidyl was subsequently tapered off over the next 5 weeks. Objective motor assessments were performed at baseline, 9 weeks, and 15 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function, tested in the dominant arm. Tolerability and safety were monitored closely throughout the trial. Of the 31 children who agreed to participate in the study, 5 failed to meet entry criteria and 3 withdrew due to nonserious adverse events (chorea, drug rash, and hyperactivity). Three children required a dosage reduction because of nonserious adverse events but continued to participate. The 23 children who completed the study showed a significant improvement in arm function at 15 weeks (P = .045) but not at 9 weeks (P = .985). Post hoc analysis showed that a subgroup (n = 10) with hyperkinetic dystonia (excess involuntary movements) worsened at 9 weeks (P = .04) but subsequently returned to baseline following taper of the medicine. The authors conclude that scientific evidence for the clinical use of trihexyphenidyl in cerebral palsy remains equivocal. Trihexyphenidyl may be a safe and effective for treatment for arm dystonia in some children with cerebral palsy if given sufficient time to respond to the medication. Post hoc analyses based on the type of movement disorder suggested that children with hyperkinetic forms of dystonia may worsen. A larger, randomized prospective trial stratified by the presence or absence of hyperkinetic movements is needed to confirm these results.
Growth characteristics of influenza virus; biochemical differentiation of stages of development.

An analysis of the growth curve obtained in vitro for influenza virus in chorioallantoic membrane has been made using two known viral inhibitors, methoxinine and α-amino-α p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid. The action of these compounds has been shown to be specific for particular phases of viral development. Further, this action is sequential indicating that the inhibited phases do not occur concurrently. The sulfonic acid interferes with the initiation of infection and with the release of newly formed virus from the host-cell. The former effect is dependent upon the relative concentrations of viral inoculum and sulfonic acid. The latter effect is prevented by the action of the receptor-destroying enzyme obtained from cholera vibrio extracts. It is proposed that a function of the viral enzyme is to facilitate the release of virus from the host-cell. The intracellular concentration of virus necessary to initiate this release is increased in the presence of α-amino-α p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid. It was found that infection can be initiated in the presence of methoxinine under which condition viral increase is disallowed. The function in viral development of one biochemical process which is inhibited by methoxinine was found to be completed at an interval after initiation of infection and before the appearance of the infectious form of the virus. It is possible to define four stages of viral development in terms of sensitivity to methoxinine and α-amino-α-p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid.
A chimera of a gelatinase inhibitor peptide with streptavidin as a bifunctional tumor targeting reagent

A chimeric protein, consisting of streptavidin fused to a cyclic decapeptide with potent inhibitory activity for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), has been produced in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified chimera formed a tetramer and showed full biotin-binding ability. The chimera was also capable of both binding to MMP-2 and inhibiting its activity. Thus, both the streptavidin moiety and the decapeptide of the chimera are fully functional. This bifunctional nature of the chimera should facilitate the application of the decapeptide since the streptavidin moiety can be used as a specific conjugation site for almost any materials upon biotinylation.
Hypercortisolism Is Associated With Increased Coronary Arterial Atherosclerosis: Analysis of Noninvasive Coronary Angiography Using Multidetector Computerized Tomography

Background: Observational studies show that glucocorticoid therapy and the endogenous hypercortisolism of Cushing's syndrome (CS) are associated with increased rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the causes of these findings remain largely unknown. Objective: To determine whether CS patients have increased coronary atherosclerosis. Design: A prospective case-control study was performed. Setting: Subjects were evaulated in a clinical research center. Subjects: Fifteen consecutive patients with ACTH-dependent CS, 14 due to an ectopic source and 1 due to pituitary Cushing's disease were recruited. Eleven patients were studied when hypercortisolemic; 4 patients were eucortisolemic due to medication (3) or cyclic hypercortisolism (1). Fifteen control subjects with at least one risk factor for cardiac disease were matched 1:1 for age, sex, and body mass index. Primary outcome variables: Agatston score a measure of calcified plaque and non-calcified coronary plaque volume were quantified us...
Conversational Engagement of Children with Learning Disabilities

This study was designed to characterize the conversational engagement techniques employed by children with and without learning disabilities while in a dyadic interaction. Engagement was defined and measured in terms of the degree to which utterances provided information and evidenced responsiveness to one's conversational partner. Sixty (30 with learning disabilities and 30 nondisabled) 9- to 13-year-old subjects participated. Analyses indicated that the subjects with learning disabilities (LD) could and did employ engagement-related techniques similar in levels of sophistication to those of their nondisabled peers, although they did so less consistently and frequently. Further, the relationship between affective measures and the engagement-related techniques used by the subjects with LD differed markedly from those of the nondisabled subjects. The results are interpreted from a motivational standpoint and suggest that future research should focus on the knowledge and application of engagement-related techniques of the children with LD, across settings and conversational partners.
The Efficacy of Seminar Courses.

This study explores the relationship between the seminar course model and critical thinking development among students through qualitative data collected from four strategically chosen case study institutions. Results of a cross-case analysis suggest that the seminar approach provides fertile ground for the cultivation of critical thinking skills because it is conducive to the pursuit of active learning instructional methods. Differences in institutional context help illuminate how the seminar model is heavily and effectively used as a curricular vehicle at some schools, and why it is less prevalent at others. The efficacious relationship between seminar courses, active learning, and critical thinking development yields important implications for the link between curricular offerings and student retention.
Strategies for Mitigating Risk of Progressive Collapse

A progressive collapse is a catas trophic partial or total collapse that initiates from local structural damage and propagates, by a chain reaction mechanism, into a failure that is disproportionate to the local damage caused by the initiating event. Procedures for mitigating the risk of progressive collapse can be developed using concepts of structural reliability analysis and prob abilistic risk assessment , supported by advanced computational tools. This paper summarizes methods for assessing the risk of progressive collapse and implementation of strategies for its mitigation in national standards such as ASCE Standard 7, Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
Co-determination in Germany.

When the Labour Government began to nationalize industries in Great Britain, swarms of social scientists descended upon that island. They wanted to study this “great experiment,” which many of them viewed as the trail-blazer for an inevitable trend in all modern industrial societies. That was nine years ago. Now it seems that the nationalization dogma has lost most of its force even in Labour circles. But another great experiment has been in progress on the Continent, in West Germany: Mitbestimmung , the scheme under which labor participates in the management of private industrial corporations. In part it was born out of British disillusionment with socialism's erstwhile cure-all. Because of its novelty and uniqueness, it is attracting increasing attention from social scientists. But this time, the different disciplines are unevenly represented. Economists, and especially experts in labor relations, have shown the most interest. When they run across a student of politics in pursuit of the same quarry, they often express surprise. And the Germans, who are being visited, interviewed, questioned, polled, and subjected to every conceivable form of social scientific scrutiny, react even more strongly. They are positively puzzled: “You are not a Nationaloekonom? But then surely an Industrie - or Betriebssoziologe , or perhaps a Jurist ….” The political scientist is an animal of which few of them have heard. And fewer still can imagine off-hand why he would want to concern himself with co-determination.
Maturation of Organic Matter in Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group, South Texas: Relationship to Clay Diagenesis and Sandstone Cementation: ABSTRACT

Thirty-three mudstone core and cuttings samples ranging in depth of 1.6-4.7 km (5,200-15,400 ft) and in temperature from 80° to 210°C (175-410°F) were obtained from wells in south Texas. The results of closed-system pyrolyses and bitumen and kerogen analyses are related to available data on clay mineralogy and sandstone cement. This study examines the diagenesis of Wilcox organic matter, the migration of hydrocarbons, and the importance of organically derived CO2 in sandstone cementation. The samples average 1% TOC, contain type III kerogen, and generally show bitumen contents less than or equal to about 150 mg/gC. Modeling indicates that primary migration of methane and light hydrocarbons in aqueous solution is capable of producing giant (>= 1 tcf) gas and condensate fields. Because hydrocarbon generation does not occur until after the main stage of illitization, smectite accounts for less than 25% of the total water involved. Pyrolysis experiments indicate that as much as 150 mg/gC CO2 may be liberated by Wilcox organic matter during diagenesis to present-day temperatures of 100°C (212°F). The main zone of oil generation occurs at subsurface temperatures of 95°-125°C (203°-257°F). The timing of these processes suggests that CO2 could play an important role in creating secondary sandstone porosity for hydrocarbon migration. The ^dgr13C values indicate that 25% of the carbonate cement present in Wilcox sandstones may originate from decomposition and diagenesis of organic matter. End_of_Article - Last_Page 492------------
Detection of Sex Differential Item Functioning in the Cornell Critical Thinking Test

Critical thinking (CT) can be described as the conscious process a person does to explore a situation or a problem from different perspectives. Accurate measurement of CT skills, especially across subgroups, depends in part on the measurement properties of an instrument being invariant or similar across those groups. The assessment of item-level invariance is a critical component of building a validity argument to ensure that scores on the Cornell Critical Thinking Test (CCTT) have similar meanings across groups. We used logistic regression to examine differential item functioning by sex in the CCTT-Form X. Results suggest that the items function similarly across boys and girls with only 5.6% (4) of items displaying DIF. This implies that any mean differences observed are not a function of a lack of measurement invariance and supports the validity of the inferences drawn when comparing boys and girls on scores on the CCTT.
The structure of aquaporins

The ubiquitous members of the aquaporin (AQP) family form transmembrane pores that are either exclusive for water (aquaporins) or are also permeable for other small neutral solutes such as glycerol (aquaglyceroporins). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of AQP structures and to describe the structural features that define the function of these membrane pores. The review will discuss the mechanisms governing water conduction, proton exclusion and substrate specificity, and how the pore permeability is regulated in different members of the AQP family.
DNA extraction method with improved efficiency and specificity using DNA methyltransferase and “click” chemistry

In an attempt to develop an alternative method to extract DNA from complex samples with much improved sensitivity and efficiency, here we report a proof-of-concept work for a new DNA extraction method using DNA methyltransferase (Mtase) and "click" chemistry. According to our preliminary data, the method has improved the current methods by (i) employing a DNA-specific enzyme, TaqI DNA Mtase, for improved selectivity, and by (ii) capturing the DNA through covalent bond to the functionalized surface, enabling a broad range of treatments yielding the final sample DNA with minimal loss and higher purity such that it will be highly compatible with downstream analyses. By employing Mtase, a highly DNA specific and efficient enzyme, and click chemistry, we demonstrated that as little as 0.1 fg of λ-DNA (close to copy number 1) was captured on silica (Si)-based beads by forming a covalent bond between an azide group on the surface and the propargyl moiety on the DNA. This method holds promise in versatile applications where extraction of minute amounts of DNA plays critical roles such as basic and applied molecular biology research, bioforensic and biosecurity sciences, and state-of-the-art detection methods.
The noise figure of optical amplifiers

The noise figure definition used for the characterization of optical amplifiers is critiqued. It is shown that it is inconsistent with the IEEE standard established for electronic amplifiers. A noise figure definition is proposed that is consistent with the IEEE standard and that is shown to be superior to the one currently in use.
Prolonging Support After Brain Death: When Families Ask for More.

The manner in which brain death protocols in the United States address family objection to death by neurologic criteria has not been explored. Institutional brain death protocols from hospitals in the United States were reviewed to identify if and how the institution addressed situations in which families object to determination of brain death or discontinuation of organ support after brain death. Protocols from 331 institutions in 25 different states and the District of Columbia were reviewed. There was no mention of how to handle a family’s objections in 77.9 % (258) of the protocols. Of those that allowed for accommodation, reasons to defer brain death declaration or prolong organ support after brain death declaration included: (1) religion; (2) moral objection; (3) nonspecific social reasons; or (4) awaiting arrival of family. Recommendations to handle these situations included: (1) seek counsel; (2) maintain organ support until cardiac cessation; (3) extubate against the family’s wishes; (4) obtain a second opinion; or (5) transfer care of the patient to another practitioner or facility. Protocols differed on indications and length of time to continue organ support, code status while support was continued, and time of death. The majority of protocols reviewed did not mention how to handle circumstances in which families object to determination of brain death or discontinuation of organ support after brain death. The creation of guidelines on management of these complex situations may be helpful to prevent distress to families and hospital staff.
Performance Evaluation of the New UniCel DxH800 Coulter Cellular Analysis System in a Large Hospital Setting

We evaluated the UniCel DxH 800 Coulter Cellular Analysis System, the newest-generation hematologic analyzer from Beckman Coulter, Inc, for its accuracy and clinical sensitivity. We compared the accuracy of the complete blood count (CBC), differential counts, nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts, and reticulocyte parameters from the DxH 800 system to that of the Coulter LH 750 Hematology Analyzer, and to manual differentials. The DxH 800 system provided accurate results for all analyzed parameters including the NRBC count, which correlated well with the manual NRBC count. With regard to flagged results, the DxH 800 was approximately 10% more efficient compared with the LH 750 analyzer. With our workload of more than 1500 samples per day, a 10% gain in overall efficiency will result in 30 fewer slides for review per day. The DxH 800 had a better negative predictive value (ie, 94% vs. 89%) and a better positive predictive value (ie, 40% vs. 34%). The DxH 800 system accurately counts CBCs, as well as differential and reticulocyte parameters. In this evaluation, we observed better clinical sensitivity in comparison with the LH 750 analyzer.
Combined Mie series and asymptotic formulation of transient scattered field and perfectly conducting sphere

The transient scattered field by a perfectly conducting sphere in the backward and forward directions has been calculated by evaluating the Bromwich integral for the inverse-Laplace transform. Substantial reduction in the computation time can be achieved by using asymptotic representation in the high-frequency region while retaining the Mie series solution in the low-frequency segment of the contour. The locations of the transition to the asymptotic form are determined by the accuracy required. Their effects are studied by numerical computations. An error analysis made on the backscattered field revealed that a total relative energy error of less than 5% can be achieved with substantial reduction in computation time by means of this method. >
Comparing children’s Homo sapiens and chimpanzees’ Pan troglodytes quantity judgments of sequentially presented sets of items

We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to pre- schoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. Trial difficulty in this task reflected the ratio difference between sets of discrete items where larger ratios (e.g., 0.80 as from comparing 4 to 5) were more difficult than smaller ones (e.g., 0.50 as from comparing 4 to 8). Children also completed verbal-based tasks probing the re- lationship between counting proficiency and performance on the quantity judgment task of sequentially presented identical sized items. Both species' performance was best when ratios between comparison sets were small regardless of set size in all types of tasks. Generally, chimpanzees and older children performed better than younger children except at larger ratios. Children's counting proficiency was not related to success in choosing the larger of two quantities of identical-sized items. These results in- dicate that chimpanzees and children share an approximate number sense that is reflected through analog magnitude estimation when comparing quantities (Current Zoology 57 (4): 419-428, 2011).
Fast Relabeling of Deformable Delaunay Tetrahedral Meshes Using a Compact Uniform Grid

Many existing software tools and application programming interfaces (APIs) have the ability to manipulate 3D virtual objects. Prior mesh-based representations either allow meshes to split and merge or are fast. We aim for both. Such a model may be important for visualizing the simulation of deformable objects and could be used in scientific visualization, games, computer vision, and motion picture production. The Delaunay deformable mesh was invented by Pons and Boissonnant and supports splitting and merging. In this mesh representation, a relabeling step assigns material types to deformed meshes. The relabeling step consumes a majority of computation time. Tychonievitch and Jones later improved the relabeling step. However, relabeling still accounts for 70% of computation time in this improved model. We present a new approach to cell relabeling that is both faster and easier to implement than Tychonievitch and Jones’ approach.
You Are What You Wear: Clothing/Appearance Laws and the Construction of the Public Citizen in Turkey

As Turkey set its sights on modernization and Westernization in the early decades of the twentieth century, clothing reform took center stage. The state used clothing as a constitutive element in its establishment and continues to legislate appearance as a means to maintain its power and create a model public citizen that will support it. Today there exists an extensive regulatory regime on clothing and appearance in the public sphere, which induces those governed by it to dress in a “modern” fashion. An examination of these regulations reveals the deeply politicized nature of clothing in Turkey which is guided by the assumption that you are what you wear. While choice of clothing and appearance is neither entirely free nor fully prescribed, dress codes do further restrict already limited choices. Dress codes undermine the relationship thought to exist between individual belief and appearance. Dress codes, in the case of Turkey, are dictated by the state; therefore, the appearance of students and ...
Function and Control of the Spx-Family of Proteins Within the Bacterial Stress Response

Over the past decade, accumulated evidence has implicated the Spx family of proteins as major participants in the stress response of Gram positive bacteria. The involvement of the Spx family members in virulence and global regulatory circuits operating in pathogens amplifies their future importance in the study of bacterial infectious disease.
Comparison of model and beach scour patterns.

Artificial or natural barriers may be divided into two classes, those from which waves are reflected and those on which waves break In general, any intermediate type that gives a combination of reflection and breaking may set up severe erosive action of the beach m front of barriers When the reflected waves are superimposed on the incident waves a stationary spatial envelope of the combined incident and reflected waves is produced Previous laboratory studies indicated that the crests of the sand bed appear fairly closely under the nodes of the envelope and troughs of the scoured sand bed under the loops of the envelope The predominant scouring pattern had a spacing between crests equal to one-half the wave length Other studies by Keulegan and Shepard established characteristic parameters for bar and trough depth for laboratory conditions and for several field locations Their studies were compared with beach profiles taken along the Texas Gulf Coast.
Future Development of Chemical and Biological Controls for Bacterial Diseases of Plants

Chemical and biological controls are essential for combating destructive bacterial diseases of plants are especially important on several high quality fruit varieties that are extremely susceptible to diseases like fire blight, bacterial spot and bacterial canker. Breeders of these crops have primarily targeted qualities such as superior taste, appearance and yield, with less regard for resistance to diseases. This has resulted in severe disease problems on scion and rootstock cultivars. This paper will review the current and future development of chemical and biological controls for bacterial diseases.
Effects of Low Temperature Acclimation on Developmental Stages of Stored-product Insects

We studied low temperature acclimation by 4 immature age groups (21–24, 14–17, 7–10 or 0–3 days after oviposition), by adults from laboratory-cultured strains, and by a field strain of each of 3 species: Sitophilus oryzae (L.), rice weevil; Sitophilus granarius (L.), granary weevil; and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer. Insects were acclimated for 3 days at 21.1, 7 days at 15.5 and 7 days at 10.0°C, then placed in 4.4°C 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Non-acclimated samples were placed directly in 4.4°C. Prior acclimation increased survival of all insects at 4.4°C. The most cold-tolerant rice weevils and granary weevils were those of 14–17 days development, and most tolerant lesser grain borers, of 21–24 days. More granary weevil adults from the field strain than from the laboratory strain survived. Granary weevil adults (field or lab) were more cold-tolerant than adults of the other 2 species. The least cold-tolerant stages of all species were 0–3 days development (eggs).
When prior knowledge interferes, inhibitory control matters for learning: The case of numerical magnitude representations.

The present study tested the interference hypothesis—that learning and using more advanced representations and strategies requires the inhibition of prior, less advanced ones. Specifically, it examined the relation between inhibitory control and number line estimation performance. Experiment 1 compared the accuracy of adults’ (N = 53) estimates on 2 number line tasks, 1 with standard (power of 10) endpoints (0–1,000) and the other with nonstandard endpoints (364–1,364). Inhibition, as measured by Stroop task performance, predicted the accuracy of estimation on the nonstandard number line task, above and beyond estimation on the standard task. In Experiment 2, changes in kindergartners’ (N = 42) 0–100 number line estimation were elicited through randomized training conditions, which involved playing a numerical board game. Stroop task performance was related to the rate of improvement in estimation, controlling for pretest number line task performance. The results provide a potential explanation for the relation between inhibitory control and mathematics achievement: Individuals with better inhibitory control may be better able to suppress the activation of prior knowledge and may be less vulnerable to interference from such knowledge. Potential implications for instructional design are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Digital-pheromone-based control method for UAV swarm search

The origin,concept,characteristics,importance of a reactive behavior mechanism and the appliance prospect of pheromone are systematically researched.A digital-pheromone-based method for unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) swarm is designed based on two basic types of biological pheromones.From both overall and individual perspective,a digital-pheromone-based decision-making method for UAV swarm control is established.The basic characteristics of this mechanism are Abstracted,the stability of this kind of mechanism is analyzed and the boundary of swarm is obtained.The simulation result shows that this mechanism is able to form a stable digital-pheromone loop and integrate with the decision making method,which makes UAV group present vivid swarm characteristics,thus realizing UAV swarm search control.Moreover,UAV swarm driven by digital-pheromone is notably superior to formation pattern as for searching for targets,which also proves that the search capacity of UAV swarm is much more superior than that of traditional formation indirectly.
How Gender Counts When Couples Count Their Money

In this study we explored the ways in which men's and women's personal incomes are treated and experienced differently in the family. Two hundred and fourteen participants (102 men and 112 women) in dual-earner couples were recruited in a random sample telephone survey. Participants reported a double standard in which women receive more praise than men for their incomes. Men reported stronger negative and positive feelings about their incomes than women. Regardless of gender, the higher the participants' income category the more gratitude they received from spouses and the more appreciated they felt. Wives' absolute incomes elicited husbands' gratitude, whereas husbands' relative incomes influenced wives' gratitude. Women who outearned their husbands reported no negative consequences. Although money still carries gendered meaning, women's incomes may earn increasing clout in the family. The ways in which praise, criticism, and gratitude for earnings provide a window on how gender is done and undone in the family are discussed.
Relationship of newborn urinary estrogen to maternal urinary estrogen.

The estrogen to creatinine ratio was measured in urine obtained by catheterization from 75 mothers immediately prior to delivery and in the first voided urine of their newborn infants. The relationship between newborn and maternal estrogen excretion (newborn/maternal ratio) was constant at all birth weights. The newborn/maternal ratio was elevated following labor, oxytocin infusion, and acute pyelonephritis. The newborn/maternal ratio was decreased following maternal hemorrhage or premature rupture of the membranes and was 50 per cent of normal in twins. Toxemia and diabetes were associated with a wide variation in this ratio.
Liability issues with the Papanicolaou smear: an insurance industry perspective.

. To better understand the sources of cervicovaginal cytology malpractice insurance losses, summaries of all new pathology claims for 25 consecutive months at one malpractice insurer were examined. In 56 claims (out of a total of 335), the interpretation of gynecologic smears was a central issue. The estimated dollar value of these claims was about 25% of the estimated value of all new pathology claims during that interval. Some common characteristics of these cases, as well as factors influencing their outcome, are discussed along with the special problems that cytology poses for malpractice insurers.
Engaging with Political and Social Issues on Facebook in College Life

College students are exposed to a vast amount of information on political and social issues through social media. We studied how college students engage with political and social issues on Facebook in a weeklong study with 50 participants using diary entries and interviews. The interviews revealed a duality of benefits for using Facebook for news and they also revealed challenges of self-presentation around news. Benefits included gaining multiple perspectives and enabling social sense making, providing personal relevance and convenience of access, and the opportunity for social engagement. Impression management and disclosure concerns strongly influence some people to refrain from commenting or sharing news. We discuss the challenges that context collapse poses for Facebook news readers. We suggest design ideas and future directions to encourage more balanced participation with news among college students.
A Ghost and His Apparition Roam the South China Sea: Limahong and the Dream of a Hokkien Nation (南中國海上陰魂不散的鬼魅及其幻影：林鳳和一個閩南民族的夢)

Through an analysis of three “hauntings” that spanned the sixteenth to twenty-first centuries, this article highlights recurring instances of Hokkien political maneuvering when the possibility of an autonomous Fujian or maritime-based Hokkien empire threatened the contrasting imperial and national missions of Spanish, Chinese, and Filipinos in the region. The first haunting occurred in the Spanish-controlled Philippines from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries when the imagined threat of an invasion from China led to reactionary pogroms and a schizophrenic Spanish China-policy. The second haunting occurred in the early twentieth century when Chinese nation-makers were challenged by a nascent Hokkien nationalism that threatened to tear Fujian from China. The final haunting took place in the pages of novels and history books from the Philippines in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; Filipino authors attempted to create and reinforce a stereotyped image of Chinese as apolitical business-minded people.透過對十六世紀到二十一世紀的三波「著魔」現象的分析，本文強調每當以福建為主體或以海洋活動為基礎的閩南華人有可能發展成一政體，從而威脅到包括西班牙、中國和菲律賓等帝國和民族主義者的使命時，針對閩南認同的政治工作就會一次又一次地在這個地區出現。第一次著魔現象出現在十六到十九世紀、西班牙統治時期的菲律賓。當時一旦有任何可能來自中國的入侵，就會引起西班牙在與中國相關政策上極大的精神恐慌。第二次的著魔現象發生在二十世紀初期，當時中國民族建構者面對新興的閩南民族主義試圖將福建從中國分離出來的挑戰。最後一波的著魔現象呈現在菲律賓二十世紀及二十一世紀的小說和歷史書籍裡。菲律賓作者嘗試去創造並強化華人對政治冷感、只是在商言商的刻版印象。 (This article is in English).
Remote Hyperspectral Imaging of Endolithic Biofilms Using a Robotic Probe

Many scientists on Earth have concentrated their searches for extraterrestrial life on robotic probes sent to nearby planets and moons. These robotic probes are able to analyze conditions on the planets and transmit data back to Earth. One branch of astrobiology is devoted to duplicating the specified conditions of remote planets and moons on Earth, and identifying the life that survives there under the assumption that similar life might exist elsewhere. Earth analogs for Mars are found in the deserts of Antarctica, and perhaps beneath glaciers, for example. Earth can serve as a useful test bed for robotic probe technology. Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest forms of life on Earth, and similar forms of life may have developed on other planets like Mars as well. NASA has sent several missions to Mars intended to investigate the environment or to search for life, including the Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner mission. While the Pathfinder mission transmitted some of the best data obtained from the Martian surface to date, the long Martian winters and rough terrain limit the amount of data that can be obtained from different locations using a rover that must drive up to a target to sample it. The two Mars Exploration Rovers scheduled to arrive in January 2004 will feature a longer range to search for signs of liquid water. The search for life near locations where water may be intermittently present demands ability to sense life farther from the rover. Hyperspectral imaging can be used to identify astrobiologically interesting sites from a distance. The rover can then drive up to the site and conduct further sampling. The cyanobacterium (a blue-green alga) lives in harsh environments where water is intermittently available. Gloeocapsa produces mycosporine-like compounds that serve as a UV sunscreen and that can be used as a chemical marker for presence of biofilms. In this study, reflectance measurements made by a visible - near-IR / IR imager mounted on a battery-powered robot were used to detect the growth of cyanobacterial colonies on a prepared limestone surface at a distances up to 20 meters.
A Framework for Computational Serendipity

In this paper, we propose a framework for computational serendipity. The framework is used in a recommender system context to find personalized serendipity and meanwhile stimulate user's curiosity. The framework is novel to the serendipity research community in that it decomposes the concept of serendipity into two elements: surprise and value; and provides computational approaches to modeling both of them. The framework also incorporates the concept of curiosity to keep users' interests over a long term. It brings together several fields including information retrieval, cognitive science, computational creativity in artificial intelligence, and text mining. We will describe the framework first and then evaluate it with an implementation called StumbleOn in the health news context. The evaluation serves as a proof-of-concept of this computational serendipity framework.
Encapsulation of Isolated Luminophores within Supramolecular Cages

The sequestration of luminophores within supramolecular polyhedral compartments of a crystalline zeolite-like hydrogen-bonded framework illustrates a unique approach to limiting the self-quenching ordinarily exhibited at the high concentrations achievable in this framework. A range of differently sized luminescent guests, namely coumarin 1, coumarin 4, fluorescein, [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, and rhodamine B, can be encapsulated in amounts of up to one molecule per cage, equivalent to a concentration of 0.175 m, which is significantly higher than the concentration at which aggregation-induced quenching occurs in other media. The luminescence spectra of the encapsulated guests are consistent with the presence of isolated monomers and the absence of self-quenching. The emission color of the single crystals can be tuned readily from blue to red through the choice of guest molecules. These observations promise an approach to organic solid-state lasing compounds if crystals of sufficient size and quality can be prepared.
Self-Esteem as a Relational Psychological Construct

This chapter deals with selected psychological theories of self and self-esteem, exploring the origin and development of self-esteem in relation to Korean women’s interview narratives. Drawing mainly from the relational psychoanalytic theories of Winnicott and Kohut, the author articulates how one’s self-esteem is formed and cultivated in relational interactions with others. Pushing relational psychological perspectives further, she then explores the feminist relational-cultural approach, which emphasizes the importance of gender and culture in personal formation as well as in theory construction. In growth-enhancing relationships, people take mutual responsibility for relationships and provide the means for each other’s development. This view that mutuality fosters self-esteem gives a crucial insight for understanding the core of Korean women’s struggle.
Transformative learning in designing algorithms for reporting information systems

This paper describes a teaching method that enables students to design efficient and effective algorithms for reporting information systems applications. Adopting the general principles of transformative learning, students are immersed in a series of activities and interventions to enable learning. The activities provided opportunities for students to design algorithms, also using knowledge gained during the interventions. The interventions allowed students to gain knowledge about the output data structures such as list, table, and cube; the sequence control structures that may take different execution times; and the assumptions such as source data tables and mapping rules—all of which can contribute to the design of efficient and effective algorithms. 88 undergraduate business students in an advanced information systems course learn the principles of designing algorithms through critical reflection and reinterpretation consistent with the principles of transformative learning. The algorithms designed by students reveal that attention to the output data structures, sequence control structures, and assumptions enables the design of efficient and effective algorithms.
Subgrid-scale effects in compressible variable-density decaying turbulence

Many turbulent flows are characterized by complex scale interactions and vorticity generation caused by compressibility and variable-density effects. In the large-eddy simulation of variable-density flows, these processes manifest themselves as subgrid-scale (SGS) terms that interact with the resolved-scale flow. This paper studies the effect of the variable-density SGS terms and quantifies their relative importance. We consider the SGS terms appearing in the density-weighted Favre-filtered equations and in the unweighted Reynolds-filtered equations. The conventional form of the Reynolds-filtered momentum equation is complicated by a temporal SGS term; therefore, we derive a new form of the Reynolds-filtered governing equations that does not contain this term and has only double-correlation SGS terms. The new form of the filtered equations has terms that represent the SGS mass flux, pressure-gradient acceleration and velocity-dilatation correlation. To evaluate the dynamical significance of the variable-density SGS effects, we carry out direct numerical simulations of compressible decaying turbulence at a turbulent Mach number of 0.3. Two different initial thermodynamic conditions are investigated: homentropic and a thermally inhomogeneous gas with regions of differing densities. The simulated flow fields are explicitly filtered to evaluate the SGS terms. The importance of the variable-density SGS terms is quantified relative to the SGS specific stress, which is the only SGS term active in incompressible constant-density turbulence. It is found that while the variable-density SGS terms in the homentropic case are negligible, they are dynamically significant in the thermally inhomogeneous flows. Investigation of the variable-density SGS terms is therefore important, not only to develop variable-density closures but also to improve the understanding of scale interactions in variable-density flows.
Über die ungewöhnliche Lumineszenz von Michlers Keton

Die spektrale Lage der Phosphoreszenz vonMichlers Keton hangt in fester Losung in Athanol, 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran und Methylcyclohexan bei 77°K von der Anregungswellenlange ab. Es wurden zwei Abklingdauern gemessen, wobei die langere bei langwelliger Anregung vorherrscht. In fester Athanollosung wurden zwei Fluoreszenzen beobachtet. Die Absorptions- und Lumineszenzanregungsspektren hangen stark von der Polaritat des Losungsmittels ab. Es werden mehrere Erklarungsmoglichkeiten fur diese Beobachtungen diskutiert, die echte und scheinbare Abweichungen vonKashas Regel darstellen.
Theoretical Analysis of Habitat Selection and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation

Habitat selection is often suggested as a factor that may result in easier maintenance of genetic polymorphisms (e.g., Hedrick, 1986 and references therein). However, habitat selection may take several different conceptual forms, some of which appear to greatly broaden the conditions for a polymorphism while others have a much smaller impact. In particular, habitat selection based on homing that is independent of genotype has only a marginal influence on the conditions for polymorphism (e.g., Hoekstra et al., 1985) while models that are based on genotypic-specific habitat selection may greatly broaden the conditions for a genetic polymorphism.
Bilateral Meniere's disease. Treatment with intramuscular titration streptomycin sulfate.

Most patients with bilateral Meniere’s disease treated with streptomycin sulfate titration therapy and followed over the long term have either improvement or relief of their disabling vertigo. Although persistent post-treatment disequilibrium occurs not infrequently, it is mild in the most patients. Stabilization or improvement of hearing occurs in most patients, and the authors have not encountered hearing loss to date as a result of streptomycin sulfate titration therapy. There seems to be considerable separation between the vestibulotoxic and cochleotoxic doses of streptomycin sulfate intramuscularly when administered in humans.
Some Concepts deriving from the Neural Circuit for a Hormone-Driven Mammalian Reproductive Behaviour

One purpose for analyzing the neural and endocrine mechanisms for an individual behaviour in considerable cellular and molecular detail is to provide the empirical platform for increasingly precise investigations of nerve cell function. Thus, with respect to neuroendocrine mechanisms of interest for reproductive behaviour, we use cDNA/RNA in situ hybridization as a measure of gene expression in hypothalamic pells, for looking at levels of ribosomal RNA (Jones, Chikaraishi, Harrington, McEwen and Pfaff, 1986), LHRH messenger RNA (Shivers, Harlan, Hejtmancik, Conn and Pfaff, 1986; Rothfeld, et al., 1986), and the message for proenkephalin (Romano et al., 1986). Proteins synthesized in ventral medial hypothalamic neurones and transported to the midbrain may be of direct relevance for the control of female reproductive behaviour (Mobbs, Harlan and Pfaff, 1985, 1986), for example through influences on the electrical excitability of midbrain central gray neurones (Sakuma and Pfaff, 1980).