cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Loneliness in Pregnant Teenagers

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of self-concept and future orientation to loneliness in a group of pregnant teenagers. Pregnant teenagers attending public health clinics for prenatal care were asked to participate in the study. Subjects completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Heimberg Future Time Perspective Inventory, and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Data analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between self-concept and loneliness and a significant negative correlation between future time perspective and loneliness. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that self-concept and future time perspective together explained 38 percent of the variance in loneliness. The findings revealed that self-concept was the best predictor of loneliness in this sample and that the prediction of loneliness was strengthened in the presence of a weak future time perspective.
Inhibitory deficits in euthymic bipolar disorder patients assessed in the human behavioral pattern monitor.

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with inhibitory deficits characterized by a reduced ability to control inappropriate actions or thoughts. While aspects of inhibition such as exaggerated novelty-seeking and perseveration are quantified in rodent exploration of novel environments, similar models are rarely applied in humans. The human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (hBPM), a cross-species exploratory paradigm, has identified a pattern of impaired inhibitory function in manic BD participants, but this phenotype has not been examined across different BD phases. The objective of this study was to determine if euthymic BD individuals demonstrate inhibitory deficits in the hBPM, supporting disinhibition as an endophenotype for the disorder. Methods 25 euthymic BD outpatients and 51 healthy comparison subjects were assessed in the hBPM, where activity was recorded by a concealed videocamera and an ambulatory monitoring sensor. Results Euthymic BD individuals, similar to manic subjects, demonstrated increased motor activity, greater interaction with novel objects, and more frequent perseverative behavior relative to comparison participants. The quantity of locomotion was also reduced in BD individuals treated with mood stabilizers compared to other patients. Limitations Low sample size for treatment subgroups limits the evaluation of specific medication regimens. Conclusions Our results suggest that BD is distinguished by both trait- and state-dependent inhibitory deficits optimally assessed with sophisticated multivariate measures. These data support the use of the hBPM as a tool to elucidate the effects of BD across various illness states, facilitate the development of BD animal models, and advance our understanding of the neurobiology underlying the disorder.
The people's time sharing system

A set of programs running under a multiprogramming batch operating system on the CDC 6600 which provide remote users with a time sharing service is described. The basis for the system is the ability of a user program to create job control statements during execution, thereby tricking the operating system into treating it as an ordinary batch job. The text editor and the interactive debugging facilities are described. The performance of the system, known as the People's Time Sharing System (PTSS), and user reaction to it are also described. (This work was supported by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.)
Continuity and change: understanding race in southern political development

Scholars of American political development like a good crisis. Moments of crisis in American political history (Reconstruction, the depression of the 1890s, or 1930s) test, and sometimes break, old...
Soil and plant water stress in an Appalachian oak forest in relation to topography and stand age

A Forest Site Quality Index (FSQI) formulated to predict site quality in Ridge and Valley terrain based on the topographic parameters of aspect, slope inclination and slope position was used to verify moisture gradients along the southeast face of Potts Mountain in Craig County, Virginia. A gradient of site quality index values representing xeric to mesic sites was established in both recently clearcut and adjacent uncut second-growth forest stands. Soil moisture content was determined gravimetrically at ten day intervals from May to October, 1981. Plant moisture stress measurements were taken in conjunction with soil moisture sampling using the pressure chamber technique on three dominant hardwood tree species. For both clearcut and uncut forest stands, a general gradient of increasing soil moisture availability with increasing FSQI was evident, although differences were not large between index values of 8 and 11 in either stand type. Soil water potential and predawn plant water potential exhibited a strong seasonal trend, their direct relationship suggesting that available soil water is probably the critical factor controlling base P levels. Growth limiting stress levels began in late July and continued for the remainder of the growing season.
Uncomplicated congenital mitral stenosis.

Abstract 1. (1) A case of congenital mitral stenosis uncomplicated by other congenital defects is reported. 2. (2) The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this condition are outlined. 3. (3) The possible causes and the pathology of the condition are presented. 4. (4) The problems of the surgical correction of this lesion are described and considered for future use.
Possible future rainfall over Gangetic Plains (GP), India, in multi-model simulations of CMIP3 and CMIP5

The Gangetic Plain (GP) of India is much sensitive to rainfall due to its large spatial and temporal variability, and therefore, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 3 and 5 (CMIP3 and CMIP5)-simulated rainfall is analysed over the GP. Model evaluation is carried out with observed rainfall of India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Global Precipitation and Climatology Project (GPCP). Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), Hadley Centre Global Environment Model (HadGEM) and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) (Hires) of CMIP3 and CCSM4, CESM1 (WACCM) and CESM1 (CAM5) of CMIP5 sound well with observations. In CMIP3, projected future changes in June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall show either 5–15 % excess or 5 % deficit in CCSM3 (A2 scenario) and 10 % deficit in HadGEM1. In B1, MIROC (Hires) shows 5–10 % deficit. Under A1B scenario, deficit is possible in MIROC (Hires) and HadGEM1. In CMIP5, CESM1 (CAM5) shows 5–15 % deficit in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5. CCSM4 and CESM1 (WACCM) show 10–20 % excess while 5–15 % deficit is possible in CESM1 (CAM5) in RCP 8.5. Key Points • Validation of model performance with various statistical and spatial aspect • Comparison of rainfall in different model simulations of CMIP3 and CMIP5 • Significant deficit of rainfall in CCSM3, CCSM4 and CESM1(CAM5) models
Foresight and Hindsight in the TAT

(1963). Foresight and Hindsight in the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 51-59.
Physical defeat reduces the sensitivity of murine splenocytes to the suppressive effects of corticosterone

Social disruption (SDR) in male mice reduces the sensitivity of their splenocytes to the actions of glucocorticoids. To determine whether physical defeat is necessary for the development of this reduced sensitivity, a modification of the SDR paradigm was employed in which mice were exposed to fighting conspecifics in the presence or absence of physical contact. This was accomplished by dividing a cage of 5 resident male C57BL/6 mice in half with a wire mesh partition so that 2 of the mice in the cage (SDR Physical Contact mice) fought and were defeated by an aggressive male C57BL/6 intruder that was placed into the cage for 2 h for up to 6 days, while the remaining 3 resident mice (SDR Sensory Contact mice) were on the opposite side of the partition and thus prevented from physically interacting with the intruder. Although both the SDR Physical Contact and the SDR Sensory Contact mice had significantly elevated corticosterone levels and displayed submissive postures toward the intruder, only the SDR Physical Contact animals developed functional glucocorticoid resistance. The viability of LPS-stimulated splenocytes cultured from the SDR Physical Contact mice was not affected by pharmacological doses of corticosterone, whereas splenocyte viability was significantly reduced by corticosterone in cultured cells from SDR Sensory Contact and control mice. This study indicates that exposure to a stressful environment in the absence of physical attack does not reduce the sensitivity of murine splenocytes to the suppressive effects of corticosterone.
In vitro properties of the conserved mammalian protein hnRNP D suggest a role in telomere maintenance.

Mammalian chromosomes terminate with a 3′ tail which consists of reiterations of the G-rich repeat, d(TTAGGG). The telomeric tail is the primer for replication by telomerase, and it may also invade telomeric duplex DNA to form terminal lariat structures, or T loops. Here we show that the ubiquitous and highly conserved mammalian protein hnRNP D interacts specifically with the G-rich strand of the telomeric repeat. A single gene encodes multiple isoforms of hnRNP D. All isoforms bind comparably to the G-rich strand, and certain isoforms can also bind tightly and specifically to the C-rich telomeric strand. G-rich telomeric sequences readily form structures stabilized by G-G pairing, which can interfere with telomere replication by telomerase. We show that hnRNP D binding to the G-rich strand destabilizes intrastrand G-G pairing and that hnRNP D interacts specifically with telomerase in human cell extracts. This biochemical analysis suggest that hnRNP D could function in vivo to destabilize structures formed by telomeric G-rich tails and facilitate their extension by telomerase.
Marginal welfare measures for discrete choice models

Abstract This letter deals with the use of discrete choice models for applied welfare analysis. An approximate formula is presented for the marginal willingness to pay for a change in the attributes of any of the discrete alternatives which is simple to calculate and has an intuitive interpretation.
Effects of an Adrenergic Blocking Agent (Dibenzyline) upon Clinical Manifestations of Arterial Insufficiency in the Extremities

Adrenergic blocking with Dibenzyline measurably enhances the healing of ischemic ulcers. Eleven cases of obliterative arterial disease and two cases of Raynaud's disease were closely observed and are reported in detail. In six of the individuals suffering from obliterative arterial disease, changes in blood flow were documented by plethysmography. Dibenzyline measurably influenced intermittent claudication only after prolonged administration (three to four months) in four out of eight closely observed patients without ulcers. The results of the physiologic tests suggest that during the early phases of adrenergic blocking the increase in blood flow is mostly in the skin, while in the later phases increase in blood flow through the muscle predominates.
Enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enhances functional preservation during long-term cardiac preservation. Possible involvement of bradykinin and PKC.

We investigated the effect of enalaprilat (ET) on long-term preservation of cardiac explant. Isolated rat hearts (n = 7/group) were pretreated with 0 to 40 nM ET and stored at 0 degree C for 16 h. Functional viability was assessed after 30-min working reperfusion without ET. Prestorage control function (mean +/- S.E.M.) (n = 7) included heart rate (HR), 291 +/- 12 bpm; aortic flow (AF). 49.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min; coronary flow (CF), 25.2 +/- 1.3 ml/min; cardiac output (CO), 75.0 +/- 1.2 ml/min; and work, 89.4 +/- 4.7 g-m/min. Post-storage function of untreated hearts was: AF, 61%; CF, 43%; CO, 55%; work, 48% of control. ET (20 nM) enhanced AF recovery to 85%; CF, 58%; CO, 76%; work, 73% of control (P < 0.05 v untreated). Hoe 140 (D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK) (1 nM) a bradykinin receptor antagonist, inhibited ET effect; function returned to the untreated level. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine (15 nM) and bisindolylmaleimide I (0.5 microM) also blocked ET effect. After 4 h of cold storage, membrane PKC activity changed little from the prestorage level in the untreated hearts, but was elevated significantly from 52.8 +/- 5.2 pmol/min/mg to 74.7 +/- 8.2 by 20 nM ET (P < 0.05 v untreated). Cytosol PKC did not change during 4 h cold storage with or without ET. Neither end-storage nor end-reperfusion myocardial ATP content was affected by 20 nM ET treatment. In conclusion, ET improves cardiac preservation possibly via bradykinin receptor and PKC without affecting ATP metabolism.
Assembly and regulation of acetylcholinesterase at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

The collagen-tailed form of acetylcholinesterase (ColQ-AChE) is the major if not unique form of the enzyme associated with the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This enzyme form consists of catalytic and non-catalytic subunits encoded by separate genes, assembled as three enzymatic tetramers attached to the three-stranded collagen-like tail (ColQ). This synaptic form of the enzyme is tightly attached to the basal lamina associated with the glycosaminoglycan perlecan. Fasciculin-2 is a snake toxin that binds tightly to AChE. Localization of junctional AChE on frozen sections of muscle with fluorescent Fasciculin-2 shows that the labeled toxin dissociates with a half-life of about 36 h. The fluorescent toxin can subsequently be taken up by the muscle fibers by endocytosis giving the appearance of enzyme recycling. Newly synthesized AChE molecules undergo a lengthy series of processing events before final transport to the cell surface and association with the synaptic basal lamina. Following co-translational glycosylation the catalytic subunit polypeptide chain interacts with several molecular chaperones, glycosidases and glycosyltransferases to produce a catalytically active enzyme that can subsequently bind to one of two non-catalytic subunits. These molecular chaperones can be rate limiting steps in the assembly process. Treatment of muscle cells with a synthetic peptide containing the PRAD attachment sequence and a KDEL retention signal results in a large increase in assembled and exportable AChE, providing an additional level of post-translational control. Finally, we have found that Pumilio2, a member of the PUF family of RNA-binding proteins, is highly concentrated at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction where it plays an important role in regulating AChE translation through binding to a highly conserved NANOS response element in the 3′-UTR. Together, these studies define several new levels of AChE regulation in electrically excitable cells.
A few comments on early polymer studies

This brief review deals with early studies of addition polymerization, polycondensation and investigations of starch, cellulose and rubber. It describes early attempts to measure molecular weights and the manner in which the influence of the “colloid school” impeded the development for polymer science.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn following elective cesarean delivery at term.

Objective. To evaluate the frequency of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) following elective cesarean at greater than 34 weeks' gestation in an academically affiliated community hospital.Methods. Retrospective cohort study involving chart review of 300 newborns with PPHN between 1999 and 2006. Infants less than 34 weeks' or with congenital anomalies were excluded. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) intended vaginal delivery and (2) elective cesarean.Results. A total of 125 neonates were included. In all, 46 were delivered vaginally, 53 by cesarean after a trial of labor, and 26 by elective cesarean. No statistically significant differences were noted between groups in birth weight, gestational age, or length of stay. The crude relative risk (RR) of PPHN in cesareans prior to labor (elective cesareans) when compared to intended vaginal deliveries was 2.0 (95% CI 1.3–3.1). The RR of PPHN in elective cesareans when compared to spontaneous labor resulting in vaginal deliveries wa...
T LYMPHOCYTE REACTIVITY TO GLUTAMIC ACID-ALANINE-TYROSINE IN VITRO DOES NOT REFLECT ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VIVO

Mechanisms responsible for the differences in humoral immune response to GAT (a random linear amino acid polymer) were investigated in a line of chickens consisting of four sublines homozygous for Ea-B (B1 or B19) and high or low antibody response to GAT (Ir-GATH or Ir-GATL). Previous research provided evidence of chromosomal recombination between the serologically determined regions of the MHC (encoded by B-F and B-G genes) and the gene or genes that control immune response to GAT, but immune response to GAT did not seem to be mediated through differences in B-L gene products. In the present study, proliferation of GAT-primed T lymphocytes indicated that reactivity in vitro was not associated with antibody levels produced in the animal. Cell surface markers were identified by flow cytometry. Lymphocytes from Ea-B19 chickens that were Ir-GATL had a higher percentage of suppressor T (CD8)-positive cells than did lymphocytes from Ir-GATH chickens. The Ea-B1 chickens that were Ir-GATL had a higher percentage of CD4-positive lymphocytes than did chickens that were Ir-GATH. This may indicate that low response to GAT in the Ea-B19 chickens, but not in Ea-B1 chickens, is mediated by CD8-positive cells. The ability of antigen-presenting cells (APC) to process and present GAT to antigen-primed T lymphocytes was tested in vitro. Measurements of lymphocyte proliferation indicated that, within the Ea-B1 blood type, APC from Ir-GATL chickens produced higher (P < .05) stimulation of both GAT low- and GAT high-responder lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metal ion interactions with Mn(CO)−5 in ether solutions

Abstract Infrared spectra of LiMn(CO) 5 and NaMn(CO) 5 in the CO stretching region have been examined in ether solvents. These spectra are attributed to an ion-paired species of C 3ν symmetry in which alkali metal ion is bonded to carbonyl oxygen. Simple force constant calculations yield CO stretching force constants which are reasonable in terms of the structure hypothesized. In THF the NaMn(CO) 5 spectra show the presence of an equilibrium between solvent-separated and contact ion-pairs. Treatment of NaMn(CO) 5 in THF with Mg 2+ gives a species whose IR spectrum is also consistent with a MgOC interaction. Mixtures of LiMn(CO) 5 or LiCo(CO) 4 with CH 3 Li in ethyl ether were examined at −50° using 7 Li NMR. Only resonances due to the pure components were observed, indicating that no mixed tetrameric species of the form Li 4 Me n - X 4− n are formed.
Binding of steroids by intact bovine sperm.

A new filter assay technique was developed to evaluate spermatozoal binding at 5#{176}C for steroid present at 0.1-5,000 nM. A charcoal-stripping technique was used to reduce the amount of endogenous steroid bound by sperm. Both stripped and non-stripped sperm bound steroids to essentially unsaturable sites. Progesterone was bound with greatest affinity followed by estradiol> dihydrotestosterone > testosterone > androsterone, androstenedione > androstanediol, etiocholanolone. We conclude that very few if any specific, saturable, high affinity steroid-binding sites exist on intact testicular or ejaculated sperm.
Seasonal cycles of surface layer salinity in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract. The seasonal variability of surface layer salinity (SLS) is examined in the Pacific Ocean between 40° S and 60° N using a variety of data sources. Significant seasonal cycles were found in 5 regions: 1) The western North Pacific, 2) The northeastern North Pacific and Alaska gyre, 3) the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 4) an area of the central North Pacific north of the Hawaiian Islands, 5) the central South Pacific along 10–20° S. Amplitudes range from 0.1 to > 0.5. The largest amplitudes are in the tropical band and the western North Pacific. Maximum salinity is obtained in late (northern) winter in the western North Pacific, late winter and early spring in the northeastern North Pacific, early summer in the ITCZ area, late summer and early fall in the central North Pacific area and (austral) winter in the central South Pacific. Large areas of the Pacific have no significant seasonal variation in SLS. Seasonal variability of evaporation rate, precipitation rate and the difference between them (E-P) were calculated from the OAFlux and Global Precipitation Climatology Project datasets. Typical amplitudes of E-P are 0.1–1 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1. The seasonal variability of E-P is largely dominated by variability in evaporation in the western North Pacific and precipitation elsewhere. The largest amplitudes are in areas along the edge of the western North Pacific and in the far eastern tropical Pacific around 10° N. Phases in these areas indicate maximum E-P in mid- to late winter in these areas of large amplitude. The closest correspondence between E-P and SLS is in the ITCZ. E-P was combined with seasonal variation of the mixed-layer depth to calculate the freshwater flux forcing term of the SLS balance equation. The term was found to be similar in magnitude and distribution to E-P. Some other terms of the SLS balance were calculated. Horizontal advection was found to have seasonal cycles in a region near the equator. Entrainment was found to be mostly not significant except for a small region along 2.5–7.5° N in the eastern Pacific. Averaged spatially over large areas in the western North Pacific, ITCZ, South Pacific and northern North Pacific, the seasonal cycle is mostly a balance between changes in SLS and E-P, with entrainment and advection playing relatively minor roles. This work highlights the potentially significant role of surface salinity in the hydrologic cycle and in subtropical mode water formation. It can also help to interpret measurements that will soon be available from the Aquarius and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite missions.
SERVICE ORIENTED AND ORCHESTRATED FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION

Supply chain management integrates key business processes and facilities, involving end users and suppliers that provide products, services, and information. Supply chain integration can potentially add value to the stakeholders along product development and manufacturing life cycle as well as the customers in terms of cost, time, service level, quality, and risk. In the manufacturing industry, there are many attempts to develop methodologies, standards, and technologies to integrate various applications for product design and manufacturing. However, studies on integrating and aligning product design and manufacturing with other operations in supply chains are relatively lacking. In an integrated supply chain, information, applications, and services are shared and become available among supply chain members within and across organizational boundaries. Existing technologies and tools such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) infrastructures and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems do not provide a flexible and reusable solution to information sharing and application integration. This paper presents a prototype service oriented web-based system, SC Collaborator (Supply Chain Collaborator), which leverages web services, web portal, and open source technologies to provide a flexible, customizable, and economical tool for supply chain integration. The prototype system implements a service oriented portal-based framework and allows service orchestration according to processes. This paper presents the service oriented portal-based framework, the system architecture of SC Collaborator, and the schematic representation and implementation of process models with the system. The paper also illustrates the use of the SC Collaborator system to facilitate cross-functional, cross-departmental, and cross-organizational collaborations using a bus manufacturing scenario.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Orthogonal Modes of Frequency Modulation and the Sturm–Liouville Frequency Modulation Model

Sinusoidal signals and complex exponentials play a critical role in LTI system theory in that they are eigenfunctions of the LTI convolution operator. While processing frequency-modulated (FM) waveforms using LTI systems, restrictive assumptions must be placed on the system so that a quasi-eigenfunction approximation holds. Upon deviation from these assumptions, FM waveforms incur significant distortion. In this paper, a Sturm-Liouville (S-L) model for frequency modulation introduced by the author, is extended to a) study orthogonal modes of continuous and discrete frequency modulation and b) to develop system theoretical underpinnings for FM waveforms. These FM modes have the same special connection with respect to the FM S-L system operator, that complex exponentials have with LTI systems and the convolution operator. The finite S-L-FM spectrum or transform that measures the strength of the orthogonal FM modes present in a FM signal, analogous to the discrete Fourier spectrum for sinusoids, is introduced. Finally, similarities between the orthogonal S-L-FM modes and angular Mathieu functions are exposed, and a conjecture connecting the two is put forth.
Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals With Vestibular Disease Using Disease-Specific and General Outcome Measures

Background and Purpose. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a condition-specific health status measure for persons with vestibular disease, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a generic health status assessment. The purposes of this study were (1) to describe the relationship between the DHI and the SF-36, (2) to examine the reliability and responsiveness of these measures for persons in a vestibular rehabilitation program, and (3) to compare health-related quality of life between individuals with vestibular disease and the general population. Subjects. Ninety-five patients, aged 25 to 88 years (X=57.0, SD=14.9), were assessed. Methods. To determine reliability, 20 subjects completed both questionnaires twice, 24 to 48 hours apart. Thirty-one subjects completed both questionnaires before and after 6 to 8 weeks of vestibular rehabilitation to establish responsiveness. To establish the relationship between the two assessment tools, 95 subjects completed both questionnaires. Results. Each test was moderately to highly reliable (intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1]=.64–.95), but the tests were poorly to moderately correlated to each other ( r =.11–.71). The DHI was more responsive to change than the SF-36. The SF-36 scores of individuals were lower than scores of the general population. Conclusion and Discussion. The DHI and the SF-36 provide reliable and responsive measurements, but they appear to provide different information about the health status of patients with vestibular disease. Compared with the general population, patients with vestibular disease had lower scores for health-related quality of life, but these scores improved after 6 to 8 weeks of treatment. Future studies should clarify whether this improved health status is due to vestibular rehabilitation.
Design and Development of a Parallel Hybrid Powertrain for a High Performance Sport Utility Vehicle

A plug-in, charge-depleting, parallel hybrid powertrain has been developed for a high performance sport utility vehicle. Based on the Ford U152 Explorer platform, implementation of the hybrid powertrain has resulted in an efficient, high performance vehicle with a 0-60 mph acceleration time of 7.5 seconds. A dual drive system allows for four-wheel drive capability while optimizing regenerative braking and minimizing electric motor cogging losses. Design of the system focused on reducing petroleum use, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing criteria tailpipe emissions. Additionally, this vehicle has been designed as a partial zero emissions vehicle (PZEV), allowing the driver to travel up to 50 miles in a zero emission all-electric mode. High-energy traction battery packs can be charged from the grid, yielding higher efficiencies and lower critical emissions, or maintained through the internal combustion engine (ICE) as with a traditional hybrid vehicle. The ICE is primarily used to provide average power and maintain state of charge (SOC). The ability to use the electric energy from the grid allows the most inexpensive way of driving the vehicle and reduces the dependence on petroleum. Electric power created at a large-scale power plant is produced more efficiently than by an ICE. However, to allow a long range and the option (rather than requirement) for using the plug, one has the capability to utilize liquid fuel through the ICE as well. Fuel consumption is reduced by more than 80% over the stock vehicle, resulting in average city usage of roughly 29 mpg (gasoline equivalent). Full functionality of the stock vehicle has been maintained, including four wheel drive, tow, and acceleration capabilities, as well as driver comfort, with no loss in cabin space and a small increase in vehicle weight. Analysis shows a final cost lower than comparable performance competitors. This paper details the design and implementation of this powertrain, and compares the hybrid vehicle response to that of the stock vehicle.
Heat transfer and pressure drop properties of high viscous solutions in plate heat exchangers

Abstract Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of an absorbent salt solution in a commercial plate heat exchanger serving as a solution sub-cooler in the high loop of triple-effect absorption refrigeration cycle was investigated. The main objectives of this research were to establish the correlation equations to predict the heat transfer and pressure drop and to analyze and optimize the operating parameters for use in the design of absorption systems. In order to conduct above studies, a single-pass cross-corrugated ALFA-LAVAL plate heat exchanger, Model PO1-VG, with capacity of 14,650 W (50,000 Btu/h) was used. In order to evaluate the performance, hot solution inlet temperatures from 55 °C (130 °F) to 77 °C (170 °F), and inlet temperature differences from 14 °C (25 °F) to 20 °C (35 °F) were used. The cold side of the heat exchanger was operated to match the equal heat capacity rate of hot side. Based on the empirical models proposed in the literature, a program was developed and experimental data were curve fitted. From the best-fitted curves, the power-law equations for heat transfer and pressure losses were established and the performance was evaluated. In the hot salt solution side, the Reynolds number was varied from 250 to 1100 and the resulting Nusselt number varied from 7.4 to 15.8. The measured overall heat transfer coefficient Uoverall varied from 970 W/m2 °C (170 Btu/h ft2 °F) to 2270 W/m2 °C (400 Btu/h ft2 °F) and the Fanning friction factor in the absorbent side of the heat exchanger varied from 5.7 to 7.6. The correlation equations developed to predict the heat transfer and friction factor perfectly agree with the experimental results. Those equations can be used to predict the performance of any solution with Prandtl numbers between 82 and 174, for heat exchangers with similar geometry.
An augmented Cartesian grid method for Stokes-Darcy fluid-structure interactions

Summary A new finite difference method based on Cartesian meshes is proposed for solving the fluid–structure interaction between a fluid flow modeled by the Stokes equations and a porous media modeled by the Darcy's law. The idea is to introduce several augmented variables along the interface between the fluid flow and the porous media so that the problem can be decoupled as several Poisson equations. The augmented variables should be chosen so that the Beavers–Joseph–Saffman and other interface conditions are satisfied. In the discretization, the augmented variables have co-dimension one compared with that of the primitive variables and are solved through the Schur complement system. A non-trivial analytic solution with a circular interface is constructed to check second-order convergency of the proposed method. Numerical examples with various interfaces and parameters are also presented. Some simulations show interesting behaviors of the fluid–structure interaction between the fluid flow and the porous media. The computational framework can be applied to other multi-phase and multi-physics problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Starling forces that oppose filtration in the presence of tissue loading

The net fluid flow across the capillary walls and the formation of lymph are governed by the imbalance of the hydrostatic pressure and protein osmotic pressure difference across the vessel wall. Contrary to the current interpretation of the Starling forces, we propose that the effective oncotic force that opposes fluid filtration is the local oncotic pressure difference across the endothelial surface glycocalyx and not the global difference in oncotic pressure between the plasma and tissue as nearly universally assumed until now. Here we show, this local difference can differ greatly from the global oncotic pressure difference due to the presence of the junction strands which greatly inhibits back diffusion from the tissue space. This leads to a dramatic change in the fluid flux and a large reduction in current estimates of the filtration flow based on tissue oncotic pressure.
Small bowel perforation secondary to fish bone ingestion managed non-operatively.

Abstract Background The presurgical diagnosis of foreign body (FB)-induced bowel perforation is exceedingly difficult. Perforation most commonly occurs in the ileocecal region and typically mimics diagnoses more common to the right lower quadrant (RLQ), including appendicitis and diverticulitis. Objectives This report will discuss the events of this particular case of fish bone ingestion and subsequent small bowel perforation and the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of FB ingestions. Case Report This case describes a 28-year-old man who presents with a 4-h history of sharp, stabbing abdominal pain localized to the RLQ. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a 1.5-cm curvilinear foreign body traversing through a loop of small bowel in the RLQ. Upon further questioning, the patient recalled eating northern pike 2 days before. During his hospital stay, the patient noted improvement of his symptoms and thus was managed non-operatively without complication. The patient was discharged after complete resolution of his abdominal pain on hospital day number 2. Conclusion This represents a rare case of small bowel perforation secondary to fish bone ingestion that was managed non-operatively without complication.
Working memory in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic Leukemia: Functional neuroimaging analyses

Background Research on the physical and psychological late effects of treatment of childhood cancer has led to the identification of significant long-term neurocognitive deficits experienced by some survivors, particularly in the areas of memory and executive functioning. Despite indications of deficits based on cognitive assessment, the identification of specific mechanisms of neurocognitive deficits using neuroimaging techniques has yet to be adequately considered. Procedure This study used functional neuroimaging techniques to examine working memory and executive functioning deficits of survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), as compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Results There was a trend for ALL survivors to perform more poorly on a working memory task in terms of overall accuracy. Additionally, survivors displayed significantly greater activation in areas underlying working memory (dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) and error monitoring (dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex). Conclusions These results support the theory of compensatory activation in necessary brain regions in order to complete tasks in pediatric ALL survivors, similar to that observed in multiple sclerosis patients. Concurrent examination of testing and brain imaging enables the connection of behavioral observations with underlying neurological characteristics of deficits in survivors and may help provide insight into mechanisms through which deficits appear. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:585–590. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Explaining Subjective Risks of Hurricanes and the Role of Risks in Intended Moving and Location Choice Models

Using stated choice survey data we report on subjects’ perceptions of the risks of hurricanes and intended relocation decisions when faced with such risks. All of the subjects were displaced by either Hurricane Katrina or Rita, in New Orleans and other Gulf Coast areas in 2005. Results here suggest that subjective perceptions of risk are quite high as compared to scientific estimates of risk, and relocation decisions revealed from a discrete choice experiment are significantly determined by levels of hurricane strike risks.
Does Local Television News Coverage Cultivate Fatalistic Beliefs About Cancer Prevention

A substantial proportion of American adults hold fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention despite evidence that a large proportion of cancer deaths are preventable. Several scholars suggest that news media coverage is one source of these beliefs, but scant evidence has been brought to bear on this assertion. We report findings from two studies that assess the plausibility of the claim that local television (TV) news cultivates fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. Study 1 features a content analysis of an October 2002 national sample of local TV and newspaper coverage about cancer (n=122 television stations; n=60 newspapers). Study 2 describes an analysis of the 2005 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS, n=1,783 respondents). Study 1 indicates that local TV news stories were more likely than newspaper stories to mention cancer causes and scientific research and less likely to provide follow-up information. Study 2 reveals that local TV news viewing was positively associated with fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. Overall, findings are consistent with the claim that local TV news coverage may promote fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. We conclude with a discussion of study implications for cultivation theory and the knowledge gap hypothesis and suggest foci for future research.
Well-resolved variations in the formation ages for Ca-Al-rich inclusions in the early Solar System

Recent whole-rock magnesium-isotopic data for calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondrite meteorites indicate that the primary nebular fractionation of aluminum from magnesium, probably by condensation, occurred within < 20,000 years at 4.567 Ga. However, high-precision multicollector ion microprobe data for diverse CAIs from Vigarano (CV3) yield internal isochrons with a clearly resolved spread in initial 26Al/27Al, meaning that CAIs formed and were reprocessed over a much longer time span. Primitive (unmelted) CAIs have a consistent value of 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10− 5, melted CAIs range from 5.17 × 10− 5 to 4.24 × 10− 5, and one single object with a complex multistage history has an internal range of 26Al/27Al = (4.77 − 2.77) × 10− 5. The entire range corresponds to an age span of ~ 0.7 Ma. Thus not all CAIs formed at “time zero”, and only the most primitive CAIs should be used as benchmarks for earliest Solar System chronology.
Concerns With Early Universal Iron Supplementation of Breastfeeding Infants

We have major concerns about universal iron supplementation at 4 months in breastfeeding infants, as recommended by Baker, Greer, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition.1 We point out that as a clinical recommendation for millions of infants, supplementary iron drops beginning at 4 months of age is inconsistent with previous recommendations from the AAP.2,–,4.The only supportive data for this recommendation come from a study in which …
Preventing and treating the accelerated ageing of obesity

Advances in the molecular biology of ageing, insulin resistance, inflammation, carcinogenesis and caloric restriction have elucidated commonalities relevant to the chronic overnutrition syndrome termed obesity. Not until the expanded acceptance and availability of surgical treatment of obesity (“bariatric surgery”) has it been possible to explore the beneficial effects of sustained voluntary weight loss through controlled undernutrition in freely living people. Bariatric surgery is 58 years old and has undergone dramatic improvements recently becoming significantly safer and more accessible owing to the development of minimally invasive approaches and other advances. Furthermore, it is cost-effective compared to all forms of non-operative treatment. Thus older candidates, with more numerous and severe comorbidities are being recruited, increasing the pool of patients who have had operations which extend the otherwise shorter lives of the obese. Here we describe two mechanistically different operations, gastric restrictive and diversionary, and address their risks, complications, side-effects and beneficial outcomes, in aggregate increasing longevity, reducing morbidity and most important: improving health-related quality-adjusted life years.
Inhibition of Membrane Transport in Streptococcus faecalis by Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Its Relationship to Proton Conduction

We studied the effect of compounds that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation on membrane function in Streptoccocus faecalis, an organism which relies upon glycolysis for the generation of metabolic energy. At low concentrations (ranging from 10−7 to 10−4m), tetrachlorosalicylanilide, tetramethyldipicrylamine, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, pentachlorophenol, and dicoumarol strongly inhibited energy-dependent transport of rubidium, phosphate, and certain amino acids. However, these compounds had little effect on the generation of adenosine triphosphate via glycolysis or on its utilization for the synthesis of macromolecules. They also did not seriously inhibit uptake of those monosaccharides and amino acids which do not require concurrent metabolism. It is proposed that the uncouplers interfere with the utilization of metabolic energy for membrane transport. The uncouplers accelerated the translocation of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane. It appears that a proton-impermeable membrane is required for transport, perhaps, because a proton gradient is involved in the coupling of metabolic energy to the translocation of substrates across the membrane.
Control of integrated radial and axial magnetic bearings

The goal of this research is to develop a magnetically suspended momentum wheel capable of actively reducing imbalance vibrations. Typically, this would require two radial magnetic bearings with separately energized x and y-axes and one axial bearing. In this system, however, the radial and axial functions were combined into a single design for a more compact and elegant package. One downside of the integrated bearings is increased coupling between the radial and axial degrees of freedom. Closed-form solutions are developed for the bias and control forces acting independently. Implications on feedback control design are discussed.
The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial.

In the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial, postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer received either oral tamoxifen (20 mg/day) or raloxifene (60 mg/day) over 5 years. There were an equal number of cases of invasive breast cancer in women assigned to tamoxifen and raloxifene. There were fewer cases of noninvasive breast cancer in the tamoxifen group than in the raloxifene group (risk ratio [RR]: 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98–2.02). There were more cases of uterine cancer with tamoxifen than with raloxifene (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.35–1.08). Thromboembolic events occurred less often in the raloxifene group (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54–0.91) and there were fewer cataracts and cataract surgeries in the women taking raloxifene (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.68–0.92). The STAR trial has shown that raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer and has a lower risk of adverse events but a nonstatistically significant higher risk of noninvasive breast cancer. The risk of other cancers, fractures, ischemic heart disease and stroke is similar for both drugs.
Does Price Discreteness Affect the Increase in Return Volatility Following Stock Splits

Stock return volatility tends to increase significantly following stock splits. One potential cause of this is the trading of stocks in discrete price intervals called ticks. This study provides a direct test of price discreteness as a determinant of this phenomenon by examining variance increases before and after the 1997 date when the exchanges reduced the tick size from 1/8 to 1/16. Results generally show that the post-split variance increase was unaffected by the reduction in tick size even after controlling for other factors. AMEX stocks proved the exception, with slightly lower variance increases following the tick size reduction.
Luneberg-Kline analysis of scattering from a sinusoidal dielectric interface

Application of the Luneberg-Kline asymptotic series to the solution of electromagnetic boundary value problems is extended to problems involving dielectric media. The series is employed to obtain an approximate value for the field near a sinusoidal interface between dielectric media when a perpendicularly polarized plane wave is incident. The resulting formulas are used to evaluate quantitatively the accuracy of the geometrical optics solution of the problem for a range of parameter values. It is found that for the parameter values considered, the geometrical optics solution is an excellent approximation to the exact solution.
Role and Image of Nursing in Children's Literature: A Qualitative Media Analysis

Purpose Nurses' role and image as portrayed in young children's literature were described and analyzed. Design and Methods A total of 30 children's books (pre-kindergarten through grade two audience) written in English were chosen using progressive theoretical sampling. Included were books, both fiction and non-fiction and with varying years of publication, that mentioned nurses and/or were about general healthcare topics. The books were analyzed using the method of qualitative media analysis which is derived from the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism. Results Nurses were generally portrayed positively but simply and inaccurately in this sample of children's literature. The seven themes discovered were labeled as nurse characters using traits evident in the sample: nurse unlikely, nurse minimal, nurse caring, nurse subordination, nurse skillful, nurse diversity, and nurse obvious. Conclusion The image of nursing is socially and culturally constructed, and accurate portrayals of nurses and their roles are necessary in all media. Thus, better representation of nurses in children's books is needed as young children's literature is an important first exposure to the art and science of nursing. Practice Implications Future children's books authored by nurses may more closely reflect accurate contemporary nursing practice and contribute to an improved image of the nursing profession.