cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Benefits and Barriers to Integration

The rhetoric surrounding integration of mathematics and science abounds. Professional organizations’ standards and recommendations for reform in mathematics and science education each point out the need to make connections among various disciplines. However, some remain unconvinced, citing a lack of research supporting the assertion that integration improves student achievement. This article examines the current situation, discusses the growing body of related research, and examines the implementation issues related to integrated curriculum projects. The conclusion calls for mathematics and science educators to work collaboratively to address implementation issues surrounding reform of any kind and to explore further the possibilities of integration.
Effects of noise similarity and redundancy on the information processed from brief visual displays

When a target letter form is presented tachistoscopicalfy and embedded in a matrix of irrelevant letter forms (noise), correct detections of the target at a given matrix size can be used to estimate indirectly the amount of information processed from the display, according to a model developed by Estes. In three experiments, the physical similarity between noise and target letters and noise-letter redundancy were varied to determine if the detection mechanism was responsive to these variables. It was found that increases in the physical differences between noise and target letters and increases in redundancy facilitated detection. It is argued that these data support a detection model that assumes parallel rather than serial information processing.
Functions of two new genes in Salmonella phage P22 assembly

Abstract The capsid of bacteriophage P22 is composed of at least eight protein species, six of which had been identified as the products of known P22 genes. The two smallest proteins, pX of 18,000 daltons, and pa of 15,000 daltons, were not the products of any of the known P22 genes. We have isolated and characterized phage carrying amber mutations in the two genes which code for pX and pα (designated gene 7 and gene 4, respectively). The products of these genes are essential for the formation of viable phage. The gene 7 protein is not needed for particle assembly, but rather for particle infectivity. Restrictive cells infected with a mutant in gene 7 accumulate structures with the sedimentation properties and electron microscopic appearance of wild-type phage. Although the defective 7 − particles adsorb to cells, they are unable to recombine with a defective prophage inside the cell or express phage-specific protein synthesis. The 7 − phenotype is similar to the phenotypes of amber mutants in genes 16 and 20 [Botstein et al., J. Mol. Biol. 80 , 669–695 (1973)]. Genes 7, 16, and 20 map contiguously. The gene 4 product seems to be necessary for the stabilization of newly DNA-filled phage heads. Restrictive cells infected with a mutant of gene 4 accumulate structures with the sedimentation properties and electron microscopic appearance of the “empty heads” that occur in smaller relative amounts in wild-type lysates. These 4 − empty heads are derived from unstably packaged heads inside the cell. The product of gene 4 is not required for cutting phage DNA into mature length pieces. The 4 − phenotype is similar to the 10 − and 26 − phenotypes [Lenk et al., Virology 68 , 182–199 (1975)]. Genes, 4, 10, and 26 map contiguously. All the proteins found in P22 phage and phage precursor particles have been matched with their genes.
Neurons of origin of striatonigral axons in the cat: connectivity and Golgi markers of somatodendritic architecture

Abstract We identified adult cat striatonigral neurons and characterized their somatodendritic architecture by single- and double-labeling with connectivity and Golgi markers. Light and electron microscopic observations demonstrated two important structural variations among striatofugal neurons. First, striatonigral axons originate from multiple types of neurons. The principal striatonigral neurons are frequent throughout the caudate nucleus and putamen, have medium spherical or ovoidal cell bodies and form spine-laden distal dendrites. The ‘accessory’ striatonigral neurons are sparse in limited regions of the caudate nucleus and putamen, have large fusiform cell bodies and lack spinous processes. Second, the medium spiny striatonigral neurons exhibits a range of anatomical specializations. In some cases, these cells have folded nuclear envelopes. Some of these neurons have somatic and/or proximal dendritic as well as distal dendritic spines. We conclude that adult cat striatofugal neurons are morphologically heterogeneous in terms of regional locations, somatodendritic architecture and ultrastructure. These anatomical specializations may affect the origin and processing of synaptic inputs to the neostriatum to provide functionally different routes of neurotransmission through the basal ganglia.
Selective Expression of β Tubulin Isotypes in Gerbil Vestibular Sensory Epithelia and Neurons

The seven mammalian isotypes of β tubulin are strikingly similar in amino acid sequence. The differences in isotypic sequence, although small, are nonetheless conserved in evolution, which suggests that they may confer distinct functional roles. If so, such roles should be reflected in the selective expression of isotypes by cell type, or even in the sorting of isotypes to within-cell pools. Hair cells of the vestibular sensory epithelia each possess a kinocilium, a microtubule-based organelle that could represent a distinct microtubule compartment, separate from the extensive microtubule network in the soma. The afferent neurons that innervate the vestibular sensory epithelia may also be functionally divided into dendritic, somatic, and axonal compartments, each with its own complement of microtubules. We have examined the distribution of β tubulin isotypes in gerbil vestibular epithelia using isotype-specific antibodies to four isotypes and indirect immunofluorescence. We found that hair cells selectively express βI and βIV tubulin, while supporting cells express βI, βII, and βIV tubulin. However, no sorting of isotypes between somatic and kinocilia compartments was found in hair cells. Vestibular ganglion cells display three isotypes in the soma, axon, and terminal dendrite compartments (βI, βII, and βIII tubulin), but only βIII tubulin was found in calyceal nerve endings. The implication of these findings is that β tubulin isotypes are not sorted to within-cell compartments in hair cells but are sorted in some vestibular neurons.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selegiline transdermal system (STS) for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Abstract Background Cocaine dependence is a major public health problem for which there is no FDA-approved pharmacological treatment. Selegiline is an irreversible selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) which may affect cocaine addiction through several potential mechanisms. In this study, selegiline transdermal system (STS) was compared to placebo as a treatment for cocaine dependence. This multi-site, double-blind trial of 300 subjects with cocaine dependence assessed the efficacy of selegiline using subject self-reported cocaine use substantiated by urine benzoylecgonine (BE) as the primary outcome measure. Analysis of the data did not show a significant effect for selegiline over placebo. This study does not support a role for selegiline in treating cocaine dependence. The contrast of this result to earlier, promising preclinical and human pilot data could be due to factors associated with sample size, patient characteristics, dose, or poor predictive validity of preclinical models.
Partial Least Squares Regression of Hyperspectral Images for Contaminant Detection on Poultry Carcasses

The US Department of Agriculture has developed multispectral and hyperspectral imaging systems to detect faecal contaminants. Until recently, the hyperspectral imaging system has been used as a research tool to detect a few optimum wavelengths for use in a multispectral imaging system. However, with the development of complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras, discrete wavelengths or subsets of the full-detector range can be used to greatly increase the speed of hyperspectral imaging systems. This paper reports on the use of a broad-spectrum multivariate statistical analysis technique for detecting contaminants with hyperspectral imaging. Partial least squares regression was used for model development. Calibration models from spatially averaged region of interest data were developed with and without smoothing, with and without scatter correction and with and without first derivative (difference) pre-processing. Results indicate that using the full spectral range with scatter correction was needed fo...
Low temperature preparation of SrTiO3 thin films

SrTiO 3 thin films were prepared at very low temperature (<200 o C) by a simple chemical process. The precursor solution was prepared in methoxy ethanol starting from strontium hydroxide and titanium isopropoxide. Using this solution, thin films were deposited by spin coating on different substrates. X-ray diffraction of the as-dried films as well as the powders obtained by evaporating the solution confirmed the formation of stoichiometric crystalline SrTiO 3 material at these low temperatures. The sheet resistance of the films was measured and found to be 10 14 Ω □ -1 for a 1 μm thickness. The initial results on these films suggest their suitability as barrier layers in MIS and SIS devices
Microscope enabling multimodality imaging, angle-resolved scattering, and scattering spectroscopy

We present the design, construction, and initial characterization of a multifunctional imaging/scattering spectroscopy system built around a commercial inverted microscope platform. The system enables co-registered brightfield, Fourier-filtered darkfield, and fluorescence imaging; monochromatic angle-resolved scattering measurements; and white-light wavelength-resolved scattering spectroscopy from the same field of view. A fiber-based illumination system provides illumination-wavelength flexibility and a good approximation to a point source. The performance of the system in its various data acquisition modes is experimentally verified using fluorescent microspheres. This multifunctional instrument provides a platform for studies on adherent cells from which the biophysical implications of subcellular light scattering can be studied in conjunction with sensitive fluorescence-based techniques.
Universal Bilirubin Screening, Guidelines, and Evidence

In a commentary1 and update of the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guideline “Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation”2 in this issue of Pediatrics , Maisels et al recommend that all newborns have a bilirubin measurement before discharge from their birth hospitalization. In contrast, a recommendation statement from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF),3 supported by a systematic review,4concludes that evidence is insufficient to make that recommendation. As an author of the commentary1 and the 2004 AAP jaundice guideline2 who also has been critical of guidelines based on insufficient evidence,5–11 I have felt particularly torn about this recommendation. Perhaps partly because I have served as an expert consultant on dozens of heartbreaking kernicterus legal cases,12 I find the argument in favor of universal bilirubin screening and systematic follow-up persuasive. We know kernicterus is devastating and that, although rare, cases are continuing to occur. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests that many cases could have been prevented by earlier measurement of bilirubin levels, leading to closer follow-up and earlier initiation of appropriate therapy.13,14 We have not had randomized trials to show that universal screening and systematic follow-up will lead to a reduction in kernicterus, but considerable research in the area of optimizing patient safety suggests that there is room for improvement in the 2004 guidelines. Specifically, we know that in the absence of universal screening, detection and management of clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia during the birth hospitalization relies on several imperfect steps: (1) nurses and doctors need to remember to examine the infant for jaundice; (2) they need to distinguish visually between jaundice that is and is not clinically significant for the infant's age in hours; and … Address correspondence to Thomas B. Newman, MD, MPH, University of California, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143. E-mail newman{at}epi.ucsf.edu
Naloxone, fentanyl, and diazepam modify plasma beta-endorphin levels during surgery.

Forty-eight patients received either naloxone (10 mg), fentanyl (0.1 mg), diazepam (0.3 mg/kg), or saline solution placebo, and then underwent surgical removal of impacted third molars under local anesthesia. Placebo resulted in significantly elevated levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin (iβ-END), norepinephrine, and anxiety during surgery. Patients receiving naloxone had significantly greater intraoperative iβ-END and pain as compared with those receiving placebo. The naloxone effect on intraoperative pain was a result of a difference in perceived unpleasantness. Both the fentanyl and diazepam groups had significantly lower intraoperative iβ-END and anxiety levels as compared with the placebo group. Norepinephrine levels increased significantly in response to surgical stress in all groups except the diazepam group. Postoperative circulating levels of iβ-END and norepinephrine and pain increased significantly from the 1 to 3—hour postoperative period for all groups, with the exception of stable norepinephrine levels observed in patients receiving diazepam. Results indicate that opiate antagonists stimulate and agonists suppress the release of iβ-END, possibly by affecting the patient's perceived level of pain and anxiety. In addition, the association of intraoperative hyperalgesia with naloxone predosing suggests that endogenous opioid peptides inhibit the perception of intraoperative pain even in the presence of concurrent local anesthesia. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 165–171; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.159
Surface-Dipole Barriers in Simple Metals

The uniform-charge-background (jellium) model of a bounded metal is shown to give good estimates of the electrostatic surface-dipole barriers in simple metals.
Increased competition and the quality of health care

Available information does not indicate either that quality has deteriorated as price competition has increased or that quality has improved. To reward plans for providing what consumers want, public and private policies have crucial roles in the following areas: mandating minimal requirements for plans; funding research to improve knowledge and methods related to quality-of-care assessment; publication of quality-of-care information; selective contracting and regionalizing of services; and payment for physician services. Learning what degree of trade-off between cost versus quality and other benefits is acceptable to consumers will be an iterative process that informs future policies to safeguard the quality of care.
Adrenergic inhibition of the stimulatory effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine on calcium accumulation and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in rat thymocytes. Further evidence in support of the concept that calcium serves as the first messenger for the prompt action of thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone produces a prompt, plasma membrane-mediated increase in several metabolic functions in the rat thymocyte. These effects of thyroid hormone require calcium and are inhibited by the β-adrenergic antagonist alprenolol. In the present study, the interrelationship between thyroid hormone and adrenergic agents, and the concept that calcium serves as the first messenger for the rapid action of thyroid hormone in the rat thymocyte are further examined. T3 produced a very rapid and dose-related increase in both 45calcium accumulation and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration. These effects of T3, like its other calcium-dependent and prompt effects, were inhibited by β-, but not by α-, adrenergic antagonists. Studies with selective β-adrenergic agents revealed that the inhibitory effect was β-1 in nature. In addition, β-adrenergic agonists were found to promote additively T3 action, possibly through their β-2 activity. Hence, the present study provides further support for the concept that calcium s...
Long‐Term Leachate Water Quality Trends from a Broiler‐Litter‐Amended Udult in a Karst Region

Application of broiler ( Gallus gallus ) litter (BL) to pasturelands in karst regions like the Ozark Highlands can potentially reduce water quality due to leaching of BL-derived nutrients and trace metals. The objective of this study was to determine long-term linear trends in drainage and soil leachate water quality under natural precipitation from a silt-loam soil amended annually with BL at three application rates (0 [control], 5.6 [low], and 11.2 [high] Mg BL ha −1 ]. Automated equilibrium tension lysimeters were used to continuously monitor and collect leachate from an undisturbed soil profile with a history of litter applications under forage management at a depth of 0.9 m for the 8-yr period from May 2003 through April 2011. Average annual flow-weighted mean (FWM) concentrations and loads of NH 4 –N, As, Mn, and Ni decreased linearly ( P P P > 0.05) by BL rate alone. Continued annual additions of BL linearly increased ( P
The past is not yet over: Remembrance, justice and security community in the Western Balkans

Twenty years since the onset of the wars of Yugoslav secession, the countries of the Western Balkans continue to nurture narratives of the past that are mutually exclusive, contradictory, and irreconcilable. In this essay, I argue that there is a direct link between ways in which different states remember their pasts and obstacles to the building of long-term regional security community in the region. I propose that remembrance of the past and historical justice for past wrongs shape choices policymakers make, by making some options seem unimaginable, while others inevitable. The power that narratives of past violence and injustice hold on policymakers is particularly significant as the region advances toward European integration. The efforts to “clean up” the past – through education reform and memorialization projects – should not be thought of as secondary initiatives, but as critically needed steps in pursuit of regional stability based on sustainable security community.
An NKp30-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptor Promotes T Cell Effector Functions and Antitumor Efficacy In Vivo

NKp30 is a natural cytotoxicity receptor that is expressed on NK cells and recognizes B7-H6, which is expressed on several types of tumors but few normal cells. To target effector T cells against B7-H6+ tumors, we developed several chimeric AgRs (CARs) based on NKp30, which contain the CD28- and/or CD3ζ-signaling domains with the transmembrane domains from CD3ζ, CD28, or CD8α. The data show that chimeric NKp30-expressing T cells responded to B7-H6+ tumor cells. The NKp30 CAR-expressing T cells produced IFN-γ and killed B7-H6 ligand-expressing tumor cells; this response was dependent upon ligand expression on target cells but not on MHC expression. PBMC-derived dendritic cells also express NKp30 ligands, including immature dendritic cells, and they can stimulate NKp30 CAR-bearing T cells to produce IFN-γ, but to a lesser extent. The addition of a CD28-signaling domain significantly enhanced the activity of the NKp30 CAR in a PI3K-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing a chimeric NKp30 receptor containing a CD28-signaling domain inhibited the growth of a B7-H6-expressing murine lymphoma (RMA/B7-H6) in vivo. Moreover, mice that remained tumor-free were resistant to a subsequent challenge with the wild-type RMA tumor cells, suggesting the generation of immunity against other tumor Ags. Overall, this study demonstrates the specificity and therapeutic potential of adoptive immunotherapy with NKp30 CAR-expressing T cells against B7-H6+ tumor cells in vivo.
Statistical aspects of design: risk assessment and structural integrity

Statistical variations in input parameters that affect structural reliability have historically been incorporated approximately in engineering designs by application of safety factors. Increased concerns over the injury potential and costs of licensing, insurance, field repairs or recalls, and product liability claims now demand more quantitative evaluation of possible flaws or unusual usage conditions that might result from statistical variations or uncertainties. This paper describes the basic concepts of probabilistic fracture mechanics that are used to assess and control risk. Recent developments in combined analysis methods are presented that utilize field experience data with probabilistic analysis to improve the accuracy of the structural integrity predictions. Several specific examples are described that illustrate how these probabilistic methods are used to assess risk and to provide a quantitative basis for establishing design, operation or maintenance allowables. These procedures, which realistically model the actual statistical variations that exist, can eliminate unnecessarily conservative approximations and often achieve improved reliability at reduced cost.
Adiabatic analysis of distant perturbations

The simplest form of Herzberg-Teller theory involves the vibronic coupling of a single mode between two energetically separated molecular states. An adiabatic analysis of this system is presented which incorporates the effect of the distant state without recourse to direct summation over distant energy levels. The theory is compared to exact numerical results for vibronic-coupling in propynal and formaldehyde. The adiabatic eigenvalues are exceptionally accurate, especially if proper radial Born-Oppenheimer terms are added to the adiabatic potential for the ground state. The quality of the resultant amplitudes associated with the distant state are adequate to represent any intensity borrowing effects in the molecular spectra to well within 5 per cent. The adiabatic theory is quite general and can be used with equal force to represent distant perturbations due to repulsive as well as attractive states, and without any commitment to linear vibronic coupling models.
High energy density laser interactions with planetary and astrophysical materials: methodology and data

ABSTRACT Sandia National Laboratories NLS (1064 nm) and Z-Beamlet (527 nm) pulsed lasers @ ~ 100 GW/cm 2 and 10 TW/cm 2 were used to attain pressures at 20  525 GPa on a variety of metallic and mineral targets. A simple, inexpensive and innovative electro-optical real-time methodology monitored rear surface mechanical deformation and associated particle and shock wave velocities that differ considerably between metals and non-metals. A reference calibration metal (Aluminum) and a reference non-metal (gra phite) were used to demonstrate the validity of this methodology. Normative equations of state and moment um coupling coefficients were obtained for dunite, carbonaceous meteorites, graphite, iron and nickel. These experimental results on inhomogeneous materials can be applied to a variety of high energy density interactions involving stellar and planetary material formation, dynamic interactions, geophysical models, space pr opulsion systems, orbital debris, materi als processing, near-earth space (lunar and asteroid) resource recovery, and near-earth object mitigation models. Keyword List: Momentum coupling, equations of state, shock wave measurements
Time-Ordered Architecture for Knowledge-Based Guidance of an Unmanned Untethered Submersible

This paper describes initial work directed at applying knowledge engineering to the guidance and control of an unmanned untethered submersible vehicle. An architecture is described which is being used as a guideline for current development efforts of the EAVE-East vehicle. The emphasis has not been to implement specific algorithms but rather to understand how knowledge-based control methods can best be applied to the vehicle system. The proposed architecture is considered and the problems which are being addressed, defined.
Expression of smooth muscle actin in cells involved in distraction osteogenesis in a rat model.

Abstract Distraction osteogenesis has proven to be of great value for the treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal problems. Little is still known, however, about the phenotypic changes in the cells participating in the bone formation process, induced by the procedure. Recent findings of the expression of a contractile muscle actin isoform, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), in musculoskeletal connective tissue cells prompted this immunohistochemical study of the expression of SMA in cells participating in distraction osteogenesis in a rat model. The tissues within and adjacent to the distraction site could be distinguished histologically on the basis of cell morphology, density, and extracellular matrix make-up. The percentage of SMA-containing cells within each tissue zone was graded from 0 to 4. The majority of the cells in each of the zones stained positive for SMA within five days of the distraction period. The SMA-containing cells included those with elongated morphology in the center of the distraction site and the active osteoblasts on the surfaces of the newly forming bone. These finding warrant further investigation of the role of this contractile actin isoform in distraction osteogenesis and investigation of the effects of modulation of this actin isoform on the procedure.
The outcomes of adult liver transplants in the United States from 1987 to 2013.

Background & Aims In the past three decades, there have been major advances in the procedure and candidate selection for liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in outcomes of liver transplantations in the Unites States. Methods This observational study uses the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) that includes all liver transplants from 1987 to 2013 (N = 108 707 adults). Results Four study cycles were introduced: 1987–1993, 1994–2000, 2001–2006, 2007–2013. The length of inpatient stay for receiving liver transplant substantially shortened (42–20 days), and so did the rate of acute post-transplant rejections (33–4%). The use of high risk donors and donors with chronic diseases increased significantly. Of transplant outcomes, despite recently reported unfavourable changes in clinico-demographic profile of liver transplant recipients (older age, substantial increases in all major comorbidities), the proportion of patients discharged alive increased from 78.2 to 91.8%. On the other hand, post-discharge 1-, 3- and 5-year mortality varied between 6.7 and 8.0%, 15.2 to 17.2% and 22.5 to 24.5%, respectively, and no consistent trend was found. Despite this, the rates of graft failure decreased: an approximately two-fold decrease in 1 year graft loss, and a 1.6-fold decrease in 5 year graft loss were observed. Conclusion Despite all improvements in liver transplant technique and patient management, the changes in post-transplant outcomes vary. While inpatient mortality, graft losses and post-transplant infect-ion rates improved substantially, post-discharge mortality remains stable because of increasing losses to competing risks in patients with non-liver comorbidities.
Fluorescent Antibody Study of the Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci

Fluorescent antibody conjugates were prepared from five species of anaerobic cocci commonly isolated from human infections. When tested with homologous and heterologous cells these conjugates were found to be highly specific. There was no evidence of a common genus antigen. Peptococcus magnus conjugates detected a species-specific antigen; cross-reactions with Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were readily eliminated by absorption. The conjugates from Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptococcus prevotii, Peptostreptococcus, anaerobius, and Peptostreptococcus intermedius displayed a high degree of strain specificity. Occasional cross-reactions were detected with homologous strains, suggesting the presence of common antigens, but no attempt was made to determine the number of different serotypes in these species.
Application of the Walsh transform towards seizure detection

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, a physical condition, which causes sudden bursts of electrical energy in the brain. Electrical activity in the brain has been studied for years in an attempt to detect seizures. This paper processes raw intracranial electroencephalographic recordings in the time prior and during a seizure. This study focuses on the design of orthogonal operators based on the Walsh transform in order to detect the onset of epileptic seizures in EEG data. The merits of the algorithm are: (a) in elaborating a unique analysis scheme that scrutinizes EEG data through orthogonal operators designed to extract patterns that best characterize seizures in epileptogenic EEG data; and (b) in establishing mathematical derivations that provide not only quantitative measures through the designed operators, but also characterize and locate the event of a seizure. In this study, EEG recordings from different patients are processed. A set of parameters is extracted from non-overlapping scrolling windows of 1 sec duration. The objective was to detect the seizure applying the operators of the Walsh transform using these parameters.
Development of Organoiron Methodology for Preparation of the Polyene Natural Product Macrolactin A

Abstract Methodology for the synthesis of the C7–C13 segment ( 19 ) and C14–C24 segment ( 41 ) of macrolactin A have been developed. Dicarbonyl(methyl 7-nitro-2 E ,4 Z -heptadienoate)triphenylphosphineiron ( 19 ) is prepared by nucleophilic addition to a (1-methoxycarbonylpentadienyl)iron cation. The C23 stereocenter of 41 is established by introduction of a C20 stereocenter, chirality transfer from C20 to C23 followed by (diene)iron mediated selective ionic reduction of the C20 hydroxyl. The C15 stereocenter may be established by nitrile oxide–olefin cyclocondensation.
Dynamic redistribution of a swarm of robots among multiple sites

We present an approach for the dynamic assignment and reassignment of a large team of homogeneous robotic agents to multiple locations with applications to search and rescue, reconnaissance and exploration missions. Our work is inspired by experimental studies of ant house hunting and empirical models that predict the behavior of the colony that is faced with a choice between multiple candidate nests. We design stochastic control policies that enable the team of agents to distribute themselves between multiple candidate sites in a specified ratio. Additionally, we present an extension to our model to enable fast convergence via switching behaviors based on quorum sensing. The stability and convergence properties of these control policies are analyzed and simulation results are presented.
Accurate Modelling of Average Phosphorus Diffusivities in Germanium after Long Thermal Anneals

In summary, phosphorus diffusivities in germanium were measured after long anneals at temperatures between 600degC and 800degC. The diffusivities are extrinsic (i.e., D ~ (n/ni)2) but are slower than recently reported extrinsic diffusivities and a slightly larger activation energy is also measured in this work than the previous work. Using a diffusion model that includes a segregation term between the cap oxide and the germanium combined with a peak solid solubility of 3times1019 cm-3 good fits to the experimental profiles were obtained
Evaluating channel response to an extreme sedimentation event in the context of historical range of variability: Upper Colorado River, USA

In May 2003, a breach in a large irrigation ditch within Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) initiated a debris flow that entered Lulu Creek and the Colorado River, where 36 000 m3 of sediment substantially altered channel forms and processes. We present a proof of concept to understand whether the 2003 disturbance is within the historical range of variability (HRV), and whether the recovery potential of the system is sufficient to adapt to the disturbance. Flow and sediment regimes, and channel morphology and stability were monitored on Lulu Creek and the Colorado River from 2004 to 2011. Dominant channel response following the debris flow within Lulu Creek included step development, bed armoring, and channel widening. Step height-to-length ratios (H/L) for three reaches on Lulu Creek are outside the HRV of reference channels, with one reach approaching reference conditions. Erosion of approximately 23% of the debris fan volume occurred as a result of the long duration 2011 peak flow. Sediment within the Lulu Creek fan will persist for ~30–190 years, assuming current maximum and mean removal rates. Planform changes on the Colorado River since the debris flow include an increase in single-thread geometries, with braided reaches where bar deposition occurred. Bedload transport and grain-size analysis of bedload indicate translational spreading of a sand wave front with a dispersive component in steeper reaches. Lulu Creek is returning to a condition of natural variability, but the Colorado River is outside the HRV expected for steep-gradient, pool-riffle channels. Applying HRV to a situation where management questions require a longer term perspective, and pre-disturbance baseline data are limited, is a useful approach. The HRV analysis facilitates a better understanding of site variability and delineates the range of possibilities of channel form and process to achieve management goals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Health and Health Disparities

People aspire to be healthy but often fall short of this goal. Poor health is associated with macro-level factors—social stratification and low socioeconomic position, including low education, low income, and low status racial-ethnic group membership. These social determinants differentially expose people to health-promoting (or undermining) contexts and to having (not having) choice and control over their lives. But social determinants cannot cause individual action directly. Identity-based motivation theory addresses this gap, articulating how social determinants operate at the micro-level to influence whether or not a behavior or choice feels congruent with important identities and how such identity-congruence, in turn, influences which strategies are chosen and how difficulty is interpreted. Lack of choice and control make an interpretation of difficulty as meaning that effort is pointless and “not for people like me” (rather than important) more likely, reducing belief that one's action and effort matter.
Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonding in a C(10)-Exploded Bilirubinoid

A new linear tetrapyrrole, with two dipyrrinones connected by a string of 5 carbons, was synthesized from two equivalents of a 9H-dipyrrinone and one of glutaryl dichloride. Unlike typical dipyrrinones, which are intermolecularly hydrogen bonded in the crystal and in CHCl3 solution, 1,3-bis-[2,3,7,8-tetraethyl-(10H)-dipyrrin-9-carbonyl]propane is a monomer in CHCl3, as determined by vapor phase osmometry (VPO) measurements. Its crystal structure determination revealed a folded conformation with a novel type of dipyrrinone to dipyrrinone intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Unexpectedly, the same conformation apparently persists in CHCl3 solution, as shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
DVH: a query processing method using domain vectors and hashing

The authors introduce a fast, space-efficient technique for accelerating equijoins between very large relations. The technique, called Domain Vector Hash (DVH) join Acceleration, is described and compared with three other join accelerators: hybrid-hash, join indexes, and materialized views. An analytic cost model is developed for each join method, and a detailed analytic performance comparison is made between each technique. The results show that DVH-join produces much faster joins than any of the other techniques considered, and over a considerably wider range of join selectivities and memory sizes. Moreover, the approach achieves this performance improvement while simultaneously minimizing the amount of additional join information that is cached on disk. When compared with either join indexes or materialized views, DVH typically requires from one to four orders of magnitude less cache space. >
Assessing Hybridization in Wildlife Populations Using Molecular Markers: A Case Study in Wild Turkeys

Abstract Extensive translocation of wildlife throughout North America has led to concerns regarding taxonomic integrity for a number of species. Often, multiple subspecies or variants were translocated into a common habitat or region, creating the opportunity for hybridization to occur. This issue is of particular concern to managers of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), a species in which considerable mixing of subspecies has occurred. We aim to quantify the subspecific status and degree of hybridization of individuals within an introduced population of Merriam's turkeys (M. g. merriami) in the Davis Mountains of Texas, USA, and within nearby Rio Grande turkey populations (M. g. intermedia). We used data from the Merriam's source population in New Mexico, USA, as a baseline reference for the genetic characteristics of the Merriam's subspecies. Nineteen years following the introduction event, microsatellite data indicate that the genetic integrity of the introduced population of Merriam's turkeys in the ...
Intimal (spindle cell) sarcoma of the left atrium presenting with abnormal neurological examination.

A 43-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history presented to our hospital with 2 weeks of headaches, ataxia and confusion. CT of the head revealed a large haemorrhagic cystic lesion. A subsequent chest CT revealed a large left atrial mass. The mass was subsequently biopsied with positive immunohistochemistry staining for MDM2, FLI1 and vimentin. Real-time PCR revealed MDM2 amplification, confirming the diagnosis of intimal sarcoma. The patient underwent surgical resection and reconstruction of the atrium with subsequent discharge to short-term rehabilitation, but his symptoms continued to progress. A repeat CT of the head revealed a new cerebellar mass. He underwent a second resection, but continued to experience worsening symptoms. He was diagnosed with stage IV intimal sarcoma and referred to hospice. The patient died 5 months after initial presentation. Autopsy was performed and revealed the cause of death as pneumonia. There was no involvement of the pulmonic or aortic vessels.
CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion, Suppressed Gamma Interferon Production, and Delayed Memory Response Induced by Chronic Brucella melitensis Infection

Brucella melitensis is a well-adapted zoonotic pathogen considered a scourge of mankind since recorded history. In some cases, initial infection leads to chronic and reactivating brucellosis, incurring significant morbidity and economic loss. The mechanism by which B. melitensis subverts adaptive immunological memory is poorly understood. Previous work has shown that Brucella-specific CD8(+) T cells express gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and can transition to long-lived memory cells but are not polyfunctional. In this study, chronic infection of mice with B. melitensis led to CD8(+) T cell exhaustion, manifested by programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) expression and a lack of IFN-γ production. The B. melitensis-specific CD8(+) T cells that produced IFN-γ expressed less IFN-γ per cell than did CD8(+) cells from uninfected mice. Both memory precursor (CD8(+) LFA1(HI) CD127(HI) KLRG1(LO)) and long-lived memory (CD8(+) CD27(HI) CD127(HI) KLRG1(LO)) cells were identified during chronic infection. Interestingly, after adoptive transfer, mice receiving cells from chronically infected animals were able to contain infection more rapidly than recipients of cells from acutely infected or uninfected donors, although the proportions of exhausted CD8(+) T cells increased after adoptive transfer in both challenged and unchallenged recipients. CD8(+) T cells of challenged recipients initially retained the stunted IFN-γ production found prior to transfer, and cells from acutely infected mice were never seen to transition to either memory subset at all time points tested, up to 30 days post-primary infection, suggesting a delay in the generation of memory. Here we have identified defects in Brucella-responsive CD8(+) T cells that allow chronic persistence of infection.
Development of an Infarct Volume Algorithm to Correct for Brain Swelling After Ischemic Stroke in Rats.

The primary measure for experimental stroke studies, infarct volume, can be affected by brain swelling. The algorithm by Lin et al. was developed to correct for brain swelling, however, the correction is not adequate. This chapter presents a new infarct volume algorithm that more appropriately corrects for brain hemisphere volume changes (swelling and stunted growth). Fifty-one adult rats were sacrificed 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Forty-four P10 rat pups were sacrificed 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Infarct volumes for 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) stained brains were calculated using our algorithm and that of Lin and colleagues. For MCAO animals, the algorithm of Lin et al. computed smaller infarct volumes than those of our algorithm. For HI animals, Lin et al.’s algorithm’s infarct volumes were greater than those of our algorithm. For sham animals, Lin et al.’s algorithm’s computed infarct volumes were significantly different from those of our algorithm. Our algorithm produces a more robust estimation of infarct volume than Lin et al.’s algorithm because the effects of ipsilesional hemisphere volume changes are minimized. Herein, our algorithm yields an infarct volume that better corrects for brain swelling and stunted brain growth compared with the algorithm of Lin et al.
Self-Report Measures and Findings for Information Technology Attitudes and Competencies

This chapter focuses on self-report findings regarding IT attitudes and competencies related to education. Studies have been conducted for more than 25 years with much having been learned during that time. For teachers, positive attitudes, competencies, as well as self-efficacy are important components of highly – integrated use of technology in the classroom. Historical concerns about computer anxiety have been largely replaced by a focus on issues such as enthusiasm and perceived usefulness. Access is important as well as attitudes and competencies. For students, attitudes and competencies are largely not a concern except in the case of students who have no access to IT at school, and also none at home. Evidence is emerging that this class of students is at a disadvantage in academic subjects as well as in technology skills. The prospect of developing unifying models that incorporate most if not all of the IT attitudes and competencies addressed is this chapter is discussed toward the end of this chapter.
Strides Toward Equity in an Urban Center: Temple University's Professional Development Schools Partnership

Many educators believe that the goal of equity is far from being achieved given the dilemmas faced by today's inner city public schools. The authors examine the potential of Temple University's Professional Development School Partnership, a collaborative project with the School District of Philadelphia, to facilitate educational equity within an urban center. Current understandings of the construct of equity are identified and used to explore the possibilities and challenges of striving for equity in the urban center. The development of this partnership documents growth into a more inclusive, expansive, and collaborative style of working together. A closer look into this process is provided by an in-depth discussion of two essential components of the partnership, namely, its culturally responsive process and its objective of transforming the teaching and learning conditions of schools. It is argued that school systems need to look critically at their own educational resources as well as policies and practices to guarantee that they genuinely promote participation and achievement of all students. In essence we contend that there cannot be equity without the assurance that students will achieve to their fullest potential.
Stress and burnout among counselor educators: Differences between adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists.

This study examined perfectionism in a national sample of 178 counselor educators to explore why certain groups of counselor educators may be at greater risk for experiencing stress and burnout. In line with previous literature, latent profile analysis based on measures of perfectionism supported a 3-class model (i.e., adaptive perfectionists, nonperfectionists, and maladaptive perfectionists). Maladaptive perfectionists had significantly higher levels of perceived stress, work-related burnout, personal burnout, and student-related burnout compared with adaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists.
Comparison of Dependence and Punitive Forms of Power

This research examines the impact of the power relationship on tactical action (i.e., damage and concession tactics) in conflict. It tests a theory of bilateral deterrence and determines whether theoretical principles designed for punitive power extend to power dependence. The theoretical principles are that unequal power will produce more use of power (i.e., damage tactics) than equal pozwer, and also that the total amount of power across actors in a relationship will be negatively related to power use. These hypotheses are tested in a laboratory setting that separates dependence from punitive pozer, enables actors to make offers and counteroffers across a series of rounds (i.e., engage in explicit negotiation), and contains the option to engage in damaging and threatening action. The results support the theory of bilateral deterrence with regard to punitive power, offer partial support to extension of the theory to power dependence, and demonstrate that the distinction between punitive and dependence forms of pozwer is important. This paper deals with the impact of power on tactical action in conflict. The theory and research is organized around two conceptual distinctions: one between power based on dependence versus punitive capability, and the other between relative power (i.e., power difference) and "total power" in a relationship (i.e., across actors). The paper will argue that these distinctions are important on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Theoretically, they are important to explicate the connection between conceptions of power that stress the coercive foundation of power (Bierstedt 1950; Tedeschi, Schlenker & Bonoma 1973) and those that treat power as dependence (Bacharach & Lawler 1981; Cook & Emerson 1984; Cook et al. 1981; *This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, and the order of authorship does not reflect differential contributions to this paper. This paper was presented at the 1986 meetings of the Midwest Sociological Society. Address correspondence to Edward J. Lawler, Sociology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ? 1987 The University of North Carolina Press
Research on the Abnormal Sound in the Rack and Pinion Steering Gear

Looking for solutions to the abnormal sound problems,the most common faults of automobile steering gear,is an important task to enhance vehicle steering performance.Selecting the commonly-used rack and pinion steering gear as its study subject,this paper seeks for solutions to noise problems through the disassembling,checking and analyzing of the breakdown vehicles.