cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem Behavior Theory and the Problem Behavior Syndrome

Earlier bivariate findings suggested that diverse problem behaviors, including problem drinking, illicit drug use, delinquent-type behavior, and precocious sexual intercourse, may comprise a single behavioral syndrome in samples of normal adolescents. A multivariate test of this possible syndrome was carried out through a series of maximum likelihood factor analyses based on self-report data from several samples of adolescents and youth. Analyses were performed by sex on four waves of panel data from a high school cohort and a college-age cohort, using their adolescent/college-age data as well as their data from young adulthood, and on multiple random subsamples of adolescents who participated in the 1978 National Study of Adolescent Drinking (Rachal et al., 1980). Results of the analyses consistently showed that one common factor accounts for the correlations among the different problem behaviors. The findings lend support to the notion of a syndrome of problem behavior in both adolescence and young adulthood.
Evaluation of Three Real-Time PCR Methods for Detection of Salmonella from Cloves.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to evaluate three real-time PCR platforms for rapid detection of Salmonella from cloves and to compare three different DNA extraction methods. Six trials were conducted with two clove cultivars, Ceylon and Madagascar, and three Salmonella serotypes, Montevideo, Typhimurium, and Weltevreden. Each trial consisted of 20 test portions. The preenrichment cultures were used to perform PCR for comparison of the effectiveness of U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Pacific Regional Laboratory Southwest (FDA-PRLSW), Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI) MicroSEQ, and GeneDisc platforms for detection of Salmonella. Three DNA extraction methods were used: standard extraction method for each PCR platform, boil preparation, and LyseNow food pathogen DNA extraction cards. The results from real-time PCR correlated well with FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture assay results, with a wide range of cycle threshold (CT) values among the three PCR platforms for intended positive samples. ...
Caregiver Burden in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that has a relapsing and remitting disease course. There is high degree of inpatient and outpatient health care utilization by IBD patients along with a great deal of psychosocial stress associated with the condition. Patients frequently rely on family, friends, and other informal caregivers to provide medical, instrumental, and emotional support. The role of caregiving for adult IBD patients can lead to significant caregiver burden. At present, there are limited data on the existence of caregiver burden in adult IBD patients. Moreover, there are no specific measures for evaluating caregiver burden and there are no interventions targeting caregiver burden in adults with IBD. This review outlines the limited available data on caregiver burden in IBD, explores caregiver burden in other chronic conditions, and proposes applications of these data for creating screening and assessment tools and interventions for caregiver burden in IBD.
Characters of \mathrm{GL}(n, \mathbb{C})

In the next few chapters, we will construct the irreducible representations of the symmetric group in parallel with the irreducible algebraic representations of \(\mathrm{GL}(n, \mathbb{C})\). In this chapter, we will construct some generalized characters of \(\mathrm{GL}(n, \mathbb{C})\). The connection with the representation theory of S k will become clear later.
Supergirl and the Corporate Articulation of Neoliberal Feminism

In this article, we argue an account of corporate intervention in the sociocultural narrative about feminism that links the logic of Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In (2013) to the mainstream pop cultural ...
Fluid Management in Cardiac Surgery: Colloid or Crystalloid?

The crystalloid-colloid debate has raged for decades, with the publication of many meta-analyses, yet no consensus. There are important differences between colloids and crystalloids, and these differences have direct relevance for cardiac surgical patients. Rather than asking crystalloid or colloid, we believe better questions to ask are (1) High or low chloride content? and (2) Synthetic or natural colloid? In this paper we review the published literature regarding fluid therapy in cardiac surgery and explain the background to these two important and unanswered questions.
Interaction of exercise and insulin action in humans.

To assess the interaction of exercise and insulin action, healthy males were studied with saline infusion (n = 5) or with a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15.0 mU.kg-1.min-1; n = 5 at each dose) during rest (40 min), moderate-intensity cycle exercise (100 min), and recovery (100 min). Metabolism was assessed using isotopic methods and indirect calorimetry. During rest, exercise, and recovery with saline infusion, plasma glucose was unchanged, total glucose utilization (Rd) was 2.4 +/- 0.4, 4.9 +/- 0.2, and 2.6 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1, and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (OX) was 1.4 +/- 0.3, 10.6 +/- 1.1, and 0.5 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1. The glucose infusion, insulin-dependent Rd, and CHO OX increased synergistically when exercise and insulin clamps were combined. Exercise decreased (P less than 0.05) the half-maximal doses (ED50) and increased the maximal responses (Vmax) for insulin-dependent Rd and CHO OX. Estimates of insulin-independent Rd were 1.3 +/- 0.7, 4.1 +/- 1.3, and 1.9 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1 and insulin-independent CHO OX were 1.2 +/- 0.9, 10.4 +/- 1.3, and 0.6 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1 during rest, exercise, and recovery. Estimates during exercise were greater than those at rest (P less than 0.05). The total suppression of free fatty acids (FFA) and fat OX by insulin were elevated by exercise (P less than 0.05). In summary, exercise and insulin interact synergistically in stimulating Rd and CHO OX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantifying the Effects of Smartphone Adoption: Digital Device Substitution and Digital Consumption Expansion

Smartphones have revolutionized how individuals use consumer electronics and consume digital goods. I examine the extent to which smartphones have substituted other digital devices and expanded overall digital consumption. To do so, I use newly available Korean panel survey data on individuals' digital device ownership and detailed usage. During the 2010-2014 observation period, smartphone penetration in Korea grew from less than 10% to over 70%. I examine how device ownership and usage change within individuals who adopt smartphones relative to a time trend in the outcomes for individuals who do not adopt smartphones. The panel data is an important source of identification because it allows me to examine the same individuals before and after their smartphone adoption. I also use a propensity score estimator --- Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighted (IPTW) estimation --- to account for self-selection into smartphone adoption. I quantify how much of smartphone usage results from substitution---using a smartphone for activities previously done on other devices --- or expansion --- using a smartphone for digital activities that were previously inconvenient or difficult. I find that multi-functional smartphones have significantly reduced ownership and usage of other portable single-purpose devices. At the same time, the results show that the expansion effect is an important channel through which smartphones generate value because smartphones allow for an efficient use of time by enabling more digital consumption at times when digital consumption was difficult prior to smartphone adoption.
Surgery for Neuropathic Bladder Dysfunction

The goals of managing a patient with neurogenic bladder are constant: optimize emptying, minimize or eliminate urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections, and protect the upper urinary tracts from high filling pressures and low bladder compliance. Bladder augmentation may increase bladder capacity, reduce reflex contractility, and improve autonomic dysreflexia in patients with cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). For an augmentation to be successful, the patient must have the ability and motivation to perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Continent catheterizable reservoirs are created by detubularizing the small and large intestines, fashioning a catheterizable stoma, and constructing a continence mechanism by creating anti-leakage valves using bowel segments. Incontinent urinary diversions, such as the ileal loop, obviate the need for CIC. The type of surgical procedure should be individualized, taking into account the patient’s goals and wishes, their body habitus, ability to perform CIC, and surgeon’s experience. Additionally, long-term consequences such as urinary calculus formation, metabolic disturbances, and gastrointestinal sequelae should be weighed prior to undertaking a complex reconstruction.
A Users Guide to Holmium Laser Lithotripsy Settings in the Modern Era.

Endoscopic stone surgery has gone through rapid technological advances in the last decade with the development of next-generation holmium lasers. These systems allow the user to adjust multiple parameters that can optimize fragmentation efficiency during ureteroscopy (URS). Parameters include an increased range in pulse energy (PE), frequency (Fr), and manipulation of the pulse duration (PD). More recently, introduction of pulse modulation with the Moses TechnologyTM provides pulse modulation with energy delivered over two pulses. In light of these developments, it may be difficult for the urologist to understand how to best utilize laser settings in the modern era. We provide an overview of how PE, Fr, and PD affect three different aspects of laser lithotripsy performance: (A) Fragmentation, (B) Stone retropulsion, and (C) Laser fiber-tip degradation (Table 1). Table 1 Relationship between pulse energy, frequency, pulse duration, and pulse modulation on laser lithotripsy performance parameters.
Statistics and segmentation: Using Big Data to assess Cascades Arc compositional variability

Abstract Primitive and mafic lavas erupted in the Cascades arc of western North America demonstrate significant patterns of along-arc heterogeneity. Such compositional diversity may be the result of differences in mantle melting processes, subduction geometry, regional tectonics, or compositions of the slab, mantle, or overlying lithosphere. Previous authors have partitioned the arc into four geochemically distinct segments in order to assess the importance and relative roles of these processes (Schmidt et al., 2008). However, despite the significant amount of data available from the Cascades arc, no previous study has utilized a statistical approach on a comprehensive dataset to address arc segmentation and its petrogenetic causes. To better characterize the heterogeneity of the entire arc, we first compiled >235,000 isotopic, major, and trace element analyses (glass and whole rock) from over 12,000 samples, which range in composition from mafic to felsic, and include data from arc-front and back-arc centers. We focus on the 2236 mafic arc-front samples in our compilation in order to assess potential causes for along-arc differences in less differentiated magmas, and to potentially lessen any effect of crustal assimilation. To minimize inherent sampling bias – the effect where well-studied volcanoes heavily weight conclusions – we use a weighted bootstrap Monte Carlo approach in which the probability of a sample being selected to the posterior distribution was inversely proportional to the number of samples within its 0.25° latitude bin. This methodology produces a more uniform and unbiased distribution from which we can assess regional, rather than local, compositional variability in the Cascades arc. Using a multivariate statistical approach, we demonstrate that the four segments designated by Schmidt et al. (2008) are, in fact, statistically distinct. However, using a modified hierarchical clustering mechanism, we objectively divide the arc into six regions which have geochemical differences that are up to 6.3 times more statistically significant than in the previous scheme. Our new, more robust segmentation scheme includes the Garibaldi (49.75–51°N), Baker (48.5–49.75°N), Glacier Peak (47.75–48.5°N), Washington (45.75–47.75°N), Graben (44.25–45.75°N), and South (41.25–44.25°N) Segments. By partitioning the arc into the most statistically distinct segments and calculating unbiased mean compositions for each, we explore the petrogenetic causes for the regional-scale differences in primitive lava compositions. These bootstrapped mean data indicate significant inter-segment differences in fluid-flux signature, mantle fertility, and depth and degree of melting. We suggest that differences in subduction geometry, regional tectonics and mantle heterogeneity are the primary causes for these intra-arc differences.
rKIN: Kernel-based method for estimating isotopic niche size and overlap

The isotopic niche of consumers represents biologically relevant information on resource and habitat use. Several tools have been developed to quantify niche size and overlap. Nonetheless, methods adapted by spatial ecologists to quantify animal home ranges can be modified for use in stable isotope ecology when data are not normally distributed in bivariate space. We offer a tool that draws on existing spatial metrics, such as minimum convex polygon (MCP) and standard ellipse area (SEA), and add novel metrics using kernel utilization density (KUD) estimators to measure isotopic niche size and overlap. We present examples using empirical and simulated data to demonstrate the performance of the package kernel isotopic niches in r (rKIN) under various scenarios. Results of niche size from MCP, SEA and KUD were highly correlated but divergent among datasets. Overall, the KUD method produced the largest niche sizes and was more sensitive to the distribution of the isotopic data. Pairwise estimates of overlap were highly variable, likely because MCP and SEA inherently include or exclude unused areas in the resulting niche estimate. Four bandwidth methods (reference, normal scale, plug-in and biased cross-validation) produced comparable estimates of niche size and overlap at various sample sizes (10-40). Niche size and overlap were consistent across sample sizes >15. Use of rKIN will allow isotope ecologists to quantify niche shifts, expansions or contractions, as well as assess the performance of several estimation methods. The package also can be applied to other data types (e.g. principal component analysis, multi-dimensional scaling) so long as axes and measurement units are identical and can be converted to Cartesian coordinates.
The Importance of Offshore Exchange for Water Temperatures in Norwalk Harbor

The Norwalk Harbor is the estuarine portion of the Norwalk River, which connects to Long Island Sound. Like many embayments, this macrotidal harbor experiences higher summer water temperatures than waters farther offshore, which contribute to water quality problems. The summer season is characterized by surface heating, strong tides (as in all seasons), weak winds, and low river discharge. To determine the relative importance of exchange with offshore waters in regulating the harbor temperature, a control volume approach is used to make a summer temperature budget for the harbor based on observations. Time series of harbor temperature, surface heat flux, and Norwalk River inflow are constrained with measurements of water temperatures, atmospheric conditions, and river discharge. The impact of offshore exchange is inferred as the residual after the real temperature change in the harbor, and all other sources of temperature change are constrained. The analysis indicates that, in the summer, the impact of offshore exchange is comparable to the impact of the surface heat flux and far greater than the impact of the river. Consequently, the harbor is much cooler during summer than it would be if it was not connected to Long Island Sound. The methods applied here are applicable to any relatively small, semi-enclosed body of water and do not require the use of models or velocity observations. It is likely that many other embayments have an appreciable degree of thermal buffering via exchange with offshore waters.
Abstract WP16: The Safety and Outcomes of Endovascular Thrombectomy in Stroke Patients on Oral Anticoagulation: The Florida Stroke Registry

Background: Endovascular therapy (EVT ) is the only available reperfusion treatment in acute ischemic patients on prior oral anticoagulants (OACs). We evaluated the practice patterns, safety, and o...
Frequency and significance of delta antibody in acute and chronic hepatitis B

Abstract Of 560 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients who were tested for antibody to hepatitis δ-antigen by blocking radioimmunoassay, 29 (5%) were seropositive. Patients with chronic active hepatitis had a greater frequency of seropositivity than those with chronic persistent hepatitis (26% vs. 0%, p
How Do Older Adults Recruited Using MTurk Differ From Those in a National Probability Sample

A growing number of studies within the field of gerontology have included samples recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), an online crowdsourcing portal. While some research has examined how younger adult participants recruited through other means may differ from those recruited using MTurk, little work has addressed this question with older adults specifically. In the present study, we examined how older adults recruited via MTurk might differ from those recruited via a national probability sample, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), on a battery of outcomes related to health and cognition. Using a Latin-square design, we examined the relationship between recruitment time, remuneration amount, and measures of cognitive functioning. We found substantial differences between our MTurk sample and the participants within the HRS, most notably within measures of verbal fluency and analogical reasoning. Additionally, remuneration amount was related to differences in time to complete recruitment, particularly at the lowest remuneration level, where recruitment completion required between 138 and 485 additional hours. While the general consensus has been that MTurk samples are a reasonable proxy for the larger population, this work suggests that researchers should be wary of overgeneralizing research conducted with older adults recruited through this portal.
Open Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children.

Purpose Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures are the most common elbow fracture in children; however, they rarely occur as open injuries. Open fractures are associated with higher rates of infection, neurovascular injury, compartment syndrome, and nonunion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment and outcomes of open SCH fractures in children. Methods Between 2008 and 2015, four children (1%) had open injuries among 420 treated for SCH fractures at a single center. The mean patient age was six years (range, four to eight years). Two patients had Gustilo-Anderson grade 1 open fractures and two had grade 2 fractures. Tetanus immunization was up-to-date in all. First dose of intravenous antibiotics was given on average 3hr 7min after onset of injury (range, 1hr 38min to 8hr 15min). Time from injury to irrigation and debridement (I&D) and closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) was on average 8hr 16min (range, 4hr 19min to 13hr 15min). All patients received 24-hour intravenous antibiotics. Pins were removed at four weeks and bony union occurred by six weeks. Results After an average follow-up period of 12 months (range, 6 to 22 months), there were no infections, neurovascular deficits, compartment syndromes, cubitus varus deformities, or range of motion losses. All outcomes were excellent according to the Flynn criteria. Due to the unstable nature of open SCH fractures, a medial pin was used in all four cases. No loss of reduction or ulnar nerve injury occurred. Conclusion Open injuries occur in approximately 1% of all SCH fractures in children. The authors recommend urgent intravenous antibiotics, I&D, and CRPP involving a medial pin to treat open SCH fractures. Excellent outcomes based on the Flynn criteria were obtained in four cases.
Net Electronic Charge as an Effective Electronic Descriptor for Oxygen Release and Transport Properties of SrFeO3-Based Oxygen Sorbents

Perovskite oxides, as oxygen sorbents, exhibit excellent potential in thermochemical redox applications such as chemical looping air separation (CLAS), resulting from their excellent redox properti...
Do FR Purchases Reduce Crowd Out Effects, Controlling for Other Types of Loanable Funds?

This chapter is a technical chapter examining whether significant changes in the Wald and Sargan tested strong instrument used to substitute for endogenous explanatory variables matters. Findings indicate it does, and this can affect policy conclusions, hence standardized criteria for selecting acceptable (strong) instruments must be used.
Mechanistic evaluation of black cohosh extract-induced genotoxicity in human cells

Black cohosh extract (BCE) is marketed to women as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for alleviating menopausal symptoms. Previous studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) revealed that BCE induced micronuclei (MN) and a non-regenerative macrocytic anemia in rats and mice, likely caused by disruption of the folate metabolism pathway. Additional work using TK6 cells showed that BCE induced aneugenicity by destabilizing microtubules. In the present study, BCE-induced MN were confirmed in TK6 and HepG2 cells. We then evaluated BCE-induced DNA damage using the comet assay at multiple time points (0.5-h-24-h). Following a 0.5-h exposure, BCE induced significant, concentration-dependent increases in %tail DNA in TK6 cells only. Although DNA damage decreased in TK6 cells over time, likely due to repair, small but statistically significant levels of DNA damage were observed after 2-h and 4-h exposures to 250 µg/ml BCE. A G1/S arrest in TK6 cells exposed to 125 µg/ml BCE (24 h) was accompanied by apoptosis and increased expression of γH2A.X, p-Chk1, p-Chk2, p53, and p21. Conditioning TK6 cells to physiological levels of folic acid (120 nM) did not increase the sensitivity of cells to BCE-induced DNA damage. BCE did not alter global DNA methylation in TK6 and HepG2 cells cultured in standard medium. Our results suggest that BCE induces acute DNA strand breaks which are quickly repaired in TK6 cells, while DNA damage seen at 4-h and 24-h may reflect apoptosis. The present study supports that BCE is genotoxic mainly by inducing MN with an aneugenic mode-of-action.
The positive and negative roles of grant funding as mechanisms for societal transformation and the development of community resilience

Grant funding sought by academics for research or service activities can facilitate societal transformation and the development of community resilience. Grant funding, for the purpose of this paper...
The Dynamics of Agency and Context in Human Development: Holism Revisited

This paper will look at the evolving relational-developmental paradigm (Overton, 2015; Witherington and Boom, 2020) examining how individual and culture are brought together (or not) in metatheoretical discussions of human development. After a long period of the Cartesian split-mechanistic view of human development, we have increasingly witnessed a shift to more relational views. Moving beyond the separation of mind from body, organism from context, and linear accounts of human development based on additive models (all characteristic of the Cartesian split-mechanistic metatheory), the relational-developmental paradigm embraces three key factors: agency, process, and holism. It is this third area, the holistic view of the organism and environment, that is the central focus of this chapter. We will examine three approaches to individual and environment relations in discussions of holism in developmental science, with a focus on two questions. First, how does each account describe individual, culture, and their relationship to one another (the what); and second, how specifically does that interaction take place (the how)? After reviewing Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, developmental systems theory, and sociocultural approaches, a discussion will examine how historical changes in the notion of context in neighboring disciplines will help developmental scholars move forward in productive ways as scholars embrace more holistic views of human development.
Test Anxiety Inventory

As Seymour Sarason (1959), a major early contributor to theory and research on test anxiety, observed, “We live in a test-conscious, test-giving culture in which the lives of people are in part determined by their test performance” (p. 26). Consequently, it is not surprising that test anxiety is a pervasive problem for many students who are so disturbed by the stress associated with taking tests that they experience substantial decrements in performance in evaluative situations. During examinations, individuals high in test anxiety are more likely to experience frequent and intense elevations in anxiety as an emotional state (S-Anxiety), greater activation of the autonomic nervous system, and more self-centered worry and task-irrelevant thoughts that interfere with attention and performance. Given these characteristics, test anxiety can be viewed as a situation-specific personality trait (Spielberger, Gonzalez, Taylor, Algaze, & Anton, 1978). Keywords: stress; test anxiety; TAI; worry; emotionality
Structure of eukaryotic chromatin. Evaluation of periodicity using endogenous and exogenous nucleases.

Abstract DNA isolated from (a) liver chromatin digested in situ with endogenous Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ -dependent endonuclease, (b) prostate chromatin digested in situ with micrococcal nuclease or pancreatic DNAase I, and (c) isolated liver chromatin digested with micrococcal nuclease or pancreatic DNAase I has been analyzed electrophoretically on polyacrylamide gels. The electrophoretic patterns of DNA prepared from chromatin digested in situ with either endogenous endonuclease (liver nuclei) or micrococcal nuclease (prostate nuclei) are virtually identical. Each pattern consists of a series of discrete bands representing multiples of the smallest fragment of DNA 200 ± 20 base pairs in length. The smallest DNA fragment (monomer) accumulates during prolonged digestion of chromatin in situ until it accounts for nearly all of the DNA on the gel; approx. 20% of the DNA of chromatin is rendered acid soluble during this period. Digestion of liver chromatin in situ in the presence of micrococcal nuclease results initially in the reduction of the size of the monomer from 200 to 170 base pairs of DNA and subsequently results in its conversion to as many as eight smaller fragments. The electrophoretic pattern obtained with DNA prepared from micrococcal nuclease digests of isolated liver chromatin is similar, but not identical, to that obtained with liver chromatin in situ. These preparations are more heterogeneous and contain DNA fragments smaller than 200 base pairs in length. These results suggest that not all of the chromatin isolated from liver nuclei retains its native structure. In contrast to endogenous endonuclease and micrococcal nuclease digests of chromatin, pancreatic DNAase I digests of isolated chromatin and of chromatin in situ consist of an extremely heterogeneous population of DNA fragments which migrates as a continuum on gels. A similar electrophoretic pattern is obtained with purified DNA digested by micrococcal nuclease. The presence of spermine (0.15 mM) and spermidine (0.5 mM) in preparative and incubation buffers decreases the rate of digestion of chromatin by endogenous endonuclease in situ approx. 10-fold, without affecting the size of the resulting DNA fragments. The rates of production of the smallest DNA fragments, monomer, dimer, and trimer, are nearly identical when high molecular weight DNA is present in excess, indicating that all of the chromatin multimers are equally susceptible to endogenous endonuclease. These observations point out the effects of various experimental conditions on the digestion of chromatin by nucleases.
Agency cost and the crisis of China's SOEs: A comment and further observations

Abstract This paper compares and contrasts our earlier principal–agent analysis of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with that of Zhou and Wang [China Econ. Rev. 11 (2000) 297.]. We argue that the focal principal–agent relationship in these SOEs consists of the manager as the principal and the workers as the agents. In addition, the paper addresses the appropriate representation of the state as principal and the manager as agent when the two top levels of SOEs are the focus. The modeling of collusion in a multilevel organization is also discussed. Other aspects in representing these SOEs are presented.
Intervention fidelity: ensuring application to practice for youth and families.

Nursing intervention research involving youth and families has increased over the past decade, with greater emphasis on evidence-based practice for optimal clinical outcomes (Donelan-McCall, Eckenrode, & Olds, 2009; Leahey & Svavarsdottir, 2009; Purdy & Melwak, 2009). With the recent publication of the Institute of Medicine’s (2011) report on The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, key recommendations include expanding opportunities for nurses to lead and manage collaborative efforts with transdisciplinary healthcare teams to conduct research for improving practice environments and health systems. As more nurses design and implement intervention studies, whether feasibility trials for the development of novel approaches to care or randomized clinical trials to examine the comparative effectiveness of interventions, ensuring intervention fidelity is paramount. The majority of interventions developed by nurse scientists address behavioral change to promote health or prevent disease and related complications. Intervention fidelity refers to the methodological strategies used to monitor and enhance the reliability and validity of behavioral interventions (Bellg et al., 2004). Implementation fidelity or treatment fidelity are terms that are frequently used interchangeably with intervention fidelity. The origin of the term fidelity is the Latin word “fidēlis,” meaning to be faithful or loyal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity). Hence, the emphasis is on being true to the developed protocol. Intervention fidelity should not be confused with overall trial fidelity that encompasses not only intervention fidelity but also sample selection, design, reliability, and validity of study measures. The purpose of this paper is to describe the components of intervention fidelity, the complexity of measurement when conducting research with youth and families, and strategies for measuring intervention fidelity. An example of an intervention fidelity plan developed for a feasibility trial to promote personalized exercise in adolescents with diabetes or obesity is described.
Negotiating Masculinity, Class, and Health in a Rural Context

This qualitative study explores how men use health to negotiate privilege across social identities. In-depth interviews were employed to examine how men conceptualized masculinity and class identity within the context of their rural community, as well as the impact of this conceptualization on men’s perceptions of health and healthcare-seeking behavior. In unpacking the local understanding of masculinity and class identity it was found that respondents utilized “defense othering” to position their lifestyle choices in relation to others within the community. The categories of “reliefer” and “non-reliefer” were employed by respondents to discuss both masculinity and class identity. Men used these categories as a reference to delineate a hegemonic masculinity within the community, and to explain their health beliefs and practices.
A critical role for alpha-synuclein in development and function of T lymphocytes

Alpha-synuclein is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of α-synuclein in hematopoietic elements and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although its roles in hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity are not studied. Using an α-synuclein knock out (KO) mouse model, we have recently shown that α-synuclein deficiency is associated with a mild defect in late stages of hematopoiesis. More importantly, we demonstrated a marked defect in B lymphocyte development and IgG, but not IgM production in these mice. Here we show a marked defect in development of T lymphocytes in α-synuclein KO mice demonstrated by a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 double negative thymocytes and significant decreases in the number of CD4 single positive and CD8 single positive T cells. This resulted in markedly reduced peripheral T lymphocytes. Interestingly, splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that developed in α-synuclein KO mice had a hyperactivated state with higher expression of early activation markers and increased IL-2 production. Moreover, splenic CD4(+) T cells from α-synuclein KO mice produced lower levels of IL-4 upon antigenic stimulation suggesting a defective Th2 differentiation. Our data demonstrate an important role for α-synuclein in development of T lymphocytes and regulation of their phenotype and function.
Achieving efficient conjunctive keyword searches over encrypted data

We present two provably secure and efficient schemes for performing conjunctive keyword searches over symmetrically encrypted data. Our first scheme is based on Shamir Secret Sharing and provides the most efficient search technique in this context to date. Although the size of its trapdoors is linear in the number of documents being searched, we empirically show that this overhead remains reasonable in practice. Nonetheless, to address this limitation we provide an alternative based on bilinear pairings that yields constant size trapdoors. This latter construction is not only asymptotically more efficient than previous secure conjunctive keyword search schemes in the symmetric setting, but incurs significantly less storage overhead. Additionally, unlike most previous work, our constructions are proven secure in the standard model.
Zinc metabolism in lethal-milk mice Otolith, lactation, and aging effects

Lethal-milk (lm), a recessive mutation, occurred in the C57BL/6J inbred strain of mice. Lactating lm dams produce a zinc-deficient milk that is lethal to all nursing pups. If foster-nursed on normal dams, lm pups survive and become reproductively mature. Injection of zinc-glycinate into the pups or zinc supplementation of the water of the lactating dams reduces lethality. Other pleiotropic effects in lm mice include congenital otolith defects with delayed righting, "tail-spinning," and abnormal swimming. These effects are diagnostic criteria for segregation of lm mice among backcross progeny. About 40 percent of the expected number of lm pups survive to weaning. Zinc supplementation of the dam improves development of saccular but not of utricular otoliths; zinc does not improve survival of the lm pups among backcross progenies. The lm mice over eight months of age also exhibit extensive hair loss, dermatitis, and skin lesions. Possible roles of metallothionein in zinc and copper metabolism are discussed in regard to the pleiotropic effects of the lethal-milk mutation.
Eliciting informative feedback in peer review: importance of problem-specific scaffolding

In a controlled experiment using Comrade, a computer-supported peer review system, student reviewers offered feedback to student authors on their written analyses of a problem scenario. In each condition, reviewers received a different type of rating prompt: domain-related writing composition prompts or problem/issue specific prompts. We found that the reviewers were sensitive to the type of rating prompts they saw and that their ratings of authors' work were less discriminating with respect to writing composition than to problem-specific issues. In other words, when students gave each other feedback regarding domain-relevant writing criteria, their ratings correlated to a much greater extent, suggesting that such ratings are redundant.
A note on G. R. Dolby's unreplicated ultrastructural model

It is demonstrated that maximum likelihood estimators exist for the intercept, slope and unknown error variance in Dolby's (1976) unreplicated ultrastructural model with known error variance ratio even when the ratio of the variability of the measured variables to the variability of the measurement errors is unknown. This corrects an assertion in Dolby's paper. Patefield's (1978) adjusted maximum likelihood estimators for this model are shown to be strongly consistent and jointly asymptotically normal, and also best in Fisher's sensewithin a broad class of asymptotically normal estimators. Finally, it is noted that Patefield's adjusted estimators are asymptotically equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimators in a certain related structural model.
Multipulse double-quantum magnetometry with near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers.

We discuss multipulse magnetometry that exploits all three magnetic sublevels of the $S=1$ nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to achieve enhanced magnetic field sensitivity. Based on dual frequency microwave pulsing, the scheme is twice as sensitive to ac magnetic fields as conventional two-level magnetometry. We derive the spin evolution operator for dual frequency microwave excitation and show its effectiveness for double-quantum state swaps. Using multipulse sequences of up to 128 pulses under optimized conditions, we show enhancement of the SNR by up to a factor of 2 in detecting NMR statistical signals, with a $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ enhancement theoretically possible.
Regulation of insect behavior via the insulin-signaling pathway

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is well established as a critical regulator of growth and metabolic homeostasis across the animal kingdom. Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), the functional analogs of mammalian insulin, were initially discovered in the silkmoth Bombyx mori and subsequently identified in many other insect species. Initial research focused on the role of insulin signaling in metabolism, cell proliferation, development, reproduction and aging. More recently however, increasing attention has been given to the role of insulin in the regulation of neuronal function and behavior. Here we review the role of insulin signaling in two specific insect behaviors: feeding and locomotion.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysmectomy in Long-Term Cardiac Transplant Survivors

• Two thirds of the 114 patients undergoing heart transplantation at Stanford (Calif) Medical Center have had atherosclerotic cardiac disease. Two of these patients have been found in the late posttransplant period to have symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms requiring resection. We present the clinical course and successful operative treatment of these two patients, with emphasis on the prophylaxis of infection and maintenance of hemodynamic, metabolic, and immune stability. Close surveillance of the long-term cardiac transplant survivor should be directed towards other manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. ( Arch Surg 112:1057-1059, 1977)
Context availability and lexical decisions for abstract and concrete words

Abstract Three experiments were performed to examine contrsting predictions of a dualrepresentation and context availability hypothesis for concreteness effects in lexical decision. In Experiment 1, equivalent lexical decision times were obtained for concrete and abstract words controlled for rated context availability, whereas longer lexical decision times were obtained for abstract words than for concrete words when the abstract words were rated lower in context availability. In a second lexical decision experiment using 365 words, rated context availability was a better predictor of lexical decision time than imagery and concreteness, familiarity, or age-of-acquisition ratings. The third experiment was a sentence context-lexical decision study in which benefits of context were examined for abstract and concrete words controlled on rated context availability and for abstract and concrete words where the abstract words were rated lower in context availability. Larger benefits of context were obtained for abstract words than for concrete words only when the abstract words were also rated low in context availability. These results are discussed as providing support for the context availability hypothesis of concreteness effects during lexical decision.
Hadron to quark-gluon phase transition in the baryonrich domain

Abstract The hadron to quark-gluon phase transition is studied in charge symmetric matter. Nuclear field theory describes the hadronic phase, including baryon resonances and thermal pions and kaons. The pion dispersion in medium is computed. The other phase is described as a gas of massless u and d quarks and gluons, and massive s-quarks, with or without gluon exchange. The Rankine-Hugoniot relation is employed to estimate the initial properties of matter produced in nuclear collisions as a function of energy. It is found that signals depending on pressure or entropy seem not so promising because the difference between the behavior of these in the hadron and mixed phases is not very different. In contrast the most dramatic differences between the hadronic phase and mixed phase occur in the temperature and density. Di-lepton and photon signals ought therefore to be good ones. It is shown that the analogy of “melting” of hadrons in the plasma is incorrect as concerns formation of a plasma in nuclear collisions in contrast to the adiabatic heating of matter. Neither the phase diagram nor the properties of matter on the shock trajectory depend very much on the nuclear equation of state within the uncertainties with which it can be defined in terms of conventional nuclear saturation properties, because the thermal energy dominates over these. The main dependences are on the hadron spectrum, the pion dispersion in medium, the bag constant and the QCD coupling constant. Within accepted uncertainties in the nuclear and plasma equations of state, the mixed phase could be formed in collisions with laboratory kinetic energy as low as 2.5 GeV.
Multiple classes of calcium channels in mouse pituitary tumor cells

Abstract Synthetic cortocotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a potent adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretagogue in the mouse pituitary tumor cell strain AtT20/D16v (D16). In the absence of added calcium in the incubation medium a dose of 5 nM CRF stimulates ACTH secretion 2-fold over control values while at medium calcium concentrations greater than 1 mM the same dose of CRF elicits 3-fold stimulation. In the presence of EGTA or of the calcium antagonists verapamil, cobalt, or lanthanum the CRF effect is abolished. Depolarizing concentrations of extracellular K + lead to a rapid increase in cell-associated calcium, a response which is inhibited by the dihydropyridine calcium,antagonist nimodipine. Although treatment with CRF does not alter the concentration of cell-associated calcium in D16 cells, ACTH secretion stimulated by both CRF and elevated medium K + are inhibited by nimodipine in a dose-related manner. The results indicate that D16 cells possess both voltage-sensitive and CRF-activated calcium channels.
Abdominal adiposity values associated with established body mass indexes in white, black and hispanic Americans. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

PURPOSE: To determine whether white, black and hispanic young (17–39 y) and middle-aged (40–59 y) adults, and elderly (60–90 y) Americans have the same values of abdominal adiposity (estimated from waist circumference (WC) at the established levels of overweight (body mass index, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2). METHODS: Data (n=16,120) from the US Third National Health and Nutrition Survey were utilized. Age-adjusted linear regression analyses were used to estimate gender- and ethnic-specific WC values corresponding to overweight and obesity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also employed to determine the choices of WC values corresponding to the established BMI cut-off points. With ROC, gender- and ethnic-specific cut-off points producing the best combination of sensitivity and specificity were selected as optimal thresholds for WC values corresponding to the established BMI cut-off points. RESULTS: WC values associated with the established BMI were lower in blacks and hispanics compared with whites. In men, the WC values that corresponded to overweight ranged from 89 to 106 cm, from 84 to 95 cm, and from 87 to 97 cm in whites, blacks and hispanics, respectively. The corresponding values for obesity ranged from 99 to 110 cm, from 96 to 107 cm, and from 97 to 108 cm. The WC values that corresponded to overweight in women ranged from 82 to 91 cm, from 81 in to 90 cm, and from 83 to 92 cm in whites, blacks and hispanics, respectively. The analogous values for obesity ranged from 94 to 101 cm, from 93 to 100 cm, and from 94 to 101 cm. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of higher WC values in blacks (particularly women) and hispanics at the same levels of BMI for whites challenges previously held assumptions regarding the role of abdominal adiposity in cardiovascular disease experienced by non-whites. Defining the anthropometric variables that satisfactorily describe reasons for ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease is one of the challenges for future research.
Kinetics of PAPS translocase: evidence for an antiport mechanism.

In order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) from the cytosol where it is synthesized to the Golgi lumen where it serves as the universal sulfate donor for sulfate ester formation in higher organisms, we have undertaken a kinetic characterization of the PAPS translocase from rat liver Golgi. Analyzing the PAS translocase activity in both intact Golgi vesicles and in a reconstituted liposome system, we have determined a number of physical and kinetic parameters. Strong competitive inhibition in zero-trans uptake experiments only with beta-methylene PAPS and adenosine 3',5'-biphosphate (PAP) suggest the transporter is highly specific for the 3'-phosphate. The demonstration of trans acceleration as observed by stimulation of transport activity under exchange conditions suggests that the translocase is a carrier with distinct binding sites accessible from both faces of the membrane. The behavior of the PAPS translocase in the presence of equilibrium concentrations of PAP supports the function of an antiport mechanism. Thus the translocase is characterized by its kinetic properties as a specific transporter of PAPS which acts through an antiport mechanism with PAP as the returning ligand. This characterization of the transport activity has proved instrumental in the identification of an approximate 230 kDa Golgi membrane protein as the PAPS translocase protein [Ozeran, J.D., Westley, J., & Schwartz, N.B. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 3695-3703 (accompanying paper)].