cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Regularization Parameter for Nonsmooth Tikhonov Regularization

In this paper we develop a novel rule for choosing regularization parameters in nonsmooth Tikhonov functionals. It is solely based on the value function and applicable to a broad range of nonsmooth models, and it extends one known criterion. A posteriori error estimates of the approximations are derived. An efficient numerical algorithm for computing the minimizer is developed, and its convergence properties are discussed. Numerical results for several common nonsmooth models are presented, including deblurring natural images. The numerical results indicate the rule can yield results comparable with those achieved with the discrepancy principle and the optimal choice, and the algorithm merits a fast and steady convergence.
Modeling ceramic sub-micron particle formation from the vapor using detailed chemical kinetics: comparison with in situ laser diagnostics.

Abstract In this paper we review the in-situ measurements and modeling of an aerosol flame reactor producing submicron silica aerosols as a generic ceramic. Silica powders are produced in a hydrogen-oxygen counter flow diffusion flame reactor and interrogated with light scattering methods for determination of the time-temperature history of particle growth. In addition laser-induced fluorescence and multi-photon ionization have been shown to be applicable as diagnostics in a heavily particle laden flow. These diagnostics have been used to measure the OH radical and silicon atoms. These experimental results have been used in conjunction with detailed chemical kinetics and aerosol dynamic models for particle growth. The results show the effects of multi-component nucleation can alter the chemical purity of the resulting solid.
Hydrogen Adsorption on the Indium-Rich Indium Phosphide (001) Surface: A Novel Way to Produce Bridging In−H−In Bonds

The indium phosphide (001) surface provides a unique chemical environment for studying the reactivity of hydrogen toward the electron-deficient group IIIA element, indium. Hydrogen adsorption on the In-rich δ(2 × 4) reconstruction produced a neutral, covalently bound bridging indium hydride. Using vibrational spectroscopy and ab initio cluster calculations, two types of bridging hydrides were identified, a (μ-H)In2 and a (μ-H)2In3 “butterfly-like” structure. These structures were formed owing to the large thermodynamic driving force for adsorption of H atoms on solid-state indium dimers.
Electronic Properties and Desolvation Penalties of Metal Ions Plus Protein Electrostatics Dictate the Metal Binding Affinity and Selectivity in the Copper Efflux Regulator

National Natural Science Foundation of China [10774126, 20923004]; Ministry of Science and Technology [2007CB815206]; National Science Foundation [CHE-0957285]
Fatty Acid Oxidation by Skeletal Muscle Homogenates From Morbidly Obese Black and White American Women

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in the capacity of skeletal muscle from morbidly obese Black and White American women to oxidize fatty acids. The oxidation rates of (14)C-palmitate, (14)C-palmitoyl-CoA, and (14)C-palmitoyl-carnitine were measured in whole homogenates of rectus abdominus from Black and White women who were similar in age and body mass index (BMI). The activities of muscle citrate synthase (CS), beta-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), and mitochondrial and microsomal acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) were measured in the 2 groups. The results showed that the rate of (14)C-palmitate oxidation by muscle of Black women was 25% that of Whites (8.7 +/- 1.5 v 34.4 +/- 6.8 nmol (14)CO(2) produced/gram tissue wet weight/ hour; P <.05), but the rates of (14)C-palmitoyl-CoA and (14)C-palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation were not different in the 2 groups. No differences were found in the activities of CS or beta-HAD. However, the activities of both mitochondrial and microsomal ACS were lower in the Black women than the Whites (mitochondrial ACS 25.1 +/- 3.9 v 36.4 +/- 5.0 nmol/mg protein/min; P <.05; microsomal ACS 6.2 +/- 0.5 v 8.5 +/- 0.5; nmol/mg protein/min; P <.005). The lower rate of palmitate oxidation, and the lack of differences in the rates of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation indicate that there is a defect in the activation of the fatty acid in the muscle of the Black women. This was confirmed by the decrease in mitochondrial ACS activity in the Black women. The decreased fatty acid oxidation by skeletal muscle of obese Black women could result in shunting these fuels from muscle to adipose tissue for storage, which may contribute to the maintenance of obesity in the Black women.
Comparison of Focus Groups on Cancer and Employment Conducted Face to Face or by Telephone

Findings from telephone focus groups have not been compared previously to findings from face-to-face focus groups. We conducted four telephone focus groups and five face-to-face focus groups in which a single moderator used the same open-ended questions and discussion facilitation techniques. This comparison was part of a larger study to gain a better understanding of employment experiences after diagnosis of gynecologic cancer. Offering the telephone option made it easier to recruit women from rural areas and geographically distant cities. Interaction between participants occurred in both types of focus group. Content analysis revealed that similar elements of the employment experience after cancer diagnosis were described by telephone and face-to-face participants. Participants disclosed certain emotionally sensitive experiences only in the telephone focus groups. Telephone focus groups provide useful data and can reduce logistical barriers to research participation. Visual anonymity might help some participants feel more comfortable discussing certain personal issues.
Differential symptomatic and electrogastrographic effects of distal and proximal human gastric distension

Nausea and gastric dysrhythmias occur in conditions associated with gastric distension. The roles of distal and proximal gastric mechanoreceptors in these responses are unexplored. Because antral d...
Estimating the distribution of times from HIV seroconversion to aids using multiple imputation

Multiple imputation is a model based technique for handling missing data problems. In this application we use the technique to estimate the distribution of times from HIV seroconversion to AIDS diagnosis with data from a cohort study of 4954 homosexual men with 4 years of follow-up. In this example the missing data are the dates of diagnosis with AIDS. The imputation procedure is performed in two stages. In the first stage, we estimate the residual AIDS-free time distribution as a function of covariates measured on the study participants with data provided by the participants who were seropositive at study entry. Specifically, we assume the residual AIDS-free times follow a log-normal regression model that depends on the covariates measured at enrolment on the seropositive participants. In the second stage we impute the date of AIDS diagnosis for the participants who seroconverted during the course of the study and are AIDS-free with use of the log-normal distribution estimated in the first stage and the covariates from each seroconverter's latest visit. The estimated proportions developing AIDS within 4 and within 7 years of seroconversion are 15 and 36 per cent respectively, with associated 95 per cent confidence intervals of (10, 21) and (26, 47) per cent. We discuss the Bayesian foundations of the multiple imputation technique and the statistical and scientific assumptions.
The Carnegie Protein Trap Library: A Versatile Tool for Drosophila Developmental Studies

Metazoan physiology depends on intricate patterns of gene expression that remain poorly known. Using transposon mutagenesis in Drosophila, we constructed a library of 7404 protein trap and enhancer trap lines, the Carnegie collection, to facilitate gene expression mapping at single-cell resolution. By sequencing the genomic insertion sites, determining splicing patterns downstream of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) exon, and analyzing expression patterns in the ovary and salivary gland, we found that 600–900 different genes are trapped in our collection. A core set of 244 lines trapped different identifiable protein isoforms, while insertions likely to act as GFP-enhancer traps were found in 256 additional genes. At least 8 novel genes were also identified. Our results demonstrate that the Carnegie collection will be useful as a discovery tool in diverse areas of cell and developmental biology and suggest new strategies for greatly increasing the coverage of the Drosophila proteome with protein trap insertions.
ComPaSS: efficient communication services for scalable architectures

The authors describe the initial implementation of the ComPaSS communication library to support scalable software development in massively parallel processors. ComPaSS provides high-level global communication operations for both data manipulation and process control, many of which are based on a small set of low-level communication primitives. The ComPaSS library is unique in that these low-level operations are provably optimal for a class of architectures representative of many commercial scalable systems-in particular, those using wormhole routing and n-dimensional mesh network topologies. The authors concentrate on the multicast component of the ComPaSS library, which is useful in several data parallel operations. The design of the multicast primitive is described, and an example of its use in a data parallel application is given. Improvements in performance resulting from use of the library on a 64-node nCUBE-2 are presented. >
Genomic signals of diversification along ecological gradients in a tropical lizard

Studies of rainforest diversification that simultaneously consider the effects of genetic drift and natural selection are rare. We use Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism genome scans of the African rainforest lizard Trachylepis affinis from Cameroon to examine the spatial patterns and environmental associations of both neutrally evolving loci and those thought to be under selection. Bayesian selection scans revealed that approximately 7% of the genome may be under divergent selection. Using non-linear environmental modelling techniques, we fit patterns of genetic differentiation recovered from the pooled neutral data and from individual loci showing a signature of natural selection. Neutral differentiation occurred along a cline from coastal lowland rainforest inland toward the gallery forests-savanna mosaic (ecotone), and was associated with both geographic distance and changing precipitation patterns. Loci under selection were differentiated predominantly along the forest-ecotone gradient-in concordance with morphological divergence in traits related to fitness. A second set of these loci was differentiated between lowland and montane habitats. A third set of loci was indicative of divergent selection between rainforest refugia. Niche models and demographic signals in mitochondrial sequence data support a population expansion out of a core rainforest area into savanna since the last glacial maximum. Our findings indicate adaptive diversification in T. affinis may be taking place along the forest-ecotone gradient during range expansions or contractions, and that refugial isolation augmented by divergent adaptation to different rainforest environments appears to play a less significant role.
Uncovering the Global Life Cycles of the Rare Earth Elements

The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging, critical technologies. Knowledge of the life cycles of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in their future availability. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supplies vulnerable to short and long-term disruption. To provide an improved perspective we derived the first quantitative life cycles (for the year 2007) for ten REE: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), and yttrium (Y). Of these REE, Ce and Nd in-use stocks are highest; the in-use stocks of most REE show significant accumulation in modern society. Industrial scrap recycling occurs only from magnet manufacture. We believe there is no post-customer recycling of any of these elements.
Mathematical modeling of watershed hydrology.

Mathematical modeling of watershed hydrology is employed to address a wide spectrum of environmental and water re- sources problems. A historical perspective of hydrologic modeling is provided, and new developments and challenges in watershed models are discussed. These include data acquisition by remote sensing and space technology, digital terrain and elevation models, chemical tracers, geographic information and data management systems, topographic representation, upscaling of hydrologic conservation equa- tions, spatial variability of hydraulic roughness, infiltration and precipitation, spatial and temporal scaling, model calibration, and linking with water quality models. Model construction, calibration, and data processing have received a great deal of attention, while model validation, error propagation, and analyses of uncertainty, risk, and reliability have not been treated as thoroughly. Finally, some remarks are made regarding the future outlook for watershed hydrology modeling.
Alterations in growth requirements of kidney epithelial cells in defined medium associated with malignant transformation

The possibility has been investigated that 1) the supplements required for the growth of the Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line in serum-free Medium K-1 are indeed requirements for the growth of normal kidney cells in vitro, and 2) that alterations in these growth requirements are associated with malignant transformation. Consistent with the hypothesis that MDCK cells resemble normal kidney cells in culture, primary cultures of baby mouse kidney epithelial cells grow in Medium K-1 and respond to the 5 components in the medium. The growth properties of Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-transformed MDCK cells in defined media have been examined. Unlike MDCK cells, MSV-transformed MDCK cells form tumors in adult nude mice. Although they still respond to the 5 factors in Medium K1, the optimal dosage for insulin is lower for the MSV transformants than for MDCK cells. The MSV transformants also have an additional requirement for growth in Medium K-1-fibronectin. Variants of MDCK cells have been isolated that have lost the PGE1 requirement for growth in defined medium. These variant cells have acquired 1) the ability to form tumors in adult nude mice and 2) an alteration affecting cAMP metabolism, in addition to PGE1 independence.
System Architecture and Knowledge Representation

In Chapter 2 we considered adaptation as a general solution to the problem of natural language interface design. The model we presented was adequate to pinpoint certain implicit assumptions in our approach and to generate a number of testable hypotheses. At the same time, however, the model left many important components underspecified and many practical issues unresolved. In Section 3.2, for example, we noted that without a specific generalization method, multiple ways of integrating a derived form into the grammar were possible. As a result, the hidden operator simply chose an appropriate representation for the derived form without considering the limitations a particular generalization method would create. Similarly, the algorithm for categorizing an utterance (also presented in Section 3.2) required only that some minimally deviant correspondence between input and grammatical form be found; the algorithm did not take into account the computational complexity of finding it.
Herpes simplex esophagitis after trigeminal nerve surgery

While being followed for reactivation of latent herpes virus infection after surgery for tic douloureux, a patient developed herpetic esophagitis. The patient was not an immunocompromised host in the usual sense of the term. Two possible interrelated, predisposing conditions were identified: (1) oropharyngeal shedding of herpes simplex virus, which frequently follows surgery on the trigeminal nerve, in association with (2) esophageal intubation and presumed mucosal trauma. Symptoms began within 24 hr after virus excretion in the mouth was documented. Esophageal lesions were present and herpes simplex virus was recovered from the biopsy 6 days after symptoms developed. Herpetic esophagitis should be considered when patients developed odynophagia after esophageal instrumentation in association with possible reactivation of latent herpes infection.
Valuing Preferences for Environmental Sustainability in Fruit Production by United Kingdom and Japanese Consumers

Reduction of carbon intensity of high volume grocery products is potentially a major contributor in meeting climate targets. In a choice experiment concerning fruit purchase decisions in the United Kingdom and Japan, this study estimates consumer willingness to pay for sustainability attributes of production alongside vitamin content, including water use efficiency, waste and packaging, and carbon emissions. Results indicate that sustainability attributes significantly influence consumers’ fruit purchase decisions. Preferences are found to be very similar between countries, with reduction of carbon emissions the most valued sustainability attribute by both UK and Japanese consumers and increased vitamin content the least. This study’s findings provide implications for carbon emission labeling development in the context of international food supply chains, and primary sector strategy encouraging initiatives to improve environmental performance domestically.
An Integrated Switching DC–DC Converter With Dual-Mode Pulse-Train/PWM Control

This brief presents an integrated switching converter with a dual-mode control scheme. A pulse-train (PT) control employing a combination of four pulse control patterns is proposed to achieve optimal regulation performance under various operation scenarios. Meanwhile, a high-frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control is adopted to ensure low output ripples and avoid digital limit cycling in steady state. The converter was fabricated with a 0.35- mum digital CMOS n-well process. The entire die area, including the on-chip pads and power devices, is 1.31 mm2 . Experimental results show that, in the steady state, the output voltage is well regulated at 1.5 V with plusmn12.5-mV ripples in the PWM mode. The measured maximum efficiency is 91%, and the efficiency stays above 70% within the entire 500-mW power range. In transient measurements, with a 100% load step change from 50 to 100 mA, the output voltage of the converter settles within 345 ns due to the fast response of the PT control, with a maximum voltage variation of 164 mV. The converter functions well when the input supply voltage frequently varies between 2.2 and 3.3 V, with a line regulation of 29.1 mV/V.
A Letter of Avidius Cassius

To major suggestions have been advanced about the text of SB 10295. First, that the letter is not complete; the text now extant constitutes the end of a letter written in a single column containing not more than two or three lines above the present remains. Second, that the addressee, Apolinarios, is identical with the addressee of P. Oxy. 933, who was a bouleutes of Antinoopolis and a and that the title should be restored in SB 10295. Possibly he is also identical with a known president of the boule of Antinoopolis in the later second century. It has been suggested that Apolinarios went on an embassy to Alexandria in the spring of an unspecified year in connection with the accession of a new emperor. As a corollary to these hypotheses, it has been argued that the emperor concerned is in fact Avidius Cassius. Nothing in the text precludes this, and three references support it very strongly: namely, the distinction between ‘election’ and ‘accession to the close ties with Alexandria and the fact that Avidius Cassius' father was a prefect of Egypt, and finally the date. Objections which have been raised against previous theories do not hold for this one, and there is no reason (palaeographical or other) why SB 10295 should not date to A.D. 175.
Impacts of climate change on agricultural water management: a review

This study provides an overview on the impacts of climate change on agricultural water management, including agricultural water requirement, water availability and water quality, and the transition of those impacts to crop yield, agricultural land suitability and livestock production systems, considering both long-term trends of climate and extreme climatic events. A synthesis of findings from local, regional, and global studies guides this article's discussion of scientifically based information, implications for managing the risk of water scarcity and food insecurity, and future research. Negative and positive climate change impacts occurring at the local scale may counteract each other at the global scale (e.g., those on irrigation requirement and arable land availability); the impacts from the various factors can be counter-balanced too (e.g., CO2 and water deficit impact on crop yield). Meanwhile, the shocks at the local and regional levels have been or will be caused by water quantity and quality problems and are pressing concerns for decision making. Although uncertainty in climate change predictions remains a critical issue for decision making, certain knowledge about the impact on crop production has been obtained from historical data. Finally, future research needs to focus on gaining a more detailed understanding of climate change (especially extreme events), climate change impacts, both natural and social response mechanisms, and adaptation measures of agricultural water management. More focus should be laid on improving impact assessment via the various methods such as retrospective analysis, monitoring, prediction, and strategic risk management. Moreover, planned adaptations in agricultural water management will be needed to facilitate more consistent and more effective responses to climate change, with consideration of the linkage with nonagricultural water uses. WIREs Water 2015, 2:439–455. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1089 This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
(5S,6R)‐4,5‐Di­methyl‐6‐phenyl‐3‐tri­methyl­acetyl‐2H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazinan‐2‐one

The crystal structure of the title compound, C16H22N2O3, was undertaken in the course of a study on an acyl­ated pseudoephedrine-derived 1,3,4-oxadiazinan-2-one. The conformation adopted by this heterocycle is a contorted half-chair, in which the imide carbonyls are arranged with the carbonyl groups oriented approximately syn to each other. The torsion angle between the imide carbonyl groups is 37.6 (2)°.
Presence of a dialysable fraction in normal bovine whey capable of killing several species of bovine mycoplasmas.

Abstract Most normal bovine whey samples contain a fraction that survives heating at 56 degrees C. for 30 min., passes through a dialysis membrane and kills a maximum of seven out of ten of the different bovine mycoplasma species tested. Some whey samples appear more active than other but not all affect the same strains of mycoplasma indicating some specificity in their action. Absorption of the active factor from whey by heterologous and homologous mycoplasmas and by erythrocytes was observed. Binding of the factor to mycoplasmas appears to be temperature-dependent and non-specific, but subsequent mycoplasmacidal action shows some specificity.
Evaluation of an adaptive comb filtering method for enhancing speech degraded by white noise addition

An intelligibility test was performed to evaluate an adaptive comb filtering method proposed by Frazier [2] for enhancement of degraded speech due to additive white noise. Results indicate that independent of S/N ratio the adaptive comb filtering scheme does not increase speech intelligibility.
Exploitation of higher-order cyclostationarity for weak-signal detection and time-delay estimation

The cumulant theory of cyclostationary time-series is applied to several types of problems that arise in the area of signal interception and to the problem of estimating the relative time-delay of a heavily corrupted signal received at two locations. The theory characterizes the additive sine waves present in the output of nonlinear transformations of such time-series. The detection and time-delay estimation problems posed are difficult to solve because the signal is weak, the noise and interference are nonstationary and non-Gaussian, and the signal does not exhibit second-order cyclostationarity. >
Laser induced fluorescence in a high power argon helicon plasma

A flowing argon helicon plasma is formed in a 10 cm diameter, 1.5 m long Pyrex chamber with an axial magnetic field in nozzle or flat configuration, variable up to 1 kG in the source region. Experimental upgrades including a new expansion chamber have been implemented and initial laser induced fluorescence (LIF) results including ion velocities and temperatures are presented. RF pulsing including frequency variation during the pulse (between 12 MHz and 15 MHz) is used to improve matching. Diagnostics including microwave interferometry, collisional radiative spectroscopic codes and diamagnetic loops are used to measure electron density and temperature. Electron temperature scaling with RF power is investigated at higher RF powers. The ion distribution function is examined and the effect of magnetic field expansion variation and system pressures as well as the axial variation of acceleration due to neutral depletion. Possible double layer creation and sustainment in the downstream (relative to the RF antenna) transition to the expansion chamber is also examined at low flow rates and high RF powers.
Will Linux be computer games' dark horse OS?

Although Linux-based PC games have enjoyed only modest sales, one console giant is betting heavily on the open source OS. Although Linux is not ready to be a consumer-level OS, it remains a threat to Microsoft because of its flexibility. The support that companies like IBM, HP, and Red Hat throw at it doesn't hurt either. All three now use Linux in vertical markets and for back-end systems such as databases and Web servers. For example, IBM recently released Websphere for Linux, which facilitates Web and e-commerce services.
Shadowed by War: Building Community Capacity to Support Military Families

The context of military service has changed greatly since the events of 9/11. The forward deployment of service members to active war zones, which involves the issues of separation, time away from home, and eventual reunion, increases the vulnerability of their families to multiple, negative short-term and long-term effects. This article explores these issues and suggests a new approach to building support systems to support these military families. To this end, a capacity-building framework is introduced, and 4 diverse and innovative social action programs consistent with this approach are highlighted. Implications for implementing the community capacity-building model are presented.
The Early Stages of Silicide Formation on Metal and Silicon Surfaces, Time-of-Flight Atom-Probe Studies of Atomic Structures and Compositions

The early stages of silicide formation on metal and silicon surfaces have been studied in the atom-probe FIM. Pre-cursors to silicide formation are low temperature diffusion of single Si atoms, their interactions, and adsorption layer superstructure formation. These phenomena have been studied quantitatively. At high temperatures, silicide films can be formed. Four distinctive stages of silicide formation on tungsten surfaces have been observed from the atomically resolved FIM images. Formation of silicide layers on platinum, nickel, and silicon surfaces have also been studied. From both the atom-probe compositional depth profiling and the FIM observation one can conclude that the interface formed at low temperature is sharp. At high temperature, Si atoms can diffuse deep into a Pt matrix and Ni atoms into a Si matrix. Conclusions drawn from these atom-probe studies are summarized, and future directions suggested.
Examining the Use of Video Study Groups for Developing Literacy Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Critical Elements of Strategy Instruction With Elementary Teachers

This collective case study explored what nine elementary teachers' video study group discussions revealed about their understanding of pedagogical content knowledge for an explicit reading strategy instruction framework, Critical Elements of Strategy Instruction (CESI). Qualitative methods were used to inductively and deductively analyze transcripts of the video study groups' discussions and artifacts. Findings indicated that engaging in video study groups afforded teachers opportunities to investigate their pedagogical content knowledge of CESI. Through their discussions the teachers explicitly articulated and questioned their tacit knowledge. In addition, while conversing, teachers provided reasons for their pedagogical moves based on students' needs. These finding are important because limited research is centered on elementary literacy teachers' development of pedagogical content knowledge for explicit strategy instruction using video analysis.
Review of Fundamentals of Micromechanics of Solids by J. Qu and M. Cherkaoui

This book is an outgrowth of lectures given in the courses on micromechanics taught by the authors in their respective institutions. The book integrates the various topics of micromechanics and is primarily targeted for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students. In this book, the classical homogenization theories for the micromechanical deformation and material response of heterogeneous solids are developed using a fundamental mathematical approach. Initial development focuses on classical continuum mechanics as applied toward development of field equations for the micromechanics of solids. These first principles are used to rederive exact classical Eshelby solutions for simple microstructures consisting of a single elastic heterogeneity in an elastic matrix. Extension of the field equations to random media, consisting of a representative sample of heterogeneities, is developed, and classical approximate methods used to derive elastic material properties from these field equations, for random media, are discussed. Applications of these developments toward laminated composites and brittle damage in ceramic materials are taken up, and a brief discussion of exact and approximate methods for nonlinear constituents is also presented. Finally, fundamental ideas of material modeling of metallic crystals undergoing phase transformations are discussed. The development of the book is geared toward a fundamental understanding of the various classical methods used to analyze material response at the mesoscale, with an introduction to meth-
Clinical pearls regarding Prinzmetal's angina complicated by cardiac arrest – management during therapeutic hypothermia

[1] Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Hannam S, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy — the current state of knowledge. Int J Cardiol 2010;142:120–5. [2] Mair J, Friedl W, Thomas S, Puschendorf B. Natriuretic peptides in assessment of left-ventricular dysfunction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59(Suppl 230):132–42. [3] Akashi YJ, Musha H, Nakzawa K, Miyake F. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. QJM 2004;97:599–607. [4] Danne O, Mockel M. Choline in acute coronary syndrome: an emerging biomarker with implications for the integrated assessment of plaque vulnerability. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010;10:159–71. [5] Keller T, Tzikas S, Zeller T, et al. Copeptin improves early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2096–106. [6] Khan SQ, Ng K, Dhillon O, Kelly D, et al. Growth differentiation factor-5 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1057–65. [7] Wollert KC, Kempf T, Peter T, et al. Prognostic valueof growth-differentiationfactoor-15 in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 2007;115:962–71. [8] Onoue K, Uemura S, Takeda Y, et al. Usefulness of soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 as a biomarker of acute severe heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1478–83.
Science and Art in Preparing Tissues Embedded in Plastic for Light Microscopy, with Special Reference to Glycol Methacrylate, Glass Knives and Simple Stains

Plastic embedding preserves tissue structure much more faithfully than does paraffin. Acrylic polymerization is innocuous to dye-binding groups in sections. The water solubility of glycol methacrylate monomer and the hydrophilic properties of the polymer allow for convenience in dehydration and for versatility in staining sections. Five years of experience with glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding for light microscopy is summarized. Methods for purifying GMA monomer are cited. Procedures for fixing, dehydrating, embedding, polymerizing, sectioning and staining, using GMA, are explained. A method is provided for making glass knives long enough to cut large blocks. Simple, reliable, quick staining methods are outlined. When compared with paraffin, GMA offers opportunities for simpler, quicker procedures and yields sections of superior quality, greater information content, and less distortion.
An evaluation of the effects of non-uniform exo-zodiacal dust distributions on planetary observations

As the push for a dedicated direct exoplanet imaging mission intensifies, and numerous mission concepts are drafted and refined, a growing concern has been that not enough attention has been paid to the effects of exozodiacal light. As most mission simulations have assumed uniform or smoothly varying exozodi levels, there exists a danger that a potential future planet imager will be unable to succeed in its mission due to ‘clumped’ exozodi. We have used our existing framework for evaluating the capabilities of direct planet imagers to simulate the effects of non-uniform exozodi on mission outcomes, including modeling the increased integration time that may be required, and the possibility of increased false positives.
ECOLOGICAL CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF VARIATION IN DEFENSIVE CHEMISTRY OF A NEOTROPICAL SHRUB

Prominent models of herbivore regulation focus on predators, low plant biomass, or poor resource quality as factors that limit herbivore populations. We examined predictions of these tritrophic models for herbivores on the understory shrub, Piper cen- ocladum, which is defended by mutualistic ants (Pheidole bicornis) and three amide sec- ondary metabolites. To examine sources of variation in P. cenocladum amide content and to compare the effects of amides vs. ants on herbivores, we used three linked experiments in the field and in shadehouses. We manipulated light, nutrient availability, and presence of symbionts for experimental plant fragments and shrubs and then quantified leaf amide concentration. We also examined relationships between amide content and damage by the three most common groups of folivores on P. cenocladum: generalist orthopterans, specialist coleopterans, and specialist lepidopterans. For all experiments, enhanced resources and absence of symbionts caused higher levels of amides. These increased chemical defenses had strong effects on generalist herbivores in this system, while the ant predators were more effective at depressing herbivory by specialists. The negative effects of amides on specialist lepidopterans were small, suggesting that these herbivores are adapted to chemical defenses in their host plant. It is possible that our results are part of a more general trend where top-down effects are stronger against specialist herbivores, while chemical defenses are more effective against generalists. We concluded that different models of herbivore regulation were supported by components of the P. cenocladum arthropod community, depending on resource availability and on the portion of the web examined.
Speech and Language Issues in the Cleft Palate Population: The State of the Art

Abstract Objective: State-of-the-art activity demands a look back, a look around, and, importantly, a look into the new millennium. The area of speech and language has been an integral part of cleft palate care from the very beginning. This article reviews the development and progression of our knowledge base over the last several decades in the areas of speech; language; anatomy and physiology of the velopharynx; assessment of velopharyngeal function; and treatment, both behavioral and physical, for velopharyngeal problems. Method: The clear focus is on the cleft palate condition. However, much of what is reviewed applies to persons with other craniofacial disorders and with other underlying causes of velopharyngeal impairment. A major challenge in the next several years is to sort through speech disorders that have a clear anatomic underpinning, and thus are more amenable to physical management, versus those that may be treated successfully using behavioral approaches. Speech professionals must do a bet...
Dimensional Tailoring of Hydrothermally Grown Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays.

Hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanowire arrays are critical components in a range of nanostructured semiconductor devices. The device performance is governed by relevant nanowire morphological parameters that cannot be fully controlled during bulk hydrothermal synthesis due to its transient nature. Here, we maintain homeostatic zinc concentration, pH, and temperature by employing continuous flow synthesis and demonstrate independent tailoring of nanowire array dimensions including areal density, length, and diameter on device-relevant length scales. By applying diffusion/reaction-limited analysis, we separate the effect of local diffusive transport from the c-plane surface reaction rate and identify direct incorporation as the c-plane growth mechanism. Our analysis defines guidelines for precise and independent control of the nanowire length and diameter by operating in rate-limiting regimes. We validate its utility by using surface adsorbents that limit reaction rate to obtain spatially uniform vertical ...
Aerosol Generation by Liquid Breakup Resulting from Sparging of Molten Pools of Corium by Gases Released During Core/Concrete Interactions

Aerosol release is expected from a pool of molten corium that is agitated by gases that would emerge from concrete during the core/concrete interactions phase of a core meltdown accident in a light water reactor. A corium flow-regime-dependent model is developed for aerosol generation by mechanical breakup of the melt by the flowing vapors. Previous work reported in the literature is used to identify the dominant corium gas/liquid flow regimes and to formulate the flow/regime transition criteria. Models are presented for the calculation of an aerosol entrainment rate under conditions of bubbly- and churn-turbulent, two-phase pool conditions.
Reliability Enhanced Social Crowdsourcing

Social crowdsourcing is a special outsourcing plat- form, on which a complex job is outsourced onto a social network of workers. By interactively recruiting friends of friends, and assigning small pieces of works to them, eventually a large job can be completed. However, due to the workflows presenting a tree-like structure, the reliability of the current social crowdsourcing system is poor. The absence of a relay worker will cause disconnection between the job owner and sub-workers. For increasing the reliability, we explore two special social structures. One is based on a triangle relation among any three consecutive workers on the workflows; the other one is based on a quadrilateral relation between two physically intersected workflows. Based on these structures, we propose several social crowdsourcing return rules. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our proposed schemes can significantly improve the performance and reliability of social crowdsourcing.
Foreign Language Communication Anxiety Outside of a Classroom Scale Validation and Curvilinear Relationship With Foreign Language Use

Three studies examined foreign language communication anxiety (FLCA) in adults who use a non-native language in non-classroom settings. Study 1 (N = 102) validated the unidimensionality and the functionality of a proposed FLCA scale and a seven-item version. Study 2 included 224 participants living in the United States, and Study 3 included 216 participants living in India. The FLCA instrument was also psychometrically valid in Studies 2 and 3. The proposed two models (growing anxiety and growing confidence) that described the relationship between foreign language use and FLCA were both supported. Study 2 supported a concave curvilinear relationship (i.e., growing anxiety then growing confidence), and Study 3 supported a convex curvilinear relationship (i.e., growing confidence then growing anxiety). These results suggest that FLCA is an important construct to consider in intercultural communication, and that the function it plays in everyday life may differ based on cultural or linguistic setting.
Persistence and amplitude of cigarette demand in relation to quit intentions and attempts

The cigarette purchase task (CPT) is a method that can be used to assess the relative value of cigarettes. Based on cigarettes purchased across a price range, five derived metrics (Omax, Pmax, breakpoint, intensity, and elasticity) can assess cigarette demand. A study with adolescent smokers found that these could be reduced to two latent factors: persistence (price insensitivity) and amplitude (volumetric consumption). We sought to replicate this structure with adult smokers and examine how these variables relate to cessation efforts. Web-based survey conducted in 2014 among adult (18 years and above) current daily cigarette smokers (N = 1194). Participants completed the CPT, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), reported past-year quit attempts, and future quit intentions. We included published scales assessing perceived prevalence of smoking, social reactivity, smoker identity, and risk perception. Our analysis supported two latent variables, persistence and amplitude, which correlated positively with FTND. Persistence was correlated with several psychosocial factors and was higher among those intending to quit very soon, but did not vary by number of past-year quit attempts. Amplitude differed across quit attempts and intention (p < 0.001) and, in multivariable models, was significantly associated with lower 30-day quit intention (OR = 0.76, p = 0.001). Persistence and amplitude factors characterized CPT data in adults, discriminated known groups (e.g., smokers by intentions to quit), and were positively associated with nicotine dependence. Factor scores also appear to relate to certain psychosocial factors, such as smoker identity and perceptions of risk. Future research should examine the predictive validity of these constructs.
Immunogenicity and safety of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine compared to standard-dose vaccine in children and young adults with cancer or HIV infection

Abstract Background Approaches to improve the immune response of immunocompromised patients to influenza vaccination are needed. Methods Children and young adults (3–21 years) with cancer or HIV infection were randomized to receive 2 doses of high-dose (HD) trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) or of standard-dose (SD) TIV. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers were measured against H1, H3, and B antigens after each dose and 9 months later. Seroconversion was defined as ≥4-fold rise in HAI titer comparing pre- and post-vaccine sera. Seroprotection was defined as a post-vaccine HAI titer ≥1:40. Reactogenicity events (RE) were solicited using a structured questionnaire 7 and 14 days after each dose of vaccine, and adverse events by medical record review for 21 days after each dose of vaccine. Results Eighty-five participants were enrolled in the study; 27 with leukemia, 17 with solid tumor (ST), and 41 with HIV. Recipients of HD TIV had significantly greater fold increase in HAI titers to B antigen in leukemia group and to H1 antigen in ST group compared to SD TIV recipients. This increase was not documented in HIV group. There were no differences in seroconversion or seroprotection between HD TIV and SD TIV in all groups. There was no difference in the percentage of solicited RE in recipients of HD TIV (54% after dose 1 and 38% after dose 2) compared to SD TIV (40% after dose 1 and 20% after dose 2, p = 0.27 and 0.09 after dose 1 and 2, respectively). Conclusion HD TIV was more immunogenic than SD TIV in children and young adults with leukemia or ST, but not with HIV. HD TIV was safe and well-tolerated in children and young adults with leukemia, ST, or HIV.
Exploration of influence of whole course health education on prognosis of tuberculosis

Objective To explore the influence of whole course education on the prognosis of tuberculosis.Methods Forty-eight patients clincially diagnosed with tuberculosis were randomly divided into two groups.Health educaiton pragrams were formulated and implemented among all the 24 patients of the whole course education group through psychological exploration and assessment.All of 24 patients in the control group received imcomplete health educaiton.Results The observation group(95.8%) showed obviously higher regular administration rate than the control group(66.7%),with significant difference between the two groups(P 0.05).The observation group(91.6%) showed obviously higher cure rate than the control group(54.2%),with significant difference between the two groups(P 0.05).Conclusion Whole course health education is of very important significance to the prognosis of tuberculosis.
The Questionable Uses of 19th Century Photographs in Visual Research: Wisconsin Death Trip as Case Study

AbstractDr. MichaelLesy’s 1973 book, Wisconsin Death Trip, is among the most controversial pieces of historical scholarship that uses photographs as evidence. Published as an extension of his dissertation research, the book has been widely reviewed in both the popular and academic press, and was republished in 1991. This article provides a critique of Lesy’s use of photographic evidence within his book. While recognizing the role of photography as a subject worthy of academic study, the author points out problems with the way that Lesy has used the photographs to support his research.