cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomic components of the human pupillary light reflex.

To investigate the autonomic components of the pupillary light reflex in humans, we used infrared pupillometry combined with a partial local cholinergic (tropicamide) or alpha-adrenergic (thymoxamine) blockade. The pupillary response curve was analyzed using parameters identical or similar to those employed previously to study the autonomic components of the pupillary light reflex. Tropicamide increased baseline pupil area and affected five of the eight measured parameters. Thymoxamine lowered baseline pupil area but did not affect any of the parameters. We found the expected cholinergic contribution to the constrictive phase of the pupillary light reflex but no evidence for peripheral alpha-adrenergic activity during redilation. We propose that redilation primarily involves parasympathetic relaxation, modulated by cholinergic inhibition of the dilator muscle and central sympathetic inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:156-162, 1990 While it has been long known that constriction of the pupil to a light flash depends on parasympathetic outflow from the Edinger-Westphal (E-W) nucleus, 1 ' 2 the autonomic control of the individual phases of the human pupillary light reflex is not well established. Lowenstein and Loewenfeld employed pharmacological agents and surgical ablation to study the pupillary light reflex in cats and monkeys and described two phases of constriction and primary and secondary redilatory phases. 3 They hypothesized that the constrictive phases were due to a parasympathetic activation modified at its conclusion by a superimposed central sympathetic inhibition of the E-W nucleus. The primary redilation was thought to be due to parasympathetic relaxation, while the secondary redilation was thought to be due to an increase in peripheral sympathetic activity. Observations in a small number of patients with neurological lesions 4 " 7 suggest that this model also may apply in humans. Information relevant to possible mechanisms underlying the pupillary light reflex in humans also is available from pharmacological analysis of human intraocular muscle. Several studies have demonstrated a cholinergic stimulation of the constrictor
Husserl's debate with Heidegger in the margins of Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics

Husserl received from Martin Heidegger a copy of his Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics in the summer of 1929 not long before Husserl had determined to reread Heidegger's writings in order to arrive at a definitive position on Heidegger's philosophy. With this in view, Husserl reread and made extensive marginal comments in Being and Time and Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. This essay by the translator of the remarks in KPM offers some historical background and comment on the importance of the remarks in KPM and attempts to describe Husserl's counterposition to Heidegger on six issues that divided the two major twentieth century philosophers.
A Cross-cultural Comparison of Medical Science Subject Classification in the KDC and the DDC

This study reports the preliminary results of a cross-cultural comparison of Medical Science in the Korean Decimal Classification (KDC) and in the Dewy Decimal Classification (DDC). Despite having similar purposes, to serve the public and emphasize the significance of standardization in medical science, a comparison of the two classification systems shows the influences of social and cultural inferences of classification systems in medicine.
Tandem-width sequential confidence intervals for a Bernoulli proportion

We propose a two-stage sequential method for obtaining tandem-width confidence intervals for a Bernoulli proportion p. The term “tandem-width” refers to the fact that the half-width of the 100(1−α)...
Correction to: The interaction of crime & place: an exploratory study of crime & policing in non-metropolitan areas

The article was published under the incorrect title “University of Oklahoma”. The title has now been corrected to “The interaction of crime & place: an exploratory study of crime & policing in non-metropolitan areas”.
Laboratory Impact Experiments to Study Asteroid Collisional Disruption as a Function of Size and Shape in the Strength Regime

Abstract Laboratory impact experiments on meter-scale targets were conducted to explore collisional outcomes pertinent to the problem of hazardous asteroid mitigation. In particular, the primary aim of the experiments was to improve our understanding of how the energy needed to fragment and disrupt an asteroid scales with size, such that mitigation strategies could better incorporate this parameter. Previous researchers found that this critical disruption energy decreased with increasing target size. A secondary goal of the research was to investigate post-impact other factors that might be affected by target size-scaling such as ejecta translational and rotational velocities. Preliminary results will be presented for these parameters such that comparisons to the asteroid population can be made in the future.
The Intrauterine Device and Adolescents: History and Present

The modern IUD has existed in some shape or form since the beginning of the twentieth century. Despite advances in this form of long-acting reversible contraception and, currently, its demonstrated safety and efficacy for use in adolescents and young adults, there remain misconceptions among patients and providers regarding IUD safety and indications for use. Many of these concerns are historical and related to higher rates of pelvic infections, risk of complicated pregnancies, and overall increased maternal morbidity and mortality with the IUDs available in the United States in the 1970s (specifically the Dalkon Shield). Additionally, the IUD in the United States carries a negative history of being used to control the fertility of women of color and vulnerable populations. In this chapter, we will discuss the history of IUDs in the United States, explain the history and commonly held misconceptions about adolescent IUD use, and describe the history of reproductive coercion and injustice involving the IUD in the United States.
Simulator for Hydrologic Unstructured Domains (SHUD v1.0): numerical modeling of watershed hydrology with the finite volume method

Abstract. Hydrologic modeling is an essential strategy for understanding and predicting natural flows, particularly where observations are lacking in either space or time or where complex terrain leads to a disconnect in the characteristic time and space scales of overland and groundwater flow. However, significant difficulties remain for the development of efficient and extensible modeling systems that operate robustly across complex regions. This paper introduces the Simulator for Hydrologic Unstructured Domains (SHUD), an integrated, multiprocess, multiscale, flexible-time-step model, in which hydrologic processes are fully coupled using the finite volume method. SHUD integrates overland flow, snow accumulation/melt, evapotranspiration, subsurface flow, groundwater flow, and river routing, thus allowing physical processes in general watersheds to be realistically captured. SHUD incorporates one-dimensional unsaturated flow, two-dimensional groundwater flow, and a fully connected river channel network with hillslopes supporting overland flow and baseflow. The paper introduces the design of SHUD, from the conceptual and mathematical description of hydrologic processes in a watershed to the model's computational structures. To demonstrate and validate the model performance, we employ three hydrologic experiments: the V-catchment experiment, Vauclin's experiment, and a model study of the Cache Creek Watershed in northern California. Ongoing applications of the SHUD model include hydrologic analyses of hillslope to regional scales (1 m 2 to 106 km 2 ), water resource and stormwater management, and interdisciplinary research for questions in limnology, agriculture, geochemistry, geomorphology, water quality, ecology, climate and land-use change. The strength of SHUD is its flexibility as a scientific and resource evaluation tool where modeling and simulation are required.
A MORTALITY RISK SCORE FOR SEPTUAGENARIANS UNDERGOING HEART TRANSPLANTATION

In this study we derive and validate a risk score for one-year mortality in adults >70 years undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT The United Network for Organ Sharing registry was used to identify adults >70 years who underwent OHT between 1987 and 2018. Primary outcome was 1-year
The social component of the projection behavior of clausal complement contents

Some accounts of presupposition projection predict that content's consistency with the Common Ground influences whether it projects (e.g., Heim 1983, Gazdar 1979a,b). I conducted an experiment to test whether Common Ground information about the speaker's social identity influences projection of clausal complement contents (CCs). Participants rated the projection of CCs conveying liberal or conservative political positions when the speaker was either Democrat- or Republican-affiliated. As expected, CCs were more projective when they conveyed political positions consistent with the speaker's political affiliation: liberal CCs were more projective with Democrat compared to Republican speakers, and conservative CCs were more projective with Republican compared to Democrat speakers. In addition, CCs associated with factive predicates (e.g., know) were more projective than those associated with non-factive predicates (e.g., believe). These findings suggest that social meaning influences projective meaning and that social meaning is constrained by semantic meaning, in line with previous research on the relation between other levels of linguistic structure/perception and social information.
Dangerous Territory: Racist Moments in the Psychoanalytic Space

Racism and racist fantasies are inherent to being human yet have had profound traumatic effects on an individual and collective scale. Lurking in the shadows, racist images, fantasies, and attitude...
Mechanical venous thrombectomy and prolonged infusion of tissue plasminogen activator for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Video case report.

Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare and often misdiagnosed condition with mortality rates ranging from 6 to 10%. Diagnosis and monitoring are typically achieved through noninvasive imaging, including computed tomography or magnetic resonance venography. The current standard of treatment is systemic anticoagulation. However, in patients who continue to decline neurologically or do not show sufficient response to or have absolute contraindications to systemic anticoagulation, endovascular treatments are an alternative. Endovascular options are poorly studied and specific devices have not been developed, partially due to the rare nature of the disease. Here, we present a case report detailing the treatment of extensive CVST from the vein of Galen to the sigmoid sinus using mechanical thrombectomy and local infusions of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and tissue plasminogen activator. Case description A 53-year-old man presented and was found to have extensive CVST extending from the vein of Galen to the left sigmoid sinus. Systemic UFH was begun; however, his condition continued to decline, and he was taken for endovascular intervention, wherein mechanical thrombectomy was undertaken using combinations of stent retrievers and balloon catheters, which provided acceptable revascularization. Unfortunately, his hospital course was further complicated by a cerebellar hematoma that was surgically evacuated and reocclusion of the sinus for which a microcatheter was placed for infusion of UFH and tissue plasminogen activator. Conclusion Complicated CVST may require aggressive endovascular management. Local infusions of heparin and thrombolytic agents as well as mechanical thrombectomy are safe alternative options.
Vision-Depth Landmarks and Inertial Fusion for Navigation in Degraded Visual Environments.

This paper proposes a method for tight fusion of visual, depth and inertial data in order to extend robotic capabilities for navigation in GPS-denied, poorly illuminated, and textureless environments. Visual and depth information are fused at the feature detection and descriptor extraction levels to augment one sensing modality with the other. These multimodal features are then further integrated with inertial sensor cues using an extended Kalman filter to estimate the robot pose, sensor bias terms, and landmark positions simultaneously as part of the filter state. As demonstrated through a set of hand-held and Micro Aerial Vehicle experiments, the proposed algorithm is shown to perform reliably in challenging visually-degraded environments using RGB-D information from a lightweight and low-cost sensor and data from an IMU.
Weight (trans)itions: social support at the intersections of weight and identity online

Though weight and weight-related issues have been explored prominently among the greater cisgender population and within other segments of the LGBTQ+ community, little has been done to explore such...
Interfacial reaction during friction stir assisted scribe welding of immiscible Fe and Mg alloy system

We report on interfacial characteristics and chemistry of bonded Mg-Fe interfaces welded using friction stir assisted scribe technique (FaST). Two pairs of dissimilar joints: (AZ31-DP590) and (Pure Mg-DP590) were studied to shed light on joining mechanisms responsible for bonding of "immiscible" pairs of Mg and Fe. We present first direct experimental evidence of presence of oxide layer, Al segregation by atom probe tomography and nano steel grains close to interface by transmission electron microscopy study.
Effects of Including Epidemiologic Data in Lumbar Spine Imaging Reports on Prescribing Non-Opioid Medications for Pain

Information on the prevalence of common imaging findings among patients without back pain in spine imaging reports might affect pain medication prescribing for patients with back pain. Prior research on inserting this text suggested a small reduction in opioid prescribing. To evaluate the effect of epidemiologic information in spine imaging reports on non-opioid pain medication prescribing for primary care patients with back pain. Post hoc analysis of the Lumbar Imaging with Reporting of Epidemiology cluster-randomized trial. A total of 170,680 patients aged ≥ 18 years from four healthcare systems who received thoracolumbar, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine imaging from 2013 to 2016 and had not received a prescription for non-opioid pain medication in the preceding 120 days. Text of age- and modality-specific epidemiologic benchmarks indicating the prevalence of common findings in people without back pain inserted into thoracolumbar, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine imaging reports at intervention clinics. Primary outcomes: any non-opioid prescription within 90 days after index imaging, overall, and by sub-class (skeletal muscle relaxants, NSAIDs, gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, duloxetine). Secondary outcomes: count of non-opioid prescriptions within 90 days, overall, and by sub-class. The intervention was not associated with the likelihood of patients receiving at least one prescription for new non-opioid pain-related medications, overall (adjusted OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.97–1.08) or by sub-class. The intervention was not associated with the number of prescriptions for any non-opioid medication (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.99–1.04). However, the intervention was associated with more new prescriptions for NSAIDs (IRR, 1.12) and tricyclic antidepressants (IRR, 1.11). Inserting epidemiologic text in spine imaging reports had no effect on whether new non-opioid pain-related medications were prescribed but was associated with the number of new prescriptions for certain non-opioid sub-classes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02015455
Ipsilateral Motor Pathways and Transcallosal Inhibition During Lower Limb Movement After Stroke

BackgroundStroke rehabilitation may be improved with a better understanding of the contribution of ipsilateral motor pathways to the paretic limb and alterations in transcallosal inhibition. Few st...
The Use of Data in Assessing and Designing Insolvency Systems

To date, the use of empirical data in insolvency law analysis has been sporadic. This paper provides a conceptual framework for the use of data to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of insolvency systems. The paper analyzes the existing sources of data on insolvency proceedings, including general insolvency statistics, judicial statistics, statistics of insolvency regulators and other sources, and advocates for the design of special data collection mechanisms and statistics to conduct detailed assessments of insolvency systems and to assist in the design of legal reforms.
Standard Modular Architecture for Consumer End Plug and Play Interfaces

The growth in load and generation sources at the edge of the grid is driving the innovation in power electronic (PE) grid interfaces at the consumer end to improve the grid resiliency, reliability, security, and cost of the future infrastructure. Novel PE technologies are key enablers for the future grid infrastructure to handle the issues that arise because of the projected growth. This paper introduces a novel fundamental building block (FBB) architecture with plug-and play features. An example framework that enables co-ordination of multiple FBBs hierarchically to provide various grid functions is also presented. The FBBs are designed to be equipped with advanced features like online health monitoring, embedded intelligence, and decision-making capability for enhancing the metrics of consumer end plug and play interfaces. The paper elaborates on the proposed architecture and the developed framework i.e., the controls, communication, protection, and the corresponding timing requirements for the building blocks. The architecture and the framework have been validated through simulations and the communication framework has been validated with a control hardware in the loop platform.
Deepwater seismic facies and architectural element interpretation aided with unsupervised machine learning techniques: Taranaki basin, New Zealand

Abstract The use of unsupervised machine learning (ML) methods such as self-organizing maps (SOMs), has gained a significant foothold within the seismic interpretation community to enhance results and help identify similar patterns in the data. Workflows for each geological setting become, however, necessary. We analyzed a series of geometrical, instantaneous, spectral, and textural seismic attributes to provide multi-attribute input combinations that, with SOMs, allow for a proper interpretation of architectural elements in deepwater settings. By studying the Miocene section within the Pipeline 3D seismic dataset in southern Taranaki Basin, we show that GLCM entropy, RMS amplitude, sobel filter similarity, and frequencies seismic attributes used as inputs into the SOM enhance the interpretation of the features of interest, initially overlooked by single attributes analysis. This method had not been applied in the area yet. Results allow understanding and delineating architectural elements of deepwater systems, such as mud- and sand-filled channels, mass transport deposits (MTDs), and marine shales in the basin floor. Additionally, more minor features such as levees, overbank deposits, and sand waves are better mapped. The use of the Pukeko well helped to understand the system's evolution, which we interpret as a fan system incised by younger, more sinuous channels. Overall, the system turns more mud-prone as it becomes younger (upwards). Our study contributes to understanding the paleogeomorphology of the area, which can help optimize drilling plans, whereas our method offers three input attribute combinations for SOMs that can be applied in similar geological settings to aid in the interpretation optimization process.
Snapshot Aesthetics as a Strategic Resource

Paper delivered at the EIASM Workshop on Imagining Business held at Oxford University, June 2008
Microelectrode Studies of Interstitial Water Chemistry and Photosynthetic Activity in a Hot Spring Microbial Mat

Microelectrodes were used to measure oxygen, pH, and oxygenic photosynthetic activity in a hot spring microbial mat (Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park), where the cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus and the filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus are the only known phototrophs. The data showed very high biological activities in the topmost layers of the microbial mat, resulting in extreme values for oxygen and pH. At a 1-mm depth at a 55°C site, oxygen and pH reached 900 μM and 9.4, respectively, just after solar noon, whereas anoxic conditions with a pH of 7.2 were measured before sunrise. Although diurnal changes between these extremes occurred over hours during a diurnal cycle, microbial activity was great enough to give the same response in 1 to 2 min after artificial shading. Oxygenic photosynthesis was confined to a 0.5- to 1.1-mm layer at sites with temperatures at or above about 50°C, with maximum activities in the 55 to 60°C region. The data suggest that S. lividus is the dominant primary producer of the mat.
Is Monsanto Leaving Money on the Table? Monopoly Pricing and Bt Cotton Value with Heterogeneous Adopters

We examine the allocation of technology rents between a price-setting, innovating monopolist and heterogeneous technology adopters. A model of monopoly pricing in the presence of heterogeneous adopters is used to examine conditions under which greater producer (farmer) heterogeneity leads to greater producer benefit from innovation in noncompetitive markets. An application to Bt cotton determines the profit-maximizing price of Bt cotton seed and reveals that Monsanto and Delta and Pine Land are indeed leaving money on the table in the form of unexploited profit opportunities. However, we estimate that the presence of heterogeneous adopters explains over 80% of the rents that accrue to the farmers.
Risk and Reward in Stem Cell Products: A New Model for Stem Cell Product Liability

Stem cell products have the potential to give patients access to treatments and cures for diseases and conditions that are currently beyond the scope of modern medicine. There are not yet many stem cell products on the market in the United States, but soon there will be. It therefore makes sense to explore how we should deal with policy issues concerning these products now. This Article examines the problem of how best to handle legal liability for any harm that stem cell products cause. At present, a complex patchwork of federal and state statutes and legal precedents determines whether makers of drugs, biologics, medical devices and combination products are liable for defects. None of these legal materials specifically addresses stem cell products. Because stem cell product development is in its infancy, and because the risks of stem cell products are largely unknown, it is critical that the correct legal regime be in force. Too much legal liability could inhibit research into stem cell product development. Not enough legal liability could unnecessarily harm patients and hinder the use of stem cell products. This Article crafts a proposal for what the legal rules ought to be for stem cell products to best benefit all parties involved. Far from indulging in standard neoclassical economic analysis, I employ work on bounded rationality, game theory, and other developments to come up with a proposal that has a better chance of working in the real world and with actual, non-maximizing individuals who have inadequate information. In brief, the proposal is a qualified system of strict liability for stem cell products in which patients and manufacturers contribute on a per-product basis to a compensation fund and the federal government acts as an insurer of last resort. Unlike most writing in this area, the liability proposal takes the ethics of risk imposition seriously.
Bisection of a lysine-rich histone by N-bromosuccinimide.

Abstract A homogeneous rabbit thymus lysine-rich histone was cleaved between a tyrosine residue and an aspartic acid (or asparagine) residue by N-bromosuccinimide. The carboxyl-terminal portion (molecular weight 15,000) was richer in lysine than the amino-terminal portion (molecular weight 6,000). This enrichment of lysine residues toward the carboxyl-terminal part of the molecule is apparently characteristic of all the subfractions in calf thymus as well as in rabbit thymus lysine-rich histones. Preliminary data suggest that the amino-terminal portion of these molecules is the location of most of the differences in primary structure from one subfraction to another.
Exact cellular decomposition of closed orientable surfaces embedded in /spl Rfr//sup 3/

We address the task of covering a closed orientable surface embedded in /spl Rfr//sup 3/ without any prior information about the surface. For applications such as paint deposition, the effector (the paint atomizer) does not explicitly cover the target surface, but instead covers an offset surface-a surface that is a fixed distance away from the target surface. Just as Canny and others use critical points to look for changes in connectivity of the free space to ensure completeness of their roadmap algorithms, we use critical points to identify changes in the connectivity of the offset surface to ensure full surface coverage. The main contribution of this work is a method to construct unknown offset surfaces using a procedure, also developed in this paper, to detect critical points.
Two decades of self‐leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough review of self‐leadership literature past and present, including a historical overview of how the concept was created and expanded as well as a detailed look at more recent self‐leadership research trends and directions. The paper also presents a theoretical and conceptual explanation and differentiation of the self‐leadership concept relative to other related motivational, personality, and self‐influence constructs.Design/methodology/approach – Self‐leadership research and related literatures of motivation, personality and self‐influence are discussed and described in order to present the current state of the self‐leadership body of knowledge and to suggest future directions to explore and study.Findings – It is suggested that self‐leadership is a normative model of self‐influence that operates within the framework of more descriptive and deductive theories such as self‐regulation and social cognitive theory.Research limitations/implications – ...
Serial hormonal studies in normal and abnormal pregnancy

Abstract Serum HPL levels studied in control patients were low in the first trimester followed by a fairly acute rise during the second trimester that continued until near term. Serum HCG and HGH and urinary estriol and pregnanediol showed the expected values. Patients with diabetes, Rh isoimmunization, and toxemia were compared with controls. HPL levels were of no prognostic significance in diabetic patients, isosensitized patients, or in most toxemic patients. Urinary estriol and pregnanediol offered no help in the isosensitized patients and were higher than controls in the diabetic patients. One toxemic patient had HPL levels lower than expected. The baby died during labor. HPL levels in another patient studied from week 5 were low at 30 weeks and following the thirty-fifth week decreased to second-trimester range. The live-born infant, delivered at 281 days, exhibited classical stigmas of placental dysfunction. Estriol levels, variable earlier, dropped at 39 weeks. Pregnanediol levels had been somewhat depressed.
Ethical Egoism and Beyond

Consider the case of Gary Gyges, an otherwise normal human being who, for reasons of personal gain, has embezzled $300,000 while working at People's National Bank and is in the process of escaping to the South Sea Islands where he will have the good fortune to live a pleasant life protected by the local authorities and untroubled by any qualms of conscience. If we assume that in the society from which Gyges is fleeing moral standards are generally observed, Gyges's behavior would be obviously immoral. Is it possible, however, that Gyges, a rational person, may have had perfectly consistent reasons for acting immorally? Is it also possible that Gyges may not have had any moral reasons at all to refrain from his act of embezzlement?
"It's all in your mind": The final common pathway.

The relatively new field of Psychoneuroimmuonology (PNI) seeks to reveal links between many systems of the body once thought to work independently of each other. Through a growing body of research, scientists are revealing that what goes on in our mind impacts not only our mental well being but our state of physical health. Presented here is an overview of the stress response and discussion regarding the effects of stress on physiological processes. Of particular interest is the role stress plays on the ability of the immune system to function properly. Both landmark and current research is cited which supports connections between these systems. Finally, the future of PNI is discussed as well as the role health care providers may take to embrace mind/body philosophies.
1624 5 YEAR EXPERIENCE WITH INFANTS REFERRED FOR APNEA/ CYANOSIS

The recognition that apnea may be a possible mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has led to increasing concern regarding the evaluation and management of infants who present with a history of “apnea.” Apnea has recently been defined as a respiratory pause lasting for 20 sec or longer or a shorter episode leading to cyanosis and bradycardia. The presenting event is most often witnessed by only the parents. Over the past 5 years, we have had 308 infants referred for respiratory related problems during the 1st year of life. The most frequent referral diagnosis was unexplained apnea and/or cyanosis. After extensive medical evaluation there was no diagnosis to explain the event and 173 infants (25% preterms and 75% terms) were considered “near miss for SIDS.” In 10% of these infants, a potential cause was found to explain the presenting event. In 67% of the patients there was a second event within 8 wks of the presenting episode. Thirty-one percent of patients had a documented recurrence of apnea in the hospital. In 142 patients (83%) a home apnea/cardiac monitor was recommended. The duration of home monitoring was from 1-18 mos. with a mean of 5 mos. The most common criterium for discontinuing monitoring was an apnea-free period of 1-2 mos. as reported by the parents. In the past 5 years, we have had 1 mortality and this infant was never managed on a monitor. Infants who present for evaluation of apnea are a heterogeneous group and home apnea/cardiac monitoring is helpful in the management of these patients.
Physical, biophysical, and cell-biological factors that can contribute to enhanced neoplastic transformation by fission-spectrum neutrons.

In radiobiology, fission-spectrum neutrons frequently have been used as a surrogate for other high-LET radiations, particularly when thick absorbers were involved as in animal studies. However, the...
Panel options for large precision radio telescopes

The Cornell Caltech Atacama Telescope (CCAT) is a 25 m diameter telescope that will operate at wavelengths as short as 200 microns. CCAT will have active surface control to correct for gravitational and thermal distortions in the reflector support structure. The accuracy and stability of the reflector panels are critical to meeting the 10 micron HWFE (half wave front error) for the whole system. A system analysis based upon a versatile generic panel design has been developed and applied to numerous possible panel configurations. The error analysis includes the manufacturing errors plus the distortions from gravity, wind and thermal environment. The system performance as a function of panel size and construction material is presented. A compound panel approach is also described in which the reflecting surface is provided by tiles mounted on thermally stable and stiff sub-frames. This approach separates the function of providing an accurate reflecting surface from the requirement for a stable structure that is attached to the reflector support structure on three computer controlled actuators. The analysis indicates that there are several compound panel configurations that will easily meet the stringent CCAT requirements.
High spatial sampling global mode structure measurements via multichannel reflectometry in NSTX

Global modes?including kinks and tearing modes (f ~ 400?kHz)?play critical roles in many aspects of plasma performance. Their investigation on NSTX is aided by an array of fixed-frequency quadrature reflectometers used to determine their radial density perturbation structure. The array has been recently upgraded to 16 channels spanning 30?75?GHz (ncutoff = (1.1?6.9) ? 1019?m?3 in O-mode), improving spatial sampling and access to the core of H-mode plasmas. The upgrade has yielded significant new results that advance the understanding of global modes in NSTX. The GAE and CAE structures have been measured for the first time in the core of an NSTX high-power (6?MW) beam-heated H-mode plasma. The CAE structure is strongly core-localized, which has important implications for electron thermal transport. The TAE structure has been measured with greatly improved spatial sampling, and measurements of the TAE phase, the first in NSTX, show strong radial variation near the midplane, indicating radial propagation caused by non-ideal MHD effects. Finally, the tearing mode structure measurements provide unambiguous evidence of coupling to an external kink.
Computer language instruction: a modular approach

Instructors in the Decision Sciences are faced with a dilemma in training students in computer programming. Programming skill is frequently a prerequisite to effectively utilizing conceptual and applied material in the Decision Sciences. However, teaching computer programming languages in the classroom is often viewed as wasteful of time that can be devoted to more conceptual material. Along with this dilemma is another problem. Providing programming instruction to satisfying increasing student demand is placing an ever increasing burden on business schools' resources.
A localized geometric-distortion resilient digital watermarking scheme using two kinds of complementary feature points

We propose a novel localized geometric-distortion resilient digital watermarking scheme to embed two invisible messages to images. Our scheme utilizes local circular region- (LCR) based and block DCT-based techniques to hide two watermarks in two kinds of regions and extract these two embedding sequences from their individual regions. Specifically, we use the histogram and mean statistically independent of pixel positions to embed one watermark in LCRs, whose centers are SIFT feature points that are robust against various attacks. We also use Watson's DCT-based visual model to embed the other watermark in several rich textured regions not covered by any embedding LCR. Our experimental results demonstrate the proposed system achieves better performance than several peer systems in the literature.
Large-Scale, Low-Amplitude Bedforms (Chevrons) in the Selima Sand Sheet, Egypt

Landsat images of the Selima sand sheet in southwestern Egypt display alternating light and dark chevron-shaped patterns that occur downwind from low scarps and major dune fields. Images acquired between 1972 and 1988 indicate that these features move as discrete bedforms at a rate of up to 500 meters per year. Extremely long-wavelength (130 to 1200 meters), low-amplitude (10 to 30 centimeters) bedforms were measured in the field; the light chevrons seen in the orbital data may be thin accumulations of active sand sheet deposits in the lee of these bedforms. Dark chevrons contain an admixture of coarse-granule lag deposits that are continually winnowed by aeolian erosion on the windward sides of the large bedforms. Sediment transport budgets derived from orbital and field analyses suggest net movement of up to 83,000 cubic meters per year for a single light chevron; such measurements can be used as a check on similar calculations from dunes and other smaller scale features to determine sand transport budgets for large areas of the eastern Sahara.
Generation of four-photon coherent states in dispersive cavity QED.

I discuss the generation of certain kinds of four-photon coherent states in the context of dispersive cavity QED. These states, eigenstates of fourth power of the photon annihilation operator, may be expressed as various superpositions of four coherent states symmetrically located on a circle in phase space. I also point out that for low amplitude initial coherent states, number states containing one, two, or three photons can be produced in the cavity. The decay of these states can be monitored by doing parity measurements on the field from which the lifetime of a number state can be obtained. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Effect of antifreeze proteins on frozen primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract Objectives Recent studies show that prostate adenocarcinoma cells can survive cryosurgery and that cell destruction depends on the specific thermal parameters used during freezing. The goal of this preliminary study is to determine whether certain chemical compounds, known as antifreeze proteins, can induce complete human primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cell destruction by freezing, regardless of the thermal parameters used. The study also examines the mechanism by which antifreeze proteins bring about cell destruction. Methods Antifreeze proteins were added to solutions containing human primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. The cells were frozen with controlled thermal parameters using a directional solidification apparatus attached to a light microscope. Cell viability was determined after thawing as a function of antifreeze protein concentration and cooling rate during freezing. Results The dose response study shows that for all the cooling rates tested, 10-mg/mL solutions of antifreeze protein cause the complete destruction of human primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cells frozen to a temperature at which, without these proteins, the cells survive freezing. Light microscopy shows that the lethal effect of the antifreeze proteins is related to the formation of intracellular ice in the frozen cells. Conclusions This preliminary study has demonstrated that antifreeze proteins have the ability to generate complete destruction of prostatic adenocarcinoma cells frozen to high subzero temperatures irrespective of the cooling rates used during freezing. This suggests that introducing antifreeze proteins into undesirable tissues prior to freezing may increase the efficacy and the control over tissue destruction by cryosurgery.
Zermelo and set theory

Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (1871–1953) transformed the set theory of Cantor and Dedekind in the first decade of the 20th century by incorporating the Axiom of Choice and providing a simple and workable axiomatization setting out generative set-existence principles. Zermelo thereby tempered the ontological thrust of early set theory, initiated the delineation of what is to be regarded as set-theoretic, drawing out the combinatorial aspects from the logical, and established the basic conceptual framework for the development of modern set theory. Two decades later Zermelo promoted a distinctive cumulative hierarchy view of models of set theory and championed the use of infinitary logic, anticipating broad modern developments. In this paper Zermelo's published mathematical work in set theory is described and analyzed in its historical context, with the hindsight afforded by the awareness of what has endured in the subsequent development of set theory. Elaborating formulations and results are provided, and special emphasis is placed on the to and fro surrounding the Schroder-Bernstein Theorem and the correspondence and comparative approaches of Zermelo and Godel. Much can be and has been written about philosophical and biographical issues and about the reception of the Axiom of Choice, and we will refer and defer to others, staying the course through the decidedly mathematical themes and details.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension—A case report

Positional or orthostatic headache symptoms secondary to intracranial hypotension are usually seen as complications in patients after medical procedures, such as lumbar puncture. We describe a case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) in a 43-year-old man without a previous history of headaches. He presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a new-onset orthostatic headache without any history of recent medical procedure, such as lumbar puncture (LP). The ED evaluation included a normal neurologic examination and normal computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain. An LP showed low opening pressure, elevated protein, 46 RBCs and one lymphocyte. Subsequent evaluation with radionuclide cisternography confirmed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in the area of the upper thoracic spine, and treatment with an epidural blood patch dramatically improved his symptoms. SIH is due to CSF leakage, usually in the area of the cervical or upper thoracic spine, often without a clear etiology. Conservative medical management including bed rest, oral hydration and caffeine intake is the usual first line treatment. An epidural blood patch is often a dramatically effective treatment that can be done once the presence and location of the leak is identified. Although mostly benign, this condition occasionally can be associated with the formation of clinically significant subdural fluid collections or hematomas. SIH is an increasingly recognized cause of headache.
Tissue Residues and Ultrastructural Changes Induced by DDT in Chickens

Abstract Chickens were given DDT in an oral dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight 3 times a day for 10 days. Specimens of liver, pancreas, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and sciatic nerve were obtained from morbid chicks for analysis of residue levels of DDT and metabolites, DDD and DDE, and for electron microscopic examination. Fat and sciatic nerve tissue contained the largest amount of DDT and metabolite residues, and skeletal muscle and brain tissue contained the smallest amount of residues. Only moderate amounts of detectable residues were present in the liver, pancreas, and heart muscle. The liver cells underwent more changes than any other organ and exhibited alterations in individual parenchymal cells as well as areas of tissue disorganization. Proliferation of bile duct epithelia and smooth endoplasmic reticulum was found. Disorganization of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease of zymogen granules were found. Displacement of sarcotubules and banding pattern in myocardium occurred. Alterations of the myelin sheath, increased amount of vesicles, and absence in some areas of the nucleated sheath of Schwann were the major changes observed in the sciatic nerve.
An Unusual Life History Strategy in Lepidium papilliferum (Brassicaceae), A Rare Mustard Endemic to Southwestern Idaho

Abstract Lepidium papilliferum (Brassicaceae) is a rare mustard endemic to sagebrush-steppe habitat in southwestern Idaho. The species, commonly known as slickspot peppergrass, has been described as having two life history patterns with respect to flowering — annual and biennial. Annuals germinate, flower, and die all within their first year, whereas biennials exist as vegetative rosettes in their first year, overwinter, and then reproduce and die in their second year. In this article we identify a third, albeit uncommon, pattern of flowering for L. papilliferum whereby individuals engage in limited flowering and seed production late in their first year, and then, if they survive the winter, flower and set seed again in their second year. In a study conducted at two L. papilliferum populations from June 2007 to June 2008, we found that individuals that flowered late in their first season (N = 34) suffered 59% overwinter mortality, whereas biennials that put off all reproduction until their second year (N ...
Enhanced sensitivity in silicon photonic crystal biosensors due to optical force-assisted particle transport

The minimum particle concentration detectable by an on-chip optical resonator is limited when particles are transported to the sensing area only by diffusion. We investigate sensitivity enhancement when optical forces assist in particle transport.
Thermo‐Viscoelastic Response of Polycarbonate Reinforced with Short Glass Fibers

Observations are reported for oscillatory torsion tests at several temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100°C on a polymer composite consisting of a polycarbonate matrix reinforced with short glass fibers. Constitutive equations are derived for the linear viscoelastic behavior of the polymer composite, which is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by junctions (entanglements and glass fibers). The network is thought of as an ensemble of meso-regions with arbitrary shapes and sizes. With reference to the concept of cooperative relaxation, the time-dependent response of an ensemble is associated with the rearrangement of meso-domains. The rearrangement events occur at random times as meso-regions are agitated by thermal fluctuations. Stress-strain relations for isothermal deformation of an ensemble of meso-domains are derived by using the laws of thermodynamics. The governing equations are determined by five adjustable parameters that are found by fitting the experimental data. The effects of temperature and filler content on the material parameters are studied in detail.
Interatomic distance and local order in InAs-AlSb semiconductor superlattices.

We report the first measurement of local structure in the thin layers of a semiconductor superlattice using the extended x-ray absorption fine structure. The measured values of interatomic distance and Debye-Waller factor in InAs offer a direct confirmation of the structure as intended in the growth process, and set an upper limit of the lattice strain to less than 1.5%. The data also indicate an anisotropy of the electron mean-free path in the thin layers and structural disorder at distances beyond the nearest neighbors.
Does random treatment assignment cause harm to research participants

Background Some argue that by precluding individualized treatment, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) provide substandard medical care, while others claim that participation in clinical research is associated with improved patient outcomes. However, there are few data to assess the impact of random treatment assignment on RCT participants. We therefore performed a systematic review to quantify the differences in health outcomes between randomized trial participants and eligible non-participants. Methods and Findings Studies were identified by searching Medline, the Web of Science citation database, and manuscript references. Studies were eligible if they documented baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of RCT participants and eligible non-participants, and allowed non-participants access to the same interventions available to trial participants. Primary study outcomes according to patient group (randomized trial participants versus eligible non-participants) were extracted from all eligible manuscripts. For 22 of the 25 studies (88%) meeting eligibility criteria, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between patients who received random assignment of treatment (RCT participants) and those who received individualized treatment assignment (eligible non-participants). In addition, there was no relation between random treatment assignment and clinical outcome in 15 of the 17 studies (88%) in which randomized and nonrandomized patients had similar health status at baseline. Conclusions These findings suggest that randomized treatment assignment as part of a clinical trial does not harm research participants.