cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new Li-Al-N-H system for reversible hydrogen storage.

Complex metal hydrides are considered as a class of candidate materials for hydrogen storage. Lithium-based complex hydrides including lithium alanates (LiAlH4 and Li3AlH6) are among the most promising materials owing to its high hydrogen content. In the present work, we investigated dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions of a combined system of Li3AlH6 and LiNH2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Li3AlH6/3LiNH2/4 wt % TiCl3−1/3AlCl3 mixtures indicated that a large amount of hydrogen (∼7.1 wt %) can be released between 150 °C and 300 °C under a heating rate of 5 °C/min in two dehydrogenation reaction steps. The results also show that the dehydrogenation reaction of the new material system is nearly 100% reversible under 2000 psi pressure hydrogen at 300 °C. Further, a short-cycle experiment has demonstrated that the new combined material system of alanates and amides can maintain its hydrogen storage capacity upon cycling of the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions.
A Long-Term Forecast of Shallow Seismicity Based on the Global Strain Rate Map

The Global Strain Rate Map (GSRM) of Kreemer et al. (2003) was the main result of Project II-8 of the International Lithosphere Program. The GSRM is a numerical velocity gradient tensor field model for the entire Earth's surface that describes the spatial variations of horizontal strain rate tensor components, rotation rates, and velocities. The model consists of 25 rigid spherical plates and ∼25,000 0.6° by 0.5° deformable grid areas within the diffuse plate boundary zones ( e.g. , western North America, central Asia, Alpine-Himalaya belt). The model provides an estimate of the horizontal strain rates in diffuse plate boundary zones as well as the motions of the spherical caps. This is one of the first successful models of its kind that includes the kinematics of plate boundary zones in the description of global plate kinematics. The vast majority of the data used to obtain the GSRM comes from horizontal velocity measurements obtained using Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. The latest model version of May 2004 ( i.e. , GSRM version 1.2) includes 5,170 velocities for 4,214 sites worldwide (Holt et al. 2005). Most geodetic velocities are measured within plate boundary zones. The observed velocities are obtained from 86 different (mostly published) studies. The model includes additional constraints on the style (not magnitude) of the strain rate tensor inferred from moment tensors of shallow earthquakes. In addition, geologic strain rates in central Asia inferred from Quaternary faulting data are fit simultaneously with the geodetic velocities to improve the model there. See Kreemer et al. (2000, 2003) for more details. It was always a goal of the GSRM project to support long-term forecasts of seismicity based on tectonic deformation. Two recent developments make this especially timely. First, the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP; Jordan et al. 2007) is accepting global …
A unique regulatory phase of DNA methylation in the early mammalian embryo

DNA methylation is highly dynamic during mammalian embryogenesis. It is broadly accepted that the paternal genome is actively depleted of 5-methylcytosine at fertilization, followed by passive loss that reaches a minimum at the blastocyst stage. However, this model is based on limited data, and so far no base-resolution maps exist to support and refine it. Here we generate genome-scale DNA methylation maps in mouse gametes and from the zygote through post-implantation. We find that the oocyte already exhibits global hypomethylation, particularly at specific families of long interspersed element 1 and long terminal repeat retroelements, which are disparately methylated between gametes and have lower methylation values in the zygote than in sperm. Surprisingly, the oocyte contributes a unique set of differentially methylated regions (DMRs)--including many CpG island promoters--that are maintained in the early embryo but are lost upon specification and absent from somatic cells. In contrast, sperm-contributed DMRs are largely intergenic and become hypermethylated after the blastocyst stage. Our data provide a genome-scale, base-resolution timeline of DNA methylation in the pre-specified embryo, when this epigenetic modification is most dynamic, before returning to the canonical somatic pattern.
Recycling, International Trade, and the Distribution of Pollution: The Effect of Increased U.S. Paper Recycling on U.S. Import Demand for Canadian Paper

The quantity of paper recycled in the U.S. has more than doubled since 1985. International trade theory predicts that this will lead to reduced imports of paper, and a shift in domestic production toward waste paper intensive outputs (e.g., newsprint) and away from higher grade products such as printing/writing paper. Import demand elasticities with respect to input prices were estimated for newsprint, printing/writing, and all paper utilizing 20 years of monthly data. The empirical results confirm the predictions of theory, and illustrate a channel through which recycling may be more beneficial for U.S. industry than the domestic environment.
Heavy quark production in heavy ion colliders

We describe updated calculations of $$Q\bar Q$$ production in pp and π - p interactions. We compare these results to total cross section data and discuss how the baseline cross sections extrapolate to heavy ion collider energies. We touch upon the differences between leading and next-to-leading order heavy quark production. Finally, we discuss the implications of our calculations for quarkonium production. Our discussion here focuses on bottom quarks.
Edges of the Barvinok–Novik Orbitope

Here we study the kth symmetric trigonometric moment curve and its convex hull, the Barvinok–Novik orbitope. In 2008, Barvinok and Novik introduced these objects and showed that there is some threshold so that for two points on $\mathbb {S}^{1}$ with arclength below this threshold the line segment between their lifts to the curve forms an edge on the Barvinok–Novik orbitope, and for points with arclength above this threshold their lifts do not form an edge. They also gave a lower bound for this threshold and conjectured that this bound is tight. Results of Smilansky prove tightness for k=2. Here we prove this conjecture for all k.
Synthesis of substituted isoquinolines by electrophilic cyclization of iminoalkynes

The tert-butylimines of o-(1-alkynyl)benzaldehydes and analogous pyridinecarbaldehydes have been cyclized under very mild reaction conditions in the presence of I2, ICl, PhSeCl, PhSCl, and p-O2NC6H4SCl to give the corresponding halogen-, selenium-, and sulfur-containing disubstituted isoquinolines and naphthyridines, respectively. This methodology accommodates a variety of iminoalkynes and affords the anticipated heterocycles in moderate to excellent yields. Monosubstituted isoquinolines and naphthyridines have been synthesized by the metal-catalyzed ring closure of these same iminoalkynes. The silver-catalyzed ring closure is highly effective in cyclizing aryl-, alkenyl-, and alkyl-substituted iminoalkynes at 50 °C.
The mathematics of causal inference

I will review concepts, principles, and mathematical tools that were found useful in applications involving causal and counterfactual relationships. This semantical framework, enriched with a few ideas from logic and graph theory, gives rise to a complete, coherent, and friendly calculus of causation that unifies the graphical and counterfactual approaches to causation and resolves many long-standing problems in several of the sciences. These include questions of causal effect estimation, policy analysis, and the integration of data from diverse studies. Of special interest to KDD researchers would be the following topics: The Mediation Formula, and what it tells us about direct and indirect effects.What mathematics can tell us about "external validity" or "generalizing from experiments"What can graph theory tell us about recovering from sample-selection bias.
The 2013 virtual reality career award

The 2013 virtual reality career award goes to Henry Fuchs, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for his lifetime contributions to research and practice in virtual environments, telepresence, and medical applications. Since the 1970s, Henry Fuchs has made pioneer contributions to many of the technologies needed to enable virtual and augmented reality: automatic construction of 3D models and scenes, fast rendering algorithms (BSP Trees), graphics hardware (Pixel-Planes), large-area tracking systems (HiBall), optical and video see-through head-mounted displays. Many of these advances were inspired by demanding applications such as augmenting visualization for surgical assistance (by merging real and virtual objects) and teleimmersion for remote medical consultation. He continues to innovate within a multi-national telepresence research center with sites at ETH Zurich, NTU Singapore, and UNC Chapel Hill. The IEEE VGTC is pleased to award Henry Fuchs the 2013 Virtual Reality Career Award.
Where to place a hole to achieve a maximal escape rate

A natural question of how the survival probability depends upon a position of a hole was seemingly never addressed in the theory of open dynamical systems. We found that this dependency could be very essential. The main results are related to the holes with equal sizes (measure) in the phase space of strongly chaotic maps. Take in each hole a periodic point of minimal period. Then the faster escape occurs through the hole where this minimal period assumes its maximal value. The results are valid for all finite times (starting with the minimal period) which is unusual in dynamical systems theory where typically statements are asymptotic when time tends to infinity. It seems obvious that the bigger the hole is the faster is the escape through that hole. Our results demonstrate that generally it is not true, and that specific features of the dynamics may play a role comparable to the size of the hole.
Universal deformation rings of modules for algebras of dihedral type of polynomial growth

Let k be an algebraically closed field, and let Λ be an algebra of dihedral type of polynomial growth as classified by Erdmann and Skowronski. We describe all finitely generated Λ-modules V whose stable endomorphism rings are isomorphic to k and determine their universal deformation rings R(Λ, V). We prove that only three isomorphism types occur for R(Λ, V): k, k[[t]]/(t2) and k[[t]].
Raloxifene for women with Alzheimer disease A randomized controlled pilot trial

Objective: To determine whether raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cognitive function compared with placebo in women with Alzheimer disease (AD) and to provide an estimate of cognitive effect. Methods: This pilot study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with a planned treatment of 12 months. Women with late-onset AD of mild to moderate severity were randomly allocated to high-dose (120 mg) oral raloxifene or identical placebo provided once daily. The primary outcome compared between treatment groups at 12 months was change in the Alzheimer9s Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog). Results: Forty-two women randomized to raloxifene or placebo were included in intent-to-treat analyses (mean age 76 years, range 68–84), and 39 women contributed 12-month outcomes. ADAS-cog change scores at 12 months did not differ significantly between treatment groups (standardized difference 0.03, 95% confidence interval −0.39 to 0.44, 2-tailed p = 0.89). Raloxifene and placebo groups did not differ significantly on secondary analyses of dementia rating, activities of daily living, behavior, or a global cognition composite score. Caregiver burden and caregiver distress were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Results on the primary outcome showed no cognitive benefits in the raloxifene-treated group. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that for women with AD, raloxifene does not have a significant cognitive effect. The study lacked the precision to exclude a small effect.
Calcium amidotrihydroborate: a hydrogen storage material.

The promise of the hydrogen economy, while great, will only be realized when many major scientific challenges are overcome. One of primary challenges is the need to find a safe and economic method for storing and transporting H2. Conventional storage systems include classical high-pressure tanks, insulated liquid-hydrogen systems, and storage in hydrocarbons. Chemical methods, such as the use of metal hydrides (for example, MgH2), [2] imides (such as LiNH2), [3] organic frameworks (Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)), [4,5]
Cost effectiveness of telecare management for pain and depression in patients with cancer: results from a randomized trial

Abstract Objective Pain and depression are prevalent and treatable symptoms among patients with cancer, yet they are often undetected and undertreated. The Indiana Cancer Pain and Depression (INCPAD) trial demonstrated that telecare management can improve pain and depression outcomes. This article investigates the incremental cost effectiveness of the INCPAD intervention. Methods The INCPAD trial was conducted in 16 community-based urban and rural oncology practices in Indiana. Of the 405 participants, 202 were randomized to the intervention group and 203 to the usual-care group. Intervention costs were determined, and effectiveness outcomes were depression-free days and quality-adjusted life years. Results The intervention group was associated with a yearly increase of 60.3 depression-free days (S.E.=15.4; P Conclusion Centralized telecare management, coupled with automated symptom monitoring, appears to be a cost effective intervention for managing pain and depression in cancer patients.
A new chalcogenide homologous series A2[M5+nSe9+n] (A = Rb, Cs; M = Bi, Ag, Cd)

The ternary and quaternary selenides, β-CsBi3Se5, Rb2CdBi6Se11, CsAg0.5Bi3.5Se6, CsCdBi3Se6, Rb2Ag1.5Bi7.5Se13, and Cs2Ag1.5Bi7.5Se13, are all members of the new homologous series A2[M5+nSe9+n] and crystallize in structures related to each other in a systematic way; these compounds are mid gap semiconductors and are of interest as thermoelectric materials.
An efficient Mitsunobu coupling to adenine-derived carbocyclic nucleosides

Abstract Adenine is a poor substrate for the Mitsunobu process to carbocyclic nucleosides. However, N -6 amino bis-Boc-protected adenine is reported herein to undergo an efficient coupling under these conditions as a result of its increased solubility and the reduced competing nucleophilicity of the free adenine amino substituent. Products from this reaction are readily converted to aristeromycin, neplanocin, and analogs there from, including 5′-homoaristeromycin, a promising antiviral agent.
An improved model for the combustion of AP composite propellants

This paper presents several improvements in the Beckstead-Derr-Price model of steady-state burning of AP composite solid propellants. The Price-Boggs-Derr model of AP monopropellant burning is incorporated to represent the AP. A separate energy equation is written for the binder to permit a different surface temperature from the AP. The discussion includes an analysis of the sharing of primary diffusion flame energy and a correction in treating the binder regression rate. A method for assembling component contributions to calculate the burning rates of multimodal propellants is also presented. Results are shown in the form of representativ e burning rate curves, comparisons with data, and calculated internal details of interest. Ideas for future work are discussed in an Appendix.
Atmospheric Chemistry in Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Low-Mass Dwarf Stars. II. Sulfur and Phosphorus

Thermochemical equilibrium and kinetic calculations are used to model sulfur and phosphorus chemistry in giant planets, brown dwarfs, and extrasolar giant planets (EGPs). The chemical behavior of individual S- and P-bearing gases and condensates is determined as a function of pressure, temperature, and metallicity. The results are independent of particular model atmospheres, and in principle, the equilibrium composition along the pressure-temperature profile of any object can be determined. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the dominant S-bearing gas throughout substellar atmospheres and approximately represents the atmospheric sulfur inventory. Silicon sulfide (SiS) is a potential tracer of weather in substellar atmospheres. Disequilibrium abundances of phosphine (PH3) approximately representative of the total atmospheric phosphorus inventory are expected to be mixed upward into the observable atmospheres of giant planets and T dwarfs. In hotter objects, several P-bearing gases (e.g., P2, PH3, PH 2, PH, and HCP) become increasingly important at high temperatures.
Development of Large-Scale Functional Brain Networks in Children

The ontogeny of large-scale functional organization of the human brain is not well understood. Here we use network analysis of intrinsic functional connectivity to characterize the organization of brain networks in 23 children (ages 7–9 y) and 22 young-adults (ages 19–22 y). Comparison of network properties, including path-length, clustering-coefficient, hierarchy, and regional connectivity, revealed that although children and young-adults’ brains have similar ‘‘small-world’’ organization at the global level, they differ significantly in hierarchical organization and interregional connectivity. We found that subcortical areas were more strongly connected with primary sensory, association, and paralimbic areas in children, whereas young-adults showed stronger cortico-cortical connectivity between paralimbic, limbic, and association areas. Further, combined analysis of functional connectivity with wiring distance measures derived from white-matter fiber tracking revealed that the development of large-scale brain networks is characterized by weakening of short-range functional connectivity and strengthening of long-range functional connectivity. Importantly, our findings show that the dynamic process of over-connectivity followed by pruning, which rewires connectivity at the neuronal level, also operates at the systems level, helping to reconfigure and rebalance subcortical and paralimbic connectivity in the developing brain. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of network analysis of brain connectivity to elucidate key principles underlying functional brain maturation, paving the way for novel studies of disrupted brain connectivity in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
Effective Synthesis of Chiral N‐Fluoroaryl Aziridines through Enantioselective Aziridination of Alkenes with Fluoroaryl Azides

Catalytic aziridination of alkenes with nitrene sources via “C2+N1” addition represents a general approach for the direct synthesis of aziridines, the smallest three-membered N-heterocycles.[1] The enantioselective version of this catalytic process allows for efficient access to chiral nonracemic aziridines, which are versatile synthetic intermediates in asymmetric synthesis.[1-2] Several classes of transition metal-based chiral catalysts, such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Rh and Co complexes, have been found effective in catalyzing asymmetric olefin aziridination with different nitrene sources.[1,3] Besides iminoiodanes and haloamines, organic azides have been actively pursued as alternative nitrene sources for metal-catalyzed aziridination as they enjoy several advantages.[3] While sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides have been effectively employed for metal-catalyzed asymmetric aziridination,[4] catalytic processes based on the use of other types of azides, such as aryl azides, have been less developed. In addition to generating environmentally friendly nitrogen gas as the only byproduct, asymmetric catalytic aziridination with readily available aryl azides provides an attractive approach for the synthesis of valuable N-aryl aziridines through direct introduction of N-aryl groups concurrently with the ring formation.[5,6] This would avoid two additional steps of deprotection and N-arylation when other types of nitrene sources are used for preparing N-aryl aziridines.[7] However, few catalytic systems have been shown to be effective for asymmetric olefin aziridination with aryl azides.[4d,6]
An investigation of zero order harmonics in power transformers

Summary form only given as follows. An investigation was done on the effects of zero order harmonics produced in a 7.5 kVA single phase transformer using DC produced by injection on the primary from an external source and also by half wave rectification on the secondary with a resistive load. The accuracy of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for determining the DC component was also looked at, along with the ability of current transformers to detect a low frequency, or quasi-DC, component superimposed on an AC signal. Polynomial functions were developed to predict harmonic production, line current amplitude, input power, power factor, core losses, etc. as functions of the DC current value for both cases. Results show a strong similarity in produced current harmonics for both cases. The DFT is an accurate tool for determining the value of a DC component. Passive current transformers are not able to accurately detect a DC, or slowly varying AC, component.
Measuring the diffusion of housing prices across space and over time

How fast and how long (and to what magnitude) does a change in housing prices in one region affect its neighbors? In this paper, I apply a time series technique for measuring impulse response functions from local projections to a spatial autoregressive model of housing prices. For a dynamic panel of California counties, the data reveal that the diffusion of regional housing prices across space lasts up to two and half years. This result, and the econometric techniques employed, should be of interest not only to housing and regional economists, but to a variety of applied econometricians as well. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algebraic turbulence modeling for unstructured and adaptive meshes

An algebraic turbulence model based on the Baldwin-Lomax model, has been implemented for use on unstructured grids. The implementation is based on the use of local background structured turbulence meshes. At each time-step, flow variables are interpolated from the unstructured mesh onto the background structured meshes, the turbulence model is executed on these meshes, and the resulting eddy viscosity values are interpolated back to the unstructured mesh. Modifications to the algebraic model were required to enable the treatment of more complicated flows, such as confluent boundary layers and wakes. The model is used in conjuction with an efficient unstructured multigrid finite-element Navier-Stokes solver in order to compute compressible turbulent flows on fully unstructured meshes. Solutions about single and multiple element airfoils are obtained and compared with experimental data.
Reaerosolization of MS2 Bacteriophage from an N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator by Simulated Coughing

The supply of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) may not be adequate to match demand during a pandemic outbreak. One possible strategy to maintain supplies in healthcare settings is to extend FFR use for multiple patient encounters; however, contaminated FFRs may serve as a source for the airborne transmission of virus particles. In this study, reaerosolization of virus particles from contaminated FFRs was examined using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for airborne pathogenic viruses. MS2 was applied to FFRs as droplets or droplet nuclei. A simulated cough (370 l min(-1) peak flow) provided reverse airflow through the contaminated FFR. The number and size of the reaerosolized particles were measured using gelatin filters and an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). Two droplet nuclei challenges produced higher percentages of reaerosolized particles (0.21 and 0.08%) than a droplet challenge (<0.0001%). Overall, the ACI-determined size distribution of the reaerosolized particles was larger than the characterized loading virus aerosol. This study demonstrates that only a small percentage of viable MS2 viruses was reaerosolized from FFRs by reverse airflow under the conditions evaluated, suggesting that the risks of exposure due to reaerosolization associated with extended use can be considered negligible for most respiratory viruses. However, risk assessments should be updated as new viruses emerge and better workplace exposure data becomes available.
Nonparametric identification in nonseparable panel data models with generalized fixed effects

Abstract This paper extends the familiar notion of fixed effects to nonlinear structures with infinite-dimensional unobservables, like preferences. The main result is that a generalized version of differencing identifies local average responses (LARs) in nonseparable structures. In contrast to existing results, this does not require either substantial restrictions on functional form or independence between the persistent unobservables and the explanatory variables of interest, and it requires only two time periods. On the other hand, the results are confined to the subpopulation of “stayers” ( Chamberlain, 1982 ), i.e., the population for which the explanatory variables do not change over time. We extend the basic framework to include time trends and dynamics in the explanatory variables, and we show how distributional effects as well as average partial effects are identified. Our approach also allows endogeneity in the transitory unobservables. Furthermore, we show that this new identification principle can be applied to well-known objects like the slope coefficient in the semiparametric panel data binary choice model with fixed effects. Finally, we suggest estimators for the local average response and average partial effect, and we analyze their large- and finite-sample behavior.
Experimental Study of the Subgrid-Scale Stresses in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

In a large eddy simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer, results near the surface suffer from major deficiencies of the subgrid-scale (SGS) model due to inherently insufficient resolution there. However, efforts to develop improved models have been partially hampered by the lack of experimental data. In this paper SGS stress is studied experimentally using two-dimensional velocity fields measured with a newly developed array technique that combines a sonic array in the lateral direction with Taylor’s hypothesis in the streamwise direction. Detailed analyses show that, under convective conditions, the subgrid velocities are statistically independent of the resolvable-scale horizontal velocities; thus the large-scale eddies advect the SGS eddies but do not directly interact with them. As a result, the SGS stress components that involve resolvable-scale horizontal velocity components have strong statistical dependence on these velocity components. These SGS stress components also have the largest variances. Other SGS stress components involve only velocities whose length scales are comparable to the filter scale and are statistically dependent on the resolvable-scale vertical velocity but are statistically independent of the resolvable-scale horizontal velocities. Furthermore, these two types of SGS stress terms are independent of each other. The present study suggests that the two types of SGS stress components are related to the dynamics at the largest scales and at the filter scale, respectively, and need to be modeled separately to capture their distinct statistical characteristics.
Developing Concepts and Generalizations to Build Algebraic Thinking: The Reversibility, Flexibility, and Generalization Approach.

Many students with learning disabilities (LD) in mathematics receive their mathematics education in general education inclusive classes; therefore, these students must be capable of learning algebraic concepts, including developing algebraic thinking abilities, that are part of the general education curriculum. To help students develop algebraic thinking, teachers should ask questions in different ways to promote the ability to think algebraically. This article describes three types of questions—reversibility, flexibility, and generalizations—which support the acquisition of broader concepts leading to algebraic thinking. Examples of the question types within the contexts of rational numbers and integers are provided to assist teachers in creating similar questions for teaching mathematics to students with LD.
Program equilibria and discounted computation time

Tennenholtz (GEB 2004) developed Program Equilibrium to model play in a finite two-player game where each player can base their strategy on the other player's strategies. Tennenholtz's model allowed each player to produce a "loop-free" computer program that had access to the code for both players. He showed a folk theorem where the result of any mixed-strategy individually rational play could be an equilibrium payoff in this model even in a one-shot game. Kalai et al. gave a general folk theorem for correlated play in a more generic commitment model.We develop a new model of program equilibrium using general computational models and discounting the payoffs based on the computation time used. We give an even more general folk theorem giving correlated-strategy payoffs down to the pure minimax of each player. We also show the existence of equilibrium in other games not covered by the earlier work.
The battered-child syndrome☆

Abstract The battered-child syndrome, a clinical condition in young children who have received serious physical abuse, is a frequent cause of permanent injury or death. The syndrome should be considered in any child exhibiting evidence of fracture of any bone, subdural hematoma, failure to thrive, soft tissue swellings or skin bruising, in any child who dies suddenly, or where the degree and type of injury is at variance with the history given regarding the occurrence of the trauma. Psychiatric factors are probably of prime importance in the pathogenesis of the disorder, but knowledge of these factors is limited. Physicians have a duty and responsibility to the child to require a full evaluation of the problem and to guarantee that no expected repetition of trauma will be permitted to occur.
Whole-ecosystem labile carbon production in a north temperate deciduous forest

Abstract Labile carbon (C), which is principally comprised of non-structural carbohydrates, is an essential intermediary between C assimilation and structural growth in deciduous forests. We developed a new approach that combined meteorological and biometric C cycling data for a mixed deciduous forest in Michigan, USA, to provide novel estimates of whole-ecosystem labile C production and reallocation to structural net primary production (NPP). We substantiated inferred seasonal patterns of labile C production and reallocation to structural NPP with measurements of Populus grandidentata and Quercus rubra wood non-structural carbohydrate concentration and mass over two years. Our analysis showed that 55% of annual net canopy C assimilate ( A c ) was first allocated to labile C production rather than to immediate structural NPP. Labile C produced during the latter half of summer later supported dormant-season structural growth and respiration, with 34% of structural NPP in a given year requiring labile C stored during previous years. Seasonal changes in wood non-structural carbohydrate concentration and mass generally corroborated inferred temporal patterns of whole-ecosystem labile C production and reallocation to structural NPP. Our findings confirm that disparities can arise between same-year meteorological and biometric net ecosystem production when meteorologically measured C assimilation and biometrically measured growth are asynchronous because of temporary photosynthate allocation to labile C storage. We conclude that a broader understanding of labile C production and reallocation at the ecosystem scale is important to interpreting lagged canopy C cycling and structural growth processes.
Muscle Cells Provide Instructions for Planarian Regeneration

Regeneration requires both potential and instructions for tissue replacement. In planarians, pluripotent stem cells have the potential to produce all new tissue. The identities of the cells that provide regeneration instructions are unknown. Here, we report that position control genes (PCGs) that control regeneration and tissue turnover are expressed in a subepidermal layer of nonneoblast cells. These subepidermal cells coexpress many PCGs. We propose that these subepidermal cells provide a system of body coordinates and positional information for regeneration, and identify them to be muscle cells of the planarian body wall. Almost all planarian muscle cells express PCGs, suggesting a dual function: contraction and control of patterning. PCG expression is dynamic in muscle cells after injury, even in the absence of neoblasts, suggesting that muscle is instructive for regeneration. We conclude that planarian regeneration involves two highly flexible systems: pluripotent neoblasts that can generate any new cell type and muscle cells that provide positional instructions for the regeneration of any body region.
Practice-Based Ontologies: A New Approach to Address the Challenges of Ontology and Knowledge Representation in History and Archaeology

Data production in history and archaeology far outpaces data processing. In order to apply computers to this problem, historical data must be converted to machine-readable forms. This process is easy for domains of knowledge that have explicit terminology, but history and archaeology lack these characteristics. This study therefore proposes a phenomenological approach to requirements gathering for knowledge representation and ontology systems for historians and archaeologists. The approach utilizes qualitative and ethnographic research methods to gather data on practitioners’ reasoning and knowledge practices. The design requirements for ontology design can be extracted from the ‘thick description’ produced by this process, and used to build ‘practice-based ontologies.’ This paper presents the theoretical framework and early outcomes of ethnographic research with archaeologists in practice at the University of Pennsylvania.
A multi-scale model for contact between rough surfaces

This work describes a non-statistical multi-scale model of the normal contact between rough surfaces. The model produces predictions for contact area as a function of contact load, and is compared to the traditional Greenwood and Williamson (GW) and Majumdar and Bhushan (MB) rough surface contact models, which represent single-scale statistical and fractal analyses, respectively. The current model incorporates the effect of asperity deformations at multiple scales into a simple framework for modeling the contact between nominally flat rough surfaces. Similar to the “protuberance upon protuberance” theory proposed by Archard, the model considers the effect of having smaller asperities located on top of larger asperities in repeated fashion with increasing detail down to the limits of current measurement techniques. The parameters describing the surface topography (areal asperity density and asperity radius) are calculated from an FFT performed of the surface profile. Thus, the model considers multi-scale effects, which fractal methods have addressed, while attempting to more accurately incorporate the deformation mechanics into the solution. After the FFT of a real surface is calculated, the computational resources needed for the method are very small. Perhaps surprisingly, the trends produced by this non-statistical multi-scale model are quite similar to those arising from the GW and MB models, but seem largely unaffected by the sampling resolution at the employed surface data.
Breaking Deadlocks in International Institutional Negotiations: The WTO, Seattle, and Doha

Negotiations among members of international institutions often stalemate yet the outcomes vary. Sometimes talks end in impasse and other times in agreement. Several familiar theories are unable to explain the contrast between two prominent outcomes in the World Trade Organization—its 1999 deadlock in Seattle and its 2001 agreement in Doha, Qatar, on an agenda for a new round. Extensive original evidence from these cases documents mechanisms that can tip the negotiation process between impasse and agreement in any institution, not only economic ones. The study illustrates benefits for international relations research of building on the relatively neglected tradition of negotiation analysis, a substantial part of which is outside political science.
Notes on Liouville theory at c ≤ 1

The continuation of the Liouville conformal field theory to $c\ensuremath{\le}1$ is considered. The viability of an interpretation involving a timelike boson which is the conformal factor for two-dimensional asymptotically de Sitter geometries is examined. The conformal bootstrap leads to a three-point function with a unique analytic factor which is the same as that which appears along with the fusion coefficients in the minimal models. A corresponding nonanalytic factor produces a well-defined metric on fields only when the central charge is restricted to those of the topological minimal models, and when the conformal dimensions satisfy $hg(c\ensuremath{-}1)/24$. However, the theories considered here have a continuous spectrum which excludes the degenerate representations appearing in the minimal models. The $c=1$ theory has been investigated previously using similar techniques, and is identical to a nonrational conformal field theory (CFT) which arises as a limit of unitary minimal models. When coupled to unitary matter fields, the nonunitary theories with $c\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}2$ produce string amplitudes which are similar to those of the minimal string.
Collision resolution in packet radio networks using rotational invariance techniques

This paper deals with the multiuser medium access problem in the packet radio environment. Under the framework of network diversity multiple access (NDMA), a previously proposed medium access method, a blind collision resolution scheme is proposed employing rotational invariance and factor analysis techniques. The proposed approach (dubbed B-NDMA for blind NDMA) overcomes the difficulty of orthogonal identification codes required by the original protocol, thereby improving channel utilization and system capacity, while being insensitive to multipath effects and synchronization errors. Performance issues of the proposed technique are addressed both analytically and numerically.
Penalty Clauses Through the Lens of Unconscionability Doctrine: Birch v. Union of Taxation Employees, Local 70030

The author reviews the recent case of Birch v. Union of Taxation Employees, Local 70030, in which the Ontario Court of Appeal evaluated—in terms of the doctrine of unconscionability—the enforceability of a clause fining union members who cross picket lines during legal strikes. He applauds the decision as an important step toward jettisoning the traditional common law penalty doctrine, according to which stipulated remedy clauses designed to have an in terrorem effect upon a contracting party are per se unenforceable. The author criticizes the decision, however, for its failure to examine features of the case that would have been ignored under the penalty doctrine but that should have been prominent under the unconscionability doctrine. These features include: other provisions of the contract, the relative difficulty of arriving at “a genuine pre-estimate of the loss” as opposed to a “reasonable penalty”, and the process by which the contract was formed. The author concludes that, in failing to examine these features, the court missed an opportunity to clarify the changing law on the enforceability of stipulated remedy clauses.
Order stability in supply chains: : coordination risk and the role of coordination stock

The bullwhip effect describes the tendency for the variance of orders in supply chains to increase as one moves upstream from consumer demand. Previous research attributes this phenomenon to both operational and behavioral causes. We report on a set of laboratory experiments with a serial supply chain, using the Beer Distribution Game. The experimental conditions eliminate all operational causes of the bullwhip effect. Nevertheless, we find that the bullwhip effect persists in this setting and offer one possible explanation based on coordination risk. Coordination risk exists when individuals’ decisions contribute to a collective outcome and the decision rules followed by each individual are not known with certainty, e.g., where managers cannot be sure how their supply chain partners will behave. We conjecture that the existence of coordination risk may contribute to bullwhip behavior. We test this conjecture by controlling for environmental factors that lead to coordination risk and find these controls lead to significant reduction in order oscillations and amplification. Next, we investigate a managerial intervention to reduce the bullwhip effect, inspired by our conjecture that coordination risk contributes to bullwhip behavior. While the intervention, holding additional on-hand inventory, does not change the existence of coordination risk, we find that it reduces order oscillation and amplification by providing a buffer against the endogenous risk of coordination failure. We conclude that the magnitude of the bullwhip can be mitigated, but that its behavioral causes appear robust.
Correction to "An Efficient Game Form for Multi-Rate Multicast Service Provisioning"

This note corrects an error in the paper, "An Efficient Game Form for Multi-Rate Multicast Service Provisioning" (ibid., vol. 30, no. 11,pp. 2093-2104, December 2012) which presents a rate allocation mechanism for multi-rate multicast service provisioning in networks with arbitrary topology and strategic users.
Fermion masses and mixing and CP violation in SO(10) models with family symmetries

Several ideas for solving the problem of fermion mass hierarchy and mixing and specific supersymmetric models that realize it are reviewed. In particular, we discuss many models based on SO(10) in four dimensions combined with a family symmetry to accommodate fermion mass hierarchy and mixing, including the case of neutrinos. These models are compared and various tests that can be used to distinguish these models are suggested. We also include a discussion of a few SO(10) models in higher space–time dimensions.
Botanical Perspectives on Coca

(1979). Botanical Perspectives on Coca. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, Innovative Approached to Drug Abuse Treatment, pp. 103-117.
How Consistent Are Class Size Effects

Thus far researchers have focused on computing average differences in student achievement between smaller and larger classes. In this study, the author focus on the distribution of the small class effects at the school level and compute the inconsistency of the small class effects across schools. The author use data from Project STAR to estimate small class effects for each school on mathematics and reading scores from kindergarten through third grade. Then, all school estimates were combined to calculate an overall weighted average. The results revealed that a large proportion of the school-specific small class effects are positive, while a smaller proportion of the estimates are negative. Although students benefit considerably from being in small classes in many schools, in other schools being in small classes is either not beneficial or is a disadvantage. Small class effects were inconsistent and varied significantly across schools in all grades indicating a small class by school interaction.
Beyond Trade : The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

This paper investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. We find that PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows, and the FDI gains are increasing in the market size of the PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. We identify several different channels through which preferential trade liberalization may affect FDI, and confirm that both threshold effects (signing the agreement) and market size effects (joining a larger and faster-growing common market) are important determinants of net FDI inflows, although the latter seem to dominate. The estimated relationship is largely driven by North-South PTAs, and is most pronounced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which is a period when the majority of “deep integration” PTAs have been advanced.
Appearance of multiple stable load flow solutions under power flow reversal conditions

In complex power systems, nonlinear load flow equations have multiple solutions. Under typical load conditions only one solution isf stable and corresponds to a normal operating point, whereas the second solution is not stable and is never realized in practice. However, in future distribution grids with high penetration of distributed generators more stable solutions may appear because of active or reactive power reversal. The systems can operate at different states, and additional control measures may be required to ensure that it remains at the appropriate point. This paper focuses on the analysis of several cases where multiple solution phenomena is observed. A noniterative approach for solving load flow equations based on the Grobner basis is introduced to overcome the convergence and computational efficiency associated with standard iterative approaches. All the solutions of load flow problems with their existence boundaries are analyzed for a simple 3-bus model. Furthermore, the stability of the solutions is analyzed using a derived aggregated load dynamics model, and suggestions for preventive control are proposed and discussed. The failure of naive voltage stability criteria is demonstrated and new voltage stability criteria is proposed. Some of the new solutions of load flow equations are proved to be both stable and acceptable to the EN 50610 voltage fluctuation standard.
ANTICIPATED UTILITY AND RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AS APPROXIMATIONS OF BAYESIAN DECISION MAKING

For a Markov decision problem in which unknown transition probabilities serve as hidden state variables, we study the quality of two approximations to the decision rule of a Bayesian who each period updates his subjective distribution over the transition probabilities by Bayes’ law. The first is the usual rational expectations approximation that assumes that the decision maker knows the transition probabilities. The second approximation is a version of Kreps’ (1998) anticipated utility model in which decision makers update using Bayes’ law but optimize in a way that is myopic with respect to their updating of probabili- ties. For a range of consumption smoothing examples, the anticipated utility approximation outperforms the rational expectations approximation. The an- ticipated utility and Bayesian models augment market prices of risk relative to the rational expectations approximation.