cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Understanding of Atherosclerosis (Clinically and Experimentally) with Evolving MRI Technology in Vivo

Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Despite advances in our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and new treatment modalities, the absence of an adequate noninvasive method for early detection limits the prevention or treatment of patients with various degrees and localizations of atherothrombotic disease. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) has recently emerged as one of the most promising techniques for the noninvasive study of atherothrombotic disease. Most importantly, MR can be used to characterize plaque composition and monitor progression. Thus, MR opens new strategies, ranging from the screening of high-risk patients for early detection and treatment as well as the monitoring of target areas for pharmacological intervention.
Non-Abelian Fourier transform for gauge theories

We consider SU(2) gauge potentials over a space with a compactified dimension. A non-Abelian Fourier transform of the gauge potential in the compactified dimension is defined in such a way that the Fourier coefficients are (almost) gauge invariant. The functional measure and the gauge field strengths are expressed in terms of these Fourier coefficients. The emerging formulation of the non-Abelian gauge theory turns out to be an Abelian gauge theory of a set of fields defined over the initial space with the compactified dimension excluded. The Abelian theory contains an Abelian gauge field, a scalar field, and an infinite tower of vector matter fields, some of which carry Abelian charges. Possible applications of this formalism are discussed briefly.
Mechanisms intrinsic to 5‐HT2B receptor‐induced potentiation of NMDA receptor responses in frog motoneurones

In the presence of NMDA receptor open-channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801); 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane (memantine)] and TTX, high concentrations (30–100 μM) of either 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (α-Me-5-HT) significantly potentiated NMDA-induced depolarizations of frog spinal cord motoneurones. Potentiation was blocked by LY-53,857 (10–30 μM), SB 206553 (10 μM), and SB 204741 (30 μM), but not by spiroxatrine (10 μM), WAY 100,635 (1–30 μM), ketanserin (10 μM), RS 102221 (10 μM), or RS 39604 (10–20 μM). Therefore, α-Me-5-HT's facilitatory effects appear to involve 5-HT2B receptors. These effects were G-protein dependent as they were prevented by prior treatment with guanylyl-5′-imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP, 100 μM) and H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-D-Trp-Phe-D-Trp-D-Trp-Met-NH2 (GP antagonist 2A, 3–6 μM), but not by pertussis toxin (PTX, 3–6 ng ml−1, 48 h preincubation). This potentiation was not reduced by protein kinase C inhibition with staurosporine (2.0 μM), U73122 (10 μM) or N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide HCl (H9) (77 μM) or by intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 μM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase). Exposure of the spinal cord to the L-type Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine (10 μM), KN-62 (5 μM) or gallopamil (100 μM) eliminated α-Me-5-HT's effects. The calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide (W7) (100 μM) diminished the potentiation. However, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM Kinase II) blocker KN-93 (10 μM) did not block the 5-HT enhancement of the NMDA responses. In summary, activation of 5-HT2B receptors by α-Me-5-HT facilitates NMDA-depolarizations of frog motoneurones via a G-protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the entry of extracellular Ca2+ through L-type Ca2+ channels, the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin and a lessening of the Mg2+ -produced open-channel block of the NMDA receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 351–360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705935
Investigation of the thermochemical transformations in the LiAlH4–LiNH2 system

Abstract The thermal transformations in the lithium alanate-amide system consisting of lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and lithium amide (LiNH2), mixed in a 1:1 M ratio, were investigated using the pressure-composition-temperature analysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray powder diffraction, and residual gas analysis. Below 250 °C, the alanate decomposes into Al, LiH and H2, through the formation of Li3AlH6, whereas the amide remains largely intact. The release of gaseous hydrogen corresponds to approximately 5 wt%. Above 250 °C, additional ∼4 wt% of hydrogen is produced through solid-state reactions among LiNH2, LiH and metallic Al, through the formation of intermetallic Li–Al binary alloy and an unidentified intermediate. The overall reaction of the thermochemical transformation of the LiAlH4–LiNH2 mixture results in the production of Li3AlN2, metallic Al, LiH and the release of 9 wt% of gaseous hydrogen. The reaction mechanism of the thermal decomposition is different from one identified earlier during mechanical treatment of the same system. Rehydrogenation of the thermally-decomposed products of LiAlH4–LiNH2 mixture using high hydrogen pressure (180 bar) and heating (275 °C) yields LiNH2 and amorphous aluminum nitride (AlN).
Active proteinase inhibitors associated with human breast epithelial cells

The major glycoproteins synthesized by human breast epithelial cells have been characterized [6,8]. The most consistently observed and prominent component in supernatants of organ cultures of breast surgical specimens and of MCF-7 cells was gp 68 which has been immunologically identified as α-1-antichymotrypsin (Achy). In the present study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein can form an irreversible complex with chymotrypsin, which indicates that it is a functional inhibitor. The 14C-glucosamine-labeled gp 68 forms a stable, 88,000-dalton. enzyme-inhibitor complex with chymotrypsin. The molecule is secreted continuously for 9 days into a chemically defined, serum-free medium. In addition to the de novo synthesized inhibitor, another component is adsorbed from fetal bovine scrum and subsequently released into serum-free medium. This component also forms an irreversible, 88,000-dalton complex with enzyme. The observations establish that two types of inhibitors are associated with human breast epithelial cells, one actively synthesized and the other derived from serum. Both of these molecules may have significant roles in stabilizing cell surface components and in protecting extracellular matrices from untimely degradation.
A track density model for magnetoresistive heads considering the erase bands

Equations are derived that describe the offtrack behavior of magnetic recording heads with inductive-write-wide, magnetoresistive (MR)-read-narrow in the presence of squeeze and erase bands. The resulting model can be used to predict offtrack performance as a function of trackpitch. It is shown that the offtrack behavior can be broken into five regions in the presence of squeeze and erase bands. >
1H, 13C, and 15N backbone resonance assignments of the full-length 40 kDa S. acidocaldarius Y-family DNA polymerase, dinB homolog

The dinB homolog (Dbh) is a member of the Y-family of translesion DNA polymerases, which are specialized to accurately replicate DNA across from a wide variety of lesions in living cells. Lesioned bases block the progression of high-fidelity polymerases and cause detrimental replication fork stalling; Y-family polymerases can bypass these lesions. The active site of the translesion synthesis polymerase is more open than that of a replicative polymerase; consequently Dbh polymerizes with low fidelity. Bypass polymerases also have low processivity. Short extension past the lesion allows the high-fidelity polymerase to switch back onto the site of replication. Dbh and the other Y-family polymerases have been used as structural models to investigate the mechanisms of DNA polymerization and lesion bypass. Many high-resolution crystal structures of Y-family polymerases have been reported. NMR dynamics studies can complement these structures by providing a measure of protein motions. Here we report the 15N, 1H, and 13C backbone resonance assignments at two temperatures (35 and 50 °C) for Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Dbh polymerase. Backbone resonance assignments have been obtained for 86 % of the residues. The polymerase active site is assigned as well as the majority of residues in each of the four domains.
Rocky Mountain hydroclimate: Holocene variability and the role of insolation, ENSO, and the North American Monsoon

Abstract Over the period of instrumental records, precipitation maximum in the headwaters of the Colorado Rocky Mountains has been dominated by winter snow, with a substantial degree of interannual variability linked to Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics. High-elevation snowpack is an important water storage that is carefully observed in order to meet increasing water demands in the greater semi-arid region. The purpose here is to consider Rocky Mountain water trends during the Holocene when known changes in earth's energy balance were caused by precession-driven insolation variability. Changes in solar insolation are thought to have influenced the variability and intensity of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and North American Monsoon and the seasonal precipitation balance between rain and snow at upper elevations. Holocene records are presented from two high elevation lakes located in northwest Colorado that document decade-to-century scale precipitation seasonality for the past ~ 7000 years. Comparisons with sub-tropical records of ENSO indicate that the snowfall-dominated precipitation maxima developed ~ 3000 and 4000 years ago, coincident with evidence for enhanced ENSO/PDO dynamics. During the early-to-mid Holocene the records suggest a more monsoon affected precipitation regime with reduced snowpack, more rainfall, and net moisture deficits that were more severe than recent droughts. The Holocene perspective of precipitation indicates a far broader range of variability than that of the past century and highlights the non-linear character of hydroclimate in the U.S. west.
Diagnostic exercise: ascites, abdominal masses, and diffuse peritoneal nodules in a rat.

A 1.4-year-old virgin female brown-hooded fancy rat presented for abdominal distention, jaundice, and dyspnea. At physical examination, a firm mass was palpable in the caudoventral abdomen as well as multiple small nodular masses associated with the abdominal viscera. At necropsy, in addition to a large mass replacing the left ovary and myriad nodules studding the peritoneal surface, there was 31 ml of abdominal effusion. By cytology, the abdominal fluid contained numerous pleomorphic vacuolated tumor cells surrounding globular pale eosinophilic to amphophilic acellular material that was strongly periodic acid–Schiff positive. Histologically, the tumor was biphasic with abundant acellular hyaline matrix that was also periodic acid–Schiff positive.
Passage of a large bowel cast caused by acute ischemia: report of two cases

PURPOSE: We report two cases of spontaneous anal passage of a large bowel ‘cast’ caused by acute ischemic injury. METHODS: Clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and pathologic features were reviewed, and the literature was searched for similar cases. RESULTS: An 85-year-old male who had undergone aortic surgery recovered from rectosigmoid ischemia after undergoing a descending colostomy. A 74-year-old male with severe pancreatitis developed a postischemic sigmoid stricture but did not have operative treatment before death of pneumonia three months after the episode. A literature review revealed six cases of passage of a large bowel cast. In the eight total patients, infarcted muscularis propria was found in seven specimens, five patients had a diversion procedure, and seven survived. CONCLUSION: Passage of a large bowel cast is an extraordinary complication of ischemia that often requires diverting surgery, and most patients survive the ischemic injury.
Dynamics of Compressed and Stretched Liquid SiO2, and the Glass Transition

Ion dynamics simulations are presented to model the system SiO2 over wide ranges of temperature and density as it passes from liquid into glassy states. Essential features of the diffusive mechanism by means of which the system configuration space is explored are examined in relation to density and structure. The presence of a water-like density maximum in the liquid state of this system is established by using the negative pressure regime to stretch the system and thereby sharpen the phenomenon.
Element Concentrations in Livers and Kidneys of Ranch Mink

Reference ranges for element concentrations in livers and kidneys of "healthy" mink of known age, sex, and coat color and fed a conventional diet were determined. After euthanasia and removal of the pelts, liver and kidney samples were collected from 174 mink and analyzed for 22 elements using inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy. The diet of the mink was also analyzed for element concentrations. Descriptive statistics of element concentrations for livers and kidneys of the mink are given and compared with dietary element concentrations. Knowledge of normal tissue element concentrations for animals is essential for detection of abnormal con- centrations that may be indicative of disease problems. Tissue samples from animals presented for postmor- tem examination are frequently analyzed for element content to assist pathologists in diagnosing conditions involving mineral toxicoses or deficiencies. Normal tissue element concentrations are also useful to
Effects of pulsed and pressed disturbances on the benthic invertebrate community following a coal spill in a small stream in northeastern USA

In September 1999, a coal-carrying train derailed and spilled 180,000–270,000 kg of coal into the Cayuga Inlet near Ithaca, New York. This study determined the immediate effects of the coal spill and the clean up procedures on the aquatic invertebrate community, and whether the stream recovered from this event after 2 years. Benthic invertebrate samples were taken both upstream and downstream of the coal spill immediately following clean-up efforts and two years later. Just after the coal spill, the total abundance and species richness of aquatic invertebrates were significantly lower downstream of the spill, suggesting that the disturbance caused increased mortality and/or emigration compared to a reference site upstream. Taxa affected most were grazers and turbidity-susceptible invertebrates. Two years later the invertebrate communities were similar upstream and downstream of the spill, except for an increase in the percent of the dominant genus, Hydropsyche(Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). We speculate that long-term effects of channelization of the stream that occurred during the clean-up prevented the invertebrate assemblage from returning to the conditions observed in a reference site upstream of the coal spill. We propose that large scale environmental clean-ups should be designed to avoid altering ecosystems permanently, and that streams should be allowed to recover naturally without destructive human intervention.
The Effects of Religious Commitment on the Academic Achievement of Black and Hispanic Children

Using the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) data set from the 1988 to 1992 period, this study assessed the effects of student religious commitment on the academic achievement of Black and Hispanic children. The results indicate that religiously committed Black and Hispanic children performed better on most academic measures than their less religious counterparts, even when controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, and whether the student attended a private religious school. These results suggest that when researchers study the effects of religion on the academic achievement of children, the nature of the school should be considered but also the religious nature of many of the Black and Hispanic students. The significance of these results is discussed.
COMPARING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN MALE- AND FEMALE-DOMINATED INDUSTRIES

The aim of this paper is to examine the potential differences in the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of female entrepreneurs who own businesses in gender congruent and incongruent industries. Through the lens of social role theory the four antecedents of efficacy are examined. The results of ten in-depth, qualitative interviews show there are overarching similarities in all factors between the groups but nuanced differences in the areas of mastery experiences, social persuasion and vicarious learning. Differences were also found in the areas of social comparisons and perceived gender stereotypes. The paper discusses how ESE manifests for female entrepreneurs based on the gender congruency of the industry in which her business operates. Last, areas for future research are discussed.
A sparse reconfigurable adaptive filter based on a photonic switch

A nonblocking photonic switch can be used to implement a tapped delay line with a large number of coefficients and a wide range of time delays. In this paper, we present a sparse reconfigurable adaptive filter (SRAF) based on a photonic switch with an input/output connection architecture that can be represented by a matrix of adaptive weights. This unique parallel structure can be reconfigured in an adaptive manner to implement a sparse filter impulse response for a variety of applications. The appropriate choice of time delays is determined from a cross-correlation function between the filter input and a desired response signal that depends on the particular application. A computer simulation example illustrates the performance of the algorithm for modeling a bandpass filter characteristic.
Factors predisposing to bacterial invasion and infection.

Abstract Background: Bacterial infections remain important causes of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Our understanding of the effects of bacteria on the host, and also the defense mechanisms available to the host, is improving all the time. Modern tools in biochemistry, immunology, and molecular biology have provided powerful methods to further our understanding of the complex interactions that contribute to our host defense response. This review reflects current thinking regarding the factors that contribute to bacterial infection and host defense response. Data sources: This review was compiled after an extensive review of the current and historical literature, and highlights a number of areas involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. Conclusions: Bacteria can have a wide-ranging and deleterious effect on the host. Many different therapeutic approaches have been attempted to modulate the host response and limit the deleterious effects of bacteria. As our understanding of the underlying processes improves, these therapies should improve accordingly.
There’s nothing inherent about scale: political ecology, the local trap, and the politics of development in the Brazilian Amazon

This paper argues that research in political ecology would benefit from more explicit and careful attention to the question of scale and scalar politics. Although political ecologists have extensively considered scale as a methodological question, they have yet to develop an explicit theoretical approach to scale as an object of inquiry. We highlight one principal drawback to this underdeveloped approach to scale: what we call ‘‘the local trap’’ in which political ecologists assume that organization, policies, and action at the local scale are inherently more likely to have desired social and ecological effects than activities organized at other scales. Over the past 10 years or so, an increasingly sophisticated literature on scale has been developinvvvg among scholars in geography working in the political economy tradition. This literature has argued that scale is socially produced rather than ontologically given. Therefore, there is nothing inherent about any scale, and so the local scale cannot be intrinsically more desirable than other scales. We suggest that a greater engagement with this scale literature offers political ecology a theoretical way out of the local trap. As a first approximation of the kind of scalar analysis we advocate, we present a case study that examines the scalar politics that have shaped environmental change in the Brazilian Amazon. 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Materials refining on the Moon

Abstract Oxygen, metals, silicon, and glass are raw materials that will be required for long-term habitation and production of structural materials and solar arrays on the Moon. A process sequence is proposed for refining these materials from lunar regolith, consisting of separating the required materials from lunar rock with fluorine. The fluorine is brought to the Moon in the form of potassium fluoride, and is liberated from the salt by electrolysis in a eutectic salt melt. Tetrafluorosilane produced by this process is reduced to silicon by a plasma reduction stage; the fluorine salts are reduced to metals by reaction with metallic potassium. Fluorine is recovered from residual MgF and CaF2 by reaction with K2O.
Barriers and opportunities for early detection of breast cancer in Gaza women

A survey of 100 women living inside Gaza (WIG) and 55 Gaza women residing outside Gaza (WOG) was conducted to investigate barriers and opportunities for breast cancer screening, and to better understand possible differences based on residency. The survey found that over 90% of both groups were willing to undergo a diagnostic mammogram for a breast complaint and 86% of WIG and 85% of WOG believed survival was increased with early detection. However, only 27% of WIG and 50% WOG were willing to undergo screening mammography. Religion and culture were not barriers to mammography for over 94% of WIG and 98% of WOG. Limited resources and lack of access to medical facilities were identified as barriers in up to 55% of WIG compared to 15% of WOG. Misconceptions about breast cancer were reported more frequently by WIG, including beliefs that breast cancer is not very common and that breast cancer can be contagious.
Association Between Hospice Use and Depressive Symptoms in Surviving Spouses

Importance Family caregivers of individuals with serious illness are at risk for depressive symptoms and depression. Hospice includes the provision of support services for family caregivers, yet evidence is limited regarding the effect of hospice use on depressive symptoms among surviving caregivers. Objective To determine the association between hospice use and depressive symptoms in surviving spouses. Design, Setting, and Participants We linked data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of community-dwelling US adults 50 years or older, to Medicare claims. Participants included a propensity score–matched sample of 1016 Health and Retirement Study decedents with at least 1 serious illness and their surviving spouses interviewed between August 2002 and May 2011. We compared the spouses of individuals enrolled in hospice with the spouses of individuals who did not use hospice, performing our analysis between January 30, 2014, and January 16, 2015. Exposures Hospice enrollment for at least 3 days in the year before death. Main Outcomes and Measures Spousal depressive symptom scores measured 0 to 2 years after death with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, which is scored from 0 (no symptoms) to 8 (severe symptoms). Results Of the 1016 decedents in the matched sample, 305 patients (30.0%) used hospice services for 3 or more days in the year before death. Of the 1016 spouses, 51.9% had more depressive symptoms over time (mean [SD] change, 2.56 [1.65]), with no significant difference related to hospice use. A minority (28.2%) of spouses of hospice users had improved Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores compared with 21.7% of spouses of decedents who did not use hospice, although the difference was not statistically significant ( P = .06). Among the 662 spouses who were the primary caregivers, 27.3% of spouses of hospice users had improved Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores compared with 20.7% of spouses of decedents who did not use hospice; the difference was not statistically significant ( P = .10). In multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for the association of hospice enrollment with improved depressive symptoms after the spouse’s death was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.00-2.65). Conclusions and Relevance After bereavement, depression symptoms increased overall for surviving spouses regardless of hospice use. A modest reduction in depressive symptoms was more likely among spouses of hospice users than among spouses of nonhospice users.
Central nervous system lupus and pregnancy: 11-year experience at a single center.

Objective: To describe the pregnancy outcomes in women with central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of lupus. Methods: Between 1991 and 2002, the outcome of five pregnancies in four patients with CNS lupus were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had an established history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and either a history of CNS lupus or active CNS lupus. Pregnancy outcomes assessed included term and preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, abnormal antepartum testing, perinatal mortality, pre-eclampsia and other maternal morbidities. Results: Evidence of active CNS lupus symptoms developed in three of the five pregnancies. Two pregnancies were complicated by early onset pre-eclampsia, abnormal antepartum testing and extreme prematurity, with one subsequent neonatal death. The remaining three pregnancies had good neonatal outcomes, but were complicated by severe maternal post-pregnancy exacerbations, and the eventual death of one patient. Conclusions: CNS lupus in pregnancy represe...
A Customer Liberation Manifesto

Customers deserve better service than most service organizations are prepared or willing to provide them. This article describes the historical trends leading relentlessly to liberating service customers. The 21st century is portrayed as the customer century where respecting and trusting customers, serving the unserved and under served, and improving overall service levels become paramount. The implications for customer co-creation are explored. Technology enabled customer co-creation is also examined. Finally, the customer perspective is presented as the appropriate and necessary perspective for the service sector to adopt as customers are liberated or they liberate themselves. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]
Actoris in the Odyssey

Professor Scott in his paper on ‘Eurynome and Eurycleia’ (in the April number of the Classical Quarterly) was inclined to believe, although he did not press the point, that Eurynome and Actoris were one and the same servant, the name Actoris being a patronymic. This explanation was offered also by Hayman, who compares Actorion (A 750), but it has been ignored by Wilamowitz (Hom. Unters. 84 sq.) and by van Leeuwen-Mendes da Costa, who reject ψ 226 sqq. It is an ingenious attempt to solve a small Homeric problem, and would be convincing but for two reasons, of which the first has to do with the poet's manner and the second with the circumstances of the recognition scene in ψ
A Novel Model Measuring the Harm of Transplanting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Exceeding Milan Criteria

No empirical studies have defined the posttransplant survival that would justify expansion of the Milan criteria for liver transplantation of hepatocellular carcinoma. We created a Markov model comparing the survival benefit of transplantation for a patient with >Milan HCC, versus the harm caused to other patients on the waiting list. In the base-case analysis, the strategy of transplanting the patient with >Milan HCC resulted in a 44% increased risk of death and a utility loss of 3 quality-adjusted years of life across the pre- and posttransplant periods for a nationally representative cohort of patients on the waiting list. This harm outweighed the benefit of transplantation for a patient with >Milan HCC having a 5-year posttransplant survival of less than 61%. This survival threshold was most sensitive to geographic variations in organ shortage, with the threshold varying from 25% (Region 3) to >72% (Regions 1, 5, 7 and 9). In conclusion, expansion of the Milan criteria will require demonstrating high survival rates for the newly eligible patients-approximately 61% at 5 years after transplantation. In regions with less severe organ shortage, a more aggressive approach to transplanting these patients may be justified.
Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid. A flow cytometric DNA analysis.

• Twenty-five Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland, histopathologically classified into three groups—adenomas, carcinomas, and indeterminant—have been studied by DNA flow cytometry using archived, paraffin-embedded tissues. Tumor ploidy characteristics were correlated with patient follow-up and survival with the conclusions that (1) nuclear DNA ploidy alone does not distinguish benign from malignant Hurthle cell tumors; (2) diploid DNA Hurthle cell carcinomas behave far less aggressively than aneuploid Hurthle cell carcinomas; and (3) all patients with aneuploid carcinomas died of their disease or are alive with persistent carcinoma. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:520-521)
The $16,819 Pay Gap For Newly Trained Physicians: The Unexplained Trend Of Men Earning More Than Women

Prior research has suggested that gender differences in physicians' salaries can be accounted for by the tendency of women to enter primary care fields and work fewer hours. However, in examining starting salaries by gender of physicians leaving residency programs in New York State during 1999-2008, we found a significant gender gap that cannot be explained by specialty choice, practice setting, work hours, or other characteristics. The unexplained trend toward diverging salaries appears to be a recent development that is growing over time. In 2008, male physicians newly trained in New York State made on average $16,819 more than newly trained female physicians, compared to a $3,600 difference in 1999.
On Tractable Instances of Modular Supervisory Control

An instance of a modular supervisory control problem involves a plant automaton, described either as a monolithic, finite-state automaton (SUP1M), or as the synchronous product of several finite-state automata (SUPMM), along with a set of finite state, specification automata on a common alphabet. The marked language of the synchronous product of these automata represents the desired specification. A supervisory policy that solves the instance selectively disables certain events, based on the past history of event-occurrences, such that the marked behavior of the supervised system is a non-empty subset of the desired specification. Testing the existence of a supervisory policy for a variety of in stances of modular supervisory control is PSPACE-complete [1]. This problem remains intractable even when the plant is a monolithic finite state automaton and the specification automata are restricted to have only two states with a specific structure [2]. We refer to this intractable class as SU P1Ω in this paper. After introducing complement sets for events in a plant automaton, we identify a subclass of SUP1Ω that can be solved in polynomial time. Using this class as the base, inspired by a family of subclasses of SAT (cf. section 4.2, [3]) that can be solved in polynomial time [4], we develop a family of subclasses of SUP1Ω that can be solved in polynomial time. The results of this paper are also used to identify a polynomial time hierarchy for certain intractable subclasses of SUPMM identified in this paper.
Sense Clustering Using Wikipedia

In this paper, we propose a novel method for generating a coarse-grained sense inventory from Wikipedia using a machine learning framework. Structural and content-based features are employed to induce clusters of articles representative of a word sense. Additionally, multilingual features are shown to improve the clustering accuracy, especially for languages that are less comprehensive than English. We show the effectiveness of our clustering methodology by testing it against both manually and automatically annotated datasets.
Sensitivity analysis of a vertical geothermal heat pump system

Abstract This paper conducts sensitivity analyses on factors affecting the performance of vertical geothermal heat pump system, aiming to formulate design and operation strategies to improve its performance. It firstly describes the development of a 3D coupled Finite Element Model (FEM), which is utilized to simulate the steady state and transient behaviors of geothermal heat exchanger (GHE). The model holistically couples the heat exchange processes between pipe fluid flow, grouting backfill material, and adjacent ground associated with GHE. The model is firstly validated by comparison with the experimental data from an in-service GHE. Base on the calibrated model, a series of sensitivity analyses are conducted on the influence of geological, design, and operational factors intermittent operation mode of GHE achieves higher such as the initial ground temperature profile, GHE pipe installation depth, circulation fluid flow velocity, inlet temperature, subsurface water flow velocity, and material thermal properties. It also assess the behaviors of GHE under continuous operation versus intermittent operation modes. The results show that both design parameter (i.e., GHE pipe installation depth) and operational parameters (i.e., circulation fluid flow velocity) have major influence on the GHE performance. For a certain design length of GHE, the GHE performance improves with higher circulation fluid flow velocity until beyond a critical velocity. For GHE working in the heating mode, the heat extraction by GHE increases with decreasing fluid temperature at the inlet. In the geological factor aspect, the thermal conductivity of the ground material plays a very important role on the GHE performance operating in the continuous operation mode, while its specific heat capacity exerts no appreciable influence. However, for intermittent operation mode, both thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the ground, particularly the grouting materials, affect the ground thermal energy extraction. The results also showed that the presence of subsurface ground water flow improves the heat exchange of GHE. Operation wise, the GHE achieves higher performance and Coefficient of Performance (COP) under intermittent operation mode than under continuous operation mode. These observations point to ways to improve the performance of GHE from both design and operation aspects.
Computer Music, Coming and Going

Computer music is growing so large and various that I am losing touch with it. At this time, it seems worthwhile to review how it started and how it got where it is. Sound examples to the end of the 1960s are available through two records (now out of print), Music from Mathematics (1962, Decca DL9103) and The Voice of the Computer (1970, Decca DL710180). In writing this article, I have used these records to sharpen my recollection. If you have or can get copies of these records you can immerse yourself in computer music from its inception to 1962, and then from 1962 through 1970.
Modulation of pre- and postsynaptic calcium dynamics by ionotropic glutamate receptors at a plastic synapse.

Schwartz, Neil E. and Simon Alford. Modulation of pre- and postsynaptic calcium dynamics by ionotropic glutamate receptors at a plastic synapse. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2191–2203, 1998. This study was...
Analysis on the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease

Objective The purpose of this study is to understand the epidemiologic and etiologic of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease(HFMD) in Nanjing from 2009 to 2013, so as to develop a basis for effective prevention and control of the disease. Methods The epidemiological and etiological data of HFMD in Nanjing from 2009 to 2013 was analyzed using the descriptive epidemiology.Results A total of 71412 HFMD patients were reported and the average incidence was 192.54 per 100 000 in the past five years,with an increasing trend year by year(χ2=648.194). 1019 cases were severe illness and the proportion of severe cases was 1.43%,with a deceasing trend year by year. The peak of the incidence occurred in summer(April-July) and the secondary peak occurred in winter(November-December). The morbidity in the suburban district and two counties were higher than that in central districts. The incidence of males was higher than that of females. The children aged 0-5 accounted for 93.01% of the total cases. Most cases were scattered and kindergarten children. In the 5 years, a total of 2348 cases diagnosed by laboratory were reported. The common HFMD cases were caused mainly by EV71 and Cox A16, with an upward trend for other enteroviruses. The severe cases were mainly caused by EV71. Conclusion It is obvious that HFMD shows seasonal, regional, gender and age variations. The patients who delayed treatment have a high risk of developing into severe cases. The prevention of HFMD should focus on scattered and kindergarten children, and we should enhance the studies of etiology, serology and immunology, so as to improve prevention and control measures.
Interferon affects nuclear proteins in cells of clinically sensitive chronic myelogenous leukemia patients

Cytoplasmic protein extracts from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells contained an activity that altered the electrophoretic mobility of complexes formed between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers of interferon (IFN)-inducible genes. Exposure of CML cells to IFN-alpha diminished the effect of the CML cytoplasmic proteins on these nuclear protein-DNA complexes. The presence of clinical responsiveness to IFN-alpha correlated with the sensitivity to the IFN-induced change in the electrophoretic mobility of nuclear protein-DNA complexes. These data suggest that the action of IFN-alpha in CML may be linked to a pathway that can result in posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins.
The Evolution of Modern Trauma Care

The implementation of trauma systems has decreased the incidence of preventable death following injury and improved the quality of trauma care. Further improvements in outcome are unlikely to result from conventional therapies. Future strategies must include renewed interest in prevention and abrogation of secondary injury by modification of clinical protocols and manipulation of the inflammatory response by using molecular technologies.
Inner zone and slot electron radial diffusion revisited

Using recent data from NASA's Van Allen Probes, we estimate the quiet time radial diffusion coefficients for electrons in the inner radiation belt (L < 3) with energies from ~50 to 750 keV. The observations are consistent with dynamics dominated by pitch angle scattering and radial diffusion. We use a coordinate system in which these two modes of diffusion are separable. Then we integrate phase space density over pitch angle to obtain a “bundle content” that is invariant to pitch angle scattering, except for atmospheric loss. We estimate the effective radial diffusion coefficient from the temporal and radial variation of the bundle content. We show that our diffusion coefficients agree well with previously determined values obtained in the 1960s and 1970s and follow the form one expects for radial diffusion caused by exponentially decaying impulses in the large-scale electrostatic potential.
Viral Insertion Site Detection and Analysis in Cancer Gene Therapy

Applying powerful retroviral vectors to deliver transgene into human genome has been a widely used strategy in cancer gene therapy. Retroviral vector insertion is a mutagenic event that could lead to deleterious consequences, such as generating a cancer. For this reason, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has required all clinical trials involving genomic integrated viral vectors to report and analyze viral insertion sites. This chapter focuses on viral vector insertion sites, the methods to detect viral insertion sites, and how to evaluate the possible biologic impact of viral insertion sites.
The D519G Polymorphism of Glyceronephosphate O-Acyltransferase Is a Risk Factor for Familial Porphyria Cutanea Tarda.

Both familial and sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) are iron dependent diseases. Symptoms of PCT resolve when iron stores are depleted by phlebotomy, and a sequence variant of HFE (C282Y, c.843G>A, rs1800562) that enhances iron aborption by reducing hepcidin expression is a risk factor for PCT. Recently, a polymorphic variant (D519G, c.1556A>G, rs11558492) of glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) was shown to be enriched in male patients with type I hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE C282Y homozygotes) who presented with a high iron phenotype, suggesting that GNPAT D519G, like HFE C282Y, is a modifier of iron homeostasis that favors iron absorption. To challenge this hypothesis, we investigated the frequency of GNPAT D519G in patients with both familial and sporadic PCT. Patients were screened for GNPAT D519G and allelic variants of HFE (both C282Y and H63D). Nucleotide sequencing of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) identified mutant alleles. Patients with low erythrocyte URO-D activity or a damaging URO-D variant were classified as familial PCT (fPCT) and those with wild-type URO-D were classified as sporadic PCT (sPCT). GNPAT D519G was significantly enriched in the fPCT patient population (p = 0.0014) but not in the sPCT population (p = 0.4477). Both HFE C282Y and H63D (c.187C>G, rs1799945) were enriched in both PCT patient populations (p<0.0001) but showed no greater association with fPCT than with sPCT. Conclusion: GNPAT D519G is a risk factor for fPCT, but not for sPCT.
Crystal structure determination as part of an undergraduate laboratory experiment: 1′,3′,3′-tri­methyl­spiro­[chromene-2,2′-indoline] and 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-4-[(E)-(1,3,3-tri­methyl­indolin-2-yl­idene)meth­yl]spiro­[chroman-2,2′-indoline]

The crystal structures of the title compounds, C19H19NO and C31H34N2O, were determined as part of an experiment in an undergraduate teaching laboratory that demonstrates the relationship between mol­ecular structure and function. 1′,3′,3′-Tri­methyl­spiro­[chromene-2,2′-indoline] is both a photoswitch and thermochromic mol­ecule. Students synthesized it and a bis-indoline adduct and compared the crystallographically determined structures to computed gas-phase models.
Best Practices for the Think-Pair-Share Active-Learning Technique

“Think-pair-share” is a widely known active-learning technique. I summarize some of the best practices to use and some pitfalls to avoid when designing a think-pair-share activity for the classroom. Describing a think-pair-activity that I used to teach about biotechnology, I discuss question writing, logistics, assessment, and useful applications of think-pair-share in the science classroom.
Comparative CHARMM and AMOEBA Simulations of Lanthanide Hydration Energetics and Experimental Aqueous-Solution Structures

The accurate understanding of metal ion hydration in solutions is a prerequisite for predicting stability, reactivity, and solubility. Herein, additive CHARMM force field parameters were developed to enable molecular dynamics simulations of lanthanide (Ln) speciation in water. Quantitatively similar to the much more resource-intensive polarizable AMOEBA potential, the CHARMM simulations reproduce the experimental hydration free energies and correlations in the first shell (Ln-oxygen distance and hydration number). Comparisons of difference pair-distribution functions obtained from the two simulation approaches with those from high-energy X-ray scattering experiments reveal good agreement of first-coordination sphere correlations for the Lu3+ ion (CHARMM only), but further improvement to both approaches is required to reproduce the broad, non-Gaussian distribution seen from the La3+ experiment. Second-coordination sphere comparisons demonstrate the importance of explicitly including an anion in the simulat...
Parental Responses to Children’s Avoidance in Fear-Provoking Situations: Relation to Child Anxiety and Mediators of Intervention Response

Parenting behaviors have consistently been shown to be associated with elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders in children. However, this literature is limited as most studies have focused on global rather than specific parenting behaviors, failed to consistently account for the influence of parental anxiety, and omitted examining whether changes in parenting behaviors mediate intervention outcomes. This study addressed these limitations by examining five specific parental responses to children’s avoidance behavior during fear-provoking situations in relation to their child’s anxiety and as a mediator of outcomes in the context of a child anxiety prevention intervention. Parental responses included Positive Reinforcement, Punishment, Use of Force, Reinforcement of Dependence, and Positive Modeling. Anxious parents (N = 136) and their non-anxious children (mean age 8.69; 55.9% female; 84.6% Caucasian) who participated in the Child Anxiety Prevention Study served as participants; independent evaluators conducted diagnostic interviews at baseline, post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Parental responses were assessed using the parent-report version of the adapted Child Development Questionnaire. At baseline parental use of Punishment, Force, and Positive Reinforcement were positively associated with child anxiety severity, after controlling for parental anxiety. The intervention, compared to the control condition, led to significant reductions in Reinforcement of Dependence at each time point and these changes mediated the intervention’s impact on child anxiety. Findings highlight the value of examining specific parental responses to children’s avoidance of feared situations and confirm that reducing parental accommodation is important to child anxiety prevention.
Effects of a Cytokinin on Bean Leaf Growth and Senescence

Senescence is one of the most poorly defined and least understood — yet very important — phenomena in biology. By a generally acceptable connotation, senescence refers to the collective progressive and deteriorative processes which naturally terminate in the death of an organ or organism. In this sense “senescence” is synonymous with “aging.”
Ösophagusresektionen, Ösophagusersatz — Interposition, Ösophagus-Bypass-Operationen

Viele Chirurgen sind der Meinung, das die Resektion des unteren Osophagus und des proximalen Magens nach Osophagogastrostomie eine Operation mit hoher Mortalitatsrate und haufiger Refluxosophagitis ist. Einige behaupten sogar, das diese Operation hinsichtlich der Ernahrungsqualitat nicht besser sei, als die Gastrektomie mit Osophagojejunostomie. Unsere Erfahrung ist genau anders. Nach totaler Magenresektion tritt hauflg ein Dumping-Syndrom auf, und die Ernahrung ist oft nicht unproblematisch und schwierig. Auf der anderen Seite haben wir beobachtet, das nur wenige Patienten an einer Refluxosophagitis nach Osophagogastrektomie mit End-zu-Seit-Anastomose leiden. In 44 Folgebeobachtungen bei Patienten uber 70 Jahren konnten wir keine Anastomoseninsuffizienzen und keinen Todesfall verzeichnen.
Sensory Substitution in Blind Children and Neonates

In this paper we will examine the goals and strategies of developmental research using sensory aids. Considering how little is understood about the use of spatial sensors in adults, it may seem surprising that there has been any substantial amount of research with blind children and infants. However, as this paper and others in this volume make clear, developmental studies are a major part of current sensory aid research.