cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large magneto-optic enhancement in ultra-thin liquid-phase-epitaxy iron garnet films

Significant departures from bulk-like magneto-optic behavior are found in ultra-thin bismuth-substituted iron-garnet films grown by liquid-phase-epitaxy. These changes are due, at least in part, to geometrical factors and not to departures from bulk-composition in the transient layer at the film-substrate interface. A monotonic increase in specific Faraday rotation with reduced thickness is the signature feature of the observed phenomena. These are traced to size-dependent modifications in the diamagnetic transition processes responsible for the Faraday rotation. These processes correspond to the electronic transitions from singlet 6S ground states to spin-orbit split excited states of the Fe3+ ions in the garnet. A measurable reduction in the corresponding ferrimagnetic resonance linewidths is found, thus pointing to an increase in electronic relaxation times and longer lived excitations at reduced thicknesses. These changes together with a shift in vibrational frequency of the Bi-O bonds in the garnet at reduced thicknesses result in greatly enhanced magneto-optical performance. These studies were conducted on epitaxial monocrystalline Bi0.8Gd0.2Lu2Fe5O12 films.
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(18)F-fluoro-5-iodo-3-[2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy]pyridine ((18)F-Niofene) as a potential imaging agent for nicotinic α4β2 receptors.

Nicotinic α4β2 acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated in various pathophysiologies including neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, 2-18F-{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"A85380","term_id":"6733979","term_text":"A85380"}}A85380 (2-FA) and 5-123I-{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"A85380","term_id":"6733979","term_text":"A85380"}}A85380 (5-IA) are used separately in human PET and SPECT studies respectively and require >4-6 hours of scanning. We have developed 2-fluoro-5-iodo-3-[2-(S)-3-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy]pyridine (niofene) as a potential PET/SPECT imaging agent for nAChRs with an aim to have rapid binding kinetics similar to that of 18F-nifene used in PET studies. Niofene exhibited a 10-fold better in vitro binding affinity in rat brain than that of nicotine. The relative binding of niofene was similar to that of niodene and twice as better as that of nifene. In vitro autoradiography in rat brain slices alongside niodene indicated selective binding of niofene to regions consistent with α4β2 receptor distribution. Niofene, 10 nM, displaced >70% of 3H-cytisine bound to α4β2 receptors in rat brain slices. Radiolabeling of 18F-niofene was achieved in 10-15% radiochemical yield in high specific activities >2 Ci/μmol and showed rapid in vivo kinetics similar to that of 18F-nifene and 18F-nifrolene. In vivo PET in rats showed rapid uptake in the brain and selective localization in receptor regions such as the thalamus (TH). Pseudoequilibrium with 18F-niofene was achieved in 30-40 minutes, which is similar to that of 18F-nifene. Further evaluation of 18F-niofene as a potential PET imaging agent is underway. Future studies will be conducted to radiolabel niofene with iodine-123 for use in SPECT imaging.
An Overview of Industry Practice and Empirical Research in Retail Workforce Management

Retail store associates are frontline employees of retail organizations and are responsible for delivering superior in-store experience to its customers. Store associates provide customer service through direct interaction with customers as well as through indirect means such as maintaining a clean store and ensuring that the shelves are fully stocked. While labor is critical to drive store sales, it needs to be planned for carefully as it is one of the largest expenses for retailers. Therefore, retailers deploy workforce management solutions to balance their need for labor to drive sales against their need to control store expenses to improve profitability. In this chapter, we provide an overview of workforce management in the retail industry and survey the empirical research on this topic.
Design-For-Test in a Multiple Substrate Multichip Module

This paper highlights the development and effectiveness of a multichip module (MCM) Design-For-Testability methodology for an application intended for use in a fully electronic active matrix LCD flight instrument. MCM test issues discussed include Design-For-Testability, substrate test, Known-Good Die (KGD) and module level test. The design incorporates IEEE 1149.1 and Built-In-Self-Test features. Bare die pretest is accomplished with a Ball Grid Array (BGA) chip carrier approach. The hardware consists of a mature digital design comprised of application specific and industry standard integrated circuits.
A case for virtual distributed objects

There are two emerging trends in distributed computing. The first trend is evolving because programming high performance client-server applications is a challenge. Client-server architectures must be designed from the ground up for good performance. Increasingly, we are seeing client-server models evolving away from traditional client-server structures into new structures such as three-tier systems and distributed object systems. Consequently, as the typical architecture used for distributed systems evolves to increase performance, we must also recognize that the complexity of developing software for cost-effective distributed systems increases as we distribute functionality. Error handling must be more robust and messaging more efficient as we move away from centralized server models. As the pressure to decentralize for better performance rises, the increasing number of decentralized servers increases management/administrative complexity.The second converging trend associated with the transition from client/server to peer-to-peer distributed objects is the rapid advance in techniques to support Distributed Shared Memory (DSM). DSM provides an illusion of shared memory for a set of loosely coupled systems. Targeted to the scientific computing community for large-scale scientific computations, DSM has been primarily used to support scientific applications. Whereas originally DSM was envisioned as a means to support an entire paged virtual address space for all machines on the network, current trends suggest sharing smaller entities targeted towards object-oriented systems will become more important over the next decade.In this paper we argue that combining DSM and Remote Method Invocation (RMI) will become the predominant paradigm for distributed computing in the next century augmenting tools such as CORBA, Network OLE/DCOM, and Java RMI. Merging the features of distributed object systems with DSM produces Virtual Distributed Objects (VDOs). VDOs allow systems designers to design high-performance lower-maintenance software. We describe why distributed objects, supported with VDOs using DSM and RMI, could potentially supplant strict client-server structures whose scalability and extensibility are inherently limited.
Space Transportation in the New Millennium

This paper presents viewgraphs of Space Transportation in the New Millennium. Pictures are shown of the space shuttle lift Off, rocket motion, the space shuttle main engine, the space shuttle external tank, the space shuttle solid rocket booster, the X-33, X-34, X-37, X-38, magnetic levitation, the rbcc, nuclear thermal propulsion, anti-matter propulsion system, the NTP or anti-matter concept vehicles, and the Space Elevator.
The effect of demographic factors and lesion severity on iliac stent patency

Objective The aim of our study was to perform a large multivariate analysis to identify demographic, anatomic, or procedural factors that affect iliac artery stent primary patency (PP). Methods Patients receiving iliac stents from 2007 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate analysis assessed cohort characteristics and their effect on PP. Variables considered significant ( P Results A total of 213 patients underwent primary iliac artery stenting, and 307 limbs were analyzed. The average age was 66 years (range, 38-93 years), 54% were male, and 55% were Caucasian. Indications for procedure were claudication in 68%, rest pain in 20%, and tissue loss in 12%. All TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) II classifications were included: 51% TASC II A, 25% TASC II B, 13% TASC II C, and 11% TASC II D. The treated anatomic locations were 27% isolated external iliac artery (EIA), 56% isolated common iliac artery, and 17% combined common iliac artery and EIA. Multivariate analysis found three factors were correlated with decreased PP: non-Caucasian race (hazard ratio [HR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-3.13; P = .025), younger age (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08; P = .006), and presence of EIA occlusion (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.05-3.89; P = .036). Overall, Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1 and 3 years revealed a PP of 86% and 53%, assisted PP of 98% and 89%, and secondary patency of 99% of 98%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed PP at 1 year for was 91% Caucasian patients vs 77% for non-Caucasian ( P = .001). PP was 75% in patients aged 70 years, with a significant difference between all groups ( P P = .002), with 1-year PP of 71% and 88%, respectively. Conclusions In our experience with a large number of iliac interventions, younger age, non-Caucasian race, and EIA occlusion were strong predictors for loss of PP.
Chronometric integrals of product-inhibited enzyme reactions and the hydrolysis of S-ethyl-l-cysteine

Abstract The chronometric integrals for various types of product-induced inhibitions of enzyme reactions are presented and their characteristics are discussed. The initial rate and course of hydrolysis of S-ethyl- l -cysteine as a function of enzyme and substrate concentration was investigated. The initial rates appear to obey ordinary Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The enzyme reaction proceeds to 100% hydrolysis and appears to be characteristic of a product-inhibited enzyme reaction although neither added ethyl mercaptan nor pyruvate, both products of the reaction, produced a large inhibition effect. The empirical equation which best fits the experimental data suggests formation of an enzyme-substrate-product complex although the equation could not be reduced to any of the derived chronometric integrals.
The ins and outs of dental insurance

ABSTRACT Background In the past three decades, dental insurance has become a permanent fixture in the delivery of dental services. Some would argue that this has not been good for dentists. However, none will dispute that it is here to stay and that dentists must make some very important decisions in their practices with regard to dental insurance. This article will explore some of those decisions and offer some guidance on how to decide wisely. Conclusions Dental insurance now is a permanent fixture in the delivery of dental care. Each dentist must decide if participation with a dental insurance company is in his or her best interest. To make this decision, a dentist must have as much information as possible to evaluate each specific dental plan. If a dentist does decide to participate, the dentist must know the rules. Practice Implications Participation with a dental insurance company may influence the dentist-patient relationship. Dentists must be prepared to answer the question, “Why do I need this service if my dental insurance does not cover it?” Non-participation with a dental insurance company may result in a reduced number of new patients.
mHealthApps: A Repository and Database of Mobile Health Apps

Background: The market of mobile health (mHealth) apps has rapidly evolved in the past decade. With more than 100,000 mHealth apps currently available, there is no centralized resource that collects information on these health-related apps for researchers in this field to effectively evaluate the strength and weakness of these apps. Objective: The objective of this study was to create a centralized mHealth app repository. We expect the analysis of information in this repository to provide insights for future mHealth research developments. Methods: We focused on apps from the two most established app stores, the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store. We extracted detailed information of each health-related app from these two app stores via our python crawling program, and then stored the information in both a user-friendly array format and a standard JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. Results: We have developed a centralized resource that provides detailed information of more than 60,000 health-related apps from the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store. Using this information resource, we analyzed thousands of apps systematically and provide an overview of the trends for mHealth apps. Conclusions: This unique database allows the meta-analysis of health-related apps and provides guidance for research designs of future apps in the mHealth field. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015;3(1):e28]
An analysis of the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power system stability

Rising gas prices, carbon constraints, fuel economy standards, and the desire for energy independence are driving the development of PHEV which are expected to achieve the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon of gasoline. If they achieve significant market potential, they will have a huge impact on the electric industry, increasing load by an amount which could put the grid at risk. The challenges faced by today's power system are severe. It is designed for moderate load increase due to long time investments in electricity generation, lines and cables but faces in the future a large new load with different patterns. This paper investigates the stability of system by using the potential energy generated at and around the equilibrium points and an analysis of the stability of the power system using stochastic energy-like Lyapunov function.
Male size, mating success, and breeding habitat partitioning in the whitespotted sawyer Monochamus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

The whitespotted swayer Monochamus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) breeds in recently killed conifers in northeastern North America, especially white pine Pinus strobus L. We cut down 4 white pines in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, in June 1981, in order to study the behavior of sawyers attracted to the trees. Far greater numbers of both male and female sawyers were attracted to the largest of the trees cut. At all trees, females preferred the parts of the tree of greater circumference. These preferences may be related to greater larval survival in large-circumference regions. Male and female numbers at breeding site peaked at about 1200–1500 h EST; at this time, males generally outnumbered females by about 2:1. We placed males in 3 size classes: L (>2.0 cm), M (≦2.0 cm, ≧1.8 cm), and S (<1.8 cm). At the largest of our 4 trees, L males disproportionately frequented the portion of the trunk preferred by females. L males were far more successful than M and S males in mating and in agonistic encounters with other males. L males were thus apparently able to exclude smaller males from the preferred region to some extent.
Development of terminology subsets using ICNP.

Abstract Purpose For healthcare terminologies to provide coverage of a domain, many have evolved into very large and complex sets, creating a challenge for implementation. The International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP ® ) Version 2 has over 2800 concepts. Thus, development of terminology subsets is considered as a potential solution to facilitate implementation. Method Based on early efforts to develop ICNP Catalogues, or clinically relevant subsets of the terminology, a process model was developed based on the ICNP life cycle. The steps involved in developing a subset are (a) identifying client(s) and health priority, (b) gathering terms and concepts relevant to a given priority, (c) mapping the identified concepts to the ICNP terminology, (d) modeling new concepts, (e) finalizing a Catalogue, and (f) disseminating the Catalogue. Results The ICNP model was applied to subset development resulting in three ICNP Catalogues: (a) Partnering with Patients and Families to Promote Adherence to Treatment, (b) Palliative Care for Dignified Dying, and (c) Canadian Health Outcomes for Better Information and Care. Although the three Catalogues were very different in the focus of health priority addressed, there are overlapping concepts across the Catalogues ranging from 1.0 to 14.2%. Conclusion The ICNP process model for Catalogue development can be used by other terminology developers and potentially assist in the creation of subset of ICNP to be used at the electronic health record interface. Further research is needed to address challenges and implications for testing and applications of terminology subsets.
Atypical mycobacterial otomastoiditis.

Atypical mycobacterial infections of the middle ear and mastoid are rare ; only 4 isolated cases and an outbreak of 17 cases have been reported. Herein are presented three additional cases with chronic otorrhea unresponsive to routine medical therapy. Two were due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and the third to Mycobacterium chelonei. All three patients had negative tuberculin test results and normal chest radiographs. Pathologic study reveals granulomatous inflammation, usually with negative acid-fast stains. Tissue culture should be incubated for a minimum of 4 weeks. These patients often undergo multiple otologic procedures and have abundant granulation tissue with normal ossicles. The antibiotic therapy is prolonged, and the organisms may be resistant to the usual antituberculous drugs. Unlike many atypical mycobacterial infections today, those involving the middle ear can occur in immunologically normal individuals.
The rules we choose by.

Abstract Hutchinson & Gigerenzer's functional approach to decision making has much in common with behavioral approaches. One of their central points is that “rules-of-thumb” often provide efficient decision strategies, use of which is both rational and generally optimal. We agree, but also caution that the misapplication of rules sometimes leads to non-optimal decisions.
Human estrus: implications for relationship science

Most mammalian females possess classic estrus, a discrete phase of the ovulatory cycle during which females engage in sex and undergo dramatic physical changes that make them attractive to males. By contrast, humans engage in sexual activity throughout the ovulatory cycle. But is it the case that humans possess no estrous-like changes across the cycle? Research over the past three decades has shown that, in fact, women's sexual desires change across the cycle, as do men's responses to women. Research over the last few years has sharpened scientific understanding of the precise nature of these changes. Nevertheless, many intriguing questions remain. We highlight recent work in this area and identify key opportunities for research in the future.
Enhancing factor for rous sarcoma virus: In vitro assay and action on both cells and virus

Abstract A rapid in vitro assay for enhancing factor (EF) was developed, based on adsorption of radioactive avian leukosis virus to chick cells. Enhancing factor was found to be adsorbed to or contained in rapidly sedimenting (6000 rpm, 10 min) particles, from which it could not be separated by sonication, cycles of freezing and thawing, or by mild detergent treatment. Enhancing factor was additive to the enhancing effect of DEAE-dextran on focus formation. Enhancing factor acted on both cells and on virus, as shown by the following: (a) cells treated with EF could be washed repeatedly without losing their increased ability to adsorb virus, (b) virus treated with EF showed enhanced activity after dilutions of the mixture far beyond the end point dilution of EF alone, and (c) virus treated with EF sedimented more rapidly in sucrose gradients. Enhancing factor appeared to have its effect early in the infectious cycle, since genetically resistant (C/B) cells infected with a virus of subgroup A showed increased adsorption and produced enhancing factor, but the genetic block to focus formation by viruses of subgroup B was not overcome.
The synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand Ru(II) complexes with dipyrido(2,3-a:3',2'-j)phenazine (dpop') and 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)-pyrazine (tppz)

Abstract The synthesis of the mixed ligand mono metallic [Ru(dpop′)(tppz)]2+ and bimetallic [(dpop′)Ru(tppz)Ru(dpop′)]4+ (dpop′ = dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine; tppz = 2,3,5,6 tetra-(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) complexes is described. The [Ru(dpop′)(tppz)]2+ complex display an intense absorption at 518 nm which is assigned to a Ru(dπ) → dpop′ (π∗) MLCT transition, and at 447 nm which is assigned to a Ru(dπ) → tppz(π∗) MLCT transition. It undergoes emission at RT in CH3CN with λem = 722 nm. The bimetallic [(dpop′)Ru(tppz)Ru(dpop′)]4+ complex shows a low energy absorption shoulder near 635 nm assigned to a Ru(dπ) → tppz(π∗) MLCT transition and an intense peak at 542 nm due to Ru(dπ) → dpop′ (π∗) MLCT transition. The bimetallic complex also emits at RT in CH3CN with λem = 785 nm. Cyclic voltammetry shows reversible Ru+2/+3 oxidations at 1.68 V for the monometallic complex and Ru+2/+3 oxidation couples at +1.94 and +1.70 V for the bimetallic complex.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Study of the Structure and Crystallography of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite

This work presents novel mapping of the structure and crystallography of the shell of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Calcium carbonate in the form of hexagonal calcite was observed, with fine crystallites on the order of 1 μm in diameter forming clusters of similar orientation. While no apparent preferred orientation was measured in the parietal shell cross section, the base plate shell cross section revealed a preference for the alignment of the 〈0001〉 direction at the exterior of the shell, rotating by 90° toward the center of the base plate cross-section. These maps will be used to construct image-based models of the barnacle shell for further study of mechanical response.
The fatty acid composition of the oil of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) seeds

The seeds of the winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. were found to be rich in oil. The oil was examined for its iodine value, saponification value and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The value (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: 14∶0 (0.2%); 16∶0 (9.1%); 16∶1 (0.4%); 18∶0 (5.4%); 18∶1 (41.0%); 18∶2 (29.5%); 18∶3 (1.9%); 20∶0 (2.0%); 20∶1 and 18∶4 together (2.2%); 22∶0 (7.3%) and 24∶0 (1.0%). The iodine value (Wij solution) was 91. The oil contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic 18∶2 (29.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acid is palmitic 16∶0 (9.1%).
GaSb/InAs superlattice structure for normal incidence intersubband infrared photodetectors

Abstract The electric field dependence of the p-GaSb/InAs superlattice optical transitions are studied based on the bond orbital model. It shows for increasing electric field the absorption peak near 10μm is slightly shifted to higher energy and the absorption coefficient is decreased for incident light with x-polarization, whereas the field dependence is weaker for incident light with z-polarization. Squared optical matrix elements show that two major contributions from HH1-LH1 and HH1-HH2 transition dominate the absorption near 10μm for light polarized along x and z direction with and without external electric field.
Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microcomposite containing magnetic iron core nanoparticles as a drug carrier

Today many potent anticancer drugs like cisplatin are available which carry a number of side effects. A promising way of reducing the side effects is to target the drug to tissue sites by coating it with biocompatible materials like Poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer where controlled drug release is achieved during the biodegradation of the polymer. Also the efficacy of anticancer drugs like cisplatin increases at elevated temperatures, so if local heating can be achieved where the drug is targeted. Local heating can be achieved by introducing iron core nanoparticles in the composites along with the drug, which can be heated by the 2.4 GHz microwaves. Local heating of the nanocomposites also helps to swell the polymer shell and enhance the drug release. The magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized using iron nanoparticles, PLGA and a fluorescent dye, tris-(2,2′bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium (II) using an oil-in-emulsion technique. The emulsion contains PLGA, dye, and iron nanoparticles dissolved ...
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor specific for GnRH II in primates.

Mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH I) is a hypothalamic decapeptide that stimulates gonadotropic hormone secretion upon interaction with its membrane receptors (type I) on pituitary cells, thereby governing reproductive processes. A second releasing hormone (GnRH II) expressed in mammals was shown earlier to be expressed in nonmammals and to have its own receptor. Here we demonstrate that a second receptor (type II) gene is present in the human genome, and report the cloning and characterization of its cDNA from monkeys. The cDNA encodes a G-protein-coupled/7 transmembrane receptor having a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail; it resembles more closely the type II receptors of amphibians and fish (approximately 55% identity) than it does the type I receptor of humans (approximately 39%). The GnRH type II receptor proved to be experimentally functional with, and specific for, GnRH II. GnRH receptor type II RNA is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues. This is the first report of a GnRH type II receptor in mammals. Its identification will permit exploration of its role in regulating gonadotropin secretion, female sexual behavior, and tumor cell growth.
Salivary analysis for determination of dextromethorphan metabolic phenotype.

Debrisoquin oxidative phenotype is a determinant of pharmacologie response for many drugs. Poor and extensive metabolizers can be identified by the dextromethorphan metabolic ratio (dextromethorphan/ dextrorphan). We developed and tested a method to determine debrisoquin phenotype on the basis of the metabolic ratio in saliva. Each of 62 normal volunteers was given a 50 mg capsule of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and collected urine (0 to 8 hours) and saliva (at 3 hours). Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in saliva and urine were assayed by HPLC. The distributions of paired urinary and 3-hour salivary metabolic ratios of samples from 61 subjects were compared. The urinary and salivary metabolic ratios were distributed trimodally and bimodally, respectively. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient for logarithm of urinary metabolic ratio vs that of salivary metabolic ratio was 0.704. All the poor metabolizers identified by urinary metabolic ratio were also identified by the metabolic ratio in saliva at 3 hours (100% concordance). This study demonstrates that salivary analysis for determination of dextromethorphan metabolic phenotype is feasible. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 410–419; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.48
Influence of gender and castration on liver and CNS N-demethylation of morphine in rats1☆

Abstract Rats were injected with combinations of morphine-N-14CH3 and morphine-63H and the isotope content of the brain and liver was measured by combustion in a tissue oxidizer. The liver of intact male rats showed a significant increase in the 3H to 14C isotope ratio relative to the blood reflecting the existence of N-demethylation in this organ. This increase was not observed in the liver of either intact females or castrated males or females. Centrally, the hypothalamus, medial thalamus, and corpus striatum of both intact and castrated male and female rats exhibited increases in 3H to 14C isotope ratios indicating the presence of N-demethylation in these tissues. These results indicate that testicular hormones serve to increase the hepatic N-demethylation of morphine, but apparently reduce the comparable reaction in the CNS.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Compression-Molded pMDI-Reinforced PCL/Gluten Composites

Many biopolymers and synthetic polymers composites were developed by different researchers for environmental protection and for cost reduction. One of these composites is polycaprolactone (PCL) and vital wheat gluten or wheat flour composites were prepared and compatibilized with polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) by blending and compression-molding. PCL/pMDI blend exhibited glass transition (Tg) at −67°C (0.20 J/g/°C) and vital gluten at 63°C (0.45 J/g/°C), whereas no Tg was recorded for wheat flour. Although Tg was unmistakable for either PCL or gluten, all composite exhibited one Tg, which is strong indication of interaction between PCL and the fillers. Several samples amongst the blended or compression-molded composites exhibited no Tg signifying another confirmation of interaction. The ΔH of the endothermic (melting) and the exothermic (crystallization) for PCL was decreased as the percentage of gluten or flour increased, whereas the overall ΔH was higher for all composites compared to the theoretical value. The presence of pMDI appeared to strengthen the mechanical properties of the composites by mostly interacting with the filler (gluten or flour) and not as much with PCL. The FTIR analysis ruled out covalent interaction between PCL, pMDI, or the fillers but suggested the occurrence of physical interactions. Based on the data presented here and the data published earlier, the presence of pMDI did not change the nature of interaction between PCL and gluten, but it improved the mechanical properties of the composite. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Regulation of the functional activity of the human dopamine transporter by the arachidonic acid pathway

Abstract The role of arachidonic acid was examined in the regulation of dopamine transport in C6 glioma cells stably expressing the human dopamine transporter. Exogenously added arachidonic acid (20–160 μM) stimulated [3H]dopamine uptake when pre-incubated for short times (15–30 min); 160 μM arachidonic acid inhibited following longer pre-exposures (45–60 min). Under the same conditions, only decreases were observed in the binding of the cocaine analog [3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane ([3H]WIN 35,428). The reduction in dopamine transporter activity by arachidonic acid (at 160 μM for 60 min) was caused by a decrease in the Vmax (from 202 to 44 pmol/mg/min) opposed by a smaller reduction in Km (from 1.2 to 0.8 μM), whereas the effect of arachidonic acid (at 160 μM for 15 min) on [3H]WIN 35,428 binding was caused by a reduction in the Bmax (from 1.8 to 1.3 pmol/mg) without a change in Kd (7.2 nM). Upon 15-min exposure, melittin, an activator of phospholipase A2, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipooxygenase inhibitor, both expected to cause enhanced endogenous arachidonic acid, inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake and [3H]WIN 35,428 binding with an IC50 value close to 1 μM, whereas thimerosal, which raises arachidonic acid by inhibiting lipid reacylation, caused similar reductions at the sub-millimolar level. Co-presence of staurosporine (0.3–2 μM), an inhibitor of protein kinase C, had little or no effect on the melittin- or arachidonic acid-induced inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake. Both the melittin- and arachidonic acid-, but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inhibition of uptake were counteracted by bovine serum albumin (0.1 and 1 mg/ml) which binds arachidonic acid. The data taken together suggest that the inhibitory effects of arachidonic acid activators and those of protein kinase C activators on dopamine uptake are mediated by separate mechanisms.
Visual analytics in support of education

The amount of data about us and our world is increasing rapidly, and the capability to analyze large data sets---so-called big data---becomes a key basis of competition, underpinning new waves of productivity growth and innovation. The big data phenomenon is fueled by cheap sensors and high-throughput simulation models, the increasing volume and detail of information captured by enterprises, the rise of multimedia, social media, and the Internet. It exists from social media to cell biology offering unparalleled opportunities to document the inner workings of many complex systems [1]. Research by MGI and McKinsey's Business Technology Office argues that there will be a shortage of talent necessary for organizations to take advantage of big data. "By 2018, the United States alone could face a shortage of 140,000 to 190,000 people with deep analytical skills as well as 1.5 million managers and analysts with the know-how to use the analysis of big data to make effective decisions" [2].In everyday life, people deal with large amounts of data regularly: online search engines provide access to millions of web sites almost instantly; consumer sites offer literally thousands of purchase options seamlessly; and social media sites let you create and benefit from extensive social networks.In bestselling books like Freakonomics, Super Crunchers and The Numerati, authors illuminate how more and more decisions in health care, politics, education, and other sectors utilize big data and data analysis [3]. The texts highlight the growing need for specialists and every-day citizens to be able to understand and interpret data. Whether it is a table of nutritional information, a graph of stock prices, or a chart comparing health care plans, the skills of understanding and interpreting data are necessary to navigate successfully through daily life.This talk starts with a review of visual analytics projects that aim to increase our understanding of how people learn, increase the efficacy of learning environments, or support decision making in education [4]. The second part of the talk provides a theoretical framework for the design of effective data analysis workflows and insightful visualizations. It also introduces plug-and-play macroscope tools [5], see also http://cishell.org, that were designed for different research communities and are used by more than 120,000 users from 40+ countries to design and benefit from visualizations of complex data.The talk concludes with a discussion of challenges that arise when visual analytics tools are introduced to classrooms and informal science education.
Erosional impacts of trails in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas☆

Abstract Twenty-six erosion transects were established on a variety of surface situations to include major trails and roads, small trails and non-trail controls. Transects were remeasured at intervals of 4, 5, 8 and 17 months. Results indicate that active soil movement is occurring throughout Guadalupe Mountains National Park. Approximately 85% of the points measured showed evidence of change, either by erosion or deposition. Major trails and roads indicate a greater degree of instability based on cross-sectional area changes. A greater percentage of the cross-sectional area change is attributable to deposition in the major trail or road and small trail categories when compared to the control transect category. These results may indicate that the trail sites are serving as deposition zones as a result of their impedence of normal drainage routes.
Corticosteroids and Intratracheal Surfactant Both Alter the Distribution between the Airways and Lung Tissue of Intratracheally Administered Radiolabeled Phosphatidylcholine in the Preterm Rabbit

Developmental differences exist regarding quantitative aspects of surfactant phosphatidylcholine clearance from the alveolar space and its subsequent reutilization. We wished to further extend observations of this nature to prematurely delivered rabbits undergoing mechanical ventilation. In addition we tested the hypothesis that prenatal corticosteroid exposure and/or intratracheal surfactant at birth would produce alterations in the lung's clearance of phosphatidylcholine from the airways. Pregnant does were injected with either Ringer's lactate or betamethasone on days 25 and 26 of gestation. Fetuses were delivered at 27 days and given by intratracheal injection either surfactant or one-half strength Ringer's lactate, both of which were trace labeled with [3H]phosphatidylcholine. Fetuses then underwent mechanical ventilation for periods of time ranging from 10 to 120 min. Following ventilation, alveolar lavage and lung tissue were examined to determine the distribution of [3H]phosphatidylcholine between these two compartments. Antenatal corticosteroid exposure was associated with decreased recovery of the radiolabel from the alveolar space and increased recovery of the label from the lung tissue in comparison to control fetuses. Intratracheal surfactant was associated with persistence of the radiolabel within the alveolar space. Therapy with both of these modalities produced a radiolabel distribution that resembled that seen in fetuses receiving intratracheal surfactant alone.
REPORTING TEST OUTCOMES USING MODELS FOR COGNITIVE DIAGNOSIS

Models for cognitive diagnosis have been developed as an attempt to provide more than a single test score from item response data. Most approaches are based on a hypothesis that relates items to underlying skills. This relation takes the form of a design matrix that specifies for each cognitive item which skills are required to solve the item and which are not. This report outlines one direction that developments of cognitive diagnosis models is taking. It does not claim completeness, but describes a line of models that can be traced back to Tatsuoka's seminal work on the rule space methodology and that finds its current form in models that combine features of confirmatory latent factor analysis, multiple classification latent class models, and multidimensional item response models.
Contribution of NO2 and soot to the discoloration of urban skies

Abstract The effect of NO2 and soot on urban sky discoloration is examined using improved mathematical techniques that allow more than one pollutant in an urban smog layer, ground reflectance and multiple light-scattering events within the layer. These calculations show that airborne soot particles can offset the adverse impact of NO2 on the color of the horizon sky as viewed through a shallow smog layer. For example, sky discoloration in a shallow smog layer containing 0.1 ppm of NO2 and at least 5 μm3 cm−3 of soot is not expected to be perceptible. The mathematical procedures presented in this report are based on an analytical approximation to the radiative transfer equation; they are sufficiently efficient for routine regulatory assessments.
Development of a multiplier method for dynamic response optimization problems

The multiplier method is studied for optimum design of mechanical and structural systems subjected to dynamic loads. Certain key parameters in the algorithm are identified and extensive numerical experiments are conducted to see their effect on the performance of the method. Several mathematical programming problems, and static and dynamic response structural design problems are used to evaluate the method. Some new numerical procedures are proposed and evaluated to improve performance of the method. As a result of this study, a better understanding of the multiplier method has been achieved, and the effect of various parameters and procedures of the algorithm is better understood.
Applying model-driven development to distributed real-time and embedded avionics systems

Model-Driven Development (MDD) is an emerging paradigm that uses Domain-Specific Modelling Languages (DSMLs) to provide 'correct-by-construction' capabilities for many software development activities. This paper describes a MDD tool suite called Component Synthesis using Model-Integrated Computing (CoSMIC), a collection of DSMLs that support the development, configuration, deployment, and validation of component-based DRE systems. We also describe how we have applied CoSMIC to an avionics mission computing application to resolve key component-based DRE system development challenges. Our results show that the design-, deployment- and Quality Assurance (QA)-time capabilities provided by CoSMIC help to eliminate key complexities associated with development of QoS-enabled component middleware applications.
Specificity of codon recognition by Escherichia coli tRNALeu isoaccepting species determined by protein synthesis in vitro directed by phage RNA.

Codon-anticodon recognition and transfer RNA utilization for the leucine tRNA isoaccepting species of Escherichia coli have been studied by protein synthesis in vitro directed by sequenced bacteriophage MS2 RNA. We have added radioactive Leu-tRNALeu isoaccepting species as tracers, rather than use a tRNA-dependent system, since in the presence of an excess of non-radioactive leucine, there is no transfer of radioactive leucine from one isoaccepting species to another. MS2-specific peptides containing leucine residues encoded by known codons were isolated and identified, and the relative abilities of the Leu-tRNALeu isoaccepting species to transfer leucine into these peptides compared. Sequenced tRNA1Leu and sequenced tRNA3Leu are of roughly equal efficiency in their ability to recognize CUC and CUA codons, while tRNA3Leu is highly preferred for the CUU codon; tRNA4Leu and tRNA5Leu both recognize UUA and UUG codons, with tRNA4Leu slightly preferred for the UUA codon. We conclude that: (1) wobble is greater than permitted by the wobble hypothesis; (2) there is still some discrimination in the third code letter, and that the CUX4 (CUC, CUA, CUU, CUG) portion of the leucine family of six codons is not read by a simple “two out of three” mechanism; (3) a Watson-Crick pair (C · G) between codon and anticodon does not appear to be preferred over an unorthodox pair (C · C) in the wobble position; (4) a standard wobble pair (U · G) between codon and anticodon is preferred over an unorthodox pair (U · C); and (5) the extensive wobble observed in the CUX4 leucine codon series is not paralleled in the UUX4 leucine (UUG, UUA) and phenylalanine (UUU, UUC) codon series, where mistranslation would be the consequence of such wobble.
Effect of lemakalim on action potentials, intracellular calcium, and contraction in guinea pig and human cardiac myocytes

OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the effects of lemakalim on action potential duration, intracellular free calcium ([free Ca2+]i), and cell contraction in human and guinea pig cardiac myocytes. In addition, the possible modulation by pH of lemakalim induced activation of ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channels was assessed. METHODS Single ventricular myocytes were enzymatically dissociated from adult male guinea pigs (300-600 g). Single myocytes were isolated from human ventricular tissues. Cells were loaded with the acetoxymethyl ester form of fura-2 to monitor changes in [free Ca2+]i and subjected to conventional electrophysiological techniques. RESULTS In guinea pig cells, lemakalim (3, 10, 30 microM) reduced action potential duration in a concentration dependent manner. This decrease was accompanied by hyperpolarisation of the resting membrane potential. Lemakalim (3, 10, 30 microM) reduced the systolic fura-2 fluorescence ratio without having a significant effect on diastolic fluorescence and also reduced the cell contraction in concentration dependent manner. Glibenclamide (1 microM), a specific inhibitor of KATP channels, did not affect action potential duration, fura-2 fluorescence ratio, or cell contraction in the absence of lemakalim. However, the same dose of glibenclamide markedly inhibited the lemakalim induced decrease in action potential duration, fura-2 fluorescence ratio, and cell contraction. Reducing extracellular pH enhanced the decrease in action potential duration induced by lemakalim. In human ventricular myocytes, lemakalim (3, 10 and 30 microM) caused a decrease in action potential duration and systolic fura-2 fluorescence ratio. The reduction in action potential duration and fura-2 fluorescence ratio was also reversed by glibenclamide (1 microM). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lemakalim reduces systolic [free Ca2+]i by activating ATP sensitive potassium channels which results in a decrease of action potential duration in guinea pig and human ventricular myocytes. The reduction in [free Ca2+]i mediates the negative inotropic effect induced by lemakalim. In addition, pH may modulate the KATP channel activation by the channel opener.
Engineering of technetium-99m-binding artificial receptors for imaging gene expression.

Background Optimization of gene therapy protocols requires accurate and non-invasive quantification of vector delivery and gene expression. To facilitate non-invasive imaging of gene expression, we have genetically engineered ‘artificial receptors’, i.e. membrane proteins that bind 99mTc-oxotechnetate (99mTcOT) via transchelation from a complex with glucoheptonate. The latter is a component of a widely used clinical imaging kit. Methods The engineered marker proteins were designed as type I and II membrane proteins and consisted of (1) an 99mTcOT-binding domain, metallothionein (MT), and (2) a membrane-anchoring domain. Engineered constructs were used for transfection of COS-1 and 293 cells; the expression of mRNA was verified by RT-PCR. Results Immunofluorescent analysis, cell fractionation and immunoblotting revealed expression of marker proteins on plasma membrane. Transfection of cells resulted in strong positive staining of plasma membrane with anti-His-tag antibodies. Scintigraphic imaging in vitro confirmed the ability of transfected cells to bind 99mTcOT. The fraction of bound radioactivity reached a peak (3.53%) when 0.93 MBq 99mTcOT was added to transfected COS-1 cells. The experiment-to-control signal ratio was equal to 32 at the same added dose. Conclusions (1) Both types of engineered ‘artificial receptors’ were expressed on the surface of eukaryotic cells; (2) marker proteins were functional in binding 99mTcOT; and (3) type II membrane proteins were more efficient in binding 99mTcOT than type I proteins. We anticipate that the developed approach could be useful for ‘tagging’ transfected cells with 99mTcOT enabling imaging of tracking in vivo transduced cells or cell therapies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MINIMAL AUTOMORPHIC POSETS AND THE PROJECTION PROPERTY

We present some results concerning the projection property for finite ordered sets. We show that sums of non-trivial ramified ordered sets over a connected poset of at least two elements are projective. We construct a family of minimal automorphic posets of reach 2 and length 2 and show they are projective.
Cerebrovascular and carotid artery disease.

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), or strokes, are a leading cause of disability in the United States. CVAs rank third to cardiovascular disease and cancer as a cause of death. CVAs are of 2 general types: 80% are ischemic in origin, and the remainder are hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes may be embolic or thrombotic and involve small vessels or large vessels (primarily the carotid, vertebral, or middle cerebral arteries). It is estimated that each year, 600,000 Americans will have a CVA, and of these, 160,000 will be fatal. Of those who survive, the associated disability is often significant, and an estimated $50 billion per annum is spent on stroke care. Recent advancements in all aspects of care, including primary prevention, diagnosis, and management, have had an impact on the long-term prognosis of these patients. This article will highlight recent developments in overall stroke management and their impact on the dental and the surgical management of the stroke patient. PRIMARY PREVENTION The focus of primary stroke prevention is recognition and effective treatment of the known associated risk factors for CVAs. These include the following: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and various cardiac abnormalities. Additional possible risk factors include alcoholism, use of oral contraceptives, and various hematologic (hypercoagulability) and metabolic abnormalities (Table I). Hypertension is the most important and modifiable risk factor. Both elevated systolic and diastolic pressure