cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Intraverbal Responses in Five- to Seven-Year-Old Children

The development of gestural usage as a response to intraverbal stimuli was investigated in 89 five- to seven-year-old school children. A modified version of the Intraverbal Gesture subtest of the P...
Liebe Opa Paul, ich bin auch ein experimental Scientist!

Contrary to popular belief, Math is an experimental science. Hence I am an experimental scientist, just like my beloved grandfather, Dr. Paul Alexander (1870-1942, Dr. Phil. Rer. Nat., Chemie, 1897).
Novel planar electroabsorption waveguide modulator for RF applications

Planar electroabsorption InP/InGaAsP waveguide modulators suitable for RF applications have been fabricated using the photoelastic effect. The planar device structure is achieved by using WNi thin film surface stressors for lateral waveguiding and helium implantation for electrical isolation between devices. These are the first reported frequency measurements on a photoelastic InP/InGaAsP waveguide modulator.
Renal Effects of Over-the-Counter Analgesics

Recent case reports have shown that over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, which are generally considered to be a safe treatment for minor aches and pains and fever, may cause adverse renal effects. Many renal syndromes induced by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be attributed to prostaglandin inhibition. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances, acute renal failure, and acute interstitial nephritis also occur predominantly with NSAIDs. Acetaminophen lacks significant peripheral prostaglandin inhibition and may be a preferred first-line agent, particularly in patients susceptible to the induction of renal impairment. Apart from obvious clinical overdosage situations, limited reports of adverse renal effects exist with acetaminophen. Some studies have reported an association between analgesic nephropathy, one of the most severe analgesic-related adverse renal effects, and long-term abuse of phenacetin, acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, analgesic combinations, or other NSAIDs, although for some of these agents, this relationship is controversial. The overall risk for serious renal effects with OTC analgesics appears to be low, but given the accessibility and vast number of persons taking these agents, the absolute number of patients affected may be substantial. Therefore, it is important that healthcare providers recognize the risk factors for adverse analgesic-related renal effects.
Inclusion Complexes of Gossypol with 2-Pentanone, 3-Pentanone, and 2-Hexanone

Inclusion complexes of gossypol with 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, and 2-hexanone were prepared by crystallization from the corresponding ketone and hexane, and their structures were determined by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. All three compounds crystallize in monoclinic systems and have a 2:1 gossypol-to-solvent molar ratio. Both gossypol–pentanone complexes crystallize in C2/c space groups, and the solvent cavities in these structures have C2 symmetry. The 3-pentanone molecule, which has C2 symmetry, sits symmetrically within the cavity, while the 2-pentanone molecule, which lacks C2 symmetry, takes two equally probable orientations within the cavity. Both structures are similar to previously reported gossypol inclusion complexes formed with small esters and 3-hexanone. The distal positioning of the carbonyl group in 2-hexanone does not allow it to fit into the same solvent cavity that exists in the pentanone structures. In the gossypol-2-hexanone complex, the solvent cages are skewed, and the C2 site symmetry is lost. As a result, the structure crystallizes in a Cc space group and has a larger asymmetric unit and unit cell. Although the 2-hexanone structure retains many of the features of the gossypol–pentanone complexes, this is the first report of a gossypol inclusion compound with this extended structure.
The development of hormone sensitivity by the adenyl cyclase of the tadpole erythrocyte.

Abstract Catecholamines have previously been shown to stimulate adenyl cyclase activity in hemolyzates of frog erythrocytes but not in hemolyzates prepared from the erythrocytes of premetamorphic tadpoles. This observation has now been confirmed in intact erythrocytes from the frog and tadpole as well as in partially purified, particulate adenyl cyclases prepared from these cells. The development of sensitivity to stimulation by catecholamines was studied in hemolyzates prepared from tadpoles undergoing either natural or thyroxin-induced metamorphosis. Sensitivity was first detected in erythrocytes from tadpoles which had developed front legs and were undergoing the process of tail resorption. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of a hemolyzate from this stage of development revealed a new band of hemoglobin which corresponded to the position of adult frog hemoglobin. The sensitivity of tadpole erythrocyte adenyl cyclase to activation by β-adrenergic compounds increased during the period of tail resorption and approached that of the adult frog upon completion of metamorphosis.
Determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their carboxylic acid metabolites in sewage treatment plant sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for the extraction of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPnEO) non-ionic surfactants from dried sewage treatment plant sludge. Extraction was carried out at 80°C and 5100 p.s.i. with carbon dioxide using water as a modifier. The ethoxylates were analyzed by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an APS Hypersil column and a fluorescence detector (230 nm excitation and 300 nm emission). This SFE method was more time-efficient and it produced higher recovery than the traditional Soxhlet extraction and steam distillation techniques used for NPnEO in sewage sludge. The same procedure was also applicable to the coextraction of nonylphenoxyacetic (NP1EC) and nonylphenoxyethoxyacetic (NP2EC) acids, which were metabolites of the ethoxylates under aerobic conditions. Following an off-line methylation, analysis of the acids was achieved by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. In a brief survey of sludge samples collected from nine sewage treatment plants across Canada, very high levels of nonylphenol mono- (NP1EO, 28–304 μg/g) and di-ethoxylates (NP2EO, 4–118 μg/g) were found. In contrast, the total polyethoxylate concentration (from 3 to 17 ethoxy units) was generally less than 50% of the sum of NP1EO and NP2EO in the same sample. NP1EC and NP2EC were found in only three of the seven samples tested, with concentrations ranging from 4 to 38 μg/g.
Heritability of serum sodium concentration: evidence for sex- and ethnic-specific effects.

Serum sodium concentration is the clinical index of systemic water balance. Although disordered water balance is common and morbid, little is known about genetic effects on serum sodium concentration at the population level. Prior studies addressed only participants of European descent and either failed to demonstrate significant heritability or showed only modest effect. We investigated heritability of serum sodium concentration in large cohorts reflecting a range of races/ethnicities, including the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, non-Hispanic Caucasian), the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study (HAPI, Amish Caucasian), the Jackson Heart Study (JHS, African American), the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS, American Indian), and the Genetics of Kidney Disease in Zuni Indians Study (GKDZI, American Indian). Serum sodium was transformed for the osmotic effect of glucose, and participants with markedly elevated glucose or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were excluded. Using a standard variance components method, incorporating covariates of age, glucose, and eGFR, we found heritability to be high in African American and American Indian populations and much more modest in non-Hispanic Caucasian populations. Estimates among females increased after stratification on sex and were suggestive among female participants in FHS (0.18 ± 0.12, P = 0.057) and male participants in JHS (0.24 ± 0.16, P = 0.067) and statistically significant among female participants in JHS (0.44 ± 0.09, P = 1 × 10−7), SHFS (0.59 ± 0.05, P = 9.4 × 10−46), and GKDZI (0.46 ± 0.15, P = 1.7 × 10−4), and male participants in HAPI (0.18 ± 0.12, P = 0.03) and SHFS (0.67 ± 0.07, P = 5.4 × 10−26). Exclusion of diuretic users increased heritability among females and was significant in all cohorts where data were available. In aggregate, these data strongly support the heritability of systemic water balance and underscore sex and ethnicity-specific effects.
LACK OF RETROPERITONEAL LYMPHADENOPATHY PREDICTS SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Purpose: Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have a reported 5-year survival of 0% to 20%. The ability to predict which patients would benefit from nephrectomy and interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy before any treatment is initiated would be useful for maximizing the advantage of therapy and improving the quality of life.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the x-rays and charts of patients treated at the National Institutes of Health Surgery Branch between 1985 and 1996, who presented with metastatic renal cancer beyond the locoregional area and the primary tumor in place, was performed. Preoperative computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, or radiological reports if no scans were available, were used to obtain an estimate of the volume of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Operative notes were used to evaluate whether all lymphadenopathy was resected or disease left in situ, or if any extrarenal resection, including venacavotomy, was performed. Mean survival rate was calcul...
Application of Object-Based Verification Techniques to Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts

Abstract Both the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) and contiguous rain area (CRA) object-based verification techniques have been used to analyze precipitation forecasts from two sets of ensembles to determine if spread-skill behavior observed using traditional measures can be seen in the object parameters. One set consisted of two eight-member Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model ensembles: one having mixed physics and dynamics with unperturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions (Phys) and another using common physics and a dynamic core but with perturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/LBC). Traditional measures found that spread grows much faster in IC/LBC than in Phys so that after roughly 24 h, better skill and spread are found in IC/LBC. These measures also reflected a strong diurnal signal of precipitation. The other set of ensembles included five members of a 4-km grid-spacing WRF ensemble (ENS4) and five members of a 20-km WRF ensemble (ENS20). Traditio...
High Levels of Gene Flow in the California Vole (Microtus californicus) are Consistent Across Spatial Scales

ABSTRACT. Gene flow links the genetic and demographic structures of species. Despite the fact that similar genetic and demographic patterns shape both local population structure and regional phylogeography, the 2 levels of population connectivity are rarely studied simultaneously. Here, we studied gene flow in the California vole (Microtus californicus), a small-bodied rodent with limited vagility but high local abundance. Within a 4.86-km2 preserve in central California, genetic diversity in 6 microsatellite s was high, and Bayesian methods indicated a single genetic cluster. However, individual-based genetic analysis detected a clear signal for isolation-by-distance (IBD) and fine-scale population structure. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequencing revealed 11 unique haplotypes from the one local area where we sequenced 62 individuals. Phylogeographic analysis of these individuals combined with those sampled from the northern geographic range of the species (the range of the species spans western North Ame...
An OFDM Design for Underwater Acoustic Channels with Doppler Spread

In this paper, we study the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) over underwater acoustic multipath channels with different Doppler scales on different paths. We first derive an exact inter-carrier-interference (ICI) expression after incorporating the compensation of nonuniform Doppler shifts across OFDM sub-carriers. Based on the assumption that the residual ICI is dominantly from immediate neighbors, we suggest a practical design that divides subcarriers into groups, where each group of eight subcarriers consists of three contiguous data subcarriers, one pilot subcarrier, and five carefully spaced null subcarriers. We use the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm for sparse channel estimation that identifies distinct physical paths with different Doppler scales. System performance is evaluated using data recorded from the GLINT08 and SPACE08 experiments. Relative to the receiver that ignores the residual ICI, we observe that explicitly suppressing the residual ICI induced by Doppler spread leads to improved performance for the SPACE08 data, while not for the GLINT08 data.
Making the Sociological Canon: The Battle Over George Herbert Mead’s Legacy

This paper tracks Mead's induction into the sociological canon, focusing in particular on American sociologists who made a concerted effort to reconstruct Mead as a systematic social theorist and apply his ideas to empirical research. It distinguishes two interpretive strategies of framing the classic and constructing the canon -- the politics of orthodoxy and politics of the open canon. The politics of orthodoxy aims to ascertain the original meaning and close the textual canon, creating a template relative to which alternative interpretations are judged incomplete, unorthodox, or wrongheaded. The politics of the open canon proceeds on the assumption that the classic text lends itself to conflicting interpretations, that room for the honest difference of opinion must be safeguarded, and that the capacity to further productive inquiry rather than the adherence to an orthodox view recommends a particular construal as viable and canon-worhty.
Limits on Massless Particles

Abstract We show that in all theories with a Lorentz-covariant energy-momentum tensor, such as all known renormalizable quantum field theories, composite as well as elementary massless particles with j > 1 are forbidden. Also, in all theories with a Lorentz-covariant conserved current, such as renormalizable theories with a symmetry that commutes with all local symmetries, there cannot exist composite or elementary particles with nonvanishing values of the corresponding charge and j > 1/2.
What Counts? Literacy Assessment in Urban Schools

This article describes problems with current literacy assessment programs and processes in many U.S. urban elementary schools and proposes steps for changing those programs and processes to make them factors that contribute to higher reading and writing achievement for urban youth. صف هذه المقالة مشاكل برامج تقييم مستوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة وعملياتها في كثيرا من مدارس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الابتدائية المدينية وتقدم إجراءات لتغيير تلك البرامج والعمليات ليجعلها عناصر تساهم في إنجاز مستوى أعلى في القراءة والكتابة لدى البنين المدينيين. \u672c\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u6709\u5173\u73b0\u4eca\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u5b66\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u8bae\u6539\u5584\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6210\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u57ce\u5e02\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u6709\u5229\u56e0\u7d20\u3002本文描述有关现今在美国许多小学所采用的读写能力评估计划和程序的问题，并提议改善那些评估计划和程序的几个步骤，使评估计划和程序成为提高城市年青人阅读与写作成绩的有利因素。 Cet article presente les problemes que posent les programmes et les processus courants d'evaluation de la litteratie dans de nombreuses ecoles elementaires de villes americaines et propose des demarches pour changer ces programmes et ces processus afin d'en faire des facteurs qui contribuent a une meilleure reussite en lecture et ecriture de la jeunesse des cites. В статье описаны проблемы, связанные с программами оценивания грамотности и процессами ее становления, которые практикуются во многих начальных школах в разных городах США (В городских школах учатся, в основном, дети из малоимущих и неблагополучных семей. – прим. пер.). Предлагаются определенные шаги для того, чтобы совершенствовать эти программы и процессы и сделать их факторами, которые смогут существенно повысить уровень чтения и письма среди юных жителей городов. Este articulo describe problemas con los programas y procesos usados hoy dia para evaluar las competencias en muchas de las escuelas primarias urbanas de los Estados Unidos y propone pasos ha tomar para cambiar esos programas y procesos de tal manera que se conviertan en factores que contribuyan a mejorar la lectura y la escritura de los adolescentes urbanos.
Design, Fabrication, and Multiplexing of Magnetic Calorimeter X-ray Detectors with High-Efficiency SQUID Readout

Metallic magnetic calorimeters, where deposited energy is detected by measuring a temperature-dependent magnetization with a low-noise SQUID, remain a promising potential route to X-ray spectrometers with energy resolution approaching 1 eV. In this paper we describe our recent work toward array-compatible, high-resolution MMCs fabricated entirely using thin-film techniques. We describe a meander-style pickup loop designed for good coupling to high-efficiency, low noise SQUIDs, as well as considering various routes to a thin-film paramagnetic sensor. We also briefly overview the most promising technology for multiplexing arrays of non-dissipative metallic magnetic calorimeters.
Solution of the partial differential equation of the Hodgkin-Huxley model using differential quadrature

Abstract In this paper, we outline a new method for numerical solution of the nonlinear partial differential equation of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Preliminary results of numerical experimentation are presented.
Adaptive pose priors for pictorial structures

Pictorial structure (PS) models are extensively used for part-based recognition of scenes, people, animals and multi-part objects. To achieve tractability, the structure and parameterization of the model is often restricted, for example, by assuming tree dependency structure and unimodal, data-independent pairwise interactions. These expressivity restrictions fail to capture important patterns in the data. On the other hand, local methods such as nearest-neighbor classification and kernel density estimation provide non-parametric flexibility but require large amounts of data to generalize well. We propose a simple semi-parametric approach that combines the tractability of pictorial structure inference with the flexibility of non-parametric methods by expressing a subset of model parameters as kernel regression estimates from a learned sparse set of exemplars. This yields query-specific, image-dependent pose priors. We develop an effective shape-based kernel for upper-body pose similarity and propose a leave-one-out loss function for learning a sparse subset of exemplars for kernel regression. We apply our techniques to two challenging datasets of human figure parsing and advance the state-of-the-art (from 80% to 86% on the Buffy dataset [8]), while using only 15% of the training data as exemplars.
The interaction between maternal immune activation and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in regulating behaviors in the offspring.

Mutation of human chromosome 15q13.3 increases the risk for autism and schizophrenia. One of the noteworthy genes in 15q13.3 is CHRNA7, which encodes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 subunit (α7nAChR) associated with schizophrenia in clinical studies and rodent models. This study investigates the role of α7nAChR in maternal immune activation (MIA) mice model, a murine model of environmental risk factor for autism and schizophrenia. We provided choline, a selective α7nAChR agonist among its several developmental roles, in the diet of C57BL/6N wild-type dams throughout the gestation and lactation period and induced MIA at mid-gestation. The adult offspring behavior and gene expression profile in the maternal splenic-placenta-fetal brain axis at mid-gestation were investigated. We found that choline supplementation prevented several MIA behavioral abnormalities in the wild-type offspring. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Chrna7 gene expression in the wild-type fetal brain were elevated by poly(I:C) injection and were suppressed by gestational choline supplementation. We further investigated the gene expression level of IL-6 in Chrna7 mutant mice. We found that the basal level of IL-6 was higher in Chrna7 mutant fetal brain, which suggests that α7nAChR may serve an anti-inflammatory role in the fetal brain during development. Lastly, we induced MIA in Chrna7+/− offspring. The Chrna7+/− offspring were more vulnerable to MIA, with increased behavioral abnormalities. Our study shows that α7nAChR modulates inflammatory response affecting the fetal brain and demonstrates its effects on offspring behavior development after maternal infection.
Enhancing a national database

The cooperative cataloging of library materials is a centuries- old concept. Efforts at cooperative cataloging have historically attempted to reduce cataloging costs while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. This paper outlines the experience of the University of Pittsburgh with Enhance, the OCLC cooperative project designed to improve the quality of the OCLC database.
Eating Disorders in African American Girls: Implications for Counselors

Given the recent focus on eating disorders in children, it is imperative that counselors consider eating concerns that affect children of all racial and ethnic groups and hence are effective in working with this population. The author discusses risk factors that potentially contribute to eating disorders in African American girls given their unique socialization experiences as racial and ethnic minorities. Also, the author provides strategies for developing effective and culturally responsive counseling interventions to work with this population.
The torsional spectrum of chlorine nitrate

Abstract The far-infrared torsional spectrum of ClONO2 (chlorine nitrate) was reexamined at 0.06-cm−1 apodized resolution. The torsional spectrum consists of a single, regularly spaced series of Q branches at 122.56 − 2.422 v′ + 0.0296 v′2 cm−1. Chlorine nitrate is planar with torsional potential constants V2 = 1900 ± 100 cm−1 and V4 = 90 ± 50 cm−1. The torsional partition function is calculated at room and stratospheric temperatures.
Sialic acid-binding lectins in the "whip scorpion" (Mastigoproctus giganteus) serum.

Abstract Sialic acid-specific lectins have been detected in the serum of the “whip scorpion,” Mastigoproctus giganteus . When compared to Limulus lectins, Mastigoproctus agglutination profiles for a panel of untreated and enzyme-treated vertebrate erythrocytes were almost identical except for the agglutination of nonhuman primate erythrocytes. However, both chelicerate species exhibited heterogeneous serum lectins which showed some differences in their serological reactivity. At least three distinct specific fractions could be demonstrated in Mastigoproctus serum by crossed absorption and hemagglutination-inhibition experiments. These fractions are specific for sialic acids and/or sialoconjugates but also bind substances such as N -acetylglutamic acid, N -acetylmuramic acid, chitobiose, and chitotriose. These adjunct specificities are important clues in the interpretation of the possible biological role of chelicerate lectins.
M2 muscarinic receptors in pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J mouse contribute to rapid eye movement sleep generation

Microinjecting the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine into the pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J (B6) mouse causes a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-like state. This finding is consistent with similar studies in cat and both sets of data indicate that the REM sleep-like state is caused by increasing levels of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh). Muscarinic cholinergic receptors have been localized to the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse but no previous studies have examined which of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes participate in cholinergic REM sleep enhancement. This study examined the hypothesis that M2 receptors in pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse contribute to the REM sleep-like state caused by pontine reticular formation administration of neostigmine. B6 mice (n=13) were implanted with electrodes for recording states of sleep and wakefulness and with microinjection cannulae aimed for the pontine reticular formation. States of sleep and wakefulness were recorded for 4 h following pontine reticular formation injection of saline (control) or neostigmine. Experiments designed to gain insight into the muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating REM sleep enhancement involved pontine reticular formation administration of neostigmine after pertussis toxin, neostigmine after methoctramine, and neostigmine after pirenzepine. Pertussis toxin was used to block effects mediated by M2 and M4 receptors. Methoctramine was used to block M2 and M4 receptors, and pirenzepine was used to block M1 and M4 receptors. Pertussis toxin and methoctramine significantly decreased the neostigmine-induced REM sleep-like state. In contrast, pretreatment with pirenzepine did not significantly decrease the REM sleep-like state caused by neostigmine. These results support the interpretation that M2 receptors in the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse contribute to the generation of REM sleep.
Analytical interference effects on laser-induced fluorescence of ethylene by selected molecular species

Abstract The interference of numerous compounds on the laser-induced fluorescence of ethylene at 10.6-mm was studied. The compounds studied were methane, propane, hexane, heptane, propylene, 1-butene, acetylene, benzene, cyclohexane, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methanol, ethanol, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, water, argon, helium, nitrogen, and air. Only some of these, in low concentrations, interfered at atmospheric pressure, but most interfered in evacuated systems. Compounds which absorbed the excitation 10.6μm radiation enhanced the fluorescence signals of ethylene, while non-absorbing compounds generally did not interfere. The quenching efficiencies of helium, argon, nitrogen, and methane on excited ethylene molecules were determined, and compared to values calculated from published data; good agreement was found except for methane. Quenching experiments with higher concentrations of added compounds were also performed.
Malignant melanoma of the vagina and locoregional control: radical surgery revisited.

Abstract Background. Anecdotal reports and retrospective case reviews suggest improved locoregional control, and possibly overall survival, with radical surgical extirpation as the primary management of vaginal melanoma. This study seeks to reevaluate, through case presentation and literature review, the usefulness of radical pelvic surgical procedures in the management of vaginal melanoma. Case. Seven cases of primary vaginal melanoma were seen at the University of Virginia Hospital from 1966 to 1996; each was compared in terms of primary management, disease-free interval, sites of relapse, and overall survival. All patients who died of their disease relapsed locally prior to their death, with the exception of two patients who underwent wide local excision (WLE) followed by postoperative high-dose fractionation teletherapy. Conclusions. The use of WLE followed by high-dose fractionation teletherapy in the primary management of vaginal melanoma appears to provide excellent locoregional control, without the attendant morbidity and physical disfigurement associated with more radical surgical resection. The results reported here, as well as other published reports, suggest that locoregional control may be obtained with even large melanomas with radiotherapy when administered in high individual fractions (greater than 400 cGy/fx). This type of response is consistent with the higher response rate seen with cutaneous melanomas when large individual fractions are compared to conventional fractionation. Because of the extremely poor survival with vaginal melanoma regardless of primary therapy, novel therapeutic strategies, including further investigation into the use of high-dose fractionation irradiation, are urgently needed.
Benign ovarian and endometrial uptake on FDG PET-CT: patterns and pitfalls

Increased ovarian or endometrial uptake may cause a dilemma in the interpretation of whole body F18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging or even misdiagnosis of malignant disease. Knowledge of benign FDG uptake of the ovaries and uterus is important for daily practice of nuclear medicine radiologists. Increased uptake in the ovaries or uterus indicates a pathologic or neoplastic process in postmenopausal patients. In premenopausal women, increased ovarian or endometrial uptake can be functional or malignant. Benign functional uptake of premenopausal ovaries or uterus is related to the menstrual cycle; therefore, information about the patient’s menstrual status is crucial for interpretation. In addition, correlation with computed tomography (CT), especially diagnostic CT acquired at the same time of PET/CT is very useful in clarifying the location of the uptake and the existence or disappearance of the discrete lesion. Increased ovarian uptake may also be identified in histologically different benign tumor entities. Nonmenstrual-related endometrial uptake may be present in many benign diseases as well.
Random facet Fresnel lenses and mirrors

Fresnel-type lenses and mirrors are designed and their performance is simulated. These lenses and mirrors employ random spac- ings between elements to minimize intense higher order diffraction terms while maintaining good overall light concentration.
Effects of acidic fog on seedlings of Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor: Foliar injury, physiological and biochemical responses

Abstract Seedlings of Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and Abies concolor (white fir) were exposed to acidic fog (pH 2·0, 3·0 or 4·0) in open-field plots for six weeks. The two species exhibited dissimilar injury responses; neither current year nor previous year needles of ponderosa pine were injured by pH 2·0 fog, but current year needles exhibited higher membrane permeability responses (i.e. needle extract conductivity, K + concentration). In comparison, both needle age classes in white fir were significantly injured by pH 2·0 fog, but no significant effects on membrane permeability were observed. For both species, whole-study average rates of net photosynthesis in previous year needles were lower in plants exposed to pH 2·0 fog than in plants treated with pH 4·0 fog. While decreased process rates coincided with leaf necrosis in white fir, stomatal closure appeared to be the mechanism of inhibition in ponderosa pine with pH 2·0 fog (i.e. no visible injury). The findings of the present study provide evidence that frequent applications of highly acidic fog (i.e. pH 2·0–3·0) can cause temporal alterations in membrane permeability and gas exchange rates in western conifer seedlings, in the presence or absence of visible injury. However, because incipient effects on other measures of foliage health were species-specific (i.e. concentrations of starch, photosynthetic pigments, inorganic nutrients), a general mechanism of phytotoxicity could not be identified.
Trust but verify.

Addiction is a disease of behavior. Substances with abuse liability not only engage powerful midbrain reward pathways but “hijack” frontal lobe motivational and decision-making systems, such that essentially all intentional behaviors increasingly center on obtaining and using the drug [1]. As reflected in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition criteria for substance abuse disorders [2], the ability to engage in functional behaviors is severely limited, with the inability to control substance use being diagnostic of the disorder. Thus, to treat the disease of addiction, interventions aimed at increasing behavioral control over use are among the most effective [3]. Early in remission, or …
The use of hypothermia in split-brain surgery on the rat

A method of simple split-brain surgery on the rat is described. Rats were anesthetized, subjected to hypothermia, and split-brain surgery was performed. With precautions to avoid overdose of anesthetic, limit the minimal temperature to 22°C, and regulate the rate of rewarming, animals survived and on the day following surgery showed no adverse effects. No extensive tissue degeneration was found.
Thymic tumor of the pharynx.

Summary A case of pedunculated thymic tumorof the hypopharynx in a 3-weekold infant is described. A probable embryologic origin from the fourth visceral cleft is presented. Surgical removal was followed by an uneventful course.
A study of reflectance anisotropy and canopy structure using a simple empirical model

Abstract The coefficients of a simple three-term model describing the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies as a function of leaf area index (LAI) were examined for potential information retrievable from bidirectional reflectance measurements. Simulations of principal plane spectral reflectances (0.5–0.6 μm, 0.6–0.7 μm, 0.7–0.8 μm, and 0.8–1.1 μm), for vegetated canopies with LAI values ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 under solar zenith angles of 20, 30, and 45 degrees, were generated with the use of a one-dimensional radiative transfer model. The simulated reflectances were then fit with a simple model by using a least squares procedure. Plots of the resulting coefficients with LAI showed that the degree of curvature of the simulated principal plane reflectances, as represented by one of the coefficients, and the coefficient expressing interaction of view zenith angle and view azimuth angle were both related to LAI. This relation holds in all four spectral bands, including the 0.7–0.8 μm band, despite a lack of relation between the constant coefficient (which is closely related to the nadir value) and LAI. Examination of the coefficients relating to solar zenith angle revealed a dependence on LAI. The coefficient for view zenith angle, or a related quantity, is suggested as a candidate for a bidirectional index that may be useful within the context of satellite-based vegetation classification and characterization schemes.
Chaos and capacity utilization under increasing returns to scale

Abstract It has been shown that adding variable capacity utilization of capital to a one-sector model with a mild production externality can produce local indeterminacy. In this paper, I provide a global analysis of this model and provide sufficient conditions for the existence of Euler equation branching. I show that this branching allows for regime switching equilibria implying ω-chaos and positive topological entropy – two notions of chaotic behavior.
Stress Reduction and Mood Enhancement in Four Exercise Modes: Swimming, Body Conditioning, Hatha Yoga, and Fencing

Abstract The influence of exercise mode and practice qualities on the stress reduction benefits of exercise was examined. College students in swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, fencing, exercise, and lecture-control classes completed the Profile of Mood States and the State Anxiety Inventory before and after class on three occasions. Swimmers had unusually positive initial moods and reported less tension and confusion after swimming only on the first day of testing. Participants in yoga, an anaerobic activity that satisfied three of the four mode requirements, were significantly less anxious, tense, depressed, angry, fatigued, and confused after class than before on all three occasions. Supporting the importance of the four mode characteristics, participants in the exercise control activity of fencing reported improvements only in vigor. A possible influence of practice conditions was observed when members of the body conditioning class reported significant increases in fatigue, but no other mood ch...
Modeling the Characteristics of Thermally Governed Transient Flow Surges in Multitube Two-Phase Condensing Flow Systems With Compressibility and Thermal and Flow Distribution Asymmetry

In a tube-type condenser involving complete condensation, small changes in the inlet vapor flow rate momentarily cause very large transient surges in the outlet mass flow rate. An Equivalent Single-Tube Model (ESTM), based on the System Mean Void Fraction Model, is developed that predicts these transient flow surges for a multitube system ; including the effects of compressibility as well as thermal and flow distribution asymmetry. The model is verified theoretical and experimentally. From a design perspective, the significant value of the ESTM is that it includes the primary physical mechanisms involved in such complex flow transients, yet is simple enough to be solved on typical ''spreadsheet'' software.
Secondary structure in solution of two anti-HIV-1 hammerhead ribozymes as investigated by two-dimensional 1H 500 MHz NMR spectroscopy in water

Two hammerhead chimeric RNA/DNA ribozymes (HRz) were synthesized in pure form. Both were 30 nucleotides long, and the sequences were such that they could be targeted to cleave the HIV-1 gag RNA. Named HRz-W and HRz-M, the former had its invariable core region conserved, the latter had a uridine in the invariable region replaced by a guanine. Their secodary structures were determined by 2D NOESY 1H 500 MHz NMR spectroscopy in 90% water and 10% D2(0), following the imino protons. The data show that both HRz-M and HRz-W form identical secondary structures with stem regions consisting of continuous stacks of AT and GT pairs. An energy minimized computer model of this stem region is provided. The results suggest that the loss of catalytic activity that is known to result when an invariant core residue is replaced is not related to the secondary structure of the ribozymes in the absence of substrate.
Scleromyxedema in a patient with multiple sclerosis and monoclonal gammopathy on interferon beta-1a.

Background: Animal studies have shown that some human monoclonal antibodies promote myelin repair in models of demyelinating disease. Scleromyxedema is a dermatologic disorder associated with a monoclonal gammopathy and neurologic manifestations. The reason for occurrence of cutaneous reactio ns in interferon treated patients is unknown. Case description: A 37-year-o ld woman was started on weekly interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) following a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). A fter having been on interferon therapy for three years, she developed skin lesions secondary to scleromyxedema. Her IFN beta-1a was discontinued and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was started for her scleromyxedema. A t a six-month follow up, her skin lesions improved and there was no recurrence of neurologic symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first report of occurrence of scleromyxedema in a patient with MS. While this could be a chance association, it does raise the question if her neurologic manifestations could be second...
Temperature and moisture dependence of soil H2 uptake measured in the laboratory

The soil sink of molecular hydrogen is the largest and most uncertain term in the global atmospheric H_2 budget. Lack of information about the mechanisms regulating this sink limits our ability to predict how atmospheric H_2 may respond to future changes in climate or anthropogenic emissions. Here we present the results from a series of laboratory experiments designed to systematically evaluate and describe the temperature and soil moisture dependence of H_2 uptake by soils from boreal forest and desert ecosystems. We observed substantial H2 uptake between −4°C and 0°C, a broad temperature optimum between 20°C and 30°C, a soil moisture optimum at approximately 20% saturation, and inhibition of uptake at both low and high soil moisture. A sigmoidal function described the temperature response of H_2 uptake by soils between −15°C and 40°C. Based on our results, we present a framework for a model of the soil H_2 sink.
Pole placement for singular systems

Abstract In this paper, we present a pole placement design for singular systems in polynomial fraction form. The design can also be used for the role placement of singular systems in generalized state space form, and requires no decomposition.
The effect of rice straw on the priming of soil organic matter and methane production in peat soils

Abstract Rice residue management often leads to increased methane (CH4) emissions but the outcomes of edaphic and management factors are not always predictable. Rice residue can act as a substrate for CH4 production; however the role it plays in priming (mineralization) of soil organic matter (SOM) to release additional substrates for CH4 production are not well established. We anaerobically incubated a highly organic soil with 13C-enriched rice straw for 3 months to investigate its priming effect (PE) on SOM and source of C for CH4 production. Anaerobic decomposition of SOM was accompanied by iron (Fe) reduction with minimal CH4 production when straw was absent. Straw addition enhanced Fe reduction and increased CH4 production concurrently with a clear succession of microbial community structure and function assessed with phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. The PE on CH4 production from SOM was strong and positive during the entire experiment. Overall, PE on SOM (CO2 plus CH4 production) was slightly positive at the end of the experiment, associated with only a 32% mineralization of the added straw-C (as CO2 plus CH4). Straw addition also released large amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from SOM. Our results suggest that straw addition effects on PE of SOM and CH4 production can last for a long period of time showing that straw will cause non-linear response in CH4 production and potentially result in significant losses of soil C as DOC by leaching or direct exports in histosols.
Space-Based Visible Data Reduction

The Midcourse Space Experiment satellite, launched 24 April 1996, carries the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor package designed for conducting space surveillance from a space platform. The SBV sensor consists of a visible imaging charged couple device sensor that generates sets of images of resident space objects against a star background. These images are either directly sent to a tape recorder for later transmission to the ground for processing, or more commonly, they are processed onboard the sensor package and only the data associated with the stars and potential resident space objects are downlinked for processing. The SBV data reduction process of generating metric observations from SBV data is described. This process consists of  rst determining an accurate pointingof the SBV sensor using the star background.The re ned pointing is then used to generate right ascension and declination observations for the resident space object. Finally, the resident space objects are identi ed by correlating the observationswith a complete resident space object catalog. The algorithmsused are discussed, and a summary of data processed is presented.
A Note on Taylor-Eddy and Kovasznay Solutions of NS--Deconvolution and Leray--Deconvolution Models

We show that both the Taylor-eddy and Kovasznay exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are also exact solutions of both the NS-α-deconvolution and Leray- α-deconvolution models, but with modified pressures that converge to the Navier-Stokes pressure solution as <path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204 q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" /> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /> or the order of deconvolution tends to infinity. The existence of these exact model solutions will provide for better benchmark testing and validation of numerical codes and also shows that the models preserve these special structures.
Neuronal histogenesis, maturation and organization related to speech development

Abstract This paper outlines a chronology of neurophysiological evidence on the neurohistogenesis and maturation of the cerebral cortex and formulates a parallel relationship to a chronology of the descriptive behavioral events related to speech development. Theoretical neurophysiological experiments and a ‘continuum’ system are suggested.
Energy-aware Standby-Sparing Technique for periodic real-time applications

In this paper, we present an energy-aware standby-sparing technique for periodic real-time applications. A standby-sparing system consists of a primary processor where the application tasks are executed using Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) to save energy, and a spare processor where the backup tasks are executed at maximum voltage/frequency, should there be a need. In our framework, we employ Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF) and Earliest-Deadline-Late (EDL) scheduling policies on the primary and spare CPUs, respectively. The use of EDL on the spare CPU allows delaying the backup tasks on the spare CPU as much as possible, enabling energy savings. We develop static and dynamic algorithms based on these principles, and evaluate their performance experimentally. Our simulation results show significant energy savings compared to existing reliability-aware power management (RAPM) techniques for most execution scenarios.
Finite-point order compactifications

After the characterization of 1-point topological compactifications by Alexandroff in 1924, n -point topological compactifications by Magill [4] in 1965, and 1-point order compactifications by McCallion [5] in 1971, spaces that admit an n -point order compactification are characterized in Section 2. If X * and X ** are finite-point order compactifications of X , sup{ X *, X **} is given explicitly in terms of X * and X ** in § 3. In § 4 it is shown that if an ordered topological space X has an m -point and an n -point order compactification, then X has a k -point order compactification for each integer k between m and n. The author is indebted to Professor Darrell C. Kent, who provided assistance and encouragement during the preparation of this paper.