cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grounding for Emergency and Standby Power Systems

The basic functions of system and equipment grounding is presented, fundamental grounding requirements for service-supplied and separately derived power systems which operate at 600 V or less are discussed. Several grounding arrangements for alternate power supplies are also discussed and graphically illustrated. The grounding requirements are primarily derived from the National Electrical Code, NFPA No. 70-1978. The paper is intended to be the basis for a new chapter on grounding in the next edition of IEEE Standard 446-1974, Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
Gap-minimizing prices and quadratic core convergence

Abstract We study the decentralization of core allocations by price vectors chosen, essentially, to minimize the competitive gap. In the setting of Debreu (1975) and Grodal (1975), the competitive gap with respect to these gap-minimizing prices goes to zero as the inverse of the square of the number of agents; in Debreu's setting, the convergence is uniform over agents while in Grodal's setting, we show convergence on average.
Memory tagging in Charm

Many scientific applications are logically decomposed into modules. each module performing a different type of computation. These modules are then linked together inside the same executable. While these modules are logically independent, they are not physically independent: a faulty module can corrupt the state of another one.By identifying the different modules inside an application, tagging the memory according to the different modules, and performing extra runtime checks, we can automatically detect certain type of errors. We implemented our idea inside the Charm++ runtime system, where modules can be easily identified. We illustrate the validity of our approach, and evaluate its overhead.
Protein Separation with Flow-Through Chromatography

Abstract Proteins are isolated in the chemical process industries for a wide variety of uses. Isolation and separation are often conducted with chromatography. Conventional chromatography of proteins is often tedious and can suffer from poor efficiency and resolution. There is a well-known tradeoff between resolution and speed', Newer methods of protein chromatography seek to diminish the shortcomings of conventional methods. New methods are presently being investigated for process, preparative, and analytical applications.
Building Content and Communities: Developing a Shared Sense of Early Childhood Mathematics Pedagogy

This article presents results from a case study analyzing the process of change for early childhood educators as they engage in a semester-long professional development (PD) experience focused on developing a teacher research agenda related to mathematics instruction. During this PD experience, 11 participants (5 second-grade and 6 third-grade teachers) developed a research question, collected and analyzed data, and used results to inform mathematics instruction. The overarching question guiding this study was: How does an ongoing mathematics PD model focused on developing a teacher research agenda impact the instructional practice of second- and third-grade teachers? Instructional shifts were apparent across participants, but only after building a shared sense of community during PD sessions.
Elemental and molecular speciation of lead particles by dynamic C-60 secondary ion mass spectrometry

In this work, dynamic C60+ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been used for the complete speciation (molecular, fine – a subset of molecular speciation – and elemental) of a series of lead salts – lead(II and IV) oxide, lead(II and IV) acetate. The molecular and elemental lead characterization and differentiation for a series of acetate and oxide molecules is demonstrated utilizing both positive and negative ion modes. The results show the feasibility of direct speciation without the need for reference spectra by stoichiometric ratioing both molecular and elemental ions. Ratioing the intensities of specific high-m/z ions can differentiate compounds comprised of the same elements in different oxidation states (fine speciation). It is anticipated that this work can be extended to the analysis of particle mixtures to provide speciation information of inorganic particles by their molecular signals not available through isotopic patterns.
Electromagnetic pulses from high-energy showers: Implications for neutrino detection.

We review the properties of electromagnetic showers in dense media and calculate in detail the associated electromagnetic pulses generated by shower electrons. We perform real-time simulations recording the charge, trajectory, and time of each cascade particle and compute the associated electromagnetic wave. Our results are relevant to experiments detecting radio pulses from showers initiated by cosmic particles interacting with the Earth.
Floating Zone Growth of Bulk Single Crystals of Complex Oxides

In this MRS Proceedings paper, we present a review of the floating zone growth process, and describe growth techniques as relevant to four selected families of current or continued interest in the area of condensed matter physics of highly correlated electron systems: Cuprate oxides (Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy), Ruthenate oxides (Sr2RuO4), Manganite oxides (La1-xSrxMnO3, La2–2xSr1+2xMn2O7, (RE) MnO3 (RE=Rare Earth)) and Ferrite oxides (BiFeO3). We also discuss our experiences with factors that tend to contribute to poor crystal growth, as relevant to experiments to probe correlated-electron physics in such crystals.
Effect of Venous Pressure on Mean Capillary Pressure and Vascular Resistance in the Intestine

Elevation of venous pressure in the intestine increases capillary pressure by amounts that average 62% of the venous pressure increment. The relation may be expressed as Pc = 9.7 + 0.62 Pv , where Pc represents the mean capillary pressure and Pv represents venous pressure (both expressed in mm Hg). The increase of capillary pressure is less than expected for a rigid system and less than reported for skeletal muscle. This attenuation of the effect of increments of venous pressure on capillary blood pressure is due to precapillary constriction and postcapillary dilation, with the latter playing the dominant role. Measurement of resistance in a segment of the venous vasculature confirmed this and also demonstrated that most of the reduction of resistance occurs in venous vessels with diameters greater than 0.5 mm.
Expression Analysis and Physical Mapping of a cDNA Library of Fusarium Head Blight Infected Wheat Spikes

Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schw.) is diffi cult to obtain because of the quantitative nature and the numerous types of resistance involved. cDNA expression arrays have become a rapidly growing area for the identifi cation and characterization of genes involved in complex pathways. A cDNA library was made from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes of the variety ‘Sumai 3’, 24 h after inoculation with F. graminearum. Clones were sequenced and putative function assigned to each clone based on BLASTX alignments. Nylon membrane arrays were made from the 580 unigenes present in the library, of which 75 expressed clones were induced in the fi rst 24 h after inoculation. Of these unigenes, 14 are involved in defense response, 9 in gene expression and regulation, 29 in other cell functions, and 24 are without a known function. The induced genes catalyze key steps in the formation of lignin, energy production, and production of phytoalexins suggesting that resistance in wheat to Fusarium is provided by a different pathway than that of the hypersensitive response. Two of the induced genes, BE585589 and BE585627, were physically mapped to regions of chromosomes 3AS and 6BL, respectively, known to contain major QTL for FHB resistance.
On Evolutionary Biology, Inflammation, Infection, and the Causes of Atherosclerosis

“ Often there is no assignable cause for the attack, that is, for the coronary thrombosis itself. ” — —J.B. Herrick For most of human history, the primary causes of death have included infection and famine. It is thus not surprising that large portions of the human genome are dedicated to 2 interrelated problems: innate immunity and the inflammatory response (how to ward off infection and survive trauma) and cellular metabolism in times of crisis (how to sustain gluconeogenesis during prolonged periods of malnutrition). See p 15 From an evolutionary biology standpoint, these interrelated pressures might be expected to select for individuals with relatively enhanced inflammatory function, as well as mild to moderate insulin resistance.1 However, our ancestors, who lived a demanding hunter-gatherer lifestyle characterized by extended periods of physical activity and a high-protein diet, were also largely free of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Thus, for many investigators interested in the underlying causes of these disorders, a key evolutionary question is now openly being asked: is it possible that the adaptive pattern of an earlier time has resulted in a maladaptive response in our modern environment dominated by increasingly sedentary habits, an abundance of high-carbohydrate foods, and a reduced risk of mortality due to common infections?1,2 If so, is our current epidemic of atherosclerosis and diabetes predictable on the basis of evolutionary biological principles? Clinical data supporting this position come from several disparate sources. For one, atherosclerosis is now recognized as a disorder characterized by a chronic alteration of inflammatory function,3 and key markers of inflammation and the innate immune response, including C reactive protein (CRP), interluekin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and several cell adhesion molecules have been linked to the future occurrence of myocardial infarction and stroke in both healthy populations and among those with known coronary disease. …
Transfer Learning and Intelligence: an Argument and Approach

In order to claim fully general intelligence in an autonomous agent, the ability to learn is one of the most central capabilities. Classical machine learning techniques have had many significant empirical successes, but large real-world problems that are of interest to generally intelligent agents require learning much faster (with much less training experience) than is currently possible. This paper presents transfer learning, where knowledge from a learned task can be used to significantly speed up learning in a novel task, as the key to achieving the learning capabilities necessary for general intelligence. In addition to motivating the need for transfer learning in an intelligent agent, we introduce a novel method for selecting types of tasks to be used for transfer and empirically demonstrate that such a selection can lead to significant increases in training speed in a two-player game.
The development of phenotypic plasticity: where biology and psychology meet.

‘‘The mechanisms that underlie much of behavioral evolution may reside in the processes studied by developmental psychobiologists . . . ’’ Michel & Moore, 1995, p. 178. The counterpart in biology of developmental psychobiology is phenotypic plasticity, or the process by which the internal milieu and the environment induce different phenotypes from a given genotype (Sarkar, 1999; Sarkar & Fuller, 2003). After the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in the early 1900s, some of the first geneticists were occupied with the problem of how animals and plants that reproduced by cloning or were of fixed genotypes could develop very different morphologies in different environments. As genetics developed, however, this question dropped to the wayside in the United States despite the best efforts of T. Dobzhansky and his student, Richard C. Lewontin (2000). Recently, phenotypic plasticity has been rediscovered in a variety of biological disciplines, from molecular genetics to evolutionary biology. But in developmental psychobiology, there has long been an interest in how behavior emerges (Gottlieb, 1992), and the approaches and concepts of this rich field have much to contribute to this newly emerging field in the biological sciences. Much of my work has addressed fundamental precepts in behavioral neuroendocrinology, focusing in particular on the evolution of reproductive behaviors and the neural mechanisms that control them (Crews, 2002). To this end, I have capitalized on experiments of nature, or naturally occurring species. But as a student of Danny Lehrman and Jay Rosenblatt at the Institute of Animal Behavior, I was familiar with the principles of developmental psychobiology, and the last decade has found me coming full circle back to these roots, largely for the reasons captured in the quote of George Michel and Celia Moore (1995) at the beginning of this article. It is in the arena of sex and sexuality that the biological concepts of phenotypic plasticity and the psychobiological principles of development come together. To illustrate this, I will begin by considering the distinction between sex and sexuality and how the study of the former informs, but does not explain, the latter. In so doing, I will describe an animal model system my laboratory has studied for the last decade, one that obviates some of the problems that are inherent in conventional animal models. This work focuses on what constitutes experience and how it influences the development of adult sexuality. Here, I consider the temporal nature and source of experience and how this might affect brain areas that are involved in the display of aggressive and sexual behaviors. I also will present some data on how changes in the brain can constrain future behavior before ending with some comments about transgenerational effects.
Use of Licensed Vaccines for Active Immunization of the Immunocompromised Host

The latter part of the 20th century has witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of individuals with impaired immunity. This is primarily attributable to the increased development and use of antineoplastic therapy for malignancies, organ and bone marrow transplantation, and the AIDS epidemic. Individuals with impaired immunity are often at increased risk for infections, and they can experience more severe and complicated courses of infection. The lack of therapy for a variety of viruses and the rise in antimicrobial resistance of many pathogens have focused attention on vaccination to prevent infectious diseases. The efficacy of most licensed vaccines has been established in immunocompetent hosts. However, there is also considerable experience with most vaccines in those with impaired immunity. We reviewed the use of licensed live, inactivated, and polysaccharide vaccines in this group, and several themes emerged: (i) most vaccines are less immunogenic in those with impaired immunity than in normal individuals; (ii) live vaccines are generally contraindicated in this group; and (iii) the efficacy of many commonly used vaccines has not been established in people with impaired immunity. This review suggests that for most vaccines there are little or no efficacy data in those with impaired immunity but their use in this patient group is generally safe.
Lumbar artificial disc replacement in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A case report and discussion of clinical management.

Background Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a heterogeneous collection of connective tissue disorders characterized by varying degrees of skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. Surgical treatment of EDS patients is complicated by the extreme fragility of their vessels and tissues. The purpose of this case report is to present the management of an EDS patient with debilitating low-back pain.
Evaluation of an algorithm for treatment of status epilepticus in adult patients undergoing video/EEG monitoring.

Convulsive or generalized tonic clonic status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that can lead to transient or permanent brain damage or even death. An algorithm was designed to aid nursing and medical staff members in decision making about the type of SE and pharmacological intervention needed to stop prolonged or repetitive seizures. Fifteen registered nurses at a northern New England medical center's epilepsy unit participated in educational sessions on classification of seizures and status epilepticus prior to use of the algorithm. A pretest-posttest design with an investigator-developed tool was used to measure SE knowledge before and after educational intervention. There was a significant improvement in scores on the posttest of the classification of status epilepticus (Z = -2.93, p = .003). Twenty-nine medical records of patients who had experienced SE between February 1992 and December 1997 were reviewed. Nineteen patients experienced SE before the algorithm was implemented, and 10 patients experienced SE after the algorithm was implemented. A total of 16 patients experienced generalized convulsive SE with 12 episodes occurring before and 4 episodes after algorithm implementation. The mean time taken to stop the episode of SE after pharmacologic treatment began was compared in both groups using a t-test. The mean difference between the groups was 235 minutes (t = 2.57, p = .026). The findings of this project demonstrate that combining a treatment algorithm with education of staff members on its use has benefits in the practice setting of an inpatient comprehensive epilepsy program. Episodes of SE are more accurately classified and successful treatment of the episodes occurs earlier.
Relationship between urbanization and bat community structure in national parks of the southeastern U.S.

Urbanization and development are predicted to increase considerably in the United States over the next several decades, and this is expected to result in large-scale habitat loss, fragmentation and loss of wildlife species. Thus, natural parks and preserves are becomingly increasingly important in the conservation of regional biodiversity. We used mist-nets and AnabatII acoustic detectors to survey bats in 10 national parks in the southeastern U.S. and examined the relationship between bat community structure and development in the surrounding 5 km. We predicted that species richness would increase with park size and that species richness and evenness would decrease with development. Species richness was not related to development or any other landscape characteristics including park size. In contrast, species evenness declined with increasing development. Percent Developed land in the surrounding 5 km area was the only variable that entered into the stepwise regression model. The decrease in species evenness in the urban parks was due to the dominance of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in these parks. The percentage of big brown bats in our captures was positively related to percent Developed land in the surrounding area. Our data suggest that urban parks may be important for conserving regional bat biodiversity. However, the low species evenness in these parks suggests that some bat species may be susceptible to the effects of urbanization and may be extirpated over time. Thus, management of urban as well as rural parks should strive to conserve as much bat roosting and foraging habitat as possible.
Diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia by flow cytometry

Flow cytometric immunophenotpying (FCI) is a vital tool in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). HCL has a distinctive immunophenotype based upon staining with antibodies to CD5 (negative), CD10 (negative), CD23 (negative), CD20 (abnormally bright), CD22 (abnormally bright), CD11c (abnormally bright), CD25 (abnormally bright), CD103 (positive), and CD123 (positive). Due to this unique immunophenotype, FCI can differentiate malignant hairy cells from normal B-cells and other lymphoproliferative disorders, especially the morphologically similar hairy cell leukemia variant and splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes. FCI is extremely sensitive in the detection of minimal disease and is useful in monitoring response to therapy.
Adding a touch of carnival to cancer: a way of living and working in death's shadow

This paper examines the role of playful and comedic behavior in an emotionally dense context - a pediatric oncology clinic. It argues that such behavior transposes and licenses a form of pleasure-oriented living that usually takes place outside work into work-obliged activity. In so doing, it confounds and complicates the partial and specialized character of work feelings and engenders a more varied and complex emotional patterning to the experience of working in this system. In addition, this behavior symbolically affirms that it is possible to live a full life under such emotionally trying circumstances.
A national online survey on the effectiveness of clinical alarms.

PURPOSE: To develop a national online survey to be administered by the American College of Clinical Engineers Healthcare Technology Foundation to hospitals and healthcare workers to determine the problems associated with alarms in hospitals. METHODS: An online survey was developed by a 16-member task force representing professionals from clinical engineering, nursing, and technology to evaluate the reasons health-care workers do not respond to clinical alarms. RESULTS: A total of 1327 persons responded to the survey; most (94%) worked in acute care hospitals. About half of the respondents were registered nurses (51%), and one-third of respondents (31%) worked in a critical care unit. Most respondents (>90%) agreed or strongly agreed with the statements covering the purpose of clinical alarms and the need for prioritized and easily differentiated audible and visual alarms. Likewise, many respondents identified nuisance alarms as problematic; most agreed or strongly agreed that the alarms occur frequently (81%), disrupt patient care (77%), and can reduce trust in alarms and cause caregivers to disable them (78%). CONCLUSIONS: Effective clinical alarm management relies on (1) equipment designs that promote appropriate use, (2) clinicians who take an active role in learning how to use equipment safely over its full range of capabilities, and (3) hospitals that recognize the complexities of managing clinical alarms and devote the necessary resources to develop effective management schemes. Language: en
A saturation mechanism for the Farley-Buneman instability

Studies with a reduced-mode two-fluid model have revealed a promising candidate for the saturation mech- anism of the Farley-Buneman instability in the daytime equatorial electrojet. The mechanism operates by redis- tributing the zero-order electron E B flow eld. Sec- ondary waves generated nonlinearly by the instability are responsible for the flow eld modication. Saturation oc- curs because the modied flow reduces the principal charge transport responsible for the growth of the primary wave. Two-dimensional particle simulations of the instability ex- hibit saturation via the same mechanism.
How Do Youngsters Use Public Libraries to Find Non-Fiction Books? The Results of a Recent Research Project

ABSTRACT Even in the face of widespread domestic use of electronic materials, books within public libraries remain an important source of information for many youngsters. This paper draws on the results of a qualitative English study broadly concerned with young people's information behavior to explore how youngsters locate non-fiction books within such libraries. One of several approaches was taken. Familiar with the placement of materials on the subject of the need, some went directly to the appropriate part of the collection. Others did not know the position of the desired section and combed the shelves randomly, consulted labels on the shelves/walls, sought help from staff or exploited the subject index. Most users wanted information on a certain topic, not a particular item. There were high levels of ignorance of both library terminology and the arrangement of books within the building. The article concludes by making recommendations for both practice and future research, based on the investigation's...
A Small Zinc Finger Thylakoid Protein Plays a Role in Maintenance of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana

This work identifies LOW QUANTUM YIELD OF PHOTOSYSTEM II1 (LQY1), a Zn finger protein that shows disulfide isomerase activity, interacts with the photosystem II (PSII) core complex, and may act in repair of photodamaged PSII complexes. Two mutants of an unannotated small Zn finger containing a thylakoid membrane protein of Arabidopsis thaliana (At1g75690; LQY1) were found to have a lower quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and reduced PSII electron transport rate following high-light treatment. The mutants dissipate more excess excitation energy via nonphotochemical pathways than wild type, and they also display elevated accumulation of reactive oxygen species under high light. After high-light treatment, the mutants have less PSII–light-harvesting complex II supercomplex than wild-type plants. Analysis of thylakoid membrane protein complexes showed that wild-type LQY1 protein comigrates with the PSII core monomer and the CP43-less PSII monomer (a marker for ongoing PSII repair and reassembly). PSII repair and reassembly involve the breakage and formation of disulfide bonds among PSII proteins. Interestingly, the recombinant LQY1 protein demonstrates a protein disulfide isomerase activity. LQY1 is more abundant in stroma-exposed thylakoids, where key steps of PSII repair and reassembly take place. The absence of the LQY1 protein accelerates turnover and synthesis of PSII reaction center protein D1. These results suggest that the LQY1 protein may be involved in maintaining PSII activity under high light by regulating repair and reassembly of PSII complexes.
Multimodel Bayesian analysis of data-worth applied to unsaturated fractured tuffs

To manage water resource and environmental systems effectively requires suitable data. The worth of collecting such data depends on their potential benefit and cost, including the expected cost (risk) of failing to take an appropriate decision. Evaluating this risk calls for a probabilistic approach to data-worth assessment. Recently we [39] developed a multimodel approach to optimum value-of-information or data-worth analysis based on model averaging within a maximum likelihood Bayesian framework. Adopting a two-dimensional synthetic example, we implemented our approach using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with and without lead order approximations, finding that the former approach was almost equally accurate but computationally more efficient. Here we apply our methodology to pneumatic permeability data from vertical and inclined boreholes drilled into unsaturated fractured tuff near Superior, Arizona. In an attempt to improve computational efficiency, we introduce three new approximations that require less computational effort and compare results with those obtained by the original Monte Carlo method. The first approximation disregards uncertainty in model parameter estimates, the second does so for estimates of potential new data, and the third disregards both uncertainties. We find that only the first approximation yields reliable quantitative assessments of reductions in predictive uncertainty brought about by the collection of new data. We conclude that, whereas parameter uncertainty may sometimes be disregarded for purposes of analyzing data worth, the same does not generally apply to uncertainty in estimates of potential new data.
Temperature tunable behavior of planar terahertz metamaterials fabricated on bulk strontium titanate substrates

We demonstrate thermal tuning of the inductive capacitive (LC) resonance in terahertz metamaterials made up of gold split-ring resonator (SRR) arrays on ferroelectric bulk Strontium Titanate (STO) substrates. Heating the metamaterial from temperature of 150 K to 425 K causes as high as 69% blue shift in metamaterial resonance frequency due to the change in refractive index of the substrate.
Modelling and simulation for hybrid bus development

Traditional architectural and performance integration methods for vehicle development and validation do not address some of the new issues arising from the electrification of the drive systems. These traditional methods are developed with focus on the mechanical systems. Considering that the majority of architectural and performance issues arise at the interfaces, the complexity increases when these interfaces are made of different types such as electro–mechanical and electro–chemical. In advanced propulsion systems development and validation, these newly arising electrical and chemical interface issues need to be addressed in addition to the traditional mechanical integration tasks. Failure in addressing these issues could impede achieving performance targets and drastically alter vehicle attributes. In this paper, some of the new modelling and simulation issues arising from vehicle electrification during the development and integration of advanced propulsion systems are discussed. To demonstrate some of these issues and illustrate their impact on achieving vehicle performance targets and attributes, some cases from a hybrid bus development are presented. These cases include virtual and physical modelling for road data acquisition, battery system development and hybrid system integration.
Across the Hudson: Taking the Stop and Frisk Debate Beyond New York City

This article presents the results of a survey conducted by the author of 56 police departments across the country concerning the practice of data collection on stop and frisk practices of those police departments. These results are discussed against the backdrop of the debate on stop and frisk, examined in this article through a review of the legal basis for the practice and its use by police departments. The article then argues that greater data collection efforts in places other than New York City, where such efforts have been more robust than elsewhere, could broaden and deepen the debate on stop and frisk and better inform the larger debates over the impact of race on criminal justice, particularly with respect to the question of whether stop and frisk necessarily has a disparate impact on racial and ethnic minorities, as New York City data indicates.
Empirically quantifying city-scale transportation system resilience to extreme events

Abstract This article proposes a method to quantitatively measure the resilience of transportation systems using GPS data from probe vehicles such as taxis. The granularity of the GPS data necessary for the method is relatively coarse; it only requires coordinates for the beginning and end of trips, the metered distance, and the total travel time. The method works by computing the historical distribution of pace (normalized travel times) between various regions of a city and measuring the pace deviations during an unusual event. Periods of time containing extreme deviations are identified as events. The method is applied to a dataset of nearly 700 million taxi trips in New York City, which is used to analyze the city transportation infrastructure resilience to Hurricane Sandy. The analysis indicates that Hurricane Sandy impacted traffic conditions for more than five days, and caused a peak delay of two minutes per mile. Practically, it identifies that the evacuation announcements coincided with only minor disruptions, but significant delays were encountered during the post-disaster response period. Since the implementation of this method is very efficient, it could potentially be used as an online monitoring tool, representing a first step toward quantifying city scale resilience with coarse GPS data.
Modeling the effects of blast on the human thorax using high strain rate viscoelastic properties of human tissue

An anatomically detailed finite element model (FEM) of the male human torso has been generated using geometry obtained from a model of the human anatomy developed for the computer graphics industry. The model represents a 5th percentile male human based on anthropometric data from the US Army. The geometry was used as a starting point to create finite element models of all the anatomic components, including the skeletal structure (vertebral column, ribs, cartilage, and sternum), stomach, lungs, liver, heart (including the aorta), muscles, and skin. The model also includes personal body armor representing a Level II vest. LS-DYNA was used to analyze the 245,000 element model simulating air blast. Material properties for the various soft tissues were obtained from high strain rate experiments on human organ tissue samples at rates ranging from 200–3000 s−1 using a modified Kolsky (split-Hopkinson) bar. This model has been used to evaluate pressures and deformation in specific areas of the thorax in response to blast loading, and to compare the results to existing injury criteria.
What Is Political Science and What Should It Be

United States political science has been heavily subsidized and steered by foundations and the national security state. It has been disseminated all over the world, marginalizing diverse and foreign perspectives. However, the purpose of political science, as defined by Aristotle, its originator, was to find out how to attain the good life for all in a self-governing community. This is still where political science should aim. We can attempt to learn from history and current practices how to embody our ideals in institutions and foster desirable social change. This had been a major purpose of the Caucus for New Political Science (CNPS); other collectives and organizations should join in this task.
Lung Transplantation of Ventilator-Dependent Patients

During the last few years, lung transplantation has been extended to patients with a variety of end-stage lung diseases, but recipient selection guidelines have remained relatively strict. Ventilator-dependent patients have traditionally been considered poor candidates for transplantation. However, patients who have been thoroughly evaluated and accepted for transplantation and subsequently develop respiratory failure caused by progression and/or exacerbation of their underlying disease and recipients who experience respiratory failure caused by graft failure may be suitable candidates while ventilator-dependent if no other major complications or contraindications arise before a donor organ becomes available. (Chest 1992; 101:8-11)
The Making of the Post-War Paradigm in American Intellectual Property Law

During the New Deal period, intellectual property underwent a transformation. Copyright was recast from literary property to industrial property; trademark shifted from a common law tort of palming off to a regulatory regime for a mass consumer economy, and patent law was rethought to accommodate corporate invention. This essay begins by examining the advantages of looking at intellectual property as deeply situated in New Deal debates over political economy, and calls for a new history of intellectual property very different from conventional narratives moored in the introduction of new technologies. More broadly, it suggests that examining foundational past policy debates, and the ways these are contingent upon political, economic, and social change, might allow us to understand possible alternatives more clearly than absolute claims constructed using philosophical or economic justifications. The New Deal period has particularly important implications because it marked the beginning of the rapid expansion of intellectual property protection. Adapting intellectual property protection to an industrial economy, four features distinguished this new capacious conception of the products of knowledge, which I call the post-war paradigm: intellectual property becomes a national and international enterprise, propertized intellectual property is subject to modern regulatory interventions, Progressive Era anti-competitive anxieties in trademark and copyright decline - though these continue to prevail through the middle of the twentieth-century in the area of patent law, and intellectual property is envisioned as an economic motor for sustaining growth in developed economies. This article attempts to recover the complexity and the experimentation characteristic of these changes. It emphasizes the ways the post-war paradigm in intellectual property, which we continue to inhabit, extends property protection as it confers a major economic role for products of knowledge. Nevertheless, I also suggest that we have ignored other New Deal legacies: the use of limits, especially anti-competition law, as mechanisms to curb corporation leveraging of rights in markets, the preoccupation with distributive justice in the fields of trademark, copyright, and patent, and, most notably, the New Deal project of combining economic and civic elements of intellectual property to construct a modern form of citizenship.
A comprehensive profile of peripheral progesterone levels in cyclic hamsters sequentially bled at 2-hr intervals

SummaryA composite profile was made of peripheral progesterone (P) levels at 2-hr intervals over the 4-day estrous cycle of the hamster. Specifically, each of four groups of animals was bled via cardiac puncture (0.08 ml blood/bleeding), without anesthesia, at 2-hr intervals for a 24-hr period starting at 0800 hr on different days of the cycle. P was measured in etheric extracts of serum by RIA. After a fairly steady threefold increase in P from 1000 to 1800 hr on Day 1 (day of ovulation and vaginal discharge), P levels remained relatively stable at 4-6 ng/ml until 2400 hr on Day 2. During the first 6 hr on Day 3, P levels declined to near nondetectable values (<1 ng/ml) and thereafter fluctuated little until the dramatic preovulatory rise began between 1200 and 1400 hr on Day 4 (to 11-13 ng/ml by 1600 hr). After 2400 hr on Day 4, levels of P declined to 4-6 ng/ml by 0600 hr on Day 1. Series of close-interval, episodic fluctuations in P levels were not found.This research was supported in part by Grant HD...
Influence of hemagglutinating viruses on tumor cell suspensions. I. Growth inhibition and reversal of the effect.

Summary1. When mixtures of sarcoma 180 and active NDV allantoic fluid are mixed at 4°C and inoculated subcutaneously into mice an inhibition of tumor growth takes place. This is associated with a fall in hemagglutination titer. After the mixtures have been brought to room temperature for one to 3 hours subcutaneous inoculation results in tumor growth. This is usually associated with an increase in hemagglutination titer. 2. No evidence has been found for the multiplication of the virus in the sarcoma 180. The results are discussed as an analogy with the hemagglutination of red blood cells by the Influenza-Mumps-NDV group of viruses.
The Dilemma of Toxic Substance Regulation: How Overregulation Causes Underregulation

In this provocative study, John Mendeloff shows that federal programs which set standards for toxic substances have twin dilemmas.The new standards that they establish are usually too strict and costly to justify the benefits they confer. But, at the same time, the slow pace of standard-setting means that many serious hazards are never addressed at all. Mendeloff argues that more extensive, but less strict, rulemaking could make both industry and workers better off and that changes in legislation are required to break the current stalemate.Mendeloff looks at workplace risks regulated, and not regulated, by OSHA. He discusses the thorny issue of how much our society should value the prevention of occupational disease deaths. His innovative investigation of "underregulation" brings together diverse data to show that moderate reductions in current exposure levels would often be beneficial."Regulating Toxic Substances" makes a major contribution to our understanding of how regulation works by demonstrating that the strictness with which standards are set is a major cause of the slow pace. Administrative rulemaking procedures offer opportunities for those concerned about the reasonableness of standards - judges and other public officials, as well as the affected industries - to try to block or delay them. An important implication is that less strict standards would not necessarily reduce overall protection and might increase it.In a major discussion of regulatory reform, Mendeloff analyzes such alternatives to standard-setting as information and liability strategies and such generic changes in regulatory procedures as regulatory budget and regulatory negotiation. Finding that neither provides a sufficient response to the overregulation-underregulation problem, he proposes a three-step legislative package that could be applied at OSHA and other standard-setting agencies.John Mendeloff is a policy analyst affiliated with the Program in Science, Technology, and Public Affairs at the University of California, San Diego. This book is seventeenth in the series Regulation of Economic Activity, edited by Richard Schmalensee.
Study on efficiency inhibiting paraffin of star shape polymer with different structure paraffin inhibitor

A series of polymer paraffin inhibitor with star shape structure have been synthesized from pentaerythrite, propanetriol binary acid and dibasic alcohol monoacid and monobasic alcohol which have different number of branch chain and different length of branch chain and different proportion of polar group, efficiency inhibiting paraffin of different structure paraffin inhibitor was evaluated. Result shows that efficiency inhibiting paraffin was 40.5% in kerosene-paraffin solution when the number of branch chain star shape polymer was four and proportion of polar group was 27.9% and molecular weight was 7500 and the content was 2000×10~(-6).
Using dialog-activity similarity for spoken information retrieval

We want to enable users to locate desired information in spoken audio documents using not only the words, but also dialog activities. Following previous research, we infer this information from prosodic features, however, instead of retrieval by matching to a predefined finite set of activities, we estimate similarity using a vector space representation. Utterances close in this vector space are frequently similar not only pragmatically, but also topically. Using this we implemented a dialog-based query-by-example function and built it into an interface for use in combination with normal lexical search. In an experiment searchers used the new feature and considered it helpful, but only for some search tasks.
Automatic tool touch and breakage detection in turning

The Machine Tool Monitor (MTM) described in this paper is a tool breakage detection and a tool and part probing system for use on lathes. It uses a single accelerometer, mounted on the turret structure, as the sensing element. The system processes the sensor signals, and is programmed to recognize signal patterns resulting from the breakage of the tool, and the touch of the tool to the rotating workpiece or to a vibrating reference post. The system is integrated with the lathe's NC control to allow automatic reaction to the sensed events.
Nitric oxide removal from flue gas by combined persulfate and ferrous–EDTA solutions: Effects of persulfate and EDTA concentrations, temperature, pH and SO2

Abstract The effects of persulfate (PS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) concentrations at different temperature and pH on the removal of NO were studied using combined Na2S2O8 and Fe2+-EDTA aqueous solutions. The experiments were conducted in the temperature and pH ranges of 23–70 °C and 2–12, respectively, using 0.05–0.20 M PS and 0.01 M Fe2+ in the absence and presence of 0.005–0.050 M Na2-EDTA. The effect of SO2 was also preliminarily investigated. Increased temperature led to increased conversions of NO (percent inlet NO removed) at all PS levels but high concentrations of EDTA produced antagonistic effects with increasing temperature. With 0.10 M Na2S2O8, 0.01 M Fe2+ and ⩽0.01 M EDTA, NO conversion increased with temperature from 23 to 70 °C. At 70 °C, NO conversion increased from 83.40–96.28% as EDTA concentration increased from 0.005 to 0.01 M EDTA but decreased to 29.22 and 0.4% with 0.02 and 0.05 M EDTA, respectively. The results at 40 and 50 °C showed optimal NO conversions in the pH range 6–8, and higher at 50 °C. However, at higher pH (>11), NO conversion is higher at 40 °C than at 50 °C. The speciation and material balance of the iron species were determined at different Fe2+ and EDTA concentrations. The results, which showed sustained NO absorption at lower temperatures and mid-pH, could in practice minimize process pH adjustment and energy usage in wet scrubbers. The process could be applicable to the simultaneous cleanup of NOx and SO2 from oil- and coal-fired power plant and industrial boiler.
Elements of Computational Analysis

The basic laws of fluid dynamics are the Navier–Stokes momentum equations described in Chapter 1. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the practice of solving those equations,* along with the mass conservation equation, by numerical algorithms. The ability of such seemingly simple governing equations to describe a wealth of complex fluid motions is quite remarkable. That remarkable capability is revealed most notably by computer simulation. Numerical solution of Navier–Stokes equations nowadays has become almost routine. A variety of algorithms and solution methods for both incompressible and compressible flow have been developed over time and successfully implemented in a large number of computational codes (Ferziger and Peric, 2002; Fletcher, 1991; Tannehill et al., 1997). Initially, this software was primarily for research, mainly in academic institutions, government labs, and corporate research centers. But the appearance (and disappearance) of a number of general purpose, commercial CFD codes has been seen since the early 1990s. These were developed for use by nonexperts, as well as by those experienced in the practice of computation. Some of these codes have matured over time, becoming increasingly powerful as the latest techniques, methods, and analytical models were adapted to their requirements, and as high-speed computing power became increasingly available. Computational capabilities, previously mastered only in the research environment (higher-order numerical schemes, multigrid methods, advanced modeling capabilities, parallel processing) are now being used widely, through the medium of software packages. The engineer, student, or scientist no longer needs to have an intimate familiarity with computational methods to make productive use of CFD. Other technologies that have facilitated CFD include the graphic user interface, software for geometry and mesh creation, and techniques for plotting and visualization.
Fermat, Newton, Leibniz, and the Bernoullis

Fermat wrote nine interesting and important papers on the method of maxima and minima which are grouped together in his collected works. The last two in this set were sent by him in 1662 as attachments to a letter to a colleague, Marin Cureau de la Chambre.1 As their titles, “The analysis of refractions” and “The synthesis of refractions,” imply, they are companion derivations of the law of refraction, now usually known as Snell’s law. These papers are fundamental for us because Fermat enunciates in them his principle that “nature operates by means and ways that are ‘easiest and fastest.’” He goes on to state that it is not generally true that “nature always acts along shortest paths” (this was the assumption of de la Chambre). Indeed, he cites the example of Galileo that when particles move under the action of gravity they proceed along paths that take the least time to traverse, and not along ones that are of the least length.2 This enunciation by Fermat is, as far as I am aware, the first one to appear in correct form and to be used properly.
The Archaeological Resources of Saguaro National Monument

AbstractA survey of Saguaro National Monument, Arizona, in 1965 recovered new information about Hohokam villages, rock shelters, campsites, collection sites, sites with bedrock mortars, agricultural terraces, trails, watering spots, a quarry, and petroglyphs located at the east and west peripheries of the Tucson Basin. Sherds indicated rich cultural assemblages closely allied with the Tucson Basin cultural province, during late Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic times. Some evidence suggested similarities between modern climate and that of late prehistoric times.