cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols by dual tracer method — I. Area source

Aerosol deposition velocities can be estimated from measurements of the ratio of the concentration of a depositing species, such as Pb, to a non-depositing (conserved) species, such as CO, when both originate from the same source (dual tracer method). This method has been applied to size-segregated aerosol samples collected in Los Angeles, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, summer 1987. Lead size distributions were measured in ambient and tunnel samples using an eight-stage low pressure impactor. A new parameter, the fraction of aerosol remaining airborne, was directly determined. This fraction is of great importance receptor modelling. Dry deposition velocities calculated using a stirred atmosphere (box) model, varied over three orders of magnitude depending on particle size. The calculated deposition velocity for unit density particles > 0.5 μm, was approximately proportional to Dp2 as expected for deposition by an interception mechanism (dp = particle aerodynamic diameter).
Time dependent scission and cross-linking in an elastomeric cylinder undergoing circular shear and heat conduction

Abstract When an elastomeric material is at a sufficiently high temperature, there can be time-dependent scission of macromolecular network cross-links. The affected molecules can recoil and cross-link to form a new network in a new reference configuration. The material then consists of several molecular networks. This microstructural change affects the mechanical response and leads to permanent set. A constitutive equation is presented, based on the experimental work of Tobolsky (Properties and Structures of Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1960, pp. 223–265), which can account for the influence of this temperature-dependent microstructural change on the mechanical response. It is used to study an elastomeric cylinder undergoing circular shear and transient heat conduction.
On Habitus and Place: Responding to My Critics

(2001). On Habitus and Place: Responding to My Critics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 716-723.
INTENSITY-DEPENDENT ABSORPTION OF LIGHT.

Interesting observations on intensity-dependent absorption of light have been reported by Bret and Gires,1 who have not given a theoretical interpretation of their results. This note provides a simple discussion of the probable mechanism of the effects observed as being due to optical pumping by the absorbed light.
The distribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the global atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean

Our atmospheric measurements around the globe show that nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is uniformly distributed and has an average concentration of 311 plusmnl; 2.6 p.p.b. This small atmospheric variability of N 2 O suggests an N 2 O residence time of greater than 20 years. Our atmospheric N 2 O measurements over a 3-year period starting from November 1975 can be interpreted to mean an essentially unchanging background of N 2 O. Oceanic data from the Pacific between 46° N and 40° S show a significant surface super-saturation (average surface saturation = 133%) and an average flux of 36 × 10 -14 g (N 2 O)/cm2 s can be calculated. This oceanic flux when extrapolated to global waters suggests an oceanic N 2 O source of 20 to 30 Mt(N 2 O)/year (13 to 19 Mt(N)/year)*. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00910.x
Amblyomma americanum tick calreticulin binds C1q but does not inhibit activation of the classical complement cascade

In this study we characterized Amblyomma americanum (Aam) tick calreticulin (CRT) homolog in tick feeding physiology. In nature, different tick species can be found feeding on the same animal host. This suggests that different tick species found feeding on the same host can modulate the same host anti-tick defense pathways to successfully feed. From this perspective it's plausible that different tick species can utilize universally conserved proteins such as CRT to regulate and facilitate feeding. CRT is a multi-functional protein found in most taxa that is injected into the vertebrate host during tick feeding. Apart from it's current use as a biomarker for human tick bites, role(s) of this protein in tick feeding physiology have not been elucidated. Here we show that annotated functional CRT amino acid motifs are well conserved in tick CRT. However our data show that despite high amino acid identity levels to functionally characterized CRT homologs in other organisms, AamCRT is apparently functionally different. Pichia pastoris expressed recombinant (r) AamCRT bound C1q, the first component of the classical complement system, but it did not inhibit activation of this pathway. This contrast with reports of other parasite CRT that inhibited activation of the classical complement pathway through sequestration of C1q. Furthermore rAamCRT did not bind factor Xa in contrast to reports of parasite CRT binding factor Xa, an important protease in the blood clotting system. Consistent with this observation, rAamCRT did not affect plasma clotting or platelet aggregation. We discuss our findings in the context of tick feeding physiology.
Entanglement versus Stosszahlansatz : Disappearance of the thermodynamic arrow in a high-correlation environment

The crucial role of ambient correlations in determining thermodynamic behavior is established. A class of entangled states of two macroscopic systems is constructed such that each component is in a state of thermal equilibrium at a given temperature, and when the two are allowed to interact heat can flow from the colder to the hotter system. A dilute gas model exhibiting this behavior is presented. This reversal of the thermodynamic arrow is a consequence of the entanglement between the two systems, a condition that is opposite to molecular chaos and shown to be unlikely in a low-entropy environment. By contrast, the second law is established by proving Clausius' inequality in a low-entropy environment. These general results strongly support the expectation, first expressed by Boltzmann and subsequently elaborated by others, that the second law is an emergent phenomenon which requires a low-entropy cosmological environment, one that can effectively function as an ideal information sink.
Misuse of Prescribed Stimulant Medication for ADHD and Associated Patterns of Substance Use: Preliminary Analysis Among College Students:

Objectives: To explore the prevalence and characteristics associated with college students who misuse their prescribed stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and examine diversion and substance use behaviors as a function of misuse. Methods: Cohort of 55 past-year prescribed stimulant users was identified from a random sample (n = 1738) at a large Midwestern research university following the self-administration of a web-based survey. An index was created to assess misuse of prescribed stimulants (i.e., Misuse Index). Results: Of 55 college students who reported past-year use of prescribed stimulants for ADHD, 22 (40%) endorsed at least one item on the misuse index. The most frequently endorsed misuse items were used too much (36%), self-reported misuse (19%), and intentionally used with alcohol or other drugs (19%). Misusers of prescribed stimulant medication were more likely to report cigarette smoking (p = 0.022), binge drinking (p = 0.022), illicit use of cocaine (p = 0.032), and screen positive on the Drug Abuse Screening test (DAST-10) criteria (p = 0.002). The bivariate odds ratio for the DAST-10 findings was 8.4 (95% CI: 2.0-34.6). Diversion of prescribed stimulants was common (36%) and occurred more frequently among stimulant misusers (57%; p = 0.008). Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between misuse of prescribed stimulants for ADHD and substance use behaviors, as well as other deleterious behaviors such as diversion. These findings suggest the need for close screening, assessment, and therapeutic monitoring of medication use in the college population. Language: en
Gc/Matrix Isolation/FTIR Studies Of Decompositon Products Of Irganox 1010 In An Aqueous Ethanol System

Irganox 1010 is an antioxidant used in food packaging. The degradation products of Irganox 1010 in a 50% aqueous ethanol system at 90C were examined by GC/MS and GC/MI/FTIR. The data suggest Irganox 10101 is hydrolyzed to form (3) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)4-hydroxy-which reacts with solvent ethanol to form (f) its ethyl ester. The 4 other decomposition products (a) 2.5 cyclohexadiene-I,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1.1-dimethylethyl)-; (B) 3.5-bis-(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-2.5 cyclohexadiene-4-one spiro (5'-tetrahydrofuran-2'-one); (C) benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-3.3-dimethyl-5 ethenyl-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-and (D) benzaldehyede, 3.5-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, can result from osidation, dehydration and decarboxylation processes of (E).
Effect of Silicate and Phosphate on the Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Type 403 Stainless Steel in Concentrated Sodium Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions

Abstract Corrosion fatigue crack growth rates of a quenched and tempered Type 403 stainless steel were measured in concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride solutions, with and without the ...
State-dependent choice behavior in the Rhesus monkey.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys given a series of successive brightness reversals while either drugged with pentobarbital or given saline on alternate reversals showed no evidence of interference from one reversal to the next. We suggest that a change of drug state permits independent (dissociated) learning to occur in each state. Retention of an appropriate cue within a state was remarkably good even when an animal's immediately preceding experience was training to another cue while in the alternate state. Retention appears state-dependent.
Measurement of solute dipolarity/polarizability and hydrogen bond acidity by inverse gas chromatography

Solvatochromically based linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) have been studied for more than ten years and been applied to the study of a very wide variety of chemical phenomena. During the past several years they have been used to explore retention processes and characterize gas chromatographic stationary phases. However, the general application of this method is limited by the complex and tedious methods needed to measure the explanatory variables and by the limited accuracy of the a priori parameter estimation rules. In this paper we have investigated the use of retention data for a wide variety of solutes on more than a dozen very differect gas chromatographic stationary phases, including a number of extremely basic phases. These data are the basis for a method of rapidly estimating two of the explanatory variables commonly encountered in solvatochromic LSERs. Using the above approach, the polarity/polarizability parameters and the hydrogen bond donor acidity parameters for more than 200 compounds have been estimated. The results suggest that these two parameters can be estimated with a precision, and perhaps accuracy, at least as good as the more time-consuming methods. We have demonstrated that the Martin equation and LSER equations based on these parameters are compatible. Finally we have shown for the first time that the coefficients of the LSER, as required by basic theory, are proportional to the liquid phase solvatochromic parameters.
Role of Sirtuins and Calorie Restriction in Neuroprotection: Implications in Alzheimers and Parkinsons Diseases

Aging is the major known risk factor for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria play a central role in aging as mitochondrial dysfunction increases with age and produces harmful levels of reactive oxygen species which leads to cellular oxidative stress (free-radical theory of aging). Oxidative stress is highly damaging to cellular macromolecules and is also a major cause of the loss and impairment of neurons in neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests that modulation of sirtuin activity and restricting calorie intake has a strong neuroprotective effect. SIRT1 induction by the use of pharmacological activators or by calorie restriction (CR) diet regimen has been shown to protect against neuronal loss and impairment in the cellular and animal models of AD and PD. Here, we review the current knowledge and recent data related to the role of sirtuins and CR in neurodegeneration and discuss the potential underlying signaling pathways of neuroprotection that might serve as attractive targets for the future therapeutic intervention of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Spatio-temporal analysis of gene expression during aging in Drosophila melanogaster.

Summary The relationship between gene expression and the regulation of longevity is poorly understood. Previous studies focusing on microarray or tissue-specific changes in gene expression as a function of age have provided evidence that gene expression is a dynamic process which is regulated, even late in an organism's lifespan. Using the enhancer-trap technique, a systematic analysis of the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression in tissues of adult Drosophila is presented. As many as 80% of enhancer traps analysed displayed (some form of) transcriptional change with age. In some cases the rate of change in expression was found to correlate with changes in longevity under various conditions, suggesting that they may be indicators of ‘physiological age’ and therefore valuable markers for dissecting the aging process. Molecular analysis of enhancer traps that showed increased activity with age was performed to identify candidate genes that may be important in the regulation of longevity; we identified changes in reporters associated with immunity, microtubule organization and muscle function.
Striatal c-fos induction by drugs and stress in neonatally dopamine-depleted rats given nigral transplants: importance of NMDA activation and relevance to sensitization phenomena.

Induction of the proto-oncogene c-fos occurred in cells of the striatum in response to stimuli that are known to release dopamine (DA). As revealed by fos immunocytochemistry, amphetamine (AMPH) produced c-fos induction in many cells of the medial twothirds of the striatum of normal rats, with patchy labeling in the lateral third. The lateral patches were found to be coincident with patches of striatal neurons lacking calbindin immunoreactivity. In animals DA-depleted at birth, few fos-immunoreactive neurons were present in response to AMPH. In those with unilateral transplants of DA-rich mesencephalic tissue, c-fos induction was greater on the transplanted side. The DA D1 antagonist SCH 23390 completely blocked c-fos induction in all animals. The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801 also blocked c-fos induction by AMPH within the medial striatum, but intensified c-fos induction laterally in those animals with DA innervation. A second set of experiments examined the functional importance of c-fos induction in the AMPH sensitization of turning behavior that occurs in these animals. Both AMPH and stress produced turning, but only AMPH produced widespread c-fos induction, and stress-induced turning only occurred after exposure to AMPH. Treatment with MK-801 prior to AMPH administration blocked the subsequent development of stress-induced turning. Whereas a high dose of MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg) completely blocked c-fos induction, a lower dose (0.1 mg/kg) blocked c-fos induction in controls, but left patches of fos-immunoreactive neurons in lesioned animals given transplants. Thus the sensitization of transplant-related behaviors is NMDA dependent and associated with c-fos induction in host striatal neurons.
Vapor phase batch hydrolysis of NaBH4 at elevated temperature and pressure

Abstract Complex chemical hydrides are a means to store hydrogen in the solid state near ambient temperatures and pressures. Hydrolysis of hydrides has the potential to provide high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities if water consumption can be minimized. At low temperatures (110∼140 °C), the product of NaBH4 hydrolysis is NaBO2·2H2O (dihydrate), consuming 2 mol of unutilized water. The objective of this work was to conduct water vapor hydrolysis of NaBH4 at elevated pressure and temperature above 150 °C. It was hypothesized that this would yield a solid borate with decreased water bound in the crystal structure. A series of batch reactions were conducted to verify the hypothesis. Experimental characterization of the sodium metaborate byproducts indicated that the primary product of water vapor hydrolysis was NaBO2·1/3H2O (hemihydrate) under a variety of reaction conditions. For the most cases, the conversion of NaBH4 approached 100%.
Electrochemistry of nitrite reductase model compounds 5. Electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of iron porphinone, porphindione and isobacteriochlorin complexes

Abstract The cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry of iron complexes of porphinone, porphindiones and hydroporphyrins with alkyl substituents were carried out. Except for the alkyl isobacteriochlorin complexes, the half-wave potentials of the first (FeIIIP/FeIIP), second (FeIIP/FeP−) and third (FeP−/FeP2−) waves were independent of the macrocycle identity. Any small differences were generally consistent with known substituents effects on the redox potentials. The half-wave potential of the second and third waves of iron isobacteriochlorin, Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC), (2,4-DMOEiBC=2,4-dimethyloctaethylisobacteriochlorin), though, occurred at potentials significantly more negative than the porphyrin analogue. The second wave of Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC) occurred at −1.62 V versus SCE compared to −1.26 V for Fe(OEP). Similarly, the half-wave potential for the third wave was −2.15 V versus −1.83 V for Fe(OEP). This work is in contrast with previous work on iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) and iron tetraphenylisobacteriochlorin (FeTPiBC), where the FeP/FeP− half-wave potential was independent of macrocycle identity. The voltammetry of Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC)(Cl) in the presence of substituted pyridines was also examined. The macrocycle identity had no measurable effect in the formation constants of FeII(P) with pyridines, β2II, while there was a systematic increase in β2III (FeIII(P)(Cl) with pyridines) with increasing saturation of the macrocycle. This indicates that the Lewis acidity of the ferric complex increased with macrocycle saturation. The spectroelectrochemical reduction of iron complexes with porphyrin, chlorin, isobacteriochlorin, porphinone and porphindione was also carried out. The formation of Fe(P)− from FeII(P), where P=MOEC (methyloctaethylchlorin), led to a decrease in the molar absorptivity of the Soret band, as was observed for Fe(OEP)−, as well as an increase in the number of bands (355, 411 and 456 nm). Three Soret bands were also observed for Fe(OEPone)−, but these bands appeared as shoulders in Fe(2,4-OEPdione)− (OEPone=octaethylporphinone; OEPdione=octaethylporphindione). By contrast, the spectrum for Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC)− was quite different from Fe(OEP)−, and was much more similar to the analogous complex, Fe(TPiBC)− (TPiBC = tetraphenylisobacteriochlorin). The Soret band absorbance decreased only a small amount and no new bands in the Soret region were observed. The visible spectra of Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC) and Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC)− were quite similar to isobacteriochlorin complexes with nickel and copper. In those complexes, the changes in the visible spectra upon reduction were explained on the basis of dπ to eg*-like backbonding. The oxidation of Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC)(Cl) caused a small decrease in the absorbance of the Soret band and a bleaching of the long wavelength band. The spectrum of Fe(2,4-DMOEiBC)(Cl)+ had the same features as the previously reported superoxidized E. coli sulfite reductase.
High-resolution 1050 nm spectral domain retinal optical coherence tomography at 120 kHz A-scan rate with 6.1 mm imaging depth

We report a newly developed high speed 1050nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system for imaging posterior segment of human eye. The system is capable of an axial resolution at ~10 µm in air, an imaging depth of 6.1 mm in air, a system sensitivity fall-off at ~6 dB/3mm and an imaging speed of 120,000 A-scans per second. We experimentally demonstrate the system’s capability to perform phase-resolved imaging of dynamic blood flow within retina, indicating high phase stability of the SDOCT system. Finally, we show an example that uses this newly developed system to image posterior segment of human eye with a large view of view (10 × 9 mm2), providing detailed visualization of microstructural features from anterior retina to posterior choroid. The demonstrated system parameters and imaging performances are comparable to those that a typical 1 µm swept source OCT would deliver for retinal imaging.
Leukemia Risk and Occupational Electric Field Exposure County, California in Los Angeles

The authors analyzed data on electric fields from a prior study of occupational magnetic field exposure and leukemia risk conducted in Los Angeles County, California, in 1972-1990. Ranking of exposure differed somewhat for magnetic and electric fields. The odds ratios were 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-1.86) and 1.15 (95% confidence interval 0.78-1.72) for medium and high exposure categories, respectively, and there was no clear evidence of an exposure-response relation (odds ratio for 10 V/m increase = 1.05, 95% CI 0.95-1.16). Although not conclusive, our analyses provide little support for an association between occupational electric field exposure and leukemia.
Justice of the peace in connecticut

There are 1,300 J. P.'s in Connecticut, but fortunately only a reltively small proportion still try to administer justice.
Ascending auditory projections to the inferior colliculus in the adult gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.

Ascending auditory projections to the inferiorcolliculus (1C) of the adult gerbil were studied using the retrograde transport of horseradish perpxi-dase. Our results indicate that in gerbils. The ICreceives afferent projections from most brainstem auditory nuclei. A strong contralateral projection orig-inates in the cochlenr nuclear complex (CN). A smaller but consistent pro-jection from all three divisions of ipsilateral CN is also present. The medial superior olive (MSO), superior parolivary nucleus, and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus all maintain ipsilateral projections to the IC. Bilateral projections arise from the lateral superior olive, lateral nucleus of the tra-pezoid body, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Previous investigations in other mammalian species provide conflicting data concerning the magnitude of a direct ipsilateral projection from CN to the IC. Our quantitative data indicate that the ipsilateral projection from CN in the gerbil is nearly one third as large as the projection from ipsilateral MSO. The projection from contralateral CN is six times larger than the MSO projection. The distribution of labeled cells across the rostrocaudal extent of MSO and the three divisions of the cochlear nuclear complex are presented.
Endovascular treatment for dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus.

Objective To determine the usefulness of endovascular embolization for treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 18 patients treated during a 16-year period. Transarterial and/or transvenous embolizations were performed as a preoperative adjunct or definitive therapy. Clinical follow-up status was supplemented by telephone interviews to determine Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. Results Fourteen patients (78%) were treated with a combination of endovascular therapy and open surgery, and 4 were treated by embolization alone (22%). Angiographic cure was achieved in all patients (100%). Thirty-day morbidity and mortality were 11 and 0%, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 5.4 years. At the latest follow-up examination, all patients had returned to independent clinical status (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 1 or 2). Conclusion Endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus can result in cure when access to the site of the fistula can be achieved. Preoperative embolization is a safe and effective adjunct to minimize bleeding during open neurosurgery.
STOCHASTIC SPACE-TIME

The basic theory of the space-time continuum considered a 4-dimensional manifold of random variables for each Lorentz observer (co-ordinate frame) Λ is developed from first principles. No assumption about the actual co-ordinate measurement process is needed except that, whatever its details, it be describable in terms of random variable theory. The «fundamental length» λ, which gives a limit in principle to the fineness with which space-time points can be resolved, enters physical theory via the dispersion ∝ λ2 of the space-time random variable. The main content of the theory comes from the great restrictive power of a symmetry group. Examples of this power are the theorem that there exist no form-invariant (equivalently: mean fields andS operator independent of ℒ) stochastic space-times, and the theorem that if time is measured in terms of space with the aid of light signals (the Einsteinian prescription), the co-ordinate frequency function is uniquely fixed as a 3-dimensional Gaussian.
Promoter structure and transcriptional activation of the murine TSG-14 gene encoding a tumor necrosis factor/interleukin-1-inducible pentraxin protein.

Human TNF-stimulated gene 14 (TSG-14) encodes a secreted 42-kDa glycoprotein that shows significant homology to proteins of the pentraxin family, which includes the acute phase reactants C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component. Levels of TSG-14 protein (also termed PTX-3) become elevated in the serum of mice and humans after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but in contrast to conventional acute phase proteins, the bulk of TSG-14 synthesis in the intact organism occurs outside the liver. In the present study we cloned and partially sequenced murine genomic TSG-14 DNA. Analysis of the coding region predicts a high degree of amino acid sequence homology between murine and human TSG-14 (88 and 75% identity in the first and second exons, respectively). The promoter of the TSG-14 gene lacks consensus sequences for either a TATA box or CCAAT box. Primer extension analysis and S1 nuclease protection assay revealed one major transcription start site, situated within a consensus sequence for an initiator element. Sequence analysis of a ˜1.4-kilobase pair fragment of the 5′-flanking region of the TSG-14 gene revealed the presence of numerous potential enhancer binding elements, including six NF-IL6-like sites, four AP-1, one AP-2, one NF-κB, two Sp1, two interferon-γ-activated sites (GAS), one Hox-1.3, and five binding sites for Ets family members. Transfection of BALB/c 3T3 cells with promoter DNA fragments linked to the luciferase reporter gene revealed that the 5′-flanking region of the TSG-14 gene comprises elements that can mediate a basal level of transcription and inducibility by TNF.
Coccidioidomycosis of prostate and epididymis. With urethrocutaneous fistula.

Abstract Coccidioidomycosis is usually a benign respiratory ailment seen in the American southwest. Dissemination is rare, and symptomatic genitourinary involvement is even rarer. An unusual case of coccidioidomycosis is presented with epididymitis, prostatitis, and urethrocutaneous fistula. If the disease is suspected, diagnosis can be made easily on the basis of clinical, pathologic, bacteriologic, and immunologic findings. Treatment is hazardous and must be individualized in patients with genitourinary involvement.
Optically strobed sample-and-hold circuit

An integrated GaAs sample-and-hold circuit that utilises laser bean strobing of a radiation-damaged photoconductor as a sampling element and a MESFET amplifier for storage is described. The circuit has been used to measure single samples on a 75 ps electrical step.
Clinical applications of Gallium-68.

Abstract Gallium-68 is a positron-emitting radioisotope that is produced from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. As such it is conveniently used, decoupling radiopharmacies from the need for a cyclotron on site. Gallium-68-labeled peptides have been recognized as a new class of radiopharmaceuticals showing fast target localization and blood clearance. 68Ga-DOTATOC, 8Ga-DOTATATE, 68Ga-DOTANOC, are the most prominent radiopharmaceuticals currently in use for imaging and differentiating lesions of various somatostatin receptor subtypes, overexpressed in many neuroendocrine tumors. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of clinical studies with 68Ga over the past few years around the world, including within the United States. An estimated ∼10,000 scans are being performed yearly in Europe at about 100 centers utilizing 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs within clinical trials. Two academic sites within the US have also begun to undertake human studies. This review will focus on the clinical experience of selected, well-established and recently applied 68Ga-labeled imaging agents used in nuclear medicine.
3D modeling of dual-gate FinFET.

The tendency to have better control of the flow of electrons in a channel of field-effect transistors (FETs) did lead to the design of two gates in junction field-effect transistors, field plates in a variety of metal semiconductor field-effect transistors and high electron mobility transistors, and finally a gate wrapping around three sides of a narrow fin-shaped channel in a FinFET. With the enhanced control, performance trends of all FETs are still challenged by carrier mobility dependence on the strengths of the electrical field along the channel. However, in cases when the ratio of FinFET volume to its surface dramatically decreases, one should carefully consider the surface boundary conditions of the device. Moreover, the inherent non-planar nature of a FinFET demands 3D modeling for accurate analysis of the device performance. Using the Silvaco modeling tool with quantization effects, we modeled a physical FinFET described in the work of Hisamoto et al. (IEEE Tran. Elec. Devices 47:12, 2000) in 3D. We compared it with a 2D model of the same device. We demonstrated that 3D modeling produces more accurate results. As 3D modeling results came close to experimental measurements, we made the next step of the study by designing a dual-gate FinFET biased at Vg1 > Vg2. It is shown that the dual-gate FinFET carries higher transconductance than the single-gate device.
The Diurnal Cycle of West Pacific Deep Convection and Its Relation to the Spatial and Temporal Variation of Tropical MCSs

Abstract Infrared (IR) and visible satellite data from the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS-4) with 5-km spatial and 1-h temporal resolution were used to examine the diurnal cycle of deep convection over a sector of the tropical west Pacific warm pool bounded by 0°–20°N, 140°E–180°. Data were analyzed for 45 days of summer from 22 June to 5 August 1994 and for 65 days of winter between 28 November 1994 and 31 January 1995. Deep convective clouds were identified in IR imagery using brightness temperature (TBB) threshold techniques. Based on previous studies, a −65°C cloud-top TBB threshold was chosen to isolate pixels containing active, deep convection. Spectral analysis of time series constructed from hourly cold cloud (⩽−65°C) pixel counts revealed a powerful diurnal cycle of deep convection significant at the 95% confidence level during summer and winter. Composited hourly statistics of fractional areal cloud cover documented a 0500–0600 local standard time (LST) maximum with a 1500–...
Generating highly interactive user interfaces

Developers of User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) have demonstrated that separating the application from its user interface supports device independence and customization. Interfaces produced in UIMS are typically crafted by designers expert in human factors and graphic arts. Little attention has been paid, however, to capturing the knowledge of such experts so that interfaces might be automatically generated by the application of style rules to additional applications. This paper considers how toolkits and style rules can be structured so that the resulting interfaces take advantage of the best human factors and graphic arts knowledge, and are consistently styled.
Integrable solutions of kinematic redundancy via impedance control

Problems arising when kinematically redundant manipula tors are controlled using the Jacobian pseudoinverse are related to the nonintegrability of the standard pseudoin verse. This article presents a class of generalized inverses that have the property of being integrable within any sim ply connected, nonsingular region of the work space. Inte grability is obtained by deriving the equations that describe an externally imposed motion, with the hypothe sis that a compliance function is associated with each degree of freedom of the manipulator. The result is a weighted pseudoinverse containing a term that accounts for the nonlinear features of the forward kinematics. The relation of this integrable weighted pseudoinverse to the standard Moore-Penrose and other weighted pseudo- inverses is discussed.
Mechanism of oleoylethanolamide on fatty acid uptake in small intestine after food intake and body weight reduction

The increase in the prevalence of human obesity highlights the need to identify molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in control of feeding and energy balance. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous lipid produced primarily in the small intestine, has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of animal food intake and body weight. Previous studies indicated that OEA activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, which is required to mediate the effects of appetite suppression, reduces blood lipid levels, and enhances peripheral fatty acid catabolism. However, the effect of OEA on enterocyte function is unclear. In this study, we have examined the effect of OEA on intestinal fatty acid uptake and FAT/CD36 expression in vivo and in vitro. We intraperitoneally administered OEA to rats and examined FAT/CD36 mRNA level and fatty acid uptake in enterocytes isolated from the proximal small intestine, as well as in adipocytes. Our results indicate that OEA treatment significantly increased FAT/CD36 mRNA expression in intestinal mucosa and isolated jejunal enterocytes. In addition, we also found that OEA treatment significantly increases fatty acid uptake in isolated enterocytes in vitro. These results suggest that in addition to appetite regulation, OEA may regulate body weight by altered peripheral lipid metabolism, including increased lipolysis in adipocytes and enhanced fatty acid uptake in enterocytes, both in conjunction with increased expression of FAT/CD36. This study may have important implications in understanding the mechanism of OEA in the regulation of fatty acid absorption in human physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Audit Firm Selection and Hedge Fund Characteristics

This article examines the hedge fund and hedge fund manager characteristics that lead certain hedge fund managers to select quality auditors. Specifically, using a unique measure of audit quality, the author tests whether hedge fund managers with long histories choose lower-quality auditors, given that the effects of initially selecting a quality auditor lessen over time. Consistent with prior research, the author finds a negative relationship between manager tenure and the choice of a quality auditor. Further, under the theory that agency costs increase as hedge fund size increases, the author tests whether hedge funds with higher agency costs choose higher-quality auditors. Again consistent with prior research, the author’s findings indicate that increased agency costs are positively associated with the selection of higher-quality auditors.
Athermal photofluidization of glasses

Glasses are solid when cold, but when mixed with the correct dye can be fluidized by light. Fang et al. show that each photon absorbed in an azobenzen-based molecule layer produces an efficient local heating up to 800 K to melt the glass but without altering the average temperature.
803 IDENTIFICATION OF HETEROZYGOSITY FOR ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY (OTCD)

This study was designed to determine the reliability of the protein tolerance test (PTT) in establishing heterozygosity for OTCD and hence aid in prenatal counseling and fetal diagnosis by DNA analysis in monoplex families. The results of the PTT done on 14 control women was compared to those done on 7 obligate heterozygotes. The peak urinary orotic acid (UOA) (ug orotic acid per mg creatinine) in the 14 control women varied from 0.4 to 2.0 with a mean (±SEM) peak value of 1.1. ± 0.11. The peak UOA in 7 obligate heterozygotes varied from 23.1 to 324 with a mean peak value of 179 ± 39. The absence of overlap and a p value of < .001 suggests that the PTT may be of great help in distinguishing between carriers and non-carriers of the OTCD gene. Accordingly, nine women at risk for being heterozygous for OTCD as a consequence of having borne an affected male or a symptomatic female were also studied: three of these women had UOA in the normal range (0.7, 0.98, 1.3); five had UOA in the obligate heterozygote range (20.9 to 73.5; one UOA value was ambiguous (4.9). Although these data require amplification they suggest that approximately one-third of male or female infants affected with OTCD are the result of a new mutation in a parental germ cell and that the mothers of these children are not heterozygotes. Women with ambiguous DOA values may be confirmed as carriers if a PTT done on the maternal grandmother of the affected child is unequivocally positive.
Target mass dependence of isotensor double charge exchange: Evidence for deltas in nuclei

Measurements of forward-angle cross sections for double charge exchange on /sup 16/O, /sup 28/Si, and /sup 40/Ca at 164 MeV incident pion energy suggest an A/sup -4/3/ dependence for the cross section. This A dependence is shown to provide evidence for ..delta.. components in the nuclear wave function.
A survey of practicing nurses' perspectives on interpersonal violence screening and intervention.

Abstract Research shows that education related to interpersonal violence varies greatly among nursing programs. Two hundred fifty-one nurses in East Texas were surveyed to determine screening and intervention practices, knowledge of the legal requirements, time devoted to educational preparation, and perceived educational needs regarding interpersonal violence. The findings support the reports of other studies that there is disparity in nursing education regarding interpersonal violence and a need among practicing nurses for further assistance to become comfortable with and effective in assessment and intervention in cases involving interpersonal violence. This study suggests that there is an opportunity to intervene and respond more effectively to interpersonal violence by providing curricula that are ongoing and disseminated to direct providers. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:137-43.
Histomorphometric analysis of bone density in the maxillary tuberosity of cadavers: a pilot study.

Background: Maxillary tuberosities have been widely used as a source of autogenous bone for a variety of oral surgical procedures. However, no previous studies have actually demonstrated the histologic and histomorphometric characteristics of this anatomical region in detail. The aim of this study was to evaluate maxillary tuberosities in cadavers histologically and histomorphometrically.Methods: A block section, including the overlying alveolar mucosa, was obtained from a randomly assigned maxillary tuberosity of 20 cadavers (nine females and 11 males). All cadavers were edentulous distal to the second bicuspid teeth, and 14 out of 20 were edentulous distal to the cuspids. A minimum of 35 serial sections were obtained from each cadaver. Description analysis was performed for the presence of either a fibrotic or fatty infiltration of the marrow spaces and thickness and continuity of alveolar bone. Computer-based histomorphometric image analysis of the percentage surface area of bone was also carried out i...
Effects of (Na++K+-ATPase-specific antibodies on enzymatic activity and monovalent cation transport

Antibodies have been obtained that specifically interact with the transport enzyme (Na++K+-activated ATPase. The antigen used was purified (Na++K+)-ATPase from canine renal medulla. Purified γ globulin from immunized animals, but not from control animals or preimmune serum, inhibited (Na++K+)-ATPase from canine renal medulla with reduction of activity to 33±4 (sd) % in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximum inhibition occurred in less than 5 minutes at 37°C. The Mg++-dependent, nonouabain inhibited component of activity (Mg++-ATPase) was unaffected. Fab fragments obtained by papain cleavage of the γ globulin fraction had similar inhibitory activity and specificity. These antibodies also produced varying degrees of concentration-related inhibition of canine myocardial, calf brain, and human red cell ghost (Na++K+)-ATPase, but not Mg++-ATPase activity.
Occurrence of diaminopimelic epimerase in maize

Abstract Extracts of maize leaves catalyzed the interconversion of meso -diaminopimelic acid its L -isomer. Three observations support the existence of this epimerase activity: (i) detection of the reversible interconversion of L -diaminopimelic acid and meso -diaminopimelic acid by paper chromatography after incubation of either isomer with extract; (ii) formation of [ 14 C]CO 2 from L -[ 14 C]diaminopimelic acid in an incubation mix containing meso -diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase; and (iii) inhibition of [ 14 C]CO 2 evolution from L -diaminopimelic acid by unlabeled meso -diaminopimelic acid. The demonstration of the diaminopimelic acid epimerase lends support to the occurrence in plants of the complete diaminopimelic acid pathway for biosynthesis of lysine as it occurs in Escherichia coli and most bacteria.
Cordocentesis for rapid karyotyping.

Pure fetal blood was obained by cordocentesis in 101 fetuses of 96 patients at 15 to 38 weeks' gestation. Rapid karyotype was obtained within 2 to 4 days by fetal lymphocyte culture. Chromosomal abnormality was detected in 12 (11.9%) fetuses. Abnormal karyotype was found in 5 of 44 fetuses with structural malformations, 3 of 13 fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation or oligohydramnios, 1 of 3 fetuses with nonimmune hydrops fetalis, 2 (one monozygotic set) of 10 discordant twins, 1 of 12 isoimmunized gestations, none of 8 cases with advanced gestational-maternal age, and none of 6 immune thrombocytopenia cases. This suggests that rapid karyotype should be obtained in all cases of fetal strutural malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, and nonimmune fetal hydrops, and may be obtained incidentally in isoimmunized pregnancies and discordant twins to assist in clinical management.
Labor and delivery medication influences parent-infant interaction in the first post-partum month

This study investigates the influence of maternal medication received pre-partum, during labor and delivery, and 4 days post-partum on parent and infant behavior in interaction during the first month post-partum. The interactions of 97 full-term, normal, infants and their parents were studied, during the first month of life, following vaginal or scheduled Caesarean-section delivery of these infants. Results indicate that labor-delivery anesthesia and post-partum medication doses do influence behavior in interaction of fathers, mothers, and their infants during the first post-partum month. These findings are particularly interesting as they come from a subject pool for whom the drug doses prescribed were low, relative to the doses reported in the literature. Implications of these findings raise important issues about (1) the potential for drugs to modify subsequent parent and infant behaviors, (2) drug influences on normal developmental progressions in early life, and (3) current medical practice for continued restrained drug use.
Refractive index of spherical waves in magnetoplasma

In geospace electromagnetic waves from a radio sounder travel in the ionosphere or the magnetosphere and, if reflected in the plasma, return to the receiver. The received signals provide the information of the sounded media. By analyzing the measured data physical parameters of the medium like density and movement can be obtained. The waves originate from a source of small dimensions relative to the distances involved and the resulting waves have spherical wave fronts. For ground-based sounding, when the wave reaches the ionosphere the radius of curvature is so large that the wave in a given direction can be treated as one of two plane waves, either L mode or R mode, and the error introduced with this approximation is generally believed to be negligibly small. For sounding in the topside ionosphere and the magnetosphere, however, the transmitter and receiver on board a rocket or satellite are located within an anisotropic medium, and the question arises how well the excited field is still approximated by a single plane wave in a given direction. An attempt is made in this paper to derive the properties of the excited electromagnetic field including the wave mode, polarization, and the spatial distribution of the power density when the current source is embedded in anisotropic plasma.
Estimation of pore diameter for intraparticle fluid flow in bidisperse porous chromatographic particles

Abstract A quantitative method is developed and presented for estimating the mean pore diameter, d pore , that could allow intraparticle fluid flow in the macroporous region of adsorbent particles with a bidisperse porous structure packed in a column. The method is used to estimate the value of d pore that is required to obtain specified values of the fraction, F , of the column superficial fluid velocity that is flowing through the macroporous region of the adsorbent particles and the value of d pore that is required to obtain specified values of the intraparticle Peclet number, Pe intra .
Phase field kinetics of lithium electrodeposits

Abstract A phase field description is formulated to describe the growth kinetics of an heterogeneously nucleated distribution of lithium electrodeposits. The underlying variational principle includes the bulk electrochemical contributions to the free energy of transformation of the system, the electrolyte-dendrite interfacial energy, and the substrate work of adhesion energetics. Results demonstrate that the rate of electrodeposition at the tip of an isolated dendrite is higher than the rate corresponding to the average overpotential, while the back contact is electrochemically shielded, thus favoring elongated, needle-like shapes. For large populations of electrochemically interacting deposits, two spatially distinct regions of behavior develop: one directly facing the counter-electrode where the local surficial electrodeposition dominates the local kinetics; and a second region, in the vicinity of the substrate–deposit interface, where the electrochemical shielding induced by the tip enables lateral electrochemical lithium exchange dendrite coalescence for small contact angle deposits, and dendrite dewetting and electrodissolution for large contact angle deposits. The underlying physical mechanisms through which some lithium nuclei detach from the depositing substrate, self-induce electrodissolution, while other continue to grow and coalesce are described for different contact angles.