cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuron simulations with SABER.

Abstract Computational models can provide critical tests of hypotheses of neuronal function. These models are essential for dealing with the complications of time- and voltage-dependent (active) ionic conductances. Commercial circuit analysis programs have been useful tools for this work. We report our experience modelling biophysically realistic membrane properties with SABER (Analogy, Inc.), a new general purpose simulator. SABER allows construction of models with arbitrary membrane properties. This is a major advantage over similar programs (e.g. SPICE), which are limited to a predefined library of electronic components. The empirically determined equations that describe rate constants, ionic conductances, currents, and concentration shifts can be translated directly into model elements (‘templates’) written in C-like code. We describe the development of SABER models that simulate a synapse and an action potential.
The Native Americans: Prehistory and Ethnology of the North American Indians. Robert F. Spencer and Jesse D. Jennings, Eds. Harper and Row, New York, 1965. xiv + 539 pp. Illus. $10.90

I regret that I made an error in my book review of The Native Americans [Science 149, 1364 (1965)], where I cite MacNeish for a date of 6500 B.C. as the earliest find of maize. This is incorrect. The earliest wild maize dates from about 80,000 B.C. and the earliest domesticated variety from about 5000 B.C. The earliest date given in The Native Americans is, therefore, correct for the earliest domesticated maize.
Density currents in shear flows: Effects of rigid lid and cold‐pool internal circulation, and application to squall line dynamics

Idealized density current models that contain a rigid lid, developed in previous studies, are evaluated. It is shown, through numerical experiments, that a realistic stable layer placed at the level of the rigid lid acts very much like a rigid lid, in confining the environmental flow to the levels below and in controlling the behaviour of density currents that propagate in the flow. When this stable layer is replaced by a neutrally stable layer, the behaviour of the density current is very different. These results support the hypothesis that in the atmosphere, the tropopause or a tropospheric inversion layer acts much like a rigid lid in the idealized density current models, and the solutions of these models are applicable to organized quasi-two-dimensional convective systems such as squall lines in the atmosphere. The effects of cold-pool internal circulations on density current behaviour are also examined. When a single circulation is present initially inside the cold pool, the direction of circulation that gives rise to a smaller shear across the density interface leads to a smoother interface and a much more steady density current head. Large-amplitude eddies develop along the interface when the direction of circulation is reversed. When two layers of shear are initially present inside the cold pool, the flow pattern inside the cold pool tends to be dominated by the circulation of the lower layer. In this case, the behaviour of the density interface and density current head depends on more than just the initial cross-interface shear. The overall flow pattern in the density current, in which the cold-pool circulation contains rearward flows at the ground level, bears a close similarity to that found in mature squall line systems, as shown by comparisons with a simulated squall line. When the cold pool in a squall line is defined in terms of the equivalent potential temperature, the solutions of idealized density currents in sheared flows become more readily applicable to squall lines. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Prolonged and transient neonatal hypothyroidism on Leydig cell differentiation in the postnatal rat testis

Hypothyroidism arrests the differentiation of adult Leydig cells (ALC) in the neonatal rat testis, and transient neonatal hypothyroidism produces a two-fold increase in the ALC numbers in the adult rat testis. We investigated 1) whether prolonged hypothyroidism beyond the neonatal period could continue to arrest the differentiation of the ALC, and 2) to understand how a two-fold increase in the number of ALC is produced in adult rats subjected to transient neonatal hypothyroidism. Three groups of Sprague Dawley rats were used; control, PTU-water group (transiently hypothyroid; added 0.1% propyl thiouracil/PTU to drinking water of lactating mothers at parturition until weaning of pups at day 21, pups were fed regular water thereafter), and PTU group (prolonged hypothyroid; mothers were fed 0.1% PTU in drinking water from parturition until pups were sacrificed at days 28 and 40 (pups had access to solid food after 21 days). Findings showed that PTU treatment continued to arrest ALC differentiation. Withdrawal of the PTU treatment at 21 days resulted in ALC differentiation by two-fold in number in PTU-water rats. Findings on luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated androgen secretory capacity per testis in vitro agreed with the morphological data. These results confirmed that 1) thyroid hormone is crucial to the onset of ALC differentiation in the postnatal rat testis, 2) increased numbers of mesenchymal cells present in the hypothyroid testes differentiate into ALC upon withdrawal of the PTU treatment to produce a two-fold number of ALC in adult rats subjected to transient neonatal hypothyroidism (i.e., PTU-water treatment), and 3) numbers of ALC and mesenchymal cells increase with age at a rate of 2:1 during the process of ALC differentiation in testes of control and PTU-water rats.
pH-Triggered reversible morphological inversion of orthogonally-addressable poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)-block-poly(acrylamidoethylamine) micelles and their shell crosslinked nanoparticles

Functionally-responsive amphiphilic core–shell nanoscopic objects, capable of either complete or partial inversion processes, were produced by the supramolecular assembly of pH-responsive block copolymers, without or with covalent crosslinking of the shell layer, respectively. A new type of well-defined, dual-functionalized boronic acid- and amino-based diblock copolymer poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)30-block-poly(acrylamidoethylamine)25 (PAPBA30-b-PAEA25) was synthesized by sequential reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and then assembled into cationic micelles in aqueous solution at pH 5.5. The micelles were further cross-linked throughout the shell domain comprised of poly(acrylamidoethylamine) by reaction with a bis-activated ester of 4,15-dioxo-8,11-dioxa-5,14-diazaoctadecane-1,18-dioic acid, upon increase of the pH to 7, to different cross-linking densities (2%, 5% and 10%), forming well-defined shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) with hydrodynamic diameters of ca. 50 nm. These smart micelles and SCKs presented switchable cationic, zwitterionic and anionic properties, and existed as stable nanoparticles with high positive surface charge at low pH (pH = 2, zeta potential ∼ +40 mV) and strong negative surface charge at high pH (pH = 12, zeta potential ∼ −35 mV). 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and zeta potential, were used to characterize the chemical compositions, particle sizes, morphologies and surface charges. Precipitation occurred near the isoelectric points (IEP) of the polymer/particle solutions, and the IEP values could be tuned by changing the shell cross-linking density. The block copolymer micelles were capable of full reversible morphological inversion as a function of pH, by orthogonal protonation of the PAEA and hydroxide association with the PAPBA units, whereas the SCKs underwent only reptation of the PAPBA chain segments through the crosslinked shell of PAEA as the pH was elevated. Further, these nanomaterials also showed D-glucose-responsive properties.
The Dynamics of Public Opinion toward European Integration, 1973-93:

What are the aggregate dynamics of public support for European integration in the 12 EU member states? And how can they be explained? Given that mass support for integration varies both across time and across countries, the article tests the proposition that both types of variation can be explained with the help of national economic conditions, timing of entry into the Union, and length of membership in it. Using aggregate Eurobarometer polls for the period between 1973 and 1993, we find that all three factors have significant impacts on support for a united Europe. However, the results also indicate that length of membership in the EU is somewhat more important than economic performance. The paper spells out some of the possible ramifications of these results.
Changes in body temperature after administration of amino acids, peptides, dopamine, neuroleptics and related agents

Drugs may alter body temperature by acting on any component of the thermoregulatory system. These components include heat production, heat conservation and heat loss effectors and their efferent pathways, thermosensors and their afferent pathways and neurons within the central nervous system that coordinate thermoregulatory effector activities. A thermostat is often thought to be involved although thermoregulation can be explained by models that do not incorporate a thermostat. An action on a particular component can be assessed by determining the effect of a drug on body temperature over a range of environmental temperatures and by observation and measurement of associated changes in effector activities. A scheme for such assessment is presented along with examples of its use. The study of drug-induced changes in body temperature has expanded greatly within the past decade. The primary purpose of this review is to provide a readily available source of information on interactions between certain drugs and the thermoregulatory system. Extensive tables are presented of body temperature changes after administration of amino acids, peptides, dopamine and related agents, phenothiazine neuroleptics and also phenothiazines that lack neuroleptic activity, butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines such as pimozide and miscellaneous neuroleptics. The information tabulated includes the species used, route of administration and dose of drugs, the environmental temperature at which the experiments were performed, the number of tests, the direction and magnitude of body temperature change and remarks on the presence of special conditions, such as age or lesions, or on the influence of other drugs, such as antagonists, on the response to the primary drug. Most of the cited literature was published since 1965.
Acute toxicity toSelenastrum capricornutum of aromatic compounds from coal conversion

This paper presents results of experiments on the effects of aromatic compounds on photosynthesis by a freshwater alga. The first objective of these experiments was to screen rapidly several classes of common aromatic compound, to identify those which are most toxic to the alga. The classes tested were unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic quinones, aromatic amines, methylated aromatics, phenols, azaarenes, and thiophenes. Because aromatics containing 4 or more rings are practically insoluble in water, even solutions saturated with such aromatics are generally not acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. For this reason, only 1-, 2-, and 3-ring compounds were tested. The second objective was to determine ranges of toxic concentrations for the compounds tested, to facilitate further toxicological studies. Each compound was therefore tested over 3 to 5 orders of magnitude of concentration.
Integration of demand response and renewable resources for power generation management

A single-period optimal dispatching problem is considered for a network of energy utilities connected via multiple transmission lines, where we seek to find the lowest operationalcost dispatching of various energy sources to satisfy demand. Our model includes traditional thermal resources and renewable energy resources available generation capabilities within the grid. A key novel addition is the consideration of demand reduction as a virtual generation source that can be dispatched quickly to hedge against the risk of unforeseen shortfall in supply. Demand reduction is dispatched in response to incentive signals sent to consumers. The control options of our optimization model consist of the dispatching order and dispatching amount of the thermal generators together with the rebate signals sent to end-users at each node of the network under a simple demand response policy. Numerical experiments based on our analysis of representative data are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of demand response as a hedging option.
Krüppel-like factor 2 cooperates with the ETS family protein ERG to activate Flk1 expression during vascular development

The VEGF receptor, FLK1, is essential for differentiation of the endothelial lineage and for embryonic vascular development. Using comparative genomics, we have identified conserved ETS and Kruppel-like factor (KLF) binding sites within the Flk1 enhancer. In transgenic studies, mutation of either site results in dramatic reduction of Flk1 reporter expression. Overexpression of KLF2 or the ETS transcription factor ERG is sufficient to induce ectopic Flk1 expression in the Xenopus embryo. Inhibition of KLF2 function in the Xenopus embryo results in a dramatic reduction in Flk1 transcript levels. Furthermore, we show that KLF2 and ERG associate in a physical complex and that the two proteins synergistically activate transcription of Flk1. Since the ETS and KLF protein families have independently been recognized as important regulators of endothelial gene expression, cooperation between the two families has broad implications for gene regulation during development, normal physiology and vascular disease.
D1 Dopamine Receptor Activation of Multiple Transcription Factor Genes in Rat Striatum

Recent studies have shown that dopamine receptor agonists induce expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat striatal neurons. The protooncogene c-fos belongs to a family of immediate early genes that are rapidly induced in fibroblasts by growth factors. In light of previous findings that several immediate early gene mRNAs that encode proven or putative transcription factors are differentially regulated by neuronal stimulation in vivo, we have examined the effect of dopaminergic agents on mRNA levels of several such genes using in situ hybridization and northern blot analysis. d-Amphetamine (2.5-10 mg/kg i.p.) causes a rapid but transient dose-dependent increase in zif268 and jun-B mRNA levels in striatum that was abolished by striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions or by pretreatment with the specific D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 but not by specific D2 receptor antagonists. Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist that acts at both D1 and D2 receptors, and SKF-38393, a specific D1 receptor agonist, produce similar mRNA changes in rats pretreated with either 6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine, whereas LY-171,555, a specific D2 receptor agonist, has no effect. Direct dopamine agonist effects on these immediate early gene mRNA levels are also blocked by D1 but not by D2 antagonists. We observed similar, although less robust, changes in c-fos and fos-B mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that striatal D1 dopamine receptors are coupled to activation of multiple transcription factor genes, including zif268 and jun-B as well as members of the fos family.
Atrial fibrillation with ventricular slowing in a patient with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract A patient with atrial fibrillation, ventricular slowing and rising blood pressure in association with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage is described. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena in this patient are discussed. Vagal stimulation secondary to an intracranial lesion should be considered in stuporous patients who have atrial fibrillation and unexplained slow ventricular rate.
A new method for pulmonary edema research: Scanning electron microscopy of frozen‐hydrated edematous lung

We present an integrative method for studying alveolar fluid accumulation during pulmonary edema using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of frozen-hydrated lung. We induced edema in dogs by fluid over-loading the vascular system while monitoring vascular and airway pressures. Terminally, we freeze-fixed the lungs in the open thorax while controlling airway pressure. Using a cryosample preparation chamber attached to a scanning electron microscope equipped with a low temperature stage, we in vacuo freeze-fractured the lung, gold coated the fractured surface and used secondary electron emission scanning electron microscopy to examine the frozen-hydrated lung with scanning electron micrographs of freeze-dried and airway fixed, critical point dried lung. We discuss the advantages of frozen-hydrated scanning lung preservation for pulmonary edema research, especially in regard to quantifying alveolar fluid distribution by stereo photogrammetry, and suggest areas of future research to improve the method.
Poly(dipropargyl terephthalate): a candidate for thermosetting fibres

Abstract Poly(dipropargyl terephthalate), a high molecular weight linear soluble polymer, was prepared by the so-called oxidative polymerization by oxidation of the two terminal hydrogen atoms of dipropargyl terephthalate. The polymer undergoes easy thermal and radiation cross-linking via solid (crystalline) state topochemical polymerization of its two conjugated triple bonds (diacetylene linkages) of the main chain without changes in polymer crystalline lattice. This type of polymer appears attractive for preparation of (self-) cross-linkable thermosetting fibres.
The Socialist Transformation of Cuban Agriculture: Domestic and International Constraints

The world system perspective suggests that socialist governments cannot construct truly socialist societies because they remain part of a larger capitalist world economy and must emphasize trade-oriented production for profit. Using this thesis to examine developments in Cuba since the 1959 revolution, I discuss (1) changes in the role of trade and the impact of the world economy on the structure of Cuba's domestic production; and (2) forces shaping the organization of Cuban agriculture since the revolution. Cuba is affected by global capitalist dynamics, internal class forces, and its distinctive trade relations with the Soviet bloc. I conclude that the world economy perspective enhances our understanding of developments in societies purporting to be socialist, but that the thesis itself is insufficient for a complete analysis. A world system perspective challenges widely held assumptions about development possibilities in countries that claim to be socialist. According to Wallerstein (1974, 1979), societies that nationalize ownership of resources within their territory, declare themselves socialist, and propagate socialist ideologies cannot in fact construct a socialist mode of production because they remain part of the larger capitalist world system.' He also argues that because such countries are integrated into a capitalist world economy, they are pressured to organize production to profit from market trade. Socialist and, especially, communist ideologies obfuscate the fact that regimes committed to socialist transformations remain part of a capitalist world economy. A state which collectively owns the means of production is a collective capitalist firm as long as it participates, as all states are compelled to, in the market of the capitalist world economy. This paper examines how Wallerstein's thesis helps explain certain developments in Cuban agriculture since the 1959 revolution. Efforts to expand and diversify agriculture are constrained by global economic forces and not merely, as Dumont (1970), Mesa-Lago (1978), and Ritter (1974), among others, have tended to stress, by domestic organizational inefficiencies and utopian shortsightedness. I summarize Wallerstein's argument and discuss the conditions that should prevail in Cuba were his thesis correct. Then I examine how and why the agrarian sector has been reorganized since 1959 and what effects the changes have had on the island's relations with the world economy.
Physical and chemical analysis of the siliceous skeletons in six sponges of two groups (demospongiae and hexactinellida).

The siliceous skeletons of six hexactinellids and demosponges were compared using a series of physical and chemical tests. The sponges were two hermit-crab sponges (Class Demospongiae, family Suberitidae), one from Scotland, Suberites domuncula, and the other, Pseudospongosorites suberitoides, from the Gulf of Mexico, and four hexactinellids, Hyalonema sp., Euplectella aspergillum, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, and Aphrocallistes vastus. The operating hypothesis was that differences in the amorphous hydrated silica skeletons in Demosponges and Hexactinellids might prove taxonomically useful. Physical properties studied included SEM, glass density, glass transition temperature (Tg), TG/DTA to determine water content, and FTIR spectra. Chemical determinations were made using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Spicular skeletal material is deposited in concentric layers around the axial canal. With the exception of differences at several bands in the IR spectra, the siliceous skeletons in demosponges and hexactinellids are largely indistinguishable. Density was similar in all sponges (range 2.03-2.13 g/cc) and similar to the density of opal (SiO2 x 1.5H2O) (mean = 2.09 g/cc). IR spectra were similar, with prominent absorption bands at 460-470, 800, and 1,090-1,100 cm(-1) (due to different vibrational modes of Si-O-Si linkages) and at 1,650 and 3,450-3,560 cm(-1) (due to water). The skeletons of all six showed similar spectra to that of silica gel both before and after heating to 1,200 degrees C. Water comprised 10-14% of the skeleton by weight, slightly higher in the demosponges. Average spicule chemical composition was 85.2% SiO2, 12.3% water, and 2.5% other elements (mainly S, Al, K, Ca, and Na). The percent amounts of Si did not differ significantly between the demosponges and the hexactinellids.
Identification of okadaic acid from a Caribbean dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum concavum.

Lipid-soluble toxins were isolated from a Caribbean strain of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo. The major lipid-soluble toxin (LD50 = 210 +/- 15 micrograms/kg i.p. in mice) was purified by normal and reversed-phase column chromatography and characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The toxin was identified as okadaic acid by interpretation of the spectral data. Okadaic acid was previously identified as a toxic component of the related species P. lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge. The finding of okadaic acid production in P. concavum and P. lima, abundant primary producers in the ciguatera-endemic Caribbean, suggests that the role of this toxin in the etiology of ciguatera may be more significant than previously thought.
Autofluorescence method to measure macular pigment optical densities fluorometry and autofluorescence imaging

Non-invasive measurement of the optical density of the human macular pigment by the autofluorescence method takes advantage of the fluorescence of lipofuscin in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Measuring the intensity of fluorescence above 550 nm, where macular pigment has essentially zero absorption, and stimulating the fluorescence with two wavelengths, one well absorbed by macular pigment and the other minimally absorbed by macular pigment, provides a single-pass measurement of the macular pigment optical density. The method is implemented either by fluorometry of lipofuscin to yield the optical density of the macular pigment in a 2 degrees diameter central area, or by autofluorescence imaging to yield a high-resolution map of the macular pigment distribution.
Cutaneous findings in hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is a distinctive clinicopathologic entity that is histologically characterized by infiltration of the spleen, bone marrow, and blood by uniform mononuclear cells— "hairy cells." We reviewed the prevalent cutaneous findings, specific and nonspecific, in 113 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Only one patient had specific lesions (skin infiltration by leukemic cells). Nonspecific cutaneous findings included recurrent infections, ecchymoses, petechiae, pallor, drug reactions and reactions to transfusions, and nonherpetic ulcerations, Although leukemic infiltration of the skin in hairy cell leukemia is rare, cutaneous histopathologic features may be diagnostic, particularly when cytomorphologic examination is coupled with staining of a fresh specimen with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Cutaneous and extracutaneous infections, often extensive and with opportunistic organisms, were the most common nonspecific findings and demonstrated severely deficient immunologic responsiveness. Associated malignant diseases, cutaneous and extracutaneous, were few in number and are of uncertain significance.
Age-related onset of obesity corresponds with metabolic dysregulation and altered microglia morphology in mice deficient for Ifitm proteins

The IfitmDel mouse lacks all five of the Ifitm genes via LoxP deletion. This animal breeds normally with no obvious defect in development. The IfitmDel animals exhibit a steady and significantly enhanced weight gain relative to wild-type controls beginning about three months of age and under normal feeding conditions. The increased weight corresponds with elevated fat mass, and in tolerance tests they are hyporesponsive to insulin but respond normally to glucose. Both young (4 mo) and older (12 mo) IfitmDel mice have enhanced levels of serum leptin suggesting a defect in leptin/leptin receptor signaling. Analysis of the gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus of IfitmDel animals, compared to WT, demonstrated an altered ratio of Pomc and Npy neuropeptide expression, which likely impairs the satiation response of the IfitmDel animal leading to an increased eating behavior. Also elevated in hypothalamus of IfitmDel mice were pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and reduced IL-10. Anatomical analysis of the hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry revealed that microglia exhibit an abnormal morphology in IfitmDel animals and respond abnormally to Poly:IC challenge. These abnormalities extend the phenotype of the IfitmDel mouse beyond abnormal responses to viral challenge to include a metabolic phenotype and weight gain. Further, this novel phenotype for the IfitmDel mouse could be related to abnormal neuropeptide production, inflammatory status and microglia status in the hypothalamus.
Dynamic Two-Port Parameters of Ballistic Carbon Nanotube FETs: A Quantum Simulation Study

In this work, we simulated the intrinsic dynamic conductance matrix of ballistic CNTFETs using the time-dependent non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism.4'5 Plasmon wave propagation along ballistic metallic CNT interconnects is also studied.
The carbon, nitrogen and mass content of marine snow as a function of aggregate size

Abstract The particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), dry mass, and chlorophyll a content of marine snow as a function of individual aggregate size was determined from undisturbed natural aggregates photographed and collected in situ by SCUBA divers at 15 stations off coastal California in order to quantify the matter available in large particles for various ecological processes. POC, PON, and dry mass content were highly significant exponential functions of aggregate volume and were similar for all aggregates regardless of aggregate type, origin, composition or season of collection. POC and PON made up 17–39% and 1.7–6.0%, respectively, of aggregates by weight. C:N ratios increased with increasing aggregate size, suggesting that larger aggregates were older and more refractory than smaller ones. Similarity in the size-specific POC, PON, and mass content of different types of aggregates indicates that the quantities of these materials existing in the larger particle size fractions of the upper ocean could be estimated from profiles of particle size and abundance with depth obtained with in situ camera systems. Such estimates will allow assessment of the availability of marine snow to large particle consumers and decomposers and to sedimentation processes.
An enzymic theory of local anesthesia.

4 NESTHESLA may be defined as a physiologicall;y reversible condition a produced by some agent or technique, in which there is an absence of sensations. A sensation may be said to be an interpretation of a stimulus arising somewhere in or outside of the body. It is clear that in order for us to interpret the effect of the stimulus it must reach the brai:n. The pathways over which the stimuli are transmitted to the brain are, of course, the nerves. The stimuli are received at their starting points by definite ch.aracteristic structures, the sensory receptors, In the light of the foregoing, anesthesia results when either the receptors, the nerves, or the brain are not functioning. If the nerves are prevented from carrying the impulses, we have regional, or local, or truncal anesthesia. If the brain is rendered physiologically nonfunctional, the condition is general anesthesia, while when the receptors are not capable of receiving the stimuli, we have topical or surface anesthesia. This discussion will concern itself only with the first type mentioned : nerve block or local anesthesia.
Representation and perception of scenic layout

This paper presents a cognitive approach to on-line spatial perception within scenes. A theoretical framework is developed, based on the idea that experience with a scene can activate a complex representation of layout that facilitates subsequent processing of spatial relations within the scene. The representations integrate significant, relevant scenic information and are substantial in amount or extent. The representations are active across short periods of time and across changes in the retinal position of the image. These claims were supported in a series of experiments in which pictures of scenes (primes) facilitated subsequent spatial relations processing within the scenes. The prime-induced representations integrated object identity and layout, were broad in scope, involved both foreground and background information, and were effective across changes in image position.
The economic implications of glaucoma: a literature review.

Glaucoma is a common ophthalmic condition, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). It affects >2 million people in the US, and the incidence is expected to exceed 3 million by 2020. However, relatively little is known about the cost of glaucoma compared with costs for other eye conditions. This comprehensive report reviews published literature on costs and cost effectiveness of treatments for glaucoma.
Phases of a Triangular-Lattice Antiferromagnet Near Saturation

We consider 2D Heisenberg antiferromagnets on a triangular lattice with spatially anisotropic interactions in a high magnetic field close to the saturation. We show that this system possesses a rich phase diagram in a field or anisotropy plane due to competition between classical and quantum orders: an incommensurate noncoplanar spiral state, which is favored classically, and a commensurate coplanar state, which is stabilized by quantum fluctuations. We show that the transformation between these two states is highly nontrivial and involves two intermediate phases---the phase with coplanar incommensurate spin order and the one with noncoplanar double-$\mathbf{Q}$ spiral order. The transition between the two coplanar states is of commensurate-incommensurate type, not accompanied by softening of spin-wave excitations. We show that a different sequence of transitions holds in triangular antiferromagnets with exchange anisotropy, such as ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{3}{\mathrm{CoSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$.
Environmental influence on regulated body temperature in torpid hummingbirds

Abstract 1. 1. Panterpe insignis and Eugenes fulgens, highland tropical humming-birds, regulate body temperature in torpor at 10–12°C through an increase in oxygen consumption below ambient temperatures of 10–12°C. 2. 2. The rate of increase of oxygen consumption for both species in torpor and at rest were not significantly different. 3. 3. From ambient temperatures of 27-12°C the birds usually maintained body temperatures that slightly exceeded ambient temperatures. 4. 4. Regulation of body temperature in torpor has also been reported for two other species of hummingbirds, Eulampis jugularis and Oreotrochilus estella. 5. 5. The regulation of body temperature in torpor for these four species is related to minimum environmental temperatures and is not a function of body size.
An improved low-voltage air circuit breaker

ANEW 225- and 600-ampere frame size air circuit breaker incorporating the recent war improvements is now available. The principal advantages offered in this design over older ones specifically are 1. An improved arc chute of reduced size. 2. Long-lived contacts with momentary ratings equal to interrupting ratings. 3. Flexible and rugged overcurrent devices capable of necessary precision timing for selective tripping systems, but equally suitable for simple overload protection. 4. A 30 per cent reduction in size. 5. Longer life and lower maintenance from improved design.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE T4 unf (=alc) GENE PRODUCT, A PROTEIN INVOLVED IN THE SHUTOFF OF HOST TRANSCRIPTION

The introduction of plasmid pR386 into E. coli cells renders them restrictive to the growth of phage T4 unf (=alc ) mutants. This system has been used to isolate Unf+ revertants, which, along with the mutant parental strains, have been used to identify the unf gene product by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of the unf gene product, a polypeptide of just over 18,000 daltons in size, begins within 1 min after infection and terminates at about 12 min after infection at 30°. Gene dosage experiments suggest that the unf protein functions catalytically.
G222(P) A Review of Skeletal Surveys 2008–2012 at KCH – A Safeguarding Perspective

Aims We compared the skeletal surveys done at King’s College Hospital (KCH) to the guidelines of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) and the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR). We reviewed the skeletal surveys performed in children for suspected Non-Accidental Injury (NAI). We included both radiological and social conditions for each patient. Methods The KCH radiology department maintains a list of all skeletal surveys performed by it. We reviewed the cases of children aged between 0 and 16 yrs who had skeletal surveys between 2008 and 2012 using information held on the electronic patient record and PACS. Results 100 skeletal surveys were performed on children aged between 0 and 16yrs between 2008 and 2012. 81 of these were for investigation of possible NAI, of which 37% proved positive for NAI. A more detailed look at these positive cases revealed that 81% of these were aged less than 1yr and 6% were greater than 2 years old. 88% of surveys completed all the recommended x-ray views but only 49% of children had a follow-up chest x-ray as recommended. 81% were carried out while the child was an inpatient. The majority of children were not previously known to social services, signified by the fact that only 19% were on a child protection plan. Since KCH is a tertiary referral centre many children came from outside of the Lambeth and Southwark boroughs (44%). Conclusions KCH performs well against the standards set by the RCPCH and the RCR in performing skeletal surveys. The numbers stated above are comparable with other centres. KCH may see slightly higher numbers of children investigated for NAI, but this is due to the fact that it is a tertiary referral centre. The surrounding boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark are densely populated areas with a relatively young population compared to national averages. The population is multi-ethnic and diverse with high unemployment and poverty. These are all risk factors for NAI and the safeguarding team at KCH have to be especially alert to the possibility of NAI.
Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect with Parent Training: Evidence and Opportunities

Summary Researchers have identified four common co-occurring parental risk factors—substance abuse, mental illness, domestic violence, and child conduct problems—that lead to child maltreatment. The extent to which maltreatment prevention programs must directly address these risk factors to improve responsiveness to parenting programs or can directly focus on improving parenting skills, says Richard Barth, remains uncertain. Barth begins by describing how each of the four parental issues is related to child maltreatment. He then examines a variety of parent education interventions aimed at preventing child abuse. He cautions that many of the interventions have not been carefully evaluated and those that have been have shown little effect on child maltreatment or its risk factors. Although some argue that parent education cannot succeed unless family problems are also addressed, much evidence suggests that first helping parents to be more effective with their children can address mental health needs and improve the chances of substance abuse recovery. Barth recommends increased public support for research trials to compare the effectiveness of programs focused on parenting education and those aiming to reduce related risk factors. Child welfare services and evidence-based parent training, says Barth, are in a period of transformation. Evidence-based methods are rapidly emerging from a development phase that has primarily involved local and highly controlled studies into more national implementation and greater engagement with the child welfare system. The next step is effectiveness trials. Citing the importance and success of multifaceted campaigns in public health policy, Barth discusses a multifaceted parenting campaign that has demonstrated substantial promise in several large trials. The goal of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program is to help parents deal with the full gamut of children’s health and behavioral issues. The campaign includes five levels of inter vention, each featuring a different means of delivery and intensity of service. More broadly, Barth suggests that the evidence-based Triple P approach offers a general framework that could be used to guide the future evolution of parenting programs.
Spacetime constraints on accreting black holes

We study the spin dependence of accretion onto rotating Kerr black holes using analytic techniques. In its linear regime, angular momentum transport in MHD turbulent accretion flow involves the generation of radial magnetic field connecting plasma in a differentially rotating flow. We take a first principles approach, highlighting the constraint that limits the generation and amplification of radial magnetic fields, stemming from the transfer of energy from mechanical to magnetic form. Because the energy transferred in magnetic form is ultimately constrained by gravitational potential energy or Killing energy, the spin dependence of the latter allows us to derive spin-dependent constraints on the success of the accreting plasma to expel its angular momentum. We find an inverse relationship between this ability and black hole spin. If this radial magnetic field generation forms the basis for angular momentum transfer in accretion flows, accretion rates involving Kerr black holes are expected to be lower as the black hole spin increases in the prograde sense.
Estimation and resolution of heat capacities: Lattice heat capacity morphology☆

To utilize heat capacity determinations in the chemical thermodynamic region effectively, it is essential to be able to resolve the “excess” contributions, be they electronic (e.g. Schottky), magnetic, order-disorder, or one of the named transitions (Anderson, Verwey, etc.), from the often predominant lattice heat capacity. This paper addresses recent developments in bridging the experimental/utilization gap and compares the recent high precision approaches with each other and with experimental work on homologous series and selected substances.
Estimation of Soil Moisture with Dual-Frequency - PALS

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the NASA/JPL dual frequency airborne system, Passive Active L-band and S-band (PALS), can provide a reliable soil moisture measurements so that they can be integrated to provide soil moisture data at the scales of the spaceborne coarse resolutions. Through evaluations of the AIEM simulated the random rough surface emissivities with a wide range of soil moisture and roughness conditions at both L-band and S-band, it was found that the bare surface emission signals at above two frequencies are essentially close to identical regardless of the surface soil moisture and roughness properties when the effect of soil properties (temperature and moisture) in the vertical profile on emission signals is minor. This makes it possible to further estimate the vegetation components in the omega-tau model at each frequency and polarization and to carry out the corrections for the vegetation effects without assumption on polarization dependence of the vegetation effects. Thus, the surface soil moisture can be inferred by the estimated surface emission signals. We will show the evaluation and validation of this technique with the airborne PALS measurements obtained during SMEX'02 soil moisture experiment with the intensive ground soil moisture measurements.
Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring

Stand-level spatial pattern influences key aspects of resilience and ecosystem function such as disturbance behavior, regeneration, snow retention, and habitat quality in frequent-fire pine and mixed-conifer forests. Reference sites, from both pre-settlement era reconstructions and contemporary forests with active fire regimes, indicate that frequent-fire forests are complex mosaics of individual trees, tree clumps, and openings. There is a broad scientific consensus that restoration treatments should seek to restore this mosaic pattern in order to restore resilience and maintain ecosystem function. Yet, methods to explicitly incorporate spatial reference information into restoration treatments are not widely used. In addition, targets from reference conditions must be critically evaluated in light of climate change. We used a spatial clump identification algorithm to quantify reference patterns based on a specified intertree distance that defines when trees form clumps. We used climatic water balance parameters, downscaled climate projections, and plant associations to assess our historical reference sites in the context of projected future climate and identify climate analog reference conditions. Spatial reference information was incorporated into a novel approach to prescription development, tree marking, and monitoring based on viewing stand structure and pattern in terms of individuals, clumps, and openings (ICO) in a mixed-conifer forest restoration case study. We compared the results from the ICO approach with simulations of traditional basal area and spacing-based thinning prescriptions in terms of agreement with reference conditions and functional aspects of resilience. The ICO method resulted in a distribution of tree clumps and openings within the range of reference patterns, while the basal area and spacing approaches resulted in uniform patterns inconsistent with known reference conditions. Susceptibility to insect mortality was lower in basal area and spacing prescriptions, but openings and corresponding opportunities for regeneration and in situ climate adaptation were fewer. Operationally, the method struck a balance between providing clear targets for spatial pattern directly linked to reference conditions, sufficient flexibility to achieve other restoration objectives, and implementation efficiency. The need to track pattern targets during implementation and provide immediate feedback to marking crews was a key lesson. The ICO method, especially when used in combination with climate analog reference targets, offers a practical approach to restoring spatial patterns that are likely to enhance resilience and climate adaptation.
Model for the Binding of the Inactivation N-Terminal to the Ion Pore of Shaker Potassium Channel: Both Electrostatic Attraction and Covalent Linkage Are Required for Rapid Inactivation

A model is presented for relating the binding of the inactivation N-terminal to the ion pore of the Shaker potassium channel (ShB) to the bimolecular binding of the N-terminal peptide with the deletion mutant ShB¢646. The binding site is modeled as a small patch on the surface of the channel protein, to which the N-terminal “inactivation ball” is tethered by a flexible linker. The potential energy due to electrostatic interactions between the channel and the N-terminal is ‚U(r) )- Qexp[-(r - a)/I]/(1 + a/I)r, where a is the closest approach distance and I is the screening length determined by the ionic strength. The probability density for the endto-end vector of the flexible linker (with L residues) is taken from a previous study [Zhou, J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 6763] as p(r) ) (3/4﷿lpbL) 3/2 exp(-3r 2 /4lpbL)(1-5lp/4bL + ...). The intramolecular binding rate constant kon in of the intact ShB is related to the bimolecular binding rate constant kon bi via kon in ) kon bi p(a)/ sexp[-‚U(r)]p(r)dV. The model rationalizes a number of important experimental observations. (1) The weaker ionic strength dependence of kon in is quantitatively reproduced by the relation between kon in and kon bi . (2) The linker length dependence of kon in (observed when the linker length is reduced by deletion and extended by insertion) is qualitatively predicted by the L dependence of p(r). (3) The fact that koff in ) koff bi and both are insensitive to the change in ionic strength is due to the stereospecificity of the binding site. If the binding of the activation N-terminal were to occur in a bimolecular fashion, the millisecond inactivation time would have required the presence of the N-terminal at a concentration of 0.2 mM, even after considering the binding rate enhancement by the electrostatic attraction of the channel pore. The difficult task of maintaining such a high concentration underscores the importance of covalently linking the inactivation peptide to the ion channel.
Topology, design, analysis and thermal management of power electronics for hybrid electric vehicle applications

Power electronics circuits play an important role in the success of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. Typical power electronics circuits in hybrid vehicles include electric motor drive circuits and DC/DC converter circuits. Conventional circuit topologies, such as buck converters, voltage source inverters and bidirectional boost converters are challenged by system cost, efficiency, controllability, thermal management, voltage and current capability, and packaging issues. Novel topologies, such as isolated bidirectional DC/DC converters, multilevel converters, and Z-source inverters, offer potential improvement to hybrid vehicle system performance, extended controllability and power capabilities. This paper gives an overview of the topologies, design, and thermal management, and control of power electronics circuits in hybrid vehicle applications.