cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of graphs for digital preservation suitability

We investigate the use of autonomically created small-world graphs as a framework for the long term storage of digital objects on the Web in a potentially hostile environment. We attack the classic Erdos --- Renyi random, Barabasi and Albert power law, Watts --- Strogatz small world and our Unsupervise. Small World (USW) graphs using different attacker strategies and report their respective robustness. Using different attacker profiles, we construct a game where the attacker is allowed to use a strategy of his choice to remove a percentage of each graph's elements. The graph is then allowed to repair some portion of its self. We report on the number of alternating attack and repair turns until either the graph is disconnected, or the game exceeds the number of permitted turns. Based on our analysis, an attack strategy that focuses on removing the vertices with the highest betweenness value is most advantageous to the attacker. Power law graphs can become disconnected with the removal of a single edge; random graphs with the removal of as few as 1% of their vertices, small-world graphs with the removal of 14% vertices, and USW with the removal of 17% vertices. Watts --- Strogatz small-world graphs are more robust and resilient than random or power law graphs. USW graphs are more robust and resilient than small world graphs. A graph of USW connected WOs filled with date could outlive the individuals and institutions that created the data in an environment where WOs are lost due to random failures or directed attacks.
Interference Channels With Source Cooperation

In this paper, the role of cooperation in managing interference-a fundamental feature of the wireless channel-is investigated by studying the two-user Gaussian interference channel where the source nodes can both transmit and receive in full duplex. The sum capacity of this channel is obtained within a gap of a constant number of bits. The coding scheme used builds up on the superposition scheme of Han and Kobayashi for the two-user interference channel without cooperation. New upperbounds on the sum capacity are also derived. The same coding scheme is shown to obtain the sum capacity of the symmetric two-user Gaussian interference channel with noiseless feedback within a constant gap.
Cultural Concepts and Postpartal Care

This article is reprinted from the original: Horn, Beverly M. (1981). Cultural concepts and postpartal care. Nursing and Health Care, 2(3) 516-517, 526-527. Permission was obtained from the editor of Nursing and Health Care for reprint in this publication.
The Dynamics of the Multi-planet System Orbiting Kepler-56

Kepler-56 is a multi-planet system containing two coplanar inner planets that are in orbits misaligned with respect to the spin axis of the host star, and an outer planet. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the broad distribution of spin-orbit angles among exoplanets, and these theories fall under two broad categories. The first is based on dynamical interactions in a multi-body system, while the other assumes that disk migration is the driving mechanism in planetary configuration and that the star (or disk) is titled with respect to the planetary plane. Here we show that the large observed obliquity of Kepler 56 system is consistent with a dynamical origin. In addition, we use observations by Huber et al. to derive the obliquity’s probability distribution function, thus improving the constrained lower limit. The outer planet may be the cause of the inner planets’ large obliquities, and we give the probability distribution function of its inclination, which depends on the initial orbital configuration of the planetary system. We show that even in the presence of precise measurement of the true obliquity, one cannot distinguish the initial configurations. Finally we consider the fate of the system as the star continues to evolve beyond the main sequence, and we find that the obliquity of the system will not undergo major variations as the star climbs the red giant branch. We follow the evolution of the system andfind that the innermost planet will be engulfed in∼129Myr. Furthermore we put an upper limit of ∼155Myr for the engulfment of the second planet. This corresponds to ∼3% of the current age of the star. Key word: celestial mechanics Online-only material: color figures
Effects of galaxy-halo alignment and adiabatic contraction on gravitational lens statistics

We study the strong gravitational lens statistics of triaxial cold dark matter haloes occupied by central early-type galaxies. We calculate the image separation distribution for double, cusp and quad configurations. The ratios of image multiplicities at large separations are consistent with the triaxial NFW model, and at small separations are consistent with the singular isothermal ellipsoid model. At all the separations, the total lensing probability is enhanced by adiabatic contraction. If no adiabatic contraction is assumed, naked cusp configurations become dominant at ≈2.5 arcsec, which is inconsistent with the data. We also show that at small-to-moderate separations (≤5 arcsec) the image multiplicities depend sensitively on the alignment of the shapes of the luminous and dark matter projected density profiles. In contrast to other properties that affect these ratios, the degree of alignment does not have a significant effect on the total lensing probability. These correlations may therefore be constrained by comparing the theoretical image separation distribution to a sufficiently large lens sample from future wide and deep sky surveys such as Pan-Stars, LSST and JDEM. Understanding the correlations in the shapes of galaxies and their dark matter halo is important for future weak lensing surveys.
Performance of 802.11b/g in the interference limited regime

Signal to interference plus noise ratio, SINR, is one of the main factors that affects the quality of wireless communication. While the impact of white Gaussian noise on a wireless channel is well understood, impact of interference remains one of the less explored areas. With the deployment of dense mesh networks, the interference will be a dominant factor that affects the transmission errors. This paper explores the performance of 802.11b/g when subject to interference. The findings are based on various controlled experiments in the laboratory setting. One finding of this work is that in contrast to communication over links where the noise is Gaussian, in 802.11b/g, the probability of successfully transmitting a packet is dominated by the ability of the receiver to synchronize with the carrier. As a result, changing to a lower bit-rate with same synchronization scheme will not make the transmission more resilient to interference. Moreover, we found that the impact of interference is significant even if the interference is 10dB below the strength of the noise. The significance of this result on bit-rate selection is briefly explored.
Expurgated PPM Using Symmetric Balanced Incomplete Block Designs

In this letter, we propose a new pulse position modulation (PPM) scheme, called expurgated PPM (EPPM), for application in peak power limited communication systems, such as impulse radio (IR) ultra wide band (UWB) systems and free space optical (FSO) communications. Using the proposed scheme, the constellation size and the bit-rate can be increased significantly in these systems. The symbols are obtained using symmetric balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD), forming a set of pair-wise equidistant symbols. The performance of Q-ary EPPM is better than any Q-ary pulse position-based modulation scheme with the same symbol length. Since the code is cyclic, the receiver for EPPM is simpler compared to multipulse PPM (MPPM).
Advances in Inflation in String Theory

We provide a pedagogical overview of inflation in string theory. We focus upon the sensitivity of inflation to Planck-scale physics, which we argue provides both the primary motivation and the central theoretical challenge for the subject. We illustrate these issues through two case studies of inflationary scenarios in string theory: warped d-brane inflation and axion monodromy inflation. Finally, we indicate how future observations can test scenarios of inflation in string theory.
Evaluation of optimization methods for control allocation

The performanceand computational requirements ofoptimization methodsfor control allocation areevaluated. Two control allocation problems are formulated: a direct allocation method that preserves the directionality of the moment and a mixed optimization method that minimizes the error between the desired and the achieved momentsaswellasthecontroleffort.Theconstrainedoptimizationproblemsaretransformedinto linearprograms so that they can be solved using well-tried linear programming techniques such as the simplex algorithm. A variety of techniques that can be applied for the solution of the control allocation problem in order to accelerate computations are discussed. Performance and computational requirements are evaluated using aircraft models with different numbers of actuators and with different properties. In addition to the two optimization methods, three algorithms with low computational requirements are also implemented for comparison: a redistributed pseudoinverse technique, a quadratic programming algorithm, and a e xed-point method. The major conclusion is that constrained optimization can be performed with computational requirements that fall within an order of magnitude of those of simpler methods. The performance gains of optimization methods, measured in terms of the error between the desired and achieved moments, are found to be small on the average but sometimes signie cant.Avariety ofissuesthataffecttheimplementation ofthevariousalgorithmsin ae ight-controlsystem are discussed.
Elevated tph2 mRNA expression in a rat model of chronic anxiety.

Background Allelic variations in TPH2, the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the rate-limiting enzyme for brain serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis, may be genetic predictors of panic disorder and panic responses to panicogenic challenges in healthy volunteers. To test the hypothesis that tph2 mRNA is altered in chronic anxiety states, we measured tph2 expression in an established rat model of panic disorder. Methods We implanted 16 adult, male rats with bilateral guide cannulae and then primed them with daily injections of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor agonist, urocortin 1 (UCN1, 6 fmoles/100 nl per side, n = 8) or vehicle (n = 8) into the basolateral amygdaloid complex (BL) for 5 consecutive days. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed, 24 hr prior to and 48 hr following priming, in the social interaction (SI) test. A third group (n = 7) served as undisturbed home cage controls. All rats were killed 3 days after the last intra-BL injection to analyze tph2 and slc6a4 (gene encoding the serotonin transporter, SERT) mRNAexpression in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), the main source of serotonergic projections to anxiety-related brain regions, using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Results UCN1 priming increased anxiety-related behavior in the SI test compared to vehicle-injected controls and elevated tph2, but not slc6a4, mRNA expression in DR subregions, including the ventrolateral DR/ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (DRVL/VLPAG), a subregion previously implicated in control of panic-related physiologic responses. Tph2 mRNA expression in the DRVL/VLPAG was correlated with increased anxiety-related behavior. Conclusion Our data support the hypothesis that chronic anxiety states are associated with dysregulated tph2 expression.
Evidence on Policies to Increase the Development Impacts of International Migration

International migration offers individuals and their families the potential to experience immediate and large gains in their incomes, and offers a large number of other positive benefits to the sending communities and countries. However, there are also concerns about potential costs of migration, including concerns about trafficking and human rights, a desire for remittances to be used more effectively, and concerns about externalities from skilled workers being lost. As a result there is increasing interest in policies which can enhance the development benefits of international migration and mitigate these potential costs. This paper provides a critical review of recent research on the effectiveness of these policies at three stages of the migration process: pre-departure, during migration, and directed toward possible return. The existing evidence base suggests some areas of policy success: bilateral migration agreements for countries whose workers have few other migration options, developing new savings and remittance products that allow migrants more control over how their money is used, and some efforts to provide financial education to migrants and their families. Suggestive evidence together with theory offers support for a number of other policies, such as lowering the cost of remittances, reducing passport costs, offering dual citizenship, and removing exit barriers to migration. Research offers reasons to be cautious about some policies, such as enforcing strong rights for migrants like high minimum wages. Nevertheless, the paper finds the evidence base to be weak for many policies, with no reliable research on the impact of most return migration programs, nor for whether countries should be trying to induce communal remitting through matching funds.
Efficient, direct α-methylenation of carbonyls mediated by diisopropylammonium trifluoroacetate

A very efficient method for the direct α-methylenation of carbonyl compounds, with yields up to 99%, utilizing paraformaldehyde, diisopropylammonium trifluoroacetate, and catalytic acid or base, is presented.
IS PRICING ABOVE MARGINAL COST AN INDICATION OF MARKET POWER IN THE U.S. MEATPACKING INDUSTRY

There have been concerns about the increasing concentration in the meat packing industry. But this increased concentration may be due to various types of cost economies. In this paper we prove the existence of scale economies that might justify the increased consolidation in the industry.
Test for the equality of autocorrelation coefficients for two populations in multivariate data when the errors are autocorrelated

We derive a likelihood ratio test for the equality of two autocorrelation coefficients based on two independent multinormal samples. The critical value and the power analysis of the test are obtained through simulation.
A SHOCK TUBE–BASED FACILITY FOR IMPACT TESTING

Abstract : Many dynamic testing techniques use gas guns as a pressure generator. The pressure generated from the gas guns is often of low velocity and low energy and has a relatively random or short duration of a uniform pressure level. This kind of pressure is not well defined and cannot be converted into other application conditions. With aims at improving experimental capability and expanding the research horizon, a shock tube was designed and constructed; and innovative applications were explored. With proper adjustments of gas components and gas pressures, well-defined pressure sources could be produced. With appropriate designs of a force transformer, various testing parameters required for different, dynamic experiments could also be simulated. In this paper, a piston-like impactor was inserted into the shock tube as a pressure transformer. The feasibility of using the shock-tube-based facility for impact testing was demonstrated.
Numerical study comparing RANS and LES approaches on a circulation control airfoil

Abstract A numerical study over a nominally two-dimensional circulation control airfoil is performed using a large-eddy simulation code and two Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes codes. Different Coanda jet blowing conditions are investigated. In addition to investigating the influence of grid density, a comparison is made between incompressible and compressible flow solvers. The incompressible equations are found to yield negligible differences from the compressible equations up to at least a jet exit Mach number of 0.64 . The effects of different turbulence models are also studied. Models that do not account for streamline curvature effects tend to predict jet separation from the Coanda surface too late, and can produce non-physical solutions at high blowing rates. Three different turbulence models that account for streamline curvature are compared with each other and with large eddy simulation solutions. All three models are found to predict the Coanda jet separation location reasonably well, but one of the models predicts specific flow field details near the Coanda surface prior to separation much better than the other two. All Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations produce higher circulation than large eddy simulation computations, with different stagnation point location and greater flow acceleration around the nose onto the upper surface. The precise reasons for the higher circulation are not clear, although it is not solely a function of predicting the jet separation location correctly.
Is quantum search practical

Gauging a quantum algorithm's practical significance requires weighing it against the best conventional techniques applied to useful instances of the same problem. The authors show that several commonly suggested applications of Grover's quantum search algorithm fail to offer computational improvements over the best conventional algorithms.
Development of Zirconium/Magnesium Phosphate Composites for Immobilization of Fission Products

Novel chemically bonded phosphate ceramics have been investigated for the capture and stabilization of volatile fission-product radionuclides. We have used low-temperature processing to fabricate zirconium phosphate and zirconium/magnesium phosphate composites. A zirconium/magnesium phosphate composite has been developed and shown to stabilize ash waste that has been contaminated with a radioactive surrogate of the 137Cs and 90Sr species. Excellent retention of cesium in the phosphate matrix system was observed in both short- and long-term leaching tests. The retention factor determined by the USEPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure was one order of magnitude better for cesium than for strontium. The effective diffusivity, at room temperature, for cesium and strontium in the waste forms was estimated to be as low as 2.4 × 10−13 and 1.2 ×10−11 cm2/s, respectively. This behavior was attributed to the capture of cesium in the layered zirconium phosphate structure via an intercalation ion-exchange reaction, followed by microencapsulation. However, strontium is believed to be precipitated out in its phosphate form and subsequently microencapsulated in the phosphate ceramic. The performance of these final waste forms, as indicated by the compression strength and the durability in aqueous environments, satisfies the regulatory criteria.
Studies on the ultrafiltration and electrodialysis of insulin solutions.

SummaryThe procedure described gives a method for further concentrating the active principle of insulin without the use of added reagents, precipitants, adsorbants or whatnot. It accomplishes a separation of insulin, as prepared commercially, into active and inactive protein-like substances the isoelectric points of which are so close together that fractional precipitation as ordinarily practised is almost impossible.Crystals, the chemical and physiological properties of which are being investigated, are formed from the active sediment, either by cision or by compound formation.
Alamouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection

A modification of the Alamouti code originally proposed for RF wireless applications is described that allows it to be applied in scenarios such as free-space optical communication with direct detection where unipolar modulations like pulse-position modulation and on-off keying are traditionally used to convey the information. The modification of the code and associated decision metric is such as to maintain all of the desirable properties of the original scheme.
Angels, Wings, and Hester Prynne: The Place of Content in Teaching Adolescent Artists

This case study uses adolescents’ accounts of studio practice to trace the diverse themes, sources, and contexts that inspire aesthetic and narrative meaning in their artworks. Beyond self expression and formal and technical concerns, the study illustrates how eight young artists work to address cultural and aesthetic themes that borrow, build on, and ultimately reinvent conventional narratives and art forms. Narrative formation, and its relevance for learning and teaching art, is investigated as distinct but related practices in multiple worlds of art, cultures, and education. “Have you ever seen Romeo and Juliet, with Claire Danes? I won this contest, I look like Claire Danes and stuff. And that’s my favorite movie, I’ve seen it so many times. You know how she wore those beautiful wings? I wanted to make a pair for myself, and I figured out how to do it in my mixed media class.” So begins Jill, 16, talking about what prompted her “Juliet” wings, a self-initiated project carried out in an intensive, month-long summer art program for high school students. The ethereal, four-foot wide construction is made from six rows of cut, scored and fringed paper feathers, each with, according to the artist,“two coats of gesso so it’s got texture and looks like a feather.”
Intramolecular Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts via sequential MBH and ring-closing-metathesis reactions

Abstract Using a tandem Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) and ring-closing-metathesis (RCM) sequence, an alternative high yielding method for the construction of intramolecular Morita–Baylis–Hillman (IMBH) mono- and bicyclic functionalized cycloalkenols is reported.
Fast simulation of rare events in queueing and reliability models

This paper surveys efficient techniques for estimating, via simulation, the probabilities of certain rare events in queueing and reliability models. The rare events of interest are long waiting times or buffer overflows in queueing systems, and system failure events in reliability models of highly dependable computing systems. The general approach to speeding up such simulations is to accelerate the occurrence of the rare events by using importance sampling. In importance sampling, the system is simulated using a new set of input probability distributions, and unbiased estimates are recovered by multiplying the simulation output by a likelihood ratio. Our focus is on describing asymptotically optimal importance sampling techniques. Using asymptotically optimal importance sampling, the number of samples required to get accurate estimates grows slowly compared to the rate at which the probability of the rare event approaches zero. In practice, this means that run lengths can be reduced by many orders of magnitude, compared to standard simulation. In certain cases, asymptotically optimal importance sampling results in estimates having bounded relative error. With bounded relative error, only a fixed number of samples are required to get accurate estimates, no matter how rare the event of interest is. The queueing systems studied include simple queues (e.g., GI/GI/1), Jackson networks, discrete time queues with multiple autocorrelated arrival processes that arise in the analysis of Asynchronous Transfer Mode communications switches, and tree structured networks of such switches. Both Markovian and non-Markovian reliability models are treated.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF RANDOM WALK ALGORITHMS ON WIRELESS NETWORKS

We propose a model of dynamically evolving random networks and give an analytical result of the cover time of the simple random walk algorithm on a dynamic random symmetric planar point graph. Our ...
Monitoring the Sky with the Prototype All-Sky Imager on the LWA1

We present a description of the Prototype All-Sky Imager (PASI), a backend correlator and imager of the first station of the Long Wavelength Array (LWA1). PASI cross-correlates a live stream of 260 dual-polarization dipole antennas of the LWA1, creates all-sky images, and uploads them to the LWA-TV website in near real time. PASI has recorded over 13,000hr of all-sky images at frequencies between 10 and 88MHz creating opportunities for new research and discoveries. We also report rate density and pulse energy density limits on transients at 38, 52, and 74MHz, for pulse widths of 5s. We limit transients at those frequencies with pulse energy densities of >2.7×10−23, >1.1×10−23, and >2.8×10−23Jm−2Hz−1 to have rate densities <1.2×10−4, <5.6×10−4, and <7.2×10−4 year−1deg−2.
Stereoisomerically pure trisubstituted vinylaluminum reagents and their utility in copper-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 1,4-dienes containing Z or E alkenes.

Catalytic enantioselective addition of vinyl groups to C-based electrophiles constitutes a versatile class of C–C bond forming processes.[1–3] We recently reported that vinylaluminum reagents, generated through reactions of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted terminal alkynes with commercially available and inexpensive diisobutylaluminum hydride (dibal-H), can be used in site- and enantioselective Cu-catalyzed allylic alkylations.[4] The above protocol, however, suffers from two notable deficiencies. First, cis vinylmetals cannot be accessed (>98% trans product formed due to syn addition of Al–H to terminal alkynes). Second, aryl-substituted vinylaluminums cannot be utilized since the corresponding hydroaluminations are inefficient.[5] Herein, we present solutions to the above shortcomings through efficient, site- and stereoselective preparation of vinylaluminum reagents by reactions of Si-substituted alkynes with dibal-H. The vinylmetals can be used in situ in site- and enantioselective Cu-catalyzed allylic alkylations.[6] Enantiomerically enriched vinylsilanes are proto-desilylated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), affording the derived Z or E alkenes typically as a single stereoisomer in up to >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (e.r.).
One-pot synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines via a rhodium carbenoid induced ring expansion of isoxazoles.

A concise one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines has been developed. The first step in the reaction sequence is the formal insertion of rhodium vinylcarbenoids across the N−O bond of isoxazoles. Upon heating, the insertion products undergo a rearrangement to give 1,4-dihydropyridines. DDQ oxidation then affords the corresponding pyridines in 31−84% yield. The process has proven general with a range of carbenoid and isoxazole components and represents a unique disconnection strategy for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines.
Efficient estimation of the value of information in Monte Carlo models

The expected value of information (EVI) is the most powerful measure of sensitivity to uncertainty in a decision model: it measures the potential of information to improve the decision, and hence measures the expected value of the outcome. Standard methods for computing EVI use discrete variables and are computationally intractable for models that contain more than a few variables. Monte Carlo simulation provides the basis for more tractable evaluation of large predictive models with continuous and discrete variables, but so far computation of EVI in a Monte Carlo setting also has appeared impractical. We introduce an approximate approach based on preposterior analysis for estimating EVI in Monte Carlo models. Our method uses a linear approximation to the value function and multiple linear regression to estimate the linear model from the samples. The approach is efficient and practical for extremely large models. It allows easy estimation of EVI for perfect or partial information on individual variables or on combinations of variables. We illustrate its implementation within Demos (a decision modeling system), and its application to a large model for crisis transportation planning.
A Traverse Gravimeter for the Lunar Surface

A semiautomatic, self-leveling lunar gravimeter has been designed for the purpose of measuring gravity at predetermined stops along the route of a Lunar Rover Vehicle to obtain a gravity profile. The Traverse Gravimeter is completely self-contained and is powered by an internal battery. The gravity sensor is a vibrating string accelerometer (VSA) which is enclosed in a precision oven. Gravity data are obtained by initiating a measurement. After the gravimeter has leveled, the VSA difference frequency is counted down and a gate is generated to enable a crystal-controlled clock to a BCD counter. The BCD counter stores the data which are a measurement of gravity. These data, displayed upon command by the astronaut, are transmitted by voice back to earth. It is expected that the accuracy of the gravimeter will be in excess of 1 mgal. Low power, light weight, reliability, and simplicity of operation are major considerations in the design of the gravimeter.
The weathering of stones due to dissolution

We hypothesize that the weathering of building stones can be attributed to surface dissolution processes. We assume that chemical interactions occur on grain boundaries and/or microcracks and that diffusion is the controlling process. A dissolution layer (rind) develops adjacent to the weathering surface. We quantify the extent of dissolution by introducing a damage variable f; f=0 for pristine rock, and when f=1 the rock disintegrates. We assume that the variations of the damage variable are given by the diffusion equation. We solve two problems. The first is for the structure of the transient dissolution boundary layer prior to surface disintegration. We find an incubation time t i , before active weathering (disintegration) begins. The second is the solution for steady-state weathering with a constant weathering velocity v w . Our results are entirely consistent with weathering studies on Carrara marble gravestones in the United Kingdom. Typical incubation times are t i =20–30 years, and typical steady-state weathering velocities are v w =5–50 μm year−1.
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates

An extended study of the reactivity of potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions is presented. The coupling of aryl- and electron-rich heteroaryltrifluoroborates with aryl and activated heteroaryl bromides proceeds readily under ligandless conditions. When deactivated aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates are coupled with aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides, a low loading (0.5−2%) of PdCl2(dppf)·CH2Cl2 efficiently catalyzes the reactions. Under either condition, reactions can generally be carried out in an open atmosphere.
ALFVENIC TURBULENCE IN THE EXTENDED SOLAR CORONA: KINETIC EFFECTS AND PROTON HEATING

We present a model of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the extended solar corona that contains the effects of collisionless dissipation and anisotropic particle heating. Recent observations have shown that preferential heating and acceleration of positive ions occur in the first few solar radii of the high-speed solar wind. Measurements made by the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer aboard SOHO have revived interest in the idea that ions are energized by the dissipation of ion cyclotron resonant waves, but such high-frequency (i.e., small-wavelength) fluctuations have not been observed. A turbulent cascade is one possible way of generating small-scale fluctuations from a preexisting population of low-frequency MHD waves. We model this cascade as a combination of advection and diffusion in wavenumber space. The dominant spectral transfer occurs in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. As expected from earlier models, this leads to a highly anisotropic fluctuation spectrum with a rapidly decaying tail in the parallel wavenumber direction. The wave power that decays to high enough frequencies to become ion cyclotron resonant depends on the relative strengths of advection and diffusion in the cascade. For the most realistic values of these parameters, however, there is insufficient power to heat protons and heavy ions. The dominant oblique fluctuations (with dispersion properties of kinetic Alfven waves) undergo Landau damping, which implies strong parallel electron heating. We discuss the probable nonlinear evolution of the electron velocity distributions into parallel beams and discrete phase-space holes (similar to those seen in the terrestrial magnetosphere), which can possibly heat protons via stochastic interactions.
Discovery, development, and functionalization of Zr(IV)-based metal–organic frameworks

This highlight focuses on the discovery and functionalization of Zr(IV)-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). These relatively stable materials have been investigated for a variety of applications including catalysis, photochemical reactions, and molecular separations. The synthesis and modification of these frameworks are discussed along with their unique properties and potential technological utility.
Recent Declines in Chronic Disability in the Elderly U.S. Population: Risk Factors and Future Dynamics

As U.S. life expectancy has increased, questions arise as to how the quality of health and functioning in the elderly population has changed. Data from the 1982-2004 National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) suggested that chronic disability prevalence above age 65 declined at an increasing rate with a 2.2% per annum rate of decline from 1999 to 2004 ( 71 ). Inflation-adjusted per capita Medicare expenditure rates in nondisabled persons also declined, 0.9% per annum from 1982 to 2004, which suggests that declines in disability were driven by improving health -- not by increases in per capita health expenditures. Declines in disability prevalence were found in other U.S. national health surveys. Analyses of U.S. Civil War veterans suggest recent disability declines were continuations of declines in both chronic disease and disability occurring over the past century due to improved nutrition, sanitation, and education. Concerns exist about whether disability declines will continue because of recent increases in obesity prevalence.
H - beam characterization using laser-induced neutralization

The capabilities of the laser-induced neutralization technique, LINDA, as a diagnostic go beyond its primary function of quantitatively determining emittance sizes. It is also valuable for its capability to characterize, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the performance and match of linear accelerator (linac) components. The authors present LINDA experimental results that show how the output beam of a radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and drift-tube linac (DTL) combination changes with the variation of RFQ-DTL relative phase and of DTL cavity power. Results showing the effect of a longitudinal buncher on beam emittance are also presented. >
Light quark fragmentation in polarized Z0 decays at SLD

We report results on two physics topics from the SLD experiment at the SLAC Linear Collider, using our full sample of 550,000 events of the type e+ e− → Z0 → qq. The electron beam was polarized, enabling the quark and antiquark hemispheres to be tagged in each event. One physics topic is the first study of rapidities signed such that positive rapidity is along the quark rather than antiquark direction. Distributions of ordered differences in signed rapidity between pairs of particles are analyzed, providing the first direct observation of baryon number ordering along the qq axis. The other topic is the first direct measurement of As, the parity-violating coupling of the Z0 to strange quarks, by measuring the left-right forward-backward production asymmetry in polar angle of the tagged s quark. We obtain As = 0.895 ± 0.066(stat.) ± 0.062(syst.), which is consistent with the Standard Model and is currently the most precise measurement of this quantity.
Gadolinium-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Aminolysis of Aromatic trans-2,3-Epoxy Sulfonamides†

The first enantioselective aminolysis of aromatic trans-2,3-epoxy sulfonamides has been accomplished, which was efficiently catalyzed by a Gd-N,N'-dioxide complex. Under the directing effect of the sulfonamide moiety the ring-opening reaction proceeded selectively at the C-3 position in a highly enantioselective manner furnishing various Ts- and SES-protected 3-amino-3-phenylpropan-2-olamines as products.
Inner Boundary Conditions for Advection-dominated Accretion onto Black Holes

The structure of the inner region of an advection-dominated accretion disk around a nonrotating black hole is explored by applying asymptotic analysis in the region just outside the event horizon. We assume that the viscous transport is described by the standard Shakura-Sunyaev prescription throughout the disk, including the inner region close to the horizon. One of our goals is to explore the self-consistency of this assumption by analyzing the causality of the viscous transport near the black hole. The effects of general relativity are incorporated in an approximate manner by utilizing a pseudo-Newtonian gravitational potential. Analysis of the conservation equations yields unique asymptotic forms for the behaviors of the radial inflow velocity, density, sound speed, and angular velocity. The specific behaviors are determined by three quantities, namely, the accreted specific energy, the accreted specific angular momentum, and the accreted specific entropy. The additional requirement of passage through a sonic point further constrains the problem, leaving only two free parameters. Our detailed results confirm that the Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity yields a well-behaved flow structure in the inner region that satisfies the causality constraint. We also show that the velocity distribution predicted by our pseudo-Newtonian model agrees with general relativity in the vicinity of the horizon. The asymptotic expressions we derive therefore yield useful physical insight into the structure of advection-dominated disks, and they also provide convenient boundary conditions for the development of global models via numerical integration of the conservation equations. Although we focus here on advection-dominated flows, the results we obtain are also applicable to disks that lose matter and energy, provided that the loss rates become negligible close to the event horizon. Subject headings: accretion, accretion disks — black hole physics — hydrodynamics — methods: analytical — relativity
AN APPROXIMATE ARRANGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR SEMI-ALGEBRAIC CURVES

We present an arrangement algorithm for plane curves. The inputs are (1) continuous, compact, x-monotone curves and (2) a module that computes approximate crossing points of these curves. There are no general position requirements. We assume that the crossing module output is ∊ accurate, but allow it to be inconsistent, meaning that three curves are in cyclic y order over an x interval. The curves are swept with a vertical line using the crossing module to compute and process sweep events. When the sweep detects an inconsistency, the algorithm breaks the cycle to obtain a linear order. We prove correctness in a realistic computational model of the crossing module. The number of vertices in the output is V = 2n + N + min(3kn,n2/2) and the running time is O(V log n) for n curves with N crossings and k inconsistencies. The output arrangement is realizable by curves that are O(∊ + kn∊) close to the input curves, except in kn∊ neighborhoods of the curve tails. The accuracy can be guaranteed everywhere by adding tiny horizontal extensions to the segment tails, but without the running time bound. An implementation is described for semi-algebraic curves based on a numerical equation solver. Experiments show that the extensions only slightly increase the running time and have little effect on the error. On challenging data sets, the number of inconsistencies is at most 3N, the output accuracy is close to ∊, and the running time is close to that of the standard, non-robust floating point sweep.
MEASURING THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON VITICULTURE USING AUCTION, RETAIL, AND WHOLESALE PRICES

In this paper we measure the effect of year-to-year changes in the weather on wine prices and winery revenue in the Mosel Valley in Germany in order to determine the effect that climate change is likely to have on the income of wine growers. A novel aspect of our analysis is that we compare the estimates based on auction, retail, and wholesale prices. Although auction prices are based on actual transactions, they provide a thick market only for high quality, expensive wines and may overestimate climate’s effect on farmer revenues. Wholesale prices, on the other hand, do provide broad coverage of all wines sold and probably come closest to representing the revenues of farmers. Overall, we estimate a 1°C increase in temperature would yield an increase in farmer revenue of about 30%.
Persistent excitation in bilinear systems

Discrete-time systems described by difference equations which are polynomial in the input and linear in the output are discussed. Bilinear systems are special members of this class. Two issues are examined. First, a multidimensional polynomial-based algebraic condition which is necessary and sufficient for such systems to be identifiable is given. Second, subject to an identifiability assumption, a condition on the input sequence which guarantees persistent excitation is given. The principle analytic tool used in this study involves multidimensional polynomials. >
A Deterministic Polynomial Time Algorithm for Non-commutative Rational Identity Testing

Symbolic matrices in non-commuting variables, andthe related structural and algorithmic questions, have a remarkablenumber of diverse origins and motivations. They ariseindependently in (commutative) invariant theory and representationtheory, linear algebra, optimization, linear system theory,quantum information theory, and naturally in non-commutativealgebra.
Slow wave vane structure with elliptical cross-section slots: an analysis

Mathematical analysis of the wave equation in cylinders with elliptical cross-section slots was performed. Compared to slow wave structures with rectangular slots higher impedance and lower power dissipation losses are evident below a certain value of kh. These features could lead to improved designs of traveling wave magnetrons and gigahertz backward-wave oscillators as well as linear traveling wave tubes with relatively shallow slots. >
Optimal Control of Spatially Distributed Systems

In this paper, we study the structural properties of optimal control of spatially distributed systems. Such systems consist of an infinite collection of possibly heterogeneous linear control systems that are spatially interconnected via certain distant-dependent coupling functions over arbitrary graphs. We study the structural properties of optimal control problems with infinite-horizon linear quadratic criteria, by analyzing the spatial structure of the solution to the corresponding operator Lyapunov and Riccati equations. The key idea of the paper is the introduction of a special class of operators called spatially decaying (SD). These operators are a generalization of translation invariant operators used in the study of spatially invariant systems. We prove that given a control system with a state-space representation consisting of SD operators, the solution of operator Lyapunov and Riccati equations are SD. Furthermore, we show that the kernel of the optimal state feedback for each subsystem decays in the spatial domain, with the type of decay (e.g., exponential, polynomial or logarithmic) depending on the type of coupling between subsystems.
Coastal protected area management and multi-tiered governance: the Cape Cod Model

Policy tools that allow for the coordination of various authorities at different levels of government are important for coastal protected areas. Frequently, multiple authorities manage these areas with varied and sometimes conflicting goals. This study examines a regulatory model implemented on the Cape Cod National Seashore in the US that uses federally-approved zoning to regulate private uses for protection of natural coastal resources. Local authorities implement the zoning which is designed to support national resource protection goals making this a prime model of cross-level governance for conservation. I use case study analysis to evaluate the program’s effectiveness by focusing on implementation and compliance in the context of multi-jurisdictional (i.e., national to local) relations. The analysis and subsequent discussion highlight the difficulties associated with implementation of intergovernmental mandates. Also, theoretical perspectives on compliance give insights about the implementation challenges of this model. The model’s limitations have implications for policymakers considering similar schemes implemented by split and hierarchical authorities with different, and possibly conflicting, coastal management goals.
Readout Electronics Scheme in CMOS Technology for Integration with Analog Outputs from Integrated Smart Sensors

A digital readout electronics scheme in CMOS technology is described for integration with micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) sensors on the same chip. The readout circuit is general in nature and can be employed with a variety of analog sensors. The presented scheme in CMOS technology is fully integrable with the multiple sensor outputs either in a chain or an array format and is capable of detecting low analog output signals from a few mV to mV range. The CMOS circuit design is compatible with ±1.5V operation for low power consumption.
What musicianship can teach educational research

This paper argues that the processes involved in making, listening to and creating music can teach us about the processes of research. These processes include form, rhythm, harmony, timbre, melody and polyphony. A second set of ideas addresses ways of doing (which, following Dewey, are inevitably ways of becoming) in interviews, observations and the communication of research. Ways of doing/becoming include improvisation, empathy, embodiment, three-pronged connection and collaborative research.
The evolving impact of institutional repositories on reference librarians

Purpose – The paper's purpose is to share the insights that the staff of the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Libraries (Wallace Library, RIT Archives, and the Cary Collection) gained into the role of reference librarians in establishing and operating an institutional repository (IR).Design/methodology/approach – The paper conducts a literature review on a range of published (1999‐2005) works to research the background of IRs and to incorporate it with the authors' own experiences.Findings – The research findings, involving implementing IRs and specifically the effect on the role of the reference librarian in academic libraries, were found to be not as extensive as expected.Originality/value – This paper is intended for those who are involved in developing and promoting IRs. The outcome of the paper is to stimulate thought and to contribute to the dialog on the topic of how IRs impact reference librarian roles and careers.
A multi-etiology model of systemic degeneration in schizophrenia

We discuss the possibility of multiple underlying etiologies of the condition currently labeled as schizophrenia. We support this hypothesis with a theoretical model of the prefrontal-limbic system. We show how the dynamical behavior of this model depends on an entire set of physiological parameters, representing synaptic strengths, vulnerability to stress-induced cortisol, dopamine regulation and rates of autoantibody production. Malfunction of such different parameters produces similar outward dysregulation of the system, which may readily lead to diagnostic difficulties for a clinician. Techniques that provide a spectrum/profile of neural and steroid functions may be helpful in clarifying these diagnostic dilemmas.