cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources and composition of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon in a southern Louisiana tidal stream (Bayou Trepagnier)

The composition and cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon (HMW-DOC) were examined in a tidal stream (Bayou Trepagnier) with seasonally high DOC concentrations (1.0‐5.6 mM). 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR) was used to examine the bulk chemical composition of natural HMW-DOC from two field sites over 1.5 yr. The HMW-DOC at both sites was dominated by aliphatic (41%), carbohydrate (33%), and carboxyl (16%) carbon, with relatively low aromatic carbon abundance (10%). A comparison of 13 C NMR signatures of bayou HMW-DOC and leachate HMW-DOC collected from leaf litter and soils revealed that plant litter leachate appears to be a more important source of HMW-DOM than soil. Dominant sources of HMW-DOC were likely allochthonous inputs of terrestrial plant litter with periodic inputs of soil organic matter during flooding events. The low aromaticity of bayou HMW-DOC may reflect the influence of low-oxygen conditions, which inhibit the decomposition of particulate aromatic macromolecules such as lignin and humic material to HMW-DOC. Ligninphenol biomarker concentrations (L6, in mg/ 100 mg OC) were much lower in HMW-DOC (1.2) than in plant (5.2) and soil (6.8) organic matter, indicating that a significant fraction of this highly aromatic material was not degraded to HMW-DOC. Finally, this study demonstrated that lignin and other compounds from terrestrially derived organic matter in sediments and adjacent soils are not a significant source of more soluble moieties that enter the HMWDOC pool of the bayou. In both freshwater and marine systems, a significant fraction of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is composed of high-molecular-weight DOC (HMW-DOC) or colloidal organic carbon. The composition of HMW-DOC is important to nutrient cycling and aquatic chemistry, because this fraction contains substantial amounts of potential bacterial substrates and influences physicochemical characteristics through light attenuation, pH buffering, and metal complexation (McKnight et al. 1994; Battin 1998). Despite the abundance of HMW-DOC in inland waters, most studies advancing our understanding of HMW-DOC cycling have been conducted in the open ocean or large estuaries. In those systems, HMW-DOC appears to be derived mainly from direct exudation by phytoplankton and is rich in polysaccharides, pigments, lipids, and nucleic acids (Bianchi et al. 1995; Biddanda and Benner 1997). In freshwater systems, humic substances derived from diagenesis of structural materials from soils and higher plants are also important contributors to HMW-DOC (Frimmel and Christman 1988; Gustafsson and Gschwend 1997). Relatively little is known about HMW-DOC cycling in coastal wetlands, although wetlands have high DOC concentrations and could be important HMW-DOC sources to es1 Corresponding author.
MAIZE MITOCHONDRIAL PLASMID S-1 SEQUENCES SHARE HOMOLOGY WITH CHLOROPLAST GENE psbA

The linear, 6397-base pair (bp), mitochondrial S-1 DNA molecule from maize contains a 420-bp segment that is homologous with the chloroplast gene (psbA) that codes for the quinone binding protein of photosystem II. This is the first report of a chloroplast sequence in a naturally occurring viral-like or plasmid DNA. The complete sequence of the S-1 chloroplast segment has been compared with homologous regions of six different chloroplast genes. The S-1 segment has diverged from the other genes both by length mutation and base substitution. Several of the length mutations are exact adjacent tandem duplications of 4 and 5 bp similar to "footprints" left after excision of transposable elements in maize nuclear DNA.
PERIPHERAL BRAIN : Emergency Drugs

This section of Pediatrics in Review is designed to be clipped or duplicated and filed in a handy place in the office, clinic, or emergency department, providing a convenient and concise reference. All offices in which children are examined should have pediatric emergency equipment, supplies, drugs, policies, and procedures. The equipment, supplies, and drugs kept in the office will depend on the spectrum of ill or injured children seen in the practice. However, a source of oxygen, basic resuscitation drugs (suited to the patient population and experience of the health-care providers), and a dosage chart or weight-based dosing tape (Figure 1) should be available in all offices. The following list of drugs is fairly comprehensive and is organized according to sign or symptom needing treatment. Health-care providers should become familiar with the information regarding specific drugs that they use commonly, eg, choose a short-acting benzodiazepine such as diazepam or lorazepam for treating status epilepticus. The intraosseous (IO) route of drug administration can be used for the majority of emergency drugs listed in the chart that suggest administration by the intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) routes. The IO route is appropriate for children age 6 years and younger and should be reserved for those circumstances where failure to achieve vascular access might result in loss of life or limb (ie, anaphylaxis, cardiopulmonary arrest).
EFFECTS OF TEACHER–CHILD INTERACTION TRAINING (TCIT) ON TEACHER RATINGS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE

Problem behaviors in preschool-aged children negatively affect teacher-child relationships and children’sskilldevelopment.Inthisclinicalreplicationofaninitialstudy,weimplementedTeacher– Child Interaction Training (TCIT), a teacher-delivered, universal intervention designed for early childhood settings. The initial study evaluated the TCIT program in a sample of 4- to 5-yearold children, whereas the current study focused on 2- to 3-year-old children. Teacher ratings of children’s behavior indicated a significant main effect for time on children’s protective factor scores, but not on behavioral concerns. However, for children whose ratings fell in the belowaverage range at baseline, significant large effect sizes were obtained for changes over time for both protective factors and behavioral concerns. Higher levels of teacher skill change were significantly associated with overall higher protective factor scores, as well as lower behavioral concern scores for children when baseline levels of behavioral concerns were high. Results provide further support for the effectiveness of TCIT as a universal intervention designed to improve children’s behaviors throughtargetedimprovementsinteachers’relationship-buildingskillsandclassroommanagement strategies. C � 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sympathetic nervous system activity and α-adrenergic responsiveness in older hypertensive humans

We have previously demonstrated in normotensive humans an age-associated increase in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity combined with appropriate downregulation of alpha-adrenergic responsiveness. Impaired downregulation of alpha-adrenergic responsiveness, despite a comparable level of SNS activity, could contribute to higher blood pressure in older hypertensive humans. We measured arterial plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels and the extravascular NE release rate (NE2) derived from [3H]NE kinetics (to assess systemic SNS activity), and platelet and forearm arterial adrenergic responsiveness in 20 normotensive (N) and in 24 hypertensive (H), otherwise healthy, older subjects (60-75 yr). Although plasma NE levels were similar (N 357 +/- 27 vs. H 322 +/- 22 pg/ml; P = 0.37), NE2 tended to be greater in the hypertensive group (H 2.23 +/- 0.21 vs. N 1.64 +/- 0.20 microgram. min-1. m-2; P = 0. 11), and the NE metabolic clearance rate was greater (H 1,100 +/- 30 vs. N 900 +/- 50 ml/m2; P = 0.004). In the hypertensive group, there was a greater alpha-agonist-mediated inhibition of platelet membrane adenylyl cyclase activity and a NE- but not ANG II-mediated decrease in forearm blood flow. Compared with normotensive subjects, in older hypertensive subjects 1) NE metabolic clearance rate is increased, 2) systemic SNS activity tends to be increased, and 3) arterial and platelet alpha-adrenergic responsiveness is enhanced. These results suggest that heightened SNS activity coupled with enhanced alpha-adrenergic responsiveness may contribute to elevated blood pressure in older hypertensive humans.
Archival Optical Disk Data Storage

The optical disk has become a viable candidate for mass digital data storage. Its unique characteristics make it suitable for archival, wideband, high density record and playback applications as well as those requiring fast access to a large data base. RCA has been pursuing the development of such systems for government mass data storage and retrieval requirements. This work is centered around a unique "tri-layer" optical disk structure, which offers high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at very high packing densities. The two major areas of pursuit are record and playback at data rates of 200 Mb/s or more and multiple-disk record and playback units for very large on-line capacities. Record and playback at high data rates is achieved through simultaneous multiple, parallel-channel operation. Present day solutions involve splitting the output from a single high-power argon laser into multiple beams, modulating each beam independently, and focusing them onto a rotating optical disk to simultaneously form a closely spaced series of data tracks. Single-channel rates of 50 Mb/s and multiple-channel rates of 150 Mb/s have been demonstrated on laboratory breadboard equipment. Designs for equipments that will operate at 400 Mb/s are being pursued for implementation in an engineering development model. Concept designs for multiple disk record and playback systems are centered around two "jukebox" configurations, which can provide fast automatic access to large on-line data stores. A feasibility design for a reader unit with an access time of three seconds to 1013 bits (100 disks) has been performed. A second concept provides a capability of both record andplayback of 50 Mb/s with an access time of seven seconds to 1013 bits. This unit features an expansion capability for servicing multiple simultaneous user requests. Both "jukebox" configurations have been developed for large archival mass memory systems. These systems require a storage capability of 1013 bits (1014 bits on-line) at record and playback data rates of 50 Mb/s and access times of 3 to 15 seconds.
A core-level spectroscopic investigation of the preparation and electrochemical cycling of nitrogen-modified carbon as a model catalyst support

The synthesis and electrochemical cycling of platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles sputtered onto nitrogen-implanted highly-oriented-pyrolytic-graphite (HOPG) was studied with soft X-ray spectroscopy. The near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) of the carbon 1s, nitrogen 1s, and oxygen 1s transitions were measured as a function of sample preparation and electrochemical cycling. The NEXAFS of the C 1s edge indicate defect formation in the graphitic (sp2) network of the carbon support due to implantation. The primary nitrogen species include pyridinic, nitrilic, and graphitic with no evidence of pyrrolic nitrogen. Upon exposure to ambient conditions, the carbon defects react and produce both –CO and –C–OH species. Sputtering Pt : Ru and subsequent air exposure introduces more defects that react with ambient oxygen to increase the number of –CO species. The samples also show signs of oxidization after implantation. Electrochemical cycling of the samples restores the C 1s fine structure associated with graphitic (sp2) carbon and alters the concentration of nitrogen species associated with the nitrile functional groups. The cycling also induces platinum oxidation and ruthenium loss, determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the Pt 4f, Ru 3d and Ru 3p. The results provide useful evidence of the types of nitrogen species that are present after electrochemical processes which can be used in the rational design of future electrocatalyst systems.
Abstract 13355: Women have Better Survival than Men with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Left Bundle Branch Block: an Observational Comparative Effectiveness Study from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry

Background: Women and patients without left bundle branch block (LBBB) were underrepresented in cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) trials. Therefore, trial results primarily reflect outcomes in men with LBBB (~75% of enrollees). Objective: To compare risk of death between patients treated with CRT-D and those receiving implantable defibrillators (ICD) in subgroups by sex, QRS morphology and duration in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry between 2006-2010. Methods: We used inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) to control for differences in case-mix between CRT-D and ICD. Propensity scores were calculated and weighted using 25 variables including age, LVEF, NYHA class, ischemic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation/flutter, renal failure/dialysis, diabetes and hypertension. Subjects were categorized according to QRS morphology (LBBB vs. non-LBBB) and duration in 10 ms increments. We assessed adjusted survival curves and hazard ratios (HR) in 75,079 patients with up to 5 years of follow-up in the social security administration death master file. Results: In patients with LBBB, women receiving CRT-D had a 26% lower risk of death than those receiving ICD (HR=0.74 [95% CI 0.68-0.81]); the risk difference was 16% in men (HR=0.84 [0.79-0.89]), p=0.025 for interaction. Among those with non-LBBB, women had a 12% lower risk (HR=0.88 [0.79-0.97]) with CRT-D while men had a 5% lower risk (HR=0.95 [0.91-0.998]), p=0.17 for interaction (Figure). CRT-D was associated with a better survival in both sexes with LBBB and QRS ≥130 ms while there was no clear relation between QRS duration and survival in patients with non-LBBB. Conclusions: In a large real-world population comparing CRT-D with ICD therapy, CRT-D was associated with a lower mortality risk among both women and men with LBBB, though the difference was less pronounced among men. Among LBBB morphology only, both sexes had better survival with longer QRS duration.
A cytokine and angiogenic factor (CAF) plasma signature for selection of sorafenib (SR) therapy in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)

5114 Background: SR, an oral inhibitor of Raf kinase, RET-receptor (R), VEGFR-1, 2, and 3, PDGFR-β, FLT-3, and c-KIT tyrosine kinases, has been shown to prolong progression-free survival (PFS) in m...
Identification of double‐bond positions in isomeric alkenones from a lacustrine haptophyte

RATIONALE Measurements of alkenone unsaturation ratios are widely used for paleotemperature reconstructions in ocean and lake environments. Previously, we reported the discovery of a series of tri-unsaturated alkenone positional isomers (Δ(14, 21, 28) ) from oligosaline and freshwater lakes in Greenland and Alaska. In this work we provide a detailed analysis of the structures and isotopic compositions (δ(13) C and δ(2) H) of the alkenones produced by the "Greenland haptophyte". METHODS Alkenones were extracted from sediments of Lake BrayaSo, Greenland. Alkenone double-bond positions were determined by GC/EI-MS analysis of alkenone dimethyl disulfide and cyclobutylimine derivatives. Alkenones were purified by semi-preparative HPLC using a silver(I) thiolate stationary phase. Carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis was performed by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). RESULTS A series of novel tri-unsaturated alkenone positional isomers were identified among four alkenone homologues (i.e. C37 Me , C38 Me , C38 Et , and C39 Et ) with double-bond positions at Δ(14, 21, 28) . The hydrogen isotope compositions (δ(2) H, VSMOW) of the tri-unsaturated positional isomers from C37 Me and C38 Et were slightly depleted (~ -11 ‰) relative to the common tri-unsaturated alkenone. The carbon isotope composition (δ(13) C, VPDB) of the tri-unsaturated positional isomers from the C37 Me , C38 Me , C38 Et , and C39 Et alkenones were significantly enriched (~ +4 ‰) relative to the common alkenones (di-, tri-, and tetra-unsaturated). CONCLUSIONS The novel tri-unsaturated alkenone positional isomers produced by the Greenland haptophyte possess Δ(14, 21, 28) double-bond positions, instead of the common Δ(7, 14, 21) double-bond positions. The hydrogen isotope values suggest the novel tri-unsaturated positional isomers could be biosynthetic precursors to the tetra-unsaturated alkenones (Δ(7, 14, 21, 28) ). However, the significantly higher carbon isotope values of the tri-unsaturated positional isomers relative to the common di-, tri- and tetra-unsaturated alkenones suggest these positional isomers may have different/additional biosynthetic precursors.
Optical Telescope Design Study Results

We report on the results of a study conducted from Nov 2012-Apr 2013 to develop a telescope design for a space-based gravitational wave detector. The telescope is needed for efficient power delivery but since it is directly in the beam path, the design is driven by the requirements for the overall displacement sensitivity of the gravitational wave observatory. Two requirements in particular, optical pathlength stability and scattered light performance, are beyond the usual specifications for good image quality encountered in traditional telescopic systems. An important element of the study was to tap industrial expertise to develop an optimized design that can be reliably manufactured. Key engineering and design trade-offs and the sometimes surprising results will be presented.
Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction: To Screen or Not to Screen?

Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome, the progressive nature of which is well recognized. The guidelines emphasize the importance of its early, preclinical stages and divide the disorder into 4 stages [(1)][1]. Two stages (A and B) are asymptomatic. Stage A denotes a “high risk for heart failure but
Molecular Precursors to Boron Nitride then Films: the Reactions of Diborane with Ammonia and with Hydrazine on Ru(0001)

The coadsorption and reaction of diborane with ammonia and with hydrazine on Ru(0001) have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDS). Diborane is found to decompose to atomic boron and hydrogen upon adsorption at T>200K. Multilayers of diborane and ammonia, deposited at 90K on Ru(0001), react when annealed to 600K. The XPS results indicate that boron-nitrogen adlayers can be formed by this reaction. These boron-nitrogen films are boron-rich and.decompose at temperatures higher than 1100K. Our TDS studies reveal that hydrazine decomposes extensively to NH3, N2, N and H on Ru(0001). Due to its higher reactivity, boron-nitrogen films of B/N stoichiometric ratio near unity are obtained when hydrazine is used rather than ammonia. In our studies, these films were formed by either simultaneously dosing B2H6 and N2H4 at 450K or by coadsorption of the reactants at 90K and subsequent annealing to 450K. These studies have shown that diborane and hydrazine can be successfully used as molecular precursors in the low temperature deposition of boron nitride thin-films.
Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Pyrochlore Oxides

The transport properties of the pyrochlore solid solution Gd2(ZrxTil-x)2O7 are investigated to clarify the relationships between composition, structural disorder and ionic and electronic transport. The oxygen ion conductivity has been found to increase sharply with increasing Zr content, x, due to enhanced structural disorder, leading to intrinsic ionic conduction at large values of x. In contrast, the n-type conductivity predominant at low x, decreases sharply above x=0.2. Defect chemical models are presented to account for the simultaneous contributions of both intrinsic and dopant induced disorder. These models are applied to the σ(T, PO2, dopant) data to extract key thermodynamic and transport parameters. The significance of these parameters and the potential application of these materials in electrochemical devices are discussed.
Simulation of topographic and daily variation in colony activity of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) using a soil temperature model

The relationships between soil temperature and foraging activity of ground-dwelling ants have been widely studied, but variation in activity among ant colonies has hindered the integration of foraging activity across time and space. We developed time-integrated simulations of colony foraging activity by linking estimates of the temperature-activity responses of ant colonies to a soil temperature model. In the field, we measured the relationship between soil surface temperature and foraging activity by 29 colonies of the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson, located at 3 topographic positions within a shortgrass steppe ecosystem. The temperature-activity relationships estimated by logistic regression were then coupled with a soil temperature model to predict the number of foraging hours per day during June and July 1996. Soil temperature was a significant predictor of colony foraging probability, whereas topographic position affected overall foraging probability or shifted peak activity to higher or lower temperatures. These temperature-activity relationships resulted in greater simulated foraging times for colonies on slopes than on uplands during June, but upland colonies had greater foraging times during July. Simulated foraging times for ant colonies on uplands also were the least sensitive to changes in soil temperature because of variation in vegetation cover, air temperature, and solar radiation. We suggest that greater densities of ant colonies on uplands are partly because of a favorable microclimate for P. occidentalis in addition to soil characteristics, nest maintenance, or proximity to mating sites.
Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Dentin Apposition and Eruption in Incisor of Rat

Summary and ConclusionsIn magnesium deficiency the rate of eruption of the incisor is reduced to approximately one-third the normal. The outstanding effect is on dentin apposition which is progressively decelerated, the enamel-covered dentin being affected more acutely than the cementum-covered portion. Temporary local cessations of growth may occur. The formation of alveolar bone is also decelerated to one-half or less of the normal rate and the periodontal membrane is abnormally wide. The dentin of the rat incisor acts not only as a kymograph of calcium metabolism (Fig. 2), but also as a growth kymograph (Fig. 1, D.2).
The evolving spectrum of ciliopathies and respiratory disease.

Purpose of reviewResearch on the biology of cilia, complex hair-like cellular organelles, has greatly informed our understanding of its crucial role in respiratory health and the pathogenesis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), including the genetics behind this condition. This review will summariz
Chronic Subjunctivity, or, How Physicians Use Diabetes and Insomnia to Manage Futures in the United States.

ABSTRACTPrognostication has become central to medical practice, offering clinicians and patients views of particular futures enabled by biomedical expertise and technologies. Drawing on research on diabetes care and sleep medicine in the United States, in this article we suggest that subjectivity is increasingly modeled on medical understandings of chronic illness. These chronic conceptions of the self and society instill in individuals an anxiety about future health outcomes that, in turn, motivate practices oriented at self-care to avoid negative health outcomes and particular medical futures. At its most extreme, these anxieties of self-care trouble conceptions of self and social belonging, particularly in the future tense, leading patients and clinicians to consider intergenerational and public health based on the threats that individual patients pose for others.
Hands-On Learning in Special Collections: A Pilot Assessment Project

ABSTRACTThis study examined how hands-on work with original primary materials affects students' information literacy and critical thinking skills. The project team developed rubrics to evaluate document analyses from before and after student time in special collections. Most scores did not vary significantly between the pre- and posttests, although students' ability to analyze the materiality of documents did improve. They also examined papers from classes that had and had not used special collections against the Association of American Colleges and Universities' information literacy rubric and found no significant differences. The authors hope this project will serve as a pilot for future assessment of student learning in special collections.
TH‐F‐202‐00: MRI for Radiation Therapy

MRI has excellent soft tissue contrast and can provide both anatomical and physiological information. It is becoming increasingly important in radiation therapy for treatment planning, image-guided radiation therapy, and treatment assessment. It is critically important at this time point to educate and update our medical physicists about MRI to prepare for the upcoming surge of MRI applications in radiation therapy. This session will review important basics of MR physics, pulse sequence designs, and current radiotherapy application, as well as showcase exciting new developments in MRI that can be potentially useful in radiation therapy. Learning Objectives: 1.To learn basics of MR physics and understand the differences between various pulse sequences 2.To review current applications of MRI in radiation therapy.To discuss recent MRI advances for future MRI guided radiation therapy Partly supported by NIH (1R21CA165384).; W. Miller, Research supported in part by Siemens Healthcare; G. Li, My clinical research is in part supported by NIH U54CA137788. I have a collaborative research project with Philips Healthcare.; J. Cai, jing cai
Design and Applications of Hydrophilic Polyurethanes

Hydrophilic polyurethanes have the unique property of being able to absorb or otherwise manage moisture-and this makes them valuable in medical and a number of other important commercial applications.This new book provides a concise, unified presentation of hydrophilic polyurethanes technology and applications. All important topics from chemistry, analysis, processing and quality systems to product development and applications are covered clearly and systematically. The text is well illustrated by more than 45 flowcharts and diagrams and supplemented by more than 20 data tables.A special feature of this new book is its inclusion of case studies of recent development of commercially valuable products using hydrophilic polyurethanes. These case studies illustrate how these unique materials can be tailored to specific application needs.The information in this new book will be useful to all those involved in the research, development and applications of polymers, biomaterials, and other materials whose utility requires the special properties of hydrophilic polyurethanes. To receive your copy promptly, please order now. Information on ordering - by mail, fax, telephone or the publisher's secure website - follows the complete table of contents on the reverse.The AuthorTim Thomson is the director of Main Street Technologies, an independent research organization specializing in the development of advanced medical materials and devices. Previously he was technical manager of the Hypol Group, W. R. Grace & Co. He is recognized as an authority on hydrophilic polyurethanes and their use in medical device and other applications. He has an M.S. in Physical Chemistry from Michigan Technological University and has been awarded six patents in synthetic chemistry and process control.
Research Synthesis Connecting Trends in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Project Partnering

AbstractOver the last three decades, substantial research in construction management highlights the benefits and shortcomings of project partnering in architecture, engineering, and construction pr...
Lubricity of gold nanocrystals on graphene measured using quartz crystal microbalance

In order to test recently predicted ballistic nanofriction (ultra-low drag and enhanced lubricity) of gold nanocrystals on graphite at high surface speeds, we use the quartz microbalance technique to measure the impact of deposition of gold nanocrystals on graphene. We analyze our measurements of changes in frequency and dissipation induced by nanocrystals using a framework developed for friction of adatoms on various surfaces. We find the lubricity of gold nanocrystals on graphene to be even higher than that predicted for the ballistic nanofriction, confirming the enhanced lubricity predicted at high surface speeds. Our complementary molecular dynamics simulations indicate that such high lubricity is due to the interaction strength between gold nanocrystals and graphene being lower than previously assumed for gold nanocrystals and graphite.
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems - Past, present and future

Every year, automobile manufactures spend millions in funding development of cutting edge technologies to keep drivers safe and accident free while operating their vehicles. These technologies are known in the industry as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and each one is controlled by complex real-time embedded systems. This paper will present the state of the art for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and will give detailed overviews of past, present and future designs of each variant. Each overview will focus on the design of the actual real-time embedded system involved.
Helium Implantation into JSC-1A Lunar Simulant for Volatile Extraction System Testing

Research is ongoing to develop an experimental volatiles extraction system that can demonstrate a heating process for releasing helium-3 ( 3 He) and other valuable lunar volatiles from lunar regolith. Beyond the Apollo and Luna program lunar samples, there is no regolith or regolith simulant implanted with solar wind volatiles that is available. A device, named the Solar Wind Implanter (SWIM), has been developed to implant helium into batches of JSC-1A simulant.Â It uses a voltage difference between planar electrodes to accelerate helium ions (up to the average solar-wind speed of 450 km/s) into a thin, falling sheet of regolith simulant. Initial implantation tests have been conducted and SWIM is being calibrated by performing tests to determine electrode current under varying operational parameters and by measuring the dose and temperature release pattern of helium in implanted samples.
Flat Dilatometer (DMT), Cone Penetrometer (CPT) and Seismic Cone (SCPT) Evaluation of Select New Madrid Liquefaction Sites

Cone Penetration (CPT), Flat Dilatometer (DMT) and Seismic Shear Wave Velocity tests were conducted in four regions of the New Madrid seismic zone. Test results are compared to existing liquefaction criteria and to surface evidence of liquefaction (sandblows) during the 1811–1812 events. In general, all three tests confirm the presence of liquefaction-prone strata at locations with evidence of liquefaction. A “sand blow index” (SBI), which accounts for both local and regional sand blow intensity, correlates reasonably well against the minimum values of DMT horizontal stress index, the normalized CPT tip resistance, and the normalized shear wave velocity at each test location. An upperstratum clay also appears to play a significant role in inhibiting sand blow formation. Its thickness also correlates well with the SBI.
Comparative effectiveness of laparoscopy versus open colectomy among nonmetastatic colon cancer patients: An analysis using the National Cancer Data Base.

3627 Background: Laparoscopy (LAC) has gained wide acceptance as a curative treatment for non-metastatic colon cancer after the publications of several major clinical trials in the last decade. How...
Kinetics of ligand binding through advanced computational approaches: A review

Ligand residence times and binding rates have been found to be useful quantities to consider during drug design. The underlying structural and dynamic determinants of these kinetic quantities are difficult to discern. Driven by developments in computational hardware and simulation methodologies, molecular dynamics (MD) studies on full binding and unbinding pathways have emerged recently, showing these structural and dynamic determinants in atomic detail. However, the long timescales related to drug binding and release are still prohibitive to conventional MD simulation. Here we discuss a suite of enhanced sampling methods that have been applied to the study of full ligand binding or unbinding pathways, and reveal the kinetics of drug binding and/or release. We divide these sampling methods into three families (trajectory parallelization, metadynamics, and temperature- based methods), and discuss recent applications of each, as well as their basic theoretical underpinnings including how kinetic information is extracted. We then present an outlook for how the field could evolve, and how the rich variety of sampling methods discussed here can be leveraged in the future for computationally driven drug design.
Tale of the Good and the Bad Cdk5: Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Brain

Cdk5 kinase, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling in the brain. Cdk5 is essential for brain development during embryogenesis. After birth, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity is deregulated in various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemic stroke, resulting in profound remodeling of the neuronal cytoskeleton, loss of synapses, and ultimately neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the “good and bad” Cdk5 in the brain and its pleiotropic contribution in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal remodeling. A vast majority of physiological and pathological Cdk5 substrates are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, our special emphasis is on the numerous Cdk5 substrates identified in the past two decades such as ephexin1, p27, Mst3, CaMKv, kalirin-7, RasGRF2, Pak1, WAVE1, neurabin-1, TrkB, 5-HT6R, talin, drebrin, synapsin I, synapsin III, CRMP1, GKAP, SPAR, PSD-95, and LRRK2. These substrates have unraveled the molecular mechanisms by which Cdk5 plays divergent roles in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal dynamics both in healthy and diseased states.
Pathology of Mesenchymal and Hematopoietic Tumors

This chapter discusses the various mesenchymal tissue tumors of the ovary, including endometrioid stromal sarcoma, mesodermal adenosarcoma, angiosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing Sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor, osteosarcoma, cartilaginous neoplasms, nerve sheath tumors, PEComa/PEComatsosis. Hematopoietic tumors – ovarian involvement by lymphoma or leukemia – are also discussed.
Correlation of clinical and pathological staging and response to neoadjuvant therapy in resected pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has been increasingly employed to optimize outcomes in pancreatic cancer; however, little is known about its pathologic impact. Methods The National Cancer Data Base (2003–2011) was retrospectively reviewed for patients with pancreatic carcinoma who underwent initial surgery or NAT followed by resection. Response to NAT, determined by comparing clinical and pathologic stage, and survival were evaluated. Results 16,087 patients underwent initial pancreatectomy and 2307 patients received NAT. Clinical stage correlated poorly with pathological stage in patients who received initial surgery (κ = 0.2865, p P = 0.0022, P = 0.0012, respectively). This benefit was not preserved in stage III disease ( P = 0.7380, P = 0.0726, respectively). In multivariable analysis, downstage in disease was associated with a 19% lower hazard of mortality (HR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.7–0.92, P = 0.002). Conclusions Clinical stage correlates poorly with pathological stage in resectable pancreatic cancer. The majority of patients do not experience a change in stage with NAT. Those with early stage disease, responsive to NAT, experience a survival benefit.
INDISCRIMINATE USE OF HYPOTHERMIA COULD BE DELETERIOUS IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC ARREST

The use of hypothermia, post cardiac arrest increases peripheral vascular constriction and myocardial load in Heart Failure patients in whom perfusion is already compromised. We hypothesized that there is differential impact of hypothermia in patients with and without Congestive Heart Failure(CHF)
Exact Ray Calculations in a Quasi-Parabolic Ionosphere With No Magnetic Field

The equation of the parabolic ionosphere model is modified in a manner which introduces very slight changes in the electron-density distribution. Using this new “quasi-parabolic” (or QP) model, it is possible to derive exact expressions describing radio-ray trajectories without introducing the approximations which are needed when dealing with the parabolic ionosphere, although magnetoionic effects are not included. The consequent accuracy of computed rays is useful as an aid in evaluating the accuracy of more versatile ray-calculation methods. Also, the exact ray expressions can be of direct use in calculating slight differences between rays which are nearly identical, for in this process, small inaccuracies can become magnified.
Srebrenica as Genocide? The Krsti Decision and the Language of the Unspeakable

In August 2001, a trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) handed down the tribunal’s first genocide conviction. In this landmark case, Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, the trial chamber determined that the 1995 Srebrenica massacres—in which Bosnian Serb forces executed 7,0008,000 Bosnian Muslim men—constituted genocide. This Note acknowledges the need for a dramatic expression of moral outrage at the most terrible massacre in Europe since the Second World War. However, this Note also challenges the genocide finding. By excluding consideration of the perpetrators’ motives for killing the men, such as seeking to eliminate a military threat, the Krstic chamber’s method for finding specific intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims, in whole or in part, was incomplete. The chamber also loosely construed other terms in the genocide definition, untenably broadening the meaning and application of the crime. The chamber’s interpretation of genocide in turn has problematic implications for the tribunal, enforcement of international humanitarian law, and historical accuracy. Thus highlighting instances where inquiry into motives may be relevant to genocide determinations, this Note ultimately argues for preserving distinctions between genocide and crimes against humanity, while simultaneously expanding the legal obligation to act to mass crimes that lack proof of genocidal intent.
Typicality-based semantic treatment for anomia results in multiple levels of generalisation

This study investigated the effects of typicality-based semantic feature analysis (SFA) treatment on generalisation across three levels: untrained related items, semantic/phonological processing ta...
Trajectory Balancing: A General Reweighting Approach to Causal Inference With Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data

We introduce trajectory balancing, a general reweighting approach to causal inference with time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data. We focus on settings in which one or more units is exposed to treatment at a given time, while a set of control units remain untreated throughout a time window of interest. First, we show that many commonly used TSCS methods imply an assumption that a unit's non-treatment potential outcomes in the post-treatment period are linear in that unit's pre-treatment outcomes as well as time-invariant covariates. Under this assumption, we introduce the mean balancing method that reweights the control units such that the averages of the pre-treatment outcomes and covariates are approximately equal between the treatment and (reweighted) control groups. Second, we relax the linearity assumption and propose the kernel balancing method that seeks an approximate balance on a kernel-based feature expansion of the pre-treatment outcomes and covariates. The resulting approach inherits the property of handling time-vary confounders as in synthetic control and latent factor models, but has the advantages of: (1) improving feasibility and stability with reduced user discretion compared to existing approaches; (2) accommodating both short and long pre-treatment time periods with many or few treated units; and (3) achieving balance on the high-order "trajectory" of pre-treatment outcomes rather than their simple average at each time period. We illustrate this method with simulations and two empirical examples.
Abstract TP98: Aging-Related Impairment in Post-Ischemic O-GlcNAcylation Activation Critically Contributes to Stroke Outcome

Introduction: Activity of the unfolded protein response (UPR) declines with age. The most conserved UPR branch is mediated by inositol- requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1). Once activated, IRE1 is converted ...
C. S. Peirce and Josiah Royce: Understanding, self-understanding, and self-misunderstanding

There is, at the heart of this paper, a comparison between Peirce’s understanding of inquiry and Royce’s account of interpretation. It is framed by a consideration of self-misunderstanding (a consideration developed in reference to Peirce) and, tied to this discussion of self-misunderstanding, a consideration of understanding itself. For Peirce, in his account of inquiry, and Royce in his meta-interpretation (i.e., his interpretation of the meaning and function of interpretation itself), some form of understanding is at stake. For example, the task of the scientific inquirer is unfinished if it stops at the discovering of the bare facts (simply that something is actually the case—i.e., a body such as a small stone held aloft by a person will fall to the ground if the person lets it go). While for both thinkers, science is not a body of secure knowledge but rather a form of ongoing inquiry, it aims primarily at understanding. Both Peirce and Royce are animated by a commitment to the intelligibility of the cosmos in its full sweep and smallest detail. Peirce’s account of inquiry and Royce’s conception of interpretation are endeavors to detail how human actors render ever more deeply and widely intelligible the world of their experience. Much can be learned comparing them in this respect.
β-hydroxybutyrate and its metabolic effects on age-associated pathology

Aging is a universal process that renders individuals vulnerable to many diseases. Although this process is irreversible, dietary modulation and caloric restriction are often considered to have antiaging effects. Dietary modulation can increase and maintain circulating ketone bodies, especially β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), which is one of the most abundant ketone bodies in human circulation. Increased β-HB has been reported to prevent or improve the symptoms of various age-associated diseases. Indeed, numerous studies have reported that a ketogenic diet or ketone ester administration alleviates symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Considering the potential of β-HB and the intriguing data emerging from in vivo and in vitro experiments as well as clinical trials, this therapeutic area is worthy of attention. In this review, we highlight studies that focus on the identified targets of β-HB and the cellular signals regulated by β-HB with respect to alleviation of age-associated ailments. Boosting levels of a byproduct of fatty acid breakdown may help alleviate the symptoms of age-associated health conditions. When the body is low on glucose, it breaks down fatty acids for energy, generating byproduct metabolites called ketones. The ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) regulates cellular signaling and gene and protein expression. There are indications that ketogenic diets or ketone administration, which increase β-BH may prevent ageing-associated progression of illnesses like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Young-min Han and co-workers at Georgia State University in Atlanta, USA, reviewed current understanding of β-BH and its molecular targets. β-BH is a potent metabolite small enough to filter through cell membranes and circulate throughout the body, including the brain, influencing signaling pathways. Further investigations into associated molecular mechanisms will verify the metabolite’s potential as a therapeutic agent.
Impacts of fluorescent powders on survival of different age cohorts, blood-feeding success, and tethered flight speed of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) females.

Abstract Fluorescent powders are one of the most common external markers used to study mosquito behavior and ecology. For their reliable and practical use, it is important to evaluate their effect on biological parameters such as survival, blood-feeding, and mobility. We evaluated the effect of five different fluorescent powders (Day-Glo ® ECO Series) on the survival of different age cohorts, blood-feeding success, and tethered flight speed on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) adult females. For survival analysis, three cohorts (2–5, 6–9 and 10–13 days old) were marked and mortality recorded until all died. To examine the effect of fluorescent powders on female response to blood-feeding, the proportions of unfed, partially fed, and fully engorged females, after being exposed to host blood under two different time sets (20 and 40 min.), were compared. Their impact on female tethered flight speed was evaluated recording their flight for 30 min. with a flight mill. Survival distributions between treatments were not significantly different within each cohort. Blood-feeding was not significantly different among marked or unmarked females at both times of blood exposure, with the exception of Signal Green-ECO 18 and Ultra Violet- ECO 20 (at 20 and 40 min.), in which a higher proportion of partially fed females was observed compared to control females. In relation to flight performance, no statistically significant difference in mean tethered flight speed (m/s), among marked and unmarked mosquito groups, was observed. Our results indicate that the tested powders and application method have few significant impacts on Ae. aegypti survival, blood-feeding success and flight performance, and are thus suitable for investigations of mosquito biology in the environment.
Chapter 41 – Skin Lipids

Lipids isolated from mammals are currently classified into fatty acid, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, sterol, and wax. All lipid classes are contained in skin compartments in epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and skin appendages (sebaceous glands, hair, sweat glands). Some of these lipids are constituents of cellular membranes, while some of them serve as signaling molecules to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and cell motility. In addition to these general roles in skin, lipids in the sebaceous glands, subcutaneous fat tissues, and the epidermis have unique roles in maintaining both skin and extracutaneous organs. In particular, some lipid species in the epidermis are functionally, structurally, and metabolically unique. The majority of all cosmetics are applied as epidermal treatments. Many textbooks and reviewer articles about lipids, including skin lipids, already have been published. Hence, sebaceous, subcutaneous fat, and epidermal lipids are discussed in this chapter. Additionally, because an understanding of biosynthetic lipid pathways is required to develop cosmetics that contain biologically active chemicals that improve skin conditions, this chapter includes a discussion of these biosynthesis pathways.