cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of “intermittent” active control of combustion instabilities in liquid fueled combustors using a “smart” fuel injector

Abstract This paper describes an experimental investigation of the feasibility of an “intermittent” active control approach for suppressing combustion instabilities in liquid fueled combustors. The developed controller employs a “smart” fuel injector that can modify the spray properties in response to changes in combustor operating conditions. This action weakens or breaks up the coupling between the combustion process and combustor acoustic modes oscillations, thus preventing the excitation of large amplitude instabilities. This approach differs significantly from previously proposed active control methods, both in concept and implementation, as it requires only “intermittent” modification of the combustion process by a single control action as opposed to the continuous action required by most other active control methods. The “smart” fuel injector used in this study consisted of a double-staged, air-assisted atomizer in which counter swirling, primary (inner stage) and secondary (outer stage) air streams were supplied to the injector through separate sets of tangentially oriented orifices. Control of the ratio of air mass flow rates supplied to these two stages, by use of a diverter valve, resulted in significant changes in the spray shape and its axial, tangential, and radial velocity components. This variation in spray properties of the “smart” injector was characterized for different values of the inner to outer air flow rate ratio in cold flow tests with a PDPA system. These results were then correlated with the characteristics of the “intermittently” controlled combustor. Measured quantities included the instability amplitudes, axial dependence of the mean and oscillatory heat release amplitudes, and the characteristics of the recirculation zones, which were all shown to depend on the fuel spray properties. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using “smart” fuel injectors with capabilities for varying the combustion process characteristics to reduce the amplitudes of detrimental combustion instabilities in real engines to acceptable levels.
Teaching adults-best practices that leverage the emerging understanding of the neurobiology of learning.

It is important in teaching adults to recognize the essential characteristics of adult learners and how these characteristics define their learning priorities and activities. The seven key premises and practices for teaching adults provide a good guide for those interested in helping adults learn. The emerging science of the neurobiology of learning provides powerful new insights into how learning occurs in the complex integrated neural network that characterizes the adult. Differentiation of the two types of thinking: System 1 (fast, intuitive, and, often, emotional) and System 2 (slower, deliberate, and logical). System 1 thinking helps explain the basis for quick decisions and reliance of humans on heuristics (or rules of thumb) that leads to the type of convenient thinking associated with errors of thinking and judgment. We now know that the learning experience has an objective location—in the temporal and parietal lobes—as persistent dynamic networks of neurons and neuronal connections. Learning is initially stored in transient working memory (relatively limited capacity and time frame) and then moved under the right conditions to more long-lasting / stable memory (with larger capacity) that is stored for future access and development. It is clear that memories are not static and are not destined, once developed, to forever remain as stable constructs; rather, memories are dynamic, always available for modulation and alteration, and heavily invested with context, emotion, and other operant factors. The framework for such neural networks involves new neuronal connections, enhanced neuronal synaptic transmission, and neuron generation. Ten key teaching and learning concepts derived from recent neurobiology studies on learning and memory are presented. As the neurobiology of learning is better defined, the basis for how adults best learn, and even the preferences they display, can be employed as the physiological foundation for our best methods to effectively teach adults and facilitate their learning.
What is essential tremor

Classic essential tremor is a clinical syndrome of action tremor in the upper limbs (at least 95 % of patients) and less commonly the head, face/jaw, voice, tongue, trunk, and lower limbs, in the absence of other neurologic signs. However, the longstanding notion that essential tremor is a monosymptomatic tremor disorder is being challenged by a growing literature describing associated disturbances of tandem walking, personality, mood, hearing, and cognition. There is also epidemiologic, pathologic, and genetic evidence that essential tremor is pathophysiologically heterogeneous. Misdiagnosis of essential tremor is common because clinicians frequently overlook other neurologic signs and because action tremor in the hands is caused by many conditions, including dystonia, Parkinson disease, and drug-induced tremor. Thus, essential tremor is nothing more than a syndrome of idiopathic tremulousness, and the challenge for researchers and clinicians is to find specific etiologies of this syndrome.
Electron microscopical examination of tissues and organs of Dacus oleae flies infected with cricket paralysis virus

Abstract Cricket paralysis virus-infected dead Dacus oleae flies were fractionated for the isolation of virus particles, and tissues and organs were examined by electron microscopy for the localization of the sites of active multiplication of the “input” virus. Cells of the fat body, tracheae, and hindgut were found to harbor large numbers of particles and paracrystalline arrays of the virus, while the muscle cells contained considerably fewer particles.
Making sense of discrepancies in working memory training experiments: a Monte Carlo simulation

The idea that working memory training can enhance general cognitive abilities has received a lot of attention in the last few years. Some studies have demonstrated far transfer to other cognitive abilities after training, whereas others have failed to replicate these findings (see Melby-Lervag and Hulme, 2013, for a meta-analytic review). These setbacks have had unfortunate effects on the field of cognitive training, sometimes raising concerns regarding methodology and analyses in concurrent labs. Although constructive skepticism is often healthy in fields based on peer-review, the current dynamic has created a climate of hostility detrimental to the advancement of science. In this paper, I show that some of these differences can simply emerge from population parameters underlying cognitive growth curves. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, I demonstrate that unbalanced samples are bound to arise by chance when individuals differ in their ability to learn, and propose a few remedies to circumvent this problem. Finally, I discuss the impact of cognitive training studies in refining theories of cognition and suggest directions for future research.
The nature of human C1-esterase: Its role in the complement reaction and the thermodynamic parameters associated with its action on some synthetic substrates

Abstract The ability of a group of inhibitors of C1-esterase (C l s) has been studied as inhibitors of the EAC14+C2 reaction. The order of inhibitory effectiveness of these compounds on the EAC14+C2 reaction is very much like their order of effectiveness on the C1-esterase reaction; the compound TAME however is a notable exceptioon to this general finding. The thermodynamics of the catalyis of the hydrolysis of ATEE and TEM have been studied. It is shown that the entropy change for enzyme-substrate complex formation is positive for both substrates, and enxyme substrate complex formation for ATEE is apparently entirely entropy driven. Evidence is presented which indicates that ATEE and TAME utilize the smae site on the C1-esterase molecule. Heats of activation for the catalytic step are also presented. The effects of ionic strength and pH have also been investigated, the former exerting very little effect upon complex formation. Ther primary cause of the pH effect upon rate was found to be due to variation of the apparent association constant with pH.
Hierarchical Bayesian Models for Predicting The Spread of Ecological Processes

There is increasing interest in predicting ecological processes. Methods to accomplish such predictions must account for uncertainties in observation, sampling, models, and parameters. Statistical methods for spatiotemporal processes are powerful, yet difficult to implement in complicated high-dimensional settings. However, recent advances in hierarchical formulations for such processes can be utilized for ecological prediction. These formulations are able to account for the various sources of uncertainty and can incorporate scientific judgment in a probabilistically consistent manner. In particular, analytical diffusion models can serve as motivation for the hierarchical model for invasive species. We demonstrate by example that such a framework can be utilized to predict, spatially and temporally, the relative population abundance of House Finches over the eastern United States. Corresponding Editor (ad hoc): J. S. Clark.
Sacral neuromodulation for intractable urge incontinence: Are there factors associated with cure?

Abstract Objectives To determine the variables that affect the cure rate in patients with urge incontinence treated with sacral neuromodulation. Methods This prospective analysis of patients with refractory urinary urge incontinence who underwent placement of a neuromodulator lead and generator was undertaken between October 2000 and December 2003. Quantitative assessment of the severity of their urinary leakage was assessed by preoperative and postoperative 3-day bladder diaries documenting leakage episodes, number of pads used per day, and a 24-hour pad weight assessment. Cure was defined as no daily leakage episodes after permanent implantation. Subjective outcome was assessed using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire. Two-sample independent t tests, two-way chi-square tests, and tests of two proportions were performed when appropriate, with P Results The mean postimplantation follow-up was 29 months, and the average age was 60 years (range 29 to 83). The cure rate was associated with age, with individuals younger than 55 years having a statistically significant greater cure rate (65% versus 37% for older individuals; P Conclusions Age older than 55 years and more than three chronic conditions were independent factors associated with a lower cure rate in patients implanted with a sacral neuromodulator for refractory urge incontinence. A neurologic condition may be associated with a decrease in the cure rate.
Nucleotide-Specific Recognition of Iron-Responsive Elements by Iron Regulatory Protein 1

Abstract IRP1 [iron regulatory protein (IRP) 1] is a bifunctional protein with mutually exclusive end-states. In one mode of operation, IRP1 binds iron-responsive element (IRE) stem–loops in messenger RNAs encoding proteins of iron metabolism to control their rate of translation. In its other mode, IRP1 serves as cytoplasmic aconitase to correlate iron availability with the energy and oxidative stress status of the cell. IRP1/IRE binding occurs through two separate interfaces, which together contribute about two-dozen hydrogen bonds. Five amino acids make base-specific contacts and are expected to contribute significantly to binding affinity and specificity of this protein:RNA interaction. In this mutagenesis study, each of the five base-specific amino acids was changed to alter binding at each site. Analysis of IRE binding affinity and translational repression activity of the resulting IRP1 mutants showed that four of the five contact points contribute uniquely to the overall binding affinity of the IRP1:IRE interaction, while one site was found to be unimportant. The stronger-than-expected effect on binding affinity of mutations at Lys379 and Ser681, residues that make contact with the conserved nucleotides G16 and C8, respectively, identified them as particularly critical for providing specificity and stability to IRP1:IRE complex formation. We also show that even though the base-specific RNA-binding residues are not part of the aconitase active site, their substitutions can affect the aconitase activity of holo-IRP1, positively or negatively.
Complimenting in Spanish in a short-term study abroad context

Abstract This study examines the effects of learning context on the production of compliments among Study Abroad (SA) learners of Spanish during an eight-week summer program in Mexico, and a group of learners in an At Home (AH) context. Baseline data from Native Speakers (NS) of Mexican Spanish and US English were analyzed and compared to the learner data. A subset of the SA group provided data for a delayed posttest, four months after learners returned to their home country. Learner data were collected in a pretest-posttest design, using a modified oral Discourse Completion Task (DCT). All participants produced compliments in four situations with equal status but differing levels of social distance. Results indicate that, while evidence of change toward the NS norm was observed in the SA learners, there was also evidence of change that reflected deviation from NS pragmatic norms. This study addresses the issue of individual learner variation, quality and intensity of the input, and the effects of the SA context.
Elemental analyses of crassulacean acid metabolism plant tissue

Abstract Environmental effects on several CAM plants which bring than IN CAM (when plants show diurnal fluctuations in the concn of titratable acid) and OUT OF CAM (when acid concn remain low with no diurnal fluctuation) were studied. Change in photoperiod alone caused the greatest amplitude of the acid fluctuation from 23.8 to 1.8 meq acid/100 g FW in Kalanchoe daigremontiana as compared to either Kalanchoe tubiflora or Sedum telephoides. The K/Ca ratio varied from a high when IN CAM to a low when OUT OF CAM in the 3 species. The plasma emission spectrograph analysis of the leaf tissue grown in the specific environment showed the presence of high levels of Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Na, Al and Si in some CAM plants. The elemental analyses of CAM plants showed 1.8 to 14.7% K.
Pathophysiology of pulmonary defense mechanisms

A S THE respiratory tract performs its primary function of inspiring and humidifying ambient air for gas exchange, the upper and lower airways are constantly confronted with a multitude of microbial pathogens. The defense system of the lung is made up of structural, mechanical, humoral, and cellular mechanisms designed to contain such microbial challenges. Ordinarily, these mechanisms are able to eliminate a pathogenic insult, but if pulmonary defenses are malfunctioning or if the pathogen is particularly virulent, the organism may proliferate, invade, and initiate a respiratory infection. Several unique features of this pulmonary host defense system allow containment and elimination of the majority of pathogens at a subclinical level, but if any component of the system malfunctions, the host is at risk for the development of an infection. The purposes of this paper are to review the elements of the pulmonary defense system and the pathogenesis of lower respiratory infections, and to review recent investigational work in which attempts have been made to modulate the immune response of the host and bolster host defenses.
The cultural context of child abuse and neglect

This paper explores what a cross-cultural perspective can add to our understanding of the context in which child abuse and neglect occur and to our abilities to deal with these problems in a culturally-appropriate fashion. In order to reconcile cultural variability with a means for defining and identifying child abuse and neglect across cultural boundaries, one must be cognizant of the viewpoint of members of the culture in question, the emic perspective, as well as an outside, or etic perspective. Three levels must be distinguished at which the cultural context comes into play in defining child abuse and neglect. The first encompasses childrearing practices that may be viewed as acceptable by one group but as unacceptable or even abusive and neglectful by another. The second level involves idiosyncratic departure from culturally acceptable standards. And the third level involves societal abuse and neglect of children. Finally, the paper discusses the implication of the cross-cultural evidence that Western cultures may be at risk for the occurrence of idiosyncratic child abuse and neglect.
Variation in protein lateral diffusion coefficients is related to variation in protein concentration found in mitochondrial inner membranes.

The electrophoretic freeze-fracture electron microscopy method (Sowers, A.E. and Hackenbrock, C.R. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 6246-6250) for measuring the lateral diffusion coefficient of integral proteins was applied to a large population of spherical-shaped mitochondrial inner membranes. Membrane integral protein concentration was estimated by determining the intramembrane particle concentration. Analysis of the data reveals that: (a) the radii of the spherical inner membranes in the selected population ranged from 0.22 to 1.2 micron, (b) the intramembrane particle concentrations ranged from 2300 to 6400 per micron2, and (c) the calculated lateral diffusion coefficients of the intramembrane particles ranged from 1.3 X 10(-10) to 3.35 X 10(-9) cm2/s. The data clearly show a naturally occurring large range in protein concentration in the mitochondrial inner membrane and an inverse correlation of lateral diffusion coefficient with the membrane protein concentration. This study is the first to show that the lateral diffusion coefficient of integral proteins in a native membrane varies as the membrane protein concentration.
High resolution transmission electron microscopy of liquid crystalline polymers

There have been two significant areas of recent advancement of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) applied to liquid crystalline polymers. First, HRTEM was used to complement diffraction analysis for the determination of the structure of liquid crystalline polymers: a frustrated smectic-Ā, aperiodic crystals formed from the nematic phase, and several cubic structures comprising macromolecular assemblies. Second, the direct examination of defects has been accomplished for a variety of liquid crystalline phases.
Sensor Placement and Optimization Criteria Dependencies in a Water Distribution System

A water distribution system was analyzed for optimal sensor placement based on different intrusion scenarios and optimization criteria. The spatial distributions of the selected sensor networks were analyzed and compared using a geographic information system to determine spatial trends in sensor placement. Frequency, average nearest neighbor, and spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated the different intrusion scenarios and optimization criteria created networks with sensors in similar locations and with the same placement order, particularly for the first few sensors placed. Thus, sensor networks based on different optimization criteria and attack scenarios are expected to offer similar protection to the water distribution system. The relationship between sensor location and water demand was also analyzed using a geographic information system and a chi-square analysis. Sensor locations selected by minimizing the volume of consumed contaminated water or minimizing the population affected are likely to coincide with network nodes with a high reachable average demand. Alternatively, sensor locations selected by maximizing the detection likelihood are likely to coincide with network nodes with a low reachable average demand.
General properties of some families of graphs defined by systems of equations

In this paper we present a simple method for constructing infinite families of graphs defined by a class of systems of equations over commutative rings. We show that the graphs in all such families possess some general properties including regularity and biregularity, existence of special vertex colorings, and existence of covering maps—hence, embedded spectra—between every two members of the same family. Another general property, recently discovered, is that nearly every graph constructed in this manner edge-decomposes either the complete, or complete bipartite, graph which it spans. In many instances, specializations of these constructions have proved useful in various graph theory problems, but especially in many extremal problems. A short survey of the related results is included. We also show that the edge-decomposition property allows one to improve existing lower bounds for some multicolor Ramsey numbers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 65–86, 2001
How Shall We Interpret The Sermon on the Mount

eschatological stimulus intended to make men well acquainted with the pure will of God" ?x Or may we say about it, as does Georgia Harkness, "The Sermon on the Mount is for the twentieth-century American as much as it was for the first-century Jew, and requires only a little transference out of its Palestinian context in order to 'speak to our condition' "?2 For the answering of such questions perhaps no better tonic could be recommended than the now famous monograph of Hans Windisch entitled The Meaning of the Sermon on the Mount.3 We propose to let Windisch speak for himself on several of the problems he himself thought most important, and to add thereto the more recent comments of Martin Dibelius4 and Amos
A Jigsaw Puzzle Layer Cake of Spatial Data

The Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE; http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu) is a European Union (EU) directive that aims to provide a legal framework to share environmental spatial data among public sector organizations across Europe and to facilitate public access to data. To meet these goals, INSPIRE's organization is analogous to a layer cake in which each layer is composed of interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The metaphor, although mixed, is apt (see additional supporting information in the online version of this article), and as researchers outside the program, we offer our perspective on how INSPIRE may address challenges raised by the variety of data themes and the wide coverage of collaborators.
Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia Works

Davidson (2008), VandenBos (2008), and Silver (2008), well-known experts in the treatment of schizophrenia, have provided very interesting, thought-provoking, and important perspectives on my Case of Mr. X (Karon, 2008) and other such patients. In my response to Davidson, I describe my own problematic clinical experience concerning his positive view of “assertive community treatment.” I also reply to the questions Davidson raises about my clinical techniques and interpretations, e.g., my telling Mr. X that I would not let anyone kill him, my telling Mr. X that he would not become psychotic again under the normal stresses of life, and my intepretation that Mr. X’s not eating was the result of the fear of being poisoned. Finally, I provide an alternative interpretation from Davidson of Freud’s case of the Wolf Man. Because VandenBos and Silver are longtime, supportive colleagues and collaborators, I spend most of my time in responding to their commentaries by emphasizing our points of agreement. Throughout this response, I emphasize my belief that that the powerful ideas in psychoanalysis are not just abstractions, but rather the source of strategies that are very pragmatically helpful in conducting psychotherapy with individuals suffering from schizophrenia.
Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on collagen synthesis, prostaglandin release and resorption of fetal rat bone in organ culture

Abstract We tested the effect of ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, on bone formation as measured by [3H]proline incorporation into collagenase digestible protein (CDP) and noncollagen protein (NCP), and on DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]thymidine (TdR) incorporation in fetal rat calvaria. We also determined the effects of ethanol and acetaldehye on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from calvaria and on bone resorption as measured by 45Ca release from fetal rat long bones. Bones were cultured in multiwell plastic dishes (open system) or in stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks (closed system) for 24 to 96 h. In the open system, 1% ethanol (v/v; 172 mM) resulted in a 31% decrease in TdR incorporation at 24 h with no effect on CDP and NCP. At 0.1% (17.2 mM), ethanol increased TdR by 22%, CDP by 73% and NCP by 67% at 24 h, but these effects were not sustained at 96 h. At 24 h, 1% and 0.3% ethanol decreased PGE2 release by 88% and 75% respectively. This effect was sustained for 96 h only at the higher concentration. In the closed system, 0.1% ethanol increased TdR incorporation by 38% at 24 h. However, there was no effect on the labeling of CDP or NCP. Because its boiling point is 21 °C, acetaldehyde could only be tested in the closed system. Acetaldehyde markedly inhibited bone metabolism. At 24 h, 0.003% (0.54 mM) to 0.01% (1.79 mM) acetaldehyde caused a dose-related inhibition of TdR incorporation from 23 to 45%. At 0.01% and 0.03% acetaldehyde inhibited proline incorporation into CDP by 48% and 94% and NCP by 40% and 74% respectively. In the resorption system, acetaldehyde at 0.01% inhibited PTH stimulated bone resorption, while ethanol (0.1 to 1.0%) had no effect. We conclude that ethanol has little effect on bone formation or resorption; however, the metabolite acetaldehyde is a potent inhibitor of bone formation and resorption. These results may be of significance in the development of osteoporosis associated with chronic alcohol use.
The sleep state-dependent midlatency auditory evoked P50 potential in various disorders

The P50 potential is a midlatency auditory evoked response which is sleep state-dependent, habituates rapidly and is blocked by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. It is thought to be generated, at least in part, by ascending projections of the reticular activating system. The amplitude of the P50 potential can be used as a measure of level of arousal, while the degree of habituation to repetitive stimulation can be used as a measure of sensory gating. We studied these processes in three conditions which show sleep-wake cycle dysregulation and attentional disturbance, but differ greatly in their etiology, depression, Huntington’s disease and rotation-induced motion sickness. Subjects with depression and rotation-induced motion sickness showed significant decreases in the habituation of the second of paired evoked responses, while Huntington’s disease subjects showed decreased amplitude as well as decreases in the habituation of the second P50 potential. This waveform may represent the manifestation of pre-attentional processes, and may become a useful measure for monitoring the severity, progression and/or remission of disorders which affect these processes.
Exchange Rate Regimes of Developing Countries: Global Context and Individual Choices

Abstract This paper argues that, in analyzing the choice of exchange rate regimes in developing and transition countries in the present global economic context, it is essential to distinguish between those countries with substantial involvement in international financial markets and those where involvement is limited. For developing countries with important linkages to modern global capital markets, an important lesson of the recent crises in emerging market countries is that the requirements for sustaining pegged exchange rate regimes have become significantly more demanding. For many emerging market countries, therefore, regimes that allow substantial actual exchange rate flexibility are probably desirable. If supported by the requisite policy discipline and institutional structures, however, hard currency pegs may also be appropriate for some of these countries. Beyond the emerging markets countries, for many developing countries with less linkage to global capital markets, traditionalexchange rate pegs and intermediate regimes are more viable and retain important advantages. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , March 2001, 15 (1), pp. 68–101. Research Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 20431. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: F31, F33, F41.
Neutron Yields from Photo-Disintegration by Gamma-Rays from Lithium

The relative neutron yield of 33 elements has been studied using the gamma-ray spectrum which arises from proton bombardment of Li. The samples which were to be irradiated were placed in a block of paraffin. The neutrons were detected using four boron trifluoride proportional counters. Absolute gamma-ray and neutron intensity measurements yielded the value (0.055\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012) barn for the ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) cross section of copper. Rough indications were also obtained concerning the relative neutron energy distribution from the samples.
Physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams from vegetable oil‐based polyols

Fifty vegetable oil-based polyols were characterized in terms of their hydroxyl number and their potential of replacing up to 50% of the petroleum-based polyol in waterborne rigid polyurethane foam applications was evaluated. Polyurethane foams were prepared by reacting isocyanates with polyols containing 50% of vegetable oil-based polyols and 50% of petroleum-based polyol and their thermal conductivity, density, and compressive strength were determined. The vegetable oil-based polyols included epoxidized soybean oil reacted with acetol, commercial soybean oil polyols (soyoils), polyols derived from epoxidized soybean oil and diglycerides, etc. Most of the foams made with polyols containing 50% of vegetable oil-based polyols were inferior to foams made from 100% petroleum-based polyol. However, foams made with polyols containing 50% hydroxy soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil reacted with acetol, and oxidized epoxidized diglyceride of soybean oil not only had superior thermal conductivity, but also better density and compressive strength properties than had foams made from 100% petroleum polyol. Although the epoxidized soybean oil did not have any hydroxyl functional group to react with isocyanate, when used in 50 : 50 blend with the petroleum-based polyol the resulting polyurethane foams had density versus compressive properties similar to polyurethane foams made from 100% petroleum-based polyol. The density and compressive strength of foams were affected by the hydroxyl number of polyols, but the thermal conductivity of foams was not. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dentofacial development in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A comparison of three treatment modalities

Ninety-seven children who were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia before 10 years of age and treated with chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy plus 1800-cGy cranial irradiation (RT), or chemotherapy plus 2400-cGy RT were evaluated for effects of therapy on dentofacial development. All patients were seen at least 5 years postdiagnosis. Dental abnormalities were determined from panoramic radiographs, and craniofacial evaluations were made from lateral cephalometric radiographs. Ninety-one (94%) of all patients and 41 (100%) of patients younger than 5 years of age at diagnosis had abnormal dental development. The severity of these abnormalities was greater in children who received treatment before 5 years of age and in those who received RT. Observed dental abnormalities included tooth agenesis, arrested root development, microdontia, and enamel dysplasias. Craniofacial abnormalities occurred in 18 of 20 (90%) of those patients who received chemotherapy plus 2400-cGy RT before 5 years of age. Mean cephalometric values of this group showed significant deficient mandibular development. The results of this study suggest that the severity of dentofacial-developmental abnormalities secondary to antileukemia therapy are related to the age of the patient at the initiation of treatment and the use of cranial RT.
Effects of Risperidone on Procedural Learning in Antipsychotic-Naive First-Episode Schizophrenia

Studies of procedural learning in medicated schizophrenia patients using predictive saccade paradigms have consistently demonstrated hypometric predictive responses. Findings from antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients indicate fewer or no deficits. This pattern of findings suggests that antipsychotic medications might adversely affect frontostriatal systems supporting procedural learning on this task. The accuracy and latency of predictive saccades were assessed in 25 antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients and 22 matched healthy individuals. Patients were retested after 6 weeks of treatment with risperidone. Healthy individuals were reevaluated after a similar time period. The ability to learn to time response initiation in anticipation of target appearance (target prediction) was not impaired in patients before or after treatment. In contrast, although no deficits were evident before treatment initiation, after treatment patients showed a marked decrease in the accuracy of predictive but not sensory-guided responses. The findings from pretreatment testing indicate that procedural learning is a relatively unaffected cognitive domain in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia. Although treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms were minimal, these data suggest that D2 antagonism in striatum after risperidone treatment was sufficiently robust to disrupt the generation of planned volitional behavior guided by internalized representations.
Segmenting nonenhancing brain tumors from normal tissues in magnetic resonance images

ABSTRACT Tumor segmentation from magnetic resonance (MR) images aids in tumor treatment by tracking the progress oftumor growth and/or shrinkage. In this paper we present an automatic segmentation method which separates non-enhancing brain tumors from healthy tissues in MR images. The MR feature images used for the segmentationconsist of three weighted images (TI, T2 and proton density) for each axial slice through the head. An initialsegmentation is computed using an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Then, integrated domain knowledge andimage processing techniques contribute to the final tumor segmentation. This system was trained on two patientvolumes and preliminary testing has shown successful tumor segmentations on four patient volumes.Keywords: MRI, non-enhancing brain tumors, image processing, unsupervised tissue classification, FCM 1. INTRODUCTION Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often the medical imaging method of choice when soft tissue delineation isnecessary. This is especially true for any attempt to segment brain tissues, normal or abnormal. Imagesegmentation is a tool that has been applied to medical imaging modalities to differentiate tissue types forpurposes of volume measurement and
Mapping of Adrenergic Receptors in the Trachea by Autoradiography

We investigated the distribution of adrenergic receptors in ferret trachea using autoradiography. [3H]Dihydroalprenolol, used to identify beta–-adrenoceptors, revealed a high density of specific binding sites over surface epithelium and submucosal glands, with less labelling of smooth muscle. [3H] prazosin labelling showed that alpha 1-receptors were numerous in glands and epithelium, but sparse in smooth muscle. Comparison of adrenergic receptor densities in tracheal sections from the same animals showed a rank order for submucosal glands of alpha l > beta, for epithelium beta > alphai and for smooth muscle beta > alpha1. Within the submucosal glands, alpha1 and beta-adrenergic receptors were differentially distributed, with alpha1 receptors being significantly more numerous over serous than mucous cells and beta receptors being significantly more numerous over mucous than serous cells. This technique provides insight into adrenergic regulation of airway function and should be useful in investigations of...
Ethidium analogues with improved resolution in the dye buoyant density procedure

Analogues of ethidium chloride with large quaternary side chains have been synthesized and evaluated for improved resolution in the dye-buoyant density system for the separation of open and closed circular DNA. These compounds are similar to propidium which differs from ethidium by the replacement of an ethyl group by a methyldiethylaminopropyl group. The new analogues contain a triethylamino group attached to a methylene chain with 3, 5 or 7 carbons. With PM2 DNA the observed separation for propidium is 1.97 times that of ethidium and the new dyes show separations relative to ethidium of 2.27, 2.66 and 2.77. A correlation is established between the mass of the dye component and the observed separation which is retionalized on the basis of the four component thermodynamics describing this system.
Performance Evaluation of Occupant Classification Systems

The new FMVSS 208 Federal Regulation requires restraint systems to focus on occupants other than the 50th percentile male. The new focus includes small adults and children. As a result, restraint systems may need to perform differently for several occupant classes, thereby creating a need for occupant classification systems (OCS). A typical regulation compliance strategy is to suppress the restraint system when a child occupies the front passenger seat and to enable the restraints when an adult occupies the seat. The regulation provides specific weight and height ranges to define these classes of seat occupants. The evolution of OCS technologies produced a need for test methodologies and objective metrics to measure classification system capability. The application of the statistical one-sided tolerance interval to OCS systems has proven invaluable in measuring classification performance and driving system improvements. The one-sided tolerance method is based on a single continuous variable, such as weight. A single common threshold, or tolerance limit, is used to compare two competing populations, such as 6-year-old versus 5th percentile female populations. Output of the method produces graphics demonstrating reliability as a function of potential threshold that objectively characterizes a system’s classification performance level. This paper also discusses the importance of applying the one-sided tolerance interval method to performance data that captures the noise sources that impact system performance. For occupant classification systems, noise sources include differences in test subjects’ sizes, how they sit in the seat, and how the seat is set-up. This paper also discusses the importance of sample size selection. Two methods of determining a sample size are presented. The first method uses the one-sided tolerance interval method equation directly. The second method simulates a noise source and selects a sample size where the noise standard deviation converges to its population variance. Once the mean, standard deviation, and sample size for each test case is known, the proposed method computes the reliability of each test case evaluated for a range of potential thresholds. A review of the resulting reliability curves characterizes classification performance. If an acceptable range of thresholds exists, the resulting range is referred to as a “threshold window.” System improvements can be directed toward those test cases that constrain the “threshold window.” This paper proposes a statistical method that can provide a solid measure of the robust capability of an OCS that classifies based on a single continuous variable (such as weight) to distinguish between occupant classes. This statistical method enables the careful balance necessary in setting thresholds.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cholinergic and VIPergic Innervation in Cerebral Arteries: A Sequential Double-Labeling Immunohistochemical Study

The possible co-localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the nerve fibers of cat cerebral arteries was examined by a sequential double-labelin...
Serum uric acid and the risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of reviewTo discuss the evolving data regarding uric acid as a potential cause of hypertension and progressive renal dysfunction and its clinical and research implications.Recent findingsThe potential mechanisms by which uric acid could cause vasoconstriction and a progressive ateriolopathy
Dimensional regularization and the two-loop axial anomaly in abelian, non-abelian and supersymmetric gauge theories

The two-loop corrections to the axial anomaly are calculated for a non-abelian gauge theory with fermions using both conventional and supersymmetric dimensional regularization. In both cases we find results consistent with the Adler-Bardeen theorem if we use the non-anticommuting ./5 of 't Hooft and Veltman. Expectations (based on the supermultiplet structure of the anomalies) that there exists in N= 1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory an axial current j5 such that c7. j5 _/3(g)FF are discussed.
Mechanisms of DNA Fragmentation following Hypoxia in Cerebral Cortical Nuclei of the Newborn Piglet

Mechanisms of DNA Fragmentation following Hypoxia in Cerebral Cortical Nuclei of the Newborn Piglet
EXCHANGE-SPRING BEHAVIOR IN EPITAXIAL HARD/SOFT MAGNETIC BILAYERS

We present results on the magnetic reversal process in epitaxial Sm-Co(11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}00)/TM (TM=Fe,Co) bilayer films prepared via magnetron sputtering. The magnetically hard Sm-Co films have 20-T uniaxial anisotropy and coercivities g3 T at room temperature, that double on cooling, as determined by magnetometry. The TM layers are exchange coupled to the Sm-Co layer and exhibit reversible demagnetization curves expected for an exchange-spring magnet. We also present numerical solutions of a one-dimensional model that provide the spin configuration for each atomic layer. Comparison of the experimental results with the model simulations indicates that our exchange-spring behavior can be understood from the intrinsic parameters of the hard and soft layers. The simulations are extended to realistically estimate the ultimate gain in the energy product that potentially can be realized based on the exchange hardening principle.
26.2 A 205mW 32Gb/s 3-Tap FFE/6-tap DFE bidirectional serial link in 22nm CMOS

Peripheral I/O data-rates for PCs and mobile computing platforms continue to scale to meet high-bandwidth applications including high-resolution displays and large-capacity external storage. The bandwidth requirements will soon exceed the data-rates of current standards such as PCI Express and USB. A low-power low-cost serial link is needed for the next-generation peripheral interface that can scale to 32Gb/s per lane. Recent publications have demonstrated 28 to 32Gb/s rates [1-2]. However, the circuit power and channel characteristics are not suitable for mainstream PC and mobile markets. A low-profile connector and cable assembly prototype is developed for these markets, where the link architecture and design are optimized for the channel characteristics. This paper describes a data-rate-scalable 32Gb/s serial link that features a bidirectional transceiver, source-series terminated (SST) 3-tap FFE, a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) with an active inductor, a 6-tap DFE, and clock calibration and adaptation circuitry.
Robo sapiens Japanicus: Humanoid robots and the posthuman family

ABSTRACT Japan accounts for nearly 52 percent of the world's share of operational robots and leads the postindustrial world in the development of humanoid robots designed and marketed specifically to enhance and augment human society. Innovation 25, Prime Minister Abe's visionary blueprint for remaking Japanese society by 2025, with the aim of reversing the declining birthrate and accommodating the rapidly aging population, emphasizes the central role that household robots will play in stabilizing core institutions, like the family. In addition to exploring the cultural logic behind the development of autonomous, intelligent, evolutionary humanoid robots, I argue that new bio-and robot technologies are being deployed to reify old or “traditional” values, such as the patriarchal extended family and sociopolitical conservatism.
Effects of SPLAT® GM sprayable pheromone formulation on gypsy moth mating success

Several integrated pest management programs rely on the use of mating disruption tactics to control insect pests. Some programsspecifically targetnon-native species, such as the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). We evaluated SPLATGM, a new sprayable formulation of the gypsy moth sex pheromone disparlure, for its ability to disrupt gypsy moth mating. The study was conducted in 2006, 2007, and 2008 in forested areas in Virginia, USA. Mating success of gypsy moth females was reduced by >99% and male moth catches in pheromone-baited traps by >90%, in plots treated with SPLATGM at dosages ranging from 15 to 75 g of active ingredient (a.i.) ha )1 . Dosage-response tests conducted in 2008 indicated that SPLATGM applied at a dosage of 7.5 g a.i. ha )1 wasaseffectiveasa15 ga.i. ha )1 dosage.
Chemoattractant‐mediated transient activation and membrane localization of Akt/PKB is required for efficient chemotaxis to cAMP in Dictyostelium

Chemotaxis-competent cells respond to a variety of ligands by activating second messenger pathways leading to changes in the actin/myosin cytoskeleton and directed cell movement. We demonstrate that Dictyostelium Akt/PKB, a homologue of mammalian Akt/PKB, is very rapidly and transiently activated by the chemoattractant cAMP. This activation takes place through G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors via a pathway that requires homologues of mammalian p110 phosphoinositide-3 kinase. pkbA null cells exhibit aggregation-stage defects that include aberrant chemotaxis, a failure to polarize properly in a chemoattractant gradient and aggregation at low densities. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the PH domain of Akt/PKB fused to GFP transiently translocates to the plasma membrane in response to cAMP with kinetics similar to those of Akt/PKB kinase activation and is localized to the leading edge of chemotaxing cells in vivo. Our results indicate Akt/PKB is part of the regulatory network required for sensing and responding to the chemoattractant gradient that mediates chemotaxis and aggregation.
Electromagnetic bubbles: subcycle near-femtosecond and subfemtosecond field solitons

We demonstrate the feasibility of strong (up to atomic fields) and supershort (few-femtosecond or even subfemtosecond) subcycle (nonoscillating) electromagnetic solitons [EM bubbles (EMB’s)] in a gas of two-level atoms as well as EMB’s and preionization shock waves in classically nonlinear atoms. We show that EMB’s can be generated by existing sources of radiation, including subpicosecond half-cycle pulses and short laser pulses. We investigate how EMB characteristics are controlled by those of originating pulses. Our most recent results are focused on related transient phenomena, including EMB formation length, multibubble generation, and shocklike waves.