cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase reactions of O−.2 with alkyl and aryl esters of benzenedicarboxylic acids

The reactions of O 2 −. with alkyl and aryl esters of benzenedicarboxylic acids have been studied under negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) conditions via a conventional chemical ionization source. Reaction mechanisms have been elucidated by using ion isolation techniques on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. In addition, 18O 2 −. has been used as the reagent and the products of competitive reactions that involve the mixed esters of benzenedicarboxylic acids have been studied. O 2 −. reactions with the alkyl esters of 1,2- and l,3-benzenedicarboxylic acids are attributed to SN2 displacement at the O-alkyl carbon. The spectra of mixed alkyl esters show that O 2 −. attack is reduced at sterically hindered alkyl groups. In contrast with the spectra of 1,2- and l,3-benzenedicarboxylic acids, the spectra of 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acids are dominated by M−. production. Reactions of O 2 −. with phenyl benzoates and the aryl esters of benzenedicarboxylic acids proceed via addition-elimination pathways. Experiments with mixed alkyl-aryl benzenedicarboxylic acid esters show that the addition-elimination reaction pathway is preferred over O-alkyl SN2 displacement. The O2/ Ar-NICI mass spectra show features that can be used to distinguish 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1/4-benzenedicarboxylic acid esters. Molecular and fragment ions provide structural information complementary to that generated under electron ionization and chemical ionization conditions.
Horizontal cell feedback regulates calcium currents and intracellular calcium levels in rod photoreceptors of salamander and mouse retina

We tested whether horizontal cells (HCs) provide feedback that regulates the Ca2+ current (ICa) of rods in salamander and mouse retinas. In both species, hyperpolarizing HCs by puffing a glutamate antagonist, 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), onto HC processes caused a negative shift in the voltage dependence of rod ICa and increased its peak amplitude. Conversely, depolarizing HCs by puffing kainic acid (KA) into the outer plexiform layer (OPL) caused a positive voltage shift and decreased rod ICa. Experiments on salamander retina showed that these effects were blocked by addition of the pH buffer, Hepes. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was examined in rods by confocal microscopy after loading salamander and mouse retinal slices with Fluo-4. Rods were depolarized to near the dark resting potential by bath application of high K+ solutions. Hyperpolarizing HCs with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX) enhanced high K+-evoked Ca2+ increases whereas depolarizing HCs with KA inhibited Ca2+ increases. In both species these effects of NBQX and KA were blocked by addition of Hepes. Thus, like HC feedback in cones, changes in HC membrane potential modulate rod ICa thereby regulating rod [Ca2+]i at physiological voltages, in both mouse and salamander retinas. By countering the reduced synaptic output that accompanies hyperpolarization of rods to light, HC feedback will subtract spatially averaged luminance levels from the responses of individual rods to local changes. The finding that HC to rod feedback is present in both amphibian and mammalian species shows that this mechanism is highly conserved across vertebrate retinas.
Brueckner theory with Jastrow wave functions

A unification of Brueckner and Jastrow ideas is pursued with the aim of combining the advantages of the hole-line-expansion and variational approaches, while avoiding their disadvantages. The unified theory is achieved by adapting the coupled-cluster or exp(S) formalism to a basis of Jastrow-correlated wave functions. On the one hand, this formulation permits the systematic inclusion of non-Jastrow (particularly, state-dependent) correlations into the description of the ground state. On the other hand, the Jastrow correlations serve to tame the bare interaction to the extent that simple truncations of the new system of coupled-cluster equations may yield reliable results for interesting many-body problems involving realistic interactions and realistic densities. For the case of nuclear matter, a “correlated Bethe-Goldstone equation” is proposed which in effect sums the generalized ladder diagrams of correlated-basis perturbation theory.
Conceptions of Motherhood in Nuclear and Extended Families, with Special Reference to Comparative Studies Involving African Societies

One of the most significant contributions of anthropology, dating back to the 19th century theorists, is the proposition that all kinship is cultural. The early comparative studies of kinship in various societies around the world, carried out by scholars such as Lewis Henry Morgan (1870) and W.H.R. Rivers (1924), demonstrated that kinship positions and kinship terminologies did not bear a one-to-one relationship to biology at all. As a matter of fact, the biological acts of mating and procreation might be termed nature’s precursors to culturally defined kinship. In all known human societies, kinship was and is created and terminated by rules, regulations, and behavior that was, and is, culturally prescribed, proscribed or preferred. Thus, in human societies, when we speak of kinship, we cannot oppose “nature” to “culture” because nature itself has become enculturated. Even “motherhood,” which many might assume to be an obvious “fact of nature”, is in reality “a facet of culture.”
Social maturation: A challenge for handicapped and chronically ill adolescents

Summary Adolescents who are disabled may develop excellent self-esteem if they feel supported by their families and can take advantage of opportunities to develop their own identity and independence. Their illness, and/or their reluctance to participate in peer and school activities, and/or their parents' inability to encourage optimal growth of their independence, may all discourage disabled adolescents from maturing into meaningful adulthood. Efforts should be focused on assisting disabled adolescents and their families to realize the full potential of the adolescent's social maturation.
Predictors of death from chronic graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation

Chronic graft-v-host disease (chronic GVHD) is a frequent cause of late morbidity and death after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The actuarial survival after onset of chronic GVHD in 85 patients was 42% (95%Cl = 29%, 54%) at 10 years. Baseline characteristics present at the onset of chronic GVHD (before therapy) in 85 patients were reviewed to determine which were risk factors for death. In a multivariate proportional hazards analysis, three baseline factors emerged as independent predictors of death: progressive presentation (chronic GVHD following acute GVHD without resolution of acute GVHD; hazard ratio of 4.1, 95% Cl = 2.1 to 7.8), lichenoid changes on skin histology (hazard ratio of 2.2, 95% Cl = 1.1 to 4.3), and elevation of serum bilirubin greater than 1.2 mg/dL (hazard ratio = 2.1, 95% Cl = 1.1 to 4.1). Actuarial survival of 23 chronic GVHD patients with none of these risk factors was 70% at 6 years (95% Cl = 38%, 88%). Thirty-eight patients with one of these risk factors had a projected 6-year survival of 43% (95% Cl = 21%, 63%). The 29 patients with any combination of two or more of these factors had a projected 6-year survival of only 20% (95% Cl = 8%, 37%). Identification of baseline risk factors should facilitate design of trials of chronic GVHD therapies and assignment of high-risk patients to more aggressive innovative therapeutic regimens.
Chapter 12 Mechanisms of action of glucagon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mechanisms involved in the hepatic actions of glucagon. Glucagon is a 29 amino acid single chain polypeptide secreted by the A (α) cells of the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon's major target in the body is the liver where it promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis at physiological concentrations. The mechanism of action of glucagon is generally believed to invariably involve an increase in the intracellular second messenger adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP). Glucagon increases intracellular cAMP by binding to a surface receptor which is coupled to adenylate cyclase by a stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gs. The binding sites of glucagon in liver and adipose tissue are distinct from those for secretin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which are homologous peptides. GTP and its poorly hydrolyzed analogs inhibit the binding of glucagon to its hepatic receptor. The effect is observed with micromolar concentrations of the nucleotides and is because of a decrease in the affinity of the receptors for glucagon which results from a stimulation of the rate of dissociation of the hormone.
Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay

A study of the ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrios in the Rhode River area of Chesapeake Bay was carried out over the period December 1970 through August 1971. The incidence of V. parahaemolyticus and related vibrios was found to be correlated with water temperature. The vibrios could not be detected in the water column during the winter months, although they were present in sediment. From late spring to early summer, when water temperatures were 14 ± 1 C, vibrios over-wintering in sediment were released from the bottom communities and attached to zooplankton, proliferating as the temperature rose. The number of vibrios in and on plankton was reflected in the water column bacterial population densities at water temperatures of ca. 19 C. Thus, temperature of the water column in the range of 14 to 19 C was found to be critical in the annual cycle of the vibrios. Interaction between sediment, water, and zooplankton was found to be essential in the natural estuarine ecosystem. Bacterial counts of zooplankton were found to be temperature dependent. The bacterial population associated with zooplankton was found to be predominantly on external surfaces and was specific, differing from that of the sediment. Vibrio spp. and related organisms comprised the total bacterial population associated with zooplankton in summer months. The ecological role of Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus, was found to be significant, with respect to their property of chitin digestion and in relation to the population dynamics of zooplankton in Chesapeake Bay.
The Role of Continuity and Context in Children's Relationships with Nonparental Adults

Children's relationships provide a useful lens through which to view the role of continuity and context in children's development.
Energetics and electronic structures of hydrogenated metal clusters.

Equilibrium geometries, binding energies, and stability of metal clusters (Li and Y) containing hydrogen atoms have been calculated using the self-consistent-field--linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals-- molecular-orbital method. The exchange and correlation energies are treated both using the density-functional and the Hartree-Fock--M\"oller-Plesset schemes. The results are compared with the corresponding bulk hydrides to see if the interaction of hydrogen with a cluster is significantly different from that with the corresponding crystal. For these metals (Li,Y) which form stable hydrides, the hydrogen uptake by a cluster is found not to exceed that in the bulk. The hydrogen-induced levels and the ionization potentials, on the other hand, are found to depend strongly on the hydrogen content of the cluster.
A New Techniques of Differential Relaying the Differential Relay

Standard percentage differential relaying with through current restraint is insensitive to high impedance (i.e. low fault current) faults when applied to apparatus which experience substantial, near 1.0 pu, prefault through currents. A new technique of differential protection is proposed which considers only fault contribution currents through the use of microcomputer cancellation of the prefault through currents. This new form of differential relaying maintains the external fault selectivity of standard percentage differential relaying, has a large buffer zone between the tripping and restraint zones of relay operation, and is substantially more sensitive to high impedance faults than the standard arrangement. This paper presents the theory for this relay, a simplified analysis of the effects of CT errors on the relay operation, and the experimental results for a real time laboratory version of the relay using a 16-bit single- board microcomputer.
Pain variability in fibromyalgia is related to activity and rest: role of peripheral tissue impulse input.

Abstract Because fibromyalgia (FM) patients frequently report activity-dependent deep tissue pains, impulse input from painful body regions may be relevant for their musculoskeletal complaints. In addition, peripheral impulse input may induce and maintain thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia of FM patients. If so, activity and rest may alternately enhance and diminish intensity of FM pain. However, the effects of exercise on pain are ambiguous in studies of FM. Whereas exercise-only studies demonstrated increased pain and hyperalgesia during and after physical activity, some exercise studies that included rest periods resulted in decreased FM pain and increased function. To further clarify these effects, we examined the effects of alternating exercise with rest on clinical pain and thermal/mechanical hyperalgesia of 34 FM patients and 36 age-matched healthy controls (NC). Using an ergometer, all subjects performed arm exercise to exhaustion twice alternating with 15-minute rest periods. Although strenuous muscle activity was reported as painful by most FM subjects, overall clinical pain consistently decreased during the rest periods. Additionally, FM subjects' pain sensitivity to mechanical pressure decreased after each exercise and rest session. Conclusion: Alternating strenuous exercise with brief rest periods not only decreased overall clinical pain of FM subjects but also their mechanical hyperalgesia. No prolonged worsening of overall FM pain and hyperalgesia occurred despite vigorous muscle activity. Our findings contribute further evidence that FM pain and hyperalgesia are at least partially maintained by muscle impulse input, and that some types of exercises may be beneficial for FM. Perspective FM is a pain-amplification syndrome that depends at least in part on peripheral tissue impulse input. Whereas muscle activity increased overall pain, short rest periods produced analgesic effects.
Site-specific DNA deletions occurring adjacent to the termini of a transposable ampicillin resistance element (Tn3)

Insertion into the pSC105 plasmid of a transposable genetic element (Tn3) coding for ampicillin resistance promotes rec A-independent deletion of pSC105 DNA sequences adjacent to Tn3. Deletions occur subsequent to insertion of Tn3 into the plasmid, do not require excision of the transposable element, and leave Tn3 structurally and functionally intact. Electron microscope heteroduplex analysis of separately isolated deletion mutants indicates that inverted repeat nucleotide sequences located at the terminus of Tn3 form one endpoint for deleted segments; the other endpoint can occur at the terminal nucleotides of a transposable element remnant located elsewhere on the plasmid, or at a location that lacks distinguishing structural characteristics but is within a plasmid DNA region identified earlier as a recombinational hotspot. The ability of termini of transposable elements to serve as hotspots for additional DNA insertions and/or deletions, and the non-random clustering of sites for Tn element insertions suggest a possible mechanism to account for the regional specificity of certain illegitimate recombinational events.
Energy prices and the aggregate production function

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that the effects of increases and decreases in relative energy prices on output are symmetrical. Alternative ratchet specifications are embedded in an aggregate production function for private sector output and estimated using US data. The major finding is that the relationship between relative energy prices and output is highly asymmetrical. Increases in relative energy prices above previous peak levels have a substantial deleterious effect on output. Decreases in relative energy prices and increases below the previous peak have no effect on output.
Monte Carlo Modeling of Cascade Gamma Rays in PET

We have developed a new Monte Carlo simulation based on SimSET to model spurious activity caused by cascade gamma (gamma) rays in PET imaging. A torso phantom including lungs, a spine and a lesion was simulated to mimic PET imaging of Y-86. Contributions from positrons (beta+) only, beta+-gamma and gamma-gamma cascade events were binned in separate 2D sinograms and analyzed in the reconstructed images. The total abundances for beta+ only, beta+-gamma and gamma-gamma cascades events modeled are 2.5%, 30.5% and 60.9%, respectively. The phantom was first simulated without attenuation (in air). Image intensities were estimated in Regions of Interest (ROIs) drawn in the reconstructed volumes for each cascade type as well as for their combination. Both cascade components contributed to an increase in spurious coincidences uniformly distributed throughout the image. A more realistic phantom (filled with water) was then simulated with or without modeling cascades. When cascade gamma rays are modeled, there is a slight increase of spurious activity in cold regions and a slight decrease of intensity in high-activity regions. While there is no significant change in LBR with or without cascade gamma events, the total counts increased greatly in the detector. To track the same number of beta+ , the total photon number is 4.4 times higher for Y-86 when modeling cascade events, causing a significant increase in detector dead time due to the increase of singles rate. The scatter fraction also increased, which was 18.95% without modeling cascades, and 26.75% when cascades were modeled. The simulation results are being validated with phantom experiments. Characterizing the spurious activity caused by cascade gamma rays in Y-86 PET imaging is crucial for the development of quantitative PET imaging of gamma ray emitting isotopes.
An evaluation of various antiparkinsonian agents as releasing agents and uptake inhibitors for 3H-dopamine in slices of rat neostriatum.

Various antiparkinsonian agents (trihexyphenidyl, diphenhydramine, benztropine, orphenadrine, diphenylpyraline and phenindamine) produced a dose dependent inhibition of accumulation of 3H-catecholamines in tissue slices of rat neostriatum and cerebral cortex. In the neostriatum, trihexyphenidyl, orphenadrine and phenindamine were almost equipotent in causing an inhibition of accumulation and in causing release of 3H-dopamine. Benztropine, diphenylpyraline and diphenhydramine were better inhibitors of accumulation than releasing agents. In the cortex, all of the compounds studied, except trihexyphenidyl, were better inhibitors of 3H-norepinephrine accumulation than releasing agents. Trihexyphenidyl was equally effective both as an inhibitor of accumulation and as a releasing agent. Inhibition of 3H-catecholamine accumulation as measured experimentally consists of two components: an inhibition of uptake and an apparent inhibition of uptake caused by release. When the observed inhibition of accumulation equals the observed release, we conclude that both phenomena are due to release and that there is not actual inhibition of uptake (see discussion). With this in mind, we conclude that three of the compounds (trihexyphenidyl, orphenadrine and phenindamine) are striatal releasing agents. The other three drugs are both uptake inhibitors and releasing agents for 3H-dopamine in the neostriatum. In the cortex, trihexyphenidyl appearstto be the sole releasing agent for 3H-norepinephrine. The remaining compounds appear to be considerably better cortical uptake inhibitors than releasing agents.
A novel intravertebral tumor model in rabbits.

Objective Although the majority of human epidural spinal metastases originate in the vertebral body, current animal models of spinal epidural tumors are limited to extraosseous tumor placement. We investigated the onset of paraparesis, radiographic changes (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and computed tomographic [CT] scans), and histopathological findings after intraosseous injection of VX2 carcinoma cells into the lower thoracic vertebrae of rabbits. Methods New Zealand white rabbits (n = 23) were injected with a 15-mul suspension containing 300,000 VX2 carcinoma cells in the lowest thoracic vertebral body. Lower extremity motor function was assessed daily. For the first 3 animals, MRI scans (T2-weighted and T1-weighted +/- gadolinium) were acquired at postoperative day (POD) 14 and at the onset of paraparesis. Noncontrast CT scans were obtained on POD 7 and at the time of paraparesis. At the onset of paraparesis, the animals ware killed and the spines were dissected. After demineralization, hematoxylin and eosin cross sections were obtained. Results Before the onset of paraparesis, the CT and MRI scans revealed no gross tumor. At the onset of paraparesis, CT scans demonstrated an osteolytic tumor centered at the junction of the left pedicle and vertebral body, and MRI scans demonstrated epidural tumor arising from the body and compressing the spinal cord. Histopathological examination confirmed carcinoma arising from the body and extending into the canal, with widespread osteolytic activity. By POD 28, 72% of the animals had become paraparetic, and by the termination of the experiment on POD 120, 89% had become paraparetic. Conclusion We established a novel intraosseous intravertebral tumor model in rabbits and characterized it with respect to onset of paraparesis, imaging features, and histopathological findings.
Ultrasonic in situ continuous wear measurements of orthopaedic titanium alloys

An ultrasonic pulse-echo technique has been demonstrated for in-situ continuous wear measurements. This method, based on the difference in the time of flight as recorded and converted into change of length as wear progresses, was shown to give accurate and reproducible results when compared to the conventional mass loss procedure. Additional information regarding subsurface deformation was obtained with the ultrasonic technique, strain hardening, grain refinement, crystallographic reorientation caused by sliding-induced deformation all being detectable.
Mortality from coronary heart disease in California men who work long hours.

Abstract The registered mortality of men in California, 1949 to 1951, is used to test the hypothesis that occupational stress, insofar as it can be measured by the length of the work week, is associated with coronary heart disease. That measure has been used by Russek and Zohman, 1 who reported that a high proportion of persons with coronary heart disease had worked long hours for some time preceding attack. The registered mortality data, together with some Census occupational data on work hours, allows an independent check of that finding. Farmers and farm laborers show relative protection from mortality attributed to coronary heart disease, even though many of them work long hours. On the other hand, evidence from nonfarm occupations shows an excess of coronary mortality among light workers who are on the job more than 48 hours a week, especially before age 45. The evidence for men at ages 45 to 64 is weaker and perhaps questionable; but, it should be noted, Russek and Zohman also report evidence only for young adults. The difference in the evidence for younger and older middle-aged men is open to several interpretations: perhaps the most useful to research is that stress, as defined, may be associated with thrombotic complications but not necessarily with progressive atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
Intracellular Maturation of the Mouse Metalloprotease Disintegrin MDC15

Abstract Metalloprotease disintegrins are a family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that play a role in fertilization, myoblast fusion, neuronal development, and cleavage of the membrane-anchored cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Here, we report the cloning and cDNA sequencing of the mouse metalloprotease disintegrin MDC15 and an analysis of its processing in the secretory pathway. A notable difference between mMDC15 and its putative human orthologue (hMDC15, metargidin) is the presence of the peptide sequence TDDC instead of the RGDC found in the disintegrin domain of hMDC15. In a Western blot analysis the majority of mMDC15 was found to lack the pro-domain in all mouse tissues examined. Pulse-chase experiments in transiently transfected COS-7 cells suggest that mMDC15 is processed by a pro-protein convertase in a late Golgi compartment, since (i) addition of brefeldin A or monensin blocks pro-domain removal, (ii) all detectable processed mMDC15 is endoglycosidase H -resistant, and (iii) a recombinant soluble form of the trans-Golgi network pro-protein convertase furin can mimic mMDC15 processing in vitro.Cell-surface trypsinization revealed that more than half of mature mMDC15 is intracellular. Immunolocalization provided evidence for a strong perinuclear accumulation in a region resembling the trans-Golgi network and/or endosomal compartments. This study provides the first characterization of the intracellular processing of a metalloprotease disintegrin, and highlights the potential role of pro-protein convertases in removal of the inhibitory pro-domain. These results further suggest possible intracellular functions for mMDC15, such as in protein maturation, in addition to a potential role in cell-surface proteolysis or cell adhesion.
Use of the new, single-isomer, hexakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-α-cyclodextrin in acidic methanol background electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic enantiomer separations

The new, single-isomer, sulfated α-cyclodextrin, the sodium salt of hexakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-α-cyclodextrin (HxDAS), was used for the first time in acidic methanol background electrolytes (BGEs) to separate the enantiomers of weak base analytes by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). The concentration dependence of the effective mobilities and separation selectivities followed trends similar to those observed earlier in acidic methanol background electrolytes with heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-cyclodextrin (HDAS) and octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin (ODAS). In general, interactions between the weak base analytes and HxDAS were weaker than with HDAS and ODAS. For some of the weak base analytes, separation selectivities observed in acidic aqueous and acidic methanol background electrolytes were complementary to each other, permitting the eventual separation of enantiomers that could not be achieved otherwise.
Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by glutathione esters

1. Human and animal lung cells have been used successfully to model the toxic effects of inhaled sulphur mustard (HD). The epithelia of the upper respiratory tract are, however, the primary targets of inhaled HD. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the mono- and di-isopropyl esters of glutathione (MIPE and DIPE respectively) as cytoprotectants in the human upper respiratory tract cell lines BEAS-2B and RPMI 2650. 2. The optimal concentrations for cytoprotection were shown to be 1.0 mg/ml for both DIPE and MIPE. Both compounds were found to protect cells by pretreatment, slightly less protection was observed in cells simultaneously exposed to sulphur mustard. The greatest protection was shown where MIPE or DIPE were in in situ at the time of exposure to HD. The optimum pre-treatment times were found to be 1 h for MIPE and 2 h for DIPE. Limited protection of cells treated with MIPE or DIPE immediately following HD exposure was also demonstrated. No protection was observed if MIPE or DIPE were not administered immediately following HD exposure. 3. Results suggest that MIPE and DIPE may be effective treatments for exposure to HD by inhalation.
Albert wendt's Pouliuli

(1979). Albert wendt's Pouliuli. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 144-149.
Real-time, concurrent checkpoint for parallel programs

We have developed and implemented a checkpointing and restart algorithm for parallel programs running on commercial uniprocessors and shared-memory multiprocessors. The algorithm runs concurrently with the target program, interrupts the target program for small, fixed amounts of time and is transparent to the checkpointed program and its compiler. The algorithm achieves its efficiency through a novel use of address translation hardware that allows the most time-consuming operations of the checkpoint to be overlapped with the running of the program being checkpointed.
Inclusion in Physical Education: From the Medical Model to Social Constructionism

The purpose of this discussion is to explore assumptions that have informed constructions of disability and to challenge these as socially constituted judgments that influence the way teachers think and act in general physical education. A secondary purpose is to introduce social constructionism as a discourse that potentially reshapes constructions of disability by highlighting the relational activity between teachers and students. Using this framework, it becomes possible to consider the cultural construction of disability as informing actions that in many cases, further disable students with disabilities. A relevant question here becomes, what are our expectations, and how did we come to hold them? The article concludes with suggested practices that identify competence and context as central features of instruction in which meaningful actions are possible for students with disabilities.
Generalised autocorrelation theorem

It is shown that the modified generalised discrete transform of the autocorrelation of a sequence yields the shift-invariant spectral modes within some scale factors. This is a fundamental result, as it is a logical extension of the well known autocorrelation theorem for the discrete Fourier transform.
An automated systems for air sampling with annular denuder systems at a remote site

An automated air sampling system has been designed for use with the annular denuder system (ADS). The automated air sampling system allows for accurate measurements of air volume and day-night sampling while preventing the accumulation of moisture within the ADS caused by condensation or cloud events. The sampling system consists of air flow, monitoring and control subsystems. Calibration of the sampling system against a Hoffer turbine flow meter indicated accurate measurement of air flow volumes. Field testing and preliminary data have shown that the sampling system functions well in a remote mountain forest site, and was relatively unaffected by condensation, fog, or cloud events.
Adolescent third-trimester enrollment in prenatal care.

Abstract This study reports the demographic and reproductive characteristics of 87 adolescents (11–19 years of age) who entered prenatal care during the third trimester of pregnancy at a publicly funded program during a 6-month period of 1987–1988, as well as their self-reported reasons for delayed prenatal care. The findings suggest that concealment of the pregnancy was the primary reason for younger adolescents (11–17 years), while poor motivation to attend prenatal care was often cited by the older adolescents (18–19 years). Older adolescents appeared to be particularly at risk for poor pregnancy outcome: 63% were mothers; the identified pregnancy was the third child for 20%; 42% smoked during pregnancy; and 22% entered care during the period from 36 to 41 weeks of gestation. The apparently poor motivation to attend prenatal care and the closely spaced pregnancies of this age group suggest that the second and third children of adolescent mothers may be a particularly vulnerable pediatric population.
A Behavior-Analytic Approach to Smoking Acquisition: Some Recent Findings1

A behavior-analytic account of the smoking acquisition process is presented and contrasted with other formulations. Assessment implications of the approach are described and briefly illustrated. Data from studies on the onset of experimental smoking and the transition to regular smoking are presented and evaluated with respect to the proposed framework. These data are quite consistent with the behavior-analytic account but do not disconfirm alternative accounts. The implications of the data for both prevention programs and future research are discussed.
Temperature Range for Development of Immature Stages of Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Constant temperatures of 40°C were lethal to eggs of Geocoris punctipes (Say), but 5 nymphs from eggs incubated at lower temperatures developed into adults. Eggs did not hatch at 10°C; they hatched at 15°C, but nymphs failed to develop into adults. Time of development for nymphs was about 3 times that for egg hatch at a given temperature.
Adrenergic Receptors use Proton Conduction to Transduce Ligand Binding Energy into Activating Conformational Change

It is proposed that proton conduction in class A G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) assists in transducing orthosteric ligand binding energy into activating structural movement at their cytosolic domain. The binding site and cytosolic domain are 26 angstroms apart in the beta2 adrenergic receptor. How this action at a distance occurs is not fully understood. To investigate this problem, classical all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to simulate the behavior of the transmembrane (TM) domain under different orthosteric binding pocket conformations. The beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors were used as model GPCRs. Five different models were simulated for approximately 100ns each. Analysis of the simulations revealed that agonist (activating orthosteric ligand) binding causes a Grotthus-type water wire to form, connecting an aspartic acid and aspartate residue. Wire formation is the result of a bound agonist forcing changes in the bend angles of TM helices 4, 5, and 7. The changes in the bend angles form a hydrogen bond between a conserved aspartate in TM2 (D2.50) and the asparagine of the conserved NPxxY motif. Formation of this hydrogen bond results in a disruption of a solvent shell around D2.50, and as a consequence, a wire is formed. Water wires have been characterized to conduct protons in some membrane proteins Based on the simulation results, it is proposed that GPCR agonists drive proton conduction by reorienting internal waters in receptors through changes in TM helix bend angles. In this model, proton conduction in GPCRs occurs by a process similar to that in piezoelectric sensors. The forces applied by agonist binding reorients the internal dipoles of the receptor to make conduction energetically favorable and kinetically feasible. A mechanism is proposed to explain how proton conduction may activate receptors.
R-matrix methods for studying nuclear effects in μCF

Properties ofR-matrix theory that are useful for studying muon-catalyzed fusion reactions are reviewed, and applications to the dtμ system are discussed, using both “improved adiabatic” and non-adiabatic (variational) wave functions. We give complex eigenvalues and α-μ sticking fractions for the (L, v)=(0,0) and (0, 1) states of dtμ using variational Hamiltonian matrix elements that have been properly symmetrized by means of the Block operator. Expressions for the fusion rate and α-μ sticking fraction are developed from a time-dependent theory that uses the complex-energy states corresponding to the poles of the systemS-matrix. These are shown to reduce with the appropriate approximations to the expressions and values commonly used. Additional nuclear effects on these quantities can easily be studied within the framework developed, but they are not expected to be large.
Recent Science Highlights from the Keck Interferometer

The addition of new observational capabilities and continued sensitivity improvements have allowed observations with the Keck Interferometer to encompass new areas of astrophysics and expanded significantly the available sample size in areas which had been the focus of previous work. The technical details of the instrument techniques (including nulling, L-band and increased spectral resolution) are covered in other contributions to this conference. Here, we will highlight the astrophsyics enabled by these instruments including: a summary of the NASA Exo-zodical Dust Survey Key Project, observations across a range of dust temperatures with K and L-band measurements and faint target studies of active galactic nuclei and young stellar disks.
Angle-resolved auger electron spectra induced by neon ion impact on aluminum

Auger electron emission from aluminum bombarded with 1 to 5 keV neon ions was studied by angle-resolved electron spectroscopy. The position and shape of the spectral features depended on the incident ion energy, angle of ion incidence, and electron take-off angle with respect to the aluminum surface. These spectral dependencies were interpreted in terms of the Doppler shift given to the Auger electron velocity by the excited atom ejected into the vacuum. For oblique ion incidence it is concluded that a flux of high energy atoms are ejected in a direction close to the projection of the ion beam on the target surface. In addition, a new spectral feature was found and identified as due to Auger emission from excited neon in the aluminum matrix.
Inducing Chaos in MOSFET-Based Electronic Circuits

We construct a nonlinear, MOSFET-based electronic circuit and address the question of inducing chaos. A recently proposed method makes use of resonant perturbations, which is applicable to situations where chaos is desired, under the following three constraints: (1) the circuit operates in a stable periodic regime, (2) no parameters or state variables of the circuit are directly accessible to adjustment, and (3) the circuit equations are not available. We argue that phase-locked loops can be utilized to realize resonant perturbations in terms of frequency and phase match, and demonstrate experimentally that chaos can be induced in the MOSFET circuit.
PHYSICAL PAIN ≠ SUFFERING: A PERSONAL COMMENTARY ON COPING

A saga of coping with severe, chronic, unspecified chest pain is chronicled. Physical pain is described as reflecting the raw, hurtful sensation, whereas suffering taps the more pernicious and negative implications of the pain in the larger life context. It is suggested that improved coping rests on learning this distinction between pain and suffering. Other lessons derived from the physical pain experiences are reviewed. “Pain gains its power when I let it become suffering…”
Linking research to practice: the rise of evidence-based health sciences librarianship.

Purpose: The lecture explores the origins of evidence-based practice (EBP) in health sciences librarianship beginning with examples from the work of Janet Doe and past Doe lecturers. Additional sources of evidence are used to document the rise of research and EBP as integral components of our professional work.
Two-phase diagenesis of Quaternary carbonates, Arabian Gulf; insights from delta 13 C and delta 18 O data

ABSTRACT Samples from a linear transect of borings in the shallow marine waters offshore of Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, represent dolomitic deposits (dolomitic facies) overlain by low-magnesium calcitic deposits (calcitic facies) and topped by a veneer of aragonitic sediments (aragonitic facies). The dolomitic fades, with its associated evaporites, accumulated and was diagenetically altered as part of Pleistocene sabkha complexes. The calcitic facies is composed of a wide variety of shallow marine Pleistocene carbonates and is petrographically indicative of diagenesis in a meteoric phreatic realm. The aragonitic sediments are Holocene and have undergone only minor shallow marine diagenetic alteration. Whole-rock stable-isotope data (26 aragonitic and 112 calcitic samples) show that the calcitic deposits have undergone two distinct episodes of diagenesis. (1) During Pleistocene sea-level lowstand(s), diagenesis in the meteoric vadose realm altered these originally aragonitic and high-magnesium calcitic sediments, with estimated mean 18O and 13C values of 0.0 and 3.3 PDB, respectively, to low-magnesium calcites, with mean 18O and 13C values of -3.5 and 2.0 PDB, respectively. (2) Under the present sedimentological regime, sabkha-derived evaporative waters, with relatively high 18O values, descended from the modern coast, mixed with the regional groundwater, and flowed laterally gulfward within a confined phreatic aquifer (i.e, the calcitic facies) beneath the marine waters of the Arabian Gulf. Although the calcitic samples display diagenetic trends because of the descent and concomitant lateral migration of waters beneath an exposure surface, these trends differ from those recognized in similar studies. The subsequent diagenetic overprinting by the sabkha-derived surface waters has increased the 18O values as much as 4. Additionally, an overprint of the waters' path can be recognized to the seaward end of the sample transect, almost 10 km from the shoreline, by a gradual decrease gulfward in the mean whole-rock 18O values within the calcitic facies. In contrast to analogous studies, diagenesis of the Al Jubayl carbonates due to the sabkha-derived waters resulted in 18O values that are widely distributed, whereas the 13C values are narrowly distributed, and the sediments show the highest 18O values where the water had the greatest influence in the water-rock interaction; these trends are opposite to those of most other diagenetic sequences.
Randomized trial of adjuvant thalidomide versus observation in patients with completely resected high-risk renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of adjuvant thalidomide on recurrence-free survival (RFS) after nephrectomy for high-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Eligibility criteria for enrollment on this randomized trial included any histologic subtype, T2 (high grade, any N), T3/T4 (any grade, any N), or node-positive (any grade, any T) RCC. We randomized eligible patients to observation or to receive thalidomide 300 mg daily for 24 months. Patients were observed until disease recurrence or death. RESULTS After we enrolled 46 patients, we stopped the trial at a median follow up of 43.9 months (range, 9.7-74.2 months). Patients on the thalidomide arm had inferior 2- and 3-year probabilities of RFS, compared with controls (47.8% vs 69.3% and 28.7% vs 69.3%, respectively; P = .022). The 2- and 3-year cancer-specific survival was similar for both groups. All observed deaths were attributable to RCC (P = .392). By multivariate analysis, tumor size and grade predicted recurrence (P = .001 and .013) and kidney cancer-specific death (P = .002 and .014). Thalidomide treatment, however, was not an independent predictor of recurrence or cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS In this small, randomized, controlled trial, adjuvant thalidomide therapy after complete resection of high-risk RCC did not improve the 2- and 3-year RFS rates or cancer-specific death rates.
Cancer risk in dermatomyositis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Background An association between dermatomyositis (DM) and cancer has been reported since 1916; however, estimates of the associated risk vary widely. For cost-effectiveness reasons it might be important to elucidate the degree of overall cancer risk in DM.
Educational vouchers, welfare effects, and voting

Abstract We analyze the welfare effects and voting equilibrium with vouchers for private schools. The analysis shows that vouchers, like tuition tax credits [ Martinello and West (1988) ; Frey (1983) ], may improve the welfare of all families, including families whose children remain in public schools, if public educational quality is unchanged and publicly-financed educational expenditures decrease. Thus, voters will approve a voucher only if it reduces taxes. When public educational quality is endogenous, a voucher may increase quality by reducing the tax cost of quality and will be approved if it reduce taxes at the pre-voucher public education level and increases quality.
On energy bounds derived from the conjugate eigenvalue problem

Atomic system ground state energy upper bound, considering internuclear distances and removal of restriction for negative definite potential energy operator
The Effect of Cognitive Workload, Job Enrichment Environment, and Spatial Ability on Goal Structures and Strategies

The cognitive strategies used in the performance of human-computer interaction tasks have often been described in terms of goal stack models which are equivalent to hierarchical structures of goals and sub-goals. Effects of cognitive workload, spatial ability and job enrichment (JE) environment were evaluated by using goal structures and the quality of output. Studies were performed on a memo text-editing task to evaluate methods to determine the cognitive goal structures by analyzing the keystrokes and the pauses between keystrokes. The keystrokes provide information about the nodes and goals in the structures while the pauses between keystrokes provide information about the hierarchical structure of the goals. The cognitive goal structures of individual subjects were analyzed quantitatively according to the efficiency of the strategy and the depth and breadth of the strategy. The measures of cognitive goal structures were affected by environmental manipulations of the task in an experimental study of su...
A Bayesian Approach to Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment Applied to the Upper Grande Ronde Watershed, Oregon

ABSTRACT We present a Bayesian network model based on the ecological risk assessment framework to evaluate potential impacts to habitats and resources resulting from wildfire, grazing, forest management activities, and insect outbreaks in a forested landscape in northeastern Oregon. The Bayesian network structure consisted of three tiers of nodes: landscape disturbances, habitats, and the ecological resources or endpoints of interest to land managers. Nodes at each tier were linked to lower nodes if ecological and spatial relationships existed between them. All parameters had four potential discrete states: zero, low, medium, and high. Our model reliably predicted probable risk to habitats and endpoints from natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The disturbances most likely to transform habitats and effect ecological resources were forest management and wildfire. Of the six habitats, moist forest (characterized by Douglas fir and grand fir) was found to be at greatest risk of ecological impacts. The man...
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Semigametic Pima Cotton by Differential Display

Haploid seed-producing semigamy in cotton is controlled by a single incompletely dominant gene (Se). However, its molecular mechanism is currently poorly understood. In this study, the mRNA differential display (DD) was employed to compare gene expression between non-semigametic Pima S-1 (Gossypium barbadense) and its naturally occurring semigametic mutant 57–4. Of the 70 DD cDNA fragments isolated from a total of 3,000 cDNA fragments, some exhibited semigamy-specific expression across anthers and/or ovules. Of the 61 cDNA fragments cloned and sequenced, nine showed high homology to genes encoding for α-tubulin, SPK1, Rab11, sucrose synthase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase, phospholipase D, MADS 7, and WRKY 2. From cDNA–single-strand conformational polymorphism using primers designed from DD sequences, qualitative expression differences in six genes between the semigametic and non-semigametic genotypes were validated. However, a primer pair designed from an α-tubulin gene sequence yielded PCR products with quantitative difference in band intensity, which is linked to the semigamy gene at a recombination frequency of 0.316 in a (57–4 × Pima S-1) × Pima S-1 BC1F1 population. Its expression in the semigametic 57–4 anthers was suppressed by 2-fold as compared to that in Pima S-1 using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. This study identified several novel genes that were missed in prior microarray analysis, and their potential roles with regards to reproductive biology are discussed.