cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma probe location of 111 indium-labeled B72.3: An extension of immunoscintigraphy

Eight colorectal and 5 ovarian cancer patients were evaluated with preoperative immunoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe detection of 111indium-labeled monoclonal antibody B72.3. Immunoscintigraphy detected the presence of tumor in every patient shown to have tumor at surgery. There was one false-positive scan. A total of 21 pathologically verified lesions were identified at surgery in the 11 patients with tumor. Immunoscintigraphy localized 12 (57%) and intraoperative gamma probe detection located 17 (81%) of the lesions. Intraoperative probe detection located 6 of 8 lesions smaller than 1 cm and 3 lesions that were not identified on initial surgical exploration. The gamma probe offers information that is complementary to immunoscintigraphy in that (1) it aids the surgeon in locating intra- and extra-abdominal lesions previously identified by immunoscintigraphy, (2) it locates lesions too small to be seen by immunoscintigraphy alone, (3) it locates lesions that otherwise might be missed at surgery, and (4) it provides objective evidence for adequacy of surgical resection of cancer in the abdominal cavity.
Elevation-Related Differences in Parental Risk-Taking Behavior are Associated with Cognitive Variation in Mountain Chickadees

Breeding animals must balance their current reproductive effort with potential costs to their own survival and consequently to future reproduction. Life-history theory predicts that variation in reproductive investment should be based on fecundity and life expectancy with longer-lived species favoring their own survival over parental investment. Recently, variation in parental risk taking was also linked with differences in cognition suggesting a potential trade-off between cognitive ability and risk taking. Here, we tested whether mountain chickadees from two different elevations with known differences in cognitive ability differ in their parental risk taking by comparing the responses of nesting birds to a potential predator. Higher elevations are associated with shorter breeding season limiting renesting opportunities, but chickadees at high elevations also have better cognitive abilities, which might be potentially associated with better survival. Compared to lower elevations, high-elevation chickadees laid larger clutches, showed longer latencies to return to the nest in the presence of a hawk, had lower fledging success, and exhibited higher rate of complete nest failures. Nestling development among successful nests, however, was similar between elevations. These data are not consistent with life-history hypothesis because birds at high elevation invest more in the clutch, while at the same time take less risk when facing potential danger to themselves, which could jeopardize their current reproductive success. These data, however, are consistent with the hypothesis that better cognitive abilities might be associated with less parental risk taking.
Distributed packet pairing for reflector based DDoS attack mitigation

Reflector based DDoS attacks are feasible in variety of request/reply based protocols including TCP, UDP, ICMP, and DNS. To mitigate these attacks, we advocate the concept of victim assistance and use it in the context of a novel scheme called pairing based filtering (PF). The main idea of the PF scheme is to validate incoming reply packets by pairing them, in a distributed manner, with the corresponding request packets. This pairing is performed at the edge routers of the ISP perimeter that contains the victim rather than at the edge router to which the victim is directly connected, leading to protection from bandwidth exhaustion attacks in addition to the protection from victim's resource exhaustion attacks. We evaluate the proposed scheme through analytical studies using two performance metrics, namely, the probability of allowing an attack packet into the ISP network, and the probability of filtering a legitimate packet. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme offers a high filtering rate for attack traffic, while causing negligible collateral damage to legitimate traffic.
Chiral separation of monoterpenes using mixtures of sulfated β-cyclodextrins and α-cyclodextrin as chiral additives in the reversed-polarity capillary electrophoresis mode

Abstract The use of mixtures of sulfated β-cyclodextrins and native α-cyclodextrin as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis was evaluated for the chiral resolution of neutral, cyclic and bicyclic monoterpenes, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene and limonene. Binding properties of sulfated β-cyclodextrins towards these monoterpenes were studied. It was found that there was no enantioresolution of these terpenoids over the concentration range studied. However, the addition of α-cyclodextrin to the running electrolyte in addition to 6.5 m M sulfated β-cyclodextrins, imparted differences in the mobilities of the terpenoid enantiomers and resulted in remarkable enantiomeric separations of α-pinene ( R s = 25), β-pinene ( R s = 12), camphene ( R s = 12) and limonene ( R s = 4). The role of both α-cyclodextrin and sulfated β-cyclodextrins in these separations is discussed.
A “simple” rectangular puzzle

Abstract In this note we describe a dynamic, d-dimensional toroidal puzzle, the duplication puzzle. It was first introduced in [Rosenfeld, M., A dynamic puzzle, Amer. Math. Monthly 98 (1991), 22–24]. We calculate some optimal solutions for the 2-dimensional toroidal puzzle, for higher dimensional tori and demonstrate how they might be used to improve known lower bounds of the Shannon Capacity of odd cycles.
Phenomenal identity and form perception in an infant

Gestalt psychologists described in some detail the stimulus conditions which determine which parts of an array will be seen as units possessing “phenomenal identity.” These same stimulus conditions, often called the Gestalt laws, were held to be effective determinants of form perception too. A previous study indicated that only one of the Gestalt laws, common fate, was an effective determinant of phenomenal identity in human infants of less than 16 weeks of age. The present study using a more powerful technique shows that another of the Gestalt laws, good continuation, is an effective determinant of phenomenal identity and form perception in infants of 36 days of age. A third variable, proximity, is not effective in this age range.
ADAPTIVE: A Dynamic Index Auction for Spectrum sharing with Time-evolving Values

Spectrum auction is considered a suitable approach to efficiently allocate spectrum among unlicensed users. In a typical spectrum auction, Secondary Users (SUs) bid to buy spectrum bands from a Primary Owner (PO) who acts as the auctioneer. Existing spectrum auctions assume that SUs have static and known values for the channels. However, in many real world settings, SUs do not know the exact value of channel access at first, but they learn it over time. In this paper, we study spectrum auctions in a dynamic setting where SUs can change their valuations based on their experiences with the channel. We propose ADAPTIVE, a dynAmic inDex Auction for sPectrum sharing with TIme-evolving ValuEs that maximizes the social welfare of the SUs. ADAPTIVE is based on multi-armed bandit models where for each user an allocation index is independently calculated in polynomial time. ADAPTIVE has some desired economic properties that are formally proven in the analysis. Also, we provide a numerical performance comparison between ADAPTIVE and the well known Vickrey second price auction as a representative of static auctions. Keywords—Cognitive Radio Networks, Spectrum Sharing, Game Theory, Auction, Multi-armed Bandit.
Symplocamide A, a potent cytotoxin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the marine Cyanobacterium Symploca sp.

Investigation of a Symploca sp. from Papua New Guinea has led to the isolation of symplocamide A (1), a potent cancer cell cytotoxin, which also inhibits serine proteases with a 200-fold greater inhibition of chymotrypsin over trypsin. The complete stereostructure of symplocamide A was determined by detailed NMR and MS analysis as well as chiral HPLC analysis of the component amino acid residues. The presence of several unusual structural features in symplocamide A provides new insights into the pharmacophore model for protease selectivity in this drug class and may underlie the potent cytotoxicity of this compound to H-460 lung cancer cells (IC50 = 40 nM) as well as neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells (IC50 = 29 nM).
Atmospheric dynamics of signal propagation

This paper discusses the atmospheric dynamics of signal propagation associated with lidar operation through a realistic turbulent atmosphere in the vicinity of chemical plumes. Traditional phase screen models represent the propagation through artificial turbulence without dynamic compatibility. In contrast, three new models, AIRFLOS, CHAFFSIM, and SIMLIGHT have been developed to provide a first principles physics approach to modeling lidar signal propagation through a dynamically consistent atmosphere. Solving the Navier Stokes equations the AIRFLOS model computes the turbulence and index of refraction over complex terrain and structures as a function of space and time, CHAFFSIM computes the chemical concentration motion, and SIMLIGHT models the electromagnetic energy propagation. Together these models allow simulation of lidar propagation through realistic atmospheric environments.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Learning to Design and Teach an Accounting Capstone

This paper describes the rationale, implementation issues, and our learning experiences in designing and teaching a senior accounting capstone course. A capstone course is usually a culminating academic experience that ties together all previous courses in an academic discipline and facilitates transition to a chosen career (Henscheid 2000). The rationale for our accounting capstone course is based on institutional and departmental objectives, as well as accounting education change initiatives. We review characteristics of capstone courses in undergraduate education, and discuss similarities to our course. We also address implementation issues with respect to course content, instructional methods, assignment of faculty, class size, and assessment. Finally, we describe course requirements and specific assignments from our accounting capstone course. Appendices include our course syllabus, and a comprehensive list of topics and readings.
Shell-to-shell energy transfer in magnetohydrodynamics. II. Kinematic dynamo.

We study the transfer of energy between different scales for forced three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics turbulent flows in the kinematic dynamo regime. Two different forces are examined: a nonhelical Taylor-Green flow with magnetic Prandtl number ${P}_{M}=0.4$ and a helical ABC flow with ${P}_{M}=1$. This analysis allows us to examine which scales of the velocity flow are responsible for dynamo action and identify which scales of the magnetic field receive energy directly from the velocity field and which scales receive magnetic energy through the cascade of the magnetic field from large to small scales. Our results show that the turbulent velocity fluctuations in the inertial range are responsible for the magnetic field amplification at small scales (small-scale dynamo) while the large-scale field is amplified mostly due to the large-scale flow. A direct cascade of the magnetic field energy from large to small scales is also presented and is a complementary mechanism for the increase of the magnetic field at small scales. The input of energy from the inertial range velocity field into the small magnetic scales dominates over the energy cascade up to the wave number where the magnetic energy spectrum peaks. At even smaller scales, most of the magnetic energy input is from the cascading process.
Effects of 0.75ppm Sulfur Dioxide on Pulmonary Function Parameters of Normal Human Subjects

Of 31 young, health male volunteers who participated in this study 15 were exposed to air (control) and 16 to 0.75ppm (2.15mg/m3) SO2 for 2 hr at 21 degrees C and 60% relative humidity. At the end of the first hour, the subjects exercised for 15 min on a treadmill at 6.4 kmph, with a 10% grade. Methods employed in evaluation of pulmonary function included body plethysmography, spirometry, and multigas rebreathing test. From the battery of 15 pulmonary function parameters, only the pattern of airway resistance changes was significantly altered by SO2 exposure, although spirometric parameters followed a similar pattern. Eight of the SO2-exposed ubjects, with one or more positive allergen skin tests, appeared to be significantly more reactive to SO2 than skin test-negative subjects. All subjects remained asymptomatic. The small number of changes observed appeared to be reversible and do not suggest a significant health hazard to normal human subjects exposed to SO2 under these conditions.
Phase-angle dependence study of modulated e.s.r. and ENDOR signals from coal samples

Abstract In the case of bituminous coal, overlapping e.s.r. and ENDOR signals from a sample were partially separated by utilizing the field modulation phase shift, and at least three different paramagnetic species were detected. It was found that species 3, with the sharpest e.s.r. signal, was much more sensitive to oxygen than species 1 and 2, and that under heat-treatment the e.s.r. signal intensity of the latter two decreased while that of species 3 increased.
Validation study of the SeaWiFS oxygen A-band absorption correction: comparing the retrieved cloud optical thicknesses from SeaWiFS measurements

Atmospheric correction in ocean-color remote sensing corrects more than 90% of signals in the visible contributed from the atmosphere measured at satellite altitude. The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) atmospheric correction uses radiances measured at two near-infrared wavelengths centered at 765 and 865 nm to estimate the atmospheric contribution and extrapolate it into the visible range. However, the SeaWiFS 765-nm band, which covers 745-785 nm, completely encompasses the oxygen A-band absorption. The O(2) A-band absorption usually reduces more than 10-15% of the measured radiance at the SeaWiFS 765-nm band. Ding and Gordon [Appl. Opt. 34, 2068-2080 (1995)] proposed a numerical scheme to remove the O(2) A-band absorption effects from the atmospheric correction. This scheme has been implemented in the SeaWiFS ocean-color imagery data-processing system. I present results that demonstrate a method to validate the SeaWiFS 765-nm O(2) A-band absorption correction by analyzing the sensor-measured radiances at 765 and 865 nm taken looking at the clouds over the oceans. SeaWiFS is usually not saturated with cloudy scenes because of its bilinear gain design. Because the optical and radiative properties of water clouds are nearly independent of the wavelengths ranging from 400 to 865 nm, the sensor-measured radiances above the cloud at the two near-infrared wavelengths are comparable. The retrieved cloud optical thicknesses from the SeaWiFS band 7 measurements are compared for cases with and without the O(2) A-band absorption corrections and from the band 8 measurements. The results show that, for air-mass values of 2-5, the current SeaWiFS O(2) A-band absorption correction works reasonably well. The validation method is potentially applicable for in-orbit relative calibration for SeaWiFS and other satellite sensors.
Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: acoustic characteristics of vowels.

Purpose To determine the specific acoustic changes that underlie improved vowel intelligibility in clear speech. Method Seven acoustic metrics were measured for conversational and clear vowels prod...
Recent advances in cluster analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the issues related to cluster analysis, one of the most important and primitive activities of human beings, and of the advances made in recent years.Design/methodology/approach – The paper investigates the clustering algorithms rooted in machine learning, computer science, statistics, and computational intelligence.Findings – The paper reviews the basic issues of cluster analysis and discusses the recent advances of clustering algorithms in scalability, robustness, visualization, irregular cluster shape detection, and so on.Originality/value – The paper presents a comprehensive and systematic survey of cluster analysis and emphasizes its recent efforts in order to meet the challenges caused by the glut of complicated data from a wide variety of communities.
Selection for temperature-sensitive mutations in specific vaccinia virus genes: Isolation and characterization of a virus mutant which encodes a phosphonoacetic acid-resistant, temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase

Abstract Seven temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus have been isolated after preselection for virus resistant to phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). In all seven mutants, the PAA-resistant (PAA r ) and is lesions represent separate mutations. In one mutant, NG26, the PAA r (NG26-PAA r ) and ts (NG26-ts) mutations are very closely linked. Both NG26-ts and NG26-PAA r Map in the Hin dIII E DNA fragment. NG26 has a DNA-negative phenotype at 40°. NG26-ts is in the same complementation group as ts42, another DNA-negative mutant which maps in the Hin dIII E DNA fragment ( R. C. Condit, A. Motyczka, and G. Spizz, Virology 128 , 000-000, 1983 ). The order of the mutations is (NG26-ts)-(NG26-PAA r -ts2. The virus-coded DNA polymerase has been partially purified from wt- and NG26-infected cells. The DNA polymerase encoded by NG26 is temperature sensitive and PAA resistant in vitro as compared to the wt enzyme.
Turing Machines, Transition Systems, and Interaction

Abstract We present Persistent Turing Machines (PTMs), a new way of interpreting Turing-machine computation, one that is both interactive and persistent. We show that the class of PTMs is isomorphic to a very general class of effective transition systems. One may therefore conclude that the extensions to the Turing-machine model embodied in PTMs are sufficient to make Turing machines expressively equivalent to transition systems. We also define the persistent stream language (PSL) of a PTM and a corresponding notion of PSL-equivalence, and consider the infinite hierarchy of successively finer equivalences for PTMs over finite interaction-stream prefixes. We show that the limit of this hierarchy is strictly coarser than PSL-equivalence, a “gap” whose presence can be attributed to the fact that the transition systems corresponding to PTM computations naturally exhibit unbounded nondeterminism. We also consider amnesic PTMs and a corresponding notion of equivalence based on amnesic stream languages (ASLs). It can be argued that amnesic stream languages are representative of the classical view of Turing-machine computation. We show that the class of ASLs is strictly contained in the class of PSLs. Furthermore, the hierarchy of PTM equivalence relations collapses for the subclass of amnesic PTMs. These results indicate that, in a stream-based setting, the extension of the Turing-machine model with persistence is a nontrivial one, and provide a formal foundation for reasoning about programming concepts such as objects with static attributes.
Petroleum jelly lipogranuloma of the penis treated with excision and native skin coverage

Penile augmentation by injection of petroleum jelly is still performed by nonmedical practitioners abroad and causes foreign body reactions with resultant scarring, deformity, and ulceration. Surgical treatment involves removal of the foreign material and granuloma, followed by scrotal flaps, inguinal flaps, free flaps, or split-thickness skin grafts. We present the use of native penile skin for coverage after resection of oleogranuloma in the first case of which we are aware. Local penile skin coverage allows for an excellent surgical result, with many potential advantages over flaps or skin grafts.
Accounting for Model Uncertainty in the Prediction of University Graduation Rates

Empirical analysis requires researchers to choose which variables to use as controls in their models. Theory should dictate this choice, yet often in social science there are several theories that may suggest the inclusion or exclusion of certain variables as controls. The result of this is that researchers may use different variables in their models and come to disparate conclusions with respect to predicted effects and their statistical significance. In such cases one is uncertain of which particular set of regressors forms the model that represents the data. The approach used below accounts for uncertainty in variable selection by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Accounting for uncertainty, we demonstrate that BMA provides better out-of-sample prediction for university graduation rates than results based on alternative variable selection methods.
Imaging of nonuniform current density at microelectrodes by electrogenerated chemiluminescence.

The chemiluminescence arising from reaction of electrogenerated radical cations of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and benzonitrile (solvent) radical anions has been used to image microelectrodes with dimensions in the micrometer range. Experimental conditions including supporting electrolyte, DPA concentration, and excitation frequency were optimized to affect high luminescent intensity. In solutions of high resistance, the light was found to be temporally delayed with respect to the applied potential due to the increased time required to charge the double layer. Spatially nonuniform light at disk- and band-shaped microelectrodes was observed under certain conditions, with the highest intensity occurring at the region of the electrode with highest curvature. The optimum condition for observation of the nonuniform light was with very high electrode currents. Under this condition, the current density approaches that of the primary current distribution, a circumstance where spatially nonuniform potentials occ...
Comparative Effects of the Proline-Alanine Rich Regions of Human and Murine Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C

The N-terminus of cMyBP-C can activate actomyosin interactions in the absence of Ca2+, but it is unclear which sequences mediate the activating effects. Herron et al. (Circ Res, 98:1290-8, 2006) found that the Pro-Ala rich region (P-A) of human cMyBP-C could activate tension in the absence of Ca2+, whereas Razumova et al. (J Gen Physiol, 132:575-85, 2008) found that murine C1 and M domains activated tension. The different results might be explained by isoform differences, especially in P-A which is only 46% identical between mouse and human cMyBP-C. The goal of this study was to determine if species-specific differences in P-A account for the different activating effects of murine and human cMyBP-C. Recombinant chimeric proteins containing the C0, P-A, and C1 domains (C0C1) from either human or murine cMyBP-C were engineered and their activating effects assessed using in vitro motility and ATPase assays. Consistent with previous observations, human C0C1 activated actomyosin interactions in the absence of Ca2+, whereas murine C0C1 did not. However, substituting human P-A for murine P-A conferred activating properties to murine C0C1, whereas substituting murine P-A for human P-A depressed the activating effects of human C0C1. Activating effects of the chimera proteins were intermediate between those of murine and human C0C1, suggesting that C0 or C1 also contribute to activation properties. Further chimeric substitutions of C0 and C1 demonstrated that the human C1 domain also contributed to activation, whereas the C0 domain did not. These results suggest that the human P-A and C1 domains are sufficient to activate actomyosin interactions in the absence of Ca2+, and that species-specific differences are likely to contribute to functional differences of cMyBP-C. Supported by NIH HL080367 to SPH and a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to JFS.
Local Option Sales Taxes and Fiscal Disparity: The Case of Georgia Counties

While local option sales taxes (LOST) have become an important revenue source for local governments, there has been concern about the distribution of LOST revenues: the uneven distribution of sales tax bases may have introduced a new source of fiscal inequality and exacerbated existing fiscal disparity. Using Georgia county data (N=159, 1970–2000), this study examines whether and how LOST have affected local fiscal disparity. Our findings suggest that the effects of LOST on fiscal disparity vary with the approach to measure revenue-raising capacity; thus the issue of LOST distribution is sensitive to the underlying conceptualization of “fiscal equity.”
Layout of a multiplexed electrode VLSI circuit for monitoring evoked responses in cerebral cortex

This paper summarizes the details of the design of an integrated circuit layout usable as a multiple-electrode implantable cerebral cortex sensor. The purpose of implanting multiplexed electrode circuits in a cerebral cortex is to monitor the electroencephalograph (EEG) and visual evoked response (VER) generated while the subject performs normal visual functions. A summary of the human image processing system is given as a background for the circuit design work. A typical subject for the research would be a laboratory animal. External power, clocking, and analogue data lines required for its operation posed problems for the original electrode chip. The second generation brain chip includes self contained-power with on-board multiplexing and clocking circuits. The most significant improvement is the incorporation of analogue to digital (A/D) converters. Through the use of A/D converters, brain signal data can be converted at the site of implant, eliminating induced noise from analogue wires used on the original chip. Conversion at the implant site, the primary visual cortex, yields a more accurate indication of the actual brain data.
Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of cytomegalovirus overcomes false positives caused by contamination with fragmented DNA

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique offers a promising alternative to tissue culture for the rapid and sensitive detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, high levels of background amplification detected in samples containing water but no DNA make interpretation of borderline positive samples extremely difficult and reduce the sensitivity of the assay. The signal from amplification of water or positive samples can be eliminated by DNase treatment, but not by filtration through anisotropic membrane, autoclaving, or ultraviolet irradiation. A lag time of 10 to 12 cycles is observed before the reactions with water will show product formation by liquid hybridization detection. The use of nested PCR eliminates the background and, in serial dilutions of a positive sample, shows a 500- to 1000-fold increase in sensitivity by liquid hybridization detection. We suggest that the background signal is arising from small fragments of DNA, which may be produced by autoclaving viral culture material. Such fragments would escape filtration, and overlapping fragments of DNA can prime one another to form complete mosaic sequences that will then amplify. Nested PCR, appropriately controlled for the number of cycles at each step, should successfully overcome such false positives caused by fragmented DNA, no matter if the contamination occurs at the collection site, in processing, or at the facility performing the test.
Characterization of a Novel Thermosensitive Restorer of Fertility for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize

S-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-S) in maize is associated with high levels of a 1.6-kb RNA in mitochondria. This RNA contains two chimeric open reading frames (ORFs), orf355 and orf77. The previously described nuclear restorer-of-fertility allele Rf3 causes the processing of all transcripts that contain these chimeric ORFs. The Lancaster Surecrop-derived inbred line A619 carries a restorer that is distinct from Rf3 in that it selectively reduces only the CMS-S-specific 1.6-kb RNA. We have found that 10 additional Lancaster lines carry a single restoring allele traceable to either of two inbred lines, C103 and Oh40B. The C103 and Oh40B restorers are allelic to each other, but not to Rf3. Thus, this restoring allele, designated Rf9, represents a second naturally occurring CMS-S restorer in maize. Rf9 is a less effective restorer of fertility than is Rf3; its expression is influenced by both inbred nuclear background and temperature. Rf9 acts to reduce the amounts of orf355/orf77-containing linear mitochondrial subgenomes, which are generated by recombination of circular subgenomes with CMS-S-specific linear plasmids. The 1.6-kb RNA, which is transcribed only from linear ends, is correspondingly reduced.
A voltage scheduling heuristic for real-time task graphs

Energy constrained complex real-time systems are becoming increasingly important in defense, space, and consumer applications. In this paper, we present a sensible heuristic to address the problem of energy-efficient voltage scheduling of a hard real-time task graph with precedence constraints for a multi-processor environment. We show that consideration of inter-relationships among the tasks in a holisitic way can lead to an effective heuristic for reducing energy expenditure. We developed this algorithm for systems running with two voltage levels since this is currently supported by a majority of modern processors. We then extend the algorithm for processors that can support multiple voltage levels. The results show that substantial energy savings can be achieved by using our scheme. The algorithm is then compared with other relevant algorithms derived for hypothetical systems which can run on infinite voltage levels in a given range. Our two voltage systems, using the task dependencies effectively, can provide a comparable performance with those algorithms in the cases where continuous voltage switching is not allowed.
Polarimetric diffraction tomography

Diffraction tomography can directly probe the second-order statistical properties of a random scattering volume. In many sensing tasks, these second-order correlations are all that is necessary to perform classification. In this paper we have generalized the theory of diffraction tomography to include polarized input fields and scattering from anisotropic samples. When the scattering formulation is generalized to the vector form, we must consider the mutual coherency matrix. Because the mutual coherency matrix does not commute with the medium scattering matrix in general, the observed coherency matrix (or Stokes vector) depends on the coherence state of the incident beam. This feature is often overlooked in active polarimetry, and clearly points to the fact that extreme care must be taken when performing Mueller matrix polarimetry with coherent or partially coherent light.
EVALUATION OF THE FIBRINOLYTIC STATE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF UROKINASE.

SummaryExperiments on the recovery of urokinase administered intravenously to laboratory dogs were described. Urokinase prepared from animal and human sources produced circulatory flbrinolytic activity, but only homologous urokinase administration produced increased urokinase excretion.
ECT studies of the choking phenomenon in a gas–solid circulating fluidized bed

Choking is commonly defined as a phenomenon where a sudden change in the solids holdup occurs in a gas–solid fluidization system. In this study, the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) based on the neural network multicriteria optimization image reconstruction technique (NNMOIRT), developed by this research group, is used to probe the mechanism of choking formation by examining a real-time, quasi-3D cross-sectional flow structure of a circulating fluidized bed riser. The particles used are FCC catalysts. The ECT with NN-MOIRT reveals a double solids-ring flow structure and the presence of particle blobs at the center of the bed in the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser. This flow structure, when it is present at the entrance region of the riser, undergoes a distinct variation during the choking transition when the gas velocity is below the transport velocity Utr, but does not undergo a distinct variation when the gas velocity is above Utr. This flow structure, when it is present at the upper region of the riser, however, does not vary distinctly at any gas velocity. Such flow structure variations are not appreciably affected by the solids feeding patterns with or without a gas or solids distributor, or by the gas humidity. For the low gas velocities (<Utr), the borescope measurement indicates that the solids concentration in the particle blob and the blob size all increase as the solids circulation rate increases. The disintegration of the enlarged blobs or blob jets and the collapse of the solids suspension characterize the mechanics of the initiation of the choking transition to the dense-phase fluidization regime attributed to solids suspension instability. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1386–1406, 2004
Social Inequality and Demography

In this chapter, we consider the evolution of social inequality and other aspects of social organization with an analysis of house size variability in the Kachemak and Koniag periods of the Sitkalidak region. Data of this analysis are then considered along with data discussed in the previous chapter to model change in population levels through the archaeological history of the Sitkalidak region. Population change is also tracked using radiocarbon date frequencies for the Kodiak region.
About face: comparing positive politeness in Dummies and conventional software documentation

Previous researchers have noted rhetorical differences between primary manuals (i.e., those produced by the manufacturer) and secondary (i.e., after-market) manuals such as those in the Dummies series. Three manuals for Dreamweaver 4 software - the primary manual, the Dummies manual and another secondary manual - were compared for their use of positive politeness strategies identified by Brown & Levinson within the theory of linguistic pragmatics. The Dummies manual uses a large variety and number of positive politeness strategies. These strategies account in large part for the unique tone of the Dummies manual. In addition, because positive politeness strategies serve to build rapport, these strategies may account for the popularity of the Dummies series. The theory of positive politeness provides a well-developed, systematic method for describing and explaining the way that tone is achieved through the use of specific linguistic features.
Order-dependent timing of unimodal and multimodal stimulation affects prenatal auditory learning in bobwhite quail embryos.

This study examined the relationship between unimodal and multimodal sensory stimulation and their effects on prenatal auditory learning in bobwhite quail embryos. Embryos exposed to a maternal call in the 24 hr prior to hatching (unimodal condition) significantly preferred this familiar call over an unfamiliar call in postnatal testing, but failed to demonstrate this preference when the maternal call was presented concurrently with non-synchronized patterned light (multimodal condition). To further explore this interference effect, we provided one group of embryos concurrent exposure to a maternal call and patterned light for 12 hr followed by 12 hr exposure to the call alone (multimodal!unimodal call). This group failed to prefer the familiar call during postnatal testing. In contrast, reversing the order of presentation during prenatal exposure (unimodal call!multimodal) led a second group of subjects to significantly prefer the familiar call, suggesting that the order-dependent timing of sensory stimulation can significantly impact prenatal auditory learning. Experiment 3 examined the influence of modality versus timing of sensory stimulation on prenatal auditory learning by providing three groups of embryos with exposure to a maternal call during the 12 hr prior to hatching and by varying the duration of visual stimulation. Results indi- cate that 12 hr unimodal exposure to patterned light does not support prenatal auditory learning when it is followed by 12 hr exposure to multimodal stimulation (light!multimodal), but can facilitate prenatal auditory learning when it is followed by unimodal exposure to the call alone (light!call). Results are discussed in terms of intersensory relationships during perinatal development. fl 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 1-10, 2001
Limited Access to Syringes for Injection Drug Users in Pharmacies in Denver, Colorado

Objective To determine the availability of syringes for injection drug users (IDUs) from pharmacies in Denver. Design Single-group, uncontrolled, noncomparative study. Setting Denver, Colorado. Patients or Other Participants 23 randomly selected pharmacies in the Denver metropolitan area and 3 additional pharmacies located near drug-buying locations. Intervention Attempt by eight trained IDU “research assistants” to purchase packages of 10 U-100 insulin syringes without a prescription from pharmacies. Main Outcome Measures Successful purchase of syringes; reasons for refusal. Results Of 26 pharmacies, 4 reported not stocking syringes, 3 did not sell syringes to any research assistants, 10 sold to some research assistants but not to others, and 9 sold to all research assistants. Of 206 purchase attempts, 54% were successful. In 37.9% of 95 refusals, the pharmacist reported that syringes were not sold at the store, and in 28.4% the pharmacist refused to sell because the research assistant did not produce diabetic identification or answer insulin-related questions. No differences in pharmacy response were found with respect to the racial or ethnic characteristics of the research assistant. Price varied substantially within and among stores. No pharmacies that sold syringes to research assistants were open 24 hours per day. Conclusion While IDUs who live near a pharmacy that regularly sells syringes and IDUs with a convincing diabetes story may have adequate access to syringes, others face inconsistent availability. Price fluctuations and limited hours of those pharmacies that sell syringes may be additional barriers to access to sterile syringes for IDUs in Denver.
Isolating Variables Which Affect TV Preferences of Retarded Children.

Summary.-The TV preference of G low-level and 6 high-level retardates was determined by providing each S with a simultaneous choice of four alternatives (three TV programs and no program) during baseline. All Ss spent most of each session responding and preferred TV over no program. Ss were then given four simultaneous choices berween the preferred program in color, in black and white, audio only, and video only. Of 6 high-level Ss 5 showed a preference for programs in color, 3 low-level Ss showed a preference for black and white presentations, and the other 4 Ss showed about equal preferences for color and black and white. The preference technique seems adequate for ascertaining some of the reinforcing variables in TV programs.
PIPE: Web personalization by partial evaluation

Partial evaluation is a technique popular in the programming languages community. It is applied here as a methodology for personalizing Web content. PIPE (Personalization is Partial Evaluation) is able to personalize Web resources, without enumerating the interaction sequences beforehand. It supports information integration, and varying levels of input by Web visitors. PIPE models personalization as a form of partial evaluation, a technique that uses incomplete input information to specialize programs. This article describes the PIPE methodology and presents experimental results demonstrating its effectiveness in two different domains.
The energy levels of Co56

Abstract Energy levels of Co56 were calculated using Yukawa and finite-angular forms for the residual proton-neutron interaction. The shell-model (1f 7 2 −2 , 2 p 3 2 ) configuration was assigned to the ground (4+), 0.164 MeV (3+), and 0.984 MeV (2+) levels. The (1 f 7 2 −1 , 1 f 5 2 ) configuration was assigned to the 1.47 MeV (2+) and 1.74 MeV (1+) levels. It was predicted that the level at 0.560 MeV is predominantly (1 f 7 2 −1 , 2 p 3 2 ) 5 + , and that those at 0.825, 1.008 and 1.105 MeV are (1 f 7 2 −1 , 1 f 5 2 ) 5 + , (1 f 7 2 − , 1 f 5 2 ) 3 + and (1 f 7 2 −1 , 1 f 5 2 ) 4 + , respectively.
A Reaction to “Consequences of Failure to Meet Assumptions Underlying the Fixed Effects Analysis of Variance and Covariance”

Glass, Peckham, and Sanders discourage the use of nonparametric counterparts of the t-test even when it is known that data were sampled from non-normal (e.g., highly skewed) distributions. This paper contends that Glass et al. erred in taking this position and that their error was due, at least in part, to their failure to consider the relative power of the t-test and its nonparametric counterparts under various population shapes. It is further contended that Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test has power properties that make it preferable to the t-test in many, perhaps even most, non-normal population situations.
Principles Of Service Systems: An Ontological Approach

This paper delineates the principles of service systems, based on an ontological foundation of the subject matter developed independently of a particular endeavor, that are required to enable communication among researchers and assist in the ongoing theoretical development of the constituent topics. The paper begins with the presentation of service elements and progresses through the various topics until the requisite concepts, relations, and vocabulary are formulated. The subjects are presented in a developmental manner to promote clarity and readability by a broad service science audience and to support research in the discipline.
Robustness of the Learning with Errors Assumption

Starting with the work of Ishai-Sahai-Wagner and Micali-Reyzin, a new goal has been set within the theory of cryptography community, to design cryptographic primitives that are secure against large classes of side-channel attacks. Recently, many works have focused on designing various cryptographic primitives that are robust (retain security) even when the secret key is "leaky", under various intractability assumptions. In this work we propose to take a step back and ask a more basic question: which of our cryptographic assumptions (rather than cryptographic schemes) are robust in presence of leakage of their underlying secrets? Our main result is that the hardness of the learning with error (LWE) problem implies its hardness with leaky secrets. More generally, we show that the standard LWE assumption implies that LWE is secure even if the secret is taken from an arbitrary distribution with sufficient entropy, and even in the presence of hard-to-invert auxiliary inputs. We exhibit various applications of this result. 1. Under the standard LWE assumption, we construct a symmetric-key encryption scheme that is robust to secret key leakage, and more generally maintains security even if the secret key is taken from an arbitrary distribution with sufficient entropy (and even in the presence of hard-to-invert auxiliary inputs). 2. Under the standard LWE assumption, we construct a (weak) obfuscator for the class of point functions with multi-bit output. We note that in most schemes that are known to be robust to leakage, the parameters of the scheme depend on the maximum leakage the system can tolerate, and hence the efficiency degrades with the maximum anticipated leakage, even if no leakage occurs at all! In contrast, the fact that we rely on a robust assumption allows us to construct a single symmetric-key encryption scheme, with parameters that are independent of the anticipated leakage, that is robust to any leakage (as long as the secret key has sufficient entropy left over). Namely, for any k<n (where n is the size of the secret key), if the secret key has only entropy k, then the security relies on the LWE assumption with secret size roughly k.
Biomaterials for 4D stem cell culture

Stem cells reside in complex three-dimensional (3D) environments within the body that change with time, promoting various cellular functions and processes such as migration and differentiation. These complex changes in the surrounding environment dictate cell fate yet, until recently, have been challenging to mimic within cell culture systems. Hydrogel-based biomaterials are well suited to mimic aspects of these in vivo environments, owing to their high water content, soft tissue-like elasticity, and often-tunable biochemical content. Further, hydrogels can be engineered to achieve changes in matrix properties over time to better mimic dynamic native microenvironments for probing and directing stem cell function and fate. This review will focus on techniques to form hydrogel-based biomaterials and modify their properties in time during cell culture using select addition reactions, cleavage reactions, or non-covalent interactions. Recent applications of these techniques for the culture of stem cells in four dimensions (i.e., in three dimensions with changes over time) also will be discussed for studying essential stem cell processes.
Fetal electrocardiography: A study of the normal recording

Abstract 1. 1. Fifty-one fetal electrocardiograms taken from 37 pregnant women, from 12 to 43 weeks from their last menstrual period during uncomplicated pregnancies, are reported in an attempt to define further the normal fetal tracing. 2. 2. It is possible to obtain good quality fetal electrocardiograms with a simple technique and a high amplification system in most patients after 12 weeks; the procedure requires only 8 to 10 minutes. 3. 3. The normal fetal heart rate declines from an average of about 165 beats per minute at 12 weeks of gestation to 130 at term. 4. 4. The sex of the fetus has no effect on the fetal heart rate. 5. 5. Maternal tachycardia can possibly be correlated with fetal tachycardia. 6. 6. The normal fetal QRS is 0.02 second in duration early in pregnancy widening to nearly 0.04 second at term. 7. 7. The normal fetal QRS amplitude is minimal during the thirtieth to the thirty-second week, excluding the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. 8. 8. Fetal position can roughly be determined by a spacial vector approach to fetal electrocardiography. 9. 9. The fetal heart rate may be moderately inaccurate when determined via auscultation.
Comparative Study of Two Combination Weighting Method Applied to Benefit Evaluation of Water Saving and Improvement in Irrigation District

Reasonable determination of index weight is of great importance to get an objective and reasonable evaluation result of water saving and improvement evaluation in irrigation district. In order to obtain the objective and reasonable index weight, two kinds of combination weighting method with different principles are applied to index weight calculation and the calculated result are applied to benefit evaluation of water saving and improvement in irrigation district. It is found that the two kinds of index weight vector sequences are the same. The sequences of the two kinds of evaluation result for four irrigation districts based on the two kinds of weight are the same though the evaluation values are different. Finally, the causes of the result and the application condition of the two kinds of combination weighting method are analyzed.