cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.

Objectives: The objective was to identify the epidemiology of serious bacterial infections (SBI) and the current utility of obtaining routine complete blood counts (CBC) and blood cultures to stratify infants at risk of SBI, in the study population of febrile infants in the post–heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) era. Methods: A cohort study with nested case-controls was undertaken at a tertiary care military hospital emergency department (ED) from December 2002 through December 2003. Irrespective of clinical findings at the initial encounter, patients were included if they were under 3 months of age and had a home or ED temperature of ≥100.4°F or if they were between 3 and 24 months of age with a temperature of ≥102.3°F. Data abstracted included age, temperature, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, and discharge diagnosis. Culture (blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) and chest radiograph (CXR) results were obtained through review of the electronic hospital archives. SBI was defined as pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), meningitis, or bacteremia. Results: A total of 985 children aged 0 to 24 months were enrolled. Fifty-five percent were male, the median age was 12 months (interquartile range = 8–17 months), and 79% had received at least one PCV7. A total of 132 cases of SBI were identified in 129 infants (13.1%): 82 pneumonias, 45 UTI, five bacteremias, and no cases of bacterial meningitis. The frequency of bacteremia was 0.7%. No statistical difference was detected in the WBC count between the SBI and non-SBI groups (13.8 ± 5.8 and 11.7 ± 5.6, respectively; p = 0.055). No readily available WBC cutoff on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve proved to be an accurate predictor of SBI. No statistical difference was detected in mean temperature between the SBI and non-SBI groups (103.3 ± 1.2 and 103.2 ± 1.2°F, respectively; p = 0.26), nor was there a difference noted when groups were broken down by age or height of fever. Conclusions: The WBC count and height of fever were not found to be accurate predictors of SBI in infants age 3 to 24 months. UTI and pneumonias made up the vast majority of SBI in this population of infants. The overall bacteremia frequency was well below 1%. This calls into question the continued utility of obtaining routine complete cell counts and blood cultures in the febrile infant in the post-PCV7 era.
Color stability of frozen whole tilapia exposed to pre‐mortem treatment with carbon monoxide

BACKGROUND: Color of muscle foods plays a major role in consumer perception of meat quality. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been successfully used for improving color of packaged meat and fish products. In this study, we wanted to investigate pre-mortem treatment of live tilapia using 100% CO for its ability to improve the color of frozen whole tilapia. We compared untreated and CO-treated whole, gutted tilapia, frozen for 2 and 4 months at − 20 °C. Frozen tilapia samples were thawed overnight at 4 °C, filleted and analyzed for their color, heme peak wavelength and CO concentration. RESULTS: Euthanasia using CO significantly increased redness (a* value) and lightness (L* value) of tilapia white and red muscle. Frozen storage significantly (P 0.05) decrease in heme peak wavelengths of CO-treated tilapia white and red muscle during frozen storage. The CO content of frozen euthanized tilapia fillets was significantly (P > 0.05) higher than in untreated fillets. In general, red muscle tissue of euthanized tilapia had a higher concentration of CO than white muscle. CONCLUSION: Color stability of tilapia fillets was significantly improved by pre-mortem CO treatment. The color of CO-treated fillets was retained during frozen storage compared to untreated fillets. Hence, pre-mortem CO treatment could be used as a new method for improving color of tilapia. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Heterogeneity of antigenic-side-chain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2.

Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111, its galE derivative when grown in galactose, E. coli 086, and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 all contain antigenic side chains and separate into more than 40 components by electrophoresis in gradients of polyacrylamide containing sodium dodecylsulfate. These components from E. coli 0111 are not interconvertible and show a heterogeneous size distribution when fractionated with Sephadex G-200. Isoelectric focusing of this mixture in pH 3.5–10 ampholines reveals a single component, ruling out extensive charge heterogeneity. The relative antigenic side chain lengths for the components, estimated using ratios of galactose in antigenic side chain to phosphate in the lipid-A–core oligosaccharide region, show that the size heterogeneity is due to differences in the number of antigenic side chain units per molecule and ranges from none to over 40. Preference for molecules of specific chain lengths, especially short ones, was observed. In contrast, the galE mutant grown without galactose does not synthesize antigenic side chains, and more than 90% of its lipopolysaccharide migrates as a single band at a position corresponding to the lowest-molecular-weight component from the above preparations. Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli PL2, a K12 strain lacking antigenic side chain, separates into two low-molecular-weight components on electrophoresis. These results confirm that the heterogeneity which we observe in lipopolysaccharide containing antigenic side chains, is due to the side chain rather than the lipid-A –core oligosaccharide region.
Quantum cascade light-emitting diodes based on type-II quantum wells

The authors have demonstrated room-temperature CW operation of type-II quantum cascade (QC) light emitting diodes at 4.2 {micro}m using InAs/InGaSb/InAlSb type-II quantum wells. The type-II QC configuration utilizes sequential multiple photon emissions in a staircase of coupled type-II quantum wells. The device was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a p-type GaSb substrate and was compared of 20 periods of active regions separated by digitally graded quantum well injection regions. The maximum average output power is about 250 {micro}W at 80 K, and 140 {micro}W at 300 K at a repetition rate of 1 kHz with a duty cycle of 50%.
Acceptability of positive and reductive behavioral interventions: Factors that influence teachers' decisions

Abstract Treatment acceptability refers to individuals' judgments as to whether psychological treatment procedures are appropriate, fair, and reasonable for a given problem. In the present two-experiment study, experienced teachers' ratings of acceptability for positive (i.e., praise, home-based reinforcement, and token economy) and reductive (i.e., ignoring, response-cost lottery, and seclusion time-out) behavioral interventions were investigated. Using the Intervention Rating Profile (IRP) and a case study methodology to manipulate variables of intervention complexity and problem behavior severity, it was established that (a) teachers' acceptability ratings of both positive and reductive interventions varied with the severity of a target behavior, (b) the complexity of an intervention influenced teachers' ratings of acceptability, less complex or time-consuming interventions being rated generally more acceptable, and (c) mean acceptability ratings were significantly more favorable for positive than reductive treatments. These findings are discussed in the context of previous acceptability research and future investigations.
Algorithms for computing the geopotential using a simple density layer

Several algorithms have been developed for computing the potential and attraction of a simple density layer. These are numerical cubature, Taylor series, and a mixed analytic and numerical integration using a singularity-matching technique. A computer program has been written to combine these techniques for computing the disturbing acceleration on an artificial earth satellite. A total of 1640 equal-area, constant surface density blocks on an oblate spheroid are used. The singularity-matching algorithm is used in the subsatellite region, Taylor series in the surrounding zone, and numerical cubature on the rest of the earth.
Opioid peptide expression in models of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.

Abstract Expression of the opioid peptides dynorphin and enkephalin is altered within the first 24 h after acutely induced seizures in certain experimental models of epilepsy. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of prodynorphin and preproenkephalin messenger RNA acutely following induction of kindling with recurrent seizures and in two models of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy: (i) rats fully kindled with rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures; and (ii) rats surviving after self-sustaining limbic status epilepticus induced with focal electrical stimulation of the hippocampus. In naive animals, a ventral-dorsal gradient was identified in the expression of both prodynorphin and preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the dentate gyrus and expression of prodynorphin message was demonstrated for the first time in the ventral portion of cornu Ammonis regio superior. After stimulation producing rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures, acute decreases in prodynorphin messenger RNA were seen in the dentate gyrus and cornu Ammonis regio superior at 24 h after the last seizure. In contrast, increases in preproenkephalin messenger RNA expression were seen acutely in the dentate gyrus, with a decrease seen in the entorhinal cortex. The change in prodynorphin message expression in cornu Ammonis regio superior persisted in kindled animals that were studied after one month seizure-free period. There were no changes in preproenkephalin message in kindled animals studied after the one month seizure-free interval. No statistically significant changes were found for either prodynorphin or preproenkephalin message in the post-self-sustaining limbic status epilepticus group at one month following induced seizures. Acute changes in peptide expression may contribute to increased excitation in the dentate gyrus during induction of kindling, while the chronic change identified in cornu Ammonis regio superior may contribute directly to persistently increased excitability in this region.
Numerical Simulation of a Thermoacoustic Refrigerator

A low Mach-number compressible flow model for the simulation of acoustically driven flow in a thermoacoustic stack is constructed. The model is based on the assumption that the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the characteristic hydrodynamic lengthscale. Thus, a simplified description of the flow is obtained which still retains the essential features of acoustically induced velocity oscillations near solid boundaries. A vorticity-based formulation of the governing equation is derived which relies on the Helmholtz decomposition of the velocity vector into irrotational and divergence-free components. Irrotational motion is used to represent the action of acoustic waves. Meanwhile the divergence-free velocity component is used to capture the nonlinear vortical perturbations due to no-slip boundaries. A simplified version of the model is applied to analyze unsteady flow in the neighborhood of an idealized thermoacoustic stack which consists of a periodic array of thin plates placed in an acoustic standing wave. Computed results are used to analyze, for different stack configurations, the nonlinear response of the flow to different acoustic driving amplitudes and frequencies. In particular, it is shown that the flow is dominated by the motion of vortices which result from the shedding of boundary layers from the edges of the stack. The dependence of energy losses on stack configuration and operating conditions is also examined.
Probing Hydrogen and Deuterium Molecular Dynamics Using Attosecond Transient Absorption

Few-cycle laser induced dynamics in the D^1 Π_u←X^1 Σ_g and C^1 Π_u←X^1 Σ_g bands of vibrational wavepacket of hydrogen and deuterium molecules are studied by the attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
Protest, Cyberactivism and New Social Movements: The Reemergence of the Peace Movement Post 9/11

This paper examines ways in which the Internet and alternative forms of media have enhanced the global, yet grassroots, political mobilization in the anti-war effort in the post 9/11 environment. An examination of the role of cyberactivism in the peace movement enhances our understanding of social movements and contentious politics by analyzing how contemporary social movements are using advanced forms of technology and mass communication as a mobilizing tool and a conduit to alternative forms of media. These serve as both a means and target of protest action and have played a critical role in the organization and success of internal political mobilizing.
Inhibition of human granulosa cell progesterone secretion by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonist was found to inhibit the secretion of progesterone by cultured human granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibition was observed at agonist concentrations of 10-9M. A Gn-RH antagonist had no marked effect upon progestin secretion, but it prevented the inhibitory effects of the Gn-RH agonist. We conclude that Gn-RH-like substances can directly affect human granulosa cell function.
Recent research and development in potato flour and potato starch

From the above discussion of potato flour and potato starch, we see that advances are being made as the results of research and development. We expect the demand for these two products from potatoes to continue to grow.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling modulates pregnane x receptor activity in a species-specific manner.

Pregnane x receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates drug-inducible expression of several key cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporter proteins in liver and intestine in a species-specific manner. Activation of this receptor modulates several key biochemical pathways, including gluconeogenesis, β-oxidation of fatty acids, fatty acid uptake, cholesterol homeostasis, and lipogenesis. It is of current interest to determine whether the interaction between pregnane x receptor and these key biochemical pathways is evolutionarily conserved. We show here that activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway synergizes with pregnane x receptor-mediated gene activation in mouse hepatocytes. Conversely, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling has a repressive effect upon pregnane x receptor-mediated gene activation in rat and human hepatocytes. We show that the human pregnane x receptor protein can serve as an effective substrate for catalytically active cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro. Metabolic labeling of the protein in vivo indicates that human pregnane x receptor exists as a phosphoprotein and that activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling modulates the phosphorylation status of pregnane x receptor. Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling also modulates the interactions of pregnane x receptor with protein cofactors. Our results define the species-specific impact of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling on pregnane x receptor and provide a molecular explanation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated repression of human pregnane x receptor activity. Taken together, our results identify a novel mode of regulation of pregnane x receptor activity and highlight prominent functional differences in the process across species.
Solution Growth of a Novel Nonlinear Optical Material: L-Histidine Tetrafluoroborate

Single crystals of L-Histidine tetrafluoroborate (L-HFB), a semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material have been successfully grown by the temperature lowering and evaporation methods in our laboratory. Solubility curves of L-HFB have been determined in different solvents, such as water, ethanol and acetone. The solubility of L-HFB is very low in acetone, and ethanol, therefore, it is not feasible to grow L-HFB single crystals using these solvents. Good quality single crystals of a novel nonlinear optical material L-HFB have been grown from aqueous solution. Effects of seed orientation on morphologies of L-HFB crystals were studied. The advantages and disadvantage of both the evaporation and the temperature lowering techniques are compared. The single crystals in size 20 x 20 x 10 cubic mm were grown with deionized water as solvent in two weeks with an approximate growth rate of 1.4mm/day. The transmission range for these crystals has been found to be from 250 nm to 1500 nm.
The development of grooming and its expression in adult animals.

We have seen that grooming is a class of heterogeneous activities, widely represented in animal taxa, yet sufficiently homogeneous within some phyletic groups to generate and test phylogenetic hypotheses. In the life of the grooming animal, the functions served by these activities are also diverse. Similar acts of grooming may serve different functions in different species or in different contexts. Sometimes these different functions can be discovered by careful attention to variations in the spatiotemporal patterning or sequencing of grooming elements. In several species a general cephalocaudal progression has been noted during both the ontogeny of grooming and during its expression in adults. During early development and in adulthood, the components or functional units of grooming appear to be hierarchically organized. Scratching with the hindpaw, for example, appears in rodents to be separate from the hierarchical branches in which one finds licking and face wiping. At least some transitions between functional units can be predicted from changes in the temporal patterning of one grooming unit (e.g., eye wipe) just prior to the onset of another unit (e.g., ear wipe). Analyses of genital and other types of grooming during two forms of sexual activity (copulation and the display of penile erections ex copula) were used to demonstrate once again that the stimulus regulation of grooming is context dependent. Among the implications of this review for the physiological study of grooming are the following: 1. Careful attention should be given to the spatiotemporal patterning of grooming, in order to reduce errors of "lumping" and "splitting" in classifying grooming acts, and also to detect alterations in the patterning when they occur. Such changes in patterning may be assumed to reflect changes in the physiological state of the animal. 2. Grooming acts that appear formally similar in different contexts may operate under rather different physiological systems. 3. Experimental manipulations may affect grooming directly, that is, by generating grooming efference without changing afference, or indirectly, by altering the "motivational state" or by creating stimulation that potentiates grooming, as from itching or from reafference due to provoking other behavior patterns.
pH, EF-1α and the cytoskeleton

One of the unexpected cellular components found interacting with the cytoskeleton is elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1alpha). How this interaction is regulated is not clear, but pH may be a potent regulator. Interestingly, pH also regulates the amount of protein translation occurring in many cell systems. In this paper, the authors suggest that sequestration of EF-1alpha in the cytoskeleton may play a key role in regulating the spatial distribution of macromolecular assembly in a way that is dependent on cytoplasmic pH.
Effects of Hydrologic Model Choice and Calibration on the Portrayal of Climate Change Impacts

AbstractThe assessment of climate change impacts on water resources involves several methodological decisions, including choices of global climate models (GCMs), emission scenarios, downscaling techniques, and hydrologic modeling approaches. Among these, hydrologic model structure selection and parameter calibration are particularly relevant and usually have a strong subjective component. The goal of this research is to improve understanding of the role of these decisions on the assessment of the effects of climate change on hydrologic processes. The study is conducted in three basins located in the Colorado headwaters region, using four different hydrologic model structures [PRMS, VIC, Noah LSM, and Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP)]. To better understand the role of parameter estimation, model performance and projected hydrologic changes (i.e., changes in the hydrology obtained from hydrologic models due to climate change) are compared before and after calibration with the University...
One-Year Teaching Internships and the Dimensions of Beginning Teacher Development.

The authors draw on data from weekly e‐mail responses to a questionnaire completed by beginning teachers placed in one‐year, paid, internships. Interns were assigned mentors who responded every several weeks, also via e‐mail, to a questionnaire about the interns and their development. Data from 23 interns were analyzed. Seven themes were identified that capture various dimensions of intern development. To portray the nature, direction and complexity of intern development, each of the dimensions is conceptualized in terms of opposable orientations to the defining aspect of each theme. The authors use the dimensions and their related orientations to organize the data for discussion. Conclusions related to each dimension are situated within the wider research literature on teacher development, and some similarities and differences are noted between this group of interns and what is widely reported about beginning teacher development. DimensionOpposing orientations1)Dominating concernsSelf‐absorbed ⟨⟩ lookin...
Nucleation and crystal growth of amorphous nilutamide – unusual low temperature behavior

Crystallization from organic undercooled melts is an important topic of investigation, in particular for pharmaceuticals. Nilutamide, a small organic molecule used to treat prostrate cancer, was found to exhibit interesting glass forming and crystallization behavior. Nilutamide readily formed an amorphous solid following melt quenching, despite having a very high crystal growth rate. The good glass forming ability of this compound was attributed to its reluctance to nucleate. Interestingly, when samples were cooled to deep within the glassy region, nucleation to a previously unreported metastable polymorph was observed. Surprisingly, nucleation was found to be more likely when samples were held far below the glass transition temperature (Tg) than when annealed above the Tg. At higher temperatures, the stable polymorph was observed to have the faster growth rate, while at low temperatures, the metastable form grew faster. Conformational analysis suggests that the stable crystal form contains a higher energy conformer which may explain the slow nucleation from the supercooled melt as well as the cross-over in the growth rates of the stable and metastable polymorphs at lower temperatures. This study highlights the complex crystallization behavior of organic supercooled liquids and glasses.
Oxioative Coupling of 9,10-Dihydrophenanihrene and Polynuclear Hydrocarbons by Aluminum Chloride-Cupric Chloride

Abstract Products from the oxidative coupling of 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene and polynuclear hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and pyrene) with AlCl3-CuCl2 included the respective dehydro dimers and trimers, accompanied by higher oligomers.
Urodynamic and clinical follow‐up of 28 children after gastrocystoplasty

Objectives To determine the efficacy of gastrocystoplasty in creating a large and compliant urinary reservoir. Patients and methods Twenty-eight children (14 boys, 14 girls), with a median age of 9 years (range 4–17), were evaluated before and for a median of 2 years and 5 months after gastrocystoplasty. Evaluation included urodynamic and renal function studies and a survey of their post-operative complications and their sense of well-being. Renal function was assessed by ultrasound and serum creatinine, and electrolytes were measured. Results After gastrocystoplasty bladder size increased, compliance improved, hydronephrosis decreased or was stable, and renal function remained stable. There were minimal complications and the children's subjective impression of their well-being was markedly improved. Conclusion Gastrocystoplasty, using our surgical technique, is a reliable method of creating a large and compliant urinary reservoir. Advantages include the absence of clinical urinary tract infections, the absence of mucus and the preservation of renal function. Complications, such as haematuria, dysuria and hypochloraemic alkalosis, might be avoided by excluding the antrum from the gastrocystoplasty, maintaining the child on a normal salt-containing diet, employing catheterization or buffering the urine in children with normal urethral sensation.
Modeling a Profit-Driven Fishery

Results generated by a simple model of a profit-driven fishery, implemented as an interactive simulator, are analyzed. First, to verify the correctness of the implementation, results reminiscent of the logistic map are generated and graphed. Then, the simulator is used to predict that a profit-driven fishery, left unregulated, will put itself out of business by depleting the fish population, but a properly regulated fishery can produce a sustainable profit.
Uncovering the PI3Ksome: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases and Counteracting PTEN Form a Signaling Complex with Intrinsic Regulatory Properties

Production of the phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3, or PIP3] by class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) is a major signaling mechanism whose deregulation contributes to serious diseases, including cancer. New findings suggest that tyrosine kinase receptor engagement results in the assembly of hetero-oligomeric PI3K complexes in which PI3Kα first activates PI3Kβ, and PI3K catalytic activity then promotes recruitment and activation of the PIP3-removing tumor suppressor PTEN. Thus, PIP3 production is fine-tuned through formation of an intrinsically regulated “PI3Ksome.”
CAST - Pesticide resistance management symposium captures stakeholders' interest

Sharlene Matten from the US-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs, (on detail to CAST as Science Policy Fellow from February-June 2003) reports on a recent symposium whose goal was to provide a collective framework in which proactive resistance management could be developed.
Suture-Button Suspensionplasty for Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthritis: A Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up

Purpose To retrospectively review the results at a minimum of 2 years of suture-button plasty with partial or full trapeziectomy and suture-button suspensionplasty. Methods We evaluated 21 patients who received suture-button suspensionplasty at least 2 years after surgery. We measured postoperative pinch strength, grip strength, range of motion, and metacarpal height. All patients also completed the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. Results At an average follow-up of 2.8 ± 0.7 years, the mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 10 ± 9. Pinch and grip strengths were 86% and 89% of the contralateral limb, respectively. Average first trapezial height was 74% of the contralateral trapezial height. There were no major complications. Conclusions The favorable results of the suture-button suspensionplasty procedure confirm its usefulness in treating thumb carpometacarpal arthritis with minimal risk of complications, ineffective fixation, or loss of function. Subjective and objective outcomes measures are similar to previously described techniques. The benefit of this technique results from the implanted nature of the suspensionplasty elements that require no time to heal, so rehabilitation is begun as early as 10 days postoperatively. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
If Statistical Significance Tests Are Broken/Misused, What Practices Should Supplement or Replace Them?

Given some consensus that statistical significance tests are broken, misused or at least have somewhat limited utility, the focus of discussion within the field ought to move beyond additional bash...
A Spoke-Wheel Based Wall-climbing Robot

Biomimetics and biorobotics form a thriving field of modern scientific research endeavors. The development of wall-climbing robots boasts a wide array of potential real-world applications. With this technology still in progression, a simple and fundamentally sound robot has been created to serve as a test bed and proof-of-concept robot. The developed robot is inspired by the concept of Mini-WhegsTM robot. It features more robust compliant adhesive feet, a preloading tail and modular design with inexpensive educational parts. Experiments have demonstrated the capabilities of this robot such as traversing horizontal, oblique, and vertical smooth surfaces, "walking" upside down and making the transition between orthogonal surfaces.
Pitfalls in chest radiographic interpretation: blind spots.

In this article, we examine several factors that contribute to errors in interpretation and detection of abnormalities on chest radiograph, with the purpose of increasing accuracy in chest radiographic interpretation.
Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an X;autosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature

We have identified a patient with premature ovarian failure (POF) and a balanced X;autosome translocation: 46,X,t(X;6)(q13.3 or q21;p12) using high-resolution cytogenetic analysis and FISH. BrdU analysis showed that her normal X was late-replicating and translocated X earlier-replicating which is typical of balanced X;autosome rearrangements. Molecular studies were done to characterize the breakpoint on Xq and to determine the parental origin. PCR probes of tetranucleotide and dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, and genomic probes were used to study DNA from the patient, her chromosomally normal parents and brother, and somatic cell hybrids containing each translocation chromosome. The translocation is paternally derived and is localized to Xq13.3-proximal Xq21.1, between PGK1 and DXS447 loci, a distance of 0.1 centimorgans. A "critical region" for normal ovarian function has been proposed for Xq13-q26 [Sarto et al., Am J Hum Genet 25:262-270, 1973; Phelan et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:607-613, 1977; Summitt et al., BD:OAS XIV(6C):219-247, 1978] based on cytogenetic and clinical studies of patients with X;autosome translocations. Few cases have had molecular characterization of the breakpoints to further define the region. While translocations in the region may lead to ovarian dysfunction by disrupting normal meiosis or by a position effect, two recent reports of patients with premature ovarian failure and Xq deletions suggest that there is a gene (POF1) localized to Xq21.3-q27 [Krauss et al., N Engl J Med 317:125-131, 1987; Davies et al., Cytogenet Cell Genet 58:853-966, 1991] or within Xq26.1-q27 [Tharapel et al., Am J Hum Genet 52:463-471, 1993] responsible for POF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beam Transport in a Compact Dielectric Wall Induction Accelerator System for Pulsed Radiography

Using dielectric wall accelerator technology, we are developing a compact induction accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. The accelerator would provide a 2-kA beam with an energy of 8 MeV, for a 20-30 ns flat-top. The design goal is to generate a 2-mm diameter, 10-rad x-ray source. We have a physics design of the system from injector to the x-ray converter. We present the results of injector modeling and PIC simulations of beam transport. We also discuss the predicted spot size and the on-axis x-ray dose.
Minimum-Time Transient Recovery for DC–DC Converters Using Raster Control Surfaces

Fast power converters are desired in microprocessors, audio, and servomotor power supplies. Fixed-topology dc-dc converters have a minimum time in which to respond to line, load, and control change. This response depends on converter control, topology, and circuit parameters. Minimum-time control (MTC) considers these three items when it predicts postdisturbance steady-state points and directs capacitor voltage and inductor current in the shortest time. In this paper a nonlinear model-predictive control steers energy using geometrical curved control surfaces derived from piecewise linear (PWL) and bilinear models. The MTC differs from previous work on the topic in that it considers lossy components (a cause for nontriangular ripple) and is an open-form solution (as originally proposed by LaSalle in 1959). The different approach revealed a quantitative link between the needed control surface memory and state/parameter resolution. Results are generalized for two-state dc-dc converters and all parameter/control disturbances. An unconventional digital method was devised to accommodate the open-form solutions. It involved a priori control surface calculations, A/D scaling, surface quantizing, and image compression. The final control executed no real-time arithmetic operations. MTC performance was compared with other pulsewidth modulation controls and time-optimal control in simulations, and tests were performed in hardware using synchronous buck and boost converters.
First Spark Spectrum of Arsenic

Arsenic first spark line spectra using high resolution grating spectrograph and Fabry-Perot interferometer
Differences Between Heterosexual-Nonparent Couples and Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual-Parent Couples:

Both partners from gay, lesbian, heterosexual-parent, and heterosexual-nonparent couples completed surveys at seven time points (ns = 150, 102, 90, and 108 couples, respectively, at the first assessment) that assessed variables from the following five domains relevant to close relationships: individual differences, relationship schemas, conflict resolution, social support, and relationship quality. Although the type-of-couple differences that were significant were nearly all small in size, relative to partners from heterosexual-nonparent couples, those from gay or lesbian couples reported less social support from family members, those from lesbian couples reported more positive relationship quality, and those from heterosexual-parent couples reported more negative relationship quality.
Differences in psychosocial factors among diverse women enrolled in a phase III cooperative group metastatic breast cancer trial (CALGB 40502/Alliance).

9581 Background: Previous metastatic breast cancer trials have shown lower overall survival among African American (AA) women. Studies have also shown links between higher comorbidities and lower levels of social support and survival. Whether these factors differ by race and ethnicity is not known. Methods: Breast cancer patients enrolling in a phase III cooperative group metastatic breast cancer trial completed a self-administered survey measuring psychosocial and socio-demographic factors and comorbidities. Results were analyzed by self-identified race/ethnicity and evaluated by other measured variables. Results: 703 out of 799 patients completed the survey (88%). Questions were answered by greater than 95% of participants. The table shows differences broken down by Race/Ethnicity. AA and Hispanic (H) patients were more likely to have trouble paying for medications and have incomes less than 15K per year. AA were less likely to be married, and had lower levels of social support. Differences in income di...
Very large scale integrated photonics (VLSI-P)

We present on the demonstration of a number of critical device technologies including record low power modulators, tunable filters, and integrated lasers, along with the world’s largest silicon photonic circuit, integrated on a 300mm platform.
A simplified colorimetric test for poliomyelitis virus and antibody.

SummaryUnder the particular experimental conditions developed and herein described, the production of a yellow color by dispersed HeLa cell cultures in a medium containing phenol red, is regularly prevented by un-neutralized poliomyelitis virus. Thus, a simplified method is available for titration of the poliomyelitis viruses and their type-specific antibodies.
Forcing function variability and its effect on airfoil response

Aerodynamic variability effects on wake generated forcing functions and its impact on the downstream stator vane response are investigated in a high-speed 1&1/2 stage axial-flow turbomachine. The variability in the rotor wake generated gust components as well as the detailed vane surface pressure distributions ate quantified at both design and off-design rotor operating conditions. Wake generated forcing function variability is found to be significant even at the design rotor speed, with the vane response variability highest near the leading edge. At certain operating conditions a rogue wake is present in the rotor generated forcing function, with this wake not part of the Gaussian distribution describing the statistical variations of the flow field. The vane responded to this rogue wake only in the leading edge region. Blade-to-blade rotor wake variability introduces broadband energy into the forcing function spectrum, with the vane responding to these broadband components in addition to the blade pass frequency harmonics. At off-design operating conditions the broadband vane response due to wake variability was nearly half of the response occurring at blade pass frequency. NOMENCLATURE C Stator Vane Chord C Pressure Coefficient CL Unsteady Lift Coefficient f Frequency fBP Blade Pass Frequency Nc Corrected Rotor Speed p Static Pressure t Time TBP Blade Pass Period u, v* Streamwise and Transverse Gust Components V Absolute Velocity Magnitude a Absolute Flow Angle (cw) Ap Airfoil Unsteady Pressure Difference, pps pss 6igv IGV Stagger Angle p Density a Standard Deviation + Research Assistant, Student Member AIAA * McAllister Distinguished Professor, Associate Fellow AIAA Subscripts ave Time-Average ps Airfoil Pressure Surface ss Airfoil Suction Surface oo Freestream
271 INJURY PREVENTION AND AWARENESS IN A HIGH-INJURY INCIDENCE AREA.

Background Our pediatric injury discharge surveillance data indicated that the highest incidence of burns, bicycle injuries and poisonings was within a 4 zipcode area of Birmingham. These data provided the foundation for a successful grant application to The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for the establishment of an Injury Free Coalition for Kids (IFCK) site at our hospital. Year one IFCK objectives included increasing child safety awareness and education (an intermediate to reducing injury) in the high incidence “intervention” areas identified. Methods An injury prevention fair was held in conjunction with the local health department in the intervention area. Along with providing educational material, bicycle helmets, a bike/pedestrian safety skills course, smoke detectors and appropriate child safety restraints, a survey was conducted of the families attending to assess their injury prevention awareness needs. Data were entered into Epistat. Results 150 families participated with 52% being residents of the intervention area. 95% of those surveyed had preschool age children. Bicycle Safety: 66% reported no bike helmet for their child (financial constraints as primary barrier). Of the 34% who had a bike helmet, 30% reported routine use. Poison Prevention: 64% knew the poison center existed but only 29% said they would call the poison center if their child was exposed to a poison (7% would go straight to the emergency department). Motor Vehicle Safety: 79% had car seats, and 55% reported appropriate use of booster seats. Fire Safety: 128 persons answered the fire safety questions: 86% had a fire exit plan, but only 62% of those practiced it with their children. 92% had smoke detectors. Other Information: 33.3% of families reported an injury to one of their children within the past year (25% prevalence of injury among children nationally). Of the injuries in the past year, 23% were bicycle related and 53% related to a fall. 10% reported that at some time in their child9s life, they required a hospital admission for an injury. Over 50% reported a prior ED use at our institution. 98% reported their child9s immunizations were up to date. 25% reported a chronic illness. Conclusion A significant number of children in the intervention area are injured each year (33% reported). Despite a large number of bike injuries, only a small percentage reported routine helmet use and a significant number reported not being able to afford a helmet. Families surveyed have smoke detectors and have thought about fire exit plans, but need to ensure that their smoke detectors work and that children know what to do in case of fire. The survey data have led to establishing a bike helmet bank, car seat services and promoting poison control center use at the area health department clinic.
Study on Credit Risk of Listed Companies Based on Coefficient of Variation

The main work of the paper,firstly,constructed the comprehensive credit risk evaluation index system.Secondly,it got the weights by the methods of coefficient of variation.Thirdly,it analyzed the credit risk of 100 listed companies of Zhejiang.Empirical analyses on data show that the main indicators of the effects of credit risk of Zhejiang are inventory turnover ratios,fixed asset turnover ratio,general assets,total profit,CROE and so on.
The Multisite Nation

This chapter provides a brief exegesis of the multiple meanings of “multisite nation” and “nation reunification” in an effort to identify and specify the parameters of the object of study. Additionally, it discusses research methods used in the collection of data and singles out countries of origin of informants. The strategy was not to exclusively focus on a specific country and its immigrants, but rather to identify and select countries in various phases of cosmonationalization so that their varied experiences could enrich the scope of the investigation and provide a basis for comparative analysis.
The Free Banking Era

The period from 1837 to 1863 is known as the free banking period in the history of American banking. After two attempts at establishing a central bank for the country (the First Bank of the United States and the Second Bank of the United States), the federalists lost the power struggle to the advocates of states’ rights, and all banks began to be chartered by the states. The result was a proliferation of banks. Each of these banks issued their own banknotes against their deposits of gold and silver. These notes did not trade one for one, and their value mostly depended on the size of the issuing bank. Issuing paper currency wasn’t just limited to banks; even drugstores and railroad and insurance companies sometimes issued their own notes. The notes were also of varying size and color, and forgers had a field day: approximately a third of all paper currency during this period was counterfeit. Benchmarks like the reserve ratio, the capital adequacy ratio, and interest rates were set by the states. About half of these banks failed, and their average lifespan was five years.
Postmodern Argumentation: Deconstructing the Presidential Age Limitation

What is deconstruction? This article examines six texts claiming to deconstruct the Constitution's presidential age limitation to see how they do it. They use five different forms of argument, mostly familiar in "pre-pomo" thought, some fallacious. But for a new and obscure jargon, they have disappointingly little to offer.
Participatory Uses of Geospatial Technologies to Leverage Multiple Knowledge Systems within Development Contexts: A Case Study from the Peruvian Amazon

Summary Participatory approaches have proven effective at producing more inclusive and democratic forms of development, in which marginalized groups are given increased recognition. However, these approaches can also reinforce social hierarchies and political exclusion if they are not developed and implemented carefully. In particular, participatory approaches can be problematic if they too simplistically conceptualize democratic engagement as the folding of individuals into pre-existing governance structures. Utilizing a combination of feminist and postcolonial theories, this paper argues that practitioners of participatory methods must extend their thinking to the ways in which their projects foster engagement across multiple social and epistemological perspectives. Participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) methodologies are particularly effective at enabling these cross-perspectival engagements—geospatial technologies have unique capabilities for storing and visualizing knowledge from different types of knowledge systems. These different forms of knowledge can not only be visualized as multi-facetted and multi-scalar layers, but they can be directly placed in conversation with one another within the space of the map. In this way, they can be used to fundamentally transform historically unjust governance practices, rather than simply folding new subjects into unjust political structures. The authors examine these claims in the context of a case study with the Maijuna indigenous group of the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. The authors collaborated with the Maijuna to create and use a digital, spatial database to influence policy decisions about land tenure and environmental management. We show that geospatial technologies were uniquely capable of encouraging dialog and integration across indigenous, Western scientific, and state-based perspectives of the Amazon. These technologies are particularly effective at empowering traditionally marginalized perspectives within governance processes. This project therefore offers lessons about the benefits and dangers of geospatial technologies and methodologies for improving the democratic potential of development.
Design and analysis op multi-shell spherical microwave lens antennas

Spherical dielectric lenses are a viable consideration in many antenna systems but have not been used extensively since the I960's. The most attractive characteristic of spherical lenses is their inherent symmetry, which permits the formation of beams in any direction without scan loss. Also, because several beams can be supported simultaneously and the focusing properties are independent of frequency, spherically symmetric lenses can be used in a broad spectrum of antenna systems. Most of the previous analysis and design work in this area has been limited in its coverage, having been performed before the advent of sophisticated computers.