cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical analysis of indentation behavior of thin PMMA coatings

A thermomechanically coupled finite element analysis is performed of the indentation of a thin poly(methylmethacrylate) layer attached to a steel substrate. The physically based constitutive characterization of the large strain behavior of amorphous polymers given by Arruda and Boyce [Int. J. Plasticity, 9 (1993) 697] is used. This includes strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, thermal softening and pressure-dependent aspects of yield in glassy polymers. The stress distribution and temperature rise in the coating computed from the simulations are depicted. The effects of indentation rate and coating thickness are investigated. Furthermore, the effects of heating and pressure on the material behavior during indentation have been isolated and are discussed. Possible sites of coating delamination and subsequent modes of failure of the coating are discussed.
The β-space property in monotonically normal spaces and GO-spaces

Abstract In this paper we examine the role of the β-space property (equivalently of the MCM-property) in generalized ordered (GO-)spaces and, more generally, in monotonically normal spaces. We show that a GO-space is metrizable iff it is a β-space with a G δ -diagonal and iff it is a quasi-developable β-space. That last assertion is a corollary of a general theorem that any β-space with a σ-point-finite base must be developable. We use a theorem of Balogh and Rudin to show that any monotonically normal space that is hereditarily monotonically countably metacompact (equivalently, hereditarily a β-space) must be hereditarily paracompact, and that any generalized ordered space that is perfect and hereditarily a β-space must be metrizable. We include an appendix on non-Archimedean spaces in which we prove various results announced without proof by Nyikos.
A theoretical and experimental model of ventricular interdependence.

Because of the close anatomical association between the ventricles, the volume of one ventricle can directly affect the volume and pressure within the other ventricle. To study the mechanical coupling between the ventricles, we modeled the right and left ventricles as a two-compartment model with right wall (Ciw), septal (Cs), and left wall (Clw) compliances. Based on the balances of forces across the septum, four equations were obtained to predict the transfer of pressure (P) and volume (V) information from one ventricle to another. The validity of the theoretical analysis was tested first in a physical model and then in a post-mortem heart preparation. The standard errors of estimate comparing the predicted to measured values were low for both the physical model and the post-mortem heart data. All values were significantly related (P 0.89. The results show excellent correlation between predicted and measured values. This model provides a better understanding of ventricular interdependence and may help to predict effects of hypertrophy and/or myocardial ischemia on ventricular interdependence.
Active learning using adaptive resampling

Classi cation modeling (a.k.a. supervised learning) is an extremely useful analytical technique for developing predictive and forecasting applications. The explosive growth in data warehousing and internet usage has made large amounts of data potentially available for developing classi cation models. For example, natural language text is widely available in many forms (e.g., electronic mail, news articles, reports, and web page contents). Categorization of data is a common activity which can be automated to a large extent using supervised learning methods. Examples of this include routing of electronic mail, satellite image classi cation, and character recognition. However, these tasks require labeled data sets of su ciently high quality with adequate instances for training the predictive models. Much of the on-line data, particularly the unstructured variety (e.g., text), is unlabeled. Labeling is usually a expensive manual process done by domain experts. Active learning is an approach to solving this problem and works by identifying a subset of the data that needs to be labeled and uses this subset to generate classi cation models. We present an active learning method that uses adaptive resampling in a natural way to signi cantly reduce the size of the required labeled set and generates a classi cation model that achieves the high accuracies possible with current adaptive resampling methods.
Exhaled Nitric Oxide During Exercise in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Study objectives Nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, is present in the exhaled air of humans. We wished to quantify NO production in patients with abnormalities of the pulmonary circulation. Participants: Nine patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), six with pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and 20 normal volunteers were studied. Interventions All subjects were studied at rest and during continuous incremental (ramp) cycle ergometry exercise. All patients with PPH and nine matched normal volunteers also performed constant exercise at equal absolute work rates. Measurements and results The concentration of NO was measured continuously in mixed expired air, and the rate of NO production ( V ˙ NO) calculated. Peak exercise capacity was markedly impaired in both patient groups. VNO was similar at rest in the PPH patients (142±84 nL/min) and the normal subjects (117±45 nL/min), but lower in the PF patients (66±13 nL/min; p rest , 101±68 nL/min; exercise , 147±87 nL/min; p rest , 127±111 nL/min; exercise , 68±65 nL/min). Conclusions We conclude that the low resting VNO in PF may be due to loss of normal functional pulmonary capillary bed. The increase in VNO seen in normal subjects may be associated with dilatation and recruitment of the pulmonary capillary bed during exercise, and failure to increase VNO during exercise in disease states may reflect an inability to recruit the capillary bed.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with late developing Philadelphia chromosome

A case of childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is presented in which the only chromosome abnormality at diagnosis was a deletion of part of the short arm of one chromosome 9 (9p-). Cytogenetic studies at relapse showed, in addition to 9p-, a partial deletion of the long arm of one chromosome 6 (6q-) and the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) produced as a result of the classical translocation t(9q+;22q-). All metaphases from haemopoietic colonies grown from a cryopreserved specimen of this patient's marrow at relapse were normal, in contrast to haemopoietic colonies cultured from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) which contained the Ph1. A hypothesis which incorporates T-cell ALL with late development of the Ph1 into the overall family of Ph1 positive diseases is suggested.
Predictors of Improved Left Ventricular Systolic Function in an Urban Cardiomyopathy Program

After long-term therapy, some patients with systolic heart failure (HF) display improved left ventricular (LV) function over time, a response that is associated with improved long-term outcomes. To investigate predictors of improved LV function in an ethnically diverse HF cohort, we selected 71 patients with HF who had baseline ejection fractions (EF) 20% increases on follow-up echocardiography performed ≥6 months later. Their clinical features were compared with 142 age- and gender-matched control patients with baseline EFs
Reunited: Exploring the performance effects of newcomers’ tie reactivation.

Management scholars have rarely analyzed how prior social networks might help or hinder the job performance of new organizational members. However, internal and external job markets are increasingly characterized by high mobility of experienced professionals, who have extensive social networks rooted in their past collaborations and shared work experiences. Organizations rely more frequently on project teams and project-based organizing to perform interdependent tasks, so employees transition more often across project teams - and firms - in their boundary-less careers. These changes call for a better understanding of whether the reactivation of past social ties is likely to help or hinder the job performance of new employees, especially those engaged in highly interdependent tasks. The object of this study is to theorize and empirically test the mechanisms by which the reactivation of a particular social tie – shared work experience - may impact new members’ performance. Using a social networks lens to st...
THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL IN OPINION MEASUREMENT

Since its introduction by Osgood and his associates, the semantic differential has become one of the most popular methods of measuring opinions.1 It offers many advantages-ease and speed of administration, manifest numerical equivalences, reliability, sensitivity, versatility-and it has passed a number of validity tests.2 But the adoption of this technique has been so extensive that it has become, as one of the authors of The Measurement of Meaning has commented, one of "the most misused" instruments in the field.3 Several questions of validity seem in order. To what extent does the semantic differential measure what an opinion researcher wants to measure? Does it measure only those things? How might it be modified to improve its utility by these two criteria? What has research with the semantic differential found that might add to opinion analysis? The semantic differential was originally developed in an effort to determine the dimensionality of "semantic space," as a means of measuring "meaning." The general task of opinion research is somewhat different: to elicit from respondents accurate descriptions of their orientations to elements of the environment. The ideal method for this purpose would be an instrument that gives a respondent enough structure so that his self-description will be comparable to those of other respondents, but not so much structure that he is forced to distort his orientation or fabricate responses. In opinion measurement, it is assumed that the respondent "knows what he thinks" and is competent to describe his orientation. This assumption is not made in research on meaning, where the investigators
Unexpected consequences of proton pump inhibitor use

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely prescribed classes of medications for gastroesophageal and laryngopharyngeal reflux diseases. There is emerging evidence that the pathogenesis of disease in laryngeal mucosa is not just related to refluxed acid, but also the presence of pepsin and acidic microenvironments. The widespread use of PPIs is also calling into question potential complications of PPI use. This commentary expands upon these issues with other potential unexpected consequences, and considers the importance of determining a proper approach to patient management.
Symmetry and integrability by quadratures of ordinary differential equations

Abstract In this paper, the connection between point symmetries and the integrability by quadratures of second-order ordinary differential equations is discussed. An example is given of a family of second-order ordinary differential equations integrable by quadratures whose point symmetry group is, nevertheless, trivial. This refutes the widespread belief that the existence of nontrivial point symmetries is a necessary condition for the integrability by quadratures of ordinary differential equations. The significance of dynamical (versus point) symmetries in this field is illustrated with a few recent results.
Hydrodynamic limit for attractive particle systems on 417-1417-1417-1

We study the hydrodynamic behavior of asymmetric simple exclusions and zero range processes in several dimensions. Under Euler scaling, a nonlinear conservation law is derived for the time evolution of the macroscopic particle density.
Cervical transforaminal injection and the radicular artery: variation in anatomical location within the cervical intervertebral foramina.

Background Recent articles have detailed the adverse events associated with transforaminal steroid injections into the radicular arteries. Guidelines on strict transforaminal epidural techniques have been described to limit complications. There remains limited information regarding the cervical level of entry, location within the intervertebral foramina, and prevalence of the radicular arteries within the population. Methods With the aid of premortem angiography and postmortem latex-injected vasculature, a single detailed cadaveric dissection was performed to elucidate the specific anatomic location of the radicular arteries within the intervertebral foramina and the anastomoses of the arteries to the anterior spinal artery. Results Five radicular arteries (C5, C6, two at C7, C8) were traced entering the foramina either anteriorly or posteriorly to supply the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Radicular arteries received blood supply from either the deep cervical (C8) or vertebral arteries. The C8 radicular artery entered the lateral aspect of the foramen and penetrated the dural sleeve within the inferior portion of the foramen, directly inferior to the exiting spinal nerve, to supply the anterior spinal artery. This artery was of a large enough caliber to be entered by a 22-gauge needle. Conclusions A larger population is necessary to characterize the range of anatomic variations in arterial supply within the foramina. Available studies support the current technique of fluoroscopic needle insertion. Yet, there is wide anatomic variation in the origin and location of these vessels, and even with strict adherence to technique, it is feasible that a properly placed needle could penetrate a radicular artery.
Which psychotropic medications induce hepatotoxicity

Abstract Objective Safe prescribing practices to minimize pharmaceutically induced liver damage or worsening of preexisting conditions require knowledge about medicines with hepatotoxic potential. This paper reviews psychotropic medications and their effects on the liver. Methods A MEDLINE search was performed utilizing the phrase “drug-induced liver injury” with various categories of psychiatric drugs. Only articles written in English were utilized. Results Hepatotoxicity can be acute or chronic in nature. Medication discontinuation is necessary in acute forms, while close monitoring is required in milder forms of medication-induced chronic liver damage. Nefazodone, pemoline and/or tacrine are the highest offenders. Carbamazepine and valproate products (e.g., divalproex) can lead to this adverse event and should be avoided in patients with liver disease, persons with alcohol misuse or those consuming high doses of acetaminophen. Conclusion Knowing the risk levels associated with various medicines is important; prescribing multiple drugs with hepatotoxic effects should be avoided. One should educate patients about early warning signs of liver injury. Always provide clinical and laboratory monitoring before and during the use of hepatotoxic drugs. Clinical features and laboratory results govern medication prescribing with ongoing risk-to-benefit ratio assessment during pharmacotherapy.
A controlled-notch specimen to study fatigue crack initiation in bone cement.

Despite the extensive literature on the mechanical characteristics and failure properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement, little is known of its fatigue crack initiation process. The most likely in vivo bone cement fatigue crack initiation sites are internal flaws and irregularities on the bone cement surface. The stress concentration created by a flaw, and subsequently the stress state at that flaw, depends on the flaw geometry. To model the fatigue crack initiation process of a flaw, it is necessary to reproduce the stress state at that flaw. In this study, a special mold was designed to introduce notches with specific tip radii into fatigue specimens. The notch was molded into the specimen to simulate the in vivo flaw formation process. The molding method allows control of the stress concentration by specifying the notch tip radius. We created notched specimens where the tip radii of the notches ranged from "sharp" (< 3 microm) to 400 microm. The results demonstrated that notched specimens created by the special mold satisfied two necessary requirements for fatigue crack initiation studies: (1) the material microstructure at the notch tip must not be disrupted by the notching process, and (2) the notch tip stress field, determined by the notch tip geometry, must be reproducible.
Biochemistry: Positive and radical

Biosynthesis of the antibiotic fosfomycin ends with the formation of an 'epoxide' ring structure. The epoxide is suggested to form from a cationic intermediate, rather than from a free radical. See Letter p.114 The last step in the biosynthesisof fosfomycin, an antibiotic used to treat diabetic foot infections and lower urinary tract infections, is catalysed by the non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate ((S)-2-HPP) epoxidase (HppE). The reaction involves an unusual dehydrogenation reaction in which the secondary alcohol of (S)-2-HPP is converted to the epoxide ring of fosfomycin. In this manuscript, the authors show that the enzyme can also catalyse a 1,2-phosphono-migration reaction, which is a biologically unprecedented chemical transformation. This finding could pave the way for the production of novel phosphonate-containing natural products and new phosphonate derivatives.
Structural Studies of the PARP-1 BRCT Domain

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is one of the first proteins localized to foci of DNA damage. Upon activation by encountering nicked DNA, the PARP-1 mediated trans-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of DNA binding proteins occurs, facilitating access and accumulation of DNA repair factors. PARP-1 also auto-(ADP-ribosyl)ates its central BRCT-containing domain forming part of an interaction site for the DNA repair scaffolding protein X-ray cross complementing group 1 protein (XRCC1). The co-localization of XRCC1, as well as bound DNA repair factors, to sites of DNA damage is important for cell survival and genomic integrity. Here we present the solution structure and biophysical characterization of the BRCT domain of rat PARP-1. The PARP-1 BRCT domain has the globular α/β fold characteristic of BRCT domains and has a thermal melting transition of 43.0°C. In contrast to a previous characterization of this domain, we demonstrate that it is monomeric in solution using both gel-filtration chromatography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Additionally, we report that the first BRCT domain of XRCC1 does not interact significantly with the PARP-1 BRCT domain in the absence of ADP-ribosylation. Moreover, none of the interactions with other longer PARP-1 constructs which previously had been demonstrated in a pull-down assay of mammalian cell extracts were detected. The PARP-1 BRCT domain has the conserved BRCT fold that is known to be an important protein:protein interaction module in DNA repair and cell signalling pathways. Data indicating no significant protein:protein interactions between PARP-1 and XRCC1 likely results from the absence of poly(ADP-ribose) in one or both binding partners, and further implicates a poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent mechanism for localization of XRCC1 to sites of DNA damage.
Modelling contaminant effects on deposit feeding nematodes near Gulf of Mexico production platforms

Abstract A time dynamic model was used to simulate contaminant effects on the energetics of the nematode community near hydrocarbon production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. The model is calibrated by the measurements of biomass of deposit feeding nematodes at 75 stations around three platforms. The sampling design for each platform included: five distances, five radii and two replicates over four cruises. Inputs to the model include: temperature, total organic carbon, macrobenthos abundance, and zinc concentrations in sediments. Zinc is used as a proxy for total trace metal contaminants, because in high concentrations, it is known to cause biological effects, and could be consumed by deposit feeders as they process sediment. Production efficiency (production · assimilation−1 · 100%) of nematodes was calculated using the model. On average, deposit feeding nematodes in the Gulf of Mexico have a production efficiency level of around 30%. The effect of contaminants is to decrease production efficiency to less than 15% at the stations within 50–100 m near the platforms. It appears also that the communities at the three platforms have different energetic characteristics. The predation pressure, temperature effects, food availability, and contaminant effects are all different among the three communities. Therefore, using production efficiency as a bioindicator of sublethal effects is suitable within a community (i.e. within a platform), but not among different communities (or platforms).
Endogenous RNA viruses of plants in insect genomes

Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) derived from RNA viruses with no DNA stage are rare, especially those where the parental viruses possess single-strand positive-sense (ssRNA+) genomes. Here we provide evidence that EVEs that share a sequence similarity to ssRNA+viruses of plants are integrated into the genomes of a number of insects, including mosquito, fruit flies, bees, ant, silkworm, pea aphid, Monarch butterfly, and wasps. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis places these EVEs as divergent relatives of the Virgaviridae and three currently unclassified plant viral species.
Langerhans Cells Express Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Produce Nitric Oxide

The importance of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating macrophage functions has been demonstrated, but production of this potent gas has not been examined in Langerhans cells (LC). Using murine LC purified from epidermal cell suspensions and the recently established LC-like cell line derived from newborn BALB/c epidermis (XS-52), it was shown with reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) message is present in these cells. Murine keratinocytes did not contain iNOS message. iNOS mRNA was increased in a concentration-dependent manner by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in purified murine LC and XS-52 cells, and immunofluorescence using an antibody to iNOS revealed bright cytoplasmic staining in LPS-treated XS-52 cells. Anti-iNOS antibody brightly stained LC on human neonatal foreskin cryosections. An increase in NO production by LPS-treated XS-52 cells over 16 h, as measured by the determination of nitrite levels in culture supernatants using the Griess Reaction, was observed. Interferon- γ (IFN γ ) did not affect NO production on its own. In the presence of LPS and IFN γ , NO production was 3 times more than observed with LPS alone. NO production was inhibited by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Western blots with anti-iNOS antibody demonstrated an increase in iNOS expression in LPS-treated XS-52 cells that was suppressed by IL-10. NO produced in LC may affect LC functions such as microbicidal activity, antigen presentation, and cytotoxicity and may affect adjacent keratinocytes and melanocytes.
Using time trade-off methods to assess preferences over health care delivery options: a feasibility study.

Objectives: Time trade-off (TTO) methods are often used for utility assessments of different health states to measure quality of life (QOL). They have not generally been used to assess social preferences with respect to options for health care delivery, although the need for quantifying these preferences is arguably just as important. Policymakers are increasingly faced with decisions about how much to invest in, and how much to incentivize, particular modes of health care delivery, generally with little evidence about user preferences. Methods: This study draws on long-term care (LTC) delivery modes as an example. Focus groups were conducted to approach this issue both qualitatively and quantitatively. In a qualitative pilot study, two focus groups discussed issues of the LTC decision-making process and preferences among different LTC options. The TTO was then used to assess QOL for each LTC option, conditional on a specific health state, and then quantified user’s LTC preferences by differential QOL between the two options. Results: This study found that the TTOelicited utilities and their differences are consistent with the LTC preferences revealed from focus group discussions. These preferences depend on levels of disability and education. Conclusions: The modified TTO technique seems a feasible method to quantify preferences over LTC delivery options. These methods may be applicable to various health care alternatives in which better evidence is needed to guide funding policy.
The design and implementation of a parallel array operator for the arbitrary remapping of data

Gather and scatter are data redistribution functions of long-standing importance to high performance computing. In this paper, we present a highly-general array operator with powerful gather and scatter capabilities unmatched by other array languages. We discuss an efficient parallel implementation, introducing three new optimizations---schedule compression, dead array reuse, and direct communication---that reduce the costs associated with the operator's wide applicability. In our implementation of this operator in ZPL, we demonstrate performance comparable to the hand-coded Fortran + MPI versions of the NAS FT and CG benchmarks.
Crystal engineering of a three-dimensional coordination polymer based on both covalent and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions of bifunctional ligands

A three-dimensional coordination polymer, [(H2O)2Cu(pdc)] 1 (pdc⊕=⊕pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate), has been rationally designed and synthesized under hydrothermal reaction conditions. The structure is self-assembled from bifunctional pyridinecarboxylates and water molecules. Carboxylate groups in 1 contribute to both covalent and hydrogen bonds. The structure is stabilized by offset aryl–aryl face–face packing interactions.
THE D:E COMPLEX: A NATIVE CONFORMATIONAL COMPONENT OF THE FIBRINOGEN MOLECULE

Abstract The existence of a discrete D:E complex in the terminal plasmin digest of fibrinogen was demonstrated by immunochemical and physicochemical analysis. The complex exhibited quantitatively greater antigenic expression characteristic of native fibrinogen than the sum of its constituent D- and E-fragments, establishing a relationship of the complex to the native conformation of fibrinogen. In sucrose density gradients, the complex sedimented as a single homogeneous peak which contained all the D- and E-fragments present in the terminal digest. A sedimentation coefficient of 3.6S was measured for the D:E complex as compared to 3.8S for the isolated E-fragment and 4.8S for the isolated D-fragment. The complex was dissociated by the chaotropic agent, potassium iodide, but was not affected by non-chaotropic potassium chloride suggesting that hydrophobic forces may be of importance in maintaining the D- and E-fragments in an associated form.
Isomorphic components of direct products of bipartite graphs

A standard result states the direct product of two connected bipartite graphs has exactly two components. Jha, Klavžar and Zmazek proved that if one of the factors admits an automorphism that interchanges partite sets, then the components are isomorphic. They conjectured the converse to be true. We prove the converse holds if the factors are square-free. Further, we present a matrix-theoretic conjecture that, if proved, would prove the general case of the converse; if refuted, it would produce a counterexample.
Best approximation and fixed point theorems in hyperconvex metric spaces

Abstract We develop best approximation and fixed point theorems in a hyperconvex metric space for multivalued mappings F that are nonexpansive or continuous in the Hausdorff metric. The best approximation results assume either admissible or externally hyperconvex sets as the domain X or value of the mapping. The fixed point results assume either admissible, sub-admissible or externally hyperconvex sets as the domain or value of the mapping and that F ( · ) ∩ X ≠ ∅ .
Increased Solubility of Hair from Hypotrichotic Hereford's*

Summary Hair from hypotrichotic Hereford cattle is more soluble in tetramethylammonium hydroxide than hair from healthy Hereford and Holstein cattle. The proteins solubilized with s-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecylsulphate from hypotrichotic Herefords did not reveal any obvious differences, but the “B” proteins were quantitatively greater than in healthy Hereford and Holstein hair. Zusammenfassung Erhohte Loslichkeit der Haare bei Hereford-Rindern mit Hypotrichosis Haare von Hereford-Rindern mit Hypotrichosis waren in Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid besser loslich als Haare von normalen Hereford- und Holstein-Rindern. Die in s-Merkaptoathanol und Natriumdodecylsulfat loslichen Proteine von Hereford-Rindern mit Hypotrichosis liesen keine offensichtlichen Unterschiede erkennen; der Anteil der “B”-Proteine dagegen war groser als in Haaren von gesunden Hereford- und Holstein-Rindern. Resume Solubilite augmentee des poils de bovins Hereford atteints d'hypotrichose Les poils de bovins Hereford atteints d'hypotrichose se sont mieux solubilises dans de l'hydroxyde de tetramethyl-ammonium que les poils de bovins Hereford et Holstein normaux. Les proteines de bovins Hereford atteints d'hypotrichose solubles dans s-mercaptoethanol et dodecylsulfate de sodium n'ont montre aucune difference marquee; la proportion des proteines ≤B≥ fut par contre plus grande que dans les poils de bovins Hereford et Holstein sains. Resumen La solubilidad aumentada de los pelos en las reses vacunas Hereford con hipotricosis Los pelos de vacunos Hereford se disolvian mejor en hidroxido de tetrametilamonio que los pelos de reses vacunas Hereford y Holstein normales. Las proteinas de vacunos Hereford con hipotricosis que eran solubles en s-mercaptoetanol y dodecilsulfato sodico no permitieron que se estableciesen diferencias evidentes; sin embargo, el contingente de las proteinas ≤B≥ era mayor que en los pelos de vacunos Hereford y Holstein sanos.
Governing Information Security: Governance Domains and Decision Rights Allocation Patterns

Governance of the information security function is critical to effective security. In this paper, the authors present a conceptual model for security governance from the perspective of decision rights allocation. Based on Da Veiga and Eloff's 2007 framework for security governance and two high-level information security documents published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, the authors present seven domains of information security governance. For each of the governance domains, they propose a main decision type, using the taxonomy of information technology decisions defined by Weill and Ross 2004. This framework recommends the selection of decision rights allocation patterns that are proper to those decision types to ensure good security decisions. As a result, a balance can be achieved between decisional authority and responsibility for information security.
Simulation of Electron-Beam Irradiation of Skin Tissue Model

Abstract Monte Carlo simulation of electrons stopping in liquid water was used to model the penetration and quality of electron-beam irradiation incident on the full-thickness EpiDermTM skin model (EpiDermFTTM MatTek, Ashland, VA). This 3D tissue model has a fully developed basement membrane separating an epidermal layer of keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation from a dermal layer of fibroblasts embedded in collagen. The simulations were motivated by a desire to selectively expose the epidermal layer to low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation in the presence of a nonirradiated dermal layer. The variable-energy electron microbeam at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was used as a model of device characteristics and irradiation geometry. At the highest beam energy available (90 keV), we estimate that no more than a few percent of the beam energy will be deposited in the dermal layer. Energy deposition spectra were calculated for 10-µm-thick layers near the 10th, 50th and 90th ...
An assessment of the efficacy of in situ hybridization as a quantitative method by variance components estimation.

One serviceable feature of in situ hybridization is its potential for assessing relative levels of mRNA in specific regions of tissues and organs. To determine its efficacy as a quantitative technique, we applied a nested factorial design to a multifactorial experiment. Estimates of the magnitude of variance components then allowed an assessment of variation over samples of sections from the same tissue source, variation in label over 2 anatomical sites within the same section of tissue, as well as experiment-to-experiment variation. We found ∼ 51% of the total variance arose from experiment-to-experiment variation, while ∼ 21% of the total variance was due to variation in autoradiography grain density over neurons in the same brain region. Rat-to-rat variation accounted for approximately 11%. About 10% of the variance was due to variation between sections of tissue that were derived from the same tissue source and were hybridized in the same hybridization experiment. Variation between 2 homologous, bilaterally located brain regions located on the same tissue section (the right and left supraoptic nucleus), accounted for ∼ 5% of the total variance. The remaining unaccounted error variance was ∼ 2% of the total variance. Since an expected change in cellular content of a particular mRNA was observed as a function of experimental treatment, results suggest in situ hybridization is a useful quantitative method. Findings also indicate, however, the importance of experimental design: the use of multiple samples of tissue from the same tissue source, a sufficient number of tissue sources (animals, batches of cultured cells) to account for variations in sample sources, and the need to assess experiment-to-experiment and rat-to-rat variations. Results suggest the utility of analyzing the data of in situ hybridization experiments from the perspective of experimental design. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Associations of depression diagnosis and antidepressant treatment with mortality among young and disabled Medicare beneficiaries with COPD

Abstract Objective Depression is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and a risk factor for COPD exacerbation and death. The objective of this study was to determine the associations of depression diagnosis and antidepressant treatment with mortality among Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)-eligible (age Method This retrospective cohort study used a 5% random sample of SSDI-eligible Medicare beneficiaries with COPD in stand-alone Part D plans during 2006–2008 ( n =17,320). COPD and depression diagnoses were assessed during 2006. Evidence of antidepressant treatment was measured in 2006–2008. All-cause mortality was measured in 2007–2008. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of depression diagnosis with mortality and, among depressed beneficiaries, antidepressant treatment (time dependent) with mortality after controlling for covariates. Results More than one third (37.3%) of SSDI-eligible beneficiaries with COPD had a baseline depression diagnosis; of those, 86.8% had evidence of antidepressant treatment. Baseline depression diagnosis was an independent risk factor for 2-year mortality [hazard ratio (HR)=1.21; 99% confidence interval (CI)=1.07–1.37]. Among depressed beneficiaries, receiving antidepressant treatment was associated with significantly lower mortality (HR=0.55; 99% CI=0.44–0.68). Conclusion Proactive antidepressant treatment should be considered as an intervention to reduce mortality for this young and disabled Medicare population.
What a difference a century makes: Understanding the changing hydrologic regime and storage requirements in the Upper Colorado River basin

[1] The changing hydrologic regime of the Upper Colorado River Basin presents a daunting challenge for water resources management. A major source of concern is that of ascertaining the nature of runoff variability and re-calibrating the systemic management and planning based on a more reliable envelope of water supply variations to meet societal needs. In this letter, we examine the long-term variability and change in the Upper Colorado annual runoff volume—quantified as shifts in the mean, interannual variability, and persistence—in a recent tree-ring based reconstruction extending back to 762AD. A simple model for reservoir storage requirement shows sensitivity to the changing hydrologic regime, with episodes of abrupt shifts toward significantly higher storage requirements, often not readily evident in runoff statistics. The results also suggest that benchmarking of climate models for regional water resources assessment should focus on the runoff statistics that are most relevant for storage requirement computations.
Evaluation of the activity and molecular form of bi in cu smelting slags: Part I. ternary silicate slags

The thermodynamic behavior of bismuth in the chemical systems associated with copper processing is not well understood. This study was designed to further the understanding of the physical chemistry of bismuth in slags that have similar compositions to those found in copper extractive metallurgical processing. The silicate system investigated was the FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 ternary system in which bismuth was dissolved using an isopiestic experimental technique. Bismuth vapor pressures of 1 • 10−5 atm and 7.5 • 10−4 atm were used, and the silicates were equilibrated with this vapor at temperatures of 1458 K and 1523 K. In these experiments, the slag composition was varied such thatPO2 ranged from 10−12 to 10−8 atm. Bismuth was found to enter the silicate slag in both neutral and oxidic molecular forms. The oxidic form identified was that of BiO. The data suggest that the activity coefficient of neutral bismuth, γBi, is dependent on the solubility of that species in slag, even at the low concentrations observed in this study. It has been hypothesized, based on the large diameter of neutral Bi, that only a limited number of sites are available to accommodate neutral Bi, and that as the limit is approached γBi increases significantly. That hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the experimental results obtained in the present work as well as the results obtained by other investigators.
Correspondence in texture features between two mammographic views.

It is well established that radiologists are better able to interpret mammograms when two mammographic views are available. Consequently, two mammographic projections are standard: mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC). Computer-aided diagnosis algorithms have been investigated for assisting in the detection and diagnosis of breast lesions in digitized/digital mammograms. A few previous studies suggest that computer-aided systems may also benefit from combining evidence from the two views. Intuitively, we expect that there would only be value in merging data from two views if they provide complementary information. A measure of the similarity of information is the correlation coefficient between corresponding features from the MLO and CC views. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correspondence in Haralick's texture features between the MLO and CC mammographic views of breast lesions. Features were ranked on the basis of correlation values and the two-view correlation of features for subgroups of data including masses versus calcification and benign versus malignant lesions were compared. All experiments were performed on a subset of mammography cases from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). It was observed that the texture features from the MLO and CC views were less strongly correlated for calcification lesions thanmore » for mass lesions. Similarly, texture features from the two views were less strongly correlated for benign lesions than for malignant lesions. These differences were statistically significant. The results suggest that the inclusion of texture features from multiple mammographic views in a CADx algorithm may impact the accuracy of diagnosis of calcification lesions and benign lesions.« less
Superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression reduces MCP-1 and MIP-1α expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are quickly upregulated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the relationship between I/R-induced oxidative stress and cytokine/chemokine expression has not been elucidated. We investigated the temporal profile of cytokine and chemokine gene expression in transient focal cerebral ischemia using complementary DNA array technology. Among 96 genes studied, 10, 4, 11, and 5 genes were increased at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h of reperfusion, respectively, whereas, 4, 11, 8, and 21 genes, respectively, were decreased. To clarify the relationship between chemokines and oxidative stress, we compared the gene and protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) in wild-type (WT) mice and copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD 1) transgenic (Tg) mice. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and MIP-1 alpha mRNA were significantly upregulated at 6 to 12 h of reperfusion. In the SOD 1 Tg mice, however, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression was significantly decreased 12 h postinsult. In the WT mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha protein expression peaked 24 h after onset of reperfusion determined by immunohistochemistry. In the SOD 1 Tg mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha immunopositive cells were reduced, as were concentrations of these proteins (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at 24 h of reperfusion. Our results suggest that MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha expression is influenced by I/R-induced oxidative stress after transient focal stroke.
Still with us after all these years: issues of neuronal classification revisited.

stages of the pathway, the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, had the centersurround organization previously described by Kuffler [1953]. Soon, however, descriptions of retinal receptive fields lacking center-surround organization began to appear [Stone and Fabian, 1966; Rodieck, 1967]. Even among ganglion cells that did have center-surround receptive fields, fundamental differences in other response properties were observed [Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966], and it was not long before the full extent of the diversity among the ganglion cell population was well documented [Stone and Hoffmann, 1972; Cleland and Levick, 1974a, b; Stone and Fukuda, 1974; Hochstein and Shapley, 1976]. During this same period, additional evidence from Canberra [Cleland et al., 1971; Hoffmann and Stone, 1971; Wilson et al., 1976] suggested that this retinal diversity might underlie some of the diversity observed in cortical receptive fields. If that were the case, it would have required significant revision of the hierarchical scheme proposed by Hubel and Wiesel [1962], and although all of this initial work was done in cats, it quickly became apparent that primate retina and visual pathways were organized in very similar ways [Dreher et al., 1976; De Monasterio, 1978]. So any revision of the This paper was written in 1976, shortly after Jonathan Stone had relocated his lab from the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra to the University of New South Wales in Sydney. I had joined Jonathan’s lab as a post-doc early in 1975, when he was still in Canberra. At that time, the Physiology Department at ANU was headed by Peter Bishop and included a number of other prominent researchers (Geoff Henry, Bill Levick, Brian Cleland, Austin Hughes), and an ever changing contingent of visiting scholars, post-docs and grad students, all working in vision. So, I had been looking forward to entering an environment filled with lively discussions of the latest ideas and results. Indeed, upon my arrival I found myself in the middle of a spirited competition between Jon’s lab and another group in the department led by Bill Levick that involved competing narratives for the still emerging story of retinal ganglion cell diversity and parallel retino-geniculo-cortical pathways. At the time, there was very widespread interest in these issues because of their implications for models of cortical organization. When Hubel and Wiesel [1962] proposed that simple and complex cells in the visual cortex represented successive stages in a signal processing hierarchy, they assumed that all receptive fields at lower Published online: June 28, 2012
Role of 5‐HT3 receptors in activation of abdominal sympathetic C fibre afferents during ischaemia in cats

1 Activation of abdominal sympathetic afferents during ischaemia reflexly excites the cardiovascular system. We have shown previously that exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, i.e. serotonin) stimulates abdominal sympathetic afferent nerve endings, and recently have documented increased concentrations of 5-HT in intestinal lymph and portal venous plasma during brief abdominal ischaemia. The present investigation evaluated the role of endogenously produced 5-HT in activation of ischaemically sensitive abdominal sympathetic afferents. 2 Nerve activity of single-unit C fibre afferents innervating duodenum, mesentery, pancreas, portal hepatis, bile duct, gall bladder and jejunum was recorded from the right thoracic sympathetic chain of anaesthetized cats. Ischaemically sensitive C fibre afferents were identified according to their response to 5-10 min of abdominal ischaemia. 3 Intra-arterial injection of 5-HT (20 μg kg−1) increased discharge activity of twelve afferents from 0.23 ± 0.05 to 0.96 ± 0.09 impulses s−1 after an onset latency of 5.7 ± 1.4 s. Also, 2-methylserotonin (100 μg kg−1, i.a.), a 5-HT3 receptor agonist, stimulated eleven of twelve afferents to significantly increase their discharge activity from 0.25 ± 0.05 to 0.90 ± 0.10 impulses s−1 after a latency of 3.3 ± 0.4 s. Furthermore, intravenous injection of tropisetron (200 μg kg−1), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated the increase in activity of twelve other C fibre afferents during 10 min of abdominal ischaemia from 1.62 ± 0.18 to 0.94 ± 0.22 impulses s−1, and eliminated the response of eleven other afferents to 5-HT. 4 Both the 5-HT2 receptor agonist, α-methylserotonin (100 μg kg−1, i.a.), and the 5-HT1 receptor agonist, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (100 μg kg−1, i.a.), did not alter the impulse activity of these twelve afferents (0.29 ± 0.05 to 0.31 ± 0.06, and 0.26 ± 0.06 to 0.29 ± 0.06 impulses s−1, respectively). 5 Treatment with indomethacin (5 mg kg−1, i.v.) in eight different cats did not alter the response of nine C fibre afferents to exogenous 5-HT (0.91 ± 0.17 vs. 1.19 ± 0.25 impulses s−1, P > 0.05). 6 The results suggest that, during mesenteric ischaemia, endogenous 5-HT contributes to the activation of abdominal sympathetic afferents, mainly through direct stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors and that the action of 5-HT on these afferents appears to be independent of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway.
A quintic spline collocation procedure for solving the falkner-skan boundary-layer equation

Abstract A quintic spline collocation method is used to numerically solve the Falkner-Skan similarity boundary-layer equation for a wide range of pressure gradient parameter, both favorable and adverse, and wall mass transfer, both injection and suction. Through proper choice of the parameter in a constant ratio interval variable-grid system, extremely accurate solutions are obtained with as few as 7 grid points across the boundary layer. It is suggested that perhaps the method and grid system can be coupled to yield an optimal node distribution technique which will allow highly accurate solutions with few grid points and minimum discretion on the part of the user.
Characterization of Arterial Thrombus Composition by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Swine Stroke Model

Background and Purpose—The aim of this study is to analyze the histological composition of acute arterial thrombi and their MRI signals. Methods—Two different types of experimental thrombi, erythro...