cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States.

BackgroundTo identify sources of race/ethnic differences related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared trauma exposure, risk for PTSD among those exposed to trauma, and treatment-seeking among Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and Asians in the US general population.MethodData from structured diagnostic interviews with 34 653 adult respondents to the 2004–2005 wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analysed.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of PTSD was highest among Blacks (8.7%), intermediate among Hispanics and Whites (7.0% and 7.4%) and lowest among Asians (4.0%). Differences in risk for trauma varied by type of event. Whites were more likely than the other groups to have any trauma, to learn of a trauma to someone close, and to learn of an unexpected death, but Blacks and Hispanics had higher risk of child maltreatment, chiefly witnessing domestic violence, and Asians, Black men, and Hispanic women had higher risk of war-related events than Whites. Among those exposed to trauma, PTSD risk was slightly higher among Blacks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.22] and lower among Asians (aOR 0.67) compared with Whites, after adjustment for characteristics of trauma exposure. All minority groups were less likely to seek treatment for PTSD than Whites (aOR range: 0.39–0.61), and fewer than half of minorities with PTSD sought treatment (range: 32.7–42.0%).ConclusionsWhen PTSD affects US race/ethnic minorities, it is usually untreated. Large disparities in treatment indicate a need for investment in accessible and culturally sensitive treatment options.
Reduced incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease with the addition of thymoglobulin to a targeted busulfan/cyclophosphamide regimen.

Abstract To reduce the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we added Thymoglobulin (THY) to dose-adjusted oral busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (targeted BUCY). The starting dose of THY was 4.5 mg/kg given over days −3, −2, and −1, escalated in steps of 1.5 mg/kg in cohorts of 15 evaluable patients. Escalation was dependent on acute GVHD incidence and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Fifty-six patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloid disorders underwent transplantation with peripheral blood progenitor cells from related (n = 30) or unrelated (n = 26) donors. All but 2 patients achieved engraftment, and 56% survived in remission beyond 1 year. The incidence of acute GVHD was 50%, and that of chronic GVHD was 34%. The highest THY dose was 6.0 mg/kg, a dose at which 1 patient experienced Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Nine patients did not receive the prescribed THY dose. Results were comparable for related and unrelated transplants and for patients given 4.5 or 6.0 mg/kg THY. Among 27 myelodysplastic syndrome patients (14 with related and 13 with unrelated donors) who underwent transplantation concurrently with targeted BUCY without THY, the incidence of acute and chronic GVHD was 82%. Thus, THY 4.5 to 6.0 mg/kg seemed beneficial for GVHD prevention in BUCY-conditioned patients who underwent transplantation with peripheral blood progenitor cells, although relapse-free survival did not differ significantly from that in comparable historical controls not given THY.
Genomic screen for substance dependence and body mass index in southwest California Indians

Substance abuse and obesity are health disparities that may afflict Native Americans more than some other ethnic groups. One theoretical assumption concerning Native people is that the long history of dependence on foraging and subsistence agriculture may have led to selective enrichment of traits that improve genetic fitness, so called ‘thrifty’ or ‘fat sparing’ genes. We have speculated that this same selective pressure may have enriched for genetic variants that increase the risk for consumption of alcohol and drugs of abuse. Here, we report the results of a genome scan that compared findings for two consumption phenotypes: ‘any drug dependence and/or regular tobacco use’ and body mass index (BMI) in southwest California (SWC) Indian families. Variance component analyses from SOLAR were used to generate log of the odds ratio (LOD) scores. Evidence for linkage was found on chromosome 6 for both the ‘any drug’ (LOD score = 3.3) and BMI (LOD score = 2.3) phenotypes. Bivariate analyses of the two phenotypes revealed a combined LOD score of 4.1 at that location. Additional loci on chromosomes 6, 15, 16 and 21 were found for the ‘any drug’ phenotype, and on chromosomes 8, 16 and 18 for BMI (LOD scores ranged between 1.2 and 2.3). These results provide suggestive evidence for linkage for substance abuse and BMI in this Mission Indian population and, furthermore, provide preliminary data suggesting that ‘consumption phenotypes’ may share some genetic determinants.
Comprehensive enhanced recovery pathway significantly reduces postoperative length of stay and opioid usage in elective laparoscopic colectomy

Background A comprehensive enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) was implemented in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy in an attempt to reduce postoperative opioid consumption. We hypothesized that improved local analgesia and increased use of non-opioid pain medication, combined with earlier feeding and ambulation, would allow for earlier return of bowel function and shorter postoperative length of stay (LOS).
The use and misuse of citation analysis in research evaluation

Abstract The present paper addresses some of the many possible uses of citations, including bookmark, intellectual heritage, impact tracker, and self-serving purposes. The main focus is on the applicability of citation analysis as an impact or quality measure. If a paper's bibliography is viewed as consisting of a directed (research impact or quality) component related to intellectual heritage and random components related to specific self-interest topics, then for large numbers of citations from many different citing paper, the most significant intellectual heritage (research impact or quality) citations will aggregate and the random author-specific self-serving citations will be scattered and not accumulate. However, there are at least two limitations to this model of citation analysis for stand-alone use as a measure of research impact of quality. First, the reference to intellectual heritage could be positive or negative. Second, there could be systemic biases which affect the aggregate results, and ...
Simulation in automotive industries: paint line color change reduction in automobile assembly through simulation

The painting process is an important part of the entire automobile manufacturing system. Changing color in the painting process is expensive because of the wasted paint and solvent during color change. By intelligently selecting cars toward downstream operations at the places where conveyors converge or diverge, we can reduce the number of such color changes without additional hardware investment. Discrete Event Simulation is a tool of choice in analyzing these issues in order to develop an effective and efficient selection algorithm to ensure the system throughput. The concepts and methods presented here are also applicable to other discrete event manufacturing processes where setup reduction is pursued.
Optimization of Earthmoving Operations in Heavy Civil Engineering Projects

Large scale earthmoving operations require the use of heavy and costly construction equipment. Optimum utilization of equipment is a crucial task for the project management team. It can result in substantial savings in both time and cost of earthmoving operations. This paper presents optimization model for earthmoving operations in heavy civil engineering projects. The developed model is designed to assist general contractor in optimizing planning of earthmoving operations. The model utilizes genetic algorithm, linear programming, and geographic information systems to support its management functions. The model assists in planning earthmoving operations; taking into consideration: (1) availability of resources to contractors; (2) project budget and/or time constraints, if any; (3) scope of work; (4) construction site conditions; (5) soil type; (6) project indirect cost; and (7) equipment characteristics. The model also determines the quantities of earth to be moved from different borrow pits and those to be placed at different landfill sites to meet optimization objective set by the user and to meet project constraints. The model has been implemented in prototype software, using object-oriented programming. Two numerical example projects are presented to validate and demonstrate the use of the developed model in optimizing earthmoving operations.
Surface Structure Spread Single Crystals (S4C): Preparation and characterization

Abstract A set of six spherically curved Cu single crystals referred to as Surface Structure Spread Single Crystals (S 4 Cs) has been prepared in such a way that their exposed surfaces collectively span all possible crystallographic surface orientations that can be cleaved from the face centered cubic Cu lattice. The method for preparing these S 4 Cs and for finding the high symmetry pole point is described. Optical profilometry has been used to determine the true shapes of the S 4 Cs and show that over the majority of the surface, the shape is extremely close to that of a perfect sphere. The local orientations of the surfaces lie within ± 1° of the orientation expected on the basis of the spherical shape; their orientation is as good as that of many commercially prepared single crystals. STM imaging has been used to characterize the atomic level structure of the Cu(111) ± 11°-S 4 C. This has shown that the average step densities and the average step orientations match those expected based on the spherical shape. In other words, although there is some distribution of step–step spacing and step orientations, there is no evidence of large scale reconstruction or faceting. The Cu S 4 Cs have local structures based on the ideal termination of the face centered cubic Cu lattice in the direction of termination. The set of Cu S 4 Cs will serve as the basis for high throughput investigations of structure sensitive surface chemistry on Cu.
Regulation of Fibroplasia in Cutaneous Wound Repair

Fibroblast accumulation in a cutaneous wound requires phenotypic modulation of fibroblasts. In response to injury, resident fibroblasts in the surrounding tissue proliferate for the first 3 days and then at day 4 migrate into the wounded site. Once within the wound, they produce type I procollagen as well as other matrix molecules and deposit these extracellular matrix molecules in the local milieu. By day 7, abundant extracellular matrix has accumulated and fibroblasts switch to a myofibroblast phenotype replete with actin bundles along the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Wound contraction occurs as these myofibroblast gather in the wound extracellular matrix by extending pseudopodia, attaching to extracellular matrix molecules, such as fibronectin and collagen, then retracting the pseudopodia. Once these processes have been accomplished, the fibroblasts appear to undergo apoptosis. Therefore, during cutaneous wound repair, fibroblasts appear to progress through four phenotypes: first proliferating, second migrating, third synthesizing extracellular matrix molecules, and fourth expressing thick actin bundles as myofibroblasts.
A dynamic marine calcium cycle during the past 28 million years.

Multiple lines of evidence have shown that the isotopic composition and concentration of calcium in seawater have changed over the past 28 million years. A high-resolution, continuous seawater calcium isotope ratio curve from marine (pelagic) barite reveals distinct features in the evolution of the seawater calcium isotopic ratio suggesting changes in seawater calcium concentrations. The most pronounced increase in the δ 44/40 Ca value of seawater (of 0.3 per mil) occurred over roughly 4 million years following a period of low values around 13 million years ago. The major change in marine calcium corresponds to a climatic transition and global change in the carbon cycle and suggests a reorganization of the global biogeochemical system.
Effect of Chemical Structure on Nonelectrolyte Penetration of Oral Mucosa

The in vitro permeability of oral mucosa from New Zealand rabbits to 17 nonelectrolytes was studied using radioactive tracer techniques. Calculated permeability coefficients were independent of solute concentration and were similar when measured from outer to inner surface or inner to outer surface. Generally, an increase in chain length and increased lipid solubility within a series of alcohols or diols resulted in increased permeability. However, the first member of each series displayed anomalous behavior in that it penetrated more rapidly than the second member of the series. Addition of one or more hydroxyl groups to a compound brings about a decrease in permeability. The addition of a second or third hydroxyl group has less of an effect in decreasing permeability if it is adjacent to an existing hydroxyl as compared to when it is further separated. Addition of a hydroxyl group to a compound decreases permeability to a greater extent than addition of a ketone. Also, replacement of an oxygen with a sulfur atom or replacement of a hydroxyl group with an amide results in decreased permeability. These results point out the importance of lipid solubility and ability to form hydrogen bonds to permeability.
Finite-size effects on the thermal resistivity of {sup 4}He in the quasi-two-dimensional geometry

The thermal resistivity and its scaling function in quasi-two-dimensional (2D) {sup 4}He systems are studied by Monte Carlo and spin-dynamics simulations. We use the classical 3D XY model on LxLxH lattices with L>>H, applying open boundary conditions along the H direction and periodic boundary conditions along the L directions. A hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm is adopted to efficiently deal with the critical slowing down and to produce initial states for time integration. The fourth-order Suzuki-Trotter decomposition method of exponential operators is used to solve numerically the coupled equations of motion for each spin. The thermal conductivity is calculated by a dynamic current-current correlation function. Our results show that (i) the simulational data collapse onto a single curve for several values of H and temperature, thus supporting the concept of finite-size scaling theory and (ii) the calculated scaling function agrees well with the available experimental results for slabs using two free fitting parameters.
Charged black holes in phantom cosmology

In the classical relativistic regime, the accretion of phantom-like dark energy onto a stationary black hole reduces the mass of the black hole. We have investigated the accretion of phantom energy onto a stationary charged black hole and have determined the condition under which this accretion is possible. This condition restricts the mass-to-charge ratio in a narrow range. This condition also challenges the validity of the cosmic-censorship conjecture since a naked singularity is eventually produced due to accretion of phantom energy onto black hole.
Electrical-hydraulic properties of unsaturated Ottawa sands.

Abstract Laboratory measurements of moisture equivalent, saturated, hydraulic conductivity, and electrical resistivity were made on a series of uniform, very fine to medium grain size Ottawa sands. For these sediments, the unsaturated form of Archie's law is shown to be adequate. The experimental results are combined and interpreted to demonstrate a relationship between the apparent formation factor and/or resistivity at the moisture equivalent and saturated hydraulic conductivity for the same sediment. These laboratory results provide a limited experimental basis for relationships between the resistivity of vadose zone sediments and their saturated hydraulic conductivity and hence a basis for estimating the potential for artificial recharge from surface resistivity measurements.
Reactive silica: XIII. Activation of silica by pyrolizing chemisorbed HSiCl3☆

Abstract A new method of activating silica consists of chemisorbing HSiCl 3 and then degassing above 600 °C. Infrared spectra show that surface silane groups are eliminated, and the surface is and remains completely dehydroxylated. The formation of the centers responsible for the activity probably involves the simultaneous elimination of SiCl and SiH 2 groups, leading to a rearrangement of the surface.
Acute and chronic response of articular cartilage to Ho:YAG laser irradiation

A Ho:YAG laser system operating at a wavelength of 2.1 microns has recently been introduced for use in arthroscopic surgery. The acceptability of this new tool will be determined not only by its ability to resect tissue, but also by its long term effects on articular surfaces. In order to investigate these issues further, we performed two studies to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of the laser on cartilaginous tissue. We evaluated the acute, in vitro effects of 2.1 micron laser irradiation on articular and fibrocartilage. This included the measurement of ablation efficiency, ablation threshold and thermal damage in both meniscus and articular cartilage. To document the chronic effects on articular cartilage in vivo, we next performed a ten week healing study. Eight sheep weighing 30 - 40 kg underwent bilateral arthrotomy procedures. Multiple full thickness and partial thickness defects were created. Animals were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, and 10 weeks. The healing study demonstrated: (1) no healing of full or partial thickness defects at 10 weeks with hyaline cartilage; (2) fibrocartilaginous granulation tissue filling full thickness defects at two and four weeks, but no longer evident at ten weeks; (3) chondrocyte necrosis extending to greater than 900 microns distal to ablation craters at four weeks with no evidence of repair at later dates; and (4) chondrocyte hyperplasia at the borders of the damage zone at two weeks but no longer evident at later sacrifice dates.
Computer‐Aided Design

With the help of computer technology, the designer has the capability of managing the enormous number of design, material, and process applications available when designing with plastics and reinforced plastics (composites). In the past, the designer more often than not had to limit the material, process, and design choices to those that were familiar. However, the computer now provides a means of developing a number of design concepts, quickly evaluating them against established functional and performance criteria in a wide range of materials and processes, and making the necessary design modifications.
An adaptive wireless communication protocol for neural data transmission in freely behaving subjects

Long-term continuous intracortical recording of neuronal ensembles in freely behaving subjects requires a reliable wireless communication channel for transmitting important biological information. The need for ultra low-power, fully implanted recording systems, however, make the design of the wireless transmission protocol more demanding. Here, we introduce an adaptive protocol that can cope with the variable characteristics of the errors in the wireless channel associated with different levels of subject mobility, for example, during rest and active states. The wireless channel is modeled as a finite-state Markov channel, in which states are binary symmetric channels with different binary error rates. A convolutional encoder with a specific code rate is incorporated into each state, for which the length of data transmission packets is optimally estimated. The protocol can switch between different states depending on subject mobility to ensure a highly reliable communication channel, while optimizing the power consumption by minimizing the average memory length required for storing packets prior to transmission.
Anionic polymerization to high vinyl polybutadiene

1,3-Butadiene was polymerized anionically to polybutadiene which contained up to 100% 1,2-addition product. The atactic 100% 1,2-polybutadiene was prepared with n-butyllithium modified with bis piperidino ethane. The polymerization was done in hexane solvent at −5 to +20°C polymerization temperature.
A core-based monitor system for the HP-2100 series computers

Abstract A single user Monitor system has been developed for the Hewlett-Packard 2100 Series of mini-computers which is relatively independent of peripherial devices in its concept of operation. IβO operations have been minimized so that efficient operation is possible even when no high-speed devices are available. System overhead, both in terms of core requirements and processing time, is smaller than in comparable systems, yet maximum flexibility has been retained.
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Development of Lygus Lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Using green legumes of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., as a source of food and as an oviposition site, the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) was reared in the laboratory. The incubation periods of the egg stage at constant temperatures of 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35°C. were 42.08, 14.66, 7.62, 6.65, and 6.04 days, respectively. The rate of development of each instar was determined at 20°, 25°, and 30°, at which temperatures the mean total lengths of all instars combined were 31.47, 19.68, and 14.91 days, respectively. First-instar nymphs failed to survive at 35°. Preliminary investigations indicated a preoviposition period of 7 days at 30° and 35°, and slightly over 8 days at 25°. Some observations on the preoviposition period were also made at lower temperatures.
Treatment of heterotopic ossification through remote ATP hydrolysis

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the pathologic development of ectopic bone in soft tissues because of a local or systemic inflammatory insult, such as burn injury or trauma. In HO, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are inappropriately activated to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Through the correlation of in vitro assays and in vivo studies (dorsal scald burn with Achilles tenotomy), we have shown that burn injury enhances the osteogenic potential of MSCs and causes ectopic endochondral heterotopic bone formation and functional contractures through bone morphogenetic protein–mediated canonical SMAD signaling. We further demonstrated a prevention strategy for HO through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis at the burn site using apyrase. Burn site apyrase treatment decreased ATP, increased adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, and decreased phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 in MSCs in vitro. This ATP hydrolysis also decreased HO formation and mitigated functional impairment in vivo. Similarly, selective inhibition of SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation with LDN-193189 decreased HO formation and increased range of motion at the injury site in our burn model in vivo. Our results suggest that burn injury–exacerbated HO formation can be treated through therapeutics that target burn site ATP hydrolysis and modulation of SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation.
Fabrication and characterization of a concentric cylindrical microtransformer

This paper describes the use of a nonphotolithographic technique-microcontact printing-to fabricate a concentric cylindrical microtransformer having an outer diameter of /spl sim/350 /spl mu/m. For frequencies of up to 20 kHz, this microtransformer has a high coupling coefficient (>0.9). At higher frequencies, properties of the ferromagnetic material used in the construction of the microtransformer limit performance.
The Schotten-Baumann Reaction as an Aid to the Analysis of Polar Compounds: Application to the Determination of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM)

The separation of polar, low molecular weight, water-soluble compounds from specimens prior to quantitation has long been a problem in analytical toxicology. Others have successfully used in situ derivatization, prior to extraction, to resolve this problem (1,3). An application of the Schotten-Baumann reaction leading to a simple extraction of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) followed by HPLC is presented. This may be a generic approach to the analysis of other polyhydroxy, water-soluble compounds.
The impact of CYP allelic variation on antidepressant metabolism: a review.

Psychiatric diseases that are treated with antidepressants are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humankind. Although antidepressants are generally well tolerated and widely available, they are not equally effective in all patients and only 35 – 45% of patients treated for depression with these drugs recover to premorbid levels of functioning. There is a need for an effective, individualized approach to antidepressant selection. One promising lead in the development of personalized medicine is the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, whereby pharmacologic agents are selected on the basis of the genotype of patients, with particular attention to drug targets and phase I- and phase II-metabolizing enzymes. This review article focusses on phase I antidepressant-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., relevant CYP enzymes). The authors first briefly review CYP nomenclature, the relevant members of the CYP superfamily and their alleles, the metabolic categories and CYP antidepressant substrates, inhibitors an...
Spread of the Rat Lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in Giant African Land Snails (Lissachatina fulica) in Florida, USA

Abstract The rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) is a parasitic nematode that causes rat lungworm disease. It is the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis and is a zoonotic health risk. We confirmed the presence of A. cantonensis using species-specific, quantitative PCR in 18 of 50 (36%) giant African land snails (Lissachatina fulica) collected from Miami, Florida, US in May 2013. These snails were collected from seven of 21 core areas that the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services monitor weekly. Rat lungworms have not previously been identified in these areas. Duplicate DNA extractions of foot muscle tissue from each snail were tested. Of the seven core areas we examined, six were positive for A. cantonensis and prevalence of infection ranged from 27% to 100%. Of the 18 positive snails, only five were positive in both extractions. Our results confirm an increase in the range and prevalence of rat lungworm infection in Miami. We also emphasize the importance of extracting suff...
Ultrastructural Study of a Pituitary Adenoma (Prolactinoma) Within the Clivus Bone Using Immunoelectron Microscopy

In a case of a pituitary adenoma in the clivus bone in a 71-year-old man, ultrastructural investigation using conventional aldehyde-fixed, epoxy-embedded tissue revealed the tumor to be composed of cells with euchromatic nuclei, dense nucleoli, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, spherical secretory granules, and granule extrusion at the lateral cell surface, all of which suggest a prolactin-producing adenoma. Using a protein A-gold immunolabeling technique on snapfrozen tissue subsequently fixed in a mild fixative and embedded in a hydrophilic resin, the presence of prolactin immunoreactivity within secretory granules at the ultrastructural level was demonstrated. This case represented the first use of protein A-gold immunolabeling at the electron microscopic level for diagnostic purposes at our institution and exemplifies the value of this technique when the need for diagnostic immunoelectron microscopy is not anticipated. Because this tumor arose in an unusual location, ultrastructural study, includi...
In Vitro Generation of Novel Pyrimethamine Resistance Mutations in the Toxoplasma gondii Dihydrofolate Reductase

Pyrimethamine is a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and is widely used in the treatment of opportunistic infections caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In order to assess the potential role of dhfr sequence polymorphisms in drug treatment failures, we examined the dhfr-ts genes of representative isolates for T. gondii virulence types I, II, and III. These strains exhibit differences in their sensitivities to pyrimethamine but no differences in predicted dhfr-ts protein sequences. To assess the potential for pyrimethamine-resistant dhfr mutants to emerge, three drug-sensitive variants of the T. gondii dhfr-ts gene (the wild-type T. gondii sequence and two mutants engineered to reflect polymorphisms observed in drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum) were subjected to random mutagenesis and transfected into either wild-type T. gondii parasites or dhfr-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae under pyrimethamine selection. Three resistance mutations were identified, at amino acid residues 25 (Trp→Arg), 98 (Leu→Ser), and 134 (Leu→His).
A Response to a Review of My Book, Persistent Pastoralists: Nomadic Societies in Transition

I am pleased that Jean Ensminger, in her review of my book, Persistent Pastoralists (AA 89:488-489, 1987), allows that it makes a few contributions to studies of pastoral societies, particularly when it deals with "static precapitalist relations." However, she misses so many points made in the book that some response is necessary. I can deal here with only a few of her misreadings, but most of them derive from her misunderstanding of the book's theoretical premises. First, while Ensminger tries to set out the "several ambitious tasks" I hope to achieve, she ignores the most crucial and explicit point: that the order of the chapters, while not strictly chronological, represents what I called a "theoretical odyssey. . . inseparable from my own personal journey 'into' Ilparakuyo and Maasai language, culture, and pastoral praxis" (p. 6). This leads her, for example, to mistake one of my aims to be "a synthesis of Marxist and structuralist theory." I repeatedly state that structuralismfails as an alternative to functionalism, although it might initially have held the promise of an epistemological break. Unfortunately, she says nothing about the detailed exegesis and comparison in chapter 1 between the seminal contributions of Pierre Bonte and Hans Hedlund, which provides the major theoretical thrust of the book.
Interferometry: Getting More for Less

PLANETARY SCIENCEBy merging light from several small telescopes aboard spacecraft flying anywhere from a few tens of meters to thousands of kilometers apart, planet searchers hope to mimic single telescopes far too large and costly ever to be built. The payoff: a chance to see Earth-like planets around stars tens of light-years away and examine them for signs of life ([see main text][1]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/281/5385/1940
Quadratic isoperimetric inequality for mapping tori of polynomially growing automorphisms of free groups

We prove that the mapping torus \( F_n \rtimes_\phi {\Bbb Z} \) of a polynomially growing automorphism \( \phi : F_n \to F_n \) of finitely generated free group Fn satisfies the quadratic isoperimetric inequality.
Bias Reduction for an Explicit Solution of Source Localization Using TDOA

This paper proposes two methods to reduce the bias of the well-known algebraic explicit solution (Chan and Ho, "A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 42, pp. 1905-1915, Aug. 1994) for source localization using TDOA. Bias of a source location estimate is significant when the measurement noise is large and the geolocation geometry is poor. Bias also dominates performance when multiple times of independent measurements are available such as in UWB localization or in target tracking. The paper starts by deriving the bias of the source location estimate from Chan and Ho. The bias is found to be considerably larger than that of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator. Two methods, called BiasSub and BiasRed, are developed to reduce the bias. The BiasSub method subtracts the expected bias from the solution of Chan and Ho's work, where the expected bias is approximated by the theoretical bias using the estimated source location and noisy data measurements. The BiasRed method augments the equation error formulation and imposes a constraint to improve the source location estimate. The BiasSub method requires the exact knowledge of the noise covariance matrix and BiasRed only needs the structure of it. Analysis shows that both methods reduce the bias considerably and achieve the CRLB performance for distant source when the noise is Gaussian and small. The BiasSub method can nearly eliminate the bias and the BiasRed method is able to lower the bias to the same level as the Maximum Likelihood Estimator. The BiasRed method is extended for TDOA and FDOA positioning. Simulations corroborate the performance of the proposed methods.
The Development of Spatial Behavior Norms in Black and White Primary School Children

Unobtrusive observations of the proxemic behavior or in teracting (same-sex, same-race) pairs of kindergarten, second-, and fourth-grade children were made in playground settings of six upper lower-class, racially heterogeneous (Black-White), Oakland, California, elementary schools. Blacks were found to stand closer than Whites at the earlier grade levels. The difference, however, nearly disappeared by the fourth grade. Also, Black female children stood closest to and White female children most distant from each other during verbal in teraction. In axis (shoulder) orientation, Blacks faced one another less directly than Whites. The difference in creased as a function of grade level. Males of both racial groups were found to stand less directly than females, replicating the results of previous studies of adult axis behavior, and thus suggesting that sex-typed behavior is acquired very early. The results in general indicate that racial differences in distance and axis are learned early in life.
Simplified charged particle beam transport modeling using commonly available commercial software

Particle beam modeling in accelerators has been the focus of considerable effort since the 1950s. Many generations of tools have resulted from this process, each leveraging both prior experience and increases in computer power. However, continuing innovation in accelerator technology results in systems that are not well described by existing tools, so the software development process is on-going. We discuss a novel response to this situation, which was encountered when Jefferson Lab began operation of its energy-recovering linacs. These machines were not readily described with legacy software; therefore a model was built using Microsoft Excel. This interactive simulation can query data from the accelerator, use it to compute machine parameters, analyze difference orbit data, and evaluate beam properties. It can also derive new accelerator tunings and rapidly evaluate the impact of changes in machine configuration. As it is spreadsheet-based, it can be easily user-modified in response to changing requirements. Examples for the JLab IR upgrade FEL are presented.
Surgical Management of Metastatic Spinal Tumors

Background: The spine is the most common site of skeletal metastases. The evolution of surgical methods, medical treatment, and radiation therapy has led to improved survival, functional status, and quality of life for patients with cancer. The role of surgery in the treatment of patients with spinal metastases has evolved over time. Methods: A review of publications describing the role of open surgery and vertebroplasty was performed and the results are summarized. Results: The treatment goals of spinal metastases include the preservation and restoration of neurologic function and spinal stability. Modern imaging modalities provide accurate methods of tumor diagnosis. A variety of approaches and stabilization techniques are available and should be tailored to the location of the tumor and systemic comorbidities. Conclusions: As part of multidisciplinary treatment that includes radiation therapy and chemotherapy, surgery provides an effective method of restoration and preservation of neurologic function and spinal stability for patients with metastatic spinal tumors.
Yng1 PHD finger binding to H3 trimethylated at K4 promotes NuA3 HAT activity at K14 of H3 and transcription at a subset of targeted ORFs

Posttranslational histone modifications participate in modulating the structure and function of chromatin. Promoters of transcribed genes are enriched with K4 trimethylation and hyperacetylation on the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Recently, PHD finger proteins, like Yng1 in the NuA3 HAT complex, were shown to interact with H3K4me3, indicating a biochemical link between K4 methylation and hyperacetylation. By using a combination of mass spectrometry, biochemistry, and NMR, we detail the Yng1 PHD-H3K4me3 interaction and the importance of NuA3-dependent acetylation at K14. Furthermore, genome-wide ChIP-Chip analysis demonstrates colocalization of Yng1 and H3K4me3 in vivo. Disrupting the K4me3 binding of Yng1 altered K14ac and transcription at certain genes, thereby demonstrating direct in vivo evidence of sequential trimethyl binding, acetyltransferase activity, and gene regulation by NuA3. Our data support a general mechanism of transcriptional control through which histone acetylation upstream of gene activation is promoted partially through availability of H3K4me3, “read” by binding modules in select subunits.
High efficiency 90/spl deg/ silica waveguide bend using an air hole photonic crystal region

We propose the hybrid integration of an air hole photonic crystal (PhC) structure with a high /spl Delta/ (0.75%) single-mode silica waveguide to achieve an ultracompact high efficiency 90/spl deg/ bend for transverse-magnetic polarized light. Diffraction from the periodic boundary between the PhC and silica waveguide regions is shown to seriously degrade the optical efficiency of the bend. A microgenetic algorithm (/spl mu/GA) combined with a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method is used to modify the PhC and its boundary layer to suppress this diffraction which in turn maximizes bend efficiency. The final optimized structure has a 99.4% bend efficiency at a wavelength of 1.55 /spl mu/m and occupies an area of only 27 /spl times/ 27 /spl mu/m.
Solitary cyst of the kidney

Abstract 1. 1. The etiology of solitary renal cyst is not known. It is controversial whether such cysts are congenital or acquired. 2. 2. Solitary renal cyst, although uncommon, is not rare in occurrence. 3. 3. The condition occurs with equal frequency on the right or left side. 4. 4. Occurrence is relatively equal in either sex. 5. 5. The most frequent site of origination is the lower pole of the kidney. Next in frequency is the upper pole and lastly the body of the kidney. 6. 6. The condition may be observed at any time of life, but is not commonly seen in the first two decades, but is most common between the ages of thirty and fifty years. 7. 7. The most logical treatment is that of resection of the cyst. However, nephrectomy may be advisable because of extensive destruction of the kidney, or because of uncontrollable hemorrhage following resection of the cyst.
Relevant Issues Regarding The Delivery Of Database Courses Through Distance Education

This paper discusses the issues that were involved in the development of two online database courses at The Metropolitan State College of Denver. These courses are CMS 3060 Database Management Systems and CMS 4060 Advanced Database Management Systems. In addition to the issues apparent in the development of regular courses, technology driven courses provide a special set of problems. This paper examines the integration of a remote relational database management system (Oracle) into an online course. Also, the paper discusses the use of the PC based Oracle Developer 2000 product in an online course.
Comparison of Self-Rated Health Among Latina Immigrants in a Southern U.S. City and a National Sample.

Abstract Background In the United States, Latinos often report fair/poor self-rated health, which is an indicator for increased morbidity and mortality. Foreign-born Latinos in new immigrant destinations, such as the south, may rate their health more poorly than their counterparts elsewhere in the United States, because of the factors associated with migration and settlement in these communities. Methods The authors assessed foreign-born Latinas' self-rated health in Birmingham, Alabama (n = 765), and compared it with that of foreign-born Latinas in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS; n=8,746). Birmingham participants were matched to Latinas in the NHIS using propensity scores. The authors examined factors associated with reporting worse health using ordered logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weights. Results After propensity score matching, 47.6% of foreign-born Latinas in the Birmingham study reported their health as fair/poor compared with 17.9% of foreign-born Latinas in the NHIS ( P Conclusions In this study of Latina immigrants in a new settlement community in the south, women reported worse health than foreign-born Latinas in other U.S. regions, suggesting they may be at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Future studies are needed to better understand the factors associated with these differences to reduce morbidity and mortality burdens.
Emerging Phenomenon: A Cycle in Hogs

In the non-farm sector of the economy, cycles in individual industries such as housing and textiles, and in such areas as investment and inventory accumulation, are well known. The business cycle itself dominates all other cycles. In agriculture cyclicality finds much expression. The cattle cycle is the classic example.1 Other cyclical patterns also are numerous, although not so clearly demonstrated nor so well advertised as that for cattle.
Ablation Strategies for Left Atrial Flutter

Focal atrial tachycardia and macroreentrant left atrial (LA) flutter are proarrhythmic complications of atrial fibrillation ablation, occurring with varying incidence from 2% to 30%. We describe an organized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of these troublesome arrhythmias. Practical management options for treating these arrhythmias are discussed, including conservative therapy, pharmacologic options, and repeat ablative therapy. Diagnostic approaches to localizing focal tachycardias and macroreentrant flutters using the surface electrocardiogram and electrophysiological maneuvers such as entrainment and electroanatomic activation mapping are discussed. Approaches to ablation of focal and macroreentrant tachycardias are described. Data on prognosis and complications are also presented. Recommendations are given to avoid developing this proarrhythmic complication following the initial atrial fibrillation ablation procedure.
Fluorescence intensity as a quality control parameter in clinical flow cytometry.

The fluoresence intensity (FI) and percentage of immunostained peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were tested as parameters for monitoring quality control of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and the staining procedure. Several potential variables were Addressed, including optimal dilutions of MoAbs, standardization of instrument functions with fluorescent microspheres, stability of day-to-day fluorescence detection with fluorescent fixed cells, and effects of separation method and storage conditions on FI and PBL antigens. Although some small (but statistically significant) changes were found in certain tests, in general the FI and percentages of MoAB-positive human PBLs provided information useful in a standardized flow cytometry quality control program. This type of standardization and quality control facilities early discovery of methodologie and reagent problems in the clinical laboratory, as well as the ability to routinely evaluate disease states associated with abnormal antigen density.
Genetic Modifiers of the p53 Pathway

The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer; this gene is subject to inactivation by mutation or deletion in >50% of sporadic cancers. Genes that encode proteins that regulate p53 function, such as MDM2, MDM4, and CDKN2A (p14(ARF)) are also frequently altered in tumors, and it is generally believed that the p53 pathway is likely to be inactivated by mutation in close to 100% of human tumors. Unlike most other cancer-relevant signaling pathways, some of the genes in the p53 pathway contain functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the amplitude of signaling by this protein. These variants, thus, have the potential to impact cancer risk, progression, and the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, the p53 pathway plays a role in other biological processes, including metabolism and reproductive fitness, so these variants have the potential to modify other diseases as well. Here we have chosen five polymorphisms in three genes in the p53 pathway for review, two in TP53, two in MDM2, and one in MDM4. These five variants were selected based on the quality and reproducibility of functional data associated with them, as well as the convincingness of epidemiological data in support of their association with disease. We also highlight two other polymorphisms that may affect p53 signaling, but for which functional or association data are still forthcoming (KITLG and ANRIL). Finally, we touch on three questions regarding genetic modifiers of the p53 pathway: Why did these variants arise? Were they under selection pressure? And, is there compelling evidence to support genotyping these variants to better predict disease risk and prognosis?
Rational Triangles and Quadrilaterals

(1921). Rational Triangles and Quadrilaterals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 28, No. 6-7, pp. 244-250.
Die systematische Stellung der Flughühner(Pteroclididae)

Eine Literaturubersicht ergibt, das die bisher zur Klarung der systematischen Stellung der Flughuhner (Pteroclididae) herangezogenen anatomischen und ethologischen Eigenschaften auf konvergenter Entwicklung beruhen konnen und daher keinen grosen taxonomischen Wert besitzen. Anhand neuer Befunde zum Verhalten und zur Zusammensetzung der Eiweis-Proteine wird gezeigt, das die Flughuhner weder mit den Huhnern noch mit den Tauben, sondern vielmehr mit den Charadriiformes verwandt sind. Sie zeigen die grosten Ahnlichkeiten zur Unterordnung Charadrii. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, die Flughuhner innerhalb der Ordnung Charadriiformes in eine eigene Unterordnung Pterocli neben die Charadrii zu stellen.
Synergistic Effect of Mixed Oxide on the Adsorption of Ammonia with Metal–Organic Frameworks

A hydrotalcite-derived MgAl oxide (MMO) was evaluated in combination with the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 for the adsorption of ammonia. Analysis of the materials’ textural properties after ammonia breakthrough adsorption revealed no change in the PXRD patterns or FTIR spectra; however, a slight decrease in surface area was observed, consistent with the hypothesized presence of strongly adsorbed species after adsorption. UiO-66:MMO and UiO-66-NH2:MMO composites maintained ammonia adsorption capacity under dry conditions. An almost 2-fold increase in humid ammonia capacity was observed for the UiO-66:MMO composite, far beyond that expected through a linear combination of the two materials’ capacities. The synergistic effect observed in humid conditions was further investigated with water adsorption experiments, which suggested the effect is the result of the high water affinity of MMO.