cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavelength dependent SHG imaging and scattering probes of extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in ovarian cancer (Conference Presentation)

Ovarian cancer remains the most deadly gynecological cancer with a poor aggregate survival rate. To improve upon this situation, we utilized collagen-specific Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging microscopy and optical scattering measurements to probe structural differences in the extracellular matrix of normal stroma, benign tumors, endometrioid tumors, and low and high-grade serous (LGS and HGS) tumors. The SHG signatures of the emission directionality and conversion efficiency as well as the optical scattering are related to the organization of collagen on the sub-micron size. The wavelength dependence of these readouts adds additional characterization of the size and distribution of collagen fibrils/fibers relative to the interrogating wavelengths. We found strong wavelength dependent dependencies of these metrics that were different between the different tumors that are related to respective structural attributes in the collagen organization. These sub-resolution determinations are consistent with the dualistic classification of type I and II serous tumors. However, type I endometrioid tumors have strongly differing ECM architecture than the serous malignancies. Moreover, our analyses are further consistent with LGS and benign tumors having similar etiology. We identified optimal wavelengths for the SHG metrics as well as optical scattering measurements. The SHG metrics and optical scattering measurements were then used to form a linear discriminant model to classify the tissues, and we obtained high accuracy (~90%) between the tissue types. This delineation is superior to current clinical performance and has potential applicability in supplementing histological analysis, understanding the etiology, as well as development of an in vivo screening tool.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment.

Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can alleviate menstrual pain, about 18% of women with dysmenorrhea are unresponsive, leaving them and their physicians to pursue less well-studied strategies. The goal of this review is to provide a background for treating menstrual pain when first-line options fail. Research on menstrual pain and failure of similar drugs in the antiplatelet category suggested potential mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance. Based on these mechanisms, alternative options may be helpful for refractory cases. This review also identifies key pathways in need of further study to optimize menstrual pain treatment.
Technical Note: On the use of cylindrical ionization chambers for electron beam reference dosimetry.

Purpose To investigate the use of cylindrical chambers for electron beam dosimetry independent of energy by studying the variability of relative ion chamber perturbation corrections, one of the main concerns for electron beam dosimetry with cylindrical chambers. Methods Measurements are made with sets of cylindrical and plane-parallel reference-class chambers as a function of depth in water in 8 MeV and 18 MeV electron beams. The ratio of chamber readings for similar chambers is normalized in a high-energy electron beam and can be thought of as relative perturbation corrections. Data are plotted as a function of mean electron energy at depth for a range of depths close to the phantom surface to R80 , the depth at which the ionization falls to 80% of its maximum value. Additional, similar measurements are made in a Virtual Water® phantom with cylindrical chambers at the reference depth in a 4 MeV electron beam. Results The variability of relative ion chamber perturbation corrections for nominally identical cylindrical Farmer-type chambers is found to be less than 0.4%, no worse than plane-parallel chambers with similar specifications. Conclusions This work discusses several issues related to the use of plane-parallel ion chambers and suggests that reference-class cylindrical chambers may be appropriate for reference dosimetry of all electron beams. This would simplify the reference dosimetry procedure and improve accuracy of beam calibration.
The Pacification of Elite Lifestyles: State Formation, Elite Reproduction, and the Practice of Hunting in Early Modern England

What explains the remarkable metamorphosis of elites from warrior nobilities into well-mannered aristocrats in early modern Europe? Existing accounts emphasize the coercive force of emerging states or the novel enticements of royal courts. Well suited to the paradigmatic case of early modern France, such arguments fail to explain cases, like England, in which elites developed pacified lifestyles in the absence of a dominant royal court and largely prior to the monopolization of physical force. This essay shows that explaining such cases requires greater attention to the historical variability of elites’ own interests and strategies. I argue that European elites (also) developed pacified lifestyles insofar as they came to reproduce themselves through strategies that operated without their personal use of physical violence (including, but not limited to, royal courts). Such strategies were contingent on varying configurations of inter-elite and elite–non-elite relations. I employ this perspective to explain the marginalization of violent skills and codes in the lifestyles of early modern English elites, focusing empirically on the practice of hunting, a defining ritual of elite lifestyles. The hunting evidence suggests that the landed gentry were the first English elite to develop a pacified lifestyle. Yet the gentry were neither subject to the coercion of a centralized state nor incorporated into a court society. Instead, I show that the gentry—and later, the nobility and monarchy—developed pacified lifestyles because they came to reproduce themselves through legal strategies, the successful performance of which required nonviolent skills and habits.
Decision Makers and Their Need for Support

Organizational decision-making is a complex process made more difficult by the tumultuous environment in which many of today’s organizations find themselves. At the center of the decision-making process is the decision maker; this individual is a synthesis of experience, skill, values, and perspective. Not only must organizations identify, structure, and solve complex problems in an efficient manner; they must coordinate decision makers such that each individual’s characteristics expand the decision-making context and improve the outcome. Complexities such as these must be supported by systems designed to work within a framework of multiple perspectives. In this chapter, the author identifies the process of decision-making in various contexts. The concept of perspective, both individual and organizational, and how it affects decisionmaking processes is introduced and examined. Decision support systems must be designed, created, and implemented such that support for the complexities of organizational decisionmaking includes not only necessary and relevant information, but also exposure to a wider range of perspectives with which to work.
Ultrastructural comparison of the eyespot and ocelli of scorpions, and implications for the systematics of Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893

Abstract An eyespot, a smooth cuticular structure situated posteroventral or ventral to the lateral ocelli, has been documented in at least 60 species in 46 genera and six families of scorpions. The eyespot was confirmed to be absent in 89 genera, 115 species and seventeen families. In the present contribution, the ultrastructure of the eyespot, median and lateral ocelli of the Vietnamese chaerilid scorpion, Chaerilus julietteae Lourenco, 2011, is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. As in the buthid scorpion, Parabuthus transvaalicus Purcell, 1899, the eyespot of C. julietteae differs from the median and lateral ocelli in lacking a dioptric apparatus and pigment granules in the retinula and pigment cells, implying that its function is nonvisual. The presence of an eyespot is documented across Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893, confirming that it is diagnostic and probably synapomorphic for the family. Based on ultrastructure and position, the eyespot of scorpions appears to be a highly modified lateral ocellus that lost its lens and visual function during disintegration of the compound lateral eye.
Failure to confirm high blood pressures in pediatric care-quantifying the risks of misclassification.

Pediatric practice guidelines call for repeating an elevated office blood pressure (BP) at the same visit, but there are few data available to support this recommendation. We compared the visit results in children aged 3 to 17 years with a BP reading ≥95th percentile (n = 186 732) based on the initial BP and the mean of two BP readings, using electronic medical records from 2012-2015. Failure to repeat an initial BP reading ≥95th percentile would lead to a false "hypertensive" visit result in 54.1% of children who would require follow-up visits. After an initial visit result indicating hypertension, hypertension stage I or stage II was sustained in 2.3% and 11.3% of youth during their next visits, respectively. In conclusion, only approximately half of the pediatric patients would be correctly classified based on their initial BP. The recommendation to repeat high BP during the same visit needs to be emphasized because it saves unnecessary follow-up visits.
HIGHER QUANTITATIVE PERICARDIAL DELAYED HYPERENHANCEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT PERICARDITIS AFTER A YEAR OF MEDICAL THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH FREQUENT RELAPSES

Baseline quantitative pericardial delayed hyperenhancement (DHE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) predicts clinical course in recurrent pericarditis (RP). We hypothesized that patients who continue to have higher DHE even after a year of medical therapy have frequent relapses. Clinical
Percutaneous transhepatic cholecysto-cholangiography (PTCC): An alternative to intraoperative cholangiography in high risk infants suspect for biliary atresia

Abstract Infants with cholestasis and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia persisting beyond two weeks of age must be evaluated promptly to exclude biliary atresia (BA). BA progresses to cirrhosis and liver failure if portoenterostomy (PE) is not performed in a timely fashion. The gold standard to diagnose BA is intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) via laparotomy. Neonates that are critically ill or have significant co-morbidities may be high-risk surgical candidates, and thus minimizing operative time or avoiding an operation may be beneficial. An additional modality for excluding BA is percutaneous transhepatic cholecysto-cholangiography (PTCC). We present three infants undergoing PTCC by interventional radiology (IR) revealing patency of the biliary system without the need for IOC.
Characterization of phenotypic and genotypic diversity in subclones derived from a clonal cell line

Regulatory guidelines require the sponsors to provide assurance of clonality of the production cell line, and when such evidence is not available, additional studies are typically required to further ensure consistent long-term manufacturing of the product. One potential approach to provide such assurance of clonal derivation of a production cell line is to characterize subclones generated from the original cell line and assess their phenotypic and genotypic similarity with the hypothesis that cell lines derived from a clonal bank will share performance, productivity and product quality characteristics. In this study, a production cell line that was cloned by a validated FACS approach coupled with day 0 imaging for verification of single-cell deposition was subcloned using validated FACS and imaging methods. A total of 46 subclones were analyzed for growth, productivity, product quality, copy number, and integration site analysis. Significant diversity in cell growth, protein productivity, product quality attributes, and copy number was observed between the subclones, despite stability of the parent clone over time. The diversity in protein productivity and quality of the subclones were reproduced across time and production scales, suggesting that the resulting population post sub-cloning originating from a single cell is stable but with unique properties. Overall, this work demonstrates that the characteristics of isolated subclones are not predictive of a clonally derived parental clone. Consequently, the analysis of subclones may not be an effective approach to demonstrate clonal origin of a cell bank. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:613-623, 2018.
Cuts from General Disjunctions

In the early years of the twenty-first century the topic of cutting planes from split disjunctions seemed to have been exhausted, and attention turned to cuts from more general (non-split) disjunctions.
A Systematic Review of Resident Aesthetic Clinic Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Providing residents with comprehensive training in aesthetic surgery has proven challenging. Resident aesthetic clinics propose an educational value to trainees while providing successful patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study systematically reviewed the available literature regarding resident aesthetic clinic outcomes to determine the efficacy of the clinic in resident training, surgical results, and patient satisfaction. METHODS An electronic database search was performed to identify literature reporting on resident aesthetic clinics. Studies were excluded if the resident clinic was not aesthetic in nature, if only nonsurgical aesthetic procedures were performed, and if clinic outcomes were not evaluated. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for nonrandomized studies. RESULTS Ten of 148 identified studies met inclusion criteria; 2 utilized a survey, 3 were retrospective cohort studies, and 5 were retrospective cohort studies also utilizing a survey. Clinic schedules, surgical case volume, and surgical procedures performed all varied. One study received a Newcastle Ottawa Scale score of 7 of a possible 9 stars, 2 studies received 5 stars, 5 studies received 4 stars, and 2 could not be assessed using the scoring system. Six studies analyzed surgical results as a primary outcome, reporting acceptable complication and revision rates. Four studies evaluated patient opinions of the clinics and reported overall high satisfaction rates. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that resident aesthetic clinics enhance resident education while providing safe and successful surgical results to patients.
Cargo encapsulation in bacterial microcompartments: Methods and analysis

Abstract Metabolic engineers seek to produce high-value products from inexpensive starting materials in a sustainable and cost-effective manner by using microbes as cellular factories. However, pathway development and optimization can be arduous tasks, complicated by pathway bottlenecks and toxicity. Pathway organization has emerged as a potential solution to these issues, and the use of protein- or DNA-based scaffolds has successfully increased the production of several industrially relevant compounds. These efforts demonstrate the usefulness of pathway colocalization and spatial organization for metabolic engineering applications. In particular, scaffolding within an enclosed, subcellular compartment shows great promise for pathway optimization, offering benefits such as increased local enzyme and substrate concentrations, sequestration of toxic or volatile intermediates, and alleviation of cofactor and resource competition with the host. Here, we describe the 1,2-propanediol utilization (Pdu) bacterial microcompartment (MCP) as an enclosed scaffold for pathway sequestration and organization. We first describe methods for controlling Pdu MCP formation, expressing and encapsulating heterologous cargo, and tuning cargo loading levels. We further describe assays for analyzing Pdu MCPs and assessing encapsulation levels. These methods will enable the repurposing of MCPs as tunable nanobioreactors for heterologous pathway encapsulation.
Emotions in the Stock Market

AbstractThe authors explore the interaction between media content and market returns and volatility. They utilize propriety investor sentiment measures developed by Thompson Reuters MarketPsych. Th...
"Fake News" and Conceptual Ethics

In a recent contribution to conceptual ethics, Joshua Habgood-Coote argues that philosophers should refrain from using the term “fake news,” which is commonly employed in public discussions focusing on the epistemic health of democracies. In this short discussion note, I take issue with this claim, discussing each of the three arguments advanced by Coote to support the conclusion that we should abandon this concept. First, I contend that although “fake news” is a contested concept, there is significant agreement among contemporary philosophers about its key feature. Second, I argue against the claim that “fake news” is an unnecessary concept by underlying that it is not reducible to other terms we customarily use to describe the epistemic dysfunctions of democracies. Lastly, I suggest that using the term “fake news” need not serve propagandistic aims, and that philosophers can use this concept without engaging in epistemic policing, that is, commanding their interlocutors not to believe specific news stories or sources.
A Gunn rat model of preterm hyperbilirubinemia.

Background The impact of bilirubin in preterm infants is poorly understood. An animal model would assist in improving understanding. The Gunn rat lacks uridine diphosphate-glucuronylsyl transferase 1 and can be made acutely hyperbilirubinemic by injection of sulfodimethoxine (sulfa), a drug that displaces bilirubin from albumin and thus increases free bilirubin. Methods On postnatal day (P) 5, Gunn rats either heterozygous (Nj) or homozygous (jj) for glucuronosyltransferase activity were injected with either saline or sulfa. Behavior and cerebellar weight were measured. Results Pups did not show any signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. Pup weight dropped significantly on P8 only in the jj-sulfa group. Behavior was affected only in the jj-sulfa group. Cerebellar weight was significantly less in the jj-sulfa group. Conclusion The Gunn rat pup model may be a good model to study hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=155

Abstract This work represents an update of the previous evaluation of the nuclear data on the A=155 nuclides (2005Re01). The experimental data from reaction and decay studies leading to the following nuclides have been reviewed: 155La, 155Ce, 155Pr, 155Nd, 155Pm, 155Sm, 155Eu, 155Gd, 155Tb, 155Dy, 155Ho, 155Er, 155Tm, 155Yb, 155Lu, 155Hf, and 155Ta. These data are presented, together with the adopted level schemes and their properties.
Bearingless high temperature superconducting flywheel energy storage system

In order to solve the problems such as mechanical friction in the flywheel energy storage system, a shaftless flywheel energy storage system based on high temperature superconducting (HTS) technology is presented in this paper. Because of the Meisner effect of the high temperature superconducting material, the flywheel with permanent magnet is suspended, which contributes to the bearingless of the energy storage device. The stator side is provided with a three-phase symmetrical winding and a flywheel, which form a synchronous motor structure together. Using the gyroscopic effect, the flywheel rotates at high speed to realize energy storage. The circuit part controls the frequency changer through PLC to carry on the electric energy input. On this basis, the flywheel and the device structure are designed, and the energy storage performance of the energy storage system is tested, and the feasibility of the scheme is also verified in this paper.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Resection of the Mesonephric Duct Remnant in a Patient with Zinner Syndrome.

Introduction: A 17-year-old male with Zinner syndrome, a right seminal vesicle cyst, and a solitary left kidney presented with chronic pelvic pain. Previous surgeons had attempted robot-assisted la...
COVID-19: State Sales and Use Tax Implications

A negative consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the major contraction of the economy. In the United States, this has resulted in a significant reduction in sales tax revenues for most stat...
Smoking Cessation Treatment for Parents Who Are Light or Very Light Smokers in the Pediatric Setting.

Abstract Background The percentage of US smokers who smoke Methods A secondary analysis of parent interview data collected April to October 2017 at 10 pediatric practices participating in a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE) intervention. Results Forty percent of 725 usual care control (UCC) group smokers smoked lightly ( Conclusions The CEASE intervention increased assistance to light and very light smokers, yet heavier smokers received more assistance than light smokers. Improving cessation interventions for light and very light smokers is warranted.
Disparate Projects, Coherent Practices: Constructing New Urbanism through the Charter Awards

The Congress for the New Urbanism’s (CNU) annual Charter Awards offers a rich set of documents with which to understand the discursive construction of the New Urbanism movement in the world. Every year, since 2001, developers and designers submit work representing their plans and projects to CNU for consideration of an award. In each case, a collection of urban design practitioners with expertise in New Urbanism comes together as jurors to evaluate the submissions. A handful of projects are recognized with an award and profiled in the Charter Awards booklet. This booklet offers a snapshot of what the movement’s awards program jurors in a given year see as its exemplary work and most innovative accomplishments. Using a framework for understanding the discursive labor that design award programs perform, I examine two decades worth of Charter Awards and analyze narratives and messages presented therein concerning how New Urbanism exists in the world. I advance three claims through this analysis. First, the Charter Awards as a text discursively constructs disparate projects and plans as part of a singular movement. Second, the Charter Awards narrate New Urbanism as a worldwide movement that transcends particularities of place, culture, and history. Finally, CNU uses the Charter Awards to effectively claim universal relevance to urban development despite the particularities of places and the divergence of development contexts.
From Dark to Light: The Many Shades of Sharing Misinformation Online

Research typically presumes that people believe misinformation and propagate it through their social networks. Yet, a wide range of motivations for sharing misinformation might impact its spread, as well as people’s belief of it. By examining research on motivations for sharing news information generally, and misinformation specifically, we derive a range of motivations that broaden current understandings of the sharing of misinformation to include factors that may to some extent mitigate the presumed dangers of misinformation for society. To illustrate the utility of our viewpoint we report data from a preliminary study of people’s dis/belief reactions to misinformation shared on social media using natural language processing. Analyses of over 2,5 million comments demonstrate that misinformation on social media is often disbelieved. These insights are leveraged to propose directions for future research that incorporate a more inclusive understanding of the various motivations and strategies for sharing misinformation socially in large-scale online networks.
Linkage of Dirac neutrinos to dark U(1) gauge symmetry

Abstract It is shown how a mechanism which allows naturally small Dirac neutrino masses is linked to the existence of dark matter through an anomaly-free U(1) gauge symmetry of fermion singlets.
Male and Female Heavy-Users of an Apparel Product Category: A Comparison of Sex Related Segment Profiles

Many studies of market segments rely on either heterosexual or female only samples. The research reported in this paper examines male and female usage based segments for an apparel product category in an attempt to determine whether sex-specific profile differences exist. Male and female profiles were developed via multiple discriminant analysis for a variety of life style, shopping behavior, market specific and demographic predictor variables. Although differences were found in the resulting profiles, many useful suggestions are made for further research of sex-specific segments.
American Indian, Alaska Native, and Canadian Aboriginal Two-Spirit/LGBT Elderly

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the status of older two-spirit American Indian, Alaska Native, and Canadian Aboriginal two-spirit LGBT elders. Information is presented on traditional values and behaviors, two-spirit tradition and roles of elders in tribal communities, service utilization by two-spirit elders, systems of service delivery, and policy implications. The authors acknowledge the heterogeneity of these groups and do not presume uniformity across groups. Similarity, the term LGBT is used as the modern roughly equivalent of the Native term two-spirit. A brief background of two-spirit is included to provide the reader with an understanding of the history and significance of self-identity that is implicit in how two-spirit persons refer to themselves.
Effects of Exogenous Testosterone on the Scent-Marking and Agonistic Behaviors of White-Tailed Deer

Male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibit signpost marking behavior during both the sexually active and quiescent periods (Marchinton et al. 1990, Ozoga 1989). During the breeding season, the primary signposts are rubs and scrapes. Rubs consist of small trees on which the buck rubs his antlers and forehead (Moore and Marchinton 1974). Atkeson and Marchinton (1982) identified seasonally active tubular apocrine sudoriferous glands in the forehead tissue of both male and female whitetails. Moore and Marchinton (1974) hypothesized that rubs could serve to delineate dominance areas within a buck’s home range, even though such areas are not actively defended against subordinate males.
Chemically modified carbon paste electrodes: Part IV. Electrostatic binding and electrocatalysis at poly(4-vinylpyridine)-containing electrodes

Abstract Polymer modified carbon paste electrodes were constructed by mixing poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) into a graphite powder/Nujol oil matrix. The electrodes so formed were able to bind Fe(CN)4−6 electrostatically as long as the solution pH was held sufficiently acidic to keep the polymer in protonated form. Fe(CN_4−6 surface coverages ranging from 5 × 10−10 mol/cm2 to 5 × 10−8 mol/cm2 were obtained by varying the quantity of PVP in the paste mixture and the concentration of Fe(CN)4−6 in the adsorbing solution, and the resulting surfaces could be rapidly regenerated with a 5–10% reproducibility by exposing a fresh carbon paste layer and repeating the Fe(CN)4−6 adsorption. The Fe(CN)4−6/PVP electrodes were able to catalyze the oxidation of ascorbic acid with a rate consistent with that previously observed for other analogous chemically modified electrodes.
Revisit of Weinberg's sum rules

By applying the Ward identity found by Weinberg two new relations of the amplitude of $a_{1}\rightarrow\rho\pi$ with other physical quantities have been found.
APNEA: DOES LARYNGEAL MICROASPIRATION PLAY A ROLE?

To examine physiologic mechanisms whereby gastroesophageal reflux might cause apnea, we examined the breathing pattern and airway response after intralaryngeal infusion of 0.1 and 0.5cc each of saline, cow's milk formula, and 0.1N HC1 in 9 adult cats. Anesthetized animals breathed spontaneously through a tracheostomy tube. A second tracheal cannula directed rostrally allowed direct stimulation of the larynx from below. Pulmonary function was determined from simultaneous measurements of intrathoracic pressure by intrapleural catheter, air flow by pneumotachograph, and lung volume by flow integration. Results: 1) None of the stimuli was followed by apnea defined as cessation of effective tidal volume × 15sec. 2) A cough response was elicited in 6 of 9 animals following 0.1N HCl only. 3) A short latent, rapidly adapting (20sec) decrease in respiratory rate from control (25.9±4.9 br/min) was noted following milk (19.4±3.7 br/min) and acid (13.5±1.2 br/min) infusion (p < .01) despite continued presence of stimuli in the larynx at both volumes tested. 4) 0.1N HCl alone produced a short latent, rapidly adapting (20sec) increase in total lung resistance (47.6 ±10.6 cm H2O/L/sec vs control of 23.3±1.7, p < .01). 5) Pretreatment of laryngeal mucosa with Benzocaine abolished the response to all stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Apnea is not the major response following laryngeal aspiration. 2) Aspiration of microvolumes of acid produces a more significant pulmonary response than milk aspiration. 3) Responses to both stimuli are mediated by rapidly adapting mucosal receptors. 4) Thus, in infants with apnea, combined respiratory and intraesophageal monitoring should include recording of respiratory rate and cough.
KAZHDAN CONSTANTS FOR SLn(ℤ)

In this article we improve the known Kazhdan constant for SLn(ℤ) with respect to the generating set of the elementary matrices. We prove that the Kazhdan constant is bounded from below by , which gives the exact asymptotic behavior of the Kazhdan constant, as n goes to infinity, since is an upper bound. We can use this bound to improve the bounds for the spectral gap of the Cayley graph of SLn(&#x1d53d;p) and for the working time of the product replacement algorithm for abelian groups.
A silent mutation in mabA confers isoniazid resistance on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is caused by mutations in restricted regions of the genome. Mutations in katG, the promoter region of the mabA-inhA operon, and inhA are those most frequently responsible for isoniazid (INH) resistance. Several INH-resistant (INH(r) ) Mtb clinical isolates without mutations in these regions have been described, however, indicating that there are as yet undetermined mechanisms of INH resistance. We identified the mabA(g609a) silent mutation in a significant number of INH(r) Mtb clinical isolates without known INH resistance mutations. A laboratory strain, H37Rv, constructed with mabA(g609a) , was resistant to INH. We show here that the mabA(g609a) mutation resulted in the upregulation of inhA, a gene encoding a target for INH, converting the region adjacent to the mutation into an alternative promoter for inhA. The mabA(g609a) silent mutation results in a novel mechanism of INH resistance, filling in a missing piece of INH resistance in Mtb.
Why Doesn't EM Find Good HMM POS-Taggers?

This paper investigates why the HMMs estimated by Expectation-Maximization (EM) produce such poor results as Part-of-Speech (POS) taggers. We find that the HMMs estimated by EM generally assign a roughly equal number of word tokens to each hidden state, while the empirical distribution of tokens to POS tags is highly skewed. This motivates a Bayesian approach using a sparse prior to bias the estimator toward such a skewed distribution. We investigate Gibbs Sampling (GS) and Variational Bayes (VB) estimators and show that VB converges faster than GS for this task and that VB significantly improves 1-to-1 tagging accuracy over EM. We also show that EM does nearly as well as VB when the number of hidden HMM states is dramatically reduced. We also point out the high variance in all of these estimators, and that they require many more iterations to approach convergence than usually thought.
RDL-SET: An Expressive Constraint Language for OWL

The term Semantic Web refers to the web of linked data whose semantics can be understood by machines for further automatic process. As an expressive knowledge representation language for Semantic Web, Web Ontology Language (OWL) plays an important role in areas like science and commerce. However, the problem of maintaining integrity constraints arises because OWL employs the Open World Assumption (OWA) as well as the Non-Unique Name Assumption (NUNA). In this study, we formally introduce RDL-SET, a rule-based Description Logic language with set extension. We present its syntax and semantics and also demonstrate its utility by expressing 13 commonly used constraints in this language. RDL-SET can be used as a constraint language to specify most common constraints whose satisfaction is efficient to check. Our goal is to cover practicality and efficiency instead of completeness in ICresearch in OWL.
Infrared Transmission of the Atmosphere to Solar Radiation

Infrared solar spectrum observations taken on 12 January 1955, in Denver, Colorado, with a double-pass NaCl prism have been analyzed for transmission coefficients for the “selective” absorption and for the “continuum” extinction. The analysis was performed over the range 1.0–12.5 μ. The good ness of fit for the average transmission for a random band model and for a regular band model is given for each of 203 data points distributed throughout the spectrum.
The Futures of Qualitative Social Research

In this contribution I begin by reviewing past views on the future of qualitative social research. In different ways, all of these views give the same account of a problematic present state which must be overcome by following their own particular "mandatory directives" for future developments. I then discuss four structural mechanisms from which current problems in the transmission of qualitative and interpretative designs or approaches originate. Recently, supporters of "post-qualitative research" have addressed such problems by arguing for a form of strong theorism in qualitative social research. However, this type of response can lead back to an outdated dominance of theory over research and empirical substance. In conclusion, some alternative options for navigating qualitative and interpretative research through post-positivist waters are discussed. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1401165
Survivin inhibition via EZN-3042 in canine lymphoma and osteosarcoma

Canine lymphoma (LSA) and osteosarcoma (OS) have high mortality rates and remain in need of more effective therapeutic approaches. Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family member protein that inhibits apoptosis and drives cell proliferation, is commonly elevated in human and canine cancer. Survivin expression is a negative prognostic factor in dogs with LSA and OS, and canine LSA and OS cell lines express high levels of survivin. In this study, we demonstrate that survivin downregulation in canine LSA and OS cells using a clinically applicable locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide (EZN-3042, Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA) inhibits growth, induces apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity in vitro, and inhibits survivin transcription and protein production in orthotopic canine OS xenografts. Our findings strongly suggest that survivin-directed therapies might be effective in treatment of canine LSA and OS and support evaluation of EZN-3042 in dogs with cancer.
Warsaw University under German occupation: state building and nation Bildung in Poland during the Great War

The German occupation of Russia's Polish territories from 1915 to 1918 remains one of the least-explored chapters in the history of the Great War. This article examines the policies pursued by the occupation authorities in wartime Poland with a particular focus on the Polish university opened by the Germans in 1915. An analysis of the Germans' ambitions for the university, as well as how the occupiers and the university's students and faculty interacted during the occupation, reveals a great deal about the sources and nature of the ambitious state-building plan that developed under the German Governor-General, Hans Hartwig von Beseler, during the war. In turn, this provides new perspectives on the relationship between occupier and occupied in the Great War, German-Polish relations, the history of sovereignty and nationalism, and the continuities of German history in the era of total war. This article draws on both Polish and German published and archival sources.
A Review of: “Industrial Proteomics, Applications for Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals”

The proteome of an organism is defined as the sum of the proteins in existence either throughout its life cycle, or in response to changing conditions or a specific disease state. Proteomics, the l...
Parallel versus serial processing dependencies in the perisylvian speech network: A Granger analysis of intracranial EEG data

In this work, we apply Granger causality analysis to high spatiotemporal resolution intracranial EEG (iEEG) data to examine how different components of the left perisylvian language network interact during spoken language perception. The specific focus is on the characterization of serial versus parallel processing dependencies in the dominant hemisphere dorsal and ventral speech processing streams. Analysis of iEEG data from a large, 64-electrode grid implanted over the left perisylvian region in a single right-handed patient showed a consistent pattern of direct posterior superior temporal gyrus influence over sites distributed over the entire ventral pathway for words, non-words, and phonetically ambiguous items that could be interpreted either as words or non-words. For the phonetically ambiguous items, this pattern was overlayed by additional dependencies involving the inferior frontal gyrus, which influenced activation measured at electrodes located in both ventral and dorsal stream speech structures. Implications of these results for understanding the functional architecture of spoken language processing and interpreting the role of the posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech perception are discussed.
Simulation Study of Wideband Interference Rejection using Adaptive Array Antenna

Array antenna systems are often used to enhance the received signal to interference and noise ratio when the signal operates in heavily jammed environment. Proper modeling of the received data at different antenna elements is important when evaluating the performance of this system, especially when both the signal and interference have wide frequency bands. The received data has two dimensions: space, because different antenna elements are separated on the antenna face and time, because sampled data from each element is collected over time. Therefore received data processing can be regarded as space-time processing. The time sequence data is referred to as the received waveform of a given antenna element. The antenna output is the linear combination of data from all the antenna elements. In conventional narrowband beamforming, time sequences at different antenna elements are related by some fixed phase shift. The phase shift is determined by the waveform's direction of arrival (DOA). For a wideband waveform, time sequences at different antenna elements are delayed in time and not simply related by a phase shift. If a wideband waveform arrives at an off boresight angle, the time delays may not be integer multiples of the sampling time (fractional delay). Thus, to properly process the received data at each antenna element, interpolation is necessary to derive the correct time samples. Fractional delay was first employed in a digital array phase shifter (Crochiere et al., 1975), and later in null-steering of antenna arrays (Ko and Lim, 1988) and also finds wide applications in other fields, such as digital modems (Zovojnovic and Meyr, 1988), speech coding (Kroon and Atal, 1991) and so on. The interpolation function used in this simulation study is sin(x)/x, where the power spectral density for the signal is assumed to be uniform. The received waveform is approximated by using a finite number of time samples in the interpolation formula, which is equivalent to approximation in a least square error sense (Laakso et al, 1996). If the power spectral density function were not uniform, then we would have to use a different interpolation function. The array antenna in this simulation study is assumed to have seven omni-directional elements placed on a plane arranged as a honeycomb. To avoid grating lobes, the spacing between the elements is assumed to half a wavelength of the center frequency. Simulation results based on adaptive processing algorithm of conventional adaptive array antenna and space time adaptive processor (STAP) are compared with the theoretical calculations. Convergence rates and interference rejection for the two approaches are discussed below. An important conclusion is that the wideband processing required by STAP significantly improves performance against wideband interference
Interpretation of volcanic gas data from tholeiitic and alkaline mafic lavas

The analyses of approximately 100 high temperature gas samples from erupting lavas of Surtsey, Erta Ale, Ardoukoba, Kilauea, Mount Etna and Nyiragongo exhibit erratic compositions resulting from analytical errors, condensation effects, reactions with sampling devices, and contamination by atmospheric gases, meteoric water and organic material. Computational techniques have been devised to restore reported analyses to compositions representative of the erupted gases. The restored analyses show little evidence of short-term variations. The principal species are H2O, CO2, SO2, H2, CO, H2S, S2, and HCl. The O2 fugacities range from nickel-nickel oxide to a half order of magnitude below quartz-magnetite-fayalite. There is no evidence for a unique magmatic gas composition; instead, the erupted gases show regular compositional trends characterized by decreasing CO2 with progressive outgassing. The gases from more alkaline lavas (Etna, Nyiragongo) are distinctly richer in CO2, while those from less alkaline (Surtsey) or tholeiitic lavas (Erta Ale, Ardoukoba) tend to be richer in H2O. Kilauean gases range from CO2-rich to H2O-rich. The total sulfur contents of the erupted gases show an excellent positive correlation with lava O2 fugacity. All restored analyses are significantly lower in H2O and enriched in sulfur and CO2 compared to the «excess volatiles».
Gender, Female Traditionality, Achievement Level, and Cognitions of Success and Failure

Differences in ratings of initial expectancy of success, perceived scholastic ability, and causal attributions were assessed for male and female high school students for a simulated academic test. Subjects were also differentiated on their achievement level (i.e., under- and overachievement) and the traditionality of their career aspirations. As predicted, higher expectancies were found for high performance achievers and nontraditional females. Males generally made more attributions to lack of effort for failure, as did low performance achievers. Females and high performance achievers attributed success more to effort. Hypotheses concerning differential usage of luck and ability attributions were not supported. Although there was an overall trend for females to be more external, traditionality also mediated causal attributions for females.
Matching as a multivariate power law: Frequency of behavior versus frequency and magnitude of reinforcement

Abstract Two groups of food-deprived rats responded for access to liquid reinforcers on a wide range of concurrent variable-interval schedules. During the first part of the experiment, one group chose between two different sucrose solutions; for a second group, the choice involved a sucrose solution and a solution of condensed milk. In the latter part of the experiment, the two groups chose between identical sucrose solutions. A variety of multivariate equations were applied to data obtained from both conditions. The best-fitting equation proved to be a multivariate power function, which is an extension of Herrnstein's basic matching law.
Inhibitors of carbohydrate metabolism reduce undirected song production at doses that do not alter food intake in singly housed male zebra finches

Previous findings in our laboratory indicate that food availability and/or the balance of metabolic fuels may play a role in the production of undirected song in singly housed adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). In this study, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) or 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol (2,5-AM) were used to attenuate the circadian shift from lipid to carbohydrate metabolism, which normally occurs at the onset of the light phase in free-feeding, singly housed zebra finches, in order to evaluate the possibility that carbohydrate metabolism influences the production of undirected song. Food intake was also measured. Both drugs (which block carbohydrate metabolism and increase reliance on lipid metabolism) produced dose-dependent reductions in undirected singing, while food intake was not altered. Our results suggest that undirected singing (and possibly other voluntary and/or social behaviors) is sensitive to the availability of dietary fuels, whereas, food intake may show a greater regulation by the availability of stored fuels.
Sm1.85Th0.15CuO4−y: A new electron-doped copper oxide superconductor

Abstract We report here results from a study of superconductivity in the Sm 1.85 (Ce 0.15−x Th x )CuO 4−y system. We observe resistive superconducting transitions for all values of x, with transition midpoints ranging from 19.3 K for x =0 to 1.9 K for x =0.15. This is the first reported observation of superconductivity in the compound Sm 1.85 Th 0.15 CuO 4−y . Magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on this compound verify the presence of superconductivity. Additionally, electrical resistivity measurements done under pressure show a decrease in T c in Sm 1.85 Th 0.15 CuO 4−y at a rate dT c /dP=-0.043 K/kbar.
Oviposition behavior of Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in patches of single and clustered host eggs

Abstract Commercially produced Trichogramma species are widely used in augmentative biological control programs. Here, we test whether two North American species, Trichogramma platneri and Trichogramma pretiosum , that differ significantly in potential fecundity ( Mills and Kuhlmann, 2000 ), also differ in their response to and efficiency of use of single and clustered host eggs. The ovipositional behavior of individual experienced parasitoid females was monitored continuously in patches (3.5 × 3.5 cm card) with 16 single spaced or clustered eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller at 25 °C for up to 1 h or until the female left the patch. The ovipositional behavior of each parasitoid species in each patch type was summarized as generalized ethograms, patterns of patch use, time budgets, and the sequence of sex allocation. T. platneri parasitized fewer eggs with a lower rate of oviposition, and a greater oviposition time per egg in patches with clustered eggs than in patches with single eggs. In contrast, the number of eggs parasitized and the oviposition time per egg were equal in both patch types for T. pretiosum , but the rate of oviposition was greater and residence time reduced in patches with clustered eggs. In single egg patches the first egg to be laid had a high probability of being male for both parasitoid species, with the subsequent four eggs having an increasing probability of being female. In clustered egg patches, a male egg was most likely to be produced second in the sequence by T. pretiosum , whereas T. platneri showed a marked alternation of sexes over the sequence of the first five eggs laid. The more efficient use of host egg clusters by T. pretiosum than by T. platneri suggests that closer attention should be paid to matching the ovipositional behavior of Trichogramma species to the oviposition strategy of the target pest.