cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global existence of solutions to nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

We introduce a new method of constructing solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in one space dimension. We consider systems which are strictly hyperbolic and genuinely nonlinear in the sense of Lax [lo]. We present the method here in the setting of systems of two conservation laws, Ut + G(U), F 0, --oo 0,
Minimizing water utilization in hydrolysis of sodium borohydride : The role of sodium metaborate hydrates

Abstract Hydrogen can be obtained from hydrolysis of chemical hydrides, making this an interesting option for hydrogen storage. The gravimetric and volumetric energy densities attainable from hydrolysis of chemical hydrides depend in large measure on the amount of water required for the process. The steam hydrolysis of sodium borohydride produces hydrated metaborate byproducts in which the degree of hydration of the metaborate is closely tied to the amount of water in the reaction. Experimental characterization of these sodium metaborate byproducts indicates that the primary byproduct of steam hydrolysis is NaBO 2 · 2 H 2 O under a variety of reaction conditions. A group contribution method is used to estimate the heats and free energies of formation of a variety of hydrated metaborates. This information will be useful in establishing the preferred (stable) hydration state of the byproducts, and in distinguishing these from metastable products.
System for generating dynamic random-element stereograms

Truly dynamic stereograms can be generated by a new system that produces an anaglyphic display on a commercial television receiver. Location, size, and disparity (both direction and magnitude) of the stereographic form are controlled by means of a TTL unit.
Study of magnetic polaritons in deep gratings for thermal emission control

Abstract Recently, it has been shown that convex cavities or 2D grating structures can enhance thermal emission for energy conversion systems. The mechanisms, however, cannot be well explained by either the conventional cavity resonance modes or surface plasmon polaritons. The present study elucidates the fundamental mechanism by considering the excitation of magnetic polaritons (MPs) in deep gratings. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) is employed to calculate the radiative properties by solving Maxwell's equations numerically. The LC-circuit model is employed to predict the resonance conditions. The current and field distributions further confirm the excitation of magnetic resonances. It is shown that MPs and cavity modes agree with each other when the kinetic inductance is negligibly small. However, when the kinetic inductance is sufficiently large, the maximum resonance wavelength can be more than twice that predicted by the cavity mode. Furthermore, different materials are considered and the frequency range is extended from the near-infrared to the microwave region to illustrate the scalability of the MPs. This study clarifies one of the underlying mechanisms of optical resonance in deep gratings and will benefit the design of wavelength-selective thermal emitters.
Making Our Case(s)

Health care chaplaincy needs to develop a body of published case studies. Chaplains need these case studies to provide a foundation for further research about the efficacy of chaplains' spiritual care. Case studies can also play an important role in training new chaplains and in continuing education for experienced chaplains, not to mention educating health care colleagues and the public about the work of health care chaplains. Guidelines for writing case studies are described, herein, as is a project in which three experienced oncology chaplains worked together to write case studies about their work. Steps that chaplains, and professional chaplain organizations, can take to further the writing and publishing of case studies are described.
Toward a framework on how affordances and motives can drive different uses of scaffolds: theory, evidence, and design implications

One way to help students engage in higher-order thinking is through scaffolding, which can be defined as support that allows students to participate meaningfully in and gain skill at a task that is beyond their unassisted abilities. Most research on computer-based scaffolds assesses the average impact of the tools on learning outcomes. This is problematic in that it assumes that computer-based scaffolds impact different students in the same way. In this conceptual paper, we use activity theory and the theory of affordances to build an initial theoretical framework on how and why K-12 students use computer-based scaffolds. Specifically, we argue that affordances and motives drive how and why K-12 students use computer-based scaffolds. Then we examine empirical studies to gather preliminary support for the framework. Implications for research on and the design of computer-based scaffolds are explored.
SU-FF-T-95: Analytical Neutron Shielding Calculations

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study is to estimate wall thicknesses that will limit instantaneous dose equivalent rates outside the shielding walls to less than 0.02 mSv hr‐1 in areas that may be occupied by non‐designated workers. The other primary design considerations are the integrated annual dose equivalent and the integrated shift dose equivalent. These integrated dose equivalents have been calculated based on a maximum workload. The design aim has been to achieve levels that are in compliance with the University of Pennsylvania's ALARA commitment and NCRP standards. Material and Methods: In proton therapy, energies at and below 250 MeV produce neutrons when the proton beam is stopped in matter. Hence, the problem of proton shielding is a neutron shielding problem. Experimental data of various cross‐sections for neutron production by energetic protons across the proton energy range of interest (∼10–250 MeV) is not widely available. In order to predict the neutron spectra produced by a 250 MeV proton we used the Monte Carlo code GEANT4 v6.2 to simulate the protons passing through various targets (water, iron,carbon and tungsten) and recording the number of neutrons captured in one steradian. Results: The output of the shielding calculation gives (1) the instantaneous dose equivalent rate, (2) integrated weekly dose equivalent and (3) integrated annual dose equivalent at various points of interest for a defined shielding thickness. These points are sources of maximum dose rates around and inside the vault. Conclusion: We have used analytical techniques and Monte Carlo simulations to investigate neutron shielding considerations for a proposed proton therapy facility that will be situated on the University of Pennsylvania campus. These preliminary results give a good indication of what dose is expected at selected points inside and outside the treatment rooms and around the accelerator vault.
Further evidence of a robust point-of-view bias in videotaped confessions

Four experiments were conducted to test possible limits on the previously demonstrated point-of-view bias in videotaped confessions. Study 1 showed that deliberation did not eliminate the bias. Study 2 showed that forewarning did not eliminate the bias. Study 3 showed that directing greater attention to the content of the confession did not eliminate the bias. Study 4 showed that using a lengthier, case-based confession also did not eliminate the bias. Taken together, this research clearly indicates that the legal system needs to be concerned with the potential for bias that exists in videotaped confessions.
Addressing interoperability in military systems-of-systems architectures

The increasing complexity of net-centric warfare requires systems to be interoperable to achieve mission success. Established methods do exist to measure various forms of interoperability; however, these methods tend to be specific towards a certain application, and often are qualitative rather than quantitative assessments. This research surveys existing interoperability measurement methods and assesses them from the perspective of using interoperability as a metric to evaluate system-of-systems architectures. The goal is to identify metrics useful to quantify interoperability during the early phases of the joint acquisition process and provide decision-makers with information about a potential architecture's interoperability during the selection of a new military system-of-systems.
Autonomic stress resolution in repressors and sensitizers following microcounseling.

St~mmary.-The effectiveness of the respective defensive orientations of repressors (n = 24) and sensitizers (n = 24) in reducing autonomic stress was studied. In an experimental interview, heart rate and GSR were recorded during 90-sec. intervals prior to stress induction (Rest), as Ss received self-discrepant information (Stress), and following microcounseling (Resolution) . Male college students with repressing and sensitizing defenses were presented with low "maturity" scores from a test profile (Stress), producing significant elevation of heart rate and GSR above Resz levels. Microcounseling was provided to help Ss reduce autonomic stress. Heart rate and GSR significantly decreased following microcounseling (Resolution j but remained significantly higher than Rest levels in both groups. Stress to Resolution change scores on autonomic variables were not significantly different in these groups indicating efficiency of both repressing and sensitizing defensive ori~ntations in reducing stress. It was hypothesized that "defensive failure" in sensitizers may occur when threat is vague and in the absence of others to help structure ambiguous and confusing interpersonal experiences.
Agreement on Cause of Death Between Proxies, Death Certificates, and Clinician Adjudicators in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Death certificates may lack accuracy and misclassify the cause of death. The validity of proxy-reported cause of death is not well established. The authors examined death records on 336 participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, a national cohort study of 30,239 community-dwelling US adults (2003–2010). Trained experts used study data, medical records, death certificates, and proxy reports to adjudicate causes of death. The authors computed agreement on cause of death from the death certificate, proxy, and adjudication, as well as sensitivity and specificity for certain diseases. Adjudicated cause of death had a higher rate of agreement with proxy reports (73%; Cohen's kappa (κ) statistic = 0.69) than with death certificates (61%; κ = 0.54). The agreement between proxy reports and adjudicators was better than agreement with death certificates for all disease-specific causes of death. Using the adjudicator assessments as the “gold standard,” for disease-specific causes of death, proxy reports had similar or higher specificity and higher sensitivity (sensitivity = 50%–89%) than death certificates (sensitivity = 31%–81%). Proxy reports may be more concordant with adjudicated causes of death than with the causes of death listed on death certificates. In many settings, proxy reports may represent a better strategy for determining cause of death than reliance on death certificates.
Magnetic moments and electronic structure of Co-base metallic glasses

Abstract Magnetization of Co 80- x T x B 20 glasses (0 ≤ × ≤ 12 at %, T = Fe , Mn , Cr , V ) has been measured from 4.2 K to approximately 700 K. The data are well described in terms of the virtual bound states introduced above the center of the d band of the matrix by the light T solutes. Details of the electronic structure, some aspects of which would not be revealed by photoemission, are thereby inferred.
A Role for FADD in T Cell Activation and Development

FADD is a cytoplasmic adapter molecule that links the family of death receptors to the activation of caspases during apoptosis. We have produced transgenic mice expressing a dominantly interfering mutant of FADD, lacking the caspase-dimerizing death effector domain, as well as mice overexpressing the poxvirus serpin, CrmA, an inhibitor of caspases downstream of FADD. While thymocytes from either line of mice were completely protected from CD95-dependent cytotoxicity, neither transgene afforded protection from apoptosis induced during thymocyte selection and neither led to the lymphoproliferative disorders associated with deficiencies in CD95. However, in FADD dominant negative (FADDdd) mice, early thymocyte development was retarded and peripheral lymphocyte pools were devoid of normal populations of T cells. We show that thymocytes and peripheral T cells from FADDdd display signaling anomalies, implying that FADD plays a previously uncharacterized role in T cell development and activation.
Optimization of symbolic feature extraction for pattern classification

The concept of symbolic dynamics has been used in recent literature for feature extraction from time series data for pattern classification. The two primary steps of this technique are partitioning of time series to optimally generate symbol sequences and subsequently modeling of state machines from such symbol sequences. The latter step has been widely investigated and reported in the literature. However, for optimal feature extraction, the first step needs to be further explored. The paper addresses this issue and proposes a data partitioning procedure to extract low-dimensional features from time series while optimizing the class separability. The proposed procedure has been validated on two examples: (i) parameter identification in a Duffing system and (ii) classification of fatigue damage in mechanical structures, made of polycrystalline alloys. In each case, the classification performance of the proposed data partitioning method is compared with those of two other classical data partitioning methods, namely uniform partitioning (UP) and maximum entropy partitioning (MEP).
On Herrnstein's equation and related forms.

In 1970, Herrnstein proposed a simple equation to describe the relation between response and reinforcement rates on interval schedules. Its empirical basis is firm, but its theoretical foundation is still uncertain. Two approaches to the derivation of Herrnstein's equation are discussed. It can be derived as the equilibrium solution to a process model equivalent to familiar linear-operator learning models. Modifications of this approach yield competing power-function formulations. The equation can also be derived from the assumption that response strength is proportional to reinforcement rate, given that there is a ceiling on response rate. The proportional relation can, in turn, be derived from a threshold assumption equivalent to Shimp's “momentary maximizing”. This derivation implies that the two parameters of Herrnstein's equation should be correlated, and may explain its special utility in application to internal schedules.
The queering of relational psychoanalysis.

ABSTRACT The author argues that queer theory and relational psychoanalysis have influenced each other in significant ways. These include the designation of “queer” superceding the essential identity categories of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; multiple implications for gender and sexual orientation developmental theories; the necessity for the analyst to foreground countertransference issues in relation to gender; and a less defended relationship to erotic transferences and countertransferences.
Giant magnetothermopower oscillations in indium: Evidence for magnetic breakdown

Abstract Large amplitude, low frequency oscillations in the transverse magnetothermopower of indium have been observed below 2.5 K for magnetic fields between 10 kG and 20 kG directed along either [010], [ 1 01], or [1 1 0] crystallographic axes. The oscillations are attributed to magnetic breakdown.
Misuse of Prescription Drugs

The elderly person is at risk of drug misuse and related problems because of frequent use of prescription drugs, biologic factors, and social circumstances associated with aging. Confusion, falls, and aggravation of untoward emotional states are examples of the adverse consequences. Diagnosis of drug dependency states is difficult because of the overlap of general medical disorders and mental disorders and a lack of suitable diagnostic criteria for the aged. Two case examples of drug misuse are given, and the management of drug misuse and the treatment of drug dependence on an inpatient and outpatient basis are discussed. Future research directions are suggested.
Interactions among APETALA1, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWER1 Specify Meristem Fate

Upon floral induction, the primary shoot meristem of an Arabidopsis plant begins to produce flower meristems rather than leaf primordia on its flanks. Assignment of floral fate to lateral meristems is primarily due to the cooperative activity of the flower meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and CAULIFLOWER. We present evidence here that AP1 expression in lateral meristems is activated by at least two independent pathways, one of which is regulated by LFY. In lfy mutants, the onset of AP1 expression is delayed, indicating that LFY is formally a positive regulator of AP1. We have found that AP1, in turn, can positively regulate LFY, because LFY is expressed prematurely in the converted floral meristems of plants constitutively expressing AP1. Shoot meristems maintain an identity distinct from that of flower meristems, in part through the action of genes such as TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), which bars AP1 and LFY expression from the influorescence shoot meristem. We show here that this negative regulation can be mutual because TFL1 expression is downregulated in plants constitutively expressing AP1. Therefore, the normally sharp phase transition between the production of leaves with associated shoots and formation of the flowers, which occurs upon floral induction, is promoted by positive feedback interactions between LFY and AP1, together with negative interactions of these two genes with TFL1.
Preparation of PVC-clay nanocomposites by solution blending

PVC-clay nanocomposites have been prepared by solution blending of the polymer with both sodium montmorillonite and an organically modified clay. The nanocomposites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy; in all cases the materials are best described as mixed immiscible—intercalated nanocomposites, Thermogravimetric analysis shows that, in some cases, the onset temperature of the degradation is enhanced, and the fraction of nonvolatile residue is always decreased. This decrease in the amount of char indicates a significant change in the degradation pathway of the polymer, caused by the presence of the clay. For some preparations, the tensile strength and modulus are enhanced, in agreement with the formation of a partially intercalated structure.
Endocytosis and molecular sorting

Endocytosis in eukaryotic cells is characterized by the continuous and regulated formation of prolific numbers of membrane vesicles at the plasma membrane. These vesicles come in several different varieties, ranging from the actin-dependent formation of phagosomes involved in particle uptake, to smaller clathrin-coated vesicles responsible for the internalization of extracellular fluid and receptor-bound ligands. In general, each of these vesicle types results in the delivery of their contents to lysosomes for degradation. The membrane components of endocytic vesicles, on the other hand, are subject to a series of highly complex and iterative molecular sorting events resulting in their targeting to specific destinations. In recent years, much has been learned about the function of the endocytic pathway and the mechanisms responsible for the molecular sorting of proteins and lipids. This review attempts to integrate these new concepts with long-established views of endocytosis to present a more coherent picture of how the endocytic pathway is organized and how the intracellular transport of internalized membrane components is controlled. Of particular importance are emerging concepts concerning the protein-based signals responsible for molecular sorting and the cytosolic complexes responsible for the decoding of these signals.
2-5A-Antisense: A Novel Approach to Cancer Therapy

In the past two decades, the identification and cloning of genes responsible for human malignancies has led to the first concerted efforts aimed at controlling cancer by blocking the expression of both oncogenes and genes which suppress the immune system’s response to cancer. Attempts at inhibiting the expression of harmful genes is approached in a selective and versatile manner through the use of antisense nucleic acids (reviewed in refs. 1 – 5). “Antisense” refers to the concept that nucleic acids which are complementary in sequence may anneal by Watson-CIick base pairing in cells and inhibit gene expression. Because mRNA is considered to be in the “sense” orientation, complementary sequence is called antisense. Antisense is highly selective in its mode of action because most genes have at least a stretch of sequence which is unique in nature. Therefore, one can use antisense which will bind with a much higher affinity to the targeted nucleic acid than to any other sequence. This highly selective mode of action makes antisense much more specific than conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Any gene, the sequence of which is known, can be targeted by synthesizing a strand of antisense. Binding of antisense to RNA produces stretches of duplex or double-stranded nucleic acid that can interfere with RNA processing and function at any one of several different levels. Possible mechanisms of antisense action include, but are not limited to, inhibition of transcription through formation of triplex structures with DNA, interference with mRNA splicing and transport to cytoplasm, induction mRNA decay, and inhibition of translation.
Cavopulmonary anastomosis without concomitant valvoplasty in patients with single ventricle physiology

Background Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation (AVVR) is a risk factor for increased mortality in patients with single ventricular physiology. We postulate that by offloading the blood volume from the single ventricle, AVVR would improve without valvuloplasty. Objective We aimed to determine risk factors associated with AVVR and whether a Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Anastomosis (BCPA) alone would improve AVVR without valvuloplasty in our cohort of patients. Material and methods A retrospective review of 213 consecutive patients who underwent BCPA between January 2000 to August 2010 was conducted. Eighty patients with AVVR without valvuloplasty were analyzed. Eighty-nine patients required palliation prior to the BCPA. The median age and weight at surgery were 3 years +/�4.4 and 11.2 kg +/�11.4 respectively. 2D Echocardiography was used to quantify the degree of AVVR pre and postoperatively. Significant (moderate and severe) AVVR before BCPA was noted in 29 out of 213 patients (13.6 %). The risk factors associated with AVVR i.e. type of cardiac diagnosis, systemic ventricle, palliation prior to BCPA and age at BCPAwere analyzed. Result and conclusion The overall mortality was 5.2 %. The operative mortality was significantly lower in patients operated between 2006 and 2010 as compared to between 2000 and 2005(0.9 % versus 7.1 %) (p=0.024). AVVR was significantly higher in patients who had right ventricle as systemic ventricle (p=0.032) and unbalanced atrioventricular canal (p<0.05). In the immediate postoperative period, presence of moderate AVVR improved (p<0.05) from 21.3 to 8.8 %. However at mean follow up of 3.7+/�2.8 years, 12.5 % patients presented with moderate AVVR. In conclusion, the BCPA significantly offloaded the single ventricle and improved AVVR in patients with moderate regurgitation. However, improvement did not sustain at longer duration of follow up.
Uptake of 3H-Estradiol by the Female Rat Brain. An Autoradiographic Study

Adult ovariectomized rats were injected iv with tritiated estradiol, and the uptake and retention of radioactivity in the brain were studied autoradiographically. The radiochemical was fixed in brain tissue, in preparation for autoradiography, with osminum tetroxide and formalin. Quantitative measurements of uptake were made by counting reduced grains over cell bodies in various brain structures in the autoradiograms. One-half hr after injection of a low dose, or 1 hr after a higher dose, nerve cells and glial cells throughout the brain concentrated the radiochemical. Uptake in hypothalamic, olfactory and limbic structures was about 1 times as great as uptake in other brain regions. Two hr after injection of a low dose, uptake was still high in the limbic system and hypothalamus, but had fallen considerably in the olfactory bulb and in nonlimbic structures. Thus, the time course of uptake in cells in the limbic system and hypothalamus resembled that seen in the uterus and vagina, whereas the time course i...
An 80 kG-Foot Beam Switching Magnet and Its Pulsed Current Supply

A flattopped switching magnet system has been developed for deflecting the beam of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) to a bubble chamber. A 13 kV, 100 kJ capacitor bank provides the pulse energy. The flattop is maintained within ± 0.005% by a low voltage capacitor bank. The discharge circuit oscillates for little more than one-half cycle and 96% of the pulse energy is returned to the capacitor bank.
Federated Cloud Security Architecture for Secure and Agile Clouds

Cyber threats against clouds have evolved rapidly. Traditional reactive cyber defense technologies are not effective and sufficient to protect federated clouds. This chapter introduces the novel federated cloud security architecture that includes proactive cloud defense technologies for secure and agile cloud development. The federated security architecture consists of a set of seamlessly integrated systematic security mechanisms at the application layer, the network layer and the system layer in federated cloud computing environments. Features of the architecture include: (1) it is centered on proactive cyber defense; (2) it facilitates to detect early warning cyber attacks against at one layer and deploy early warning signs of attacks to other layers for countermeasures; (3) it uses command and control (C2) to coordinate both in-cloud and cross-cloud defense activities via federated cloud security centers.
Transition-metal catalyzed valorization of lignin: the key to a sustainable carbon-neutral future

The development of a sustainable, carbon-neutral biorefinery has emerged as a prominent scientific and engineering goal of the 21st century. As petroleum has become less accessible, biomass-based carbon sources have been investigated for utility in fuel production and commodity chemical manufacturing. One underutilized biomaterial is lignin; however, its highly crosslinked and randomly polymerized composition have rendered this biopolymer recalcitrant to existing chemical processing. More recently, insight into lignin's molecular structure has reinvigorated chemists to develop catalytic methods for lignin depolymerization. This review examines the development of transition-metal catalyzed reactions and the insights shared between the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems towards the ultimate goal of valorizing lignin to produce value-added products.
High-Dose Adenosine for Treatment of Refractory Supraventricular Tachycardia in an Emergency Department of an Academic Medical Center: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Abstract Background Symptomatic tachycardia is a common admission diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). This can be a life-threatening condition and requires immediate attention. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is commonly treated with adenosine, and successful treatment is limited to atrioventricular (AV) node-dependent SVTs as adenosine causes a transient heart block. However, there are limited data available for instances when the recommended dosing regimen (6 mg, 12 mg, 12 mg) fails to terminate SVT. Case Report A 33-year old man was evaluated in the ED with an electrocardiogram revealing a regular narrow complex tachycardia with a heart rate of 180 beats/min and a rhythm consistent with SVT. He reported experiencing 3 days of fatigue, myalgias, palpitations, and dyspnea on exertion, but was otherwise hemodynamically stable. Attempts at chemical cardioversion with standard doses of adenosine (6 mg, 12 mg, and 12 mg) were given without success. After consultation with the cardiology service, additional doses of 24 mg and then 36 mg of adenosine were administered. The last dose of 36 mg produced sustained conversion and return to a normal sinus rhythm. The patient later underwent radiofrequency ablation of a left-sided orthodromic reciprocating accessory pathway. After 3 months of medical management, the patient had an implantable cardiac defibrillator placed for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Each case of SVT demands immediate attention from an emergency physician. It is imperative that providers be aware of the limitations of adenosine and when it may be appropriate to deviate from standard dosing recommendations. This is in addition to collaborating with an expert in cardiac electrophysiology when initial management tactics are not successful.
Bertha Reynolds and Edith Abbott: Contrasting images of professionalism in social work

(1986). Bertha Reynolds and Edith Abbott: Contrasting images of professionalism in social work. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 111-121.
Global Spatial Analyses of Phylogenetic Conservation Priorities for Aquatic Mammals

Several studies have shown how current climate change and human threats to aquatic environments are significantly impacting aquatic mammals worldwide. In response to these threats it is important to prioritize conservation efforts. A recent approach to evaluate conservation priorities is to combine information on species status from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List with information on the evolutionary history of the species from phylogenetic trees. This new approach provides a measure of biodiversity that complements estimates of species richness, adding evolutionary distinctiveness of species. Using near-complete species level phylogenies for the mammal groups with aquatic species (Carnivora, Cetacea, Sirenia) we calculated two measures (EDGE and HEDGE) of conservation priorities for 127 aquatic mammals under two scenarios of projected extinctions: a “pessimistic” approach, which represents a ‘worst case scenario’ for each species; and the “IUCN 50” a projected extinction risk over the next 50 years (Table 1 Then we analyzed the information to identify conservation priority areas (CPA) for aquatic mammals. We identified 22 CPAs distributed primarily along coastal waters in both northern and southern hemispheres. While thousands of marine protected areas (MPA) have been established in recent years, only 11.5 % of CPAs overlap with existing MPAs. Nevertheless, all phylogenetic CPAs identified in this study have also been proposed to be important by other independent studies using different prioritization criteria, highlighting the importance of focusing conservation efforts in these areas.
Practice and assimilation effects in a multilimb aiming task.

When two limbs are required to move different distances simultaneously, assimilation effects are shown: The shorter distance limb tends to overshoot the target, whereas the longer distance limb undershoots. The effect of practice on assimilation effects was studied in two experiments, using a simultaneous four-limb aiming task. When subjects were required to move their left limbs a shorter distance than the right (5 cm vs. 9 cm), the right limbs moved a lesser distance and had greater variable and overall errors relative to a group required to move all limbs the same distance (9 cm). Practice reduced assimilation effects in the lower limbs, but spatial assimilations were present throughout 125 acquisition trials with KR and 50 no-KR transfer trials, spanning 24 hours. When the upper limbs were required to move a greater distance than the lower limbs (15 cm vs. 9 cm), the lower limbs showed longer distances and increased overall errors early in practice compared to the lower limbs of a group required to mo...
Polyoctahedral Silsesquioxane-Nanoparticle Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: POSS-Lithium Salts and POSS-PEGs

Nanocomposite electrolytes have been prepared from mixtures of two polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanomaterials, each with a SiO1.5 core and eight side groups. POSS-PEG8 has eight polyethylene glycol side chains that have low glass transition (Tg) and melt (Tm) temperatures and POSS-benzyl7(BF3Li)3 is a Janus-like POSS with hydrophobic phenyl groups and −Si–O–BF3Li ionic groups clustered on one side of the SiO1.5 cube. The electron-withdrawing POSS cage and BF3 groups enable easy dissociation of the Li+. In the presence of polar POSS-PEG8, the hydrophobic phenyl rings of POSS-benzyl7(BF3Li)3 aggregate and crystallize, forming a biphasic morphology, in which the phenyl rings form the structural phase and the POSS-PEG8 forms the conductive phase. The −Si–O–BF3– Li+ groups of POSS-benzyl7(BF3Li)3 are oriented toward the polar POSS-PEG8 phase and dissociate so that the Li+ cations are solvated by the POSS-PEG8. The nonvolatile nanocomposite electrolytes are viscous liquids that do not flow under their ...
The Similarities and Differences of Personal Quantifiers between Chinese and Thai Language

Chinese and Thai language are abundant in the quantifiers, especially in individual quantifiers. As for the usage of quantifiers, some are same, and some are different. Taking the usage of personal quantifiers for example, "个"is used as the general quantifier for person in Chinese spoken language, while "位"is used as a respectful form. In Thai language, "■" is used as the general quantifier for person, but there is more respectful form of personal quantifiers compared to Chinese, and they are chosen by the peoples' different social class and vocation.
Contextual Age and Television Use: Reexamining a Life-Position Indicator

(1982). Contextual Age and Television Use: Reexamining a Life-Position Indicator. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 583-604.
Autophagy in Host Defense Against Viruses

The immune system employs both the adaptive and innate immune responses to combat viral infections. Autophagy, a cytoplasmic lysosomal degradation process, has emerged as an important mechanism in the regulation of multiple aspects of cellular functions in the immune system against viruses. Autophagy may directly contribute to the degradation of viral components. Autophagy can also promote innate immunity and facilitate the processing of viral antigens for the activation of antigen-specific T cells. On the other hand, some viruses have adapted to use autophagy machinery for replication. As an important cellular mechanism to remove damaged or excess protein aggregates and organelles, autophagy plays a critical role in the protection of lymphocytes against stress to prolong their survival, especially the maintenance of long-lived memory cells. Here we discuss the involvement of autopahgy in the regulation of immune responses against viral infections, with emphasis on the roles for autophagy in the protection of immunological memory.
Secure Dissemination of Video Data in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Systems

Data exchange between vehicles and base stations may contain information on traffic accidents, traffic jams, road constructions etc. Risks to data privacy in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) systems need be minimized. We present a policybased solution that provides controlled and privacypreserving dissemination of video data in V2V and V2I. This policy-based solution relies on Active Bundle (AB), which incorporates policy enforcement mechanism and policies that describe access to video data. The usage of ABs ensures privacy of actors during disclosure of captured video in untrusted environment. Face recognition algorithm is used to identify sensitive data in videos and it is used in policies. We use four algorithms to process images that are captured by a vehicle's camera.
Diabolus in dialectica

Adorno’s Drei Studien zu Hegel (Hegel: Three Studies, 1963) offers his most focused treatment of what he took to be the core principles of Hegelian dialectic. Moreover, the book professes the central importance of Hegel for Adorno’s own development. As such, it is a pivotal document that simultaneously looks back towards Adorno’s most sustained personal work, Minima Moralia (1951), and ahead to what he took to be his most important systematic work, Negative Dialectics (1966). Adorno’s interpretation of Hegel is critical and unique in both its tone and substance. Although there are many cross-cutting lines of argumentation, the one that stands out is Adorno’s understanding of determinate negation in Hegel and his own suggestion for improving that concept. This paper reconstructs Adorno’s main arguments in this domain, assesses them as interpretations of Hegel and investigates their importance for Adorno’s emerging conception of ‘negative dialectics’.
Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of childhood disability. The causes of CP are multifactorial but the resultant non-progressive brain lesions most often occur prenatally. Clinical presentations are heterogeneous; common features include hypertonia, movement disorders, and negative signs. These have a reciprocal interaction with growth and development causing evolving symptoms over time. Spasticity is the most common motor disorder affecting 80–90% of children with CP. Over the past decade, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has become the standard of care for treating focal spasticity in children with CP. BoNT-A is used most widely, but most use in children is off-label in the US. Safe dosing requires consideration of the child’s functional level and co-morbidities. Administration can be done with manual needle placement, but the use of ultrasound and electrical stimulation has been shown to improve efficacy. Based on results of small, short-term clinical trials, evidence for improvement of limb spasticity in children with CP has been established, but the evidence for improving function is less certain. There is a lack of evidence for long-term improvements in spasticity, function, and other potential benefits. Concern for effects on muscle growth has been raised and warrants further investigation.
Bayesian Correction for Misclassification in Multilevel Count Data Models

Covariate misclassification is well known to yield biased estimates in single level regression models. The impact on hierarchical count models has been less studied. A fully Bayesian approach to modeling both the misclassified covariate and the hierarchical response is proposed. Models with a single diagnostic test and with multiple diagnostic tests are considered. Simulation studies show the ability of the proposed model to appropriately account for the misclassification by reducing bias and improving performance of interval estimators. A real data example further demonstrated the consequences of ignoring the misclassification. Ignoring misclassification yielded a model that indicated there was a significant, positive impact on the number of children of females who observed spousal abuse between their parents. When the misclassification was accounted for, the relationship switched to negative, but not significant. Ignoring misclassification in standard linear and generalized linear models is well known to lead to biased results. We provide an approach to extend misclassification modeling to the important area of hierarchical generalized linear models.
Pathobiology of Christianson syndrome: Linking disrupted endosomal-lysosomal function with intellectual disability and sensory impairments

Christianson syndrome (CS) is a recently described rare neurogenetic disorder presenting early in life with a broad range of neurological symptoms, including severe intellectual disability with nonverbal status, hyperactivity, epilepsy, and progressive ataxia due to cerebellar atrophy. CS is due to loss-of-function mutations in SLC9A6, encoding NHE6, a sodium-hydrogen exchanger involved in the regulation of early endosomal pH. Here we review what is currently known about the neuropathogenesis of CS, based on insights from experimental models, which to date have focused on mechanisms that affect the CNS, specifically the brain. In addition, parental reports of sensory disturbances in their children with CS, including an apparent insensitivity to pain, led us to explore sensory function and related neuropathology in Slc9a6 KO mice. We present new data showing sensory deficits in Slc9a6 KO mice, which had reduced behavioral responses to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli (Hargreaves and Von Frey assays, respectively) compared to wild type (WT) littermates. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system revealed intracellular accumulation of the glycosphingolipid GM2 ganglioside in KO but not WT mice. This cellular storage phenotype was most abundant in neurons of lamina I-II of the dorsal horn, a major relay site in the processing of painful stimuli. Spinal cords of KO mice also exhibited changes in astroglial and microglial populations throughout the gray matter suggestive of a neuroinflammatory process. Our findings establish the Slc9a6 KO mouse as a relevant tool for studying the sensory deficits in CS, and highlight selective vulnerabilities in relevant cell populations that may contribute to this phenotype. How NHE6 loss of function leads to such a multifaceted neurological syndrome is still undefined, and it is likely that NHE6 is involved with many cellular processes critical to normal nervous system development and function. In addition, the sensory issues exhibited by Slc9a6 KO mice, in combination with our neuropathological findings, are consistent with NHE6 loss of function impacting the entire nervous system. Sensory dysfunction in intellectually disabled individuals is challenging to assess and may impair patient safety and quality of life. Further mechanistic studies of the neurological impairments underlying CS and other genetic intellectual disability disorders must also take into account mechanisms affecting broader nervous system function in order to understand the full range of associated disabilities.
Molecular dynamics-based cohesive zone representation of Ti6Al4V/TiC composite interface

Abstract In this paper, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is used to simulate the crack propagation along the interface of Ti6Al4V/TiC in Titanium metal matrix composites under Mode-I and II loadings and at different temperatures. MD simulation can then determine the interfacial traction-separation relationship between Ti6Al4V and TiC. The interatomic potential between the atoms in Ti6Al4V/TiC composite is defined by the second-nearest neighborhood modified embedded atom method (2NN MEAM) and the Morse potential. For Vanadium-Carbon (V-C) interatomic potential, the 2NN MEAM parameters are developed and validated based on previous first principle calculations conducted on VC structure. MD simulation results show asymmetrical crack propagation along the interface between Ti6Al4V/TiC and the crack propagates in Ti6Al4V than along the interface. The obtained traction-separation relationship is used to parametrize the cohesive zone model (CZM) for modeling the interface in finite element analysis. Validation of the parameterized relationship is done by finite element simulation of the compression test of Ti6Al4V/TiC at different volume fractions of TiC. A good agreement is shown between the stress-strain results obtained from simulation and the experimental data under the same conditions.
Calcium as intracellular messenger: from simplicity to complexity.

Publisher Summary Adding to the complexity of different spatial and temporal domains of calcium (Ca2+) messenger action is the recognition of two addition features: the need for an appropriate plasma membrane (PM)-associated, Ca2+-sensitive transducer(s) in order for a change in PM Ca2+ cycling to alter cell behavior and the presence of a large number of Ca2+-sensitive transducer and/or response elements within the cell. Related to this latter feature is the recognition of an intimate link among the metabolism of the inositol phospholipids and the generation and functional expression of messenger. This chapter discusses the intracellular messenger role of Ca2+. It considers the properties of the classic systems and discusses the interrelationships between the Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) messenger systems. It also analyzes Ca2+ messenger function in sustained cellular responses. The chapter presents four specific systems: the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glomerulosa cells, the secretion of insulin from the β cell, the proliferation of Swiss 3T3 cells and rat mesangial cells, and the contraction of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle. It analyzes the simplicity of Ca2+ as messenger; Ca2+ and cAMP as synarchic messengers; Ca2+ metabolism and homeostasis during sustained cellular responses; and the complexity and elegance of Ca2+ messenger generation, readout, and action.
Digital VLSI Neuroprocessors

In this chapter, various design examples of digital VLSI neuroprocessors are described. The information in Connected Network of Adaptive Processors (CNAPS) from Adaptive Solutions Inc. provides an entire design process of a general-purpose neuroprocessor from the processing element design to the high-level architecture. The MA-16 chip and SYNAPSE-X system from Siemens Corporation are based on a detailed architecture of the systolic computation. The Ni10000 chip is based on a dedicated-learning architecture, the radial basis function (RBF) network. In addition, other types of digital VLSI neural network implementations are presented with special emphasis on their unique characteristics.
Einstein’s Bundles

In the late nineteenth century, it was discovered that a negatively charged, clean metal plate lost its electric charge when illuminated by ultraviolet light. Later, after Thomson’s discovery of the electron, it was recognized that the negative charge on the metal plate was due to an excess of electrons. These electrons absorbed energy from the electromagnetic field (ultraviolet radiation), increasing their kinetic energies sufficiently to break the bonds that held them and escape from the metal surface. This phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from metal as a result of light shined on the surface is known as the photoelectric effect. All metals exhibit this property. For some, it can be demonstrated with visible light.
Extracting Sentiment from Financial Statements Using Neural Networks

Using a small sample of sentences, I test the performances of three models in predicting sentence sentiment (positive, neutral, or negative): a simple model based on a financial word list, a simple neural network model based on vector representations of words, and a sentence-based neural network model (Long Short Term Memory, LSTM). The simple neural network outperforms the word list based model in terms of prediction accuracy and similar metrics. While the LSTM model doesn’t perform any better than the simple neural network, it is more likely to gain from a larger dataset and model calibration. My work contributes to the relatively small but growing literature of applying machine learning (especially neural networks) to the finance domain.