cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteopathic Primary Care Treatment Options for Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel that can cause physical, social and emotional injury to the patient. While perhaps not always making the initial diagnosis or providing primary treatment, the primary care physician can play a critical role in providing direction and clarity to the overall treatment plan for the patient. In addition, monitoring for complications or side effects of treatment will help maintain the patient’s optimal health. Methods: A literature search using PubMed, NCBI and WorldCat.org was done using the terms ulcerative colitis treatment, psychosocial association of ulcerative colitis, surgical management of ulcerative colitis, epidemiology of ulcerative colitis, the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis, probiotics in ulcerative colitis, OMT for ulcerative colitis, and diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. A primary date range of 2015-2019 was used with a secondary search extending back to 1985. Discussion: An Osteopathic approach to the treatment of ulcerative colitis will help the patient remain highly functioning and reduce complications of this disease. By being aware of the various pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options available, one can collaborate with the patient to create a treatment plan to minimize morbidity and increase functional days.
Topoisomerases in Human Leukemia

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews the regulation of topoisomerases in lymphohematopoietic tissues, describes the clinical use of topo-directed agents in the treatment of leukemia, and suggests areas for future research on mechanisms of resistance to the agents in the clinical setting. There is discussion on topoisomerase II in human leukemia–topoisomerase II in normal lymphohematopoietic cells, antileukemic activity of topoisomerase II-directed agents, and resistance to topoisomerase II-directed agents. Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of topo ll, denoted topo llα and topo IIβ. These two enzymes are the targets for several different classes of cytotoxic agents. The chapter delves into the role of the multidrug transporter as a cause of resistance in leukemia. Topo II levels in bone marrow aspirates from adult patients with acute non lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) vary over a 10-fold range; average levels of topo II are lower in samples from patients with ANLL than in any human ANLL cell line; both topo II isoforms are expressed in approximately equal amounts in most human ANLL specimens; and there is no correlation between average content of topo II and response of the tumor cells to topo II-directed therapy in vitro or in vivo . Topo II levels vary among individual cells in a population of human tumor cells. Resistance can also result from qualitative changes in topo II. Successful treatment with currently available topo I-directed agents requires a series of discrete events—accumulation of the agent in tumor cells, stabilization of topo I-DNA adducts, and conversion of the reversible topo I-DNA adducts to cytotoxic lesions. Animal studies revealed that CPT-11 (7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidyl)-1-piperidyl] carbonyloxy-camptothecin] has activity against anthracycline- and anthracenedione-resistant sublines of P388, suggesting a role in the treatment of refractory leukemias. Progress in the study of drug resistance might be facilitated by analysis of the mechanism of action of the topoisomerase-directed agents.
Managing Uncertainty in Evolving Geo-Spatial Data

Our ability to extract knowledge from evolving spatial phenomena and make it actionable is often impaired by unreliable, erroneous, obsolete, imprecise, sparse, and noisy data. Integrating the impact of this uncertainty is a paramount when estimating the reliability/confidence of any time-varying query result from the underlying input data. The goal of this advanced seminar is to survey solutions for managing, querying and mining uncertain spatial and spatio-temporal data. We survey different models and show examples of how to efficiently enrich query results with reliability information. We discuss both analytical solutions as well as approximate solutions based on geosimulation.
Forward, reverse, and no motion of Marangoni surfers under confinement

The propulsion characteristics of Marangoni surfers under confinement is examined. Through experimental measurements and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that, contrary to what might be the usual expectation, the surfers may propel themselves in the direction of lower surface tension. It is discovered that negative pressure is the primary contributor to the fluid force experienced by the surfer and that this suction force is mainly responsible for the reverse Marangoni propulsion.
Choosing a Database for Your Web Site

ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND. Why Use a Web Database? Designing a Database. Understanding Web Database Technology. Comparing the Tools. ESSENTIAL TOOLS. Databases with Web Capabilities. HTML Editors with Database Capabilities. Web Database Application Servers. Programming Web Database Solutions. ESSENTIAL APPLICATIONS. Real-World Examples. Developments on the Horizon. Appendices. Index.
19F-and 13C-NMR studies of a specifically labelled lipoprotein in the Eschericia coli membrane

Abstract A method has been developed to obtain well-defined NMR spectra of a structural lipoprotein of Escherichia coli in situ . When a histidine- and tryptophan-requiring strain was starved of both histidine and tryptophan, the lipoprotein was the only protein produced in the membrane. Using this condition, the lipoprotein, which has only one tyrosine residue (at the 56th position), was labeled with m-fluorotyrosine or 2-13C-tyrosine. The NMR spectra of the membrane fractions thus obtained have rather sharp peaks, indicating that the labeled side chains are relatively mobile, in agreement with the results of our ESR studies on the carboxyl-terminal region of the lipoprotein.
Lower Deep Vein Disease

Deep venous insufficiency may manifest as limb edema, chronic leg pain, stasis dermatitis, or ulceration, and the symptoms may be chronically disabling. Initial therapy is directed at ulcer healing and control of symptoms with wound care and compression. Once conservative measures have been instituted, the next step may be evaluation for any surgically correctable contributors to the symptomatology. Although valvular dysfunction and consequent venous reflux are a major cause of the venous hypertension that underlies the clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), recent studies suggest that iliac venous outflow obstruction plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of CVI than previously estimated. Any combination of superficial, perforator, and/or deep venous reflux can result in various stages of CVI, but when multiple segments of venous system are affected, the manifestations of CVI increase in severity. The combination of reflux and obstruction produces the highest levels of venous hypertension and the most severe clinical symptoms. This chapter discusses iliocaval vein obstructions and pelvic venous congestion.
Estimation of gestational age and birth weight in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract An analysis of 260 rhesus ( Macaca mulatta ) pregnancies was performed in order to formulate predictive equations of fetal gestational age and infant birth weight. Gestational age was expressed in terms of maternal uterine size while birth weight was considered as a function of several factors. Of these factors, prepregnant wieght, maternal weight gain, gestational age, and sex proved to be significant determinants of birth weight. Since these factors also have a significant influence on human birth weight, the rhesus monkey may prove useful in studies in which factors of this nature are manipulated to test their effect on pregnancy.
Flow cytometric quantification of radiation responses of murine peritoneal cells

Methods have been developed to distinguish subpopulations of murine peritoneal cells, and these were applied to the measurement of early changes in peritoneal cells after irradiation. The ratio of the two major subpopulations in the peritoneal fluid, lymphocytes and macrophages, was measured rapidly by means of cell volume distribution analysis as well as by hypotonic propidium iodide (PI) staining. After irradiation, dose and time dependent changes were noted in the cell volume distributions: a rapid loss of peritoneal lymphocytes, and an increase in the mean cell volume of macrophages. The hypotonic PI staining characteristics of the peritoneal cells showed two or three distinctive G1 peaks. The ratio of the areas of these peaks was also found to be dependent on the radiation dose and the time after irradiation. These results demonstrate that these two parameters may be used to monitor changes induced by irradiation (biological dosimetry), and to sort different peritoneal subpopulations.
Basic Perception in Head-Worn Augmented Reality Displays

Head-worn displays have been an integral part of augmented reality since the inception of the field. However, due to numerous difficulties with designing using such unique hardware, the perceptual capabilities of users suffer when looking at either the virtual or real portions of the augmented reality.We discuss the perceptual background and a series of experiments – in the literature and in our laboratories – measuring the degradation of basic functions of the human visual system when using head-worn augmented reality displays. In particular, we look at loss of visual acuity and contrast (and how these in turn affect text legibility), distortion of perceived colors, and difficulties of fusing stereo imagery. We discuss the findings and the implications for head-worn display design.
An Immunofluorescence Approach toward the Identification of Endosymbiotic Diatoms in Several Species of Larger Foraminifera

Larger foraminifera are collectively the hosts for a diverse range of endosymbiotic algae. Individual species of forams are hosts for dinoflagellates, chlorophytes rhodophytes or diatoms (reviewed in Lee, 1980; Lee and McEnery, 1983; Leuteneger, 1984). Although host/symbiont specificity is considered the norm in invertebrate/algal symbioses the diatom-bearing foraminifera seem to be an exception. Lee, and coworkers (1980a, b, work in progress; Lee and Reimer, 1983) have identified approximately 20 different species of diatoms which they have isolated from species of larger formaminifera. Usually specimens of a host species harbor only a single diatom species at one time but specimens of the same host may harbor a different diatom species at another location in the field or when collected again at the same station.
Comparison of Two Models for Temperature Observation of Miniature PEM Fuel Cells Under Dry Conditions

Water and thermal management have been identified as technical hurdles to the successful implementation of low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell (PEMFC) power systems. In low-power applications, miniature PEMFCs show significant promise as a competitor to lithium-ion batteries. Significant design work is underway to improve the specific power and energy densities of these fuel cells. However, little attention has been given to characterizing transient response in these miniature applications to enable gains in system design, optimization, and control. This work develops, calibrates, and experimentally validates two different dynamic control-oriented models for open-loop temperature state observation in miniature PEMFCs. Of critical importance, these estimators target operation under dry conditions with no reactant pretreatment. Operational conditions are then identified for which each model architecture is more suitable, specifically targeting minimal model complexity. A sensitivity analysis was completed that indicates necessary sensor measurements with sensor frugality in mind. The dynamic responses under changes in load and fuel stoichiometry are well captured over a range of operating conditions.
Studies of carbohydrate metabolism in the newborn infant. III. Some factors influencing the capillary blood sugar and the response to glucagon during the first hours of life.

Sugars in capillary blood were measured during the first hours of life in full-term infants delivered vaginally and by cesarean section. Pretreatment with dextrose solution for mothers delivered vaginally did not affect the course of the sugar in blood significantly Pretreatment with dextrose or saline solution for mothers delivered by cesarean section produced significant differences in the course of the infants9 sugar in blood when compared to each other. Full-term infants delivered vaginally who were more than 6 hours old had a greater hyperglycemic response to glucagon, 30 µg/kg, than infants less than 3 hours of age. Full-term infants delivered by elective cesarean section without previous labor responded to 30 µg/kg of glucagon with a diminished hyperglycemia as compared to infants delivered vaginally. An exposure to labor influenced the neonates9 response to glucagon, whereas neither pretreatment of the mother nor the course of sugar in blood were associated with this response. With large doses of glucagon, 300 µg/kg, the response differences associated with mode of delivery and maturity were not found to be significant.
We're all data geeks now

When Gartner released its annual Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies for 2014, it was interesting to note that big data was now located on the downslope from the “Peak of Inflated Expectations,” while the Internet of Things (often shortened to IoT) was right at the peak, and data science was on the upslope. This felt intuitively right. First, although big data—those massive amounts of information that require special techniques to store, search, and analyze—remains a thriving and much-discussed area, it’s no longer the new kid on the data block. Second, everyone expects that the data sets generated by the Internet of Things will be even more impressive than today’s big-data collections. And third, collecting data is one significant challenge, but analyzing and extracting knowledge from it is quite another, and the purview of data science.
Thermal Chondroplasty with Radiofrequency Energy An In Vitro Comparison of Bipolar and Monopolar Radiofrequency Devices

The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro effects of three radiofrequency energy devices (two bipolar devices and one monopolar device) for the performance of thermal chondroplasty. Thirty-two fresh bovine femoral osteochondral sections (approximately 3 4 5 cm) from eight cows were divided into four groups (three treatment patterns and one sham-operated group with eight specimens per group). The three treatment patterns consisted of 1) radiofrequency energy delivered by a mechanical jig at 1 mm/sec in a contact mode (50 g of pressure), 2) radiofrequency energy delivered by a mechanical jig at 1 mm/sec in a noncontact mode (1 mm between probe tip and articular cartilage surface), and 3) radiofrequency energy smoothing of abraded cartilage during arthroscopic visualization. Thermal smoothing of the abraded cartilage surface was accomplished with all three devices. Significant chondrocyte death, as determined by confocal laser microscopy and cell viability staining, was observed with each device....
Changes in the Phospholipid and Neutral-Lipid Fractions of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat Due to Washing, Cooking, and Storage

Abstract Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) was extracted by using a pilot-scale, aqueous washing regimen. The resulting raw and cooked products were evaluated at 0 time and after 4 days of refrigerated storage (at 4 C) for thiobarbituric acid values (TBA), phospholipid (PL) content, and fatty acid profiles of the PL and neutral lipid (NL) fractions. Washing removed 88.3% of the total fat from MDCM, yet this meat had higher TBA values and oxidized to a greater extent during storage than the unwashed MDCM. This same oxidation was evident in the cooked, unwashed MDCM and cooked, washed MDCM. The PL comprised 4% of the total fat in unwashed MDCM and 24% of the total fat in washed MDCM. Phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (PC+LPE), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin were significantly removed by washing, oxidation, or both during extraction. Washing removed 81% of the NL fatty acids, in but only 57% of the PL fatty acids. The fatty acids of PE and PC + LPE oxidized more readily during storage than the other PL fatty acids.
The solution stability of vancomycin in the presence and absence of sodium carboxymethyl starch

Abstract The purpose of this work was to study the potential for drug-excipient interactions to alter the stability of pharmaceutical drug products. Previous studies have demonstrated the interactions between glycopeptide antibiotics (e.g. vancomycin) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (NaCMS). A key objective of this work was to determine the effect of NaCMS binding on the solution stability of the glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin. The solution stability of vancomycin was studied under various pH and ionic strength conditions at physiological temperature (37°C). A stability-indicating HPLC method specific for vancomycin was developed and validated for use in this research. Vancomycin stability was evaluated alone and in the presence of NaCMS in various buffers from pH 2 to 9, and in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids to determine if NaCMS influences the degradation rate of vancomycin in solution. Results indicated that the pH stability profile of vancomycin at 37°C from pH 2 to 7 was slightly stabilized in the presence of NaCMS at the pH and ionic strength conditions where binding to NaCMS was shown to occur.
Doping of UPt4Au and comparison with CeCu2Si2 and UBe13

Abstract Doping experiments on UPt4Au reveal evidence for single ion behavior for substitution of Y for U in the dilute limit, like that found in UBe13. None of the doped samples (in addition to Y, Th and La were used) display either magnetism or increased, per mole U, low temperature magnetic susceptibilities, in contrast to results found from similar studies on CeCu2Si2, but in qualitative agreement with work on UBe13. Considering comparably equal lattice parameters, U1−xMxPt4Au has a 40% larger low temperature specific heat γ for substitution by Th than by La, pointing out the importance of the electronic nature of the dopant in this system, in contrast to both UBe13 and CeCu2Si2. Finally, the UPt4Au lattice allows much higher doping with Y and Th on the U-sites than the UPt5 lattice.
The Velocity Field of an Annular Jet With “Cross-Member”

An annular jet has been created by supporting a streamlined plug (dia = D1 ) in a delivery tube (dia = D2 ) with a narrow cross-member. PIV measurements have been carried out at x/D2 = 8 for four D1 /D2 ratios. These observations, and the motivating criteria for this study, were used to select D1 /D2 = 0.746 for detailed, near exit, velocity field measurements. Significant three-dimensional effects of the cross-member have been observed. Velocity field data, from a “sting supported, flat disk” (axisymmetric geometry) central plug provide comparative measurements. These comparisons are considered in detail.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Reactions of poly(ethylene glycol) cations with iodide and perfluorocarbon anions

Multiply charged poly(ethylene glycol) ions of the form (M+nNa)n+ derived from electrospray ionization have been subjected to reactions with negative ions in the quadrupole ion trap. Mixtures of multiply charged positive ions ranging in average mass from about 2000 to about 14,000 Da were observed to react with perfluorocarbon anions by either proton transfer or fluoride transfer. Iodide anions reacted with the same positive ions by attachment. In no case was fragmentation of the polymer ion observed. In all cases, the multiply charged positive ion charge states could be readily reduced to +1, thereby eliminating the charge state overlap observed in the normal electrospray mass spectrum. With all three reaction mechanisms, however, the +1 product ions were comprised of mixtures of products with varying numbers of sodium ions, and in the case of iodide attachment and fluoride transfer, varying numbers of halogen anions. These reactions shift the mass distributions to higher masses and broaden the distributions. The extents to which these effects occur are functions of the magnitudes of the initial charges and the width of the initial charge state distributions. Care must be taken in deriving information about the polymer molecular weight distribution from the singly charged product ions arising from these ion/ion reactions. The cluster ions containing iodide were shown to be intermediates in sodium ion transfer. Dissociation of the adduct ions can therefore lead to a +1 product ion population that is comprised predominantly of M+Na+ ions. However, a strategy based on the dissociation of the iodide cluster ions is limited by difficulties in dissociating high mass-to-charge ions in the quadrupole ion trap.
Red cell volume determination using a stable isotope of chromium.

Objective:To validate and improve a method of red cell volume determination by useof a stable isotope of chromium.Methods:Twelve subjects were sequentially injected with red blood cells labeled with a stable isotope of chromium (53 Cr) and red blood cells labeled with radioisotopic chromium (51 Cr). Measurement of 53Cr dilution was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Measurement of 51Cr dilution was by gamma counter.Results:Comparison of the two methods let to results that differed on average by 34.5 ± 45.0 mL (1.8 ± 2.2%), 0.3 to 3.2%, 95% confidence interval.Conclusion:Measurement of red cell volume by use of a stable isotope of chromium is accurate, with potential applications including measurement in pregnant women and children or other groups in whom exposure to radioisotopes is undesirable.
Applications of Latent Growth Mixture Modeling and Allied Methods to Posttraumatic Stress Response Data

No abstract available. (Published: 2 March 2015) Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2015, 6 : 27515 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27515
Stiffness of 'gull-wing' leads and solder joints for a plastic quad flat pack

A 12*12 stiffness matrix was obtained for the gull-wing lead and solder joint in a plastic quad flat pack (PQFP) surface-mount assembly, using a three-dimensional finite element method. Deformation of the composite structure for each imposed unit displacement (or rotation) was then obtained. It is shown that the whole-field stress distributions in the gull-wing lead provide a better understanding of their mechanical characteristics. The metallurgical response of the solder joints was not measured in this study. >
Cross sections of electron excitation out of metastable helium levels with a fast metastable target produced via charge exchange

Absolute direct cross sections for electron excitation out of the 2${\mathrm{}}^{3}$S level and into the 3${\mathrm{}}^{3}$D, 4${\mathrm{}}^{3}$D, and 3${\mathrm{}}^{3}$S levels of the helium atom from threshold to 500 eV and into the 3${\mathrm{}}^{3}$P level over a more limited energy range have been measured using a fast metastable atomic beam target. We produce the metastable atoms via near-resonant charge exchange between a 1.6-keV ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ion beam and Cs vapor. Because this reaction is highly nonresonant with the ground state of helium, the charge-transfer process yields a primarily metastable beam. We use a thermal detector which we calibrate with ions to measure absolutely the neutral beam flux. The atomic beam is crossed by an electron beam, and we collect the resulting fluorescence at right angles to both the electron and atomic beams. We obtain the cross sections for excitation out of the 2${\mathrm{}}^{3}$S level into the various excited levels by monitoring the emission out of the excited level of interest. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
γ-Aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in multiple cell types of the developing rabbit retina

We have previously demonstrated that the neonatal rabbit retina contains a larger complement of cells that accumulate [3H]-GABA than does the adult. In order for these neurons to be classified as GABAergic, they must also contain endogenous GABA. We now report that these same neonatal cell populations are also immunoreactive to GABA antisera. In frozen sections from rabbit retina, treated with GABA antisera, immunoreactive processes in both synaptic layers were observed at postnatal day 1. The appearance of immunofluorescent fibers precedes that of photoreceptor and bipolar cell terminals in the outer plexiform layer and is diminished by postnatal day 5. Also noted, was a 50% decrease in the density of GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, accompanied by an increase in cell volume and a shift toward a more spherical cell shape of the remaining cells. At postnatal day 1 and 3, we also observed immunoreactive cells having the characteristic morphology of interplexiform cells. This cell type sends branches to both the outer and inner plexiform layers, thus a morphological basis for communication between the two developing plexiform layers is present as early as postnatal day 1. Thus, retinas from neonatal rabbits have a larger complement of cells that stain for endogenous GABA than does the adult. These results coupled with our previous studies suggest that GABAergic properties are expressed by a larger number of cell types in the neonate than in the adult and are consistent with the general hypothesis that GABA functions as a trophic agent during development.
Acute osteomyelitis complicating a closed radial fracture in a child. A case report.

Development of osteomyelitis in a closed fracture is very rare. Although it has been reported that trivial trauma may be associated with the subsequent development of acute osteomyelitis, Waldovel et al. (1970) found no evidence that fractures were involved in the etiology of osteomyelitis.We report a case in which the infection, after a closed fracture involved both metaphyses and the diaphysis of the radius.
Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on epidermal O-acylsphingolipids and transepidermal water loss in young pigs

Linoleate-rich O-acylglucosylceramides and acylceramides are thought to be of major significance for the physical structure and function of the epidermal permeability barrier. In the present investigation, the effects of a linoleate-free diet on O-acylsphingolipids and their associated functions were investigated. Starting at 5 days of age, male pigs were fed diets containing 12% of either lard or hydrogenated coconut oil. Transepidermal water loss was measured with an electrolytic water analyzer at weekly intervals. Pigs were killed at intervals, and epidermal lipids were isolated and analyzed. Fatty acid compositions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Within 2-3 weeks, pigs on the diet containing coconut oil began to display biochemical and physiological symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency. Within 2 months, this group had extremely scaly skin and transepidermal water loss was elevated to five times that of controls. The progressive increase in transepidermal water loss correlated with replacement of linoleate by oleate in both acylceramide and acylglucosylceramide. The formation of lamellar granules and intercellular lipid sheets in the stratum corneum was not impaired in essential fatty acid deficiency as judged by electron microscopy. These results suggest that the linoleic acid normally found in the O-acylsphingolipids is not essential for formation of the epidermal membrane system. Rather, it appears that the nature of the ester-linked fatty acid in the O-acylsphingolipids regulates the permeability of this membrane system.
Democratizing Design through the Use of Lego-Inspired Universal Connectors

Students at Penn State University are working on the design of an affordable and sustainable Innovation Space where people from various walks of life can converge to rapidly prototype innovative products that meet their unique needs and preferences. This Innovation Space is being designed for resource-constrained contexts like East Africa where unemployment rates exceed 40% and systemic challenges impact people's lives and livelihoods. This space provides innovators a vehicle to rapidly and effectively take ideas from a concept to a product. A key feature of this space is access to various kinds of connectors and structural elements that collectively form a full-scale "Lego set" for innovators. Universal connectors made of mild steel form the vertices of structures with the edges made of locally-available materials like mild steel, plastic or bamboo. Special connectors have been designed to add wheels to structures or make bicycle-powered devices. This paper presents the conceptual framework for this connector-centric prototyping environment and showcases some of the products that can be prototyped there. The overarching objective of this venture is to develop a Lego-inspired set of connectors that forms the nucleus of innovation spaces to be implemented in secondary and vocational schools in East Africa. We envision that these Innovation Spaces will nurture small enterprises based on the connectors themselves as well as market-driven products designed with them. More importantly, it will provide the next generation of students a venue to develop their creativity, design skills and an entrepreneurial mindset.
Flux-limited diffusion models in radiation hydrodynamics

Abstract We discuss certain flux-limited diffusion theories which approximately describe radiative transfer in the presence of steep spatial gradients. A new formulation is presented which generalizes a flux-limited description currently in widespread use for large radiation hydrodynamic calculations. This new formulation allows more than one Case discrete mode to be described by a flux-limited diffusion equation. Such behavior is not extant in existing formulations. Numerical results predicted by these flux-limited diffusion models are presented for radiation penetration into an initially cold halfspace.
Direct determination of the f(α) singularity spectrum

The direct determination of the f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) singularity spectrum from experimental data is a difficult problem. This Letter introduces a simple method for computing f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) based on the theorems of Shannon, Eggelston, and Billingsley which is markedly superior to other recently proposed methods, especially when dealing with experimental data from low-dimensional chaotic systems where the underlying dynamics are unknown.
Mechanisms controlling Cu, Fe, Mn, and Co profiles in peat of the Filson Creek Fen, northeastern Minnesota

Abstract Filson Creek Fen, located in northeastern Minnesota, overlies a Cu-Ni sulfide deposit. A site in the fen was studied to evaluate the hydrogeochemical mechanisms governing the development of Fe, Mn, Co, and Cu profiles in the peat. At the study site, surface peat approximately 1 m thick is separated from the underlying mineralized bedrock by a 6–12 m thickness of lake and glaciofluvial sediments and till. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, and Cu in peat and major elements in pore water delineate a shallow, relatively oxidized, Cu-rich zone overlying a deeper, reduced, Fe-, Mn-, and Co-rich zone within the peat. Sequential metal extractions from peat samples reveal that 40–55% of the Cu in the shallow zone is associated with organic material, whereas the remaining Cu is distributed between iron-oxide, sulfide, and residual fractions. Sixty to seventy percent of the Fe, Mn, and Co concentrated in the deeper zone occur in the residual phase. The metal profiles and associations probably result from non-steady-state input of metals and detritus into the fen during formation of the peat column. The enrichment of organic-associated Cu in the upper, oxidized zone represents a combination of Cu transported into the fen with detrital plant fragments and soluble Cu, derived from weathering of outcrop and subcrop of the mineral deposit, transported into the fen, and fixed onto organic matter in the peat. The variable stratigraphy of the peat indicates that weathering processes and surface vegetation have changed through time in the fen. The Fe, Mn, and Co maxima at the base of the peat are associated with a maximum in detrital matter content of the peat resulting from a transition between the underlying inorganic sedimentary environment to an organic sedimentary environment. The chemistry of sediments and ground water collected beneath the peat indicate that mobilization of metals from sulfide minerals in the buried mineral deposit or glacial deposits is minimal. Therefore, the primary source of Cu to the peat at the study site is outcrops and shallow subcrops of the mineral deposit adjacent to the fen.
Confusion about Bohm

It is important to distinguish between physics, which is an experimental science, andphysicists, who are people. The latter are most certainlynot objective. Thus, Lipschutz-Yevick’s assertion that Ruskai says that the publication of Bohm’s controversial articles in thePhysical Review is evidence of the objectivity of the establishment towards [Bohm] is not supported by my statement
Automatic rule refinement for information extraction

Rule-based information extraction from text is increasingly being used to populate databases and to support structured queries on unstructured text. Specification of suitable information extraction rules requires considerable skill and standard practice is to refine rules iteratively, with substantial effort. In this paper, we show that techniques developed in the context of data provenance, to determine the lineage of a tuple in a database, can be leveraged to assist in rule refinement. Specifically, given a set of extraction rules and correct and incorrect extracted data, we have developed a technique to suggest a ranked list of rule modifications that an expert rule specifier can consider. We implemented our technique in the SystemT information extraction system developed at IBM Research -- Almaden and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness.
Selective determination of magnesium in water with divalent ion electrode using ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid as a complexing agent

The calculated conditional constants at pH 2 to 10 for the ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) complexes of magnesium and other metals indicate that no significant amount of magnesium is complexed by EGTA at pH below 7. The effect of pH on the electrode potential in the presence and absence of EGTA has been studied. The optimum pH found to be 7.0. At this pH magnesium can be selectively determined with a divalent electrode in the presence of most other polyvalent metal ions. Large amounts of salts affect the activity of magnesium ion and the electrode potential. Organic amines have been studied as a base to neutralize free acids in a solution, an amount of 5×10−2M nitrilodiethanol could be tolerated. The plot of potential vs. concentration of magnesium from 1×10−5 to 1×10−1M gives a rectilinear relationship.
Thyrotropin in teleost fish.

Thyrotropin (TSH), a pituitary glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland, has been cloned and sequenced from over a dozen teleost fish species. Although TSH is established as a primary driver of systemic thyroid status in mammals, its importance in the regulation of fish thyroid function is still uncertain. We review recent studies indicating that TSH structure is highly conserved across species representing six teleost families. These studies have found TSH messenger RNA consistently expressed in teleost pituitary tissue, although ectopic expression, particularly in gonads, has also been observed. They have also provided evidence for negative feedback inhibition of TSH expression by thyroid hormones, as well as stimulation by hypothalamic peptides. Descriptive studies have found increased TSHβ expression associated with life history events thought to be promoted by thyroid hormones. These results, coupled with the discovery of a G-protein coupled TSH receptor in several teleost species, supports an active and conserved role for TSH in the regulation of teleost thyroid function. The relative importance of central pathways in regulating thyroid hormone provision to targets and the identity of a proposed thyrotropin-inhibiting factor in teleost fish are still unanswered questions whose resolution will be facilitated by development of methods to measure circulating TSH and its secretion from the pituitary gland.
From Road Rash to Top Allergen in a Flash: Bacitracin

Background. Bacitracin is an antibiotic that is produced by Bacillus subtilis, which is used in several types of consumer products, including cosmetics and ophthalmic and cutaneous ointments. Objective. To call attention to the rising allergic contact dermatitis associated with bacitracin. Results. Mass usage has resulted in an increasing number of clinically relevant allergic contact dermatitis reactions and near fatal anaphylaxis. The North American Contact Dermatitis Group has recorded its emergence as a leading allergen and continues to monitor the ever-growing allergic reaction rates. Conclusion. The clinical impact, scientific evidence, and need for medical cost containment all advocate the discontinuation of routine usage of bacitracin in clean surgical wounds.
Decompressive Craniectomy in Neurocritical Care

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) involves the removal of a portion of the skull in the setting of life threatening brain edema or potentially uncontrollable intracranial pressures. Often performed on an emergent basis, evaluation and arrangement for DC should be swift and decisive. However, the evidence base for DC in the wide range of conditions for which it is currently performed is still developing. The procedure is associated with a number of complications and ethical considerations; thus, its place in contemporary practice remains controversial. While randomized trials conducted in the last decade have provided valuable data on the indications, eligibility criteria, and outcomes for DC in the treatment of traumatic brain injury and malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, important outstanding issues continue to complicate the decision to pursue DC on an individual case basis and in the number of other clinical settings presenting with brain edema and intracranial hypertension. In this review, we present the existing evidence and remaining questions regarding DC in various neurologic conditions including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, encephalitis, and others. We also discuss perioperative considerations and ethical issues likely to be encountered by clinicians caring for patients and families who are considering or have undergone DC.
Effects of crowding in larval Aedes aegypti, using proportionally reduced experimental universes.

The use of an optimal rearing technique in the investigation and evaluation of crowded and undercrowded experimental populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) is suggested. To facilitate the study of high larval densities an attempt was made to determine the feasibility of using proportionally reduced experimental universes. The criteria used to determine optimal development were percent survival, pupation rate, and pupal weight. Experiment I tested reduced experimental universes of 13 larvae/26 ml and 7 larvae/14 ml proportional to a previously determined standard of 40 larvae/80 ml. In all respects the standard and the universe with 13 larvae were identical. There was a difference in pupal weights between the universes with 40 and 13 larvae, respectively, and the universe with 7 larvae, although there was no significant difference in either initiation of pupation, pupation rate, or overall survival. Using the same criteria as in experiment I, the 2nd experiment attempted to test whether density levels 4 and 10 times that of the proportionally reduced universe of 13 larvae/26 ml would be equivalent to 4 and 10 times the standard. The comparable densities did not differ significantly, i.e., 4 times the standard did not differ from 4 times the reduced equivalent, and 10 times the standard did not differ from 10 times the reduced equivalent, although there was a significant difference between each pair. It was concluded that the proportionally reduced rearing method could be employed for studying parameters of highly crowded populations previously inhibitive because of the excessive time required to handle large numbers of larvae.
Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Nurse Practitioners' Understanding of the Periodontal Disease–Systemic Link

Background: Mounting evidence supports a connection between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and diabetes. This theoretically grounded study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and screening and referral behaviors of primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) in relation to the periodontal disease–systemic link.Methods: A questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior was administered to 200 primary medical care providers, mostly NPs, to determine their practice behaviors, attitudes, opinions, and knowledge regarding the periodontal disease–systemic link. A total of 137 partially and fully complete questionnaires were used for data analyses. Data were analyzed for the reported frequency of screening for periodontal disease and the knowledge of the relationship between periodontal and systemic disease. Oblimin rotation was used to explore the underlying factor structure of 10 practice-behavior items. Bivariate analyses were conducted to determine which factor subscales and...
Aminoglycoside antibiotics inhibit maxi-K+ channel in single isolated cochlear efferent nerve terminals

Abstract Patch clamp recordings were obtained from isolated cochlear efferent nerve terminals. The effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics on single maxi-K + channels was determined. At positive voltages (cytosol with respect to extracellular side), neomycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin significantly reduced the single channel current amplitude of the maxi-K + channel from the cytosolic side. The IC 50 for neomycin was 9·10 −4 M from the cytosolic side and ⪢ 10 −3 M from the extracellular side. Streptomycin and kanamycin were less potent. No significant difference in inhibition of the single channel current amplitude by 2.5–10 −4 M cytosolic neomycin was observed between 7·10 −4 M and 10 −6 M free cytosolic Ca 2+ . Neomycin had no significant effect on the open probability of the maxi-K + channel either from the cytosolic or from the extracellular side. These findings demonstrate that the maxi-K + channel in cochlear efferent nerve terminals can be a site of action for aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Geometry-affinity relationships of the selective serotonin receptor ligand 9-(aminomethyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene.

With the exception of its two aromatic rings and basic nitrogen atom, 9-(aminomethyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA; 1) is remarkably devoid of the pharmacophore features usually associated with hig...
Respiratory response to mechanical stimulation of the gallbladder

Since stimuli from abdominal or pelvic viscera can affect respiratory muscle function, we hypothesized that mechanical stimulation of the gallbladder would result in inhibition of motor activity to the diaphragm and to upper airway muscles. We studied 12 decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats and recorded hypoglossal (HG) and phrenic (PHR) nerve activities while applying 600-1000 g of traction on the gallbladder during four respiratory cycles. Traction resulted in an initial reduction of PHR activity to 87.6+/-15.0% (mean+/-S.D.% of its baseline value), a reduction of HG activity to 74.2+/-27.5% and a lengthening of expiratory time to 178.8+/-81.0%. Subsequently, PHR activity and expiratory time returned toward control values, while HG remained diminished, at 66.4+/-19.1%. Our results show that mechanical stimulation of the gallbladder results in a respiratory inhibition with a disproportionate reduction in HG activity relative to PHR discharge. We speculate that gallbladder stimulation by contractions or surgery may compromise breathing by inhibition of phrenic discharge and upper airway obstruction.
Who Am I? The Sociologist as Dean

In some respects, sociologists might seem to be the least obvious candidates for a deanship. They question authority and debunk bureaucracy. Yet they can be found in dean's offices serving successfully. This paper discusses the seeming contradiction between the discipline of sociology and the position of academic dean. It is argued that the discipline of sociology can prepare one to succeed at deaning in numerous ways, including transitioning into the role, resolving unavoidable role conflict, and adopting an administrator's perspective.
Study of the low spin states of 208Bi through γ–γ spectroscopy

Abstract We studied the low spin structure of 208Bi via γ – γ coincidence measurements using a sub-Coulomb 208Pb(p, n)208Bi reaction. This nucleus has one neutron hole and one proton particle relative to the doubly magic 208Pb and therefore its spectrum directly depends on the particle–hole interaction. The available data on 208Bi is re-evaluated using the data obtained in this measurement. Comparison of the measured energy levels with a shell model calculation with a realistic interaction is presented.
The Inescapability of Gettier Problems

Gettier problems arise in the theory of knowledge when it is only by chance that a justified true belief is true. Since the belief might easily have been false in these cases, it is normally concluded that they are not instances of knowledge.' The moral drawn in the thirty years since Gettier published his famous paper is that eitherjustified true belief (JTB) is not sufficient for knowledge, in which case knowledge must have an 'extra' component in addition to JTB, or else justification must be reconceived to make it sufficient for knowledge. I shall argue that given the common and reasonable assumption that the relation between justification and truth is close but not inviolable, it is not possible for either move to avoid Gettier counter-examples. What is more, it makes no difference if the component of knowledge in addition to true belief is identified as something other than justification, e.g., warrant or wellfoundedness. I conclude that Gettier problems are inescapable for virtually every analysis of knowledge which at least maintains that knowledge is true belief plus something else. Notice first that Gettier problems arise for both internalist and externalist notions ofjustification. On internalist theories the grounds for justification are accessible to the consciousness of the believer, and Gettier problems arise when there is nothing wrong with the internally accessible aspects of the cognitive situation, but there is a mishap in something inaccessible to the believer. Since justification does not guarantee truth, it is possible for there to be a break in the connection between justification and truth, but for that connection to be regained by chance. The original 'Smith owns a Ford or Brown is in Barcelona' case is an example of this sort. Here we are to imagine that Smith comes to you bragging about his new Ford, shows you the car and the bill of sale, and generally gives you lots of evidence that he owns a Ford. Basing what you think on the evidence, you believe the proposition 'Smith owns a Ford', and from that you infer its disjunction with 'Brown is in Barcelona', where Brown is an acquaintance and you have no reason at all to think he is in Barcelona. It turns out that Smith is lying and owns no Ford, but Brown is
Water Reuse and Conservation in Poultry Processing

Abstract Water consumption during the processing of poultry has continued to increase. Water treatment costs now are more than 10% of total processing costs, primarily due to the ever-rising costs of energy and labor. This paper attempts to review the “state-of-the-art” in water conservation and pinpoint ways in which water usage can be reduced during processing of poultry.