cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phototrophic biofilm assembly in microbial-mat-derived unicyanobacterial consortia: model systems for the study of autotroph-heterotroph interactions

Microbial autotroph-heterotroph interactions influence biogeochemical cycles on a global scale, but the diversity and complexity of natural systems and their intractability to in situ manipulation make it challenging to elucidate the principles governing these interactions. The study of assembling phototrophic biofilm communities provides a robust means to identify such interactions and evaluate their contributions to the recruitment and maintenance of phylogenetic and functional diversity over time. To examine primary succession in phototrophic communities, we isolated two unicyanobacterial consortia from the microbial mat in Hot Lake, Washington, characterizing the membership and metabolic function of each consortium. We then analyzed the spatial structures and quantified the community compositions of their assembling biofilms. The consortia retained the same suite of heterotrophic species, identified as abundant members of the mat and assigned to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Autotroph growth rates dominated early in assembly, yielding to increasing heterotroph growth rates late in succession. The two consortia exhibited similar assembly patterns, with increasing relative abundances of members from Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria concurrent with decreasing relative abundances of those from Gammaproteobacteria. Despite these similarities at higher taxonomic levels, the relative abundances of individual heterotrophic species were substantially different in the developing consortial biofilms. This suggests that, although similar niches are created by the cyanobacterial metabolisms, the resulting webs of autotroph-heterotroph and heterotroph-heterotroph interactions are specific to each primary producer. The relative simplicity and tractability of the Hot Lake unicyanobacterial consortia make them useful model systems for deciphering interspecies interactions and assembly principles relevant to natural microbial communities.
Modification of the binding of [3H]MK-801 to brain regions and spinal cord of rats treated chronically with U-50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant to U-50,488H by twice-daily injections of the drug (25 mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 days. In tolerant rats, the binding of [3H]MK-801 was increased in pons and medulla and corpus striatum but decreased in midbrain and hippocampus and was due to changes in Bmax values. In U-50,488H-abstinent rats, the binding of [3H]MK-801 was increased in pons and medulla and hippocampus, and decreased in midbrain and amygdala. In hippocampus, the Bmax of [3H]MK-801 was increased but the Kd was decreased whereas in amygdala and pons and medulla, the changes were due to alterations in the Bmax values. Previous studies have shown that NMDA receptor antagonists block the tolerance to the analgesic action of U-50,488H in rodents. The present studies demonstrate differential changes in the NMDA receptors of brain regions of U-50,488H-tolerant and -abstinent rats.
Sea-surface wave growth under extraterrestrial atmospheres: Preliminary wind tunnel experiments with application to Mars and Titan

Abstract We describe for the first time the generation and measurement of capillary waves in a water surface in a wind tunnel running with air at pressures of 15–1000 mbar. These experiments suggest a stronger dependence of wave generation on atmospheric density than the simple proportionality that might be expected from energy transfer arguments. Additionally, airflow over a nonaqueous fluid (kerosene) was found to produce waves of higher amplitude than for water under the same conditions. These preliminary results may indicate different efficiencies of wave generation on other planets, for which empirical terrestrial relations therefore do not apply, and thus may have a bearing on the lack of strong shoreline features on Mars and the possibility of specular glints from hydrocarbon lakes on Titan.
Diagnosing postpartum depression: Can we do better?

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale versus routine clinical evaluation to detect postpartum depression among a low-income inner-city population and to evaluate risk factors associated with a positive score on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Study Design: On the basis of the day of the month, all English-speaking patients who were seen for their postpartum visit were assigned either to routine clinical evaluation for postpartum depression or routine clinical evaluation plus the use of the 10-question Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results: During the 7-week study period, 72 women participated in the study: 35 women in the routine evaluation group and 37 women in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale group. Women who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were significantly more likely than those in the routine evaluation group to be identified as being at risk for depression: 11 of 37 women (30%) versus 0 of 35 women ( P Conclusion: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale appears to be a valuable and efficient tool for the identification of patients who are at risk for postpartum depression. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:899-902.)
Relationship between the organization of actin bundles and vinculin plaques

The temporal pattern of the formation and dissolution of vinculin patches during experimental manipulation of the state of actin within the cell was studied. Cytochalasin D-induced retraction and disappearance of stress fibers is followed, with a brief delay, by the dissolution of vinculin-containing patches and the coordinated redistribution of both actin and vinculin into newly formed amorphous aggregates or foci. Recovery from cytochalasin treatment begins with a transformation of these foci into doughnut-shaped assemblies in which actin and vinculin are precisely co-localized. The emergence and growth of filament bundles is paralleled by the appearance of faint vinculin patches that gradually increase in size in parallel with the stress fibers. If stress fibers are stabilized by microinjected rhodamine-phalloidin against stimuli that normally induce a coordinated redistribution of actin and vinculin, also the vinculin patches persist. These observations indicate that treatments influencing the state of actin in the cell have corresponding effects on the stability of vinculin patches and suggest a strong interdependency of actin and vinculin organization.
Physiological and psychological effects of acute intentional hyperventilation

Summary-Research is reviewed which suggests that hyperventilation syndrome is an underdiagnosed disorder for the presentation of many patients experiencing apparent anxiety states. In a test of this hypothesis, 21 normal individuals (9 female) underwent a 2 min period of intentional hyperventilation following a 10 min baseline phase. Hyperventilation was accompanied by increased subjective anxiety and tachycardia, and indications of peripheral vasoconstriction. Following hyperventilation, Ss experienced increased levels of state anxiety and perceived autonomic arousal, as indexed by self-report instruments. These results support the hypothesis that undiagnosed hyperventilatory phenomena may be etiologically implicated in states of pathologic anxiety. INTRODIJCIION In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that patients apparently suffering from anxiety states are actually experiencing symptoms secondary to hyperventilation (Lum, 1975; Campemolle, Hoogduin and Joelle, 1979). The reported incidence of hyperventilation syndrome has been estimated to range from 6 to 10% of patients seen by medical specialists (Lum, 1977) and the syndrome is characterized by a broad spectrum of physiological and psychological effects similar to those experienced by patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder or Agoraphobia (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). Apart from general practice, patients with hyperventilation syndrome are often initially seen in emergency rooms, cardiology departments and neurology clinics, only to be eventually referred to psychiatrists or psychologists when no organic basis can be determined for the patient’s myriad and complex array of symptoms. Hyperventilation can be simply defined as the maintenance of ventilatory efforts in excess of metabolic needs, and is not usually detectable through behavioral observation of the patient’s breathing (Magarian, 1982). The presence of frequent sighing, complaints of a dry mouth, and observing the patient licking his lips are suggestive indications for hyperventilation and the diagnosis can be more definitely arrived at through a hyperventilation challenge test. If acute intentional
THE SALTING OUT OF GELATIN INTO TWO LIQUID LAYERS WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND OTHER SALTS.

1. Conditions under which gelatin may be salted out into two liquid layers at 35° were studied. 2. The equilibria governing the amounts and composition of the layers salted out with sodium chloride are found to accord with the requirements of the phase rule for the quaternary system gelatin-sodium chloride-hydrogen ion-water. 3. So far, soaps and gelatin are found to be surprisingly similar in their behaviour and definite indications are given as to where further similarities may be sought. 4. It is evident from this work that the term "coagulation" as ordinarily applied to the salting out of proteins is definitely a misnomer.
Genetic Animal Models of Depression and Ethanol Preference Provide Support for Cholinergic and Serotonergic Involvement in Depression and Alcoholism

The present article summarizes some comparative studies of the Fawn-Hooded (FH) rat, a potential animal model of ethanol preference, and the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat, a potential animal model of depression. Both FH and FSL rats exhibit high degrees of immobility in the forced swim test and have difficulty learning a two-way active avoidance task. However, there were no differences between the FH and FSL rats in the elevated plus maze. Studies of ethanol preference indicated high rates of ethanol intake (greater than 4 g/kg) and preference (greater than 50%) in the FH rats, but low rates of ethanol intake (less than 1.1 g/kg) and preference (less than 20%) in FSL rats. It is concluded that the FSL rats exhibit behaviors consistent with their being an animal model of depression, whereas the FH rats exhibit features consistent with their being an animal model of both depression and alcoholism. Psychopharmacological challenges indicated that both FSL and FH rats were more sensitive to the hypothermic effects of oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist. However, FSL rats were also more sensitive to serotonergic agonists, and some of the present results and other investigators have reported serotonergic subsensitivity in the FH rats. Thus, FSL rats exhibit both cholinergic and serotonergic supersensitivity, whereas FH rats exhibit cholinergic supersensitivity but normal or reduced serotonergic sensitivity. Progeny from a genetic cross between FH and FSL rats exhibit cholinergic supersensitivity and have high ethanol preference scores. These data are consistent with genetic models suggesting that ethanol preference may be influenced by dominant genes, whereas cholinergic sensitivity may be influenced by recessive genes.
Stellar convection. II - A multimode numerical solution for convection in spheres

The convective flow of a self gravitating sphere of Boussinesq fluid for small Reynolds and Peclet numbers is numerically determined. The decomposition of the equations of motion into modes is reviewed and a relaxation method is developed and presented to compute the solutions to these equations. The stable equilibrium flow for a Rayleigh number of 10 to the 4th power and a Prandtl number of 10 is determined. The 2 and 3 dimensional spectra of the kinetic and thermal energies and the convective flux as a function of wavelengths are calculated in terms of modes. The anisotropy of the flow as a function of wavelength is defined.
Holocene vegetation, fire and climate history of the Sawtooth Range, central Idaho, USA

The paucity of low- and middle-elevation paleoecologic records in the Northern Rocky Mountains limits our ability to assess current environmental change in light of past conditions. A 10,500-yr-long vegetation, fire and climate history from Lower Decker Lake in the Sawtooth Range provides information from a new region. Initial forests dominated by pine and Douglas-fir were replaced by open Douglas-fir forest at 8420 cal yr BP, marking the onset of warmer conditions than present. Presence of closed Douglas-fir forest between 6000 and 2650 cal yr BP suggests heightened summer drought in the middle Holocene. Closed lodgepole pine forest developed at 2650 cal yr BP and fires became more frequent after 1450 cal yr BP. This shift from Douglas-fir to lodgepole pine forest was probably facilitated by a combination of cooler summers, cold winters, and more severe fires than before. Five drought episodes, including those at 8200 cal yr BP and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, were registered by brief intervals of lodgepole pine decline, an increase in fire activity, and mistletoe infestation. The importance of a Holocene perspective when assessing the historical range of variability is illustrated by the striking difference between the modern forest and that which existed 3000 yr ago.
Together4Health: Integrating Care for Vulnerable Populations

Dramatic changes in the design of payment and delivery arrangements for care of some of the nation's more vulnerable populations are being initiated at federal and state levels. This study analyzes early implementation of Together4Health, an innovative partnership among a diverse array of health and social services organizations in Chicago. The impetus for Together4Health was a deliberate effort by policy makers to shift away from the fee-for-service system that rewards providers for delivering more services in an uncoordinated manner toward a system in which a range of services needed to care for a population is coordinated by organizations that are rewarded for efficiency and quality outcomes. Together4Health aims to deliver a full continuum of health and human services to the region's most costly Medicaid enrollees. Six key ingredients were identified as central to Together4Health's early viability: state-level contracting decisions, start-up fund availability, partner agreement about critical organiza...
Resuscitation of likely nonviable infants: a cost-utility analysis after the Born-Alive Infant Protection Act

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of universal vs selective resuscitation on maternal utilities, perinatal costs, and outcomes of preterm delivery and termination of pregnancy at 20-23 weeks 6 days' gestation. Study Design We used studies on medical practices, prematurity outcomes, costs, and maternal utilities to construct decision-analytic models for a cohort of annual US deliveries after preterm delivery or induced termination. Outcome measures were (1) the numbers of infants who survived intact or with mild, moderate, or severe sequelae; (2) maternal quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); and (3) incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results Universal resuscitation of spontaneously delivered infants between 20-23 weeks 6 days' gestation increases costs by $313.1 million and decreases QALYs by 329.3 QALYs; after a termination, universal resuscitation increases costs by $15.6 million and decreases QALYs by 19.2 QALYs. With universal resuscitation, 153 more infants survive: 44 infants are intact or mildly affected; 36 infants are moderately impaired, and 73 infants are severely disabled. Conclusion Selective intervention constitutes the highest utility and least costly treatment for infants at the margin of viability.
The squirrel monkey as an animal model of pelvic relaxation: an evaluation of a large breeding colony.

OBJECTIVE: Findings of pelvic relaxation have been reported in up to 50% of older adult female squirrel monkeys. To evaluate further the potential use of the squirrel monkey as an animal model of pelvic relaxation, we objectively observed and described the perineal findings of 160 adult females. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of perineal findings to age and parity, factors thought to predispose women to pelvic relaxation. STUDY DESIGN: The urethra, cervix, and anterior and posterior segments of the vagina were evaluated. The degree of support loss at each site was documented. Genital measurements were obtained by previously reported methods. The findings were tested for association with elements of obstetric history, age, and subspecies. RESULTS: The females represented three subspecies and ranged from 3 to 17 years old with parities of 0 to 10. The proportion of females with normal support was inversely related to increasing parity and age. Although birth weights, frequency of dystocia at term, and requirement for cesarean section did not differ significantly between females with and without evidence of prolapse, animals with multiple sites of prolapse tended to have infants with higher birth weights. Animals without prolapse were significantly younger and less likely to have been delivered of a term infant (p < 0.001). Subspecies differences unrelated to age or parity were found for each of the genital measurements. Differences were also found between animals with normal perineal findings and those with findings of prolapse. Animals with prolapse had shorter perineal bodies (p < 0.001), greater genital hiatal ratios (p < 0.001), and wider genital hiatal measurements (p < 0.001). Females with abnormal pelvic findings were of increased parity (4.0 vs 1.6, p < 0.001) and age (9.4 vs 6.3 years, p < 0.001) compared with those with normal pelvic findings. CONCLUSION: Analysis of genital prolapse in a large population of breeding squirerl monkeys demonstrated an association of loss of pelvic support with age and parity. A tendency for loss of support at multiple sites was associated with obstetric complications. These observations support continuing investigation into the nature and cause of spontaneous pelvic relaxation in this species and support the potential use of this nonhuman primate as an animal model.
A temperature- and humidity-stabilized beam bunch phase detector

Abstract The University of Washington has recently completed a linear accelerator which is injected with the beam from the FN tandem Van de Graaff. A helical-loaded quarter-wave rf resonant cavity which is excited by the beam is located at the entrance of the linac to provide a phase-locking signal to the pretandem buncher. The resonator is similar to the phase-locking resonator used at Stony Brook. To eliminate phase drifts, the temperature of the cavity is maintained within a range of 0.05°C by continuously flowing heated nitrogen gas through it.
Supporting requirements to code traceability through refactoring

In this paper, we hypothesize that the distorted traceability tracks of a software system can be systematically re-established through refactoring, a set of behavior-preserving transformations for keeping the system quality under control during evolution. To test our hypothesis, we conduct an experimental analysis using three requirements-to-code datasets from various application domains. Our objective is to assess the impact of various refactoring methods on the performance of automated tracing tools based on information retrieval. Results show that renaming inconsistently named code identifiers, using Rename Identifier refactoring, often leads to improvements in traceability. In contrast, removing code clones, using eXtract Method (XM) refactoring, is found to be detrimental. In addition, results show that moving misplaced code fragments, using Move Method refactoring, has no significant impact on trace link retrieval. We further evaluate Rename Identifier refactoring by comparing its performance with other strategies often used to overcome the vocabulary mismatch problem in software artifacts. In addition, we propose and evaluate various techniques to mitigate the negative impact of XM refactoring. An effective traceability sign analysis is also conducted to quantify the effect of these refactoring methods on the vocabulary structure of software systems.
Amplified fluorescence quenching of a conjugated polyelectrolyte mediated by Ca2

The fluorescence of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) is quenched with very high efficiency by small molecule quenchers. This effect has been referred to as amplified quenching. In the present communication, we demonstrate that aggregation of a poly(phenylene ethynylene)-type CPE (PPE-CO2-) induced by Ca2+ has a pronounced effect on the amplified quenching of the polymer by the dication methyl viologen (MV2+). In particular, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of PPE-CO2- in methanol solution indicate that addition of a low concentration of Ca2+ induces aggregation of the polymer chains. The range of MV2+ concentrations within which linear Stern−Volmer quenching behavior is observed systematically decreases with increasing Ca2+ concentration to a point where superlinear quenching is observed immediately upon addition of MV2+. This finding is unequivocal evidence that the superlinear Stern−Volmer quenching behavior typically observed in CPE-quencher systems arises due to quencher-induced aggregation ...
Two tests of Maslow's theory of need fulfillment

Abstract In a two-part test of Maslow's theory of human motivation, two relationships were explored: (1) the relationship between need importance and need deficiencies, and (2) the relationship between need deficiencies and life satisfaction. The subjects were groups of women college graduates in three types of occupations: professional-managerial, clerical-sales, and homemaking. In the first study, group differences in actual deficiencies did not support the hypothesis that need importance is negatively correlated with need deficiencies. Rankings of the deficiencies for the three groups, however, were consistent with the hypothesized relationship, as were the small but significant correlations that were obtained between need importance and deficiency values. In the second study, the findings gave partial support to Maslow's theory in that a significant relationship was found between need fulfillment and life satisfaction for two of the three occupational groups. The findings of both studies are discussed in relation to considerations in women's career development.
Hydrophobic interactions in metalloporphyrin-peptide complexes.

Synthetic heme−oligopeptide complexes of coproporphyrin-I-atoiron(III) have been prepared in aqueous solution, and their equilibrium formation constants have been determined by spectrophotometric titration. The presence of hydrophobic residues flanking the coordinated histidine dramatically increase peptide binding to the heme by more than 20 kJ/mol.
Meeting MDG-5: an impossible dream?

Reduction of the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters by 2015 is the target for one of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by 189 countries in 2000. That this goal (MDG-5) is the one towards which the least progress has been made despite the launch nearly 20 years ago of the Safe Motherhood Initiative is widely acknowledged. Nonetheless we believe that substantial progress can be achieved. Indeed a 2003 World Bank report on the success of several developing countries in (including China Sri Lanka and Malaysia) reducing maternal mortality rates concluded that "maternal mortality can be halved in developing countries every 7--10 years…regardless of income level and growth rate". To make real progress by 2015 substantial flexible medium-term funding for field programmes and related research is needed with a clear focus on important programme elements implemented with commitment to the crucial goal of strengthening national health systems. (excerpt)
Role of tetrapropylammonium cations in gel-phase silicalite synthesis

Abstract Silicalite synthesis from tetrapropylammonium (TPA + ) sodium silicate gels was studied by X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, ion exchange, 29 Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Based on this information we confirm a hydrogel—solid transformation mechanism for silicalite crystallization. The initial synthesis gel is a highly articulated silicate network containing pockets of water with solvated Na + and TPA + cations. As the silica condenses and becomes more hydrophobic, water and solvated cations are expelled. The condensed silicate gel then encapsulates the hydrophobic TPA + cations in cages resembling the channel intersections of silicalite before X-ray crystalline silicalite is observed. Crystallization occurs within the gel via rearrangement of the TPA + -occluded silicate cages by the breaking and reformation of siloxane bonds into the more stable silicalite structure. Rates of nucleation and crystallization both increase with increasing TPA + gel content. The amount of silicalite which forms is limited by the amount of TPA + , which must be present in the ratio of one TPA + per channel intersection.
Electron microscope studies of the stria vascularis and spiral ligament after ferritin injection.

Electron microscope studies of the transport and diffusion of macromolecules across the lateral wall of the cochlear duct were made after endolymphatic or perilymphatic injection of ferritin. After endolymphatic injection, the cells of the attachment zone of Reissner' membrane, the marginal cells of the stria vascularis, and cells of the spiral prominence and external sulcus absorbed the tracer but do not transport it across their cytoplasm. No ferritin was ever found in the spiral ligament. After ferritin injection into the perilymph the tracer was found in the spiral ligament and in the endothelial cells and lumen of the spiral ligament capillaries. Also it was found in cells of the attachment zone of Reissner' membrane, spiral prominence and external sulcus. In the stria vascularis ferritin was found only in the apical cytoplasm of the marginal cells. This was explained by transport from perilymph to endolymph across Reissner' metibrane. The functional significance of these findings were discussed.
Biochemical and functional characterization of proteoglycans produced by SI/SId murine bone marrow stromal cell lines

The Steel anemia of mice results from an inherited defect in the hematopoietic microenvironment. Proteoglycans synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells are an important functional component of the hematopoietic microenvironment in normal animals. It is thus possible that Steel anemia results from a molecular abnormality involving bone marrow stromal proteoglycans. To investigate this possibility, we studied proteoglycan synthesis in three stromal cell lines from Steel anemic (SI/SId) animals and two control stromal cell lines, one (+/+2.4) from a non-anemic littermate, and one (GBI/6) from a normal mouse. Proteoglycans were precursor labelled with 35S sulfate and separated by ion exchange HPLC, CsCI density gradient centrifugation, and molecular sieve HPLC. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) moieties were characterized by molecular sieve HPLC and enzyme sensitivity. There were no consistent differences in total proteoglycan synthesis, proteoglycan heterogeneity, GAG hydrodynamic size, or enzyme sensitivity among the cell lines studied. Growth factor binding to stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) was studied by co-culture of an IL-3-dependent cell line (FDC-P1) with cell-free ECM preparations from an SI/SId and a control (GBI/6) stromal cell line, with and without pre-incubation with IL-3. Cell-free ECM preparations from SI/SId and control cell lines supported FDC-P1 growth to an approximately equal extent after pre-incubation with II-3. FDC-P1 growth support by ECM preparations from both cell lines was also observed without IL-3 pre-incubation, although to a lesser extent, suggesting ECM binding of endogenous growth factors synthesized by the stromal cells.
Oscillatory Coupling of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells and Interneurons in the Behaving Rat

We examined whether excitation and inhibition are balanced in hippocampal cortical networks. Extracellular field and single-unit activity were recorded by multiple tetrodes and multisite silicon probes to reveal the timing of the activity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and classes of interneurons during theta waves and sharp wave burst (SPW)-associated field ripples. The somatic and dendritic inhibition of pyramidal cells was deduced from the activity of interneurons in the pyramidal layer [int(p)] and in the alveus and st. oriens [int(a/o)], respectively. Int(p) and int(a/o) discharged an average of 60 and 20° before the population discharge of pyramidal cells during the theta cycle, respectively. SPW ripples were associated with a 2.5-fold net increase of excitation. The discharge frequency of int(a/o) increased, decreased (“anti-SPW” cells), or did not change (“SPW-independent” cells) during SPW, suggesting that not all interneurons are innervated by pyramidal cells. Int(p) either fired together with (unimodal cells) or both before and after (bimodal cells) the pyramidal cell burst. During fast-ripple oscillation, the activity of interneurons in both the int(p) and int(a/o) groups lagged the maximum discharge probability of pyramidal neurons by 1–2 msec. Network state changes, as reflected by field activity, covaried with changes in the spike train dynamics of single cells and their interactions. Summed activity of parallel-recorded interneurons, but not of pyramidal cells, reliably predicted theta cycles, whereas the reverse was true for the ripple cycles of SPWs. We suggest that network-driven excitability changes provide temporal windows of opportunity for single pyramidal cells to suppress, enable, or facilitate selective synaptic inputs.
In vitro studies of beating heart cells in culture. XV. Myosin turnover and the effect of serum.

Abstract Myosin turnover in rat heart cells in culture was determined from measurements of the rate of degradation by following loss of radioactivity from “pulse” -labeled cells, and by measuring the rate of myosin synthesis directly as rate of incorporation of radioactive amino acids into myosin or indirectly by calculation from degradation rates. The half-life of myosin in complete growth medium (containing serum) was about 4 days, sometimes ranging up to 8 days. Cells in medium without serum do not divide and show an increased degradation and decreased rate of synthesis. Nondividing cells in complete growth medium turn over myosin at a normal rate. Serum thus appears to contain factors which protect myosin against degradation and also which stimulate synthesis. Myosin synthesis seems to be dependent on RNA synthesis, since myosin levels and synthesis decrease occurs as quickly as 4 hr after treatment with actinomycin D.
Sydney Chapman Centennial Celebration

The Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF), paused in its work on the afternoon of January 28, 1988, to honor the memory of Sydney Chapman on the 100th anniversary of his birth. Chapman served as advisory scientific director for the institute from 1953 to 1970 and was instrumental in establishing the research agenda of the institute. His work and fame, however, were international: Essentially, he was the founder of the field of solar-terrestrial physics. He received AGU's highest honor, the Bowie Medal, in 1962. Syun-Ichi Akasofu, director of the Geophysical Institute and first a student, then a collaborator of Chapman, opened the proceedings with a brief review of the life Work of this great pioneer. Chapman was author or coauthor of seven significant books. He also coined many terms now standard in the field (including “aeronomy” and “electrojet”) and led many distinguished organizations, including the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the Special Committee for the International Geophysical Year (IGY).
New concepts in triage

The triage process is a valid concept in the initial approach to multiple casualties. Triage tags are, in theory, a reasonable adjunct to the process, but have proved to be a failure in practice. Based on the historical perspective and on the authors' experience with approximately 180 mass casualty drills and incidents, it is recommended that the "daily routine doctrine" be applied and that conventional, color-coded triage tags be replaced by a process of "geographical triage." A valid model for disaster planning is needed, and organizers must conduct drills that are based on the actual threat to the community in order to determine the most efficacious way to manage medical response.
Learning Globally-Consistent Local Distance Functions for Shape-Based Image Retrieval and Classification

We address the problem of visual category recognition by learning an image-to-image distance function that attempts to satisfy the following property: the distance between images from the same category should be less than the distance between images from different categories. We use patch-based feature vectors common in object recognition work as a basis for our image-to-image distance functions. Our large-margin formulation for learning the distance functions is similar to formulations used in the machine learning literature on distance metric learning, however we differ in that we learn local distance functions?a different parameterized function for every image of our training set?whereas typically a single global distance function is learned. This was a novel approach first introduced in Frome, Singer, & Malik, NIPS 2006. In that work we learned the local distance functions independently, and the outputs of these functions could not be compared at test time without the use of additional heuristics or training. Here we introduce a different approach that has the advantage that it learns distance functions that are globally consistent in that they can be directly compared for purposes of retrieval and classification. The output of the learning algorithm are weights assigned to the image features, which is intuitively appealing in the computer vision setting: some features are more salient than others, and which are more salient depends on the category, or image, being considered. We train and test using the Caltech 101 object recognition benchmark.
The emerging understanding of myeloid cells as partners and targets in tumor rejection.

Myeloid cells are the most prominent among cells capable of presenting tumor-derived antigens to T cells and thereby maintaining the latter in an activated state. Myeloid populations of the tumor microenvironment prominently include monocytes and neutrophils (sometimes loosely grouped as myeloid-derived suppressor cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. Although intratumoral myeloid populations, as a whole, have long been considered nonstimulatory or suppressive, it has only recently been appreciated that not all tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are made equal. Because of advances in high-dimensional flow cytometry as well as more robust transcriptional profiling, we now also understand that the subsets of the tumor-myeloid compartment are far more diverse and notably even contain a rare population of stimulatory dendritic cells. As all of these myeloid populations represent major T-cell–interacting partners for incomingtumor-reactive cytotoxicTlymphocytes,understanding the distinctions in their lineage and function reveals and guides numerous therapeutic avenues targeting these antigen-presenting cells. In this Cancer Immunology at the Crossroads overview, we review the recent progress in this rapidly evolving field and advance the hypothesis that the antigen-presenting compartment within tumor microenvironments may contain significant numbers of potent allies to be leveraged for immune-based tumor
Propylene Carbonate (PC)-Based Electrolytes with High Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author(s): Zhao, H; Park, SJ; Shi, F; Fu, Y; Battaglia, V; Ross, PN; Liu, G | Abstract: A homologous series of propylene carbonate (PC) analog solvents with increasing length of linear alkyl substitutes were synthesized and used as co-solvents with PC for graphite-based lithium-ion half cells. A graphite anode reaches a capacity of around 310 mAh/g in PC and its analog co-solvents, with 99.95 percent Coulombic efficiency, similar to the values obtained with ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes. Solvent interaction with the graphite anode and subsequent decomposition determines the graphite anode performance. Gaseous products from cyclic carbonates with short alkyl chains cause exfoliation of the graphite anode; solvents with longer alkyl chains are able to prevent graphite exfoliation when used as co-solvents with PC. The PC co-solvents compete for solvation of the Li ion with the PC solvent, delaying PC co-intercalation. Reduction products of PC on a graphite surface via a single-electron path form a stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), which allows the reversible cycling of graphite. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society.
Substance-Involved Driving: Predicting Driving after Using Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs

Objectives: Substantial research has examined the influence of alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs on driving performance; however, which psychosocial characteristics of individuals who drive while under the influence of alcohol (DUIA), marijuana (DUIM), and other drugs (DUID), how these characteristics interrelate with each other, and how they differ across degrees of substance-involved driving (SID) have not been thoroughly investigated. This article identified psychosocial predictors of SID while accounting for driving behavior and the type and level of substance use and examined the associations of psychosocial characteristics and SID with citations for traffic offenses. Methods: Telephone survey data and state driver history records for a sample of 5,244 young adults were analyzed using t-tests and logistic and multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the correlates and predictors of substance-involved driving. Results: Psychosocial characteristics predicted DUIA, DUIM, and DUID wh...
Early Word Comprehension in Infants: Replication and Extension

A handful of recent experimental reports have shown that infants of 6–9 months know the meanings of some common words. Here, we replicate and extend these findings. With a new set of items, we show that when young infants (age 6–16 months, n = 49) are presented with side-by-side video clips depicting various common early words, and one clip is named in a sentence, they look at the named video at above-chance rates. We demonstrate anew that infants understand common words by 6–9 months and that performance increases substantially around 14 months. The results imply that 6- to 9-month-olds’ failure to understand words not referring to objects (verbs, adjectives, performatives) in a similar prior study is not attributable to the use of dynamic video depictions. Thus, 6- to 9-month-olds’ experience of spoken language includes some understanding of common words for concrete objects, but relatively impoverished comprehension of other words.
Rho GTPase Signaling and PTH 3–34, but not PTH 1–34, Maintain the Actin Cytoskeleton and Antagonize Bisphosphonate Effects in Mouse Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells

Cytoskeletal elements are critical for cell morphology and signal transduction, and are involved in many cellular processes including motility, intracellular transport, and differentiation. Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) of the Ras family, such as RhoA, influence various elements of the cytoskeleton. RhoA stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton and promotes formation of focal adhesions. We found previously that RhoA is expressed in osteoblastic cells and is translocated to the plasma membrane and activated by PTH 1-34 as well as by Nleu(8,18) Tyr(34) PTH 3-34 amide, a PTH analog that does not increase cAMP. We therefore investigated effects of manipulating RhoA on the actin cytoskeleton of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Three inhibitors were used: 1) GGTI-2166, a geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor that prevents the isoprenylation and membrane translocation of RhoA, 2) Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, and 3) alendronate, a nitrogen (N)-containing bisphosphonate that reduces intracellular geranylgeranylpyrophosphate through inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. To increase RhoA activity, we used the geranylgeranyl group donor geranylgeraniol (GGOH), and a constitutively active RhoA. The F-actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions (FA) were visualized with rhodamine-phalloidin and fluorescent anti-vinculin antibodies, respectively. Cells were imaged with confocal microscopy. Actin stress fiber density, edge actin bundle density, focal adhesion density, cellular area and circularity (a morphological descriptor relating area and perimeter) were quantified by a program developed with Matlab software. GGTI-2166, Y-27632, and alendronate reduced actin stress fibers, FA density, and FA size, but had no effect on edge actin bundle density, cellular area, or circularity. GGOH completely antagonized the effects of alendronate, but did not significantly affect responses to GGTI-2166 or Y-27632. Constitutively active RhoA antagonized the effects of alendronate and GGTI-2166, but not those of Y-27632. The effects of alendronate were also antagonized by Nleu(8,18) Tyr(34) PTH 3-34 amide, but not by PTH 1-34. The results indicate that RhoA is involved in the maintenance of stress fibers and focal adhesions in osteoblastic cells, that PTH can affect this pathway independently of cAMP, and that a N-containing bisphosphonate can affect the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions through actions on geranylgeranyl groups and potentially through RhoA. In view of the importance of the actin cytoskeleton, the findings constitute evidence that N-containing bisphosphonates, when they attain certain concentrations, have effects on osteoblasts that could influence bone remodeling.
Surface expression of sodium channels and transporters in rat kidney: effects of dietary sodium

The abundance of Na transport proteins in the luminal membrane of the rat kidney was assessed using in situ biotinylation and immunoblotting. When animals were fed an Na-deficient diet for 1 wk, the amounts of epithelial Na channel (ENaC) β-subunit (β-ENaC) and γ-subunit (γ-ENaC) and Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) protein in the surface fraction increased relative to controls by 1.9-, 3.5-, and 1.5-fold, respectively. The amounts of the luminal Na/H exchanger (NHE3) and the luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) did not change significantly. The increases in ENaC subunits were mimicked by administration of aldosterone for 1 wk, but the increase in NCC was not. When the animals were fed a high-Na (5% NaCl) diet for 1 wk, the surface expression of β-ENaC increased by 50%, whereas that of the other membrane proteins did not change, relative to controls. The biochemical parameter most strongly affected by dietary Na was the abundance of the 65-kDa cleaved form of γ-ENaC at the surface. This increased by 8.5-fold with Na depletion and decreased by 40% with Na loading. The overall 14-fold change reflected regulation of the total abundance of the subunit as well as the fraction of the subunit protein in the cleaved form. We conclude that cleavage of γ-ENaC and its expression at the apical surface play a major role in the regulation of renal Na reabsorption.
Pulsed activation analyses of the ITER blanket design options considered in the blanket trade-off study

Abstract Pulsed activation calculations have been performed on two blanket options considered as part of the ITER home team blanket trade-off study. The objective was to compare the activity, afterheat and waste disposal rating (WDR) results of a composite blanket-shield design for the continuous operation approximation to a pulsed operation case to determine whether the differences are at most the duty factor as predicted by the two nuclide chain model. Up to a cooling period of 100 years, the pulsed activity and afterheat values were below the continuous operation results and well within (except for one afterheat value) the maximum deviation predicted by the two nuclide chain model. No differences in the WDR values were noted as they are, to a large extent, based on long-lived nuclides which are insensitive to short-term changes in the operation history.
A Feature Selection Newton Method for Support Vector Machine Classification

A fast Newton method, that suppresses input space features, is proposed for a linear programming formulation of support vector machine classifiers. The proposed stand-alone method can handle classification problems in very high dimensional spaces, such as 28,032 dimensions, and generates a classifier that depends on very few input features, such as 7 out of the original 28,032. The method can also handle problems with a large number of data points and requires no specialized linear programming packages but merely a linear equation solver. For nonlinear kernel classifiers, the method utilizes a minimal number of kernel functions in the classifier that it generates.
Spontaneous Network Activity and Synaptic Development

Throughout development, the nervous system produces patterned spontaneous activity. Research over the past two decades has revealed a core group of mechanisms that mediate spontaneous activity in diverse circuits. Many circuits engage several of these mechanisms sequentially to accommodate developmental changes in connectivity. In addition to shared mechanisms, activity propagates through developing circuits and neuronal pathways (i.e., linked circuits in different brain areas) in stereotypic patterns. Increasing evidence suggests that spontaneous network activity shapes synaptic development in vivo. Variations in activity-dependent plasticity may explain how similar mechanisms and patterns of activity can be employed to establish diverse circuits. Here, I will review common mechanisms and patterns of spontaneous activity in emerging neural networks and discuss recent insights into their contribution to synaptic development.
Conserving the seed corn: reflections on the academic hiring crisis

Computer science departments today face a serious staffing crisis, as faculty and graduate students abandon academia for industry while undergraduate enrollments rise. The current crisis is similar to one that occurred in the early 1980s, which gives us the opportunity to learn from that experience. This article reviews the history of the earlier crisis and proposes strategies for mitigating the effects of the current one.