cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical analysis of a human epithelial surface antigen: Differential cell expression and processing

Epithelial surface antigen (ESA) is a glycoprotein with a distribution in vivo that is largely confined to human epithelial cells. Previous studies using a mouse monoclonal antibody (MH99) detecting ESA had shown that the antigen immunoprecipitated from most epithelial cancer cell lines has two chains (38,000 and 32,000 Da) when separated under reducing conditions and only one (38,000 Da) under nonreducing conditions. We now show that the 38-kDa band observed under nonreducing conditions consists of two species, one a 38-kDa single chain protein and the other a disulfide-linked dimer consisting of the 32-kDa chain bonded to a previously unrecognized 6-kDa chain. Pulse-chase studies have shown that ESA is synthesized as a 34-kDa protein which is glycosylated to a 38-kDa glycoprotein containing both high mannose and complex carbohydrate chains. With longer chase periods, a 32-kDa species also appears. Peptide mapping, together with the pulse-chase data, suggests that the 32- and 6-kDa species are formed from the 38-kDa protein, probably by limited proteolysis. Epithelial cell lines differ in their ratios of 38/32-kDa species, some cell lines having only the 38-kDa form. Incubation of radiolabeled extracts of cells having only the 38-kDa protein with unlabeled extracts of the other cell types resulted in progressive conversion of the 38-kDa species to the 32- and 6-kDa forms. Only cell lines expressing both forms of ESA are able to carry out this cleavage of the 38-kDa protein. This is a novel mechanism for generating cell-type related differences in cell surface glycoprotein expression. Finally, sequential immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the antigen detected by Ab MH99 is closely related or identical to that detected by Ab 17-1A, a previously described colon cancer antigen.
Rapid separation and quantitative analysis of peptides using a new nanoelectrospray- differential mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer system.

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) (see Buryakov, I. A.; Krylov, E. V.; Nazarov, E. G.; Rasulev, U. Kh. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1993, 128, 143−148), also commonly referred to as high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) (see Purves, R. W.; Guevremont, R.; Day, S.; Pipich, C. W.; Matyjaszcyk, M. S. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 4094−4105), is a rapidly advancing technology for gas-phase ion separation. The interfacing of DMS with mass spectrometry (MS) offers potential advantages over the use of mass spectrometry alone. Such advantages include improvements to mass spectral signal-to-noise, orthogonal/complementary ion separation to mass spectrometry, enhanced ion and complexation structural analysis, and the potential for rapid analyte quantitation. In this report, we investigate the use of our nanoESI-DMS-MS system to demonstrate differential mobility separation of peptides. The formation of higher order peptide aggregate ions (ion complexes) via electrospray ioniz...
Reentry to What? Theorizing Prisoner Reentry in the Jobless Future

Academic research on “prisoner reentry” has been heavily focused upon experimental design and program evaluation rather than broader shifts in race and class relations or underlying economic change. Deeper theoretical attention to the subaltern context of prisoner reentry would offer a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of the challenges facing the highly-marginalized populations of former prisoners now increasingly the objects of “reentry” programming. This paper employs a sociology of punishment perspective to foreground recent scholarship on the prisoner reentry movement and to document the still nascent implementation of a “prisoner reentry” agenda, despite nearly two decades of effort. The paper argues that long-neglected needs of subaltern populations incarcerated over the past several decades in the United States should become a more central focus of prisoner reentry research. The paper highlights the work of several theorists to summarize three theoretical perspectives to help balance the “reentry” research agenda: prisoner reentry as neoliberal punishment; prisoner reentry as peculiar institution; and prisoner reentry as criminological scientism.
The Late Therapeutic Results Produced by Low Voltage Roentgen Rays and Other Forms of Therapy in Certain Benign Chronic Skin Diseases1

INTRODUCTION During the past three years we have conducted a follow-up study in 2907 patients who, 5 to 23 years previously, had been under treatment at the Skin and Cancer Unit of the University Hospital (1) for a variety of benign and malignant skin conditions. These patients were divided into two groups; namely one group of 1521 patients who had been treated with roentgen rays and in many cases also with other commonly used forms of dermatologic therapy; and another group of 1386 patients who had been treated with other generally accepted forms of treatment but who had not received roentgen ray treatment.
Cellular Contraction of Collagen Lattices Is Inhibited by Nonenzymatic Glycation

High glucose concentrations associated with diabetes have been shown to cause the nonenzymatic modification of proteins. Reducing sugars covalently bind to free amine groups, undergo Amadori rearrangements, and crosslink with other glucose-modified proteins. Crosslinking of type I collagen by incubation with different concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate for up to 5 days resulted in a nondeformable collagen lattice as assayed by physical compaction analysis. Nonglycated collagen was fully compactible. Fibroblasts cultured on nonglycated collagen lattices were able to contract the lattice over a 5-day period, while fibroblasts on collagen glycated with 50 mM or more glucose 6-phosphate were unable to do this. Cells on both nonglycated and glycated collagen lattices initially lacked organized bundles of actin microfilaments or stress fibers. Over time, the cells on glycated lattices formed stress fibers, suggesting that they were still exerting mechanical force on a nondeformable matrix. These results suggest that crosslinking of collagen fibrils by nonenzymatic glycation alters the physical properties of the extracellular matrix, resulting in changes in the organization of the intracellular actin cytoskeleton.
Van Jacobson: Getting NSFNet off the Ground

Approximately 20 years ago, TCP/IP got a big boost from Van Jacobson and his team in the form of the slow-start algorithm. The first featured Web extra is a video interview with Van Jacobson on the creation of the National Science Foundation network in the 1980s. The second featured Web extra is an audio recording of the Computing Conversations column, with author Charles Severance discussing his interview with Van Jacobson on the creation of the National Science Foundation network in the 1980s.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF DENTATE GYRUS-HILUS INTERNEURONS IN THE GERBIL HIPPOCAMPUS IN VIVO

A variety of morphological types of dentate gyrus/hilus interneurons have been described, but little is known about their corresponding physiological characteristics. To address this issue, intracellular responses to current injection and perforant path stimulation were obtained from putative dentate interneurons in anaesthetized adult gerbils. Our sample of interneurons showed heterogeneity in their intrinsic physiological characteristics and spike thresholds to perforant path stimulation, suggesting the existence of distinct physiologically-defined classes. 'Fast-spiking' interneurons had a low threshold to perforant path stimulation, whereas 'slow-spiking' interneurons responded with predominantly inhibitory potentials. In several cases, cells were intracellularly labelled with biocytin for visualization. Interneurons with different physiological traits had distinct morphological features. These results confirm that, as in hippocampus proper, morphologically identifiable interneurons in the dentate hilus show electrophysiological features that are likely to reflect functionally specific roles in informational processing.
INFORMATION SEARCH BEHAVIORS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR SPRING BREAK TRIP IN THE USA: AN APPLICATION OF SPECIALIZATION CONCEPT

The purpose of this study was to identify information search behaviors of college student travelers by applying the concept of specialization. Dividing the college travelers into groups of high‐, medium‐, and low‐leveled specialization, the research investigated the perceived value of information content and information sources, and identified the main information sources used to obtain information for their recent spring break trips. It was observed that the different specialization groups assigned different values to information content and sources. The differences in the choice of information channel also appear to be substantial. As a result, the findings of this study supported the idea that the specialization concept can be used as an alternative approach to segment travelers in a more comprehensive way, which combines past experience, prior knowledge, and involvement that are important to classify travelers.
Self‐conscious emotions in worry and generalized anxiety disorder

Objectives Current theories regarding worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) highlight the potential avoidance functions of worry, and it has been suggested that worry functions to avoid self-conscious emotions in particular. Therefore, the present study examined the roles of proneness and aversion to self-conscious emotions in worry and GAD. Design Cross-sectional data from two samples were collected: (1) a sample of 726 undergraduates, and (2) a selected sample of 51 community members, 37.3% of whom met DSM-IV criteria for GAD. Zero-order correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine associations of self-conscious emotion constructs to worry and GAD. Method Proneness to guilt and shame (propensities for experiencing guilt and shame, respectively) were assessed via the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3. Aversion to guilt and shame (perceptions of guilt and shame, respectively, as especially painful, undesirable emotions) were assessed using the Guilt Aversion Assessment and Shame-Aversive Reactions Questionnaire, respectively. Worry was assessed using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and GAD was assessed via the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders. Results Correlations indicated positive associations between self-conscious emotion constructs and worry/GAD. However, in the selected community sample, regression analyses indicated that only shame aversion was positively associated with worry/GAD, over and above all other self-conscious emotion constructs and depression. Conclusions Results suggest a prominent role for an intolerance for shame in worry and GAD, which is broadly consistent with psychological models of worry. Future directions for research and clinical implications are discussed. Practitioner points Positive clinical implications Evidence supporting the theorized importance of self-conscious emotions in worry and GAD. Specifically highlights the need to address intolerance for shame in treatment. Limitations Small sample size in Study 2. Use of cross-sectional data.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on inoculated alfalfa seeds with pulsed ultraviolet light and response surface modeling

: Escherichia coli O157:H7-inoculated alfalfa seeds with seed layer thicknesses of 1.02 to 6.25 mm were subjected to pulsed UV light for up to 90 s at a 8-cm distance from the UV strobe. Population reductions higher than 4 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g were achieved. For effect of distance from the UV strobe, seeds with 6.25-mm layer thickness were treated 3 to 13 cm from the strobe. Reductions at shorter distances, such as 60 s at 5 cm (1.93 log10 CFU/g) and 60 to 90 s at 8 cm (4.89 log10 CFU/g), were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05). Data from the treatments were used to develop empirical models as a function of distance or layer thickness and treatment time for predicting the population of E. coli O157:H7 during pulsed UV-light treatment. This study demonstrates that pulsed UV light holds promise for eliminating pathogens from alfalfa seeds, and the models developed can be useful predictive tools.
Women and violence: A different look

SUMMARY The incidents of violence involving women and the use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) among women has increased at an alarming rate. In spite of this, little research has been conducted on the role (i.e., perpetrator vs. victim) that drug using women assume in different episodes and/or settings of violence, and with whom these violent encounters occur. This study describes the self reported life experience of violent encounters of 98 women enrolled in a residential drug treatment center in Tucson, Arizona. Results of the study indicate that many of the women were both the perpetrators and victims of violence. Additionally, the results indicate that aggressive acts from or against others may, in part, be related to the amount of power or control that women had in the relationship as well as the setting in which the violence occurred.
Ten years of European Monetary Union: What's gone right and What's gone wrong

In 1991, the European Union undertook to form a full-fledged monetary union. It established the European Monetary Union with a European Central Bank (ECB) at its apex and a mandate to pursue price stability. The European regime differs from the US Federal Reserve System, which must pursue high employment as well as price stability, but the ECB's commitment to price stability did not prevent it from combating the global financial crisis that began in 2008. The crisis suggests, however, that the ECB should henceforth be involved in supervising large cross-border financial institutions.
Large lakes of the world: A global science opportunity

Recent commentaries have expressed growing concern about the present state of limnology in the United States. Two basic problems are perceived: l) there are no separate, dedicated funding programs in the US for basic limnologic research; and 2) limnology has failed to enter the global “big science” era of the 90's. While both the oceans and atmosphere are subjects of large, multinational global-scale scientific programs, similar large studies of lakes have been limited, at best, to regional studies. There are over 250 large lakes worldwide, spanning the globe from 80° N to 60° S, and ranging from hypersaline to fresh water. Altogether they contain over 68% of the earth's fresh liquid surface water. However, these large ecosystems are increasingly threatened by global anthropogenic change such as illconceived diversions, uncontrolled consumption, and progressive degradation of water and overall ecosystem quality. Global climate change is but another anthropogenic global-scale problem with potential future effects on large lakes. An organized, multinational framework for the study of large lakes on a global scale is outlined.
In-situ inspection of cracking in atomic-layer-deposited barrier films on surface and in buried structures

Abstract Thin inorganic barrier films deposited on plastics are essential to provide protection from moisture- and oxygen-aided degradation while maintaining a flexible substrate. Mechanical bending of the barrier films, causes stress-induced cracks that may lead to significant reduction or loss of barrier protection. In-situ characterization of film cracking on the nanoscale, transparent, and conformal atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) thin films is challenging especially when these films are in a buried layer structure. We developed a technique that can inspect in real-time the cracking of the stressed barrier films using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The in-situ inspection avoids the inaccurate measurement of the crack onset strain associated with the crack “close-up” phenomenon. SU8 cover-coat is applied to form a buried ALD layer structure and in-situ inspection demonstrates the cracking of the ALD film in real-time underneath the cover-coat. This technique is nondestructive, versatile, and allows rapid and large-area inspection of different types of barrier films.
The receptor for advanced glycation end products and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a pattern-recognition receptor and evolutionary member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is involved in the host response to infection, injury, and inflammation. It exists in two forms: membrane-bound and soluble forms (sRAGE). RAGE recognizes a variety of ligands and, via a receptor-driven signaling cascade, activates the transcription factor NF-κB, leading to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The soluble form, sRAGE, is a decoy receptor and competitively inhibits membrane RAGE activation. RAGE is constitutively expressed abundantly in the lung under basal conditions. This expression is enhanced during inflammatory states such as with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review summarizes the characteristics of RAGE, RAGE isoforms, RAGE ligands, and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of ALI and ARDS. Additionally, the review explores the potential of RAGE as an important therapeutic target in ALI/ARDS.
Rattlesnakes Create a Context for Localizing Their Search for Potential Prey

This paper presents systematically collected field data on what transpires between free-living rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) and individuals of an important prey species, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). In the course of two field seasons we discovered that rattlesnakes and California ground squirrels can engage in at least six different episode classes: snake watching, snake following, inspecting/probing coiled snakes, interaction, rattlesnake approaching squirrel and envenomation. If a rattlesnake is moving directly toward a squirrel and is within 3 m of its burrow an interaction may develop, but more commonly it does not. Instead of engaging the snake, the squirrels seemed to try to remain stationary in the face of the snake's advance, as if to minimize affording the snake information about the nursery burrow location. The rattlesnakes in turn behaved as though they were using the location of the squirrels that resisted moving away from their advance as the hub of a radial search pattern. We argue that if the squirrel engages the snake before it discovers the burrow, the location of the nursery burrow may be revealed and the pups' vulnerability actually increased.
Physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethane elastomer formulations used for facial prostheses

Summary The initial results of this study of the physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethanes used for facial prostheses are presented. The parameters studied were surface hardness, modulus of elasticity (M), strength (S), percentage of elongation, and S/M ratio. Results showed that the physical and mechanical behavior of the polyurethanes can be altered by variations in the basic composition of the material accomplished through changes in the ratio of Part A to Part B and by the addition of catalysts. Properties of compositions with low quantities of Part B (isocyanate) and no catalyst reached or approximated those parameters proposed as ideal goals to simulate living tissue. When preparing polyurethane material, proper mixing is essential to avoid entrapment of air and phase separation of the catalyst. These conditions, which may render the prostheses less durable, are masked by the addition of colorants in the preparation of a sample for clinical application.
Chronic administration of flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) enhances non-appetitive exploratory behavior of rats

The effects of chronic administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil (Ro 15-1788; 4 mg/kg/day for 14 days in drinking water) on the performance of adult rats in the 12-arm radial maze were studied. Relative to controls, the animals treated with flumazenil showed an increase (P < 0.002) in non-appetitively motived exploratory behavior, so called because it occurred in 88% of instances in non-baited alleys, facing the well-illuminated “enriched environment” of the center of the room, as opposed to the baited alleys, facing the “dull” comer of the room. This behavior emerged between day 5 and 7 of treatment with the drug, it continued to increase over the period of treatment with drug (P < 0.002), and reached its peak at day 3, after withdrawal of the drug (P < 0.008; a longer duration was not investigated). The occurrence of non-appetitively motivated exploratory behavior was inversely correlated with the scores for urination/defecation (P < 0.003) and, therefore, most likely reflected the anxiolytic action of flumazenil. During treatment with drug or vehicle, the control and the drug groups made comparable numbers of “working memory” errors (P = 0.17). However, upon withdrawal of drug and introduction of alley gates (to confine the animal for 10 sec to the center platform, after an alley was explored), the working memory errors of the rats exposed to the drug, remained unchanged (P = 0.35), relative to the preceding three trials, while the performance of the control group was disrupted, as shown by an increase in the numbers of errors (P < 0.004). At day seven of treatment with drug, the emergence of exploratory behavior was associated with an increased density and/or affinity of benzodiazepine receptors in cortex, hippocampus and brain stem, while three days after withdrawal of drug, when the exploratory behavior reached its peak, there was a reduction in GABA-enhanced binding of [3H]flunitrazepam in the cortex.
Phenomenological trends for heavy fermi liquids and narrow-band metals III: Characteristic temperatures

Abstract A correlation between the ratio of the Fermi temperature T F ∗ and the Debye temperature θ D and the occurrence of superconductivity or magnetic order is described. Values of T F ∗ /θ D ⪢ 1 are found to favor “conventional” superconductivity, whereas T F ∗ /θ D ≲ 1 favors magnetic order. “Heavy fermion” superconductivity is found to be restricted to the case T F ∗ /θ D
Beginning again: The impact of international adoption on the English language development of a preschooler

This case study investigates the English language development of a female preschooler who was adopted from China at age three years seven months and was four years 11 months at the time of assessment. Her language in a variety of contexts and her development with regard to typical monolingual preschoolers is discussed. Language samples, surveys, observations, interviews, formal assessments, and a storytelling experience are used to document her language development. Descriptive results for phonology, semantax, morphology, and pragmatics are reported. Factors affecting her English language development — external and individual — are explored. Findings suggest this case study fits the unique criteria of a ‘second first language’ learner. Specific characteristics of this type of bilingual learner are explored, as well as recommendations for practitioners and families.
Adgar's Gracial and Christian images of Jews in twelfth-century vernacular literature

This article concerns the adaptation and translation into the Anglo-Norman vernacular of an existing tradition of Latin miracles of the Virgin by the twelfth-century poet William Adgar. Adgar included many older ideas about Jews in his version of the stories, but also borrowed themes and language from contemporary courtly romance literature in order to suit his intended audience of lay nobles. In doing so, he portrayed Christian characters as the embodiment of loyalty and other courtly values. At the same time, he began to portray Jews according to courtly types of treachery. New implications emerged in his work about the general moral character of Jews, in contrast to previous works that commented mainly upon the nature of Jewish belief. Recent scholarship on Christian-Jewish relations in the twelfth century has begun to pay increasing attention to the movement of new Christian ideas about Jews outside of scholarly and ecclesiastical circles. The study of vernacular literature has an important place in this scholarly debate, since the move to the vernacular broadened the audience among which the new ideas about Jews could be spread.
Histochemical Fluorescence of Raphe Neurons: Selective Enhancement by Tryptophan

The histochemical fluorescence of those neurons in brainstem raphe nuclei which are presumed to contain serotonin is selectively and stereospecifically enhanced by L-tryptophan at doses that also produce an elevation in the concentration of serotonin. However, contrary to our assumptions, the increase in raphe fluorescence is not prevented by p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis. These results suggest that under some conditions derivatives of tryptophan other than, or in addition to, serotonin may be of significance in raphe neurons.
Determination of evapotranspiration from an alfalfa crop irrigated with saline waste water from an electrical power plant

Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when irrigated with saline waste water coming from the evaporation of fresh water in the cooling towers of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah, U.S.A. The primary goal is to dispose of the waste water from the power plant by irrigation and to maximize salt deposition in the soil, maximize crop ET, minimize runoff from the soil surface, and minimize leaching to the ground water. Using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method, alfalfa evapotranspiration was measured at an experimental site for each 20-minute period during the 1989 irrigation season. Using a simplified seasonal water balance, the results showed that cumulative irrigation plus rain was less than evapotranspiration for the 1989 irrigation season. This means that for the long term in addition to irrigation and precipitation some water was withdrawn from the soil for alfalfa crop water requirements (ETa). Short term evaluations showed that because of unforeseen heavy rain (thunder showers) in this mountainous area between irrigations, ETa was occasionally less than irrigation plus rain. This means the excess water was stored in the soil for later use. The average value for ETa/ETp (potential ET) for the 1989 irrigation season was 0.47 but occasionally the ratio was greater than unity. Short-term studies (Hanks et al. 1990 a) indicate that yield and ETa are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline irrigation water is applied. This method of investigation can be applied to any industrial processes which produce waste water.
Closure theorems without seminormality conditions

The authors give a variety of conditions under which there is no need to explicity require seminormality conditions in closure and lower closure theorems, and corresponding lower semicontinuity theorems. Both Lipschitz-type conditions and growth-type conditions are taken into consideration in classesL p andL ∞ .
A Classification and Coding System for Information Retrieval on Diagnosis and Therapy

The Wilmer Information System uses an updated hierarchical code derived from the ICD-9 code. The process of coding has been made as simple as possible by the development of Customized Coding Sheets containing the most commonly used diagnoses for each subspecialty. Interactive data entry and retrieval programs have been developed which allow great flexibility in precisely selecting either individual patients or groups of patients for chart review.
Assessing the Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids Using a Bio-Kinetic Model

Throughout the industrial age, natural resources have been turned into products no longer recognizable by microorganisms and enzymes converting natural substances into their basic building bocks. To make more environmentally friendly products, significant efforts are being made to develop biodegradable materials and technologies fully compatible with the environment. One of the concerns in these efforts is the evaluation of their biodegradability in laboratory environments within a short period. Currently, several ASTM and OECD biodegradation test methods are available for determining this environmental property, but they take a long time (28 days) and special biological knowledge is required. To resolve this problem, a bio-kinetic model was developed to predict the biodegradability of hydraulic fluids. This report presents how to develop a bio-kinetic model and its results are discussed in a comparison with the modified Sturm test (ASTM D 5864) and the Aerobic Closed Respirometer test (ASTM D 6731).
High-performance III-V MOSFETs enabled by atomic layer deposition

ALD, as a state-of-the-art oxide formation technique, provides unprecedented opportunity to study various deposited oxides or insulators on III-V materials. The interface property of oxides or insulators on III-V compound semiconductors is a very complex problem. The underlying reasons for these above experimental observations mostly are not well-understood. To find an excellent dielectric and gate stack on III-V materials in general still remains a big challenge for material and device research community.
Treatment and Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis within an Ambulatory Care Network

Background:Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite established guidelines for the care of PMO, the treatment and management of this disease remain suboptimal.Objective:To examine the treatment and management of PMO in a community-based ambulatory care setting.Methods:Women with a new diagnosis of PMO (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, code 733.01) were identified through the electronic health records (EHR) of a community-based ambulatory care network in northern California between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008. Patients were included if they were 65 years of age or older and had EHR activity 26 months or more after diagnosis. They were excluded if they had a diagnosis of osteoporosis (ICD-9:733.xx) prior to the study period. A retrospective review of the EHR and medical charts was performed to identify patients who were prescribed FDA-approved pharmacotherapy, who received bone mineral density (BMD) testing via dual-e...
Raptor and Rheb negatively regulate skeletal myogenesis through suppression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for skeletal myogenesis through controlling distinct cellular pathways. The importance of the canonical mTOR complex 1 signaling components, including raptor, S6K1, and Rheb, had been suggested in muscle maintenance, growth, and metabolism. However, the role of those components in myogenic differentiation is not entirely clear. In this study we have investigated the functions of raptor, S6K1, and Rheb in the differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts. We find that although mTOR knockdown severely impairs myogenic differentiation as expected, the knockdown of raptor, as well as Rheb, enhances differentiation. Consistent with a negative role for these proteins in myogenesis, overexpression of raptor or Rheb inhibits C2C12 differentiation. On the other hand, neither knockdown nor overexpression of S6K1 has any effect. Moreover, the enhanced differentiation elicited by raptor or Rheb knockdown is accompanied by increased Akt activation, elevated IRS1 protein levels, and decreased Ser-307 (human Ser-312) phosphorylation on IRS1. Finally, IRS1 knockdown eliminated the enhancement in differentiation elicited by raptor or Rheb knockdown, suggesting that IRS1 is a critical mediator of the myogenic functions of raptor and Rheb. In conclusion, the Rheb-mTOR/raptor pathway negatively regulates myogenic differentiation by suppressing IRS1-PI3K-Akt signaling. These findings underscore the versatility of mTOR signaling in biological regulations and implicate the existence of novel mTOR complexes and/or signaling mechanism in skeletal myogenesis.
Actions and interactions of the IGF system in Alzheimer's disease: review and hypotheses.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are pleiotrophic polypeptides affecting all aspects of growth and development. The IGF system, including ligands, receptors, binding proteins and proteases is also involved in pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer and degenerative conditions. In this review, the actions and interactions of the IGF system as it relates to Alzheimer's disease will be investigated.
Incorporating Health into Studies of Political Behavior: Evidence for Turnout and Partisanship

We argue that research on political behavior, including political participation, public opinion, policy responsiveness, and political inequality will be strengthened by studying the role of health. We then provide evidence that self-rated health status (SRHS) is associated with voter turnout and partisanship. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and General Social Survey (GSS), we find that people who report excellent health are more likely to vote and more likely to identify with the Republican Party. Moreover, the effects of health on voter turnout and partisanship appear to have both developmental and contemporaneous components. Taken together, our findings suggest that health inequalities may have significant political consequences.
REMARKS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF LUNIK-10 MAGNETOMETER RESULTS.

Comparison of measurements of earth magnetic tail performed by IMP-C and Lunik X satellites
Individual cultures of melanoma tumor infiltrating lymphocytes possess distinct patterns of reactivity with mutated antigens identified by whole exome sequencing of autologous tumors

The adoptive transfer of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can mediate the regression of tumors in up to 70% of patients with metastatic melanoma. These clinical trials have involved infusion of either bulk T cells generated by culturing cells from enzyme digests of fresh tumors in interleukin-2 (IL-2), or of T cells derived from small tumor fragments cultured in IL-2, that were subsequently expanded using the anti-CD3 antibody, OKT3, in the presence of irradiated feeder cells derived from peripheral blood. Individual fragment cultures may contain a more diverse repertoire of antigen reactivities, which may be advantageous in treating heterogeneous tumor populations. The diversity of antigen recognition by individual TIL fragment cultures has not, to date, been directly evaluated. The current study was carried out to evaluate antigen reactivity of individual fragment TIL cultures from patient 2369, who experienced a complete response to autologous TIL administration. Previous results indicated that the TIL that were administered to patient 2369 predominantly recognized two unique mutated tumor antigens. In the present study, fragment cultures were evaluated for their ability to recognize mutated candidate antigens identified by exomic sequencing encoded within tandem minigene constructs (TMGs) using recently described methods. The screening of twelve individual fragment cultures of the fresh tumor, two tumor digest cultures, and the bulk population of infused T cells for their ability to recognize TMGs encoding 162 mutated gene products resulted in the identification of two additional mutated antigens that were recognized in the context of multiple HLA restriction elements. Individual cultures recognized between zero to four of the mutated targets, and these antigens were recognized to varying degrees by individual cultures. Future studies will be directed towards evaluating TIL from additional patients for their ability to recognize mutated antigens expressed by autologous tumors in an attempt to generate cells that are more effective at mediating long-term tumor regressions.
Effects of heat release and buoyancy on flow structure and entrainment in turbulent nonpremixed flames

Particle image velocimetry was used to examine the velocity fields in the near- and far-field of the axisymmetric jet in co-flow under nonreacting and reacting conditions. The jets studied include nonreacting jets at Reo = 10,000 and 2,000 and flames at Reo = 10,000 and 37,500. Qualitatively, heat release was seen to impact the instantaneous flow structure over the first third of the flame length by restricting the large-scale movement of the jet. The instantaneous flow structure over the remainder of the flame length was less affected by heat release, a possible consequence of the lower density gradients. Heat release was seen to impact the mean characteristics of the flow by reducing the local Reynolds number by a factor of 10 over the length of the flame and reducing the global entrainment rate by ∼50%. In addition, heat release acted to narrow the jet width up to 20%, reduce the turbulence intensities up to 40%, and increase the centerline-velocities by factors of 2 to 3. The effects of buoyancy resulting from heat release were also examined and tended to counteract the effects of heat release by promoting entrainment and increasing turbulence intensity.
Radiative effects in space-based methanol/water droplet combustion experiments

The results from methanol/water droplet combustion experiments conducted on two separate spacebased investigations are analyzed and compared against the predictions of a detailed numerical model. These two investigations (Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion Investigations 1 and 2) were conducted aboard Space Shuttle Columbia missions STS-73 and STS-94 in November 1995 and July 1997, respectively. In these experiments, pure methanol droplets and methanol/water droplets of 2–7 mm were suspended on a silicon carbide fiber and ignited with a hot wire. In some cases, droplets burned for over 40 s, and flame extinction was observed at small but finite droplet diameters. In other cases, droplets ignited but the flames rapidly extinguished. Each of the experiments is compared against the results of a detailed numerical model that simulates the time-dependent, spherically symmetric combustion of a multicomponent liquid droplet in an infinite oxidizing environemnt. The model includes detailed chemistry, multicomponent molecular diffusion and radiative heat transfer. The model quantitatively reproduces (without modifications or adjustments) measured burning rate, flame position, and extinction diameter for a wide range of initial diameters and initial water content. The results show that the effect of radiative heat loss is significant in experiments with initial diameters greater than 3 mm. Specifically, decreased burning rate and a nonlinear increase in extinction diameter are observed with increasing initial diameter. Moreover, a critical radiative extinction diameter of 6 mm, predicted in a previous study for methanol droplet combustion in 1-atm air, is verified experimentally.
Bone Biomechanical Behavior in Adult Mice is Regulated by Osteoblast Gi Signaling in a Sex- and Site-Specific Manner

Osteoporosis decreases bone strength owing to loss of bone mass and deterioration in bone microstructure. The maintenance of bone mass and microstructure depends, at least in part, on the signaling and function of osteoblasts. For example, Gi-coupled signaling by G-protein coupled receptors endogenous to osteoblasts has been shown to restrict cortical and trabecular bone formation in female mice [1,2]. This suggests that inhibiting Gi-coupled signaling in osteoblasts may be an effective strategy for the development of anabolic osteoporosis therapies. However, it remains unclear whether inhibiting Gi-coupled signaling improves bone biomechanical behavior. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify the effect of Gi-coupled signaling on bone strength and bone stiffness; and 2) determine the effects of this signaling mechanism on cortical and trabecular microstructure and on the relationship between mechanical behavior and microstructure.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Optical gradient forces on colloidal crystals: generation of spatially complex structures

Abstract We show that the gradient force due to counterpropagating light beams can be used to create an experimentally realizable three-dimensional analog of the one-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova model.
Effects of a repetitive gaming intervention on upper extremity impairments and function in persons with chronic stroke: a preliminary study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and effects of an upper extremity gaming system on impairments, activity and participation restrictions in persons with chronic stroke. Method: Nine participants with chronic (5.4 SD 3 years after stroke) upper extremity impairment due to stroke completed 18 sessions over 6 weeks with the Hand Dance Pro™ gaming system that included trunk restraint. Measures collected at pretest and posttest included three-dimensional motion analysis of paretic upper extremity reaching, Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Data were analyzed across time, with effect sizes (Cohen’s d), and by categorizing participants with Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Assessment scores (mild >50/66, moderate 26–50/66 and severe <26/66). Results: Statistically, significant improvements and medium-to-large effect sizes from pretest to posttest were found with ipsilateral reaching kinematic outcomes of movement duration, mean velocity and elbow excu...
Fluid Modeling of Magnetized Plasmas

The simplified description given by fluid models of magnetized plasmas makes it possible to simulate large scale problems such as the interaction of the solar wind with the earth’s magnetic field. However, the accurate numerical solution of the fluid equations is made more difficult by the singular nature of the flow when magnetic reconnection occurs. During substorms, for example, details of small features of the flow in the magnetotail appear to cause changes in the global solutions. New methods for treating singular problems have been developed. Some of these are reviewed, including adaptive meshes and other tricks taken from fluid calculations. Several illustrative problems are described.
Etiology and treatment of pneumonia.

AbstractBackground.Lower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity among children. Among these infections pneumonia is the most serious illness and can be difficult to diagnose. The etiology of pneumonia is still partly unknown, primarily because of difficulty in obtaining adequat
Voluntary forgetting of a shared memory load

Seventy-three S-pairs were instructed to remember a list of words, half of which were valued 50 times more than the other half In each S-pair, one S, the assigner, decided whether he or his partner was responsible for remembering each word. Later Ss were asked to recall (Experiment 1) or recognize (Experiment 2) either their own or their partner’s words. Assigners in the recall experiment forgot more low- than high-valued words, and more of their partner’s than their own words. No such effects were obtained in the recognition experiment. A selective rehearsal explanation was offered for the assignees selective forgetting.
Compensation and band tailing effects in high power room temperature GaAs lasers

Abstract The introduction of compensating donors into the p-type side of vapour grown GaAs lasers showed that: (1) At room temperature, the density of states in the conduction band of uncompensated p-type GaAs was too high to permit the production of an inverted population at practical current levels. (2) The presence of a suitable degree of compensation produced a low density of states tail which permitted lasing action to occur at low current densities. (3) High light power output and optimum lasing characteristics were produced by a critical degree of compensation. (4) This critical compensation could be achieved by suitable thermal processing of solution grown and diffused lasers, but is more easily obtained by vapour phase epitaxy.
Electromagnetic scattering model for a tree trunk above a ground plane

Electromagnetic scattering from a tree trunk is of importance because of its application in microwave remote sensing of a forest stand. Physically, a tree trunk can be regarded as a stratified cylinder with corrugated outer layer above a dielectric ground plane. The bistatic scattering response of the cylinder is obtained by invoking two approximations. In the microwave region the height of the tree trunks are usually much larger than the wavelength. Therefore the interior fields in a finite length cylinder representing a tree trunk can be approximated with those of an infinite cylinder with the same physical and electrical radial characteristics. The equivalence principle is used to replace the cylinder with fictitious electric and magnetic surface currents. Also approximate image theory is used to account for the presence of the dielectric ground plane which simply introduces an image excitation wave and an image scattered field. The corrugated bark layer is modeled by an uniaxial anisotropic layer. When the diameter of the tree trunk is large compared to the wavelength the solution based on the eigenfunction expansion becomes in efficient and in this case an asymptotic solution (physical optics) is used to calculate the scattered field. >
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) as an Inhibitor of Prolactin Release

A series of experiments was performed on estrogen/progesterone-treated, ovariectomized rats to determine the site of the inhibitory effect of L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) on prolactin release. After intraarterial injection of L-[3H]dopa (150 μCi), [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE), [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA), and L-[3H]dopa were found in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Intra-arterial injection of L-dopa (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-related inhibition of prolactin release. The magnitude and the duration of inhibition of prolactin release were greater with increasing doses of L-dopa. Hypothalamic concentrations of endogenous DA were significantly increased 30 min after L-dopa (10 mg/kg) and were correlated with decreased serum prolactin levels at this time. Hypothalamic NE content was not affected. L-α-Methyldopa hydrazine, 20 mg/kg (Mk 486), a peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, injected 30 min before L-[3H]dopa injection, increased the concentration of L-[3H]dopa in th...
Design and characterization of a SiGe RFICs for millimeter-wave radiometers

This paper presents the design and characterization of SiGe RFICs for millimeter-wave radiometers. It is seen that SiGe technology results in high gain millimeter-wave amplifiers, high responsivity detectors and low overall 1/f noise, making it ideal for on-chip radiometers. Two example radiometer systems, one at W-band and one at D-band, are presented in detail.
Analysis of Access-to-Space Missions Utilizing On-Board Energy Management and Entropic Analysis

The overall objective of this study is the thermodynamically consistent quantification of second law and performance losses for vehicle configurations implemented or suggested for access-to-space missions and the development of the relationships between the mission entropy generation and overall mission performance. A full vehicle trajectory code utilizing simplified models for multi-stage rockets and air-breathing propulsion systems is developed and validated specifically for use as a testbed for second law-based theory and concepts. Results are shown in which a multi-stage rocket-powered vehicle and a rocket/air-breathing (combined cycle) vehicle are compared in detail, both in terms of conventional information as well as loss and energy utilization analysis incorporating the second law of thermodynamics. The analysis code is highly modular and improvements can and will be incorporated in terms of aerodynamics, propulsion, and sub-systems weights modeling.