cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-protection of Android systems from inter-component communication attacks

The current security mechanisms for Android apps, both static and dynamic analysis approaches, are insufficient for detection and prevention of the increasingly dynamic and sophisticated security attacks. Static analysis approaches suffer from false positives whereas dynamic analysis approaches suffer from false negatives. Moreover, they all lack the ability to efficiently analyze systems with incremental changes–such as adding/removing apps, granting/revoking permissions, and dynamic components' communications. Each time the system changes, the entire analysis needs to be repeated, making the existing approaches inefficient for practical use. To mitigate their shortcomings, we have developed SALMA, a novel self-protecting Android software system that monitors itself and adapts its behavior at runtime to prevent a wide-range of security risks. SALMA maintains a precise architectural model, represented as a Multiple-Domain-Matrix, and incrementally and efficiently analyzes an Android system in response to incremental system changes. The maintained architecture is used to reason about the running Android system. Every time the system changes, SALMA determines (1) the impacted part of the system, and (2) the subset of the security analyses that need to be performed, thereby greatly improving the performance of the approach. Our experimental results on hundreds of real-world apps corroborate SALMA's scalability and efficiency as well as its ability to detect and prevent security attacks at runtime with minimal disruption.
Deformations of overconvergent isocrystals on the projective line

Abstract Let k be a perfect field of positive characteristic and Z an effective Cartier divisor in the projective line over k with complement U. In this note, we establish some results about the formal deformation theory of overconvergent isocrystals on U with fixed “local monodromy” along Z. En route, we show that a Hochschild cochain complex governs deformations of a module over an arbitrary associative algebra. We also relate this Hochschild cochain complex to a de Rham complex in order to understand the deformation theory of a differential module over a differential ring.
Genome-wide polygenic risk predictors for kidney disease

A new study reports that genome-wide polygenic risk scores can identify individuals at risk of common complex diseases, such as coronary artery disease or type 2 diabetes, with comparable performance to that of monogenic mutation screens. These findings support the potential clinical utility of genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based risk stratification; however, several issues need to be addressed before this approach can be applied to kidney disease.
An Interdisciplinary Investigation of African Rock Art Images to Learn about Science & Culture: Blending Biology, Geology, History & Ethics

Image analysis of African rock art creates a unique opportunity to engage in authentic explorations of science and culture using rock art images as data. African rock art and its context provide insights into the intersection of science, scientific research, research ethics, intellectual property, law, government, economy, indigenous people, and crime. This article specifically considers the rock art and other cultural contributions of the San people of Southern Africa, which offer a rich interdisciplinary exploration of biology—including the climate and weather of biomes, plant biology, human physiology, and more. An understanding of the nature of science, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) is implicated.
Outcomes of Primary Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients Younger Than 65 Years Old

Purpose We compare clinical outcomes of primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) in patients 65 years old or younger with a matched control group of patients 70 years old or older. Methods Forty-three patients (17 men and 26 women) 65 years old or younger were retrospectively identified. The mean age was 60 years and average follow-up was 4.0 years. The most common surgical indication was rotator cuff arthropathy. Patients were sex- and diagnosis-matched to control patients 70 years old or older with a mean follow-up of 4.1 years. Active range of motion (ROM) and functional outcomes in the 2 groups were evaluated before and after surgery. Results Patients 65 years old or younger had significantly lower preoperative functional scores; preoperative ROM, however, was similar in the 2 groups. Both groups significantly improved in postoperative ROM and functional scores (with no difference in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index [SPADI]-130, Simple Shoulder Test [SST], University of California–Los Angeles [UCLA], and Constant scores); however, the younger cohort had lower functional scores; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) were significantly lower after surgery. The change in ROM and outcome measures before to after surgery was similar between groups. Similar complications and notching rates were seen between the groups at final follow-up. Conclusions An RTSA in patients 65 years old or younger improves ROM comparably with patients 70 years old or older. Younger patients have lower functional scores before and after surgery. An RTSA in younger patients improves pain and function but is associated with worse perceived outcomes. Type of study and level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Characteristics of Trap-Filled GaAs Photoconductive Switches Used in High Gain Pulsed Power Applications

We have presented experimental and simulation results for a SI GaAs and discussed the results in terms of the dominance of the trap levels in determining the I–V characteristics of the devices. Experimental results and simulation analyses indicate that, when subjected to neutron irradiation, there is an improvement in the hold-off characteristics of the devices, which may lead to higher voltage operation and thus an improvement in the rise time of the device. The maximum energy transferred to the load would increase, thereby improving the overall device characteristics. The filamentary conduction processes of the PCSS are more susceptible to failure if a large number of defect sites are formed in the device during a radiation transient. This is mainly because defects are expected to bring about inhomogeneous conduction.
Cultures of Authoritarianism and Resistance in Mexico and Brazil

This essay reviews the following works: Securing Sex: Morality and Repression in the Making of Cold War Brazil. By Benjamin A. Cowan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 311. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469627502. Contracultura: Alternative Arts and Social Transformation in Authoritarian Brazil. By Christopher Dunn. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 251. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469628516. Hotel Mexico: Dwelling on the ’68 Movement. By George F. Flaherty. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 299. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520291072. Speaking of Flowers: Student Movements and the Making and Remembering of 1968 in Military Brazil. By Victoria Langland. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 307. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822353126. Rebel Mexico: Student Unrest and Authoritarian Political Culture during the Long Sixties. By Jaime M. Pensado. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. Pp. xi + 213. $32.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780804797252. A Persistent Revolution: History, Nationalism, and Politics in Mexico since 1968. By Randal Sheppard. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 359. $39.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826358370.
Profiling Cell Type Abundance and Expression in Bulk Tissues with CIBERSORTx

CIBERSORTx is a suite of machine learning tools for the assessment of cellular abundance and cell type-specific gene expression patterns from bulk tissue transcriptome profiles. With this framework, single-cell or bulk-sorted RNA sequencing data can be used to learn molecular signatures of distinct cell types from a small collection of biospecimens. These signatures can then be repeatedly applied to characterize cellular heterogeneity from bulk tissue transcriptomes without physical cell isolation. In this chapter, we provide a detailed primer on CIBERSORTx and demonstrate its capabilities for high-throughput profiling of cell types and cellular states in normal and neoplastic tissues.
An uncontrolled pilot feasibility trial of an intuitive eating intervention for college women with disordered eating delivered through group and guided self‐help modalities

OBJECTIVE College women engage in high rates of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), and most do not receive treatment. Campuses lack resources to meet this need, thus accessible and affordable treatment options are important. Intuitive eating (IE) is gaining mainstream interest, but intervention research is scarce, with no known clinical trials in college women. This uncontrolled pilot trial examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an eight-week IE intervention delivered through two potentially accessible and affordable modalities: group and guided self-help (GSH). METHOD Racially and ethnically diverse college women (N = 71; <50% White) were recruited from a large public Mid-Atlantic university and randomized to group (n = 40) or GSH (n = 31). Assessments occurred at 0 (pre-test), 8 (post-test), and 16 weeks (follow-up). Group participants attended eight weekly 1.5-hour sessions. GSH participants engaged in self-study and had eight weekly 20-minute phone calls. RESULTS Both conditions demonstrated feasibility, with superior retention and attendance in GSH. Over 90% of those attending at least one session in either condition were retained through follow-up. Both conditions were highly acceptable, and produced medium to large reductions in DEBs, body dissatisfaction, and weight-bias internalization, and improvements in body appreciation, IE, and satisfaction with life from pre- to post-test, which were maintained at follow-up. DISCUSSION Results of this pilot are encouraging and support the development of a larger randomized controlled trial. Avenues for refinement include strategies to improve feasibility of the group condition, and conducting longer-term follow-up to examine maintenance of effects and the intervention's eating disorder prevention potential.
Facility Design Part II – Structure Considerations

Simulation facility design is emerging as new industry segment in the architectural, engineering, and design industry. While it is complex, many of the concepts can be borrowed from higher education, clinical settings, and education theory. Simulation facilities in healthcare seek to emulate an environment, at times clinical, that suits the desired outcomes and objectives of the training or assessment. The infrastructure to support these facilities differs from higher education or clinical environments, in that flexibility, storage, control, and debrief space must all be considered. As is the case in all facilities, flow and adjacencies (proximity of rooms) is also an important consideration. Following a basic premise that form follows function, having a good understanding of what the facility will be used for, in as granular terms as possible, will allow the designers to develop space(s) that meet the functional needs of the end-users.
metabCombiner: Paired Untargeted LC-HRMS Metabolomics Feature Matching and Concatenation of Disparately Acquired Data Sets.

LC-HRMS experiments detect thousands of compounds, with only a small fraction of them identified in most studies. Traditional data processing pipelines contain an alignment step to assemble the mea...
A Computationally Improved Heuristic Algorithm for Transmission Switching Using Line Flow Thresholds for Load Shed Reduction

We present a computationally improved heuristic algorithm for transmission switching (TS) to recover load shed. Research from the past showed that changing power system topology may control power flows and remove line congestion. Hence, TS may reduce the required load shed. One of the main challenges is to find a potential TS candidate in a suitable time. Here, we propose a novel heuristic method that is capable of finding the potential TS candidate faster than existing algorithms in literature. The proposed method is compatible with both the AC and DC optimal power flows (OPF). Three metrics are used to compare the proposed algorithm with the state-of-the-art from literature to show the speedup and accuracy achieved. The proposed method is implemented on the IEEE 30-bus system, PEGASE 89-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, and Polish 2383-bus system. The results on the large-scale Polish 2383-bus system shows that the proposed algorithm is scalable to large real-world systems. Parallel computing is implemented to further improve the computational performance of the proposed algorithm.
Putting the 'Exercise' Back in the Free Exercise

Laws that do no more than burden religious conscience, as opposed to laws that burden religious exercise, worship or ceremony, should be treated differently by judges when evaluating religious exemption claims under either statutory or constitutional law. When a law burdens conscience only, an exemption can be provided to religious objectors only if the same exemption is also provided to secular conscience objectors.
Forecasting US inflation by Bayesian model averaging

Recent empirical work has considered the prediction of inflation by combining the information in a large number of time series. One such method that has been found to give consistently good results consists of simple equal-weighted averaging of the forecasts from a large number of different models, each of which is a linear regression relating inflation to a single predictor and a lagged dependent variable. In this paper, I consider using Bayesian model averaging for pseudo out-of-sample prediction of US inflation, and find that it generally gives more accurate forecasts than simple equal-weighted averaging. This superior performance is consistent across subsamples and a number of inflation measures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of pediatric ocular trauma during the Covid-19 quarantine

Purpose : Eye injuries are the leading cause of vision loss for children in the US. Many of these injuries are preventable. We aim to determine whether the COVID-19 associated quarantine resulted in fewer and less severe pediatric ocular injuries. Methods : We conducted a retrospective review of patients with adnexal, anterior segment, posterior segment, and penetrating ocular injuries requiring surgical repair presenting between March 1- June 1, 2019 and March 1-June 1, 2020 to a tertiary referral pediatric emergency center. Results : 17 patients in 2019 compared to 15 in 2020 required surgery for ocular trauma during this time period. Average age was 7.27 (2019) and 9.58 (2020), and 15/17 (2019) and 11/15 (2020) were males. In both 2019 and 2020, the majority of cases were adnexal (88% and 53% respectively), most injuries were related to sharp objects (65% and 93%) and the most common etiology was animal related (35% and 53%, respectively). While not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a higher number of animal- and pencilrelated injuries in 2020 compared to 2019. There was no significant difference in patient race/ethnicity, Medicaid status, age, or gender between 2019 and 2020, and, although there were fewer surgeries in 2020, the difference was not significant. However, there was a significant increase in number of patients in 2020 having last-recorded visual acuities worse than 20/40 in the injured eye with no patients in 2019, and 5 (33%) in 2020 having worse visual acuity. Conclusions : Quarantine restrictions, with a decrease in organized sports and in-person school, did not significantly change characteristics of pediatric ocular injuries requiring surgical repair in our patient population, although a trend toward increased animal- and pencil-related injuries could be related to more indoor activity. Substantial risk of visionthreatening injury occurs even with the absence of in-person school and organized sporting activity which may be associated with increased eye injury severity.
Medicaid expansion and variability in mortality in the USA: a national, observational cohort study

Summary Background The expansion of the Medicaid public health insurance programme has varied by state in the USA. Longer-term mortality and factors associated with variability in outcomes after Medicaid expansion are under-studied. We aimed to investigate the association of state Medicaid expansion with all-cause mortality. Methods This was a population-based, national, observational cohort study capturing all reported deaths among adults aged 25–64 years via death certificate data in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database in the USA from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2018. We obtained national demographic and mortality data for adults aged 25–64 years, and state-level demographics and 2010–18 mortality estimates for the overall population by linking federally maintained registries (CDC WONDER, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Health Resources and Services Administration, US Census Bureau, and Bureau of Labor Statistics). States were categorised as Medicaid expansion or non-expansion states as classified by the Kaiser Family Foundation. Multivariable difference-in-differences analysis assessed the absolute difference in the annual, state-level, all-cause mortality per 100 000 adults after Medicaid expansion. Findings Among 32 expansion states and 17 non-expansion states, Medicaid expansion was associated with reductions in all-cause mortality (−11·8 deaths per 100 000 adults [95% CI −21·3 to −2·2]). There was variability in changes in all-cause mortality associated with Medicaid expansion by state (ranging from −63·8 deaths per 100 000 adults [95% CI −134·1 to −42·9] in Delaware to 30·4 deaths per 100 000 adults [–39·8 to 51·4] in New Mexico). State-level proportions of women (−17·8 deaths per 100 000 adults [95% CI −26·7 to −8·8] for each percentage point increase in women residents) and non-Hispanic Black residents (−1·4 deaths per 100 000 adults [–2·4 to −0·3] for each percentage point increase in non-Hispanic Black residents) were associated with greater adjusted reductions in all-cause mortality among expansion states. Interpretation After 4 years of implementation, Medicaid expansion remains associated with significant reductions in all-cause mortality, but reductions are variable by state characteristics. These results could inform policy makers to provide broad-based equitable improvements in health outcomes. Funding University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases.
Prospective multicenter cohort study of estrogen and insulin-like growth factor system in BRCA mutation carriers.

Major clinical characteristics of BRCA1/2-related cancers include association with estrogen and metabolic consequences. We aimed to evaluate serum estradiol (E2) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels as a marker of insulin resistance in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and high-risk, BRCA-negative controls. Eligible cancer-free women (age 18–42 with regular menstrual cycles) who had been screened for BRCA1/2 mutations between 2005 and 2013 completed a questionnaire and underwent a single blood draw. E2 was measured with radioimmunoassay, and IGF-1 was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eighty-six women participated (44 carriers and 42 non-carriers) in this study. BRCA mutation carriers were significantly younger than non-carriers (p = 0.0002). Age-adjusted basal (menstrual cycle days 2–5) serum E2 level was not significantly different between BRCA mutation carriers and non-carriers (30.4 vs. 24.7 pg/mL, p = 0.07). BRCA mutation carriers have significantly lower age-adjusted serum IGF-1 levels compared to non-carriers (89.7 vs. 112.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001). In women with BRCA mutations, the risk of having low serum IGF-1 level (IGF-1: ≤85 ng/mL) was 10.7 times as great as that of women without BRCA mutations (95 % CI 2.5, 46.2). There was a significant inverse association between basal E2 and IGF-1 levels in BRCA mutation carriers after adjusting age and BMI (p = 0.03). IGF-1 level is significantly lower in cancer-free BRCA mutation carriers versus BRCA-negative controls, and there is a potential association between E2 and IGF-1 in cancer-free BRCA mutation carriers. Our findings may instigate future studies evaluating the role of both E2 and IGF-1 in BRCA mutation carriers.
The Art and Science of Psychotherapy

Foreword. Hofmann, Weinberger, The Art and Science of Psychotherapy: An Introduction. Part I: Theoretical Issues. Westen, Discovering What Works in the Community: Toward a Genuine Partnership of Clinicians and Researchers. Blais, Hilsenroth, Methodcentric Reasoning and the Empirically Supported Treatment Debates. Pachankis, Goldfried, An Integrative, Principle-based Approach to Psychotherapy. Nathan, Efficacy, Effectiveness, and the Clinical Utility of Psychotherapy Research. Stricker, The Local Clinical Scientist. Part II: Nonspecific and Common Factors. Weinberger, Rasco, Empirically Supported Common Factors. Clinton, Gierlach, Zack, Beutler, Castonguay, Toward the Integration of Technical Interventions, Relationship Factors, and Participants Variables. Ruiz-Cordell, Safran, Alliance Ruptures: Theory, Research and Practice. Arkowitz, Engle, Understanding and Working with Resistant Ambivalence in Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach. Part III: Treatments of Axis I Disorders. Ehrenreich, Buzzella, Barlow, General Principles for the Treatment of Emotional Disorders Across the Lifespan. Litz, Salters-Pedneault, The Art of Evidence-based Treatment of Trauma Survivors. Part IV: Treatments of Axis II Disorders. Shedler, Westen, Personality Diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Bridging the Gulf Between Science and Practice. Levy, Scott, The 'Art' of Interpreting the 'Science' and the 'Science' of Interpreting the 'Art' of the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Weinberger, Hofmann, Conclusions: Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom Let One Hundred Schools of Thought Contend.
Commentary: Regional Development of Russian Private Farms: A Comment

(1995). Commentary: Regional Development of Russian Private Farms: A Comment. Post-Soviet Geography: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 176-182.
The role of IFN-gamma in systemic lupus erythematosus: a challenge to the Th1/Th2 paradigm in autoimmunity.

The classification of T helper cells into type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) led to the hypothesis that Th1 cells and their cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, interferon [IFN]-γ) are involved in cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and that Th2 cells and their cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) are involved in autoantibody(humoral)-mediated autoimmune diseases. However, this paradigm has been refuted by recent studies in several induced and spontaneous mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus, which showed that IFN-γ is a major effector molecule in this disease. These and additional findings, reviewed here, suggest that these two cross-talking classes of cytokines can exert autoimmune disease-promoting or disease-inhibiting effects without predictability or strict adherence to the Th1-versus-Th2 dualism.
Quantitative determination of triazine herbicides in soils by bioassay.

Man in his efforts to achieve a better understanding of the world around him has continually faced the necessity of finding suitable techniques of study. In many instances, he has utilized the responses of living organisms to gain the desired knowledge through biological assay methods. According to Finney (1947), “The term biological assay in its widest sense should be understood to mean the measurement of the potency of any stimulus, physical, chemical or biological, physiological or psychological, by means of the reactions which it produces in living matter.” A substantial portion of present-day research involves, under this definition, the use of the biological assay. The purpose of this review is to consider the use of bioassays specifically for the quantitative determination of triazine herbicides in soil.
Fluid coupled optomechanical oscillators

We demonstrate an optomechanical resonator operating in transparency window of water with optical Q beyond 1.5 million, which allows the detection of mechanical motion at 15am/rtHz resolution with attogram mass sensitivity in liquid environment.
5-Demethylnobiletin inhibits colon carcinogenesis in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice (123.3)

Our previous studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects of 5-demethylnobiletin (5DN, a unique citrus flavonoid) in cultured colon cancer cells. Herein, we determined effects of 5DN on colitis-ass...
Defective TFH Cell Function and Increased TFR Cells Contribute to Defective Antibody Production in Aging.

Summary Defective antibody production in aging is broadly attributed to immunosenescence. However, the precise immunological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate an increase in the ratio of inhibitory T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells to stimulatory T follicular helper (TFH) cells in aged mice. Aged TFH and TFR cells are phenotypically distinct from those in young mice, exhibiting increased programmed cell death protein-1 expression but decreased ICOS expression. Aged TFH cells exhibit defective antigen-specific responses, and programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 blockade can partially rescue TFH cell function. In contrast, young and aged TFR cells have similar suppressive capacity on a per-cell basis in vitro and in vivo. Together, these studies reveal mechanisms contributing to defective humoral immunity in aging: an increase in suppressive TFR cells combined with impaired function of aged TFH cells results in reduced T-cell-dependent antibody responses in aged mice.
Spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton iron limitation along the California coast and consequences for Si, N, and C biogeochemistry

[1] Iron limitation was investigated along the Northern California coast in the summer of 1999. Small-volume (1 l) shipboard iron addition bottle experiments were performed at 44 stations to gain the greatest possible temporal and spatial coverage of the area. Parameters measured in these 4-day incubations included size-fractionated chlorophyll a and particulate nutrients (C, N, and Si). Degrees of community iron limitation were quantified and compared using various iron limitation indexes, calculated as the ratio of chlorophyll a, particulate organic nitrogen, or particulate organic carbon produced in Fe-amended bottles to the amounts produced in controls. Iron limitation occurred most frequently and was most severe on stations off the continental shelf, away from sedimentary sources of iron, as well as during relaxation events in aged upwelled water. Size-fractionated chlorophyll a data did not suggest large Fe-mediated changes in phytoplankton community composition. Fe limitation reduced phytoplankton production of particulate organic nitrogen and carbon, but had much less effect on biogenic silica production. The result is an increase in particulate Si:N and Si:C ratios of control samples, which were frequently double those of Fe-amended samples. Particulate C:N ratios also decreased under Fe limitation, indicating that iron availability exerts a strong control on C, N, and Si elemental composition of phytoplankton, and thus on the biogeochemical cycling of these nutrients in the California upwelling region.
Gnothi: separating data and metadata for efficient and available storage replication

This paper describes Gnothi, a block replication system that separates data from metadata to provide efficient and available storage replication. Separating data from metadata allows Gnothi to execute disk accesses on subsets of replicas while using fully replicated metadata to ensure that requests are executed correctly and to speed up recovery of slow or failed replicas. Performance evaluation shows that Gnothi can achieve 40-64% higher write throughput than previous work and significantly save storage space. Furthermore, while a failed replica recovers, Gnothi can provide about 100- 200% higher throughput, while still retaining the same recovery time and while guaranteeing that recovery eventually completes.
Dyskeratosis congenita caused by a novel TERT point mutation in siblings with pancytopenia and exudative retinopathy

Two siblings presenting with exudative retinopathy, thrombocytopenia, and macrocytosis were found to have markedly shortened telomeres and a previously unreported inherited mutation in TERT, c.2603A>G. Revesz syndrome, a subtype of dyskeratosis congenita (DC) caused by TINF2 mutation, combines marrow failure with exudative retinopathy, intracranial calcifications, and neurocognitive impairment. As our patients manifested neither intracranial calcification nor significant neurocognitive impairment, we conclude that the c.2603A>G TERT mutation may define a subtype of DC manifesting first as exudative retinopathy without other signs of DC. Children with exudative retinopathy should be periodically screened for macrocytosis and cytopenias to evaluate for underlying DC.
Effect of Cuticle Treatments on Infection of Phaseolus vulgaris by Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of stem canker of beans, does not commonly infect beans more than two weeks old. Treatment of the cuticular layer by abrasion or chloroform rinsing results in decreased cuticular autofluorescence and the ability of stains to penetrate the hypocotyl surface. Infection cushions preferentially formed near these treated areas on both young and old plants. The morphology of infection cushions on older plants is simpler than those found on young, susceptible plants, but they are fully competent to form lesions. Zusammenfassung Auswirkung von Behandlungen der Kutikula auf die Infektion von Phaseolus vulgaris durch Rhizoctonia sohni Rhizoctonia solani, das ursachliche Agens der Stengelfaule bei Bohnen, infiziert gewohnlich nicht Bohnen, die alter als zwei Wochen sind. Die Behandlung der kutikularen Schicht durch Abreiben oder durch Spulen mit Chloroform ergab in der verminderten Kutikula eine Autofluoreszenz und die Fahigkeit von Farbemittein in die Hypocotyloberflache einzudringen. Infektionskissen bildeten sich vorzugsweise nahe dieser behandelten Bereiche sowohl bei jungen als auch bei alten Pflanzen. Die Morphologie der Infekrionskissen auf alteren Pflanzen ist einfacher als die, die in jungen und anfalligen Pflanzen gefunden wurde, sie waren aber voll in der Lage Lasionen auszubilden.
Environmental Hazard of Selenium in the Animas La Plata Water Development Project

A hazard assessment of selenium was conducted for the Animas La Plata Project, a multiple-use water development proposed for Colorado and New Mexico by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. A published protocol for aquatic hazard assessment of selenium was applied to environmental monitoring data to assess current threats to biota in the water supply rivers (Animas, La Plata, and Mancos Rivers). Hazard evaluations were also made for two proposed reservoirs (Ridges Basin and Southern Ute Reservoirs) based on estimated concentrations of selenium. The assessment protocol indicated moderate hazard in the Animas and La Plata Rivers, and high hazard in the Mancos River and both of the proposed reservoirs. These ratings indicate that the risk of selenium poisoning in fish and aquatic birds is substantial. Moreover, the geology and climate of this site make it prone to irrigation-induced selenium contamination of water and biota. The water supplies already contain dangerously high concentrations of selenium that may increase further due to agricultural irrigation drainage. The stage is set for significant environmental problems unless a development scenario can be devised that will effectively reduce ecological risks.
Summer temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age inferred from varved proglacial lake sediments in southern Alaska

For the heavily glaciated mountains of southern Alaska, few high-resolution, millennial-scale proxy temperature reconstructions are available for comparison with modern temperatures or with the history of glacier fluctuations. Recent catastrophic drainage of glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake, on the northern margin of the Bagley Icefield, exposed subaerial outcrops of varved lacustrine sediments that span the period 442–1998 AD. Here, an updated chronology of varve thickness measurements is used to quantitatively reconstruct melt-season temperature anomalies. From 1958 to 1998, varve thickness has a positive and marginally significant correlation with May–June temperatures at the nearest coastal measurement stations. Varve sensitivity to temperature has changed over time, however, in response to lake level changes in 1957 and earlier. I compensate for this by log-transforming the varve thickness chronology, and also by using a 400-year-long tree-ring-based temperature proxy to reconstruct melt-season temperatures at Iceberg Lake. Regression against this longer proxy record is statistically weak, but spans the full range of occupied lake levels and varve sensitivities. Reconstructed temperature anomalies have broad confidence intervals, but nominally span 1.1°C over the last 1500+ years. Maximum temperatures occurred in the late twentieth century, with a minimum in the late sixth century. The Little Ice Age is present as three cool periods between 1350 and 1850 AD with maximum cooling around 1650 AD. A Medieval Warm Period is evident from 1000 to 1100 AD, but the temperature reconstruction suggests it was less warm than recent decades—an observation supported by independent geological evidence of recent glacier retreat that is unprecedented over the period of record.
RELATIONSHIP AND PREDICTION OF INFANT TESTS

Summary This study was designed to evaluate how a series of measures made on 77 infants at ages 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months could be used to predict measures made at about 5 years of age. The analytical procedures were selected to be sensitive to differences among individuals in the function that relates test performance to age. Neither evidence for such heterogeneity nor incremental validity of the measures made at 18 months and earlier was obtained. It is concluded that the Gesell Developmental Schedule, the Cattell Infant intelligence Scale, and the California Infant Scale of Motor Development, administered at 18 months and earlier, are invalid both as static indicators of later performance and as dynamic indicators of development.
Almost sure asymptotic stability of scalar stochastic delay equations: Finite state Markov process

In this paper, we study the almost-sure asymptotic stability of scalar delay differential equations with random parametric fluctuations which are modeled by a Markov process with finitely many states. The techniques developed for the determination of almost-sure asymptotic stability of finite dimensional stochastic differential equations will be extended to delay differential equations with random parametric fluctuations. For small intensity noise, we construct an asymptotic expansion for the exponential growth rate (the maximal Lyapunov exponent), which determines the almost-sure stability of the stochastic system.
The Development, Validity, and Reliability of the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire.

This report outlines the development, validity, and reliability of Part A of the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Part A permits assessment of individuals' functioning on each of five dimensions (social, economic, mental health, physical health and self-care capacity), the detailed information in each area being summarized on a 6-point rating scale by a rater. Content and consensual validity were ensured by the manner of construction. Information on criterion validity was obtained for all dimensions except social. The criterion used and their associated Kendall's Tau values were: an objective economic scale (.62); ratings based on personal interviews by geropsychiatrists (.60); physician's associates (.82); and physical therapists (.89). For 11 geographically dispersed raters from research and clinic settings, intraclass correlational coefficients, based on 30 subjects, ranged from .66 on physical health to .87 in self-care capacity; 74% of the ratings were in complete agreement, 24% differed by one point.
Factor structure, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the NIH toolbox cognitive health battery (NIHTB-CHB) in adults

The objective of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the NIH Neurobehavioral Toolbox Cognitive Health Battery (NIHTB-CHB) in adults. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the dimensional structure underlying the NIHTB-CHB and Gold Standard tests chosen to serve as concurrent validity criteria for the NIHTB-CHB. These results were used to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the NIHTB-CHB in adults ranging from 20 to 85 years of age. Five dimensions were found to explain the correlations among NIHTB-CHB and Gold Standard tests: Vocabulary, Reading, Episodic Memory, Working Memory and Executive Function/Processing Speed. NIHTB-CHB measures and their Gold Standard analogues defined factors in a pattern that broadly supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the NIHTB-CHB tests. This 5-factor structure was found to be invariant across 20-60 year old (N=159) and 65-85 year old (N=109) age groups that were included in the current validity study. Second order Crystallized Abilities (Vocabulary and Reading) and Fluid Abilities (Episodic Memory, Working Memory, Executive/Speed) factors parsimoniously explained correlations among the five first order factors. These results suggest that the NIHTB-CHB will provide both fine-grained and broad characterization of cognition across the adult age span.
Binding of Myosin Cross-Bridges to Thin Filaments of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

Cross-linking of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) with a molar excess of actin in vitro reveals the presence of an actin-S1-actin complex. It is absolutely essential that actin be present in molar excess over S1 so that the decoration of F-actin with S1 be incomplete. However, the excess of actin may not be available in the overlap zone of sarcomeres of skeletal muscle. We therefore found it necessary to test for the presence of the actin-S1-actin complex in vivo. Myofibrils from rabbit skeletal muscle were reacted with zero-length cross-linker, the products were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by Western blots using antibodies against actin and against heavy and light chains of myosin. The cross-linking produced the evidence of formation of actin-S1-actin complex.
Regulation of film thickness, surface roughness and porosity in thin film growth using deposition rate

This work focuses on distributed control of film thickness, surface roughness and porosity in a porous thin film deposition process using the deposition rate as the manipulated input. The deposition process includes adsorption and migration processes and it is modeled via kinetic Monte Carlo simulation on a triangular lattice with vacancies and overhangs allowed to develop inside the film. A distributed parameter (partial differential equation) dynamic model is derived to describe the evolution of the surface height profile of the thin film accounting for the effect of deposition rate. The dynamics of film porosity, evaluated as film site occupancy ratio, are described by an ordinary differential equation. The developed dynamic models are then used as the basis for the design of a model predictive control algorithm that includes penalty on the deviation of film thickness, surface roughness and film porosity from their respective set-point values. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control approach in the context of the deposition process under consideration.
Design Process Error-Proofing: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of the Design Process

This paper presents a new application of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on product development processes. Our research develops error-proofing methods for product development processes to prevent serious design errors that compromise project features, time, or cost. Design process FMEA categorizes design errors in six areas: knowledge, analysis, communication, execution, change, and organization errors. The paper explains the method, illustrates it with an example, and discusses its effectiveness. The paper concludes with the proposed work to address the existing lack of a systematic approach to design process error-proofing.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Preventive and corrective maintenance of access to knowledge

Access to large portions of our knowledge is unstable, so that recall fluctuates depending upon momentary context. Laboratory interventions can stabilize access for a time, either by preventing the loss of precarious access (preventive maintenance) or by re-establishing lost access (corrective maintenance). This paper describes two methods of measuring the magnitude and duration of such intervention effects. Preventive maintenance effects are measured by the degree and the persistence of asymmetry of up- versus down-fluctuations on successive attempts to recall. The preventive maintenance effect of a single successful recall trial has a half-life in excess of 1 month. The methods are suitable for comparing the effectiveness of various schedules and types of maintenance interventions for a variety of semantic memory content and for diverse subject populations.
Differentiation of muscle fiber types in the chicken hindlimb

The differentiation of myotubes into fiber types was studied by examining the ATPase staining characteristics of chicken embryo thigh muscles. Two distinct fiber types, designated type IEMB and IIEMB, could be distinguished as early as stage 29. Paralysis of the embryo with d-tubocurarine prevented the differentiation of type IEMB but not type IIEMB characteristics. The two embryonic fiber types differed from each other, and mature type I and II fibers, in the acid and alkali labilities of their ATPases. Myotubes which were type IEMB at stage 29 matured into type I fibers, whereas those which were type IIEMB predominantly but not exclusively developed into type II fibers. The process of maturation involved sequential changes in the staining characteristics of the myotubes. Thus, the ultimate fiber type of a myotube can be detected long before it expresses its mature characteristics.
Strange eigenmodes and decay of variance in the mixing of diffusive tracers

We prove the existence of asymptotic spatial patterns for diffusive tracers advected by unsteady velocity fields. The asymptotic patterns arise from convergence to a time-dependent inertial manifold in the underlying advection–diffusion equation. For time-periodic velocity fields, we find that the inertial manifold is spanned by a finite number of Floquet solutions, the strange eigenmodes, observed first numerically by Pierrehumbert. These strange eigenmodes only admit a regular asymptotic expansion in the diffusivity if the velocity field is completely integrable.
Principles of emergency ultrasound and echocardiography

Ultrasound is a form of imaging that addresses many needs in emergency medicine. It is fast, accurate, safe, noninvasive, and painless. It rapidly diagnoses immediately life-threatening conditions and reduces the number of invasive or delayed diagnostic methods. However, successful imaging requires an understanding of ultrasonic principles. The physical principles of ultrasound imaging with emphasis on its limitations and the benefits of emergency echocardiography are highlighted.
Effect of Chitin as Coagulating Aid on Protein Yield, Composition and Functionality of Tomato Seed Protein Concentrates

The effectiveness of chitin as coagulating aid, protein coagulants and coagulation temperatures in recovering tomato seed proteins, and their effect on composition and emulsion properties of tomato seed protein concentrates (TSPC) were investigated. Citric acid, hydrochloric acid, or a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid were used and chitin addition ranged from 0 to 1.0% (protein basis). Coagulation temperatures employed were 25°C, 60°C or 95°C. Samples with no chitin added resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower protein yields than samples with chitin addition. Ash content of the TSPC was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by chitin addition and coagulation temperature. Lowest crude fat content was obtained with citric acid at 25°C. Lowry protein and total nitrogen was highest without chitin addition. Samples coagulated at 25°C showed highest emulsion ability and emulsion stability. The least stable emulsions were produced with hydrochloric acid. Chitin addition did not affect emulsion properties.
Pervasive monitoring to support reflective learning

Reflection on daily work practices can support informal learning and continuous improvement of work practices. This dissertation aims at supporting reflection by employing sensors and corresponding data visualizations to make employees ask the right questions about their work. Two tools have been developed and initial studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of psychophysiological sensors and proximity sensing for employees in the healthcare domain. The main contribution of this work is the connection of reflective learning and wearable sensors with the goal to persuade employees to reflect. The resulting tools will be evaluated in real work settings.
Comparison of train-of-four and posttetanic response as guides for endotracheal intubation in children.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate and compare the predictive values of the absence of train-of-four (TOF) or Posttetanic response as guides for endotracheal intubation in children. Design: Prospective controlled study in children. Setting: Induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation at a university-affiliated hospital. Patients: Thirty pediatric patients age 1 to 10 years, ASA physical status I, who were undergoing elective surgery were divided into two equal groups. Interventions: Anesthesia was induced with halothane and maintained at 1% inspired concentration. Fifteen children were stimulated with the TOF (2 Hz for 2 seconds) technique and 15 with the twitch-tetanus-twitch sequence. All the patients received atracurium 0.4 mg/kg. Upon abolishment of the TOF or tetanus-twitch sequence, endotracheal intubation was performed and the conditions for intubation were evaluated. Measurements and Main Results: In the group of Patients stimulated by the TOF technique, the neuromuscular response was ablated in 1.7 ± 0.1 minutes, a significantly shorter time than in those stimulated by the tetanus-twitch sequence (4.0 ± 0.4 minutes; p Conclusions: Good intubating conditions can generally be counted on when the TOF has disappeared; additional waiting for the disappearance of posttetanic response is unnecessary. The observation that the disappearance of the tetanus-twitch sequence is a good indicator of deep neuromuscular blockade during recovery from atracurium in children cannot be extrapolated to the induction period.