cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of defects in induction motors through air-gap torque observation

This paper suggests a method to monitor defects such as cracked rotor bars and the shorted stator coils in induction motors. Air-gap torque can be calculated while the motor is running. No special down time for measurement is required. Data of the air-gap torque for a motor should be periodically kept for comparison purposes. Since more data than just a line current are taken, this method offers other potential possibilities that cannot be handled by examining only a line current. The theoretical foundation for this proposed method is presented. Experiments conducted on a 5-hp motor show the validity and potential of this approach. Further studies are planned to extend the proposed method in detail and to monitor defects developed in other types of rotating machines. >
Methodological Advances Permit the Stereocontrolled Construction of Diverse Fully Synthetic Tetracyclines Containing an All-Carbon Quaternary Center at Position C5a

Here we describe chemical innovations that enable the preparation of fully synthetic tetracyclines containing an all-carbon quaternary, stereogenic center at position C5a, a structurally novel class of compounds in this important family of therapeutic agents. In the key transformation and an important extension of the powerful Michael–Claisen cyclization (AB plus D) approach to the construction of fully synthetic tetracyclines, we show that the six-membered C ring comprising a C5a quaternary carbon center can be assembled by highly stereocontrolled coupling reactions of β-substituted AB enones and o-toluate ester anion D-ring precursors. Novel and versatile β-functionalization reaction sequences employing tris(methylthio)methyllithium and 2-lithio-1,3-dithiane have been developed to transform the AB enone 1 (the key precursor to fully synthetic tetracyclines) into a diverse range of β-substituted AB enone products, including a highly efficient, single-operation method for the synthesis of a β-methyl ester-substituted AB enone. A C5a–C11a-bridged cyclopropane tetracycline precursor was found to undergo efficient and regioselective ring-opening reactions with a range of nucleophiles in the presence of magnesium bromide, thus providing another avenue for the preparation of fully synthetic tetracyclines containing an all-carbon quaternary center at position C5a. Two compounds prepared from the bridged cyclopropane intermediate served as (further) diversifiable branch-points, allowing maximally expedient synthesis of C5a-substituted tetracyclines by final-step diversification.
Total transfer capability computation for multi-area power systems

This paper presents a method for multi-area power system total transfer capability (TTC) computation. This computation takes into account the limits on the line flows, bus voltage magnitude, generator reactive power, voltage stability, as well as the loss of line contingencies. The multi-area TTC problem is solved by using a network decomposition approach based on REI-type network equivalents. Each area uses REI equivalents of external areas to compute its TTC via the continuation power flow (CPF). The choice and updating procedure for the continuation parameter employed by the CPF is implemented in a distributed but coordinated manner. The proposed method leads to potential gains in the computational efficiency with limited data exchanges between areas. The developed procedure is successfully applied to the three-area IEEE 118-bus test system. Numerical comparisons between the integrated and the proposed multi-area solutions are presented for validation
Recommendations for Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity

In this article, we review evidence about the treatment of obesity that may have applications in primary care, community, and tertiary care settings. We examine current information about eating behaviors, physical activity behaviors, and sedentary behaviors that may affect weight in children and adolescents. We also review studies of multidisciplinary behavior-based obesity treatment programs and information about more aggressive forms of treatment. The writing group has drawn from the available evidence to propose a comprehensive 4-step or stagedcare approach for weight management that includes the following stages: (1) Prevention Plus; (2) structured weight management; (3) comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention; and (4) tertiary care intervention. We suggest that providers encourage healthy behaviors while using techniques to motivate patients and families, and interventions should be tailored to the individual child and family. Although more intense treatment stages will generally occur outside the typical office setting, offices can implement less intense intervention strategies. We not ony address specific patient behavior goals but also encourage practices to modify office systems to streamline office-based care and to prepare to coordinate with professionals and programs outside the office for more intensive interventions.
Compensatory Postresectional Hyperplasia and Starvation Atrophy in Small Bowel: Dissociation from Endogenous Gastrin Levels

Because exogenous gastrin has been implicated as a tropic * hormone for mucosal cells of the intestinal tract and as a regulator of mucosal growth, we studied the effects on the gut of endogenous 23-fold variations of serum gastrin produced by various gastric operations. These were pyloroplasty, vagotomy and pyloroplasty, antrectomy, and fundectomy. After jejunal resection, RNA content, DNA content, incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA, crypt depth, and villus height in midgut and ileum were independent of gastrin levels. Loss of RNA and DNA during starvation was not prevented by high endogenous concentrations of serum gastrin, and DNA specific activity was not affected. Tropic effects distal to the duodenum produced by exogenous gastrin and pentagastrin may be results of supranormal levels.
Energy price shocks and economic activity: Which energy price series should we be using?

There is not one primary energy market and the price of oil is not a good proxy for many alternative energy prices. Therefore, this paper explores the effects of alternative energy price shocks on economic activity, and examines the relative performance of these alternative measures in predicting state level economic activity using the Davidson and MacKinnon J-test. The alternative energy price series considered are as follows: gasoline, diesel, natural gas, heating oil, and electricity. Alternative measures of energy price shocks produce different patterns of impulse responses than oil price shocks. Additionally, overwhelming evidence indicates that alternative energy price models, excluding models containing the price of gasoline, outperform the baseline model containing the price of oil for many states, particularly at short-to-mid forecast horizons. Using alternative energy prices should lead to a more accurate modeling of the energy price–macroeconomy relationship.
Hot Button Civil Evidence Issues: The 2011 Allerton Conference

The 2011 Allerton Conference of the Illinois State Bar Association considered possible evidence law changes to the Illinois Evidence Rules and to the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure in light of the implementation of a new set of Evidence Rules on January 1, 2011. Discussions at the conference centered on audio, visual and photo evidence; special electronic evidence laws; the discovery and evidence deposition dichotomy, unique to Illinois; evidence spoliation, including retention duties and judicial sanctions; admitting medical bills and records; inadvertent waivers of attorney – client privileges; discovery and cross examination involving expert witness bias; and, the Illinois General Assembly and the Illinois Supreme Court processes for changing civil evidence laws.After reviewing conference discussions and the questionnaire results, there follows recommendations for further evidence law reforms. Proposals for changes statewide involved foundational guidelines for admitting website contents; evidence preservation duties, especially electronically stored information; and inadvertent waivers of attorney-client privileges. Local court rulemaking seemed more appropriate for changes involving the admissibility of discovery depositions (i.e., what constitutes a “rare” case under Rule 212(a)(5)) and cross examinations of expert witnesses.
CMS forward calorimeters Phase II Upgrade

The Phase II Upgrade of the CMS forward calorimeters (electromagnetic and hadronic) originates from the fact that these calorimeters will not be sufficiently performant with the expected High Luminosity LHC conditions, planned to be started in 2025. The major challenge is to preserve/improve the high performance of the current forward detectors with new devices that can withstand the unprecedented radiation levels and disentangle the very large event pileup. CMS elected two design concepts to be presented in the Phase II Upgrade Technical Proposal: Shashlik electromagnetic calorimeter + Hadronic Endcap Rebuild, and High Granularity Calorimeter. The former concept is based on reconstructing the endcap electromagnetic calorimeter with a shashlik design and replacing the active media of the endcap hadron calorimeter with radiation tolerant active media with a possibility to extend the coverage. The latter concept is concentrating on constructing a high granularity (both longitudinally and laterally) calorimeter system with silicon as the active medium for the electromagnetic and the front hadronic sections, and scintillator tiles in the backing hadronic section; all interleaved with absorbers in a sampling calorimeter setup. Here we concentrate on the need for the upgrade, major challenges and the proposed R&D concepts suitable for the Phase II upgrade framework with recent information about the beam tests and laboratory measurements.
Stereotyping and the Media

A stereotype is a trait, characteristic, notion, even belief that one has or believes about a person of a given demographic group which is then generalized to the whole group. Individuals stereotype one another for any number of reasons including ignorance, bias, prejudice, etc. However, many people stereotype because the world in which we live is so large and complex that it is difficult to understand. Therefore, stereotyping provides a means to group and attempt to manage fields of information which are overwhelming.
Flash boiling from carbon foams for high-heat-flux transient cooling

Flash boiling of a liquid pool results in an event characterized by rapid phase change and, as a result, high rates of expansion and cooling. Because of the potential advantages of such characteristics for convective heat transfer, flash boiling is considered here for the purpose of cooling transient heat loads. The event has the positive characteristics mentioned as well as rapid response (∼10 ms) and high initial rates of phase change, and then quickly decays to a steady-state regime analogous to pool boiling. The performance of the cooling mechanism is evaluated using an objective function derived from the effect of temperature on the efficiency of optical transmission in a diode-pumped solid-state laser. Statistical surrogate models based on the experimental results are used to predict optimal run conditions. Experiments using these predicted parameters show that flash boiling can maintain device temperature to within ±6.1 °C through a pulsed 5 s heat flux of 68 W cm−2 and to within ±1.4 °C for a heat...
Gendering the Search for Wellbeing

The appeal of the holistic health sphere pertains to congruence between the discourse of wellbeing and prevalent conceptualizations of the self. As the previous chapter outlined, the discourse of wellbeing makes sense because it reproduces important ideals relating to understandings of normal and desirable selfhood: individual uniqueness, agency, self-responsibility, reflexivity and self-fulfilment. Here I look further into the ways in which complementary and alternative health practices make sense also in relation to changing ideas of gender in detraditionalizing societies. As such, this chapter continues to develop one of the major themes of this book: that the acceptability and appeal of health practices is interconnected with the lives, identities and values of people turning to these practices.
1 – Introduction and Overview

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the optical properties, composition, and vertical structure of the Earth's atmosphere; the major wind systems; and the climatological-mean distribution of precipitation. The chapter introduces some of the terminology and conventions that will be used in performing calculations involving amounts of mass and rates of movement. The Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent to incoming solar radiation and opaque to outgoing radiation emitted by the Earth's surface. The blocking of outgoing radiation by the atmosphere, popularly referred to as the “greenhouse effect,” keeps the surface of the Earth warmer than it would be in the absence of an atmosphere. Much of the absorption and reemission of outgoing radiation are due to air molecules, but cloud droplets also play a significant role. The radiation emitted to space by air molecules and cloud droplets provides a basis for remote sensing of the three-dimensional distribution of temperature and various atmospheric constituents using satellite borne sensors. The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of gases in different proportions, where fractional concentration by volume is the same as that based on numbers of molecules, or partial pressures exerted by the gases.
Regulatory responses to international patent exhaustion

This Chapter first summarizes the argument for international exhaustion. Next it describes the doctrinal landscape in the U.S., showing how the limits of exhaustion doctrine are shaped by concerns about the proper control accompanying a patent right in future market transactions, not about the geographic scope of control. This Chapter addresses both the economic argument against international patent exhaustion and the industry-specific example of pharmaceutical patents. Arguments that rely on the benefits of geographic price discrimination fail to account for other types of price discrimination that are potentially more desirable. In terms of access to medicine, an international exhaustion rule would be superimposed upon a heavily-regulated field. This Chapter concludes by exploring how already-existent regulatory regimes might counteract a rule of international exhaustion in the industry in which its gains are least apparent and its losses potentially gravest.
Community Structures in Networks of Disaggregated Cargo Flows to Maritime Ports

We investigate community structures in disaggregated cargo flows that are part of the global maritime trade. Individual origin–destination flows of containerized cargo on the hinterland-side of the global maritime trade collectively form a complex and large-scale network. We use community-detection algorithms to identify natural communities that exist in such highly asymmetric networks. The analysis compares the structures that are identified in two geographic regions: China and Europe. We trace shipments by their trajectory patterns considering domestic movement, cross-country movement, and trans-shipments. Then we use the Infomap and Walktrap algorithms to detect structural equivalence between shipments from hinterland cities to port cities. Data consist of individual flows of containerized trade bound for the United States in October 2006. We draw conclusions on the relative performance of the two algorithms on asymmetric data networks, on the effects of the geographic context and type of flows on their performance, and on the spatial integrity of community structures and the impact of market contestability on the semantics of detected communities.
Abstract 5279: Association of Vitamin D deficiency with breast cancer in African-American and Hispanic women in south Los Angeles

Background: Experimental evidence supports a protective role of Vitamin D level in breast carcinogenesis, but epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. African Americans have high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and the African American women with breast cancer have the highest mortality rate. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of Vitamin D levels with breast cancer risk and disease progression in African American and Hispanic women. Methods: This is a cases-control study of 660 African American and Hispanic women with and without breast cancer in South Los Angeles. Blood samples were collected prior cancer treatment and the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D was measured by Quest Diagnostics. Information regarding BMI and clinical factors were obtained by medical record abstraction. Logistic Regression with multivariate analysis was used for determining the association of Vitamin D deficiency ( Results: Our data shows that 69.2% of African American women and 37.8% of Hispanic women suffer from Vitamin D deficiency in our cohort. African American women had significant lower level of Vitamin D3 compared with Hispanic women in all age groups. The lower Vitamin D3 level was observed among age groups of 31 to 50 in African Americans. The deficiency in Vitamin D levels was significantly associated with breast cancer in both African Americans (OR=2.5, p=0.007) and Hispanics (OR=1.9, p=0.009). Interestingly, we found that a significant association of Vitamin D deficiency with trip negative breast cancer (TNBC) in African Americans (OR=3.2, p=0.04), but not in Hispanics. The lowest Vitamin D3 level was observed in African American women with TNBC. There was no significant association of Vitamin D deficiency with tumor size, lymph node involvement and tumor stage. The deficiency of Vitamin D3 level was not associated with disease progression in this cohort of women. Conclusion: Our data suggests that a significant association of Vitamin D deficiency with breast cancer in both African Americans and Hispanics, especially more associated with type of TNBC in African American women in our cohort. Citation Format: Yanyuan Wu, Marianna Sarkissyan, Sheilah Clayton, Jay Vadgama. Association of Vitamin D deficiency with breast cancer in African-American and Hispanic women in south Los Angeles [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5279. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5279
The Need for Change: Embracing the Genome

Abstract With the development of Next-Generation Sequencing techniques, genomic sequencing of prokaryotes has become inexpensive enough to become a routine tool in the research laboratory. For systematics, genome sequences will provide valuable insights into the phylogeny of prokaryotes and a wealth of information about their genealogy. By providing more reliable and complete data, it will allow the formation of more accurate groupings of taxa. As important, it will provide new understandings of the evolutionary processes within prokaryotes, such as the relative importance of horizontal gene transfer and other genetic processes, which can be included in the descriptions of each taxon. As more genomes become available for specific groups, it will be possible to use of Average Nucleotide Identity, Genome-to-Genome-Distance or MLSA values to define species boundaries and replace the imprecise and error prone wet laboratory determinations of DNA–DNA hybridizations. Thus, the genome sequence of the type strain will become the standard for characterization of novel taxa. Genome sequencing will also provide a wealth of information about individual species, far exceeding that which is obtainable by direct experimentation. This developing knowledge will provide an immensely richer understanding of prokaryotic life than we have today.
Equal Opportunity and Health Care Rights for the Elderly

The literature on rights to health care — and this volume is no exception — is not shy about pointing to the difficulties talk about such rights brings with it, including problems of specifying their scope, limits, and bases. In this essay, I will try to give some plausible, if abstract, content to the notion of a health care right, indeed to the health care rights of the elderly. But my working assumption in this discussion is that the appeal to a right to health care is not an appropriate starting point for an inquiry into what just health care involves. Rights are not moral fruits that spring up from bare earth, fully ripened without cultivation. Rather, we are justified in claiming a right to health care only if it can be harvested from an acceptable general theory of justice for health care. The theory tells us which kinds of right claims are legitimately viewed as rights. Such a theory also helps us specify the scope and limits of justified right claims. I will appeal to the fair equality of opportunity account of just health care [7] to specify the content of these derivative health care rights.
Central Control of Scent Marking

Despite the growing interest in olfactory communication, few studies have examined neural mechanisms controlling scent marking. Compared to efforts to understand how odor cues affect recipient animals, little attention has focused on any aspect of signal sending. Interest in the signaling animal is often limited to identifying the chemical structure of the odor involved and to determining how and where it is produced. Yet to understand olfactory communication processes, we must also study the mechanisms that determine when and where animals actively signal by releasing or depositing odors.
Spatial and temporal evolution of lung granulomas in a cynomolgus macaque model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Abstract Background Little is known about granuloma progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. Using serial positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) of an animal model that recapitulates human infection with M. tuberculosis, we are able to track lung granulomas. Objective We characterized the spatial and temporal pattern of granuloma formation during primary infection and reactivation. Methods Serial PET/CT was performed on cynomolgus macaques (n = 28) during primary and reactivation M. tuberculosis infection. Distances between granulomas during the first six weeks post infection (“primary” granulomas) were compared to new granulomas that developed afterwards (“secondary” granulomas) using nearest neighbor analysis during primary infection, reactivation and between different routes of infection. Results Secondary granulomas developed within 2 cm of a primary granuloma within the same lung lobe with 80% probability during the course of primary infection, and this same pattern was observed during reactivation of latent infection after immune suppression. Using a logistic growth function, we were able to predict the maximum number of granulomas that would develop over the course of infection with good correlation (R2 = 0.96). Conclusion These data provide important insights into the dynamic patterns of bacterial dissemination during the earliest phases of primary infection and reactivation tuberculosis.
Neck Loading Model of a Child in a Car Seat

It has been shown that children are susceptible to many dangers in child safety seats that do not involve a car accident. One issue involves the hyperextension of the neck muscles when the child falls asleep in a slumped position. Another issue is positional asphyxia, which is a form of asphyxia where the child’s position prevents them from breathing adequately.The present study designed a realistic model of the cervical spine and conducted a finite element analysis to observe if and where stress and strain concentrations existed. This analysis simulated the effects of a moving vehicle on the child while their head was slumped forward.A car seat redesign was also undertaken to overcome the afore mentioned issues. This involved employing a motor and control system.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
"Living happily despite having an illness": Perceptions of healthy aging among Korean American, Vietnamese American, and Latino older adults.

Abstract Background/objective The growingly diverse aging population presents a challenge for the geriatric workforce, particularly its capacity to effectively respond to the sociocultural and linguistic needs of ethnic minority older adults. Informed by research on the importance of culturally-competent care in reducing racial and ethnic health disparities, this study sought to understand the meaning of healthy aging from the perspectives of Korean American, Vietnamese American, and Latino older adults. Methods Interviews were conducted with 30 participants recruited from community-based organizations in Southern California. Results Several dimensions emerged in the participants' understanding of healthy aging: (1) having good physical and mental health (2) optimism and acceptance; (3) social connectedness; (4) taking charge of one's health; and (5) independence and self-worth. Conclusions Results could inform the development of a culturally-responsive geriatric healthcare system that takes into account older adults' beliefs, preferences, and needs to promote successful aging.
A Frictional Bicycle Ergometer

(1950). A Frictional Bicycle Ergometer. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 210-215.
Grid Impact Evaluation of Localized Geomagnetic Field Enhancements Using Sensitivity Analysis

Geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) can impose great challenges on power system operations due to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). During the peak periods of a GMD event, geomagnetic fields may substantially increase in some areas. This phenomenon, known as localized geomagnetic field enhancement, causes the localized augmentation of geoelectric fields and the flow of “extra” GICs. Using the principle of superposition, this paper defines a sensitivity associated with the “extra” GICs to quantify the impact of local enhancements on transformers. Sensitivity analysis is performed on a 20-bus benchmark system and a 10k-bus synthetic network, respectively. The results show that “extra” GICs are localized and suggest that the impact scope of a square local enhancement area is generally less than one and a half times its width.
Ferroelectrics, Negative Capacitance and Depolarization Field: What exactly is negative capacitance?

2019 marks the 11th year since the concept of ferroelectric negative capacitance was first proposed [1]. It was proposed as a physics solution to an engineering problem: The power dissipation in electronics and computing. Yet, it was unique in that the technology required a fundamental scientific discovery in a field that was ~90 years old at that time-the discovery of negative capacitance or static negative permittivity in ferroelectrics. Initially, interests into negative capacitance were limited to the device researchers; over time, the topic brought together the “often-disjoint” communities of device engineers, condensed matter physicists and material scientists in exploring, understanding and finally discovering this phenomenon [2]–[7]. Different manifestations of the negative capacitance phenomenon, namely, capacitance enhancement, negative differential relation between charge and voltage as well as atomic scale mapping of the stabilized, negative capacitance states corroborated with phase field and density functional theory based calculations have established this concept on a solid ground.
Identification of drivers, benefits, and challenges of ISO 50001 through case study content analysis

Abstract An expanding body of research is defining drivers, benefits, and challenges of adopting ISO 50001 energy management systems. The Clean Energy Ministerial's Energy Management Leadership Awards program requires ISO 50001-certified organizations to develop case studies of their implementation experience. 72 recent case studies spanning multiple economic sectors provide a unique global look at implementation from certified organizations' perspectives. This dataset was investigated through content analysis of phrases related to motivations and goals, the role of management and the organization, benefits achieved, keys to success, and challenges. This paper presents findings from this quantitative analysis of “codes” assigned to phrases that capture their meaning. While organizations adopted ISO 50001 for different motives and saw myriad benefits beyond energy savings and associated greenhouse gas emissions reductions, commonalities exist. The most frequently identified drivers are existing values and goals, environmental sustainability, and government incentives or regulations. Findings also include: obtaining and sustaining top management support is critical; top benefits mentioned are cost savings, productivity, and operational improvements; and the primary barrier is lacking a culture of energy management. Policymakers and others looking to accelerate ISO 50001 uptake can use these findings to highlight benefits and incentives that will resonate with corporate decisionmakers worldwide.
Game Player Response Times versus Task Dexterity and Decision Complexity

Game tasks commonly require dexterous actions and varying amounts of decision-making. People that play games may perform better for basic reaction and decision making tasks in comparison to people that do not play games. This paper presents results from two user studies that evaluate the relationship between self-rated gamer ability and reaction time for two tasks: 1) a task with varying decision complexity, and 2) a task with varying dexterity requirements. Analysis of data from over 150 users shows small effects of self-rated gamer ability on task, but substantial effects of the decision parameters (choices) and dexterity parameters (size and distance) on performance.
Imaging acute effects of bevacizumab on tumor vascular kinetics in a preclinical orthotopic model of U251 glioma.

The effect of a human vascular endothelial growth factor antibody on the vasculature of human tumor grown in rat brain was studied. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, the effects of intravenous bevacizumab (Avastin; 10 mg/kg) were examined before and at postadministration times of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h (N = 26; 4-5 per time point) in a rat model of orthotopic, U251 glioblastoma (GBM). The commonly estimated vascular parameters for an MR contrast agent were: (i) plasma distribution volume (vp ), (ii) forward volumetric transfer constant (Ktrans ) and (iii) reverse transfer constant (kep ). In addition, extracellular distribution volume (VD ) was estimated in the tumor (VD-tumor ), tumor edge (VD-edge ) and the mostly normal tumor periphery (VD-peri ), along with tumor blood flow (TBF), peri-tumoral hydraulic conductivity (K) and interstitial flow (Flux) and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP). Studied as % changes from baseline, the 2-h post-treatment time point began showing significant decreases in vp , VD-tumor, VD-edge and VD-peri , as well as K, with these changes persisting at 4 and 8 h in vp , K, VD-tumor, -edge and -peri (t-tests; p < 0.05-0.01). Decreases in Ktrans were observed at the 2- and 4-h time points (p < 0.05), while interstitial volume fraction (ve ; = Ktrans /kep ) showed a significant decrease only at the 2-h time point (p < 0.05). Sustained decreases in Flux were observed from 2 to 24 h (p < 0.01) while TBF and TIFP showed delayed responses, increases in the former at 12 and 24 h and a decrease in the latter only at 12 h. These imaging biomarkers of tumor vascular kinetics describe the short-term temporal changes in physical spaces and fluid flows in a model of GBM after Avastin administration.
Short-term Optimal Scheduling for Cascaded Hydro-Photovoltaic Hybrid Power Generation System Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

In order to solve the problems of grid connection and consumption of photovoltaic power generation and make the most of the regulation capacity of cascaded hydropower stations, a short-term optimal scheduling model for cascaded hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system with the minimum total fluctuation of photovoltaic and hydropower output as the objective function is established. The improved particle swarm algorithm is applied to solve the model to overcome the shortcomings of traditional particle swarm algorithm easily falling into a local optimal solution. The feasibility and validity of the model and solution method are verified by taking cascaded hydropower stations and Meixing photovoltaic power stations in Xiaojinchuan River Basin of of Sichuan, China as research objects. The results show that the optimized scheduling model established can effectively suppress photovoltaic fluctuations and improve the stability of photovoltaic grid connection, and the improved particle swarm algorithm can effectively enhance the optimization capability.
Synchronization of nonsolitonic Kerr combs.

Synchronization is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature that manifests as the spectral or temporal locking of coupled nonlinear oscillators. In the field of photonics, synchronization has been impleme...
Sea Ice Detection From the RADARSAT Constellation Mission Experiment Data

The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is a new generation of Canadian Synthetic Aperture Radars collecting data with higher spatial and temporal resolutions than previous RADARSAT missions. In this paper, the RCM data are used for the first time to detect sea ice in the Eastern Arctic area with a pixel-based classifier. HH, HV, cross polarization ratio, and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features are extracted from the dual-polarized RCM data with a medium resolution (50m) for a random forest classification model. The overall detection accuracy (over 90 %) confirms the superior capacity of RCM data for sea ice monitoring.
Spectroscopic studies of luminescent properties of insulators.: A historical perspective

Abstract We present a historical survey of the evolution of our understanding of optical properties of insulators achieved through the study of their luminescent or emissive behavior. We will focus on developments involving ruby; this material has played a central role in the maturation of the field of luminescence and has served as the test material for much of the methodology currently employed in these studies.
A health professional students' cultural competence and attitudes toward the poor: the influence of a clinical practicum supported by the National Health Service Corps

To provide quality health care today, practitioners must be culturally competent. Funding sources, such as the federal government, recognize the need to prepare culturally competent clinicians. The mission of the National Health Service Corps (NHSC), a federal program, is to increase access to primary care services and reduce health disparities by assisting in the preparation of community-responsive, culturally competent primary care clinicians. This study evaluated an NHSC program that funded, in part, health professional students' educational programs. Following their participation in an NHSC-supported clinical experience, students were assessed on their cultural competence, perceptions of the poor, and intention of serving in an underserved community. Health professional students completed a survey before and after the clinical practicum. Participants included students who were studying to be physicians, physician assistants, social workers, and nurse practitioners. Results of the study found no change in students' cultural competence after their clinical practicum. Although they remained in the "culturally aware" stage, they were not considered either "culturally proficient" or "culturally competent." However, their attitudes toward those in poverty were more positive than in previous studies of health professionals. The greatest impact from the students' clinical experience was their increased intention to practice in an underserved community following their practicum. They found their experience with the underserved to be rewarding, challenging, and humbling. Documenting the influence that government-funded programs have on health professional students is extremely important in studies such as this.
NF-κB is 25

NF-κB-mediated inflammatory biology can be formulated as the following five states: latency, induction, response, resolution and pathology. The first four involve carefully tuned molecular processes; pathology is the loss of control.
Performance of a triple-detector, multiple-pinhole SPECT system with iodine and indium isotopes

SPECT imaging with isotopes other than /sup 99m/Tc is useful for developing new molecular probes for in-vivo imaging. We have recently modified a standard 3-head gamma camera system for /spl mu/SPECT with 6 pinhole tungsten collimators using a 3D-OSEM reconstruction algorithm. We have previously reported on the /sup 99m/Tc performance of this /spl mu/SPECT imager. We have recently measured the performance of the /spl mu/SPECT system for imaging with /sup 125/I, /sup 123/I, and /sup 111/In. The smallest of the interchangeable apertures (0.8-mm) was used for all tests. Point sources consisted of droplets or ion exchange beads with /sup 123/I and /sup 111/In. The imaging of /sup 125/I was simulated using the 30-keV X-rays from /sup 123/I. The volume source was a 30 cc syringe containing 25 ml. Point and volume projection data were acquired separately. The projection data sets of point and volumes were scaled and added before reconstruction. The pinhole-collimated /sup 123/I energy spectrum demonstrated 18% contribution from high-energy photons detected in the 159-keV, 20% wide window, whereas a low-energy parallel-hole collimator allowed 60% contamination. The point-source sensitivity at 159 keV was comparable to that measured previously for /sup 99m/Tc (18 cpm/kBq), and was 3.6 times higher than that measured in the X-ray region (30-keV, 50% window). Point sensitivity for /sup 111/In was 39 cpm/kBq. Volume sensitivities were 1.4 cpm/kBq at 30 keV, 4.3 cpm/kBq at 159 keV and 14 cpm/kBq for /sup 111/In. With 1 iteration, the average FWHM resolution at 30 keV was 1.05 mm, at a background noise level of 40%. Average resolution for /sup 123/I and /sup 111/In were both measured to be 1.2 mm at a 10% noise level with 1 iteration and decreased to 0.9 mm at 25% noise level and 3 iterations. The /spl mu/SPECT system performs comparably for /sup 99m/Tc, /sup 123/I and /sup 111/In and acceptably for /sup 125/I. New iodinated probes and mice containing /sup 111/In are now being imaged with the system.
Physiologic evaluation of a catheter tip electromagnetic velocity probe. A new instrument.

Abstract A miniature catheter electromagnetic velocity probe has been designed and enclosed within the tip of a No. 8 F cardiac catheter, 2.67 mm. in external diameter. Peak systolic blood flow rates from 3 to 338 cm.3/sec. as measured by the catheter probe agreed closely with simultaneous measurements by the perivascular electromagnetic flowmeter probe, in the ascending, descending thoracic and abdominal aorta of 12 anesthetized dogs (r = 0.97 to 0.99). Catheter and perivascular probe measurements of blood flow, made every 1 100 of a second throughout the cardiac cycle, correlated well with each other in these 12 experimental animals (r = 0.94 to 0.99). In vitro studies utilizing measured steady blood flow in the physiologic range, 13 to 473 cm.3/sec., demonstrated that the electrical output of the catheter probe was linear (r = 0.998). Therefore, the catheter probe can be utilized to record and measure accurately the instantaneous blood velocity and flow in the systemic arterial circulation. In comparison to the perivascular flow probe, the catheter probe has the advantage of (1) not requiring surgical exposure of the blood vessels; (2) not restricting pulsatile expansion of the blood vessel; (3) readily allowing the recording of blood velocity in the larger arteries and veins of the systemic and pulmonary circulation; and (4) having the velocity sensing electrodes in direct contact with the blood.
TCP Enhancement Using Active Network Based Proxy Transport Service

TCP performance degrades with increasing round trip time (rtt) due to longer slow start periods and slower rate of increase of the congestion window. The proposed, PTS (proxy transport service) is an active network based service, that can improve the end-to-end performance of TCP connections with large rtt’s. PTS also reduces the response time of TCP to congestion and can be used by other active services. A PTS session consists of two separate TCP connections, one between the source host and a designated intermediate node (the PTS node), and another between the PTS node and the destination host. PTS complements TCP without compromising reliability. Simulation studies show the effect of PTS node location, buffer size and node service time on the performance of PTS. Performance can be significantly improved by deploying an interactive distributed service that allows the host to choose the proxy node.
Campaign Finance Reform: Impact of the McCain-Feingold Legislation on U.S. Congressional Campaigns

This paper examines the impact of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002 on United States Congressional campaigns. This paper is an attempt to better understand the impact of the BCRA in terms of the way congressional campaigns are financed, issues publicized and contributions reported. Another issue addressed in this study is the constitutionality of campaign finance reform and the role the courts will play in shaping current and future campaign finance legislation. In addition, this paper is an attempt to determine the extent to which the BCRA, by banning soft money, limiting issue ads within 60 days of a campaign and implementing more stringent disclosure requirements helps to ensure greater competition in United States Congressional campaigns.
Gallium nitrate revisited.

Gallium nitrate, the nitrate salt of the "near-metal" element gallium, is highly effective in the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. Unlike bisphosphonates, gallium nitrate is effective in both parathyroid hormone-related protein-mediated and non-parathyroid hormone-related protein-mediated hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate's effects on bone are clearly different from those of bisphosphonates. Gallium nitrate enhances calcium and phosphate content of bone and has direct, noncytotoxic effects on osteoclasts at markedly lower doses than those used for the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. The drug may have clinical application in a variety of disorders associated with accelerated bone loss, including multiple myeloma. Gallium nitrate was originally evaluated as an antitumor agent. Its antitumor activity occurs at somewhat higher doses than those used in the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate has substantial single-agent activity in the treatment of advanced lymphoma, particularly diffuse large cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Because of its profile, including a different mechanism of action and minimal myelosuppression, the drug merits further evaluation in the treatment of advanced lymphoma. Gallium nitrate also has activity in advanced bladder cancer and may be useful in patients with metastatic or unresectable disease failing first-line chemotherapy regimens. Gallium nitrate exhibits a range of dose-dependent pharmacologic actions that provide a basis for its therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases and warrants further investigational evaluation as an antiresorptive and antitumor agent.
l-Arginine Prevents Xanthoma Development and Inhibits Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice

Background The potential antiatherosclerotic actions of NO were investigated in four groups of mice (n=10 per group) lacking functional LDL receptor genes, an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia. Group 1 was fed a regular chow diet. Groups 2 through 4 were fed a 1.25% high-cholesterol diet. In addition, group 3 received supplemental l-arginine and group 4 received l-arginine and Nω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NA), an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS). Methods and Results Animals were killed at 6 months; aortas were stained with oil red O for planimetry and with antibodies against constitutive and inducible NOSs. Plasma cholesterol was markedly increased in the animals receiving the high-cholesterol diet. Xanthomas appeared in all mice fed the high-cholesterol diet alone but not in those receiving l-arginine. Aortic atherosclerosis was present in all mice on the high-cholesterol diet. The mean atherosclerotic lesion area was reduced significantly (P<.01) in the cholesterol-fed mice given l-arginine compared...
The Reverse Cellophane Fallacy in Market Delineation

In the landmark Cellophane case, the Supreme Court erroneously concluded that du Pont did not have significant market power because the Court evaluated the elasticity of demand for Cellophane at the monopoly equilibrium, at which the elasticity was far higher than at the competitive equilibrium. The Court's error is commonly referred to as the Cellophane fallacy. This paper contends that there also is a reverse Cellophane fallacy. Markets delineated on the basis of prevailing demand elasticities are likely to be too small and the potential for the exercise of market power is likely to be overstated.
The influence of genotype and sex on behavioral sensitivity to nicotine in mice.

The influences of genotype and sex on spontaneous motor activity in a Y-maze after nicotine administration and on nicotine concentrations in liver and brain were assessed in three inbred mouse strains. The rank order of liver nicotine elimination rates in these strains was found to be C57>C3H=DBA for females and DBA>C3H=C57 for males. Within the C57 and C3H strains, females eliminated nicotine significantly faster than males, while DBA females and males eliminated nicotine at similar rates. The rank order of motor depression at early time points after nicotine administration was found to be DBA=C57>C3H for both males and females. Females of all three strains demonstrated less sensitivity to nicotine's depressant effects than males. There did not appear to be any consistent association between rate of liver nicotine elimination or brain nicotine level and motor depression as measured in the Y-maze. Although variability in liver nicotine elimination and in brain nicotine content may account for some of the observed behavioral effects, these data suggest that strain and sex differences in tissue sensitivity to nicotine are of primary importance.