cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hemodynamics of arterial steal

Abstract Clinically significant conditions sometimes result in a flow reduction to one downstream branch of a major bifurcation as the result of a reduction in the resistance of the contralateral branch. This condition has been demonstrated at several major bifurcations in man and is known as “steal”. In this paper this phenomenon is modeled using the parameters of mean pressure, flow, and resistance in the upstream and two downstream vessels. The model is qualitatively confirmed in dogs by a pressure flow study at the external iliac trifurcation using manually controlled distal resistances. Flows were measured electromagnetically, and pressures by a fluid-filled catheter and diaphram LVDT transducer. As a result of this study a simple test is devised to determine if a site selected for vascular surgery has a potential for developing steal.
Surgical Considerations in the Management of Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

Nine cases of surgically treated supravalvular aortic stenosis have been presented. The pertinent literature has been reviewed. It is concluded that this anomaly can be managed satisfactorily by insertion of a large patch graft into an aortic incision placed across the stenotic area and extended well beyond it in both directions. Total cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized. Left ventricular decompression and coronary arterial perfusion are valuable adjuvants. The risk of operation appears to be small and the results rewarding.
Aging of the human lens: changes in lens shape upon accommodation and with accommodative loss

Accommodation in the human eye occurs through controlled changes in crystalline lens shape, thickness, and refractive surface placement relative to the cornea. The changes in lens curvatures, whether surface or internal, have been characterized as a function of accommodation and subject age by use of quantitative analysis of Scheimpflug slit-lamp photographic images. Radii of curvature of the major lens refractive surfaces--the external and nuclear boundaries--decrease linearly with increasing accommodation in all eyes that are capable of accommodation. The rates at which they change with accommodation are age dependent, decreasing steadily toward zero with increased age. For the curves visible in each lens half, arising from boundaries between adjacent zones of discontinuity, radius of curvature and location are linearly related over the entire accommodative range for a given lens and over the age range for the population. The slope of this relationship changes with both accommodation and age, decreasing linearly in both cases. The relationship between these geometric changes and the loss of accommodative amplitude is discussed.
TU‐D‐J‐6B‐04: Technology for Small Animal X‐Ray and CT Imaging

The laboratory mouse and other small rodents have become a principal tool of biomedical researchers. The ability to manipulate the genetic component of the mouse by adding or deleting specific genes has proved quite valuable in virtually all areas of medical research, from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. In many applications of mouse research, a better understanding of the phenotype of a specific mouse model is important. X‐ray imaging including computed tomography(CT) of the mouse therefore is an important aspect of genetic research. In this presentation, novel high resolution technologies for x‐ray imaging of the mouse will be discussed. Applications of new classes of contrast agents designed for animal use in concert with x‐ray and CTimaging will also be presented. Radiation dosimetry methods pertinent to small animal imaging with x‐rays will be described in detail. The role that x‐ray and CTimages have in conjunction with physiological imaging techniques (nuclear and PETimaging) will also be described.
A Stain for Sweat Pores

ALTHOUGH the hair follicle is clearly visible on simple inspection of the skin, the sweat pore remains hidden. In the course of chromatographic studies with o-phthalaldehyde, we have found a distinctive prolonged surface staining of the sweat pores of ourselves and our technicians1. As a result of subsequent study and observation a simple method was developed for selectively staining the sweat pore in light skinned individuals.
On the Number of Experiments Required to Find the Causal Structure of Complex Systems

The need to capture the complexity of biological systems in a simpler formalism is the underlying impetus of biological sciences. Understanding the function of many biological complex systems, such as genetic networks or molecular signalling pathways, requires precise identification of the interactions between their individual components. A number of questions in the study of complex systems are then important-in particular, what can be inferred about the interactions in a complex system from an arbitrary set of experiments, and, what is the minimum number of experiments required to characterize the system? This paper shows that the problem of finding the minimal causal structure of a system based on a set of observations is computationally intractable for even moderately sized systems (it is NP-hard), but a reasonable approximation can be found in a relatively short (polynomial) time. Next, it is shown that the number of experiments required to characterize a complex system grows exponentially with the upper bound on the number of immediate upstream influences of each element, but only logarithmically with the number of elements in the system. This makes it possible to study biological systems with extremely large number of interacting elements and relatively sparse interconnections, such as gene regulatory and cell signalling networks. Finally, the construction of a randomized experimental sequence which achieves this bound is discussed.
Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce

The Fifth ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC'04) is taking place in New York City in May 2004, co-located with the 2004 World Wide Web conference (WWW'04). Now in its fifth iteration, the ACM EC conference has become one of the most interesting and diverse computer-science conferences on the scene, attracting submissions by leading researchers in Theory, Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Databases, Security, and many application areas, as well as Economics, Law, and other relevant disciplines. We received 146 submissions, of which 24 were accepted as full length papers and 21 as brief announcements.The best student-paper award has been given to Ryan Porter of Stanford University for his paper entitled "Mechanism Design for Online Real-Time Scheduling." Udi Manber, CEO of A9.com, is giving an invited talk entitled "Customer-centric Innovations for Search and E-Commerce" jointly to EC'04 and WWW'04.We would like to take this opportunity to congratulate Ryan and to thank Udi, the General Chair Jack Breese, the Tutorial Chair David Parkes, the Program-Committee members, and the external reviewers for all of their hard work on what promises to be a fascinating conference.
Conserved Daily Transcriptional Programs in Carica papaya

Most organisms have internal circadian clocks that mediate responses to daily environmental changes in order to synchronize biological functions to the correct times of the day. Previous studies have focused on plants found in temperate and sub-tropical climates, and little is known about the circadian transcriptional networks of plants that typically grow under conditions with relatively constant day lengths and temperatures over the year. In this study we conducted a genomic and computational analysis of the circadian biology of Carica papaya, a tropical tree. We found that predicted papaya circadian clock genes cycle with the same phase as Arabidopsis genes. The patterns of time-of-day overrepresentation of circadian-associated promoter elements were nearly identical across papaya, Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar. Evolution of promoter structure predicts the observed morning- and evening-specific expression profiles of the papaya PRR5 paralogs. The strong conservation of previously identified circadian transcriptional networks in papaya, despite its tropical habitat and distinct life-style, suggest that circadian timing has played a major role in the evolution of plant genomes, consistent with the selective pressure of anticipating daily environmental changes. Further studies could exploit this conservation to elucidate general design principles that will facilitate engineering plant growth pathways for specific environments.
Evidence that cognitive decline mediates the relationship between pain and disability in the elderly.

As Stephen Harkins [1] recently noted, “Aging has come of age.” Persons over age 85 are the fastest growing segment of the population in the United States and, associated with this rapid change, enormous challenges to the healthcare system are emerging. Among the many medical and psychiatric conditions that are known to be particularly prevalent in older persons is the experience of persistent pain. Epidemiological evidence suggests that persistent pain may be present in a range of one quarter to more than one half of persons over age 65 [2]. Furthermore, research has documented a high rate of functional disability attributable to persistent pain, and a growing number of published articles report on a variety of putative mechanisms or at least correlates (e.g., depression, self-efficacy) of disability in this population [3,4]. In this issue, the article by Debra Weiner and her colleagues is the …
Five year research update (1991-1995): evaluations for competence to stand trial

This article reviews and evaluates publications during 1991–1995 with relevance for assessments of competence to stand trial. The review focuses specifically on articles that provide new concepts or data supported by research or case analyses. The studies are reviewed under the following headings: (a) the systemic context of competence to stand trial (CST) evaluations, (b) conceptual definitions of CST, (c) research on CST assessment methods, (d) characteristics of incompetent defendants, (e) interpretation and communication of CST evaluation data, (f) issues in CST assessment of special populations (juveniles, persons with mental retardation), and (g) treatment to restore competence. Suggestions are offered for further research to advance the quality of clinical evaluations for competence to stand trial. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prophylaxis for CMV should now replace pre-emptive therapy in solid organ transplantation

Cytomegalovirus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in transplantation. Controversy exists concerning whether prophylactic or pre-emptive therapy is the optimal strategy for preventing CMV disease. In addition, CMV impacts the transplanted graft, transplant recipient and transplant programme beyond just causing CMV disease; thus questioning whether 'asymptomatic' CMV replication should also be prevented. In this Forum article, prophylactic therapy is advocated as the preferred approach for preventing CMV disease. Prophylactic therapy has a large body of supportive controlled clinical studies demonstrating its efficacy and cost effectiveness. In addition, prophylactic therapy has the benefit of preventing other herpes viruses and other opportunistic superinfections by reducing the immunosuppressive effects of CMV. Moreover, a small but growing body of information suggests that prophylactic therapy may also have a beneficial effect on organ outcomes, including rejection. In contrast, pre-emptive therapy is limited by its reliance on intensive surveillance, which presents logistical difficulties and requires perfect patient compliance. Ambiguity still exists concerning the best surveillance method and its effect on patient-care costs. Each proposed diagnostic approach has limitations, which are affected by the prevalence of CMV in the population studied, the particular assay employed, and the frequency of surveillance. The suggested benefits of pre-emptive therapy, such as decreased cost, fewer adverse medication effects and less antiviral resistance have not been adequately proven in head-to-head clinical studies. We therefore support the proposition that transplant patients at risk for any level of CMV replication will significantly benefit from effective antiviral prophylaxis.
Multiphysics for Early Stage Cement Hydration: Theoretical Framework

The chemical hydration involves complex multiphysical processes including mass and energy transfer, chemical reactions and consequently stress development and shrinkage. This paper proposed a multiphysics numerical model to predict the kinetics cement paste. The chemical reaction theory, heat transfer theory, diffusion theory, and continuum mechanics were coupled in the theoretical model. A comprehensive theoretical model is established with partial different equation system, auxiliary functions, and typical boundary conditions.
Intracellular Delivery of Proteins with a New Lipid-mediated Delivery System

There are many very effective methods to introduce transcriptionally active DNA into viable cells but approaches to deliver functional proteins are limited. We have developed a lipid-mediated delivery system that can deliver functional proteins or other bioactive molecules into living cells. This delivery system is composed of a new trifluoroacetylated lipopolyamine (TFA-DODAPL) and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). This cationic formulation successfully delivered antibodies, dextran sulfates, phycobiliproteins, albumin, and enzymes (β-galactosidase and proteases) into the cytoplasm of numerous adherent and suspension cells. Two systems were used to demonstrate that the proteins were delivered in a functionally active form. First, intracellular β-galactosidase activity was clearly demonstrated within X-gal-stained cells after TFA-DODAPL:DOPE-mediated delivery of the enzyme. Second, the delivery system mediated delivery of several caspases (caspase 3, caspase 8, and granzyme B) into cultured cell lines and primary cells triggering apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that up to 100% of the protein mixed with the lipid formulation was captured into a lipid-protein complex, and up to 50% of the input protein associated with cells. This lipid-mediated transport system makes protein delivery into cultured cells as convenient, effective, and reliable as DNA transfection.
ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminates fabricated by atomic layer deposition: growth and surface roughness measurements

Abstract Nanolaminates are unique nanocomposites that allow various thin film properties to be tuned by changing the composition and interfacial density. ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminates allow the surface roughness to be controlled because ZnO is crystalline and Al2O3 is amorphous at low deposition temperatures. ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminates were grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods. The ZnO and Al2O3 films were deposited at 450 K using alternating diethyl zinc/H2O exposures and trimethyl aluminum/H2O exposures, respectively. The growth rate and surface topography of the pure oxide films were examined using ex situ ellipsometry, stylus profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The ZnO ALD films grew at 2.01 A/cycle and roughened significantly versus film thickness because of the presence of ZnO nanocrystals. In contrast, the Al2O3 ALD films grew at 1.29 A/cycle and remained remarkably smooth versus film thickness because of their amorphous structure. In situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements were employed to study the ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminate growth. The individual ZnO and Al2O3 nanolayers nucleated and grew easily on each other with minimal interfacial effects. ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminate films were prepared where the number of ZnO/Al2O3 interfaces was varied but the total thickness remained constant at ∼1250 A. Using AFM techniques, the RMS roughness of the nanolaminates was observed to decrease substantially with increasing ZnO/Al2O3 interfacial density. The Al2O3 nanolayer interrupts the ZnO crystal growth and forces the ZnO nanolayer to renucleate on the Al2O3 surface. AFM measurements revealed that a single trimethyl aluminum/H2O reaction cycle was sufficient to reduce markedly the surface roughness of the ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminate films. ZnO/Al2O3 nanolaminates should be useful to fabricate a surface topography with a controlled surface roughness.
Trends in female breast cancer in Connecticut and the United States.

Abstract Trends for female breast cancer were examined by age, period and cohort for the years 1950–1984 in U.S. mortality, Connecticut mortality and Connecticut incidence. Birth cohort patterns were evident for all three sets of data. The results confirm a continuing increase in invasive breast cancer by providing evidence of a strong birth cohort pattern, over a time series of 90 years of birth cohorts. This trend appears to be real for the most part because of the cohort patterns and because there is minimal underdetection in data obtained by autopsy and blind biopsy. Secondly, when cohort modeling is applied to breast cancer mortality, there is an indication of a modest decline in recent breast cancer mortality (in the face of an apparent long-term increase), which suggests that control of breast cancer mortality may have developed in recent decades, perhaps through earlier detection and improved treatment. Finally, in contrast with a prior report, there is little evidence for a clinically important difference in time trend between pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer.
Industrial awards as manifests of business performance: An empirical assessment

Abstract Although suppliers receive awards for various reasons, research on awards has mainly focused on those related to quality. We focus on other types of awards and enquire as to whether they relate to the supplier's financial performance. We investigate the relationship of operational awards by industrial customers and new product awards by industry forums on financial performance. We use long-term financial data for a large sample of suppliers to assess the relationships across product life cycle stages. Results indicate that during the growth stage, operational awards are associated with return on equity, whereas new product awards are associated with growth. As products mature, supplier and product awards both show an association with return on equity. A series of managerial implications are set forth and discussed.
The effects of age, race and heredity on glomerular filtration rate following volume expansion and contraction in normal man.

To elucidate racial and age differences in natriuretic responses following volume expansion, we studied GFR, as reflected by endogenous creatinine clearance, in 446 normal persons including 99 blacks and 44 pairs of mono- and dizygotic twins. GFR was measured day and night, under basal conditions, following volume expansion with 2 L intravenous normal saline and volume contraction with 120 mg oral furosemide. Volume expansion and contraction altered GFR to similar degrees in whites and blacks. Whites exhibited a diurnal variation in GFR (day > night) under all conditions, which was not observed in blacks. Following saline, whites excreted more sodium during the day, but less sodium during the night, than blacks (p <0.05). In whites, UNaV and GFR were correlated only during the day, while in blacks the correlation persisted throughout the night. When the white population was divided into subjects <40 years and ≥ 40 years, the responses of the older whites resembled those of blacks. The inverse relationship between GFR and age was steeper in blacks than whites. A twin analysis demonstrated that plasma creatinine, urinary creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance are heritable. The failure of GFR to decrease at night in blacks and older whites may be related to an altered natriuretic capacity. Decreases in GFR with aging are greater in blacks than whites. GFR is partially under the influence of genetic variance.
Plasminogen activator release at the neuronal growth cone

The site of plasminogen activator release by differentiated neuroblastoma clonal cell lines was determined with a fibrin overlay assay. Release of plasminogen activator was seen at the growth cone in 72 percent of the cells bearing neurites. For 21 percent of these cells the growth cone was the predominant or exclusive site of this enzyme activity. Selective release of protease at the "trailblazing" tip of the neurite may be important in neuron migration and neurite growth in vivo.
A model for forecasting public transit

Abstract This study develops a model that explains public transit ridership in Orange Country, California over quarterly periods during the 1974–1988 period. The model uses a Cobb-Douglas functional form and a Cochrane-Orcutt iterative procedure to measure the association between public transit ridership and the potential number of users, relative level of public transit service, relative price of public transit, seasonality, and external shocks. Relative measures of the explanatory variables are used to reduce the potential for multicollinearity and give greater confidence in the reliability of the estimated elasticities. The model is then used to prepare conditional quarterly forecasts for ridership in 1988 and unconditional quarterly forecasts during the 1989–1993 period.
MOLECULAR AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE-NEGATIVE AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA ISOLATED FROM COHO SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH)

Cytochrome oxidase variants of the bacterial fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida, were characterized for genetic and molecular homology with cytochrome oxidase-positive isolates that typically induce furunculosis in salmonids. Protein and lipopolysaccharide moieties of the cytochrome oxidase-negative variants were similar to their typical counterparts, based on sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pathogenicity of aberrant isolates to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was similar to typical cytochrome oxidase-positive isolates. Colorimetric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization in 96-well microplates yielded homology values greater than 82.5% for typical aberrant A. salmonicida isolates when photobiotinylated DNA for reference A. salmonicida 3.101 was used as a probe. The only variation of these isolates from typical A. salmonicida was a negative cytochrome oxidase reaction.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GAME THEORY AND THEORETICAL INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS

This paper considers the impact of game theory on economics and of economics on game theory, particularly with reference to the ways that industrial economics has been affected. Some old, pre-game theory oligopoly models of P. Sweezy, H. Stackelberg, and E. H. Chamberlin are revisited and analyzed from a game theoretic standpoint. Then some recent work is examined in which the game theoretic influence is evident. After that the "folk theorem" and its relationship to industrial economics is considered. Finally, some guesses are offered concerning the future directions that theoretical industrial organization should take and the relationship of game theory to these directions. Copyright 1992 by Scottish Economic Society.
Teacher Perspectives on Evaluation Reform: Chicago’s REACH Students

In the 2012–2013 school year, Chicago Public Schools unveiled its new teacher evaluation system in all of its almost 600 schools. This study draws on 32 interviews from a random sample of teachers and 2 years of survey data from more than 12,000 teachers per year to measure their perceptions of the clarity, practicality, and cost of the new system. Relationships between these measures and teacher characteristics and indicators of leadership and school community are also explored. We find teachers are positive about the new system—especially the observation process. However, they have concerns about the inclusion of student growth in their evaluation. We find teacher perceptions about evaluation are positively correlated with their perceptions of leadership and professional community.
Normal and diabetic malic enzyme: a biochemical comparison.

Abstract The ability of insulin to influence the specific activity of hepatic malic enzyme was examinee by comparing the biochemical properties of hepatic malic enzyme isolated from normal and diabetic rats. Even though these two enzyme species possess very different specific activities, they appeared biochemically identical upon two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blot analysis, and in mixing experiments. The only major difference observed for the two enzyme molecules was in their respective K m and V max apparent values. These results appeared to indicate that the two enzyme molecules were structurally identical but functionally different. Suggestive evidence showed that this functional difference was the resuit of substrate inhibition of the diabetic malic enzyme molecule.
Carlo L. Prevignano & Paul J. Thibault (eds.), Discussing Conversation Analysis: The work of Emanuel A. Schegloff

Carlo L. Prevignano & Paul J. Thibault (eds.), Discussing Conversation Analysis: The work of Emanuel A. Schegloff. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2003. Pp. 206. Hb $72.00.Emanuel Schegloff's life is like the conversations he studies: structures (e.g., graduate school, marriage) and plans (e.g., dissertation topics) blend with and give way to chance encounters (e.g., meeting Harvey Sacks his third year of graduate school at Berkeley), fortuitous and unexpected events (e.g., suddenly losing the data source for his dissertation and luckily finding another one), and tragedy (the premature death of Harvey Sacks). These and other events during the course of his intellectual life have shaped the context in which he made decisions about his work and developed his unique perspective on the study of language and interaction.
Unified high-temperature char combustion kinetics for a suite of coals of various rank

This article summarizes the results of a series of combustion kinetic investigations on chars from a suite of ten US coals of various rank. An optical technique was used to measure in situ single-particle sizes, temperatures, and velocities, from which combustion rates were computed using a model of gas-particle transport processes. Combustion rates were also determined independently by an inorganic tracer technique based on chemical analysis of extracted samples. The data set was acquired in a single experimental facility, using a standardized experimental procedure, and was analyzed in a uniform way to allow direct comparisons between coals. A pronounced trend is evident in the data set; char reactivity decreases with increasing carbon content of the parent coal. A unified treatment of this data set is presented, culminating in a rank-dependent reactivity correlation, allowing the prediction of char combustion rates for a range of coals under conditions relevant to pulverized coal fired combustors.
Space geodetic investigation of the coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2003 Mw7.2 Altai earthquake: Implications for the local lithospheric rheology

[1] We use Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar data and SPOT optical imagery to investigate the coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 27 September 2003, Mw7.2 Altai earthquake, which occurred in the Chuya Basin near the Russia-China-Mongolia border. On the basis of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and SPOT data, we determined the rupture location and developed a coseismic slip model for the Altai earthquake. The inferred rupture location is in a good agreement with field observations, and the geodetic moment from our slip model is consistent with the seismic moment determined from the teleseismic data. While the epicentral area of the Altai earthquake is not optimal for radar interferometry (in particular, due to temporal decorrelation), we were able to detect a transient signal over a time period of 3 years following the earthquake. The signal is robust in that it allows us to discriminate among several commonly assumed mechanisms of postseismic relaxation. We find that the postearthquake interferometric SAR data do not warrant poroelastic rebound in the upper crust. The observed deformation also disagrees with linear viscoelastic relaxation in the upper mantle or lower crust, giving rise to a lower bound on the dynamic viscosity of the lower crust of the order of 1019 Pa s. The data can be explained in terms of fault slip within the seismogenic zone, on the periphery of areas with high coseismic slip. Most of the postseismic deformation can be explained in terms of seismic moment release in aftershocks; some shallow slip may have also occurred aseismically. Therefore the observed postseismic deformation due to the Altai earthquake is qualitatively different from deformation due to other similarly sized earthquakes, in particular, the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes in the Mojave desert, southern California. The observed variations in the deformation pattern may be indicative of different rheologic structure of the continental lithosphere in different tectonically active areas.
Control of slow myosin heavy chain 2 gene expression by glycogen synthase kinase activity in skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle fiber type and expression of slow muscle fiber type specific genes are regulated by fiber type specific cell signaling events initiated by innervation. In avian muscle fibers, expression of the slow myosin heavy chain 2 (MyHC2) gene defines fast versus slow muscle fiber types, and its expression is dependent on the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylates NFAT and inhibits its transactivating potential. We report here that expression of the slow MyHC2 gene is dependent on GSK3 activity. Inhibition of GSK3 activity by SB216763 or LiCl induced expression of the slow MyHC2 gene in non-innervated medial adductor (MA) muscle fibers and in innervated fast pectoralis major (PM) muscle fibers. Innervation of MA and PM muscle fibers did not significantly alter GSK3 activity. However, inhibition of GSK3 activity increased NFAT-mediated transcriptional activity, required for full activation of the slow MyHC2 gene, and overexpression of GSK3 reduced NFAT-mediated transcription. Inhibition of GSK3 activity was sufficient to induce slow MyHC2 gene expression in non-innervated MA muscle fibers but not in non-innervated PM muscle fibers, suggesting that fiber type specific mechanisms differentially regulate slow MyHC2 gene expression in innervated muscle fibers.
Problems and approaches for a Teraflop processor

This paper discusses problems associated with designing a processor capable of sustaining a teraflop (1012 floating point operations per second) of processing power. Several researcher have speculated on achieving this performance. The technical problems of a practical design are shown to be formidable. However, none of these problems requires a technology breakthrough for their solution. The predictable advances of the next generation of technology together with a major engineering effort is all that will be required to build such a parallel machine with usable teraflop processing power.
The Mexican American Cultural Values Scale for Adolescents and Adults

This research evaluates the properties of a measure of culturally linked values of Mexican Americans in early adolescence and adulthood. The items measure were derived from qualitative data provided by focus groups in which Mexican Americans' (adolescents, mothers and fathers) perceptions of key values were discussed. The focus groups and a preliminary item refinement resulted in the fifty-item Mexican American Cultural Values Scales (identical for adolescents and adults) that includes nine value subscales. Analyses of data from two large previously published studies sampling Mexican American adolescents, mothers, and fathers provided evidence of the expected two correlated higher order factor structures, reliability, and construct validity of the subscales of the Mexican American Cultural Values Scales as indicators of values that are frequently associated with Mexican/Mexican American culture. The utility of this measure for use in longitudinal research, and in resolving some important theoretical questions regarding dual cultural adaptation, are discussed.
Adolescent assessment of cardiovascular heart disease risk factor attitudes and habits.

Abstract Purpose To assess the attitudes of adolescents regarding cardiovascular heart disease risk factors and determine their potential influence on reported habits: exercise, smoking, and diet, as well as their body mass index (BMI). Methods Surveys were distributed to 141 male and 207 female adolescents at two clinic sites that serve a mostly Medicaid or uninsured population. Attitudes for obesity, smoking, and high fat diet were assessed with Likert scales, and habits for exercise, smoking, and fast food consumption were self-reported. Height and weight data were collected as well. Univariate modeling was accomplished with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, contingency table analysis, and ANOVA. Logistic regression was used for multivariate modeling. Results The majority of participants agreed that obesity, smoking, and high fat diets may lead to heart disease. Fifty percent of the population exercised three times or less a week. Reported smoking was similar to national averages and increased with age. Participant attitudes were disparate to their reported habits. Occurrence of obesity in the sample was higher than national averages. Smokers, compared with nonsmokers, were 1.9 times as likely to be overweight or obese ( p = .05). Participants who had a parent/guardian or grandparent with a history of heart attacks were 2.7 times as likely to smoke ( p = .001). Conclusion Adolescents possess knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors as reflected in their attitude assessments; however, their lifestyle choices contradict these beliefs.
Ultrasonic tissue characterization: review of an approach to assess hypertrophic myocardium.

It is well known that left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the application and refinement of noninvasive diagnostic techniques for identification of myocardial tissue composition to permit differentiation between left ventricular hypertrophy that may be associated with irreversible, and therefore, possibly adverse, collagen accumulation ("pathological hypertrophy") as opposed to the type of possibly "benign" hypertrophy devoid of such characteristics (i.e., "physiological hypertrophy"). We review the current state of knowledge in the application of ultrasonic tissue characterization that addresses this question with respect to left ventricular myocardium.
A dialógica da performance e da Pedagogia

The following study dwells on the relationship between performance and pedagogy, and it should be thought of as an attempt to understand pedagogy as a specific genre of performance. Thus, it searches for answers to the following questions: what types of discourse are predominant in pedagogical situations? What is the relationship between the student and the teacher? Who teaches? What kinds of knowledge and ways of interpretation are involved and are being created in the context of teaching performance studies (historical and socio-ideologically)? Bakhtin’s concepts and lexicon are conceived as more than methodological tools for understanding of teaching as performance; they are, in fact, the substance and style of a particular form of practicing and thinking.
Recognition of Playa Sediments in the Geologic Column.: ABSTRACT

Playa sediments are sometimes reported in oil-well cuttings, particularly in sediments whose age End_Page 2780------------------------------ is Miocene or younger. A careful investigation of the sedimentary properties of playa sediments of the present has revealed certain characteristics which it is believed will enable the geologist to definitely recognize older sediments which were deposited in the playa environment. These diagnostic properties include the average grain size, sorting coefficient, color, organic carbon content, alkali and salt content, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the oxidation-reduction potential. In playa sediments most of these properties have rather definite ranges. This makes it possible to recognize playa sediments with a greater degree of certainty. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2781------------
Identity of β-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and rhodanese in human erythrocytes

Summary Rhodanese and β-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities as demonstrated after electrophoresis of human hemolyzates were the product of the same gene. The two activities of this enzyme were purified together and rhodanese activity was found to be a minor function of erythrocytic β-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase.
Object oriented parallel programming: experiments and results

We present an object-oriented, parallel program­ ming paradigm, called the distributed collection model and an experimental language PC++ based on the model. In the distributed collection model, program­ mers can describe the data distribution of elemen ts among processors to utilize memory locality and a col­ lection construct is employed to build distributed struc­ tures. The model also supports the express of massive parallelism and a new mechanism for building hierar­ chies of abstractions. Our experiences with application programs in the PC++ programming environments as well as per formance results are also described in the paper.
Sectoral balance in development: A survey

Abstract This paper surveys the literature on sectoral balance to see how sectoral imbalances can retard economic development. It examines definitions of sectors and balance, provides background facts, theories and planning tools, reviews the debate on balanced growth, and surveys two- sector models of agriculture-industry, consumption-investment and luxury-basics interaction, the open economy, and the role of service, nonmarket and unproductive sectors. It argues that the examination of important development issues requires multisectoral analysis incorporating the insights of several of these models, and that alternative models with different structural characteristics deserve attention.
Case studies in optimization: Catenary problem

This is the second paper in a series presenting case studies in modern large-scale constrained optimization 9 In this paper, we consider the shape of a hanging chain, which, in equilibrium, minimizes the potential energy of the chain. In addition to the tutorial aspects of this paper, we also emphasize the importance of certain modeling issues such as convex vs. nonconvex formulations of given problem. We will present several models of the problem and demonstrate differences in the number of iterations and solution time.
Pain is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in women with fibromyalgia.

Abstract Telomere length, considered a measure of biological aging, is linked to morbidity and mortality. Psychosocial factors associated with shortened telomeres are also common in chronic pain; yet, little is known about telomere length in pain populations. Leukocyte telomere length was evaluated in 66 women with fibromyalgia and 22 healthy female controls. Participants completed questionnaires and a subgroup of fibromyalgia patients underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST; n=12) and neuroimaging (n = 12). Telomere length was measured using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Although patients had shorter telomere length than controls, the difference was not statistically significant. However, higher levels of pain within fibromyalgia were associated with shorter telomere length ( P = .039). When pain and depression were combined, patients categorized as high-pain/high-depression had an age-adjusted telomere length 265 base pairs shorter than those with low-pain/low-depression ( P = .043), a difference consistent with approximately 6 years of chronological aging. In the subset tested, telomere length was also related to pain threshold and pain sensitivity, as well as gray matter volume, such that patients with shorter telomeres were more sensitive to evoked pain and had less gray matter in brain regions associated with pain processing (eg, primary somatosensory cortex). These preliminary data support a relationship between pain and telomere length. Perspective Our findings support a link between premature cellular aging and chronic pain. These preliminary data imply that chronic pain is a more serious condition than has typically been recognized in terms of bodily aging.
Conflict resolution symposium derails a potential tobacco “war”

While it is, of course, very satisfying to see measurable results from a conflict resolution initiative, the immeasurable byproducts of the symposium are no less important. All who were present will never forget the evening at dinner when a preeminent cancer surgeon diagnosed skin cancer on the face of the oldest tobacco farmer and offered to fly across country to help treat him. The doctor who had earlier almost resorted to blows when the symposium began, made a commitment to visit North Carolina and see the plight of tobacco farm families firsthand.
Effects of tissue loss, age and size on fecundity in the octocoral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae

Abstract Clonal organisms have complex life histories in which traits such as reproductive maturity and fecundity are affected by colony size. Thus changes in reproduction due to tissue loss have the potential to affect population dynamics even among seemingly healthy populations. At sites in The Bahamas the octocoral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, which produces a natural product used by the skin care industry, is harvested by cropping branches from large sexually mature colonies. Cropping decouples colony size and age and provides the opportunity to assess the effects of colony size, age and tissue loss on reproductive output. Tissue samples from P. elisabethae colonies from Cross Harbour, Abaco, The Bahamas were collected prior to spawning in 2009 and fecundity was determined. Approximately half of the colonies had been harvested 4 years earlier. There was no relationship between either age or colony size and reproduction among colonies that were large enough to reproduce. Polyps from female colonies that had previously been cropped produced fewer eggs than those that had not been cropped. In an additional experiment, a group of predominantly male colonies was clipped to a height below the size of first reproduction The clipped colonies were less likely to have reproductive polyps, and the male colonies that were clipped to 10–15 cm height had fewer reproductive polyps and fewer spermaries per reproductive polyp than unclipped controls that were 30 cm in height. Size affected whether a colony is reproductive, but age had no discernible effect in the observations and experiments. Tissue loss reduced per polyp fecundity. The results coupled with previous findings of enhanced branch extension in cropped colonies suggest that a long term reallocation of energy from reproduction to growth occurs among colonies that have lost branches.
Extraction and Isolation of Gamma Globulin from the Bovine Thymus Gland

Summary 1.Fresh bovine thymus glands, acetone-dried and ether-defatted thymus tissue, and desiccated calf thymus tissue were extracted with 1 M saline solution. No gamma globulin could be precipitated from these extracts either by adjusting the pH to 7.7 and ethanol concentration to 18 per cent by volume at − 10°C., or by ammonium sulphate at 34 per cent saturation at pH 6. 2.Fresh bovine thymus glands were washed three times with physiological saline and lysed with one volume of distilled water and then extracted with one volume of 20 per cent saline. The saline extract yielded 60mg. of acetone-dried gamma globulin on 34 per cent saturation with ammonium sulphate at pH 6. 3.It is concluded that the bovine thymus, though containing small amounts of gamma globulin, cannot be used as a rich source of immune globulin.
A developmental perspective on dyslexic subtypes

In this paper we apply a developmental model of reading to the question of dyslexic subtypes. Groups of normal readers (n=40) and dyslexic children (n=50), matched on reading level and IQ, were given a comprehensive test battery measuring level of development of visual, phonological, and orthographic skills. As a group, dyslexics deviated from normal readers of equivalent reading achievement primarily in phonological skills (spelling-to-sound translation and phonemic analysis), although limited differences in knowledge of word-specific spellings were also observed. Dyslexics were superior to the younger normal readers in visual processing of print. Analysis of individual data by reference to the reading level control group revealed three major subgroups: a group with a specific deficit in phonological processing of print (52 percent), a group with deficits in processing both the phonological and orthographic features of printed words (24 percent), and a group with phonological deficits in language (8 percent). The remainder of the sample (16 percent) had specific deficits in visual or orthographic processing of print, in spelling, or did not differ from the control group. The data support the view that most developmental dyslexics have a specific language disorder involving some aspect of phonological processing. However, small subgroups with very different configurations of reading and nonreading difficulties may exist as well.
Images of Engineering and Liberal Arts Majors.

Abstract In an attempt to gain insight into social-psychological barriers that inhibit women from entering engineering, 110 male and 84 female undergraduate students completed a variant of the Semantic Differential questionnaire. Subjects evaluated either male or female liberal arts and engineering majors. While female engineering majors were judged similar to male engineers on work-related traits, they were evaluated as less attractive than their female liberal arts counterparts. In particular, the data revealed reciprocal negative social images held by male engineering students for female engineers and by female engineering students for male engineers.
On the design of heterogeneous applications for distributed coordination

The current state of the art in the existing middleware technologies does not support the development of distributed applications that need processes to complete a task collaboratively. What is needed in the next generation of middleware is a synergy of heterogeneity, distribution, communication, and coordination. We are proposing to augment the existing middleware technologies to provide collaboration support through a multiparty interaction (MI) protocol rather than design a new programming language for distributed coordinated programming. A 4-layered interaction model will be presented to decouple the applications and their underlying middleware implementations including coordination protocols by providing a set of generic interfaces to the applications. The decoupling of applications and middleware technologies by isolating computation, communication, and coordination promotes reuse, improves comprehension, and eases maintenance due to software evolution.
Game-theoretic approach for QoS-aware resource competition in wireless networks

We propose a game-theoretic framework for quality-of-service (QoS) aware resource competition among coexisting wireless links in mobile wireless networks. The senders of wireless links use the constant transmit power and then the wireless resources of interest is characterized by time-slot length. Multiple wireless links will use the limited wireless resources through a time-slot competition game. In particular, the senders of all links are game players. They are selfish, yet rational, and aim at using the minimum time-slot consumptions to satisfy the specified statistical delay-QoS constraint under the given traffic load. We mainly focus on the two-link cases and derive the Nash equilibrium. Simulation results are presented to show the impact of QoS requirements and channel conditions on this time-slot competition game. Moreover, simulations demonstrate that the time-slot consumptions of the game-theoretic approach are very close to the single-link lower-bound.