cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Woodrow Wilson's Ideas About Local Government Reform: A Regime Perspective on the New Push for Citizen Engagement in Public Administration:

New scholarship promoting direct citizen engagement in public administration is grounded in a rejection of the theory and ethos of the administrative state, including the presumptively conventional views of Woodrow Wilson. Yet Wilson's ideas in this regard were hardly conventional. As part of his sweeping prescriptive vision for a national administrative system in the United States, Wilson promoted cities as the exclusive locus of direct citizen engagement in administration. Scholars and practitioners of the new participatory governance who attend to Wilson's ideas can acquire a valuable regime-level perspective on redefining the role of the public in public management and governance.
Errors in bone remodeling: Toward a unified theory of metabolic bone disease

Recent evidence suggests that skeletal adaptation is organized by a functional unit that includes cells of diverse origin working in coordination. Genetic and metabolic factors control and regulate the processes of modeling and remodeling, only rarely acting on the isolated individual functions of specific cell lines. Errors in the genetic or metabolic regulation of the functional unit affect the entire process of skeletal adaptation rather than specific elements of it. Viewed in this way, some metabolic bone diseases can be understood as relatively simple errors in factors that control the coordinated activities of the entire functional unit. This paper reviews the modeling and remodeling processes and demonstrates how abnormal morphological characteristics of bone tissue can be viewed as products of specific errors in the adaptive process.
Lactational Performance of Various Mammalian Species

Lactational performance varies widely among mammalian species. Lactation plays a variable role in the overall reproductive strategy. The fraction of total growth and development of the young contributed by lactation is minimal in such species as guinea pigs but is a very high proportion in some marsupials and primates. Although the overall daily capacity for transfer of energy for many species is rather constant at about 125 kcal/kg body weight.70, the proportions of nutritive constituents in milk differ greatly among species and vary during lactation.
Probabilistic Modeling of Bridge Deck Unseating during Hurricane Events

Although coastal bridges have exhibited significant susceptibility to damage during hurricane-induced wave and surge events, probabilistic models are lacking to quantify the vulnerability of bridges under a range of structural or hazard parameters and support hurricane risk assessment and mitigation activities. This paper introduces a computationally efficient methodology to assess the fragility, or conditional failure probability, of bridges, targeting the deck shifting or unseating failure mode, which is a predominant severe mode of failure for vast inventories of simply supported span bridges. The method propagates uncertainties in parameters affecting the structural capacity and demand, such as mass density, connection strength, material properties, workmanship, and wave parameters. Fragility surfaces are derived in which failure probability is presented over a range of relative surge elevation and wave heights. The application of this technique is shown through a regional fragility assessment of 136 bridges in the greater Houston area. The results reveal that a failure zone emerges in the fragility surfaces of the bridges studied, with a dramatic transition in probability of failure. Additionally, bridges with similar trends in fragility surfaces can be readily classified based on estimates of their mean mass per span length. Finally, application of the new vulnerability models in a case-study regional risk assessment for Hurricane Ike reveals consistency with observed damage and also offers an opportunity for future studies to investigate alternative scenarios for risk-mitigation planning or extensions of the methodology to consider other regions or failure modes.
Identification and Immunological Characterization of Three Potential Vaccinogens against Cryptosporidium Species

Cryptosporidiosis is a ubiquitous infectious disease, caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, leading to acute, persistent, and chronic diarrhea with life-threatening consequences in immunocompromised individuals. In developing countries, cryptosporidiosis in early childhood has been associated with subsequent significant impairment in growth, physical fitness, and intellectual abilities. Currently, vaccines are unavailable and chemotherapeutics are toxic and impractical, and agents for immunoprophylaxis or treatment of cryptosporidiosis are a high priority. Availability of the genome sequences for C. hominis and C. parvum provides new opportunities to procure and examine novel vaccine candidates. Using the novel approach of "reverse vaccinology," we identified several new potential vaccine candidates. Three of these antigens--Cp15, profilin, and a Cryptosporidium apyrase--were delivered in heterologous prime-boost regimens as fusions with cytolysin A (ClyA) in a Salmonella live vaccine vector and as purified recombinant antigens, and they were found to induce specific and potent humoral and cellular immune responses, suggesting their potential as new vaccinogens against Cryptosporidium infection.
Schools and Communities: Ecological and Institutional Dimensions

Research on the relationship between schools and communities has reemerged as a principal focus of the sociology of education. Current research, however, rejects earlier conceptualizations of school communities as being organized locally and identifiable by reference to demographic and neighborhood characteristics. Neoinstitutional research on schools has focused examination instead on school communities defined as organizational fields. From this perspective, state regulation, professional associations, and market competition are institutional forces that combine with local neighborhood characteristics to shape school-level practices. The historical development of this theoretical approach is first discussed; current research on neighborhood effects is then critiqued for ignoring how schools vary in response to institutional environments; finally, examples of the utility of a broader institutional conceptualization of community are suggested in five current areas of educational research: racial segregati...
Diabetes, Damp Casts, and Hair Dryers are Not a Good Combination

Second- and third-degree burns of the toes resulted when a 69-year-old man with Charcot foot and a recent fractured ankle followed the advice of his local podiatrist. The man got his fiberglass cast wet while showering and was told to dry his cast using the low setting on a blow dryer. The following presents a literature review of cast drying, hair dryers, and this unfortunate man's case.
Linkage Disequilibrium as a Signature of Selective Sweeps

The hitchhiking effect of a beneficial mutation, or a selective sweep, generates a unique distribution of allele frequencies and spatial distribution of polymorphic sites. A composite-likelihood test was previously designed to detect these signatures of a selective sweep, solely on the basis of the spatial distribution and marginal allele frequencies of polymorphisms. As an excess of linkage disequilibrium (LD) is also known to be a strong signature of a selective sweep, we investigate how much statistical power is increased by the inclusion of information regarding LD. The expected pattern of LD is predicted by a genealogical approach. Both theory and simulation suggest that strong LD is generated in narrow regions at both sides of the location of beneficial mutation. However, a lack of LD is expected across the two sides. We explore various ways to detect this signature of selective sweeps by statistical tests. A new composite-likelihood method is proposed to incorporate information regarding LD. This method enables us to detect selective sweeps and estimate the parameters of the selection model better than the previous composite-likelihood method that does not take LD into account. However, the improvement made by including LD is rather small, suggesting that most of the relevant information regarding selective sweeps is captured by the spatial distribution and marginal allele frequencies of polymorphisms.
Administrative Innovation among Ohio Local Government Finance Officers

This study centers on a mailed survey of Ohio local government finance officers that recorded a 43% response rate. It seeks to determine the extent to which the represented jurisdictions have adopted innovative administrative management tools and techniques, to identify possible determinants of adoption, and to explore potential outcomes of adoption. The authors conducted a longitudinal analysis to provide for the identification of potential outcomes. they found that Ohio local governments have been less innovative than jurisdictions surveyed in national surveys and that smaller local governments in Ohio tend to be more innovative than larger governments. The authors were unable to identify determinants of adoption or to construct a model of adoption. The article concludes that the adoption of administrative innovations appears to be an idiosyncratic process. Adoption does not appear to lead to greater satisfaction with the quality of the services provided by the respondent's jurisdiction or with the over...
The Response of Consumption to Income

Abstract In previous work we have argued that aggregate, post-war. United States data on consumption and income are well described by a model in which a fraction of income accrues to individuals who consume their current income rather than their permanent income. This fraction is estimated to be about 50%, indicating a substantial departure from the permanent income hypothesis. In this paper we ask whether the same model fits quarterly data from the United Kingdom over the period 1957–1988 and from Canada, France, Japan, and Sweden over the period 1972–1988. We also explore several generalizations of the basic model.
Arctic sea ice, cloud, water, and lead classification using neural networks and 1.6-/spl mu/m data

Polar sea ice plays a critical role in regulating the global climate. Seasonal variation in sea ice extent, however, coupled with the difficulties associated with in situ observations of polar sea ice, makes remote sensing the only practical way to estimate this important climatic variable on the space and time scales required. Unfortunately, accurate retrieval of sea ice extent from satellite data is a difficult task. Sea ice and high cold clouds have similar visible reflectance, but some other types of clouds can appear darker than sea ice. Moreover, strong atmospheric inversions and isothermal structures, both common in winter at some polar locations, further complicate the classification. This paper uses a combination of feed-forward neural networks and 1.6-/spl mu/m data from the new Chinese Fengyun-1C satellite to mitigate these difficulties. The 1.6-/spl mu/m data are especially useful for detecting illuminated water clouds in polar regions because 1) at 1.6 /spl mu/m, the reflectance of water droplets is significantly higher than that of snow or ice and 2) 1.6-/spl mu/m data are unaffected by atmospheric inversions. Validation data confirm the accuracy of the new classification technique. Application to other sensors with 1.6-/spl mu/m capabilities also is discussed.
Pivotal Advance: Macrophages become resistant to cholesterol-induced death after phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

One of the most important functions of macrophages is the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (ACs). ACs deliver large amounts membrane-derived cholesterol to phagocytes, which, if not handled properly, can be cytotoxic. In atherosclerosis, where the ACs are cholesterol-loaded, this situation is exaggerated, because the ACs deliver both endogenous membrane cholesterol and stored lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. To examine how phagocytes handle this very large amount of cholesterol, we incubated macrophage phagocytes with cholesterol-loaded ACs. Our results show that the phagocytes call into play a number of cellular responses to protect them from cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity. First, through efficient trafficking of the internalized AC-derived cholesterol to acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum, phagocytes efficiently esterify the cholesterol and thus prevent its toxic effects. However, the phagocytes show no signs of cytotoxicity even when ACAT is rendered dysfunctional, as might occur in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Under these conditions, the phagocytes remain viable through massive efflux of AC-derived cholesterol. Remarkably, these phagocytes still show a survival response even when high cholesterol levels are maintained in the post-phagocytosis period by subsequent incubation with atherogenic lipoproteins, as also may occur in atheromata. In this case, death in phagocytes is prevented by activation of survival pathways involving PI-3 kinase/Akt and NF-kappaB. Thus, macrophages that have ingested ACs successfully employ three survival mechanisms -- cholesterol esterification, massive cholesterol efflux, and cell-survival signaling. These findings have implications for macrophage physiology in both AC clearance and atherosclerotic plaque progression.
Relative invariants of finite groups generated by pseudoreflections

Let V be an m-dimensional vector space over the complex numbers C. Fix a basis X, ,..., x, for V, and identify the polynomial ring R = C[x, ,..., x,] with the symmetric algebra of V in the obvious way. If A E GL( V) (the group of invertible linear transformations V + V), then A extends to a @-automorphism of R by (Aj)(x, ,..., xnz) =f(Ax, ,..., Ax,), where f E R. Suppose G is any subgroup of GL(V). D enote by RG the ring of invariants of G acting on R, i.e.,
Increasing Opportunity through Interdisciplinary Research: Climbing Down and Shattering a Tower of Babel

In today's complex funding world, researchers, especially biomedical researchers, are looking toward solving societal problems using powerful new technologies. Exploring problems and questions not confined to a single discipline has set the environment to support collaborative approaches leading to interdisciplinary solutions (Drake and Donohue, 1996). Multidisciplinary teams have always provided unique opportunities for researchers across disciplines to communicate with one another (Gray, 1989). Interdisciplinary approaches set the stage for innovation by uniting together to create new tools, develop new disciplines and ultimately open new avenues of research.
High throughput thermostability screening of monoclonal antibody formulations

Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) was employed to increase the throughput of the thermostability screening of monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. The method consists of measuring the fluorescence intensity of a polarity sensitive probe at gradually increasing temperatures, and obtaining the transition temperature of exposure of the hydrophobic regions of proteins (T(h)). The change in fluorescence intensity was directly related to protein unfolding levels and temperatures. The results from thermostability measurements were compared with the data acquired using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a good correlation between T(h) and the temperature of protein unfolding or melting (T(m)) was observed. The method was applied to screen four mAb molecules in 84 different buffers. The studies revealed a good correlation of T(h) values with the known effects of pH and excipients on protein stability in solution. Specifically, the elevated aggregation levels induced by salt, low pH, and high protein concentrations could be successfully predicted by this thermal stability screening. This method is efficient, with high throughput capability, and could be widely applied in the biopharmaceutical industry for formulation and process development, and characterization.
Electrocochleography and experimentally induced loudness recruitment.

Summary. The relationship between changes in loudness and the cochlear whole-nerve potential following experimentally produced deafness was studied in an animal model. Reaction time of a subject's response to an auditory stimulus has been shown to be an index of loudness in human experiments and has been adapted to nonhuman primates. In a series of experiments, four macaque monkeys were operantly conditioned to respond to 8-kHz tones over a range of 0-80 dB SPL, and their reaction times to pure tone stimuli were measured. Whole-nerve cochlear action potentials were recorded from chronic inner-ear electrodes. The relationship between behavioral and electrical measures of loudness recruitment were examined in animals with both temporary and permanent noise-induced hearing loss. Loudness recruitment was demonstrated experimentally after a 1-h exposure to a high-intensity 8-kHz octave band of noise. Excellent agreement was observed between the reaction time function and the action potential input-output function at intervals of 0.5, 12, 24, 48, and 84 h after exposure. Permanent hearing loss was produced in some of these animals by a much longer duration of exposure to the 8-kHz octave band of noise. Recruitment was observed in both the behavioral and the electrical measures. Histological studies of these damaged cochleas revealed primarily outer hair cell destruction, with a relative sparing of inner hair cells and nerve supply. The findings of this study are interpreted as strong support for the clinical electrocochleogram as an objective indicator of the presence of loudness recruitment.
BUILDING CAPACITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CRITICAL DEMOCRATIC CITIZENRY THROUGH THE REDEFINITION OF EDUCATION

This article answers the question, How can we build capacity for the development of a critical democratic citizenry? This is achieved by generally describing postmodern society, and by introducing the idea of evolutionary consciousness as the next step in meeting the needs of a postmodern society. Secondly, the current nature of education is described, which is followed by a redefinition of education within the context of a critical ideal. The discussion concludes with a presentation of the pragmatics of building capacity for the development of a critical democratic citizenry through a redefinition of education.
Hepatitis and pregnancy.

The maternal and fetal outcomes of 50 pregnancies complicated by acute viral hepatitis were examined.Twenty (40%) cases were due to type B hepatitis virus. The clinical course of the maternal hepatitis was unaffected by the pregnant state. Maternal hepatitis (type B or nontype B) had no effect on the incidence of congenital malformations, stillbriths, abortions, or intrauterine malnutrition; it did increase the incidence of prematurity (type B 31.6%; nontype B 25%; overall 27.6%) over that seen in the general delivery population (10 to 11%). Eight mothers acquired acute type B hepatitis during the third trimester; two of their infants (25%) were found to be chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen and to have mild, persistent elevations of SGOT for up to 45 months.
The Incidence of Nephrocalcinosis and the Urinary Excretion of Citrate and Calcium in Patients with Non-Azotemic type 4 Renal Tubular Acidosis

In infants and children with type 1 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) after chronic acidosis, short stature, stunting (height. < 2.5 SD from mean for age- and sex- matched normals) and nephrocalcinosis occur1–12. Nephrocalcinosis is invariable by age 4 years in children with type I RTA who are maintained on low-dose alkali therapy.(< 3 mEq/kg/d) since infancy1–6. Recently we have shown that nephrocalcinosis has not occurred over observation periods of 10–20 years in 7 children with type 1 RTA in whom sustained correction of acidosis with high dose alkali therapy (5-14 mEq/kg/d) was maintained since infancy7-9. In these children, we demonstrated that urinary excretion of citrate rose to normal values: whereas on low-dose alkali, < 3 mEq/kg/d, it remained subnormal7-9. Citrate is a chelator and complexor of urinary calcium and also, acts as an inhibitor of urinary crystal formation13,14.
Technical Assistance to Enhance Prevention Capacity: a Research Synthesis of the Evidence Base

Despite the availability of many evidence-based prevention interventions (EBIs), gaps exist in bringing these programs into widespread practice. Technical assistance (TA) is a strategy for enhancing the readiness of practitioners to implement EBIs. Although many millions of dollars are spent on TA each year, there is little consensus about what the essential features of TA are and how to provide TA with quality. A broad-based research synthesis methodology was used for analyzing the current evidence base for TA using three frames: (1) applying the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) model for categorizing evidence on TA that specifies tasks for planning, implementing, and evaluating TA; (2) understanding the relevance of a successful relationship between the TA provider and TA recipient; and (3) considering the extent to which TA fits the life cycle needs of the preventive intervention. Results indicated that an explicit model or organizing framework is rarely used to plan, implement, and/or evaluate TA; specific TA tasks performed vary widely across studies; TA is rarely delivered to recipients who are seeking to sustain innovations subsequent to adoption and implementation; however, there is systematic attention to relationships and relationship-building. Overall, this synthesis indicates that the extent to which TA is being delivered systematically is limited. We suggest that funders and other stakeholders develop and implement standards for TA quality in order to ensure that many of these limitations are addressed.
Er:Y2SiO5 Eyesafe Laser at 300 K

Laser action at 300K was demonstrated in Er:Y2SiO5 (Er:YOS) using a 1.53μm Er:glass laser pump. A single pulse of less than 300ns (full width half maximum) at 1.633μm was obtained.
Patterns of aquatic species imperilment in the Southern Appalachians: an evaluation of regional databases

/ For regional analyses of species imperilment patterns, data on species distributions are available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and from the state heritage programs. We compared these two different databases as sources of best available information for regional analyses of patterns of aquatic species imperilment for 132 counties in the southern Appalachians and examined patterns produced from the databases. The heritage program database contained information about a greater number of imperiled species because species need not be federally listed as threatened or endangered to be included in this database. In the southern Appalachians, about half of imperiled molluscs and about one-fourth of imperiled fish were listed as threatened or endangered; much smaller proportions of other taxonomic groups were federally listed. Most threatened and endangered species appeared on both lists, but for about 40% of the species inconsistencies exist, notably a lack of recent records in the heritage program dataset. Numbers of species in each county were significantly different between the two datasets for Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia, where the largest number of threatened and endangered species reside. Nevertheless, some counties always appeared as centers of imperilment, and the general spatial patterns of imperilment were similar.
Lake Charles, Louisiana, earthquake of 16 October 1983

On 16 October 1983, at 19:40 (UTC), a magnitude 3.8 earthquake occurred near Lake Charles in southwestern Louisiana. The earthquake was felt over an area of 2600 km2 and had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of V. This was the first significant Louisiana Gulf Coast earthquake to be recorded and located by nearby microseismic networks. One possible foreshock and three aftershocks also were recorded and located using a velocity model developed for this study. The focal mechanism of the earthquake was determined based on P -wave first motions from 22 local and regional stations. The solution indicates a predominantly east-west trending, southeast-dipping normal fault with a small strike-slip component. The depth of this event (14+ km) provides the first significant evidence that normal faulting within the crystalline basement may control shallower growth faults along the Gulf Coast.
Research on DC Magnetic Biasing Characteristic of Converter Transformer for AC/DC Corridor-Sharing Power Transmission System

In view of complex composition of DC magnetic biasing in converter transformer for AC/DC corridor-sharing power transmission system, it is of significance for stable operation of the transmission system to correctly analyze its constituents. A DC magnetic biasing model for converter transformer and a transmission line model of AC/DC corridor-sharing power transmission system are built, and the DC quantities due to ground potential of the soil and power frequency induction of AC/DC transmission line are calculated respectively; the influencing rule of parallelly erected lengths of AC/DC transmission lines and the approach distance between the centers of AC and DC transmission towers on DC magnetic biasing in converter transformer is researched. Research results show that the longer the parallelly erected lengths of AC/DC transmission lines, the larger the DC magnetic biasing in converter transformer is, and the higher proportion of DC magnetic biasing due to power frequency induction in the total DC biasing, the lighter impact of ground potential of the soil on this proportion will be; the farther the approach distance between the centers of AC and DC transmission towers, the lower the DC magnetic biasing in converter transformer will be, and the smaller the proportion of DC magnetic biasing component due to power frequency induction in total DC magnetic biasing, the stronger impact of ground potential of the soil on this proportion will be.
Monochloramine Cometabolism by Mixed-Culture Nitrifiers under Drinking Water Conditions

Chloramines are the second most used secondary disinfectant by United States water utilities. However, chloramination may promote nitrifying bacteria. Recently, monochloramine cometabolism by the pure culture ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas europaea, was shown to increase monochloramine demand. The current research investigated monochloramine cometabolism by nitrifying mixed cultures grown under more relevant drinking water conditions and harvested from sand-packed reactors before conducting suspended growth batch kinetic experiments. Four types of batch kinetic experiments were conducted: (1) positive controls to estimate ammonia kinetic parameters, (2) negative controls to account for biomass reactivity, (3) utilization associated product (UAP) controls to account for UAP reactivity, and (4) cometabolism experiments to estimate cometabolism kinetic parameters. Kinetic parameters were estimated in AQUASIM with a simultaneous fit to the experimental data. Cometabolism kinetics were best described...
Retinal Re-Attachment Forces Created by Absorption of Subretinal Fluid

Retinal breaks up to 3 mm above the crest of a scleral buckle will reliably lead to retinal re-attachment. Evidence suggesting retinal pigment epithelial and/or choroidal absorption of subretinal fluid (SRF) is given. Physical forces contributing to retinal detachment are discussed. Absorption of SRF induces a ‘lift’ force which tends to reapproximate the retina to the scleral buckle. A mathematical expression for the reapproximating lift force is derived. An order of magnitude calculation of the lift force is made. An estimate of the order of magnitude of residual detachment forces is 10-5 dynes.
Ecophenotypic Variation in Setae of Naididae (Oligochaeta)

Specimens from a clone of Pristina aequiseta Bourne were found to lose and regain giant setae characteristic of the species when cultured in varying ionic concentrations of an artificial pond water. Pristina foreli (Piguet) is declared a junior synonym of P. aequiseta. Species of Dero, Nais, and Pristina were found to produce morphologically different setae in response to environmental changes in field and laboratory situations.
Charging of Radiopharmaceuticals to Patients for Nuclear Medicine Studies in Today’s Healthcare Environment

2722 Objectives In this competitive time of cost repositioning and healthcare reform, a method of calculating the true costs for radiopharmaceuticals is essential. Traditional price points for the charging of radiopharmaceuticals were set years ago without any basis and have been increased arbitrarily since then. Our institution did not have a way to calculate radiopharmaceutical costs associated with nuclear medicine studies and therefore could not charge the patient correctly. By analyzing the costs associated with every aspect of the radiopharmaceutical, it allows healthcare providers to charge patients in a fair and accurate way. Methods Radiopharmaceutical charges are comprised of 3 components; the isotope cost, a cancellation expenditure and a radiopharmacy handling charge. The isotope cost is the cost of the radiopharmaceutical to the institution. The cancellation expenditure is a surcharge that is added to the total radiopharmaceutical cost to account for the un-used doses and resources due to patient study cancellations. The radiopharmacy handling charge accounts for the resources needed to maintain an efficient hot lab. These expenses include, but are not limited to; survey meters, well counters, dose calibrators, radioactive sources, equipment service contracts, syringe shields, record keeping, radiation safety, radioactive waste disposal, and personnel costs. The radiopharmacy handling charge can vary based on isotope usage, energy of the isotope, half-life of the isotope, increased pharmacist and or technologist time, additional compliance regulations and extra radiation safety equipment. Results The cost analysis showed that several Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals were being charged at less than the actual costs incurred to our institution. With the prices of Mo-99 generators increasing in recent years due to availability and production issues, the price of Tc-99m has increased, but our price points did not reflect the change. The analysis also revealed that some non-Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals were charged for costs that were not relevant to the actual costs incurred. We were able to get these prices changed to a more accurate price point. Conclusions This analysis has not only allowed us to charge patients more accurately, but also be more transparent, as is one of the goals of the Affordable Care Act. Healthcare providers can now charge patients for the actual costs associated with radiopharmaceuticals, not from outdated standards set years ago. This is a tedious and time-consuming task of collecting information from different departments and vendors, but once identified and implemented, patients and healthcare providers both mutually benefit.
Elements of complexity in subsurface modeling, exemplified with three case studies

There are complexity elements to consider when applying subsurface flow and transport models to support environmental analyses. Modelers balance the benefits and costs of modeling along the spectrum of complexity, taking into account the attributes of more simple models (e.g., lower cost, faster execution, easier to explain, less mechanistic) and the attributes of more complex models (higher cost, slower execution, harder to explain, more mechanistic and technically defensible). In this report, modeling complexity is examined with respect to considering this balance. The discussion of modeling complexity is organized into three primary elements: (1) modeling approach, (2) description of process, and (3) description of heterogeneity. Three examples are used to examine these complexity elements. Two of the examples use simulations generated from a complex model to develop simpler models for efficient use in model applications. The first example is designed to support performance evaluation of soil-vapor-extraction remediation in terms of groundwater protection. The second example investigates the importance of simulating different categories of geochemical reactions for carbon sequestration and selecting appropriate simplifications for use in evaluating sequestration scenarios. In the third example, the modeling history for a uranium-contaminated site demonstrates that conservative parameter estimates were inadequate surrogates for complex, critical processes and there is discussion on the selection of more appropriate model complexity for this application. All three examples highlight how complexity considerations are essential to create scientifically defensible models that achieve a balance between model simplification and complexity.
Implementation of attachment theory into early childhood settings

Because numerous studies show that early child-adult attachment significantly affects a child’s socio-emotional and cognitive development, we propose that establishing attachment-based child care can contribute to a healthy and happy childhood. This proposition is part of a new theoretical and experimental field and, thus, research is limited. There is a lack of clarity in definition, criteria, and common terminology of this type of child care. By synthesizing the literature around the attachment-based interventions in early child care centres, this review provides a conceptualization of attachment-based child care. Based on research findings, major components of this type of child care are: training for caregivers on attachment theory and sensitivity; employment of an appropriate policy, such as the appointment of a key person; a small child-adult ratio; and collaboration with parents that includes education about secure attachment and sensitivity.
Hierarchy and Plasticity in the Intestinal Stem Cell Compartment

Somatic stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by organizing themselves in such a way that they can maintain proliferative output while simultaneously protecting themselves from DNA damage that may lead to oncogenic transformation. There is considerable debate about how such stem cell compartments are organized. Burgeoning evidence from the small intestine and colon provides support for a two-stem cell model involving an actively proliferating but injury-sensitive stem cell and a rare, injury-resistant pool of quiescent stem cells. Parallel with this evidence, recent studies have revealed considerable plasticity within the intestinal stem cell (ISC) compartment. We discuss the evidence for plasticity and hierarchy within the ISC compartment and how these properties govern tissue regeneration and contribute to oncogenic transformation leading to colorectal cancers.
Centering on LGBTQ Families: Introduction to the Special Issue.

We are pleased to introduce our special issue on LGBTQ Families. In order to maximize space for the research presented, our introduction is necessarily brief.The articles in our special issue are o...
Assessment and Management of Psychiatric Symptoms in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are near universal among patients with neurodegenerative disorders, thus almost all patients experience at least one of them during the course of their illness.
All-fluoroscopic technique for sacral vertebroplasty.

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis and other conditions that predispose to spinal compression fractures can also result in painful sacral insufficiency fractures. Recently percutaneous vertebroplasty has been applied to treat these fractures. Due to difficulty identifying the correct cannula depth into the sacrum under fluoroscopy alone, the procedure is typically performed using a combined fluoroscopic- and CT-guided technique. In patients who have undergone lumbo-sacral fusions with pedicle screws in place, the CT-guided image is degraded by metal artifact, making visualization of the cannula tip difficult. CASE REPORT Described is a technique using fluoroscopic imaging for reliable cannula placement in a patient with a sacral insufficiency fracture and previous pedicle screw fixation.
The effects of UV-B radiation on the reproduction and mortality of Tigriopus californicus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

Survival of adult female copepods and survival of eggs to 1-week-old larvae were assessed following exposure times of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min of UV-B radiation (450 μW cm−2). An increase in both adult and larval mortality occurred between the 45 min (12,150 J m−2 unweighted) and 60 min (16 200 J m−2 unweighted) treatment levels of radiation. At 90 min (24 300 J m−2 unweighted), all individuals died.
New perspectives for triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion using all-organic energy donor & acceptor chromophores

It is recognized that metal organic complexes that serve as sensitizers can present various degrees of challenges viz. synthesis and stability for photonic applications such as triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion (TTA-PUC). Presently, researchers, including our group, are turning their attention toward purely organic triplet sensitizers, which can be handled more easily for photon management science. In this review, we surveyed recently developed all-organic chromophoric systems that were devised and used for TTA-PUC research. Knowing that TTA-PUC research has mainly been focused on the design and synthesis of the triplet sensitizers, we detailed the underlying photophysics and thermodynamics that served as the starting point for the synthesis of the purely organic chromophores in question. Accordingly, this review details triplet sensitizers that operate on (i) spin–orbit coupling or heavy atom effect, (ii) Baird-type aromaticity and antiaromaticity, (iii) open-shell characteristics or doublet excited state and (iv) thermally activated delayed fluorescence.
Resection for anal melanoma: Is there an optimal approach?

Abstract Background Anal melanoma is a lethal disease, but its rarity makes understanding the behavior and effects of intervention challenging. Local resection and abdominal perineal resection are the proposed treatments for nonmetastatic disease. We hypothesize that there is no difference in overall survival between surgical therapies. Methods The National Cancer Database (2004–2014) was queried for adults with a diagnosis of anal melanoma who underwent curative resection. Patients with metastatic disease were excluded. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on surgical approach (local resection versus abdominal perineal resection). Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were used to examine the association between surgical approach and R0 resection rate, short-term survival, and overall survival. Results A total of 570 patients with anal melanoma who underwent resection were identified. The median age was 68 and 59% of patients were female. A total of 383 (67%) underwent local resection. Abdominal perineal resection was associated with higher rates of R0 resection rates (abdominal perineal resection 91% versus local resection 73%; P Conclusion Anal melanoma has a very poor prognosis, with only 1 of 5 patients alive at 5 years. Although local resection was associated with lower rates of R0 resection, there was no discernable difference in overall survival in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis.
Role of phospholipids in transport and enzymic reactions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of phospholipids in transport and enzymic reactions. A large number of cellular components are localized in/on membranes. Extraction of lipids from active particulate preparations results in a marked decrease in activity of several enzymes of mitochondrial electron transport system. The activity can be restored by addition of crude mitochondrial lipids or other highly unsaturated phospholipids. In addition to the well-known propensity of phospholipids to form bilayers, many of them have a direct influence on specific membrane components that are involved in catalytic and/or transport functions. Lipid–protein interactions modulate the catalytic activity of proteins by influencing or determining their tertiary and quaternary structures. Phospholipids provide a relatively nonpolar environment in which some reactions can proceed more efficiently, as the nonpolar environment can assist in binding and orientation of ligands, and influence the activity of water at the active site.
A Small MC68000 System

This chapter explains the design of a small 68000-based system, beginning with the design of reset/halt circuits and the basic RAM and ROM system. Since the operation of most peripheral devices requires programming, peripheral devices will be examined after some exposure to the programming of the MC68000. This chapter will show how different signals are applied and provide various ways of interfacing them.
Comparison and Feasibility of Various RFID Authentication Methods Using ECC.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that has grown in popularity and in the applications of use. However, there are major issues regarding security and privacy with respect to RFID technology which have caught the interest of many researchers. There are significant challenges which must be overcome to resolve RFID security and privacy issues. One reason is the constraints attached to the provision of security and privacy in RFID systems. Along with meeting the security and privacy needs of RFID technology, solutions must be inexpensive, practical, reliable, scalable, flexible, inter-organizational, and long-lasting. To make RFID identifiers effective and efficient they must identify the item(s) while resisting attacks aimed at obtaining the tag’s information and compromising the system or making it possible to bypass the protection RFID tags are supposed to provide. Different authentication methods have been proposed, researched, and evaluated in the literature. In this work, we proposed our methodology in evaluating RFID authentication, and a few of the most promising authentication methods are reviewed, compared, and ranked in order to arrive at a possible best choice of protocol to use.
Clinical effectiveness of novel rosacea therapies

Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin disease that is difficult to manage because of the unknown etiology and due to its variable manifestations. These facts and the few new available treatment options make it difficult to select a really effective treatment. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for rosacea. The topical alpha adrenergic agonist oxymetazoline reduces rosacea-related erythema. Topical ivermectin improves lesion count, inflammation, and maintenance of remission of rosacea compared to topical metronidazole. Procedural therapies including pulsed dye laser, radiofrequency, and dual frequency ultrasound are promising as both monotherapies or in combination. Although there are several effective treatment modalities for rosacea management, treatments options should be tailored for the specific clinical scenario.
Aquinas’ Balancing Act: Balancing the Soul Between the Realms of Matter and Pure Spirit

Abstract In this paper, I will primarily argue for the consistency of Aquinas’ conception, according to which the human soul, uniquely in God’s creation, is both the inherent, material, substantial form of the human body, and the subsistent immaterial substance underlying the immaterial operations of its immaterial, rational powers, namely, intellect and will. In this discussion, I will point out that typical challenges to Aquinas’ conception usually rely on semantic or ontological assumptions that can plausibly be denied in Aquinas’ own conceptual framework. Since the issue of consistency merely assumes the less than self-evident claim of the immateriality of the human intellect, I will also provide a brief sketch of what I take to be Aquinas’ most promising proof of this claim.
Energetically Passive Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Hydraulic Human Power Amplifier With Assistive Dynamics

This paper develops a control approach for a multi-degree-of-freedom (DoF) hydraulic human power amplifier (HHPA) which is a tool with which a human interacts physically. The control objective is to use the hydraulic actuators to amplify the human force while ensuring that the closed-loop system is energetically passive with respect to a scaled human and environment input power, so as to enhance the safety and coupling stability. A multi-DoF virtual velocity coordination approach is used to recast the force control problem as one of coordination between the velocities of fictitious inertia and of the HHPA. To aid the human to perform specific tasks, additional passive assistance dynamics are incorporated to include a passive velocity field controller (PVFC) for path guidance, and an artificial potential field for obstacle avoidance (OA). Control of the hydraulic actuators is defined by a passivity-based controller that considers the natural energy storage of the hydraulic actuators to fully account for the nonlinear pressure dynamics. The controllers specify the required flows which are then satisfied by either a servo-valve or an energy efficient hydraulic transformer. Experimental results demonstrate good control performance and effective task assistance.
Heavy metals concentrations in selected soil samples of Al-Diwaniyah governorate, Southern Iraq

Heavy metals’ origin, accumulation, and distribution in soil samples have been the focus of much attention by many researchers to monitor soil pollution. The objective of this study is to determine the levels of the heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the soil samples collected from different areas residential, industrial and agricultural of Al-Diwaniyah governorate southern Iraq using the effective technique of atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS, so that the degree of pollution could be ascertained. The results show that the mean values of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in soil samples are 31.75, 1.804, 18.51 and 29.82 mg/l, respectively. The results show that the heavy metals concentrations were found to be higher in industrial regions than the other locations. Mean values of Pb and Cd in soils studied were generally higher than the acceptable limits, suggesting some degrees of pollution with heavy metals.
Multi-Objective Autonomy for AUV Adaptive Sampling Missions

Using unmanned vehicles to sample oceanographic phenomena in estuaries such as plumes and fronts is particularly challenging because of the dynamic nature of these environments. It is likely that a preplanned sampling trajectory will not maximize the available time sampling the phenomena under study and instead will spend time and energy on mission legs where there are no phenomena of interest present. To remedy this, we are developing a backseat controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle that can analyze sensor data in situ and use that analysis to plan and execute a mission that achieves the sampling goals more efficiently than preplanned trajectories. Because missions may contain multiple behaviors that may conflict with each other, our controller uses a multi-objective Markov decision process to arbitrate between the behaviors and maximize mission value. We discuss the design of our controller as well as its implementation with ROS, and we give the results of recent in-water experiments conducted to evaluate the controller's performance.