cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMDA-mediated activation of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP regulates the duration of ERK signaling.

The intracellular mechanism(s) by which a cell determines the duration of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activation is not well understood. We have investigated the role of STEP, a striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase, in the regulation of ERK activity in rat neurons. Glutamate-mediated activation of NMDA receptors leads to the rapid but transient phosphorylation of ERK in cultured neurons. Here we show that activation of NMDA receptors led to activation of STEP, which limited the duration of ERK activity as well as its translocation to the nucleus and its subsequent downstream nuclear signaling. In neurons, STEP is phosphorylated and inactive under basal conditions. NMDA-mediated influx of Ca2+, but not increased intracellular Ca2+ from other sources, leads to activation of the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and the dephosphorylation and activation of STEP. We have identified an important mechanism involved in the regulation of ERK activity in neurons that highlights the complex interplay between serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and phosphatases.
STUDIES IN THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF LEARNING. VII. BAR-PRESSING RATE FOR CRANIAL SELF-STIMULATION AS RELATED TO FREQUENCY OF RECTANGULAR PULSES WHEN Q IS HELD CONSTANT.

(1963). Studies in the Neurophysiology of Learning: VII. Bar-Pressing Rate for Cranial Self-Stimulation as Related to Frequency of Rectangular Pulses When Q is Held Constant. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 455-472.
5-HT induces cAMP production in crypt colonocytes at a 5-HT4 receptor.

Previous studies demonstrate that both 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) induce chloride efflux from crypt colonocytes in the rat distal colon; antagonist studies suggest that the 5-HT response is mediated primarily by the 5-HT4 receptor. Since this receptor is known to be positively coupled to adenylate cyclase, we postulated that 5-HT should induce generation of cAMP, which should be inhibited by 5-HT4 antagonists. Method. Mucosal cells from rat distal colon were taken by a sequential calcium chelation technique for enrichment of crypt cells. Cytokeratin stains demonstrated that >99% of cells were colonocytes. [3H]Thymidine uptake studies demonstrate a fivefold increased incorporation in this cell preparation compared to earlier fractions. 3-Isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX, 100 microM) was added to all cell suspensions in order to prevent cAMP metabolism. Cell suspensions were incubated for 2 min at 37 degreesC with different concentrations of 5-HT (n = 7). cAMP was measured by enzyme immunoassay. In another series of experiments, 5-HT (0.3 microM) stimulation of cAMP was similarly measured in the presence and absence of 5-HT receptor antagonists: 10 microM 5-HTP-DP (5-HT1P; n = 4), 0.1 microM ketanserin (5-HT2A; n = 4), 0.3 microM ondansetron (5-HT3; n = 4), 3 microM tropisetron (5-HT3 and 5-HT4; n = 4), and 10 nM GR-113808 (5-HT4; n = 5). Results. 5-HT produced a dose-dependent increase in cAMP. The increase was significant at concentrations >/=0.3 microM when compared to cells incubated with IBMX alone. In the second series of experiment, 5-HT-induced generation of cAMP at a dose of 0.3 microM was significantly inhibited in the presence of GR-113808 and tropisetron. Conclusion. 5-HT acts at a 5-HT4 receptor to induce production of cAMP in rat distal crypt colonocytes.
The in Vivo Role of Androgen Receptor SUMOylation as Revealed by Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and Prostate Cancer Mutations Targeting the Proline/Glycine Residues of Synergy Control Motifs

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the effects of male sexual hormones on development and physiology. Alterations in AR function are central to reproductive disorders, prostate cancer, and Kennedy disease. AR activity is influenced by post-translational modifications, but their role in AR-based diseases is poorly understood. Conjugation by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins at two synergy control (SC) motifs in AR exerts a promoter context-dependent inhibitory role. SC motifs are composed of a four-amino acid core that is often preceded and/or followed by nearby proline or glycine residues. The function of these flanking residues, however, has not been examined directly. Remarkably, several AR mutations associated with oligospermia and androgen insensitivity syndrome map to Pro-390, the conserved proline downstream of the first SC motif in AR. Similarly, mutations at Gly-524, downstream of the second SC motif, were recovered in recurrent prostate cancer samples. We now provide evidence that these clinically isolated substitutions lead to a partial loss of SC motif function and AR SUMOylation that affects multiple endogenous genes. Consistent with a structural role as terminators of secondary structure elements, substitution of Pro-390 by Gly fully supports both SC motif function and SUMOylation. As predicted from the functional properties of SC motifs, the clinically isolated mutations preferentially enhance transcription driven by genomic regions harboring multiple AR binding sites. The data support the view that alterations in AR SUMOylation play significant roles in AR-based diseases and offer novel SUMO-based therapeutic opportunities.
Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review.

During the past several decades, reduction in fat intake has been the main focus of national dietary recommendations to decrease risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Several lines of evidence, however, have indicated that types of fat have a more important role in determining risk of CHD than total amount of fat in the diet. Metabolic studies have long established that the type of fat, but not total amount of fat, predicts serum cholesterol levels. In addition, results from epidemiologic studies and controlled clinical trials have indicated that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is more effective in lowering risk of CHD than simply reducing total fat consumption. Moreover, prospective cohort studies and secondary prevention trials have provided strong evidence that an increasing intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish or plant sources substantially lowers risk of cardiovascular mortality. In this article, we review evidence from epidemiologic studies and dietary intervention trials addressing the relationship between dietary fat intake and risk of CHD, with a particular emphasis on different major types of fat, n-3 fatty acids and the optimal balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. We also discuss the implications of the available evidence in the context of current dietary recommendations.
Quadrivalvular marantic endocarditis (ME) mimicking acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)

Marantic endocarditis (ME) is defined by noninfectious valvular vegetations. The most common disorders associated with ME are malignancy with or without hypercoagulable state, intercardiac instrumentation, residual vegetations from previously treated infective endocarditis (IE), renal insufficiency, and burns. Another important cause of ME is systemic lupus erythematosus when accompanied by vegetations, that is, Libman-Sacks endocarditis. ME should be differentiated from IE because they may present with similar clinical features. Both ME and IE may present with fever and a heart murmur with or without embolic phenomenon. Leukocytosis and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate suggest the diagnosis of IE. The hallmark of IE is a cardiac vegetation and continuous high-grade bacteremia. After exclusion of the causes of culture negative endocarditis, the absence of bacteremia clearly differentiates ME from IE. We present a case of ME mimicking acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE). The differential diagnostic features of ME versus IE are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of quadrivalvular ME with massive vegetations on all cardiac valves, as well as the aorta, atria, and pulmonary artery.
Finding Gas Diffusion Pathways in Proteins: Application to O2 and H2 Transport in CpI [FeFe]-Hydrogenase and the Role of Packing Defects

Summary We report on a computational investigation of the passive transport of H 2 and O 2 between the external solution and the hydrogen-producing active site of CpI [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum . Two distinct methodologies for studying gas access are discussed and applied: (1) temperature-controlled locally enhanced sampling, and (2) volumetric solvent accessibility maps, providing consistent results. Both methodologies confirm the existence and function of a previously hypothesized pathway and reveal a second major pathway that had not been detected by previous analyses of CpI's static crystal structure. Our results suggest that small hydrophobic molecules, such as H 2 and O 2 , diffusing inside CpI, take advantage of well-defined preexisting packing defects that are not always apparent from the protein's static structure, but that can be predicted from the protein's dynamical motion. Finally, we describe two contrasting modes of intraprotein transport for H 2 and O 2 , which in our model are differentiated only by their size.
A primer on media theory

Media theory is a new branch of discrete applied mathematics originally developed in mid-nineties to deal with stochastic evolution of preference relations in political science and mathematical psychology. However, many different examples of media can be found, ranging from learning spaces to hypercube computers, suggesting that this concept is ubiquitous. The paper presents very basic concepts and results of media theory and is aimed at a wide body of researchers in discrete applied mathematics.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Pregnancy

### Patient: 26-year-old female ### Past Medical History: Patient had a history of chronic hypertension (BP 132/78). She was not on any antihypertensive medication (such as Aldomet). On her initial crossmatch, she tested O positive with negative antibody screens and 2 immediate spin compatible red cells units were transfused. Two subsequent specimens submitted 3 and 5 days later tested the same, and no transfusions were necessary. Three weeks later, on a prenatal visit at 20 weeks gestation of her latest pregnancy, she presented with shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness and was found to be severely anemic (hemoglobin 5 g/dL, baseline 11 g/dL). She received blood transfusions at an outside institution and was subsequently transferred to our institution for further management. Initial laboratory results are shown below (Table 1). She was type O Rh positive with detectable anti-E, a strong panagglutinating warm autoantibody, and a history (from the sending hospital) of anti-C and -K. Phenotypically matched red blood cells negative for C, E, K, Fy(a), and S antigens were transfused. Serologic tests for HIV, HBsAg, and RPR were negative. Culture for Group B strep ( Streptococcus agalactiae ) was negative, and Chlamydia/gonorrhea was not detected. She was transfused with a total of 10 additional red cell units and was placed on high-dose intravenous steroids, which was later shifted to an oral preparation. Her other medications included prenatal vitamins and iron. She was poorly compliant with the steroid treatment, and due to …
Managed death in a PACE: pathways in present and advance directives.

spectively, while Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) wishes were documented in 48% of PD and 26% of AD. After implementation of the Pathways Tool, completion rates increased to 99% for both PD and AD. Documented DNR wishes decreased to 38% of PD and increased to 66% of AD. Qualitative choices for care (Longevity vs Function vs Palliation) changed toward a palliation pathway for AD (from 9% to 53%). The rate of dying at home increased from 24% to 65%. Compliance with end-of-life wishes increased from 72% to 96%. These are statistically significant. Conclusion: Introduction of a novel pathways method of documenting HCW in a PACE site was associated with increased completion, preferences toward less invasive levels of care at life’s end, and increased compliance with participants’ wishes and deaths at home. Future research to validate the methodology employed in this intervention should be conducted in other long-term care settings. (J Am Med Dir Assoc 2006; 7: 339–344)
High coverage needle/syringe programs for people who inject drugs in low and middle income countries: a systematic review

Background Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at an elevated risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In many high-income countries, needle and syringe exchange programs (NSP) have been associated with reductions in blood-borne infections. However, we do not have a good understanding of the effectiveness of NSP in low/middle-income and transitional-economy countries.
Augmented retail services: The lifetime value of affection

Abstract Customer satisfaction is not enough to ensure repeat patronage. Retailing is being threatened by a host of informative and value/cost alternatives for consumer patronage. We discuss the stages of the retail patronage experience and retailers' opportunities to build store loyalty based on augmented services. These ideas are illustrated, and the financial implications are overviewed. We conclude with several suggestions for facilitating the retail augmentation process to achieve retail patronage relationships.
Individual differences in the cooperative learning of concrete procedures

Abstract The effects of selected individual differences on the enactment and recall of a medical procedure, learned in cooperative dyads, were explored. The individual differences of interest were vocabulary level and field-dependence/ independence. One hundred and twenty three college students completed the experiment. During training, participants were randomly assigned to dyads in one of four conditions: (1) no-strategy; (2) baseline strategy; (3) prompting strategy; and (4) planning strategy. During testing, participants both performed and produced written recalls of the procedural instructions. Participants with high vocabulary scores achieved higher recall and performance scores than those with low vocabulary scores. Field-independent students recalled more and performed better than field-dependent students. Various strategies for learning concrete procedures were found to differentially affect the recall and performance of field-dependent and field-independent participants.
History of magnetic disk storage based on perpendicular magnetic recording

This paper reviews a major disk-drive product development effort in IBM during the 1950s, one that was originally based on perpendicular recording. The goal of the project, identified as the Advanced Disk File (ADF), was to develop the successor to the first disk drive, the Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC) 350. The ADF eventually became the IBM 1301, the first disk drive to use a flying head per surface. Whereas the RAMAC used longitudinal recording, the ADF project chose perpendicular recording as the mainstream recording technology for magnetic disk data storage and continued on this path for a period of five years. A crisis arose in the later stages of prototype testing due to unacceptable failure rates; one decision made was to change the recording method from perpendicular back to longitudinal. The reasons for the original selection of perpendicular and the subsequent return to longitudinal recording are described and address technology, product, and business issues. General observations on factors influencing the choices made and the final outcome are offered as well as the long-term impact of these events on the disk-drive industry.
Rapid Heating of Ion-Implanted Silicon by High-Power Pulsed Microwave Radiation

We have used 1.1-μs microwave pulses at a frequency of 2.856 GHz to rapidly heat the near-surface region of arsenic-implanted silicon. The samples were irradiated inside a WR-284 waveguide by single-pass TE10 traveling wave pulses. Post-irradiation studies show that surface melting occurs for incident pulse powers exceeding about 3 MW. Time-resolved measurements of the microwave reflectivity (R) show that there is an abrupt and large increase in R for microwave pulse powers greater than the melt threshold. Significant light emission was also observed from the test cell, which is most likely due to the relaxation of a microwave-induced plasma formed by electrical breakdown of gas. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, we measured the depth profile of the implanted arsenic and found that the penetration of the melt front in the near-surface region is not spatially homogeneous over the silicon surface.
Further considerations of adaptive canceller and pulse compression interactions

An exact expression for the perturbed range sidelobe level of a compressed pulse that has been preprocessed through an adaptive canceller is derived. This result is a generalization of past research where the signal was assumed to be completely contained within the processing batch of the canceller. Here we allow the signal to extend over an arbitrary number of canceller processing batches. A good approximate expression is also obtained for evaluating the perturbed range sidelobe level. This paper derives the number of independent samples per channel (main and auxiliaries) necessary so that the average adaptive range sidelobe level is within 3 dB of the quiescent range sidelobe level. Furthermore, the same analysis is used to predict the canceller noise power level that is induced by the presence in the canceller weight calculation of a contaminating desired signal. Placement of the pulse compressor before or after the canceller is also considered. It is shown that if the code length L of the desired waveform is less than or equal to the processing batch width K of the canceller, it is desirable to place the pulse compression after the adaptive canceller. If L>K, then the issue is not so clear-cut, and a tradeoff study is necessary. >
On the Equivalence of the Operator Equations XA + BX = C and X - p(-B)Xp(A)(-1) = W in a Hilbert-Space, p A Polynomial

We consider the solution of (∗) XA + BX = C for bounded operators A, B, C and X on a Hilbert space, A normal. We establish the existence of a polynomial p and a bounded operator W with the property that the unique solution X of (∗) also solves X − p(−B)Xp(A)−1 = W uniquely. A known iterative algorithm can be applied to the latter equation to solve (∗).
Cell cycle-dependence of HL-60 cell deformability

In this study, the role of cytoskeleton in HL-60 deformability during the cell cycle was investigated. G1, S, and G2/M cell fractions were separated by centrifugal elutriation. Cell deformability was evaluated by pipette aspiration. Tested at the same aspiration pressures, S cells were found to be less deformable than G1 cells. Moreover, HL-60 cells exhibited power-law fluid behavior: mu=mu c(gamma m/ gamma c)-b, where mu is cytoplasmic viscosity, gamma m is mean shear rate, mu c is the characteristic viscosity at the characteristic shear rate gamma c, and b is a material constant. At a given shear rate, S cells (mu c=276 +/- 14 Pa.s, b=0.51 +/- 0.03) were more viscous than G1 cells (mu c=197 +/- 25, b=0.53 +/- 0.02). To evaluate the relative importance of different cytoskeletal components in these cell cycle-dependent properties, HL-60 cells were treated with 30 microM dihydrocytochalasin B (DHB) to disrupt F-actin or 100 microM colchicine to collapse microtubules. DHB dramatically softened both G1 and S cells, which reduced the material constants mu c by approximately 65% and b by 20–30%. Colchicine had a limited effect on G1 cells but significantly reduced mu c of S cells (approximately 25%). Thus, F-actin plays the predominate role in determining cell mechanical properties, but disruption of microtubules may also influence the behavior of proliferating cells in a cell cycle-dependent fashion.
A response to Dodds and Jones.

In response to "Surrogacy and Autonomy," by Susan Dodds and Karen Jones in this issue of Bioethics, the author concedes that only a surrogacy practice stringently regulated by good counseling, escape clauses for pregnant women, and the prohibition of profit-making agencies will save women from exploitation, but she objects to singling out women for paternalistic "protection against themselves," and to defending women's autonomy to the extent of their right to behave in ways known to harm a fetus. Dodds and Jones' concerns about attitudes toward women, genetic bias, the concept of children as property, and the harm principle generated by surrogacy contracts are answered with arguments for why surrogacy should not be illegal. Language: en
Impediments to change: Applications of coaching in high‐school science teaching

This article describes how two coaching models were utilized in an attempt to assist Jonathon, an experienced teacher who had been teaching science for only two years, to improve his science teaching. Because of the numerous difficulties that Jonathon encountered in planning and implementing the science curriculum, school administrators requested assistance from several science educators from a university near the school. In order to assist Jonathon, two coaching models were used over a period of approximately six months. In the first coaching program two high-school teachers were coached by three science educators from the university. In the second coaching program the teachers coached one another. Neither program was successful in improving Jonathon's teaching in the intended manner. The major impediments to change were Jonathon's beliefs about teaching and learning and his relatively poor knowledge of the science content he was to teach. The findings of the study suggest that the coaching interventions require teachers to analyze teaching, reflect on practice, and consider alternative approaches to teaching and learning. Involvement in the coaching programs provided Jonathon with a foundation of knowledge on which sustained improvements in teaching might develop in the future.
Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt:

Using prior seminal work that places emphasis on news framing and its relevance to sociocultural context, this study describes, maps, and explains evolving patterns of communication on Twitter through the events of the 2011 Egyptian uprisings, which led to the resignation of President Mubarak. Using a multimethodological approach, we conducted a network, content, and discourse analysis of randomly sampled tweets from approximately one million tweets over a month-long time period to study broadcasting and listening practices on Twitter. The findings suggested networked framing and gatekeeping practices that became activated as prominent actors and frames were crowdsourced to prominence. Quantitative findings underscored the significant role of ordinary users who both rose to prominence and elevated others to elite status through networked gatekeeping actions. In depth, discourse analysis of prominent actors and frames highlighted the fluid, iterative processes inherent in networked framing as frames were p...
A photo-electroactive surface strategy for immobilizing ligands in patterns and gradients for studies of cell polarization.

We report a combined photochemical and electrochemical method to pattern ligands and cells in complex geometries and gradients on inert surfaces. This work demonstrates: (1) the control of density of immobilized ligands within overlapping photopatterns, and (2) the attached cell culture patterned onto ligand defined gradients for studies of directional cell polarity. Our approach is based on the photochemical activation of benzoquinonealkanethiols. Immobilization of aminooxy terminated ligands in selected region of the quinone monolayer resulted in patterns on the surface. This approach is unique in that the extent of photochemical deprotection, as well as ligand immobilization can be monitored and quantified by cyclic voltammetry in situ. Furthermore, complex photochemical patterns of single or multiple ligands can be routinely generated using photolithographic masks. Finally, this methodology is completely compatible with attached cell culture and we show how the subtle interplay between cell–cell interactions and underlying peptide gradient influences cell polarization. The combined use of photochemistry, electrochemistry and well defined surface chemistry provides molecular level control of patterned ligands and gradients on surfaces.
The macroevolutionary relationship between diet and body mass across mammals

Body mass and diet are two fundamental ecological parameters that influence many other aspects of an animal's biology. Thus, the potential physiological and ecological processes linking size and diet have been the subject of extensive research, although the broad macroevolutionary relationship between the two traits remains largely unexplored phylogenetically. Using generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models and data on over 1350 species of mammal, we reveal that evolutionary changes in body mass are consistently associated with dietary changes across mammals. Best-fitting models find that herbivores are substantially heavier than other dietary groups and that omnivores are frequently intermediate in mass between herbivores and carnivores. Interestingly, although flying and swimming both place very different physical constraints on mass, bats still follow the general mammalian pattern but marine mammals do not. Such differences may be explained by reduced gravitational constraints on size in water along with ecological differences in food availability between aquatic and terrestrial realms, allowing marine carnivores to become the largest mammals on earth. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 115, 173–184.
Rejoinder to Caplan on Bayesian Economics

It is my goal to critically comment on Caplan's most recent argument. The first section is devoted to Probability and Science, followed by a section on Synthetic a priori and Common Sense, and then a section on Caplan's Bayesian Cure.
Theoretical basis for and improvement of Daugirdas’ second generation formula for single-pool Kt/V

PurposeAn empirically-derived equation to estimate hemodialysis treatment variable-volume single-pool Kt/V, where Kt/V = −ln(R-GFAC × t) + (4−3.5 × R) × UFV/W, was published in 1993 (1) and quickly...
Sectorial Mosaics in the Domestic Pigeon: 25 More Years

The hypothesis of bipaternity--incorporation of tissue derived from supernumerary sperms into an embryo--to explain the origin of sectorial mosaicism in pigeons was advanced in 1949. Since then, 182 additional examples have come to my attention. Only one was reported to be a gynandromorph; sex ratios generally have been near 1 : 1. No environmental variable has shown significant relation to the origin of the mosaics, and only a slight familial tendency has been indicated. At least 15 color and pattern mutants have been involved, usually contrasting only two alleles. The frequency and its use in crosses. Complex mosaics, involving two or more loci in the contrasts numbered at least 38 cases, of which 11 are examined in more detail, and 6 shown in photographs. Several instances of germinal as well as somatic mosaicism were demonstrated by progeny tests. The bipaternity hypothesis has not been ruled out by evidence in any case.
Power Extraction Strategy of a Robust kW Range Marine Tidal Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators and Passive Rectifiers

This paper presents a kW range marine tidal current power generation system consisting of a fixed pitch marine current turbine (MCT) with two permanent magnet synchronous generators in the turbine shaft, two diode rectifiers (each rectifier is associated with a permanent magnet synchronous generator) and a DC source voltage. This system is designed for a kW range robust power supply. The specificity of the proposed system is that the two generators have different numbers of turns in their windings and the two rectifiers are in parallel in the same DC source. It has been demonstrated that the proposed system is able to harness very efficiently the energy of the turbine in the whole tidal cycle. The proposed system is interesting because it does not need complex control system and it allows minimizing converter losses costs due to electronic devices as controlled IGBT PWM converters usually used in conventional power generation systems. The analytical results have been confirmed numerically using PSIM software for two kW range generators with the same magnetic circuit and different winding number of turns.
Consumption and Its Discontents: Simon N. Patten, Thorstein Veblen, and George Gunton

How to restrain desire for increased consumption in a nation caught somewhere between affluence and an awareness of limits: this perennial issue has once again emerged in public debate. Those struggling to make ends meet must face the possibility that economic growth is not inevitable and that, even if it were, it might not solve problems as readily as once assumed. But what is at stake transcends household budgets and raises basic social, political, and moral questions.1 The concern about the tension between discipline in production and abandon in consumption has troubled Americans from the beginning of our history.2 In the middle and late nineteenth century, conservative moralists set the terms of the debate over the relation between consumption and morality. They believed that moral exhortation and strong character, rather than changes in economic and social institutions, would solve the problems brought on by economic growth. Though rich and poor proved somewhat impervious to their admonitions, conservative moralists, through their control of publications,
Label-Acquired Magnetorotation As a Signal Transduction Method for Protein Detection: Aptamer-Based Detection of Thrombin

This paper presents a new signal transduction method, called label-acquired magnetorotation (LAM), for the measurement of the concentration of proteins in solution. We demonstrate the use of LAM to detect the protein thrombin using aptamers, with a limit of detection of 300 pM. LAM is modeled after a sandwich assay, with a 10 μm nonmagnetic "mother" sphere as the capture component and with 1 μm magnetic "daughter" beads as the labels. The protein-mediated attachment of daughter beads to the mother sphere forms a rotating sandwich complex. In a rotating magnetic field, the rotational frequency of a sandwich complex scales with the number of attached magnetic beads, which scales with the concentration of the protein present in solution. This paper represents the first instance of the detection of a protein using LAM.
Laramie 2.0: The Journey of a Queer Professor

Through autoethnographic poetry, I take the reader on a journey through my experience of moving to Laramie, Wyoming, to become faculty at the University of Wyoming. As a gay male who is still haunted by the 1998 brutal murder of Matthew Shepard in Laramie, I engage in storytelling: relaying my personal experiences of living in modern-day Laramie, showing the reader my fears, obstacles, and revelations through prose.
Discretionary justice: A comparison and discussion of criminal prosecutions in the history of major financial crimes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the reasons why some financial crises do not result in extensive criminal prosecutions. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine three major events: the crash of 1929 leading to the Great Depression, the collapse of the US Savings and Loan industry circa 1990 and the sub-prime mortgage meltdown. The authors explain how circumstances surrounding these financial collapses led to stark differences in criminal prosecutions. Findings – This review of prosecutions during three financial crises underscores the contingent nature of seeking criminal penalties for financial wrongdoing. The decision is influenced by a number of factors, including a prosecutor’s level of risk tolerance (probable win test); the potential economic impact of a successful conviction; the number of laws and regulations available in the prosecutorial tool kit; and the desired outcome which can range from new regulatory structures, to prosecutions that fix blame and satisfy the desire for scapegoats, to seeking financial penalties that shore up the government’s bottom line. Research limitations/implications – This study covers three crises and focuses on the US responses. A broader study could look across countries. Practical implications – Regulators and lawmakers are interested in avoiding future crises. Because crises are not anticipated, responses are determined by conditions of the moment. A frequent result is that laws and regulations are not in place. Decisions about likely preferred responses would allow anticipatory legislation and regulations. Social implications – Financial crises obviously have major implications for ordinary citizens far removed from the centers of finance. Improved responses to mitigate or avoid disasters would have profound impacts on people’s quality of life. Originality/value – The three crises have been studied individually. This work is different in that it examines the impact of a common set of factors over three crises covering a span of 80 years.
IMMUNITY AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.

The term “autodestructive-immunity” is proposed as being more explicit than auto-immunity, and theoretical concepts to justify this usage are discussed. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been selected as an example of a connective tissue disease to which these concepts apply and approaches to therapy based on these hypotheses are presented.
CAN THE SUBALTERN ACT? African American Involvement in Educational Voucher Plans

In this essay I renovate critical educational theorist Michael Apple’s arguments concerning conservative modernization, making them more resonant with processes of identity formation and subaltern agency evident in research with working class and poor Black voucher families in the United States. Based on conceptual and empirical findings, I theorize pro-voucher Black politicians, community leaders, and poor and working class families as representative of a subaltern ‘third force’ in conservative formation. Their tactical investments in fleeting conservative alliances and subject positions, I argue, are likely to play an increasingly significant role in educational and social reform both in the United States and elsewhere. To the degree that such subalternly negotiated alliances are a harbinger of a direction that conservative modernization might increasingly take, this renovation should assist critical educators—along with other critical cultural workers and social actors—in better understanding and contesting post-welfarism in education and beyond.
Section 2: On the Propagation of Sound Through Liquids and Solids

The vibrations of a sounding body are transmitted to all contiguous material, directly or indirectly. Air is the ordinary conductor of sound and the most proper medium for transmitting the sensation of sound to the exterior organs of hearing to man and to all types of land animals. But all liquid and solid materials also propagate the sound with a great deal of intensity; the same with all of the modifications to the sound propagated by these materials.
Conclusion: The Commission as a Catalyst between Knowledge and Politics

At the beginning of this work, I pointed to the existence of two different cities or worlds, as described with fine humor by Pal. Science was characterized as ‘heavenly and serene, with [… a] devotion to purity and truth’ and in opposition to politics, a ‘profane and passionate [state], heaving with vulgar life’ (Pal 1990, p. 143). At the end of this study, it has become clear that these two cities have long been merged. At the outskirts, these two different extreme descriptions might still be valid pictures, but the vast centre cannot be classified that purely. The European Commission has purposefully built bridges across the chasm. It has understood that without science, its proposals will not be sound, yet without politics, they will not be implementable.
The Living Computer Museum

Charles Severance visits the Living Computer Museum in Seattle, Washington, to get back to his programming roots. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/ZHU4nzIsaIM goes behind the scenes of the author's recent visit to the Living Computer Museum. In the second Web extra at https://youtu.be/lnlL7cEJqtY, author Charles Severance provides an audio recording of his Computing Conversations column.
Anterior Cingulotomy for the Treatment of Chronic Intractable Pain: A Systematic Review.

Background Anterior cingulotomy for chronic pain aims to modulate patients' attention or emotional reaction to pain rather than to modulate pain intensity. Objectives To evaluate the clinical efficacy, both short- and long-term, of anterior cingulotomy in the treatment of chronic pain. Study design Systematic review. Setting This systematic review assessed studies reporting anterior cingulotomy for the treatment of chronic pain. Methods A systematic search of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and PsychINFO was performed using both key words and controlled vocabulary. Articles included in this review included peer-reviewed articles describing clinical outcomes or efficacy of cingulotomy in the treatment of chronic pain with minimum follow-up of 3 months for non-malignant and 2 weeks for malignant pain. Articles reporting cingulectomies or cingulotomy only as combined with other ablative procedures were excluded, as were individual case reports. Results A total of 11 articles encompassing 224 patients are included in the review, with age ranging 22 to 85 (mean: 56) years at the time of the operation, 59% of which were men. Greater than 60% of patients across all studies were reported to have significant pain relief post-operatively as well as at one year after surgery. Common transient adverse effects included urinary incontinence and confusion/disorientation, subsiding within days postoperatively. Serious/permanent adverse effects included seizure in less than 5%, hemiparesis in less than 1%, and personality change in less than 1% of operations reported across all studies, all of which occurred primarily in operations where magnetic resonance (MR)-guidance was not used. Limitations The limitations of this systematic review include the lack of studies other than observational reports and the inevitable heterogeneity between included studies. Conclusions Despite decreased utilization in recent years, anterior cingulotomy is an effective neurosurgical intervention in the treatment of pain and carries little risk of permanent or serious adverse effects.Key words: Anterior cingulotomy, chronic pain, stereotaxis, systematic review, pain, cingulate gyrus, cingulotomy, intractable pain.
Muscle Histology Characterization Using H&E Staining and Muscle Fiber Type Classification Using Immunofluorescence Staining

Muscle function is determined by its structure and fiber type composition. Here we describe a protocol to examine muscle histology and myofiber types using hematoxylin and eosin (HE Nie et al., 2016; Yue et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017).
Strategic Motivating Language

This chapter presents three forms of strategic ML use—(1) organizational level: internal, (2) organizational level: external, and (3) team based. In all three cases, leaders must have a clear idea of what they need to accomplish and their constituents’ characteristics. By understanding these two factors, a leader can tailor her or his ML use to maximize organizational outcomes. The need for understanding follower characteristics brings up the issue of feedback in motivating language. With strategic ML, and its need for constant adjustment to fit multiple changing circumstances, the feedback process must be made explicit. This chapter presents an idea about how the feedback process might work, but future work should develop this idea.
A family of highly reliable and efficient inductive-link universal power converters

In this paper, a new class of bidirectional universal power converters is presented. As a universal power converter, the proposed converter can interface any type of source and load without any limitation in their forms (ac or dc) and number of phases. In this converter, which accomplishes power conversion in a single stage, a small inductor placed in series with the input and output switch-bridges forms the link, and is responsible for transferring power between different ports of the system. The proposed converter can operate in boost, buck, and buck-boost modes of operation to step up and/or down the voltage. In buck-boost mode of operation the converter is controlled such that the power is entirely transferred through the link inductor; whereas, in buck or boost modes of operation only a fraction of the power is transferred through the link inductor, and the rest of it is directly transferred from input phases to the output phases. In this converter, galvanic isolation, which is a prominent factor affecting power density of a converter, can be provided by means of a compact and lightweight single-phase high frequency transformer (HFT) added to the link. Compared to earlier generations of inductive-link universal power converters, the link inductor and switches of the proposed converter have dramatically lower peak current values, which leads to reduced power loss in the converter. A very small capacitor can be placed in parallel with the link inductor to facilitate zero voltage switching in the proposed configuration. Apart from increasing the overall efficiency, minimized dv/dt stress and improvement in power density are achieved by adding the link capacitor. The proposed converter can employ two-quadrant switches or four-quadrant switches. The former results in charging the link inductor in one direction, i.e. either positive inductor current or negative inductor current in a switching cycle. This category of the proposed converter uses forward conducting bidirectional blocking switches, which help addressing reverse recovery issues and corresponding losses. The second category of the proposed converter uses four-quadrant switches, i.e. bidirectional conducting bidirectional blocking switches, and charge the link inductor in both positive and negative directions in each cycle. This category offers better utilization of the link inductor. Simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper to evaluate the performance of the proposed converter.
THE RÔLE OF POSITIVE DEFINTE FUNCTIONS IN THE STUDY OF VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of positive definite functions in the study of Volterra integral equations. The study of positive definite functions originates from Bochner's theorem in connection with harmonic analysis on the line. This very important theorem has been extended in a number of ways and has useful implications in many mathematical disciplines. The qualitative behavior of solutions of Volterra integral equations is investigated when the convolution kernels are positive definite functions. The chapter discusses the usefulness of positive, D-positive and strongly positive, and D-positive definite functions in the analysis of Volterra integral equations along with integro-differential equations.
Paradox and Structure: Relying on Government Regulation to Preserve the Internet's Unregulated Character

The Internet's power as a communications medium has been the focus of a great deal of attention, but the Internet still lacks uniform and readily understood rules for much of what goes on there. Recently, there has been a flurry of activity to create such rules, with particular emphasis on private regulation of activity on the Internet. In this article, I examine one area of Internet regulation, the regulation of mature content. After evaluating different methods for Internet content regulation, I conclude that the most efficient form of Internet content regulation is ratings-based filtering, with Internet content providers having the responsibility for applying ratings to their content. In order to preserve the Internet's value as a place of free development of both ideas themselves and ideas about how to share ideas, any such regime must be voluntary. Because market forces are an inadequate brake on overreaching by private Internet content regulators - and because private entities are poorly situated to provide Internet content regulation - the federal government is the best potential source of Internet content regulation. The key to efficient and effective government regulation of mature content on the Internet is the use of power-conferring, instead of proscriptive, rules. Reliance on federal Internet content regulation as implemented through power-conferring rules may have the practical effect of spreading free speech protections across international borders. Finally, I address the constitutionality of federal Internet content regulation and conclude that any system of federal Internet content regulation must be voluntary.
The Role of the Immune System in Fracture Healing

Abstract While developmental processes usually terminate when animals reach maturity, morphogenetic processes may be reinitiated in specific tissues as a consequence of injury. Fracture healing and bone repair are among the unique processes of postnatal tissue regeneration that are believed to mirror the ontological events that take place during embryological development of the skeleton. Many of the developmental processes and genes that are expressed preferentially in embryonic stem cells during the initiation and activation of the morphogenetic pathways of skeletal development are also expressed in fracture callus tissues. It is generally believed that it is the recapitulation of these ontological processes during fracture healing that allows bone to be repaired without the development of scar tissue, and ultimately leads to the regeneration of damaged tissue to its preinjury structure. This is in contrast to the repair of soft tissue that heals typically with some degree of fibroblastic scar formation. The interplay of a number of different tissues (vascular, hematopoietic, skeletal, and neural) is essential for the unimpeded regeneration of bone. Appropriate passage through this regenerative cascade is dependent on the proper orchestration of paracrine, autocrine, and systemic signaling pathways with the appropriate complement of stem cells needed to regenerate a skeletal organ. In context of the bone repair process both innate and adaptive immune cells and regulatory factors contribute to the initiation of the repair process, recruitment of skeletal stem cells, control of skeletal cell differentiation, and the remodeling of the regenerated tissues to the injured skeletal element’s original form and function.
Ambient concentration and precipitation scavenging of atmospheric organic pollutants

Trace organic compounds were measured in air and rainfall at a rural site in Texas. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were present at concentrations of ng m−3 in air and ng L−1 in precipitation. The most abundant compounds measured in air were PAEs > toxaphene > chlordane > hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) > others. In rainfall the concentration order was PAEs > toxaphene > HCHs > DDTs > chlordane >- PCBs > others. An inverse correlation between concentration and rainfall amount was observed for most compounds. A model of precipitation scavenging of these compounds considered both scavenging of gas-phase and particle-bound compounds from the atmosphere. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and measured concentrations. Results indicate that scavenging of a small amount of particle-bound compound can account for >98% of wet deposition for insoluble organic pollutants. Gas-phase scavenging is important for the more soluble compounds such as HCH.