cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose intolerance and diabetes following antigen-specific insulitis in diabetes-susceptible “humanized” transgenic mice

The genetic contribution of antigen-presenting molecules and the environmental ignition of an antigen-specific immune attack to pancreatic beta-cells define autoimmune diabetes. We focused here on generating an antigen-specific model of autoimmune diabetes in humanized double-transgenic mice carrying antigen-presenting HLA-DQ8 diabetes-linked haplotype and expressing human autoantigen GAD65 in pancreatic beta-cells using a relatively diabetes-susceptible strain of mice. Double transgenic (DQ8-GAD65) mice and controls were immunized with cDNA encoding human GAD65 in adenoviral vectors and monitored for glucose intolerance and diabetes. Human-GAD65 immunization induced insulitis, glucose intolerance and diabetes in double-transgenic mice, while controls were insulitis free and glucose tolerant. Glucose intolerance 10 weeks post-immunization was followed by diabetes later on in most animals. Destructive insulitis characterized by inflammation and apoptosis correlated with the diabetes outcome. Humoral immune responses to hGAD65 were sustained in mice with diabetes while transient in non-responders. Insulitis was massive in mice with diabetes while mild in non-responders by the end of the study. Our results show for the first time the occurrence of antigen-specific induced insulitis, impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes after immunization with a clinically relevant, human autoantigen in the context of HLA-DQ8 diabetes-susceptibility transgenes and human GAD65 expression in beta-cells. This animal model will facilitate studies of mechanisms of disease involved in development of autoimmunity to GAD65 in the context of HLA-DQ8. Furthermore, this model would be ideal for testing therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing human beta-cell loss and/or restoring function in the setting of autoimmune diabetes.
Patterns of Cytomegaloviral Complement-Fixing Antibody Activity: A Longitudinal Study of Blood Donors

Fifty donors undergoing plasmapheresis were the subjects of an 18-month longitudinal study of patterns of the activity of complement-fixing (CF) antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Sera, collected monthly whenever possible, were tested with each of three preparations of antigens obtained from the Davis, AD169, and Esp strains of virus. Of 510 sera examined, 321 were reactive with one or more of the antigens; 96% of the reactive sera fixed complement with Esp, 94% with Davis, and 83% with AD169. Patterns of reactivity were determined for 20 of the 39 reactive donors. Multiple fluctuations in titer were observed in 19 of the 20 donors, and 11 individuals vacillated at least once between significant and undetectable (>1:8 to <1:4) levels. A degree of CMV-strain specificity was observed in some antibody patterns. Donors with labile CF reactivity to CMV did not exhibit concurrent fluctuations in titer on examination with herpes simplex antigen. The antibody patterns suggest that the CMV-host relationship is more dynamic than heretofore appreciated. While not necessarily applicable to the normal adult population, the findings emphasize the necessity for critical interpretation of the clinical significance of titers of CF to CMV.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism and Hippocampal Activation During Episodic Encoding and Retrieval Tasks

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotro- phin which has been shown to regulate cell survival and proliferation, as well as synaptic growth and hippocampal long-term potentiation. A naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in the human BDNF gene (val66met) has been associated with altered intercellular traffick- ing and regulated secretion of BDNF in met compared to val carriers. Additionally, previous studies have found a relationship between the BDNF val66met genotype and functional activity in the hippocampus during episodic and working memory tasks in healthy young adults. Spe- cifically, studies have found that met carriers exhibit both poorer per- formance and reduced neural activity within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) when performing episodic memory tasks. However, these studies have not been well replicated and have not considered the role of be- havioral differences in the interpretation of neural differences. The cur- rent study sought to control for cognitive performance in investigating the role of the BDNF val66met genotype on neural activity associated with episodic memory. Across item and relational memory tests, met carriers exhibited increased MTL activation during both encoding and retrieval stages, compared to noncarriers. The results suggest that met carriers are able to recruit MTL activity to support successful memory processes, and reductions in cognitive performance observed in prior studies are not a ubiquitous effect associated with variants of the BDNF val66met genotype. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Machine Technologies and Caring in Nursing

Machine technologies and caring in nursing can be harmonious aspects of clinical nursing practice. The perception of technology and caring as dichotomous is so pervasive that one who is technologically proficient may often be assumed to be incapable of expressing caring. Within a framework of nursing as caring, true technologic competence in clinical nursing practice can be understood as an expression of caring. As such, technological competence assumes an indispensable place in contemporary clinical nursing practice. Nowhere is the link between machine technologies and caring demonstrated more clearly than in the practice of nursing in critical care. A model is presented to illustrate this concurrence.
PHYSICAL DISTANCE, SEX, AND INTIMACY IN SELF-DISCLOSURE

This study was designed to determine if physical distance, subjects' sex, experimenters' sex, intimacy of questions, and individual differences in experimenters affect the duration of self-disclosure. Analysis showed males talked more than females, subjects talked more to female experimenters than to male experimenters, and subjects talked more in response to questions of medium than of low intimacy and talked more in response to questions of low intimacy than of high intimacy. Higher-order interactions were discussed.
Latency-associated transcript but not reactivatable virus is present in sensory ganglion neurons after inoculation of thymidine kinase-negative mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1.

Abstract The presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency-associated transcript (LAT) was investigated in sensory ganglion neurons of mice after inoculation with thymidine kinase (TK) mutants of HSV. Ganglion serial sections were examined in order to quantitate numbers of LAT-positive neurons. After inoculation with TK-positive HSV, virus was isolated during latency from explants of most ganglia, and LAT was detected by in situ hybridization in 96% of ganglia. After inoculation with HSV TK mutants, virus was isolated from 0% of ganglia, but LAT was detected in 95 to 100% of ganglia. After inoculation of TK mutants of HSV, therefore, although latent infection as indicated by the isolation of virus from ganglion explants was not detected, the presence of LAT was common. These results suggest that the lack of reactivatable virus after inoculation of HSV TK mutants may be related to a role for HSV TK expression in the reactivation process.
Catalytic Combustion Systems for Microscale Gas Turbine Engines

As part of an ongoing effort to develop a microscale gas turbine engine for power generation and micropropulsion applications, this paper presents the design, modeling, and experimental assessment of a catalytic combustion system. Previous work has indicated that homogenous gas-phase microcombustors are severely limited by chemical reaction timescales. Storable hydrocarbon fuels, such as propane, have been shown to blow out well below the desired mass flow rate per unit volume. Heterogeneous catalytic combustion has been identified as a possible improvement. Surface catalysis can increase hydrocarbon-air reaction rates, improve ignition characteristics, and broaden stability limits. Several radial inflow combustors were micromachined from silicon wafers using deep reactive ion etching and aligned fusion wafer bonding. The 191 mm 3 combustion chambers were filled with platinum-coated foam materials of various porosity and surface area. For near stoichiometric propane-air mixtures, exit gas temperatures of 1100 K were achieved at mass flow rates in excess of 0.35 g/s. This corresponds to a power density of ∼1200 MW/m 3 ; an 8.5-fold increase over the maximum power density achieved for gas-phase propane-air combustion in a similar geometry. Low-order models, including time-scale analyses and a one-dimensional steady-state plug-flow reactor model, were developed to elucidate the underlying physics and to identify important design parameters. High power density catalytic microcombustors were found to be limited by the diffusion of fuel species to the active surface, while substrate porosity and surface area-to-volume ratio were the dominant design variables.
Demographic and Behavioral Risk Factors Among Adolescents Testing for HIV at Community Based Venues in Brooklyn, New York

multivariate logistic regression model, YMSM who reported an IVRS problemwere more likely to indicate greater educational attainment (OR1⁄42.08,95%CI:1.21,3.57;p< .05)thanthosewhodidnot.Wefound no differences in IVRS problems by study site, age, or race/ethnicity. Conclusions: IVRS in an acceptable and useful data collection technology for microbicide trials with English or Spanish speaking YMSM; yet, careful attention to phone signal reliability, data cleaning, questionnaire design, and participant fatigue are needed. We discuss strategies to optimize future development of IVRS data quality protocols based on lessons learned. Sources of Support: This work was supported by a NICHD grant to Drs. McGowan and Carballo-Dieguez (Project Gel; 5R01HD059533). Dr. Bauermeister was supported by a K01 Career Development Award (K01MH087242).
Topology Formation for Wireless Mesh Network Planning

In this paper, we propose greedy selection rounding (GSR), an efficient and near-optimal algorithm to design a wireless mesh network topology that maximizes the coverage of the users while ensuring that the network is resilient to node failures and and the deployment cost is under a given budget. In the case that GSR fails to find a solution satisfying the budget constraint, the incurred cost does not exceed the budget by a constant factor. Through extensive evaluation, we show that in all our test cases GSR always generates a topology above 95% of the optimal in terms of the number of covered users while never exceeding the budget by more than 15%.
Identification of an ICP27-Responsive Element in the Coding Region of a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Late Gene

During productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, a subset of viral delayed-early (DE) and late (L) genes require the immediate-early (IE) protein ICP27 for their expression. However, the cis-acting regulatory sequences in DE and L genes that mediate their specific induction by ICP27 are unknown. One viral L gene that is highly dependent on ICP27 is that encoding glycoprotein C (gC). We previously demonstrated that this gene is posttranscriptionally transactivated by ICP27 in a plasmid cotransfection assay. Based on our past results, we hypothesized that the gC gene possesses a cis-acting inhibitory sequence and that ICP27 overcomes the effects of this sequence to enable efficient gC expression. To test this model, we systematically deleted sequences from the body of the gC gene and tested the resulting constructs for expression. In so doing, we identified a 258-bp "silencing element" (SE) in the 5' portion of the gC coding region. When present, the SE inhibits gC mRNA accumulation from a transiently transfected gC gene, unless ICP27 is present. Moreover, the SE can be transferred to another HSV-1 gene, where it inhibits mRNA accumulation in the absence of ICP27 and confers high-level expression in the presence of ICP27. Thus, for the first time, an ICP27-responsive sequence has been identified in a physiologically relevant ICP27 target gene. To see if the SE functions during viral infection, we engineered HSV-1 recombinants that lack the SE, either in a wild-type (WT) or ICP27-null genetic background. In an ICP27-null background, deletion of the SE led to ICP27-independent expression of the gC gene, demonstrating that the SE functions during viral infection. Surprisingly, the ICP27-independent gC expression seen with the mutant occurred even in the absence of viral DNA synthesis, indicating that the SE helps to regulate the tight DNA replication-dependent expression of gC.
The Role of Taxanes in the Management of Bladder Cancer

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is a chemosensitive neoplasm. Whereas the MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) regimen was long considered the standard of care for patients with advanced disease, the evaluation of newer agents with retained activity and improved tolerability has been the focus of much investigation over the past decade. Among the most important of these newer agents are taxanes. Whereas taxane-containing regimens have not yet been shown to improve the survival of patients with transitional cell carcinoma in randomized trials, ongoing phase III trials will further define the role of these agents in both the perioperative and advanced disease settings. The Oncologist 2005;10:792–798
Improved Brightness of the ATA Injector

with an A-K gap of about 13 cm. There was no grid used during the experiment. The cathode was surrounded by a Pierce correcting shroud and the typical gap voltage was about 2.5 MeV. Our initial tests of the field emission cathodes were done using a woven carbon yarn that was laced through a fine mesh screen and then trimmed to a uniform height. Using these “tufted” cathodes, it was easy to vary the number of emission sites per square centimeter. We also varied the geometry of these cathodes by giving the screen a slight convex shape so that the center of the cathode was about 1 cm closer to the anode plane than the edge of the cathode.
Statistical models of reconstructed phase spaces for signal classification

This paper introduces a novel approach to the analysis and classification of time series signals using statistical models of reconstructed phase spaces. With sufficient dimension, such reconstructed phase spaces are, with probability one, guaranteed to be topologically equivalent to the state dynamics of the generating system, and, therefore, may contain information that is absent in analysis and classification methods rooted in linear assumptions. Parametric and nonparametric distributions are introduced as statistical representations over the multidimensional reconstructed phase space, with classification accomplished through methods such as Bayes maximum likelihood and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The technique is demonstrated on heart arrhythmia classification and speech recognition. This new approach is shown to be a viable and effective alternative to traditional signal classification approaches, particularly for signals with strong nonlinear characteristics.
On the partition of rate of deformation in crystal plasticity

Two diAerent partitions of the rate of deformation tensor into its elastic and plastic parts are derived for elastic‐plastic crystals in which crystallographic slip is the only cause of plastic deformation. One partition is associated with the Jaumann, and the other with convected rate of the KirchhoA stress. DiAerent expressions for the plastic part of the rate of deformation are obtained, and corresponding constitutive inequalities discussed. Relationship with the plastic part of the rate of the Lagrangian strain is also given. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Three-dimensional phase-field simulations of coarsening kinetics of γ' particles in binary Ni-Al alloys

The coarsening kinetics of c 0 precipitates in binary Ni–Al alloy is studied using three-dimensional (3D) phase-field simulations. The bulk thermodynamic information and atomic diffusion mobilities are obtained from databases constructed using the CALPHAD approach, while the experimental values for the interfacial energy, elastic constants and lattice mismatch are directly employed in the phase-field model. Specifically, we predict the morphological evolution, average precipitate size, and size distribution as a function of time for a given temperature and composition. Comparison of the phase-field simulation results with experiments shows good quantitative agreement in both time and length scales. 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.
Association between winter anthocyanin production and drought stress in angiosperm evergreen species

Leaves of many evergreen angiosperm species turn red under high light during winter due to the production of anthocyanin pigments, while leaves of other species remain green. There is currently no explanation for why some evergreen species exhibit winter reddening while others do not. Conditions associated with low leaf water potentials (Ψ) have been shown to induce reddening in many plant species. Because evergreen species differ in susceptibility to water stress during winter, it is hypothesized that species which undergo winter colour change correspond with those that experience/tolerate the most severe daily declines in leaf Ψ during winter. Six angiosperm evergreen species which synthesize anthocyanin in leaves under high light during winter and five species which do not were studied. Field Ψ, pressure/volume curves, and gas exchange measurements were derived in summer (before leaf colour change had occurred) and winter. Consistent with the hypothesis, red-leafed species as a group had significantly lower midday Ψ in winter than green-leafed species, but not during the summer when all the leaves were green. However, some red-leafed species showed midday declines similar to those of green-leafed species, suggesting that low Ψ alone may not induce reddening. Pressure–volume curves also provided some evidence of acclimation to more negative water potentials by red-leafed species during winter (e.g. greater osmotic adjustment and cell wall hardening on average). However, much overlap in these physiological parameters was observed as well between red and green-leafed species, and some of the least drought-acclimated species were red-leafed. No difference was observed in transpiration (E) during winter between red and green-leaved species. When data were combined, only three of the six red-leafed species examined appeared physiologically acclimated to prolonged drought stress, compared to one of the five green-leafed species. This suggests that drought stress alone is not sufficient to explain winter reddening in evergreen angiosperms.
Tissue Distribution and Variant Characterization of Human Herpesvirus (HHV)—6: Increased Prevalence of HHV-6A in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 has been associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the basis of serologic, molecular, and histopathologic studies. This study sought to determine the distribution of HHV-6 in different MS body fluids, including serum, saliva, urine, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The study results extend the observation of an increased frequency of HHV-6 DNA in serum of patients with MS to the unique detection of viral sequences in urine of a subset of patients with MS. Moreover, the HHV-6 identified in these cell-free compartments was predominantly the HHV-6A variant, which has been reported to be neurotropic. These results support the hypothesis that HHV-6 may contribute to the MS disease process.
Intravenous lobular capillary hemangioma originating in the iliac veins: A case report

Intravenous lobular capillary hemangioma is a rare benign lesion that can mimic other intravascular lesions encountered by vascular surgeons, such as angiosarcoma, papillary endothelial hyperplasia, and deep vein thrombus. These lesions have been described originating in the veins of the head, neck, and upper extremities. To our knowledge, there are no reported cases of intravenous capillary hemangioma arising from within a pelvic vein. We report a case of an elderly woman found to have an extensive intravenous lobular capillary hemangioma originating in the internal iliac vein. She was successfully treated with resection, including the tumor and normal iliac vein. Diagnosis of these lesions can be difficult. We describe the utility of duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance venography in aiding preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning. The diagnosis is ultimately confirmed with histology that demonstrates multiple capillaries lined with flattened endothelial cells grouped in a lobular fashion admixed with fibromyxoid stroma containing collagenous fibers, spindle cells, and mitotic figures. Preoperative work-up should include a duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance venogram. Treatment should be with resection and specimen processing to rule-out malignant vascular tumors.
Nuclear Brinkmanship, Limited War, and Military Power

An open question in nuclear deterrence theory is whether and how the balance of military power affects the dynamics of escalation. The balance of military strength plays virtually no role in standard accounts of brinkmanship. But this is largely by assumption and seems incompatible with an apparent trade-off between power and risk that decision makers have faced in some actual crises. This paper incorporates this trade-off in a modified model of nuclear brinkmanship. A main result is that the more likely the balance of resolve is to favor a defender, the less military power a challenger brings to bear. The model also formalizes the stability-instability paradox, showing that a less stable strategic balance, that is, a sharper trade-off between power and risk, makes conflict at high levels of violence less likely but conflict at lower levels more likely. The analysis also helps explain the incentives different states have to adopt different nuclear doctrines and force postures.
Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women

Abstract Objective: To determine the serum concentrations of the sex steroid hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium and calcium during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: An academic research environment. Patient(s): Six parous and four nulliparous healthy cycling female volunteers. Main Outcome Measure(s): Concentrations of the sex steroid hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone as well as the ionized Ca and Mg levels were measured in the serum of normal cycling women during five different stages: the menstrual, early follicular, late follicular, ovulatory (ovulatory/early luteal), and luteal phases. Result(s): In each woman, there was a comparatively high ionized Mg level coincident with the early follicular phase, a statistically significant decrease in ionized Mg around the time of ovulation, a significant decrease in ionized and total Mg when the serum progesterone concentration peaked, and a significant increase in the serum Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ratio at both the ovulatory and luteal phases. In addition, a decrease in ionized Mg was found with increased testosterone levels. Conclusion(s): Healthy women of reproductive age demonstrate recurring cycling of ionized Mg and cyclic alterations in the ionized Ca to Mg ratio in their serum. The changes in serum concentrations of these important physiologically active cations, in the range at which they occur, can affect such entities as the vasculature, synaptic transmission, and excitation-secretion coupling and thus can produce the well-known premenstrual syndromes during the luteal phase in women who are somewhat deficient in Mg or in those who have an unusually increased Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ratio.
Place reference systems: A constructive activity model of reference to places

Reference to places is a central but largely underexposed problem of information science. Place has been a major object of research in many domains including Geography, Cognitive Science and Geographic Information Science. However, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been built solely on space reference systems creating a gap between human conceptualization and machine representation. While reference to space only partially captures reference to place, most existing definitions of place either reduce the latter to the former or lack a formal characterization of how places are constructed. In a spatial coordinate system, locations are referenced by angles and distances to other referents. In this paper, we suggest that place reference systems can be built based on localizing things (locatums) involved in simulated activities relative to other involved referents (locators). We propose a formal theory about relevant types of activities and their involved participants, and show how place referents can be identified and localized by choosing locators and locatum among the participants. We formally derive an ontology of places, publish a corresponding OWL version, and demonstrate how to compute a market place and a vantage place in a GIS.
Water Uptake in Novel, Water-Stable, Heteropoly Acid Films

High temperature, low humidity fuel cell operation is one method of increasing the potential of commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. In order for performance to be suitable under these conditions, new polymer electrolyte membrane material needs to be synthesized and characterized. One particularly important property is water content. Water is an important aspect of polymer electrolytes, often having strong influence on ion transport and fuel cell performance. A novel material has been made, containing a heteropoly acid covalently bound to a fluoroelastomer. This material was analyzed with DVS to gain insight on water sorption. The data suggested that the water content is similar to Nafion® with respect to humidity, thus some other parameter is likely to cause improved performance under high temperature and low humidity operation.
Surge and Surge Capacity in Labor and Delivery Triage Volumes.

Objective To understand the variation in Labor and Delivery triage and delivery volumes in an urban tertiary care center and the types of visits associated with this variability. Study Design Retrospective descriptive study from the electronic medical record of 7,678 women presenting to Labor and Delivery Triage. Results Overall, there was a sixfold variation in Labor and Delivery triage visits (mean: 21, SD: 5.7, range: 6–36), with the least and most busy days having 28.6% and 171.4% of mean volume. Volumes varied 3.8- to 17-fold on weekdays and 4- to 11-fold on weekends. Significant variation in volume and triage evaluation type also occurred through the day, with admission for delivery as the predominate reason between 2 to 10 am , and outpatient assessments predominating thereafter ( p Conclusion There is substantial variation in daily and hourly Labor and Delivery triage activity. If not planned for, this variability could strain available resources and negatively impact care. Further study of the effect of surges in Labor and Delivery triage and delivery volumes on pregnancy outcomes and of optimal methods to improve surge capacity in the Labor and Delivery setting are needed.
The Polis Artist: Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis and the Politics of Literature

Recent work on literature and political theory has focused on reading literature as a reflection of the damaged conditions of contemporary political life. Examining Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis , this essay develops an alternative approach to the politics of literature that attends to the style and form of the novel. The form and style of Cosmopolis emphasize the novel’s own dissonance with the world it criticizes; they moreover suggest a politics of poetic world-making intent on eliciting collective agency over the commonness of language. As a “polis artist,” DeLillo does not determine a particular politics but shapes the conditions and spaces of political life with an eye toward alternative futures.
Animal Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID)

Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the most common etiology of dementia in the elderly. Both, vascular and Alzheimer's disease, pathologies work synergistically to create neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The main causes of VCID include hemorrhage/microbleed (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia), cerebral small vessel disease, multi-infarct dementia, severe hypoperfusion (i.e., bilateral common carotid artery stenosis), strategic infarct, angiopathy (i.e., cerebral angiopathy), and hereditary vasculopathy (i.e., cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). In this review, we will discuss the experimental animal models that have been developed to study these pathologies. We will discuss the limitations and strengths of these models and the important research findings that have advanced the field through the use of the models.
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE AVIAN GENUS COLUMBA AS INDICATED BY OVALBUMIN TRYPTIC PEPTIDES.

The genetic relationships within the pigeon genus Columba have not been resolved by any one or combination of a number of previous studies. These have been reviewed elsewhere (Corbin, 1965, 1967a). The present study was initiated because the electrophoretic patterns of the egg white proteins (Corbin, 1965; Sibley, 1960) suggested that new data bearing upon these relationships could be obtained by tryptic peptide analysis. Differences in electrophoretic mobility may be a reflection of amino acid substitutions within the protein being studied. This has been well established by the now classic work of Ingram and his colleagues (Ingram, 1956, 1957, 1958a, 1958b, 1961a, 1961b, 1962, 1963; Hunt and Ingram, 1958a, 1958b, 1959a, 1959b; Ingram and Stretton, 1961). Amino acid substitutions may be detected at the peptide level if enzymatic digests of the proteins are compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography (Ingram, 1958a; Katz et al., 1959). Several other studies have used peptide analyses to examine the genetic similarities among a number of distantly related species (Buettner-Janusch and Hill, 1965; Stockell, 1962; Zuckerkandl et al., 1960; Zuckerkandl and Schroeder, 1961). This paper presents a summary of the tryptic peptide data of 18 pigeon species including ten species of Columba. The peptide map data of these columbid species are compared to one another on the basis of peptide similarities and differ-
Ammonia levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Conclusions1. No appreciable ammonia exists in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal individuals. 2. In disease of the liver or portal circulation abnormal elevations in the level of ammonia in periphe...
Vitamin A Metabolism: Challenges and Perspectives

Vitamins set an unprecedented example of the essential environment-gene interactions that are necessary to sustain life. Seventeen Nobel prizes were awarded in the last century for discoveries related to vitamins’ structures, physiology, and functions [1]. These discoveries help to abolish diseases related to vitamin deficiencies in the developed world and offer solutions to eradicate these disorders worldwide [2]. For example, embryonic malformations, night blindness, and immune deficiency in children were effectively treated by vitamin A supplementation [2,3]. In spite of encouraging results in vitamin-deficient subjects, wide applications of vitamin supplements in the nutrient-sufficient populations have been partially discouraging. Many clinical and supplementation trials reported increased mortality in subjects on long-term lipophilic vitamin A and E supplementations [4,5]. Especially striking deleterious effects were reported for lipophilic vitamin A and provitamin A (β-carotene) [4,6]. The answer to safe application of lipophilic vitamins for the treatment and prevention of diseases may lie in the better understanding of their interaction with genes. There are two principal levels of lipophilic vitamin interactions with genes: 1) genes control metabolism of dietary vitamin into derivatives with hormone-like properties, and 2) vitamin-derived metabolites regulate specific gene programs through signaling and transcription pathways (Figure1).
Development of an Acquired Resistance to Bichloride of Mercury by Renal Epithelium in Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

In previous publications1-4 the fact has been established that when the epithelium of the convoluted tubules is sufficiently injured by uranium nitrate, a process of repair to this epithelial tissue may be inaugurated which results in the replacement of the damaged cuboidal cells by an atypical type of cell for this segment of the tubule. These cells are of a flattened order, imperfectly differentiated and with prominent, deeply staining nuclei. Such epithelial replacements not infrequently exist in the form of syncytial structures. An epithelial repair process of this type has been shown to impart to this segment of the tubule a resistance to subsequent injury by uranium nitrate. A fixed cell tissue resistance has been acquired in this segment of the tubule.Some years ago the observation5 was made during the study of the acute renal injury from bichloride of mercury that the predominant location in the kidney of the epithelial injury was the proximal convoluted tubule.For several months 11 dogs have been...
Understanding How This Program Can Help You Take Control of Your Emotions (Session 1 of the Treatment Manual)

As mentioned in the previous chapters, when the term Asian heritage population or Asian American is stated in this book, it is not meant to be a stereotypical statement that applies to people of all Asian backgrounds. This book recognizes that there is great diversity within and between different Asian groups, and also targets people who are less acculturated. Nevertheless, the cultural adaptations presented in this book focus on issues that are likely to cut across many different Asian groups. Individual practitioners will need to carefully evaluate and make informed decisions when deciding which adaptations may potentially be suitable for their clients. This requires asking clinical and culture-related questions, conducting additional research, and engaging in experiences that will help them better understand and feel comfortable when working with clients from different backgrounds. These are important points and are highlighted here, rather than at every juncture in the book where a statement about Asian heritage is made.
Preparation of extracellular matrix.

Publisher Summary Research on Drosophila extracellular matrix (ECM) has mostly concerned the pericellular matrix and its relation to cells during development. This chapter focuses on the preparation and properties of individual Drosophila ECM proteins. Homologies with the corresponding vertebrate proteins are notable for at least two major Drosophila ECM components, basement membrane collagen IV and laminin. They secrete ECM components into their culture media. The chapter describes how biochemical amounts of several ECM proteins are isolated from the conditioned media. Some of the progenitor cells from which these cell lines were derived may have been related to hemocytes or cells of the fat body. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of the nonreduced and reduced ECM proteins are also discussed in the chapter. The mobilities of ECM components may vary significantly from those of standard, commercial “marker proteins” for various reasons—the average mass residue of collagens is significantly less than that of marker proteins and highly charged proteins, such as glutactin, bind sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) abnormally.
Theory of Collective Motion

GRs are collective phenomenon. They can be viewed as a coherent superposition of one-particle one-hole (1p-1h) interactions. The nucleon in the target nucleus can be excited into bound or quasi-bound states which gives rise to the 1p-1h state of the target nucleus. The excitation strength tends to be concentrated, by constructive superposition of 1p-1h excitations, into one or few of the levels in each shell. Thus, mathematically if the observed resonance exhausts a large fraction of the corresponding transition strength (sum rule) it is identified as a giant resonance. This chapter covers various theoretical concepts underlying the physics of GRs and describes the framework used for the analysis of the experimental data.
Precision Parameters for AOAC Bacillus stearothermophilus Disc Assay Based on FDA Milk Laboratory Quality Assurance 1982-1986 Samples.

Inhibitory substance (antibiotic) test results from State Split Milk Samples were used to estimate precision parameters and to compare antibiotic medium 4 (A4) and PM indicator (PM) agars. Five inhibitory substances (ampicillin, cephapirin, erythromycin, neomycin, and penicillin-G) were tested. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.0 to 4.8%, and the reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 4.8 to 10.4%. Zone sizes of erythromycin, neomycin, and penicillin-G were significantly larger on PM agar (α = 0.05) than on A4 agar. The reverse was observed for cephapirin. No difference between agars was noted for ampicillin.
Partitioning method for emergent behavior systems modeled by agent-based simulations

Used to describe some interesting and usually unanticipated pattern or behavior, the term emergence is often associated with time-evolutionary systems comprised of relatively large numbers of interacting yet simple entities. A significant amount of previous research has recognized the emergence phenomena in many real-world applications such as collaborative robotics, supply chain analysis, social science, economics and ecology. As improvements in computational technologies combined with new modeling paradigms allow the simulation of ever more dynamic and complex systems, the generation of data from simulations of these systems can provide data to explore the phenomena of emergence. To explore some of the modeling implications of systems where emergent phenomena tend to dominate, this research examines three simulations based on familiar natural systems where each is readily recognized as exhibiting emergent phenomena. To facilitate this exploration, a taxonomy of Emergent Behavior Systems (EBS) is developed and a modeling formalism consisting of an EBS lexicon and a formal specification for models of EBS is synthesized from the long history of theories and observations concerning emergence. This modeling formalism is applied to each of the systems and then each is simulated using an agent-based modeling framework. To develop quantifiable measures, associations are asserted: 1) between agent-based models of EBS and graph-theoretical methods, 2) with respect to the formation of relationships between entities comprising a system and 3) concerning the change in uncertainty of organization as the system evolves. These associations form the basis for three measurements related to the information flow, entity complexity, and spatial entropy of the simulated systems. These measurements are used to: 1) detect the existence of emergence and 2) differentiate amongst the three systems. The results suggest that the taxonomy and formal specification developed provide a workable, simulation-centric definition of emergent behavior systems consistent with both historical concepts concerning the emergence phenomena and modern ideas in complexity science. Furthermore, the results support a structured approach to modeling these systems using agent-based methods and offers quantitative measures useful for characterizing the emergence phenomena in the simulations.
Adaptive Thermo-Geometrical Models For Simulation Of Consumable-Electrode Welding

In this article, three complementary thermal models of welding with material transfer are developed and evaluated. First, a lumped analytical model of the weld bead geometry integrates separate clo...
Study of oxygen vacancy in high-k gate dielectric by charge injection technique

A new technique by charge injection is introduced to investigate the charging effect on weak oxide in the gate stack of high-k metal gate process. The oxide with extra oxygen vacancy is more vulnerable to process charging, as verified by the correlation of Vt vs. subthreshold swing degradation, SILC spectrum, and chemical bonding state analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Degradation of pFET threshold voltage (Vt) shift by gate injection under Source/Drain (S/D) floating condition is observed, this is attributed to the oxide damage by the accelerated carriers from S/D reverse bias. The convolution of “random dopant fluctuation (RDF) + charging effect” is expected to magnify devices Vt shift, especially for those worse bit cells with high Vt as verified by the Monte-Carlo simulation. We further demonstrate that process with tighten Vt distribution, such as FinFET technology with less implant process and better charge release immunity, is less vulnerable to the charging induced Vt shift.
Frequency calibration of A/D converter in software GPS receivers

This paper presents a software-based method to calibrate analog-to-digital converter (ADC) sampling frequency in a software GPS receiver. Two front-end systems of a GPS software receiver were used in this study. The sampling frequencies of the ADC were found deviated from the nominal values provided by the manufacturers. Software algorithm was developed to calibrate the sampling frequencies. The algorithm is based on the initial-code-phase velocity and the carrier-phase velocity of the GPS signals at L1 frequency obtained by software receiver measurements. Allan variance analysis of this frequency characterization method is also included in this study
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Hepatocellular Death Pathways Mediate Liver Injury and Fibrosis via Stimulator of Interferon Genes

Fibrosis, driven by inflammation, marks the transition from benign to progressive stages of chronic liver diseases. Although inflammation promotes fibrogenesis, it is not known whether other events, such as hepatocyte death, are required for the development of fibrosis. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates hepatocyte apoptosis and production of type I IFNs. In the liver, IRF3 is activated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adapter, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We hypothesized that IRF3-mediated hepatocyte death is an independent determinant of chemically induced liver fibrogenesis. To test this, we performed acute or chronic CCl4 administration to WT and IRF3-, Toll/Interleukin-1R (TIR) domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)-, and STING-deficient mice. We report that acute CCl4 administration to WT mice resulted in early ER stress, activation of IRF3, and type I IFNs, followed by hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury, accompanied by liver fibrosis upon repeated administration of CCl4. Deficiency of IRF3 or STING prevented hepatocyte death and fibrosis both in acute or chronic CCl4. In contrast, mice deficient in type I IFN receptors or in TLR4 signaling adaptors, TRAM or TRIF, upstream of IRF3, were not protected from hepatocyte death and/or fibrosis, suggesting that the pro-apoptotic role of IRF3 is independent of TLR signaling in fibrosis. Hepatocyte death is required for liver fibrosis with causal involvement of STING and IRF3. Thus, our results identify that IRF3, by its association with STING in the presence of ER stress, couples hepatocyte apoptosis with liver fibrosis and indicate that innate immune signaling regulates outcomes of liver fibrosis via modulation of hepatocyte death in the liver.
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOOD POISONING1,2

Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning in man is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The disease usually follows ingestion of food contaminated with large numbers of C. perfringens cells. During the past 3 to 5 years, the role of this organism in food poisoning incidents in the United States has acquired new emphasis as a result of the increasing number of reported outbreaks and the alarming number of cases associated with these outbreaks. In 1968, C. perfringens was responsible for approximately 28% of the food poisoning outbreaks and 49% of the cases, when compared with food poisoning caused by Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Shigella, and Clostridium botulinum. The majority of reported outbreaks and cases resulting from C. perfringens are associated with mass feeding establishments. The most common vehicles are beef and poultry products. The mode of action by which C. perfringens causes food poisoning symptoms is not fully understood. Control of this type of food poisoning must be concerne...
Drift-wave stability in the field-reversed configuration

Gyrokinetic simulations of C-2-like field-reversed configuration (FRC) find that electrostatic drift-waves are locally stable in the core. The stabilization mechanisms include finite Larmor radius effects, magnetic well (negative grad-B), and fast electron short circuit effects. In the scrape-off layer (SOL), collisionless electrostatic drift-waves in the ion-to-electron-scale are destabilized by electron temperature gradients due to the resonance with locally barely trapped electrons. Collisions can suppress this instability, but a collisional drift-wave instability still exists at realistic pressure gradients. Simulation results are in qualitative agreement with C-2 FRC experiments. In particular, the lack of ion-scale instability in the core is not inconsistent with experimental measurements of a fluctuation spectrum showing a depression at ion-scales. The pressure gradient thresholds for the SOL instability from simulations are also consistent with the critical gradient behavior observed in experiments.
THE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO METABOLISM OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN IN THE GOLDEN SYRIAN HAMSTER

ABSTRACT The hamster has been reported to be the least sensitive mammalian species to the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with an LD50 value of > 3000 μg TCDD/kg. The excretion of radioactivity by hamsters was followed for up to 35 days following a single dose of radiolabeled TCDD. Similar half-life of elimination values of 12.0 ± 2.0 and 10.8 ± 2.4 days were obtained with the administration of [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C] TCDD, respectively. With both [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C] TCDD, approximately 35 and 50 percent of the radioactivity was eliminated in urine and feces, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (hplc) of the urine and bile of animals receiving [ 14 C] TCDD revealed one major and several minor radioactive peaks, none of which correspond to [ 14 C] TCDD. The incubation of urine or bile with β-glucuronidase substantially altered the elution profile of the radioactive peaks suggesting that a glucuronide conjugate may be one of the major metabolites. Following the in vitro incubation of hamster hepatic microsomes with [ 3 H]- or [ 14 C) TCDD, a 6 to 9 fold increase in the unextractable radioactivity was observed. This was mediated by a heat sensitive system and required NADPH. Isolated hamster hepatocytes also demonstrated an ability to produce polar metabolites of [ 3 H]-or [ 14 C] TCDD. Analysis of the media from these incubations by hplc demonstrated several polar metabolite peaks similar to those observed in urine and bile.