cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Librarians’ Views on Critical Theories and Critical Practices

This study was conducted to investigate levels of familiarity that librarians have with critical theory, to determine the extent to which it informs professional practices, and to examine how the social justice issues related to critical theory inform the practices of librarians who are unfamiliar with it. A survey found that librarians were versed not only in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, but also in poststructuralism, feminism, queer theory, critical race theory, and postcolonialism. Many librarians, lacking familiarity with critical theory, were also shown to be concerned with social justice and these issues significantly affect these librarians’ professional practices. Based on these results, the authors propose the plausibility of incorporating more critical theory into library and information science programs.
Factors involved in the determination of rotational correlation times for spin labels

Abstract The determination of rotational correlation times and activation energies by means of ESR line widths has been investigated in detail for di- t -butyl nitroxide and for four spin labels in solution. Consistent correlation times can be obtained only if the parameters b and Δγ in the spin Hamiltonian are determined separately for each radical solvent system. Line width corrections to account for unresolved hyperfine structure were found to affect significantly the apparent activation energies for rotation.
Successful removal of a pheochromocytoma four weeks after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract A patient with clinical features of pheochromocytoma has been presented because of the successful removal of the tumor four weeks after an acute myocardial infarction. Two years after this operation the patient is entirely well and his blood pressure and urinary catecholamines are normal.
Quantitative imaging of bilirubin by photoacoustic microscopy

Noninvasive detection of both bilirubin concentration and its distribution is important for disease diagnosis. Here we implemented photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) to detect bilirubin distribution. We first demonstrate that our PAM system can measure the absorption spectra of bilirubin and blood. We also image bilirubin distributions in tissuemimicking samples, both without and with blood mixed. Our results show that PAM has the potential to quantitatively image bilirubin in vivo for clinical applications.
Magnetoelectricity in ferromagnets

The creation of Neel domain walls by electric fields in conventional and weak ferromagnets is discussed. In an inhomogeneous electric field the walls move with velocity proportional to the field gradient.
The effect of voltage bias stress on temperature-dependent conduction properties of low-k dielectrics

The change in leakage current in porous low-k interconnect dielectrics (LKDs) arising from time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) has been investigated. Using periodic measurements of temperature-dependent IV curves and photocurrent decay during voltage bias stress the apparent change in trap density and conduction mechanism in LKDs are investigated. A substantial change in the temperature-dependence of the current is observed, suggesting a move from a thermally excited conduction process to a tunnel-like or percolative process. This change is correlated with a large increase in trap density after long-term bias stress, consistent with a trap to trap tunneling interpretation. However, throughout the high-voltage bias stress, the leakage current continues to obey a √E field dependence.
Preclinical Testing of the Nitroimidazopyran PA-824 for Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Series of In Vitro and In Vivo Models

This study extends earlier reports regarding the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the nitroimidazopyran PA-824 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PA-824 was tested in vitro against a broad panel of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and was found to be highly active against all isolates (MIC<1 microg/ml). The activity of PA-824 against M. tuberculosis was also assessed grown under conditions of oxygen depletion. PA-824 showed significant activity at 2, 10, and 50 microg/ml, similar to that of metronidazole, in a dose-dependent manner. In a short-course mouse infection model, the efficacy of PA-824 at 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg of body weight formulated in methylcellulose or cyclodextrin/lecithin after nine oral treatments was compared with those of isoniazid, rifampin, and moxifloxacin. PA-824 at 100 mg/kg in cyclodextrin/lecithin was as active as moxifloxacin at 100 mg/kg and isoniazid at 25 mg/kg and was slightly more active than rifampin at 20 mg/kg. Long-term treatment with PA-824 at 100 mg/kg in cyclodextrin/lecithin reduced the bacterial load below 500 CFU in the lungs and spleen. No significant differences in activity between PA-824 and the other single drug treatments tested (isoniazid at 25 mg/kg, rifampin at 10 mg/kg, gatifloxacin at 100 mg/kg, and moxifloxacin at 100 mg/kg) could be observed. In summary, its good activity in in vivo models, as well as its activity against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis and against M. tuberculosis isolates in a potentially latent state, makes PA-824 an attractive drug candidate for the therapy of tuberculosis. These data indicate that there is significant potential for effective oral delivery of PA-824 for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Electrical conductivity and relaxation in poly(3-hexylthiophene)

We studied the complex conductivity of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in the temperature range between 193--333 K ($\ensuremath{-}80\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$ to $60\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$) and in the frequency range from the direct current (dc) to 12 GHz. The identified relaxation process was investigated by quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The dielectric loss peak extracted from complex conductivity corresponds to local molecular motions having an activation energy of about 9 kJ/mol, which agrees well with the QENS results. The molecular motions of the hexyl side groups in poly(3-hexylthiophene) contribute to this relaxation process in P3HT, which is coupled with a cooperative charge transport along the P3HT chains. In the cutoff frequency range, the real part of complex conductivity $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ gradually transitions to a frequency-independent conductivity $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\propto}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, which is thermally activated. The activation energy of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ at 50 MHz is about 80 meV. In comparison, the activation energy of the dc conductivity, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$, is larger, about 280 meV, while the value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$, is many orders of magnitude smaller than ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\propto}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ We conclude that the local relaxation of the hexyl side groups contribute to a topological disorder in the polymer structure. As a consequence the energy barriers of the charge transport increase and the conductivity decreases. At 190 K the conductivity decreases from the disorder-free ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\propto}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ of approximately $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{S}/\text{m}$ to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ of about $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\text{ }\text{S}/\text{m}$.
Review: Interaction among angiotensin II, nitric oxide and oxidative stress:

JRAAS 2001;2 (suppl 1):S59-S63 Introduction Many vasoactive substances, such as nitric oxide (NO), endothelin 1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (Ang II), and superoxide anion (O2-) participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function. The balance between these molecules may play a crucial role in maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. In most circumstances, NO is an important molecule in terms of cardiac and vascular protection. NO produced by the endothelium modulates vasomotor tone and inhibits platelet aggregation and smooth muscle cell and mesangial cell proliferation. It has also been suggested to have antiatherogenic properties. Ang II, on the other hand, is a powerful vasoconstrictor peptide that has antinatriuretic and prothrombogenic properties. Increased Ang II or overexpression of the Ang II type 1(AT1)-receptor is associated with vascular remodelling in some pathological conditions. O2and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often regarded as deleterious molecules. O2can increase vascular constriction, promote growth, and induce oxidant injury. Under normal physiological conditions, O2can be effectively scavenged by antioxidants such as O2dismutase (SOD), which will minimise oxidative damage.Excessive O2interacts with NO to reduce NO bioavailability and generate peroxynitrite, which can induce cardiovascular oxidative injury.
Analysis of flow and heat transfer characteristics of an asymmetrical flat plate heat pipe

Abstract An in-depth integral analysis revealing various physical aspects of an asymmetrical flat plate heat pipe is presented in this work. The resulting psuedo-three-dimensional vapor phase flow field is bifurcated on the x − y plane due to the asymmetrical nature of the heat source and sinks. The analytical results for the shifted vapor velocity profiles on the x − y plane, the overall axial pressure distributions in both vapor and liquid phases and the axial vapor temperature distribution in the heat pipe are obtained. There is good qualitative agreement between the present results and those based on the solution of the field equations for the conventional symmetrical case. The analysis provides accurate analytical expressions for velocity and pressure distributions for this type of non-conventional heat pipe.
Paraganglioma of the Urinary Bladder: A Lesion That May Be Misdiagnosed as Urothelial Carcinoma in Transurethral Resection Specimens

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is a rare tumor with characteristic histologic and immunohistochemical features. However, in our experience, it may be misdiagnosed as urothelial cancer because of 1) its frequent involvement of the muscularis propria; 2) morphology that may suggest urothelial cancer in transurethral resection specimens, particularly if there are artifactual changes induced by that procedure; 3) failure of pathologists to include it in their differential diagnosis when evaluating a bladder tumor; and 4) only a minority of the cases are associated with symptoms that might prompt consideration of the diagnosis. Distinction between paraganglioma and urothelial cancer is important because of likely different therapeutic options. In this report, we describe our experience with the histopathology of paragangliomas of the urinary bladder with emphasis on the histologic features that have led to their being misdiagnosed as conventional urothelial cancer and, most importantly, those that will help pathologists recognize this rare tumor of the bladder. Fifteen cases of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder were studied, 11 of them consult cases. They affected patients (8 male, 7 female) with a mean age of 49.5 years; only two had symptoms suggestive of the diagnosis, including hypertension during cystoscopy and episodic headache. Three consult cases were submitted with a diagnosis of "transitional cell carcinoma" and 4 with a diagnosis only of "bladder tumor." Histologically, "zellballen" and diffuse patterns were present in 12 (80%) and 3 (20%) of the cases. A delicate fibrovascular stroma was obvious in 14 (93%) cases. Other patterns included irregular nests and pseudorosette formation. Tumor necrosis, significant cautery artifact, and muscularis propria invasion were present in 1 (7%), 3 (20%) cases, and 10 (67%) cases, respectively. All 15 tumors were composed of large polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. Focal clear cells were present in 3 (20%). The nuclei were mostly uniform, although occasional pleomorphic nuclei were seen in 6 (40%) cases, and 2 (13%) had frequent pleomorphic nuclei. Mitoses were rare overall, and no abnormal mitotic figures were found. The major histologic features that led to misdiagnosis included a diffuse growth pattern, focal clear cells, necrosis, and muscularis propria invasion, with significant cautery artifact compounding the diagnostic problems. Immunohistochemically, 2 of 2 tumors were positive for neuron-specific enolase, 9 of 10 tumors for chromogranin, and 2 of 3 tumors for synaptophysin; 3 of 3 tumors were negative for cytokeratin and 1 of 1 tumor negative for HMB-45. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder may be misdiagnosed as urothelial cancer, but a careful search for the characteristic histologic features and, if necessary, supportive immunohistochemical studies, should lead to a correct diagnosis.
Accent detection is a slippery slope: Direction and rate of F0 change drives listeners' comprehension

The present study tests whether listeners use F0, duration, or some combination of the two to identify the presence of an accented word in a short discourse. Participants' eye movements to previously mentioned and new objects were monitored as participants listened to instructions to move objects in a display. The name of the target object on critical trials was resynthesised from naturally produced utterances so that it had either high or low F0 and either long or short duration. Fixations to the new object were highest when there was a steep rise in F0. Fixations to the previously mentioned object were highest when there was a steep drop in F0. These results suggest that listeners use F0 slope to make decisions about the presence of an accent, and that F0 and duration by themselves do not solely determine accent interpretation.
Isotope Effects and the Mechanism of Triazolinedione Ene Reactions. Aziridinium Imides Are Innocent Bystanders

Kinetic isotope effects were determined for the ene reactions of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-2,5-dione with 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-pentene. In each case highly inverse (kH/kD = 0.87−0.88) vinylic deuterium isotope effects were observed. Large 13C isotope effects were observed for the less-substituted olefinic carbons of each alkene and much smaller effects were found in the more-substituted olefinic carbon. Becke3LYP calculations of the mechanistic pathway for the ene reaction of 1,2,4-triazoline-2,5-dione with isobutene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and tetramethylethylene predict a new mechanism for these reactions involving an open biradical as the key intermediate. This biradical may either form the ene product or reversibly form an intermediate aziridinium imide. The validity of these calculations is supported by a comparison of experimental and theoretically predicted isotope effects. A curved Arrhenius plot of product ratios was found for the ene reaction of 2-methyl-1-pentene in the presence of meth...
Magnetic resonance study of diastereomeric interactions of nitroaromatic sulfxides with alcohols in solution

The synthesis of optically active (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)-2-deuterio-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-6-nitrobenzothiophene-1-oxide (3 and 4) is described. Several racemic aryl methyl carbinols in the presence of 3 or 4 give different chemical shifts for enantiomeric CH, CH3 and OH protons. These chemical shift differences are larger than those observed in analogous sulfoxide–alcohol pairs without nitro groups. Quinine and cinchonidine cause observable non-equivalence of methylene and aromatic protons in racemic 4. The magnitude of the diastereomeric shift difference is sensitive to temperature, solvent, concentration, nature of the π system and steric effects.
An on-line computer in a visual perception laboratory

The use of a small data acquisition computer (PDP-8) is described for on-One operations in visual perception experiments. A typical pro&um to control an experiment on short-term visual memory is presented, and the interface to connect the computer to the external stimulating and response devices is described in some detail A brief description is given of some special purpose interface components and how the computer could be used for experimental situations other than those in visual perception.
An efficient surface-based low-power buffer insertion algorithm

Buffer insertion is an important technique used to achieve timing closure in high performance VLSI designs. As the number of buffers in ASIC designs has increased with process scaling, the power con-sumption of buffers has become a critical concern. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm that performs van Ginneken style buffer insertion on RC trees and minimizes the total power con-sumption under a given delay constraint. Our algorithm is based on a formulation that uses a buffer library consisting of continuous buffer sizes. We construct solution candidates in the form of surfaces in the 3-D delay, capacitance and power (DCP) space and show the mecha-nisms to propagate and merge them in the interconnect tree. Instead of a single minimal power solution, the algorithm produces an entire DCP surface from which a suitable solution point can be selected. We also present a post-processing step where buffers with continu-ous (non-standard) sizes are snapped to discrete size values corre-sponding to the buffers in a given library. The proposed algorithm has a worst-case runtime complexity that is polynomial (quadratic) in the number of possible buffer locations. We implemented and tested our proposed algorithm on a number of large benchmark nets and observed that our method produces a speedup in runtime of 5-6X in comparison with previous power aware buffer insertion methods.
Robust system for human airway-tree segmentation

Robust and accurate segmentation of the human airway tree from multi-detector computed-tomography (MDCT) chest scans is vital for many pulmonary-imaging applications. As modern MDCT scanners can detect hundreds of airway tree branches, manual segmentation and semi-automatic segmentation requiring significant user intervention are impractical for producing a full global segmentation. Fully-automated methods, however, may fail to extract small peripheral airways. We propose an automatic algorithm that searches the entire lung volume for airway branches and poses segmentation as a global graph-theoretic optimization problem. The algorithm has shown strong performance on 23 human MDCT chest scans acquired by a variety of scanners and reconstruction kernels. Visual comparisons with adaptive region-growing results and quantitative comparisons with manually-defined trees indicate a high sensitivity to peripheral airways and a low false-positive rate. In addition, we propose a suite of interactive segmentation tools for cleaning and extending critical areas of the automatically segmented result. These interactive tools have potential application for image-based guidance of bronchoscopy to the periphery, where small, terminal branches can be important visual landmarks. Together, the automatic segmentation algorithm and interactive tool suite comprise a robust system for human airway-tree segmentation.
Validation of rules to predict emergent surgical intervention in pediatric trauma patients.

Background Trauma centers use guidelines to determine when a trauma surgeon is needed in the emergency department (ED) on patient arrival. A decision rule from Loma Linda University identified patients with penetrating injury and tachycardia as requiring emergent surgical intervention. Our goal was to validate this rule and to compare it with the American College of Surgeons' Major Resuscitation Criteria (MRC). Study Design We used data from 1993 through 2010 from 2 level 1 trauma centers in Denver, CO. Patient demographics, injury severity, times of ED arrival and surgical intervention, and all variables of the Loma Linda Rule and the MRC were obtained. The outcome, emergent intervention (defined as requiring operative intervention by a trauma surgeon within 1 hour of arrival to the ED or performance of cricothyroidotomy or thoracotomy in the ED), was confirmed using standardized abstraction. Sensitivities, specificities, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results There were 8,078 patients included, and 47 (0.6%) required emergent intervention. Of the 47 patients, the median age was 11 years (interquartile range [IQR] 7 to 14 years), 70% were male, 30% had penetrating mechanisms, and the median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 25 (IQR 9 to 41). At the 2 institutions, the Loma Linda Rule had a sensitivity and specificity of 69% (95% CI 45% to 94%) and 76% (95% CI 69% to 83%), respectively, and the MRC had a sensitivity and specificity of 80% (95% CI 70% to 92%) and 81% (95% CI 77% to 85%), respectively. Conclusions Emergent surgical intervention is rare in the pediatric trauma population. Although precision of predictive accuracies of the Loma Linda Rule and MRC were limited by small numbers of outcomes, neither set of criteria appears to be sufficiently accurate to recommend their routine use.
Photodissociation of Gas-Phase Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations

The photostablities of two dozen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations and a fullerene, C60+, have been tested. The molecular radical cations have been produced by both electron impact and laser desorption, then trapped and mass-analyzed in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The PAH cations were subjected to visible and UV radiation (λ ≥ 185 nm) from a Xe arc lamp. Fragmentation patterns fall into four groups: photostable, hydrogen loss only, hydrogen and carbon loss, and photodestroyed. The fragmentation patterns are discussed with respect to prior experimental and theoretical models. Implications of these findings for the “PAH hypothesis” and the unidentified interstellar infrared (UIR) emission bands are discussed briefly.
Mechanism of cyclosporine-induced sympathetic activation and acute hypertension in rats.

Although intravenous cyclosporine A (CsA) previously has been shown to cause a robust sympathetically mediated increase in blood pressure in the rat, the underlying mechanism by which CsA increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is unknown. To determine the relative contributions of central neural versus peripheral reflex mechanisms in causing this sympathetic activation, we recorded efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure during intracerebroventricular or intravenous infusion of CsA, the latter performed in intact rats and in those with sinoaortic denervation, cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or dorsal rhizotomy (T10 through L1). In intact rats, intravenous CsA (5 mg/kg), as expected, tripled renal sympathetic nerve activity and increased mean arterial pressure by 27 +/- 4 mm Hg (P < .05). The new findings are that this sympathoexcitatory effect of intravenous CsA (1) was not duplicated by central administration (either into the cerebroventricular system or directly onto the ventrolateral surface of the medulla), (2) was unaffected by sinoaortic denervation, but (3) was greatly attenuated by either cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or by dorsal rhizotomy. In additional experiments, we found that intravenous cyclosporine increased the multiunit activity of subdiaphragmatic but not cardiopulmonary vagal afferents. From these data, we conclude that in the rat CsA-induced increases in sympathetic activity and blood pressure are caused mainly by activation of excitatory neural reflexes arising in the subdiaphragmatic region. These reflex mechanisms use at least two different afferent neural pathways: one involving the subdiaphragmatic vagi and the other involving the low thoracic dorsal spinal roots.
Experimental convective heat transfer in a geometrically large two-dimensional impinging synthetic jet

Abstract A jet can be synthesized by ejecting and injecting fluid from and to an orifice or channel. When actuated, a synthetic jet delivers positive momentum but no net mass flow per cycle. Small, compact synthetic jet actuators can be fabricated to operate in the subaudible acoustic range and can be packaged in orientations that allow them to deliver cooling air flow to electronic devices. For cooling, the most promising orientation is one that delivers the jet flow in a direction normal to the heated surface such that it impinges on the surface as a periodic jet. In previous studies, numerical simulations were performed by the authors, utilizing an idealized canonical geometry, with the goal of eliminating actuator artifacts from the fundamental physics that drive the problem. The present paper reports on laboratory experiments that were undertaken in order to nearly replicate the idealized synthetic jet geometry and thus allow validation of the previous numerical investigations. The experiment was designed at a geometrically large scale, with jet slot widths of 4.2 and 6 mm. The amplitude and frequency at which the jet was actuated determined the Reynolds (Re) and Womersley (Ω) numbers which are the dominant non-dimensional groups. By maintaining Re and Ω in the laboratory experiments to match those of the small scale actuators, the laboratory experiments were geometrically scaled up to allow highly resolved measurements of the unsteady velocity field and the local time-dependent Nusselt number on the target heated surface. Experiments were performed at variable jet Re, Ω, and height from the target surface. The dependence of the surface averaged Nu to jet parameters agrees with the computational results when the convective heat transfer is significantly larger than the experimental heat losses, and when the fluid remains coherent with respect to the forcing frequency. Discrepancies found between numerical and empirical local data at large spacings, high Ω and low Re, suggest flow transition to turbulence and possible emergence of three dimensional effects, which were not accounted for in the computational analyses.
DNA sequence comparison of micropia transposable elements from Drosophila hydei and Drosophila melanogaster.

Members of the retrotransposon family micropia were discovered as constituents of wild-typeY chromosomal fertility genes fromDrosophila hydei. Several members of the micropia family have subsequently been recovered fromDrosophila melanogaster and four micropia elements, micropia-DhMiF2, -DhMiF8, -Dm11 and-Dm2, two each fromD. hydei andD. melanogaster, have been totally sequenced (17 kb of micropia sequences and 6.8 kb from insertions)1. Comparative analysis of micropia sequences revealed a complex pattern of divergence within a singleDrosophila genome. The divergence includes deletions, possibly by a slipped mispairing mechanism, insertions of a retroposon, and of another retrotransposon (copia) and “positional nucleotide shuffling” within the tandem repeats of the 3′ non-protein-coding region of micropia elements. A 10 bp long sequence of each repeat unit of the 3′ tandem repeats of micropia elements is highly conserved and is therefore a candidate of functional importance either in transposition events or in regulatory activity on flanking DNA sequences.
JBO Setting New Records

2011 was another record year for JBO. The number of manuscript submissions reached nearly 750. The impact factor leaped to 3.188, with the 5-year combined impact factor at 3.659. The publication frequency changed to monthly starting in January. The manuscript review cycles have been shortened considerably without sacrificing quality of review. JBO is deeply indebted to the authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their contributions to such marvelous achievements.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON VITAMIN C THERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS

1. A group of 181 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of natural vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 89 monkeys treated on the 1st or 2nd day of infection 26 (29.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 53 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 23 (43.3 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 39 monkeys treated on the 5th day of the infection 9 (23 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. 2. A group of 101 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of synthetic vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 25 monkeys treated on the 1st day of infection 2 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 26 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 5 (19.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 50 monkeys treated on the 4th and 5th day of the infection 4 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. 3. The above two groups of treated animals were accompanied by a group of 98 control monkeys which were infected intracerebrally with the same amounts of virus and remained untreated. In this group there were 5 (5.1 per cent) animals which survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. 4. The figures, taken as a whole, show that among 181 monkeys treated with natural vitamin C 58 (32 per cent) survived without paralysis, and among 101 monkeys treated with synthetic vitamin C 11 (10.8 per cent) survived without paralysis. In comparing the percentage of non-paralytic survivors of the two treated groups with that of the untreated controls (5.1 per cent) it is found that about six times as many animals escaped paralysis following treatment with natural vitamin C as did the corresponding controls. In the group of animals treated with synthetic vitamin C, on the other hand, there were only about twice as many non-paralytic survivors as among the controls. 5. The results obtained in this investigation, as far as they are concerned with the therapeutic effect of natural vitamin C in experimental poliomyelitis, are in close agreement with the data previously published.
Literate Practices in a Modern Credit Union.

Modern bureaucratic institutions are notorious for producing documents that are difficult to understand. Much attention has been paid to the language of these materials; little is known about the contexts in which these documents are used and their potential effects on functional literacy. Drawing on research in a midwestern credit union, this paper discusses several factors that seem to characterize how and why credit unions and their members use credit union documents: the characteristics of document availability, the structure of interactions in which documents are used, attitudes and beliefs about the documents, and the functions of documents. (Literate practices, conversational analysis, bureaucratic institutions, politics of language, plain language movement).
Use of surfactant-mediated phase separation (cloud point extraction) with affinity ligands for the extraction of hydrophilic proteins.

Abstract The feasibility of utilizing a zwitterionic surfactant, 3-(nonyldimethylammonio)propylsulfate, or nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114, mediated phase separation in conjunction with affinity ligands was studied for hydrophilic protein extractions. Below (or above) its critical temperature (so-called cloud point), aqueous solutions of zwitterionic (or nonionic) surfactants separate into two immiscible phases, a surfactant-rich phase and an aqueous phase. Avidin was successfully extracted into the zwitterionic surfactant-rich phase when a small amount of the affinity ligand, N- biotinoyl)dipalmitoyl- l -α- phosphatidyl ethanolamine, was added to the system. It was not possible to extract hexokinase into the surfactant-rich phase of the nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114, even if a considerable amount of octyl-β- d -glucoside was added to the solution as an affinity ligand. In contrast, the use of the zwitterionic surfactant and octyl-β- d -glucoside as an affinity ligand proved to be effective for the extraction of hexokinase. The hexokinase extraction efficiency was found to depend upon the solution pH and the concentration of the affinity ligand in the system. The results clearly indicate that hydrophilic proteins can be successfully extracted with surfactant mediated phase separations (cloud point extractions) via use of the zwitterionic surfactant, 3-(nonyldimethylammonio)propylsulfate, and appropriate affinity ligands. Some advantages of zwitterionic surfactants in such extractive processes relative to that of nonionic surfactants are delineated.
Toward a Consensus View on the Infectious Risks Associated with Land Application of Sewage Sludge

The science linking processed sewage sludge (biosolids) land application with human health has improved in the last ten years. The goal of this review is to develop a consensus view on the human health impacts associated with land-applying biosolids. Pre-existing risk studies are integrated with recent advances in biosolids pathogen exposure science and risk analysis. Other than accidental direct ingestion, the highest public risks of infection from land application are associated with airborne exposure. Multiple, independent risk assessments for enteroviruses similarly estimate the yearly probabilities of infection near 10–4. However, the inclusion of other emerging pathogens, specifically norovirus, increases this yearly infectious risk by over 2 orders of magnitude. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for biosolids exposure more effectively operates as a tool for analyzing how exposure can be reduced rather than being used to assess “safety”. Such analysis demonstrates that the tradition of monitori...
Self-reference encoding and incidental recall by children

Free recall of trait-descriptive adjectives by children in kindergarten, first grade, and fourth grade was studied within an incidental-memory paradigm. Performance was compared after three different orienting-task/encoding questions: "Does this word describe you?" (self-reference), "Is this a nice word?" (semantic), and "Does this word have an's' sound?" (physical). The trait­ recall task was nondiscriminatively difficult for the kindergartners. Recall in the self-reference condition increased over age, and by the fourth grade. the children showed an adult pattern of greater recall in the self-reference condition than in the other two conditions. This paper presents an exploratory investigation of the effectiveness of a self-reference orienting task as an encoding activity for children. The superiority of this task over other types of semantic orienting activities has been demonstrated for adults in the incidental learning paradigm in a number of studies (e.g., Keenan & Baillet, 1980; Rogers, Kuiper , & Kirker, 1977). Rogers et al., for example , found greater incidental recall following a task in which subjects were asked to judge whether trait adjectives described themselves than one in which they made judgments on the basis of semantic meaning or physical characteristics of the words. They interpreted their results as demonstrating the power of the self­ schema for the encoding and subsequent retrieval of information. Changes in the nature of the self-concept over the childhood years, as documented, for example , by Fahey and Phillips (1981), suggest that the effective­ ness of self-reference as an encoding device might show developmental changes as well. Consequently, an incidental-memory paradigm similar to that of Rogers et al. was used here with children from kindergarten to fourth grade. METHOD
The Future of Cross‐Cultural Counseling: A Delphi Poll

The probable future of cross-cultural counseling, for the next 10 years, was predicted using the Delphi Method—the best available forecasting tool. A panel of 53 identified experts in the field of cross-cultural counseling completed a 49-item questionnaire that addressed future developments in the areas of theory and research, training and preparation, and social organization. Results indicated many probable changes in all areas and several areas that remain unclear for the next decade. Nominations for the current top cross-cultural training programs, journals, and books were also solicited, resulting in a strong consensus.
Comparison of DNA extraction methods for analysis of turkey cecal microbiota

Aim: As a prelude to long-term studies to characterize the microbiota of the turkey ceca, 14 DNA isolation protocols were evaluated for their ability to reproducibly characterize microbial diversity. Methods and Results: Eight commercially available DNA extraction kits were assessed. DNA quantity and quality were assessed and competitive PCR was used to quantify the 16S bacterial rRNA genes. The Invitrogen Easy-DNA Kit extraction method for large samples yielded over eight times more DNA than any other method (3144 ± 873 μg g−1 of sample, P < 0·05). Bacterial and fungal species richness was estimated by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis. The Invitrogen Easy-DNA Kit generated the greatest bacterial species richness (46 ± 7 peaks) while Bio-Rad Aquapure yielded the highest fungal species richness (71 ± 9·5 peaks). Conclusion: Cluster analysis indicated different DNA extraction methods generated different microbial community compositions using the same cecal matrix from a single donor bird. Significance and Impact of the Study: Optimized DNA extraction protocols Invitrogen Easy-DNA Kit extraction method for large samples and Bio-Rad Aquapure outperform other methods for extraction of DNA from poultry fecal samples, although these methods do not necessarily recover all available DNA. They will be used in future studies to monitor the dynamics of microbial communities of the avian ceca.
CD error budget analysis for 0.18-μm inlaid trench lithography

Lithographic patterning of small inlaid trenches is becoming increasingly important for leading edge semiconductor manufacturing. Correct patterning of these small inlaid features is made difficult by inherent difficulties in darkfield pattern imaging, large substrate reflectivity variations, large sensitivity to reticle CD variations and stringent requirements for the photoresist etch mask. Additionally, successful process optimization requires accurate knowledge of the lithographic errors affecting CD control. We present her a CD control error budget analysis for 0.18 um inlaid trench lithography using 0.6 NA 248 nm exposure tools and high resolution chemically amplified resist. Experiment and tuned simulation are used to translate tool, process and reticle variations into wafer CD variations. Results of across-field and across-wafer error analysis for different process choices are presented as are experimental verifications of their accuracy. Conclusions presented include the significant impact of stepper best- focus determination for across-field CD variation and the considerable overall CD control improvements observed with thin photoresist and strong phase shift processes.
Biventricular repair in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is the term introduced by Noonan and Nadas 1 to describe a spectrum of cardiac anomalies characterized by varying degrees of significant underdevelopment of the left heart and aortic arch. These cardiac anomalies include mitral valvar disease, left ventricular hypoplasia, aortic stenosis at subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar levels, hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and aortic arch, and aortic coarctation. Although descriptive, hypoplastic left heart syndrome suffers from being a very unspecific term, since it encompasses multiple degrees and combinations of abnormalities involving the left sided structures. In an attempt to provide gradings of severity, Kirklin and Barratt-Boyes 2 categorized these patients falling into the syndrome into four classes, according to whether obstruction was found at one, two, or more levels, or whether there is aortic atresia. Then, in 1998, Tchervenkov and colleagues 3 introduced the term hypoplastic left heart complex to describe a set of patients falling within the spectrum of hypoplasia of the left heart, but in the absence of intrinsic aortic or mitral valvar stenosis, this concept subsequently being endorsed by the International Committee established by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, together with the European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery, to rationalize the approach to nomenclature and databases. 4 The analysis offered by Tchervenkov et al. 3 showed that, in certain circumstances, there are potentially patients considered to have hypoplasia of the left heart who might be candidates for biventricular repair. If this is the case, then it is important to establish how this subset can be recognized, and how they are best treated.
A Y-box protein is a suppressor factor that decreases thyrotropin receptor gene expression.

The decanucleotides in a tandem repeat, -162 to -140 bp, are suppressor elements that decrease TSH receptor (TSHR) gene expression by different mechanisms. A factor(s) interacting with the 3'-decanucleotide compete for proteins that bind the cAMP response element, -139 to -132 bp, a constitutive enhancer necessary for efficient TSHR expression. The 5'-decanucleotide is in a CT-rich, S1 nuclease-sensitive region of the promoter; its suppressor activity has been related to its ability to bind a nonthyroid-specific protein to its coding strand. In this report we clone a complementary DNA encoding a single strand DNA-binding protein that forms a specific protein-DNA complex with the coding strand of the 5'- but not the 3'-decanucleotide and not with the 5'-decanucleotide noncoding or double strand. We show, by cotransfection with TSHR promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase chimeras, that the protein is a suppressor that regulates the function of the 5'- but not the 3'-decanucleotide. The protein is a Y-bo...
Rehearsal strategies and the serial-position curve in immediate free recall of ordered items

Immediate free recall of random strings of 10 numbers was studied under four experimental conditions: as each number was presented, subjects either had to recall the previous number (Recall n–1), recall the number just presented (Recall n), read the number (Read aloud), or were silent (Free Recall). Overall recall was the same in all conditions. Recall and order of recall by serial-position changed systematically, with an increasing recency and decreasing primacy effect from Free Recall through Read Aloud and Recall n to Recall n–1. These changes in recall order and serial-position curves suggest that differential rehearsal of items is decreased by requiring retrieval during presentation.
Residence time effects on phase transformation of nanosilver in reduced soils

Residence time effects on phase transformation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (15-50 nm, with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating) were investigated in reducing soils using experimental geochemistry and synchrotron-based x-ray techniques. After 30 days of anaerobic incubation, a substantial fraction of PVP-coated AgNPs (15 nm) were transformed into Ag₂S and or humic acid (HA) complexed Ag(I), whereas only the HA fraction was dominant in uncoated AgNPs (50 nm). Several investigations recently reported that sulfidation of AgNPs to Ag₂S was the predominant mechanism controlling the fate of AgNP in soil-water environments. However, this investigation showed each AgNP underwent particle-specific chemical transformations to different end compounds after 30 days. Considering the small contribution of Ag(I) dissolution from all AgNPs (less than 5%), we concluded that changes in solid-state chemical speciation of sorbed AgNPs was promoted by particle-specific interactions of NPs in soil chemical constituents, suggesting a critical role of soil absorbents in predicting the fate of AgNPs in terrestrial environments.
Predisposition to seek mental health care among Black males transitioning from foster care.

Abstract This study examined the predisposition to seek mental health care in the future for personal and mental health problems among Black males transitioning from the foster care system (n = 74). Results of simultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that custody status, diagnosis of a DSM-IV psychiatric disorder, and emotional control contributed significantly to the prediction of Black male's predisposition to seek mental health care. Specifically, Black males who were still in foster care were more predisposed to seek mental health care, whereas those diagnosed with a DSM-IV psychiatric disorder and who adhered more to the norm of emotional control were less predisposed to seek mental health care. Implications for mental health service delivery are discussed.
Choices in the face of uncertainty: the international futures (IFs) model

Abstract The International Futures (IFs) modeling project has roots in both the world modeling projects of the 1970s (including the early Club of Rome models) and the GLOBUS modeling project of the 1980s. It has, however, added extensive capabilities for helping students and analysts think about choices in the face of uncertainty. The third edition of the International futures book and computer simulation have extended the analysis horizon and enhanced analysis potential, with particular focus in two areas: (1) the possible transition towards sustainability in the twenty-first century and (2) sociopolitical change within countries and in the global system. IFs is evolving from a global model to a ‘global modeling system’ that allows analysis of data and analytical relationships across a country-level database. This article reviews the evolution of IFs and the current model. It concludes by discussing challenging issues in the contemporary world that may be explored by students of the future using the IFs model.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni-Al-Ga-N system

Isothermal sections in the Ni–Al–Ga–N quaternary phase diagram were calculated to provide a greater understanding of interfacial reactions between Ni contacts and AlxGa1−xN. The calculations were performed employing a thermodynamic database of the Ni–Al–Ga–N system that was constructed by combining the six binary systems of the four component system. The model of the Ga–N binary system was created in this work. The models of the Ni–Ga and Ni–Al systems, both of which were taken from the literature, were modified to be compatible with one another. Thermodynamic data and phase boundaries for other binary systems were taken from the literature, as was information on portions of the Al–Ga–N and Ni–Al–Ga phase diagrams. The calculated sections reveal that during reaction between Ni and AlxGa1−xN, Ni is favored to react with the GaN component of the semiconductor alloy, leaving an Al-enriched AlxGa1−xN. These predictions are consistent with a recent analysis of the Ni, Al, and Ga elemental distributions across the interface between a Ni thin film and an Al0.47Ga0.53N epitaxial layer following annealing at 850 °C. Consideration of the thermodynamic driving forces suggests that this may be a general phenomenon existing in other metal–Al–Ga–N systems.