cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tandem repeat markers for population genetic studies of the protected California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)

Habitat loss is the single greatest threat to persistence of the critically threatened California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). To aid management plans that designate critical habitat for this species, I developed and characterized 21 tetranucleotide microsatellite markers using two native populations in Santa Barbara and Alameda Counties. Allelic variation and average heterozygosities were lower in the endangered Santa Barbara population (allele range 1–4, mean 2.4; H O = 0.308 H E = 0.288) compared with the threatened Alameda population (allele range 2–10, mean 6.7; H O = 0.712, H E = 0.722). In-depth population studies using these markers will provide vital information for plans to assign critical habitat that optimize gene flow among breeding populations, as well as for identifying non-native hybrid genotypes that threaten native A. californiense stocks. Beyond the conservation goals for A. californiense, the close phylogenetic relationships within the tiger salamander complex also suggest a broad utility for population studies using these markers.
Functional Relationship of Macrophages and Basophils to the Thymus Gland

Human thymus epithelium, depleted of thymocytes and macrophages by means of organ culture, was used in chemotaxis experiments with peripheral blood cells. Such cultured thymus epithelium can attract specifically macrophages and basophils. T-lymphocytes were attracted only by short-term (8 day) cultured thymus tissue which still retains some of the original macrophage population. Thymic macrophages formed rosette structures with thymocytes. In other experiments 'activated' rabbit macrophages had the capability to destroy thymocytes, whether autochthonous or allogeneic. The possible role of macrophages and basophils in thymus function is discussed.
On comparing competing models of PTSD: Response to Simms

This is a response to Simms' commentary on Miller, Wolf, Harrington, Brown, Kaloupek, and Keane (2010) comparing the convergent and discriminant validity of two 4-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using external measures of comorbidity. The author reviews the importance of the distinction between numbing and hyperarousal, clarifies the logic and rationale for the study's aims and hypotheses, and responds to specific concerns about the conclusions. He addresses the relationship between hyperarousal symptoms and internalizing comorbidity and notes the limitations of representing the latter construct using only two symptoms. The author concludes by underscoring the need for future research to place greater emphasis on examining the external correlates of alternative models of the factor structure of PTSD.
Statistics of expanding gel surface patterns

Abstract For model and experimental systems, the comparative wrinkling of expanding gels has been found previously to agree in a qualitative sense. Here, quantitative comparison is conducted using recent developments in the statistical crystallography of random, space-filling patterns. Agreement is found with Aboav-Weaire's and Lewis's law for both model and experiment; lattice parameters are calculated and the statistics of model patterns are compared to experimental results. In recent experimental investigations of polymer gels, Tanaka and co-workers [1, 2] observed transient surface patterns on spherical gels expanding in solvents. These patterns arise from elastic frustration effects and have been modeled numerically [3] to arrive at deformation profiles. These computed profiles show good qualitative agreement with actual experiments [2]; both generate cellular surface patterns with similarly irregular lattice filling. Here we compare digitized images of these results for quantitative agreement and re...
Bidi Smoking among Massachusetts Teenagers

Objectives. This article presents the prevalence of bidi use among Massachusetts adolescents. Methods. Questions on bidi use were included in a statewide telephone survey of a population-based sample of youth 14 to 17 years of age (N = 733). Results. Past-month use rates were below 2.0% for all demographic subgroups. Minority respondents were more likely than white respondents to have ever smoked a bidi. Males and current cigarette smokers were more likely than their female and nonsmoking counterparts to have ever smoked a bidi or to have smoked one in the past year. Conclusions. The demographic distributions of bidi smoking suggest the need for monitoring bidi use trends among adolescent subgroups.
Dihydrobis(4-cyano-3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate: Homoleptic Mononuclear Cobalt(II) and Copper(II) Complexes with a Cyano-Substituted Scorpionate Ligand

A bulky phenyl substituent in the 3-position prevents coordination of the cyano group and allows isolation of the first homoleptic mononuclear complexes of a cyano-substituted bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligand.
An axiomatic characterization of preferences under uncertainty: Weakening the independence axiom

Abstract The independence axiom used to derive the expected utility representation of preferences over lotteries is replaced by requiring only convexity, in terms of probability mixtures, of indifference sets. Two axiomatic characterizations are proven, one for simple measures and the other continuous and for all probability measures. The representations are structurally similar to expected utility, and are unique up to a generalization of affine transformations. First-order stochastic dominance and risk aversion are discussed using a method which finds an expected utility approximation to these preferences without requiring differentiability of the preference functional.
Who Moved My Sigma … Effective Implementation of the Six Sigma Methodology to Hospitals

Six Sigma breakthrough strategy emphasizes the importance of reducing cycle time and improving customer satisfaction in determining optimal levels and costs of service quality. The implementation of Six Sigma to service industries is relatively new in comparison with the application of Six Sigma to industrial processes. In this paper, we consider aspects of the first three steps of the Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) initiative and postulate the potential for effectiveness of Six Sigma methodology implementation to the following hospital processes: Operating Room preparation upon surgical cancellation or rescheduling, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, Orthopaedic Joint Replacement Programs, and Patient Discharge processes. What is referred to as necessary ‘critical-to-quality’ (CTQ) aspects of medical services are not entirely different from the manufacturing environment. Developing measures of medical service processes from a ‘unit of product’ point of view raises new insights into the medical services field. Through investigation we find relationships between Six Sigma implementation and the potential for improved efficiency and effectiveness of hospital medical services. The results have implications for increased application of Six Sigma to hospital processes in those service areas. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum-Latency Broadcast Scheduling for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) introduce a new communication paradigm which enable unlicensed users to opportunistically access spectrum bands assigned to licensed users. Interestingly, the broadcast problem, which is one of the most fundamental operations in CRNs, has not been well studied. Existing works for the broadcast issue in CRNs are either heuristic solutions without performance guarantee or with performance far from the optimal solution. In this paper, we study the Minimum-Latency Broadcast Scheduling (MLBS) issue for CRNs. Our contributions are threefold. Firstly, we propose a Mixed Broadcasting Scheduling (MBS) algorithm under the Unit Disk Graph (UDG) model, denoted by MBS-UDG. MBSUDG finishes a broadcast task by employing mixed unicast and broadcast communication modes in two phases. We show that the latency performance of MBS-UDG is O(ħ+ΔT) when ΔT ≤ 1/p, or O(ħ+log1-p 1/(pΔT)) when ΔT > 1/p, where ħ and ΔT are the height and the maximum number of leaf nodes connected by a SU of the broadcasting tree, respectively, and p is the spectrum opportunity for a secondary communication. Furthermore, the redundancy performance of MBS-UDG is analyzed. Secondly, we extend MBS-UDG to a more general MBS algorithm under the protocol interference model and analyze its latency and redundancy performance. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate MBS, which indicate that MBS significantly improves existing algorithms with respect to both latency and redundancy.
Modeling and Simulation in the Secondary School Curriculum: The Impact on Teachers

The STACIN Project is a development, implementation, and research effort that examines the impact of systems thinking, simulation, and modeling in precollege curricula on student learning, classroom processes, and organizational change. Nearly 100 teachers have been trained to use systems thinking in their secondary school curricula. This article examines how systems thinking affects teachers and classroom processes. A two‐dimensional matrix is presented to characterize the modes of adaptation employed by the teachers as they use modeling and simulation in their courses. The dimensions include teacher proficiency with technology and the specific systems applications observed in classes. A discussion of issues related to the use of systems in precollege instruction also is included.
Probabilistic Partial Least Square Regression: A Robust Model for Quantitative Analysis of Raman Spectroscopy Data

Raman spectroscopy has been one of the most sensitive techniques widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical material identification research ever since it is invented based on Raman scattering theory, because of the fingerprints property of Raman signals to different materials. With the latest development of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles, Raman spectroscopy is now used in more and more quantitative analysis applications. But due to the unavoidable instable problem of Raman spectroscopy signal, as well as the high signal dimension and small sample number problem, it is badly in need of a robust and accurate signal quantitative analysis method. Based on Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) method, Probabilistic PCA and Probabilistic curve-fitting idea, we propose a new Probabilistic-PLSR (PPLSR) model. It explains PLSR from a probabilistic viewpoint and deeply describes the physical meaning of PLSR model. It is a solid foundation to develop more robust and accurate probabilistic PLSR models with Bayesian model in order to solve the over-fitting problem. And since this model adds a regularization term in the matrix of regression coefficients, the estimated result is more robust than PLSR model. We also provide an EM Algorithm to estimate the parameters of the model from sample data. To take fully use of the valuable data, we design two experiments, leave-one out and cross-validation-on-average-signal, on one real Raman spectroscopy signal data set. By comparing with results from traditional Least Square (LS) method and traditional PLSR, we demonstrate PPLSR is more robust and accurate.
Alpha helical crossovers favor right-handed supersecondary structures by kinetic trapping: the phone cord effect in protein folding.

The remarkable predominance of right-handedness in beta-alpha-beta helical crossovers has been previously explained in terms of thermodynamic stability and kinetic accessibility, but a different kinetic trapping mechanism may also play a role. If the beta-sheet contacts are made before the crossover helix is fully formed, and if the backbone angles of the folding helix follows the energetic pathway of least resistance, then the helix would impart a torque on the ends of the two strands. Such a torque would tear apart a left-handed conformation but hold together a right-handed one. Right-handed helical crossovers predominate even in all-alpha proteins, where previous explanations based on the preferred twist of the beta sheet do not apply. Using simple molecular simulations, we can reproduce the right-handed preference in beta-alpha-beta units, without imposing specific beta-strand geometry. The new kinetic trapping mechanism is dubbed the “phone cord effect” because it is reminiscent of the way a helical phone cord forms superhelices to relieve torsional stress. Kinetic trapping explains the presence of a right-handed superhelical preference in alpha helical crossovers and provides a possible folding mechanism for knotted proteins.
Ready to ware

Electronics and fabrics woven together (e-textiles) will make smart dressers of firefighters, football players, and fashionistas alike. The authors describe various prototypes that use the vast variety of fibers and fabrics that can be woven into clothing, carpets, upholstery, and wallcoverings. Coupled with fault-tolerant computing and network architectures, such e-textiles can constitute a platform for health monitoring, communications, multimedia devices, and changing decors.
Receptive fields of first-order somatic sensory neurons innervating rhinarium in coati and raccoon.

Abstract When compared with the raccoon, the coati's more prominent use of its rhinarium for tactile exploration of the environment, coupled with a higher rhinarial receptor density, prompted a study to determine if there were correspondingly distinctive features in the coding of information in first-order somatic sensory neurons that innervate the rhinarium in these animals. In acute recording experiments under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, the Vth ganglion was explored with tungsten microelectrodes. Mechanoreceptive field sizes were delinated with a series of stimulating wire probes, ranging in diameter from 250 to 25μ. For each single ganglion unit, the threshold receptive field was determined with the smallest diameter stimulus wire capable of reliably activating unit discharges (Von Frey technique). Thermal fields were activated by cool water droplets. All fields(coati= 247,raccoon= 202) were drawn on enlarged rhinarial photographs and their areas measured by polar planimeter. In contrast to our expectations, coati and raccoon median threshold receptive field sizes did not differ significantly. The importance of comparing threshold field sizes was underscored by the finding that larger diameter stimulus wires resulted in larger receptive field areas. Cutting the Vth nerve root did not affect median field size in either animal type. The median force threshold for activation of mechanoreceptive field was lower in coatis, but the proportion of modality types (touch, pressure, vibrotactile) did not differ between the two animal types. The results suggest that the coati's greater rhinarial sensibility is mainly contrived at more central levels of the somatic sensory system.
Effects of hydroxyurea and benzo(a)pyrene on DNA synthesis in the isolated perfused rat lung.

A perfused rat lung model is described for the measurement of DNA synthesis by [3H]-thymidine incorporation in terms of its response to inhibitors of DNA synthesis and carcinogens. Hydroxyurea (5-50 mM) inhibited DNA synthesis by 95% yet did not disrupt lung energy metabolism as indicated by cytosolic NADH/NAD + measured by lactate/pyruvate ratios. Perfused lung DNA synthesis was also inhibited 60% by in vivo administration of benzo(a)pyrene (6 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days. The application of this system as a sensitive indicator of lung damage caused by pneumotoxic environmental compounds is discussed. A wide variety of compounds, including chemotherapeutic and other pharmacologic agents, herbicides and insecticides, industrial solvents, and various naturally occurring toxicants, produce acute pneumotoxic effects when administered to animals by oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, or intraperitoneal routes (COLLIS 1980; BOYD 1980). A potentially sensitive indicator of lung damage is alteration of lung DNA synthesis, a parameter not readily measured in intact animals. We have, therefore, investigated the feasibility of utilizing a perfused rat lung model to: (i) determine whether DNA synthesis can he measured ex vivo by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, (2) determine the response of DNA synthesis to hydroxyurea with the eventual aim of characterizing chemically-induced DNA damage by measuring unscheduled DNA synthesis, and (3) to examine the effect of in vivo pretreatment of the known pneumotoxic compound benzo(a)pyrene on DNA synthesis in the rat lung.
Constitutive equations in finite viscoplasticity of semicrystalline polymers

Abstract Three series of uniaxial tensile tests with constant strain rates are performed at room temperature on isotactic polypropylene and two commercial grades of low-density polyethylene with different molecular weights. Constitutive equations are derived for the viscoplastic behavior of semicrystalline polymers at finite strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent network of strands bridged by permanent junctions. Two types of junctions are introduced: affine whose micro-deformation coincides with the macro-deformation of a polymer, and non-affine that slide with respect to their reference positions. The elastic response of the network is attributed to elongation of strands, whereas its viscoplastic behavior is associated with sliding of junctions. The rate of sliding is proportional to the average stress in strands linked to non-affine junctions. Stress–strain relations in finite viscoplasticity of semicrystalline polymers are developed by using the laws of thermodynamics. The constitutive equations are applied to the analysis of uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and simple shear of an incompressible medium. These relations involve three adjustable parameters that are found by fitting the experimental data. Fair agreement is demonstrated between the observations and the results of numerical simulation. It is revealed that the viscoplastic response of low-density polyethylene in simple shear is strongly affected by its molecular weight.
Fractionation of stable isotope-labeled organic pollutants as a potential tracer of atmospheric transport processes.

To test the potential for using stable isotope fractionation to examine the atmospheric transport of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs), we conducted simplified distillation experiments in the laboratory and a tracer-release experiment using mixtures of stable isotope-labeled (D and 13C) and unlabeled SOCs. Perdeuterated phenanthrene and α-hexachlorocyclohexane were transported more slowly via air−water gas exchange in our laboratory experiments, resulting in significant isotope fractionation of perdeuterated/unlabeled compound mixtures. In contrast, isotope fractionation of 13C6-labeled SOCs was much lower. A field tracer-release study was then conducted by spiking a seawater retention pond with a mixture of D10-labeled, 13C2-labeled, and unlabeled phenanthrene and examining isotope fractionation of the mixture after air−water gas exchange. No preferential fractionation of D10- vs 13C2-labeled phenanthrene was observed in the pond water; however, greater fractionation of D10- vs 13C2-labeled phenanthr...
The significance of double substitutions in well‐correlated electronic wave functions

The enhancement of the weighting of double substitutions in correlated wave functions is a very significant effect from including into a wave function the higher-level substitutions. The coupled cluster model seems quite effective at bringing about this enhancement and because of this it yields correlation energies in line with those obtained by variational configuration interaction explicitly involving higher-level substitutions. The enhancement of double substitutions as a prominent higher-order effect is demonstrated by calculations of the HF dipole moment curve, where this enhancement provides an important adjustment to the curve.
Stereotype-Based Blocking in Social Explanation

Explanations for performance and behavior are often biased by stereotypes held by social perceivers. Stereotypes may affect not only judgments of the causal role of members of the stereotyped group but also assessments of the causal influence of people and events that are unrelated to the stereotype. The findings from three experiments indicate that an important mechanism through which stereotypes affect judgments of the causality of stereotype-irrelevant factors is blocking as described by Kamin. Patterns of causality consistent with gender stereotypes blocked, or attenuated, the perception of covariation between causes unrelated to gender and performance outcomes. The blocking of this covariation evidence, in turn, decreased the causality attributed to gender-irrelevant events. The findings suggest that blocking is a distinct process from discounting through which stereotypes and other expectancies bias causal attributions and persevere.
Kinetics of simple inner- and outer-sphere electrochemical reactions at rotating silver electrodes as examined using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy

Abstract An application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to evaluating the kinetics of electrochemical reactions is outlined. This involves monitoring the potential-dependent SERS intensities of the adsorbed reactant at a rotating disk electrode in a potential region where the kinetics are under mixed mass transfer-heterogeneous electron transfer control. Comparisons are made between the kinetic behavior extracted from the SERS intensity-potential dependence and that obtained from the faradaic current flow. For Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ reduction at silver, where the reactant is electrostatically attracted but not bound to the surface, the SERS and electrochemical rate behavior is closely compatible. However, for Cr(NH 3 ) 5 Br 2+ and Cr(NH 3 ) 5 NCS 2+ reduction, where the reactants bind directly to the surface prior to electron transfer, the reactivities at the SERS-active sites are substantially higher than for the prevalent adsorbate as obtained electrochemically. These findings suggest that surface sites displaying efficient Raman scattering may also provide centers of catalytic activity.
Spectrum of Venus in the Violet and Near-Ultraviolet

Recent observations of the spectrum of the planet Venus, with spectrographs of low and high dispersion at the Georgetown College Observatory, show that a wide, continuous absorption band is present in the violet and near-ultraviolet. The band begins near wavelength 4500 A and extends to the short-wavelength limit of our spectrograms near 3800 A. It is similar in structure to the strong absorption, reported by others, for gaseous nitrogen tetroxide.
Effect of daily semen centrifugation and resuspension on the longevity of equine sperm quality following cooled storage.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine whether cooled semen quality could be maintained for a longer interval by conducting daily centrifugation of extended semen, with resuspension of the sperm pellet in fresh extender. Semen treatments included SP10NC and SP50NC which contained 10 and 50% seminal plasma, respectively, were not centrifuged (NC), and were stored at 4 to 7 °C for 96 h. Treatments SP10C and SP50C contained 10 and 50% seminal plasma, respectively, but were centrifuged (C) after 24, 48, and 72 h of cooled storage, with daily resuspension in fresh extender containing 10% seminal plasma. Percent total sperm motility (TMOT) and progressively motile (PMOT) was reduced (P 0.05) in the SP10C, SP50C, SP10NC groups after the same storage periods. The % COMP- αt did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments at any time period. Percent membrane intact sperm (SMI) was reduced in SP50NC, as compared to SP10C at 48, 72, and 96 h (P αt (P > 0.05) to Groups SP10NC and SP10C after 96 h of storage. Daily centrifugation and resuspension of cool-stored equine semen in fresh extender may be a method to increase sperm longevity.
Structuring and relaxation effects in monolayers of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

Results of film compression studies on monolayers of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (HDEHP) and other alkyl phosphoric acid derivatives are reported. HDEDP was found to form coherent monolayers below room temperature with apparent molecular areas which progressively decreased with increasing cycles of compression. Marked hysterisis was noted upon expansion and recompression of a compressed film. Expanded layers of HDEHP were found to gradually lose coherency and become destructured if left expanded for hours or days. This behavior was attributed to molecular disengagement due to weakly interacting alkyl chains and the presence of chain branching. Results of studies of other alkyl phosphoric acid derivatives indicate similar behavior, but the consequences of branching were apparently more important than the physical state (solid or liquid) of the monolayer. (BLM)
In vivo labeling of blood T cells: Rapid traffic into cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In MS patients being treated with anti-T11, a murine monoclonal antibody which recognizes the sheep red blood cell receptor, it was found that peripheral blood T cells were labeled in vivo by the antibody. Furthermore, anti-T11 did not lyse cells or enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In CSF specimens obtained by serial lumbar punctures from patients with progressive MS who received five daily infusions of anti-T11, 70 +/- 12% of the T cells had mouse antibody bound to their surface by 72 to 96 hours. No in vivo staining of CSF T cells was observed in patients infused with anti-T4, a murine monoclonal antibody that was not found to label T cells in vivo. These results demonstrate that there is rapid movement of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood to the CNS in patients with progressive MS. This rapid trafficking of T cells suggests that the ongoing pathological process within the CNS may be closely linked to the peripheral immune system and may have implications for the monitoring and treatment of MS.
Reconstruction of in situ composition of sedimentary formation waters

Abstract Chemical equilibrium calculations on sedimentary formation waters show that the waters, as analyzed, cannot be in equilibrium with diagenetic minerals in their host rocks at the formation temperature. However, if alkalinity is corrected to account for organic acid anions, and if the pH and bicarbonate are corrected for CO2 loss from the sample, chemical equilibrium between formation waters and host rock diagenetic minerals can be clearly shown for systems in the temperature range of 75 to 160°C. Compositional reconstruction of some formation waters from published analyses is complicated by lack of analytical data for aluminum, silica, and organic acid anions. Missing aluminum and silica can be estimated by assuming equilibrium with an aluminum silicate (K-feldspar, muscovite) and quartz or chalcedony. pH, CO2, and organic acid anions can be reconstructed by fixing CO2 to exactly saturate calcite at the formation temperature because the fast kinetics of calcite precipitation makes it almost certain that calcite saturation is more likely than the strong supersaturation that is otherwise observed. Results from the equilibrium calculations are evaluated by using graphs of the saturation states of diagenetic minerals vs. temperature, for each of many sedimentary brines. If the diagenetic minerals selected as diagnostic of equilibrium (from qz, chalcedony, mus, paragonite, k-sp, alb, kaol, ca, and dol) are not saturated at or near a single temperature, the missing or erroneous quantities of components are adjusted to obtain agreement in the saturation temperature. Composition data for fluids from four locations are used in the calculations: Kettleman North Dome, California, offshore Norway, the Texas Gulf Coast, and offshore Texas. The calculations suggest that in most cases, control of silica concentration shifts from chalcedony to quartz with increasing temperature near 100°C. In some fluids, silica concentration may approach chalcedony saturation to temperatures exceeding 150°C, where there are shale units containing smectite undergoing the smectite to illite reaction. Deviation in silica activity from equilibrium with chalcedony or quartz is small for most of the fluids, and may result from precipitation of silica as polymers or amorphous solids upon cooling, and either removal of precipitates upon filtering before analysis, or nonreactivity of the precipitates in the analytical method used. Four fluids containing significant iron and having apparently degassed significant CO2 also show substantial apparent silica loss, and therefore, silica loss most probably results from the precipitation of amorphous Fe-silicate caused by pH increase due to degassing, and by cooling. The methods used here can be applied as a geothermometer to predict formation temperatures, and, when applied to Kettleman North Dome, yield a thermal gradient of 37.1°C/km. Formation temperature data for the Texas waters are in agreement with equilibrium temperatures predicted by the calculations.
Tuna aggregation and feeding near fronts observed in satellite imagery

Abstract Stomach contents of albacore ( Thunnus alalunga ) and skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) caught off California in August 1983 showed they were feeding on juvenile northern anchovy ( Engraulis mordax ), other fishes, and planktonic crustaceans. The distribution and diet of these predators were related to mesoscale frontal features visible in satellite sea surface temperature and phytoplankton pigment imagery. Albacore were caught in the vicinity of a filament of cold, pigment-rich surface water that varied with the intensity of coastal upwelling on time scales of several days. Stomachs of albacore caught closer to the filament contained relatively more juvenile anchovy and fewer pelagic red crabs ( Pleuroncodes planipes ). Skipjack were caught in warm water in the Southern California Bight, north of their normal range due to El Nin˜o warming. They appeared to be feeding most successfully near the strong frontal boundary of a productive, cold water mass south of Pt. Conception, where dense patches of euphausiids were available. Both species were feeding near variable, mesoscale centers of high productivity where prey abundance may be enhanced.
Helium burning of 40Ca

Abstract The 40 Ca( α , γ ) 44 Ti reaction has been investigated in the astrophysically important energy region E α = 2.75–4.00 MeV corresponding to T = 1.2 to 2.1 × 10 9 °K. Values for ωγ have been determined for the 12 isolated resonances observed in this region. Gamma-ray angular distributions taken at the 9 highest energy resonances have been used to determine the most likely J π values for the resonances and the multipolarity of the principal γ-ray transitions. The empirical energy averaged astrophysical reaction rate determined from these data is compared with the Hauser-Feshbach calculations of Woosley et al.
Child sexual abuse and gender differences: Attitudes and prevalence

A great deal of attention has been focused on child sexual abuse in recent years. The present study reports attitudes and beliefs of 824 male and female college students concerning sexual abuse, and the participants' own experience with such abuse. Results indicate that women have much stronger pro-social beliefs, attitudes, and emotional reactions to sexual abuse and to abusers and victims than men do. In addition, 6% of men and 13% of women participants reported that they had been sexually abused as children or adolescents, while equal proportions of males and females reported that they were sexually approached by a potential perpetrator. These results are discussed in terms of socialization experiences of males and females in our society, and the literature regarding helping behaviors and compassion for others perceived as helpless and in need of aid. In particular, females may be abused more often than males, even though both sexes are approached in equal frequency, because females have been socialized to be more compliant and responsive to the needs of others, while males are perpetrators more often than females because males have been socialized to be more aggressive, powerful, and dominant.
On the Home Front: Stress for Recently Deployed Army Couples

Military couples who have experienced deployment and reintegration in current U.S. military operations frequently experience stress regarding the dangers and effects of such experiences. The current study evaluated a sample of 300 couples with an active duty Army husband and civilian spouse who experienced a deployment within the year before the survey (conducted in 2007). Wives generally reported greater levels of emotional stress compared with husbands. Overall, higher levels of stress were found for couples who reported lower income and greater economic strain, perceive the need for more support and are unsure about how to get support, have more marital conflict, and are generally less satisfied with the Army and the current mission. Husband combat exposure was also associated with more stress for husbands and wives. Additionally, for wives, stress was related to greater child behavior problems and a sense of less Army concern for families. The results suggest areas of intervention with military couples to help them cope with the challenges of military life and deployment.
Neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy.

Abstract: Neo-adjuvant endocrine therapy has opened new alternatives for locally advanced breast cancer. Such therapy, which has permitted us to expand the treatment role of neo-adjuvant therapies, may be of great benefit to patient groups such as the elderly, those not suited for chemotherapy, and those whose response may not be optimal. This therapy also may be able to help us identify agents that could improve outcomes in the adjuvant setting as well as possible biologic predictors for outcome. The latest generation of endocrine therapy for breast cancer, aromatase inhibitors, has proved superior to tamoxifen in terms of toxicity and efficacy in the adjuvant setting and is currently being studied in other clinical trials. Current findings indicate that these agents are less toxic and better tolerated than neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and that third-generation anti-hormomal therapy offers improved tumor response compared with tamoxifen, which has resulted in increased breast conserving surgery. Biomarker findings of improved response in tumors that are both estrogen receptor positive and HER-2 positive as well as progesterone receptor positivity only will be important for planning future selective treatment and clinical trials.
Online Cooperative Learning in Physical Chemistry

The use of cooperative learning in an online setting is examined using the online segment of a recently offered physical chemistry course as an example. The nature and function of classical, face-to-face cooperative learning are outlined. The online course segment is outlined and is analyzed with regard to the criteria for classical cooperative learning. Though this specific course segment functioned poorly when taught as online cooperative learning, it is possible to structure online courses to take advantage of the strengths of cooperative learning. The possible structure and function of an online cooperative learning community are explored, concluding with a specific model for online cooperative learning.
Electron temperature climatology at Millstone Hill and Arecibo

[1] In this paper, ionospheric electron temperature (Te) data for more than two solar cycles measured by the incoherent scatter radars (ISR) at Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 71.5°W) and Arecibo (18.3°N, 66.7°W) are compared with the theoretical Te calculated from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR-TIEGCM) to investigate the temporal variations of Te. The comparisons are made for both low and high solar activity conditions and for three seasons: equinox, summer, and winter. The observations show that the diurnal variation of Te is characterized by morning and evening peaks at Arecibo and by a morning peak at Millstone Hill. The occurrence and strength of the peaks at Arecibo are significantly different from those at Millstone Hill. Daytime Te tends to increase with solar activity at both stations below ∼300 km. Te above 300 km generally decreases with solar activity; however, it increases with solar activity in equinox and summer at Arecibo, whereas it does so only in summer at Millstone Hill. The TIEGCM model can reproduce these variations. However, the modeled evening peak is weaker than that from observations at Arecibo. The simulations show that the daytime bulge of Te tends to occur at low latitudes and high solar activity, as seen in the observations, and the significant morning peak at low solar activity over Arecibo is associated with the equatorial anomaly. Moreover, an interesting feature predicted by the model is that the midday Te at the F2 peak height increases with solar activity when F10.7 values are less than about 100 × 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1 or larger than 190 × 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1 at Millstone Hill; so does at Arecibo when F10.7 values are larger than 100 × 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1. As a result, a positive correlation between daytime Te and Ne occurs under these conditions.
Some recent experiments on learning and their training implications.

Three experiments are described involving respectively, a repetitive manual task, a sequential task of keying numbers and a task involving the learning of simple guidance. Those experiments are consistent with the concept that although all real tasks have perceptual and. motor aspects skills are essentially either perceptual or motor, and training techniques for these two fundamental kinds of skill may well be different.
Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas: immunophenotypic similarity to giant cell tumor of bone.

Abstract An immunophenotype was performed on an osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas using a panel of antibodies to epithelial and leukocyte antigens. Several antibodies to cytokeratin and carcino-embryonic antigen were negative in the tumor. Osteoclast-like cells were positive for CD4, CD13, CD45, CD68, CD71, and vimentin, but negative for lysozyme and HLA-DR. Mononuclear tumor cells were positive for CD4, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD45, CD68, CD71, HLA-DR, and vimentin, but negative for lysozyme. The phenotype is similar to that previously described for giant cell tumor of bone. The osteoclast-like cell phenotype is also similar to that reported for normal osteoclasts. The findings support a nonepithelial origin for osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas, and suggest a derivation similar to giant cell tumor of bone.
Sign-Balanced Posets

Let P be a finite partially ordered set with a fixed labeling. The sign of a linear extension of P is its sign when viewed as a permutation of the labels of the elements of P. Call P sign-balanced if the number of linear extensions of P of positive sign is the same as the number of linear extensions of P of negative sign. In this paper we determine when the posets in a particular class are sign-balanced. When posets in this class are not sign-balanced, we determine the difference between the number of positive linear extensions and the number of negative linear extensions. One special case of this class is the product of an m-chain with an n-chain, m and n both >1. In this case, we show P is sign-balanced if and only if m?n mod2.
Generalized Beam Matrices: Gaussian Beam Propagation in Misaligned Complex Optical Systems

A novel 3 × 3 transfer-matrix method is developed to propagate off-axis Gaussian beams in astigmatic optical systems that may include tilted, displaced, or curved optical elements. Unlike in a previous generalized ray matrix formalism, optical elements that possess gain or loss such as Gaussian apertures, complex lenslike media, and amplifiers are included; and a new beam transformation is found. In addition, a novel exponential variable-reflectivity mirror, which displaces a Gaussian beam without changing its spot size, and a complex prismlike medium are introduced.
Quantum Electrodynamic Modeling of Silicon-Based Active Devices

We propose a time-domain analysis of an active medium based on a coupled quantum mechanical and electromagnetic model to accurately simulate the dynamics of silicon-based photonic devices. To fully account for the nonlinearity of an active medium, the rate equations of a four-level atomic system are introduced into the electromagnetic polarization vector. With these auxiliary differential equations, we solve the time evolution of the electromagnetic waves and atomic population densities using the FDTD method. The developed simulation approach has been used to model light amplification and amplified spontaneous emission in silicon nanocrystals, as well as the lasing dynamics in a novel photonic crystal-based silicon microcavity.
Irving B. Harris Distinguished Lecture: Reflective supervision in infant–family programs: Adding clinical process to nonclinical settings

Les programmes qui se dirigent vers une pratique basee sur la relation s'averent trouver essentiel d'integrer un certaine forme de processus de reflexion dans leurs pratiques de facon a atteindre leurs buts. La supervision de reflexion est ici proposee comme une methode utilisee pour assurer le changement vers une pratique basee sur la relation avec les bebes et leurs familles. Les elements et les structures de supervision de reflexion sont decrits, et plusieurs exemples sont donnes pour montrer l'application de cette approche dans deux cadres differents: les unites neonatales de soins intensifs et les programmes d'intervention au niveau communautaire et local.
Challenges of Refugee Research, Assistance, and Advocacy

The work of anthropologists has never been isolated from larger, often global events, including disasters such as war, economic collapse, and environmental destruction. All of us have to cope with the knowledge that people we care about from our days in the field may end up living in a war zone or may be uprooted because of famine or political unrest. Many of us who work with refugees today never intended to do so; when our "people" became refugees, however, we became refugee researchers. Others of us started our careers working with refugees and developed as anthropologists within this context. This issue of Practicing Anthropology speaks from both these perspectives, and it includes accounts of the effect of refugee work on the anthropologist as well as discussions of anthropologists' efforts on behalf of refugees.
Magnetic field effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence in Chlorella

Abstract The chlorophyll a fluorescence in Chlorella pyrenoidosa can be enhanced by 4–9% if the excitation light beam is parallel to an external magnetic field or decreased by 4–9% if the light beam is oriented perpendicular to a magnetic field of about 16 kgauss or more. These effects cannot be explained in terms of the small changes in light absorption which are also observed. It is suggested that these observations are due to a reorientation of pigment molecules in the magnetic field.
Parental Recall After a Visit to the Emergency Department

Using exit interviews, we determined parental recall of their child's diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up instructions after a visit to the emergency department (ED). Over 2 weeks, 159 parents were interviewed. Exclusion criteria were: parental language other than Spanish or English, admission, trauma, child abuse, or a primary psychiatric diagnosis. Neither language nor parental satisfaction with communication (reported in 93%) was associated with ability to state the diagnosis correctly (P = NS). Seventy-five percent (88 of 117) of parents of children given a single diagnosis stated it correctly; 55% (23 of 42) of parents of children given multiple diagnoses were able to correctly state them all (P = 0.013). If a single medication was prescribed, 30% (20 of 67) of parents knew its name, while only 13% (four of 31) knew all names of multiple medications (P= 0.070). Of those parents given a single medication, 51% (34 of 67) knew how to administer it, while only 10% (three of 31) knew how to administer mul...
Spectrophotometric determination of antimony by extraction of reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid with butyl acetate

Abstract Antimony can be determined colorimetrically by extraction of the reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid with butyl acetate. The complex has absorption maxima at 651 and 728 nm and molar absorptivities of 9500. The optimum conditions were 0.12 N H2SO4 and 0.0024 M MoO4p2. Reduced molybdophosphoric acid does not form or extract to any significant extent. From 5–1000 ppb antimony can be analysed by varying the V H 2 O V org ratio from 40:1 to 5:1.
Rephase-invariant CP-violating observables and mixings in the B0-, D0- and K0- systems

Abstract We present a general model-independent and rephase-invariant formalism that cleanly relates observables to the fundamental parameters and explicitly separates different types of CP violation in the B 0 -, D 0 - and K 0 - systems. We emphasize its importance when interpreting experimental measurement of CP violation, the unitarity triangle, and probes of new physics.
Methods and Definition of Terms: Effectiveness of Continuing Medical Education: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Educational Guidelines

Background A core mission of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) is the education of its members, including continuing medical education (CME). The question of what evidence supports the effectiveness of CME activities became central to the ACCP's Educational Resources Division and its education committee. Methods An application for consideration as a topic for an evidenced-based guideline was submitted to the ACCP Health and Science Policy Committee in 2004. The application was approved contingent on acceptance by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) as a topic for an evidence-based review to be awarded to an AHRQ evidence-based practice center (EPC). The topic was accepted by AHRQ, with a collaborative revision developed by AHRQ and ACCP of the focused questions submitted in the nomination. The AHRQ awarded the evidence review to The Johns Hopkins University EPC (Baltimore, MD). An expert writing panel was assembled comprising methodologists from the EPC, and recommendations were developed from the EPC evidence review and graded using the ACCP system of categorizing the strength of each recommendation and the quality of evidence. Conclusions This section describes the processes used to develop these guidelines, including identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the evidence; assessing the strength of evidence; and grading each recommendation.
Fault detection and location in reconfigurable VLSI arrays

A systematic and efficient fault diagnosis methodology in reconfigurable VLSI array architectures is presented. This methodology utilizes the output data path independence of subsets of processing elements (PEs) based on the topology of the arrays. The 'divide the conquer' technique is applied to reduce testing complexity and enhances the controllability and observability of arrays. An array under test is divided into several nonoverlapping parallel partitions. Those PEs in the same partition can be diagnosed simultaneously. The problem to find parallel partitions is shown equivalent to a generalized Eight Queens problem. Three types of easily testable PEs are designed to illustrate this approach. The main contribution of this paper is a novel PE fault diagnosis approach which speeds up the testing by at least O( mod V mod /sup 1/2/) for the arrays considered, where mod V mod is the number of PEs. This approach requires little or no hardware overhead depending on the types of architectures and can diagnose multiple PE faults. >