cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Surface Chemistry on Si(100)

Abstract The interaction of various hydrocarbon species with the Si(100) surface has been investigated using several surface science techniques. The efficiency of carbon deposition is related to the efficiency of SiC thin film formation. The hydrocarbon species studied include acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and the adsorbed methyl group (CH3(a)). In the case of the chemisorption of acetylene and ethylene, the π-bond ofthe olefinic molecules interacts with the dimer unit (Si2) on the Si(100)−(2 × 1) surface. One monolayer of both acetylene and ethylene on Si(100) has been achieved by saturating the surface at 105 K, and a di-σ-bonding structure is proposed for one molecule per Si2 dimer unit at monolayer coverage. Upon heating, the majority (> 95%) of the adsorbed acetylene undergoes dissociation to produce chemisorbed carbon and H2(g). In contrast, chemisorbed ethylene desorbs intact from Si(100) at ∼ 550 K, with approximately 2% of the monolayer undergoing dissociation. The low activation energy for desorption (E°d(C2H4)= 38 kcal mol-1) allows C2H4 to desorb prior to significant decomposition. Investigations of the thermal behavior of CH3(a) on Si(100) show that the adsorbed methyl group is stable up to ∼600 K. At higher temperatures, CH3(a) decomposes to CHx(a) (x
Responses to Inadequate Personal Control in Organizations

Traditional managerial attempts to maintain control over subordinates may cause the subordinates to behave in ways to enhance or regain their control. In the present research, organization members were hypothesized to have characteristic ways of enhancing their control that, in turn, were expected to influence the likelihood that they would engage in certain behavioral responses. Using samples of students and persons employed in a variety of organizations, eight predispositions were identified, reflecting individuals' tendencies to employ different control-enhancing strategies at work, and these predispositions were found to predict different behavioral responses. Future research directions and implications for management practice are discussed.
Regulation of IRF7 through cell type-specific protein stability.

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a key component of the cellular response to virus infection that culminates in physiologically relevant IFNα production. We studied molecular mechanisms governing responses to respiratory viral infection that are characterized by transient induction and subsequent shut-off of interferon (IFN) gene expression. We asked whether alterations in IRF7 protein stability occurred during virus infection that might contribute to this regulation. To this end, we measured IRF7 half-life in various cell types and found it to be short-lived, in marked contrast to the pronounced stability of the related transcription factor, IRF3. Furthermore, virus infection accelerated IRF7 degradation in a proteosome-dependent manner in most cell types. However, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), which constitute the major circulating IFN producing cell type, displayed a distinct pattern of regulation. Infection of lymphoid tissues, where the majority of IRF7 is expressed in pDC, attenuated the normal proteosome-mediated degradation of IRF7, resulting in a long-lived protein. Stabilization was partially stimulated by autocrine IFN as a positive feedback mechanism, but was partially IFN independent. Thus, two distinct posttranslational mechanisms regulate IRF7 activity in response to viral infection, with protein turnover attenuating responses postinfection in most cell types while infection-induced protein stabilization contributes to the heightened IFN production characteristic of pDC.
Authorship: yours, mine, or ours?

Along with the benefits afforded by collaboration comes the issue of equitable division of publication credit. Joint authorship is examined by addressing two separate questions: Who is entitled to be named as author? and Who gets what place in the sequence of author names? Guidelines for determining authorship include considerations of timing of decisions, identification of authors, sequence of authors, role of coauthors, the journal editor's authority, and difference across disciplines.
Relationship between elevated plasma levels of crosslinked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) and the clinical presentation of patients with myocardial infarction

To assess whether the intense thrombotic state known to occur early after the onset of acute myocardial infarction is further exacerbated by impaired intrinsic fibrinolysis, we compared the intensity of fibrinolysis as measured by the level of crosslinked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) in plasma with the intensity of thrombosis as assessed by fibrinopeptide A (FPA) in 98 patients with transmural and 14 patients with non-Q wave infarction. Patients without complications of infarction such as shock, mural thrombi, or malignant arrhythmias requiring countershock generally had normal plasma levels of XL-FDP, less than or equal to 300 ng/ml (81% of those presenting less than 8 hours after onset and 66% of those presenting greater than 8 hours after onset) on admission despite elevated FPA indicative of ongoing thrombosis. In contrast, patients with complications generally had elevated levels of XL-FDP greater than 300 ng/ml (80% of those presenting early and 62.5% of those presenting late) and 50% of these patients had marked elevations to greater than 1000 ng/ml. FPA was markedly elevated in patients with complications whether they presented early or late after onset of infarction. Our direct measurements at the time of infarction support previous data indicating that intrinsic fibrinolysis is impaired in patients with acute infarction, despite marked thrombin activity, when complications are not present. However, when complications are present initially, a more exuberant fibrinolytic response is observed perhaps due to thrombosis associated with the complications themselves.
Antidiuretic effects of oxytocin in the Brattleboro rat

The antidiuretic activity of oxytocin (OT) was measured in Brattleboro rats with congenital diabetes insipidus. A dose dependent antidiuretic response was found in animals receiving chronic infusions of 0.1 μg/h, 1.0 μg/h, and 5 μg/h of OT. OT infused at the rate of 5 μg/h over a 7-day period completely reversed the symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The results support the concept that OT serves as a weak agonist of vasopressin at the level of the kidney and at pharmacological levels exhibits antidiuretic activity.
Multi-objective optimisation of bridge retrofit and post-event repair selection to enhance sustainability

The decaying state of our infrastructure paired with rising emphasis on sustainable engineering suggests the need for upgrades which are selected based on their ability to provide adequate performance under natural hazards and minimise negative impacts on the three pillars of sustainability: society, environment and economy. This paper poses a framework based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm to help identify optimal retrofit and repair combinations which ensure public safety while minimising lifetime environmental, economic and social performance measures of sustainability for infrastructure exposed to natural hazards. Assessment of the case-study application results reveals the relationship between life-cycle environmental, economic and social indicators of sustainability for a bridge subject to earthquakes. The framework is anticipated to help guide the selection of retrofit and repair combinations by providing a set of ‘near-optimal’ non-dominated solutions, which enhance sustainability while ens...
The effects of dexamethasone on the peripheral plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol in the pregnant rhesus monkey.

The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol have been measured in the maternal peripheral plasma of normal pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), and in rhesus monkeys treated daily with dexamethasone during late pregnancy. During the last 30 days of pregnancy, the mean plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol were about 1400–2000 pg/ml, 375–425 pg/ml and 300–400 ng/ml, respectively. None of these steroids increased significantly before parturition. As there was no rise in maternal androgens in late pregnancy when plasma estrogens increase sharply, it is suggested that this elevation of plasma estrogens is related to an increase of fetal precursors. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in a 90% suppression of plasma cortisol, and a 40–60% suppression of androstenedione and testosterone. As the suppression of maternal androgens was of lesser magnitude than the decline of plasma estrogens, and as the androgens did not continue to fall with continuing dexamethas...
The Principal Floquet Bundle and Exponential Separation for Linear Parabolic Equations

We consider linear nonautonomous second order parabolic equations on bounded domains subject to Dirichlet boundary condition. Under mild regularity assumptions on the coefficients and the domain, we establish the existence of a principal Floquet bundle exponentially separated from a complementary invariant bundle. Our main theorem extends in a natural way standard results on principal eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of elliptic and time-periodic parabolic equations. Similar theorems were earlier available only for smooth domains and coefficients. As a corollary of our main result, we obtain the uniqueness of positive entire solutions of the equations in
Paramagnetic states in doped amorphous silicon and germanium

Abstract ESR-results for doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon and germanium are discussed. g -values and linewidths of the resonances as well as effective correlation energies of the corresponding energy states are compared for both materials. It is shown that the existing large differences of these quantities between a -Si : H and a -Ge : H can be explained by the differences of spin-orbit coupling and degree of localization.
Nongray radiative interactions in entry region flows with variable properties

The entrance region flow between parallel plates is investigated numerically and the variation of fluid properties with temperature is considered. The effect of variable properties for both laminar and turbulent flows is presented. Laminar flows are found to be affected to a larger extent than turbulent flows, as far as the effect of variable properties are concerned.
Phytic Acid Content of Crude, Degummed and Retail Soybean Oils and Its Effect on Stability

An anion exchange method was employed to determine phytate content of industrial crude and degummed soybean oil and soybean oil purchased at retail. The phytate content of crude oil ranged from 48.9–339.4 ppm and degummed oil ranged from 3.9–50.9 ppm phytate. Degumming removed from 16.1–97.1% of the phytate. Retail oil did not contain detectable amounts of phytate. Peroxide values were measured to test the effect of added phytate on the stability of oil exposed to heat, light and copper. In these tests phytate did not affect oil stability.
Magnetic properties of Antarctic shergottite meteorites EETA 79001 and ALHA 77005: possible relevance to a Martian magnetic field

Abstract The possibility that the parent body of the SNC meteorites is Mars implies that the magnetic properties of these meteorites may provide evidence concerning ancient Martian magnetic fields. EETA 79001 possesses a weak, very stable primary magnetization, the properties of which are consistent with its acquisition in an ambient magnetic field either during the meteorite's formation or during the severe shock event later in its history. The samples of ALHA 77005 studied possessed no measurable primary magnetization: the observed remanence appears to be a viscous magnetization acquired in local laboratory fields. The magnetic carriers in the meteorites are fine-grained magnetite and a lower Curie point mineral, probably titanomagnetite or pyrrhotite, present to the extent of less than 0.1% by weight. Estimates of the strength of the magnetizing field for EETA 79001 are in the range 1–10 μT.
Tradução e impropriedade: uma leitura de Les Nègres du Traducteur, de Claude Bleton

The hilarious plot of Claude Bleton's novel, Les negres du traducteur, published in France in 2004, allows us to explore the relationships that translators are often perceived to establish with their authors and originals. Bleton's text is particularly helpful for a discussion of some notions that are usually related to contemporary theories of text and translation that revolve around the post-Nietzschean notion of the "death of the author". Aaron Janvier, Bleton's narrator and protagonist, is a frustrated writer who manages to become a prominent translator of Spanish novels into French, and whose taste for domesticating translation strategies turns him into a powerful figure in the publishing circles of Paris, Madrid and Barcelona. As Janvier gets increasingly influential in the publishing world, he does not hesitate to turn the authors he should be translating into his "negres", that is, into ghostwriters who are in charge of writing the "originals" that are expected to be strictly faithful to the "translations" he sends them. When some of his authors begin to reconsider their peculiar arrangement, Janvier simply kills them off. Through a close examination of Bleton's characterization of the translator as killer, this essay proposes to rethink some recurrent cliches associated with translators, their craft, and the alleged impropriety of their close relationship with texts and authors.
Wave-pipelined multiplexed (WPM) routing for gigascale integration (GSI)

In modern-day VLSI systems, performance and manufacturing costs are being driven by the on-chip wiring needs due to the continuous increase in the number of transistors. This paper proposes a low overhead wave-pipelined multiplexed (WPM) routing technique that harnesses the inherent intraclock period interconnect idleness to implement wire sharing throughout the various hierarchical levels of design. It is illustrated in this paper that the WPM network can be readily incorporated into future gigascale integration (GSI) systems to reduce the number of interconnect routing channels in an attempt to contain escalating manufacturing costs. Both, a system level analysis and circuit level verification of this WPM routing are presented in this paper. A multilevel interconnect network design simulator (MINDS) that uses system level interconnect prediction (SLIP) techniques and HSPICE circuit simulations for optimizing the interconnect dimensions has been used to assess the opportunities for application of WPM wire circuits in high performance digital designs. A custom routing example highlights the ease with which the WPM routing technique can be easily incorporated into the existing VLSI systems. In addition, for a 40 million transistor system case study, this system level analysis reveals that the use of a WPM network could result in an almost 20% decrease in the number of metal layers for less than 4% increase in dynamic power with no loss of communication throughput performance. The key virtues of WPM routing are its flexibility, robustness, implementation simplicity and its low overhead requirements.
Theoretical evidence for a new weak current

We postulate the existence of a new weak or superweak neutral isosinglet current $\mathcal{X}$, of the chiral form $V+A$ (the usual form is $V\ensuremath{-}A$). The observed spin-\textonehalf{} baryons' contributions to $\mathcal{X}$ are $\mathcal{X}=\ensuremath{\alpha}({N}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}N+{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}\ensuremath{\Xi})+\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{*}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, with parameters $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$. This form follows deductively from a compensation theory for Feynman diagrams. Observation points to a value $\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=2.007\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$. By taking $\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=2$ exactly, we derive a mass relation which allows us to calculate in a satisfactory way the mass of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ in terms of the masses of the $N$ and $\ensuremath{\Xi}$.
Achieving subword parallelism by software reuse of the floating-point data path

Many increasingly important applications, such as video compression, graphics, or other multimedia applications, require only 8 or 16 bit data words. Using the full 64 bit data path available in most computers to perform these low- precision calculations is an inefficient use of resources. Many manufacturers have addressed this problem by introducing new instructions that allow the packing of subword quantities into a full data word. This paper presents a new software-only technique that accomplishes this same objective by packing subword integer quantities into a double precision floating point word. This technique works even in machines that have not been specially modified with new multimedia instructions. While the idea of packing subword integer quantities into a larger integer data word has been proposed before, this technique is unique in packing integer subwords into a single floating point word with a shared exponent. The traditional floating point arithmetic operations of add, subtract, and multiply are used to pack and unpack the subword quantities. Therefore, the algorithm will work on any machine that supports the IEEE double precision floating point arithmetic standard with no machine-specific code required. Furthermore, the methodology can be implemented in a high-level language such as C. In this paper we describe this technique in general and then demonstrate its validity by implementing it in a public domain mpeg decoder application, mpeg_play distributed by the Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group. We achieved an average speed-up of 13.8%. While there is some degradation in quality because calculations are carried out with lower precision, there is no noticeable difference in image appearance. A quantitative comparison of the image quality is presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studying Voltage Dependent Noise in Polymer and Solid State Nanopores

Studying the noise properties of ion currents in nanopores can improve detection limits for nanopore sensors as well as give insight into behavior of transport at the nanoscale. We focused on the so-called 1/f noise that is observed in the low frequency regime of the ion current power spectra. We found that 1/f noise in single conically shaped nanopores in polymer films exhibits voltage-dependent noise properties, which are not observed for cylindrical pores. The current passing through the nanopore in the low conductance state shows equilibrium 1/f noise, similar to the noise observed in solid state nanopores. Equilibrium fluctuations are defined as the voltage independent power spectrum magnitude normalized by the current squared. The high conductance state causes the 1/f noise to increase exponentially with increased applied voltage, showing a non-equilibrium 1/f noise. Therefore we can switch between the equilibrium and non equilibrium behavior simply by adjusting the voltage. The current in the high conductance state is about 5 times higher then the current in the low conductance state but the noise at 1 Hz is over 100 times higher. Cylindrically shaped nanopores in polymer and solid-state films do not show current rectification and show equilibrium 1/f noise. We discuss these results and give a comparison of the nanopore noise in these various systems. We hypothesize that the non-equilibrium current fluctuations originate from structural fluctuations of flexible polymer pores. The hypothesis is tested by comparison of noise properties between polymer and silicon nitride pores studied at different electrolyte concentrations.
Determination of mercury traces by differential-pulse stripping voltammetry after sorption of mercury vapour on a gold-plated electrode

Abstract Trace mercury is reduced with tin(II) to mercury metal, which is volatilised by bubbling air through the solution. A certain fraction of this mercury is sorbed on a rotating gold disk electrode and stripped in a thiocyanate solution. The detection limit is about 30 ng Hg(II) in solution; the relative standard deviation is 6% for 100 ng Hg(II) (n = 7). The detection limit for mercury in air is 1.7 ng l−1 with a preconcentration time of 10 min.
Global embedding via coordinate basis vectors

Following the work reported in an earlier paper (G.H. Goedecke, J. Math. Phys. 15, 789 (1974)), the coordinate basis vector approach to tensor calculus is exploited fully to obtain additional and stronger results, including: i) any curved Riemannian space must be a subspace of a larger flat host space; ii) a free test particle moves uniformly on a geodesic in the host space, but experiences gravity and other pseudoforces as viewed in four-dimensional (4D) spacetime; iii) the 4D Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor is identically equal to a geometrical tensor associated with the complementary subspace of the host space; iv) Einstein’s field equations are automatically geometrized, with the stress-energy tensor expressed in terms of the contracted complementary tensor; v) there cannot be a conventional cosmological term in these field equations, except as an approximation; vi) other geometrical field equations involving the complementary subspace metric fields exist and should be physical equations; vii) the long-range two-body time-independent central forces due to all metric fields that have localized sources are inverse square or generalized Yukawa forces. Some of the relationships between this theory and Kaluza-Klein (KK) and string theories are noted; for example, some of the results derived herein must be postulated in KK theories.
Demonstration of a folded Sagnac sensor array immune to polarization-induced signal fading

We demonstrate a new folded Sagnac sensor array design that combines a Faraday rotator mirror and a polarization beam splitter to eliminate the optical noise pulses otherwise generated in a folded Sagnac sensor array. A depolarization scheme compatible with this configuration is also proposed and demonstrated experimentally. It is shown that this new configuration passively eliminates polarization-induced signal fading on every sensor in the array. The minimum detectable phase was measured to be approximately 1.1 µrad/√Hz, in agreement with theory.
Boundary implications for frequency response of interval FIR filters

It is shown that vertex implication results in parameter space apply to interval trigonometric polynomials, which characterize the frequency response of a FIR digital filter. A weak result and a strong result are given, and the conclusions are illustrated by examples. >
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Performance of a Time-Varying Matching Network for Pulse-Based Systems

This paper presents a study of the noise performance of a time-varying impedance matching technique. A mathematical model is developed for calculating the impulse response of the matching design that reconfigures itself in the real time between two subsystems. Based on this model, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation of the matching network is defined and analyzed. Simulations of a typical matching design for RL sources show that the SNR degradation is generally lower than 1 dB for common pulse signals including single-cycle sinusoids and Gaussian pulses. Particularly, the time-varying matching design for a high-quality (Q >; 10) source can be optimized to have an impulse response that matches monocycle pulses very well, leading to a near-optimal SNR performance (less than 0.1-dB SNR degradation). The theoretical results are validated experimentally by an implementation of the matching technique for electrically small loop antennas. Lower than 1.5-dB SNR degradation is measured for most cases. The effect of switch noise is also investigated in this paper.
The Tipping Point of Animacy How, When, and Where We Perceive Life in a Face

Faces capture humans' attention; yet, beyond aesthetic appreciation, it is presumably not the face itself that interests people but the mind behind it. Minds think, feel, and act in ways that have direct consequences for well-being, but despite their importance, how minds are perceived in faces is not well understood. We investigated this mechanism by presenting participants with morphed images created from animate (human) and inanimate (mannequin) faces. Life and mind were perceived to "appear" at a consistent location on the morph continuum, close to the human endpoint. This location constituted a categorical boundary, as evidenced by increased sensitivity to differences in image pairs that straddled this tipping point. Additionally, the impression of life was gleaned from the eyes more than from other facial features. These results suggest that human beings are highly attuned to specific facial cues, carried largely in the eyes, that gate the categorical perception of life.
Bedside carbon dioxide cavagrams for inferior vena cava filters: preliminary results.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a contrast agent in performing bedside inferior vena cavagrams before the insertion of vena cava filters. There was a consecutive series of patients undergoing bedside preinsertion cavagrams with inferior vena cava filter insertion. The setting was an 825-bed tertiary care hospital. The subjects were trauma patients undergoing inferior vena cava filter insertion. Methods: The intervention used was vena cavagrams with CO 2 as the contrast agent. The main outcomes we measured were image quality, adverse reactions, cardiorespiratory changes, and renal failure. Results: Ten patients underwent CO 2 cavography. All cavagrams were successful, demonstrating opacification of the inferior vena cava with identification of the renal veins and iliac bifurcation. There were no adverse reactions of renal failure. Conclusions: Carbon dioxide–contrasted vena cavagrams can be safely performed at the bedside, and they give good opacification of the inferior vena cava. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:144-7.)
Observation of 99% pump depletion in single pass SHG in a PPLN waveguide

Summary form only given. We have observed nearly complete, (99%) pump depletion in single pass SHG in an annealed proton exchanged waveguide formed in PPLN. Pump depletion is examined as a function of pump power launched into the waveguide, along with a calculation using the same values of propagation losses and normalized efficiency used in the low power fit. Good agreement with theory is observed, with pump depletion reaching 99% at an input power of 2.8 W.
MB++: An Integrated Architecture for Pervasive Computing and High-Performance Computing

MB++ is a system that caters to the dynamic needs of applications in a distributed, pervasive computing environment that has a wide variety of devices that act as producers and consumers of stream data. The architecture encompasses several elements: The type server allows clients to dynamically inject transformation code that operates on data streams. The transformation engine executes dataflow graphs of transformations on high-performance computing resources. The stream server manages all data streams in the system and dispatches new dataflow graphs to the transformation engine. We have implemented the architecture and show performance results that demonstrate that our implementation scales well with increasing workload, commensurate with the available HPC resources. Further, we show that our implementation can exploit opportunities for parallelism in dataflow graphs, as well as efficiently sharing common subgraphs between dataflow graphs.
Privacy on the Web: an Examination of User Concerns, Technology, and Implications for Business Organizations and Individuals

Individual privacy concerns significantly affect consumer willingness to engage in electronic commerce over the Internet. This article explores privacy concerns associated with the implementation of new information technology and introduces a new concept termed the “information technology privacy cycle.” This article also examines individual privacy on the Web, including technologies employed for collecting and protecting information on the Web, and the success of legal and technical remedies. Also assessed is the future potential of technologybased solutions through a focused examination of the Platform for Privacy Preferences as well as a discussion of the practical and theoretical implications for business organizations and individuals.
A comparison of asthma-related healthcare use between African-Americans and Caucasians belonging to a health maintenance organization (HMO).

The objective of this study was to determine whether racial differences in patterns of asthma care persist in a healthcare environment when financial barriers to health care are minimized. The study cohort consisted of African-American (AA) and Caucasian (C) patients, 18-50 years old, enrolled in a large HMO and hospitalized for asthma in 1993-1995. Baseline and 1 -year follow-up data were collected from the HMO computerized database. Of the 193 patients in the cohort, 124 (65.3%) were AA and 67 (34.7%) were C. AAs were younger (mean = 36.2, SD = 9.9) than Cs (mean = 39.4, SD = 9.1), had a lower median household income, and made more asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits (45.2%) than Cs (22.4%) during the 1 year after the initial hospitalization (all p values < 0.001). During the same time period, Cs made more asthma-related primary care (70.2%) and allergy/pulmonary visits (38.8%) than AAs (47.6% and 27%, respectively). Although there were no significant racial differences in the rehospitalizat...
TRAMP-mediated RNA surveillance prevents spurious entry of RNAs into the Schizosaccharomyces pombe siRNA pathway

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery is required to generate small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that mediate heterochromatic gene silencing. Efficient silencing also requires the TRAMP complex, which contains the noncanonical Cid14 poly(A) polymerase and targets aberrant RNAs for degradation. Here we use high-throughput sequencing to analyze Argonaute-associated small RNAs (sRNAs) in both the presence and absence of Cid14. Most sRNAs in fission yeast start with a 5' uracil, and we argue these are loaded most efficiently into Argonaute. In wild-type cells most sRNAs match to repeated regions of the genome, whereas in cid14Delta cells the sRNA profile changes to include major new classes of sRNAs originating from ribosomal RNAs and a tRNA. Thus, Cid14 prevents certain abundant RNAs from becoming substrates for the RNAi machinery, thereby freeing the RNAi machinery to act on its proper targets.
INITIAL CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH HELICAL TOMOTHERAPY FOR HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Objective The objective of this study is to review a long-term single-institutional experience with helical tomotherapy (HT) for the radiotherapeutic management of head and neck cancer.
Myocardial fiber orientation mapping via MR diffusion tensor imaging

Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging is a promising tool to noninvasively characterize the 3D structure of ordered tissues. Challenges in its application to determine and visualize myocardial fiber architecture include (a) validation of the technique against established histology, (b) improvement of its acquisition time efficiency, hence its practical temporal and spatial resolutions, and (c) development of robust and intuitive means to reconstruct 3D fiber structure. This report describes our progresses in these areas toward making 3D myocardial fiber orientation mapping reliable and practical.
Application of multi-window detection to arrays

In many applications (radar, communication, plasma physics) the signal of interest is sinusoidal and is hidden in non-white noise. The multiwindow method of spectrum estimation gives a constant false alarm test for the presence of a sinusoid in a time series if the noise can be assumed Gaussian. A generalization of the method to a sensor array and the resulting test are outlined. Analytically obtained expressions for the probabilities of detection and of false alarm are presented, and receiver operating characteristic curves are computed for a particular scenario under different conditions. >
Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and Thrombophilia

Abstract Objective.—To review the role of an elevated total plasma homocysteine level (hyperhomocyst[e]inemia) in patients with venous or arterial thrombosis, as reflected by the medical literature and the consensus opinion of recognized experts in the field. Data Sources.—Review of the medical literature, primarily from the last 10 years. Data Extraction and Synthesis.—The literature was reviewed to identify key points defining the condition, and the clinical study design of each article was examined. A draft manuscript was prepared and circulated prior to the conference to every participant in the College of American Pathologists Conference XXXVI: Diagnostic Issues in Thrombophilia. Each of the key points and associated recommendations was then presented for discussion at the conference. Recommendations were accepted if a consensus of the 70% of the experts attending the conference was reached. The results of the discussion were used to revise the manuscript into its final form. Conclusions.—Consensus w...
Particle Impact Damage in Silicon Nitride

The evolution of particle-impact-induced fracture damage in hot-pressed (HP) silicon nitride was established by accelerating single 2.4-mm-diameter tungsten carbide spheres against polished HP Si3N4 surfaces. Threshold velocities for ring, cone, and radial cracks were determined and the corresponding threshold stress for ring cracking was obtained from an elastic stress analysis. Particle size had significant effects on the threshold velocities for the inelastic impression and the various crack types. Loading rate had little effect on the threshold stress for ring cracks; rate effects on other crack types could not be assessed because the quasistatic indenter failed at stresses less than those required to invoke other crack types. A 20-μm-thick oxide scale had little influence on morphology and extent of damage but was removed easily at low velocities, suggesting higher erosion rates for Si3N4 in oxidizing environments. Damage phenomenology in 85% dense reaction-bonded Si3N4 was similar to that in HP material; however, all stages of damage occurred at substantially lower velocities.
Measuring bottleneck bandwidth of targeted path segments

Accurate measurement of network bandwidth is crucial for network management applications as well as flexible Internet applications and protocols which actively manage and dynamically adapt to changing utilization of network resources. Extensive work has focused on two approaches to measuring bandwidth: measuring it hop-by-hop, and measuring it end-to-end along a path. Unfortunately, best-practice techniques for the former are inefficient, and techniques for the latter are only able to observe bottlenecks visible at end-to-end scope. In this paper, we develop end-to-end probing methods which can measure bottleneck bandwidth along arbitrary, targeted subpaths of a path in the network, including subpaths shared by a set of flows. We evaluate our technique through extensive ns simulations, then provide a comparative Internet performance evaluation against hop-by-hop techniques. We also describe a number of applications which we foresee as standing to benefit from solutions to this problem, ranging from network troubleshooting and capacity provisioning to optimizing the layout of application-level overlay networks to optimized replica placement.
A review of field emission cathode technologies for electric propulsion systems and instruments

Cold field emission (FE) cathodes are being considered as the electron sources for propellant ionization and ion beam neutralization in electric propulsion systems. Compatible field emission cathodes will enable the development of microscale electric propulsion systems. The hostile environments of propulsion systems are very demanding on the cathode performance. Advanced cold FE cathode technologies are reviewed in this article. Field emission array cathode materials and configurations were optimized using theoretical and experimental results to meet the demands of electric propulsion applications. It was determined that the FE cathode configurations and materials which are required for electric propulsion systems have not yet been fabricated. It is recommended that Mo FEA cathodes are fabricated with VECTL architectures and CLAIR structures and coated with carbide or carbon films to achieve performance and lifetime compatible with microscale electric propulsion systems. Instrument systems are much less demanding on the cathode performance; therefore the advantages of the recommended cathode configuration will also be realized for instrument systems.
A Bayesian Antedependence Model for Whole Genome Prediction

Hierarchical mixed effects models have been demonstrated to be powerful for predicting genomic merit of livestock and plants, on the basis of high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker panels, and their use is being increasingly advocated for genomic predictions in human health. Two particularly popular approaches, labeled BayesA and BayesB, are based on specifying all SNP-associated effects to be independent of each other. BayesB extends BayesA by allowing a large proportion of SNP markers to be associated with null effects. We further extend these two models to specify SNP effects as being spatially correlated due to the chromosomally proximal effects of causal variants. These two models, that we respectively dub as ante-BayesA and ante-BayesB, are based on a first-order nonstationary antedependence specification between SNP effects. In a simulation study involving 20 replicate data sets, each analyzed at six different SNP marker densities with average LD levels ranging from r2 = 0.15 to 0.31, the antedependence methods had significantly (P 0. 24) with differences exceeding 3%. A cross-validation study was also conducted on the heterogeneous stock mice data resource (http://mus.well.ox.ac.uk/mouse/HS/) using 6-week body weights as the phenotype. The antedependence methods increased cross-validation prediction accuracies by up to 3.6% compared to their classical counterparts (P < 0.001). Finally, we applied our method to other benchmark data sets and demonstrated that the antedependence methods were more accurate than their classical counterparts for genomic predictions, even for individuals several generations beyond the training data.
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF SHELL MEMBRANES

The results obtained in the present work bring out clearly that the dried shell membrane is an open lattice-like network containing micropores of the order of 1 micron in mean equivalent diameter and whose surface density is roughly 20 millions per sq. cm. The gas transfer through this network is largely by viscous flow and accordingly does not obey Graham's law of diffusion. The data make clear that dried shell membranes are extremely permeable to all the gases examined and that wet membranes are completely impermeable. This fact leads one to suspect that during embryonic development, the rate of influx of gases is controlled in some measure by the moisture content of the shell membrane. The permeability technique developed here should be of value in the study of other membranes and especially natural membranes of biological importance.
Teaching enterprise software development in undergraduate curriculum

This paper presents a model upper-division capstone computer science course that teaches the fundamentals and develops skills for enterprise software development. The course assumes strong fundamentals in computer science and experience in systems-analysis and object-oriented analysis. The software is developed for a business client and the client is involved during the software development process. Fundamentals of distributed systems development, Internet and Web architecture is presented together with the facets of J2EE as a representative platform for such development.This approach facilitates experiential learning and moves away from the classic learning-through-academic-exercise. The class works as a software team and through meetings, assignments, and discussion an agile development process is followed to deliver product for the customer.
The Dual Benefits Of Tax Credits: Taxpayer Income Generation And Economy Stimulus

Two important provisions of the Internal Revenue Code were the creation of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit. Each of these credits were designed to reduce the amount of tax owed, thereby offsetting some of the increases in living expenses and federal income tax. For many this results in a smaller a tax liability. For others with little or no tax liabilities, the credit can result in a significantly increased refund. Many organizations such as the Volunteer Income Tax Income (VITA) Program, AARP and other similar organizations, cater to assisting these individuals. This is primarily due to the benefits that come from these credits which not only affect these individuals and their families but also the local economies. Larger refunds result in greater sustainability of taxpayer economic stability as well as an ongoing stimulation to the local economy. The purpose of this presentation is to describe the results of a study conducted involving the examination of each of these credits in relation to the taxpayer’s Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). The goal of this study was to demonstrate the importance of these credits as to how they benefit the lower income taxpayers. The study examined various taxpayers who qualified for the credits over the course of the past three years. The results demonstrated that roughly 20% to 25% of these taxpayers’ annual income is attributed to the assistance provided through these credits. Therefore, the need for the continuance of these credits is not only crucial for the welfare of the lower taxpayers but for stimulating the economy as well.
Safety Nets or Trampolines? Federal Crop Insurance, Disaster Assistance, and the Farm Bill

We review the implications of the 2007 Farm Bill for the risk management dimensions of U.S. agriculture and policy. Legislative proposals suggest significant changes in risk management policy, including the introduction of state or national revenue insurance. We also pursue an empirical analysis of the interrelationships of crop insurance, disaster relief, and farm profitability. We find an inverse relationship between disaster assistance and insurance purchases. Our analysis also suggests that farmers that buy insurance and that receive disaster payments tend to have higher returns to farming.
Assessing urban and rural neighborhood characteristics using audit and GIS data: derivation and reliability of constructs.

Measures to assess neighborhood environments are needed to better understand the salient features that may enhance outdoor physical activities, such as walking and bicycling for transport or leisure. The purpose of this study was to derive constructs to describe neighborhoods using both primary (neighborhood audit) and secondary (geographic information systems) data. We collected detailed information on 10,770 road segments using an audit and secondary data. The road segment sample was randomly split into an exploratory (60%) and validation sample (40%) for cross-validation. Using the exploratory sample (n = 6,388), seven a priori constructs were assessed separately (functionality, safety, aesthetics, destinations, incivilities, territorality, social spaces) by urbanicity using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, new a posteriori constructs were derived using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). For cross-validation (n = 4,382), we tested factor loadings, thresholds, correlated errors, and correlations among a posteriori constructs between the two subsamples. Two-week test-retest reliability of the final constructs using a subsample of road segments (n = 464) was examined using Spearman correlation coefficients. CFA indicated the a priori constructs did not hold in this geographic area, with the exception of physical incivilities. Therefore, we used EFA to derive a four-factor solution on the exploratory sample: arterial or thoroughfare, walkable neighborhood, physical incivilities, and decoration. Using CFA on the validation sample, the internal validity for these a posteriori constructs was high (range 0.43 to 0.73) and the fit was acceptable. Spearman correlations indicated the arterial or thoroughfare factor displayed near perfect reliability in both urban and rural segments (r = 0.96). Both the physical incivilities factor and the walkable neighborhood factor had substantial to near perfect reliability in both urban and rural segments (r = 0.77 to 0.78 and r = 0.79 to 0.82, respectively). The decoration factor displayed moderate reliability in urban segments (r = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.38–0.60) and lower reliability in rural segments (r = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.25–0.52). The results of our analyses yielded four reliably and objectively measured constructs that will be used to explore associations with physical activity in urban and rural North Carolina. These constructs should be explored in other geographic areas to confirm their usefulness elsewhere.
The War on Induction: Whewell Takes On Newton and Mill (Norton Takes On Everyone)

I consider and reject William Whewell’s attack on the inductivism of Isaac Newton and John Stuart Mill, as well as John Norton’s attack on any universal system of inductive rules. I also explain how a system of inductive rules of the sort proposed by Newton and Mill should be understood.
Multi-SKU Forecasts

An sku is an abbreviation for the term stock-keeping-unit that identifies an item being in the inventory at a stocking location. Could be a part number, a product number, a style number, so forth. Should a model of a certain tool be in stock at a dealer, it is an sku at that dealer. If the same model is in stock in 1000 dealers, it is an sku in each of the 1000 dealers. It is also an sku at each distribution center that stocks the model. A truck parts dealer typically has 15,000 skus and a truck distribution center may have 100,000 skus. A shoe store in the mall may have 2000 skus in shoes alone, since each style by size and width is a separate sku. Forecasts are needed for each sku (usually monthly) to use in the inventory stocking computations.
Millimeter-Wave and Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Properties of Cellular Systems

The effect of changes in the general photon distribution on the (infrared-active and Raman-active) vibrational spectra and emissivities of a system of harmonic oscillators is examined. An application is given to the Bose condensation of photons, postulated in the Frohlich model for in vivo biological systems, and its consequences for their millimeter-wave and far-infrared vibrational spectra and vibrational emissivities. Implications of the analysis for the interpretation of such spectra are discussed.