cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data volume reduction for single-look polarimetric imaging radar data

An 8-b quantization scheme to reduce the data volume for single-look complex scattering matrix data measured by polarimetric imaging radar systems is described. The scattering matrices are not symmetrized before compression, thereby retaining information about background noise and system effects. The data volume is reduced by a factor of 3.2. It is shown, with measured data, that the signal to quantization noise ratio for the compression scheme is more than 35 dB for the cross-polarized channels, and more than 45 dB for the copolarized channels. >
Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Once‐Daily Aminoglycoside Administration

A retrospective cost analysis compared hospital costs of standard gentamicin dosing and once-daily regimens in 1127 patients. Hospital costs compared were drug/supply/preparation/administration (DSPA; $4.56/500 mg once-daily dose and $3.32/100 mg every 8 hrs standard dose); therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) ($25/gentamicin level); and nephrotoxicity management. The mean length of therapy was 4.5 days with both regimens. The mean number of blood samples drawn to measure drug levels was 0.65 for once-daily dosing and 1.7 for standard dosing. Mean DSPA and TDM costs/patient for a 4.5-day course of once-daily therapy were $20.52 and $16.25, respectively ($36.77/course of therapy). In comparison, estimated mean DSPA and TDM costs for 4.5 days standard therapy were $44.82 and $42.50, respectively ($87.32/course of therapy). We observed an overall reduction in nephrotoxicity from approximately 4% to 1.2% with the once-daily program, resulting in a nephrotoxicity management cost reduction from $182 to $55/patient exposed to aminoglycosides. The once-daily program resulted in a 58% reduction in aminoglycoside-associated hospital cost and a nephrotoxicity management savings of 70%/patient.
Three-dimensional, two-phase, transonic, canted nozzle flows

A time-dependent numerical scheme, in conjunction with a three-dimensional, body-fitted, coordinate transformation technique, is utilized for the solution of subsonic-transonic-supersonic flows-both gas-only, one-phase, and fully coupled, gas-particle, two-phase-inside three-dimensional canted nozzles of arbitrary configurations. No difficulty is encountered with the time-dependent formulation for the solution of mixed transonic flowfield, which has been a bottleneck in many three-dimensional nozzle flow studies
A sharp compactness theorem for genus-one pseudo-holomorphic maps

M1;k.P n ;AIJ0/. We also show that if an almost complex structure J on P n is sufficiently close to J0 , the structure of the space S M 0;k .P n ;AIJ/ is similar to that of S M 0;k .P n ;AIJ0/. This paper’s compactness and structure theorems lead to new invariants for some symplectic manifolds, which are generalized to arbitrary symplectic manifolds in a separate paper. Relatedly, the smaller moduli space S M 0;k .X;AIJ/ is useful for computing the genus-one Gromov‐Witten invariants, which arise from the larger moduli space S M1;k.X;AIJ/.
Big fundamental groups: Generalizing homotopy and big homotopy

Abstract The concept of big homotopy theory was introduced by J. Cannon and G. Conner in [1] using big intervals of arbitrarily large cardinality to detect big loops. We find, for each space, a canonical cardinal that is sufficient to detect all big loops and all big homotopies in the space.
Analysis of Variance: Classification

The nomenclature and acronyms for analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs are described. The presentation focuses on four characteristics of the designs: layout of the designs, partition of the total sum of squares and degrees of freedom, hypotheses that can be tested, and advantages and disadvantages of the designs. Keywords: analysis of variance; analysis of covariance
A SYMPLECTIC CASE OF ARTIN'S CONJECTURE

An equivalent form of this conjecture is the following. If ρ is irreducible and non-trivial, then L(s, ρ) is entire. Artin proved this conjecture in the case where ρ is 1-dimensional using his reciprocity law together with a result of Hecke. As L-functions are inductive, this proved the conjecture if ρ is monomial, i.e. induced from a degree one representation of some subgroup. Now consider the case where ρ is 2-dimensional. Let ρ : G → PGL2(C) be the composition of ρ : G → GL2(C) with the natural projection of GL2(C) to PGL2(C). Let Ḡ denote the image of G under ρ. So Ḡ is a finite subgroup of PGL2(C), which is isomorphic to SO3(C). The only finite subgroups of SO3(C) are cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral (isomorphic to A4), octahedral (isomorphic to S4) and icosahedral (isomorphic to A5). We thus classify ρ according the isomorphism type of Ḡ. If Ḡ is cyclic or dihedral, then ρ is reducible or monomial and L(s, ρ) is entire by Artin’s result. Much later, Langlands applied to this problem the theory of automorphic representations, which also have associated L-functions. For cuspidal automorphic representations of GLn the associated L-function is known to be entire [Ja]. Both automorphic and Artin L-functions can be written as Euler products of local factors L(s, π) = ∏ v L(s, πv) and L(s, ρ) = ∏ v L(s, ρv). Langlands formulated the following amazing conjecture [La1].
Comparing Oral Interviewing with Self-Administered Computerized QuestionnairesAn Experiment

A previous field experiment conducted via national surveys showed that data collected via the Internet manifested higher concurrent and predictive validity and less random and systematic measurement error than data collected via telephone interviewing. To ascertain the extent to which these differences were attributable to mode per se ,a laboratory experiment was conducted in which respondents were ran- domly assigned to answer questions either on a computer or over an intercom with an interviewer. Replicating findings from the national surveys, the laboratory experiment indicated higher concurrent validity, less survey satisficing, and less social desirability response bias in the computer mode than in the intercom mode. The mode difference in con- current validity and non-differentiation was most pronounced among respondents with more limited cognitive skills. Taken together, these results suggest a potential inherent advantage of questionnaire self- administration on the computer over telephone administration. As researchers are increasingly interested in conducting surveys via the Inter- net, it is important to understand whether shifting from oral administration of questions (in telephone or face-to-face interviews) to computer self-adminis- tered interviewing changes the answers that respondents provide. This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment designed to assess the impact of this mode shift on survey responses.
Pocket-size CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer

A pocket-size gamma-ray spectrometer has been developed. It uses a large volume (2 cm/sup 3/) CdZnTe coplanar-grid detector to achieve good detection efficiency and energy resolution. The spectrometer is completely self-contained. It includes pulse processing electronics, multichannel analyzer, data storage, LCD display, keypads, USB interface, and rechargeable battery. Custom software was created for spectrum acquisition, storage, and display. The power consumption of the spectrometer is 120 mW when active, allowing two days of continuous operation on a full battery charge.
Nanocrystalline α-Al2O3 Using Sucrose

Nanocrystalline α-Al2O3 ceramic powders have been prepared from an aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate and sucrose. Soluble Al ion-sucrose solution forms the precursor material once it is completely dehydrated. Heat treatment of the dehydrated precursors at low temperature (600°C) results in the formation of porous single-phase α-Al2O3. The precursor and heat-treated powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface area analysis. The phase-pure nanocrystalline α-Al2O3 particles had an average specific surface area of >190 m2/g, with an average pore size between 18 and 25 nm.
Comparative Growth Dynamics in a Discrete-time Marxian Circuit of Capital Model

In this paper, a discrete-time version of the Marxian circuit of capital model in Foley (1982, 1986a) is used to address two important theoretical issues of general interest to the heterodox econom...
Incentives to Form Customs Unions and Quotas

This paper extends the well-known Kemp-Wang proposition regarding customs unions and tariffs to the case of import quotas. It is shown that a customs union in the presence of import quotas will leave each country, whether a member of the customs union or not, not worse off than before the formation of the customs union. The partial-equilibrium approach is used in this study. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Using indicators to determine the contribution of human rights to public health efforts

There is general agreement on the need to integrate human rights into health policies and programmes, although there is still reluctance to go beyond rhetorical acknowledgement of their assumed significance. To determine the actual value of human rights for the effectiveness of public health efforts requires clarity about what their incorporation looks like in practice and how to assess their contribution. Despite the pervasive use of indicators in the public health field, indicators that specifically capture human rights concerns are not well developed and those that exist are inconsistently used. Even though 'health and human rights indicators' are increasingly being constructed, it is often the case that health indicators are used to draw conclusions about some interaction between human rights and health; or that law and policy or other indicators, traditionally the domain of the human rights community, are used to make conclusions about health outcomes. To capture the added value that human rights bring to health, the differences in the contributions offered by these indicators need to be understood. To determine the value of different measures for advancing programme effectiveness, improving health outcomes and promoting human rights, requires questioning the intended purpose behind the construction of an indicator, who uses it, the kind of indicator it is, the extent to which it provides information about vulnerable populations, as well as how the data are collected and used.
Predictions of vortex-lift characteristics based on a leading-edge suction analogy.

Leading edge suction analogy for predicting low speed lift and drag-due-to-lift characteristics of sharp edge delta and related wing planforms
Incremental Clustering: The Case for Extra Clusters

The explosion in the amount of data available for analysis often necessitates a transition from batch to incremental clustering methods, which process one element at a time and typically store only a small subset of the data. In this paper, we initiate the formal analysis of incremental clustering methods focusing on the types of cluster structure that they are able to detect. We find that the incremental setting is strictly weaker than the batch model, proving that a fundamental class of cluster structures that can readily be detected in the batch setting is impossible to identify using any incremental method. Furthermore, we show how the limitations of incremental clustering can be overcome by allowing additional clusters.
Discovery of Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, and Copper Isotopes

Twenty-seven chromium, twenty-ve manganese, thirty-one nickel and twenty-six copper isotopes have so far been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the rst refereed publication, including the production and identication method, is presented.
Random-Time Isotropic Fractional Stable Fields

Generalizing both Substable Fractional Stable Motions (FSMs) and Indicator FSMs, we introduce α-stabilized subordination, a procedure which produces new FSMs (H-self-similar, stationary increment symmetric α-stable processes) from old ones. We extend these processes to isotropic stable fields which have stationary increments in the strong sense, i.e., processes which are invariant under Euclidean rigid motions of the multi-dimensional time parameter. We also prove a Stable Central Limit Theorem which provides an intuitive picture of α-stabilized subordination. Finally we show that α-stabilized subordination of Linear FSMs produces null-conservative FSMs, a class of FSMs introduced by Samorodnitsky (Ann. Probab. 33(5):1782–1803, 2005).
The Vanity of the Economist: A Comment on Peart and Levy's The “Vanity of the Philosopher”*

In the Vanity of the Philosopher, Sandra Peart and David Levy reconsider "postclassical" economics from the vantage point of Adam Smith's "analytical" egalitarianism. Analytical egalitarianism is assumed, not proved; and Peart and Levy's criticisms of many 19 th - and early 20 th -century economists, as well as eugenics in general, depend on equivocating between analytical and substantive egali- tarianism. They fail to provide a non-question-begging critique of eugenics. Peart and Levy's (2005) The "Vanity of the Philosopher" is a wonder- fully rich tapestry, full of historical detail and intellectual insight. But it is also a work of persuasion, aiming to convince the reader of a larger story. That story, unhappily, is not fully fleshed out, the plot not fully convincing, and the moral not compelling. I reach these conclu- sions as a friendly critic who is deeply sympathetic to many of their attitudes and substantive beliefs. Levy and Peart define analytical egalitarianism as the doctrine that takes as its working assumption that people are to be regarded as homogeneous in capabilities and respect. To assume that people are arranged into moral, intellectual, or social hierarchies is the opposite of analytical egalitarianism. Vanity explores the role of the competing assumptions of analytical egalitarianism and hierarchy in the debates over race (Irish versus English, African versus European) among 19 th -century British economists and public intellectuals and the role of economists in the late 19 th - and early 20 th -century eugenics movement. *The author is Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Duke University. This paper is based on comments given in the Roundtable on the Vanity of the Philosopher at the History of Economics Society Annual Conference at Grinnell College, June 23-26, 2006.
A Double Hurdle Model of Preferences for a Proposed Capacity Reduction Program in the Atlantic Shark Fishery

The Atlantic shark fishery is considered to be overcapitalized. One approach to capacity management is the purchase and permanent retirement of fishing vessels, fishing permits, or both under voluntary buyback programs. Representatives of the commercial shark fishery have proposed such an approach to manage the over-capacity in their fishery in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic regions. This program would allow owners to submit willingness-to-accept (WTA) bids for their permits and vessels. This study uses econometric modeling to explain the potential participation and bid amounts from a survey of permit owners.
THE ROLE OF KOZAI CYCLES IN NEAR-EARTH BINARY ASTEROIDS

We investigate the Kozai mechanism in the context of near-Earth binaries and the Sun. The Kozai effect can lead to changes in eccentricity and inclination of the binary orbit, but it can be weakened or completely suppressed by other sources of pericenter precession, such as the oblateness of the primary body. Through numerical integrations including primary oblateness and three bodies (the two binary components and the Sun), we show that Kozai cycles cannot occur for the closely separated near-Earth binaries in our sample. We demonstrate that this is due to pericenter precession around the oblate primary, even for very small oblateness values. Since the majority of observed near-Earth binaries are not well separated, we predict that Kozai cycles do not play an important role in the orbital evolution of most near-Earth binaries. For a hypothetical wide binary modeled after 1998 ST27, the separation is large at 16 primary radii and so the orbital effects of primary oblateness are lessened. For this wide binary, we illustrate the possible excursions in eccentricity and inclination due to Kozai cycles as well as depict stable orientations for the binary's orbital plane. Unstable orientations lead to collisions between binary components, and we suggest that the Kozai effect acting in wide binaries may be a route to the formation of near-Earth contact binaries.
Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons : a potentially adverse response to renal ablation

Micropuncture studies were performed in three groups of male Munich-Wistar rats 1 wk after surgery: group I, eight control rats that underwent laparotomy and were fed a normal diet; group II, nine rats that underwent right nephrectomy and segmental infarction of five-sixths of the left kidney and were fed a normal diet; and group III, seven rats that underwent the same renal ablative procedure and were fed a low protein diet. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) was higher in the remnant kidney of group II rats compared with group I rats due to higher average values for mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (delta P) and initial glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) in group II. Glomeruli in remnant kidneys of group II showed striking alterations in morphology, including epithelial cell protein reabsorption droplets, foot process fusion, and mesangial expansion. Group III rats demonstrated a mean SNGFR not statistically different from that of group I, but significantly less than that of group II rats. This lack of absolute hyperfiltration in remnant glomeruli of group III rats relative to group I obtained because QA and delta P did not increase above values found in group I. The glomerular structural lesions seen in group II were also largely attenuated in group III. These studies demonstrate that alterations in glomerular hemodynamics associated with renal ablation are accompanied by structural lesions and suggest that sustained single nephron hyperfiltration may have maladaptive consequences by damaging remnant glomeruli.
Copper-mediated, palladium-catalyzed coupling of thiol esters with aliphatic organoboron reagents.

Thiol esters and B-alkyl-9-BBN derivatives couple in the presence of a copper(I) carboxylate mediator and a palladium catalyst. In contrast to copper-mediated, palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of thioorganics with boronic acids, the current coupling reaction of 9-BBN derivatives is facilitated by the addition of a base such as Cs2CO3. Under optimized conditions, a variety of thiol esters react with different B-alkyl-9-BBN derivatives giving ketones in moderate to excellent yields.
A student proposal for ethical guidelines in anatomical education: Ethical and policy considerations

The recent publication of a story regarding anatomical dissection in a medical school has revealed the need for increased attention to the ethical and policy aspects of anatomical education. While most of the attention devoted to these questions thus far has been focused on procedures before and after dissection, from the perspective of medical students, there are important considerations during the process of dissection itself. This proposal was developed by two third-year medical students through a review of the relevant published literature, reflection upon their personal experiences in anatomy courses in two separate institutions, and informal discussion of these topics with peers. The proposal is that basic ethical guidelines should be established and monitored by an independent committee tasked with reviewing them. The proposed guidelines include: First, a clear set of expectations about what the student is expected to learn with respect to anatomical knowledge and dissection technique; second, the establishment by schools or national bodies of minimal ethical standards regarding respectful behavior toward the donor bodies, and the communication of these standards to teachers and students involved in educational dissections; third, the use of materials that encourage students to view their donors with respect and ensure proper treatment of them; and fourth, the establishment of an oversight group (at each medical school and at national level) comprising students, faculty, community members, and staff, who will regularly review the anatomical education program and update these ethical guidelines as appropriate. While many of these proposals are already implemented in some anatomy departments, the establishment of clear guidelines at a national as well as a school-by-school level will permit students the freedom to participate fully in their education, knowing they have met the highest ethical standards as they prepare for a career as a humanistic physician.
N-thiolated 2-oxazolidinones: a new family of antibacterial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis.

In this report, we describe a new family of N-thiolated 2-oxazolidinones having antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. The effect of ring substituents and stereochemistry on antibacterial activity of these oxazolidinones closely parallels that previously reported for N-thiolated β-lactam antibiotics.
Using MPI with C# and the Common Language Infrastructure

We describe two different libraries for using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) with the C# programming language and the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). The first library provides C# bindings that closely match the original MPI library specification. The second library presents a fully object-oriented interface to MPI and exploits modern language features of C#. The interfaces described here use the P/Invoke feature of the CLI to dispatch to a native implementation of MPI, such as LAM/MPI or MPICH. Performance results using the Shared Source CLI demonstrate only a small performance overhead. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological issues in MIS cross-cultural research

This paper presents a discussion of methodological issues that are relevant and idiosyncratic to cross-cultural research. One characteristic that typifies cross-cultural studies is their comparative nature, i.e., they involve a comparison across two separate cultures on a focal phenomenon. When differences across cultures are observed, the question arises as to whether the results are true cultural differences or merely measurement artifacts. Methodological considerations in cross-cultural research focus on ruling out alternative explanations for these differences and thus enhancing the interpretability of the results. The paper presents an overview of key methodological issues in cross-cultural research and reviews methods of preventing or detecting methodological problems.
MDPSCL2: A New Protecting Group for Chemoselective Synthesis of 2′-O-Alkylated Guanosines

An improved strategy for the synthesis of 2'-O-methyl-guanosine (6) and 2'-MOE-guanosine (8) is reported. The regioselectivity of the alkylation was attained using a novel silicon-based protecting group, methylene-bis (diisopropyl-silylchloride) (MDPSCl2, 2). The alkylation proceeded in a chemoselective manner using NaHMDS as the base and MeCl or MOE-Br as the appropriate electrophiles.
Effect of Fracturing Fluids on Fracture Conductivity

Measurements and predictions of the effect of fracturing fluids on fracture conductivity were made. The residue from guar polymer was found to greatly reduce fracture conductivity under some conditions, and these conditions could be predicted based on residue volume measurements. Some other polymers were found to decrease fracture conductivity because insufficient breaker was present in the simulated fracture. Fluid loss additives at normal concentrations had negligible effect on fracture conductivity. The technique developed to simulate reservoir fracture conditions can be used to test any fracturing fluid for its effect on fracture conductivity.
Strategies to improve the dietary quality of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries: an assessment of stakeholder opinions

Objective: To examine the opinions of stakeholders on strategies to improve dietary quality of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Design: Participants answered a thirty-eight-item web-based survey assessing opinions and perceptions of SNAP and programme policy changes. Setting: USA. Subjects: Survey of 522 individuals with stakeholder interest in SNAP, conducted in October through December 2011. Results: The top three barriers to improving dietary quality identified were: (i) unhealthy foods marketed in low-income communities; (ii) the high cost of healthy foods; and (iii) lifestyle challenges faced by low-income individuals. Many respondents (70%) also disagreed that current SNAP benefit levels were adequate to maintain a healthy diet. Stakeholders believed that vouchers, coupons or monetary incentives for purchasing healthful foods might have the greatest potential for improving the diets of SNAP participants. Many respondents (78%) agreed that sodas should not be eligible for purchases with SNAP benefits. More than half (55%) believed retailers could easily implement such restrictions. A majority of respondents (58%) agreed that stores should stock a minimum quantity of healthful foods in order to be certified as a SNAP retailer, and most respondents (83%) believed that the US Department of Agriculture should collect data on the foods purchased with SNAP benefits. Conclusions: Results suggest that there is broad stakeholder support for policies that align SNAP purchase eligibility with national public health goals of reducing food insecurity, improving nutrition and preventing obesity.
Taming Azide Radicals for Catalytic C–H Azidation

Reactions that directly transform aliphatic C–H bonds into alkyl azides are noticeably lacking in the repertoire of synthetic reactions, despite the importance of molecules containing C–N3 bonds in organic synthesis, chemical biology, and drug discovery. Harnessing the ubiquity of C–H bonds in organic molecules and the versatility of the azide functional group, such transformations could have broad applications in various disciplines. Radical C–H activation represents an appealing strategy to achieve aliphatic C–H azidation, as it overcomes many drawbacks of conventional organometallic approaches in activating inert aliphatic C–H bonds. Novel C–H azidation methodologies could be realized by combining radical C–H activation via hydrogen atom abstraction with suitable azide-transfer reagents. In this perspective, we survey the history of radical C–H azidation and summarize several significant recent advances in the field. All radical C–H azidations to date follow a general approach comprising an initial rad...
Plasmonic nanoantennas: enhancing light-matter interactions at the nanoscale

The research area of plasmonics promises devices with ultrasmall footprint operating at ultrafast speeds and with lower energy consumption compared to conventional electronics. These devices will operate with light and bridge the gap between microscale dielectric photonic systems and nanoscale electronics. Recent research advancements in nanotechnology and optics have led to the creation of a plethora of new plasmonic designs. Among the most promising are nanoscale antennas operating at optical frequencies, called nanoantennas. Plasmonic nanoantennas can provide enhanced and controllable light-matter interactions and strong coupling between far-field radiation and localized sources at the nanoscale. After a brief introduction of several plasmonic nanoantenna designs and their well-established radio-frequency antenna counterparts, we review several linear and nonlinear applications of different nanoantenna configurations. In particular, the possibility to tune the scattering response of linear nanoantennas and create robust optical wireless links is presented. In addition, the nonlinear and photodynamic responses of different linear and nonlinear nanoantenna systems are reported. Several future optical devices are envisioned based on these plasmonic nanoantenna configurations, such as low-power nanoswitches, compact ultrafast light sources, nanosensors and efficient energy harvesting systems.
"But My Lease Isn't Up Yet!": Finding Fault with "No- Fault" Evictions

This Article critically examines the eviction of tenants for actions or events outside of the tenants’ control — “no-fault” evictions. For example, tenants may be evicted because the landlord’s property was foreclosed, the landlord wants to re-occupy the property, or the landlord wishes to sell the property to a purchaser who intends to occupy it. This Article analyzes and critiques the common law, statutes, and proposed uniform acts that may permit evictions of tenants from private residential dwellings under such circumstances. In addition, this Article discusses the necessary balance between a landlord’s rights and obligations and those of a tenant, and offers recommendations.
Organometallic Chemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten Supported by Alkoxide Ligands

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the organometallic chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten alkoxides, according to ligand type Organotransition metal chemistry has largely developed with the support of soft, π acceptor ligands, such as carbon monoxide, tertiary phosphines, and cyclopentadienyls. The successive replacement of alkoxide ligands by the poor π-donor halide ligands results in a progressive and substantial downfield shift in the resonance for the alkylidene Cα, reflecting an increasing electron deficiency at this site. The most important aspect of the reactivity of alkylidene alkoxide complexes is their ability to catalyze alkene metathesis. The several examples of alkylidene complexes with β-hydrogens prepared by Osborn's group are unprecedented for unsaturated complexes. The most important aspect of the reactivity of alkylidyne alkoxide complexes is their ability to catalyze the metathesis of alkynes. Several of the metallacyclic compounds have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, confirming proposed geometries and providing insights into the function of supporting ligands and the nature of catalytic intermediates. The most significant aspect of tungstenacyclobutadiene chemistry is the prospect that the compounds are intermediates in catalytic alkyne metathesis.
A Comparison of Methods to Measure Fitness in Escherichia coli

In order to characterize the dynamics of adaptation, it is important to be able to quantify how a population’s mean fitness changes over time. Such measurements are especially important in experimental studies of evolution using microbes. The Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) with Escherichia coli provides one such system in which mean fitness has been measured by competing derived and ancestral populations. The traditional method used to measure fitness in the LTEE and many similar experiments, though, is subject to a potential limitation. As the relative fitness of the two competitors diverges, the measurement error increases because the less-fit population becomes increasingly small and cannot be enumerated as precisely. Here, we present and employ two alternatives to the traditional method. One is based on reducing the fitness differential between the competitors by using a common reference competitor from an intermediate generation that has intermediate fitness; the other alternative increases the initial population size of the less-fit, ancestral competitor. We performed a total of 480 competitions to compare the statistical properties of estimates obtained using these alternative methods with those obtained using the traditional method for samples taken over 50,000 generations from one of the LTEE populations. On balance, neither alternative method yielded measurements that were more precise than the traditional method.
Ruthenium(0)-Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of Acetylenic Aldehydes with α-Ketols: Convergent Construction of Angucycline Ring Systems

Ruthenium(0) complexes modified by CyJohnPhos or RuPhos catalyze the successive C-C coupling of acetylenic aldehydes with α-ketols to form [4+2] cycloadducts as single diastereomers. This method enables convergent construction of type II polyketide ring systems of the angucycline class.
The asymmetric cyclical behavior of the U.S. labor market

Abstract The employment rate in the United States fluctuates asymmetrically over the business cycle: it contracts deeply and sharply during recessions, but it recovers slowly and gradually during expansions. By contrast, aggregate output exhibits nearly symmetric fluctuations about trend. I explain these facts using an equilibrium business cycle model with search frictions in the labor market and worker heterogeneity in productivity, featuring endogenous job destruction and fluctuations in labor composition. The model predicts that the response of the employment rate to shocks greatly varies over the business cycle; notably, it raises in recessions and declines in expansions.
Core solidification and dynamo evolution in a mantle‐stripped planetesimal

The physical processes active during the crystallization of a low-pressure, low-gravity planetesimal core are poorly understood but have implications for asteroidal magnetic fields and large-scale asteroidal structure. We consider a core with only a thin silicate shell, which could be analogous to some M-type asteroids including Psyche, and use a parameterized thermal model to predict a solidification timeline and the resulting chemical profile upon complete solidification. We then explore the potential strength and longevity of a dynamo in the planetesimal's early history. We find that cumulate inner core solidification would be capable of sustaining a dynamo during solidification, but less power would be available for a dynamo in an inward dendritic solidification scenario. We also model and suggest limits on crystal settling and compaction of a possible cumulate inner core.
Color-preserving daytime radiative cooling

We introduce a general approach to radiatively lower the temperature of a structure, while preserving its color under sunlight. The cooling persists in the presence of considerable non-radiative heat exchange, and for different solar absorptances.
How to Avoid Obfuscation Using Witness PRFs

We propose a new cryptographic primitive called witness pseudorandom functions (witness PRFs). Witness PRFs are related to witness encryption, but appear strictly stronger: we show that witness PRFs can be used for applications such as multi-party key exchange without trusted setup, polynomially-many hardcore bits for any one-way function, and several others that were previously only possible using obfuscation. Thus we improve the minimal assumptions required for these applications. Moreover, current candidate obfuscators are far from practical and typically rely on unnatural hardness assumptions about multilinear maps. We give a construction of witness PRFs from multilinear maps that is simpler and much more efficient than current obfuscation candidates, thus bringing several applications of obfuscation closer to practice. Our construction relies on new but very natural hardness assumptions about the underlying maps that appear to be resistant to a recent line of attacks.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Axinellamines A and B.

Axinellamines A and B are broad-spectrum antibacterial pyrrole–imidazole alkaloids that have a complex polycyclic skeleton. A new asymmetric synthesis of these marine sponge metabolites is described herein, featuring an oxidative rearrangement and an anchimeric chlorination reaction.
Catalytic asymmetric peroxidation of α,β-unsaturated nitroalkenes by a bifunctional organic catalyst.

A new enantioselective peroxidation of α,β-unsaturated nitroalkenes was realized with an easily accessible acid–base bifunctional organic catalyst derived from cinchona alkaloids. This reaction provides unprecedented easy access to optically active chiral peroxides, as illustrated by the asymmetric synthesis of β-peroxy nitro compounds.
Three-Dimensional Frameworks of Cubic (NH4)5Ga4SbS10, (NH4)4Ga4SbS9(OH)·H2O, and (NH4)3Ga4SbS9(OH2)·2H2O

Three new isostructural open-framework sulfides, (NH4)5Ga4SbS10 (1), (NH4)4Ga4SbS9(OH)·H2O (2a), and (NH4)3Ga4SbS9(H2O)·2H2O (2b), were synthesized under basic hydrothermal conditions using ammonium hydroxide as the structure-directing agent. The structures feature a three-dimensional open framework comprised of adamantane [Ga4Q10]8− clusters linked with Sb3+ centers. The compounds are wide gap semiconductors, crystallize in the chiral space group P213, and represent a new structure type. They exhibit nonlinear optical properties.
Broad‐Based Employee Stock Ownership: Motives and Outcomes

Firms initiating broad-based employee share ownership plans often claim employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) increase productivity by improving employee incentives. Do they? Small ESOPs comprising less than 5% of shares, granted by firms with moderate employee size, increase the economic pie, benefiting both employees and shareholders. The effects are weaker when there are too many employees to mitigate free-riding. Although some large ESOPs increase productivity and employee compensation, the average impacts are small because they are often implemented for nonincentive purposes such as conserving cash by substituting wages with employee shares or forming a worker-management alliance to thwart takeover bids.
Pedestrian Safety Practitioners’ Perspectives of Driver Yielding Behavior Across North America

This paper presents results from a recent Internet survey of practitioners in the pedestrian safety field about their perceptions of driver yielding behavior in cities throughout North America. As one of the first studies to attempt to understand driver and pedestrian interactions from a macro perspective, this research combined perceptions of local driver yielding rates in three crosswalk scenarios with open-ended comments to understand factors that may influence driver yielding behavior. Responses from 387 practitioners in 171 cities suggested that rates of driver yielding to pedestrians in marked crosswalks were related to characteristics such as social norms, roadway design, law enforcement, and pedestrian volumes. Respondents generally indicated that drivers were more likely to yield to pedestrians on roadways with fewer lanes and slower travel speeds. However, the results also suggested notable geographic differences in yielding culture. Practitioners indicated that crosswalk laws were rarely enforc...
Rh2(R-TPCP)4-Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2]-Cycloaddition between Nitrones and Vinyldiazoacetates

Rhodium-catalyzed reaction of vinyldiazoacetates with nitrones results in a formal [3+2]-cycloaddition to generate 2,5-dihydroisoxazoles with high levels of asymmetric induction. The cascade reaction begins with a vinylogous addition event, followed by an iminium addition ring-closure/hydride migration/alkene isomerization cascade. Dirhodium tetrakis(triarylcyclopropanecarboxylates) are the optimum catalysts for this process.
Comet Tempel-Tuttle and the Leonid Meteors

The annual November Leonid meteor showers and the occasional Leonid meteor storms (e.g. 1833, 1966) are far better known than is the Leonid parent body, comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. Since A.D. 902, enhanced Leonid meteor showers have been recorded around the time of the parent comet’s returns to perihelion (Yeomans 1981). To date, the parent comet itself, however, has not been seen for more than a few days at any apparition except in late 1865 and early 1866. The impending perihelion return of comet Tempel-Tuttle again raises the possibility of strong meteor displays in 1998-99 as well as a chance to observe the elusive parent comet.
Carcinoma of the colon.

Carcinoma of the colon is a very insidious lesion presenting very few early manifestations. Change in bowel habits, hemorrhage from the rectum and abdominal pain are the three most common symptoms. The lesion is less invasive than many tumors, as indicated by the fact that the five-year survival rate following resection is between 50 and 55 per cent. The postoperative mortality rate at the present time is in the neighborhood of 3 or 4 per cent.
Precision positioning using a novel six axes compliant nano-manipulator

In this paper, a novel micro-scale nano-manipulator capable of positioning in six degrees of freedom (DOF) is introduced. Undesired deflections, while operating in a specific DOF, are restricted by the aid of distinctive design of flexure hinges and actuators’ arrangements. The compliant mechanism is actuated by thermo-electro-mechanical actuators, as they could be integrated and exert large forces in a nanometer resolution. The actuators are bidirectional capable of applying force in both transverse and longitudinal directions. Performance of the two degrees of freedom actuator is thoroughly explored via numerical and analytical analyses, showing a good agreement. The workspace and performance of the precision positioner is studied using finite element methods. Finally, identification of forward and inverse kinematic of the nano-manipulator is performed utilizing neural network concept. A well-trained and appropriate neural network can efficiently replace the time-consuming and complex analytical and experimental methods.
Pathogenesis of intracranial lipoma: An MR study in 42 patients

Intracranial lipomas are uncommon lesions whose development remains poorly understood. To clarify the anatomic and embryologic features of intracranial lipomas, we retrospectively reviewed the MR scans of 42 patients with 44 intracranial lipomas. Interhemispheric lipomas were the most common, accounting for 45% of cases. The remainder of the lesions were clustered in the quadrigeminal/superior cerebellar (25%), suprasellar/interpeduncular (14%), cerebellopontine angle (9%), and sylvian (5%) cisterns. Fifty-five percent of the lesions were associated with brain malformations of varying degrees. Intracranial vessels and nerves were noted to course through 16 (36%) of the lesions. The relative frequencies of the locations of the lipomas correspond to the temporal sequence of dissolution of the meninx primitiva, the mesenchymal anlage of the meninges. This finding supports the concept of lipoma formation as a result of abnormal persistence and maldifferentiation of the meninx. This embryologic concept of the development of intracranial lipomas explains the high frequency of callosal and other brain hypoplasias. Intracranial lipomas are neither hamartomas nor true neoplasms; rather, they are congenital malformations.
Joint models for multiple longitudinal processes and time-to-event outcome

Joint models are statistical tools for estimating the association between time-to-event and longitudinal outcomes. One challenge to the application of joint models is its computational complexity. Common estimation methods for joint models include a two-stage method, Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods. In this work, we consider joint models of a time-to-event outcome and multiple longitudinal processes and develop a maximum-likelihood estimation method using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We assess the performance of the proposed method via simulations and apply the methodology to a data set to determine the association between longitudinal systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) measures and time to coronary artery disease (CAD).
Options for results monitoring and evaluation for resilience building operations

Across the world, donors and a broad array of stakeholders are seeking to understand whether climate change adaptation, disaster risk management, and other resilience interventions are working, and what lessons from early implementation of investments can be shared to inform the field and improve results over time. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) can play an important role in achieving these objectives toward learning, accountability, and improved impact. This paper synthesizes recent work on climate and disaster resilience M&E to help identify emerging lessons from early applications and to define the key steps to develop a M&E system for climate and disaster resilience-building operations, particularly at the project level. Another objective of this paper is to support dialogue among a broader group of M&E experts and resilience project managers and implementers to further advance the design, implementation, and utility of climate and disaster resilience M&E. The paper explains overarching objectives and components for climate and disaster resilience M&E, including the common M&E objectives of learning and accountability, and four primary M&E components: principles, results frameworks, indicators, and evaluation.It is an illustrative overview of climate and disaster resilience M&E work being undertaken within and beyond the WB. Described are examples of M&E systems, other resilience and related M&E work at the WB, and broader efforts to build capacity for climate and disaster resilience M&E.
Ambient ionization mass spectrometric analysis of human surgical specimens to distinguish renal cell carcinoma from healthy renal tissue

Touch spray-mass spectrometry (TS-MS) is an ambient ionization technique (ionization of unprocessed samples in the open air) that may find intraoperative applications in quickly identifying the disease state of cancerous tissues and in defining surgical margins. In this study, TS-MS was performed on fresh kidney tissue (∼1–5 cm3), within 1 h of resection, from 21 human subjects afflicted by renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The preliminary diagnostic value of TS-MS data taken from freshly resected tissue was evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the negative ion mode (m/z 700–1000) data provided the separation between RCC (16 samples) and healthy renal tissue (13 samples). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on the PCA-compressed data estimated sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) of 98 and 95 %, respectively, based on histopathological evaluation. The results indicate that TS-MS might provide rapid diagnostic information in spite of the complexity of unprocessed kidney tissue and the presence of interferences such as urine and blood. Desorption electrospray ionization-MS imaging (DESI-MSI) in the negative ionization mode was performed on the tissue specimens after TS-MS analysis as a reference method. The DESI imaging experiments provided phospholipid profiles (m/z 700–1000) that also separated RCC and healthy tissue in the PCA space, with PCA-LDA sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 89 %, respectively. The TS and DESI loading plots indicated that different ions contributed most to the separation of RCC from healthy renal tissue (m/z 794 [PC 34:1 + Cl]− and 844 [PC 38:4 + Cl]− for TS vs. m/z 788 [PS 36:1 − H]− and 810 [PS 38:4 − H]− for DESI), while m/z 885 ([PI 38:4 − H]−) was important in both TS and DESI. The prospect, remaining hurdles, and future work required for translating TS-MS into a method of intraoperative tissue diagnosis are discussed.
Variational Inference with Agent-Based Models

In this paper, we develop a variational method to track and make predictions about a real-world system from continuous imperfect observations about this system, using an agent-based model that describes the system dynamics. By combining the power of big data with the power of model-thinking in the stochastic process framework, we can make many valuable predictions. We show how to track the spread of an epidemic at the individual level and how to make short-term predictions about traffic congestion. This method points to a new way to bring together modelers and data miners by turning the real world into a living lab.