cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychiatric function and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in elderly women : A prospective Study

Abstract Background: Though among the most abundant human steroid hormones, the physiologic role of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate (DHEAS) is not known. Our goal was to determine if DHEAS is associated with cognition and mood in older women, and if baseline DHEAS levels are predictive of cognitive decline. Methods: In a prospective cohort, we studied 394 randomly selected community-dwelling women, aged 65 years or older, currently enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Subjects were administered a modified Mini-Mental State Exam, Trails B, Digit Symbol, and the Geriatric Depression Scale–Shortened (GDSS), at study onset and 4–6 years later. Serum was obtained at study initiation for DHEAS analysis. Results: DHEAS levels declined with age, as expected. There was no consistent association of DHEAS quartile or log DHEAS with any of the four outcomes, even after multivariate adjustment. Change in cognitive performance over time was not associated with DHEAS levels. Analysis of the 32 women without any detectable DHEAS compared to those with detectable levels revealed higher measures on the GDSS (mean score 3.4 ± 3.6 compared with 1.6 ± 2.3, p = .028) and a higher percentage with depression (21.7% compared with 4.6%, p = .001). Conclusions: Serum DHEAS is not a sensitive predictor of cognitive performance or decline on a selected neuropsychological battery in elderly community women; however, nondetectable levels may be associated with depression.
Impact Response and the Influence of Friction

Non-smooth stiffness and damping characteristics are commonly encountered in mechanical systems. The specific physical contacts considered in this paper are impact and friction. Although these individual effects have been the subject of quite intensive research it is their interaction and influence on the dynamic behavior of a mechanical oscillatory system that is the subject of the current work. Dynamical systems theory is used as a conceptual framework and comparisons are made between numerical and experimental results over a relatively wide range of parameters.
Minority response to ethnically similar models in advertisements: an application of accommodation theory

Abstract This study applies socio-linguistic accommodation theory to explain the effects of using ethnically similar models on a minority consumer's response to ads. It identifies two factors that moderate the consumer's response—the consumer's perception about the advertiser's cultural sensitivity and the consumer's strength of ethnic identification. Hypotheses are tested using an experimental design with data collected from 204 Asian–Americans. Results indicate that among Asian–American consumers who perceive the advertiser to be culturally sensitive, the response (attitude toward the ad, brand and company, and intention to buy) is favorable, whereas among those who do not, the response is not favorable. However, there are no significant effects of the minority consumers' strength of ethnic identification on their response. This finding is interesting when contrasted with the effects of strength of ethnic identification found with Hispanics and blacks. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
Meteorological Aspects of El Niño

Abstract In the eastern tropical Pacific, where the phenomenon of El Nino is best developed, the atmospheric circulation undergoes a marked annual cycle as well. Analysis of data from a recently compiled atlas elucidates the role of the annual cycle in modifying the great 1972–73 Nino, and confirms that off South America upwelling and sea surface temperature are not directly linked. Meridional profiles derived from the atlas reveal that oceanic heat loss to the air is a function of wind speed rather than of sea surface temperature and that rainfall can be accounted for in terms of the horizontal convergence of moisture. Distribution of tropical cyclones is not significantly related to El Nino, while predicting El Nino has proved much more difficult than had been expected.
An Excimer-Based, Binuclear, On−Off Switchable Calix[4]crown Chemosensor

A new fluorescent chemosensor with two different types of cation binding sites on the lower rims of a 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene (1) is synthesized. Two pyrene moieties linked to a cation recognit...
Subsidies and incentives — Two sides of the coin

Abstract Renewable resources provide fiber and structural products, which because of low energy intensity, make a large indirect contribution to energy supplies. Crop and forest residues used as boiler fuel liberate priority fuels. Cellulosic residues with improvement of technology can provide chemicals and perhaps liquid fuels or additives otherwise made from petroleum. Advancements in all these areas will alleviate energy problems. Mainly as a result of political decisions, sizeable government subsidies are being used to increase national dependence on alcohol fuel from corn. Because of energy requirements only minor net benefits are possible and these come at excessive cost per net unit of energy. Subsidies accelerate such programs but they also obscure important economic signals. A reordering of priorities is needed to use renewable resources to best advantage in relieving energy and material shortages.
Scaling up: human genetics as a Cold War network.

Abstract In this commentary I explore how the papers here illuminate the processes of collection that have been so central to the history of human genetics since 1945. The development of human population genetics in the Cold War period produced databases and biobanks that have endured into the present, and that continue to be used and debated. In the decades after the bomb, scientists collected and transferred human biological materials and information from populations of interest, and as they moved these biological resources or biosocial resources acquired new meanings and uses. The papers here collate these practices and map their desires and ironies. They explore how a large international network of geneticists, biological anthropologists, virologists and other physicians and scientists interacted with local informants, research subjects and public officials. They also track the networks and standards that mobilized the transfer of information, genealogies, tissue and blood samples. As Joanna Radin suggests here, the massive collections of human biological materials and data were often understood to be resources for an “as-yet-unknown” future. The stories told here contain elements of surveillance, extraction, salvage and eschatology.
On shape and the computability of emotions

We investigated how shape features in natural images influence emotions aroused in human beings. Shapes and their characteristics such as roundness, angularity, simplicity, and complexity have been postulated to affect the emotional responses of human beings in the field of visual arts and psychology. However, no prior research has modeled the dimensionality of emotions aroused by roundness and angularity. Our contributions include an in depth statistical analysis to understand the relationship between shapes and emotions. Through experimental results on the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) dataset we provide evidence for the significance of roundness-angularity and simplicity-complexity on predicting emotional content in images. We combine our shape features with other state-of-the-art features to show a gain in prediction and classification accuracy. We model emotions from a dimensional perspective in order to predict valence and arousal ratings which have advantages over modeling the traditional discrete emotional categories. Finally, we distinguish images with strong emotional content from emotionally neutral images with high accuracy.
Surface instability of an annular thin film

We apply a linear stability analysis to examine the effect of lattice diffusion on the surface stability of an annular thin film subjected to longitudinal and circumferential surface disturbances, respectively, in which the film is coated and supported by a rigid substrate. No surface instability is found for circumferential surface perturbations. For longitudinal surface disturbances, the critical spatial frequency of surface perturbation for zero growth rate is inversely proportional to the radius of free surface. The maximum growth rate at which the instability develops increases with increasing the ratio |Δr/r0|, where Δr is the radius difference and r0 is the radius of the free surface. For a thin film coating, surface perturbations will rapidly lead to the break up of the coating with the spatial wavelength of maximum growth rate being 8.89r0.
Structure of a turbulent boundary layer on a concave surface

The effects of concave curvature on turbulent boundary-layer structure are investigated, using flow visualization and two-component laser-Doppler anemometry. Destabilizing curvature amplifies large-scale motions normal to the wall. When the boundary layer entering the curve is free of spanwise non-uniformities, the resulting large-eddy structure does not consist of distinct longitudinal vortices, as suggested by some previous studies. Rather, the visualized flow is dominated by large eddies (inflows and outflows) that have a streamwise extent of only a few boundary-layer thicknesses, are quite unsteady, and do not cause significant spanwise variations in the mean properties of the boundary layer. Mixing across the boundary layer is enhanced by the new eddy structure, bringing high-momentum fluid closer to the wall than in a normal, flat boundary layer and causing a significant increase in skin friction. Spectral results show that increases in turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress across the outer layer are due almost entirely to increased energy in low-frequency, large-scale fluctuations.Flow visualization suggests that the large-scale inflows and outflows have strong influence on flow structure in the near-wall region. However, when the local value of the friction velocity, uτ, is used for scaling, near-wall profiles of Reynolds-averaged quantities show relatively minor differences between the flat and concave cases.The response of the boundary layer to the sudden onset of concave curvature is found to involve two overlapping stages. First, a centrifugal mechanism causes higher-velocity eddies near the start of curvature to migrate toward the wall, while lower-velocity eddies migrate away from the wall. These negatively correlated motions produce an increase in the magnitude of the correlation coefficient within a few initial boundary-layer thicknesses (δ0) from the start of curvature. The further development of the layer requires the slower growth and amplification of the large-scale inflows and outflows. This development of the new large-scale eddy structure continues for at least 20 δ0.
Naloxone reversal of morphine elicited hyperactivity

Abstract When naloxone is administered during morphine elicited hyperactivity, hyperactivity is reversed and hypoactivity occurs in its place. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that this effect is the result of morphine induced supersensitivity to naloxone. Two groups of hamsters received equivalent pre-treatment with 15 mg/kg morphine (Groups M/M and M/S) for three days while a third group received saline (Group S/S). During subsequent testing one group received a morphine injection (Group M/M) while the others received saline (Groups M/S and S/S) before being placed in running wheels for a three hour session. Two hours later half the animals in each group received an injection of 0.4 mg/kg naloxone and half received saline. Naloxone produced hypoactivity in animals running under the influence of morphine (Group M/M), but neither in those with an equivalent history of morphine pre-treatment (Group M/S), nor in saline controls (Group S/S). These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis under test, but congruent with a modified dual-action hypothesis.
Behavior of cholesteric liquid crystals in a Fabry–Perot cavity

We investigate the behavior of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC’s) inside a Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity. Although FP cavities filled with various liquid crystals have been extensively studied, to our knowledge the behavior of CLC-based FP cavities has not been reported. In CLC the twisted structure can be changed because the pitch is a function of temperature. In a parallel-rubbed CLC FP cavity the balance between strong surface anchoring and elastic energy yield a steplike resonance spectrum. This corresponds to the quantized effective pitch that the system assumes when both surface alignments are fixed. Experiment results for parallel-rubbed samples are presented and explained theoretically by use of Jones matrix calculations.
Corrections to “Analysis and Design of a Transformer-Feedback-Based Wideband Receiver” [Mar 13 1347-1358]

In the above paper (ibid., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1347-1358, Mar. 2013), Fig. 12 is incorrect and should be replaced by Fig. 1 presented here.
Silica and germanium in Pacific Ocean hydrothermal vents and plumes

Dissolved silica (Si) and inorganic germanium (Ge) concentrations were measured in hydrothermal fluids from black smoker vents on the East Pacific Rise (21°N EPR) and the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge (45°N SJdFR: North and South Cleft Sites, Axial Volcano). These typically display end-member concentrations ranging from 16 to 23 mM (Si) and 150 to 280 nM (Ge), and end-member Ge/Si ratios clustering between 8 and 14 × 10−6, more than 10-fold greater than the ratio entering the ocean via rivers (0.54 × 10−6) and being recycled in seawater (0.7 × 10−6). ‘Excess’ concentrations of dissolved Si and Ge above oceanic background are observed in mid-water hydrothermal plumes over mid-ocean ridge (MOR) spreading centers on the Southern EPR (SEPR) (10°–20°S) and the SJdFR. The largest Si and Ge concentration anomalies occur over the North Cleft Segment of the SJdFR. These are a factor of three greater than anomalies over the SEPR (10°–20°S). Excess Ge correlates with excess3He in plumes at a Ge/3He molar ratio of about 1 × 104, approximately the same ratio as in black smokers. These observations, combined with low abundances of Ge in FeMn-rich metalliferous sediments, suggest that Ge (and Si) behave conservatively in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal plumes. A simple ocean Si and Ge balance, constrained by the global river silica flux and Ge/Si ratios in hydrothermal vents, rivers and biogenic silica, suggests that the global hydrothermal silica flux is about 1–4 × 1011 mole yr−1, much lower than that estimated from3He. Either (1) 70–80% of the Ge flux to the ocean is removed in as-yet undiscovered sinks (not opal), or (2) only 10% of the mantle to ocean3He and heat fluxes is associated with MOR hydrothermal convection through the 350°C isotherm (90% is off-ridge), or (3) the oceanic Ge/Si,3He/ (and87Sr86Sr) balances today are far from steady-state.
Identifiability of minimal, stable, rational, causal systems using second-order output cyclic spectra

In this paper, the (blind) identifiability of systems using the second-order output cyclic spectra is considered. It is shown that the class of minimal, stable, rational causal (MSRC) systems is not identifiable, and the identification is limited by a nontrivial ambiguity associated with the so-called cyclic all-pass factor. The largest subclass of MSRC systems that ensures the unique identification is shown to be the set of MSRC systems that do not have special uniformly spaced maximum phase zeros. >
Reply to Breuker et al.: How laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) measures condensed phase protein structure, not vacuum structure

An important goal for the field of mass spectrometry is the development of methods capable of measuring biomolecular structure in the condensed phase. Recently, we reported a femtosecond laser vaporization method for transferring protein from the condensed phase into the gas phase intact, with electrospray postionization evidence that the folded conformation was preserved on vaporization, even at an incident laser intensity of 1013 W cm−2 (1). In PNAS, the letter by Breuker et al. (2) suggests that we claimed a method capable of transferring protein from the condensed phase into a vacuum while maintaining the native structure. We made no assertion that the native structure is maintained in vacuum, and we even noted that … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rjlevis{at}temple.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Mission as Ascetic Experience: Hesychasm and the Anthropology of Sergei Horujy for Mission Theology

Abstract This article traces the development of hesychasm, a common prayer practice in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, from the fourth century A.D. to the present and proposes an understanding of missional theology that is grounded in hesychast theological anthropology. The theological foundation of hesychasm rests upon the view that humanity is open to the transformative union with God through prayer. This foundation reformulates the conception of mission theology as an in-depth ascetic experience of God’s presence that encompasses the various manifestations of human missional experience. The paper interacts with the development of hesychast doctrine from the fourth century in the African desert, to its formulation by Gregory Palamas in the fourteenth century, and finally culminating in the contemporary philosophical writings of Sergei Horujy. Horujy is a physicist at Moscow State University and an Orthodox theologian. His synergistic school of anthropology conceives of humanity as consisting of a triple border: ontological, ontic, and virtual. He is deeply indebted to Gregory Palamas’ distinction between essence and energies, that is, between God’s core being and his manifestations as experienced in hesychast prayer practice. Horujy applies this distinction, particularly the “energies,” as a way to conceive theological anthropology. His own project in part critiques the modern and postmodern crisis of the human subject and in part redefines the complex humanity around a spiritual core. Incorporating Horujy’s synergistic anthropology into a theology of mission means viewing humanity’s potential for union with God as both a process and outcome for mission practice. Mission can no longer be viewed as an appendage of the Christian life, but is actually a means of experiencing union with God.
Index of Consumer Sentiment: Applicability at the Local Level and Sensitivity to Socioeconomic Status:

The five standard items of the Survey Research Center Index of Consumer Sentiment were administered to a local sample of households in May of two successive years by relatively untrained interviewers. The resulting values were found to be sensitive to differences in socioeconomic status and reflected changes in value from 1975 to 1976 that could be related meaningfully to the conventional values based on quarterly, national samples. It was suggested that the local and sub-population utility of the index could be pursued using frequent small sample surveys requiring less highly trained interviewers than those used for national surveys.
Projection images of the position-velocity joint spin density distribution.

A new concept of phase encoding called position-velocity combined oblique Fourier phase encoding is introduced. It encodes both spatial and velocity information in a single oblique direction in the position-velocity space. Using this method, two-dimensional projection images of the three-dimensional position-velocity joint spin density distribution along different directions can be obtained. These projection images can provide detailed information on the flow system under study. The imaging of the two-dimensional projection is less time consuming compared to three-dimensional Fourier flow imaging and can be easily implemented on a conventional magnetic resonance imaging scannner. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
A virtual world for network management

Existing network management systems typically use a combination of textual displays and 2-D directed graph representations of network topology. A network management system is being designed that uses a virtual world presented through a 3-D stereo display and manipulated with a 3-D mouse. The goal is to allow the user to better understand and control the structure and behavior of a large, complex network. In the current prototype, the user interacts with a 3-D representation of a network whose topology and behavior are specified by a separate network emulator. The user can choose from among a set of different views of the network. For example, one view shows a selected virtual path as a series of logical links contained within a physical path. The system will serve as a testbed for the knowledge-based design of network visualizations. >
The Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) applied to simultaneous multi- mission waveform design

This paper furthers the development of the application of evolutionary computation, specifically genetic algorithms (GAs) to the design of simultaneously transmitted orthogonal waveforms. The goal of the application is to determine a suite of "optimal" waveforms (in the Pareto sense) for a single platform radar system performing multiple radar missions simultaneously. The waveform suite is determined by applying the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2) developed by Zitzler, Laumanns & Theile (2002) to find waveform parameters that successfully realize a set of objectives particular to a variety of radar missions. The objectives to optimize are dictated by the particular missions of interest. The mapping of these objective functions to actual radar performance parameters is used in the SPEA2 algorithm to determine how best to simultaneously perform multiple radar missions such as GMTI, AMTI, SAR etc. using a single radar system in a Pareto optimal sense. Preliminary results are presented for a scaled down multi-mission multi-objective function scenario.
IDEAS for a healthy baby--reducing disparities in use of publicly reported quality data: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Publicly reported performance on quality measures is intended to enable patients to make more informed choices. Despite the growing availability of these reports, patients’ use remains limited and disparities exist. Low health literacy and numeracy are two barriers that may contribute to these disparities. Patient navigators have helped patients overcome barriers such as these in other areas, such as cancer care and may prove useful for overcoming barriers to using publicly reported quality data. The goals of this study are: to determine the efficacy of a patient navigator intervention to assist low-income pregnant women in the use of publicly available information about quality of care when choosing a pediatrician; to evaluate the relative importance of factors influencing women’s choice of pediatric practices; to evaluate the effect of the intervention on patient engagement in management of their own and their child’s health care; and to assess variation in efficacy of the intervention for sub-groups based on parity, age, and race/ethnicity. English speaking women ages 16 to 50 attending a prenatal clinic at a large urban medical center will be randomized to receive an in-person navigator intervention or an informational pamphlet control between 20 to 34 weeks of gestation. The intervention will include in-person guided use of the Massachusetts Health Quality Partners website, which reports pediatric practices’ performance on quality measures and patient experience. The primary study outcomes will be the mean scores on a) clinical quality and b) patient experience measures. Successful completion of the study aims will yield important new knowledge about the value of guided website navigation as a strategy to increase the impact of publicly reported quality data and to reduce disparities in use of these data. ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01784575
Religiosity and Criminality Evidence and Explanations of Complex Relationships

Assertions about the relationship (or, sometimes, the lack of a relationship) between religiosity and criminality are examined in light of over 50 research studies, paying special attention to how criminality and particularly religiosity were operationalized in each study. These studies reveal that three religiosity-criminality relationships have been established. The best documented relationship is between church attendance and crime rates. At least among church members, the evidence consistently indicates that frequent church attenders have lower crime rates than infrequent attenders, especially regarding victimless offenses. Second, among the main Western religions, membership in the Jewish religion is associated with lower crime rates, compared to Christian religious membership as a whole; and, among Christians, Protestants as a whole have lower crime rates than Catholics. Third, belief in an afterlife with divine punishment possible, at least among persons who consider themselves members of an organi...
Moving and Nonmoving Visual Stimuli: A Reaction Time Study.

Summary.-Various considerations suggest that the perception of movement may be mediated at either of two levels, retinal or central, depending on characteristics of the stimulus. Under such a scheme the mediation of apparent movement should be central. One experiment implies that apparent movement may be coded as movement at the retinal level. These considerations permit predictions concerning reaction times. Present data show no difference in reaction time to real movement, stroboscopic movement, and simple flashes, all of 50 msec. duration. In their discussions of movement perception, both Helmholtz (1910) and Duke-Elder (1940) point out that the periphery of the human retina is more highly specialized for movemenc detection than for other visual functions, such as form or color discriminations. (They were referring to the direct sensing of movement, not inferred movemenc of a very slow stimulus.) Investigations of retinal physiology have shown the existence of movement-detecting mechanisms at the retinal level in many vertebrate species, but whether the detection of stim~ilus movement is mediated solely by the retina or may be mediated centrally in the absence of input from specific peripheral movement detectors is unclear. Langfeld (1927, p. 353) reports "Apparent movement was obtained by the successive stimulation of non-corresponding points of the two retinas," implying the existence of a central mechanism mediating the detection of movement. The presence of movement-detecting cells in the human retina has not been definitely established. If, however, movement is to be detected centrally, then the daration of the movement should have to span more than one psychological "moment." As used here, "moment" refers to the longest time interval within which temporally discrete events are perceived as simultaneous (Stroud, 1955; White, 1963). Without specifying physiological mechanisms, moments are at least thought to be central in origin. Recently, however, the entire concept of moments has come under new scrutiny and is being re-evaluated (Neisset, 1967; Allport, 1968). The temporal parameters of optimal apparent movement suggest that central mediation is involved. Woodworth and Schlosberg (1952) mention incerstimulus intervals of from 104 to 173 msec. for the production of optimal simple apparent movement. However, since it is possible to detect movemenc which lasts for much less
Motorcycle Helmet Use and Trends Before and After Florida's Helmet Law Change in 2000

The Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida conducted this study for the Florida Department of Transportation to analyze motorcycling trends in Florida before and after the July 2000 change to the motorcycle helmet law. The change permits motorcyclists 21 years of age and older to ride without a helmet if they carry at least $10,000 in insurance to cover medical costs incurred as a result of a crash. This paper discusses study findings on motorcycle trends before and after the Florida change related to observed and reported motorcycle helmet use, number and severity of motorcycle crashes, and number and severity of injuries sustained in motorcycle crashes. Additionally, national and Florida data related to vehicle miles of travel (VMT), registrations, crashes, injuries, fatalities, and helmet use are presented, and recommendations for future motorcycle research are made. Findings show that Florida's observed helmet use rate declined from 99.5% in 1998 to 52.7% in 2002. ...
Adapting North American agriculture to climate change in review

Abstract The adaptability of North American agriculture to climate change is assessed through a review of current literature. A baseline of North American agriculture without climate change suggests that farming faces serious challenges in the future (e.g. declining domestic demand, loss of comparative advantage, rising environmental costs). Climate change adjustments at the farm-level and in government policy, including international trade policy, are inventoried from the literature. The adaptive potential of agriculture is demonstrated historically with situations that are analogous to climate change, including the translocation of crops across natural climate gradients, the rapid introduction of new crops such as soybeans in the US and canola in Canada, and resource substitutions prompted by changes in prices of production inputs. A wide selection of modeling studies is reviewed which, in net, suggests several agronomic and economic adaptation strategies that are available to agriculture. Agronomic strategies include changes in crop varieties and species, timing of operations, and land management including irrigation. Economic strategies include investment in new technologies, infrastructure and labor, and shifts in international trade. Overall, such agronomic strategies were found to offset either partially or completely the loss of productivity caused by climate change. Economic adaptations were found to render the agricultural costs of climate change small by comparison with the overall expansion of agricultural production. New avenues of adaptive research are recommended including the formalization of the incorporation of adaptation strategies into modeling, linkage of adaptation to the terrestrial carbon cycle, anticipation of future technologies, attention to scaling from in situ modeling to the landscape scale, expansion of data sets and the measurement and modeling of unpriced costs. The final assessment is that climate change should not pose an insurmountable obstacle to North American agriculture. The portfolio of assets needed to adapt is large in terms of land, water, energy, genetic diversity, physical infrastructure and human resources, research capacity and information systems, and political institutions and world trade—the research reviewed here gives ample evidence of the ability of agriculture to utilize such assets. In conclusion, the apparent efficiency with which North American agriculture may adapt to climate changes provides little inducement for diverting agricultural adaptation resources to efforts to slow or halt the climate changes.
Design and Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of a Turbulent Mini-Jet Hemolysis Testing Apparatus

Hemolysis is the break up of red blood cells, and is a condition that is of concern during the design process of blood contacting prostheses. In turbulent flows, hemolysis has been most often correlated to Reynolds shear stress. Mini-scale turbulent jets have been used for hemolysis experiments because they allow for explicit control of shear. Quantitative predictions of hemolysis from shear stress are unreliable, with experimentally determined threshold Reynolds stresses for turbulent shear flow range from 400Pa to 5000Pa, with recent experiments at 800Pa. Reynolds stresses are a statistic of large scale turbulence, and act at spatial scales much larger than that of a red blood cell. It has been suggested in literature that hemolysis may be related to stresses induced by turbulent energy dissipation, which acts as a spatial scale closer to that of a red blood cell. The dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy occurs at the Kolmogorov scales, which is generally similar in scale to that of a red blood cell.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Crystal sizes in evolving silicic magma chambers

Crystal size distributions (CSDs) of quartz and zircon phenocrysts in individual pumice clasts from several voluminous ash-flow tuffs provide a quenched snapshot view of conditions in preclimactic magma chambers. A common feature of these CSDs is a concave-down, lognormal shape, in contrast to the reported linear CSDs in more mafic systems. This feature is interpreted to be a general result of surface-controlled, size-dependent growth by a layer nucleation in silicic magmas at low supersaturation. Specific CSDs may be important for interpreting nucleation and crystal-growth conditions and mechanisms in magmas erupted as large ash-flow tuffs and smaller-volume volcanic units, and for fingerprinting different magma batches (layers) in products of the same eruption.
Oral delivery of human biopharmaceuticals, autoantigens and vaccine antigens bioencapsulated in plant cells☆

Among 12billion injections administered annually, unsafe delivery leads to >20million infections and >100million reactions. In an emerging new concept, freeze-dried plant cells (lettuce) expressing vaccine antigens/biopharmaceuticals are protected in the stomach from acids/enzymes but are released to the immune or blood circulatory system when plant cell walls are digested by microbes that colonize the gut. Vaccine antigens bioencapsulated in plant cells upon oral delivery after priming, conferred both mucosal and systemic immunity and protection against bacterial, viral or protozoan pathogens or toxin challenge. Oral delivery of autoantigens was effective against complications of type 1 diabetes and hemophilia, by developing tolerance. Oral delivery of proinsulin or exendin-4 expressed in plant cells regulated blood glucose levels similar to injections. Therefore, this new platform offers a low cost alternative to deliver different therapeutic proteins to combat infectious or inherited diseases by eliminating inactivated pathogens, expensive purification, cold storage/transportation and sterile injections.
Efficient statistical analysis of read timing failures in SRAM circuits

A system-level statistical analysis methodology is described that captures the impact of inter- and intra-die process variations for read timing failures in SRAM circuit blocks. Unlike existing approaches that focus on cell-level performance metrics for isolated sub-components or ignore inter-die variability, the system-level performance is accurately predicted for the entire SRAM circuit that is impractical to analyze statistically via transistor-level Monte Carlo simulations. The accurate bounding of read timing failures using this methodology is validated with silicon measurements from a 64kb SRAM testchip in 90nm CMOS. We demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology for earlystage design exploration to specify redundancy, required sense amp offset, and other circuit choices as a function of memory size.
Developing the Optimum PC Lab

This paper provides one approach being used by the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EE&CS) at the United States Military Academy (USMA) to develop and maintain microcomputer laboratories. Background on the extensive use of computers at USMA, and benefits of creating the "Optimum Lab" are presented. This paper also discusses the hardware and software configurations of the labs and critical points to be considered when buying or upgrading hardware and software. Innovative uses of hardware, software, and the network are provided.
Capturing expert knowledge [semiconductor manufacturing]

Why is it that some people can perform a task with greater precision and accuracy than others? What knowledge do they possess that qualifies them as experts? How do they consistently outperform peers who follow the same set of procedures? In the past experts were interviewed to get the answers to these questions, but this was not always effective because often experts "don't know what they know." A method was needed to capture the subconscious knowledge of the expert as well as skill proficiency. Accelerated breakthrough systems (ABS) is a methodology that was developed to do just that. The goal is to capture expert knowledge and document best-known methods (BKMs) through video based observation, raising an entire work group's performance to the expert level. The ABS process is a proven methodology for capturing expert knowledge. The six-phase method is a documented system that can be applied to a variety of knowledge and tasks, making it transferable across any function. The process is lead by a certified ABS specialist. Organizations can apply the process to close performance gaps on critical tasks dealing with equipment, process, operations or abstract dynamic skills. The key is to identify and document expert subconscious knowledge. ABS "taps in" via videotape analysis.
QTL fine mapping by measuring and testing for Hardy-Weinberg and linkage disequilibrium at a series of linked marker loci in extreme samples of populations.

It has recently been demonstrated that fine-scale mapping of a susceptibility locus for a complex disease can be accomplished on the basis of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium at closely linked marker loci among affected individuals. We extend this theory to fine-scale localization of a quantitative-trait locus (QTL) from extreme individuals in populations, by means of HW and linkage-disequilibrium (LD) analyses. QTL mapping and/or linkage analyses can establish a large genomic region (∼30 cM) that contains a QTL. The QTL can be fine mapped by examination of the degree of deviation from HW and LD at a series of closely linked marker loci. The tests can be performed for samples of individuals belonging to either high or low percentiles of the phenotype distribution or for combined samples of these extreme individuals. The statistical properties (the power and the size) of the tests of this fine-mapping approach are investigated and are compared extensively, under various genetic models and parameters for the QTL and marker loci. On the basis of the results, a two-stage procedure that uses extreme samples and different tests (for HW and LD) is suggested for QTL fine mapping. This two-step procedure is economic and powerful and can accurately narrow a genomic region containing a QTL from ∼30–1 cM, a range that renders physical mapping feasible for identification of the QTL. In addition, the relationship between parameterizations of complex diseases, by means of penetrance, and those of complex quantitative traits, by means of genotypic values, is outlined. This means that many statistical genetic methods developed for searching for susceptibility loci of complex diseases can be directly adopted and/or extended to QTL mapping for quantitative traits.
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is regulated by RNA-binding protein PCBP4 via mRNA stability

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a major role in many post-transcriptional processes, including mRNA stability, alternative splicing and translation. PCBP4, also called MCG10, is an RBP belonging to the poly(C)-binding protein family and a target of p53 tumor suppressor. Ectopic expression of PCBP4 induces cell-cycle arrest in G2 and apoptosis. To identify RNA targets regulated by PCBP4 and further decipher its function, we generated multiple cell lines in which PCBP4 is either inducibly over-expressed or knocked down. We found that PCBP4 expression decreases cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 induction in response to DNA damage. We also provided evidence that PCBP4 regulates p21 expression independently of p53. In addition, we showed that a deficiency in PCBP4 enhances p21 induction upon DNA damage. To validate PCBP4 regulation of p21, we made PCBP4-deficient mice and showed that p21 expression is markedly increased in PCBP4-deficient primary mouse embryo fibroblasts compared to that in wild-type counterparts. Finally, we uncovered that PCBP4 binds to the 3′-UTR of p21 transcript in vitro and in vivo to regulate p21 mRNA stability. Taken together, we revealed that PCBP4 regulates both basal and stress-induced p21 expression through binding p21 3′-UTR and modulating p21 mRNA stability.
Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting.

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is one of the cornerstones of coronary artery disease (CAD) treatment. Standard DAPT requires one of, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor as an adjunct therapy to aspirin administration. The decision over DAPT duration depends on the evaluation of thrombotic risk and the assessment of the probability for major bleeding events. Methods: The goal of this work was to identify which would be the appropriate combination of antiplatelet agents and the optimal duration of DAPT, based on the patient’s medical history and clinical characteristics. A thorough search of PubMed and the Cochrane Database was conducted in order to identify randomized controlled trials, observational studies, current ESC and ACC/AHA guidelines and novel articles on the subject. Results: The decision over DAPT duration is based on a careful approach which requires the evaluation of thrombotic risk and the assessment of the probability for major bleeding events. A series of aspects and special conditions may influence the duration of DAPT after stenting e.g. the type of the implanted stent (DES or BMS) or if the commencement of DAPT is administered in the context of an acute coronary syndrome or in the setting of stable CAD. Current guidelines can assist clinicians in making decisions but treating patients in special groups e.g. with diabetes mellitus or the elderly people can be very demanding. Conclusion: Studies which examined optimal DAPT duration, displayed controversial results, mainly observed because of the discrepancy and heterogeneity between different study designs or the decision of a great proportion of investigators to statistically test for non-inferiority. A careful, patient-centered approach, which considers thrombotic risk versus the risk for bleeding complications and other individual characteristics and comorbidities, is required when deciding DAPT duration.
Female veterans' preferences for counseling related to intimate partner violence: Informing patient-centered interventions.

Abstract Objective Female veterans are at high risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). A critical issue in the provision of health care to women who experience IPV is the delivery of effective brief counseling interventions that address women's unique needs. We aimed to identify female veterans' priorities and preferences for healthcare-based IPV counseling. Method A 2014 Web-based survey was administered to a national sample of US female veterans. Among 411 respondents (75% participation rate), 55% (n = 226) reported IPV during their lifetime. These women identified priorities for the content focus of IPV-related counseling and preferences for the delivery of these services. Results Women prioritized counseling that focuses on physical safety and emotional health, with learning about community resources being a relatively lower priority. Participants preferred counseling to focus specifically on enhancing coping skills and managing mental health symptoms. In addition, women want counseling to be individualized and preferred the option to meet with a counselor immediately following disclosure. Affordable services and attention to privacy concerns were of paramount importance in the context of IPV-related counseling. Conclusion These findings can inform patient-centered brief counseling interventions for women who experience IPV, which may ultimately reduce health disparities and violence among this population.
Family resemblances: Memorial images and the face of kinship

In some northern Tohoku institutions, a dedicated hanayomeningyŌ (bride doll), infused with the spirit of the bodhisattva JizŌ, functions as a spirit spouse for the unquiet soul of a child or youth who died before marriage. Although the figurine used is the opposite sex of the deceased, the doll's face is widely believed to come to resemble that of the dead person. These imputed cross-cutting "family resemblances" (in Wittgenstein's sense) emerge from the enigmatic double life of ritual images, which may simultaneously be experienced as representations of distant beings and as efficacious entities in their own right. By building up an extended web of partial associations among the living, the dead, and memorial images, those who dedicate and pray to hanayomeningyŌ help regulate relations between categorical domains of existence. In "facing" the dead, the living thus mimetically represent and reproduce generative principles of human kinship.
Advances in Computational Imaging

Computational imaging uses new optics to capture a coded image, and an appropriate algorithm to decode the captured image. This approach of manipulating images before there are recorded and processing recorded images before they are presented has three key benefits. First, it enables us to implement imaging functionalities that would be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve using traditional imaging. Second, it can be used to significantly reduce the hardware complexity of an imaging system. Lastly, under appropriate imaging conditions, it allows us to break the limits of traditional imaging. In this talk, I'll show recent examples of cameras that demonstrate these benefits.
Adaptive Acceleration of Visually Evoked Smooth Eye Movements in Mice.

The optokinetic response (OKR) consists of smooth eye movements following global motion of the visual surround, which suppress image slip on the retina for visual acuity. The effective performance of the OKR is limited to rather slow and low-frequency visual stimuli, although it can be adaptably improved by cerebellum-dependent mechanisms. To better understand circuit mechanisms constraining OKR performance, we monitored how distinct kinematic features of the OKR change over the course of OKR adaptation, and found that eye acceleration at stimulus onset primarily limited OKR performance but could be dramatically potentiated by visual experience. Eye acceleration in the temporal-to-nasal direction depended more on the ipsilateral floccular complex of the cerebellum than did that in the nasal-to-temporal direction. Gaze-holding following the OKR was also modified in parallel with eye-acceleration potentiation. Optogenetic manipulation revealed that synchronous excitation and inhibition of floccular complex Purkinje cells could effectively accelerate eye movements in the nasotemporal and temporonasal directions, respectively. These results collectively delineate multiple motor pathways subserving distinct aspects of the OKR in mice and constrain hypotheses regarding cellular mechanisms of the cerebellum-dependent tuning of movement acceleration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although visually evoked smooth eye movements, known as the optokinetic response (OKR), have been studied in various species for decades, circuit mechanisms of oculomotor control and adaptation remain elusive. In the present study, we assessed kinematics of the mouse OKR through the course of adaptation training. Our analyses revealed that eye acceleration at visual-stimulus onset primarily limited working velocity and frequency range of the OKR, yet could be dramatically potentiated during OKR adaptation. Potentiation of eye acceleration exhibited different properties between the nasotemporal and temporonasal OKRs, indicating distinct visuomotor circuits underlying the two. Lesions and optogenetic manipulation of the cerebellum provide constraints on neural circuits mediating visually driven eye acceleration and its adaptation.