cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ΛQΛQ potential

Abstract Lattice QCD simulations of the potential between two baryons, each containing a heavy quark and two light quarks, such as the Λ Q Λ Q potential, will provide insight into the nucleon–nucleon interaction. As one-pion exchange does not contribute to the Λ Q Λ Q potential, the long-distance behavior is dominated by physics that contributes to the intermediate-range attraction between two nucleons. We compute the leading long-distance contributions to the Λ Q Λ Q potential in QCD and in partially-quenched QCD in the low-energy effective field theory.
Competitive Inhibition for Amino Acid Uptake by the Indigenous Microflora of Upper Klamath Lake

The uptake of a specific 14C-amino acid by the heterotrophic microorganisms in the epilimnion of an eutrophic lake was influenced by the presence of other amino acids. The effect of unlabeled serine on 14C-glycine uptake was shown to be caused by competitive inhibition, which changed the interpretation of the kinetic parameters, the turnover time, Tt, and the sum of a transport constant, (Kt + (Sn), and the natural substrate concentration. The maximum velocity of uptake, Vmax, is unaffected by the competitive inhibition.
Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis.

There are 2 families of statistical procedures in meta-analysis: fixed- and randomeffects procedures. They were developed for somewhat different inference goals: making inferences about the effect parameters in the studies that have been observed versus making inferences about the distribution of effect parameters in a population of studies from a random sample of studies. The authors evaluate the performance of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests when each type of statistical procedure is used for each type of inference and confirm that each procedure is best for making the kind of inference for which it was designed. Conditionally random-effects procedures (a hybrid type) are shown to have properties in between those of fixed- and random-effects procedures. The use of quantitative methods to summarize the results of several empirical research studies, or metaanalysis, is now widely used in psychology, medicine, and the social sciences. Meta-analysis usually involves describing the results of each study by means of a numerical index (an estimate of effect size, such as a correlation coefficient, a standardized mean difference, or an odds ratio) and then combining these estimates across studies to obtain a summary. Two somewhat different statistical models have been developed for inference about average effect size from a collection of studies, called the fixed-effects and random-effects models. (A third alternative, the mixedeffects model, arises in conjunction with analyses involving study-level covariates or moderator variables, which we do not consider in this article; see Hedges, 1992.) Fixed-effects models treat the effect-size parameters as fixed but unknown constants to be estimated and usually (but not necessarily) are used in conjunction with assumptions about the homogeneity of effect parameters (see, e.g., Hedges, 1982; Rosenthal & Rubin, 1982). Random-effects models treat the effectsize parameters as if they were a random sample from
High-PT Physics with Identified Particles

Abstract The suppression of high- P T particles in heavy ion collisions was one of the key discoveries at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. This is usually parameterized by the average rate of momentum-transfer squared to this particle, q ˆ . Here we argue that measurements of identified particles at high P T can lead to complementary information about the medium. The leading particle of a jet can change its identity through interactions with the medium. Tracing such flavor conversions could allow us to constrain the mean free path. Here we review the basic concepts of flavor conversions and discuss applications to particle ratios and elliptic flow. We make a prediction that strangeness is enhanced at high P T at RHIC energies while its elliptic flow is suppressed.
An additional role for the F-box motif: Gene regulation within the Neurospora crassa sulfur control network

The F-box represents a protein motif originally identified as a conserved amino-terminal domain within the Neurospora crassa negative regulator sulfur controller-2. Recently, F-boxes have been found within a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins, where they mediate ubiquitin-driven proteolytic events required for major cell cycle transitions. F-box function, however, is not restricted solely to cell cycle pathways. Here we present evidence expanding F-box function to encompass gene regulatory processes independent of the cell cycle through in vivo analysis of an F-box acting within the N. crassa sulfur regulatory network. The Neurospora sulfur circuit features a set of regulatory genes acting to modulate gene expression based on environmental sulfur conditions. These sulfur regulatory genes include cys-3+, which encodes a basic region-leucine zipper transcriptional activator, as well as the negative regulatory gene scon-2+. Through site-directed mutagenesis of the SCON2 F-box, we have generated a sulfur auxotrophic phenotype previously unobserved in any scon-2 mutant. Using Northern analysis, we have traced this auxotrophy to a complete shutdown of cys-3+ gene expression. We have further analyzed F-box function by constructing a series of chimeric SCON2 proteins containing swapped F-box domains from the yeast transcriptional inhibitor Met30p and the Candida albicans cell cycle regulator Cdc4p. The ability of these chimeric proteins to restore partial wild-type sulfur regulation in vivo emphasizes the universal nature of this motif and confirms the functional importance of the F-box within noncell cycle regulatory pathways.
Experimental measurements of U60 nanocluster stability in aqueous solution

Abstract In this study, the aqueous behavior of isolated U60 nanoclusters (K 16 Li 25 [UO 2 (O 2 )OH] 60 ) −19 was studied under several pH conditions and nanocluster concentrations to determine if the nanoclusters exhibit solid phase buffering behavior or if they exhibit behavior more like aqueous complexes. U60 is a cage cluster consisting of 60 (UO 2 )(O 2 ) 2 (OH) 2 uranyl polyhedral which share OH and O 2 groups with their neighboring uranyl polyhedral, resulting in negatively charged cage clusters whose charge is at least partially offset by K + and Li + in the aqueous phase. Batch experiments to monitor nanocluster stability were conducted for 16 days at pH 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5 at nanocluster suspension concentrations of 1.4, 2.8 and 6.0 g/L. The aqueous concentrations of U, Li, and K, determined after 10 kDa molecular weight filtration, achieved steady-state with the nanoclusters within 24 h. The steady-state aqueous U, Li, and K concentrations were independent of solution pH, however they increased with increasing nanocluster concentration, indicating that the nanoclusters do not buffer the aqueous activities as a bulk solid phase would, but exhibit behavior that is more characteristic of dissolved aqueous complexes. The ion activity product (I.A.P.) value was calculated using two approaches: (1) treating the nanoclusters as a solid phase with an activity of one, and (2) treating the nanoclusters as aqueous complexes with a non-unit activity equal to their concentration in solution. The I.A.P. values that were calculated with non-unit activity for the nanoclusters exhibited significantly less variation as a function of nanocluster concentration compared to the I.A.P. values calculated with a nanocluster activity of one. The results yield a calculated log dissociation constant for the U60 nanoclusters of 9.2 + 0.2/−0.3 (1 σ ). Our findings provide a better understanding of the thermodynamic stability and behavior of U60 nanoclusters in aqueous systems, and can be used to estimate the dissociation behavior of nanoclusters under a range of aqueous conditions.
Cross-talk between transforming growth factor-β and Wingless/Int pathways in lung development and disease

Abstract Lung development depends on accurate and precise patterning of a pulmonary anlagen, consisting of both endodermally and mesodermally derived progenitor cells. In this process, the need to establish communication and control among individual cells is paramount. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and Wingless/int (Wnt) signaling pathways serve this need. The individual functional repertoire of the two pathways is further expanded by cross-talk and integration of signaling at multiple levels taking advantage of their hard-wired multi-component signal transduction platforms. Cross-talk creates the possibility for both specificity and versatility in signaling during development and during repair of injured tissue. Understanding the mechanics and the physiological implications of this cross-talk is necessary for therapeutic or preventive targeting of either TGFβ or Wnt signaling pathways.
Three “Inconvenient Truths” about Health Care

Major U.S. health care reform will not be an option much longer: it will be a necessity. Victor Fuchs writes that the debate about health care will be more constructive if all participants take these “inconvenient truths” as a starting point.
Acoustic resonance determination of sonic speed and dew points in a natural-gas mixture and retrograde condensate

An automated high-pressure spherical acoustic resonator has been used to measure sonic speeds in a six-component natural-gas mixture at pressures from 2 MPa to 10 MPa and temperatures in the range 366 K to 243 K. The method permitted precise location of dew points, and these together with a portion of the phase diagram are presented for the natural-gas mixture. Experimental sonic-speed results are compared with values predicted by the MAXISIM model at Norsk Hydro a.s. The agreement is good.
Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Horseradish Peroxidase

Thermal inactivation of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) in buffer and sucrose solution was studied with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and by determining residual activity. For both experimental systems, the apparent reaction order for thermal inactivation was 1.5. Since the four isozymes varied in heat-resistance, the 1.5 order was probably due to heterogeneity of HRP. An increase in the maximum denaturation temperature by DSC as sucrose concentration increased suggested that the addition of sucrose stabilized the enzyme against thermal denaturation. However, based on the determination of residual activity, sucrose reduce thermal stability of HRP at 10–20% (w/w) and increased thermal stability when the concentration was 40% or greater. At equimolar concentrations of fructose, glucose or lactose at 90°C, HRP was more rapidly inactivated than in the presence of sucrose.
Max CAPR: High-Resolution 3D Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography With Acquisition Times Under 5 Seconds

High temporal and spatial resolution is desired in imaging of vascular abnormalities having short arterial-to-venous transit times. Methods that exploit temporal correlation to reduce the observed frame time demonstrate temporal blurring, obfuscating bolus dynamics. Previously, a Cartesian acquisition with projection reconstruction-like (CAPR) sampling method has been demonstrated for three-dimensional contrast-enhanced angiographic imaging of the lower legs using two-dimensional sensitivity-encoding acceleration and partial Fourier acceleration, providing 1mm isotropic resolution of the calves, with 4.9-sec frame time and 17.6-sec temporal footprint. In this work, the CAPR acquisition is further undersampled to provide a net acceleration approaching 40 by eliminating all view sharing. The tradeoff of frame time and temporal footprint in view sharing is presented and characterized in phantom experiments. It is shown that the resultant 4.9-sec acquisition time, three-dimensional images sets have sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to clearly portray arterial and venous phases of contrast passage. It is further hypothesized that these short temporal footprint sequences provide diagnostic quality images. This is tested and shown in a series of nine contrast-enhanced MR angiography patient studies performed with the new method.
Energy barrier for homogeneous dislocation nucleation: Comparing atomistic and continuum models

We compare the energy barriers predicted by continuum mechanics models for homogeneous dislocation nucleation in copper with explicit atomistic calculations. We find that a relatively simple continuum model can agree with full atomistic calculations if the dislocation Burgers vector is allowed to increase continuously during nucleation. The analysis identifies the significant effect of the applied shear stress on the generalized stacking fault energy and leads to a more physical definition of the ideal shear strength.
Brain computer interface for interactive and intelligent image search and retrieval

This research proposes a Brain Computer Interface as an interactive and intelligent Image Search and Retrieval tool that allows users, disabled or otherwise to browse and search for images using brain signals. The proposed BCI system implements decoding the brain state by using a non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) signals, in combination with machine learning, artificial intelligence and automatic content and similarity analysis of images. The user can spell search queries using a mental typewriter (Hex-O-Speller), and the resulting images from the web search are shown to the user as a Rapid Serial Visual Presentations (RSVP). For each image shown, the EEG response is used by the system to recognize the user's interests and narrow down the search results. In addition, it also adds more descriptive terms to the search query, and retrieves more specific image search results and repeats the process. As a proof of concept, a prototype system was designed to test the navigation through the interface and the Hex-o-Speller using an event-related potential(ERP) detection and classification system. The results and challenges faced were noted and analyzed.
Impact of channel estimation error upon sum-rate in amplify-and-forward two-way relaying systems

In this work, we consider the amplify-and-forward (AF) two-way relay network where the two terminals T A , T B exchange their information through a relay node T R in a bi-directional manner and study the impact of the training-based channel estimation upon individual and sum-rate of the two users. We assume that in the multiple-access (MA) phase T A , T B initiate transmission by sending their training symbols to T R , and in the broadcasting (BC) phase T R initiates transmission by sending its own training symbol, followed by an amplified version of the signal received in MA phase. This training symbol facilitates T A and T B to perform self-interference suppression and to estimate the cascaded overall relay channel required for recovery of the data of interest. We derive lower bounds on the training-based individual rates and sum-rate of the two users and investigate the impact of channel estimation errors upon the sum-rate lower bound. Under the total transmit power constraint, we search for the optimal power allocation among the three nodes and optimal power allocation between data and training such that the sum-rate lower bound is maximized. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between the optimal solutions and the relay location.
Preceptor development strategies used in a mixed academic-community teaching hospital

Abstract Objective and setting The purpose of this paper is to outline how a residency preceptor development program was designed and implemented within a mixed academic-community medical center. Program description Two preceptor development tracks were implemented, one for experienced preceptors (EP) and one for preceptors in training (PIT). In order to precept pharmacy residents, all new preceptors are required to participate in an orientation program and develop a site description. Annually, all preceptors complete a self-assessment worksheet. The residency program director (RPD) reviews them with each preceptor individually, as well as learner and peer evaluations, preceptor goals and qualifications, and areas for improvements. A preceptor development plan is agreed upon by both the RPD and preceptor and continues to be reviewed annually. Preceptors who do not meet the criteria to function as an independent preceptor are designated as PITs. Each PIT is assigned a mentor who co-precepts and regularly meets with the PIT throughout the one-year training period to assist with evaluations and provide feedback on precepting. Preceptors meet monthly as a group and the RPD or an EP shares a "Preceptor Pearl" with the group. Preceptors may also be asked to share a recent preceptor-related "Lessons Learned." These two topics enable preceptors to learn what challenges other preceptors have faced and allow them to feel more supported and involved in the development program. Conclusion A two-track preceptor development program can identify the needs of and provide precepting support to both experienced preceptors and preceptors in training.
Abnormal umbilical cord attachment sites in the mare: A review illustrated by three case reports

Abnormal cord attachment can be a manifestation of an inappropriate fixation position of the conceptus in the uterus, or it may result from disorientation of the conceptus post fixation. The potential for this resulting in fetal and neonatal compromise is reviewed in the light of previous reports and to which 3 cases within the authors' experience are added.
The occurrence of elemental sulphur in coals

Abstract Elemental sulphur is present in many coals and sometimes constitutes as much as 5% ot the total amount of sulphur in the sample. However, three pristine samples obtained from the Premium Sample Bank at the Argonne National Laboratory are free of elemental sulphur within the detection limit (0.0005%) of a sensitive analytical method. These initial observations suggest that sulphur is not a natural constituent of coal, but that significant quantities are produced after exposure to air.
Investigating possible improvements in image quality with energy-weighting photon-counting breast CT

In an effort to improve the early stage detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, a number of research groups have been investigating the use of x-ray computerized tomography (CT) systems dedicated for use in imaging the breast. For a number of reasons, the performance of energy integrating detectors are sub-optimal for use in CT imaging of the breast. It is expected that the next generation of x-ray detectors for digital radiography and CT will have the capability of counting individually measured photons and recording their energy. In this paper, we used computer simulations to evaluate improvements in image quality that can be attained using energy weighting photon counting detectors for breast CT and a lower kVp settings. Results from this study suggest that improvements in SNR performance can be attained with photon counting detectors as compared to energy integrating detectors.
Is natural language ever really vague? A computational semantic view

The paper starts out with an observation that, in the domain of fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets, computing with words, etc., the charges from the outside that fuzziness equals probability are routinely and calmly rebuffed, but confusing fuzziness with vagueness has not been ultimately dealt with even inside the community. We leave completely aside the category of vagueness that is an artifact of approaches, both in logic and philosophy as well as trends in linguistics, such as formal semantics, that attempt to apply predicate logic of various flavors and complexity to a limited selection of language phenomena, such as quantifiers and scalars that lend themselves to such a treatment. Instead, using a computational semantic approach based on a language-independent ontology and language-specific lexicons, where each entry is anchored in and defined with the help of ontological properties and concepts, the paper claims that, unlike fuzziness, vagueness is not an inherent feature of certain words, phrases, or sentences. In fact, it is suggested that vagueness does not really exist for a human hearer and thus is just a temporary function of discourse, in which the speaker's grain size level is coarser than that of the hearer. Since hearers handle it routinely by asking for more details, the paper outlines the computational procedure emulating this ability.
On the power of Ambainis lower bounds

The polynomial method and the Ambainis lower bound (or Alb, for short) method are two main quantum lower bound techniques. While recently Ambainis showed that the polynomial method is not tight, the present paper aims at studying the power and limitation of Alb's. We first use known Alb's to derive Ω(n1.5) lower bounds for BIPARTITENESS, BIPARTITENESS MATCHING and GRAPH MATCHING, in which the lower bound for BIPARTITENESS improves the previous Ω(n) one. We then show that all the three known Ambainis lower bounds have a limitation √N min{C0(f), C1(f)}, where C0(f) and C1(f) are the 0- and 1-certificate complexities, respectively. This implies that for many problems such as TRIANGLE, k-CLIQUE, BIPARTITENESS and BIPARTITE/GRAPH MATCHING which draw wide interest and whose quantum query complexities are still open, the best known lower bounds cannot be further improved by using Ambainis techniques. Another consequence is that all the Ambainis lower bounds are not tight. For total functions, this upper bound for Alb's can be further improved to min{√C0(f)C1(f), √NċCI(f)}, where CI(f) is the size of max intersection of a 0- and a 1-certificate set. Again this implies that Alb's cannot improve the best known lower bound for some specific problems such as AND-OR TREE, whose precise quantum query complexity is still open. Finally, we generalize the three known Alb's and give a new Alb style lower bound method, which may be easier to use for some problems.
Analysis of amino acid replacements resulting from frameshift and missense mutations in the tryptophan synthetase A gene of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Single and multiple amino acid replacements associated with reversion of mutants with amino acid changes at position 210 in the A protein of the tryptophan synthetase gene of Escherichia coli were studied. Mutants A46Asp and A46Asp MUT were obtained from A46 by “suppressor selection”. These strains contain aspartic acid at position 210 and both yielded primary-site revertants containing Asp → Ala, Asp → Gly, Asp → Asn, and Asp → Val amino acid replacements. Since A46Asp and A46Asp MUT are concluded to have the codons GAU and GAC, respectively, specifying the aspartic acid residue at position 210, the observed amino acid changes provide confirmation in vivo for the codons GGU, GGC (glycine); GCU, GCC (alanine); GUU, GUC (valine); and AAU, AAC (asparagine). These results also support the conclusion that single mutational events resulting in single amino acid replacements are restricted to single nucleotide changes. A novel class of revertants of mutant A46Asp was also obtained in which the reversion event was due to a frameshift mutation. A further mutational analysis was necessary before the A proteins from these strains could be analysed. In one case analysed, the amino acid sequence -Leu-Gln-Asp-Phe-Gly- in the A protein of mutant A46Asp was changed to -Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Cys- as the result of two spontaneous mutational events. This change can be explained by assuming that the revertant contains frameshift changes of opposite types (both addition and deletion). These amino acid changes provide confirmation in vivo for the following codons which have been deduced by others on the basis of in vitro studies: GAU (aspartic acid); UUG (leucine); AUU (isoleucine); CAG (glutamine); UUU (phenylalanine); GCA (alanine); GGA (glycine).
The origin of insect thermoregulatory studies.

![Figure][1] Some `classic' papers shine for their sheer brilliance and thoroughness. They put an end to argument. Others pioneer a new method that opens up novel directions of research, or they focus on a previously ignored work and bring it to light. Still others have impact because they
Multimodality CMR detection of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and depressed systolic function: superiority of coronary MRI compared to late gadolinium enhancement

Introduction Heart failure (HF) with depressed systolic function is increasingly prevalent in the United States with coronary artery disease (CAD) the most common etiology. Definitive determination of an ischemic vs. non-ischemic etiology of HF often requires invasive x-ray coronary angiography. Both coronary magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) have shown promise in the non-invasive detection of CAD in HF patients.
Semibundle decompositions of 3-manifolds and the twisted cofundamental group

Abstract In this paper we study “semibundle decompositions” of 3-manifolds, that is, decompositions of 3-manifolds as unions of twisted I -bundles over nonorientable surfaces. The primary algebraic tool in this study is a certain easily defined, homotopy-theoretic, abelian group, which we call the “twisted cofundamental group”. The main technical work in this paper is the construction of a natural isomorphism between the twisted cofundamental group and a certain one-dimensional cohomology group with “twisted integer” coefficients. We use this isomorphism to determine the structure of the twisted cofundamental group, and we also formulate a “Stallings' fibration theorem” for semibundles.
Three Principles for Market-Based Credit Regulation

A key lesson of the financial crisis 2007-09 is that the Bagehot Rule, "lend freely but at a high rate," needs to be updated for the emerging market-based credit system. A modern rule is suggested: Markets, not Banks; Outside spread, not Inside spread; Core, not Periphery.
Temperature measurements in shock tubes using a laser-based absorption technique.

A laser-based technique for monitoring temperature in shock tube flows is reported. The method employs a rapid-tuning ring-dye laser to record the fully resolved absorption spectrum of the R1(7) and R1(11) lines of OH near 306.5 nm. The temperature is inferred from the ratio of the peak absorption coefficients of the two lines. Comparisons with calculated reflected shock temperatures show agreement within ±3% for the 1300–3500 K range.
The mechanism of inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteinase by 2′-deoxyadenosine

Abstract S-Adenosylhomocysteinase (SAHase) is irreversibly inactivated by 2′-deoxyadenosine (Hirshfield, M.S. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254 , 22–25). In the course of this inactivation, 2′dAd becomes tightly bound to the enzyme, i.e., cannot be removed by gel filtration or dialysis. Inactivation is accompanied by reduction of the enzyme bound NAD. When the inactivated enzyme is denatured, no 2′dAd is recovered. Adenine equivalent to about 80% of the bound 2′dAd is isolated. It is proposed that 2′-deoxyadenosine is first oxidized to 3′-keto-2-deoxyadenosine by enzyme bound NAD. The 3′keto group activates the hydrogen at C-2′ and facilitates elimination of adenine.
Stonewalls: Experiments in Intelligent Drafting

Algorithms for the derivation and drafting of stonewalls are discussed and illustrated. They are of two basic types. Stone-by-stone algorithms which simulate procedures known to be applied in practice, and joint-by-joint algorithms which pursue techniques aimed at deriving "good" results without simulating known procedures.
The JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: lineage specificity and clinical correlates

An association between an activating JAK2 mutation (JAK2(V617F)) and BCR/ABL-negative myeloproliferative disorders was recently reported in multiple simultaneous publications. In the current study, mutation analysis for JAK2(V617F) was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 157 patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) including 117 with agnogenic (AMM), 22 with postpolycythaemic (PPMM), and 18 with post-thrombocythaemic (PTMM) myeloid metaplasia. The detection rate for JAK2(V617F) was significantly higher in PPMM (91%; homozygous in 18%) compared with either AMM (45.3%; homozygous in 2.6%) or PTMM (38.9%; homozygous in 11.1%). Concomitant analysis in granulocytes (n=57) and CD34(+) cells (n=25) disclosed a higher incidence of homozygous JAK2(V617F) mutation but the overall mutation rate was similar to that obtained from PBMC. JAK2(V617F) was not detected in DNA derived from T cells (n=19). In AMM, the presence of JAK2(V617F) was associated with an older age at diagnosis and a history of thrombosis or pruritus. Multivariate analysis identified only age and the Dupriez prognostic score as independent prognostic factors; JAK2(V617F) had no prognostic significance. In conclusion, JAK2(V617F) is a myeloid lineage-specific event, its incidence in MMM is significantly higher with an antecedent history of polycythaemia vera (PV), and its presence in AMM does not affect prognosis but is associated with PV-characteristic clinical features.
Real-time in vivo imaging of platelets, tissue factor and fibrin during arterial thrombus formation in the mouse.

We have used confocal and widefield microscopy to image thrombus formation in real time in the microcirculation of a living mouse. This system provides high-speed, near-simultaneous acquisition of images of multiple fluorescent probes and of a brightfield channel. Vascular injury is induced with a laser focused through the microscope optics. We observed platelet deposition, tissue factor accumulation and fibrin generation after laser-induced endothelial injury in a single developing thrombus. The initiation of blood coagulation in vivo entailed the initial accumulation of tissue factor on the upstream and thrombus–vessel wall interface of the developing thrombus. Subsequently tissue factor was associated with the interior of the thrombus. Tissue factor was biologically active, and was associated with fibrin generation within the thrombus.
Laboratory Models of Circulation in Shallow Seas

Three laboratory experiments are described. The first was made to observe the flow field of circulation in a model given by Stommel & Leetmaa (1972). The experiment consisted of a very shallow (1 or 2 cm deep) annulus with an inner heated wall of radius 25 cm and a cooled outer wall of radius 57 cm, all mounted on a turntable. When the Ekman number was large the flow was steady and resembled the solutions for a non-rotating estuary given by Hansen & Rattray (1965), but when the Ekman number was small the flow became time-dependent. Values of shear and stratification obtained from theory indicate that the flowing water probably underwent baroclinic instability. It appears that such instability may develop on real shelves. The second experiment consisted of a shallow sea of constant depth bounded by a deep ocean through a uniformly sloping continental rise. The experiment is cooled from above and there is a region that exhibits sinking convection cells, which form the coldest water. This water then spills off the right-hand side of the shallow sea (looking downstream for counterclockwise rotation) and forms bottom water in the deep experimental ocean. The third experiment is a rotating version of the dam-break problem in which a density current is generated after a barrier has been removed. The rotation causes the current to lean against the right-hand wall (looking downstream for counterclockwise rotation) and turbulent eddies are detrained to the side rather than vertically.
Effects of Severe Hemorrhagic Hypotension on the Vasculature of the Chicken

We have recently reported that hemorrhage to a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 50 mm Hg in the chicken has no effect on total peripheral resistance or skeletal muscle vascular resistance (judged from changes in limb perfusion pressure (P,) during constant blood flow). In the present study we report the effect of a more severe hemorrhagic hypotension (MABP = 25 mm Hg) on skeletal muscle vascular resistance in the constantly perfused hindlimb of the chicken following severance of the sciatic nerve trunk, bilateral cervical vagotomy, a-adrenergic blockade, or during artificial perfusion of the head with arterial blood. Concentrations of serotonin (SER), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) in plasma were determined at different levels of hypotension. While hemorrhage to MABP = 50 mm Hg had no effect on P,, a further hemorrhage to MABP = 25 mm Hg produced a sharp rise in P, which was unaffected by severance of the sciatic nerve truck or bilateral cervical vagotomy. This vasoconstriction could be completely eliminated by intraarterial infusion of phentolamine or by pump perfusing the head during the hypotensive interval. Furthermore, concentrations of SER, DA, and NE were significantly elevated only when the rise in P, was evident. We conclude that the vasoconstrictor response to severe hemorrhagic hypotension in the chicken is primarily mediated by an increase in circulating catechol- amines due to cerebral ischemia, rather than a baroreflex.
Experimental observations of fracture dissolution: The role of Peclet number on evolving aperture variability

[1] Dissolution of the surfaces of rock fractures can cause significant alteration of the fracture void space (aperture) and fracture permeability (k). Both surface reaction rates and transport of reactants within the fracture can limit local dissolution. We investigated the role of Peclet number (Pe), a measure of the relative importance of advective and diffusive transport of reactants, on fracture dissolution in two identical transparent analog fractures with different initial values of Pe (Peo). High-resolution light-transmission techniques provided direct measurements of the evolving aperture field during each experiment. For Peo = 54 distinct dissolution channels formed, while for Peo = 216 we measured minimal channeling and a reduction in short wavelength aperture variability. The nature of the dissolution patterns strongly influenced the relative increase in k. A 110% increase in the mean aperture due to dissolution resulted in estimated permeability increases of 440% and 640% for the Peo =5 4 and Peo = 216 experiments, respectively. INDEX TERMS: 5104 Physical Properties of Rocks: Fracture and flow; 5114 Physical Properties of Rocks: Permeability and porosity; 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport. Citation: Detwiler, R. L., R. J. Glass, and W. L. Bourcier, Experimental observations of fracture dissolution: The role of Peclet number on evolving aperture variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1648, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017396, 2003.
Antioxidant‐associated color problems in vinyl foams

Investigations of chemically-blown vinyl foam systems, based on electrical grade plasticizers, have shown that the inclusion of 2,2′-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA) as an antioxidant results in color formation in the finished foam. Color formation appears to be due to interactions between BPA and the azodicarbonamide blowing agent. Metal ion(s) present in vinyl stabilizer/kickers are also shown to have an effect on color hue though not on color development per se. Mechanisms for the development of quinoidal and diazo color bodies, based on the reaction of BPA and azodicarbonamide are postulated. Based on these reaction mechanisms, it is shown that it is possible to choose an antioxidant that will not interact with azodicarbonamide. A rudimentary screening procedure is described for evaluating these systems.
X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel

Voltage-dependent K+ channels are members of the family of voltage-dependent cation (K+, Na+ and Ca2+) channels that open and allow ion conduction in response to changes in cell membrane voltage. This form of gating underlies the generation of nerve and muscle action potentials, among other processes. Here we present the structure of KvAP, a voltage-dependent K+ channel from Aeropyrum pernix. We have determined a crystal structure of the full-length channel at a resolution of 3.2 A, and of the isolated voltage-sensor domain at 1.9 A, both in complex with monoclonal Fab fragments. The channel contains a central ion-conduction pore surrounded by voltage sensors, which form what we call 'voltage-sensor paddles'-hydrophobic, cationic, helix-turn-helix structures on the channel's outer perimeter. Flexible hinges suggest that the voltage-sensor paddles move in response to membrane voltage changes, carrying their positive charge across the membrane.
Gas Diffusion Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using In situ Modified Carbon Papers with Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanoforest

Gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) enable the distribution of reactant gases to the reaction zone in the catalyst layers by controlling the water in the pore channels apart from providing electrical and mechanical support to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In the present work, we report the in situ growth of carbon nanotubes nanoforest (CNN) directly onto macro-porous carbon paper substrates. The surface property as analysed by a Goniometer showed that the CNN/carbon paper surface is highly hydrophobic. CNN/carbon paper was employed as a GDL in an MEA using Nafion-212 membrane as an electrolyte and evaluated in single cell PEMFCs. While the GDLs prepared by wire-rod coating process have major performance losses at lower humidities, the in situ CNN/carbon paper, developed in this work, shows very stable performance at all humidity conditions demonstrating a significant improvement for fuel cell performance. The CNN/carbon-based MEAs showed very stable performance with power density values of ∼1,100 and 550 mW cm–2, respectively, both using O2 and air as oxidants at ambient pressure.
Archaeological applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: an example from the Coso Volcanic Field, California, using advanced statistical signal processing analysis

Over the past quarter century, multielement chemical analysis has become a common means for attributing the provenance of archaeological materials. The Coso Volcanic Field (CVF) in California, USA, contains at least 38 high-silica rhyolite domes, many of which contain obsidian glass that has been quarried for tools by the indigenous population for more than 12,000 years. Artifacts made from CVF obsidian are found throughout the southwestern United States and geochemical sourcing of CVF obsidian has been an important tool in understanding prehistoric Native American trading patterns. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple atomic emission spectroscopic technique that has the potential for real-time man-portable chemical analysis in the field. Because LIBS is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, a single laser shot can be used to record the broadband emission spectra, which provides a “chemical fingerprint” of a material. Single-shot broadband LIBS spectra were collected using a commercial benchtop LIBS system for 27 obsidian samples from major sites across the CVF and four additional sites in California and western Nevada outside of CVF. Classification of the samples was performed using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), a common chemometric technique suitable for performing regression on high-dimensional data. Provenance identification for the obsidian samples was evaluated for three separate labeling frameworks. The first framework consisted of a binary classification problem to distinguish CVF samples from non-CVF samples. The second approach focused on the CVF samples with labels that corresponded to the eight separate Coso sites encompassed by the 27 samples. In the third analysis, non-CVF samples were excluded, and the remaining 27 CVF samples were labeled based on groupings defined from previous major and trace element chemical studies, which reduces the number of possible classes from eight to four. Different aspects of the classifier setup considered in this study include the training/testing routine (a 27-fold leave-one-sample-out setup versus a simple split of the data into separate sets for training and evaluation), the number of latent variables used in the regression model, and whether PLSDA operating on the entire broadband LIBS spectrum is superior to that using only a selected subset of LIBS emission lines. The results point to the robustness of the PLSDA technique and suggest that LIBS analysis combined with the appropriate statistical signal processing has the potential to be a useful tool for chemical analysis of archaeological artifacts and geological specimens.
Development of Novel Enkephalin Analogues that Have Enhanced Opioid Activities at Both μ and δ Opioid Receptors

Enkephalin analogues with a 4-anilidopiperidine scaffold have been designed and synthesized to achieve therapeutic benefit for the treatment of pain due to mixed mu and delta opioid agonist activities. Ligand 16, in which a Dmt-substituted enkephalin-like structure was linked to the N-phenyl-N-piperidin-4-yl propionamide moiety, showed very high binding affinities (0.4 nM) at mu and delta receptors with an increased hydrophobicity (aLogP = 2.96). This novel lead compound was found to have very potent agonist activities in MVD (1.8 nM) and GPI (8.5 nM) assays.
Comment—Power Is as Power Does

I am in agreement with what I take to be Max Travers' (2006) central point: that the various disciplines that comprise the diffuse field of law and language studies should converge on "a third way of understanding the issue of context" (446). This third way, he hopes, will reconcile conversation analysis, which he views as methodologically powerful but theoretically limited, and ethnographically based research that seeks to "relate what happens in talk to wider structures of inequality" (454). I also find plausible his suggestion that a model for the third way can be found in "the sociological traditions of ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism" (446), though I wish he had developed it more fully in this sometimes meandering article. The reservations I have are thus not about Travers' conclusions, but the path he takes to reach them, in particular his treatment of the existing research traditions. He writes in an argumentative, sometimes polemical style that he believes (personal communication) is necessary to make people reflect critically on their assumptions. I approve: the article is lively and readable, and the critique always seems well intentioned. But the substance of his description of previous and current research sometimes strikes me as materially off the mark. Indeed, characterization seems too often to lapse into caricature. At a minimum, this can distract the reader from the thread of what is a significant argument. At worst, it might undermine Travers' credibility in the minds of the very readers he is trying to persuade. Regrettably, the problem is most serious with respect to the fundamental question of the extent to which the third way is already being realized.
A Response on Concepts, Laws and Measurement in Social Psychology:

While appreciating Kimble's (2001) praise of our paper (Wallach & Wallach, 2001), we argue against his reduction of mental states to behavioral dispositions. Crandall and Schaller (2001) make five ...
In Vitro Gene Delivery by Degraded Polyamidoamine Dendrimers

Transfection of cultured cells has been reported using complexes between DNA and spherical cationic polyamidoamine polymers (Starburst dendrimers) that consist of primary amines on the surface and tertiary amines in the interior. The transfection activity of the dendrimers is dramatically enhanced (> 50-fold) by heat treatment in a variety of solvolytic solvents, e.g., water or butanol. Such treatment induces significant degradation of the dendrimer at the amide linkage, resulting in a heterodisperse population of compounds with molecular weights ranging from the very low (< 1500 Da) to several tens of kilodaltons. The compound facilitating transfection is the high molecular weight component of the degraded product and is denoted as a "fractured" dendrimer. Transfection activity is related both to the initial size of the dendrimer and its degree of degradation. Fractured dendrimers exhibit an increased apparent volume change as measured by an increase in the reduced viscosity upon protonation of the terminal amines as pH is reduced from 10.5 to 7.2 whereas intact dendrimers do not. Dendrimers with defective branching have been synthesized and also have improved transfection activity compared to that of the intact dendrimers. For a series of heat-treated dendrimers we observe a correlation between transfection activity and the degree of flexibility, computed with a random cleavage simulation of the degradation process. We suggest that the increased transfection after the heating process is principally due to the increase in flexibility that enables the fractured dendrimer to be compact when complexed with DNA and swell when released from DNA.
Lattice Boltzmann method based computation of the permeability of the orthogonal plain-weave fabric preforms

Changes in the permeability tensor of fabric preforms caused by various modes of fabric distortion and fabric-layers shifting and compacting is one of the key factors controlling resin flow during the infiltration stage of the common polymer-matrix composite liquid-molding processes. While direct measurements of the fabric permeability tensor generally yield the most reliable results, a large number of fabric architectures used and numerous deformation and layers rearrangement modes necessitates the development and the use of computational models for prediction of the preform permeability tensor. The Lattice Boltzmann method is used in the present work to study the effect of the mold walls, the compaction pressure, the fabric-tows shearing and the fabric-layers shifting on the permeability tensor of preforms based on orthogonal balanced plain-weave fabrics. The model predictions are compared with their respective experimental counterparts available in the literature and a reasonably good agreement is found between the corresponding sets of results.
Cloud refactoring: automated transitioning to cloud-based services

Using cloud-based services can improve the performance, reliability, and scalability of a software application. However, transitioning an application to use cloud-based services is difficult, costly, and error-prone. The required re-engineering effort includes migrating to the cloud the functionality to be accessed as remote cloud-based services and re-targeting the client code accordingly. In addition, the client must be able to detect and handle the faults raised in the process of invoking the services. As a means of streamlining this transitioning, we developed a set of refactoring techniques--automated, IDE-assisted program transformations that eliminate the need to change programs by hand. In particular, we show how a programmer can extract services, add fault tolerance functionality, and adapt client code to invoke cloud services via refactorings integrated with a modern IDE. As a validation, we have applied our approach to automatically transform two third-party Java applications to use cloud-based services. We have also applied our approach to re-engineer a suite of services operated by General Electric to use cloud-based resources to better satisfy the GE business requirements.
A measure of work attitudes for high-school-age youth

Abstract A multidimensional self-report measure of work attitudes of high-school-age youth was developed from the responses of 5000 high school students in grades 9 through 12. The measure, derived factor-analytically, consists of nineteen 5-item Likert scales and ten 10-item pair-comparison scales, covering such topics as attitudes toward work, vocational needs and preferences, expectations about working, perceptions of the labor market and its institutions, and basic beliefs and values about work. A 30th scale, response consistency, is derived from the pair-comparison items. A normative administration on 9000 high school students showed that the scales were reliable and independent.