cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Work Abstracts Fails Again: A Replication and Extension

Objective: According to a prior study, there are substantial lapses in journal coverage in the Social Work Abstracts (SWA) database. The current study provides a replication and extension. Method: The longitudinal pattern of coverage of thirty-three journals categorized in SWA as core journals (published in the 1989-1996 period) is examined. Results: The proportion of issues missing from SWA is significantly greater than 0, increase over time, and is significantly biased in favor of NASW journals. Conclusion: The errors in SWA reported here, combined with those previously reported, will exert a long-term negative impact on scholarship unless their existence becomes known to all SWA users and they take steps to compensate for the situation.
Safety and efficacy of elective carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carotid artery stenting (CAS) in high risk patients. BACKGROUND Carotid endarterectomy (CE) has been shown to be more effective than medical therapy, but it has limitations. Carotid artery stenting may be a reasonable alternative, particularly in high-risk patients. METHODS We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of CAS in 170 consecutive patients who underwent the procedure in 192 carotid arteries. Of the patients enrolled, 129 (76%) would have been excluded from the major trials of CE and 54 (32%) were referred by vascular surgeons. This series represents a very high-risk group that included patients with unstable angina, previous ipsilateral CE, contralateral carotid artery occlusion and other severe comorbid illnesses. Only 25 (24%) of 104 symptomatic patients would have met the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) entry criteria. The patients’ mean age was 73 ± 8 years (95 confidence interval [CI] 57 to 89), and 42 patients (25%) were ≥80 years old. Patients had an independent neurologic examination before and after the procedure. RESULTS The procedural success rate was 99%, including 73 patients who had a coronary intervention. Mean carotid artery stenosis was 78 ± 10% before (95 CI 58 to 98) and 2 ± 3% after the procedure (95 CI −4 to 8). During the initial hospital period and 30 days after CAS, there was one major and two category 2 minor strokes, as well as two category 1 minor strokes (total 30-day stroke rate was 2.9% for treated patients or 2.6% for treated arteries). There were no myocardial infarctions or deaths during or within 30 days of CAS. None of the NASCET-eligible patients had a stroke. At a mean follow-up of 19 ± 11 months, three patients (2%) had asymptomatic restenosis. No other major strokes or neurologic deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS Carotid artery stenting is feasible, can be performed even in high-risk patients and is associated with a low restenosis rate.
On the geometric form of solutions of a free boundary problem involving galvanization

In [6], T. I. Vogel studied a free boundary problem originating in the galvanization process. He showed that if the given boundary Γ* is starlike or convex, then so is the free boundary solution Γ. Our purpose is to generalize Vogel's second result by showing (under certain assumptions) that Γ cannot have more (local) maxima or minima (relative to a given direction) than Γ*; also that Γ cannot have more inflection points or greater total curvature than Γ*. The author has already proven analogous results for the Bernoulli free boundary problem in [1], [2] and [3].
THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN 200 DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS HEARTWORM INFESTATION

Thoracic radiographs of 200 dogs with spontaneously occurring heartworm disease were reviewed. Radiographs of 28 dogs (14%) were normal. In the remaining 172 dogs various combinations of cardiopulmonary abnormalties were found. The most frequently observed combination, noted in 61 of 200 dogs, was right ventricular, main pulmonary, and right cranial lobar pulmonary artery enlargemetn. Dogs with severe increse of one parameter generally had severe increase of the other two parameters also. One hundred five of the 200 dogs had a right cranial lobar pulmonary artery of normal size. Thus, right cranial lobar pulmonary artery size, when normal, is not a sensitive indicator of the absence of heartworm disease. There was a statistically significant positive relation between the size of the caudal vena cava and that of the right ventricle.
515. Sequence Requirements for Alveolar Epithelial Cell-Specific Plasmid Nuclear Import

Top of pageAbstract Non-viral DNA gene delivery has many advantages over viral vectors, including potential for repeated administration and minimal immunological response. However, to date, the gene transfer efficiency remains low with this type of vector. This low efficiency is due to several barriers non-viral vectors must overcome prior to transgene expression. Perhaps the most important barrier in non-viral gene transfer is the nuclear envelope. In non-dividing cells, theplasmid DNA has no access to the nucleus where the transcriptional machinery resides, and thus transgenes are not expressed. However, inclusion of specific sequences termed DNA targeting sequences (DTS) on plasmids will mediate nuclear import via the nuclear pore complex and enhance non-viral DNA gene transfer. These sequences, when included on a plasmid, will bind newly-synthesized transcription factors in the cytoplasm and the plasmid DNA will translocate into the nucleus via the nuclear localization signals on the bound transcription factors. Additionally, we can use cell-specific DTSs to mediate nuclear import only in specific cell types, thus limiting transgene expression to the cell type of choice. Using this novel strategy, we can improve both safety and efficiency of non-viral gene therapy by targeting the nucleus of only specific cell types. We have demonstrated previously that the 365 bp fragment of the human SP-C promoter (|[minus]|318 to +47) will mediate nuclear import of plasmid DNA in alveolar epithelial cells but in no other cell types tested to date. Within this 365 nucleotide fragment, there exist several known binding sites for transcription factors. Several truncations of the SP-C promoter have been constructed, as well as mutations that will abrogate transcription factor binding to the SP-C promoter DNA. Using microinjection and in situ hybridization strategy in both A549 and MLE-12 cell lines, we have determined which sequences within the SP-C promoter are required for nuclear import these alveolar epithelial cell lines. These data gives us a further understanding as to the mechanism of DTS function, knowledge that will allow us in the future to predict or create new DTSs for targeted plasmid DNA transfer to many other cell types.
Mass of proton-rich 58Zn by pion double charge exchange

Abstract The Tz=−1 nucleus, 58Zn has been identified and its mass measured for the first time. The pion double charge exchange reaction 58 Ni (π + , π − ) 58 Zn was used to produce 58Zn and the mass scale was calibrated by means of the reaction 9 Be (π + , π − ) 9 C , which has very nearly the same Q-value. The atomic mass excess was found to be −42.295±0.050 MeV.
Startup of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors with acetic acid as the substrate.

The startup of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors, which use Manville R-633 beads as the growth support media, acetate enriched bacterial culture as the inoculum, and acetic acid as the sole substrate, is studied. Tow startup strategies are evaluated: one based on maximum and stable substrate utilization and another based on maximum substrate loading controlled by reactor pH. The startup process is characterized using a number of operational parameters.The reactors again excellent total organic carbon (TOC) removal (i.e., > 97% at a feed concentration of 5000 mg TOC/L) and stable methane production (i.e., 0.90 L CH(4)/g TOC, where TOC(r) is TOC removed) at a early stage of the startup process, regardless of the strategies applied. The loading can be increased rapidly without the danger of being overloaded. Significant losses of growth support media and biomass caused by gas effervescence at higher loadings limits the maximum loading that can be safely applied during startup process.A high reactor immobilized biomass inventory is achievable using the porous growth support media (e.g., Manville 633 beads). A rapid increase in loading creates a substrate rich environment that yields more viable reactor biomass. Both substrate utilization rate (batch and continuous) and immobilized biomass inventory stabilize concomitantly at the late stage of the startup process, indicating the attainment of steady-state conditions in reactors. Therefore, they are better parameters that TOC removal and methane production for characterizing the entire startup process of aerobic fluidized bed reactor.The strategy based on maximum substrate loading controlled by reactor pH significantly shortens the startup time. In this case, the reactor attains steady-state conditions approximately 140 days after startup. On the other hand, a startup time of 200 days is required when the strategy based maximum substrate utilization is adopted.
Autonomic tuning of a two predator, one prey system via commensalism

Abstract A single equilibrium point consisting of two predators has been said to be infinitely improbable [1]. It is shown here however that a simple modification of one parameter, to incorporate commensal foraging, can facilitate autonomic tuning of the predation rate of the commensalist and so enable the two predators to coexist. Conditions for the existence, and the stability of the equilibrium point are derived. An application of the model to the relationship between tuna and dolphin is briefly discussed.
Infra-red spectra of inorganic solids—II oxides, nitrides, carbides, and borides

Abstract A series of oxide, nitride, carbide, and boride samples were scanned in the rock-salt region of the infra-red. The KBr disk technique was employed for the examination. The spectra show certain characteristic bands for each of the sets of compounds studied. Changes in band position for the major bands were noted with changes in mass for a number of the samples.
From biophotonics toward nanobiophotonics: Breaking the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength nanoscale

We present fundamental principals and features of novel approaches in biophotonics and nanobiophotonics field for biomedical applications with spatial resolution beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength (below 100 nm) nanoscale range.
‘Ryanopathy’: causes and manifestations of RyR2 dysfunction in heart failure

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), a Ca2+ release channel on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), plays a key role in determining the strength of the heartbeat by supplying Ca2+ required for contractile activation. Abnormal RyR2 function is recognized as an important part of the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). While in the normal heart, the balance between the cytosolic and intra-SR Ca2+ regulation of RyR2 function maintains the contraction–relaxation cycle, in HF, this behaviour is compromised by excessive post-translational modifications of the RyR2. Such modification of the Ca2+ release channel impairs the ability of the RyR2 to properly deactivate leading to a spectrum of Ca2+-dependent pathologies that include cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and structural remodelling. In this article, we present an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the underlying causes and pathological consequences of abnormal RyR2 function in the failing heart. We also discuss the implications of these findings for HF therapy.
Glutamate dehydrogenase deficiency in three patients with spinocerebellar syndrome

Four nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-requiring enzymes were measured in disrupted cultured skin fibroblasts from a 19-year-old patient with juvenile onset of a spinocerebellar and extrapyramidal syndrome. There was marked reduction in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (22% of mean control activity); GDH activity was also decreased in homogenates of leukocytes from this patient (38% of mean control activity). GDH activity was measured in the leukocytes of two siblings afflicted with adult-onset spinocerebellar syndrome and found to be decreased in both (29% and 31% of mean control activity); an unaffected sibling had normal GDH activity. Mixing experiments with control fibroblast and leukocyte homogenates did not show the presence of a GDH inhibitor in cells from these patients. This allosterically regulated enzyme was stimulated by adenosine 5′-diphosphate (10−3 M) and inhibited by guanosine 5′-triphosphate (10−3 M) in both fibroblast and leukocyte homogenates; these changes occurred in equal proportions in the patients and controls. The decreased fibroblast and leukocyte GDH activity persisted at different concentrations of the enzyme's substrates and with successive passages of cultured fibroblasts. GDH may have an important role in the metabolism of glutamate, a putative neurotransmitter in cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. A genetic deficiency of GDH may underlie some forms of spinocerebellar ataxias.
FQM: a fast quality measure for efficient transmission of textured 3D models

In this paper, we propose an efficient transmission method to stream textured 3D models. We develop a bit-allocation algorithm that distributes the bit budget between the geometry and the mapped texture to maximize the quality of the model displayed on the client's screen. Both the geometry and the texture are progressively and independently compressed. The resolutions for the geometry and the texture are selected to maximize the quality for a given bitrate. We further propose a novel and fast quality measure (FQM) to quantify the perceptual fidelity of the simplified model. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed bit-allocation algorithm using FQM. For example, when the bit budget is 10KB, the quality of the Zebra model is improved by 15% using the proposed method compared to distributing the bit budget equally between the geometry and the texture.
Effect of initial correlations on short-time decoherence

We study the effect of initial correlations on the short-time decoherence of a particle linearly coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators. We analytically evaluate the attenuation coefficient of the superposition of two wave packets both for a free and a harmonically bound particle, with and without initial thermal correlations between the particle and the bath. While short-time decoherence appears to be independent of the system in the absence of initial correlations, we find on the contrary that, for initial thermal correlations, decoherence becomes system dependent even for times much shorter than the characteristic time of the system. The temperature behavior of this system dependence is discussed.
Spontaneous polarization of the perovskite NaCaF3 by simulated annealing

Abstract Electric polarization vs. applied electric field is determined by a simulated annealing Monte Carlo method for the cubic perovskite NaCaF3. A simulation system consisting of 8 40-ion subdomains with periodic boundary conditions is chosen as the model for first determining the average domain polarization at the solid's saturation point. The maximum polarization of this system occurs along the polar [111] axis of NaCaF3 at 475K where a value of 64.8 °C/cm2 is calculated. The spontaneous polarization measured with an electric field then reduced reversibly along [111] is equal to 38.0 °C/cm2. Upon reduction of the field from its maximum value of 5.17 × 105 V/cm this spontaneous polarization is maintained and thus the ferroelectric behavior of this perovskite is demonstrated by a constant pressure Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.
Generalized Quasi-Likelihood Ratio Tests for Semiparametric Analysis of Covariance Models in Longitudinal Data

ABSTRACTWe model generalized longitudinal data from multiple treatment groups by a class of semiparametric analysis of covariance models, which take into account the parametric effects of time dependent covariates and the nonparametric time effects. In these models, the treatment effects are represented by nonparametric functions of time and we propose a generalized quasi-likelihood ratio test procedure to test if these functions are identical. Our estimation procedure is based on profile estimating equations combined with local linear smoothers. We find that the much celebrated Wilks phenomenon which is well established for independent data still holds for longitudinal data if a working independence correlation structure is assumed in the test statistic. However, this property does not hold in general, especially when the working variance function is misspecified. Our empirical study also shows that incorporating correlation into the test statistic does not necessarily improve the power of the test. The ...
Lanthanide-halide-based nanoscintillators for portable radiological detectors

Colloidal synthesis of core/shell nanocrystals with cerium-doped lanthanum fluoride core and undoped lanthanum fluoride shell, and of core/shell nanocrystals with hygroscopic cerium-doped lanthanum bromide core and undoped lanthanum fluoride shell is reported. The nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, steady state UV-VIS optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and by photoluminescence lifetime measurements. Scintillation tests were performed on the cerium-doped lanthanum fluoride nanocrystalline material exposed to low-level gamma irradiation.
Aquatic Contact with Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins

(1987). Aquatic Contact with Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins. Anthrozoos: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 71-72.
Water Level Effects on Growth of Melaleuca Seedlings from Lake Okeechobee (Florida, USA) Littoral Zone.

is expanding rapidly throughout seasonally wet areas of southern Florida (USA), including the littoral zone of Lake Okeechobee. Natural resource managers are concerned that a lower lake level regulation schedule under consideration for Lake Okeechobee, while potentially beneficial to overall ecosystem health, might increase the rate of Melaleuca expansion. To investigate this possibility, Melaleuca saplings (harvested from the littoral zone) and 7-week-old seedlings (grown from harvested seeds) were subjected to various hydroperiod treatments in replicated mesocosms. Hydroperiod treatments were selected based on a simulation of historical water level variations. Saplings grew taller under longer hydroperiods with fluctuating water levels, including periods of submersion. Time since germination affected the response of seedlings to inundation. Submersed 7-week-old seedlings grew slower and had less biomass than submersed 12-week-old seedlings, yet mortality was low at both ages. Melaleuca's plasticity allows it to adapt to hypoxic, aquatic conditions by means of aquatic heterophylly and adventitious roots. Algae and drought also increased mortality. Based on faster growth of Melaleuca under longer hydroperiods and its adaptability to seasonal flooding, a lower lake regulation schedule may not stimulate its expansion. Therefore, water levels should not be manipulated only to control Melaleuca. Control of Melaleuca should continue using current practices such as manual removal or chemical treatment.
On the stability of differentiability of semigroups

LetA be the infinitesimal generator of aC 0-semigroup. The semigroup generated byA is called differentiable ifA exp (At) is bounded for everyt>0. In this note, an example is given of an operatorA and a bounded operatorB such that the semigroup generated byA is differentiable but the semigroup generated byA+B is not. This gives a negative answer to a question of Pazy.
The reorganization of reef communities following the end-Permian mass extinction

Abstract The transition from Permian to Triassic time, amidst the largest extinction in the history of life, is characterized by the loss of metazoan reefs followed by a protracted and total reorganization of reef ecosystems. This restructuring of reefs was permanent, and involved a succession from the Permian reef optimum to their total demise, followed by a long-term absence of metazoan reefs in the Early Triassic and then ultimately a delayed recovery in the Middle Triassic. During the end-Permian mass extinction, reef building metazoans suffered a major extinction that resulted in a severe drop in reef skeletal carbonate production by > 99%. Following the extinction, microbial reefs that formed without metazoans took over for 5–6 Myr during the entire Early Triassic. This microbial reef resurgence has been widely studied and is thought to represent long-term environmental stress related to the end-Permian mass extinction that suppressed the recovery of metazoans while simultaneously fostering microbialite development. In the Middle Triassic, metazoans reefs became re-established, although pre-extinction biodiversity values were not attained until the Late Triassic. To cite this article: S.B. Pruss, D.J. Bottjer, C. R. Palevol 4 (2005) .
Developing the Mental Health Workforce: Review and Application of Training Approaches from Multiple Disciplines

Strategies specifically designed to facilitate the training of mental health practitioners in evidence-based practices (EBPs) have lagged behind the development of the interventions themselves. The current paper draws from an interdisciplinary literature (including medical training, adult education, and teacher training) to identify useful training and support approaches as well as important conceptual frameworks that may be applied to training in mental health. Theory and research findings are reviewed, which highlight the importance of continued consultation/support following training workshops, congruence between the training content and practitioner experience, and focus on motivational issues. In addition, six individual approaches are presented with careful attention to their empirical foundations and potential applications. Common techniques are highlighted and applications and future directions for mental health workforce training and research are discussed.
Does Homework Matter? An Investigation of Teacher Perceptions About Homework Practices for Children From Nondominant Backgrounds

It is common for teachers in all districts across the United States to give homework to their students. Given the rising numbers of children from nondominant backgrounds1 in American schools, a question that merits consideration is how children from nondominant backgrounds—particularly in large urban centers—are impacted by teachers' homework practices. In this study we explored why teachers in one large U.S. urban center assign homework, the kinds of homework teachers assign, and teachers' beliefs about the impact of this homework on their students' success at school. We collected surveys from 133 elementary school teachers (grades K through middle school) and interviewed a subgroup of 27 teachers from the larger group. Results revealed that although most teachers engaged in homework practices that were similar to those identified in current research (e.g., giving students skills based practice in math and spelling, in particular), most of the teachers in our study did make provisions for the fact that m...
New-class dissent among social-cultural specialists: The effects of occupational self-direction and location in the public sector

Recent research suggests that new-class dissent is concentrated among the “social-cultural specialists” Kristol identifies as the principal critics of a business culture. Kohn's research on the micro-foundations of “authoritarian conservatism” suggests a plausible explanation centered on the subjective effects of occupational self-direction, a variable curiously missing from other models of new-class dissent. An alternative explanation, derived from state-centered theories of the new class, points instead to the concentration of these “social-sicence and arts-related occupations” outside the commercial economy. Using covariance structure analysis of new survey data, this study finds that occupational self-direction entails a propensity to question systemic inequities and a reluctance to “blame the victims” of poverty and discrimination. The antibusiness animus of Kristol's counterelites, conversely, arises in spite of, not because of, their highly self-directed work, reflecting instead their concentration in the public and nonprofit sectors.
Five Years of Breeding for High and Low Percentage of Thick Albumen in the Eggs of Rhode Island Reds

Abstract EVERY egg that is classified below the top grade represents an economic loss that increases as the grade lowers. These lower grades are in part responsible for the wide difference in price paid by the consumer. Therefore any improvement in the quality of eggs that can be made through breeding is decidedly in the interest of the producer and consumer alike. Although much attention has been given to the handling of eggs in order to maintain their quality, very little has been done to determine to what extent the quality of eggs can be improved by breeding. With these facts in mind, the present experiment was undertaken. Holst and Almquist (1931), in a study on egg quality, concluded among other things that the percentage of albumen was an individual characteristic. Lorenz, Taylor, and Almquist (1934) stated that data presented indicated that genetic factors exist which control, at least partially, the . . .
Suppression of MOG- and PLP-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Using a Novel Multivalent Bifunctional Peptide Inhibitor

Abstract Previously, bifunctional peptide inhibitors (BPI) with a single antigenic peptide have been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner. In this study, a multivalent BPI (MVB MOG/PLP ) with two antigenic peptides derived from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG 38–50 ) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP 139–151 ) was evaluated in suppressing MOG 38–50 - and PLP 139–151 -induced EAE. MVB MOG/PLP significantly suppressed both models of EAE even when there was some evidence of epitope spreading in the MOG 38–50 -induced EAE model. In addition, MVB MOG/PLP was found to be more effective than PLP-BPI and MOG-BPI in suppressing MOG 38–50 -induced EAE. Thus, the development of MVB molecules with broader antigenic targets can lead to suppression of epitope spreading in EAE.
Onsite psychological evaluation of a hostage taker.

Summary.-Many law enforcement agencies have responded to the challenge of dealing with hostage situations by developing negotiation teams that include psychological consultants. These consultants are useful in determining whether the hostage taker is mentally ill and suggesting possible strategies for negotiation. The traditional psychological evaluation must be modified to fit the unique stresses and requirements of a hostage situation. Suggested is an onsite assessment that includes a mental status evaluation based on observation of a client and a selective history taken from collateral sources. Law enforcement agencies which are called upon to deal with situations involving barricaded subjects or persons who have taken hostages are often much more successful in bringing negotiations to a peaceful close when a psychologically trained consultant is a member of the negotiating team (Powitzky, 1979). Many psychologists, who have not had specialized training in developing skills in nontraditiond psychological assessments which are necessary in hostage situations, are called upon to assist negotiating teams. Some modules in police psychology designed to enable already practicing clinicians to improve their competency in this area are currently being developed. It is the author's belief that the addition of a psychologist to the negotiation team should greatly enhance the probability of the team facilitating nonviolent solutions to such crises. This paper aIso outlines a method which allows psychologists trained in traditional psychological assessment to adapt such training to fit the requirements of an onsite hostage situation. While psychologists may provide a variety of functions on police negotiation teams, one of their most useful functions is helping the negotiator understand the hostage taker so the team's mission might be successful (Powitzky, 1979). At the scene of a hostage or barricade situation, the negotiators' primary missions are to convince the subject that violence is an unreasonable outcome to the conflict and that a successful resolution acceptable to the hostage taker and law enforcement can be discovered. Negotiators using their skills to suggest, convince, and persuade must talk perpetrators into doing something that initially they do not want to do. The ~sychologist3s assess
Notes on the Hilbert–Kunz function

Abstract We note certain properties of the Hilbert–Kunz function and Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity, including a strengthened inequality between Hilbert–Kunz and Hilbert–Samuel multiplicities and a characterization of a mixed Hilbert function incorporating both ordinary and Frobenius powers of ideals.
High-alcohol-drinking rats exhibit persistent freezing responses to discrete cues following Pavlovian fear conditioning

We previously reported that high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats exhibited selective deficits in active avoidance learning and that those deficits were partially reversed by moderate doses of ethanol under certain training conditions [Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75 (2003) 89]. In that study, we hypothesized that HAD deficits resulted from exaggerated fear in the conditioning context and that the anxiolytic properties of ethanol, along with prior exposure to the conditioning apparatus, were responsible for the facilitated avoidance learning that was observed in HAD rats following moderate doses of ethanol. The current study was designed to test whether HAD rats exhibit behaviors consistent with increased fear in aversive learning contexts. We used a standard Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm to assess behavioral freezing in HAD (HAD-1 and HAD-2) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD; LAD-1 and LAD-2) rats. No significant differences were observed between HAD-1 and HAD-2 or between LAD-1 and LAD-2 rats, indicating that the replicate lines performed similarly in this study. Both HAD and LAD rats exhibited robust fear conditioning during training. Although no differences were observed between HAD and LAD rats during fear training, HAD rats failed to extinguish freezing behavior in response to the discrete tone conditional stimulus during subsequent fear retention tests. Thus, HAD rats demonstrated prolonged cue-elicited fear that was resistant to extinction.
The use of a digital computer for the calculation of successive complex formation constants

Abstract A simple digital computer technique is described for the calculation of the successive complex formation constants in systems in which only 2 types of complexes are formed. This method should prove useful for the calculation of equilibrium constants in more complicated systems.
Using a Laminar Flow System to Explain Shear-Enhanced Bacterial Adhesion

Microfluidic parallel plate flow chambers provide a method for evaluating the role of molecular mechanics in the dynamic adhesion of cells or bacteria. We use optical microscopy for real-time monitoring of adherent cells in laminar flow conditions to study a counter-intuitive observation. Escherichia coli, our most common intestinal bacteria, require shear stress to bind to surfaces coated with mannose, a carbohydrate expressed on many host cells. In fact, even cells that are already bound will detach if the flow is turned down. Because these flow chambers involve bacteria binding to surfaces similar to biomaterial or tissue surfaces in our body, these experiments shed light on bacterial adhesion in vivo. However, flow chamber experiments can be carefully controlled so that they can also be used to determine the mechanism behind this unusual behavior. We show that the effect of shear stress on transport of bacteria to the surface cannot explain these results. Rather, increased shear stress causes bacteria to roll instead of detach and to switch to a stationary mode of adhesion.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reexamining the notion of negative face in the Japanese Socio linguistic politeness of request

Abstract This paper reconsiders Brown and Levinson’s universal theory of linguistic politeness and subsequent cross-cultural critiques, and highlights the challenges and insights of its pragmatic application in the Japanese discourse context. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses among native Japanese-speakers and native English-speakers, this paper utilizes Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory as a “heuristic device” to analyze localized conceptions, actualizations, and interpretations of requesting. By closely reexamining the notion of negative face, I explore intersubjective processes and local ideologies embedded in face-work, including “trouble” ( meiwaku ) and “social maturity” ( shakaijin ), that reveal the cultural ideation of politeness, namely the socio linguistic politeness of the Japanese context.
Aberrant activation of AMP-activated protein kinase remodels metabolic network in favor of cardiac glycogen storage.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) responds to impaired cellular energy status by stimulating substrate metabolism for ATP generation. Mutation of the γ2 regulatory subunit of AMPK in humans renders the kinase insensitive to energy status and causes glycogen storage cardiomyopathy via unknown mechanisms. Using transgenic mice expressing one of the mutant γ2 subunits (N488I) in the heart, we found that aberrant high activity of AMPK in the absence of energy deficit caused extensive remodeling of the substrate metabolism pathways to accommodate increases in both glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in the hearts of γ2 mutant mice via distinct, yet synergistic mechanisms resulting in selective fuel storage as glycogen. Increased glucose entry in the γ2 mutant mouse hearts was directed through the remodeled metabolic network toward glycogen synthesis and, at a substantially higher glycogen level, recycled through the glycogen pool to enter glycolysis. Thus, the metabolic consequences of chronic activation of AMPK in the absence of energy deficiency is distinct from those previously reported during stress conditions. These findings are of particular importance in considering AMPK as a target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Phylontal: Using Phylogenies to Align Phenotype Ontologies

Phylontal is a simple approach to generating alignments of ontologies or constructs based on controlled vocabularies that correspond to tips on a phylogeny. The method requires only a downpass (tips to root) and thus constructing alternative alignments from multiple or uncertain phylogenies may be relatively inexpensive.
Senescent Swallowing: Impact, Strategies, and Interventions

The risk for disordered oropharyngeal swallowing (dysphagia) increases with age. Loss of swallowing function can have devastating health implications, including dehydration, malnutrition, pneumonia, and reduced quality of life. Age-related changes increase risk for dysphagia. First, natural, healthy aging takes its toll on head and neck anatomy and physiologic and neural mechanisms underpinning swallowing function. This progression of change contributes to alterations in the swallowing in healthy older adults and is termed presbyphagia, naturally diminishing functional reserve. Second, disease prevalence increases with age, and dysphagia is a comorbidity of many age-related diseases and/or their treatments. Sensory changes, medication, sarcopenia, and age-related diseases are discussed herein. Recent findings that health complications are associated with dysphagia are presented. Nutrient requirements, fluid intake, and nutrition assessment for older adults are reviewed relative to dysphagia. Dysphagia screening and the pros and cons of tube feeding as a solution are discussed. Optimal intervention strategies for elders with dysphagia ranging from compensatory interventions to more rigorous exercise approaches are presented. Compelling evidence of improved functional swallowing and eating outcomes resulting from active rehabilitation focusing on increasing strength of head and neck musculature is provided. In summary, although oropharyngeal dysphagia may be life threatening, so are some of the traditional alternatives, particularly for frail, elderly patients. Although the state of the evidence calls for more research, this review indicates that the behavioral, dietary, and environmental modifications emerging in this past decade are compassionate, promising, and, in many cases, preferred alternatives to the always present option of tube feeding.
Heat transfer to molten flowing polymers

A precise, reproducible method has been developed for measuring temperature profiles in flowing molten polymers with heat transfer. Experimental data determined by this method showed that viscous dissipation occurred, but not at the level predicted theoretically. The difference between the actual and theoretical viscous dissipation was possibly due to flattening of fluid velocity profile, changing physical properties, and fluid viscoelasticity. Nusselt numbers calculated from the data checked thoretical Nusselt-Graetz solutions.
Language Skills Can a Value-Added Approach Make a Difference?

The study demonstrates the language skills value added by business writing instruction. Descriptive Tests of Language Skills of the College Board (DTLS) covering sentence structure and usage were administered as a pretest/posttest assessment to students enrolled in two business writing courses. Instruction in business writing resulted in improved language skills as measured by the DTLS.
The development of a computer system to collect descriptions of culprits

SUMMARY Recent research has demonstrated that verbal overshadowing occurs when a witness is forced to provide details of the culprit that are not readily available, but the effect does not occur when the witness is warned to provide only the information they are absolutely sure of (Meissner et al., 2001). The present study attempts to replicate this effect and to further examine the instructional manipulation in the development of a computerized identification system, PC_Eyewitness (PCE). Among other things, PCE is designed to elicit verbal descriptions from witnesses. Overall, results from this study replicate those found by Meissner et al. (2001) in demonstrating lower identification performance for participants forced to provide descriptive details. However, no verbal overshadowing was observed for the computerized feature checklist presented as either verbal features or pictorial features. Implications for the development of a computerized system of eyewitness identification are discussed. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelized Simulated Annealing for Model Updating in Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensing Networks

The engineering community has recently begun to adopt wireless sensing technologies for use in many sensing applications. These low-cost sensors provide an optimal setting for dense sensing networks, and can make large amounts of sensor data available. Also, the computational power embedded within each sensing node allows a wireless network to interrogate data within the network and in real-time. In a monitoring situation, these capabilities can be leveraged to detect and locate changes in system properties that could be an early indication of malfunction within a complex physical system. In this paper, a distributed model updating technique is embedded within the computational core of a wireless sensing network. Using a novel distributed implementation of the simulated annealing method, an ad-hoc network of wireless sensing units can determine updated system properties by iteratively matching data derived from an analytical model of the system with collected sensor data. By comparing updated system properties with those obtained in a baseline state, a wireless sensing network can detect and locate changes in the system. Experimental verification of this technique is provided on a network of wireless sensor prototypes using simulated results from a Navy ship-board chilled water system monitored with a wireless sensor network.
Real-time multi-parameter spectroscopy and localization in three-dimensional single-particle tracking.

Tracking of single particles in optical microscopy has been employed in studies ranging from material sciences to biophysics down to the level of single molecules. The technique intrinsically circumvents ensemble averaging and may therefore reveal directly mechanistic details of the involved dynamic processes. Such processes range from translational and rotational motion to spectral dynamics. We distinguish between conventional a posteriori tracking of objects (e.g. from the sequences of images) and the experimentally more refined ‘on-the-fly’ tracking technique. In this technique, the observation volume of the microscope is kept centred with respect to the moving object via a feedback algorithm. This approach brings a series of advantages in comparison with the tracking from images, ranging from a superior spatio-temporal resolution (2–50 nm and 1–32 ms) to the capability of inferring additional data (e.g. fluorescence lifetime, emission spectrum, polarization, intensity dynamics) from an object as it moves over several microns in three dimensions. In this contribution, we describe the principle of the tracking technique as implemented on a two-photon laser scanning microscope and illustrate its capabilities with experimental data, from particles labelled with different dyes moving in a liquid to the characterization of small fluorescently labelled protein assemblies in living cells.
A short proof of an inequality used by de branges in his proof of the bieberbach, robertson and milin conjectures

Clausen's formula for the product of two hypergeometric series and a summation formula are used to give a short proof of an inequality used by de Branges in his proof of the Bieberbach, Robertson, and Milin conjectures. Some possible extensions of the de Branges-Milin inequality are pointed out.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Shinyei PPD42NS Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor.

Objective Finely resolved PM2.5 exposure measurements at the level of individual participants or over a targeted geographic area can be challenging due to the cost, size and weight of the monitoring equipment. We propose re-purposing the low-cost, portable and lightweight Shinyei PPD42NS particle counter as a particle counting device. Previous field deployment of this sensor suggests that it captures trends in ambient PM2.5 concentrations, but important characteristics of the sensor response have yet to be determined. Laboratory testing was undertaken in order to characterize performance. Methods The Shinyei sensors, in-line with a TSI Aerosol Particle Sizer (APS) model 3321, tracked particle decay within an aerosol exposure chamber. Test atmospheres were composed of monodisperse polystyrene spheres with diameters of 0.75, 1, 2 3 and 6 um as well as a polydisperse atmosphere of ASHRAE test dust #1. Results Two-minute block averages of the sensor response provide a measurement with low random error, within sensor, for particles in the 0.75–6μm range with a limit of detection of 1 μg/m3. The response slope of the sensors is idiomatic, and each sensor requires a unique response curve. A linear model captures the sensor response for concentrations below 50 μg/m3 and for concentrations above 50 μg/m3 a non-linear function captures the response and saturates at 800 μg/m3. The Limit of Detection (LOD) is 1 μg/m3. The response time is on the order of minutes, making it appropriate for tracking short-term changes in concentration. Conclusions When paired with prior evaluation, these sensors are appropriate for use as ambient particle counters for low and medium concentrations of respirable particles (< 100 ug/m3). Multiple sensors deployed over a spatial grid would provide valuable spatio-temporal variability in PM2.5 and could be used to validate exposure models. When paired with GPS tracking, these devices have the potential to provide time and space resolved exposure measurements for a large number of participants, thus increasing the power of a study.
The Republican Model and Punitive Damages

Fueled by complaints of outlandish punitive damage awards and a United States Supreme Court intent on bringing constitutional order to this corner of torts damages, a considerable literation has emerged. Commentators have examined the bases for the award of punitive damages and have applied empirical analysis to probe the legitimacy of popular criticism and the extent to which punitive damages fulfill the goals assigned to them. In this essay, I propose that punitive damages should be conceptualized in light of a republican theory of tort law with the jury as its central institution. This is ironic, since influential commentators and the courts have viewed the jury as a hindrance to a rational body of law. My recommendation is that the jury needs to be strengthened in providing it with the vitality to perform its republican role.
Stability of discrete-time Altafini's model: A graphical approach

This paper considers the discrete-time version of Altafini's model for opinion dynamics in which the interaction among a group of agents is described by a time-varying signed digraph. Prompted by an idea from [1], stability of the system is studied using a graphical approach. Necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential stability with respect to each possible type of limit states are provided. Specifically, under appropriate assumptions, it is shown that (1) a certain type of two-clustering will be reached exponentially fast for almost all initial conditions if, and only if, the sequence of signed digraphs is repeatedly jointly structurally balanced corresponding to that type of two-clustering; (2) the system will converge to zero exponentially fast for all initial conditions if, and only if, the sequence of signed digraphs is repeatedly jointly structurally unbalanced.
Social networks: A village of support for single mothers

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to expand the literature by investigating the perception of social support by single mothers who sought online support through social media. This study explored sources of social support in single mothers using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to examine if income, education level, or type of marital status is related to sources of social support among single mothers who utilized online support. The study also investigated statements regarding support from family, friends, and significant others that were ranked highest by single mothers who utilized online support. Results revealed that participants received sufficient amounts of social support from family, friends, and significant others, with income accounting for 12% of the variance in social support subscale scores and no significant differences with regards to education level or type of marital status. Results also indicated that three of the four most strongly rated items on the MS...
A review of Eotrechus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) of Thailand with descriptions of three new species

Three new species of Eotrechus Kirkaldy were collected from vertical rock surfaces of waterfalls in northern and central Thailand. Eotrechus siamensis sp. n. was collected at Doi Inthanon and Doi Suthep National Parks in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Eotrechus elongatus sp. n. and Eotrechus romglao sp. n. were collected from waterfalls in Phu Hin Rongkla National Park in Phetchabun Province, central Thailand. These new species are described and illustrated here as is the female of Eotrechus petraeus Andersen. In addition, Eotrechus kalidasa Kirkaldy was discovered for the first time in Thailand. Finally, diagnostic and distributional information of all known species of this genus in Thailand are given.