cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of acute high-intensity resistance exercise on optic nerve sheath diameter and ophthalmic artery blood flow pulsatility.

Exertional hypertension associated with acute high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) increases both intravascular and intracranial pressure (ICP), maintaining cerebrovascular transmural pressure. Carotid intravascular pressure pulsatility remains elevated after RE. Whether ICP also remains elevated after acute RE in an attempt to maintain the vessel wall transmural pressure is unknown. Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), a valid proxy of ICP, was measured in 20 participants (6 female; 24 ± 4 yr, 24.2 ± 3.9 kg m(-)(2)) at rest (baseline), following a time-control condition, and following RE (5 sets, 5 repetition maximum bench press, 5 sets 10 repetition maximum biceps curls) using ultrasound. Additionally, intracranial hemodynamic pulsatility index (PI) was assessed in the ophthalmic artery (OA) by using Doppler. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was obtained from synthesized aortic pressure waveforms obtained via a brachial oscillometric cuff and carotid pulse pressure was measured by using applanation tonometry. Aortic PWV (5.2 ± 0.5-6.0 ± 0.7 m s(-1), P 0.05) or OA flow PI (1.35 ± 0.2-1.38 ± 0.3, P > 0.05) following acute RE. In conclusion, during recovery from acute high-intensity RE, there are increases in aortic stiffness and extracranial pressure pulsatility in the absence of changes in ICP and flow pulsatility. These findings may have implications for alterations in cerebral transmural pressure and cerebral aneurysmal wall stress following RE.
Characterization of paramagnetic hole-centers in Al2O3 and Al2O3:Fe by optical and EPR absorption

Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra of nominally pure and Fe-doped single crystals of Al 2 O 3 have been examined before and after gamma-ray irradiation at 77°K. The EPR spectra for doped and irradiated crystals were found to be a function of the iron concentration. Analysis of the optical and EPR spectra observed on the same Fe-doped crystals which had been subjected to gamma-ray irradiations suggests that the center which accounts most satisfactorily for the details of these spectra is: a single trapped-hole localized on an anion which is adjacent to a substitutional divalent iron impurity atom. The optical absorption band ascribed to this center occurs at 3.08 eV.
Monosynaptic projections from the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata to identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons

The rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata plays an important role in the control of arterial blood pressure and it has strong descending projections into the intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic spinal cord, where the majority of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located. The purpose of this study was to see whether these projections form synaptic contacts with sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat. Projections from both the lateral part of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus) and from the more medial region (lateral paragigantocellular nucleus) were investigated separately in view of their different functional roles in sympatho-regulation and their different chemical composition. Using anterograde tract-tracing of descending medullary pathways with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and retrograde labelling of sympatho-adrenal preganglionic neurons with cholera B chain conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, the existence of monosynaptic connections was sought by electron microscopy. Synaptic inputs from both the lateral and medial aspects of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata were found on identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Synaptic specializations were of both the symmetrical and asymmetrical type. The targets of boutons forming asymmetrical synaptic contacts differed according to their origin: boutons originating from neurons in the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus were mainly in contact with dendrites of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, while those originating from the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus mainly innervated the cell bodies. Our observations provide anatomical support for the view that there are two distinct classes of sympatho-regulatory cells in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, each of which can directly influence the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons; they also emphasize the importance of detailed investigation of the subregions of the ventrolateral medulla with respect to their sympatho-regulatory functions.
Fluorine magnetic resonance and equilibrium dialysis study of the binding of sodium 12,12,12-trifluorododecylsulfate by polyethylene glycol

Abstract Fluorine chemical shifts have been measured for sets of solutions containing fixed amounts of polyethylene glycol and variable concentrations of the anionic surfactant sodium 12,12,12trifluorododecylsulfate. Equilibrium dialysis experiments with similar solutions were used to determine the binding isotherm. Polymer samples with nominal average molecular weights of 7000 and 20 000 exhibit identical binding behavior, but there is little or no binding when the molecular weight is 1500. For the samples of higher molecular weight, binding occurs only when the surfactant concentration exceeds 9.6 m M , or about two-thirds of the critical micelle concentration, 14.6 m M . The number of moles of surfactant bound per gram of polymer reaches a maximum near 7.7, but the data suggest that this is only about 90% of the amount required to saturate the polymer. Micellization then intervenes to block the further increase in the free detergent concentration that would be needed to produce an increase in the amount bound. The chemical shift of the trifluoromethyl groups of the bound anions is independent of the amount bound and is essentially equal to the shift of micellized anions. The results may be rationalized using a model involving the binding of approximately 15 anions in one step to form micelle-like clusters each stabilized by an “effective segment” of the polymer chain with a molecular weight of about 1800. The unitary free energies of binding and micellization, computed with similar simplifying assumptions, are −5.07 and −4.94 kcal/mole of detergent ions, respectively.
Investigating Whether or Not Constructed Stormwater Wetlands Need Maintenance to Sustain Performance and the Effect of Vegetation Occupancy in the Designed Storage Volume

Stormwater wetlands (CSWs) have become one of the more popular SCMs, offering a hybrid between larger detention technologies such as wet ponds and newer green infrastructure technologies. A well-functioning stormwater wetland will be a resilient, diverse ecosystem that includes many plant and animal species. This research looks to investigate whether or not wetlands need regular maintenance to sustain their treatment capacity. The research site is located in River Bend, NC. Flow-weighted samples, rainfall, and hydrologic data are being collected at both the inlet and outlet from April 2012 – April 2013, aiming a minimum of 15 storms space throughout the year. Monitoring of phosphorus deposition consists of taking soil samples and analyzing for Soil Test Phosphorous. These monitoring results will be compared to the results of a study that was conducted at the same site for a one-year period immediately following construction completion. This will allow researchers to see the effects of no maintenance plan (or activity) and time on wetland performance in removing phosphorus and achieving other wetland performance goals. Vegetation in a CSW is essential for nutrient removal and thermal pollution reduction. However, a portion of the storage volume designed to retain the water quality event is occupied by vegetation, which may result in the CSW being undersized from a hydrologic perspective – especially in unmaintained, mature systems. The fraction of the volume associated with vegetation mass was unknown and designers have been unsure as to (1) how they should account for volume occupied by vegetation and (2) whether this was a significant design issue. Twelve stormwater wetlands and one hybrid wet pond in North Carolina were sampled to assess their percent vegetative occupancy by volume. A conservative recommended factor of safety is 1.025. Species-specific factors of safety (FOS) were also calculated; at the 30 cm temporary pool elevation, the Iris (Iris spp.) FOS was highest at 1.020 and the mixed vegetation FOS was lowest at 1.005. When designing a wetland, a more specific FOS may be calculated using a weighted average of the FOS for each species in the planting plan. The outcomes of this research allow designers to account for the volume taken up by emergent wetland vegetation; however, the uncertainty in other factors such as discrepancies between designed and as-built bathymetry probably have a greater impact on the design volume loss when compared to vegetation occupancy (<2%).
Description of a New Species of Thelastoma Leidy, 1849 (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) from the Millipede Euryurus leachii (Gray, 1832) in Ohio, U.S.A.

Thelastoma krausi n. sp. is described based on specimens from the hindgut of Euryurus leachii (Gray, 1832) collected in central Ohio, U.S.A. Females of this species have the excretory pore located at the point of the esophageal bulb and have a longer tail than that of several other species. In comparison to species that also share these characters, no other species shares similar anatomical dimensions. In most similar species, the female esophageal length is longer than that of T. krausi n. sp. The female tail length is also longer than that of many similar species. The males of T. krausi n. sp. lack lateral alae and have an arrangement of papillae around the genital cone, including only a single postcloacal papilla, which varies from that of other described species.
Chapter 15 Job search and labor market analysis

Publisher Summary The theory of search is an important young actor on the stage of economic analysis. It plays a major part in a dramatic new field, the economics of information and uncertainty. By exploiting its sequential statistical decision theoretic origins, the search theory has found success by specializing in the portrayal of a decision-maker who must acquire and use information to take rational action in an ever changing and uncertain environment. Although the search theory's specific characterizations can now be found in many arenas of applied economic analysis, most of the theory's original roles are found in the labor economics literature. This chapter reviews the search theory's performances to date in labor market analysis. In a given population of labor force participants, the steady state fractions that are unemployed are equal to the product of the average frequency and duration of unemployment spells. The data sources reveal that unemployment spells are typically frequent but short in all phases of the business cycle, although counter-cyclic increases in both frequency and duration contribute to the well-known time series behavior of unemployment rates.
Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) among Urban and Rural El Salvadorian Adolescents

This study represents a systematic attempt to quantify and compare the degree of familiarity among rural and urban El Salvadorian adolescents with ujushte, Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (Moraceae). To do this, we administered a written questionnaire to 177 students attending school in either San Franciso Menendez or Apopa, El Salvador. Using a closed-end format, the students provided information about their knowledge of the tree and its fruit, frequency and enjoyment of consumption, method of preparation, and the source of their knowledge. Although most of the rural students knew of the tree and ate its fruit, very few of the urban students indicated familiarity. Statistical hypothesis testing demonstrated that the discrepancy between rural and urban knowledge could not be accounted for by differences in reported socioeconomic status. Grandparents were cited as the most important source of information about ujushte.
No Ordinary Crime: Reflections on the Future of the History of Mob Violence

Historians’ study of lynching has matured greatly since I first began exploring the subject in the early 1990s. I was fortunate to have been a student of George C. Wright at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Wright introduced me to the topic of extralegal violence and became my adviser as I completed a senior thesis on the infamous 1916 lynching of the teenaged African American farmhand Jesse Washington in Waco, Texas. From those early days, one question consumed my research and still animates my work: Why did ordinary people lynch? Most of the men and women who participated in lynch mobs, attended spectacle lynchings, and defended (or at least tolerated) lynching possessed no criminal record and were not the outcasts sometimes portrayed by civic elites defending their communities. Why did these “ordinary” men and women support a culture of extralegal violence that could and did include the hanging, burning, and mutilation of human beings? While a graduate student at Emory University and later as a professor at Spelman College and then Rowan University, I worked on this question even as I came into contact with a number of other scholars who had already grappled with the subject and had produced important work on lynching, including W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Christopher Waldrep, and Jacqueline Dowd Hall. Of course, I also met a number of fellow graduate students and recent Ph.D.s who were also studying lynching. Michael J. Pfeifer was one of these, and since then his scholarly contributions to the field have been profound. We who study lynching, and those who are considering entering the field, are in his debt for this comprehensive and rich state-of-the-field essay.1 Pfeifer’s survey of the literature is exhaustive, and his suggested avenues for further research are illuminating, but I am pleased to be able to add some of my thoughts about future directions for scholarship.
Simultaneous principal-component extraction with application to adaptive blind multiuser detection

SIPEX-G is a fast-converging, robust, gradient-based PCA algorithm that has been recently proposed by the authors. Its superior performance in synthetic and real data compared with its benchmark counterparts makes it a viable alternative in applications where subspace methods are employed. Blind multiuser detection is one such area, where subspace methods, recently developed by researchers, have proven effective. In this paper, the SIPEX-G algorithm is presented in detail, convergence proofs are derived, and the performance is demonstrated in standard subspace problems. These subspace problems include direction of arrival estimation for incoming signals impinging on a linear array of sensors, nonstationary random process subspace tracking, and adaptive blind multiuser detection.
The Relationship of Parental Overprotection, Perceived Child Vulnerability, and Parenting Stress to Uncertainty in Youth with Chronic Illness

Objective To examine the relationship of parent-reported overprotection (OP), perceived child vulnerability (PCV), and parenting stress (PS) to youth-reported illness uncertainty, and to explore potential developmental differences. Method Eighty-two children and 82 adolescents (n ¼164) diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) or asthma, completed a measure of illness uncertainty, while their parents completed measures of OP, PCV, and PS. Results After controlling for demographic and illness parameters, both PCV and PS significantly predicted youth illness uncertainty in the combined sample. Within the child group, only PS significantly predicted illness uncertainty, whereas only PCV significantly predicted uncertainty for adolescents. Conclusion Specific parenting variables are associated with youth-reported illness uncertainty; however, their relationship varies according to developmental level. Although OP has been identified as a predictor of child psychological outcomes in other studies, it does not appear to be associated with illness uncertainty in youth with DM1 or asthma.
Research on Green Technical Services System Oriented Product Lifecycle

To improve the quality and efficiency of technical service, shorten the producing cycle of product, a new mode of technical service is presented, which is green technical service based on the multi-agent technique, network technique and modern communications technique. The architecture and function of the green technical service system oriented product lifecycle-GTSS are researched, and the key technologies including multi-agent, system integrated, data sharing data transforming of CAD and task assignment and rank of request information of technical services are studied. The workflow of GTSS is discussed, and base on these theories a prototype system of GTSS is established. Results of the system running prove the security, practicability and high efficiency of GTSS.
Hyperlipidaemia in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders: prevalence & risk factors.

± 23.2/h, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hyperuricaemia in this study was 61.1, 55.3, and 25.8 per cent, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DI was a significant independent factors contributing to hypercholesterolaemia (odds ratio (OR)=1.016, P=0.010, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.004-1.028) and hypertriglyceridaemia (OR=1.021, P=0.002, 95% CI=1.008-1.034). Interpretation & conclusions: The data of the present study support a high prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in sRBD. DI may be a determining factor contributing to hyperlipidaemia in sRDB. Underdiagnosis of hyperlipidaemia in sRBD is a critical problem.
GENETICS OF SOMATIC MAMMALIAN CELLS : II. CHROMOSOMAL CONSTITUTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

A convenient, reliable method for chromosome delineation of animal cells grown as monolayers on glass has been applied to human, opossum, and Chinese hamster cells. Tissue cultured cells from 5 different, normal organs of 7 different human subjects uniformly displayed the expected chromosome number of 46 and showed no variations in morphology or number other than the expected sex differences and a small incidence of polyploidy. The chromosomes of normal cells from the American opossum were as uniform as those of human cells. Cells of the inbred Chinese hamster demonstrated appreciable karyotype variability, the cause of which is under investigation. The chromosome number and morphology of cells from normal human tissues have remained constant after more than 5 months of continuous, rapid growth in tissue culture involving scores of vessel transfers and a number of generations equivalent to many billions of progeny. By the use of routine recloning, even cells of malignant, aneuploid constitution have been maintained in active growth for 3 years and hundreds of generations, with stable chromosomal and metabolic characteristics. The cells of the American opossum and Chinese hamster which possess only 22 chromosomes have been established in vitro and are especially suitable for genetic studies. The readily recognizeable Y and X chromosomes of the male opossum are particularly favorable as cytological markers. Photomicrographs of the chromosomes of the various cells employed are presented.
Limited Evaluation of Microscopic Hematuria in Pediatrics

Objective. The purpose was to determine the value of the standard laboratory and radiologic evaluation of microscopic hematuria in children, and to determine the prevalence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in those children referred for evaluation of unexplained microscopic hematuria. Methods. This was a retrospective study of 325 children referred from 1985 to 1994 for the evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. The diagnostic studies reviewed included serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum electrolyte studies, serum complement concentration, antinuclear antibody, urinalysis, urine calcium to creatinine ratios, urinary protein to creatinine ratio and/or 24-hour urinary protein excretion, renal ultrasounds, intravenous pyelograms, voiding cystourethrograms, and historical information. Results. All creatinine and electrolyte values were normal for age, and none of the biochemical tests obtained in the children with hypercalciuria was abnormal. Of the 325 patients with idiopathic microscopic hematuria, only 18 had abnormal renal ultrasound examinations and 9 voiding cystourethrograms showed low-grade reflux. Hypercalciuria was found in 29 patients. The family history was positive for urolithiasis in 16% of patients without hypercalciuria compared with 14% of patients with hypercalciuria. A positive family history of hematuria was reported in 25% of patients; 62 patients did not have hypercalciuria and 4 of the patients had hypercalciuria. Microscopic hematuria in children is a benign finding in the vast majority of children. Conclusions. Our data demonstrate that a renal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram, cystoscopy, and renal biopsy are not indicated in the work-up of microscopic hematuria, and microhematuria in the otherwise healthy child is a minimal health threat, rarely indicative of serious illness.
Hearing Indigenous Voices, Protecting Indigenous Knowledge

In a rapidly globalizing world, indigenous knowledge is in mortal danger, and it will require new forms of intellectual property protection to save it. There are fundamental incongruities between Western intellectual property law and indigenous knowledge that prevent the current international intellectual property framework from fully comprehending or addressing the contexts and needs of indigenous knowledge. This article will review the history of international and regional initiatives to develop protection for indigenous knowledge. It will consider the geopolitical context that has informed discussions about protecting the intangible wealth of indigenous peoples, including the recent addition of articulate and impassioned indigenous voices to the conversation. Finally, this article will discuss some of the concerns that have been raised about subjecting indigenous knowledge to a system of formal legal regulation.
Erythromycin-inducible resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: requirements for induction.

At least two functionally different types of ribosomes are found in strains of Staphylococcus aureus which display "dissociated" resistance to erythromycin. One type of ribosome is found under conditions of growth in ordinary nutrient broth, and the second is formed during growth in the presence of erythromycin. In these strains, erythromycin acts as an inducer of resistance to three different classes of inhibitors of the 50S ribosomal subunit-the macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics. The optimal inducing concentration of erythromycin is between 10(-8) and 10(-7)m. Concentrations as low as 10(-9)m can produce a 10-fold increase in resistant cells over the uninduced, background level, whereas concentrations greater than 10(-7)m block induction owing to inhibition of protein synthesis. Resistant cells begin to appear within 5 to 10 min after addition of erythromycin (to 10(-7)m), and within 40 min (i.e., about one generation) more than 90% of the entire culture is resistant to erythromycin as well as to lincomycin and vernamycin B(alpha). A resistant culture becomes sensitive if grown for 90 min in the absence of erythromycin. The process of induction is inhibited by chloramphenicol and streptovaricin, which inhibit protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis, respectively, but not by novobiocin, which inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Resistant cells produced in this manner fail to concentrate (14)C-erythromycin and (14)C-lincomycin, but not (14)C-chloramphenicol. Constitutively erythromycin-resistant strains which do not require the presence of erythromycin for expression of resistance can be selected on media containing antibiotics which belong to any one of the three classes. Two patterns of constitutive resistance have been found. These are (i) generalized constitutive resistance-which involves resistance in the absence of erythromycin to all members of each of the three cited classes of 50S subunit inhibitors which were tested, and (ii) partial constitutive resistance-which involves different degrees of resistance, in the absence of erythromycin, to various members of the three classes. Several different patterns of variable constitutivity are possible. 50S ribosomal subunits isolated from induced or constitutively resistant cells show decreased ability to bind erythromycin and lincomycin, and possible enzymatic inactivation of these antibiotics has been rigorously excluded. The induced change, therefore involves modification of ribosome structure rather than modification of the antibiotic.
Should Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Be a Putative Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Condition? A Critical Appraisal

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has many behavioral and cognitive features that would make it appear to be closely tied to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Obsessive-compulsive-related disorders (OCRDs) have been described in the literature as conditions that share a common phenomenology, neurobiology, and treatment response. The authors reviewed the literature describing the degree that NSSI is similar to, and distinct from, OCRDs based on these hypothesized common areas. They conclude with recommendations for conceptualization that draws partly from the OCRD literature and from cognitive-behavioral models of rumination.
Social computing as co-created experience

One of the most interesting effects of social computing is that the line between users and designers has become increasingly uncertain. Examples abound-user-generated content, rating and recommendation systems, social networking sites, open source software and easy personalization and sharing have effectively allowed users to become design partners in the creation of online experience. This panel will discuss four examples of social computing in practice, including the exercise of virtual social capital by members of the Answerbag online question-answering community, the thriving yet understudied user interactions on Wikipedia talk pages, self-regulation mechanisms of gatekeeping in virtual communities, and collaborative design practices within Second Life, a Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) that is also an interactive design environment. The aim of this panel is to challenge traditional understanding of users' role in the creation and evolution of information systems, and work toward a more realistic conceptualization of Web 2.0 users as both a source of, and a solution to, the overabundance of information created via social computing.
Change in Physical Attraction in Early Romantic Relationships

The goal of our research was to study the changes in physical attraction during the early stages of romantic relationships. The longitudinal study explored the personality characteristics of a partner and relationship events affecting physical attraction of early (within the first year) romantic relationships. Participants completed an eight-week longitudinal rating of their attraction toward their romantic partner. Factor analysis revealed behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physiological dimensions. The behavioral and emotional dimensions play the largest role in attraction among both genders, with cognitive dimension also affecting attraction in women. Personality characteristics of one’s partner are significant predictors of physical attraction for both men and women. However, events occurring in the relationship seem to be only reliable predictors for a women’s attraction.
Liquidity Changes around Seasoned Equity Issuance: Public Offerings versus Private Placements

I investigate whether firms that issue equity, in public offerings or private placements, have improved on liquidity in the secondary market. Transaction costs, price impacts, and trading activity are examined. Results show that public offering stocks become considerably more liquid in all three dimensions. For private placement stocks, there is some evidence that trading volume increases, but effective spread and temporary price impact decline less than market-wide changes. Furthermore, I study the behaviors of participants in the newly issued equity market. Analyses indicate that underwriters, analysts, and market makers all contribute to liquidity changes, but in different aspects.
Modified LEACH – Energy Efficient Wireless Networks Communication

Many algorithms and techniques were proposed to increase the efficiency of Sensor Networks. Due to high restrictions of this kind of networks, where the resources are limited, many factors may affect its work. Theses factors are: System throughput, system delay, and energy. Clustering protocols have been propose to decrease system throughput and system delay, and increase energy saving. In this paper, we propose a new technique that can be applied to sensor networks to produce high performance and stable Sensor Networks.
Case volume as a predictor of inpatient mortality after esophagectomy.

Hypothesis Volume criteria are poor predictors of inpatient mortality after esophagectomy. Because many factors influence mortality for complex procedures, this study was designed to quantify such factors and analyze the volume-outcome relationship for esophagectomy. Design Retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for esophagectomies. We performed multivariate analysis to identify patient and institution risk factors for death and, by using all reported volume thresholds, calculated the probability of choosing a provider with a low mortality. Patients and Setting Patients undergoing esophagectomy between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2000, included in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Main Outcome Measure Inpatient mortality. Results We identified 8075 cases of esophagectomy; 3243 had complete data sets. The national average mortality rate was 11.4%. Independent risk factors for mortality included comorbidity, age (> 65 years), female sex, race, and surgeon volume. Choosing a surgeon or hospital on the basis of a particular volume threshold had a modest influence on the probability of that provider having a low mortality. A low-volume hospital (defined by the Leapfrog Group criterion as Conclusions Patient factors have a greater influence on inpatient mortality than case volume does. Although there is generally an inverse relationship between case volume and mortality, there is wide scatter between individual surgeons and hospitals, with a complex volume-outcome relationship. Using volume criteria alone to choose a provider may in some instances increase the risk of mortality.
A simple iteration algorithm for PLS regression

A simple iteration algorithm that is faster and less memory-intensive than the NIPALS iteration algorithm for PLS regression is presented. The iteration algorithm is obtained by treating the orthogonal expansion or decomposition of a matrix X as an extremum problem subject to normalization and orthogonality constraint conditions and then solving the problem by use of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The main idea in this method is to find the transformation vector r. The latent variable t is expressed exactly as the linear combination of X-variables with the vector r so that the final regression coefficients can be conveniently provided. In the algorithm the recursion of the orthogonal projection is needed, which is derived by use of a matrix inverse formula. Algorithms are established from the equation for calculating the vector r that are suitable for dealing with three cases of large data sets. The first case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of Y-variables is equal to or greater than the number of X-variables. The second case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of X-variables is greater than the number of Y-variables. The last case is when the number of variables, either X- or Y-variables, or both, is very large and the number of objects is small.
Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations

We assessed the multidecadal effects of boreal forest fire on surface albedo using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observations within the perimeters of burn scars in interior Alaska. Fire caused albedo to increase during periods with and without snow cover. Albedo during early spring had a mean of 0.50 ± 0.03 for the first three decades after fire, substantially higher than that observed in evergreen conifer forests (0.34 ± 0.04). In older stands between 30 and 55 years, albedo showed a decreasing trend during early spring, probably from a growing spruce understory that masked surface snow and caused increases in both simple ratio (SR) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). During summer, albedo decreased by 0.012 ± 0.005 in the year immediately after fire (from 0.112 ± 0.005 to 0.100 ± 0.010). In subsequent years, summer albedo increased rapidly at first and then more gradually, reaching a broad maximum in 20–35 year stands (0.135 ± 0.006). These measurements provide evidence for a well-developed deciduous shrub and tree phase during intermediate stages of succession. Averaged over the first 5 decades, shortwave surface forcing from fires was −6.2 W m−2 relative to an evergreen conifer control and −3.0 W m−2 relative to a control constructed from 2000 to 2003 preburn observations. These forcing estimates had a magnitude substantially smaller than previous estimates and suggest that, at a regional scale, evergreen conifer stand density may be lower than that inferred from chronosequence studies.
Shellfish, Seasonality, and Stable Isotope Sampling: δ18O Analysis of Mussel Shells From an 8,800-Year-Old Shell Midden on California's Channel Islands

ABSTRACT Analyzing stable isotopes in mollusk shells allows archaeologists to address issues ranging from seasonality of harvest, to settlement and subsistence strategies, sea surface temperatures, and nearshore paleoecology. Studying California mussel shells from an ∼8,800-year-old shell midden on San Miguel Island, we investigate how mollusk growth rates influence sampling strategies for determining seasonality. Using a fully profiled shell as a standard to interpret more limited measurements (terminal growth band plus one) on 39 additional shells, we identified what appeared to be a multi-seasonal occupation. Sampling 20 of the 39 shells more intensively, however, changed our conclusions about season of harvest for 35 percent of the analyzed shells, producing data more consistent with other evidence for a short-term occupation of CA-SMI-693. Sampling strategies for determining seasonality from marine mollusks should carefully consider the ecology of individual species, particularly for fast-growing she...
An Examination of a Model's Components during Tropical Cyclone Recurvature

Abstract The main goal of this study is to investigate the relative contributions from the components of dynamics and physics of a forecast model, toward the understanding of the recurvature dynamics of hurricanes. A number of experiments were conducted using the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSU GSM), run at a global resolution of 126 waves. The method of physical initialization was used to “spin up” the model, 24 h prior to the 5-day forecast period to better define the initial water vapor, sensible heat fluxes, and rainfall rates. The usage of the FSU GSM employed a partitioning of the dynamics and physics into separate components, that assumes a residue-free budget of the models' components. The model dynamics were broken down into a nonlinear advective component and also a linear dynamics (rest of the dynamics) partition. The model physics were partitioned into four components: deep convective heating, large-scale precipitation (nonconvective stable rain), total radiation, and shall...
The effect of regional groundwater on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from a lowland rainforest stream in Costa Rica

In the tropical rainforest at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, regional bedrock groundwater high in dissolved carbon discharges into some streams and wetlands, with the potential for multiple cascading effects on ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes. We investigated carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) degassing from two streams at La Selva: the Arboleda, where approximately one third of the streamflow is from regional groundwater, and the Taconazo, fed exclusively by local groundwater recharged within the catchment. The regional groundwater inflow to the Arboleda had no measurable effect on stream gas exchange velocity, dissolved CH4 concentration, or CH4 emissions but significantly increased stream CO2 concentration and degassing. CO2 evasion from the reach of the Arboleda receiving regional groundwater (lower Arboleda) averaged 5.5 mol C m−2 d−1, ~7.5 times higher than the average (0.7 mol C m−2 d−1) from the stream reaches with no regional groundwater inflow (the Taconazo and upper Arboleda). Carbon emissions from both streams were dominated by CO2; CH4 accounted for only 0.06–1.70% of the total (average of both streams: 5 × 10−3 mol C m−2 d−1). Annual stream degassing fluxes normalized by watershed area were 48 and 299 g C m−2 for the Taconazo and Arboleda, respectively. CO2 degassing from the Arboleda is a significant carbon flux, similar in magnitude to the average net ecosystem exchange estimated by eddy covariance. Examining the effects of catchment connections to underlying hydrogeological systems can help avoid overestimation of ecosystem respiration and advance our understanding of carbon source/sink status and overall terrestrial ecosystem carbon budgets.
Selecting the Appropriate Ensemble Learning Approach for Balanced Bioinformatics Data

Ensemble learning (process of combining multiple models into a single decision) is an effective tool for improving the classification performance of inductive models. While ideal for domains like bioinformatics with many challenging datasets, many ensemble methods, such as Bagging and Boosting, do not take into account the high-dimensionality (large number of features per instance) that is commonly found in bioinformatics datasets. This work seeks to observe the effects of two relatively new ensemble learning methods (Select-Bagging and Select-Boosting: the Bagging and Boosting approaches with feature selection implemented within each iteration of their algorithms) on a series of seven balanced (greater than a 43.50% minority class distribution) bioinformatics datasets. Additionally, we included the results when no ensemble approach is implemented (denoted as No-Ensemble) so that we can observe the full effects of ensemble learning. In order to test the three approaches we use three feature rankers, four feature subset sizes, and two classifiers. The results show that Select-Bagging is the top performing ensemble approach and statistical analysis confirms that Select-Bagging is significantly better than No-Ensemble and better (though not significantly) than Select-Boosting. Our recommendation is that SelectBagging is an excellent choice for improving classification performance for bioinformatics datasets. To our knowledge, this work is the first empirical study focused exclusively on balanced bioinformatics datasets that investigated the effects of ensemble learning and utilizes Select-Bagging and introduces Select-Boosting.
The Vel of Slavery: Tracking the Figure of the Unsovereign

This article addresses the relationship between anti-racism and decolonization in the North American context. It argues that the logic of decolonization movements for indigenous sovereignty and against the settler states of Canada and the USA overlap the discursive field of contemporary post-racialism in ways that circumvent the challenges and possibilities offered by black radicalism in the historic instance. After engaging recent theoretical literature on settler colonialism, it is suggested that the freedom drive that abolishes slavery unsettles both colonial and decolonial forms of sovereign determination.
Head and neck reconstruction.

Learning Objectives:After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Discuss the principles behind the choice of reconstructive techniques for all major head and neck regions. 2. Differentiate between the optimal choices for reconstruction of the different mandibulectomy defects. 3.
Nietzsche, The Death of God, And Truth, or Why I Still Like Reading Nietzsche

En tant qu'authentique enfant du Siecle des Lumieres, Nietzsche a tente de dire avec honnetete comment la notion humaine de raison avait transforme le paysage moral et spirituel de son epoque. Desormais, la connaissance veut acceder a un statut superieur a celui de simple moyen. Nietzsche a rejete sans appel les manieres d'entendre les mots Dieu, verite et bien. Selon l'A., il existe une spiritualite vivante au coeur de la critique de Nietzsche. Il etait peut-etre antichretien mais non athee. Du point de vue intellectuel, il restait convaincu de la necessite de la contrainte et de la spiritualite
A Systems Approach to Stress and Resilience in Humans: Mindfulness Meditation, Aging, and Cognitive Function

Psychological stress is common and contributes to many physical and mental health problems. Its effects are mediated by a complex neurobiological system centering in the brain with effectors including autonomic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory system, and gene expression. A stressor pushes the human physiological system away from its baseline state towards a lower utility state. The physiological system may return towards the original state but may be shifted to a lower utility state. While some physiological changes induced by stressors may benefit health, chronic stressors usually have negative effects on health. In contrast to this stressor effect is the system’s resilience which influences its ability to return to the high utility attractor basin following a perturbation by increasing the likelihood and/or speed of returning to the baseline state following a stressor. Age-related cognitive decline is a major public health issue with few preventative options. Stress contributes to this cognitive decline, and mindfulness meditation (MM) is a behavioral intervention that reduces stress and stress reactivity in many health conditions. A randomized clinical trial was performed to determine if MM in older adults would improve measures of cognitive function, as well as psychology and physiology, and to determine what factors might predict who would improve. 134 at least mildly stressed 50-85 year olds were randomized to a MM intervention or a wait-list control. Outcome measures included a broad cognitive function battery with emphasis on attention and
In-Transit Shipboard Fumigation of Wheat on a Tanker

Wheat in seven tanks of an oil tanker was fumigated by applying aluminum phosphide round tablets at the rate of 1.06 g/m3. Tablets applied by probing into the wheat gave better gas distribution and a more efficacious fumigation than those applied on the surface. Phosphine gas moved slowly downward through the wheat mass beyond the 9-m depth in the center tanks and remained at low concentrations even after 24 days at the 17-m depth. Only one center tank, where the fumigant was probed to a depth of 4.3 m, contained no live insects. Pressure-vacuum readings recorded on tanks over a 10-h daytime period ranged from + 12.5 to −15 mm of Hg. For each 1°C rise in overhead temperature, there was a corresponding rise of 1 mm of Hg in pressure. No phosphine was detected in working areas or living quarters of the tanker. Forced ventilation of the fumigated holds for 1 h before unloading was sufficient to remove phosphine from the head space above the grain mass; however, 24 h was required for natural ventilation. Phosphine was not detected in the overhead space of tanks while the pneumatic conveying system was in operation. Phosphine residues were detected on all postfumigation samples of wheat. Residues ranged from 0.001 to 0.2 ppm on samples taken from the discharge spout of the pneumatic conveying system. Only two samples out of 35 exceeded the 0.1-ppm tolerance.
Curative Effect of Levetiracetam for Infantile Spasms

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for infantile spasms(IS).Methods In this prospective multi-centre and open-label study,13 patients(10 male and 3 female;aged 2.5-24 months)with IS were treated with LEV and followed up for 3 months.The starting dose was 10 mg/(kg·d)and the dosage increased by 10 mg/(kg·d)each week,up to the least effective dosage.During LEV treatment,blood samples were obtained for routine laboratory examination.Seizure frequency and adverse events were reported directly to physicians in charge of the patients by telephone or in the out-patient department per 2 to 4 weeks.Treatment was eva-luated in the third months.Results Four subjects(30.8%)was free from seizure,5 cases(38.5%)had at least 50% reduction in seizures,and 4 cases(30.8%)had no change in seizure frequency.Mean effective dose(17.772±9.511)mg/(kg·d)was obtained,and seizure free dose was(20.938±6.084)mg/(kg·d).The mean time interval between the start of LEV therapy and the reduction ≥50% of seizures was(1.50±0.535)weeks,and the time between the start and seizure free was(6.750±6.602)weeks.Side effects of LEV occurred in 4(30.8%)subjects,including poor appetite(2 cases,15.4%)and somnolence(2 cases,15.4%).No abnormal change of routine laboratory examination occurred during the LEV therapy.None had life threatening adverse events.Conclusions LEV is effective and well tolerated in patients with IS.
ANTI-Ro IN SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Anti-Ro autoantibodies are frequently found in the sera of patients with Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus as well as in the sera of mothers of infants with the neonatal lupus syndrome. Close associations have been found between anti-Ro and a number of clinical manifestations, particularly including hematologic cytopenias, heart block, and photosensitive skin rashes. Serologic and genetic associations have been found between anti-Ro and anti-La, rheumatoid factor, hypergammaglobulinemia, the histocompatibility alleles DQ1 and DQ2, and alleles of the T-cell receptor beta chain gene. The origin of anti-Ro and other autoantigens is thought to relate to the etiology of Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus and remains the most fundamental unanswered question preventing a comprehensive understanding of these diseases.
EL FRACASO DE LA COMUNIDAD DE INTELIGENCIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EL 11 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2001: ¿FALLAS HUMANAS O SISTÉMICAS? ∞

The terrorist attacks of September 11 th , put the blame on to the US’ intelligence community, and mainly the CIA, FBI and the NSA, because they failed to set an early warning alert of the incoming terrorist threat. The Senate’s Intelligence Committee and the Intelligence Permanent Committee of the House of Representatives were the first to create an investigation commission to analyze the causes that drove to the 911 attacks. Later on, and due to the citizen’s pressure, President Bush installed the National Investigation Commission for the Terrorist Attacks to the US. Beyond of the criticisms both commission received, it can be said that they perform an honest and accurate work over the real causes of the terrorist attacks. Among the aws and mistakes of the security and intelligence agencies, organizational, cultural, systemic and human flaws were detected.