cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On threshold optimization for aircraft conflict detection

We consider the detection component of a conflict detection and resolution system for air traffic management. A conflict is an event of a close encounter between two aircraft in the near future. The collision alert system has to balance between declaring alerts timely to true threats and reducing the false alarms. We compare two conflict detection schemes, namely, geometric and probabilistic method, for collision alerting based on the predicted trajectory with or without the intent information from the encounter aircraft. We study the threshold selection for each scheme by maximizing the conflict detection probability under an operational cost constraint which is proportional to the false alarm rate and inversely proportional to the response time. Through simulated aircraft encounter scenarios with various types of uncertainties in trajectory prediction, we found that the geometric method performs better than the probabilistic method when the intruder's intent is unknown. However, the probabilistic method is better under relatively large uncertainty of the predicted trajectory. We discuss the implication to the centralized and distributed conflict alert system where each aircraft can optimize its own conflict detection threshold.
Trimethylsilylation of amino acids. Effect of solvents on derivatization using bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide.

Abstract The number of chromatographic peaks for the TMS derivatives of glycine and arginine are determined by the polarity of the solvent. With hexane, methylene chloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane, one peak is obtained for glycine (GLY 2 ), and two peaks (GLY 2 and GLY 3 ) in six other more polar solvents. Arginine gives no peak in the four less polar solvents studied and one peak in the other six more polar solvents. Preliminary work is reported on chromatography using a 6 m × 2 mm I.D. glass column of 10 w/w% OV-11 on 100/120 mesh Supelcoport of which good resolution was obtained for the TMS derivatives of nineteen of the protein amino acids. More detailed chromatographic studies will be the subject of a separate paper.
Population structure of mitochondrial genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rigorous study of mitochondrial functions and cell biology in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has advanced our understanding of mitochondrial genetics. This yeast is now a powerful model for population genetics, owing to large genetic diversity and highly structured populations among wild isolates. Comparative mitochondrial genomic analyses between yeast species have revealed broad evolutionary changes in genome organization and architecture. A fine-scale view of recent evolutionary changes within S. cerevisiae has not been possible due to low numbers of complete mitochondrial sequences. To address challenges of sequencing AT-rich and repetitive mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), we sequenced two divergent S. cerevisiae mtDNAs using a single-molecule sequencing platform (PacBio RS). Using de novo assemblies, we generated highly accurate complete mtDNA sequences. These mtDNA sequences were compared with 98 additional mtDNA sequences gathered from various published collections. Phylogenies based on mitochondrial coding sequences and intron profiles revealed that intraspecific diversity in mitochondrial genomes generally recapitulated the population structure of nuclear genomes. Analysis of intergenic sequence indicated a recent expansion of mobile elements in certain populations. Additionally, our analyses revealed that certain populations lacked introns previously believed conserved throughout the species, as well as the presence of introns never before reported in S. cerevisiae. Our results revealed that the extensive variation in S. cerevisiae mtDNAs is often population specific, thus offering a window into the recent evolutionary processes shaping these genomes. In addition, we offer an effective strategy for sequencing these challenging AT-rich mitochondrial genomes for small scale projects.
Identification of Marine Chroococcoid Cyanobacteria by Immunofluorescence

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that are widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The two major groups of cyanobacteria in the marine plankton are filamentous Oscillatoria spp. (formerly Trichodesmium) and unicellular strains of the genera Synechococcus and Synechocystis. Because of their small size (mean diameter, 1 urn), for many years the unicellular forms were overlooked in oceanographic studies. Early work by van Baalen (1962) resulted in the isolation of many species of benthic phycocyanin-containing (PC) forms now assigned to the genus Synechococcus. The first oceanic phycoerythrin-containing (PE) Synechococcus clone was isolated by Guillard in 1965, but the importance of this group was not realized at that time.
The shock layer thickness, a new approach to the study of column performance in non-linear chromatography: I. Optimum linear velocity in frontal analysis

Abstract In non-linear chromatography, it is common to observe very steep profiles. This happens for overloaded elution bands, for frontal analysis breakthrough curves and for the band profiles of the isotachic train in displacement chromatography. These regions where the concentration vary very rapidly are called shock layers. The relationship between the thickness of the shock layer in frontal analysis and the coefficients of the conventional terms of the plate height equation were studied experimentally. The shock layer theory of Rhee and co-workers permits the simple determination of the optimum linear velocity for minimum shock layer thickness in the case when the adsorption behavior of the feed components is described by the Langmuir model. The optimum linear velocity in frontal analysis is not only a function of the coefficients of the axial dispersion and the mass transfer resistance terms, and the retention factor (k0 ) , as in linear chromatography, but also a function of the plateau concentrations and the second Langmuir parameter of the isotherm, b. Depending on the retention factor, the optimum velocity in frontal analysis may be larger, but is most often much smaller than in linear chromatography. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with the prediction of the theory. If they could be extended to displacement chromatography, these findings would explain some apparent contradictions found in the literature regarding the influence of the mobile phase flow velocity on the degree of separation between bands achieved in displacement chromatography, and clarify certain controversies.
A tumor that is not a tumor but it sure can kill

BACKGROUND Pott's puffy tumor is a life threatening complication of infectious sinusitis which is the osteomyelitis of the frontal bone with associated subperiosteal abscess causing swelling and edema over the forehead and scalp. CASE REPORT Here we present a case a 38 year old male with a rare infectious complication of untreated or inadequately treated sinusitis called Pott's puffy tumor which was diagnosed due to high clinical suspicion and confirmed with CT imaging and biopsy. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the need to recognize and easily prevent this fatal complication of a seemingly benign infection like bacterial sinusitis. Unfortunately, if it does occur, clinicians can avoid missing the diagnosis by upholding a high clinical suspicion in the setting of known risk factors and must look for underlying causes both medical and psychosocial.
Best Practice in Long-Term Care Case Management

Abstract Case managers identified as “excellent” by quality reviewers, evaluators, and advocates were interviewed in order to learn how they did their jobs. A second group of case managers whose work was described as “very good” or adequate also were interviewed. Analysis of these interviews found six processes that characterized excellence: honoring the spirit of the rules; risk taking; nurturing the personal side of relationships; managing without formulas; listening and knowing; and relating to supervisors. The key role of supervisors in providing support was also identified. The authors suggest how the findings could be used to improve recruitment, training, and supervision of case managers.
Carboxypeptidase D Is an Avian Hepatitis B Virus Receptor

The receptor molecules for human and animal hepatitis B viruses have not been defined. Previous studies have described a 170 to 180 kDa molecule (p170 or gp180) that binds in vitro to the pre-S domain of the large envelope protein of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV); cDNA cloning revealed the binding protein to be duck carboxypeptidase D (DCPD). In the present study, the DCPD cDNA was transfected into several nonpermissive human-, monkey-, and avian species-derived cell lines. Cells transfected with a plasmid encoding the full-length DCPD protein bound DHBV particles, whereas cells expressing truncated versions of DCPD protein that fail to bind the pre-S protein did not. The DHBV binding to DCPD-reconstituted cells was blocked by a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes DHBV infection of primary duck hepatocytes (PDH) and also by a pre-S peptide previously shown to inhibit DHBV infection of PDH. In addition to promoting virus binding, DCPD expression was associated with internalization of viral particles. The entry process was prevented by incubation of reconstituted cells with DHBV at 4 degrees C and by the addition of energy-depleting agents known to block DHBV entry into PDH. These results demonstrated that DCPD is a DHBV receptor. However, the lack of complete viral replication in DCPD-reconstituted cells suggested that additional factors are required for postentry events in immortalized cell lines.
Bleeding problems in patients with liver disease. Ways to manage the many hepatic effects on coagulation.

PREVIEWLiver disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and around the world. Considering that an estimated 3 to 5 million people in the United States are infected with hepatitis C virus, the number of patients with cirrhosis, hepatoma, and liver failure can be expected to increase. The liver has a pivotal role in the coagulation process, so it is not surprising that clotting abnormalities are a prominent feature of acute and chronic liver disease. The authors review this important role and suggest an approach to dealing with coagulation abnormalities that may result from liver disease.
A compact UV timing fiducial system for use with x-ray streak cameras at NIF

We present the design of a compact UV (263-nm) timing fiducial system for use with x-ray streak cameras at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The design consists of remote fiber amplification of an infrared 1053-nm (1ω) seed, a free-space optical path that has two stages of frequency conversion from 1ω to the fourth harmonic (4ω), and fiber delivery of the 4ω signal via output fiber for use with an x-ray streak camera. This is all contained within an airbox that can reside in a vacuum. The 1ω seed and the pump light for the fiber amplifier is delivered to the airbox via optical fiber ( 100 meters) from a location in the NIF that is shielded from neutron radiation generated from imploding targets during system shots. When complete, the system will be able to provide timing fiducials to multiple x-ray streak cameras on the same system shot. We will present data that demonstrates end-to-end system performance.*
Proposed duplex velocity criteria for carotid restenosis following carotid endarterectomy with patch closure

Background Duplex ultrasound velocity criteria have been used to evaluate the severity of carotid stenosis, however, these standard velocities may not be applicable to carotid restenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with patch angioplasty. The purpose of this study is to determine if patch angioplasty closure alters velocities just distal to CEA and to define the optimal velocities for detecting ≥30%, ≥50%, and ≥70% restenosis. Methods This study includes 200 CEAs randomized into 100 with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ACUSEAL patch and 100 with Hemashield Finesse patch. All patients underwent immediate postoperative duplex ultrasounds, which were repeated at 1 month and every 6 months thereafter. Patients with a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the internal carotid artery ([ICA], just distal to the patch) of ≥130 c/s underwent computed tomography angiogram (CTA). PSVs, end diastolic velocities (EDV), and internal carotid artery/common carotid artery (ICA/CCA) ratios were correlated to completion arteriograms/CTAs. Receiver operator characteristic curves analyses were used to determine optimal velocity criteria in detecting ≥30%, ≥50%, and ≥70% restenosis. Results One hundred ninety-five pairs of imagings (duplex ultrasound vs CTA/angiogram) were available for analysis. When standard velocity criteria for nonoperated arteries were applied, 37% and 10% of patients were believed to have ≥50% to P P Conclusions The mean PSVs of a normal ICA distal to CEA patching were higher than normal nonoperated ICAs, therefore, standard duplex velocities criteria should be revised after CEA with patch closure.
Structure-Aware Placement Techniques for Designs With Datapaths

As technology scales and frequencies increase, a new hybrid design style emerges, wherein designs contain a mixture of random logic and datapath standard-cell components. This paper demonstrates that conventional half-perimeter wirelength driven placers underperform in terms of regularity and Steiner wirelength (StWL) for such hybrid designs. In addition, the quality gap between manual and automatic placement is more pronounced as the designs become more datapath oriented. To effectively handle hybrid designs, this paper proposes a new unified placement flow that simultaneously places random logic and datapath cells. This flow is built on the top of a leading academic force-directed placer and significantly improves the quality of datapath placement while leveraging the speed and flexibility of existing random-logic placement algorithms. It consists of a suite of novel global and detailed placement techniques, collectively called structure-aware placement techniques (SAPT). These techniques effectively integrate alignment constraints into placement, thereby overcoming the deficiencies of existing random-logic placers when handling designs with embedded datapaths. Compared to other state-of-the-art placers, SAPT improves total StWL by more than 28% and total routing overflow by over six times on the ISPD 2011 datapath benchmark suite. In addition, it improves total StWL by 5.8% on industrial hybrid designs.
The Integration Seminar: A Vehicle for Joining Theory and Practice

Abstract This article describes how integration seminars can be helpful in dealing with the dynamic tensions that develop between content in the classroom and in the field setting. A case is made for adopting this educational approach as a means for helping students derive practice principles, develop skills of critical self-analysis, demonstrate and benefit from peer learning, and arrive at a synthesis of theory and practice.
Sedimentary carbon-isotope systematics on the Amazon shelf

Sedimentary carbon systematics on the Amazon continental shelf were investigated using14C andδ13C measurements of sedimentary organic materials. Mass balance calculations indicate that the14C content of modern shelf muds results from burial of old (~ 5000 yr BP) terrestrial soil carbon and bomb-14C-enriched marine carbon, implying that most of the bomb-labeled riverine particulate carbon is not buried on the shelf. The14C signature of Amazon shelf deposits records the effects of both biogeochemical and sedimentary processes active in this dynamic environment.
Leucocytosis Induced by Injection of Kaolin into Cisterna and Ventricles of Brain

SummaryIntracisternal or intraventricular injection of a suspension of kaolin produces in rabbits a marked peripheral neutrophilic leucocytosis. These findings add another form of cerebrally induced leucocytosis to the other previously described; they furnish further support to the view of a central vegetative regulation of the cellular composition of the blood.
A micromechanical resonant charge pump

A circuit of micromechanical resonant switches (a.k.a., resoswitches) has been demonstrated that mimics the topology of a conventional single stage Dickson charge pump (cf. Figure 1) to boost 1V from a DC power supply to 2V while avoiding the diode voltage drop and breakdown voltage limitations of CMOS-based conventional charge pumps. The keys to successful charge pumping are 1) the long cycle lifetime of resonant micromechanical switches, which at 173 trillion cycles (so far), is orders of magnitude higher than non-resonant ones; 2) the use of gated-sinusoid excitation to allow a charging period independent of resoswitch resonance frequency; and 3) the use of resonance operation to lower the needed drive and dc-bias voltages to below the supply voltage. This mechanical charge pump now obviates the need for custom high voltage CMOS for applications where large voltages are needed, e.g., MEMS-based timing references, thereby allowing the use of virtually any CMOS process.
A constrained, least squares approach for hybrid stress analysis of elastic bodies

Abstract The advent of computer technology has given rise to “new” solution methods in engineering. Finite element methods and boundary integral equation methods have been developed and used extensively by analysts simply because the computer allows one to model complex structures and obtain approximate solutions. An essential, yet difficult to quantify, part of the analysis of any structure is the estimation of the actual boundary conditions. The enclosed work investigates how one may use experimentally measured displacement data with random errors as a part of a hybrid approach to quantify the stresses in an elastic body under load. It is shown that by using measured displacement data, together with both a least squares approach for minimizing the effects of the measurement errors and also constraints to impose analytical requirements on the solution, the stresses throughout an elastic body can be computed with known accuracy, even in the presence of random displacement errors.
The new low bleed mammary prosthesis: an experimental study in mice.

A new low bleed implant of silicone gel for mammary prosthesis has been investigated in mice. The barrier membrane is extremely effective in stopping silicone bleed. No adverse reactions to this implant were noted. Most of the capsules surrounding the implant were thin.
Marital Quality and Older Men's and Women's Comfort Discussing Sexual Issues With a Doctor

It is not uncommon for older adults to feel uncomfortable engaging in sexual health communication with a doctor. Nevertheless, there is reason to expect that marital quality is associated with older adults' comfort discussing sexual issues with a doctor. This study examined the relation between marital quality and comfort discussing sexual issues with a doctor among older married men and women using a nationally representative sample of older adults. Data were analyzed using partial proportional odds models. Positive marital quality predicted higher levels of comfort discussing sexual issues with a doctor, but only for men. In contrast, negative marital quality had no significant effect on comfort discussing sex with a doctor for men or women. These results suggest that for older married men, a positive marriage is an important factor in promoting comfort in regard to sexual health communication with a doctor.
Actin and villin compartmentation during ATP depletion and recovery in renal cultured cells.

Actin and villin compartmentation during ATP depletion and recovery in renal cultured cells. ATP-depletion in renal cultured cells has been used as a model for studying various cytoskeletal and functional alterations induced by renal ischemia. This communication explores the reversibility of these effects utilizing a novel method [1] that depleted ATP (ATP-D) to 2% of control within 30 minutes and caused complete recovery (REC) of ATP in one hour. Under confocal microscopy, ATP-D (30 min) caused thinning of F-actin from the microvilli, cortical region, and basal stress fibers, with the concurrent appearance of intracellular F-actin patches. These changes were more pronounced after 60 minutes of ATP-D. One hour of REC following 30 minutes of ATP-D produced complete recovery of F-actin in each region of the cell. However, after 60 minutes of ATP-D, a heterogeneous F-actin recovery pattern was observed: almost complete recovery of the apical ring and microvilli, thinned cortical actin with occasional breaks along the basolateral membrane, and a dramatic reduction in basal stress fiber density. The time course of cortical actin and actin ring disruption and recovery coincided with a drop and recovery in the transepithelial resistance and the cytoskeletal dissociation and reassociation of the Na,K-ATPase. Additionally, the microvilli retracted into the cells during ATP-D, a process that was reversed during REC. Triton extraction and confocal microscopy demonstrated that villin remained closely associated with microvillar actin during both ATP-D and REC. These distinctive regional differences in the responses of F-actin to ATP depletion and repletion in cultured renal epithelial cells may help to clarify some of the differential tubular responses to ischemia and reperfusion in the kidney.
Genital abnormalities in females with Bardet-Biedl syndrome

The major manifestations of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome are digital anomalies, tapetoretinal degeneration, obesity, renal abnormalities, and hypogenitalism (described mainly in males). We report on 2 girls with Bardet-Biedl syndrome who also had vaginal atresia. A similar association in females with Bardet-Biedl syndrome was suggested in published reports of 11 affected individuals who had structural genital abnormalities, (some of which were missed in childhood), including persistent urogenital sinus, ectopic urethra, hypoplasia of the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, uterus duplex, and septate vagina. The association of atresia of the vagina and other malformations of female genital structures in individuals with Bardet-Biedl syndrome has often been missed in childhood and should be looked for more systematically.
One-Lung Fontan Operation: Hemodynamics and Surgical Outcome

Background. This study examined the results of a Fontan operation for patients with acquired atresia of one main branch pulmonary artery. Methods. The data for 7 patients identified as having a hypoplastic left pulmonary artery discontinuous from the right pulmonary artery were compared with those for 65 patients with continuous pulmonary arteries who consecutively underwent a completion Fontan procedure. Results. No significant differences were found preoperatively with respect to right atrial pressure, aortic saturation, ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary blood flow, or pulmonary vascular resistance. In the first 24 postoperative hours, there were no significant differences in heart rate, urine output, systemic venous pressure, or pulmonary venous pressure. Also, data regarding hospitalization length, effusions, and mortality were similar between the two groups. Postoperative systemic arterial saturation was lower in the one-lung group. There were no early postoperative deaths in the one-lung group, and 5 of the 7 patients are long-term survivors. Conclusions. A completion Fontan procedure can be successfully performed in patients with a hypoplastic and discontinuous left pulmonary artery, although postoperative systemic arterial saturation is not as high as in patients with continuous pulmonary arteries.
Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract This study assesses the effect of dietary supplements with high dose omega-3 fatty acid (N3FA) on the frequency of clinical restenosis during the 6 months after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). One hundred ninety-four patients (214 significant coronary narrowings) were randomized after successful PTCA to receive conventional medical therapy or to an identical regimen supplemented by high dose N3FA (4.5 g/day). Enrollment required angina pectoris and successful dilatation of all significant coronary narrowings. The subjects were randomly assigned to either no N3FA (control, n = 99) or N3FA supplementation (n = 95). After a 1-week trial period, 11 (group 2) declined further treatment because of side effects. The remaining 84 subjects (group 1) continued N3FA throughout the 6-month period. Monthly clinical follow-up was obtained in all patients. Ninety-two percent of patients had cardiac testing for evaluation of recurrent ischemia. Except for a greater percentage of women in the group refusing N3FA supplementation (group 2), the 3 groups were similar in demographic data, medical history, dietary habits, history of previous PTCA and angiographic characteristics. Of the 194 subjects, 56 had clinical restenosis (45 by cardiac catheterization, 8 by exercise testing and 3 by symptoms alone [refused further clinical testing]). Reocclusion rates were: group 1 19%, group 2 46%, and control 35%. Analysis both in accordance with the principle of intention to treat and for subjects who actually received N3FA revealed a significant effect of N3FA on preventing clinical restenosis (p
Regulation of melanocortin 1 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein levels by its natural agonist and antagonist

SPECIFIC AIMSPigmentation in mammals is stimulated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which binds to the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and induces activation of melanogenic enzymes through stimulation of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A. The antagonist agouti signal protein (ASP) interacts with the Mc1r and blocks its stimulation by MSH. We studied the structure and expression of Mc1r transcripts in MSH- or ASP-treated murine melanocytes and to determine the influence of these transcripts on the translation process.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Effects of ASP and MSH on Mc1r protein expressionWestern blot was used to measure Mc1r protein levels in melan-a black melanocytes treated with ASP or MSH. Immunodetection of Mc1r by αPEP19 (a rabbit antibody generated against an Mc1r-specific peptide sequence) revealed a single band at the expected size (35 kDa, Fig. 1⤻ a) for which the intensity varied according to the treatment. It clearly shows that Mc1r expression was enhanced by treatment with MSH and r...
The Functional Analysis of the X-Ray Transform on Trees

The X-ray transform plays an important role in the integral geometry of trees. It transforms functions on the vertices into functions on the geodesics. In (Casadio Tarabusi, Cohen, and Picardello, Adv. in Math., to appear) a precise description of the domain and range of the X-ray transform was given. In this work we construct and analyze subsets of these function spaces which have a Banach space structure and on which the X-ray transform acts as an isometry. Questions concerning continuity on the space of geodesics are also studied.
On swapping diagonal blocks in real Schur form

We discuss a new version of an existing algorithm for reordering the eigenvalues on the diagonal of a matrix in real Schur form by performing an orthogonal similarity transformation. A detailed error analysis and software description are presented. Numerical examples show the superiority of our algorithm over previous algorithms.
Sources of variability in traction data

Abstract A 18.4R38 tyre was tested at 124 kPa inflation pressure, approximately 24 kN axle load in a firm and in a tilled Yolo-loam soil using (i) constant slip, (ii) constant draught, (iii) varying slip and (iv) varying draught tyre testing procedures. The results indicated that the constant slip test procedure leads to repeatable and consistent results whereas a variable slip test procedure leads to considerable scatter in the data. The constant draught test procedure yielded acceptable results. Varying slip appeared to influence the system dynamics much more than varying draught during tyre testing. An accurate method of predicting “true rolling radius” and “true slip” for an assumed zero condition is presented. The concept of motion resistance, its variability due to assumed zero conditions, and possible interpretations are discussed. The traction test data indicates that the motion resistance is not constant but varies with slip.
Gaseous and particulate emissions from a DC arc melter.

Abstract Tests treating soils contaminated with metal compounds and radionuclide surrogates were conducted in a DC arc melter. The soil melted, and glassy or ceramic waste forms with a separate metal phase were produced. Tests were run in the melter plenum with either air or N2 purge gases. In addition to nitrogen, the primary emissions of gases were CO2 , CO, oxygen, methane, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx ). Although the gas flow through the melter was low, the particulate concentrations ranged from 32 to 145 g/m3. Cerium, a nonradioactive surrogate for plutonium and uranium, was not enriched in the particulate matter (PM). The PM was enriched in cesium and highly enriched in lead.
Enzymology of Electron Transport: Energy Generation With Geochemical Consequences

Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) are important components of the microbial community residing in redox-stratified freshwater and marine environments. DMRB occupy a central position in the biogeochemical cycles of metals, metalloids and radionuclides, and serve as catalysts for a variety of other environmentally important processes including biomineralization, biocorrosion, bioremediation and mediators of ground water quality. DMRB are presented, however, with a unique physiological challenge: they are required to respire anaerobically on terminal electron acceptors which are either highly insoluble (e.g., Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-oxides) and reduced to soluble end-products or highly soluble (e.g., U(VI) and Tc(VII)) and reduced to insoluble end-products. To overcome physiological problems associated with metal and radionuclide solubility, DMRB are postulated to employ a variety of novel respiratory strategies not found in other gram-negative bacteria which respire on soluble electron acceptors such as O2, NO3- and SO42-. The novel respiratory strategies include (1) direct enzymatic reduction at the outer membrane, (2) electron shuttling pathways and (3) metal solubilization by exogenous or bacterially-produced organic ligands followed by reduction of soluble organic-metal compounds. The first section of this chapter highlights the latest findings on the enzymatic mechanisms of metal and radionuclide reduction by two of the most extensively studied DMRB (Geobactermore » and Shewanella), with particular emphasis on electron transport chain enzymology. The second section emphasizes the geochemical consequences of DMRB activity, including the direct and indirect effects on metal solubility, the reductive transformation of Fe- and Mn-containing minerals, and the biogeochemical cycling of metals at redox interfaces in chemically stratified environments.« less
Deployment of drifters in a piecewise-constant flow environment

We study a deployment strategy for a group of vehicles that drift in an ambient flow field. Specifically, we address the case where the flow is always greater in magnitude than an individual vehicle's speed, thus individual agents are not able to maintain constant positions. For analytic tractability, we make the assumption that the flow can be approximated as a piecewise constant vector field. This results in interesting phenomena regarding minimum-time optimal solutions at the interface between two different constant flows. We characterize these optimal trajectories and then specify an area maximizing cooperative coverage algorithm that agents in the flow can implement in a distributed manner.
Habitat for humanity: Building social capital through faith based service

This essay examines citizen involvement in community housing issues through Habitat for Humanity as a faith– based expansion of social capital in urban communities. This article expands Putnam’s mo...
An enhancer element in the EphA2 (Eck) gene sufficient for rhombomere-specific expression is activated by HOXA1 and HOXB1 homeobox proteins

In the hindbrain of the mouse embryo, there is often coincident rhombomere-restricted expression of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and Hox homeobox genes, raising the possibility of regulatory interactions. In this paper, we have identified cis-acting regulatory sequences of the EphA2 (Eck) gene, which direct node and hindbrain-specific expression in transgenic embryos. An 8-kilobase region of mouse genomic DNA element was sufficient to drive rhombomere 4 (r4)-specific expression while conferring patchy expression in the node. Further analysis localized the rhombomere-specific enhancer to a 0.9-kilobase sequence. This element contains multiple Hox-Pbx consensus binding sites that bind to both HOXA1/Pbx1 and HOXB1/Pbx1 proteins in vitro. Co-expression of either HOXA1 or HOXB1 with Pbx1 transactivated EphA2 enhancer-dependent reporter gene expression. These results, together with observations of reduced EphA2 expression in hoxa1 and hoxb1 double mutant mice, suggest that expression of EphA2 gene in rhombomere 4 is directly regulated by Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 homeobox transcription factors.
Organizations as Constructions and Destructions of Meaning

Organizations are dynamic processes through which meaning is simultaneously constructed and destroyed. Organizations may be conceived of as continua along which meaning varies according to its degree of coincidence. On the one hand, organizations are stable because coincident concepts, relationships, and values are developed through socialization. These coincident meanings eventually become crystallized as informal and formal structures and are sustained if powerful organizational leaders can suppress the expression of competing interpretations. On the other hand, organizations are precarious because coincident meanings are also regularly destroyed through action-taking. Destruction of meaning has its origin in fundamental contradictions, which, if raised, create the potential for individual and organizational transformation.
Efficient drive signals for broadband CW electromagnetic induction sensors

Broadband, continuous-wave, electromagnetic induction sensors have been shown to perform well, but they usually use more power than a pulsed induction sensor because of the power wasted in the linear amplifier used to drive the coils. Generally, much more power is dissipated in the power amplifier than in the coils in these systems. Methods for reducing this power are investigated using both linear and switched-mode amplifiers. Significant reductions in the power dissipated by the linear amplifier are achieved by optimizing the signal used to drive the coil. Much greater reductions are achieved with a switched-mode amplifier using an optimized signal that has most of its energy in the desired frequencies for the sensor. Both of these techniques are shown to perform well in a prototype system.
The diffusion of hydrogen in b.c.c. VTi solid solutions

Abstract Recent data for the variation of the diffusivity of hydrogen in b.c.c. VTi solid solutions with Ti-concentration and temperature have been analyzed in terms of the cell model for such ternary solid solutions. The data have been shown to be compatible with this model and a simple cell energy spectrum involving H-metal interactions which are linearly dependent upon the Ti-concentration. It is shown that the interaction energies deduced from the kinetic behavior of the system are in good accord with thermodynamic data for the VH and TiH terminal solid solutions.
Language and Reversal

The way on which Heidegger’s thinking has moved is a way with which the question of language is intertwined, not just in the sense that language is one of those questions that is encountered on that way but also in the sense that language is the medium of that endowment with which anything like a way first’ opens up. How is this intertwining of language and way to be understood, especially in light of the fact that this way proves to be such that the movement appropriate to it is one of reversal? How is it that language and reversal belong together?
Bacitracin differentiation for presumptive identification of group A β-hemolytic streptococci: Comparison of primary and purified plate testing

The detection of group A β-hemolytic streptococci by bacitracin susceptibility was examined, with the presumptive identification on primary blood agar plates compared with that on pure subcultured plates. A total of 638 group A streptococcus isolates was recovered from 4,632 throat swab specimens. Only about half of these isolates were identifiable on the primary plate, compared with 96% identifiable on pure subcultured plates. The unreliable results with bacitracin disk testing on primary plates were due to (1) too few colonies present in the vicinity of the disk or (2) colonies overgrown by oropharyngeal flora.
Deterring Corruption by Prison Personnel: A Principle-Based Perspective

This article discusses corruption in U.S. prison institutions and proposes effective methods to deter its continuance. Unlike other research that has advocated increasing pain and brutality, this article presents a principle-based approach, not weak, spineless, or soft but indeed earnest, steadfast, and well disciplined. It balances the continuum between reinforcing rational and reasonable rules to control the behavior of inmates and mature and professional performance by enlightened correctional officers. This article is based on a solid assumption: The more civil the correctional institution is, the more civil, and the less violent, its residents will be. It questions the traditional belief that most prison inmates are subhumans who can be controlled only by violence, understand only the crunch of force, and detest the universal norms of fairness, dignity, and humanity. This article concludes by presenting a few practical propositions to better assist prison administrators in performing their duties mor...
American College of Surgeons Guidelines Program: a process for using existing guidelines to generate best practice recommendations for central venous access.

Background Many professional organizations help their members identify and use quality guidelines. Some of these efforts involve developing new guidelines, and others assess existing guidelines for their clinical usefulness. The American College of Surgeons Guidelines Program attempts to recognize useful surgical guidelines and develop research questions to help clarify existing clinical guidelines. We used existing guidelines about central venous access to develop a set of summary recommendations that could be used by practitioners to establish local best practices. Study Design A comprehensive literature search identified existing clinical guidelines for short-term central venous access. Two reviewers independently rated the guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument. Highly scored guidelines were analyzed for content, and their recommendations were compiled into a summary table. The summary table was reviewed by an independent panel of experts for clinical utility. Results Thirty-two guidelines were identified, and 23 met inclusion criteria. The AGREE rating resulted in four guidelines that were strongly recommended and five that were recommended with alterations. Three comprehensive tables of recommendations were produced: procedural, maintenance, and infectious assessment. A panel of experts came to consensus agreement on the final format of the best practice recommendations, which included 30 summary recommendations. Conclusions Our process combined assessing existing guidelines methodology with expert opinion to produce a best practice list of guidelines that could be fashioned into local care routines by practicing physicians. The American College of Surgeons guidelines program believes this process will help validate the clinical utility of existing guidelines and identify areas needing further investigation to determine practical validity.
Chemosensation of Bacterial Secondary Metabolites Modulates Neuroendocrine Signaling and Behavior of C. elegans

Summary Discrimination between pathogenic and beneficial microbes is essential for host organism immunity and homeostasis. Here, we show that chemosensory detection of two secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa modulates a neuroendocrine signaling pathway that promotes avoidance behavior in the simple animal host Caenorhabditis elegans . Secondary metabolites phenazine-1-carboxamide and pyochelin activate a G-protein-signaling pathway in the ASJ chemosensory neuron pair that induces expression of the neuromodulator DAF-7/TGF-β. DAF-7, in turn, activates a canonical TGF-β signaling pathway in adjacent interneurons to modulate aerotaxis behavior and promote avoidance of pathogenic P. aeruginosa . Our data provide a chemical, genetic, and neuronal basis for how the behavior and physiology of a simple animal host can be modified by the microbial environment and suggest that secondary metabolites produced by microbes may provide environmental cues that contribute to pathogen recognition and host survival.
A Systems Approach to Measuring the Binding Energy Landscapes of Transcription Factors

A major goal of systems biology is to predict the function of biological networks. Although network topologies have been successfully determined in many cases, the quantitative parameters governing these networks generally have not. Measuring affinities of molecular interactions in high-throughput format remains problematic, especially for transient and low-affinity interactions. We describe a high-throughput microfluidic platform that measures such properties on the basis of mechanical trapping of molecular interactions. With this platform we characterized DNA binding energy landscapes for four eukaryotic transcription factors; these landscapes were used to test basic assumptions about transcription factor binding and to predict their in vivo function.
A Model of Conversation

Wolf, Gerrit A Model of Conversation. Behavioral Patterns in Goal Setting Conferences. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.; Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. R-23; R-32 70 45p.; Presented at American Psychological Association Convention, Miami Beach, Florida, September 3-8, 1970 Gerrit Wolf, Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. (No price is quoted.)
Theory for selective-vibrational-dephasing experiments with the use of transient stimulated Raman scattering in high laser depletion

A theory for selective-vibrational-dephasing experiments using transient stimulated Raman scattering in high laser depletion is presented. The transient stimulated Raman scattering equations are numerically solved including laser depletion for homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened vibrational line shapes. A detailed account of the effects of low and high laser depletion on the vibrational amplitudes is given. An interpretation for excite-and-probe vibrational-dephasing experiments undertaken in the low- and high-laser-depletion regimes is developed. For a collinear laser probe pulse, high depletion of the excitation laser pulse leads to enhanced coherent Stokes probe scattering from one vibrational subgroup in the inhomogeneously broadened line shape. This selective scattering is greatly dependent upon the excitation laser pulse width and the off-resonance frequency of the vibrational subgroup. The enhanced selectivity in high laser depletion allows the homogeneous dephasing time ${T}_{2}$ to be measured to a high level of accuracy.
Experimental band structure of cadmium sulfide

We have investigated the bulk electronic structure of wurtzite CdS using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. We find that direct transitions largely determine the shape of the experimental spectra. Information from all high-symmetry points in the Brillouin zone is available from normal- and off-normal-emission spectra with the aid of polarization selection rules. A comparison with our experimentally determined critical-point energies shows that existing theoretical band-structure calculations for wurtzite CdS are qualitatively correct, but underestimate the extent of the band dispersion. For example, we observe an upper-valence-band width of 4.5 eV, which is significantly larger than the predicted values of 2.7---3.3 eV. Our spectra also reveal fine structure in the Cd $4d$ core-level spectra. This suggests that the Cd $4d$ electrons are involved in the chemical bonding.
Modeling and optimizing large-scale wide-area data transfers

Data generated by experimental, simulation, and observational science is growing exponentially. The resulting datasets are often transported over wide-area networks for storage, analysis, or visualization. Network bandwidth, which is not increasing at the same rate as dataset sizes, is becoming a key obstacle to data-driven sciences.In this paper, we focus on how bandwidth allocation can be controlled at the level of a protocol such as GridFTP, in view of goals such as maintaining certain priorities or performing scheduling with specified objectives. In particular, we explore how GridFTP transfer performance can be controlled by using parallelism and concurrency. We find that concurrency turns out to be a more powerful control knob than is parallelism. For a source where most bandwidth is consumed by transfers to a small number of other destinations, we build a model for each destination's achieved throughput in terms of its concurrency and total concurrency (over GridFTP transfers) to other major destinations. We then enhance this model by including an indicator of the time-varying external load, using multiple ways to measure this external load.We study the effectiveness of the proposed models in controlling the bandwidth allocation. After evaluating the numerous combinations of models and methods of measuring external load, we narrow in on the four best-performing ones, based on both their validation results and their applicability. After extensive testing of these four approaches, we find that they can obtain desired bandwidth allocations with a mean(median) error rate of 19.8%(13.8%), with 38% of the errors in our benchmark tests being less than 10% and 54% of them being less than 15%.
A Fuzzy Dropper for Proportional Loss Rate Differentiation under Wireless Network with a Multi-State Channel

The proportional loss rate differentiation (PLD) model was proposed to provide controllable and predictable loss rate for different classes of wired network connections. However, these algorithms cannot be directly applied to wireless networks, because of the location-dependent and time-varying wireless channel capacity. This paper proposes a novel packet dropper for fuzzy controlling of the proportional loss rate differentiation in a wireless network with multistate channel. The proposed dropper, fuzzy proportional loss rate dropper (FPLR), prefers to drop the small packets destined to a poor condition channel to improve the network performance. The loss rate debts of the poor channel will be compensated later to keep PLD. From simulation results, FPLR does achieve accurate loss rate proportion, lower queuing delay and loss rate, and higher throughput, compared with other methods in the wireless environment.