cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-magnon raman scattering and infrared absorption in MnF2

Recent work has shown that it is essential to include magnon‐magnon interaction effects in order to calculate the two‐magnon line shape for optical processes in antiferromagnets. These experiments are very sensitive to any structure in the density of states, and so it is necessary to include both J1 and J2 (obtained from inelastic neutron scattering measurements) even though J1 is much smaller than J2. We have calculated line shapes for Raman scattering and infrared absorption in MnF2 and obtained much improved agreement with the experimental results. We show that the sharp structure in the density of states and magnon‐magnon interactions are equally important in determining the line shape. Simple arguments based on the Ising model to get the shift in peak position that are valid for RbMnF3, where there is a single sharp peak in the density of states, are no longer correct in MnF2. We conclude that a small J3 exchange and a possible extended range of interaction between light and the magnetic system can o...
FOURIER ANALYSIS WITH UNEQUALLY-SPACED DATA*

The general problems of Fourier and spectral analysis are discussed. A discrete Fourier transformF N (v) of a functionf(t) is presented which (i) is defined for arbitrary data spacing; (ii) is equal to the convolution of the true Fourier transform off(t) with a spectral window. It is shown that the ‘pathology’ of the data spacing, including aliasing and related effects, is all contained in the spectral window, and the properties of the spectral windows are examined for various kinds of data spacing. The results are applicable to power spectrum analysis of stochastic functions as well as to ordinary Fourier analysis of periodic or quasiperiodic functions.
Variation in the leaping of lemurs

Locomotor diversity among lemurids has been ignored by placing most species into a category of arboreal quadrupeds. Recent field studies have shown that leaping behaviors comprise a relatively large amount of their travel. In this contribution I detail a study of captive lemurs locomoting on a designed support network and/or in outdoor enclosures. Associations between support context, leaping behaviors, and landing kinematics are detailed for Hapalemur griseus, Eulemur rubriventer, Eulemur fulvus, Eulemur mongoz, and Varecia variegata. In-air body position, including the amount and location of trunk flexion, coupled with the extent of shoulder and hip flexion dictates limb use at landing. Limb strike pattern when landing onto the same support type varies interspecifically. The kinematic variation in leaping behaviors may well have implications for functional analyses of the postcranium.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE LENGTH DISTRIBUTION ON INFECTIVITY OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS.

The particle length distribution of tobacco mosaic virus purified by four different procedures was determined by electron microscopy. All the samples contained particles shorter than the standard 300 mμ length as well as aggregates of the short and standard lengths. Aggregation was greatest in samples known to contain relatively large amounts of calcium and magnesium ions, particularly when the virus was purified at room temperature. Essentially nonaggregated preparations were made by processing in low concentrations of sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate. Some of the preparations mentioned were fractionated by density gradient centrifugation, differential ultracentrifugation, and agar gel column chromatography into samples consisting primarily of short or of standard length units, and their infectivities were compared on Nicotiana glutinosa. The fractions containing few or no standard particles proved very low in infectivity, as reported previously by other workers. However those with moderate proportions of short rods were usually more infectious per standard length unit present than were those with low proportions of short particles. The hypothesis is advanced that the enhancement of infectivity found with the shorter rods is a specific effect possibly related to their nucleic acid content and their ability in multiple particle infections to supplement the genetic information carried by the standard particle.
Cell culture dosimetry for low-frequency magnetic fields.

Calculations of the current density and electric field distributions induced in cell cultures by an applied low-frequency magnetic field have assumed that the medium is uniform. This paper calculates these distributions for a more realistic, inhomogeneous, anisotropic model in which the cells are regarded as conducting squares surrounded by insulating membranes. Separate parameters are used to specify the resistivities of the cell interior, the cell membrane parallel to its surface, the cell membrane perpendicular to its surface, and the intercellular junction parallel to the membrane. The presence of gap junctions connecting the interiors of adjacent cells is also considered. For vertical applied magnetic fields, the induced currents and field distributions may deviate considerably from the homogeneous medium model if there is sufficiently tight binding of the cells to each other. The presence of gap junctions can produce relatively large transmembrane electric fields or intracellular current densities. These considerations are generally less important for horizontal applied fields. A simple microscopic model of the cell surface is also discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder.

Objective We examined postsecondary employment experiences of young adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compared these outcomes with those of young adults with different disabilities. Method Data were from Wave 5 of the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 (NLTS2), a nationally representative survey of young adults who had received special education services during high school. We examined the prevalence of ever having had, and currently having, a paid job at 21 to 25 years of age. We analyzed rates of full-time employment, wages earned, number of jobs held since high school, and job types. Results Approximately one-half (53.4%) of young adults with an ASD had ever worked for pay outside the home since leaving high school, the lowest rate among disability groups. Young adults with an ASD earned an average of $8.10 per hour, significantly lower than average wages for young adults in the comparison groups, and held jobs that clustered within fewer occupational types. Odds of ever having had a paid job were higher for those who were older, from higher-income households, and with better conversational abilities or functional skills. Conclusions Findings of worse employment outcomes for young adults with an ASD suggest that this population is experiencing particular difficulty in successfully transitioning into employment. Research is needed to determine strategies for improving outcomes as these young adults transition into adulthood.
Effect of Rearing Regimens on Pullet Growth and Subsequent Laying Performance

Treatments consisted of eight pullet dietary regimens: high protein with low, medium, or high ME; low protein with high ME, step-up protein, and diets with gradually decreasing protein levels and increasing ME levels with deficient methionine and TSAA levels, recommended methionine levels (TSAA-deficient), or recommended methionine and TSAA levels. Two additional regimens were introduced at 20 wk by selecting light and heavy birds, from caged birds maintained under high protein, medium ME conditions. Laying performance was measured from 20 to 64 wk. During the rearing period, birds fed the low energy and the methionine-deficient regimens consumed less energy (P less than .05). Body weight at 8 wk was affected by initial protein levels (P less than .05), but such effect was not seen after 16 wk of age. Birds on the step-up protein regimen consumed less feed during the laying period but also produced less egg mass (P less than .05). Birds with heavier body weights at 20 wk had better laying performance than birds with lighter body weights (P less than .05). A rearing regimen (0 to 20 wk) that resulted in a total protein intake of 1,140 g and a total ME intake of 20.0 Mcal was shown to control final pullet body weight and maximize laying performance; although at higher ME intake (21.5 Mcal) no detrimental effect was seen.
Cell interactions between hematopoietic and stromal cells in the embryonic chick bone marrow

Light microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, and transmission electron microscopic studies of the early developmental stages of chick embryonic bone marrow disclose characteristic associations of the first hematopoietic cells with stromal cells. The first hematopoietic cells, large basophilic cells that we have termed presumptive stem cells, segregate into erythropoietic and granulopoietic regions. Intravascular erythropoietic cells associate with sinusoidal endothelial cells, while granulopoietic cells associate with extravascular reticular cells. Extensive, intimate contacts between erythroid and endothelial cells are maintained, in part, by marginal arrays of microtubules, which promote a flattening of the adherent erythroid cell surface. In addition, cell surface components of opposing cells, visualized by ruthenium red staining, appear to merge and possibly to interact. Granulopoietic cells establish intimate but less extensive associations with reticular cells through cell-surface interactions. Stationary granuloid cells appear to be held in place by small, thin processes emanating from the sheet-like reticular cells. Granuloid cells are capable of moving within the extravascular region, using reticular cell surfaces as a substrate. Intimate associations also occur among granulopoietic cells, the significance of which is unclear. Thus, sinusoidal endothelial cells and reticular cells comprise the critical non-hematopoietic or stromal elements of avian bone marrow, where they have a putative role in segregating presumptive stem cells into erythrocyteic and granulocytic compartments. They serve as an architectual, and possibly regulatory, framework on which hematopoiesis occurs.
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A1-B8-DR3 (8.1) haplotype, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) G-308A, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) A1-B8-DR3 (8.1) haplotype, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) G-308A, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS FOR COMPRESSIBLE MATERIALS

Within the context of unconstrained, finite elasticity, exact solutions will be obtained for a number of plane stress boundary-value problems. The inflation and azimuthal shearing of cylinders of the so-called Varga material will be considered. Additionally, a simple, static interpretation of the strong ellipticity condition will be given for these materials.
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous thiocyanate solution.

The pulse radiolysis of N2O saturated aqueous solutions of KSCN was studied under neutral pH conditions. The observed optical absorption spectrum of the SCN• radical in solution is more complex than previously reported, but it is in good agreement with that measured in the gas phase. Kinetic traces at 330 nm and 472 nm corresponding to SCN• and (SCN)2•¯, respectively, were fit using a Monte Carlo simulation kinetic model. The rate coefficient for the oxidation of SCN¯ ions by OH radicals, an important reaction used in competition kinetics measurements, was found to be 1.4 ± 0.1 x 1010 M-1 s-1, about 30 % higher than the normally accepted value. A detailed discussion of the reaction mechanism is presented.
Reliability issues in submicron MOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectrics

Abstract A review of critical reliability issues in submicron MOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectrics is presented. We have focussed our attention on: substrate and gate currents in short channel MOSFETs, hot carrier induced MOSFET degradation under DC and AC stress, gate-induced drain leakage current and its enhancement due to stress, neutral trap generation due to electrical stress and degradation of analog MOSFET parameters. We have also discussed the problems of radiation induced neutral trap generation and boron penetration through the gate dielectric, which arise due to the advanced processing techniques utilized in submicron MOSFET processing. It is concluded that the use of oxynitride gate dielectrics can effectively solve several reliability issues encountered in scaling down MOSFETs to submicron dimensions.
Enolate claisen rearrangement of glycolate esters

Abstract The enolate Claisen rearrangement of O-protected allylic glycolates yields functionalized acylic systems with high syn and anti stereoselectivity. This procedure is the key step in a short synthesis of threo -4-methylheptan-3-ol, an aggregation pheromone of the European elm bark beetle.
SPI agility: How to navigate improvement projects

In this study, we argue that today's changing business environment calls for agile Software Process Improvement (SPI) practices. The study combines experiences from 18 SPI projects executed from 1998 to 2002 at Ericsson in Gothenburg with insights from SPI and agility theory. We suggest that agile SPI practices are both effective and flexible; they employ adaptive governance mechanisms at the corporate level; and they combine different tactics on the project level. We identify and compare two different tactics for SPI projects. Inspired by procedural thinking, the first tactic, the supertanker, employs process-push and aims for efficient process development and diffusion. On the basis of adaptive thinking, the second tactic, the motorboat, facilitates practice-pull and aims for adaptive process development and diffusion. We also discuss how agile SPI practices require understanding of the different types of waters in which the two tactics navigate effectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-assembly of Laminin Isoforms

The α, β, and γ subunits of basement membrane laminins can combine into different heterotrimeric molecules with either three full short arms (e.g. laminins-1–4), or molecules containing one (laminins-6–9) or more (laminin-5) short arm truncations. Laminin-1 (α1β1γ1), self-assembles through a calcium-dependent thermal gelation requiring binding interactions between N-terminal short arm domains, forming a meshwork polymer thought to contribute to basement membrane architecture (Yurchenco, P. D., and Cheng, Y. S. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 17286–17299). However, it has been unclear whether other isoforms share this property, and if so, which ones. To begin to address this, we evaluated laminin-2 (α2β1γ1), laminin-4 (α2β2γ1), laminin-5 (α3Aβ3γ2), and laminin-6 (α3Aβ1γ1). The first two isoforms were found to self-aggregate in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner and a close self-assembly relationship among laminins-1, -2, and -4 were demonstrated by: (a) polymerization of all three proteins was inhibited by EDTA and laminin-1 short arm fragments, (b) polymerization of laminin-1 was inhibited by fragments of laminins-2 and -4, (c) laminin-2 and, to a lesser degree, laminin-4, even well below their own critical concentration, co-aggregated with laminin-1, evidence for co-polymerization. Laminin-5, on the other hand, neither polymerized nor co-polymerized with laminin-1. Laminin-6 failed to co-aggregate with laminin-1 at all concentrations evaluated, evidence for a lack of a related self-assembly activity. The data support the hypothesis that all three short arms are required for self-assembly and suggest that the short arm domain structure of laminin isoforms affect their architecture-forming properties in basement membranes.
Pragmatism, Ethics, and the Function of Antilogic

In Chapter 1, we explored the philosophical base of antilogic and the fragmentary Protagorean texts; in Chapter 2, we reviewed the general features of antilogic itself, along with its nearest relatives, potential origins, and original milieu With this background in place, we can now concentrate on particular features of our subject that define its distinctive contribution to the rhetorical tradition and account for its continued relevance To this end, I have chosen three constituent elements of antilogic that characterize its unique nature and promise In this chapter, I take up the first two: the underlying pragmatism and controlling ethics of antilogical argumentation I hope to show that antilogic, unlike dialectic, will naturally combine questions of knowledge with matters of conduct, so its procedures of inquiry are invariably oriented toward practical action In addition, there is an obvious conflict between my claim in the last chapter for antilogic’s egalitarian politics and the traditional charge that Protagoras would substitute worse arguments with better ones, a conflict that requires us to attend to the ethics of antilogical exchange and to the place of moral conduct in the Protagorean social order In the next chapter, I follow these studies in pragmatism and ethics with an investigation of more familiar rhetorical territory: namely, the formal elements that distinguish antilogic and constitute the norms of its unique practice.
TCAM-conscious Algorithms for Data Streams

There has been significant interest in developing space and time efficient solutions for answering continuous summarization queries over data streams. While these techniques are evaluated in a standard CPU setting, many of their applications such as click-fraud detection, and network-traffic summarization typically execute on special networking architectures called network processing units (NPUs). These NPUs interface with special kind of associative memories known as the ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs). In this paper, we describe how the integrated architecture of NPU and TCAMs can be exploited towards achieving the goal of developing high-speed stream summarization solutions. We analyze popular solutions for the frequent elements problem in data stream, discuss the bottleneck issues and motivate how TCAMs can help alleviate these bottlenecks. A preliminary evaluation on an NPU platform reveals the performance gains of the TCAM-conscious techniques over software implementations.
Spin-valve and pseudo-spin-valve device switching for giant magnetoresistive random access memory applications

Previous work has described the performance of current-in-plane (CIP) pseudo-spin-valve (PSV) devices for giant magnetoresistive random access memory (GMRAM) applications for 1R0T GMRAM architectures based on a bit cell containing a GMR resistor and no transistors. Device characteristics are reported here of CIP spin-valve (SV) and PSV devices that can be applied to GMRAM two-resistor/two-transistor (2R2T) latch memory architectures. As a function of hard-axis in-plane bias field, the PSV and SV devices have switching field and dR dependencies that are opposite in sign, which indicate differences in the magnetization reversal process between PSV and SV devices. For easy-axis fields that exceed the storage layer switching field but are less than the pinned-layer reversal field, PSV devices have two layers that respond to applied fields while SV devices have a single layer that responds. The PSV device, therefore, shows an additional effect of mutual magnetization coupling between the two magnetic layers, while the SV device acts more simply, as a biased single layer.
High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated Tp53-responsive luciferase reporter

Human Tp53 is normally a short-lived protein. Tp53 protein is stabilized and levels are increased in response to a variety of cellular stresses, including those induced by genotoxic anticancer drugs and environmental exposures. To engineer an efficient assay based on this property, we constructed and integrated a Tp53-specific reporter system into human cancer cells, termed p53R cells. We tested a range of conventional chemotherapeutic agents as well as over 16 000 diverse small compounds. Ionizing radiation and two-thirds of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, but only 0.2% of diverse compounds activated Tp53 activity by two-fold or greater, consistent with the presumptive genotoxic activation of Tp53 function. Cytotoxicity was independent of TP53 genetic status when paired, syngeneic wild-type TP53 and TP53-null cells in culture were treated with compounds that activated Tp53. From the unbiased survey of random compounds, Tp53 activation was strongly induced by an analog of AMSA, an investigational anti-cancer agent. Tp53 was also strongly induced by an N-oxide of quinoline and by dabequine, an experimental antimalarial evaluated in humans; dabequine was reported to be negative in other screens of mutagenicity and clastogenicity but carcinogenic in animal studies. Further exploration of antimalarial compounds identified the common medicinals chloroquine, quinacrine, and amodiaquine as Tp53-inducers. Flavonoids are known to have DNA topoisomerase activity, a Tp53-inducing activity that is confirmed in the assay. A reported clinical association of Tp53 immunopositive colorectal cancers with use of the antihypertensive agents was extended by the demonstration of hydralazine and nifedipine as Tp53-inducers. p53R cells represent an efficient Tp53 functional assay to identify chemicals and other agents with interesting biologic properties, including genotoxicity. This assay may have utility in the identification of novel chemotherapeutic agents, as an adjunct in the pharmaceutical optimization of lead compounds, in the exploration of environmental exposures, and in chemical probing of the Tp53 pathway.
Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in cultured rat pituitary cells.

Binding proteins (BPs) for the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced by cultured rat anterior pituitary (AP) and neurointermediate lobe (NI) cells were studied by competitive binding, affinity cross-linking, and Western ligand blot techniques. Conditioned medium from AP cultures contained specific high affinity IGF BPs with apparent mol wt of 35K, 27K, and 24K, while the 27K BP predominated in NI conditioned medium. Treatment of AP and NI conditioned media with endoglycosidase-F did not alter the 27K BP, but significantly reduced the apparent mol wt of the 35K BP into the 27-29K range, suggesting that the 35K BP may be a glycosylated form of the 27K BP. This 27K pituitary BP appeared similar to the BP produced by BRL-3A cells in both size and apparent lack of glycosylation. Although type 2 IGF receptors could be identified in conditioned medium from NI and GH3 pituitary cells, binding of [125I]IGF to pituitary BPs could not be inhibited, nor could the cross-linked BPs be immunoprecipitated, by antib...
Mutants with temperature-sensitive defects in the Escherichia coli mismatch repair system: sensitivity to mispairs generated in vivo.

We have used direct selections to generate large numbers of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the mismatch repair system and have screened these to identify mutants with temperature-sensitive defects. We detected and sequenced mutations that give rise to temperature-sensitive MutS, MutL, and MutH proteins. One mutation, mutS60, results in almost normal levels of spontaneous mutations at 37°C but above this temperature gives rise to higher and higher levels of mutations, reaching the level of null mutations in mutS at 43°C. However, at 37°C the MutS60 protein can be much more easily titrated by mispairs than the wild-type MutS, as evidenced by the impaired ability to block homeologous recombination in interspecies crosses and the increased levels of mutations from weak mutator alleles of mutD (dnaQ), mutC, and ndk. Strains with mutS60 can detect mispairs generated during replication that lead to mutation with much greater sensitivity than wild-type strains. The findings with ndk, lacking nucleotide diphosphate kinase, are striking. An ndk mutS60 strain yields four to five times the level of mutations seen in a full knockout of mutS. These results pose the question of whether similar altered Msh2 proteins result from presumed polymorphisms detected in tumor lines. The role of allele interactions in human disease susceptibility is discussed.
Vertebral augmentation in osteoporotic fractures

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures result in an enormous medical, social and economic burden to society. Here, we review osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, focusing on both their diagnosis and the treatment options, particularly vertebral augmentation.
Equine melanocytic tumors: a retrospective study of 53 horses (1988 to 1991)

A study of 57 cutaneous melanocytic tumors from 53 horses revealed 4 distinct clinical syndromes: melanocytic nevus, dermal melanoma, dermal melanomatosis, and anaplastic malignant melanoma. Melanocytic nevus and anaplastic melanoma each had histopathologic features that distinguished them from dermal melanoma and dermal melanomatosis. Dermal melanoma and dermal melanomatosis were histologically similar but could be differentiated by their clinical features. Melanocytic nevi were diagnosed in 29 horses with an average age of 5 years; they were solitary, superficial masses that occurred in both grey and nongrey horses, and in which surgical excision was generally curative. Dermal melanomas were diagnosed in 20 horses with an average age of 13 years; all horses of known coat color were grey. Eight horses with an average age of 7 years had 1 or 2 discrete dermal melanomas. Follow-up information was available for 6 horses; metastases occurred in 2 horses, and surgical excision was apparently curative in 4 horses. Dermal melanomatosis was diagnosed in 12 grey horses with an average age of 17 years; all 6 of these horses evaluated had internal metastases. In 2 aged nongrey horses with anaplastic malignant melanoma, the tumors metastasized within 1 year of diagnosis. Two tumors with features of both melanocytic nevus and dermal melanoma remained unclassified.
Next‐generation phylogenetics takes root

It has been a tumultuous 5 years in phylogeography and phylogenetics during which both fields have struggled to harness the power of next-generation sequencing (NGS) (Ekblom & Galindo 2010; McCormack et al. 2012a). Fortunately, several methodological approaches appear to be taking root. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, O'Neill et al. 2013) employ one such method – parallel tagged sequencing (PTS) – to elucidate the phylogeography of a tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) species complex. This study demonstrates a practical application of NGS on a scale appropriate (and not overkill) for most biologists interested in phylogeography (~100 loci for ~100 individuals), and their results highlight several analytical challenges that lie ahead for researchers employing NGS techniques.
Speeding up iterative ontology alignment using block-coordinate descent

In domains such as biomedicine, ontologies are prominently utilized for annotating data. Consequently, aligning ontologies facilitates integrating data. Several algorithms exist for automatically aligning ontologies with diverse levels of performance. As alignment applications evolve and exhibit online run time constraints, performing the alignment in a reasonable amount of time without compromising the quality of the alignment is a crucial challenge. A large class of alignment algorithms is iterative and often consumes more time than others in delivering solutions of high quality. We present a novel and general approach for speeding up the multivariable optimization process utilized by these algorithms. Specifically, we use the technique of block-coordinate descent (BCD), which exploits the subdimensions of the alignment problem identified using a partitioning scheme. We integrate this approach into multiple well-known alignment algorithms and show that the enhanced algorithms generate similar or improved alignments in significantly less time on a comprehensive testbed of ontology pairs. Because BCD does not overly constrain how we partition or order the parts, we vary the partitioning and ordering schemes in order to empirically determine the best schemes for each of the selected algorithms. As biomedicine represents a key application domain for ontologies, we introduce a comprehensive biomedical ontology testbed for the community in order to evaluate alignment algorithms. Because biomedical ontologies tend to be large, default iterative techniques find it difficult to produce a good quality alignment within a reasonable amount of time. We align a significant number of ontology pairs from this testbed using BCD-enhanced algorithms. Our contributions represent an important step toward making a significant class of alignment techniques computationally feasible.
Rapid Isolation and Detection of Cell Free Circulating DNA and Other Disease Biomarkers Directly from Whole Blood

The ability to rapidly detect cell free circulating (cfc) DNA biomarkers and drug delivery nanoparticles directly in blood is a major challenge for early disease detection and nanomedicine. We now show that a microarray dielectrophoretic (DEP) device can be used to rapidly isolate and detect high molecular weight (hmw) DNA nanoparticulates and nanoparticles directly from whole blood. At DEP frequencies of 5–10 kHz both fluorescent-stained hmw-DNA and 40 nm fluorescent nanoparticles separate from the blood and become highly concentrated at specific DEP high field regions over the microelectrodes, while blood cells move to the DEP low field regions. The blood cells can then be removed by a simple fluidic wash while the hmw-DNA and nanoparticles remain highly concentrated. The hmw-DNA could be detected at a level of <260 ng/ml, and the nanoparticles at <9.5 × 109 particles/ml, detection levels that are well within the range for viable clinical diagnostics and drug nanoparticle monitoring. Some initial work now indicates the presence of possible cfc-DNA in CLL patient blood samples.
Neutral upper atmosphere structure

Neutral thermosphere and exosphere structure, discussing density, temperature, composition and diurnal and seasonal variations
Loneliness of Adolescents and Their Choice and Enjoyment of Love-Celebrating versus Love-Lamenting Popular Music:

Black and White male and female high-school students reported their enjoyment of various love-lamenting and love-celebrating videos of popular romantic music. The student groups were subdivided into high versus low loneliness in terms of romantic deprivation. Loneliness proved inconsequential for the enjoyment of love-lamenting songs. Love-celebrating songs, however, were markedly less enjoyed by highly lonely males than by less lonely males; in contrast, these love-celebrating songs were more enjoyed by highly lonely females than by less lonely females. Reports of music choices in hypothetical situations of romantic success and failure yielded strikingly differed results. Most students indicated that they would make mood-congruent choices; that is, that they would match the music's mood to their own.
Explaining design patterns through one application

The benefits of using design patterns have been widely acknowledged by experienced software professionals. However, it's not intuitive for novice programmers to recognize appropriate patterns and apply them properly. This paper reports an experience of teaching design patterns to seniors. In that class, the requirements of an interactive quiz environment were described as if the clients requested them in multiple stages. Each stage requested additional features that were not included in the previous stage. As the requirements were presented to the students, design patterns were introduced to the students accordingly. In particular, the emphasis was to demonstrate how various design patterns could be used to minimize the impact Of requirement changes. This practice helped students see the process of recognizing appropriate design patterns. For each pattern selected, this paper presents both the original class diagram as given by the Gang of Four and the matching class diagram that illustrates the application of the pattern.
A Web-Based Tool to Support Data-Based Early Intervention Decision Making

Progress monitoring and data-based intervention decision making have become key components of providing evidence-based early childhood special education services. Unfortunately, there is a lack of tools to support early childhood service providers’ decision-making efforts. The authors describe a Web-based system that guides service providers through a decision-making process informed by child performance on Infant and Toddler IGDIs (Individual Growth and Development Indicators), the provider’s professional judgment, and information from the child’s primary caregiver. Using a case example, the authors describe how a service provider integrates the system into an existing service delivery model. Finally, they describe barriers and potential solutions to implementation within the context of a traditional early childhood service delivery model and implications for policy and practice.
Morphology of wide-field, monostratified ganglion cells of the human retina.

To determine the number of wide-field, monostratified ganglion cell classes present in the human retina, we analyzed a large sample of ganglion cells by intracellular staining in an in vitro, whole-mount preparation of the retina. Over 1000 cells were labeled by horseradish peroxidase or Neurobiotin; some 200 cells had wide dendritic trees narrowly or broadly stratified within either the inner (ON) or outer (OFF) portion of the inner plexiform layer. Based on dendritic-field size and the pattern and extent of dendritic branching, we have distinguished six wide-field cell groups. The giant very sparse ganglion cells included both inner and outer stratifying cells and were unique both for their extremely large dendritic field (mean diameter = 1077 μm) and extremely sparsely branched dendrites. Four of the cell groups had similarly large dendritic fields, ranging in mean diameter from 737 to 791 μm, but differed in the pattern and extent of dendritic branching, with the number of dendritic branch points ranging from a mean of 33 to 129. Of these four groups, the large very sparse group and the large dense group included both inner and outer stratifying cells, while the large sparse and large moderate groups consisted of inner stratifying cells only. The thorny monostratified ganglion cells were distinct from the other cells in having medium size dendritic fields (mean diameter = 517 μm) and moderately branched, inner stratifying dendritic trees with many thin, spiny, twig-like branchlets. All six groups had medium-size cell bodies, with mean soma diameters ranging from 17 to 21 μm. Though the physiological properties and central projections of human wide-field, monostratified ganglion cells are not known, some of the cells resemble macaque ganglion cells known to project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the pretectum, or the superior colliculus.
Anatomical differences and network characteristics underlying smoking cue reactivity

A distributed network of brain regions is linked to drug-related cue responding. However, the relationships between smoking cue-induced phasic activity and possible underlying differences in brain structure, tonic neuronal activity and connectivity between these brain areas are as yet unclear. Twenty-two smokers and 22 controls viewed smoking-related and neutral pictures during a functional arterial spin labeling scanning session. T1, resting functional, and diffusion tensor imaging data were also collected. Six brain areas, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/cingulate cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), occipital cortex, and insula/operculum, showed significant smoking cue-elicited activity in smokers when compared with controls and were subjected to secondary analysis for resting state functional connectivity (rsFC), structural, and tonic neuronal activity. rsFC strength between rACC and dlPFC was positively correlated with the cue-elicited activity in dlPFC. Similarly, rsFC strength between dlPFC and dmPFC was positively correlated with the cue-elicited activity in dmPFC while rsFC strength between dmPFC and insula/operculum was negatively correlated with the cue-elicited activity in both dmPFC and insula/operculum, suggesting these brain circuits may facilitate the response to the salient smoking cues. Further, the gray matter density in dlPFC was decreased in smokers and correlated with cue-elicited activity in the same brain area, suggesting a neurobiological mechanism for the impaired cognitive control associated with drug use. Taken together, these results begin to address the underlying neurobiology of smoking cue salience, and may speak to novel treatment strategies and targets for therapeutic interventions.
Blue and blue/green laser diodes and LED-based display devices

Summary form only given. The authors discuss the electrical and optical characteristics of new LED (light emitting diodes) and laser structures where the II-VI region consists of the alloy Zn(S,Se) in which six (Zn,Cd)Se quantum wells are embedded. Both passive waveguide studies and optically pumped laser experiments have shown that the MQW (multiple quantum well) region provides sufficient optical waveguiding in the region, while providing strong confinement of both holes and electrons in the wells. The addition of sulfur to the barriers and the appropriate selection of the Cd fraction in the wells result in an emission wavelength in the blue portion of the spectrum (490-494 nm) at room temperature. >
Aquatic Activities after Total Laryngectomy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the techniques used by patients who have undergone laryngectomies to enable them to participate in aquatic activities.STUDY DESIGN: Unstructured interviews.METHODS: The case histories of 4 patients who have returned to swimming and other aquatic activities after total laryngectomy were obtained by non-structured interviews emphasizing techniques used to swim, safety precautions taken, any accidents or near accidents, and perceived effect of aquatic activities on sense of well being and quality of life.RESULTS: All 4 of the interviewed subjects swim regularly using commercial breathing aids or manual tracheostomal occlusion. One of the four is a regular surfer, who uses a homemade breathing aid. All were active swimmers prior to the development of laryngeal cancer. A single aquatic-related accident was reported by 1 of the 4 swimmers. All subjects describe feeling an enhanced quality of life resulting from their participation in aquatic activities.CONCLUSION: Despite recommendations of...
Basic Algorithms on Parallel Optical Models of Computing

In this paper we identify some of the optical models of computing that have been proposed and survey algorithms for fundamental problems. Problems considered include prefix computation, packet routing, selection, sorting, and matrix operations.
The Nature and Correlates of Psychological Adjustment in Gay Men with AIDS-Related Conditions1

This study assessed differences in the psychological adjustment of gay men who tested positive for the antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty-one were symptomatic for AIDS, and 27 were asymptomatic. A group of 15 gay men who tested negative for the HIV was included as a comparison group. Men in the three groups were equivalent on demographic variables. Symptomatic men reported more health problems than either asymptomatic or seronegative men. Relative to men who were symptomatic, those who were asymptomatic reported more death anxiety, less optimism, and greater severity of psychological distress, and reported more frequent use of avoidance and distancing as coping strategies. The poor psychological functioning of asymptomatic subjects was attributed to the uncertainty regarding their future health status. Generally, positive psychological well-being of symptomatic and asymptomatic men was related to the infrequent use of avoidance coping strategies and high satisfaction with perceived social support.
Opioid receptor affinity and selectivity effects of second residue and carboxy terminal residue variation in a cyclic disulfide-containing opioid tetrapeptide.

The previously described cyclic, delta opioid receptor-selective tetrapeptide H-Tyr-o-Cys-Phe-o-Pen-OH, where Pen, penicillamine. is fl.fl-dimethylcysteine. was modified at residues 2 and 4 by varying combinations of D- and L-C~S and D- and L-Pen. and effects on mu and delta opioid receptor binding affinities and on potency in the mouse vas deferens (MVD) smooth muscle assay were evaluated. A comparison was drawn between consequences of alterations in this series of analogs and those of analogous modifications in the related cyclic pentapeptide series which includes the highly delta rcceptor-selective [o-Pen’,~-Pen’]enkcphalin, DPDPE. Unlike effects observed in the cyclic pentapeptide series, the mu receptor binding affinities of the cyclic tetrapeptides are not dramatically influenced by substitution of Pen for Cys at residue 2. Conversely, while binding of the pentapeptides is only slightly affected by alteration of the chirality of the carboxy-terminal residue, modification of stereochemistry at the carboxy terminus in the tetrapeptides critically alters binding behavior at both mu and delta sites. In contrast with the pentapeptide series, the tetrapeptides appear to be highly dependent upon primary sequence for binding and activity, as only the lead compound binds with high affinity to the delta site. Results suggest that the less flexible cyclic tetrapeptides, lacking the Gly’ residue, display more stringent structural requirements for binding and activity than do the corresponding cyclic pentapeptides.
Research and Development of ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Wires and Cables for High-Field Accelerator Magnets

The latest strategic plans for high energy physics endorse steadfast superconducting magnet technology R&D for future energy frontier facilities. This includes 10 to 16 T ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ accelerator magnets for the luminosity upgrades of the Large Hadron Collider and eventually for a future 100 TeV-scale proton-proton ( $pp$ ) collider. This paper describes the multi-decade R&D investment in the ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ superconductor technology, which was crucial to produce the first reproducible 10 to 12 T accelerator-quality dipoles and quadrupoles, as well as their scale-up. We also indicate prospective research areas in superconducting ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ wires and cables to achieve the next goals for superconducting accelerator magnets. Emphasis is on increasing performance and decreasing costs while pushing the ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ technology to its limits for future $pp$ colliders.
Ethical Views on Tax Evasion Among Swedish CEOS: A Comment

This article comments on the article written by Ulrica Nylen that was based on a survey of Swedish CEOs. The author challenges some of Nylen's premises, most notably the concept of stakeholder interest and the duties that taxpayers owe to various groups.
Phase measurement with classical light

In this paper we investigate whether it is, in general, possible to substitute maximally path-entangled states, namely, NOON states, with classical light in Doppleron-type resonant multiphoton detection processes by studying adaptive phase measurement with classical light. We show that multiphoton detection probability using classical light coincides with that of NOON states and the multiphoton absorption rate is not hindered by the spatially unconstrained photons of the classical light in our scheme. We prove that the optimal phase variance with classical light can be achieved and scales the same as that using NOON states.
Fractal perspectives in pulmonary physiology.

Like other organs that exchange substantial quantities of material with blood, the lung accommodates a large two-dimensional surface in a component three-dimensional volume. The lung9s structure shows a resemblance to certain one- and two-dimensional mathematical functions that possess plane- and space-filling properties. When viewed from a conventional geometric perspective, many of the familiar forms and functions of pulmonary tissue appear to possess unusual qualities that defy explanation. Mathematically, they behave as though they had a fractional geometric dimension. This property is shared by a class of functions known as fractals. Fractals are described, and practical techniques are presented to measure the properties of the edges and surfaces of the lung. The consequences of fractal structure are also considered for the bronchial tree, pulmonary vasculature, and microcirculation. Insights arising from viewing the lung in this new perspective are summarized.
Managing severe obesity: understanding and improving treatment adherence in bariatric surgery

Severe obesity (body mass index ≥40 kg/m2) is a chronic disease that is associated with significantly increased risk of serious and chronic health problems as well as impaired quality of life. For those with severe obesity, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for significant and long-term weight loss and resolution of comorbid medical conditions, particularly diabetes. Long-term success is thought to depend to some degree on the patient’s ability to adhere to a complex set of behaviors, including regular attendance at follow up appointments and following stringent dietary, exercise, and vitamin recommendations. Here, we summarize the current research on behavioral adherence in patients with severe obesity presenting for bariatric surgery and we highlight challenges and make recommendations for improved self-management before and after surgery.
Oxidation-reduction sensitive regulation of vascular inflammatory gene expression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Increased production of ROS is responsible for tissue damage during inflammation. Inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages play an important role in host defense, but may also contribute to tissue injury through the release of tissue damaging oxidants upon activation. Recently, however, it has been evident that production of ROS also occurs, although on a smaller scale, in non-phagocytic cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Under these condition, ROS play a role in signal transduction processes such as cell growth and posttranslational modification of proteins. It is now apparent that oxidants, antioxidants and other determinants of the intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) state play an important role in the regulation of gene expression [1, 2].
Rupture of the short head component of a bifurcated distal biceps tendon.

Background Rupture of the short head component of a bifurcated distal biceps tendon is a rare injury that may be difficult to diagnose and to treat. Methods Three cases of patients with selective disruption of the short head of the biceps distal tendon from a single institution are reported. The presenting history, physical examination, imaging studies, operative findings, and treatment strategies are described. Results In each case, the mechanism of injury was forceful flexion of the involved elbow against an eccentric load. Notable physical examination findings included a palpable tendon in the antecubital fossa, a “reverse Popeye” deformity, and pain and weakness with resisted forearm supination and elbow flexion. Careful review of the magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated the classic findings for this unique injury. All 3 patients successfully returned to their baseline level of activity after anatomic repair of the short head component with or without independent repair of the long head component (depending on the degree of partial tearing seen intraoperatively). Discussion/Conclusions Rupture of the short head component of a bifurcated distal biceps tendon is a rare injury that can be easily misdiagnosed and mistreated. A meticulous physical examination and evaluation of imaging is required to differentiate this injury from a partial or complete tear of a common distal biceps tendon. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for this unusual injury pattern. When it is diagnosed appropriately, selective disruption of the short head of the biceps distal tendon may be effectively treated with anatomic repair.