cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFANT SENSITIVITY TO SHADOW MOTIONS

Abstract Preferential looking experiments investigated 5- and 8-month-old infants' perception and understanding of the motions of a shadow that appeared to be cast by a ball upon a box. When all the surfaces within the display were stationary, infants looked reliably longer when the shadow moved than when the shadow was stationary, indicating that they detected the shadow and its motion. In further experiments, however, infants' looking was not consistent with a sensitivity to the shadow's natural motion: They looked longer at natural events in which the shadow moved with the ball or remained at rest under the moving box than at unnatural events in which the shadow moved with the box or remained at rest under the moving ball. These findings suggest that infants overextend to shadows a principle that applies to material objects: Objects move together if and only if they are in contact. In a final experiment, infants were habituated to a moving shadow that repeatedly violated one aspect of the contact principle. In a subsequent test they failed to infer that the shadow would violate another aspect of the contact principle. Instead, they appeared to suspend all predictions concerning the behavior of the shadow.
Sleep Disturbances Among Soldiers With Combat-Related Traumatic Brain Injury

Background Sleep complaints are common among patients with traumatic brain injury. Evaluation of this population is confounded by polypharmacy and comorbid disease, with few studies addressing combat-related injuries. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among soldiers who sustained combat-related traumatic brain injury. Methods The study design was a retrospective review of soldiers returning from combat with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. All underwent comprehensive sleep evaluations. We determined the prevalence of sleep complaints and disorders in this population and assessed demographics, mechanism of injury, medication use, comorbid psychiatric disease, and polysomnographic findings to identify variables that correlated with the development of specific sleep disorders. Results Of 116 consecutive patients, 96.6% were men (mean age, 31.1 ± 9.8 years; mean BMI, 27.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2), and 29.5% and 70.5% sustained blunt and blast injuries, respectively. Nearly all (97.4%) reported sleep complaints. Hypersomnia and sleep fragmentation were reported in 85.2% and 54.3%, respectively. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was found in 34.5%, and 55.2% had insomnia. Patients with blast injuries developed more anxiety (50.6% vs 20.0%, P = .002) and insomnia (63% vs 40%, P = .02), whereas patients with blunt trauma had significantly more OSAS (54.3% vs 25.9%, P = .003). In multivariate analysis, blunt trauma was a significant predictor of OSAS (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.02–9.38; P = .047). Conclusions Sleep disruption is common following traumatic brain injury, and the majority of patients develop a chronic sleep disorder. It appears that sleep disturbances may be influenced by the mechanism of injury in those with combat-related traumatic brain injury, with blunt injury potentially predicting the development of OSAS.
From Russian to Ukrainian Eurasianism: the new ‘historical’ friends and enemies

Eurasianism is a popular creed in post-Soviet Russia. Its supporters believe Russia is a unique blend of Slavic and non-Slavic, mostly Muslim Turkic people. With the rise of Russian nationalism, Muslims were transformed into enemies. It has been a different story in Ukraine, where Russians – ‘the old brothers’ – became an alien force and Turkic people an acceptable minority. This trend has held for the last 20 years regardless of all vacillations in Ukrainian political/cultural development.
Parallel VSIPL++: An Open Standard Software Library for High-Performance Parallel Signal Processing

Real-time signal processing consumes the majority of the world's computing power. Increasingly, programmable parallel processors are used to address a wide variety of signal processing applications (e.g., scientific, video, wireless, medical, communication, encoding, radar, sonar, and imaging). In programmable systems, the major challenge is no longer hardware but software. Specifically, the key technical hurdle lies in allowing the user to write programs at high level, while still achieving performance and preserving the portability of the code across parallel computing hardware platforms. The Parallel Vector, Signal, and Image Processing Library (Parallel VSIPL++) addresses this hurdle by providing high-level C++ array constructs, a simple mechanism for mapping data and functions onto parallel hardware, and a community-defined portable interface. This paper presents an overview of the Parallel VSIPL++ standard as well as a deeper description of the technical foundations and expected performance of the library. Parallel VSIPL++ supports adaptive optimization at many levels. The C++ arrays are designed to support automatic hardware specialization by the compiler. The computation objects (e.g., fast Fourier transforms) are built with explicit setup and run stages to allow for runtime optimization. Parallel arrays and functions in Parallel VSIPL++ also support explicit setup and run stages, which are used to accelerate communication operations. The parallel mapping mechanism provides an external interface that allows optimal mappings to be generated offline and read into the system at runtime. Finally, the standard has been developed in collaboration with high performance embedded computing vendors and is compatible with their proprietary approaches to achieving performance.
Surface-modified silicon nanowire anodes for lithium-ion batteries

a b s t r a c t Silicon nanowires with hydride, methyl and siloxane surfaces terminations were evaluated as anodes in lithium-ion half cells using LiPF6 in EC/DMC electrolytes. Voltammetry, FT-IR and XPS analyses show hydride-terminated nanowires react with the electrolyte and methyl termination tends to passivate silicon surfaces. Silicon anodes pretreated with trimethoxymethylsilane show decreased lithium capacities similar to methylated anodes; however, the addition of 5% trimethoxymethylsilane as an electrolyte additive resulted in the formation of significantly more OPFx compounds while improving capacity retention relative to hydride-terminated nanowires (2348 mAh g −1 at 15 cycles at C/10 rates). FTIR analysis show trimethoxymethylsilane additives covalently bond silicon surfaces and other SEI components. AFM nano-indentation tests also suggest the alkoxy silane additives in the electrolyte function as a binder to improve silicon’s ability to withstand the large reversible volume changes. The results indicate silicon surface terminations play a key role in chemical and mechanical behaviors that control reversibility.
Iridial hypoplasia (aniridia) accompanied by limbic dermoids and cataracts in a group of related Quarterhorses

The clinical, gross and microscopic ophthalmic lesions of iridial hypoplasia, limbic dermoids and cataracts in a Quarterhorse stallion and a group of its offspring are described. It is proposed that the lesions in the stallion were the result of an independent mutation and that the defects were transmitted to its offspring by an autosomal dominant gene.
Pathways from Toddler Information Processing to Adolescent Lexical Proficiency.

This study examined the relation of 3-year core information-processing abilities to lexical growth and development. The core abilities covered four domains-memory, representational competence (cross-modal transfer), processing speed, and attention. Lexical proficiency was assessed at 3 and 13 years with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and verbal fluency. The sample (N = 128) consisted of 43 preterms (< 1750 g) and 85 full-terms. Structural equation modeling indicated concurrent relations of toddler information processing and language proficiency and, independent of stability in language, direct predictive links between (a) 3-year cross-modal ability and 13-year PPVT and (b) 3-year processing speed and both 13-year measures, PPVT and verbal fluency. Thus, toddler information processing was related to growth in lexical proficiency from 3 to 13 years.
The parascrotal flap phallo-urethroplasty for aphallia reconstruction in childhood: report of a new technique.

Abstract Aphallia is best managed by early penile and urethral reconstruction. We describe parascrotal flap phallo-urethroplasty, with a 6-year follow-up and a psychological profile, that constructs a ‘penis’ of realistic shape, colour, and position, and having skin sensation, with an integral urethra that allows a free concentrated urinary stream and satisfies the psychological needs of family and child during childhood. The lack of corpora cavernosa only becomes significant at puberty.
Real time identification of apoptosis signaling pathways using AFM-based nano robot

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multi-cellular organisms. The apoptosis process of animal cells is characterized by a series of changes on the cell body such as loss of membrane symmetry, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis is of great importance as a cellular process, whereas the malfunction of which would lead to a variety of disease including cancer. In a potential fatal skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), it is found that auto-immune antibody will induce the apoptosis of keratinocytes, the main epithelial cell that forms the skin, resulting in the blistering of the skin. The exact mechanism of apoptosis in PV is not well understood. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), originally invented as a high resolution imaging tool, recently finds wide applications in biological science with its unique properties. It can operate in liquid where physiological conditions for biological matters can be kept, which makes it an ideal tool for structural characterization of live cells. Besides, it is a natural nanoindenter with high sensitivity and can both measure and apply extremely small forces. Furthermore, the AFM-based nanomanipulation system makes it even more convenient to change things in the molecular level. By applying the AFM-based nanorobotic system to the cellular model system in PV via statistical analysis of nanoindentation data obtained in real time combined with high resolution structural characterization, we find that the cells become stiffer when apoptosis early process begin. This methodology and technique will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of PV in the future.
Humanizing Irregular Warfare: Framing Compliance for Nonstate ArmedGroups at the Intersection of Security and Legal Analyses

This chapter combines legal and security analyses to address policy instruments that could serve to bring the traditional humanitarian law balance of humanitarian and security values into new paradigms of warfare. The chapter begins by showing how new challenges of regulating nonstate armed groups in armed conflict has eroded the original balance at the core of humanitarian law between states’ national security interests and humanitarian priorities to reduce unnecessary suffering for all victims of conflict. The chapter then explores, more particularly, how nonstate armed groups, by adopting an asymmetric strategy calculus that treats compliance with the law as a tactical vulnerability, have succeeded in leveraging compliance in their favor and, in turn, co-opting conventional incentives for increasing compliance, such as relaxed combatant status criteria in Additional Protocol I. Such resulting unintended consequences from attempts to change the law are constitutive: They not only create loopholes or disincentives for nonstate compliance, but enable the legal recognition of modern nonstate actors and their signature noncompliant practices on contemporary battlefields. We then return to the controversial history of the Martens Clause to provide perspective on the problem of the nonstate actor, showing that although this actor has never been entirely absent from the state-centric jus in bello, its marginal appearance in the law was a product of states’ early authority in regulating conflict — an authority now eroding as other international actors enter conflict regulation. The result is a “practicality gap,” a vacuum of ex ante formal spaces for habituating actors into the laws of war and its rules of engagement and the rise of ex post facto solutions, namely, the prevalence of prosecutorial measures and criminal law in humanitarian law. The chapter ends by recommending a policy approach for enlisting disparate and often recalcitrant armed groups into engagement with the law that targets their asymmetric calculus and maximizes the sources of resilience internal to humanitarian law.
Benign and low-grade fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast have low recurrence rate after positive surgical margins

Breast phyllodes tumors are uncommon fibroepithelial neoplasms with a range of histologic features. Surgical excision is the primary management, but the need for excision to negative margins in benign and borderline phyllodes tumors is unclear. Here, we review the surgical management patterns and outcomes of 90 patients with benign and low-grade fibroepithelial lesions of the breast treated at our institution, including 19 borderline phyllodes tumors, 52 benign phyllodes tumors, and 19 representative neoplasms with overlapping features of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumors, which were classified as 'fibroadenomas with phyllodal features'. In total, 52 (58%) had positive surgical margins on first excision, and of these 17 (33%) underwent re-excision to achieve negative margins. Residual tumor was identified in three (18%) re-excisions. Patients with fibroadenoma with phyllodal features were more likely to have a positive surgical margin than with benign phyllodes tumors or borderline phyllodes tumors (89 vs 49%, P=0.0015), and were less likely to undergo re-excision for positive margins (12 vs 43%, P=0.031). In total, there were three recurrences (3%), with one per fibroadenoma with phyllodal features, benign phyllodes tumor, and borderline phyllodes tumor. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between patients with positive or negative margins, or between patients with positive margin with or without re-excision. The extent of the positive margin did not predict recurrence. In conclusion, the recurrence rate of benign and low-grade fibroepithelial lesions is low and not associated with the original margin status. Patients with fibroadenomas with phyllodal features, benign phyllodes tumors, or selected borderline phyllodes tumors and positive margins on initial excision may be managed conservatively, with close follow-up and timely re-excision of any potential recurrence.
Does positron emission tomography (PET) improve our ability to detect residual neck node (NN) disease in patients with squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC) after definitive chemoradiotherapy

5526 Background: Management of the neck in patients undergoing non-operative treatment for SCHNC is controversial. This study details our experience using the neck exam, computerized tomography (CT...
Caregiver preparedness over a 10-year period : a study of Parkinson's disease spouses

Title: Caregiver Preparedness Over a 10-Year Period: A Study Of Parkinson’s disease Spouses Author: Sadee Saithong Approved: _____________________________________ Karen S. Lyons, Ph.D. Parkinson’s disease (PD), a chronic, progressive neurological disease, affects at least one million Americans. During the course of PD, family members, mainly spouses, provide most of the support and care in their homes. Providing care to a relative with PD has been associated with depression and poor quality of life. Research shows the important link between high levels of preparedness and low levels of role strain. The study was aimed at describing caregiver preparedness in spouse caregivers of persons with PD over time, and identifying the role of transition conditions and nature of PD caregiving factors in predicting preparedness over time. The secondary data analysis examined 251 caregivers over a 10-year period (baseline, Year 2, and Year 10). A Level 1 hierarchical linear model revealed that preparedness varied across spouses at baseline, but there was no significant change in caregiver preparedness over time and no significant variability around the average trajectory. Two hierarchical multiple regressions examined the transition conditions associated with preparedness at baseline and Time 3. At baseline, with minimal care needed, spouse caregivers’ well-being and relationship quality with the patient with PD (mutuality) were significantly associated with preparedness, while at Time 3, when more care and assistance were required, care-related factors (predictability, the number of direct care activities, and help received from relatives) were significantly
Sexual Function, Satisfaction, and Use of Aids for Sexual Activity in Middle-Aged Adults with Long-Term Physical Disability.

Background: Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life in individuals with disabilities, yet little is known about what factors contribute to sexual satisfaction as these individuals age. Method: Middle-aged adults with physical disabilities completed a cross-sectional survey that included measures of sexual activity, function, and satisfaction. Results: Consistent with studies of able-bodied adults, sexual function was the strongest predictor of satisfaction. However, depression also predicted sexual satisfaction for women. Use of aids for sexual activity varied by disability type and was generally associated with better function. Lowest levels of sexual satisfaction were reported by men with SCI. Conclusion: Depression may negatively impact sexual satisfaction in women, beyond contributions of sexual dysfunction, and effective use of sexual aids may improve function in this population.
The Moribund Appeal of Death: Compensating Survivors and Controlling Jurors in Early Modern England

William Holdsworth began his account of the postmedieval appeal with the observation, "Like many an other anachronism, the criminal appeal lived long in the law because it had been forgotten."' Viewed generally, his statement is persuasive. The appeal of felony had been the standard form of criminal prosecution until the Assize of Clarendon introduced prosecution by presentment in 1166.2 In an appeal, the victim of a major crime (in homicide cases, an heir or widow) accused a wrongdoer in a county court. If the victim properly alleged the verifiable details of the crime, he forced the wrongdoer to stand trial. Until at least the early twelfth century, trial by battle was the standard mode of proof.3 In contrast, under the Assize of Clarendon twelve men from the locality of the crime "presented" a wrongdoer before royal justices. The accused then stood trial-originally through the ordeal of water, but after 1215 to
Epidural analgesia and maternal fever: a clinical and research update

Purpose of review Maternal fever following epidural analgesia complicates up to one-third of nulliparous labors. Although generally benign, maternal fever is associated with both excess healthcare costs and an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes; therefore, this topic is of interest to anesthesiologists, obstetricians and pediatricians alike. The purpose of this review is to examine the latest research on the topic of epidural-related maternal fever, with special focus on the clinical relevance of new information. Recent findings Research over the past 18 months has increased our understanding of the cause of epidural-related fever and brought additional supportive evidence that proactive labor management may decrease risk. Additionally, there were innovative investigations of potential pharmacologic interventions to reduce maternal, and potentially fetal, risk. Summary Significant research advances were made in the last 18 months around the topic of epidural-related fever, but major gaps in knowledge persist especially with understanding the precise mechanism. The most pressing area of research is the development of well tolerated and effective prophylactic interventions to prevent maternal and fetal exposure to hyperthermia and inflammation.
Studies on Natural Control of Pear Psylla in California

Biweekly counts of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forster, and its natural enemies were made in 2 California localities (San Jose and Lafayette) throughout the growing season of 1964. Predators, chiefly Anthocoris antevolens White and Hemerobius angustus (Banks), kept psylla populations at relatively low levels at San Jose. At Lafayette, however, the predator populations remained low and psylla populations reached very high levels. Parasitism was rare at San Jose but reached a high level for a brief period at Lafayette. Trials were conducted at San Jose to evaluate Guthion®, O,O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4H) -ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate, at rates of 1/2 and 1/4 normal dosage. The reduced Guthion dosages provided good codling moth control and were less harmful to the psylla predators than the full Guthion application.
Notes on nonlinear beam theory

Kinematical relations are derived to account for the finite cross sectional warping occurring in a beam undergoing large deflections and rotations due to deformation. The total rotation a t any point in the beam is represented as a global rotation of the reference triad, with unrestricted magnitude, and a local rotation that varies over a givcn cross section, whose magnitude may be small to moderate. Appropriate variational principles, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and constitutive laws are obtained. T ~ z o versions are offered: an intrinsic theory without reference to displacements, and an explicit theory with global rotation characterized by a Rodrigues vector. Most of the formulas herein have been published, but we reproduce them here in a new concise notation and a more general context. As an example, the theory is shown to predict behavior that agrees with published theoretical and experimental results for extension and torsion of a pretwisted strip. The example also helps t o clarify the role of local rotation in the kinemat ICS
Coupled Circulation/Biogeochemical Models to Estimate Carbon Flux1

Quantifying the budgets and fluxes of nutrients andcarbon within the continental margins of the ocean is an important step for closing the global carbon budget and for developing and testing our understanding of processes that ultimately control these budgets. Continental margins are composed of the continental slope, shelf, and rise. These coastal regions are a crucial boundary between land and ocean, a focal point for the accumulation and transformation of nutrients, carbon, and anthropogenic effects. The influence of riverborne and airborne constituents on coastal biogeochemical cycles and budgets is a critical yet poorly quantified part of the carbon and related earth system cycles (Salisbury et al. 2001). A diverse suite of physical and biogeochemical processes act upon and transform these materials as they move from the atmosphere, to the watershed, through embayments and on to coastal and open ocean waters. Given the strong connections between the coastal regions and the open ocean, it is important to understand the role that continental margins play in the global carbon cycle and how these might be affected by changing climates, and various nutrient, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) loads.
A momentary exposures analysis of proximity to alcohol outlets and risk for assault.

AIMS: This study estimated, with high spatial and temporal specificity, individuals' risk of being assaulted relative to their momentary proximity to alcohol outlets during daily activities. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Cases were 194 non-gun assault victims and 135 gun assault victims aged between 10 and 24 years. Age-matched controls (n = 274) were selected using random-digit dialing. MEASUREMENTS: Participants described minute-by-minute movements (i.e. activity paths) over the course of the day of the assault (cases) or a recent randomly selected day within three days of interview (controls). The dependent measure was being an assault case compared with a non-assault control. The main independent measures were participants' momentary proximity to alcohol outlets. The units of analysis were 10-minute segments. FINDINGS: Proximity to bars and restaurants was associated with decreased odds of non-gun assault before 1 pm (e.g. 7 am to 9:59 pm: OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.94; p = 0.008), and increased odds after 7 pm (e.g. 1 am to 3:59 am: OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.24, 3.09; p = 0.004). Proximity to beer stores was associated with increased odds before 1 pm (e.g. 7 am to 9:59 am: OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.58, 3.46; p = CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in areas with greater densities of bars and restaurants and beer stores appear to be increased risk for non-gun assault at times when these outlets are likely to be most heavily patronized.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
A study on the sintering of ultrafine grained tungsten with Ti-based additives

Abstract Tungsten (W) is a brittle material at room temperature making it very difficult to fabricate. Although the lack of ductility remains a difficult challenge, nano-sized and ultrafine grain (UFG) microstructures offer potential for overcoming tungsten's room temperature brittleness. One way to manufacture UFG W is to compact and sinter nanosized W powder, however, it is a non-trivial task to control grain growth during sintering. In an effort to inhibit grain growth, the effect of Ti-based additives on the densification and grain growth of nano-W powders was investigated in this study. The addition of 1 wt.% Ti into tungsten led to more than a 63% decrease in average grain size of sintered samples at comparable density levels. It was also found that sintering in Ar yielded a finer grain size than sintering in H2 at similar densities. Compared to conventional high temperature sintering, a lower temperature sintering cycle for a longer hold time resulted in both near-full density and fine grain size. The roles of the Ti additive include not only the inhibition of grain growth, but also the potential absorption of oxygen from W particles.
Particulate Generation in Devices Used in Clean Manufacturing

Particulate contamination arising from tools and product handling devices such as robots and grippers used in clean manufacturing has been receiving increased attention because of its significant effect on product yield. Although particles generated in the above mentioned devices have been recognized as major contaminants, reliable quantitative information in terms of number and size distribution of these particulates in operating systems or subsystems is seldom available.
Victims of sexual harassment and sexual assault in the military: Understanding risks and promoting recovery

Ultimately, sexual harassment and sexual assault can only be eradicated by understanding and intervening with its perpetrators, however a thorough understanding of victims and their experiences is ...
On the functional and local limit theorems for Markov modulated compound Poisson processes

Abstract We study a class of Markov-modulated compound Poisson processes whose arrival rates and the compound random variables are both modulated by a stationary finite-state Markov process. The compound random variables are i.i.d. in each state of the Markov process, while having a distribution depending on the state of the Markov process. We prove a functional central limit theorem and local limit theorems under appropriate scalings of the arrival process, compound random variables and underlying Markov process.
Slavery and politics: Brazil and Cuba, 1790–1850

Initially published in 2010 in Brazil, this English translation brings the acclaimed study Escravidao e Politica: Brasil e Cuba, c. 1790–1850 to the Anglo-literate audience. This is an important st...
A Cross-sectional Survey of the North American Skull Base Society: Current Practice Patterns of Vestibular Schwannoma Evaluation and Management in North America.

Background Very few studies have examined vestibular schwannoma (VS) management trends across centers and between providers. The objective of this study is to examine current practice trends, variance in treatment philosophies, and nuanced or controversial aspects of VS care across North America. Methods This is a cross-sectional survey of North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) members who report regular involvement in VS care. Results A total of 57 completed surveys were returned. Most respondents claimed to have over 20 years of experience and the majority reported working in an academic practice with an affiliated otolaryngology and/or neurosurgery residency program. Sixty-three percent of respondents claimed to evaluate VS patients in clinic with both an otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon involved. Eighty-six percent of respondents claimed to operate on VS with both an otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon involved, while only 18% of neurosurgeons and 9% of otolaryngologists performed surgery alone. There was a wide range in the number of cases evaluated at each center annually. Similarly, there was wide variation in the number of patients treated with microsurgery and radiation at each center. Additional details regarding management preferences for microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic radiotherapy, and conservative observation are presented. Conclusion VS management practices vary between providers and centers. Overall, most centers employ a multidisciplinary approach to management with collaboration between otolaryngology and neurosurgery. Overall, survey responses concur with previous studies suggesting a shift toward conservatism in management.
Probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations for static branch prediction

Conditional branch instructions have a significant effect on the microprocessor performance and throughput. Accurate branch prediction is crucial in reducing control hazards and improving microprocessor performance. Modern microprocessors accurately predict the branch outcomes using advanced prediction techniques. Estimating branch mis-prediction rates accurately helps to improve the overall performance by saving CPU cycles and power. In general, we run the application programs on cycle accurate hardware simulators such as GEM5 [4], to collect the branch prediction statistics. This method comes out to be time consuming and is also not scalable. We present a novel Monte Carlo simulation framework that produces the branch prediction rate statically, without actually running the application on the hardware. Our framework mimics the execution behavior of the real hardware. It uses one of the three different branch prediction schemes to calculate the branch prediction statistics. It also comments on the branch prediction rates of individual branches. Results suggest that the conditional prediction rates for four scientific applications are similar to that of results from the GEM5 [4] simulator.
A Circuit Analysis of Laterally Loaded Continuous Frames

Analytical procedure for determining effects of loads normal to plane of such structures as suspension bridge towers, delta wings of aircraft, grillages of beams; circuit analysis, extension of shear and torsion analogy is applicable to structures having curved or segmental members lying in plane and forming any number of multiconnected circuits in plane. (21 refs.)
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals by Replicating the Surface Atomic Structure on the Seed

Controlling the surface structure of metal nanocrystals while maximizing the utilization efficiency of the atoms is a subject of great importance. An emerging strategy that has captured the attention of many research groups involves the conformal deposition of one metal as an ultrathin shell (typically 1-6 atomic layers) onto the surface of a seed made of another metal and covered by a set of well-defined facets. This approach forces the deposited metal to faithfully replicate the surface atomic structure of the seed while at the same time serving to minimize the usage of the deposited metal. Here, the recent progress in this area is discussed and analyzed by focusing on the synthetic and mechanistic requisites necessary for achieving surface atomic replication of precious metals. Other related methods are discussed, including the one-pot synthesis, electrochemical deposition, and skin-layer formation through thermal annealing. To close, some of the synergies that arise when the thickness of the deposited shell is decreased controllably down to a few atomic layers are highlighted, along with how the control of thickness can be used to uncover the optimal physicochemical properties necessary for boosting the performance toward a range of catalytic reactions.
Robotic port-site hernias after general surgical procedures.

Abstract Background With the increasing use of the robotic platform in general surgery, whether 8-mm ports should be closed comes into question. We sought to characterize the incidence of port-site hernias (PSHs) among patients undergoing robotic-assisted general surgery. Methods A retrospective chart review of a single institutional database identified patients who underwent robotic-assisted general surgery from July 2010 to December 2016. For each patient, the number, type, location, and size of all ports were collected. Twelve-millimeter port sites were routinely closed, whereas 5-mm and 8-mm port sites were not. PSH was detected on review of documented physical examination and of postoperative cross-sectional imaging, when available, in which case it was defined as a disruption of the fascia with or without eventration of tissue at a site of prior port placement. Results One hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent robotic-assisted general surgery, with 725 total ports: 433 8-mm working ports, 72 12-mm working ports, 178 12-mm camera ports, and 42 5-mm assistant ports. Ninety-four percent of the patients were men, the mean age was 63 ± 12, body mass index was 29 ± 7 kg/m2, and the median American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 3. Types of cases included 68 rectal (38.2%), 36 colon (20.2%), 25 hepatopancreatobiliary (14.0%), 21 inguinal hernia (11.8%), and 28 “other” (15.7%) operations. At a median follow-up of 193 d, there were three PSHs through 8-mm port sites (0.7%), two PSHs through 12-mm port sites (0.8%), and no PSH through 5-mm port sites. Two of the three 8-mm PSHs occurred in the early postoperative period and required emergent repair due to small bowel incarceration. Conclusions PSHs through 8-mm robotic port sites occur infrequently but can cause significant morbidity. Further investigation with longer follow-up is warranted to better understand the true incidence of robotic PSH.
Development of a versatile ADS-B communications system

The Versatile ADS-B Communication System (VACS) is a card that can be mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to transmit an Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) signal. The lightweight and cost-effective ADS-B transmitter can increase UAV visibility to aircraft. Weighing only 100 grams, the card can be easily carried by most UAVs while maintaining affordability for hobbyists. The small, lightweight ADS-B transmitter mounted on a UAV is able to communicate the location, altitude, and heading data of a UAV to any nearby aircraft, drastically reducing the likelihood of a tragic collision. A prototype VACS has been successfully designed and tested.
What Went Wrong? The Communist Party, the US, and the Comintern

The Bolshevik Revolution marked an enormous expansion of possibilities welcomed not only by revolutionaries in the United States and around the world, but also by millions of common people who saw ...
Dynamic modeling of root water uptake using soil moisture data

In this work a dynamic model of water uptake from plants growing in naturally vegetated areas subjected to a rainfall and evaporation time series is described. The model results are compared and contrasted with popular pre-existing models. Also, the effects of the uptake pattern on the movement of water across multiple soil layers are also analyzed. The results showed that contrary to common modeling approaches, root water uptake is both a function of root distribution and variability in water content.
Strategy for Studying Health Effects of Pesticides / Fertilizer Mixtures in Groundwater

From the perspective of environmental exposure to chemicals, there is probably no such thing as “single chemical exposures.” For instance, in an accidental spillage of a single chemical in transit (e.g., railroad tankers or trucks), the emergency response crew (e.g., fire fighters, police officers) may have been exposed to a single chemical in high concentration. However, this must be considered in the context of “background chemical (natural or synthetic) exposures” from foods, drinks, cosmetics or personal hygiene products, and indoor and outdoor pollutants. In that sense, the single chemical exposure is merely an excursion of higher-concentration exposure to a given chemical at certain time above all the other sources of chemical exposures.
GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in the diabetic and nondiabetic human eye

Purpose. The GLUT1 glucose transporter is expressed in endothelial and epithelial barriers, including the retinal capillary endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether GLUT1 is expressed in additional cell types within the human eye and whether retinal endothelial GLUT1 is aberrantly expressed in diabetic proliferative retinopathy in humans. Methods. Immunohisiochemical staining of sections of human eyes obtained at surgery or autopsy from patients with and without diabetes was performed with polyclonal antisera directed against the human GLUT1 glucose transporter. Results. In the course of this study, an unexpected multicellular localization of GLUT1 in different cellular barriers of the human eye was observed. In the nondiabetic eye, specific staining for GLUT1 was seen in the nerve fiber layer, the ganglion and photoreceptor cell bodies, the capillaries and the RPE of the retina, the basal infoldings of the pigmented and nonpigmented layers of the ciliary body, the capillary cndoihelium and posterior epithelium of the iris, the corneal epithelium and endothelium, and the endothelium lining of the canal of Schlemm. Miiller cells, a type of retinal glial cell identified by morphology and by parallel staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, also stained intensely positive for GLUT1. The pattern of GLUT1 immunoreactivity in the diabetic eyes was virtually identical to that in the nondiabetic specimens, with the notable exception that the neovascular endothelium of proliferative retinopathy did not stain for GLUT1. Conclusions. These studies describe the heretofore unrecognized expression of immunoreactive GLUT1 in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, the endothelium lining the canal of Schlemm, the corneal endothelium, and the basal cells of the corneal epithelium of the human eye. The present study also provides evidence for immunoreactive GLUT1 in glial cells of the central nervous system. Because the expression of GLUT1 is characteristic of tissues that possess a barrier function, the absence of GLUT! immunoreactivity in the neovascular tissue of proliferative diabetic retinopathy suggests that the loss of selective permeability is associated with an absence of facilitated glucose transport in this disorder. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. J994;35:2887-2894.
A Critical Analysis of Active Learning and an Alternative Pedagogical Framework for Introductory Information Systems Courses.

Active learning has been championed in academic circles as the pedagogical fix to boring lectures typically found in introduction to information systems courses. However, the literature on active learning is mixed. In this paper, we critically examine active learning research and discover a misplaced emphasis leading to paradoxical findings in four areas. First, creating activities for cognitive engagement is not unique to active learning. Second, the amount of instructor led control and direction is often glossed over, leaving a vague impression as to how much is necessary. Third, out of class activities are often ignored when they also accomplish the same effects for the same reasons. Fourth, an over-emphasis on techniques rather than outcomes renders active learning bound to means and not to ends. The proper end should be the meaningful learning of the course objectives.
Sources of Perceived Social Support, Social-Emotional Experiences, and Psychological Well-Being of International Students

To advance understanding of international students’ psychological well-being and social-emotional experiences, we tested whether specific social influences could enhance international students’ bel...
Digital or Print? A Comparison of Preschoolers' Comprehension, Vocabulary, and Engagement from a Print Book and an e-Book.

Increasingly, children are engaging in early literacy experiences through digital devices. This raises questions about how electronic reading compares to print reading. To assess this, we randomly ...
Chapter 15 – Variational Methods

In this chapter we discuss the use of optimization techniques in the study of ordinary and partial differential equations. The key idea is that a differential equation may arise as a necessary condition satisfies by a critical point of a well-chosen functional. The presentation begins with several characterizations of Dirichlet eigenvalues of the Laplacian as being critical points of the corresponding Dirichlet quotient, and eigenvalue approximation, via the Rayleigh Ritz method, is discussed. The general concept of the Euler-Lagrange equation for a functional is introduced, and used as the basis for study of several kinds of elliptic boundary value problems. Some more classical problems in the calculus of variations are also presented. The chapter concludes with discussion of the Frechet derivative.
Scalable Multi-Agent Computational Guidance with Separation Assurance for Autonomous Urban Air Mobility

Electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles are becoming promising for on-demand air transportation in urban air mobility (UAM). However, successfully bringing such vehicles and airspace operati...
Psychology in history: Comment on Henley (2020).

This comment engages with Henley's (2020) proposal for a history of psychology that addresses important transformations in mind and behavior across all periods of humanity's deep history. To the extent that the history of psychology pays attention to the human past, Henley observes, that history is dominated by evolutionary perspectives focused on the biological changes that took place in the Pleistocene. Using the recent archaeological site of Gobekli Tepe as a case study, his article draws attention to important psychological changes that have taken place in the more recent past and have unfolded over shorter time scales. This comment seeks to amplify some of Henley's claims and, by advocating for a historical metanarrative described here as "psychology in history," proposes an alternative framework for achieving some of the goals that Henley has articulated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
When young soldiers drink: The impact of legal access to alcohol among U.S. Army soldiers

We study the impacts of legal access to alcohol on young U.S. Army soldiers. Regression discontinuity estimates reveal that soldiers report a large and significant increase in alcohol consumption after their 21st birthday; however, we precisely estimate that there are no meaningful impacts of legal access on any of the short-term outcomes we observe, including suicidal tendencies, depression, tobacco use, physical fitness, psychological health, fitness for combat deployment, and job-related infractions. Novel data on soldier's cognitive ability, psychological health, and family history allow us to explore whether the impacts of legal access vary by risk factors for alcohol abuse. While the increases in alcohol consumption were largest among those who had a family history of mental health problems, had better coping ability, and had higher cognitive ability, these subgroups did not uniformly experience adverse behavioral and physical outcomes upon gaining legal access to alcohol.
Don't get it or don't spread it: comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors.

COVID-19 prevention behaviors may be seen as self-interested or prosocial. Using American samples from MTurk and Prolific (total n = 6850), we investigated which framing is more effective-and motivation is stronger-for fostering prevention behavior intentions. We evaluated messaging that emphasized personal, public, or personal and public benefits of prevention. In initial studies (conducted March 14-16, 2020), the Public treatment was more effective than the Personal treatment, and no less effective than the Personal + Public treatment. In additional studies (conducted April 17-30, 2020), all three treatments were similarly effective. Across all these studies, the perceived public threat of coronavirus was also more strongly associated with prevention intentions than the perceived personal threat. Furthermore, people who behaved prosocially in incentivized economic games years before the pandemic had greater prevention intentions. Finally, in a field experiment (conducted December 21-23, 2020), we used our three messaging strategies to motivate contact-tracing app signups (n = 152,556 newsletter subscribers). The design of this experiment prevents strong causal inference; however, the results provide suggestive evidence that the Personal + Public treatment may have been more effective than the Personal or Public treatment. Together, our results highlight the importance of prosocial motives for COVID-19 prevention.
Reflexivity: Should It Be Mandated for Qualitative Reporting?

Reflexivity and its importance to the process of qualitative research is examined in this column. To that end, the definition of reflexivity is entertained followed by a discussion related to its i...
Debating Climate Ethics Revisited

In Debating Climate Ethics, David Weisbach and I offer contrasting views of the importance of ethics and justice for climate policy. I argue that ethics is central. Weisbach advocates for climate p...