cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavonoid Deficiency Disrupts Redox Homeostasis and Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes of Tomato.

Glandular trichomes are epidermal structures that provide a first line of chemical defense against arthropod herbivores and other biotic threats. The most conspicuous structure on leaves of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the type-VI glandular trichome (tVI-GT), which accumulates both flavonoids and volatile terpenoids. Although these classes of specialized metabolites are derived from distinct metabolic pathways, previous studies with a chalcone isomerase 1 (CHI1)-deficient mutant called anthocyanin free (af) showed that flavonoids are required for terpenoid accumulation in tVI-GTs. Here, we combined global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of isolated trichomes as a starting point to show that the lack of CHI1 is associated with reduced levels of terpenoid biosynthetic transcripts and enzymes. The flavonoid deficiency in af trichomes also resulted in the upregulation of abiotic stress-responsive genes associated with DNA damage and repair. Several lines of biochemical and genetic evidence indicate that the terpenoid defect in af mutants is specific for the tVI-GT and is associated with the absence of bulk flavonoids rather than loss of CHI1 per se. A newly developed genome-scale model of metabolism in tomato tVI-GTs helped identify metabolic imbalances caused by the loss of flavonoid production. We provide evidence that flavonoid deficiency in this cell type leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may impair terpenoid biosynthesis. Collectively, our findings support a role for flavonoids as ROS-scavenging antioxidants in glandular trichomes.
Bodies In Treatment : The Unspoken Dimension

Stepansky, Preface. Anderson, Introduction. Anderson, At a Loss for Words and Feelings: A Psychoanalyst Reflects on Experiencing Bodywork. Bodily Experience in Self Organization: Contemporary Views. Cornell, Self in Action: The Bodily Basis of Self-Organization. Bucci, The Role of Bodily Experience in Emotional Organization: New Perspectives on the Multiple Code Theory. Psychoanalysts Informed by Body-Based Modalities. Eldredge & Cole, Learning from Work with Individuals with a History of Trauma: Some Thoughts on Integrating Body-Oriented Techniques and Relational Psychoanalysis. Pacifici, The Co-Construction of "Psychoanalytical Choreography" and the Dancing Self: Working with an Anorectic Patient. Gerbarg, Yoga and Neuro-Psychoanalysis. Bass, Sweet are the Uses of Adversity: Psychic Integration through Body-Centered Work. Newman, Coming into Being: Employing the Wisdom of the Body and Mind-Body Therapy. Analysts Using Bodily Experience in the Treatment Relationship. Knoblauch, Tipping Points between Body, Culture and Subjectivity: The Tension between Passion and Custom. Nebbiosi & Federici Nebbiosi, "We" Got Rhythm: Miming and the Polyphony of Identity in Psychoanalysis. The Analyst's Body as Object and Subject. Petrucelli, When a Body Meets a Body: The Impact of the Therapist's Body on Eating Disordered Patients. Harris & Sinsheimer, The Analyst's Vulnerability: Preserving and Fine Tuning Analytic Bodies.
Innovation at the National Level

This article introduces the reader to the evolution of the concept of innovation systems at the national level. National Innovation systems (NIS) are variously defined as a system for generating and diffusing new technologies or, or as a tool to identify key linkages in the system of technical institutions and other organizations to create and manage innovation. Government support and area of technological focus are two components that contribute to the effectiveness of a national innovation system but they are not a sufficient explanation for high performing systems. Examples of other factors contributing to a nation's innovation are its level of education, its ability to commercialize innovation, and its overall social and cultural climate. NIS policy studies aim to describe and compare the most important institutions, organizations, activities, and interactions of public and private actors that take part in or influence the innovation process of a country. NIS thinking has led to a structurally different view of how government can stimulate the innovation performance of a country. It shifts focus away from labor and wages and draws policy makers' attention to “getting the institutional environment right.” Keywords: national innovation systems; policy; technology; government; industry dynamics; international business
The Participation of an Enzyme-bound Oxygen Group in a Coenzyme A Transferase Reaction

Abstract A well supported mechanism for succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) involving an enzyme-CoA intermediate requires the participation of an oxygen atom of the enzyme or of the CoA moiety. Measurements of loss of 18O from acetoacetate show that CoA oxygens do not participate. An oxygen-containing group on the enzyme is reversibly labeled from succinate-18O in the presence of acetoacetyl-CoA or succinyl-CoA. The 18O-labeled enzyme does not contain succinyl or CoA moieties. A binding of acetoacetate-14C to the enzyme preparation does not appear to reflect an anhydride precursor to the enzyme-CoA form.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPLICATIONS OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA. AN EVALUATION OF TREATMENT METHODS.

Comparable groups of patients with leukemic involvement of the central nervous system were treated by lumbar puncture alone, by the intrathecal administration of methotrexate, or by x-ray therapy. Methotrexate or x-ray therapy gave the best results and were equally effective. The side effects of x-ray, such as alopecia, to make intrathecal methotrexate the treatment of choice although indications for x-ray treatment or a combination of methotrexate and x-ray therapy are sometimes present.
Keeping up with the cloneses - Issues in human cloning

The advent of cloning animals has created a maelstrom of social concern about the "ethical issues" associated with the possibility of cloning humans. When the "ethical concerns" are clearly examined, however, many of them turn out to be less matters of rational ethics than knee-jerk emotion, religious bias, or fear of that which is not understood. Three categories of real and spurious ethical concerns are presented and discussed: 1) that cloning is intrinsically wrong, 2) that cloning must lead to bad consequences, and 3) that cloning harms the organism generated. The need for a rational ethical framework for discussing biotechnological advances is presented and defended.
Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law

1. Extraordinary crime and ordinary punishment: an overview 2. Conformity and deviance 3. Punishment of international crimes in international criminal tribunals 4. Punishment of international crimes in national and local criminal justice institutions 5. Legal mimicry 6. Quest for purpose 7. From law to justice 8. Conclusion: some immediate implications.
Effect of periodic accelerations on interface stability in a multilayered fluid configuration

The increasing number of research opportunities in a microgravity environment will benefit not only fundamental studies in fluid dynamics, but also technological applications such as those involving materials processing. In particular, fluid configurations that involve fluid-fluid interfaces would occur in a variety of experimental investigations. This work investigates the stability of a configuration involving fluid-fluid interfaces in the presence of a time-dependent (periodic) forcing. The fluid configuration is multilayered and infinite in extent. The analysis is linear and inviscid, and the acceleration vector is oriented perpendicular to each interface. A Floquent analysis is employed, and the resulting algebraic eigensystem is truncated. Nondimensional parameters appear in the algebraic system. A numerical study is performed to elucidate the regions of instability and the effect of parameter variation on the fluid configuration stability.
Bilirubin metabolism and kernicterus

Neonatal jaundice continues to be a common problem. Kernicterus, although rare, continues to be a very real concern in both full-term and preterm infants. The diagnosis of kernicterus requires not only bilirubin staining in a characteristic pattern in the brain but also neuronal damage. With careful pathologic evaluation, kernicterus should be distinguishable from the brain damage associated with asphyxia and hypoxia. Early hospital discharge is a risk factor for the development of kernicterus. Combining the use of traditional phototherapy from above and a fiberoptic blanket from below has improved the effectiveness of phototherapy. Clinical trials with SnMP as an inhibitor of heme oxygenase appear encouraging; no adverse effects were noted, except for mild, occasional photosensitization manifest by erythema in babies receiving phototherapy. One theoretical toxicity of inhibitors of heme oxygenase involves the recent observation that carbon monoxide (CO) is a neurotransmitter in certain regions of the brain, possibly comparable to nitric oxide (NO), and the consequences of such inhibition are unknown. More research is needed to improve our understanding about the entry of bilirubin into the brain, the predilection of bilirubin for certain brain regions, and the cytotoxicity of bilirubin. In the United States, there is currently no generally accepted method to predict hyperbilirubinemia or kernicterus. Brain stem auditory evoked responses and MRI can both be used effectively to monitor the effects of severe hyperbilirubinemia.
GeoServer: il server geospaziale Open Source novità della nuova versione 2.3.0

GeoServer e un server geospaziale Open Source sviluppato con tecnologia Java Enterprise per la gestione e l’editing di dati geospaziali secondo gli standard OGC e ISO Technical Committee 211. Esso fornisce le funzionalita di base per creare infrastrutture spaziali di dati (SDI) ed e progettato per essere interoperabile potendo pubblicare dati provenienti da ogni tipo di fonte spaziale utilizzando standard aperti. Open Source GeoSpatial server developed with Java Enterprise technology for managing, sharing and editing geospatial data according to the OGC and ISO TC 211 standards. GeoServer provides the basic functionalities to create spatial data infrastructures (SDI). GeoServer is designed for interoperability, it publishes data from any major spatial data source using open standards: it is the reference implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Coverage Service (WCS) standards, as well as a high performance certified compliant Web Map Service (WMS). GeoServer forms a core component of the Geospatial Web.
Mammogram compression using super-resolution

As mammography moves towards completely digital and produces prohibitive amounts of data, compression plays an increasingly important role Although current lossless compression methods provide very high-quality images, their compression ratios are very low On the other hand, several lossy compression methods provide very high compression ratios but come with considerable loss of quality In this work, we describe a novel compression method that consists of downsampling the mammograms before applying the encoding procedure, and applying super-resolution techniques after the decoding procedure to recover the original resolution image In our experiments, we examine the tradeoffs between compression ratio and image quality using this scheme, and show it provides significant improvements over conventional methods.
Review of new techniques in echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging as applied to patients with congenital heart disease

Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have sometimes been contrasted with each other in an attempt to define which method provides overall superiority for imaging and functional evaluation. We believe that the important question is not whether echocardiography or MRI is the globally superior technique for imaging and/or functional analysis. Rather the relevant question for any given patient is how to best utilise non-invasive imaging technology to provide optimal benefit in specific clinical situations. In our experience, patients with congenital heart disease will be better served by an imaging strategy that extensively uses both MRI and echocardiography, as opposed to a strategy that relies on either technique in isolation. Both echocardiography and MRI are developing at an exceedingly rapid pace. This review highlights some of the new developments in each field that apply to patients with congenital heart disease. Echocardiography has major advantages in that it is inexpensive, portable, and gives immediate feedback on structure, function, and flow in one exam. ### HIGHER RESOLUTION FOR TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY For babies, the definition and resolution provided by echocardiography is better than MRI, and for the rapid heart rates and continuous windows, little else is needed for diagnostic management. ### HIGHER RESOLUTION FOR TRANSOESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) provides the windows needed for detailed diagnosis in older postoperative or adult congenital heart disease, and can be used for monitoring surgery and catheter interventions1 (fig 1). Figure 1 7.5 MHz high resolution intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) images of a subaortic ventricular septal defect with aortic valve prolapse using an 8 mm micromultiplane TOE probe developed with National Institutes of Health funding from grant 1R01 HL 36472–01.1 ### HARMONICS Harmonics have improved signal to noise for prenatal diagnosis, and resolution for tough patients with poor windows. They can also be used in conjunction with transpulmonary echo contrast agents to delineate cardiac perfusion. ### NEW ARRAYS FOR MICRO USES New types of array technologies for …
Sideband suppression in the Los Alamos free electron laser using a littrow grating

Abstract Results are reported on successful experiments using intracavity diffraction gratings to suppress synchrotron sidebands in the Los Alamos free electron laser. The effect of the gratings on wavelength, optical mode orientation and the shape of the cavity-length detuning curves are discussed, along with problems and limitations of the technique.
What’s in a name? The Black Panthers in Israel

This essay explores the political actions and public performances of the Israeli Black Panthers, pointing to the transnational dynamics that rendered the Panther identity so potent. The Black Panthers of Israel emerged in early 1971 with a series of raucous demonstrations and public antics. Comprising poor Mizrahi youngsters, they rattled the Israeli establishment, exposing and politicizing “ethnic” tensions within the Jewish population of Israel. The author argues that the emergence of Black Power in the United States had somewhat surprising ripple effects on Israeli politics, shaping aspects of the Israeli Left but also the radicalism of the extreme Right.
Effects of prenatal hormone exposure versus pregnancy complications on sex-dimorphic behavior.

The existing literature on human subjects indicates demasculinization as an effect of prenatal exposure to various exogenous sex hormones, except for 19-nor progestogens. For the samples described in Ehrhardt et al.(1984), the current study examines whether the demasculinization can be explained by pregnancy complications. Corresponding covariates were constructed. In order to permit parametric analysis, the primary rating scales used previously were factor-analyzed and aggregated to form cluster scales where feasible. The factor analysis also demonstrated the existence of a general factor of sex-dimorphic behavior. Subsequent case-control comparisons by t test and by analysis of covariance for the general-factor and cluster scales showed that pregnancy complications do not explain the modest demasculinization effects of prenatal hormone exposure observed in females. A few paradoxical results emerged in males, likely to be due to chance.
Faceted MoS2 nanotubes and nanoflowers

Abstract A simple synthesis of novel faceted MoS 2 nanotubes (NTs) and nanoflowers (NFs) starting from molybdenum oxide and thiourea as the sulphur source is reported. The MoS 2 nanotubes with the faceted morphology have not been observed before. Further the as-synthesized MoS 2 nanotubes have high internal surface area. The nanostructures have been characterized by a variety of electron microscopy techniques. It is expected that these MoS 2 nanostrutures will find important applications in energy storage, catalysis and field emission.
Role of PCO2 as determinant of CSF [HCO3−] in metabolic acidosis☆

To study regulation of CSF [HCO-3] in metabolic acidosis and in particular the role of CSF PCO2 in establishing CSF bicarbonate level, acute metabolic acidosis was induced by the intravenous infusion of HCl in three groups of anesthetized dogs for six hours when PaCO2 was changed at different rates. Plasma [HCO-3] was lowered to 12 +/- 2 meq/L within one hour and maintained at that level thereafter in all groups. (I) Seven dogs were kept isocapnic while metabolic acidosis was induced. The cisternal CSF [HCO-3] fell by only 2.6 meq/L after six hours and was not significantly different from control. (II) In 11 dogs metabolic acidosis was induced while the dogs breathed spontaneously. There was a gradual drop in PaCO2 accompanied by a similar drop in CSF PCO2 of 14.5 torr. CSF [HCO-3] fell significantly by 6.1 meq/L at 6 hours and in parallel with the fall in CSF PCO2. (III) In order to show interdependence of the rate of fall in CSF [HCO-3] with rate of fall in cisternal PCO2 six dogs were mechanically hyperventilated and PaCO2 reduced to 21 torr rapidly and maintained there for six hours. CSF PCO2 followed PaCO. CSF bicarbonate fell rapidly and by 5 meq/L. In groups II and III the fall in cisternal [HCO-3] paralleled the drop in PCO2. Therefore, in metabolic acidosis the rate of the fall in cisternal bicarbonate appears to be a function of the rate of fall in CSF PCO2. It is speculated that the coupling of CSF [HCO-3] reduction in metabolic acidosis to CSF PCO2 fall is primarily for the benefit of CNS H+ homeostasis.
Earthquake analysis of belted high-rise building structures

Abstract A modal analysis procedure is presented for the seismic response of belted high-rise building structures within the framework of the response spectrum technique. The first 3-modes of vibration are considered. Natural periods, internal forces and deflections are computed, and design charts are presented for the parameters of interest. Based on Applied Technology Council tentative seismic provisions, a numerical example is worked out to illustrate the use of the charts, and a comparison is made with the ATC equivalent lateral force procedure. The contribution of higher modes of vibration is shown to be very sensitive to small changes in the belt-truss location. It is also shown that the ATC parabolic force distribution is likely to overestimate the top deflection and the moment related response values.
Does Auxin Play a Role in the Release of Apical Dominance by Shoot Inversion in Ipomoea nil

Abstract According to the auxin-inhibition hypothesis of apical dominance, apically produced auxin moves down the stem and inhibits axillary bud outgrowth, either directly or indirectly. This hypothesis has been examined further by monitoring changes in basipetal auxin transport and endogenous auxin concentration in Ipomoea nil caused by shoot inversion, a stimulus that releases apical dominance. The results indicate that inversion reduces auxin transport in the main stem. In upright shoots of intact plants, a 16-h pretreatment with [3H]IAA 4 cm below the apex results in downward movement of label and accumulation in nodes, especially the cotyledonary node. Label does not accumulate in the lateral buds. GC-MS determinations of endogenous free auxin level in the fourth node, where a lateral bud grows out following inversion of the upper part of the shoot, show no changes at 3 and 8 h after inversion, the range of times for inversion-induced bud release, or at 24 h, when bud outgrowth is continuing. However, inversion did cause a just-detectable decrease (approx. 10%) in the IAA level of the shoot's elongation region. Although auxin transport in segments of the main stem is partially inhibited by inversion over a period shorter than the latent time of bud release, thus providing a means for the expected depletion of auxin in the fourth node, no depletion could be detected there. These results suggest that either a decrease in IAA level in the main stem is not causal of bud release or that the decreased IAA pool responsible for bud release is compartmented and cannot be measured in whole-tissue extracts.
Induction of nitric oxide synthase in microglial cells by MBP‐primed T cells

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of MBP-primed T cells in the expression of iNOS in microglial cells. MBP-primed T cells alone markedly induced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. This induction of NO production was primarily dependent on the contact between MBP-primed T cells and microglia. Similarly, MBP-primed T cells also induced the contact-mediated production of NO in mouse primary microglia. To understand the mechanism of induction of iNOS, we investigated the role of NF-κB, transcription factor responsible for the induction of iNOS. MBP-primed T cells alone were able to induce the activation of NF-κB. Consistently, Dp65, a dominant-negative mutant of p65, and SN50, a specific inhibitor of p50 NF-κB, but not SN50M, a nonfunctional peptide mutant, inhibited MBP-primed T cell-induced production of NO in BV-2 microglial cells suggesting that MBP-primed T cell-microglia contact induces the expression of iNOS through the activation of NF-κB. Since IFN-β has been used to treat MS patients, we examined the effect of IFN-β on T cell-mediated production of NO and activation of NF-κB. Surprisingly, IFN-β alone induced the production of NO and the activation NF-κB in microglial cells. However, the pretreatment of MBP-primed T cells with IFN-β markedly inhibited the ability of MBP-primed T cells to induce the production of NO and the activation NF-κB in microglial cells, mechanisms which can help account for its efficacy in MS. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by NIH grants (NS39940 and AG19487).
The evolution game

Abstract Theories of human evolution should be so constituted that they promote progress. This has not been the case in the past, as vividly shown in the controversies over the Taung skull. The “facts” of human evolution are so uncertain that it may be best to regard the study of human evolution as a game, rather than as a science.
Determinants and outcomes of plan objectivity and implementation in category management relationships

Abstract Category management holds great potential, but has several inherent barriers that can impede category performance. This study examines factors thought to impact category performance because of the critical role category management plays at the end of the supply chain in Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) relationships between manufacturers and grocery retailers. Two central factors, category plan objectivity and implementation of the plans, as well as five factors antecedent to objectivity and implementation, were identified through a qualitative study of retailer and supplier category managers. The interrelationships of these factors were tested in an empirical study of 128 supplier category managers. As a direct effect on performance, implementation of category plans had a stronger impact on category performance than did the objectivity of the plans. The retailer’s trust in the category management process was found to be a critical component on the implementation of category plans. Preplanning agreement between the retailer and the supplier was found to impact both objectivity and implementation. The internal conflict between supplier’s brand management and sales/category managers had only a minor impact on objectivity, and that effect was mediated by the supplier’s overall opportunism. Several theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Reduced-order residential home modeling for model predictive control

Abstract Building simulation software packages such as EnergyPlus are useful energy modeling tools. These software packages, however, are often not amenable to model-based control due to model complexity or difficulties connecting control algorithms with the software. We present a method for automatically generating input/output data from an EnergyPlus residential home model using the OpenStudio software suite. These input/output data are used to create a simple reduced-order model that can be evaluated in fractions of a second. The reduced-order model is implemented in a model predictive controller to minimize the home's electricity costs during summer months in Austin, Texas, USA. The controller optimally precools the home in the morning and turns down or off the air conditioning system in the afternoon. For this example, electricity prices were taken from actual market prices in the Austin area. The optimal precooling strategy given by the model predictive controller reduces peak energy consumption from the air conditioning unit by an average of 70% and reduces operating costs by 60%. Precooling, however, consumes more total energy versus not precooling. Reducing peak energy consumption by 1 kWh results, on average, in an increase of 0.63 kWh in overall energy consumption.
The ventral striatopallidothalamic projection. III. Striatal cells of the olfactory tubercle establish direct synaptic contact with ventral pallidal cells projecting to mediodorsal thalamus

After injection of HRP in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the rat on one side followed by a superficial laminar heat lesion of the olfactory tubercle (Tu) on the same side, electron microscopic examination of DAB-reacted sections through the Tu revealed degenerating terminals contacting HRP-labeled neurons, confirming that a monosynaptic, two-neuron link extends, via a relay in ventral pallidum, between the superficial dense cell layer of the Tu and the MD.
In vitro study of phenothiazine effects on urinary bladder

Clinical observations suggest that long-term phenothiazine therapy can cause urinary retention and stress incontinence. The phenothiazines, chlorpromazine and perchlorperazine, depress bladder smooth muscle activity in vitro by depressing bladder smooth muscle activity directly and by a peripheral cholinergic blocking action.
Democracy and Human Capital Formation: Education Spending in Latin America, 1980 to 1997

This article examines the relationship between democratic representation and spending on education in Latin America. The authors assess the impact that democracy has on the distribution of resources between different levels of schooling and on total spending on education. Specifically, they test whether democratic governments allocate a greater share of resources to primary education, the level that benefits the largest segment of the electorate and that is most critical for human capital formation in developing countries. Using time-series cross-sectional analysis, the authors find that democracies devote a higher percentage of their educational resources to primary education and that they maintain higher absolute spending levels on education in the aggregate, thereby enhancing the prospects of human capital formation.
Evaluating Effects of Developmental Education for College Students Using a Regression Discontinuity Design.

Background:Annually, American colleges and universities provide developmental education (DE) to millions of underprepared students; however, evaluation estimates of DE benefits have been mixed.Obje...
Comparison of two indirect detection flat panel imagers

To obtain clearance for the use of a new flat-panel indirect detection imager, the FDA required the manufacturer to provide evidence of the image quality. To this end, two sets of observer studies were conducted, one in which images from the detector was compared side by side with images from an approved detector, and a second set in which each individual image was scored for image contrast, noise, and resolution. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was not a significant difference in the image quality produced by the two detectors. FDA 510k clearance was granted in May 2013.
Fine-mapping alleles for body weight in LG/J × SM/J F2 and F34 advanced intercross lines

The present study measured variation in body weight using a combined analysis in an F2 intercross and an F34 advanced intercross line (AIL). Both crosses were derived from inbred LG/J and SM/J mice, which were selected for large and small body size prior to inbreeding. Body weight was measured at 62 (±5) days of age. Using an integrated GWAS and forward model selection approach, we identified 11 significant QTLs that affected body weight on ten different chromosomes. With these results we developed a full model that explained over 18% of the phenotypic variance. The median 1.5-LOD support interval was 5.55 Mb, which is a significant improvement over most prior body weight QTLs. We identified nonsynonymous coding SNPs between LG/J and SM/J mice in order to further narrow the list of candidate genes. Three of the genes with nonsynonymous coding SNPs (Rad23b, Stk33, and Anks1b) have been associated with adiposity, waist circumference, and body mass index in human GWAS, thus providing evidence that these genes may underlie our QTLs. Our results demonstrate that a relatively small number of loci contribute significantly to the phenotypic variance in body weight, which is in marked contrast to the situation in humans. This difference is likely to be the result of strong selective pressure and the simplified genetic architecture, both of which are important advantages of our system.
The Brain and Consciousness: Sources of Information for Understanding Adult Learning

New knowledge of the brain and consciousness can be used to understand adult learning and develop new principles for adult education.
Are Pediatricians Within Managed Care Settings Delivering Clinical Preventive Services to Adolescents? 28

Are Pediatricians Within Managed Care Settings Delivering Clinical Preventive Services to Adolescents? 28
Bioinorganic chemistry: electrons in Fe-S protein assembly.

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are among nature's simplest and most versatile agents of electron transfer. Remarkably, their biological assembly involves an obligatory electron transfer event. It is now revealed that parallel but distinct electron transfer pathways are separately required for compartment-specific Fe-S protein maturation.
High temperature shock tube study of reactions of CH and C-atoms with N2

The reactions of CH and C-atoms with N2, which are believed to be initial steps in the prompt-NO mechanism, were studied at high temperature behind reflected shocks. CH was formed from the pyrolysis of highly dilute mixtures of CH4 or C2H6 ( C ( 3 P ) + N 2 → C N + N , (1) leading to k1=6.3×1013 exp(−23160 K/T) (±30%) cm3 mol−1 s−1 over the temperature range 2660 to 4660 K and pressure range 0.5 to 1 atm. In order to determine the rate coefficient of C H ( X 2 I I ) + N 2 → H C N + N , (2) a perturbation technique was employed. In this technique, the CH profile resulting from pyrolysis of CH4 or C2H6 dilute in argon was perturbed by the addition of N2. A detailed analysis of the CH profiles led to a rate coefficient, k2=4.4×1012 exp(−11060 K/T)(±50%) cm3 mol−1 s−1 over the temperature range 2500 to 3800 K and pressure range 0.6 to 1 atm. N-atom measurements provided an independent verification of k2 and the products of reaction 2.
The influence of light availability on competition between Phalaris arundinacea and a native wetland sedge

Invasions by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) preclude establishment of sedge meadow vegetation in restored wetlands in the midwest USA. To evaluate cover crops as a potential method of P. arundinacea control, we examined the effects of lowering light availability (from 600 to 200 and 10 μmol m−2 s−1) on competition between P. arundinacea and a common wetland sedge, Carex hystericina (porcupine sedge), in a greenhouse experiment. Lowering light availability substantially reduced P. arundinacea total biomass, by 52% at 200 μmol m−2 s−1 and by 99% at 10 μmol m−2 s−1. However, shade also reduced C. hystericina total biomass, by 62% at 200 μmol m−2 s−1 and by 99% at 10 μmol m−2 s−1. Further, shade did not favor C. hystericina in competition with P. arundinacea. Instead, C. hystericina biomass was reduced significantly more by competition with P. arundinacea in partial shade than in full sun (by 69% compared to 58%), while P. arundinacea biomass was reduced significantly less by competition with C. hystericina in partial shade than in full sun (by 42% compared to 66%). Lowering light availability with a cover crop in restored prairie pothole wetlands might slow P. arundinacea invasion, but is unlikely to improve sedge meadow establishment.
Effect of dissociation of embryos of Urechis caupo on synthesis of ribosomal RNA.

Abstract Dissociation of embryos of U. caupo prior to the blastula stage does not retard the apparent initiation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). The state of aggregation of the dissociated embryos does not seem to influence the initiation or continuation of synthesis of rRNA. It is concluded that cell interaction is not necessary for commitment to continuing rRNA synthesis.
Scientific Elitism and the Information System of Science.

Scientific elitism must be viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon. Ten variables of elitism are considered and a principal components factor analysis is used to scale this multivariate domain. Two significant dimensions of elitism were found; one in basic and one in applied science. Sociometric techniques were used to identify the elite of a scientific discipline in a large metropolitan area. An abstract analytical continuum, the scientific mission, was generated using a Thurstone-type scale. The scientific mission is a higher order concept and subsumes both idealized polar types of basic and applied science. A scientist's scale score reflects his professional interests and the breadth of his interest space. There is a distinct tendency for elites to cluster at the basic research end of the continuum. It was found that: (a) the ten variables of elitism provide a scale that successfully discriminates between elites and non-elites; (b) elites process more information than non-elites; (c) elites had more narrowly defined, less diffuse interest spaces than non-elites; and (d) elites prefer literature-oriented methods of procuring scientific information as opposed to person-oriented methods.
Progress Toward Shock Enhancement of Supersonic Combustion Processes

In air breathing propulsion systems for flight at Mach numbers 7 to 20, it is generally accepted that the combustion processes will be carried out at supersonic velocities with respect to the engine. The resulting brief residence time places a premium on rapid mixing of the fuel and air. To address this issue we are investigating a mechanism for enhancing the rate of mixing between air and hydrogen fuel over rates that are expected in shear layers and jets.
The mmgA gene from Bacillus subtilis encodes a degradative acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase

Early in sporulation, the mother cell compartment of Bacillus subtilis transcribes the mother cell metabolic gene (mmg) operon. The gene mmgA was assigned by other workers using sequence homology as an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase [E.C. 2.3.1.9]. The gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was purified by Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography. However, the expected MmgA-catalyzed biosynthesis of acetoacetyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA was undetectable by a standard UV assay, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. These methods indicated a preference for the reverse degradative thiolytic reaction, with a k(cat) of 80 s(-1), and a K(m) of 70 and 50 microM for CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, respectively.
Benefits of effective diagnosis on impact of quality of life

Quality of life has become a central outcome measure in medicine over the last two decades as it is increasingly being recognized that quality of life methodology is the most appropriate outcome measure with which to answer the question: does a particular management strategy provide clinically meaningful benefits as perceived by the patient? While the first of such studies in the area of food allergy were qualitative in nature, validated instruments have recently been developed in the context of the Europrevall study which measure health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a specific and reliable way. Instruments are now available for adults, adolescents and younger children of all ages. These instruments allow researchers and clinicians to quantitatively assess management strategies for food allergy Despite the fact that there is no cure for food allergy at the present time, management of many patients is thought to result in reduced risk and hence improved HRQL. There are many aspects to the management of the food allergic patient, including accurate diagnosis, adequate patient education, and provision of emergency medication where appropriate. All these elements may contribute to HRQL changes seen in patients with food allergy. Studies on the effects of effective diagnosis in the form of (double blind, placebo controlled) food challenges show that HRQL improves in patients undergoing this procedure. Although this improvement is greater in patients in whom the allergy is shown to be absent than in patients in whom the food allergy is confirmed, all patients show improvement in HRQL after having undergone this test. Thus, effective diagnostic testing is important to patients as it has a positive effect on HRQL. This effect is probably the result of diminished uncertainty that patients have about their disease resulting from the test.
A new carboniferous sporangial aggregation

Abstract This work describes a new structurally preserved sporangial aggregation of Pennsylvanian age. The fructification consists of numerous thick-walled sporangia which are attached to vascularized bract-like structures by elongate pedicels. Spores are trilete and ornamented by irregular verrucae; ultrastructurally the spore wall is tectate. A discussion is presented in which possible natural relationships are considered.
Phase Transitions in Asymmetric Rod−Coil Block Copolymers

Poly(alkoxyphenylenevinylene-b-isoprene) is used to study the phase transitions of a weakly segregated rod−coil block copolymer system. In the high coil fraction region of the phase diagram, phase transitions are caused by relatively small changes in temperature and composition. Several different sequences of phase transitions are observed, allowing fine control of structure, orientation, and thermal history effects. Weakly segregated symmetric rod−coil block copolymers organize into lamellar microphases at low temperature and disorder into nematic and isotropic phases with increasing temperature. As the coil fraction is increased, the lamellar structure loses long-range order but the microphase structure does not change. In these asymmetric block copolymers, a distinct change in phase transitions upon heating is observed. The stable nematic window narrows as the coil fraction increases. As a result, while symmetric block copolymers transition from a lamellar to an intermediate nematic and finally to an i...
Employee Involvement, Attitudes and Reactions to Technology Changes

This research examines the relationships between employee reactions to specific technological changes and the job-related attitudes of these employees. The specific changes include the transition, ...
Field trial of a highly portable coded aperture gamma ray and 3D imaging system

Given the growing concerns surrounding declared and undeclared nuclear activities around the world, a novel multi-modal imaging system combining gamma imaging, visible-light imaging, and multi-resolution 3D imaging has been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). As part of an international collaborative effort, this research aims at providing a portable imaging system to assess, monitor and/or detect nuclear material dispersion in nuclear facilities. This novel imaging system includes (1) a coded-aperture gamma-ray imager that provides a map of all major radiological sources present in the field-of-view and (2) a low-resolution stereo system to retrieve high-level 3D scene information. Using a unique approach to combine the data a 3D model of the scene can be rendered with the gamma information as a projected texture, therefore allowing easy visualization of the location of all detected radiological sources. In this paper, we give a summary of this research by first presenting the instruments, then by detailing our approach to project gamma information on the high-resolution 3D point-cloud, and presenting the results of the first field trial of the system.
Chemiestudium in den USA

Das Hochschulsystem in den USA ist stark diversifiziert: Von der zweijahrigen Ausbildung am ortlichen College bis zum Promotionsstudium an einer Eliteuniversitat. Ebenso unterschiedlich sind die Vorkenntnisse, die die Stundenten von der Schule mitbringen. Die American Chemical Society (ACS) akkreditiert die Bachelor-Studiengange und versucht so, einheitliche Qualitatsstandards im Chemiestudium zu sichern und gleichzeitig die Vermittlung moderner Ausbildungsinhalte zu fordern.
The contingent effect of institutions: Electoral formulas, ethnic polarization, and election quality

This paper builds on existing studies linking formal electoral institutions to democracy. It reveals that there is an interactive effect between the electoral formula and the levels of ethnic polarization that systematically influences the quality of elections and the probability of government turnover. Proportional representation is associated with better elections and more frequent government turnover than single-member district majority formulas in ethnically polarized countries. However, the opposite is true when ethno-cultural groups are not numerous or polarized. This study contributes to the existing literature on formal political institutions by presenting evidence that the electoral formula's impact on governance is contingent on the context in which such institutions operate.
A Review of:“Process Capability Indices.” By Samuel Kotz and Norman L. Johnson (Chapman &. Hail, 1993) I Pp. x + 212] Price £24-95.

(1995). A Review of:“Process Capability Indices.” By Samuel Kotz and Norman L. Johnson (Chapman &. Hail, 1993) I Pp. x + 212] Price £24-95. International Journal of Production Research: Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 2353-2354.
Space harmonic analysis of integrated optic modulators with periodic electrodes

The frequency response of integrated optic modulators with traveling wave electrodes is limited by the phase velocity mismatch between the optical and RF signals. At millimeter wave frequencies the short electrodes that must be used to avoid this phase mismatch severely reduce the modulator sensitivity. One approach that provides high frequency modulators with increased sensitivity is the use of periodic intermittent interaction (PII) electrodes and enhanced periodic phase reversal (EPPR) electrodes. In this paper, the RF signal on the electrode is represented as a summation of traveling wave space harmonics. The electrode geometry is adjusted so that the phase velocity of the dominant space harmonic equals the phase velocity of the optical signal at the design frequency. General velocity-matching conditions are derived for both the PII and the EPPR modulators; the bandpass frequency response is then calculated by adding the individual responses of all space harmonics traveling down the electrode. Design examples are provided of periodic electrodes for LiNbO3 and GaAs modulators for operation at 35 GHz. Finally, a practical method for velocity-matching is described that requires only the two-port characterization of an individual electrode unit section.
Trajectories of HIV Risk Behavior from Age 15 to 25 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Sample

This study utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate youth risk trajectories for HIV and factors associated with different trajectories. The sample (N = 8,208) was 49.2% female, with a mean age of 14.31 (SD = 1.48). A group-based trajectory model was applied, which identified four distinct trajectories for both males and females: (1) consistently higher sexual risk levels, increasing to early adulthood followed by some decrease (“high”); (2) a short period of increase to late teens, followed by a longer period of decrease (“decreased”); (3) an initially slow increase, with the increase accelerating by late teens, and a slight decline beginning in early adulthood (“increased”); and (4) consistently lowest levels of sexual risk (“low”). More African Americans were found among the decreased trajectory group; among the low risk group a higher number of youth came from families with parents who spoke a language other than English. The high-risk group had a higher percentage of subjects in non-metropolitan areas and highest alcohol use. Among males, being employed and being in the military were associated with inclusion in the high-risk group. Results have implications for specializing prevention strategies for youth with different patterns of sexual risk.
Paedogenetic conidiation inNeurospora crassa

Abstract Under conditions of growth limitation the germ tubes of Neurospora crassa macroconidia may convert to functional conidiophores with developing chains of viable, new conidia. The induction of this paedogenetic conidiation in liquid culture does not require exposure to high temperature, as reported for conidia of some other ascomycetous fungi, but it is induced at normal growth temperatures within 12–15 h by germination of the conidia in a dilute, nutrient-poor incubation medium. The inoculum density, temperature of incubation, presence or absence of white light, and genetic strain of N. crassa also influence the kinetics of conidium formation.
Dual Energy Attenuation Correction for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Absorption of gairna rays by matter causes the well kncown attenuation artifacts in SPECT. In this paper, we investigate a technique in which projections acquired at two different energies are used. The projections resulting from the two energies are manipulated to extract the true radioisotope distribution within the slice reducing the attenuation problems. Simulation results are presented for different phantoms investigating the amount of artifacts with and without the correction. It is shown that the dual energy technique can be used in obtaining accurate SPECT images with very little attenuation artifacts.