cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FGFR1 and FGFR2 in fibrolamellar carcinoma.

Aims Fibrolamellar carcinoma is characterized by a recurrent DNAJB1–PRKACA chimeric transcript. The functional properties of the fusion are unknown, but are believed to include PRKACA up-regulation. PRKCA is a subunit of protein kinase A. The downstream targets of protein kinase A are unknown, but may include interactions with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathways. In addition, inhibitors for FGFR proteins have been developed recently. Methods and results Nineteen histologically confirmed fibrolamellar carcinomas were studied. All showed the characteristic DNAJB1–PRKACA transcript by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Immunohistochemistry for FGFR1 was negative in 19 of 19 cases using a monoclonal antibody, while a polyclonal antibody showed no expression (n = 11) or weak and focal expression (n = 8). RNAin-situ hybridization was 2+ in two cases, 1+ in four cases and negative in four cases. FGFR1 fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) revealed polysomy of chromosome 8 in 17 of 19 cases. Break-apart FISH for FGFR2 was negative for rearrangements in 12 of 12 informative cases. Conclusions Fibrolamellar carcinomas show polysomy of chromosome 8 and the FGFR1 locus, and only modest mRNA expression and weak or absent expression at the protein level. FGFR2 rearrangement was not detected. These data reduce the likelihood that FGFR inhibitors will be effective in the treatment of most fibrolamellar carcinomas.
Differential effects of forskolin on tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription in identified brainstem catecholaminergic neuronal subtypes in organotypic culture

The regulation of gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, was studied in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei, locus coeruleus (LC), A2 and A1, in vitro. Several novel experimental approaches employed in this study included: (i) the development of a slice-explant model in which these brainstem nuclei maintained a high survival of the noradrenergic neurons, an organotypic topology and the coexpression of two identifying markers in addition to TH, i.e. norepinephrine transporter (NET) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2); (ii) quantitative analysis of TH transcription in these nuclei was made using a labelled intronic probe to measure TH heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) and (iii) the use of tetrodotoxin in the media to eliminate spontaneous neural activity in these nuclei, thereby providing a basal state as the starting point for the study of TH transcription under various pharmacological perturbations. In the presence of TTX, the adenylcyclase stimulator, forskolin, produced a 155% increase in LC, a 130% increase in A1, and a 220% increase in A2 in TH hnRNA as compared to control nuclei. This effect of forskolin was abolished in the LC and A1 by the PKA inhibitor, H89 (5 microm), but not by the MAP kinase pathway (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059 (75 microm). In contrast, the robust increase in TH transcription produced by forskolin in A2 neurons, was completely inhibited by PD98059, and only partially inhibited by H89, showing that induced TH transcription is mediated by different kinase pathways in specific central noradrenergic neuronal subtypes.
Studies of Transferrin Recycling Reconstituted in Streptolysin O Permeabilized Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Efficient transferrin receptor recycling is reconstituted when donor cytosol and ATP are added to the streptolysin O permeabilized cells. The rate of reconstituted recycling is dependent on the concentration of donor cytosol. The cytosol provides a factor(s) required for the transport of transferrin from the pericentriolar recycling compartment to the plasma membrane. N-Ethylmaleimide treatment of permeabilized cells inhibits both the fusion of recycling vesicles with the plasma membrane as well as the formation of functional recycling vesicles from the pericentriolar recycling compartment. Guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) does not affect reconstituted recycling in the presence of an optimal cytosol concentration. Therefore, the rate-limiting step in recycling is not regulated by GTP-hydrolyzing proteins, and hydrolysis of GTP is not required for endocytic recycling. GTP gamma S stimulates recycling when suboptimal concentrations of cytosol are used. This stimulatory effect is not mediated by a brefeldin A-sensitive ADP-ribosylation factor protein. Addition of wild-type donor cytosol to permeabilized END2 Chinese hamster ovary cells, which recycle transferrin at half the rate of wild-type cells, reconstitutes recycling to the reduced rate of intact END2 cells but not to the wild-type recycling rate. These results indicate that the defect responsible for the slowed transferrin recycling in END2 mutants is membrane associated or that the defective protein is too large to diffuse out of the cells through the streptolysin O pores.
Continuous control of avatar gesture

We are developing an application to give humans the ability to transmit nonverbal communication behaviors through an avatar: specifically gesture, the movements of the arms and hands that accompany speech when people speak face-to-face. In this application the user will have continuous control over the avatar animation. The avatar will be like a virtual puppet and the user will manipulate the avatar using not strings or rods but the controlled and skilled motions of their hand. The system tracks hand motions and then maps that motion to the joint motions of a three-dimensional articulated avatar. As part of this research we will try out different ways of tracking the user's hand. Eventually we plan to test the efficacy of this system by incorporating it into a networked virtual environment in which two or more people can interact through the virtual medium. Working with artists will enable us to design a system that is expressive and to better understand the expressive power of this system.
Comparing the practices of USA tennis against a global model for integrated development of mass participation and high performance sport

This study analyzes the current state of tennis in the USA against a model for developing elite sport in integration with mass participation. A questionnaire was constructed to examine the following elements of the model: talent identification and development; advanced athlete support; training centers; competition systems; educational, scientific/medical, philosophical, and promotional support; partnerships with supporting agencies; and balanced and integrated funding and structures of mass and elite sport. The 54 statements reflecting desired practices were validated by 12 international experts and rated online by 107 US tennis coaches. Semi-structured discussions with eight administrators were also conducted. Suggested advancements for US tennis included collaboration of overlapping national governing organizations to advance and standardize personnel education, medicine, science, competitions, and facilities. Highly qualified coaches at all participation levels are recommended, to use evidence-based m...
Organizational and Social Factors in the Adoption of Intranet 2.0: A Case Study

This article presents a case study of the intranet implementation and adoption process of a SharePoint intranet at a small academic library and investigates why the many Web 2.0 tools of the library intranet are currently underused. Staff interviews showed that common goals for an intranet, such as information dissemination, knowledge sharing, communication, and collaboration, are not necessarily easier to achieve when an intranet is equipped with Web 2.0 functionalities. The same level of thorough planning and organizational efforts required to make an intranet succeed before Web 2.0 is still necessary to realize the promise of Intranet 2.0.
A reference-based scoring model for increasing the findability of promising ideas in innovation pipelines

Idea pipelines enable open innovation within organizations but require the evaluation teams to assess large numbers of ideas. To help filter promising ideas, community voting is often included as part of the pipeline but the outcome of the voting rarely aligns with the ideas selected by the team. To address this problem, we introduce a new scoring model for increasing the findability of promising ideas within idea pipelines. In the model, each participant need only score a subset of the ideas, ideas are scored independently, and the individual scores can be aggregated. We tested the model on an authentic data set and found our model filters ideas chosen by an evaluation team better than community votes.
Unmet needs of caregivers of individuals referred to a dementia care program.

Background/Objectives Caregiver strain and low self-efficacy for managing dementia-related problems are common among those caring for patients with dementia, but the level of unmet need and relation to provider type has not been well characterized.
Studying the flute and the orchestra: controlled vs. classroom research on computers

Abstract How do you study computers in education and what do you study about them? A theory is presented which distinguishes between cognitive effects with and of computer tools, the former constituting improved performance while an intellectual tool is available, the latter manifesting a subsequent cognitive residue as a result. Two studies are described, providing support for the theory. It is argued, however, that such analytic research fails to capture the multivariate rich classroom environments that the effective use of computers requires and brings about. A classroom history project is described as it evolves around tool use. It is suggested that another research approach — a systemic paradigm — is needed to study such rich and multivariate cases. The complementary relations between the analytic and systemic research approaches are examined.
Cooperative learning in elementary schools

Cooperative learning refers to instructional methods in which students work in small groups to help each other learn. Although cooperative learning methods are used for different age groups, they are particularly popular in elementary (primary) schools. This article discusses methods and theoretical perspectives on cooperative learning for the elementary grades. The article acknowledges the contributions from each of the major theoretical perspectives and places them in a model that depicts the likely role each plays in cooperative learning outcomes. This work explores conditions under which each perspective may operate, and suggests further research needed to advance cooperative learning scholarship.
Comparison of bi-stable and delay-based Physical Unclonable Functions from measurements in 65nm bulk CMOS

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are security primitives used in a number of security applications like authentication, identification, and secure key generation. PUF implementations are evaluated on their security characteristics (uniqueness, randomness, and reliability), as well as conventional VLSI design metrics (area, power, and performance). We compare bi-stable based PUFs (SRAM and sense amplifiers) and delay based PUFs (arbiter and ring oscillator) using measurements from a testchip in 65nm bulk CMOS. Security metrics are measured on multiple dies and reliability measurements are based on multiple evaluations of PUF circuits across operating voltage (1.0V to 1.4V) and temperature (−20°C to 85°C).
Continuity, boundedness, connectedness and the Lindelöf property for topological groups☆

Abstract If X is a space and B⊆X, we say that B is functionally bounded in X if every continuous real-valued fucntion on X is bounded on B. For a locally compact Abelian group G with character group Ĝ, we denote by G+ the underlying group G equipped with the weakest topology which makes every χϵĜ continuous. For G as above we prove the following: (a) If F⊆G then F is Lindelof (functionally bounded) in G if and only if F is Lindelof (functionally bounded) in G+, (b) G is connected (zero-dimensional) if and only if G+ is connected (zero-dimensional), and (c) If G and H are locally compact Abelian groups and φ:G→H is an homomorphism then φ:G→H is continuous if and only if φ:G+→H+ is continuous. We generalize (c) to a result involving k-spaces.
Can self-efficacy and self-confidence explain Iranian female students' academic achievement?

Official statistics from several resources in Iran indicate that female enrollment and achievement in Iranian universities has recently exceeded that of male students. Despite the fact that a religious government has been ruling the country for three decades, and despite many regulations against women, Iranian women have managed to overcome social, cultural, and political barriers. They have also been able to pass a highly competitive entry exam to enter the university at higher performance rates than male students. In this study it was proposed that this increasing enrollment and graduation rate might be attributed to their gender-based self-confidence and their self-efficacy. The results showed that female students scored higher on collective, gender-based self-confidence but their personal feeling about their gender was more negative and their general self-efficacy was not different from the self-efficacy of male students.
Megacities and small towns: different perspectives on hazard vulnerability

Abstract The vulnerability of megacities to hazards was highlighted during the recent International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, yet in many respects residents of small cities and rural communities are more vulnerable to disasters. Small cities and towns, deprived of the political and economic influence of megacities, lack the potential to suffer catastrophic losses that would seriously impact the global economy. Megacities, however, have greater disaster resilience. Hazard vulnerability of communities, ranging from small towns to megacities, can best be viewed as the summation of a continuum of conditions that define physical and social exposure, disaster resilience, pre-event mitigation or preparedness, and postevent response. Megacities have large populations at risk, but have the greatest resources to deal with hazards and disasters. Small communities have far smaller populations at risk, but often far higher proportions of their populations can be vulnerable. The impacts of many disasters c...
The source of spontaneous activity in the main olfactory bulb of the rat.

Introduction In vivo, most neurons in the main olfactory bulb exhibit robust spontaneous activity. This paper tests the hypothesis that spontaneous activity in olfactory receptor neurons drives much of the spontaneous activity in mitral and tufted cells via excitatory synapses. Methods Single units were recorded in vivo from the main olfactory bulb of a rat before, during, and after application of lidocaine to the olfactory nerve. The effect of lidocaine on the conduction of action potentials from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb was assessed by electrically stimulating the olfactory nerve rostral to the application site and monitoring the field potential evoked in the bulb. Results Lidocaine caused a significant decrease in the amplitude of the olfactory nerve evoked field potential that was recorded in the olfactory bulb. By contrast, the lidocaine block did not significantly alter the spontaneous activity of single units in the bulb, nor did it alter the field potential evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. Lidocaine block also did not change the temporal patters of action potential or their synchronization with respiration. Conclusions Spontaneous activity in neurons of the main olfactory bulb is not driven mainly by activity in olfactory receptor neurons despite the extensive convergence onto mitral and tufted cells. These results suggest that spontaneous activity of mitral and tufted is either an inherent property of these cells or is driven by centrifugal inputs to the bulb.
Discussion on Precautionary Policy for EMF by Power Transmission and Transformation Project

Though the suggestions on health risk assessment of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF) by WHO has gradually begun to spread relative effectively among the administrative departments of environmental protection in China, there are still individual media or experts calling for reducing exposure limits to the arbitrary low level in the name of precaution, and endeavoring to affect the government to make decisions or management policies on EMF, with the purpose for their own interest. It has been leading to the increasing anxiety and fear towards EMF of general public. Based on the current status of EMF issue and standard development in China, this paper analyzes the principles of precautionary policies and related precautionary measures on EMF worldwide in combination with the result of risk assessment on ELF EMF and the suggestions for standards on exposure limits by international organizations, and comprehensively considers the practical situation of power transmission and transformation projects to put forward the recommendations. The exposure limits provided in the guidelines or standards by international organizations, such as International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), is safe enough to protect the health of general public. And for power transmission and transformation projects, the basic restrictions are the essential limits in these guidelines or standards, while the reference levels are just easier to implement in practical for guidance. The set of criteria for precautionary principle provided by European Union could be regarded as the reference for the development principle of precautionary policy, involving proportionality, non-discrimination, consistency, examination of the benefits and costs, examination of scientific developments and so on. Since in fact the EMF by power transmission and transformation projects belongs to weak risk, the core of precautionary policies lies in being no or low cost in practical, especially for new electrical equipments.
BCG injections in the alimentary tract: an experimental study.

Abstract Twenty-four mongrel dogs and six baboons received BCG (Glaxo) injections into the wall of the bowel, liver, and pancreas at laparotomy (to a total of 1.6 × 3.6 × 107 organisms per animal). Approximately two-thirds of the animals were preimmunized with BCG. Animals were biopsied or sacrificed 1–14 weeks after visceral injections for pathologic studies including staining for acid-fast organisms. Except in the skin, no apparent lesions occurred apart from slight induration in the injected areas of the pancreas. Histologically, inflammation was most extensive in the pancreas. Small granulomas regularly occurred in the liver. There was no significant difference in the severity of histologic response among immunized and non-immunized animals. No instances of clinical hepatitis, pancreatitis, or perforation of bowel or stomach resulted from BCG injections.
Unusual cases of metastases to the breast. A report of 17 cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.

Background Although nonmammary tumors metastatic to the breast are relatively uncommon, a correct diagnosis is essential to appropriate management. Radiologically these lesions are single, round, discrete lesions without the spiculations of primary malignancies. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may provide a definitive diagnosis, thereby sparing patients unnecessary surgery. Cases Seventeen cases of nonmammary malignancies diagnosed by fine needle aspiration of the breast were identified in the cytopathology files at three different institutions from 1989 to 1999. Three of the cases are of particular interest, including a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland origin and a small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of rectal origin, neither of which has been reported in the literature previously. The third case was a male with a breast mass that was originally thought to be primary based on clinical, cytologic and immunocytochemical features but subsequently was determined to be a metastasis from the lung. Conclusion Virtually any malignancy may metastasize to the breast. FNAB is the best approach to the diagnosis of tumors that either clinically or radiographically are not typical of primary breast tumors. Extramammary neoplasms metastatic to the breast may be definitively diagnosed by FNAB, resulting in the most appropriate as well as cost-effective patient management.
Young Adolescents' Responses to Positive Events: Associations With Positive Affect and Adjustment

This study examined how maximizing and minimizing responses to positive events were associated with sustained positive feelings about the events and adjustment in a community sample of 56 young adolescents (31 boys and 25 girls, 10-14 years of age). On daily reports, adolescents reported their positive emotional reactions to their best event each day. A week later, they reported their responses to their most intense positive event across the 4 days. Parents and adolescents reported on adolescents’ adjustment. The results indicated that maximizing responses were related to more intense feelings about the events 1 week later. Minimizing responses were associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors over and above coping with negative events. The findings indicated that adolescents can maximize or capitalize on positive events but that minimizing is linked to poorer adjustment. Our study parallels existing research with adults and offers new information about young adolescents’ responses to positiv...
Determination of myosmine with o-aminobenzaldehyde.

Abstract o -Aminobenzaldehyde has been found to react with myosmine under acid conditions to form a colored complex with a spectral difference maximum at 425 mμ. Tobacco samples were analyzed for myosmine, and added myosmine was completely recovered during the purification procedure.
Galvanomagnetic properties of grain boundaries in germanium bicrystals from 1.25 to 240°K*

Abstract Wide angle grain boundaries of germanium with 20° tilt angles and mean {100}; planes exhibit a p -type conductivity over the temperature range 1.25 to 240°K. The behavior of the conductivity, Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance in the temperature range 1–10°K is found to be the same for n -type, p -type and intrinsic bicrystals. The similarity of results for the three different types of doping indicates that the p -type conductivity is an intrinsic property of the mean {100}; germanium wide angle grain boundary. The number of holes in the space charge region adjacent to the grain boundary and their mobility were found to be 5 × 10 12 per cm 2 and 300 cm 2 /V sec respectively. The Hall coefficient is both temperature and magnetic field independent while below 10°K the magnetoresistance exhibits both temperature and magnetic field dependence.
Gadolinium and calcium binding to bovine serum albumin

Abstract The temperature jump relaxation technique is used to study the binding of calcium(II) and gadolinium(III) to bovine serum albumin at 7°C and an ionic strength of 0·2 (NaClO4). Both metal ions are predicted to bind to the ϵ-amino groups of the protein above pH = 8·2, where extensive metal ion hydrolysis takes place. For the reaction between GdOH2+ and bovine serum albumin, the complex formation rate constant is (1·0±0·1) × 108 M−1 sec−1 and the dissociation rate constant is (9·3±2·1) sec−1. The corresponding calcium association reaction is too rapid to obtain rate constants. The complex formation rate constant is compared to other gadolinium systems to explain the relatively high complexation constant with bovine serum albumin.
The accumulation of volatile substances in a large modern potato store

An apparatus for sampling and trapping the air in potato stores was developed and used to study the accumulation of volatile substances in a modern large store over a season. Isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC, chlorpropham), together with two isomers of tetrachlorobenzene, was present at all times after its application as a sprout suppressant, although the concentration fell with time. None of the known volatile substances associated with potatoes nor metabolites of isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate was detected. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloroanisole and pentachloroanisole were present at all times even before the store was filled, but did not reach levels at which taint occurred in the processed products. Eight commercial samples of isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate were analysed and the only major variation found was the presence of isopropyl-N-phenyl carbamate (IPC, propham) in two formulations.
Reversing Platinum Resistance in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: Targeting BRCA and the Homologous Recombination System

Resistance to platinum chemotherapy is one of the main factors driving ovarian cancer mortality, and overcoming platinum resistance is considered one of the greatest challenges in ovarian cancer research. Genetic and functional evidence points to the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair system, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular, as main determinants of response to platinum therapy. BRCA-mutant ovarian cancers are especially sensitive to platinum, associated with better survival, and amenable to PARP inhibitor treatment. Here, we discuss a therapeutic concept that seeks to disrupt HR capacity via targeting of BRCA1 and BRCA2 functionality in order to reverse platinum resistance in BRCA-proficient high grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs). We review the molecular signaling pathways that converge on BRCA1 and BRCA2, their activation status in ovarian cancer, and therapeutic options to modulate BRCA function. Several recent publications demonstrate efficient chemosensitization of BRCA-proficient cancers by combining targeted therapy with standard platinum-based agents. Due to its inherent genomic heterogeneity, molecularly defined subgroups of HGSOC may require different approaches. We seek to provide an overview of available agents and their potential use to reverse platinum resistance by inhibiting the HR system, either directly or indirectly, by targeting oncogenic activators of HR.
Docosahexaenoate metabolism and fatty-acid composition in developing retinas of normal and rd mutant mice.

The fatty-acid composition of retinal lipids in developing control and rd mice (C57BL/6J) was determined. In addition, fatty-acid composition in brain and retina of normal and rd adult animals was compared. At 11 days of postnatal age, rd retinas contained proportionally less docosahexaenoate than controls, whereas the reverse relationship held for oleate at 20 days of age. In contrast, no differences in the fatty-acid composition of brain lipids were observed between rd and control animals. We also examined docosahexaenoate metabolism in rd and control retinas of different postnatal ages in vitro. These studies of [1-14C]docosahexaenoic-acid incorporation into retinal phospholipids and neutral lipids demonstrated significantly higher incorporation into triacylglycerols of the rd retina, beginning at 14–15 days of postnatal age. Incorporation into diacylglycerols and phospholipids was also higher in rd retinas than in controls at 14 days of age and older. Moreover, the concentration of ganglioside (a glycolipid class probably enriched within inner retinal layers) was higher in adult rd retinas. Degeneration of the rd retina can be detected histologically as early as 8–9 days. Therefore, the alterations of fatty-acid composition and docosahexaenoate metabolism described here are probably an effect, rather than a cause, of retinal degeneration in the rd mouse.
Evolution programs for Bayesian training of neural networks

In this paper, it is shown that Evolution Programs can be used to search the weight space for Bayesian training of a Neural Network. Bayesian Analysis is an integration problem (as opposed to an optimization problem) over weight space. The first application of the Bayesian method primarily focused on using a Gaussian approximation of the posterior distribution in an area of high probability in the weight space instead of using formal integration. More recently, training a neural network in a Bayesian fashion has been accomplished by searching weight space for areas of high probability density which obviates the need for the Gaussian assumption. In particular, a hybrid Monte-Carlo method was used to search weight space in a logical manner to obtain an arbitrarily close approximation of the integration involved in a Bayesian analysis. Genetic Algorithms have been used in the past to determine the weights in an ANN, and (with some slight modifications) are ideally suited for searching the weight space to approximate the Bayesian integration. In this respect, the Bayesian framework provides a simple and elegant way to apply Evolution Programs to the ANN training problem. While this paper concentrates on using ANNs as classifiers, the generalization to regression problems is straightforward.
Total syntheses of (+)-monomorine I and (−)-indolizidine 195B from sulfinimine-derived 3-oxo pyrrolidine 2-phosphonates

Indolizidine alkaloids (+)-monomorine I (1) and (−)-indolizidine 195B (2), having cis and trans relationships of the C-3 and C-9 substituents, respectively, were prepared from the sulfinimine-derived chiral building blocks N-sulfinyl δ-amino β-ketophosphonate and 3-oxo pyrrolidine 2-phosphonate.
Oxygen interaction with Al(111); A surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure study

Abstract The oxidation of Al(111) surfaces has been investigated by means of polarization dependent surface X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements above the O K absorption edge. The oxidation range from monolayer chemisorption corresponding to an ordered oxygen (1 × 1) overlayer to the formation of a thick surface oxide layer has been studied. Oxidation models implied by our results are discussed.
Magnetic Photon Splitting: The S-Matrix Formulation in the Landau Representation

Calculations of reaction rates for the third-order QED process of photon splitting gamma yields gamma.gamma in strong magnetic fields traditionally have employed either the effective Lagrangian method or variants of Schwinger's proper-time technique. Recently, Mentzel, Berg and Wunner [1] presented an alternative derivation via an S-matrix formulation in the Landau representation. Advantages of such a formulation include the ability to compute rates near pair resonances above pair threshold. This paper presents new developments of the Landau representation formalism as applied to photon splitting, providing significant, advances beyond the work of [1] by summing over the spin quantum numbers of the electron propagators, and analytically integrating over the component of momentum of the intermediate states that is parallel to field. The ensuing tractable expressions for the scattering amplitudes are satisfyingly compact, and of an appearance familiar to S-matrix theory applications. Such developments can facilitate numerical computations of splitting considerably both below and above pair threshold. Specializations to two regimes of interest are obtained, namely the limit of highly supercritical fields and the domain where photon energies are far inferior to that for the threshold of single-photon pair creation. In particular, for the first time the low-frequency amplitudes are simply expressed in terms of the Gamma function, its integral and its derivatives. In addition, the equivalence of the asymptotic forms in these two domains to extant results from effective Lagrangian/proper- time formulations is demonstrated.
Early onset and recent drug use among children of parents with alcohol problems: data from a national epidemiologic survey

There is good evidence that children of parents with alcohol problems have more drug involvement, plus related mental health and behavioral problems. In this study, we sought to estimate the degree to which these children might be more likely to initiate drug use precociously. A sample of 2888 parent-child pairs was identified within public data files of the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 1995-1997. Alcohol dependence of one parent was assessed by that parent's report of three or more dependence manifestations. Independently, one randomly selected 12-17 year-old child of the parent answered self-report survey questions on age at first use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. In analyses contrasting 114 children of alcohol dependent parents (AD+) with 2774 other children (AD-), youths with alcohol dependent parents had higher odds than other kids to have used tobacco in the past year (odds ratio, OR=3.2, 95% confidence interval, CI=2.05-4.98), as well as alcohol (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.05-2.50), and marijuana (OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.71-4.90). Survival analyses were used to clarify excess risk of early-onset drug use. For example, by age 17, an estimated 73% of AD+ children had smoked tobacco cigarettes, 70% had started drinking, and 41% had smoked marijuana, versus 44%, 57%, and 26% of AD- children, respectively. This new evidence helps build a case that children of parents with alcohol problems experience precocious drug use.
Hemoglobulin Levels of Turkeys from 1 to 28 Days of Age

Abstract Average circulating hemoglobin levels ± standard deviations of male turkeys were 11.6 ± 1.5 g, 8.8 ± 1.6 g, and 10.4 ± .8 g/dl at 1, 5, and 14 days of age, respectively. Hemoglobin levels remained relatively stable from 14 to 28 days of age. Although the changes in hemoglobin levels during the first 14 days after hatch were not statistically significant, the data are consistent with observations made by other researchers with chicks, geese, and quail.
Border Rhetorics: Citizenship and Identity on the US-Mexico Frontier

With this collection of succinct and insightful essays organized around the theme of the border and “bordering,” Robert DeChaine makes a significant contribution to rhetorical studies, especially t...
Lactic Acid Recovery From Cheese Whey Fermentation Broth Using Combined Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration Membranes

The separation of lactic acid from lactose in the ultrafiltration permeate of cheese whey broth was studied using a cross-flow nanofiltration membrane unit. Experiments to test lactic acid recovery were conducted at three levels of pressure (1.4, 2.1, and 2.8 MPa), two levels of initial lactic acid concentration (18.6 and 27 g/L), and two types of nanofiltration membranes (DS-5DK and DS-5HL). Higher pressure caused significantly higher permeate flux and higher lactose and lactic acid retention (p<0.0001). Higher initial lactic acid concentrations also caused significantly higher permeate flux, but significantly lower lactose and lactic acid retention (p<0.0001). The two tested membranes demonstrated significant differences on the permeate flux and lactose and lactic acid retention. Membrane DS-5DK was found to retain 100% of lactose at an initial lactic acid concentration of 18.6 g/L for all the tested pressures, and had a retention level of 99.5% of lactose at initial lactic acid concentration of 27 g/L when the pressure reached 2.8 MPa. For all the test when lactose retention reached 99–100%, as much as 64% of the lactic acid could be recovered in the permeate.
Reliability of single sample experimental designs: Comfortable effort level

Summary This study was designed to ascertain the intrasubject variabilityacross multiple recording sessions-most often disregarded in reporting group mean data or unavailable because of single sample experimental designs. Intrasubject variability was assessed within and across several experimental sessions from measures of speaking fundamental frequency, vocal intensity, and reading rate. Three age groups of men and women-young, middle-aged, and elderly—repeated the vowel /a/, read a standard passage, and spoke extemporaneously during each experimental session. Statistical analyses were performed to assess each speaker's variability from his or her own mean, and that which consistently varied for any one speaking sample type, both within or across days. Results indicated that intrasubject variability was minimal, with approximately 4% of the data exhibiting significant variation across experimental sessions.
Relative Intensities of Stark Effect Components in the Helium Spectrum

Modified Lo Surdo tube for observing the Stark effect.---By placing the tube with its axis perpendicular to the slit and using the cross-section of the cathode afflux where the field is a maximum, separate and parallel components were obtained. Pitting of the aluminum cathode, however, causes a gradual shifting of the field and consequent blurring of the components with exposures of several hours, and this limits the usefulness of the method at present.Relative intensities of the Stark effect components of the helium lines $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lambda} 4922$, 4472, and 4388 \AA{} in a field of 15,000 volts/cm.---Spectrograms were taken of the $p$ and $s$ components in turn through a neutral wedge, using a five-prism spectrograph (Figs. 3-5); then energy distribution curves were calculated from the contour of the images and the corresponding wedge densities (Fig. 6), and the relative intensities were obtained by integration. The results for the main $p$ components follow in order of increasing wave-length: for the line 4388, 8.2 (isolated), 4.1, 19.2, 28.0; for 4472, 168, 694; for 4922, 9.7, 31.6. Corresponding results for the $s$ components are: for 4388, 1.0 (isolated), 3.0, 11.3, 9.5; for 4472, 76, 464; for 4922, 6.2, 21.4.
Linear response theory for a pair of coupled one-dimensional condensates of interacting atoms

We use the quantum sine-Gordon model to describe the low-energy dynamics of a pair of coupled one-dimensional condensates of interacting atoms. We show that the nontrivial excitation spectrum of the quantum sine-Gordon model, which includes soliton and breather excitations, can be observed in experiments with time-dependent modulation of the tunneling amplitude, potential difference between condensates, or phase of tunneling amplitude. We use the form-factor approach to compute structure factors corresponding to all three types of perturbations.
Crystallization of SE Polyoma Virus

Crystals have been obtained from purified preparations of SE polyoma virus. Specific infectivity measurements of the mother liquor, wash fractions, and the dissolved crystals indicate the viral nature of the crystals.
Criteria for studies of treatment for oral-pharyngeal dysphagia

Treatment for oral and pharyngeal dysphagia may take a number of forms. Whether prosthetic devices, medication, surgery, compensatory strategies, or exercise programs are used, objective studies are needed to quantify the effects of these treatments on particular types of patients. Before the initiation of any treatment protocol, the anatomy and physiology of each patient's swallowing process should be documented objectively. Patient groups treated and studied should be homogeneous in the nature of their swallowing disorder, the etiology of that disorder, and the stage of their recovery or deterioration. The treatment protocol should be defined in detail. A variety of study designs may be used, including randomized protocols and single-subject designs.
Calorie Deficiency in Children on Chronic Hemodialysis and Some Effects of Calorie Supplements

Uremic children, including those on chronic hemodialysis, often exhibit mild lassitude, are wasted, and do not grow well. The absolute volumes of the total body water and extracellular fluid compartments of children compared with adults are small, necessitating strict dietary limitations of protein, sodium potassium and water. Observed cell mass is low and extracellular volume is high, confirming clinical impression of wasting and salt retention. Food record analyses of 10 children on hemodialysis 3 times weekly indicate that within the dietary restrictions calorie intakes were approximately 50% of ideal in the 5 small children ( 125 cm and > 10 years old). Daily calorie supplements of from 40–55% of ideal intake were taken by 3 of the small children and 2 of the larger children, increasing their total calorie intake to 75–95% ideal. The heights of 9 of the children were measured monthly for no less than 4 months, and growth velocity computed from this Growth velocity was compared to the 50th percentiles of growth increments in normal children of the same age and was expressed as a fraction of normal growth velocity for the period of observation. The 5 children given calorie supplements all grew at 0.9–1.7 of normal and the 4 non-supplemented children grew at 0.1–0.4 of normal. Protein intakes were all above recommended. These findings provide tentative evidence that calorie deficiency may be a factor in uremic growth failure, and that in the absence of other complications, some growth is possible when high density calorie supplements are provided.
Response to comments on boundary problems and electromagnetic constitutive parameters

Abstract The positive conclusion on the recognizable existence of the Tellegen parameter, which invalidates the Post constraint, arrived at in the Comment of Sihvola and Tretyakov through the solution of a boundary-value problem relies on a framework of macroscopic electromagnetism that lacks a microscopic basis. But the microscopic viewpoint underlying the framework of modern macroscopic electromagnetism invalidates the boundary conditions used therein, and instead validates the Post constraint.
A general measure of organization in free recall for variable unit size and internal sequential consistency

A general procedure that can be applied to any type of free recall data for the quantitative measurement of subjective organization intertrial repetitions (ITRs) is described. The procedure makes it possible to examine any unit size with any type of internal consistency criterion. The application of this procedure and the corresponding expected value formula to four distinct data measurement cases is described, and several applied subjective organization measures are discussed. In addition, the relationship of clustering as a special case of subjective organization is demonstrated.
Abstract 593: Mechanisms for inhibition of rodent mammary carcinogenesis by wheel running and/or dietary energy restriction

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Our laboratory has reported the inhibitory effects of combined physical activity (PA) and dietary energy restriction (DER) on mammary carcinogenesis while the associated mechanisms are rarely investigated. The objective of this experiment was to determine the cellular regulation of mammary cancer by PA and/or DER. Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (50 mg/kg) and 7 days thereafter randomized to: 1) sedentary control, 2) PA at wheel running high (WR-HIGH, 3.4 km per day); or the energy balance equivalents of PA: 3) PA at wheel running low (WR-LOW, 1500 revolutions per day + DER), or 4) DER. In order to investigate the effects of physical activity at a constant intensity, rats were given free access to a motorized activity wheel (55 m/min) with reinforcement of running behavior using a food reward system. The duration of this experiment was 8 weeks. Overall, PA and/or DER reduced mammary cancer incidence, cancer multiplicity, and tumor burden and prolonged cancer latency (p<0.05) in comparison to the sedentary control group. PA, DER, or their combination differentially affected host systemic factors including bioavailable IGF-1 and adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) and cell autonomous mechanisms including modulation of FoxO and down regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling. Mediation appears to be via inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Supported by PHS grant CA100693 from the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 593. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-593
Frequency dependence of MR relaxation times II. Iron oxides

The frequency dependence of T1 and T2 was measured for homogeneous suspensions of magnetite and iron oxyhydroxide particles in water with various concentrations of gelatin. The transverse relaxivity showed two types of behavior: (a) For magnetic particles, there was a rapid increase in T2 relaxivity with frequency, followed by a saturation plateau, which accorded with the Langevin magnetization function. From these curves, the magnetic moment of the particle domains was estimated to range from 0.8 to 6.3 x 10(4) Bohr magnetons. (b) For iron oxyhydroxide (ferritin, ferrihydrite, and akaganeite) particles, T2 relaxivity increased linearly with frequency, the slope of the increase characteristic for each particle. T2 relaxivity generally increased with increasing gelatin concentration, corresponding to the measured decrease in the water diffusion coefficient. For iron oxides, homogeneously distributed either as iatrogenic agents or endogenous biominerals, these findings may aid in the interpretation of in vivo relaxivity and the effect on MR imaging.
Desktop micro-CT with a nanotube field emission x-ray source for high-resolution cardiac imaging

ABSTRACT We have previously reported the development of a dynamic micro-CT scanner with a stationary mouse bed using a compact carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission x-ray tube and preliminary results on its utility for prospectively gated cardiac imaging. In this paper we report the recent progress in improving the perf ormance characteristics of this scanner. Through optimization of the CNT cathode, the stable emission current has been increased. The output power of the CNT x-ray source has reached ~100W peak power at 100 P m focal spot size. The higher flux enables improvement of the x-ray energy spectrum to minimize the beam hardening effect and increasing the system temporal resolution by using shorter x-ray exposure time. The scanners temporal resoluti on has been increased to ~10 msec, which is sufficient for high-resolution micro-CT imaging of mouse heart and lung under free-breathing setting. The spatial resolution is maintained at 6.2 lp per mm at 10% system MTF. The nanotube micro-CT scanners application in mouse cardiac imaging has been demonstrated with high-resolution (80 P m and 15 msec) micro-CT of the mouse heart under free-breathing setting. Keywords: cardiac imaging, micro-CT, x-ray, carbon nanotube
The Carbohydrate Matrix of the Epithelial-cell Inclusion in Trachoma

Although the inclusions found in trachoma were first described by Von Prowazek and Halberstaedter in 1907, since then very little has been done to discover the nature and composition of these bodies. This microchemical study of the Von Prowazek-Halberstaedter inclusion body found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells from trachomatous conjunctivae indicates that this inclusion contains a high concentration of some carbohydrate. The evidence would seem to indicate that this carbohydrate is glycogen. The carbohydrate is a matrix in which are suspended or embedded the so-called initial bodies of Lindner and the elementary bodies of Von Prowazek. The questions raised from this study are: 1. What is the origin of the carbohydrate? 2. Why does it not quickly diffuse throughout the cytoplasm in preparations made to study fresh unfixed cells? 3. What is the significance of the fact that the inclusions found in inclusion-body blennorrhea apparently have the same composition as the inclusions found in trachoma? 4. What is the relationship of the so-called elementary bodies of Von Prowazek and the initial bodies of Lindner to the carbohydrate matrix in which they are embedded? 5. If the carbohydrate of the trachoma inclusion is a cytoplasmic reaction to irritation from a visible or invisible virus, then do any of the other known virus diseases produce inclusions which are concentrations of glycogen? Read before the St. Louis Ophthalmic Society, October 25, 1935.