cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitional cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal. Clinicopathologic study of three hundred seventy‐three cases

The clinical and pathological features of 373 transitional cloacogenic carcinomas are presented. This tumor accounts for 2.7% of anorectal neoplasms, occurs twice as often in women and is more prevalent at ages 60 to 70. The majority of the lesions show identical gross appearance to common rectal neoplasms. A small group presented no intraluminal lesion, infiltrated the bowel wall and created difficulty with early diagnosis. A histologic classification was devised that appears to correlate well with prognosis. Rare patterns such as “oat cell,” mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinomas were recognized as variants. Lymph node metastasis was present at surgery in one third of the cases. Recurrences were common. Metastasis occurred in 19% of cases. Wide abdominal perineal resection produced a cure rate of 50%. Additional posterior vaginectomy is recommended for anterior lesions. The over-all cure rate was 47%. The average survival time was 19.7 months without, and 27.8 months with, some form of treatment.
Therapeutic Modalities in Diabetic Nephropathy: Standard and Emerging Approaches

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end stage renal disease and is responsible for more than 40% of all cases in the United States. Current therapy directed at delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy includes intensive glycemic and optimal blood pressure control, proteinuria/albuminuria reduction, interruption of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers, along with dietary modification and cholesterol lowering agents. However, the renal protection provided by these therapeutic modalities is incomplete. More effective approaches are urgently needed. This review highlights the available standard therapeutic approaches to manage progressive diabetic nephropathy, including markers for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, we will discuss emerging strategies such as PPAR-gamma agonists, Endothelin blockers, vitamin D activation and inflammation modulation. Finally, we will summarize the recommendations of these interventions for the primary care practitioner.
Oases for Aquatic Life within Agricultural Watersheds

Abstract As expanding urban areas encroach upon productive agricultural lands, so agricultural demands result in drainage of millions of wetland acres and channelization of thousands of miles of stream courses. The impact of such alterations on aquatic biota can be disastrous. Yet natural stream reaches within these intensively developed agricultural watersheds can serve as oases for aquatic life, and possibly hold the key to restoration of damaged systems and preservation of threatened ones.
NK cells and transplantation

The requirement for cytotoxic T lymphocytes during allograft rejection is controversial. We have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells are not essential for allograft rejection or for the induction of apoptosis in two experimental models of transplantation. To determine candidate cells types which may play a role in the events leading to graft rejection, the cellular composition of rejecting allografts was determined. We demonstrate that substantial numbers of NK cells, of recipient origin, infiltrate allografts as early as 12 h after transplantation. These NK cells produce cytokines and express cytotoxic mediators such as granzyme B and FasL. It is unknown which NK cell receptors are expressed and activated during transplantation. NK cells express multiple cell surface receptors, including MHC class I binding inhibitory receptors, which deliver a negative signal, and activation receptors, which stimulate cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity of NK cells. To begin to understand NK cell activation in the context of transplantation, we have recently cloned a novel rat immunoglobulin-like surface receptor from a rejecting liver allograft. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this putative activation receptor contains 71% identity to human NKp30 at the DNA level, suggesting that it is the rat homologue (rNKp30). Characterization of NK activation receptors may lead to better understanding of the interactions between the innate and adaptive immune responses in transplantation.
The Operatively Excised Pulmonic Valve—a Forgotten Entity

In the United States in recent years, autopsy studies have revealed that valvular heart dis­ ease had followed its natural course in fewer patients than in the past. In general, this pat­ tern is a result of increased surgical intervention (valve replacement or repair) and is correspond­ ingly associated with a substantial increase in diseased native cardiac valves seen by surgical pathologists. At medical centers where exten­ sive cardiovascular surgical procedures are performed, valvular heart disease is preferably studied in the surgical pathology gross-exami­ nation room than in the autopsy suite. 1 Morphologic Assessment.—In most cases, morphologic evaluation of operatively excised native cardiac valves can yield an etiologic diagnosis on the basis of a few simple gross observations (Table 1). Routine histologic sec­ tioning of excised cardiac valves will provide minimal additional information beyond that garnered from the morphologic assessment pertinent to the etiologic factors or to therapy except in two situations: the presence of active infective endocarditis and the existence of meta­ bolic or inborn errors of metabolism. 1 Use of 10 simple morphologic observations for each sub­ mitted operatively excised cardiac valve (Table 1) will allow functional classification of the valve—that is, stenotic versus purely regurgitant (no element of stenosis)—and lead to an etiologic determination. The Pulmonic Valve.—Since 1984, Edwards and colleagues 2 9 have published eight articles dealing with the surgical pathology of the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves. In this issue of the
The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety

The amygdala has long been implicated in the mediation of emotional and social behaviors. Because there are very few human subjects with selective bilateral damage of the amygdala, much of the evidence for these functional associations has come from studies employing animal subjects. Macaque monkeys live in complex, highly organized social groups that are characterized by stable and hierarchical relationships among individuals who engage in complex forms of social communication, such as facial expressions. Understanding the role of the amygdala in animals that display a level of social sophistication approaching that of humans will help in understanding the amygdala's role in human social behavior and in psychopathology such as social anxiety. Selective bilateral lesions of the amygdala in mature macaque monkeys result in a lack of fear responses to inanimate objects and a "socially uninhibited" pattern of behavior. These results imply that the amygdala functions as a protective "brake" on engagement of objects or organisms while an evaluation of potential threat is carried out. They also suggest that social anxiety may be a dysregulation or hyperactivity of the amygdala's evaluative process. Finally, recent data from developmental studies raise the possibility that, at least at some developmental stages, fear in social contexts may be subserved by different brain regions than fear of inanimate objects.
The role of lasers in hemorrhoidectomy.

Eighty-eight patients who received treatment for hemorrhoids were randomized into two groups. Group A received the Nd-YAG laser phototherapy for internal hemorrhoid combined with the CO2 laser for external hemorrhoid. Group B was treated with closed Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy. The need of narcotic injections for pain relief was 11 percent in group Avs.56 percent in group B (P<0.001). The incidence of postoperative urinary retention was 7 percent in group A,vs.39 percent in group B (P<0.05). No enema was required postoperatively in group A,vs. 9 percent in group B; 84 percent of the patients in group A were discharged on the second postoperative day,vs. 83 percent of the patients in group B discharged on the fifth postoperative day. The cost was 20 percent less in the former group. The overall complications in both groups were insignificant in difference, except prolonged wound healing in group A was noted. One year follow-up showed satisfactory results. Laser treatment is considered one of the alternatives to conventional treatment, but the surgeon needs to be aware of laser hazards.
Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack

Green leafy volatiles (GLV), six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters commonly emitted by plants in response to mechanical damage or herbivory, induced intact undamaged corn seedlings to rapidly produce jasmonic acid (JA) and emit sesquiterpenes. More importantly, corn seedlings previously exposed to GLV from neighboring plants produced significantly more JA and volatile sesquiterpenes when mechanically damaged and induced with caterpillar regurgitant than seedlings not exposed to GLV. The use of pure synthetic chemicals revealed that (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate have nearly identical priming activity. Caterpillar-induced nocturnal volatiles, which are enriched in GLV, also exhibited a strong priming effect, inducing production of larger amounts of JA and release of greater quantities of volatile organic compounds after caterpillar regurgitant application. In contrast, GLV priming did not affect JA production induced by mechanical wounding alone. Thus, GLV specifically prime neighboring plants against impending herbivory by enhancing inducible chemical defense responses triggered during attack and may play a key role in plant-plant signaling and plant-insect interactions.
MOUSE4: An improved implementation of the RATFOR preprocessor

RATFOR is a preprocessor language for FORTRAN that supports structured flow of control statements and macrosubstitution. The RATFOR processor, written in RATFOR, is modular, carefully coded and portable, but extremely inefficient. A profile of the running time revealed that a linear search in the macroprocessor consumed over half of the CPU time. Running time was reduced by over 50 per cent when a binary search was used. Our observation is of interest primarily because it differs from previously reported measurements. A more dramatic improvement in running time was obtained by rewriting the ad hoc lexical scanner using a standard method based on finite automata. For a 3,000-line source program the standard RATFOR required 185.470 CPU seconds on a CDC 6500 while the automata-based version needed only 12.723 seconds. We conclude that, contrary to evidence exhibited by the designer of RATFOR, sequential search is often inadequate for production software. Furthermore, in the case of lexical analysis, well-known techniques do seem to offer efficiency while retaining the simplicity, ease of coding and modularity of ad hoc methods.
Short-lived fluorescence from nitrogen dioxide

Abstract Radiative lifetimes of electronically-excited NO 2 which are of the same order of magnitude (0.5-3.7 μsec) as those predicted by the integrated absorption coefficient have been observed. Excitation is provided by a narrow-band (0.15-0.3 A), tunable organic dye laser with output between 4544 and 4550 A, a region previously identified as containing some unperturbed lines which connect the 2 A 1 ground state with a 2 B 1 Born-Oppenheimer excited state. These observations provide additional evidence for the severe perturbation of most of the levels of this state.
Structural and kinematic evolution of the teslin suture zone, Yukon: record of an ancient transpressional margin

Abstract The Teslin suture zone (TSZ), Yukon, which forms the fundamental boundary between rocks deposited along the ancient margin of North America, and allochthonous terranes to the west, preserves a complex history of pre-mid-Jurassic convergence and dextral strike-slip translation which is overprinted locally by late Cretaceous dextral strike-slip shear. The TSZ, comprised of a 15–20 km thick structural sequence of ductilely deformed sedimentary and volcanic strata, basalt, peridotite and granitoids, is divisible into distinct elongate structural domains based on the distribution of two well-defined but differently oriented stretching lineations, Lds and Lss, Lds and Lss both formed during non-coaxial ductile deformation; Lds trends E-W and plunges down-dip, whereas Lss trends NNW-SSE and plunges shallowly. Two 1–2 km wide, NNW-trending anastomosing shear zones of Lss cross-cut Lds structures, indicating Lss is younger. Other field relations indicate further that Lds began forming earlier than Lss, followed by a period of coeval Lds and Lss formation; latest motion was dominantly parallel to Lss. Synkinematic mineral assemblages associated with both Lds- and Lss-related structures record greenschist to albite-epidote amphibolite facies conditions. Lds tectonites record a complex movement history: to the west textural asymmetries indicate west-side-down, or normal shear, whereas in eastern domains top-to-the-east thrust-style asymmetries dominate. Lss tectonites consistently record dextral, or top-to-the-north, shear parallel to Lss. Tectonic motion began as chiefly penetrative dip-slip shear (Lds) at a high angle to the present trend of the TSZ, and evolved to dominantly dextral strike-slip shear (Lss) parallel to the trend of the zone. The geometry, kinematics and sequence of deformation in TSZ tectonites evoke a general model of terrane accretion during oblique plate convergence involving initial shortening at a high angle to the convergent margin and progression to margin-parallel translation.
The Preparation of a Dairy Exhibit

Every agricultural college desires not only to keep its constituents who are interested in the work of the institution fully informed of developments in its work, but it is also the constant aim of the college to acquaint and interest a larger proportion of the people of the state in its various activities. While many people will read carefully an unadorned pamphlet or magazine article, the illustrated article or the story told almost entirely by pictures will reach a larger audience. Persons who read little often learn much from a display of models, and from graphic charts, lectures and demonstrations. These are some of the reasons why well executed exhibits may aid an institution or department in strengthening its relations with its constituency.
Transfer-matrix spectrum for systems with interfaces.

We consider Ising-type systems in the finite cross-section cylindrical geometry, with an interface imposed by the antiperiodic or + - boundary conditions. Closed forms are derived for the largest, asymptotically degenerate transfer-matrix eigenvalues. For rough interfaces ($0lTl{T}_{c}$ in 2D, ${T}_{R}lTl{T}_{c}$ in 3D), the eigenvalues are split algebraically, and the spectral gaps are governed by the surface stiffness coefficient. For "rigid" interfaces ($0lTl{T}_{R}$ in 3D), the splitting is exponential, and determined by the step-free energy.
The Structure of State Health Agencies: A Strategic Analysis

Leaders in public organizations are adopting many private sector management practices to control costs and increase efficiency. Nowhere is this more evident than among state health agencies. State health agencies were encouraged to change the way they operate by the 1988 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on The Future of Public Health. This report portrayed public health as being in disarray. To address major deficiencies identified by the IOM study, some public health leaders have reevaluated their environments, reconfigured their organizations, and adopted a strategic mindset. The purpose of this research is to explore the various organizational configurations of state health agencies. Replicating methods used in studies of private sector organizations, five distinct strategic configurations or archetypes were identified. This comprehensive public health agency taxonomy will assist future researchers in analyzing public health organizations' environments, structures, and strategies.
Permanency Outcomes in Legal Guardianships of Abused/Neglected Children

Legal guardianships for abused/neglected children are often utilized by the child welfare system to create permanency placements. This descriptive study explores the permanency outcomes for abused/...
A numerical method for a nonlocal hyperbolic model arising from a reliability system

Abstract In this paper, we develop a numerical approximation to the solution of a system of integral equations arising from a nonlocal hyperbolic reliability model. Convergence of this numerical method is proved. And this numerical scheme is used to study the behavior of the solution.
High-density-infrared (HDI) treatment of mineral processing equipment for enhanced wear resistance

Abstract Equipment wear and corrosion have significant adverse impact on the operating cost and efficiency of mineral processing plants. In this study, advanced surface enhancement technologies were investigated to improve the wear resistance of metal surface of mineral processing equipment. Enhanced metal surfaces were achieved through surface conversion, enrichment, and coating by use of advanced high-density-infrared (HDI) technology. Attempts were made to determine the effects of process parameters on surface properties and corresponding optimum conditions. The microstructure of the enhanced metal surfaces was characterized by SEM, EDS, and microindentation. Laboratory dry sliding wear testing was carried out to investigate the wear performance and the viable coating candidate was determined.
A Simple Quantitative Model to Estimate Consumptive Evaporation Impacts of Discharged Cooling Water with Minimal Data Requirements

This paper provides a early-stage analysis tool with minimal data requirements that can be used to quantify the consumptive water use from cooling operations and determine if additional data gathering or more detailed analysis is required. We develop and present a quantitative model to predict increased evaporation rates from the discharge of heated cooling water to a receiving water body. This model can be a screening tool for policy and decision makers, requiring minimal data to quickly estimate water loss from evaporation for various alternatives and impact evaluations. The model is based on standard evaporation estimation methods, modified to consider the higher atmospheric saturation gradient resulting from the heated water. The model requires minimal data; ambient air temperature, heated plume temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. When comparing impacts from various alternatives, the change in evaporation is more important than the total evaporation and we show that the change in evaporati...
The influence of side-chain halogenation on the self-assembly and hydrogelation of Fmoc-phenylalanine derivatives

Fmoc-protected aromatic amino acids, including Fmoc-phenylalanine (Fmoc-Phe), Fmoc-tyrosine (Fmoc-Tyr), and Fmoc-pentafluorophenylalanine (Fmoc-F5-Phe), have been shown to undergo efficient self-assembly and to promote hydrogelation in aqueous solvents. In order to probe the electronic and steric role of the benzyl side-chain in hydrophobic and π–π interactions during self-assembly, the hydrogelation behavior of monohalogenated (F, Cl, Br) Fmoc-Phe side-chain derivatives was assessed. Incorporation of single halogen substituents on the aromatic side-chain of Fmoc-Phe dramatically enhances the efficient self-assembly of these amino acid derivatives (relative to Fmoc-Phe) into amyloid-like fibrils that promote hydrogelation in aqueous solvents. The position of halogen substitution (ortho, meta, para) and the halogen itself (F, Cl, Br) exert a strong influence on the self-assembly rate and on the bulk rheological properties of the resultant hydrogel. These results demonstrate that minimal atomic substitutions can be used to tune self-assembly and gelation of small molecule hydrogelators.
Polydiacetylene "Alloys": Experiments Directed Toward Nonlinear Waveguiding In Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayer Films

The polydiacetylenes have received much attention in recent years because of their large non-resonant third-order nonlinear optical response and because of the flexibility they offer in designing tailored molecular structures for specific applications. However, the fabrication of these materials into device-quality thin films has proven to be difficult, largely because of their propensity for forming highly scattering polycrystalline solids (with the exception of the few soluble polydiacetylenes, such as 3- or 4-BCMU, which can be spin-coated by conventional techniques, albeit in the less-active yellow form of the polymer). We have addressed this problem by developing a family of polydiacetylene "alloys": polymers derived from mixtures of similar diacetylene monomers having identical positioning of the diacetylene unit within the hydrocarbon chain, but with different "head" groups that provide varying degrees of affinity to water. The rationale here has been to design mixtures that would form a uniform, quasi-amorphous monolayer on the water surface in Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer fabrication, and thus avoid the scattering losses associated with grain boundaries that form within the monolayer on the water surface. To date, multilayer films up to 0.4 um thick have been fabricated by this approach, and photolithographic techniques have been developed for patterning strips down to 4 um wide in the films, without converting the blue form of the polydiacetylene to the red form in the process. Moreover, high quality films of polydiacetylene have been deposited successfully onto curved surfaces, such as polycarbonate lens blanks, using these compositions.
Doppler evaluation of aortic valve area in children with aortic stenosis

To evaluate the usefulness of the Doppler-derived aortic valve area calculated from the continuity equation in assessing the hemodynamic severity of aortic valve stenosis in infants and children, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed on 42 patients (aged 1 day to 24 years) a median of 1 day before or after cardiac catheterization. The left ventricular outflow tract diameter was measured from the parasternal long-axis view at the base of the aortic cusps from inner edge to inner edge in early systole. The flow velocities proximal to the aortic valve were measured from the apical view with use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography; the jet velocities were recorded from the apical, right parasternal and suprasternal views by using continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. The velocity-time integral, mean velocity and peak velocity were measured by tracing the Doppler waveforms along their outermost margins. Seventeen patients (all less than or equal to 6 years old) had a very small left ventricular outflow tract diameter (less than or equal to 1.4 cm) and cross-sectional area (less than or equal to 1.5 cm2). The Doppler aortic valve area calculated with use of velocity-time integrals in the continuity equation (0.57 +/- 0.25 cm2/m2, mean value +/- SD) correlated well with the Doppler aortic valve area calculated by using mean (0.55 +/- 0.25 cm2/m2) and peak (0.54 +/- 0.24 cm2/m2) velocities, with correlations of r = 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Thirty-four patients had sufficient catheterization data to calculate aortic valve area from the Gorlin formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Students' Perceptions of Teaching and Social Presence: A Comparative Analysis of Face-to-Face and Online Learning Environments

Online learning has grown dramatically over the past few years and has become an integral part of most of the higher education institutions' overall strategy. While this explosive growth has created exciting opportunities for both institutions and students, high dropout rates in online learning environments continues to be a major concern for all institutions. Research has identified lack of social and teacher presence in online courses as major factors leading to student attrition. While it is easy to establish these presences in traditional classrooms, developing them in an online environment could be challenging due to absence of any face-to-face contact. The purpose of this preliminary study is to compare students' perceptions of social and teacher presences in online and traditional classroom. Thirty-four students enrolled in an online section and 29 students enrolled in a face-to-face section of an undergraduate course participated in the study. The results indicate that students' perceived stronger teacher and social presences in the online section compared to the face-to-face section. Implications of these results for practice and research are discussed.
RAP1: a protean regulator in yeast

Abstract The yeast protein RAP1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that binds to many promoters, to two elements that silence mating-type genes, and to [(C) 1–3 A] n tracts at telomeres. RAP1 is essential for cell viability and can function as either an activator or a repressor of transcription, depending upon the context of its binding site. Recent experiments suggest that its function may be determined by different sets of protein-protein interactions at promoters and silencers. At the ends of chromosomes, RAP1 plays an important role in both silencing (telomere position effect) and telomere structure.
664 THE NEONATAL PLATELET: EVALUATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS

Neonatal platelet prostaglandin synthesis was assessed by evaluating platelet malonyldialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of the endoperoxide PGG2. MDA (n moles per 109 platelets) in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), or Thrombin, was measured in platelets from 10 normal maternal-neonate pairs, and contemporaneously from 10 donors who had ingested aspirin within 18 hours prior to evaluation. A significant decrease in MDA in the presence of NEM was observed in the neonatal platelets, 2.46 ± 0.61 (1SD) when compared to maternal or adult controls, 3.23 ± 0.31. Thrombin induced MDA was similarly decreased in the neonate to 0.90 ± 0.19, compared to maternal and adult values of 1.30 ± 0.17. A marked decrease in platelet MDA in the presence of NEM and Thrombin was also seen in the aspirin donors (0.25 ± 0.14, and 0.10 ± 0.09). When compared to normal maternal platelets, both the neonate and the aspirin donors demonstrated abnormalities in platelet aggregation in response to ADP, Epinephrine, and Collagen. Mutual correction was obtained when both these abnormal platelets were mixed in varying proportions. No mutually corrective effect was observed when neonatal platelets were preincubated with aspirin in vitro prior to mixing with aspirin donor platelets. The platelet dysfunction in the neonate cannot be attributed to the observed decrease in neonatal platelet prostaglandin synthesis, since the amount synthesized appears sufficient to cause irreversible aggregation of platelets from aspirin donors who were unable to synthesize their own endogenous prostaglandins.
Updated NIST photomask linewidth standard

NIST is preparing to issue the next generation in its line of binary photomask linewidth standards. Called SRM 2059, it was developed for calibrating microscopes used to measure linewidths on photomasks, and consists of antireflecting chrome line and space patterns on a 6 inch quartz substrate. Certified line- and space-widths range from nominal 0.250 μm to 32 μm, and pitches from 0.5 μm to 250 μm, and are traceable to the definition of the meter. NIST's reference value, the definition of the meter, is well defined and unconditionally stable. Any replacement or duplicate NIST linewidth standard will be traceable to this same reference, and thus traceable to any other NIST length standard. Establishing such traceability requires evaluation of the effects of all error sources affecting the calibrations. While the meter (and the μm) are well-defined, the geometrical width of a chrome line with nonrectangular cross section is not, and so the 'true value' linewidth must be carefully defined to best meet users' needs. The NIST linewidth measurement system and the optical imaging model used have both been updated for this SRM. Remeasurements of previous NIST SRMs 473 and 475 reveal discrepancies which are difficult to reconcile with previous international comparisons between NIST, NPL, and PTB.
The Escalation of Material Goals: Fingering the Wrong Culprit

I am grateful for the invitation to provide a brief commentary on this article, whose authorship includes several scholars, from whose stimulating ideas I continue to benefit. If economics is frequ...
Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Coating Microstructure on Three-Dimensional Crack Propagation in the Coating Under Rolling Contact Fatigue Conditions

hand protective coatings produced by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes can potentially be used to prevent rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failures in gears and rolling bearings. Although TiN appears to be an attractive material for such applications, the RCF performance of PVD) TiN coatings is limited by their columnar microstructure. One possible solution is to use interlayers interrupting the column growth in TiN to achieve a more equiaxed grain morphology. In this paper, the effect of the coating layer structure on the propagation of a three-dimensional crack through the coating thickness is studied theoretically. Numerical simulations of both planar and kinked three-dimensional cracks under cyclic contact loading are performed using a new numerical approach recently developed by the authors, which is based on a combination of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, the eigenstrain theory, and the conjugate gradient method. The simulation results indicate that high-endurance TiN-based coatings can in principle be produced by alternating relatively thick TiN layers with much thinner interlayers made of another material.
Pasting, paste, and gel properties of starch–hydrocolloid combinations

Abstract A review with 267 references. Use of starch–hydrocolloid combinations is widespread, particularly in the food processing industry. Many studies have been conducted with a goal of understanding why the addition of a small amount of a hydrocolloid influences the properties of a starch-based paste, gel, or food product. Multiple variables are encountered in the research reports, including the use of different types of starches and hydrocolloids and different methods of preparation and evaluation of composite pastes and gels. Most commonly, a starch–hydrocolloid composite paste and/or gel exhibited (as compared to the starch alone paste and/or gel) increases in peak and final viscosities, short-term retrogradation, and gel strength and decreases in the temperature of the initial rapid viscosity increase, granule swelling, starch polymer molecule leaching from swollen granules, and long-term retrogradation; but opposite effects have also been observed. Most evidence seems to point towards the following mechanisms: hydrocolloid molecule interaction with leached starch polymer molecules—in some cases increasing network formation and in other cases decreasing or weakening the network formed by starch polymer molecules, changes in starch granule swelling (either positive or negative changes), swollen granule association via depletion flocculation, and phase separation between amylose, amylopectin, and hydrocolloid molecules in the continuous phase. The overall conclusion is that, because of the complexity of the variety of systems, several mechanisms are likely to be operating and the proportions of competing mechanisms likely vary with different specific hydrocolloids, different starches, and different methods of preparation of composite pastes and gels.
The influence of light rail transit on transit use: An exploration of station area residents along the Hiawatha line in Minneapolis

Rail transit is often implemented in the corridors already with high transit demand. When evaluating its ridership benefits, previous studies often choose the city/county/region as control groups, rather than comparable corridors without rail, and hence overstate its impacts. In this study, we employ propensity score matching to explore the impact of Hiawatha light rail transit (LRT) on transit use. We find that compared to residents in similar urban corridors, the Hiawatha LRT promotes transit use of residents who have lived in the corridor before its opening, and that residents who moved to the corridor after its opening use transit as often as new residents in the comparable urban corridors without LRT. We conclude that besides LRT, land use and transportation policies are necessary for ridership growth.
Binding of a photoreactive pyrethroid to β subunit of GTP-binding proteins

Abstract Visual cycle signal transduction components and purified bovine brain GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) have been used to study the possibility that pyrethroids interact with signal-transducing G-proteins. A photoactivatable arylazide derivative of fenvalerate ([ 3 H]decyanoazidofenvalerate or [ 3 H]DeCAF) has been used to photoaffinity label proteins in homogenized bovine retina, rod outer segments (ROS), and purified transducin—the retinal signal transducing G-protein—as well as the βγ subunit of G-proteins purified from bovine brain. All displayed [ 3 H]DeCAF labeling to a 36-kDa protein. GTPγS treatment of ROS displaced labeling from membrane-bound protein(s) to a soluble fraction. [ 3 H]DeCAF labeling of 36-kDa proteins was specific and saturable and greatest specific activity was obtained with purified transducin or β subunit of bovine brain G-proteins. Purified [ 3 H]DeCAF-labeled β subunit of transducin (T β ) was identified by immunoprecipitation with antibodies directed against T β or a synthetic peptide from T β . Treatment of ROS membranes by DeCAF resulted in stimulation of release of α subunit of transducin, as measured by [ 32 P]ADP-ribosylation. These data complement previously published results and indicate that pyrethroids bind to the β subunit of G-proteins and modify their interaction with the α subunit.
Anxiety, vocalization, and agitation following peripheral nerve block with ropivacaine.

Abstract Background and Objectives. Central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular toxicity are potential side effects of local anesthetics. However, ropivacaine has been reported to be less CNS toxic than bupivacaine in human volunteers. Methods. We describe three cases of peripheral nerve blockade with ropivacaine that resulted in unusual symptoms of CNS toxicity. Results. In three patients, unexpected behavioral changes occurred during administration of ropivacaine. The patients became extremely agitated, anxious, and screamed, and they did not repsond to verbal commands. Conclusion: This case report shows that ropivacaine may cause CNS toxicity that differs from classical signs of local anesthetic-induced toxicity. This effect might be related to the unique structure of ropivacaine, which is formulated in an S-enantomer preparation. It has been shown that S-enantomers bind differently to receptors in both the CNS and cardiovascular systems. This property may account for the disinhibition of select neural pathways that are specifically involved in mediation of anxiety and aggression.
Wave-driven along-channel subtidal flows in a well-mixed ocean inlet

Observations of waves, flows, and water levels collected for a month in and near a long, narrow, shallow (∼ 3000 m long, 1000 m wide, and 5 m deep), well-mixed ocean inlet are used to evaluate the subtidal (periods > 30 h) along-inlet momentum balance. Maximum tidal flows in the inlet were about 1.5 m/s and offshore significant wave heights ranged from about 0.5 to 2.5 m. The dominant terms in the local (across the km-wide ebb shoal) along-inlet momentum balance are the along-inlet pressure gradient, the bottom stress, and the wave radiation-stress gradient. Estimated nonlinear advective acceleration terms roughly balance in the channel. Onshore radiation-stress gradients owing to breaking waves enhance the flood flows into the inlet, especially during storms.
Out‐of‐home placement of children: Selected issues and prospects for the future

This paper describes the recent trends in the child welfare and children's mental health systems and their implications for public policy. Despite the rhetoric calling for preserving families and treating children and youth in their own homes, the best available evidence indicates that the rates of out-of-home placement are increasing at an alarming rate. More concerted and comprehensive efforts are needed if this trend is to be reversed in the near future. Language: en
Effect of Age and Season on the Thyroxine Secretion Rate of White Leghorn Hens

Abstract THE theory has been suggested that the inheritance for the several valuable characters of domestic animals such as rapid growth, high fertility, large milk secretion and large total egg production is realized in major part, or is brought to fulfillment in animals and birds by the ability of the various endocrine glands to secrete optimum amounts of their hormones which play roles in stimulating the development of the character under consideration. However, just as environment and physiological factors influence the demonstration of quantitative characters, so one would expect that these same factors would influence the hormone secretion rate of the endocrine glands which may be involved. In order to obtain verification of this working hypothesis, it is necessary to develop methods of measuring the hormone secretion rate of the various endocrine glands. When this is accomplished it will be possible to determine the relation between the hormone secretion rate and . . .
PROTEASES AND PROTEASE INHIBITORS OF THE SPIDER ARGIOPE AURANTIA (ARANEAE,ARANEIDAE)

Spiders feed by covering or injecting their prey with hydrolytic enzymes. The cleavage products resulting from this external digestion are drawn into the spider by means of a sucking stomach [1]. Araneoid orb-weaving spiders are also capable of digesting and recycling their web by a similar strategy [2-4]. Inasmuch as some of the silks of the orb web are resistant to all commercial proteases tested [5-7], orb-weaving spiders must possess an unusual battery of digestive proteases. Although the data on spider digestive proteases are limited, the pattern of observations to date, summarized below, suggests that the major proteolytic digestive enzymes of spiders are not typical serine proteases [5, 6, 8-10]. In contrast, Applebaum [11] has remarked: "Typical tryptic and chymotryptic activities have been identified in numerous insects as major components of the digestive fluidsY Here, we provide evidence of serine protease inhibitors in the digestive fluid of the spider Argiope aurantia Lucas. Considering that digestion is not initiated within the controlled environment of the spider gut, these inhibitors may give the spider proteases the advantage over insect proteases during the external digestion of insect prey. While serine protease inhibitors are without effect on the principal digestive enzymes of A. aurantia, we present evidence of very effective inhibitors of A. aurantia proteases in spider hemolymph. Earlier, we observed that whereas the digestive fluid of araneid spiders had very active proteases, with the ability to hydrolyze major ampullate silk [4-7, 10], this fluid had no effect on the tryptic substrates N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) or p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) [5, 61. Furthermore, the caseinolytic activity of A. aurantia digestive fluid was not found to be signifi-
The adsorption, reaction and decomposition of propylene on a clean Mo(100) surface

Abstract Propylene adsorbs onto Mo(100) at 110 K via precursor-state kinetics to saturate at a coverage, θ sat (C 3 H 6 ) = 0.63 ± 0.05. Adsorption at lower temperatures results in multilayer adsorption. In contrast to ethylene, which rehybridizes to ~ sp 3 following adsorption at 80 K on Mo(100), propylene adsorbs molecularly at this temperature, rehybridizing only after heating to between 100 and 140 K. Further heating to between 180 and 200 K results in loss of hydrogen from the surface propylenic species and the formation of an aliene- or methylacetylene-like adsorbate which appears to be oriented so that the C-C-C axis is essentially parallel to the surface. Photoelectron spectroscopic data suggests significant carbon-carbon bond cleavage in the adsorbed C 3 species is underway by ~ 270 K. on Mo(100), resulting finally in the formation of adsorbed CH x species on heating the Mo(100) surface to room temperature. This chemistry is closely analogous to that observed following ethylene adsorption onto Mo(100) where a similar carbon-carbon bond cleavage was noted, and is in accord with the catalytic chemistry of molybdenum which catalyzes both olefin metathesis and hydrogenolysis. Further heating to above 400 K completely dehydrogenates the surface leaving chemisorbed, atomic carbon.
The effects of RU486 on the luteal phase of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract RU486 is a steroid which possesses great affinity for the progesterone (P) receptor, but which has no P activity. It has been shown to be, as a result, a potent P antagonist. In the present study, we investigated the effect of this compound on the luteal phase of the rhesus monkey. The day of ovulation was diagnosed with a ± 12 h accuracy, using serial laparoscopies and serum estradiol (E2) determinations, in regularly cycling rhesus monkeys. RU486 was administered by gavage (10 mg daily) in different regimens during the luteal phase: Group 1, days 1–5; Group 2, days 5–9; Group 3, days 9–13; and Groups 4, days 9–13, plus hCG (30, 60, 90, 180 and 360 IU i.m. on days 6–10). RU486 induced vaginal bleeding within 24–72 h after the initial administration in Groups 1–3. Animals of Group 4 presented luteal lengths ranging from 9–12 days. Progesterone concentrations at the onset of vaginal bleeding were 2.1 ± 0.3, 4.9 ± 0.6, 2.6 ± 0.4 and 11.2 ± 1.5 ng/ml (x ± SEM) for animals of Groups 1–4, respectively. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), E2 and P levels were not altered during treatment. The availability of a compound such as RU486, that consistently induces vaginal bleeding due to its action at the target level (endometrium) without affecting the hormonal events of the menstrual cycle, opens a new approach to post-coital and interceptive contraception.
The Effects of Physical Activity on Obesity

The epidemic of obesity has resulted from an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Further weight gain of individuals and populations can be prevented if energy intake balances energy expenditure. For those who are overweight, reduction in weight can only be achieved by a negative energy balance in which energy expenditure exceeds intake. In this manuscript, we will describe the epidemic of obesity and explore the evidence that reduced energy expenditure accounts for obesity, the role that physical activity plays in weight reduction, and the steps necessary to achieve energy balance within the population.
The evolution of technology for electronic materials over the last 50 years

The assignment for this review was modest: “The scope of this area would include synthesis and processing, structure, properties, and performance of electronic, photonic, magnetic, and superconducting materials as well as the materials used in packaging and interconnecting such materials in device structures.” Furthermore, I should provide a perspective on “What materials are being used? What are the drivers behind their use? How much material is being used?” As I began to research this article, I realized that most of the advances in these materials have occurred during the past 50 years. Consider that the microscopic theory of superconductivity was fi rst developed in 1957 and the integrated circuit (IC) was invented in 1959. I was thus faced with either writing an essentially complete history of four different materials areas or providing just a very high-level overview. I have opted for the latter. Even fi nding data on the amounts of these materials used is diffi cult, since the information and communications industries don’t consider tonnage to be an interesting metric. In general, they report the dollar value of their products and perhaps the number of chips or the kilometers of fi ber shipped. Even then, reliable data is often only available from extremely expensive reports compiled by market analysts for commercial purposes. Thus, the uncited estimates used in this discussion come from web-based trade association reports and should not be viewed as highly reliable. They are presented only to get an idea of relative magnitudes of markets.
AgentScapes: designing water efficient landscapes using distributed agent-based optimization

In arid and semi-arid regions, landscaping can reduce the energy use of a home and generate a more pleasing environment for the home's residents. However, water in these regions is a scarce resource, which makes landscaping a tradeoff between conflicting objectives--maximizing the growth on the landscape while minimizing the water use. This paper presents a new system, called AgentScapes, that uses agent-based modelling and distributed optimization to design water-conserving residential landscapes. The agent-based model included in AgentScapes combines the basic ideas of local search and the specifics of how plant communities emerge based on individual plant-plant interactions and responses to resources available on the landscape. Agents in this model are plants with different light and water requirements placed on a simulated landscape with specified light and water conditions. Individual plant agents in desirable locations survive, while struggling agents die off and re-emerge in a new location. These interactions enable each plant agent to search for a location that maximizes its growth and minimizes its water use. The agent-based model generates solutions that are within 95 percent of optimal in a fraction of the time required for exhaustive search solutions. In addition, the agent model is able to reproduce heuristics for low-water garden design and present a new option for reducing water use.
Monte Carlo Investigations of Solvent Effects on the Chorismate to Prephenate Rearrangement

Monte Carlo simulations have been used to determine changes in free energies of solvation for the rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in water and methanol. Structures and partial charges from the ab initio RHF/6-31G* calculations of Wiest and Houk were used for the pseudodiequatorial and pseudodiaxial conformers of chorismate and for the transition structure. Free energy perturbation calculations yielded the differences in free energies of solvation for the three structures. The calculations reproduce the observed 100-fold rate increase in water over methanol. The origin of the rate difference is traced solely to an enhanced population of the pseudodiaxial conformer in water, which arises largely from a unique water molecule acting as a double hydrogen bond donor to the C4 hydroxyl group and the side-chain carboxylate. A Monte Carlo simulation was also carried out for the transition structure bound to E. coli chorismate mutase in order to characterize the key interactions in the active site. Consis...