cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lysine-rich Arabinogalactan-protein Subfamily in Arabidopsis: Gene Expression, Glycoprotein Purification and Biochemical Characterization

AtAGP17, AtAGP18 and AtAGP19 are homologous genes encoding three putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored classical arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) in Arabidopsis. They are distinguished from other AGPs by a short, C-terminal lysine-rich region. Organ-specific expression of these genes was revealed by Northern blot analysis. AtAGP17 was strongly expressed in leaves and stems, and weakly expressed in flowers and roots; AtAGP18 was strongly expressed in flowers, and moderately expressed in roots, stems and young leaves; and AtAGP19 was strongly expressed in stems, moderately expressed in flowers and roots, and weakly expressed in young leaves. One of these genes, AtAGP17, was expressed and purified as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in transgenic tobacco cells using hydrophobic interaction chromatography, size exclusion chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The fusion (glyco)protein produced a characteristic AGP 'smear' with a molecular mass of 80-150 kDa when detected by Western blot analysis. Glycosyl composition and linkage analyses of purified GFP-AtAGP17 showed that carbohydrate accounted for approximately 86% of the molecule, with arabinose and galactose as major, and rhamnose and glucuronic acid as minor glycosyl residues and with 1,3,6-galactose, 1,4-glucuronic acid, 1,3-galactose and terminal arabinose as major linkages. GFP-AtAGP17 was also precipitated by beta-Yariv reagent, further confirming that AtAGP17 is a bona fide AGP. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of plasmolysed, transformed cells indicated that AtAGP17 is localized on the plasma membrane and in Hechtian strands. Hydroxyproline (Hyp) glycoside profiles of GFP-AtAGP17 in conjunction with the deduced protein sequence also served to corroborate the Hyp contiguity hypothesis, which predicts contiguous Hyp residues as attachment sites for arabinosides and clustered, non-contiguous Hyp residues as attachment sites for arabinogalactan polysaccharides.
Environmental Education Attitudes of Biology Students, Teachers, and Administrators

Abstract This paper describes a study concerned with the ranking of five major goals of biology instruction by biology teachers, college preparatory biology students, non-college preparatory biology students, and public school administrators in order to determine the relative emphasis each group believed should be given to a socia/environmental goal. The hypothesis of no difference in the ranking of instructional goals was retained and the ranking of the socia/environmental goal by the four groups also did not differ significantly. The subjects in this study seemed to prefer the social/environmental goal in fourth place ahead of a career orientation to the teaching and learning of biology.
Human dentine sclerosis: a microradiographic survey.

Abstract Microradiography of thin sections of dentine taken from a large sample of human teeth revealed a number ot hitherto unknown facts about dentine sclerosis. The light microscopic manifestation of sclerosis, a localized translucency. was seen long before the majority of the tubules were obliterated. A distinction was made between physiological and pathological sclerosis. A smaller percentage of tubules were obliterated in the former, while the latter often exhibited intraluminal mineralization and an apparent hypermineralization of previously existing peritubular matrix and, occasionally, the intratubular contents. Evidence of intertubular hypermineralization was also seen in pathological sclerosis. Little evidence of tubular obliteration was seen in unerupted teeth from older individuals, indicating that the physiological sclerotic process is in some way initiated by the stresses imposed by the oral environment. Contrary to previous findings, peritubular matrix was demonstrated in the predentine—dentine border region. Acid dissolution studies indicated that the central region of the obliterated tubules was the most soluble portion of the matrix while the intertubular matrix was the most acid resistant.
Designing an optimal water quality monitoring network for river systems using constrained discrete optimization via simulation

The problem of designing a water quality monitoring network for river systems is to find the optimal location of a finite number of monitoring devices that minimizes the expected detection time of a contaminant spill event while guaranteeing good detection reliability. When uncertainties in spill and rain events are considered, both the expected detection time and detection reliability need to be estimated by stochastic simulation. This problem is formulated as a stochastic discrete optimization via simulation (OvS) problem on the expected detection time with a stochastic constraint on detection reliability; and it is solved with an OvS algorithm combined with a recently proposed method called penalty function with memory (PFM). The performance of the algorithm is tested on the Altamaha River and compared with that of a genetic algorithm due to Telci, Nam, Guan and Aral (2009).
L1 stability estimate for a one-dimensional Boltzmann equation with inelastic collisions☆

Abstract In this paper, we study the L1 stability of a one-dimensional Boltzmann equation on the line with inelastic collisions in Rend. Sem. Mat. Fis. Milano 67 (1997) 169–179. Under the suitable assumptions on the initial data, we construct a nonlinear functional H (t) which measures L1 distance between two mild solutions, and is nonincreasing in time t. Using the time-decay estimate of H (t) , we show that mild solutions are L1-stable: ||f(· ,· ,t)− f (· ,· ,t)|| L 1 (R 2 ) ⩽G||f 0 (· ,·)− f 0 (· ,·)|| L 1 (R 2 ) , where G is a positive constant independent of time t, f and f are mild solutions corresponding to initial data f0 and f 0 in L1(R2)∩L+∞(R2), respectively.
Differential affinity of murine lymphocyte membrane IgM and IgD for the lentil lectin.

Radioiodinated murine splenic lymphocytes were subjected to biospecific affinity chromatography employing immobilized lentil lectin. Membrane immunoglobulins were identified by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE∗ analysis. The membrane IgM was shown to have a lower functional affinity for the lentil lectin in comparison to membrane IgD. The membrane IgM was not retained on an immobilized lectin matrix prepared at low conjugation ratios (0.3–0.5 mg lectin per ml beads) but was retained by a higher conjugated lectin matrix (3–5 mg). The membrane IgM was eluted preferentially relative to IgD at lower methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside concentrations or with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside. The majority of the membrane glycoproteins appeared to have a low functional affinity for the lentil lectin.
Problem Assignment and Learning Outcomes in Nine Fourth-Grade Mathematics Classes

This study explores the relationships among student performance prior to instruction, the problems students are assigned, and performance after instruction in fourth-grade mathematics. I argue that one way to describe the curriculum is to document the problems that students are assigned. The utility of this approach was tested by recording all problems assigned during a full school year to a sample of 204 children in 9 classrooms, in 5 schools. The findings revealed that fourth-grade students typically are assigned many problems throughout the year that they know how to solve before entering the fourth grade. The types of problems assigned varied considerably across the 9 classes, and both problem coverage and student entry levels contributed to the variance in year-end performance. The effect of coverage was explored further by comparing 2 classes with identical entry scores. Results indicated that assigning challenging material may lead to notable gains on a test of fourth-grade mathematics (which was c...
COCORP Deep Seismic Reflection Traverse Across Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen: ABSTRACT

COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles across the width of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen, from the Hardeman basin on the south, through the Wichita Mountains and Anadarko basin on the north, reveal basement deformation that necessitates major revision of ideas about the geologic history. The profiles south of the Wichita Mountains show that the Precambrian crust is highly layered to depths of 10 to 13 km over an area at least 2,500 km2, and probably much more. Judging by COCORP surveys elsewhere in the United States, such extensive Precambrian layering is very unusual. The layered crust can be interpreted as a large Proterozoic basin, probably filled mainly with clastic sediments and felsic volcanics since these lithologies are widespread in the Precambrian of the southern Mid-Continent region. The layering is truncated on the south side of the Wichita Mountains, and under the mountains is either absent or only present in a highly altered form. The truncation is probably caused by Precambrian faults in conjunction with granitic intrusions. Pennsylvanian compression reactivated these faults. The COCORP profiles across the northern flank of the Wichita Mountains and into Anadarko basin are in an early stage of processing, but preliminary results suggest that the Precambrian layering that is so distinctive south of the mountain does not extend beneath the Anadarko basin. Crystalline rocks of the Wichita Mountains appear to have thrust north along a moderately dipping fault, overlapping the basin by 8 to 9 km. The attitude of the fault at depth beneath the mountains is unclear at present. Simple models for the southern Oklahoma area as an aulacogen must be revised to consider the complex Precambrian history revealed by the COCORP data. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1496------------
Phase Coding for Range Ambiguity Mitigation in Dual-Polarized Doppler Weather Radars

Abstract This paper evaluates the retrieval of polarimetric variables when phase-coded waveforms are employed to suppress range overlaid echoes. A phase-coded waveform tags transmitted pulses with a phase code and then decodes the received signal to separate the overlaid echoes. Two methods suggested for separating overlaid echoes use random and systematic phase-coding techniques. In this paper, random phase and systematic phase-coded waveforms are evaluated for dual-polarized operation. The random phased-coded and systematic phase-coded waveforms are known to provide fairly good estimates of the Doppler spectral moments. This paper presents results at S band to quantify the performance of phase-coded waveform in retrieving polarimetric variables. It is shown that the polarimetric variables for both strong and weak trip echoes are estimated with acceptable accuracy.
Fish on Prozac (and Zoloft): Ten years later

A decade has now passed since our research group initially reported several adverse effects of fluoxetine to aquatic organisms commonly employed for developing environmental quality criteria, evaluating whole effluent toxicity, and monitoring ambient toxicity of surface waters and sediments. Our subsequent observation of fluoxetine, sertraline and their active metabolites (norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraline, respectively) accumulating in muscle, liver and brain tissues of three different fish species from an effluent-dominated stream was termed "Fish on Prozac." Here I briefly review some scientific lessons learned from our study of antidepressants and the environment, including opportunities for research, management, environmental education and public outreach. Intrinsic chemical properties of antidepressants and other pharmaceuticals have afforded research in areas ranging from analytical chemistry and comparative pharmacology, to influences of ionization, chirality and adverse outcome pathways on hazard and risk assessment, and further promises to support sustainable molecular design of less hazardous chemicals. Using probabilistic hazard assessment and fish plasma modeling approaches, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants are predicted to result in therapeutic hazard to fish (internal fish plasma level equaling mammalian therapeutic dose) when exposed to water (inhalational) at or below 1μg/L, a common trigger value for environmental assessments. Though many questions remain unanswered, studies of antidepressants in urbanizing aquatic systems have provided, and will continue to develop, an advanced understanding of environmental hazards and risks from pharmaceuticals and other contaminants.
Hydrophobic homopolymeric peptides enhance the biophysical activity of synthetic lung phospholipids.

Abstract The effects of homopolymeric amino acids (molecular weight 2300 to 14,000) on the surface activity of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and DPPC/egg-phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were characterized by adsorption and dynamic surface tension lowering measurements at 37°C. Homopolyamino acids studied included poly l -leucine (poly-Leu) and poly- l -valine (poly-Val), since Leu and Val are known to be prominent in the structure of hydrophobic lung surfactant apoprotein SP-B and SP-C. In addition, several other homopolyamino acids with varying hydrophobicity index were also investigated, including poly- l -phenylalanine (poly-Phe), poly- l -serine (poly-Ser), poly- l -lysine (poly-Lys) and poly- l -glutamic acid (poly-Glu). Results showed that hydrophobic poly-Leu and poly-Phe at 1 and 10 weight percent greatly increased the adsorption facility of DPPC and DPPC/PG mixtures, with maximum surface pressures (up to 49 mN/m) near the equilibrium limit for phospholipid systems. In oscillating bubble studies, 1% mixture of poly-Leu or poly-Phe with DPPC or 8:2 DPPC/PG lowered surface tension into the range (near 1 mN/m) associated with active lung surfactant. In contrast, mixtures of DPPC and DPPC/PG with the more hydrophilic peptides poly-Ser, poly-Lys and poly-Glu showed little or no enhancement of surface activity over the phospholipids alone. Mixtures of poly-Val and phospholipids did not combine well with the simple co-sonication procedure used, and also exhibited little improvement in surface activity. Taken together, these results suggest that dydrophobicity is an important determinant for interactions of proteins with lung surfactant phospholipids, and that significant biophysical activity effects are not limited to highly specific amino acid sequences of the surfactant apoproteins, SP-B and SP-C. Simple homoamino acid polymers may provide useful model systems for investigating the specificity and character of some of these interactions, as well as the effectiveness of protein- phospholipidcombination in synthetic surfactant mixtures.
Transfer factor: Hypoxanthine is a major component of a fraction with in vivo activity

Abstract Transfer factor was prepared from the leukocyte lysates of four donors with known skin test reactivity. After ultrafiltration and double-gel filtration on polyacrylamide gels, fraction IV of the preparation was found to have biologic activity. This fraction contained one major and occasionally one minor ultraviolet-absorbing and zero to one ninhydrin-detectable spots on thin-layer chromatography. The major ultraviolet spot was identified as hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine was demonstrated to be responsible for the high 260 nm280 nm ratio of preparations with biologic activity in vivo. It was not determined if hypoxanthine is required for transfer factor activity. In addition, an orcinol-negative preparation also had biologic activity.
Group sex events amongst non-gay drug users: An understudied risk environment

This article discusses relevant literature on group sex events--defined as events at which some people have sex with more than one partner--as risk environments, with a particular focus on group sex events where people who take drugs by non-injection routes of administration participate and where the event is not primarily LGBT-identified, at a "classic" crack house, nor in a brothel. It also briefly presents some findings from a small ethnography of such events. Group sex participation by people who take drugs by non-injection routes of administration seems to be widespread. It involves both behavioural and network risk for HIV and STI infection, including documented high-risk behaviour and sexual mixing of STI- and HIV-infected people with those who are uninfected. Indeed several HIV and STI outbreaks have been documented as based on such group sex events. Further, group sex events often serve as potential bridge environments that may allow infections to pass from members of one high-risk-behavioural category to another, and to branch out through these people's sexual and/or injection networks to other members of the local community. The ethnographic data presented here suggest a serious possibility of "third party transmission" of infectious agents between people who do not have sex with each other. This can occur even when condoms are consistently used since condoms and sex toys are sometimes used with different people without being removed or cleaned, and since fingers and mouths come into contact with mucosal surfaces of other members of the same or opposite sex. In addition to being risk environments, many of these group sex events are venues where risk-reducing norms, activities and roles are present--which lays the basis for harm reduction interventions. Research in more geographical locations is needed so we can better understand risks associated with group sex events in which drug users participate--and, in particular, how both participants and others can intervene effectively to reduce the risks posed to participants and non-participants by these group sex events. Such interventions are needed and should be developed.
Determination of oxalyl thiolesters, N-oxalylcysteine and N-oxalylcysteamine in biological materials☆

A convenient method is described for the quantitative analysis of oxalyl thiolesters (OTEs), a newly discovered class of mammalian metabolites, in biological samples. By this particular technique the total concentration of all OTEs in the sample is determined. The method involves first reacting the biological material with cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) or cysteine under conditions that convert OTEs quantitatively to N-oxalylcysteamine (or N-oxalylcysteine), followed by reaction with monobromobimane to give a highly fluorescent derivative that is analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, with tetrabutylammonium ion as the counterion and N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine as an internal standard. The method is capable of detecting as little as 0.6 pmol of the bimane derivative of the N-oxalyl compound in a single HPLC injection. The application of this method has led to the discovery that not only OTEs but also N-oxalylcysteine and N-oxalylcysteamine are normal mammalian metabolites. In various rat tissues the OTE concentration ranges up to 65 nmol/g (wet wt), the N-oxalylcysteine concentration is approximately 10 nmol/g, and the N-oxalylcysteamine concentration is 0-3 nmol/g.
Spectroscopic study of the electric field induced microstructural changes in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Abstract Infra-red spectra (4000-400 cm−1) have been obtained for poly(vinylidene fluoride) films in the presence of high electric fields up to 2.6 MV cm−1 in strength. Both band intensity and polarization studies have revealed that dipolar re-orientation can be correlated with the macroscopic electric effect. The frequency shift as a function of field strength for the β phase bands can be attributed to the non-equivalent reorientation behaviour of the bands in the unit cell. However, the change in the frequency of the α bands shifted irreversibly with the applied electric field. These changes cannot be attributed to reorientation behaviour alone.
zipper Nonmuscle myosin-II functions downstream of PS2 integrin in Drosophila myogenesis and is necessary for myofibril formation.

Abstract Nonmuscle myosin-II is a key motor protein that drives cell shape change and cell movement. Here, we analyze the function of nonmuscle myosin-II during Drosophila embryonic myogenesis. We find that nonmuscle myosin-II and the adhesion molecule, PS2 integrin, colocalize at the developing muscle termini. In the paradigm emerging from cultured fibroblasts, nonmuscle actomyosin-II contractility, mediated by the small GTPase Rho, is required to cluster integrins at focal adhesions. In direct opposition to this model, we find that neither nonmuscle myosin-II nor RhoA appear to function in PS2 clustering. Instead, PS2 integrin is required for the maintenance of nonmuscle myosin-II localization and we show that the cytoplasmic tail of the βPS integrin subunit is capable of mediating this PS2 integrin function. We show that embryos that lack zygotic expression of nonmuscle myosin-II fail to form striated myofibrils. In keeping with this, we demonstrate that a PS2 mutant that specifically disrupts myofibril formation is unable to mediate proper localization of nonmuscle myosin-II at the muscle termini. In contrast, embryos that lack RhoA function do generate striated muscles. Finally, we find that nonmuscle myosin-II localizes to the Z-line in mature larval muscle. We suggest that nonmuscle myosin-II functions at the muscle termini and the Z-line as an actin crosslinker and acts to maintain the structural integrity of the sarcomere.
Fundamental mathematical relationships for retention volumes in liquid chromatography

Various issues currently impeding elucidation of the retention mechanism(s) in reversed-phase liquid chromatography are discussed. A generalized derivation of the retention volume equations for both concentration and tracer pulse chromatography are presented. The derivations follow the general direction of multiple, ad hoc derivations presented in the extant literature. The retention volume equations derived herein represent a body of work previously dispersed throughout the chromatographic literature.
Epidemiology of medication-related adverse events in nursing homes

Abstract Background: Nursing home residents are prescribed more medications than patients in any other clinical setting. Although pharmacotherapy for older nursing home residents is usually safe and effective, it can lead to medication-related adverse events such as adverse drug reactions (ADRs), adverse drug withdrawal events (ADWEs), and therapeutic failures (TFs). Objective: This article reviews the descriptive (incidence) and analytic (risk factor) epidemiology of medication-related adverse events occurring in nursing home residents as reported in the literature during the last 2 decades. Methods: A search of MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was conducted for articles published in English between January 1986 and July 2006 using the following terms: adverse drug events, adverse drug reactions, adverse drug withdrawal events, aged, drug therapy, drug-related problems, medication-related problems, nursing homes, therapeutic failures , and treatment failures . The reference lists of identified articles, recent review articles, book chapters, and the authors' reference library were also searched manually. Results: Seven studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this review. Five studies described ADRs, 1 described ADWEs, and 1 described TFs. The studies of ADRs used different methods of detecting ADRs, resulting in incidence rates ranging from 1.19 to 7.26 per 100 resident-months. The single study of ADWEs reported an incidence of 2.60 per 100 resident-months. An incidence rate for the single study describing TFs could not be calculated. Conclusions: Medication-related adverse events are common in the nursing home setting. Additional studies are needed to enhance the detection and prevention of medication-related adverse events and to reduce their impact on residents' outcomes and health care costs.
Myristate exposure in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein is modulated by pH.

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes a polypeptide called Gag that is capable of forming virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro in the absence of other cellular or viral constituents. During the late phase of HIV-1 infection, Gag polyproteins are transported to the plasma membrane (PM) for assembly. A combination of in vivo, in vitro and structural studies have shown that Gag targeting and assembly on the PM are mediated by specific interactions between the myristoylated matrix (myr(+)MA) domain of Gag and phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). Exposure of the MA myristyl (myr) group is triggered by PI(4,5)P2 binding and is enhanced by factors that promote protein self-association. In the studies reported herein, we demonstrate that myr exposure in MA is modulated by pH. Our data show that deprotonation of the His89 imidazole ring in myr(+)MA destabilizes the salt bridge formed between His89(Hδ2) and Glu12(COO-), leading to tight sequestration of the myr group and a shift in the equilibrium from trimer to monomer. Furthermore, we show that oligomerization of a Gag-like construct containing matrix-capsid is also pH-dependent. Disruption of the His-Glu salt bridge by single amino acid substitutions greatly altered the myr-sequestered–myr-exposed equilibrium. In vivo intracellular localization data revealed that H89G mutation retargets Gag to intracellular compartments and severely inhibits virus production. Our findings reveal that the MA domain acts as a “pH sensor” in vitro, suggesting that the effect of pH on HIV-1 Gag targeting and binding to the PM warrants investigation.
Operational admittance of an electrode process where an a priori dependence of rate constant on potential is not assumed

Summary The operational admittance of an electrode process is developed using a linearized current-potential expression where an a priori dependence of the rate constant of the electrode reaction on potential is not assumed. Double-layer charging and faradaic processes are not separated; however, simplification of the operational admittance yields a separate term, (ϖq/ϖE)ϖo, ϖR, in parallel with the remaining admittance. The expression for diffusional impedance and adsorption capacitance resulting from this treatment oontain electrode reaction rate constants.
Reading Pierre Bourdieu

and styles prevailing in French sociology are responsive to the configuration of the "field" (champ), a term that refers not just to a "field of knowledge." In French, champ also suggests a "force field" or space of action and a "battlefield" or place of struggle. Thus, the field of sociology in France is both a social and semantic space. As one of its major figures, Pierre Bourdieu has helped to define French sociology while also pushing at its limits. His project is at once ethnographic, political, critical, and epistemological and must therefore be read in several registers. Pierre Bourdieu is Professor of Sociology at the College de France and Directeur d'Etudes at the Ecole Practique des Hautes Etudes. His work spans the anthropology of Algeria and French colonialism as well as the sociology of culture and education in France today.' Lemert notes that "the French will speak of their educational and professional formation as a trajetoire" (1981:7); the trajectory of Bourdieu's work, which is evident in the accompanying interview, has been to problematize and reflect upon the human sciences as a locus of objective knowledge and as a legitimation of relations of power. Bourdieu is at the apex of prestige at the College de France and controls a special series published by Les Editions de Minuit. Like a handful of his colleagues in Paris and elsewhere in France, he also directs his own research institute, the Centre de Sociologie Europeene, which publishes its own journal.2 Lemert notes that Bourdieu authored 13 books (many with joint authors) between 1965 and 1971 (1981:20). He comments: "one marvels that so much is as good as it is and, accordingly, one need not be surprised that so much is repeated."3 He also reminds us that anonymity and detachment are difficult to cultivate in Paris or at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. As Lemert claims, "academic Paris is a small town" (1981:22). In addition, France lacks multiple academic capitals: there is no New York, Cambridge, Berkeley, and Chicago. Given the limited scale of this social mil-
Delta-wye reduction of almost-planar graphs

A non-planar graph G is almost planar if, for every edge e of G , either G ? e or G / e is planar. The main result of this paper is that every almost-planar graph is delta-wye reducible to K 3 , 3 , and moreover, there exists a reduction sequence in which every graph is almost planar. Analogous results are shown to hold for other classes of graphs, and also for regular, almost-graphic matroids.
Intermediate-frequency Raman modes for the lower optical transitions of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes

A new class of intermediate-frequency modes (IFMs) associated with the ${E}_{22}^{S}$ and ${E}_{11}^{S}$ optical transitions of bundled HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been investigated via tunable laser (700\char21{}$985\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$) resonance Raman spectroscopy. ``Steplike'' dispersive behavior was observed for these IFMs, along with associated clusters of radial breathing mode (RBM) overtones at higher frequencies. While the excitation profiles of both RBM and RBM overtones follow a classical behavior predicted by resonance Raman theory, significant differences are observed for the IFM excitation profiles. The observed IFM maxima were found to obey a resonance behavior based on a combination of the ${E}_{22}^{S}$ and${E}_{11}^{S}$ transition energies, scaled by the inverse diameter of the respective nanotube. Only IFMs for the $\mathrm{mod}(n\ensuremath{-}m,3)=2$ nanotubes are visible, with intensities found to obey the family-based chiral angle dependence similar to previously reported electron-phonon interaction patterns observed for the RBM.
Convergence of bearing estimation for beamforming with known displaced sensors

The author studies convergence on the bearing estimate obtained when the trajectories of the sensor displacement are known and the bearing estimation from the shipboard beamformer is available. It is shown rigorously that under fairly general conditions this bearing estimate converges to the true bearing. Some computer simulations show that this convergence actually occurs in one iteration. >
Comparison of growth and metabolism of avian osteoblasts on polished disks versus thin films of titanium alloy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using high vacuum, thermal evaporation to deposit thin films of Ti-6Al-4V onto plates for subsequent cell culture investigations. Osteoblastic response to thin-film coated plates was compared to that of cells grown on Ti alloy disk inserts and uncoated culture plates. The Ti alloy disks were polished, cleaned, and passivated following a commercial protocol for orthopedic implants. Mean surface roughness was 262 nm for the Ti alloy disks and 4.756 nm for the coated culture plates. Osteoblasts isolated from 16-day chick embryo calvariae were cultured on polystyrene, thin films, and disks. At confluence, the cells were cultured an additional 48 h and were evaluated for cell number (DNA content), rate of glycolysis (lactate production), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPase), and collagenous (3H-proline hydroxylation) and noncollagenous protein synthesis. Cell morphology was similar for the controls, disks, and thin-film groups. DNA, lactate, cell layer ALPase, 3H-hydroxyproline, and noncollagenous protein were not different (p > 0.05) among the control, thin-film, and disk groups. Medium ALPase was lower (p < 0.05) in the thin-film group compared to the control group. Although aluminum and vanadium percentages varied from nominal in the thin-film groups (11Al-2V as opposed to 6Al-4V), avian osteoblasts responded similarly to the Ti alloy thin films, disks, and uncoated culture plates for the smooth surfaces tested. The thin-film cell culture system used for elemental material studies appears to offer a promising method for the investigation of cellular response to alloyed biomaterials as well. Proper adjustments in alloy percentages before deposition, however, need to be made if thermal evaporation is utilized. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 238–244, 1998.
Uncertainties of predictions in models of eternal inflation.

In a previous paper, a method of comparing the volumes of thermalized regions in an eternally inflating universe was introduced. In this paper, we investigate the dependence of the results obtained through that method on the choice of the time variable and factor ordering in the diffusion equation that describes the evolution of eternally inflating universes. It is shown, both analytically and numerically, that the variation of the results due to a factor ordering ambiguity inherent in the model is of the same order as their variation due to the choice of the time variable. Therefore, the results are, within their accuracy, free of the spurious dependence on the time parametrization. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Nonlinear analysis of settlement and load distribution in pile groups

Abstract Settlement of and load distribution in pile groups under vertical and centered static loads are analyzed. The analytical method incorporates the fact that shaft-load over point-load ratios vary throughout loading, thus coupling the effects of shaft-loads and point-loads on group settlement calculations. Other available methods uncouple shaft-loads and point-loads using simplifying assumptions which are not always in agreement with observed pile group behavior. It is assumed that the shaft-load of piles in groups increases monotonically with loading according to a nonlinear relationship. This can be defined from results of a reference pile load test with point-load measurement, for example. It is also assumed that the ultimate shaft-load develops before the ultimate point-load. These assumptions, which are in general agreement with observed behavior, are used along with settlement influence factors and settlement interaction factors numerically generated for a semi-infinite, homogeneous, linear, elastic, isotropic halfspace. The result is a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations which are solved using the modified Newton-Raphson iterative method to yield the group settlement, as well as point-loads and shaft-loads for each pile in the group. The numerical procedure used to solve these equations is outlined and an analysis is made of the necessary conditions for convergence when the equations are weakly nonlinear. An example is provided to illustrate how the method compares with two other methods reported in the literature. It is observed that the proposed method has the potential to accurately simulate the nonlinear load versus settlement behavior.
An experiment in the design of a basic interpreter

This paper describes the author's experience on the design and implementation of a BASIC interpretive compiler written in Algol W programming language. The experiment was initiated to gain full control of an executing BASIC program for run time debugging and automating the grading of students programs in beginning BASIC programming classes. The interpreter is implemented in Algol W programming language. The block structure and the control structures of Algol W provided a convenient environment for designing a truely structured program. The powerful data structures facilities available in Algol W gave the author better control of the program. The input/output facilities of the Algol W version at Georgia State University simplified the task of internal/external numerical conversions. In the opinion of this author, Algol W is an excellent language for debugging and writing interpretive compilers. The BASIC interpreter operates in two loosely connected phases: a parsing phase and an interpretive phase. The parsing phase analyzes the complete source program and translates the input program into pseudo machine-like code. Major tasks of this phase are: Allocation of memory locations to variables and constants, conversion of expressions into Reverse Polish form, and the generation of pseudo machine code. The interpretive phase executes the pseudo code simulating a BASIC machine. The pseudo machine code was designed to minimize the time needed to decode and execute it.
Representing and reasoning about change (abstract only)

A recent trend in artificial intelligence research is the construction of expert systems capable of reasoning from a detailed model of the objects in their domain and the processes that affect those objects. We describe a system being built in this fashion, designed to solve a class of problems known as geologic interpretation: given a cross-section of the Earth's crust (showing formations, faults, intrusions, etc.), hypothesize a sequence of geologic events whose occurrence could have formed that region. Solving the geologic interpretation problem requires reasoning about change, in particular, spatial change. The shape of a formation, for example, can be altered by the process of erosion. Doing this reasoning, in turn, requires representing objects, which show the effects of change, and processes, which are the causes of those changes.The main focus of this research is to explore the machinery needed to represent and reason about both mutable objects and the processes that induce changes in them. To do this, we have developed two representations of objects, one involving histories and the other involving diagrams. We have also developed two corresponding representations of physical processes, each suited to reasoning about one of the object representations. We have been careful to keep the two representations well separated, limiting their interaction to a relatively small and dearly defined interface.We have used these representations to model a subset of geology large enough to allow us to solve most geologic interpretation problems. In particular, the model allows us to imagine a sequence of geologic events. Imagining is a new form of qualitative simulation similar to envisioning.
Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from M-structure InAs/GaSb superlattices

Recent advances in the design and fabrication of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices allowed the realization of high performance long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays. The introduction of an Mstructure barrier between the n-type contact and the π active region reduced the tunneling component of the dark current. The M-structure design improved the noise performance and the dynamic range of FPAs at low temperatures. At 81K, the NEDT of the focal plane array was 23 mK. The noise of the camera was dominated by the noise component due to the read out integrated circuit. At 8 μm, the median quantum efficiency of the detectors was 71%, mainly limited by the reflections on the backside of the array.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Presenting as Massive Hemoptysis in a Nonimmunocompromised Host

An 83-year-old nonimmunocompromised man presented with hemoptysis that progressed to respiratory failure and death. Bronchoscopic cultures grew Aspergillus fumigatus antemortem and an autopsy confirmed multiple abscesses with Aspergillus confined to the lung.
Model system for vortex motion in coupled two-dimensional type-II superconductors.

We report linear electrical transport measurements in ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{77}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{23}$/Ge multilayres and a single layer of ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{77}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{23}$ which is nominally the same as the constituent layers of each multilayer. In the multilayers, we observe a crossover from a regime where the vortex motion displays interlayer coupling to a regime where the vortex segments in each layer move effectively independent. Our observations bear some strong resemblances to those in high-temperature superconductors, and we discuss the possible relevance to our system of some concepts developed to interpret the high-temperature superconductors.
Establishment of two rat hepatoma cell strains produced by a carcinogen initiation, phenobarbital promotion protocol

Two Fischer 344 rat hepatoma cell strains, JM1 and JM2, have been isolated from a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Primary tumor formation was induced in a two-thirds partially hepatectomized rat by a single low dose (70 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine followed by chronic phenobarbital administration (0.1 g/100 ml drinking water). The primary tumors were passed three times by subcutaneous implantation of tumor fragments into the inguinal region of syngeneic recipients. The fourth pass way by injection of tumor cells directly into the livers of recipient rats. Several weeks later, the tumor-containing rat livers were subjected to collagenase perfusion. Two cell lines emerged from tissue culture of the cells isolated by perfusion. Each cell line was cloned by serial dilution. Cells JM1 and JM2 were tumorigenic when injected into syngeneic rats. The tumors, which arose from injected cell strains, exhibited several characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Morphology was examined by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical studies of JM1 and JM2 cells grown in vitro and in vivo were done. The levels of tyrosine aminotransferase and three microsomal enzymes of importance to drug and carcinogen metabolism were investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cell strains derived from an initiation promotion protocol in rats.
Quantum mechanics: Passage through chaos.

A quantum system can undergo tunnelling even without a barrier to tunnel through. The latest experiments visualize this process in exquisite detail, completely reconstructing the state of the evolving system.
Novel approach to photonic A/D conversion based on a fully connected distributed mesh feedback architecture

A novel approach to photonic A/D conversion using a distributed neural network, oversampling techniques, and a smart pixel hardware implementation is described. In this approach, the input signal is first sampled at a rate higher than that required by the Nyquist criterion and then presented spatially as the input to a 2D error diffusion neural network consisting of M X N neurons, each representing a pixel in the image space. The neural network processes the input oversampled analog image and produces an M X N pixel binary or halftoned output image. Decimation and low-pass filtering techniques, common to classical 1D oversampling A/D converters, digitally sum and average the M X N pixel output binary image using high-speed digital electric circuitry. By employing a 2D smart pixel neural approach to oversampling A/D conversion, each pixel constitutes a simple oversampling modulator thereby producing a distributed A/D architecture. Spectral noise shaping across the array diffuses quantization error thereby improving overall signal-to-noise ratio performance. Here, each quantizer within the network is embedded in a fully- connected, distributed mesh feedback loop which spectrally shapes the overall quantization noise thereby significantly reducing the effects of components mismatch typically associated with parallel or channelized A/D approaches. This 2D neural approach provides higher aggregate bit rates which can extend the useful bandwidth of photonic-based, oversampling A/D converters.
Scanning Ophthalmic Adaptive Optics and Supercontinuum Light Sources

We will discuss current and future applications of super-continuum light sources for in vivo image on the living retina at the microscopic scale, as well as some of the technical challenges involved.
Simulated dynamics of succession in a North American subtropical Prosopis savanna

. A transition matrix model was used to explore the dynamics, rate and potential extent of changes in landscape vegetation patterns on a southern Texas Prosopis savanna. Transitions between seven vegetation classes were determined for the periods 1941–1960 and 1960–1983 on aerial photographs of three sites. During these periods, the sites were heavily grazed by cattle and were fire-free. Vegetation states assessed in grids of 20 m x 20 m cells superimposed on photographs ranged from grass-dominated to woody plant-dominated. The 1941–1960 period (denoted DRY) was characterized by prolonged drought, whereas annual rainfall during the 1960–1983 period (denoted WET) was typically normal to above-normal. The 1941 landscape consisted of herbaceous zones (6% of cells), woodland (50% of cells) and savanna parkland (44% of cells with grass/woody plant mixtures). The woodland state was the most stable, with probabilities of no change being 0.970 and 0.873 in WET and DRY periods, respectively. The herbaceous state was least stable, with corresponding values of 0.074 and 0.353. Past and future landscape structure was modelled by randomly selecting DRY or WET transitions at 20 year time steps. The model was run under a series of rainfall scenarios where the probability of selecting the WET transition matrix (P[WET]) ranged from 0 (DRY always chosen) to 1 (WET always chosen). Historical records indicate P[WET] has approximated 0.3 to 0.4 in the region. The rate of succession to states of greater woody cover increased as P[WET] increased. Forward simulations based on P[WET] > 0.2 suggest the present landscape is unstable and will develop into a closed-canopy woodland within the next 180 years, assuming the processes operating between 1941 and 1983 continue (e.g. grazing by cattle and lack of fire). Reverse simulations concur with historical observations and projections derived from woody plant growth rates in other studies and suggest that 200 to 300 yr BP these landscapes contained a substantially greater proportion of cells dominated by grassland or grassland with scattered woody plants (43 to 74%) than was present in 1983 (19%). Based upon elapsed time between predicted past and future steady states, succession from open savanna to closed-canopy woodland may occur in ca. 400 to 500 yr for P(WET) ≥ 0.33. Arresting or reversing the projected trend may require changes in climate and/or changes in livestock grazing and land management practices. The approaches employed in this study illustrate how time series maps, aerial photographs and satellite imagery can be analyzed and used to interpret, project and reconstruct local and regional changes in ecosystem structure. Difficulties and limitations associated with the use of Markov chains to model succession are identified and discussed.
Diagnosis and Management of Metastatic Cervical Spine Tumors

The bony spine is overall the third most common site for distant cancer metastasis, with the cervical spine involved in approximately 8 to 20% of metastatic spine disease cases. Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease requires disease categorization into the compartment involved, pathology of the lesion, and anatomic region involved. The diagnostic approach should commence with careful physical examination, and the workup should include plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and bone scintigraphy. Management ranges from palliative nonoperative to aggressive surgical treatment. Optimal management requires proper patient selection to individualize the most appropriate treatment modality.
Enhanced chemiluminescent resonance energy transfer in hollow calcium phosphate nanoreactors and the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Chemiluminescent nanoreactors (nano-CRET) that exhibit unusually efficient chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer to a co-encapsulated fluorophore when reacted with hydrogen peroxide are described. The nanoparticles have a mean size of 150? ??20?nm and consist of a calcium phosphate shell surrounding a hollow core that is filled with a solution containing luminol, haematin and fluorescein. Steady state and stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize their H2O2-dependent emissions. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in resonance energy transfer efficiency between the chemically excited luminol intermediate and fluorescein dye over that in solution when luminol and fluorescein were co-encapsulated inside nano-CRET. Such nano-CRET particles can improve the ease and accuracy of H2O2 sensing in many life science and forensics applications, particularly where reagent degradation or quenching of the chemiluminophore emission by other molecules impedes quantitative analysis.