cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric aerosol properties and their effects on infrared radiation

This paper presents a stratospheric aerosol model and infers its effects on terrestrial radiation. Composition of the aerosol is assumed to be concentrated sulfuric acid. An appropriate size distribution has been determined from available size distribution measurements of other investigators. Aerosols composed of concentrated sulfuric acid emit energy in the atmospheric window region of the infrared spectrum, 8-13 microns. Laboratory measurements of optical constant data obtained at room temperature are presented for 75 and 90% aqueous sulfuric acid. Calculations of an aerosol extinction coefficient are then performed by using the above data. Effects of changes in aerosol phase and temperature are discussed but not resolved.
Organic matter distribution and accumulation on the inner Louisiana shelf west of the Atchafalaya River

Abstract Surficial sediment samples from seven shallow cross-shelf transects west of the Atchafalaya River in the northern Gulf of Mexico were analyzed during three sampling periods to determine the distribution of organic matter along the shelf and to evaluate the temporal variability of its deposition. Downcore sediment profiles from four sites, which represent 50–200 yr of deposition, were also examined to assess long-term changes in organic matter accumulation in this region. The Atchafalaya “mud stream,” which transports fine sediment westward parallel to the coastline, appears to play an important role in the transport of river-derived organic matter. In general, sedimentary organic carbon (%OC) and total nitrogen (%TN) decrease seaward within each transect and westward along the shelf. Atomic organic carbon : nitrogen (C/N) ratios indicative of a terrestrial source (>20) are observed near the mouth of the river during each sampling period, but values along the remainder of the shelf fall within a narrow range (9–11) with no apparent offshore trends. Depleted stable carbon isotope ( δ 13 C) values typical of C3 plant debris (−27‰) are found near the river mouth and become more enriched (−22 to −21‰) offshore. Organic matter distribution throughout much of the study area is similar during each sampling period, with significant seasonal differences close to the river mouth. Sediment, particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) budgets constructed for the study area reveal that 31% of the sediment exported by the Atchafalaya River is presently deposited within the study area annually, while the organic matter burial rates in the same region represent only 21% and 22% of the riverine POC and PON inputs, respectively. The POC and PON budgets also suggest that the organic matter remineralized in the water column is of algal origin (C/N=7.2), whereas riverine organic matter (C/N=10) appears to be respired within the sediments. The 22.7 g POC m −2 yr −1 and 2.7 g PON m −2 yr −1 buried in the study area account for ∼5% of the combined riverine and autochthonous OC and ON inputs to this region of the Louisiana shelf.
School Shootings and the Man-Bites-Dog Criterion of Newsworthiness:

School shootings have received considerable media attention in recent years. These widely publicized crimes have provoked fear among parents, school staff, and the public at large despite data indicating that school violence has not significantly increased. This article examines the ways in which school shootings are depicted in the media and contrasts these images with official sources of juvenile crime data. The findings indicate that media reports of school shootings lead to grossly distorted perceptions of the potential for victimization. Recommendations are offered to help provide more accurate and balanced coverage of these tragic events.
Structure-activity studies of aldose reductase inhibitors containing the 4-oxo-4H-chromen ring system

Various 4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-carboxylic acids and their derivatives were screened for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Their inhibitory response along with that of several flavonoids has been correlated with simple Huckel molecular orbital calculations. From these results a possible mode of action is postulated.
Attention to important versus trivial tasks and salience of fatigue-related symptoms for coronary prone individuals

Abstract The present study tested the hypothesis that individuals with the Type A coronary prone behavior pattern focus their attention more on important tasks, and less on trivial tasks than do Type B's. The study used a paradigm in which some subjects worked on math problems (important task) and rated intervening mood items (trivial task), whereas others rated mood items they were to memorize (important task) and worked on intervening math problems (trivial task). All subjects were later tested on recall of mood items. Results indicated that Type A's performed better on math problems and recalled more fatigue-related mood items when the task was important than when it was trivial; for Type B subjects, there was no difference in the number of math problems solved correctly or number of mood items recalled between important and trivial task conditions. Moreover, Type A's reported greater fatigue when mood recall was the important task than when math was the important task, whereas fatigue ratings of Type B's did not differ across these conditions. The findings suggest that Type A's suppress their attention to fatigue-related symptoms only when symptoms are not the objects of focus.
The practical applications of understanding Graduate Teaching Assistant motivation and identity development

As the field of Engineering Education continues to grow so does the number of research studies. In this ever developing field, it is important to understand the practical applications and implications of this growing body of work. This paper discusses the initial practical applications of one study designed to examine the motivation and identity development of Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs). Our hope is that by sharing the initial practical applications of our work in the work-in-progress format, we can better define the appropriate applications of this particular study but also contribute to the conversation of research to practice in Engineering Education.
Diurnal variation in the requirement for RNA synthesis in the induction of pineal N-acetyltransferase.

Abstract There is a variable lag period in the induction of rat pineal serotonin - N -acetyltransferase activity by β-adrenergic stimulation, which increases with the duration of the animals' prior exposure to light. There is a similar variation in the lag period when enzyme activity is induced in culture by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Experiments with actinomycin D indicate that RNA synthesis occurs during the lag period. If actinomycin D is added after the lag period, however, it does not reduce the level of N -acetyltransferase activity attained. Reinductions in glands from animals which have been in the dark for 6 hr have no lag period and do not require new RNA synthesis. The extent to which enzyme activity can be reinduced in culture in the presence of actinomycin D gradually increases during the first half of the night, when there is an increased release of norepinephrine from the nerve endings. These data suggest that RNA. presumably messenger RNA, that is necessary for increased. N -acetyltransferase activity, is synthesized and accumulates during the first half of the night. Thereafter, there appears to be a decline in the complement of RNA available for reinduction.
Saporin Conjugated Monoclonal Antibody to the Transcobalamin Receptor TCblR/CD320 Is Effective in Targeting and Destroying Cancer Cells

Cobalamin uptake into cells is mediated by the CD320 receptor for transcobalamin-bound cobalamin. Optimum receptor expression is associated with proliferating cells and therefore, in many cancers this receptor expression is up regulated. Delivering drugs or toxins via this receptor provides increased targeting to cancer cells while minimizing toxicity to the normal tissues. Saporin conjugated monoclonal antibodies to the extracellular domain of TCblR were effectively internalized to deliver a toxic dose of Saporin to some cancer cell lines propagating in culture. Antibody concentration of 2.5 nM was effective in producing optimum inhibition of cell proliferation. The cytotoxic effect of mAb-Saporin appears to be dictated primarily by the level of receptor expression and therefore normal primary cells expressing low levels of CD320 were spared while tumor cell lines with higher CD320 expression were destroyed. Targeting the pathway for cellular uptake of vitamin B12 via the CD320 receptor with toxin-antibody conjugates appears to be a viable treatment strategy for certain cancers that over expresses this receptor.
Estradiol protects against alteration of protein kinase Cɛ in a binge model of ethanol dependence and withdrawal

This study tested the hypothesis that a binge type of ethanol intake and ethanol withdrawal disturbs protein kinase C (PKC) homeostasis in a manner protected by 17beta-estradiol. Ovariectomized rats implanted with 17beta-estradiol or oil pellets received ethanol (7.5% weight/volume, 7 days) or control solution by a gavage method. The cerebelli were collected during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal to assess the activity, protein levels, and cellular distribution of PKC(epsilon) and total PKC, using an ATP phosphorylation and immunoblot assays. While both ethanol exposure and ethanol withdrawal increased membrane protein levels and membrane translocation, only ethanol withdrawal enhanced activity of PKC(epsilon). Ethanol withdrawal not ethanol exposure increased the three parameters of total PKC. 17beta-Estradiol treatment prevented these changes in PKC profiles. These data suggest that an excessive episodic intake of ethanol followed by ethanol withdrawal disturbs PKC homeostasis and cellular distribution of PKC, in particular PKC(epsilon), in a manner that is protected by estrogen. PKC(epsilon) appears more vulnerable during ethanol withdrawal than during ethanol exposure.
Occurrence and Effects of Leader Delegation in Virtual Software Teams

Virtual teams are an important work structure in software development projects. However, little is known about what constitutes effective virtual software team leadership, in particular, the amount of leader delegation that is appropriate in a virtual software-development environment. This study investigates virtual software team leader delegation and explores the impact of delegation strategies on virtual team performance mediated by team motivation, team flexibility and team satisfaction with the team leader. This research is a report of a pilot study run on student teams carried out to refine and test the research constructs and research model for a larger study run in corporations. The study found that virtual team leaders delegate more to competent virtual teams and that such delegation is positively correlated with team member satisfaction with their leader and with team member motivation. Overall, the work provides important information for software-based organizations interested in developing virtual team leadership skills.
Trace element enrichments in decomposing litter of Spartina alterniflora

Concentrations of mercury, copper, zinc, chromium, iron and manganese were measured in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. during different stages of decomposition. Samples were collected from a salt marsh treated with a metal-containing sewage sludge and from a control marsh area. Overall, substantial increases were found in the concentrations of Hg, Cu, Fe, and Zn in all the Spartina litter samples collected. The trace-metal enrichment in the decaying Spartina grass was best explained by the adsorption of metal-enriched organic substances during tidal flooding of the marsh surface. No metal adsorption was observed from the sludge-treated marsh soil in spite of an elevation in several of the metals studied.
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivational orientations and the volunteer process

Abstract The present study incorporated the constructs of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation into an investigation of dispositional factors that contribute to volunteering. Recent research has conceptualized motivational tendencies as akin to personality variables, stable across time and situations. Volunteer motives, volunteer role identity, and prosocial personality were assessed, along with motivational orientation and time devoted to volunteering. Intrinsic motivation was positively associated with a volunteer self-concept, prosocial personality, volunteer time, and motive strength. This was particularly true for “internal” motives, those that are satisfied by the volunteer activity itself. Extrinsic orientation was most closely associated with “external” motives (specifically career aspirations), which require an outcome separate from the volunteer work in order to be fulfilled. The study was the first to consider constructs from the prevailing conceptual view of the volunteer process in the context of motivational orientation. The wider theoretical perspective offers insight into human behavior beyond volunteerism.
Evaluating the impact of computer-generated rounding reports on physician workflow in the nursing home: a feasibility time-motion study.

Abstract Objectives To determine the feasibility and impact of a computer-generated rounding report on physician rounding time and perceived barriers to providing clinical care in the nursing home (NH) setting. Setting Three NHs located in Pittsburgh, PA. Participants Ten attending NH physicians. Measurements Time-motion method to record the time taken to gather data (pre-rounding), to evaluate patients (rounding), and document their findings/develop an assessment and plan (post-rounding). Additionally, surveys were used to determine the physicians’ perception of barriers to providing optimal clinical care, as well as physician satisfaction before and after the use of a computer-generated rounding report. Results Ten physicians were observed during half-day sessions both before and 4 weeks after they were introduced to a computer-generated rounding report. A total of 69 distinct patients were evaluated during the 20 physician observation sessions. Each physician evaluated, on average, four patients before implementation and three patients after implementation. The observations showed a significant increase (P = .03) in the pre-rounding time, and no significant difference in the rounding (P = .09) or post-rounding times (P = .29). Physicians reported that information was more accessible (P = .03) following the implementation of the computer-generated rounding report. Most (80%) physicians stated that they would prefer to use the computer-generated rounding report rather than the paper-based process. Conclusions The present study provides preliminary data suggesting that the use of a computer-generated rounding report can decrease some perceived barriers to providing optimal care in the NH. Although the rounding report did not improve rounding time efficiency, most NH physicians would prefer to use the computer-generated report rather than the current paper-based process. Improving the accuracy and harmonization of medication information with the electronic medication administration record and rounding reports, as well as improving facility network speeds might improve the effectiveness of this technology.
Limitations of occupational air contaminant standards, as exemplified by the neurotoxin N-hexane.

Available industry guidelines and federal standards have failed to fully protect workers from chemical toxicity: none exist for most chemicals, many are biased toward what can easily be achieved, and many were developed long after health consequences became evident. Limitations of occupational air contaminant standards in the United States are well illustrated by standard-setting for the neurotoxin n-hexane. In the 1940s, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) first promulgated industrial guidelines known as "threshold limit values" (TLVs), including an 8-hour time-weighted average of 500 ppm for inspired n-hexane. Despite subsequent recognition of the neurotoxicity of n-hexane with industrial outbreaks of polyneuropathy beginning in the 1960s, the TLV for n-hexane remained unchanged until 1976 when a value of 100 ppm was adopted. Because a growing number of clinical reports have identified clinical and subclinical neurotoxicity from n-hexane near, at, and below the current time-weighted average TLV of 50 ppm, even this level is too high to protect all workers. In part due to procedural and political constraints, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has independently developed only a small number of exposure standards in the past 25 years, and has been incapable of providing needed revisions for existing standards. Most OSHA standards--including those for n-hexane--were adopted in 1971 from the 1968 ACGIH TLVs and have never been revised. From 1971 to 1989 the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) for n-hexane remained at 500 ppm, 5-10 times as great as other contemporary standards. To help correct its regulatory backlong, OSHA promulgated 375 new or revised PELs in 1989--including a new standard of 50 ppm for n-hexane--but all of these were vacated by the 11th U.S. Court of Appeals in 1992. As a result, the current OSHA PEL for n-hexane remains at the 500 ppm level adopted in 1971, which even then was too high based upon available scientific evidence. New information over this long period, including that obtained from industrial outbreaks of disease due to chemical exposures, has not been incorporated into revised federal standards.
What is the Real Relationship between Income and Charitable Giving

Many studies have focused on the relationship between income and charitable donations either by comparing income and percentage of income donated to construct a “giving curve” or by calculating the income elasticity of giving. In this article, the authors relate these two types of studies to one another, using 1997 Consumer Expenditure Survey data. They show that giving curves and elasticity models measure different phenomena and investigate ways that the information in each might be combined to enrich future studies of charitable giving.
Direct interpretation of dreams : Neuropsychology

Although the role and importance of the interpretation of dreams has been de-emphasized in clinical discussions for the past several decades, new models of dream physiology suggest the central role and importance of dreams in the regulation of behavior. According to a body of current research, dreams potentiate new pathways of problem solving. A review of the neurophysiological literature pertinent to direct interpretation suggests dreams are sustained by midbrain anatomical networks with feed-back and feed-forward links to the cortex. The anatomical networks are termed the endogenous-intraorganismic system, the exogenous-transactional system, and the relational system that correspond to subjective, objective, and relational dreams in direct interpretation. Just as ordinary thought is the province of the dominant or left hemisphere, dreams are the province of the nondominant or right hemisphere. During REM states new pathways of problem solving are laid down by the nondominant hemisphere. In the awake state, thought and behavior about content that relates to dream material follow these pathways. The new neuropsychology of dreams reaffirms the central role of dreams in the organization of affect, emotion, intention, and general adaptation.
Post-translational intracellular trafficking determines the type of immune response elicited by DNA vaccines expressing Gag antigen of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1).

In the current study, immune responses induced by Gag DNA vaccines with different designs were evaluated in Balb/C mice. The results demonstrated that the DNA vaccine with the full length wild type gag gene (Wt-Gag) mainly produced Gag antigens intracellularly and induced a higher level of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, as measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) assays against a dominant CD8+ T cell epitope (AMQMLKETI). In contrast, the addition of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence significantly improved overall Gag protein expression/secretion and Gag-specific antibody responses; however, Gag-specific CMI responses were decreased. The mutation of zinc-finger motif changed Gag protein expression patterns and reduced the ability to generate both CMI and antibody responses against Gag. These findings indicate that the structure and post-translational processing of antigens expressed by DNA vaccines play a critical role in eliciting optimal antibody or CMI responses.
Estrogen regulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase-possible mechanism of body fat distribution

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity, protein mass, and messenger ribonucleic acid by estradiol. STUDY DESIGN: Premenopausal women not taking exogenous sex steroids had transdermal 17β-estradiol and placebo patches placed in the gluteal region during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Adipose biopsies were performed from beneath the patches. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was determined by a radiometric assay, protein mass was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and messenger ribonucleic acid level was determined by Northern analysis. Comparisons between the treated and placebo sides were analyzed by nonparametric statistics. RESULTS: Adipose tissue from beneath the 17β-estradiol patch had significantly decreased lipoprotein lipase activity and extracellular protein mass than did adipose tissue from beneath the placebo patch. There was no difference in lipoprotein lipase messenger ribonucleic acid levels. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen decreases lipoprotein lipase activity by a posttranscriptional modification of protein levels. A hypothesis of sex steroid regulation of body fat distribution is proposed. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:101-7.)
Concanavalin A-stimulated Ca2+ uptake in rat splenocytes.

Commercially available concanavalin A binds Ca2+ with high apparent affinity. In order to dissociate concanavalin A stimulated Ca2+ uptake (defined as an increased association of 45Ca2+ with cells) in rat splenocytes and Ca2+ binding to cell-bound concanavalin A, conditions were developed to remove more than 75% of the bound concanavalin A. Under these conditions concanavalin A treated cells showed a considerable increase in 45Ca2+ uptake over control. The concanavalin A stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ occurred within minutes, and required concentrations of concanavalin A which promoted [3H]thymidine uptake into these cells. Succinyl concanavalin A was less potent in promoting Ca2+ uptake than concanavalin A. Sodium periodate inhibited Ca2+ uptake at concentrations which promoted 3H-thymidine incorporation into splenocytes. It is concluded that con canavalin A promotes Ca2+ uptake which is not due to binding of 45Ca2+ to concanavalin A. Although the concanavalin A-promoted Ca2+ uptake occurs at lectin concentrations that cause lymphocyte proliferation as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, the role of Ca2+ in this event remains unclear.
Design and chemoproteomic functional characterization of a chemical probe targeted to bromodomains of BET family proteins

Bromodomain-containing proteins form the signal-reading element of a principal system for the control of gene expression in eukaryotes. Their potential as targets for selective drug action is increasingly being assessed and exploited. Deep characterization of the specificity, potency and other attributes of prototypical agents is an essential element of this process. Continuing studies of a dihydroquinazolinone-based series (prototype: PFI-1) with specificity for members of the BET (bromodomain and extra terminal) family led to the discovery of quinolin-2(1H)-one inhibitors with similar potency and selectivity, but increased chemical stability. Structure-guided design then led to the elaboration of a desthiobiotinylated analog retaining a high fraction of the potency of its parent compound and therefore suitable for chemoproteomic affinity capture experiments. These experiments, conducted using nuclear extracts of THP-1 cells, extended confidence in the selectivity of the series as first proposed. An additional and subsequent evaluation of specificity performed with a panel of recombinant bromodomains (BROMOscan™, DiscoveRx) supported the BET family specificity of the dihydroquinazolinone and quinolin-2(1H)-one series while adding appreciation of weaker effects shown at other bromodomains.
Deoxyribonucleotides as genetic and metabolic regulators

For >35 yr, we have known that the accuracy of DNA replication is controlled in large part by the relative concentrations of the 4 canonical deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) at the replisome. Since this field was last reviewed, ∼8 yr ago, there has been increased understanding of the mutagenic pathways as they occur in living cells. At the same time, aspects of deoxyribonucleotide metabolism have been shown to be critically involved in processes as diverse as cell cycle control, protooncogene expression, cellular defense against HIV infection, replication rate control, telomere length control, and mitochondrial function. Evidence supports a relationship between dNTP pools and microsatellite repeat instability. Relationships between dNTP synthesis and breakdown in controlling steady-state pools have become better defined. In addition, new experimental approaches have allowed definitive analysis of mutational pathways induced by dNTP pool abnormalities, both in Escherichia coli and in yeast. Finally, ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) pools have been shown to be critical determinants of DNA replication fidelity. These developments are discussed in this review article.
IMPRINT COATING : A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF SELECTIVE FUNCTIONALIZED ORDERED MESOPOROUS SORBENTS

Molecular imprinting of surfaces of mesoporous sorbents is a novel method for introducing template-selective recognition sites. This method makes use of the unique surface environment of hexagonally packed mesopore surfaces of selected pore sizes (see the schematic representation) and coats such surfaces with functional ligands by binding to a metal ion template.
Restoration of Glucose Counterregulation by Islet Transplantation in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes

Patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) may exhibit defective glucose counterregulation and impaired hypoglycemia symptom recognition that substantially increase their risk for experiencing severe hypoglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intrahepatic islet transplantation improves endogenous glucose production (EGP) in response to hypoglycemia in T1D patients experiencing severe hypoglycemia. We studied longitudinally subjects (n = 12) with ∼30 years, disease duration before and 6 months after intrahepatic islet transplantation using stepped hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic and paired hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with infusion of 6,6-(2)H2-glucose and compared the results with those from a nondiabetic control group (n = 8). After islet transplantation, HbA1c was normalized, and time spent while hypoglycemic (<70 mg/dL) was nearly abolished as indicated by continuous glucose monitoring. In response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, C-peptide (absent before transplant) was appropriately suppressed, glucagon secretion was recovered, and epinephrine secretion was improved after transplantation. Corresponding to these hormonal changes, the EGP response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, which was previously absent, was normalized after transplantation, with a similar effect seen for autonomic symptoms. Because the ability to increase EGP is ultimately required to circumvent the development of hypoglycemia, these results provide evidence that intrahepatic islet transplantation can restore glucose counterregulation in long-standing T1D and support its consideration as treatment for patients with hypoglycemia unawareness experiencing severe hypoglycemia.
Do the GSEs matter to low-income housing markets? An assessment of the effects of the GSE loan purchase goals on California housing outcomes

Abstract This study evaluates the effects of the GSE mortgage purchase goals on homeownership and housing conditions among communities that are the focus of the 1992 GSE Act and the HUD affordable housing goals. To identify GSE effects, the test framework exploits differences in the definition of lower-income and underserved neighborhoods under the 1992 GSE Act, which specifies loan purchase goals for the GSEs, and the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act, which governs loan origination activity among the federally-insured depository institutions. Research finding suggest little efficacy of the GSE home loan purchase goals in elevating the homeownership and housing conditions of targeted and underserved neighborhoods, in turn suggesting the importance of ongoing federal policy focus in achievement of affordable housing objectives.
A pooled, double-blind comparison of the effects of buspirone, diazepam and placebo in women with chronic anxiety.

SummaryPooled data were analyzed for 367 female patients enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial comparing buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, and diazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. After a 4 to 7-day wash-out period, patients were allocated at random to receive one or other of the trial medications or placebo over a 4-week period. Mean daily dosages were 24.5 mg for buspirone and 20.8 mg for diazepam (range 10 mg to 60 mg for both drugs). Patients were assessed on entry and at weekly intervals using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and at the end of treatment both patients and physicians gave an overall opinion of response to treatment. Details of adverse events were also recorded. The results showed that both buspirone and diazepam were approximately equal in efficacy and superior to placebo. Menstruation and the occurrence of premenstrual tension did not alter the anxiolytic activity of either drug. Patients taking diazepam had significantly ...
The Impact of Weibull Data and Autocorrelation on the Performance of theShewhart and Exponential Weighted Moving Average Control Charts

Many real-world processes generate autocorrelated and/or Weibull data. In such cases, the independence and/or normality assumptions underlying the Shewhart and EWMA control charts are not valid. This paper will examine and compare the performance of these two control charts when subjected to both autocorrelated and Weibull data. A variety of conditions will be investigated related to the magnitudes of the process shift, autocorrelation and Weibull shape parameter. It was found that the EWMA chart outperformed the Shewhart in 62% of the cases, particularly those cases with low to moderate autocorrelation values. The Shewhart chart outperformed the EWMA in 35% of the cases, particularly those cases with high autocorrelation and zero or high process shift. The remaining 3% of the cases were inconclusive.
Some Problems in the Philosophy of Science of Organizations

Application of ideas from the Philosophy of Science to the study of organizations promises to increase understanding of research successes and failures in the field, if three interrelated problems can be overcome. These problems and potential solutions to them are considered.
Analysis of MPEG-1 transmission through B-ISDN ATM networks

To understand the performance of MPEG-1 videos when transmitted through B-ISDN ATM networks, this paper analyzes an equivalent simulated network. Allocation of network bandwidth is based on equivalent capacity with MMBP inputs providing background traffic. Cell losses are examined and found to be near target. Also, an analysis of cell delay indicates that delay distributions can be approximated by gamma distributions and that frame-to-frame cell delay is uncorrelated for the test network. Finally, a method to predict MPEG-1 decode buffer underruns is developed and validated.
Radio wave propagation along mixed paths in forest environments

The propagation of radio waves is examined for communication paths that may be partly within a forest and partly in regions outside the vegetation. Analytic results are found for simple canonic geometries in which the fields can be described in terms of ray-trajectories. By viewing a realistic forest environment as a combination of such canonic cases, it is possible to evaluate radio losses in complex situations by using a ray-tracking approach. The pertinent fields can then be expressed in terms of relatively simple analytical expressions, which hold well for frequencies between 2 and 200 MHz.
Loss of Nfkb1 leads to early onset aging

NF-κB is a major regulator of age-dependent gene expression and the p50/NF-κB1 subunit is an integral modulator of NF-κB signaling. Here, we examined Nfkb1-/- mice to investigate the relationship between this subunit and aging. Although Nfkb1-/- mice appear similar to littermates at six months of age, by 12 months they have a higher incidence of several observable age-related phenotypes. In addition, aged Nfkb1-/- animals have increased kyphosis, decreased cortical bone, increased brain GFAP staining and a decrease in overall lifespan compared to Nfkb1+/+. In vitro, serially passaged primary Nfkb1-/- MEFs have more senescent cells than comparable Nfkb1+/+ MEFs. Also, Nfkb1-/- MEFs have greater amounts of phospho-H2AX foci and lower levels of spontaneous apoptosis than Nfkb1+/+, findings that are mirrored in the brains of Nfkb1-/- animals compared to Nfkb1+/+. Finally, in wildtype animals a substantial decrease in p50 DNA binding is seen in aged tissue compared to young. Together, these data show that loss of Nfkb1 leads to early animal aging that is associated with reduced apoptosis and increased cellular senescence. Moreover, loss of p50 DNA binding is a prominent feature of aged mice relative to young. These findings support the strong link between the NF-κB pathway and mammalian aging.
Quantitative Proteomics of Caveolin-1-regulated Proteins CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERASE I AND TRANSCRIPT RELEASE FACTOR/CAVIN-1 IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Caveolae are organelles abundant in the plasma membrane of many specialized cells including endothelial cells (ECs), epithelial cells, and adipocytes, and in these cells, caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the major coat protein essential for the formation of caveolae. To identify proteins that require Cav-1 for stable incorporation into membrane raft domains, a quantitative proteomics analysis using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification was performed on rafts isolated from wild-type and Cav-1-deficient mice. In three independent experiments, 117 proteins were consistently identified in membrane rafts with the largest differences in the levels of Cav-2 and in the caveola regulatory proteins Cavin-1 and Cavin-2. Because the lung is highly enriched in ECs, we validated and characterized the role of the newly described protein Cavin-1 in several cardiovascular tissues and in ECs. Cavin-1 was highly expressed in ECs lining blood vessels and in cultured ECs. Knockdown of Cavin-1 reduced the levels of Cav-1 and -2 and weakly influenced the formation of high molecular weight oligomers containing Cav-1 and -2. Cavin-1 silencing enhanced basal nitric oxide release from ECs but blocked proangiogenic phenotypes such as EC proliferation, migration, and morphogenesis in vitro. Thus, these data support an important role of Cavin-1 as a regulator of caveola function in ECs.
Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery

In this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-G envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. After delivery of rabies-G pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. This retrograde transport to appropriate distal neurons was also demonstrated after delivery to substantia nigra, hippocampus and spinal cord and did not occur when vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped vectors were delivered to these sites. In addition, peripheral administration of rabies-G pseudotyped vectors to the rat gastrocnemius muscle leads to gene transfer in motoneurons of lumbar spinal cord. In contrast the same vector pseudotyped with VSV-G transduced muscle cells surrounding the injection site, but did not result in expression in any cells in the spinal cord. Long-term expression was observed after gene transfer in the nervous system and a minimal immune response which, together with the possibility of non-invasive administration, greatly extends the utility of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy of human neurological disease.
Design-Oriented Leading-Edge Thrust Force Prediction for Supersonic Lifting Surfaces

A design-oriented method for evaluating the leading-edge (LE) thrust force on supersonic lifting surfaces with subsonic LE is presented. The method is developed to overcome numerical noise and nonsmooth drag predictions observed when currently attainable LE-thrust techniques are used for wing planform shape optimization. The method is an extension of a design-oriented unsteady supersonic lifting surface capability developed previously for aeroservoelastic shape optimization of wings. It is a panel/lattice method where assumed pressure-weighting functions, taking the LE singularity into account, are prescribed to the LE panels while constant pressure panels are retained elsewhere. Explicit expressions for aerodynamic influence coefficients are retained over most of the wing, except for cases involving the LE panels, where numerical integration must be used. Planform shape sensitivities of the LE thrust and wing pressures are obtained using a combination of analytic and semianalytic techniques.
Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Candida lusitaniae, an uncommon pathogen: a case report

Candida lusitaniae was originally described as a human pathogen in 1979 and typically affects immunocompromised patients. We describe a case of prosthetic valve endocarditis with Candida lusitaniae in an immunocompetent 62-year-old woman following aortic valve replacement. In vitro testing demonstrated that our isolate was sensitive to amphotericin B, caspofungin and fluconazole. The infection was lethal despite aggressive medical and surgical management and sterilization of blood cultures. The outcome of our case illustrates the need to recognize Candida lusitaniae fungemia as a life-threatening infection in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve.
A priori estimates for two multiscale finite element methods using multiple global fields to wave equations

We consider a scalar wave equation with nonseparable spatial scales. If the solution of the wave equation smoothly depends on some global fields, then we can utilize the global fields to construct multiscale finite element basis functions. We present two finite element approaches using the global fields: partition of unity method and mixed multiscale finite element method. We derive a priori error estimates for the two approaches and theoretically investigate the relation between the smoothness of the global fields and convergence rates of the approximations for the wave equation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2011
In vitro antimicrobial studies of silver carbene complexes: activity of free and nanoparticle carbene formulations against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria

Methods: MIC, MBC and multidose experiments were conducted against a broad range of bacteria and fungi. Time-release and cytotoxicity studies of the compounds were also carried out. Free SCCs and SCC NPs were tested against a panel of medically important pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: All four SCCs demonstrated strong efficacy in concentration ranges of 0.5 –90 mg/L. Clinical bacterial isolates with high inherent resistance to purified compounds were more effectively treated either with an NP formulation of these compounds or by repeated dosing. Overall, the compounds were active against highly resistant bacterial strains, such as MRSA and MRAB, and were active against the biodefence pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis. All of the medically important bacterial strains tested play a role in many different infectious diseases. Conclusions: The four SCCs described here, including their development as NP therapies, show great promise for treating a wide variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens that are not easily killed by routine antimicrobial agents.
Frame elements with mixed formulation for singular section response

Mixed formulations of frame elements offer significant advantages over more traditional displacement formulations, particularly under large cyclic inelastic deformations including the effects of shear. This paper complements the recent proposal of a consistent variational basis for the mixed formulation of frame elements by supplying the explicit definition of the stress field over the cross-section. The paper also addresses the numerical stability of the element state determination algorithm in the presence of an ill-conditioned or even singular section stiffness matrix. The proposed algorithm is based on the eigendecomposition of the section stiffness matrix and uses the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula and the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse to avoid the inversion of ill-conditioned matrices in the element state determination. In the extreme case of uniform tension or uniform flexure the section flexibility matrix is split into an elastic and a plastic component before eigendecomposition. With the proposed method the inelastic response of the element under multiple perfectly plastic hinges can be successfully traced. Numerical examples demonstrate the capabilities of the approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of metaldehyde and acetaldehyde toxicities in dogs

Acetaldehyde has been reported, but has not been proven, to be the toxic entity resulting from metaldehyde ingestion. To investigate this, male dogs were given a single dose of 600 mg metaldehyde or acetaldehyde/kg of body wt via stomach tube. Clinical signs were monitored, and plasma and urine were assayed for metaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Vomiting occurred less often and in a significantly lower number of metaldehyde-dosed dogs than in acetaldehyde-dosed dogs. Ataxia and tremors occurred significantly more often in metaldehyde-dosed dogs than in acetaldehyde-dosed dogs. Acetaldehyde was not detected in the plasma or urine of metaldehyde-dosed dogs, however, it was found in a sample of vomitus from one of the metaldehyde-dosed dogs. Metaldehyde was found in plasma and urine of metaldehyde-dosed dogs. Urinary excretion of metaldehyde from the metaldehyde-dosed dogs was less than 1%. Urinary excretion of acetaldehyde from acetaldehyde-dosed dogs was essentially nonexistent. Metaldehyde has a larger role in the mechanism of metaldehyde toxicity than previously thought. While acetaldehyde appeared to be of significantly lesser importance, we could not eliminate it as a factor in metaldehyde toxicity in dogs.
Decay of the Z boson into scalar particles.

In extensions of the standard model, light scalar particles are often possible because of symmetry considerations. We study the decay of the $Z$ boson into such particles. In particular, we consider for illustration the scalar sector of a recently proposed model of the 17-keV neutrino which satisfies all laboratory, astrophysical, and cosmological constraints.
A cool heart protected from infarction: clinical translation of breathing chilled liquids.

Myocardial hypothermia effectively reduces infarct size in animal models ([1–3][1]), particularly when initiated early, rapidly, and maintained for the duration of ischemia. It has been difficult to translate this to the clinical setting because the methods used to induce hypothermia (e.g.,
Abstract 616: The Population Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Blood Pressure Treatment in U.S. Adults Age 75 and Older

Introduction: In the next 30 years, the population of adults 75 years and older will more than double in the U.S., and high blood pressure is the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor in this population. The impact of strategies for blood pressure control has not been evaluated in this population with special consideration of geriatric conditions that may alter the cost-effectiveness. Methods: Based on the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model, a Markov model of the U.S. population, we forecasted the population impact of blood pressure treatment over 10 years in adults aged 75-94 years, using the health care system perspective, and assuming an annual discount rate of 3%. Based on epidemiologic and trial data, we projected the impact of four potential negative events on cost-effectiveness in this geriatric population: 1) mild side effects, 2) polypharmacy (use of 5+ medications) associated cognitive impairment, 3) increased risk of falls/fracture, and 4) attenuated effectiveness of therapy in frail older adults Results: We project that treatment to a systolic blood pressure target of 160 mmHg would result in the prevention of 65,000 cases of incident coronary artery disease, and 54,000 cases of incident ischemic stroke in adults 74-95 years. Based on a systolic blood pressure target of 140 mmHg, 191,000 cases of incident coronary artery disease, and 141,000 cases of incident ischemic stroke would be avoided. This would result in 729,000 additional years of life and 992,000 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The total health care costs of treating 75-94 year olds to a systolic blood pressure target of 140 mmHg would be $40.5 billion in the U.S., and the cost per QALY would be $40,800. The cost-effectiveness of treatment to a target of 140 mmHg would be worse in the presence of side effects ($ 51,000/QALY), polypharmacy ($ 58,400), fractures ($ 48,400), or frailty ($134,300). Conclusions: Treatment of systolic blood pressure to a target of 140 mmHg would prevent the most cardiovascular events and result in the greatest QALYs gained. The presence of side effects, polypharmacy-related cognitive impairment, fractures, or frailty could substantially offset this benefit. Treatment strategies that are tailored to the health status of older adults are warranted.
The Human Endocrine Pancreas: New Insights on Replacement and Regeneration

Islet transplantation is an effective cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) but its clinical application is limited due to shortage of donors. After a decade-long period of exploration of potential alternative cell sources, the field has only recently zeroed in on two of them as the most likely to replace islets. These are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) (through directed differentiation) and pancreatic non-endocrine cells (through directed differentiation or reprogramming). Here we review progress in both areas, including the initiation of Phase I/II clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESc)-derived progenitors, advances in hESc differentiation in vitro, novel insights on the developmental plasticity of the pancreas, and groundbreaking new approaches to induce β cell conversion from the non-endocrine compartment without genetic manipulation.