cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Six-month and 12-month patient outcomes based on inflammatory subphenotypes in sepsis-associated ARDS: Secondary analysis of SAILS-ALTOS trial

BACKGROUND Prior acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) trials have identified hypoinflammatory and hyperinflammatory subphenotypes, with distinct differences in short-term outcomes. It is unknown if such differences extend beyond 90 days or are associated with physical, mental health or cognitive outcomes. METHODS 568 patients in the multicentre Statins for Acutely Injured Lungs from Sepsis trial of rosuvastatin versus placebo were included and assigned a subphenotype. Among 6-month and 12-month survivors (N=232 and 219, respectively, representing 243 unique survivors), subphenotype status was evaluated for association with a range of patient-reported outcomes (eg, mental health symptoms, quality of life). Patient subsets also were evaluated with performance-based tests of physical function (eg, 6 min walk test) and cognition. FINDINGS The hyperinflammatory versus hypoinflammatory subphenotype had lower overall 12-month cumulative survival (58% vs 72%, p<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in survival beyond 90 days (86% vs 89%, p=0.70). Most survivors had impairment across the range of outcomes, with little difference between subphenotypes at 6-month and 12-month assessments. For instance, at 6 months, in comparing the hypoinflammatory versus hyperinflammatory subphenotypes, respectively, the median (IQR) patient-reported SF-36 mental health domain score was 47 (33-56) vs 44 (35-56) (p=0.99), and the per cent predicted 6 min walk distance was 66% (48%, 80%) vs 66% (49%, 79%) (p=0.76). INTERPRETATION Comparing the hyperinflammatory versus hypoinflammatory ARDS subphenotype, there was no significant difference in survival beyond 90 days and no consistent findings of important differences in 6-month or 12-month physical, cognitive and mental health outcomes. These findings, when considered with prior results, suggest that inflammatory subphenotypes largely reflect the acute phase of illness and its short-term impact.
MARS: Middleware for Adaptive Reflective Computer Systems.

Self-adaptive approaches for runtime resource management of manycore computing platforms often require a runtime model of the system that represents the software organization or the architecture of the target platform. The increasing heterogeneity in a platform's resource types and the interactions between resources pose challenges for coordinated model-based decision making in the face of dynamic workloads. Self-awareness properties address these challenges for emerging heterogeneous manycore processing (HMP) platforms through reflective resource managers. However, with HMP computing platform architectures evolving rapidly, porting the self-aware decision logic across different hardware platforms is challenging, requiring resource managers to update their models and platform-specific interfaces. We propose MARS (Middleware for Adaptive and Reflective Systems), a cross-layer and multi-platform framework that allows users to easily create resource managers by composing system models and resource management policies in a flexible and coordinated manner. MARS consists of a generic user-level sensing/actuation interface that allows for portable policy design, and a reflective system model used to coordinate multiple policies. We demonstrate MARS' interaction across multiple layers of the system stack through a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) policy example which can run on any Linux-based HMP computing platform.
Errant selves : a casebook of misbehavior

A major addition to the psychoanalytic casebook literature, Errant Selves: A Casebook of Misbehavior is a collection of case studies dedicated to the psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of behavior disorders. The contributors to this volume explore cases of perversion, delinquency, and addiction in which the misbehavior at issue served primarily to ward off painful affects or states of dysphoria in order to achieve a basic integrity of the self. For these patients, the pathway to self-cohesion entailed the florid acting out typical of narcissistic behavior disorders. Clinical readers of all persuasions will be intrigued by treatment narratives that chronicle the special challenges of working with patients who, in Goldberg's words, "were neither unitary selves nor persons with an easy ability to bolster or reconstitute themselves in socially acceptable ways." Of special interest is the contributors' sensitivity to what they missed with these troubled and troubling patients; they recount examples of skewed focus, of strained rationalization, even of glaring clinical omission, all of which suggest that the patients' psychic splits activated parallel splits on the part of their therapists. What emerges from the contributors' efforts, then, is very much a casebook of our time. It extends the purview of psychoanalysis to the developmental history and psychodynamics of disavowal; explores the analytic management of delinquent, perverse, and addicted patients; and examines the analyst's subjective presence in these treatments, including his or her potential for self-deception and collusion. And it does so in the context of probing a theoretical issue of continuing practical import: whether or not psychoanalytic therapy is best served by viewing the patient as a unitary individual with a coherent sense of agency and an integrated set of values and goals.
Materials Refining for Solar Array Production on the Moon

Silicon, aluminum, and glass are the primary raw materials that will be required for production of solar arrays on the moon. A process sequence is proposed for producing these materials from lunar regolith, consisting of separating the required materials from lunar rock with fluorine. The fluorine is brought to the moon in the form of potassium fluoride, and is liberated from the salt by electrolysis in a eutectic salt melt. Tetrafluorosilane produced by this process is reduced to silicon by a plasma reduction stage; the fluorine salts are reduced to metals by reaction with metallic potassium. Fluorine is recovered from residual MgF and CaF2 by reaction with K2O.
The Biosociology of Solidarity

For well over a century, sociologists have directed considerable attention to understanding and explaining the processes that produce social solidarity – the feeling of interpersonal connectedness that binds members of society together. Despite the centrality of solidarity to sociological thought, many sociologists remain unaware of the biosocial processes and mechanisms that create and sustain it. We espouse a biosociological viewpoint, which illuminates solidarity as a complex and fascinating interplay between biological and social elements. In this paper we discuss three important advances within the field of neuroscience that point to exciting new avenues of research for sociologists: (i) the discovery of mirror neurons, (ii) developments in the understanding of brain plasticity, and (iii) increased appreciation of the role of non-conscious processes in social interaction. Additionally, we discuss ongoing basic and applied research to demonstrate how sociologists can capitalize on recent scientific developments to advance their own research agendas. VIDEO ABSTRACT - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Is9de_ajheM&hd=1
A Stronger Defensive Line: Extending NFL Owners’ Antitrust Immunity Through the Norris-Laguardia Act in Brady v. NFL

On July 8, 2011, in Brady v. NFL, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that the Norris-LaGuardia Act prevented the injunction of an NFL lockout. In so doing, the court provided to the NFL an additional shield from antitrust scrutiny. This Comment argues that by immunizing NFL lockouts from antitrust scrutiny, NFL players will lose an important bargaining tool: the antitrust challenge.
Glutathionylated γG and γA Subunits of Hemoglobin F: A Novel Post-Translational Modification found in Extremely Premature Infants by LC-MS and NanoLC-MS/MS

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of various disease processes and is a putative mechanism in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the most common complication of extreme preterm birth. Glutathione, a major endogenous antioxidant and redox buffer, also mediates cellular functions through protein thiolation. We sought to determine if post-translational thiol modification of hemoglobin F occurs in neonates by examining erythrocyte samples obtained during the first month of life from premature infants, born at 23 0/7 - 28 6/7 weeks gestational age, who were enrolled at our center in the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP). Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we report the novel finding of in vivo and in vitro glutathionylation of γG and γA subunits of Hgb F. Through tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS), we confirmed the adduction site as the Cys-γ94 residue and through high-resolution mass spectrometry determined that the modification occurs in both γ subunits. We also identified glutathionylation of the β subunit of Hgb A in our patient samples; we did not find modified α subunits of Hgb A or F. In conclusion, we are the first to report that glutathionylation of γG and γA of Hgb F occurs in premature infants. Additional studies of this post-translational modification are needed to determine its physiologic impact on Hgb F function and if sG-Hgb is a biomarker for clinical morbidities associated with oxidative stress in premature infants.
Studies on ion transport: III. The accumulation of calcium and inorganic phosphate by heart mitochondria

Abstract Heart mitochondria accumulate large amounts of Ca ++ and inorganic phosphate (P 1 ) and release H + into the medium when incubated under appropriate conditions. When the reaction is supported by ATP in the absence of respiration, accumulation is inhibited by oligomycin and by azide, and also by aging of the mitochondria. In each of these cases the loss of Ca ++ -stimulated ATPase activity parallels the loss of the ATP-supported accumulation of Ca ++ . The accumulation of Ca ++ in the presence of ATP requires Mg ++ but shows little dependence on the concentration of P i . This reaction is inhibited by dinitrophenol and other uncouplers at slightly higher concentrations than are required to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. When the ATP-supported accumulation of Ca ++ is suppressed, another pathway for the energy-linked accumulation of Ca ++ can be demonstrated. This pathway, which depends on the oxidation of substrate, is blocked when electron transport is inhibited by cyanide or by antimycin, but is unaffected by oligomycin. Substrate-supported accumulation is inhibited by dinitrophenol and other uncouplers at low concentrations and requires the presence of P i . This pathway appears to be supported by a high energy intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation.
Impaired Lithocholate Sulfation in the Rhesus Monkey: A Possible Mechanism for Chenodeoxycholate Toxicity

Radioactive lithocholate was administered intravenously to female rhesus monkeys with an exteriorized enterohepatic circulation, and the chemical form of biliary radioactivity was defined by thin layer chromatography. Most radioactivity was excreted in bile in the form of unsulfated conjugates (77%), indicating impaired sulfation relative to published data for man. Defective sulfation of lithocholate, the major bacterial biotransformation product of chenodeoxycholic acid, can explain accumulation of lithocholate in the enterohepatic circulation and provide a possible mechanism for the hepatotoxicity observed during chenodeoxycholic acid administration to the nonhuman primate.
Risk reduction and public spending

As governments grow richer, the share of their GDP devoted to public spending rises. Public spending in the United States was 7.5 percent of GDP in 1913. It is 33 percent today. Although industrial countries spend twice as much as developing countries, government spending on goods and services is the same in both groups of countries. The difference is almost entirely due to transfer payments, which are about 22 percent of GDP in the industrial world. Most of these transfer payments - pensions, health insurance, unemployment insurance, guaranteed loans- are aimed at mitigating risk in the private sector The authors explore how the framework for evaluating government spending on goods and services can be extended to incorporate the government's various risk-reducing activities. The authors argue that there is a case for incorporating risk reduction into government spending, if doing so meets standard welfare-economics criteria for government intervention in the economy. Through examples - government-provided health insurance and crop insurance, price stabilization schemes, transfer programs for income support, public investments, publicly provided health care, and government credit guarantees - they show where government spending on risk reduction could improve welfare, by either alleviating a failure in risk markets or by reducing uncertainty in otherwise distorted markets. They illustrate calculations of the risk-reduction benefits of public spending and cite cases where their neglect could lead to serious underestimates.
The Disvalue of Genetic Diversity, or: How (Not) to Treat a Sandelian Ethos on Steroids.

When Michael Sandel (2007) argues that biomedical enhancement enthusiasts should disavow their Promethean desire to master nature and instead embrace an “openness to the unbidden,” he stops short o...
Understanding regional species diversity through the log series distribution of occurrences

z : S. i c UL i .) . * i: | _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-NM.N Abstract. The distribution of benthic foraminifera around the continental margins of North America is extensively documented. Data from 2673 localities consists of a synonomnized list of 2329 species (S) and 61 369 occurrences (n). Here, the margins are divided into five geographical regions: Pacific (PA), S =965, n= 19014; Arctic (AR), S=458, n=7342; Atlantic (AT), S=878, n= 10034; Gulf of Mexico (GM), S= 849, n=18011; Caribbean (CR), S=1188, N=6968. As for many other organisms, species richness is lowest in the Arctic and highest in the Caribbean. In each region, the distribution of species richness and occurrences is a log series. Consequently, the entire series of species occurrences is predicted by the single proportionality constant, oc. After log series rarefaction, differences in species richness among areas are nearly all accounted for by species occurring < 10 times. Most of the differences are accounted for by species occurring once, less by twice, and so on. For example, species occurring once account for 81% of the difference in species richness between the Atlantic and Caribbean, and those occurring once and twice account for 87% of the difference. Most rare species have no fossil record and most endemic species are rare. Probably most of these species evolved recently indicating more origination in species-rich areas. High origination might also be coupled with less extinction. Although each of the five regions can easily be distinguished by differences in composition, in all regions the 10 most abundantly occurring species exhibit nearly equal proportions of occurrences. No region is dominated by only one or two species. All regions exhibit the log series distribution, have nearly equal proportions for abundant species, and differ only in the number of rare species that coexist. Thus, from the point of view of the distribution of occurrences, the most striking aspect is the similarity among regions.
Toward a Theory of "Stare Decisis"

I shall propose in this article a new theory of stare decisis (a term I use loosely to mean the practice of courts in deciding new cases in accordance with precedents) that draws upon the insights of communications theory as well as upon some previous work of my own on the decision-making process in tort law. The attempt to apply communications theory to the law is not new,x or-given that judicial decision-making is a species of verbal behavior -unexpected. Previous efforts to apply communications theory to problems of judicial decision-making have foundered, however, on a lack of clear conception as to what that theory means and can tell us about the judicial process, and it is with an attempt at clarification of the relevant concepts that I begin. Communications theory is not a unified body of thought. It has three quite distinct branches. The first, "syntactics," is concerned with the logical arrangement, transmission, and receipt of signals or signs. It is the domain of the electrical engineer; its concern is with the transmission of signals, whatever their meaning. The second is "semantics," which is concerned with the meaning of the signals to people. The third is "pragmatics," which is the study of the impact of signal transmission on human behavior.2 This tripartite division is not wholly satisfactory; we shall return to that point. The key concepts of syntactics, for our purposes, are "information," "redundancy," and "feedback," of which the first two are best discussed together. For the telegraphic engineer, information is the content of a signal that could not have been predicted by the receiver; it is a probability concept. The more probable the transmission of a given sign, the less information its actual transmission conveys. "Redundancy" is the opposite of information.
On the Accuracy of Monthly Mean Wind Speeds over the Equatorial Pacific

In this paper, yearlong in situ wind measurements at a 3.8-m height, obtained at three sites along the Pacific equator (95, 110, and 152 deg W), were used to estimate the number of random observations required per month for monthly mean wind speeds accurate to 1.0 m/s and 0.5 m/s. Wind measurements were made with a vector-averaging wind recorder mounted on a surface-following toroid float, which measured speed continuously, and direction nearly continuously. For equatorial Pacific winds in the 95 to 152 deg W region, the typical numbers of random wind observations required per month were found to be about nine for a 1.0 m/s accuracy, and 35 for a 0.5 m/s accuracy. The corresponding number of ship winds would likely be greater. The number of random observations required increased westward and was highly correlated with monthly mean standard deviations.
Removal of Copper in an Integrated Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor−Crystallization Reactor System

Removal of copper was investigated using an innovative water treatment system integrating a sulfidogenic bioreactor with a fluidized-bed crystallization reactor containing fine sand to facilitate the recovery of copper as a purified copper-sulfide mineral. The performance of the system was tested using a simulated semiconductor manufacturing wastewater containing high levels of Cu2+ (4−66 mg/L), sulfate, and a mixture of citrate, isopropanol, and polyethylene glycol (Mn 300). Soluble copper removal efficiencies exceeding 99% and effluent copper concentrations averaging 89 μg/L were demonstrated in the two-stage system, with near complete metal removal occurring in the crystallizer. Copper crystals deposited on sand grains were identified as covellite (CuS). The removal of organic constituents did not exceed 70% of the initial chemical oxygen demand due to incomplete degradation of isopropanol and its breakdown product (acetone). Taken as a whole, these results indicate the potential of this novel reactor ...
Plane two-phase stagnation-point flow above a stretching sheet

The steady-state two-dimensional flow which takes place in a half space of two-phase suspension bounded by an infinite stretching sheet is investigated. This problem is used as a vehicle for the study of certain aspects of two-phase stagnation-point flow. Attention is focused on the singularity in the particle-phase density distribution in the vicinity of the stagnation point predicted by certain existing theories. It is found that the inclusion of a particle-phase pressure gradient in the governing equations eliminates singular behavior in the particle-phase density distribution and makes possible the calculation of stagnation-point solutions throughout the entire range of inverse Stokes numbers.
Cycle Checkpoint Abnormalities during Dementia: A Plausible Association with the Loss of Protection against Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease

Background Increasing evidence suggests an association between neuronal cell cycle (CCL) events and the processes that underlie neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Elevated levels of oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial dysfunction are also among early events in AD. Recent studies have reported the role of CCL checkpoint proteins and tumor suppressors, such as ATM and p53 in the control of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in cancer, but their involvement in AD remains uncertain.
Association between baseline iris thickness and prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy outcomes in primary angle-closure suspects.

Objective To evaluate the association between baseline measurements of iris thickness at 3 positions and change in anterior segment biometric parameters after prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). Design Prospective clinical cohort study. Participants Fifty-two eyes of 52 nonglaucomatous subjects with anatomically narrow angles. Methods Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) images captured before and after LPI were analyzed using customized software, the Zhongshan Angle Assessment Program (ZAAP) (Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Guangzhou, China). Differences in preoperative and postoperative measurements for anterior segment biometric parameters were compared by paired Student t tests. Multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and preoperative pupil diameter, were used to examine the association between the baseline measurements of iris thickness at 3 positions and the change in anterior segment biometric parameters after LPI. Main Outcome Measures Baseline iris thickness measured at 750 μm from the scleral spur (IT750), iris thickness measured at 2000 μm from the scleral spur (IT2000), and maximal iris thickness (ITM). Changes in iris curvature (ICURV) and trabecular–iris space area at 500 μm from the scleral spur (TISA500) and 750 μm from the scleral spur (TISA750) after LPI. Results The ICURV significantly decreased, whereas TISA500 and TISA750 significantly increased after LPI (all P P P Conclusions Our results showed that lower baseline measurements of iris thickness are associated with greater decrease in ICURV and increases in TISA500 and TISA750 after LPI. This suggests that eyes with thinner irides undergoing LPI were more likely to exhibit greater magnitude of change in terms of flattening of the iris convexity (i.e., ICURV) and widening of the anterior chamber angle (i.e., TISA500 and TISA750).
Differences in strength and conditioning coach self-perception of leadership style behaviors at the National Basketball Association, Division I-A, and Division II levels.

Leader behaviors have been found to vary by competitive level (6,9,11,26). Similar differences based on the competitive environment have been reported with strength coaches and their training emphases (15,28) but not their leadership style behaviors. This latter area is important to explore because strength coach leader behaviors may result in enhanced cooperation, improved communication, and improved athlete psychological and emotional well-being (14,23,25,27). Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the differences in self-perceived leadership styles of National Basketball Association, Division I-A (DI-A) men's basketball, and Division II (DII) men's basketball strength and conditioning coaches. The self-perceived leadership styles of 145 men's basketball strength coaches (National Basketball Association [NBA] = 22, DI-A = 92, and DII = 31) were obtained using the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (26,41). Frequency data about demographics and training methods were also collected. No significant differences were reported for positive feedback. Otherwise, NBA strength coaches reported more democratic leadership style behaviors than DI-A strength coaches. Division I-A strength coaches were found to be more autocratic than NBA or DII strength coaches. Both NBA and DI-A strength coaches indicated a higher level of training and instruction than did DII strength coaches. National Basketball Association strength coaches also reported engaging in more situational and socially supportive leader behaviors than DI-A and DII strength coaches. Leader behaviors can positively and negatively impact an athlete (23); thus, strength coaches need to evaluate their competitive environment and reflect on the impact of their behaviors and how their approach to leading athletes may need to vary based on the situation.
Singular PDEs and the problem of finding invariant manifolds for nonlinear dynamical systems

Abstract The present research work proposes a new approach to the problem of finding invariant manifolds for nonlinear real analytic dynamical systems. The formulation of the problem is conveniently realized through a system of singular first-order quasi-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) and a rather general set of conditions for solvability is derived using Lyapunov's auxiliary theorem. The solution of the aforementioned system of PDEs is proven to be a locally analytic invariant manifold that under certain conditions coincides with the stable or unstable manifold, and which can be easily computed with the aid of a symbolic software package.
Ectopic pregnancy rates in frozen versus fresh embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether the rate of ectopic pregnancy differs between fresh and frozen embryo transfers. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting Centers for reproductive care. Materials and methods An electronic literature search in MEDLINE through PubMed was performed through December 2013. We included clinical trials comparing outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles between fresh and frozen embryo transfers. Main outcome measures Ectopic pregnancy rates from fresh versus frozen IVF cycles. Results A meta-analysis revealed no significant difference between ectopic pregnancy rates in fresh versus frozen embryo transfer. Similarly, there was no difference between ectopic pregnancy rates in natural-cycle frozen embryo transfer versus programmed cycles. Conclusions Differences in the hormonal milieu of the uterine environment between fresh and frozen embryo transfer stimulation do not appear to affect the ectopic pregnancy rate. More directed studies are needed before a definite recommendation can be made as to which is safer for prevention of ectopic pregnancy– fresh or frozen embryo transfer.
VAPOR-LIQUID FLOW THROUGH SPRING LOADED RELIEF VALVES

The behavior of a relief valve with a short throat has been studied. Measurements of discharge rates when the unit was fed with a two-phase mixture have been made at moderate pressure differentials. These experiments show that the valve behavior is similar to that of an orifice and that flashing does not occur until downstream of the flow restriction. Design techniques which enable valve discharge rates to be computed under these conditions are developed Other data show that, when fed with a two-phase mixture and subject to high pressure differentials, relief valves with longer throats exhibit critical flow rates close to these preducted by the homogeneous-equilibrium model (HEM). Additional data are needed in order to define the transition between orifice-like and HEM choking behavior.
Keratin filaments restrict organelle migration into the forming spindle of newt pneumocytes.

When viewed by light microscopy the mitotic spindle of newt pneumocytes appears to assemble in an optically clear area of cytoplasm, virtually devoid of mitochondria and other organelles, which is often much larger than the spindle. This clear area is also frequently larger than the region previously occupied by the nucleus. It forms even in prometaphase cells depleted of microtubules prior to nuclear envelope breakdown by colchicine treatment. Time-lapse video microscopy reveals that as prometaphase proceeds this clear area slowly and progressively collapses around the forming spindle so that it is greatly diminished or nonexistent by the onset of anaphase. The sharply defined nature of the boundary between the clear area and the remaining cytoplasm and the fact that organelles accumulate at its periphery suggest that a structural barrier is present at the boundary that limits organelle migration into the forming spindle. Immunofluo- rescence and electron microscopy, of cells previously followed in the living state, reveal that the periphery of the clear area contains prominent bundles of keratin filaments but lacks microtubules and actin. From our observations we conclude that keratin filaments form a loosely organized cage that surrounds the forming newt pneumocyte spindle. We propose that this cage functions, in part, to restrict the dispersion of chromosomes during nuclear envelope breakdown and to impede the bulk migration of organelles into the forming spindle.
Binary Space Partitions for Axis-Aligned Fat Rectangles

It is shown that for any $n$ disjoint axis-aligned fat rectangles in three-space there is a binary space partition (BSP) of $O(n\log^8 n)$ size and $O(\log^5 n)$ height and it can be constructed in $O(n \,\mathrm{polylog}\, n)$ time. This improves earlier bounds of Agarwal et al. [SIAM J. Comput., 29 (2000), pp. 1422-1448]. On the other hand, for every $n\in \mathbb{N}$, there are $n$ disjoint axis-aligned fat rectangles in $\mathbb{R}^3$ such that their smallest axis-aligned BSP has $\Omega(n\log n)$ size.
Oral language disorders in children: Identification and remediation

Abstract Childhood language disorders and their potential negative impact on the child's academic and psychosocial functioning are described. The importance of early identification is stressed and ‘danger signs’ are presented so that parents and professionals can recognize possible language problems. Diagnostic and language remediation strategies utilized by speech‐language pathologists are also described.
Fast Proteolytic Digestion Coupled with Organelle Enrichment for Proteomic Analysis of Rat Liver

The use of an acid-labile surfactant as an alternative to urea denaturation allows for same-day proteolytic digestion and fast cleanup of cellular lysate samples. Homogenized rat liver tissue was separated into four fractions enriched in nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes (remaining organelles), and cytosol. Each subcellular fraction was then subjected to proteolytic digestion with trypsin for 2 h after denaturing with an acid-labile surfactant (ALS), separated by nanoflow reversed phase HPLC, and mass analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry in a 3-D ion trap. The results obtained from ALS denaturation for both organelle enrichment and whole cell lysate samples were comparable to those obtained from aliquots of the same samples treated by reduction, alkylation, and urea denaturation. Each method resulted in a similar number of peptides (694 for urea, 674 for ALS) and proteins (225 for urea, 229 for ALS) identified, with generally the same proteins (47% overlap) identified. As expected, organelle enrichment ena...
Treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery disease: Similar early outcomes after carotid stenting for high-risk patients and endarterectomy for standard-risk patients

Background The role of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) in the treatment of asymptomatic patients with carotid disease remains controversial. The purpose of this report is to compare outcomes in asymptomatic patients treated with CAS and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This was the initial experience performing CAS for most of the surgeons. For comparison, we also report our outcomes in standard-risk patients treated concurrently with CEA during the same period of time. Methods A retrospective, nonrandomized review of asymptomatic patients undergoing CEA or CAS at Washington University Medical Center in St. Louis was done. Patients with >70% asymptomatic carotid stenosis treated between September 2003 and April 2005 were identified. CEA was the first therapeutic consideration in all patients. CAS was reserved for high-risk patients. Thirty-day outcomes of stroke or death were recorded. During this time interval, 248 patients were treated including with 93 CAS and with 145 CEA. Symptomatic or clinically detected adverse outcomes such as myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia, renal failure, or pulmonary complications were noted but were not the primary end points of this review. This study addresses only the periprocedural outcomes of CEA and CAS in asymptomatic patients. No data >30-day follow-up are included. Results During this period, 93 CAS and 145 CEA procedures were done in asymptomatic patients. Patient characteristics in both groups were similar. Carotid protection devices were used in 91.4% of CAS patients. The results in the CAS group showed one death (1.1%) and one stroke (1.1%). In the CEA group, three strokes occurred (2.1%, P = 0.9999), one associated with death (0.7%, P = 0.9999). The CAS group had 1.34 ± 0.83 risk factors vs 0.39 ± 0.58 in the CEA group (P Conclusions CAS for asymptomatic carotid stenosis demonstrated equivalent outcomes compared with CEA, despite CAS being reserved for use in a disadvantaged subset of high-risk patients owing to anatomic risk factors or medical comorbidities. These results suggest CAS should be considered a reasonable treatment option in the high-risk but asymptomatic patient. Enthusiasm for CAS should be tempered by the recognition that long-term outcomes in CAS-treated asymptomatic patients remain unknown.
Clonidine Prevents Methylxanthine Stimulation of Norepinephrine Metabolism in Rat Brain

Methylxanthines can produce behavior resembling opiate withdrawal in rats. Since previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of central noradrenergic systems during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, the effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) on norepinephrine metabolism in rat brain were studied. It was found that administration of IBMX elevated levels of the major norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in areas innervated by the locus coeruleus. The increases in MHPG was noted 1 h after administration and was maximal (270% of control) after 3 h. Levels of another norepinephrine metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, followed a similar pattern and time course. Coadministration of naloxone with IBMX did not affect the IBMX-induced elevation in MHPG. Administration of the alpha-agonist clonidine, however, antagonized the effects of IBMX on MHPG levels. The effects of IBMX and clonidine were dose dependent; the lowest dose of IBMX needed to elevate MHPG was 30 mumol/kg (i.p.), and clonidine (180 nmol/kg) reduced the effect of IBMX (100 mumol/kg) by 50%. The data, discussed in terms of a methylxanthine-noradrenergic interaction, suggest that withdrawal behaviors in general may be subserved by hyperactive noradrenergic neurons.
H− ESD observed from β-state NH3 adsorbed on Pt(111)

Abstract H− ions were detected from ammonia covered Pt(111) surfaces. We found that H− electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) ions can only be detected when adsorbed β-state ammonia is present on the Pt(111) surface. The H− kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) obtained from Pt(111) surfaces covered with adsorbed β-state ammonia exhibit a very narrow peak appearing at 3 eV with a FWHM of less than 1 eV. The total removal cross-section measured from H− ESD ion-yield curves is in good agreement with the total removal cross-section obtained from H+ ESD ion-yield measurements and other measurements, which are described elsewhere (C. Bater, J.H. Campbell, J.H. Craig Jr., Surf. Interface Anal. 26 (1998) 97). A total removal cross-section of 5.6×10−17 cm2 was obtained from the H− ESD ion-yield curves obtained in this work.
Fast-frame-rate 512 x 512 CCD digital camera system

This paper details the performance and shows images obtained from a 512 X 512 CCD camera capable of recording 400 digitized frames per second. A brief description of the data acquisition hardware and image analysis software is also included.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence of common and genus-specific epitopes on Ornithodoros spp. tick (Acari: Argasidae) salivary proteins

New Zealand White rabbits were repeatedly infested with Ornithodoros turicata (Duges), Ornithodoros talaje (Guerin-Meneville), and Ornithodoros coriaceus (Koch) at 2-wk intervals. Blood samples were taken from each animal 10 d after each infestation and the titer of anti-tick antibody was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequent cross-reactivity studies demonstrated that the antitick antisera nonspecifically bound to salivary gland extract proteins prepared from several other tick genera and species' Amblyomma maculatum (Koch), Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and Ornithodoros moubata (Murray). Absorption of the antisera against an immobilized extract of A. maculatum substantially increased specificity at the genus level. Western blots of electrophoretically separated Ornithodoros salivary gland extract samples were used to further compare the specificity of absorbed and nonabsorbed antitick antisera. The blots demonstrated that many of the Ornithodoros salivary gland extract proteins bear genus specific epitopes. Some differences were noted among the Ornithodoros species examined with respect to the degree of antigenic relatedness with the ixodid ticks.
Integrating scientific knowledge into large-scale restoration programs: the CALFED Bay-Delta Program experience

Abstract Integrating science into resource management activities is a goal of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program, a multi-agency effort to address water supply reliability, ecological condition, drinking water quality, and levees in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta of northern California. Under CALFED, many different strategies were used to integrate science, including interaction between the research and management communities, public dialogues about scientific work, and peer review. This paper explores ways science was (and was not) integrated into CALFED's management actions and decision systems through three narratives describing different patterns of scientific integration and application in CALFED. Though a collaborative process and certain organizational conditions may be necessary for developing new understandings of the system of interest, we find that those factors are not sufficient for translating that knowledge into management actions and decision systems. We suggest that the application of knowledge may be facilitated or hindered by (1) differences in the objectives, approaches, and cultures of scientists operating in the research community and those operating in the management community and (2) other factors external to the collaborative process and organization.
Metabolic monitoring for youths initiating use of second-generation antipsychotics, 2003-2011.

Objective:In 2004, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) released treatment guidelines recommending metabolic screening for children and adolescents before and after initiation of second-generation antipsychotics. Prior studies showed that the guidelines coincided with a small increase in glucose testing of children and adults but had limited follow-up. This study sought to evaluate changes in metabolic screening of children initiating second-generation antipsychotics around the time of the 2004 guidelines and in the following eight years.Methods:Study patients (N=52,407) were identified in a large nationwide commercial insurance claims database for the period January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2011. The study population was a cohort of nondiabetic new users of second-generation antipsychotics who were ages 5–18. Glucose and HbA1c tests completed before and after second-generation antipsychotic initiation were identified with Current Procedural Terminology–4 codes. Metabolic screening was also examin...
In utero transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells in sheep: the role of T cells in engraftment and graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from adult sheep into fetal lambs results in hematopoietic chimerism and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To evaluate the role of T cells in HSC engraftment and GVHD we depleted adult marrow HSC of T cells and observed the incidence of chimerism and GVHD in the fetal recipients. Using a naturally occuring polymorphism of the β-globin locus to detect engraftment, bone marrow obtained from homozygous type A hemoglobin adult sheep were transplanted (2 × 10 9 cells/kg fetal weight) into 90 days' gestation fetal lambs homozygous for type B hemoglobin. Donor HSC were T-cell depleted by treatment with antisera (raised in rabbits against sheep thymocytes) in the presence of complement. T-cell depletion resulted in significant decrease in hematopoietic colony formation by donor HSC in vitro (305 ± 49 v 134 ± 21 colonies/10 5 cells) that normalized by the addition of autologous T cells (433 ± 32 colonies/10 5 cells). Marrow depleted of T cells exhibited reduced engraftment in the recipient fetuses. When T cells were added back to donor HSC (depleted of T cells) at near-normal concentrations, engraftment improved but the lambs also developed GVHD. The addition of T cells to donor HSC (depleted of T cells) at concentrations below that present in unprocessed bone marrow resulted in significant engraftment but not GVHD. T cells play an important role in both the engraftment of adult HSC in fetal recipients and the development of GVHD in chimeric newborns. The elimination of T cells prevents GVHD but markedly reduces engraftment. By the reduction, but not elimination, of T cell number, it is possible to preserve the ability of adult HSC to engraft in the fetus without the development of GVHD.
Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest with skull base approaches for treatment of complex posterior circulation aneurysms.

Objective. Cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest has seen a resurgence as an adjunct technique in neurological surgery. We report our experience with this technique in treating seven complex vertebro-basilar aneurysms. Methods. Skull base approaches were used in all cases, providing excellent exposure and minimizing brain retraction. There were six basilar artery aneurysms and one giant fusiform vertebro-basilar artery aneurysm. All aneurysms but one had an apparent neck, which could be clipped. The fusiform vertebro-basilar artery aneurysm was trapped, partially resected, and the circulation was re-established with a saphenous vein graft from the cervical internal carotid artery to the mid-basilar artery. Results. Five patients had an excellent outcome and two had a good outcome at one year or at latest follow up. Two of the patients showed improvement of neurological deficits which were present before the surgical intervention. Conclusion. Applying very strict selection criteria in this small series of patients with posterior circulation aneurysms, excellent or good results were achieved using the profound hypothermic circulatory arrest technique.
Psychohistory before Hitler: early military analyses of German national psychology.

As part of a grandiose post-World War I psychological project to predict the behavior of nations, the U.S. Military Intelligence Division (MID) utilized racial and social psychological theories to explain an alleged problematic German national character. Though unsuccessful, this project has major significance in the history of psychohistory. For the newly discovered MID files reveal that ideas, attitudes, and biases many psychohistorians subsequently identified as manifestations of a peculiar German national character had previously been held by American officers and reputable psychologists. What American analysts would, in 1940, view as symptoms of a maladjusted German mind, their predecessors had, in 1920, considered valid scientific concepts.
Prostate cancer: MR-TRUS fusion biopsy—defining a new standard

The widespread use of PSA screening and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy has resulted in an epidemic of overdetection and overtreatment of prostate cancer. The use of targeted magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound fusion guided prostate biopsy promises to improve the detection rate of high-risk prostate cancer—reducing the issue of overdetection and overtreatment.
Turbulent boundary-layer wall pressure fluctuations downstream of a tandem LEBU

An initial measurement of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations downstream of tandem large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs) indicates a significant reduction by comparison with the reference case of a flat plate; the average magnitude of the reduction is 12.5 percent. Peak reduction is at 7-8 kHz, and is of the order of the C(f) reduction due to the tandem LEBUs. These data indicate a secondary benefit derivable from LEBUs, in addition to their skin friction reduction effect.
Polymer-based volume holograms for multiple wavelength network applications

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and demultiplexing (WDDM) devices are considered to be two of the key elements for enhancing the transmission bandwidth of optical communications and sensor systems. During the past 20 years, various type of WDMs and WDDMs have been proposed and demonstrated. Recently the technique for producing spatially multiplexed phase grating based on polymer-based waveguide holograms for WDDM applications has been reported. We report the formation of a surface-normal WDDM using photopolymer-based volume holograms in conjugation with graded index lenses. The elimination of edge-coupling significantly enhances the packaging reliability and the time reversal of the beam propagation automatically results in the required WDM. Furthermore, such a configuration is compatible with the implementation of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers where the characteristic of azimuthal symmetry is maintained in the waveguiding substrate. In this paper, we present two devices for network applications. The first is an 8 channel surface-normal WDM with a center channel wavelength of 772 nm and a wavelength separation of 4 nm. The second is a 3 X 3 wavelength selective crossbar with a center wavelength of 765 nm and a channel separation of 10 nm. These devices are pivotal for the realization of such a computer-to-computer interconnect network where both WDM and space division multiplexing are employed to enhance the transmission bandwidth. The switching device can be realized using the wavelength-selective crossbar to be presented in this paper.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of vertically logarithmic steady currents on shallow surface waves

The combined wave-current flow has been solved by researchers by assuming wave over either depthwise constant or linear current profile. Some complicated nonlinear current profiles have also been considered to simulate various shear currents. We consider a nonlinear current vertically logarithmic in nature and examine its interaction with a periodic surface wave. The Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow are solved for the current part and by using periodic boundary conditions. The effect of logarithmic current on wave components is assessed. The corresponding celerity and dispersion equation yields a close-form solution for the shallow-wave approximation. Several comparative trends between wave-only, wave with log current, and wave with constant current for the wave following/opposing these currents have been discussed. The flow properties of the first order are presented which can be applicable to the real inland and coastal flows, where progressive waves are ubiquitous over a depthwise logarithmic current. The work is further extended to the second-order semiempirical wave component by using past experimental data on the wave spectrum of combined flow.