cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the Primary Endosymbiont (Candidatus Uzinura Diaspidicola) Within Host Insects from the Scale Insect Family Diaspididae

It has long been known that armored scale insects harbor endosymbiotic bacteria inside specialized cells called bacteriocytes. Originally, these endosymbionts were thought to be fungal symbionts but they are now known to be bacterial and have been named Uzinura diaspidicola. Bacteriocyte and endosymbiont distribution patterns within host insects were visualized using in situ hybridization via 16S rRNA specific probes. Images of scale insect embryos, eggs and adult scale insects show patterns of localized bacteriocytes in embryos and randomly distributed bacteriocytes in adults. The symbiont pocket was not found in the armored scale insect eggs that were tested. The pattern of dispersed bacteriocytes in adult scale insects suggest that Uzinura and Blattabacteria may share some homologous traits that coincide with similar life style requirements, such as dispersal in fat bodies and uric acid recycling.
Metal and Oxygen Ion Transport during Ionic Conduction in Amorphous Anodic Oxide Films

A mathematical model was developed for ionic conduction in amorphous oxide films. The model is based on a hypothesized "defect cluster" mechanism in which both metal and oxygen ions are involved in transport. Defect clusters are created by inward displacement of oxygen ions around an oxygen vacancy‐like defect in response to the vacancy's electric field. Metal ions are assumed to migrate easily in the gap between the first and second layer of oxygen ions around the vacancy. The model includes the polarization of the conductive gap in the applied electric field, the exchange of mobile metal ions in the cluster with stationary metal ions in the surrounding oxide, and space charge generated in the film by clusters and oxide nonstoichiometry. The rate‐limiting step is the jump of the oxygen vacancy in the cluster. It was found that polarization of the cluster leads to a stoichiometric excess of metal ions in the cluster and that this excess produces a net transport of metal ions due to the motion of the cluster. The metal ion transport number was found to increase with electric field and to depend on the dielectric constant and cluster size. The field dependence follows that found experimentally. The calculated transport numbers are in quantitative agreement with experimental values for tantalum, niobium, and tungsten oxide but smaller than experimental values for aluminum oxide. The field coefficient in the high‐field‐conduction‐rate expression is also predicted and agrees with experimental values to within 10%. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Simplified Equation for Amplitude Scintillations in a Turbulent Atmosphere

This paper is concerned with the amplitude or irradiance scintillations of a wave propagating in a clear turbulent atmosphere. Experimentally, it is known that the variance of the log-irradiance fluctuations saturate and even decrease with increasing path length or turbulence. This effect is not predicted by the classical theory. Previous attempts at explaining the saturation effect have not been successful. Presently, the best formulations for this problem are in terms of partial differential equations involving derivatives with respect to nine variables in the general case and five variables for a plane wave. A related question is the form of the probability distribution of the irradiance scintillations. Experimentally, the results appear to be in agreement with the log-normal probability distribution. Again, theoretically there is no conclusive agreement among different authors. In this paper we take a different approach that should help to clarify some of the issues involved. We assume that the statistics of the wave are log-normal. Given this assumption, the partial differential equation for the variance and covariance function of the log-irradiance functions reduces to an equation with derivatives with respect to five variables in the general case and to two for a plane wave. The solution of this equation should lead to one of the following two conclusions. First, if the predictions of the simplified equation agree with experiment, then the log-normal distribution has further justification, and simpler equations may be used in studying propagation effects. Second, if the theoretical predictions of the simplified equations do not agree with experiment, then there is a disagreement between theory and experiment that implies that both areas need more careful investigation.
Drag reduction by gas injection into turbulent boundary layer: Density ratio effect

Abstract A two-dimensional single phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of microbubble-laden flow over a flat plate was used to assess the role of mixture density variation in microbubble drag reduction. The model consisted of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) transport equations, a standard k – ω turbulence model, and a convection–diffusion species transport model. Performance of the model was validated with available experimental data and numerical simulations of more advanced multiphase two-fluid model. A parametric study of the density ratio effect on the drag reduction was carried out. The study indicated that simple mixture density variation effect plays one of the major roles in the microbubble drag reduction phenomenon. Also, the influence of the density ratio (the ratio of density of injected gas to that of water) on gas volume fraction profiles was found to be minimal within studied parameter range.
Storage of NondiapausingChrysoperla externaAdults: Influence on Survival and Reproduction☆

Abstract Chrysoperla externa,a species with great potential for mass rearing and use in augmentative biological control, harbors traits that underlie efficient long-term storage. (1) Although they did not enter diapause, adults of the Honduran population that were kept at 10°C had a “shelf life” (high survival) of at least 4 months. (2) After storage, reproduction began quickly, predictably, and with little variation among individuals. (3) The poststorage oviposition rate was high and declined only when adults had been stored for 4 months. Some otherC. externapopulations exhibit diapause and therefore may have a much longer shelf life.
Structural characterization of N-protonated amides: regioselective N-activation of medium-bridged twisted lactams.

The straightforward protonation of lactams by treatment with acid and the full structural characterization of three resulting N-protonated lactams are disclosed. This work provides experimental evidence that N-protonation of amide bonds results in a dramatic increase in nonplanarity about the C−N amide bond. The resulting compounds are discussed in structural, spectroscopic, and reactivity terms. The data suggest that distortion of these amide bonds by ∼50° is sufficient for their effective N-activation.
Long-term Interactions of Marijuana and Behaviour in Chimpanzees

MARIJUANA produces differential effects in human naive and experienced marijuana smokers1, but owing to ethical constraints involved in repeatedly administering marijuana to drug-naive humans, many human experiments have involved only experienced marijuana users as subjects. These constraints, however, are minimal with non-human subjects, and the great majority of animals used in marijuana research have been drug naive. So far, distinguishing between the long-term effects of marijuana in drug-naive and drug-experienced animal subjects has little precedence in the literature. We report here a number of observations, made over a two-year period during our marijuana research with chimpanzees, which indicate that experiential factors may play a major role in the effects of marijuana on complex behaviour.
The Effects of Interpersonal Tie Strength and Subjective Norms on Consumers' Brand-Related eWOM Referral Intentions

A viral advertising message on social networking sites (SNSs) has two sources: a brand that creates the message and an SNS user who passes along this message within his or her personal network. This study examined the influence of relationships with these two sources on receivers' intention to forward the viral advertising message. A significant interaction effect shows that having a strong consumer–brand relationship increases the receiver's intention to forward the viral advertising message sent by an online acquaintance, suggesting that a strong relationship with the brand can increase the effectiveness of electronic word of mouth on SNSs.
Determination of the Scalar Friction Factor for Nonspherical Particles and Aggregates Across the Entire Knudsen Number Range by Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC)

The friction factor of an aerosol particle depends upon the Knudsen number (Kn), as gas molecule–particle momentum transfer occurs in the transition regime. For spheres, the friction factor can be calculated using the Stokes–Millikan equation (with the slip correction factor). However, a suitable friction factor relationship remains sought-after for nonspherical particles. We use direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) to evaluate an algebraic expression for the transition regime friction factor that is intended for application to arbitrarily shaped particles. The tested friction factor expression is derived from dimensional analysis and is analogous to Dahneke's adjusted sphere expression. In applying this expression to nonspherical objects, we argue for the use of two previously developed drag approximations in the continuum (Kn → 0) and free molecular (Kn → ∞) regimes: the Hubbard–Douglas approximation and the projected area (PA) approximation, respectively. These approximations lead to two calculable geo...
Scientific international collaboration of Turkey, Greece, Poland, and Portugal: a bibliometric analysis

In this work, a bibliometric research method was used where co-authorships are regarded as an indicator of international research collaboration of Turkish, Greek, Polish, and Portuguese scientists; for comparison purposes scientists from the mainstream countries such as Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The seventeen years (1990--2006) of scientific research collaboration of the aforementioned countries with the G7 nations (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA, and Canada) was examined by using ISI Web of Science Database. Findings reveal that, Turkey clearly is experiencing a remarkable proportional co-authorship growth rate with the G7 countries in comparison to Greece, Poland, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Sweden, for the period of 1990--2006.
Modeling of Extended Defects in the Vanadium Phosphate Catalyst for Butane Oxidation, (VO)2P2O7

X-ray diffraction patterns of catalysts based on (VO)2P2O7show peak broadening effects which cannot be explained by strain and crystallite size effects. We show that the extensive broadening of peaks where thehorlindices are odd is due to extended defects. These defects can be modeled as stacking faults perpendicular to the a and c axes. The proposed defects also explain the streaking effects observed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and by electron diffraction. One of the proposed defects can explain the presence of some V5+in this phase. The amount of V5+found both by titration and by31P NMR spin echo mapping correlates well with defect concentration. The NMR studies also confirm that the V5+present is associated with (VO)2P2O7rather than a second phase. The defects are most prominent in samples prepared to be optimum catalysts for the oxidation ofn-butane to maleic anhydride. Our work suggests a new explanation for the fact that good VPO catalysts must be prepared by dehydration of a V2P2O9·xH2O precursor.
Some practical aspects of measuring DOC — sampling artifacts and analytical problems with marine samples

Abstract Efforts to reproduce the high-temperature catalytic oxidation technique for the determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in marine samples are described and details of the construction of a home-made DOC analyzer are presented. Calibration of this instrument is compared with that of a commercial analzyer. Various problems relating to the determination of the instrument blank, instrument calibration, sample collection, preservation and processing are presented. Several hypotheses explaining the observed analytical artifacts are proposed and possible implications of these artifacts are discussed.
Unbounding Critical Geographic Research on Cities: The 1990s and Beyond

Critical urban geography came to dominate knowledge production in urban geography during the 1990s. This extremely fruitful research program nevertheless faces certain bounds to knowledge production that hinder its ongoing vitality. With respect to conceptual approaches, there has been considerable unbounding from an earlier focus on class and commodity production, recognizing the importance of other axes of social differentiation for urban processes and urban lives. Transcending a bounded conception of cities as objects of inquiry has been slower. With respect to philosophical foundations, strenuously contested philosophical boundaries persist between critical and other urban geography and within critical urban geography. With respect to participation in knowledge production, disciplinary boundaries marginalize knowledge situated in non-White communities and the global south, and critical urban geographers face criticism for failing to broaden knowledge production beyond the Ivory Tower. Notwithstanding ...
The comparative value of the augmented unipolar limb leads versus the standard limb leads in myocardial infarction

Abstract The introduction of the central terminal electrode by Wilson is truly one of the great forward steps in electrocardiography. The modification, in recent years, by Goldberger 1,2 and the subsequent popularization of "unipolar electrocardiography" (since the major objection of low voltage was overcome) have served to carry abroad the theory of electrocardiac effects propounded by Wilson and his group. Because of the obvious advantages of unipolar electrocardiography, in recent years there seems to have been a tendency to minimize the value of our old stand-by, the standard limb leads. Though studies have been made along the lines of the present report, 3,4 nevertheless, it appeared to the author that the problem was sufficiently unsettled to warrant further investigation. Consequently, the present study was undertaken to determine the relative merit of the standard limb leads against the unipolar limb leads (augmented), in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
To Comma or Not to Comma: The Mathematics of the Relative Clause, All Types, via Boole and Venn

The present paper is part of a large scale project in Intelligence Science. The nearterm aim of this project is the increased digitalization of the analysis of human intelligence in as far as intelligence is rational. The ultimate aim is to draw up a complete and definitive map of the totality of rational human intelligence or rational thought and language. As far as the mathematical component of this project is concerned, two contributions have appeared so far, the following: 1) “The Monty Hall Problem and beyond: Digital-Mathematical and Cognitive Analysis in Boole’s Algebra, Including an Extension and Generalization to Related Cases”, in Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154; 2) “Higher Variations of the Monty Hall Problem (3.0, 4.0) and Empirical Definition of the Phenomenon of Mathematics, in Boole’s Footsteps, as Something the Brain Does”, in Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 2, No. 4 (July 2012), pp. 243-273, including an appendix by Richard D. Gill. The present paper pertains to the linguistics branch of the project. It is concerned with linguistic cognition. The focus of this paper is on a single phenomenon, the relative clause and all its possible types. The method of analyzing the structure of rational thought and language that is advanced in this paper and applied to the relative clause claims validity on the following three grounds. First, it is mathematical and digital in the strictest possible sense. Second, the empirical data to which this mathematical method is applied are fully accessible in language. After all, all that is essential to that structure must be exteriorized in sounds or written symbols for the structure to be transported from one brain to another and understood. The structure must somehow be encoded in its entirety in the airwaves or light beams that travel to a hearer’s ear or a reader’s eye. And these airwaves and light beams are accessible to observation. Third, general inspiration and encouragement can be drawn from the fact that it has already been long established that the brain teems with digital activity, including in the prefrontal cortex. In sum, there is every incentive for dissecting language in search of the digital structure of rational thought and its expression in language. The design of the present paper is to demonstrate that the structure can be found.
Pinhole Array Camera for Integrated Circuits

A pinhole camera has been designed, fabricated, and tested for the production of multiple images for integrated circuits, consisting of an array of precisely positioned, uniform diameter pinholes and a vacuum back to hold the film or plate. This camera was designed to replace the step-and-repeat camera method that is presently used for producing multiple images. The two basic requirements for repetition of circuit patterns are the achievement of high image quality and precise registration between all the masks in a set. The arrangement discussed here permits lines of 12.5 μm width in the final working mask with precise registration to all other masks in the set.
A physical GaAs MESFET model implemented in SPICE

A new approach is presented for including physical GaAs MESFET models in SPICE. The approach is used to incorporate in SPICE 3d1 a physical model based on a two-piece velocity-field approximation for GaAs. Temperature-dependent effects are included in the physical model. Good agreement between measured and simulated data is obtained. >
Where Is ELSA? The Early to Late Shift in Aging

Studies of cognitive and neural aging have recently provided evidence of a shift from an early- to late-onset cognitive control strategy, linked with temporally extended activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). It has been uncertain, however, whether this age-related shift is unique to PFC and executive control tasks or whether the functional location might vary depending on the particular cognitive processes that are altered. The present study tested whether an early-to-late shift in aging (ELSA) might emerge in the medial temporal lobes (MTL) during a protracted context memory task comprising both anticipatory cue (retrieval preparation) and retrieval probe (retrieval completion) phases. First, we found reduced MTL activity in older adults during the early retrieval preparation phase coupled with increased MTL activity during the late retrieval completion phase. Second, we found that functional connectivity between MTL and PFC regions was higher during retrieval preparation in young adults but higher during retrieval completion in older adults, suggesting an important interactive relationship between the ELSA pattern in MTL and PFC. Taken together, these results critically suggest that aging results in temporally lagged activity even in regions not typically associated with cognitive control, such as the MTL.
SalY of the Streptococcus pyogenes Lantibiotic Locus Is Required for Full Virulence and Intracellular Survival in Macrophages

Streptococcus pyogenes utilizes numerous mechanisms for evading the host immune response but has only recently been found to survive in the intracellular environment. In this study, we demonstrate the requirement of a putative ABC transporter permease for intracellular survival in macrophages. The highly attenuated S. pyogenes mutant, SalY, was identified from a transposon mutagenesis screen, with over 200-fold attenuation in virulence in a zebrafish invasive-disease model. Sequencing of the region surrounding the insertion identified a locus that is highly conserved in other S. pyogenes genomes and is homologous to an operon involved in lantibiotic production. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the SalY mutant is deficient in intracellular survival in murine macrophages, a phenotype also observed in zebrafish macrophages in vivo. Macrophage crude cell lysates added to bacterial cultures resulted in the death of the SalY mutant but only growth inhibition of the wild-type strain. Specific depletion of zebrafish macrophages in vivo restored the ability of the SalY mutant to cause disease to wild-type levels. The SalY-infected, macrophage-depleted zebrafish exhibit large lesions and invasive dissemination at a rate and level similar to those of the wild type. In contrast, an M protein mutant with a degree of attenuation similar to that of the SalY mutant did not regain full virulence by in vivo depletion of macrophages. The putative SalY ABC transporter may be an example of the ability of S. pyogenes to adapt and evolve new survival strategies that allow dissemination and growth in previously uninhabitable sites.
Examining differences in consumer reactions to partitioned prices with a variable number of price components

Abstract Partitioned pricing is a tactic in which a seller presents multiple prices for a single product or service instead of one, all-inclusive price. This research investigates effects of partitioned prices containing a variable number of price components, under varying levels of seller trustworthiness, and with or without the presentation of the total price. The results indicate that partitioning into a large number of price components, relative to a small number of price components, negatively affects perceived fairness and purchase intentions for less trustworthy, but not more trustworthy, sellers when the total price is not presented. However, partitioning into a large number of price components positively affects fairness and purchase intentions, regardless of seller trustworthiness, when the total price is presented. The research also examines effects of partitioning on price estimation and recall.
Active Detection of Shielded SNM With 60-keV Neutrons

Fissile materials, e.g., 235U and 239Pu, can be detected non-invasively by active neutron interrogation. A unique characteristic of fissile material exposed to neutrons is the prompt emission of high-energy (E > 1 MeV) fission neutrons. One promising mode of operation subjects the object to a beam of low-energy (E < 1 MeV) neutrons, generated by a proton beam impinging on a Li target. The emergence of high-energy secondary neutrons then clearly indicates the presence of fissile material. Our interrogation system comprises a low-dose 60-keV neutron generator (5 times 106/s ), and a 1 m2 array of scintillators for high-energy neutron detection. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the detectability of small quantities (376 g) of 235U shielded by steel (200 g/cm2) or plywood (30 g/cm2), with a typical measurement time of 1 min.
Relation of Parental Involvement, Empowerment, and School Traits to Student Academic Performance

Abstract School-level data on parent perceptions and structural characteristics of 42 elementary schools were used to examine the relation of parental involvement and empowerment to student academic performance. Results showed that measures of parental involvement and empowerment could be reliably predicted. Multiple regression analyses showed that parental involvement and empowerment accounted for substantial variance in student standardized test performance (lowest R 2 = 25% and 5%, respectively). Positive relations of parental involvement to student test performance were largely unaffected by school characteristics or the socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic composition of the student population.
Mid-Continent Fall Temperatures at the 10-cm Soil Depth

Recommendations for applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer in autumn involve delaying applications until daily soil temperature at 10-cm depth is ≤10°C. Daily soil temperature data during autumn were examined from 26 sites along a transect from 36° to 49° N latitude in mid-continent USA. After soils first cooled to ≤10°C (First10), temperatures usually rebounded for varying amounts of time before the final date, at which they decreased to ≤10°C (Last10) for the remainder of the winter. Because N may be lost during warm episodes between First10 and Last10, understanding the extent, duration, and timing of these warm periods is important. Soils at sites between 41° and 44° N latitude in mid-continent USA accumulated more degree-days (base 10°C) between First10 and Last10 than soils north or south of this region. Thus, if N fertilizer is applied too early, soils in Iowa, South Dakota, and southern Minnesota are more susceptible to N losses compared with soils in Missouri or North Dakota and northern Minnesota. Progressively more conservative guidelines for applying N fertilizer in autumn may be to wait until the dates of (i) average Last10, (ii) Last10 plus one SD, or (iii) Last10 plus two SD units. All of these alternative dates can be estimated reliably through simple polynomial equations for latitudes between 35° and 50°.
Cardiovascular Risk Behavior among Sedentary Female Smokers and Smoking Cessation Outcomes

We examined female sedentary smokers' additional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk behaviors and their associations to smoking cessation. This study was part of a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of exercise and nicotine gum in smoking cessation. Included in the analyses were 148 participants. Dietary habits and alcohol consumption were measured as additional CVD risk behaviors. High-fat diet and heavy alcohol use were considered those risk behaviors. Nicotine dependence, length of the longest quit attempt, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and education were examined as other baseline variables. Abstinence from tobacco was recorded through 12 months. Diet was related to depressive symptoms at baseline. Alcohol use was related to nicotine dependence and education level. Heavy alcohol use alone and accumulation of two added risk behaviors predicted poorer smoking cessation outcome. Although diet alone was not associated with cessation outcome the high-fat diet interacted with depressive symptoms, such that the depressed women with high-fat diet were significantly more likely to relapse in their quit attempt compared to other subgroups. Non-moderate alcohol use alone and accumulation of multiple CVD risk behaviors seem to be associated with lower success in smoking cessation.
Innovative total knee arthroplasty removal system

Total Knee Arthroplasty systems are implanted at a rate of about 400,000 per year in the United States [1]. Current surgical techniques utilize cementless implants, a new technology that increases implant integration. This technology still needs to be periodically revised due to infection or implant wear. A patellar implant consists of a dome of polyethylene mounted on a metal backing that has three pegs extruding from the opposite surface. Current removal techniques of the patellar implant are outdated and involve using an osteotome to pry the implant out of the bone. This technique poses a high risk to the patient in terms of bone loss or cracking of the patella.
Cardiovascular and Adrenergic Manifestations of Cold Stress

Ischemic cardiac morbidity is the most common cause of death in the United States in patients undergoing surgery as well as in the non-perioperative setting.(l). Coronary artery disease is ultimately the predisposing factor in patients who suffer cardiac death, but usually a triggering event disrupts the delicate balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand and leads to ischemia and infarction. Some of the factors that have been shown to induce myocardial ischemia include tachycardia, hypertension, hypotension, thrombosis, and cold stress. Bainton et al. (2) described a two-fold increase in the death rate from ischemic cardiac events in the winter relative to the summer. This study was a simple epidemiologic description of the relationship between time of year, ambient outdoor temperature, and mortality. These results have been confirmed by other investigators as well.(3) Neither study, however, has determined, or even proposed a mechanism to explain the higher death rate.
Fast-light for astrophysics: super-sensitive gyroscopes and gravitational wave detectors

We present a theoretical analysis and experimental study of the behaviour of optical cavities filled with slow- and fast-light materials, and show that the fast-light material-filled cavities, which can function as ‘white light cavities’, have properties useful for astrophysical applications such as enhancing the sensitivity-bandwidth product of gravitational wave detection and terrestrial measurement of Lense–Thirring rotation via precision gyroscopy.
Partnerships in Africa in the New Era of Internationalization

One of the popular approaches to revitalize higher education in Africa and the buzzword of the sector currently is partnership. With the declaration of higher education as vital development tool, multilateral and bilateral regimes, foundations, and other development partners now favor the support of the sector, among other avenues, through partnership schemes. However, prevalence of competing donor-driven agendas, lack of sustainability, unpredictability of donor resources, poor harmonization, and weak coordination and management still hamper these schemes.
A system theoretic approach to the management of complex organizations: Management by exception, priority, and input span in a class of fixed‐structure models

This paper makes two main points: (1) ensembles can be used in certain circumstances to represent the perspective of a manager facing a complex organization, and (2) some management strategies can be formalized as equivalence relations over control system unit functions. The preceding assertions are developed in the context of approximating coarse-grained models, namely binary switching nets which are taken to mimic in some degree organizations whose control system structures are fixed but unknown in their details. Using both empirical evidence and combinatorial results, we illustrate some of the possibilities of this modeling approach in formalizing the notions of management by exception, management by priority and management by input span.
MCP: a protocol for coordination and temporal synchronization in multimedia collaborative applications

The multiflow conversation protocol (MCP), which provides two communication abstractions is discussed. MCP provides a token-based mechanism for concurrency control among participants of a multipoint connection and includes a communication abstraction called a multiflow conversation. A conversation may consist of one or more connections, and MCP enforces temporal synchronization in the delivery of traffic over participant connections. Delivery of traffic in a conversation is also based on a notion of causality that takes into account the delay constraints associated with real-time traffic. >
Secondary emission properties as a function of the electron incidence angle

Computer codes being developed to improve the understanding of crossed-field amplifier (CFA) performance require a more complete and reliable database of the secondary electron emission properties of the electrode materials than exists in the literature. The authors describe an experimental method and present results of secondary emission yield measurements on molybdenum surfaces, both clean and gas-exposed. The surface cleanliness was monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and all measurements were made under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions (better than 1*10/sup -10/ torr). The results differ from the existing data for which the surface cleanliness was not determined. The secondary electron emission yields were measured as a function of the primary electron energy and also of the angle of incidence. The results were fitted with the analytical expressions of J.R.M. Vaughan (1989), with good overall agreement if Vaughan's formulas are slightly modified. >
Toxicity of Pyrethroids and Effect of Synergists to Larval and Adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Agrotis ipsilon(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Based on 48 h LD50 estimates from topical bioassays, cypermethrin was more toxic than permethrin to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) larvae and adults; however, the two pyrethroids did not differ significantly in their relative toxicities to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagle). Larvae of each species generally were more susceptible to cypermethrin and permethrin than respective adults. The only exception to this generalization occurred with H. zea where slight overlap of the 95% confidence intervals with larvae and adult males was observed with cypermethrin. Respective males and females of the three species usually did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to either cypermethrin or to permethrin; however, with A. ipsilon, females were more susceptible to permethrin than to cypermethrin. Several instances of greater than additive toxicity were noted when insects were treated with piperonyl butoxide, S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), or amitraz 30 min before cypermethrin. DEF exhibited the broadest spectrum of synergistic activity.
Beyond “fixed” and “mixed” racial paradigms:

Este artigo justapoe a proliferacao do discurso sobre hispânicos no periodo que segue o pos-censo 2000 dos EUA com as representacoes performaticas de identidade cultural americana realizadas pelo mexicano-chicano Guillermos Gomez-Pena e pela indigena-Canadense Monique Mojica. Opondo-se ao novo multiracialismo do Censo 2000 estadunidense, tanto os teoricos criticos anti-racistas da branquidade quanto os analistas antihispânicos conservadores denunciam a perda do paradigma racial binario capaz de definir claramente uma cultura euro-americana contra seus outros, nao falantes da lingua inglesa. Esses teoricos erram ao acusar o multiracialismo — e os hispânicos que adotam esse registro distintivo em sua auto-definicao—como uma ameaca problematica ao paradigma racial da ‘gota unica’, que se baseia em pressupostos de pureza racial. Ao contrario, as representacoes multilingues e trans-americanas de Gomez-Pena e Mojica vao alem do falso dilema de paradigmas raciais ‘mistos’ e ‘fixos’, com o objetivo de criticar os legados assimilacionistas do colonialismo europeu. Tais representacoes reconstroem, comparativamente, a historia traumatica da mestizaje, visualizando futuros alternativos e distintos para as Americas. Palavras-chaves: hispânic; Censo 2000 dos E.U.A.; branquidade;colonialismo europeu; multiracialismo; multilinguismo; trans-americano; memoria; representacao; raca.
Regulated O2 activation in flavin-dependent monooxygenases.

Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are involved in important biosynthetic pathways in diverse organisms, including production of the siderophores used for the import and storage of essential iron in serious pathogens. We have shown that the FMO from Aspergillus fumigatus, an ornithine monooxygenase (Af-OMO), is mechanistically similar to its well-studied distant homologues from mammalian liver. The latter are highly promiscuous in their choice of substrates, while Af-OMO is unusually specific. This presents a puzzle: how do Af-OMO and other FMOs of the biosynthetic classes achieve such specificity? We have discovered substantial enhancement in the rate of O2 activation in Af-OMO in the presence of l-arginine, which acts as a small molecule regulator. Such protein-level regulation could help explain how this and related biosynthetic FMOs manage to couple O2 activation and substrate hydroxylation to each other and to the appropriate cellular conditions. Given the essentiality of Fe to Af and the avirule...
Conidiobolus Thromboides Isolated in Maryland

(1976). Conidiobolus Thromboides Isolated in Maryland. Mycologia: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 939-942.
Ortho-rhom-bic polymorph of (2E)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl-idene)-2,3-di-hydro-1H-inden-1-one.

The title compound, C18H14O, is polymorphic at 123 K. The ortho­rhom­bic form reported herein has two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, with mol­ecular volume 313.5 A3. The previously reported triclinic (P-1) form [Raston & Scott (2000). Green Chem., 2, 49–52] has mol­ecular volume 309.6 A3 at the same temperature. All three mol­ecules deviate significantly and systematically from the putative Cs symmetry (δr.m.s. = 0.0265, 0.0256, 0.0497 A). Comparison of the two molecules in the orthorhombic polymorph shows that 16 of the 19 equivalent pairs of framework atoms have a mirror-image pattern of deviations (above/below plane), suggesting that the two are quasi-enanti­omorphs. The pattern of deviations in the triclinic form is nearly the same (13 of 19 atom pairs) as the ortho­rhom­bic form.
Study on the design of an electromagnetic wave dual band metamaterial-based absorber

An electromagnetic wave dual band absorber based on the metamaterial technology is designed in this research,which consists of a dielectric substrate and the two layers of metals. High-frequency PCB: Rogers RT5880( relative permittivity er= 2. 2,loss tangent tanδ = 0. 0009) is used as the dielectric substrate with thickness of 0. 3mm. The metal layer is built with copper( conductivity σ = 5. 8×107s / m) whose thickness is 0. 017mm. The upper metal layer is built with split rectangular rings with a gap at its two sides while the lower layer is a flat microstrip line. HFSS software,a powerful electromagnetic simulation tool was employed to virtually construct and simulate the proposed absorber structure. A vertical incident sinusoidal plane wave was impinged on the surface of the metamaterial structure. It is shown that the absorptivity can be 80. 07% and 98. 27% for the case of the vertical incidence at 6. 2 GHz and 9. 9 GHz respectively. The proposed absorber can be potentially used in the system of the PCB-based wireless inter- chip connections as an absorbing layer to prevent the electromagnetic radiation.
Sociodemographic differences in exposure to health information.

OBJECTIVE Baseline data from the Heart Attack REACT Study provided the opportunity to explore population subgroup differences in exposure to health information in an ethnically diverse sample from 5 regions across the United States. METHODS During the 4-month baseline period of the REACT study, some 1,200 residents from the 20 study communities were surveyed using random digit dial telephone methods. Respondents were asked to recall health messages seen and/or heard recently, and the sources of these messages. Comparisons were made between sociodemographic subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, work status, and geographic location. RESULTS Except for education level differences, the amount of exposure to health information did not vary significantly by sociodemographics; however, significant variation among subgroups in the types of messages cited and the sources of these messages was observed. Minority and low-income groups were found to have less exposure to chronic disease prevention information, eg, on nutrition, exercise, and heart disease. Additionally, the sources of health information most popular among sociodemographic subgroups appeared to be a determining factor in the types of messages received. CONCLUSIONS The results of these analyses support previous findings, adding to the sparse body of information on the best channels for reaching under-served populations.
Techniques for bypassing and stenting ureteral obstructions

AbstractThe advent of current endourological equipment and combined cystoscopic fluoroscopy allows the urologist to divert and/or stent the majority of benign and malignant ureteral obstructions in either a retrograde or antegrade fashion. We report on our recent experience in managing 105 obstructed renal units to formulate a troubleshooting endourological algorithm for bypassing and stenting ureteral obstructions. The methods described allow for safe and successful stent diversion in the majority of patients with ureteral obstruction requiring initial or primary endourological management. The algorithm presents alternative techniques for bypassing and stenting ureteral obstructions.
Immunotherapy of patients with brain tumors — current prospective

This presentation reviews the experience with immunotherapy of anaplastic glioms and reports in more detail our own recent findings with the use of interferon in patients with recurrent gliomas.
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) Can Be Isolated from G-CSF Mobilized PBSC after Monocyte Depletion and Inhibit Anti-Stem Cell T Cell Alloreactivity

Abstract Small numbers of human CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs can be isolated from normal peripheral blood, thus their potential clinical application is limited. In this study we tested whether Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from healthy donors can represent a useful source of CD4+CD25+ cells with regulatory activity. We utilized antibodies conjugated to microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec Inc, Auburn, CA) to immunomagnetically separate the cells on a MidiMACS device (Miltenyi) and checked the purity after isolation by flow cytometry. Starting from on average 4.0±1.8 × 108 unseparated PBSC (n=3) we positively selected 2.4±0.8 × 106 CD34+ cells (>90% purity). We then utilized the CD34− cell fraction to isolate Tregs. Due to the large content of CD4dim monocytes in the initial cell product, we initially depleted the PBSC of CD14+ cells and then utilized a two-step process that includes a CD4+ cell negative selection (using a cocktail of biotin-conjugated antibodies against CD8, CD14, CD19, CD16, CD36, CD56, CD123, TCR g/δ and Glycophorin-A) followed by a positive selection of CD25+ cells (Treg isolation kit, Miltenyi). This process allowed us to obtain 1.2±1 × 106 CD4+CD25+ cells with a purity of >70%. Intracellular expression of FoxP3 was also detected in purified CD4+CD25+ cells by flow cytometry. Primary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) were performed with irradiated CD34+ cells isolated from PBSC and HLA mismatched blood CD3+ responders for 6 days and T cell response was measured by a 3H-thymidine uptake assay. Tregs isolated from PBSC were added to the MLC at 1:2 Treg:responder ratio to test their regulatory function. Control experiments were performed using CD4+CD25− cells. Addition of Tregs isolated from PBSC resulted in 76±17% inhibition of anti-CD34 T cell alloreactivity (cpm: 19000±530 vs 4590±1880) (n=3), while control CD4+CD25 neg cells did not show suppressive activity. These findings show that after isolation of CD34+ cells, adequate numbers of Tregs can be obtained from the CD34− cell fraction of PBSC by using a three-step process. In addition, since Tregs isolated from PBSC suppressed in-vitro T cell alloreactivity against CD34+ cells, these findings will prompt the design of pre-clinical studies to test the combination of PBSC-derived CD34+ cells and Tregs in HLA mismatched transplantation.
After the Dance : Slow Suicide and Quick

In After the Dance Rattigan examined the interaction of two generations of Britons, the lost “bright young things” who dropped out of the world in reaction to the slaughter of World War I and the succeeding purposeful, no-nonsense generation (that would later fight and win World War II). Here Rattigan develops his art of implication to collaborate with his audience by letting them perceive for themselves the significance of what the characters do not say versus what they do say. In the two suicides that end the play, one a wife’s leap off a balcony, the other her husband’s reaction to his having been the cause of her suicide, returning to the alcoholism that he knows will kill him, Rattigan portrays the pair as sealed off from hope; at the same time he makes us feelingly aware of the pain they suffer through their hiding true emotions behind flippancy and affectedness.
Indolent ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, DUSP22 rearranged, with an unusual immunophenotype in a human immunodeficiency virus patient

The patient is a 54 year-old male with HIV diagnosed in 1992 who has been on HAART therapy with well controlled disease, no opportunistic infections, CD4 count >1000 cells / mm3 with an undetectable viral load. He noticed a painless growing mass in his left parotid gland. The patient denied weight loss, fever and night sweats. Lymphadenopathy was not appreciated. CT-scan showed an enhancing lesion in the left parotid which was surgically excised. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Observations on latent need revelation through problem detection analysis

The area of latent need revelation and activation can lead to enhanced product/brand differentiation and to a strong receptivity to advertising messages. This study thus focuses on approaches for latent need revelation with a particular emphasis on consumer complaining behavior through problem detection analysis (PDA). The work reveals insights into decision modes favoring PDA, methodologies, successes, and issues with implementation, especially the need for trade-off analyses. It also addresses the relationship between benefits and problems, as well as problems and their frequency of occurrence, including the ability of solved problems to address brand loyalty issues. Overall, the study provides unique observations on the tools and techniques that are especially suited for latent need revelation.
Wearable sensor based human posture recognition

Human posture recognition has a wide range of applications including elderly care and video surveillance. This paper discusses how to recognize human postures using wearable devices. From real-world data, we analyze the challenges in terms of result performance, recognition efficiency and sensor selection. To deal with the challenges, we present our design with five techniques: i) oversampling and undersampling methods, ii) ensemble learning, iii) sensor selection, iv) stream data classification and v) post-processing techniques. We verify our design and show our findings through extensive experiments on real-world data, which shows our approach can achieve up to 91.5% overall weighted average accuracy for all three postures. We also discuss possible extensions of our work.
Tensile Strength of NaCl Ice

To resolve some of the factors causing strength variation in natural sea ice, fresh water and five different NaCl–H2O solutions were frozen in a tank designed to simulate the one-dimensional cooling of natural bodies of water. The resulting ice was structurally similar to lake and sea ice. The salinity of the salt ice varied from 1‰ to 22‰. Tables of brine volumes and densities were computed for these salinities in the temperature range 0° to −35° C. The ring-tensile strength σ of fresh-water ice was found to be essentially temperature independent from −10° to −30°C., with an average value of 29.6±8.5 kg./cm.2 at −10° C. The strength of salt ice at temperatures above the eutectic point (–21.2° C.) significantly decreases with brine volume v;. The σ–axis intercept of this line is comparable to the a values determined for fresh ice indicating that there is little, if any, difference in stress concentration between sea and lake ice as a result of the presence of brine pockets. The strength of ice containing NaCl.2H2O is slightly less than the strength of freshwater ice and is independent of the volume of solid salt and the ice temperature. No evidence was found for the existence of either phase or geometric hysteresis in NaCl ice. The strength of ice at sub-eutectic temperatures, however, is decreased appreciably if the ice has been subjected to temperatures above the eutectic point; this is the result of the redistribution of brine during the warm-temperature period. Short-term cooling produces an appreciable (20 per cent) decrease in strength, in fresh-water and NaCl.2H2O ice. The present results are compared with tests on natural sea ice and it is suggested that the strength of freshwater ice is a limit which is approached but not exceeded by cold sea ice and that the reinforcement of brine pockets by Na2SO4.10H2O is either lacking or much less than previously assumed.