cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive phenology of Laminaria saccharina(L.)Lamour.(Phaeophyta)at the southern limit of its distribution in the northwestern Atlantic ocean

Laminaria saccharina (L) Lamour. Sporophytes were monitored monthly from October 1982 to September 1983 to investigate reproduction phenology and relationshiops to growth paatterns aaat its southern limit of distribution in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (Long Island Soundd). Plants exhibited an annual growth pattern. Growth raate, bladelehgth, maximum width, area, stiipe lehgth an wet weight swhoed the same seasonal pattern and reached maximum values between May and June. Only blade thickness continued to increase tthrooughout the ovservation period. Blade dissintegration occurred dduring August and September. Reproductive sporophytes occurred throughout the observation period; the greatest frequency of appearance occurred in October (43.8%) and June (37.8%). The blade area covered by sori ranged from 2.4% (Janaury) to 6.1% (August). Meiospore release under laboratory conditions was maximum in May and minimum in July. No meio-spores were released in August Sporulation was not correlated with meristematic growth of nitrogen content How ever, reproductive plants were generally larger and thicker throughout the sporulation period, and had a greater carbort content is spring than nonreproductive plants. Fecundity and reproductive success of female gametophytes were maximum in spring and minimum in winter. The growth of early sporophyte stages in the laboratory was greatest in early spring; however, juvenile macroscopic stages were hardly observed in the field during summer months due to warm water temperatures. “Over-summering” of gamelophytes and / or microscopic sporophytes may account for the annual cycle of Laminaria at its southern limit of distribution.
Time-correlation function approach to many-body scattering in molecular systems☆

Abstract Energy transfer cross sections for collisions between atoms and molecular systems are related to time-correlation functions (TCFs) of the transition operators for scattering. The frequency Fourier transforms of the TCFs are studied within a Liouville-space formalism, and are shown to be lorentzian functions with frequency-dependent widths and shifts.
Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of a pulmonary artery: anesthetic considerations.

Insertion d'une sonde a double lumiere. L'acces veineux est essentiel. Une conservation de sang autologue est utile
Translational Shape Invariance and the Inherent Potential Algebra

For all quantum-mechanical potentials that are known to be exactly solvable, there are two different, and seemingly independent methods of solution. The first approach is the potential algebra of symmetry groups; the second is supersymmetric quantum mechanics, applied to shape-invariant potentials, which comprise the set of known exactly solvable potentials. Using the underlying algebraic structures of Natanzon potentials, of which the translational shape-invariant potentials are a special subset, we demonstrate the equivalence of the two methods of solution. In addition, we show that, while the algebra for the general Natanzon potential is so(2,2), the subgroup so(2,1) suffices for the shape invariant subset. Finally, we show that the known set of exactly solvable potentials in fact constitutes the full set of such potentials.
Coverage-dependent surface diffusion expected from a multiple-site hopping model

Monte Carlo simulations have been employed to examine the coverage-dependent surface diffusion expected from a multiple-site hopping model. The Monte Carlo simulations modeled the prepare-and-probe laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) experiment used to measure surface diffusion on macroscopic single-crystal surfaces. For multiple-site hopping, the simulated refilling curves for the diffusion experiment revealed a strong decrease in the surface diffusion coefficient versus coverage. This coverage-dependent decrease was more pronounced for larger jump lengths. As coverage increased from θθs = 0.01 to 1.00, the surface diffusion coefficient decreased by factors of 6 and 23 for jump lengths of r = 4 and r = 8 sites, respectively. The magnitude of the surface diffusion coefficient was also proportional to the square of the jump length at low coverage. Assuming a multiple-site hopping mechanism, the expected coverage dependence of the surface diffusion coefficient was calculated for various jump lengths. These results can be utilized to obtain a jump length for a system that displays a coverage-dependent surface diffusion coefficient. A jump length of sixteen sites was estimated for the coverage-dependent surface diffusion coefficient of neopentane on Ru(001).
A COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL AND RHEOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF ARROWTOOTH FLOUNDER PROTEIN MADE USING THREE DIFFERENT EXTRACTING PROCESSES

Soluble and insoluble fish protein powders were made from arrowtooth flounder (AF) fillets using three methods, which were heating and fractionation, enzymatic hydrolysis and alkali protein extraction. The AF powders were compared, and physical, chemical and rheologic properties were evaluated. The alkali protein extraction soluble (AES) (89.6%) and enzymatic hydrolysis soluble (EHS) (84.8%) powders had higher protein contents than other protein powders (72.6–77.8%). Both heating and fractionation soluble (HFS) and heating and fractionation insoluble powders were whiter than the other protein powders. HFS and EHS had the highest nitrogen solubility values, and EHS had the highest emulsion stability values. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis indicated AES and alkali protein extraction insoluble protein powders had more high molecular weight protein bands, while EHS, enzymatic hydrolysis insoluble and HFS protein powders were substantially hydrolyzed and had an abundance of low molecular weight peptides. The flow and viscoelastic properties of the emulsions prepared with soluble AF were investigated using a parallel plate rheometer. The power law model was used to determine the flow behavior index (n) and consistency index (K). The emulsion containing AES had the highest K value (85.3 Pa·s) and the lowest value was for EHS (27.3 Pa·s). Soluble arrowtooth powders exhibited pseudoplastic behavior and viscoelastic characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is an abundance of arrowtooth flounder (AF); however, its utilization as human food is challenging because of the proteases that reduce texture during cooking. Methods of processing are needed to convert the fish into more marketable forms. One alternative is to produce purified protein powder and high-protein ingredients for human consumption. Fish provide an excellent source of very digestable and high-quality protein. Isolated fish protein powders have desirable functional properties, such as the ability to hold water and fat, and emulsifying capacities. Protein from AF can be converted into a high-value protein powder food ingredient. The application of these ingredients could include incorporation into muscle tissue products by injection, tumbling and coating.
Local variation in reproductive patterns of two species of intertidal barnacles, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby and Chthamalus fissus Darwin

Reproductive patterns, percentage of barnacles with egg masses together with size of egg masses, were studied for two species of intertidal barnacles, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby and Chthamalus fissus Darwin, in three locations. Percentage with egg masses of both species was highest at lower intertidal levels. Seasonal changes were evident in the percentage of Pollicipes polymerus with egg masses and weight of egg masses of this species, standardized for barnacle size, varied with location and season. Weight of egg masses of Chthamalus fissus varied only with location. Weight of egg masses, as a percentage of body weight, ranged from 4 to 21% for Pollicipes and from 33 to 108% for Chthamalus. Estimates of annual reproductive effort for both species increased at lower intertidal levels. A high reproductive output of C. fissus that settle low intertidally may offset high mortality at this tidal level.
A ten-year experience with one hundred fifty failing or threatened vein and polytetrafluoroethylene arterial bypass grafts

Between Jan. 1, 1980, and Dec. 31, 1989, 2187 infrainguinal revascularization procedures were performed. In 130 of these cases with patent bypasses, hemodynamic deterioration was suspected, and urgent arteriography was performed. Twenty additional patients with aortofemoral, femorofemoral, or axillofemoral bypasses demonstrated hemodynamic deterioration. In 93% of failing grafts the condition was suspected because of recurrent symptoms or changes in the pulse examination. Two hundred eighty-five high-grade stenotic or occlusive lesions were identified in inflow arteries, outflow arteries, within the graft, or at proximal or distal anastomoses associated with these 150 grafts. One hundred sixty-one (57%) of these lesions were in patients with failing vein grafts; 115 (40%) were in patients with failing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts; and 9 (3%) were associated with failing composite vein/PTFE grafts. Stenotic lesions less than 5 cm in length were initially treated with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA). Occlusive lesions, stenoses greater than 5 cm in length, and PTA failures were treated surgically. The overall 6-year cumulative secondary patency rate for failing grafts was 65%, and the limb salvage rate was 75%. The extended patency rate after the first intervention in the failing state was 56% at 5 years. The 5-year secondary patency rate for grafts initially treated with PTA (58%) was not significantly different (p = 0.25) from that for grafts treated initially with surgery (71%). Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was effective for inflow stenoses of the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries and for some outflow lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thaumasite in Orange County, Southern California: an inquiry into the effect of low temperature

Abstract Thaumasite has been found in ∼10 year old permeable concrete exposed to sulfate-bearing ground waters in Orange County, California, an area generally associated with a warm climate. The occurrences have usually been found in carbonated zones at or near the lower surface of concrete slabs in contact with the ground. Daily records of soil temperature over the 1990–2000 decade indicate that during the early part of this decade (1990–1993) daily minimum soil temperatures dipped below 15 °C for appreciable portions of the winter months. Since 1993 a warming trend has been observed, and daily minimum soil temperatures fell below 15 °C for only a very few days. It is not clear whether the thaumasite deposits observed in the subject concretes were formed entirely during the colder pre-1994 winters, or whether the thaumasite development continued even under the warmer temperatures experienced since then.
A Customer Oriented Approach to Managing Noncommercial Foodservice Operations

Abstract Means-end theory is used to develop a framework to investigate consumer perceptions of value and satisfaction. The research objective of the study was to assess the impact of product performance and service design on customer perceptions of value and satisfaction. The study was conducted in a non-commercial foodservice setting. The augmented product was decomposed into its core, peripheral, and service delivery components. The results indicated a strong influence of food quality on customer perceptions of value and satisfaction. In addition, strong associations between the food quality and supporting product elements were found. Implications for product design and management were discussed.
Optimal Bounds Correlating Electric, Magnetic and Thermal Properties of Two-Phase, Two-Dimensional Composites

The effective conductivity function of a two-phase two-dimensional composite is known to be a tensor valued analytic function of the component conductivities, assumed here to be isotropic. Optimal bounds correlating the values this function can take are derived. These values may correspond to the measured effective magnetic permeabilities, thermal conductivities, or any other transport coefficient mathematically equivalent to the effective conductivity. The main tool in this derivation is a new fractional linear transformation which maps the appropriate class of conductivity functions passing through a given point to a similar class of functions which are not subject to the restriction of passing through a known point. Crude bounds on this class of functions give rise to sharp bounds on the original class of effective conductivity functions. These bounds are the best possible, being attained by sequentially layered laminate microgeometries.
When plans are executed by mice and men

In human spaceflight mission operations, plans are executed by human flight controllers and crew.12 Execution of the plan requires initiation of activities, tracking their progress, verifying activity completion status, and determining how to react to unexpected events. The complexity of spaceflight operations requires the integration of information from many different sources to accomplish these tasks, and using many software tools to assist in the plan execution process. This paper provides a survey of the current state of the practice in helping NASA flight controllers execute plans. The paper then identifies technology gaps in the current tools, and provides a survey of near- and far-term work to provide flight controllers with improved tools for executing human spaceflight plans.
Forage Nutritive Value in an Emulated Silvopasture

Incorporating trees into pastures may alter forage nutritive value. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value in response to trees and slope position in an emulated (no animals) silvopasture. In 1995, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) trees were planted within three block plots of predominantly tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) pasture. Soils on the site, (Unison and Braddock) are fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludults, well drained, with moderately steep slopes (10–25%). Trees were planted down slopes in rows to create low-, medium-, and high-tree densities at shoulder-, mid-, and toeslope positions. Forage from sampling sites (n 5 54) under field treatment combinations was harvested May, June, and July in 2002 and 2003. Concentrations of neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and Ca, P, Mg, and K were determined. Few differences due to treatment were observed for NDF and ADF concentrations. Concentrations of TNC decreased with greater tree density and appeared to follow tree leaf growth. Crude protein concentrations were typically greater under honey locust trees. Forage mineral concentrations frequently were greater with increased tree density. Trees appear to have both positive and negative effects on forage nutritive value, and their effects on animal performance warrants further research.
Infrared absorption in magnesium silicide and magnesium germanide

Abstract Infrared absorption spectra of several n-type Mg2Si and Mg2Ge single crystals were obtained in the wavelength regions from 1–13 μ and 1–7 μ, respectively, over the temperature range from 85–370°K. Free carrier absorption occurred in Mg2Si at the longer wavelengths. The absorption edges appeared to be due to indirect transitions and the shift of the optical energy gap with temperature is estimated to be −5 × 10−4 eV (°K)−1 for Mg2Si and −6.5 × 10−4 eV (°K)−1 for Mg2Ge. No values for the gaps were determined from the present data but they can be seen to be approximately equal to the gaps determined by electrical measurements. An absorption peak at 0.40 eV in n-type Mg2Si was observed and is discussed.
Institutionalization of Voting Patterns, or is Mobilization the Source of Decay?

The effect of electoral mobilization upon the decay of political institutions is examined with reference to the stability of aggregate voting patterns in Western Europe. Historical time series are studied empirically to test predictions derived from a formal model. The conclusion is that demobilization of groups, rather than mobilization of new voters, threatens the stability of electoral institutions. It is argued that electoral mobilization is a process through which political institutions preserve stability of social relations.
Counterfactual attitudes and multi-centered worlds

Counterfactual attitudes like imagining, dreaming, and wishing create a problem for the standard formal semantic theory of de re attitude ascriptions. I show how the problem can be avoided if we represent an agent's attitudinal possibilities using "multi-centered worlds", possible worlds with multiple distinguished individuals, each of which represents an individual with whom the agent is acquainted. I then present a compositional semantics for de re ascriptions according to which singular terms are "assignment-sensitive" expressions and attitude verbs are "assignment shifters". http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.5.5 BibTeX info
Endogeneity of Alternating Offers in a Bargaining Game

We investigate an infinite horizon two-person simultaneous move bargaining game with incomplete information and discounted payoffs. The game takes the form of a concession game: in each period, each player chooses to give in or hold out. The game continues until at least one of the players chooses to give in, at which point agreement has been reached and the game terminates. For any discount factor, if the players' priors about each other's type are sufficiently asymmetric, there is a unique Nash equilibrium in which the two players alternate in their willingness to give in.
Endothelial Caveolin-1 Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis

Background & Aims Increased vascular density has been associated with progression of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and animal models of colitis. Pathologic angiogenesis in chronically inflamed tissues is mediated by several factors that are regulated at specialized lipid rafts known as caveolae. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the major structural protein of caveolae in endothelial cells, is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, so we investigated its role in experimental colitis. Methods Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate to wild-type and Cav-1 −/− mice, as well as Cav-1 −/− mice that overexpress Cav-1 only in the endothelium. Colon tissues were analyzed by histologic analyses. Leukocyte recruitment was analyzed by intravital microscopy; angiogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in vivo disk assays. Results Cav-1 protein levels increased after the induction of colitis in wild-type mice. In Cav-1 −/− mice or mice given a Cav-1 inhibitory peptide, the colitis histopathology scores, vascular densities, and levels of inflammatory infiltrates decreased significantly compared with controls. Lower levels of leukocyte and platelet rolling and adhesion colitis also were observed in Cav-1 −/− mice and mice given a Cav-1 inhibitory peptide, compared with controls. Cav-1 −/− mice that received transplants of wild-type bone marrow had a lower colitis score than wild-type mice. Data from mice that overexpress Cav-1 only in the endothelium indicated that endothelial Cav-1 is the critical regulator of colitis. Genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of endothelial Cav-1 also significantly decreased vascular densities and angiogenesis scores, compared with controls. Conclusions Endothelial Cav-1 mediates angiogenesis in experimental colitis. Modulation of Cav-1 could provide a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
Using Measurements of Unmet Need to Inform Program Investments for Health Service Integration

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data could potentially inform optimal strategies to reach women having unmet need with contraceptive services through integrated service delivery. Using 2010-11 DHS data from Nepal, Senegal, and Uganda, we estimate the proportion of married or cohabitating women of reproductive age (MWRA) having unmet need for family planning (FP) who have accessed selected health services and therefore could be offered FP services through integrated service delivery. We find substantial missed opportunities to reach MWRA having unmet need for family planning (FP) in the three countries examined. We also find considerable variation within and between countries in the potential for integrated services to reach women having unmet need. Between 4 percent and 57 percent of MWRA having unmet need in these countries could be reached through integration of FP into any single-service delivery platform we explored. This analysis has the potential to provide program managers with an evidence-based road map indicating which service-delivery platforms offer the greatest potential to reach the largest number of women having unmet need for contraception.
Atomic coherence effects within the sodium D1 manifold. III: Lasing without inversion via population trapping

Transient lasing without inversion has been experimentally demonstrated in sodium vapour. The principle of this atomic coherence effect can be well understood from the theory of a simple four-level system. The experimental results match with numerical simulations which take the complete hyperfine structure of the sodium D1 line into account. The differences between our system and a Raman laser are discussed.
Asymmetries in the Effect of Side of Seizure Onset on Recognition Memory Following Intracarotid Amobarbital Injection

Summary: Purpose: To assess inter hemispheric differences in recognition memory for objects during the intracarotid amobarbital sodium procedure (IAP). Methods: The recognition memory for real objects of patients with either right (RTLE, n = 28) or left (LTLE; n = 22) temporal lobe epilepsy was assessed at baseline, and after left and right intracarotid amobarbital sodium injection. Results: There were no differences between groups on baseline performance. Performance following injection ipsilateral to the side of seizure focus was relatively lower for the LTLE as compared with the RTLE group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, performance following injection contralateral to the side of seizure focus was significantly lower for the RTLE as compared with the LTLE group. Within-group differences in performance after ipsilateral as compared with contralateral injection were significant for the RTLE but not the LTLE group. The difference in inter hemispheric asymmetry in IAP memory performance between RTLE and LTLE groups was reflected in decreased ability to classify LTLE patients as compared with RTLE patients about side of seizure onset, using a clinically applicable decision rule. Conclusions: Recognition memory during the IAP for real objects, simultaneously named and presented visually during encoding, is mediated effectively by both the left and right hemisphere when there is no seizure focus present. However, memory appears to be more vulnerable to the presence of a seizure focus in the right as compared with the left hemisphere.
Two-dimensional direct boundary integral method for multilayered elastic media

Abstract This paper concerns the development of a 2-D direct boundary integral method for elastostatics boundary value problems in multilayered media. The method is based on the analytical solution to the problem of a concentrated force within 3ne of two bonded half-planes in which the interface continuity conditions are fulfilled exactly. A four-layer elastic region is developed by using a substructing approach to construct a “numerical interface” between two different bonded half-plane regions. Higher order (linear) boundary elements are used to model all boundary contours and the numerical interface. The model uses straight line elements, and all integrations are done analytically. Zero-length elements are used at corners, or at points where the prescribed loading is discontinuous. Infinite elements are used at the extremities of the numerical interface to reduce numerical errors due to truncation. Three sets of example problems are used to verify the model described in this paper: (1) a circular hole in an infinite strip loaded in tension at infinity; (2) a circular hole near the surface of a half-plane; and (3) a circular cavity within one of two bonded half-planes. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with the published solutions for these problems. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the method, the numerical results for the problem of a circular cavity in a four-layer infinite region are also presented in this paper.
Pil1p and Lsp1p negatively regulate the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-like kinase Pkh1p and downstream signaling pathways Pkc1p and Ypk1p.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologs, Pkh1/2p, of the mammalian 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) regulate the Pkc1-MAP kinase cascade and the partially parallel Ypk1/2p pathway(s) that control growth and cell integrity. Mammalian PDK1 is regulated by 3-phosphoinositides, whereas Pkh1/2p are regulated by sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs). Recently Pkh1/2p were found to complex with two related proteins, Pil1p (Ygr086) and Lsp1p (Ypl004). Because these two proteins are not related to any known protein we sought to characterize their functions. We show that Pkh1p phosphorylates both proteins in vitro in a reaction that is only weakly regulated by LCBs. In contrast, LCBs inhibit phosphorylation of Pil1p by Pkh2p, whereas LCBs stimulate phosphorylation of Lsp1p by Pkh2p. We find that Pil1p and Lsp1p down-regulate resistance to heat stress and, specifically, that they down-regulate the activity of the Pkc1p-MAP and Ypk1p pathways during heat stress. Pil1p and Lsp1p are thus the first proteins identified as regulators of Pkh1/2p. An unexpected finding was that the level of Ypk1p is greatly reduced in pkc1Δ cells, indicating that Pkc1p controls the level of Ypk1p. Homologs of Pil1p and Lsp1p are widespread in nature, and our results suggest that they may be negative regulators of PDK-like protein kinases and their downstream cellular pathways that control cell growth and survival.
Enantioselective synthesis of Bakuchiol using diazosulfonate C-H insertion to install the quaternary center

Bakuchiol was prepared from commercial (-)-citronellol using the diazosulfonate C-H insertion to control the regioselectivity and install the quaternary center.
Exchange coupling in spinach ferredoxin determined by resonance raman spectroscopy

Summary Resonance Raman spectra have been recorded for spinach ferredoxin at 300°K and 190°K. Bands caused by antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the irons are seen, confirming the general features of that model for the binuclear iron-sulfur clusters. Values of J red of −74 cm −1 and J ox of −172 ± 16 cm −1 are found. Bands associated with iron-sulfur stretching frequencies at 284, 330, and 395 cm −1 are also seen, and C-H stretching bands at 2840 and 2950 cm −1 have also been noted.
Generalized brillouin flow

The 1945 paper by Brillouin1 presented an exact solution to the problem of space charge flow of electrons in a magnetic field. As is well known, this solution demonstrates the possibility of an electron beam of cylindrical or rectangular cross section in which the repelling forces due to the space charge are exactly balanced by the magnetic field forces so that the beam maintains its shape for an indefinite length. The many electron tubes which have been designed to make use of this type of flow as well as the large number of research papers published on problems associated with Brillouin flow constitutes substantial evidence of the impact on the electron tube industry of the Brillouin paper.
CXCL10 regulates liver innate immune response against ischemia and reperfusion injury

We have shown that activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent downstream signaling pathway are required for the development of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). This study focused on the role of TLR4-IRF3 activation pathway products, in particular, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10). The induction of CXCL10 by liver IR was rapid (1 hour postreperfusion), restricted (ischemic lobes), and specific (no CXCL9 and CXCL11 induction). Functionally, CXCL10 was critical for IR-induced liver inflammation and hepatocellular injury. CXCL10 knockout (KO) mice were protected from IRI, as evidenced by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (sALT) levels and preserved liver histological detail. The induction of pro-inflammatory genes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-12β was diminished, whereas the induction of the IL-10 gene remained intact in CXCL10 KO mice, indicating an altered liver response against IR. This was accompanied by selective down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but intact Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activation in the KO IR livers. This altered liver inflammation response was (1) specific to IR, because lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a comparable pro-inflammatory response in CXCL10 KO and wild-type (WT) mice; and (2) responsible for liver cytoprotection from IR, because neutralization of IL-10 restored local inflammation and hepatocellular damage. Conclusion: CXCL10 regulates liver inflammation response against IRI, and its deficiency protected livers from IRI by local IL-10–mediated cytoprotection. Targeting CXCL10 may provide a novel therapeutic means to ameliorate liver IRI in clinics. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Recognition of a Human Arrest Site Is Conserved between RNA Polymerase II and Prokaryotic RNA Polymerases

Abstract DNA sequences that arrest transcription by either eukaryotic RNA polymerase II or Escherichia coli RNA polymerase have been identified previously. Elongation factors SII and GreB are RNA polymerase-binding proteins that enable readthrough of arrest sites by these enzymes, respectively. This functional similarity has led to general models of elongation applicable to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes. Here we have transcribed with phage and bacterial RNA polymerases, a human DNA sequence previously defined as an arrest site for RNA polymerase II. The phage and bacterial enzymes both respond efficiently to the arrest signal in vitro at limiting levels of nucleoside triphosphates. The E. colipolymerase remains in a template-engaged complex for many hours, can be isolated, and is potentially active. The enzyme displays a relatively slow first-order loss of elongation competence as it dwells at the arrest site. Bacterial RNA polymerase arrested at the human site is reactivated by GreB in the same way that RNA polymerase II arrested at this site is stimulated by SII. Very efficient readthrough can be achieved by phage, bacterial, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases in the absence of elongation factors if 5-Br-UTP is substituted for UTP. These findings provide additional and direct evidence for functional similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription elongation and readthrough mechanisms.
Generation of 5 μJ broadband THz pulses by tilted pulse front excitation

Generation of sub-μJ and 5 μJ single-cycle THz pulses is demonstrated through optical rectification of ultrashort pulses from 1 kHz and 10 Hz laser systems, respectively. Further scaling-up to 10 μJ levels is in progress.
Slat Cove Unsteadiness Effect of 3D Flow Structures

Previous studies have indicated that 2D, time accurate computations based on a pseudo-laminar zonal model of the slat cove region (within the framework of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations) are inadequate for predicting the full unsteady dynamics of the slat cove flow field. Even though such computations could capture the large-scale, unsteady vorticity structures in the slat cove region without requiring any external forcing, the simulated vortices were excessively strong and the recirculation zone was unduly energetic in comparison with the PIV measurements for a generic high-lift configuration. To resolve this discrepancy and to help enable physics based predictions of slat aeroacoustics, the present paper is focused on 3D simulations of the slat cove flow over a computational domain of limited spanwise extent. Maintaining the pseudo-laminar approach, current results indicate that accounting for the three-dimensionality of flow fluctuations leads to considerable improvement in the accuracy of the unsteady, nearfield solution. Analysis of simulation data points to the likely significance of turbulent fluctuations near the reattachment region toward the generation of broadband slat noise. The computed acoustic characteristics (in terms of the frequency spectrum and spatial distribution) within short distances from the slat resemble the previously reported, subscale measurements of slat noise.
Probabilities for Radiative and Nonradiative Decay of Er 3 + in La F 3

The rates of radiative and nonradiative decay were determined for several excited states of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ in La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ from calculated spontaneous emission probabilities and measured lifetimes. Electric-dipole, magnetic-dipole, and electric-quadrupole transition probabilities were evaluated using intermediate coupled states derived from computer diagonalization of the combined spin-orbit and electrostatic energy matrix. The required spin-orbit and Racah parameters for La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$: ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ were obtained from a least-squares fit of experimental and theoretical energy levels. The probabilities for electric-dipole transitions were calculated using the theory of Judd and Ofelt; the phenomenological parameters needed in this approach were derived from measurements of integrated absorption coefficients. By comparing the total calculated radiative lifetimes and the observed lifetimes, the probabilities for nonradiative decay from nine different excited states were determined. The probability of nonradiative decay was found to be very dependent upon the proximity of lower energy levels, which for the levels investigated ranged from approximately 1600 to 6000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and hence upon the number of phonons required to conserve energy. The rates of nonradiative transitions corresponding to the simultaneous emission of as many as five phonons were found to make significant contributions to the lifetimes of fluorescent states of rare earths in La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$.
Fabrication and characteristics of an implantable, polymer-based, intrafascicular electrode.

We describe new manufacturing techniques and physical properties of an improved polymer-based longitudinal intrafascicular electrode (polyLIFE). Modifications were made to correct: (1) poor metal film adhesion and fatigue resistance, (2) inconsistent insulation adhesion and control over recording/stimulation zone length, and (3) insufficient tensile strength for clinical use. Metal adhesion was significantly improved by both plasma treatment and fiber rotation (about the long axis) during metal deposition. Fatigue resistance was improved by reduction in sputtering energy (time x power) combined with long axis rotation, resulting in thin metal films that were 250 times more resistant to cyclic bending fatigue. Insulation adhesion was enhanced with the application of an adhesion-promoting silicone (MED2-4013, Nusil), while the recording/stimulation zone length was controlled to 1 +/- 0.2mm (mean +/- S.D.). The polyLIFE was made more robust by the inclusion of three individually metallized fibers, improving its tensile strength by a factor of 4 while producing minimal changes to its overall stiffness. However, the metallized fiber redundancy did not significantly affect fatigue resistance. The manufacturing changes described in this study enable the construction of more mechanically robust polyLIFEs, which should provide greater success when chronically implanted in peripheral nerves.
CELL CYCLE ANALYSIS FROM COMPUTER SYNTHESIS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID HISTOGRAMS

A method is presented for the computer synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) histograms, based on estimates of cell distribution around a life cycle, DNA synthesis rate and instrumentally introduced dispersion. Synthetic histograms are compared with experimental DNA histograms for two cell systems; in one, the cell population is in asynchronous exponential growth (steady state), in the other, the cell population is recovering from a block at the GJS phase interface (nonsteady state). The average phase transit times and the associated dispersions are determined, using a DNA histogram synthesis technique, for the nonsteady state population. The quantitation of cell populations on the basis of the frequency distribution of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is becoming increasingly common as high speed cytophotometric systems (3, 4, 7, 11, 13, 18) become available. It is therefore important that such DNA frequency distributions (DNA histograms) be well understood. A computer model of cell proliferation is presented in this report-a model which can be used to synthesize DNA histograms. The model is based on reasonable assumptions about kinetic parameters (9), rate of DNA synthesis (19), cell distribution around a life cycle (5, 6, 12, 14-16) and instrumentally introduced dispersion . This modeling concept not only provides a basis for a more complete understanding of how these parameters affect experimentally determined DNA histograms but also provides a new method for extracting cell cycle parameters of perturbed populations. The report first illustrates how a DNA histogram can be synthesized for the steady state situation of a population in asynchronous, exponential growth (steady state implies that the cell distribution is time-invariant). After the synthesis technique is illustrated for this steady state population, the time invariance restriction is relaxed and nonsteady state conditions such as those found in synchronous cell populations are discussed. Once the modeling technique is illustrated, 1 This work was performed under the auspices of
Measurements of JNO3− in snow by nitrate-based actinometry

Abstract Chemical actinometry was used to measure nitrate photolysis rate coefficients, JNO3−, on and in snowpack at Summit, Greenland. Sealed glass tubes containing nitrate and a hydroxyl radical trapping system were buried in snow and exposed for between 2 and 24 h. Average JNO3− values for 2-h midday exposures in early June on surface snow were 10–14×10−7 s−1. Averages over 24 h were 3.5–4.5×10−7 s−1. These values reflect the integrated photon flux and also any variation of the nitrate photolysis rate with temperature. Attenuation of JNO3− within the firn was 0.03–0.04 cm−1 for 24-h exposures and 0.08 cm−1 for a 2-h exposure. Different attenuation coefficients may relate to differential light penetration due to changes in sun angle over the course of 24 h.
Role of extended defected SiC interface layer on the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC

An extended layer of defected SiC has been observed in SiC subjected to heat treatments at 850 and 1050 °C prior to growth of graphene by thermal decomposition. This layer is found to strongly affect the graphene thickness, surface morphology, and Raman spectrum of graphene grown on it. By comparing the strength of the XPS signal associated with this layer it was found that the samples with stronger defected layer signal had the least number of surface pits but also showed the increase in Raman D to G band ratio. The shifts in 2D and G peaks are associated with varying amounts of strain and unintentional doping induced by the SiC defected interface layer, respectively.
Changes in the Pattern of Adherens Junction-Associated β-Catenin Accompany Morphogenesis in the Sea Urchin Embryo

Abstract β-Catenin was originally identified biochemically as a protein that binds E-cadherin in cultured cells and that interaction was later shown to be essential for cadherin function. Independently,armadillo,the β-catenin homolog inDrosophila melanogaster,was identified as a segment polarity gene necessary for the transduction ofwingless (Wnt)signals during embryonic and larval development. Recently, several investigations have also shown that β-catenin plays a critical role in axial patterning of earlyXenopus,zebrafish, and mouse embryos. In these systems, the localization of β-catenin to the plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus is predictive of its role in cell adhesion and signaling. In order to examine the potential role of β-catenin in regulating cell adhesion during embryogenesis, we cloned β-catenin in the sea urchinLytechinus variegatusand characterized its subcellular distribution in cells undergoing morphogenetic movements. Indicative of a role in the establishment and maintenance of cell adhesion, β-catenin is associated with lateral cell–cell contacts and accumulates at adherens junctions from cleavage stages onward. At gastrulation, changes in junctional β-catenin localization accompany several morphogenetic events. The epithelial–mesenchymal conversion that characterizes the ingression of both primary and secondary mesenchyme cells coincides with a rapid and dramatic loss of adherens junction-associated β-catenin. In addition, epithelial cells in the archenteron display a significant decrease in adherens junction-associated β-catenin levels as they undergo convergent–extension movements. These data are consistent with a role for β-catenin in regulating cell adhesion and adherens junction function during gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo.
A North American Archaeomagnetic Database.

North American archaeomagnetic data have been compiled using a relational database management system. There are currently 1875 archaeomagnetic directions and 151 paleointensity results in the database.
Incisor microwear and feeding behavior in Alouatta seniculus and Cebus olivaceus.

Dental microwear features on the labial surfaces of maxillary central incisors of wild-shot museum specimens of Cebus olivaceus (n = 11) and Alouatta seniculus (n = 7) were examined at 200 × by polarized light microscopy. While wear scratch orientation patterns do not differ between the two samples, Cebus has a significantly higher density of wear features, and displays scratches that extend further cervically. Preliminary observations (n = 50 hours) on anterior tooth use in these species at Hato Masaguaral, in the Llanos of Venezuela, provide suggestions regarding how foraging patterns reported in the literature relate to these microwear differences. Cebus uses its front teeth more frequently in the manipulation of a greater variety of objects than does Alouatta.
‘INSTANTANEOUS’ METABOLIC MEASUREMENT

![Figure][1] John Lighton discusses the 1981 paper by George Bartholomew, David Vleck and Carol Masters Vleck entitled: ‘Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in sphingid and saturniid moths’. A copy of the paper can be
Effective Buoyancy, Inertial Pressure, and the Mechanical Generation of Boundary Layer Mass Flux by Cold Pools

AbstractThe Davies-Jones formulation of effective buoyancy is used to define inertial and buoyant components of vertical force and to develop an intuition for these components by considering simple cases. This decomposition is applied to the triggering of new boundary layer mass flux by cold pools in a cloud-resolving simulation of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE). The triggering is found to be dominated by inertial forces, and this is explained by estimating the ratio of the inertial forcing to the buoyancy forcing, which scales as H/h, where H is the characteristic height of the initial downdraft and h is the characteristic height of the mature cold pool’s gust front. In a simulation of the transition from shallow to deep convection, the buoyancy forcing plays a dominant role in triggering mass flux in the shallow regime, but the force balance tips in favor of inertial forcing just as precipitation sets in, consistent with the RCE results.
Estimating Genetic Ancestry Proportions from Faces

Ethnicity can be a means by which people identify themselves and others. This type of identification mediates many kinds of social interactions and may reflect adaptations to a long history of group living in humans. Recent admixture in the US between groups from different continents, and the historically strong emphasis on phenotypic differences between members of these groups, presents an opportunity to examine the degree of concordance between estimates of group membership based on genetic markers and on visually-based estimates of facial features. We first measured the degree of Native American, European, African and East Asian genetic admixture in a sample of 14 self-identified Hispanic individuals, chosen to cover a broad range of Native American and European genetic admixture proportions. We showed frontal and side-view photographs of the 14 individuals to 241 subjects living in New Mexico, and asked them to estimate the degree of NA admixture for each individual. We assess the overall concordance for each observer based on an aggregated measure of the difference between the observer and the genetic estimates. We find that observers reach a significantly higher degree of concordance than expected by chance, and that the degree of concordance as well as the direction of the discrepancy in estimates differs based on the ethnicity of the observer, but not on the observers' age or sex. This study highlights the potentially high degree of discordance between physical appearance and genetic measures of ethnicity, as well as how perceptions of ethnic affiliation are context-specific. We compare our findings to those of previous studies and discuss their implications.
Issues in the use of psychophysiology to assess female sexual dysfunction

The viability of psychophysiology as an assessment approach for female sexual function and dysfunction revolves around physiological measurement issues, subjective measurement issues, and the nature of the sexual difficulty. Recent data are presented and discussed as are the potentials and limitations inherent in a psychophysiological study of human sexuality. A case is made for the use of vaginal pressure pulse as a primary measure, vaginal blood volume as a secondary measure, correlations between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal, and intercorrelations between various subjective affect scales.
Vulnerability, scientific research and AIDS.

The UNAIDS Ethical Considerations in HIV Preventive Vaccine Research guidance document transposes to the field of clinical research on the HIV/AIDS vaccine the most recent ethical thinking on research with human beings particularly that prompted by the process of review of the Declaration of Helsinki. The document sets out to be an ethical and political guide on issues where moral mediation is difficult such as the use of placebos the inclusion of women of reproductive age and children in clinical trials or even on the world distribution of the risks inherent in clinical research. In this brief commentary I shall centre my remarks on Guidance Points 6 7 and 8 of the document as these bear most directly on the issues of social inequality and vulnerability. (excerpt)