cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can a T2 hyperintense rim sign differentiate uterine leiomyomas from other solid adnexal masses

To investigate the incidence of high T2 signal rims surrounding leiomyomas, evaluate if a particular T2-weighted sequence is more effective in depicting this rim, and determine if this sign is useful in differentiating pedunculated leiomyomas from other solid adnexal masses. In this retrospective study, two radiologists evaluated 233 T2 dark pelvic masses (223 uterine leiomyomas and 10 ovarian fibromas) in 60 women (mean age 47) on Magnetic resonance imaging for the presence of a high signal rim. Three different T2-weighted sequences were reviewed independently for uterine leiomyomas: half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE), SPACE, and T2 with fat saturation (T2 FS). Only T2 FS images were available for 10 fibromas. A consensus review was conducted for discrepant cases. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s exact test, kappa test, and ANOVA For 223 uterine leiomyomas, 23% (95% CI 17.8–28.9%) demonstrated a high T2 signal rim sign on T2 FS compared with 4.9% (95% CI 2.6–8.9%) for HASTE and 6.7% (95% CI 3.9–11.1%) for SPACE. The difference between the number of positive rims on T2 FS relative–HASTE and SPACE was statistically significant (p < 0.001). For ovarian fibromas, 40% (95% CI 16.9–68.8%) were classified positive for a rim sign. A high T2 signal rim sign was present for up to 23% of uterine leiomyomas and the T2 FS sequence detected this rim sign most frequently. Up to 40% of ovarian fibromas can also have a T2 rim sign and, therefore, a solid adnexal mass with a T2 rim sign cannot be assumed to represent a pedunculated leiomyoma.
A History of the Classical Visual Cycle

The visual cycle, the biochemical process by which the light-sensitive isomer of vitamin A is continually recycled, is crucial to vision in a healthy eye. More than 150 years of research into this remarkable biochemical process has given invaluable understanding in debilitating visual diseases that impact thousands of individuals worldwide, many of them children. The visual cycle spans photoreceptor cells in the retina and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and requires a protein called RPE65 for its function. In many ways, RPE65 is the capstone to the cyclical processing of vitamin A in the eye, and the discovery of this retinol isomerase helped fill a critical gap in the understanding of retinoid processing in vision. This chapter will focus on the history of visual cycle research, from the first experiments well over a century ago to the discovery of RPE65. Because of the undeniable importance of RPE65 in the visual cycle, this chapter will also focus on the protein structure and mechanism by which it converts light-insensitive all-trans-vitamin A to light-sensitive 11-cis-vitamin A for continued visual function. Finally, this chapter will briefly discuss RPE65 and its known disease associations in the clinical setting. Thanks to the efforts of researchers for well over a century in studying the visual cycle, the medical community is now poised to make significant gains in the treatment of blindness.
AbrB modulates expression and catabolite repression of a Bacillus subtilis ribose transport operon

A Bacillus subtilis ribose transport operon (rbs) was shown to be subject to AbrB-mediated control through direct AbrB-DNA binding interactions in the vicinity of the promoter. Overproduction of AbrB was shown to relieve catabolite repression of rbs during growth in the presence of poorer carbon sources such as arabinose but had much less effect when cells were grown in the presence of glucose, a rapidly metabolizable carbon source. A ccpA mutation relieved catabolite repression of rbs under all conditions tested. One of the AbrB-binding sites on the rbs promoter contains the putative site of action for the B. subtilis catabolite repressor protein CcpA, suggesting that competition for binding to this site could be at least partly responsible for modulating rbs expression during carbon-limited growth.
Detecting the Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains

An optimal sensitivity plate method for examining large number of staphylococcal strains for production of the known enterotoxins (A—E) is presented. Small volumes of relatively concentrated enterotoxin are produced by the semi-solid agar, cellophane-over-agar, or sac culture techniques. Detection of the enterotoxin in the supernatant fluid is accomplished with the optimal sensitivity plate method. In this method small plastic petri dishes (50 mm) were used for a modified Ouchterlony of high sensitivity.
The Stealth Station Image Guidance System may interfere with pulse oximetry.

Purpose Interference on pulse oximetry can come from many sources. We found an additional source of interference from the Stealth Station. This article gives an overview of sources of pulse oximeter interference so that clinicians can better prevent them.
The children's machine: rethinking school in the age of the computer

Yearners and Schoolers Personal Thinking School: Change and Resistance to Change Teachers A World for Learning An Anthology of Learning Stories Instructionism versus Constructionism Computerists Yearners and Schoolers Cybernetics What can be done?
The Role of Bond Strength in the Fracture of Advanced Filament Reinforced Composites

Longitudinal strength characteristics of filament reinforced composites, discussing bond strength effect on filament fracture
Oncotype DX in Bilateral Synchronous Primary Invasive Breast Cancer.

Synchronous bilateral breast cancers frequently share the same estrogen receptor (ER) status, yet may differ in other histopathologic features. We sought to examine concordance rates of Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS) testing in women with synchronous bilateral ER-positive breast cancer. Institutional databases were reviewed to identify patients with synchronous (within 6 months) bilateral primary invasive breast cancer and multiple RSs. RSs were stratified by risk group (RS < 18, low; RS 18–30, intermediate; RS ≥ 31, high) and considered discordant if they reflected different risk groups. From 2005–2014, a total of 115 patients presented with synchronous bilateral invasive breast cancer; 43 (37 %) had two RSs available. Median patient age was 60 years (42–84), median tumor size was 1.2 cm (0.5–3.7), and all cases were HER2 negative and node negative. Of 86 RSs, 63 (73 %) were low risk, 20 (23 %) were intermediate risk, and 3 (3 %) were high risk. RSs were concordant in 29 (67 %) patients. Patients with concordant RSs were older (62 years vs. 56 years) and had median levels of progesterone receptor (PR) expression that were higher and more similar—80 and 85 % for bilateral cancers, respectively, compared with 55 and 75 % for bilateral cancers in discordant cases. Discordant RS led to a treatment change in 8/14 (57 %) cases. Among women with synchronous bilateral ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer, RSs were concordant in 67 % of cases. Concordance rates may be higher in older women or among those with comparable levels of PR expression. These data suggest that testing of both tumors should be considered in patients who are candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Boundary detection through fuzzy clustering

Boundary detection in digital images is viewed as a clustering problem. A survey of boundary detection techniques based on fuzzy clustering is presented. Algorithms to detect linear, planar, and curved boundary detection are surveyed. Limitations of these techniques are discussed, along with a review of approaches proposed to overcome these limitations. >
Surface‐enhanced resonance Raman and hyper‐Raman spectroscopy of water‐soluble substituted stilbene and distyrylbenzene chromophores

Surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) are presented for two water-soluble, donor–donor- or donor–acceptor-substituted phenylene vinylene derivatives adsorbed on the surfaces of colloidal silver nanoparticles. The normally water-insoluble, substituted stilbene and distyrylbenzene chromophores have been modified by attaching trimethylammoniumalkyl chains to the amino donor group, creating both aqueous solubility and a net positive charge that facilitates binding to citrate- or borohydride-reduced silver colloids. A symmetrically donor-substituted distyrylbenzene exhibits strong electronically pre-resonant SERS spectra that are not highly dependent on excitation wavelength and are qualitatively similar to the solution-phase resonance Raman (RR) spectra. A donor–acceptor-substituted stilbene exhibits weaker SERS enhancement despite being fully electronically resonant. The spectra vary considerably with excitation wavelength and show new lines not present in the solution-phase spectra, which are attributed to a photoproduct formed on the surface. Two-photon resonant hyper-Raman spectra are also presented for the donor–acceptor stilbene, both with and without surface enhancement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propulsion of Microorganisms by Surface Distortions

Swimming strategies of microorganisms must conform to the principles of self-propulsion at low Reynolds numbers. Here we relate the translational and rotational speeds to the surface motions of a swimmer and, for spheres, make evident novel constraints on mechanisms for propulsion. The results are applied to a cyanobacterium, an organism while motile mechanism is unknown, by considering incompressible streaming of the cell surface and oscillatory, tangential surface deformations. Finally, swimming efficiency using tangential motions is related to the surface velocities and a bound on the efficiency is obtained. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Reclassification of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Normal Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using Heart Rate Response to Vasodilator Stress

Previous studies have shown that patients with normal vasodilator myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) findings remain at a greater risk of future cardiac events than patients with normal exercise MPI findings. The aim was to assess improvement in risk classification provided by the heart rate response (HRR) in patients with normal vasodilator MPI findings when added to traditional risk stratification. We retrospectively studied 2,000 patients with normal regadenoson or adenosine MPI findings. Risk stratification was performed using Adult Treatment Panel III framework. Patients were stratified by HRR (percentage of increase from baseline) into tertiles specific to each vasodilator. All-cause mortality and cardiac death/nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) ≤2 years from the index MPI were recorded. During follow-up, 11.8% patients died and 2.7% patients experienced cardiac death/nonfatal MI in the adenosine and regadenoson groups, respectively. The patients who died had a greater Framingham risk score (12 ± 4 vs 11 ± 4, p = 0.009) and lower HRR (22 ± 16 vs 32 ± 21, p
FLATNESS AND THE RING OF QUASI-ENDOMORPHISMS

Abstract This paper investigates torsion-free abelian groups A which are Q E-flat, i.e. for which Q A is flat as an Q E(A)-module. It is shown that a torsion-free A has this property iff Tor1 (M, A) is torsion for all right E(A)-modules M. Furthermore, a torsion-free group of rank 4 is constructed which is Q E-flat but not quasi-isomorphic to an E-flat group. This gives a negative response to a question of R. Pierce. The paper concludes with a discussion of the structure of torsion-free groups of finite rank which are Q E-flat.
Community-Clinic-Based Parent Intervention Addressing Noncompliance in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract The current study tested whether an abbreviated version of Defiant Children (Barkley, 1987), an efficacious parent training program to address the behavioral noncompliance often associated with disruptive behavior disorders, could be implemented successfully within a community mental health clinic setting by master's-level therapists. Ethnically and socioeconomically diverse parents of 16 children (ages 4 to 12 years old) completed a 6-session active treatment group emphasizing the use of differential attending skills, effective time-out strategies, and a structured reinforcement schedule to increase child compliance. Pre- and posttreatment measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptom level were administered, as well as a measure tapping the contextual breadth (i.e., number of settings) and severity of disruptive behaviors. Parent satisfaction with the treatment was also assessed. Analyses indicated large treatment effects on all measures except CD behavior. Results are discussed in the context of implementing empirically supported therapies in settings where “treatment as usual” is the norm.
Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mouse middle ear epithelial cell line

Conclusion. Temperature-sensitive mouse middle ear epithelial cells have been successfully established and characterized. Objective. Temperature-sensitive middle ear epithelial cell lines are essen...
Ion implantation in β-SiC: Effect of channeling direction and critical energy for amorphization

Damage in single-crystal ..beta..-SiC(100) as a result of ion bombardment has been studied using Rutherford backscattering/channeling and cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Samples were implanted with Al (130 keV) and Si (87 keV) with doses between 4 and 20 x 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/ at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. Backscattering spectra for He/sup +/ channeling as a function of implantation dose were initially obtained in the (110) direction to determine damage accumulation. However, the backscattered yield along this direction was shown to be enhanced as a result of uniaxial implantation-induced strain along (100). Spectra obtained by channeling along this latter direction were used along with the computer program t-smcapsr-smcapsIm-smcaps to calculate the critical energy for amorphization. The results for amorphization of ..beta..-SiC at liquid nitrogen and room temperature are approx.14.5 eV/atom and approx.22.5 eV/atom, respectively.
Why is proteinuria an ominous biomarker of progressive kidney disease

Why is proteinuria an ominous biomarker of progressive kidney disease? Progressive tubule injury and interstitial fibrosis frequently accompany glomerulopathies associated with proteinuria. Clinical experience indicates that higher levels of proteinuria prior to, as well as after initiation of treatment predict more rapid decline in renal function and more pronounced tubulointerstitial injury. It has been proposed that filtration of potentially tubulotoxic plasma proteins is responsible for the observed correlations between proteinuria and progression (i.e., proteinuria is a cause and not only a consequence of progressive renal injury). Numerous attempts have been made to identify the species of putative tubulotoxic proteins in this progressive injury process, but much uncertainty persists. These uncertainties stem from nonphysiologic exposure of apical cell surfaces to proteins in vitro, the extremely high concentrations of various proteins tested in vitro, and the nonuniformity of end points measured. Furthermore, there is often a lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo findings, and a lack of uniformity of results even for seemingly similar in vitro experiments. Less controversy is evident in the potential pathways whereby injured tubules evoke a tubulointerstitial inflammatory and fibrotic response, with many in vivo models serving to incriminate excessive cytokine and chemokine production, infiltration of various inflammatory cells, and the balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. Despite many years of concerted efforts, we believe it is still unclear whether proteinuria is a cause (and if so, which species of protein), or only a consequence of progressive renal injury. Nevertheless, pending the resolution of these uncertainties by more decisive and unambiguous experimentation, the strongly predictive inverse relationship between level of proteinuria and long-term renal survival currently justifies aggressive antiproteinuric treatment strategies, with a goal of reducing protein excretion rate to the lowest level possible without the induction of symptoms or undue risk.
Roles for redox mechanisms controlling protein kinase G in pulmonary and coronary artery responses to hypoxia.

We previously reported that isolated endothelium-removed bovine pulmonary arteries (BPAs) contract to hypoxia associated with removal of peroxide- and cGMP-mediated relaxation. In contrast, bovine coronary arteries (BCAs) relax to hypoxia associated with cytosolic NADPH oxidation coordinating multiple relaxing mechanisms. Since we recently found that H2O2 relaxes BPAs through PKG activation by both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent thiol oxidation/subunit dimerization mechanisms, we investigated if these mechanisms participate in BPA contraction and BCA relaxation to hypoxia. The contraction of BPA (precontracted with 20 mM KCl) to hypoxia was associated with decreased PKG dimerization and PKG-mediated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation. In contrast, exposure of 20 mM KCl-precontracted endothelium-removed BCAs to hypoxia caused relaxation and increased dimerization and VASP phosphorylation. Depletion of sGC by organoid culture of BPAs with an oxidant of the sGC heme (10 μM 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) increased aerobic force generation, decreased VASP phosphorylation, and inhibited further contraction to hypoxia and changes in VASP phosphorylation. Thiol reduction with dithiothreitol increased aerobic force in BPAs and decreased PKG dimerization, VASP phosphorylation, and the contraction to hypoxia. Furthermore, PKG-1α and sGC β1-subunit small interfering RNA-transfected BPAs demonstrated increased aerobic K+ force and inhibition of further contraction to hypoxia, associated with an attenuation of H2O2-elicited relaxation and VASP phosphorylation. Thus, decreases in both a sGC/cGMP-dependent and a dimerization-dependent activation of PKG by H2O2 appear to contribute to the contraction of BPAs elicited by hypoxia. In addition, stimulation of PKG activation by dimerization may be important in the relaxation of coronary arteries to hypoxia.
Managing qualitative simulation in knowledge-based chemical diagnosis

Deep knowledge about process behaviors plays an important role in the diagnosis of chemical processes. Cause-and-effect reasoning using deep knowledge is useful especially for interacting malfunctions. This work explores the integration of deep knowledge into task-specific, knowledge-based architectures for resolving interacting multiple malfunctions and presents a novel methodology called diagnostically focused simulation (DFS). Invoked in an auxiliary manner, DFS uses deep knowledge and performs qualitative simulation in a highly constrained manner. The close integration with other problem solvers is an evolutionary approach to using qualitative simulation in diagnosis and manages a normally computationally-explosive procedure. Diagnostic results from the compiled problem solver provide a situation-specific assessment of the chemical process, identify possible malfunction scenarios, and focus on appropriate levels of process detail. DFS effectively demonstrates a balance between run-time simulation and compiled problem solving in diagnosis.
Crystal chemistry of the La2-yLnyCuO4 (Ln = Pr, Nd) systems

Abstract An investigation of the value of the room temperature crystallographic tolerance factor t at which stability of the La 2 CuO 4 T-tetragonal structure becomes unstable relative to the Nd 2 CuO 4 T′-tetragonal structure in the systems La 2− y Ln y CuO 4 , Ln = Pr or Nd, has led to the discovery of a new T″-tetragonal phase. It has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern like that of the T′ phase, but with a slightly larger c parameter than that obtained by extrapolation from the T′ phase field. Its occurrence as nearly a line phase at y ≈ 0.5 suggests cation ordering within a Ln O layer; with a larger size difference between La 3+ and the Ln 3+ ion, interlayer ordering occurs to give either a two-phase sample T O + T′ or the hybrid T∗ phase.
Microbiological Synthesis of L-dopa

The ability of microorganisms to convert N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tyrosine, N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-tyrosine, and N-formyl-L-tyrosine into their respective N-substituted L-dopa derivatives was studied. These tyrosine derivatives were examined because of the ease with which the blocking groups may be removed. L-Tyrosine derivatives were incubated with Aspergillus ochraceous or Gliocladium deliquescens, and the resulting L-dopa products were isolated and characterized. L-Dopa was metabolized by G. deliquescens to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol. L-Ascorbic acid and hydrocinnamic acid increased yields of L-dopa when added to fermentation media.
Nucleation, growth and morphology of Co thin films on Ag(1 1 0)

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments reveal that Co growth on Ag(1 1 0), at coverages of Co 1 ML gives rise to a 3D nanocluster growth on the surface, with the clusters covered by Ag. Depending slightly on coverage, the clusters have a typical diameter of ∼3 nm and a height of ∼0.4 nm. Upon annealing to ∼500 K, major changes are observed in the morphology of the surface. STM and AES show that there is a reduction of the number of Co islands on the surface, partly due to subsurface Co cluster migration and partly due to sintering into larger clusters.
2B and 2C Mutations Are Essential but Mutations throughout the Genome of HAV Contribute to Adaptation to Cell Culture

Abstract Chimeric viruses constructed from various portions of two infectious cDNA clones representing the genomes of the wild-type and cell culture-adapted mutants of the HM-175 strain of hepatitis A virus were compared for their ability to replicate in cultures of fetal rhesus kidney cells. Mutations located in either the 5′ or 3′ third of the genome could markedly enhance growth in vitro but only when they were combined with mutations in the P2 region within either the 2B or the 2C gene. Therefore, mutations in 2B and 20 are essential for cell culture adaptation but mutations elsewhere in the genome also contribute significantly to the enhanced growth rate.
Regulatory logic and pattern formation in the early sea urchin embryo.

Abstract We model the endomesoderm tissue specification process in the vegetal half of the early sea urchin embryo using Boolean models with continuous-time updating to represent the regulatory network that controls gene expression. Our models assume that the network interaction rules remain constant over time and the dynamics plays out on a predetermined program of cell divisions. An exhaustive search of two-node models, in which each node may represent a module of several genes in the real regulatory network, yields a unique network architecture that can accomplish the pattern formation task at hand – the formation of three latitudinal tissue bands from an initial state with only two distinct cell types. Analysis of an eight-gene model constructed from available experimental data reveals that it has a modular structure equivalent to the successful two-node case. Our results support the hypothesis that the gene regulatory network provides sufficient instructions for producing the correct pattern of tissue specification at this stage of development (between the fourth and tenth cleavages in the urchin embryo).
The effect of tridiphane (2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane) on hepatic epoxide-metabolizing enzymes: Indications of peroxisome proliferation

Administration of tridiphane (Tandem, DOWCO 356, 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane) to male Swiss-Webster mice for 3 days at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg (ip) resulted in increases in liver weight accompanied by an increase in mitotic index and increases in large particle and microsomal protein. Epoxide hydrolase (EH) activity towards cis-stilbene oxide (CSO, microsomal EH) was elevated in microsomes and cytosol, a decrease in microsomal cholesterol EH was found, and hydrolysis of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO, cytosolic EH) was elevated in the cytosol but not in the microsomes. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was elevated in cytosol for CSO, TSO, and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), with inconsistent responses found with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (ENPP). Microsomal GST was not consistently effected by tridiphane. Clofibrate (500 mg/kg, 3 daily ip injections) treatment resulted in similar responses in liver size, microsomal protein, and the EHs. The increase in cytosolic EH activity previously has been noted only in animals treated with peroxisome proliferators. Examination of livers from mice treated with 250 mg/kg tridiphane revealed that an increase in hepatic peroxisomes was apparent after 3 days of treatment. This was accompanied by decreases in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increases in liver carnitine acetyl transferase and cyanide-insensitive oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA. This study demonstrates that tridiphane does have in vivo effects on mammalian epoxide-metabolizing enzymes and extends the association of increased cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity with peroxisome proliferation.
1670 NATURAL SURFACTANT THERAPY (NST): CLINICAL AND BIO-PHYSICAL CORRElATES IN PREMATURE LAMBS

1670 NATURAL SURFACTANT THERAPY (NST): CLINICAL AND BIO-PHYSICAL CORRElATES IN PREMATURE LAMBS
Transition from developing to mature patterns of acetylcholinesterase activity in rat visual cortex: implications for the timecourse of geniculocortical development

Abstract Patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical staining in cortical area 17 differ in infant and mature rats. In infants, intense AChE activity is seen as a band corresponding to layer IV and deep layer III of the visual cortex, and this staining is associated with terminal fields of geniculocortical neurons. In adult animals, AChE activity is densest in deep layer IV and layer V and is associated with projections originating in the basal forebrain. The present study investigated the transition from developing to mature patterns of AChE staining in visual cortex. Unilateral lesions were placed in either the lateral geniculate body or the basal forebrain of rats postnatal days 8 (P8) to adulthood; the effects of these lesions on patterns of AChE activity in visual cortex were studied with histochemical techniques and optical densitometry. Lesions involving the lateral geniculate body markedly reduce AChE activity in visual cortex of P12 rats, had moderate effects in P20 rats, and had no apparent effect on AChE activity of visual cortex of rats aged P40 and older. Lesions of basal forebrain had little effect on AChE activity in visual cortex of P12 animals, increasing effect in P15–35 rats, and eliminated much of AChE staining in visual cortex of adults. The period of transition from developing to mature patterns of AChE activity in visual cortex of animals bilaterally enucleated at birth was not different from the period of transition in normally sighted animals. These data indicate that mature patterns of AChE activity in visual cortex are not achieved until well into the second month of life. If transient AChE expression is characteristic of geniculocortical neurons during the period of time in which axons are proliferating within visual cortex, then these data indicate that geniculocortical connections may be forming well into the second month of life in the rat.
Hypergraph with sampling for image retrieval

In this paper, we propose a new transductive learning framework for image retrieval, in which images are taken as vertices in a weighted hypergraph and the task of image search is formulated as the problem of hypergraph ranking. Based on the similarity matrix computed from various feature descriptors, we take each image as a 'centroid' vertex and form a hyperedge by a centroid and its k-nearest neighbors. To further exploit the correlation information among images, we propose a soft hypergraph, which assigns each vertex v"i to a hyperedge e"j in a soft way. In the incidence structure of a soft hypergraph, we describe both the higher order grouping information and the affinity relationship between vertices within each hyperedge. After feedback images are provided, our retrieval system ranks image labels by a transductive inference approach, which tends to assign the same label to vertices that share many incidental hyperedges, with the constraints that predicted labels of feedback images should be similar to their initial labels. We further reduce the computation cost with the sampling strategy. We compare the proposed method to several other methods and its effectiveness is demonstrated by extensive experiments on Corel5K, the Scene dataset and Caltech 101.
Macrophages in mice acutely infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are primed for nitric oxide synthesis

Abstract Following infection of adult mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) there is a well documented suppression of T-cell and B-cell functions concurrent with the strong anti-LCMV immune response. Macrophages have been shown to be infected and activated during acute LCMV infection and there is some evidence to indicate that there is altered antigen presentation in acutely infected mice. We have examined nitric oxide (NO) production by splenic macrophages during acute infection of adult mice. Our results show that these macrophages are primed for production of NO, that the inducible production of NO parallels the immune suppression, and that NO production is dependent on the presence of IFNγ. However, neither in vivo nor in vitro treatment with N-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA), a specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, altered the induction or maintenance of virus-induced immune suppression in mice acutely infected with LCMV.
A mutation in a thioredoxin reductase homolog suppresses p53-induced growth inhibition in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

A strong growth inhibition is observed when the human p53 tumor suppressor gene product is expressed in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. This growth inhibition is specific for wild-type p53; mutant alleles of p53 derived from human tumors show a greatly decreased ability to inhibit growth. These data suggest that there may be a p53-responsive pathway inS. pombe. To identify elements in this pathway genetically, we isolated a mutant yeast strain in which the growth inhibitory activity of p53 is largely suppressed. In addition, the activity of p53 as a transcription factor is also decreased in this strain. The suppression of p53 activity is not due to a decrease in p53 expression or a failure of p53 to localize to the nucleus. This p53 suppressor mutation is in a novelS. pombe gene with homology to thioredoxin reductase genes, and has been namedtrr1. Strains with a mutation of, or deletion in,trr1 are sensitive to oxidizing agents, suggesting that thetrr1 suppressor mutation causes partial loss oftrr1 function. Since oxidizing agents are able to suppress p53 activity in vitro, thistrr1 mutation may affect the activity of p53 in fission yeast by increasing the oxidation state of the tumor suppressor.
On the relationship between uniaxial yield strength and resolved shear stress in polycrystalline materials

Attempts to correlate radiation-induced microstructural changes with changes in mechanical properties rely on a well-established theory to compute the resolved shear stress required to move dislocations through a field of obstacles. However, this microstructure-based shear stress must be converted to an equivalent uniaxial tensile stress in order to make comparisons with mechanical property measurements. A review of the radiation effects literature indicates that there is some confusion regarding the choice of this conversion factor for polycrystalline specimens. Some authors have used values of 1.73 and 2.0, based on an inappropriate application of the von Mises and Tresca yield criteria, respectively. The basic models pertinent to this area of research are reviewed, and it is concluded that the Taylor factor with a value of 3.06 is the correct parameter to apply in such work.
Scene projection by non-linear transforms to a geo-referenced map for situational awareness

There are many transportation and surveillance cameras currently in use in major cities that are close to the ground and show scenes from a perspective point of view. It can be difficult to follow an object of interest across multiple cameras if many of these cameras are in the same area due to the different orientations of these cameras. This is especially true when compared to wide area aerial surveillance (WAAS). To correct this problem, this research provides a method to non-linearly transform current camera perspective views into real world coordinates that can be placed on a map. Using a perspective transformation, perspective views are transformed into approximate WAAS views and placed on a map. All images are then on the same plane, allowing a user to follow an object of interest across several camera views on a map. While these transformed images will not fit every feature of the map as WAAS images would, the most important aspects of a scene (i.e. roads, cars, people, sidewalks etc.) are accurate enough to give the user situational awareness. Our algorithm is proven to be successful when tested on cameras from the downtown area of Dayton, Ohio.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of l-α-Phosphatidyl-d-3-deoxy-3-heteromethyl-myo-inositols as phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors

We have synthesized a series of 3-deoxy-3-heteromethyl derivatives of L-alpha-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol as part of our effort to develop specific, reversible inhibitors of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase. Among various derivatives examined, phosphatidyl-D-3-deoxy-3-aminomethyl-myo-inositol displays the highest potency in inhibiting PI 3-kinase both in vitro and in cells. It effectively suppressed antigen-stimulated degranulation in mast cells (IC(50), 17 microM), suggesting a potential application of this PI 3-kinase inhibitor as a mast cell-stabilizing agent.
Λ-adic Barsotti–Tate groups

We define 3-BT groups as well-controlled ind-Barsotti‐Tate groups under the action of the Iwasawa algebra and construct a prototypical example of such groups out of modular Jacobians. We then discuss the relation of these groups to Weil numbers of weight 1 and to the nonvanishing problem of the adjoint L-invariant.
Synthesis and Properties of Metalloporphyrin Monolayers and Stacked Multilayers Bound to an Electrode via Site Specific Axial Ligation to a Self-Assembled Monolayer

A general method has been developed for the immobilization of metalloporphyrins at a gold electrode surface coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). SAMs containing imidazole-terminated adsorbates are shown to bind a series of metalloporphyrins, including bis-acetonitrile octaethylporphyrinatoruthenium(II), Ru(OEP)(CH3CN)2; bis-acetonitrile octaethyltetraazaporphyrinato ruthenium(II), Ru(OETAP)(CH3CN)2; bis-acetonitrile tetra-(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinatoruthenium(II), Ru(Tp-ClPP)(CH3CN)2; bis-acetonitrile octaethylporphyrinatoosmium(II), Os(OEP)(CH3CN)2; and carbonyl meso-tetramesitylporphyrinatoruthenium(II), Ru(TMP)(CO). The SAM/metalloporphyrin films have been characterized by optical ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing angle FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission visible spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. The results indicate that the metalloporphyrins are chemisorbed via axial ligand substitution of the metal center with the porphyrin ring parallel to the...
BIOGENIC AMINES AND THEIR METABOLISM IN THE STUDY OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biogenic amines and their metabolism in the study of aggressive behavior in rats. Various models of animal aggression may involve different central mechanisms and separate neurotransmitters. Alteration of serotonin metabolism with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine induced muricide in 9 of 34 rats when used in doses ranging from 100 mg/kg to 600 mg/kg. There were no conversions in the vehicle-treated group. Even though there were increases in footshock sensitivity in the pCPA-treated rats, their shock-induced fighting level changed insignificantly from 19 to 26–8%. In contrast, alteration predominantly of norepinephrine (NE) metabolism appears to greatly affect shock-induced fighting without altering the other models of aggression. Depletion of brain norepinephrine and dopamine and damage to central catecholamine nerve terminals with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine elevates shock induced fighting from a baseline level of 9.3% to 37.9%. This same effect can be achieved by treating rats with intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopa which depletes only brain norepinephrine.
Cerebral ketone body metabolism

Ketone bodies (KBs) are an important source of energy for the brain. During the neonatal period, they are also precursors for the synthesis of lipids (especially cholesterol) and amino acids. The rate of cerebral KB metabolism depends primarily on the concentration in blood; high concentrations occur during fasting and on a high-fat diet. Cerebral KB metabolism is also regulated by the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which depends on the abundance of monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT1). The BBB's permeability to KBs increases with fasting in humans. In rats, permeability increases during the suckling period, but human neonates have not been studied. Monocarboxylic acid transporters are also present in the plasma membranes of neurons and glia but their role in regulating KB metabolism is uncertain. Finally, the rate of cerebral KB metabolism depends on the activities of the relevant enzymes in brain. The activities vary with age in rats, but reliable results are not available for humans. Cerebral KB metabolism in humans differs from that in the rat in several respects. During fasting, for example, KBs supply more of the brain's energy in humans than in the rat. Conversely, KBs are probably used more extensively in the brain of suckling rats than in human neonates. These differences complicate the interpretation of rodent studies. Most patients with inborn errors of ketogenesis develop normally, suggesting that the only essential role for KBs is as an alternative fuel during illness or prolonged fasting. On the other hand, in HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, imaging generally shows asymptomatic white-matter abnormalities. The ability of KBs to act as an alternative fuel explains the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in GLUT1 deficiency, but its effectiveness in epilepsy remains unexplained.
Response of equal channel angular extrusion processed ultrafine-grained T91 steel subjected to high temperature heavy ion irradiation

Abstract The life extension of current pressurized water reactors and the design of reliable next-generation nuclear reactors call for advanced structural steels that can sustain radiation up to several hundred displacements per atom (dpa) at elevated temperatures. Here we performed Fe ion irradiation to 150 dpa at 450 °C on bulk coarse-grained (CG, with a grain size of ∼2 μm) and ultrafine-grained (UFG, with grain size of ∼320 nm) T91 steels. Extensive microscopy studies show that fine grains in UFG T91 reduced the density of nanocavities and dislocation loops. The swelling rate in UFG steel is three times lower than that of CG T91 due to the existence of abundant defect sinks, such as high angle grain boundaries and dislocations. A strong surface effect with size dependence was noted during heavy ion irradiation studies. The large deviation of swelling rate from neutron irradiated specimens implies the significance of He concentration and presumably dose rate on swelling in nuclear reactors.
Azimuthal distributions and collective motion in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions

The azimuthal distributions of light particles (Z=1,2) with respect to the entrance channel reaction plane are investigated for Ar+V collisions in order to characterize the modes of collective motion in intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions. At a beam energy of 35 MeV/nucleon, light charged particles are found to exhibit an enhanced emission in the reaction plane which increases with the mass of the detected particle. As the beam energy is increased to 100 MeV/nucleon, the anisotropy nearly vanishes, providing insight into the dynamics of these reactions in a transitional energy regime. The observed anisotropy exhibits signatures of two distinct modes of collective motion: attractive mean-field deflection and rotation of the fused system. A microscopic calculation based on mean-field mediated interactions plus nucleon-nucleon collisions reproduces both forms of collective motion and their associated azimuthal anisotropies. The calculation also suggests that the anisotropy due to mean-field deflection is established during the initial stages of the collision.
Generation of Human Striatal Neurons by MicroRNA-Dependent Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts

The promise of using reprogrammed human neurons for disease modeling and regenerative medicine relies on the ability to induce patient-derived neurons with high efficiency and subtype specificity. We have previously shown that ectopic expression of brain-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-9/9* and miR-124 (miR-9/9*-124), promoted direct conversion of human fibroblasts into neurons. Here we show that coexpression of miR-9/9*-124 with transcription factors enriched in the developing striatum, BCL11B (also known as CTIP2), DLX1, DLX2, and MYT1L, can guide the conversion of human postnatal and adult fibroblasts into an enriched population of neurons analogous to striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). When transplanted in the mouse brain, the reprogrammed human cells persisted in situ for over 6 months, exhibited membrane properties equivalent to native MSNs, and extended projections to the anatomical targets of MSNs. These findings highlight the potential of exploiting the synergism between miR-9/9*-124 and transcription factors to generate specific neuronal subtypes.
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a gene dosage perspective.

The 22q11.2 deletion/DiGeorge syndrome is a relatively common “genomic” disorder that results from heterozygous deletion of a 3-Mbp segment of chromosome 22. Of the more than 30 genes deleted in this syndrome, TBX1 is the only one that has been found to be mutated in some patients with a phenotype that is very similar to that of patients with the full deletion, suggesting that TBX1 haploinsufficiency is a major contributor to the syndromes phenotype. Multi- and single-gene mouse models have provided a considerable amount of information about the consequences of decreased and increased dosage of the genomic region (and in particular of the Tbx1 gene) on mouse embryonic development. Modified alleles of Tbx1, as well as conditional ablation strategies have been utilized to map in vivo the tissues and developmental stages most sensitive to gene dosage. These experiments have revealed substantially different sensitivity to gene dosage in different tissues and at different times, underlying the importance of the developmental context within which gene dosage reduction occurs.
Anomaly-free component adaptation with class overriding

Software components can be implemented and distributed as collections of classes, then adapted to the needs of specific applications by means of subclassing. Unfortunately, subclassing in collections of related classes may require re-implementation of otherwise valid classes just because they utilize outdated parent classes, a phenomenon that is referred to as the subclassing anomaly. The subclassing anomaly is a serious problem since it can void the benefits of component-based programming altogether. We propose a code adaptation language mechanism called class overriding that is intended to overcome the subclassing anomaly. Class overriding does not create new and isolated derived classes as subclassing does, but rather extends and updates existing classes across collections of related classes. If adopted in new languages for component-based programming, or in existing compiled languages such as C# and Java, class overriding can help maintain the integrity of evolving collections of related classes and thus enhance software component adaptability.While other techniques such as reflection and binary code adaptation can be used to reduce the magnitude of the subclassing anomaly, class overriding has the advantage of being easy-to-use and efficient.
The Z-index as a variable for crop yield estimation

A moisture anomaly index called Z is used as a variable for the estimation of wheat yield. Data from the state of South Australia are used to illustrate its application in a model that requires only monthly data. Tests with ten years of data indicate that the index, when used with other variables including temperature departures from normal for selected months, is sensitive to the wide fluctuations of wheat yields affected by weather conditions in that state.
Novel molecular prognostic markers in breast cancer.

Background: Advances in the treatment of breast cancer have led to a reduction in breast-cancer-related mortality. However, these therapies are known to be associated with toxicities. Thus there is a crucial need to accurately define the populations of women with an excellent prognosis who may safely avoid the risks of systemic therapy. Recent developments utilizing novel technologies that incorporate our growing understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of breast cancer strive to better identify these patients. Objective: To provide a review of newer prognostic markers with a focus on the 21-gene recurrence score (Oncotype DX™), 70-gene prognosis profile (Mammaprint®), and Adjuvant! Online. Conclusion: These techniques differ in their execution and application and have been demonstrated to provide further data on risk stratification as compared with conventional breast-cancer-risk factors.
Iron and phosphate content of rat ferritin heteropolymers

An attempt was made to relate the iron and phosphate content of ferritin to its subunit composition. Ferritins from various tissues were separated according to their subunit composition by anion exchange chromatography and according to their iron content by density-gradient centrifugation. Iron and phosphate contents were not related to subunit composition. Recombinant rat liver ferritin heteropolymers of different subunit composition (1, 4, 6, 10, 15, and 17 H chains per 24 mer) were maximally loaded with iron, using ceruloplasmin and phosphate. All loaded approximately the same amount of iron and phosphate (2250 and 380 atoms, respectively). The iron and phosphate content of all ferritin, including the maximally loaded recombinant ferritin heteropolymers, fit an equation we previously reported: [Fe] = 4404 - 5.61 [Pi] (D. deSilva et al., 1993, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 303, 451-455). These results suggest that the amount of iron and apparently the space within the core of ferritin were not related to different subunit composition.
Determination of lineage and clonality in diffuse lymphomas using the polymerase chain reaction technique

Malignant lymphomas of the diffuse mixed or diffuse large cell subtype are immunologically heterogeneous and morphologic features do not allow prediction of lineage. Applications of immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement techniques has greatly improved our ability to determine clonality and lineage. Nevertheless, some diffuse lymphomas are composed of numerous reactive cells accompanying a small clonal population, thereby making determination of clonality difficult, even with gene rearrangement techniques. In this study, we report two malignant lymphomas in which immunophenotypic and genotypic studies failed to elucidate evidence of clonality. In both cases, the polymerase chain reaction amplified segments of DNA containing the bcl-2/JH sequence, providing evidence of clonality and suggesting B-cell lineage. We conclude that the polymerase chain reaction technique may be useful in the diagnosis of some diffuse mixed and large cell lymphomas.