cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three (or More) Populations

One way to think about play, is as the process of finding new combinations for known things...
The Role of Quinine-Responsive Taste Receptor Family 2 in Airway Immune Defense and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Background: Bitter (T2R) and sweet (T1R) taste receptors in the airway are important in innate immune defense, and variations in taste receptor functionality in one T2R (T2R38) correlate with disease status and disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Quinine is a bitter compound that is an agonist for several T2Rs also expressed on sinonasal cells, but not for T2R38. Because of this property, quinine may stimulate innate immune defense mechanisms in the airway, and functional differences in quinine perception may be reflective of disease status in CRS. Methods: Demographic and taste intensity data were collected prospectively from CRS patients and non-CRS control subjects. Sinonasal tissue from patients undergoing rhinologic surgery was also collected and grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Nitric oxide (NO) production and dynamic regulation of ciliary beat frequency in response to quinine stimulation were assessed in vitro. Results: Quinine reliably increased ciliary beat frequency and NO production in ALI cultures in a manner consistent with T2R activation (p<0.01). Quinine taste intensity rating was performed in 328 CRS patients and 287 control subjects demonstrating that CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients rated quinine as significantly less intense than did control subjects. Conclusions: Quinine stimulates airway innate immune defenses by increasing ciliary beat frequency and stimulating NO production in a manner fitting with T2R activation. Patient variability in quinine sensitivity is observed in taste intensity ratings, and gustatory quinine “insensitivity” is associated with CRSwNP status. Thus, taste tests for quinine may be a biomarker for CRSwNP and topical quinine has therapeutic potential as a stimulant of innate defenses.
Clinical Reasoning: A 30-year-old man with headache and sleep disturbance.

A 30-year-old man with a history of migraine presented to the emergency department with headache and somnolence. Previous migraine headaches were infrequent and episodic, typically lasting less than 1 day, while the current headache had been building over the course of 2 months and was accompanied by fluctuating hypersomnolence and insomnia. On the day of admission, he was confused, dysarthric, somnolent, and unable to ambulate without assistance. A thorough review of collateral history revealed a remote travel history throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and Mexico, but no clear infectious exposures. He smoked marijuana but denied exposure to illicit drugs. Family history included hypothyroidism in his mother and psoriasis in his sister. Upon arrival to the emergency department, he was afebrile and hemodynamically stable. Neurologic examination did not reveal a focal deficit or clear evidence of papilledema on funduscopy, but cooperation was poor due to level of consciousness.
Training in Marital Therapy During Psychiatry Residency: Description of a Conjoint Training Approach

Marital therapy in recent years has been receiving increasingly greater acceptance as an effective treatment intervention. However, descriptions of techniques for providing training in this treatment modality within psychiatry residency programs have been rare. The present article discusses the use of a conjoint marital therapy approach as one strategy for providing such training. The conjoint therapy teams consisted of a faculty therapist experienced in the conduct of marital therapy and third-year residents rotating through an outpatient psychiatry clinic. The basic training components utilized and some potential advantages of the cotherapy training approach are discussed.
Telling Left from Right

Let A = A(ℝ) denote the lattice-ordered group of order-automorphisms of the chain ℝ of real numbers. The support supp(g) of g ∈ A(ℝ) means {ω ∈ ℝ | ωg ≠ ω}. Let L = L(ℝ) denote the l-ideal of A consisting of those elements whose support lives on the left (i.e., is bounded above), let R = R(ℝ) be its dual, and let B = B(ℝ) = L ∩ R.
A Historical Outline of Sovereign Indebtedness

From a historical perspective, States have systematically contracted loans to finance their policies. Since the modern age began, State indebtedness has progressively lost the character of an occasional necessity of the sovereign to become an instrument of development for the national community as a whole. In other words, sovereign indebtedness has been increasingly incurred to meet political contingencies and to the advantage, and in the interests of, the public.
Time-dependent nucleation in very rapid non-isothermal processes

Publisher Summary This chapter examines a delicate interplay of nucleation and growth during a quench and provides a simple expression for an “effective nucleation rate,” which would allow one to correct with a minimal effort the standard quasi-steady state (QSS) approximation. It discusses the meaning of the nucleation rate as a starting point in description of subsequent growth for the problem of a rapid thermal quench. An explicit quench-rate dependent “effective” nucleation rate is obtained, tested against numerical solutions of the Becker–Doring equations, and applied to a realistic experimental situation of nucleation of crystallites in a quench of a thin silicon film.
Pilotprojekt ASDA/GIZ in Bangladesch: Produktivitätssteigerung auf dem Rücken der Beschäftigten

Der britische Einzelhandler Asda, Mitglied der Walmart-Gruppe, wurde in den letzten Jahren zur Zielscheibe von Kritikern fur seinen Umgang mit Arbeitskraften und Zulieferern. Studien haben gezeigt, dass niedrige Lohne, exzessive Uberstunden und die Schikanierung von Arbeitskraften in asiatischen Zuliefererfabriken von Asda die Regel waren. Als Reaktion auf den Druck britischer Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs) verwies Asda zunachst auf seine Mitgliedschaft in der „Ethical Trading Initiative“, einer Multi-Stakeholder-Initiative, die sich fur die Durchsetzung von Arbeitsrechten einsetzt. Im Jahr 2008 initiierte ASDA in einigen Fabriken in Bangladesch ein Projekt, in dessen Rahmen die Produktivitat der Fabrik gesteigert werden sollte. Die dadurch erreichten Kosteneinsparungen konnten fur die Anhebung der Lohne verwendet werden, sodass Unternehmen. Dieses Projekt reiht sich ein in eine Vielzahl ahnlicher Programme anderer Marken und Einzelhandler wie Gap, Marks & Spencer, Levi Strauss, Tesco und Primark, die ebenfalls auf Produktivitatssteigerungen als Mittel zur Verbesserung der Lohn- und Arbeitsbedingungen in Fabriken setzen
Preemergent Control of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Black Medic (Medicago lupulina L.)

Abstract Preemergence applied herbicides, Barricade 65 WDG (prodiamine), Derby 5G (metolachlor + simazine), Pendulum 60 WDG (pendimethalin), Snapshot DF (isoxaben + oryzalin), and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) were evaluated for control of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) in 2.5 liter (0.7 gal) containerized soilless medium. Herbicides were applied at label rates in November 1993 (experiment 1) and 1994 (experiment 2). Common vetch was controlled up to 16 weeks after treatment (WAT) by both Snapshot formulations. Pendulum and Barricade, or Derby provided excellent and good control of vetch for 8 WAT (experiment 1), respectively, but only 4 WAT in experiment 2. Both Snapshot formulations resulted in excellent control of black medic for the entirety of both experiments. Pendulum provided excellent control up to 12 WAT (experiment 2) and good control up to 16 WAT (experiment 1). Further studies should evaluate the turfgrass/landscape herbicide Gallery (isoxaben), t...
Validity of using cancer registry data for comparative effectiveness research.

6574Background: Researchers often use cancer registry data to compare survival for different treatment options in clinical situations where higher level evidence does not exist. However, the retros...
Review. Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education

How many students with disabilities have you taught? How much do you know about your campus’ reasonable accommodation policies?As a discipline, the field of political science is becoming sensitized...
Learning a Frequency-Matching Grammar together with Lexical Idiosyncrasy: MaxEnt versus Hierarchical Regression

Experimental research has uncovered language learners' ability to frequency-match to statistical generalizations across the lexicon, while also acquiring the idiosyncratic behavior of individual attested words. How can we model the learning of a frequency-matching grammar together with lexical idiosyncrasy? A recent approach based in the single-level regression model Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar makes use of general constraints that putatively capture statistical generalizations across the lexicon, as well as lexical constraints governing the behavior of individual words. I argue on the basis of learning simulations that the approach fails to learn statistical generalizations across the lexicon, running into what I call the GRAMMAR-LEXICON BALANCING PROBLEM: lexical constraints are so powerful that the learner comes to acquire the behavior of each attested form using only these constraints, at which point the general constraint is rendered superfluous and ineffective. I argue that MaxEnt be replaced with the HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION MODEL: multiple layers of regression structure, corresponding to different levels of a hierarchy of generalizations. Hierarchical regression is shown to surmount the grammar-lexicon balancing problem – learning a frequency-matching grammar together with lexical idiosyncrasy – by encoding general constraints as fixed effects and lexical constraints as a random effect. The model is applied to variable Slovenian palatalization, with promising results.
Standing desks for sedentary occupations: Assessing changes in satisfaction and health outcomes after six months of use.

Background Standing desks are a low cost option for the reduction of sedentary behavior. Objective This study evaluated changes in utility and health outcomes during a standing desk intervention. Methods Thirty-five participants (BMI >25) who reported sitting an average of≥six hours per workday were recruited. Participants were randomized into a control or intervention group. Eleven were enrolled in the control group and 24 in the intervention group. Participants in the intervention group were outfitted with an adjustable standing desktop accessory while participants in the control group maintained a standard work desk. Self-reported and objective measures of sedentary time during an eight hour workday were captured for a baseline and intervention period. Changes in health outcomes and workplace satisfaction were assessed after six months. Results Self-recorded sedentary behavior decreased by 25% after six months though no changes in health outcomes were observed. Subjective assessments of standing time were over-estimated by 10% (compared to accelerometer recordings) in the intervention group. The intervention group reported higher levels of satisfaction with comfort, customizability, and overall personal workplace. Conclusions Despite a decrease in sedentary behavior, no changes in health outcomes occurred after a six month intervention. Future studies should incorporate objective measures of diet and physical activity to assess compensatory behaviors that may offset sedentary reduction. More sensitive health outcome measures should also be considered.
Does Gender Significantly Predict Academic, Athletic Career Motivation among NCAA Division I College Athletes

American society has had college athletics at its core for over a century (Rader, 2009) and is ubiquitous in University life. College athletes’ performances both on and off the field have been scrutinized in both popular and academic literature. Other examples include the documentation in student development literature that meaningful engagement outside traditional classroom settings can have positive effects on a student’s (athlete or not) personal development (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). College athletes’ individual experiences have received considerable attention in the popular media and literature as the pressures to perform both athletically and academically are vast (Benford, 2007; Meyer, 2005). Previous studies have explored the athletic environment in terms of the emergence of leadership, team dynamics, team cohesion, and the motivational climate (Adie, Duda, & Ntoumanis, 2008; Allen, & Howe, 1998; Balaguer, Duda, & Crespo, 1999; Medic, Mack, Wilson, & Starkes, 2007; Tsang, 2007). Other studies have focused more on individual attributes such as motivation to perform and participate, perceived ability, perceived competence, personal satisfaction, enjoyment, and social status (Amorose, & Horn, 2001; Hollembeak, & Amorose, 2005; Reinboth, & Duda, 2004; Sheldon, & Eccles, 2005; Van-Yperen, & Duda, 1999). The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gender (men’s vs. women’s sports) on motivation towards academics, athletics, and career choice. Data were gleaned from male and female athletes at one large Midwestern NCAA Division I University using the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and the Student Athlete’s Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ). Data are discussed and analyzed using various statistical methods and using Harter’s (1978) theory of perceived competence and Nicholls (1984) perceived theory of motivational climate to answer the theorized research question and hypotheses.
Health Care Disparities Among U.S. Women of Reproductive Age by Level of Psychological Distress.

Abstract Background: Reproductive-age women have a high rate of contact with the health care system for reproductive health care. Yet, beyond pregnancy, little is known about psychological distress...
Integrity Protection for Scientific Workflow Data: Motivation and Initial Experiences

With the continued rise of scientific computing and the enormous increases in the size of data being processed, scientists must consider whether the processes for transmitting and storing data sufficiently assure the integrity of the scientific data. When integrity is not preserved, computations can fail and result in increased computational cost due to reruns, or worse, results can be corrupted in a manner not apparent to the scientist and produce invalid science results. Technologies such as TCP checksums, encrypted transfers, checksum validation, RAID and erasure coding provide integrity assurances at different levels, but they may not scale to large data sizes and may not cover a workflow from end-to-end, leaving gaps in which data corruption can occur undetected. In this paper we explore an approach of assuring data integrity - considering either malicious or accidental corruption - for workflow executions orchestrated by the Pegasus Workflow Management System. To validate our approach, we introduce Chaos Jungle - a toolkit providing an environment for validating integrity verification mechanisms by allowing researchers to introduce a variety of integrity errors during data transfers and storage. In addition to controlled experiments with Chaos Jungle, we provide analysis of integrity errors that we encountered when running production workflows.
TP53 mutations and relevance of expression of TP53 pathway genes in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia.

Limited data are available on the incidence and impact of TP53 alterations and TP53 pathway deregulation in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We analysed TP53 alterations in bone marrow samples of 229 patients with de novo paediatric AML, and detected heterozygous missense exon mutations in two patients (1%) and 17p deletions of the TP53 gene in four patients (2%). These patients more frequently had complex karyotype (50% vs. 4%, P = 0·002) or adverse cytogenetic abnormalities, including complex karyotype (67% vs. 17%, P = 0·013), compared to TP53 wild-type. Differential expression of TP53 pathway genes was associated with poor survival, indicating a role for TP53 regulators and effector genes.
A novel ferrochelatase inhibitor as a therapy for ocular neovascularization

Background and Hypothesis: Ocular neovascularization, characterized by the abnormal growth of new blood vessels, underlies blindness-inducing diseases such as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This neovascularization can be either choroidal (in the case of wet AMD) or retinal (in the case of PDR). Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor is the target of current FDA approved therapies, however the need for intravitreal injections poses a drawback to such treatments. Furthermore, many patients are non-responders or refractory. Given this, the discovery of novel therapeutic targets is warranted. Ferrochelatase (FECH) is an enzyme involved in heme synthesis. The Corson lab has previously shown FECH to be necessary for angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. The Corson lab has been successful in developing novel compounds that inhibit FECH in vitro, based on high-throughput screening hits. The objective of this project was to test one such novel FECH inhibitor in a choroidal neovascularization mouse model. Experimental Design: FECH inhibition was investigated in the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model. This model involved creating a laser-induced lesion into the retinal pigment epithelium/choroid of mice aged 6-8 weeks; this promotes neovascularization. The FECH inhibitor compound was delivered once intravitreally at the time of the laser. Neovascularization was analyzed in vivo using optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography one and two weeks after laser, then quantified ex vivo by isolectin staining. Results: There was a trend toward decreased ocular neovascularization with the administration of a FECH inhibitor, as measured by optical coherence tomography seven days after laser treatment. However, further analyses are ongoing to validate this finding. Conclusion and Potential Impact: The administration of a FECH inhibitor compound intravitreally may result in a decrease in CNV. This may be useful as it could lead to FECH serving as a target for future therapies.
GingerRoot: A Novel DNA Transposon Encoding Integrase-Related Transposase in Plants and Animals

Transposable elements represent the largest components of many eukaryotic genomes and different genomes harbor different combinations of elements. Here, we discovered a novel DNA transposon in the genome of the clubmoss Selaginella lepidophylla. Further searching for related sequences to the conserved DDE region uncovered the presence of this superfamily of elements in fish, coral, sea anemone, and other animal species. However, this element appears restricted to Bryophytes and Lycophytes in plants. This transposon, named GingerRoot, is associated with a 6 bp (base pair) target site duplication, and 100-150 bp terminal inverted repeats. Analysis of transposase sequences identified the DDE motif, a catalytic domain, which shows similarity to the integrase of Gypsy-like long terminal repeat retrotransposons, the most abundant component in plant genomes. A total of 77 intact and several hundred truncated copies of GingerRoot elements were identified in S. lepidophylla. Like Gypsy retrotransposons, GingerRoots show a lack of insertion preference near genes, which contrasts to the compact genome size of about 100 Mb. Nevertheless, a considerable portion of GingerRoot elements was found to carry gene fragments, suggesting the capacity of duplicating gene sequences is unlikely attributed to the proximity to genes. Elements carrying gene fragments appear to be less methylated, more diverged, and more distal to genes than those without gene fragments, indicating they are preferentially retained in gene-poor regions. This study has identified a broadly dispersed, novel DNA transposon, and the first plant DNA transposon with an integrase-related transposase, suggesting the possibility of de novo formation of Gypsy-like elements in plants.
Arrhenoblastoma of the ovary.

Abstract A case of arrhenoblastoma of the ovary is reported. Clinically the main features were changes in the voice and psyche, amenorrhea, and a mass in the right adnexal region. A histologically typical arrhenoblastoma was removed surgically and the patient has made an uneventful recovery.
Sporadic compared to recurrent urinary tract infections: Considerations for urogynecologic patients.

AIMS To describe the uropathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns in women with singular, sporadic urinary tract infection (UTI) vs those with recurrent UTI (rUTI) in a urogynecologic population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of women treated for a UTI by a urogynecologic provider in a 1-year timeframe. Subjects were divided into two groups: (a) sporadic UTI-no history of rUTI and a single infection in the study timeframe and (b) rUTI-history of rUTI and ≥2 UTIs in the study timeframe. Our primary outcome was the difference in uropathogens between groups. Secondary aims were to investigate host characteristics associated with recurrent Escherichia coli infections and resistant uropathogens in the rUTI cohort. RESULTS We had 265 women with 163 (61.5%) in the sporadic UTI group and 102 (38.5%) in the rUTI group. The most common uropathogens were E. coli (57.3%) and Klebsiella (11.7%). In the rUTI group, only 27 of 102 (26.5%) had all E. coli infections. There were differences between groups regarding age (P = .03) and proportion of neurogenic bladder (P = .01), intermittent self-catheterization (P < .01), antibiotic suppression (P < .01), and vaginal estrogen therapy (P < .01). In the rUTI cohort, there were no risk factors that were significantly associated with recurrent E.coli UTIs and vaginal estrogen therapy was associated with a higher odds of sensitive uropathogens (adjusted odds ratio, 3.12; confidence interval, 1.28-7.56). CONCLUSIONS In those with rUTI, it was uncommon to have recurring E. coli UTIs and consistently sensitive uropathogens. Pretreatment urine cultures are important to verify causative uropathogens in this population.
High-Endurance UAV Via Parasitic Weight Minimization and Wireless Energy Harvesting

This paper discusses the on-going investigation of novel technologies for increasing the endurance of UAVs, mainly by increasing power-to-weight ratio through parasitic weight reduction of structural and power systems and generating/harvesting energy mid-flight. Electrically-powered UAVs are typically limited in range and mission time due to the limited capacity of existing technologies. The benefit of increased endurance is the ability to provide virtually nonstop surveillance over an area, which has both commercial and military applications. The student engineering team at the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona have been working on this multi-year, multidisciplinary project to integrate a variety of technologies into an existing RC aircraft. Flexible solar panels that double as wing skin, vibrational kinetic energy generators, in-flight induction wireless recharging and thermoelectric generators are the four main methods of generating power during flight. To store the power, the wing spars double as the main batteries and structural supercapacitors could replace the lower wing skin. These storage devices reduce parasitic weight by doubling as aircraft structural components, therefore forming a "flying battery". An intelligent power management system was developed to accept the AC and DC power sources and maximize re-charge rate by alternating which battery is charged at a given time.
Effect of Calcium and Energy Status During the Postpartum Period on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows

Pregnancy rate, a function of heat detection and conception rate, determines the number of days postpartum at which cows become pregnant from the voluntary waiting period.67 Cows expressing one or more estruses during the first 30 days postpartum had improved pregnancy rates compared with anestrous cows.83 This observation indicates that the physiological and hormonal events associated with estrus help restore uterine and ovarian function to a state conducive to pregnancy. A number of studies have demonstrated the relationship between hypocalcemia and parturient disorders such as dystocia, retained fetal membranes (RFM), and ketosis.13,30,68 These disorders predispose the cow to metritis, which can affect the energy status of the cow. This influences ovarian activity and resumption of cyclicity during the postpartum period. The energy status of the lactating dairy cow has differential effects on early follicular development and competence, ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum (CL) function during the postpartum period. As our understanding of the endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the postpartum cow has advanced, it is clear that reproductive and nutritional management systems need to be integrated to achieve optimal reproductive efficiency. Objectives of this presentation are 1) to describe the association between calcium status and periparturient disorders 2) to relate the differences in ovarian activity to energy status in postpartum dairy cows 3) to examine the effects of protein and fat on reproductive function during the postpartum period, and 4) to document the beneficial effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on first-service pregnancy rates when integrated into a reproductive management program for timed insemination.
Dual Teaching: Simultaneous Remote and In-Person Learning During COVID

Social distancing guidelines put in place to combat COVID-19 resulted in a general education introductory information technology course being taught in a dual teaching environment. Each lesson, some students attended in-person while simultaneously others attended remotely. Students alternated each lesson between in-person and remote attendance. We examined whether there was any difference in performance between in-person and remote attendance using an end-of-lesson quiz. For some students the quiz was announced and for others it was unannounced. Additionally, we measured the subjective experience of students via a survey. We found that students attending class in-person performed better on end of class quizzes; the difference was small but statistically significant. In-person students also reported paying more attention, being more engaged, and understanding the lesson material better than remote students. Announcing the quiz did not statistically affect performance, although it did improve the subjective experience of in-person students. Finally, when it comes to dual teaching, both students and instructors prefer in-person or remote teaching. Nevertheless, dual teaching may be an effective approach; there was little difference in final course grades between in-person teaching and dual teaching.
Effect of SNR on Quantitative Viscoelastic Response (QVisR) Ultrasound in silico

Quantitative Viscoelastic Response (QVisR) ultrasound uses in silico on-axis VisR displacement profiles to estimate the elastic and viscous moduli of an interrogated material. This work studies the effect of varying the radio frequency (RF) data signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on QVisR's estimates. White Gaussian noise was added to the RF data of simulated viscoelastic materials subject to a VisR beamsequence with SNRs from 0-50dB in steps of 10dB. Tracked displacements were used as features for a neural network model to estimate elastic and viscous moduli. Predicted elastic moduli RMSE was smaller than the simulated material elastic step size down to 20dB SNR and viscous moduli RMSE was smaller than the viscous step size down to 40dB SNR. These findings suggest QVisR can be used to estimate viscoelastic moduli in noisy environments that more closely model non-simulation data acquisitions.
RETROSPECTIVE: César Milstein (1927-2002)

In a retrospective, [Springer][1] looks back on the remarkable career of CA©sar Milstein, who with Georges KA¶hler, developed monoclonal antibody technology. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5571/1253
A Game for Rough Girls?: A History of Women's Football in Britain

Research for this book was facilitated by a Havelange Scholarship from Federation Internationale de Football (FIFA).
Health and Fitness Courses in Higher Education: A Historical Perspective and Contemporary Approach.

The prevalence of obesity among 18- to 24-year-olds has steadily increased. Given that the majority of young American adults are enrolled in colleges and universities, the higher education setting could be an appropriate environment for health promotion programs. Historically, health and fitness in higher education have been provided via activities-based education (APE) courses with a shift toward conceptually based (CPE) courses. The purpose of this retrospective pre–post study was to assess health and behavioral outcomes associated with a combination APE–CPE course, an APE course, and a CPE course. The ecological model and social network theories were considered within the context of this assessment. Paired t tests were used to examine pre–post changes for body mass index, body composition, and self-reported physical activity behaviors using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) among 61 students in the three self-selected learning conditions. No significant change in total duration of exercise was observed in any of the groups; however, significant changes were observed in specific IPAQ subscales within each of the three groups. Days spent exercising vigorously (+34%, p = .02) and duration spent engaged in moderate exercise (+87.2%, p = .02) increased in APE and CPE participants. Days spent walking (+11.3%, p = .04) and walking time (+65%, p = .03) increased in CPE participants. Body fat percent (-11.8%, p = .04) decreased in APE participants; however, days spent engaged in vigorous exercise also significantly decreased (-31.6%, p = .00). Differences in outcomes between APE, CPE, and APE–CPE courses were observed. This study provides information to young adults selecting between health and fitness courses, as well as to higher education providers. Effective health promotion courses for college students can potentially reduce premature morbidity and mortality associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.
Flow physics in MEMS

Abstract Interest in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has experienced explosive growth during the past few years. Such small devices typically have characteristic size ranging from 1 mm down to 1 micron, and may include sensors, actuators, motors, pumps, turbines, gears, ducts and valves. Microdevices often involve mass, momentum and energy transport. Modeling gas and liquid flows through MEMS may necessitate including slip, rarefaction, compressibility, intermolecular forces and other unconventional effects. In this article, I shall provide a methodical approach to flow modeling for a broad variety of microdevices. The continuum-based Navier–Stokes equations — with either the traditional no-slip or slip-flow boundary conditions — work only for a limited range of Knudsen numbers above which alternative models must be sought. These include molecular dynamics (MD), Boltzmann equation, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), and other deterministic/probabilistic molecular models. The present paper will broadly survey available methodologies to model and compute transport phenomena within microdevices.
Novel Constitutional Claims: Rent Control, Means-Ends Tests, and the Takings Clause

Many commentators have criticized the due process roots of the "substantially advance" test, a means-ends test, of current takings jurisprudence. This Note revisits the issue in the context of rent control in Santa Monica Beach, Ltd. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles. Employing the means-ends test with deference to government actions, the Santa Monica Beach majority concludes that Santa Monica's rent control program does not violate the Takings Clause. Several dissenters, applying a less deferential standard of review in takings claims, would have found that a taking had occurred. This Note argues that the majority reached the right conclusion but erred by applying a means-ends test in its just compensation analysis. Such a test is doctrinally inconsistent with takings jurisprudence and potentially expands government liability more than is constitutionally required. Ultimately, as the concurring opinion suggests, the propriety of a means-ends test in the analysis of takings claims must be resolved by the United States Supreme Court, whose recent takings decisions suggest that a means-ends test should not be part of just compensation analysis. This Note further argues that, although rent control may be invalid if it violates a few specific protections, it should as a general matter withstand constitutional scrutiny.
The γ‐aminobutyric‐acid/benzodiazepine‐receptor protein from rat brain

The γ-aminobutyric-acid-receptor protein complex from rat brain was solubilized in high yield, purified in milligram amounts by benzodiazepine affinity chromatography and used to generate a high-titer rabbit antiserum. High concentrations of Triton X-100 detergent plus KCl solubilized about 90% of the membrane-bound γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (assayed by [3H]muscimol binding) and benzodiazepine receptor (assayed by [3H]flunitrazepam binding) activities. Both activities were retained on an affinity column using an immobilized benzodiazepine ligand, and most of the column-absorbed receptor could be eluted by a solution of free benzodiazepine plus 4 M urea. The purified protein bound [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam with receptor-like pharmacological specificity and specific activities of about 1700 pmol and 700 pmol bound/mg protein, respectively, for the two ligands. This corresponds to a purification of over 600-fold and a near theoretical purity, with a yield of milligram quantities from 100 g brain. Four peptide bands were observed on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, with molecular mass values of 31, 47, 52 and 57 kDa. The latter two were most significantly stained, and identified as receptor subunits by photolabeling with [3H]flunitrazepam (52 kDa) and [3H]muscimol (57 kDa), and by reaction on Western blots with monoclonal antibodies to this protein produced by Schoch et al. [(1985) Nature (Lond.) 314, 168–171]. Rabbit antiserum was raised to the purified protein and could, at high dilutions, both coprecipitate soluble γ-aminobutyric-acid/benzodiazepine-receptor-binding activities and stain the receptor subunits (principally 52-kDa band) on Western blots.
Orden e imágenes en la Edad Media

El Orden es un concepto fundamental en el universo medieval que agrupa a otros muchos elementos esenciales para el individuo y la sociedad. Este articulo reflexiona sobre ese concepto, analiza como fue presentado a la gente a traves de la iconografia artistica, que se estudia desde el punto de vista del espectador y en estrecha relacion con la predicacion. De todo ello resulta una via de legitimacion del sistema feudal.
Fast Parallel Hierarchical Aggregation/Disaggregation Algorithms for Multistage Optimization Problems and Shortest Path Problems

It appears that all of the known algorithms for solving multistage optimization problems are based explicitly on standard dynamic programming concepts. Such algorithms are inherently serial in the sense that computation must be completed at the current stage before meaningful computation can begin at the next stage. In this paper we present a technique which recursively divides the original problem into a set of smaller problems which can be solved in parallel. This technique is based on a hierarchical (recursive) structure of aggregation and disaggregation. For a multistage process with n stages, we show that our new algorithm achieves a time complexity of O(log n), assuming O(1) states per stage. However, algorithms based only on the standard dynamic programming technique can achieve a time complexity no better than O(n). Our new algorithm is designed to operate on tightly coupled parallel computer. As some important applications, it is shown that our algorithm can serve as a fast and efficient means of decoding convolutional codes, solving routing problems in data networks, and determining minimum-fuel flight paths.
THEMISTOCLESIA DIAZII, UNA ESPECIE NUEVA RELACIONADA CON LOS MORTIÑOS COLOMBIANOS (ERICACEAE: VACCINIEAE)

A new species of Ericaceae (Vaccinieae) from the Colombian Valle del Cauca, Themistoclesia diazii, is here described, illustrated, and discussed. The new species has a peculiar floral morphology that has not previously been observed in the genus. The species is very rare and known only from patches of montane forest that surround tea plantations.
Joseph Weiler, Eric Stein, and the Transformation of Constitutional Law

This short essay takes a fresh look at Joseph Weiler’s classic article "The Transformation of Europe," situating that piece in a line of scholarship that begins with the work of Eric Stein and culminates in current scholarship on constitutional pluralism.The essay provides a critical analysis of how "The Transformation of Europe" used the idea of "constitutionalism." In particular, it appears "The Transformation of Europe" deployed that idea in a more limited "rule-of-law" sense, not in a broader "generative" sense that takes the emancipation of European governance from the strict service of the Member States as key to the claim of constitutionalism. More properly understood in this broader sense, constitutionalism in Europe calls for a history that accounts for such emancipation, and demands a present politics commensurate with such a far-reaching claim of governance. Ultimately, the broad view of constitutionalism in Europe suggests a development with implications beyond Europe as well: the transformation of constitutional law.
Experimental measurements of velocity dissipation and neutral-drag effects during the formation of a dusty plasma.

Stereoscopic particle image velocimety is used to make measurements of the formation of a dust cloud of $1.2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ alumina particles in an argon dc glow discharge plasma. These measurements show a clear redistribution of particle velocities during the cloud formation process. Furthermore, these measurements suggest that the particle cloud reaches an equilibrium on a time scale over 100 times slower than expected due to neutral-drag effects.
Security of Classic PN-Spreading Codes for Hybrid DS/FH Spread-Spectrum Systems

Hybrid direct sequence/frequency hopping (DS/FH) spread-spectrum communication systems have recently received considerable interest in commercial applications in addition to their use in military communications because they accommodate high data rates with high link integrity, even in the presence of significant multipath effects and interfering signals. The security of hybrid DS/FH systems strongly depends on the choice of PN-spreading code employed. In this paper, we examine the security, in terms of unicity distance, of linear maximal-length, Gold, and Kasami PN-spreading codes for DS, FH, and hybrid DS/FH spread-spectrum systems without additional encryption methods. The unicity distance is a measure of the minimum amount of ciphertext required by an eavesdropper to uniquely determine the specific key used in a cryptosystem and hence break the cipher. Numerical results are presented to compare the security of the considered PN-spreading codes under known-ciphertext attacks.
Americium 242m in nuclear test debris

DIAMOND et al.1 discussed the production, in a thermonuclear explosion, of isobars of mass numbers 239 and greater by neutron reactions on uranium, followed by β decay; much the same arguments seem to apply to phenomena in plutonium devices. Both cases, viewed in this way, suggest that mass number 241 will be represented by both 241Pu and 241Am, mass number 242 only by 242Pu, and mass number 243 only by 243Am. Such considerations neglect, however, the fact that weapons-grade plutonium is always more or less contaminated by 241Am, and that this nuclide has an appreciable cross section (100 barn for thermal neutrons and slightly larger for epithermal neutrons) for neutron capture leading to 242Am; about 10% of such captures yield 242mAm, the others going to the ground state. It seems, then, that one should expect to find in the debris from nuclear explosions not just two, but all three, of the long lived americium nuclides: 241Am, 242mAm and 243Am.
Understanding and Overcoming Barriers to Living Kidney Donation Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States

In the United States, racial-ethnic minorities experience disproportionately high rates of ESRD, but they are substantially less likely to receive living donor kidney transplants (LDKT) compared with their majority counterparts. Minorities may encounter barriers to LDKT at several steps along the path to receiving it, including consideration, pursuit, completion of LDKT, and the post-LDKT experience. These barriers operate at different levels related to potential recipients and donors, health care providers, health system structures, and communities. In this review, we present a conceptual framework describing various barriers that minorities face along the path to receiving LDKT. We also highlight promising recent and current initiatives to address these barriers, as well as gaps in initiatives, which may guide future interventions to reduce racial-ethnic disparities in LDKT.
A study of the reaction between bismuth(III) iodide and amine hydriodides

Abstract Twenty seven compounds were prepared by the reaction of amine hydriodide salts with bismuth(III) iodide. The melting point densities and qualitative solubilities of the compounds were determined. Absorption spectra of the compounds were observed in a number of solvents. Analytical data indicated that four of the compounds had iodine to bismuth ratios of 4 to 1; three of the compounds had iodine to bismuth ratios of 6 to 1; twenty of the compounds had iodine to bismuth ratios of 9 to 2.
The eating experience in long-term survivors of head and neck cancer: a mixed-methods study.

This study explored the eating experience in long-term survivors of head and neck cancer (HNC) ≥3 years post concurrent chemoradiation. Quality of life (QOL) and the meanings and perceptions survivors had as it related to the eating experience were explored. Purposive sampling was utilized; 10 long-term survivors of HNC participated in the study. A mixed-methods approach was used; exploratory qualitative research using content analysis and summary statistics was used to describe demographic and clinical characteristics and the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey version 2.0 scores (VHNSS 2.0). Four categories (psychological, social impact, functional status, and the current eating experience) containing 15 subthemes and 1 overarching theme (adaptation) emerged. Current health status, QOL, and QOL related to eating were viewed favorably despite the impact of treatment late effects on participants’ daily lives. Adaptation and maladaptation in regard to food choice and downplaying of symptoms were recognized. Interviews as well as the VHNSS 2.0 scores indicated that xerostomia, mucosal sensitivity, swallowing difficulty, length of time required to eat, and dysgeusia remained problematic. Psychological, functional, and social losses associated with eating were identified. Participants modify or avoid foods that are challenging yet report enjoyment with eating. Challenges with eating were downplayed. Due to the potential negative nutritional and social implications of avoiding specific food/food groups, standard of care in long-term survivors of HNC should include assessment of the eating experience and functional challenges. Nutrition professional can help patients optimize dietary intake and the eating experience.
STRUCTURAL INTENSITY CALCULATIONS FOR COMPLIANT PLATE–BEAM STRUCTURES CONNECTED BY BEARINGS

Abstract A computational strategy, based on component mobility and modal synthesis approaches, is described to calculate structural power flow through multi-dimensional connections such as rolling element bearings and joints. Research issues are discussed in the context of narrow band frequency analysis methods for vibration energy transmission and dissipation. Through the example case of a beam (shaft), ball bearings and an elastic machinery casing plate, the structural intensity calculation procedure is illustrated. A new pre-synthesis algorithm is outlined which is utilized to determine the effective stiffness of ball bearings while accounting for the compliance of the neighbouring structure. The finite element method is used to facilitate computations and to generate structural intensity results in the post-synthesis mode. Sample results are included along with a discussion of various research issues.
The structure of MK-571 (form I) at 170 K and conformational analysis by molecular modeling

Abstract The crystal structure of a potent leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist, MK-571, (±)-(E)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl] [[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]propanoic acid, reveals that the molecules form hydrogen-bonding dimeric pairs of enantiomers. Molecular modeling, conformational studies, and energy minimizations were performed and compared with those of the R-(−)-enantiomer, MK-679.
Boron concentration in Chesapeake Bay sediments, paleosalinity and baymouth uplift

The clay-silt fraction of two cores from the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay was analyzed for boron concentration. Paleoecologic data are used to corroborate, qualitatively, the relationship between boron concentration and salinity. The results demonstrate that the boron concentration reflects a salinity trend that could accompany the Holocene emergence and subsequent submergence postulated for the baymouth. This is interpreted as evidence supporting both the Holocene evolution of the baymouth and a relationship between the boron content of argillaceous sediments and the salinity of the depositional environment.
Carcinogenicity tests of N-nitroso derivatives of two drugs, phenmetrazine and methylphenidate

Summary Two commonly used drugs that are derivatives of cyclic secondary amines, phenmetrazine and methylphenidate, were converted to their N -nitroso derivatives by reaction with nitrite in acid solution, and the products were tested by chronic administration to rats in doses comparable with those used to test the unsubstituted parent nitrosamines. No tumors were seen that could be attributed to these nitrosamines, and it is concluded that, under these conditions, neither compound is carcinogenic.
Tableting Production Times, Costs and Risks Through-Simulation

AbstractAs the methods of preparation of pharmaceutical compressed tablets are examined, it becomes evident that there are a number of cost factors which may be significant. These cost factors my be of paramount importance in decision making as to the method of preparation. A comparative study was done to evaluate costs involved in the preparation of tablets by direct compression or the wet granulation procedure at two batch sizes. A simulation model for the processing was used for analysis of the system to optimize batch size, procedure and cost.
Semi-supervised dimensionality reduction in image feature space

Image feature space is typically complex due to the high dimensionality of data. Effective handling of this space has prompted many research efforts in the study of dimensionality reduction in the image domain. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised reduction method that leverages relevance feedback information in the retrieval process to learn suitable linear and orthogonal embeddings. In the reduced space constructed by the proposed embedding, relevant images are kept close to each other, while irrelevant ones are dispersed far apart. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method.