cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arsenic and Old Lace: Novel Approaches in Elderly Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Arsenic has been used for more than 2,000 years in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, including plague, hysteria, syphilis, and cancer. Numerous potential mechanisms of action have been identified. Arsenic trioxide has remarkable efficacy in acute promyelocytic leukemia and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for this indication. It has also been studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and multiple myeloma and has limited single-agent efficacy in these diseases. We have completed a phase I/II trial of arsenic trioxide combined with low-dose ara-C (LDAC) in 49 patients with Int-2/high-risk MDS and 64 patients age 60 years and older with untreated AML. The regimen was generally well tolerated and complete remissions were observed in both MDS and AML patients, including in patients with poor baseline performance status and unfavorable cytogenetics. Manuscript has been accepted for publication.
From 1D chain to 3D network: tuning hybrid II-VI nanostructures and their optical properties.

In an effort to make semiconductor nanomaterials with tunable properties, we have deliberately designed and synthesized a family of novel organic−inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based on II−VI semi...
Effect of Honey versus Sucrose on Appetite, Appetite-Regulating Hormones, and Postmeal Thermogenesis

Objective: Increased per capita consumption of sweeteners may be responsible in part for the rising prevalence of obesity in the United States. Recent studies suggest that consumption of honey is not associated with this same obesogenic effect and may have beneficial effects neuro on body weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the meal-induced responses of ghrelin and peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and/or meal-induced thermogenesis differ following a honey- versus a sucrose-containing meal.Methods: In a double-blind randomly assigned study, appetite hormones (ghrelin, PYY3-36, leptin) and glycemic and thermic responses were evaluated following isoglucidic ∼450 kcal honey- or sucrose-containing breakfasts in 14 healthy, nonobese women (22 ± 3 y). Blood samples and hunger ratings were obtained at baseline and every 30 minutes for 240 minutes following the meal. Meal-induced thermogenesis was measured by indirect calorimetry. Ad libitum food intake was evaluated from a free-choice meal following...
Isotachophoresis of metal-neutral ligand complexes: 18-crown-6 ether complexes with alkali metals

Abstract Results of isotachophoretic separations of alkali metals using aqueous electrolytes with added 18-crown-6 ether are presented. Complexation of these cations by crown ether leads to an improved ability to vary effective mobilities. A simplified theory for 1:1 complexes is presented and good agreement is seen between calculated and observed step heights. The possibility of determining complex formation constants by isotachophoresis is demonstrated.
Correlation of ultrastructure with light-induced ion transport in chloroplasts

Abstract The relation of light-dependent ion transport to light-induced conformations of isolated chloroplasts has been investigated. The following conformational states have been established: ( a ) Chloroplasts swell upon illumination in solutions containing completely dissociated monovalent ions, such as sodium chloride. This is interpreted as the inward transport of hydrogen ions accompanied by an influx of the anion present to maintain electrical neutrality. ( b ) Chloroplasts also swell if illuminated in solutions containing cations capable of associating with hydrogen ions, for instance ammonium chloride. It is proposed that this reflects an inward movement of the cation (in its uncharged form) in response to a transient lowering of internal pH, accompanied by an influx of the anion to maintain electrical neutrality, ( c ) Chloroplasts shrink upon illumination in solutions such as sodium acetate containing anions that can associate with hydrogen ions. This is interpreted as an efflux of the anion (in its uncharged form) driven by the pH gradient produced by the proton pump, ( d ) If cations and anions are present—both of which can associate with hydrogen ions—as in ammonium acetate, chloroplasts swell even in the dark, presumably reflecting an inward movement of both cations and anions in their uncharged form. These results are consistent with the view that the ionic environment, defined in terms of the presence or absence of associated or dissociated ions, exerts a direct control over light-induced conformations of isolated chloroplasts by interacting with light-dependent hydrogen ion transport.
Fluid milk consumption in urban Qingdao, China*

This study relates the social-demographic characteristics of urban Chinese consumers to their consumption of fluid milk. A Tobit model is estimated drawing on individual consumer survey data collected in urban Qingdao in China in 2005. The major results of this study indicate that fluid milk consumption in urban Qingdao is much higher compared to China’s national level. The effect of increased income on milk consumption is positive, as expected. The expansion of modern food retailers also appears to play a positive role by facilitating consumers’ fluid milk consumption and influencing their food shopping patterns. The young and old consume significantly more fluid milk than the middle-aged. Health consciousness of the elderly and the openness of youth to new foods appear to be fuelling these consumption patterns. If the findings of this study apply to other urban regions in China, then as urbanisation continues so also will the trend of increasing fluid milk consumption in China.
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) and charged particle periodicities in Saturn’s magnetosphere

Abstract The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini spacecraft has observed energetic neutral atoms (ENA) and charged particles at Saturn from mid-2004 to the present. The particles often but not always reveal striking periodic behavior that seems to depend on the type of particle and spacecraft location. When subjected to a Lomb periodogram analysis, energetic electrons (>150 keV) exhibited strong frequency peaks near 10.80 h (the nominal or “base” period of Saturn kilometric radiation) during 2006–2008, but essentially no periodicity during 2005. The electron periodograms also show pronounced “double” frequency peaks in 2007 and 2008. Energetic protons (3–26 keV) show strong peaks near the same period for 2005–2007, but none for 2008. Oxygen ions at the same energies display strong peaks for 2005 and 2006, but not for 2007 and 2008. By projecting the ENA images onto Saturn’s equatorial plane or onto a plane perpendicular to the equatorial plane and then summing the data in the appropriate dimension, “strip” images can be constructed from which a time history can be derived. These time histories of ENA emissions are also subjected to a Lomb periodogram analyses. The energetic hydrogen neutrals (20–50 keV) exhibited periodic behavior only during 2007, while energetic oxygen neutrals (64–144 keV) displayed a strong SKR-like period in 2005 and 2006 but not for 2007 or 2008. Some of this behavior may be due to changing spacecraft aspect relative to the ENA emissions, and some of it may be real. This periodic behavior may be consistent with a rotating anomaly that “flashes” brightly in the midnight-to-dawn sector once per 10.8 h, with the flash parameters depending on particle species and energy.
Getting Rid of the Prima Donnas: The Bureaucratization of a Probation Department

The accommodations of criminal justice personnel to changes in organizational structure is an unresearched phenomenon. Drawing upon qualitative data, I present a historical accounting of how probat...
The analysis and interpretation of method comparison studies in rehabilitation research

Rehabilitation researchers are frequently interested in comparing the results of two tests that measure the same function. There are practical as well as financial advantages to having more than one method of assessing a particular component of function. Investigations examining the results of two tests are referred to as method comparison studies and commonly analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r). Several researchers have argued that the Pearson r is a measure of linear association (co-variation) between variables and does not provide accurate estimates of direct agreement. We compared several commonly used quantitative methods to establish agreement and have demonstrated that the Pearson r is not appropriate for use in studies where the purpose is to determine whether two instruments are interchangeable. An alternative to the Pearson r for analyzing data from method comparison studies is presented. The new procedure, referred to as the limits of agreement method, is easy to compute and emphasizes the clinical comparability of two instruments (or raters) instead of focusing solely on the statistical relationship.
The evolution and goals of lending to developing countries by theBank for International Settlements

Examines the evolution of the role of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), created in 1930 to promote co‐operation between central banks, into the arena of the Third World debt problem. The bank has extended loans to developing countries, such as Mexico, Argentina, Nigeria and Brazil since 1982. It arranges these extremely short‐term credits as “bridge loans”, while longer term, conditional assistance through the IMF and the World Bank is being negotiated. This activity reflects the BIS′s effort to contribute to economic and monetary stability in an increasingly interdependent world.
Cryoelectron Microscopy of an ATP-dependent Cu pump from Archaeoglobus fulgidis

CopA is an ATP-dependent Cu pump that belongs to the P1 subfamily of P-type ATPases. This subfamily shares core catalytic domains with other members of the family, such as Ca-ATPase and Na,K-ATPase, for which the X-ray crystal structures have been determined. Members of the P1 family are characterized by extended N-termini, which contain tandem repeats of metal binding domains (MBD). Compared to other P-type ATPases, P1 pumps have two extra transmembrane helices near the N-terminus and truncation of four C-terminal transmembrane helices. CopA from Archaeoglobus fulgidis is an unusual P1 pump because, in addition to the N-terminal MBD, it also has a C-terminal MBD. Although there is some uncertainty about their precise function, MBDs have been proposed to participate in regulation, in targeting, and in transfer of Cu to the transport sites. To study the structural disposition of the MBDs, we have expressed constructs of CopA with truncation of the N-terminus and the C-terminus either individually or together. We have used cryoelectron microscopy and helical reconstruction to determine structures of these constructs. Comparison of the double truncation with the C-terminal truncation revealed the location of the N-terminal domain. We constructed an atomic model by fitting X-ray crystal structures of relevant fragments into our map, which suggests a regulatory role for the N-terminal domain. By imaging somewhat wider tubular crystals with better order, we have been able to determine the structure of the C-terminal truncation at higher resolution. This new structure reveals the architecture of the transmembrane domain and allows us to place the extra two transmembrane helices with greater precision. Additionally, we are working on a structure of the N-terminal truncation, which should reveal the location of the C-terminal domain and help us determine its role in Cu transport.
“This is what democracy looks like!”: Strengthening advocacy in neoliberal times

Abstract Drawing from an array of theoretical and experiential sources ranging from policy studies to ethnographies, this essay frames a number of public policy issues related to children, families, and early childhood education. These issues provide a brief genealogy of multiple contexts in which early childhood teacher education operates in the United States. Issues addressed include: welfare reform, “No Child Left Behind” legislation, the crimi‐nalization of children, language policies, and recently proposed changes in Head Start. The author draws from her teaching, research, and community organizing experiences to recommend ways to strengthen public policy awareness and advocacy engagement in the field of early childhood teacher education.
PS2-40: Using Automation to Add Electronic Clinical Data to a Research Patient Registry

Background/Aims Clinical research trials often rely on automated data systems, such as the electronic medical record to create and maintain a patient registry, to determine a participant’s progress through the study, or for analytic purposes. Data might come from a variety of sources and include such elements as procedures, lab results, hospitalization, vital status, enrollment and participant responses from survey software. An automated process for adding outside data to a study tracking database can save significant time over abstraction or manual data import processes, and can allow determination of an individual’s study status in close to real time.
The structure of schmidt's aluminium hydroxide gel

Les auteurs demontrent que le gel d'hydroxyde d'aluminium (gel deSchmidt) soumis aux rayons X diffractes et examine au microscope electronique se revele forme de particules differant par leur structure, leur morphologie et leur dimensions de celles du gel C-gamma deWillstatter, mais semblables a celles du gel C-beta du meme nom.
Modulation of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam and phencyclidine by L-type voltage-gated calcium-channel ligands in rats.

Rationale: Administration of voltage-gated calcium-channel (VGCC) modulators with ethanol can result in enhancement or attenuation of some behavioral effects of ethanol, including its discriminative stimulus effects. Objectives: The present study used a drug- discrimination paradigm to characterize modulation of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of a γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)A and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ligand by administration of VGCC ligands. Methods: Two groups of adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate either 1.0 g/kg ethanol (n=8) or 2.0 g/kg ethanol (n=9) from water under a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, ethanol substitution tests were conducted with cumulative doses of the GABAA-positive modulator diazepam (0.3–10 mg/kg, i.p.) (DZP) and the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg, i.p.) (PCP). Next, a single dose of the VGCC antagonist nimodipine, nifedipine, isradipine, or the VGCC agonist (–)-BAY k 8644 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered prior to a cumulative DZP or PCP dose–response determination. Results: None of the VGCC modulators produced robust or consistent alterations in the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of DZP in animals trained with either 1.0 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of PCP were significantly enhanced in the presence of the VGCC antagonists and attenuated in the presence of the agonist in animals trained with 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Conclusions: Overall, these data show that VGCC modulation is not a robust component of ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of DZP in animals trained with 1.0 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, the ethanol-like effects of PCP, particularly at higher training doses, appear to be modulated by dihydropyridine-sensitive VGCCs.
Phage-coded protein prevents restriction of unmodified progeny T4 DNA.

HOST-controlled restriction modification systems usually prevent the survival of unmodified genomes in bacterial cells1–4. Phage DNA can be modified by methylation (λ, and f1)5–7 or by glucosylation (T-even phages3). Modification of the λ genome is mediated by a host methylase8 whereas modification of the T4 genome is by phage coded α- and β-glucosyl transferases9. The restriction systems of E. coli (rgl) acting on non-glucosylated (glu−) T-even phages are called r6 and r2,4 (ref. 10): r6 restricts all glu− T-even phages, whereas r2,4 restricts only T2 and T4 glu− phages. Hattman and Fukasawa11 showed that when glu+ T4 DNA was injected into an rgl+ uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylaseless mutant, the progeny glu− DNA replicated and was matured into virions which they called T*. To explain why the replicating glu− progeny DNA is not restricted in the rgl+ host while the entering T* virion DNA is, Fukasawa12 postulated that the rgl system is localised in the membrane. Incoming glu− parental DNA would be restricted during passage through the membrane. Incoming glu+ parental DNA (which is not restricted) would be replicated as glu− DNA in the absence of UDPG. Since the replicating DNA is not subject to the restriction system localised in the membrane it should not be restricted. Not surprisingly, r6 was shown to be localised in the membrane13,14. There is, however, good evidence that r2,4 can restrict replicating DNA15,16 and is, at least in that sense, cytoplasmic. Thus, the question why r2,4 does not restrict unmodified progeny DNA is still unresolved. We report here that the phage specifies a protein which prevents the action of r2,4. The anti-r2,4 activity specified by the modified parental genome prevents restriction of the unmodified progeny DNA by r2,4.
Neuroimaging biomarkers for epilepsy: Advances and relevance to glial cells

Abstract Glial cells play an important role in normal brain function and emerging evidence would suggest that their dysfunction may be responsible for some epileptic disease states. Neuroimaging of glial cells is desirable, but there are no clear methods to assess neither their function nor localization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now part of a standardized epilepsy imaging protocol to assess patients. Structural volumetric and T2-weighted imaging changes can assist in making a positive diagnosis in a majority of patients. The alterations reported in structural and T2 imaging is predominately thought to reflect early neuronal loss followed by glial hypertrophy. MR spectroscopy for myo-inositol is a being pursued to identify glial alterations along with neuronal markers. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is ideal for acute epileptiform events, but is not sensitive to either glial cells or neuronal long-term changes found in epilepsy. However, DWI variants such as diffusion tensor imaging or q-space imaging may shed additional light on aberrant glial function in the future. The sensitivity and specificity of PET radioligands, including those targeting glial cells (translocator protein) hold promise in being able to image glial cells. As the role of glial function/dysfunction in epilepsy becomes more apparent neuroimaging methods will evolve to assist the clinician and researcher in visualizing their location and function.
Inflammation and dementia: epidemiologic evidence.

Based on experimental and neuropathologic studies, inflammation is postulated to play a central role in processes leading to neurodegeneration as well as vascular injury. To better understand the role of inflammation in cognitive disorders (CD), identify potential biomarkers for CD, and select individuals who may have a genetic susceptibility to CD, several different measures of inflammation have been employed in epidemiologic studies of CD, which are reviewed here. An inverse association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications has been consistently reported. More variable are reports on the associations of various serum markers of cytokines to CD. There are few epidemiologic studies that have examined the association of CD and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) regulating cytokines, although these have beeh examined in clinical case-control series. Data are summarized on the association of interleukin-1 SNPs from the Honolulu Asia Aging Study. There are many outstanding questions about the role of inflammation in CD and how best to measure it in the context of population-based studies.
Approximate Riemann solver for hypervelocity flows

We describe an approximate Riemann solver for the computation of hypervelocity flows in which there are strong shocks and viscous interactions. The scheme has three stages, the first of which computes the intermediate states assuming isentropic waves. A second stage, based on the strong shock relations, may then be invoked if the pressure jump across either wave is large. The third stage interpolates the interface state from the two initial states and the intermediate states. The solver is used as part of a finite-volume code and is demonstrated on two test cases. The first is a high Mach number flow over a sphere while the second is a flow over a flow over a slender cone with an adiabatic boundary layer. In both cases the solver performs well.
Reaction times to comparisons within and across phonetic categories.

Same-different reaction times (RTs) were obtained to pairs of synthetic speech sounds ranging perceptually from /ba/ through /pa/. Listeners responded "same" if both stimuli in a pair were the same phonetic segments (i.e., /ba/-/ba/ or /pa/-/pa/) or "different" if both stimuli were different phonetic segments (i.e., /ba/-/pa/ or /pa/-/ba/). RT for "same" responses was faster to pairs of acoustically identical stimuli (A-A) than to pairs of acoustically different stimuli (A-a) belonging to the same phonetic category. RT for "different" responses was faster for large acoustic differences across a phonetic boundary than for smaller acoustic differences across a phonetic boundary. The results suggest that acoustic information for stop consonants is available to listeners, although the retrieval of this information in discrimination will depend on the level of processing accessed by the particular information processing task.
Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying detection and behavior study using image analysis

Egg laying is an important phase of the life cycle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Previous studies examined egg-laying events manually. This paper presents a method for automatic detection of egg-laying onset using deformable template matching and other morphological image analysis techniques. Some behavioral changes surrounding egg-laying events are also studied. The results demonstrate that the computer vision tools and the algorithm developed here can be effectively used to study C. elegans egg-laying behaviors. The algorithm developed is an essential part of a machine-vision system for C. elegans tracking and behavioral analysis.
Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound methods for shape analysis and visualization.

Real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound is a relatively new imaging modality that uses a special ultrasound transducer consisting of a matrix array of elements. The array electronically steers an ultrasound beam to interrogate a 3D volume of tissue. The real-time nature of RT3D ultrasound differentiates it from reconstructed 3D ultrasound, in which a conventional ultrasound transducer is moved mechanically through the third dimension. RT3D ultrasound is considerably faster than reconstructed 3D ultrasound, making it suitable for capturing continuous rapid motion such as that of the beating heart. Although RT3D ultrasound has not yet found widespread clinical use, these scanners are presently employed in more than 20 locations worldwide, primarily for cardiac research. The author helped develop the RT3D ultrasound technology as well as specialized analysis and visualization methods for the resulting data. In developing such methods, it has been necessary to consider the physical and mathematical processes by which the ultrasound data are collected. Difficulties arise because of high noise, variation in contrast and intensity between scans, ultrasound's nonrectilinear coordinate system, and the anisotropic nature of the echoes themselves. This article reviews these specific difficulties and provides solutions that are applicable to generalized analysis and visualization of RT3D ultrasound data. Some of the methods presented can also be applied to other imaging modalities with nonrectilinear coordinates.
Rethinking Iconoclasm in Early Modern England: the Case of Cheapside Cross

Protestant iconoclasm has generally been understood as an assault on the beliefs and practices of traditional religion. This article challenges that understanding through a detailed study of Cheapside Cross, a large monument that was repeatedly attacked by iconoclasts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It draws on contemporary pamphlets and the manuscripts records of the City of London to reveal the complex variety of associations that Cheapside Cross acquired before and during the Reformation era. It argues that perceptions of the monument were shaped not only by its iconography but also by its involvement in ceremonies and rituals, including royal coronation processions. The iconoclastic attacks on Cheapside Cross should be interpreted not merely as a challenge to traditional beliefs but as attempts to restructure the monument's associations. The paper concludes that attacks on other images may be understood in a similar manner.
An Efficient Concentration and Purification Method for Spores of Myxosoma Cerebralis

(1974). An Efficient Concentration and Purification Method for Spores of Myxosoma Cerebralis. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 101-102.
Diffusion of ethane in modified synthetic zeolites

Abstract Diffusion rates and solubilities of ethane in various forms of a Linde A type zeolite were measured at two temperatures. Some of the samples were modified by ion exchange, by preadsorption or water vapor, or by sintering. The data show that attractive interactions between ethane molecules and mobile cations heavily contributes to the activation energy of diffusion while blocking of diffusion paths by large mobile cations is of minor importance. Preadsorbed water tends to reduce the attractive interactions and thus facilitates the diffusion process in the Li exchanged form. Sintering causes a partial collapse of the open zeolitic structure and the diffusion coefficients are lowered, correspondingly.
Interpersonal communication after 9/11 via telephone and internet: A theory of channel complementarity

How did Americans respond to the crisis posed by the terrorist attacks of September 11 (‘9/11’) in their communicative choices? Proposing the theory of channel complementarity, this article argues that users of a medium who satisfy a particular functional need also use other media types to fulfill that need. Based on an analysis of the data gathered by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press immediately after the 9/11 attacks, it demonstrates that the individuals who communicated via telephone with family and friends about the 9/11 attacks were also more likely to communicate with family and friends on the internet.
Survey Participation, Nonresponse Bias, Measurement Error Bias, and Total Bias

A common hypothesis about practices to reduce survey nonresponse is that those persons brought into the respondent pool through persuasive efforts may provide data filled with measurement error. Two questions flow from this hypothesis. First, does the mean square error of a statistic increase when sample persons who are less likely to be contacted or cooperate are incorporated into the respondent pool? Second, do nonresponse bias estimates made on the respondents, using survey reports instead of records, provide accurate information about nonresponse bias? Using a unique data set, the Wisconsin Divorce Study, with divorce records as the frame and questions about the frame information included in the questionnaire, this article takes a first look into these two issues. We find that the relationship between nonresponse bias, measurement error bias, and response propensity is statistic- specific and specific to the type of nonresponse. Total bias tends to be lower on estimates calculated using all respondents, compared with those with only the highest contact and cooperation propensities, and nonresponse bias analyses based on respondents yield conclusions simi- lar to those based on records. Finally, we find that error properties of statistics may differ from error properties of the individual variables used to calculate the statistics.
Gadobenate Dimeglumine Administration and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Is There a Real Risk in Patients with Impaired Renal Function?

Gadobenate dimeglumine administration may be safe in patients with impaired renal function, including those undergoing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or no dialysis.
Quality graphics for daisy-wheel word processing

Word processors using daisy-wheel printers presently offer quality lettering but lack graphics capability. An approach for dot-matrix emulation is suggested that may also offer high-resolution graphics. Since graphics can best be represented by dot collections, the one hundred daisy-wheel spokes can be digitized and, through appropriate selections, are able to form unlimited graphic images. The implementation of the proposed approach requires that the spokes imprints be digital, and that subcharacter horizontal displacement of the printing mechanism be available, as well as half space platen rotation. The latter two features are usually found in most daisy-wheel printers. The proposed concept calls for the assignment of various arrangements to the wheel's spokes, which in total will completely cover a predefined dot matrix area. Such areas placed in contiguity will be able to depict full-page images. Spoke dot arrangement will be firstly single-dot covering each and all matrix elements, and secondly multidot depending on the wheel's design. Examples are provided in which a dot-matrix area of (1/120")*(1/12") is considered. Using this system, daisy-wheel wordprocessing systems will be able to offer the user typeset-quality fonts as well as graphics. >
Growth and survivorship of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) seedlings in a northern hardwood forest following a mast event1

Abstract Despite the recognized importance of root sprout production in northern populations of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), further consideration of the relative role of regeneration from seed in this species appears warranted and timely. A careful examination of the literature revealed that seed- and sprouts-origin individuals co-occurred within all published study sites where the two were differentiated and that presence of a seedling bank may be the rule rather than the exception for American beech. We compared the effects of canopy gaps and root trenching on the growth and survival of a cohort of beech seedlings in Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in northern New Hampshire, USA. Seedlings in gap plots became larger both above- and belowground. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were affected by both above- and belowground treatments and increased the most for seedlings in trenched gap plots. Seedling height and canopy treatment were important predictors of seedling survivorship with ...
Diazomethyl p‐Tolyl Sulfone

[1538-98-3] C8H8N2O2S (MW 196.23) InChI = 1S/C8H8N2O2S/c1-7-2-4-8(5-3-7)13(11,12)6-10-9/h2-6H,1H3 InChIKey = QFHJSLSPJIDEIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used in β-ketosulfone preparation, cyclopropanation reactions, and is precursor to nitrocarbenes) Physical Data: stable yellow solid; mp 36–38 °C (dec); IR (Nujol) cm−1: 2125 (CNN), 1330 (SO2); 1H NMR (CDCl3): 2.46 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.36 (s, 1H, CH3), 7.30, 7.43, 7.73, 7.87 (AB q, 4H, C6H4); visible (40% dioxane–water) nm max. (log ɛ); 394 (1.8). Solubility: soluble in ether, THF, and CH2Cl2; sparingly soluble in pentane and hexane. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl3) preferred. Preparative Methods: prepared according to the procedure of Van Leusen.1 This procedure has given variable yields and physical states that resist crystallization. In an excellent summary, important improvements have been reported, resulting in a more efficient and reliable method of preparation.2 The improvements comprise treatment of the intermediate carbamate with i-amyl nitrite and TMS chloride in the presence of a reduced amount of pyridine, followed by decomposition of the resulting nitroso derivative with scrupulously dry basic alumina. This method gives a much higher quality nitroso intermediate, allowing for higher yields of pure crystalline diazomethyl p-tolyl sulfone. Purification: recrystallization from anhydrous ether and pentane or hexane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: slowly decomposes under the influence of light. Care must be taken to avoid photodecomposition during preparation and employment. Decomposes on warming, evolving significant quantities of nitrogen at temperatures as low as 32 °C. The compound should be freshly prepared or stored at or below 0 °C in an unsealed container. Although the compound is insensitive to impact detonation, it should never be stored in a sealed container.
Facilitation as well as inhibition of the blink reflex by a visual prepulse requires intact striate cortex

Objective: The role of visual cortex in modulation of the human eye blink reflex was assessed. Methods: Participants were 13 patients with unilateral striate cortex damage. Nonreflexogenic gratings were presented in their intact or blind hemifield prior to white noise or air puff blink-eliciting stimuli. Results: Inhibition of reflex amplitude was observed at asynchronies ranging from about 120 to 600 ms for visible but not invisible prepulses. Facilitation by intact-hemifield gratings was observed for (1) the latency of the acoustic blink reflex, (2) the amplitude of the disynaptic cutaneous blink reflex, R1, and (3) the latency of voluntary hand-grip reactions to the reflexogenic stimuli. These facilitatory effects were absent on trials with blind-hemifield prepulses. Conclusions: An intact V1 is required for prepulse facilitation as well as inhibition. Significance: These results extend a popular model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia. 2006 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
An immunologic study of the secretory products of rat Clara cells.

proteins in the Iavage were removed by affinity chromatography using rabbit anti-rat whole serum antiserum. The residual proteins, thought to represent products of secretory cells, were used as the immunogen to inject rabbits. The resulting antiserum was absorbed with affinity columns of rat serum and rat liver extract. The gamma globulin fraction of the unbound antiserum was found to react with two proteins in the lavage by immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The antiserum specifi
Pathophysiological mechanisms for the respiratory syncytial virus-reactive airway disease link

There is substantial epidemiological evidence supporting the concept that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection in infancy may be linked to the development of reactive airway disease (RAD) in childhood. However, much less is known concerning the mechanisms by which this self-limiting infection leads to airway dysfunction that persists long after the virus is cleared from the lungs. A better understanding of the RSV–RAD link may have important clinical implications, particularly because prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract infection may reduce the occurrence of RAD later in life. Among the mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic sequelae of RSV infection is the interaction between the subepithelial neural network of the airway mucosa and the cellular effectors of inflammatory and immune responses to the virus. The body of clinical literature linking RSV and RAD is reviewed herein, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions and neural remodeling that may underlie this link, and the possibility that preventing the infection may result in a decreased incidence of its chronic sequelae.
Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy

Abstract Ignited by the efficacy and commercial success of cardiac devices, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and biomedical engineers are collaborating to develop implantable brain devices to arrest, contain, and preempt seizures before they cause clinical symptoms. New devices in development deliver electrical stimulation or pharmacologic agents locally to the epileptic focus or deep nuclei to modulate seizure activity. “Blind” devices deliver therapy periodically, independent of ictal activity, while intelligent “closed-loop” systems trigger stimulation or drug infusion after interpreting electrical and/or chemical activity in the brain. Partnerships with industry are driving rapid translation of this research into human trials, while basic research is progressing more slowly. New devices have enormous potential to help patients whose seizures are not controlled by medication and who are not candidates for curative epilepsy surgery. Further research into where, how, and when to deliver electrical stimulation in the brain is needed to maximize benefit from these new strategies to treat epilepsy.
Distance Education: Some Differences in Course Type

Building on prior research which distinguishes the distance environment from the traditional environment, this study adds the dimension of course type to the research. The same questionnaire surveyed students across multiple types of courses (communications versus programming) and multiple formats (on-campus versus online). The findings reveal some differences identifiable to delivery type and to course type. These results suggest that researchers and practitioners should consider one more issue - course type - when dealing with the distance education environment
Unlocking the effects of friction on fault damage zones

Two-dimensional, numerical models of a linear fault embedded within a linear elastic medium show the generation of off-fault tensile failure that results from inelastic slip along the fault. We explore quasistatic models with slip-weakening friction to assess the effects of spatially and temporally variable friction on the damage patterns. Tensile fractures form where tangential normal stresses along the fault exceed the tensile strength of the rock. These stresses result from locally high slip gradients at the rupture tip. Because faults of different displacement history and rock type could have varying slipweakening distances, we examine the effect of changing the slip-weakening distance on the damage pattern and find that this parameter is important in determining off-fault fracture intensity and continuity along strike. Faults with short slip-weakening distance produce greater off-fault damage and significantly greater seismic radiated energy than faults with longer slip-weakening distances. We also investigate the effect of pre-existing damage on the subsequent development of fractures in second generation slip episodes and find that damage localizes onto pre-existing patches. These results could guide field studies of small faults as to whether the fault failed in one slip event or multiple small events.
Doppler evaluation of patients with constrictive pericarditis: Use of tricuspid regurgitation velocity curves to determine enhanced ventricular interaction

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to examine the value of analyzing Doppler echocardiographically derived tricuspid regurgitation signals during respiration in relation to the diagnosis of cons...
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Diverticular Disease

Diverticular disease is a common entity in the USA with an apparent increasing incidence worldwide. The pathogenesis of this disease process is likely multifactorial involving dietary habits, changes in colonic pressures and motility, and colon wall structural changes associated with aging. The following review addresses our current limited knowledge regarding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of diverticulosis and diverticulitis.
Inductive Inference of Invariant Subspaces

This paper shows that inductive inference protocols can learn invariant linear subspaces, used in the stabilization of variable structure systems, after a finite number of failed oracle queries. It is further shown that this convergence bound scales in a polynomial manner with the system's state space dimension.
A Universal Property of Axonal and Dendritic Arbors

Axonal and dendritic arbors can be characterized statistically by their spatial density function, a function that specifies the probability of finding a branch of a particular arbor at each point in a neural circuit. Based on an analysis of over a thousand arbors from many neuron types in various species, we have discovered an unexpected simplicity in arbor structure: all of the arbors we have examined, both axonal and dendritic, can be described by a Gaussian density function truncated at about two standard deviations. Because all arbors are characterized by density functions with this single functional form, only four parameters are required to specify an arbor's size and shape: the total length of its branches and the standard deviations of the Gaussian in three orthogonal directions. This simplicity in arbor structure can have implications for the developmental wiring of neural circuits.
Immunodeficiency and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

This chapter focuses on the rates and clinical manifestations of invasive pneumococcal disease in patients at high risk, on proposed mechanisms of impaired defense, as well as on strategies for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in these groups. It describes how individual host defects may each contribute independently to the increased risk of invasive disease, and observes that the potential number of immunological risk factors is greatest and rates of invasive pneumococcal disease are highest among HIV type 1 (HIV-1). The extremely high rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in apparently otherwise healthy children suggest the presence of specific defects related to this class of organisms. HIV-1-associated immunodeficiency, rather than behavioral (e.g., smoking), medical (e.g., splenectomy, liver disease), environmental (e.g., seasonality), or bacteriological features (serotypes or colonization), appears to underlie the remarkable rates of disease in this population. Despite the many fold-increased rates of pneumonia and, particularly, invasive pneumococcal disease during HIV-1 infection, no specific overriding risk or target for intervention has been confirmed. The protection provided by both the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in adults and the 7-valent conjugate vaccine in children is most apparent and consistent against invasive pneumococcal disease. Specific immune defects can be identified for particular groups at higher risk of invasive pneumococcal infection, whereas more generalized deficiencies in immune and nonimmune defenses underlie bacteremia in others. The development of newer vaccines which are more universally immunogenic and which combat mucosal disease more effectively is an important goal in preventing pneumococcal disease in the immunocompromised host.
Hole Concentration and Tc in the TI2-x-zBa2+xCa2+xCu3O10-y System

Single phase Tl-2223 samples were prepared in the TI 2-x-z Ba 2 Ca 2+x Cu 3 O 10-y (z represent Tl vacancies in the range 0.22 – 0.27 and y represent oxygen vacancies in the range 0.17 – 0.33) system with x between 0 and 0.4. A small impurity phase was found at x = 0.6. All samples were found to be tetragonal. The T c varied between 112 and 118 K for the “as-synthesized” samples. After post-annealing in a sealed quartz tube under vacuum at 750*deg;C for 10 days, the T c increased from 116 to 122 K for x = 0.3 and from 118 to 120 K for x = 0,4 samples. Although x = 0.3 sample had small impurity phases after post-annealing, a large amount of impurity phases were found for x = 0.4 sample after post-annealing. Wet chemical analysis showed that all samples were both Tl and oxygen deficient. The T c was found to increase with increasing hole concentration. The origin of the holes for all these samples is due to Ca 2+ substitution on the TI 3+ sites and overlap of Tl-6s band with the conduction band of the CuO 2 sheets.
Flow-related platelet deposition on subendothelium.

The deposition of platelets on subendothelium is controlled both by flow factors that determine their transport to the surface through convective diffusion, and by the kinetics of their interactions with the surface. Red cells influence platelet transport by several mechanisms, and may also influence platelet reactivity. Platelets initially contact the surface through the binding of membrane GPIb to von Willebrand factor (vWf) that is present in the subendothelium or deposited there from plasma. Platelet spreading on the surface is promoted by the binding of the arg 1744 gly 1745 asp 1746 (RGD) region of vWf (at high shear rates) to platelet GPIIb-IIIa. At high (arterial) shear rates, vWf binding to GPIIb-IIIa also promotes thrombus formation. At these shear rates, thrombin that is generated at the subendothelial surface is not involved in platelet adhesion or thrombus formation that occurs early in thrombogenesis, but is a major mediator of subsequent thrombus growth and/or stabilization.
Enthalpies of Precipitation of Silver Halides; Entropy of the Aqueous Silver Ion

The enthalpies of precipitation of silver halides and the enthalpies of solution of AgNO3, KCl, and KBr in H2O were measured in an adiabatic solution calorimeter. From the enthalpy measurements of KCl(c) and KBr(c) in AgNO3(aq), and of AgNO3(c) in KCl(aq), in KBr(aq), and in KI(aq), we calculated (in kJ · mol-1) -65.724, -84.826, and -111.124 for ΔH° pptn(298.15 K) for the averages of the chloride, bromide, and iodide reactions, respectively. A reevaluation of the data for the enthalpy of solution of AgNO3(c) has resulted in our selected best value, Δ H ° ( ∞ ) ( 298.15 K ) = 22.730 + 0.084 kJ ⋅ mol - 1 = 5.433 ± 0.020 kcal ⋅ mol - 1 A table of enthalpies of dilution of AgNO3(aq) is also given. The average standard entropy for the aqueous silver ion at 298.15 K is found to be S ° [ Ag + ( aq ) ] = 73.42 ± 0.20 J ⋅ mol - 1 ⋅ K - 1 = 17.55 ± 0.05 cal ⋅ mol - 1 ⋅ K - 1 . .
Regulation of Ca~(2+) Signaling in Plant Cell Acclimation to Stresses

The Ca~(2+) signaling molecular plays on important role in the plant cell signaling system.In recent years,people are paying more and more attention to the research of calcium signals,which involves the production,transduction and targets of calcium signals.The latest studied on the existenced modes,the origination,ending and regulation of Ca~(2+) in stresses were reported in this paper.
Race Earnings Differentials

Earnings differentials between racial or ethnic groups exist in most societies. Economists have been interested in the source of these differences for a long time. Their main focus is on whether wage differences are the result of market failure (discriminatory behavior by employers, workers, and consumers) or of differences among race/ethnic groups in productive skills Historical data suggest that race/ethnic wage discrimination in the United States has declined since the 1940s, but still may exist for workers in jobs associated with lower levels of education. On skill differences, the analysis has turned to assessing whether these are mainly cognitive or noncognitive and whether they are formed early in childhood or result later, from differential access to schooling quality.