cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimization of a Metagenomics Analysis Workflow for NVRAM

Metagenomic analysis, the study of microbial communities found in environmental samples, presents considerable challenges in quantity of data and computational cost. We present a novel metagenomic analysis pipeline that leverages emerging large address space compute nodes with NVRAM to hold a searchable, memory-mapped "k-mer" database of all known genomes and their taxonomic lineage. We describe challenges to creating the many hundred gigabytes-sized databases and describe database organization optimizations that enable our Livermore Metagenomic Analysis Toolkit (LMAT) software to effectively query the k-mer key-value store, which resides in high performance flash storage, as if fully in memory. To make database creation tractable, we have designed, implemented, and evaluated an optimized ingest pipeline. To optimize query performance for the database, we present a twolevel index scheme that yields speedups of 8.4 ? -74? over a conventional hash table index. LMAT, including the ingest pipeline, is available as open source at SourceForge.
Color flow Doppler evaluation of cardiac bioprosthetic valves.

Abstract Transthoracic color flow Doppler has shown promise in evaluating bioprosthetic heart valves in a limited number of patients. 1 We present our color flow Doppler, pulsed and continuous wave Doppler findings in evaluating bioprostheses in the mitral and aortic valve positions.
Radiosurgery for paraganglioma of the temporal bone.

Purpose To report the outcome of patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone treated with stereotactic radiosurgery at the University of Florida. Methods and Materials Between January 1997 and June 1999, five patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone were treated with Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery at the University of Florida. The ages of the three female and two male patients were between 40 and 88 years (median, 49 years). Four patients were treated at initial presentation, and one had recurrent disease. Treatment volumes ranged from 4.9 cm3 to 18.4 cm3, with a mean of 10.84 cm3. The dose applied to the margin of the tumor varied from 12.5 to 15 Gy (median, 15 Gy). The treatment dose was specified to the 80% isodose shell in two cases and to the 70% isodose shell in three cases. The median follow-up time was 27 months, ranging from 14 to 50 months. Results One of four previously untreated patients had a relapse at the primary tumor site. Treatment failure occurred at the field margin 6 months after radiosurgery; the patient was subsequently treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy and at the time of analysis had no evidence of disease, 21 months after initiation of salvage therapy. The patient treated at the time of recurrence after conventional radiotherapy had a local recurrence 40 months after radiosurgery. At the time of this recurrence, the patient had biopsy-proven metastatic disease in two cervical lymph nodes, and no salvage therapy was performed. All patients were alive at the time of the analysis, one with disease present. Presenting symptoms improved in two patients and stabilized in one. The two patients who had local recurrence develop had worsening of their symptoms. One patient had a cranial nerve V palsy develop 6 months after treatment, which resolved after a few months. Conclusions In this series, the results with stereotactic radiosurgery are discouraging compared with our results with conventional fractionated radiotherapy in patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 384–389, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10064
Regge Trajectories with Square-Root Branch Points and Their Regge Cuts

We discuss branch points in the complex angular momentum plane formed by two Regge poles on trajectories with square-root branch points at t=0. We find several new cuts which collide with the expected Mandelstam cuts at t=0. In the bootstrap of the Pomeranchon pole, the collection of cuts has the same effect as in the case of linear trajectories: The Pomeranchon can have α(0)=1 only if certain couplings vanish at t=0.
Modeling the Impact of Wind Intensification on Antarctic Sea Ice Volume

AbstractA global sea ice–ocean model is used to examine the impact of wind intensification on Antarctic sea ice volume. Based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, there are increases in surface wind speed (0.13% yr−1) and convergence (0.66% yr−1) over the ice-covered areas of the Southern Ocean during the period 1979–2010. Driven by the intensifying winds, the model simulates an increase in sea ice speed, convergence, and shear deformation rate, which produces an increase in ridge ice production in the Southern Ocean (1.1% yr−1). The increased ridged ice production is mostly in the Weddell, Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas where an increase in wind convergence dominates. The increase in ridging production contributes to an increase in the volume of thick ice (thickness > 2 m) in the Southern Ocean, while the volumes of thin ice (thickness ≤ 1 m) and medium thick ice (1 m < thickness ≤ 2 m) remain unchanged over the period 1979–2010. The increase in thick ice leads to an increase in ice volume in the S...
The multivariate Gini ratio

Abstract The multivariate Gini ratio is the ratio of two measures of inequality or dispersion of multivariate distributions. Maximization of the multivariate Gini ratio under linear transformations is characterized. Its value is computed for some distributions in the plane and other properties are described.
The Fourier Flexible Form

One perspective on the recent work in flexible functional forms is that the use of such forms represents an attempt to remove the modelinduced augmenting hypothesis that is inevitably linked to parametric statistical inference. The Fourier flexible form is discussed from this perspective. The discussion relies on heuristic and graphical arguments rather than formal mathematics. The generality of parametric statistical inference is limited by the augmenting hypothesis induced by model specification. For instance, to conclude that rejection of the integrability conditions in a translog consumer demand system implies rejection of the theory of consumer demand requires the augmenting hypothesis that all possible consumer demand systems must belong to the translog family (Christensen, Jorgenson, and Lau). This reliance on an assumed parametric model is not only philosophically distasteful but is of practical importance in applications. Estimators can be seriously biased by specification error; a test can reject a null hypothesis with a probability that greatly exceeds its nominal rejection probability (Gallant 1981). One way to interpret the recent work in flexible functional forms is to see it as the use of richer parametric families of models in an attempt to reduce these two sorts of statistical biases--estimator bias and excess rejection probability. Most of the flexible forms that have appeared in the literature are second-order (or Diewert-flexible) forms. Technically, this means that if g(x) is to be approximated by g(xIO), then at any given point xo there is a corresponding choice of parameters 01 such that
A rapid method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of organic liquids for use in heat‐transfer calculations

An apparatus of the concentric-cylinder type for the determination of the thermal conductivity of electrically insulating liquids is described. Thermal conductivity measurements can be made rapidly over a wide range of temperature and the results obtained on tetraoctyl silicate at temperatures up to 220° are given. Results for a number of pure liquids are also presented and are compared with values obtained from the literature.
In what sense are addicts irrational

Rationality is here considered from a functional viewpoint: How may the concept of rationality be best used in talking about addictive behavior? The article considers rationality in terms of overt behavioral patterns rather than as a smoothly operating logic mechanism in the head. The economic notion of rationality as consistency in choice - the property of exponential time discount functions - is examined and rejected. Addicts are not irrational because of the type of time discount function that governs their choices-or even because of the steepness of that function. Instead, rationality is here conceived as a pattern of predicting your own future behavior and acting upon those predictions to maximize reinforcement in the long run. Addicts are irrational to the extent that they fail to make such predictions and to take such actions.
GENERATION OF ULTRASHORT SECOND-HARMONIC PULSES BY COMPRESSING THE CERENKOV OUTPUT

Ultrashort optical second-harmonic pulses based on a traditional phase-matched Cerenkov second-harmonic generation scheme, with an additional prism to equalize the arrival time, are proposed. Proton-exchanged KTP, LiNbO3 waveguides, and several prism materials are considered in the evaluation. There is no constraint on crystal length, making high efficiency possible as well as preserving an ultrashort pulse width. The proposed approach may be a practical and efficient way to achieve convenient ultrashort harmonic pulses.
Lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipids

Abstract The phase diagrams of binary mixtures of cholesterol and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the presence of excess water have been investigated using spin labels.
Behavioural and ecological correlates of male and female parental care and reproductive success in burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.)

Abstract Burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae, Nicrophorus) from a natural population in southern New Hampshire were attracted to small carcasses which they were induced to bury into jars to rear broods. The duration of male and female parental care and their resulting reproductive success were measured by capturing departing parents and, later, their eclosing offspring. In all four species, N. orbicollis, N. sayi, N. defodiens and N. tomentosus, females provided significantly longer care than males. The principal determinant of the duration of maternal care in N. orbicollis, the focal species in this study, was carcass weight; females provided longer care on larger carcasses. Although males provided shorter care on the smallest carcasses, the duration of male care was not strongly associated with carcass weight or male or female size. Carcass weight was the major determinant of total brood weight, the best single measure of reproductive success, but offspring size was most strongly affected by the duration of maternal care. Broods begun in the first few weeks of the breeding season were heavier than later broods, perhaps due to less intense competition with flies at this time of year or brood order. First broods were significantly heavier than subsequent broods in the laboratory. The influence of behavioural and ecological factors on individual variation in parental investment and reproductive success are discussed in the context of the evolution of the roles of each parent in provisioning and guarding offspring.
APL Econometric Planning Language (EPLAN)

The APL Econometric Planning Language (EPLAN) is an IBM Installed User Program providing features to assist the construction and application of econometric models in an interactive environment.Its design takes into account the nature of the econometric modeling process, which ideally requires a man-machine dialogue. Main objectives have been: User-oriented terminology (model language), functional capabilities, generality and fast response.The elements of the model language observe a hierarchical structure. The atomic items are the economic variables, i.e. time series or cross-sectional data, and constants. Subsequent stages comprise operations on economic variables, equations and models. This logical structure is maintained by the use of suited APL data structures.The functional capabilities include several techniques of single equation parameter estimation, the solution of non-linear models and routines for data transformation, documentation and file handling.Generality is ensured by defining EPLAN open and transparent. The various programs are considered building-stones for the user's specific application. He can optionally mix EPLAN programs with programs of his own or from the APL Public Library.Fast response is automatically given by the excellent time-sharing characteristics of the APL host system.The paper describes the design of EPLAN, with emphasis also on its relation to APL, and applications in the fields of economics and business planning.
Optimized performance of a thermoelectric heat pump with surface heat transfer and finite fins

Abstract Equations are presented for the steady-state temperature distribution, optimum heat pumping capacity, optimum coefficient of performance, and maximum no-load temperature difference for a single element thermoelectric heat pump with constant properties. Part of the longitudinal surface of the thermoelement is convectively cooled; fins of varying size exist at the hot and cold junctions and three different surface heat transfer coefficients can be arbitrarily selected, one for the hot junction fins, one for the fins at the cold junction, and one for the surface of the thermoelement. It is shown that surface heat transfer can be used to substantially increase the heat pumping capacity and, in some cases, the coefficient of performance is improved. The effect of fin size at the junctions of the thermoelement on performance is shown. An example is presented in which optimized performance curves are compared for devices using fins with infinite and finite conductance and where the thermoelements have varying amounts of surface heat transfer. The results given are presented in dimensionless form so that they apply for many different conditions. The results show that gains in heat pumping capacity of the order of 300–400 per cent are possible.
Proton collisional excitation in the ground configuration of Fe +11 .

Proton collisional excitation cross sections at solar coronal energies for the Fe(11+) /3S(2)3p(3)/ ground-configuration transitions are presented. Semiclassical Coulomb excitation theory is used with direct integration of the resulting Schroedinger equation. The rate constants at coronal temperatures are compared with the corresponding ones for electron impact excitation.
A MACRO‐LEVEL FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF SOCIETAL DISINTEGRATION

A functionalist framework is used to synthesize well‐known ideas about societal integration and, conversely, disintegration. If the underlying Darwinian metaphor in functional analysis is retained, and supplemented by dialectical metaphors, then functional theorizing can insightfully address the forces of societal disintegration. The emerging theory revolves around, on the structural side, the dynamics of segmentation, differentiation, interdependence and exchange, structural overlap, structural embeddedness, mobility, segregation, and domination whereas on the cultural side, the theory emphasizes the dynamics inhering in systems of evaluational, regulatory, and legitimating symbols as well as generalized symbolic media.
Strict Convexity of the Limit Shape in First-Passage Percolation

Sufficient conditions are given for the strict convexity of the limit shape in standard first-passage percolation. These conditions involve (1) asymptotic ``straightness'' of the geodesics, and (2) existence of mean-zero limit distributions for the first-passage times.
Reliability and validity of the occupational physical activity questionnaire.

Introduction: Few questionnaires have been designed for wide-scale, population-based surveillance of occupational physical activity (PA) behaviors. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the test-retest reliability and validity of the Occupational Physical Activity Questionnaire (OPAQ) designed to assess the usual weekly duration of occupational sitting or standing, walking, and heavy labor activities. Methods: Analyses were based on a convenience sample of 41 adults (13 men, 28 women) (mean +/- SD, 38.8 +/- 9.9 yr) who worked in a broad range of occupations. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the 2-wk test-retest reliability of the OPAQ. Spearman correlations were used to assess criterion (occupational PA record, Actigraph) and construct (cardiorespiratory fitness, percent body fat) related validity. Convergent validity with the current Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) occupational PA question was evaluated with the kappa coefficient. Results: The 2-wk test-retest reliability coefficients for the OPAQ hours per week ranged from an ICC of 0.55 to 0.91. Fair-to-substantial criterion validity was observed for like activities on the OPAQ and a detailed 7-d occupational PA record for sitting or standing (r = 0.37), walking (r = 0.74), and heavy labor activity (r = 0.31). OPAQ walking was related to PA record moderate-intensity PA (r = 0.41), Actigraph occupational light-intensity counts (r = 0.41), and Actigraph total counts (r = 0.44). Associations observed between the OPAQ and submaximal exercise heart rate or percent body fat were low (r = -0.17 to 0.32). Convergent validity displaying the ability of the OPAQ to correctly identify participants who performed mostly sitting or standing, mostly walking, or mostly heavy labor at work was substantial [kappa = 0.71 (95% CI = 0.49, 0.94)]. Conclusions: The test-retest reliability and validity of the OPAQ are similar to other established occupational PA questionnaires. This preliminary study supports the use of the OPAQ in research and surveillance settings. (C)2005The American College of Sports Medicine
Strategies for the labeling of halogen-substituted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands: Potential positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography imaging agents

Well-known as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) also has potential use as a target for antitumor therapy in certain cancers. To develop agents for radionuclide imaging PPARγ in vivo, we synthesized fluorine, bromine, and iodine-substituted analogs (1−3) of a high-affinity benzophenone−tyrosine PPARγ ligand; all three analogs retain very high affinity for the PPARγ receptor. In preparation for the synthesis of these PPARγ ligands in radiolabeled form, we have synthesized two types of precursors: (a) an aryltributylstannane (9), from which the bromine and iodine-substituted analogs (2 and 3) can readily be prepared by electrophilic destannylation, and (b) three diaryliodonium tosylate derivatives (12a−c), precursors for nucleophilic aromatic fluorination using fluoride ion. Conditions were developed whereby the thiophenyliodonium tosylate (12c) underwent nucleophilic aromatic substitution with fluoride ion, eff...
Selenium requirements are higher for glutathione peroxidase-1 mRNA than Gpx1 activity in rat testis.

Selenium (Se) plays a critical role in testis, sperm, and reproduction, and testis Se levels are remarkably maintained in Se deficiency. In most other tissues, Se levels decrease dramatically as do levels of most selenoproteins and levels of a subset of Se-regulated selenoprotein mRNAs. Because of the recent identification of key molecules in the targeted trafficking of Se to the testis, we examined the hierarchy of Se regulation in testis by determining the dietary Se regulation of the full testis selenoproteome in rats fed graded levels of Se (0 to 0.8 μg Se/g) as Na2SeO3 for 28 d. Se status did not significantly affect testis weight or glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) activity (P > 0.05). qRT-PCR analysis of selenoprotein mRNA expression revealed that 21 of the 24 selenoprotein mRNAs and ApoER2 mRNA (the selenoprotein P [Sepp1] receptor) were also not regulated significantly by dietary Se status. In contrast, Gpx1 activity decreased to 28% of Se-adequate levels, and mRNA levels for Gpx1, Sepp1, and Sepw...
Continuity in a changing environmental discourse: film depictions of Corps of Engineers projects in South Florida

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has undergone an apparent shift from an agency frequently accused of degrading environments to one that now embraces ecological restoration as a primary mission. Through a review of promotional films from the 1950s to the present, this paper assesses the changing ways in which the Corps and their partner resource management agencies represent their activities in the South Florida ecosystem, including the Everglades and Kissimmee River. I assess this paradigm shift in resource management from a feminist perspective illuminating continuities in depictions of science and technology-based ecological interventions. Based on this analysis I suggest that appeals to certainty of knowledge and technological control persist across time despite a shift in managerial ecology toward acknowledging imperfect knowledge and the unintended consequences of technological intervention.
Secreted β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Counteracts the Proapoptotic Action of Mutant Presenilin-1 by Activation of NF-κB and Stabilization of Calcium Homeostasis

Mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene account for approximately 50% of the cases of autosomal dominant, early onset, inherited forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PS-1 is an integral membrane protein expressed in neurons and is localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). PS-1 mutations may promote neuronal degeneration by altering the processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or by engaging apoptotic pathways. Alternative processing of APP in AD may increase production of neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and reduce production of the neuroprotective α-secretase-derived form of APP (sAPPα). In differentiated PC12 cells expressing an AD-linked PS-1 mutation (L286V), sAPPα activated the transcription factor NF-κB and prevented apoptosis induced by Aβ. Treatment of cells with κB decoy DNA blocked the antiapoptotic action of sAPPα, demonstrating the requirement for NF-κB activation in the cytoprotective action of sAPPα. Cells expressing mutant PS-1 exhibited an aberrant pattern of NF-κB activity following exposure to Aβ, which was characterized by enhanced early activation of NF-κB followed by a prolonged depression of activity. Blockade of NF-κB activity in cells expressing mutant PS-1 by κB decoy DNA was associated with enhanced Aβ-induced increases of [Ca2+] i and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment of cells with sAPPα stabilized [Ca2+] i and mitochondrial function and suppressed oxidative stress by a mechanism involving activation of NF-κB. Blockade of ER calcium release prevented (and stimulation of ER calcium release by thapsigargin induced) apoptosis in cells expressing mutant PS-1, suggesting a pivotal role for ER calcium release in the proapoptotic action of mutant PS-1. Finally, a role for NF-κB in preventing apoptosis induced by ER calcium release was demonstrated by data showing that sAPPα prevents thapsigargin-induced apoptosis, an effect blocked by κB decoy DNA. We conclude that sAPPα stabilizes cellular calcium homeostasis and protects neural cells against the proapoptotic action of mutant PS-1 by a mechanism involving activation of NF-κB. The data further suggest that PS-1 mutations result in aberrant NF-κB regulation that may render neurons vulnerable to apoptosis.
Effects of knowledge of results and signal regularity on vigilance performance

According to Baker (1963), knowledge of results (KR) facilitates vigilance performance by enhancing the generation of accurate expectations regarding the time of appearance of critical signals. The implications of this notion were assessed by comparing effects of true and false (noncontingent) KR within the context of temporally regular and irregular signal schedules. The Ss listened for increments in the duration of recurrent white-noise pulses during a 1-h vigil. Response times (RTs) to signal detections were faster and less variable when signals were presented on a regular as compared to an irregular basis. RTs were also faster and less variable for Ss receiving true or false KR relative to controls who experienced no feedback. However, the facilitative effects of true KR did not exceed those of false KR even when signal presentations were regular in time and apparently predictable. The results are considered as contrary to an expectancy interpretation of the role of KR in the vigilance task.
The Carboxyl-terminal Domain of Bacteriophage T7 Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein Modulates DNA Binding and Interaction with T7 DNA Polymerase

Gene 2.5 of bacteriophage T7 is an essential gene that encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (gp2.5). Previous studies have demonstrated that the acidic carboxyl terminus of the protein is essential and that it mediates multiple protein-protein interactions. A screen for lethal mutations in gene 2.5 uncovered a variety of essential amino acids, among which was a single amino acid substitution, F232L, at the carboxyl-terminal residue. gp2.5-F232L exhibits a 3-fold increase in binding affinity for single-stranded DNA and a slightly lower affinity for T7 DNA polymerase when compared with wild type gp2.5. gp2.5-F232L stimulates the activity of T7 DNA polymerase and, in contrast to wild-type gp2.5, promotes strand displacement DNA synthesis by T7 DNA polymerase. A carboxyl-terminal truncation of gene 2.5 protein, gp2.5-Delta 26C, binds single-stranded DNA 40-fold more tightly than the wild-type protein and cannot physically interact with T7 DNA polymerase. gp2.5-Delta 26C is inhibitory for DNA synthesis catalyzed by T7 DNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA, and it does not stimulate strand displacement DNA synthesis at high concentration. The biochemical and genetic data support a model in which the carboxyl-terminal tail modulates DNA binding and mediates essential interactions with T7 DNA polymerase.
Two targets for the price of one.

In this issue of Blood , Dubovsky et al show that ibrutinib inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) inducible kinase (ITK) and thereby modulates T-cell signaling and function.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Ibrutinib inhibits both BTK and ITK resulting in modulation of both B- and T-cell function. Professional
An Internist's Inquiry Regarding the Etiologic Factors of Uveitis

The criteria by which the internist determines the etiologic factors of uveitis are discussed. The internist must know the characteristics of the lesion in the eye and possible changes in other organs that might be causative. Tuberculosis is recognized as one cause of uveitis. The internist thinks it is almost certainly secondary to tuberculosis elsewhere, from which bacteria reach the eye or from which an allergic reaction is set up in the eye. Clinical and nonclinical tuberculosis and the diagnostic features are considered. Diagnosis is not to be made from symptoms alone but from exact methods of examination. Nontuberculous focal infection is of equal importance as a cause of uveitis. Cooperation between internist, oculist and specialists in other fields is necessary. From the Division of Medicine, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Read before the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, November 17, 1930.
Discussion: 'Acceptability of Emergency Contraception' by Rocca et al

More than 3 decades have passed since an effective off-label high-dose regimen of oral contraceptives was devised for use as emergency contraception (EC). Yet controversy continues to surround the provision of EC--and certainly its promulgation. Whether use becomes more widespread with OTC availability remains to be seen. A paper by Rocca and colleagues investigated factors associated with use and non-use of EC including 3 routes for its provision. This article was the subject of an in-depth discussion among colleagues in a journal club at Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine. (excerpt)
Titin-Based Modulation of Sarcomere Structure as Revealed by Equatorial X-Ray Diffraction

Myofilament Length Dependent Activation (LDA) is the cellular mechanism underlying the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart. LDA is defined as an increase in force for a given amount of calcium when the muscle is stretched to a longer sarcomere length. Despite its physiological importance, the "length sensor that underlies LDA is not known. To address this issue we use X-ray diffraction of intact twitching rat papillary muscle where muscle initially at maximum sarcomere length (Lmax) is quickly released to slack length (Slack). X-ray patterns are taken is a 10 ms window just prior to force generation.Previous analyses of the data did not support the hypothesis that there was a radially outward movement of myosin heads at Lmax requiring some other explanation. The equatorial portion of our X-ray patterns show 5 pairs of well-resolved diffraction spots from the 1,0 to the 3, 0 equatorial reflection. This allowed calculation of two dimensional electron density maps (ED maps) comparing Lmax and Slack from both wild type rats and mutant rats with exceptionally long titin (J Mol Cell Cardiol. 44:983-91 2008) where the passive tension generated at Lmax, as well as LDA, is much reduced. Difference ED maps (Lmax-Slack) from WT rats indicate a better localization of both thick and thin filaments at Lmax plus the existence of bridging density joining the thick and thin filaments at Lmax and not at slack. In difference ED maps from the titin mutant rats, the bridging structures are absent and only the thick filaments appeared better localized. These results support a model where a small number of crossbridges transmit titin-based strain from the thick filament to the thin filament as part of the mechanism of LDA. Supported by NIH R01HL075494 and 9 P41 GM103622.
Comprehensive quality management program for radiation oncology

A quality management program for both external beam irradiation (electron and photon modes) and brachytherapy (high dose rate (HDR) and low dose rate (LDR) has been developed. The program follows current USA federal regulations for therapeutic administration of by-product materials. After implementation of the program, 54 HDR patients, 36 LDR brachytherapy patients and 311 external beam patients (including 30 stereotactic radiosurgery cases) were treated. The results of this program are presented.
Single and multiple trace metal excess effects on three different plant species

Abstract Three crops of plants (corn (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross N.C.). barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Atlas), soybeans (Glycine max L. cv. Hawkeye and PI54619–5–1) were grown in succession in flats of Yolo loam soil which had received in μg/g soil 0, 13 Li, 200 Zn, 200 Cu, 75 Co, 100 Ni, and 100 Cd both singly and in various combinations. The three plant species with two cultivars of soybeans reacted differently to the trace metals. Protective (competitive), additive and synergistic effects were all present. The treatments slightly modified soil pH but this did not explain all effects. Barley was most tolerant of the trace metals and yield depression occurred only when all six trace metals were applied simultaneously and this probably because of metal induced P deficiency.
A DOSIMETRIC MODEL OF DUODENAL TOXICITY AFTER STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY FOR PANCREATIC CANCER

Introduction Dose escalation for pancreas cancer is limited by the tolerance of adjacent normal tissues, especially with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). The duodenum is generally considered to be the organ at greatest risk. This study reports on the dosimetric determinants of duodenal toxicity with single-fraction SBRT. Methods and Materials Seventy-three patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma received 25Gy in a single fraction. Dose–volume histogram (DVH) endpoints evaluated include V 5 (volume of duodenum that received 5Gy), V 10 , V 15 , V 20 , V 25 , and D max (maximum dose to 1cm 3 ). Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) was evaluated with a Lyman model. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Results The median time to Grade 2–4 duodenal toxicity was 6.3 months (range, 1.6–11.8 months). The 6- and 12-month actuarial rates of toxicity were 11% and 29%, respectively. V 10 –V 25 and D max all correlated significantly with duodenal toxicity ( p 15 ≥9.1cm 3 and V 15 3 yielded duodenal toxicity rates of 52% and 11%, respectively ( p =0.002); V 20 ≥3.3cm 3 and V 20 3 gave toxicity rates of 52% and 11%, respectively ( p =0.002); and D max ≥23Gy and D max p =0.004). Lyman NTCP model optimization generated the coefficients m =0.23, n =0.12, and TD 50 =24.6Gy. Only the Lyman NTCP model remained significant in multivariate analysis ( p =0.001). Conclusions Multiple DVH endpoints and a Lyman NTCP model are strongly predictive of duodenal toxicity after SBRT for pancreatic cancer. These dose constraints will be valuable in future abdominal SBRT studies.
Noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure and mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography

A completely noninvasive method for estimating left atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure and mitral regurgitation has been devised with the use of continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography and brachial sphygmomanometry. Of 46 patients studied with mitral regurgitation, 35 (76%) had jets with distinct Doppler spectral envelopes recorded. The peak ventriculoatrial gradient was obtained by measuring peak mitral regurgitant velocity in systole and using the modified Bernoulli equation. This gradient was then subtracted from peak brachial systolic blood pressure, an estimate of left ventricular systolic pressure, to yield left atrial pressure (left atrial pressure = systolic blood pressure - mitral regurgitant pressure gradient). Noninvasive estimates of left atrial pressure from 35 patients were plotted against simultaneous recordings of mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure resulting in the correlation y = 0.88x + 3.3, r = 0.88, standard error of estimate = +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Therefore, continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography and sphygmomanometry may be used in selected patients with congestive heart failure and mitral regurgitation for noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure.
Correcting for demographic variables on the modified telephone interview for cognitive status

Objective To examine the effect of demographic variables on scores on the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (mTICS) in a healthy cohort and develop demographically corrected normative data. Design Observational. Setting Primarily academic medical centers. Participants 576 healthy older adults. Measurements mTICS. Results Age and education significantly correlated with mTICS score, and sex differences were also observed on this score. Ethnicity differences were not observed. Using regression equations, age, education, and sex significantly predicted mTICS total score. Conclusions By using these corrections, an individual's cognitive status may be more accurately predicted with this telephone screening instrument, although clinical validation is needed.
Spectral radius of sets of matrices

Spectral radius of sets of matrices is a fundamental concept in studying the regularity of compactly supported wavelets. Here we review the basic properties of spectral radius and describe how to increase the efficiency of estimation of a lower bound for it. Spectral radius of sets of matrices can be defined by generalizing appropriate definitions of spectral radius of a single matrix. One definition, referred to as generalized spectral radius, is constructed as follows. Let (Sigma) be a collection of m square matrices of same size. Suppose Ln((Sigma) ) is the set of products of length n of elements (Sigma) . Define pn((Sigma) ) equals maxA(epsilon Ln [p(A)]1/n where p(A) is the usual spectral radius of a matrix. Then the generalized spectral radius of (Sigma) is p((Sigma) ) equals lim supnyields(infinity )pn((Sigma) ). The standard method for estimating p((Sigma) ), through pn((Sigma) ), involves mn matrix calculations, one per each element of Ln((Sigma) ). We will describe a method which reduces this cost to mn/n or less.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multi-Draft Composing: An Iterative Model for Academic Argument Writing.

Abstract Post-secondary writing teachers in composition and English as a second language (ESL) writing programs are likely familiar with multi-draft composing. Both composition and ESL writing programs share nearly identical multi-draft models despite the very unique and different cultures of each group. We argue that multi-draft composing as it is currently used within second language writing programs can be overwhelming for ESL writers. In this study, we introduce the iterative multi-draft model, a revised and more manageable version of the traditional multi-draft model that can be used specifically with ESL writers to help them master essential writing skills in academic argumentation. A study of 42 compositions written by 14 students over the course of one semester in a North American pre-university intensive English program demonstrates that the new model can be effective. Although no significant improvement was seen in word choice and academic referencing, the iterative model produced a statistical effect on writing scores in three writing skill subcategories (content, organization, and grammar). Additionally, the iterative multi-draft model led to higher writing scores when compared to a traditional multi-draft model. Student perspectives on the model further indicate its relative strengths and weaknesses.
PHYTIC ACID STUDIES.

SummaryRelative tendency of some metals to complex with phytic acid, and the influence of sodium phytate on the availability of zinc in chicks were studied. Of the metals studied, zinc appeared to form the most stable complex with phytic acid in the physiological pH ranges. Addition of sodium phytate (0.25%) to a low-zinc chick diet depressed growth rate presumably by binding zinc and rendering the element less available for growth. Therefore, the greater tendency exhibited by zinc to form a complex with phytic acid near physiological pH ranges would possibly explain the adverse effect of phytic acid on zinc metabolism.
Adaptive clinical trial design

In recent years, the use of adaptive design methods in clinical trials based on accumulated data at interim has received much attention because of its flexibility and efficiency in pharmaceutical/clinical development. In practice, adaptive design may provide the investigators a second chance to modify or redesign the trial while the study is still ongoing. However, it is a concern that a shift in target patient population may occur after significant adaptations are made. In addition, the overall type I error rate may not be preserved. Moreover, the results may not be reliable and hence are difficult to interpret. As indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration draft guidance on adaptive design clinical trials, the adaptive design has to be a prospectively planned opportunity and should be based on information collected within the study, with or without formal statistical hypothesis testing. This article reviews the relative advantages, limitations, and feasibility of commonly considered adaptive designs in clinical trials. Statistical concerns when implementing adaptive designs are also discussed.
Comparative Probabilistic Initial Bridge Load Rating Model

A model that applies to initial bridge load ratings based on allowable stress, load factor, and load and resistance factor design is presented. The prognostic component calculates bridge load ratings probabilistically considering random variables representative of load and resistance effects. The diagnostic component helps to point out the sensitivity rankings of these input parameters. Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian networks are the tools employed in this bidirectional model. The model is applied to a beam in a prestressed concrete bridge at the beginning of its service life to demonstrate conclusions related to its applicability as a tool in areas related to bridge design and load rating.
The application of a scanning, water Raman-lidar as a probe of the atmospheric boundary layer

A scanning water Raman-lidar, designed and constructed to study surface-atmosphere processes with high spatial and temporal resolution is described. It is shown that the lidar is able to measure the absolute water content and then calculate evaporative fluxes and other atmospheric parameters quickly over relatively large areas. This capability provides new opportunities for the study of microscale atmospheric processes. Examples of data and analyses are presented. An analysis is presented which determines the spatial and temporal resolution which is required of a remote sensor in the boundary layer. >
Liquid phase silylation of a bilayer resist system using blended deep-UV resists

0.275 μm packed and 0.20 μm isolated features have been printed with a positive acting top-surface imaging process. The process consists of a bilayer resist scheme, the top layer of which is a chemically amplified negative resist whose resin is a blend of both novolak and poly(vinyl phenol). The latter, after exposure and post-exposure bake, is silylated in the liquid phase and the latent positive images are resolved using an oxygen plasma etch.
AADMLSS Practice: A Culturally Relevant Algebra Tutor

This paper presents an online web-based culturally relevant algebra tutor. It is designed for African American students to improve their mathematical skills. As a critical part of a culturally relevant tutor framework, AADMLSS (African-American Distributed Multiple Learning Styles System) focuses on practicing algebra, but can be adapted to other courses. The Algebra Problems Practice (APP) module is the practice environment where students can extract an algebra problem and practice solving it through interaction with a 3D virtual tutor. Practice on this system, tailored with familiar cultural elements, is expected to improve students' ability and skills in mathematics.
Evolutionary analysis of rhodopsin and cone pigments: connecting the three-dimensional structure with spectral tuning and signal transfer

Extensive sequence data and structural sampling of expressed proteins from different species lead to the idea that entire molecules or specific domain folds belong to large superfamilies of proteins. A subset of G protein-coupled receptors, one of the largest families involved in cellular signaling, rod and cone opsins are involved in phototransduction in photoreceptor cells. Here, the evolutionary analysis of opsin sequences and structures predicts key residues involved in the transmission of the signal from the binding site of the chromophore to the cytoplasmic surface and residues that are involved in the spectral tuning of opsins to short wavelengths of light.
Femtosecond laser-induced silicon surface morphology in water confinement

This article investigates the use of femtosecond laser induced surface morphology on silicon wafer surface in water confinement. Unlike irradiation of silicon surfaces in the air, there are no laser induced periodic structures, but irregular roughness is formed when the silicon wafer is ablated under water. The unique discovery of a smoothly processed silicon surface in water confinement under certain laser parameter combinations may help improve laser direct micromachining surface quality in industrial applications.
Theoretical Foundations of Mental Health Self-Help

This chapter reviews the theoretical perspectives commonly applied to mental health self-help (MHSH). First, recovery and community integration are multifaceted constructs often used to conceptualize the outcomes of participation in MHSH initiatives. Second, we present several perspectives on MHSH setting characteristics that influence individual outcomes, including sense of community, behavior setting theory, and empowerment theory. Third, we summarize theoretical perspectives providing insight into how individuals benefit from their interactions with self-help settings, including the helper-therapy principle, experiential knowledge, social comparison theory, and social support theories. Finally, the Role Framework provides a theoretical model that helps to integrate and extend these different perspectives in the literature.
Effects of rearing conditions on reproduction of Spathius agrili (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) can be successfully reared on emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), larvae feeding in chambers drilled in small ash twigs that are wrapped with floral tape. Females maintained in groups with males for one week can receive enough sperm for production of female progeny throughout their lives. Volatiles released by emerald ash borer adults feeding on ash foliage increased parasitoid fecundity over ash foliage alone or no stimulus. The temperature at which the parasitoids were reared ranged from 20 to 25°C in a daily cycle; however, raising the daily maximum temperature to 28°C did not affect parasitoid longevity or fecundity. Adult females lived between 12 and 127 d, with an average of 60.8 ± 4.5 d. Males lived slightly longer, with an average of 66 ± 4.5 d. The first clutch of eggs was laid when the female was between 2 and 42 d old, with the average preoviposition period lasting 11.4 ± 1.4 or 19.5 ± 2.0 d in 2007 and 2009 trials, respectively. A higher proportion of the emerald ash borer larvae were feeding and thus attractive to parasitoids in the 2009 trial, and female S. agrili laid an average of 9.5 ± 1.0 clutches containing 5.4 ± 0.2 eggs, for an average of 51.2 eggs per female. Approximately three quarters of the progeny were female. The number of eggs per clutch was significantly greater when deposited on larger emerald ash borer larvae, further highlighting the need for quality larvae in rearing. Chilling S. agrili pupae at 10°C to stockpile them for summer release was not successful; chilling resulted in lower survival and lower fecundity of emerging progeny. Female S. agrili proved capable of attacking emerald ash borer larvae through even the thickest bark of an ash tree that was 30-cm diameter at breast height. Even emerald ash borer larvae that were creating overwintering chambers in the outer sapwood of the tree were successfully attacked, suggesting that S. agrili could be reared on field collected logs infested with emerald ash borer.
Noninvasive three-dimensional activation time imaging of ventricular excitation by means of a heart-excitation model

We propose a new method for imaging activation time within three-dimensional (3D) myocardium by means of a heart-excitation model. The activation time is estimated from body surface electrocardiograms by minimizing multiple objective functions of the measured body surface potential maps (BSPMs) and the heart-model-generated BSPMs. Computer simulation studies have been conducted to evaluate the proposed 3D myocardial activation time imaging approach. Single-site pacing at 24 sites throughout the ventricles, as well as dual-site pacing at 12 pairs of sites in the vicinity of atrio-ventricular ring, was performed. The present simulation results show that the average correlation coefficient (CC) and relative error (RE) for single-site pacing were 0.9992 ± 0.0008/0.9989 ± 0.0008 and 0.05 ± 0.02/0.07 ± 0.03, respectively, when 5 µV/10 µV Gaussian white noise (GWN) was added to the body surface potentials. The average CC and RE for dual-site pacing were 0.9975 ± 0.0037 and 0.08 ± 0.04, respectively, when 10 µV GWN was added to the body surface potentials. The present simulation results suggest the feasibility of noninvasive estimation of activation time throughout the ventricles from body surface potential measurement, and suggest that the proposed method may become an important alternative in imaging cardiac electrical activity noninvasively.