cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Pediatric Ingestions.

On March 13, 2020, the United States declared the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak a national emergency.1 Consequently, the abrupt shift in the school and home dynamics, combined with ensuing psychosocial and economic household stressors, placed children at increased risk of harm.2 In particular, early 2020 data indicated an increase in household cleaner and disinfectant exposures.3 However, the impact of the pandemic on overall pediatric ingestions is unclear. Our objective was to compare national trends in pediatric ingestions during the pandemic to a similar prepandemic period. All closed cases of … Address correspondence to Karima Lelak, MD, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien St, Detroit, MI 48201. E-mail: klelak{at}dmc.org
An Informational Theory of Genocide and Politicide During Civil War

Why do some governments engage in genocide or politicide against their civilian population during civil war? Scholarship on this important question views such brutality as a strategic tool the gove...
Inclusion Complex Formation

One of the most important characteristics of cyclodextrins is the formation of inclusion complexes with various compounds (guests), in which guest compounds are included in the cavity of cyclodextrins (host) [20, 65–67]. Guest compounds range from polar reagents such as acids, amines, small ions such as ClO 4 - , SCN-, and halogen anions [68] to highly apolar aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and even rare gases [69]. Inclusion complexes can be formed either in solution or in the crystalline state. Water is usually used as solvent, although inclusion complex formation also takes place in dimethyl sulfoxide and in dimethyl formamide [70].
SU-E-T-376: Evaluation of a New Stereotactic Diode for Small Field Dosimetry

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a new stereotactic diode for dosimetry of small photon fields. Methods: A new stereotactic diode, consisting of an unshielded p-type silicon chip, and with improved radiation hardness energy dependence was recently developed (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruch, Germany). The diode has an active volume of 0.6 mm dia. x 0.02 mm thick. Two new diodes were evaluated, one which was pre-irradiated to 100kGy with 10 MeV electrons and another which received no prior irradiation. Sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and linearity as a function of dose were assessed. Beam profiles and small field output factors were measured on a CyberKnife (CK) and compared with measurements using two commercially available diodes. Results: The new diodes exhibit linear behavior (within 0.6%) over a dose range 0.02 – 50 Gy; a commercially available device exhibits excursions of up to 4% over the same range. The sensitivity is 4.1 and 3.8 nC/Gy for the un-irradiated and pre-irradiated diodes, respectively. When irradiated with 150 Gy in dose increments of 5, 20 and 35 Gy, both new diodes provide a stable response within 0.5%. Output factors measured with the two new diodes are identical and compare favorably with other commercially available diodes and published data. Similarly, no differences in measured field size or penumbra were observed among the devices tested. Conclusion: The new diodes show excellent stability and sensitivity. The beam characterization in terms of output factors and beam profiles is consistent with that obtained with commercially available diodes.
Sport and Democracy in the Ancient and Modern Worlds

Since the late nineteenth century, if not earlier, physical educators and addled journalists have made regular claims about the democratising effects of sports participation on the participants the...
Flow Through Packed Beds

There are two quite different types of porous media: Packed beds: These include rock piles, sand filters, soil in flower pots, cigarettes, and absorption columns. For good gas-liquid contacting, absorption columns are usually packed with specially shaped ceramic, plastic, or metal objects such as rings and saddles which have both a large surface area and high voidage; thus, they have a low resistance to flow. Porous solids: These include both natural porous materials such as oil-bearing rock and pumice, and prepared structures such as fused alumina particles, polyurethane foam sponges, foam rubber mattresses, etc.
Recombinant leukocyte interferon, doxorubicin, and 5FUDR in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma-A phase II trial.

To study the combination of 5FUDR, recombinant leukocyte interferon (IFN), and doxorubicin in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. IFN was administered at a dose of 6 miu/m2 subcutaneously followed in 2 h by doxorubicin 20 mg/m2 intravenously. After doxorubicin, 5FUDR was given as a 24-h infusion at a starting dose of 80 mg/kg. The dose of IFN was escalated to three times a week if tolerated. Both doxorubicin and 5FUDR were administered once weekly. There were 30 patients entered into the study. Among the 30 patients, there were two partial responses (7%) and one patient had stable disease. Toxicity was generally tolerable with fever, and chills, fatigue, and myelosuppression as the most common side effects. This chemotherapy combination was generally well tolerated, but has limited activity in unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Strain dependent variation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in Salmonella typhimurium infected mice.

Development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in Salmonella infection was reported as early as 1923, when Zinsser showed that guinea pigs injected with live typhoid bacilli became skin test positive to typhoid antigen (1). A close relationship between DTH and immunity to Salmonella infection was demonstrated in mice by Collins and Mackaness (2). They showed that mice immunized with live Salmonella developed DTH as measured by an increase in footpad thickness 24 hours after injection of a culture supernatant antigen. The appearance of footpad responsiveness correlated with the onset of immunity to challenge with virulent Salmonella (2).
The role and utilization of electronic medical records in ambulatory otolaryngology.

Objectives/Hypothesis To estimate the usage of electronic medical records (EMRs) in ambulatory otolaryngology and to compare the usage trends between otolaryngologists and physicians in other specialties. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of data taken from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). Methods The 2005 to 2010 NAMCS datasets were analyzed for whether storage of patient records in otolaryngology practices were completely electronic, partly electronic, or paper based. The trend of EMR utilization in the studied period was compared between otolaryngology and other specialties. Furthermore, the usage of different EMR functions (e.g., ordering tests) was also evaluated. Results The proportion of otolaryngology practices with complete or partial EMR usage increased from 27.0% in 2005 to 2006, to 48.5% in 2009 to 2010 (P < .001), and was projected to increase to 80.3% in 2015 to 2016. Otolaryngologists had variable usage of different functions of EMRs. Neither the overall use of EMRs nor their different functions were statistically different between otolaryngologists and other specialists. Further exploration of data revealed that 34.0% of otolaryngologists intended to install new EMR systems within the following years. Finally, 39.9% of otolaryngologists had plans to apply for Medicare or Medicaid incentive payments, of which 92.3% expected to start meaningful use in 2011. Conclusions The increasing utilization of EMRs in ambulatory otolaryngology is an important marker of progress in compliance with health care reform. Despite this upward trend, however, <50% of ambulatory offices had adopted EMRs in 2009 to 2010, and it remains to be seen how the field will adapt to the evolving challenge of EMR adoption and implementation. Laryngoscope, 123:2418–2422, 2013
Characterization of resection dexterity in transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A kinematic study

Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) presents surgeons with challenges of limited tool dexterity. This paper investigates the limitations of dexterity and resection reach and accuracy within the intra-vesicular space of the bladder. The paper assumes the kinematics and geometry of current tools used for TURBT. The study presents a kinematic modeling framework and a simulation evaluation that aim to elucidate the limitations of current surgical tools. The kinematic framework also proposes a method for analyzing resection dexterity and accuracy in different regions of the bladder. The results demonstrate resection dexterity deficiencies in the areas neighboring the bladder neck and substantially higher dexterity in superior regions. In addition, the results of this work provide a currently missing quantified dexterity evaluation baseline for expected performance during manual TURBT against which future devices and robotic-assisted systems for resection can be compared.
Progestins and Breast Cancer

Progesterone (P) regulates proliferation and differentiation in the normal mammary gland in mouse, rat and human. Progesterone has also been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of human breast cancer. The focus of this review is on recent advances in understanding the role of the progesterone receptor (PR) and functional significance of PR isoforms, PRA and PRB, in the normal mammary gland and in mammary cancer in mouse, rat and human.
Comparing selection system and diameter-limit cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwoods using computer simulation

Comparisons of selection system and diameter-limit cutting based on trials in specific settings have often yielded conflicting results. We used a simulation approach to evaluate sawtimber production over three cutting cycles on 10 sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated plots of varying initial forest structure. Treatments on each plot included light, moderate, and heavy intensities of selection system silviculture and diameter-limit cutting. Harvested sawtimber volumes were initially higher on all plots using diameter-limit cutting, but selection system outperformed diameter-limit cutting at later entries on 7 of the 10 plots. Volume differences between cutting types ranged among plots from 0.3 to 26 m3·ha–1, equating to a less than 1% to as much as a twofold difference. Average volumes from selection system at later entries were 20%–40% greater than diameter-limit cutting, due in part to consistent production in large sawtimber (≥46 cm). Yields from real stands could vary from these simulations wh...
Embeddings into Finitely Generated Simple Groups Which Preserve the Word Problem

Publisher Summary It is known that a finitely generated simple group is a subgroup of a finitely presented group if and only if it has a recursively enumerable set of defining relations, and that it has a recursively enumerable set of defining relations if and only if it has a solvable word problem. This chapter presents the results that a finitely generated group has a solvable word problem if and only if there is an embedding of the group into a finitely generated simple group that is a subgroup of a finitely presented group. It was shown that if a finitely generated group has a word problem that is solvable with respect to one presentation on a finite set of generators, then the word problem is solvable with respect to every presentation on a finite set of generators. Thus, it can be said that the word problem for a finitely generated group is solvable or unsolvable without referring to a specific presentation. The chapter also discusses the countable groups assuming that all the presentations referred to are on finite or countably infinite set of generators.
An efficient algorithm on multi-class support vector machine model selection

Support vector machines (SVM) are very effective for general purpose pattern recognition. With carefully selected models, they have won many benchmark applications over conventional classification techniques. Current SVM model selection schemes are time consuming when they are applied to binary classification. It is practically impossible to apply these methods to multi-class SVM for detailed model selection. In this paper, we propose a scheme to effectively select models for multi-class SVMs with a globe rough selection followed by genetic algorithms (GA) for refinement. This method is applied to benchmark problems with higher accuracy rates than other approaches and is suitable for practical use.
Comparisons of Oxidative Metabolism and Reductive Capacity in Sulfonamide-Tolerant and -Intolerant Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Hypersensitivity reactions to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole occur with a high frequency in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. This study tested whether differences in oxidative metabolism and plasma reductive capacity correlate with sulfonamide intolerance in patients with HIV. Eighteen stable outpatients with HIV were prospectively studied. Nine patients had documented histories of hypersensitivity reactions to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nine did not. Urinary caffeine metabolite ratios assessed the activity of two oxidative enzymatic pathways: cytochrome P-450 1A2 (demethylation) and 8-hydroxylation. Plasma cyst(e)ine was used as a measure of reductive capacity. The trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-intolerant group showed greater rates of 8-hydroxylation, lower rates of demethylation, and lower cyst(e)ine levels. The results of this pilot study extend previous observations of differences in oxidative metabolism and reductive capacity that exist within the population of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, these findings lay the groundwork for future interventional studies that could use agents to inhibit sulfonamide oxidation and increase reductive capacity in sulfonamide-intolerant patients with HIV when rechallenged with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
The Georgia Legislative Black Caucus: An Analysis of a Racial Legislative Subgroup

Georgia's Black legislators have always viewed their role as representatives for and articulators of the needs, interests, goals, and aspirations of the state's Black citizens. To secure maximum outputs from the political process that are beneficial to its African American constituency is what they have striven to achieve individually and collectively since the first Black man was elected to the Georgia General Assembly during the Reconstruction era. These 19th-century Black legislators were confronted by hostility from the White executive and legislative leaders of Georgia who questioned their right to be seated. In September 1868, Bishop Henry McNeil Turner led 33 Black elected legislators who attempted to
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Triggered by Clobazam: A Case Report in a 13-Year-Old Girl

We present a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) triggered by clobazam in a 13-year-old girl who was subsequently treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. In December 2013 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a warning that clobazam might cause "serious skin reactions" such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or TEN and approved label changes.
Comparison of DSP boards for classroom use

This paper provides a comparison for educators of three currently available DSP boards based on Texas Instruments processors: the C6713 DSK, the OMAP-L138 eXperimenter Kit, and the OMAP-L138 Low Cost Development Kit. Software migration issues, classroom use, and some little-known board-design ramifications for DSP are discussed.
Equivalence of equations describing trace element distribution during equilibrium partial melting

It is shown that four equations used for calculating the evolution of trace-element abundances during equilibrium partial melting are mathematically equivalent. The equations include those of Hertogen and Gijbels (1976), Shaw (1970), Schilling (1971), and O'Nions and Clarke (1972). The general form to which all these equations reduce is presented, and an analysis is performed to demonstrate their mathematical equivalence. It is noted that the utility of the general equation flows from the nature of equilibrium (i.e., the final state is independent of the path by which that state is attained).
Energy Distributions in Small Populations:: Pascal versus Boltzmann

The theoretical distributions of a limited amount of energy among small numbers of particles with discrete, evenly-spaced quantum levels are examined systematically. The average populations of energy states reveal the pattern of Pascal’s triangle. An exact formula for the probability that a particle will be in any given energy state is derived. This formula, dubbed the Pascal distribution, is compared to the exponential formula for the Boltzmann distribution. Though they differ for systems with small numbers of particles, the Pascal distribution is shown to approach the Boltzmann distribution as the number of particles and total amount of energy increases with a fixed ratio of energy to number of particles. Implications for deriving the Boltzmann distribution from small model systems and for understanding the energy distributions in real nanoscale systems are discussed.
“I am not a skinny toothpick and proud of it.” Latina adolescents’ ethnic identity and responses to mainstream media images

Using a quasi-experimental design, 118 Latina girls, ages 13-18, viewed five color photographs of White women. Girls viewed either images of sexualized women or images of non-sexualized women. After viewing the images, girls were asked to complete the sentence stem, "I am…" 20 times. Thirty percent of girls spontaneously described their ethnicity in one of their sentence completions. Spontaneous use of ethnicity was taken as an indicator of the salience of ethnic identity. Among girls who viewed sexualized, thin-ideal White media images, spontaneously using an ethnic descriptor was related to more positive descriptions of one's own body and appearance. Analyses supported the premise that ethnic identity may act as a protective factor, buffering Latina girls from the negative effects of viewing sexualized, thin-ideal White media images.
Crystallization of the AlMn icosahedral phase

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the crystallization kinetics of the icosahedral phase (i-phase) in AlxMn100−x alloys for 78 ⩽ x ⩽ 90 are presented. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations show that for x > 82, the i-phase occurs as dendrites that are surrounded by α-Al. For x
A global review of porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) mortality in gillnets

A global review of mortality of porpoises in gillnet fisheries indicates that individuals of all six species become entangled and die in gillnets. Harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena are taken throughout their range and several populations are in decline, at least partly as a result of gillnet entanglement. The vaquita P. sinus is the most endangered cetacean species, and gillnet fisheries in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico, threaten the single population with extinction. Burmeister's porpoises P. spinipinnis are taken in several gillnet fisheries in South America; populations in Peru appear to be most severely affected. In southern South America, spectacled porpoises Australophocaena dioptrica are known to be caught in gillnets, but the effects of these takes are unknown. Primarily in the western North Pacific, Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli are entangled in driftnet fisheries in large numbers, but so far major impacts have not been apparent. Although taken in gillnets in many areas throughout the Indo-Pacific region, only those finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides populations in China are considered to be threatened by gillnet catches. In most circumstances, existing information is insufficient to evaluate the effects of gillnets on porpoise v to be severe. Gillnets represent the single most important threat to porpoises as a group, and this may be an example of a ‘no technical solution problem’. We conclude that better documentation of catches and new approaches to dealing with porpoise/gillnet interaction problems are needed in order to prevent the loss of several species and populations.
Sigma virus content and hereditary transmission in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Three strains of Drosophila infected with sigma virus were selected for 20 generations for flies producing high proportions of virus-infected eggs. The following strain differences were detected before selection and shown to persist after the selection period. Strain L flies included virus in nearly all their eggs, displayed low imaginal titers, and contained at least two types of virus distinguishable by their respective incubation times in inoculated animals. Flies of a common second genotype, strain Lws (low imaginal titers) and strain Lw (high imaginal titers) were enriched for the long and short incubation time types of virus, respectively, but produced significantly lower proportions of virus-infected eggs than strain L. The data suggest that the production of high proportions of virus-infected eggs is limited in these strains by the Drosophila genotype.
Plans and Semantics in Human Processing of Language

The analogy between humans and computers as language processors has previously been exploited primarily with respect to the parsing or analysis phase of processing, as opposed to a synthesis phrase. Here we pursue the analogy on the synthesis side by positing cognitive algorithms that correspond to target language code generated by a compiler. We consider the computational resource demands of these cognitive algorithms and compare them to what is required to carry out syntactic and semantic processing. It is argued that cognitive demands are responsible for certain empirical results in developmental psycholinguistics that have previously been attributed to syntactic complexity. The analysis suggests new empirical studies whose results, in turn, provide support for the analysis.
Pretransplant predictors of recovery of renal function after liver transplantation

The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease system has given priority on the liver transplant waiting list to candidates with renal failure. This study determined the predictors of spontaneous recovery of renal function after transplantation in 1041 liver transplant recipients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) at the time of transplant (from February 2002 to January 2007). Data from these patients were obtained from the US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and US Renal Data System databases. Univariate and multivariate survival models were constructed along with multivariate logistic regression models to find independent predictors of spontaneous renal recovery. Seven hundred seven recipients (67.9%) had spontaneous recovery of renal function after liver transplantation. Those recovering spontaneously had a significantly shorter course of RRT in the pretransplant time period (15.6 versus 36.6 days, P < 0.001). Recovery of renal function was observed in 70.8% and 11.5% of recipients on RRT for less than 30 days and more than 90 days, respectively. Other statistically significant pretransplant variables independently associated with recovery of renal function included recipient age, recipient pretransplant diabetes, and donor age. In conclusion, the duration of pretransplant RRT is highly predictive of spontaneous renal recovery post-transplant. Liver transplant candidates requiring less than 30 days of pretransplant RRT are likely to spontaneously recover renal function after liver transplantation, whereas those on RRT for more than 90 days are not.
Asymptotic non-null distribution of a test of equality of exponential populations

In this paper further asymptotic expansions of the non-null distribution of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the equality of several one parameter exponential distributions are obtained when the alternatives are close to the hypothesis. These expansions are obtained for the first time in terms of beta distributions.
Human T Regulatory Cells Can Use the Perforin Pathway to Cause Autologous Target Cell Death

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells use the perforin/granzyme pathway to kill virally infected cells and tumor cells. Mutations in genes important for this pathway are associated with several human diseases. CD4(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells have emerged as important in the control of immunopathological processes. We have previously shown that human adaptive Treg cells preferentially express granzyme B and can kill allogeneic target cells in a perforin-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate that activated human CD4(+)CD25(+) natural Treg cells express granzyme A but very little granzyme B. Furthermore, both Treg subtypes display perforin-dependent cytotoxicity against autologous target cells, including activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD14(+) monocytes, and both immature and mature dendritic cells. This cytotoxicity is dependent on CD18 adhesive interactions but is independent of Fas/FasL. Our findings suggest that the perforin/granzyme pathway is one of the mechanisms that Treg cells can use to control immune responses.
Lipid composition of selected margarines

Results of analytical studies on the composition of 10 selected margarines representative of consumeravailable hard and soft types are presented. Paired hard and soft products from the same manufacturer were chosen where possible. All of the margarines were compared on the basis of total fatty acid composition, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios, totaltrans and thetrans content of the monoene and diene fractions, location of the double bond in the monoene isomers, per cent conjugation, distribution of the fatty acids at the 2 position of the triglycerides, tocopherol content, and the ratios of α-tocopherol to polyunsaturated fatty acids. As expected the soft margarines contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids than their companion hard types, but all soft margarines did not contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids than all of the hard margarines. The one margarine containing safflower oil had the highest polyunsaturated to saturated ratio. Eight of the ten margarines contained more than 15%trans monoene and nine contained less than 5%trans diene. Positional isomers in the monoene fraction were Δ6 toΔ12 with thecis Δ9 isomer predominating. All of the margarines contained less than 1.9% conjugation. The percentage oftrans monoene at the 2 position was greater for some margarines than that in the total fatty acid. This was attributed to the preferential placement of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the 2 position in the original vegetable oils. The forms of tocopherol found were characteristic of the original vegetable oils. Ratios of α-tocopherol to PUFA varied from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/g. Determination of the relationship of the amount of tocopherol content to either source or hardness is not possible on the basis of our data.
Unconditionally stable explicit method for massively parallel solution of acoustic wave equations

In this paper a novel method for solution of the acoustic wave equation is presented. This method achieves the computational efficiency of the explicit methods while also offering the excellent numerical properties of the implicit methods, i.e., the unconditional stability. We discuss the mathematical foundation of this method as well as various numerical aspects such as inclusion of the absorbing boundary conditions and efficient parallel implementations.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Redressing the Commissar: Thaw Cinema Revises Soviet Structuring Myths

A eksandrAskoldov's 1967 film The Commissar opens with a soft female voice singing a lullaby as the camera lingers on a pale morning sky before descending to a misty country landscape with a statue of the Madonna by the road. Valerii Ginzburg's camera continues its fluid pan across the steppe until it meets a long procession of Red Army troops, whereupon it accompanies them as it draws back to the holy figure. While clanking metal weaponry temporarily drowns out the lullaby, and the dust raised by the soldiers' feet obscures the peaceful view as the regiment mindlessly bypasses the Madonna, the song soon resumes its affectionate flow over the tired procession. In this unconventional introduction to a Civil War film that was supposed to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution, Askoldov (b. 1932), Ginzburg (b. 1925), and the composer Alfred Shnitke (1934-98) captured "the moral and philosophical tension" defining their subversive reassessment of Soviet legitimating narratives.' Rather than celebrating the power of Soviet ideology to shape a better world, the film-in the words of a Soviet censor-depicts the revolution as "a force that opposes the very essence of human existence, a phenomenon that destroys personal ties by causing alienation, despair, and uncertainty about the future."2 The cinema officials who banned
Photochemotherapy for psoriasis remission times. Psoralens and UV-A and combined photochemotherapy with anthralin.

Summary Oral methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) was evaluated in 187 psoriatics, with emphasis on remission and recurrence after therapy. The mean number of years psoriasis had been present was 18.3, the mean psoriatic involvement 34.8% the dose at the time of maximum clearance was 11.8 J/cm2, and the mean number of treatments to achieve maximum clearance was 175. Complete clearance was achieved in sixty-one patients and in this group the average number of treatments to achieve maximum clearance was 16.8, the initial remission times ranged from 4 to 64 weeks, with an average of 21.6 weeks. In patients subsequently retreated, the remission time was only 12.4 weeks (57%), but the mean number of treatments to achieve maximum clearance was reduced (11.4) and patients responded more easily to treatment. Sixteen patients were treated in addition to PUVA, with anthralin in Lassars' paste with clearing achieved between six and fifteen treatments, a mean of 9.5. Combinations of PUVA with other forms of psoriatic treatment may also help to reduce the cumulative PUVA exposures.
What is hardware security

Historically, the dominant technological and application trends have had a direct impact on the key integrated circuits design metrics. In the 70s, the silicon area was a scarce and expensive commodity. Therefore, development of techniques such as hardware sharing and design simplification was of prime importance. In the 80s, the premier design metrics was the speed of computation while in the 90s, the quest for power and energy optimization emerged. Initially, the emphasis was on minimizing the switching power but the focus has gradually moved towards minimizing the leakage energy.
Panoramic dental radiography using a charge-coupled device receptor.

Panoramic radiography using a slit beam and film/screen receptor is standard for the emergency room evaluation of mandibular fractures and also in dentistry. This study compared the spatial resolution, area distortion factors, and the dosage considerations for a panoramic system where standard film/screen and a charge-coupled device were alternatively employed as the image receptor. Resolution and image contours were determined using a lead resolution grid positioned at selected beam projection angulations. Exposure measurements were carried out using a RANDO® average man phantom and a 3 cc beryllium-windowed ionization chamber. The maximum spatial resolution with film approached 5 lp mm−1 whereas with the CCD the maximum resolution was just above 4 lp mm−1. Consequently, the image layer was reduced slightly in width when using the CCD receptor. The use of the CCD resulted in a skin exposure reduction exceeding 70%.
Symposium on hydrologic problems in the Ohio and Michigan basins

The significance of water-supply in human economy is tacitly assumed, but the broad range of specific hydrologic problems upon which the economy of any region depends is but vaguely appreciated, even by those who are actively concerned in their solution. When plans were being made for the Columbus meeting of Section E in December, 1939, it was R. A. Smith of the Michigan Department of Conservation who stressed the importance of hydrology in Michigan and in the Ohio Drainage-basin. The emphasis which he placed upon the subject led to a symposium sponsored jointly by the Section of Hydrology of the American Geophysical Union, the Section of Geology in the Ohio Academy of Science, the Geological Society of America, and Section E of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The six articles which follow are condensed versions of papers which were read at the meeting held on the afternoon of December 29, 1939. In the preparation of these articles for publication, each of the authors has sacrificed much of the interesting detail which his original paper contained, but there remains a body of material that amply demonstrates the scope of hydrologic research which is being applied to urgent problems in the eastern and northern interior sections of the country.
Does Caregiving Cause Psychological Distress? The Case for Familial and Genetic Vulnerabilities in Female Twins

Background Informal caregiving can be deleterious to mental health, but research results are inconsistent and may reflect an interaction between caregiving and vulnerability to stress.
New computational control techniques and increased understanding for stereo 3-D displays

While conventional asymptotic transformations for mapping a visual scene onto a stereo viewing volume allow a single, specific scene-distance to be fixed at the screen location, the present piecewise linear approach allows creative partitioning of the depth viewing volume and affords the freedom to place depth-cueing emphasis wherever desired. Attention is given to the results of an experiment with the novel system which attempted to ascertain the effective region of stereopsis cueing. A practical viewing volume falls between -25 and +60 percent of the viewer-to-screen distance. The data indicate that increased viewer-to-CRT distances furnish increasing usable depth.
Information Asymmetry, Participation, and Long-Term Contracts

This paper examines the economic value of participative processes in the setting of long-term incentives. When informational asymmetries arise between employers supervisors and employees subordinates about future states, questions arise as to whether and when resolving these informational asymmetries produces economic gains. To address these questions, I use a two-period principal agent contracting framework in which the agent employee receives imperfect private information about the second period state in the first period, and make a welfare comparison between two alternative communication regimes. In the "delayed communication regime," a report from the agent is considered only for second period contract. In the "early communication regime," the report is considered for first period contracting as well. This regime can therefore be viewed as encouraging participation in long-term contracts. I identify conditions under which the early communication regime is strictly preferable to the delayed communication regime. Further, given some additional structure on the agent's preferences, this result obtains even if the agent can access capital markets to smooth inter-temporal consumption. Finally, I examine the setting in which the principal, at the time of contracting, has the option of whether or not to install an information system that provides the agent with private information about the future period state. I identify conditions under which installing the information system, and resolving the consequent information asymmetry through participation, is strictly preferable to not installing the information system.
Experimental Investigations of Laser Micromachining of Nickel Using Thin Film Micro Thermocouples

Laser-material interactions during laser micromachining are extremely complicated. In order to improve the fundamental understanding of the laser micromachining process, it is essential to investigate the complex phenomena and mechanisms of the physical processes within and close to the region of the interaction. Moreover, C-type micro thin film thermocouples with a junction size of 2 × 2 μm 2 were fabricated to increase the maximum operation temperature and spatial resolution of sensors. Surface temperature distribution around the laser spot was obtained in the range from 45 μm to 85 μm away from the center of laser spot. The result showed that there was a steep gradient of temperature in the radial direction and a superheated area around the laser spot. Topographical characterizations of laser micromachining with various laser energy fluences were undertaken to correlate the resulting geometry changes with surface temperature measurements. Possible changes of surface chemical composition induced by the laser micromachining process, in particular, oxide formation, were also investigated around the laser spot.
Diagonal Ramsey numbers for small graphs

The (generalized) Ramsey number r(G) is determined for all 113 graphs with no more than six lines and no isolated points. While few proofs are given, information is given which should be sufficient to reconstruct them in most cases.
Safety and Outcome of Endoscopic Snare Excision of the Major Duodenal Papilla

Abstract Background: The optimal management of adenoma of the major duodenal papilla is not established. Options include surgical excision, endoscopic ablative techniques, snare excision, and observation with periodic biopsies. The aims of this retrospective study were to determine the safety and outcome of snare excision of the papilla. Methods: Twenty-eight snare excisions of the papilla were performed in 26 patients. Sixteen had familial adenomatous polyposis. In 22 procedures, a minisnare was used, and in 6 cases a prototype snare was designed for excision of the papilla. Pancreatic stents were placed as a prophylactic measure at the discretion of the endoscopist (n = 10). Results: Histopathologically, resected tissue included 25 adenomas, 1 inflammatory polyp, 1 invasive malignancy, and 1 normal papilla. Immediate complications were minor bleeding (n = 2), mild pancreatitis (n = 4) and a duodenal perforation (n = 1). The presence (n = 10) or absence (n = 18) of a pancreatic stent did not correlate with subsequent pancreatitis (2 in each group, p = NS). Follow-up was available for 21 patients (median, 9 months; range, 2-32 months). Pancreatic duct stenosis at the papillectomy site resulted in pancreatitis in 2 patients (17%) at, respectively, 4 months and 24 months. Follow-up endoscopy revealed recurrent/residual adenomatous tissue in 2 (10%). Conclusions: Snare excision of the major duodenal papilla was well tolerated. Most complications were mild except for a small duodenal perforation. Stenosis of the pancreatic duct orifice with pancreatitis may be a late complication. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:239-43.)
Racial targeting of sexual violence in Darfur.

Objectives. We used the Atrocities Documentation Survey to determine whether Sudanese government forces were involved in racially targeting sexual victimization toward ethnically African women in the Darfur region of western Sudan.Methods. The US State Department conducted the survey by interviewing a randomized multistage probability sample of 1136 Darfur refugees at 20 sites in Chad in 2004. For a subset of 932 respondents who had fled from village clusters that accounted for 15 or more respondents per cluster, we used hierarchical linear models to analyze village-level patterns of reported sexual violence. We statistically controlled for individual sexual victimization to remove bias.Results. Respondents reported being subjected to racial epithets associated with sexual victimization significantly more often during combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janjaweed militia forces than during separate attacks by either force.Conclusions. Combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janja...
Coherent Risk Measures in Inventory Problems

Abstract We analyze an extension of the classical multi-period, single-item, linear cost inventory problem where the objective function is a coherent risk measure. Properties of coherent risk measures allow us to offer a unifying treatment of risk averse and min–max type formulations. For the single period newsvendor problem, we show that the structure of the optimal solution of the risk averse model is similar to that of the classical expected value problem. For a finite horizon dynamic inventory model, we show that, again, the optimal policy has a similar structure as that of the expected value problem. This result carries over even to the case when there is a fixed ordering cost. We also analyze monotonicity properties of the optimal order quantity with respect to the degree of risk aversion for certain risk measures.
Joseph ben Samuel Sarfati's «Tratado de Melibea y Calisto»: A Sephardic Jew's Reading of the Celestina in Light of the Medieval Judeo-Spanish Go-between Tradition

The introductory poem that the sixteenth-century Italian Jew, Samuel Ṣarfati, included with his now lost Hebrew translation of Fernando de Rojas' Spanish masterpiece La Celestina , mentions several elements foreign to Rojas work as we know it today. These include the image of the war of lovers, the description of women as the Angels of Death and as the Devil (Azazel), and the identification of sexual desire and religious assimilation. In my opinion these elements show that Ṣarfati had in mind two earlier works from the Judeo-Spanish go-between tradition, Minḥat Yehuda by Judah Ibn Sabbatay and the « Maqāma of Marriage» by Judah al- Harīzī. In both of these Hebrew works we find images similar to those used by Ṣarfati, as well as some strikingly similar formal and linguistic characteristics, all of which suggests that these two works were part of the historical-literary background of Ṣarfati (and, perhaps, Rojas himself).
American experience with home use of NovoSeven: recombinant factor VIIa in hemophiliacs with inhibitors.

A novel investigational product, recombinant factor VIla, manufactured by Novo Nordisk, is presently in clinical trial for evaluation of safety and efficacy when used in the home setting in patients with hemophilia A and B with inhibitors for control of hemostasis in mild to moderate joint, muscle and mucocutaneous bleeding episodes. The clinical trail is an open label, multicenter, uncontrolled study in which 60 patients are enrolled and treated for 1 year with the goal of accumulating 120 evaluable bleeding episodes. Reported here is an outline of the study, review of currently enrolled patient demographics, and the data accumulated to date from the Indiana Hemophilia Comprehensive Center.
A General Method for Artificial Metalloenzyme Formation through Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

Strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) can be used to generate artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) from scaffold proteins containing a p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Az) residue and catalytically active bicyclononyne-substituted metal complexes. The high efficiency of this reaction allows rapid ArM formation when using Az residues within the scaffold protein in the presence of cysteine residues or various reactive components of cellular lysate. In general, cofactor-based ArM formation allows the use of any desired metal complex to build unique inorganic protein materials. SPAAC covalent linkage further decouples the native function of the scaffold from the installation process because it is not affected by native amino acid residues; as long as an Az residue can be incorporated, an ArM can be generated. We have demonstrated the scope of this method with respect to both the scaffold and cofactor components and established that the dirhodium ArMs generated can catalyze the decomposition of diazo compounds and both SiH and olefin insertion reactions involving these carbene precursors.
Coalescence of bubbles in nucleate boiling on microheaters

Abstract In this paper, an experiment was performed which is based on a heating surface consisting of microheaters where the temperature of each heater can be individually controlled by an electronic feedback loop. The power consumed by the heaters throughout the cycle of individual bubble growth, coalescence, detachment and departure was measured at high frequencies, thus the heat flux and its variation were obtained. By a careful timing and control of two individual microheaters, we were able to produce two individual bubbles side-by-side. The coalescence would takes place when they grow to a certain size that allows them to touch each other. We have recorded two major heat flux spikes for a typical cycle of boiling with coalescence. The first one corresponds to the nucleation of bubbles; the second one is for the coalescence of the two bubbles. We found that the heat flux variation is closely related to the bubble dynamics and bubble–bubble interaction. By comparing with the single bubble results without coalescence, we also found that the heat transfer is highly enhanced due to the coalescence.
Assessment of the Existence of Hyper-Long Axial Co(II)−N Bonds in Cobinamide B12 Models by Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Protein control of cobalt-axial nitrogen ligand bond length has been proposed to modulate the reactivity of vitamin B12 coenzyme during the catalytic cycle of B12-dependent enzymes. In particular, hyper-long Co−N bonds may favor homolytic cleavage of the trans-cobalt−carbon bond in the coenzyme. X-ray crystallographic studies point to hyper-long bonds in two B12 holoenzymes; however, mixed redox and ligand states in the crystals thwart clear conclusions. Since EPR theory predicts an increase in Co(II) hyperfine splitting as donation from the axial N-donor ligand decreases, EPR spectroscopy could clarify the X-ray results. However, the theory is apparently undermined by the similar splitting reported for the 2-picoline (2-pic) and pyridine (py) adducts of Co(II) cobinamide (Co(II)Cbi+), adducts thought to have long and normal Co−N axial bond lengths, respectively. Cobinamides, with the B12 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole loop removed, are excellent B12 models. We studied Co(II)Cbi+ adducts of unhindered 4-substi...
Diagnosis of space structures using embedded sensors and elastic waves

Pre-launch testing of space vehicles is a complex process taking weeks if not months to accomplish. An onboard structural health monitoring system is considered for reduction of testing time and component validation. The active elements of the system, embedded sensors, are used to transmit and receive elastic waves carrying information on component characteristics and structural integrity. Parameters of the elastic wave recorded with embedded sensors are investigated using several measurement methods coupled with temporal analysis of elastic wave signatures. In particular, attention is given to temporal distribution of signal phase and nonlinear effects. Specimens of simple and complex geometry incorporating defects typical to space structures are considered in experimental studies. Local measurements with a single sensor as well as global assessment of structural components with a sensor network were explored for damage detection, characterization, and location. Proposed diagnostic approaches were validated on a realistic satellite panel with isogrid reinforcement. Conclusions are presented on sensing capabilities of active sensors and effectiveness of the associated signal analysis.