cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammalian target of rapamycin: biological function and target for novel anticancer agents.

Purpose The biological function of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mechanisms of action of mTOR inhibitors currently available for clinical use are described. Summary mTOR is a target for anticancer agents due to its role in cancer development, progression, and resistance to other antineoplastic agents. Currently, two mTOR inhibitors, temsirolimus and everolimus, are approved for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Clinical trials comparing single-agent temsirolimus with interferon alfa-2a demonstrated an improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic RCC. Clinical studies comparing everolimus with placebo indicated improved PFS in advanced RCC patients whose disease had progressed on or after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor therapy. Due to its role in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, mTOR is a rational target for inhibition in combination with other agents, including traditional chemotherapy and agents that are affected by or target the PI3K pathway. Data from these studies review the use of mTOR inhibitors in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and endometrial, breast, and neuroendocrine tumors. Common toxicities of mTOR inhibitors include mucositis, stomatitis, rash, asthenia, fatigue, and myelosuppression. Additional toxicities requiring monitoring include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and pneumonitis. Conclusion The mTOR signaling pathway is upregulated in a variety of solid and hematologic tumors. Two inhibitors of this pathway, temsirolimus and everolimus, have been approved for use in metastatic RCC. Although relatively safe, these drugs are associated with some unique adverse effects, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and pneumonitis, that require monitoring and may require clinical intervention.
The meaning of family-like care among operators of small board and care homes

Abstract Thirty-six operators of small board and care homes were interviewed to explore how they conceptualize the care that they provide to frail, elderly persons. The meanings these operators attach to the care they provide reveal, through stories of “why” and “how” they provide care, both shared meanings and dimensions of difference in how they view their work. A range of motivations (the “why” of care), from altruism to economics, combine with varied styles of service delivery (the “how” of care), from full domestic integration to separate domains, to create a typology of meanings in this form of residential care. Implications of these dimensions for quality of care and social policy are derived from this typology.
Reaction Kinetics of Immobilized-Cell Denitrification. I: Background and Model Development

A simplified, quasi-steady-state model has been formulated for groundwater denitrification using immobilized cells. The model takes into account the diffusion-limited penetration of nitrate and nitrite into the immobilized-cell biocatalyst particle, uniform intraparticle cell density, equivalent slab geometry for the spherical particle, zero-order intrinsic reaction kinetics of the immobilized cells, sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrite to dinitrogen within the particle, no inhibition of the sequential reactions by either nitrate or nitrite, and ideal plug flow conditions in the bioreactor. As a result, the reaction in the bulk fluid of the plug-flow bioreactor can be described by a half-order kinetics, and the process is characterized by the half-order reaction rate constants for nitrate and nitrite reduction. These constants incorporate the intrinsic reaction kinetics of the immobilized cells, the size and packing density of biocatalyst particles in the reactor, and the effective diffusion coefficients of nitrate and nitrite in the particle matrix.
Properties of a ribonuclease inhibitor from bovine lens.

A ribonuclease inhibitor has been purified 400-fold from bovine lens. It exhibits the properties of a very negatively charged protein, which suggests that it may bind to ribonuclease in place of the RNA substrate. The inhibitor requires a free sulfhydryl group for activity and remains fairly stable in the presence of sulfydryl reagents. The addition of sufficient inhibitor will completely inhibit ribonuclease, however, this inhibition can be reversed by the addition of p-mercuribenzoate with complete recovery of the original ribonuclease activity. When rats were fed a diet containing galactose, a sharp decrease was seen in the activity of the lens ribonuclease inhibitor. This occurred after about 21 days on the diet and correlated with the appearance of a nuclear cataract. This inhibitor, however, was localized almost completely in the cortex of the lens. This indicates that the inhibitor was inactivated during the transition from a reversible to an irreversible cataract in the cortex. Samples of senile cataracts also were assayed for inhibitor activity and similar results obtained. Every senile cataract had lost some inhibitor activity, and mature cataracts showed 90–95% inactivation in every case.
Failure analysis of subject searches in a test of a new design for subject access to online catalogs

This article describes the findings of a research project that tested a new subject-access design in an experimental online catalog that had a wide range of subject-searching capabilities and search trees to govern the system's selection of searching capabilities in response to user queries. Library users at two academic libraries searched this experimental catalog for topics of their own choosing, judged the usefuless of retrieved titles, and answered post-search questions about their searching experiences. Mixed results from a quantitative analysis (i.e., precision scores) were supplemented with the more conclusive results from a qualitative analysis (i.e., failure analysis). Overall, analyses demonstrated that the new subject-access design that featured search trees was more effective in selecting a subject-searching approach that would produce useful information for the subjects users seek than users would select on their own. The qualitative analysis was especially helpful in providing recommendations for improving specific subject-searching approaches to increase their efficiency, increase user perseverance, and encourage browsing. It also suggested enhancements to the new subject-searching design to enable systems to respond to the wide variety of user queries for subjects. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chymotrypsin C Is a Co-activator of Human Pancreatic Procarboxypeptidases A1 and A2

Human digestive carboxypeptidases CPA1, CPA2, and CPB1 are secreted by the pancreas as inactive proenzymes containing a 94–96-amino acid-long propeptide. Activation of procarboxypeptidases is initiated by proteolytic cleavage at the C-terminal end of the propeptide by trypsin. Here, we demonstrate that subsequent cleavage of the propeptide by chymotrypsin C (CTRC) induces a nearly 10-fold increase in the activity of trypsin-activated CPA1 and CPA2, whereas CPB1 activity is unaffected. Other human pancreatic proteases such as chymotrypsin B1, chymotrypsin B2, chymotrypsin-like enzyme-1, elastase 2A, elastase 3A, or elastase 3B are inactive or markedly less effective at promoting procarboxypeptidase activation. On the basis of these observations, we propose that CTRC is a physiological co-activator of proCPA1 and proCPA2. Furthermore, the results confirm and extend the notion that CTRC is a key regulator of digestive zymogen activation.
Podcast Lectures as a Primary Teaching Technology: Results of a One-Year Trial

How useful are podcasts in the political science classroom? Some educators argue that podcasts will revolutionize education; others are less convinced. However, to date, the evidence on podcasts has been slim. This article reports the results of a year-long trial using podcasts to aid in teaching political science to undergraduates at a research university. This trial does not test hypotheses but constitutes an exploratory probe that tells us more about how students and educators use, and react to, podcast lectures. The results suggest that podcasts are not likely a revolutionary teaching technology but can nonetheless have useful roles in the college classroom. Students liked the control, but few took advantage of the podcasts' portability, and most preferred to listen to them while reading lecture notes. No evidence was found for a relationship between student performance and their opinion of, or technique for using, the podcasts. For the professor, podcast lectures appeared to create time both in and o...
Distribution of GABAA and GABAB binding sites in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig

We compared the distribution of GABAA and GABAB binding sites in the cochlear nucleus using quantitative receptor autoradiography with [3H]GABA. To visualize GABAA binding sites, GABAB binding sites were blocked with +/- baclofen. To visualize GABAB binding sites, isoguvacine was used to block GABAA binding sites. GABAA binding sites predominated over GABAB, although there were marked regional differences in the distribution of binding. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, GABAA and GABAB binding sites were concentrated in the peripheral granule cell cap, with low binding levels in the central region. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus, binding was concentrated in the superficial (fusiform and molecular) layers, with a distinct laminar pattern. GABAA binding sites predominated in the fusiform cell layer. The molecular layer contained the highest level of GABAB binding sites in the entire cochlear nucleus. These results suggest that GABAergic inhibition in the cochlear nucleus is mediated both by GABAA and GABAB receptors, particularly in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. However, low levels of binding in areas such as the magnocellular regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus, known to contain abundant GABAergic synapses, suggest heterogeneity of GABA receptors in this auditory nucleus.
Computing an eigenvector of an inverse Monge matrix in max-plus algebra

The problem of computing an eigenvector of an inverse Monge matrix in max-plus algebra is addressed. For a general matrix, the problem can be solved in at most O(n^3) time. This note presents an O(n^2) algorithm for computing one max-plus algebraic eigenvector of an inverse Monge matrix A. It is assumed that A is irreducible.
Using evolved controllers to adapt behavior in autonomous nonlinear systems

The proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller provides effective control in linear systems. However, performance is poor in nonlinear systems unless combined with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) that modifies the PID controller gains as needed. System behavior can adapt to operational environment changes by switching different FLCs online. But that capability requires accurate operational environment identification. In autonomous systems identification must be done without significant human presence. This paper describes how Discrete Fourier Transforms can identify operational environments in an autonomous nonlinear system, which in this work is a DC motor. Simulation results shows the proposed method accurately identifies the physical environment and altering the FLC online correctly adapts the system's behavior.
Bragg reflection waveguides

Abstract The possibility of using Bragg reflection to obtain lossless confined propagation in slabs with a lower dielectric constant than that of the surrounding media is proposed and analyzed.
Application of Statistical Models to the Prediction of Seasonal Rainfall Anomalies over the Sahel

AbstractRainfall in the Sahel region of Africa is prone to large interannual variability, and it has exhibited a recent multidecadal drying trend. The well-documented social impacts of this variability have motivated numerous efforts at seasonal precipitation prediction, many of which employ statistical techniques that forecast Sahelian precipitation as a function of large-scale indices of surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies, sea surface temperature (SST), surface pressure, and other variables. These statistical models have demonstrated some skill, but nearly all have adopted conventional statistical modeling techniques—most commonly generalized linear models—to associate predictor fields with precipitation anomalies. Here, the results of an artificial neural network (ANN) machine-learning algorithm applied to predict summertime (July–September) Sahel rainfall anomalies using indices of springtime (April–June) SST and SAT anomalies for the period 1900–2011 are presented. Principal component analysis w...
Threshold effects on V/V(max) for gamma-ray bursts

The interpretation of the observed gamma-ray burst V/V(max) statistic in terms of spatial distributions is model-dependent. Detection of gamma-ray bursts requires the counting rate in one or more detectors to exceed a threshold C(lim) determined from a time-dependent background rate B(t). The sampling depth of the burst detector is thus time-dependent, and, if burst sources are nonuniform in space, the observed V/V(max) distribution will be affected by B(t). We demonstrate this effect with a simple geometric distribution of standard candles and argue that V/V(max) statistic without information on threshold variations is insufficient for rigorous data analysis. Peak count rates and threshold values must be given separately for all events in order to facilitate a meaningful comparison of observations with theoretical distribution models.
The Effects of Measurement Error on Previously Reported Mathematical Relationships between Indicator Organism Density and Swimming-Associated Illness: A Quantitative Estimate of the Resulting Bias

Several recent epidemiological studies seeking associations between swimming in recreational waters contaminated with domestic sewage and increased illness among such swimmers have reported mathematical relationships relating indicator organism densities to illness among swimmers. Common to the design of all of these studies is the failure to adequately control for large amounts of measurement error contained in estimates of exposure, i.e. estimated indicator organism densities. The limited precision of current methods of indicator organism enumeration, coupled with temporal and spacial variation in indicator organism densities at the locations studied, are responsible for a substantial portion of this measurement error. The failure to control adequately for these sources of measurement error has resulted in a significant amount of bias being present in the mathematical relationships reported by these previously published epidemiological studies. In order to explore the magnitude and direction of this bias, computer simulations were conducted using data in which estimation of indicator organism density was obtained by the two most widely used techniques of enumeration: the Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique and the Membrane Filtration Technique. The results of the computer simulations show that the bias caused by this measurement error is non-differential causing the mathematical relationships between indicator organism density and swimming-associated illness reported in previous epidemiological studies to underestimate true risk by a minimum of approximately 14%, and that this underestimate could range as high as approximately 30 to 57%. This study also demonstrates that substantial reduction of this bias can be easily accomplished by incorporating a formal water quality sampling strategy, based on statistical principles of experimental design and analysis, into the design of future epidemiological studies seeking mathematical relationships between indicator organism density and swimming-associated illness.
Stability of Mullite as Derived from Equilibria in the System CoO‐Al2O3‐SiO2

The free energy of reaction for the formation of mullite from its oxide components was derived from equilibrium studies in the system CoO-Al2O3-SiO2. Within this system there appears, at solidus temperature in a certain composition area, the phase assemblage mullite + silica + spinel (= cobalt aluminate) + liquid. Determination of the oxygen pressure of a gas phase at which metallic cobalt precipitates from this phase assemblage and from the phase assemblage spinel (= cobalt aluminate) + corundum in the system CoO-Al2O3 permits calculation of ΔG° for the reaction 3Al2O3+ 2SiO2= Al6Si2O13. The value obtained at 1422°C is -5.8 kcal.
Applications of saturable-core reactors (SCR) in power systems

The study of the saturable-core reactor (SCR) can be traced back to 1900's. Although commonly used in electronic circuit applications, SCR has seldom been used in power system applications. In recent years, power engineers have raised interest in exploring applications of SCR in power systems. The SCR is low-cost and durable. Its nature of using the magnetic field as control medium makes it more familiar and, perhaps, more easily accepted by power utilities. In this paper, the basic concept of SCR and some existing or potential applications of SCR in power systems are introduced. A project on the R&D of a SCR-based power flow controller has been funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and conducted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, and Waukesha Electric Systems, Inc. since early 2012. Some technical details of the project are presented and some preliminary results are highlighted.
Influence of interbracket distances on the resistance to sliding of orthodontic appliances

Introduction: The influence of interbracket distance (IBD) on the resistance to sliding (RS) was evaluated. Methods: Commercially pure titanium brackets (CP-Ti; 0.018- and 0.022-in slots, width = 0.14-in) were tested against 0.016 x 0.022-in rectangular stainless steel (SS), nickel titanium (Ni-Ti), and beta-titanium (β-Ti) archwires in the dry and wet (human saliva) states. With a custom testing apparatus that simulated a 3-bracket system, the RS was measured at a normal force of 300 cN and at second-order angles (θ) ranging from −9° to +9°. Twenty-three pairs of IBDs (written as IBD 1 _IBD 2 ) were varied to simulate clinically relevant biomechanical scenarios with IBD ranging from 16 to 7 mm. Results: In the dry state, the kinetic frictional coefficients (μ k ) were equal to 0.12, 0.23, and 0.24 for the SS, Ni-Ti, and β-Ti archwires against the CP-Ti brackets, respectively. The presence of saliva slightly increased μ k . The RS was inversely proportional to the total IBD (IBD T = IBD 1 + IBD 2 ) regardless of archwire alloy or bracket slot. Elastic binding (BI = RS − frictional force in the passive region) did not depend on the order of the IBDs in the IBD 1 _IBD 2 pair. Conclusions: For a specific archwire-bracket couple, the BI of an IBD 1 _IBD 2 pair is equal to any other pair with an equal IBD T . Although no significant difference was found between the coefficients of binding (μ BI ) for SS and β-Ti archwires, the μ BI ’s of Ni-Ti archwires were lower and significantly different. The μ BI was linearly related ( P T and total archwire beam length (L T ).
Development of Operator Action Time for SBLOCA during Plant Shutdown Operation in Power-uprated Kori 3 and 4

The ECCS performance, which mitigates a postulated catastrophic failure of the main reactor coolant piping during the full power operation, is judged to cover the consequences of LOCA occurring in other plant operational states. During Mode 3 with an accumulator isolated and Mode 4, since the normal alignment of ECCS equipments is changed from that which is available during the power operation, a potential safety issue, which involved the performance of ECCS for LOCA during Mode 3 with the accumulator isolated and Mode 4, was identified in 1985. This study is performed as the plant specific shutdown LOCA program for the power uprated Kori-3 and 4, of which the nominal core power is planned to increase by 4.5%. We determine and verify the operator action time to initiate SI following a small break LOCA in order that the peak clad temperature of fuel does not exceed the 10CFR50.46 limit of 1,477.6 K. We evaluate the 0.1524 m (6 inches) pipe break in the cold leg to develop the SI initiation time. There is a...
Inhibition of replication of bacteriophage T2 by phenethyl alcohol

Abstract Berrah and Konetzka (1962) reported that the bacteriostatic action of phenethyl alcohol can be attributed to the selective and reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This communication deals with the effect of phenethyl alcohol on the replication of the bacteriophage T2 in Escherichia , coli H.
Optimal deterministic contracting mechanisms for principal-agent problems with moral hazard and adverse selection

For the principal-agent problem with moral hazard and adverse selection we establish that within the collection of all measurable, deterministic contracting mechanisms satisfying the individual rationality and incentive compatibility constraints there exists one that is optimal for a risk averse principal contracting with a risk averse agent. In addition to demonstrating existence, one of the main contributions of the paper is to show that, in general, centralized contracting implemented via a contracting mechanism is equivalent to delegated contracting implemented via a contract menu. Thus, contracting can always be delegated to the agent without gain or loss to the principal. Based on this result, the existence of an optimal contracting mechanism for the principal-agent problem is established by showing that there exists an optimal contract menu for the equivalent delegated contracting problem.
Emotional portrayals in family television series that are popular among children

Family‐formatted situation comedies involve characters who are members of the same family and interact primarily with each other. These programs are routinely cited by children as among their favorite television series. A content analysis was conducted to examine the nature of emotional presentations in family‐formatted sitcoms that are popular among children. The sample included six consecutive weeks of 1992 programming taken from the five most popular prime‐time family sitcoms among 2‐ to 11‐year‐olds. Results revealed that family sitcoms prominently feature child characters in the major storyline and focus on common emotions and emotional situations. In terms of emotional depictions, family sitcoms frequently center on emotions such as fear and anger and on negative emotional events. Emotions were strongly related to two contextual factors: type of plot (main plot, subplot) and type of character (featured, nonfeatured). Featured characters in the main plot were the most likely of all characters to exhi...
Charged excitations of the chiral spin liquid

Proposition de fonctions d'onde specifiques pour les excitations chargees, sans spin, supposees exister dans les liquides de spin a l'etat chiral; on montre, dans le cadre de l'Hamiltonien t−J, que leur energie variationnelle et leur mobilite sont superieures a celles des trous ordinaires. On trouve que ces proprietes se limitent a des valeurs finies quand chiralite dans l'etat fondamental diminue et tend vers zero, mais que par contre la statistique devient brusquement mal definie dans cette limite
On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model. Part V: Nonlinear plasticity: formulation and integration algorithms

The continuum basis and numerical implementation of a finite deformation plasticity model formulated within the framework of the geometrically exact shell model presented in Parts I and III of this work, is discussed in detail. The model is formulated entirely in stress resultants, and hence the expensive integration through the thickness associated with the traditional degenerated solid approach is entirely by-passed. In particular, the classical Ilyushin-Shapiro plasticity model for shells is extended to accommodate kinematic and isotropic hardening, and consistently formulated to accommodate finite deformation. The corresponding closest-point-projection return mapping algorithm is shown to reduce to the solution of a system of two nonlinear scalar equations, and proved to be amenable to exact linearization leading to a closed form expression of the consistent elastoplastic tangent moduli. Numerical simulations are presented and comparisons with exact and approximate solutions are made which demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed methodology.
Marxian Microfoundations: Contribution or Detour?

This article celebrates and critically examines the twenty-five-year productive, yet highly controversial, Marxian microfoundations (MM) literature. The contentious methodological debate over MM th...
Comments on "Thermophysical Properties of para-Anisaldehyde (1) + Chlorobenzene (2) at Temperatures of (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and a Pressure of 0.1 MPa" (Baskaran, R.; Kubendran, T. R. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2008, 53, 978-982)

Comments regarding the article, "Thermochemical properties of para-anisaldehyde (1) + chlorobenzene (2) at temperatures of (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and a pressure of 0.1 MPa," published in 2008 in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data.
Photofragmentation processes in metal-ligand complexes: benzene-tungsten and bis-benzene-tungsten

Abstract Power-dependence studies of the photodissociative depletion of benzene—tungsten and bis-benzene—tungsten in a molecular beam are presented. The results indicate rapid conversion of electronic to vibrational energy upon excitation of these molecules. In addition, indications that the second benzene molecule is bound more strongly than the first suggest a cooperative effect where most of the electronic rearrangement required for bonding occurs upon addition of the first benzene molecule to the tungsten atom.
Spatially varying longitudinal aliasing and resolution in spiral computed tomography.

Spiral computed tomography(CT) has revolutionized conventional CT as a truly three-dimensional imaging modality. A number of studies aimed at evaluating the longitudinal resolution in spiral CT have been presented, but the spatially varying nature of the longitudinal resolution in spiral CT has been largely left undiscussed. In this paper, we investigate the longitudinal resolution in spiral CT as affected by the spatially varying longitudinal aliasing. We propose the treatment of aliasing as a signal dependent, additive noise, and define a new image quality parameter, the contrast-to-aliased-noise ratio (CN a R), that relates to possible image degradation or loss of resolution caused by aliasing. We performed CT simulations and actual phantom scans using a resolution phantom consisting of sequences of spherical beads of different diameters, extending along the longitudinal axis. Our results show that the off-isocenter longitudinal resolution differs significantly from the longitudinal resolution at the isocenter and that the CN a R decreases with distance from the isocenter, and is a function of pitch and the helical interpolation algorithm used. The longitudinal resolution was observed to worsen with decreasing CN a R. We conclude that the longitudinal resolution in spiral CT is spatially varying, and can be characterized by the CN a R measured at the transaxial location of interest.
Fractional flow reserve–guided PCI reduced urgent revascularization at 7 months in coronary artery disease

Source Citation De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, et al; FAME 2 Trial Investigators. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:991...
Mechanisms underlying lack of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, which (IGFBP-3) inhibits the proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by inducing apoptosis, is lost in about half of stage I NSCLC cases. Since promoter methylation can silence gene expression, we investigated whether hypermethylation of the IGFBP-3 promoter is involved in loss of IGFBP-3 expression in NSCLC. We found the IGFBP-3 promoter to be methylated in seven of 13 NSCLC cell lines and in 16 of 23, seven of 9, eight of 11, and six of six tumor specimens from patients with stage I, II, III, and IV NSCLC, respectively. Methylation status correlated with IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein levels in a subset of NSCLC cell lines tested in our study. However, treatment with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5'-aza-dC) restored IGFBP-3 expression in four of seven NSCLC cell lines with the methylated promoter, suggesting that multiple mechanisms regulate IGFBP-3 expression in NSCLC. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that methylation of the Sp-1/Sp-3-binding element in the IGFBP-3 promoter influenced the binding of Sp-1, methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2), and histone deacetylase (HDAC). A luciferase construct expressing IGFBP-3 promoter in which the Sp-1/Sp-3 binding element was methylated showed significantly reduced transcriptional activity. The reduction in promoter activity was further suppressed by overexpression of MeCP2, which was rescued by 5'-aza-dC. Thus interference with Sp-1 transactivation by MeCP2 may contribute to the transcriptional defect of IGFBP-3 expression in NSCLC cells with methylated promoter.
Autophagy intersections with conventional and unconventional secretion in tissue development, remodeling and inflammation

Autophagy is a cell biological process ubiquitous to all eukaryotic cells, often referred to as a catabolic, lysosomal degradative pathway. However, current studies in mammalian systems suggest that autophagy plays an unexpectedly broad biogenesis role in protein trafficking and secretion. Autophagy supports alternative trafficking pathways for delivery of integral membrane proteins to the plasma membrane and affects secretion, including the constitutive, regulated and unconventional secretion pathways. Autophagy-based unconventional secretion, termed here 'autosecretion', is one of the pathways enabling leaderless cytosolic proteins to exit the cell without entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi secretory pathway. In this review, we discuss the emerging underlying mechanisms of how autophagy affects different facets of secretion. We also describe the physiological roles of autosecretory cargos that are often associated with inflammatory processes and also play a role in the formation of specialized tissues and in tissue remodeling, expanding the immediate sphere of influence of autophagy from the intracellular to the extracellular space.
Propagation of surface magnetoelastic waves on ferromagnetic crystal substrates

We present a theoretical study of the propagation of surface acoustic waves on a ferromagnetic crystal in the presence of magnetoelastic coupling. For parameters characteristic of YIG, with the sample magnetization and Zeeman field parallel to the surface, we examine the dispersion and attenuation of waves propagating in an arbitrary direction relative to the magnetization. In addition we detail the behavior of the polarization of the lattice motion and the demagnetizing fields set up by the wave. We study two distinct kinds of magnetoelastic surface waves: one is in essence a Rayleigh wave modified by the magnetoelastic coupling and the second a shearlike magnetoelastic surface wave that exists only in the presence of magnetoelastic coupling. These waves provide a short-wavelength probe of the Damon-Eshbach surface spin waves and of the nature of the bulk spin-wave eigenmodes near the surface.
A statistical framework for in vivo spectroscopic imaging

Abstract Two of the major difficulties limiting in vivo spectroscopic imaging are poor SNR and main main field inhomogeneities. On the basis that the data have been collected by an imaging method which results in a localized time signal from each voxel of interest, the analysis of the data is formulated as a parametric estimation problem. By incorporating the available a priori information into this statistical framework, optimum estimates are computed. Computation time and numerical accuracy are also considered. The resulting estimates are then presented in an image format, so that the information is readily correlated with any known anatomical or physiological patterns. In addition, we describe a fast, robust algorithm, based on envelope detection, for imaging metabolites in the 1H spectrum. Simulations as well as experimental results are presented.
Microbial CO2 production, CH4 dynamics and nitrogen in a wetland soil (New York State, USA) associated with three plant species (Typha, Lythrum, Phalaris)

Plants furnish soil with organic carbon (OC) compounds that fuel soil microorganisms, but whether individual plant species - or plants with unique traits - do so uniquely is uncertain. We evaluated soil microbial processes within a wetland in which areas dominated by a distinct plant species (cattail - Typha sp.; purple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria L.; reed canarygrass - Phalaris arundinacea L.) co-mingled. We also established an experimental plot with plant shoot removal. The Phalaris area had more acidic soil pH (7.08 vs. 7.27-7.57), greater amount of soil organic matter (19.0% vs. 9.0-11.5%), and the slowest production rates of CO 2 (0.10 vs. 0.21-0.46 μmol kg -1 s -1 ) and CH 4 (0.040 vs. 0.054-0.079 nmol kg -1 s -1 ). Nitrogen cycling was dominated by net nitrification, with similar rates (17.2-18.9 mg kg -1 14 days -1 ) among the four sampling areas. In the second part of the study, we emplaced soil cores that either allowed root in-growth or excluded roots to evaluate how roots directly affect soil CO 2 and CH 4 . The three plant species had similar amounts of root growth (ca 290 g m -2 year -1 ). Fungal biomass was similar in soils with root in-growth versus root exclusion, regardless of dominant plant species. Rates of soil CO 2 production did not differ with root in-growth versus root exclusion, and added glucose increased CO 2 production rates by only 35%. Root in-growth did lead to greater rates of CH 4 production; albeit, addition of glucose had much greater effect on CH 4 production (1.24 nmol kg -1 s -1 ) compared with controls without added glucose (0.058 nmol kg -1 s -1 ). Our data revealed relatively few subtle differences in soil characteristics and processes associated with different plant species; albeit, roots had little effect, even inhibiting some microbial processes. This research highlights the need for both field and experimental studies in long-established monocultures of plant species to understand the role of plant biodiversity in soil function.
Managing Diversity: The Differing Perceptions of Managers, Line Workers, and Patients

This study assesses how hospital managers, line workers, and patients understand the impact of patient and workforce diversity on the delivery of hospital care. Data come from managerial interviews and staff and patient focus groups at five voluntary hospitals in New York City. Three findings emerge from the research. Cultural competence is critical to the provision of quality care, but the perceived significance of cultural competence depends on one's role in the organization. Language remains a problem for patients and staff, although all of the hospitals have extensive translation services. Compared with management, staff and patients identify diversity to be more of a problem. Differing perceptions about the meaning of diversity must ultimately be reconciled to effectively provide care.
A Pseudo-Analyzer Approach to Formal Group Laws Not of Operad Type☆

Abstract Formal group schemes, associated to affine group schemes or Lie groups by completion, can be described by classical formal group laws. More generally, cogroup objects in categories of complete algebras (e.g., associative) are described by group laws for operads or analyzers. M. Lazard has introduced analyzers to study formal group laws and group law chunks (truncated formal power series). A main example of a type of generalized formal group laws not given by an operad or analyzer are group laws corresponding to noncommutative complete Hopf algebras. To cover this case and other types of group laws, pseudo-analyzers are introduced. We point out differences to the (quadratic) operad case; e.g., there is no classification of group laws by Koszul duality. On the other hand we show how pseudo-analyzer cohomology can be used to describe extension of group law chunks.
The origin and spacing of cross joints: examples from the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara Coastline, California

Abstract Cross joints in the Monterey Formation terminate against a series of pre-existing systematic strike-perpendicular joints. The strike-perpendicular joints act as mechanical layer boundaries during cross joint propagation, and the distance between adjacent strike-perpendicular joints represents a mechanical layer thickness. The fracture spacing index (FSI), or ratio of joint-controlled mechanical layer thickness to cross joint spacing in the Monterey Formation, is approximately 1.3. A model is proposed for cross joint propagation based on the analysis of stress reduction in the vicinity of a newly-formed joint. In this model, cross joint development follows a sequential infilling process as remote tensile stress increases with time. According to the model, the first cross joints (FSI = 0.32) propagate under a remote tensile stress of approximately -14 MPa. A second episode of cross jointing (FSI = 0.65) initiates when remote tensile stress reaches -27 MPa, and a third generation of cross joints (FSI = 1.30) develops at -57 MPa. Joints in each successive episode initiate in the midregion between existing joints where local tensile stress is highest. High remote tensile stresses may develop due to differential horizontal contraction among adjacent stratigraphic beds upon uplift and erosion.
Higher moments in weak gravitational lensing and dark matter structures

Abstract We describe techniques for extracting and analyzing sextupole and other higher-order weakly lensed moments. Indications of substructure, via spatial clumping of curved background galaxies, were observed in both Hubble deep fields. We estimate the dark cluster masses in the deep field.
Controllable synthesis of MoO3-deposited TiO2 nanotubes with enhanced lithium-ion intercalation performance

Abstract Well-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays are synthesized by anodic oxidation and then modified with MoO3 via facile electrodeposition for their improved Li-ion intercalation property. All the bare and MoO3-deposited TiO2 nanotubes are cycled at a current of 50 or 200 μA cm−2. The deposited nanotubes surprisingly deliver twice or even triple areal capacity of the bare ones, as well as better rate capability. For example, the bare nanotubes exhibit an initial capacity of 81.2 μAh cm−2 and a final capacity of 59.6 μAh cm−2 over 48 electrochemical cycles, while the ones coated by MoO3 using only one deposition cycle displays a nearly doubled initial capacity of 154.9 μAh cm−2 and a final capacity of 116.6 μAh cm−2. More deposition cycles yield TiO2 nanotubes with higher capacities up to 204.7 μAh cm−2. Such improvement could be further optimized by tuning the dimensions of TiO2 nanotubes. An eight-fold increase in the capacity of MoO3/TiO2 nanotube composite anode is achieved easily with larger nanotubes for MoO3 coating. This is attributed to the combination of MoO3 with a high specific capacity and TiO2 nanotubes with large surface area allowing efficient MoO3 deposition and ionic transport inside the anode.
Dynamic computer tomography determining the patency of buried free flaps

Numerous methods exist for monitoring the patency of cutaneous free flaps. Monitoring the patency of microvascular anastomosis in buried free flaps are limited. The present case report is of a 39-year-old female with Rhomberg's disease who underwent an abdominus rectus muscle free flap to correct the contour deformity of the right face. Dynamic CT scan was performed on the sixth postoperative day. Plots of the rate of change of density of the free flap were compared to an adjacent muscle of the face. Dynamic CT scanning provides a high degree of resolution of the free flap, the ability to examine the entire free flap, and the ability to determine the patency of buried free flap.
Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix of biological tissue measured with double-beam polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

A double-beam polarization-sensitive system based on optical coherence tomography was built to measure the Mueller matrix of scattering biological tissue with high spatial resolution. The Jones matrix of a sample can be determined with a single scan and subsequently converted into an equivalent nondepolarizing Mueller matrix. As a result, the system can be used to measure the Mueller matrix of an unstable sample, such as soft tissue. The polarization parameters of a porcine tendon, including magnitude and orientation of birefringence and diattenuation, were extracted by decomposition of the measured Mueller matrix.
Effects of Roads and Crabbing Pressures on Diamondback Terrapin Populations in Coastal Georgia

Human activities, including the harvesting of natural resources and land development, place substantial pressure on wildlife. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a small, estuarine species of emydid turtle in decline and at risk due to a suite of human activities. Vehicle-induced mortality from increasing coastal traffic and bycatch mortality in crab pots have been recognized as 2 of the primary conservation concerns for terrapins. We used mark-recapture estimates of terrapin density and sex ratio from repeated seining samples of 29 randomly stratified selected tidal creeks to evaluate the current relationships between road and crabbing pressures and the abundance, sex ratio, and size distribution of terrapin populations along the Georgia coast. We obtained 2005 captures of 1,547 individual terrapins among 29 tidal creeks sampled. Population density estimates ranged from 0 to 1,040 terrapins/km among tidal creeks with a median density of 65 terrapins/km. Among all sites, terrapin density declined with increasing crabbing activity within the creek, but was not related to proximity to roads. Sex ratios did not vary significantly with crabbing activity or proximity to roads; however, we found a significantly larger proportion of smaller-sized terrapins in creeks with no crabbing activity. Although roads may have significant localized effects on terrapin populations, we found no measurable association between proximity to roads and current variation in terrapin density along the Georgia coast. However, we did find that terrapin density and the proportion of smaller sized individuals within the population were negatively associated with crabbing activities. Bycatch from commercial and recreational activities threaten many species. We add to a growing body of research showing crabbing activities are affecting diamondback terrapin populations across much of the species' range. States committed to the conservation of terrapins and coastal species should focus on reducing bycatch risk; for example by regulating soak times and locations, requiring the use of bycatch reduction devices, and removing abandoned or lost crab pots from coastal habitats. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Switching latency overlap techniques for WDM star-coupled media access protocols

The impact of the wavelength-tunable device switching latency on the performance of media access protocols for star-coupled wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) photonic networks is investigated. The effects of a reservation-base protocol (TDMA-C) and two preallocation-based protocols (I-TDMA* and I-SA) are compared. TDMA-C is control-channel based, with one WDM channel allocated to reserve access for data packet transmission on the remaining data channels. I-SA and I-TDMA* are designed for a network where channels are preallocated to the nodes for reception, with each node having a home channel it uses for all data packet receptions. The performance of the protocols is evaluated through discrete-event simulation is terms of network throughput, packet delay, and data channel utilization, with variations in the number of nodes and data channels, packet generation rate, data packet length, optical device switching latencies, and propagation delay. >
Hypersensitivity to chemicals. Correlation of tartrazine hypersensitivity with characteristic serum IgD and IgE immune response patterns.

Summary A radioimmunoassay inhibition test (CARIAT) has been developed to measure human anti-tartrazine IgD and IgE antibodies. Graphical analysis of the data obtained has shown that patients with clinically identified tartrazine hypersensitivity can be distinguished from controls by singular characteristics of their IgD but not their IgE antibody patterns. Clinical diagnoses of tartrazine hypersensitivity correlate with relative levels of serum IgD antibody specific for a soluble conjugate of tartrazine with rabbit serum albumin (TZ-RSA). These tartrazine sensitive patients, however, have lower levels of ‘nonspecific’ IgD than controls, i.e., IgD that reacts with cellulose discs conjugated to phenylsulphonic acid antigenic determinants but does not react with TZ-RSA. Although it is significant that the observations demonstrate an association of raised specific IgD levels in patients relative to controls, the possible presence in controls of IgD antibodies against other tartrazine antigenic determinants which may play a role in ameliorating or preventing allergic responses should be considered. Anti-tartrazine IgD or IgE antibody was determined by assay of the IgD or IgE binding to paper discs coupled to a tartrazine antigen analog (AP-discs). Each result was compared with the amount of antibody binding if the patient's or control serum was preincubated with a free soluble tartrazine-protein conjugated antigen, before being tested on the discs coupled with antigen (AP-discs). Reduction of the amount of IgD or IgE binding to the disc-coupled antigen, when the sera were preincubated with free soluble antigen, indicated specificity of the antibodies for tartrazine antigenic determinants. The specificity of the serum anti-tartrazine antibodies assayed appears to be the phenylsulphonic moiety, suggesting that the sensitizing agent responsible need not have been tartrazine but could have been one or more of the many other synthetic environmental chemicals with a sulphonated benzene ring. The results obtained suggest that diagnostic tests may be developed for tartrazine hypersensitivity and for hypersensitivity to other chemicals.
Digitalization of continuous control systems

This paper deals with the development of methods for analysis, and derivation of computer programs, for digitalizing continuous control systems. More spe cifically, given a continuous control system, we wish to determine an "equivalent" computer program to take the place of some analog shaping network in the system. An equivalent program is one for which the response of the digital system approximates the response of the continuous system in the time do main. Time and frequency comparisons between the responses of continuous and digitalized systems to step inputs are given. Equivalent computer programs for various standard shaping networks are derived. Revised programs are determined, where use is made of prediction and extrapolation techniques to com pensate for digital computation delay time.Finally, the feedback network in a missile control system containing an unstable aerodynamic airframe is digitalized, and the simulated system is run on an analog-digital hybrid computer system. Results are given, i...