cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone Density in the Obese Child: Clinical Considerations and Diagnostic Challenges

The prevalence of obesity in children has reached epidemic proportions. Concern about bone health in obese children, in part, derives from the potentially increased fracture risk associated with obesity. Additional risk factors that affect bone mineral accretion, may also contribute to obesity, such as low physical activity and nutritional factors. Consequences of obesity, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, may also affect bone mineral acquisition, especially during the adolescent years when rapid increases in bone contribute to attaining peak bone mass. Further, numerous pediatric health conditions are associated with excess adiposity, altered body composition, or endocrine disturbances that can affect bone accretion. Thus, there is a multitude of reasons for considering clinical assessment of bone health in an obese child. Multiple diagnostic challenges affect the measurement of bone density and its interpretation. These include greater precision error, difficulty in positioning, and the effects of increased lean and fat tissue on bone health outcomes. Future research is required to address these issues to improve bone health assessment in obese children.
Therapeutics for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is an infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi. Affected horses routinely present with progressive and asymmetrical neurologic deficits. The diagnosis relies on the presence of neurologic signs, ruling out other neurologic disorders, and the detection of intrathecally derived antibodies to either S neurona and/or N hughesi. Recommended treatment is use of an FDA-approved anticoccidial drug formulation. Medical and supportive treatment is provided based on the severity of neurologic deficits and complications. This article focuses on recent data related to diagnosis, pharmacologic treatment, and prevention.
In the Shadow of the King: Zill al-Sultan and Isfahan under the Qajars

The city of Isfahan holds an almost mythical place in the modern history of Iran. As the grand capital of the Safavid Dynasty, the turquoise-domed oasis city in the foothills of the Zagros Mountain...
Image Repair on the Donald Trump “Access Hollywood” Video: “Grab Them by the P*ssy”

In October 2016, Donald Trump was in the midst of a hotly contested and sharply divisive presidential campaign. Days before the second presidential debate, The Washington Post posted a video of Tru...
Systems enabling low-carbon operations: The salience of accuracy

Abstract This article focuses on systems that enable low-carbon operations within organizations. The thesis that system accuracy matters to achieving low-carbon operations is explored using two approaches. First, a generic system model is developed and three alternative technical architectures are described, thereby illustrating that accuracy varies across architectures but can also be attended to outside system boundaries. Second, empirical analysis of 220 global organizations assesses the association between accuracy, managerial incentives, emission targets, and low-carbon impacts. Overall, empirical findings demonstrate that firms attending to accuracy tend to have managerial incentives to reduce emissions and emission reductions targets in place. They also tend to exhibit reduced carbon emissions for the same level of economic output.
Denoting and Disquoting

ABSTRACTFregeans hold that predicates denote things, albeit things different in kind from what singular terms denote. This leads to a familiar problem: it seems impossible to say what any given predicate denotes. One strategy for avoiding this problem reduces the Fregean position to form of nominalism. I develop an alternative strategy that lets the Fregean hold on to the view that predicate denote things by reconceiving the nature of singular denotation and of Fregean objects.
The Racial Hauntings of One Black Male Professor and the Disturbance of the Self(ves): Self-Actualization and Racial Storytelling as Pedagogical Practices.

Through a series of racialized stories, I illustrate the familial knowledge, racial hauntings, and educational experiences that forge(d) the beginning and the continuing of my racial identity as a Black male. To examine these stories, I employ racial storytelling as a theoretical, methodological, curricular, and pedagogical tool to assist me in a deep excavation of my past, present, and future selves and to illuminate the literacies that my Black male body brings to the classroom. Racial storytelling illustrates how my racial encounters from the past situate themselves in the current moment and still haunt me today. As such, I (re)enter these embodied stories to demonstrate how life moments impact how I think about racial issues in today’s context. The questions that guide this line of inquiry are the following: (a) How can educators employ racial storytelling as a pedagogical and methodological practice? (b) How can language and literacy scholars of Color use the radical (self) imagination as a thought a...
The impact of mental health comorbidities on adherence to buprenorphine: A claims based analysis.

Background and Objectives Previous research has been inconclusive about whether opioid-dependent patients with psychiatric comorbidities have shorter treatment retention and higher relapse rates. This study aims to evaluate the impact of mental health comorbidities on adherence to buprenorphine using a large, national health insurance claims data base. Methods We used MarketScan® data from 2012 to 2014 to perform this analysis. Inclusion criteria included all patients with an opioid use disorder-related ICD-9 code who had been prescribed buprenorphine (n = 2947). Medication adherence was defined using the Medication Possession Ratio ≥.8 (MPR) and logistic regression was used to examine the association between medication adherence and mental health diagnoses, which included Alzheimer's/dementia, schizophrenia, other psychosis, major depressive disorder/bipolar disorder (MDDBP), anxiety disorder, personality disorder, and mental health disorder not elsewhere specified (NOS). Results Of the 2947 patients included in our analysis, the most common diagnoses were anxiety disorder: n = 648 (22.0%), MDDBP: n = 467 (15.9%), and mental health disorder NOS: n = 959 (32.5%). Patients diagnosed with MDDBP were significantly less likely to adhere to opioid pharmacotherapy (OR = .805, 95%CI = .651, .994) than patients without MDDBP. Conclusions and Scientific Significance The presence of a psychiatric comorbidity can significantly affect adherence to buprenorphine. These trends illustrate the need for clinicians treating opioid use disorder with buprenorphine to screen for psychiatric disorders and monitor their medication adherence. There may also be opportunities to design interventions to help this vulnerable population adhere to buprenorphine and other forms of opioid pharmacotherapy. (Am J Addict 2017;XX:1–5)
Case 3—When the Family Won’t Decide

A teenage mother gave birth to a baby with multiple congenital abnormalities including alobar holoprosencephaly (where the brain does not develop into left and right lobes), cleft lip/palate, severe gastro-esophageal reflux, failure to thrive, and seizure disorder. The baby's young parents each lived with their own parents, and refused to make medical decisions or communicate with the medical team.
Point-Based Methodology to Monitor and Control Gene Regulatory Networks via Noisy Measurements

This paper proposes a methodology to monitor and control gene regulatory networks (GRNs) via noisy measurements in an infinite observation space. Toward this end, we employ the partially observed Boolean dynamical system (POBDS) signal model. The proposed methodology consists of offline and online steps. In the offline step, a family of point-based methods is applied to the POBDS model to gather the necessary control policy prior to the online (execution) step. This is accomplished by developing efficient backup and belief expansion processes to make the computation scale with the log of the number of states, as opposed to the complexity of existing point-based methods, which grows with the number of states. In the online step, simultaneous monitoring and control is achieved by a one-step look-ahead search procedure using the optimal state estimation algorithm for the POBDS model, known as the Boolean Kalman filter (BKF), as well as the information gathered in the offline step. The online one-step look-ahead process confers robustness to changes in system dynamics, possibility of starting the execution process before the completion of the offline step. The use of the BKF for simultaneous monitoring and control during the online stage can be key in assessing possible side effects of intervention. The performance of the proposed methodology is investigated through a comprehensive set of numerical experiments using synthetic gene expression data generated from a melanoma GRN.
System Breaks and Positive Feedback as Sources of Catastrophe

In the course of a friendship with Anatol Rapoport that has now lasted over thirty years, I have learned a great many things from him, more, indeed, than I could possibly acknowledge. One remark of his stands out vividly in my memory, in which he said in effect that the most careful empirical study of the path of falling leaves would never have revealed to us the law of gravity, even though this is certainly one of the principles that underlies and helps to explain their behavior. This was a dramatic illustration of the epistemological difficulties that we run into when we study complex systems. The human race, in its endless pursuit of knowledge, has run into a curious paradox. What we are most immediately aware of is ourselves through consciousness and the ability to penetrate the consciousness of other human beings through language and other forms of communication.
Immune response in strain 2 guinea pigs to the syngeneic L2C leukemia.

The L2C leukemia is a transplantable acute B lymphoblastic leukemia that arose spontaneously in a female strain 2 guinea pig (1). The presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement receptors on the surface of L2C tumor cells has established the B lymphocyte lineage of this leukemia (2). Five closely related mutant sublines of the L2C leukemia have been described (3) and are presumed to be derived from the same stem cell on the basis of cytogeneic analyses (4). The sublines share a common IgM idiotypic (id) determinant(s) and can be classified into two major groups, those that have detectable immune-associated antigens (Ia) on their cell surface and those that lack detectable Ia antigens on the basis of serological analysis (3). The presence of Ia antigens is apparently important in eliciting immunity against the tumor because effective L2C tumor protection is induced in normal strain 2 guinea pigs when immunized with Ia+ L2C tumor cells in adjuvant, but not generally with Ia- L2C tumor cells (3). However, immunization with Ia+ L2C cells protects the strain 2 guinea pigs against any of the 5 sublines. The latter finding supports the early observations made by Gross (5) that some strain 2 guinea pigs, when given a small dose of viable L2C tumor cells, developed resistance to a secondary challenge of L2C inoculum that produced fatal disease in syngeneic animals not previously given L2C tumorcells. Taken together, these results indicate that a tumor-associated transplantation antigen(s) (TATA) is present on L2C lymphoblasts. The IgM id determinants on the L2C cell surface have been implicated as a TATA for this tumor (6).
Distribution, Prevalence, and Maximum Intensity of the Ectoparasitic Copepod Salmincola cf. Edwardsii in Brook Trout in Wisconsin Streams.

ABSTRACT Since the late 19th century, the ectoparasitic copepod Salmincola cf. edwardsii has been observed infecting brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Wisconsin streams. A perceived increase in the incidence of S. cf. edwardsii infection across the state and the observation of an S. edwardsii epizootic leading to declines in brook trout recruitment in Ash Creek, Wisconsin, have raised concerns about the extent to which S. edwardsii threaten other populations of brook trout in Wisconsin streams. In 2013–2017, brook trout were inspected in 282 streams across the state to determine the distribution, prevalence, and maximum intensity of infection of adult female copepods whose morphology was consistent with S. edwardsii. Salmincola cf. edwardsii were present in 79% of streams and absent from 21%. Prevalence of infection ranged from 0.4 to 100% where the parasite was present. Maximum intensity of infection was low (1–5 S. cf. edwardsii) in 31% of streams, moderate (6–14) in 35% of the streams, and high (≥...
Mock Recruitment for the Study of Antimalarials in an Incomplete Lupus Erythematosus Trial.

Objective Recruitment to randomized clinical trials is expensive and often falls short of goals, limiting achievement of measurable outcomes. To prepare for a trial in patients with incomplete forms of lupus, a mock recruitment protocol was carried out at 4 proposed study sites. The objective was to determine levels of interest in patients and to uncover potential barriers to enrollment. Methods After obtaining institutional review board approval, study coordinators approached individuals who generally fit proposed criteria for the trial. A standardized script was followed in a structured interview. Levels of interest were determined and any reasons for concerns were collected with an open-ended format. Results A total of 45 subjects were interviewed, of which 73% expressed an interest in the trial, and 64% said they were likely to enroll. Concerns of those who were not interested included risk of hydroxychloroquine, desire not to receive placebo, and lack of time for participation. Conclusion The mock recruitment suggests that the trial will be attractive to suitable patients. The concerns raised support other data indicating that provision of information is crucial to achieving enrollment goals. Mock recruitment of potential investigators should be considered also to address referral concerns.
Time-Stratified Estimates of Portfolio Betas and Their Effect on the Capital Asset Pricing Model

This paper shows that large efficiency gains in estimating portfolio betas can be achieved by using time-stratified estimates which explicitly incorporate seasonality in stock returns. Several types of estimates are examined: combined, separate, two strata and twelve strata. Not only do these estimates greatly reduce standard errors, but also time-stratified beta estimates raise the intercept and lower the slope in estimates of the capital market line.
DeltaPQ: lossless product quantization code compression for high dimensional similarity search

High dimensional data is ubiquitous and plays an important role in many applications. However, the size of high dimensional data is usually excessively large. To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we develop novel techniques to compress and search high dimensional data. Specifically, we first apply vector quantization, a classical lossy data compression method. It quantizes a high dimensional vector to a sequence of small integers, namely the quantization code. Then, we propose a novel lossless compression algorithm, DeltaPQ, to further compress the quantization codes. DeltaPQ organizes the quantization codes in a tree structure and stores the differences between two quantization codes rather than the original codes. Among the exponential number of possible tree structures, we develop an efficient algorithm, whose time and space complexity are linear to the number of codes, to find the one with optimal compression ratio. The approximate nearest neighbor search query can be processed directly on the compressed data with small space overhead in a few bytes. Many similarity measures can be supported, such as inner product, cosine similarity, Euclidean distance, and Lp-norm. Experimental results on five large-scale real-world datasets show that DeltaPQ achieves a compression ratio of up to 5 (and often greater than 2) on the quantization codes whereas the state-of-art general-purpose lossless compression algorithms barely work.
Washington Versus The Sticks

This chapter explores the rapidly diverging theory and practice of the newborn National Public Radio. The early visionary of NPR, a Buffalo station manager named Bill Siemering, set out his hopes for the organization in its founding document, “National Public Radio Purposes.” This was a youthful, optimistic, full-throated statement that foresaw the development of an open, welcoming, small-d democratic, and community-minded system of radio stations that would cover and also reflect their cities and regions in all their particularistic varieties. A localist ethos was at the core of this vision, which was most emphatically not Washington-centric. National Public Radio’s earliest offerings, for instance, “All Things Considered,” sometimes strove for such an effect, but it wasn’t long before NPR lost its mildly counterculture, participatory democracy-flavored character and took on an establishment tone, becoming the radio counterpart of the New York Times and Washington Post. Politically, it made a powerful enemy in Richard Nixon, the first in a line of Republican presidents who have tried to reduce or even zero out its budget. But it was a Carter appointee, veteran Democratic operative Frank Mankiewicz, who sought to wean it off federal funds—and under whose tenure NPR nearly went off the air.
Posthospitalization Follow-up: Always Needed or As Needed?

A 4-year-old child is being discharged after a 3-day hospitalization for pneumonia that included treatment with supplemental oxygen and antibiotic therapy. The hospitalist instructs the child’s mother to schedule a follow-up appointment with the child’s primary care provider (PCP) within the coming week. The mother makes an appointment and calls her manager at work to ask if she can miss part of work that day for the appointment. Her manager mentions that she has already missed several days of work recently (related to the child’s medical care) but ultimately grants her the additional time away. Within 2 days of hospital discharge, the mother notes that the child seems to have recovered from her illness and is back to her normal self. Nevertheless, she takes the child to her follow-up appointment because that was the recommendation provided by the hospitalist. The child’s PCP concurs with the mother’s assessment that the child appears to have completely recovered from the illness. The mother appreciates the reassurance from the child’s PCP but also wonders if the visit, the co-pay, and the time away from work were really necessary. Most hospitalized children are prescribed automatic posthospitalization follow-up, that is, they are routinely instructed to visit their PCP shortly after hospital discharge, regardless of symptom improvement. For example, one multicenter study of 198 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis revealed that 84% of parents were given instructions for automatic follow-up.1 The high rate of automatic follow-up recommendations is perhaps unsurprising given that automatic follow-up is considered the standard of care2 and has been proposed (and implemented by at least 1 hospital3) as a quality metric.4 The intuitive appeal of automatic …
Immunology of aids: Approaches to understanding the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes an extensive array of immunologic abnormalities which ultimately lead to severe immunosuppression, opportunistic disease, and death. Many of the immunologic defects can be attributable to the quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of T4 lymphocytes caused by HIV. Other abnormalities may reflect chronic HIV exposure to or infection of other immunologic cells including B cells and monocyte/macrophages. A summary of the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis of HIV infection is shown in fig. 2. One of the most puzzling aspects of infection with HIV is the length and variability of time between initial infection and disease. It appears that activation of latent or chronic, smoldering infection into active disease may be the result of a variety of factors, including heterologous viruses and cytokines, whose common denominator is the ability to induce the production of DNA-binding proteins that interact with the HIV-LTR and induce transcription of virus.
Transforming Ordered Constraint Hierarchies into Ordinary Constraint Systems

In this paper, we propose ordered constraint hierarchies and a non-trivial error function to model and solve over-constrained real-world problems adequately. We substantiate our proposition by an example. Then we present a new method to transform constraint hierarchies into equivalent ordinary constraint systems. For practical applications, we present a modified algorithm based on an incomplete finite domain constraint solver. We conclude with a prototype implementation of the method and some aspects about our future work.
Practical Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Extending Inheritance Techniques to Solve Real-World Problems

Despite the obvious relevance of plausible reasoning to real-world problem solving, nonmonotonic logics are rarely used in commercial applications or large- scale commonsense reasoning systems. This is largely because few efficient algorithms and tools have thus far been developed.
Simple Random Logic Programs

We consider random logic programs with two-literal rules and study their properties. In particular, we obtain results on the probability that random "sparse" and "dense" programs with two-literal rules have answer sets. We study experimentally how hard it is to compute answer sets of such programs. For programs that are constraint-free and purely negative we show that the easy-hard-easy pattern emerges. We provide arguments to explain that behavior. We also show that the hardness of programs from the hard region grows quickly with the number of atoms. Our results point to the importance of purely negative constraint-free programs for the development of ASP solvers.
Abstract 15855: Dysregulation of miR-26a Induced by Electrical Stimulation Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Human iPS Cells

Background: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can efficiently form functional cardiomyocytes through embryoid body (EB) differentiation in the presence of specific signals. Recent studies have demonstrated that electrical stimulation (EleS) can enhance the efficiency of cardiac differentiation of human iPSCs. This study investigates the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in EleS-induced cardiac differentiation. Methods and results: iPSCs were induced to form EBs for 7 days, then treated with or without electrical stimulation ( EleS EBs or non-EleS EBs) for 1 to 10 days(1-1.5V/1.8cm,with a biphasic square pulse (5ms) at 5 Hz frequency). Spontaneous beating EleS EBs were present at 2 days into treatment but did not appear in non-EleS EBs group until day 7. Expression of cardiac transcriptional factors GATA4 and MEF2c was also significantly increased in EleS EBs as determined by qPCR, Western Blot, and immunocytochemistry analysis. MicroRNA-sequencing analysis was then used to profile the potential miRNAs responsible for EleS-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation. miR-1, miR-26a, miR-133a, miR-208, let-7c, miR-499 were found to be dysregulated in EleS EBs. However, in this research miR-26a was determined as a key miRNA by targeting the PTEN ene, which plays a critical role in regulation of cardiac differentiation genes GATA4 and MEF2c. Expression of these cardiac genes in EleS EBs was also markedly increased by regulation of miR-26a. Current research is ongoing to determine molecular mechanism involved in EleS-induced cardiac differentiation. Conclusion: miR-26a mediates up-regulation of crucial cardiac transcriptional factors GATA4 and MEF2c and promotes human iPS cell differentiation into cardiac progenitor cells by targeting PTEN gene.
Physiological and transcriptomic characterization of submergence and reoxygenation responses in soybean seedlings

Complete inundation at the early seedling stage is a common environmental constraint for soybean production throughout the world. As floodwaters subside, submerged seedlings are subsequently exposed to reoxygenation stress in the natural progression of a flood event. Here, we characterized the fundamental acclimation responses to submergence and reoxygenation in soybean at the seedling establishment stage. Approximately 90% of seedlings succumbed during 3 d of inundation under constant darkness, whereas 10 d of submergence were lethal to over 90% of seedlings under 12 h light/12 h dark cycles, indicating the significance of underwater photosynthesis in seedling survival. Submergence rapidly decreased the abundance of carbohydrate reserves and ATP in aerial tissue of seedlings although chlorophyll breakdown was not observed. The carbohydrate and ATP contents were recovered upon de-submergence, but sudden exposure to oxygen also induced lipid peroxidation, confirming that reoxygenation induced oxidative stress. Whole transcriptome analysis recognized genome-scale reconfiguration of gene expression that regulates various signalling and metabolic pathways under submergence and reoxygenation. Comparative analysis of differentially regulated genes in shoots and roots of soybean and other plants defines conserved, organ-specific and species-specific adjustments which enhance adaptability to submergence and reoxygenation through different metabolic pathways.
A Review of: MANAGING THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCESS: A STUDY OF CORPORATE PLANNING AND INVESTMENT by, Joseph L. Bower

(1972). A Review of: MANAGING THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCESS: A STUDY OF CORPORATE PLANNING AND INVESTMENT by, Joseph L. Bower. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 146-146.
Reflected Brownian Motion: Hunt Processes and Semimartingale Representation

The Hunt process associated with a regular Dirichlet form for reflected Brownian motion on a bounded domain is considered. It is shown that a necessary condition for this process to be a semimartingale whose bounded variation part has an associated smooth measure with finite energy integral is that the domain be a Caccioppolis set.
The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878–1886

The year 1886 was destined to be a crucial one in the history of the American labor movement. The eight-hour crusade, the numerous strikes, the Haymarket bomb, the entrance of workingmen into the political arena at the state and national levels, and the mushroom growth of labor organizations all contributed to the agitation and excitement of the year. Yet the importance of these events was overshadowed by a development that was to have such far-reaching implications that it would determine the future of the labor movement for the succeeding half century. That development was the declaration of war by the trade unions against the reform unionism of the Knights of Labour.
Physical modeling of rinsing and cleaning of submicron trenches

Cleaning of surfaces and submicron deep trenches is a tremendous challenge in semiconductor manufacturing. In this work, the rinsing of blanket and patterned wafers using pulsating flow are studied using physical numerical modeling. Preliminary results on blanket wafers cleaning process show good agreement with numerical and experimental results of literatures. Preliminary results for blanket and patterned wafers show that oscillating flow rinse is more efficient than steady flow rinse, and the optimum frequency of the oscillating flow is a function of the size of the trench.
A new open-resonator technique at 60 GHz for permittivity and loss-tangent measurement of low-loss materials

This paper describes a new open resonator system at 60 GHz, in which a new, full cavity-length variation technique is utilized. This new technique provides a 20-nm resolution for the variation of the cavity length. The introduction of this high resolution in the new system allows to measure the permittivity and loss tangent with slightly better than that using the variation technique. Additionally the system becomes much simpler when a complete study of resonance peak profiles are made in the full cavity-length variation method.
The death and growth connection

When we think about tissue growth we think of it as driven by cell proliferation, growth and migration processes. However, two papers in 2004 demonstrated that cell death is more intimately related to cell proliferation and growth than we had previously anticipated. The Morata and Steller groups found independently that cells about to die begin producing mitogens that in turn activate proliferation of neighboring cells. In order to investigate the consequences of apoptotic cells within a growing tissue, the authors adopted a very elegant approach in which cells that were about to die lingered without being eliminated. This was achieved in flies by overexpressing an inhibitor of the apoptotic cascade (p35/cdk5) to let the cells survive a fatal injury. By this approach the authors were able to make the following observations. Once cells were committed to die they began to express evolutionarily conserved mitogens such as Wnt and BMP (called Wingless and Dpp in flies). When the Wnt pathway was impaired, proliferation of neighboring cells was no longer observed as consequence of cell death. Finally through genetic approaches the authors revealed that the molecular link between the apoptotic and the mitogen pathways was via the JNK pathway, which is essential for dpp and wingless to be turned on in apoptotic cells. The field was aware that both cell death and proliferation events can be vital for making a properly shaped and functional tissue during development. However, such a direct link between the apoptotic machinery and the stimulation of proliferation was a very novel and exciting discovery.
The binding of ligand by an associating protein system.

Abstract A method is developed for computing from experimental data the equilibrium constants characterizing the coupled processes of ligand binding and self-association of a protein. The consequences of interactions of this kind with respect to the co-operativity of both processes are also examined.
Utilization of alcohol, drug, and mental health treatment services among American Indian adolescent detainees.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the relationship between psychiatric status and the use of alcohol, drug, and mental health (ADM) services among a sample of American Indian (AI) juvenile detainees. Method A structured diagnostic and service use interview was administered to 150 Al youths detained in a juvenile detention center located on a Northern Plains reservation. Results Forty percent of Al youths with a diagnosed substance use disorder and 34.1% with a diagnosed anxiety, mood, or disruptive behavior disorder reported lifetime use of services for substance use and emotional problems, respectively. While services for substance use problems were most commonly provided in residential settings, services for emotional problems were most commonly provided in outpatient settings. Traditional healers and pastoral counselors provided services to 23.7% and 29.6% of youths who received services for substance use and emotional problems, respectively. Detained youths were more likely to receive ADM services than Al adolescents living at-large in another, comparable Northern Plains reservation community. Still, the vast majority of youths in detention who suffered from psychiatric disorders did not report use of ADM services. Conclusions Detention facilities serving Al adolescents need to screen care fully for the presence of psychiatric disorders and facilitate the use of ADM services. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(9):1102–1108.
Effects of Nafion as a binding agent for unsupported nanoparticle catalysts

We studied the effect of Nafion on the formic acid oxidation reactivity of three unsupported nanoparticle catalysts: Pt black, Pt/Ru black, and Pt/Pd. The catalysts were prepared by physisorption deposition of the nanoparticles on Au both with and without Nafion as an adhesive. The results indicate that Nafion lowers both the apparent surface area and the formic acid oxidation current by blocking surface sites. Surface areas obtained with Nafion binding agent were suppressed by 13, 8, and 22%, while formic acid oxidation currents were attenuated by 40, 13 and 27% for Pt black, Pt/Ru black and Pt/Pd, respectively. When comparing the effects of Nafion on the surface areas, and comparing these results to the respective voltammograms, Nafion displays some selective site blocking effects as well.
Plasmodium berghei: Folic acid levels in mouse erythrocytes

Abstract Folate levels of parasitized whole blood increased over fourfold above noninfected controls based on microbiological assays with Lactobacillus casei . Most of this increase is attributed to oxidized forms of folate (mono-, di-, and triglutamates) and/or N 5 -methyltetra-hydropteroyl mono-, di-, and triglutamates. Assays with Pediococcus cerevisiae showed that levels of tetrahydro-forms of folate polyglutamates doubled during parasitization of mouse erythrocytes. The folate activity for Lactobacillus casei after conjugase treatment was about 1.5 times as high for infected as for uninfected blood. During the malarial infection there was more a change in the form of folate than in its overall level.
The internalization of surface- mining externalities

Abstract The author argue that the Pigouvian tax-subsidy approach to solving externality problems is not practicable for coal mining. Explicit charges against land degradation require too much information. An example of actual regulation is examined - the case of eastern Kentucky - and found to concentrate more on techniques than results. Various policy tools are compared. A performance bond system could be used instead of an excise tax to achieve an acceptable standard of land reclamation. But, the authors argue, even when using the performance bond as a surrogate tax on land degradation, some regulatory discretion would continue.
Accelerating intellectual property design flow using Simulink/sup /spl reg// for system on a programmable chip

This paper discusses how the IP MathWorks/sup /spl reg// Simulink/sup /spl reg// tools speed up the integration of intellectual property in a system on a programmable chip. The DSP Builder tool enables this flow by providing an automated translation of a bit and cycle accurate C++ Simulink/sup /spl reg// model into a VHDL hardware implementation. The coding style guidelines to write system level re-useable IP models highlight how to take advantage of the polymorphism and object oriented nature of C++ in this particular context.
Principal Component Analysis of Glutamate Receptor Ligand Binding Domains

Principal component analysis (PCA) provides a method for analyzing the characteristic large scale motions of a protein. Here, PCA was applied to ensembles of configurations taken from umbrella sampling simulations performed on the ligand binding domains of a variety of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). iGluRs are key mediators of neuronal communication. Two iGluR families are AMPA and NMDA receptors. AMPARs require only glutamate for activation, while NMDARs are obligate heterotetramers that require both glycine and glutamate. We analyzed GluA2, a glutamate binding AMPA domain, GluN2A, a glutamate binding NMDA domain, GluN1 and GluN3A, glycine binding NMDA domains, and a bacterial iGluR homologue, GluR0. The goal of the study was to determine the impact that binding has on the principal components of the LBDs by comparing the apo and holo forms. We found that the LBDs have four common modes that can be described as "hinge bending", "rocking", "twisting", and "sweeping", with hinge bending being the dominant mode in all LBDs in both the apo and holo forms. The other modes, however, vary in their contributions to total motion for the different iGluR families. This variation could have functional impact in these receptors.
Energy-dependent reduction of pyruvate to lactate by intact isolated parenchymal cells from rat liver

Summary Morphologically intact isolated parenchymal cells obtained from the livers of fasted rats formed lactate from added pyruvate at a linear rate. Reducing equivalents necessary for this lactate production were derived from the oxidation of a portion of the added pyruvate. Lactate formation was greatly reduced by anaerobiosis and by inhibitors of electron transport, uncoupling agents or oligomycin. These results indicate that the transfer of reducing equivalents from mitochondria to cytoplasm in intact liver cells is an energy-coupled process and provide evidence that energy-linked reversed electron transport is of physiological significance in animal tissues.
The morphogenic linker peptide of HBV capsid protein forms a mobile array on the interior surface

Many capsid proteins have peptides that influence their assembly. In hepatitis B virus capsid protein, the peptide STLPETTVV, linking the shell-forming ‘core’ domain and the nucleic acid-binding ‘protamine’ domain, has such a role. We have studied its morphogenic properties by permuting its sequence, substituting it with an extraneous peptide, deleting it to directly fuse the core and protamine domains and assembling core domain dimers with added linker peptides. The peptide was found to be necessary for the assembly of protamine domain-containing capsids, although its size-determining effect tolerates some modifications. Although largely invisible in a capsid crystal structure, we could visualize linker peptides by cryo-EM difference imaging: they emerge on the inner surface and extend from the capsid protein dimer interface towards the adjacent symmetry axis. A closely sequence-similar peptide in cellobiose dehydrogenase, which has an extended conformation, offers a plausible prototype. We propose that linker peptides are attached to the capsid inner surface as hinged struts, forming a mobile array, an arrangement with implications for morphogenesis and the management of encapsidated nucleic acid.
Discussion of a series of papers on the nucleation and growth kinetics, crystallography and mechanism of the massive transformation, mainly β → ζm in Cu-23.7 A/O Ga

Discussion et reponse sur differentes etudes concernant la transformation massive: les cinetiques de migration des interfaces, les relations d'orientation, la germination. La controverse porte sur une divergence dans l'interpretation des donnees experimentales
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of electrochemical systems

We propose a lattice Boltzmann model for studying electrochemical processes. A new lattice Boltzmann equation is introduced to simulate ion transports, including migration in an electric field, diffusion in a concentration gradient, and convection with fluid flow. The electrode reaction is incorporated via special boundary conditions for electric potential and ion flux. Benchmark studies on a variety of electrochemical problems, including the convective diffusion, the primary and secondary current distributions, and a general case, yield satisfactory results.
Mifepristone alters amyloid precursor protein processing to preclude amyloid beta and also reduces tau pathology.

Background Increased circulating glucocorticoids are features of both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and increased glucocorticoids accelerate the accumulation of AD pathologies. Here, we analyzed the effects of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486) in the 3xTg-AD mouse model at an age where hippocampal damage leads to high circulating corticosterone levels. Methods The effects of mifepristone were investigated in 3xTg-AD mice using a combination of biochemical, histological, and behavior analyses. Results Mifepristone treatment rescues the pathologically induced cognitive impairments and markedly reduces amyloid beta (Aβ)-load and levels, as well as tau pathologies. Analysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing revealed concomitant decreases in both APP C-terminal fragments C99 and C83 and the appearance of a larger 17-kDa C-terminal fragment. Hence, mifepristone induces a novel C-terminal cleavage of APP that prevents it being cleaved by α- or β-secretase, thereby precluding Aβ generation in the central nervous system; this cleavage and the production of the 17-kDa APP fragment was generated by a calcium-dependent cysteine protease. In addition, mifepristone treatment also reduced the phosphorylation and accumulation of tau, concomitant with reductions in p25. Notably, deficits in cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein signaling were restored with the treatment. Conclusions These preclinical results point to a potential therapeutic role for mifepristone as an effective treatment for AD and further highlight the impact the glucocorticoid system has as a regulator of Aβ generation.
Dynamics of compensatory eye movement control: An optimal estimation analysis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Head movements in vertebrates give rise to involuntary eye movements that stabilize visual images on the retina. Previous models of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), one of the neural mechanisms responsible for stabilizing the eyes during head movements, have assumed that the VOR transfer function should have unity gain and 180° phase shift. Experimental measurements of VOR gain and phase, however, exhibit frequency dependencies that are not easily interpreted within the framework of existing models. We reanalyze the problem of VOR control using stochastic optimal estimation theory and show that VOR dynamics, in general, should differ from the "ideal" unity-gain, 180° phase shift transfer function. We illustrate this approach by computing the optimal VOR transfer function for a simple, second-order dynamical model of a head–neck system. Despite its simplicity, this model is able to give some insight into the dynamical properties of the VOR. In particular, it qualitatively reproduces an experimentally observed gain peak in monkey VOR at high frequencies. The model also predicts that the gain and phase characteristics of the optimal VOR transfer function should depend on the spectrum of natural head movements, possibly giving rise to species-dependent and gait-dependent differences in the VOR transfer function. We suggest that the applicability of optimal estimation extends beyond the control of compensatory eye movements and that it is probably a universal component of movement control in the nervous system.
Automatic target recognition using multiview morphing

This paper describes a novel approach to automatically recognize the target based on a view morphing database constructed by our multi-view morphing algorithm. Instead of using single reference image, a set of images or a video sequence is used to construct the reference database, where these images are re-organized by a triangulation of viewing sphere. At the vertex of each triangle, one image is stored in the database as the reference view from a specific viewing direction. For each triangle, our tri-view morphing algorithm can synthesize a high quality image for an arbitrary novel viewpoint amongst three neighboring reference images, and the barycentric blending scheme guarantees the seamless transitions between each neighboring triangles. Using the synthesized images, we apply appearance based recognition technique to recognize the target. In addition, using the proposed method, the pose of the object or camera motion can be approximately estimated. Several examples are demonstrated in the experiments to show that our approach is effective and promising.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Speech and Aural Comprehension of Foreign Students

Each of three groups of university students for whom English was a second language, 24 Japanese-, 24 Hindi-, and 24 Spanish-speaking students, was divided into subgroups on the basis of efficiency ...
Decentralized multicriteria optimization of linear stochastic systems

By adopting a decision-theoretic approach and under the noncooperative equilibrium solution concept of game theory, decentralized multicriteria optimization of stochastic linear systems with quasiclassical information patterns is discussed. First, the static M -person quadratic decision problem is considered, and sufficiency conditions are derived for existence of a unique equilibrium solution when the primitive random variables have a priori known but arbitrary probability distributions with finite second-order moments. The optimal strategies are given in the form of the limit of a convergent sequence which is shown to admit a closed-form linear solution for the special case of Gaussian distributions. Then, this result is generalized to dynamic LQG problems, and a general theorem is proven, which states that under the one-step-delay observation sharing pattern this class of systems admit unique affine equilibrium solutions. This result, however, no longer holds true under the one-step-delay sharing pattern, and additional criteria have to be introduced in this case. These results are then interpreted within the context of LQG team problems, so as to generalize and unify some of the results found in the literature on team problems.
THE MENACE OF MARGARINE: THE RISE AND FALL OF A SOCIAL PROBLEM*

This paper examines the rise and fall of legislation controlling margarine in the United States in an effort to understand the development of definitions of the substance as a social problem. While instrumental maneuvering by interest groups such as dairy farmers had much to do with the evolution of the problem, the definition of margarine was also affected by expressive, symbolic connotations. These forces were in turn influenced by economic circumstances including business cycles, and by two world wars. Margarine gained in popularity as it found political allies and as nutritionists and home economists, supported by advertising, began to portray it differently. Restrictive legislation was repealed in 1950 after both the Second World War and shifts in the respectability of margarine consumers produced a crisis leading to federal redefinition.
Children's Memories for Painful Cancer Treatment Procedures: Implications for Distress

Children (ages 3 to 18, N = 55) diagnosed with leukemia were tested for their memories of lumbar punctures (LPs), a repeated and painful part of the cancer treatment protocol. Memory for both event details and the child's emotional responses was assessed one week after the LP. Children of all ages displayed considerable accuracy for event details, and accuracy increased with age. Overall recall accuracy for event details and emotional responses was similar. Recall among children given oral Versed was similar to that among children not given Versed. Finally, higher distress predicted greater exaggerations in negative memory 1 week later (although controlling for age weakened this relationship); moreover, greater exaggerations in negative memory predicted higher distress at a subsequent LP. These results indicate that children's memories play an important role in their experience of distress during repeated stressful events.
Pairs of graphs with site and bond percolation critical probabilities in opposite orders

In simulation studies in the physics literature, there is only one pair of graphs which have site and bond percolation critical probability estimates in the opposite order. We prove that this phenomenon does occur, by constructing an infinite collection of two-dimensional infinite graphs G(n) with the property. The construction will produce such a sequence of graphs in any dimension d ≥ 2.