cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invasiveness, Metastasis, and Transplantability of Mouse Liver Nodules

Data are presented which show that various mouse liver nodular lesions, such as hyperplastic nodules, hepatocellular adenomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas, differ not only morphologically but also biologically regarding their behavior in the primary and secondary hosts. The hyperplastic nodules grew slowly by expansion without affecting the integrity of the lobular structure. The primary hepatocellular adenomas also grew slowly by expansion but eliminated the histoid liver structure. Neither lesions metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and distant organs. Upon isogeneic transplantation, the adenomas required a long latent period before manifesting an expansive type of growth without invasion and metastasis. The primary hepatocellular carcinomas grew fast, destroyed surrounding parenchyma, and those showing moderately to poorly differentiated cellular morphology metastasized to regional lymph nodes and distant organs. Upon transplantation hepatocellular carcinomas grew fast, invaded locally, metastasized distantly, and killed the recipients within a few weeks. Thus hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas represent two distinct entities both morphologically and biologically. Thus the agents should be classified according to the type of nodular liver lesions they “induce” in the mouse liver. The least innocuous agents would be those resulting in the development of hyperplastic nodules. They should not be labelled as hepatocarcinogens. On the other side of the spectrum should be the agents “inducing” the hepatocellular carcinomas and they should be classified as mouse liver carcinogens. The agents capable of affecting significantly the hepatocellular adenomas but not the hepatocellular carcinomas should be considered as tumorigens, since they are causally related only with the benign liver lesions. Combining both benign and malignant liver tumors for statistical purposes is not justified unless each type of tumor has been affected in a statistically significant incidence. If this were not the case, classification of the agent should be in accordance with the type of lesions induced significantly. In order to use the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in rodents as an indication of carcinogenic risk in humans appropriately, one has to verify within the limits of feasibility that the identical carcinogenic effects and the subsequent events occur both in rodents and humans. Only when most of the parameters, including the macromolecular damage-repair ratio, the effect of the agent upon the activation of viral and cellular oncogens, and the direction and the rate of cascading events are similar, may the induction of the hepatocellular carcinomas in mice be considered as being a scientifically sound indicator of cancer in humans.
Mapping quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to a widely virulent isolate of Cochliobolus sativus in wild barley accession PI 466423.

This research characterized the genetics of resistance of wild barley accession PI 466423 to a widely virulent pathotype of Cochliobolus sativus . Breeding lines were identified that combine the Midwest Six-rowed Durable Resistance Haplotype and resistance to the virulent isolate ND4008. Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is a historically important foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the Upper Midwest region of the USA. However, for the last 50 years this disease has been of little consequence due to the deployment of resistant six-rowed malting cultivars. These durably resistant cultivars carry the Midwest Six-rowed Durable Resistant Haplotype (MSDRH) comprised of three Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on chromosomes 1H, 3H and 7H, originally contributed by breeding line NDB112. Recent reports of C. sativus isolates (e.g. ND4008) with virulence on NDB112 indicate that widely grown cultivars of the region are vulnerable to spot blotch epidemics. Wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum), the progenitor of cultivated barley, is a rich source of novel alleles, especially for disease resistance. Wild barley accession PI 466423 is highly resistant to C. sativus isolate ND4008. To determine the genetic architecture of resistance to isolate ND4008 in PI 466423, we phenotyped and genotyped an advanced backcross population (N = 244) derived from the wild accession and the recurrent parent ‘Rasmusson’, a Minnesota cultivar with the MSDRH. Disease phenotyping was done on BC2F4 seedlings in the greenhouse using isolate ND4008. The Rasmusson/PI 466423 population was genotyped with 7842 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. QTL analysis using composite interval mapping revealed four resistance loci on chromosomes 1H, 2H, 4H and 5H explaining 10.3, 7.4, 6.4 and 8.4 % of the variance, respectively. Resistance alleles on chromosomes 1H, 4H and 5H were contributed by PI 466423, whereas the one on chromosome 2H was contributed by Rasmusson. All four resistance QTL are likely coincident with previously identified QTL. Agronomically advanced two- and six-rowed lines combining the MSDRH and resistance alleles to isolate ND4008 have been identified and are being utilized in breeding. These results reaffirm the value of using wild relatives as a source of novel resistance alleles.
The Emergence of the Phillips Curve as an Attractor 1

Abstract In this paper the Phillips curve is derived as the image of a chaotic attractor of the state variables of a non-linear dynamical system describing the evolution of an economy. This has two important consequences: the Phillips curve in the model is a true long-run phenomenon and it cannot be used for policy purposes. The model is based on an overlapping-generations non-tâtonnement approach involving temporary equilibria with stochastic rationing in each period and price adjustment between successive periods. In this way it is possible to obtain complex sequences of consistent allocations allowing for recurrent unemployment and inflation.
Factors Associated with Repeated Health Resource Utilization in Patients with Diverticulitis

Conservative management trends in diverticulitis may lead to increased hospitalizations secondary to repeated attacks. The study aimed to characterize trends in management and risk-assess patients with diverticulitis that required multiple admissions to identify high utilizers. A total of 265,724 patients with diverticulitis were identified from 1995 to 2014 from the New York SPARCS database. Patients with ≥2 hospital admissions were stratified across demographics, comorbidities, insurance status, and surgical intervention. In total, 42,850 patients had ≥2 hospital admissions. Risk factors for ≥2 admissions included younger age, White race, obesity, hypertension, pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, and depression. Fifty-two percent of these patients went on to have surgery. The percentage of elective cases increased from 59 to 70 %, while emergent cases conversely decreased from 41 to 30 %. One in five patients admitted with diverticulitis required two or more admissions. Numerous patient factors were correlated with increased risk of readmission. These factors may be used to guide treatment decisions and help reduce economic burden in frequent utilizers. Trends in surgery rates for these patients could reflect improved treatment options and/or changing clinical practice patterns.
Cell density and actomyosin contractility control the organization of migrating collectives within an epithelium

The mechanisms underlying collective migration are important for understanding development, wound healing, and tumor invasion. Here we focus on cell density to determine its role in collective migration. Our findings show that increasing cell density, as might be seen in cancer, transforms groups from broad collectives to small, narrow streams. Conversely, diminishing cell density, as might occur at a wound front, leads to large, broad collectives with a distinct leader-follower structure. Simulations identify force-sensitive contractility as a mediator of how density affects collectives, and guided by this prediction, we find that the baseline state of contractility can enhance or reduce organization. Finally, we test predictions from these data in an in vivo epithelium by using genetic manipulations to drive collective motion between predicted migratory phases. This work demonstrates how commonly altered cellular properties can prime groups of cells to adopt migration patterns that may be harnessed in health or exploited in disease.
Using faculty course assessment report for the assessment of an associate degree course in engineering technology program

In this paper, we describe our successful experiences of using the faculty course assessment report (FCAR) for the assessment and evaluation of student performance in an associate degree course while preparing for initial ABET accreditation of electrical and electronics engineering technology (EEET) program at Hafr Al-Batin community college (HBCC). This paper describes how the FCAR was used as an effective and efficient tool for monitoring student performance in microcontroller applications course, which is offered every semester by the EEET unit at HBCC. It also discusses how some sections of the FCAR were customized slightly in order to suit the requirements of the course.
Investigation of a non-anthropomorphic bipedal robot with stability, agility, and simplicity

This paper presents a novel bipedal robot concept and prototype that takes inspiration from humanoids but features fundamental differences that drastically improve its agility and stability while reducing its complexity and cost. This Non-Anthropomorphic Bipedal Robotic System (NABiRoS) modifies the traditional bipedal form by aligning the legs in the sagittal plane and adding a compliance to the feet. The platform is comparable in height to a human, but weighs much less because of its lightweight architecture and novel leg configuration. The inclusion of the compliant element showed immense improvements in the stability and robustness of walking gaits on the prototype, allowing the robot to remain stable during locomotion without any inertial feedback control. NABiRoS was able to achieve walking speeds of up to 0.75km/h (0.21m/s) using a simple pre-processed ZMP based gait and a positioning accuracy of +/− 0.04m with a preprocessed quasi-static algorithm.
"We're Almost Guests in Their Clinical Care": Inpatient Provider Attitudes Toward Chronic Disease Management.

Background Many hospitalized patients have at least 1 chronic disease that is not optimally controlled. The purpose of this study was to explore inpatient provider attitudes about chronic disease management and, in particular, barriers and facilitators of chronic disease management in the hospital. Methods We conducted a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews of 31 inpatient providers from an academic medical center. We interviewed attending physicians, resident physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners from various specialties about attitudes, experiences with, and barriers and facilitators towards chronic disease management in the hospital. Qualitative data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Results Providers perceived that hospitalizations offer an opportunity to improve chronic disease management, as patients are evaluated by a new care team and observed in a controlled environment. Providers perceived clinical benefits to in-hospital chronic care, including improvements in readmission and length of stay, but expressed concerns for risks related to adverse events and distraction from the acute problem. Barriers included provider lack of comfort with managing chronic diseases, poor communication between inpatient and outpatient providers, and hospital-system focus on patient discharge. A strong relationship with the outpatient provider and involvement of specialists were facilitators of inpatient chronic disease management. Conclusions Providers perceived benefits to in-hospital chronic disease management for both processes of care and clinical outcomes. Efforts to increase inpatient chronic disease management will need to overcome barriers in multiple domains. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:162-167.
Rearing Light Intensity Affects Inner Retinal Pathology in a Mouse Model of X-Linked Retinoschisis but Does Not Alter Gene Therapy Outcome.

Author(s): Marangoni, Dario; Yong, Zeng; Kjellstrom, Sten; Vijayasarathy, Camasamudram; A Sieving, Paul; Bush, Ronald A | Abstract: PurposeTo test the effects of rearing light intensity on retinal function and morphology in the retinoschisis knockout (Rs1-KO) mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis, and whether it affects functional outcome of RS1 gene replacement.MethodsSeventy-six Rs1-KO mice were reared in either cyclic low light (LL, 20 lux) or moderate light (ML, 300 lux) and analyzed at 1 and 4 months. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinogram and cavity size by optical coherence tomography. Expression of inward-rectifier K+ channel (Kir4.1), water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were analyzed by Western blotting. In a separate study, Rs1-KO mice reared in LL (n = 29) or ML (n = 27) received a unilateral intravitreal injection of scAAV8-hRs-IRBP at 21 days, and functional outcome was evaluated at 4 months by electroretinogram.ResultsAt 1 month, no functional or structural differences were found between LL- or ML-reared Rs1-KO mice. At 4 months, ML-reared Rs1-KO mice showed significant reduction of b-wave amplitude and b-/a-wave ratio with no changes in a-wave, and a significant increase in cavity size, compared to LL-reared animals. Moderate light rearing increased Kir4.1 expression in Rs1-KO mice by 4 months, but not AQP4 and GFAP levels. Administration of scAAV8-hRS1-IRBP to Rs1-KO mice showed similar improvement of inner retinal ERG function independent of LL or ML rearing.ConclusionsRearing light conditions affect the development of retinal cavities and post-photoreceptor function in Rs1-KO mice. However, the effect of rearing light intensity does not interact with the efficacy of RS1 gene replacement in Rs1-KO mice.
Personality, Emotional Qualities of Leisure, and Subjective Well-Being in the Elderly:

In this study, we examined personality traits of older adults and their emotional experiences associated with engaging in specific leisure activities. Older individuals (17 males, 32 females), ages ranging from 65 to 97 years (mean age 74), completed measures of Big Five personality traits, positive and negative affect, subjective well-being (SWB), independent functioning, and an emotion-activity inventory. As expected, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to experience were related to positive affect, while Neuroticism was related to negative affect. Openness and Agreeableness were related to positive emotions experienced in social and cognitive domains, and Agreeableness was related to greater SWB, greater positive affect, and more positively experienced activities. Neuroticism was related to lower SWB and fewer positively experienced activities. These findings suggest that assessing the fit between personality and emotions experienced during activities should be considered when creating programs tailored to elderly individuals, with the goal of encouraging more active and rewarding lives.
A Survey of Nicotine Yields in Small Cigar Smoke: Influence of Cigar Design and Smoking Regimens

Introduction Although the popularity of small cigar brands that resemble cigarettes, including both little cigars (LC) and filtered cigars (FC), has been on the rise, little is known about the delivery of nicotine from these products. Our objective was to determine the nicotine yields of small cigars in comparison to cigarettes. Methods Nicotine yields from LC, FC, and 3R4F and 1R6F research cigarettes were determined from mainstream smoke generated on a smoking machine under the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) methods. Market characteristics (price and package label) and physical features (filter ventilation, product weight and filter weight, product length, and diameter) were also determined for eight brands of small cigars. Results Nicotine yields in small cigars averaged 1.24 and 3.49 mg/unit on ISO and CI regimens, respectively, compared with 0.73 and 2.35 mg/unit, respectively, for the research cigarettes. Nicotine yields per puff were similar between small cigars and cigarettes. We also found that FC did not differ from LC in nicotine yields. FC and LC differ from each other in many physical design features (unit weight, filter weight, and filter length), but are similar in others (unit length, diameter, and filter ventilation). Conclusions Nicotine delivery from small cigars is similar to or greater than that from cigarettes. Thus, for future research and regulatory purposes, standard definitions need to be developed for small cigars, and FC and LC should be evaluated as separate entities. Implications Small cigars are similar to cigarettes in their design and use. Although nicotine yields per puff were similar between products, small cigars delivered substantially higher amounts of nicotine per unit than cigarettes. These findings support the growing body of evidence to justify regulating all small cigars, including LC and FC in a similar fashion as cigarettes.
A content analysis of peripheral arterial disease patient-reported outcome measures using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

Background: The purpose of this study was to link, classify and describe the content of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)-specific patient-reported outcome measures using the International Classifi...
Abstract 140: Association Between Epilepsy and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke or Myocardial Infarction

Background: Vascular brain injury can result in epilepsy. It is posited that seizures in elderly patients might reflect subclinical vascular disease and thus herald future clinical vascular events....
Sphingolipid metabolism in cancer signalling and therapy

Sphingolipids, including the two central bioactive lipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have opposing roles in regulating cancer cell death and survival, respectively, and there have been exciting developments in understanding how sphingolipid metabolism and signalling regulate these processes in response to anticancer therapy. Recent studies have provided mechanistic details of the roles of sphingolipids and their downstream targets in the regulation of tumour growth and response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy using innovative molecular, genetic and pharmacological tools to target sphingolipid signalling nodes in cancer cells. For example, structure-function-based studies have provided innovative opportunities to develop mechanism-based anticancer therapeutic strategies to restore anti-proliferative ceramide signalling and/or inhibit pro-survival S1P-S1P receptor (S1PR) signalling. This Review summarizes how ceramide-induced cellular stress mediates cancer cell death through various mechanisms involving the induction of apoptosis, necroptosis and/or mitophagy. Moreover, the metabolism of ceramide for S1P biosynthesis, which is mediated by sphingosine kinase 1 and 2, and its role in influencing cancer cell growth, drug resistance and tumour metastasis through S1PR-dependent or receptor-independent signalling are highlighted. Finally, studies targeting enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and/or signalling and their clinical implications for improving cancer therapeutics are also presented.
From chimney sweeps to astronauts: cancer risks in the work place: the 1998 Lauriston Taylor lecture.

AbstractPercival Pott, in 1775, was the first to note an association between overt cancer and a carcinogen in the work place when he astutely observed an elevated incidence of scrotal cancer in small boys who assisted chimney sweeps. In their “workplace” astronauts and crew of high altitude jet-line
Pre‐Sentence Investigation Report

The pre-sentence investigation (PSI) report is a document prepared by probation officers and used by judges for sentencing purposes in felony criminal cases. It uncovers circumstances that might increase or decrease the harshness of the sentence. Prepared by the probation department for the courts within 30–60 days following conviction, the major goal of the PSI report is to provide objective, factually accurate information to the court for sentencing and other matters related to the disposition of the case. Whether conviction is obtained through plea-bargaining or trial, the pre-sentence investigation is often conducted on instructions from the court. It provides a detailed view of the defendant, including his or her background and history. The PSI has several important functions. First, it helps the judge to make an informed decision regarding the sentence. Second, it assists probation officers with monitoring the offender's behavior if he or she is placed on probation. Third, it assists prison officials in prison programming and the parole board with parole release and in supervision decisions. Keywords: court; investigation; probation; sentencing
RESIDUAL INFLAMMATORY AND CHOLESTEROL RISK IN THE FOURIER TRIAL

In FOURIER, the PCSK9i evolocumab (EvoMab) reduced LDL-C & CV risk; CV risk was proportional to achieved LDL-C down to <20 mg/dL. In CANTOS, anti-inflammatory therapy reduced CV risk w/ no change in lipids, highlighting the role of residual inflammation as defined by hsCRP. We explored the efficacy
Units and Constants

TABLE A.1. Fundamental and derived units. MKS CGS length meter, M 102 centimeter mass kilogram, Kg 103 gram time second, S second charge coulomb, C - force newton, N 105 dyne energy joule, J 107 erg power watt, W - current ampere, A - electric potential volt, V - electric displacement coulomb/meter2 - electric field volt/meter - magnetic field tesla, T 104 gauss magnetic flux weber, We 108 maxwell magnetic intensity ampere/meter 4π × 10-3 oersted resistance ohm, Ω - capacitance farad, F - inductance henry, H -
Nanomechanics and Micromechanics of Thin Films, Graded Coatings, and Mechanical/Nonmechanical Systems

A broad classification of small-volume systems is presented in terms of partially or fully confined one-dimensional structures (e.g. unpassivated and passivated thin films on substrates), two-dimensional structures (e.g. unpassivated and passivated patterned metal interconnect lines on substrates used in integrated circuits), and three-dimensional structures (e.g. passivated and unpassivated islands used in micro-electromechanical systems or MEMS). In each of these systems, different possibilities involving uniform and spatially graded compositions, and purely mechanical loading or electrical/mechanical coupling, are considered. On the basis of this definition of small-volume structures, an overview of recent advances in our understanding of nano/micromechanics is provided. The effects of microstructural and geometric length scales on deformation are then examined in these geometries (e.g. Wikstrom et al. 1999a, 1999b; Gouldstone et al. 2000). A wide range of experimental tools for probing nanomechanical properties is considered, with a particular emphasis on depth-sensing indentation as a vehicle for probing nanomechanical deformation mechanisms. Mechanical measurements are then combined with detailed observations in the transmission electron microscope to extract the conditions governing discrete and continuous deformation phenomena that occur at the nano-size scale (Gouldstone et al. 2000). The effects of electrical and magnetic coupling on deformation are then addressed, with specific references to applications involving piezoelectric materials and magnetic information storage systems (e.g. Giannakopoulos and Suresh 1999). New methods are described for the characterization of electrical active surfaces with nanomechanical probes (Ramamurty et al. 1999, Sridhar et al. 2000). The presentation concludes with a discussion of novel strategies for compositional gradation for the protection of surfaces for contact damage for biomechanical and structural coatings (e.g. Jitcharoen et al. 1998, Suresh and Giannakopoulos 1990).
Dimensionality of Preschoolers' Informal Mathematical Abilities.

Abstract Recent research examining children’s early mathematical abilities has focused primarily on number and operations (e.g., counting, addition) with considerably less attention directed to the role of other possible dimensions of early mathematical abilities, such as, measurement, geometry, and patterning. The current study examined the dimensionality of informal mathematical abilities by conducting categorical confirmatory factor analysis (CCFA) using data from a large sample of preschool children from low-income families (N = 1630; Mean age = 4.46 years, SD = .37) using the Child Math Assessment (CMA; Klein & Starkey, 2004 ). The best fitting model consisted of four factors that include Number and Operations, Measurement, Geometry, and Patterning, with the Number and Operations factor explaining common variance in three first-order factors of Numbering, Operations, and Relations. These findings support the view that informal mathematical knowledge is a multi-dimensional construct that includes of these separable dimensions. Additionally, a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes model was used to determine if mathematical ability differed for male and female preschoolers on each of the four factors or on each of the 35 items of the CMA. Results showed no differences for mathematical abilities between males and females at this age. Future research and curricular implications are discussed.
Comparison of Voiding Dysfunction Phenotypes in Women with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain and Myofascial Pelvic Pain: Results from the ICEPAC Trial.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether voiding parameters differ in patients with the common overlapping pelvic pain disorders, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), and myofascial pelvic pain (MPP). METHODS Uroflow and voiding diary assessed voiding phenotypes in this prospective cohort study (ICEPAC) of women comparing IC/BPS, IC/BPS +MPP, MPP, and healthy control (HC) subjects. RESULTS In 36 HC, 24 IC/BPS, 37 IC/BPS + MPP, and 14 MPP subjects, the voiding diary measurements indicate lower voided volumes in IC/BPS and IC/BPS + MPP groups (185 ± 24 mL, 169 ± 20 mL, respectively) compared to HC and MPP groups (294 ± 24 mL, 226 ± 36 mL, respectively; P <.05, P <.05), as well as higher 24-hour voiding frequency (11.6 ± 0.8 and 11 ± 1.2 voids/24 hours, respectively; HC 7.1 ± 0.5 voids/24 hours; P <.05, P <.05; MPP group 9 ± 1.2 voids/24 hours; P <.05, P <.05). Uroflow showed higher HC average flow rate (12.87 ± 0.92) compared to IC/BPS, IC/BPS+MPP, and MPP (8.31 ± 1.20, 8.02 ± 0.80, 8.17 ± 1.38, respectively; P <.01, P <.01, P <.05) and peak flow rate (27.0 ± 1.83) and IC/BPS, IC/BPS+MPP and MPP (16.20 ± 2.2, 17.33 ± 1.64, 17.21 ± 2.69 respectively; P <.01, P <.01, P <.05). CONCLUSION This quantitative evaluation of voiding diary and uroflow metrics reveals distinct voiding phenotypes, which can aid in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndromes. Patients with IC/BPS had more pain with a full bladder despite similar overall pain scores. Peak and average flow rates do not provide any differentiating power between IC/BPS and MPP patients. A longer time to peak flow may favor MPP though this finding needs confirmation.
Expressing Work–Family Tension Management in Memorable Messages with Coworkers

This study complements existing research on responses to work–family tension by illuminating the constitutive role of communication in framing this tension at work. We used a memorable-messages for...
Towards a Roadmap for Neuroaesthetics

In neuroaesthetics, there is a need for expansion in the discussion of building relationships between scientists, artists, academia, and arts institutions. In this chapter, we identify current efforts and opportunities for art–science integration and convergent research, the study of individuality and variance in human behavior, and strategies for bridging communication between artists and scientists.
The propagation of love waves in an elastic isotropic incompressible medium subject to a high two-dimensional stress

Love waves in an elastic isotropic half-space with a superficial layer of a different incompressible material are investigated, the system being subject to a high initial two-dimensional stress. Three characteristic limit cases, the classical as well as those of Stonely and Flavin, are derived. An illustrative example discloses a strong dependence of the wave velocity on the intensity of the initial stress.
The ages and TSH values of patients being prescribed levothyroxine

Background:Levothyroxine is a commonly prescribed medication. Some data suggest that levothyroxine may be initiated for mild degrees of hypothyroidism and used without considering age-specific refe...
Preoperative neurodevelopment of children with moyamoya angiopathy

Aim To preoperatively assess the neurodevelopment of a predominantly white population of children with moyamoya angiopathy (MMA). Method Assessments of 40 children with MMA (24 females, 16 males; mean age 6y 11mo, range 20mo-16y) included tests for non-verbal IQ and fine motor skills, and questionnaires on quality of life, behaviour, and executive functions. The Paediatric Stroke Outcome Measure (PSOM) score was evaluated by a paediatric neurologist. Results Children with MMA had significantly lower non-verbal IQ scores (mean IQ 92.1, SD 19.6, p=0.015) and fine motor skills (z-score -1.84, p=0.004) than population norms. Patients with posterior cerebral artery (PCA) involvement had poorer non-verbal IQ scores than those without (79.6, SD 24.6 vs 95.2, SD 17.2, p=0.042). Higher PSOM scores were related to lower non-verbal IQ scores (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient -0.43, p=0.006), while the presence of stroke, bilaterality, disease versus syndrome, and age at diagnosis had no significant effect on non-verbal IQ. Quality of life, behaviour, and executive functions were in the typically developing range. Interpretation Children with MMA are more likely to manifest intellectual and fine motor skill impairment before surgical intervention. PCA involvement is an additional risk factor for lower non-verbal IQ.
Let's Focus on Forms for Teaching

Conventional wisdom tells us that forms “stifle” the thought process, but I disagree. Conventional wisdom should tell us that the expanding needs of our changing world, set amidst the abundance of form pleadings and other legal forms in usage today, should stimulate the thought process. Law professors can and should use forms in law school to help students construct meaning from the forms that they will be using in practice. Research suggests that the learner constructs rather than simply receives knowledge. Using forms to build upon knowledge already within students’ conceptual frameworks will allow them to construct meaning rather than merely inculcating received information. But legal education’s traditions are tough to shake.
33.8 A Decentralized Daisy-Chain-Controlled Switched-Capacitor Driver for Microrobotic Actuators with 10× Power-Reduction Factor and Over 300V Drive Voltage

Electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators are used in a number of mm- and cm-scale robotic applications due to their relatively high energy-density at small size and weight [1 –3]. Such transducers typically require high drive voltages (100 to 300V) at relatively low frequencies $(\lt1$ kHz) where they present as dominantly capacitive loads (1’s to 10’s of nF). Challenges associated with the drive circuits for these devices include: 1) a need to generate a high-voltage drive waveform, often boosted from a low-voltage supply; 2) extreme size $(\lt1 cm^{2})$ and weight $(\lt \lt1\mathrm{g})$ constraints; 3) reactive power $(C_{load}V_{OUT,pp}^{2}f_{sw})$ is typically much higher than real power, i.e., mechanical work done by the actuator [4, 5]; 4) solutions often require primary (non-rechargeable) batteries which can source but not sink power. Thus, the ideal actuator driver would supply reactive power efficiently, boosting from a low-voltage supply, but also recover this energy during discharge. To work with primary batteries, residual energy must be stored in passive components rather than returned to the supply.
Effective Single-Frequency Source Spectra in Broadband Time-Domain Electromagnetic Simulation of Time-Varying Materials

An advantage of time-domain electromagnetic simulation tools is that an entire spectrum can be obtained in a single simulation run by using a broadband initial condition and Fourier transformation of the ensuing time sequences. However, when the simulation involves time-varying materials, the system is no longer time-invariant, and Fourier techniques must be reconsidered to obtain desired results. Most theoretical and many experimental conditions assume a single-frequency or narrowband source excitation, which minimizes the unintended effects of frequency mixing. However, performing many single-frequency time-domain simulations would be needed to construct an entire spectrum in this way, which would become computationally impractical. This work shows how a few finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations can be used with broadband initial conditions to obtain scattering spectra in time-modulated resonator systems that effectively correspond to a single-frequency source spectrum. The approach involves running FDTD simulations in which the phase between the modulating signal and the source signal is deliberately changed and then averaging the spectra from the simulations. Using only six simulations, the source frequencies up to (plus or minus) five times the modulating frequency can be canceled out, which provides good agreement with theoretical predictions over a broad range of parameter values.
Kopenhagen in Manhattan

Im Winter 1955 hielt Werner Heisenberg einige Vorlesungen an der Universitat von St. Andrews in Schottland. Der Kalte Krieg war in vollem Gange; im Laufe des vorangegangenen Jahrzehnts wurde Heisenberg vom Auslander und Feind Grosbritanniens zum Burger einer verbundeten Nation. Trotzdem sorgte er sich um seine Reputation und nahm die Gelegenheit in Schottland wahr, um diese unter seinen Mitphysikern zu verbessern.
Innovative Mutli-Approach Therapy for Treatment of Extrapontine Myelinolysis (4769)

Objective: To discuss the management of a patient with Extrapontine Myelinolysis (EPM) treated with a quadruple-style approach who displayed significant clinical improvement following intervention. Background: Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) and EPM are Osmotic Demyelination Syndromes (ODS) that traditionally have a bleak prognosis with high mortality rates. Numerous published case studies have used experimental treatments of ODS, yet no clinical trials have been performed to identify an effective approach to management. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), steroids, thyrotropin releasing hormone and reintroduction of hyponatremia have displayed improved outcomes in patients, yet no clinical trials have been published identifying a definitive treatment plan. IVIG and plasmapheresis are two commonly documented therapeutic measures with treatment efficacy ranging from “moderate neurologic recovery” to “complete motor recovery”. Design/Methods: Case report Results: We present a case of a 52-year-old Caucasian female who was hospitalized for correction of electrolyte abnormalities, including hyponatremia. Hospitalization was uncomplicated and with no evidence of neurologic deficit. Patient returned to the hospital eight days after discharge with a constellation of symptoms suggesting dysfunction of the pons including spastic dysarthria, confusion, generalized weakness and emotional lability. MRI brain confirmed presence of CPM. The patient’s clinical status progressively deteriorated to include ataxia, vertigo and dysphagia which ultimately progressed to a “locked-in” state with MRI brain displaying EPM. Patient was treated with plasmapheresis, re-introduction of hyponatremia, high-dose steroids, and IVIG therapy, respectively. She was discharged to acute rehabilitation. The only persistent deficit four months later was mild hand grip weakness. Conclusions: This case illustrates the efficacy of utilizing multiple interventions to manage ODS with re-introduction of hyponatremia, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and steroids. These interventions may be aimed at targeting at decreasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier that occurs with insult of rapid correction of hyponatremia. Disclosure: Dr. Yager has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saada has nothing to disclose.
Introspection and the phenomenology of free will: Problems and prospects

Inspired and informed by the work of Russ Hurlburt and Eric Schwitzgebel in their ‘Describing Inner Experience’, we do two things in this commentary. First, we discuss the degree of reliability that introspective methods might be expected to deliver across a range of types of experience. Second, we explore the phenomenology of agency as it bears on the topic of free will. We pose a number of potential problems for attempts to use introspective methods to answer various questions about the phenomenology of free-will experience — questions such as this: does such experience have metaphysical-libertarian satisfaction conditions? We then discuss the prospects for overcoming some of these problems via approaches such as Hurlburt’s DES methodology, the so-called ‘talk aloud’ protocol, and forms of abduction that combine introspection with non-introspection-based
Supporting young children and families: an investment strategy that pays

Increasingly, research has demonstrated that investing in high-quality services for young children and their parents produces significant returns, both to individuals and to the larger economy.
Aspects of Consistency of Sophisticated Knowledge Representation Languages

The growing interest and the importance of knowledge based systems increase the demand for knowledge representation formalisms supporting the adequate representation of the knowledge to be processed within such systems. The logic-based knowledge representation language LLILOG has emerged from applications in the area of natural language understanding and offers a sophisticated type concept integrating sort description features typically present in languages of the KL-ONE family into the framework of an order-sorted predicate logic. For languages with such rich type systems several consistency problems arise that are not present in neither of the parent languages: order-sorted predicate logic and KL-ONE. We provide a first collection of criteria assuring the existence of models for LLILOG knowledge bases and discuss the relationship between LLILOG and other approaches to sorted knowledge representation languages.
Evaluating whole transcriptome amplification for gene profiling experiments using RNA-Seq

Background RNA-Seq has enabled high-throughput gene expression profiling to provide insight into the functional link between genotype and phenotype. Low quantities of starting RNA can be a severe hindrance for studies that aim to utilize RNA-Seq. To mitigate this bottleneck, whole transcriptome amplification (WTA) technologies have been developed to generate sufficient sequencing targets from minute amounts of RNA. Successful WTA requires accurate replication of transcript abundance without the loss or distortion of specific mRNAs. Here, we test the efficacy of NuGEN’s Ovation RNA-Seq V2 system, which uses linear isothermal amplification with a unique chimeric primer for amplification, using white adipose tissue from standard laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Our goal was to investigate potential biological artifacts introduced through WTA approaches by establishing comparisons between matched raw and amplified RNA libraries derived from biological replicates.
Isolation characterization and synthesis of chrysobactin a compound with siderophore activity from erwinia chrysanthemi

A catechcol-type siderophore, assigned the trivial name chrysobactin, was isolated from the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi and characterized by degradation and spectroscopic techniques as N-[N2-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl]-L-serine. Chrysobactin, which was also obtained by chemical synthesis, was shown to be active in supplying iron to a group of mutants of E. chrysanthemi defective in biosynthesis of the siderophore.
Nanoparticles in ionic liquids: interactions and organization

Ionic liquids (ILs), defined as low-melting organic salts, are a novel class of compounds with unique properties and a combinatorially great chemical diversity. Ionic liquids are utilized as synthesis and dispersion media for nanoparticles as well as for surface functionalization. Ionic liquid and nanoparticle hybrid systems are governed by a combined effect of several intermolecular interactions between their constituents. For each interaction, including van der Waals, electrostatic, structural, solvophobic, steric, and hydrogen bonding, the characterization and quantitative calculation methods together with factors affecting these interactions are reviewed here. Various self-organized structures based on nanoparticles in ionic liquids are generated as a result of a balance of these intermolecular interactions. These structures, including colloidal glasses and gels, lyotropic liquid crystals, nanoparticle-stabilized ionic liquid-containing emulsions, ionic liquid surface-functionalized nanoparticles, and nanoscale ionic materials, possess properties of both ionic liquids and nanoparticles, which render them useful as novel materials especially in electrochemical and catalysis applications. This review of the interactions within nanoparticle dispersions in ionic liquids and of the structure of nanoparticle and ionic liquid hybrids provides guidance on the rational design of novel ionic liquid-based materials, enabling applications in broad areas.
Evaluation of the Delves Micro System for Blood Lead Analysis

Correlation between results of a conventional macroscale (5 ml of blood) atomic absorption procedure for lead determination and results of the Delves micro-scale (10 µl blood) atomic absorption method was high (0.96). Analyses of lead in capillary and intravenous blood samples also correlated well (0.93). The coefficient of variation of the Delves micro-scale method was 8% for a concentration of 46 µg of lead per milliliter. We conclude that the Delves microscale method—which is simpler, requires smaller samples than previous methods, and can be readily applied to capillary. ("finger-stick") blood—is very suitable for a pediatric practice and for the screening of large numbers of patients.
Unreduced pollen frequencies versus hybrid production in diploid-tetraploid Vaccinium crosses

Reciprocal crosses were made between highbush Vaccinium corymbosum L. cultivars (4X) and high, medium and low frequency diplandroid pollen producing diploid clones of V. elliotti (Chapm.) and diploid pubescent forms of V. corymbosum. Pollination of 3,342 flowers produced 15 hybrids-11 tetraploids and 4 triploids. All V. elliottii hybrids were tetraploid while each successful diploid-tetraploid V. corymbosum cross produced at least one triploid. The ratio of tetraploid hybrids to 100 pollinations (H: 100P) was considered to be the best criterion for assessing crossability. Vaccinium elliottii produced a total of 8 4X hybrids while 2X V. corymbosum only produced 3. Vaccinium elliottii was more successful as a female parent and diploid V. corymbosum only produced hybrids as male parents. High frequency diplandroid clones showed a lower mean crossability as pollen parents (H: 100P=0.2) than medium frequency diplandroid clones (H: 100P=0.8). As predicted, 0% diplandroid clones wer unsuccessful as pollen parents. Unreduced pollen production was essential for tetraploid hybrid production in 4X×2X crosses. There appeared to be no consistent, inherent pattern between 2n pollen and 2n egg production in a clone nor was a tetraploid genotype effect on crossability consistently observed.
Self-Trapping Electron Ring Accelerators

Simulations performed with a fluid MHD extension to the PIC plasma code CCUBE show that it is in principle possible to design liner-driven ring accelerators so that they generate their own trapping well. The liner elements are tapered in mass and respond in a predictable way to the driving acceleration. Currents arise as the liner moves through an imposed axial field, and if the liner shape is appropriate, a magnetic trapping well results. A cusp-injected electron ring is then introduced, trapped, and accelerated to high energies.
OFFSHORE OIL SPILL EQUIPMENT EVOLUTION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA—A SYSTEMS APPROACH?1

ABSTRACT Exploration of outer continental shelf (OCS) lands off Southern California has been expanding at a rapid rate for the past two years. Lease Sales 48, 53, and 68 have provided the impetus for this rapid development. The Bureau of Land Management has predicted several spills in excess of 1,000 barrels will occur as a result of these sales and subsequent exploration activities. Legitimate concerns have been raised by federal, state and local governments as well as numerous citizen groups concerning the ability of industry to respond adequately to a major offshore oil spill. As a result of these concerns, the California Coastal Commission has ordered a study and evaluation of the California Oil Spill Cooperatives with an objective of ensuring they will possess an adequate response capability. Concurrent with this study, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Interior Department's Minerals Management Service have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding concerning review of oil spill plans and equipment in OC...
Covalently bound organomodified clay photoinitiators

While organomodified clays are property enhancing additives for composite materials, much of the research thereof has focused on intercalated quaternary ammonium compounds; however, herein the effects of covalently bound organomodified clays (CoBOCs) are explored with particular emphasis on CoBOC photoinitiators. Two commercially available alcoholic photoinitiators (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropanone) were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form half-adducts and then reacted with Cloisite 93A, an organophilic montmorillonite clay, to form two CoBOC photoinitiators. The CoBOC photoinitiators were integrated into a standard formulation and subsequently ultraviolet (UV) cured. Property characterization thereof (e.g., adhesion, hardness, and flexibility) yielded unchanged or increased properties with the exception of impact flexibility. Finally, the CoBOC photoinitiators were kinetically characterized via photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) within 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA). While increasing concentrations of clay additives generally decrease polymerization rates, increasing concentrations of the CoBOC photoinitiators exhibited increased polymerization rates. Therefore, the CoBOC photoinitiators can enhance the polymerization kinetics and physical properties of UV-curable coatings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41883.
Generalized cluster expansions

A unified approach to the cluster expansion of the ground-state energy of a system whose wave function is a product of two factors, one of which is a Jastrow function, is presented. It is shown that several previously derived expansions, notably those of Wu and Feenberg and of Massey and Woo, are special cases of this one. The most general case of this expansion, when applied to crystalline helium, incorporates “self-consistent” phonons, exchange, and the Massey-Woo treatment of short-range correlations.