cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boiling Heat Transfer in the Miniature Axially-Grooved Rectangular Channel with Discrete Heat Sources

An axially-grooved copper-water miniature heat sink with external dimensions 2.6 x 7.7 x 40 mm has been tested in the horizontal orientation with heat fluxes on both side walls of up to 100 W/cm{sup 2}. The wall temperature variations along the heat sink, effective local heat transfer coefficients, and important information on the critical heat flux are presented. This heat sink provides a nearly uniform surface temperature, a low thermal resistance and operates with a significantly smaller pressure drop and larger heated length compared to single-phase heat sinks with microchannels. It can be used in two-phase thermal control systems applied to cooling of electronic components.
Chondrodysplasia punctata stemming from maternal lupus erythematosus

The finding of stippled epiphyses on a neonatal radiograph generates a wide differential diagnosis, including genetic and teratogenic causes. We report the case of a male infant with stippled epiphyses evident on neonatal radiographs in whom a typical rash of lupus erythematosus developed. The skin abnormalities in the infant resulted in a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in his mother. Over a 3-year follow-up period, the child has demonstrated strikingly short stature, midface hypoplasia, anomalous digital development, slow resolution of the stippled epiphyses, and near normal cognitive development. The differential diagnosis of chondrodysplasia punctata and the literature supporting maternal lupus as one cause are reviewed.
Finite-difference migration to zero offset

Migration to zero offset (MZO), also called dip moveout (DMO) or prestack partial migration, transforms prestack offset seismic data into approximate zero-offset data so as to remove reflection point smear and obtain quality stacked results over a range of reflector dips. MZO has become an important step in standard seismic data processing, and a variety of frequency-wavenumber (f-k) and integral MZO algorithms have been used in practice to date. Here, I present a finite-difference MZO algorithm applied to normal-moveout (NMO)-corrected, common-offset sections. This algorithm employs a traditional poststack 15-degree finite-difference migration algorithm and a special velocity function rather than the true migration velocity. This paper shows results of implementation of this MZO algorithm when velocity varies with depth, and discusses the possibility of applying this algorithm to cases where velocity varies with both depth and horizontal distance.
An “amorphous mist”? The problem of measurement in the study of culture

Sociological studies of culture have made significant progress on conceptual clarification of the concept, while remaining comparatively quiescent on questions of measurement. This study empirically examines internal conflicts (or “infighting”), a ubiquitous phenomenon in political organizing, to propose a “resinous culture framework” that holds promise for redirection. The data comprise 674 newspaper articles and more than 100 archival documents that compare internal dissent across two previously unstudied lesbian and gay Marches on Washington. Analyses reveal that activists use infighting as a vehicle to engage in otherwise abstract definitional debates that provide concrete answers to questions such as who are we and what do we want. The mechanism that enables infighting to concretize these cultural concerns is its coupling with fairly mundane and routine organizational tasks. This mechanism affords one way to release the culture concept, understood here as collective self-definitions, from being “an amorphous, indescribable mist which swirls around society members,” as it was once provocatively described.
Biorecognizable polymers: Structure-properties relationship

The biocompatibility of polymers depends on their chemical composition, as well as physical and physico-chemical structure. However, biocompatibility is not an intrinsic polymer property since it relates to a particular localization of the polymer in the living organism. Any foreign macromolecule may be recognized by the living organism as “non-self”. The degree of recognition can be altered by modification of the structure of macromolecules or biomaterial surfaces. Modification of biomacromolecules (e.g., enzymes1) or biomaterial surfaces with hydrophilic polymers, e.g., poly(ethylene oxide2) or other semitelechelic hydrophilic macromolecules3 has been shown to minimize biorecognition. On the other hand, to achieve specific recognition by cell receptors and/or antigens, complementary structures have to be incorporated as a part of the polymer structure4, 5. The biorecognition of fluorescently labeled N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide copolymers containing side-chains terminated in acylated galactosamine by Hep G2 cells on the cellular and subcellular levels can be visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The recognition of modified water soluble macromolecules strongly depends on their solution properties6. Incorporation of stimuli sensitive moieties into copolymer side-chains permits to control recognition by external stimuli, e.g., irradiation7, 8, resulting in the change of the copolymer conformation. On the other hand, the biorecognition of unsoluble (crosslinked) copolymers depends mainly on their surface structure. The rationale for the structure modification of synthetic copolymers to regulate biorecognition will be reviewed. The principles will be described for the interaction of synthetic polymers with enzymes9, cell surface receptors and/or antigens10, 11, lectins of the gastrointestinal tract12, 13, and immobilized lectins14.
Self-Injurious Behaviors on the Net: A Survey of Resources for School Counselors.

Self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) are encountered almost daily by some school counselors, and although many resources are cited and referenced in textbooks and professional journals, few online resources have been explored in the literature. In this article, the authors give an overview of the most visited Web sites related to information about self-injurious behaviors, provide an analysis of the various online SIB resources, and offer school counselors strategies for evaluating all Web sites.
Time-dependent freezing of water under dynamic compression

Abstract Using shock wave reverberation experiments, water samples were quasi-isentropically compressed between silica and sapphire plates to peak pressures of 1–5 GPa on nanosecond time scales. Real time optical transmission measurements were used to examine changes in the compressed samples. Although the ice VII phase is thermodynamically favored above 2 GPa, the liquid state was initially preserved and subsequent freezing occurred over hundreds of nanoseconds only for the silica cells. Images detailing the formation and growth of the solid phase were obtained. These results provide unambiguous evidence of bulk water freezing on such short time scales.
Investigating the speech characteristics of suicidal adolescents

Suicide is a very serious problem. In the United states it ranks as the second most frequent cause of death among teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17. In this work, we investigate speech characteristics of prosody as well as voice quality in a dyadic interview corpus with suicidal and non-suicidal adolescents. In these interviews the adolescents answer specifically designed questions. Based on this limited dataset, we reveal statistically significant differences in the speech patterns of suicidal adolescents within the investigated interview corpus. Further, we investigate the classification capabilities of machine learning approaches both on an utterance as well as an interview level. The work shows promising results in a speaker-independent classification experiment based on only a dozen speech features. We believe that once the algorithms are refined and integrated with other methods, they may be of value to the clinician.
Models of intermittency in hydrodynamic turbulence.

A heurisitic model for evolution of the probability distribution (PDF) of transverse velocity gradient s in incompressible Navier-Stokes turbulence is distilled from an analytical closure for Burgers turbulence. At all Reynolds number scrR, the evolved PDF is \ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}s${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ exp(-const\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\Vert}s\ensuremath{\Vert}/〈${\mathit{s}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}^{1/2}$) for large \ensuremath{\Vert}s\ensuremath{\Vert}. The model suggests that skewness and flatnesses are asymptotically independent of scrR, and that cascade to smaller scales is not a fractal process. For Burgers dynamics, both simulations and the analytical closure give a PDF \ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\xi}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ exp(-const\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\Vert}/〈${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}^{1/2}$) for large negative velocity gradient \ensuremath{\xi}.
New designs for mines and the toxic wastes to greatly enhance detection

By imbedding or placing antennas in or on the surface of plastic mines, or the containers of UXO or hazardous wastes, such objects can be detected relatively easy by GPR. The detection of metal mines is greatly enhanced by antennas presented. Experimental results are presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aldolase in the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract 1. 1. Aldolase has been demonstrated in homogenates of the culture form of T. cruzi by three methods for estimating the triose phosphate produced. 2. 2. The limits within which linearity of color production with respect to time and to concentration of enzyme exist have been determined. 3. 3. The Michaelis constant was found to be 1.2 × 10−3M HDP. 4. 4. Optimum pH was 7.3 in collidine buffer. 5. 5. Optimum temperature was about 45 °C. 6. 6. Aldolase in homogenates of T. cruzi was unstable when stored for several days at 5 °C. Freezing or dialysis hastened inactivation. Such inactive samples could not be reactivated by cysteine and/or ferrous ions. 7. 7. Copper sulfate inactivated the enzyme completely; pyrophosphate, 8-hydroxyquinoline, iodoacetamide somewhat less. 8. 8. Dipyridyl had no effect on the activity, and no evidence that this is a metal-activated aldolase was obtained. 9. 9. Aldolase activity per gram wet weight of organisms was equivalent to 0.03 Meyerhof units. This indicates that T. cruzi (culture form) has a very low aldolase activity, and in connection with other calculations, indicates that the organism probably makes considerable use of non-glucose substrates. 10. 10. Indirect evidence for the existence of isomerase is presented.
Effects of estrogen and progesterone on serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels in ovariectomized turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Serum prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels from mature female turkeys were determined following ovariectomy and daily subcutaneous injections for 4 or 9 days of 0.002-2.0 mg/kg estradiol benzoate (EB), 0.05-2.0 mg/kg progesterone (P), or their combinations. Serum PRL levels were increased (P less than 0.05) at the onset of sexual maturity in intact controls, but not in ovariectomized turkeys. Injection of 0.02 mg/kg EB into ovariectomized turkeys resulted in elevated (P less than 0.05) serum PRL levels after 8 treatment days. Higher doses failed to elicit a response of greater magnitude. EB at doses of 0.02-2.0 mg/kg reduced LH levels while 0.002 mg/kg EB increased LH levels above (P less than 0.05) those of ovariectomized controls. The 1.0-mg/kg P dose increased (P less than 0.05) serum PRL within 24-48 hr of administration while the 0.05-, 0.5-, or 2.0-mg/kg P doses failed to elicit a response. When P was injected in doses of 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, LH levels were decreased in a dose-response manner. The injection of EB combined with P had a variable effect on serum PRL levels. The 0.5- or 1.0-mg/kg dose of P facilitated (advanced in time) the rise in serum PRL level induced by 0.02 mg/kg of EB. In contrast, the positive feedback effect of 0.2 mg/kg of EB was blocked when administered with 0.5 mg/kg of P. Serum LH levels were dramatically decreased by all steroid combinations used. These results indicate that daily injections of EB and/or P in ovariectomized turkeys have a variable effect on serum PRL and LH levels depending upon the dose, the duration of treatment, or the ratio between EB and P.
Cocaine Use in Buprenorphine-vs. Methadone-Maintained Patients

The authors examined cocaine use in 110 opioid-dependent cocaine users during a 24-week, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in which patients were maintained daily on one of the following: 2 mg of buprenorphine, 6mg of buprenorphine, 35 mg of methadone, or 65 mg of methadone. During the 24-week trial, cocaine use, as measured by urinalysis and self-reports, did not differ across medication groups, although opiate use decreased significantly in the methadone groups relative to the buprenorphine groups. These results suggest that buprenorphine, at doses up to 6 mg/day, is not more effective than methadone in decreasing cocaine use in opioid-dependent cocaine users.
Some filterbank precoder properties for blind equalization

In this paper, we study some properties of nonmaximally decimated multirate filterbanks precoders in blindly mitigating the intersymbol interference channel.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Utilizing LANDSAT imagery to monitor land-use change - A case study in Ohio

A study, performed in Ohio, of the nature and extent of interpretation errors in the application of Landsat imagery to land-use planning and modeling is reported. Potential errors associated with the misalignment of pixels after geometric correction and with misclassification of land cover or land use due to spectral similarities were identified on interpreted computer-compatible tapes of a portion of Franklin County for two adjacent days of 1975 and one day of 1973, and the extents of these errors were quantified by comparison with a ground-checked set of aerial-photograph interpretations. The open-space and agricultural categories are found to be the most consistently classified, while the more urban areas were classified correctly only from about 43 to 8% of the time. It is thus recommended that the direct application of Landsat data to land-use planning must await improvements in classification techniques and accuracy.
A periodically forced, piecewise linear system. Part I: Local singularity and grazing bifurcation

Abstract A methodology for the local singularity of non-smooth dynamical systems is systematically presented in this paper, and a periodically forced, piecewise linear system is investigated as a sample problem to demonstrate the methodology. The sliding dynamics along the separation boundary are investigated through the differential inclusion theory. For this sample problem, a perturbation method is introduced to determine the singularity of the sliding dynamics on the separation boundary. The criteria for grazing bifurcation are presented mathematically and numerically. The grazing flows are illustrated numerically. This methodology can be very easily applied to predict grazing motions in other non-smooth dynamical systems. The fragmentation of the strange attractors of chaotic motion will be presented in the second part of this work.
Mechanical and swelling properties of PDMS interpenetrating polymer networks

Abstract Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of two different molecular weight PDMS were prepared. Six series of IPNs were obtained by first tetra-functionally end-linking long vinyl-terminated PDMS (molar mass 23 × 103 or 21 × 103 g mol−1) neat or in a 50% solution with unreactive PDMS chains. These networks were then dried and swollen with short reactive telechelic PDMSs (molar mass 800, 2.3 × 103 or 5.7 × 103 g mol−1) that were subsequently end-linked. The mechanical, toughness and swelling properties of these IPNs were investigated. We found that the correlation between modulus (E) and equilibrium swelling (Q) in toluene of the PDMS IPNs obeys a scaling relation identical to that of a normal unimodal PDMS network. This result strongly suggests effective load transfer between the networks. The results of the elastic modulus and of the toughness of the networks represented by the energy required to rupture them were analyzed in terms of a recent model by Okumura [Europhys Lett 2004;67:470.]. Although the modulus results are in reasonable agreement with the equal-stress model of Okumura, the toughness results are not. In addition, our measured toughness decreases instead of increases with composition in an opposite trend to that predicted by the equal-strain model. An empirical model based on fracture mechanics gives a good representation of the toughness data.
Implications for the study and development of inquiry among early childhood preservice teachers: A report from one study

Abstract The purpose of this article is to highlight key findings from a study of 24 early childhood preservice teachers as they moved away from a reliance on traditional interpretations of child‐centered curricula toward one of collaborative inquiry. Participants enrolled in a 15 week undergraduate teaching methods course were assigned to teaching teams to implement collaborative projects with the same group of 3–5‐year‐old children. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative measures to assess conceptual level, changes in reflectivity, and inquiry‐oriented teaching. Results suggest that the emergence of collaborative inquiry among preservice teachers is a dynamic and diverse process not readily assessed by static measures or discreet skills. Collaborative projects did provide a context for creating communities of learners within which time, space and opportunity to practice, reflect and use language and other tools contributed to young teachers’ development of inquiry.
Infectious mononucleosis patients temporarily recognize a unique, cross-reactive epitope of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1.

The spectrum of antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) in patients with a recent history of infectious mononucleosis and nonaffected EBV-positive individuals has been characterized by epitope mapping. Sera were evaluated for antibodies to all unique maximally overlapping octapeptides of EBNA-1. Both normal controls and patients with infectious mononucleosis produce IgG antibodies that recognize the glycine-alanine-rich portion of EBNA-1, as previously described. All EBNA-1 IgG-positive infectious mononucleosis patients tested, however, consistently produce IgG specific for an additional epitope (aa 398-412 PPPGRRPFFHPVGEA) near the middle of the EBNA-1 protein. This region was not found to be antigenic in healthy EBV-seropositive individuals. This region does, however, cross-react with the sequence PPPGMRPP from the common lupus spliceosomal autoantigen Sm B' in several infectious mononucleosis patient sera. Patients with recent clinical infectious mononucleosis temporarily recognize a unique cross-reactive epitope of EBNA-1 not bound by antibodies from non-infectious mononucleosis EBV-positive sera or those with a distant history of IM.
Asymptotic evolution of transient pulses undergoing stimulated Raman scattering

Propagation of short, transient pulses undergoing stimulated Raman scattering over long length scales is considered. It is shown that under common experimental circumstances the evolution has two different regimes: an I regime, at short lengths, where the pump changes little and the Stokes rapidly grows, and a J regime, at long lengths, where the Stokes intensity is close to saturation and the pump intensity decreases slowly as the square root of distance. The distance at which the J regime is reached is determined numerically.
Experimental observation of heating of a hydrogen plasma by a relativistic electron beam

Abstract Diamagnetic loop measurements of the heating of a hydrogen plasma by a pulsed, relativistic electron beam indicate strong heating during the decaying part of the beam pulse.
Methyl rotors in the gas phase: A study of o- and m-toluidine by chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy

Abstract Microwave spectra of o - and m -toluidine were recorded in a pulsed supersonic jet using chirped pulse techniques. The spectra show both torsional and 14 N quadrupole splittings at high resolution. From the torsional splittings, barrier heights were determined of 531 cm −1 and 2.0 cm −1 respectively. Using the quadrupole splittings, orbital occupancy numbers of the amino-nitrogen atoms were calculated. An apparent relationship between these values and the barriers to internal rotation of the methyl groups is discussed.
Solar physics: Flares caught in the act

Observations from NASA's Solar Dynamic Observatory provide compelling evidence for the central role of magnetic reconnection in solar flares.
Characterization and Surface Charge Measurement of Self-Assembled CdS Nanoparticle Films

The self-assembly of CdS semiconductor nanocrystals (Q-CdS) as well-defined monolayer and multilayer films on glass, indium tin oxide, and gold surfaces was carried out. These were characterized by ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and scanning tunneling microscopy. The adsorption of the polymeric anion hexametaphosphate (HMP) on the Q-CdS particle surface produced a negative surface charge. The diffuse double-layer interaction forces between a silica probe and the Q-CdS/HMP particle film-covered gold substrate immersed in aqueous solutions were measured using an atomic force microscope. The surface charge and electrostatic potential of Q-CdS particles were obtained by theoretical fits of the force data to solutions of the complete nonlinear Poisson−Boltzmann equation with a knowledge of the silica probe surface potential.
Development of the compound eyes of dragonflies (odonata). III. Adult compound eyes

The distribution of ommatidial diameters and interommatidial angles, as determined by measuring the angles between the optic axes of adjacent ommatidia, are mapped across the surface of the compound eyes of a variety of species selected for different adult behaviors, developmental histories, and taxonomic positions. The size of the visual fields, prey capture foveas, foveas composed of large dorsal ommatidia, and other specializations in the numbers of ommatidia that view various directions in the visual field are discussed in relation to adult behavior. Advanced species have less resemblance between their larval and adult eyes than primitive species. In contrast to their larvae, adults increase the monocular resolution of each eye at the expense of binocular vision. Most species have foveas which view in approximately the anterior direction, instead of in a region of binocular overlap, and many species have foveal bands which view along the horizon. Some advanced perching species, which approach their prey and other odonates from below, have an additional vertical foveal band that views along a vertical plane from the anterior direction to a more dorsal direction. The most unusual foveal band is seen in active flying species. The large dorsal ommatidia of the migratory Anax junius, which cover approximately one third of the eye surface, view a narrow region of the visual field that extends along a plane from the most lateral direction of one eye to a dorsal direction, and continues without interruption to the most lateral direction of the other eye.
“Social vs. Military Spending”—A Rejoinder

The June 2009 issue of the Review of Social Economy published an article of mine, titled “Social vs. Military Spending,” in which I argued that since the early 1980s: opponents of non-military publ...
Parental Expressed Emotion of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: Outcome in Family-Based Treatment

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between expressed emotion (EE) and outcome in family-based treatment (FBT) for anorexia nervosa (AN). Method: Eighty-six adolescents with AN participated in an RCT comparing two doses of FBT. Seventy-nine of these patients and their parents participated in a structured interview, from which EE ratings were made at baseline. Parents were compared on five subscales of EE as well as overall level of EE (high vs. low). Results: Overall EE levels were low with 32.9% of families presenting as High EE at baseline. Ratings of baseline warmth for both mothers (p = .014) and fathers (p = .037) were related to good outcome at end-of-treatment. Discussion: EE in parents of adolescents with AN is remarkably low. Notwithstanding, parental warmth may be a predictor of good outcome. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Measurement of resonant antennas structures formed with canonical spherical contours residing over conducting spheres and hemispheres

In this work, we present measured and simulated data for a family of antennas formed with conducting canonical spherical contours residing over conducting spheres and hemispheres. The antennas are probe-fed, similar in spirit to probefed patch antennas, as well as differentially fed using probe feeds. The physical construction for the feed to these antennas is accomplished using copper SMA cables that penetrate the inner sphere with the outside of the cable soldered to the sphere. The cable then re-emerges at a feed location elsewhere on the sphere with the outside of the cable again soldered to the sphere creating the unique feature of that the inside of these antennas are physically isolated from any time-varying current due to the feed. Because of this unique physical construction, it is ensured that stored energy will not exist within the supporting spherical structure.
A new formaldehyde-free wood adhesive from renewable materials

Abstract A formaldehyde-free adhesive that consists of soy flour (SF) and a new curing agent (CA) was developed and evaluated for making interior plywood. Three types of plywood panels (seven-ply maple/white fir/pine/white fir/pine/white fir/maple, five-ply yellow poplar, and five-ply aspen) were prepared with the SF–CA adhesives and evaluated for their water resistance. The CA was derived from the reaction of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ammonium hydroxide in water. Effects of the reaction time, reaction temperature, NaOH usage, heat treatment of CA, addition order of reactants in the preparation of the CA, and storage time of the CA on the water resistance of plywood panels bonded with SF–CA adhesives were investigated. The reaction time required for the completion of the reaction significantly decreased as reaction temperatures increased. The addition of NaOH to the SF–CA adhesive improved the water resistance and dry shear strength of the five-ply aspen panels. All plywood panels met the requirements for interior plywood when the CAs were prepared at 45–60 °C no matter whether the CA was heat-treated or not. Mixing ECH and ammonium hydroxide all at once resulted in better water resistance of the resulting plywood panels than adding either of ECH or ammonium hydroxide to the other dropwise. The viscosity of heat-treated CA was comparable to that of untreated CA when the CA was prepared at 50 °C. Both heat-treated and untreated CAs could be stored at room temperature for at least two months without compromising the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels.
Using ada in a service-Ooriented architecture

One of the latest trends in software architecture is known as a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). This paper describes SOA briefly and one of the enabling technologies of SOA, namely the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). The paper goes on to describe two ways in which Ada applications can be built as services in a SOA. The first method is to build the Ada code as a Dynamically Linked Library (DLL) and wrap it in Java code. The second method is to use the Ada Web Server (AWS) and build a direct interface to the Ada code that is needed to plug into the ESB.
Malaria: Resistance nailed.

A series of in vitro, genomic, ecological and epidemiological studies has pinpointed gene mutations in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that play a key part in resistance to artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs. See Article p.50
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA NUTTALL AND SARCODES SANGUINEA TORREY MYCORRHIZAS

SUMMARY Mycorrhizas of Pterospora andromedea Nuttall and Sarcodes sanguinea Torrey were examined with light and electron microscopes. Both plants were found to have a multi-layered fungal sheath covering the surface of their roots and a Hartig net surrounding the epidermal cells but not penetrating the underlying cortex. Dolipore septa are present in the fungi of both plants. Individual determinate hyphae enter each epidermal cell through the radial wall which is oriented toward the tip of the root. As they penetrate, the epidermal cell wall appears to invaginate forming a fungal peg. The wall of the peg produces numerous protuberances similar to those found in transfer cells. In the combined fungal-epidermal cell wall of the fungal peg the two walls do not remain distinct and it is impossible to be certain if both continue to the tip. Eventually, the tip of the fungal peg appears to open and form a mebranous sac, delimited by the epidermal cell plasmalemma, containing granular material with fibrillar inclusions which are approximately the size of microtubules. The relationship of the contents of the membranous sac to the contents of the fungal peg is discussed.
Signaling gateway molecule pages--a data model perspective.

Summary: The Signaling Gateway Molecule Pages (SGMP) database provides highly structured data on proteins which exist in different functional states participating in signal transduction pathways. A molecule page starts with a state of a native protein, without any modification and/or interactions. New states are formed with every post-translational modification or interaction with one or more proteins, small molecules or class molecules and with each change in cellular location. State transitions are caused by a combination of one or more modifications, interactions and translocations which then might be associated with one or more biological processes. In a characterized biological state, a molecule can function as one of several entities or their combinations, including channel, receptor, enzyme, transcription factor and transporter. We have also exported SGMP data to the Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX) and Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) as well as in our custom XML. Availability: SGMP is available at www.signaling-gateway.org/molecule. Contact: ude.dscu@raknahs Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Improving the quality of ECGs collected using mobile phones: The PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2011

The aim of the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2011 was to develop an efficient algorithm able to run within a mobile phone, that can provide useful feedback in the process of acquiring a diagnostically useful 12-lead ECG recordings. PhysioNet provided a large set of ECG records for use in the Challenge, together with an open-source sample application that can run on an Android phone, and can classify ECGs as acceptable or unacceptable. A total of 49 teams and individuals participated in challenge, which entailed three events. In event 1, participants developed algorithms for classifying ECGs with respect to quality, and submitted their algorithms' classifications of 500 ECGs, obtaining 89–93% accuracy using variety of methods. In event 2, participants submitted Java implementations of their algorithms to be used in the sample mobile application; we tested these in two reference mobile phones using the same data set and scoring method as in event 1, obtaining 80–91% accuracy. Event 3 was similar to event 2, but was conducted using a set of ECGs not available for study by the participants, and the scoring was a function of both accuracy and mobile phone processing speed; in this event, similar levels of accuracy were achieved with average execution times of less than 2 seconds on the reference phones.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERLIPEMIA INDUCED BY MEANS OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS I. INCREASED TOTAL BODY CHOLESTEROL IN MICE GIVEN TRITON WR 1339 PARENTERALLY*

Mice rendered hyperlipemic by means of intravenous or subcutaneous injections of triton WR 1339 were found to have an increase in the total amount of cholesterol in their bodies. This observation indicates that the injected surface-active agent affects the metabolism of cholesterol and brings about hyperlipemia by augmenting the synthesis of lipides, or by interfering with their degradation or excretion, or by some combination of these factors. The implications of the findings for the pathogenesis of the hyperlipemia induced by triton are discussed further in the accompanying paper (16).
Muybridge in the Parlor

Commonly regarded as one of the pioneers of motion-picture technology, Eadweard Muybridge carried out several photographic studies of animal and human movement in the late nineteenth century. One of Muybridge's lesser-known commissions was an album of interior photographs that he created in 1880 for his friends Kate and Robert Johnson. This article offers a close reading of this album and argues that it has more in common with Muybridge's motion studies than historians have previously recognized. Far from being a commercial outlier, the album offered Muybridge an opportunity to experiment with the technological and cultural possibilities of photography in a new way. Through ghosts, mirrors, and other forms of representational excess, these images make visible Muybridge's handiwork as a photographer and the intellectual complexity of his collaboration with Kate and Robert Johnson.
A computational study of the effect of matrix size and type, condition number, coefficient accuracy and computation precision on matrix-solution accuracy

Matrices occupy a central role in most physical modeling. As the size of matrices being solved increases, it is becoming more important to quantify what factors influence the accuracy of the final result. The condition number (CN) of a matrix is an important controlling factor in limiting the solution accuracy, the effect of which can be circumvented by increasing the precision of the computations. This typically involves going from single to double precision. The article reports the results from some ongoing computer experiments conducted with the goal of acquiring some insight into such questions using a compiled BASIC language (Future Basic) that permits varying the computer precision up to 240 digits (or more) through a simple configuration command. By also varying the matrix size, the accuracy to which the original matrix coefficients are computed and the matrix type and condition number, some quantitative guidelines might be developed concerning the influences of these factors on solution accuracy. The results obtained are reviewed and their implications for computational electromagnetics are discussed.
Alopecia areata and stress in children

Background The role of psychological factors is conflicting in alopecia areata (AA). Acute as well as chronic stress have been observed in patients with AA. Design A descriptive study of psychological and social factors which may play a role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of childhood AA. Seventeen patients with AA were dermatologically examined and psychosocially studied. Behavioral and emotional problems and possible psychopathology in the child's actual functioning were scored with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a life events scale. Fifteen patients with visible atopic dermatitis (AD) formed a reference group. Results Although, on average, children with AA do not have higher behavior problem scores than children in the normative group, more children had scores in the clinical range. However, AA and AD children did not differ in this respect. More AA and AD children than children in the normative group had low social competence scores. Thus, although some AA children differ from children from the normative group, this difference is not specific compared with other children with affected skin, i.e., the AD group. The mean total score and the mean number of life events did not differ significantly from the corresponding data on the international control population. Conclusion A tendency was observed that psychosocial factors play a role in maintaining or inducing AA and AD.
Enforcing policies in pervasive environments

This work presents an architecture and a proof of concept implementation of a security infrastructure for mobile devices in an infrastructure based pervasive environment. The security infrastructure primarily consists of two parts, the policy engine and the policy enforcement mechanism. Each mobile device within a pervasive environment is equipped with its own policy enforcement mechanism and is responsible for protecting its resources. A mobile device consults the nearest policy server, notifies its current state including its present user, network presence, other accessible devices and location information if available. Using this information the policy server queries the "Rei" engine to dynamically create a policy certificate and issues it to the requesting device. The system wide policy is described in a semantic language "Rei", a lightweight and extensible language which is able to express comprehensive policies using domain specific information. The "Rei" policy engine is able to dynamically decide what rights, prohibitions, obligations, dispensations an actor has on the domain actions. A policy certificate is created and issued to the device. The policy certificate contains a set of granted permissions and a validity period and scope within which the permissions are valid. The policy certificate can be revoked by the policy enforcer based on expiration of the validity period or a combination of timeout, loss of contact with an assigned network. X.509 based public key infrastructure is used to provide identification and authentication.
Aortic valve replacement in patients aged eighty years and older: Early and long-term results

Abstract We have studied 322 patients, 80 years of age or older, who underwent aortic valve replacement between June 1971 and December 1992. Two hundred six patients (64%) have had surgery since the end of 1985. Their mean age was 82.7 years (range 80 to 92 years). One hundred seventy-one (53%) were male and most (86%) were in New York Heart Association class III-IV. Fifty-seven patients (18%) required admission to the coronary care unit before the operation. One hundred seventy-nine patients (56%) underwent an urgent or emergency operation. Known cerebrovascular disease was present in 77 (24% of patients), aortic stenosis in 79%, aortic incompetence in 9%, and combined stenosis and incompetence in 12%. Associated procedures included bypass grafting in 139 (43%), mitral valve replacement/repair in 20 (6%), tricuspid valve repair in 6 (2%), and aortic annular enlargement in 38 (12%). Thirty patients (9.3%) were undergoing reoperation. Hospital mortality was 44 of 322 (13.7%). The median hospital stay was 11 days. On univariate analysis, significant predictors of hospital mortality were female sex, preoperative rest pain, New York Heart Association class III-IV, admission to the coronary care unit, heart failure, mitral valve disease, emergency/urgent operation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bypass grafting, valve size, peripheral vascular disease, and ejection fraction less than 0.35. On multivariate analysis the most important independent predictors of operative mortality were female gender ( p = 0.0001), renal impairment ( p = 0.001), bypass grafting ( p = 0.005), ejection fraction less than 0.35 ( p = 0.01), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( p = 0.028). Age and year of operation did not influence mortality. Five-year survivals for all patients and for operative survivors were 60.2% ± 3.2% and 70.3% ± 3.4%, respectively. On univariate analysis, factors that adversely affected long-term survival were coronary bypass grafting ( p = 0.007), more than two comorbidities ( p = 0.02), male gender ( p = 0.04), and ejection fraction less than 0.35 ( p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, no factor was consistently significant for long-term survival. At most recent clinical follow-up 85% were angina free and 82% were in class I-II. At least 92% of patients, both at 1 year and at most recent clinical follow-up, believed they had significantly benefited from the operation: Conclusion: Risk factors for aortic valve replacement in octogenarians include female gender, unstable symptoms, poor ejection fraction, renal impairment, and bypass grafting. However, despite a hospital mortality higher than that reported for younger patients, the outlook for operative survivors is excellent, with good relief of symptoms and an expected survival normal for this particular age group. If possible, aortic valve replacement should be done before development of unstable symptoms.(J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;111:1026-36)
Enhanced litter input rather than changes in litter chemistry drive soil carbon and nitrogen cycles under elevated CO2: a microcosm study

Elevated CO2 has been shown to stimulate plant productivity and change litter chemistry. These changes in substrate availability may then alter soil microbial processes and possibly lead to feedback effects on N availability. However, the strength of this feedback, and even its direction, remains unknown. Further, uncertainty remains whether sustained increases in net primary productivity will lead to increased longterm C storage in soil. To examine how changes in litter chemistry and productivity under elevated CO2 influence microbial activity and soil C formation, we conducted a 230-day microcosm incubation with five levels of litter addition rate that represented 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 � litterfall rates observed in the field for aspen stand growing under control treatments at the Aspen FACE experiment in Rhinelander, WI, USA. Litter and soil samples were collected from the corresponding field control and elevated CO2 treatment after trees were exposed to elevated CO2 (560ppm) for 7 years. We found that small decreases in litter [N] under elevated CO2 had minor effects on microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Increasing litter addition rates resulted in linear increase in total C and new C (C from added litter) that accumulated in whole soil as well as in the high density soil fraction (HDF), despite higher cumulative C loss by respiration. Total N retained in whole soil and in HDF also increased with litter addition rate as did accumulation of new C per unit of accumulated N. Based on our microcosm comparisons and regression models, we expected that enhanced C inputs rather than changes in litter chemistry would be the dominant factor controlling soil C levels and turnover at the current level of litter production rate (230gCm � 2 yr � 1 under ambient CO2). However, our analysis also suggests that the effects of changes in biochemistry caused by elevated CO2 could become significant at a higher level of litter production rate, with a trend of decreasing total C in HDF, new C in whole soil, as well as total N in whole soil and HDF.
A measure of the impact of tenure

Although prevalent on campuses, the rationale for tenure lacks an economic explanation of its influence on campus outcomes such as teaching. Because only half of American academic librarians are eligible for tenure, they comprise a sample appropriate for testing the qualitative impact of tenure. The model reported here shows that the quality of institutions is at least partially predictable by the number of librarians and their tenure status. Tenure, therefore, appears to have an impact as a monitor of quality in academe.
Genetics of novelty seeking, amphetamine self‐administration and reinstatement using inbred rats

Previous research using outbred rats indicates that individual differences in activity in a novel environment predict sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of psychostimulant drugs. The current study examined if the link between responses related to novelty and amphetamine self-administration is heritable. Twelve inbred rat strains were assessed for locomotor activity in a novel environment, preference for a novel environment, and intravenous amphetamine self-administration (acquisition, extinction and amphetamine-induced reinstatement). Strain differences were observed in activity in a novel environment, novelty preference and amphetamine self-administration, indicating a genetic influence for each of these behaviors. While there was no relation between activity in an inescapable novel environment and amphetamine self-administration, strain-dependent differences in novelty preference were positively correlated with the amount of amphetamine self-administered. There was also a positive correlation between the dose-dependent rate of amphetamine self-administration and magnitude of reinstatement. These results show that the activity in an inescapable novel environment and the preference for a novel environment are different genetically, and thus likely to reflect different behavioral constructs. Moreover, these results implicate a genetic influence on the relation between novelty seeking and stimulant self-administration, as well as on the relation between stimulant reward and reinstatement.
NSF graduate awards

Of the 450 college students offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in 1983–1984 in the natural and social sciences, mathematics, and engineering, 40 plan to pursue graduate studies in earth, ocean, or space sciences. None of the 50 science students awarded NSF minority graduate fellowship awards plans to study in the geophysics-related sciences. Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $6,900 per year for full-time graduate study. An annual cost-of-education allowance of $4,000 is provided by NSF in lieu of all tuition and fees to the institution selected by each fellow for graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.
R68-21 System Architecture for Large Scale Integration

This paper proposes an approach to improving the regularity of computer logic for the more effective use of LSI which has been limited by the number of pins and wiring layers.
Test results of the AGS booster low frequency RF system

The Band II RF system was originally built to support the Booster operations during the acceleration of heavy ions. Designed to sweep from 0.6 to 2.5 MHz, it was build and successfully tested over a much broader range reaching 4 MHz. Voltages up to more than 20 kV were reached over the design frequency range. The system consists of two stations, each of which is made of one single gap cavity directly driven by a grounded cathode push pull power amplifier. The low Q high permeability ferrites needed in the coaxial cavity in order to reach the lower end of the band make tuning extremely easy. Both systems were thoroughly tested both at single frequencies and on a sweep and are now installed in the ring,ready for operations. Static measurements showed no high-loss effects. The results of the "bench" tests that lead to important performance improvements are given. >