cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Universality and Uniformity of Schizophrenia around the World: Assessment and Implications

This paper reviews epidemiologic literature on the extent of schizophrenia in the population, with the purpose of judging the degree of variation that exists and judging whether such variation as exists may provide etiologic clues. It builds on several recent reviews of the epidemiology of schizophrenia (Warner and de Girolamo 1995; Jones and Cannon 1998; Jablensky 1997; Hafner and Heiden 1997; Eaton 1985; Eaton 1991; Castle 1993).
Laboratory investigation of chemical mechanisms driving oil recovery from oil-wet carbonate rocks

Abstract The purpose of this work is twofold; to improve current understanding of the oil recovery mechanism behind chemically tuned waterflooding in oil-wet carbonate rocks, and to propose a set of governing chemical reactions consistent with this mechanism. For this, a series of waterflood experiments were conducted at 90 °C with synthetic seawater type brine solutions with varying compositions of potential determining ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−). Characterization techniques like zeta potential, contact angle, and trace element analysis were implemented to account for the ionic interactions taking place among the rock, the brine solution, and the crude oil. Additionally, relative permeabilities were estimated using the Brooks and Corey model where the wettability exponents were tuned against the experimental fractional flow data. Zeta potential measurements highlight the affinity of Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42− ions toward the rock surface in chemically tuned brines where an increase in the magnitude of zeta potential was observed corresponding to the increase in the concentration of each of these ions in the suspension. Oil recovery measurements show an increase for all chemically tuned brines when compared to plain seawater injection. Relative permeability estimations and contact angle measurements show corresponding trends of increasing water–wetness, suggesting the alteration of wettability. Maximum recovery of ∼76% original oil in place (OOIP) was observed for the brine with increased Mg2+ ion concentration due to higher activity of Mg2+ ions and their ability to replace Ca2+ ions from the rock surface. A lower recovery of ∼64% OOIP was seen for the brine with increased Ca2+ ion concentration due to lower activity of Ca2+ ions as opposed to Mg2+ ions. Further lower recovery of ∼59% OOIP was seen for the brine with increased SO42− ion concentration due to the increased precipitation of these ions on the rock surface. These chemical reactions including salt precipitation, crude oil desorption/solubilization, and mineral dissolution were confirmed through ionic analysis of the effluent brine during each waterflooding experiment. The presented experimental results and the proposed sequence of chemical reactions can be used for the development of an appropriate reaction model for predicting oil recovery via wettability alteration.
Challenges Associated With Living Remotely From a Pediatric Cancer Center: A Qualitative Study.

PURPOSE:Pediatric patients with cancer who live in rural communities face disparate access to medical services compared with those in urban areas. Our objectives were to use qualitative methods to ...
Pronunciation-based child-robot game interactions to promote literacy skills

In this paper we present additional results from a prior study of speech-based games to promote early literacy skills through child-robot interaction [6]. The additional data and results support our original conclusion, that pronunciation analysis software can be an effective enabler of speech child-robot interactions. We also include a comparison of other pronunciation services, an updated version of the SpeechAce API and a new technology from Soapbox Labs. We reflect on some lessons learned and introduce a redesigned version of the game interaction called ‘RhymeRacer’ based on the results and observations from both data collections.
Care coordination for children with medical complexity.

Purpose of review We review the literature to help the reader better understand the latest thinking on how best to identify, coordinate and fund care for children with medical complexity, a medically fragile high-cost subpopulation of children and youth with special healthcare needs. Recent findings Proprietary and public algorithms have been developed to identify children with medical complexity. Research on families and healthcare providers of children with medical complexity have identified essential components of effective care coordination. Calculation of the cost of care for this population is confounded by cost shifting to families and the variable course of illness in this heterogeneous high-cost population. Care coordination is a team sport that requires strong family partnerships, adequate time and resources to be done effectively. Multiple studies of different sizes have reported similar care coordination team structure, staffing ratios and cost ranges. Multiple options for funding this work now exist and can be tailored to individual environments. Summary Effective care coordination can positively impact the care of children with medical complexity. Recent work resulting in a better understanding of the needs of families and providers will guide the development of new technologies and measures.
A Method for Determination of the Reynolds Stress and Turbulence Structure in Wall-Bounded Flows

Using the Lagrangian transport of momentum, the Reynolds stress can be expressed in terms of basic turbulence parameters. The Reynolds stress gradient represents the lateral transport of stream-wise momentum, balanced by the u2 transport, pressure and shear force terms in the momentum equation. Data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been used to validate this approach, with a good degree of consistency and agreement. This expression for the Reynolds stress gradient adds a transport equation to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, so that the turbulence structure can be determined if the third unknown variable, u2, can be determined. Here, we consider alternative structure-based methods for reconstruction of u2 profiles for wall-bounded flows. The input of u2 profile, in conjunction with the two transport equations (RANS and the current Reynolds stress equation), allows for full reconstruction of the turbulent structure in wall-bounded flows, with reasonable agreement with DNS data.
The Double Bubble Sign: Duodenal Atresia and Associated Genetic Etiologies.

Background: The “double bubble” sign is an ultrasonographic finding that commonly represents duodenal atresia and is associated with trisomy 21. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the positive predictive value of a prenatally identified double bubble sign for duodenal atresia and the genetic etiologies associated with it. Methods: We examined a retrospective cohort with prenatal double bubble sign between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2017. Postnatal diagnoses were determined by review of operative reports and additional postnatal evaluation including cytogenetic analysis, molecular analysis, and/or clinical genetic evaluation. Results: All live births at our institution with a prenatal double bubble sign had confirmed duodenal atresia. Additional anatomic anomalies and/or genetic abnormalities were identified in 62% of cases. Out of 21 cases, 6 had trisomy 21. Of the remaining 15 cases, 8 were nonisolated duodenal atresia, 3 of which had a heterotaxy syndrome. In the 7 isolated cases, 1 likely pathogenic chromosomal microdeletion was identified. Conclusions: Prenatal double bubble sign is a reliable predictor of duodenal atresia. In addition to trisomy 21, heterotaxy may be encountered. ZIC3 mutations as well as microdeletion of 4q22.3 may be underlying genetic etiologies to be considered in the diagnostic evaluation of a prenatal double bubble sign.
Worldviews in Twentieth-Century Chinese Historiography

There are three reasons for this special issue on ‘Worldviews in Twentieth-Century Chinese Historiography.’ One is that in historical practices around the world, global history, or interest in a gl...
Structure and function of P-glycoprotein in normal liver and small intestine.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and function of P-glycoprotein in normal liver and small intestine. Mammalian cells selected for resistance to a single cytotoxic agent display cross-resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds. This is the “multidrug resistance” (MDR) phenomenon. The emergence of multidrug resistance in cultured cells is associated with the overexpression of a membrane glycoprotein called “P-glycoprotein” (or Gp170). P-Glycoprotein appears to function as an ATP-dependent transporter that pumps drugs out of cells. It interacts with a diverse group of substrates most of which are hydrophobic lipid-soluble organic cations of natural origin including anthracyclines, vinca alkaloids, and colchicines. Based on the sequence homology between P-glycoprotein and known transport proteins, a model for P-glycoprotein has been proposed in which P-glycoprotein is responsible for ATP-dependent efflux of drugs through a plasma membrane channel that is formed by transmembrane domains of one or more P-glycoprotein molecules. Energy is presumably derived from ATP hydrolysis using ATP bound to one or both nucleotide binding sites. P-glycoprotein levels in drug-resistant cells correlate with the amount of drug transported out of the cell, but whether the initial rate of efflux is affected is less established.
Tobacco industry and public health responses to state and local efforts to end tobacco sales from 1969-2020.

Background In June 2019, Beverly Hills, California, became the first American city in the 21st century to pass an ordinance ending the sale of most tobacco products, including cigarettes, and it is unlikely to be the last. Knowledge of previous efforts to ban tobacco sales in the US, both successful and unsuccessful, may help inform tobacco control advocates' approach to future efforts. Methods We retrieved and analyzed archival tobacco industry documents. We confirmed and supplemented information from the documents with news media coverage and publicly available state and local government materials, such as meeting minutes and staff reports, related to proposed bans. Results We found 22 proposals to end the sale of cigarettes or tobacco products from 1969–2020 in the US. Proposals came from five states, twelve cities or towns, and one county. Most came from elected officials or boards of health, and were justified on public health grounds. In opposing tobacco sales bans, the tobacco industry employed no tactics or arguments that it did not also employ in campaigns against other tobacco control measures. Public health groups typically opposed sales ban proposals on the grounds that they were not evidence-based. This changed with Beverly Hills’ 2019 proposal, with public health organizations supporting this and other California city proposals because of their likely positive health impacts. This support did not always translate into passage of local ordinances, as some city council members expressed reservations about the impact on small businesses. Conclusion Tobacco control advocates are likely to encounter familiar tobacco industry tactics and arguments against tobacco sales ban proposals, and can rely on past experience and the results of a growing body of retail-related research to counter them. Considering how to overcome concerns about harming retailers will likely be vital if other jurisdictions are to succeed in ending tobacco sales.
Phase II study of pembrolizumab efficacy and safety in women with recurrent small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lower genital tract

Abstract Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in women with recurrent small cell neuroendocrine tumors of the lower genital tract. Methods We conducted an open-label, investigator-initiated phase II basket trial of pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks in patients with rare tumors ( ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02721732 ). The trial had prespecified cohorts, including small cell malignancies of extrapulmonary origin. Eligibility criteria included disease progression during standard treatment in the 6 months before study enrollment. Patients were enrolled from February 2017 to February 2019. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients alive without progression at 27 weeks. Response to pembrolizumab was evaluated every 9 weeks (3 cycles) with radiographic imaging. Results Seven women with gynecologic extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma were enrolled, 6 with cervical and 1 with vulvar carcinoma. No patient was progression free at 27 weeks. At first radiologic assessment, 1 patient had stable disease, while 6 had progression. The single patient with stable disease at 6 weeks had disease progression at 14 weeks. The median progression-free interval was 2.1 months (range 0.8–3.3 months). Severe treatment-related adverse events (≥grade 3) were seen in 2 of 7 patients (29%); 1 patient had grade 3 asymptomatic elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase, and 1 had grade 3 asymptomatic elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase. Conclusions Pembrolizumab alone showed minimal activity in women with recurrent small cell neuroendocrine tumors of the lower genital tract. Treatment was well tolerated in the majority of study participants, and the rate of severe adverse events was low.
Time Series Analysis and Forecasting of COVID-19 Cases Using LSTM and ARIMA Models.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health crisis that has been declared a pandemic by World Health Organization. Forecasting country-wise COVID-19 cases is necessary to help policymakers and healthcare providers prepare for the future. This study explores the performance of several Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model in forecasting the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Time series of daily cumulative COVID-19 cases were used for generating 1-day, 3-day, and 5-day forecasts using several LSTM models and ARIMA. Two novel k-period performance metrics - k-day Mean Absolute Percentage Error (kMAPE) and k-day Median Symmetric Accuracy (kMdSA) - were developed for evaluating the performance of the models in forecasting time series values for multiple days. Errors in prediction using kMAPE and kMdSA for LSTM models were both as low as 0.05%, while those for ARIMA were 0.07% and 0.06% respectively. LSTM models slightly underestimated while ARIMA slightly overestimated the numbers in the forecasts. The performance of LSTM models is comparable to ARIMA in forecasting COVID-19 cases. While ARIMA requires longer sequences, LSTMs can perform reasonably well with sequence sizes as small as 3. However, LSTMs require a large number of training samples. Further, the development of k-period performance metrics proposed is likely to be useful for performance evaluation of time series models in predicting multiple periods. Based on the k-period performance metrics proposed, both LSTMs and ARIMA are useful for time series analysis and forecasting for COVID-19.
Oxide-catalyzed self- and cross-condensation of cycloketones. Kinetically relevant steps that determine product distribution

Abstract Metal oxides with acid-base properties can be used to catalyze aldol condensation and potentially obtain valuable chemicals from biomass-derived oxygenates. Understanding the reaction mechanisms could enable the development of effective catalysts with controllable selectivity. Here, we investigate the reaction parameters that affect the kinetics and product distribution of self- and cross-aldol condensation of cyclopentanone (CPO) and cyclohexanone (CHO) over CeO2 and ZrO2 catalysts by combining detailed analysis of experiments and DFT calculations. It is well-known that either the deprotonation of an α-C–H that generates an enolate or the C–C coupling that produces the dimers can be rate-limiting step. Indeed, the detailed kinetics analysis shows that the observed data can be fitted by unimolecular or bimolecular Langmuir-Hinshelwood models. Specifically, on the ZrO2 catalyst, the unimolecular α-C–H activation is the rate limiting step for the CPO self-condensation, while the bimolecular C–C coupling limits the CHO self-condensation. By contrast, on CeO2, the bimolecular C–C coupling step seems to be rate-limiting for both CPO and CHO self-condensation reactions. The adsorption parameters derived from kinetics fitting indicate that when the two reactants are co-fed, the surface is preferentially covered by CHO. So, the condensation rate of [CPO]-activated products ([CPO]CPO + [CPO]CHO) decreases in the presence of CHO, due to the competitive adsorption. However, despite a higher surface coverage, CHO is not an effective electrophile because it imposes stronger steric constraints to the formation of the C–C bond than CPO. Therefore, for a given enolate, the product distribution shows that [CPO]CPO > [CPO]CHO and, similarly [CHO]CPO > [CHO]CHO. Likewise, the yields of [CPO]- and [CHO]-activated products in mixed CPO/CHO feeds are similar because the higher surface coverage and stability of the [CHO] enolate is counterbalanced by the inhibition of C–C coupling by steric constraints when CHO is involved. In summary, the overall rank of products observed experimentally can be explained in terms of a combination of the following effects: relative surface coverage of the reactants, steric constraints for the C–C coupling, stability of the enolate, and effectiveness of the electrophile to accept an electron.
N-Polar GaN-on-Sapphire Deep Recess HEMTs With High W-Band Power Density

This work presents recent progress in the W-band (94 GHz) power performance of N-polar GaN deep recess HEMTs grown on sapphire substrates. While SiC has been the substrate of choice to achieve the highest level of performance, sapphire substrates are a lower cost alternative. In this work we show that N-polar GaN deep recess HEMTs grown on sapphire match the power performance of a device on SiC up to 14 V with 5.1 W/mm of output power density. At 16 V the device on sapphire starts to suffer from thermal effects but still demonstrated 5.5 W/mm with an associated 20.6% power-added efficiency. This work also examines the impact of encapsulating the device in a low dielectric constant film often used for the implementation of a RF wiring environment.
A Literature Synthesis of Professional Development Programs Providing Pedagogical Training to STEM Graduate Students

This work-in-progress study synthesizes the literature pertaining to programs that aim to develop the pedagogical skills of STEM graduate students pursuing a career in academia. The United States continues to experience a severe lack of STEM professionals needed to be able to stay at the forefront of global technological advancement. Persistence rates in undergraduate STEM programs have shown minimal improvement over the last decade. Research suggests that inadequate teaching is one of the major factors for students leaving STEM fields. In this light, there is an increasing interest to improve and reward contributions to teaching excellence. But conventional systems, particularly at R1 institutions, continue to prioritize research productivity in faculty hiring and tenure/promotion decisions. While new faculty are expected to be teaching-ready, little to no training is provided to graduate students pursuing an academic career. Since 1993, programs such as Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) and the Center for the Integration of Research, Teaching, and Learning (CIRTL) have been actively trying to fill this gap in training future faculty for teaching. A comprehensive assessment of current practices in pedagogical training provided to graduate students can inform future changes in policy and practice. This study is the first step of a larger study and aims to synthesize and summarize the current state of programs in universities across the United States that focus on such pedagogical training. Initiatives focused on professional development of graduate students in STEM fields, with special attention to engineering, were screened for programs specifically contributing to pedagogical development. Published articles in the Journal of Engineering Education, Conference proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education, and several databases available through the University of Cincinnati library Summon search engine were used to find relevant publications on program implementations and evaluations over the last two decades. Qualifying papers were summarized and compared to construct a description of the past and current state of pedagogical training received by graduate students in STEM majors. The ultimate goal of the larger study will be a list of identified promising practices that show evidence of effectiveness in preparing graduate students for teaching and a set of recommendations for redesigning or implementing such programs in engineering.
Prehospital End-Tidal CO2: A Superior Marker for Mortality Risk in the Acutely Injured Patient:

BackgroundEmergency medical personnel must expeditiously triage acutely injured patients to the appropriate medical facility. Efficient and objective variables to facilitate this process and provid...
Prevalence of depression among children, adolescents, and adults with hidradenitis suppurativa.

Background Information on prevalence of depression among children, adolescents, and adults with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is limited. Objective To compare prevalence of depression in HS patients with that of controls. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 38,140 adult and 1162 pediatric HS patients and controls identified using data from electronic health records. Primary outcome was prevalent depression. Results Prevalence of depression among adults with HS was 30.0% (95% Confidence interval [CI], 29.6-30.5), compared with 16.9% (95% CI, 16.7-17.1) among controls. Among children and adolescents with HS, prevalence of depression was 11.7% (95% CI, 10.0-13.7), compared with 4.1% (95% CI, 3.6-4.7) among controls. In adjusted analyses, adults and children/adolescents with HS had 1.26 (95% CI, 1.25-1.28; P Limitations We could not evaluate the influence of disease severity on the outcome. Conclusion Depression is prevalent among children, adolescents, and adults with HS. Periodic screening for depression may be warranted.
Access to Healthcare and the need for Healthcare Education

Through personal medical hardships as well as medical volunteer experiences, I've concluded that access to health care should be a fundamental right that everyone has access to. In this piece, I showcase evidence proving that while most people in the U.S. have access to emergency care, there is a lack of emphasis on preventative care, both physical and mental. A primary factor for not having health insurance is the financial burden that it imposes. To deny a person access to medical care due to lack of personal funds is not only inhumane, but also goes against the advancement of a nation. I analyze these healthcare disparities and lack of education and list out numerous solutions that I, as a future physician would like to work towards in order to expand access to healthcare, as it should be a basic right. Specifically, I explore this work through time given in clinics, time management to maximize patient care, and utilizing video resources, as we are slowly bridging into given COVID-19. Even though increased access to caregivers would benefit all, children especially would benefit from it since keeping them healthy in their developmental ages has a major impact on the rest of their futures.
Pleural fluid analysis in neutropenia

Light9s criteria is the standard for determining the etiology of pleural effusions. Test characteristics of Light9s criteria varies in different populations, and Light9s criteria may misclassify effusions in patients with impaired immunity such as in neutropenia. This study evaluates the test characteristics of Light9s criteria and other clinically available pleural fluid tests in a cohort of patients with neutropenia. Cases were defined as a thoracentesis performed with an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1000 cells/ul documented at least 24 hours prior to the procedure. The etiology of the effusion was adjudicated by independent review of the case data and hospital course by two board certified pulmonologists. Categories for final diagnosis included exudate due to infection, exudate due to malignancy, exudate due to other, and transudate. A total of 83 thoracenteses from 80 patients were identified. Comorbidities included hematologic and solid tumor malignancies, recipients of allogeneic stem cell and solid organ transplants, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and decompensated cirrhosis. Light9s criteria had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 55% for identifying exudates, LR+ 2.07 and LR-0.14. A pleural fluid protein value of >2.9 g/dl had a sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 96%, LR+11.12 and LR- 0.61. When comparing exudative effusions, the percentage of neutrophils in the pleural fluid was significantly higher in infection, despite peripheral neutropenia. Together these results show a reduced specificity of Light9s criteria in neutropenia, and underscore the complexity of pleural effusions in this setting.
An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.
Ultrasonic Imaging Analysis of Component Integrity

For every component in use there are at least three major processes for its creation. The first stage is the conceptual stage when a component is designed to be made of a certain material with a specific tolerance dimension, to undertake certain loads or stresses, and to serve for a designated number of years in a high temperature or a corrosive environment. The second stage is the manufacturing stage in which the component is fabricated. The process can be brazing, casting, forging, machining, molding, shrink fit, welding or any other methods. The last stage is the application of the component in service. Natural wear is expected, but cracks or other defects may grow unexpectedly fast due to severe environmental effects.
Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials

Preface. Introduction and Definition of Terms. The First Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Statistical Interpretation of Entropy. Auxiliary Functions. Heat Capacity, Enthalpy, Entropy, and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Phase Equilibrium in a One-Component System. The Behavior of Gases. The Behavior of Solutions. Gibbs Free Energy-Composition and Phase Diagrams of Binary Systems. Reactions Involving Gases. Reactions Involving Pure Consensed Phases and a Gaseous Phase. Reaction Equilibria in Systems Containing Components in Condensed Solutions. Phase Diagrams for Binary Systems in Pressure-Temperature-Composition Space. Electrochemistry. Appendix A: Selected Thermodynamic and Thermochemical Data. Appendix B Exact Differential Equations. Appendix C The Generation of Auxiliary Functions as Legendre Transformations. Nomenclatures. Answers. Index.
Killing and Caching of an Adult White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus , by a Single Gray Wolf, Canis lupus

A single Gray Wolf ( Canis lupus ) killed an adult male White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and cached the intact carcass in 76 cm of snow. The carcass was revisited and entirely consumed between four and seven days later. This is the first recorded observation of a Gray Wolf caching an entire adult deer.
Involvement of an SCFSlmb complex in timely elimination of E2F upon initiation of DNA replication in Drosophila

Cul1 is a core component of the evolutionarily conserved SCF-type ubiquitin ligases that target specific proteins for destruction. SCF action contributes to cell cycle progression but few of the key targets of its action have been identified. We found that expression of the mouse Cul1 (mCul1) in the larval wing disc has a dominant negative effect. It reduces, but does not eliminate, the function of SCF complexes, promotes accumulation of Cubitus interruptus (a target of SCF action), triggers apoptosis, and causes a small wing phenotype. A screen for mutations that dominantly modify this phenotype showed effective suppression upon reduction of E2F function, suggesting that compromised downregulation of E2F contributes to the phenotype. Partial inactivation of Cul1 delayed the abrupt loss of E2F immunofluorescence beyond its normal point of downregulation at the onset of S phase. Additional screens showed that mild reduction in function of the F-box encoding gene slimb enhanced the mCul1 overexpression phenotype. Cell cycle modulation of E2F levels is virtually absent in slimb mutant cells in which slimb function is severely reduced. This implicates Slimb, a known targeting subunit of SCF, in E2F downregulation. In addition, Slimb and E2F interacted in vitro in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We have used genetic and physical interactions to identify the G1/S transcription factor E2F as an SCFSlmb target in Drosophila. These results argue that the SCFSlmb ubiquitin ligase directs E2F destruction in S phase.
Information Sharing and Emergency Services: An Examination Using Information Security Principles

This paper explores issues associated with information sharing with emergency services entities through the lens of information security, structuration theory and agency theory. Information sharing can result in moral hazard that needs to be addressed to facilitate information transfers needed during emergency services. Developing a solution to the moral hazard issue associated with information sharing in emergency service situations is a time sensitive issue that needs to be done prior to the needed sharing of information. This paper illustrates the challenges and opportunities that exist with respect to information sharing between users and providers of emergency services. Based on sound principles of agency theory and structuration theory, a framework to alleviate concerns and maximize information sharing utility is presented. The understanding afforded by the framework will assist both parties to in their efforts to effectively share and yet protect information that is vital to both emergency response and information owners.
Joint optimization of anatomical and gestural parameters in a physical vocal tract model

We describe a method for adapting a physical vocal tract model's anatomical and gestural parameters using acoustic information to match a target speaker. Physical vocal tract models are hard to adjust to match a speaker, as doing so requires information which is difficult to capture, such as X-Ray or MRI information. We propose an analysis-by-synthesis approach to adjust the parameters of the VocalTractLab (VTL) physical vocal tract model, optimizing on an acoustic distance objective function. We compare our method with one which does not adjust anatomy parameters, just gestural parameters, and find that the proposed method results in a net improvement. We also test our method's ability to recreate a synthetic speaker for which the ground truth parameters are known, and find that the method can reproduce the speaker if parameters pertaining to teeth and lips are fixed.
Activation of internucleosomal DNA cleavage in human CEM lymphocytes by glucocorticoid and novobiocin. Evidence for a non-Ca2(+)-requiring mechanism(s).

Internucleosomal DNA cleavage is the key molecular event of the cytolytic phase of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. We find that novobiocin, the topoisomerase II inhibitor, is a potent inducer of in vivo internucleosomal DNA cleavage in human CEM lymphocytes. This in vivo effect is very rapid, time- and dose-dependent, requires cellular integrity, and does not require de novo protein synthesis. Recently our data (Alnemri, E. S., and Litwack, G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 4104-4111) suggested that activation of DNA cleavage in CEM-C7 lymphocytes by glucocorticoids is independent of calcium uptake. Similarly, the novobiocin effect is also independent of calcium uptake and does not occur in isolated CEM nuclei or in CEM cells treated previously with the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Internucleosomal DNA cleavage induced by novobiocin or glucocorticoid generates blunt-ended double-stranded DNA fragments possessing 3‘-hydroxyls and 5‘-phosphates. As demonstrated by gel retardation analysis and DNase I footprinting, novobiocin causes the disruption and unfolding of an in vitro reconstituted mononucleosome so that it becomes more susceptible to DNase I cleavage. Our data suggest that 1) novobiocin rapid activation of internucleosomal DNA cleavage and chromatin changes in CEM lymphocytes are molecular features of apoptosis or programmed cell death. 2) CEM lymphocytes apparently do not express a Ca2(+)-dependent endonuclease. 3) The mechanism(s) of glucocorticoid or novobiocin-induced DNA cleavage in CEM lymphocytes involves activation of a constitutive non Ca2(+)-dependent endonuclease. We propose that the majority of nuclear chromatin is maintained in a highly compact and charge-neutralized state and that disruption of this highly ordered structure, directly by novobiocin or indirectly by glucocorticoid, may lead to the exposure and unmasking of internucleosomal linker DNA regions which are substrates for a constitutive non-Ca2(+)-dependent endonuclease.
Filling is believing...

Sensation is an essential aspect of fecal continence. We aimed to correlate manovolumetric and radiologic changes at successive levels of rectal filling sensation. Combined anorectal manometry and proctography were performed in nine volunteers. Images, volumes, and pressures were analyzed at the start of the test, at 20 s before first sensation, and at first, constant, urge, and maximum tolerable sensation. Consecutive levels of rectal filling sensation were associated with progressive opening and dilation of the upper anal canal (up to 44 mm) and sliding down of the rectal contents (14 mm), which had already started before the first sensation. This coincided initially with a pressure decrease in the proximal anal canal (from 94 to 42 mm Hg). With constant sensation and particularly with urge sensation, rectal pressure increase appeared to be responsible for further proximal anal dilation. This was accompanied by a significant increase of proximal anal pressure (up to 133 mm Hg) and sharpening of the angle between the anal axis and the horizontal reference line. The proximal anal canal or its surrounding structures plays an important role in the desire-to-defecate sensation. They can be activated by a progressive buildup of rectal reservoir pressure in the presence of a competent distal anal sphincter barrier.
The Future of Dress Scholarship: Sartorial Autobiographies and the Social History of Clothing

At the 2014 Costume Society of America Annual Symposium in Baltimore, Maryland, we celebrated the Society’s 40 years of contributions to the serious study of dress. The celebration provided us with...
International Competitiveness, Tax Incentives, and a New Argument for Tax Sparing: Preventing Double Taxation by Crediting Implicit Taxes

Tax sparing occurs when a country with a worldwide tax system grants its citizens foreign tax credits for the taxes that they would have paid on income earned abroad, but that escapes taxation by virtue of foreign tax incentives. The supporters of tax sparing argue that it is a form of foreign aid, an obligation owed to developing countries, and a legitimate means of improving the competitiveness of resident investors. Tax sparing, however, has long been opposed by the United States on the grounds that it is an expensive and problematic concession to developing countries, inconsistent with basic and fundamental tax principles, and an inappropriate mechanism for improving the competitiveness of resident investors. The U.S. position appears to be carrying the day as tax sparing has been on the wane.In contrast with the emerging consensus, I offer a new argument for tax sparing. Drawing on the literature on implicit taxes, I argue that tax incentives produce implicit taxes. From the perspective of the investor, implicit taxes are as real as traditional explicit taxes. Thus, tax sparing is best viewed as extending the foreign tax credit to include implicit taxes. Accordingly, I argue that tax sparing is consistent with the notion of a single level of taxation and the foreign tax credit. I also argue that tax sparing is necessary to prevent domestic investors from being disadvantaged by foreign tax incentives. In addition, I show that such arguments support a greatly expanded form of tax sparing. Finally, I demonstrate that the tax sparing credit, as currently calculated, will usually exceed the implicit tax paid and propose an alternative method of calculating the credit that will place investors residing in countries with worldwide tax systems on par with other investors.
The Well of Loneliness, or the Gospel According to Radclyffe Hall

Abstract Radclyffe Hall's 1928 novel, The Well of Loneliness, is repeatedly described as a “bible” of lesbian literature. The novel itself repeatedly alludes to biblical stories, especially the story of Christ. Yet there has been little sustained analysis of the biblical language of the novel. Most feminist and lesbian critics have dismissed the biblical allusions and language as unfortunate and politically regressive; religious critics have ignored the novel. This essay reexamines the biblical nature of the novel, especially its portrayal of the lesbian Stephen Gordon as a Christ figure. The study further claims a creative and interventionary power in Hall's use of biblical narratives and tropes, a power traceable in public reception to the novel and in courtroom reactions to the use of spiritual language in a text about lesbianism. By writing the life of a lesbian as a kind of gospel of inversion, Hall turns a language of condemnation into a language of validation, making her use of biblical language a ...
Comparison of hard and soft copy viewing of computed radiography portable chest radiographs

Soft-copy display is emerging as a practical means of efficiently interpreting portable computed radiography exams. This study comparing the soft and hard-copy presentation of portable chest radiographs was undertaken to evaluate radiologists preference and confidence prior to implementing filmless soft-copy reading of portable chest radiographs. Seven radiologists with substantial previous experience interpreting portable chest radiographs directly compared 126 hard- and soft-copy presentations of computed radiography chest radiographs obtained over a two week period from a cardiac care unit. The radiologists first viewed the soft-copy on 1k x 1k monitors, using magnification and windowing tools when desired. Immediately following interpretation, a hard-copy produced from the same 2k data set and processed with identical parameters was reviewed and subjective comparisons recorded regarding the visibility and definition of lung pathology, soft tissues, bone detail and catheters. The use of magnification and windowing tools was recorded. The resulting data showed little perceived difference between the hard- and soft-copy images. The unmodified soft-copy images were considered equivalent for diagnostic purposes in regards to lung pathology in 78%, soft tissue 84%, bone detail 68% and catheters 76%. The hard-copy was more frequently considered better for bone detail and catheter visualization. The soft-copy was more frequently considered better for visualizing lung pathology and soft tissue structures. Changing the window settings and magnification was only occasionally helpful. The radiologists quickly became proficient using the soft-copy display and the direct comparison of images eased their concerns about the adequacy of soft-copy interpretation. This preliminary investigation found that experienced chest radiologists consider the soft-copy presentation of computed radiography chest images at least the equivalent of hard-copy for depiction of normal anatomy and pathologic features in most categories. The next step is to optimize the soft-copy display parameters for routine viewing and then for specific clinical questions.
Fiber orientation in simple injection moldings. Part I: Theory and numerical methods

This paper sets out the theory and numerical methods used to simulate filling and fiber orientation is simple injection moldings (a film-gated strip and a center-gated disk). Our simulation applies to these simple geometry problems for the flow of a generalized Newtonian fluid where the velocities can be solved independently of fiber orientation. This simplification is valid when the orientation is so flat that the fibers do not contribute to the gapwise shear stresses. A finite difference solution calculates the temperature and velocity fields along the flow direction and through the thickness of the part, and fiber orientation is then integrated numerically along pathlines. Fiber orientation is three-dimensional, using a second-rank tensor representation of the orientation distribution function. The assumptions used to develop the simulation are not valid near the flow front, where the recirculating fountain flow complicates the problem. We present a numerrical scheme that includes the effect of the fountain flow on temperature and fiber orientation near the flow front. The simulation predicts that the orientation will vary through the thickness of the part, causing the molding to appear layered. The outer “skin” layer is predicted only if the effects of the fountain flow and heat transfer are included in the simulation.
Richard Scheringer, the KPD and the Politics of Class and Nation in Germany, 1922–1969

This article examines the life and times of Richard Scheringer, an army officer and supporter of Adolf Hitler who became famous during the early 1930s for his high-profile conversion to communism. Known in the closing years of the Weimar Republic as a point-man for Communist efforts to win support from the radical right, Scheringer survived the Third Reich to become a leading figure in the postwar Communist Party. His well-documented but little-studied career, bridging critical caesurae of modern Germany history, highlights the unique political constellation of the interwar period, demonstrating fundamental continuities in the relationship of German communism to the nation before and after 1945.
THE CLIMATE OF CHINA ACCORDING TO THE NEW THORNTHWAITE CLASSIFICATION

N this paper climatic maps of China proper and Manchuria according to the Thornthwaite 1948 classification', are presented and discussed. The maps were prepared originally on a scale of 1 to 5 million under the direction of Dr. C. W. Thornthwaite at the Laboratory of Climatology, The Johns Hopkins University. Altogether, data of 285 climatic stations were used (Fig. 1). Thornthwaite recognized that the moisture condition of a place cannot be determined by measuring the precipitation alone; that it must be gauged by comparing the precipitation with the potential evapotranspiration. He also derived an empirical formula for computing the potential evapotranspiration as a function of temperature and latitude. Out of this idea and kindred ones Thornthwaite developed a climatic classification. The procedures of computing the potential evapotranspiration and the details of his classification will not be discussed here, since the reader may refer to his original paper. In presenting the climatic conditions Thornthwaite forsakes the attempt to depict them on one map. Instead he gives four maps: annual potential evapotranspiration, moisture index, seasonal variation of effective moisture, and summer concentration of thermal efficiency.
A Statistical Approach to the TSP

Supported in part by the U.S. Department of Transportation under contract DOT-TSC-1058, Transportation Advanced Research Program (TARP).
Prevalence of Hypertension among the Elderly in an Urban Community

The results of a hypertension screening project conducted in senior citizen agencies in Manhattan are presented. The prevalence of hypertension among elderly females tended to conform to the data of the Nation Health Surgery of 1960-62, but the prevalence among elderly males was much higher than in the National Survey. The prevalence of hypertension varied inversely with the educational level. Various implications for future medical evaluations of the elderly are discussed, based on the clinical and social data obtained.
Effect of protein intake and dialysis on the abnormal growth hormone, glucose, and insulin homeostasis in uremia

Abstract To evaluate the role of protein intake in the altered growth hormone (GH) secretion of chronic renal failure, GH responses to mild exercise and to an oral glucose tolerance test were measured in ten uremic patients ingesting both low and normal protein diets. To delineate the effect of uremia on any interaction between GH and protein intake, tests were performed before dialysis, after daily dialyses for 3–4 days and after withholding dialysis for 3–4 days. Results were as follows: (1) exercise-stimulated GH release was increased compared to controls; (2) protein intake did not alter GH secretion, (3) basal GH concentrations were significantly correlated with creatinine levels and were significantly lower after dialysis, (4) dialysis did not improve the oral glucose tolerance test, (5) there was no correlation between glucose tolerance and exercise-stimulated GH levels, basal GH concentrations, or the sum of GH values after glucose, and (6) dialysis significantly increased the insulin response to glucose. Conclusions: In chronic renal failure enhanced GH secretion is not affected by protein intake, does not cause glucose intolerance, and may be related to the degree of uremia. Dialysis does not improve glucose tolerance but does increase glucose-stimulated insulin release suggesting that insulin antagonism is not ameliorated.
Timing vulnerability factors of sequential elements in modern microprocessors

An efficient and novel technique for computing timing vulnerability factors (TVF) in modern complex synchronous designs is introduced, where all key inputs are based on static timing data readily available in most design databases. The benefits of TVF for modern microprocessors and strategies to reduce TVF, and hence the overall soft error rate (SER), are presented.