cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Experiential Legal Education: A Response to Professor Yackee

In his recent article, my colleague Jason Yackee offers some interesting data on comparative rates of law-related job placement for graduates of the top 100 U.S. law schools. In the end, his analysis in part reaches the entirely unsurprising conclusion that higher-ranked law schools are more successful at placing their graduates in full-time law-related jobs than are lower-ranked schools. More interestingly, and less obviously, his data also suggest that schools that offer more experiential learning opportunities do not have any greater success in placing their students in full-time law-related jobs than do schools with fewer clinical offerings. From this, he queries whether clinical legal education is worth the expense and opportunity costs that it represents to law schools. In this response I focus on two important but largely overlooked questions that Yackee's data analysis (if correct) raises. First, I address the fundamental question Yackee's paper raises implicitly "what significance should attach to any disconnect that may exist between clinical opportunities and hiring rates?" My answer is that hiring rates shouldn't affect curricular design in the way Yackee suggests. Simply put, the primary objective underlying the move toward clinical education, and the reason the American Bar Association (ABA) has increasingly demanded more attention to a skills-based curriculum and practice-ready graduates, is not to improve the hiring rates for law school graduates. Rather, the rationale for clinical education is much more about effective pedagogy for adult learners (both about substance and skills) and the need to create effective lawyers, not just as beginning attorneys, but as life-long learners and reflective practitioners. Second, again assuming that Yackee is correct about the hiring disconnect, the real question is why aren't employers influenced by clinical education when (a) they vocally demand practice-ready lawyers and (b) it is so pedagogically valuable? I suggest that the problem does not reflect a lack of interest by employers in experientially trained and practice-ready graduates (and hence in clinics), but rather inadequacy in the hiring metrics and heuristics that are currently available to employers, and indeed a desire by private law firms for a broader range of clinical offerings (not fewer clinics).
Pelvic Incidence Is Influenced by Pelvic Rotation in Plain Radiographs

Purpose: Pelvic incidence (PI) is an important spinopelvic parameter that is a major determinant in spine and hip pathology. PI is ideally measured using a lateral radiograph, and the midpoint of the two femoral heads is commonly used as an approximation when the view is slightly rotated. The accuracy of using this approximation has not been rigorously studied and is important to better understand as the understanding of PI continues to grow. Methods: This was a descriptive laboratory study utilizing the Haman-Todd cadaveric research collection. Fluoroscopic …
Capture and Release of Orthophosphate by Fe-Modified Biochars: Mechanisms and Environmental Applications

Biochars have been suggested to have P capture potential from effluent streams and to recycle the captured P to agricultural soils. However, most biochars have low P sorption capacity. The objectiv...
Modeling the feedbacks between surface ablation and morphological variations on debris-covered Baltoro Glacier in the central Karakoram

Abstract Recent studies show that many debris-covered glaciers exhibit high-magnitude differential thinning despite the presence of supraglacial debris. Existing studies have not adequately explored the variability in surface ablation, morphology, and related feedback mechanisms that incorporate topographically controlled surface irradiance and debris transport. In this study, we address these issues using a radiation-driven surface ablation model that more fully characterizes ablation dynamics by accounting for temporally-linked radiative forcing, surface geomorphological evolution and gravitational debris flux. Simulation results based on Baltoro Glacier in the central Karakoram indicate the following: 1) A debris-covered glacier can exhibit high spatial variability in surface ablation due to heterogeneous debris thickness and debris transport. A bare-ice glacier given similar initial conditions, has higher overall ablation but exhibits much less variability. 2) The topographic influence on surface ablation is non-negligible because glacier-surface topography controls irradiance and gravitational debris flux. The overall ablation on a debris-covered glacier tends to increase in response to high-frequency topographic variations due to the larger area with thin debris cover. In contrast, a bare-ice glacier exhibits decreased overall ablation in response to high-frequency topographic variations due to its high sensitivity to topographic shading. 3) Gravity-driven surface debris flux plays an important role in local debris thickness redistribution, which regulates ablation rates over the ablation season. 4) Surface ablation dynamics on a debris-covered glacier is regulated by active system couplings and feedbacks between surface morphology, melt and debris transport. Consequently, certain locations on a debris-covered glacier may be more sensitive to radiative forcing than previously thought. Simulation results suggest that nonlinear feedback responses may permit debris-covered glacier subsystems to be very sensitive to radiative forcing, thereby causing significant morphological changes to the glacier surface.
Sovereign wealth funds: A potential solution to market failure and government failure

Sovereign wealth funds have gained popularity amongst both national and subnational governments. These funds have a useful role even in those countries lacking abundant natural resources, as they can address several significant failures of both private markets and governments. First, well‐structured funds may be able to address chronic under‐saving in the marketplace. Second, they can overcome certain imperfect knowledge and incentive problems found in government. The current record of accomplishment of sovereign wealth funds shows that they are capable of producing strong returns, comparable to those in the private sector. However, these funds pose potential problems that should be analysed and considered.
Direct oral anticoagulants decrease treatment failure for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

ObjectiveOptimal medical therapy for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains an enigma. While clinical trials demonstrate non-inferiority with an oral anti-Xa inhibitor, or direc...
Coexistence of Centralized and Decentralized Markets

In this paper, I introduce a profit-maximizing centralized marketplace into a decentralized market with search frictions. Agents choose between the centralized marketplace and the decentralized bilateral trade. I characterize the optimal marketplace in this market choice game using a mechanism design approach. In the unique equilibrium, the centralized marketplace and the decentralized trade coexist. The profit of the marketplace decreases as the search frictions in the decentralized market are reduced. However, it is always higher than the half of the profit when the frictions are prohibitively high for decentralized trade. I also show that the ratio of the reduction in the profit depends only on the degree of search frictions and not on the distribution of valuations. The thickness of the centralized marketplace does not depend on the search frictions. I derive conditions under which, this equilibrium results in higher welfare than either institution on its own.
Self-Organizing Social Behavior Occasioned By Low-Cost Communication Technology: The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004

Recent advances in information and communication technology have facilitated revolutionary change in the publishing technology available to individuals. Ubiquitous and low-cost access to the Internet has provided a means for a new type of news intermediary to emerge: citizen journalism using freely available weblog technology. A case study of the emergence of a self-organizing social entity - a dynamic virtual news network - following the 2004 South Asian tsunami is examined. An overview history of social thought on self-organizing social behavior is presented, along with a short economic history of three revolutionary communication technologies: movable-type printing, telegraphy and the Internet. Areas for further research are suggested.
The Variability of Water Maser Emission Associated with Long Period Variable Stars

Since March 1988 we have monitored the 22.2 GHz H 2 0 maser line of 12 long period variable stars (LPV) with the 37 m telescope at the Haystack Observatory. We include the two Carbon stars V778 Cyg and EU And. The maser flux from V778 Cyg has varied by at least a factor of 5 from its detection level of 1.9 Jy on 1987 March with a possible period of a year. Figure 1 plots the 22GHz flux as a function of Julian date. We do not yet know whether the period will repeat. V778 Cyg also has shown variations in the intensity (by a factor of - 2) on a time scale as short as 15 hours. The water maser flux from EU And has decreased from its detection value of 8 Jy in 1986 November staying relatively weak at the 2-3 Jy level during the last year. We interpret both V778 Cyg and EU And as binaries, each with an M star component with a thick circumstellar shell and a C star component. The C star is brighter in the visual region where the system is classified whereas the M star is brighter at wavelengths > 5 μm. The circumstellar shell is the source of the strong silicate emission seen in the IRAS LRS spectra and of the water maser emission.
ISO 9001 implementation and associated manufacturing and marketing practices in the olive oil industry in southern Spain.

This article examines 1) the factors that condition the implementation of Quality Management Systems (QMS) meeting the requirements of ISO 9001 in the olive oil industry of Andalusia, the world-leading olive oil producing region in southern Spain; and 2) whether the implementation of ISO 9001 is associated with the use of better manufacturing and marketing practices by these industries. The study is based on a survey of 101 olive oil enterprises. As conditioning factors, the managerial and supervisory staff of ISO 9001 enterprises tend to be younger and more dynamic, highly educated and more in touch with new, high-quality sources of information, more willing to take risks, less focused on economic profit, and more oriented to selling olive oil further and faster. Good manufacturing practices are, in general, widespread in the Andalusian olive oil industry. Regarding marketing practices, ISO 9001 industries are more reliant on the use of ICTs and on the diversification of the type of olive oil sold. The policy implications of the work carried out are diverse if a wider implementation of ISO 9001 and better practices are the aim: fostering rejuvenation and formal education; training and information programmes based on successful ISO 9001 enterprises; proving the economic viability of ISO 9001; improving access to credit; and developing innovative marketing strategies.
Gender differences in appraisal of stress and coping 5 years after heart transplantation

Abstract Objectives We examined whether gender differences exist regarding stress, symptom distress, coping, adherence, and social support 5 years after heart transplantation. Background Differences exist in health-related quality of life outcomes by gender after heart transplantation; women report poorer outcomes. Methods Patients ( n = 210, female = 42), were from a prospective, multi-site, study of health-related quality of life long-term after heart transplantation. Patients completed self-report instruments 5 years after heart transplantation (mean = 4.98 ± 0.17 years after transplant). Statistical analyses included two-sample t -tests, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and multivariable modeling. Results Women did not report more overall stress or symptom distress, but reported more difficulty adhering to the transplant regimen, yet more actual adherence than men. Women reported using more negative coping styles, but reported more satisfaction with social support. Conclusions Gender differences exist regarding appraisal of stress, coping styles, and coping resources long-term after heart transplantation. These differences may guide tailoring therapy regarding stress, poor coping, and lack of resources.
Rotating black hole orbit functionals in the frequency domain

In many astrophysical problems, it is important to understand the behavior of functions that come from rotating (Kerr) black hole orbits. It can be particularly useful to work with the frequency domain representation of those functions, in order to bring out their harmonic dependence upon the fundamental orbital frequencies of Kerr black holes. Although, as has recently been shown by Schmidt, such a frequency domain representation must exist, the coupled nature of a black hole orbit's r and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ motions makes it difficult to construct such a representation in practice. Combining Schmidt's description with a clever choice of timelike coordinate suggested by Mino, we have developed a simple procedure that sidesteps this difficulty. One first Fourier expands all quantities using Mino's time parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}.$ In particular, the observer's time t is decomposed with $\ensuremath{\lambda}.$ The frequency domain description is then built from the \ensuremath{\lambda}-Fourier expansion and the expansion of t. We have found this procedure to be quite simple to implement, and to be applicable to a wide class of functionals. We test the procedure using a simple test function, and then apply it to a particularly interesting case, the Weyl curvature scalar ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{4}$ used in black hole perturbation theory.
A Computer-Aided Approach for Teaching and Learning Physical Distribution Service Concepts

This article discusses an approach for teaching concepts related to physical distribution service based on an interactive computer program. The computer program, which is written for the IBM PC and available free from the authors, is based on an extended economic order quantity formulation that considers the impact on customer costs of inconsistent distribution service, as measured by the supplier's order cycle time and its variability. The article provides a set of teaching examples that demonstrate the value of consistent physical distribution service to both customers and suppliers, then discusses how the program can be used for student assignments, class discussion, or both to improve student understanding of physical distribution service.
Analysis of spatial beamlike lattices with rigid joints

Abstract Micropolar beam models are developed for the static, free vibration and buckling analysis of repetitive spatial beamlike lattices with rigid joints. The micropolar beam models have independent microrotation and displacement fields and are characterized by their strain energy, potential energy due to initial stresses and kinetic energy from which the governing differential equations and boundary conditions can be derived. The procedure for developing the expression for the strain energy of the micropolar beam involves introducing basic assumptions regarding the variation of the displacement and microrotation components in the plane of the cross-section, and obtaining effective elastic coefficients of the continuum in terms of the material properties and geometry of the original lattice structure. The high accuracy of the solutions obtained by the micropolar beam models is demonstrated by means of numerical examples for vierendeel and double-laced lattice girders with triangular cross-sections.
Biogeochemistry of nonylphenol ethoxylates in urban estuarine sediments.

We have examined the concentrations and distributions of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) surfactants and their primary neutral metabolites in two dated sediment cores collected in 1988 and 1996 from a depositional area proximal to a wastewater treatment plant within Jamaica Bay, NY. Total NPEO concentrations ranged from >50 μg/g near the surface (4−6 cm, deposited ca. 1990) to below detection limits (<0.1 μg/g) at 50 cm depth (deposited ca. 1940). The general decrease in NPEO concentrations with increasing depth in sediment reflected increased commercial use of these compounds over the last 50 yr. NPEO ethoxymer distributions in recent sediments were dominated by NP(0−3)EO, consistent with the increased relative input of these particular ethoxymers to the estuary following the upgrade of local biological sewage treatment processes to full activated sludge in the late 1970s. NPEO ethoxymer profiles in deeper sediments were characterized by relatively higher proportions of unmetabolized, highly ethoxylated NP...
Speciation of aqueous chromium by use of solid-phase extractions in the field.

Here the fate and mobility of chromium in an organic-rich wetland area was studied through a field investigation in which chromium speciation in aqueous samples was estimated by use of solid-phase ...
An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set

A Monte Carlo evaluation of 30 procedures for determining the number of clusters was conducted on artificial data sets which contained either 2, 3, 4, or 5 distinct nonoverlapping clusters. To provide a variety of clustering solutions, the data sets were analyzed by four hierarchical clustering methods. External criterion measures indicated excellent recovery of the true cluster structure by the methods at the correct hierarchy level. Thus, the clustering present in the data was quite strong. The simulation results for the stopping rules revealed a wide range in their ability to determine the correct number of clusters in the data. Several procedures worked fairly well, whereas others performed rather poorly. Thus, the latter group of rules would appear to have little validity, particularly for data sets containing distinct clusters. Applied researchers are urged to select one or more of the better criteria. However, users are cautioned that the performance of some of the criteria may be data dependent.
Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of blood flow in digitized vessel networks

Efficient flow of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) through the microcirculation is necessary for oxygen and nutrient delivery as well as immune cell function. Because blood is a dense particulate suspension, consisting of 40% RBCs by volume, it is difficult to analyze the physical mechanisms by which individual blood cells contribute to the bulk flow properties of blood. Both experimental and computational approaches are hindered by these non-Newtonian properties, and predicting macroscopic blood flow characteristics such as viscosity has historically been an empirical process. In order to examine the effect of the individual cells on macroscopic blood rheology, we developed a lattice-Boltzmann model that considers the blood as a suspension of particles in plasma, accounting explicitly for cell-cell and cell-wall interactions. Previous studies have concluded that the abundance of leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is due to the interactions between red blood cells and leukocytes as they enter postcapillary expansions. Similar fluid dynamics may be involved in the initiation of rolling at branch points, a phenomenon linked to atherosclerosis. The lattice-Boltzmann approach is used to analyze the interactions of red and white blood cells as they flow through vascular networks digitized from normal and tumor tissue. A major advantage of the lattice-Boltzmann method is the ability to simulate particulate flow dynamically and in any geometry. Using this approach, we can accurately determine RBC-WBC forces, particle trajectories, the pressure changes in each segment that accompany cellular traffic in the network, and the forces felt by the vessel wall at any location. In this technique, intravital imaging using vascular contrast agents produces the network outline that is fed to the lattice-Boltzmann model. This powerful and flexible model can be used to predict blood flow properties in any vessel geometry and with any blood composition.
Degradation of origin recognition complex large subunit by the anaphase-promoting complex in Drosophila

The initiation of DNA synthesis is thought to occur at sites bound by a heteromeric origin recognition complex (ORC). Previously, we have shown that in Drosophila, the level of the large subunit, ORC1, is modulated during cell cycle progression and that changes in ORC1 concentration alter origin utilization during development. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying cell cycle-dependent degradation of ORC1. We show that signals in the non-conserved N-terminal domain of ORC1 mediate its degradation upon exit from mitosis and in G1 phase by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in vivo. Degradation appears to be the result of direct action of the APC, as the N-terminal domain is ubiquitylated by purified APC in vitro. This regulated proteolysis is potent, sufficient to generate a normal temporal distribution of protein even when transcription of ORC1 is driven by strong constitutive promoters. These observations suggest that in Drosophila, ORC1 regulates origin utilization much as does Cdc6 in budding yeast.
In vitro synthesis of a mutagenic azide metabolite by cell-free bacterial extracts

Abstract Cell-free extracts of Salmonella typhimurium synthesize a mutagenic azide metabolite from sodium azide and O -acetylserine. S. typhimurium mutant DW379 ( O -acetylserine sulfhydrylase-deficient) extracts were neither able to carry out this reaction nor produce the mutagenic azide metabolite in vivo. The in vitro reaction was inhibited by sulfide but not by l -cysteine. The catalytic activity responsible for the mutagenic metabolite synthesis was stable to brief heating up to 55°C and had a pH optimum between 7–7.4. These results suggest that the enzyme O -acetylserine sulfhydrylase catalyzes the reaction of azide with O -acetylserine to form a mutagenic azide metabolite.
Goffman Against Postmodernism: Emotion and the Reality of the Self

Goffman has been read as arguing that selves are no more than images created in conformity with situational expectations. I read Goffman as saying that the reality of selfhood is not an image, but a psychobiological proces shaped by signs and symbols. Seen in this way, the reality of the self is evident, as Goffman suggested, not in conformity but in moments of feeling, resistance, and choice. Drawing out what is implicit in Goffman, this article proposes that all forms of signifying behavior, including self-presentations, are means to sustain the coherence of the self. For this to work, however, people must, as Goffman pointed out, trust each other to respect the rules governing signifying behavior and must care about the feelings attached to selves. The article argues that the inequalities of so-called postmodern society are undermining the trust and care on which the interaction order and coherent selfhood depend. Goffman's ideas about the self are used to develop an optimistic critique of the conditions that have produced these pernicious trends.
Analytical Issues in Demand Analysis for Outdoor Recreation

T HE current session at this meeting is concerned with analytical and policy issues in the demand for outdoor recreation. That there is reason to view economic analysis as separate from economic policy has been most eloquently discussed by Stigler [10]. Essentially, Stigler argues that in the absence of a formal theory of state action, and the possibility that the available economic theory can be used to derive quite different policy conclusions, reliance on empirical studies is necessary for policy guidance. The increasing possibilities for quantification of economic variables are very helpful in this respect and, according to Stigler, place economics "at the threshold of its golden age." It should be noted that Stigler's view is quite consistent in this respect with the way in which Marshall viewed the "New Economics" in 1897 [7]. The current interest in analytical issues of evaluating the demand for outdoor recreation stems both from the need for policy guidance in this important area of resource allocation and from the recent quantitative work in estimating demand functions for outdoor recreational services. In our discussion, we would like to do the following: First, we want to address ourselves to a set of arguments which challenge fundamentally the idea of quantifying the demand for outdoor recreation. Second, we want to direct attention to some areas in which additional work appears to be necessary, if the general framework of economic analysis is accepted. We want to raise some analytical issues which appear to be very relevant from a policy viewpoint. Some available empirical results will be presented in this context.
The complexity of the word problems for commutative semigroups and polynomial ideals

Abstract Any decision procedure for the word problems for commutative semigroups and polynomial deals inherently requires computational storage space growing exponentially with the size of the problem instance to which the procedure is applied. This bound is achieved by a simple procedure for the semigroup problem.
Hexahistidine-tag-specific optical probes for analyses of proteins and their interactions.

Abstract The hexahistidine (His 6 )/nickel(II)–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni 2+ –NTA) system is widely used for affinity purification of recombinant proteins. The NTA group has many other applications, including the attachment of chromophores, fluorophores, or nanogold to His 6 proteins. Here we explore several applications of the NTA derivative, (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3. This molecule binds our two model His 6 proteins, N -ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and O 6 -alklyguanine–DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), with moderate affinity ( K ∼ 1.5 × 10 6 M −1 ) and no effect on their activity. Its high specificity makes (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3 ideal for detecting His 6 proteins in complex mixtures of other proteins, allowing (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3 to be used as a probe in crude cell extracts and as a His 6 -specific gel stain. (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3 binding is reversible in 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or 500 mM imidazole, but in their absence it exchanges slowly ( k exchange ∼ 5 × 10 −6 s −1 with 0.2 μM labeled protein in the presence of 1 μM His 6 peptide). Labeling with (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3 allows characterization of hydrodynamic properties by fluorescence anisotropy or analytical ultracentrifugation under conditions that prevent direct detection of protein (e.g., high ADP absorbance). In addition, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between (Ni 2+ –NTA) 2 –Cy3-labeled proteins and suitable donors/acceptors provides a convenient assay for binding interactions and for measurements of donor–acceptor distances.
A bipartite Ramsey number

We compute the 3-color bipartite Ramsey number ofC 4. This entails a construction which uses the incidence graph of a hypergraph based onK 4.
Optimal Estimation of Nonlinear State Nonlinear Observation Systems

The concept of this work is that research on nonlinear modeling and estimation in a stochastic framework brings with it the study of the orthogonality structure of the probability densities involved. The connection is made by means of a probabilistic quantity, called the theta function, which under fairly broad integrability conditions defines the class of factorable random processes. These processes play a central role in the derivation of a recursive estimation scheme which is mathematically optimal and computationally attractive. The theory of factorable processes is simpler and its relevance to estimation practice is more direct than that of other sophisticated nonlinear approaches, such as martingales and Lie algebras.
Chronic Disease Burden and the Interaction of Education, Fertility, and Growth.

Abstract This study considers the eradication of hookworm disease from the American South (circa 1910) as a test of the quantity-quality (Q-Q) framework of fertility. Eradication was principally a shock to the price of quality because of three factors: hookworm (i) depresses the return to human capital investment, (ii) had a very low case-fatality rate, and (iii) had negligible prevalence among adults. Consistent with the Q-Q model, we find a significant decline in fertility associated with eradication.
Cultured epidermal autografts

Abstract In the early 1950s Billingham and Reynolds 1 demonstrated that epidermal sheets and epidermal cell suspensions obtained after trypsinization could be used to cover superficial wounds in experimental animals. Subsequent experiments in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Karasek. 2 Karasek and Charlton, 3 Freeman and co-workers, 4 and Igel et al. 5 proposed that epidermal cells grown in tissue culture could feasibly be transplanted onto wounds and that such cells would continue to grow and differentiate in vivo . In the late 1970s, Rheinwald and Green 6 and Green et al. 7 developed a system of culturing difficult-to-grow keratinocytes on lethally irradiated fibroblasts derived from a well-known mouse line (3T3). This technique for growing keratinocytes in culture made it possible to successfully grow and expand relatively small numbers of these cells into multilayered epithelium suitable for grafting. Growing keratinocytes in the absence of feeder layers, collagen substrates, or adhesive glycoproteins was achieved in 1979 by Eisinger and colleagues. 8 Keratinocytes could be grown into differentiated multilayered epidermal sheets provided that the pH of the culture medium was decreased (≅ 5.6) and the seeding density was optimal (2.5 × 10 5 cells/cm 2 ). In 1980, Eisinger et al. 9 demonstrated that cultured epidermal autografts could be used to cover deep partial-thickness wounds on dogs, pigs, and mice. Although it has been demonstrated that cultured epidermal autografts can be successfully transplanted onto partial-thickness wounds, there is very little, if any, objective data evaluating their potential effect on the healing process. This study was undertaken to evaluate objectively and to compare (1) the effect of epidermal autografts (grown on 3T3 feeder layers or on plastic) and wound occlusion on the healing of controlled partial-thickness wounds and (2) the effect of epidermal autografts. a collagen matrix (with or without keratinocytes), and occlusion alone on the healing and contraction of full-thickness wounds in swine.
Computer study of the effects of small nonlinearities in the arterial system

Hybrid computer simulation of small nonlinearities effects in human arterial system, using perturbation techniques
B16 melanoma variants selected by one or more cycles of spontaneous metastasis to the same organ fail to exhibit organ specificity.

Metastatic clones of the mouse B16 melanoma spontaneously disseminate from subcutaneous tumors throughout the body in two stages, initially to the lungs and secondarily from established lung metastases to systemic sites. From the heterogeneous ‘parent’ B16 melanoma cell line and from two representative clones, G3.5 and G3.12, cell populations were selected after one or more cycles of tumor growth or metastasis to a particular site, to determine whether metastatic variants with greater organ preference or specificity could be generated. Variants with enhanced secondary metastatic activity were obtained only from G3.12 tumor-disseminated metastases growing in the lungs or in systemic organs. Regardless of the organ of selection or the number of selection cycles, all variants exhibited an overall increase in secondary metastasis incidence and burden in the brain, adrenals, kidneys and ovaries, but no organ preference or specificity was obtained. Populations that grew especially well in the brain, ovaries or liver following intravascular injection were either non-metastatic or exhibited no organ preference during spontaneous metastasis. The increased secondary metastatic activity of G3.12 variants was apparently not due to either longer host survival or to tumor-disseminated cells bypassing the lungs, but may result from enhanced growth potential or greater secondary dissemination capability imparted during growth as lung metastases.
Hydrogen Impurity Effects. A5Tt3 Intermetallic Compounds between A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu and Tt=Si, Ge, Sn with Cr5B3-like Structures that are Stable Both as Binary and as Ternary Hydride and Fluoride Phases

Abstract All of the binary systems Ca, Sr, Ba, or Eu (A) with Tt (tetrel)=Si or Ge as well as Sr–Sn form both binary Cr5B3-type A5Tt3 phases and the corresponding ternary hydrides with stuffed Cr5B3- (Ca5Sn3F-) type structures. All of those tested, Ca–Si, Ba–Si, Ca–Ge, also yield the isotypic A5Tt3Fx phases. The tetragonal structures of Ca5Si3, Ca5Si3F0.42, Sr5Si3, Eu5Si3Hx, Ca5Ge3, Ca5Ge3Hx, Ca5Ge3F0.66(I4/mcm, No. 140) and of Ba5Si3F0.16 (P4/ncc, Ba5Si3-type) were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The interstitial H, F atoms are bound in a constricted tetrahedral (A2+)4 cavity in the Cr5B3-type heavy atom structure, which can be described ideally as (A2+)5(Tt2)6−(Tt)4−. Many of 14 previous reports of the phases reported here were apparently hydrides according to lattice constant differences or, for Sr5Si3, the fractional coordinates of Sr2 about the tetrahedral site. An articulated model is developed that allows description of the relationship between the dimensions of the tetrahedral interstitial site and the cation cavity about Tt2 and for some matrix effects in this structure type. The model suggests limitations on the stability of these binary A5Tt3 compounds for the heavier tetrels, as observed. The resistivities of Ca5Ge3 and Ca5Ge3Hx are both characteristic of poor metals, and Pauli-like magnetic susceptibilities are exhibited by Ca5Ge3, Ca5Ge3Hx, Ca5Ge3F0.66, Sr5Ge3, and Sr5Sn3. The characteristic ideal Tt6−2 dimers are evidently not realistic descriptions for these phases; rather at least some of the π*4 electrons in the dimers are delocalized in a conduction band. This effect appears to be greater in two europium salts. Bond lengths of dimers in the Ca–Si and Ca–Ge families appear to shorten slightly in three instances of their oxidation to form the hydride or the fluoride, as might be expected.
An epidemic Burkholderia cepacia complex strain identified in soil

Summary Life threatening infection with species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex frequently occurs as a result of cross infection among individuals with cystic fibrosis. Stringent infection control measures have decreased but not eliminated such infection in this vulnerable population, implying that non-patient reservoirs contribute to ongoing acquisition. However, strains common to both the natural environment and patients with cystic fibrosis have not yet been described. By use of various genotyping methods, we have identified from agricultural soil the B cepacia genomovar III strain that is most frequently recovered from cystic fibrosis patients in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. This finding indicates that human pathogenic strains are not necessarily distinct from environmental strains, and might help explain ongoing human acquisition despite strict infection control measures.
Keratitis due to mycobacterium chelonei

A case of ulcerative keratitis has been followed by ophthalmological, bacteriological and histopathological examinations. Mycobacterium chelonei has been repeatedly isolated from the lesion before and after surgical interventions.
Deprivatizing Islamic law: an argument for judicial interpretation of shari'a in American courts

The expansion of private Islamic arbitration services in the United States has provoked opposition from an anti-shari'a movement that is actively seeking legislative reforms and state constitutional amendments to curb what it describes as a “stealth jihad” aimed at Islamizing the American legal system. This article challenges the anti-sharia movement’s narrative and proposes an alternative explanation for the rise of Islamic arbitration as an inevitable by-product of the overall trend toward privatization of law – a process in which courts are outsourcing traditional state functions of dispute resolution to extra-judicial forums that lack the procedural and constitutional safeguards available in ordinary courts. Arguing against proposals for bans on judicial enforcement of shari'a, I argue that courts should take opportunities to deprivatize Islamic law by interpreting and regulating it. Contrary to claims that secular courts are neither competent nor constitutionally authorized to interpret religious law...
The Torturer's Dilemma: A Theoretical Analysis of the Societal Consequences of Torturing Terrorist Suspects

Terrorism today is one of the main threats to Western civilization. Almost as dire a threat is the fight against terrorism itself. A broad spectrum of antiterrorism measures may significantly change the nature of society by destroying those forms of cooperative activity that underlie Western culture. This threat becomes obvious with an analysis of mathematical models of human moral behavior.
Molecular diversity of the repolarizing voltage-gated K+ currents in mouse atrial cells.

1 Voltage-clamp studies on atrial myocytes isolated from adult and postnatal day 15 (P15) C57BL6 mice demonstrate the presence of three kinetically distinct Ca2+-independent, depolarization-activated outward K+ currents: a fast, transient outward current (Ito,f), a rapidly activating, slowly inactivating current (IK,s) and a non-inactivating, steady-state current (Iss). The time- and voltage-dependent properties of Ito,f, IK,s and Iss in adult and P15 atrial cells are indistinguishable. 2 Pharmacological experiments reveal the presence of two components of IK,s: one that is blocked selectively by 50 μM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and a 4-AP-insensitive component that is blocked by 25 mM TEA; Iss is also partially attenuated by 25 mM TEA. There are also two components of IK,s recovery from steady-state inactivation. 3 To explore the molecular correlates of mouse atrial IK,s and Iss, whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from P15 and adult atrial cells isolated from transgenic mice expressing a mutant Kv2.1 α subunit (Kv2.1N216Flag) that functions as a dominant negative, and from P15 atrial myocytes exposed to (1 μM) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AsODNs) targeted against Kv1.5 or Kv2.1. 4 Peak outward K+ current densities are attenuated significantly in atrial myocytes isolated from P15 and adult Kv2.1N216Flag-expressing animals and in P15 cells exposed to AsODNs targeted against either Kv1.5 or Kv2.1. 5 Analysis of the decay phases of the outward currents evoked during long (5 s) depolarizing voltage steps revealed that IK,s is selectively attenuated in cells exposed to the Kv1.5 AsODN, whereas both IK,s and Iss are attenuated in the presence of the Kv2.1 AsODN. 6 In P15 and adult Kv2.1N216Flag-expressing atrial cells, mean ± s.e.m. IK,s and Iss densities are also significantly lower than in non-transgenic atrial cells. In addition, pharmacological experiments reveal that the TEA-sensitive component IK,s is selectively eliminated in P15 and adult Kv2.1N216Flag-expressing atrial cells. 7 Taken together, the results presented here reveal that both Kv1.5 and Kv2.1 contribute to mouse atrial IK,s, consistent with the presence of two molecularly distinct components of IK,s. In addition, Kv2.1 contributes to mouse atrial Iss.
The Wallman compactification as a functor

Abstract A space is a T1 topological space, and a w-extension of a map is an extension of it to a map between the Wallman compactifications of its domain and codomain. A map f:X→Y is a WO -map if when v is a finite open cover of Y then there is a finite open cover μ of X such that for each W ϵ μ there is a V ϵ v with clf[A] ⊂ V whenever A ⊂ X and clA ⊂ W. It is shown that every WO -map has a unique w-extension and the w-extension is a WO -map; thus the Wallman compactification is an epireflection from the category of spaces and WO -maps to the category of compact spaces and WO -maps. Other classes of maps are discussed and examples are given showing their relationship. It is shown that the Wallman compactification is a universal object of appropriate type with respect to the class W of maps that have a (not necessarily unique) w-extension.
On upper bounds for positive solutions of semilinear equations

Suppose that E is a bounded domain of class C2,λ in Rd and L is a uniformly elliptic operator in E. The set U of all positive solutions of the equation Lu=ψ(u) in E was investigated by a number of authors for various classes of functions ψ. In Dynkin and Kuznetsov (Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 51 (1998) 897) we defined, for every Borel subset Γ of ∂E, two such solutions uΓ⩽wΓ. We also introduced a class of solutions uν in 1–1 correspondence with a certain class N0 of σ-finite measures ν on ∂E. With every u∈U we associated a pair (Γ,ν) where Γ is a Borel subset of ∂E and ν∈N0. We called this pair the fine boundary trace of u and we denoted in tr(u). Let u⊕v stand for the maximal solution dominated by u+v. We say that u belongs to the class EL,ψ if the condition tr(u)=(Γ,ν) implies that u⩽wΓ⊕uν and we say that u belongs to EL,ψ∗ if the condition tr(u)=(Γ,ν) implies that u⩾uΓ⊕uν. It was proved in Dynkin and Kuznetsov (1998) that, under minimal assumptions on L and ψ, the class EL,ψ∗ contains all bounded domains. It follows from results of Mselati (These de Doctorat de l'Universite Paris 6, 2002; C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. I 332 (2002); Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. (2003), to appear), that all E of the class C4 belong to EΔ,ψ where Δ is the Laplacian and ψ(u)=u2. [Mselati proved that, in his case, uΓ=wΓ and therefore the condition tr(u)=(Γ,ν) implies u=uΓ⊕uν=wΓ⊕uν.] By modifying Mselati's arguments, we extend his result to ψ(u)=uα with 1<α⩽2 and all bounded domains of class C2,λ. We start from proving a general localization theorem: E∈EL,ψ under broad assumptions on L, ψ if, for every y∈∂E there exists a domain E′∈EL,ψ such that E′⊂E and ∂E∩∂E′ contains a neighborhood of y in ∂E.
The New Roles of Japan in the Global Political Economy

Now that Japan is the world's largest creditor nation, her economic responsibility is the biggest ever. By examining the nature of the three revolutions in Japanese society since the Meiji Restoration, it is apparent that while the speed of economic structural change has been remarkably high, other aspects of the Japanese social framework have remained archaic and premodern. After discussing the structural changes in the Japanese, Asian, and U.S. economies, this paper makes a case for structural changes in the Japanese political, bureaucratic, and diplomatic world. The new perspective to be suggested is (1) to change the system to utilize more of individuals' initiatives, less of the regulated, restrained, and group-shackled way of management, and (2) for Japan to take positive leadership in a new global political economy based on the principle of independent and equal partnership in the world for world peace and stability.
Cre-loxp fate-mapping of Pax6 enhancer active retinal and pancreatic progenitors.

Summary: Pax6 plays important roles in the control of ocular and pancreatic development. We identified a 450 bp Pax6 enhancer that contains two interacting sequences: a 274 bp fragment sufficient for expression in retinal progenitors and an adjacent 156 bp fragment required for expression in pancreatic progenitors. Since this enhancer is only transiently expressed during embryogenesis, a Cre-loxP fate-mapping strategy was used to investigate the developmental potential of these progenitors. Surprisingly, the labeled retinal precursors predominantly gave rise to horizontal cells, indicating a cell lineage role in horizontal cell differentiation. In the pancreas, all enhancer-specific cells were restricted to endocrine and ductal cell lineages. This result lends support to a model whereby Pax6-expressing progenitors contribute to the adult pancreatic islets and ducts. The progenitor cell-specificity of this enhancer will be useful in studies that require either cell-specific expression or conditional gene inactivation in these cell populations. genesis 35:22–30, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative responses to the energy crisis in different economic systems: An extensive analysis

Abstract In this paper we present an extensive analysis of the responses of different economic systems to the quadrupling of the world price of crude oil since October 1973. The results of government energy policies are determined by comparing the actual responses to the energy crisis in each country with those that would have occurred given market-clearing actions on the part of suppliers and demanders. The analysis indicates that the responses to the energy crisis were affected less by the type of economic system than by the magnitude of domestic crude-oil productive capacity.
Tedium, depression, and suicidal preoccupation.

In a sample of college students (54 men and 73 women), a measure of tedium (physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion) was associated with depression (r=.62) and, independently of depression, with current suicidal preoccupation (r=.37)
123 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC FUNCTION IN THE IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD

Echocardiographic (E) assessment of cardiac function (CF) was carried out preoperatively and at 1, 4, and 24 hours (h) post-operatively (PO) in 20 pediatric patients (pts) with varied congenital heart defects. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac out-put (CO) and clinical and hemodynamic data were obtained. The pts were divided into 3 groups: (I) sustained CO≥2.2L/min/m2 without pressors (P)(N=9); (II) low CO<2.2L/min/m2 and/or use of P with subsequent improvement (N=8); (III) low CO and use of P with subsequent death (N=3). Left ventricular systolic time interval ratio (PEP/ET) and aortic root rock (degrees of systolic anterior motion of the aortic root from the horizontal plane) (AoR) correlated best with overall assessment of CF. CO, estimated using a formula based on the opening slope of the mitral valve, correlated well with CO determined by dye dilution. We conclude: (1) E is useful for monitoring CF and CO in the immediate PO period; (2) PEP/ET and AoR allow rapid noninvasive assessment of CF, early identification of pts who require intensive therapy, and monitoring of response to treatment.
Adaptive Percolation Using Subjective Likelihoods

A phenomenon that I call “adaptive percolation” commonly arises in biology, business, economics, defense, finance, manufacturing, and the social sciences. Here one wishes to select a handful of entities from a large pool of entities via a process of screening through a hierarchy of sieves. The process is not unlike the percolation of a liquid through a porous medium. The probability model developed here is based on a nested and adaptive Bayesian approach that results in the product of beta-binomial distributions with common parameters. The common parameters happen to be the observed data. I call this the percolated beta-binomial distribution . The model turns out to be a slight generalization of the probabilistic model used in percolation theory. The generalization is a consequence of using a subjectively specified likelihood function to construct a probability model. The notion of using likelihoods for constructing probability models is not a part of the conventional toolkit of applied probabilists. To t...