cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological function and mode of action of the androgen receptor

Chemical contaminants with antiandrogen or androgen activity have been identi- fied in the environment. The mode of action of these endocrine disruptors derives from their ability to bind to the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the steroid receptor family of nu- clear receptors. The AR is a ligand-activated transcription factor with properties unique among members of the steroid receptor family. Binding of endocrine disruptors to the AR im- pacts its ability to activate or inhibit AR-regulated genes. Most notable of these are the ago- nist-induced and antagonist-inhibited interdomain interactions that influence AR stability and function. Environmental antiandrogens identified thus far are metabolites of pesticides and herbicides, exerting androgen antagonist effects by blocking AR-induced gene tran- scription required for male sexual development. Environmental androgens can be precursors of the naturally occurring biologically active androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone or result from anabolic steroid use in the livestock industry. They have agonist activity by their ability to bind the AR and mimic the natural hormone, increasing AR-mediated tran- scription of androgen-responsive genes. The presence of masculinized female fish in polluted rivers indicates the presence of androgen-like pollutants in the environment.
New Directions for Academic Program Review at a Private, Comprehensive College.

This chapter evaluates the first cycle of academic program reviews at a private, comprehensive college, analyzing recommendations resulting from reviews, insights about faculty and review committee perceptions, and new directions for the second cycle.
Intrahypothalamic Implants of Testosterone or Estradiol and Resumption of Masculine Sexual Behavior in Long-term Castrated Male Rats

Intracerebral applications of cholesterol, testosterone or estradiol were evaluated as to their ability to induce masculine sexual behavior in long-term castrated male rats. Thirty castrated male rats that had exhibited no ejaculatory response in three consecutive weekly tests were bilaterally implanted with stainless steel cannulae in the preoptic area (POA) (20 animals) or in the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) (10 animals). The animals implanted with cannulae in the PHA and 10 animals implanted in the POA received applications of testosterone (15 µg/cannula every 3 days) for 12 days. The 10 remaining animals with cannulae placed in the POA received cholesterol applications (15 µg/cannula every 3 days) for 12 days. When tested for masculine sexual behavior 7, 10 and 13 days after the start of steroid treatment, animals receiving testosterone applications in the POA exhibited significantly more mounts, intromissions and ejaculations than the animals receiving testosterone in the PHA or cholesterol in t...
Value of Serum Anti-Herpes Simplex Viral IgM Antibody Testing in Empirical Antiviral Treatment of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Early antiviral treatment is important for herpes simplex encephalitis. A reliable test for supporting empirical therapy with antiviral agents is urgently needed. Sixty-six children with fever, focal seizures, and consciousness disturbance had their sera examined for anti-herpes simplex viral immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The result was positive in all seven patients confirmed to have herpes simplex encephalitis. Only two of the other 59 patients were positive on this test. The average period for the development of serologic positivity was 7.3 days from the onset of neurologic symptoms. Although most sera were not tested in the early stage, all were collected on admission day. Our data suggest that before further evidence indicates another diagnosis, this simple, but specific IgM antibody test could be used as a guide for deciding to continue the antiviral treatment for serologically positive cases or to discontinue antiviral treatment for serologically negative ones. Yet, we would not suggest diagnosing herpes simplex encephalitis with this test alone.
FYI: communication style preferences underlie differences in location-sharing adoption and usage

In a mixed-methods study on adoption of location-sharing social networks (LSSN), we discovered that variations in adoption and usage behavior could be explained by one's predisposition to communicate in a certain style. Specifically, we found that certain individuals prefer a communication style we call FYI (For Your Information). FYI communicators like to infer availability and to keep in touch with others without having to interact with them, which is the predominant style in current LSSN. Using structural equation modeling on a U.S. nationwide survey (N=1021), we show how the FYI communication style predicts the adoption of LSSN while also showing a negative effect on one's desire to call someone on the phone. Moreover, we find that as age increases, FYI preference significantly decreases. In a follow-on survey (N=180), we refine the FYI construct and show that it affects users' level of disclosure and participation in social media. Furthermore, we show that it completely mediates the effect of certain Big-5 personality traits on social media participation and LSSN usage. The results suggest that to cater to a wider segment of the population, LSSN (and arguably any social media) should support an active communication style.
Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance

Bacteria clearly benefit from the possession of an antibiotic resistance gene when the corresponding antibiotic is present. But do resistant bacteria suffer a cost of resistance (i.e., a reduction in fitness) when the antibiotic is absent? If so, then one strategy to control the spread of resistance would be to suspend the use of a particular antibiotic until resistant genotypes declined to low frequency. Numerous studies have indeed shown that resistant genotypes are less fit than their sensitive counterparts in the absence of antibiotic, indicating a cost of resistance. But there is an important caveat: these studies have put resistance genes into naive bacteria, which have no evolutionary history of association with the resistance genes. An important question, therefore, is whether bacteria can overcome the cost of resistance by evolving adaptations that counteract the harmful side-effects of resistance genes. In fact, several experiments (in vitro and in vivo) show that the cost of antibiotic resistance can be substantially diminished, even eliminated, by evolutionary changes in bacteria over rather short periods of time. As a consequence, it becomes increasingly difficult to eliminate resistant genotypes simply by suspending the use of antibiotics.
The significance of excessive rhythmic alpha and/or theta frequency activity in the EEG of the neonate

Abstract Objective : The goal of this study was to determine the significance of excessive rhythmic alpha and/or theta frequency activity in neonatal EEGs. Methods : The EEGs of 963 neonates, 26–44 weeks conceptional age (CA), performed during the years 1992–1994 at the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, were reviewed for the presence of excessive rhythmic alpha and/or theta frequency activity. Cases in which such activity was identified were further characterized by the presence or absence of other EEG abnormalities. The medical records of these patients and a group of control infants with normal EEGs were reviewed to identify associated pathological conditions. Results : Forty patients were identified whose EEGs revealed such activity. The CA of these patients ranged from 37 to 44 weeks. A variety of pathological conditions were seen in these patients, most commonly congenital heart disease, congenital brain anomalies and hypoxia. These conditions were not seen in the control group of infants. Twenty patients had received CNS-active drugs. The EEGs of 32 patients revealed additional abnormalities, most commonly multifocal sharp waves and episodes of voltage attenuation during slow-wave sleep. Conclusions : The results indicate that excessive rhythmic alpha and/or theta frequency activity is an abnormal finding in the newborn's EEG.
Symmetry of plantar pressures and vertical forces in healthy subjects during walking.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of symmetry for in-shoe plantar pressure and vertical force patterns between the left and right feet of healthy subjects during walking. Thirty...
Effects of gonadotropins and testosterone on the testes of prepubertal mice

The effect of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) on the Leydig cells of intact mice during the first wave of spermatogenesis was studied. Testosterone and FSH given on days 6 to 24 or 14 to 24 after birth significantly increased (p<.01) testicular weight gonadotropins on days 6 to 9 increased G-6-PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity; the activities of the NADPH-generating (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) enzymes were enhanced by FSH on days 10-25. Testosterone added to FSH or ICSH (interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone) resulted in retention of these stimulatory effects on NADH-generating enzymes for the first 3 weeks after birth. After the beginning of spermatogenesis continued administration of FSH and TH(testosterone heptonate) produced of FSH or ICSH induce a dramatic expansion of intertubular tissues during the early stage of spermatogenesis affecting particularly the interstitial cells. Exogenous FSH given to mice during and after the early stages of the first wave of spermatogenesis stimulated the growth of the testis and enhanced its production of NADPH differentially from ICSH stimulation. Antagonism between FSH and testosterone was shown. The first wave of spermatogenesis may be unique in that low concentrations of testosterone permit the activation of Leydig cells by gonadotropins and the completion of spermatid differentiation.
Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of Middle Miocene Barstow Formation of Mojave Desert, Southern California: ABSTRACT

The Barstow Formation, of medial Miocene age, crops out in a band about 53 mi (85 km) long, from the Mud Hills on the west to West Cronese basin on the east. Because of its excellent exposures, abundant fossils, and important radiometric calibrations, the Barstow Formation is one of the more important rock units to consider when evaluating the geologic evolution of the central Mojave Desert. The stratotype of the Barstow Formation, in the Mud Hills north of Barstow, consists of about 4,265 to 6,560 ft (1,300 to 2,000 m) of highly fossiliferous terrigenous and volcaniclastic sediments that have been folded into a syncline and offset in a right-lateral sense by several northwest-trending faults. The fossil mammals from this formation are central to the concept of the middle Miocene "Barstovian" Land Mammal Age. During the fall of 1980, about 100 separately oriented hand samples were collected from 32 sites, spaced at stratigraphic intervals of about 49 to 165 ft (15 to 50 m). Analysis of the paleomagnetic characteristics (using the ScT cryogenic magnetometer and associated instruments at the University of Florida) indicates that the principal components of the NRM result from DRM carried by magnetite. In most cases, site polarities can be unambiguously determined after A.F. demagnetization in peak-alternating fields of 250 oe and/or thermal demagnetization at 250°C (482°F). Preliminary results indicate that at least six magnetozones (3 N, 3 R) are represented in the Barstow Formation. Further work is planned to increase the density of sampling in order to correlate the magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Barstow Formation to the GMPTS. This study will provide a basis for refined correlation of Holarctic mammalian faunal evolution as well as for an analysis of late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of southern California. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1694------------
Reliability of network connectivity

One major benchmark of the network is to check its reliability. This can be completed by checking the graphs when the network is fully functioning but subject to failure. There is no known algorithm that can measure the reliability in a polynomial time, and hence measuring the reliability by means of simulation is a preferable choice. The goal of this paper is to check the network reliability, by means of simulation using different methods, first generating a network using the random graphs, and second generating a network using regular graphs. Within this paper, I will focus on the all-terminal problem in which a path between every pair of nodes is checked using the Union and Find method.
Fertility Preservation: A Comprehensive Approach to the Young Woman With Cancer

Modern treatments for cancers of the reproductive age are yielding ever-higher cure rates, but more often than not, the price paid for survival is the loss of reproductive function from gonadal toxicity. Alkylating agents and ionizing radiation have well-recognized deleterious effects within the testes and ovary and cause sterility in a high proportion of patients exposed to these treatments. Preservation of fertility for men simply involves the banking of sperm before treatment, but for women, the storage of gametes is technically very complex and has limited success. Even when faced with the diagnosis of cancer, many reproductive-aged women are burdened by the possibility of never conceiving a child with their own eggs. Fertility preservation for the reproductive-age women with cancer is emerging as a challenging, but rewarding, application of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. With recent advances in cryopreservation techniques, oocytes, embryos, and ovarian tissue can be banked from these patients before exposure to sterilizing chemotherapy and radiotherapy, providing future fertility options without compromising survival. [J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;34:57–9]
Role of PINK1 Binding to the TOM Complex and Alternate Intracellular Membranes in Recruitment and Activation of the E3 Ligase Parkin

Mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the cytosolic E3 ligase Parkin can cause Parkinson's disease. Damaged mitochondria accumulate PINK1 on the outer membrane where, dependent on kinase activity, it recruits and activates Parkin to induce mitophagy, potentially maintaining organelle fidelity. How PINK1 recruits Parkin is unknown. We show that endogenous PINK1 forms a 700 kDa complex with the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) selectively on depolarized mitochondria whereas PINK1 ectopically targeted to the outer membrane retains association with TOM on polarized mitochondria. Inducibly targeting PINK1 to peroxisomes or lysosomes, which lack a TOM complex, recruits Parkin and activates ubiquitin ligase activity on the respective organelles. Once there, Parkin induces organelle selective autophagy of peroxisomes but not lysosomes. We propose that the association of PINK1 with the TOM complex allows rapid reimport of PINK1 to rescue repolarized mitochondria from mitophagy, and discount mitochondrial-specific factors for Parkin translocation and activation.
The occurrence of 418 and 444 nm chlorophyll-type compounds in some green plant Tissues

Abstract Two green pigments, besides chlorophylls a and b , were observed in low concentrations in acetone extracts of green tissues of bell pepper ( Capsicum frutescens ), banana peel and cucumber peel. Their absorption spectra are similar to those of the chlorophylls but with absorption maxima in the “blue” region at 418 nm and 444 nm instead of 430 nm and 454 nm. They were both Molisch phase-test negative. Their relative polarity places them between chlorophylls and chlorophyllides on a two-dimensional silica gel thin-layer chromatogram when modified Bauer's solvent systems are used.
Does translocation influence physiological stress in the desert tortoise

Wildlife translocation is increasingly used to mitigate disturbances to animals or habitat due to human activities, yet little is known about the extent to which translocating animals causes stress. To understand the relationship between physiological stress and translocation, we conducted a multiyear study (2007–2009) using a population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) near Fort Irwin, California. Blood samples were collected from adult tortoises in three treatment groups (resident, translocated and control) for 1 year prior to and 2 years after translocation. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma total corticosterone (CORT), a glucocorticoid hormone commonly associated with stress responses in reptiles. CORT values were analyzed in relation to potential covariates (animal sex, date, behavior, treatment, handling time, air temperature, home-range size, precipitation and annual plant production) among seasons and years. CORT values in males were higher than in females, and values for both varied monthly throughout the activity season and among years. Year and sex were strong predictors of CORT, and translocation explained little in terms of CORT. Based on these results, we conclude that translocation does not elicit a physiological stress response in desert tortoises.
Ethylene From Penicillium Digitatum

Ethylene is an example of a bulk chemical commodity that could be produced by fermentation. The production of ethylene using Penicillium digitatum, and the effects of adapting this fungus to a submerged culture, are reported here.
Social policies in Latin America: causes, characteristics and consequences

This chapter classi es the main social policies enacted in Latin America from 1920 to 2010, explores the e ects of those policies on the well-being of the poor, and outlines some of the forces and circumstances that led to the policies. The study’s main ndings are that social assistance and the public provision of many basic social services improved in Latin America after about 1990, even as the coverage of social insurance programs fell; that democracy and authoritarianism played an important and multifaceted role in shaping and constraining social policy-making in the region; and that a full explanation for why Latin American social policies evolved in the way that they did requires taking into account a wider range of factors than are usually invoked to explain the origins and evolution of welfare states in advanced industrial countries.
Clinical investigation of sorafenib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic biomarkers

A27 Sorafenib therapy is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and decreased plasma concentrations of VEGF receptor-2 (plasma [VEGFR2]). To explore the relationship between highly variable sorafenib pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers and sorafenib plasma concentrations, plasma [VEGFR2], and 24-hour ambulatory diastolic BP (24BP) measures were determined in 56 patients. All subjects had advanced solid tumors (19 with renal cancer) and pre-treatment blood pressure
The Epidemiology and Genetics of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium Isolated from Diseased Animals in New York

Only 12% of 249 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated during the period 19731976 from diseased animals were sensitive to six commonly used antibiotics. Isolates from calves exhibited the highest frequency of resistance as well as a steadily increasing frequency of resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. The majority of strains from horses, dogs, and cats were also resistant to more than one antibiotic, a finding which was interpreted as primarily an effect of therapeutic rather than of growthpromoting use of antibiotics in these species. Ninety-one percent of resistant strains possessed transferable resistance. In 31% of these strains, the transfer factors were heat-sensitive and did not function at 37 C. The determinant of resistance to ampicillin was usually associated with a non-heat-sensitive transfer factor, whereas resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline was more commonly associated with heat-sensitive transfer factors. Strains of S. typhimurium with similar patterns of resistance often contained different plasmids. There was more genetic homogeneity among determinants of resistance to tetracycline than among other determinants.
Characteristics of flow within concave-nosed bodies

An experimental study was conducted to determine the fundamental characteristics of the flowfield within concave-nosed bodies when the flow enters normal to the cavity. The clear models consisted of a cylinder with an end plate that was either closed or vented. Velocity vector measurements were conducted using the Particle Image Veloclmetry technique. Together with the flow visualizations, the turning flow near the entrance area as well as the forward stagnation region were identified. The experimental results were compared with numerical simulations using the axisymetric vortex code.
Software rejuvenation of a fault-tolerant server subject to correlated failure

Society depends increasingly on software based services, necessitating that applications achieve a high level of reliability and availability to maintain customer satisfaction and preserve system safety. These service-oriented applications often operate continuously, which exposes the software to "aging" where resource deterioration such as memory leaks can lead resource exhaustion and ultimately system failure. To mitigate the impact of aging, software rejuvenation refreshes or restarts the system periodically to recover lost resources, thereby averting failures. Software rejuvenation may also employ fault tolerance to reduce the impact of individual failures on system availability. However, virtually all previous software rejuvenation studies assume that failures experienced by the individual servers comprising a fault tolerant system are statistically independent. This paper analyzes the impact of correlated failures on the optimality of rejuvenation schedules for a system composed of two parallel servers that can experience correlated failures. The examples illustrate the impact of correlation on the optimality of rejuvenation schedules to maximize availability and minimize down time cost. The results indicate that increasing the correlation between the failures of the servers increases the rejuvenation period when the objective is to maximize availability. However, the rejuvenation period decreases when the objective is to minimize down time cost. Thus, the proposed approach can objectively identify the optimal rejuvenation period that maximizes availability or minimizes down time cost.
The Liberalism of John Stuart Mill

This essay refutes key aspects of Joseph Hamburger’s book John Stuart Mill: On Liberty and Control , the latest addition to a recent trend of minority interpretations of Mill. In this heterodox view, Mill is an equivocator about his non-belief in Christianity, a secret adherent of Comte’s ‘Positive’ Religion and a less than principled defender of individual freedom. My refutation was conducted via in-depth readings of Hamburger’s aforementioned work, a shortlist of works from Mill’s extensive corpus, and those of a select group of contemporary Mill scholars. My research uncovered Hamburger’s misguided attempt to put forth slim supporting evidence over against a preponderance of contrary evidence regarding Mill. Furthermore, Hamburger misinterprets Mill’s applications of the harm principle, incorrectly characterizing it as a rhetorical device of instrumental value to a Comteian moral regeneration. I conclude Hamburger provides little reason to accept this minority interpretation, leaving intact Mill’s legacy as a courageous liberal thinker and enduring proponent of individual liberty.
Intra- and submembrane particle densities during CO2 stimulation of H+ secretion in turtle bladder.

The apical cell membranes of the H+ secreting, alpha-intercalated cells of turtle urinary bladder (TB) are characterized by studs (cytoplasmic domains of V-adenosinetriphosphatase) on thin-section ...
Current Therapies for Ventricular Tachycardia: Are there Autonomic Implications of the Arrhythmogenic Substrate?

In the last two decades, significant advances have been made in diagnosis, understanding, and treatment of various ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Years ago, in its infancy, the field of cardiac electrophysiology was limited to the study of the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on ventricular programmed stimulation in the setting of various disease states. However, modern scientific and technological advances not only have improved the characterization of the arrhythmia substrate but also have provided an opportunity to potentially cure many ventricular arrhythmias. Contemporary mapping systems, ablation catheters, and advanced intracardiac ultrasound technology have also significantly improved the efficacy and safety of ablation procedures. An increasing number of centers are embarking on a very exciting journey of ventricular tachycardia ablation programs, focusing on high-risk patients with low ejection fractions, as well as complex ablations involving epicardium, aortic cusps, and epicardial vessels. Patients who in the past would have otherwise had little chance of survival, now, with improvements in complex ablations, procedures can benefit from improved longevity and quality of life. Another recent significant advance has been the use of ventricular assist devices during the ablation of ventricular arrhythmias for high-risk patients with cardiogenic shock.
Abstract LB-242: Identification of T-cell receptors targeting KRAS-mutated human tumors

KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated proto-oncogenes in human cancers, including pancreatic and colorectal cancers. The dominant oncogenic mutations of KRAS are single amino acid substitutions at codon 12, in particular G12D and G12V. The consistency, frequency, and tumor specificity of these “neo-antigens” make them attractive therapeutic targets. Recent data associates T cells targeting mutated antigens with clinical immunotherapy responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, lung cancer or cholangiocarcinoma. We successfully generated T cells from HLA-A11*01 transgenic mice and subsequently isolated HLA-A11*01-resticted T cell receptors (TCRs) highly reactive with the mutated KRAS variants G12V and G12D. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) transduced with these TCRs can recognize multiple HLA-A*11:01+ tumor lines bearing the appropriate KRAS mutations. In a xenograft model of large established tumor, adoptive transfer of these transduced PBL reactive with a mutated pancreatic cell line could significantly reduce its growth in NSG mice. The success of adoptive transfer of TCR-engineered T cells against melanoma and other cancers support clinical trials with these T-cells recognizing mutated KRAS in patients with a variety of common cancer types. A phase I/II clinical trial targeting KRAS G12V and G12D mutations with TCR-engineered PBL in HLA-A1101+ patients will be starting soon in the Surgery Branch NCI. Citation Format: Qiong J. Wang, Zhiya Yu, Kenichi Hanada, Nicholas P. Restifo, James C. Yang. Identification of T-cell receptors targeting KRAS-mutated human tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-242.
Automated Digital Evidence Target Definition Using Outlier Analysis and Existing Evidence.

Searching for digital evidence is a time consuming and error-prone process. In this paper, we introduce techniques to automate the searching process by suggesting what searches could be helpful. We also use data mining techniques to find files and directories created during the incident. The results from using these techniques on a compromised honeypot system are given and show that the data mining techniques detect a higher percentage of files than a random sampling would, but there are still many false positives. More research into the error rates of manual searches is needed to fully understand the impact of automated techniques.
Text signals influence second language expository text comprehension: knowledge structure analysis

This quasi-experimental investigation describes the influence of text signals on second language expository science text comprehension. In two course sections, mixed proficiency Korean English language learners (n = 88) read one of two print-based English expository text passage versions. Participants in one section (n = 44) were given a version with interesting but non-important subtopics (NIS) underlined, while participants in the other section (n = 44) were given an alternate version with the same number of substantively important subtopics (SIS) underlined. Participants read the text passage and created a visual map of the text, and then completed a comprehension posttest that measured global inferences (all in English). Analysis of variance of the comprehension posttest data revealed significant differences for the two main factors, proficiency level (Low or High) and text signal condition (NIS or SIS), and for the interaction of proficiency and text signal condition; with Cohen effect sizes, d = Low-NIS (.16) < High-NIS (.56) < Low-SIS (.74) < High-SIS (1.37). Descriptively, both headings and important subtopic terms predominated in the SIS maps, but only non-important subtopic terms and not headings predominated in the NIS maps. Further, the visual map forms, as measured by vector pattern matching and by graph centrality, were also substantially different. Compared to the NIS maps, on average the SIS map forms were more relational and more like the expert’s map, while the NIS map forms were more linear, and showed a primacy effect. These results suggest that coherent text signals in these print-based readings strongly influenced bilinguals’ science expository text comprehension.
Simulated performance of the Gamma Tracker CdZnTe handheld radioisotope identifier

Abstract-The GammaTracker handheld radioisotope identifier currently under development at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory uses a pixellated CdZnTe spectrometer array to measure the energy and incoming direction of gamma rays from 50 keV to 3 MeV. This instrument, which incorporates the Polaris technology developed at the University of Michigan, houses two 3times3 arrays of 2.25-cm3 CdZnTe detectors. In this work, we present Geant4 simulation results of gamma-ray detection, identification, and directionality performance of the GammaTracker instrument. Estimated minimum detectable activities (MDAs) are determined to be only 20-30% higher than the MDAs predicted for a comparable-efficiency HPGe system over a reasonable energy range. The simulated imaging resolution is determined to be ~20deg FWHM, and the imaging efficiency is evaluated as a function of gamma-ray energy.
Differential azobenzene solubility increases equilibrium cis/trans ratio in water

Abstract We have determined aqueous solubility (Sw) for purified cis and trans isomers of azobenzene (AB) and ABn derivatives. Sw for trans-ABn is 0.05–0.15 mM and the cis isomer is 6–40× more soluble. The effect of differential solubility is important for aqueous sample concentration >Sw (trans) where cis/trans ratios >1 were observed via 1H and 19F NMR. This phenomenon is general for ABn(aq) that included semifluorinated ABn and peptide conjugates. The van’t-Hoff-Dimroth relationship predicts the equilibrium cis/trans ratio is proportional to the ratio of Sw values. Comparing NMR data to Sw values confirms the trend observed in the cis/trans ratios, but the magnitude of the ratio is lower. This phenomenon is observed in μmol concentration and may be a factor in photopharmacology. We have also studied the thermal cis-to-trans isomerization as a function of temperature for eight ABn compounds. Ea values ABn(aq) are ∼25 kJ mol−1 lower compared to Ea measured in nonpolar solvents and ΔS‡ values in water are more negative so that aqueous rates are 2–5 times greater in water. This class of ABn compounds generally show little solvent effect and this change in Ea is small compared to the behavior of donor-acceptor ABs. The inversion mechanism for this isomerization is supported by density functional theory.
2D-DIGE As a Tool to Analyze Lot-to-Lot Consistency of Complex Therapeutic Products Such As BAX 855, a PEGylated Recombinant FVIII

Abstract Abstract 4360 2-Dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) is a method that circumvents the gel-to-gel variability inherent in conventional 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). We developed a 2-D DIGE protocol for recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII), a therapeutic protein used for the treatment of hemophilia A. The FVIII heterodimer is composed of heterogenous, strongly glycosylated heavy and light chains that are held together by a divalent cation. 2-DE of rFVIII led to a separation of the various fragments and their identity could be determined by Western blot. A comparison of two rFVIII batches by 2-D DIGE revealed their identical composition, whereas an rFVIII variant lacking its central B domain was congruent with the smallest heavy and light chain fragments of rFVIII only. A simpler pattern was obtained upon removal of the terminal sialic acids of rFVIII's glycans due to a better focusing in the first dimension. 2-D DIGE was also well suited to structurally evaluate BAX 855, a PEGylated longer-acting variant of recombinant FVIII. 2-D DIGE thus proved an excellent and straightforward method for structural analysis of rFVIII. Our data suggest that the method could serve as a tool to characterize and control quality of very complex pharmaceutically active ingredients such as PEGylated proteins. Disclosures: Rottensteiner: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Monetti: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Gritsch: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Weber: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Turecek: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
Lessons from the Zombie Apocalypse in Global Popular Culture: An Environmental Discourse Approach to the Walking Dead

In the last few decades, the zombie apocalypse has become the subject of films, television programmes, video games and other entertainment fare all over the world. This has not only made the zombie...
The Corporate Governance Provisions of Dodd-Frank

This essay provides a brief overview of the seven principal corporate governance provisions of The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (better known as “The Dodd-Frank Act”). 1. Section 951 creates a so-called “say on pay” mandate, requiring periodic shareholder advisory votes on executive compensation. 2. Section 952 mandates that the compensation committees of reporting companies must be fully independent and that those committees be given certain specified oversight responsibilities. 3. Section 953 directs that the SEC require companies to provide additional disclosures with respect to executive compensation. 4. Section 954 expands Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s rules regarding clawbacks of executive compensation. 5. Section 971 affirms that the SEC has authority to promulgate a so-called “proxy access” rule pursuant to which shareholders would be allowed to use the company’s proxy statement to nominate candidates to the board of directors. 6. Section 972 requires that companies disclose whether the same person holds both the CEO and Chairman of the Board positions and why they either do or do not do so. 7. Section 989G affords small issuers an exemption from the internal controls auditor attestation requirement of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Reactive Routing Protocol for Event Reporting in Mobile-Sink Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the main issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is energy consumption. Normally, sensors are battery powered and in many applications it is impossible to recharge them. Proactive routing protocols are mainly used for data gathering in applications where the sink needs to collect data periodically. On the other hand, for sparse or event-based data reporting, reactive routing protocols are preferred. In this way the routing information is not maintained up to date if no data are reported. Thus no energy is wasted on maintaining paths in the periods of inactivity. In this paper we propose an innovative reactive routing protocol using eventbased clustering for composite event reporting. To avoid frequent updating of the delivery paths, we use anchor nodes that act as relays between the convergecast tree and the mobile sink. We analyze the performance of our algorithm using WSNet simulator, which is specially designed for event based applications in WSNs. We compare the performance of our reactive protocol with its proactive version.
Life Stress and Transitions in the Life Span

The traditional life cycle of human beings include infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Transitions exist within each of the life cycles and such transitions produce stress. Life has many stressful life events that mark the movement from one condition or cycle to another, and they produce substantial challenges in the lives of human beings. The purpose of this volume is to focus on stressful life events associated with a spectrum of transitions in the life span.
Essays on the identification of treatment effects with applications to the labor market

This dissertation contains three independent essays; each essay can be read in isolation. The first essay investigates the causal effect of criminal convictions on various labor market outcomes in young adults. The estimation method used is a nonparametric bounding approach intended to partially identify the causal effect. The data used for this essay comes from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth. The second essay reevaluates the causal effect of post-secondary schooling on unemployment incidence using historical data from the 1980 U.S. Census and information on cohort level Vietnam War conscription risk. Conscription risk is used as an instrument for endogenous post-secondary schooling in a specification that accounts for the discrete nature of the treatment and outcome of interest. The third essay investigates the underlying necessary assumptions needed for the monotone instrumental variable (MIV) assumption to have identifying power on both the upper and lower bounds of a treatment effect when the treatment of interest is binary. I show that if the treatment is monotonic in the instrument, as is routinely assumed in the literature on instrumental variables, then for the MIV to have identifying power on both the lower and upper bounds of the treatment effect, the conditional-on-received-treatment outcomes cannot exhibit the same monotonicity assumed by the MIV. Results are highlighted with an application investigating the effect of criminal convictions on job match quality using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth.
Density Functional Theory in Chemistry

In these lectures I will summarize some of the things that we have been doing in my laboratory with density functional theory.1–63 Concepts are emphasized rather than computations, and exact theory rather than approximate methods. There are five previous reviews of our work. 64–68
High Altitude Diseases

This is a brief review of several high altitude diseases. They range from the benign acute mountain sickness to the potentially fatal high altitude cerebral edema.
African autonomy and car culture

Postcolonial Automobility: Car Culture in West Africa is to my knowledge the first book-length study of the cultural significance of car culture in African literature and film. While there have bee...
Abstract 176: Association Between Hospital-Level Cost of Cardiovascular Care and Socioeconomic Characteristics

Background: The socioeconomic status (SES) of a hospital’s patients is an important predictor of outcome measures. Patients with low SES may also require increased healthcare resources. The relatio...
Laser-Driven Flyers and Nanosecond-Resolved Velocimetry for Spall Studies in Thin Metal Foils

We describe a laser-launched micro-flyer apparatus designed for spall strength measurement. The launcher uses a single pulse from a pulsed laser that is stretched in time to nominally 20 nanoseconds using an optical ring cavity, while inexpensive multi-lens arrays are used to spatially homogenize the beam. The velocimetry technique that we developed for the experiment provides the required sub-nanosecond time resolution. We demonstrate the capability of the apparatus to interrogate the spall strength of AZ31B Mg alloy thin foils, a material system with potential applications as a lightweight protection material. Numerical simulations and fractography are very useful to determine the quality of the experimental data and help to interpret our results. The simulations and fractography analyses of the experiments suggest that the short shock pulse duration in the experiment causes incipient spallation. The short pulse also likely introduces stochasticity to the measured spall strength through limited activation of failure mechanisms within the samples. The shocked AZ31B Mg alloy has spall strengths that are greater than previously reported figures for fine grained Mg alloys, likely because the laser based system achieves higher strain rates than in prior work on this material.
Scanning Probe Lithography for Chemical, Biological and Engineering Applications

In the few short years that the DPN technique for nanofabrication has been utilized, a number of different platforms with different applications have been actively explored. Many of these applications existed before the use of DPN, although no reproducible methods to segue these technologies into the nanoscale were available. The potential of DPN to revolutionize fields ranging from basic biology, chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering has yet to be fully reached. Advances in the parallel patterning and in atomic force microscopy in general will help this technique to achieve its full potential.
Foreign objects in college bodies: young women’s feelings about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are now recommended for use among nulliparous young women to prevent unintended pregnancy. While research has explored LARC knowledge, attitudes, and us...
A History of Cancer Research: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Tumor suppressor genes encode critical intracellular regulators, such as the retinoblastoma protein. They control processes including cell proliferation, cell survival, and responses to DNA damage and are frequently mutated in cancer. In this excerpt from his forthcoming book on the history of cancer research, Joe Lipsick looks back at the discovery of tumor suppressor genes, covering the early work on cell fusion by Henry Harris, Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, the genetic mapping studies that first identified the RB gene, and subsequent work on silencing.
Linguistics and English Literature: An Introduction

making linguistics interesting and easy to understand, Adamson helps readers learn about linguistics at the same time that they are applying linguistic concepts to the study of literarture and other cultutural text.
7 – Object Recognition

Publisher Summary Recognition is a basic biological function that is crucial for biological systems to recognize specific patterns and to respond appropriately. For example, antibodies attack foreign intruders, ears capture sound and speech, and animals locate edible plants. Failure to recognize can be fatal, and recognition is the ultimate goal of any visual system. Much has been learned about the internal workings of the human recognition system from psychophysical studies and studies of functional deficits as a result of brain damage. The possible loss of mental function following brain damage led Farah (1985) to perform a componential analysis on the recognition and imaging system, corresponding to known mental deficits reported in the literature. Farah's model involves two types of memory storage. The long-term visual memory (LTM) is the repository of stored patterns, while much of the processing is mediated through a visual buffer, usually referred to as short-term memory. Patterns of activation are formed in the visual buffer by either the visual imagery process from LTM (Kosslyn, 1980) or by a perceptual encoding process.
Memory Effects of Manipulating Text Column Width: Eye-Movement Induced Attentional Processes Interfere With Prose Encoding Among Consistent Handers:

Performing bilateral saccadic eye-movements has enhanced subsequent verbal recall among consistent handers (people who use their dominant hands for virtually all tasks) but not inconsistent handers...
Pharmacometabolomics Identifies Candidate Predictor Metabolites of an L-carnitine Treatment Mortality Benefit in Septic Shock

BackgroundSepsis-induced metabolic dysfunction contributes to organ failure and death. L-carnitine has shown promise for septic shock, but a recent study demonstrated a non-significant reduction in mortality. MethodsA pharmacometabolomics study of patients (n=250) in a Phase II trial of L-carnitine to identify metabolic profiles predictive of a 90-day mortality benefit from L-carnitine. The independent predictive value of each pre-treatment metabolite concentration, adjusted for L-carnitine dose, on 90-day mortality was determined by logistic regression. A grid-search analysis maximizing the Z-statistic from a binomial proportion test identified specific metabolite threshold levels that discriminated L-carnitine responsive patients. Threshold concentrations were further assessed by hazard-ratio and Kaplan-Meier estimate. FindingsAccounting for L-carnitine treatment and dose, 11 1H-NMR metabolites and 12 acylcarnitines were independent predictors of 90-day mortality. Based on the grid-search analysis numerous acylcarnitines and valine were identified as candidate metabolites of drug response. Acetylcarnitine emerged as highly viable for the prediction of an L-carnitine mortality benefit due to its abundance and biological relevance. Using its most statistically significant threshold concentration, patients with acetylcarnitine [≥]35{micro}M were less likely to die at 90 days if treated with L-carnitine (18 g) versus placebo (p=0.01 by log rank test). InterpretationMetabolomics identified independent predictors of 90-day sepsis mortality. Our proof-of-concept approach shows how pharmacometabolomics may be useful for tackling the heterogeneity of sepsis and informing clinical trial design. Also, metabolomics can help understand mechanisms of sepsis heterogeneity and variable drug response, since sepsis induces alterations in numerous metabolite concentrations.
Ding injective modules

We prove that, over any ring R, the class of Ding injective modules, D I , is the right half of a hereditary cotorsion pair, ( ⊥ D I , D I ) . We also show that, over a coherent ring R, a module M ...
Methods for genetic analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods for standard genetic analyses in Tetrahymena thermophila. A method for complementation testing is presented by which any two alleles—whether dominant or recessive—can be analyzed. Genetic analyses in Tetrahymena can be accomplished by a number of diverse strategies. Using separate approaches, it is possible to interrogate either the micronuclear or the macronuclear genome. For micronuclear analysis, cells can be mated to diploid marker strains for conventional genetic linkage, segregation, and complementation tests. In addition, new mutant lines can be mated to cells that carry micro- and macronuclei with different genotypes (genetic heterokaryons) for mapping. Crosses can also be performed to a unique set of strains (the star strains) which have in common the inability to transfer pronuclei to partners in crosses; matings to these strains induce a unique form of self-mating, termed genomic exclusion. These matings yield whole genome homozygous micronuclei and either parental or identical homozygous macronuclei.