cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FAMILIAL HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA IN CHILDREN: DIETARY THERAPY

In 40 children with familial hypertriglyceridemia (FTG), 13±.6 years old (x±SE), effectiveness of weight reduction and the NIH type IV diet was assessed. The children came from 34 kindreds where 1 propositus parent and at least 1 additional 1st or 2nd degree relative had FTG. Initially, 20 of the 40 children were obese (defined as ≥ the 95th percentile for weight, adjusted for height). For obese children, weight reduction programs were provided. For nonobese children and for children after weight reduction, NIH Type IV diet was provided, with 20% of the calories as protein, 40% at fat, 40% as carbohydrate, with a P/S of 1.5/1. Diet adherence and dietary re-instruction were checked every 2 months. After 6 months on diet, mean (±SE) triglycerides (TG) in the 40 children fell from 242±30 to 120±8, p .1. Decrements in weight failed to correlate with decrements in TG, r=.212, p>.1. In 13 children, after 8-12 months on diet, TG fell from 290±86 (basal levels) to 149±32 mg/dl, p<.05, with TG ≤ 140 mg/dl in 8 of the 13. Obesity facilitates expression of FTG in children at genetic risk. Despite only modest weight reduction, and with use of the Type IV diet, TG levels can be normalized in most children with FTG. Sensitivity to dietary therapy emphasizes the importance of quantitating TG in children from kindreds with FTG.
The Use of the Play Format for Education in Hospital Environments: A Case Series

This article describes the use of the play format for education in hospital environments. It describes how “the story” has been used in the past. It discusses the history of a collaborative group of librarians and nurses and their experiences in writing, producing, and directing evidence-based plays in their hospitals. The article also describes lessons that were learned in the process, as well as the potential of plays in educating hospital staff in the future and the unique role of the librarian in the iteration of the process.
"Putting a face" on HIV infection/AIDS in older adults: a psychosocial context.

Older HIV-1-seropositive individuals largely have not been investigated with respect to their psychosocial characteristics. In this article, the authors review research reported to date regarding the psychosocial context of this growing subgroup of HIV-1-infected individuals. Specifically, the authors consider the characteristics of mood state, life stressor burden, social support network, and coping strategies that individuals older than 50 years are more likely to adopt in adjusting to HIV-1 infection. The authors also separately consider issues of caregiving burden. Data supporting a theoretically based stressor-support-coping model are presented and related to targeting psychotherapeutic interventions for this age group.
Automated AI-based designer of electrical distribution systems

Designing the electrical supply system for new residential developments (plat design) is an everyday task for electric utility engineers. Presently this task is carried out manually resulting in an overdesigned, costly, and nonstandardized solution. As an ill-structured and open-ended problem, plat design is difficult to automate with conventional approaches such as operational research or CAD. Additional complexity in automating plat design is imposed by the need to process spatial data such as circuits' maps, records, and construction plans. The intelligent decision support system for automated electrical plate design (IDSS for AEPD) is an engineering tool aimed at automating plate design. IDSS for AEPD combines the functionality of geographic information systems (GIS) a geographically referenced database, with the sophistication of artificial intelligence (AI) to deal with the complexity inherent in design problems. Blackboard problem solving architecture, concentrated around INGRES relational database and NEXPERT object expert system shell have been chosen to accommodate the diverse knowledge sources and data models. The GIS's principal task it to create, structure, and formalize the real world representation required by the rule based reasoning portion of the AEPD. IDSS's capability to support and enhance the engineer's design, rather than only automate the design process through a prescribed computation, makes it a preferred choice among the possible techniques for AEPD. This paper presents the results of knowledge acquisition and the knowledge engineering process with AEPD tool conceptual design issues. To verify the proposed concept, the comparison of results obtained by the AEPD tool with the design obtained by an experienced human designer is given.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Naltrindole, an opioid delta receptor antagonist, blocks cocaine-induced facilitation of responding for rewarding brain stimulation.

Recent experimental results have led to the suggestion that opioid antagonists can modulate the reinforcing properties of cocaine. In this experiment, rats were fixed with chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes for stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as it courses through the hypothalamus. Rats were taught to press a lever for brief trains of electrical stimulation of the MFB. Subsequently, they were allowed to press for varying intensities of stimulation daily until their response rates were stable. Cocaine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) enhanced the rate of pressing for lower intensities of brain stimulation. Naltrindole (3 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on response rate alone but blocked the cocaine-induced facilitation of pressing for rewarding brain stimulation. An implication that can be drawn from these data is that naltrindole, or other delta-selective opioid antagonists, might be effective as medicines for use in treating cocaine abuse.
SCATTERING OF HE ATOMS FROM KCN(001): ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY EXCHANGE

High-resolution inelastic He-atom surface scattering experiments have been carried out on an {ital in} {ital situ} cleaved KCN(001) molecular crystal surface in the temperature range of 40{lt}{ital T}{lt}334 K covering the temperature range of the two known bulk phase transitions at 168 and 83 K. No Bragg diffraction peaks other than the specular beam are observed over the entire temperature range. The scattering intensity is primarily composed of inelastic multiphonon processes along with some diffuse elastic-scattering contributions, the latter of which increases in magnitude with decreasing temperature while the former decreases in intensity with decreasing temperature. A theoretical model developed for explaining the multiphonon-scattering process gives very good quantitative agreement with the data.
Ectopic testes in the Norway rat

Animals with ectopic testes, some unilateral (on either the right or left side) and some bilateral, have appeared in a colony of King-Holtzman rats. This heritable defect has been given the genetic symbol "ect." Females carrying the gene are unaffected by it. When such females are bred to apparently normal males, they produce no ect offspring. Since 25% of their F2 generation carry the gene, it is assumed it is autosomal recessive. Studies involving selective breeding for males with ectopic testes indicate that some males have genomes resistant to the expression of the ect gene and that the apparent thresholds essential to left side, right side, and bilateral expression appear to be a secondary control of the multifactorial type.
The network of patterns: creating a design guide using Christopher Alexander's pattern language

This research seeks a comprehensive process for developing a design guide utilizing pattern language and social network analysis. Pattern language is a structured mechanism for describing good design practices, the patterns. Network analysis helps analyze quantitatively the relationships between the patterns and identify the relative importance of each pattern. The result is also visually delineated as a web of networks to illustrate how these patterns are clustered and connected. In this study, downtown design, which planners and designers are familiar with, is used as an example to explain the process of developing a comprehensive design guide. The results reveal that pedestrian streets and building complexes function as key patterns among the downtown-related patterns. Using the techniques and methods from this study, we can clearly see the entire web of patterns with connective maps, which was never-before visualized. The process can also provide information about key patterns that can serve as backbones for prospective projects. Planners and designers, understanding the network of patterns, can prioritize and categorize tasks and projects of their own
Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter?

Abstract This article presents a relational view of leaders' authenticity by arguing that much more is required of leaders than transparently conveying and acting on their values. Achieving relational authenticity requires that followers accord leaders the legitimacy to promote a set of values on behalf of a community. Only under such conditions can leaders elicit the personal and social identification of followers that can enhance the success of a group, organization, or society. This article presents evidence that obtaining this identification is more challenging for female than male leaders and more generally for members of outsider groups that have traditionally not had access to particular leadership roles. The training of women and outsiders for leadership should focus on these relational aspects of achieving authenticity as a leader.
Experimental Results Of Image Registration In Digital Subtraction Angiography With An In Vivo Phantom

Motion artifacts caused by moving anatomy degrade images acquired by means of digital subtraction angiography. It is in principle possible to remove these artifacts through image registration by means of geometrical transformations of properly calibrated images, but there are known difficulties with this approach. In this paper we consider two of these difficulties, the presence of x-ray scatter and, more significantly, the inherent absence of sufficient information to identify correct transformations. We perform experiments using a novel phantom to illustrate these difficulties. The phantom is a balloon that is inflated within the lumen of a coronary artery during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. We employ two registration techniques, a previously described technique to compensate for gross, simple motion, and a novel one to compensate for smaller, more intricate motion.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of preadsorbed CO on the chemistry of CH3 and CH3I on Pd{111}

Abstract The thermal decomposition of iodomethane on clean, I-precovered and CO-precovered Pd{111} is investigated using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On a clean surface, CH 3 I decomposes to produce CH 3,ads and I ads at temperatures between 175 and 200 K. No evidence of C 2 -hydrocarbon formation is observed. The CH 3,ads produced by C-I bond activation hydrogenates to desorb as CH 4 at 200 K. The I ads remains on the surface below 850 K and completely desorbs by 1100 K. The I ads behaves as a site blocker which removes activation sites for C-I bond activation without changing the chemical activity of CH 3,ads . Compared with the results obtained from other laboratories, the thermal decomposition of CH 3 I on Pd is a strong structure-sensitive reaction. It was found that the C-I bond breaks at a temperature as low as 95 K on Pd{100}, whereas the C-I bond cleavage can only be observed at temperatures above 175 K on Pd{111}. The presence of CO on Pd{111} inhibits the C-I bond breaking which simultaneously influences the thermal stability of CH 3,ads . Depending upon the initial coverage of CO, the hydrogenation of CH 3,ads to CH 4 occurs at temperatures which are up to 80 K higher than for the clean surface. The enhancement of the thermal stability of CH 3,ads may result from both site blocking and electronic effects induced by preadsorbed CO.
Methods matter: Improving causal inference in educational and social science research: A review article

Abstract Professors Richard J. Murnane and John B. Willett set out to capitalize on recent developments in education data and methodology by attempting to answer the following questions: How can new methods and data be applied most effectively in educational and social science research? What kinds of research designs are most appropriate? What kinds of data are needed? What statistical methods are best used to process these data, and how can results be interpreted so that policymakers are best informed? In this review we summarize main contributions of the book, assess the unique value-added of the text, and discuss the usability of it to various potential audiences.
Late Postoperative Anatomic Observations after Insertion of Hufnagel Caged-ball Prostheses in Descending Thoracic Aorta

Clinical and necropsy observations are described in two patients who died 11 and 13 years, respectively, after Implantation of Hufnagel prostheses (the first ever used successfully in humans to treat cardiac valve disease) in descending thoracic aorta. Despite the long impiantation periods, there was no evidence of prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis or intravascular hemolysis. Although approximately 4000 Hufnagel descending aortic prostheses were distributed by the manufacturer for human use, data in only 55 patients in whom these prostheses were inserted were found in previous publications, and 26 of them had died. Of the 13 late deaths previously reported, no evidence of prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis was described in the three patients surviving > 3 years (8, 10, 12.5 years, respectively). Since neither our patients nor any of the other three reported long-term survivors had prosthetic-related complications and since the dangers of excising the descending aortic prosthesis are considerable, it appears most reasonable, as a rule, not to remove the descending aortic prosthesis at any time in these patients if aortic valve replacement is subsequently performed.
Effect of Light Intensity on Live Performance and Processing Characteristics of Broilers

This study investigated the effects of different light intensities provided via an increasing photoperiod program on broiler live performance and processing characteristics. A total of 1,080 male broilers were evenly distributed in 12 rooms. Six rooms were subjected to intensities of either 15 footcandles (FC) from 1 to 51 d (Bright), or 0.5 FC from 1 to 9 d and 0.1 FC from 9 to 51 d (Dim). Both intensity treatments were provided in an increasing photoperiod program (23L:1D, 1 to 9 d; 12L:12D, 9 to 16 d; 14L:10D, 16 to 23 d; 17L:7D, 23 to 30 d; 20L:4D, 30 to 37 d; and 23L:1D, 37 to 51 d). Feed consumption and BW were determined, and feed conversions were calculated approximately weekly. Mortalities were necropsied and recorded daily. At 51 d, 30 birds from each room were processed and cut up to determine weights and yields. Beginning at 23 and 30 d, respectively, BW and feed consumption were greater in the Dim treatment. At 51 d, Dim treatment BW was 4.7% greater and feed consumption was 3.9% greater. Feed conversion, metabolic and total mortality, and BW uniformity were not influenced by light intensity. Weights of lean carcass, total breast, fillets, tenders, and legs were from 4.9 to 6.2% greater in the Dim treatment, which was proportional to the BW difference and resulted in similar yields of these parts. However, wings were 9.9% heavier in the Dim treatment, which resulted in greater wing yield. Equal fat pad weights resulted in reduced fat pad yield in the Dim treatment. These results indicate that BW, feed consumption, and most parts weights were increased proportionally by providing 0.1 vs. 15 FC of light intensity via an increasing photoperiod program, and that only the yields of minor parts were affected by intensity.
Older Lesbian Experiences of Homophobia and Ageism

ABSTRACT Utilizing specific data from a national, online 115-question survey, the authors examined the perceived discrimination experiences of 456 lesbians older than the age of 51. Experiences explored included ageism and homophobia in a variety of relationships and social settings. Quantitative analysis and several open-ended questions provided qualitative descriptions of their experiences with discrimination. The findings indicate that older lesbians have experienced homophobia, heterosexism, and ageism in a variety of settings including housing, employment, health care, social situations, family relationships, or shopping/dining out. Sexual orientation discrimination was frequent in the employment setting. Study findings support the need for employment policies that protect the ability of sexual minorities in the workplace. Future recommendations outline the need for all social workers to be advocates for this population.
The Japanese Negotiation Style: Characteristics of a Distinct Approach

During the last 15 years, a group of colleagues and I have systematically studied the negotiation styles of business people in 15 countries (17 cultm'es) J a p a n , Korea, Taiwan, China (nor thern and southern), Hong Kong, the Philippines, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Mexico, Canada (Anglophones and Francophones) , and the United States. More than 1,000 business people have participated in our research.' What we have discovered so far in these studies confirms that the Japanese negotiation style is quite distinct.
Laparoscopic and Robotic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Short- and Long-Term Results

Sleeve gastrectomy has gained popularity over the past decade due to its safety, feasibility, and good results. The purpose of this study is to describe our results, both short and long term, with this procedure. This study is a nonrandomized, controlled, retrospective review of 409 patients who underwent a minimally invasive sleeve gastrectomy at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health System from January 2008 to December 2013. A total of 304 patients underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and another 105 patients underwent a robotic procedure using the da Vinci Surgical System®. Patient demographics, comorbidities, date of surgery, postoperative morbidity and mortality, operating time, length of stay, and excess weight loss were reviewed. The mean age was 41 years (18–70) with no statistical difference between the two groups. Patient’s demographics were similar (p = 0.395) in both groups. The mean operative time for the robotic group was 110.6 versus 84.18 min in the laparoscopic group, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the perioperative complications, length of stay, or % excess weight loss. There is no significant difference between the robotic and laparoscopic group in terms of complications, length of stay, and estimated blood loss. Robot-assisted sleeve gastrectomy is associated with longer operative time and increased cost.
Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome

Abnormal fatty acid metabolism and dyslipidemia play an intimate role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The availability of glucose and insulin predominate as upstream regulatory elements that operate through a collection of transcription factors to partition lipids toward anabolic pathways. The unraveling of the details of these cellular events has proceeded rapidly, but their physiologic relevance to lifestyle modification has been largely ignored. Here we highlight the role of dietary input, specifically carbohydrate intake, in the mechanism of metabolic regulation germane to metabolic syndrome. The key principle is that carbohydrate, directly or indirectly through the effect of insulin, controls the disposition of excess dietary nutrients. Dietary carbohydrate modulates lipolysis, lipoprotein assembly and processing and affects the relation between dietary intake of saturated fat intake and circulating levels. Several of these processes are the subject of intense investigation at the cellular level. We see the need to integrate these cellular mechanisms with results from low-carbohydrate diet trials that have shown reduced cardiovascular risk through improvement in hepatic, intravascular, and peripheral processing of lipoproteins, alterations in fatty acid composition, and reductions in other cardiovascular risk factors, notably inflammation. From the current state of the literature, however, low-carbohydrate diets are grounded in basic metabolic principles and the data suggest that some form of carbohydrate restriction is a candidate to be the preferred dietary strategy for cardiovascular health beyond weight regulation.
Forecasting and Dynamic Updating of Uncertain Arrival Rates to A Call Center

Motivated by queueing models and recent empirical studies of call centers, we model call arrival processes as inhomogeneous Poisson processes. Our primary interest lies on forecasting the unobserved intraday call rate profile using the historical call volume data. We develop methods for both interday forecasting and dynamic intraday updating of call arrival rates. Such forecasts are of great importance for effective call center workforce management. Our methods combine the data-driven approach in Shen and Huang (2007) [9] with the model-driven approach in Weinberg et al. (2007) [10]. A Poisson factor model is first formulated to achieve dimension reduction. We then describe how the estimated model can be used to provide interday forecasting as well as intraday updating. Our methods show very promising results in an application to real call center data.
A study of the thermal behavior of terrestrial tridymite by continuous X-ray diffraction

Phase transition behavior of two types of terrestrial tridymite; crystals from Topaz Mountain in the Thomas Range of northwestern Utah and Smith Peak in Plumas County, California; were investigated. The Topaz Mtn. samples were characterized at room temperature using optical, X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer, rotation, and Laue), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Least-squares refinement of the powder data yielded an orthorhombic cell with a = 17.072 A, b = 9.923 A, and c = 16.291 A. The tridymite is designated PO-2 (nomenclature of Nukui and Nakazawa 1980). This material is complexly twinned and has severe stacking disorder parallel to [001]. Additional X-ray experiments were performed on one Plumas County crystal and four Topaz Mtn. crystals during heating from room temperature to a minimum of 320° C with one run attaining a maximum temperature of 532° C. Crystal to crystal behavior was somewhat variable suggesting kinetic barriers to transition controlled by the detailed structural state of each crystal. The Laue results indicated that the transition behavior of these multiple twinned tridymites could be conveniently divided into two classes: discontinuous and continuous. The discontinuous diffraction effects were generally associated with major structural transitions. Continuous diffraction effects involved gradual structural distortions of the tridymite framework that occurred over discrete ranges of temperature. Upon cooling, many of the minor effects were not reversible while the major transitions were reversible with some temperature hysteresis. Comparison of initial and final diffraction patterns indicated that the starting and ending structures were very similar but not identical. From the five experiments, three distinct patterns emerged based on the major transitions observed: Type I behavior (Topaz Mtn.) characterized by three major changes at 175–187° C, 283–302° C, and 348–352° C, Type II behavior (Plumas Co.) characterized by one major transition between 283–295° C, and Type III behavior (Topaz Mtn.) characterized by one major change between 159–165° C.
Real-Time Quantitative Analysis of Combustion-Generated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

We have combined resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry with on-line flame sampling to determine the centerline concentrations of naphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene in a pure methane + oxygen/argon (1:5) diffusion flame. Naphthalene concentrations between 100 parts per billion by volume (ppbV) and 6 parts per million by volume (ppmV) and fluorene concentrations below 50 ppbV are determined using one-color REMPI on jet-cooled samples extracted from the flame; anthracene concentrations in the 5−40 ppbV range are determined using two-color REMPI. The REMPI ion signals are converted to absolute concentrations in real time by performing gas-phase standard additions to the flame sample. Isomer-selective detection of larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as perylene and benzo[a]pyrene, is possible using the two-color REMPI approach.
Ethical voices of pediatric mental health nurses

Ethical issues in pediatric mental health care have undergone little theoretical consideration and empirical study. In this exploratory ethnographic study, 20 Pediatric Mental Health Registered Nurses (PMHRNs) describe the ethical issues they believe arise from the care they deliver to children in school-age and adolescent age groups. Three major themes emerge from the interviews. These themes, the PMHRNs' relational roles, their role as advocate facilitator, and their view of the milieu as an extension of the family, are analyzed for ethical content using several ethical theories. These ethical theories are evaluated for adequacy, and an argument for the use of relational ethical theories in examining pediatric mental health ethical issues, as well as general pediatric nursing practice, is presented.
Gender gaps in income and productivity of obstetricians and gynecologists.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in income, productivity, and practice style between male and female obstetrician-gynecologists between 1990 and 2002. METHODS: The primary data were the Socioeconomic Surveys of Fellows conducted by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). The surveys contained complete responses from 3,698 obstetrician-gynecologists. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate gender differences in income, productivity, and practice style. RESULTS: Female obstetrician-gynecologists were younger, had been in medical practice fewer years, earned lower annual incomes ($196,000 versus $257,000), and exhibited lower productivity. Even when considering only young obstetrician-gynecologists (40 years old or younger), women earned annual incomes that were 23% lower, worked 10% fewer hours, saw 9% fewer patients, and performed 21% fewer procedures. The raw income gap between male and female obstetrician- gynecologists of all ages fell from 31% in 1990 to 19% in 2002, whereas for young obstetrician-gynecologists it remained stable at approximately 19%. However, despite this apparent stability, the nature of the income gap changed: whereas differences in productivity and practice style explained only half of the income gap in the 1990s, by 2002 these factors explained nearly all of the income gap. CONCLUSION: Between 1990 and 2002, female obstetrician-gynecologists earned lower annual incomes than male obstetrician-gynecologists, even when matched on age. However, by 2002 this income gap was almost entirely explained by gender differences in productivity and practice patterns.
Comparison of a sodium chloride aerosol filter test method to silica-dust and silica-mist filter test methods

A LASL-developed sodium chloride aerosol filter penetration test has been compared to the silica-dust and silica-mist tests used by NIOSH for respirator approval testing. Filter discs were made from two types of resin impregnated electrostatic felt filter materials and tested at LASL for resistance to air flow and sodium chloride aerosol penetration. Sets of these filters were sent to four respirator manufacturing companies, where silica-dust and silica-mist penetration tests were performed. One set of filters was sent to NIOSH Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering in Cincinnati where sodium chloride aerosol penetration tests were performed by NIOSH personnel.
Quick Quiz – Is it Really Recall?

Review of : Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning Than Elaborative Studying With Concept Mapping ; J. D. Karpicke and J. R. Blunt; (2011). Science 331 :772–775.
Cost-effectiveness in diagnosing infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which imaging study, upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) or abdominal ultrasonography (US), is more cost-effective in diagnosing infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) using a decision analysis model. Methods: Probabilities were calculated from a review of the records of all infants less than 6 months of age referred for UGI or US to rule out IHPS over a 3-year period from January 1992 to December 1995. Cost-effectiveness was determined from hospital charges for each imaging study and its possible outcomes. Results: The positive predictive value of UGI was 1.0 and US was 0.98 in the 246 infants evaluated for possible IHPS. In patients who had an initially normal study finding (UGI or US), 25% of patients undergoing US first required a second study for persistent symptoms, whereas only 6% of patients who had a negative initial UGI finding required a second study. Conclusions: Cost analysis found UGI to be more costeffective than US because fewer secondary studies were required. UGI provides information regarding other pathological conditions as compared with US.
Human microglia activate lymphoproliferative responses to recall viral antigens

Abstract The capacity of adult human microglia to activate memory T-lymphocyte responses to recall viral antigens in autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was examined using measles and influenza viruses. Microglia and peripheral blood macrophages were isolated from 6 patients who underwent surgical brain biopsies. Microglial cultures readily expressed high levels of HLA class II molecules under basal culture conditions. However, compared to macrophages, microglia appeared to express much lower levels of CD45, a phenotype that has been associated with the ability of rat brain macrophage/microglia to present antigen. PBL were depleted of macrophages (D-PBL) and the efficacy of the depletion was assessed by a reduction in the T-cell response to concanavalin A. D-PBL were reconstituted with macrophages, microglia, or in some cases microglia pretreated with interferon-γ (IFNγ). It was observed that microglia were as efficient as macrophages in presenting viral antigens. Pretreatment of microglia with IFNγ did not enhance further antigen presentation. Oligodendrocytes which lack constitutive or inducible HLA class II molecules failed to present viral antigens. The results have implications on the direct function of microglia as perpetuators and possibly initiators of immune responses to virus infection in the central nervous system compartment.
Stress analysis by synergizing experimental, analytical, and numerical techniques

The suitability of hybridizing measured strain (from commercial strain gages) and photoelastic (from birefringent coatings) information with a stress function and numerical tools for full-field stress analyzing engineering problems is emphasized. Applications include those to traction-free and pin-loaded holes in isotropic aluminum plates, orthotropic composites and wood. For the pinned joints, both pin/hole clearance and friction are accounted for, and the stresses on the contacting edge of the loaded hole are determined.
Functional lateralization of the prefrontal cortex during traditional frontal lobe tasks

We attempted to identify brain regions functionally lateralized during cognitive tasks traditionally linked to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by measuring regional cerebral blood flow with H 2 15 O positron emission tomography (PET). Fourteen normal subjects were scanned six times while performing six different cognitive conditions comprising three task paradigms putatively sensitive to PFC integrity: the Wisconsin Card Sort (WCS), Delayed Response Alternation (DA), and the Spatial Delayed Response (SDR) Tasks, and three matched sensorimotor control tasks. Multivariate and repeated measures analyses indicated that for all three cognitive paradigms there were no significant hemisphere, hemisphere-by-condition, or hemisphere-by-region effects. However, with more liberal statistical comparison (paired t tests), the superior frontal gyrus showed lateralization during both the WCS and SDR tasks (both R > L). These results suggest that, although some asymmetries may be found using liberal analyses, there is less evidence of lateralized brain function during performance of these tasks of PFC function, than in language and motor systems. Implications for testing PFC function in neuropsychiatric groups are discussed.
From GPS Shoes to Instrumented Cities: Food for Thought

Welcome to latest installment of Notes from the Community! This column offers a curated summary of interesting news and research in pervasive and mobile computing, with content drawn from submissions from a shared community on the social news site Reddit, available at www.reddit.com/r/pervasivecomputing.
Two estrogen receptors in reproductive tissue.

Abstract In both chick oviduct and in the human uterus two distinct high affinity low capacity estrogen binding proteins have been demonstrated in the cytoplasm. These components are specific for estrogens and have equilibrium dissociation constants (KDS) of 10−10 and 10−9 M as determined by Scatchard analyses. Two binding components of similar affinities can also be detected in nuclei isolated from oviducts and uteri which had been exposed to estrogen. Since reproductive tissue from such widely divergent species contains two highly specific high affinity estrogen binding proteins it would appear that the presence of two putative estrogen receptors is a general phenomenon and therefore warrants careful consideration when one attempts to explain the molecular mechanism of steroid hormone action.
Met-enkephalin alteration in the rat during chronic injection of morphine and/or midazolam.

Abstract We have recently reported that the short-acting anesthetic and analgesic drug midazolam can produce analgesia and decrease morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat by interacting with the opioid system. This study was designed to investigate the effect of midazolam, morphine, and both together on met-enkephalin levels in the rat. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) saline-saline; (2) saline-morphine; (3) midazolam-saline, and (4) midazolam-morphine groups. First, a saline or midazolam injection was given intraperitoneally and after 30 min a second injection of saline or morphine was given subcutaneously once daily for 11 days. Animals were sacrificed on the 11th day 60 min after the last injection to measure met-enkephalin by radioimmunoassay. Morphine tolerant animals showed a significant increase in met-enkephalin levels in the cortex (137%) and midbrain (89%), and a significant decrease in met-enkephalin levels in the pituitary (74%), cerebellum (34%) and medulla (72%). Midazolam treated animals showed a significant decrease in met-enkephalin levels in the pituitary (63%), cortex (39%), medulla (58%), kidneys (36%), heart (36%) and adrenals (43%), and a significant increase in met-enkephalin levels in the striatum (54%) and pons (51%). When morphine and midazolam were injected together, midazolam antagonized the increase in met-enkephalin levels in cortex and midbrain region and the decrease in met-enkephalin level in the medulla region observed in morphine tolerant animals. These results indicate that morphine tolerance and dependence is associated with changes in the concentration of met-enkephalin in the brain. Midazolam may inhibit morphine tolerance and dependence by reversing some of the changes induced in met-enkephalin levels in brain by morphine in morphine tolerant and dependent animals.
Molecular motors: Shifting gears with light.

The speed and direction of myosin and kinesin motors can be optically controlled by adding a protein domain that changes conformation in response to blue light.
Pto3 and Pto4: novel genes from Lycopersicon hirsutum var. glabratum that confer resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato.

Accessions of wild Lycopersicon germplasm were screened for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (P.s. tomato). Resistance to both race-0 and race-1 strains of P.s. tomato was identified in L. pimpinellifolium, L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum var. glabratum. Resistance to race-0 derived from L. hirsutum var. glabratum (Pto3) appeared to be inherited independently of Pto1 and Pto2. Filial and backcross generations derived from interspecific crosses between L. esculentum and L. hirsutum var. glabratum revealed that Pto3 resistance was inherited in a complex fashion and was incompletely dominant under conditions of high bacteria inocula. Resistance to P.s. tomato race-1 (Pto4) was also identified in L. hirsutum var. glabratum. Pto3 and Pto4 segregated independently of each other.
The Nineteenth Dudley Allen Sargent Commemorative Lecture 1999: Doing PE at the New University

The purpose of this paper was to recognize what has changed, what is currently changing, what will probably change in the near future, and then to present issues and strategies that will allow the NAPEHE membership to become more effective change agents at the New University. First, a profile of the New University was created with its accompanying students. Then the potential role, place, and contribution of physical education at the New University were examined. Finally, suggestions and strategies of what must be changed if physical education is to survive and prosper at the New University are offered.
Debaryomyces hansenii fermentation for arabitol production

Abstract The fermentation process for arabitol production from glycerol was developed using a Debaryomyces hansenii strain recently selected from a broad screening. The high-producing strain produced arabitol as the only detectable polyol from glycerol. In this work, the pH, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), inoculum size and magnesium concentration, and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio were systematically evaluated for effects on cell growth rate and arabitol productivity. Among those evaluated, the medium with N/P = 9, DO of 5% air saturation and pH 3.5 supported the highest arabitol production. Under these optimal conditions, arabitol production of 40 g/L was achieved in 5 days compared to earlier studies with 15 g/L arabitol in 5 days. Volumetric productivity and specific productivity were successfully improved from 0.13 to 0.33 g/L-h and 0.007 to 0.02 g/g-h respectively with arabitol yield of 55% from glycerol.
Identifying safer anti-wear triaryl phosphate additives for jet engine lubricants

Abstract Individuals aboard jet aircraft may be exposed to potentially toxic triaryl organophosphate anti-wear lubricant additives (TAPs) that are converted by cytochromes P450 into toxic metabolites. Consequences of exposure could be reduced by using less toxic TAPs. Our goal was to determine whether an in vitro assay for inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by bioactivated TAPs would be predictive of inhibition of serine active-site enzymes in vivo . The in vitro assay involved TAP bioactivation with liver microsomes and NADPH, followed by incubation with human BChE and measurement of BChE activity. Of 19 TAPs tested, tert -butylated isomers produced the least BChE inhibition. To determine the relevance of these results in vivo , mice were exposed to Durad 125 (D125; a commercial mixture of TAP esters) or to TAPs demonstrating low or no BChE inhibition when assayed in vitro. Inhibition of BChE by bioactivated TAPs in vitro correlated well with inhibition of other serine active-site enzymes in vivo , with the exception of brain acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase (NTE), which were not inhibited by any TAP tested following single exposures. A recombinant catalytic domain of NTE (rNEST) exhibited classical kinetic properties of NTE. The metabolite of tri-( o -cresyl) phosphate (T o CP), 2-( o -cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one (CBDP), inhibited rNEST in vitro , but with an IC 50 value almost 6-times higher than for inhibition of BChE. Physiologically-relevant concentrations of the flavonoid naringenin dramatically reduced D125 bioconversion in vitro . The in vitro assay should provide a valuable tool for prescreening candidate TAP anti-wear additives, identifying safer additives and reducing the number of animals required for in vivo toxicity testing.
High-Level Positive End Expiratory Pressure Management in the Surgical Patient With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Although the exact incidence of ARDS is not know, it is frequently reported that there are 150,000 cases in the United States each year. Despite major advances in medical and respiratory intensive care, the mortality for patients with ARDS remains exceedingly high and has not changed appreciably from the 50% to 75% reported during the last 25 years. Currently there is no widespread, acceptable, specific therapeutic approach or agent available for the prevention or treatment of ARDS. Clinical management remains entirely supportive in nature. Although most practitioners agree that patients with severe ARDS require mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate gas exchange, controversies center on the amount of supplemental oxygen, level of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and mode of ventilation needed to increase patient survival but reduce ventilator-associated complications. This review provides supportive evidence for the use of high-level PEEP (more than 15 cm H20) in the care of the surgical patient with severe ARDS.
Body mass index in blunt trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: opposite ends of the body mass index spectrum portend poor outcome.

BACKGROUND: There are controversial data on the relationship between trauma and body mass index. We investigated this relationship in traumatic hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: The "Glue Grant" database was analyzed, stratifying patients into underweight, normal weight (NW), overweight, Class I obesity, Class II obesity, and Class III obesity. Predictors of mortality and surgical interventions were statistically determined. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred seventy-six patients were included with no difference in injury severity between groups. Marshall's score was elevated in overweight (5.3 ± 2.7, P =.016), Class I obesity (5.8 ± 2.7, P CONCLUSION: Early assessment of body mass index, with active management of complications in each class, may reduce mortality in traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Language: en
Size of Audience, Gender, and Digit-Rate Effects on Short-Term Memory:

Short-term memory tests were given to 101 undergraduate volunteers (33 men and 68 women) under three levels of audience size (2 observers, 1 observer, and alone condition) using different rates (1 sec. and 3 sec.) of computer-generated random numbers. Subjects were instructed to recall 25 random digits (presented sequentially on a computer screen) immediately after their display. A mixed 2 × 2 × 3 split-plot analysis of variance showed a significant effect for rate of digit presentation and Newman-Keuls post hoc pairwise comparisons showed differences between men and women with 2 observers present under the 3-sec. digit rate (men scored higher). Gender differences also occurred in the extent to which subjects profited from the 3-sec. (simpler) digit-rate condition as a function of the presence or absence of an audience (three-way interaction). Women profited in the “alone” condition and men did not, yet men profited in the audience-present conditions and women did not. “Social facilitation” interpretation...
A Managed Behavioral Health Organization Operated by an Academic Psychiatry Department

As a means of adapting to managed care, the psychiatry department at Wake Forest University developed a managed behavioral health organization (MBHO) to manage the care of enrollees in QualChoice, the health maintenance organization of the Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center. Before the academic MBHO was created, care was managed by a for-profit MBHO. In this case study, financial and utilization data were obtained from both MBHOs and from QualChoice. The data confirm that the academic MBHO was able to offer competitive rates for its services. It also was able to increase enrollees' use of the medical center's own providers and facilities by making more referrals than were made by the for-profit MBHO. Developing a managed behavioral health organization can allow academic psychiatry departments, either individually or as consortia, to preserve the patient base they require for teaching, research, and financial stability.
Construct validity of the medical specialty preference inventory: A critical analysis☆

Abstract The Medical Specialty Preference Inventory (MSPI; Zimny, G.H. (1979). Manual for the Medical Specialty Preference Inventory. St. Louis, MO: St. Louis University School of Medicine), a measure of medical students’ interests, was substantively and empirically examined to identify an underlying factor structure. A factor model for the original MSPI based on 38 factors in five general areas was evaluated on a national sample of 1014 medical students and yielded poor fit to the data. Exploratory factor analyses at the item level utilizing the full pool of MSPI items produced an 11 factor solution with 88 items. Sub-scales were identified within this model and an 11–18 higher-order model and an 18 sub-scale model also were proposed. The relative fits of the three models were evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis with the 18 sub-scale model shown to be superior. This model was cross-validated on a separate sample of 1016 medical students and fit the data well. All sub-scales exhibited adequate internal consistency across samples. These findings support the need for a revised MSPI based on 18 scales. Implications of these findings for MSPI scoring practices are discussed along with future directions.
Genetics of Brassica rapa. 3. Costs of disease resistance to three fungal pathogens

Genetic costs of resistance to pathogens may be an important factor maintaining heritable variation for resistance in natural populations. Pleiotropic fitness trade-offs occur when genetic resistance causes reduction in other components of fitness. Although costs of resistance have an important influence on plant-pathogen interactions, few previous studies have detected pleiotropic costs of resistance in the absence of confounding effects of linkage disequilibrium. To avoid this potential problem, we performed artificial selection experiments on resistance to two fungal pathogens, Leptosphaeria maculans, and Peronospora parasitica, and compared growth rates of resistant and susceptible genotypes of Brassica rapa in the absence of pathogens. Leptosphaeria resistance had no effect on growth rate, indicating cost-free defense. In contrast, Peronospora-resistant genotypes grow 6% slower than Peronospora-susceptible genotypes in pathogen-free environments, indicating a significant genetic fitness cost to Peronospora resistance. Such genetic trade-offs could maintain genetic variation in the wild. Another factor that might explain heritable variation for resistance is ecological trade-offs, in which genetic resistance to one species causes susceptibility to another. Such ecological trade-offs do not exist for the pathogens studied in this system.