cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimalizing control in the presence of noise interference

The performance of a modified peak-holding optimalizing control system depends in part on the ability of the controller to detect the input signal frequency component in the output of the controlled system. This paper describes several techniques that may be used for detecting this component and analyzes one of them in great detail. The subject of the detailed analysis is the method of filtering through cross-correlation. A statistical analysis is also carried out in order to demonstrate the efficiency of this method.
Surgical treatment of the extratemporal epilepsies

Epilepsy that originates outside of the temporal lobe can present some of the most challenging problems for surgical therapy. These epilepsies can be broadly categorized as lesional or non-lesional, with the nonlesional cases being the most difficult to localize. Lesional cases can result from malformations of cortical development, tumors, vascular malformations, or areas of old injury. Some lesions, such as focal cortical dysplasia, can be challenging, in that the boundaries of the pathology can be difficult to define. Presurgical goals include defining the structural lesion, the physiologic abnormality, and normal function in the area. These goals can be achieved using a variety of noninvasive and invasive tests. Surgical techniques vary depending on location and pathology but they always include removal of the epileptic brain tissue while preserving en passage vessels and underlying white matter tracts. Surgical outcomes vary depending on the underlying pathology. Surgeries are usually planned with a goal of no expected postoperative deficits, although temporary deficits may be anticipated in some areas, such as the supplementary motor cortex. Extratemporal epilepsy can be managed well with surgical treatment; but proper patient selection, evaluation, and discussion of expected outcomes and risks are critical in this challenging patient population.
Predominance of cellular edema in traumatic brain swelling in patients with severe head injuries

Object The edema associated with brain swelling after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been thought to be vasogenic in origin, but the results of previous laboratory studies by the authors have shown that a cellular form of edema is mainly responsible for brain swelling after TBI. In this study the authors used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques to identify the type of edema that occurs in patients with TBI. Methods Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was used to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in 44 patients with TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale Score < 8) and in eight healthy volunteers. Higher ADC values have been associated with vasogenic edema, and lower ADC values with a predominantly cellular form of edema. Regional measurements of ADC in patients with focal and diffuse injury were computed. The water content of brain tissue was also assessed in absolute terms by using MR imaging to measure the percentage of water per gram of tissue. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using stable Xe...
PALM-3000: EXOPLANET ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR THE 5 m HALE TELESCOPE

We describe and report first results from PALM-3000, the second-generation astronomical adaptive optics (AO) facility for the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory. PALM-3000 has been engineered for high-contrast imaging and emission spectroscopy of brown dwarfs and large planetary mass bodies at near-infrared wavelengths around bright stars, but also supports general natural guide star use to V ≈ 17. Using its unique 66 × 66 actuator deformable mirror, PALM-3000 has thus far demonstrated residual wavefront errors of 141 nm rms under ~1'' seeing conditions. PALM-3000 can provide phase conjugation correction over a 6."4 × 6."4 working region at λ = 2.2 μm, or full electric field (amplitude and phase) correction over approximately one-half of this field. With optimized back-end instrumentation, PALM-3000 is designed to enable 10^(–7) contrast at 1" angular separation, including post-observation speckle suppression processing. While continued optimization of the AO system is ongoing, we have already successfully commissioned five back-end instruments and begun a major exoplanet characterization survey, Project 1640.
Clinical predictors of psychological distress in patients presenting for evaluation of a spinal disorder

Abstract Background context Psychological distress has been shown to adversely affect the treatment outcomes of many spinal disorders. Most physicians do not routinely use psychological screening questionnaires. Additionally, physicians have not performed well when assessing patients for psychological distress while using clinical impression alone. Purpose The purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical factors that most accurately predict the presence of psychological distress in patients presenting for the evaluation of a spinal disorder. Study design This is a retrospective study. Patient sample Three hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients presented for an initial evaluation of a spinal disorder at a tertiary spine clinic. Outcome measures Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS), and distress risk assessment method (DRAM). Methods Three hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients presenting for the evaluation of a spinal disorder with a completed DRAM, ODI, and VAS were evaluated. The DRAM was used to classify the patients' level of psychological distress. Clinical variables such as history of depression, use of antidepressants, use of other psychotropic medications, history of surgery, and history of chronic pain syndromes along with ODI and VAS scores were used to develop a model to predict a patient's level of psychological distress. Results Our model was highly accurate (92%), sensitive (92%), and specific (95%) in predicting a patient's level of psychological distress. If patients' VAS is 4 or 5, their ODI is less than 45, and they are not on any psychotropic medications, they likely will fall into the normal group. Patients with a VAS greater than 7, currently taking antidepressants or other psychotropic medications, an ODI greater than 58, and a history of surgery are likely to fall into the higher distressed categories of distressed depressive or distressed somatic. Conclusions A patient's clinical history, ODI, and VAS scores can predict their level of psychological distress. In general, patients with higher VAS pain scores, higher ODI scores (>58), and those taking an antidepressant or another psychotropic medication were likely to have high levels of psychological distress. The predictive clinical factors noted in this study are readily available to most physicians treating spinal disorders and may be helpful in improving their ability to detect patients with psychological distress, counseling them on realistic outcomes, and possibly improve their treatment outcomes.
An Arabidopsis Mutant Defective in the Plastid General Protein Import Apparatus

Elaborate mechanisms have evolved for the translocation of nucleus-encoded proteins across the plastid envelope membrane. Although putative components of the import apparatus have been identified biochemically, their role in import remains to be proven in vivo. An Arabidopsis mutant lacking a new component of the import machinery [translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (Toc33), a 33-kilodalton protein] has been isolated. The functional similarity of Toc33 to another translocon component (Toc34) implies that multiple different translocon complexes are present in plastids. Processes that are mediated by Toc33 operate during the early stages of plastid and leaf development. The data demonstrate the in vivo role of a translocon component in plastid protein import.
Cumulative indices for Spectrochima Acta, Part A and Spectrochimica Acta, Part B

Abstract This article is an electronic publication in Spectrochimica Acta Electronica (SAE), a section of Spectrochimica Acta, Part B (SAB). The hardcopy text is accompanied by an electronic archive, stored on the SAE homepage at http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/sabe. The archive contains data, index and program files. The main article discusses the bibliographical purpose of the program and data files. A collective index for Spectrochimica Acta for volumes since it was split into Parts A and B, and continuing through 1991 for SAA and 1997 for SAB, is presented in DBF format, along with rudimentary data entry and access software.
Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 represents a marker of response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels and outcome in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy (NT).
Simulation Validation Through Linear Model Comparison

Abstract : The Manned Flight Simulator at the Naval Air Warfare Center in Patuxent River, MD maintains high fidelity fixed and rotary wing simulation models. The aircraft simulations are utilized for a wide range of activities including flight test support, pilot training, and control law analysis and design. Validating aircraft math models against flight test data is an important part of the simulation process. Linear model comparison was used to validate the lateral-directional dynamic modes of the V-22 tilt-rotor aircraft in airplane mode. In this technique, linear model approximations of the simulation and aircraft dynamics are calculated independently and then compared. The simulation linear state-space model was extracted from the nonlinear V-22 simulation using a perturbation method. The aircraft linear state-space model was fit to flight test data from lateral-directional maneuvers using parameter identified tools. Time history comparison were used to verify both linear models. Comparison of the lateral-directional modes and the stability and control derivatives of the two models were made. The differences between the two models were used to locate potential problems with the nonlinear simulation.
Effects of phosphorus‐containing flame retardants on pyrolysis of cotton cellulose

Unmodified cotton and cottons finished with high levels of seven different phosphorus-containing flame retardants were pyrolyzed in a temperature-programmed solid probe of a mass spectrometer, and mass spectra were recorded continuously throughout the pyrolyses. The spectra at the maximum rates of volatiles evolution during the pyrolyses were analyzed to determine relative amounts of water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, furfural, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, and 1,6-anhydro-β-glucofuranose. These volatile materials accounted for 64% to 90% of the total ionization in the spectra. The flame retardants increased the fractions of nonfuel volatiles (water and carbon dioxide) and decreased those of anhydroglucoses, but had less effect on the carbon monoxide and furan derivatives. The flame retardant fabrics differed greatly in the fractions of anhydroglucoses (from 1% to 23%) and water (from 19% to 57%) in their pyrolysis products. These results indicate that mechanisms of flame retardant action differ among phosphorus-containing finishes.
An infrared detector utilizing internal photoemission

An infrared detector utilizing internal photoemission as a detection mechanism is demonstrated. The detector consists of a metal-semiconductor contact with photoemission taking place over the associated Schottky barrier. Quantum efficiency and bias effects are investigated.
Stab wounds to the back and flank in the hemodynamically stable patient: A decision algorithm based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography with colonic opacification**

Purpose The authors wanted to determine whether contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) with colonic opacification is an accurate tool to triage hemodynamically stable victims of stab wounds to the flank and back. Patients and Methods One hundred forty-five consecutive patients were categorized as low-risk (penetration superficial to the deep fascia) or high-risk (penetration beyond the deep fascia) based on CE-CT findings. Results There were no significant differences in admission vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale, or complete blood counts between low- and high-risk groups. None of the 92 low-risk patients required surgery or had sequelae. Six of the 53 high-risk patients underwent surgery, 2 based on initial CE-CT, 4 due to evolving clinical signs. The CE-CT correctly predicted surgical findings in all cases. Conclusions Hemodynamically stable patients with stab wounds to the back and/or flank can be successfully triaged based on CE-CT findings. Low-risk patients may be discharged immediately. High-risk patients may have a discharge decision implemented at 24 hours.
Tailored dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water with pH-responsive polymers

Abstract In an effort to control the level of carbon nanotube exfoliation in water, pH-responsive polymers (i.e., weak polyelectrolytes) have been used as stabilizers in water. This noncovalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) results in suspensions whose dispersion state can be altered by simply changing pH. In this study poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(allylamine) and polyethyleneimine were used to stabilize aqueous SWNT suspensions. The results indicate that SWNTs stabilized with these polymers show a pH tailorable exfoliation and bundling in water, as evidenced by cryo-TEM images and shifts in suspension viscosity. Composite films prepared by drying these aqueous suspensions suggest that nanotube microstructure in the liquid state is largely preserved in the solid composites, with more bundled/networked structures showing higher electrical conductivity. A stabilization mechanism based upon the results obtained is proposed to explain the exfoliation and aggregation behavior of SWNTs. This method of controlling the microstructure of SWNTs in liquid state with pH could have a significant impact on the ability to tailor the microstructure and properties of composites.
A model for boson-baryon interactions

The transitions of electrons from positive to negative energies were examined by Klein (1) and Sauter (2) who investigated the results of including a potential step function in relativistic field equations. In this paper we arrive at a possible physical significance of the Klein paradox by examining the effect of a repulsive square potential in the Klein-Gordon equation. We find that scattering resonances can occur, and that there is also the possibility of having bound states for bosons of suitable quantum numbers. The phenomenological model gives a reasonable fit to present pion-baryon data for strangeness 0 and — 1.
LAMINA MUSCULARIS PROPRIA THICKNESS OF RENAL PELVIS PREDICTS RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF SURGICAL CORRECTION OF URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION

Purpose: We examine if there is a relationship between the histopathology of the renal pelvis and postoperative radiological findings in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.Materials and Methods: The records of 220 patients who underwent pyeloplasty for isolated ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 1988 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed, and 41 (42 kidneys) were identified who had adequate histological specimens and postoperative radiographic studies (ultrasonography and/or well tempered renogram) for examination. Histological features of the lamina muscularis propria from the renal pelvis were correlated with the radiographic outcome after pyeloplasty.Results: Lamina muscularis propria thickness of the renal pelvis correlated significantly with radiological improvement. All kidneys with renal pelvic lamina muscularis propria thickness less than 250 μm. showed radiological improvement at 3 to 6 months postoperatively, those with thickness between 250 and 350 μm. had improvement at ...
Feasibility study for replacing the MK19 automatic grenade launching system

The Army's MK-19 weapon system is an automatic grenade launcher capable of destroying thin-skinned vehicles and dismounted targets at ranges up to 2200 meters. Since its first use in the 1960s, the MK-19 has remained largely unchanged while technology has improved. This research will determine if an alternative weapon system provides a significant improvement in lethality over the MK-19. The Joint Combat and Tactical Simulation (JCATS)is used to test weapon variants against a variety of enemies in terrain similar to current operating environments. The results of these tests -- along with the weapon's mobility, user interface, and logistics footprint -- are analyzed, weighted, and scored through the use of the Systems Decision Process (SDP) developed by the U.S. Military Academy's Department of Systems Engineering. Ultimately, this report provides a recommendation to the Army's Program Manager of Advanced Crew Served Weapons on which weapon provides the greatest value to our troops in theater.
Cluster analysis approach to batching in flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper introduces a cluster analysis approach to the FMS batching, loading and tool configuration problems. The methodology consists of two passes. In the first pass, three efficient job type selection rules for the cluster analysis are presented and evaluated. In the second pass, a linear programming model is formulated to balance the machines' workload.
Chemical surface preparation for metallization of stereolithography polymers

Chemical surface preparation specifically for stereolithography (SLA) polymers prior to its metallization is reported for the first time in the present paper. Contact angle analysis was conducted to assess the surface hydrophilicity so as to optimize the preparation process. The applicability of this technology was verified by subsequent metallization process. This introduces an efficient method for metallization of SLA polymers and enhances its performance in applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) image analysis were applied to understand the phase composition and the micromorphologies of the substrate. Surface profiling and optical microscopy were applied for surface analysis to understand the progression of surface modification during chemical preparation process.
Towards the Autonomous Operation of Z20: A TW Pulsed Power Module

The Refurbished Z machine, ZR, has 3 distinct missions. The first is to increase the capability for the user community by providing higher peak currents. The second is to increase the precision by increasing pulse repeatability and pulse shape flexibility. The third is to increase the capacity by providing operational turnaround time consistent with conducting a shot per shift. The pursuit of the third mission relies heavily on the reliability of the components and well defined maintenance cycles. To test the performance of the ZR design, a system assessment module has been tested and found to meet the capability mission. The system assessment module will be used to test the reliability of the components comprising the ZR pulsed power modules. To assess the program goal of 1 failure in 50 ZR shots we plan to perform 7200 shots of the system assessment module, Z20. At a typical shot rate, this task would take approximately three years. To minimize the impact on the facility while obtaining the required reliability data, the system will be configured to fire and reset autonomously with the ultimate goal of unmanned operation. A systems approach was developed using National Instruments Lab VIEWreg software and Field Point I/O hardware. All communications between subsystems are provided via ethernet using fiber optic media converters. The major subsystems for operating the module which will be described are the gas pressure and purge, high voltage power supplies, oil diverter operation, triggering, precision monitoring of Marx system, personnel access control and remote operation of the laser trigger system.
The Observed Intermediate-Degree F-Mode Eigenfrequency Spectrum of the Sun and Tests of the Mode Classification Proficiency

Power spectra of the 1979 solar differential observations (Bos, 1982) have been analyzed for evidence of intermediate-degreef-modes. A set of 19 intermediate-degreef-mode multiplets has been identified and classified based on more than 300 classified modes of oscillation. The angular degree of the multiplets ranges from 18 to 36. Them=0 eigenfrequency spectrum, measured with an accuracy of typically 0.01–0.02 μHz, was found to be on the average ≈10 μHz greater than that predicted by the standard solar model of Saio (1982). Rotational splitting effects up to fifth order inm were obtained. The multiplet fine structure that is linear inm was found to be consistent with the internal rotation curve obtained by Hillet al. (1986a). The multiplet fine structure that is described by terms that are cubic and fifth order inm were found to be consistent with the differential rotation curve of Hillet al. (1986b). The probability that this set of 19 Zeeman-like frequency patterns were obtained from a set of peaks randomly distributed in frequency was estimated to be ≲10−9. The effectiveness of the mode detection and classification program in this work has been established in part by observing the horizontal spatial properties of thef-mode eigenfunctions. One consequence obtained from the study of the horizontal spatial properties of the modes is the estimate, obtained observationally, of the number of correct mode identifications: these results indicate that 73±6% of the 374 modes are correctly classified.
The Practice of Bayesian Analysis

The purpose of this book is twofold. First, it has been written to advertise the advantages a Bayesian analysis can bring. New statistical and decision models can be tailored to the unique beliefs, values and needs of the user, and the implications of the data she collects can be analysed with reference to this underlying structure. The second purpose is to provide an analyst wanting to apply the Bayesian methodology with a resource of examples and techniques, so that she may be better informed about the scope of opportunities and the pitfalls inherent in such an analysis.
Approximate and Fiducial Confidence Intervals for the Difference Between Two Binomial Proportions

The problem of estimating the difference between two binomial proportions is considered. Closed-form approximate confidence intervals (CIs) and a fiducial CI for the difference between proportions are proposed. The approximate CIs are simple to compute, and they perform better than the classical Wald CI in terms of coverage probabilities and precision. Numerical studies indicate that these approximate CIs can be used safely for practical applications under a simple condition. The fiducial CI is more accurate than the approximate CIs in terms of coverage probabilities. The fiducial CIs, the Newcombe CIs, and the Miettinen–Nurminen CIs are comparable in terms of coverage probabilities and precision. The interval estimation procedures are illustrated using two examples.
SU-FF-T-87: Attenuation Due to Bronchial Stents in 192Ir HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: Evaluate the radiation attenuation from bronchial stents during endobronchial 192 Ir HDR brachytherapy.Materials and Methods: The radiation attenuation of several commercially available bronchial stents was analyzed with an ionization chamber. The stents were divided into three groups: Nitinol mesh (0.5 mm thickness), polyester mesh with silicone coating (1.0 mm thickness); and solid silicone (1.5 mm thickness). A solid cerrobend cube with 9 cm sides was molded into an irradiation cell to produce a collimated beam. The cube had a 4 mm diameter hollow cylindrical shaft in its center for inserting the HDR catheter. A pyramidal shaped opening perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical shaft served as primary collimator with 1.5 × 1.5 cm aperture. A secondary collimator with 3 × 3 cm aperture was positioned 12 cm from the source. The distance from the source to the center of the ionization chamber was 20 cm. The field size at the chamber position was 5 × 5 cm. The stents were cut longitudinally so that each could be mounted flat on the secondary collimator. The field size at the SDD was verified with Gafchromic film. The attenuation of the radiation beam was evaluated by taking the ratio between the air kerma rate at the SDD with and without the stent. Results: The Nitinol stent attenuated the beam by 0.8%, the polyester/silicone by 2.8%, and the silicone 3.3%. Conclusions: The attenuation due to bronchial stents has been measured and can be accounted for since it can be as high as 3.3%. Whether this correction is clinically relevant should be evaluated. Moreover the stent thickness can serves as spacer to help reduce the dose on the bronchial surface for as much as 20%, as determined by Monte Carlo calculation in previous publication.
Autonomy through interaction - The JPL telerobot interactive planning system

The telerobot interactive planning system (TIPS) has been developed to provide automated task planning and reasoning for satellite servicing in NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory telerobot testbed. The strategy taken in this development is that an interface between a partially autonomous system and external sources of knowledge is a feature which enables application of technology not yet fully autonomous. Interactive features, both between the operator and TIPS and among the reasoning engines within TIPS, result in a system which has greater robustness than the reasoning engines alone could provide.
P47 phosphoprotein of blood platelets (pleckstrin) is a major target for phorbol ester‐induced protein phosphorylation in intact platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and cultured leukaemic cells: absence of P47 in non‐haematopoietic cells

Aggregating agents including phorbol esters which activate protein kinase C induce the rapid phosphorylation of a Mr = 47,000 cytosolic protein in blood platelets (P47 or pleckstrin). This protein is well resolved by analytical 16-BAC----SDS two-dimensional PAGE and was purified from platelets by preparative 16-BAC----SDS PAGE. Polyclonal antibodies were raised to the protein in mice and rabbits. These antisera detected a single protein with the migration of P47 on Western blots of platelet extracts, and the rabbit antisera immunoprecipitated 32P-labelled P47 from platelet cytosol. The presence of P47 in other haematopoietic cells was determined by prelabelling them with 32P and observing increased 32P incorporation into the location of P47 on autoradiographs of 16-BAC----SDS analytical PAGE of cells exposed to phorbol ester. The identity of the phosphoprotein found in this location was further established by probing Western blots of SDS PAGE gels of cultured cell lines with the P47 antisera. P47 was detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (including the granulocytes of two unrelated patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease). P47 was also found in HL-60 promyelocytes (especially after differentiation with retinoic acid), U937 histiocytes, HEL leukaemia cells, and Raji 'B' lymphoblasts. It was not detected in normal erythrocytes, K562 leukaemic cells, MOLT-3 'T' lymphoblasts, or in wide range of non-haematopoietic cell lines. We conclude that P47 is a major target for the action of phorbol ester induced phosphorylation in platelets, normal leucocytes and some haematopoietic cell lines. These cells have as their common feature the ability when stimulated to develop adhesive functions on their plasma membranes.
Crack initiation and propagation in brittle-to-ductile transition regime of NiAl single crystals

The mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation in the brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT) regime were evaluated in double-notched tensile specimens of a stoichiometric NiAl single crystal. The crack initiation was found to occur by formation of stable microcracks in the localized slip bands that form in the vicinity of the notch. A study of the crack path revealed that the unstable crack prefers to propagate along the {511} planes. The results of this study suggest that the BDT in NiAl correlates with the onset of net-section yielding. Decreasing the displacement rate resulted in a reduction in BDT temperature to below room temperature. The effect of displacement rate on BDT temperature has been attributed to the higher probability of cross-slip at low strain rates.
Assessing clinical experience in a residency training program

Training programs are expected to provide experience to residents and students such that a reasonable spectrum of diseases and severity of illness are encountered. One approach is to have the resident or student keep a record of the cases encountered. A clinical experience is much more than the patients completely evaluated and treated by the resident or student. We propose a program approach in which all patients admitted to the medical service are categorized by several standard methods. This study describes an evaluation of a patient population seen by medical residents and students with specific demographic information and the spectrum and severity of their diseases. The numbers of patients and the severity of illness of the patients cared for during the ward experience affect the educational value of the program. This type of information has implications for the evaluation and design of training programs.
An X-ray detectable pressure microsensor for monitoring coronary in-stent restenosis

We present a novel implantable X-ray-addressable MEMS Blood Pressure sensor, the X-BP, for the noninvasive and cost-effective surveillance of coronary in-stent restenosis. We successfully fabricated and tested the X-BP sensor and its pressure response curve. We placed the X-BP sensor in a coronary stent and prove adequate visibility in a clinically realistic scenario.
Monitoring Security of Networked Control Systems: It's the Physics

Physical device safety is typically implemented locally using embedded controllers, whereas operations safety is primarily performed in control centers. Safe operations can be enhanced by correctly designed device-level control algorithms as well as protocols, procedures, and operator training at the control-room level, but all of these can fail. Moreover, these elements exchange data and issue commands via vulnerable communication layers. To secure these gaps and enhance operational safety, the authors believe command sequence monitoring must be combined with an awareness of physical device limitations and automata models that capture safety mechanisms. One way of doing this is by leveraging specification-based intrusion detection to monitor for physical constraint violations. This method can also verify that the physical infrastructure state is consistent with information and commands exchanged by controllers. This additional security layer enhances protection from both outsider attacks and insider mistakes.
International Advertising – is there Still a Standardization Versus Local Adaptation Debate?

For several decades now, much of the discussion of international advertising has focused on the degree to which advertising should be standardized or adapted. Even today, many academic articles start out with a literature review summarizing this “debate” and promising to offer additional insight. A close examination of the literature reveals that years of research on international advertising has provided some deeper insight on how to engage in international advertising. Most importantly, research consistently suggests that there are often key advantages to standardizing advertising at a strategic level but that executions do often need to be adapted. Keywords: global advertising; standardization; promotion; international; cross-cultural; advertising strategy
Subcritical propagation and coalescence of oil‐filled cracks: Getting the oil out of low‐permeability source rocks

[1] We use a fracture mechanics model to study subcritical propagation and coalescence of single and collinear oil-filled cracks during conversion of kerogen to oil. The subcritical propagation distance, propagation duration, crack coalescence and excess oil pressure in the crack are determined using the fracture mechanics model together with the kinetics of kerogen-oil transformation. The propagation duration for the single crack is governed by the transformation kinetics whereas the propagation duration for the multiple collinear cracks may vary by two orders of magnitude depending on initial crack spacing. A large amount of kerogen (>90%) remains unconverted when the collinear cracks coalesce and the new, larger cracks resulting from coalescence will continue to propagate with continued kerogen-oil conversion. The excess oil pressure on the crack surfaces drops precipitously when the collinear cracks are about to coalesce, and crack propagation duration and oil pressure on the crack surfaces are strongly dependent on temperature.
Space-Time Granger Analysis of the War in Iraq: A Study of Coalition and Insurgent Action-Reaction

We investigate insurgent-coalition interaction using the WikiLeaks dataset of Iraq war logs 2004–2009. After a review of existing theoretical interventions on the dynamics of insurgency and present...
Elucidating the conformational energetics of glucose and cellobiose in ionic liquids.

A major challenge for the utilization of lignocellulosic feedstocks for liquid fuels and other value added chemicals has been the recalcitrant nature of crystalline cellulose to various hydrolysis techniques. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be a promising solvent for the dissolution and conversion of cellulose to simple sugars, which has the potential to facilitate the unlocking of biomass as a supplement and/or replacement for petroleum as a feedstock. Recent studies have revealed that the orientation of the hydroxymethyl group, described via the ω dihedral, and the glycosidic bond, described via the φ–ψ dihedrals, are significantly modified in the presence of ILs. In this study, we explore the energetics driving the orientational preference of the ω dihedral and the φ–ψ dihedrals for glucose and cellobiose in water and three imidazolium based ILs. It is found that interactions between the cation and the ring oxygen in glucose directly impact the conformational preference of the ω dihedral shifting the distribution towards the gauche–trans (GT) conformation and creating an increasingly unfavorable gauche–gauche (GG) conformation with increasing tail length. This discovery modifies the current hypothesis that intramolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the shift in the ω dihedral distribution and illuminates the importance of the cation's character. In addition, it is found that the IL's interaction with the glycosidic bond results in the modification of the observed φ–ψ dihedrals, which may have implications for hydrolysis in the presence of ILs. The molecular level information gained from this study identifies the favorable IL–sugar interactions that need to be exploited in order to enhance the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a ubiquitous feedstock.
Cell surface phosphatidylinositol-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan initiates mouse melanoma cell adhesion to a fibronectin-derived, heparin-binding synthetic peptide

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) from metastatic mouse melanoma cells initiates cell adhesion to the synthetic peptide FN-C/H II, a heparin-binding peptide from the 33-kD A chain-derived fragment of fibronectin. Mouse melanoma cell adhesion to FN-C/H II was sensitive to soluble heparin and pretreatment of mouse melanoma cells with heparitinase. In contrast, cell adhesion to the fibronectin synthetic peptide CS1 is mediated through an alpha 4 beta 1 integrin and was resistant to heparin or heparitinase treatment. Mouse melanoma cell HSPG was metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate and extracted with detergent. After HPLC-DEAE purification, 35S-HSPG eluted from a dissociative CL-4B column with a Kav approximately 0.45, while 35S-heparan sulfate (HS) chains eluted with a Kav approximately 0.62. The HSPG contained a major 63-kD core protein after heparitinase digestion. Polyclonal antibodies generated against HSPG purified from mouse melanoma cells grown in vivo also identified a 63-kD core protein. This HSPG is an integral plasma membrane component by virtue of its binding to Octyl Sepharose affinity columns and that anti-HSPG antibody staining exhibited a cell surface localization. The HSPG is anchored to the cell surface through phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkages, as evidenced in part by the ability of PI-specific phospholipase C to eliminate binding of the detergent-extracted HSPG to Octyl Sepharose. Furthermore, the mouse melanoma HSPG core protein could be metabolically labeled with 3H-ethanolamine. The involvement of mouse melanoma cell surface HSPG in cell adhesion to fibronectin was also demonstrated by the ability of anti-HSPG antibodies and anti-HSPG IgG Fab monomers to inhibit mouse melanoma cell adhesion to FN-C/H II. 35S-HSPG and 35S-HS bind to FN-C/H II affinity columns and require 0.25 M NaCl for elution. However, heparitinase-treated 125I-labeled HSPG failed to bind FN-C/H II, suggesting that HS, and not HSPG core protein, binds FN-C/H II. These data support the hypothesis that a phosphatidylinositol-anchored HSPG on mouse melanoma cells (MPIHP-63) initiates recognition to FN-C/H II, and implicate PI-associated signal transduction pathways in mediating melanoma cell adhesion to this defined ligand.
Mining Key Phrase Translations from Web Corpora

Key phrases are usually among the most information-bearing linguistic structures. Translating them correctly will improve many natural language processing applications. We propose a new framework to mine key phrase translations from web corpora. We submit a source phrase to a search engine as a query, then expand queries by adding the translations of topic-relevant hint words from the returned snippets. We retrieve mixed-language web pages based on the expanded queries. Finally, we extract the key phrase translation from the second-round returned web page snippets with phonetic, semantic and frequency-distance features. We achieve 46% phrase translation accuracy when using top 10 returned snippets, and 80% accuracy with 165 snippets. Both results are significantly better than several existing methods.
Observation of two distinct phase states in a self-phase-locked KTP optical parametric oscillator

Summary form only given. A self-phase-locked optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is potentially useful in quantum optics for studying nonclassic light and in precision measurements for constructing low phase-noise frequency dividers. We have demonstrated self-phase-locking in a type II phase matched OPO by adding an intracavity quarter-wave plate (QWP) to a KTiOPO/sub 4/ (KTP) OPO. The QWP provided polarization mixing between the orthogonally polarized signal and idler, and mutual injection locking was induced when their frequency difference was within the capture range. In this work, we report theoretical and experimental study of a KTP OPO under self-phase-locked conditions showing that there are two and only two phase states that have different thresholds and signal idler phase differences.
The electrifying stomach.

The stomach is electrified and subject to eurhythmic and dysrhythmic electrical events – much like the heart. The normal human slow wave ranges from 2.5 to 3.75 cycles per min (cpm), tachygastrias range from 3.75 cpm to 10.0 cpm and bradygastrias from .5 to 2.5 cpm, the gastric dysrhythmias of men and women. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, O’Grady, et al. describe the gastric dysrhythmias of pigs in electrocardiology terms. Printed circuit boards (PCB) with multi-electrode arrays (160–192 electrodes) were attached to the stomach serosa. Gastric dysrhythmias occurred in eight of the 16 anesthetized pigs and were analysed by manually and by computer. The patterns of dysrhythmias were reminiscent of cardiac dysrhythmias: conduction blocks, ectopic foci, re-entrant wave fronts, premature and aberrant slow waves and regular and irregular tachygastrias. The authors suggest gastric dysrhythmias recorded in pigs may be relevant to human gastric dysrhythmias and electricity-based therapies. The categories of porcine gastric dysrhythmias may help to understand the spectrum of gastric dysrhythmias of men and women recorded over the past 25 years. Analogies between gastric and cardiac neuromuscular disorders are explored because Neurogastroenterology is evolving as a clinical and therapeutic field utilizing knowledge of gastric rhythmicity and electro-contractile events. Interstitial cells of Cajal are the pacemaker cells of the stomach and loss of cells or faulty circuitry appear to be key pathways to gastric dysrhythmias. Gastric electrophysiology (EP) labs, human and animal, are needed to test hypotheses and advance understanding of human gastric dysrhythmias and upper GI symptoms.
Picturing Equality: Exploring Civil Rights’ Marches through Photographs

Exploring controversial and difficult events and issues with young children can be challenging. The Civil Rights Movement is an abstract, perhaps remote, issue for young children today. However, it is an important part of our country's history and a theme worthy of study. This article suggests ways to use photographs to explore this mature subject matter that allow children to observe, discuss, and relate to pictures as a means of developing language along with concepts. Furthermore, discussions inspired by viewing the photographic documentation of the historic events surrounding the struggle for civil liberties allow students to share their insights about basic human rights and relate them to their lived experiences. The essential question guiding this lesson plan is: How can photographs provide insight into historical events? Scaffolded questions, based on the photographs, guide the students from observing and understanding to reflecting and analyzing. In addition to the lesson plan, the article contain...
Regeneration of periosteum by human bone marrow stromal cell sheets.

Purpose The presence of a functional periosteum accelerates healing in bone defects by providing a source of progenitor cells that aid in repair. We hypothesized that bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) sheets could be used to engineer functional periosteal tissues. Materials and Methods BMSCs were cultured to hyperconfluence and produced sufficient extracellular matrix to form robust tissue sheets. The sheets were wrapped around calcium phosphate pellets and implanted subcutaneously in mice for 8 weeks. Histologic comparisons were made between calcium phosphate samples with and without BMSC sheet wraps. Bone and periosteum formation were analyzed through tissue morphology and tissue-specific protein expression. Results Calcium phosphate pellets wrapped in BMSC sheets regenerated a bone-like tissue, but pellets lacking the cell sheet wrap did not. The bone-like tissue seen on the calcium phosphate scaffolds wrapped with the BMSC sheets was enclosed within a periosteum-like tissue characterized morphologically and through expression of periostin. Conclusions These data indicate that cell sheet technology has potential for regenerating a functional periosteum-like tissue that could aid in future orthopedic therapy.
Social Support and Physical Recovery in a Stroke Population

Previous studies of the relationship between social support and physical health status have indicated that social support has a positive effect on morbidity, mortality, and recovery from chronic disease. However, the previous studies have differed in their definitions of the construct, with most studies measuring only one aspect of social support - usually emotional support. This longitudinal study of 393 stroke cases found that different types of social support (i.e., informational, affective, and instrumental) had differential effects on physical recovery (i.e., physical functioning) from stroke, with instrumental assistance having a significantly negative effect. Furthermore, selected characteristics of the patients' social networks had no direct effects on physical recovery. Alternative explanations for the findings - including issues of the direction of causality - are reviewed and discussed.
Outage performance of the distributed antenna systems in a composite fading channel

We define a generalized distributed antenna system (GDAS) as one that has a total N distributed antenna ports scattered around the cell, each port having L micro-diversity antennas, and all NL antennas have a separate feeder to the base station where the signals are combined. We investigate the effect of macroscopic and microscopic diversity of the proposed system on outage SNR performance and compare with the conventional architectures through analysis and simulation under a composite fading channel. This composite channel approach addresses both macroscopic and microscopic fading, modeled as log-normal and Rayleigh, respectively. These comparative results demonstrate how overall performance is affected by system parameters such as propagation (path loss, shadowing intensity), GDAS parameters (N, L) and signal combining algorithm.
Asymptotic convergence from L/sub p/ stability

This note recalls that an absolutely continuous function having a uniformly locally integrable (not necessarily essentially bounded) derivative is uniformly continuous on the semi-infinite interval. This observation, in conjunction with Barbalat's lemma, allows concluding asymptotic convergence to zero of an output function for a general class of nonlinear systems with L/sub p/ (not necessarily L/sub /spl infin//) disturbances.
Literature Clustering using Citation Semantics

Clustering is a common and powerful technique for statistical data analysis, document categorization and topic discovery. The majority of traditional clustering methods, especially for document clustering, are based on the vector space model for distance measure, where the vector is the word profile of a document in the context of the entire corpus. However, algorithms using this measure achieve limited accuracy. In this paper, we propose a semantic measure which incorporates citation semantics (Citonomy) into literature (document) clustering. Our experimental results show that the performance of clustering can be substantially improved by combining Citonomy and vector space measures.
Neural correlates of idiographic goal priming in depression: goal-specific dysfunctions in the orbitofrontal cortex

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine whether depressed (vs non-depressed) adults showed differences in cortical activation in response to stimuli representing personal goals. Drawing upon regulatory focus theory as well as previous research, we predicted that depressed patients would manifest attenuated left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation in response to their own promotion goals as well as exaggerated right OFC activation in response to their own prevention goals. Unmedicated adults with major depression (n = 22) and adults with no history of affective disorder (n = 14) completed questionnaires and a personal goal interview. Several weeks later, they were scanned during a judgment task which (unknown to them) included stimuli representing their promotion and prevention goals. Both groups showed similar patterns of task-related activation. Consistent with predictions, patients showed significantly decreased left OFC and increased right OFC activation compared to controls on trials in which they were exposed incidentally to their promotion and prevention goals, respectively. The results suggest that depression involves dysfunction in processing two important types of personal goals. The findings extend models of the etiology of depression to incorporate cognitive and motivational processes underlying higher order goal representation and ultimately may provide an empirical basis for treatment matching.