cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescents' Work-Family Gender Ideologies and Educational Expectations

Much empirical research has been devoted to examining how early life socialization and experiences shape adolescent aspirations. This article adds to this body of research by examining adolescent educational expectations at a crucial developmental stage with a focus on ideational processes. The authors test hypotheses derived from the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices regarding links between the previously neglected concept of work-family gender ideology and expected educational attainment. Using recent survey data from children of a nationally representative sample of women in the United States, the authors demonstrate a positive relationship between gender egalitarianism and the expectation of attending a postsecondary institution for ninth- and tenth-grade girls and boys. For girls and boys, having more egalitarian views of gendered work and family roles makes one more likely to desire a college education and a graduate or professional degree, although the relationship is stronger for ...
Fiber-optic probes enable cancer detection with FTIR spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals biochemical 'fingerprints' and has found disease patterns in excised human tissues. Fiber-optic probes have been developed for FTIR in living systems, allowing for cancer detection. There are challenges to making in vivo FTIR a reality, which are being addressed through hardware advances, determining key wavelengths and tissue preparation. Fiber-optic evanescent wave spectroscopy (FEWS)-FTIR with endoscope-compatible fiber-optic silver halide probes is feasible, and could prove useful for distinguishing premalignant and malignant tissues from biopsies or within patients. Developments of smaller silver halide probes as well as in vivo tissue drying methods will move this approach closer to the clinic where it can be used for early cancer detection, disease characterization and guided biopsies.
Near-Field Acoustical Characterization of Clustered Rocket Engines

This paper presents an approach for the prediction and characterization of the near-field acoustic levels from closely-spaced clustered rocket engines. The calculations are based on the method proposed by Eldred, wherein the flowfield from the clustered rockets is divided into two zones. Zone 1 contains the isolated nozzles which produce noise independently, and extends up to a distance where the individual flows completely mix to form an equivalent single nozzle flow. Zone 2 is occupied by the single mixed stream starting from the station where the jets merge. The acoustic fields from the two zones are computed separately on the basis of the NASA-SP method of Eldred developed for a single equivalent nozzle. A summation of the spectra for the two zones yields the total effective sound pressure level for the clustered engines. Under certain conditions of nozzle spacing and flow parameters, the combined sound pressure level spectrum for the clustered nozzles displays a double peak. Test cases are presented here to demonstrate the importance of hydrodynamic interactions responsible for the double peak in the sound spectrum in the case of clustered rocket nozzles, and the role of ground reflections in the case of non-interfering jets. A graphics interface (Rocket Acoustic Prediction Tool) has been developed to take into account the effects of clustered nozzles and ground reflections.
Potassium supplying power of groseclose silt loam for corn

Abstract Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown for six consecutive years, beginning in 1966, on Groseclose silt loam to determine the effects of fertilization on leaf composition, yields, and on the changes in available K in the soil. Plant nutrients consisting of five levels each of N, P and K were applied annually in a central composite rotatable design. All plant residue was removed each year when the corn was harvested and the plots were seeded without fertilization to rye as a cover crop. The available K content in the 0‐to 15‐cm soil depth decreased rapidly during the first three years with all levels of applied K but the rate of decrease lessened after the third year with the highest rate of applied K. Plots receiving 0 and 28 kg K/ha contained in the 0‐to 120‐cm depth in 1972, 87 and 95% as much available K, respectively, as plots treated with the highest rate of K. Corn did not respond to K fertilization. The K concentration was highest in leaves from plots untreated with K and in silage from plots receiv...
Experimental phenylketonuria: replacement of carboxyl terminal tyrosine by phenylalanine in infant rat brain tubulin

In the brains of newborn rats, about half of the tubulin molecules are modified posttranslationally by the addition of an aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the alpha chain. Of the added residues, 96 percent are tyrosine and 4 percent are phenylalanine. After induction of hyperphenylalaninemia, the proportion of tubulin molecules containing carboxyl terminal phenylalanine increases up to eightfold and the pool of tyrosine-containing molecules decreases by an equivalent amount.
Implementation of a research program for the electrical utility industry

The electrical utility industry has a need for more extensive research activities to investigate basic problems and to provide for its long-range needs. Such a program should attract the interest of engineering students, who oftentimes believe that the power industry offers little opportunity for creativeness.
A Multiple-Period, Mixed-Integer-Programming Model for Multinational Facility Location

Existing literature on multinational enterprises andfacility location lacks discussion of foreign site selection problems. This article presents a multiple-period, mixed-integer-programming mathematical model that maximizes after-tax profit to the parent corporation by selecting the optimal overseas manufacturing location(s). The model deals with such factors as time, political risk and threat of expropriation, host-nation incentives and regulations, labor characteristics and training grants, technology and experience effects, and parts and sourcing. A data matrix, using columns to define variables and rows to define the objective function and constraints, is presented. A hypothetical example illustrates the model, which is applicable to varying problem sizes even though the size of the data matrix increases quickly with larger-scale site-selection problems.
Impact of drain bias stress on forward/reverse mode operation of amorphous ZIO TFTs

Abstract Drain bias stress effects on amorphous Zinc Indium Oxide (a-ZIO) Thin Film Transistors (TFTs) are important in flexible electronic systems. The drain bias impacts the overall threshold voltage ( V th ) shift more so in the saturation stress mode than in the linear stress mode. Localization of degradation region in channel results in asymmetry in post stressed drain current in forward and reverse operations. This brief studies the impact of drain bias on V th degradation, and also the effect on post stressed forward and reverse currents in a-ZIO TFTs, under both positive and negative gate bias stress in different regions of operation. Based on the measured results, an empirical expression incorporating drain bias effect on V th degradation is derived. Also the measured results point to charge trapping in the insulator–semiconductor interface as the dominant degradation mechanism.
Principal Leadership for Technology-enhanced Learning in Science

Reforms such as technology-enhanced instruction require principal leadership. Yet, many principals report that they need help to guide implementation of science and technology reforms. We identify strategies for helping principals provide this leadership. A two-phase design is employed. In the first phase we elicit principals’ varied ideas about the Technology-enhanced Learning in Science (TELS) curriculum materials being implemented by teachers in their schools, and in the second phase we engage principals in a leadership workshop designed based on the ideas they generated. Analysis uses an emergent coding scheme to categorize principals’ ideas, and a knowledge integration framework to capture the development of these ideas. The analysis suggests that principals frame their thinking about the implementation of TELS in terms of: principal leadership, curriculum, educational policy, teacher learning, student outcomes and financial resources. They seek to improve their own knowledge to support this reform. The principals organize their ideas around individual school goals and current political issues. Principals prefer professional development activities that engage them in reviewing curricula and student work with other principals. Based on the analysis, this study offers guidelines for creating learning opportunities that enhance principals’ leadership abilities in technology and science reform.
Substrate Specificities and Identification of Putative Substrates of ATM Kinase Family Members

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phosphorylates p53 protein in response to ionizing radiation, but the complex phenotype of AT cells suggests that it must have other cellular substrates as well. To identify substrates for ATM and the related kinases ATR and DNA-PK, we optimized in vitro kinase assays and developed a rapid peptide screening method to determine general phosphorylation consensus sequences. ATM and ATR require Mn(2+), but not DNA ends or Ku proteins, for optimal in vitro activity while DNA-PKCs requires Mg(2+), DNA ends, and Ku proteins. From p53 peptide mutagenesis analysis, we found that the sequence S/TQ is a minimal essential requirement for all three kinases. In addition, hydrophobic amino acids and negatively charged amino acids immediately NH(2)-terminal to serine or threonine are positive determinants and positively charged amino acids in the region are negative determinants for substrate phosphorylation. We determined a general phosphorylation consensus sequence for ATM and identified putative in vitro targets by using glutathione S-transferase peptides as substrates. Putative ATM in vitro targets include p95/nibrin, Mre11, Brca1, Rad17, PTS, WRN, and ATM (S440) itself. Brca2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and DNA-5B peptides were phosphorylated specifically by ATR, and DNA Ligase IV is a specific in vitro substrate of DNA-PK.
Incremental increase in VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and VEGFR2+ endothelial progenitor cells predicts relapse and lack of tumor response in breast cancer patients

Animal models have demonstrated the critical role of bone marrow-derived VEGFR1(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and VEGFR2(+) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in metastatic progression. We explored whether these cells could predict relapse and response in breast cancer (BC) patients. One hundred and thirty-two patients with stages 1-4 BC were enrolled on 2 studies. Circulating CD45(+)/CD34(+)/VEGFR1(+) HPCs and CD45(dim)/CD133(+)/VEGFR2(+) EPCs were assessed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry. Changes in HPCs and EPCs were analyzed in (1) patients without overt disease that relapsed and (2) metastatic patients according to response by RECIST. At study entry, 102 patients were without evidence of disease and 30 patients had metastatic BC. Seven patients without evidence of BC by exam, labs, and imaging developed recurrence while on study. Median HPC/ml (range) increased from 645.8 (23.5-1,914) to 2,899 (1,176-37,336), P = 0.016, followed by an increase in median EPC/ml from 21.3 (4.7-42.5) to 94.7 (28.2-201.3), P = 0.016, prior to clinical relapse. In metastatic patients with progressive disease, median HPC/ml increased from 1,696 (10-16,470) to 5,124 (374-77,605), P = 0.0009, and median EPC/ml increased from 26 (0-560) to 71 (0-615) prior to progression, P = 0.10. In patients with responding disease, median HPC/ml decreased from 6,147 (912-85,070) to 633 (47-18,065), P = 0.05, and EPC/ml decreased from 46 (0-197) to 23 (0-105), P = 0.41, at response. There were no significant changes in these cells over time in patients with stable disease. Circulating bone marrow-derived HPCs and EPCs predict relapse and disease progression in BC patients.
Math-Based Performance Evaluation of an Experimental Car: Frontal Impact Crashworthiness

This study used finite element models to assess potential benefits of selected unconventional features, implemented in an experimental car, for vehicle crashworthiness in frontal impact. These safety features include: structural energy-absorbing bumper, hood lockdown with optimized hood and extendable bumper. The A-pillar intrusion and the effective acceleration of the vehicle were used as the parameters for measuring frontal impact crashworthiness performance.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Call teacher education as an impetus for l2 teachers in integrating technology

The ultimate goal of CALL teacher education is to enable L2 teachers to integrate CALL technology into their classroom with confidence and knowledge. As a way to achieve this goal, an increasing number of studies have paid attention to the integration of CALL technology into the teacher education program and into the classroom. Nonetheless, there is little specific research into L2 teachers’ integration of technology into the classroom in relation to their prior technology education. As a means of better understanding the complexity of L2 teachers’ integration of technology into the classroom, this paper proposes a spherical model of such integration by reviewing and synthesizing the relevant literature. Drawing on this model, the paper emphasizes the importance of CALL teacher education with regard to L2 teachers’ integration of technology into the classroom. Next, it discusses how the model can contribute to future research on such integration.
Should sand fly taxonomy predict vectorial and ecological traits

I review species concepts, the taxonomy of phlebotomine sand flies, and some transmission cycles of leishmaniasis in order to illustrate the difficulties of classifying these vectors in a way that will be ideal both for medical parasitologists and sand fly specialists. Choices will have to be made between different classifications, either maintaining a practical one containing few vectorial genera (mostly Phlebotomus for the Old World and Lutzomyia for the Neotropics) or changing the generic names of many vectors so that the classification represents an evolutionary hypothesis. However, sand flies also transmit arboviruses and members of other sand fly genera bite humans, and so vectorial status alone might not provide the criteria for recognizing only a few genera. Vectorial roles are often determined by species-level co-evolution of susceptibility to Leishmania species, with selection being initiated and maintained by ecological contacts. There is only imperfect co-cladogenesis of genus-level groups or subgeneric complexes of sand flies and Leishmania species. Natural hybridization between sand fly species has been recorded in several species complexes, and this highlights the need to focus on gene flow and the distribution of phenotypes of biomedical importance, not on taxa.
Identifying Motifs Essential for Selective Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Neuronal Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are found throughout the brain and have vital roles in memory and learning. In addition, these ligand gated ion channel are major targets of drug research for neurological disorders. Here, the two stoichiometries of α4β2 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes were probed using two agonists that display stoichiometry selectivity: Sazetidine A and NS9283. The results from these studies led to the following conclusions that may be generalized to the nAChR family: 1) an agonist must be bound to each α subunit in the receptor in order to fully activate the receptor and 2) three key residues located on the complementary side of the subunit dictate agonist selectivity. Through better understanding of agonist binding, more potent and selective responses with minimized off target responses can be obtained.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome, a Genodermatosis that Increases Risk for Renal Carcinoma

Over the past decade cancer-causing genes have been identified for the most common histologic types of renal cancer, specifically clear cell, papillary type 1 and papillary type 2. Genes predisposing to the more rare chromophobe renal carcinoma and renal oncocytoma were unknown until the recent discovery of a novel gene, BHD, on chromosome 17p that was found to be mutated in the germline of affected family members with the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome. These patients develop the hallmark BHD skin lesions (fibrofolliculomas), lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax. Importantly, BHD patients have an increased risk for developing a variety of renal neoplasia, most commonly chromophobe and oncocytic hybrid tumors. This review will describe the phenotypic manifestations of BHD including the histologic features of BHD-associated renal tumors, the identification of this novel renal cancer-predisposing gene, the BHD mutation spectrum found in BHD patients, and will discuss the potential role of BHD as a tumor suppressor gene.
Ligand-induced Formation of p55 and p75 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Heterocomplexes on Intact Cells

Abstract The p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors are known to mediate their effects on cells through distinct signaling pathways. Under certain circumstances, the two classes of TNF receptors cooperate with each another to produce enhanced cellular responses. The only molecular mechanism proposed thus far to explain this effect is the process of “ligand passing,” whereby TNF is concentrated at cell surfaces by binding to p75 and then following dissociation from this receptor class binds with high efficiency to p55. Using thein vivo model of TNF-induced TNF receptor shedding we have uncovered a novel ligand-dependent interaction of the two TNF receptors that occurs upon exposure of cells to TNF. Using TNF receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies that bind TNF receptors in the presence or absence of ligand, we report that TNF induces the formation of heterocomplexes consisting of both p55 and p75 TNF receptors. Whereas immunoprecipitates from untreated or human TNF-treated cells formed with either p55 or p75 TNF receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies contained only the relevant TNF receptor class, anti-p55 or anti-p75 precipitated both receptor types from murine TNF-treated cells. Ligand-induced complex formation was transient, occurred at physiologically relevant concentrations of TNF, and occurred with receptors lacking intracellular domains or that contained irrelevant transmembrane domains. Formation of TNF receptor heterocomplexes may therefore 1) define a novel molecular mechanism of ligand passing and/or 2) contribute to cooperative TNF receptor signaling via the juxtaposition of the intracellular domains of the two receptor classes and the signaling proteins that they recruit.
Phase Transformations in Iron Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts during Temperature-Programmed Reduction

Temperature-programmed reduction using both carbon monoxide (CO-TPR) and hydrogen (H2-TPR) was used to study the phase transformations in iron catalysts. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) allowed us to follow the phase transformations in these iron catalysts during TPR. Two catalysts were used, a model supported catalyst with a nonporous silica support and a precipitated catalyst with no support. Under identical CO-TPR conditions, the supported and unsupported iron catalysts behaved very differently. For the supported catalyst, three stages of phase transformation could be identified: hematite to magnetite, magnetite to iron carbide, and in the third stage significant carbon deposition accompanying further carburization. No carbide formation or significant carbon deposition was observed in the unsupported Fe catalyst, due to the presence of S impurities in the unsupported catalyst. Most importantly, the results show that carbon deposition occurs in parallel with carbide formation, no carbon being seen in the catalyst that was not carbided. In these catalysts, copper facilitates the reduction of iron oxide, especially the transformation of hematite to magnetite. Segregation of copper from iron oxide causes the hematite to magnetite transformation to shift to higher temperatures. No interfacial Fe–SiO2 phases could be detected during both CO-TPR and H2-TPR. The major role of the silica support is to prevent the sintering of the Fe phases.
Effects of Advance Organizers and Repeated Presentations on Students' Learning

Abstract An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of advance organizers and repeating a lecture on test performance. Participants viewed a videotaped lecture about the process of radar once, twice, or three times. Before each viewing, they studied one of three different advance organizers—a conventional organizer that summarized the main steps of the radar process as a list, a linear organizer that summarized the steps and subordinate information in outline form, and a matrix organizer that summarized the steps and subordinate information in matrix form. Repeated presentations of the lecture increased note taking, recognition of isolated facts, and overall recall to some degree. Advance organizers had a test-appropriate effect The advance organizers that integrated subtopic information (linear and matrix) increased recall of subtopic information, whereas the more general organizer (conventional) aided overall recall, especially general topic information. No performance differences were observed ...
Effect of intensive and extensive loss factors on the dynamic response of magnetoelectric laminates

We report the correlation between intensive and extensive losses in piezoelectric materials with the frequency dependent response of layered magnetoelectric (ME) composites. Three different piezoelectric compositions were synthesized to achieve varying loss characteristics allowing a systematic interpretation of changes in ME coupling in terms of loss components. We clearly demonstrate that intensive dielectric and piezoelectric loss play an important role in controlling the ME sensitivity of layered composites in sub-resonance low frequency range while extensive mechanical loss is dominant factor at resonance condition. Further, the maximum in ME response is obtained at antiresonance frequency of piezoelectrics.
Proposed structures for an amino-dimethylimidazofuropyridine mutagen in cooked meats.

New analytical data allow the structure of a potent mutagen previously reported present in cooked meats to be proposed. The mutagen was isolated from a fried mixture of beef, creatine and milk, simulating a meat recipe previously shown to produce this compound. High-resolution mass spectra indicate a mol. wt of 202 and the formula C10H10N4O. Mutagenic activity was 10,000 TA1538 revertants per microgram in the Ames Salmonella test. From the NMR data, peaks showing an amino group at 6.812 p.p.m. and an N-methyl group at 3.520 p.p.m. were found, typical for the amino-imidazo structure commonly found in cooked meats. Additional signals at 2.440 p.p.m. (three protons), 7.653 (one proton) and 6.531 (one proton) were observed. A structure of 2-amino-(1 or 3),6-dimethylfuro[2,3(or 3,2)-e]imidazo- [4,5-b]pyridine was proposed based on the mass and NMR spectral data and comparison to literature compounds. The methylimidazofuropyridine reported here is probably related to another mutagen in cooked meats with a mol. wt of 216 with an additional methyl group on either the furan or pyridine rings.
The relationship between parity and overweight varies with household wealth and national development

conducted between 1996 and 2003 (n ¼275704 women, 15–49years). The relationship between parity and overweight was modelled using logistic regression, controlling for several biological and sociodemographic factors and national development, as reflected by the United Nations’ Human Development Index. We also modelled the interaction between parity and national development, and the three-way interaction between parity, household wealth and national development. Results Parity had a weak, positive association with overweight, which varied by household wealth and national development. Among the poorest women and women in the second tertile of household wealth, parity was positively related to overweight only in the most developed countries. Among the wealthiest women, parity was positively related to overweight regardless of the level of national development. Conclusions As development increases, the burden of parity-related overweight shifts to include poor as well as wealthy women. In the least-developed countries, programmes to prevent parity-related overweight should target wealthy women, whereas such programmes should be provided to all women in more developed countries.
Combined nitrofurantoin toxicity to liver and lung

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic commonly used for prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections. Pulmonary and hepatic toxicity are rare side effects of this agent. The simultaneous occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and chronic active hepatitis in a patient undergoing long-term nitrofurantoin therapy is reported. The presence of pulmonary toxicity was evidenced by infiltrates on chest radiographs and impaired diffusion capacity during pulmonary function tests. Prolonged elevation of liver enzyme concentrations together with the presence of increased antibody titers (anti-smooth muscle antibody, antinuclear antibody) was suggestive of chronic hepatitis, a diagnosis corroborated by liver biopsy findings. After discontinuation of nitrofurantoin therapy, the patient had a full recovery. The infiltrates initially found on chest radiographs disappeared, and laboratory parameters normalized without the need for corticosteroid therapy.
Copper Sulfate Screening of Blood Donors

A case is described in which a donor with less than 8 gm. of hemoglobin passed the copper sulfate screening test due to the hyperproteinemia of multiple myeloma. The value of routine inspection of units of stored blood is emphasized, since this led to the detection of the patient's disease.
Does higher government spending depress private investment

This paper explores the implications of military and nonmilitary government expenditures on gross private investment. The empirical investigation of the issue is carried out via cointegration and error–correction analyses. The second type of public spending is disaggregated into infrastructure, consumption and other general government expenditures. The evidence from four emerging European countries namely, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, suggests that in some cases public capital spending complements and stimulates investment, while in others it discourages it. Moreover, the results tentatively indicate that defense spending does not impact private investment, thus contributing to the continuing debate of the economic effects of military spending.
Continuing Competence in the Health Professions

The health professions are confronted with external pres­ sures to assure the public ofthe continuing competence of health care providers and internal pressures fOr selfregula­ tion. This article describes the fOrces driving continuing competence, the difficulty defining the scope ofprofessional competencies for experienced practitioners, the difficulty creating valid measures to evaluate continuing competence, and the needfOr shared responsibility and collaboration among regulatOl) boards, professional associations, and spe­ cialty certification programs. The article presents findings from the Study of Professions, which was based on litera­ ture review, document review, and telephone interviews with key infOrmants from 13 regulated health professions.
Precision flip-chip solder bump interconnects for optical packaging

Solder bump flip-chip technology is particularly well suited to the packaging of classes of devices, such as fine pitch light emitting diode (LED) array electrophotographic print heads, which place premiums on precision alignment, high electrical interconnect density, close die placement, and low cost. The manufacturing feasibility of such an array was investigated, with particular emphasis on the quality of surface tension induced self-alignment inherent in solder bump bonding. An array of surface emitting LED diode array chips was fabricated employing 75- mu m-diameter solder bumps on 156- mu m pitch. The chips were spaced 15 mu m edge-to-edge, face down, on a glass substrate patterned with thin-film metallization. Chip-to-substrate alignment errors in the X-Y plane were found to be under 1.5 mu m with a standard deviation of under 1.0 mu m, well below the 10-15- mu m error typical of the standard mechanical alignment method. Improvements in light output uniformity and a reduction in scattered light over arrays manufactured with conventional die placement and wire bonding were also observed. >
Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: Implications for atmospheric evolution☆☆☆

The photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus was modeled using an updated and expanded chemical scheme, combined with the results of recent observations and laboratory studies. We examined three models, with H2 mixing ratio equal to 2 × 10^(−5), 5 × 10^(−7), and 1 × 10^(−13), respectively. All models satisfactorily account for the observations of CO, O_2, O_2(^1Δ), and SO_2 in the stratosphere, but only the last one may be able to account for the diurnal behavior of mesospheric CO and the uv albedo. Oxygen, derived from CO_2 photolysis, is primarily consumed by CO_2 recombination and oxidation of SO_2 to H_2SO_4. Photolysis of HCl in the upper stratosphere provides a major source of odd hydrogen and free chlorine radicals, essential for the catalytic oxidation of CO. Oxidation of SO_2 by O occurs in the lower stratosphere. In the high-H_2 model (model A) the O-O bond is broken mainly by S + O_2 and SO + HO_2. In the low-H_2 models additional reactions for breaking the O-O bond must be invoked: NO + HO_2 in model B and ClCO + O_2 in model C. It is shown that lightning in the lower atmosphere could provide as much as 30 ppb of NO_x in the stratosphere. Our modeling reveals a number of intriguing similarities, previously unsuspected, between the chemistry of the stratosphere of Venus and that of the Earth. Photochemistry may have played a major role in the evolution of the atmosphere. The current atmosphere, as described by our preferred model, is characterized by an extreme deficiency of hydrogen species, having probably lost the equivalent of 10^2–10^3 times the present hydrogen content.
Laminar flow through a slowly rotating straight pipe

We consider fully developed steady laminar flow through a pipe that is rotating slowly about a line perpendicular to its own axis. The solution is expanded for low Reynolds numbers in powers of a single combined similarity parameter and the series extended to 34 terms by computer. Analysis shows that convergence is limited by a square-root singularity on the negative real axis of the similarity parameter. An Euler transformation and extraction of the leading, secondary and tertiary singularities at infinity render the series accurate for all values of the similarity parameter. The major conclusion of this investigation is that the friction ratio in a slowly rotating pipe grows asymptotically as the ⅛ power of the similarity parameter and not as the ¼ power as previously deduced from boundary-layer analysis. This discrepancy between the present computer-extended method and boundary-layer analysis has also occurred in the similar problem of flow through a loosely coiled pipe (Van Dyke 1978).
Species Limits and Phylogenetic Relationships among Populations of Peromyscus furvus

We examined electrophoretic variation at 33 presumptive protein-coding loci for seven populations of Peromyscus furvus to determine population structure and test hypotheses of species boundaries. Protein electrophoresis revealed few fixed differences among populations and no diagnostic fixed alleles. Phenetic analysis of biochemical data support the hypothesis that P. furvus is a single phylogenetic entity. Populations from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and Puerto de la Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico, were the most divergent. Polymorphic characters were subjected to parsimony analyses using presence-absence and frequency coding. Parsimony analyses showed that populations formerly recognized as P. angustirostris, P. furvus , and P. latirostris were not monophyletic groups within P. furvus (sensu lato). However, a high degree of population subdivision was detected. Working within the framework of the phylogenetic species concept, we concluded that populations of P. furvus represent one monophyletic species.
Crystal structures of c-Src reveal features of its autoinhibitory mechanism.

Abstract Src family kinases are maintained in an assembled, inactive conformation by intramolecular interactions of their SH2 and SH3 domains. Full catalytic activity requires release of these restraints as well as phosphorylation of Tyr-416 in the activation loop. In previous structures of inactive Src kinases, Tyr-416 and flanking residues are disordered. We report here four additional c-Src structures in which this segment adopts an ordered but inhibitory conformation. The ordered activation loop forms an α helix that stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain, blocks the peptide substrate–binding site, and prevents Tyr-416 phosphorylation. Disassembly of the regulatory domains, induced by SH2 or SH3 ligands, or by dephosphorylation of Tyr-527, could lead to exposure and phosphorylation of Tyr-416.
Inhibition of Viral Pathogenesis and Promotion of the Septic Shock Response to Bacterial Infection by IRF-3 Are Regulated by the Acetylation and Phosphorylation of Its Coactivators

ABSTRACT Interferon (IFN) is required for protecting mice from viral pathogenesis; reciprocally, it mediates the deleterious septic shock response to bacterial infection. The critical transcription factor for IFN induction, in both cases, is IRF-3, which is activated by TLR3 or RIG-I signaling in response to virus infection and TLR4 signaling in response to bacterial infection. Here, we report that IRF-3’s transcriptional activity required its coactivators, β-catenin and CBP, to be modified by HDAC6-mediated deacetylation and protein kinase C isozyme β (PKC-β)-mediated phosphorylation, respectively, so that activated nuclear IRF-3 could form a stable transcription initiation complex at the target gene promoters. β-Catenin bridges IRF-3 and CBP, and the modifications were required specifically for the interaction between β-catenin and CBP but not β-catenin and IRF-3. Consequently, like IRF-3−/− mice, HDAC6−/− mice were resistant to bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Conversely, they were highly susceptible to pathogenesis caused by Sendai virus infection. Thus, HDAC6 is an essential component of the innate immune response to microbial infection. IMPORTANCE It is important to understand how we protect ourselves against microbial infection. Specific receptors present in mammalian cells, called Toll-like receptors, are assigned to sense different microbial chemicals, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides or viral double-stranded RNA. Activation of these receptors leads to the activation of a critical transcription factor, IRF-3, which drives the induced synthesis of interferon, a secreted protein required for our protection. Here, we report that interferon synthesis is regulated not only by IRF-3 activation but also by activation of two proteins, β-catenin and CBP, which function together with IRF-3. β-Catenin is activated by its deacetylation by HDAC6, and CBP is activated by its phosphorylation by protein kinases C isozyme β (PKC-β). These regulations are operative not only in cell cultures but also in mice.
Primary Endoscopic Realignment of Urethral Disruption Injuries—A Double-Edged Sword?

Purpose: Controversy remains regarding initial management of traumatic urethral disruption injuries. We evaluated the outcomes of primary endoscopic realignment vs suprapubic tube placement in this patient population.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our urological trauma database for patients with blunt trauma related posterior urethral injuries from 2000 to 2014. Patients underwent primary endoscopic realignment or suprapubic tube placement alone. The primary outcome was the success of primary realignment, defined as no further need for urological intervention. Secondary outcomes were the need for endoscopic interventions and/or urethroplasty, time to urethroplasty, urethroplasty success and long-term functional outcomes.Results: A total of 27 patients underwent primary realignment and 14 underwent suprapubic tube placement. Mean followup was 40 months (median 24, range 1 to 152). Realignment was successful in 10 patients (37%) at a mean followup of 67.3 weeks (median 27.3, range 4 to 284). In the 17 c...
High throughput analysis of breast cancer specimens on the grid

Breast cancer accounts for about 30% of all cancers and 15% of all cancer deaths in women in the United States. Advances in computer assisted diagnosis (CAD) holds promise for early detecting and staging disease progression. In this paper we introduce a Grid-enabled CAD to perform automatic analysis of imaged histopathology breast tissue specimens. More than 100,000 digitized samples (1200 × 1200 pixels) have already been processed on the Grid. We have analyzed results for 3744 breast tissue samples, which were originated from four different institutions using diaminobenzidine (DAB) and hematoxylin staining. Both linear and nonlinear dimension reduction techniques are compared, and the best one (ISOMAP) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the features. The experimental results show that the Gentle Boosting using an eight node CART decision tree as the weak learner provides the best result for classification. The algorithm has an accuracy of 86.02% using only 20% of the specimens as the training set.
Characterizing, controlling, and correcting distortions in the COS FUV detector

The Far Ultraviolet (FUV) detector on the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is subject to a variety of distortions due to its analog nature. Thermal variations of the detector and electronics stretch and shift the active area. Geometric distortions on a range of spatial scales warp the two-dimensional spectral image. Changes due to detector walk – the dependence of detected position on pulse height – add distortions that change as a function of time. The calcos calibration pipeline includes corrections for each of these effects in the calibrated spectra, but these are imperfect, and they do not help with the target acquisition process, which uses raw detector coordinates. We discuss these distortions and their effect on the data, our attempts to mitigate them, the current pipeline corrections and their success at removing the effects, and possible modifications to improve the data quality in the future.
Continuous synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via thermal decomposition

Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles have become of great interest in the medical field for their potential uses in areas such as biomagnetic imaging and hypothermia cancer treatment. Traditionally, particles for these applications are produced through batch-based methodologies. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative continuous flow production method for the synthesis of Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles. Advantages of continuous flow over the batch method include consistent formation of uniformly spherical particles, thorough mixing of reactants, and capacity for high-volume particle production. In this study, a continuous flow reaction mechanism was proposed in which stoichiometric control of reactants had the potential to control final particle size. The project was conducted under the supposition that the iron oleate/ligand ratio in the precursor was the greatest size control factor, with a higher ratio resulting in smaller particles. The resulting particles produced by this continuous method were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry.
Dynamics and Structure of a Native Pieris Population in the Presence of a Non-Native, Toxic Larval Host Plant

ABSTRACT. There have been reports of butterflies that oviposit on non-native plants that do not support the development of the larvae, and the fitness cost of this behavior has been estimated in one such case. However, the long-term consequences of this fitness cost for the population dynamics of such butterflies have not been studied. Here we report changes over 40 years in a population of Pieris macdunnoughii (Lepidoptera, Pieridae; formerly Pieris napi macdunnoughii Remington), which oviposits on a lethal, non-native plant, Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae), as well as on suitable native hosts. Mark-release-recapture (MRR) studies conducted at four intervals over 40 years showed no significant trends across years in population structure or dynamics, including estimated population density and temporal changes in the number of newly emerged individuals within a year. The estimated daily residence rate differed between the sexes. However, male estimated daily residence rate showed no significant change acros...
Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses during the United States Air Force Academy 2002 Basic Cadet Training program: documenting the need for prevention.

ABSTRACT The rapid physical and emotional conditioning that occurs during Basic Cadet Training (BCT) creates ample opportunity for injuries and illnesses. The goal of this analysis will be to document the magnitude of injury and illness problems during BCT at the Air Force Academy and to identify potential risk factors for targeted prevention efforts. Data used in this study were collected on the basic cadet population from various sources during BCT 2002. Data analysis for this retrospective observational study included cumulative incidences, χ2 analysis, and logistic regression. Risk factors for injuries included being of the female gender, being an intercollegiate athlete, being overweight, and having an obese body mass index (BMI). Female gender, military preparatory school attendance, and obese BMI were risk factors for illnesses. Future BCT medical surveillance should focus on females, recruited athletes, and those with high BMIs. Prevention efforts should focus on reducing ankle sprains and respira...
Ranking versus Categorization: The Effects of Sorting the Results for Web Search Engine Multiterm Queries:

Many Web search engine users have difficulty writing search queries and finding a useful query result. One element of ineffective Web searches is that many search engine queries are ambiguous or their results do not include the desired information in their first page. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of sorting the results of multiterm queries. The sorting methods included Categorizing and Ranking. The dependent variables consisted of user performance and preference measures. Statistical analyses revealed that when the correct result was found on page 1 of the results, the Ranking sorting method was associated with faster trial times, fewer false alarms, higher trial ratings, and the preferred sorting method. However, when the correct result was found on subsequent pages, the Category sorting method was associated with better performance and increased preference.
Imaging of the chest after lung transplantation

Lung transplantation is a well-accepted treatment for numerous lung diseases when medical or surgical therapy is ineffective or unavailable and the patient has a limited life expectancy (usually less than 2 to 3 years). When appropriate, single-lung transplantation is the preferred procedure because
Engineering buffering and hydrolytic or photolabile charge shifting in a polycarboxybetaine ester gene delivery platform.

Polycarboxybetaine esters (PCB-esters) can condense plasmid DNA into nanosized polyplexes for highly effective gene delivery with low toxicity. The design and characterization of tertiary CB-ester monomers and PCB-ester polymers are presented here to study the effects of molecular variation on functions important to nonviral gene transfer. Both buffering capacity and charge-shifting behavior can be tuned by modifying the distance between the charged groups and the ester size or type. A carbon spacer length (CSL) of one was found to bring the pKa of the tertiary amine into the optimal range for proton buffering. Ester hydrolytic degradation switches this polymer from cationic (DNA binding) to zwitterionic (DNA releasing) form while conferring nontoxicity. To allow rapid and externally controlled degradation, the effect of this charge-switching behavior on DNA release from polyplexes was directly studied with a novel photolabile PCB-nitrobenzyl ester (PCB-NBE). Photoinitiated ester degradation precipitated ...
Low-cost fabrication of high efficiency solid-state neutron detectors

The development of high-efficiency solid state thermal neutron detectors at low cost is critical for a wide range of civilian and defense applications. The use of present neutron detector system for personal radiation detection is limited by the cost, size, weight and power requirements. Chip scale solid state neutron detectors based on silicon technology would provide significant benefits in terms of cost, volume, and allow for wafer level integration with charge preamplifiers and readout electronics. In this paper, anisotropic wet etching of (110) silicon wafers was used to replace deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) to produce microstructured neutron detectors with lower cost and compatibility with mass production. Deep trenches were etched by 30 wt% KOH at 85°C with a highest etch ratio of (110) to (111). A trench-microstructure thermal neutron detector described by the aforementioned processes was fabricated and characterized. The detector—which has a continuous p+-n junction diode—was filled with enriched boron (99% of 10B) as a neutron converter material. The device showed a leakage current of ~ 6.7 × 10-6 A/cm2 at -1V and thermal neutron detection efficiency of ~16.3%. The detector uses custom built charge pre-amplifier, a shaping amplifier, and an analogto- digital converter (ADC) for data acquisition.
Research on the situation of HIV/AIDS coinfected with HBV,HCV,TP and other diseases in Wenzhou area

Objective: To provide important scientific basis for control and treatment of HIV/AIDS through the study on the epidemic characteristics of HIV-infected people and patients(HIV/AIDS) co-infected with hepatitis B(HBV),hepatitis C(HCV) and syphilis(TP).Methods: A total of 678 cases laboratory-confirmed HIV-positive specimens in 2008-2010 in Wenzhou were selected to detect HBsAg,HCV and syphilis antibody with ELISA method.Results: A total of 678 cases of HIV/AIDS specimens were found that hepatitis B infection was 102 cases(15.04%),hepatitis C infection was 84 cases(12.38%),syphilis infection was 145 cases(21.38%);while coinfection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C was 13 cases(1.91%),coinfection with hepatitis B and syphilis was 31 cases(4.57%),coinfection with hepatitis C and syphilis was 13 cases(1.91%),and coinfection with hepatitis B,hepatitis C and syphilis was 2 cases(0.29%).Conclusion: 1.The rate of HIV and HBV co-infection was slightly higher than the general population;the rate of HIV and HCV co-infection was significantly higher than the general population,but lower than that in the domestic and international report;while HIV and TP co-infection rate was significantly higher than that of the general population and AIDS patients in other areas.2.The overall trend of co-infection has been controlled.