cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MINT: A Method for Effective and Scalable Mining of Named Entity Transliterations from Large Comparable Corpora

In this paper, we address the problem of mining transliterations of Named Entities (NEs) from large comparable corpora. We leverage the empirical fact that multilingual news articles with similar news content are rich in Named Entity Transliteration Equivalents (NETEs). Our mining algorithm, MINT, uses a cross-language document similarity model to align multilingual news articles and then mines NETEs from the aligned articles using a transliteration similarity model. We show that our approach is highly effective on 6 different comparable corpora between English and 4 languages from 3 different language families. Furthermore, it performs substantially better than a state-of-the-art competitor.
CONCERTED ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT OF PENICILLIN, METHIONINE, THREONINE AND METHIONINE SULFOXIDE UPON BRUCELLA, EBERTHELLA, SALMONELLA, AND SHIGELLA

Penicillin susceptibility of highly refractory Gramnegative organisms may be greatly enhanced upon addition of methionine, threonine and methionine sulfoxide. The action of amino acids appears to be synergistic rather than additive. Methionine is essential for the enhancement. Threonine and methionine sulfoxide facilitate the effect of methionine following a reciprocal quantitative relationship.
PERIODIC OPERATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS: A REVIEW

(1974). PERIODIC OPERATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS: A REVIEW. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 111-124.
BF3 Counters for Use in Field Instrumentation

A number of different neutron detectors employing arrays of BF3 counters in hydrogenous moderators have been constructed and tested in the field. Some of the problems of obtaining BF3 counters with matching mechanical and electrical characteristics from commercial manufacturers are briefly reviewed. Several unexpected problems which arise when BF3counters are not used in a controled environment are discussed. A transient sensitivity to gamma rays in some counter designs immediately after the application of high voltage is noted and explained. A technique for reducing spurious counts due to humidity effects by coating the ceramic high voltage insulators with Teflon is described. Spurious counts due to inverting and vibrating the BF3 counters are examined for different sizes of counters.
Reperfusion injury to endothelial cells following cold ischemic storage of rat livers.

Storage of donor livers in Euro-Collins solution for human transplantation surgery is limited to about 8 hr. Here, tissue damage to isolated rat livers stored under the same conditions as human livers was characterized following reperfusion. The purpose of this work was to determine the importance of nutritional status on injury due to cold storage and reperfusion, to establish whether lethal injury occurs during cold storage or only after reperfusion, and to identify the cell types most vulnerable to damage. Rat livers were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer, stored 8 to 48 hr in Euro-Collins solution and reperfused with warm, oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer for 15 min. Nuclear trypan blue uptake and lactate dehydrogenase release were used as indices of cell death. After 8 hr of cold storage and reperfusion, little loss of parenchymal or nonparenchymal viability occurred. After 24 or 48 hr, virtually all parenchymal cells remained viable. However, severe damage to nonparenchymal cells was observed, and about 40% of nonparenchymal cells were trypan blue positive. Nutritional status (fed vs. fasted) did not affect the extent of cell damage. Nonparenchyma cell killing was accompanied by cellular rounding, nuclear pyknosis and protrusion of cells into sinusoidal lumens. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated denudation of the sinusoidal lining. Rounding and pyknosis were not observed in 24-hr-stored livers which were not reperfused, and trypan blue uptake did not occur in stored livers infused with cold, anoxic Euro-Collins solution. Based on cytochemistry and electron microscopy, lethal cell injury occurred predominantly to endothelial cells. Storage of livers in University of Wisconsin cold storage solution, which has been shown to extend preservation of livers for transplantation surgery, protected endothelial cells from reperfusion injury after cold ischemic storage. The data suggest that damage to stored livers leading to graft failure after transplantation involves a reperfusion injury to hepatic endothelial cells. Identification of this injury in isolated livers by trypan blue labeling provides a rapid and inexpensive means to evaluate and improve liver preservation solutions.
Synthesis of two-party error-recoverable protocols

We have developed a correct, general, and efficient procedure of synthesizing two-party error-recoverable protocols for noisy channels where messages could be lost, corrupted, and/or missequenced. The state explosion problem has been tackled by synthesizing the error-recoverable protocol (ERP) from its noiseless local entity model using certain rules. This reduction arises from the approaches of local modeling and elaboration. We expect that these two approaches will also play a major role in tackling the complexity problems in designing multi-party protocols. Measures of efficiency and functionality improvements have been discussed.
Resolution of the isoenzymes of soybean lipoxygenase using isoelectric focusing and chromatofocusing.

Abstract Isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels has been applied to the analysis of the enzymes involved in the formation and destruction of peroxides in soybeans [ Glycine max (L.)], lipoxygenases and peroxidases, respectively. As a result of differences in pH optima for catalytic activity, lipoxygenases were selectively detected by adjusting the pH employed for activity-specific staining. Type-1 lipoxygenase was revealed not only by staining based on the conversion of linoleic acid to hydroperoxide but also by two stains based on the reduction of the hydroperoxide. These methods were found to be suitable for the analysis and characterization of isoenzyme patterns in different soybean cultivars. A substantial difference in the distribution of lipoxygenases maximally active near pH 7 was observed for cultivars Provar and Vickery. A similar degree of separation of the isoenzymes was achieved on a larger scale using chromatofocusing in the pH range 7.4–5.0.
Shifts in Masculinity Preferences Across the Menstrual Cycle: Still Not There

Harris (2011) failed to find support for the popular hypothesis that women are attracted to masculine-faced men when conception is likely but attracted to feminine-faced men during other menstrual cycle phases. In response, DeBruine et al. (2010) wrote a commentary criticizing Harris theoretical analysis and data (e.g., sample age). The current paper addresses those criticisms with new data analysis, additional literature review, and logical arguments. Harris’ results are not attributable to her sample’s age; no preference shift was found for the subsample of women under 30 years old and no hint of an interaction existed between participant age group and menstrual cycle phase. This work also revisits the questionable assumptions inherent in the cycle shift hypothesis and reviews literature that suggests such assumptions are not tenable.
Equipment for Preparing Electropolished TEM Specimens at Controlled and Low Temperatures

A cooling device for use with the Fishione twin-jet electropolisher Model 110 has been developed for electropolishing TEM specimens at controlled and low temperatures necessary for some materials. This consists of an explosion-proof pump circulating methanol through a specially designed stainless steel bath, and a copper coil immersed in a mixture of methanol and dry ice in a dewar. A thermocouple with a temperature control unit provides precise temperature control. With this device, electropolishing can be conducted at temperatures as low as −55°C. This allows electropolishing of certain materials which cannot be polished with conventional equipment. The precisely controlled temperature also improves the performance of the electropolishing equipment at all temperatures because the success of electropolishing depends on maintaining constant conditions during the process. The unit further allows the use of aggressive electrolytes and preparation of solutions which could otherwise become hazardous due to heat buildup during electropolishing or preparation.
Mathematical interpretation of dose-response curves

The dose-response of an individual organism can be described by a step functions if the organism survives when the dose is below a certain lethal level and dies when this level is exceeded. If, in a population of organism, the lethal dose for an individual has a unimodal distribution, the latter's properties will determine the shape of the population's response in the following manner. If the distribution is symmetric the dose-response curve has a symmetric sigmoid shape when plotted on linear coordinates. The location of the inflection point and the curve's slope around it are determined by the distribution's mode and variance. When the distribution is skewed, the dose-response curve has an asymmetric sigmoid shape which becomes reminiscent of an exponential decay when the distribution is strongly skewed to the right. The population's dose-response curve can be constructed by integration of the step changes over the distribution range. The step function representing the dose-response of an individual organism can be approximate by a Fermi function, and the distribution of an lethal doses can be represented by the Weibull distribution function. When the two functions are combined, the resulting dose-response of the populationS(X)), which is the fraction of survivors after exposure to a doseX, is given by:S(X)=∫ 0 1 [1/{+exp{(X-X c (φ))/a i ]}]dω whereX c (ω)={(1/b)[-ln(1-ω)]}(1/n),n andb being the constants of the Weibull distribution anda i an arbitrarily small number, i.e.a i ≪[X−X c (ϕ)], whose actual magnitude is of little significance. This model can be used to determine the underlying distributions of experimental dose-response relationship. It was applied to published survival data of microorganisms exposed to pulsed electric field, X-ray radiation and ozone to show that the different observed shapes of the dose-response curve, and shifts between them, can be expressed in terms of the correponding distribution parameters, namely the mode, variance and skewness.
Using the fracture efficiency to compare adhesion tests

This paper reports the use of a novel concept, the fracture efficiency, to evaluate adhesion tests by deciding whether a particular test would be more or less likely to cause gross yielding or rupturing in the adherend/coating before the fracture condition is satisfied. Because of the technical importance and the difficulty in obtaining meaningful debond energies for coatings, much of the paper is devoted to the coating adhesion measurement problem. The fracture efficiency of the general coating delamination configuration is investigated and its theoretical limit is determined. The study suggests that it is unlikely to devise a new test with a significantly higher fracture efficiency than the existing tests. New experimental or analytical techniques considering the inelastic energy dissipation are needed for coating adhesion measurement. In addition to the fracture efficiency, the fracture mode mixity of the general coating delamination problem is also investigated. The conditions which may result in the contact of crack surfaces near the crack tip region are identified. The preferred configurations which would tend to induce interfacial delamination are also discussed. Finally, from the viewpoint of fracture efficiency, guidelines are given to aid in the selection of appropriate test geometries for coating adhesion measurement.
Quantitative analysis of single-molecule superresolution images

Abstract This review highlights the quantitative capabilities of single-molecule localization-based superresolution imaging methods. In addition to revealing fine structural details, the molecule coordinate lists generated by these methods provide the critical ability to quantify the number, clustering, and colocalization of molecules with 10–50 nm resolution. Here we describe typical workflows and precautions for quantitative analysis of single-molecule superresolution images. These guidelines include potential pitfalls and essential control experiments, allowing critical assessment and interpretation of superresolution images.
Bilirubin-sensitized photoinactivation of enzymes in the isolated membrane of the human erythrocyte.

— Bilirubin has been found to sensitize the photodynamic inactivation of several enzymes in the isolated membrane (ghost) of the human red cell. When ghosts (pH 8.0, 10°C) + bilirubin (0.1 mM) were irradiated with blue light (350 Wm-2), the activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase decayed with t1/2≃ 15 min. No effect was observed in the absence of pigment or with incident yellow light. Diazabicyclo-octane (DABCO) sharply reduced the inactivation rate, suggesting that 1O2 is involved. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of ghosts containing fully inactivated glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase revealed no change in the polypeptide band corresponding to the subunit of the enzyme. Solubilized enzyme, which was similarly photosensitive, could be partially protected by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The integral enzymes Mg2+-ATPase, Na+, K+-ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase were also affected. Under the above conditions and bilirubin = 0.37 mM, these enzymes were photoinactivated in first-order fashion, k≃ 2, 1.2 and 0.2 h-1, respectively. The rate of decay of total ATPase was found to vary as the square root of the bilirubin concentration over the range 7–370 μM. At a fixed bilirubin concentration (0.37 mM), this rate was also shown to be directly proportional to light intensity. Inasmuch as the —SH content of bilirubin-containing ghosts diminished during irradiation, oxidation of essential cysteine residues could be responsible for the inactivation of some of the enzymes studied.
Scattering from surface step edges in strong topological insulators

We study the characteristics of scattering processes at step edges on the surfaces of strong topological insulators (STIs), arising from restrictions imposed on the $S$ matrix solely by time-reversal symmetry and translational invariance along the step edge. We show that the ``perfectly reflecting'' step edge that may be defined with these restrictions allow modulations in the local density of states (LDOS) near the step edge to decay no slower than $1/x$, where $x$ is the distance from the step edge. This is faster than in two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG)---where the LDOS decays as $1/\sqrt{x}$---and shares the same cause as the suppression of backscattering in STI surface states. We also calculate the scattering at a delta function scattering potential and argue that generic step edges will produce a ${x}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ decay of LDOS oscillations. Experimental implications are also discussed.
Evolution of Mojavian mantle lithosphere influenced by Farallon plate subduction: Evidence from Hf and Nd isotopes in peridotite xenoliths from Dish Hill, CA

Abstract A major issue in the assembly of continents is the role of subduction in building and reworking the continental mantle lithosphere. Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Dish Hill, CA represent Mojavian sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) that existed along an off-craton continental edge during late Cretaceous Farallon plate subduction. The Dish Hill locale is well situated for recording any Farallon plate influence, be it as oceanic lithosphere accretion or for its role in providing metasomatic agents to the Mojavian SCLM. The 176Hf/177Hf and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic compositions of clinopyroxenes from these xenoliths are radiogenic with eHf from +12.9 to +134.4 and eNd from +2.2 to +26.1, indicative of ancient Proterozoic melt depletion. Four out of the sixteen samples lie on a 2.1 Ga reference line for melt extraction from primitive mantle for both 176Hf/177Hf and 143Nd/144Nd, confirming their position on the 2.1 Ga 187Os/188Os aluminachron from previous work on these peridotites (Armytage et al., 2014). A second Re-depletion age obtained from an 187Os/188Os aluminachron of 1.3 Ga is also observed in the 176Lu–176Hf and 147Sm–143Nd systematics. The 176Hf/177Hf–143Nd/144Nd data from Dish Hill do not provide strong evidence for the existence of a duplex of oceanic lithosphere and SCLM, or for these peridotites being sourced from modern asthenospheric mantle upwelling after lithospheric removal. However, subchondritic 176Lu/177Hf and 147Sm/144Nd ratios and trace element compositions in some of the peridotites point to the influence of metasomatic processes. In seven of the peridotites 176Hf/177Hf ratios are not complemented by similarly radiogenic 143Nd/144Nd ratios. Such decoupling, relative to the mantle array, indicates that the 176Hf/177Hf record in these peridotites is more robust to resetting by these local metasomatic processes than 143Nd/144Nd. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in these samples fall into two distinct groups based on (Ce/Yb)PM, with the less depleted 87Sr/86Sr ratios occurring in samples with (Ce/Yb)PM > 0.8, consistent with post melt extraction LREE-enrichment. Geochemical modeling of melt addition to variably depleted peridotite rules out silicate melt compositions such as MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) or arc basalt as primary metasomatic agents. Instead the trace element profile of the modeled melt is closest to a carbonatite melt. In particular, the melt composition is most consistent with carbonatites found in subduction zone settings rather than those associated with stable intra-plate continental lithosphere. The timing of this metasomatic event is constrained at
Three-dimensional time-lapse velocity tomography of an underground longwall panel

Three-dimensional velocity tomograms were generated to image the stress redistribution around an underground coal longwall panel to produce a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to ground failure, especially rockbursts. Mining-induced microseismic events provided passive sources for the three-dimensional velocity tomography. Surface-mounted geophones monitored microseismic activity for 18 days. Eighteen tomograms were generated and high-velocity regions correlated with high abutment stresses predicted by numerical modeling. Additionally, the high-velocity regions were observed to redistribute as the longwall face retreated, indicating that velocity tomography may be an appropriate technology for monitoring stress redistribution in underground mines.
Femoral fractures produced by projectiles -- The effects of mass and diameter on target damage

Abstract In order to determine the relative importance of projectile mass and diameter in the production of damage to human bone, a total of 560 embalmed human femurs were impacted by spheres of varying diameter and specific gravity. The results strongly support the conclusion that, at a given impact velocity, projectile diameter is a far greater factor influencing energy expenditure and thus damage to the target than the mass of the projectile. Thus a large, light-weight projectile will be more destructive to bone, and probably to all tissues, than a smaller but more massive one.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BRONCHIAL AND BRONCHIOLAR PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHEST INJURIES.

In this presentation attention to the bronchi has been called in an attempt toward better understanding of pulmonary complications following trauma. Emphasis has been placed upon the similarity between abnormal bronchial states and normal dynamics of bronchial physiology. Many of the more severe post traumatic and postoperative pulmonary problems have as their underlying basis bronchitis which antedated the injury. Methods of detecting occult hypoventilatory states and objectives and methods of treatment and control were specified.
Holocene Eruptive Activity of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico

Geologic and radiometric-age data indicate that El Chichon was frequently and violently active during the Holocene, including eruptive episodes about 600, 1250, and 1700 years ago and several undated, older eruptions. These episodes, involving explosive eruptions of sulfur-rich magma and associated dome-growth processes, were apparently separated by intervals of approximately 350 to 650 years. Some of El Chichon's eruptions may correlate with unusual atmospheric phenomena around A.D. 1300 and possibly A.D. 623.
Rescue of a splicing defective mutant by insertion of an heterologous intron

It is now widely accepted that the primary transcripts of many eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences (introns)1–3. These introns, which vary considerably in length, have been found in both coding and noncoding regions4–15. They are removed from the primary transcript in one or more steps by a process called RNA splicing16. The role of RNA splicing, the size and position of introns and the signals which modulate the splicing process are under intense investigation. These studies have been greatly facilitated by the use of viral mutants or viral–eukaryotic recombinant molecules. The SV40 system has been of particular value in elucidating certain genetic elements which are critically involved in the splicing process17–21. Further insight into the biological significance of the splicing process has come from a mutant from which precisely one intron has been removed (intron-minus mutant, dl-2350). This deletion mutant has the potential to circumvent the need for splicing. However, the inability of dl-2350 to accumulate late viral transcripts indicates that splicing is a requirement for the biogenesis of stable mRNA22. This finding is supported by studies using the mouse βmaj globin gene inserted into SV40. The inserted portions contained either the complete globin gene23 or a segment encompassing the intron plus the entire 3′ end of the gene24. As polyadenylation is known to precede splicing2,3, the possibility exists that every transcript possesses sequences near the 3′ end that are directly involved in the splicing process. We report here that, to test this possibility as well as to pursue the question of whether the splicing event and/or defined sequences in the intron are required for the biogenesis of mRNAs, we inserted an isolated intron lacking its own genomic 5′ and 3′ ends into the intron-minus mutant previously described. The experimental protocol provided for obtaining both possible orientations of the insert relative to the late genomic region. Investigation of the transcriptional products indicated that stable mRNA was produced only by the mutant containing the intron in the sense orientation.
Die katalytische Reduktion von Distickstoff zu Ammoniak mit Molybdän: Theorie und Experiment

Molybdankomplexe mit dem Triamidoamin-Liganden [(RNCH2CH2)3N]3− (R=3,5-(2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) katalysieren die Reduktion von Distickstoff unter Einwirkung von Protonen und Elektronen zu Ammoniak. Die Protonen stammen dabei aus 2,6-Dimethylpyridinium-Ionen, die Elektronen aus Decamethylchromocen, die Reaktion verlauft bei 22 °C und 1 atm Druck. Mogliche Intermediate dieser Reduktion und ihre Reaktionscharakteristik wurden in mehreren theoretischen Arbeiten untersucht. So wurden DFT-Rechnungen des Mo-Komplexes [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]Mo (HIPT=Hexaisopropylterphenyl=3,5-(2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) durchgefuhrt, der wie die katalytisch wirksamen Intermediate den Liganden Triamidoamin enthalt. In diesem Kurzaufsatz vergleichen wir fur jeden angenommenen Teilschritt der Katalysereaktion aktuelle theoretische Befunde und experimentelle Ergebnisse.
Toward a General Framework of Family Structure: A Review of Theory-Based Empirical Research

For slightly more than a century, psychologists, sociologists, demographers, and others have been studying family structure. The enterprise has been repeatedly characterized as having strong empirical roots, but little theory to nurture it and help it develop. Recently, articles have been published calling for the formalization of family demography, which we define as the discipline devoted to the study of family structure. This paper has the following purposes: (1) To develop a general taxonomy of family structure that unites researchers from several disciplines under one framework; (2) To review important methodological and measurement problems involved in the study of family structure; and (3) To review the recent theory-based empirical literature. We conclude with an assessment of the state-of-the-enterprise.
First Do No Harm: A Reply to Courtney Cazden

This brief note is in response to Courtney Cazden's article, “Can Ethnographic Research Go Beyond the Status Quo?” in the Spring 1983 issue of the Anthropology and Education Quarterly. I argue that educators who reject anthropological contributions are doing so not because they find anthropology “unhelpful in their work.” Rather they believe anthropology is doing harm. Cultural differences are replacing cultural deprivation as the fashionable excuse for school failure.
Defining the molecular requirements for the selective delivery of polyamine conjugates into cells containing active polyamine transporters.

Several N1-substituted polyamines containing various spacer units between nitrogen centers were synthesized as their respective HCl salts. The N1-substituents included benzyl, naphthalen-1-ylmethyl, anthracen-9-ylmethyl, and pyren-1-ylmethyl. The polyamine spacer units ranged from generic (4,4-triamine, 4,3-triamine, and diaminooctane) spacers to more exotic [2-(ethoxy)ethanoxy-containing diamine, hydroxylated 4,3-triamine, and cyclohexylene-containing triamine] spacers. Two control compounds were also evaluated: N-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)-butylamine and N-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)-butanediamine. Biological activities in L1210 (murine leukemia), α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)-treated L1210, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and its polyamine transport-deficient mutant (CHO-MG) cell lines were investigated via IC50 cytotoxicity determinations. Ki values for spermidine uptake were also determined in L1210 cells. Of the series studied, the N1-benzyl-4,4-triamine system 6 had significantly higher IC50 values (low...
Initial rates of propylene disproportionation over WO3 on silica catalysts

Abstract Initial rate data were obtained for the disproportionation of propylene over a 10% WO3 on silica gel catalyst. Temperatures of 399–454 °C and pressures from 1 to 9 atm were used. The experimental data were well correlated by assuming that a dual-site surface reaction was the rate-controlling step in the reaction mechanism. The mechanism parameters and their temperature dependence were extracted from the experimental data using a least-squares technique. Anomalously high linear velocities through the reactor were necessary for the elimination of interphase mass-transport limitations, and this was attributed to particle-to-particle variations in promoter level.
The perceived fairness and efficiency of used car markets

Two totally different sets of efficiency scores are obtained under two different consumer decision-making processes. It is found that distortions in the used car market are lower than previously thought. Cars with higher prices are perceived efficient when consumers set 'price range' as the first criterion in their purchase decision process. Lower priced cars are considered efficient if 'model year' is the first factor entering into purchase decision process. It is also found that the 'price range' decision-makers perceive a much more efficient used car market than 'model year' decision-makers. If a decision has to be made among car models within a certain price range, European and Korean car models are better choices compared to US ones. However, when making choices among cars of the same model year, US car models are better choices than European and Japanese car models. The segment of the secondary market with the older version car models tends to have a higher average efficiency, compared to the segments with newer versions. Furthermore, the high-efficiency car models are not getting the high overall ratings from customers. However, car models that are better rated by consumers are indeed charged with a higher price.
C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation: technical aspects.

Objective I review posterior atlantoaxial fusion with transarticular screw fixation, including indications, complications, and operative technique, emphasizing my experience. Methods The indications for C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation include traumatic injuries to the atlantoaxial complex, instability resulting from inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis), and congenital abnormalities (os odontoideum). All patients underwent stabilization using cannulated C1-C2 transfacetal screws by the method described by Magerl. Supplemental interspinous fusion with bicortical autologous iliac crest graft and titanium cable was used to restore the posterior tension band by use of the method described by Sonntag's group. Preoperatively, all patients underwent imaging with plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and axial computed tomography. Patients were maintained in a rigid cervical orthosis postoperatively. Results Measures used to improve safety and efficacy include patient positioning, fluoroscopic guidance, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, axial computed tomography, and open reduction of C1-C2 subluxation before screw passage. In this series of 75 patients, fusion was obtained in 72 patients (96%). There were no instances of vertebral artery injury, errant screw placement, instrumentation failure, dural laceration, spinal cord injury, or hypoglossal nerve injury. Conclusion C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation with a posterior tension band construct provides excellent fusion rates with few perioperative complications. Preoperative imaging and meticulous surgical technique improve outcomes.
HAND IN GLOVE: EVALUATING THE FIT BETWEEN METHOD AND THEOLOGY IN VAN HUYSSTEEN'S INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN UNIQUENESS

Wentzel van Huyssteen's Alone in the World? (2006) pre- sents an interpretation of human uniqueness in the form of a dia- logue between classical Christian theological affirmations and cutting-edge scientific understandings of the human and animal worlds. The sheer amount of information from different thinkers and fields that van Huyssteen absorbs and integrates makes this book extraordinary and, indeed, very rich as a work of interdisciplinary theology. The book commands respect and deserves close attention. In this essay I evalu- ate van Huyssteen's proposal as well as the method he uses to produce it. Special attention is given to the concept of embodiment. Van Huyssteen's concept of embodiment is substantially correct in most respects and largely consistent with the scientific and theological pic- tures of human nature. In a few respects, however, his interpretation of the bodily character of human life appears to be insufficiently thor- oughgoing relative to our best contemporary knowledge of human nature from the natural sciences.
A randomized controlled trial utilizing motivational interviewing to reduce HIV risk and drug use in young gay and bisexual men.

OBJECTIVE Young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) are disproportionally at risk of HIV infection due to sexual risk behaviors, which are often exacerbated by recreational drug use. However, there have been no evidence-based interventions targeting substance-using YGBM. This study was designed to test a brief motivational interviewing (MI) intervention to reduce both risky sex and drug use among HIV-negative YGBM. METHOD A total of 143 non-treatment-seeking YGBM (ages 18-29 years) who reported recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and recreational drug use were randomized to 4 sessions of MI or 4 sessions of content-matched education. Participants were followed every 3 months for 1 year, and behavior change was examined across conditions and time for aggregated and day-level drug use and UAI. RESULTS Regardless of condition, participants reported significant reductions in UAI and substance use over time. However, YGBM in the MI condition were 18% less likely to use drugs and 24% less likely to engage in UAI than YGBM in the education condition. CONCLUSIONS The results support the utility of MI, compared with a content-matched education condition, to significantly reduce both UAI and drug use among YGBM. Interventions may benefit from an emphasis on substance use reductions, which might indirectly lead to less frequent UAI. Future research efforts should examine whether this type of brief MI intervention is effective when delivered by clinic or community settings utilized by YGBM.
Introduction to Postracialism in U.S. Public School and Higher Education Settings: The Politics of Education in the Age of Obama

Race and racism are topics typically silenced, muted, or reframed toward a discussion of color blindness. In 2008, the historic election of the nation's first African American president prompted in...
Phenotypic basis for a feeding change in an insular population of garter snakes

Predation on birds, an unusual behavior for the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), has been observed and documented in an insular garter snake population. Feeding preference tests were performed on naive neonatal snakes and experienced adults from both the island test population and a nearby mainland control population. No significant preference for birds as a prey item was found for either neonates or adults from either population. Therefore, neither a genetic nor an ontogenetic basis for the observed behavior was demonstrable. Birds tainted with a piscine odor, however, elicited a positive feeding response from adult snakes from both geographical sources. We propose that the observed behavior in the field is a result of learning to exploit an abundant, readily available resource already in the predator's repertoire.
A portable system for anywhere interactions

Interactions have taken off from the confinement of a single screen into various personal devices. Projected an interface onto different parts of a physical environment is an escape beyond traditional display devices. Imagine that any walls or floors can turn into a direct manipulation space without a lot of effort. This demonstration of ED-lite, a combination of a laptop, custom software, off-the-shelf digital camera and projector, shows projected interfaces with interactions on any surfaces including those not necessarily perpendicular to the projector. ED-lite is a derivation of our previous work on Everywhere Displays (ED) and steerable interfaces. This portable version has an automatic calibration feature that makes applications usable on any surfaces in a drop. More importantly, it is now possible to be taken on the road for demonstrations.
Recombination-based telomere maintenance is dependent on Tel1-MRN and Rap1 and inhibited by telomerase, Taz1, and Ku in fission yeast

Fission yeast cells survive loss of the telomerase catalytic subunit Trt1 (TERT) through recombination-based telomere maintenance or through chromosome circularization. Although trt1Delta survivors with linear chromosomes can be obtained, they often spontaneously circularize their chromosomes. Therefore, it was difficult to establish genetic requirements for telomerase-independent telomere maintenance. In contrast, when the telomere-binding protein Taz1 is also deleted, taz1Delta trt1Delta cells are able to stably maintain telomeres. Thus, taz1Delta trt1Delta cells can serve as a valuable tool in understanding the regulation of telomerase-independent telomere maintenance. In this study, we show that the checkpoint kinase Tel1 (ATM) and the DNA repair complex Rad32-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) are required for telomere maintenance in taz1Delta trt1Delta cells. Surprisingly, Rap1 is also essential for telomere maintenance in taz1Delta trt1Delta cells, even though recruitment of Rap1 to telomeres depends on Taz1. Expression of catalytically inactive Trt1 can efficiently inhibit recombination-based telomere maintenance, but the inhibition requires both Est1 and Ku70. While Est1 is essential for recruitment of Trt1 to telomeres, Ku70 is dispensable. Thus, we conclude that Taz1, TERT-Est1, and Ku70-Ku80 prevent telomere recombination, whereas MRN-Tel1 and Rap1 promote recombination-based telomere maintenance. Evolutionarily conserved proteins in higher eukaryotic cells might similarly contribute to telomere recombination.
Evaluating Techniques for Network Layer Independence in Cognitive Networks

Cognitive networks are the latest progression of cognitive functionality into the networking stack, an effort which began with a layer one and two focus on cognitive radios, and has lately been extended to layer three and beyond. In this paper we evaluate an approach to network layer independence in wireless cognitive networks, utilizing and extending HIP to provide host identity across a myriad of network layers that evolve to meet application and environmental constraints and requirements. We detail a use case for this type of flexibility, specifically, a disaster relief scenario with complex usage and security requirements, and present evaluations that validate this approach. This work is a part of COGNET, an architectural framework for research into architectural tradeoffs and protocol design approaches for cognitive radio networks at both local network and the global internetwork levels.
Effect of Dietary Changes on Urinary Oxalate Excretion and Calcium Oxalate Supersaturation in Patients With Hyperoxaluric Stone Formation

Objectives To test the hypothesis that patients with hyperoxaluria, who modified their dietary calcium intake, would reduce their urinary oxalate excretion without raising their urinary calcium excretion. Diet is a major factor in idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, yet controversy exists regarding the ideal clinical recommendations. Approximately 20% of patients with calcium oxalate stone formation have hyperoxaluria (≥45 mg oxalate/d). Calcium supplements to bind dietary oxalate have been suggested, but clinical evidence of this therapy is lacking. Methods Of 144 adult patients with stone formation seen by a registered dietitian from September 2006 to September 2007, 26 (18%) had hyperoxaluria on ≥1 24-hour urinalyses. Of those with ≥2 complete 24-hour collections and whose hyperoxaluria was observed before their last visit with the registered dietitian, 22 patients were identified. The patients were retrospectively separated into 2 groups according to whether they had been advised dietary changes alone (diet group, n = 10) or calcium citrate with meals, in addition to the dietary changes (supplement group, n = 12). The mean follow-up time was 317 and 266 days for the diet and supplement groups, respectively. Statistical comparisons within and between groups were made for urinary risk factors. Results Urinary oxalate excretion decreased from 56 to 43 mg/d and from 60 to 46 mg/d in the diet and supplement groups, respectively (P = .003 and P = .038, respectively). Calcium oxalate supersaturation decreased from 3.48 to 1.83 and from 2.37 to 1.52 in the diet and supplement groups, respectively (P = .043 and P = .002, respectively). Urinary calcium excretion did not change in either group. Conclusions Gastrointestinal binding of oxalate by calcium is an effective clinical strategy for hyperoxaluria, whether mediated by calcium citrate with meals or by inclusion of calcium-containing foods with meals.
Topological design of optically switched WDM networks

The authors' research addresses some of the underlying design principles for a new class of metropolitan area networks (MANs) based on current lightwave technology, optically switched wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks. A unique feature of WDM networks is their ability to create many different virtual topologies on top of the given physical topology. The authors describe problems associated with the design of optically switched WDM networks, study the embedding of regular virtual topologies into regular and irregular physical topologies, tabulate some characteristics of embedded regular virtual topologies and provide a procedure for computing the maximum number of wavelengths required for virtual topology embeddings. >
Near-optimum detection in synchronous code-division multiple-access systems

Communication networks using code division multiple access (CDMA) include applications where several packets of information are transmitted synchronously and simultaneously over a common channel. Consideration is given to the problem of simultaneously demodulating every packet from such a transmission. A nonlinear detection scheme based on a linear complexity multistage multiple-access interference rejection algorithm is studied. A class of linear detectors is considered as constituting the first stage for the multistage detector. A bit-error probability comparison of the linear and multistage detectors is undertaken. It is shown that the multistage detectors are capable of achieving considerable improvements over the linear detectors, particularly in near-far situations, i.e., in the demodulation of weak signals in the presence of strong interfering signals. This problem has been of primary concern for currently operational CDMA systems. >
Do School Counselors Matter? Mattering as a Moderator between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction

The relationships of perceived mattering to others, jobrelated stress, and job satisfaction were examined for 388 elementary, middle, and high school counselors from across the United States. Participants completed the School Counselor Mattering Scale, the School Counselor Job-Stress Assessment, and several job satisfaction questions in order to assess perceptions of mattering to others at their schools and their job-related stress, and how these two constructs relate to school counselors' overall job satisfaction. Mattering to others at work and job-related stress accounted for 35% of the variance in job satisfaction for the total sample of school counselors; however, mattering did not moderate the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Results revealed that elementary school counselors experienced the greatest job satisfaction and the lowest levels of job-related stress, and high school counselors experienced the greatest job dissatisfaction and the greatest levels of job-related stress. ...
Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test1

The test Turing proposed for machine intelligence is usually understood to be a test of whether a computer can fool a human into thinking that the computer is a human. This standard interpretation is rejected in favor of a test based on the Imitation Game introduced by Turing at the beginning of "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."
The ontology of genetic susceptibility factors (OGSF) and its application in modeling genetic susceptibility to vaccine adverse events

Due to human variations in genetic susceptibility, vaccination often triggers adverse events in a small population of vaccinees. Based on our previous work on ontological modeling of genetic susceptibility to disease, we developed an Ontology of Genetic Susceptibility Factors (OGSF), a biomedical ontology in the domain of genetic susceptibility and genetic susceptibility factors. The OGSF framework was then applied in the area of vaccine adverse events (VAEs). OGSF aligns with the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). OGSF defines ‘genetic susceptibility’ as a subclass of BFO:disposition and has a material basis ‘genetic susceptibility factor’. The ‘genetic susceptibility to pathological bodily process’ is a subclasses of ‘genetic susceptibility’. A VAE is a type of pathological bodily process. OGSF represents different types of genetic susceptibility factors including various susceptibility alleles (e.g., SNP and gene). A general OGSF design pattern was developed to represent genetic susceptibility to VAE and associated genetic susceptibility factors using experimental results in genetic association studies. To test and validate the design pattern, two case studies were populated in OGSF. In the first case study, human gene allele DBR*15:01 is susceptible to influenza vaccine Pandemrix-induced Multiple Sclerosis. The second case study reports genetic susceptibility polymorphisms associated with systemic smallpox VAEs. After the data of the Case Study 2 were represented using OGSF-based axioms, SPARQL was successfully developed to retrieve the susceptibility factors stored in the populated OGSF. A network of data from the Case Study 2 was constructed by using ontology terms and individuals as nodes and ontology relations as edges. Different social network analysis (SNA) methods were then applied to verify core OGSF terms. Interestingly, a SNA hub analysis verified all susceptibility alleles of SNPs and a SNA closeness analysis verified the susceptibility genes in Case Study 2. These results validated the proper OGSF structure identified different ontology aspects with SNA methods. OGSF provides a verified and robust framework for representing various genetic susceptibility types and genetic susceptibility factors annotated from experimental VAE genetic association studies. The RDF/OWL formulated ontology data can be queried using SPARQL and analyzed using centrality-based network analysis methods.
Mechanisms causing muscle loss in chronic renal failure

The loss of lean body mass in uremia is associated with excessive morbidity and mortality. A potential mechanism causing protein catabolism is that uremia overcomes critical metabolic responses required to maintain protein balance whenever dietary protein is limited. These responses include reduced oxidation of essential amino acids, which improves the efficiency of protein utilization and a reduction in protein degradation. We find that metabolic acidosis stimulates both amino acid oxidation and protein degradation in muscle and thus could overcome the adaptive responses. The molecular mechanisms stimulating catabolism involve glucocorticoids and includes increased mRNAs of components of catabolic pathways. Studies in patients have confirmed that acidosis causes catabolism in chronic renal failure. Thus, we recommend that patients with metabolic acidosis receive an adequate diet and sufficient alkali to correct acidosis.
Determination of thin film media model parameters using DPC imaging and torque measurements

A micromagnetic model consisting of coupled hexagonal grains has been used to investigate the remanent-state ripple structure, the expected torque, and the rotational hysteresis behavior of thin magnetic films. The parameters of the model are the anisotropy field, the magnetostatic coupling, and the phenomenological exchange coupling between grains. The scale of the ripple pattern as measured by Lorentz microscopy using the differential phase contrast imaging technique can be used to fix the model parameters unambiguously, under the assumption that the parameters have fixed single values. Experimental rotational hysteresis curves cannot by fitted in detail without assuming a fairly broad distribution of anisotropy fields. It should be possible, given both kinds of data on a single sample, to determine the exchange coupling and average anisotropy field as well as a distribution of anisotropy fields which fits the width of the rotational hysteresis curve. >