cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good Neighbors? Prospects of United States-Mexico Cooperation for Joint Security

As North America has become more integrated through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States and Mexico have an increasingly common interest in security issues. The question posed by this article is why is this relationship largely informal despite their shared border, strong economic connections and a fair amount of convergence on security issues? We address this question using both a strategic choice approach and a constructivist analysis. Using these approaches, we find that power asymmetry, a history of distrust, and a lack of common identity contribute to the ineffectiveness of implementing an effective joint security policy. Both approaches would suggest that developing a stronger institutional framework would mitigate coordination problems and enhance the potential for a more effective security arrangement. The lack of political will on both sides, as well as mutual distrust, however, make this an unlikely prospect in the foreseeable future.
Association of monoamine oxidase with lipid: A comparative study of mitochondria from Novikoff hepatoma and rat liver☆

Abstract Monoamine oxidase (MAO) from Novikoff hepatoma and liver of the rat host has been studied. MAO in the mitochondria from the fast growing hepatoma was determined to be predominantly of the A type by studies carried out with the irreversible inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl. The enzyme from the host liver was similar to that reported for normal rat liver MAO. In order to investigate the role lipid may play in the genesis of different types of MAO, the hepatoma mitochondria were investigated as a model for type A MAO and compared to the host liver mitochondria which were shown to have both types of MAO activity. Phospholipid analysis of both hepatoma and host liver mitochondria revealed no significant difference in the proportion of outer membrane phospholipids. Delipidation with methyl ethyl ketone of both mitochondrial preparations resulted in the inactivation of type A MAO, which could be reactivated partially by mitochondrial lipids, but not by purified phosphatidylcholine. Low recovery of type B MAO after delipidation of the hepatoma mitochondria suggests that transformation of type A to type B MAO does not occur. Arrhenius plots of MAO activity revealed that type B MAO was sensitive to a phase transition of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The energy of activation of type B MAO as estimated by benzylamine deamination was reduced by 47 per cent at temperatures below 13°. Delipidation of mitochondria also resulted in a similar decrease in the energy of activation of type B MAO at all temperatures tested. Both types of MAO were shown to be labile to freeze/thawing as a result of delipidation. The results suggest that both types of MAO are integrally associated with the lipid environment of the outer mitochondrial membrane and that the association of lipid with the two types of MAO is different.
Cushing and the treatment of brain wounds during World War I

Harvey Cushing, perhaps the most important founder of American neurosurgery, was an Army neurosurgeon in France from 1917 to 1918. Over a 3-month period in 1917 he and his team operated on 133 soldiers with a brain wound. The operative mortality rate for their last 45 patients was 29%, considerably lower than the usual postoperative mortality rate of approximately 50% for those with a brain wound. This accomplishment was lauded at the time and eventually, for some, it was Cushing who was responsible for lowering the postoperative mortality rate of brain wounds during World War I. As the decades passed he was eventually credited as the "originator of brain wound care." This report shows that these attributions are misplaced. Cushing merely followed the enlightened surgical precepts of the time developed by Continental (European) surgeons. It also examines Cushing's writings to ascertain how these misperceptions concerning his originality might have been generated.
Rydberg state Stark spectroscopy in plasma sheaths

A primary interest in the spectroscopy of atoms in high Rydberg states stems from its sensitivity to external perturbations, such as the electric field. The influence of an external applied field increases rapidly with an increase in principal quantum number. The relative ease with which Rydberg atoms can be excited, from the metastable levels often found in discharges, using fairly standard tunable laser sources, over a wide range of principal quantum number states makes it attractive for measurements requiring a wide dynamic range, such as electric field values in the cathode sheath and negative glow region of a low-pressure glow discharge.
Cephalosporin use in penicillin-allergic patients: a survey of otolaryngologists and literature review.

Objectives/Hypothesis This study investigated the differences between the standard guidelines and the practice patterns of otolaryngologists in managing “penicillin-allergic” patients. A major goal was to identify factors influencing an otolaryngologist's choice of antibiotic. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Four hundred seventy members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists (ASPO) and 150 general otolaryngologists from the Florida Society of Otolaryngology (FSO) were surveyed. Results Ninety-six ASPO members (20.4%) and 22 members of FSO (14.6%) responded. When asked about the management of a pediatric patient with acute otitis media and a history of a nonsevere immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated amoxicillin allergy, 54% of ASPO respondents indicated they would initiate guideline-recommended cefdinir, whereas only 27% of FSO respondents chose cefdinir (P = .02). Otolaryngologists who are fellowship trained in pediatrics or have pediatric-focused practices were significantly more likely to prescribe cefdinir. Overall, 57% of respondents indicated that they were familiar with the literature regarding the cross-reactivity of β-lactams, but only 25% of respondents felt that they could easily differentiate a potentially life-threatening IgE-mediated allergy from a non–IgE-mediated drug intolerance. Conclusions The data show differences between the current recommendations and the behavior of otolaryngologists. Pediatric otolaryngologists were more familiar with the guideline-recommended therapy, likely from their frequent exposure to patients requiring a β-lactam. Nevertheless, most otolaryngologists could benefit from increased awareness of the current literature. Patients may be receiving less than optimal medication management due to a misidentification of those at risk of life- threatening allergic cross-reactions. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:1822–1826, 2015
N-Grams for Translation and Retrieval in CL-SDR

We report on a first attempt to perform cross-language spoken document retrieval. Without prior monolingual speech retrieval experience we applied the same general approach we use for bilingual retrieval that is typified by the use of overlapping character n-grams for tokenization and a statistical language model of retrieval. An innovative approach was adopted for coping with out-of-vocabulary words and misspelled or mistranscribed words: direct translation of individual n-grams was the sole mechanism to translate source language queries into target language terms. Though this approach shows promise, especially for non-speech retrieval, our performance appears to lag that of other teams participating in this novel evaluation.
Phenyl Vinyl Sulfone and Sulfoxide

Phenyl vinyl sulfone and sulfoxide intermediate: phenyl vinyl sulfide product: phenyl vinyl sulfone product: phenyl vinyl sulfoxide Keywords: alkylation, S-alkylation; elimination, dehydrohalogenation; oxidation, S SO; oxidation, S SO2; 1-phenylthio-2-bromoethane, vesicant, poison
What Constitutes a Diligent Search Under Present and Proposed Orphan Work Regimes

Numerous legal regimes or proposals have been devised to address the problem of whether or under what circumstances in-copyright works can be made available if the works are “orphans,” because their rights holders are unknown or cannot be found. A common feature is a requirement that a prospective user make a diligent search for the rights holder. This White Paper complements an earlier one on orphan work searches which considered who would be expected to conduct a search. The present White Paper focuses instead on different conceptions about what a diligent search might consist of. It does not offer a normative assessment of what “diligent search” should mean. Rather, it intends to provide information about various approaches to this concept to aid in reasoned conversations about this concept.
Abstract 75: TNF Receptor 1 Signaling: a Mechanistic Link between Cardiac Inflammation and Fibrosis

Background: We previously showed in several models of cardiac hypertrophy and failure that, in the absence of cell death, cardiac interstitial fibrosis was mediated by the uptake of monocyte-derived fibroblast precursor cells; fibrosis and concurrent cardiac remodeling were blocked by deletion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1). We now investigated the cellular origin, kinetics of uptake, and subpopulation of fibroblast precursors in the angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-challenged heart. Methods: Mice with genetic deletion of TNFR1 (TNFR1-KO mice) were irradiated and rescued with bone marrow from wild-type (WT) mice, and were subjected to continuous infusion of Ang-II for 7 days. Flow cytometry was performed on isolated cells, immunostaining on perfusion-fixed tissue, quantitative PCR on whole heart mRNA isolations. Results: In WT mice, Ang-II induced the early uptake of monocytes which became M1 macrophages (CD86+CD45+) in an M1/Th1 environment. Monocytes entering the heart after 2-3 days polarized to M2 macrophages (CD301+CD45+) in an M2/Th2 milieu with concurrent appearance of collagen-producing CD301+ fibroblasts. M1 cells produced TNF, whereas M2 cells did not; both expressed TNFR1. Ang-II-exposed TNFR1-KO hearts showed similar cardiac infiltration of M1 cells, but the amount of M2 cells was significantly lower. They also had reduced expression of M1 and M2 cytokines, but not of Th1 and Th2 interleukins. Transplantation of WT bone marrow to TNFR1-KO mice before Ang-II exposure restored cardiac fibrosis, uptake of M2 cells, and expression of cytokines to levels observed in Ang-II-exposed WT animals. Many TNFR1+ cells in chimeric TNFR1-KO/WT were committed to the fibroblast lineage. Conclusion: Our data show that monocytic fibroblast precursor cells originated in the bone marrow, and that signaling through TNFR1 was required for their uptake and maturation into collagen-producing M2/fibroblasts that mediated the development of cardiac fibrosis in response to Ang-II. They also suggest a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis, i.e. pro-inflammatory, M1-produced TNF initiates pro-fibrotic M2/fibroblast maturation via TNFR1 signaling.
Impact of Economic Constraints on Public Health Delivery Systems Structures

Objectives. We estimated the effect of economic constraints on public health delivery systems (PHDS) density and centrality during 3 time periods, 1998, 2006, and 2012.Methods. We obtained data from the 1998, 2006, and 2012 National Longitudinal Study of Public Health Agencies; the 1993, 1997, 2005, and 2010 National Association for County and City Health Officials Profile Study; and the 1997, 2008, and 2011 Area Resource Files. We used multivariate regression models for panel data to estimate the impact of economic constraints on PHDS density and centrality.Results. Findings indicate that economic constraints did not have a significant impact on PHDS density and centrality over time but population is a significant predictor of PHDS density, and the presence of a board of health (BOH) is a significant predictor of PHDS density and centrality. Specifically, a 1% increase in population results in a significant 1.71% increase in PHDS density. The presence of a BOH is associated with a 10.2% increase in PHDS ...
Differential expression of Borrelia burgdorferi proteins during growth in vitro

In an earlier paper we described the transcriptionally regulated differential levels of expression of two lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi, P35 and P7.5, during growth of the spirochetes in culture from logarithmic phase to stationary phase (K. J. Indest, R. Ramamoorthy, M. Sole, R. D. Gilmore, B. J. B. Johnson, and M. T. Philipp, Infect. Immun. 65:1165-1171, 1997). Here we further assess this phenomenon by investigating whether the expression of other antigens of B. burgdorferi, including some well-characterized ones, are also regulated in a growth-phase-dependent manner in vitro. These studies revealed 13 additional antigens, including OspC, BmpD, and GroEL, that were upregulated 2- to 66-fold and a 28-kDa protein that was downregulated 2- to 10-fold, during the interval between the logarithmic- and stationary-growth phases. Unlike with these in vitro-regulated proteins, the levels of expression of OspA, OspB, P72, flagellin, and BmpA remained unchanged throughout growth of the spirochetes in culture. Furthermore, ospAB, bmpAB, groEL, and fla all exhibited similar mRNA profiles, which is consistent with the constitutive expression of these genes. By contrast, the mRNA and protein profiles of ospC and bmpD indicated regulated expression of these genes. While bmpD exhibited a spike in mRNA expression in early stationary phase, ospC maintained a relatively higher level of mRNA throughout culture. These findings demonstrate that there are additional genes besides P7.5 and P35 whose regulated expression can be investigated in vitro and which may thus serve as models to facilitate the study of regulatory mechanisms in an organism that cycles between an arthropod and a vertebrate host.
The valence electronic excited states of trans-1,3-butadiene and trans, trans-1,3,5-hexatriene from generalized valence bond and configuration interact

Abstract Self-consistent ab initio generalized valence bond (GVB) and configuration interaction (Cl) calculations are presented for the ground and valence electronic excited states of trans-1,3-butadine and all trans-1,3,5-hexatrine. Previous workers have suggested that (all trans) polyenes exhibit a parity-forbidden valence excited state (2 1 A g at an energy just below that of the first dipole-allowed (1 1 B u ) state. We find such valence excited electronic states for butadiene (Δ E = 7.06 eV) and hexatriene (Δ E = 5.87 eV), but in both cases the excitation energy is considerably higher than the dipole-allowed transitions (zero-zero transitions at 5.95 eV and 4.95 eV, respectively). The lower two triplet states are found at 3.35 eV and 5.08 eV for butadie and at 2.71 eV and 4.32 eV in hexatrine, in good agreement with experimental values (3.2–3.3 eV and 4.92 eV for butadiene and 2.66 eV and 4.1–4.2 eV for hexatrine). Considering the states formed by removing one electron from the π space we found ion states at 8.95 eV and 11.40 eV for butadiene and at 8.33 eV, 10.53 eV, and 11.60 eV for hexatriene, in godo agreement with experimental results (9.0 eV and 11.5 eV for butadiene and 8.45 eV, 10.43 eV and 11.6 eV for hexatriene).
A Bayesian Probabilistic Approach for Structure Damage Detection

This research is partially sponsored by the National Science Foundations under Grant No. CMS-95261-2. Valuable discussions with Professor Anne S. Kiremidjian and Mr. Erik G. Straser at Stanford University and Professor James L. Beck at California Institute of Technology are sincerely appreciated. The comments by the reviewers are also appreciated.
A model for seasonal and annual cooling tower impacts

Abstract The Argonne National Laboratory/University of Illinois Seasonal/Annual Cooling Tower Impacts model provides predictions of seasonal, monthly, and annual cooling tower impacts from any number of mechanical- or natural-draft cooling towers. The model typically requires five years of hourly surface meteorological data and concurrent twice-daily mixing heights in addition to basic data on the thermal performance of the cooling tower. The model predicts average plume length, rise, drift deposition, fogging, icing, and shadowing. The model uses a category scheme in which the five years of hourly surface data are placed into about 100 categories based on a special plume-scalling relationship. With this reduced number of cases to be run for long-term impact evaluations, advanced state-of-the-art models for plume impacts are then applied. For multiple plumes, the methodology includes variation of the merging patterns and of the wake effects from tower housings for different wind directions. The main advantage to this model over previous models is its advanced theoretical development and extensive model validation with experimental data for its component submodels. From studies in the United States of America and Europe, an extensive database on cooling tower plumes and drift was accumulated and analysed to assist in the identification of superior theoretical assumptions. Other data, not used in model development, provided for independent model verification. The validation of each submodel is presented, and typical results are given for a representative natural-draft cooling tower installation and for a typical linear mechanical-draft cooling tower arrangement.
Book history and biography

Biographers and book historians both study life histories, and practitioners of the two disciplines have much to learn from one another. The author illustrates this point with a document from a publisher’s archive which reveals a great deal about an author’s career as well as about publishing practices, and with a bibliographical puzzle which tells much about censorship in the British publishing industry while at the same time illuminating an important feature of a writer’s career and life.
Clinical Significance of Animal Seizure Models and Mechanism of Action Studies of Potential Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: More than 50 million persons worldwide suffer from epilepsy, many of whom are refractory to treatment with standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Fortunately, new AEDs commercialized since 1990 are improving the clinical outlook for many patients. Our growing understanding of anticonvulsant mechanisms and the relevance of preclinical animal studies to clinical antiepileptic activity have already contributed to the design of several new AEDs and should be increasingly beneficial to further efforts at drug development. Mechanisms have been identified for older AEDs [phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA), barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), ethosuximide (ESM)] and newer AEDs [vigabatrin (VGB), lamotrigine (LTG), gabapentin (GBP) tiagabine (TGB), felbamate (FBM), topiramate (TPM)]. Several novel anticonvulsant mechanisms have recently been discovered. FBM appears to be active at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor. TPM is active on the kainate/AMPA subtype of glu-tamate receptor and at a potentially novel site on the GABAA receptor. For several reasons, availability of a single AED with multiple mechanisms of action may be preferred over availability of multiple AEDs with single mechanisms of action. These reasons include ease of titration, lack of drug-drug interactions, and reduced potential for pharmacodynamic tolerance.
The psychological aftermath of suicide: An analysis of current evidence

Abstract The present paper examined available studies concerned with the psychological aftermath of suicide. The impact of suicide in five areas was examined: affective reactions, cognitive reactions, behavioral reactions, physical reactions, family interaction, and social reactions to the survivors. Factors affecting the survivors' reactions also were examined. Several methodological limitations of the available information were noted, but some tentative generalizations were offered.
Confined Creativity: The Influence of Creative Code Intensity on Risk Taking in Advertising Agencies

Risk is inherent in the creative process of advertising. The research reported in this article examined how employee risk taking was influenced by creative code intensity, which consists of strongly shared values about what represents great creative work. Interviews with creative practitioners provided insight into the role of risk in advertising. A survey of U.S. agency creatives revealed that agencies with an intense creative code, or strongly shared values, also were likely to have strong risk-taking tendencies. Results suggest agency managers wishing to foster a risk-taking environment can benefit from an articulated creative identity and clear communication about the type of creative work the agency strives to produce.
Plasmodium dominicana n. sp. (Plasmodiidae: Haemospororida) from Tertiary Dominican amber

Plasmodium dominicana n. sp. is described from Tertiary Dominican Republic amber. The description is based on oocysts, sporozoites and possible microgametes and an ookinete in the body-cavity of a female Culex mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae: Culicinae). The large pedunculated oocysts, together with the culicine vector, align the fossil with the extant avain malaria species, P. juxtanucleare Versiani & Gomes, 1941. Based on the host range of P. juxtanucleare, a possible primary host would have been a member of the order Galliformes. This discovery establishes a minimum age for the genus Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 and places avian malaria in the Americas by the mid-Tertiary. It also supports earlier theories that some species of primate malaria could have evolved in the Americas.
Allogeneic transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: importance of histology for outcome.

Abstract Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) with reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) has the potential to lead to long-term remissions for patients with lymphoma. However, the role of RIC SCT in the treatment of lymphoma is still unclear. Specifically, the relative benefit of RIC SCT across lymphoma histologies and the prognostic factors in this population are incompletely defined. We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 87 patients with advanced lymphoma who underwent RIC SCT at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute over a 6-year period with a homogeneous conditioning regimen consisting of fludarabine and low-dose busulfan. Thirty-six patients had Hodgkin disease (HD) and 51 had non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Sixty-eight percent had undergone prior autologous transplantation. The 1-year cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality was 13%, and the 3-year cumulative incidence of progression was 49%. The incidence of grade 3-4 acute GVHD was 11%. The 2-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 68%, and its development was associated with a decreased risk of progression and an improved progression-free survival (PFS). Three-year overall survival (OS) was 56% for patients with HD, 81% for indolent NHL, 42% for aggressive NHL, and 40% for mantle cell lymphoma. The corresponding figures for 3-year PFS were 22%, 59%, 22%, and 30%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified elevated pretransplantation lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as an adverse factor for PFS, while indolent NHL histology was favorable. For OS, advanced age and elevated pretransplantation LDH were adverse factors, whereas indolent NHL histology was favorable. Low early donor chimerism was not predictive of poor outcome in univariate or multivariate analyses. Moreover, progression was not associated with loss of chimerism. These results emphasize the importance of lymphoma histology for patients undergoing RIC SCT, as well as the lack of relevance of donor chimerism for outcome in this patient population.
Creating an intersubjective context for self‐disclosure

Abstract Self‐disclosure has been a controversial topic in psychoanalytic work for a number of years. Most clinicians admit that it is inevitable, yet are cautious about endorsing its regular use. Fears of self‐indulgence abound, as do fears of interfering with the patient's experiential flow. Historically, the only guidelines for self‐disclosure amounted to a collection of clinical vignettes illustrating therapist disclosures that proved to be helpful. Not being part of classical analytic theory or practice, self‐disclosure, even among the advocates of an interpersonal, intersubjective, or relational approach, has remained outside the realm of accepted technique. This paper attempts to ground self‐disclosure in theory and briefly provide some guidelines for its use. Understanding how and why it can be therapeutic, and also how and why it can derail the therapeutic process is essential to the constructive adoption of therapist self‐disclosure as a legitimate intervention.
Perception of gated, highly familiar spoken monosyllabic nouns by children, teenagers, and older adults.

A forward-gating procedure, employing highly familiar monosyllabic words, was used in testing 5–7-year-old children, 15–17-year-old teenagers, and 70–85-year-old adults. Teenagers identified the words at shorter gate durations than either the children or older adults, whose identification performances were nearly identical. Teenagers gave meaningful guesses at shorter durations than children, who, in turn, gave meaningful guesses at shorter durations than adults. The oldest listeners provided the largest number of phonetic guesses, whereas teenagers gave almost none. Individual differences in auditory pure-tone sensitivity did not account for the results. It is hypothesized that both word frequency effects and temporal processing differences were responsible for the findings.
Flow turbulence or twinkling artifact? A primary observation on the intrarenal color Doppler sonography.

Objective: The objective of this report was to describe and potentially explain differences of intrarenal color Doppler sonography (CDUS) manifestations between blood flow turbulence and twinkling artifact. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 32 cases with appearance of focally increased color Doppler signal on intrarenal CDUS from May 1, 2007, to February 28, 2009. Indications for intrarenal CDUS in 32 cases were suspicion of renovascular hypertension, investigation of complications related to renal biopsy, or hematuria. Characteristics of the color Doppler signal, relationship between color Doppler signal and renal vessels, and the spectral Doppler sampled at the anatomic site of the focal color signal were analyzed. The value and pitfall of color Doppler in the diagnosis of the intrarenal vascular abnormality and detection of renal calculus are discussed. Results: Thirty-two cases with focally increased color Doppler during sonography of native or transplanted kidneys were classified into two groups: (1) turbulent blood flow—intrarenal vascular abnormalities including intrarenal arteriovenous fistula (15 cases) and intrarenal artery stenosis (eight cases); and (2) color Doppler artifact—twinkling produced by renal calculus (nine cases). There were differences in the characteristics of the color Doppler signal, the relationship between the color signal and renal vessel, and the spectral waveform on CDUS between flow turbulence and twinkling. Conclusion: Flow turbulence and twinkling artifact on intrarenal CDUS are distinguishable by analyzing the manifestations on intrarenal CDUS. Proper color Doppler setting and spectral Doppler play important roles in differentiation between flow turbulence in renal vascular abnormalities and twinkling produced by renal stones.
Sequence of developmental abnormalities leading to granule cell deficit in cerebellar cortex of weaver mutant mice.

Golgi, electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic analyses of the developing cerebellar cortex were carried out in homozygous wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/wv), and homozygous weaver (wv/wv) littermates. At 3 to 15 days after birth, when granule cells normally migrate from the external granular layer inward to their adult position, the somas of postmitotic granule cells in +/+ animals move along straight elongated Bergmann glial fibers which span the molecular layer. As early as postnatal day 3 and increasingly for about the next ten days, some Bergmann fibers in the +/wv cerebellum are enlarged, irregular in caliber, electronlucent and may contain dense bodies and vacuoles. Some granule cells contiguous with the altered Bergmann fibers have round rather than elongated somas, while some have lost contact with Bergmann fibers and appear to degenerate several days after their genesis. Most other granule cells migrate slowly but do eventually reach the granular layer, so that the pathology is less striking in adult than in developing heterozygotes. In wv/wv cerebella, radially-aligned Bergmann fibers appear reduced in number during the developmental period, and few of them display normal cytological features. Few normally migrating granule cells were observed. Most granule cells fail to form axons and die in the external granular layer close to their site of genesis. While the primary genetic defect is unknown, the Bergmann glial disorder appears to precede the migration failure of granule cells and this in turn, along with impaired axon genesis, appears to be a factor leading to granule cell death.
Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America's attention to corporate leaders

We introduce a new explanation for one of the most pronounced phenomena on the American business landscape in recent decades: a dramatic increase in attributions of CEO significance. Specifically, we test the possibility that America's CEOs became seen as increasingly significant because they were, in fact, increasingly significant. Employing variance partitioning methodologies on data spanning 60 years and more than 18,000 firm-years, we find that the proportion of variance in performance explained by individual CEOs, or “the CEO effect,” increased substantially over the decades of study. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this finding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of in vitro digestion models for rapid screening of emulsion-based systems

There is increasing interest in understanding and controlling the digestion of emulsified lipids within the food and pharmaceutical industries. Emulsion-based delivery systems are being developed to encapsulate, protect, and release non-polar lipids, vitamins, nutraceuticals, and drugs. These delivery systems are also being used to control the stability and digestion of lipids within the human gastrointestinal tract so as to create foods that enhance satiety and reduce hunger. In vitro digestion models are therefore needed to test the efficacy of different approaches of controlling lipid digestion under conditions that simulate the human gastrointestinal tract. This article reviews the current status of in vitro digestion models for simulating lipid digestion, with special emphasis on the pH stat method. The pH stat method is particularly useful for the rapid screening of food emulsions and emulsion-based delivery systems with different compositions and structures. Successful candidates can then be tested with more rigorous in vitro digestion models, or using animal or human feeding studies.
Origin of the Cameroon Line of Volcano‐Capped Swells

Abstract Swells of the Cameroon Line, a 1000‐km‐long line of 10 volcano‐capped swells, resemble other volcano‐capped topographic and bathymetric swells on the African plate. However, individual swells of the Cameroon Line are about 10 times smaller in area and distinct in being arranged in a straight line, half on the continent and half on the ocean floor. These peculiarities are here interpreted as related to an underlying mantle plume (the “711” plume) at lat 7°N, long 11.5°E, and to the location of this plume area on the bisector of a right‐angled bend in the continental margin. I suggest that circumstances that led to the development of the Cameroon Line included (1) the stress field in the neighborhood of the right‐angled bend in the continental margin, which favored extension normal to the bisector, and (2) formation of a zone of extension, aligned with the bisector, that joined a point in the lithosphere over the 711 plume to the continental margin. The right‐angled bend in the continental margin h...
Is Genetic Epistemology Possible

Several philosophers have questioned the possibility of a genetic epistemology, an epistemology concerned with the developmental transitions between successive states of knowledge in the individual person. Since most arguments against the possibility of a genetic epistemology crucially depend upon a sharp distinction between the genesis of an idea and its justification, I argue that current philosophy of science raises serious questions about the universal validity of this distinction. Then I discuss several senses of the genetic fallacy, indicating which sense of 'genesis' is relevant to epistemology. Next I consider the objection that psychology is irrelevant to epistemology, and that since "genetic epistemology" is really psychology, "genetic epistemology" is irrelevant to a real epistemology. Finally, I take up the objection that nothing discovered in genetic psychology could be relevant to a genetic epistemology. These last two arguments are based upon what I claim to be a mistaken notion of the nature of psychology. Suitably interpreted, psychology can assist genetic epistemology precisely in the way that the history of science assists current philosophy of science. i Introduction
Age and serial ablations of somatosensory cortex in the rat

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of one-stage and two-stage ablations of somatosensory cortex at 30 days, 270 days and 570 days of age on the acquisition of tactile discriminations in rats. Deficits in the ability to acquire tactile discriminations following such cortical lesions appeared to be similar regardless of the age at which the damage was sustained. Serial placement of the lesions did not attenuate the deficits in 30-day or 570-day-old rats. Some mitigation of the impairment was present in animals sustaining serial surgery at 270 days of age. In contrast, rats sustaining one-stage lesions at 570 days of age performed somewhat better than their age-mates sustaining two-stage lesions. Factors possibly relevant to the serial lesion effect and to recovery of function in general are suggested.
Designing effective employee training programmes

Describes the elements of a successful employee training programme. Explains the distinction between training and education, along with a discussion of why “soft skills” training initiatives are less effective than skills‐based approaches. Discusses the critical role of the training manager in implementing a training programme, as well as important considerations when developing a strategic training plan. Finally, describes several key factors which determine how employee training programmes can best support company profitability.
Systematic investigation of theories of transport in the lennard-jones fluid

Three kinetic theories of transport are investigated for the single-species Lennard-Jones model fluid. Transport coefficients, including diffusion, shear, and bulk viscosity, are calculated from these theories for the Lennard-Jones fluid across the fluid regions of the phase diagram. The results are systematically compared against simulation. It is found that for each transport property considered, there is at least one theoretical result based on approximations that have been systematically derived from a first-principles starting point that is quantitatively useful over a wide range of densities and temperatures. To the authors’ knowledge, this article constitutes the first such compendium of results for the Lennard-Jones model fluid that has been assembled.
Salt Concentration and Measurement of Soil pH

The measured value of soil pH depends in part on the laboratory procedures used, such as the soil–solution ratio and soil solution electrolyte composition. One of the most significant factors affecting the measured value of soil pH is the electrolyte concentration of the soil solution. Since electrolyte concentration of agricultural soils can vary greatly during the year and between years, the date of sampling can result in highly variable pH values for samples with the same percentage of base saturation when soil pH is measured in deionized water. For example, we found a different relationship between extractable calcium (Ca) and pH (1:1 in deionized water) for about 18,000 soil samples from the same geographic area taken during winter of 2 years, differing in winter rainfall. On average, samples taken during the wetter year had higher pH for a given value of extractable Ca, consistent with a reduced ionic strength (more leaching) in the wet year. In a comparison of pH in water with pH in 0.01 M calcium ...
Closeness to God Among Those Doing God’s Work: A Spiritual Well-Being Measure for Clergy

Measuring spiritual well-being among clergy is particularly important given the high relevance of God to their lives, and yet its measurement is prone to problems such as ceiling effects and conflating religious behaviors with spiritual well-being. To create a measure of closeness to God for Christian clergy, we tested survey items at two time points with 1,513 United Methodist Church clergy. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated support for two, six-item factors: Presence and Power of God in Daily Life, and Presence and Power of God in Ministry. The data supported the predictive and concurrent validity of the two factors and evidenced high reliabilities without ceiling effects. This Clergy Spiritual Well-being Scale may be useful to elucidate the relationship among dimensions of health and well-being in clergy populations.
Modeling interdigital electrode structures for the dielectric characterization of electroceramic thin films

A combination of physical and numerical modeling has been used to investigate the use of co-planar interdigital electrode (IDE) structures to characterize the dielectric properties of isotropic electroceramic thin films. A periodic two-dimensional IDE structure was simulated by finite-difference numerical modeling to investigate different electrode geometries and film thicknesses. A semi-empirical equation that enables the dielectric properties of the thin film to be calculated from the measured capacitance has been developed and is shown to be consistent with conformal mapping approaches. This equation is shown to agree better with various calculations over a wider range of parameters than the existing equation of Farnell (IEEE Trans. Son. Ultrson., SU-17(3) (1970) 188). Physical simulations of IDE structures with a limited number of electrode fingers have enabled the approach to be generalized to any IDE structure including the important special case of a two-electrode strip-line.
Solution and rheological properties of poly(m‐phenyleneisophthalamide) in dimethylacetamide/LiCl

An experimental study of the solution properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) (MPD-I) in dimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl solutions is presented. Differential refractometry, light scattering photometry, dilute and concentrated solution viscometry, and normal stress experiments are reported and interpreted. This polymer in the concentration range investigated does not exhibit mesophase behavior in contrast to its para-linked analog. Generally, it behaves as a flexible polymer molecule; however, its capacity to become a polyelectrolyte strongly influences its behavior in the presence of LiCl. MPD-I is self-associated when dissolved in pure DMA but dissociates in DMA/LiCl solvent systems. The Zimm plots of MPD-I in DMA/LiCl solutions show distortion, probably due to polymer–salt interactions.
Prognostic significance of proteinuria one year after onset of diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome

We examined the prognostic value of changes in the amount of proteinuria, measured as protein/creatinine ratios in early-morning urine samples, in 40 children who had had diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. One year after diagnosis, 87% of those who seemed to have fully recovered had normal urinary protein/creatinine ratios, compared with none of those with poor outcomes ( p
Ethylene epoxidation in a catalytic packed-bed membrane reactor: effects of reactor configuration and 1,2-dichloroethane addition

Abstract The performance of different membrane reactors for the epoxidation of ethylene was compared with that of a conventional fixed-bed reactor (FBR), under identical overall reaction conditions, using a Cs-doped Ag catalyst supported on α -Al 2 O 3 . Two membrane reactor configurations were used, with either oxygen (PBMR-O) or ethylene (PBMR-E) as permeate, and the other reactant flowing over the catalyst bed. The addition of different levels (0–3.3 ppm) of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) in the feed, which promotes selective ethylene epoxidation, was studied. The experiments showed that high oxygen/ethylene ratio favors ethylene oxide selectivity. For all the conditions investigated, reactor configuration performance was in the order PBMR-E>FBR>PBMR-O, which could be enhanced further for the membrane reactors by increasing the residence time of reactants over the catalyst bed by partition of the nitrogen feed. Increasing the DCE concentration in the inlet stream entering the catalyst bed increased selectivity to values exceeding 80% for low ethylene conversions. The role of ethane was also studied and lies mainly in controlling the amount of chlorine adsorbed on the catalyst surface. High levels of DCE showed detectable catalyst deactivation after a few hours under reaction conditions, hence an optimum level exists (1–2 ppm) that maximizes ethylene oxide yield while maintaining a reasonably high stable catalyst activity.
MightySat II.1 hyperspectral imager: summary of on-orbit performance

The primary payload on a small-satellite, the Air Force Research Laboratory's MightySat II.1, is a spatially modulated Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imager (FTHSI) designed for terrain classification. The heart of this instrument is a solid block Sagnac interferometer with 85cm-1 spectral resolution over the 475nm to 1050nm bands and 30m spatial resolution. Coupled with this hyperspectral imager is a Quad-C40 card, used for on-orbit processing. The satellite was launched on 19 July 2000 into a 575km, 97.8 degree inclination, sun-synchronous orbit. The hyperspectral imager collected its first data set on 1 August 2000, and has been in continuous operation since that time. To the best of our knowledge, the MightySat II.1 sensor is the first true hyperspectral imager to be successfully operated in space. The paper will describe the satellite and instrument, pre-launch calibration results, on-orbit performance, and the calibration process used to characterize the sensor. We will also present data on the projected lifetime of the sensor along with samples of the types of data being collected.
Interaction of public and private investment in Southern Africa: a dynamic panel analysis

While the debate on the crowding-in-out effects of public investment on private investment largely seems to point towards a crowding-in effect in developing economies and the opposite in advanced economies, considerable evidence exists on the inconclusiveness of such findings across countries and regions. This study uses two investment models, Koyck’s flexible accelerator and Jorgenson’s neoclassical with error correction modified to empirically capture the structural and institutional characteristics of the Southern African region, to investigate crowding-in effects in one of the world’s most underdeveloped regions, Southern Africa. The study’s models reject the existence of crowding-in effects even when the public investment component of transport and communication is used. However, the study unveils macroeconomic uncertainty, market size, and capital availability as binding constraints on private investment in Southern Africa.
Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment: A study of western expatriates in Nigeria

Abstract Multinational corporations (MNCs) are having difficulty retaining expatriates for their global operations. It is estimated that 10–80% of expatriates sent on foreign assignments return home prematurely. One of the reasons for expatriates’ failure has been cited as the inability of these managers and/or their spouses to adapt to the host-country's culture. As a result, cross-culture training programs provided to employees and their families by MNCs have become crucially important for successful international operations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of cross-cultural training (CCT) on different facets of expatriate managers’ adjustment in Nigeria. A sample of 226 multinational western expatriate managers working in Nigeria was surveyed for this study. Results show that different types of cross-cultural training affect expatriates’ adjustment. Implications for practice are identified and discussed.
Sarcomas and other malignancies of soft tissue, retroperitoneum, peritoneum, pleura, heart, mediastinum, and spleen

Background. Malignant neoplasms of the structural tissues, consisting mostly of soft tissue sarcomas, are morphologically diverse and rarely treated for epidemiologic purposes as individual entities. Our understanding to date of the pattern of occurrence of sarcomas is based largely on reports of limited individual clinic experience or case-control studies, each driven by a single hypothesis, and there have been virtually no descriptions according to specific morphologic type. Methods. The accumulated coverage of the SEER populations offers an opportunity to correct this deficit. Each of the diagnoses has been reported and coded using a single set of rules and described in relation to the population at risk in terms of age, sex, race, calendar period, anatomic location, and outcome. In addition, each morphologic type has been compared with each of the others with respect to the pattern of occurrence and survival. Results. For most of the individual morphologic entities, the pattern of occurrence is specific and unlike other patterns. Differences according to anatomic site, age, sex, race, and period-specific survival were found. Partly because of changes in diagnostic criteria over the years, differences in secular trend, other than that for Kaposi's sarcoma, could not be verified. Although some types of sarcoma may have important genetic determinants, there is evidence of environmental causation in others; for some varieties both genetic and environmental factors may operate. There is no evidence of improvements in survival. Conclusions. The most likely basis for the observed patterns are morphology-specific differences in etiology and growth phase. Each of the entities should be considered etiologically distinct and should be studied individually whenever possible.
THE CONTEMPORARY CRISES OF MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY

Marxist theory gains its critical capacity by presenting itself as in the process of being realized through class conflict. By locating its critical and empirical reality in a ideal, unrepressive, unoppressive, relatively crime free future, it renders itself irresponsible for its own history and immune from empirical criticism. In order to sustain this vision in the absence of historical evidence. the chief promoters of a Marxist perspective in American criminology have found it necessary to invent untestable and irrefutable concepts whose principal function is to maintain a suspension of the relationship between history, social reality, and theory. Because such work is more akin to religious phophesy than criminology. it presently appears to be irreconcilable with all heretofore accepted standards of academic scholarship.