cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Science: The Newest Science of the Artificial*

Cognitive science is, of course, not really a new discipline, but a recognition of a fundamental set of common concerns shared by the disciplines of psychology, computer science, linguistics, economics, epistemology, and the social sciences generally. All of these disciplines are concerned with information processing systems, and all of them are concerned with systems that are adaptive—that are what they are from being ground between the nether millstone of their physiology or hardware, as the case may be, and the upper millstone of a complex environment in which they exist. Systems that are adaptive may equally well be described as “artificial,” for as environments change, they can be expected to change too, as though they were deliberately designed to fit those environments (as indeed they sometimes are). The task of empirical science is to discover and verify invariants in the phenomena under study. The artificiality of information processing systems creates a subtle problem in defining empirical invariants in such systems. For observed regularities are very likely invariant only within a limited range of variation in their environments, and any accurate statement of the laws of such systems must contain reference to their relativity to environmental features. It is a common experience in experimental psychology, for example, to discover that we are studying sociology—the effects of the past histories of our subjects—when we think we are studying physiology—the effects of properties of the human nervous system. Similarly, business cycle economists are only now becoming aware of the extent to which the parameters of the system they are studying are dependent on the experiences of a population with economic events over the previous generation. In artificial sciences, the descriptive and the normative are never far apart. Thus, in economics, the “principle of rationality” is sometimes asserted as a descriptive invariant, sometimes as advice to decision makers. Similarly, in psychology, the processes of adaptation (learning) have always been a central topic, at one time a topic that dominated the whole field of research. Linguistics, too, has suffered its confusions between descriptive and normative attitudes towards its subject. But we must avoid the error, in studying information processing systems, of thinking that the adaptive processes themselves must be invariant; and we must be prepared to face the complexities of regression in the possibility that they themselves may be subject to improvement and adaptation. It might have been necessary a decade ago to argue for the commonality of the information processes that are employed by such disparate systems as computers and human nervous systems. The evidence for that commonality is now overwhelming, and the remaining questions about the boundaries of cognitive science have more to do with whether there also exist nontrivial commonalities with information processing in genetic systems than with whether men and machines both think.
Obstructed anomalous pulmonary venous return

Abstract A unique case of total anomalous pulmonary venous return in a 22-month-old child is described. Although all veins terminated anatomically above the diaphragm, stenosis at the superior vena caval-right atrial junction forced blood from the right superior pulmonary vein to travel with superior vena caval blood in a circuitous retrograde pathway through the hemi-azygos and azygos veins into the inferior vena cava. The dilated, tortuous hemi-azygos vein produced a left paravertebral radiographic opacity which should prove useful in clinical recognition of this unusual anomaly.
Anopheles NF-κB-Regulated Splicing Factors Direct Pathogen-Specific Repertoires of the Hypervariable Pattern Recognition Receptor AgDscam

Summary Insects rely on innate immune responses controlled by the immune deficiency (IMD), Toll, and other immune signaling pathways to combat infection by a broad spectrum of pathogens. These pathways signal to downstream NF-κB family transcription factors that control specific antipathogen action via direct transcriptional control of immune effectors, hematopoiesis, and melanization. Here we show that in the Anopheles malaria vector, IMD and Toll pathways mediate species-specific defenses against Plasmodium and bacteria through the transcriptional regulation of splicing factors Caper and IRSF1 that, in turn, determine the production of pathogen-specific splice variant repertoires of the hypervariable pattern recognition receptor AgDscam. This mechanism represents an additional level of immune response regulation that may provide a previously unrecognized level of plasticity to the insect immune pathway-regulated antipathogen defenses.
Variation in food consumption, growth, and growth efficiency among juvenile hybrid sunfish held individually

Abstract Daily food consumption, growth, and gross growth efficiency (GGE) were studied in juvenile hybrid sunfish (female green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus×male bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus) fed ad libitum and held individually for 112 days. There were substantial inter-individual differences in food consumption; mean specific daily ration differed significantly (P
Comparison of superlattice based dual color nBn and pBp infrared detectors

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) detector technologies with the ability to operate at or near room temperature are very important for many civil and military applications including chemical identification, surveillance, defense and medical diagnostics. Eliminating the need for cryogenics in a detector system can reduce cost, weight and power consumption; simplify the detection system design and allow for widespread usage. In recent years, infrared (IR) detectors based on uni-polar barrier designs have gained interest for their ability to lower dark current and increase a detector's operating temperature. Our group is currently investigating nBn and pBp detectors with InAs/GaSb strain layer superlattice (SLS) absorbers (n) and contacts (n), and AlGaSb and InAs/AlSb superlattice electron and hole barriers (B) respectively. For the case of the nBn structure, the wide-band-gap barrier material (AlGaSb) exhibits a large conduction band offset and a small valence band offset with the narrow-band-gap absorber material. For the pBp structure (InAs/AlSb superlattice barrier), the converse is true with a large valence band offset between the barrier and absorber and a small or zero conduction band offset. Like the built-in barrier in a p-n junction, the heterojunction barrier blocks the majority carriers allowing free movement of photogenerated minority carriers. However, the barrier in an nBn or pBp detector, in contrast with a p-n junction depletion layer, does not contribute to generation-recombination (G-R) current. In this report we aim to investigate and contrast the performance characteristics of an SLS nBn detector with that of and SLS pBp detector.
Identification of the namH Gene, Encoding the Hydroxylase Responsible for the N-Glycolylation of the Mycobacterial Peptidoglycan

The peptidoglycan of most bacteria consists of a repeating disaccharide unit of β-1,4-linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. However, the muramic acid moieties of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan are N-glycolylated, not N-acetylated. This is a rare modification seen only in the peptidoglycan of mycobacteria and five other closely related genera of bacteria. The N-glycolylation of sialic acids is a unique carbohydrate modification that has been studied extensively in eukaryotes. However, the significance of the N-glycolylation of bacterial peptidoglycan is unknown. The goal of this project was to identify the gene encoding the hydroxylase responsible for the N-glycolylation of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan. We developed a novel assay for the mycobacterial UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid hydroxylation reaction and demonstrated that Mycobacterium smegmatis has an enzyme activity that can convert UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid to UDP-N-glycolylmuramic acid. We identified the gene namH encoding the mycobacterial UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid hydroxylase by computer data base searching and motif comparisons with the eukaryotic enzymes responsible for the N-glycolyation of sialic acids. The namH gene is not essential for in vitro growth as we were successful in deleting the gene in M. smegmatis. The M. smegmatis mutant is devoid of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid hydroxylase activity and synthesizes only N-acetylated muropeptide precursors. Furthermore, the mutant exhibits increased susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics and lysozyme. Our studies suggest that the N-glycolylation of mycobacterial peptidoglycan may play a role in lysozyme resistance or may contribute to the structural stability of the cell wall architecture.
Adaptation of barley roots to low oxygen supply and its relation to potassium and sodium uptake

The uptake of Na+ and K+ by barley seedlings grown on aerated or non-aerated solutions was studied. Plants growing in culture solution took up K+ with high selectivity whether the solution was aerated or not. Roots of plants grown on aerated CaSO4 and transferred to a solution of KCl and NaCl had a lower preference for K+ than roots of plants grown on non-aerated CaSO4. Both kinds of low-salt roots were much less able to discriminate between K+ and Na+ than high-salt roots grown on a culture solution. The different levels of K+ selectivity are suggested to be related to H+ release from the tissue.
Cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry and gravitational force

Cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry due to the gravitational interaction alone is discussed, considering the gravitational coupling of fermion matter related to the Yang-Mills (1954) gauge symmetry with the unique generalization of the four-dimensional Poincare group. Attention is given to the case of weak static fields which determines the space-time metric where only large source terms are retained. In addition, considering lowest-order Feynman diagrams, there are presented gravitational potential energies between fermions, between antifermions, and between a fermion and an antifermion. It is concluded that the gravitational force between matter is different from that between antimatter; implications from this concerning the evolution of the universe are discussed.
GRBs as standard candles: There is no “circularity problem” (and there never was)

Abstract Beginning with the 2002 discovery of the “Amati Relation” of GRB spectra, there has been much interest in the possibility that this and other correlations of GRB phenomenology might be used to make GRBs into standard candles. One recurring apparent difficulty with this program has been that some of the primary observational quantities to be fit as “data” – to wit, the isotropic-equivalent prompt energy Eiso and the collimation-corrected “total” prompt energy Eγ – depend for their construction on the very cosmological models that they are supposed to help constrain. This is the so-called “circularity problem” of standard candle GRBs. This paper is intended to point out that the circularity problem is not in fact a problem at all, except to the extent that it amounts to a self-inflicted wound. It arises essentially because of an unfortunate choice of data variables – “source-frame” variables such as Eiso, which are unnecessarily encumbered by cosmological considerations. If, instead, the empirical correlations of GRB phenomenology which are formulated in source-variables are mapped to the primitive observational variables (such as fluence) and compared to the observations in that space, then all taint of circularity disappears. I also indicate here a set of procedures for encoding high-dimensional empirical correlations (such as between Eiso, E pk ( src ) , t jet ( src ) , and T 45 ( src ) ) in a “Gaussian Tube” smeared model that includes both the correlation and its intrinsic scatter, and how that source-variable model may easily be mapped to the space of primitive observables, to be convolved with the measurement errors and fashioned into a likelihood. I discuss the projections of such Gaussian tubes into sub-spaces, which may be used to incorporate data from GRB events that may lack some element of the data (for example, GRBs without ascertained jet-break times). In this way, a large set of inhomogeneously observed GRBs may be assimilated into a single analysis, so long as each possesses at least two correlated data attributes.
IN-HOSPITAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA AND COMPLETE HEART BLOCK AMONG INFANTS WITH STRUCTURALLY NORMAL HEARTS

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and complete heart block (CHB), in the absence of congenital heart disease (CHD), are thought to be rarely associated with adverse outcomes in the first year of life, although data is limited. We investigated inpatient morbidity and mortality in a large cohort of
Pressurization and expulsion of a flightweight liquid hydrogen tank

Experimental results are presented for pressurization and expulsion of a flight-weight 4.89 cu m liquid hydrogen storage tank under normal gravity conditions. Pressurization and expulsion times are parametrically varied to study the effects of longer transfer times expected in future space flight applications. It is found that the increase in pressurant consumption with increased operational time is significant at shorter pressurization or expulsion durations and diminishes as the duration lengthens. Gas-to-wall heat transfer in the ullage is the dominant mode of energy exchange, with more than 50 percent of the pressurant energy being lost to tank wall heating in expulsions and the long duration pressurizations. Advanced data analysis will require a multidimensional approach combined with improved measurement capabilities of liquid-vapor interfacial transport phenomena.
Test of amplitude signs in pion photoproduction predicted by the transformation from current to constituent quarks

Abstract The transformation from current to constituent quark basis states is discussed as it applies to relating amplitudes for photon-nucleon decays of baryon resonances. The predictions for the relative signs of pion photoproduction amplitudes through baryon resonances in the 70 L = 1 and 56 L = 2 multiplets are presented and compared with experiment. Theory and experiment are found to be completely, with the pion-nucleom decay amplitudes of resonances in the 70 L = 1 having the signs characteristic of the 3, 3 )−( 3 , 3) rather than (8, 1)−(1, 8) term in the transformation axial-vector charge.
Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis

An earlier model of the consequences of role conflict and role ambiguity is expanded to incorporate antecedent job conditions and the outcome of organizational commitment. This newer model clarifies the impact of role stressors on commitment and other established outcomes (i.e. tension, job dissatisfaction, and turnover intention). The antecedent job conditions are added in consideration of research indicating that role conflict and ambiguity do not directly influence affective and behavioral reactions when other perceptions of the work environment are included in the analysis. A LISREL analysis of this model with cross-validation on an independent sample indicated that the direct effects of participation and co-worker social support on job satisfaction may account for the direct effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on satisfaction and turnover intention observed in previous studies. In addition, organizational commitment appeared to mediate the effects of other variables on turnover intention. Implications for theories of role-related variables and directions for future research are discussed.
Pulmonary aspergillosis ; a case report and review of eleven operative cases in Mitsui Memorial Hospital

52歳女性が喀血の精査を主訴に来院.左上葉に厚壁空洞があり喀痰よりアスペルギールスを検出, 肺アスペルギールス症 (肺内型) と診断, 術前術後に抗真菌剤投与を併用しつつ左上葉切除術を行い治癒した.当院では, 本例を含め過去3年間に11例の肺アスペルギールス症の手術を経験した.肺内型7例のうち5例は, アスペルギールスを遺残させることなく完全切除ができ治癒した.残りの2例はアスペルギールス肺炎をコントロールしえずに肺外型に移行した.肺外 (膿胸) 型4例のうち2例は除菌に成功し根治術を施行し治癒したが, 他の2例および肺内型から移行した2例は除菌できず死亡した.肺内型の治療は菌の遺残の有無に留意し, 手術を第1選択とすべきであり, 肺外型は除菌が困難なので, その手術適応および術式の選択は慎重にすべきである.
Preparation of (L)(N,N‘-ethylenebis(salicylideneaminato))- (1,3-butadien-2-yl)cobalt(III) Complexes and Their Utilization in Facile and Regioselective Diels−Alder Reactions

Dark green (N,N‘-ethylenebis(salicylideneaminato)cobalt(I) (Co(salen)) anions underwent smooth SN2‘ reactions with allenic electrophiles in the presence of added ligands (L) to give (L)(salen)(1,3-butadien-2-yl)cobalt(III) complexes (L = pyr, DMAP, H2O). The cobalt dienyl complexes prepared were fully characterized and then treated with a range of dienophiles to give Diels−Alder cycloaddition adducts. The cobalt−carbon bonds in Diels−Alder adducts were cleaved by utilizing straightforward chemical reactions which allowed recovery of cobalt in a reusable form as well as demetalated cycloadduct.
Universals, innateness and explanation in second language acquisition

This paper considers the question of explanation in second language acquisition within the context of two approaches to universals, Universal Grammar and language typology. After briefly discussing the logic of explaining facts by including them under general laws (Hempel & Oppenheim 1948), the paper makes a case for the typological approach to explanation being the more fruitful, in that it allows more readily for the possibility of ‘explanatory ascent’, the ability to propose more general, higher order explanations by having lower-level generalizations follow from more general principles. The UG approach, on the other hand is less capable of such explanatory ascent because of the postulation that the innate, domain-specific principles of UG are not reducible in any interesting way to higher order principles of cognition (Chomsky 1982).
A metapopulation model with discrete size structure

. We consider a discrete size-structured meta-population model with the proportions of patches occupied by n individuals as dependent variables. Adults are territorial and stay on a certain patch. The juveniles may emigrate to enter a dispersers' pool from which they can settle on another patch and become adults. Absence of colonization and absence of emigration lead to extinction of the metapopula-tion. We define the basic reproduction number R0 of the metapopulation as a measure for its strength of persistence. The metapopulation is uniformly weakly persistent if R0> 1. We identify subcritical bifurcation of persistence equilibria from the extinction equilibrium as a source of multiple persistence equilibria: it occurs, e.g., when the immigration rate, into occupied patches, exceeds the colonization rate (of empty patches). We determine that the persistence-optimal dispersal strategy which maximizes the basic reproduction number is of bang-bang type: If the number of adults on a patch is below carrying capacity all the juveniles should stay, if it is above the carrying capacity all the juveniles should leave.
A review of selected sociobiological principles: application to hominid evolutionI. The development of group social structure

The first section of this paper reviews sociobiological theories about: (a) Sex and Mating Systems, (b) Kin selection and Inclusive Fitness, (c) Aggression and Mechanisms of Control, and (d) Dispersal, focusing mainly on terrestrial primates and social carnivores. The second section deals with applications of these principles to hominid evolution. It is suggested that the early hominids, prior to the development of weapons, lived in groups similar in structure to present-day terrestrial primates, with slight modifications caused by selection associated with co-operative hunting. The groups were structured around a stable core of interrelated females with a fairly stable, dominance-based group of associated males. Male emigration was slightly reduced due to the need for male—male co-operation. The early hominids were probably polygynous. With the development of weapons, it became necessary to reduce the expression of aggression with the group. This was accomplished by: (1) Decreasing or eliminating individual transfer between groups, thus increasing the number of adult males; (2) Strengthening the dominance hierarchies and changing the determinants of dominance from physical to social and mental skills; (3) Increasing the length of the females' estrous periods, thereby reducing the males' benefit per copulation and the need for male—male competition. As a result, male—female mating ties become stronger and more long-lasting; and (4) Developing in females as appeasement signals characteristics which mimicked off-spring and mothers. These characteristics, being fitness-related, eventually became attractive to the male and were sexually selected. In summary, weapons had the effect of making the hominid groups more closed, with an extremely well organized dominance-based social structure. Only the more dominant males remained polygynous, with semi-permanent mating ties to several females. Some subordinant males were able to mate, and when they did so, were probably monogamous.
Metropolitanizing Nonmetro Space: Population Redistribution and Emergent Metropolitan Areas, 1965–901

The recent volatility of population redistribution trends in the U.S. continues to stimulate the demographic imagination. This research sheds new light on this subject through an examination of newly designated metro areas, which collectively constitute the largest source of national metropolitan growth in two of the past three decades. The results show that, over this period, new metro areas have consistently drawn the majority of migrants from inter-state exchanges with existing metro territory and that these exchanges are greatest from census divisions that achieved metropolitan dominance prior to 1920. Employment data also reveal a strong positive association between FIRE activities and net in-migration. Together, these findings suggest that traditional processes of urban concentration, while present, now play a secondary role in the development of new metro centers, thus challenging conventional theories of metropolitanization where we might most expect them to apply.
Dyslipidemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: evaluation and management

Currently, approximately 15 000 to 20 000 patients undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) annually throughout the world, with the number of long-term survivors increasing rapidly. In long-term follow-up after transplantation, the focus of care moves beyond cure of the original disease to the identification and treatment of late effects after HSCT. One of the more serious complications is therapy-related cardiovascular disease. Long-term survivors after HSCT probably have an increased risk of premature cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular complications related to dyslipidemia and other risk factors account for a significant proportion of late nonrelapse morbidity and mortality. This review addresses the risk and causes of dyslipidemia and impact on cardiovascular complications after HSCT. Immunosuppressive therapy, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and other long-term complications influence the management of dyslipidemia. There are currently no established guidelines for evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in HSCT patients; in this review, we have summarized our suggested approach in the HSCT population.
Indigenous knowledge and the machinist metaphors of the bricoleur researcher

This paper explores the intersection between critical methodologies and Indigenous knowledge. It is especially concerned with the ways in which the metaphors associated with the bricoleur researcher – tools and production – conceptualize Indigenous knowledge to that of an ecology and environmental work. This limits the appreciation for and engagement with narrative, and the ways in which “ecological” knowledge is embedded in narrative practices and interpretive processes. The author puts the work of Anishinaabe novelist and theorist Gerald Vizenor in conversation with the writings of J. Kincheloe as a way not only to contrast the central metaphors in critical and Indigenous methodologies, but similarly to highlight the differences between a bricoleur language of research and an Aboriginal language of survivance.
The Revolution of Ideas: Widespread Patenting and Invention During the English Industrial Revolution

Sectors of the English economy recognized as technological leaders have records of accelerated patent activity soon after 1760. But the patent record also reveals considerable inventive activity during the same period in industries not normally associated with advancing technology. It is therefore unlikely that there was a “leading technological sector.” The widespread increase in patenting is consistent with macroeconomic causes of accelerated invention.
Alpha Particle Irradiation Damage in ThO2

The effect of α-particle irradiation (5.5 MeV, total dose ∼1015 particles/cm2) on the microstructure of ThO2 was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The only as-irradiated damage seen consisted of point defect agglomerations visible as small black spots. Subsequent heating to ∼1500°C in the electron microscope caused the spots to grow into loops 50 to 200 A in diameter, but no voids, bubbles, or pores were observed. The preferred loop planes were {311}, {110}, and {012}, in that order of frequency.
Health hazards and electromagnetic fields

Biological rhythms, physical wellbeing and mental states are dependent on our electrical brainwave system interacting with the extremely weak electromagnetic fields generated by the Earth's telluric and Cosmic radiations. In a single generation, since the evolution of humankind over millions of years, we are exposed to a wide range of powerful, artificially generated electromagnetic radiation which adversely affects the subtle balance in nature's energy fields and has become the source of so-called 'diseases of civilization'. This also includes electromagnetic sensitivity. Generally, there is a lack of awareness and understanding of the impact electromagnetic fields can have upon health and wellbeing.Our ancestors were acutely aware that certain locations, were perceived to have a positive energy field which was beneficial to health and vitality. Over time, these areas are now referred to as sacred sites for spiritual ceremony and as healing centres. In contrast, there are other geographical locations that can have a negative effect upon health and these are known as geopathic stress zones. It is believed that such zones can interfere with the brain's normal function that inhibits the release of melatonin and other endocrine secretions needed to replenish the immune system. Geopathic stress can affect animals and plant life as well as human beings and significantly contributes to sick building syndrome (SBS). Whilst there is an increasing body of opinion amongst eminent researchers and scientists who are addressing these issues, the establishment professions are slow to change. However, very gradually, modern allopathic medicine and attitudes are beginning to recognise the extraordinary wisdom and efficacy of ancient traditions such as acupuncture, light, colour and other therapies based on the understanding and treatment of the interaction of a person's electromagnetic subtle body and the immediate environment. These and many other 'complementary' therapies may soon become mainstream medical practice. In the meantime, we can help ourselves by learning how to detect the hazards and daily practise prudent avoidance.
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT UNDER THE “NIC” MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT: RECENT EVIDENCE FROM MAURITIUS

The export-based development strategies of the Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) of East Asia, associated with high labour absorption in manufacturing, low unemployment rates, and rising skill levels, are often suggested as a model for other developing countries. The paper examines labour and employment trends from 1963 to 1988 in Mauritius, a country that explicitly adopted the NIC model in the early seventies. The trends show a number of similarities to NIC labour and employment patterns. The gains made since 1970, ironically, present constraints to sustaining economic development based on labour intensive production. Mauritius faces unique opportunities and challenges as it begins to make the shift to capital intensive manufacturing and service activities, the final step to NIC status.
Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Based on Oxidation at the Tubular Carbon Electrode

A method for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms based on electrochemical oxidation at the tubular carbon electrode is presented. This method is highly specific and may be used to determine ascorbic acid in the presence of other vitamins commonly found in multivitamin products. A comparison with two commonly employed procedures of analysis shows this new method to have fewer manipulative steps and to give comparable precision and accuracy. Although automation was not used in this study, the method could readily be incorporated in automated systems because it employs the technique of continuous analysis in flowing streams.
Alterations in immune response and PPAR/LXR regulation in cystic fibrosis macrophages

Abstract Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response in epithelial cells and macrophages. In CF mice, lung inflammation can be abrogated by oral treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Since PPARs and LXRs are important regulators of inflammation and fatty acid metabolism in macrophages, we hypothesized that these pathways are dysregulated in CF macrophages and are corrected with DHA treatment. Methods Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from wild type and cftr −/− mice. LPS induced cytokine secretion and NFκB activity were analyzed with and without oral DHA treatment. The expression and activity of PPARα,γ, δ and LXRα were analyzed by RT-PCR and EMSA. Results LPS induced TNFα and IL-6 secretion and NFκB p65 activity were increased in CF macrophages. This was associated with low basal PPARγ expression and attenuated LPS induced induction of PPARδ, LXRα and ABCA1. DHA pretreatment in vivo decreased TNFα secretion and p65 activity, and increased PPARα and γ expression and function. The effects of DHA could be reproduced by PPAR agonists and blocked by a PPARα antagonist. Conclusion Impaired regulation of nuclear receptors may contribute to the abnormal LPS induced signaling in CF macrophages and is reversed by DHA.
Highly conserved domains in hemagglutinin of influenza viruses characterizing dual receptor binding

The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses in itiates virus infection by binding receptors on host cells. Human influenza viruses preferenti ally bind to receptors with α2,6 linkages to gala ctose, avian viruses prefer receptors with α2,3 linkages to galactose, and swine viruses favor both types of receptors. The pandemic H1N1 2009 remains a global health concern in 2010. The novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has its ge netic components from avian, human, and sw ine viruses. Its pandemic nature is characterized clearly by its dual binding to the α2,3 as well as α2,6 receptors, because the seasonal human H1N1 virus only binds to the α2,6 receptor. In pr evious studies, the informational spectrum me thod (ISM), a bioinformatics method, was appli ed to uncover highly conserved regions in the HA protein associated with the primary receptor binding preference in various subtypes. In the present study, we extended the previous work by discovering multiple domains in HA associa ted with the secondary receptor binding prefer ence in various subtypes, thus characterizing the distinct dual binding nature of these viruses. The domains discovered in the HA proteins were mapped to the 3D homology model of HA, which could be utilized as therapeutic and diag nostic targets for the prevention and treatment of influenza infection.
Judging bias: Juror confidence and judicial rulings on challenges for cause

The judge in a jury trial is charged with excusing prospective jurors who will not be impartial. To assess impartiality, prospective jurors are typically asked whether they can be fair. Using an experimental paradigm, we found that small changes in jurors' self-reported confidence in their ability to be fair affected judges' decisions about bias but did not affect the judgments of either attorneys or jurors. We suggest why a judge's role and unique relationship with jurors is likely to foster a decision strategy based on reported juror confidence, and we discuss the implications of our analysis for current legal debates over jury selection practices. Unexpected patterns in our results also highlight the ways in which perceptions of impartiality are affected, in part, by the social characteristics of the observer.
Child‐Focused Single Home Visiting

Home visiting is a central, long-standing, and yet theoretically underdeveloped public health nursing process. The general aim of this study was to expand and refine a preliminary model of home visiting. A stylized field research investigation was conducted in the area of maternal-child health with one nurse in a visiting nurse association in New England. A specific type of home visiting, identified as child focused, emerged, with phases labeled as surveying and designating; selling and scheduling; approaching the home and the visit; entering the home; gaining permission to ask questions and access the infant--starting with the mother's expressed concerns; making the caregiving judgment--asking questions and weighing and examining the infant; and ending the visit. "Haunting and telling" was an additional phase for certain visits. The nurse conducted child-focused home visiting in three patterns. The single pattern is described in this article. Potential maternal, child, interactive, and environmental consequences were identified, as were factors influencing the process of maternal-child home visiting. Social exchange theory emerged as useful in describing how the nurse initiated, maintained, and ended the home visiting process, and in describing attendant client consequences.
Characterization in narrative

Abstract Current discussions in narrative theory have evoked questions about the relationship of character to plot and about the possibility of structurally describing characterization. An adequate theory of characterization must account for several clear-cut facts of narrative practice, especially those concerning the role of narrator and audience and the ascription of attributes to participants in a story. A distinction is made between two types of attributes: (a) structural attributes, which apply to all characters of all narratives, are described through semantic features; (b) non-structural attributes, which apply variously among characters and narratives, are more appropriately described through attributive propositions. Attributive propositions arise through norms, entailment rules which relate textual details to narrative structure. A full and systematic account of characterization must provide each character with a set of structural attributes, and set of non-structural attributions, as well as an identification and a temporal orientation which indicates any change in attributes.
Studies on the chemical modification of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. I. Alkylation and oxidation of methionine residues.

Abstract The methionine residues in staphylococcal enterotoxin B have been modified with iodoacetic acid and H2O2. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between iodoacetic acid and enterotoxin B at pH 2.7 reveals that four of the eight residues react at a faster rate. The oxidation of enterotoxin B with H2O2 was much faster at pH 2.3 than at pH 2.7. At pH 2.3 seven methionine residues were oxidized. Immunochemical and fluorimetric analyses of the modified enterotoxin B indicate that the conformation of the protein is changed when more than six of the methionine residues are modified by either of these methods. The emetic activity of the toxin was also lost when six methionine residues were modified. Since the modification affects both the biological activity and conformation, the role of methionine residues in staphylococcal enterotoxin B is discussed.
Information on Native Americans in U.S. Government Publications

This article is a selective annotated list of print and electronic sources that provide information on Native Americans and the United States Government. While most of these are issued by the federal agencies, there are also some commercially published works that cover government resources or describe and interpret federal activities. The bibliography is arranged in broad subject areas; headings include finding tools, federal policy, federal laws and regulations, treaties, statistics, history and culture, and contemporary issues.
One-loop divergences of quantized Einstein-Maxwell fields

All one-loop divergences of the quantized Einstein-Maxwell system are calculated, using dimensional regularization and the background-field method. The resulting counterterms, including photon and graviton ghost contributions, are quadratic in curvatures when evaluated on the mass shell, and cannot be renormalized away by rescaling. Brans-Dicke theory is also nonrenormalizable; source-free Einstein theory with cosmological term is (formally) renormalizable, as are Weyl models.
Potassium Deficiency in the Adult Male Chicken

Adult male chickens, which were maintained on a low dietary potassium intake for 11 weeks showed no gross abnormalities, but had significantly reduced feed intake and losses of body weight. Adult male chickens had a physiological capacity to increase the biological half life of their body potassium from 18 to 134 days when the dietary potassium was reduced from .32 to .02%. However, the deficient birds were unable to balance their intake with the excretion because of the obligatory loss of potassium. The relative specific activity of different tissues in adult male chickens determined at different time intervals after the intravenous injection of potassium-42 indicated that the plasma pool potassium had the highest turnover rate of potassium in the body. In decreasing order, it was followed by the skin, heart, liver, intestine, bone, and muscle. The daily balance of potassium in adult male chickens maintained under optimum and sub-optimum dietary potassium intake gave an estimated minimum requirement for this element of .06% of the diet.
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Rater Liking and Performance Ratings

This meta-analysis reviewed the magnitude and moderators of the relationship between rater liking and performance ratings. The results revealed substantial overlap between rater liking and performance ratings (ρ = .77). Although this relationship is often interpreted as indicative of bias, we review studies that indicate that to some extent the relationship between liking and performance ratings potentially reflects “true” differences in ratee performance. Moderator analyses indicated that the relationship between liking and performance ratings was weaker for ratings of organizational citizenship behaviors, ratings made by peer raters, ratings in nonsales jobs, and ratings made for development; however, the relationship was strong across moderator levels, underscoring the robustness of this relationship. Implications for the interpretation of performance ratings are discussed. Ashley W. Sutton is currently employed by the Export-Import Bank of the United States, and Sean P. Baldwin is currently employed b...
Phenotypic variability in nesting success among Osmia lignaria propinqua females in a glasshouse environment: (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

. 1. The phenotypic variability of several estimates of fitness among seventeen nesting female O.lignaria Cresson was examined in a glasshouse provided with abundant resources. 2. Females exhibited wide variation in: (a) number of nests and cells made and in their rate of construction, (b) the incidence of mortality of offspring, and (c) the percentage of male offspring produced (52–100%). 3. In confirmation of earlier field studies: (a) more offspring of both sexes were produced during the first half of the nesting season, (b) most female offspring were produced early in the nesting season, (c) most parental investment during the last half of the flight season was made in male offspring, (d) there was a decrease in offspring size with season, with females decreasing more than males, and (e) the ratio of female/male body weight was = 1.8. These results appear to be due to ageing rather than to a reduction in resource availability. 4. No relation between female size and fecundity was evident. 5. There was no evidence that small females tended to produce a greater proportion of the smaller sex (males) than did large females. 6. Smaller offspring of both sexes had a much greater probability of dying overwinter than did large offspring. However, where the sexes overlapped in size (large males, small females), almost all females died and almost all males survived. We hypothesize that as size of offspring produced declines with season, a greater proportion of males are produced because they have a much greater probability of surviving at small body sizes.
Hypothemycin, a fungal natural product, identifies therapeutic targets in Trypanosoma brucei

Protein kinases are potentially attractive therapeutic targets for neglected parasitic diseases, including African trypanosomiasis caused by the protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei. How to prioritize T. brucei kinases and quantify their intracellular engagement by small-molecule inhibitors remain unsolved problems. Here, we combine chemoproteomics and RNA interference to interrogate trypanosome kinases bearing a Cys-Asp-Xaa-Gly motif (CDXG kinases). We discovered that hypothemycin, a fungal polyketide previously shown to covalently inactivate a subset of human CDXG kinases, kills T. brucei in culture and in infected mice. Quantitative chemoproteomic analysis with a hypothemycin-based probe revealed the relative sensitivity of endogenous CDXG kinases, including TbGSK3short and a previously uncharacterized kinase, TbCLK1. RNAi-mediated knockdown demonstrated that both kinases are essential, but only TbCLK1 is fully engaged by cytotoxic concentrations of hypothemycin in intact cells. Our study identifies TbCLK1 as a therapeutic target for African trypanosomiasis and establishes a new chemoproteomic tool for interrogating CDXG kinases in their native context. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00712.001.
The Effects of Oxidative Alkaline Extraction Stages After LaccaseHBT and LaccaseNHAA Treatments-An NMR Study of Residual Lignins

Abstract Two laccase-mediator systems (LMS) were performed with 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole (HBT) and N-acetyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine (NHAA), as the mediators, on a southern softwood conventional kraft pulp with an initial kappa of 33.8. The LMSHBT and LMSNHAA treated pulps were then subjected to various reinforced alkaline extraction stages with oxygen (E+O), peroxide (E+P), and peroxide/oxygen (E+P+O). The kappa data suggested that both LMSHBT and LMSNHAA are effective at delignifying kraft pulps. However, under the conditions employed in this study, a greater level of delignification was obtained with an LMSHBT stage than with an LMSNHAA stage. The viscosity measurements confirmed the selectivity of LMS. Oxidative reinforcement of the alkaline treatments was beneficial for regaining the loss in brightness from LMS when the mediator was either NHAA or HBT. 31P NMR spectral analysis of phosphitylated residual lignins revealed a greater enrichment of carboxylic acid groups after an LMSHBT than after an LMSNHAA...
Analyzing the Relationship between Team Success and MLB Attendance with GARCH Effects

This research extends the analysis of the importance of winning on attendance. The author assumes that fan's reactions differ across teams and estimates separate attendance models for each Major League Baseball team in the sample. Results from generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models indicate winning is an important determinant of attendance for the 12 National League teams in the sample, although some variation exists in the magnitude of the effect across teams. Results from the GARCH models are similar in magnitude to results from other alternative estimation procedures. The study also finds a boost in attendance from playing an interleague opponent.
Genotype-phenotype correlations in nonlethal osteogenesis imperfecta caused by mutations in the helical domain of collagen type I.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder with bone fragility that is often associated with short stature, tooth abnormalities (dentinogenesis imperfecta), and blue sclera. The most common mutations associated with OI result from the substitution for glycine by another amino acid in the triple helical domain of either the α1 or the α2 chain of collagen type I. In this study, we compared the results of genotype analysis and clinical examination in 161 OI patients (median age: 13 years) who had glycine mutations in the triple helical domain of α1(I) (n=67) or α2(I) (n=94). Serine substitutions were the most frequently encountered type of mutation in both chains. Compared with patients with serine substitutions in α2(I) (n=40), patients with serine substitutions in α1(I) (n=42) on average were shorter (median height z-score −6.0 vs −3.4; P=0.005), indicating that α1(I) mutations cause a more severe phenotype. Height correlated with the location of the mutation in the α2(I) chain but not in the α1(I) chain. Patients with mutations affecting the first 120 amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the collagen type I triple helix had blue sclera but did not have dentinogenesis imperfecta. Among patients from different families sharing the same mutation, about 90 and 75% were concordant for dentinogenesis imperfecta and blue sclera, respectively. These data should be useful to predict disease phenotype in newly diagnosed OI patients.
Photorefractive inorganic–organic polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal nanocomposite photosensitized with cadmium sulfide quantum dots

We report on a new photorefractive medium consisting of a hole-transporting polymer composite matrix, electro-optically active nanodroplets of liquid crystals, and cadmium sulfide quantum dots as photosensitizers. This medium exhibits greater than 90% internal diffraction efficiency and a net two-beam coupling gain of 22.5 cm-1 with a response time of <1min. Data on optical transmission are also presented.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF BRADYKINESIA

Patients with Parkinson's disease were asked to make ballistic elbow flexion movements of 10, 20 and 40 degrees. Normal subjects made all these movements in the same amount of time with a single 'triphasic' EMG pattern of successive bursts in biceps, triceps and biceps. Almost all the patients made some movements requiring additional cycles of alternating biceps and triceps activity. Most of the patients exhibited at least one example of a longer movement taking more cycles than a shorter movement. It is argued that this behaviour explains previous kinematic analyses of movement in patients with Parkinson's disease and represents a physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. In part on the basis of the data presented here, it is suggested that a normal role of the basal ganglia in movement is to energize the appropriate muscles required to make the movement.
Comparison of Direct and Standardized Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Urine Cultures

Abstract A comparison between direct and standardized disk diffusion tests was made on a total of 300 urine specimens containing ≥105 organisms/ml. Of these, 246 represented pure cultures and 54 represented mixed cultures. The number of major discrepancies per organism tested in pure culture was 18 (7.3%) and in mixed cultures it was 23 (42.6%). The percentage of major discrepancies per total number of antimicrobial drug comparisons made was 1.4%. Although this procedure may be of value in selected cases with pure cultures of organisms present in quantities ≥105/ml, its use on a routine basis is not recommended.