cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockage tolerance in roadside millimeter-wave backhaul networks

Abstract With the proliferation of mobile devices with bandwidth-hungry applications, mmWave communication is considered a key enabling technology for 5G and beyond cellular networks. One very promising use of mmWave communication is in wireless backhaul, which has also been investigated by 3GPP as part of an integrated access and backhaul study. Unfortunately, the network performance is hard to predict due to the sensitivity of mmWave signals to blockages, which can result in frequent communication outages. In this paper, we consider wireless backhaul links deployed along the side of a road, which have been widely proposed both in urban environments and on highways. We first investigate the inherent robustness of an interference-free topology for roadside mmWave backhaul. Based on a novel four-type blockage model, we apply stochastic geometry to derive blockage probabilities as a function of the topology parameters and obstacle density, which yields insights that lead to a more robust topology. We then present mechanisms to tolerate any blockages that do occur through reconfiguration. Through extensive simulations, the performance of our proposed algorithms are evaluated for different road scenarios and network topologies. Results show that our algorithms not only achieve high throughputs close to the no-blockage case for mmWave backhaul, but also provide high blockage tolerance rates even in the presence of multiple obstacles along the road.
Bone dispersal by vertebrate taxa in an urban park environment in New England, USA

The questions of the frequency, distance, and maximum size of the bones that carnivores, rodents, and other common taxa can disperse have been little addressed, especially in the later phases of skeletonization when individual bones are more subject to transport and loss. The present research utilized a sample of dry white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bones in two locations in a forested urban environment dense with eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), coyotes (Canis latrans), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and other potential scavenging taxa. Game cameras were used to document their dispersal behavior. A total of 1731 visits were recorded, by a minimum of 12 mammalian and 9 avian taxa. Small amounts of dispersal impacted the bone samples continuously throughout the observation period, with 52.2% of all movement in the range of 1-5 cm. The bones were dispersed a maximum distance of 1252 cm, and the largest bone moved had an initial mass of 194.6 g. Rodent dry-bone gnawing behavior affected 72.7% of the sample. The project also assessed a smaller sample of Tile Mate® tracking chips for their utility in dispersal research, and these were found to have a useful potential though were not pivotal in acquiring the data presented here. Forensic surface search methods and interpretations of skeletal recovery patterns should take into consideration the ability of these common species to disperse even dry bones away from their initial locations, and this behavior may continue years after the time of initial deposition.
Autoimmune diseases of the brain, imaging and clinical review:

There is an extensive spectrum of autoimmune entities that can involve the central nervous system, which has expanded with the emergence of new imaging modalities and several clinicopathologic enti...
A model-based systems engineering approach for developing modular system architectures

Modular system architectures are increasingly important to manufacturers as they seek to decrease system development lead time and as customers have come to expect systems that allow for frequent m...
Nerve monitoring decreases recurrent laryngeal nerve injury risk for neoplasm-related thyroidectomy.

Abstract Objective Conflicting reports exist regarding the benefit of intraoperative neuromonitoring (INM) for patients undergoing thyroidectomy. We hypothesized that in a national sample, the risk of mild and severe RLNi is decreased for patients undergoing neoplasm-related disease (NRD) thyroidectomy with INM compared to patients without INM. Methods The database was queried for patients that underwent total thyroidectomy for NRD with and without INM. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the associated odds of RLNi. Results From 6942 patients, 4269 (61.5%) had INM during thyroidectomy. Patients with INM had a similar rate of overall RLNi compared to patients without INM (5.7% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.118). After adjusting for covariates, INM was associated with decreased odds of severe-RLNi (OR 0.23, p = 0.036) but not mild-RLNi (p = 0.16). Conclusion INM is associated with a nearly 80% decreased associated odds of severe RLNi during thyroidectomy for NRD. Future prospective confirmation is needed, and if confirmed, patients undergoing thyroidectomy for NRD should have INM to reduce the risk of RLNi and its associated morbidity.
Radiology of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

X-ray techniques employed in diagnosing diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are reviewed, including plain abdominal radiographs, barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract, oral cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography, transhepatic cholangiography, celiac angiography, and operative and postoperative cholangiography.
Local CD11c+ MHC Class II− Precursors Generate Lung Dendritic Cells during Respiratory Viral Infection, but Are Depleted in the Process

Increases in numbers of lung dendritic cells (DC) observed during respiratory viral infections are assumed to be due to recruitment from bone marrow precursors. No local production has been demonstrated. In this study, we isolated defined populations of murine lung cells based on CD11c and MHC class II (MHC II) expression. After culture for 12 days with GM-CSF, we analyzed cell numbers, DC surface markers, and Ag-presenting capacity. Only CD11c+ MHC II- cells from naive mice proliferated, yielding myeloid DC, which induced Ag-specific proliferation of naive T cells. After respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, numbers of pulmonary CD11c+ MHC II- precursor cells were significantly reduced and DC could not be generated. Moreover, RSV infection prevented subsequent in vivo expansion of pulmonary DC in response to influenza infection or LPS treatment. These results provide direct evidence of local generation of fully functional myeloid DC in the lung from CD11c+ MHC II(-) precursor cells that are depleted by RSV infection, leading to an inability to expand lung DC numbers in response to subsequent viral infection or exposure to bacterial products. This depletion of local DC precursors in respiratory viral infections may be important in explaining complex interactions between multiple and intercurrent pulmonary infections.
Threonine Deaminase from Bacillus subtilis II. THE STEADY STATE KINETIC PROPERTIES

Abstract Threonine deaminase (l-threonine hydro-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.2.1.16) from Bacillus subtilis catalyzes the deamination of threonine at a constant rate upon addition of substrate. In the presence of isoleucine, the reaction begins slowly and increases to a steady state, inhibited rate. Essentially the same steady state rate is observed when the same amount of isoleucine is added to enzyme already catalyzing the reaction but the inhibited rate is achieved slowly. In the absence of inhibitor, the substrate saturation curve is described by a hyperbola. In the presence of isoleucine, the curves are sigmoid and can be fitted by the method of Cleland to an equation containing S2 terms. Isoleucine was shown to be a competitive-type inhibitor. The steady state kinetic data can also be fitted to kinetic versions of equations which describe the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux for regulatory proteins. Valine antagonized the inhibition by isoleucine in a competitive fashion. It did not activate the enzyme in the absence of isoleucine, rather, it exerted a weak (15%) inhibition which was noncompetitive.
The thermal properties of inorganic compounds: I. Some mercury(I) and (II) compounds

Abstract The TG and DTA (DSC) curves of the yellow and red forms of mercury(II) oxide, mercury(II) chloride, bromide and iodide, and mercury(I) iodide are reported. A lower initial procedural dissociation temperature, 400°C, was observed for the yellow form of HgO versus 460°C for the red form. This lower value is consistent with the postulate of a smaller particle size for the yellow form. Although only sublimation behavior was indicated in the DSC curves of the mercury(II) halides, by the use of sealed-tube DTA, fusion transitions were also observed. These data may be of unusual importance in ecological and environmental problems.
A new cloning method for antibody-forming lymphoblastoid cells. Increase in cloning efficiency by inclusion of human fibroblasts into semisolid agarose growth layer.

Abstract We report the development of a method for cloning human EBV-transformed cells which has greater efficiency than techniques used presently. In this new method lymphoblastoid cells are cultured in semisolid agarose in close physical association with human fibroblasts. The results indicate a 10-fold increase in the cloning efficiencies. The average cloning efficiency, depending on the age of cell lines, was from 1 to 14%, and colonies appeared 7–9 days sooner than in the traditional soft agarose method. The new method has allowed us to develop several stable lymphoblastoid cell lines producing antibody cytotoxic to human B lymphocytes. This method may make it more practical to obtain monoclonal human antibodies from lymphoblastoid cell lines which had previously been unstable due to heterogeneity.
First-Time Use Books are Frequently Available for Patron-Driven Acquisition

A Review of: Herrera, G. (2015). Testing the patron-driven model: Availability analysis of first-time use books. Collection Management, 40(1), 3-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01462679.2014.965863 Abstract Objective – To determine whether a hypothetical Patron-Driven Acquisition (PDA) purchasing model is acceptable in terms of making available print monographs after their initial publication. Design – Quantitative data analysis. Setting – A large public university located in the southern United States of America. Subjects – 8,020 item records representing books used at the author’s institution for the first time in 2012. Non-circulating monographs and items such as personal copy reserve materials and government documents were excluded from the sample. Methods – Using the libraries’ ILS, a listing of the titles of monographs that received first-time use in 2012 was generated and exported to Microsoft Excel. The Getting It System Toolkit (GIST) was used to batch-search possibilities for acquisition and/or access, including purchase (including Amazon and Better World Books) and free access (such as HaithiTrust and Google Books). Main Results – A total of 76% (6,130) of titles from the sample of 8,020 were available for purchase. A total of 3% (165) of these titles were both available for purchase and freely available online. Books not available either freely or by purchase represented 21% (1,682) of the sample. When participation in a regional resource-sharing consortium was accounted for, only 1% (101) of the titles could not be obtained. Books published before the 1920s were more likely to be freely available due to being in the public domain; however a majority of the titles (64%; 5,127) had a publication date of 1990 forward. The humanities represented the largest disciplinary grouping at 57% (4,563), with Social Sciences (31%; 2,472) and STEM (11%; 879) following. Conclusions – In sum, the results indicated a very low margin of unavailability for titles. The author notes that, based on the findings, there should be no PDA purchase restrictions according to publication date if a large-scale program were to be implemented at their institution, and that researchers requiring humanities titles would be likely to benefit most from such a program (p. 14). It should be noted that a significant budget for PDA was allocated at the author’s institution.
Rat liver heme oxygenase. High level expression of a truncated soluble form and nature of the meso-hydroxylating species

A rat heme oxygenase (HO-1) gene without the sequence coding for the last 23 amino acids has been constructed and expressed behind the pho A promoter in Escherichia coli. The enzyme is expressed at high levels as a soluble catalytically active protein that causes the bacterial cells to accumulate biliverdin. The purified truncated heme-heme oxygenase complex is spectroscopically indistinguishable from the complex with the native enzyme and converts heme to biliverdin when reconstituted with rat liver cytochrome P450 reductase. Reaction of the recombinant heme-heme oxygenase complex with H2O2 produces a species with the spectroscopic properties of verdoheme. Unidentified products are obtained when this intermediate is directly extracted from the protein, but biliverdin is obtained if the verdoheme-protein complex is exposed to cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH before the extraction step. In contrast, reaction of the heme-heme oxygenase complex with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA), tert-butylhydroperoxide, or cumene hydroperoxide yields a ferryl (FeIV = O) complex. Reaction of the heme-heme oxygenase complex with mCPBA also produces an EPR-detectable protein radical. In accord with formation of a ferryl intermediate, recombinant heme oxygenase catalyzes the mCPBA- and alkylhydroperoxide-dependent peroxidation of 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol). Guaiacol oxidation is not observed during turnover of the enzyme by cytochrome P450 reductase/NADPH or H2O2. Conversely, biliverdin is not formed with tert-butylhydroperoxide or mCPBA. H2O2 thus supports the first step of the normal catalytic oxidation of heme by heme oxygenase, but alkyl and acyl hydroperoxides do not. These results suggest that the alpha-meso-hydroxylation required for biliverdin formation is mediated by the distal of the two oxygens in the iron-dioxygen intermediate (Fe-O-O) engendered by reaction with either cytochrome P450 reductase/NADPH or H2O2.
Molecular imaging of Cathepsin E-positive tumors in mice using a novel protease-activatable fluorescent probe

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of imaging Cathepsin E (Cath E) positive tumors in living animals through selective targeting of Cath E proteolytic activity using a sensitive molecular imaging agent. Methods: a peptide-based Cath E imaging probe and a control probe were synthesized for this study. Human Cath E-positive cancer cells (MPanc96-E) were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were examined in vivo with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging at various time points after intravenous injection of the Cath E sensing imaging probe. Excised organs and tissues of interest were further imaged ex vivo. Results: upon specific Cath E proteolytic activation, the NIRF signal of the imaging probe a was converted from an optically quenched initial state to a highly fluorescent active state. Imaging probe a was able to highlight the Cath E-positive tumors as early as 24 h post injection. Fluorescent signal in tumor was 3-fold higher than background. The confined specificity of imaging probe a to tumor associated Cath E was verified by using control imaging probe b. Both in vivo and ex vivo imaging results confirmed the superior selectivity and sensitivity of imaging probe a in Cath E imaging. Conclusions: the small animal studies demonstrated the capability of probe a for imaging Cath E-positive tumors. The developed optical probe could be applied in early diagnostic imaging and guiding subsequent surgical procedure.
Conversion of rubratoxin B to the carboxylic acid derivative and its effect on adenosine triphosphatase activity and toxicity to mice.

Abstract The rate of conversion of rubratoxin B to its carboxylic acid derivative upon exposure to aqueous solvents was exponentially related to the relative abundance of water molecules. The same relationship existed for the rate of decrease in inhibition of Na+-K+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity by rubratoxin B, when the toxin was incubated in the reaction mixture prior to addition of the enzyme. Inhibition of this enzyme activity by rubratoxin B was dose-dependent, with an IC50 of 5·8 x 10-6m, while the carboxylic acid derivative was much less effective, the IC50 being 19·3 x 10-6m. In mice, the ip LD50 of the carboxylic acid derivative dissolved in propylene glycol was more than twice that of the parent compound 24 hr after dosing, but beyond 24 hr there was little difference between the two values.
Variation in Conception Rates of Guernsey Cattle

Summaary Data from 42 Guernesy herds served by one A.I. stud, and 37 Guernsey herds served by another were analyzed to determine heritability of conception rate. The data included records of 2,470 daughters of bulls in these studs, and breedings occurred during the period of 1950 to 1959. Heritability estimates from intrasire correlations of paternal half-sib groups were 0.08 and 0.02 based on an average of from one to four records per daughter, while those based on heifer records only were 0.06 and zero, respectively. Regression of daughters on dams yielded heritability estimates of 0.03 and 0.10 for the two studs.
Note on Direct Products of Certain Classes of Finite Groups

Direct products of solvable groups in which Sylow-permutability is a transitive relation are analyzed. Such groups are called &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af; groups, and it is well known that if the orders of two &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af; groups are relatively prime, then their direct product is again a &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af; group. Examples suggest that for solvable groups it is not necessary to have relatively prime orders to stay in the class. Some characterizations are provided, and also direct products of some other classes are discussed.
ac conductivity of mixed (Na+, Ba2+)-β''-alumina

Abstract We have measured the electrical conductivity as a function of frequency σ(ν) of single crystals of mixed (Na + , Ba 2+ )-β″-alumina from 10 4 to 10 7 Hz for a range of concentrations and for temperatures between 150 K and 440 K. The shape of σ(ν) for frequencies on the order of the Na + hopping time indicates correlated motion in pure Na + -β″-alumina, whereas mixed (Na + , Ba 2+ )β″-alumina exhibits behavior characteristic of uncorrelated carrier motion. These results are consistent with previous measurements of the activation energy for the mixed (Na + , Ba 2+ ) material.
Evaluations of institutional legitimacy and court system fairness: A study of gender differences

Abstract A growing body of literature addresses the relationship between procedural justice and institutional legitimacy, exploring the antecedents of these concepts and their influence on behavior. To date, most of the literature has found little, if any, gender effects. These studies have traditionally conceptualized demographic variables as exogenous terms predicting perceptions of procedural justice and institutional legitimacy. This analysis takes an alternative approach. To explain whether the relationships between experience and evaluations of court system fairness and institutional legitimacy are different across gender, separate models for females and males are analyzed. The models show major gender differences on experience, with indirect court experience the most important for females and direct court experience the most important for males.
Mercury and cesium-137 in urban gray squirrels.

Recent emphasis upon the revitalization of major cities has underscored a need for urban wildlife management. Intensive management of the wildlife populations indigenous to metropolitan areas will enhance our quality of life in many ways. One important benefit is that certain species can serve as sensitive indicators of environmental change. The gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) is usually abundant in cities and they are often subject to a variety of destructive environmental factors. In an attempt to evaluate the gray squirrel as an indicator of zoonoses and pollutants, the Health Program Office of the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services conducted a multifaceted study in Jacksonvlle, Florida during 1974. This report presents baseline measurements of body burdens of mercury and cesium-137.
Bdmpp complexes of Ru(II) as structural analogs for Ru(II)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine species (where bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazoyl)pyridine)

The complexes, [Ru(bdmpp)(bpy)Cl](PF 6 ) ( 1a ), [Ru(bdmpp)(phen)Cl](PF 6 ) ( 2a ), and [Ru(bdmpp)(Me 2 bpy)Cl](PF 6 ) ( 3a ) (where bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl- N -pyrazoyl)pyridine, bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and Me 2 bpy is 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl) were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. 1a and 3a were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The chloride salt of 1a , [Ru(bdmpp)(bpy)Cl]Cl · 1.25CHCl 3 , crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with Z =4, a =13.551(2), b =8.556(1), c =29.994(3) A, β =100.28(1)°, V =3421.8(7) A 3 with 4486 unique data yielding R 1 =0.0715 ( I >2 σ ( I )). The chloride salt of 3a crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with 1.25 chloroform solvate and a =8.656(1), b =10.685(2), c =18.729(3) A, α =94.394(6), β =99.72(1), γ =98.61(1)°, V =1679.0(4) A 3 , Z =2, and R 1 =0.066 ( I >2 σ ( I )) with 4403 unique reflections. Compounds 1a , 2a , and 3a are converted to their corresponding aqua complexes, 1b , 2b , and 3b upon treatment with aqueous silver ion, and to the acetonitrile species, 1c , 2c , and 3c , by dissolution in acetonitrile. Cyclic voltammograms in acetonitrile of 1a , 2a , and 3a display one-electron oxidations at 0.72, 0.71, 0.63 V, respectively, consistent with a Ru(III/II) couple. Compounds 1b , 2b , and 3b show a pH independent couple at pH<2 and a pH dependent couple consistent with a one-electron, one-proton process at pH values from ca. 2 to 11. Past pH 11 this redox process becomes pH independent again, and the compounds become unstable. The one-electron nature was verified by bulk electrolysis and spectroelectrochemical measurements.
Screening mammography performance and cancer detection among black women and white women in community practice.

BACKGROUND Despite improvement in mammography screening attendance, black women continue to have poorer prognosis at diagnosis than white woman. Data from the Carolina Mammography Registry were used to evaluate whether there may be differences in mammography performance or detected cancers when comparing black women with white women who are screened by mammography. METHODS Prospectively collected data from community-based mammography facilities on 468,484 screening mammograms (79,397 in black women and 389,087 in white women) were included for study. Mammograms were linked to a pathology data base for identification of cancers. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and cancer detection rates were compared between black women and white women. Logistic regression methods were used to control for covariates associated with performance characteristics. Differences in cancer characteristics were compared between black women and white women using chi-square statistics. RESULTS Screening mammography performance results for black women compared with white women were as follows: sensitivity, odds ratio (OR) = 1.07 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.83–1.39); specificity, OR = 1.02 (95% CI, 0.98–1.06); and positive predictive value, OR = 1.07 (95% CI, 0.94–1.23). Among women with no previous screening, black women had a larger proportion of invasive tumors that measured ≥ 2 cm (38% vs. 26%; P = 0.04). The cancer detection rate was highest among black women who reported symptoms at screening (13.9 per 1000 black women vs. 7.9 per 1000 white women). Invasive cancers in black women were poorer grade (P = 0.001), and more often had negative estrogen receptor status and progesterone receptor status (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, screening mammography performed equally well in black women and white women controlling for age, breast density, and time since previous mammogram. Black women who reported symptoms had larger and higher grade tumors compared with white women. Educational efforts need to be strengthened to encourage black women to react sooner to symptoms, so that the tumors detected will be smaller and black women will have a better prognosis when they appear for mammography. Cancer 2004;100:139–48. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Manipulating nano- and microparticles using optical forces from surface plasmons and silicon microresonators

Using counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excited by prism coupling on a gold stripe, we demonstrate a scannable integrated optical tweezer. Additionally, we demonstrate optical trapping with silicon microring resonators.
Remediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil by Planting and Compost Addition

Pesticide contaminated material was obtained from an agrichemical retail facility in Illinois. In an effort to improve physical properties and increase microbial activity and plant growth in the contaminated matrix, the material was mixed with uncontaminated soil or with mature yard waste compost to determine the impact of compost compared to soil on plant establishment and growth, development of soil microbial activity, and herbicide inactivation. Plant growth, particularly weed growth, was significantly greater in compost containing mixes than it was in soil mixes. Microbial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was significantly higher in compost-containing mixes than in soil mixes. The combination of planting and compost addition resulted in significant increases in herbicide inactivation in the contaminated materials. The results strongly suggest that remediation of herbicide contamination at agrichemical retail facilities can be achieved quite rapidly and at moderate cost and also demonst...
Long-term follow-up (9 to 20 years) after surgical closure of atrial septal defect at a young age

To assess the long-term cardiac status after surgical closure of an atrial septal defect (ASD) at a young age, 104 of 135 children who consecutively underwent surgery (aged 0 to 14 years) at 1 institution between 1968 and 1980 participated in a follow-up study and underwent a complete cardiologic examination. Mean follow-up was 14.5 +/- 2.8 years. Most patients (87%) believed their health to be good or very good. At physical examination, all patients were in good health. Ninety-three patients (89%) were in sinus rhythm. Echocardiography showed that right ventricular dilatation was present in 27 patients (26%), 2 of whom had a residual ASD. Bicycle ergometry revealed that 88 patients (88%) had a normal exercise capacity. Both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in 67% of patients by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography, but only 3 (3%) had received antiarrhythmic medication, and 4 (4%) had needed a pacemaker. In the group of patients with right ventricular dilatation, the exercise capacity and prevalence of arrhythmias did not differ significantly from those in the group with a normal sized right ventricule. The outcome in patients with a secundum-type ASD was not different from that of those with a sinus venosus-type ASD. The finding of anatomic, functional or electrophysiologic abnormalities was not associated with a longer duration of follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bogart et al. Respond

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Nathan’s insightful questions and to elucidate several aspects of our research. Nathan asks about the implications of grouping together all discrimination sources. As she notes, Greene et al. suggest that discrimination source plays a role in health outcomes, with peer discrimination more highly related to mental health than adult discrimination.1 However, the Healthy Passages fifth-grade survey did not ask separate questions about discrimination by adults and discrimination by peers. Measuring and analyzing the distinct effects of different discrimination sources on health disparities in this age group would be an important contribution to the field. Nathan also asks the extent to which perceived discrimination results from socioeconomic status (SES) disparities. We controlled for SES and still found robust effects. It may also be useful to jointly examine effects of SES- and race-based discrimination. Some research has done so; one study found that SES-related discrimination had significant effects on mental health whereas racial discrimination did not,2 and two studies found similar effects on physical and mental health for the two discrimination types.3,4 Additional studies are needed among youths to further examine the effects of multiple forms of discrimination. Finally, we would like to clarify our study’s implications for intervention. We believe that there is potential benefit from structural-level interventions (e.g., policies to decrease racial residential segregation and improve resources in lower-SES communities; school programs to encourage reporting of discrimination) and individual-level interventions for all racial/ethnic groups. Therapeutic interventions for Black and Latino youths could help to validate their experiences by acknowledging the extent of societal discrimination in their lives and the toll it takes and could foster adaptive coping responses to the stress of discrimination (such as support-seeking). For Whites, individual-level interventions could focus first on raising awareness about the harmful effects of discrimination and the ways in which stigma unconsciously influences behaviors (even among individuals who do not see themselves as prejudiced)5 and second on employing social-psychological stigma-reduction strategies such as facilitating positive contact among racial/ethnic groups via anti-discrimination school policies.6 A comprehensive strategy of intervening at both the individual and community levels and addressing the experiences and behaviors of both perceivers and targets offers a promising approach for reducing discrimination.
Technical Note: Comparison of ensemble Kalman filter and variational approaches for CO 2 data assimilation

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) approaches, including variational and the ensemble Kalman filter methods, provide a computationally efficient framework for solving the CO2 source–sink estimation problem. Unlike DA applications for weather prediction and constituent assimilation, however, the advantages and disadvantages of DA approaches for CO2 flux estimation have not been extensively explored. In this study, we compare and assess estimates from two advanced DA approaches (an ensemble square root filter and a variational technique) using a batch inverse modeling setup as a benchmark, within the context of a simple one-dimensional advection–diffusion prototypical inverse problem that has been designed to capture the nuances of a real CO2 flux estimation problem. Experiments are designed to identify the impact of the observational density, heterogeneity, and uncertainty, as well as operational constraints (i.e., ensemble size, number of descent iterations) on the DA estimates relative to the estimates from a batch inverse modeling scheme. No dynamical model is explicitly specified for the DA approaches to keep the problem setup analogous to a typical real CO2 flux estimation problem. Results demonstrate that the performance of the DA approaches depends on a complex interplay between the measurement network and the operational constraints. Overall, the variational approach (contingent on the availability of an adjoint transport model) more reliably captures the large-scale source–sink patterns. Conversely, the ensemble square root filter provides more realistic uncertainty estimates. Selection of one approach over the other must therefore be guided by the carbon science questions being asked and the operational constraints under which the approaches are being applied.
Generic relationships within the Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

. .The relationships among the euglossine genera are examined. These genera form two natural groups, Exaerete+Euglossa, and Eufriesea+(Eulaema+Aglae). Each genus is discussed separately giving generic synonymy, biological notes and a complete species list. In addition, a key to the genera is provided.
A comparison of some methods of preparation of thin sections of virus-infected leaves for electron microscopy.

Leaves infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were used as test material for fixation and embedding procedures for thin sectioning and electron microscopy. Glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide was found to be a better tissue fixative than chrome-osmium in that it was more consistent and produced less breakage and distortion of cell organelles. The appearance of individual TSWV and TMV particles in sections was not very different as a result of the two methods of fixation. Epon and Araldite gave almost identical results as embedding media. The appearance of TMV particles was altered with different methods of applying uranyl acetate stain. The structure of TSWV particles was more clearly delineated than in previously published photographs, and the possibility that TSWV contains a myxovirus-like helical component is discussed.
Elastic, diffusional, and mechanical properties of carbide and nitride nuclear fuels — a review

Abstract The elastic, diffusional, and mechanical-properties data for carbide and nitride nuclear fuels, including UC, UN, (U, Pu)C, (U, Pu)N, and some mixed systems are summarized and critically reviewed. The review was written in an attempt to unify our understanding of these important materials as well as to provide an objective source of information for fuel-element designers. Important phenomena that have not been explored or are inadequately understood are cited, and recommendations for additional studies are made.
Enhanced Thermionic Emission from Barium Strontium Oxide Coated Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were functionalized with a surface coating using magnetron sputter deposition. The CNT samples used were prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and were vertically aligned to the surface of the tungsten substrate. A thin layer of barium strontium oxide approximately 100 run in thickness was deposited on their surface using magnetron sputtering. The oxide coating was uniform, covering the whole surface of the CNTs and significantly lowered the work function while preserving the geometry. The resulting oxide coated CNTs had a work function of 1.9 eV and a field enhancement factor of 467, which led to a significant improvement in both field and thermionic emission. Compared to uncoated CNTs, the field emission was increased by a factor of two, while the thermionic emission increased by more than four orders of magnitude. At 4.4 V/mum, a field emission current of 23.6 muA was obtained from an emitting surface of 0.012 cm2. Similarly, at 1.1 V/mum and 1221 K, a thermionic emission current of 14.6 mA was obtained.
Optical and chemical characterization of base-extracted particulate organic matter in coastal marine environments

Abstract Absorbance and fluorescence measurements were measured on base-extracted particulate organic matter (BEPOM) to examine POM biogeochemistry in coastal marine environments. BEPOM trends from August 2011–September 2012 in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE) were compared against single sampling events in Charleston Harbor (CHS) and the inner Louisiana–Texas Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) in July 2011 and July 2012, respectively. Spectral slope values, S275–295, and the ratio of spectral slopes, SR values, were mainly influenced by distinct structure in the UV-B region of BEPOM absorption spectra, which was similar to prior laboratory work on autochthonous, planktonic sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). A PARAFAC model with five components was fit to BEPOM excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence data. Excitation and emission spectra of the five components were similar to those found for dissolved organic matter (DOM) in other coastal environments, with two components attributed to planktonic sources and two components attributed to terrestrial (humic) sources. A fifth component was attributed to microbial humic substances. Principle components analysis of PARAFAC results separated autochthonous, planktonic components from allochthonous, terrestrial components and explained > 70% of the variance in the data. Surface water stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values of BEPOM from the NRE and CHS ranged from − 29 to − 23‰, with most enriched values occurring synchronous with high Chl-a concentrations, and indicating that enriched δ13C values in BEPOM reflected a planktonic source. Notably, δ13C-BEPOM values for the GOM shelf below 50 m water depth were depleted (
Cytochrome P450 1B1 contributes to increased blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose We investigated the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 to hypertension and its pathogenesis by examining the effect of its selective inhibitor, 2,4,3′,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS), in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
Invisible-axion emissions from SN 1987A.

Based on the equivalence theorem of the on-shell S matrix elements independently of nonlinearly realized Goldstone fields, we clarify the discrepancies raised by the use of the pseudovector derivative and pseudoscalar pion-nucleon couplings in the nucleon-nucleon axion bremsstrahlung process which is often taken as the dominant axion emission mechanism from SN 1987 A. In addition, we propose a new method to calculate the axion emission rate from NN..-->..NN..pi.. data, and we compare the result to the theoretical calculation based on the one-pion-exchange approximation.
Contrast-enhanced MR angiography using time resolved interleaved projection sampling with three-dimensional Cartesian phase and slice encoding (TRIPPS).

Undersampled projection reconstruction (PR) techniques provide contrast enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) with high temporal resolution, but sensitivity to eddy current, gradient error and off-resonance effects. It is desirable to combine the time efficiency of undersampled PR acquisition with the robustness of Cartesian imaging. In this work we present a technique designed to do this termed time resolved projection sampling with three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian phase and slice encoding (TRIPPS), where 3D Cartesian k-space is partitioned into multiple half projections in the ky-kz plane. The phase and slice encoding are performed along predefined center-out radial trajectories. The whole set of half projections is interleaved into multiple groups of half projections, with each group sparsely but uniformly covering the ky-kz space. A view sharing sliding window reconstruction algorithm is adapted to reconstruct the dynamic images. The feasibility of the TRIPPS technique for CE-MRA was demonstrated on the renal, pulmonary, and intracranial vasculatures of healthy volunteers with a high temporal resolution of 2 s/frame. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence for mass and count in Inuttut

While it is clear that some languages have a grammatical mass/count distinction (e.g. English), in other languages (e.g. Inuktitut) it is not so obvious. In this paper, I show that Inuttut (Labrador Inuktitut) has a subtle grammatical mass/count distinction: while number, numerals, and most quantifiers do not disambiguate between mass and count nouns, in a few places, the morphology or the semantics disambiguates between mass and count. Thus, Inuttut is not a counterexample to Doetjes (1997) or Chierchia (2010), who both argue that all languages distinguish between mass and count. I further argue against Borer (2005) who claims all nouns in all languages are underlyingly neutral, and are assigned mass interpretation by default in the absence of individuation. I show that Inuttut nouns cannot all be underlyingly neutral and/or mass by default. Keywords: mass; count; classifiers; Inuktitut; number; numerals; quantifiers
Atomic magnetometers for materials characterization

Sensitive magnetometry has been established as a powerful technique for the characterization and testing of materials, with the most demanding applications relying on SQUID magnetometers operating at cryogenic temperatures. The recent development of compact, non-cryogenic atomic magnetometers with sub-femtotesla sensitivity and easy sample access has opened up a number of new possibilities. We give examples of sample thermal demagnetization measurements with sensitivity better than 10−9 emu/Hz½ up to 420 °C and of magnetic detection of water droplets on an aluminum surface. Recent research on magnetometry with laser-cooled atoms and color centers in diamond promises to extend the reach of atomic magnetic sensors to the micro- and nanoscale.
CHANGES IN THE ORAL TRADITION AMONG THE JEWS OF KURDISTAN

The immigration of the Kurdish Jews to Israel in the 1950s created social and cultural changes in their environment far out of proportion to the geographical distances involved. In many ways, the Jews living in the Kurdish sector of Iraq comprised an "ideal" folk community. While the written tradition was largely undeveloped, and their literacy rate the lowest of the Jewish world (Goitein, 1964: 187), an oral literature flourished. The epics, legends, and ballads of Kurdish Jews drew their heroes from Jewish and Islamic traditions alike. The changes which this oral literature has undergone following the immigration of Kurdish Jews to Israel forms the subject of this paper. Scholars have frequently taken the view that when a community with a vital folk tradition is subjected to the pressures of modernization, oral traditions rapidly disappear (Patai, 1946). On the other hand, research among migrant groups, such as the Hindus in Surinam, indicates that demographic changes associated with modernization may affect traditional items and their exchange, as when speakers of separate dialects come together to live in one community (Arya, 1968: 6). In this paper I would like to develop this point by examining changes in the folk literature, particularly folk song and folktale, of the Kurdish Jews following their immigration from Kurdistan to Israel. Contrary to the view commonly held that this rich body of folk literature is on the wane due to the impact of modernization in Israeli society, I propose that changes accompanying modernization may actually encourage the proliferation of certain modes of oral tradition. The data presented here are based on a field study of the folk literature of immigrants from Zakho, Kurdistan in Israel, which included the collection and recording of orally transmitted items from 1971 to 1974.1 I now turn to the ethnographic background of folk literature among Jews in Kurdistan, followed by an analysis of changes in the context of perfor mance for folk song and folktale respectively.
Epicardial beating heart cryoablation using a novel argon-based cryoclamp and linear probe.

Objective Epicardial, beating heart cryoablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation may be limited by heat from intracardiac blood flow. We therefore evaluated the ability to create cryolesions using an argon-based cryoclamp device, which temporarily occludes blood flow and facilitates transmurality. Methods Six mongrel dogs underwent sternotomy. A clamp employing a 10-cm argon-based linear cryoablation device was used epicardially to isolate the pulmonary veins and left atrial appendage. After clamping of lesions, the probe was removed from the cryoclamp device, and the remaining linear lesions, analogous to the Cox maze III, were performed. Pulmonary vein stenosis was evaluated with the use of magnetic resonance imaging. Left atrial function and pulmonary venous flow velocities were assessed with transesophageal echocardiography. Transmurality was confirmed both electrically and histologically. Animals were then put to death at 30 days. Results All acute and chronic cryoclamp lesions produced conduction block. There was no change in right (RPV) or left pulmonary vein (LPV) diameter on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and at planned death (RPV-1, 19.6 ± 2.9 mm vs 16.9 ± 2.8 mm, P = .22; RPV-2, 13.2 ± 2.0 mm vs 11.8 ± 1.6 mm, P = .22; and LPV, 12.2 ± 2.4 mm vs 11.2 ± 1.9 mm, P = .30). Left atrial function and pulmonary venous flow velocities were unchanged. Tissue sections determined transmurality in 93% of cryoclamp lesions and 84% of linear ablations performed with the 10-cm malleable probe. Conclusions Epicardial application of this cryoclamp device on the beating heart produced transmural lesions, which persisted 30 days. Linear epicardial cryoablation was not as effective as the cryoclamp device at producing consistent transmural lesions. This novel, versatile device may be useful in treating patients with atrial fibrillation on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass.
The “S” Factor in Leadership Education, Practice, and Research

Abstract Leadership scholars are confronted with the challenges of integrating spirituality into existing theories of leadership and developing new models that incorporate the leader's spiritual self and ontological power. These challenges call for multidisciplinary research in both quantitative and qualitative traditions and beg for collaboration between leadership scholars, practitioners, and educators to integrate spiritual perspectives into leadership education, practice, and research.
A remark on economic response to technological innovation

Abstract In this article differential techniques are applied to a two-sector equilibrium model of economic response to technological innovation. These techniques allow a parametric comparative statics interpretation of the model, and qualitative results on the directions of parameter shifts are obtained.
Coexistence of strong 3d antiferromagnetism and mixed-valent Kondo regime transition in Ce(MnxCr

Structural, thermal, magnetic, transport, and Ce ${L}_{3}$-edge spectroscopic measurements on the Ce(${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ series are presented. These results all indicate that Cr substitution drives this system from a mixed-valent Ce state at x=1.0 to a Kondo or heavy-fermion state with increasing x. The reflection of the Ce valence-state variation (from ${L}_{3}$ measurements) in the electronic specific heat coefficient and lattice parameters is discussed. The magnetic and transport measurements indicate that the Ce spin-flip scattering processes (i.e., the Kondo effect) apparently thrive within the Mn-moment antiferromagnetically ordered phase of these compounds.