cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of early minimal feeding and non-nutritive sucking on feeding tolerance of very low birth weight infants

Objective To study the effect of early minimal feeding and non-nutritive sucking on feeding tolerance of very low birth weight infants.Method Divide 80 cases of very low birth weight infants into observation group and control group according to admission time equally.Infants in observation group receive early minimal feeding and non-nutritive sucking.Infants in control group receive routine feeding.Observe the feeding tolerance,weight,time of totally reaching gastrointestinal tract,length of stay in hospital and indwelling time of gastric catheters.Result Feeding tolerance in observation group is obviously higher than in control group.Time of totally reaching gastrointestinal tract,recover to born weight and average hospitalizing days is obviously shortened(P0.05).Conclusion Early minimal feeding assisted by non-nutritive sucking for very low birth weight infants can improve the feeding tolerance,gastrointestinal mature and shorten gastric catheter feeding time and length of hospitalization.
Incidence of bony outgrowths of the external ear canal in U.S. Navy divers

Karegeannes JC. Incidence of bony outgrowths of the external ear canal in U.S. Navy divers. Undersea Hyperbaric Med 1995 ; 22(3) :301-306.-Bony outgrowths of the temporal bone into the external ear canal are common in populations that participate in cold water activities. The incidence in professional divers is unknown. Eighty-seven U.S. Navy divers were interviewed and examined to determine the history of aquatic activity and degree of ear canal compromise. An age-matched control population of 42 non-divers without significant history of aquatic activities was also examined. The outgrowths, or exostoses, were found in 23 (26%) divers, and in no controls. Sixteen (70%) of the exostoses were minor, causing 10-20% narrowing of the auditory canal. The largest exostoses were found in divers With an extensive history of aquatic activities. The difference in total hours of aquatic activity was significant between divers and controls. The difference in total hours diving, as well as total time of all aquatic activities, was statistically significant between divers with exostoses and those divers without exostoses. The data confirm the relatively common incidence of this condition in a professional diving community.
Rett Syndrome: Seeing the Way Forward

Rett syndrome is a developmental disorder predominantly affecting young females and first recognized around 1960. Today we know that these women can be expected to live well into middle age. Parents and caregivers must be guided in the provision of optimal care and health maintenance to promote both general health as well as those issues specific to this syndrome. Not the least of these is maintaining effective socialization and interaction with family and friends.
Mechanical Separation of Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) Meat and Consumer Acceptability of a Value-Added Food Product

ABSTRACTMechanical separation of green crab resulted in an average mince yield of 49.2%, with average moisture, ash, protein, and lipid contents of 81.0, 5.1, 10.4, and 1.4%, respectively. Mince from small crabs ( 55 mm). The overall acceptability of green crab mince empanadas (fried, stuffed pastries) was rated between “like slightly” and “like moderately” by a consumer panel (n = 87), regardless of empanada formulation (30, 50, or 70% mince by filling weight). Additionally, 63% of respondents indicated they would “probably” or “definitely” buy the empanadas if available locally.
Navajo, Cree, and Mohawk

Entirely naturally, schools have been at the center of both the learning of the majority language and—more recently—attempting to preserve or revive the ancestral language. The most widely publicized efforts to do so occurred on the Navajo reservation, where until recent decades there was a high rate of illiteracy and of continued use of the Navajo language. Similar efforts have been made in Canada, where the remoteness of Indian bands in the north have to some extent protected the use of Cree and Mohawk.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case-control study and meta-analysis.

Introduction Retinal structural changes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remain a subject of controversy.
Temperature dependence of Raman scattering in Ge 1-x Si x alloys

First-order Raman scattering of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys is studied from T=300--900 K. The Raman shifts of the three optical phonons are modeled by considering thermal expansion and coupling to two phonons. The shift of the Si-Si mode near 500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ has a temperature dependence similar to that of c-Si for xg0.7, but has a slower temperature variation for more Ge-rich alloys. The Ge-Ge mode near 300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ has a temperature dependence similar to that of the optical-phonon mode in c-Ge for all compositions studied. The Raman shift of the Ge-Si mode has a dependence in between that of the Ge-Ge and Si-Si modes. Also, the Raman linewidths of the Si-Si and Ge-Ge modes have a temperature dependence similar to that of c-Si and c-Ge, respectively.
Administration of IL-2-Anti-IL2mAb Complex Post-Allogeneic HCT: a New Approach to Facilitate Rapid and Stable Hematopoietic Chimerism Following Reduced Intensity Conditioning and Experimental HCT

Engraftment and the induction of tolerance to donor antigens is a central aim of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Currently, the administration of Treg cells is being examined as a new approach to support these processes. Based upon the reported ability of IL-2 anti-IL-2 mAb complex (IACX) to expand CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + (Tregs) in vivo , we hypothesized that the administration of this complex to allogeneic HCT recipients may expand host Treg cells and inhibit host anti-donor responses, thereby effectively facilitating hematopoietic engraftment. To begin to address these questions, the effect of IACX treatment on the frequency of circulating Tregs was examined. Two days following the second injection of IACX in normal or reduced intensity conditioned (RIC) mice, the % of circulating Tregs in IACX treated mice was strikingly increased vs. PBS treated controls. Notably, the expression of Treg CD25 (MFI) was also significantly elevated (p 6 BALB. B TCD-BM (day 0) were administered IACX (rIL-2/JES6-1) at days −5 and −3 (pre-HCT) or days +3 and +5 (post-HCT). In multiple independent studies, IACX treatment post-HCT consistently induced markedly superior expansion of host Treg populations at 1 wk post-HCT. Analysis of donor cells (Ly9.1 + ) 1 wk post-HCT clearly demonstrated that recipients treated with IACX post-HCT had markedly increased levels of circulating donor cells compared to the pre-HCT and PBS treated recipients (p + T cell responses to the immunodominant donor epitope (H60) were analyzed by tetramer staining during the first 3 wks post-HCT. The frequency of these cells in recipients administered IACX post-HCT was greatly reduced compared to pre-HCT and PBS treated groups. Finally, to determine the effect of IACX treatment on engraftment, long-term chimerism was examined. Analysis for donor chimerism at 25 weeks post-HCT demonstrated: that only recipients administered IACX post-HCT were chimeric, containing high levels of donor cells vs. IACX pre-HCT and PBS controls, i.e. 36.1 ± 10.9% SE, 1.2 ± 0.785 and 0.78 ± 0.18, respectively. These findings demonstrate that infusion of IL-2 anti-IL-2mAb IACX in RIC allogeneic HCT can induce stable, long-term donor hematopoietic chimerism. Notably, the timing of IACX administration was found to be crucial with respect to conditioning and hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. At least part of the mechanism appears to involve the suppression of host anti-donor T cell responses, which presumably facilitates the initiation of early chimerism during the process of engraftment by donor cells. This approach may provide a new strategy to promote successful hematopoietic engraftment by manipulating endogenous Treg cells and thereby obviating the need for Treg infusions in certain transplant settings.
Encapsulating an Immunosuppressant Enhances Tolerance Induction by Siglec-Engaging Tolerogenic Liposomes.

Unwanted antibody responses significantly impact human health, and current options for treating deleterious antibody responses largely rely on broad immunosuppressants that can compromise overall immunity. A desirable alternative is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. We have shown that co-presentation of antigen and ligands of B cell sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) on a liposomal nanoparticle induces antigen-specific tolerance. Although Siglec-engaging tolerance-inducing antigenic liposomes (STALs) induce robust B cell tolerance in naive mice, the full potential of STALs requires long-term tolerance induction and suppression of an ongoing immune response. We hypothesized that STALs encapsulated with rapamycin (RAPA), an immunomodulator, could improve the efficacy of STALs and potentially enable their use in the context of immunological memory. Here, we showed that formulation of STALs with RAPA produced enhanced tolerance induction in naive mice compared to STALs without RAPA but had minimal impact on inducing tolerance in previously sensitized mice. These findings indicate that the addition of immunomodulators to STALs could be beneficial in tolerance induction and support future development of STALs for the treatment of allergy and autoimmune diseases.
The Landscape of Coverage for Fertility Preservation in Male Pediatric Patients

Abstract Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act significantly increased the number of Americans with health insurance and has greatly improved access to health care services. However, states retain considerable jurisdiction over what benefits must be offered. The lack of a federal mandate for fertility preservation coverage results in a patchwork of benefits dependent on state statutes and regulation. Pediatric, adolescent and unmarried patients diagnosed with cancer or autoimmune diseases that impact fertility are often excluded from such coverage. Methods We analyzed legislative and regulatory efforts in 10 states to determine the breadth of fertility preservation coverage in private, employer based insurance plans and Medicaid, with particular interest in coverage for pediatric and adolescent patients. Results A total of 15 states require coverage of fertility preservation in private insurance plans, with 5 states extending this benefit only to females. The statutes differ in terms of whom the coverage extends to based on marital status, diagnosis, length of fertility problems and monetary limit of the benefit. Fertility preservation is not a mandatory benefit under federal Medicaid regulation. However, states can opt to include it in their state Medicaid plan. No state currently covers fertility preservation as an optional benefit. Conclusions Coverage of fertility preservation is extremely limited in scope of benefits and the number of states that require such benefits. State governments can increase access to a fertility preservation benefit by removing spousal criteria and expanding diagnostic criteria, and by including the benefit in Medicaid plans.
Three Dimensional Structure-Based Genetic Modifications of A Bacterial Cytochrome bc1 Complex

The ubihydroquinone: cytochromec oxidoreductase (cyt bc1 complex) is a major membrane protein complex present in many organisms including bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplast (called plastohydroquinone: plastocyanin oxidoreductase or cyt b6f complex). This energy transducing complex is part of respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer chains, and contribute to the formation of membrane potential and proton gradient, subsequently coupled to ATP synthesis (1–3). In phototrophic bacteria, the cyt bc1 complex oxidizes ubihydroquinone (UQH2) and reduces the soluble cyt c 2 and the membrane-attached c y acting as electron carriers to the reaction center in photosynthesis, or to the cyt c oxidase during respiration. The chloroplast cyt b6f complex on the other hand, transfers electrons between the photosystem II and I Using plastoquinone and plastocyanine as electron donor and acceptor, respectivley. Recently, a third kind of cyt bc complex somewhat similar to the cyt b6f complex was discovered in Gram+ bacteria (4).
Taking the Learning from Service Learning into the Postcollege World

For 10 years, Virginia Wesleyan College (VWC) hosted a week-long on-campus emergency homeless shelter during the College’s short Winter Session. The mission of the extracurricular student-initiated...
MEMS for Nanotechnology: Top-down Perspective

Since the invention of the transistor at Bell Labs in 1947, the semiconductor industry has achieved tremendous success in mass production of integrated circuits via planar batch processing (Brinkman et al. 1997). As predicted by Dr. R. Feynman in his classic talk in 1959 (Feynman), we have already gained the capability of “writing by putting atoms down in a certain arrangement” by exploring “new kind of forces and new kinds of possibilities at the atomic scale.” For nanoscaledevices, he envisioned photolithography and biologically inspired chemical assembly, which are now considered top-down and bottom-up approaches in nanotechnology, respectively. Massive parallel replication of electronic components using photolithography has realized the era of digital electronics in the past century. Based upon this success, revolutionary adaptation of microfabrication technology in various applications has resulted in an unprecedented amount of scientific and engineering feats in many arenas.
A Primer on Unconventional Energy and Deposit Shocks

Unconventional energy development requires large payments to landowners resulting in significant increases in local bank deposits. This paper identifies counties impacted by unconventional energy development in the United States in order to analyze these unsolicited increases in bank deposits. I outline the methodology used to classify impacted counties and I characterize the behavior of local deposits. I conclude that the deposit shock is meaningful in magnitude, persistent, and unsolicited by banks.
SOS1 mutations in Noonan syndrome: Cardiomyopathies and not only congenital heart defects! Report of six patients including two novel variants and literature review

Noonan syndrome (NS) is caused by mutations in more than 10 genes, mainly PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, and RIT1. Congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy (CMP) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in NS. Although hypertrophic CMP has "classically" been reported in association to RAF1, RIT1, and PTPN11 variants, SOS1 appears to be poorly related to CMP. Patients with NS attending our Center from January 2013 to June 2018 were eligible for inclusion if they carried SOS1 variants and presented with-or developed-CMP. Literature review describing the co-existence of SOS1 mutation and CMP was also performed. We identified six patients with SOS1 variants and CMP (male to female ratio 2:1) including two novel variants. CMP spectrum encompassed: (a) dilated CMP, (b) nonobstructive hypertrophic CMPs, and (c) obstructive hypertrophic CMPs. Survival is 100%. Literature review included 16 SOS1 mutated in CMP. CMP, mainly hypertrophic, has been often reported in association to RAF1, RIT1, and PTPN11 variants. Differently from previous reports, due to the frequent association of SOS1 variants and CMP in our single center experience, we suggest potential underestimated proportion of SOS1 in pediatric CMPs.
CuI SNS triazole and imidazole pincers as electrocatalyst precursors for the production of solar fuels

This work reports the first example of mono-nuclear Cu pincers with SNS ligation acting as electrocatalyst precursors for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to CO and H2 in protic organic media.
Genetic analysis of the VP1 gene of enterovirus 71 in Ningbo

Objective To investigate the genetic characteristics of the VP1 gene of enterovirus 71(EV71) in Ningbo. Methods The clinical samples were collected from the patients with hand, foot and mouth disease, and EV71 was isolated and identified. The VP1 gene of EV71 isolates was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The adaptive evolution of the VP1 gene of EV71isolates was analyzed, and the VP1 gene sequences of EV71 isolates were compared with each genotype representative strains. Meanwhile, the titers of isolates were determined. Results Out of twenty-three isolates, six EV71 strains were identified during 2008-2009. The VP1 gene evolution analysis showed that isolates in Ningbo were clustered with subgenotype C4 representative strain. The VP1 gene of six isolates shared the highest homology with subgenotype C4 both at nucleotide level(92.3%-93.1% ) and at amino acid level (98.9%-99.3%). The titers of six EV71 isolates ranged from 101.16 to 103.33 TCID50/ml. Conclusion EV71isolates in Ningbo belong to subgenotype C4. Key words: Enterovirus; Genotype; Sequence aligment
Digesting Difference: Migrants, Refugees, and Incorporation in Europe

This chapter argues that the most critical issue posed by migration in Europe is the effect of sociocultural difference on the maintenance and emergence of social bodies. This issue is typically glossed in political and public discourse as integration, though we show that this “thin” concept is plagued by various limitations. We propose instead a “thick” concept of incorporation, which grounds a theoretical framework that focuses on two critical processes. The first is the incorporation—or digestion—of sociocultural difference itself in diverse European societies. The second is the incorporation—or constitution—of new social bodies and their associated senses of mutual belonging and identification. We argue that processes of incorporation are remaking Europe, its people, and the communities in which they live and interact.
The Laughter of the Saints: Parodies of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Ronald D. Giles Year: 2009 Pages: 240 Publisher: University of Toronto Press ISBN: 9780802099525 (hard cover). Prices: $55(hard cover).
Imaging Calcium Entry Sites and Ribbon Structures in Two Presynaptic Cells

We investigated the location of calcium entry sites and synaptic ribbons in the type-Mb goldfish bipolar neuron and the bullfrog saccular hair cell. Cells were loaded with a fast calcium indicator (Fluo-3 or Fluo-5F) and an excess of a high-affinity but slow Ca buffer (EGTA). The cell surface was imaged by evanescent field microscopy. Small fluorescent "hot spots" representing calcium entry sites appeared abruptly when a voltage step opened Ca channels and disappeared or dimmed abruptly when Ca channels closed. In bipolar cells, the fluorescence of hot spots tracked the calcium influx. Hair cells showed similar Ca hot spots. Synaptic ribbons or dense bodies were labeled by immunofluorescence with an antibody that recognizes the ribbon protein ribeye. The antibody labeled punctate structures beneath the plasma membrane. In both bipolar neurons and hair cells, the number of Ca entry sites was similar or identical to that of ribbons or dense bodies, consistent with the idea that calcium-channel clusters reside near ribbons, and that both mark active zones. In bipolar cells, the number of Ca entry sites and ribeye-positive fluorescent spots is also strikingly similar to that of exocytic active zones but significantly less than the number of total exocytic sites including solitary fusion events outside active zones. We suggest that in bipolar terminals, active zones, Ca entry sites, and synaptic ribbons all colocalize, but also that a significant number of vesicles can fuse outside active zones and, hence, independently of synaptic ribbons.
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in the Neonatal Platelet

An assessment of arachidonic acid metabolism in the platelet of the neonate was performed. The uptake of [14C]arachidonic acid into platelets of both the neonate and the adult were similar. Neonatal platelets, however, released a significantly greater amount (P less than .001) of prelabeled arachidonic acid (24.7% +/- 2.8%) in response to the physiologic agent thrombin when compared with platelets from adult control subjects (14.6% +/- 0.8%). When the activities of the lipoxygenase (12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) and cyclooxygenase pathways (12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid and thromboxane B2) were evaluated following incubation of platelets with [14C]arachidonic acid, significant differences were observed between adult and neonatal platelets. Platelets from the neonate produced less (P less than .01) thromboxane B2 (11.1% +/- 1.7%) when compared with platelets from adult control subjects (19% +/- 1.7%). In contrast, the lipoxygenase product 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicostatetraenoic acid was increased (P less than .005) in the platelet from the neonate (41.5% +/- 2%), when compared with the adult (31.2% +/- 2.1%). The observation that the availability of substrate arachidonic acid is increased in the platelet of the neonate may have general implications in neonatal pathophysiologic processes.
LG(BT) Families and Counting

Counting and understanding lesbian and gay families have gained attention over the last decade in popular culture, policy, and academic research. Contentious debates on family values and same-sex marriage, increasing rates of social tolerance for homosexuality, and a greater general academic attention on issues of sexual orientation have partially spurred this attention in demographic analysis of lesbian and gay families. It is becoming increasingly clear that sexual orientation and gender identity have an effect on demographic processes and life outcomes. Although not perfect, practically speaking, drawing on nationally representative survey data has allowed us to illuminate the presence of same-sex families and their children. These findings have an iterative relationship with social change, public policy, and increasing tolerance for diversity. This article reviews the recent demographic contributions related to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) families. Due to research concentrations, the content of this article not only mostly addresses what is known about gay and lesbian families but also offers future directions to fill research voids including a call for greater attention to and visibility for families with bisexual and transgender members.
Use of the intramuscular relative-dose-response test to predict bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants

We tested the hypothesis that an intramuscular relative dose response (IM-RDR) on day 1 of life would more accurately predict which premature infants would develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) than single measurements of retinol, retinyl palmitate (RP), or retinol binding protein (RBP). Seventy-five premature infants or = 25% occurred in 6 of 37 infants who did not develop BPD compared with 15 of 38 infants who developed BPD (P = 0.025). Retinol, RP, and RBP on day 1 were not different between the groups. BPD infants who received postnatal dexamethasone during their hospital course had a higher day-28 baseline retinol concentration (1.19 +/- 0.15 mumol/L) than did the group with no BPD (0.82 +/- 0.06 mumol/L) (P = 0.03). However, the effect of postnatal dexamethasone on serum retinol was biphasic, rising initially, and then declining after 8-12 d. RP values at time 0 and 5 h on day 28 were higher than day 1 values in both infants without BPD and infants with BPD who did not receive dexamethasone. Retrospective analysis also revealed a significant correlation between a day-1 RDR > or = 25% and the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage in these premature infants. Because the IM-RDR is more helpful in predicting the development of BPD than single serum retinol and RP analyses, this test could be useful in determining which premature infants might benefit from supplemental vitamin A for BPD.
Three-dimensional solutions for coupled thermoelectroelastic response of multilayered plates

Analytic three-dimensional solutions are presented for the coupled thermoelectroelastic response of multilayered hybrid composite plates. The plates consist of a combination of fiber-reinforced cross-ply and piezothermoelastic layers. Both the thermoelectroelastic static response and its sensitivity coefficients are computed. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the response to variations in different mechanical, thermal and piezoelectric material properties of the plate. A linear constitutive model is used, and the material properties are assumed to be independent of the temperature and the electric field. The plates are assumed to have rectangular geometry and special material symmetries. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the three transverse stress components; three displacement components; transverse component of the electric displacement field; electric potential; transverse heat flux component, and temperature change. Each of the fundamental unknowns is expressed in terms of a double Fourier series in the Cartesian surface coordinates. A state space approach is used to generate the static response and to evaluate the sensitivity coefficients. Extensive numerical results are presented showing the effects of variation in the geometric parameters of the plate on the different response quantities and their sensitivity coefficients.
Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine affects CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase and lyso-phosphatidylcholine after transient brain ischemia.

Cytidine-5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline, also referred as citicoline), the key intermediate in phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis, provided significant benefit in experimental central nervous system (CNS) injury including cerebral ischemia. CDP-choline is synthesized by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the key rate-limiting enzyme in PtdCho synthesis. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes PtdCho to produce free fatty acids and lyso-PtdCho, an inhibitor of CCT. We investigated the status of CCT and lyso-PtdCho after 10-min transient brain ischemia in gerbils with reperfusion up to 2 days. Ischemia with no reperfusion resulted in loss of CCT activity in cytosol (408 8 pmol/min/mg protein
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN10 IN A RAT MODEL OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND DEMISE. † 290

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN10 IN A RAT MODEL OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND DEMISE. † 290
Erythrocyte acid phosphatase: species specificity in activity modulation by purine analogs.

Abstract 1. 1. The previous studies of the interaction of purine analogs and human erythrocyte acid phosphatase isozymes were extended to include erythrocyte acid phosphatase from seven other species. 2. 2. Consistent responses, similar to the observations with the several genotypically different human isozymes, were observed. 3. 3. The isozyme from chimpanzee erythrocytes was similar to the human B-type isozyme while the baboon and cow isozymes were at the other extreme in responsiveness and were more divergent from the B-isozyme than was the human A-type isozyme. The ACP from rabbit, dog, sheep and rhesus erythrocytes exhibited intermediate levels of responsiveness but did differ from the human A-type isozyme. 4. 4. Additional studies indicated some differences between the responsiveness of the partially purified erythrocyte enzyme and the low molecular weight ACP from liver.
Clinical high-risk designation does not predict excess fetal-maternal hemorrhage

Abstract During a 5-year period, an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test was used to screen and quantitate fetal-maternal hemorrhage in 789 consecutive D-negative mothers who were delivered of D-positive babies. Six hundred seventy-two patients (85.2%) had no detectable fetal-maternal hemorrhage, and 117 patients (14.8%) had a detectable fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Eight of the 789 (1%) had a fetal-maternal hemorrhage >30 ml and required more than one vial of Rh immune globulin. Two patients with fetal-maternal hemorrhage of 29 and 30 ml also received additional Rh immune globulin. Each case was reviewed for the presence of high-risk features that are thought to predict patients at risk for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Patients having a cesarean section or complicated vaginal delivery were considered to be in a group at high risk for fetal-maternal hemorrhage, while those with a spontaneous vaginal delivery were considered not to be at risk for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Thirty-two of 237 patients (13.5%) in the risk group and 82 of 552 patients (15.3%) in the group not at risk had detectable fetal-maternal hemorrhage. The incidence of fetal-maternal hemorrhage for these two groups was not statistically different (p > 0.50 by χ 2 analysis). If only patients in the risk group had been screened for fetal-maternal hemorrhage, then five of 10 (50%) who required more than one vial of Rh immune globulin would have been undertreated and at risk for developing anti-D antibodies. In addition, newborn birth weight, Apgar scores, and hematocrits were examined for 13 cases of fetal-maternal hemorrhage of ≥21 ml, and none of these characteristics could be used to predict patients at risk for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Therefore, no maternal or newborn characteristics could be identified that would reliably predict patients at risk for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. We conclude that all D-negative patients with D-positive babies should continue to be screened for fetal-maternal hemorrhage to identify those patients requiring more than one vial of Rh immune globulin.
Effects of vinblastine on malondialdehyde formation, serotonin release and aggregation in human platelets

Effects of the microtubular agent vinblastine on human platelet malondialdehyde formation, [14C]serotonin release and aggregation were studied in suspensions of [14C]serotonin-labelled platelets. Vinblastine caused dose-dependent inhibition of malondialdehyde formation and aggregation in platelet suspensions stimulated with thrombin, ADP or palmitaldehyde acetal phosphatidic acid (PGAP). Malondialdehyde formation, aggregation and [14C]serotonin release caused by threshold doses of thrombin were reduced but not abolished by 100 muM vinblastine; 30-100 muM vinblastine abolished ADP- and PGAP-induced malondialdehyde formation and [14C]serotonin released and transformed ADP- and PGAP-induced irreversible aggregation to a diminished reversible response. Arachidonate conversion to malondialdehyde catalysed by human platelet microsomes was inhibited by vinblastine and the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and aspirin, but not by salicylate. Vinblastine inhibited the microsome-catalysed formation of malondialdehyde from prostaglandin H2. It is concluded that vinblastine inhibits the thromboxane pathway of arachidonate metabolism in stimulated platelets, consequently inhibiting release and aggregation, and that this effect of vinblastine may be, at least in part, independent of its antimicrotubular actions.
Associations between reporter type and assessment outcomes in Child Protective Services referrals

Abstract This study examined data collected in 1992 from 42,679 CPS reports in the state of Missouri. It addressed 1. (1) the association between the source of report and the outcome of the investigation; and 2. (2) the variation, by reporter type, in the severity of the maltreatment found in cases where reports were substantiated. All analyses were performed with the types of maltreatment controlled. While anonymous reports were least likely to be substantiated and those from law enforcement officials were most likely to be substantiated, this relationship did not hold for other outcome measures, including the presence of emergency situations and the severity of the maltreatment found. The need for intervention services among reported but unsubstantiated cases was also documented, and the implications of these finding discussed.
Single-snapshot and intensity-resolved two-photon fluorescence measurements

We present a single-snapshot (SSS) method for obtaining intensity-resolved two-photon fluorescence (TPF). This simple method uses a digital camera to image the TPF spot on a liquid dye jet. By making a comparison between the local laser and TPF intensities, TPF probabilities are reconstructed. We compare our intensity-resolved TPF results with those obtained by the more common intensity scanning (IS) and z-scan methods. The dependence of the TPF probability on intensity obtained by the SSS method for coumarin-30 exhibits a clear maximum around I approximately 4 x 10(12) W/cm(2) and a postsaturation decrease, while no such effects were found in the data obtained by the other methods. Additionally, theoretical models are presented to extract the overall probability from within the volume integral. To our knowledge, we present the first reported measurements of such intensity-resolved TPF.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND THE RESPONSE-REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCY.

Generalization gradients along a line-tilt continuum were obtained from groups of pigeons that had been trained to peck a key on different schedules of reinforcement. In Exp. I, gradients following training on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule proved to be much flatter than gradients following the usual 1-min variable interval (VI) training. In Exp. II, the value of the VI schedule itself was parametrically studied; Ss trained on long VI schedules (e.g., 4-min) produced much flatter gradients than Ss trained on short VI schedules (30-sec; 1-min). The results were interpreted mainly in terms of the relative control exerted by internal, proprioceptive cues on the different reinforcement schedules. Several implications of the results for other problems in the field of stimulus generalization are discussed.
Christian Education for Students with Disabilities: A Response to Sutton, Sutton, and Everett

In the Spring 1993 issue of the JRCE the Suttons and E. Gail Everett describe the first research survey of the status of special education in fundamentalist Christian schools. Discovering a dearth of programs for exceptional students, the authors discuss reasons for the phenomenon and call for commitment and Christian concern for “all the children.” James A. Tucker, a national authority on alternative special education, provides a reaction.
Development of the supraorbital and mandibular lateral line canals in the cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus.

The development of two of the cranial lateral line canals is described in the cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus. Four stages of canal morphogenesis are defined based on histological analysis of the supraorbital and mandibular canals. “Canal enclosure” and “canal ossification” are defined as two discrete stages in lateral line canal development, which differ in duration, an observation that has interesting implications for the ontogeny of lateral line function. Canal diameter in the vicinity of individual neuromasts begins to increase before ossification of the canal roof in each canal segment; this increase in canal diameter is accompanied by an increase in canal neuromast size. The mandibular canal generally develops later than the supraorbital canal in this species, but in both of these canals development of the different canal segments contained within a single dermal bone is asynchronous. These observations suggest that a dynamic process requiring integration and interaction among different tissues, in both space and time, underlies the development of the cranial lateral line canal system. The supraorbital and mandibular canals appear to demonstrate a “one-component” pattern of development in Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, where the walls of each canal segment grow up from the underlying dermal bone and then fuse to form the bony canal roof. This is contrary to numerous published reports that describe a “two-component” pattern of development in teleosts where the bony canal ossifies separately and then fuses with an underlying dermal bone. A survey of the literature in which lateral line canal development is described using histological analysis suggests that the occurrence of two different patterns of canal morphogenesis (“one-component” and “two-component”) may be due to phylogenetic variation in the pattern of the development of the lateral line canals. J. Morphol. 255:44–57, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Population structure influences sexual conflict in wild populations of water striders

In sexual conflict, aggressive males frequently diminish the long-term reproductive success of females in efforts to gain a short-term advantage over rival males. This short-term advantage can selectively favour high-exploitation males. However, just as the over-exploitation of resources can lead to local extinction, the over-exploitation of females in the form of harassment by aggressive males can yield similar consequences resulting in reduced female fecundity, increased female mortality and overall decline in mating activity. This outcome may often be prevented by selection acting at multiple levels of biological organization. Directional selection favouring aggressive exploitation within groups can be balanced by directional selection amongst groups opposing exploitation. Such between-group selection has recently been demonstrated in laboratory studies of water striders, where the conditional dispersal of individuals increased variation amongst groups and influenced the balance of selection toward reduced male aggression. This multilevel selection (MLS) framework also provides predictive value when investigating natural populations differing in their relative strength of selection within versus among groups. For water striders, the consequences of local exploitation cause fitness differences between groups, favouring less aggressive males. Inconsistently flowing ephemeral streams consist of isolated pools that prevent aggressive male water striders from escaping the consequences of local exploitation. We, therefore, predicted that inconsistently flowing ephemeral streams would favour the evolution of less aggressive males than would perennial streams, which allow aggressive males to move more freely and to escape the group-level costs of their aggression. Comparing two neighbouring streams during the mating season, we found that males dispersed naturally between pools at much higher rates in the perennial stream than in the ephemeral stream. As predicted, we found that males from the perennial stream were significantly more aggressive than those from the ephemeral stream. We also found that dispersers were significantly more aggressive than non-dispersers within each stream. These field results illustrate the relevance of the MLS framework in our understanding of the evolution of sexual conflict.
Plasmodium berghei: Protection against sporozoites by normal mosquito tissue vaccination of mice

Abstract A/J mice immunized by repeated ip injections of normal mosquito salivary glands or mosquito heads were protected from ip sporozoite challenge but not from iv sporozoite challenge. The pellet from centrifuged salivary glands gave 30% protection, while the supernatant gave 4% protection. Serotonin given 4 hr prior to challenge did not destroy this protection. Mice injected with ground mosquito heads less salivary glands gave 56% protection in spite of the injection of serotonin. It is suggested that a hypersensitive Type 1 reaction may explain a part but perhaps not all of this protection.
A Survey of Business School Heads on Mission-Linked AACSB Accreditation Standards

Abstract The mission-linked AACSB accreditation standards and procedures adopted in 1991 have aroused considerable interest and stimulated much discussion within the business education profession. This study adds to the limited empirical information available on AACSB accreditation under the new standards. Business school deans and program heads were surveyed on attitudes toward the new standards, as well as conditions and circumstances that could have a bearing on AACSB accreditation. Results from the survey provide estimates of quantitative differences between accredited and non-accredited institutions in attitudes, institutional characteristics, teaching methodologies, research productivity, and so on. This information should be of interest to many of those concerned with AACSB accreditation.
State-By-State Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the United States 1960–2000

Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement, usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO2 emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical, resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets.
The Parasite Complex of the Forest Tent Caterpillar in Northern Minnesota

The parasites of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner, were studied during the last 6 yr of the 1964–72 outbreak in northern Minnesota. Egg parasitism, only ca. 4–10%, involved 3 species: Telenomus clisiocampae Riley, Ooencyrtus clisiocampae (Ashmead), and Tetrastichus silvaticus Gahan. Twenty-five hymenopterous species and 13 dipterous species were reared from the larvae and pupae of the forest tent caterpillar. Six of the hymenopterous species were hyperparasites, while 6 of the dipterous species were scavengers. Rogas sp. was the only early larval parasite. The most abundant late larval parasites were Patelloa pachypyga (Aldrich and Webber), Leschenaultia exul (Townsend), Lespesia frenchii (Williston), and Trichonotus analis (Say). Pupal parasitism was highest on cocoons from the ground level and progressively lower in the shrub and crown levels. Pupal parasitism increased with age of the infestation until 1968, decreased significantly in 1969, then increased again until the population collapsed in 1972. Sarcophaga aldrichi Parker and tachina flies accounted for 98% of all parasitism in the late cocoon collection during 1967–71 except in 1970. S. aldrichi destroyed all other parasites in the pupae and became the over-whelmingly dominant parasite in pupae after the 1st year of heavy infestation. Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) was common during the 1st year of heavy infestation. Otherwise, ichneumon wasps were rare in the late cocoon collections except in areas at the edge of the outbreak. The biology and individual patterns of parasitism during the outbreak are discussed for the common parasites.
An examination of depressed vs. nondepressed alcoholics in inpatient treatment

This study was designed to: (1) identify subgroups of depressed and nondepressed alcoholics who were entering inpatient treatment; (2) compare the groups on the basis of various demographic, social, occupational, educational, health and drinking related variables; and (c) determine whether the groups can be differentiated on the basis of personality and clinical symptoms as measured by clinical diagnostic instruments (N = 243). In comparison with the nondepressed alcoholics, depressed alcoholics in this study were found to have longer histories of problem drinking, more previous treatments for alcohol misuse, more difficulty controlling alcohol consumption, more marital problems, and more physical symptoms related to alcohol abuse. In addition, results of the discriminant analysis suggest that the depressed alcoholics may be distinguished from their nondepressed counterparts on the basis of having a detached interpersonal style, distracted cognition, alienated self-image, and mixed depressed-anxious emotionality.
Opponent choices of below average performers

The present paper examined the preferences of below average performers for opponents. In Experiment 1, subjects solved maze problems and were subsequently given feedback indicating they had below average ability. They were then asked to indicate their preferences for above average, average, or below average others as opponents for a subsequent competitive interaction. Results indicated that below average subjects preferred below average and average persons equally as opponents. Supplementary data suggested that below average subjects may be assuming that they will improve on later trials and thus be able to succeed against average-ability opponents. Experiment 2 offered further evidence in support of this notion. The results suggest that the similarity hypothesis may not apply to those cases where it is in the individual’ s self interest to believe he will improve. The implications of the results for competition and social comparison are discussed
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a potential therapeutic target in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

The cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), has been implicated in many aspects of immune system development, immune response regulation, and T cell-mediated tissue injury. TNFα plays a less well-defined role in the pathogenesis of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) group of disorders, and has been considered a potential therapeutic target. Observational studies of TNFα-blockade in (mostly refractory) IIM have yielded inconsistent beneficial results so that administration of these biological agents is presently deemed an unreliable alternative treatment strategy. Moreover, anti-TNFα therapy has the rare potential to trigger myositis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, hinting at a pre-existing “overlap disorder”. The full potential of TNFα-antagonism will be realized only if randomized controlled trials ascertain appropriate treatment regimens and identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit from such therapy.
Solid-State 19F NMR Investigation of Hexafluorobenzene Sorption to Soil Organic Matter

Solid-state {sup 19}F NMR observation of the sorptive uptake of hexafluorobenzene (HFB) by two peat samples gives direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of dual-mode sorption to soil organic matter. The sorption process is shown to be rapid, with all applied HFB sorbed within a few hours. Extractable lipids compete for high energy sorption sites in the organic matter, and their removal increases the amount of rigidly sorbed, immobile species formed. Soil lipids enhance the sorption capacity of the solid-state dissolution domain of the organic matter. This dissolution domain is responsible for partitioning in the dual-mode phenomenon. Removal of the lipids decreases the partitioning capacity of the soil organic matter.
Observation of the Optical Transient Nutation Effect

The optical nutation effect has been observed on a rotational-vibrational transition in gaseous S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ at 10.6 \ensuremath{\mu}.