cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalization of Cholesterol Biosynthesis CONVERSION OF MEVALONATE TO FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE OCCURS IN THE PEROXISOMES

We have recently demonstrated that mevalonate kinase and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase are localized predominantly in peroxisomes. This observation raises the question regarding the subcellular localization of the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps in the pathway between mevalonate kinase and FPP synthase (phosphomevalonate kinase, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase). These enzyme are found in the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction of cells or tissues and have been considered to be cytoplasmic proteins. In the current studies, we show that the activities of mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, and mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase are equal in extracts prepared from intact cells and selectively permeabilized cells, which lack cytosolic enzymes. We also demonstrate structure-linked latency of phosphomevalonate kinase and mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase that is consistent with a peroxisomal localization of these enzymes. Finally, we show that cholesterol biosynthesis from mevalonate can occur in selectively permeabilized cells lacking cytosolic components. These results suggest that the peroxisome is the major site of the synthesis of FPP from mevalonate, since all of the cholestrogenic enzymes involved in this conversion are localized in the peroxisome.
Female Cowbird Song Perception: Evidence for Plasticity of Preference

The goal of the research reported here was to look for evidence of modifiability of preference for male song in female cowbirds, Molothrus ater. To this end, we investigated whether social experience affected the breadth and consistency of females' playback preferences for geographic variants of male song. In three experiments, we varied female cowbirds' exposure to males. Wild-caught juvenile females showed a preference for local song in their first year when housed without males in sound-attenuating chambers, as we had found previously with adult females. But we found that neither adult nor juvenile females showed a preference for local over distant song after they had been housed in large, outdoor aviaries with other females but without male residents. Aviary housing with local males did lead to preferences for local songs. These data represent the first unqualified evidence that adult and juvenile female cowbird preferences for song are modifiable. These data add to the growing body of literature suggesting that receivers, as well as signalers, rely on learning during development of their communication system.
Synthesis of the first water-soluble trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerols

Abstract Novel water-soluble trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerols, Sc 3 N·C 80 (OH) ∼10 (O) ∼10 , have been synthesized from polyanionic radical intermediates. These metallofullerols were characterized using a variety of methods, although small quantities of material hamper the ability to fully characterize. Metallofullerols containing paramagnetic metal atoms could one day be used as MRI contrasting agents.
Senescent changes in a neurobiological model system: Cerebellar Purkinje cell electrophysiology and correlative anatomy

Abstract A within-subjects design was used to assess age changes in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Four groups of naive male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3, 10, 20, and 28 months, underwent single cell recording for electrophysiological assessment of Purkinje cell firing patterns, followed by perfusion for glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine fluorescence. Cerebellar sections were photographed first by fluorescence microscope for catecholamines, and 2–3 weeks later for quantification of lipofuscin autofluorescence. Finally, these same tissues were treated with cresyl violet and photographed a third time to permit quantitative estimates of age changes in the number of Nissl staining Purkinje neurons. Electrophysiological studies revealed significant effects of age on a number of Purkinje cell firing parameters: in particular, increasing numbers of aberrant, very slow-firing cells were encountered in older animals. These cells showed normal climbing fiber mediated burst activity, but spontaneous simple spike firing rates 3–5 times less than normal. Rats exhibiting the highest numbers of such abnormal cells also exhibited the poorest Nissl staining. Conversely, good Nissl staining of Purkinje neurons in an old rat was a reliable predictor of relatively normal Purkinje cell firing. Lipofuscin was found to accumulate measurably in Purkinje neurons by 20 months of age, and to increase significantly thereafter. Deposition of the substance occurred almost exclusively at the apical pole of the soma. Our data suggest, however, that accumulation of lipofuscin in Purkinje neurons, as well as its reported accumulation in the inferior olive, is not a primary cause of electrophysiological dysfunction. There was no apparent age change in glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine fluorescence nor, in separate pharmacological studies, could any senescent alteration in cerebellar catecholamine levels be found.
Shortwave aerosol optical depth of Arctic haze measured on board the NOAA WP-3D during AGASP-II, April 1986

Measurements of spectral aerosol optical depth in the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic were made from the NOAA Lockheed WP-3D aircraft as part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) during April 1986. The flight tracks and altitudes flown enabled measurements of the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosol optical depth in the troposphere as well as direct determination of the stratospheric component. Tropospheric aerosol optical depth ranged from about 0.1 to 0.7. The factor of 7 variability sometimes occurred within 50 km horizontally; comparable variability occurred within less than 1 to 2 km vertically. The Angstrom exponents of the spectral optical depths ranged from 0.5 to 2.0, and some of the variability was apparently related to distinct aerosol regimes.
Auditory and Visual Contributions to the Perception of Consonants

Perceptual confusions of 16 consonant-vowel (CV) syllables were studied with normal-hearing adults under conditions of auditory-visual presentation at various signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios, as well ...
Paradoxical Akathisia Caused by Clonazepam, Clorazepate and Lorazepam in Patients with Traumatic Encephalopathy and Seizure Disorders: A Subtype of Benzodiazepine-Induced Disinhibition?

Akathisia is frequently reported to be caused by neuroleptic drugs and sometimes by certain other agents such as fluoxetine. Benzodiazepines are a common treatment. The principal mechanism of akathisia is thought to be neurochemical, probably dopaminergic with serotonin also playing an important role. It is not usually thought to be related to benzodiazepine-caused disinhibition. Four episodes of atypical or paradoxical benzodiazepine-induced akathisia in three patients are reported and analyzed. All four episodes of akathisia were atypical because they were caused by clonazepam, clorazepate, or lorazepam. In one patient neither thiothixene nor lorazepam caused akathisia, but clonazepam and clorazepate did. In another patient both lorazepam and fluoxetine caused akathisia. It is also noted that all three patients had a history of traumatic brain injury and seizure disorder. The data support the hypothesis that atypical benzodiazepine-induced akathisia exists. Its mechanism may be different from neuroleptic-induced akathisia, but may still involve serotonergic systems or the forced normalization phenomenon. The similarity of these cases to reports of benzodiazepine-induced disinhibition raises the possibility that in some patients they may be the same entity.
The gendered boundaries of child‐centred education: Elsie Ripley Clapp and the history of US progressive education

This paper analyses how historical narratives of the 1930s conflict between child‐centred and social reconstructionist factions of US progressive education reinforce gendered constructions of education. The split between these two groups has been drawn along lines of gender with child‐centred education associated with female educators focused on individual development and social reconstructionists comprised of university male faculty working for social justice. The work of Elsie Ripley Clapp, an active proponent of rural progressive education in the 1920s and 1930s, is used to illustrate the limitations of accepted categorisations of progressive education. The focus on Clapp points to new ways of framing the ideological tensions within the progressive education movement and highlights how the politics of gender influence which educators are remembered as leaders and activists. The paper argues that the recent renewal of interest in social reconstructionism should include a critique of its oppositional and...
The effects of heating on food acceptability and consumption

The effects of heating on acceptance and consumption of a military ration were examined in a 5-day field study. Two individual heating methods and one group method were compared in terms of effectiveness and convenience. Primary data collection, devices were daily intake logs and a final questionnaire. Results extend laboratory studies showing positive effects of heating on acceptability of foods typically served hot. Positive effects on consumption of heated as well as nonheated foods were also found. The problem of weight loss and the need for additional measures to increase consumption in cold weather were discussed.
Use of recombinant human thyrotropin in a complicated case of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a complicated case of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma and the use of recombinant human thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) (rhTSH) in conjunction with treatment with radioactive iodine Methods We present a detailed case report and discuss the use of rhTSH in this setting. Results A 62-year-old Filipino man with a history of incompletely treated papillary thyroid cancer sought medical assistance in the emergency department because of weakness of the right upper extremity. Imaging studies showed a large mediastinal mass in association with C7 vertebral body erosion and spinal cord impingement. A cervical lymph node biopsy revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular variant. Further imaging studies disclosed widely metastatic disease. The patient subsequently had a complicated treatment course and received rhTSH in conjunction with 131I treatment. Conclusion This unusual case demonstrates possible complications of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma along with innovations in treatment options, including the use of rhTSH to stimulate the uptake of radioiodine by thyroid cancer cells. (Endocr Pract. 2001;7:99-101)
Simultaneously tuning the electric and magnetic plasmonic response using capped bi-metallic nanoantennas

We present a novel, capped bowtie nanoantenna capable of achieving simultaneous enhancement of electric and magnetic fields in a broad spectrum spanning visible to near-infrared frequencies. By controlling parameters including nanoantenna array spacing, cap thickness, and bowtie gap spacing, we show magnetic enhancements in excess of 3000 times the incident field, which are among the highest values reported to date. Further, electric field enhancements >104 are obtained across the full parameter range. This is in contrast to diabolo antenna designs that achieve strong magnetic enhancement at the expense of mitigating the electrical resonance. We further show that this architecture achieves refractive index sensitivities of ∼700 nm RIU−1. The combination of large, tunable electric and magnetic-field enhancements makes the capped-nanoantenna platform highly attractive for magnetic plasmonics, metamaterial engineering, nonlinear optics, and sensing applications.
A Spectrometric Study of the Oxidation of Alcohols by Cerium(IV).

This cerium (IV)-alcohol experiments reintroduce precise quantitative techniques in a laboratory devoted primarily to qualitative methods and exemplify the approach used in studying enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions.
The oscillatory behavior of the CO oxidation reaction at atmospheric pressure over platinum single crystals: surface analysis and pressure dependent mechanisms

The oscillatory behavior of the catalyzed oxidation of carbon monoxide has been studied over platinum single crystals of (111), (100), and (13,1,1) orientation. Surface properties were examined in ultra high vacuum, before and after the reaction, using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), and a Kelvin probe for work function measurements. The oxidation of carbon monoxide was carried out at both low pressure (10 −4 Torr) and atmospheric pressure. The mechanism for the oscillations was different at high and low pressures. A model is presented for the oscillations appearing in the high pressure reaction. This model invokes the formation of platinum oxide, the presence of which was determined experimentally. At atmospheric pressure, silicon was always present on the platinum surfaces and was necessary to detect oscillatory behavior.
Lack of association between an RFLP near the D2 dopamine receptor gene and severe alcoholism

Abstract Blum et al (1990) have recently examined a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected by TaqI RFLP to the dopamine D 2 receptor gene (DRD2) in deceased alcoholics and nonalcoholics, and reported an association between alcoholism and the A 1 allele. Subsequent studies, however, by other investigators have failed to confirm this. We have examined the DRD2 TaqI RFLP in 47 living Caucasian males with severe alcoholism. All alcoholic subjects were thoroughly characterized by a structured interview, and met DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence. Only 947 (19%) (1990) of these alcoholics had the A 1 allele compared to 1422 (64%) reported by Blum et al. This rate was not significantly different from the rates reported in control populations by Blum et al (1990), CEPH, or Bolos et al (1990), and differed only slightly from those reported by Grandy et al (1990). Alcoholics selected for severe medical complications also displayed a similar rate. Our data do not support an association between alcoholism and the D 2 dopamine receptor gene in this population.
Position-effect variegation for an isoamylase in Drosophila melanogaster.

It has been shown that the rearrangement T(1; 2) OR 32 which has the Amy region inserted into the beterochromatic region of the X chromosome exhibits variegation for that particular isoamylase (band No. 2 on the zymogram) which the translocated element codes for. Many of the characteristics associated with the variegation phenomenon were detected. An extra Y chromosome present in the genome had a suppressive action on the variegation, i.e. more of the Amy2 component was produced. On the other hand, XO males showed no amylase activity in band position No. 2 on the zymogram. Some enhancement of amylase production by the transposed gene was observed in the progeny if a Y chromosome was present in the genome of the mother. Also did high temperature (29° C) enhance and low temperature (18° C) diminish amylase production by the variegating gene.
Measurement of the Hemoglobin N-(2-Oxoethyl)valine Adduct in Ethyl Carbamate-Treated Mice

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is bioactivated by CYP2E1 through vinyl carbamate to its epoxide, a reactive electrophile. This carcinogen reacts with macromolecules, including hemoglobin (Hb). This report defines a method to examine levels of N-(2-oxoethyl) adduct on the N-terminal valine of Hb after EC treatment at carcinogenic doses. Concentrations were determined 24 hr following an oral dose of EC (1 mg/g body wt) to strains A/J and C57BL/6 mice. Globin samples were isolated by precipitation in acidified acetone, washed, dried, and stored frozen at −20°C until analyzed. Weighed aliquots were treated with sodium borohydride to reduce the aldehyde of the 2-oxoethyl group to the N-(2-hydroxyethyl) adduct. The adduct valine was cleaved using phenylisothiocyanate to form a substituted phenylthiohydantoin derivative of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine in a modified Edman degradation. After reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, the resultant product, 1-(2′-trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-2-thiohydantoin, was quantified by GC/MS with selected ion monitoring of the molecular ion using synthetic N-(3-hydroxypropyl)valine as an internal standard. No adducts were detected without NaBH4 reduction. Strain A/J mice treated with EC (1 mg/g, N = 10) yielded mean ± standard deviation (SD) adduct level values of 13.3 ± 1.03 nmol/g globin; saline-treated A/J controls (N = 7) gave background levels of 4.43 ± 0.69 nmol/g globin. Strain C57BL/6 mice treated with EC (1 mg/g, N = 6) exhibited mean ± SD values of 12.0 ± 1.92 nmol/g globin, while control mice of this strain (N = 4) had adduct levels of 7.23 ± 1.19 nmol/g globin. These results are consistent with findings of others that bioactivation of EC produces N-(2-oxoethyl)valine hemoglobin adducts. Although the difference between mouse strains in mean total adduct levels following EC treatment was not significant, the differences evident in comparisons within strains due to treatment, between strains in endogenous background levels, and between strains in estimates of mean increases in adduct concentrations resulting from EC treatment were highly significant (p < 0.01). This assay provides a biomarker system for assessment of production from EC of the electrophilic metabolites which are believed to be genotoxic following metabolic activation in vivo.
Expression of CPI-17 in smooth muscle during embryonic development and in neointimal lesion formation

Ca2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle (SM) contraction is determined by CPI-17, an inhibitor protein for myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). CPI-17 is highly expressed in mature SM cells, but the expression level varies under pathological conditions. Here, we determined the expression of CPI-17 in embryonic SM tissues and arterial neointimal lesions using immunohistochemistry. As seen in adult animals, the predominant expression of CPI-17 was detected at SM tissues on mouse embryonic sections, whereas MLCP was ubiquitously expressed. Compared with SM α-actin, CPI-17 expression doubled in arterial SM from embryonic day E10 to E14. Like SM α-actin and other SM marker proteins, CPI-17 was expressed in embryonic heart, and the expression was down-regulated at E17. In adult rat, CPI-17 expression level was reduced to 30% in the neointima of injured rat aorta, compared with the SM layers, whereas the expression of MLCP was unchanged in both regions. Unlike other SM proteins, CPI-17 was detected at non-SM organs in the mouse embryo, such as embryonic neurons and epithelium. Thus, CPI-17 expression is reversibly controlled in response to the phenotype transition of SM cells that restricts the signal to differentiated SM cells and particular cell types.
Persistent sinus node dysfunction secondary to lithium therapy.

Chez un homme de 61 ans atteint de psychose maniaco-depressive une brachycardie sinusale a ete notee moins d'une semaine apres le debut du traitement par le lithium. Moins d'une semaine apres l'arret du lithium le rythme sinusal etait retabli trois semaines apres la reprise du lithium on a mis en evidence la brachycardie sinusale avec des periodes d'arret sinusal et des systoles d'echappement. Un stimulateur permanent a ete implante et le lithium a ete repris
A pilot study to promote walking among obese and overweight individuals: walking buses for adults.

Objective To assess whether the concept of a walking bus program is a viable option for increasing physical activity and weight loss among overweight and obese adults Methods A pilot study was conducted where 45overweight and obese participants were monitored over an 8 week period and their walking bus use and weight changes were measured longitudinally. Results Participants who utilized the walking bus were more likely than those who did not use the walking bus to lose weight. Black walking bus users were less likely to lose weight than non-black walking bus users. 98% of participants said they would likely participate in a walking bus program again. Conclusions Walking buses programs are a viable option to promote weight loss among overweight and obese adults.
Optimum Bandwidth of a Low-Pass Filter for Detection of a Pulse in Nonstationary Noise

The two-dimensional spectrum is used to compute the optimum low-pass filter bandwidth for the detection of a pulse in noise having an exponential variation of the spectrum level. A simple equation for the two dimensional spectrum of the input is derived. The resulting equations are used to compute curves showing the time variation of the optimum filter bandwidth and the variation of the output signal-to-noise ratio.
Serum proinflammatory cytokine responses to influenza virus vaccine among women during pregnancy versus non-pregnancy

Objective This study aimed to comprehensively describe inflammatory responses to trivalent influenza virus vaccine (TIV) among pregnant women and determine if responses differ compared to non-pregnancy.
Rabbit Blastocoele Perfusion Technique

TROPHOBLAST cells must play a significant role in the movement of solute and water into the blastocoele1. The epithelial trophoblast (Fig. 1A exposed on one side to the uterine environment and on the other to the blastocoele fluid, appears structurally and functionally similar to other solute and water transporting organs with epithelial cells which separate the blood stream from body cavities2. There is evidence for active ionic transport across the rabbit trophoblast2–5, perhaps in connexion with the accumulation of blastocoele fluid2,4.
Enzymatic inactivation of SRS-Cys-Gly (leukotriene D)

Summary The peptidases in rat basophilic leukemia cells, guinea pig lung, peritoneal eosinophils and limpet arylsulfatase preparation were shown to inactivate SRS-Cys-Gly but not SRS-GSH and SRS-Cys. The SRS-Cys-Gly inactivating peptidases were resolved from arylsulfatases in these cell systems. We have shown that arylsulfatases do not inactivate SRS-Cys-Gly and that peptidases are probably the enzymes primarily responsible for modulating SRS-Cys-Gly levels in vivo .
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infected total knee arthroplasty.

Use of vancomycin to treat infections and hospital colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has contributed to the development of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus. Postoperative infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus developed in 2 patients after total knee arthroplasty, indicating that the infections were nosocomial. Both patients required multiple procedures. The infections were controlled with serial open debridements. One knee was fused successfully, and the other was managed with resection arthroplasty.
Surface activities of tertiary amine local anesthetics at air/water interface in the presence and absence of phospholipid monolayers

Abstract Adsorption of procaine and tetracaine to the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers at the air/water interface is analyzed in terms of two types of interaction: (1) between the phospholipid molecules and the ligand molecules, and (2) among the ligand molecules themselves. The presence of the phospholipid monolayer increases the surface concentration of the anesthetics. The interaction energy, ω AB , between the phospholipid molecules and the anesthetic molecules at the interface accounts for this excess adsorption. The values were −2.95 kT for procaine and −2.99 kT for tetracaine where k is the Boltzmann constant and T = 298 K. The adsorption of the local anesthetics to the interface was cooperative. The interaction energy, ω AA , between the anesthetics molecules on the surface determines the cooperativity. The values were −0.056 kT for procaine and −0.397 kT for tetracaine, where T = 298 K. This parameter determines the slope of the curve plotted relating the surface concentration (Γ) and the logarithm of the bulk concentration (log C ). When | ω AA / kT | ⩾ 1, the adsorption follows the phase-transition. A parameter K A , which is related to the difference of the free energy of anesthetics between the surface and the bulk molecules, locates the take-off point of the adsorption curve at the log C axis. The values were 2.15 · 10 3 for procaine and 7.00 · 10 3 for tetracaine.
Birth order and spatial-perceptual ability: negative note.

Studies relating ordinal position to intellectual functioning have produced equivocal results although the weight of evidence suggests that first-borns have somewhat higher general intelligence test scores than their younger siblings (Sampson, 1965, pp. 191-193). Apparently the relationship of birth order to separate subfactors of perceptual and cognitive functioning has received little attention. The authors have available data on birth order, family size, and four tests of spatialperceptual ability for approximately 150 freshman collegiate student nurses. These Ss were all 17 to 18 yr. of age and the great majority came from upper middle-class homes; they comprised all members of two consecutive classes. The four tests were: ( a ) the Rod-and-frame test (Witkin, Dyk, Fatetson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962); ( b ) Gottschaldt embedded figures [nine designs from Witkin's (1961) form of the test were used: C-1, D-1, C-2, E-1, G-1, A-3, C-3, D-2, and E-51; ( c ) Laterality Discrimination, a test in which S is presented with a series of 32 drawings of right or left parts of the body and required to identify them verbally as "right" or "left" 3s quickly as p~ss ib l e ;~ ( d ) Tactile Localization, a test in which S is lightly stimulated at a series of points on the surface of his palm while it is hidden from his sight and asked
Case report: A giant leg abscess in a patient with dementia.

Dementia in the nursing home population can lead to unusual clinical presentations. History-taking is often restricted or impossible since loss of rational communication is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical signs in the severely demented are often misinterpreted due to the lack of communication between the patient and physician. Agitation, somnolence, withdrawal, and fever are common in nursing home patients, and their causes may be misunderstood. We present a patient in whom the inability to communicate led to a presentation that harkened back to one seen in the preantibiotic era.
Annular pancreas: Culprit or innocent bystander?

Summary Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly that has been often implicated in duodenal and biliary obstructions. However, the true incidence of such presentation is very low. We present a case of a 57-year-old female with mixed hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice where annular pancreas was an innocent bystander.
An Acceleration Mechanism for Loop Transients in the Outer Corona

The heliocentrifugal motion of coronal loop transients is likely driven largely by the buoyant force exerted by the ambient medium. In the outer corona where the solar wind is well formed, the buoyant force results mainly from the rapid outward decrease in the ambient pressure of the solar wind. The contribution from magnetic buoyancy is not so significant as in the vicinity of the solar surface. Therefore, the pertinent features of the loop transients in the outer corona are basically gasdynamical. As a conspicuous part of coronal expansion, the motion of the compressible masses in the transient loops is largely controlled by thermal forces. The translational motion of heliocentrifugal expansion is driven by the hydrodynamic buoyant force, and the lateral motion of peripheral expansion is driven by the pressure difference between the dense plasma of the ejecta and the tenuous plasma of the ambient medium.
Cooper pair insulator phase induced in amorphous Pb0.9Bi0.1 thin films

Abstract A Cooper pair insulator (CPI) phase emerges near the superconductor–insulator transitions of a number of strongly-disordered thin film systems. Much recent study has focused on a mechanism driving the underlying Cooper pair localization. We present data showing that a CPI phase develops in amorphous Pb 0.9 Bi 0.1 films deposited onto nano-porous anodized aluminum oxide surfaces just as it has been shown to develop for a-Bi films. This result confirms the assertion that this CPI phase emerges due to the structure of the substrate. It supports the picture that nanoscale film thickness variations induced by the substrate drive the localization. Moreover, it implies that the CPI phase can be induced in any superconducting material that can be deposited onto this surface.
A review on the continuous blending of powders

This review traces the underlying theory and practice of continuous powder blending to provide a foundation for its development. Apart from reviewing the experimental studies reported in literature, some of the monitoring techniques used in blending research with applications in continuous blending also are considered. This review attempts to identify the synergy that can be realized by studying powder behavior in batch blenders and applying similar techniques to continuous blenders. Predictive modeling in the design of continuous blenders is identified as a long-term objective in this growing body of knowledge.
The Komagata Maru in history and literary narrative: Cultural memory, representation, and social justice

Lately, the disastrous voyage of the Komagata Maru seems to have achieved critical mass in the collective unconscious of South Asian immigrants and has emerged at the forefront of literary and film representations. What is the significance of such an infamous incident as the Komagata Maru? How does it get represented? Who makes the claim to speak on behalf of its beleaguered passengers? This article examines the complex host of intersecting discourses: racial discrimination, colonial exploitation, immigration rights and policies, the radical nationalism of the Ghadr party, and inter-ethnic relations among Asian immigrants in North America, among others across which the Komagata Maru has been deployed in recent literary representations and cultural discourse. With the growing visibility and success of labor activism within the South Asian community in North America on behalf of taxi workers, domestic workers, and other such disenfranchised groups, the Komagata Maru seems to have acquired a new significance...
Securing Economic Justice and Sustainability from Structural Deviances : Recommendations for Consumer Credit Policy Changes

As the current financial crisis disproportionately harms the financially vulnerable and poses a great threat to the well-being of the national and global economy, unprecedented societal dependence upon unsecured consumer credits exacerbates the crisis. The author describes this dependence, unveils structural deviance and economic injustice behind it, and recommends three public policy solutions to alleviate the current financial crisis and ameliorate the systematic deviance. The three solutions include lowering credit card interest rates, resurrecting a grace period for late payments, and establishing a temporary tax break for revolving credit card holders.
Molecular Events Underlying Pregnancy-Induced Cardiomyopathy

The etiology of cardiomyopathy in pregnant women remains unclear. In this issue, Hilfiker-Kleiner et al. (2007) report that a reduction in STAT3 and a concomitant increase in cathepsin D may be a cause of this disease. Cathepsin D generates an antiangiogenic cleavage product of the hormone prolactin. The authors show that an inhibitor of prolactin secretion may be useful in treating this disease.
Lifestyles of the risky and infamous. From managed care to managed lives.

As managed care organizations provide an increasing proportion of citizens' health care, the move toward asking individuals to help control costs by taking more responsibility for their health is likely to intensify. Economic, medical, and legal responses to lifestyle-induced health care costs raise concerns as well as possibilities for using resources responsibly.
Entropy of transfer of molecular benzoic acid from a pure liquid to an aqueous solution

The solubility of benzoic acid in distilled, deionized water was determined over a limited temperature range. The entropy of transfer of molecular benzoic acid from a pure liquid to an aqueous solution was calculated. Data also were analyzed in terms of the hypothetical partial molal entropy of transfer of molecular benzoic acid from an ideal or a regular solution to an aqueous solution. Interpretation of the data indicates that solutesolvent interactions result in a reduction of the number of independent molecules relative to an ideal or a regular solution.
Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers.

Vertical velocity variance data were derived from remotely sensed mixed layer turbulence measurements at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Butler County, Kansas. These measurements and associated data were provided by a collection of instruments that included two 915 MHz wind profilers, two radio acoustic sounding systems, and two eddy correlation devices. The data from these devices were available through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE) database operated by Argonne National Laboratory. A signal processing procedure outlined by Angevine et al. was adapted and further built upon to derive vertical velocity variance, w′2¯, from 915 MHz wind profiler measurements in the mixed layer. The proposed procedure consisted of the application of a height-dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) filter, removal of outliers plus and minus two standard deviations about the mean on the spectral width squared, and removal of the effects of beam broadening and vertical shearing of ...
Correction of stress urinary incontinence: transperitoneal approach.

The options available to correct stress urinary incontinence are numerous. We reviewed the current literature on transperitoneal laparoscopic surgery as a new minimally invasive alternative for the correction of this problem. Transperitoneal laparoscopic colposuspension is technically feasible and has a success rate comparable to that of the traditional open retropubic urethropexy and transvaginal needle suspension techniques. Laparoscopic repair takes longer to complete but minimizes postoperative discomfort, hospital stay, and the time to return of normal activities. There is little blood loss, and the duration of urinary diversion averages 24 to 48 hours, with suprapubic urinary drainage unnecessary. Laparoscopic colposuspension by the transperitoneal approach is a reasonable alternative in treating stress urinary incontinence. Early results are similar to those of open and needle suspension techniques, although longer follow-up is necessary to determine longterm efficacy.
Microarray expression profiles in breast cancer MCF-7 cells following exposure to benzo[ a ]pyrene and its diol epoxide

Maintenance of genome integrity in mammalian cells may be compromised by the concomitant accumulation of DNA damage and loss of repair functions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are classic DNA-damaging and tumor-promoting agents. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a prototype PAH, induces several genotoxic responses, including cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress and DNA adduct formation. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to B[a]P (1−5 M) and the B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE) (50−100 nM) induced transient S-phase arrest, which was followed by accumulation in G2 and M and 70% loss of cell viability. In cells treated with B[a]P and BPDE, we observed segregation of nucleolar material and a drastic reduction in the number of ribosomal fibrillar centers. To identify the expression profile in cells treated with B[a]P or BPDE, we analyzed the levels of expression of 1,152 selected genes using a GeneMAP CancerArray in control and treated cells. Changes in gene expression were evaluated twice in duplicate (n=4). Compared with the expression levels in untreated cells, transcripts that were upregulated by both B[a]P and BPDE included members of the cytochrome P450, AP-1 (Fra-1, Fra-2) and glutathione S-transferase families; PARP; and G1/S-specific cyclins. In contrast, transcript levels for BRCA-1, G2/M cyclins, bcl-2, junB and fosB were downregulated in cells treated with B[a]P or BPDE. Treatment with the metabolite BPDE tended to elicit a stronger response than treatment with B[a]P. Analysis of expression profiles by microarray may be useful to understand the interactions among overlapping pathways and assess exposure to environmental carcinogens.
The International Monetary System: Diffusion and Ambiguity

Ample evidence exists to suggest that the distribution of power in international monetary affairs is changing. But where does monetary power now reside, and what are the implications for governance of the international monetary system? On these questions, uncertainty reigns. The aim of this essay is to shed some new light on the dynamics of power and rule setting in global finance today.
Ultrastructure of Human Traumatic Cataract

Although electron microscopy has been used to study human senile cataract," subcapsular cataract," and electric cataract, no previous electron microscopic study has described human traumatic cataract. Such a study is of interest not only on a purely pathologic basis, but also affords the op­ portunity to document the sequence of events in cataractogenesis, since the exact time of the initial event, i.e., the trauma, is known. In this report we compare three lenses: one (Case 1) was penetrated inferiorly two weeks before extraction; another (Case 2) was penetrated inf eriorly 11 months before extraction. Neither patient had any other predisposing cause for cataract, and the contralateral eye in each case had a clear lens and visual acuity of 20/20. A clear, presumably normal lens (Case 3) was obtained at surgical enuclea­ tion for a malignant melanoma and served as the control against which ultrastructural changes in the injured lenses were compared.
Neural crest contribution to lingual mesenchyme, epithelium and developing taste papillae and taste buds

The epithelium of mammalian tongue hosts most of the taste buds that transduce gustatory stimuli into neural signals. In the field of taste biology, taste bud cells have been described as arising from “local epithelium”, in distinction from many other receptor organs that are derived from neurogenic ectoderm including neural crest (NC). In fact, contribution of NC to both epithelium and mesenchyme in the developing tongue is not fully understood. In the present study we used two independent, well-characterized mouse lines, Wnt1-Cre and P0-Cre that express Cre recombinase in a NC-specific manner, in combination with two Cre reporter mouse lines, R26R and ZEG, and demonstrate a contribution of NC-derived cells to both tongue mesenchyme and epithelium including taste papillae and taste buds. In tongue mesenchyme, distribution of NC-derived cells is in close association with taste papillae. In tongue epithelium, labeled cells are observed in an initial scattered distribution and progress to a clustered pattern between papillae, and within papillae and early taste buds. This provides evidence for a contribution of NC to lingual epithelium. Together with previous reports for the origin of taste bud cells from local epithelium in postnatal mouse, we propose that NC cells migrate into and reside in the epithelium of the tongue primordium at an early embryonic stage, acquire epithelial cell phenotypes, and undergo cell proliferation and differentiation that is involved in the development of taste papillae and taste buds. Our findings lead to a new concept about derivation of taste bud cells that include a NC origin.
BEHAVIOR PATTERNS OF GROUPS EXPERIMENTALLY CONFINED.

In a series of tests, behavior patterns of two 30-person fallout shelter occupancy groups were evaluated to determine effects of confinement for 2 wk. under conditions of austerity. No adverse fatigue effect was observed.
Multidimensional exploration of valley-ridge inflection points on potential-energy surfaces.

The ene reaction between singlet oxygen (1O2) and simple alkenes has been reported as the first experimentally supported example of a potential-energy surface (PES) featuring a valley−ridge inflection that contributes to the selectivity of product formation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1319−1328). That PES, based on gas-phase ab initio calculations and experimental kinetic isotope effects, has shaped the current 1O2 ene mechanism by advocating a concerted “two-step no-intermediate” mechanism. Our current investigation of the ene reaction between 1O2 and tetramethylethylene in water, DMSO, and cyclohexane using novel 3-dimensional potentials of mean force (3-D PMF) calculations coupled to QM/MM simulations predicts an alternative free-energy surface that supports a traditional stepwise mechanism interpretation featuring a symmetric charge-separated perepoxide intermediate. Solvent polarity dictates the stability of the intermediate and controls the activation barrier for ene product formation. Transformat...
Binding and regulatory properties of phosphofructokinase from swine kidney

The influence of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate on the activation of purified swine kidney phosphofructokinase as a function of the concentration of fructose 6P, ATP and citrate was investigated. The purified enzyme was nearly completely inhibited in the presence of 2 mM ATP. The addition of 20 nM fructose 2,6-P2 reversed the inhibition and restored more than 80% of the activity. In the absence of fructose 2,6-P2 the reaction showed a sigmoidal dependence on fructose-6-phosphate. The addition of 10 nM fructose 2,6-bisphosphate decreased the K0.5 for fructose 6-phosphate from 3 mM to 0.4 mM in the presence of 1.5 mM ATP. These results clearly show that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increases the affinity of the enzyme for fructose 6-phosphate and decreases the inhibitory effect of ATP. The extent of inhibition by citrate was also significantly decreased in the presence of fructose 2,6-phosphate. The influence of various effectors of phosphofructokinase on the binding of ATP and fructose 6-P to the enzyme was examined in gel filtration studies. It was found that kidney phosphofructokinase binds 5.6 moles of fructose 6-P per mole of enzyme, which corresponds to about one site per subunit of tetrameric enzyme. The KD for fructose 6-P was 13 microM and in the presence of 0.5 mM ATP it increased to 27 microM. The addition of 0.3 mM citrate also increased the KD for fructose 6-P to about 40 microM. AMP, 10 microM, decreased the KD to 5 microM and the addition of fructose 2,6-phosphate decreased the KD for fructose 6-P to 0.9 microM. The addition of these compounds did not effect the maximal amount of fructose 6-P bound to the enzyme, which indicated that the binding site for these compounds might be near, but was not identical to the fructose 6-P binding site. The enzyme bound a maximum of about 12.5 moles of ATP per mole, which corresponds to 3 moles per subunit. The KD of the site with the highest affinity for ATP was 4 microM, and it increased to 15 microM in the presence of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The addition of 50 microM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate increased the KD for ATP to 5.9 microM. AMP increased the KD to 5.9 microM whereas 0.3 mM citrate decreased the KD for ATP to about 2 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Phosphorylation of endogenous proteins by a cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase in the wing epidermis of Manduca sexta

Abstract The wing epidermis of Manduca sexta has 8 prominent proteins of molecular weights ranging from 18,000 to 55,000, the in vitro phosphorylation of which is enhanced significantly by cAMP. The level of protein phosphorylation during pupal-adult development can be correlated with the changing hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. These protein substrates are not limited to the wing epidermis, being present in the pupal brain, fat body, prothoracic gland and gut, as well as larval integumented epidermis, muscle and the wing imaginal discs. Most of the phosphoproteins stimulated by cAMP were localized in the microsomal fraction of tissue homogenates. The 31/32 kDa doublet phosphoproteins were further localized to a ribosome enriched microsomal fraction and have properties similar to those of mammalian ribosomal protein S6.
Differential conditionability: Reinforcing grooming in golden hamsters

Differential conditionability is the empirical finding that not all responses are equally amenable to the same conditioning paradigm. One phenomenon associated with the conditioning of grooming behavior (a difficult-to-condition response) is a decrease in its average duration when followed by food reinforcement. The first experiment investigated this phenomenon by reinforcing golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with food for grooming or open rearing (a readily conditionable response) under three duration-dependent reinforcement schedules. The obtained data showed that different densities of food delivery had no differential effects on the average durations of grooming responses, indicating that the decreases were not the result of reinforcement-produced interruption. In the second experiment, golden hamsters were reinforced with food for grooming or for open rearing or received free food, under three interval reinforcement schedules. This experiment demonstrated that decreases in the average duration of grooming are independent of grooming behavior’s resistance to conditioning. Furthermore, although duration-dependent reinforcement schedules are largely ineffective in conditioning grooming behavior, interval schedules are shown to be quite effective in increasing rates of grooming.
Organizational Commitment: A Multivariate Test within the Banking Industry

The concept of organizational commitment as an important contributor to behavior in organizations has been increasingly researched. This study seeks to distinguish the significant antecedents of or...
Characterizations of individual suspended mineral particles in western Lake Erie: Implications for light scattering and water clarity

Abstract Light-scattering attributes of minerogenic particles from the water column of the western basin of Lake Erie (13 sites, plus one from the central basin and one from Sandusky Bay), collected after a wind event, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and X-ray analyses (SAX). SAX results specified scattering attributes for individual particles, including size and chemical composition, and were used in forward Mie theory calculations of minerogenic scattering and backscattering coefficients ( b m and b b,m ). Clay mineral particles, in the size range of 1–20 μm, were the dominant form of minerogenic scattering, representing > 75% of b m and b b,m . Levels of b m and b b,m were high in the western basin, apparently in part due to wind-driven sediment resuspension, and wide spatial variability was observed. The credibility of the SAX-Mie estimates of b m and b b,m was supported by the extent of optical closure obtained with paired bulk measurements of particulate scattering and backscattering coefficients ( b p and b bp ), and independent estimates of organic particle contributions based on empirical bio-optical models. Minerogenic particles dominated b p and particularly b bp , and regulated spatial differences in the related common metrics of optical water quality, including turbidity and clarity. The b bp : b p ratio was found to be a good predictor of the spatial differences in the relative contributions of minerogenic particles versus phytoplankton to scattering.