cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. Part II: Budget Analysis

Abstract This is the second of a two-part study which uses a combination of composite rawinsonde and individual FGGE case analyses to identify the important physical processes associated with tropical cyclone formation. Part I examined the structural evolution and circulation patterns for genesis and nongenesis cloud clusters in the western North Pacific. This paper analyzes moisture, energy and angular (tangential) momentum budgets for both types of cloud clusters. Results show that both the genesis and nongenesis cloud clusters have similar cumulus activity and similar moisture and energy budgets. An enhanced surface energy flux is found only after the formation of a tropical cyclone with a well-defined center. The results of Part I showed that genesis cloud clusters have comparatively strong 2°–8° radius middle- to low-level cyclonic circulations in comparison with nondeveloping cloud clusters. Transports by the mean transverse circulation are not efficient to produce the observed buildup of the tangen...
Familiarity Breeds Ambivalence

One goal of most corporate marketing strategies is to make stakeholders more familiar with the corporation. The implicit assumption behind these strategies is that familiarity leads to positive outcomes – particularly in the context of firm reputation. Although evidence for a positive effect of familiarity on reputation is inconclusive at best, the effect has remained part of the conventional wisdom in brand image research. This paper presents theory and research from business (eg, management, marketing, consumer research) and psychology (eg, judgment and decision making, cognitive, social, and industrial/organizational psychology), aimed at clarifying the theoretical connection between familiarity and firm reputation. We point to theoretical and empirical evidence that challenges the conventional wisdom of a positive effect of familiarity on firm reputation. We suggest that familiarity is often associated with ambivalence about organizations, and thus can be seen as both a blessing and a curse.
Climate change: Future rise in rain inequality

Rainfall disparities are expected to intensify in response to anthropogenic climate change. Model simulations suggest that wet regions and seasons will get wetter, and that a warmer equator will get wetter too.
Severe-to-fatal head injuries in motor vehicle impacts

Severe-to-fatal head injuries in motor vehicle environments were analyzed using the United States Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network database for the years 1997-2006. Medical evaluations included details and photographs of injury, and on-scene, trauma bay, emergency room, intensive care unit, radiological, operating room, in-patient, and rehabilitation records. Data were synthesized on a case-by-case basis. X-rays, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance images were reviewed along with field evaluations of scene and photographs for the analyses of brain injuries and skull fractures. Injuries to the parenchyma, arteries, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, and loss of consciousness were included. In addition to the analyses of severe-to-fatal (AIS4+) injuries, cervical spine, face, and scalp trauma were used to determine the potential for head contact. Fatalities and survivors were compared using nonparametric tests and confidence intervals for medians. Results were categorized based on the mode of impact with a focus on head contact. Out of the 3178 medical cases and 169 occupants sustaining head injuries, 132 adults were in frontal (54), side (75), and rear (3) crashes. Head contact locations are presented for each mode. A majority of cases clustered around the mid-size anthropometry and normal body mass index (BMI). Injuries occurred at change in velocities (DeltaV) representative of US regulations. Statistically significant differences in DeltaV between fatalities and survivors were found for side but not for frontal impacts. Independent of the impact mode and survivorship, contact locations were found to be superior to the center of gravity of the head, suggesting a greater role for angular than translational head kinematics. However, contact locations were biased to the impact mode: anterior aspects of the frontal bone and face were involved in frontal impacts while temporal-parietal regions were involved in side impacts. Because head injuries occur at regulatory DeltaV in modern vehicles and angular accelerations are not directly incorporated in crashworthiness standards, these findings from the largest dataset in literature, offer a field-based rationale for including rotational kinematics in injury assessments. In addition, it may be necessary to develop injury criteria and evaluate dummy biofidelity based on contact locations as this parameter depended on the impact mode. The current field-based analysis has identified the importance of both angular acceleration and contact location in head injury assessment and mitigation.
Preventing Youth Suicide: Issues for Law Enforcement Personnel

Suicide is a leading cause of death for adolescents. A number of problem behaviors associated with youth suicide fall into the purview of law enforcement personnel, and they are therefore in a position to detect risk and prevent suicidal behaviors. Eight hundred one youth identified as having school difficulty, a group at increased risk for both suicide and legal problems, participated in a paper and pencil survey followed by an interview focusing on suicide risk and protective factors. Linear regression was used to examine the ability of factors within each risk and protective factor dimension to predict current suicide risk. The study goal was to determine the most relevant factors influencing suicide risk in each domain examined. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for assessment and policy for law enforcement personnel.
Evidence That Ligand and Metal Ion Binding to Integrin α4β1 Are Regulated through a Coupled Equilibrium

Abstract We have used the highly selective α4β1 inhibitor 2S-[(1-benzenesulfonyl-pyrrolidine-2S-carbonyl)-amino]-4-[4-methyl-2S-(methyl-{2-[4-(3-o-tolyl-ureido)-phenyl]-acetyl}-amino)-pentanoylamino]-butyric acid (BIO7662) as a model ligand to study α4β1 integrin-ligand interactions on Jurkat cells. Binding of [35S]BIO7662 to Jurkat cells was dependent on the presence of divalent cations and could be blocked by treatment with an excess of unlabeled inhibitor or with EDTA.K D values for the binding of BIO7662 to Mn2+-activated α4β1 and to the nonactivated state of the integrin that exists in 1 mmMg2+, 1 mm Ca2+ were 1000-fold for Ca2+. Low Ca2+ (ED50 = 5–10 μm) stimulated the binding of BIO7662 to α4β1. The effects of μm Ca2+ closely resembled the effects of Mn2+ on α4β1 function. Third, we observed that the rate of BIO7662 binding was dependent on the metal ion concentration and that the ED50 for the metal ion dependence of BIO7662 binding was affected by the concentration of the BIO7662. These studies point to an even more complex interplay between metal ion and ligand binding than previously appreciated and provide evidence for a three-component coupled equilibrium model for metal ion-dependent binding of ligands to α4β1.
String-induced space compactification

Abstract Motivated by the possibility of a finite theory of gravity provided by superstrings in ten space-time dimensions, we analyze the problem of space compactification in the context of string dynamics. Such an analysis is hampered by conceptual and technical problems, stemming from the existence of the quantum string's own graviton mode on the one hand, and from Witten's observation of anomalies in a not specially chosen curves space-time on the other hand. Still, in the context of a classical local field presentation of string theory a la Nambu and Hosotani, supplemented by gravitational and Kalb-Ramond interactions, we are able to find solutions with space compactification. It is the antisymmetric tensor zero modes that dictate this compactification towards three space-time dimensions for ordinary strings or towards four or five space-time dimensions for superstrings.
Framing Fat: Competing Constructions in Contemporary Culture Samantha Kwan and Jennifer Graves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.

Framing Fat: Competing Constructions in Contemporary Culture Samantha Kwan and Jennifer Graves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.The Associated Press reports that the average American woman's weight is twenty-five pounds more than in 1960. Does that mean she is less healthy, more emotional with less willpower, uglier, or making her own choices? Is she satisfied with her appearance? These questions typify the ways fat is perceived in American culture. In Framing Fat, Samantha Kwan and Jennifer Graves identify and analyze the near ubiquitous conversations criticizing (almost always) the fat body.Kwan and Graves identify four frames producing this confusing discourse and the cultural producers that contest the field of obesity; the most dominant of these is the aesthetic ("Fat is Frightful") frame. Kwan and Graves first note that multinational corporations have huge financial interests in transforming obese people into the right sorts of "objects," desperate to buy solutions from these corporations. This fashionbeauty complex with billions of dollars in play, includes food and beverage companies, health clubs, bariatric surgeons, and commercial weight loss centers. The US apparel industry alone generates $181 billion annually, yet only nine percent of their products are in plus-sizes, the Associated Press claims. With fat bodies missing from all the advertisements and articles informed by the aesthetic frame, fat bodies, male and female, are consciously annihilated, creating a "culture of lack," in which moral failures are created for the public. This means the fat body is under constant evaluation, even self-surveillance. (Kwan and Graves are very aware that they are "standing on the shoulders," as they admit, of theorists like Bartky, Foucault, Giovenelli and Ostertag, as well as a mountain of research, clinical and otherwise. They include nearly six hundred citations supporting their work).Fat has its origins in a dissertation; its methodology is its strength. Most of its examples of fat discourse will be familiar, but the analysis which frames the discourse analysis here makes for startling clarity. Kwan and Graves build on the frame analysis advanced by Gamson, Lasch, and Modigliani-to consider each of these frames by its central claims, cited causes of obesity, its consequences, principles, and proposed solutions or policies. Kwan and Graves are aware that "complex cultural discourses cannot neatly be dissected" (15), but they argue that frame analysis makes for thorough comparisons, and they expand their framing matrix to examine the ways culture producers employ framing devices: supporting data, metaphor, exemplars, catchphrases, depictions of enemies, and visuals. …
Amino acid composition and sequence of urinary peptides containing hydroxyproline.

Abstract The hypro-containing peptides have been purified from urine obtained from male subjects on controlled, collagen-free diets. In contrast to other reports, only four distinct peptides were detected, two dipeptides and two oligopeptides. The dipeptides were sequenced by Edman degradation and identified as prolyl-hydroxyproline and glutamyl-hydroxyproline. Artifacts from these two peptides, presumed to be pro-hypro diketopiperizine and glu-hypro pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, contaminated all preparations and presumably formed spontaneously from the free dipeptides. The oligopeptides were similar in amino acid composition but differed markedly in acidity, due primarily to the large content of sialic acid in one of the peptides. Both these peptides contained glucosamine and galactosamine. Partial acid hydrolysis of the highly acidic peptide, and its subsequent chromatography on an anion-exchange resin allowed for the removal of sialic acid and preparation of an oligopeptide with approximately the same amino acid composition and chromatographic properties as the less acidic oligopeptide. Evidence is given suggesting that the origin of the hypro-containing oligopeptides, which account for 20% of the hypro excreted in urine, may not be from collagen.
Photoresponsive Monolayers Containing In-Chain Azobenzene

Azobenzene monolayers on silicon have been prepared by two synthetic methods: (1) chemisorption of triethoxysilanes, and (2) acylation of amine-functionalized self-assembled monolayers with acid chloride derivatives. A series of films were prepared with different methylene spacer lengths and different terminal end groups (pentyl vs hydrogen). The resulting films were characterized using water contact angles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity (XR). Despite evidence for successful attachment of azobenzene to the surfaces, film thicknesses as determined by XR suggest uniform, but incomplete, monolayers. Irradiation of the films with 354 nm light effected a decrease in the water contact angle. The largest photoinduced changes in contact angles (9°) were observed for films prepared by acylation and with terminal pentyl groups; for one of these films, XR monitoring of film thicknesses showed a 1 A increase in film thickness during 354 n...
The effect of bright light on plasma prolactin

Recent investigations indicate that bright light can produce biological and psychological effects in humans. Lewy and colleagues (1980) found that intense nighttime light exposures (1500-2500 lux), in contrast to light exposures of less intensity, suppressed plasma levels of melatonin, a pineal hormone, in six normal subjects. Preliminary studies show that exposures to bright light can entrain human circadian rhythms (Wever et al. 1983; Czeisler et al. 1986), as well as ameliorate the symptoms of depressed patients, especially those with seasonal affective disorder (Lewy et al. 1982; Kripke et al. 1983; Rosenthal et al. 1984, 1985). The relationship, however, between suppression of melatonin production and how bright light affects human circadian rhythms and depression is still under investigation. Light may produce its biological and psychological effects via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The retinohypothalamic tract, a monosynaptic pathway that originates in the retina, is thought to innervate the SCN in humans. By virtue of a polysynaptic pathway, the SCN connects to the pineal gland, where beta-adrenergic receptors on the surface of pinealocytes regulate production of melatonin. The SCN has other efferent pathways, including connections to lateral hy-
Urogenital infection symptoms and occupational stress among women working in export production factories in Tianjin, China

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of urogenital infection symptoms and their association with occupational stress among women working in export production factories in China. Methods Six hundred and thirty-eight women workers in three factories in Tianjin, China were surveyed. Information was collected on women's demographic characteristics, levels of occupational stress, and urogenital infection symptoms. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results Among the 638 women who provided information on urogenital symptoms, 30.9% reported at least one symptom: 27.9% reported abnormal discharge, 2.4% reported genital sores, and 6.3% reported pain with urination. Feeling exhausted was associated with an increased risk for reporting genital sores [ OR =1.35 (1.05, 1.73)] and pain with urination [ OR =1.21 (1.06, 1.39)], while reporting low job security was significantly associated with reporting at least one symptom of urogenital infection [ OR =1.51 (1.03, 2.20)]. Conclusions Many women working in China's export factories report symptoms of urogenital infection. Occupational stress may be linked to an increased risk for urogenital infection. Focused efforts are needed to improve accessibility to reproductive health services for women working in China's export production factories.
Toxicity of Ethylene Chlorohydrin I: Acute Toxicity Studies

Abstract The LD 50 of ethylene chlorohydrin was evaluated in mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs, and the range of values was found to fall between 64 and 98 mg./kg. The mean time of death from vapors of the compound was calculated to be 13.3 min. when mice were used as the test animals. Dermal tests in rabbits produced no significant irritant response even when applied undiluted; but when the compound was injected intradermally or instilled into the eye, it was extremely irritating. Ethylene chlorohydrin was found to be cytotoxic in cell culture and to have an inhibitory effect upon cell growth in cultures. Since plastic devices are being ethylene oxide‐sterilized and since ethylene chlorohydrin may form as a reaction product, it is necessary to be aware of the toxic potentials of this compound.
Unintended Phosphorus Doping of Nickel Nanoparticles during Synthesis with TOP: A Discovery through Structural Analysis

We report the discovery of unintentional phosphorus (P) doping when tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) ligands are used in Ni nanoparticle synthesis, which is the most common method for monodisperse Ni nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles appear pure face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni in X-ray diffraction despite the surprisingly high level (5 atomic %) of P. We find that the P doping follows a direct relationship with increased reaction time and temperature and that the P doping can be estimated with the degree of lattice expansion shown from a peak shift in the XRD spectrum. Through EXAFS modeling and density-functional (DFT) calculations of defect formation energies we find that the P atoms are preferentially located on the fcc lattice as substitutional dopants with oxidation state of zero. Magnetic and catalytic properties are shown to be greatly affected by this doping; DFT calculations show magnetization losses in the Ni system, as well as in Fe and Co systems. These findings are likely relevant for other metal syntheses that employ phosphine ligands.
Minimum test patterns for residue networks

Residue networks are logic trees consisting of residue gates which calculate the modulo-m sum of two or more inputs. The principal result of this paper is that for a single output residue network consisting of modulo-m gates having n or less inputs each, the required number of test patterns is mn, provided the gates are of a particular logical construction. This represents a minimum number of test patterns since that is exactly the number of test patterns required for a complete functional test of a single modulo-m gate with n inputs.In the next section, an application of the method described in this paper is briefly illustrated. The properties of residue gates which are necessary and sufficient for the use of this method and various means for generating the test patterns are described in the remaining sections.
Evidence for two modes of Ca2+ entry following muscarinic stimulation of a human salivary epithelial cell line

We have investigated muscarinic receptor-operated Ca2+ mobilization in a salivary epithelial cell line, HSG-PA, using an experimental approach which allows independent evaluation of intracellular Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ entry. The carbachol (Cch) dose response of intracellular Ca2+ release indicates the involvement of a single, relatively low-affinity, muscarinic receptor site (K 0.5≅10 or 30 μm, depending on the method for [Ca2+] i determination). However, similar data for Ca2+ entry indicate the involvement of two Cch sites, one consistent with that associated with Ca2+ release and a second higher affinity site withK 0.5≤2.5 μm. In addition, the Ca2+ entry response observed at lower concentrations of Cch (2.5 μm) was completely inhibited by membrane depolarization induced with high K+ (>55mm) or gramicidin D (1 μm), while membrane depolarization had little or no effect on Ca2+ entry induced by 100 μm Cch. Another muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine-M (100 μm; Oxo-M), like Cch, also induced an increase in the [Ca2+] i of HSG-PA cells (from 72±2 to 104±5nm). This response was profoundly blocked (∼75%) by the inorganic Ca2+ channel blocker La3+ (25–50 μm) suggesting that Oxo-M primarily mobilizes Ca2+ in these cells by increasing Ca2+ entry. Organic Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil or diltiazem at 10 μm, nifedipine at 1 μm), had no effect on this response. The Oxo-M induced Ca2+ mobilization response, like that observed at lower doses of Cch, was markedly inhibited (∼70–90%) by membrane depolarization (high K+ or gramicidin D). At 100 μm Cch the formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) was increased 55% above basal levels. A low concentration of carbachol (1 μm) elicited a smaller change in IP3 formation (∼25%), similar to that seen with 100 μm Oxo-M (∼20%). Taken together, these results suggest that there are two modes of muscarinic receptor-induced Ca2+ entry in HSG-PA cells. One is associated with IP3 formation and intracellular Ca2+ release and is independent of membrane potential; the other is less dependent on IP3 formation and intracellular Ca2+ release and is modulated by membrane potential. This latter pathway may exhibit voltage-dependent gating.
Validity of self-reported reading disability by parents of reading-disabled and control children

Composite reading scores obtained from parents of 125 reading-disabled children and 125 matched control children who participated in the Colorado Family Reading Study were used to test the validity of self-reported reading problems. Parents who reported that they encountered serious difficulty learning to read had significantly lower reading scores than did those who reported no positive history of reading problems. Moreover, this difference was larger for parents of reading-disabled children than for those of controls. Thus, parental self-reports provide a valid index of reading problems.
Structural characterization of a family of cytochromes c7 involved in Fe(III) respiration by Geobacter sulfurreducens

Periplasmic cytochromes c(7) are important in electron transfer pathway(s) in Fe(III) respiration by Geobacter sulfurreducens. The genome of G. sulfurreducens encodes a family of five 10-kDa, three-heme cytochromes c(7). The sequence identity between the five proteins (designated PpcA, PpcB, PpcC, PpcD, and PpcE) varies between 45% and 77%. Here, we report the high-resolution structures of PpcC, PpcD, and PpcE determined by X-ray diffraction. This new information made it possible to compare the sequences and structures of the entire family. The triheme cores are largely conserved but are not identical. We observed changes, due to different crystal packing, in the relative positions of the hemes between two molecules in the crystal. The overall protein fold of the cytochromes is similar. The structure of PpcD differs most from that of the other homologs, which is not obvious from the sequence comparisons of the family. Interestingly, PpcD is the only cytochrome c(7) within the family that has higher abundance when G. sulfurreducens is grown on insoluble Fe(III) oxide compared to ferric citrate. The structures have the highest degree of conservation around "heme IV"; the protein surface around this heme is positively charged in all of the proteins, and therefore all cytochromes c(7) could interact with similar molecules involving this region. The structures and surface characteristics of the proteins near the other two hemes, "heme I" and "heme III", differ within the family. The above observations suggest that each of the five cytochromes c(7) could interact with its own redox partner via an interface involving the regions of heme I and/or heme III; this provides a possible rationalization for the existence of five similar proteins in G. sulfurreducens.
A correlational study of the community adaptation schedule and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

The Community Adaptation Schedule (CAS) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were administered to 45 prisoners at a Federal prison and 40 nonprisoners at a vocational-technical school in order to explore the relationships between the CAS scales and 93 clinical and experimental MMPI scales. The CAS scores correlated with MMPI scales in a pattern consistent with the construct of community adaptation as assessed by the CAS. Implications of the study for further development of the CAS were discussed.
Surface coil localization of 31P NMR signals from orthotopic human kidney and liver.

Abstract By incorporating the hyperbolic secant inversion pulses with the image-selected in vivo spectroscopy localization technique and by applying a gradient-echo imaging method, we have selected only the 31P NMR signals from orthotopic human kidney and liver, using a single concentric 1H/31P surface coil. Corresponding to the experimental results on animal studies, the phosphocreatine signal is dramatically reduced in the localized spectra. Our localization strategy also allows us to shim easily on the well-defined volume of interest and leads to high-resolution spectra that exhibit multiplet structure. Our results indicate that we can obtain localized signals from deep small organs and point the way for other human metabolism studies.
In vitro reactivity to implant metals demonstrates a person-dependent association with both T-Cell and B-Cell activation

Hypersensitivity to metallic implants remains relatively unpredictable and poorly understood. We initially hypothesized that metal-induced lymphocyte proliferation responses to soluble metal challenge (ions) are mediated exclusively by early T-cell activation (not B-cells), typical of a delayed-type-hypersensitivity response. We tested this by comparing proliferation (6 days) of primary lymphocytes with early T-cell and B-cell activation (48 h) in three groups of subjects likely to demonstrate elevated metal reactivity: group 1 (n = 12) history of metal sensitivity with no implant; group 2a (n = 6) well performing metal-on-metal THRs, and group 2b (n = 20) subjects with poorly performing metal-on-polymer total joint arthroplasties (TJA). Group 1 showed 100% (12/12) metal reactivity (stimulation index > 2) to Ni. Groups 2a and 2b were 83% (5/6) and 75% (15/22) metal reactive (to Co, Cr, or Ni), respectively. Of the n = 32 metal-reactive subjects to Co, Cr, or Ni (SI > 2), n = 22/32 demonstrated >2-fold elevations in % of T-cell or B-cell activation (CD25+, CD69+) to metal challenge when compared with untreated control. 18/22 metal-activated subjects demonstrated an exclusively T-cell or B-cell activation response to metal challenge, where 6/18 demonstrated exclusively B-cell activation and 12/18 demonstrated a T-cell only response, as measured by surface activation markers CD25+ and CD69+. However, there was no direct correlation (R(2) < 0.1) between lymphocyte proliferation and % T-cell or B-cell activation (CD25+:CD69+). Proliferation assays (LTT) showed greater ability to detect metal reactivity than did subject-dependent results of flow-cytometry analysis of T-cell or B-cell activation. The high incidence of lymphocyte reactivity and activation indicate that more complex than initially hypothesized immune responses may contribute to the etiology of debris-induced osteolysis in metal-sensitive individuals.
Dimensions of Affect Relationships: Models and Their Integrative Implications

This article presents data from a number of areas of psychology that have dealt with the issue of whether positive and negative affects are independent—the bivariate view— or whether they operate inversely from each other—the unidimensional, bipolar view. Both models have extensive empirical support. A more integrative view, the Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA), specifies conditions under which both bivariate and bipolar models are valid. It is tailored to analyzing both affect systems functioning concurrently. The DMA is reviewed and then extended to show how 3 major areas of research can begin to incorporate the more integrative framework of analyzing co-occurring types of affect.
The Role of Density Dependence in Growth Patterns of Ceded Territory Walleye Populations of Northern Wisconsin: Effects of Changing Management Regimes

Abstract We assessed density-related changes in growth of walleye Sander vitreus in the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin from 1977 to 1999. We used asymptotic length (L ∞), growth rate near t 0 (ω), and body condition as measures of walleye growth to determine the relationship between growth and density. Among lakes, there was weak evidence of density-dependent growth: Adult density explained only 0–6% of the variability in the growth metrics. Within lakes, growth was density dependent, L ∞, ω, and body condition of walleyes changing with density for 69, 28, and 62% of the populations examined, respectively. Our results suggest that walleye growth was density dependent within individual lakes. However, growth was not coherently density dependent among lakes, which was possibly due to inherent differences in the productivity, surface area, forage base, landscape position, species composition, and management regime of lakes in the ceded territory. Densities of adult walleyes averaged 8.3 fish/ha and di...
Experimental evaluation of ten clinically used arterial prostheses

The arterial grafts currently in use are classified into five basic categories; 10 different commercially available prostheses were chosen to represent these categories. The Vascutek and Bionit are made from knitted Dacron and have medium porosity, requiring preclotting by the surgeon. The DeBakey Soft Woven and Plasma TFE grafts are made from woven Dacron and have low porosity, not requiring preclotting under most circumstances. Also studied were woven and knitted grafts with leakage resistance referred to as “impervious” Dacron grafts: the Vascutek Gelseal, the Bard Albumin Coated DeBakey Vasculour II, the Microvel with Hemashield, and the albumin saturated, autoclaved DeBakey Soft Woven graft. Gore-Tex and Impra are expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts which do not require preclotting. For each type, five grafts 6 cm long and 8 mm in diameter were implanted in the descending thoracic aorta of healthy adult dogs for 16 weeks. The physical characteristics, biocompatibility, and healing patterns varied according to the structure and treatment of the grafts. Pretreatment with biomaterials during manufacture is quite effective in preventing transinterstices blood loss during implantation, but results in altered physical qualities, increased thrombogenicity and delayed healing in comparison to the effects of preclotting with autogenous blood at the time of implantation.
Consumer Tactics as "Weapons": Black Lists, Union Labels, and the American Federation of Labor

This article examines the role consumer tactics played in the American Federation of Labor's (AFL) strategy of business unionism. In particular, it explains how the AFL used its consumer tactics to try to mobilize the purchasing power of union members and their families to fight for higher wages and shorter working hours. The historical data collected for this article demonstrates that the AFL was not ignorant of the relationship between production and consumption, or the worker and the consumer. I discuss how the AFL used its consumer tactics to try to build solidarity across its affiliated trade unions and provide a way for the wives, daughters, and mothers of union men to become involved in the labor movement through consumption. I argue that these consumer tactics need to be fully acknowledged, as they were pivotal in some of the most contentious struggles between the AFL and business at the turn of the 20th century.
DRAM lithographic scaling in the sub-130-nm regime

Continuous downward pressure on chip size has led to aggressive ground rule shrink paths in the semiconductor industry, especially in the DRAM sector. Ever-decreasing feature sizes have necessitated the extensive use of attenuated phase shift masks, off-axis illumination, optical proximity correction, etc. For the foreseeable future, the ability to meet the demands of the design is closely tied to the extendibility of ArF lithography. This paper explores DRAM lithographic scaling by predicting required process latitude and depth of focus based on litho-graphic merit function scaling. This allows the predictions to be anchored against data collected on current products, as well as indicating the rate at which learning must occur for a ground rule shrink to be successful. Modeling of ArF extendibility is presented, with particular emphasis on the role of alternating phase shift masks. Additionally, simple signal-to-noise argu-ments are made in connection with the required process window for a given technology, taking into the account fundamental error sources of the process. The analyses are anchored to existing technologies wherever possible. The results indicate that ArF lithography will extend through the 90 nm technology node with a critical dependence on alternating phase shift masks.
Biomechanical impact of C2 pedicle screw length in an atlantoaxial fusion construct.

Background: Posterior, atlantoaxial (AA) fusions of the cervical spine may include either standard (26 mm) or short (16 mm) C2 pedicle screws. This manuscript focused on an in vitro biomechanical comparison of standard versus short C2 pedicle screws to perform posterior C1‑C2 AA fusions. Methods: Twelve human cadaveric spines underwent C1 lateral mass screw and standard C2 pedicle screw (n = 6) versus short C2 pedicle screw (n = 6) fixation. Six additional controls were not instrumented. The peak torque, peak rotational interval, and peak stiffness of the constructs were analyzed to failure levels. Results: The peak torque to construct failure was not statistically significantly different among the control spine (12.2 Nm), short pedicle fixation (15.5 Nm), or the standard pedicle fixation (11.6 Nm), P = 0.79. While the angle at the peak rotation statistically significantly differed between the control specimens (47.7° of relative motion) and the overall instrumented specimens (P < 0.001), the 20.7° of relative rotation in the short C2 pedicle screw specimens was not statistically significantly higher than the 13.7° of relative rotation in the standard C2 pedicle screw specimens (P = 0.39). Similarly, although the average stiffness was statistically significantly lower in control group (0.026 Nm/degree) versus the overall instrumented specimens (P = 0.001), the standard C2 pedicle screws (2.54 Nm/degree) did not differ from the short C2 pedicle screws (1.69 Nm/degree) (P = 0.30). Conclusions: Both standard and short C2 pedicle screws allow for equally rigid fixation of C1 lateral mass‑C2 AA fusions. Usage of a short C2 pedicle screw may be an acceptable method of stabilization in carefully selected patient populations.
The effect of neighborhood racial composition on black and white attitudes

The impact of the racial composition of neighborhoods, rather than race per se, is examined in this study. The sample includes 1027 families with children attending 5 of the 11 former school districts in New Castle County, Delaware. Questionnaires were sent to these families in the spring of 1978, prior to school desegregation, and again in the spring of 1979, at the end of the first year of desegregation. Scales were developed to measure attitudinal variables for both parents and students. These included racial attitudes, attitudes toward school desegregation, and attitudes about education. Results show that attitudes both before and after desegregation varied according to the neighborhood racial composition. Thus it is important in future studies of racial attitudes to examine neighborhood racial characteristics as well as the race of the individual.
A Comparative Evaluation Of Alternate Friction Factors In The Gravity Model

(1972). A Comparative Evaluation Of Alternate Friction Factors In The Gravity Model. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 335-337.
Using Courseware Discussion Boards to Engage Graduate Students in Online Library Workshops

ABSTRACT Librarians at Oregon State University (OSU) Libraries used the discussion board features of Blackboard courseware to create an interactive experience for graduate students at a distance who could not attend the on-campus “Literature Review Workshops.” These recently developed workshops have been extremely popular with graduate students across the disciplines and have generated a growing demand from distance education graduate students and faculty to offer similar information online. Reluctant to simply deliver content via an online tutorial, librarians sought to duplicate the workshop atmosphere by making the sessions available for a short time-period online, asking participants to respond to discussion questions at specific points in the workshop, and offering audio-mediated online demonstrations of tools and resources. Student feedback and follow-up requests for more workshops support the perception that this approach offered a rewarding learning experience that addressed their specific adult l...
Energy loss in collisions of Icy spheres: loss mechanism and size-mass dependence

Abstract The coefficient of restitution of collisions of icy spheres at low impact velocities has been measured by A. P. Hatzes, F. G. Bridges, and D. N. C. Lin (1988, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 231, 1091-1115) and by F. G. Bridges, A. Hatzes, and D. N. C. Lin (1984, Nature 309, 333-335). However, the measurements were made only for spheres against massive ice bricks and must be extended or extrapolated if they are to describe collisions of ring particles of arbitrary size and mass. Physical models based upon a perfectly elastic low velocity region, i.e., plastic deformation or brittle fracture, do not accurately describe either the velocity dependence or the size dependence of the data. This failure suggests that the cancellation of size dependence and mass dependence predicted by plastic deformation/brittle fracture models may not occur for icy rings. This means that in ring systems, where sizes vary by orders of magnitude, that the coefficient of restitution for most collisions may be quite different from the measured values. I propose an alternative model, based upon energy loss through viscous dissipation, which matches both the velocity and size dependence of the data quite well. The model should predict the coefficient of restitution for collisions of particles having arbitrary size and mass once the mass dependence is determined by further experiments.
Homeless mentally disordered offenders and violent crimes: Preliminary research findings.

This study examines the prevalence of homelessness in a cross-sectional sample of 150 patients retained in a maximum-security hospital for mentally disordered offenders in New York City. The homeless mentally ill comprise only 2% of the city's mentally ill population, yet they account for 50% of the admissions to this forensic facility from the community. Compared to population base rate estimates, forensic patients are homeless at 25 times the rate found in the rest of the city's mentally disordered population and are 50 times more likely to be homeless than the general population. Further, there is a significant association between homelessness at the time of the instant offense and charges for violent crimes, after controlling for age, sex, race, and diagnosis. These data suggest that homelessness greatly increases the risk that mentally disordered persons will be forensically hospitalized and is closely associated with indictments for violent criminal behavior. Alternative explanations for these findings are discussed, emphasizing risk, vulnerability, and criminalization perspectives.
Inflow and the Fatigue of the LIST Wind Turbine

The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is collecting long-term, continuous inflow and structural response data to characterize the spectrum of loads on wind turbines. A heavily instrumented Micon 65/13M turbine with SERI 8m blades is being used as the primary test turbine for this test. This turbine is located in Bushland, TX, a test site that exposes the turbine to a wind regime representative of a Great Plains commercial site. The turbine and inflow are being characterized with 60 measurements: 34 to characterize the inflow, 19 to characterize structural response, and 7 to characterize the time-varying state of the turbine. In this paper, the inflow and structural data from this measurement campaign are analyzed to determine the correlation of various inflow descriptors with fatigue loads. The inflow is described by various parameters, including the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of the wind speed, turbulence intensity, turbulence length scales, Reynolds stresses, local friction velocity, Obukhov length and the gradient Richardson number. The fatigue load spectrum corresponding to these parameters is characterized as an equivalent fatigue load. A regression analysis is then used to determine which parameters are correlated to the fatigue loads. The results illustrate that the vertical component of the inflow is the most important of the secondary inflow parameters on fatigue loads. Long-term fatigue spectra illustrate that extrapolation of relatively short-term data to longer times is consistent for the data reported here.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Ka-me

Summary: Ka-me is a Voronoi image analyzer that allows users to analyze any image with a convex polygonal tessellation or any spatial point distribution by fitting Voronoi polygons and their dual, Delaunay triangulations, to the pattern. The analytical tools include a variety of graph theoretic and geometric tools that summarize the distribution of the numbers of edges per face, areas, perimeters, angles of Delaunay triangle edges (anglograms), Gabriel graphs, nearest neighbor graphs, minimal spanning trees, Ulam trees, Pitteway tests, circumcircles and convexhulls, as well as spatial statistics (Clark–Evans Nearest Neighborhood and Variance to Mean Ratio) and export functions for standard relationships (Lewis's Law, Desch's Law and Aboav–Weaire Law). Availability: Ka-me: a Voronoi image analyzer is available as an executable with documentation and sample applications from the BioQUEST Library ( http://bioquest.org/downloads/kame_1.0.rar). Contact: noppadon.khiripet@nectec.or.th
3D superhydrophobic electrospun meshes as reinforcement materials for sustained local drug delivery against colorectal cancer cells.

In this work we expand upon a recently reported local drug delivery device, where air is used as a degradable component of our material to control drug release (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2016-2019). We consider its potential use as a drug loaded strip to provide both mechanical stability to the anastomosis, and as a means to release drug locally over prolonged periods for prevention of locoregional recurrence in colorectal cancer. Specifically, we electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with the hydrophobic polymer dopant poly(glycerol monostearate-co-e-caprolactone) (PGC-C18) and used the resultant mesh to control the release of two anticancer drugs (CPT-11 and SN-38). The increase in mesh hydrophobicity with PGC-C18 addition slows drug release both by the traditional means of drug diffusion, as well as by increasing the stability of the entrapped air layer to delay drug release. We demonstrate that superhydrophobic meshes have mechanical properties appropriate for surgical buttressing of the anastomosis, permit non-invasive assessment of mesh location and documentation of drug release via ultrasound, and release chemotherapy over a prolonged period of time (>90 days) resulting in significant tumor cytotoxicity against a human colorectal cell line (HT-29).
Amino acid requirements for growth and development of the tachinid Eucelatoria bryani

1. 1. Deletion of free amino acids from an oligidic diet containing 1.4% soy protein resulted in the failure of E. bryani to develop beyond the third instar. 2. 2. Deletion of single amino acids from diet containing 1.83% free amino acids and 1.4% soy protein demonstrated that arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine were essential. 3. 3. Proline was required because its deletion allowed only 3% of E. bryani to survive to the adult stage. Proline was the only “non-essential” amino acid deleted that significantly affected development from the puparium to the adult. 4. 4. Tyrosine and glycine are beneficial because deletion somewhat reduced puparial and adult survival.
NDE/SHM of Underwater Structures: A Review

Subsea infrastructures and broadly speaking any structure containing or surrounded by water such as water mains represent an important element of modern civilization. An arbitrary classification could consist of five groups: offshore structures that serve to extract oil or natural gas from the sea bead; communication cables; pipelines that carry oil and natural gas; naval vessels (ships and submarines); waterfront facilities such as piers, retaining walls, and docks. The occurrence of structural failure of any of these systems can have serious consequences for the people, the environment, and the economy. In this paper we describe the most important nondestructive techniques adopted to assess the health of offshore structures, pipelines, and marine facilities.
Organization of the Posterior Parietal Cortex in Galagos: I. Functional Zones Identified by Microstimulation

We used half-second trains of intracortical microstimulation to study the functional organization of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in prosimian galagos. These trains of current pulses evoked meaningful behaviors from the anterior, but not posterior, half of PPC. Stimulation of dorsal PPC caused contralateral forelimb movements, including defensive, hand-to-mouth, and reaching movements. Defensive and hand-to-mouth movement territories overlapped, although hand-to-mouth movements were usually evoked from more rostrolateral sites than defensive movements. Reaching movement sites were typically more caudal than defensive or hand-to-mouth movement sites. Stimulation of the most medial PPC sites evoked complex movements of forelimbs and hindlimbs. Ventral PPC commonly represented defensive face movements. Similar defensive movements, with the addition of widely opening the mouth to expose the teeth, were elicited from a small area in front of the PPC defensive face zone. Sometimes defensive face movements occurred with forelimb movements. Thus, subregions of PPC relate to different ethologically relevant categories of behavior. Most movements were initiated within 33–100 msec after stimulus onset. Face, eye blink, and ear movements were generally less delayed than forelimb movements. The present results in galagos, together with those obtained from macaque monkeys by Graziano and coworkers, suggest that the functional involvement of the PPC in specific types of sensorimotor behavior evolved early in the course of primate evolution and that networks for complex movements involving motor and posterior parietal areas are characteristic of all primate brains.