cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen transport and oxygen consumption vs. cardiac output at different haematocrits

Oxygen consumption was measured in 10 anaesthetized, surgically instrumented domestic pigs on cardiopulmonary bypass while cardiac output (pump flow rate) was decreased. Oxygen consumption data (calculated by the Fick principle from blood flow rate and arterial and mixed venous content measurements) were plotted against total oxygen transport (TOT=QCaO2, where Q is pump flow rate and CaO2 is arterial blood oxygen content). Oxygen consumption (VO2) measurements were made in each animal at two haematocrits (approximately 30%, which is normal for pigs, and approximately 15%). In five of the animals (Group I) the measurements were made with normal haematocrit first, the blood was then haemodiluted with plasma or Dextran, and the measurements were repeated. In the remaining five animals (Group II), the haematocrit orderwas reversed. The plots showed two regions: above a certain value of TOT which we call critical TOT, VO2 was relatively independent of TOT, while at lower values of TOT, VO2 decreased approximat...
The Field Utility Vehicle: a tool for EOD personnel using neutron-based UXO discrimination systems

In the past decade, two portable systems for the discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO) have been developed: the PINS system and the PELAN system. While technically portable, each of these systems has ancillary equipment and wires which make them cumbersome for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel. Also, moving these systems from place to place is time-consuming. We have developed a mobile platform called the Field Utility Vehicle (FUV) to mitigate these burdens. The FUV provides power and communications for these devices, is self-propelled, and has a powered lift mechanism to adjust the height of these systems to any shell size. The FUV concept originated during a demonstration of the PELAN system at the White Oak Naval Surface Warfare Center conducted by US Navy EOD Technology Division personnel. Currently, a prototype FUV has been built and tested at the Western Kentucky University’s Applied Physics Institute. The results of these tests and cost-benefit of employing the FUV in UXO clean-up operations will be shown.
New York Heart Association functional class influences the impact of diabetes on cardiac autonomic function.

Abstract Background Diabetes (D) and heart failure (HF) are associated with abnormal heart rate variability (HRV). It is unclear whether the HRV effect of having both is cumulative. Methods Pretreatment HRV (traditional, nonlinear, and heart rate [HR] turbulence) in 80 D versus 74 non-D (ND) systolic HF patients was compared by New York Heart Association II versus III among patients entered into an HF drug evaluation study. Results Age-adjusted HR was lower in class II D versus class III and most HRV including HR turbulence was better in class II ND versus all others, with few differences between class II D and class III ND and D patients. Conclusion The effect of D and HF on autonomic function may be cumulative in class II, but D may have little additional effect on most HRV in class III patients. The prognostic value of different HRV measures in D versus ND HF patients should be further investigated.
Twenty years of controversy surrounding combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer

fessional career has been marked by ‘‘the CAB debate.’’ Although I suspect that academic debate surrounds most common and uncommon diseases in medicine, debates around the diagnosis, staging, and management of prostate cancer seem to be more controversial, intense, and long-lasting. Those in and outside of the field attribute this to the lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing many of the important issues. Although this may be true for many prostate debates, it is not true for the CAB issue. In fact, we have had more RCTs and even multiple meta-analyses to try to address this debate; yet, after 20 years, we are still at it! Despite all these evidence-based, high-level data, we still are in a quandary regarding prescribing CAB for our patients. In this issue of Cancer, Akaza and colleagues present a well written and very important follow-up of CAB using bicalutamide (80 mg daily) versus lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) monotherapy in Japanese men with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. 2 At a median follow-up of 5.2 years, there was an overall survival advantage for the men who received CAB. A nonprotocol-specified subgroup analysis by stage revealed that the survival benefit for CAB was observed only in the men who had stage C/D1 disease. However, that finding as well as the cause-specific survival data must be interpreted with caution because of small patient numbers/inadequate power. The authors also analyzed CAB versus LH-RH alone by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir groupings and demonstrated that the men who received CAB had a much better chance of achieving PSA <1.0 ng/mL. Furthermore, this robust PSA nadir also was associated with improved overall survival for men in both arms. Finally, the authors reported that the safety and tolerability of CAB with bicalutamide did not differ significantly from those of LH-RH alone. For those who favor CAB and who are CAB advocates, this article by Akaza et al will be further proof to support its continued or expanded use in their patients. Supporters of CAB will point to this
The Continuing Saga of Epidermal Stem Cells

Ever sinceTill and McCulloch (1961) identified cells with the ability to recapitulate the hematopoietic tissue after radiation damage, isolating a pure population of stem cells from somatic tissues has been a primary goal. However, achieving success has been limited. Even today, four decades later, a unique characteristic that can be used to isolate a pure population of hematopoietic stem cells is lacking. The same can be said for epidermal stem cells.
Non-Quasi-Geostrophic Effects in Baroclinic Waves with Latent Heat Release

A study is conducted for the non-quasi-geostrophic baroclinic wave effects in a saturated atmosphere whose vertical motion is subject to pseudo-adiabatic processes. With respect to the characteristics of energetics for the first-order solution, it is noted that, in the cases of both the dry mode and the first moist mode, the heat transport quantities due to the second-order eddy are small and opposite in sign to their respective transports. The non-quasi-geostrophic effects render the vertical motion field asymmetric in each of the regions involved and enter into the present treatment only as nonlinear terms. The moisture transport terms in the eddy-available potential energy equation is small by comparison to other individual terms in the cyclone scale motion's energetics calculation. This is consistent with the observational results of Smith (1980).
The Relationship of Offense-Specific Forgiveness to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in College Students

The relationship between offense-specific forgiveness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was examined in a cross-sectional survey of 178 college students reporting interpersonal trauma exposure, that is, a trauma exposure in which they identified a specific perpetrator. Higher levels of offense-specific forgiveness were significantly related to lower levels of PTSD symptoms. In path analyses, however, when gender and offense severity were allowed to directly predict both forgiveness and PTSD symptoms, the relationship was reduced to marginal significance. Exploratory analyses revealed that within the five most-commonly endorsed trauma subtypes, the relationship between forgiveness and PTSD symptoms may differ in strength and direction as a function of trauma type. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
Structural Chemistry of Alkaline Earth Hexa-Aluminates

Computer-based atomistic simulation techniques have been used to investigate the crystal chemistry and phase relationships in alkaline earth hexa-aluminates. The lattice energies for hexa-aluminate-related structural models are calculated and successfully predict that barium prefers the β-alumina-type structures with charge-balancing defects, whilst calcium or strontium prefers the ideal magnetoplumbite structure. In the case of magnesium, it is predicted that it does not prefer a hexa-aluminate structure.
Partial purification and properties of a cis-3: trans-2-enal isomerase from cucumber fruit

Abstract An enzyme, which catalyses the isomerisation of cis-3-enals to trans-2-enals, has been partially purified from cucumber fruit. The isomerase activity has been resolved from significant contamination by the related activities, lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide cleavage enzymes. An examination of the substrate specificity of the isomerase enzyme showed it to be specific for the cis-3-enals. The most efficient isomerisation was achieved with cis-3-hexenal and cis-3-nonenal which are, physiologically, the two most significant substrates. The trans-3-enal and cis-3-enol were not suitable substrates for the enzyme.
The First Summer Research Institute in Geriatric Psychiatry

In July 1995, the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry (AAGP) sponsored the first annual week-long Summer Research Institute (SRI) in Geriatric Psychiatry, at the University of California, San Diego. The NIMH-funded SRI was intended for promising postresidency and postdoctoral fellows, as well as junior faculty persons interested in research careers in geriatric psychiatry. The SRI focused on the tools needed to begin, maintain, and succeed on that career path and has been followed by continued communication between trainees and faculty. The SRI was highly successful, judging from the participants' evaluations, as well as the trainees' accomplishments in terms of publications and research funding during 1 year of follow-up. The SRI provides a useful model for an approach to bridging and shortening the transition period from fellowship to first research funding and of ensuring a continued flow of new investigators in geriatric psychiatry.
Neutron Scattering from Spherical and Shape Transitional Nuclei

In this review various types of information on reaction mechanisms, nuclear structure, and nuclear dynamics that can be deduced from the interaction of neutrons with nuclei are discussed. For the case of spherical nuclei, evidence concerning the neutronexcess dependence of the surface absorption of the optical potential will be presented, as well as some examples of how neutron scattering can be used as a quite sensitive spectroscopic tool. In the latter part of the paper some newly emerging possibilities for determining both the structure and the dynamics of shape transitional and deformed nuclei are discussed.
Effect of Complex Formation on Drug Absorption III: Concentration- and Drug-dependent effect of a Nonionic Surfactant

The effect of various concentrations of the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 on the absorption of a number of alcohols and barbiturates by goldfish has been studied. The absorption rate of the barbiturates was increased significantly in the presence of low concentrations of polysorbate 80, and decreased by higher concentrations of the surfactant. The absorption rate of the alcohols studied was not affected significantly by the surfactant. The retardation of barbiturate absorption at higher polysorbate 80 concentrations, which occurred also during mechanical agitation of the solution (when diffusion of drug to the absorbing membranes is definitely not absorption rate limiting), is interpreted as being indicative of the absence of a dissociating effect of the biologic membranes on the drug-micelle complex. The drug-micelle complexes differ in this respect from the nonmicellar dye complexes studied previously, apparently due to the greater exposure of substances in simple 1:1 complexes. Equilibrium dialysis and surface tension determinations have been carried out in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of the effects of polysorbate 80 on drug absorption. It is shown by kinetic analysis that the modification of barbiturate absorption by polysorbate 80 represents the net effect of enhanced absorption and decreased thermodynamic activity of the drug due to micellar complexation.
Hydrogen in subsurface sites of Pd(111): self-consistent electronic structure

The electronic structures of monolayer atomic hydrogen in subsurface sites of the Pd(111) surface are studied with self-consistent pseudopotential calculations. Results of the present calculations include the density of states, electronic character of the Pd-H bond, and analyses of surface states and surface density of states. It is shown that H in subsurface tetrahedral sites have electronic properties very similar to those of H in the surface threefold sites. On the other hand, near the zone center, the electronic properties for H in subsurface octahedral sites are similar to the clean surface. This is a consequence of the symmetry of the (111) surface. The H-induced features for this geometry would then be difficult to detect by normal-emission spectroscopy, which samples states near the zone center, but should be observable at the zone boundaries by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The subsurface chemisorption model for the high-temperature phase of H/Pd(111) is discussed in light of the present calculation.
Sexuality after stroke: patient counseling preferences.

AbstractPurpose: Sexual dysfunction is common after stroke, but is frequently not addressed by healthcare providers. The aim of this study was to examine patient preferences for counseling related to sexuality post-stroke. Method: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients from a stroke registry were provided an anonymous paper or online survey. Thirty-eight patients responded and completed the survey. The survey included demographic information, and scales of sexual dysfunction, fatigue, depression and functional independence. In addition, we queried subjects about stroke-related sexual dysfunction and their preferences for counseling and education materials. Results: Most respondents (71%) identified sexuality as a moderately to very important issue in their post-stroke rehabilitation. Sexual dysfunction was common, with 47% of respondents indicating that their sexual function had declined since the stroke. Eighty-one percent reported receiving insufficient information about sexuality post-stroke, and the maj...
Using the Rorschach properly in practice and research.

Proper use of the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) in practice and research requires (a) well-founded expectations concerning what the RIM should be expected to do, and (b) appropriate methods for examining its validity in achieving the purposes for which it is intended. The article under discussion fails to meet these requirements by equating the validity of Rorschach assessment with how well it correlates with psychiatric disorders, as defined by versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychi- atric Association (DSM), and with whether it correlates as well with DSM diagnoses as the MMPI. Given the nature of the RIM, these matters are of little import, and efforts to assess Rorschach validity in these ways lead along paths of little import. This is so because the RIM is not a diagnostic test, if diagnosis means DSM classification. The RIM is a personality-assessment instrument designed and intended to measure aspects of per- sonality structure and dynamics. Associations between Rorschach indices and DSM cat- egories accordingly have little bearing on the utility of the RIM for achieving its intended purposes.
Asymmetric Base-Bleed Effect on Aerospike Plume-Induced Base-Heating Environment

A computational heat transfer design methodology was developed to study the dual-engine linear aerospike plume-induced base-heating environment during one power-pack out, in ascent flight. It includes a three-dimensional, finite volume, viscous, chemically reacting, and pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation, a special base-bleed boundary condition, and a three-dimensional, finite volume, and spectral-line-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases absorption computational radiation heat transfer formulation. A separate radiation model was used for diagnostic purposes. The computational methodology was systematically benchmarked. In this study, near-base radiative heat fluxes were computed, and they compared well with those measured during static linear aerospike engine tests. The base-heating environment of 18 trajectory points selected from three power-pack out scenarios was computed. The computed asymmetric base-heating physics were analyzed. The power-pack out condition has the most impact on convective base heating when it happens early in flight. The source of its impact comes from the asymmetric and reduced base bleed.
Selecting distribution-transformer size

IN GENERAL, transformers are designed for a stated temperature rise when operated continuously at rated output. However, load requirements under actual operating conditions are variable, so that relatively few transformers are required to operate under steady load conditions. This is especially true of the smaller pole-type transformers, whose daily loads fluctuate over a wide range, with one, two, or three peaks, depending on the type of connected load.
Stability of mixed convection flow

Abstract Hydrodynamic and thermal stability of a confined stratified flow is analyzed by means of linearized perturbation theory. A numerical procedure, which has generality with respect to boundary conditions, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, mean velocity, and temperature profiles, is described to solve the Orr-Sommerfeld problem altered by buoyancy. Two test cases—the study of transition of plane Poisseulle flow affected by stable and unstable stratification and the stability of flow generated by a wall heater with and without superimposed flow—have been solved, demonstrating the power and generality of the technique. A wide range of mixed convection problems has also been covered in this paper, and interesting Prandtl number effects have been observed. In the case of stratified Poisseulle flow, increasing Prandtl number significantly reduces the influence of buoyancy. Moreover, for stability of flow over a wall heater, higher values of Prandtl number strongly amplify the effect of prescribed flow.
Variability in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks over Two Decades. Part III: South America, Africa, and Asia

Abstract Seventeen years (1982–98) of net carbon flux predictions for Southern Hemisphere continents have been analyzed, based on a simulation model using satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover. The NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model was driven by vegetation-cover properties derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and radiative transfer algorithms that were developed for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The terrestrial ecosystem flux for atmospheric CO2 for the Amazon region of South America has been predicted between a biosphere source of –0.17 Pg C per year (in 1983) and a biosphere sink of +0.64 Pg C per year (in 1989). The areas of highest variability in net ecosystem production (NEP) fluxes across all of South America were detected in the south-central rain forest areas of the Amazon basin and in southeastern Brazil. Similar levels of variability were recorded across central forested portions of Africa and in the southern horn of ...
Temporal and Motor Transfer in Music Performance

Three transfer-of-learning experiments were conducted to investigate performers9 ability to generalize knowledge of specific temporal structure and motor movements from one melody to another. Skilled pianists performed one melody during 10 training trials and another melody during 4 test trials, under speeded performance conditions. In Experiment 1, the meter and/or motor movements (hand and finger assignments) were altered from training to test melodies; in Experiment 2, the rhythm and/ or motor movements were altered; in Experiment 3, the meter and/or rhythm were altered. Differences in total melody duration from training to test were smaller when meter, rhythm, or motor variables were retained across sequences. Furthermore, the same variables of meter, rhythm, and motor movements influenced the tempo of each performance. These findings support distinct temporal and motor representations underlying performance of simple melodies.
Women on parole : Barriers to success after substance abuse treatment

Providing substance abuse treatment to women addicts is an important objective of national drug treatment policy because of the high psychological and social costs of addiction for women and their children, as well as the costs to society of lost productivity and added burdens on the social service and criminal justice systems. Using qualitative methods, we examined the barriers to success on parole among participants of an in-prison residential substance abuse treatment program. Primary barriers to success on parole were refusing community residential treatment, lack of vocational services within community residential programs, lack of community residential treatment programs that accept children, and the difficulty of avoiding habitual drug-using areas.
Increased Functional Na^+-K^+ Pump Activity in the Vasculature of Fructose-Fed Hyperinsulinemic and Hypertensive Rats

We hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia may alter insulin's ability to stimulate vascular Na+/K(+)-ATPase pump activity and modulate changes in vascular responsiveness associated with hypertension. We measured potassium-induced relaxation as an indicator of Na+/K(+)-ATPase pump activity in isolated femoral arteries from fructose-fed (FF) hyperinsulinemic, Sprague-Dawley rats. FF rats had higher mean arterial blood pressures than did normal diet-fed (NF) rats (FF, 125 +/- 2.2, n = 20, vs. NF, 113.5 +/- 2.5 mmHg, n = 20, p < 0.05) and were hyperinsulinemic (FF, 64 +/- 4 vs. NF, 37 +/- 2, microU/ml insulin, p < 0.01). FF rats were more sensitive to KCl in the Na+/K+ pump bioassay (FF, 0.86 +/- 0.07, n = 21 vs. NF, 1.18 +/- 0.08, n = 17, p < 0.05, expressed as ED50 in mmol/l KCl). Exogenous insulin (100 mU/ml) increased Na+/K+ pump sensitivity in FF rats as compared with a boiled insulin control (insulin 45 +/- 6%, n = 11, vs. control, 11 +/- 7%, n = 13, p < 0.01, expressed as percent increase in sensitivity, i.e., ED50). There were no significant differences in Na+/K+ pump sensitivity between insulin and control responses in the NF animals (insulin 29 +/- 6%, n = 11, vs. control 46 +/- 5%, n = 10, NS). Dose-response curves were obtained in tail and femoral arteries from the same animals to norepinephrine and acetylcholine, basally and after exogenous insulin. FF vessels had reduced sensitivity to norepinephrine as compared with the NF group. Insulin increased sensitivity to acetylcholine-induced relaxations and increased AII-induced contractions in FF-rat vessels. These data suggest that in the FF rat insulin's influence on the vascular Na+/K+ pump is enhanced and may modulate the changes in vascular responsiveness seen in this model.
Nucleation on cylindrical nuclei

Abstract Nucleation rates on cylindrical nuclei are calculated using the classical theory. For very good but very small nuclei, the minimum cylinder radius that causes nucleation is about half that for spherical nuclei, other things being equal. The ice-supercooled water system is used for illustration.
Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain has minimal effect on kinetics and distribution of orientations of cross bridges of rabbit skeletal muscle

Force production in muscle results from ATP-driven cyclic interactions of myosin with actin. A myosin cross bridge consists of a globular head domain, containing actin and ATP-binding sites, and a ...
Glandular trichomes and sesquiterpene lactones of Artemisia nova (Asteraceae).

Abstract The leaves of Artemisia nova Nelson are covered with a dense layer of nonglandular trichomes that obstruct the observation of glandular trichomes on the leaf surfaces. An acid-staining technique was developed that eliminates interference from the nonglandular trichomes and stains the glandular ones red, allowing them to be seen under a light microscope. Using this method it was found that these glands develop on both leaf surfaces, except over veins, and cover 21–35% of the leaf surface area at densities of 50–70 per mm 2 . Mature glands are sac-like structure with a thin sheath or cuticle surrounding a clear transparent fluid. This fluid contains all of the sesquiterpene lactones present in the leaves, and some of the monoterpenes. These terpenoids were responsible for the red color of the glands after acid treatment.
Principles and applications of a research-oriented gas chromatography—mass spectrometry data system

Abstract A research-oriented gas chromatography—mass spectrometry data system for a quadrupole mass spectrometer has been developed based on a centrally located departmental computer facility. An overview of the hardware and software system is presented, emphasizing the important aspects of on-line computer data acquisition and control and the design philosophy used in the development of the system. The application of the system is demonstrated by the g.c.—m.s. analysis of a mixture of four transition metal β-diketonates (Al, Cr, Rh, and Ru tris-1,1,1-trifluoro-pentane-2,4-dionate). This analysis involved vacuum gas chromatography with a support-coated open tubular column and detection of the eluent by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate the data system capabilities and indicate the utility of the combined methodologies.
Sex Differences in Weight of Turkey Embryos

Wet and dry weights of 12-, 16-, and 20-d-old embryos from Hybrid strain and Nicholas strain commercial cross turkeys were determined, and the relationships between embryo weights and the preincubation weight of the eggs in which they were developing was determined by regression analyses. The wet weight of Hybrid strain male embryos was significantly greater than that of females at each age, whereas wet weight of male Nicholas embryos was greater than females at 16 and 20 d. Average dry weights of male embryos of both strains exceeded those of females at 16 and 20 d but differences were not significant. Significant linear regressions of embryo wet and dry weights on egg weight were present in the Hybrid strain males at 12 and 16 d of incubation and in females at 16 d only. The regression of Nicholas embryo wet weight on egg weight approached significance in 12-d-old males and 20-d-old females.
Estimating the rate of thrombin and fibrin generation in vivo during cardiopulmonary bypass

Our objective was to estimate the in vivo rates of thrombin and fibrin generation to better understand how coagulation is regulated. Studied were 9 males undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The rates of thrombin, total fibrin, and soluble fibrin generation in vivo were based on measured levels of prothrombin activation peptide F1.2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, fibrinopeptide A, and soluble fibrin, combined with a computer model of the patient's vascular system that accounted for marker clearance, hemodilution, blood loss, and transfusion. Prior to surgery, the average thrombin generation rate was 0.24 +/- 0.11 pmol/s. Each thrombin molecule in turn generated about 100 fibrin molecules, of which 1% was soluble fibrin. The thrombin generation rate did not change after sternotomy or administration of heparin, then rapidly increased 20-fold to 5.60 +/- 6.65 pmol/s after 5 minutes of CPB (P =.000 05). Early in CPB each new thrombin generated only 4 fibrin molecules, of which 35% was soluble fibrin. The thrombin generation rate was 2.14 +/- 1.88 pmol/s during the remainder of CPB, increasing again to 5.47 +/- 4.08 pmol/s after reperfusion of the ischemic heart (P =.000 08). After heparin neutralization with protamine, thrombin generation remained high (5.34 +/- 4.01 pmol/s, P =.0002) and total fibrin generation increased, while soluble fibrin generation decreased. By 2 hours after surgery, thrombin and fibrin generation rates were returning to baseline levels. We conclude that cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion of the ischemic heart results in bursts of nonhemostatic thrombin generation and dysregulated fibrin formation, not just a steady increase in thrombin generation as suggested by previous studies.
Ion-exchange displacement chromatography of proteins Dendritic polymers as novel displacers

While the ability to carry out simultaneous concentration and purification in a single displacement step has significant advantages for downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals, a major obstacle to the implementation of displacement chromatography has been the lack of appropriate displacer compounds. All protein displacement separations reported to date have employed relatively high-molecular-mass (> 2000) polyelectrolyte displacers. In this paper, results are presented on the discovery that low-molecular-mass dendritic polymers can be successfully employed as efficient displacers for protein purification in ion-exchange systems. Pentaerythritol-based dendritic polyelectrolytes ranging in molecular mass from 480 to 5100 were investigated as potential displacers for the purification of proteins in cation-exchange systems. The adsorption properties of these dendrimers were investigated using the steric mass action (SMA) model of non-linear ion-exchange chromatography. An analysis of the resulting SMA parameters using a dynamic affinity plot indicated that these dendrimers should have sufficient affinity to act as protein displacers. Displacement separations of protein mixtures in cation-exchange systems were carried out using zero-, first- and second-generation dendrimers. These experiments demonstrate that this new class of dendritic polyelectrolytes can indeed act as efficient protein displacers. The ability of a low-molecular-mass compound such as the “zero”-generation dendrimer (Mr 480) to displace proteins is very significant in that it represents a major departure from the conventional wisdom that large polyelectrolyte polymers are required to displace proteins in ion-exchange systems. In addition to the fundamental interest generated by low-molecular-mass displacers, it is likely that these displacers will have significant operational advantages as compared to large polyelectrolyte displacers.
The Central Role of the Trans-Golgi Network as a Gateway of the Early Secretory Pathway: Physiologic vs Nonphysiologic Protein Transit

The current review focuses upon recent advances concerning the interrelationship between the ER and the trans-Golgi network (ER-TGN), the ER and the nucleus (ER-nucleus), and the ER-ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways at the level of basic cell biology. The overall emphasis of this paper centers upon the high likelihood that measurements of ER-associated protein or gene expression levels are not representative of a strict ER alone phenotype. Rather, that ER phenotype reflects a synthesis of phenotypes derived from intracellular compartments and phosphorylated messengers in rapport with the ER. The ER-TGN, ER-nuclear, and ER-ubiquitin-proteasomal transit paths share the ability to feed into the decision of whether TGN vesicles can interact with specific phosphorylated residues in order to drive physiologic, constitutive, anterograde traffic, retrograde traffic, and degradation. TGN vesicles can: (a) traffic to endosomes versus plasma membrane phosphodomains depending upon the presence or the absence of select Golgi-localized gamma-ear containing ADP ribosylation factor-binding proteins and/or protein kinase D; (b) be maintained within the TGN in the presence of a phosphosorting acidic cluster motif adaptor; (c) transit back to the ER via specialized TGN/ER glycosyltransferases (which modulate phosphorylated proteins); (d) transit to the nucleus via phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-associated phosphodomains; and/or (e) retrotranslocate to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is equipped with E3 ligase potential, in order to further regulate endosomal versus plasma membrane traffic. The TGN is also a critical gateway for protein transit in the sense that, as a function of sorting within this compartment, proteins are sent to the axon, cell body, or dendrites. As the decision to sort to the axon versus the somatodendritic compartment is intimately tied to TGN function, future understanding of TGN biology at the levels of neurogenesis and protein sorting is predicted to also effectively increase our understanding of synaptic sorting/regulation.
Toxoplasma gondii: specific labeling of nucleic acids of intracellular parasites in Lesch-Nyhan cells.

Abstract Lesch-Nyhan cells, which are incapable of incorporating hypoxanthine and guanine, supported the growth of Toxoplasma gondii. Massive infection of these cultured mutant human fibroblast cells resulted in a marked increase in the incorporation of radioactive hypoxanthine or guanine supplied in the medium. Autoradiography established that these radioactive purines supplied to infected Lesch-Nyhan cells were incorporated specifically into the intracellular parasites. No such specificity was seen in infected wild-type human fibroblast cells in which the nucleic acids of both the parasite and the host cell were labeled. Purine nucleotides within the intracellular parasite were not available for the synthesis of host nucleic acids. Toxoplasma gondii was less active than wild-type human fibroblast cells in the interconversion of purine nucleotides.
DRUG RASH WITH AMPICILLIN AND OTHER PENICILLINS

Abstract In a comprehensive drug surveillance system which monitored 3985 consecutive medical inpatients, rash attributed to any drug was recorded in 9.5% of 422 patients treated with ampicillin and in 4.5% of 622 patients treated with other penicillins (P=0.002). The frequency of rash in 2941 patients not given these drugs was 1.8%. The estimates of attributable risk for ampicillin and other penicillins were thus 7.7% and 2.7% respectively. With ampicillin the route of administration does not appear to affect the risk substantially; with other penicillins there is some evidence that drug rash occurs less frequently after oral than after parenteral administration. The excess frequency with ampicillin is accounted for by a group of patients whose onset of rash is delayed. This suggests that additional antigenic impurities may be present in ampicillin.
Amplification of 350-fsec pulses in XeCl excimer gain modules.

A pair of XeCl gain modules was used to amplify 350-fsec 308-nm pulses to ~10-mJ energies with <1-mJ amplified-stimulated-emission content. Gentle focusing in air of the ~1.5-mJ beam from the first amplifier alone produces ~1000-cm−1 broadening of the pulse spectrum by the mechanism of self-phase modulation.
A Monte Carlo study of structure and intercalation in conducting polymers

Monte Carlo (MC) calculations have been used to model the equatorial chain packing within linear π-conjugated polymers both before and after intercalation. These calculations employ a generalized anisotropic planar rotor (GAPR) representation of the host lattice through a model Hamiltonian, introduced previously in a mean-field theory (MFT) approach by H.-Y. Choi, A.B. Harris and E.J. Mele [Phys. Rev. B 40, 3766 (1989)], in which planar rotors (representing polymer chains) are pinned onto a rigid two-dimensional triangular lattice. Equilibrium structures and transition temperatures are in good agreement with those seen in MFT but additional MC calculations show the possible existence of commensurate phases with larger unit cells than those considered in MFT studies.
Viewpoint 10 — An application of quantum chemistry to the search for new materials: metastable polymers formed at high pressures

MNDO/AM1 studies indicate the possibility of forming metastable polymers of nitrogen oxides, through application of the extreme pressures which have become accessible in recent years. Kinetically stable open-chain polymers of nitric oxide, (NO)x, analogous to the known polythiazyl, (SN)x, and/or (ONNO)x, and polycyclic (ONNO)x, may be obtainable. Of particular interest is the possibility of forming a planar, cis, trans open-chain polymer of nitrous oxide, which is geometrically quite similar to (SN)x. As offshoots of the investigations, it is found that: (1) a polycyclic derivative, (SNNS)x, may be formed exothermically from (SN)x and possess superior conducting properties; (2) marriage of a hypothetical cyclic trimer of nitric oxide and an open-chain polymer of nitrous oxide may account for experimental investigations which have reported a preponderance of the (NO)3(ONN)x+ cations in mass-spectrometric studies of mixtures of nitric and nitrous oxides; (3) an interesting series of strain-free cage compounds, N6O6, N6S6, and N12H6, which are isostructural with the skeleton of the known hydrocarbon iceane, C12H18, may be realizable; (4) high-energy cyclic oligomers of nitrous oxide, (N2O)2–6, which are similar to crown ethers, and whose derivatives might form a novel series of sequestering agents or gas generators, are possible.
Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Dinucleotides and 5'-Monophosphate Dinucleotides in a Quadrupole Ion Trap.

Abstract Gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions of four deprotonated dinucleotides (dAA, dAG, dGA, dGG) and their 5′-monophosphate analogs (5′-dAA, 5′-dAG, 5′-dGA, 5′-dGG) with D2O were performed in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Significant differences in the rates and extents of exchange were found when the 5′-hydroxyl group of the dinucleotides was replaced by a phosphate functionality. Extensive and nucleobase-dependent exchange occurred for the deprotonated 5′-monophosphate dinucleotides, whereas the dinucleotides all exhibited essentially the same limited exchange. Results for the isomeric 5′-monophosphates, 5′-dAG and 5′-dGA, were remarkably different, indicating that the H/D exchange reaction was sequence dependent. An elaborate array of computations was performed to investigate the gas-phase structures of the ions individually and also as participants in ion-molecule complexes with D2O. Integration of the experimental and theoretical results supports a relay exchange mechanism and suggests that the exchange behavior depends highly on the identity and sequence of the nucleobases as well as their ability to interact with the deprotonation site. Finally, a shuttling mechanism is proposed to possibly account for the bimodal H/D exchange behavior observed for deprotonated 5′P-dGA. In this case, hydrogen bonding between the nucleobases in concert with interaction from the deuterating agent creates an ion-molecule complex in which hydrogen and deuterium atoms may be shuttled amongst the hydrogen-bonded participants.
Factors associated with adolescents receiving drug treatment: findings from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

This article examines factors associated with adolescents receiving treatment for drug-related problems. Data on adolescents (aged 12–17) from the 1995 and 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA,N=9133) were used. Information was obtained concerning adolescent drug use, smoking, drinking and related problems, as well as sociodemographics. Many adolescents with drug-related problems did not receive treatment. Among predisposing factors, gender and age were associated with drug treatment. Severity of drug problems and comorbid emotional and health problems also predicted seeking treatment. The results call for an improved service delivery system. Screening for drug problems in primary care settings, at school, and in mental health programs will help in the early identification and treatment of drug use disorders in youth.
A two-segment approximation algorithm for separable convex programming with linear constraints

We discuss a new algorithm for the separable convex programming with linear constraints. This is based on the approximation of the objective function by at most two linear pieces in the neighborhood of the current feasible solution. The two segments will be adaptively defined rather than predecided fixed grids. If3 furthermore, the objective function is differentiable, and one introduces a non-Archimedean infinitesimal, the algorithm generates a sequence of feasible solutions every cluster point of which is an optimal solution. Computational tests on the problem with up to 196 non-linear variables are presented
Set existence property for intuitionistic theories with dependent choice

Abstract Let TC be intuitionistic higher-order arithmetic or intuitionistic ZF (with Replacement), both with Relativized Dependent Choice, or just Countable Choice. We show that TC[boxvr]∄ x . A( x ) (closed) gives TC[boxvr]A( t ) for some comprehension term t . This solves a problem left open by Myhill in [4].
Neuronal injury in experimental status epilepticus in the rat: role of hypoxia

While it seems axiomatic that hypoxia is a risk factor for neuronal death during prolonged seizures, the classic neuropathologic literature does not confirm such an association. We investigated this issue by inducing status epilepticus in normoxic (PaO2 approximately 100 mmHg) and hypoxia (PaO2 approximately 50 mmHg) rats, using heat-shock protein (HSP) expression as an index of early cell injury and acid fuchsin staining to detect cell death. Neither stress protein induction nor neuronal death was increased in the selectively vulnerable CA3c region of hippocampus, or in cerebral cortex, of hypoxic compared to normoxic animals. These data support the concept that moderate hypoxia is not a risk factor for brain injury from status epilepticus.
Electromyography of 3 Scapular Muscles: A Comparative Analysis of the Cuff Link Device and a Standard Push-Up

Abstract Context: The Cuff Link is a closed kinetic chain rehabilitation apparatus for the upper extremity. Limited research has established its effectiveness to elicit muscle activation of the sca...
Changes in PSA kinetics predict metastasis- free survival in men with PSA-recurrent prostate cancer treated with nonhormonal agents: combined analysis of 4 phase II trials.

BACKGROUND: Several phase II trials in men with noncastrate PSA-recurrent prostate cancer have assessed the impact of novel nonhormonal agents on PSA kinetics. However, it is unknown whether changes in PSA kinetics influence metastasis-free survival (MFS). METHODS: We performed a retrospective post hoc analysis of 146 men treated in 4 phase II trials examining the investigational agents marimastat (a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; n = 39), imatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; n = 25), ATN-224 (a copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase inhibitor; n = 22), and lenalidomide (an antiangiogenic/immunomodulatory drug; n = 60). We investigated factors influencing MFS, including within-subject changes in PSA kinetics (PSA slope, doubling time, and velocity) before and after treatment initiation. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 16.8 months, 70 patients (47.9%) developed metastases. In multivariable Cox regression models, factors that were independently predictive of MFS after adjusting for age and other clinical prognostic variables were baseline PSA doubling time (PSADT) (P = .05), baseline PSA slope (P = .01), on-study change in PSADT (P = .02), and on-study change in PSA slope (P = .03). In a landmark Kaplan-Meier analysis, median MFS was 63.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.6-not reached) and 28.9 months (95% CI, 13.5-68.0) for men with or without any decrease in PSA slope by 6 months after treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This hypothesis-generating analysis suggests that within-subject changes in PSADT and PSA slope after initiation of experimental therapy may correlate with MFS in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. If validated in prospective trials, changes in PSA kinetics may represent a reasonable intermediate end point for screening new agents in these patients. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Translocation of Arrestin Induced by Human A3 Adenosine Receptor Ligands in an Engineered Cell Line: Comparison with G Protein-dependent Pathways

Structurally diverse ligands were studied in A3 adenosine receptor (AR)-mediated β-arrestin translocation in engineered CHO cells. The agonist potency and efficacy were similar, although not identical, to their G protein signaling. However, differences have also been found. MRS542, MRS1760, and other adenosine derivatives, A3AR antagonists in cyclic AMP assays, were partial agonists in β-arrestin translocation, indicating possible biased agonism. The xanthine 7-riboside DBXRM, a full agonist, was only partially efficacious in β-arrestin translocation. DBXRM was shown to induce a lesser extent of desensitization compared with IB-MECA. In kinetic studies, MRS3558, a potent and selective A3AR agonist, induced β-arrestin translocation significantly faster than IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA. Non-nucleoside antagonists showed similar inhibitory potencies as previously reported. PTX pretreatment completely abolished ERK1/2 activation, but not arrestin translocation. Thus, lead candidates for biased agonists at the A3AR have been identified with this arrestin-translocation assay, which promises to be an effective tool for ligand screening.
Passive sampling to capture spatial variability in PM10–2.5

This work applied inexpensive passive sampling to measure airborne coarse particles with aerodynamic diameters between 2.5 and 10 μm (PM10–2.5) over three 7-day periods at 33 sites in a medium-sized Midwest City (Iowa City, IA). The number of sites and their locations were selected using an optimal sampling design that captured 95% of the total variance in PM10–2.5 as measured with real-time sampling equipment on a mobile sampling platform. Weekly averages of PM10–2.5 were 15.9 μg m−3 (coefficient of variation between sites, CV=23%), 17.9 μg m−3 (CV=24%), and 6.1 μg m−3 (CV=30%). ANOVA showed that these means were statistically different (p<0.001), and that the spatial variability plus random error accounted for 29% of the total variability. The maximum coefficient of divergence between sites—a relative measure of uniformity—ranged from 0.21 to 0.36. These values indicate that PM10–2.5 was heterogeneous even on the fine spatial resolution studied in this work (average distance between sites was 4.4 km). The spatial patterns of PM10–2.5 measured with the passive samplers closely matched with those of mobile mapping and corresponded with known coarse particle sources in the area. This work demonstrates that passive sampling coupled with effective sampling design may enhance our ability to assess exposure to PM10–2.5 at a local scale. Compared to exposure estimates made with data from centrally located, filter-based samplers, these highly spatially resolved estimates should reduce exposure misclassification errors in epidemiological studies.
Quasicontraction Mappings in Modular Spaces without Δ2-Condition

As a generalization to Banach contraction principle, Ciric introduced the concept of quasi-contraction mappings. In this paper, we investigate these kinds of mappings in modular function spaces without the 2-condition. In particular, we prove the existence of fixed points and discuss their uniqueness.
Lithography hotspot detection and mitigation in nanometer VLSI

With continued feature size scaling, even state of the art semiconductor manufacturing processes will often run into layouts with poor printability and yield. Identifying lithography hotspots is important at both physical verification and early physical design stages. While detailed lithography simulations can be very accurate, they may be too computationally expensive for full-chip scale and physical design inner loops. Meanwhile, pattern matching and machine learning based hotspot detection methods can provide acceptable quality and yet fast turn-around-time for full-chip scale physical verification and design. In this paper, we discuss some key issues and recent results on lithography hotspot detection and mitigation in nanometer VLSI.