cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compression of time varying isosurfaces

Compressing sequences of complex time-varying surfaces as generated by medical instrumentations or complex physical simulations can be extremely challenging: repeated topology changes during the surface evolution render most of the previous techniques for compression of time-varying surfaces inefficient or impractical. In order to provide a viable solution, we propose a new approach based upon an existing isosurface compression technique designed for static surfaces. We exploit temporal coherence of the data by adopting the paradigm of block-based motion prediction developed in video coding and extending it using local surface registration. The resulting prediction errors across frames are treated as a static isosurface and encoded progressively using an adaptive octree-based scheme. We also exploit local spatiotemporal patterns through context-based arithmetic coding. Fine-grain geometric residuals are encoded separately with user-specified precision. The other design choices made to handle large datasets are detailed.
What Ignites and Sustains Activism: Exploring Participatory Competence

Qualitative methods were employed to investigate processes and competencies experienced by self-described activists, who represent social welfare and civil rights causes in a single northeastern state. In the tradition of phenomenological research, a small number (eight participants) was secured, and in-depth interviews were conducted. Analysis of interview data explored pathways into—and maintenance of—activist orientation. Within this sample, it was determined that activism contextualizes a long-term empowering process and contributes to participatory competence among study participants. The authors argue that this framework is useful for social work educators to facilitate empowerment through activism for students.
Wood decay by Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse (Helotiales, Leotiaceae) and associated basidiomycete fungi

Abstract Two isolates of Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse incubated axenically on aspen wood blocks resulted in 18% and 32% mass loss after 134 wks (2 yrs 8 mo). Aspen wood decayed by C. aeruginascens contained cavities in the S2 layer of the secondary cell wall, similar to Type I soft rot attack, as well as erosion troughs and overall thinning and erosion of wood cell walls, resembling decay by Type II soft rot fungi. Using a selective medium, basidiomycete fungi were isolated from 9 of 17 samples of wood from a variety of tree species colonized and stained by Chlorociboria sp. (putatively C. aeruginascens) in a mixed hardwood forest from northern North America. Basidiomycete fungi were identified by ITS sequencing and cultural tests and were shown to be predominantly species of common white rot fungi. In axenic decay tests with aspen blocks, basidiomycete isolates caused mass losses in the range of 10%–50% after 26 wks incubation. Decay tests in which a basidiomycete isolate was co-inoculated with an isolate of C. aeruginascens did not differ significantly (p
Trace links explained: An automated approach for generating rationales

Software Traceability is a critical element in all safety critical software systems. Trace links are created across diverse artifacts such as requirements, design, code, test cases, and hazards - either manually or with the help of supporting tools. The links are then used to support a range of software engineering activities including impact analysis, compliance verification, and safety inspections. For traceability to effectively support these activities it is important for the meaning and rationale of each link to be clearly communicated. It is often insuficient to know that one artifact satisfies, realizes, or complies to another. Instead, it is important to know why and how it does so. Terms and phrases used to describe artifacts are connected through composition, synonymic, and generalization relationships which often can only be interpreted by domain experts. In this RE:Next! paper we propose a novel approach for utilizing domain-specific knowledge bases to generate trace link rationales. We illustrate our approach with examples of automatically generated rationales taken from the domain of Communication and Control of a Transportation system, and from a Medical Infusion pump domain.
Measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration for the diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula.

The demonstration of an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula before surgical correction is frequently difficult. Currently utilized procedures are so irregularly successful that surgical exploration is sometimes necessary without prior demonstration of the fistula. A case is reported in which the diagnosis was made by measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration, which increased and declined in response to the endotracheal insufflation of 100% oxygen and room air, respectively. The fistula was subsequently demonstrated by barium esophagram and was successfully treated surgically. In the presence of the classic clinical triad (choking during feedings, abdominal distention, and pneumonitis), a positive intragastric oxygen test may be sufficient indication for surgical exploration.
Genesis of marine terrace soils, Barbados, West Indies: Evidence from mineralogy and geochemistry

Well-developed, clay-rich soils dominated by interstratified kaolinite-smectite are found on the uplifted coral reef terraces on the island of Barbados. The reef limestone is unlikely to have been the soil parent material however, because it is 98 per cent CaCO3 and geomorphic evidence argues against the 20 m of reef solution required to produce the soils by this process. The mineralogy of the sand, silt, and clay fractions of the soils, and trace element geochemistry, suggest that aeolian materials carried on the trade winds from Africa, volcanic ash from the island of St. Vincent, and quartz from Tertiary bedrock on the island itself are the parent materials for the soils.
Institutionalist Policies for Financial Inclusion

Using an institutionalist reading of the capability approach, I advocate policies for enhancing financial capabilities via financial inclusion. There are 34 million unbanked and underbanked households in the USA (with 68 million adults), many of whom rely on alternative financial services providers (AFSPs). Rather than castigate AFSPs for the predatory practices of some in the industry, this paper argues that a regulated industry can be integral to meeting needs of lower-to-moderate income communities. A typology of existing financial services in the USA is the basis for presenting these proposals. The policies I evaluate concern the economy's structures and institutions rather than focusing on an individual's or a household's financial literacy.
Nonexplosive and explosive magma/wet-sediment interaction during emplacement of Eocene intrusions into Cretaceous to Eocene strata, Trans-Pecos igneous province, West Texas

Abstract Eocene intrusion of alkaline basaltic to trachyandesitic magmas into unlithified, Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Eocene fluvial strata in part of the Trans-Pecos igneous province in West Texas produced an array of features recording both nonexplosive and explosive magma/wet-sediment interaction. Intrusive complexes with 40Ar/39Ar dates of ~ 47–46 Ma consist of coherent basalt, peperite, and disrupted sediment. Two of the complexes cutting Cretaceous strata contain masses of conglomerate derived from Eocene fluvial deposits that, at the onset of intrusive activity, would have been > 400–500 m above the present level of exposure. These intrusive complexes are inferred to be remnants of diatremes that fed maar volcanoes during an early stage of magmatism in this part of the Trans-Pecos province. Disrupted Cretaceous strata along diatreme margins record collapse of conduit walls during and after subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions. Eocene conglomerate slumped downward from higher levels during vent excavation. Coherent to pillowed basaltic intrusions emplaced at the close of explosive activity formed peperite within the conglomerate, within disrupted Cretaceous strata in the conduit walls, and within inferred remnants of the phreatomagmatic slurry that filled the vents during explosive volcanism. A younger series of intrusions with 40Ar/39Ar dates of ~ 42 Ma underwent nonexplosive interaction with Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene mud and sand. Dikes and sills show fluidal, billowed, quenched margins against the host strata, recording development of surface instabilities between magma and groundwater-rich sediment. Accentuation of billowed margins resulted in propagation of intrusive pillows into the adjacent sediment. More intense disruption and mingling of quenched magma with sediment locally produced fluidal and blocky peperite, but sufficient volumes of pore fluid were not heated rapidly enough to generate phreatomagmatic explosions. This work suggests that Trans-Pecos Texas may be an important locale for the study of subvolcanic phreatomagmatic processes and associated phenomena. Eocene intrusions in the study area underwent complex interactions with wet sediment at shallow levels beneath the surface in strata as old as Maastrichtian, which must have remained unlithified and rich in pore water for ~ 20–25 Ma.
Synthesis and x-ray data of a stable in air crystalline modification of chromium(II) phthalocyanine (Cr-α-Pc)

Abstract When the β modification of chromium(II) phthalocyanine is sublimed under specified conditions, a purple-red microcrystalline product is obtained which, unlike the starting compound does not react with the air. This sublimate has been identified as the α form of chromium(II) phthalocyanine by its analytical data and IR spectrum as well as on the basis of its isomorphism with the α forms of iron(II) and cobalt(II) phthalocyanine. The different stability ain air of the two forms of chromium(II) phthalocyanine can be reasonably explained on the basis of their different crystal features.
Ultrasonic waves in layered anisotropic media: characterization of multidirectional composites

Abstract An efficient and stable recursive compliance/stiffness matrix algorithm is presented to model wave propagation in multidirectional composites. The models are applied to clarify angle beam transmission through a multidirectional composite and to process ultrasonic data for determination of the elastic properties of a composite lamina (single ply) from measurements on a multidirectional composite. Ultrasonic characterization of composites using double-through-transmission and time-resolved line focus acoustic microscopy has been addressed. The double-through-transmission measurements and simulations show that the transmission amplitude is highly dependent on ply orientation and angle of incidence. The transmission amplitude decreases rapidly with incident angle deviation from the normal; however, a transmission window is found in the incident angle range 45–60° at frequencies below 2.25 MHz. The time-delay measurements by the double-through-transmission technique have been used to reconstruct lamina properties using the Floquet wave concept. A unidirectional lamina elastic properties measurement using line focus acoustic microscopy of a multidirectional composite sample is also briefly discussed. The effective elastic properties for the composites are determined from the lamina properties by a Floquet wave dynamic homogenization method.
Nucleic acid determinants for selective deamination of DNA over RNA by activation-induced deaminase

Activation-induced deaminase (AID), a member of the larger AID/APOBEC family, is the key catalyst in initiating antibody somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. The DNA deamination model accounting for AID’s functional role posits that AID deaminates genomic deoxycytosine bases within the immunoglobulin locus, activating downstream repair pathways that result in antibody maturation. Although this model is well supported, the molecular basis for AID’s selectivity for DNA over RNA remains an open and pressing question, reflecting a broader need to elucidate how AID/APOBEC enzymes engage their substrates. To address these questions, we have synthesized a series of chimeric nucleic acid substrates and characterized their reactivity with AID. These chimeric substrates feature targeted variations at the 2′-position of nucleotide sugars, allowing us to interrogate the steric and conformational basis for nucleic acid selectivity. We demonstrate that modifications to the target nucleotide can significantly alter AID’s reactivity. Strikingly, within a substrate that is otherwise DNA, a single RNA-like 2′-hydroxyl substitution at the target cytosine is sufficient to compromise deamination. Alternatively, modifications that favor a DNA-like conformation (or sugar pucker) are compatible with deamination. AID’s closely related homolog APOBEC1 is similarly sensitive to RNA-like substitutions at the target cytosine. Inversely, with unreactive 2′-fluoro-RNA substrates, AID’s deaminase activity was rescued by introducing a trinucleotide DNA patch spanning the target cytosine and two nucleotides upstream. These data suggest a role for nucleotide sugar pucker in explaining the molecular basis for AID’s DNA selectivity and, more generally, suggest how other nucleic acid-modifying enzymes may distinguish DNA from RNA.
Inhibiting miRNA in Caenorhabditis elegans using a potent and selective antisense reagent

Antisense reagents can serve as efficient and versatile tools for studying gene function by inhibiting nucleic acids in vivo. Antisense reagents have particular utility for the experimental manipulation of the activity of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in the regulation of diverse developmental and physiological pathways in animals. Even in traditional genetic systems, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, antisense reagents can provide experimental strategies complementary to mutational approaches. Presently no antisense reagents are available for inhibiting miRNAs in the nematode C. elegans. We have developed a new class of fluorescently labelled antisense reagents to inhibit miRNAs in developing worms. These reagents were synthesized by conjugating dextran with 2'-O-methyl oligoribonucleotide. The dextran-conjugated antisense reagents can be conveniently introduced into the germline of adult hermaphrodites and are transmitted to their progeny, where they efficiently and specifically inhibit a targeted miRNA in different tissues, including the hypodermis, the vulva and the nervous system. We show that these reagents can be used combinatorially to inhibit more than one miRNA in the same animal. This class of antisense reagents represents a new addition to the toolkit for studying miRNA in C. elegans. Combined with numerous mutants or reporter stains available, these reagents should provide a convenient approach to examine genetic interactions that involve miRNA, and may facilitate studying functions of miRNAs, especially ones whose deletion strains are difficult to generate. See related research article: http://jbiol.com/content/9/3/20
Novelties in Serjania (Sapindaceae)

Three new species ofSerjania (S. magnistipulata andS. mori from Bahia, Brazil andS. schunkei from Peru) are described, discussed, and illustrated.
Age‐Associated Statural Loss and Socioeconomic Status

Association between socioeconomic score (SES) and age-related statural loss were investigated in a cross-sectional sample of 718 adults from rural Colombia. Estimates of statural aging were calculated by estimating the maximum statural attainment of each subject from statural relationships with subischial length. Statural loss was correlated with SES, r=-0.06 (not significant) for men, and r=-0.14 (p less than 0.01) for women. Subjects with a high SES tended to lose stature at a slower rate than those with a low SES. For women, the difference in rates of statural loss between the low SES groups was significant (p less than 0.05).
Nonlinear frequency compression in hearing aids: impact on speech and language development.

Objectives The research questions of this study were: (1) Are children using nonlinear frequency compression (NLFC) in their hearing aids getting better access to the speech signal than children using conventional processing schemes? The authors hypothesized that children whose hearing aids provided wider input bandwidth would have more access to the speech signal, as measured by an adaptation of the Speech Intelligibility Index, and (2) are speech and language skills different for children who have been fit with the two different technologies; if so, in what areas? The authors hypothesized that if the children were getting increased access to the speech signal as a result of their NLFC hearing aids (question 1), it would be possible to see improved performance in areas of speech production, morphosyntax, and speech perception compared with the group with conventional processing. Design Participants included 66 children with hearing loss recruited as part of a larger multisite National Institutes of Health-funded study, Outcomes for Children with Hearing Loss, designed to explore the developmental outcomes of children with mild to severe hearing loss. For the larger study, data on communication, academic and psychosocial skills were gathered in an accelerated longitudinal design, with entry into the study between 6 months and 7 years of age. Subjects in this report consisted of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children recruited at the North Carolina test site. All had at least at least 6 months of current hearing aid usage with their NLFC or conventional amplification. Demographic characteristics were compared at the three age levels as well as audibility and speech/language outcomes; speech-perception scores were compared for the 5-year-old groups. Results Results indicate that the audibility provided did not differ between the technology options. As a result, there was no difference between groups on speech or language outcome measures at 4 or 5 years of age, and no impact on speech perception (measured at 5 years of age). The difference in Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language and mean length of utterance scores for the 3-year-old group favoring the group with conventional amplification may be a consequence of confounding factors such as increased incidence of prematurity in the group using NLFC. Conclusions Children fit with NLFC had similar audibility, as measured by a modified Speech Intelligibility Index, compared with a matched group of children using conventional technology. In turn, there were no differences in their speech and language abilities.
Update on the epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis

The epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis was described as early as the 1970s, yet decades later the true frequency of this disease and its associated risk factors are still in question. There has been a wealth of data documenting the various incidence and prevalence rates across the world, demonstrating potential risk factors inherent to geographic differences. Studies that follow primary biliary cirrhosis in a set population over time have offered the most reliable picture of disease frequency. Analysis of clustering effects through region and time has offered valuable information on the complexity of the disease development. Improved epidemiologic surveillance of primary biliary cirrhosis around the world will be necessary to provide definitive evidence on the phenomenon of clustering and its associations with proposed risk factors in the literature.
Effectiveness of the Pertussis Vaccination Program as Determined by Use of the Screening Method: United States, 1992–1994

The screening method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the pertussis vaccination program in the United States during 1992-1994. The formula VE = 1 - [PCV/(1 - PCV)][(1 - PPV)/PPV] was used (VE = vaccine effectiveness; PCV = proportion of cases vaccinated; PPV = proportion of population vaccinated). Data from the national Supplementary Pertussis Surveillance System and the National Health Interview Survey were used to determine PCV and PPV, respectively. Among children aged 7-18 months, VE for 3 doses of pertussis vaccine was 79% (95% confidence interval, 74%-83%) for preventing culture-confirmed pertussis. Between the ages of 19 and 47 months, VE for > or = 4 doses was 90% (95% confidence interval, 88%-92%). VE estimates appeared lower in epidemic (1993) than non-epidemic years (1992, 1994). VE estimates determined using the screening method were consistent with the previous estimates from the United States. This method will continue to be useful for assessing the effectiveness of the pertussis vaccination program in the United States, where acellular pertussis vaccines are recommended for infants.
Abstract 1327: Analysis of metal content and distribution in profiling normal and tumor tissues from three human carcinomas

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Studies have shown that elemental/metal homeostasis is very essential to the development of the cancer phenotype in many cancers including lung and liver carcinomas. The balance in the composition of trace elements/metals was recognized to be essential to normal homeostasis. Low Zn levels were implicated in the development of prostate as well as other cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential relationship of metal concentrations and profiles in cancer and normal tissues of humans. It is hypothesized that essential elements/metal concentrations and profiles will show significant differences between cancer and normal tissues as well as between different tissue types in human tissue material. The study will establish critical element/metal profiles that provide correlations with the development of three major carcinomas. Normal human and tumor tissues of lung, breast and liver tissues used in this study were obtained from US Biomax Company. Tissue samples were prepared using standardized digestion procedure and the ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) was used to determine the concentrations and profiles of 21 elements including Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, V, and Zn. Results showed that nine major elements of Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, and Zn were found to be significantly different in term of their concentration profiles in normal and tumor tissues of human lung, breast and liver. It is concluded that metal/elemental homeostasis is essential for normal tissue function and that shifts in elemental distribution and content are tissue specific as well as carcinoma specific. These results are promising and warrant further studies to exploit the possibility of manipulating elemental content and distribution as a cancer therapeutic modality. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1327. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1327
Partial Life Tables for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Compact- and Loose-Panicle Sorghum Hybrids

Population dynamics were assessed and partial life tables constructed for corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), infesting panicles of two sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, hybrids in field experiments in central Texas in 1985 and 1986. The hybrids were commercially acceptable types, similar agronomically and developmentally but differing in degree of panicle compactness at maturity. Almost all oviposition on panicles occurred just before and during flowering. Subsequent larval stages were associated with progressive stages of panicle development. Significantly more corn earworm eggs and larvae were recovered from panicles of the compact-panicle hybrid than the loose-panicle hybrid. However, life table construction revealed that the distribution and level of egg and larval mortality were similar for corn earworm on either panicle type. Data from all experiments revealed that real mortality ( rx ) was >98% by the end of the last larval stage, and was >90% during the egg and small larval stages. Parasitism by Trichogramma spp. and failure to hatch caused the greatest amount of egg mortality. Few parasitized larvae were found. Disease-induced larval mortality was low but was highest among large larvae. The greater number of larvae recovered from sorghum with compact panicles than those with loose panicles was a function of the greater number of eggs deposited on those panicles. Significant relationships existed between abundance of large larvae (>24 mm) and that of small and medium larvae. Equations were derived to predict densities of large corn earworm larvae on sorghum panicles based upon densities of earlier corn earworm life stages.
Observation of anti-Stokes fluorescence from GaN Film grown on Si (111) substrate

Phonon-assisted anti-Stokes fluorescence has been observed in GaN film grown on Si (111) substrate. The donor-acceptor pairs and bound excitons have played primary roles in the generation of anti-Stokes fluorescence.
Optimization of a MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometer for intact protein analysis

A MALDI TOF-TOF instrument was optimized and evaluated for intact protein analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. Ion source voltages and delay times were adjusted to affect an up to a 10-fold improvement in fragment ion yield compared to data obtained using default settings employed in peptide analysis. For large peptides (3–4.5 kDa), up to 90% of all possible b- and y-fragment ions were observed, which provides sufficient information for de novo sequencing and unambiguous protein identification. Product ion signals associated with preferential cleavages C-terminal to aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues and N-terminal to proline residues became dominant with increased protein molecular weight. Matrix effects were also evaluated and, among the eight matrices examined, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) was found to produce the best intact protein tandem mass spectra for proteins up to 12 kDa. Optimized performance yielded detection limits of 50–125 fmol for proteins of 4 and 12 kDa, respectively. This improved performance has yielded an instrument with potential to be a useful tool in proteomic investigations via analysis of intact proteins.
1.8 THz superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixer for Herschel

We are developing terahertz mixers to cover the highest frequency band ("6H") for the heterodyne instrument (HIFI) aboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixer will be optimized for operation at 1.8 THz, with an input bandwidth of at least 0.2 THz. Some of the key spectroscopic lines in this frequency band are the fine-structure transition of ionized carbon at 1.9 THz, and numerous rotational transitions of water vapor and other hydrides. The mixers will employ a superconductive hot-electron bolometer as the mixing element, for which we will use a diffusion-cooled niobium microbridge. This variant allows an IF bandwidth that meets the range required for HIFI's 4-8 GHz IF. The mixer will be operated at ~2 K bath temperature. The sensitivity requirement is a double sideband mixer noise temperature of T mix / ν ~ 1,000 K / THz , which has been previously demonstrated with this type of mixer. The mixer is a quasioptical design, employing a twin-slot planar antenna mounted on the backside of an elliptical silicon lens. Initial measurements indicate that that these mixers can be adequately pumped with a solid-state 1.5 THz local-oscillator source. HEB mixers are extremely delicate and susceptible to environmental damage; we have therefore focused a good deal of attention to engineering a rugged, flyable mixer.
The role of taxonomies in the study of human memory

The idea that memory is not unitary but is instead composed of multiple systems has a long history and has been debated with particular vigor in the last 20 years. Nevertheless, whether or not there are multiple memory systems remains unsettled. In this article, we suggest that psychologists wishing to classify memory can learn from biological systematics, the discipline that creates taxonomies of species. In so doing, we suggest that psychologists have made two assumptions in classifying memory: that features of memory are perfectly correlated, and that there is a straightforward mapping between taxonomy and theory. We argue that these assumptions are likely to be incorrect, but we also argue that there is a place for taxonomy in the study of memory. Taxonomies of memory are organizational schemes for data—they are descriptive, not explanatory-and so can inspire theory, although they cannot serve as theories themselves.
Breaking It Down Is Better: Haptic Decomposition of Complex Movements Aids in Robot-Assisted Motor Learning

Training with haptic guidance has been proposed as a technique for learning complex movements in rehabilitation and sports, but it is unclear how to best deliver guidance-based training. Here, we hypothesized that breaking down a complex movement, similar to a tennis backhand, into simpler parts and then using haptic feedback from a robotic exoskeleton would help the motor system learn the movement. We also examined how the particular form of the decomposition affected learning. Three groups of unimpaired participants trained with the target arm movement broken down in three ways: 1) elbow flexion/extension and the unified shoulder motion independently (“anatomical” decomposition), 2) three component shoulder motions in Euler coordinates and elbow flexion/extension (“Euler” decomposition), or 3) the motion of the tip of the elbow and motion of the hand with respect to the elbow, independently (“visual” decomposition). A control group practiced the same number of movements, but experienced the target motion only, achieving eight times more direct practice with this motion. Despite less experience with the target motion, part training was better, but only when the arm trajectory was decomposed into anatomical components. Varying robotic movement training to include practice of simpler, anatomically-isolated motions may enhance its efficacy.
Clinical Decision‐Making Styles of Home Healthcare Nurses

Using grounded theory method, this study of 21 home health nurses describes three clinical decision-making styles: skimming, surveying, and sleuthing. Experienced home health care nurses switch from one style to another when managing varying patient care situations. This study provides a broad view of clinical decision-making by integrating the context of nursing practice with the patients' clinical status, nurse-patient interaction, and nurses' knowledge and experience.
The power of IMPS in psychiatric drug research: as a function of sample size, number of raters, and choice of treatment comparison.

IN A recent publication, Overall et al 1 point out that studies concerned with the evaluation of psychiatric drug treatments have exhibited a certain restricted diligence in regard to their data analyses. Attention in these studies has been principally directed toward the reduction of a particular type of statistical error, ie, of erroneously concluding that treatment differences exist, when in fact they do not. This diligence has not been adequately extended, however, to other considerations in analysis. Attention to the converse type of error, that of concluding that treatments are equivalent when in fact a true difference does exist, has been greatly neglected. Failure to attend sufficiently to this latter consideration has in the past and will continue to result in failure to detect genuine and substantial treatment effects in certain cases where they do exist. The power of a statistical test is defined by Winer in symbolic fashion
METRIC BASED DYNAMIC PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION FOR MOBILE FIELD MANIPULATOR SYSTEMS

High performance robot control algorithms often rely on system physical models. For field robots, the dynamic parameters of these physical models may not be well known. This paper presents a new information based performance metric for the on-line dynamic parameter identification of a multi-body system. The metric is used in an algorithm to optimally regulate the external excitation required by the dynamic system identification proceeding. This algorithm is applied to identify the vehicle and suspension parameters of a mobile field manipulator. Issues addressed include the development of appropriate vehicle models (compatible with the onboard sensors), Kalman observer estimation of optimal parameter values, mutual information based observability (or identification) metric, and formulation of the manipulator exciting trajectory. Simulations and experimental results show the effectiveness of this algorithm.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Nuclear reactors: Some basic considerations

The production of energy, isotopes, and fissionable material in nuclear reactors is described both verbally and mathematically. The interrelation between raw materials, the use of convertible isotopes, and the limitations on structural materials is discussed. Though, at first glance, the equations may seem abstruse, such analysis must be studied by engineers who desire a working knowledge of nucleonics. This is the eighth in a series of articles developed by the AIEE nucleonics committee; the entire series will be published in pamphlet form upon its completion.
Chemokines in rapid leukocyte adhesion triggering and migration

Leukocyte subsets are recruited from the blood to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues via a multi-step process that involves distinct adhesive and activation steps. Chemokines, a family of chemotactic cytokines that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors, play critical roles in regulating the leukocyte recruitment cascade. Chemokines can be transported and immobilized on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, where they activate leukocyte subsets expressing specific receptors. Activation signals induce firm adhesion of rolling leukocytes by rapidly upregulating integrin affinity and/or avidity. Chemokines can also direct migration of adherent cells across the endothelium, and control segregation of cells into specific microenvironments within tissues. The regulated expression of chemokines and their receptors is a critical determinant for homing of specialized lymphocyte subsets, and controls both tissue and inflammation-specific immune processes.
Preparation, I.R. and thermogravimetric studies on triglycine rare earth chloride complexes

Abstract Several triglycine complexes of rare earth chlorides have been prepared which have composition RCl32H3N+CH2COO−. 3H2O, where R = Y, La, Ce. Pr, Nd, Sm and Dy. The i.r. spectra of these complexes have been interpreted in terms of zwitterion structure of glycine which is coordinated to rare earth cations through oxygens of carboxylic group. The i.r. data together with thermal behaviour of above complexes indicate that water molecules are also coordinated to rare earth ions.
The post-translational phenotype of collagen synthesized by SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells

The human osteosarcoma-derived cell line, SAOS-2, exhibits many of the phenotypic characteristics of osteoblasts including the deposition of types I and V collagens in an extracellular matrix. Lesser amounts of collagen XI chains were also detected. The cell layer collagen contains hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-links but without the accompanying lysyl pyridinoline typical of human bone collagen. This indicates that the lysine residues at the two helical cross-linking loci are fully hydroxylated. The isoform of lysyl hydroxylase, LH1, known to be required for full hydroxylation at these sites, was shown to be highly expressed by SAOS-2 cells. Our findings provide insight on the mechanism of post-translational overmodification of lysine residues in collagen made by osteosarcoma tumors, and may be relevant for understanding a similar overmodification observed in osteoporotic bone.
Nicotinic receptor subunits α3, α4, and β2 and high affinity nicotine binding sites are expressed by P19 embryonal cells

Controlled exposure to retinoic acid (RA) induces the murine embryonal carcinoma cell line P19S18O1A1 (P19) to differentiate into a variety of cell types. One of the cell types exhibits neuronal-like morphology and expresses neuronal markers including neurofilament proteins, glutamate receptors, and the cholinergic enzymes choline acetyl-transferase and acetylcholinesterase. In this study we use Northern blot analysis, double-label immunocytochemistry, and single cell RNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction to show that RA-treated P19 cells with neuronal-like morphology also express neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2. Greater than 80% of RA-treated P19 cells with a neuronal-like phenotype express nAChR alpha 4 subunit transcripts and both alpha 4 and beta 2 protein. The RA-induced expression of alpha 3 transcripts accounts for a comparably small number of nAChR-containing cells (< 20%) of which half coexpress alpha 4 transcripts. Expression of high-levels of alpha 4 RNA is dependent upon both cell-cell contact and RA exposure. The appearance of nAChR subunits also coincides with RA-induced expression of high affinity [3H]-nicotine binding receptors. The P19 cell line offers an inducible neuronal cell system to study mammalian neuronal nicotinic receptor expression and the development of high affinity nicotinic binding sites similar to those expressed in the mammalian central nervous system.
A Parallel Sparse Direct Solver via Hierarchical DAG Scheduling

We present a parallel sparse direct solver for multicore architectures based on Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) scheduling. Recently, DAG scheduling has become popular in advanced Dense Linear Algebra libraries due to its efficient asynchronous parallel execution of tasks. However, its application to sparse matrix problems is more challenging as it has to deal with an enormous number of highly irregular tasks. This typically results in substantial scheduling overhead both in time and space, which causes overall parallel performance to be suboptimal. We describe a parallel solver based on two-level task parallelism: tasks are first generated from a parallel tree traversal on the assembly tree; next, those tasks are further refined by using algorithms-by-blocks to gain fine-grained parallelism. The resulting fine-grained tasks are asynchronously executed after their dependencies are analyzed. Our approach is distinct from others in that we adopt two-level task scheduling to mirror the two-level parallelism. As a result, we reduce scheduling overhead, and increase efficiency and flexibility. The proposed parallel sparse direct solver is evaluated for the particular problems arising from the hp-Finite Element Method where conventional sparse direct solvers do not scale well.
THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE DAIRY COW : II. GROWTH IN WEIGHT AFTER THE AGE OF TWO YEARS.

An extensive amount of data is presented on the growth in weight of the dairy cow from 2 to 17 years of age, covering practically the entire duration of life. The data show that after the age of 2 years the rate of growth declines in a non-cyclic manner. The course of decline in growth follows the course of decline of a monomolecular chemical reaction; that is, the percentage decline in growth with age is constant.
Message replication in unstructured peer-to-peer network

Recently, unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) applications have become extremely popular. Searching in these networks has been a hot research topic. Flooding-based searching, which has been the basis of real-world P2P networks is inherently inefficient and unscalable. Replication has proven to be an effective strategy to improve efficiency and scalability of unstructured P2P networks. Previous research has largely focused on replicating resources or their references. This paper considers a replication solution from a different perspective; we investigate replicating messages and its effect on overloading problem. We propose two message replication strategies. The distance-based message replication technique replicates the query messages at different topological regions of the network. The landmarks-based technique further optimizes the performance by considering both the topology as well as the physical proximities of the peers of the overlay. Our experiments show that the proposed techniques substantially reduce the message traffic in the overlay while maintaining query performance.
Memorializing Miscarriages of Justice: Clemency Petitions in the Killing State

Clemency in capital cases today has become quite rare. Capital clemency has been a victim of the rejection of rehabilitation as the guiding philosophy of criminal sentencing and of the increasing politicization of issues of crime and punishment since the 1960s. Yet despite the reluctance of governors to grant clemency, despite the difficulty of rectifying miscarriages of justice through the clemency process, petitions seeking commutation or pardon in death cases still are regularly presented to chief executives. With so little chance of success, filing them may seem to be nothing more than an empty ritual. In this article, I examine clemency petitions from Texas and Virginia, and I argue that those petitions may serve another function, and take on meaning in another way. This function I label “memorialization.” These pleas provide an archive of stories of law's failures, of alleged breakdowns in the legal process, of a legal process in disrepair, as well as of racial prejudice, of lives shattered by violence and neglect, of remorse, rehabilitation, and redemption. They are cultural artifacts, documents that address both governors and an indeterminate audience beyond them and that memorialize miscarriages of justice. While they reveal the importance of religion, family, and good works in American thinking about remorse, redemption, and mercy, they also should be seen as histories of the present, documenting the breakdowns and inequities in the death penalty system as well as the tragic circumstances of lives shaped and shattered by poverty, abuse, and neglect.
Maxillary molars demonstrating more than one palatal root canal

Maxillary molars exhibit variations in the canal morphology of the palatal root. Systems may occur in which a single palatal root contains two separate orifices, two separate canals, and two separate foramina. Other maxillary molars may have two separate palatal roots, each with one orifice, one canal, and one foramen. Another variation is one palatal root, one orifice, a bifurcated canal, and two foramina. The practitioner should be aware of variations in the canal system of the palatal roots of maxillary molars so that they can be treated more effectively.
Overtaking Optimal Solutions for Convex Lagrange Problems with Time Delay

Abstract In this paper we study infinite horizon convex problems of Lagrange in which hereditary effects in the state are present. The objective functional in these problems is an improper integral defined over the time interval [0, + ∞). Dictated by applications arising in mathematical economics we do not assumea priorithat these improper integrals converge and therefore we consider overtaking optimal solutions. This concept arose in the economics literature in the 1960s. We extend known results for the analogous nondelay problem providing sufficient conditions for the existence of an overtaking optimal solution. Our proof rests on the assumption that a particular delay differential inclusion enjoys a strong asymptotic stability property (called property ( S )). Examples are given to indicate the applicability of these results.
Career choices of monocytes in dangerous times

Comment on Bartz et al, page [4102][1] Monocytes can differentiate into a number of end-stage effector cells. In this issue of Blood, Bartz and colleagues show that danger signals via toll-like receptors (TLRs) drive monocytes to differentiate into macrophages and prevent them from becoming
The Redirection: An Indicator of How Teachers Respond to Student Thinking

Responsive teaching occurs when teachers take up and respond to their students’ ideas during instruction (J. L. Pierson, 2008). Although responsive teaching is gaining recognition as an effective strategy for encouraging student learning, few methods of analysis are capable of characterizing the different ways in which teachers take up their students’ ideas in the moment. This article presents and exemplifies a new methodological construct, the redirection, which provides researchers with a means of detecting nuanced differences in how teachers respond to their students’ thinking. The redirection construct emerged via systematic discourse analysis of 1 science teacher’s classroom discussions during 3 implementations of an inquiry-based module on the water cycle. Redirections are defined as instances when a teacher invites students to shift or redirect their attention to a new locus. Such shifts reflect different types of teacher responsiveness and, as such, can be used to capture the different ways in whi...
Magnetic properties of intermetallic hydrides

Abstract Many intermetallic compounds based on rare earths reversibly absorb hydrogen to form ternary hydrides at moderate temperatures and pressures. The absorption of hydrogen alters the physical properties of the intermetallic compound dramatically. We shall illustrate some of the important changes in the magnetic behavior of such systems. The chemical stability of the hydrides will also be discussed with special reference to the Laves phase GdFe 2 hydrides.
Perpendicular blade vortex interaction

The interaction between a streamwise vortex and a spanwise blade was studied in incompressible flow for blade-vortex separations between ±1/8 chord. Three-component velocity and turbulence measurements were made from 4 chord lengths upstream to 15 chord lengths downstream of the blade using miniature four-sensor hot-wire probes. The interaction of the vortex with the blade causes an almost immediate loss in vortex core circulation. Downstream of the blade the core becomes embedded in the blade wake and begins to grow rapidly. Core radius increases and peak tangential velocity decreases but circulation remains roughly constant. True turbulence levels within the core are much larger downstream than upstream of the blade. Outside of the core the interaction produces a substantial region of turbulent flow associated with the blade and vortex generator wakes. Overall, perpendicular blade vortex interaction substantially alters the flow and produces a much larger and more intense region of turbulent flow than that presented by the undisturbed vortex. These results have significant implications for the prediction of both impulsive and broadband helicopter noise.
Inconsistency, Contradiction, and Complete Confusion: The Everyday Life of the Law of Slavery

Forecasting earthquakes is a difficult business: locating fault lines that lie deep beneath the surface of the earth; estimating friction and force; predicting the effects of the cataclysm upon the world above. Though the job of historians is characterized by the same sorts of questions-isolating the grand threads of history that underlie their accounts; estimating the causal forces of evident tensions; relating deep structures to specific events-they seem at first to have a slightly easier task than do earthquake forecasters; after all, the events they describe have already happened. But look again, and the historian's job seems the harder one. For historians there is no simple chain of causation that can be used to explain every event, no certainty that an impulse comes from underground and that its effects will be evident on the surface, no agreed-upon account of what happened that points to a ready-made version of why it happened. The problem is human agency, and it makes the job of historians like predicting earthquakes at a time when people on the surface of the earth are dropping bombs on fault lines. In the history of the law of slavery this problem has taken a particular form: that of relating the underlying circumstances-economic and ideolog-