cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defects in lysosomal maturation facilitate the activation of innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus

Defects in clearing apoptotic debris disrupt tissue and immunological homeostasis, leading to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report that macrophages from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice have impaired lysosomal maturation, resulting in heightened ROS production and attenuated lysosomal acidification. Impaired lysosomal maturation diminishes the ability of lysosomes to degrade apoptotic debris contained within IgG-immune complexes (IgG-ICs) and promotes recycling and the accumulation of nuclear self-antigens at the membrane 72 h after internalization. Diminished degradation of IgG-ICs prolongs the intracellular residency of nucleic acids, leading to the activation of Toll-like receptors. It also promotes phagosomal membrane permeabilization, allowing dsDNA and IgG to leak into the cytosol and activate AIM2 and TRIM21. Collectively, these events promote the accumulation of nuclear antigens and activate innate sensors that drive IFNα production and heightened cell death. These data identify a previously unidentified defect in lysosomal maturation that provides a mechanism for the chronic activation of intracellular innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Development and Use of a Machine for Recovery of Arthropods from Plant Leaves

A “washing machine” was developed to recover spider mites, Tetranychus spp., from multiple-leaf samples of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and procedures were developed to recover and count them. The equipment and procedures are described, and data are presented to verify the accuracy and efficiency of our leaf wash technique. The equipment and procedures have also been used for recovery and counting of insects and spider mites on grain heads and leaves of a variety of plant types.
Fever of unknown origin. Analysis of 34 patients.

The efforts to find the cause of prolonged, unexplained fever must rely heavily on statistical probabilities. By reassessing these trying cases from time to time, we can spot any shifts among the diseases most commonly responsible. The results of this survey lend support to the theory that many of the cases that remain undiagnosed represent self-limiting infections. The value, or lack thereof, of certain laboratory tests is also indicated.
Lessons learned from HIV pathogenesis and therapy: implications for better management of cytomegalovirus disease.

Aim : To review how developments in virological quantitation technology have altered our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection, and the way in which we treat the disease, and to consider how we may apply this type of knowledge to improve the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. HIV pathogenesis : HIV can no longer be regarded as the cause of a chronic, latent infection but rather as one that is active from the time of initial infection. The destruction of the immune system begins almost immediately after the primary infection is established. Throughout the course of the disease there is a constant war being waged between the rapidly replicating virus and the host's immune system. Utility of measurement of viral load : Viral load has been found to be a reliable and discriminating marker for predicting prognosis in HIV disease and for the evaluation of anti-HIV therapies. Implications for cytomegalovirus infection and disease : Unlike HIV, CMV is a truly latent infection with periods of active, detectable viral replication as well as quiescence. CMV DNA quantitation (CMV viral load), primarily by polymerase chain reaction can be used to determine when the infection becomes active in order to decide whether primary prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy should be given. In this manner CMV viral load quantitation has considerable utility for monitoring the pathogenesis and type of treatment necessary for CMV infection in patients with AIDS.
Temporal and Spatial Expression of Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin Receptor, and Common β Receptor in Wound Fluid and Granulation Tissue.

UNLABELLED ﻿﻿﻿ ﻿Background. Erythropoietin (Epo) and its cognate receptor (EpoR) have been recently identified in nonhematopoietic cells. Epo structural variants, which possess tissue protective effects while exhibiting no effect on erythropoiesis, appear to require a second distinct receptor component, the common βreceptor (βcR) of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF for ligand signal transduction. The goal of this work was to determine the temporal and spatial presence of Epo, EpoR, and βcR in porcine wound fluid and granulation tissue. METHODS A ventral hernia, surgically created in the abdominal wall of female swine (n = 8), was repaired with silicone sheeting and skin closure. Over time, a fluid-filled wound compartment formed, bounded by subcutaneous and omental granulation tissue; its thickness was measured by ultrasonography. Serial wound fluid samples were obtained by percutaneous aspiration. On day 14, the animals were sacrificed. Protein isolated from skin, kidney, granulation tissue, and peritoneal and wound fluids was analyzed by Western blotting. Sections of formalin-fixed abdominal wall tissue were stained for immunoreactivity to Epo, EpoR, and βcR. RESULTS A progressive increase in granulation tissue thickness was measured during the 14-day interval. Western blot analysis of serial wound fluid samples demonstrated an 8-fold increase in local wound fluid Epo concentration. Immunoblotting of day 0 skin and day 14 granulation tissue homogenates demonstrated presence of Epo, EpoR, and βcR in wound granulation tissue but not in control skin. Immunostaining demonstrated localization of Epo and its receptors in granulation endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Temporal expression of soluble Epo was associated with a progressive increase in porcine granulation tissue formation. Receptor expression, spatially localized to cellular constituents of granulation tissue, increased in the wound environment compared to control tissue. Epo variants, which signal via a heteroreceptor complex including both EpoR and βcR, may be an effective therapeutic approach to improve wound healing.
Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of growth retardation in a twin pregnancy

Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a difference in subcutaneous fat in a pair of twins with birth weight discordancy.
A Sketch of Theodore R. Sarbin’s Life

It was August 2005. Ted Sarbin was introduced to a packed auditorium at the conclusion of an American Psychological Association (APA) symposium on narrative psychology, held in Washington, DC. Kenneth Gergen chaired the session. Gergen had dedicated the symposium to Sarbin. It featured four presentations, followed by Sarbin’s commentary and discussion. He spoke incisively and appreciatively of the four presented papers and then concluded by remarking that even though he had more to say, he found himself to be out of breath. The audience, perhaps sensing that these were his final public words, rewarded him with a standing ovation. At the time, he had been an active member of APA for over 66 years—a record at that time. And those were, in fact, his final public words.
Reading Los Angeles costureras in the Landscape of Josefina López’s Real Women Have Curves

Ana, the young protagonist from Josefina Lopez’s playReal Women Have Curves, queries, “Is it selfish of me not to want to wake up every morning at 6:30 a.m., Saturdays included, to come work here for 67 dollars a week?”(10). She posits the question to a secret journal that she keeps hidden away in the bathroom of her sister’s East Los Angeles dress factory. Ana continues, Oh but such is the life of a Chicana in the garment industry. Cheap labor … I’ve been trying to hint to my sister for a raise, but she says I don’t work fast enough for her to pay me minimum wage … The weeks get longer and I can’t believe I’ve ended up here. I just graduated from high school … Most of my friends are in college …. It’s as if I’m going backwards. I’m doing the work that mostly illegal aliens do … (Scratches “illegal aliens.”) No, “undocumented workers” … or else it sounds like these people come from Mars … Soon I will have my “Temporary Residence Card” then after two years, my green card … I’m happy to finally be legal, but I thought things would be different … What I really want to do is write. (10)
Deterioration of Factor VIII:C in Stored Plasma for Use in Activity Curves

The performance of the factor VIILC assay technique requires the construction of a normal activity curve. When converting clotting time in seconds to percent normal activity, a normal standard is required, commonly prepared by using pooled plasmas. A well-defined protocol for the handling and storage of factor VIII exists for the transfusion service in its preparation of cryoprecipitate; however, many coagulation laboratories lack such a protocol for the processing of plasma pools and for factor VIII :C assay techniques. Storage conditions for the handling of a normal plasma pool were investigated for deterioration of factor VIILC activity at common freezer temperatures. The loss from 110% factor VIII :C activity to 76% after two weeks and to 46% after seven weeks at - 10 °C was observed; deterioration to 64% after nine weeks was seen at - 20 °C. Results indicate that stability of VIILC is possible for long periods only at temperatures of - 70 °C.
A longitudinal study of bilingual identity development in a heritage language learner

Research on linguistic identity and community membership negotiation in the fields of second language acquisition and heritage language has rightly focused on adolescents and older individuals. Aiming to fill a gap in the literature, this paper addresses this topic from the perspective of younger heritage speakers, focusing on what dialogue reveals about such negotiation by the young heritage speaker, and on what purposes the heritage language serves. By presenting data from a case study of a heritage learner, a child growing up in an English-Romanian bilingual home, this paper shows that dialogue reveals the child’s use of language to negotiate linguistic identity and community membership both for herself and her interlocutors. Recognizing the significance of developing a bilingual identity for heritage speakers, and the broader goal for our society to embrace multilingualism, the paper concludes with implications from this research for family, community, and public education.
Effect of manganese oxide crystal tunnel size on Li-ion and Na-ion battery performance

The relationship between the volume available within the crystal structure of a material and the size of charge-carrying ions is investigated by evaluating the performance of two manganese oxides with controlled variations in crystal tunnels, α-MnO2 (K0.11MnO2) and todorokite MnO2 (Mg0.20MnO2), in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. These materials consist of MnO6 octahedra building blocks arranged into square tunnel configurations around different stabilizing cations, with α-MnO2 possessing structural tunnels of 4.6 A by 4.6 A and todorokite MnO2 possessing tunnels of 6.9 A by 6.9 A. Electrochemical testing of these materials revealed that despite its smaller crystal tunnel size, α-MnO2 exhibits higher capacities in both battery systems. However, at higher current rates it was found that todorokite MnO2 maintained a greater amount of its initial capacity. These findings provide valuable insight into the relationship between crystal structure composition and charge-carrying ion size to develop more efficient intercalation cathodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.
Functional Systems that Afford and Constrain Elementary Teachers’ Adaptation of Instruction to Support Multilingual Students

ABSTRACTAs elementary teachers in U.S. public schools strive to adapt their instruction to support growing numbers of students learning English as an additional language, they must also navigate institutional constraints and affordances beyond their classroom-level interactions. Even as teachers plan and implement instruction within their own classrooms, their work is strongly influenced by the functional systems at the school and district levels. Despite this growing awareness, few studies have examined how these functional systems impact elementary teachers’ efforts to redesign and refine their instruction for multilingual students, often labeled as English language learners (ELLs). Through the use of qualitative methods, this article illuminates elementary teachers’ perspectives on the functional systems that afford and constrain their abilities to improve their instruction to support ELLs. As teacher educators of a graduate-level ELL endorsement program for in-service elementary teachers, we sought to...
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER : II. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS ON YELLOW FEVER.

By injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in Guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. Of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, particularly of the conjunctivaes and soles, then preliminary hyperleucocytosis followed by progressive leucopenia, the early appearance of albumin and casts in the urine, which gradually diminishes in volume as the disease progresses. The fever lasts only a few days, rapidly dropping first to the normal and then usually to subnormal. At this period jaundice manifests itself in varying degrees of intensity, first in the scleras, then in the skin and the urine. Hemorrhages from the nasal or gingival mucosa or anus have been observed to occur during this period. Autopsies reveal deep jaundice throughout the entire tissue. The liver is fatty and yellow, the kidney hyperemic, and often swollen and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic spots were almost always found in the lungs and gastrointestinal mucosa. Guinea pigs are usually rather sensitive to the infection, though many appeared to be somewhat resistant and some even refractory. The injection of the yellow fever blood into ringtail monkeys, rabbits, cats, guatusas, weasels, and sloths among the mammalians, and pigeons, ground-doves, bluebirds, mantas, blackbirds, parrakeets, reedbirds, blancos, and toucans among the birds, gave negative results. In the blood, liver, and kidneys of the guinea pigs experimentally infected with the blood of yellow fever patients a minute organism was demonstrated which closely resembles in morphology the causative agent of infectious jaundice (Leptospira icterohamorrhagiae). The leptospira transmitted from yellow fever cases to guinea pigs was found to induce similar symptoms and lesions upon further passage into normal guinea pigs. The leptospira obtained from cases of yellow fever has been givern the provisional name of Leptospira icteroides.
Negative Valence in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Relationship Between Amygdala Activity, Selective Attention, and Co-occurring Anxiety

Abstract Background A critical agenda of the National Institutes of Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative is establishing whether domains within the RDoC matrix are truly transdiagnostic. Rates of anxiety disorders are elevated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but it is unclear whether the same mechanisms contribute to anxiety in individuals with and without ASD. As changes in selective attention are a hallmark of anxiety disorders in non-ASD samples, the identification of these changes in ASD would support the transdiagnostic nature of anxiety. Methods This functional magnetic resonance imaging study focused on the negative valence domain from RDoC (manifest as anxiety symptoms) in youth with ASD ( n = 38) and typically developing control participants ( n = 25). The task required selective attention toward and away from social information (faces) with negative and neutral affect. Participants underwent in-depth characterization for both anxiety and ASD symptoms. Results Dimensional and categorical measures of anxiety were significantly related to increased amygdala activation—evidence of enhanced attentional capture by social information. Conclusions This pattern fits with decades of research among non-ASD samples using selective attention and attentional bias paradigms, suggesting that anxiety in ASD shares mechanisms with anxiety alone. Overall, results from this study support the transdiagnostic nature of the negative valence domain from RDoC and increase the likelihood that anxiety in ASD should be responsive to interventions targeting maladaptive responses to negative information.
Increased sensitivity to ZD1839 in chemoresistant tumor cells is associated with enhanced EGF-mediated signaling and ZD1839-induced Akt inactivation

3791 Aberrant signaling by EGFR and/or HER2 tyrosine kinases correlates with more aggressive disease, chemoresistance, and a poor prognosis. The EGFR inhibitor ZD1839 (IRESSA, gefitinib) has shown efficacy in non small-cell lung cancer patients previously treated with multiple cytotoxic agents. To address whether pretreated tumors may become more sensitive to ZD1839 because of enhanced dependence on the EGFR pathway, we compared ZD1839 antiproliferative effects in matched chemosensitive and cisplatin-selected, chemoresistant cell lines. In short term assays, the chemoresistant neuroblastoma cells SK-N-DZ/Pt were as responsive to ZD1839 as their parental cells, whereas a 2-fold increase in growth-inhibition was observed in the chemoresistant human ovarian carcinoma cells A2780/Pt and glioma cells U87/Pt, with A2780/Pt being more sensitive than U87/Pt (IC 50 2.7±1.3 vs 12.6±2.2 μM). A 10-day exposure to 1 μM ZD1839 resulted in 20% and 93% growth inhibition in A2780 and A2780/Pt, respectively. Sensitization to ZD1839 in the chemoresistant cells correlated with higher basal HER2 expression, and enhanced and/or prolonged EGFR and HER2 activation upon EGF stimulation. No change in EGFR level was observed. ZD1839 prevented EGF-induced EGFR and HER2 phosphorylation in both chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells. However, it completely abrogated phospho-Akt only in the resistant cells. In 10% FCS-containing medium, ZD1839 decreased phospho-Akt in both chemoresistant, but not chemosensitive, cell lines. Blockade of Akt pathway by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in a dose-dependent growth inhibition similar in each pair of cell lines, suggesting that the reconnection of EGFR and Akt pathway might be responsible for sensitization of cells to ZD1839. In A2780/Pt, ZD1839-induced Akt inactivation was associated with upregulation of p27 and correlated with a G 0 /G 1 arrest at the IC 50 . No cell cycle perturbation was observed at equitoxic concentrations in the other cell lines. The combination of ZD1839 and two second-line drugs used in ovarian carcinoma (doxorubicin and topotecan) exerted a more marked synergistic effect in A2780/Pt than A2780. We suggest that chemoresistance in some tumor cells is associated with increased expression of HER2, and enhanced and/or prolonged activation of EGF-dependent signaling, likely through stabilization of HER2-containing heterodimers. Increased dependence on the EGF signaling might sensitize chemoresistant cells to ZD1839 antiproliferative effects and explain the increased synergism we observed. ZD1839 may be worth investigation as second- or third-line treatment in ovarian carcinoma and glioma pretreated patients. Supported by Fondazione per l’Oncologia Pediatrica, Roma. ZD1839 is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies.
The Role of Parathyroid Hormone in the Evolution of Bone Loss after Organ Transplantation

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone loss after organ transplantation. PTH has been implicated because it is believed that the immunosuppressive drugs used after organ transplantation, specifically glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors, increase the secretion of PTH. If this were to occur with organ transplantation, PTH could be important in the development of post-transplant osteoporosis. To understand the role of PTH in transplantation osteoporosis, a distinction has to be made between the two phases of post-transplantation bone loss. This is based on the presence or absence of high-dose glucocorticoids. During the initial phase of transplantation, when glucocorticoid doses generally are high enough to profoundly suppress bone formation, PTH does not appear to play an important role. During the second post-transplant phase, after glucocorticoids have typically been reduced, PTH could become an important contributor to bone loss. In the later period after transplantation, there is evidence to suggest that elevated PTH levels, likely caused by calcineurin inhibitor-associated renal insufficiency, may play a contributory role in the ongoing bone loss, although clear histomorphometric evidence is lacking, and other evidence has provided conflicting results.
Parents and informal caregivers feel they receive insufficient communication about routine childhood vaccination

Commentary on: Ames HM, Glenton C, Lewin S, et al . Parents’ and informal caregivers’ views and experiences of communication about routine childhood vaccination: a synthesis of qualitative evidence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:CD011787. Providing parents or primary caretakers with information about childhood vaccinations has been a long-standing practice …
Durability of porcine valves at fifteen years in a representative North American patient population.

Isolated aortic (n = 857) or mitral (n = 793) valve replacement with a porcine bioprosthesis was performed in 1650 patients between 1971 and 1980. Follow-up (total = 12,012 patient-years) extended to more than 15 years and was 96 % complete. Patient age ranged from 16 to 87 years; mean age was 59 ± 11 years (±1 standard deviation) for the aortic valve replacement cohort and 56 ± 12 years for the mitral valve replacement cohort. The operative mortality rates were 5% ± 1 % (±70% confidence limits) and 8% ±1%, respectively, for the aortic and mitral subgroups. Estimated freedom from structural valve deterioration (± 1 standard error of the mean) after 10 and 15 years was significantly higher for the aortic than for the mitral valve replacement subgroup (85% ± 0.4% and 63% ±3% versus 78% ±2% and 45% ±3%, respectively, p = 0.001). Reoperation-free actuarial estimates were also significantly greater for the aortic valve replacement cohort: 83% ±2% and 57% ±3% versus 78% ±2% and 43% ± 3% for mitral valve replacement at 10 and 15 years, respectively. The mortality rate for reoperative aortic valve replacement was 11% ± 1%; it was 8% ± 1% for reoperative mitral valve replacement. Importantly, the estimates of freedom from valve-related death (including sudden, unexplained deaths) were relatively high at 10 and 15 years: 78% ±2% and 69% ± 3% in the aortic cohort and 74% ±2% and 63 ± 3% in the mitral cohort (p = not significant). Excluding sudden, unexplained deaths, these estimates were 81% ±3% (aortic) and 73% ±4% (mitral) at 15 years. Thromboembolism-free rates were 84% ±3% (aortic) and 78% ±6% (mitral) at 15 years, and freedom from anticoagulant-related hemorrhage was 96% ± 1% and 89% ± 2%, respectively. At the time of current follow-up, 13% of patients having aortic valve replacement and 50% of patients having mitral valve replacement were receiving warfarin sodium. The hazard functions for thromboembolism and prosthetic valve endocarditis were constant and remained less than 1%/pt-yr over the entire follow-up period. Considering all 1650 patients, multivariate (Cox model) regression analysis revealed that mitral valve replacement (versus aortic) and younger operative age were the only significant, independent predictors of structural valve deterioration or reoperation (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:238—52)
Contractor renormalization group and the Haldane conjecture

The contractor renormalization group formalism (CORE) is a real-space renormalization group method which is the Hamiltonian analogue of the Wilson exact renormalization group equations. In an earlier paper [Phys. Rev. D 61, 034505 (2000)] I showed that the CORE method could be used to map a theory of free quarks and quarks interacting with gluons into a generalized frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnet (HAF) and proposed using CORE methods to study these theories. Since generalizations of HAF's exhibit all sorts of subtle behavior which, from a continuum point of view, are related to topological properties of the theory, it is important to know that CORE can be used to extract this physics. In this paper I show that despite the folklore which asserts that all real-space renormalization group schemes are necessarily inaccurate, simple CORE computations can give highly accurate results even if one only keeps a small number of states per block and a few terms in the cluster expansion. In addition I argue that even very simple CORE computations give a much better qualitative understanding of the physics than naive renormalization group methods. In particular I show that the simplest CORE computation yields a first-principles understanding of how the famous Haldanemore » conjecture works for the case of the spin-1/2 and spin-1 HAF.« less
Change in sensitivity to visual error in superior colliculus during saccade adaptation

Saccadic eye movements provide a valuable model to study the brain mechanisms underlying motor learning. If a target is displaced surreptitiously while a saccade is underway, the saccade appears to be in error. If the error persists gradual neuronal adjustments cause the eye movement again to land near the target. This saccade adaptation typically follows an exponential time course, i.e., adaptation speed slows as adaptation progresses, indicating that the sensitivity to error decreases during adaptation. Previous studies suggested that the superior colliculus (SC) sends error signals to drive saccade adaptation. The objective of this study is to test whether the SC error signal is related to the decrease in the error sensitivity during adaptation. We show here that the visual activity of SC neurons, which is induced by a constant visual error that drives adaptation, decreases during saccade adaptation. This decrease of sensitivity to visual error was not correlated with the changes of primary saccade amplitude. Therefore, a possible interpretation of this result is that the reduction of visual sensitivity of SC neurons contributes an error sensitivity signal that could help control the saccade adaptation process.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Low Mental Age: Diagnostic Stability and Developmental Outcomes in Early Childhood

Some children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) exhibit low mental age (Low-MA; i.e., cognitive functioning below 12 months). We examined diagnosis, symptom severity, and development in children with ASD-low MA (n = 25), autistic disorder (n = 111), and PDD-NOS (n = 82) at ages two and four. We predicted that some ASD-low MA children would demonstrate just intellectual impairment and not autism symptoms on follow-up, with social deficits at age two attributable to global delays. Instead, most ASD-low MA children (96%) had an ASD at follow-up, compared to children initially diagnosed with autistic disorder (86.5%) or PDD-NOS (73.2%). They showed the least developmental progress and highest symptom severity. Results support diagnosing ASDs in children functioning below a 12-month level.
Exploring the Terrain of Metaphor Novelty: A Regression-Based Approach for Automatically Scoring Metaphors

Automatically scoring metaphor novelty has been largely unexplored, but could be of benefit to a wide variety of NLP applications. We introduce a large, publicly available metaphor novelty dataset to stimulate research in this area, and propose a regression-based approach to automatically score the novelty of potential metaphors that are expressed as word pairs. We additionally investigate which types of features are most useful for this task, and show that our approach outperforms baseline metaphor novelty scoring and standard metaphor detection approaches on this task.
Cooperative Work is Needed Between Textile Scientists and Environmental Scientists to Tackle the Problems of Pollution by Microfibers

It is clear that plastic pollution is a severe problem in the ocean. Photographs document beaches all around the world covered with plastic bottles, bags, straws, etc. (e.g. Gregory 2009, figs 1-3). Billions of pieces of plastic are floating in the oceans. Their effects are also sufficiently well-known: marine animals swallow them or get tangled up in them, which causes many of them to die. Hundreds of scientific reports (Gall and Thompson, 2015; Rochman et al., 2016) demonstrate the many ways in which plastic is maiming and killing marine animals. One particularly insidious form of plastic pollution that does not appear in the pictures is microplastics, which are tiny pieces ranging from a few millimeters in size down to microscopic. Microplastics come from various sources including the breaking-up of larger plastic pieces, pre-production pellets, and microbeads that are added to personal care products for their abrasive qualities. Microbeads have been banned in personal care products in some countries, including the US, Holland and Canada (Indy100.com)
The Interface Between Reduced Density Matrices and Density Functional Theory

ABSTRACT. A number of results in the theory of reduced density matrices, and the methods used to obtain them, can be applied with advantage to density functional theory. One of the most fundamental ideas is that a density should be thought of as arising from an ensemble density matrix rather than necessarily from a wavefunction. One can then take advantage of the convexity of the set of n- representable density matrices, and a number of the formal problems of density functional theory disappear. The use of appropriate basis sets can help one to avoid other problems. In addition, the set of density matrices corresponding to a given density can be characterized in a straightforward way. The usual n-representability problems for reduced density matrices other than the 1-matrix remain, but in the case of the 1-matrix, where the n-representability conditions are known, it is possible to give a quite straightforward characterization of n-representable 1-matrices corresponding to a given density. It is thus also possible, for example, to determine the minimum kinetic energy that can be associated with a given density. The relationship between densities and density matrices depends on linear dependency conditions among basis set products. One choice of basis which is both natural and convenient for formal work (although probably not so for actual calculations) is the set of special equidensity orbitals associated with a given density. In three dimensions the conditions defining these orbitals do not determine them uniquely, and use of the remaining flexibility to facilitate other aspects of the theory is being further investigated.
Projective Algebraic Geometry IV: Families, Projections, Degree

We shall use the Main Theorem of Elimination Theory (10.16) to develop some families of varieties.
Vulnerability to Addictive Disorders and Substance Abuse in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Adolescence and emerging adulthood are transitional periods in the lives of Western youth, many of whom experiment with alcohol and drugs, along with volitional lifestyle and identity choices. The most commonly used substances are those that are legal, including alcohol and tobacco, followed closely by marijuana. These substances are tried commonly enough that such minor experimentation can be seen as normative. Experimentation with alcohol and drugs is a rite of passage that does not lead to irrevocable harm for the majority of people. However, a minority show heavier patterns of drinking, more frequent binge drinking, or early onset of drug use, all of which are related to numerous health harms. For a subset of these young people, preventive interventions may be needed to alter a course toward aberrant, hazardous, and health-harming substance use. Preventive interventions for adolescents generally strive to delay the initiation of use, while those for emerging adults attempt to minimize any consequences or harms of drinking or drug use. The next wave of preventive and treatment interventions will take advantage of advances in identifying those with the highest risk of progressing to dependence and early health problems and will tailor treatment to each individual to forestall future problems.
Theory of Industry Growth

Industry growth is an interactive process. Firms grow and contribute to industry growth. Economy grows and it provides the impetus to industry growth. When firms reach equilibrium through an optimization process, it may or may not be consistent with industry equilibrium. When it is consistent, the number of firms in industry equilibrium reaches its optimal level. This determines the short run framework. Any dynamic change in this framework can occur through new technology and innovations, or external shock through different sources such as the overall economy or the globalization of markets. When the firms’ equilibria are not consistent with industry equilibrium, market fluctuations occur, and various adjustments follow.
Closed Geodesics in Homology Classes for Convex Co-Compact Hyperbolic Manifolds

Let Γ be a convex co-compact, torsion-free, discrete group of isometries of real hyperbolic space Hn+1. We compute the asymptotics of the counting function for closed geodesics in homology classes for the quotient manifold X = Γ\Hn+1, under the assumption that H1(X, Z) is infinite. Our results imply asymptotic equipartition of geodesics in distinct homology classes.
Biomimetic Chemistry with Tris(triazolyl)borate Ligands: Unique Structures and Reactivity via Interactions with the Remote Nitrogens

A review of the structures and reactivity of tris(triazolyl)borate (Ttz) ligands and closely related triazole-based ligands is presented, with an emphasis on complexes of the transition metals. Ttz ligands can form mononuclear complexes or coordination polymers of various dimensionalities. The extra nitrogens in Ttz ligands (relative to trispyrazolylborate, Tp, ligands) can bind to additional metals or acidic hydrogens, and through the latter interactions water solubility is improved. Ttz ligands are also weaker donors than Tp ligands, and this often leads to an increased coordination number in metal complexes. An in-depth discussion of recently developed bulky Ttz ligands and their use in forming biomimetic structures and catalyzing reactions is included.
Echocardiographic parameters of patients in the intensive care unit undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy.

Main objectives Echocardiographic parameters have been used to predict outcomes for specific intensive care unit (ICU) populations. We sought to define echocardiographic parameters for ICU patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Design, setting, participants, and measurements This is a historical cohort study of consecutive ICU patients at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) who received CRRT from December 9, 2006, through November 13, 2015. Only patients with an echocardiographic examination within 7 days of CRRT initiation were considered. Results The study included 1,276 patients. Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; ≤45%) was noted in 361/1,120 (32%) and increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP; ≥40 mm Hg) was noted in 529/798 (66%). Right ventricular systolic dysfunction was observed in 320/820 (39%). The most common valvular abnormality was tricuspid regurgitation (244/1,276 [19%]). Stratification of these parameters by ICU type (medical, surgical, cardiothoracic, cardiac) showed that most echocardiographic abnormalities were significantly more prevalent among cardiac ICU patients: LVEF ≤45% (67/105 [64%]), RVSP ≥40 mm Hg (63/79 [80%]) and tricuspid regurgitation (50/130 [38%]). We compared patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) vs end-stage renal disease and showed that decreased LVEF (284/921 [31%] vs 78/201 [39%]), was significantly less prevalent among patients with AKI, but increased RVSP was more prevalent (445/651 [68%] vs 84/147 [57%]) with AKI. Conclusions ICU patients who required CRRT had increased prevalence of pulmonary hypertension and right and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Prediction of adverse outcomes with echocardiographic parameters in this patient population can lead to identification of modifiable risk factors.
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Perfusion Imaging in Skeletal Muscle

The ability to accurately evaluate skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow has broad clinical applications for understanding the regulation of skeletal muscle perfusion in health and disease states. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) perfusion imaging, a technique originally developed to evaluate myocardial perfusion, is one of many techniques that have been applied to evaluate skeletal muscle perfusion. Among the advantages of CEU perfusion imaging of skeletal muscle is that it is rapid, safe and performed with equipment already present in most vascular medicine laboratories. The aim of this review is to discuss the use of CEU perfusion imaging in skeletal muscle. This article provides details of the protocols for CEU imaging in skeletal muscle, including two predominant methods for bolus and continuous infusion destruction-replenishment techniques. The importance of stress perfusion imaging will be highlighted, including a discussion of the methods used to produce hyperemic skeletal muscle blood flow. A broad overview of the disease states that have been studied in humans using CEU perfusion imaging of skeletal muscle will be presented including: (1) peripheral arterial disease; (2) sickle cell disease; (3) diabetes; and (4) heart failure. Finally, future applications of CEU imaging in skeletal muscle including therapeutic CEU imaging will be discussed along with technological developments needed to advance the field.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Children’s Patterns of Out of Home Placement Over Time and Subsequent Negative Outcomes During Adolescence

Out of home placement (OOHP) of welfare involved children is a critical problem associated with child abuse and neglect and household dysfunction. Few studies have also implicated greater instability in OOHP with more negative outcomes. However, several gaps remain. Objectives were twofold. To identify combinations of adverse childhood experiences that are associated with OOHP—based on both duration of OOHP and change in actual placement during each time point, among welfare involved youth. The second objective was to understand long-term negative outcomes during adolescence that are associated with greater placement instability. Data come from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (n = 1657). Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate adverse childhood experiences that were associated with specific patterns of OOHP. Multivariate regression models were estimated to evaluate delinquency, aggression as well as depressive and trauma symptoms during adolescence that were associated with specific patterns of OOHP. There were six categories of OOHP found in the sample: (1) no OOHP, (2) OOHP one time, (3) OOHP two times, (4) OOHP two times with change in placements, (5) OOHP three times, and (6) OOHP three times with change in placement. Longer duration of OOHP was associated with more adversity exposure. Longer duration and more change in placement were associated with the most negative outcomes. Findings demonstrate the need for future testing of these findings in prevention trials.
The Distant Sound of Battle, December 1936

On a late December afternoon in 1936, Ernest Hemingway was sitting at the bar in Sloppy Joe’s, his favorite saloon in Key West, enjoying a few drinks while quietly sorting through his mail.1 An autodidact since his teenage years when he devoured everything around the family house in Oak Park, Illinois including his father’s AMA journals, Ernest had already perused the daily newspapers—he typically read at least three—for updates on the Spanish Civil War.2
Fault identification and severity analysis of rolling element bearings using phase space topology

This article presents the application of phase space topology and time-domain statistical features for rolling element bearing diagnostics in rotating machines under variable operating conditions. ...
Mid-Atlantic Corn and Soybean Yields Show Great Variability in Response to Precipitation during Critical Growth Stages

The mid-Atlantic coastal plain, where the FSP is located, has higher than average variability in corn and soybean yields compared to the most productive agricultural regions in the US. Precipitation is the primary driver of crop yield variability in this region and drought is often responsible for low yields.
Verification of an Airport Taxiway Path-Finding Algorithm

At controlled airports, aircraft taxi on the ground following precise instructions from Air Traffic Control. Those instructions can get quite intricate and complicated and lead to errors from Air Traffic Control or confusion from pilots, especially at larger airports. In order to reduce the pilots' workload and lower the risk of accidents from pilot error or Air Traffic Control mistakes, it is desirable to automate taxiing of aircraft. One aspect of automated taxiing is to automatically find the correct taxiway path from Air Traffic Control instructions. In this paper, we implement and formally verify a taxiway path-finding algorithm in the Coq proof assistant, and test it on three different airports of various sizes (Ann Arbor, Willow Run and Detroit Wayne). We first build an undirected airport taxiway graph topology, extend it to a directed expanded graph, disallowing some unrealistic paths such as U-turns, and formally encode the two graphs into Coq types. We then implement the path-finding algorithm on the directed expanded graph, and map downward the result back to the undirected graph. We formally verify the correctness of our algorithm in the Coq theorem prover.
Abstract 259: Outcomes of Targeted Temperature Management in Patients with Out-of-hospital Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation/ventricular Tachycardia Cardiac Arrest

Background: Current guidelines recommend use of targeted temperature management (TTM) with goal between 32 and 36°C for all comatose adult patients with ROSC after cardiac arrest. However, refracto...
Degradation of MinD oscillator complexes by Escherichia coli ClpXP

MinD is a cell division ATPase in Escherichia coli that oscillates from pole to pole and regulates the spatial position of the cell division machinery. Together with MinC and MinE, the Min system restricts assembly of the FtsZ-ring to midcell, oscillating between the opposite ends of the cell and preventing FtsZ-ring misassembly at the poles. Here, we show that the ATP-dependent bacterial proteasome complex ClpXP degrades MinD in reconstituted degradation reactions in vitro and in vivo through direct recognition of the MinD N-terminal region. MinD degradation is enhanced during stationary phase, suggesting that ClpXP regulates levels of MinD in cells that are not actively dividing. ClpXP is a major regulator of growth phase–dependent proteins, and these results suggest that MinD levels are also controlled during stationary phase. In vitro, MinC and MinD are known to coassemble into linear polymers; therefore, we monitored copolymers assembled in vitro after incubation with ClpXP and observed that ClpXP promotes rapid MinCD copolymer destabilization and direct MinD degradation by ClpXP. The N terminus of MinD, including residue Arg 3, which is near the ATP-binding site in sequence, is critical for degradation by ClpXP. Together, these results demonstrate that ClpXP degradation modifies conformational assemblies of MinD in vitro and depresses Min function in vivo during periods of reduced proliferation.
Write Topology Code

Heron provides a bunch of APIs for writing topologies, among which the low-level API includes Java, Python, and C++ language versions. In this chapter, we will start by designing a topology structure, next code each spout and bolt, and then compose them into a topology. We will show both Java and Python implementations. Moreover, we will run the topology and print the tuple flow, which verifies our designed topology structure.
Controlling the symmetry of cadmium arsenide films by epitaxial strain

Epitaxial strains offer unique opportunities to obtain topological states in thin films and heterostructures that do not exist in their bulk counterparts. Here, we investigate the point group symmetries of coherently strained films of cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2), a prototype three-dimensional Dirac semimetal, by convergent beam electron diffraction. We report a loss of the fourfold rotational axis and adoption of the orthorhombic mmm point group in (112)-oriented films under biaxial compressive stress. (001)-oriented Cd3As2 films that are under a small biaxial tensile stress retain the fourfold rotational symmetry that protects the bulk nodes but adopt the non-centrosymmetric 4mm point group symmetry. This, in turn, suggests that (001) films adopt a different crystal structure in biaxial tension, one that differs in the arrangement of the ordered Cd vacancies that are an inherent feature of the crystal structure of Cd3As2 and that are key to its nodal electronic structure. Density functional theory calculations confirm the experimental findings of the stability of the non-centrosymmetric structure under biaxial tension, whereas the centrosymmetric structure is stable under biaxial compression. The results show that bulk Cd3As2 is already close to structural instability and showcase the extraordinary tunability of the topological states of Cd3As2.
A Sub-Micro-G Resolution Frequency-Modulated Piezoelectric In-Plane Accelerometer

This paper reports on the design, implementations and preliminary characterization of an ultra-sensitive frequency modulated (FM) resonant accelerometer. The accelerometer consists of a pair of piezoelectrically actuated clamped-clamped beam resonators implemented in the device layer of an SOI wafer, and a proof-mass with mechanical coupler and force amplifier defined in both the device and handle layer of an SOI substrate. The device is designed to detect minimum acceleration in the range of 10s of nano-g while having a linear upper range of 25g with 0.5% of scale factor nonlinearity. Fabricated devices measure 660 nano-g/✓Hz VRW and 2µg BI using discrete electronics with projected bandwidth of 260Hz.
Letermovir Prophylaxis and Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Adult Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients with and without Acute Graft Versus Host Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most clinically significant infection after allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and is associated with increased mortality. The risk for CMV reactivation increases with graft versus host disease (GVHD). GVHD contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and is treated with immunosuppressive therapies that can further increase CMV infection risk. Prophylaxis with letermovir, an oral antiviral approved to prevent CMV, has been shown to decrease the incidence of CMV infection post-allo-HCT in patients at high risk of CMV reactivation, but there is a lack of data confirming this benefit in patients with GVHD. In this single-center, retrospective study, we assessed the incidence of clinically significant CMV infection (CS-CMVi) in allo-HCT patients who received letermovir prophylaxis (n = 119) and who developed aGVHD compared to a control group (n = 143) who did not receive letermovir. Among aGVHD patients, letermovir prophylaxis decreased CS-CMVi in patients with aGVHD (HR 0.08 [95% CI 0.03–0.27], p < 0.001), reduced non-relapsed mortality (p = 0.04) and improved overall survival (p = 0.04). This data suggests that letermovir prophylaxis improves outcomes by preventing CS-CMVi in patients with aGVHD.