cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clarification of the measurement of surface spin relaxation via conduction electron spin resonance

Abstract We clarify the parameterization of the probability of transverse conduction electron spin relaxation. ɛ, at the surface of a metal. Using Walker's boundary condition on the transverse spin magnetization, we have calculated the ɛ and thickness dependence of the spin resonance linewidth. The results are discussed in simple physical terms. The recent work of Allam and Vigouroux is shown to contain errors.
Education, Occupation, and Age as Correlates of Work Orientation

Higher education Levels, older age, and higher status occupations were associated with an intrinsic orientation to work (e.g., interest in the work itself) in comparison to an extrinsic instrumental orientation (e.g., work for pay and security). An extrinsic-expressive orientation (e.g., concern for working conditions) theoretically and empirically reflected an intermediate category.
Stale-Flavor Components in Dried Whole Milk. II. The Extraction of Stale Butter Oil from Stale Dried Whole Milk by Organic Solvents

Summary In this study of the stale flavor which develops in dried whole milk on storage, it was necessary to develop a more efficient method for obtaining stale butter oil from the dried whole milk. An investigation of various Soxhlet-type extraction procedures with organic solvents resulted in two suitable procedures which yielded better than 90 per cent recovery of stale butter oil. Difficulties encountered in the removal of solvent from the extracted butter oil necessitated the development of a special technique to reduce the solvent concentration in the butter oil to the point where it did not interfere with the organoleptic judgment of the product. The stale-flavor component was extracted with the butter oil by these procedures in approximately the same ratio to the fat as existed in the original dried whole milk and therefore may be considered to be better than 90 per cent extracted from the dried whole milk.
Sex steroid-mediated regulation of macrophage/monocyte function in a two-hit model of trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis

Studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol has salutary effects on immune functions after trauma-hemorrhage (TH). It remains unknown, however, whether 17beta-estradiol has a similar effect in a double-hit model of TH and subsequent sepsis. It is also unknown if under those conditions the circulating immune cells accurately represent immunological responses occurring in fixed tissues, such as the spleen. To study this, pre-castrated mice were hormonally treated and then subjected to soft-tissue trauma (i.e. midline laporatomy), hemorrhagic shock (MAP 35+/-5mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation) and 24 h later sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Splenic macrophages (SMphi) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and cultured with LPS. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone-treated mice showed a depressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production after TH-sepsis in both SMphi and PBMC. In contrast, the 17beta-estradiol treated groups showed suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the PBMC population under those conditions. In summary, 17beta-estradiol was able to prevent immune dysfunction after TH and subsequent sepsis. However, the beneficial effects of 17beta-estradiol were limited to tissue-fixed Mphi, suggesting compartmentalization of the response. Thus, events occurring in the tissue-fixed cells are not necessarily reflected in the circulating PBMC population.
Measurement of phytase activity using tethered phytic acid as an artificial substrate : Methods development

Abstract The artificial chromophoric substrate analog of phytic acid, 5-O-[6-(benzoylamino)hexyl]- d -myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (T-IP5), may prove useful in measuring soil phytase activity. This chemical probe allows for direct measurement of phytase-catalyzed dephosphorylation (i.e., hydrolysis of the phosphoester bond) using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Before T-IP5 can be used to measure phytase activity in environmental samples (soil, stream sediment, manure) refinement of the T-IP5 probe methodology is required. Using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we identified 5-O-[6-(benzoylamino)hexyl]- d -myo-inositol-trisphosphate (T-IP3) as the key intermediate that accumulates during phytase-catalyzed dephosphorylation of T-IP5. An improved HPLC method for separation of reactants is also presented.
Vascular thrombosis and recanalisation: a useful additional marker for testicular regression syndrome

Antenatal ischaemic necrosis has been suggested as the cause for testicular regression syndrome, but the histological evidence for this has only been indirect. Two patients with unilateral testicular regression syndrome with vascular changes of thrombosis and recanalisation in the spermatic vessels are reported, demonstrating another histological marker that can be used in establishing the diagnosis of this disorder.
Energy band theory and the lattice dynamics of rare gas crystals

The results of a simple local-density energy band model (Xα) are used to carry through a calculation of the phonon dispersion relations in fcc Ne and Ar. Adiabatic phonons, calculated from the computed Xα total energy surface, are perturbed by the Frohlich Hamiltonian with electron-phonon matrix elements calculated from the Xα energy bands. The use of low-order perturbation theory gives results in fair comparison with observed values, but shows the general scheme to be feasible. Except for questions of the exact physical content of the Xα model itself, the calculation is entirely ab initio, and is believed to be the first such achieved in insulators.
Survivable multipath provisioning with differential delay constraint in telecom mesh networks

Survivability is a critical concern in modern telecom mesh networks because the failure of a network element may cause tremendous data and revenue loss in such networks using high-capacity optical fibers employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Multipath provisioning is a key feature of next-generation SONET/SDH networks (which can be used on top of optical WDM), and they can support virtual concatenation (VCAT); thus, multipath provisioning can significantly outperform single-path provisioning in resource efficiency, service resilience, and flexibility. However, in multipath provisioning, differential delay is an important constraint that should be considered. We investigate survivability of service paths based on differential-delay constraint (DDC) and multipath provisioning together in telecom backbone mesh networks. We propose the Shared Protection of the Largest Individual Traversed link (SPLIT) method for survivable multipath provisioning and present a DDC-based algorithm for multipath routing subject to DDC. We also compare the DDC-based algorithm with the K shortest link-disjoint paths (KDP) algorithm, using SPLIT, under dynamic service requests. We find that exploiting link-disjoint paths is very efficient for survivable multipath provisioning, and our algorithm is resource-efficient, has low signaling overhead, and has fast fault recovery for survivable multipath provisioning with DDC. For a 5-ms DDC, our algorithm can decrease the bandwidth blocking ratio (BBR) significantly in typical U.S. backbone networks.
A kinase for light and time.

Summary The eukaryotic filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa has proven to be a dependable model system for the analysis of light-regulated gene expression and circadian rhythmicity. The molecular basis of the core circadian clock is a transcription/translationbased feedback loop in which a heterodimer of the white-collar 1 (WC-1) and white-collar 2 (WC-2) proteins act as a transcription factor to promote expression of the negative elements in the clock, frq mRNA and FRQ protein. Additionally, WC-1 is a flavoprotein that acts as the primary responder to environmental light and, in conjunction with WC-2, is the major photoreceptor for the clock as well as other light-regulated processes. Protein kinase C acts as a lightdependent regulator of the WC-1 protein.
A graphical programming language interface for an intelligent LISP tutor

We describe an intelligent tutor for programming embedded in a graphical programming language. The tutor monitors students' problem solving and provides feedback and guidance. Explanations are generated from the content of the ideal model's problem solving rules. The graphical interface is designed to facilitate the acquisition of causal models of programming. Students work in a medium that corresponds to their planning operations. The interface enables forward and backward chaining, thus conveying the structure of the planning more effectively than a text-based interface. The interface also provides a graphical record of the solution history and current goals.
Ultrasound scan for suspected appendicitis in children: risk of diagnostic inaccuracy increases with BMI at or above 85th percentile and clinical probability of appendicitis of 50% or lower

Commentary on: S Schuh, C Man, A Cheng, et al.. Predictors of non-diagnostic ultrasound scanning in children with suspected appendicitis.J Pediatr2011;158:112–18.
Determining Surface Areas from Linear Adsorption Isotherms at Supercritical Conditions

Here we demonstrate that there is a wide range of pressures at supercritical temperatures where there is essentially monolayer coverage (i.e., there is nearly a complete layer of molecules adsorbed adjacent to the surface, but very little excess density in the second and subsequent layers). In this regime, the dependence of the Gibbs adsorption on the density is linear, and coefficients of this linear function depend on the monolayer capacity and surface area. It is shown that measurements of the Gibbs adsorption in this regime can be used to determine surface area without knowledge of the area per molecule or a model for the adsorption isotherm. This new method has the potential to provide reliable values of specific surface area for macroporous, mesoporous, and microporous systems without the limitations of previous methods. Lattice-theory calculations suggest that the best conditions for surface area measurements are in the supercritical region with temperatures about twice the critical temperature and pressures well above the critical pressure. These conditions allow nearly complete monolayer coverage but there is not multilayer adsorption because the temperature is sufficiently above the critical temperature of the adsorbate.
Selective Anion Encapsulation by a Metalated Cryptophane with a π-Acidic Interior

Metalation of the exterior arene faces of the molecular capsule (±)-cryptophane-E with [Cp*Ru]+ moieties results in a π-acidic cavity capable of encapsulating anions. The [CF3SO3]- and [SbF6]- salts have been crystallographically characterized and demonstrate the encapsulation of these anions by the metalated cryptophane. 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy establish the binding of anions in NO2CD3 solution and reveal the relative affinity of the cavity for different anions (KX−/KOTf−): [BF4]- ≈ 0, [PF6]- = 1.18, [CF3SO3]- ≡ 1, [SbF6]- = 0.30. Variable temperature rate studies reveal the activation barrier for triflate encapsulation to be ΔG⧧298K = 18.0(8) kcal·mol-1 (ΔH⧧ = 17.5(4) kcal·mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = 2(1) cal·mol-1·K-1).
Radiation by a magneto-dielectric loaded patch antenna

Radiation by microstrip patch antennas have been studied for well over thirty years. Their popularity in array, especially for massive arrays, is due in no small part to their construction methods. They are, in the simplest configuration, a leaky capacitor consisting of a metallic patch sitting atop an electrically thin grounded dielectric slab. The antenna is fed in some manner and if designed well, will radiate over a rather narrow bandwidth of a couple percent. More capable microstrip patch antennas inevitably involve more complex construction and a fairly complex feed structure (since the most simple feed mechanism tends to limit the operational bandwidth). In this paper, a perturbation in the construction of the antenna is considered to provide another means to tune the behaviour of this ubiquitous radiator. This perturbation will involve the inclusion of loop inductors and a magneto-dielectric material.
Transgenic HLA-DRα faithfully reconstitutes IE-controlled immune functions and induces cross-tolerance to Eα in Eα0 mutant mice

We have constructed transgenic mice that express the human class II MHC molecule HLA-DR alpha on a genetic background in which the equivalent endogenous gene, H-2 IE alpha, is not expressed. In these mice, DR alpha complemented the E beta chain such that tissue-specific expression of an interspecies hybrid DR alpha-E beta heterodimer was obtained. Despite 25% amino acid differences between DR alpha and E alpha, immune responsiveness to IE-controlled antigens, clonal deletion of IE-reactive T cells, and alloantigenicity were quantitatively and qualitatively indistinguishable in IE-positive mice and in mice that had integrated at least four copies of the transgene. These results demonstrate a remarkable degree of structural, regulatory, and functional conservation. They also suggest that tolerance induction involves only discrete portions of MHC molecules.
Language level checkpointing support for stream processing applications

Many streaming applications demand continuous processing of live data with little or no downtime, therefore, making high-availability a crucial operational requirement. Fault tolerance techniques are generally expensive and when directly applied to streaming systems with stringent throughput and latency requirements, they might incur a prohibitive performance overhead. This paper describes a flexible, light-weight fault tolerance solution in the context of the SPADE language and the System S distributed stream processing engine. We devised language extensions so users can define and parameterize check-point policies easily. This configurable fault tolerance solution is implemented through code generation in SPADE, which reduces the overall application fault tolerance costs by incurring them only for the parts of the application that require it. In this paper we focus on the overall design of our checkpoint mechanism and we also describe an incremental checkpointing algorithm that is suitable for on-the-fly processing of high-rate data streams.
An Adaptive Submesh Allocation Strategy for Two-Dimensional Mesh Connected Systems

In this paper, we propose an adaptive scan (AS) strategy for submesh allocation. The earlier frame sliding (FS) strategy allocates submeshes based on fixed orientations of incoming faska. It also slides fiunaes om mesh planes by fdzed strides. Our AS a1Iocation strategy differs from the FS strategy in the following two ways: (1) it does not fiz the orientations of incoming tasks; (2) it scans on mesh planes adapfively. Experimental studies show that our AS strategy outperforms the FS strategy in terms of external fragmentation, completion time, and processor uitilizaiion.
A Proposed Conceptual Model of Human Behavior and its Implications for Design of Warnings

A model of human behavior is proposed that hierarchically describes levels of operator performance. Judgement-based performance occurs at the top level, and the lower levels correspond to knowledge-, rule-, and skill-based performance. Different forms of information denoted as values, symbols, signs, and signals are used at each of these levels of performance, allowing the effectiveness of different warning applications to be inferred. To be effective, warning information must be presented in the form appropriate for the operator's level of performance. Values therefore are appropriate when performance is at the judgement-based level. Explicit verbal information (symbols) is most likely to be effective when directed toward changing behavior from a knowledge- to a rule-based level, as when recommending actions in novel situations or to a judgement-based level, when goal priorities need to be changed. Signs are likely to be effective when performance is at a rule-based level, while signals are best for guiding needed transitions from a skill- to a rule-based level. Warning information should be carefully matched to the level of performance at which errors are taking place to be most effective and avoid information overload. To attain this goal, task analysis that focuses on cognitive activity is of essence. This includes measuring users' knowledge and documenting the flow of information during task performance.
Activity recognition from video using layered approach

The adversary in current threat situations can no longer be identified by what they are, but by what they are doing. This has lead to a large increase in the use of video surveillance systems for security and defense applications. With the quantity of video surveillance at the disposal of organizations responsible for protecting military and civilian lives comes issues regarding the storage and screening the data for events and activities of interest. Activity recognition from video for such applications seeks to develop automated screening of video based upon the recognition of activities of interest rather than merely the presence of specific persons or vehicle classes developed for the Cold War problem of "Find the T72 Tank". This paper explores numerous approaches to activity recognition, all of which examine heuristic, semantic, and syntactic methods based upon tokens derived from the video. The proposed architecture discussed herein uses a multi-level approach that divides the problem into three or more tiers of recognition, each employing different techniques according to their appropriateness to strengths at each tier using heuristics, syntactic recognition, and HMM's of token strings to form higher level interpretations.
A case study of severe clear-air turbulence

On January 19, 1961, 1816 MST (=January 20, 0116 GCT), a B-52 aircraft was lost in severe clear-air turbulence (CAT) over northwestern New Mexico. This report describes the weather conditions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at the time of the accident. A working hypothesis on the formation of CAT proposed in previous papers is in good agreement with the data presented here.
Treating Electrical Storm Sympathetic Blockade Versus Advanced Cardiac Life Support-Guided Therapy

Background—Electrical storm (ES), defined as recurrent multiple ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes, often occurs in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Because treating ES according to the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines yields a poor outcome, we evaluated the efficacy of sympathetic blockade in treating ES patients and compared their outcome with that of patients treated according to the ACLS guidelines. Methods and Results—Forty-nine patients (36 men, 13 women, mean age 57±10 years) who had ES associated with a recent myocardial infarction were separated into 2 groups. Patients in group 1 (n=27) received sympathetic blockade treatment: 6 left stellate ganglionic blockade, 7 esmolol, and 14 propranolol. Patients in group 2 (n=22) received antiarrhythmic medication as recommended by the ACLS guidelines. Patient characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. The 1-week mortality rate was higher in group 2: 18 (82%) of the 22 patients died, all of refractory VF; 6 (22%) of the 27 ...
Strategies for the production of genetically identical monkeys by embryo splitting

Genetically identical rhesus monkeys would have tremendous utility as models for the study of human disease and would be particularly valuable for vaccine trials and tissue transplantation studies where immune function is important. While advances in nuclear transfer technology may someday enable monkeys to be cloned with some efficiency, embryo splitting may be a more realistic approach to creating pairs of genetically identical monkeys. Although several different approaches to embryo splitting, including blastocyst bisection and blastomere separation, have been used successfully in rodents and domestic species for production of pairs and sets of identical offspring, efforts to create monozygotic twins in rhesus monkeys using these approaches have not met with similar success. Aggregation of split embryos with other types of blastomeres, such as tetraploid and developmentally asynchronous blastomeres, that could potentially increase their cell numbers and developmental competence without contributing to term development has been investigated as an alternative approach to creating monozygotic twin monkeys. The major challenges encountered with respect to the efficient production of monozygotic twins in rhesus monkeys and potential strategies to overcome these challenges are discussed.
Beyond Thrombolysis: Other Effects of Thrombolytic Drugs

OBJECTIVE:To review the effects of plasminogen activators (tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, and anistreplase) on fibrinogen and thrombin, platelets, complement, blood rheology, and neutrophils.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search, as well as a review of recent scientific abstracts, was conducted to identify pertinent literature.STUDY SELECTION:Focus was placed on studies conducted in humans. However, many in vitro studies have been performed to fully elucidate the effect of plasminogen activators on different aspects of hemostasis and on the fibrinolytic and immune systems.DATA EXTRACTION:Data from in vitro, human, and animal studies were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESIS:There is a discrepancy between 9O-minute patency and mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients treated with thrombolytic drugs. This could be caused, in part, by other hematologic and immunologic effects of thrombolytic drugs. Though the emphasis of clinical trials has been infarct-related artery patency, left ventricular function, a...
Amplification of Odor-Induced Ca2+ Transients by Store-Operated Ca2+ Release and Its Role in Olfactory Signal Transduction

A critical role of Ca2+ in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is to couple odor-induced excitation to intracellular feedback pathways that are responsible for the regulation of the sensit...
Selected Techniques in Membrane Transport

The explosion in molecular biological research has greatly impacted the field of membrane transport since the late 1980s to the extent that numerous cDNAs encoding transporters belonging to several different protein families have been isolated. More transporters continue to be identified by expression cloning or homology screening and, with the genome projects, many other sequences will soon be forthcoming. The study of membrane transport began over 80 years ago and investigators have adopted a broad range of techniques drawn from several different disciplines. Research has focused on overexpressing cloned transporters in mammalian cell lines or Xenopus oocytes, and on the transport kinetics, substrate selectivity, tissue distribution, and regulation of cloned transporters. Today, people have also witnessed the resurgence of classic micropipette techniques and the broadening of fluorescence approaches to studying membrane transport and structure-function relationships using the results of molecular biological research. Further, in this chapter, more detailed comments relate mainly to the most novel areas and to the author's bias toward the use of voltage-clamp techniques to study overexpression of transport proteins in Xenopus oocytes.
Estimates of Economic Value Generated by Contracting Radio Exclusion Zones in the 1695-1710 MHz Band

This paper estimates the economic value of contracting protection or exclusion zones for three polar weather satellite earth stations in the 1695 MHz–1710 MHz band located in Suitland, MD; Miami, FL; and San Francisco, CA.In 2010 President Obama directed the Secretary of Commerce and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to make 500 MHz of spectrum available within the next decade for wireless broadband use. As part of its “fast track report” responding to the President’s request, the NTIA identified 1695–1710 MHz as one a number of candidate bands. The fast track report calculated exclusion zones – radii surrounding satellite earth stations in which commercial operation would be disallowed. Subsequently a working group within the NTIA’s Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee (CSMAC) conducted more detailed work on the exclusion zones. The CSMAC working group refined the analysis whereby the radii were calculated, shrinking those radii in the process. It also recommended converting the exclusion zones to protection zones in which certain commercial activities could be permitted if they were coordinated beforehand with federal uses. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the economic value of the reduction of the radii, treating the smaller protection zones as if they were exclusion zones to simplify the analysis.This paper uses a rough population-based methodology, under which the value of a given spectrum license is assumed to be directly proportional to the number of people who can be served by that license. Population is assumed to be evenly distributed across the given area. Though this approach is obviously imprecise, it suffices to give an order-of-magnitude estimate of the economic value that would be created by shrinking exclusion zones and converting them to protection zones. It also treats exclusion zones and protection zones as functionally identical because it does not seek to generate precise dollar figures that would entail valuing the option of operating inside a protection zone.This paper’s findings may contribute to the deliberations of the Federal Communications Commission Technological Advisory Council (FCC TAC) working group exploring how risk-informed interference assessment, and particularly quantitative risk assessment rather than worst-case analysis, can inform spectrum sharing or spectrum allocation questions. The calculations contained in the NTIA’s fast track report were based on worst-case or at least very conservative assumptions. CSMAC’s assumptions were less conservative, for example using a realistic distribution of transmit power values for interfering mobiles rather than the maximum in all cases. This paper thus estimates the economic value generated by the change in method.
DAP12 Inhibits Pulmonary Immune Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans.

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is inhaled into the lungs and can lead to life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Currently, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the mammalian immune response to respiratory cryptococcal challenge remain poorly defined. DAP12, a signaling adapter for multiple pattern recognition receptors in myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, has been shown to play both activating and inhibitory roles during lung infections by different bacteria and fungi. In this study, we demonstrate that DAP12 plays an important inhibitory role in the immune response to C. neoformans. Infectious outcomes in DAP12−/− mice, including survival and lung fungal burden, are significantly improved compared to those in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. We find that eosinophils and macrophages are decreased while NK cells are increased in the lungs of infected DAP12−/− mice. In contrast to WT NK cells, DAP12−/− NK cells are able to repress C. neoformans growth in vitro. Additionally, DAP12−/− macrophages are more highly activated than WT macrophages, with increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CCL5/RANTES and more efficient uptake and killing of C. neoformans. These findings suggest that DAP12 acts as a brake on the pulmonary immune response to C. neoformans by promoting pulmonary eosinophilia and by inhibiting the activation and antifungal activities of effector cells, including NK cells and macrophages.
Response of Boll Weevils and Other Insects to Grandlure Exposed in Two Basic Types of Traps

When compared to the Whittam trap, the Leggett trap was highly selective for capturing Anthonomus grandis Boheman and accounted for 58% of the total insects captured when baited with grandlure. No other insect responded to grandlure. Traps painted Saturn Yellow were attractive to several other groups of insects.
Abstract 3718: Well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen exposures in relation to breast cancer risk: The Nashville Breast Health Study

Previous studies of the association of meat intake and meat-derived mutagen exposure with breast cancer risk have produced inconsistent results. We evaluated this association in a population-based case-control study of incident breast cancer conducted in Nashville,TN, United States, including 2,386 breast cancer cases and 1,703 healthy women controls. Telephone interviews were conducted to obtain information related to meat intake including amount, cooking methods, and doneness levels, as well as other known or hypothesized risk factors for breast cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to derive odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting for potential confounders. High intake of red meat was associated with a significantly elevated risk of breast cancer (P-trend Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3718. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3718
Sterically controlled functionalization of carbon surfaces with -C6H4CH2X (X = OSO2Me or N3) groups for surface attachment of redox-active molecules.

Glassy carbon electrodes were modified by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium molecule (iPr3SiOCH2C6H4N2+BF4–) featuring a triisopropylsilyl-protected benzylic hydroxyl group. This electrochemical process introduced a monolayer of iPr3SiOCH2C6H4– groups onto the surface of the electrode. The bulky −SiiPr3 protecting group not only prevents the uncontrolled growth of structurally ill-defined and electronically blocking polyphenylene multilayers, but also separates the phenyl groups in the monolayer. Thus, the void spaces between these aryl units should allow a better accommodation of sizable molecules. Removal of the −SiiPr3 protecting groups by nBu4NF exposed the reactive benzylic hydroxyl functionalities that can undergo further transformations to anchor functional molecules. As an example, redox-active ferrocene molecules were grafted onto the modified electrode via a sequence of mesylation, azidation, and copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The presence of ferrocenyl groups on the su...
What Helps Dental Professionals Retain What They Read in Periodical Publications

Despite articles advising health care professionals about how to read the literature and surveys of time spent reading, there have been no studies of what dentists or dental educators actually recall from the formal and informal literature. The aim of this study was to begin to develop data on this subject with convenience samples of 62 clinical faculty members at one U.S. dental school and a group of 33 dental editors. Members of the two groups were surveyed about their interest in and familiarity with a sample of items from the Journal of the American Dental Association and the ADA News, including research articles, editorials, advertisements, and announcements about programs and people. The participants also completed a multiple-choice test about the essential feature of each item, a measure that reflected the degree of retention of content from reading prior to the study. The results showed that both groups had the greatest interest in content that presented scientific findings or responsible opinion. By contrast, they rated the advertisements and announcements as uninteresting and did not recall their content well. Based on the findings that reading an item produced better recall if the item was of interest, a hierarchical model for learning from the literature is hypothesized, one that is supported by the social psychology literature.
The Leadership Stance

Effective leadership requires understanding and operating within three intersecting “circles”: sharing a vision and goals, adapting to context or situation, and gaining willing followers. These three characteristics distinguish leadership from management, although leadership also often involves some managerial functions. To be successful, the leader needs to be attentive, self-aware, resilient, pro-active, and have a clear sense of when to lead and when to manage. Especially important for the emerging leader in a medical faculty environment is the ability to adapt to new situations and contexts.
Blurred Lines: Public-Private Interactions in Carbon Regulations

Carbon markets are flourishing around the globe, created both by governments and by nonstate actors. In this article, I investigate when and why governments choose to interact with and use private ...
Rapidly Progressive Quadriplegia and Encephalopathy

A woman aged 77 years was transferred to our neurocritical care unit for evaluation and treatment of rapidly progressive motor weakness and encephalopathy. Examination revealed an ability to follow simple commands only and abnormal movements, including myoclonus, tongue and orofacial dyskinesias, and opsoclonus. Imaging study findings were initially unremarkable, but when repeated, they demonstrated enhancement of the cauda equina nerve roots, trigeminal nerve, and pachymeninges. Cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed mildly elevated white blood cell count and protein levels. Serial electrodiagnostic testing demonstrated a rapidly progressive diffuse sensory motor axonopathy, and electroencephalogram findings progressed from generalized slowing to bilateral periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges. Critical details of her recent history prompted a diagnostic biopsy. Over time, the patient became completely unresponsive with no further abnormal movements and ultimately died. The differential diagnosis, pathological findings, and diagnosis are discussed with a brief review of a well-known yet rare diagnosis.
Expression of Angiogenin in Normal B Lymphocytes and B-CLL Cells.

Abstract Angiogenesis is critical for the clinical progression of hematopoietic malignancies and depends on a series of angiogenic factors. Angiogenin is a potent angiogenic factor produced by the host microenvironment and certain neoplastic cells. The association between angiogenin, cancer progression and poor outcome in solid tumors has been documented, but its significance in B-CLL has not been defined. A previous study suggests that B-CLL patients in Rai stage O with higher angiogenin levels have a better clinical outcome. This is surprising in light of the association of angiogenin levels with progression in solid tumors. Therefore we analyzed angiogenin mRNA and protein expression by the leukemic cells of B-CLL patients in order to correlate the production of this molecule with disease progression in B-CLL. Angiogenin was expressed in B-CLL cells as well as in B cells of normal donors, although the expression in the former was much higher than in the latter. Q PCR revealed a 7-fold induction in angiogenin-specific mRNA transcription in B-CLL cells (n=10) in comparison to normal B cells (n=13). In addition, angiogenin protein was identified by confocal microscopy both within and on the cell surface of B-CLL cells. All B-CLL cases, regardless of IgV gene mutation status, express angiogenin as defined by FACS. Approximately 85% of the cells that comprise B-CLL clones (n=28) display angiogenin on their surface membranes (range: 55-98%). Furthermore approximately 13% of polyclonal B cells from normal subjects (n=12) also produce angiogenin (range: 1–33%). Using enzyme immunoassay, we also measured serum angiogenin levels and detected significant differences in 66 B-CLL patients (median: 381 ng/mL; range: 185–875) versus 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (median: 301 ng/mL; range: 192–536) (P = 0.0056). Surprisingly, there was no correlation between surface and serum angiogenin levels and the different V gene-defined B-CLL subgroups. Our results show for the first time that a small fraction of normal B cells and all cases of B-CLL express angiogenin transcripts as well as intracellular and surface membrane protein. Angiogenin levels do not correlate with IgV gene mutations status or expression of surface membrane CD38. The role of angiogenin in the pathogenesis and progression of B-CLL needs further study.
Using heuristic optimization to set SRAF rules

A heuristic optimization approach has been developed to optimize SRAF (sub resolution assist feature) placement rules for advanced technology nodes by using a genetic algorithm. This approach has demonstrated the capability to optimize a rule-based SRAF (RBSRAF) solution for both 1D and 2D designs to improve PVBand and avoid SRAF printing. Compared with the MBSRAF based POR (process of record) solution, the optimized RBSRAF can produce a comparable PVBand distribution for a full chip test case containing both random SRAM and logic designs with a significant 65% SRAF generation time reduction and 55% total OPC time reduction.
When Being Good at Math Is Not Enough: How Students’ Beliefs About the Nature of Mathematics Impact Decisions to Pursue Optional Math Education

Abstract Math learning is a notoriously difficult process for children and adults, resulting in very few qualified science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) college graduates. However, the lack of math and science graduates is not solely because of low ability in math fields; high achieving math students also opt out of optional math education, emphasizing the importance of the individual’s subjective perception and experience in addition to objective ability in determining whether an individual pursues math. The transition from secondary to postsecondary math education is a time when subjective experiences become particularly salient; this is the time students begin to make important decisions about their own educational path and career future. In this chapter, we will focus on the beliefs students have about the nature of mathematics, discussing how these general beliefs impact students’ specific beliefs about themselves in relation to math and how these personal reactions impact his or her persistence in math education. Although there may be many beliefs students hold that deter them from math, we will focus on two categories of beliefs: (1) about the nature of math ability and (2) the nature of the math domain as a field. While reviewing the research on these beliefs, we will discuss how these beliefs interact with affective experiences and impact feelings of self-efficacy, math anxiety, math interest, and value judgments. Ultimately, we aim to shed light on ways in which beliefs and attitudes about the math domain interact with subjective experiences, including affective experiences, of the transition from secondary to postsecondary math education to create a sense of belonging (or not) in the math domain.
Utility of Carotid Ultrasonography in Management of an Atypical High Vascular-Risk Patient with Recurrent Calcified Cerebral Embolic Stroke

Objective To describe a case of recurrent calcified cerebral emboli (CCE)-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and the diagnostic utility of plaque morphology characterization on carotid ultrasound. Background CCE are a rare cause of AIS. CCE-related AIS has been previously reported only in high vascular-risk patients such as those with severe carotid stenosis, widespread atheromatous disease, or cardiac valvular disease. CCE-related AIS from a carotid origin has not been reported in patients without carotid stenosis. Case A 69-year-old man with no known medical history presented with hemiparesis and aphasia was found to have a curvilinear calcification in the left sylvian fissure on brain imaging, consistent with CCE. Two months later, he developed a second episode of CCE-related AIS. Standard workup, as well as advanced imaging with digital subtraction angiography, revealed no carotid stenosis or valvular disease. Carotid ultrasound demonstrated normal flow velocities but a left carotid heterogeneous plaque with multiple ulcerative craters and lucencies, suggestive of an active thromboembolic source. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting CCE-AIS from carotid origin in a patient with no carotid stenosis. Carotid ultrasound serves a diagnostic role in these patients.
Acoustical Surveillance of Industrial Plants: an Approach Using Neural Networks

Abstract The exploitation of industrial processes makes more and more frequently use of on-line surveillance techniques in order to early detect any malfunction and to give a diagnosis. A general surveillance approach which can be used for acoustical or vibratory signatures is proposed. This approach is decomposed into two stages, the preprocessing stage and the decision stage, and makes use of advanced signal processing techniques, neural networks, and knowledge based system. As an illustration, the acoustical surveillance of transient noises of an industrial process is presented.
Can mixed martial arts facilitate life skills? Exploring mma's promotion and processes of life skill development among youth

The legalization of mixed martial arts (MMA) in Canada and growing popularity of Ultimate Fighting Championships have prompted increased participation in the sport. MMA gyms have marketed programs as avenues to develop essential life skills, with much anecdotal support (Kim, 1991; Seabrook, 2003; Vitali & Brouillard, 2007); however, limited empirical evidence exists to support these claims (Theeboom, et al., 2009). This study first examined potential life skills that can be developed through MMA, according to MMA gym promotional materials. A content analysis drew upon the websites of 25 MMA gyms in Toronto offering youth programs, to identify the life skills they claimed to be developing. Results indicated key outcomes related to self-control, self-confidence, self-esteem, co-operation and social skills. The study's second purpose was to determine how MMA programs may be facilitating life skill development. Instructors (N=7) completed interviews focused on their MMA history, current practices, values and beliefs, the MMA environment, and their facilitation of MMA classes. Findings revealed that coaches valued and aimed to facilitate slightly different outcomes related to patience, focus, resiliency, discipline, and self-control through the practice of MMA. Coaches primarily used deliberate techniques to facilitate life skill development. However, less direct approaches such as values-based programming were also employed. Coaches also highlighted co-operation with parents and the unique competition and program structure as key criteria in enhancing youths' life skill development. Results will be discussed within the broader context of positive youth development through sport; potential implications and future directions will be highlighted. Acknowledgments: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and Sport Canada
An operant-based detection method for inferring tinnitus in mice.

Abstract Background Subjective tinnitus is a hearing disorder in which a person perceives sound when no external sound is present. It can be acute or chronic. Because our current understanding of its pathology is incomplete, no effective cures have yet been established. Mouse models are useful for studying the pathophysiology of tinnitus as well as for developing therapeutic treatments. New method We have developed a new method for determining acute and chronic tinnitus in mice, called sound-based avoidance detection (SBAD). The SBAD method utilizes one paradigm to detect tinnitus and another paradigm to monitor possible confounding factors, such as motor impairment, loss of motivation, and deficits in learning and memory. Results The SBAD method has succeeded in monitoring both acute and chronic tinnitus in mice. Its detection ability is further validated by functional studies demonstrating an abnormal increase in neuronal activity in the inferior colliculus of mice that had previously been identified as having tinnitus by the SBAD method. Comparison with existing methods The SBAD method provides a new means by which investigators can detect tinnitus in a single mouse accurately and with more control over potential confounding factors than existing methods. Conclusion This work establishes a new behavioral method for detecting tinnitus in mice. The detection outcome is consistent with functional validation. One key advantage of mouse models is they provide researchers the opportunity to utilize an extensive array of genetic tools. This new method could lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular pathways underlying tinnitus pathology.
Detectable Concentrations of Inhaled Tobramycin in Critically Ill Children Without Cystic Fibrosis: Should Routine Monitoring Be Recommended?

Objectives:To determine the percentage of detectable tobramycin troughs and acute kidney injury in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis on inhaled therapy.Design:Historic cohort.Setting:Academic hospital.Patients:Forty children less than 18 years receiving inhaled tobramycin across 6.5 ye
Using System Inflammatory Response Syndrome as an Easy-to-Implement, Sustainable, and Automated Tool for All-Cause Deterioration Among Medical Inpatients.

Objectives Clinical deterioration detection among adult inpatients is known to be suboptimal, and many electronic health record tools have been developed to help identify these patients. Many of these tools are focused on sepsis spectrum disorders, but the evolution of the definition of sepsis is moving toward increased specificity, which may make automated detection of clinical deterioration from nonsepsis-related conditions less likely. The objectives of this study were to develop and to examine the use of a low-cost, highly sustainable deterioration detection tool based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Methods Using existing resources, a SIRS-based electronic health record monitoring and intervention tool was developed with a focus on ease of implementation and high sustainability. This tool was used to monitor 15,739 adult inpatients in real time during their admission. Results The SIRS-based tool, created with focus on ease of implementation and high sustainability, identified patients with higher risk of clinical deterioration. The project was rapidly deployed for a 4-month period at a 900-bed campus of an academic medical center with minimal additional resources required. Conclusions Whereas the definition of sepsis moves away from SIRS, SIRS-based criteria may still have clinical benefit as an easy-to-automate detection tool for all-cause clinical deterioration among medical inpatients.