cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distance Communication of Sexual Status in the Crayfish Orconectes quinebaugensis : Female Sexual History Mediates Male and Female Behavior

Chemical communication plays an important role in mediating social interactions of many taxa, particularly arthropods. Many individuals communicate information about their reproductive status to potential mates through distance and/or contact pheromones, an ability that may be advantageous to both signalers and receivers. In this paper, we describe tests of two hypotheses on the role of distance communication in the reproductive behaviors of crayfish (Orconectes quinebaugensis). First, we hypothesized that male crayfish would show stronger attraction towards virgin females (females with no viable sperm) than towards non-virgin females because of the fitness costs (to males) associated with sperm competition. Second, we hypothesized that female crayfish should show differential responses to mature male signals depending on their own sexual history: virgin females should be more strongly attracted to male signals than should non-virgin females because they must mate at least once to be able to fertilize eggs in the spring. Data from two Y-maze experiments yielded support for both hypotheses: males were attracted to signals from virgin females, but not to signals from non-virgins. Likewise, virgin females were attracted to signals from males, but non-virgin females were not. We discuss our data in the context of the potential costs and benefits of mate searching and suggest that distance chemical communication of sexual status may be particularly advantageous when the costs of mate searching are high.
Optimization of buffer overflow probability in Jackson queueing networks using Mamdani fuzzy inferecnce system

In this paper we consider Mamdani fuzzy inference system to study for optimizing the buffer overflow probability in a single M/M/1 queue and two M/M/1 queue in tandem Jackson networks. Mamdani fuzzy inference system is proposed to estimate the service rate for the Jackson queueing network. The arrival rate and the highest overflow level of a particular queue are provided to the Mamdani fuzzy inference system which generates the service rate according to the fuzzy rule base. The arrival rate, the highest overflow level and the new service rate will be used to estimate the buffer overflow in a single M/M/1queueing network then in two queues in tandem queueing network. Simulation results shows that Mamdani fuzzy inference system reduce the buffer overflow probability as compared with the normal estimation of buffer overflow probability.
Lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured trabecularmeshwork cells

We examined the lysosomal enzyme levels in cultured trabecular meshwork cells. Histochemical studies revealed that bovine trabecular meshwork cells stained prominently for acid lipase, acid phosphatase, and acid esterase activities. Following phagocytic challenges, such as incubations with latex microspheres or zymosan particles, lysosomal enzyme staining was visibly enhanced. The uptake of foreign particles by trabecular-meshwork cells was evident. Data from biochemical assays for acid lipase, cholesteryl esterase, and acid esterase confirmed the histochemical findings. These results indicate that trabecular meshwork cells are actively phagocytic in culture and that lysosomal enzyme levels in these cells may be modulated by phagocytic challenge.
Photovoltaic and Rectification Currents in Quantum Dots

Abstract : We investigate theoretically and experimentally the statistical properties of dc current through an open quantum dot subject to ac excitation of a shape-defining gate. The symmetries of rectification current and photovoltaic current with respect to applied magnetic field are examined. Theory and experiment are found to be in good agreement throughout a broad range of frequency and ac power, ranging from adiabatic to nonadiabatic regimes.
The metyrapone test in depressed males.

Abstract 1. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in depression has received considerable attention, particularly in the now numerous studies utilizing the dexamethasone suppression test. 2. The possibility of HPA axis hypoactivity in this population however has not been similarly explored. 3. To examine this latter possibility, the metyrapone test, a well-established neuroendocrine assay for determining pituitary reserve, was administered to ten endogenously depressed males and ten matched controls. 4. Consistent with the findings of an earlier study on ten female depressives, one of the depressed males but none of the controls showed clear evidence of HPA axis hypoactivity. 5. This suggests that HPA axis dysfunction in depressives may be more complex than originally anticipated. 6. This finding also has implications for the psychiatric symptomatology classically associated with such illnesses as Addison's disease.
Automatic target recognition of cluttered FLIR imagery using multistage feature extraction and feature repair

Automatic target recognition using forward-looking infrared imagery is a challenging problem because of the highly unpredictable nature of target thermal signatures. The high variability of target signatures, target obscuration, and clutter in the background results in distortion of target features, which are used by the target detection stage to identify a potential target. Consequently, the target detection stage produces a large number of false alarms. Distorted features in the potential targets also make accurate classification of targets difficult. The proposed technique, in essence attempts to repair the distorted features of the targets to improve the target detection/classification accuracy. The proposed technique completes the feature extraction process in two steps: First, the feature vectors are extracted and classified either as complete or incomplete features using feed-forward neural networks. The incomplete features are then transformed into complete features. These features can then be used to identify/classify the targets.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Landlocked Blueback Herring in Two South Carolina Reservoirs: Reproduction and Suitability as Stocked Prey

Abstract The blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis, is an anadromous clupeid that normally does not reproduce when landlocked in freshwater and has not been widely stocked as a prey species in reservoirs. After being inadvertently stocked into Keowee and Jocassee reservoirs, South Carolina, plankton net and rotenone samples confirmed that this fish reproduced in each reservoir in 1978 and 1979. The ability to reproduce when landlocked in freshwater and the tolerance of low water temperatures are two traits that may make the blueback herring desirable for stocking as a prey species in southeastern reservoirs. However, the potential to grow beyond an acceptable prey size (about 250-300 mm total length) and to compete with other fish for food are undesirable traits that should be investigated before this fish is stocked elsewhere.
ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS FOR THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNET

The excitation spectrum of the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian H=tsumJS${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{i}}$\ensuremath{\cdot}S${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{j}}$ on L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices is evaluated by a projector quantum Monte Carlo method. These results suggest that the exact spectrum for the finite lattice is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{k}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}Z(L)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathbf{k}}^{\mathrm{SW}}$, for all k, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathbf{k}}^{\mathrm{SW}}$=4JS \ensuremath{\surd}1-${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathbf{k}}^{2}$ with ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathbf{k}}$=(cos${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{x}}$+cos${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{y}}$)/2 is from linear-spin-wave theory. We find Z(L)=${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{E}}$+B/${\mathit{L}}^{3}$, leading to ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{E}}$=1.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 for L=\ensuremath{\infty}. A comparison with experiments on ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ is discussed.
Characterization of the Cell Free Translation Products from Types I and II Procollagen mRNAs

The nature of the collagenous protein synthesized from bone and cartilage mRNA in an in vitro reticulocyte translation system has been investigated. The properties of a significant portion of the collagenous protein are those of native rather than denatured procollagen. It appears that the polypeptide chains contain sufficient information to direct chain association.
C-natriuretic peptide but not atrial natriuretic peptide increases cyclic GMP in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells

Abstract A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) is found primarily in the heart and is released into the circulation. C-type (CNP) is found principally in the brain and has also been detected in the systemic circulation. When injected, both peptides produce vasodilatation most likely by elevation of guanosine 3′5′- cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in smooth muscle cells via two distinct receptors, NPR-A and NPR-B. In this present study, we determined the effects of these two peptides on intracellular cGMP in smooth muscle cells cultured from pig cerebral and peripheral arteries. In smooth muscle cells cultured from the left anterior descending coronary artery, ANP and CNP increased cGMP with equal potency and efficacy (EC 50 for ANP and CNP, 3.6 ± 0.2 × 10 −8 M and 6.7 ± 0.8 × 10 −8 M, respectively). In contrast, in smooth muscle cells from cerebral arteries, ANP was without effect while CNP increased cGMP in a concentration dependent manner ( EC 50 : 9.6 ± 1.7 × 10 −8 M ). Stimulation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase with either nitroglycerin or nitroprusside was equivalent in the two cell types. The pattern of response of intracellular cGMP to CNP and ANP in isolated intact arteries from brain and heart was similar to that found in the cultured cells. These results suggest that smooth muscle cells in cerebral arteries express only NPR-B while cells from peripheral arteries can express both NPR-A and NPR-B.
The peripheral innervation of the gill of the marine mollusc demonstrated by the aluminium-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method.

The aluminium-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method was used to study the innervation of the gill of the marine bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis and the results were contrasted with those obtained with the standard formaldehyde-induced-fluorescence (FIF) method. The ALFA method produced more fluorescing structures than the FIF method, thus revealing fine branches of the branchial nerve running beneath the gill epithelium which previously remained undetected. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the ALFA histofluorescence method in the study of marine invertebrates.
Safe and Effective Management of the Obese Patient

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically in the recent decades, and obesity is now a major public health problem. Obesity negatively influences an individual's health by increasing mortality and raising the risk for multiple medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. In addition, the obese individual is often the brunt of social discrimination. Weight loss has been shown to reduce the risk for many of these comorbid conditions. A multifaceted approach to the obese patient should include identifying potential causes for weight gain, outlining medical conditions that would benefit by weight loss, and tailoring a weight loss program that is safe and effective for the individual. Components of a successful weight loss program include dietary intervention, recommendations for physical activity, behavior modification, and, in a select group of patients, pharmacologic or surgical intervention.
Inward Rectifiers in the Heart: An Update on IK1

The cardiac inward rectifier potassium current (I(K1)), present in all ventricular and atrial myocytes, has been suggested to play a major role in repolarization of the action potential and stabilization of the resting potential. The molecular basis is now ascribed to members of the Kir2 sub-family of inward rectifier K channel genes, and the availability of recombinant expression systems has led to elucidation of the mechanism of inward rectification, as well as additional regulatory mechanisms involving intracellular pH and phosphorylation. In vivo manipulation of the genes encoding I(K1)and regulatory proteins now promise to provide new insights to the role of this conductance in the heart. This review details recent advances and considers the prospects for further elucidation of the role of this conductance in cardiac electrical activity.
The expert witness, the adversary system, and the voice of reason: Reconciling impartiality and advocacy.

The legal system and the profession of psychology have differing expectations that cause psychologists who serve as expert witnesses to face fundamental conflicts. The rules of evidence demand that experts assist the trier of fact, the adversary system demands that experts serve the parties who retain them, and the ethical codes and guidelines demand that experts impartially assist the court, only in their area of competence. Psychological experts are left to sort out the competing demands, as well as their potential liability, while recognizing the importance of being persuasive. This article addresses the competing tensions expert witnesses face and offers an approach to reconciling these tensions that relies on competence, relevance, perspective, balance, and candor.
On the equations defining points

Let A be a commutative Noetherian ring of Krull dimension n. Let I be a local complete intersection ideal of height n. Suppose (A/I) is torsion in K0(A). It is proved that I is a set theoretic complete intersection if one of the following conditions holds: (1) n is two; (2) n is odd; (3) n⩾4 even, and A contains the field of rational numbers.
Borazine Adsorption and Reaction on a Re(0001) Surface

The interaction of borazine (N3B3H6) with a Re(0001) surface has been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS). It is shown that chemisorbed borazine dissociates into atomic N, B and H on Re(0001) at sample temperatures > 450K. However, borazine is found to decompose to a boron-nitrogen compound when irradiated with a 2 KeY e-beam.
Cerebral organization of component processes in reading

The cerebral organization of word identification processes in reading was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Changes in fMRI signal intensities were measured in 38 subjects (19 males and 19 females) during visual (line judgement), orthographic (letter case judgement), phonological (nonword rhyme judgement) and semantic (semantic category judgement) tasks. A strategy of multiple subtractions was employed in order to validate relationships between structure and function. Orthographic processing made maximum demands on extrastriate sites, phonological processing on a number of frontal and temporal sites, and lexical-semantic processing was most strongly associated with middle and superior temporal sites. Significant sex differences in the cerebral organization of reading-related processes were also observed.
Design of a composite smart wing to enhance roll maneuvers

This paper is concerned with designing a composite wing structure with enhanced roll maneuver capability at high dynamic pressures using a control system to retwist and recamber the wing. The approach selected in this paper is a two step process. In the first step, minimum weight design satisfying requirements on strength, aileron efficiency and flutter for a specified set of fiber oritations was obtained. The control system was then designed to retwist and recamber the wing to counteract the detrimental twisting moment produced by the aileron. The distribution of control forces was obtained from a technique referred to as `Fictious Control Surfaces'. The technique of retwisting and recambering of a flexible wing demonstrated a full recovery of roll rate at all dynamic pressures.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Limited Resource Farmers: Discussion

The title of Davis's paper promised an opportunity to review and interpret some insightful and thoughtful angles on how U.S. farm policy has impacted limited resource farmers (LRF's). With some imagination, one could anticipate explanations or points of view on (a) how policies directed specifically at LRFs have impacted their status; (b) how policies directed toward commodities and commercial farms have indirectly impacted the status of LRFs; (c) how a policy of benign neglect has endangered or abused LRFs; or (d) how the voiceless, powerless, and advocateless LRFs are excluded from the policy-making process, etc. Unfortunately, Davis did not provide adequate coverage of any of these points. Furthermore, he did not provide supportable evidence to undergird the notions presented, and he did not stay within the implied scope of the paper. However, Davis did make several points which deserve to be recognized and addressed with greater breadth and intensity. They also justly deserve attention from agricultural economics professionals. Those points are addressed by this discussion from a framework of where they were found in Davis' paper. Point (a): No attempt was made by Davis to delineate the shortcomings of agricultural economics as a profession involving these issues. I find this curious, especially as I read in the paper notions that (i) agricultural economists have failed to address human issues in the agricultural sector; (ii) the agricultural economics profession has not appropriately addressed differences in resource endowment among farmers; (iii) most agricultural economists are employed by large universities which are inclined to address the needs of agribusiness; (iv) individuals in the profession are more concerned about income, fame, and personal success than for limited resource farmers.
Analysis of photochemical oxygen consumption effects in photodynamic therapy (Invited Paper)

Type II photo-oxidation depends on and consumes oxygen. Several factors, including the concentration of photosensitizer and the radiation fluence rate, determine the rate of oxygen consumption in tissue undergoing Photodynamic Therapy. If the tissue capillary density is sparse, as it is in many human tumors, our calculations indicate that for cells sufficiently distant from the nearest capillary, fluence rates commonly used in PDT (50 - 200 mW/cm2) deplete 3O2 levels below those necessary for 1O2 formation. The calculations suggest that under these conditions reduced fluence rates and radiation dose fractionation should be more effective than continuous radiation at high fluence rates in producing 1O2 throughout the treated tissue volume. These predictions are supported by results obtained in vivo. The data and their interpretation have implications for PDT dosimetry and offer the possibility of improved therapeutic ratio.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PTPN22 1858T is not a risk factor for North American Pemphigus vulgaris

: Alterations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) gene affect the threshold for lymphocyte activation. The PTPN22 1858T polymorphism leads to uninhibited T-cell receptor cascade propagation. An elevated PTPN22 1858C/T genotype frequency has been correlated with several autoimmune disorders which have T-cell and humoral components. However, a recent Tunisian report demonstrated no association between PTPN22 1858T and patients with Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoantibody-associated blistering disorder. Because PTPN22 1858T allele frequency is known to vary across ethnic populations, we conducted a case–control study investigating the relationship between PTPN22 1858T and PV in North American patients of either Ashkenazi Jewish or Caucasian (non-Ashkenazi) decent. Participant genotype was determined in 102 PV patients and 102 healthy controls by restriction fragment length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Relationships were calculated using Fisher’s exact tests and chi-squared tests. We report that the PTPN22 1858C/T genotype is not significantly associated with PV in either Caucasians (P = 0.83) or Ashkenazi Jews (P = 0.60). Further stratification of the patient population by gender, age of disease onset, HLA-type, family history of autoimmune disease, history of anti-desmoglein (anti-Dsg) 3 or anti-Dsg1 antibody response, history of lesion morphology, and disease duration did not uncover significant associations between the PTPN22 1858T allele and PV subgroups. Our data indicate that the PTPN22 1858T mutation is not associated with PV in the North American population. We do observe an elevation of PTPN22 1858C/T genotype frequency in male PV patients. Further investigation will be required to determine if this trend reaches significance in larger studies.
TRACING THE TIMING OF “CAREER” ACQUISITION IN A CONTEMPORARY YOUTH COHORT

Contemporary youth typically experience considerable floundering and uncertainty in their transition from school to work. This paper examines patterns of schooling and working during adolescence and the transition to adulthood that hasten or delay an important subjective marker of transition to adulthood: acquiring a job that is recognized as a "career." We use Youth Development Study data, obtained from a prospective longitudinal study of 9(th) graders. Estimation of discrete-time logit models shows that adolescent work patterns during high school, as well as the cumulative investments they make in work and schooling in the years following, significantly influence this milestone. Time-varying predictors, including job characteristics and parenthood, also affect the process of movement into "careers".
Water governance and social justice in São Paulo, Brazil.

In the greater metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, close to 20 million people share water resources across multiple uses, from industry to recreation to basic household use. These resources have come under increasing strain due to urban expansion, poor planning, and, more recently, climate change. Conflicts among uses and their underlying principles are increasingly adjudicated in courts, with the Ministerio Publico (Public Prosecutor's Office) acting as a key advocate for both human rights and environmental protection. As legal interventions become more common in policy questions, how are justice principles shaping emerging approaches to water governance? And how are these types of cases provoking a reconsideration of the role of law in public administration? This paper analyzes the justice ramifications of an increasing use of legal discourses and practices to adjudicate water-related conflicts in Sao Paulo. It also, and conversely, shows how legal battles over water and sanitation force a shift in the behavior and perspectives of legal actors, and subsequently broaden the meaning of ‘justice.’
FAD is a preferred substrate and an inhibitor of Escherichia coli general NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase.

Escherichia coli general NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase (Fre) does not have a bound flavin cofactor; its flavin substrates (riboflavin, FMN, and FAD) are believed to bind to it mainly through the isoalloxazine ring. This interaction was real for riboflavin and FMN, but not for FAD, which bound to Fre much tighter than FMN or riboflavin. Computer simulations of Fre·FAD and Fre·FMN complexes showed that FAD adopted an unusual bent conformation, allowing its ribityl side chain and ADP moiety to form an additional 3.28 H-bonds on average with amino acid residues located in the loop connecting Fβ5 and Fα1 of the flavin-binding domain and at the proposed NAD(P)H-binding site. Experimental data supported the overlapping binding sites of FAD and NAD(P)H. AMP, a known competitive inhibitor with respect to NAD(P)H, decreased the affinity of Fre for FAD. FAD behaved as a mixed-type inhibitor with respect to NADPH. The overlapped binding offers a plausible explanation for the largeK m values of Fre for NADH and NADPH when FAD is the electron acceptor. Although Fre reduces FMN faster than it reduces FAD, it preferentially reduces FAD when both FMN and FAD are present. Our data suggest that FAD is a preferred substrate and an inhibitor, suppressing the activities of Fre at low NADH concentrations.
Tumor-induced L-selectinhigh suppressor T cells mediate potent effector T cell blockade and cause failure of otherwise curative adoptive immunotherapy.

Tumor-specific effector T cells (T(E)) are naturally sensitized within the L-selectin(low) (CD62L(low)) fraction of tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). Whether isolated from day 9 (D9) or day 12 (D12) TDLN, 5 million L-selectin(low) T(E) could be culture activated and adoptively transferred to achieve complete rejection of established intradermal, pulmonary, and brain tumors. Surprisingly, although 25 million unfractionated T cells from D9 TDLN were equally effective, even 100 million unfractionated T cells from D12 TDLN seldom prevented lethal intradermal tumor progression, despite a pronounced therapeutic excess of T(E). This highly reproducible treatment failure was due to cotransfer of tumor-induced, L-selectin(high) suppressor T cells (T(S)) which were also present in D12 TDLN. In contrast, D9 TDLN and normal spleens lacked L-selectin(high) T(S). Only those L-selectin(high) D12 TDLN T cells that down-regulated L-selectin during culture activation were suppressive in vivo and in vitro, and, like L-selectin(low) T(E), trafficked promptly into tumors following i.v. administration. This is the first demonstration that adoptive immunotherapy can fail as a direct result of passenger T(S) that share certain phenotypic and trafficking features of T(E), even when otherwise curative doses of T(E) have been administered. Furthermore, in contrast to recently described CD4(+)CD25(+) T(S) and plasmacytoid dendritic cell-activated T(S), tumor-induced L-selectin(high) T(S) prevent tumor rejection via blockade of sensitized, activated T(E) rather than via afferent blockade.
Dual-frequency SIMO power converters for low-power on-chip power grids in SoCs

This paper introduces the Dual-Frequency Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (DF-SIMO) power converter topology as a cost-effective and power-efficient method for implementing a large number of on-chip power supplies (i.e. on-chip power grids) in nanometer CMOS System-on-Chip (SoCs). The proposed topology decouples the rate of energy conversion at the input of the converter from the rate of energy distribution to the outputs, and thus, output bandwidth and dynamic behavior become no longer limited by the switching frequency at the input side. Low switching frequency at the input side can be used to preserve high power conversion efficiency, while high switching frequency for energy distribution at the output side can be used to reduce the output capacitors to integrate-able levels where they can be implemented on-chip. This limits off-chip components to a single inductor and reduces the package pin count, which results into a lower overall cost per power supply. Dynamic performance is also improved due to the high frequency energy distribution. A 5-output DF-SIMO buck converter design in 45nm CMOS is introduced as an application to the proposed concept.
Gender differences in glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise near the lactate threshold

The purpose of this investigation was to determine plasma glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation in men and women during exercise relative to the lactate threshold (LT). Subjects cycled for 25 mi...
The GuideCane-applying mobile robot technologies to assist the visually impaired

The GuideCane is a device designed to help blind or visually impaired users navigate safely and quickly among obstacles and other hazards. During operation, the user pushes the lightweight GuideCane forward. When the GuideCane's ultrasonic sensors detect an obstacle, the embedded computer determines a suitable direction of motion that steers the GuideCane and the user around it. The steering action results in a very noticeable force felt in the handle, which easily guides the user without any conscious effort on his/her part.
TOWARD AN INTERPERSONAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPING MIND: ATTACHMENT RELATIONSHIPS, "MINDSIGHT," AND NEURAL INTEGRATION

This article reviews findings from a wide range of scientific disciplines in exploring the idea that the mind develops at the interface between human relationships and the unfolding structure and function of the brain. Recent discoveries from a number of independent fields, including those of devel- opmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience, can be synthesized into an integrated framework for understanding how the brain gives rise to mental processes and is directly shaped by interpersonal ex- periences. This "interpersonal neurobiology" (Siegel, 1999) presents an integrated view of how human development occurs within a social world in transaction with the functions of the brain that give rise to the mind. This framework suggests some basic principles for conceptualizing the essential experiential ingredients that may facilitate the development of the mind, emotional well-being, and psychological resilience during early childhood and perhaps throughout the lifespan. At the core of these processes is a fundamental mechanism of integration which can be seen at a variety of levels, from the interpersonal to the neurological. Integration may be conceptualized as the basic process that secure attachments fa- cilitate in promoting psychological well-being. This article will summarize these concepts and offer some ideas about their implications for practice and future investigations. RESUMEN: Desde el punto de vista de una amplia gama de disciplinas, este articulo revisa los resultados de exploracion de la idea de que la mente se desarrolla al contacto entre las relaciones humanas y la extendida estructura y funcion del cerebro. Descubrimientos recientes en un cierto numero de campos independientes, entre los cuales se incluye la sicologia del desarrollo y la neurociencia cognitiva, pueden ser sintetizados dentro de un marco integrado para comprender la forma como el cerebro da inicio a los procesos mentales y es directamente formado por las experiencias interpersonales. Esta "neurobiologia
Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium

Because of conflicting claims, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recently reviewed the names of all the trans-fermium elements; Muunzenberg (1999) has published a detailed discussion of the problems and the resolution. First, a Transfermium Working Group decided the priority of discoveries. Next, the discoverers proposed names to the IUPAC and names were officially accepted by that body. The names for the elements mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium were retained as originally proposed at the time of their discoveries.
Generalized Baumslag-Solitar groups and geometric homomorphisms

Abstract A group is called a generalized Baumslag–Solitar group , or GBS-group , if it is the fundamental group of a graph of groups with infinite cyclic vertex and edge groups. A GBS-group is said to be GBS-simple if it has no proper, non-cyclic geometric quotients, i.e., quotients other than Z which arise from geometric homomorphisms. The main result gives a complete description of the GBS-groups which are GBS-simple. This is achieved by constructing a set of natural examples of geometric homomorphisms.
Improving Our Stories

The use of stories in nursing education and in life is briefly considered in this introduction to an article evaluating a nursing course on caring theory as it is talked about by nurses who have recently graduated from their undergraduate nursing program in Hong Kong.
Distributed parameter thermal controllability-the inverse heat conduction problem in materials processing

This article addresses the inverse heat conduction problem encountered in thermal manufacturing processes. An open-loop control strategy is developed for distributed parameter conduction systems, based on Galerkin optimization of an energy index employing Green's functions. The surface heat input distribution necessary to generate a desired dynamic temperature field inside a solid body, is analytically determined and then verified by FEA simulations. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is also examined and discussed.
Separate mnemonic effects of retrieval practice and elaborative encoding

Does retrieval practice produce learning because it is an especially effective way to induce elaborative encoding? Four experiments examined this question. Subjects learned word pairs across alternating study and recall periods, and once an item was recalled it was dropped from further practice, repeatedly studied, or repeatedly retrieved on repeated recall trials. In elaborative study conditions, subjects used an imagery-based keyword method (Experiments 1‐2) or a verbal elaboration method (Experiment 3) to encode items during repeated study trials. On a criterial test 1 week after the initial learning phase, repeated retrieval produced better long-term retention than repeated study even under elaborative study conditions. Elaborative studying improved initial encoding when it occurred prior to the first correct recall of an item, but while repeated retrieval enhanced long-term retention, elaboration produced no measurable learning when it occurred after successful retrieval. Experiment 4 used identical item word pairs (e.g., castle‐castle) to reduce or eliminate verbal elaboration, and robust effects of repeated retrieval were still observed with these materials. Retrieval practice likely produces learning by virtue of mechanisms other than elaboration.
The Challenge of Self-sufficiency Women on Welfare Redefining Independence

Drawing on interviews conducted with fifty-one single mothers in a rural state, this article explores how women who rely on state assistance sustain a belief in their own self-worth. The article first shows that single mothers hold firmly to the value of self-sufficiency. It then shows that they can hold to that value because they believe that their welfare reliance is different from that of other women and because they redefine independence to allow for acts that might normally be understood to challenge that norm. The findings are compared to those in other studies that cover some of the same issues. The discussion draws on three levels of context for interpreting the findings: the current discourse concerning single mothers and, more specifically, welfare recipients; the client stance that develops among those who deal with bureaucracies; and, finally, the interview situation itself.
Vertebrate anteroposterior patterning: the Xenopus neurectoderm as a paradigm

This review discusses formation of the vertebrate anteroposterior (AP) axis, focusing on the dorsal ectoderm, which gives rise to the nervous system, using the frog Xenopus as a model. After summarizing classical models of AP neural patterning, we describe recent molecular studies that are encouraging re-examination of these models. Such studies have shown that AP ectodermal patterning occurs by the onset of gastrulation, much earlier than previously thought. The identity of tissues that determine AP pattern is discussed, and the definition of the Organizer is reconsidered. The activity of factors secreted by inducing tissues in early patterning decisions is assessed and formulated into a revised model for Xenopus AP neural patterning. Finally, AP ectodermal patterning in Xenopus dorsal ectoderm is compared to that of other germ layers, and to other vertebrates. BioEssays 22:976–986, 2000. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infrared refractometer measurements of adhesives

The real part of the refractive index of the optical cements, Eastman Kodak, HE-79; Lensbond, M-62; Epotek, 301 and 310; and Loctites, 307, IS-06, IS-04E, IS-12 (the latter three are Super Bonders), have been measured. The values are reported in most part over the 1-5-microm wavelength range. The samples were measured in a setting to which they are subjected in normal optical use. The technique used to obtain the values in this manner was an Abbe ir refractometer. The composite range in indices is from 1.46 to 1.54. The precision of the instrument and the accuracy of the data are discussed.
Self-referential verification of gate-level implementations of arithmetic circuits

Verification of gate-level implementations of arithmetic circuits is challenging due to a number of reasons: the existence of some hard-to-verify arithmetic operators (e.g. multiplication), the use of different operand ordering, the incorporation of merged arithmetic with cross-operator implementations, and the employment of circuit transformations based on arithmetic relations. It is hence a peculiar problem that does not fit quite well into the existing RTL-to-gate equivalence checking methodology. In this paper, we propose a self-referential functional verification approach which uses the gate-level implementation of the arithmetic circuit under verification to verify itself. Specifically, the verification task is decomposed into a sequence of equivalence checking subproblems, each of which compare circuit pairs derived from the implementation under verification based on the proposed self-referential functional equations. A decomposition-based heuristic using structural information is employed to guide the verification process for better efficiency. Experimental results on a number of implementations of the multiply-add units and the inner product units with different architectures demonstrate the versatility of this approach.
Solving the nonlinear power flow equations with a Newton process and GMRES

This paper presents a detailed investigation into the effectiveness of iterative methods in solving the linear system subproblem of a Newton power flow solution process. An exact Newton method employing an LU factorization has been one of the most widely used power flow solution algorithms, due to the efficient minimum degree ordering techniques that attempt to minimize fill-in. However, the LU factorization remains a computationally expensive task that can be avoided by the use of an iterative method in solving the linear subproblem. An inexact Newton method using preconditioned GMRES as a linear solver is presented as a promising alternative for solving the power flow mismatch equations. The choice of preconditioners is shown to play a major role in the success of the Newton-GMRES method. When combined with a good quality preconditioner, the Newton-GMRES method achieves a better than 50% reduction in computation, compared to Newton-LU, for two large scale power systems: one with 3493 buses and 6689 branches, another with 8027 buses and 13765 branches.
Finite Element Solutions to the Bending Stiffness of a Single-Layered Helically Wound Cable With Internal Friction

This paper is focused on the bending stiffness of a cable consisting of a straight core wound around by a layer of helical wires, taking friction into account. Depending on the interaction between the cable components, the effective bending stiffness of the cable lies between an upper bound Bmax and a lower bound Bmin according to analytic models in literature. Two finite element models are created. The first aims to determine the maximum obtainable bending stiffness, whereby two contact types are tested: one bonding together all the touching surfaces and the other one only bonding together the wire–core contact surfaces. The numerical results show that Bmax is achieved for the first contact type, while neglecting the wire–wire contact lowers the bending stiffness due to the rotation of wire cross sections. In the second model, the wires are allowed to slip, while the cable is subjected to tension and bending. The effects of the tension level, the friction coefficient, and the contact types are investigated. The numerical results are able to capture the increase of bending stiffness with increasing tension and decreasing curvature, consistent with experimental observations and analytic models. The initial bending stiffness is sensitive to the imperfect contact between the components and is lower than Bmax. The final bending stiffness is higher than Bmin because of the contribution of friction and it increases with the friction coefficient.
Sovereignty of the Soul: Exploring the Intersection of Rape Law Reform and Federal Indian Law

This Article is designed with two audiences in mind. On one hand, it is to enlighten sexual assault scholars and practitioners about the importance of sovereignty in the analysis of rape law and reform. On the other hand, to persuade Indian law scholars and practitioners that the development of sexual assault jurisprudence is central to the struggle for sovereignty. Ultimately, this Article argues that it is impossible to separate theories of indigenous self-determination from theories on sexual assault jurisprudence. It is critical that a dual analysis be employed in both disciplines because sexual violence is so deeply imbedded in colonizing and genocidal policies..
Utilizing High-Fidelity Simulation to Teach Pediatric Residents Clinical Nutrition A Curricular Change Guided by a Needs Assessment

Background. Pediatric nutrition concepts, important competencies for pediatric residents, are often incompletely taught in lectures. Objective. Demonstrate use of simulation as an effective and wel...
Report of the Standing Committee on Systematics Resources in Entomology: Proposal for a General Protocol for Submitting Specimens for Identification

The Entomological Society of America (ESA) Standing Committee on Systematics Resources in Entomology has as its primary responsibility the implementation of the ESA National Plan for Systematics Resources (see Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 20: 236–42). Progress is being made in attaining that long-term goal. Also, over the past two years the Committee has been pursuing various short-term projects that are of interest to a majority of the membership. These short-term projects have resulted in reports on a protocol for voucher specimens (Yoshimoto 1978, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 141–2), and reviews of charges for identification services (Chilson 1978, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 167–9). Future reports will review (1) the current situation regarding potential for relocation of collections and distribution of primary type materials, and of publications concerning needs for identification of specimens associated with ecological studies (Eldridge 1978, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 23–24), (2) Federal regulations affecting collecting, shipping, and receipt of specimens, (3) status of insect systematics training and manpower, (4) curricula in systematics training, and other matters.
Flexible Pavement Analysis and Design-A Half-Century of Achievement

This paper provides one person’s perspective on flexible pavement analysis and design methodology since about 1960. Some developments during the past 50-plus years briefly summarized include: mechanistic analyses; materials characterization; mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design methodologies; accelerated pavement testing; non-destructive pavement evaluation and overlay design; pavement management; and, improved construction practices. Some observations on education and training in pavement engineering are also included.
Phoresy by Plecopteracoluthus downesi on Larvae of Nigronia serricornis

The larvae, pupae, and adults of Plecopteracoluthus downesi Steffan were thoroughly described by Steffan (1965) when he reported finding this species in Quebec living phoretically on nymphs of 4 species of Plecoptera in the family Perlidae. Steffan (1967) found larvae on the nymphs of 96% of Acroneuria abnormis (Newman), 45% of Paragnetina immarginata (Say), and 37% of P. media (Walker). He also reported collecting them from Acroneuria lycorias (Newman) and Togoperla media (Walker), but the latter is a synonym of P. media (Harden and Mickel 1952, Ricker 1959).
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF SIMIAN VIRUS-40 IN PRIMARY RHESUS KIDNEY TISSUE CULTURES.

SummarySV-40 viral particles were seen in cultures of infected rhesus kidney. SV-40 spreads slowly through the cell sheet, and thus viral particles were not visualized until some time after infection. The SV-40 appears exclusively in cell nuclei, in contrast to its presence in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cell types lysed by the virus.
Recent relocation and decreased survival following a cancer diagnosis

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of recent relocation prior to a cancer diagnosis on cancer-specific outcomes. Methods We identified 272,718 patients with two different entries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database within 3 years of each other. Those who had relocated to a different county between entries were identified and we determined the risk of stage IV disease or cancer-specific mortality among relocators and non-relocators after adjusting for other patient-specific demographic and clinical factors. Results A total of 4639 (1.7%) patients relocated to a new county within 3 years prior to a second cancer diagnosis and 268,079 (98.3%) patients did not. Patients who had relocated to a new area were more likely to be diagnosed with stage IV cancer (25.2% vs. 20.8%; adjusted odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–1.37; P Conclusion These results suggest that recent relocation to a new county prior to a cancer diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of late-stage presentation and worse cancer-specific mortality.
Using Machine Learning to Predict Laboratory Test Results.

Objectives: While clinical laboratories report most test results as individual numbers, findings, or observations, clinical diagnosis usually relies on the results of multiple tests. Clinical decision support that integrates multiple elements of laboratory data could be highly useful in enhancing laboratory diagnosis. Methods: Using the analyte ferritin in a proof of concept, we extracted clinical laboratory data from patient testing and applied a variety of machine-learning algorithms to predict ferritin test results using the results from other tests. We compared predicted with measured results and reviewed selected cases to assess the clinical value of predicted ferritin. Results: We show that patient demographics and results of other laboratory tests can discriminate normal from abnormal ferritin results with a high degree of accuracy (area under the curve as high as 0.97, held-out test data). Case review indicated that predicted ferritin results may sometimes better reflect underlying iron status than measured ferritin. Conclusions: These findings highlight the substantial informational redundancy present in patient test results and offer a potential foundation for a novel type of clinical decision support aimed at integrating, interpreting, and enhancing the diagnostic value of multianalyte sets of clinical laboratory test results.