cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017.

OBJECTIVES: To study the national prevalence of 10 developmental disabilities in US children aged 3 to 17 years and explore changes over time by associated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, using the National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Data come from the 2009 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Parents reported physician or other health care professional diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; blindness; cerebral palsy; moderate to profound hearing loss; learning disability; intellectual disability; seizures; stuttering or stammering; and other developmental delays. Weighted percentages for each of the selected developmental disabilities and any developmental disability were calculated and stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2011 and 2015 to 2017, there were overall significant increases in the prevalence of any developmental disability (16.2%–17.8%, P CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of developmental disability among US children aged 3 to 17 years increased between 2009 and 2017. Changes by demographic and socioeconomic subgroups may be related to improvements in awareness and access to health care.
Dyspnea on daptomycin: eosinophilic pneumonia

We present a case of drug-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia with characteristic imaging and bronchioloaveolar lavage (BAL) findings. Although not a common diagnosis, it is important to consider in the right clinical scenario, including a patient with presumed pneumonia that does not respond to typical treatment. Diagnosis is confirmed by bronchoscopy with BAL. For drug-induced types, treatment includes removal of the offending agent. Corticosteroids are used if symptoms are severe and can result in rapid clinical improvement.
Revaluation of “equilibrium” P-T paths from zoned garnet in light of quartz inclusion in garnet (QuiG) barometry

Abstract Metamorphic P–T paths provide valuable constraints on the tectonics of collisional orogens and many such paths have been deduced from analysis of chemical zoning in garnet. Inclusion barometry (e.g. quartz-in-garnet or QuiG) provides complementary and sometimes contradictory information regarding the interpretation of garnet zoning and the P–T paths derived therefrom. For example, QuiG barometry on several generations of garnet from well-characterized samples from Fall Mountain, New Hampshire, is consistent with the P–T path inferred from other methods. However, QuiG barometry is inconsistent with P–T paths inferred from garnet zoning from the Orfordville Belt (Vermont), Townshend Dam (Vermont), the Connecticut Valley Trough (Vermont), and Sifnos (Greece). New data from the Perry Mountain Formation, southeastern New Hampshire, suggests that QuiG may preserve a record of polymetamorphic events. Specifically, QuiG barometry in coticule samples is interpreted to record a previously unrecognized early medium pressure (ca. 0.9 GPa) metamorphism and a later low pressure (ca. 0.3 GPa) metamorphism.
An Assessment of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: The case of Saudi Arabia

This study provides an assessment of some aspects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A quantitative survey based on a literature review has been conducted on fifty Saudi entrepreneurs and decision-makers. The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is an emerging concept and there is limited little research on this topic and very rare work on the Saudi case. This paper provides recommendations to support the Saudi entrepreneurial ecosystem. The study recommends improving university educational programs that encourage entrepreneurship, reducing the bureaucracy level with starting new businesses, and increasing the adoption level of new technologies. The study illustrates that government support, individual support, and education are the major factors influencing the entrepreneurship ecosystem. While the top challenges were found to be the lack of individual skills, government regulations, society culture, and economic deterioration.
In It for the Long Haul: Exploring Gender Dynamics in Former Prisoner-Family Relationship

This article contributes to the growing body of literature on the role of families of origin in the reentry of former prisoners by focusing on a group of young men of color recently released from prison. Our in-depth interviews with young men and selected family members highlighted the ongoing importance of their family relationships for providing important emotional and instrumental support. These relationships also are gendered. In relationships with female relatives, the former prisoners’ primary role was to be there for the women in the family and thereby demonstrate their love of family and their commitment to desistance from crime, while the women provided them care, advice, and emotional support. In relationships with young male relatives, the former prisoners took a more active role, attempting to mentor the young men so they would avoid the same problems or steer their lives in a more positive direction. This article is one step in exploring how family relationships and gender dynamics function in the lives of returning prisoners.
LEGION: Visually compare modeling techniques for regression

People construct machine learning (ML) models for various use cases in varied domains such as in healthcare, finance, public-policy, etc. In doing so they aim to improve a models’ performance by adopting various strategies, such as changing input data (data augmentation), tuning model hyperparameters, performing feature engineering that includes feature extraction, feature augmentation or feature transformation. However, how would users know which of these model construction strategies to adopt for their problem? Following any or all of these approaches allows the construction of a gigantic set of models, from which users may select model(s) suited to their data analytic task. This problem of model selection is non-trivial because in real-world use cases many of the best performing models (in relation to a specified metric) may appear to serve users’ goal but often exhibits nuances and tradeoffs (e.g, may weight features differently, varying compute times to train, or may predict relevant data instances differently etc.). This paper aims to solve the problem of how to construct models and how to select a preferred modeling strategy by allowing users to compare the differences and similarities between multiple regression models, and then learn not only about the model but also about their data. This learning further empowers them to select model(s) that more precisely suit their analysis goals. We present LEGION, a visual analytic tool that helps users to compare and select regression models constructed either by tuning their hyperparameters or by feature engineering. We also present two use cases on real world datasets validating the utility and effectiveness of our tool.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Combining Medical and Mental Health Services for Older Adults with HIV in New York City.

Older adults with the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV (OAWH), people 50 years and older, are aging with the disease and experience low quality of life. Mental health disorders trigger and worsen health inequalities with larger impacts on the quality of life of OAWH. This paper evaluated two rival health interventions using a standard decision-analytic model and quantified the cost per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) to understand the differential in cost and effectiveness of an additional unit of perfect health. HIV medical care was compared with a combined strategy that includes both HIV medical and behavioral care. Primary data from a convenience sample (n = 139) collected in New York City and outcomes for healthy older adults from the literature were used in this study. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) evaluating the economic cost and health benefits of the new intervention was $36,166 per QALY, which is less than the willingness to pay ($75,000). The ICER for Hispanics was $35,325 and for White/Caucasians was $40,499. Integrated medical plus behavioral care is cost-effective and improves quality of life among OAWH. Given the high rates of mental health disorders along with an underutilization of behavioral care among OAWH, timely and effective mental health programs are paramount to increase quality of life.
The Expansion of Higher Education and the Education-Health Gradient in the United States:

The United States experienced a period of rapid higher education expansion between the mid-1940s and mid-1970s. Although this expansion likely improved the health of people able to take advantage o...
Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt

This is the only substantial and up-to-date reference work on the Ptolemaic army. Employing Greek and Egyptian papyri and inscriptions, and building on approaches developed in state-formation theory, it offers a coherent account of how the changing structures of the army in Egypt after Alexander's conquest led to the development of an ethnically more integrated society. A new tripartite division of Ptolemaic history challenges the idea of gradual decline, and emphasizes the reshaping of military structures that took place between c.220 and c.160 BC in response to changes in the nature of warfare, mobilization and demobilization, and financial constraints. An investigation of the socio-economic role played by soldiers permits a reassessment of the cleruchic system and shows how soldiers' associations generated interethnic group solidarity. By integrating Egyptian evidence, Christelle Fischer-Bovet also demonstrates that the connection between the army and local temples offered new ways for Greeks and Egyptians to interact.
Predicting Emergency Department Volume Using Forecasting Methods to Create a ''Surge Response'' for Noncrisis Events

Objectives: This study investigated whether emergency department (ED) variables could be used in mathematical models to predict a future surge in ED volume based on recent levels of use of physician capacity. The models may be used to guide decisions related to on-call staffing in non–crisis-related surges of patient volume. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using information spanning July 2009 through June 2010 from a large urban teaching hospital with a Level I trauma center. A comparison of significance was used to assess the impact of multiple patient-specific variables on the state of the ED. Physician capacity was modeled based on historical physician treatment capacity and productivity. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the probability that the available physician capacity would be sufficient to treat all patients forecasted to arrive in the next time period. The prediction horizons used were 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours. Five consecutive months of patient data from July 2010 through November 2010, similar to the data used to generate the models, was used to validate the models. Positive predictive values, Type I and Type II errors, and real-time accuracy in predicting noncrisis surge events were used to evaluate the forecast accuracy of the models. Results: The ratio of new patients requiring treatment over total physician capacity (termed the care utilization ratio [CUR]) was deemed a robust predictor of the state of the ED (with a CUR greater than 1 indicating that the physician capacity would not be sufficient to treat all patients forecasted to arrive). Prediction intervals of 30 minutes, 8 hours, and 12 hours performed best of all models analyzed, with deviances of 1.000, 0.951, and 0.864, respectively. A 95% significance was used to validate the models against the July 2010 through November 2010 data set. Positive predictive values ranged from 0.738 to 0.872, true positives ranged from 74% to 94%, and true negatives ranged from 70% to 90% depending on the threshold used to determine the state of the ED with the 30-minute prediction model. Conclusions: The CUR is a new and robust indicator of an ED system’s performance. The study was able to model the tradeoff of longer time to response versus shorter but more accurate predictions, by investigating different prediction intervals. Current practice would have been improved by using the proposed models and would have identified the surge in patient volume earlier on noncrisis days. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:569–576 a 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Effect of low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols and related compounds on platelet factor 4 subunit association

Titration of platelet factor 4 (PF4) with increasing concentrations of various low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols disrupts dimer and tetramer quaternary structure while preserving tertiary structural integrity. Normally observed slow subunit exchange (1H NMR time scale) is shifted into the fast chemical exchange regime. The order of effectiveness is butanol > 2-propanol > propanol > ethanol > methanol. Fluorination of ethanol (trifluoroethanol) and 2-propanol (hexafluoro-2-propanol) increases effectiveness by approximately 2 orders of magnitude. Oxidation to 2-propanone or trifluoro-2-propanone produces a less effective compound, suggesting a mechanistic role for the hydroxyl group. Increasing the number of hydroxyls to three, as in glycerol, however, is relatively ineffective in disrupting aggregate states or modifying subunit exchange rates. While 19F NMR studies indicate that these alcohols specifically interact with PF4, binding alone can not explain their mechanism of action. Dimethyl sulfoxide, structurally similar to 2-propanol, disrupts PF4 aggregation by direct binding, but does not shift subunit exchange kinetics into the NMR fast-exchange regime. Although not fully understood, the effectiveness of these compounds appears to be related to the colligative properties of the solution.
The developing direct relationship between a manufacturer and consumers

Purpose – To investigate consumers' characteristics during internet shopping for customized products in order to reduce the distance between a manufacturer and consumers.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methods were conducted with longitudinal interviewing with 20 participants. For the shopping experiment, a web site was used by participants to order two pair of customized shoes based on each participant's needs.Findings – Four groups were identified during the shopping experiments. The result suggested that each group of participants had different priorities for a satisfying shopping experience in terms of customized products.Originality/value – This paper identified the relationship between a manufacturer and consumers by ordering customized products through online.
Intranasal Teeth. Report of two cases and review of the literature.

Abstract Although the eruption of teeth into the nasal cavity is uncommon, the identification of such teeth can be important since they have the potential to cause considerable morbidity
Abstract 164: Antithrombotic Use and Bleeding in Patients Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia

Background: The known anticoagulant effects of hypothermia poses challenges when considering therapeutic hypothermia (TH) after cardiac arrest, including the risk of bleeding and the safety of giving concomitant antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. We therefore examined antithrombotic use and the risk of bleeding in patients receiving TH. Methods: In a large tertiary academic center in Boston, we examined the incidence of bleeding in patients evaluated for TH. Antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation (oral or parenteral) prior to arrest and during the hospitalization were recorded. Results: TH was initiated in 190 patients and completed in 150. Among 40 patients in which TH was stopped early, bleeding was cited as a reason in 5 (though in 3 cases bleeding was documented at time of TH initiation). Of the 150 ‘completers’, 16 (10.6%) bled during TH. Bleeding was present at the time of TH initiation in 8/16 patients. Bleeding sites were most commonly GI 56.3% and vascular access 25% with no cases of int...
Novel fluorescence in situ hybridization-based definition of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure for use in enhancing recruitment into clinical trials of intravesical therapies.

Objectives To present a molecular definition of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) failure that incorporates fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing to predict BCG failure before it becomes clinically evident, which can be used to enhance trial designs for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients and Methods We used data from 143 patients who were followed prospectively for 2 years during intravesical BCG therapy, during which time FISH assays were collected and correlated to clinical outcomes. Results Of the 95 patients with no evidence of tumour at 3-month cystoscopy, 23 developed tumour recurrence and 17 developed disease progression by 2 years. Patients with a positive FISH test at both 6 weeks and 3 months were more likely to develop tumour recurrence (17/37 patients [46%] and 16/28 patients [57%], respectively) than patients with a negative FISH test (6/58 patients [10%] and 3/39 patients [8%], respectively; both P < 0.001). Using hazard ratios for recurrence with positive 6-week and 3-month FISH results, we constructed clinical trial scenarios whereby patients with a negative 3-month cystoscopy and positive FISH result could be considered to have ‘molecular BCG failure’ and could be enrolled in prospective, randomized clinical trials comparing BCG therapy (control) with an experimental intravesical therapy. Conclusions Patients with positive early FISH and negative 3-month cystoscopy results can be considered to have molecular BCG failure based on their high rates of recurrence and progression. This definition is intended for use in designing clinical trials, thus potentially allowing continued use of BCG as an ethical comparator arm.
Rapid and Reversible Light-Mediated Chromatin Modifications of Arabidopsis Phytochrome A Locus

Recent genome-wide surveys showed that acetylation of H3K9 and H3K27 is correlated with gene activation during deetiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but less is known regarding changes in the histone status of repressed genes. Phytochrome A (phyA) is the major photoreceptor of deetiolation, and phyA expression is reversibly repressed by light. We found that in adult Arabidopsis plants, phyA activation in darkness was accompanied by a significant enrichment in the phyA transcription and translation start sites of not only H3K9/14ac and H3K27ac but also H3K4me3, and there was also moderate enrichment of H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H4K12ac, and H4K16ac. Conversely, when phyA expression was repressed by light, H3K27me3 was enriched with a corresponding decline in H3K27ac; moreover, demethylation of H3K4me3 and deacetylation of H3K9/14 were also seen. These histone modifications, which were focused around the phyA transcription/translation start sites, were detected within 1 h of deetiolation. Mutant analysis showed that HDA19/HD1 mediated deacetylation of H3K9/14 and uncovered possible histone crosstalk between H3K9/14ac and H3K4me3. Neither small RNA pathways nor the circadian clock affected H3 modification status of the phyA locus, and DNA methylation was unchanged by light. The presence of activating and repressive histone marks suggests a mechanism for the rapid and reversible regulation of phyA by dark and light.
Learning sparse overcomplete image representations

We describe a method for learning an over complete set of basis functions for the purpose of modeling data with sparse structure. Such data re characterized by the fact that they require a relatively small number of non-zero coefficients on the basis functions to describe each data point. The sparsity of the basis function coefficients is modeled with a mixture-of-Gaussians distribution. One Gaussian captures non-active coefficients with a large-variance distribution centered at zero, while one or more other Gaussians capture active coefficients with a large-variance distribution. We show that when the prior is in such a form, there exist efficient methods for learning the basis functions as well as the parameters of the prior. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on a number of test cases and also on natural images. The basis functions learned on natural images are similar to those obtained with other methods, but the sparse from of the coefficient distribution is much better described. Also, since the parameters of the prior are adapted to the data, no assumption about sparse structure in the images need be made a priori, rather it is learned from the data.
Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States.

Perchlorate, an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters, is both naturally occurring and manmade. Because of its toxicity, there has been increased interest in setting drinking water safety standards and in health effects when perchlorate is present at low (parts per billion (ppb)) levels. In January 2009, the EPA issued a heath advisory to assist state and local officials in addressing local contamination of perchlorate in drinking water. The interim health advisory level of 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or ppb, is based on the reference dose recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This paper describes scope and extent of contaminant issues and a legal process of setting standards for perchlorate concentration in drinking water in the United States of America.
Delinquency and health among adolescents: multiple outcomes of a similar social and structural process.

1. IntroductionThemajorityofsocialscientificresearchtodaytendstobedisciplinespecific,concentratingupon distinct phenomena of interest and how individual and structural determinants influencethese phenomena. This is evident in research specializations as diverse as criminology andmental health. Each has progressed to theoretical positions that attempt to explain howunderlying factors contribute to specific outcomes. Within criminology, one of the dominantparadigms used to explain childhood misconduct, juvenile delinquency, adult crime, and risk-taking behavior — the control perspective — hypothesizes a causal relationship betweenstructural and social processes and the increased likelihood of antisocial consequences.These disciplines have been successful at laying the groundwork for understanding therelationship between social and structural processes and the discipline-specific outcome ofinterest. However, are these phenomena — mental health problems and delinquency —mutually exclusive or might they be multiple outcomes of similar underlying social andstructural processes? Recent epidemiological and clinical evidence reveals a tendency amongadolescents to manifest a clustering of delinquency, substance abuse, and mental healthproblems indicating that they may be associated with one another (Kessler et al., 1996;Steinhausen, Meier, & Angst, 1998; cf. Milin, 1996). This implies that these internalizingand externalizing behaviors may be multiple outcomes of similar structural and socialprocesses suggesting a need to move past a discipline-specific focus to investigate whetheradolescents who experience social and structural disadvantage are at risk for a multitude ofnegative outcomes.
A hydrogen maser at temperatures below 1 K

We describe a hydrogen maser oscillator that has been designed to operate as a highly stable clock operating at temperatures below 1 K using a film of superfluid helium 4 as a storage volume wall coating. We derive the expressions that predict the statistically determined frequency stability of the maser in terms of the maser's internal parameters. Our design follows conventional atomic beam state selection techniques for supplying atoms in the F = 1, m F = 0 hyperfine sublevel to the oscillating region, which is located inside a sapphire dielectrically loaded TE 011 -mode cavity resonator. Measurements of the Hydrogen-Helium wallshift and the line Q of the maser oscillator have been made with unsaturated superfluid helium films at temperatures between 0.475 and 0.575 K. These show that the wallshift depends strongly on film thickness and that the Q of the maser oscillator improves very rapidly as film thickness is increased.
The design and use of a cone chromaticity space: A tutorial

Colorimetric data as revised by Judd can be transformed to Konig fundamentals L, M, S, representative of the long-(LWS), middle-(MWS), and short-(SWS) wavelength sensitive cone spectral sensitivities. The fundamentals are normalized so that two cone types, M and L, sum to the luminous efficiency function, YJ. The height of the S fundamental is undefined in this transformation. A constant luminance chromaticity plane can be derived by calculating L/YJ and S/YJ, with the area of S set equal to that of YJ. This chromaticity space is convenient for calculations of real stimuli. The axes of this space, when adjusted to reflect cone adaptation to the equal-energy spectrum have been shown to match the null axes of the major retino-cortical processing streams. The relative cone troland chromaticities can be multiplied by the retinal illuminance level to give L, M, and S trolands. In this metric, chromaticity data can be plotted as threshold-vs.-illuminance functions. Cone excitation is derived from cone trolands, by dividing by the maximal sensitivity of the fundamentals. Cone excitation units are used to derive models of retinal processing. The cone quantal excitation rate is a scaled version of the cone excitation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Naturally-occurring antibodies which bind hyaluronate.

Sera from a number of different species were found to contain a hyaluronate binding activity. This binding activity was detected by mixing the serum with [ 3 H] hyaluronate and then precipitating the proteins and any bound [ 3 H] hyaluronate by the addition of an equal volume of saturated (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The binding activity associated with horse serum was examined further and found to be saturable, of relatively high affinity and specific for hyaluronate. Competition experiments showed that the binding was not influenced by the molecular weight of the hyaluronate, suggesting that the binding protein interacts with an intrachain region of the hyaluronate rather than the terminals. The binding activity co-purified with the IgG and IgM fractions of serum after (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation, ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography as well as after affinity chromatography.
The text‐relatedness of reading lessons in seven basal reading series

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the degree to which instruction in teachers’ manuals related to the stories students would read in their basal readers. Five instructional units from grades one through six in each of seven basals were randomly selected for analysis from the table of contents. Three raters were trained to conduct the analysis. Data indicated that the instruction in teachers’ manuals related to children's stories less than 33% of the time. Findings were interpreted with respect to Mason's (1983) findings that teachers related their instruction to the text about 24% of the time. Implications for teachers, text adoption committees and publishers were discussed.
Boron Instability in CVD-Produced Borophosphosilica Films

As-deposited borophosphosilica glass (BPSG) films undergo substantial relaxation during their storage in air. This work studies a mechanism of dielectric degradation, one effect of which is significant boron out-gassing at room temperature. This effect is discussed in terms of boron oxide charging when both dopants, B and P, are present in CVD-produced SiO2. The surface photo-voltage technique is applied to the oxidized silicon to evaluate charge states on the Si/SiO2/BPSG interfaces after deposition. The characteristic change in the recombination lifetime and the depletion width in silicon subsurface confirms the contribution of charges from the BPSG to the silicon-oxide interface. The technique presented can be used to estimate the dopant out-gassing during annealing.
Response of the participant calorimeter to 1.5–6.8 GeV/c electrons and hadrons

Abstract The Participant Calorimeter for Experiment 814 at BNL is a lead-scintillator sampling calorimeter. The response of the calorimeter to beams of e, μ, π and p from 1.56 to 6.8 GeV/c is presented. The design and performance of two gain monitoring systems are described, one system measures the response of single scintillator plates in the calorimeter. The calorimeter electromagnetic energy resolution varies from 24 to 32% √E for different towers. For hadron energies over 5 GeV the σh/E = 43±3%/√E, and e/h = 1.02±0.07.
The singular nature of the self-stress field of a plane dislocation loop in an anisotropic elastic meidum

Using a line integral representation due to Brown, the in-plane self-stress field singularity near a point Q on a plane dislocation loop is extracted. The result obtained is valid for a medium of arbitrary elastic anisotropy. The singular nature of the dislocation self-stresses is of two types: (1) an inverse distance singularity characteristic of an infinite straight dislocation tangent to the loop at Q, and (2) a curvature-dependent logarithmic singularity which is proportional to a “line tension-like” quantity associated with this tangent dislocation. Mit einer Linienintegral-Darstellung nach Brown wird die Selbstspannungs-Feldsingularitat in der Ebene in der Nahe eines Punktes Q auf einer ebenen Versetzungsschleife bestimmt. Das so erhaltene Ergebnis ist fur ein Medium von beliebiger elastischer Anisotropie gultig. Die singulare Natur der Versetzungs-Selbstspannung ist von zwei Arten: (1) einer inversen Distanzsingularitat, die fur eine unendlich ausgedehnte Versetzung charakteristisch ist, die die Schleife bei Q tangiert, und (2) einer krummungsabhangigen, logarithmischen Singularitat, die proportional zu einer „Linienspannungs-ahnlichen” Grose ist, verbunden mit dieser Tangentenversetzung.
Developing Managers: A Case Study in Laying the Groundwork

“Natural” and “managed” management development are contrasted, with the latter guiding the attempt by a large North American financial service to answer the question, “What can we do to develop our managers most effectively?” In‐depth interviews with a stratified sample of managers produced strong suggestions about what is being done well, what is being done poorly, and what needs to be done. Representative responses are presented together with the recommendations and conclusions they engender for this company and others.
Fathers, mothers, and adolescents: Gender-based differences in parental roles during adolescence.

This study examined the involvement and satisfaction of adolescents with their fathers and mothers. Possible age and sex differences were investigated for three components of involvement: proportion of time spent with fathers and mothers, type of activities engaged in, and degree of satisfaction with those activities. Telephone interviews were used to obtain information about previous day's activities from 61 adolescents in grades 6–12. For each activity, data were obtained on duration, who else was present, and satisfaction. Results indicated that adolescents spent a greater proportion of time in leisure than in work with fathers, and equal time in work and in leisure with mothers. In general, adolescents were as satisfied with activities with their fathers as with their mothers. Adolescents enjoyed working with fathers more than mothers, however. The results demonstrate that activity satisfaction varies as a function of what activities adolescents engage in and who is present.
The materials that make an energy company: BP chief scientist Ellen Williams discusses sustainable energy

After over three decades in academia, Ellen Williams left her position as a Distinguished University Professor of physics at the University of Maryland to take on the role of Chief Scientist at BP in January 2010. Williams is responsible for keeping a pulse on science and technology developments that could advance BP’s energy portfolio and serves as a liaison to the company’s university partners. She provides assurance for research and development spending and strategic scientific advice to BP senior executives. She has been instrumental in developing the BP International Center for Advanced Materials (ICAM) that will initially fund research at three UK-based universities and one US university. The center’s research foci encompass materials integrity to advance corrosion protection during operations as well as the development of stronger, lighter materials for use in the challenging environments of hydrocarbon production and processing.
Voorbehouden handelingen en aansprakelijkheid

Als een zorgprofessional door een (niet uitgevoerde) handeling onbedoeld schade voor de patient veroorzaakt, leidt dit tot vragen over de aansprakelijkheid. Wie draagt nu eigenlijk de verantwoordelijkheid voor het uitvoeren van een voorbehouden handeling, wanneer mag u een dergelijke handeling uitvoeren en mag of moet u dat weigeren? Aan de hand van enkele casussen worden deze problemen geillustreerd en de mogelijkheden besproken.
Molecular Phylogenetics of the Bat Genus Scotophilus (Chiroptera: vespertilionidae): Perspectives from Paternally and Maternally Inherited Genomes

Scotophilus occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, parts of southern and southeastern Asia, a majority of the Indomalayan Islands, Reunion Island, and Madagascar. The genus is in the family Vespertilionidae, subfamily Vespertilioninae, and tribe Scotophilini (Hoofer and Van Den Bussche 2003). The type specimen of the genus (S. kuhlii) was 1st described by Leach (1821) based on a single immature specimen. However, the holotype still retained its deciduous milk teeth, which prompted debate on the validity of the genus. Nonetheless, earlier zoologists were applying the name Scotophilus to almost every bat in the family Vespertilionidae with fewer than 38 teeth, resulting in taxonomic confusion (Dobson 1875).
Phonosurgery for Pitch Alteration: Feminization and Masculinization of the Voice

Transsexuality is a complex, difficult problem in which individuals of unambiguous genotype and phenotype for gender assignment feel that they belong to the opposite gender. It has been estimated that 1 in 54,000 individuals are transsexuals; 75% of whom desire reassignment from male to female (MTF), and the remainder are woman who desire to be men (female to male; FTM) [1]. There are several presumed contributing factors to transsexualism, but a specific cause has not been identified. There are specific organic differences in transsexual individuals, however (eg, a large nucleus suprachiasmaticus may be identified in the hypothalamus of these persons) [2]. A multitude of changes is necessary for the individual who desires to change his/her perceived gender. Hairstyle, mannerisms, gait, and clothing are just some of the characteristics that must be altered to permit these individuals to be identified rapidly by others as being the gender that they feel they are; however, voice often is of particular importance. The importance of voice was illustrated nicely by an analysis of a group of 14 MTF transsexuals. When impartial observers were asked to determine whether subjects were male or female, subjects were judged more often as female when only visual clues were presented. When audio and visual cues were given, fewer subjects were judged as feminine; with just audio cues, fewer still were judged as women. As the investigators noted, clearly ‘‘physical appearance positively influences the perception of femaleness while the voice tends to negatively influence the perception of femaleness. Of course, a female voice in the absence of a female appearance will be less helpful in ‘passing’ as
Novel forms of protein glycosylation

Abstract Glycosylation plays several important roles in glycoprotein function. Some of these roles, such as protein folding, protein stability and efficient intracellular transport, are more dependent simply on the presence of a saccharide, rather than on its exact structure. Other functions are directly related to specific saccharide structures. This article focuses on the occurrence and potential functions of such novel and specific glycosylations as O-N -acetylglucosamine, glucose-phosphate-man nose, N -acetylgalactosamine-bearing N -linked oligosaccharides, glucosylasparagine and glycosylations of epidermal growth factor modules.
Characteristics of spinal cord compression in adenocarcinoma of prostate

Of 611 patients with biopsy-proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate, spinal cord compression developed in 41 (6.7%) at a median interval of twenty-four months after primary diagnosis. Spinal cord involvement most often occurred in the thoracic area, with 95 per cent of patients showing radiographic evidence of osseous vertebral metastasis at the level of cord compression. All lesions but one were located extradurally, and patients with Stage D2 disease, by virtue of bony metastases, were therefore at greatest risk for development of neurologically compressive disease. There was also a significant increase in the incidence of spinal cord involvement among the more poorly differentiated tumors, although tumor histology did not appear to influence the median interval between vertebral metastasis and cord compromise. Survival following spinal cord involvement was relatively poor and unrelated to tumor differentiation. Forty-six per cent of patients survived less than six months and 20 per cent less than two months. The two most noteworthy survivors are alive at thirty and ninety-seven months, the latter after combined treatment for an intradural lesion.
A dual-rate optical transceiver for power-on-demand operation

This work describes a dual-rate optical transceiver designed for power-efficient connections within and between modern high-speed digital systems. The transceiver can dynamically adjust its data rate according to the performance requirements, allowing for power-on-demand operation. To implement dual rate functionality, the transmitter and receiver circuits include separate high-speed and low-power datapath modules. The high-speed module is designed for gigabit operation and optimized to achieve the maximum bandwidth. A simpler low-power module is designed for megabit data transmission and optimized for low power consumption. The transceiver was fabricated with a 0.5μm Silicon-on-Sapphire (SOS) CMOS technology. The vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and photodetector devices were attached to the transceiver IC using flip-chip bonding. A free-space optical link system was set up to demonstrate power-on-demand capability. Experimental results show reliable link operations at 2Gb/s and 100Mb/s data transfer rates with about 104mW and 9mW power consumption, respectively. The transceiver’s switching time between these two data rates was demonstrated at 10μs which was limited by on-chip register reconfiguration time. Improvement of this switching time can be obtained by using dedicated IO pads for dual-rate control signals. At the circuit level, the incorporation of dual rate functionality into a typical gigabit optical transceiver would require 255 additional MOS transistors.
Recent Migration Patterns in the Developed World: A Clarification of Some Differences between our and NASA's Findings

This paper is a reply to two recently published critiques of our finding of a discontinuity in the recent internal migration patterns of Europe, Japan, and North America. Using data from the HAS A Human Settlements Systems Task, Hall–Hay and Gordon both fail to detect any significant narrowing in the differential between the growth rates of metropolitan areas and the growth rates of rural areas in Europe and Japan over the period 1950–1970 (they concede that this difference has disappeared, and has even been reversed in the United States). Our rejoinder here consists simply of a clarification of our own independent research on regional population change in these same countries. Unlike the IIASA project, this research has been confined, in the case of Europe and Japan, to a study of the trends in net internal migration to their politically and economically dominant core regions, for which data are available for the post-1970 period as well. Most of the disagreement over the presence or absence of a discont...
The molecular biology of RU486. Is there a role for antiprogestins in the treatment of breast cancer

I. Introduction ENDOCRINE therapy used either prophylactically or therapeutically for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancers offers many advantages to patients whose tumors contain functional estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR). The range of treatments defined as endocrine include surgical ablation of endocrine glands, administration of pharmacological doses of steroid hormones, chemical blockade of steroid hormone biosynthesis, and inhibition of endogenous steroid hormone action at the tumor with synthetic antagonists. The last of these approaches is the most widely used, making the antiestrogen tamoxifen the preferred first-line therapeutic agent for treatment of hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer. The wide-spread use of tamoxifen reflects its efficacy and low toxicity, and the fact that it makes good physiological sense to block the local proliferative effects of estrogens directly at the breast. But are estrogens the only hormones with a proliferative impact...
Performance on Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Subtests Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Function in People with Autistic Disorder: Evidence from the Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism Network

Recent structural and functional imaging work, as well as neuropathology and neuropsychology studies, provide strong empirical support for the involvement of frontal cortex in autism. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) is a computer-administered set of neuropsychological tests developed to examine specific components of cognition. Previous studies document the role of frontal cortex in performance of two CANTAB subtests: the Stockings of Cambridge, a planning task, and the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift task, a measure of cognitive set shifting. To examine the integrity of frontal functions, these subtests were administered to 79 participants with autism and 70 typical controls recruited from seven universities who are part of the Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism network. The two groups were matched on age, sex, and full-scale IQ. Significant group differences were found in performance on both subtests, with the autism group showing deficits in planning efficiency and extradimensional shifting relative to controls. Deficits were found in both lower- and higher-IQ individuals with autism across the age range of 6 to 47 years. Impairment on the CANTAB executive function subtests did not predict autism severity or specific autism symptoms (as measured by the ADI-R and ADOS), but it was correlated with adaptive behavior. If these CANTAB subtests do indeed measure prefrontal function, as suggested by previous research with animals and lesion patients, this adds to the accumulating evidence of frontal involvement in autism and indicates that this brain region should remain an active area of investigation.
Impact of an Extremely Low Birthweight Infant Carepath on Resource Utilization 1123

Despite efforts to standardize therapies for high cost Diagnosis Related Groups, little data exists regarding experiences with critically ill infants. We hypothesized that use of a carepath for extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants in the first 14 days of life would result in 1) decreased variability in care and 2) decreased unnecessary laboratory procedures. This multidisciplinary carepath contained guidelines for laboratory monitoring, nutritional management, medications, nursing activities and parent education. Resource utilization in this group of 32 infants was compared to data collected prospectively on a group of 25 infants who would have been eligible for the carepath in the 9 months immediately prior to implementation. * p < 0.01 ** p <.05 Table
Anomalous Hollow Electron Beams in a Storage Ring

This Letter reports the first observations of an anomalous hollow electron beam in the Duke storage ring. Created by exciting the single-bunch beam in a lattice with a negative chromaticity, the hollow beam consists of a solid core inside and a large ring outside. We report the detailed measurements of the hollow beam phenomenon, including its distinct image pattern, spectrum signature, and its evolution with time. By capturing the postinstability bursting beam, the hollow beam is a unique model system for studying the transverse instabilities, in particular, the interplay of the wakefield and the lattice nonlinearity. In addition, the hollow beam can be used as a powerful tool to study the linear and nonlinear particle dynamics in the storage ring.
Chemical Carcinogenesis: Persistence of Bound Forms of 2-Fluorenylacetamide

The persistent binding of metabolites of hepatic carcinogen, 2-fluorenylacetamide, to glycogen and to DNA in a new population of liver cells, hyperplastic nodules, and to glycogen in liver cancer cells weeks to months after the carcinogen was removed from the animals' diet is indicated by spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and mass spectrographic data. This persistence of binding does not appear to occur in the nonhyperplastic or nonneoplastic liver surrounding the nodules or the cancer.
Interactive literacy education – Edited by Charles Kinzer & Ludo Verhoeven

The article reviews the book "Interactive literacy education," by Charles Kinzer and edited by Ludo Verhoeven.
Prolonged electrical systole and QT>QS2 secondary to coronary artery disease

Dyssynchronous depolarization-repolarization in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium may produce QT greater than QS2 or long QT. In 41 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and LV aneurysm, 46 patients with CAD and a history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) but no LV aneurysm, and 52 patients with CAD without previous AMI, QT and QS2 were measured simultaneously at a speed of 100 mm/s within 48 hours of cardiac catheterization. Patients receiving class I antiarrhythmic drugs were excluded. The incidence of QT greater than QS2 was significantly greater in patients with LV aneurysm (71%) than in those with previous AMI (22%) and those with CAD but no previous AMI (20%) (p less than 0.001). Likewise, the incidence of long QT corrected for heart rate was significantly greater in patients with LV aneurysm (54%) than in those with previous AMI (7%) and those with CAD and no previous AMI (6%) (p less than 0.0001). The incidence of QT greater than QS2 in another 19 patients with previous AMI who were receiving digitalis therapy was significantly greater (65%) than in those with previous AMI but not receiving digitalis therapy (22%) (p less than 0.001). The incidence of long QT corrected for heart rate and QT greater than QS2 was not statistically different between patients with previous AMI and those with CAD but no previous AMI. The QT greater than QS2 or long QT in patients with aneurysm is probably a result of dyssynchronous depolarization or repolarization within or in the border zone of the LV aneurysm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Poor seroconversion rate after hepatitis B vaccination in high-risk institutionalized mentally retarded patients

Abstract We studied the rate of seroconversion to positivity for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) after immunization with hepatitis B vaccine in a group of mentally retarded institutionalized patients. Eight hundred sixty-eight individuals were screened for seromarkers of hepatitis B infection (hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HBs), and 287 seronegative patients were vaccinated with the recommended schedule of hepatitis B virus vaccine (20 μg IM at 0, 1, and 6 months). Overall, 59% of patients responded to vaccination with detectable anti-HBs. We found a high correlation of lack of response with both intragluteal injection and increasing age (p