cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of exclusion of native coastal marsh plants by an invasive grass

Summary 1 Determining the mechanisms by which invasive species exclude natives is critical for conserving and restoring native populations in impacted habitats. In recent decades the grass Phragmites australis has been aggressively invading coastal marshes of North America, with monocultures often replacing diverse assemblages of plants. 2 Our objective was to quantify how P. australis modifies the abiotic (soil and light conditions) and biotic (litter and shoots) environment and to determine the mechanisms by which it excludes two common forbs, the annual chenopod Atriplex patula var. hastata and the perennial aster Solidago sempervirens, from the highest tidal elevations of a brackish marsh in southern New England, USA. 3 In a 3-year field experiment we added seeds of both forb species to stands of P. australis, where we manipulated shoots and litter in an orthogonal design, and to uninvaded marsh areas dominated by the rush Juncus gerardi, where we manipulated the shoots of the marsh vegetation. In general, seedling establishment and the number of plants surviving until the end of the growing season were substantially greater in areas not invaded by P. australis, and both shoots and litter limited the abundance of forbs within stands. 4 Forbs surviving within stands of P. australis grew larger and produced more seeds than those in uninvaded areas, indicating that changes to the soil resulting from invasion do not preclude the survival of established forbs. This was confirmed by a glasshouse study where the performance of forbs in soil collected from within stands of P. australis was better than in soil from areas dominated by J. gerardi. 5 Similar to many invasive grasses in terrestrial communities, P. australis excludes native forbs through competition, modifying the biotic environment of the marsh at both the ground (litter) and above-ground (shoots) levels. Our results suggest that successful invaders, such as P. australis, are likely to be the ones that can engineer habitats in multiple ways and limit populations of native species across several critical stages of their life history.
Motion of a circular cylinder in a viscous liquid between parallel plates

The two-dimensional motion of a cylinder in a viscous fluid between two parallel walls of a vertical channel is studied. It is found that when the cylinder moves very closely along one of the channel walls, it always rotates in the direction opposite to that of contact rolling along the nearest wall. When the cylinder is away from the walls, its rotation depends on the Reynolds number of the flow. In this study two numerical methods were used. One is for the unsteady motion of a sedimenting cylinder initially released from a position close to one of the channel walls, where the Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the fluid and Newton's equations of motion are solved for the rigid cylinder. The other method is for the steady flow in which a cylinder is fixed in a uniform flow field where the channel walls are sliding past the cylinder at the speed of the approaching flow, or equivalently a cylinder is moving with a constant velocity in a quiescent fluid. The flow field, the drag, the side force (lift), and the torque experienced by the cylinder are studied in detail. The effects of the cylinder location in the channel, the size of the channel relative to the cylinder diameter, and the Reynolds number of the flow are examined. In the limit when the cylinder is translating very closely along one of the walls, the flow in the gap between the cylinder and the wall is solved analytically using lubrication theory, and the numerical solution in the other region is used to piece together the whole flow field.
People needs in the urban landscape : Analysis of Landscape And Urban Planning contributions

The articles published in Landscape and Urban Planning during the past 16 years provide valuable insights into how humans interact with outdoor urban environments. This review paper explores the wide spectrum of human dimensions and issues, or human needs, addressed by 90 of these studies. As a basis for analysis, the major themes tapped by the findings were classified into two overarching groups containing three categories each. The Nature needs, directly linked with the physical features of the environmental setting, were categorized in terms of contact with nature, aesthetic preference, and recreation and play. The role of the environment is less immediate in the Human-interaction group, which includes the issues of social interaction, citizen participation in the design process, and community identity. Most significantly, the publications offer strong support for the important role nearby natural environments play in human well-being. Urban settings that provide nature contact are valuable not only in their own right, but also for meeting other needs in a manner unique to these more natural settings. In addition, although addressed in different ways, remarkable similarities exist concerning these six people requirements across diverse cultures and political systems. Urban residents worldwide express a desire for contact with nature and each other, attractive environments, places in which to recreate and play, privacy, a more active role in the design of their community, and a sense of community identity. The studies reviewed here offer continued evidence that the design of urban landscapes strongly influences the well-being and behavior of users and nearby inhabitants.
Chronic administration of D-amphetamine increases [3H]spiroperidol binding in cat brain.

Administration of D-amphetamine sulfate twice daily for 10 consecutive days, in doses increasing from 10 mg/kg per day (i.p.) to 30 mg/kg per day resulted in significant increases in the Bmax for [3H]spiroperidol receptor binding in the striatum (+44.7%) and limbic forebrain (+40.3%) in cats. There were no significant changes in the KD value for either brain region. A single dose of amphetamine (15 mg/kg i.p.) produced no significant changes in [3H]spiroperidol binding in either brain region. These data are in contrast with previous studies which reported a significant decrease in dopamine receptor binding following chronic amphetamine treatment in rats.
Effects of Future Climate and Biogenic Emissions Changes on Surface Ozone over the United States and China

Abstract Future projections of near-surface ozone concentrations depend on the climate/emissions scenario used to drive future simulations, the direct effects of the changing climate on the atmosphere, and the indirect effects of changing temperatures and CO2 levels on biogenic ozone precursor emissions. The authors investigate the influence of these factors on potential future changes in summertime daily 8-h maximum ozone over the United States and China by comparing Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2.4, (MOZART-2.4) simulations for the period 1996–2000 with 2095–99, using climate projections from NCAR–Department of Energy Parallel Climate Model simulations driven by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1fi (higher) and B1 (lower) emission scenarios, with corresponding changes in biogenic emissions. The effect of projected climate changes alone on surface ozone is generally less than 3 ppb over most regions. Regional ozone increases and...
Expectant management of small, recurrent, noninvasive papillary bladder tumors.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The majority of patients with stage Ta or T1 bladder cancer will have a subsequent tumor. Many of these patients invariably undergo multiple transurethral resections to manage small subsequent tumors or recurrences. We report our experience monitoring patients whose subsequent tumors appear to be small, low grade and papillary.Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients with small, papillary, low grade appearing tumors and a history of Ta or T1 transitional cell carcinoma were monitored. The decision to delay resection or fulguration and observe these tumors was based on bladder cancer history, endoscopic appearance of the tumor and presence or lack of symptoms. All patients had a previous Ta tumor, and the tumor being observed was always papillary and appeared to be low grade. The decision to resect the tumor(s) was based on change in appearance (size or configuration) at followup endoscopy or hematuria. Patient records were reviewed, and bladder cancer history and tumor observation pe...
A combinatorial description of the Gindikin-Karpelevich formula in type A

A combinatorial description of the crystal B(~) for finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras in terms of Young tableaux was developed by J. Hong and H. Lee. Using this description, we obtain a combinatorial rule for expressing the Gindikin-Karpelevich formula as a sum over B(~) when the underlying Lie algebra is of type A. We also interpret our description in terms of MV polytopes and irreducible components of quiver varieties.
Physiological Desensitization and Judgments About Female Victims of Violence

Earlier published studies have indicated that exposure to filmed violence against women leads to decreased perceptions of violence, systematic reductions in emotional reactions, reduction in self-reported physiological arousal to the violence in the films, and a tendency for subjects exposed to the violence to judge a victim of a sexual assault presented in a more realistic context more harshly. The present study was designed to measure physiological desensitizatian (heart rate) and to investigate the relationships between this measure and other cognitive, affective, and attitudinal components of the desensitization process. Subjects were either exposed to a two-hour videotape portraying violence against women or to exciting, nonviolent material (i.e., auto races, nonviolent sex). Following this, all subjects were exposed to two brief clips of violence perpetrated by a man against a women. During these clips, all subjects’ heart rates were monitored. Afterwards mood reactions and perceptions of the perpetrators and victims depicted in the dependent measure clips were measured. The results indicated that heart rates for subjects exposed to the violent videotape were lower during the final 90 seconds of each violent dependent measure film clip than controls. Although the violence-viewing subjects experienced no change in moods, control subjects experienced significant increases in hostility, anxiety, and depression during the dependent measure clips. Subjects in the violence-viewing condition attributed less injury to the victims but greater responsibility to the perpetrators in the dependent measure clips, compared to control subjects. There was no apparent relationship between physiological desensitization and later victim/perpetrator judgments.
Multidimensional Content Analysis of Editorials

The author attempts to obtain, compare and interpret the attitude structure in three magazines' editorials, through content analysis, using a modified semantic differential instrument.
Elicitor-stimulated benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in bloodroot suspension cultures is mediated by calcium

Abstract Addition of an elicitor derived from the fungus Penicillium expansum Link (PE-elicitor) or the calcium ionophore A23187, to a suspension-cell culture of Sanguinaria canadensis induced the production of the benzophenanthridine alkaloids, sanguinarine and chelerythrine, in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the cells with the specific calcium chelatant EGTA (3 mM) or the calcium channel inhibitor verapamil (100 μM), for 1 hr prior to the addition of the PE-elicitor, decreased the accumulation of both sanguinarine and chelerythrine. Moreover, A23187-stimulated alkaloid accumulation was almost completely inhibited by pretreating the suspension cells with EGTA (3 mM) for 1 hr and this suppression was reversed by the readdition of calcium ions to the medium. Furthermore, addition of trifluoperazine (100 μM) to the suspension-cell cultures 1 hr before the PE-elicitor (35 μg Glc equ ml −1 ) treatment suppressed the accumulation of benzophenanthridine alkaloids by 51% as compared to suspension cells treated with PE-elicitor alone. These results demonstrate that an external source of calcium ions is required for elicitor-induced benzophenanthridine alkaloid accumulation and suggest that calcium and possibly calmodulin and/or protein kinase C may participate in a signal transduction system that mediates this process.
Microbial Transformations of Clomazone

Common soil fungi and bacteria were screened for their abilities to biotransform the herbicide clomazone (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) into metabolites. Preparative-scale incubations were conducted with Aspergillus niger (UI-X172) and Cunninghamella echinulata (NRRL-3655) to obtain metabolites in sufficient quantities for spectral and chromatographic identification. HPLC analyses were used to assess the capacities of 41 microorganisms to metabolize the herbicide. Based on comparisons with authentic standard compounds and on the structures of metabolites ascertained by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry, major microbial transformation reactions involved hydroxylation at the 5-methylene carbon of the isoxazolidone ring, hydroxylation of a methyl group on the oxazolidone ring, and aromatic hydroxylation at position 3‘. Minor metabolic routes included dihydroxylations of clomazone on the aromatic ring, cleavage of the isoxazolidone N−C bond, or complete removal of the isoxazolidone rin...
Immunologic Interference from Sequential Administration of Live Attenuated Alphavirus Vaccines

Two different human vaccine trials examined interference arising from sequential administration of vaccines against heterologous alphaviruses. The first trial indicated that persons previously vaccinated against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) exhibited poor neutralizing antibody responses to a live attenuated chikungunya virus (CHIKV) vaccine (46% response rate). The second trial prospectively examined neutralizing antibody responses to live attenuated VEEV vaccine in persons previously inoculated with either CHIKV vaccine or placebo. Following seroconversion to CHIKV, CHIKV vaccine recipients' geometric mean titers (GMTs) to VEEV by 80% plaque-reduction neutralization titration never exceeded 10, compared with a peak GMT of 95 after VEEV vaccination for alphavirus-naive volunteers who initially received placebo (P < .003). ELISA antibody responses demonstrated cross-reactive IgG to VEEV after primary CHIKV immunization and then an anamnestic response upon subsequent VEEV vaccination. These data indicate that preexisting alphavirus immunity in humans interferes with subsequent neutralizing antibody response to a live attenuated, heterologous vaccine.
Abstract 2469: ATM inhibitor 55933 abolishes the radiation resistance of CD44+/CD24−or lowsubsets of breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL CD44+/CD24− subsets of breast cancer cells are enriched in cancer stem-like cells (CSC) and are radiation resistant. We isolated ESA+/CD44+/CD24− or low subsets by flow cytometry from MCF7, MDA-MB231, and HCC1937 breast cancer cell lines and primary cultures of breast cancer cells from two patients. The isolated CD44+/CD24−orlow subsets showed a 50 to 70% increase of sphere formation by in suspension culture in serum-free medium compared to CD44−/CD24high subsets. CD44+/CD24−or low subsets of the cell lines and primary cultures showed a significantly increased radiation resistance compared to the CD44−/CD24high cell line subsets or the unsorted primary cells with > 40% increased survival at 2Gy. Post-radiation survival showed that the radiation resistance was dependent on the CD44+/CD24 −or low cell phenotype. The correlation of CD44/CD24 status with radiation resistance was demonstrated by culture of the subsets. After 2 weeks of culture the following transitions occurred: 1) CD44+/CD24−or low cells changed to CD44−/CD24high cells (MCF-7 and HCC1937) or to CD44+/CD24+ (MDA-MB-231); and 2) CD44−/CD24 high (MCF-7 and HCC1937) and CD44+/CD24+ (MDA-MB-231) cells became CD44+/CD24−or low cells. Cells that lost the CD44+/CD24 −or low phenotype were no longer radiation resistant. The mechanisms of increased radiation resistance in CD44+/CD24−orlow subsets was not a function of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) as there was no in vivo and in vitro change in NHEJ activity in the resistant cells nor altered expression of the NHEJ related proteins Ku 80, Ku70, PARP-1, and DNA-PK. However, there were differences ATM activity between CD44+/CD24−or low and the CD44−/CD24 high (MCF-7 and primary breast cancer) or CD44+/CD24+ (MDA-MB-231) subsets. Depending on the cell type and radiation dose, ATM phsophorylation increased by 2-5 fold in radiated CD44+/CD24−or low subsets of breast cancer cell lines and primary cultured breast cancer cells compared to the control subsets. The ATM inhibitor 55933 in a dose-dependent manner increased radiation sensitivity of all subsets including significantly abolishing the radiation resistance of CD44+/CD24−or low subsets of cells. After 2Gy of radiation, the survival fractions of cells treated with10μM of 55933 were 8-10 fold lower than that of untreated cells and were now similar between CD44+/CD24−or low subsets and control subsets for the cell lines and primary cultures. In conclusion, ATM is a candidate target for eliminating the radiation resistance of CSC's of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2469. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2469
Schwinger functions and their generating functionals. II. Markovian and generalized path space measures on J

Abstract A general theory of J -quasi-invariant, Markovian, and generalized path space measures on the Schwartz distribution space J ′ is developed. Ergodicity properties of such measures under the action of different transformation groups of J ′ of interest to quantum field theory are studied. As a result an algebraic approach to Markov field theory and a general, probabilistic (Euclidcan) framework for the study of spontaneous symmetry breaking and phase transitions in quantum field models involving fundamental scalar fields such as the o4-model (or the generalized Yukawa model in two space-time dimensions) are presented. Applications of these results to the P(o)2 quantum field models are given and it is rigorously proven that the short-distance behavior of these models in each pure phase is canonical and the long-distance behavior is determined by the physical mass.
Chemical activation of MEK1 – a redox trigger for evaluating the effects of phosphorylation

An approach to generate mimics of phosphorylated serine proteins chemically through site-specific sulfonation of cysteine is presented. This chemical modification is reversible in the presence of reducing agent and therefore is analogous to the kinase/phosphatase system used in nature.
Effects of tolerance on intravenous morphine self-administration behavior

After their operant level of leverpressing was determined, four groups of rats were given intravenous injections of either saline or morphine sulfate in daily dosages of 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day (divided among three equal doses for 3 days. Following these tolerance-producing treatments, all subjects were allowed to acquire a leverpressing behavior on a CRF schedule for intravenous injections (1.0 mg/kg) of morphine. In the 10-h acqusition sessions, both the number of infusions received and the amount of drug self-administered were directly proportional to the dosage used to induce tolerance.
Attitudes Toward Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements and Online Genetic Testing Among High-Risk Women Participating in a Hereditary Cancer Clinic

Genetic testing for the breast cancer genes 1/2 (BRCA 1/2) has helped women determine their risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. As interest in genetic testing has grown, companies have created strategies to disseminate information about testing, including direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) and online genetic testing. This study examined attitudes toward DTCA and online testing for BRCA among 84 women at a high-risk clinic as well as additional factors that may be associated with these attitudes, such as personal and familial cancer history, cancer worry and risk perception, and history with genetic testing/counseling. Results showed that the majority of the women held favorable attitudes toward DTCA for BRCA testing but did not support online testing. Factors such as familial ovarian cancer, cancer worry, and satisfaction with genetic counseling/testing were associated with positive attitudes toward DTCA, whereas personal breast cancer history was related to negative attitudes. The findings suggest that women may view DTCA as informational but rely on physicians for help in their decision to undergo testing, and also suggest that cancer history may affect women's acceptance of DTCA and genetic testing.
Double silicone tube intubation for the management of partial lacrimal system obstruction.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of double silicone intubation for the management of partial lacrimal drainage system obstruction in adults. Design Observational retrospective case series. Participants Twenty-four eyes of 18 consecutive adult patients with partial lacrimal system obstruction managed at the University of Michigan. Methods Retrospective review of symptoms and signs, duration of silicone intubation, and complications. Main Outcome Measure Resolution of tearing. Results Preoperative tearing, negative Jones I testing, positive Jones II testing, and resistance to positive-pressure irrigation were present in all eyes (100%). The first silicone tube was removed after a mean of 11±7 months, and the second tube after 16±6 months. Postoperatively, at a mean of 21±9 months after removal of both tubes, tearing remained resolved in 19 eyes (79%) and remained improved in 2 eyes (8%). In eyes with resolved tearing, Jones I testing became positive, and there was no resistance to positive-pressure irrigation. Persistent tearing in 3 eyes (13%) required treatment with external dacryocystorhinostomy. The only complication was peripunctal pyogenic granulomas in 2 eyes. Conclusion Double silicone intubation is an effective minimally invasive technique for treatment of partial lacrimal system obstruction in adults.
Bi-scale radiance transfer

Radiance transfer represents how generic source lighting is shadowed and scattered by an object to produce view-dependent appearance. We generalize by rendering transfer at two scales. A macro-scale is coarsely sampled over an object's surface, providing global effects like shadows cast from an arm onto a body. A meso-scale is finely sampled over a small patch to provide local texture. Low-order (25D) spherical harmonics represent low-frequency lighting dependence for both scales. To render, a coefficient vector representing distant source lighting is first transformed at the macro-scale by a matrix at each vertex of a coarse mesh. The resulting vectors represent a spatially-varying hemisphere of lighting incident to the meso-scale. A 4D function, called a radiance transfer texture (RTT), then specifies the surface's meso-scale response to each lighting basis component, as a function of a spatial index and a view direction. Finally, a 25D dot product of the macro-scale result vector with the vector looked up from the RTT performs the correct shading integral. We use an id map to place RTT samples from a small patch over the entire object; only two scalars are specified at high spatial resolution. Results show that bi-scale decomposition makes preprocessing practical and efficiently renders self-shadowing and interreflection effects from dynamic, low-frequency light sources at both scales.
Dietary Protein Requirement of Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma

Abstract A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the protein requirement of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Diets varied crude protein (CP) levels (35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60%), while dietary lipid levels were held constant at 14% and dextrin was included to maintain diets isocaloric, with all diets providing 370 kcal available energy/100 g diet. Weight gain (percent of initial weight) ranged from 292-394% and was not significantly affected by dietary protein levels. Feed efficiency ratio values (g gain/g fed) ranged between 0.40-0.54 (P > 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (g weight gained/g dietary protein fed) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between groups (0.9-1.27). The protein requirement was determined by relating percent increase in weight gain with dietary protein levels utilizing two statistical methodologies: least squares regression (protein requirement: 50.3% CP) and a four-parameter logistic growth curve (50.8% CP).
Bacterial tubulin TubZ-Bt transitions between a two-stranded intermediate and a four-stranded filament upon GTP hydrolysis

Cytoskeletal filaments form diverse superstructures that are highly adapted for specific functions. The recently discovered TubZ subfamily of tubulins is involved in type III plasmid partitioning systems, facilitating faithful segregation of low copy-number plasmids during bacterial cell division. One such protein, TubZ-Bt, is found on the large pBtoxis plasmid in Bacillus thuringiensis, and interacts via its extended C terminus with a DNA adaptor protein TubR. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of TubZ-Bt filaments and light scattering to explore their mechanism of polymerization. Surprisingly, we find that the helical filament architecture is remarkably sensitive to nucleotide state, changing from two-stranded to four-stranded depending on the ability of TubZ-Bt to hydrolyze GTP. We present pseudoatomic models of both the two- and four-protofilament forms based on cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions (10.8 A and 6.9 A, respectively) of filaments formed under different nucleotide states. These data lead to a model in which the two-stranded filament is a necessary intermediate along the pathway to formation of the four-stranded filament. Such nucleotide-directed structural polymorphism is to our knowledge an unprecedented mechanism for the formation of polar filaments.
Thrombin, Topical (Recombinant):

INDICATIONS Recombinant human thrombin (rhThrombin) is indicated as an aid to hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques is ineffective or impractical. It may be used in conjunction with an absorbable gelatin sponge. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indication for each of the available topical thrombin products (bovine, human, and recombinant) is identical. In addition to use as a singlecomponent product, it will likely be included in tissue sealants, glues, and hemostatic bandages.
An interpretation of age-related differences in letter-matching performance.

Comparisons were made of the response latencies of old (mean age = 69.2 years) and young (mean age = 26.8 years) subjects on simple and choice reaction time (RT) tasks and “physical identity” (PI) and “name identity” (NI) trials of a letter-matching task. Young subjects were faster than old subjects on all tasks, and the absolute difference between groups increased with processing complexity (simple RT < choice RT< PI <NI). However, in support of the hypothesis that aging is associated with a general reduction in processing speed, the relative difference between groups did not vary with task, except for a subset of the NI trials. Response latencies for the NI trials varied with stimulus letter for both age groups, but the magnitude of the letter effect was greater for the elderly. Their latencies were disproportionately long for the more difficult letters. A second experiment showed that NI latency reflected the visual similarity of the letters with respect to the other letters in the stimulus set. It is suggested, therefore, that the NI letter effect resulted from differences in letter identification time. The disproportionately long latencies of the elderly for the visually similar letters are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that aging is associated with an increase in internal noise.
The pharmacology of some new cycloöctylalkylamines I. Vasopressor activity and the effect on the heart rate

Cardiovascular responses to four new cyclooctylalkylamines have been determined using dogs as the experimental animals. The compounds tested were β-cyclooctylethylamine, N-methyl-β-cyclooctylethylamine, β-cyclooctylisopropylamine, and N-methyl-β-cyclooctylisopropylamine. Epinephrine hydrochloride and two structural homologs, Clopane® and Benzedrex®, were used as standards for comparison. The new compounds were found to be somewhat less active as vasopressor agents than Clopane and Benzedrex when compared with epinephrine hydrochloride. All four cyclooctylalkylamines showed an increase in heart rate. This increase ranged from moderate to rather marked and was sustained for at least four minutes. The vasodepressor activity of the new compounds was found to be about the same as that of Clopane and Benzedrex when these compounds were injected following the administration of the adrenergic blocking agent Dibenamine®.
Energy harvesting measurements from stall flutter limit cycle oscillations

Results from experiments using a two-degree-of-freedom airfoil system are presented. Air speeds of the airfoil are determined at which dynamic flutter can be initiated and where limit cycle oscillations (LCO) can be excited by initial (pitch or plunge) displacements. LCO’s with large pitch angle displacements attributed to stall flutter behavior are measured. The LCO oscillations are converted into electric power by an electromagnetic-inductor device. The energy harvester consists of three magnets in which one magnet floats between two fixed magnets. The force-displacement relationship of the harvester is best described by a fifth-order polynomial. The integration of the harvester into the airfoil system introduces nonlinear stiffness into the vertical (plunge) direction. When the LCO has been initiated, displacement amplitudes and resulting power generation are measured.
Activation of Intact Electron-Transfer Products of Polypeptides and Proteins in Cation Transmission Mode Ion/Ion Reactions

Cationic peptide electron-transfer products that do not fragment spontaneously are exposed to ion trap collisional activation immediately upon formation while they pass through a high-pressure collision cell (Q2), where the electron-transfer reagent anions are stored. Radial ion acceleration, which is normal to the ion flow, is implemented by applying an auxiliary dipolar alternating current to a pair of opposing rods of the Q2 quadrupole array at a frequency in resonance with the surviving electron-transfer products. Collisional cooling of cations in the pressurized Q2 ensures efficient overlap of the positive and negative ions for ion/ion reactions and also gives rise to relatively long residence times (milliseconds) for ions in Q2, making it possible to fragment ions via radial excitation during their axial transmission. The radial activation for transmission mode electron-transfer ion/ion reactions has been demonstrated with a doubly protonated tryptic peptide, a triply protonated phosphopeptide, and ...
The Properties of Electrolytes as Related to Their Constitution

By taking into account specific as well as distributed interaction between ions due to Coulomb forces, a general theory of electrolytes results which accounts for the properties of electrolytic solutions in all solvents whatever the value of their dielectric constant. The influence of specific interaction is the greater, the lower the dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Due to specific interaction, ions associate to ion‐pairs and to more complex neutral aggregates as well as to "triple" ions and more complex charged aggregates. The results of experiment are quantitatively accounted for at lower concentrations and qualitatively at higher concentrations. Specific ionic interaction effects depend upon the size, shape, and charge distribution of the ions. In solvents of low dielectric constant, the constitutional factors come to light. The conductance, freezing point and molecular polarization of electrolytes in solution are considered.
Bold goals for health-system pharmacy: Perspectives of a new practitioner.

My reflections on the goals for health-system pharmacy are rooted in my experiences as a young pharmacist in Ohio State’s health-system pharmacy administration residency and my learning from graduate classes in public health. I believe health-system pharmacy leaders have the skill and talents to
Liquid flow over textured surfaces. 1. Contact angles

This research was directed toward a better understanding of the mass-transfer processes that occur in distillation columns containing structured packings. These packings are designed to create an-extensive gas−liquid interfacial area, through a combination of packing surface texturing and geometrical arrangement in the column. Thus, the spreading tendencies of a liquid flowing over these special surfaces represent an important factor in the choice of packing for a given separation system. Part 1 of this series of papers deals with basic relationships between the liquid and the solid surface, as indicated by the contact angle. Various liquid−solid combinations were tested for contact angle using the Wilhemy plate technique, which was found to be applicable for flat or corrugated textured surfaces. Several variables thought to affect the contact angle were studied: surface tension and viscosity of the liquid, type of metal, type of texturing, and shape of the surface. Part 2 of the series will show how con...
Overtreatment in children with epilepsy

Children with epilepsy are at risk for overtreatment, defined as the use of an excessive number or amount of antiepiletic drugs (AEDs). While the extent of overtreatment of epilepsy in children is not known, there is increasing awareness that overtreatment with AEDs contributes to the morbidity associated with childhood epilepsy. Reasons for overtreatment include using AEDs in a child with seizures who does not require therapy, choosing an inappropriate AED for the seizure type or syndrome; treating non-epileptic behaviors as seizures, use of polytherapy when monotherapy would suffice, and inadequate therapeutic options. Despite the introduction of eight new AEDs in the United States during the last decade, many children continue to be treated with the older generation sedative AEDs. Numerous investigators have now demonstrated that sedative AEDs can be safely removed from the drug regimen of children with epilepsy with resultant improvement in behavior, alertness, and improved seizure control. However, the biggest obstacle to overtreatment is the lack of effective therapies for many of the childhood epileptic syndromes. Until there are more effective therapies developed it is highly likely that children will continue to be over-medicated on ineffective and detrimental AEDs.
Dehalogenation: a novel pathway for the anaerobic biodegradation of haloaromatic compounds.

Microorganisms of lake sediment and sewage sludge anaerobically metabolized halobenzoates by a novel pathway. The primary degradative event was loss of the aryl halide without the alteration of the aromatic ring. Dehalogenation required strict anaerobic conditions and depended on the halogen and position, but not the number of halogen substituents. A stable methanogenic bacterial consortium was enriched from sludge and found capable of dehalogenating and often mineralizing a variety of halobenzoates to CH4 and CO2. The results suggest that reductive dehalogenation of aromatics could be important in removal of some chlorinated xenobiotics from the environment.
Flow Visualization of Three-Dimensionality Inside the 12 cc Penn State Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device

In order to aid the ongoing concern of limited organ availability for pediatric heart transplants, Penn State has continued development of a pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device (PVAD). Initial studies of the PVAD observed an increase in thrombus formation due to differences in flow field physics when compared to adult sized devices, which included a higher degree of three-dimensionality. This unique flow field brings into question the use of 2D planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) as a flow visualization technique, however the small size and high curvature of the PVAD make other tools such as stereoscopic PIV impractical. In order to test the reliability of the 2D results, we perform a pseudo-3D PIV study using planes both parallel and normal to the diaphragm employing a mock circulatory loop containing a viscoelastic fluid that mimics 40% hematocrit blood. We find that while the third component of velocity is extremely helpful to a physical understanding of the flow, particularly of the diastolic jet and the development of a desired rotational pattern, the flow data taken parallel to the diaphragm is sufficient to describe the wall shear rates, a critical aspect to the study of thrombosis and design of such pumps.
Cutaneous blastomycosis: a diagnostic challenge

Primary cutaneous inoculation blastomycosis occurs less commonly than secondary blastomycosis, in which cutaneous lesions most often originate from a primary pulmonary infection which disseminates through the blood or lymphatics to involve the skin. In secondary cutaneous blastomycosis, the primary pulmonary infection is frequently subclinical at the time cutaneous lesions manifest. Here we report two cases that illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing between primary and secondary cutaneous involvement. We also review the expanding literature on blastomycosis since its identification over a century ago.
Determination of the Limiting Amino Acids in Corn-Soybean Oil Meal Diets for Young Turkeys,,

Abstract METHIONINE and lysine appear to be the most limiting amino acids in corn-soybean oil meal-type diets for turkey poults (Baldini et al., 1954; Waibel, 1959). The requirements of the starting turkey poult for methionine and lysine are 0.87 and 1.50%, respectively, of a diet containing 28% protein, according to the National Research Council (NRC) (1954). A portion, 0.35%, of the methionine need can be met by cystine. Only limited data are available concerning the supplementation of low protein turkey poult diets with methionine and lysine. A 20% protein corn-soybean oil meal diet gave maximum growth and feed efficiency with Jersey Buff poults when supplemented with methionine and lysine (Baldini et al., 1954). In a study by Fisher et al. (1956), the growth obtained when Buff poults were fed diets containing 20% protein with added methionine and lysine was 12.5% better than obtained with a 28% protein diet, although growth with …
Conditioning of convex piecewise linear stochastic programs

In this paper we consider stochastic programming problems where the objective function is given as an expected value of a convex piecewise linear random function. With an optimal solution of such a problem we associate a condition number which characterizes well or ill conditioning of the problem. Using theory of Large Deviations we show that the sample size needed to calculate the optimal solution of such problem with a given probability is approximately proportional to the condition number.
The Traffic Flow Regulator

THE PRACTISE of assigning a definite period for the red and green lights of each traffic signal, and keeping these periods constant throughout the day and week, is subject to serious criticism. Needless delays and congestion are caused, and the obedience of motorists to traffic signals in general may be broken down.
A method for measuring transient thermal diffusivity in hydrating Portland cement mortars using an oscillating boundary temperature

Abstract The transient thermal diffusivity in early‐age, type I Portland cement mortars is difficult to quantify because the exothermic reactions cause significant heat generation which complicates the analysis of heat transfer. This paper outlines the theory and setup for a method of determining the transient thermal diffusivity of Portland cement mortars by forcing an oscillating temperature on one side of the material and measuring the attenuation of the temperature oscillation with distance. This experimental method also controls temperature to acquire data over a specific and narrow temperature range. The method is illustrated using computer models and laboratory experiments on wet and dry sand and Portland cement mortar. The values of thermal diffusivity of sand and mortar determined by this method correspond well to values found in literature. This general method could be applied to other materials, including cement paste, concrete, reactive solids, or biological tissue with appropriate modification to the apparatus.
Effective Mass Diffusivity in Composites

Gas diffusion is important in composite manufacturing, while moisture diffusion is important for composite performance. In this study, analytical models are developed to predict the mass diffusivity of both square and hexagonal arrays of cylindrical cylinders. These models are able to bridge the gap between continuum calculations via finite differencing of finite element analysis and simple/trivial models. By breaking the liquid region into zones and making some general assumptions about the diffusion in those zones, simplified models have been developed, which rely solely on the geometry and fiber volume fraction. The models are fairly accurate for a broad porosity range, but specially at low porosity values. A single weight factor is proposed to compensate for the error introduced by the model assumptions. When the weight factor is incorporated, the modified models agree extremely well with the experimental data for the whole porosity range.
Effect of coalescence and breakup on bubble size distributions in a two-dimensional packed bed

Bubble size distributions in a two-dimensional packed bed are investigated as a function of axial direction by using image processing techniques with a large number of bubble samples. Two inlet conditions, controlled sized bubbles and uncontrolled sized bubbles, are conducted to study the characteristic behaviors of bubbles. With the uncontrolled sized bubbles, the average bubble size corresponding to the two-dimensional bed is found, and is not affected by decrease or increase of flow rates. With the controlled sized bubbles, dominant bubble breakup and coalescence flows are separately simulated to investigate bubble breakup and coalescence rates. Unique behavior of bubble size distributions for dominant bubble breakup and coalescence has been seen, and changes in bubble size distributions along axial direction are studied with median bubble size. Near the inlet the median changes rapidly due to the dominant bubble mechanism of either coalescence or breakup, and far away from the inlet the median reaches asymptotic value due to the balance of bubble breakup and coalescence. For both dominant breakup and coalescence flows, the asymptotic values are close to the average bubble size. Therefore, the average bubble size, resulting from the balance of bubble coalescence and breakup at far downstream, is irrespective of inlet flow conditions.
Earth satellite instrumentation

This article discusses the use of an instrumented satellite wherein measurements made in the vehicle are transmitted to ground recording stations by means of a radio telemetering system. The design requirements of a unique telemetering encoder system are examined in the light of the limitations imposed by the over-all satellite program.
Evidence for a neurological zoom system in vision from angular changes in some receptive fields of single neurons with changes in fixation distance in the human visual cortex

Dans le cortex visuel humain de 3 champs receptifs de neurones individuels 2 presentent des changements d'angle correspondant aux changements de perception a distance. Ces changements peuvent etre la base neurologique du systeme perceptif de stabilite, de «zoom» ou de graduation de la vision.
Intracoronary alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blockade attenuates ischemia in conscious dogs during exercise.

Studies on the role of alpha-adrenergic constrictor tone in the coronary vascular bed during ischemia were performed in dogs running on a treadmill. The animals were instrumented with a left ventricular pressure transducer, and regional systolic wall thickening (%WTh) was assessed by sonomicrometry in the anterior and posterior walls of the left ventricle. An intracoronary catheter was implanted chronically in the circumflex coronary artery, and a hydraulic cuff was placed proximally around the artery. After beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (0.8 mg/kg i.v.), acute stenosis of the coronary artery was performed during running in five dogs to induce severe regional myocardial dysfunction in the posterior wall. Intracoronary infusion of the selective alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent idazoxan (80 micrograms/kg) improved %WTh in the ischemic region from 5.1 +/- 1.6 to 10.8 +/- 2.8% (p less than 0.05), without any significant effect on the anterior wall. Blood flow to the subendocardium of the posterior wall (radioactive microspheres) increased from 0.17 +/- 0.05 to 0.45 +/- 0.30 (ml/min)/g (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that in exercising dogs subjected to beta-adrenergic blockade, significant postjunctional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction exists, even during severe ischemia. Regional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blockade can reduce regional ischemia and improve contractile function by attenuating exercise-induced sympathetic vasoconstriction in this conscious animal model.
Instructional expenditures and student achievement: a multiyear statewide analysis

In this investigation, we examined the extent to which instructional expenditures were related to student academic achievement for students enrolled in Texas public schools for the 2005–2006 through the 2009–2010 school years. Student performance on the state-mandated assessments for all school districts in Texas for these five school years was analyzed as a function of school district instructional expenditure ratio group (i.e., less than 55, 55–57.49, 57.5–59.99, 60–62.49, 62.5–65, and 65 % and higher). Statistically significant differences were present in reading, math, writing, science, and social studies passing rates for all five school years. As the instructional expenditure ratio increased, student achievement increased, especially in math and science. Further, when pairwise groups were analyzed, school districts in the 55–57.49 % group consistently scored lower than other groups for all 5 years. School districts with higher instructional expenditure ratios consistently had higher student achievement results than districts with lower instructional expenditure ratios. Implications of our findings for policy are provided.
Anemia in Infancy: Iron Deficiency and Vitamin E Deficiency

It is now established that vitamin E is an essential nutrient for all animals including man. It is now established that a deficiency of this vitamin, particularly in the infant, will result in a shortening of red cell life-span. The magnitude of the anemia appears related to the presence of associated factors such as the lipid composition of the red cell membrane and the nature of associated oxidant stresses. Healthy term infants who are fed either human milk or proprietary formulas in quantities sufficient to meet their caloric requirements will receive adequate amounts of vitamin E. The same appears to be true for small preterm infants even when the formulas are fortified with iron. Infants who are receiving inadequate volumes of formula should receive vitamin E supplementation of approximately 15 mg/day.