cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFLAMMATION IN ARTERIAL VESSELS AND DIFFERENT FAT TISSUES AS PROSPECTIVELY ASSESSED BY 18F-FDG-PET/CT ARE HIGHLY CORRELATED

There is increasing evidence that the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease might be driven by inflammation in both fat tissue and the arterial wall. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) uptake is a surrogate marker of vessel wall inflammation. The aim of this
An intercontinental correlation of the mid-Neoproterozoic Eastern Indian tectonic zone: evidence from the gneissic clasts in Elan Bank conglomerate, Kerguelen Plateau

The Kerguelen Plateau is a submarine, Cretaceous Large Igneous Province in the southern Indian Ocean. Drilling on Elan Bank, a western salient of the Kerguelen Plateau, yielded a ~26 m section of fluvial conglomerate intercalated with basalt. Chemical dating of monazite within garnet and matrix monazite in metapelitic clasts from the conglomerate indicates that high-grade metamorphism of the pelitic protolith occurred between 785 ± 12 and 694 ± 18 Ma. A calculated P–T pseudosection indicates that the observed core-to-inner rim compositional zoning in garnet is consistent with P/T decrease from 10.2 kb/760°C to 6.2 kb/560°C. In an Early Cretaceous paleogeographic reconstruction, the Elan Bank drill site is located on a SSW continuation of the Eastern Indian Tectonic Zone (EITZ), a 876–784 Ma, NNE–SSW metamorphic belt with sinistral shear zones in eastern India. The retrograde P–T path of the Elan Bank metapelitic clast overlaps with that of the EITZ metapelite, and the Elan Bank monazite chemical dates and previously determined 824–675 Ma U–Pb isotope monazite dates by the TIMS method are remarkably similar to the monazite chemical dates from the EITZ metapelites and high-grade metamorphic rocks from the eastern margin of the Eastern Ghats Belt. Based on the demonstrable affinity of metamorphic, geochronologic, and spatial data, this study concludes that the EITZ was likely a continuous, ~1,800–km-long tectono-metamorphic belt in the Rodinia supercontinent stretching from eastern India through the Eastern Ghats to the basement of Elan Bank and probably to the Rayner Complex of East Antarctica.
Ethnography of an HIV hotel

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has created new communities of need among people infected with the virus who are already marginalized by poverty, sexual activity and identity, and drug use. An ethnography of one residential hotel in San Francisco, based on the concept of culture, reveals some themes including the meanings of the hotel as a supportive community for residents, the meanings of drug use in this culture, and the meanings of working in such sites for some nurses.
Molecular phylogenetics of the Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and effect of increased taxon sampling and outgroup selection on tree topology

Evolutionary relationships of the Pectinidae were examined using two mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA) and one nuclear gene (Histone H3) for 46 species. Outgroup taxa from Propeamussidae, Spondylidae and Limidae were also sequenced to examine the impact of outgroup choice on pectinid topologies. Our phylogenetic analyses resolved the Pectinidae as monophyletic, but many of the subfamilies and tribes within the family do not form monophyletic clades. The paraphyletic Aequipectinini group is the most basal member of the Pectinidae, with the Chlamydinae and Palliolinae representing the most recently derived pectinid groups. These results are in contrast with the current morphological hypothesis of Pectinidae evolution, which suggests the Chlamydinae and Pallioline are basal groups within the Pectinidae. Ingroup topology was found to be sensitive to outgroup choice and increasing taxon sampling within the Pectinidae resulted in more robust phylogenies.
College Peer Culture: Taming the "Monster Within the Gates"

College peer culture is perhaps the single most important influence on student learning, values, and behavior in the college environment and yet it remains one of the least studied and understood aspects of higher education. This article examines the nature and influences of peer culture in contemporary higher education, the power it possesses to define meaning and purpose in the lives of college students, and reasons why colleges and universities should give more serious attention to this potential “monster within the gates.”
Trigger-based distributed QoS routing in mobile ad hoc networks

Performance of existing routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks for real-time applications is limited by high control traffic and database maintenance overhead. We observe that by proper coupling of nodal mobility and location information, real-time applications can be served with limited control traffic and database requirements. In this paper, we investigate a trigger-based (on-demand) distributed routing protocol, called TDR, for supporting real-time applications in mobile ad hoc networks. For increased resource efficiency, the nodal database size is reduced by maintaining only the local neighborhood information. Only one route per session is maintained and the reroute routine is invoked before any active link fails. In addition, by making efficient use of the location information, the control overhead for rerouting is further reduced. Our evaluation shows that the TDR protocol provides better QoS and requires lower control overhead compared to the other existing real-time QoS aware ad hoc routing protocols.
Numbers of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients

This retrospective study of surgical specimens from forty-three consecutive patients treated by modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast shows that those patients surviving for at least sixty months after operation have a significantly greater number of mast cells in their axillary lymph nodes than the nonsurvivors (p <.001). When expressed as cells/mm2 the survivors are associated with nodal concentrations greater than eleven mast cells per square millimeter while the nonsurvivors have fewer than eleven mast cells/mm2. The results suggest that the number of nodal mast cells may be a readily quantitated host response of prognostic value in carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 43:568–573, 1979.
Detection of deterioration or infection of homograft and porcine xenograft bioprosthetic valves in mitral and aortic positions by two-dimensional echocardiographic examination

Results of two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were compared with angiographic, hemodynamic and surgical results in 44 patients with bioprosthetic valves in mitral and aortic positions who were undergoing elective or urgent reinvestigation 24 to 87 months (mean 34) after implantation. In these patients, there were 18 homograft aortic valves in the aortic position, 9 stent-mounted homograft aortic valves in the mitral position, 13 porcine xenograft valves in the mitral position and 12 in the aortic position. Poor cusp support, gross fluttering and prolapse of cusps behind or below the anulus identified aortic insufficiency by two-dimensional echocardiography in six patients with an aortic homograft and four patients were identified with insufficiency of a stent-mounted aortic homograft in the mitral position. Two-dimensional echocardiographic examination revealed mitral stenosis in three patients with a porcine xenograft valve in the mitral position and suggested mitral insufficiency in two others. Bacterial endocarditis on homograft or porcine xenograft valves was associated with easily imaged vegetations by two-dimensional echocardiography in 10 patients. Despite difficulties in imaging valve cusps, and the skill required to obtain good echocardiographic images of bioprosthetic valves, significant valve deterioration or infected prostheses were quite effectively imaged by two-dimensional echocardiography in this study.
Simultaneous monoamine histofluorescence and neuropeptide immunocytochemistry: I. Localization of catecholamines and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the rat median eminence☆☆☆

Adjacent tissue sections through the rat median eminence were examined for the distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and catecholamines (CA). A simultaneous visualization technique was employed for this correlative neuroanatomical analysis. At rostral and mid-central levels of the median eminence the majority of GnRH terminals do not appear in coexistence with CA terminals; the latter were confined to the outer-most 10 micrometers of the median eminence while the densest concentration of GnRH terminals was located internal to this layer. However, individual GnRH fibers appeared to penetrate the outer CA zone wherein they were found in juxtaposition to portal capillaries. At caudal levels of the median eminence, there was an extensive overlap of CA and GnRH varicosities adjacent to the tubero-infundibular sulcus. In addition, numerous GnRH terminals were seen adjacent to portal vessels. The differences in the positions of CA and GnRH terminals between rostral and caudal median eminence may provide a morphological basis for the hypothesis of separate regulatory mechanisms for CA upon GnRH secretion at these two levels of the median eminence.
Improvements of embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coding

In this research, we investigate several improvements of embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coding. Several topics addressed include: the choice of wavelet transforms and boundary conditions, the use of arithmetic coder and arithmetic context and the design of encoding order for effective embedding. The superior performance of our improvements is demonstrated with extensive experimental results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ascariasis of the gastrointestinal tract.

The radiographic findings and complications ofAscaris lumbricoides infection of the gastrointestinal tract are presented. Since the clinical symptoms of ascariasis are usually vague or nonspecific, the radiologist may be in a position to play a major role in the proper diagnosis of this disease.
Factor analytic study of PARI responses of mothers of Head Start children.

Sumniary.-Parental attitudes toward childrearing were studied among mothers of Head Start c:iildren, using factor analytic techniques. This analysis yielded three factors: Au:hotirarian-Control, Democratic Attitudes, and HostilityRejection. Since these dimensions are substantially the same as those emerging from previous factorial studies of parental attitudes among other groups of mothers, the findings were interpreted as suggesting that cultural attitudes toward childrearing may be the object of con~lclerarion rather than attitudes endorsed by specific groupings of mothers. Alchough considerable interest has been generated regarding the measurement of parental attitudes coward various childrearing practices, the methodology through which such assessments can be obtained has been a source of considerable discussion. For example, the Parental Attintde Research Instr~unent (PARI) developed by Schaefer and Bell (1955, 1958; Bell & Schaefer, 1955, 1960) has stimulated extensive data collection; however, che adequacy of the instrument itself has been qrtestioned (Becker 6: Krug, 1965; Zuckerman, 1959; Zuckerman, Norton, & Sprague, 1958) with respect to the accuracy of the obtained atticudinal data because of the possible influence of various response sets. There has been, however, a reasonable consensus that data resulting from the PAM may have considerable heuristic value in terms of che form~~lation of various hypotheses relating to childrearing practices among different groups of parents. Further, faccor analytic scudies of data resulting from the PAR1 (Schaefer & Bell, 1958; Zuckerrnan, Ribback, Monashkin, & Norton, 1958) have suggested that, while many factors such as acquiescence-response set might enter into the consideration of the data, the underlying dimensions tapped by the PARI may reflect certain fairly consistent life-styles in parental approaches to childrearing. The purpose of the present scudy was to investigate parencal attitudes toward childrearing observable in a population of mothers of Head Start children and, further, to factor analyze these data in order to assess their congruences and discrepancies vis-a-vis similar data reported in the literature (Becker 8: Krug, 1965; Schaefer & Bell, 1958; Zuckerman, et al., 1958).
A piezoresistive microcantilever array for surface stress measurement: curvature model and fabrication

This paper presents a procedure for the fabrication of a piezoresistive microcantilever array for surface-stress-based chemical and biochemical sensing applications. All existing microcantilever surface stress sensors that are based on single-crystal silicon use p-doped piezoresistors. In this work, the advantages of using n-doped silicon piezoresistors for surface stress sensing have been demonstrated. Further, a new model for surface-stress-sensitive cantilevers, based on classical laminated plate theory, is presented. This model allows for the estimation of the deformation and piezoresistive response of a multilayered microcantilever to surface stresses during analyte measurement and residual stresses in the structural layers due to fabrication processes. Also, the model accounts for bending–stretching coupling in the microcantilever response to the stresses. The utility of the model as a design tool for control of cantilever curvature during the fabrication process has been demonstrated.
Historical trends in Chesapeake Bay dissolved oxygen based on benthic foraminifera from sediment cores

Environmentally sensitive benthic foraminifera (protists) from Chesapeake Bay were used as bioindicators to estimate the timing and degree of changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) over the past five centuries. Living foraminifers from 19 surface samples and fossil assemblages from 11 sediment cores dated by210Pb,137Cs,14C, and pollen stratigraphy were analyzed from the tidal portions of the Patuxent, Potomac, and Choptank Rivers and the main channel of the Chesapeake Bay.Ammonia parkinsoniana, a facultative anaerobe tolerant of periodic anoxic conditions, comprises an average of 74% of modern Chesapeake foraminiferal assemblages (DO-0.47 and 1.72 ml l−1) compared to 0% to 15% of assemblages collected in the 1960s. Paleoecological analyses show thatA. parkinsoniana was absent prior to the late 17th century, increased to 10–25% relative frequency between approximately 1670–1720 and 1810–1900, and became the dominant (60–90%) benthic formaniferal species in channel environments beginning in the early 1970s. Since the 1970s, deformed tests ofA. parkinsoniana occur in all cores (10–20% ofAmmonia), suggesting unprecedented stressful benthic conditions. These cores indicate that prior to the late 17th century, there was limited oxygen depletion. During the past 200 years, decadal scale variability in oxygen depletion has occurred, as dysoxic (DO=0.1–1.0 ml l−1), perhaps short-term anoxic (DO<0.1 ml l−1) conditions developed. The most extensive (spatially and temporally) anoxic conditions were reached during the 1970s. Over decadal timescales, DO variability seems to be linked closely to climatological factors influencing river discharge; the unprecedented anoxia since the early 1970s is attributed mainly to high freshwater flow and to an increase in nutrient concentrations from the watershed.
Transplacental stimulation of functional and morphologic fetal rabbit lung maturation: effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

We investigated the effect of maternally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone on functional and morphologic fetal lung maturation. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (40 μg/kg/day) or the vehicle was injected intravenously into the New Zealand White rabbit does on days 25, 26, and 27 of gestation. On day 27 of pregnancy, the does were killed and the fetuses were delivered. The functional pulmonary maturity was assessed by pressure-volume hysteresis while morphologic maturity was assessed by histologic techniques. Enhanced functional and morphologic fetal lung maturation was noted in animals treated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone when compared with controls. An important role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in fetal lung maturation is proposed.
Self-care guidelines for the management of nonspecific low back pain.

Low back pain is a very common disorder among adults. However, most low back pain is nonspecific; it has no known cause and cannot be given a precise pathoanatomical diagnosis. Nonspecific low back pain can be very painful, but it is not serious; it is basically an age-related disorder that is affected by differences in occupation, genetics, and personal behavior. There are many different treatments for nonspecific low back pain, but most of them are ineffective. Most patients improve considerably during the first 4 weeks—with or without medical treatment. There is increasing support in the medical literature for patients to assume more responsibility for self-care, and less dependence upon the health care provider. Evidence-based self-care guidelines are presented for use by both the health care provider and the patient. The guidelines offer advice regarding medication, exercise, physical activity, coping skills, and prevention of the next episode.
Three-Dimensional anatomy of human scarpa's ganglion

Using a computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement method, the authors studied the shape and dimensions of Scarpa's ganglion and interrelations of the ganglion to nearby important anatomical structures in 10 normal human temporal bones obtained from 10 individuals of different ages (12 gestational weeks to 72 years). In the postnatal cases, Scarpa's ganglion was shaped like a distorted hourglass. Although the shape of the ganglion varied somewhat among specimens, a superior division, inferior division, and isthmus ganglionaris were distinguishable in each case. Volume of the ganglion was relatively consistent after birth, so that width and height of the ganglion were inversely correlated with each other (linear regression analysis, P less than .05). There seemed to be, however, a possible postnatal increase in the distances from the ganglion to neighboring structures and in the length of the internal auditory canal; these increases were probably the result of postnatal growth of the temporal bone. Moreover, the width of the ganglion in any single specimen was found to correlate significantly positively with the distances from the ganglion to the vestibular end-organs and the length of the internal auditory canal in that specimen (linear regression analysis, P less than .01). This finding suggests that Scarpa's ganglion may be elongated secondary to the elongation of the vestibular nerve due to the growth of the temporal bone. In fetuses, each portion of the ganglion was less clearly identifiable than that portion in postnatal cases. The dimensions of Scarpa's ganglion were found to have reached maturity around the time of birth.
Ranolazine Preserves the Integrity of Mitochondrial Supercomplexes

Mitochondrial respiratory complexes are known to exist in multi-complex assemblies (respirasomes). These respirasomes and their constituents are known to be damaged during ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. In the present study we examined if ranolazine, a late sodium current blocker, and also a partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, preserves these assemblies after cardiac IR injury. Guinea pig hearts (n=6) were isolated and perfused with Krebs Ringer buffer (KR) and exposed to one of the following three protocols: 1) KR perfusion for 30 min, (time control), 2) 30 min global ischemia, or 3) ranolazine (10 μM) perfusion for 10 min just before 30 min global ischemia. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation and then subjected to blue native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) to examine for damage to the respirasomes. We observed that there is a loss of protein bands after electrophoresis at 720 kDa and at 250 kDa in the untreated ischemic group. These bands were restored in the ranolazine treated group. These proteins will be subject to identification. Our results indicate that cardiac ischemia causes a loss of integrity of respiratory complexes, which is restored partially by ranolazine. A candidate for ranolazine's protective effect is cardiolipin, which stabilizes the respiratory chain supercomplexes, and which may be less oxidized after ranolazine treatment.
Efficacy of attention bias modification using threat and appetitive stimuli: a meta-analytic review.

Abstract Attention bias modification (ABM) protocols aim to modify attentional biases underlying many forms of pathology. Our objective was to conduct an effect size analysis of ABM across a wide range of samples and psychological problems. We conducted a literature search using PubMed, PsycInfo, and author searches to identify randomized studies that examined the effects of ABM on attention and subjective experiences. We identified 37 studies (41 experiments) totaling 2,135 participants who were randomized to training toward neutral, positive, threat, or appetitive stimuli or to a control condition. The effect size estimate for changes in attentional bias was large for the neutral versus threat comparisons ( g = 1.06), neutral versus appetitive ( g = 1.41), and neutral versus control comparisons ( g = 0.80), and small for positive versus control ( g = 0.24). The effects of ABM on attention bias were moderated by stimulus type (words vs. pictures) and sample characteristics (healthy vs. high symptomatology). Effect sizes of ABM on subjective experiences ranged from 0.03 to 0.60 for postchallenge outcomes, –0.31 to 0.51 for posttreatment, and were moderated by number of training sessions, stimulus type, and stimulus orientation (top/bottom vs. left/right). Fail-safe N calculations suggested that the effect size estimates were robust for the training effects on attentional biases, but not for the effect on subjective experiences. ABM studies using threat stimuli produced significant effects on attention bias across comparison conditions, whereas appetitive stimuli produced changes in attention only when comparing appetitive versus neutral conditions. ABM has a moderate and robust effect on attention bias when using threat stimuli. Further studies are needed to determine whether these effects are also robust when using appetitive stimuli and for affecting subjective experiences.
First-Generation Chiral Metallodendrimers: Stereoselective Synthesis of Rigid D3-Symmetric Tetranuclear Ruthenium Complexes

Condensation reactions between the enantiopure, substitutionally inert building blocks Δ-[Ru(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)3][PF6]2 (2) and Δ-[Ru(phen)2(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diamine)][PF6]2 (3) ...
Estimation of random fields by piecewise constant estimators

Abstract The problems of designing the efficient sampling designs for estimation of random fields by piecewise constant estimators are studied, which is done asymptotically, namely, as the sample size goes to infinity. The performance of sampling designs is measured by the integrated mean-square error. Here, the sampling domain is properly partitioned into a number of subregions, and each subregion is further tessellated into regular diamonds when the covariance is a function of L 1 norm, or regular hexagons if it is a function of L 2 norm. The sizes of the regular diamonds or hexagons are determined by a density function. It turns out that if the density function is properly chosen, the centers of these diamonds or hexagons, as sampling points, are asymptotically optimal. Examples with Gaussian, a distorted Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and a non-product-type covariance are considered.
Adolescent Conduct Problems and Bulimic Tendencies: Study of an Emotional Distress Hypothesis

Prior research has documented an association between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. However, there is limited theoretical modeling to explain this association, and prior studies have generally failed to assess for potential mediating variables of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression. The current study assessed these mediating variables in further exploring for unique associations between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. A non-referred adolescent sample was assessed for bulimic tendencies, conduct problems, impulsivity, anxiety, and depression using a multi-informant assessment battery including parent, teacher, and self-report measures. There was a significant bivariate association between conduct problems and bulimic tendencies, r = 0.29, p < 0.01. However, this association was fully mediated by anxiety and depression symptoms. This suggests that emotional distress could be a primary factor linking adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. Implications include the potential for more regular screening of youth with conduct problems for associated eating disturbances.
The Effect of Glass Debris on Electron Emission and Electrical Breakdown of Vacuum Interrupters

Pre-breakdown electron emission and breakdown voltages have been studied for three experimental vacuum interrupters, two of which contained numerous glass particles the largest of which were typically 50 ?m in their longest dimension. The contaminated interrupter differed from the uncontaminated interrupter in the following ways. 1) Continuously recorded Fowler-Nordheim plots had lower slopes and showed several stepwise changes in emission as the applied high voltage was varied. 2) 60 Hz breakdown voltages were lower and occurred randomly for sustained ac voltage at constant peak amplitude. 3) Electron emission current with dc high voltage applied was markedly sensitive to mechanical shock. Changes in emission occurred at statistically varying time intervals which may be several tens of milliseconds from the imposed shock. We conclude that the presence of glass particles within the interrupter strongly alters the emission properties of highly stressed internal surfaces and significantly degrades dielectric capability.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of changes in specific IgG antibodies to five venoms during venom immunotherapy

Summary An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could measure titres of human IgG antibodies to five different venoms (honeybee, yellow jacket, yellow hornet, white-faced hornet, and wasp), and to honeybee phospholipase A. Changes in specific IgG anti-venom titres were measured in twenty patients that had systemic anaphylactic reactions to insect stings, and ten non-allergic controls. After being stung and prior to treatment all patients had anti-venom IgG titres greater than controls. Treatment with small doses of venom over 1–2 months resulted in prompt rises in anti-venom IgG titres that may represent secondary anemnestic responses primed by prior slings. All patients undergoing venom immunotherapy showed at least 2-fold increases in IgG antibody lo the venoms they were treated with by the time maintenance doses of 100 meg were achieved, with one exception. Significant cross-reactive increases in anti-vespid IgG antibodies to venoms not used for treatment occurred in nine of eighteen treated patients. Overall, ELISA of IgG antibodies lo five venoms allowed clear evaluation of the considerable variation of IgG responses among different patients. We conclude that serial determination of venom-specific IgG titres by ELISA offers an important adjunct to evaluating the results of venom immunotherapy.
Detection of steroids with molybdovanadophosphoric acids on thin-layer chromatograms

Abstract Two vanadium analogues of phosphomolybdic acid, H 4 [PMo 11 VO 40 ] and H 4 [PMo 10 V 2 O 40 ], have been studied for use as detection reagents for steroids on thin-layer plates. They were found to produce characteristic colors with steroids after spraying and heating at 105 °C.
Probability and convergence for supra-majority rule with Euclidean preferences

For any voting rule on a policy space R^d with a finite number of voters, it is known that there is an instability dimension w which characterizes the rule: that is, if d >= w, then the core or voting equilibrium is unstable. On the other hand, with an infinite population represented by a continuous probability distribution, f, a core may exist as long as the required supra-majority, @a, exceeds some function of d. Caplin and Nalebuff, for example, have shown that if f is log concave then @a = 1 - (d/(d + 1))^d. This paper attempts to relate these two classes of results by considering the limiting behavior as the sample size, n, approaches infinity. We consider an @a(n)-rule of the form @a(n) = (n/2) + k(n), and obtain an upper bound @x(d,n,k(n)) on the probability that the origin is not a core point, in the case f satisfies a weak symmetry property. In particular, we show that if k(n) is of order nd log n, then @x approaches zero, so the origin is a core point with probability 1 in the limit. As corollary, we demonstrate that if the rule is of the form (1 - (1/e))n, then a core exists with probability 1 in the limit, as long as f is log-concave. The technique allows computation of the limiting probability of a core in terms of a parameter, known as the min-max value of distribution f, the dimension of the space, and the relative size of the required majority.
Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience.

Concepts of motivation are vital to progress in behavioral neuroscience. Motivational concepts help us to understand what limbic brain systems are chiefly evolved to do, i.e., to mediate psychological processes that guide real behavior. This article evaluates some major motivation concepts that have historic importance or have influenced the interpretation of behavioral neuroscience research. These concepts include homeostasis, setpoints and settling points, intervening variables, hydraulic drives, drive reduction, appetitive and consummatory behavior, opponent processes, hedonic reactions, incentive motivation, drive centers, dedicated drive neurons (and drive neuropeptides and receptors), neural hierarchies, and new concepts from affective neuroscience such as allostasis, cognitive incentives, and reward ‘liking’ versus ‘wanting’.
Production of Arabitol from Glycerol: Strain Screening and Study of Factors Affecting Production Yield

Glycerol is a major by-product from biodiesel production, and developing new uses for glycerol is imperative to overall economics and sustainability of the biodiesel industry. With the aim of producing xylitol and/or arabitol as the value-added products from glycerol, 214 yeast strains, many osmotolerant, were first screened in this study. No strains were found to produce large amounts of xylitol as the dominant metabolite. Some produced polyol mixtures that might present difficulties to downstream separation and purification. Several Debaryomyces hansenii strains produced arabitol as the predominant metabolite with high yields, and D. hansenii strain SBP-1 (NRRL Y-7483) was chosen for further study on the effects of several growth conditions. The optimal temperature was found to be 30°C. Very low dissolved oxygen concentrations or anaerobic conditions inhibited polyol yields. Arabitol yield improved with increasing initial glycerol concentrations, reaching approximately 50% (w/w) with 150 g/L initial glycerol. However, the osmotic stress created by high salt concentrations (≥50 g/L) negatively affected arabitol production. Addition of glucose and xylose improved arabitol production while addition of sorbitol reduced production. Results from this work show that arabitol is a promising value-added product from glycerol using D. hansenii SBP-1 as the producing strain.
Polypoid rectal mass in a 21-year-old woman with hematochezia.

potassium, 6.2; urea, 9.0; creatinine, 249; amylase, 8; C-reactive protein, 46; and albumin, 25. Abdominal computed tomography (Figure A, arrow) showed marked soft tissue thickening throughout the mesentery and gross ascites. Cellulitic changes were noted in the right groin without localized collection (Figure B, arrow). Limited peritoneal fluid was obtained via ultrasound guidance owing to its viscous consistency. At laparotomy, there was copious, clear, thick, mucus-like fluid within the abdominal wall. The same was encountered on opening the peritoneum, reminiscent of pseudomyxoma peritonei. The small bowel looked normal, but small and large bowel mesenteries were markedly edematous and full of similar mucus (Figure C, arrow). What is the diagnosis? Look on page 780 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on ubmitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Mr Symon Macpherson, Dr Ben Shippey, and Dr Craig Ferguson for their help, support, and guidance in the production of this case report. Conflicts of interest: The authors disclose no conflicts. © 2011 by the AGA Institute 0016-5085/$36.00 doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.076
Design, Synthesis and Test of Reversible Circuits for Emerging Nanotechnologies

Reversible circuits can generate unique output vector from each input vector, and vice-versa, that is, there is a one-to-one mapping between the input and the output vectors. The contributions of the dissertation include a novel reversible gate particularly suitable for reversible arithmetic, several designs for reversible arithmetic such as binary and BCD adders, sub tractors and comparators, a set of reversible sequential circuits such as latches, flip-flops, and shift registers. Unlike previous works, the above designs are optimized for multiple parameters such as ancilla and garbage bits, quantum cost and delay. Another important contribution is the application of conservative reversible logic towards online and offline testing of single as well as multiple faults in reversible as well as traditional logic VLSI circuits.
Hybrid integrated VCSEL and driver arrays for optical interconnects

Summary form only given. We have designed VCSEL and MESFET driver arrays which have been hybrid integrated for parallel channel optical interconnects. Initial transmission experiments are underway to characterize the use of fiber image guides for parallel optical interconnects. Continued development of such an optical system will enable a path toward massively parallel optical interconnections for future communication and computing applications.
Numerical Simulation And Design For Continuous Flow Extraction in an Emulsion Liquid Membrane

A model for extraction by the emulsion liquid membrane in a continuous flow reactor is presented. The extraction of the solute through the individual emulsion globule is based on the Modified Diffusion Model. The extent of the emulsion conversion in the extractor is calculated in terms of the extractor capacity. The design of the extractor is based on the extractor capacity. It is found that extractor capacity increases with increasing average residence time of the emulsion globules in the extractor.
Comparative aspects of cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract While differing in numerous physiological and biochemical parameters, mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscles exhibit many common ultrastructural characteristics. General subcellular organization is similar with longitudinal disposition and organization of the myofibrils as well as subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules. Significant differences are more readily discerned in terms of degree, not only with respect to relative amounts of various organelles, but also in regard to membrane composition. It is these macromolecular variations in membrane components which may, at least in part, provide the basis for differences in overall functional characteristics in the muscles. In cardiac, as well as skeletal muscle, the concentration of Ca2+ ions at specific intracellular sites regulates the contractile state of the muscle. The differences in mechanism and sources of Ca2+ for contraction in cardiac and skeletal muscle are but a few of the unsolved areas which are now being addressed. We shall focus primarily on research advances involving cardiac and skeletal SR emphasizing the contrasting features related to their functional roles in control of contraction and metabolic events.
Preparation of 7-azidocarbonyl-2,4,9-trithiaadamantane by a new thioacetal crown synthetic method

A new method for synthesizing thioacetal crown is reported for the effective synthesis of 7-methoxycarbonyl-2,4,9-trithiaadamantane. Application of this intermediate in the synthesis of 7-azidocarbonyl-2,4,9-trithiaadamantane, a photoreactive surface linker for photolithographic chemical patterning on self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces, is also reported.
A Surfactant-Free Strategy for Synthesizing and Processing Intermetallic Platinum-Based Nanoparticle Catalysts

Using Pt(3)Fe nanoparticles as an example, a surfactant-free Np-KCl matrix method (Np stands for nanoparticle) is developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled size and structure. In this method, the Np-KCl assembly is formed in a one-pot reduction in THF at room temperature. KCl is an insoluble byproduct of the reaction and serves as a matrix that traps the nanoparticles to avoid particle agglomeration and to control the coalescence of nanoparticles during thermal annealing up to 600 °C. By varying the molar ratio of metal precursors and KCl, as well as the time and temperature of annealing, the final particle sizes and crystalline order can be independently controlled. After thermal processing, nanoparticles were released from the KCl matrix and transferred in an ethylene glycol-water solution to support materials forming a uniform Np-support assembly. A detailed study of the synthesis of ordered intermetallic Pt(3)Fe nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4 nm, using this Np-KCl method, is provided as an example of a generally applicable method. This surfactant-free strategy has been extended to the synthesis of other bi- and trimetallic nanoparticles of Pt-transition metals.
Impacts of breeder loss on social structure, reproduction and population growth in a social canid

Summary 1. The importance of individuals to the dynamics of populations may depend on reproductive status, especially for species with complex social structure. Loss of reproductive individuals in socially complex species could disproportionately affect population dynamics by destabilizing social structure and reducing population growth. Alternatively, compensatory mechanisms such as rapid replacement of breeders may result in little disruption. The impact of breeder loss on the population dynamics of social species remains poorly understood. 2. We evaluated the effect of breeder loss on social stability, recruitment and population growth of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska using a 26-year dataset of 387 radiocollared wolves. Harvest of breeding wolves is a highly contentious conservation and management issue worldwide, with unknown population-level consequences. 3. Breeder loss preceded 77% of cases (n = 53) of pack dissolution from 1986 to 2012. Packs were more likely to dissolve if a female or both breeders were lost and pack size was small. Harvest of breeders increased the probability of pack dissolution, likely because the timing of harvest coincided with the breeding season of wolves. Rates of denning and successful recruitment were uniformly high for packs that did not experience breeder loss; however, packs that lost breeders exhibited lower denning and recruitment rates. Breeder mortality and pack dissolution had no significant effects on immediate or longer term population dynamics. 4. Our results indicate the importance of breeding individuals is context dependent. The impact of breeder loss on social group persistence, reproduction and population growth may be greatest when average group sizes are small and mortality occurs during the breeding season. This study highlights the importance of reproductive individuals in maintaining group cohesion in social species, but at the population level socially complex species may be resilient to disruption and harvest through strong compensatory mechanisms.
Facial nerve stimulation at the internal auditory canal: an animal model and experimental assessment.

Objectives The main objective was to evaluate a canine model as a reliable animal model for the experimental study of the facial nerve at the internal auditory canal. The study also sought to begin testing the limits of facial nerve stimulation regarding electrically induced nerve damage. Study Design Experimental and clinical analysis of facial nerve function after exposure and electrical stimulation in a canine model. Methods Using a posterior fossa approach, the intracranial portion of the facial nerve was exposed from the brainstem to the internal acoustic meatus in 10 mongrel dogs. The nerve was then stimulated with variable frequency and amperage. The subjects were clinically examined for 2 weeks for evidence of facial nerve dysfunction. Both facial nerves were then harvested in each subject and histologically compared using light microscopy. Results The canine model allowed for reliable exposure of the facial nerve at the internal auditory canal in all subjects (n = 10). The results also showed no functional or histopathological deficits in a canine facial nerve electrically stimulated at up to 50 stimulations of 1 mA per stimulation when stimulated at the internal auditory canal. Conclusions The reported canine model is a reliable animal model for the study of the facial nerve at the internal auditory canal. The canine facial nerve can tolerate at least 50 stimulations at 1 mA and still remain functionally and histopathologically normal.
Adaptation to large-magnitude treadmill-based perturbations: improvements in reactive balance response

We aimed to examine the trial-to-trial changes in the reactive balance response to large magnitude slip-like treadmill perturbations in stance and whether the acquired adaptive changes could be appropriately scaled to a higher intensity perturbation. Seventeen young adults experienced 15 slips for training on level I intensity. Pre- and post-training slips were delivered at a higher intensity (20% > level I). Pre- and post-slip onset stability (at liftoff and touchdown of stepping limb) was measured as the shortest distance of the center of mass (COM) position (XCOM/BOS) and velocity (ẊCOM/BOS) relative to base of support (BOS) from a predicted threshold for backward loss of balance. The number of steps to recover balance, compensatory step length and peak trunk angle were recorded. The post-slip onset stability (at liftoff and touchdown) significantly increased across the trials with no change in preslip stability. Improvement in stability at touchdown positively correlated with an anterior shift in XCOM/BOS but not with ẊCOM/BOS. Consequently, the number of steps required to recover balance declined. The adaptive change in XCOM/BOS resulted from an increase in compensatory step length and reduced trunk extension. Individuals also improved post-slip onset stability on a higher intensity perturbation post-training compared with the pre-training trial. The results support that the CNS adapts to fixed intensity slip-like perturbations primarily by improving the reactive stability via modulation in compensatory step length and trunk extension. Furthermore, based on prior experience from the training phase, the acquired adaptive response can be successfully calibrated to a higher intensity perturbation.
Analysis of human adenovirus type 19 associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and its reclassification as adenovirus type 64.

PURPOSE. Human adenovirus species D type 19 (HAdV-D19) has been associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a highly inflammatory infection of the ocular surface. Confusion exists regarding the origins of HAdV-D19. The prototype virus (HAdV-D19p) does not cause EKC, while a virus identified later with the identical serologic determinant is a significant ocular pathogen. METHODS. High throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on HAdV-D19p and three HAdV-D19 EKC strains, and compared to the previously sequenced clinical isolate, HAdV-D19 (C) and HAdV-D37. Corneas of C57BL/6J mice were injected with HAdV-D19p, HAdV-D19 (C), or virus-free buffer, and inflammation assessed by clinical examination, flow cytometry, and cytokine ELISA. Confocal microscopy and real-time PCR of infected corneal cell cultures were used to test viral entry. RESULTS. HAdV-D19 (C) and the other clinical EKC isolates showed nearly 100% sequence identity. EKC strains diverged from HAdV-D19p in the penton base, E3, and fiber transcription units. Simplot analysis showed recombination between EKC-associated HAdV-D19 with HAdV-D37, HAdV-D22, and HAdV-D19p, the latter contributing only the hexon gene, the principal serum neutralization determinant. HAdV-D19p induced stromal keratitis in the C57BL/6J mouse, but failed to infect productively human corneal epithelial cells. These data led to retyping of the clinical EKC isolates with a HAdV-D19 hexon gene as HAdV-D64.
The development of the concept of Painlevé chains for the classification of integrable higher-order differential equations

Abstract The solvability of higher-order ordinary differential equations (ODE’s) by the inverse scattering transform appears to be related to the absence of movable critical points, i.e. the so-called Painleve property. In this connection, the following three-step procedure can be used to test ODE’s for the Painleve property: (1) determination of the dominant terms of the ODE and its balancing exponent p in a power series which characterizes the behavior of its solutions near the movable singularities; (2) solution of an indicial algebraic equation to determine the resonances r 1 ,…, r n which indicate the terms where the integration constants can enter the above power series; (3) determination of the compatibility of the coefficients of the above power series with a pure Laurent series without any logarithmic terms entering at the resonances. The Painleve test can fail at any of these three steps: (1) the balancing exponent p is not a negative integer; (2) the resonances are not integers or the indicial equation has a repeated root; or (3) the expressions for the coefficients of the power series terms at the resonances are incompatible with the identical zero values required for introduction of the integration constants. In the 1980s, I observed that the fundamental building blocks for ODE’s satisfying the first two steps of the above Painleve test may be generated by strongly self-dominant differential equations of the type D n u = D m ( u ( m − n + p )/ p ) in which D is the derivative ∂ / ∂x , m and n the positive integers, and p a negative integer. Such differential equations having both a constant degree and a constant value of the difference n − m form a Painleve chain. The three simple Painleve chains which can satisfy the first two steps of the Painleve test are generated by such successive differentiations of u xx = ku 2 (KdV chain), u xx = ku 3 (modified KdV chain), and u x = ku 2 (Burgers chain). The length of the Painleve chains obtained by this method is limited by the appearance of double roots in the indicial equation and/or a failure of the resulting ODE to pass the third step of the Painleve test. Since the publication of my original papers more than 10 years ago, it has been shown that longer Painleve chains can be generated by the substitution of more complicated operators (e.g. D + u + u ′ D −1 for the Burgers chain) for the simple derivative D .