cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and phase morphology during thermochemical processing of α2-based titanium aluminide castings

Abstract Changes in the microstructure, volume fraction and distribution of phases during different stages of thermochemical processing of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (at.%) castings were investigated. Up to 14.5 at.% (0.35 wt.%) of hydrogen was introduced into the material by gas charging at temperatures between 650 and 980 °C for times up to 20 h. The material was subsequently dehydrogenated by vacuum annealing at 650 °C for 48 h. Investment cast Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo alloy, hot isostatically pressed (HIP) at 1175 °C at 260 MPa for 6 h, was used as the starting material. The microstructure of the as-HIP material consists of α2, B2 and orthorhombic phases. The α2 phase exists in equiaxed, Widmanstaten and cellular morphologies. The B2 phase is observed mainly along α 2 α 2 boundaries. Some α2 Widmanstaten plates also contain very fine orthorhombic phase in a plate-like morphology. Hydrogenation of the material modified the microstructure; however, the morphology of the α2 and B2 phases did not change. Furthermore, hydride precipitation and a higher volume fraction of the orthorhombic phase were observed compared with the as-HIP material. Following dehydrogenation, the hydrogen level in the material was found to be less than 0.1 at.% (0.0025 wt.%). Transmission electron microscopy of the dehydrogenated material did not reveal the presence of hydride precipitates; however, the high volume fraction of the orthorhombic phase was found to persist following dehydrogenation.
Coastal distribution, display and sound production by Florida fiddler crabs (Genus Uca)

Abstract The courtship behaviour of the fiddler crabs Uca rapax, U. pugnax, U. mordax and U. speciosa on the Florida peninsula was described. Males of all species increased their rates of waving and often produced sounds when approached by females during the day. Males of all species produced sounds during nocturnal low tides. When touched by another crab, soundproducing males increased the rate and intensity of the sounds and simultaneously moved farther into their burrows. Males of U. speciosa produced sounds by rapping their major cheliped against the substrate and males of the other species by vibrating their ambulatories. It was suggested that the latter mechanism, in addition to other criteria, indicated close relationship between the three species. Rates of sound production at night were quite variable but in most cases were characterized by an early evening peak after sunset. The coastal distribution of all species on the Florida Peninsula was determined.
Comparison of the rep-38 and mmrA1 mutations of Escherichia coli.

The rep-38 and mmrA1 mutations are located very close to each other (approximately 85 min), and have been suggested to be allelic. To address this question we have compared the phenotypes of the mmrA1 and rep-38 mutants. Both the mmrA1 and rep-38 mutations blocked the enhanced killing and inhibition of postreplication repair by rich growth medium that occurs in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 uvrA cells, i.e., the mmrA1 and rep-38 strains did not show minimal medium recovery (MMR). However, phi X174 bacteriophage propagated well in mmrA1 strains, but not in rep-38 strains; a rep mutation sensitized a uvrA strain to UV irradiation, but a mmrA mutation did not. During chloramphenicol treatment, the rep-38 strain showed a larger amount of residual DNA synthesis than observed in the mmrA1 strain. The mmrA1 mutation appears to be a dominant mutation. This was determined by the failure of either plasmid pLC44-7 or episome F'KLF11, both of which carry the mmrA+ gene, to complement the Mmr- phenotype of a uvrA mmrA strain. Plasmid pLC44-7 is known to complement the rep-38 mutation, suggesting that rep-38 is a recessive mutation. Although certain of the phenotypes of the rep and mmrA mutants are similar, a number are quite different. These differences suggest that these two mutations are not allelic.
The extravascular nature of Arthus reactions elicited by ferritin. A combined light and electron microscopic analysis of immune states in rabbit ear chambers and mesenteries.

Rabbits were immunized with ferritin and were challenged with the antigen (1) by placing the ferritin on top of rabbit ear chamber tissue and (2) by placing it on top of immune mesentery. In immune animals, a brisk and mounting reaction was characterized by white blood cell sticking and emigration, thrombosis, stasis, vessel shutdown and necrosis. Electron micrographs of tissue taken from sites of injury revealed aggregates of electrondense material with a double density. The material appeared in the extravascular tissue, often perivascularly, inside and outside of white blood cells, the cells being virtually exclusively polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The clumps, presumably antigen-antibody complexes, were never found intraluminally. Ferritin was not found phagocytized by endothelial cytoplasm. The evidence permits the hypothesis that such reactions have their genesis in the extravascular deposition of immune complexes, not in the vessel wall as many observers have held. It is possible, however, that this may be a property of electron-dense high molecular antigens, such as ferritin, and not necessarily a general characteristic of reactions associated with hypersensitivity states of the Arthus type or of other types. It is the purpose of this communication to present the evidence that in the genesis of the Arthus reaction, the site for the reactants is in the extravascular tissue, not in the vessel wall. Subsequently, blood vessel injury occurs and, with it, the exudative phase of the reaction. This does not diminish the importance of the polymorphonuclear leucocyte in the reaction but, in perspective, it identifies white cell sticking and emigration, and endothelial injury, as relatively late events in the phenomenon. The evidence suggests that the early events of the Arthus reaction may involve white blood cells that have emigrated across capillary beds and are present in extravascular tissue before the stimulus provided by immune reactants. Such an hypothesis offers a unifying concept for the phenomenon and, if valid, explains many of the apparently disparate experimental facts surrounding the Arthus reaction.
Is percutaneous dilational tracheotomy equivalent to traditional open surgical tracheotomy with regard to perioperative and postoperative complications

BACKGROUND Tracheotomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. The traditional method involves an open surgical technique (OST) performed in the operating room (OR). Since the mid-1980s, percutaneous dilational tracheotomies (PDT) have been performed by otolaryngologists and nonotolaryngologists with increasing frequency. An energized discussion in the literature has raised questions about the superiority of one technique versus the other in regard to the perioperative and long-term postoperative complications. Several prospective studies and meta-analysis reviews have addressed this question and compared OST with PDT. This review will summarize some of this literature to address the question of which technique is superior with respect to associated complications. It should be noted that the important discussion of medical economics related to tracheotomy is beyond the scope of this brief review.
"Being One with God Is Something That Can Be Done Without Rules": Commentary on Allan Kellehear's "Near-Death Experiences and the Pursuit of the Ideal Society"

Allan Kellehear's article is a pioneering venture exploring features of the transcendent society and comparing it with J.C. Davis's typology of ideal societies. Kellehear assumed that in the life after life there is a sociocultural ordering that can be discussed via structural functional theory and concepts; and he also assumed internal and external validity, despite evidence to the contrary in his article. I think both of these assumptions are incorrect. What we need are alternative sociocultural frameworks and alternative research strategies, possibly from the “new science”.
Population ecology theory: implications for sustainability

Purpose – The paper has dual objectives. First, the paper aims to consolidate prior research in the area of population ecology theory and provide a review and critique of this influential organizational theory. The review is both broad and extensive, covering all major theoretical streams in population ecology. Second, the paper aims to highlight a new and hitherto unexplored area for future research, which lies at the intersection of population ecology and sustainability.Design/methodology/approach – The extensive and broad review included all salient published scholarly work on the topic of population ecology from 1996‐2010. Findings are reported in nine separate tables, classified by primary research focus, chronology, author, etc. Additionally, a brief summary of prior research on sustainability is provided.Findings – Population ecology continues as a valuable and influential perspective for organizational scholars. In comparison, sustainability is a relatively new entrant in the organizational litera...
A hidden treasure? Evaluating and extending latent methods for link-based classification

Many information tasks involve objects that are explicitly or implicitly connected in a network, such as webpages connected by hyperlinks or people linked by "friendships" in a social network. Research on link-based classification (LBC) has studied how to leverage these connections to improve classification accuracy. This research broadly falls into two groups. First, there are methods that use the original attributes and/or links of the network, via a link-aware supervised classifier or via a non-learning method based on label propagation or random walks. Second, there are recent methods that first compute a set of latent features or links that summarize the network, then use a (hopefully simpler) supervised classifier or label propagation method. Some work has claimed that the latent methods can improve accuracy, but has not adequately compared with the best non-latent methods. In response, this paper provides the first substantial comparison between these two groups. We find that certain non-latent methods typically provide the best overall accuracy, but that latent methods can be competitive when a network is densely-labeled or when the attributes are not very informative. Moreover, we introduce two novel combinations of these methods that in some cases substantially increase accuracy.
The Resolution of the Latah Paradox

Culture-bound syndromes are forms of unusual individual behavior restricted in distribution to discrete areas of the globe. They are considered eccentricities in distribution to discete areas of the globe. They are considered eccentricities in the cultural systems of societies in which they are endemic, and psychopathologies in the reference system of Western psychological medicine. Most are episodic and highly dramatic. Because of their intrinsic interest as dramatic exotica and their implications for theories of deviance, several have been the subjects of much previous work.
Non-clamping seed holder for Czochralski crystal growth

Abstract A new seed holder for Czochralski crystal growth provides accurate alignment, minimum handling, and easy attachment and removal of the seed, which is formed in the shape of a golf tee and is supported by the conical surface of its head.
A cross-etiology comparison of the socio-emotional behavioral profiles associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and specific language impairment.

Cross-etiology comparisons provide important information that can help practitioners establish criteria for differential diagnosis and tailor interventions towards the source of children’s difficulties. This study examined the extent to which parent rating scales of socioemotional behavioral difficulties differentiate cases of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from cases of specific language impairment (SLI), and typical development (TD). Parents of 60 children (7–8 years) completed the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) and the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised (Conners, 2004). Significant differences were observed between ratings provided for the children with ADHD and the children with SLI and TD across several scales which assessed behavioral and emotional difficulties. Most of the observed differences between ratings provided for the SLI and TD groups were not significant when nonverbal IQ was treated as a covariate or when syndrome scales were adjusted for the presence of language and academic items. In contrast, these adjustments had little impact on observed differences between the children with ADHD and the other groups. These results highlight important and clinically useful differences between the scope and the scale of socioemotional behavior difficulties associated with ADHD and SLI.
Brain Blood Flow and O2 Delivery during Hemorrhagic Hypotension in the Piglet

Summary: We have previously demonstrated regional differences in brain blood flow reduction when hemorrhagic hypotension was induced in spontaneously breathing newborn piglets. Both the mean arterial blood pressure and Paco2 correlated with the changes in brain blood flow. To determine if changes in brain blood flow during hypotension can be attributed to alterations of mean arterial blood pressure alone, eight newborn piglets were studied under conditions of controlled ventilation. Regional brain blood flow was measured by microspheres and the blood pressure was varied by phlebotomy. After baseline determinations, three measurements of blood flow were performed during hypotension. Hypotension produced a significant reduction in blood brain flow confirming the independent effect of mean arterial blood pressure in autoregulation of cerebral circulation. Significantly different regional blood flow responses occurred in response to hypotension (P < 0.05). The % reduction from control blood flow was greatest to the cerebrum, less to the cerebellum, and least to the brainstem. Furthermore, the blood flow was consistently decreased in the cerebral hemispheres during the entire exposure to hypotension (mean ± S.E.: −36 ± 10%, −18 ± 11%, and −33 ± 11% change from control) whereas the brainstem demonstrated an intial reduction and then an increase in blood flow (mean ± SE: −14 ± 12%, +16 ± 15%, and +5.5 ± 13% change from control). The cerebellar responses were intermediate between those of the cerebrum and brainstem. O2 delivery was significantly decreased to all brain regions during hypotension, maintaining the same rank order of the regions as when blood flow reductions occurred. Speculation: Newborn piglets subjected to profound hypotension demonstrate regional differences in the reduction of brain blood flow. Cranial window studies of the microvasculature in adult cats clearly demonstrate that precapillary vessels in the brain do not respond in an identical manner to hypotension but rather react in a size dependent fashion. The observed differences in brain regional blood flow are possibly a manifestation of the relative composition (with respect to vessel size) of the regional parenchymal arterial beds.
Health system integration: a means to an end.

Abstract: The creation of integrated firms and contractual networks in health care often is a precondition for other forms of integration that could actually lower costs and improve quality of care. Although different types of integration activities are leading to innovations in the production of services and the care of populations, the continued influence of the “old” indemnity insurance/fee-for-service system creates important obstacles to those integration activities. If creation of integrated firms and contractual networks races ahead of other forms of integration, it could produce uncompetitive markets that reduce pressures to integrate in ways that can cut costs and improve quality of care. Purchasers' actions could play a major role in determining the future of various integration activities.
Activation of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis

Purified antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from the larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis do not produce the high levels of antifreeze activity seen in the hemolymph of overwintering larvae, even when the purified AFPs are assayed at very high concentrations. However, addition of certain proteins or agar (at concentrations sufficiently low that the gel state does not result) to the Dendroides AFP resulted in a 2–3-fold increase in activity. A 70-kDa protein with AFP-activating capabilities was purified from Dendroides larvae. Addition of this endogenous activator protein to a 4 mg·ml-1 solution of AFP increased the activity of the AFPs to values comparable to those of the hemolymph of overwintering larvae. Data derived from a modified immunoblot technique demonstrate that the activators bind to the AFP, or vice versa. Formation of this association must allow the AFP to block ice crystal growth by binding to the surface of potential seed crystals in the normal fashion. However, because the AFP-activator complex is much larger than the AFP alone, the complex probably blocks a greater surface area of the crystal and is thus a more efficient antifreeze.
On the Uniaxial Ring Test of Tissue Engineered Constructs

Uniaxial tensile experiments are commonly used to evaluate the mechanical properties of engineered vascular tissues. We consider a typical uniaxial tensile experiment on a ring-shaped specimen and the corresponding theoretical framework within which the experimental data are processed when the sample undergoes a finite deformation. In some cases when the material is considered to be elastic, isotropic and incompressible, data obtained from a ring test can be processed to identify constitutive stress–strain relations via a strain energy function (SEF). Accurate identification of the SEF requires that the experimentally recorded deformations are acquired from a region sufficiently far away from the material-grip interface to minimize the confounding effects of friction and bending. Image-based tracking of surface markers provides a method by which the deformation of the ring sample can be locally recorded when subjected to uniaxial extension. We present an illustrative example of a uniaxial ring experiment on an engineered vascular tissue construct, and process the obtained data to identify the SEF. The SEF is used to perform a finite-element based computational simulation of the ring experiment, which is used to better understand the inherent errors and artifacts which may confound accurate data acquisition and correspondingly SEF identification. The obtained computational results provide guidance on the location of surface markers that facilitate accurate measure of local sample deformation for a range of materials.
A curriculum for learning in psychiatric residencies about homosexuality, gay men, and lesbians

Homosexuality was redefined by the American Psychiatric Association in 1973 as a variation in sexual orientation rather than a mental illness, and recent research has greatly expanded knowledge about homosexuality, gay men, and lesbians. However, generally speaking, neither a non pathological perspective nor this new information has been integrated into psychiatric residency curricula. This absence compromises the ability of residency programs to train residents to be broadly competent in dealing with issues related to these topics. Learning about homosexuality, gay men, and lesbians should be integrated into all psychiatric residencies, and a curriculum to serve as a basic model for this necessary professional training is proposed.
Delayed exposure to additional relevant information in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning

Abstract Five experiments were run to further study the effect of additional information becoming relevant during the course of learning trials in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning. The first experiment replicated the finding that utilization of configural information was degraded when the configural information became relevant during learning in an environment with a relevant dimension compared with the level of utilization if the configural information was relevant to begin with. The amount of degradation was again found to be constant regardless of the length of delay in introducing the relevant configural information, even to a delay of only 20 trials. The second experiment found little or no degradation in utilization of dimensional information that became relevant during learning in an environment with relevant configural information. The third experiment found some degradation for the utilization of dimensional information that became relevant during learning in an environment with relevant information in the other dimension. The longer the delay in introducing this relevant information, the greater the degradation. The fourth and fifth experiments found lower average utilization of configural information that became relevant during learning in an environment with no other relevant information.
Macrocephaly, distinct craniofacial appearance, and spastic paraplegia: A new case and expansion of the phenotype

An adult female patient is presented with macrocephaly, mental retardation, seizures, spastic paraplegia and distinctive craniofacial appearance. We believe she represents the fourth case of the Fryns macrocephaly, distinct craniofacial appearance and spastic paraplegia syndrome. Cardinal features are discussed and additional phenotypic manifestations are discussed.
Bacterial responses in activity and community composition to photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter from soil and surface waters

To better understand how photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects microbial activity and DOM processing along hydrological flow paths in an arctic catchment, we conducted experiments measuring responses in bacterial production (BP) to sunlight-exposed DOM from up-slope sources, including soil, stream, and lake water. Overall, sunlight exposure significantly reduced specific ultra-violet absorbance and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and increased phenolic concentrations; these changes were more pronounced in soil than in surface waters. Sunlight-exposed DOM reduced BP in common inoculum bioassay experiments at short time scales (hours), but the magnitude of the effect differed among DOM sources and was related to phenolic content; effects were more negative on DOM sources with high phenolic contents. In contrast, longer contact times (weeks) between bacteria and photo-oxidized soil, stream, and lake water DOM enhanced, did not change, and reduced BP, respectively. In these longer-term experiments, sunlight-exposed DOM had a greater positive effect on lake than stream BP, and caused shifts in bacterial community composition (based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial-specific 16S rDNA). Changes in bacterial community composition were greater in response to sunlight-exposed DOM from soils than from the stream. Our findings suggest that overall impacts of DOM photo-oxidation in aquatic environments depends on DOM source, and that contrasting effects of photo-oxidized DOM at varying time scales may be partly due to shifts in the bacterial community composition to groups better able to consume photoproducts or tolerate harmful radicals.
Effect of Application of Transient Electromagnetic Method in Detection of Water-Inrushing Structures in Coal Mines

Abstract Influenced by topographical and geological conditions, it is difficult for research of mine hydrological geophysics to rapidly and accurately detect passages inducing flooding of mines from water-accumulating abandoned mines, to detect precisely small structures causing flooding of mines. Through the study of the key technical difficult problems of the application of transient electromagnetic method(TEM) in hydrogeological exploration in coal mines, the characteristics of TEM such as sensibility to low resistivity, high transverse resolution and high speed have been sufficiently utilized. New inversion technologies have been used to improve the precision of TEM detection. During many rescues of water flooding induced by water inrush in coal mines, TEM has rapidly and accurately located water-inrushing structures in coal mines. It gains time for emergency rescue in coal mines, has significant social and economical benefits. TEM technology has become an important means for water control exploration in coal mines and has optimistic prospect of application.
DART-MS as a preliminary screening method for "herbal incense": chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids.

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) served as a method for rapid high-throughput screening of six commercially available "Spice" products, detecting various combinations of five synthetic cannabinoids. Direct analysis in real time is an ambient ionization process that, along with high mass accuracy time-of-flight (TOF)-MS to 0.0001 Da, was employed to establish the presence of cannabinoids. Mass spectra were acquired by simply suspending a small portion of sample between the ion source and the mass spectrometer inlet. The ability to test minute amounts of sample is a major advantage when very limited amounts of evidentiary material are available. In addition, reports are widespread regarding the testing backlogs that now exist because of the large influx of designer drugs. This method circumvents time-consuming sample extraction, derivatization, chromatographic, and other sample preparative steps required for analysis by more conventional mass spectrometric methods. Accordingly, the synthetic cannabinoids AM-2201, JWH-122, JWH-203, JWH-210, and RCS-4 were identified in commercially available herbal Spice products, singly and in tandem, at concentrations within the range of 4-141 mg/g of material. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry decreases the time necessary to triage analytical evidence, and therefore, it has the potential to contribute to backlog reduction and more timely criminal prosecution. Language: en
Pressure relief bedding to prevent pressure ulcer development in critical care

Abstract One major risk for the critically ill patient is the development of pressure ulcers during the intensive care unit (ICU) stay. These patients have many of the risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers including reduced mobility/activity, medications, neurologic deficits, increasing age, incontinence, decreased mental status, poor nutrition, pressure, shear forces, and friction. Pressure ulcers are known to be costly for the health care system and delay recovery in many patients. Different strategies have been advocated for the prevention of pressure ulcers, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has identified the use of pressure relief bedding as a means to prevent the development of pressure ulcers during hospitalization. The use of pressure relief bedding has received the most research attention to date. The focus of this article is to describe the state of the current research in this area and how this applies to critical care. Development of protocols and guidelines for the use of pressure ulcer preventing strategies are important to improve the quality of care in the ICU.There is still a need to examine the impact of the evidence of pressure ulcer prevention in the ICU and this review should help to build a framework for future research and protocol development. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Biological Assay of Streptonigrin (NSC 45383) in Body Fluids and Tissues of Mice

Streptonigrin, a quinone antitumor antibiotic, has been reported to be effective in human trials. A sensitive and precise microbiological assay for the determination of distribution and concentrations of streptonigrin in the body fluids and tissues of treated mice has been developed in an attempt to supplement successful clinical application of this drug.
Clinic-Referred Mothers’ Autobiographical Narratives as Markers of Their Parenting Styles

Forty clinic-referred mothers completed questionnaires describing their children’s problems and the mothers’ parenting styles. In addition, each mother told three stories about their personal experiences in child care and one story about being cared for in their families of origin. Each story was transcribed and rated for coherence on six dimensions describing narrative clarity and richness. Results showed the narrative ratings to be fairly reliable and internally consistent, and the questionnaires proved to be psychometrically sound except for one of the parenting style scales that we dropped from further data analyses. Results showed the two remaining scales (authoritative and authoritarian styles) covaried with mothers’ reports about problems with their children. Correlations between mothers’ narrative coherence scores and their parenting style scores showed mixed results: authoritative style was not correlated with narrative coherence, but authoritarian style was negatively correlated with this narrative measure. Regression analyses using the six coherence scales and the authoritarian style scale showed the causality scale to account for most of the variance in authoritarian style. We speculated on the nature of this latter covariation.
Seed Nitrogen Mobilization in Soybean: Effects of Seed Nitrogen Content and External Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT Soybean breeding programs have developed genetic lines with relatively low seed protein, which could negatively impact early seedling growth in low fertility conditions commonly encountered in the field. In these experiments, seed protein mobilization and its regulation in situ in soybean lines with different seed protein levels was investigated. The results showed that rates of nitrogen (N) release from cotyledons were much lower with decreasing levels of N in seed. Patterns of proteolysis of the storage proteins glycinin and β -conglycinin and their subunits were not different, but breakdown rates were slower. Seed N release rates increased somewhat when external N was supplied to roots of the developing seedlings, suggesting the involvement of source/sink controls. The effect appeared to be down-stream from proteolysis, as rates of protein breakdown were not altered. The results indicate that low seed protein levels will lead to reduced seedling fitness in low fertility soil conditions unless ...
A comparative study of the acetohydroxy acid synthase isoenzymes of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract We studied the properties of the two acetohydroxy acid synthase isoenzymes expressed in wild type Escherichia coli K-12 in two isogenic strains, PS1035 (containing only acetohydroxy acid synthase III) and PS1036 (containing only acetohydroxy acid synthase I). The pH dependence is different for the two enzymes: acetohydroxy acid synthase I shows optimum activity at neutral pH, while acetohydroxy acid synthase III is most active at alkaline pH. Both activities require Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate, but acetohydroxy acid synthase I, as compared to acetohydroxy acid synthase III, has a specific requirement for flavin adenine dinucleotide. Acetohydroxy acid synthase I is also more resistant to valine inhibition but more sensitive to inactivating conditions such as dialysis and temperature. The catalytic role of acetohydroxy acid synthase I in the synthesis of α-acetolactate is characterized by a higher affinity for pyruvate and a lower sensitivity to inhibition by α-ketobutyrate.
Climatology and forecast modeling of ambient carbon monoxide in Phoenix, Arizona

We perform a climatology of factors influencing ambient carbon monoxide (CO), in which we examine the relationships between meteorology, traffic patterns, and CO at seasonal, weekly, and diurnal time scales in Phoenix, Arizona. From this analysis we identify a range of potentially important variables for statistical CO modeling. Using stepwise multivariate regression, we create a suite of models for hourly and 8-h ambient CO designed for daily operational forecasting purposes. The resulting models include variables and interaction terms related to anticipated nocturnal atmospheric stability as well as antecedent and climatological CO behavior. The models are evaluated using a range of error statistics and skill measures. The most successful approach employs a two-stage modeling strategy in which an initial prediction is made that may, depending on the forecast value, be followed by a second prediction that improves upon the first. The best models provide accurate daily forecasts of CO, with explained variances approaching 0.9 and errors under 1 ppm.
Pressure profiles at multimegabar pressures in a diamond anvil cell using x‐ray diffraction

Pressure distributions in a diamond anvil cell with a rhenium gasket have been measured at various pressures up to 212±6 GPa using energy dispersive x‐ray diffraction with a synchrotron source. Three sets of type IA yellow diamonds were used with bevels of 5°, 7°, and 10°. For the 7°‐beveled tips, a 5‐μm‐diam collimated beam was used to a pressure of 206±6 GPa. In the other experiments, collimators of 10–30 μm were used. In the region of the 50‐μm central flat, the pressure was essentially uniform. The effect of finite collimator size on the measurement of pressure profiles is also analyzed.
Integral inequalities for some special functions

Several integral inequalities for the classical hypergeometric, confluent hypergeometric, and confluent hypergeometric limit functions are given. The related results for Bessel and Whittaker functions as well as for Laguerre, Hermite, and Jacobi polynomials are discussed.
The role of positive thinking in social perceptions of cancer outcomes

Pressure for ‘positive thinking’ (PT; i.e. focusing on positive thoughts/suppressing negative thoughts to ‘fight’ cancer) burdens cancer patients facing health deterioration. It was determined whether PT exposure enhanced effort, control and responsibility attributions assigned to an individual for his/her cancer trajectory. Within an online blog a hypothetical same-gender person describes a personal cancer experience. 482 participants were assigned to one of six experimental conditions in which we manipulated PT exposure (blogger learns about ‘power of PT’ but does not try it, blogger tries PT, control/no PT) and cancer outcome (successful/unsuccessful treatment). A 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of covariance (with personal cancer experience covariates) tested PT exposure × cancer outcome × gender effects on attributions for the blogger's cancer outcome. Results indicate that PT exposure enhanced effort and responsibility attributions assigned to individuals for their cancer outcomes and that responsib...
Design elements for intergroup awareness training

Abstract A three-phase format, with distinctive objectives and activities, is the basis for designing educational experiences in social issues awareness at the University of Massachusetts.
Photorefractivity, phase conjugation, and thermal wave mixing effects in the visible and near-IR spectral region for dye and fullerence C60-doped nematic liquid crystals

The results of a recent study of a nonlinear electro-optical effect in dye and fullerene C60-doped nematic liquid crystal films are presented. In particular, photo-induced conduction, self diffraction effects, and optical phase conjugation in the films form near-UV to near-IR wavelengths are explained.
The Effect of Carboxylates on the Mg Content of Calcites that Transform from ACC

Abstract In some skeletal-forming and sedimentary environments, calcite and other CaCO3 polymorphs are produced from an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) phase. This experimental study determined the Mg content of calcites that grew in the presence of ACC with/without carboxylated biomolecules. The Mg content of the initial ACC obeys a simple fractionation for all conditions except in the presence of oxydiacetate. For all solution compositions, this ACC transforms into calcite crystallites that contain zero to 38 mole %MgCO3, without evidence of secondary polymorphs (Mg/Ca = 0-15). Mg is in the calcite structure within the resolution of the XRD method. The biomolecules slow the ACC to calcite transformation in proportion to their selectivity for Ca over Mg. Citrate, tartarate, and oxydiacetate increase the amount of Mg in both ACC and the resulting calcite. When the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios of initial solutions are less than ∼5-8, the Mg content of the ACC and calcite products are similar.
Migration of IgA-bearing lymphocytes into salivary glands.

Abstract The relative migratory properties of [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled dividing mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and peripheral lymph node (PLN) cells were assessed in mice using the adoptive transfer system. MLN cells from virgin donors showed a greater tendency to localize in MLN, small intestine, and mammary glands (lactating recipients only) of virgin and lactating recipients. In addition, MLN cells were shown to selectively localize in the salivary (submandibular and sublingual) glands. The relative migratory properties of MLN and PLN cell populations were identical when donor cells were obtained from virgin or lactating animals. Selective depletion of IgA-bearing cells from the MLN transfer cell population abrogated the preferential localization in control mucosal tissues and salivary glands. These data show that the salivary glands can be included as an additional mucosal area populated by gut-derived IgA-bearing cells and provides direct evidence that the common mucosal immune sytstem extends to secretory tissue in the oral cavity.
Cadmium alters the localization of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in the proximal tubule epithelium

Recent studies on proximal tubule-derived cells in culture have shown that Cd has relatively specific damaging effects on the cadherin-dependent junctions between the cells. The objective of the present study was to determine whether Cd can affect cadherin-dependent junctions in the proximal tubule epithelium in vivo. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneous injections of Cd (0.6 mg/kg in isotonic saline, 5 days per week for up to 6 weeks). One day each week, 24-h urine samples were collected and analyzed for protein and creatinine. After 5-6 weeks, the Cd-treated animals developed significant proteinuria, with no change in creatinine excretion. Visualization of pan-cadherin immunoreactive materials by immunoperoxidase labeling showed that Cd caused a marked reduction in the intensity of cadherin labeling associated with the apical and the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule, but no change in the pattern of cadherin labeling in other segments of the nephron. Results of studies utilizing specific antibodies against N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin showed changes in the localization of all three molecules in the proximal tubule. Assessment of cell membrane integrity with trypan blue and ethidium homodimer showed no overt evidence of death in the proximal tubule epithelial cells. Additional results showed that Cd caused only a slight increase in the total levels of glutathione and no significant peroxidation of membrane lipids, indicating only a modest level of oxidative stress. These results indicate that Cd can disrupt cadherin-dependent cell-cell junctions in the proximal tubule, and they raise the possibility that a loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion may contribute to the nephrotoxic effects of Cd.
Glucose Suppression of Insulin Secretion in Chronically Hyperglycemic Fetal Sheep

ABSTRACT: Previous observations in fetal sheep indicate that glucose may inhibit as well as enhance insulin secretion. To study conditions involved in inhibition of insulin secretion, we compared changes in plasma insulin concentration in response to acute increases in glucose and arginine concentrations in a group of normal, late gestation fetal sheep (euglycemic controls, EC) and a comparable group made chronically hyperglycemic by constant maternal glucose infusion (hyperglycemics, HG). After 7–10 d of maternal and fetal hyperglycemia, fetal glucose concentrations (G) were significantly increased in the HG group (0.98 ± 0.07 mM EC, 2.00 ± 0.11 mM HG, p < 0.001) but fetal plasma insulin concentrations (I) were not significantly different (57 ± 7 pM EC, 71 ± 9 pM HG, p = 0.2). Furthermore, the I/G ratio was significantly decreased in the HG group (60 ± 9 EC, 40 ± 4 HG, p = 0.03) and during a hyperglycemic glucose clamp (ΔG 1.4 mM), glucose-stimulated increase in steady state I was less in the HG than in the EC fetuses (mean ΔI/ΔG = 106 ± 15 EC, 61 ± 10 HG, p = 0.01). An arginine infusion at the end of the clamp produced similar increases in I in the EC and HG groups (ΔI = 824 ± 116 pM EC, 906 ± 131 pM HG, p = 0.45). There were no differences between groups for blood oxygen saturation and content, pH, or lactate concentration. After 14–17 d of hyperglycemia, glucose-stimulated increase in I was even more reduced in the HG fetuses than observed at 7–10 d. Decreased insulin response to arginine also was present, although pancreatic insulin concentration was not decreased. Glucose-stimulated increase in I returned to normal after 7 d of no glucose infusion and euglycemia. These data indicate that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is reversibly decreased by marked, chronic hyperglycemia. Because pharmacologic inhibitors of insulin secretion (e.g. streptozotocin or alloxan) were not used, and oxygenation, pH, and lactate values were similar between the two groups, this decrease of insulin secretion appears to be glucose-specific, although mechanisms involved can include both glucose and amino acid (arginine) stimulation processes. Such decrease in fetal insulin secretion may limit the rate of fetal glucose utilization during chronic hyperglycemia and thereby modulate the rate of fetal growth.
High-resolution electron impact mass spectrometry of five novel organoiron complexes

The high resolution mass spectra of five novel η1-R substituted Fe(II)(CO)2 η5-C5H5 complexes are reported. Fragmentation behavior common to all the studied compounds is noted, as well as some ligand-specific fragmentation. Fragment ions associated with ligand recoordination, ligand substituent transfer and inter-ligand bond formation are noted. The role of the electron density around the metal center, and in particular the ‘18-electron’ configuration, on the fragmentation of these compounds is discussed.
The low-lying electronic states of LiB

The spectroscopic constants for the triplet and singlet states of LiB below about 30 000/ cm are determined using an internally contracted multireference configuration interaction approach in conjunction with [6s 5p 3d 2f] atomic natural orbital basis sets. The ground state is (sup 3)Pi as found in previous work. No excited triplet states are found to be ideal for characterizing the ground state; the (1)(sup 3)Sigma(sup -) state has a transition energy that is too small for many experimental approaches and the (2)(sup 3)Pi and (3)(sup 3)Pi states have bond lengths that are significantly longer than the ground state, resulting in transition intensities that are spread out over many vibrational levels of the ground state.
Social synchronization of circadian rhythms of metabolism in honeybees (Apis mellifera)

. Groups of honeybee workers (Apis mellifera Linn.; Hymenoptera: Apidae) show endogenous circadian rhythms in metabolic activity. Workers entrained to two different photoperiods, when put together in a group, coordinate their individual metabolic activity cycles into a synchronized group oscillation. Either physical interaction among workers, or a low volatility contact pheromone, is implicated in the control of this oscillating system.
THE USE OF AUXILIARY FLUXES IN DINNERWARE BODIES

A plant and laboratory study was made of the use of frits as auxiliary fluxes in dinnerware bodies. The frits were addcd to a commercial earthenware body. Seven-inch plates of thesc bodies were jiggered, fired, and glazed a t the pottery. Some practical difficulties encountered were as follows: (1) Due to the progressive solubility of the frits, even when this solubility was slight and only 2 to 4% of the frit was used, the slip was deflocculated and the plasticity of the body was destroyed. This trouble apparently was overcome by using a slight excess of hydrochloric acid in the body slip. (2) The ware of the bodies containing frit warped more than the normal body, especially in the glost fire. Results of tests of the slips, bodies, and ware are presented.
Phytoplankton dynamics in the Barents Sea estimated from chlorophyll budget models

Pigment budgets use chlorophyll a and phaeopigment standing stock in combination with their photo-oxidation and sedimentation rates in the euphotic zone to estimate phytoplankton growth and grazing by micro- and macrozooplankton. Using this approach, average phytoplankton growth in the euphotic zone of the Barents Sea was estimated at 0.17 and 0.14 d?1 during spring of 1987 and 0.018 and 0.036 d?1 during late- and postbloom conditions in summer of 1988. Spring growth was 65% lower than the estimates from radiocarbon incorporation, supporting a 33% pigment loss during grazing. Macrozooplankton grazing and cell sinking were the main loss terms for phytoplankton during spring while microzooplankton grazing was dominant in summer. In contrast to tropical and temperate waters, Arctic waters are characterized by a high phaeopigment: chlorophyll a ratio in the seston. Photo oxidation rates of phaeopigments at in situ temperatures (0 ± 1°C) are lower than in temperate waters and vary by a factor of 2 for individual forms (0.009 to 0.018 m?2mol?1). The phaeopigment fraction in both the suspended and sedimenting material was composed of seven main compounds that were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography and characterised by spectral analysis. The most abundant phaeopigment in the sediment traps, a phaeo-phorbide-like molecule of intermediate polarity (phaeophorbide a3), peaked in abundance in the water column below the 1% isolume for PAR (60-80 m) and showed the highest rate of photo oxidation. This phaeopigment was least abundant in the seston when phytoplankton was dominated by prymnesiophytcs but increased its abundance in plankton dominated by diatoms. This distribution suggests that larger grazers feeding on diatoms are the main producers of this phaeopigment.
Endocrine and Metabolic Changes During Sepsis: An Update

The authors have reviewed the most recent and relevant literature from which reasonable conclusions may be drawn. This article highlights important endocrine and metabolic changes, and provides possible explanations for observed perturbations. Obviously infectious disease specialists are not charged with the primary responsibility of addressing these issues, which have largely remained the domain of endocrinologists and intensivists. However, infectious disease specialists use a variety of drugs that can contribute to these abnormalities. Therefore, a constant dialogue between specialists would enhance the quality of care and also contribute immensely to favorable outcomes.