cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disquotation and consistency: a reply to Frances

Two increasingly entrenched positions have evolved in the debate about the semantic role of proper names. The Millian holds that the sole semantic function of a proper name is to refer to its bearer. This view entails Substitutivity-that is, that truth-value is preserved if we intersubstitute coreferential proper names in otherwise identical sentences, even sentences that report beliefs and other propositional attitudes. Because of this the Millian is committed to the possibility that a perfectly rational subject in a traditional Frege-case might be saddled with beliefs that are, at least superficially, contradictory. Thus, Lois believes that Superman can fly and, since she believes that Clark Kent cannot fly, she thereby also believes that Superman cannot fly. Or so says the Millian. This violation of Consistency-the claim that we should attribute contradictory beliefs only to irrational agents-seems counter-intuitive at first. However, Millians have shown how this sting might be partially relieved through pragmatics: it would be misleading, although strictly speaking true, to say that Lois believes that Superman cannot fly. Alternatively (or in addition), the Millian might hold that the oddity we feel about the violation of Consistency may just be the surprise of philosophical enlightenment. It turns out that we attribute contradictory beliefs to a subject not only when she suffers some internal failure of rationality (faulty inference, insufficient attention, untidy cognitive house-keeping and so on), but also when external circumstances conspire in just the right wayas when, unbeknownst to the agent, distinct names (perhaps with distinct causal and associational histories) pick out the same individual. On this view, the attribution of contradictory beliefs is a sign that things are cognitively sub-optimal (and should be changed, other things being equal) for either internal or external reasons. It can, of course, be just as important to expose an external conspiracy (e.g., to discover that Superman is none other than Clark Kent) as it is to clear up some internal failure. The Millian's opponent holds that names play a richer semantic role, particularly in the attribution of beliefs and other propositional attitudes. In such attributions, names can be used to report on the different ways that a subject represents to herself some individual to which the names corefer. The anti-Millian is moved by a desire to honour more closely what she takes to be our actual belief-reporting practice (particularly our de
Decision combination in multiple classifier systems

A multiple classifier system is a powerful solution to difficult pattern recognition problems involving large class sets and noisy input because it allows simultaneous use of arbitrary feature descriptors and classification procedures. Decisions by the classifiers can be represented as rankings of classifiers and different instances of a problem. The rankings can be combined by methods that either reduce or rerank a given set of classes. An intersection method and union method are proposed for class set reduction. Three methods based on the highest rank, the Borda count, and logistic regression are proposed for class set reranking. These methods have been tested in applications of degraded machine-printed characters and works from large lexicons, resulting in substantial improvement in overall correctness. >
Diversity characterization of body-worn textile antenna system at 2.4 GHz

A body-worn textile antenna system which consists of four electrotextile patch antennas is demonstrated in this paper. A series of experiments to characterize the diversity performance of the antenna for indoor multipath environments have been conducted. From these experiments, we show that the proposed wearable antenna configuration delivers an 8-12 dB improvement in signal level in fading that occur 10% of the time, compared to a single antenna in the same environments.
The Wrong War: Grit, Strategy, and the Way out of Afghanistan

Bing (Francis J.) West, The Wrong War: Grit, Strategy, and the Way out of Afghanistan, New York: Random House, 2011, 336 pages, $28.00. ISBN 978-1400068739 Bing West's unequivocal, unconditional lo...
Differential effects of systemic ethanol administration on protein kinase cepsilon, gamma, and beta isoform expression, membrane translocation, and target phosphorylation: reversal by chronic ethanol exposure.

Systemic ethanol administration alters protein kinase C (PKC) activity in brain, but the effects of ethanol on the expression and translocation of specific isoforms are unknown. Rats were administered ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) or saline and PKC levels were measured in the cytosolic and membrane fractions by Western blot analysis. PKCϵ expression was increased in the cytosol and decreased in the membrane (P2) fraction of cerebral cortex at 10 min. At 60 min, expression of PKCϵ in the P2 fraction was increased by 42.2 ± 12%, but cytosolic levels were unchanged. In contrast, PKCγ in the P2 fraction was decreased 32.7 ± 7% at 60 min but not at 10 min post-ethanol administration. PKCγ levels in the cytosol were reduced at 10 min post-ethanol administration and unchanged at 60 min. PKCβ expression was increased 36 ± 10 and 144 ± 52% in the P2 fraction both at 10 and 60 min post-ethanol administration, whereas cytosolic levels were unchanged. Serine phosphorylation of GABA A receptor β-chain was reduced, and phosphorylation of N -methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit was increased 60 min following ethanol administration. There was no effect of acute ethanol administration on PKC isoform levels in the hippocampus. Ethanol challenge did not alter PKC isoform expression in the P2 fraction of cerebral cortex following chronic ethanol administration. These findings suggest that acute ethanol administration alters PKC synthesis and translocation in an isoform and brain region specific manner that leads to alterations in serine phosphorylation of receptors. Furthermore, chronic ethanol administration prevents ethanol-induced alterations in PKC expression in the P2 fraction, where PKC interacts with ethanol-responsive ion channels.
Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution

The study of culture and self casts psychology’s understanding of the self, identity, or agency as central to the analysis and interpretation of behavior and demonstrates that cultures and selves define and build upon each other in an ongoing cycle of mutual constitution. In a selective review of theoretical and empirical work, we define self and what the self does, define culture and how it constitutes the self (and vice versa), define independence and interdependence and determine how they shape psychological functioning, and examine the continuing challenges and controversies in the study of culture and self. We propose that a self is the ‘‘me’’ at the center of experience—a continually developing sense of awareness and agency that guides actions and takes shape as the individual, both brain and body, becomes attuned to various environments. Selves incorporate the patterning of their various environments and thus confer particular and culture-specific form and function to the psychological processes they organize (e.g., attention, perception, cognition, emotion, motivation, interpersonal relationship, group). In turn, as selves engage with their sociocultural contexts, they reinforce and sometimes change the ideas, practices, and institutions of these environments.
L'élision variable des /R/ et /l/ finals postconsonantiques en français méridional : L'interaction des facteurs lexicaux et diastratiques

L'objectif de la presente etude est d'identifier les variantes du phenomene de l'elision des /R/ et /l/ finals postconsonantiques dans un corpus du francais meridional et de determiner par le biais d'une analyse variationniste les facteurs phonologiques, lexicaux, et diastratiques qui influencent cette elision. Nous avons choisi de definir les deux variantes comme l'elision de /R/ ou /l/ accompagnee par l'elision du schwa suivant d'un cote et le maintien et de la consonne et du schwa de l'autre cote puisque nous avons trouve que la variante qui consiste d’une consonne realisee sans schwa suivant etait tres fortement influencee par la presence d'une voyelle suivante. L'analyse multivariable des groupes de facteurs a montre que le contexte phonologique n'avait aucun effet significatif sur les variantes ainsi definies. Parmi les facteurs lexicaux, a savoir la lexie individuelle contenant la consonne susceptible d'elision, la classe grammaticale de ce mot, et sa position dans la proposition, le facteur le plus important etait la lexie elle-meme. Tous les facteurs diastratiques consideres, l'âge et le sexe du locuteur, son groupe social, comme jeune femme ou homme âge, et son identite individuelle se sont averes significatifs sauf le sexe, mais le facteur le plus important etait l'identite individuelle du locuteur. L’importance des facteurs individuels donne l’impression qu’il n’y a pas de patrons qui expliquent cette variation et nous inspire a continuer a faire de la recherche sur ce phenomene pour determiner l’interrelation entre la realisation du schwa et le maintien de la consonne postconsonantique dans le francais meridional et aussi pour voir si la frequence des collocations avec certains mots, comme peut-etre que, joue un role dans l’elision des consonnes /R/ et /l/ postconsonantiques.
Microsatellite Markers for Genetic Mapping in the Chicken

Microsatellite markers have been found to be abundant, evenly distributed, and highly polymorphic in a number of eukaryotic genomes. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of (TG)n microsatellites in the chicken. A chicken library enriched for (TG)n repeats was generated and 42 unique clones containing (TG)n microsatellites were identified and sequenced. The number of uninterrupted TG repeats ranged from 4 to 14 with an average of 7.8, which was considerably less than the number of repeats found in mammalian species. When primers designed to amplify across the (TG)n microsatellites were used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) containing genomic chicken DNA, 19 of the 33 primer sets examined yielded polymorphisms in at least one of the three sets of chicken families: 15, 11, and 11 primer sets detected polymorphisms in the East Lansing (EL) reference population, the Compton (C) reference family, and between Line 63 and Line 72 chickens, respectively. The polymorphic microsatellite markers in the EL and C reference families were genetically mapped. Nine and seven mapped markers in the EL and C reference families, respectively, are polymorphic between Line 63 and Line 72, indicating that microsatellite markers will greatly enhance the ability to genotype specific loci of any chicken population.
Identity Status, Identity Processing Style, and the Transition to University:

The present study investigated the role that differences in identity orientations may play as students negotiate the transition to a university context. Measures of identity status, identity processing style, and student developmental tasks were administered to 363 entering university freshmen. Results indicated that differences in identity statuses accounted for significant variation in the students’ progress on measures of academic autonomy, educational involvement, and mature interpersonal relationships. Moreover, in most cases these associations were mediated by the students’identity processing style. In general, the findings suggest that students with an informational identity style are best prepared to effectively adapt within a university context, whereas those with a diffuse/avoidant style are most apt to encounter difficulties.
Interaction of lumican with aggrecan in the aging human sclera.

PURPOSE. Lumican is a keratan sulfate proteoglycan originally identified in cornea, but present in a variety of connective tissues where it presumably regulates collagen fibril formation and organization. The present study was designed to describe the chemical nature of lumican core protein in the aging human sclera. METHODS. Western blot analyses, immunohistochemistry, and immunoaffinity chromatography were used to detect and purify the lumican core protein from tissue extracts from human donors 6 to 89 years of age. Treatment of lumican with chondroitinase ABC, keratanase-I and -II, and/or endo--galactosidase was used to determine the degree of glycosylation of the lumican core protein. RESULTS. Lumican was present in the human sclera as a 70- to 80-kDa core protein with short unsulfated lactosaminoglycan side chains. In addition, on Western blots, a larger 200-kDa species was apparent that was immunologically related to lumican. This high-molecular-weight material increased in scleral extracts with increasing age. The complex was most abundant in unreduced samples, and approximately two thirds of the 70- to 80-kDa lumican core protein was released from the complex on reduction of the scleral extract. Further characterization of the 200-kDa lumican-immunopurified complex indicated that aggrecan (the cartilage proteoglycan) was covalently associated with lumican. CONCLUSIONS. Reducible and nonreducible lumican-aggrecan interactions occur in the scleral extracellular matrix and result in the formation of high-molecular-weight complexes that increase with age. These results represent the first report demonstrating lumican-aggrecan interactions and suggest they may play a role in age-related scleral extracellular matrix changes. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3849‐3856) DOI:
Fluorimetric characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a family of structurally related artificial nanomaterials with unusual properties and many potential applications. Most SWCNTs can emit spectrally narrow near-IR fluorescence at wavelengths that are characteristic of their precise diameter and chiral angle. Near-IR fluorimetry therefore offers a powerful approach for identifying the structural species present in SWCNT samples. Such characterization is increasingly important for nanotube production, study, separation, and applications. General-purpose and specialized instruments suitable for SWCNT fluorimetric analysis are described, and methods for interpreting fluorimetric data to deduce the presence and relative abundances of different SWCNT species are presented. Fluorescence methods are highly effective for detecting SWCNTs in challenging samples such as complex environmental or biological specimens because of the methods’ high sensitivity and selectivity and the near absence of interfering background emission at near-IR wavelengths. Current limitations and future prospects for fluorimetric characterization of SWCNTs are discussed.
Mechanisms of TGF-β Signaling from Cell Membrane to the Nucleus

TGF-β signaling controls a plethora of cellular responses and figures prominently in animal development. Recent cellular, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed significant insight into the mechanisms of the activation of TGF-β receptors through ligand binding, the activation of Smad proteins through phosphorylation, the transcriptional regulation of target gene expression, and the control of Smad protein activity and degradation. This article reviews these latest advances and presents our current understanding on the mechanisms of TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.
Mobilization of a Traditionally Petit Bourgeois Ethnic Group

Historically, petit bourgeois ethnic groups have been able to mobilize to support collective economic goals. This study examines whether they can still draw on ethnic community support when many members no longer have an economic stake in the issue. Survey data on Japanese American support for the Japanese American farmers' position on a farm labor referendum were collected. There was a high degree of support among the second generation regardless of geographic poximity to the issue but a substantial decrease among the third generation as a function of distance. The analysis suggests that across generations ethnicity rests on different factors: for the older generation it is based on mutual cooperation and material aid; for the younger generation it is primarily a psychological, dimension of selfidentification.
Stratigraphic Indices in the Balance: A Reply to Hitchin and Benton

Upon reading Huelsenbeck's (1994) paper describing the stratigraphic consistency index (SCI) and inspection of the SCI values he had obtained for 14 data sets (Huelsenbeck, 1994: table 1), I noted that there seemed to be a negative relationship between SCI and the number of taxa or number of nodes (n). Insofar as the global consistency index (Kluge and Farris, 1969) was already known to exhibit a size bias, I thought it reasonable to investigate this same possibility in relation to the SCI. In so doing, I reported (Siddall, 1996) that Huelsenbeck's 14 trees showed a strongly negative relationship between SCI and number of taxa, and I postulated that this relationship likely had something to do with expectations of imbalance for data sets of increasing numbers of taxa. This suggestion seemed to be reasonably well corroborated in that there was a stronger relationship between SCI and Heard's (1992) index of imbalance (Im) than there was between SCI and number of taxa (Siddall, 1996: fig. 5). In light of my having outlined the logic as to why there might be a balance bias for the SCI (Siddall, 1996: figs. 2-4), I suggested that its use as an alternative optimality criterion (Huelsenbeck, 1994) was specious. Benton and Hitchin (1996) revisited the issue of goodness of fit between the fossil record and cladograms with their relative completeness index (RCI). Moreover, they have examined the behavior of the RCI, the SCI, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (SRC) approach (Norell and Novacek, 1992) in relation to hundreds of data sets (Hitchin and Benton, 1997). These authors concluded that they "cannot confirm Siddall's finding of a strong correlation of SCI ... with either n or Im" and further argued that the "SCI seems the best available statistic for measuring the fit of observed stratigraphy and estimated phylogenies, and the use of SCI should be promoted" (Hitchin and Benton, 1997:567-568, emphasis added). It is difficult to anticipate how
MiST: A new approach to variant detection in deep sequencing datasets

MiST is a novel approach to variant calling from deep sequencing data, using the inverted mapping approach developed for Geoseq. Reads that can map to a targeted exonic region are identified using exact matches to tiles from the region. The reads are then aligned to the targets to discover variants. MiST carefully handles paralogous reads that map ambiguously to the genome and clonal reads arising from PCR bias, which are the two major sources of errors in variant calling. The reduced computational complexity of mapping selected reads to targeted regions of the genome improves speed, specificity and sensitivity of variant detection. Compared with variant calls from the GATK platform, MiST showed better concordance with SNPs from dbSNP and genotypes determined by an exonic-SNP array. Variant calls made only by MiST confirm at a high rate (>90%) by Sanger sequencing. Thus, MiST is a valuable alternative tool to analyse variants in deep sequencing data.
Measurement of the Kernels of a Non-linear System of Finite Order†

ABSTRACT A method of measuring the Volterra kernels of a finite-order non-linear system is presented. The kernels are obtained individually as a multi-dimensional impulse response. The multi-dimensional kernel transforms also can be obtained by the method described. As an extension, a technique of obtaining the Volterra kernels from a multi-dimensional step response is presented. This technique is useful for non-linear systems which can be considered to be of a given finite order for only a limited range of input amplitudes.
PS2-32: Disparities in Oral Capecitabine Use: A Chart Review of Older Patients Treated in the Community.

Background/Aims Convenient for its oral route of administration, capecitabine is increasingly used in the older population with colorectal and other solid tumors. Since renal impairment increases with age, we designed a pilot study to assess adherence to standard dose reductions for renal insufficiency and dosing recommendations for older patients. We sought to describe patterns of capecitabine use in older patients and factors that influence dosing; specifically age and renal insufficiency.
Plant Reliability in Monopolies and Duopolies: A Comparison of Market Outcomes with Socially Optimal Levels

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Modeling Framework Profit Maximizing Outcome of a Monopolistic Generator Nash Equilibrium in a Duopolistic Market Structure Social Optimum Comparison of Equilibria and Discussion Asymmetric Maintenance Policies Conclusion Acknowledgment Bibliography
The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America: Ethnicity and Ethnopopulism in Latin America

It is almost an axiom of politics that ethnicity shapes political participation. In most countries, individuals join political parties, evaluate policies, and vote based in part on their ethnic identification. Political parties, meanwhile, choose candidates, forge alliances, design platforms, and employ certain types of rhetoric and symbols in efforts to attract voters of particular ethnicities. Latin American countries were traditionally the exception to this rule. Not only were there no important ethnic parties in Latin America, but the dominant non-ethnic parties largely avoided ethnic themes in their campaigns and platforms. Latin American citizens, meanwhile, generally did not vote along ethnic lines. Indigenous people, for example, often split their votes among various parties or voted in ways that were indistinguishable from the rest of the population (Birnir and Van Cott 2007; Madrid 2005a, 2005c; Van Cott 2005).
Priority Monism Is Contingent

This paper raises a challenge to Jonathan Schaffer's priority monism. I contend that monism may be true at the actual world but fail to hold as a matter of metaphysical necessity, contrary to Schaffer's view that monism, if true, is necessarily true. My argument challenges Schaffer for his reliance on contingent physical truths in an argument for a metaphysically necessary conclusion. A counterexample in which the actual laws of physics hold but the physical history of the universe is different shows that priority monism is contingently true at best. I suggest some general lessons for discussion of metaphysical dependence.
Ion and Chain Mobility in a Tetrazole Proton-Conducting Polymer

The morphology, relaxation properties, and conductivity of the statistical copolymer polystyrenic (alkoxy 1H-tetrazole-co-alkoxy nitrile), an anhydrous proton conductor, were measured. The material...
Regional fat distribution in women and risk of cardiovascular disease

Improvements in technology have allowed more precise measurements of regional fat distribution and also present the opportunity to make a systematic evaluation of the various fat depots, including intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAF), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAF), trunk fat, arm fat, and leg fat. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the fat distribution variables (arm fat, leg fat, trunk fat, IAF, or SAF) may have independent relations with cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors [serum triacylglycerol, serum cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, VLDL3 cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure] in women after adjusting for age, menopause status, and other fat-distribution variables. Two hundred twenty-four (138 premenopausal and 86 postmenopausal) white females ranging in age from 17 to 77 y were sampled. Percentage body fat ranged from 8.8% to 48.1% and IAF cross sections ranged from 9.2 to 335 cm2. Simple zero-linear correlations and partial correlations were calculated. IAF and trunk fat were consistently positively related to CVD risk factors, whereas leg fat was consistently negatively related to CVD risk, indicating that IAF and trunk fat may put women at increased risk of developing CVD.
History and memory: Arguing for authenticity in the stories of Brunswick stew

ABSTRACTThis study looks at the rhetorical use of history and memory in narratives about food origins in contemporary Southern cookbooks. I argue that these narratives are employed as evidence of authenticity, proof that the recipe is appropriate for performing authentic Southern identity. Using narratives of the origins of Brunswick stew as a case study, I argue that the choice to narrate either history or memory is a rhetorical strategy, suggesting that arguments for authenticity based on memory may be more convincing to contemporary Southern audiences who wish to revise, resist, or erase the Southern past. The competing narratives of the history of Brunswick stew are repeated in contemporary food histories and cookbooks as evidence of the recipe's age and authenticity, and I argue that the particular variations in the narratives reveal much about each author's definition of authentic Southern food. However, some cookbook writers choose to use personal memory as evidence of authenticity, instead of the ...
Further characterization of estrogen receptors in the human oviduct.

Estrogen binding in human oviducts was studied in vitro by the dextran-coated charcoal assay and sucrose density ultracentrifugation. Estrogen binds with high affinity and limited capacity to cytosol of the human oviduct. The concentration of competitive inhibitors to produce 50% reduction in estrogen binding was 8×10 −8 M for the antiestrogen CI-628, 8×10 −7 M for the progestogen norethynodrel, and 3×10 −6 M for the testosterone derivative danazol at the ligand concentration of 1nM estradiol. Nuclear estrogen binding was not inhibited by a 100-fold excess of progesterone or by a 10-fold excess of norethynodrel. Estrogen-binding protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 4S was seen in oviductal cytosol of all three anatomic segments. The nuclear 4S peak of estrogen binding was demonstrated in the ampullary tubal segment.
Basicranial diastematomyelia: A case report

Diastematomyelia is a congenital dysraphism of the spinal cord in which the affected segment is longitudinally divided by a band of fibrous tissue, cartilage, or bone. Diastematomyelia has been well described in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord; this paper presents a case involving the basicranium. Based on the early embryologic development of the basicranium and brain, this case demonstrates that the same mechanisms proposed as the origin of spinal diastematomyelia may also operate at a more cephalad level.
Two-Photon Time Correlations in Diverging Spatially Coherent Light

We have measured the time correlation of pairs of photons from a neon discharge source limited by a 2 micrometer diameter aperture. [1] Light from this small source aperture is coherent over a wide range of angles so that the second order correlation function shows an excess counting rate (the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect) over a wide range of propagation directions. This geometry allows the measured two-photon counting rate to be compared with the predictions of a maximum entropy density matrix over a wider range of angles than was previously possible.
Non-specular reflection of walking droplets

Since their discovery by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort, droplets walking on a vibrating liquid bath have attracted considerable attention because they unexpectedly exhibit certain features reminiscent of quantum particles. While the behaviour of walking droplets in unbounded geometries has to a large extent been rationalized theoretically, no such rationale exists for their behaviour in the presence of boundaries, as arises in a number of key quantum analogue systems. We here present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the interaction of walking droplets with a submerged planar barrier. Droplets exhibit non-specular reflection, with a small range of reflection angles that is only weakly dependent on the system parameters, including the angle of incidence. The observed behaviour is captured by simulations based on a theoretical model that treats the boundaries as regions of reduced wave speed, and rationalized in terms of momentum considerations.
The relationship between parents’ social network diversity and pulmonary function among children with asthma

Regular contact with people from another racial or ethnic group can have physiological benefits. The present research explored whether these benefits extend to children who live in families with greater intergroup contact. Specifically, it investigated whether children with asthma had better pulmonary function if their parents reported having more people in their social network who were of a different race or ethnicity, and whether this relationship was moderated by the quality of the relationship between children and their parents. Consistent with hypotheses, results showed that the percentage of people in parents’ social networks who were of a different race or ethnicity predicted better pulmonary function among children who reported higher quality relationships with their parents, but not among children who reported lower quality relationships. Thus, the racial/ethnic diversity of parents’ social networks may play a role in protecting children’s health, particularly when children are close to their parents.
Factors Associated with Range of Motion Recovery Following Manipulation Under Anesthesia.

INTRODUCTION Stiffness and loss of motion following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a complex and multifactorial complication that may require manipulation under anesthesia (MUA). However, patient and surgical factors that potentially influence the development of knee stiffness following TKA are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify patient and surgical factors that may influence range of motion loss following TKA by assessing a cohort of patients that underwent MUA and comparing them to a matched cohort of patients without complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The joints registry was searched for patients who underwent MUA following primary TKA between 2004 and 2013. Demographic and surgical information was obtained from the electronic medical record including range of motion (ROM), comorbidities and timing of MUA. Patients who underwent MUA were then double-matched by baseline (prior to primary TKA) knee ROM to patients who underwent primary TKA with normal postoperative range of motion recovery during the same time period. RESULTS Fifty-two patients (fifty-six knees) (66% female, mean BMI 32.4 kg/m2) underwent MUA after TKA during the study period. MUA was performed a mean of 13.6 weeks after primary TKA. Study patients were double-matched by baseline flexion (mean 107o±2o) to 111 patients (112 knees) with a similar mean baseline flexion (104o±2o, p=0.138). Patients requiring MUA were younger (mean age 56 vs. 64 years, p 50 mL, and any complication during the hospital stay were not found to be associated with an increased risk of requiring MUA. CONCLUSION Younger patients with more comorbidities and a history of previous knee surgery were found to have significantly higher risk for developing stiffness and loss of motion requiring MUA after primary TKA in the current study. Patients with this risk profile need to be counseled regarding the risk for postoperative knee stiffness and range of motion loss possibly requiring MUA after primary TKA.
Hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in an inertial regime.

We numerically investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms at small to intermediate Reynolds number regimes, i.e., $\text{Re}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{O}(0.1--100)$, where inertial effects are important. The hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in this regime is significantly different from the Stokes regime for microorganisms, as well as the high Reynolds number flows for fish and birds, which involves strong flow separation and detached vortex structures. Using an archetypal swimmer model, called a ``squirmer,'' we find that the inertial effects change the contact time and dispersion dynamics of a pair of pusher swimmers, and trigger hydrodynamic attraction for two pullers. These results are potentially important in investigating predator-prey interactions, sexual reproduction, and the encounter rate of marine organisms such as copepods, ctenophora, and larvae.
Teaching Cognitive Psychology with De Anima

Students read a new section of De Anima which deals with what Aristotle calls the “intellective” faculty of the soul. The intellect draws distinctions and similarities, contemplates questions, and solves real world problems with thought. Aristotle believed that only human beings possess this faculty of the soul. Students also read the section of the introductory text that deals with what modern psychological research tells us about the process of thinking and intelligence. Classroom time is spent clarifying these topics and drawing students into imaginative discussions between a modern cognitive psychologist and Aristotle.
Full-shift and task-specific upper extremity muscle activity among US large-herd dairy parlour workers.

AbstractUS large-herd dairy parlour workers experience a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the upper extremity. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare full-shift and task-specific muscle activity of the upper extremity among parlour workers. Surface electromyography data were recorded continuously throughout a full work shift for each participant (n = 60). For a subset of participants (n = 33), muscular effort was estimated for milking task cycles. Lower muscle activity levels and higher per cent muscular rest was observed among rotary parlour participants as compared to herringbone and parallel parlour participants for anterior deltoid, forearm flexor and forearm extensor muscles. These findings suggest rotary parlours may offer workstation designs or work organisational dynamics which may be more beneficial to the health and performance of the worker, as compared to parallel or herringbone parlours.Practitioner Summary: Study findings suggest milking parlour configurations pr...
Triple-mode photovoltaic power management: Achieving high efficiency against harvesting and load variability

We present a triple-mode energy-harvesting power management unit (PMU) that interfaces a photovoltaic (PV) cell and delivers a regulated supply (VLoad) of 0.45V while storing remaining energy in a 3V rechargeable battery. The objective is to maximize the end-to-end conversion efficiency of the PMU against the variabilities of harvested energy and load power dissipation. Specifically, it uses an intermediate energy-storage capacitor to minimize the involvement (charging or discharging) of a battery in the conversion process over time. The experiments show that the proposed PMU can achieve 2.2× higher end-to-end conversion efficiency than the conventional dual-mode architectures when faced with typical variabilities in harvested energy and load power dissipation.
The Community Colleges

This chapter is a narrative account of four community colleges—three in the USA and one in Canada—to determine what organizational changes have transpired and the reasons for these changes over the period of 2000–2014. The narrative account details events in organizational history, as well as behaviors and actions of organizational participants and influencers.
The Practicalities of Running Randomized Evaluations: Partnerships, Measurement, Ethics, and Transparency

Abstract A number of critical innovations spurred the rapid expansion in the use of field experiments by academics. Some of these were econometric but many were intensely practical. Researchers learned how to work with a wide range of implementing organizations from small, local nongovernmental organizations to large government bureaucracies. They improved data collection techniques and switched to digital data collection. As researchers got more involved in the design and implementation of the interventions they tested, new ethical issues arose. Finally, the dramatic rise in the use of experiments increased the benefits associated with research transparency. This chapter records some of these practical innovations. It focuses on how to select and effectively work with the organization running an intervention which is being evaluated; ways to minimize attrition, monitor enumerators, and ensure data are collected consistently in treatment and comparison areas; practical ethical issues such as when to start the ethics approval process; and research transparency, including how to prevent publication bias and data mining and the role of experimental registries, preanalysis plans, data publication reanalysis, and replication efforts.
Introduction to Special Issue on Teachers' Perceptions: Issues Related to the Instruction of Students with Learning Disabilities:

The advent of the Regular Education Initiative (Will, 1986) and the resulting escalation of inclusion programs throughout the United States have led to increased numbers of students with learning disabilities (LD) in general education settings full-time. This trend has not gone without debate. Critics of a dual special education/general education system argue that traditional special education resource rooms and pull-out programs have failed to promote successful learning for students with special needs and have only served to alienate these students from interaction with their general education peers (Lipsky & Gartner, 1987; Reynolds, Wang, & Walberg, 1987; Stainback & Stainback, 1984). Advocates of a more cautious approach to inclusion submit that wholesale implementation of inclusion of students with disabilities in general education settings is premature without a substantive research base and adequate preparation of general education and special education teachers to assume new roles and responsibilities (Hallahan, Keller, McKinney, Lloyd, & Bryan, 1988; Keogh, 1988). In the midst of this controversy, we have been engaged in a series of investigations related to the instruction of students with LD in general education settings. Our research (over a nineyear period) has been conducted primarily in Dade County (Florida) Public Schools. Dade County is the fourth largest school district in the nation, with a large range of cultural and linguistic diversity represented in its student population. The classrooms we observe typically have more than 30 students, and include many students whose language in the home is different from that of school, students whose poverty influences their ability to learn, and who often have significant physical and cognitive problems that interfere with learning. Our descriptive research has sensitized us to the challenges of classroom teachers as they attempt to meet the needs of all students, including students with LD. Specifically, we have learned that:
Novel Electrophilic Scaffold for Imaging of Essential Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a mesh-like heteropolymer made up of glycan chains cross-linked by short peptides and is the major scaffold of eubacterial cell walls, determining cell shape, size, and chaining. This structure, which is required for growth and survival, is located outside of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells, making it highly accessible to antibiotics. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are essential for construction of PG and perform transglycosylase activities to generate the glycan strands and transpeptidation to cross-link the appended peptides. The β-lactam antibiotics, which are among the most clinically effective antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections, inhibit PBP transpeptidation, ultimately leading to cell lysis. Despite this importance, the discrete functions of individual PBP homologues have been difficult to determine. These major gaps in understanding of PBP activation and macromolecular interactions largely result from a lack of tools to assess the functional s...
Non-modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocations in the U.S. Military.

Introduction Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) dislocations, although uncommon, are observed in patients with ligamentous laxity as well as those who experience traumatic injuries. The incidence and epidemiology of this costly and debilitating injury to our relatively young and active military population have not previously been reported. The purpose of this study is to consider and quantify the non-modifiable risk factors associated with this injury. Methods Using Defense Medical Epidemiological Database, first-time occurrences, from 2006 to 2015 for the ICD-9-CM code 839.61 (closed dislocation of the SCJ), were obtained and further categorized by gender, race, age, rank, and branch of service. Race was classified based on self-reporting of patients into White, Black, or other categories. Age was divided into the categories of less than 20 yr, 20-24 yr, 25-29 yr, 30-34 yr, 35-39 yr, and greater than 40 yr. Rank was categorized as junior enlisted (E-1 to E-4), senior enlisted (E-5 to E-9), junior officer (O-1 to O-3), and senior officer (O-4 to O-10). Branch of service includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. Multivariate data analysis was performed to obtain rate per 1,000 person-years as well as adjusted rate (adjusted for age group, gender, race, rank, and service) to isolate risk factors. Results Between 2006 and 2015, 427 cases of closed SCJ dislocations occurred among an at-risk population of 13,772,342 person-years for an unadjusted incidence rate (IR) of 0.031 per 1,000 person-years. The annual unadjusted IR ranged from 0.017 in 2006 to 0.059 in 2014 with the greatest increase occurring between 2006 and 2007 representing 61% increase in the rate of injuries. Males were almost twice as likely to sustain these injuries compared with females (adjusted rate ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 2.43). Age was not found to be a risk factor for the development of these injuries with IRs for each age group overlapping with 95% CI for all other age groups. Similarly, the other category for race was also not found to be a statistically significant risk factor. Junior Officers (adjusted rate 0.017; 95% CI 0.011, 0.025) were found least likely to suffer from these injuries with Junior Enlisted (0.034; 95% CI 0.030, 0.040) and Senior Enlisted (0.032; 95% CI 0.028, 0.037) most at risk. Being in the Navy (0.019; 95% CI 0.015, 0.025) was found to be most protective compared with Air Force (0.032; 95% CI 0.026, 0.039), Army (0.036; 95% CI 0.031, 0.041), and Marines (0.036; 95% CI 0.028, 0.045). Discussion and conclusion Annual unadjusted IR of SCJ dislocations readily increased from 2006 to 2014. Statistically significant risk factors, for suffering a closed SCJ dislocation, identified by our study, were male sex, enlisted rank, and branch of service other than Navy. Age and race were not found to have a statistically significant risk. These results can shed light on non-modifiable risk factors for dislocations of the SCJ and can be used in other studies to aid in reducing injury burden on the U.S. Military.
Social Determinants of Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender.

Most of the existing sociological and epidemiological literature has focused on the protective effects of high socioeconomic status (SES) on population health through reducing exposure to risk factors and increasing human and material resources that can mitigate adversities. Recent studies, however, have documented poor mental health of high SES Blacks, particularly African American males and Caribbean Black females. The literature also shows a link between perceived discrimination and poor mental health. To better understand the extra costs of upward social mobility for minority populations, this study explored ethnic by gender variations in the associations between SES indicators and perceived discrimination in an ethnically diverse national sample of Black youth. This study included 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth who were sampled in the National Survey of American Life—Adolescent supplement (NSAL-A). Three SES indicators (financial hardship, family income, and income to needs ratio) were the independent variables. The dependent variable was perceived (daily) discrimination. Age was the covariate. Ethnicity and gender were the focal moderators. Linear regressions were used for data analysis in the pooled sample and also based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Considerable gender by ethnicity variations were found in the patterns of the associations between SES indicators and perceived discrimination. Financial hardship was a risk factor for perceived discrimination in African American males only. High family income and income to needs ratio were associated with high (but not low) perceived discrimination in African American males and Caribbean Black females. SES indicators were not associated with perceived discrimination for African American females or Caribbean Black males. When it comes to Black youth, high SES is not always protective. Whether SES reduces or increases perceived discrimination among Black youth depends on the intersection of ethnicity by gender. Additional research is needed to understand why and how high SES increases exposure and vulnerability to discrimination for some groups of Black youth.
Clinical Outcomes of Weight-Based Norepinephrine Dosing in Underweight and Morbidly Obese Patients: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

Background:Weight-based dosing strategy for norepinephrine in septic shock patients with extremes of body mass index has been lesser studied.Methods:This historical study of adult septic shock pati...
Halogen bonding and triiodide asymmetry in cocrystals of triphenylmethylphosphonium triiodide with organoiodines

A family of cocrystals based on triphenylmethylphosphonium cations (PPh3Me+), triiodide anions (I3−), and organoiodine molecules tetraiodoethylene (TIE), 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (p-F4DIB), and 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (o-F4DIB) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The triiodide anion has not been extensively studied previously for its halogen bonding tendencies, but it is intriguing for applications involving crystal engineering and structural design because of its inherent directionality. The present work begins to form a basis set of compounds to understand the role of halogen bonding with other intermolecular interactions, such as phenyl embraces, as complementary long-range interactions. In particular, these cocrystals feature type II I⋯I halogen bonding between the triiodide and organoiodine molecules, resulting in a variety of long range structural features including isolated halogen-bonded units, infinite chains, and three-dimensional frameworks. These networks are reinforced through edge → face and face⋯face phenyl embraces based on the packing of the cations. Asymmetry of the triiodide anions is observed, and is associated with the halogen bonding interactions that occur in the structures.
Mechanisms of eukaryotic transcription: Surfaces, complexes, and contexts: (Cold Spring Harbor Cancer Cells Meeting, August 30–September 3, 1995)

As with other biological processes, evolution has resulted in numerous, alternative pathways to achieve regulation of gene expression. In the elaborate series of steps required to transcribe a gene, necessitating assembly and subsequent disassembly of multiple complexes, subtle alterations in specific protein-protein interactions can lead to dramatically different transcriptional consequences.