cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy study of interfacial structure and reaction of Yba2Cu3O7/Y-ZrO2 films on LaAlO3 substrates

The detailed structure and interfacial reaction of epitaxial Yba2Cu3O7/Y-ZrO2 (YBCO/YSZ) films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates are investigated by means of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), analytical transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The epitaxial relations of YBCO/YSZ/LAO are [100]YBCO // [110]YSZ // [100]LAO and (001)YBCO // (001)YSZ // (001)LAO. The optimum atomic configuration at the YSZ/LAO interface, in which oxygen is the first atomic layer on LAO, is proposed by using HREM combined with image simulation based on the atomic structure models of the interface. Near the YBCO/YSZ interface, two localized interfacial reaction products are formed: (i) a Y-rich modulated ZrO2 structure at the surface of the YSZ film, which may be caused by the diffusion of Y into the YSZ grains; (ii) an intergranular BaZrO3 phase formed by the diffusion of Ba along the columnar grain boundaries of the YSZ film during YBCO growth.
Synthesis, characterization, and fiber-optic infrared reflectance spectroelectrochemical studies of some dinitrosyl iron diphosphine complexes Fe(NO)2L2 (L = P(C6H4X)3)

Abstract A series of iron dinitrosyl complexes of the form Fe(NO)2(P(C6H4X)3)2 (X = p-OMe (1), p-Me (2), m-Me (3), p-H (4), p-F (5), p-Cl (6), p-CF3 (7)) has been prepared from the reactions of Fe(NO)2(CO)2 and the respective triarylphosphines. Complexes 1–7 have been characterized by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and by X-ray crystallography for 1 and 7. In general, the compounds with the more basic phosphines display lower υNO stretches in the IR spectra than those with the less basic phosphines, and the trends in υNO as a function of Hammett parameter and solvent donor/acceptor number were analyzed. The redox behavior of compounds 1–7 in CH2Cl2 were studied by cyclic voltammetry at a Pt electrode. In general, the compounds undergo one-electron oxidations. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the oxidations generate the derivatives with υNOs that are ∼100 cm−1 higher in energy indicative of Fe(NO)2-centered oxidations.
Methoxyflurane-induced nephrotoxicity: Influence of food intake on some biochemical indicators of renal function in Fischer 344 rats☆

Abstract The effect of methoxyflurane (MOF) anesthesia on food and water intake was measured in Fischer 344 rats which had been placed in an inhlation chamber containing 0.5% MOF for exposure times up to 6 hr. Pair-fed control rats were used to determine the role food intake plays in the renal toxicity observed after MOF administration. MOF anesthesia caused a dose-related decrease in the daily food consumption, body weight, and urinary osmolality, and an increase in the daily water intake and 24-hr urine volume. Administration of 0.5% MOF caused the daily food consumption to drop from 16.1 to 0.5 g/day/rat. Restricting the amount of food consumed per day by sham-treated Fischer 344 rats caused a decrease in body weight, daily water intake, and urine osmolality without changing the 24-hr urine volume (food deprivation for periods greater than 2 days resulted in a significant reduction in the 24-hr urine output). In MOF-treated rats, the increase in urine volume occurred prior to the increase in water intake. The loss in body weight and the decrease in excretion of solutes in the urine was the same for MOF-treated and pair-fed rats. The polyuria and polydipsia in MOF-treated rats was a result of the treatment unrelated to changes in daily food consumption.
Institutional brand personality and advertisements during televised games

Brands underscore what is distinctive and notable about institutions, important in the minds of consumers interested in purchasing something more than just a generic product.
Chisholm on indirect attribution

In The First Person Chisholm takes the primary form of belief to be belief about oneself. He argues that his account of indirect attribution makes it possible to explain belief about objects other than oneself. In this paper I have argued that this account either fails to explain plausible cases of belief about a particular object or it is circular. Chisholm has not shown, therefore, that we can attribute properties to others only indirectly by directly attributing properties to ourselves.
Building the tower of Babble.

In remembering, without nostalgia, the dawn of molecular biology, Dr Chargaff deplores the loss of innocence that science has suffered in his lifetime.
Letters are visual stimuli: A comment on the use of confusion matrices

Letters, as a class of visual stimuli, have been used extensively in perception research. The question may focus specifically on how letters are recognized (e.g., Gibson, 1969; Townsend, 1971). Or the letters may be a vehicle for examining a higher process such as memory (~.g.: Sperling, 1960). In spite of their broad usag~, the~ stimuli remain as a source of uncontrolled vanance m most studies. The purpose of this note is to call attention to the value of different letter confusion matrices and to defend one against an unwarranted criticism. The suggestion by Gilmore, Hersh, Caramazza, and Griffin (1979) that greater specificity, and hence control, of letter stimuli was possible, virtually has gone unheeded. There are two consequences of this failure of control. The first is that the selection of letters for use as stimuli is arbitrary and hence is a ~tential sou~~e of error; le~er confusions may be greater m one condition and thus yield unreliable data. The second, and most important, consequence is that a potentially important source of information to guide experimental design and interpretati~n has been overlooked. Gilmore (1980), for example, did use a multidimensional letter similarity metric and was able to demonstrate a facilitation in letter identification specific to a critical feature dimension. Without the specificity of the metric, he would have reached a different conclusion. . The root of the problem lies with the implicit assumption by investigators that letters are neutral stimuli that may be treated equivalently. However, ~ac~ letter h~ a history and a physical structure that will influence ItS processing. The division of letters into vowel and consonant classes and the differences in frequency of occurrence in the language are but two factors that may influence response selection and, hence, accuracy m an identification task. Also, each letter is defined by a structure that varies in degree of uniqueness within a particular type font. Recent investigators have demonstrated that the psychological similarity among letters is highly related to the spatial frequency and phase content of the lette.rs (Gervais, Harvey, & Roberts, 1984; Royer, Gruhn, ?ilmore, & Thomas, 1985). This evidence is of great im-
The roles of carbon dioxide and abscisic acid in the production of ethylene

Since CO2 is liberated in the conversion of ACC to ethylene, the evidence that ethylene production by plant tissues is actually promoted by CO2 calls for an explanation. Accordingly, the formation of ethylene by oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) leaves and by apple (Golden Delicious) and pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Anjou) tissue in very low levels of CO2 has been studied. The gas chromatograph was modified to measure CO2 and ethylene at the same time, by reducing both to methane. (Response of the gas chromatograph to CO2 concentrations is linear.) The work establishes a clear difference between the endogenous production of ethylene and its production from applied ACC, a difference which holds about equally for leaves and for fruit tissue. The difference is in the CO2 requirement, namely, lowering the CO2 level by 99% or more decreases the production of ethylene from applied ACC by 50–60%, but it does not decrease, or even slightly increases, its production from endogenous precursors. Thus, while the need for CO2 has not been explained, it has at least been delimited. The responses to abscisic acid (ABA) also differ, but in the reverse direction, the endogenous production of ethylene being decreased up to 70% by ABA. while the liberation from ACC is promoted about 20%. ABA also promoted the respiratory CO2 production by 30% or, in presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), by over 50%. Inhibition of ethylene production by cobalt or EDTA shows no such differentiation, while inhibition by Na catechol-4,6-disulfonate (Tiron) shows a small difference. It is concluded either that endogenous ethylene is formed by an enzyme system different from that reacting with ACC, or (more likely) that when ethylene arises from endogenous precursors the reaction does not proceed by way of free ACC, but by some activated form of it.
Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae : Is There a Difference between HIV-Infected Patients and Non-HIV Well Children? A 3 Year Outpatient Experience

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae : Is There a Difference between HIV-Infected Patients and Non-HIV Well Children? A 3 Year Outpatient Experience
Seeing Stars: How the Mere Presence of Ratings Influences Willingness to Pay

This article investigates the effects of ordinal product ratings (i.e., product ratings such as stars, diamonds, etc.) when they are superfluous, meaning they are arbitrary and redundant. It finds that ratings do influence willingness to pay even when they are superfluous. When superfluous product ratings are included in a menu, they prompt individuals to categorize products by rating; this categorization exaggerates willingness to pay for products in the highest and lowest ratings tiers (i.e., at the extremes). In the study reported here, participants indicated their willingness to pay for multiple products in five product categories while the presence of superfluous ratings is manipulated. Results reveal an expansion effect ; that is, the mere presence of superfluous product ratings in a menu can expand the range of willingness to pay for the products in the menu without influencing perceived quality. Results further reveal the natural consequence of the expansion effect, the rating effect ; that is, changing a product’s superfluous rating can change willingness to pay for that product, even when its quality remains constant. These findings suggest that prior research overstates the information effects of product ratings and that firms may be able to act more strategically when deciding: 1) whether to include ratings in their menus; 2) what decision rule they use to assign ratings; and 3) how to craft their product menus to maximize profits.
Using lasers to understand and control the chemistry of semiconductor-related precursors

We present results on the laser-induced photochemistry, ablation, and deposition of a variety of precursor compounds used for III-V semiconductor growth. With compounds such as monoethylarsine, triethylarsenic, and triethylgallium, our efforts are focused on using lasers to generate and detect atomic hydrogen, a species that is known to be a good radical scavenger in certain III-V semiconductor growth environments. We also present results on the laser ablation of inorganic salts that may be useful as precursors for III-V thin-film growth. Here, K3Ga3As4 and K2Ga2Sb4 are irradiated with various excimer laser wavelengths, and we report on the ablation and deposition chemistry induced by such radiation. The prognosis for viable film growth using this approach is also discussed. Finally, recent efforts involving the photochemistry and subsequent deposition characteristics of a Pt- containing organometallic compound, C5H5Pt(CH3)3, are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative mapping of total choline in healthy human breast using proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI) at 3 Tesla

Purpose: To quantitatively measure tCho levels in healthy breasts using Proton-Echo-Planar-Spectroscopic-Imaging (PEPSI). Materials and Methods: The two-dimensional mapping of tCho at 3 Tesla across an entire breast slice using PEPSI and a hybrid spectral quantification method based on LCModel fitting and integration of tCho using the fitted spectrum were developed. This method was validated in 19 healthy females and compared with single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and with PRESS prelocalized conventional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) using identical voxel size (8 cc) and similar scan times (∼7 min). Results: A tCho peak with a signal to noise ratio larger than 2 was detected in 10 subjects using both PEPSI and SVS. The average tCho concentration in these subjects was 0.45 ± 0.2 mmol/kg using PEPSI and 0.48 ± 0.3 mmol/kg using SVS. Comparable results were obtained in two subjects using conventional MRSI. High lipid content in the spectra of nine tCho negative subjects was associated with spectral line broadening of more than 26 Hz, which made tCho detection impossible. Conventional MRSI with PRESS prelocalization in glandular tissue in two of these subjects yielded tCho concentrations comparable to PEPSI. Conclusion: The detection sensitivity of PEPSI is comparable to SVS and conventional PRESS-MRSI. PEPSI can be potentially used in the evaluation of tCho in breast cancer. A tCho threshold concentration value of ∼0.7 mmol/kg might be used to differentiate between cancerous and healthy (or benign) breast tissues based on this work and previous studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1113–1123. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of sustained‐action medication. Theoretical analysis of rate of release of solid drugs dispersed in solid matrices

Abstract Theoretically expected rates of release of solid drugs incorporated into solid matrices have been derived for several model systems. Mathematical relations have been obtained for cases (a) where the drug particles are dispersed in a homogeneous, uniform matrix which acts as the diffusional medium and (b) where the drug particles are incorporated in an essentially granular matrix and released by the leaching action of the penetrating solvent. Release from both planar surface and a sphere is considered. The unidimensional release rates are shown to follow our earlier equation derived for release from ointment bases. Release rates from spherical pellets by both model mechanisms are shown not to follow first‐order relationships. The analyses suggest that for the latter system the time required to release 50 per cent of the drug would normally be expected to be approximately 10 per cent of that required to dissolve the last trace of the solid drug phase in the center of the pellet.
Magnetoencephalographically directed review of high-spatial-resolution surface-coil MR images improves lesion detection in patients with extratemporal epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether (a) interictal magnetoencephalographic (MEG) epileptiform activity corresponds to anatomic abnormalities at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, (b) high-spatial-resolution MR imaging depicts lesions in regions without MEG spike activity, (c) MEG-directed review of high-spatial-resolution MR images enables detection of abnormalities not apparent on conventional MR images, and (d) MEG information results in a greater number of diagnosed lesions at re-review of conventional MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with neocortical epilepsy were evaluated with MEG, conventional brain MR imaging with a head coil, and high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with either a surface coil (n = 17) or a high-spatial-resolution birdcage coil (n = 3). Abnormal MEG foci were compared with corresponding anatomic areas on conventional and high-spatial-resolution MR images to determine the presence (concordance) or absence (discordance) of anatomic lesions corresponding to foci of abnormal ME...
An FPGA memcached appliance

Providing low-latency access to large amounts of data is one of the foremost requirements for many web services. To address these needs, systems such as Memcached have been created which provide a distributed, all in-memory key-value store. These systems are critical and often deployed across hundreds or thousands of servers. However, these systems are not well matched for commodity servers, as they require significant CPU resources to achieve reasonable network bandwidth, yet the core Memcached functions do not benefit from the high performance of standard server CPUs. In this paper, we demonstrate the design of an FPGA-based Memcached appliance. We take Memcached, a complex software system, and implement its core functionality on an FPGA. By leveraging the FPGA's design and utilizing its customizable logic to create a specialized appliance we are able to tightly integrate networking, compute, and memory. This integration allows us to overcome many of the bottlenecks found in standard servers. Our design provides performance on-par with baseline servers, but consumes only 9% of the power of the baseline. Scaled out, we see benefits at the data center level, substantially improving the performance-per-dollar while improving energy efficiency by 3.2X to 10.9X.
Computer-aided robustness analysis for characteristic polynomials with polynomial parameter dependence

A computer program for robustness analysis by the parameter space method was developed. The use specifies the coefficient functions of the characteristic polynomial (up to polynomial functions), aided by the computer in interactive specification of a region Gamma in the eigenvalue plane where all poles must be located. This region may be composed as the intersection or union of basic elements stored in the computer. The user specifies the intervals of uncertainty for the parameters, where two may be left open for maximization. The program automatically generates the mapping equations and displays projections of stability boundaries into a plane of two parameters. The projected uncertainty box is a rectangle in this plane that must be avoided by all projected stability boundaries. >
Developing an aesthetic: character-based interactive installations

In the Synthetic Characters Group at the MIT Media Lab, we make virtual characters and build in teract ive instal lat ions to showcase them.The research agenda of our group is to design ways of making computational characters by examining natural systems. All of our interactive installations, whether or not they feature ent i t ies w h o look like real animals, conta in characters tha t are in some way der ived f rom the behavior of real animals. Our installations provide a chance for people to meet our characters and to find out how they work. Over the last several years, we've made an assortment of installations about a range of topics from terr iers to cartoon chickens to romantic poems. The process of making these installations has helped advance our research goals and has helped develop an equally important set of aesthetic principles for our diverse work. This ar t i c le descr ibes how we cons t ruc t the aesthetics of our installations. We first explain the essential structure of our installat ion-bui ld ing too lk i t , dividing it loosely into intraand extra-character components. Then we prov ide descr ipt ions and images f rom each of the major installations we've created since o u r g roup came t o g e t h e r in 1997. Finally, we discuss what we aim for as artists when we create a new installation.
A Gulag in the Erzgebirge? Forced Labor, Political Legitimacy, and Eastern German Uranium Mining in the Early Cold War, 1946–1949

“Dear Papa! I have been conscripted into a living grave. . . .” So began a letter in the West Berlin newspaper Der Sozialdemokrat in March 1948. The young man had been sent to work in the Soviet occupation zone's uranium mines, near Aue in the Saxon Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), and had written to his parents in despair. The news article that accompanied the letter explained, “The uranium mines… are not in the Urals, but in the Erzgebirge. But reports from [the Erzgebirge] are as hard to come by as [ones] from the Urals.” Other newspapers in Germany's Western zones of occupation also published reports of “slave conditions,” and “forced labor” in the mines.
The role of morphology in the relaxation of strain in InGaAs/GaAs

Abstract The mechanisms for stress relaxation have been investigated during growth of InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures in a regime where misfit dislocations and surface morphology strongly interact. Real time stress evolution was obtained using an in situ multi-beam optical stress sensor measurement during molecular beam epitaxy of In 0.2 Ga 0.8 As on a semi-insulating GaAs(0 0 1) substrate misoriented 2° toward the [1 1 0] direction. This real time data was compared to analysis of data obtained from X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Several distinct stages of the stress evolution were observed during growth that are correlated to the development of morphology and strain relaxation in these films. The stress evolution is divided in four regimes: pseudomorphic growth, slow strain relaxation, fast strain relaxation and saturation. The stress is initially relieved partially by widely spaced 3D features that develop on the surface. As the growth thickness continues beyond 900 A and the critical thickness for misfit dislocation formation is exceeded, a cross-hatch morphology overtakes the 3D morphology coincident with the rapid relaxation regime and dislocation formation. An instantaneous tensile stress appears during this stage of growth that is associated with the coalescence of the surface undulations created by the cross-hatch.
Safety of Over-the-Counter Inhalers for Asthma: Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs

The occasional use of over-the-counter (OTC) epinephrine inhalers appears to be safe and effective when used according to labeled instruction by individuals with mild, intermittent asthma. However, gross misuse of these products can cause severe adverse reactions, including death. Limited survey data suggest that approximately 20% of individuals using OTC epinephrine inhalers have mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. According to recent consensus guidelines, these individuals should be under a physician's care and receiving corticosteroid therapy. If these products continue to be marketed, labeling should be strengthened to better educate users about appropriate and inappropriate use of OTC epinephrine inhalers intended for patients with mild, intermittent asthma.
Varieties of Social Cognition

Recent work within psychology demonstrates that unconscious cognition plays a central role in the judgments and actions of individuals. We distinguish between two basic types unconscious social cognition: unconsciousness of the influences on judgments and actions, and unconscious of the mental states (i.e., attitudes and feelings) that give rise to judgments and actions. Influence unconsciousness is corroborated by strong empirical evidence, but unconscious states are difficult to verify. We discuss procedures aimed at providing conclusive evidence of state unconsciousness, and apply them to recent empirical findings.
Laparoscopy Improves Short-term Outcomes After Surgery for Diverticular Disease

Background & Aims Observational studies and small randomized controlled trials have shown that the use of laparoscopy in colon resection for diverticular disease is feasible and results in fewer complications. We analyzed data from a large, prospectively maintained, multicenter database (National Surgical Quality Initiative Program) to determine whether the use of laparoscopy in the elective treatment of diverticular disease decreases rates of complications compared with open surgery, independent of preoperative comorbid factors. Methods The analysis included data from 6970 patients who underwent elective surgeries for diverticular disease from 2005 to 2008. Patients with diverticular disease were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision codes and then categorized into open or laparoscopic groups based on Current Procedural Terminology codes. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were analyzed to determine factors associated with increased risk for postoperative complications. Results Data were analyzed from 3468 patients who underwent open surgery and 3502 patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures. After correcting for probability of morbidity, American Society of Anesthesiology class, and ostomy creation, overall complications (including superficial surgical site infections, deep incisional surgical site infections, sepsis, and septic shock) occurred with significantly lower incidence among patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures compared with those who received open operations. Conclusions The use of laparoscopy for treating diverticular disease, in the absence of absolute contraindications, results in fewer postoperative complications compared with open surgery.
The Impact of Novel Immunosuppressive Agents on Infections in Organ Transplant Recipients and the Interactions of These Agents with Antimicrobials

Several of the new immunosuppressive agents that are used to treat transplant recipients possess in vitro activity against specific pathogens, enhance the activity of antimicrobial agents, or have unique drug interactions with antimicrobial agents. Mycophenolate mofetil may have a protective effect against Pneumocystis carinii; it also enhances the activity of ganciclovir and has strong antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. High doses of mycophenolate mofetil have been associated with a higher frequency of tissue-invasive cytomegalovirus disease but not with asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection. Rapamycin exhibits potent in vitro fungicidal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and several pathogenic fungi in transplant recipients; however, it is not known whether its immunosuppressive effect in organ transplant recipients outweighs its antifungal activity. Recognition of the unique characteristics of these agents and the evolving spectrum of opportunistic infections has implications for the differential diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis of infections in organ transplant recipients in the modern immunosuppressive era.
Early feeding of premature infants questioned.

To the Editor .— With respect to their recent observation that advancement of feeds during the first 10 feeding days is associated with an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), Berseth et al1 state that their data require confirmation, because they are limited to a single neonatal intensive care unit. Nevertheless, they suggest that their primary conclusion (feeding volumes should be limited during the first 10 feeding days in preterm neonates) should be adopted pending results of a larger multicenter trial. We submit that considerable caution in interpreting the findings of Berseth et al1 is warranted, based on the following concerns: …
Dietary Fiber Future Directions: Integrating New Definitions and Findings to Inform Nutrition Research and Communication

The CODEX Alimentarius definition of dietary fiber includes all nondigestible carbohydrate polymers with a degree of polymerization of 3 or more as dietary fiber with the proviso that they show health benefits. The global definition, if accepted by all authoritative bodies, offers a chance for international harmonization in research, food composition tables, and food labeling. Its nonacceptance highlights problems that may develop when definitions vary by region. The definition requires that the research community agrees upon physiological effects for which there is substantial scientific agreement, e.g., fibers' effects on laxation and gut health, on attenuating blood lipids and blood glucose and insulin, and in promoting fermentation in the large bowel. The definition also necessitates the delineation of research protocols to prove the benefits of various isolated and synthesized fibers. These should emanate from evidence-based reviews that fairly weigh epidemiological data while considering that added fibers are not reflected in many food composition databases. They then should include well-controlled, randomized, control trials and utilize animal studies to determine mechanisms. Agreement on many study variables such as the type of subject and the type of baseline diet that best fits the question under investigation will also be needed. Finally, the definition establishes that all types of fiber can address the severe fiber consumption gap that exists throughout the world by recognizing that the combination of fiber-rich and -fortified foods increases fiber intake while allowing consumers to stay within allowed energy levels.
CPW-fed active slot antennas

We have combined microwave oscillator design with theoretical characterization of planar antennas to build active slot-oscillators. The design is uniplanar, does not require via holes and is compatible with monolithic transistor technology. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna impedance is calculated using the space domain integral equation technique (SDIE), a full wave method of moments approach. Slot-oscillators were built at 7 GHz and 20 GHz and the predicted oscillation frequencies agree well with experiments. The 20 GHz medium power oscillator has an output power of 17 mW and a DC to RF efficiency of 14%. The design is easily scaled to millimeter-wave frequencies and can be extended to power combining arrays. >
Defining survivorship after high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Background Outcome after high-grade aneurysmal SAH is poor. Various treatment paradigms have been advanced to improve treatment outcome and preserve resources, but none have addressed the potential salvageable life lost. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients with high-grade (HH 41 survived to receive definitive therapy. Twenty-one patients (42%) overall achieved a favorable outcome (GOS, 4-5). In the multivariate analysis (stepwise logistic regression), the postresuscitation GCSm alone predicted outcome ( P = .004) with 70% cases correctly identified, whereas age, location of aneurysm (anterior circulation or not), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, time to definitive intervention, clot on computerized tomography, type of therapy used (coil vs clip), pupillary abnormalities, and preresuscitation GCSm did not. Because the sole predictive parameter is obtained postresuscitation, no clinical or radiographic factor on presentation appears valid to determine eligibility for definitive care. Conclusion Overall treatment outcome of our series is comparable with those of other articles. Our experience, as well as review of literature, does not support the existence of a validated "triage" schema to selectively treat patients with high-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage, implying that all such patients should be managed aggressively.
Optical interconnect operation with high noise immunity

Summary from only given. We demonstrate the operation of a link with high immunity to supply and substrate noise. A total link power penalty of only 0.12 dB/ 100 mV of receiver supply noise was observed. Link performance was unaffected by substrate noise injection from a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). This high immunity can be attributed to the differential nature of the receiver. The effect of supply noise and crosstalk on electrically single-ended receivers has been studied. To the best of our knowledge, however, this is the first demonstration of the operation of an entire chip-to-chip optical link with modulators and electrically differential receivers quantifying the effect of supply and substrate noise.
Structure and magnetic properties of directionally solidified Bi-MnBi eutectic alloys

An alloy containing about 2 at% Mn and 98 at% Bi should solidify at 230°C to give a eutectic consisting of about 3 vol % ferromagnetic MnBi in a matrix of diamagnetic Bi. Directional solidification of this alloy produces a structure of elongated parallel MnBi rods with diameters from 0.1 to 1.5 μm, decreasing with increasing growth rate. Samples solidified slowly (growth rate less than 5 cm/h) show magnetic properties at room temperature and down to 4.2 K that are consistent with the known magnetic properties of bulk equilibrium MnBi. Samples solidified more rapidly (20-80 cm/h) show considerably more complicated magnetic behavior. At room temperature they have less than half the moment expected for the equilibrium MnBi composition, and a second magnetic phase appears when the temperature is lowered below about 240 K. The coercive field of this phase rises rapidly with decreasing temperature, reaching the limit of our experimental apparatus (about 120 kOe) near 100 K. Magnetic measurements with the field applied perpendicular to the growth axis show the effects of anisotropy, due to particle alignment, although samples prepared at very rapid freezing rates (300 cm/h) appear to be poorly aligned. Samples prepared by arc melting on a water-cooled hearth are similar to high-growth-rate samples. Annealing at 200°C was necessary in order to obtain reproducible magnetic data. The results are generally consistent with the presence in the samples of a mixture of the normal equilibrium MnBi phase and a variant of the known high-temperature phase (HTP) with a substantially depressed Curie temperature. Structural studies using electron diffraction from thinned sections indicate the presence of both normal (LTP) and high-temperature (HTP) MnBi.
X‐RAY SIGNATURES: NEW TIME SCALES AND SPECTRAL FEATURES

The millisecond bursts from Cyg X-1 are investigated and the overall chaotic variability for the bulk of the Cyg X-1 emission is compared to that of Sco X-1, showing that the essential character is remarkably similar (i.e. shot noise) although the fundamental time scales involved differ widely, from a fraction of a second (for Cyg X-1) to a fraction of a day (for Sco X-1). Recent OSO-8 observations of spectra features attributable to iron are reviewed. In particular, line emission is discussed within the context of a model for thermal radiation by a hot evolved gas in systems as different as supernova remnants and clusters of galaxies. Newly observed spectral structure in the emission from the X-ray pulsar Her X-1 is reported.
The Sensitivity and Control of the Scallop Mantle Edge

1.Application of mechanical stimulation or crude starfish extracts to the mantle edge of Aequipecten irradians elicited afferent impulse activity in the radial pallial nerves and local movements of the stimulated mantle edge. The evoked afferent spike activity was not recorded from primary receptor cells. The local mantle edge movements were controlled by peripherally located neurones and resembled jet formation on the velum of intact scallops. 2.The central efferent neurones that supply the adductor muscle and much of the mantle edge are situated in the visceroparietal ganglion. Cobaltous chloride back-filling of the radial pallial nerves of the right side revealed the routes of the nerve fibres and the locations of the cell bodies in the visceroparietal ganglion. 3.One group of motor neurones has fibres that are spatio-topically arranged across the visceroparietal ganglion and play a role in jet formation on corresponding portions of the mantle edge on both valves. It is apparent that axons from this group of mantle edge efferents traverse the ganglion without chemical synaptic connection. 4.Two groups of mantle edge efferents that control concerted movements of the mantle edge on both shells appear to have cell bodies in the lateral margins of the dorso-central lobes. One group of motor neurones controls the raising of the velum curtain to an erect position around the shell margin. The output from the second group of efferents can be synchronized with the motor output to the adductor muscle to ensure that the velum folds into the mantle cavity, and thus is protected, as the shells are closed. 5.Fibres in the radial pallial nerves have conduction velocities of up to 2.35 m/s at a temperature of 25 °C.
IRRIGATION IN SOILLESS PRODUCTION

Irrigation is the process of delivering water to plants so as to meet their needs for several important resources. There are several approaches to making irrigation decisions in the nursery: look-and-feel, gravimetric, timer-based, sensor-based, and model-based methods. While providing water is certainly a major facet of irrigation, various other nutrients, as well as oxygen, that are dissolved in the water are also provided to the plant at the same time. In soilless plant production, soluble fertilizers are frequently dissolved in the irrigation water using injection equipment. When the irrigation scheme includes soluble fertilizers dissolved in the irrigation water at various concentrations, this is called “fertigation.” Irrigation delivery systems are always designed to optimize various specific characteristics. This includes system capacity as well as system uniformity. The degree to which these characteristics are optimized has a greater impact on how irrigation is controlled rather than on the water utilization of the crop. All irrigation systems consist of tubing or pipe to transport the irrigation solution from the source to the individual plants or to a group of plants. Mixing or blending tanks assure that the dissolved materials are distributed uniformly within the water, and filters remove any insoluble materials. Irrigation schemes are management strategies developed to attain specific crop production goals utilizing various delivery and monitoring methods and refer to the overall plan of managing the irrigation water for the duration of the crop.
The Molecular Signature of Spermatogonial Stem/Progenitor Cells in the 6-Day-Old Mouse Testis

To characterize the molecular phenotype of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), we examined genes that are differentially expressed in the stem/progenitor spermatogonia compared to nonstem spermatogonia. We isolated type A spermatogonia (stem and nonstem type A) from 6-day-old mice using sedimentation velocity at unit gravity and further selected the stem/progenitor cell subpopulation by magnetic activated cell sorting with an antibody to GDNF-receptor-alpha-1 (GFRA1). It has been previously shown that GFRA1 is expressed in SSCs and is required for their stemness. The purity of the isolated cells was approximately 95% to 99% as indicated by immunocytochemistry using anti-GFRA1. Comparison of GFRA1-positive and GFRA1-negative spermatogonia by microarray analysis revealed 99 known genes and 12 uncharacterized transcripts that are overexpressed in the former cell population with a ?>2-fold change. Interestingly, the highest level of overexpression was observed for Csf1r, encoding the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, official symbol CSF1), which has a well-established role in the regulation of myeloid progenitor cells. Analysis of our microarray data with a bioinformatics software program (Ingenuity Systems) revealed the potential role of various signaling pathways in stem/progenitor spermatogonia and suggested a common pathway for GFRA1 and CSF1R that may lead to their proliferation. Further investigation to test this hypothesis has shown that CSF1 promotes cell proliferation in primary cultures of the isolated type A spermatogonia and in the spermatogonial-derived stem cell line C18–4. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed the previously mentioned microarray data. Collectively, this study provides novel molecular signatures for stem/progenitor spermatogonia and demonstrates a role for CSF1/CSF1R signaling in regulating their proliferation.
For freedom alone: secession after the Scottish referendum

In September 2014, the people of Scotland voted on whether or not to become an independent state. The consequences of independence would have been complex – decisions about accession to the EU, currency union, defense. Seemingly less dramatic, yet no less important, are the consequences of Scotland not seceding – the effects in global law and politics of the very fact that the referendum happened, and that it failed. Many elements of the Scottish case find close parallels in claims for secession elsewhere in the world. Yet those claims more often meet less welcoming receptions. Indeed, it is not the attempt to secede, but the existing state's acquiescence that marks this case as different: The UK is the rare country that acknowledges the possibility of its own division. Great Britain's acquiescence both made Scottish secession possible and made it an outlier, whose precedential value must be closely interrogated. The key missing element is any evidence that the process was shaped by a sense of internation...
Unwarranted Presumptions: Common Law, Injury, and Presumed Damages for Constitutional Torts

This article explores the question of whether presumed damages are a good way to achieve the compensation function of constitutional torts. After the Supreme Court decided Memphis Community School District v. Stachura, circuit courts have split about whether presumed damages may be allowed, or are categorically barred.The circuit split, along with the academic ongoing discussion about whether constitutional tort plaintiffs are being adequately compensated, warrants a second look at presumed damages. This article first delineates the two conflicting interpretations of presumed damages — compensatory presumed damages, which approximate actual injury that has not been proven in court, and non-compensatory presumed damages, which approximate the value of the constitutional right that was violated. A way of harmonizing these concepts, and still compensating the plaintiff, is proposed: by formulating the constitutional violations themselves as injuries to the plaintiffs, as courts have done in historic right-to-vote cases.When a defamation principles are examined alongside constitutional tort principles, it becomes clear that the reasons that make presumed damages appropriate for defamation are absent from the constitutional tort cases. Presumed damages are appropriate in defamation cases because (1) inference of injury, and (2) difficulty of proof. But while defamation cases raise the empirical problem of the cost of surveying witnesses, constitutional tort cases raise the legal problem of what values the courts should protect. Furthermore, any conception of constitutional torts that formulates violations as injuries would not require presumed damages because injuries are proven when violations are proven (i.e. would fail the difficulty-of-proof test). Any conception of constitutional torts that does not formulate violations as injuries would not imply that the plaintiff has actually been injured, given a violation (i.e. would fail the inference-of-injury test). Presumed damages are, therefore, rendered incompatible with constitutional torts.
From Earth Analogues to Space: Learning How to Boldly Go

The need to find relevant terrestrial substitutes, that is, analogues, for teams operating in extraterrestrial and microgravity environments is driven by extraordinary demands for mission success. Unlike past frontiers where failure on the part of various groups to succeed represented far more limited implications for continued progress within these environments, accidents like Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003 underscored the magnified cost of failure for space missions. Where past human frontiers were characterized by centralized decisions to engage in exploration and development largely under the dictates of authoritarian governments or individual sponsors, the exploration of space has been significantly influenced by the general public’s perception of “acceptable risk” and fiscal worthiness. To date, space missions have failed due to technological deficiencies. However, history is replete with examples of exploration and colonization that failed due to human frailties, including those that reflect failures of the group. Both historical literature and research on teams operating within extreme environments, including space, have clearly indicated that psychological and sociocultural factors are components critical for individual and group success. Given the limited access to the space frontier and the investment in collective effort and resources, our ability to study individual and group functioning in the actual space environment has been, and will continue to be, severely limited. Thus, studying groups in terrestrial extreme environments as analogues has been sought to provide predictive insight into the many factors that impact group performance, health, and well-being in challenging environments.
In Vitro Chondrocyte Viability in Response to Exposure of Metallic Wear Debris Particulate

Introduction: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has been used in the past decades to treat progressive cartilage degeneration in a single compartment. Concern has been raised over the rate of revision procedures for polyethylene wear and osteoarthritic progression into the adjacent compartment. Few studies have examined the pathology of cartilage degeneration in the setting of UKA. This study aims to investigate the viability of knee chondrocytes introduced to high and low concentrations of orthopaedic wear debris particulate. Methods: Normal human articular chondrocytes (nHAC-Kn) were expanded in DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Pen/Strp), and 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid (Asc). 24 hours prior to the start of the experiment, cells were seeded on 96-well plates at a density of 3500 cells/cm 2 and exposed to DMEM/F12 containing 5% FBS, 1% Pen/Strp, and 50 μg/mL Asc. Particles (equivalent circle diameter range: 0.2–7 μm) at a low dose of 100: 1 (particles: cells) and high dose 1000: 1 (particles: cells) were introduced to treatment wells (n = 6). Control wells (n = 6) contained particles with no cells. Treatment groups included high and low doses of TiAl 6 V 4 alloy, 316L Stainless Steel, and Co-Cr-Mo alloy. At days 1, 3, 5, and 7, cells were assayed with a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dyphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for determination of cell viability. Light microscopy was performed at each timepoint to assess change in cell morphology. Results: All groups displayed a minor decrease in cell viability after 24 hours of exposure to particles. Similarly, a second distinct decrease in viability occurred at the day 3 timepoint. Days 5 and 7 yielded little change in cell viability. Results are displayed in Figure 1. Observations of light microscopy revealed cells may actively engulf particles over time. Images show particle concentrations at the same locations as chondrocytes with few particles present between cells. Conclusions: Wear debris has been implicated as a contributing source to osteolysis and component loosening. A potential effect on the cellular level can ultimate lead to effects on the entire tissue and complications on the clinical level. A decrease in chondrocyte viability has been shown in response to the presence of particulate wear debris. Our results showed decreases in cell viability were most noticeable between 24 and 72 hours after introduction to particles. Chondrocyte death may contribute to progression of cartilage degeneration into healthy compartments of the knee. Continued experiments are underway further characterizing chondrocyte response to wear debris particulate with respect to protein and gene expression in an extended 7 day in vitro culture.