cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of intrusive and calc-silicate compositional data to distinguish contrasting skarn types in the Darwin polymetallic skarn district, California, USA

The polymetallic Pb-Zn-Ag-W-Cu-Au skarn and vein ores of the Darwin area, California, represent a metal association not common in skarn deposits. Detailed and regional geologic mapping combined with modal and chemical analyses of igneous rocks and electron microprobe and assay studies of calc-silicate rocks shows that there are three separate mineralizing systems which have been superimposed by structural and intrusive events. Scheelite-bearing skarns are associated with the alkaline Darwin stock; small Cu±Au skarns are adjacent to sheared (thrust-emplaced) granite-granodiorite masses; and Pb-Zn-Ag vein skarns are zoned around small granite porphyry dikes and plugs. Calc-silicate mineral compositions are also indicative of three different mineralization systems: W-skarns have high Fe pyroxenes and moderate Fe garnets; Cu-skarns have low Fe-pyroxenes and high Fe-garnets; and Pb-Zn skarns have high-Mn pyroxenes and garnets (patterns seen in other skarn deposits). Vein ores contain metals compatible with the subjacent skarns and apparently represent lower-temperature remobilization of skarn ores.
The Cervical Approach to Esophageal Leiomyomas

Intramural leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor. The treatment of choice is enucleation without mucosal encroachment. Esophageal resection with reconstruction is rarely necessary, obviating the need for wide exposure. This report demonstrates the technical simplicity of the cervical approach to leiomyomata of the proximal thoracic esophagus. The operative technique avoids the morbidity of the commonly employed thoracotomy incision and deserves consideration in the treatment of accessible lesions.
Correlates of HIV infection among incarcerated women: Implications for improving detection of HIV infection

The prevalence of HIV infection in correctional settings is several-fold higher than found in community settings. New approaches to identifying HIV infection among prisoners are urgently needed. In order to determine the HIV seroprevalence and to identify the correlates of HIV infection among female prisoners, an anonymous, but linked HIV serosurvey was conducted at Connecticut’s sole correctional facility for women (census=1,100). After removing all individual identifiers for inmates’ standardized clinical and risk behavior information, data are linked by a third source to blinded HIV-testing information by a third party. This three-step sequential process allows for anonymous HIV testing that can still be linked with deidentified clinical and behavioral data. Of the 3,315 subjects with complete information, 250 (7,5%) were HIV+. Of these, 157 (63%) selfreported being HIV+. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, having sex with a known HIV+ person [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=9.1] and injection drug use (AOR=6.1) were the most highly correlated risk factors for HIV, whereas leukopenia (AOR=9.4) and hypoalbuminemia (AOR=7.2) were the most significant laboratory markers. Other independent correlates of HIV included self-report of syphilis (AOR=1.9) or genital herpes infection (AOR=2.7) and being Black (AOR=2.1) or Hispanic (AOR=2.2). The prevalence of HIV and HIV-risk behaviors is high among incarcerated women. Existing voluntary HIV counseling and testing programs do not completely target high-risk groups who remain part of the evolving epidemic. Defined demographic, behavioral, and clinical assessments may provide useful information for encouraging targeted counseling and testing. Newer targeted approaches merit further study to determine the effectiveness of this approach. Alternative methods of facilitating more widespread HIV testing, such as saliva tests, rapid serologic tests, and more routine testing in high HIV-prevalence areas should be considered both for clinical and for public health benefits.
Increased Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Contractile State Associated with Increased Heart Rate in Dogs

The effects of increasing the frequency of contraction on myocardial oxygen consumption per minute (MV·o2) were examined in eight dogs using an isovolumic left ventricular preparation. MV·o2 was determined at two to four levels of heart rate in each animal. Peak wall stress was maintained constant in each animal so that changes in it would not influence the effects of heart rate on oxygen consumption per beat. As heart rate was increased, there was a highly significant linear increase in MV·o2. Oxygen consumption per beat was shown to be a negative linear function of the reciprocal of heart rate. Thus, as heart rate increased there was a significant increase in oxygen consumption per beat; when basal oxygen consumption was subtracted from total oxygen consumption, there was a much larger increase in oxygen consumption per beat. Myocardial contractile state, defined as the maximum observed contractile element velocity at the lowest common level of wall stress, was significantly increased by increasing hear...
Quantifying potential recharge in mantled sinkholes using ERT.

Potential recharge through thick soils in mantled sinkholes was quantified using differential electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Conversion of time series two-dimensional (2D) ERT profiles into 2D volumetric water content profiles using a numerically optimized form of Archie’s law allowed us to monitor temporal changes in water content in soil profiles up to 9 m in depth. Combining Penman-Monteith daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) and daily precipitation data with potential recharge calculations for three sinkhole transects indicates that potential recharge occurred only during brief intervals over the study period and ranged from 19% to 31% of cumulative precipitation. Spatial analysis of ERT-derived water content showed that infiltration occurred both on sinkhole flanks and in sinkhole bottoms. Results also demonstrate that mantled sinkholes can act as regions of both rapid and slow recharge. Rapid recharge is likely the result of flow through macropores (such as root casts and thin gravel layers), while slow recharge is the result of unsaturated flow through fine-grained sediments. In addition to developing a new method for quantifying potential recharge at the field scale in unsaturated conditions, we show that mantled sinkholes are an important component of storage in a karst system.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® on Small-Bowel Obstruction: A Critique of the Term and Its Terms

onSuspectedSmall-Bowel Obstruction” by Drs Ros andHuprich [1] isanotherexampleofanattempt by a committee of distin-guished radiologists to provide a par-adigm for the evaluation of a clinicalproblem for which a welter of imag-ing tests are available. The intent ofthe formulation of the ACR Appro-priateness Criteria is admirable, andthe deliberations are usually carefuland thorough, with considerable ref-erence to the literature for support.Yet that does not necessarily meanthattheresultsofsuchanactivitywillbe instructive for referring physi-cians, provide guidance for radiolo-gists, or be effective for patient care.Infact,theunintendedconsequencesofsuchanobleeffortmustbeconsid-ered before widespread adoption isachieved.I take issue with both the term
On the authorship and primary type of Cerion incanum (Gastropoda: Cerionidae)

ABSTRACT Although the author of the species Cerion incanum (originallyproposed as Pupa incana) has been cited as Binney, 1851, areview of his multiple uses of the name do not satisfy thecriteria of availability set forth by the International Code ofZoological Nomenclature (Article 12), until the publication ofillustrations of three shells labelled Pupa incana in 1857. In aseparately authored paper published as part of Binney’s multi-volume work on the Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States,Leidy published detailed descriptions and illustrations ofseveralorgan systems ofPupa incanain1851.Thus,theauthor-ship of Pupa incana must be attributed to Leidy, 1851, ratherthan to Binney. As Leidy did not retain the dissected tissues,there is no surviving type material for Pupa incana Leidy. Aneotype is designated for Pupa incana Leidy, 1851, from thesubsequently designated type locality in order to provide anobjective standard of reference for this species-group taxonthat may be used to evaluate the relationship of the nomino-typical subspecies to three subsequently described subspecies,as well as to two introduced Bahamian species with which it isdocumented to have hybridized.Additional Keywords: Pupa incana, authorship, neotype,Florida Keys
Appeals to Nature in Theories of Age-Group Justice

An elderly dame, too, dwells in my neighborhood, invisible to most persons, in whose odorous herb garden I love to stroll sometimes, gathering simples and listening to her fables; for she has a genius of unequalled fertility, and her memory runs back farther than mythology, and she can tell me the original of every fable, and on what fact every one is founded, for the incidents occurred when she was young. A ruddy and lusty old dame, who delights in all weathers and season, and is likely to outlive all her children yet
Classic AIDS in a Sooty Mangabey after an 18-Year Natural Infection

Prevailing theory holds that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are nonpathogenic in their natural simian hosts and that lifelong infections persist without disease. Numerous studies have reported that SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys) remain disease free for up to 24 years despite relatively high levels of viral replication. Here, we report that classic AIDS developed after an 18-year incubation in an SM (E041) with a natural SIVsm infection. Unlike that described in previous reports of SIV-related disease in SMs, the SIVsm infecting E041 was not first passaged through macaques; moreover, SM E041 was simian T-cell leukemia virus antibody negative. SM E041 was euthanized in 2002 after being diagnosed with severe disseminated B-cell lymphoma. The plasma virus load had been approximately the same for 16 years when a 100-fold increase in virus load occurred in years 17 and 18. Additional findings associated with AIDS were CD4+-cell decline, loss of p27 core antibody, and loss of control of SIVsm replication with disseminated giant cell disease. These findings suggest that the time to development of AIDS exceeds the average lifetime of SMs in the wild and that the principal adaptation of SIV to its natural African hosts does not include complete resistance to disease. Instead, AIDS may develop slowly, even in the presence of high virus loads. However, a long-term relatively high virus load, such as that in SM E041, is consistent with AIDS development in less than 18 years in humans and macaques. Therefore, the results also suggest that SMs have a special mechanism for resisting AIDS development.
Have IS Researchers Lost Bandura's Self-Efficacy Concept? A Discussion of the Definition and Measurement of Computer Self-Efficacy

There has been something of an academic debate between proponents of two different kinds of computer self-efficacy: general computer self-efficacy ala Compeau and Higgins on the one hand, and specific computer self-efficacy ala Marakas et al. on the other. It has been argued that specific self-efficacy more clearly shows the impact of treatments and more clearly shows the impact on performance. Here we argue that these two constructs (as measured) are two very different constructs, one deriving from Bandura's definition and conceptualization of self-efficacy, and the other deriving from Gist and co-authors' definition and conceptualization of self-efficacy. We argue that though the IS research field seems to be moving in the direction of specific computer self-efficacy, general computer self-efficacy is quite different and quite important. Further, we argue that using the same label for these two different constructs invites misunderstanding and even misdirection.
Modeling microalgal abundance with artificial neural networks: Demonstration of a heuristic 'Grey-Box' to deconvolve and quantify environmental influences

An artificial neural network (ANN)-based technology - a 'Grey-Box', originating the iterative selection, depiction, and quantitation of environmental relationships for modeling microalgal abundance, as chlorophyll (CHL) a, was developed and evaluated. Due to their robust capability for reproducing the complexities underlying chaotic, non-linear systems, ANNs have become popular for the modeling of ecosystem structure and function. However, ANNs exhibit a holistic deficiency in declarative knowledge structure (i.e. a 'black-box'). The architecture of the Grey-Box provided the benefit of the ANN modeling structure, while deconvolving the interaction of prediction potentials among environmental variables upon CHL a. The influences of (pairs of) predictors upon the variance and magnitude of CHL a were depicted via pedagogical knowledge extraction (multi-dimensional response surfaces). This afforded derivation of mathematical equations for iterative predictive outcomes of CHL a and together with an algorithmic expression across iterations, corrected for the lack of declarative knowledge within conventional ANNs. Importantly, the Grey-Box 'bridged the gap' between 'white-box' parametric models and black-box ANNs in terms of performance and mathematical transparency. Grey-Box formulations are relevant to ecological niche modeling, identification of biotic response(s) to stress/disturbance thresholds, and qualitative/quantitative derivation of biota-environmental relationships for incorporation within stand-alone mechanistic models projecting ecological structure.
Independent Regulation of Cardiac Kv4.3 Potassium Channel Expression by Angiotensin II and Phenylephrine

Abstract —Hypertrophied cardiac myocytes exhibit prolonged action potentials and decreased transient outward potassium current ( I to). Because Kv4.3 is a major contributor to I to, we studied regulation of its expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in response to the known stimulators of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, angiotensin II (Ang II) and phenylephrine (PE). RNase protection assays and immunoblots revealed that Ang II and PE each downregulate Kv4.3 mRNA and protein. However, although PE induces a faster and more extensive hypertrophic response than Ang II, the PE effect on Kv4.3 mRNA develops slowly and is sustained, whereas Ang II rapidly and transiently decreases Kv4.3 mRNA expression. Turnover measurements revealed that Kv4.3 mRNA is very stable, with a half-life >20 hours. This suggests that Ang II must destabilize the channel mRNA. In contrast, PE does not affect the rate of Kv4.3 mRNA degradation. To test for transcriptional regulation, the 5′ flanking region of the rat Kv4.3 gene was cloned, and Kv4.3 promoter-reporter constructs were expressed in cardiac myocytes. Whereas Ang II was found to have no effect on transcription, PE inhibits Kv4.3 promoter activity. Pharmacological experiments also indicate that PE and Ang II act independently to downregulate Kv4.3 gene expression. Thus, regulation of Kv4.3 gene expression is not a simple secondary response to hypertrophy. Rather, Ang II and PE use different mechanisms to decrease Kv4.3 channel expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.
Chemically catalyzed uptake of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Vetiveria zizanioides.

Abstract The efficiency of vetiver grass ( Vetiveria zizanioides ) in removing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from aqueous media was explored in the presence of a common agrochemical, urea, used as a chaotropic agent. Chaotropic agents disrupt water structure, increasing solubilization of hydrophobic compounds (TNT), thus, enhancing plant TNT uptake. The primary objectives of this study were to: (i) characterize TNT absorption by vetiver in hydroponic media, and (ii) determine the effect of urea on chemically catalyzing TNT uptake by vetiver grass in hydroponic media. Results showed that vetiver exhibited a high TNT uptake capacity (1.026 mg g −1 ), but kinetics were slow. Uptake was considerably enhanced in the presence of urea, which significantly ( p
Insights into Apolipoprotein B Biology from Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice

Over the past five years, several laboratories have used transgenic and gene-targeted mice to study apolipoprotein (apo) B biology. Genetically modified mice have proven useful for investigating the genetic and environmental factors affecting atherogenesis, for defining apoB structure/function relationships, for understanding the regulation of the apoB gene expression in the intestine, for defining the "physiologic rationale" for the existence of the two different forms of apoB (apoB48 and apoB100) in mammalian metabolism and for providing mechanistic insights into the human apoB deficiency syndrome, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. This review will provide several examples of how genetically modified mice have contributed to our understanding of apoB biology, including our new discovery that human heart myocytes secrete nascent apoB-containing lipoproteins.
Inter-Rater Reliability of Video-Based Ergonomic Job Analysis for Maintenance Work in Mineral Processing and Coal Preparation Plants

A large proportion of fatal and non-fatal injuries in mineral processing and coal preparation plants can be attributed to maintenance and repair work. Maintenance work in the mining industry has received little attention due to the challenges associated with collecting and evaluating information on exposures to risk factors and possibly due to the adverse working conditions. The goal of this study was to develop a reliable method to systematically quantify exposures to environmental attributes and physical task demands for maintenance work in mineral processing and coal preparation plants. Hierarchical task analysis was carried out for commonly observed and reported maintenance tasks. A detailed taxonomy of environmental features and physical task demands thought to contribute to injury was created. Two raters independently coded 41 videos using the Multimedia Video Task Analysis™ software to measure the percentage of task time that workers were exposed to each of the variables defined in the taxonomy. Fo...
A Charge-Based Compact Model for Thin-Film Monocrystalline Silicon on Glass PMOSFETs Operated in Accumulation

A thin-film monocrystalline CMOS display technology has been realized by implementing a conventional NMOS inversion device and a PMOS accumulation device or PACC. In this paper, a charge-based model is introduced which provides the dc current-voltage characteristics of PACC devices. Derived directly from the Pao-Sah equation by applying the 1D Gauss' law, the model provides a C-∞ expression for drain current valid from cutoff through accumulation. The model correctly predicts the influence of fixed charge at the silicon-glass interface on the I-V characteristics and shows excellent agreement for both transfer and output characteristics with results from 2D device simulation. The core model coupled with previously developed equations describing channel length modulation, subthreshold slope degradation, drain induced barrier lowering, and mobility degradation form a complete PACC model which is compared to measured results.
Chloral hydrate and its effects on multiple physiological parameters in young children: a dose-response study.

This study evaluated the dose-response effect of chloral hydrate (CH) used alone on several physiological parameters in 26 healthy children 21 to 42 months old. Selection criteria for the children in this institutionally approved study included: a) uncooperative behavior during an initial examination; b) a minimum of four sextants with caries involvement; c) healthy, ASA I; d) parental informed consent; e) a noncompromised airway (e.g., minimal tonsillar enlargement) and f) no known allergies. A repeated measures, Latin-square design was used in evaluating either a placebo and three dosages of CH (25, 50, 70 mg/kg) over four visits for each of eight patients or the same three dosages over three visits for each of the remaining patients. The physiological parameters included: heart and respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, and expired carbon dioxide. For statistical purposes, physiological parameters were analyzed during specific phases which included: baseline, topical and local anesthesia administration, at initiation of cavity preparation; and at the end of the appointment. A repeated measures ANOVA and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.The results indicated that the diastolic blood pressure and expired carbon dioxide were affected significantly by CH dosage (P < 0.02 and 0.005, respectively). The findings should be tempered in light of patient behavior during the visits. Dental procedures also had an influence on cardiovascular parameters. The significance of these findings related to patient safety and behavior in these very young children is discussed. (Pediatr Dent 14:171-77, 1992)
Argument From Aristotle To Analysis of Variance: a Modest Reinterpretation

This paper examines three different ways in which language research can directly bear on the scholarship of people primarily interested in the processes of social influence. First, a discussion is offered on how the inclusion of language variables in established theories of social influence and argumentation can alter predictions about successful and unsuccessful attitude change and provide a richer logic of explanation for theoreticians. Moreover, it is suggested that such a language perspective can be useful in providing a new theoretical umbrella for many of the confusing and contradictory findings in the attitude change research literature. After making arguments about the interface between language and social influence processes, it is suggested that potential methodological contribu tions could accrue to attitude change researchers if they were to pay more attention to research on the quantification and measurement of specific langauge phenomena. Finally, it is suggested that there are several poten...
Rationing Analysis of Job Losses and Gains: An Exercise in Domestic Comparative Law

This paper identifies an approach to scholarship called 'Domestic Comparative Law.' This method involves learning the lessons of experience by applying the method of legal precedents to policy questions, as well as to legal issues in court. Its application is illustrated by applying it to a current policy controversy: whether to quantify and include in the benefit-cost analysis the job losses (or gains) anticipated from major rules during the OMB/OIRA review process. It is argued that we can gain valuable perspective on how this question should be answered by comparing it to analogous situations in which a policy-maker must decide in advance of conducting an analysis which factors to include and which to leave out. This process is usually called 'scoping,' and we have experience with it under the National Environmental Policy Act and in doing scientific risk assessments. Drawing on the lessons from this experience, and considering the goals and objectives of the Executive orders establishing the OIRA review process, it is argued that job losses or gains should be quantified in three situations when preliminary estimates of the net magnitude of job losses and gains suggest that they may be significant enough to affect the calculus of net social welfare, where the distributional effects of particular job losses on individuals and communities may be significant, and on a discretionary basis, where the computation may make a significant contribution to on-going public policy debates.
The readiness of addiction treatment agencies for health care reform.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) aims to provide affordable health insurance and expanded health care coverage for some 32 million Americans. The PPACA makes provisions for using technology, evidence-based treatments, and integrated, patient-centered care to modernize the delivery of health care services. These changes are designed to ensure effectiveness, efficiency, and cost-savings within the health care system. To gauge the addiction treatment field’s readiness for health reform, the authors developed a Health Reform Readiness Index (HRRI) survey for addiction treatment agencies. Addiction treatment administrators and providers from around the United States completed the survey located on the http://www.niatx.net website. Respondents self-assessed their agencies based on 13 conditions pertinent to health reform readiness, and received a confidential score and instant feedback. On a scale of “Needs to Begin,” “Early Stages,” “On the Way,” and “Advanced,” the mean scores for respondents (n = 276) ranked in the Early Stages of health reform preparation for 11 of 13 conditions. Of greater concern was that organizations with budgets of $5 million to have information technology (patient records, patient health technology, and administrative information technology), evidence-based treatments, quality management systems, a continuum of care, or a board of directors informed about PPACA. The findings of the HRRI indicate that the addiction field, and in particular smaller organizations, have much to do to prepare for a future environment that has greater expectations for information technology use, a credentialed workforce, accountability for patient care, and an integrated continuum of care.
An early electrophysiological response associated with expertise in letter perception

Expertise with print is likely to optimize visual processes for recognizing characters of a familiar writing system. Although brain activations have been identified for words and letter strings in contrast with other stimuli, relatively little work has focused on the neural basis of single-letter perception. English readers and Chinese-English bilinguals participated in an ERP study and performed a 1-back identity judgment on Roman letters, Chinese characters, pseudofonts, and their string versions. The Chinese-English bilinguals showed an enhanced N170 for both Roman letters and Chinese characters relative to pseudofonts. For the non-Chinese readers, the N170 amplitude was larger for Roman letters relative to Chinese characters and pseudofonts. Our results suggest that changes in relatively early visual processes underlie expert letter perception.
Husbandry and diseases of captive wild swine and peccaries.

Wild swine and peccaries are popular exhibit animals throughout the world, but the anatomy and behaviour of these species make it difficult to construct housing and enclosures which are suitable from an aesthetic and sanitation standpoint. African wild suids may serve as reservoir hosts for African swine fever. Likewise, African suids are susceptible to most of the viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases of domestic swine. Wild swine and peccaries are not an important source of zoonotic diseases. Despite having similar anatomy, peccaries differ from wild European and African suids in their susceptibility to diseases (e.g. peccaries are not affected by African swine fever.
A three dimensional micropatterned tumor model for breast cancer cell migration studies.

Breast cancer cell invasion is a highly orchestrated process driven by a myriad of complex microenvironmental stimuli, making it difficult to isolate and assess the effects of biochemical or biophysical cues (i.e. tumor architecture, matrix stiffness) on disease progression. In this regard, physiologically relevant tumor models are becoming instrumental to perform studies of cancer cell invasion within well-controlled conditions. Herein, we explored the use of photocrosslinkable hydrogels and a novel, two-step photolithography technique to microengineer a 3D breast tumor model. The microfabrication process enabled precise localization of cell-encapsulated circular constructs adjacent to a low stiffness matrix. To validate the model, breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) were embedded separately within the tumor model, all of which maintained high viability throughout the experiments. MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited extensive migratory behavior and invaded the surrounding matrix, whereas MCF7 or MCF10A cells formed clusters that stayed confined within the circular tumor regions. Additionally, real-time cell tracking indicated that the speed and persistence of MDA-MB-231 cells were substantially higher within the surrounding matrix compared to the circular constructs. Z-stack imaging of F-actin/α-tubulin cytoskeletal organization revealed unique 3D protrusions in MDA-MB-231 cells and an abundance of 3D clusters formed by MCF7 and MCF10A cells. Our results indicate that gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, integrated with the two-step photolithography technique, has great promise in the development of 3D tumor models with well-defined architecture and tunable stiffness.
The Use of Criminal Background Checks in Social Work Education

This article reports the findings of an electronic survey regarding the use of criminal background checks, using a convenience sample with 119 BSW and 53 MSW programs responding. Requiring applicants or students to undergo a criminal background check was reported by 25% of BSW and 34% of MSW programs. An additional 66% of BSW programs and 57% of MSW programs reported that, although not a requirement of their programs, criminal background checks were required by some of their field agencies. A procedure for the use of criminal background check information was reported in only 7% of BSW and MSW programs. Safety and welfare of future clients, student privacy, and liability if background checks are not conducted were identified as the issues of greatest importance regarding criminal background checks in social work education. Implications for social work education policy and procedure are considered.
Mastering the Niger: James MacQueen’s African Geography and the Struggle over Atlantic Slavery

The correct course of the Niger, West Africa’s largest river, remained a mystery to Europeans until the early nineteenth century. Theories abounded: some believed it flowed east to join the Nile or...
The contourograph

Utilization of the three-dimensional aspects of the cathode-ray tube?vertical signal deflection, flexible time base, and intensity modulation?makes it possible to organize certain types of data into a meaningful format, greatly simplifying the interpretation of these data. This article describes the basic principles of organizing and displaying data in the contouro-graphic form, indicates several degrees of complexity in providing the instrumentation for this method, and presents a number of contourograms illustrating various applications.
Relative Binding Enthalpies from Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using a Direct Method

The potential for reliably predicting relative binding enthalpies, ΔΔE, from a direct method utilizing molecular dynamics is examined for a system of three phosphotyrosyl peptides binding to a protein receptor, the Src SH2 domain. The binding enthalpies were calculated from the potential energy differences between the bound and the unbound end-states of each peptide from equilibrium simulations in explicit water. The statistical uncertainties in the ensemble-mean energy values from multiple, independent simulations were obtained using a bootstrap method. Simulations were initiated with different starting coordinates as well as different velocities. Statistical uncertainties in ΔΔE are 2 to 3 kcal/mol based on calculations from 40, 10 ns trajectories for each system (three SH2–peptide complexes or unbound peptides). Uncertainties in relative component energies, comprising solute–solute, solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions, are considerably larger. Energy values were estimated from an unweighted...
Effect of benzimidazole on experimental poliomyelitis in mice and monkeys.

Summary1. The influence of benzimidazole on experimental poliomyelitis in mice and monkeys was investigated. The subcutaneous administration of 250 mg/kilo prolonged the incubation period of infection with the Lansing strain of Type 2 poliomyelitis in mice and reduced the mortality caused by minimal quantities of this virus. 2. Infection of adult mice with intracerebrally inoculated MEF-1 strain of Type 2 virus was not affected by this compound which even appeared to enhance infection in suckling mice inoculated intraperitoneally with this same strain. 3. In monkeys the incubation period of infection with the Mahoney strain of Type 1 virus was prolonged slightly by limited treatment with benzimidazole, but the mortality was not reduced. More intensive treatment was without effect. 4. The advisability of further work with this and structurally similar compounds is discussed.
Activation of O2 and CO2 by PtO+: The Thermochemistry of PtO2+

Reactions of PtO+ with O2 and CO2 and the collision-induced dissociation of PtO+ with Xe and of PtO2+ with Xe and Ar have been studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry in order to elucidate the thermochemistry of PtO2+. The kinetic energy dependences for these reactions show endothermic behavior except for Pt+·O2 + Xe → PtXe+ + O2. Analyses of the endothermic reaction cross sections yield the 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) in eV (kJ/mol) of D0(OPt+−O) = 3.06 ± 0.07 (295 ± 7), D0(Pt+−O2) = 0.67 ± 0.05 (65 ± 5), D0(OPt+−CO) = 2.21 ± 0.10 (213 ± 10), D0(OCPt+−O) = 3.21 ± 0.12 (310 ± 12), and D0(Pt+−Ar) = 0.34 ± 0.09 (29 ± 9), reasonably consistent with available theoretical values. Combining the OPt+−O BDE measured here with literature data also yields the ionization energy of OPtO as 10.56 ± 0.48 eV. These data, along with complementary ab initio calculations, enable the potential energy surfaces for the activation of O2 by Pt+ to be mapped out in some de...
Rules-driven enterprises interoperability ontology construction

To solve the problems of information sharing and reuse in enterprises interoperation,an approach to construct ontology based on Object-Relational Databases(ORDB) and a set of rules were proposed.Ontology construction model of interoperation was presented firstly.Then,four types of rules in ontology construction were formalized including class,properties,property characteristics and property restrictions.Also the corresponding formal definition and Web Ontology Language(OWL) description of constructing rules was also given.Experimental results showed that the approach was feasible and effective.It reduced about 18% construction time compared to the ontology construction from relational databases.Also this approach was applied in enterprises interoperation and was proved to be practical.
Design of square for disaster prevention in urban underground commercial space

To guarantee people's safety in underground commercial space,the fact ors of evacuation were analyzed and the area and the location of squares for dis aster prevention were calculated. Based on present fire codes and aiming at the characters of fires,the factors of evacuation were confirmed by summarizing, im itating, non-linear programming and other methods. With appropriate square s f or disaster prevention,the problem of evacuation in underground commercial spac e was well solved. The method in this paper is suggested to meet the need for th e whole public underground space.
A Multistage Approach for Image Registration

Successful image registration is an important step for object recognition, target detection, remote sensing, multimodal content fusion, scene blending, and disaster assessment and management. The geometric and photometric variations between images adversely affect the ability for an algorithm to estimate the transformation parameters that relate the two images. Local deformations, lighting conditions, object obstructions, and perspective differences all contribute to the challenges faced by traditional registration techniques. In this paper, a novel multistage registration approach is proposed that is resilient to view point differences, image content variations, and lighting conditions. Robust registration is realized through the utilization of a novel region descriptor which couples with the spatial and texture characteristics of invariant feature points. The proposed region descriptor is exploited in a multistage approach. A multistage process allows the utilization of the graph-based descriptor in many scenarios thus allowing the algorithm to be applied to a broader set of images. Each successive stage of the registration technique is evaluated through an effective similarity metric which determines subsequent action. The registration of aerial and street view images from pre- and post-disaster provide strong evidence that the proposed method estimates more accurate global transformation parameters than traditional feature-based methods. Experimental results show the robustness and accuracy of the proposed multistage image registration methodology.
Educational engineering with emotionally disturbed children.

An engineered classroom design based on the behavior modification model has been developed and used in institutional and public schools. It attempts to provide a setting for implementation of a hie...
Enzalutamide inhibits androgen receptor-positive bladder cancer cell growth.

Abstract Purpose Emerging preclinical evidence suggests that androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signals promote bladder cancer progression. However, little is known about the efficacy of an AR signaling inhibitor, enzalutamide, in the growth of bladder cancer cells. In this study, we compared the effects of enzalutamide and 2 other classic antiandrogens, flutamide and bicalutamide, on androgen-induced bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as tumor growth in vivo. Methods Thiazolyl blue cell viability assay, flow cytometry, scratch wound-healing assay, transwell invasion assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and reporter gene assay were performed in AR-positive (e.g., UMUC3, TCCSUP, and 647V-AR) and AR-negative (e.g., UMUC3-AR-short hairpin RNA [shRNA], TCCSUP-AR-shRNA, 647V) bladder cancer lines treated with dihydrotestosterone and each AR antagonist. We also used a mouse xenograft model for bladder cancer. Results Dihydrotestosterone increased bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion indicating that endogenous or exogenous AR was functional. Enzalutamide, hydroxyflutamide, and bicalutamide showed similar inhibitory effects, without significant agonist activity, on androgen-mediated cell viability/apoptosis, cell migration, and cell invasion in AR-positive lines. No significant effects of dihydrotestosterone as well as AR antagonists on the growth of AR-negative cells were seen. Correspondingly, in UMUC3 cells, these AR antagonists down-regulated androgen-induced expression of AR, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and interleukin-6. Androgen-enhanced AR-mediated transcriptional activity was also blocked by each AR antagonist exhibiting insignificant agonist activity. In UMUC3 xenograft-bearing mice, oral gavage treatment with each antiandrogen retarded tumor growth, and only enzalutamide demonstrated a statistically significant suppression compared with mock treatment. Conclusions Our current data support recent observations indicating the involvement of the AR pathway in bladder cancer growth and further suggest that AR antagonists, including enzalutamide, are of therapeutic benefit in AR-positive bladder cancer.
Static bipolar 11 GHz SiGe divider with 1V power supply

A low-voltage static 1:2 divider using CML gates with a single-transistor switching stack was designed in a 0.18 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology. The divider operates at 11 GHz from 1.0V supply and 16.2 GHz from 1.4 V supply.
Growth performance of calves fed microbially enhanced soy protein in pelleted starters.

Abstract Our objective was to determine effects of feeding calves pelleted starters with microbially enhanced (fungi-treated) soy protein (MSP) in replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with different milk replacers (MR). Thirty-six Holstein calves (2 d old; 24 females, 12 males) in individual hutches were used in a 12-wk randomized complete block design study. Treatments were (1) MSP pellets with MR formulated for accelerated growth (28% crude protein, 18% fat; MSPA), (2) SBM pellets with MR formulated for accelerated growth (SBMA), and (3) MSP pellets with conventional MR (20% crude protein, 20% fat; MSPC). Pellets were similar except for 23% MSP or 23% SBM (dry matter basis). Pellets and water were fed ad libitum throughout the study. Feeding rates of MR on a dry matter basis were 0.37kg twice daily during wk 1, 0.45kg twice daily during wk 2 to 5, and 0.45kg once daily during wk 6. Intakes were recorded daily. Body weights, frame size measurements, and jugular blood samples were collected 2 d every 2 wk at 3 h after the morning feeding. Fecal grab samples were collected 5 times per d for 3 d during wk 12 and then composited by calf for analysis of apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Total and starter pellet dry matter intake were greatest for calves fed SBMA and least for MSPC. Calves had similar average daily gain among treatments, but there was a treatment by week interaction and during the last few weeks of the study calves on MSPC had less body weight compared with MSPA or SBMA. Gain-to-feed ratio was similar among treatments; however, there was a treatment by week interaction. Serum glucose was similar among treatments. Plasma urea nitrogen was greatest for calves fed MSPA and least for MSPC. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were greatest for calves fed SBMA. Plasma concentrations of triglycerides were greatest for calves fed MSPC. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate had a treatment by time interaction. Treatments had similar total-tract dry matter digestibility, but calves fed MSPC had greater crude protein digestibility than SBMA, with MSPA similar to both. Results demonstrated calves fed pelleted starters with MSP had maintained growth performance with less starter intake compared with SBM.
The use of ultrasound for postoperative monitoring of cerebral bypass grafts: A technical report.

Abstract Duplex ultrasound and transcranial Doppler are valuable tools for post-operative monitoring of extracranial-intracranial cerebral bypass grafts. Here we describe our technique for the evaluation of both high-flow and low-flow cerebral bypass grafts over a nine year period. 186 bypass grafts were studied daily during the inpatient period between Jan 2005 and Dec 2014 after surgery for various cerebrovascular pathologies. There was a technical success rate of 97%. Duplex ultrasonographic flow measurements had excellent interobserver reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.89 (p = 0.009). Technical nuances are highlighted and a brief discussion of pathology is undertaken.
Trends and applications of multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: literature review

Approximately 3000 papers concerning multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in the environmental field were identified through a series of queries in the Web of Science database and classified by MCDA method and environmental application using text mining in R. Stemming and stop word removal techniques were used to remove irrelevant text from the literature. Trends in MCDA methods (AHP/ANP, TOPSIS, outranking, MAUT/MAVT) associated with specific environmental applications (water, air, energy, natural resources, and waste management) or interventions/tools applications (stakeholders, strategies, sustainability, and GIS) were identified. The results show a linear growth in the share of MCDA papers in environmental science across all application areas. Furthermore, the results show that AHP/ANP and MAUT/MAVT are the most frequently mentioned MCDA methods in the literature. For environmental applications, the results showed that natural resource and waste management keywords were, respectively, the most and least commonly discussed applications within the MCDA papers. For intervention/tool applications, we found that keywords associated with ‘strategy’ and ‘GIS’ applications are, respectively, the most and least commonly discussed keywords within the MCDA papers. The authors found that MCDA method keywords were evenly distributed across the environmental and intervention/tool applications, indicating a lack of preference in the environmental field for use of specific MCDA methods. This paper demonstrates that text mining is an applicable tool to assess specific textual trends and patterns when analyzing larger bodies of MCDA literature.
Turnover and compartmentation of gp70p15 E in ψ2 cells

Abstract The distribution of Moloney murine leukemia virus gp70 p15 E between cell surface and intracellular compartments and the kinetics of transfer between these compartments was examined in ψ2 cells. A novel biotin derivatization and recovery assay was used to quantitate pulse-labeled protein accessible at 4°C (cell surface), 18°C (cell surface and an intracellular compartment), or inaccessible at any temperature. Cell surface (4°C) gp70 and p15 E turn over more rapidly than intracellular pools of these proteins. The decrease in cell surface gp70 and p15 E after one hour of chase is accounted for by an increase in that which is inaccessible to biotinyl reagent.
Landmarks for the preservation of the middle temporal artery during mastoid surgery: Cadaveric dissection study

Abstract Importance The middle temporal artery flap is a vascularized periosteal flap that is highly useful for otologic reconstruction including the middle cranial fossa, mastoidectomy defect, and external auditory canal. The course of the artery is close to the external auditory canal and is easily injured during preliminary exposure and elevation of flaps. Objectives To describe the course of the middle temporal artery in relation to the external auditory canal and the superficial temporal artery in order to enhance preservation and use in otologic reconstruction. Design Dissection of preserved, injected cadaveric temporal bones. Setting Anatomical laboratory. Participants Seven cadaveric temporal bones. Intervention Temporal bones were dissected in a planar manner to identify the middle temporal artery along the squamous temporal bone to its origin. The superior border of the external auditory canal was divided, horizontally, into thirds to create three measurement points. Distances between the middle temporal artery and the bony portion of the external auditory canal were then determined. Main outcomes and measures Horizontal diameter of the external auditory canal, distance from the superior-most border of the external auditory canal to the middle temporal artery, various patterns of the middle temporal artery. Results The middle temporal artery branched from the superficial temporal artery in all specimens. Mean horizontal diameter of the external auditory canal was 9.97 mm. Mean distances between the bony portion of the external auditory canal and middle temporal artery for the first, second, and third points along the horizontal diameter of the external auditory canal were 1.57, 2.96, and 4.02 mm, respectively. In at least one specimen, the artery dipped into the external auditory canal. Conclusions and relevance The middle temporal artery runs closest to the external auditory canal at the anterosuperior border. To preserve the middle temporal artery for use in reconstruction after otologic surgery, the surgeon should avoid dissection superior to the external auditory canal until the artery is positively identified.
Adaptive multiphoton imaging by high peak-power coherent fiber supercontinuum

We develop a high-peak-power coherent supercontinuum source to systemically overcome some critical limitations of clinical multiphoton imaging. This design can tailor the performance parameters of multiphoton imaging to adapt to varying applications.