cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An adaptive characteristic Petrov-Galerkin finite element method for convection-dominated linear and nonlinear parabolic problems in one space variable

The present adaptive FEM technique for convection-dominated problems is based on a Petrov-Galerkin scheme for spatial approximation, whose typical time-step employs test functions chosen to yield an approximate solution coinciding with the exact solutions at the finite element grid nodes. The derivation of truly local a posteriori error estimates is made possible by this procedure, which is also shown to be a very effective solver by the numerical examples presented.
A minimal CISC

The minimal CISC architecture presented here is an extremely simple zero-address architecture suitable for microprogrammed implementation. It is sufficiently simple to be introduced in one lecture, with time left over for discussion of implementation or enhancement options.
Narrow-linewidth stimulated Brillouin fiber laser and applications

A stimulated Brillouin fiber ring laser with a spectral width of 2 kHz and an intrinsic linewidth of less than 30 Hz has been demonstrated. Applications of such a laser include laser linewidth narrowing, microwave frequency generation, high-rate amplitude modulation, and optical inertial rotation sensing.
Experimental Demonstration of Compressive Target Tracking

We present an experimental demonstration of compressive target tracking—detection of mover locations with a spatial resolution finer than that provided by the detector pixel dimensions. The tracking performance is evaluated with a customized metric.
Self-Organized Fibrous Nanostructures on Poly[(aminopropyl)siloxane] Films Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

We report the formation of highly organized fibrous networks on ∼50 nm thick oligomeric films of hydrolyzed γ-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (γ-APS) adsorbed on Na+-containing substrates. The growth of these nanostructures is dependent on the surface segregation of Na+ ions and exposure to ambient conditions. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), we have followed the growth characteristics of the fibrous nanostructures in a time-resolved manner. The fibers, which grow 2-dimensionally, have a uniform height of approximately 3 nm and widths varying from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. The AFM further shows that each individual fiber consists of a well-ordered parallel assembly of “nanostrands” with widths of approximately 8 nm and a peak-to-valley corrugation of approximately 0.4 nm. Changes in the chemical nature of the APS films as a function of film age were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission infrared spectroscopy (IR). Results indicate that the amine (NH...
Nitrous oxide emissions from a medium–duty diesel truck exhaust system

Starting in 2010, medium-duty diesel trucks in the USA were introduced with aftertreatment systems that contained precious metal oxidation catalysts, soot filters, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for control of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). While modern diesel aftertreatment systems have high performance for meeting hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and particulate matter, there is some concern over emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) that can be formed within the exhaust system. N2O has an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 114 years and is 298 times more effective than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere. In this study, the sources of N2O were compared in the laboratory flow reactor and at the system level on diesel trucks. The interactions of HC with NOx on the DOC and NOx with NH3 within the SCR catalyst were the predominant mechanisms for N2O formation. The composite N2O mass emission was calculated to be approximately 43 mg/mi, resulting in an equivalent CO2 penalty of about 2%, similar to the 1% to 3% penalty estimated for the global light-duty vehicle fleet.
Nucleotide sequence, organization, and nature of the protein products of the carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster of Rhodobacter capsulatus

Carotenoid pigments are essential for the protection of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues from photooxidative damage. Although carotenoid biosynthesis has been studied in many organisms from bacteria to higher plants, little is known about carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes, or the nature and regulation of the genes encoding them. We report here the first DNA sequence of carotenoid genes from any organism. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence (11 039 bp) of a gene cluster encoding seven of the eight previously known carotenoid genes (crt A, B, C, D, E, F, I) and a new gene, designated crtK, from Rhodobacter capsulatus, a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium. The 5′ flanking regions of crtA, I, D and E contain a highly conserved palindromic sequence homologous to the consensus binding site for a variety of prokaryotic DNA-binding regulatory proteins. This putative regulatory palindrome is also found 5′ to the puc operon, encoding the light-harvesting II antenna polypeptides. Escherichia coli-like σ70 promoter sequences are located 5′ to crtI and crtD, suggesting for the first time that such promoters may exist in purple photosynthetic bacteria. The crt genes form a minimum of four distinct operons, crtA, crtIBK, crtDC and crtEF, based on inversions of transcriptional orientation within the gene cluster. Possible rho-independent transcription terminators are located 3′ to crtI, B, K, C and F. The 3′ end of crtA may overlap transcription initiation signals for a downstream gene required for bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis. We have also observed two regions of exceptional amino acid homology between CrtI and CrtD, both of which are dehydrogenases.
Structure of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type‐I

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (GGTase-I), one of two CaaX prenyltransferases, is an essential enzyme in eukaryotes. GGTase-I catalyzes C-terminal lipidation of >100 proteins, including many GTP- binding regulatory proteins. We present the first structural information for mammalian GGTase-I, including a series of substrate and product complexes that delineate the path of the chemical reaction. These structures reveal that all protein prenyltransferases share a common reaction mechanism and identify specific residues that play a dominant role in determining prenyl group specificity. This hypothesis was confirmed by converting farnesyltransferase (15-C prenyl substrate) into GGTase-I (20-C prenyl substrate) with a single point mutation. GGTase-I discriminates against farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) at the product turnover step through the inability of a 15-C FPP to displace the 20-C prenyl-peptide product. Understanding these key features of specificity is expected to contribute to optimization of anti-cancer and anti-parasite drugs.
Limiting Current as a Tool to Study Oxygen Transport in PEM Fuel Cells

This survey article reviews the results of three of our papers, which develop limiting current as a tool for studying oxygen transport resistance in PEM fuel cells. Experimental methods are discussed, which allow one to separate the total oxygen transport resistance into its component contributions, as well as to distinguish between resistance due to intermolecular gas diffusion and other diffusion sources, such as Knudsen diffusion or diffusion through liquid water and ionomer. One can also clearly distinguish conditions in which water starts to condense in the cell and measure the impact of this condensation on transport resistance. Special emphasis is given to the question of how to determine when apparent limiting currents are due to transport limitations and when they are caused by other non-related effects. The problem of modeling these processes is also discussed.
Stationary waves in water flowing over a rough surface

Stationary waves at the surface of a stream due to a two-dimensional roughness of small amplitude at the bottom are investigated. Results similar to those of Kelvin for one-dimensional roughness are obtained.
The Control of Mechanical Power in Insect Flight

SYNOPSIS. The cost of locomotion is rarely constant, but rather varies as an animal changes speed and direction. Ultimately, the locomotory muscles of an animal must compensate for these changing requirements by varying the amount of mechanical power that they produce. In this paper, we consider the mechanisms by which the mechanical power generated by the asynchronous flight muscles of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , is regulated to match the changing requirements during flight control behaviors. Our data come from individual flies flown in a flight arena under conditions in which stroke kinematics, total metabolic cost, and flight force are simultaneously measured. In order to increase force production, flies must increase wing beat frequency and wing stroke amplitude. Theory predicts that these kinematics changes should result in a roughly cubic increase in the mechanical power requirements for flight. However, the mechanical energy generated by muscle should increase only linearly with stroke amplitude and frequency. This discrepancy implies that flight muscles must either recruit myofibrils or increase activation in order to generate sufficient mechanical power to sustain elevated force production. By comparing respirometrically measured total metabolic power with kinematically estimated mechanical power, we have calculated that the stress in the flight muscles of Drosophila must increase by 50% to accommodate a doubling of flight force. Electrophysiological evidence suggests that this change in stress may be accomplished by an increased neural drive to the asynchronous muscles, which in turn may act to recruit additional cross bridges through an increase in cytosolic calcium.
Über die Substratspezifität der Diamin‐oxydase. 12. Mitteilung über Amin‐oxydasen

1. Out of 62 diamines, tested as potential substrates of mammalian diamine oxidase (DO), 22 are acted upon by this enzyme. Fifteen compounds are reported for the first time to be substrates of DO in general and 17 for the enzyme obtained from hog kidney cortex.
Do T cells care about the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways?

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, which include the extracellular response kinases, p38 and c-Jun amino terminal kinases (JNK), play a significant role in mediating signals triggered by cytokines, growth factors and environmental stress. The JNK and p38 MAP kinases have been involved in growth, differentiation and cell death in different cell types. In the present paper, we describe how the JNK and p38 MAP kinase signalling pathways are regulated and their role during thymocyte development and the activation and differentiation of T cells in the peripheral immune system. The results from these studies demonstrate that the JNK and p38 MAP kinase signalling pathways regulate different aspects of T-cell mediated immune responses.
Reduced motion artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging by adaptive spatio-temporal multiresolution reconstruction

In this paper we introduce an algorithm for imaging a time varying object f(x,t) from its projections at different fixed times. We show that the reconstruction of coarse features, corresponding to low spatial-frequency data, can be made nearly instantaneously in time from the evolving data. A temporal sequence of these low spatial-frequency reconstructions can be used to estimate the motion of the object. Once the motion is estimated, we may use the estimate to compensate for some of the motion of fine scale features. This enables accurate reconstructions of the time varying fine structure in several cases. The algorithm is demonstrated for a selection of phantoms and actual MRI studies. In general, this technique shows promise for a wide variety of applications in MRI, as well as for heart imaging using x- ray CT. Clinical applications should include both functional MRI such as dynamic imaging of oxygen usage and blood flow in the brain, and motion imaging of joints, angiography in the lungs, and heart imaging.
Man, the conservative and revolutionary mammal. Molecular findings on this paradox

Man's antecedents in the stem line of the Primates advanced by an anagenetic process which increased the informational content of genomic DNA and decreased the rate of divergent molecular evolution among genomes. A glimpse of this process was obtained from phylogenetic trees of homologous sets of sequenced mammalian polypeptide chains. The trees were constructed by the maximum parsimony principle, i.e. for each set, the branching arrangement and codon sequence ancestors were sought which yielded the fewest nucleotide replacements over the link paths describing the phylogeny of that set. Contrasting primates with ungulates, the trees revealed little genetic divergence in the branching of catarrhine primates and an especially close cladistic and genetic relationship of chimpanzee, Man, and gorilla. Moreover, the mutation lengths of the link paths demonstrated that in the descent of the stem line from the primitive placental ancestor to Man the rate of nucleotide replacements was first rapid and then by the later Tertiary markedly decelerated. This pattern was attributed to selection for longer gestations and generation times and for larger ontogenetic arrays of intricately coadapted molecular structures, the former decreasing the sidereal-time based mutation rate and the latter reducing the proportion of new mutations neutral to natural selection. While the molecular adaptations directed inwards to the internal environments of the organisms in the advancing lineage were best specified by homozygous gene combinations, the molecular adaptations directed outwards to the challenges of an expanding external environment were best specified by heterozygous combinations. These two conflicting selective tendencies have produced further maturational delays to post-gestational ages of the polymorphic macromolecular systems effecting the outward-directed adaptations, and have further braked the rate of divergent molecular evolution in human populations.
Abstract A45: Targeting breast cancer stem cells using cancer preventive rexinoids

Background: Recent research in breast biology supports the cancer stem cell hypothesis which asserts that malignancies arise in tissue stem cells through dysregulation of self-renewal. The cancer stem cell hypothesis has important implications for early detection, prevention and treatment of breast cancer. If breast cancers arise from the transformation of normal stem cells, it may be possible to target stem cells for the prevention of cancer. We have previously shown that rexinoids prevent the development of ER-negative breast cancer in transgenic mouse models. Previous studies have demonstrated a role of retinoid signaling in the regulation of normal breast stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Bexarotene and LG100268 are rexinoids that selectively bind RXR receptors. Based on the effects of these molecularly targeted agents, we hypothesize that rexinoids prevent breast cancer development by suppressing the growth and transformation of the breast stem cell population. Methods: We performed in vivo and in vitro studies to address our hypothesis. Cell proliferation assays were used to determine whether rexinoids can inhibit the growth of normal, pre-malignant and malignant breast cell lines (HMECs, MCF10A, DCIS.COM, SUM225, HCC1937 and HCC38 cell lines). To determine whether these agents affect stem cells, we performed mammosphere assays and FACS analysis after treatment with vehicle or rexiniods. We next conducted in vivo studies using MMTV-Wnt transgenic mice treated with LG100268 (50mg/kg) or vehicle, and studied the stem cell properties of mammary epithelial cells from these mice. The stem cell population in mammary glands was quantified by staining of CD24, CD49f and using FACS analysis and mammosphere assays. Results: Our results showed that the rexionids LG100268 and bexarotene inhibit the growth of breast cell lines only at a high concentrations (the IC50 (concentration that reaches a 50% growth inhibiton) in most of the tested cell lines exceeded 10uM). Results of in vitro mammosphere assays showed that 100nM LG100268 reduced mammosphere formation efficiency by more than 40% in all breast cancer cell lines. Results from our in vivo experiments showed that LG100268 reduced the mammary epithelial stem cell population by 57% as defined by the CD24+/CD49f++ population identified by FACS and by 47% as measured by in vitro mammosphere assays. Conclusion: These results from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the rexinoid LG100268 is a potent mammary stem cell inhibitor. This study shows that rexinoids suppress stem cell expansion and suggest that mammary stem cell inhibitors will be useful breast cancer preventive agents. This work is supported by a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (to PHB) and from an NIH/NCI RO1 grant (CA078480) (to PHB). Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A45.
Enrollment Duration, Service Use, and Costs of Care for Severely Mentally Ill Members of a Health Maintenance Organization

Background: The rapid growth of prepaid health care and the increasing enrollment of Medicaid clients in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) raise concerns about the adequacy of services for persons with severe mental illness in capitated health plans. Uncontrolled studies have suggested that enrollment of HMO members with mental illness may be prematurely terminated. Methods: We identified 250 adult Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region (Portland, Ore) members who were enrolled during 1986 or 1987 and had chart diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Severely mentally ill subjects were matched by age and sex with control HMO members with and without diabetes mellitus. Records of the HMO and the state mental health agency were reviewed to determine HMO enrollment duration, private and public service utilization, and HMO costs of care during the 4-year follow-up period. Results: The severely mentally ill subjects had 42 months of HMO enrollment during the follow-up period comlitus with 37 months for the controls without diabetes mellitus and 47 months for the patients with diabetes mellitus ( P P Conclusions: This controlled study found no evidence for early termination of HMO members with costly mental illness. Use of community mental health care was associated with longer duration of HMO enrollment.
OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE (EUBALAENA GLACIALIS) SURFACE ACTIVE GROUPS

Marine mammal social interactions are poorly understood primarily because of the difficulty of observing these behaviors in the wild. Observations of copulations in North Atlantic right whale surface active groups (SAGs) have led to the hypothesis that the function of these groups is for conception. The occurrence and composition of SAGs sighted from 1992 to 2001 were investigated on the basis of age, sex, and reproductive status of individuals. A total of 918 SAG events were documented. SAGs were observed in all habitat areas and in all months in which right whales were sighted. Group compositions revealed both potentially conceptive groups and nonconceptive groups. Of right whales whose age was known, 93% were first sighted in SAGs as juveniles, and more than half of all observed groups contained at least one juvenile whale. The group composition and timing of occurrence of SAGs do not support the hypothesis that all groups serve a purely conceptive function. Their functional role is likely much broader. Other potential functions include play, mating practice, or maintenance of social bonds.
Physical Gelation of Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolytes. 1. Homogeneous Gelation of Alkylated Poly[acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate]

Stiff, viscoelastic hydrogels have been fabricated from hydrophobically modified poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (HRAM). These materials are macroscopically homogeneous but microscopically heterogeneous, containing hydrophobic aggregates that bridge polymer chains in a three-dimensional network. The charge level at which the dynamic storage modulus is maximized for a given polymer concentration corresponds closely with the charge level giving a maximum in hydrophobicity of the aggregates, suggesting a link between the mechanical stability of these aggregates and their ability to exclude water effectively. The gel point, where the system first exhibits viscoelastic behavior, may also be identified from discontinuities in the hydrophobicity (as measured by the fluorescence spectra of solubilized pyrene) and equivalent conductivity with polymer concentration. The effects of various aspects of polymer architecture on hydrogel properties have been investigated. The dynamic storage modulus of the network ex...
A Proposal for Standardisation of the Learning or Start‐up Curve

Use of the cumulative average cost start‐up formula as the standard (instead of the traditional incremental cost or unit cost formula) allows the derivation of cumulative total costs and marginal unit costs. Accurate incremental costs can also be obtained by taking the difference between cumulative total costs at the upper and lower points of the increment. Furthermore, look‐up tables (commonly used with the traditional approach) are no longer needed.
Carbamate-type insecticides for control of tobacco budworm and bollworm on cotton.

Insecticides of the methylcarbamate, dimethylcarbamate, and o -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime types were compared for effectiveness against larvae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), in laboratory, field-cage, and field tests. Insecticides of the dimethylcarbamate and o -(methylcarbamoyl)oxime types were relatively ineffective. Matacil® (4-(dimethylamino)- m -tolyl methyicarbamate) and Zectran® (4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) of the methylcarbamate type gave 80% or better larval mortality of bollworms and tobacco budworms in the laboratory, and 90% or better mortality in field cages at 2.24 kg/hectare.
Evaluation of Operating Conditions for Surface Lipid Extraction from Rice Using a Soxtec System

ABSTRACT The degree of milling (DOM) of rice is a measure of how well the germ and bran layers are removed from the surface of rice kernels during milling. Because the majority of rice kernel lipids are found on the surface, measuring the surface lipid content (SLC) of rice after milling may be one way to quantify the DOM of rice. While there are several methods to measure the lipid content (LC) of rice, there is not an established standard method for determining the SLC of milled rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the primary operating variables of a Soxtec apparatus in measuring the SLC of milled rice. This was accomplished by varying the preextraction drying, boiling, rinsing, and postextraction drying durations, as well as the solvent used for extraction, to achieve the maximum extraction of lipids from rice. Experiments were performed on stored Oryza sativa L. ‘Cypress’ and ‘Bengal’ rice milled for 10, 30, and 60 sec. Results showed that durations of 1 hr of preextraction, 20 min of bo...
Satellite Observations of the Earth's Radiation Budget

Meteorological satellites have provided the first complete data on energy exchange between earth and space. The planetary albedo is 29 percent for the mean annual case, and the entire earth-atmosphere system is in near radiative equilibrium. More energy is absorbed in tropical regions than previously believed, and major energy source and sink regions exist within latitude belts.
Bacterial challenge and eicosanoids act in plasmatocyte spreading

We report on experiments designed to more thoroughly document the roles of eicosanoids as crucial elements in cell spreading and on experiments designed to test the hypothesis that in vivo bacterial infections influence cell spreading on glass surfaces. We used hemocytes prepared from tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and four species of bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus) in each experiment. Our protocols yielded several important points: (i) hemocytes prepared from hornworms at 15 and 60 min following infection with, separately, each of the four bacterial species were fundamentally altered in size (all less than the 15-μm counting cut-off) and none of the hemocytes exhibited cell-spreading behavior; (ii) the influence of bacterial challenge on cell spreading declined with incubation time post-challenge; (iii) conditioned medium (CM) prepared by exposing hemocytes to bacterial cells in vitro exerted a strong dose-dependent influence on cell spreading. Specifically, plasmatocytes increased in length from about 38 μm with 2.5% CM to a maximum of about 54 μm at 100% CM; and (iv) the retarding influence of dexamethasone (an eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor) on cell spreading was reversed by arachidonic acid, prostaglandin H 2 , and CM. Taken together, these findings indicate that both bacterial infection and eicosanoids influence hemocyte-spreading processes.
Performance styles in interpersonal behavior: an experimental validation of a typology ☆

Abstract An experiment was conducted primarily in order to test some hypotheses relating performance style to interpersonal behavior. Three performance styles were analytically distinguished; they were labelled, p, r, and c. In general, p's are conceived to be persons whose interpersonal behavior is inept and unpolished; r's are viewed as interpersonally skilled and poised; c's are persons whose behavior is conventional and conforming—in the manner of chameleons. Eighty-seven male subjects, whose performance styles had been determined by a paper-and-pencil test, participated individually in the experiment in which they were required to imagine that they were salesmen whose task it was to sell to another subject (actually an experimental confederate) a fictional encyclopedia. The subjects were given beforchand one of three communications to read concerning their product: a highly favorable one, a mildly favorable one, or an unfavorable one. They were to use this information in any way they wished in devising a sales pitch. After a private rehearsal, subjects actually interacted with the customer (confederate) in the role of a salesman. The major findings of this experiment were the following: (1) On the basis both of self-ratings and of behavior ratings, r's were the most effective salesmen, c's were next, p's were poorest. (2) r's felt most comfortable during the interaction, c's were next, p's felt least comfortable; this rank-ordering held even with effectiveness differences partialled out. The results were interpreted as supporting a conceptualization of individual differences in interpersonal behavior based on the construct of performance style.
Theory of angled grating semiconductor lasers: comparison of an analytical model and BPM simulation

An analysis of intensity filamentation in a broad area semiconductor laser having an optical cavity with an angled grating has been performed, using both an analytical six-wave mixing theory and beam propagation method (BPM) simulations. With the grating at the Bragg diffraction angle, the analytical theory shows that the use of the grating gives rise to lateral optical anisotropy, which suppresses filamentation of the laser radiation. For a given semiconductor laser design and operating condition, the predictions of the analytical theory are compared with those from a beam propagation method simulation. 12
Hemodynamic monitoring and pacing with one catheter: A pilot study

Attempts to incorporate the monitoring of central pressures and pacing into one catheter have heretofore been unsuccessful. Recently, a new catheter for monitoring central hemodynamic pressures, which has a right ventricular port (Chandler pacing port), has been devised, which has been reported to allow for simultaneous acquisition of hemodynamic data and reliable pacemaker function as well. To assess the reliability of this catheter, we studied ten consecutive Swan-Ganz catheterizations utilizing this new catheter system. In all instances, hemodynamic monitoring was established without difficulty. In three instances, because of right heart enlargement, fluoroscopy was necessary to position the pacing probe at the right ventricular apex. In all ten instances, a threshold of less than 2.5 mV was obtained. Isolated PVCs and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were common during insertion. After initial placement, the threshold for sensing and pacing was assessed every 6 hr. Malfunction occurred in three patients. In all, repositioning was accomplished without marked difficulty; in one it required fluoroscopy. In three instances, the Swan-Ganz pacing catheter system malfunctioned. These data are similar to data utilizing other modalities of temporary pacing and suggest that this catheter may be capable of providing hemodynamic monitoring and pacing from a single percutaneous procedure.
Fundmental aspects of catalysed coal char gasification

A brief review of the basic aspects of catalysed coal char gasification is presented. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalysed and uncatalysed gasification reactions of coal char with steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are discussed. Mass transport effects and internal structure of coals are shown to be important in determining rates of these reactions. the importance of the type of catalyst used is also discussed. Such factors as catalyst cations and anions, the method by which the catalyst is contacted with the coal char, and physical and chemical states of the catalyst both prior to and during reaction are shown to be important in the gasification process. Finally, research instruments and equipment used recently for studies in catalysed gasification are reviewed. These include various types of reactor systems for following the course of these reactions and analytical instruments for assessing the physical and/or chemical state of the catalysts and/or coal char both prior to and during the gasification reactions.
EFFECT OF GRAVEL ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPACTED SOIL LINERS

How much gravel should be allowed in low-hydraulic-conductivity, compacted soil liners To address this question, two clayey soils are uniformly mixed with varying percentages of gravel that, by itself, has a hydraulic conductivity of 170 cm/s. Soil/gravel mixtures are compacted and then permeated. Hydraulic conductivity of the compacted gravel/soil mixtures is less than 1 [times] 10[sup [minus]7] cm/s for gravel contents as high as 50-60%. For gravel contents [le] 60%, gravel content is not important: all test specimens have a low hydraulic conductivity. For gravel contents > 50-60%, the clayey soils does not fill voids between gravel particles, and high hydraulic conductivity results. The water content of the nongravel fraction is found to be a useful indicator of proper moisture conditions during compaction. From these experiments in which molding water content and compactive energy are carefully controlled, and gravel is uniformly mixed with the soil, it is concluded that the maximum allowable gravel content is approximately 50%.
Tooth Retention through Endodontic Microsurgery or Tooth Replacement Using Single Implants: A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcomes

Abstract Introduction Clinicians are regularly confronted with difficult choices. Should a tooth that has not healed through nonsurgical root canal treatment be treated through endodontic microsurgery or be replaced using a single implant? Acquiring complete, unbiased information to help clinicians and their patients make these choices requires a systematic review of the literature on treatment outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the outcomes of tooth retention through endodontic microsurgery to tooth replacement using an implant supported single crown. Methods Searches performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were enriched by citation mining. Inclusion criteria were defined. Sentinel articles were identified and included in the final selection of studies. Weighted survival and success rates for single implants and endodontic microsurgery were calculated. Results The quality of the articles reporting on single implants and endodontic microsurgery was moderate. Data for single implants were much more plentiful than for endodontic microsurgery, but the endodontic microsurgery studies had a slightly higher quality rating. Single implants and endodontic microsurgery were not directly compared in the literature. Outcomes criteria were often unclear. At 4–6 years, single implants had higher survival rates than teeth treated with endodontic microsurgery. Qualitatively different success criteria precluded valid comparison of success rates. Conclusions Survival rates for single implants and endodontic microsurgery were both high (higher for single implants). Appraisal was limited by a lack of direct treatment comparisons. Long-term studies with a broad range of carefully defined outcomes criteria are needed.
COCKPIT MULTI-AGENTS FOR DISTRIBUTED AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The concept of Free Flight was defined some five years ago by RTCA, formerly the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics. Since then, research has been ongoing in NASA and other agencies, federal, academic, and industrial, to examine the operations and supporting technology necessary to realize the economic potential of Free Flight. The present paper flows from eleven years of academic research applicable to Free Flight, funded at Texas A&M University by NASA, industry, and the State of Texas’ Advanced Technology Program. This paper focuses on the cockpit computing technology implied by a full-blown Free Flight environment. Specifically, the nature of next generation Flight Management Systems is examined. The viewpoint adopted here is that technologically Free Flight is essentially a software problem. The two foci for this software problem are the Air Traffic Control Center and the Cockpit. In both venues there shall be software attempting to solve opposite ends of a common problem, that of implementing Free Flight. The problem’s optimal solution requires thoughtful division of responsibility, authority, and capability between each venue.
Research Note: Influence of Virginiamycin on Yield of Broilers Fed Four Levels of Energy

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Virginiamycin on processing yields of broilers fed four levels of energy. Body weights (catch, slaughter) and carcass weights (dry shell and ready-to-cook) were recorded. Shrink (holding weight loss), water uptake, shell yield, and ready-to-cook yield of the carcasses were calculated. Body weights were higher at higher energy levels and with addition of Virginiamycin to the diets. Weight loss due to shrink declined from 5.39 to 3.89% at higher dietary energy levels, but shrink was not affected by Virginiamycin. Water uptake was significantly higher for carcasses of birds fed the lowest dietary energy level (3.49%) than for carcasses of birds fed the two highest energy levels (2.89 and 3.03%); but differences among water uptake of carcasses of birds fed the three highest energy levels were not significant. Water uptake was unaffected by Virginiamycin. Increasing the dietary energy level resulted in higher ready-to-cook yields, from 61.7% yield at 2,271 kcal ME/kg to 65.4% yield at 2,953 kcal ME/kg. Yield was increased from 63.3 to 64.0% (P less than .01) by dietary Virginiamycin.
The enacted fate of undiscovered public knowledge

In a series of articles, Don Swanson explores the problem of associating two or more literatures that are logically, or substantively, related, but bibliographically noninteractive. He has called these implicit links among published literatures undiscovered public knowledge. This article explores the fate of Swanson's ideas, using citation context analysis both to determine which authors have utilized Swanson's ideas and to examine the uses to which they have been put. The results suggest that while Swanson has received significant attention from the library and information science community, his ideas have not been widely cited in biomedical disciplines, and, when cited, only with rhetorically dismissive qualifications that detract from their facticity. These results are interpreted as a failed instance of interdisciplinary communication, and several explanations of this failure are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of cortisol on immunity in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

The immunocompetence of juvenile laboratory-reared red drum treated with cortisol in the diet (250 and 500 mg kg−1 food) was assessed following intramuscular administration of bacterio-phage (Escherichia coli OX 174), washed bovine erythrocytes (1% suspension) and bovine serum albumin (100mg). Cortisol induced suppressive effects on the fish response to two of the three antigens (i.e., haemagglutinating activity to bovine erythrocytes and precipitin development to bovine serum albumin). These differential effects of cortisol on T-dependent antigens could be interpreted as evidence for heterogeneity of red drum T lymphocytes.
Microstructure-Based Constitutive Modeling of TRIP Steel: Prediction of Ductility and Failure Modes under Different Loading Conditions

We study the ultimate ductility and failure modes of a commercial transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) 800 steel under different loading conditions with an advanced microstructure-based finite-element analysis. The representative volume element (RVE) for the TRIP 800 under examination is developed based on an actual microstructure obtained from scanning electron microscopy. The ductile failure of the TRIP 800 under different loading conditions is predicted in the form of plastic strain localization without any prescribed failure criteria for the individual phases. This indicates that the microstructure-level inhomogeneity of the various constituent phases can be the key factor influencing the final ductility of the TRIP 800 steel under different loading conditions. Comparisons of the computational results with experimental measurements suggest that the microstructure-based modeling approach accurately captures the overall macroscopic behavior of the TRIP 800 steel under different loading and boundary conditions.
Shift Work: A Review and Theoretical Analysis

A review of research on worker responses to shift work emphasizes identification of workers' problems. Theoretical analysis suggests that many shift-related problems are a function of lack of community orientation toward shift work schedules.
Research on Teaching and Teacher Research: The Issues That Divide

Neither interpretive nor process-product classroom research has foregrounded the teacher's role in the generation of knowledge about teaching. What is missing from the knowledge base for teaching, therefore, are the voices of the teachers themselves, the questions teachers ask, the ways teachers use writing and intentional talk in their work lives, and the interpretive frames teachers use to understand and improve their own classroom practices. Limiting the official knowledge base for teaching to what academics have chosen to study and write about has contributed to a number of problems, including discontinuity between what is taught in universities and what is taught in classrooms, teachers' ambivalence about the claims of academic research, and a general lack of information about classroom life from a truly emic perspective. This article proposes that teacher research has the potential to provide this perspective; however, several critical issues divide teacher research from research on teaching and mak...
Improved Oil Recovery for Independent Oil & Gas Producers

There are more than fifty-two hundred independent oil and gas producers operating in the US today (based on current IPAA membership figures). Many of these companies have instituted improved oil recovery programs in some form, but very few have had access to the state-of-the-art modeling technology routinely used by major producers to manage these projects. Since independent operators are playing an increasingly important role in production of hydrocarbons in the US, it is important to promote state-of-the-art management practices, including the planning and monitoring of improved oil recovery projects, within this community. This is one of the goals of the Strategic Technologies Council, a special interest group of Independent Oil and Gas producers. This paper describes a project which focuses on the distribution of advanced reservoir management technologies (geological, petrophysical, and engineering) to independent producers. The evolving information highway serves as the distribution medium, specifically the World Wide Web (W3). The procedure for launching petrotechnical applications and retrieving results over the W3 will be presented. A paradigm for the interaction between the independents, the petroleum service sector, and government will also be presented. Of principal concern is the cost of making high-tech modeling applications accessible to independent operators.
Empirical relationships for predicting nonlinear refractive index changes in optical solids

The development of high-power glass lasers has stimulated interest in materials with low index nonlinearity. A number of authors have proposed empirical relations between the nonlinear index and linear dispersion parameters. We review these expressions and relate them to both classical and quantum theoretic derivations of the index nonlinearity. We show that the major differences arise in the treatment of local field corrections. We further show that the good agreement obtained between experiment and theory may be fortuitous, due to the fairly large experimental uncertainty and the fact that all the materials investigated to date are really quite similar, being essentially oxide or fluoride materials.
Molecular modelling of protein-nucleic acid interactions

Computer modeling techniques to study the interaction of proteins with nucleic acids are presented. The methods utilize information from genetic and chemical modification experiments and macromolecular structural constraints. These techniques, in addition to computer model building procedures and theoretical energy calculations, are illustrated for the study of the lac and cro repressor-operator systems. Our predicted interactions between lac and its operator agree with those recently reported for lac based upon sequence alignment with the cro repressor. Several molecular models of the putative helical segment of cro interacting with its OR3 operator are presented. These models are reflective of intermediate conformations experienced by the repressor in recognition of the operator sequence. The results of our studies are further discussed in terms of the design of short peptides interacting with nucleic acid sequences and the evolutionary requirements in establishing these repressor interactions.
THE METABOLISM OF [1,3-14C] ACETONE BY HIGHER PLANT TISSUES

Summary The metabolism of [1,3-14C] acetone by plant tissues has been examined. Under the experimental conditions used, 14C of methyl labelled acetone was rapidly incorporated into CO2, organic acids, amino acids, lipids and into the insoluble residue. In pea cotyledons and beet leaves, acetate and formate together contained the bulk of the radioactivity of the organic acid fraction. The possibility is discussed that acetone, accumulating during the early stages of germination in peas may be subsequently metabolized as seedling development takes place.
Visual Animation of Parallel Algorithms for Matrix Computations

In this talk we show how graphical animation of the behavior of parallel algorithms can facilitate the design and performance enhancement of algorithms for matrix computations on parallel computer architectures. Using a portable instrumented communication library and a graphical animation package developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we illustrate the effects of various strategies in parallel algorithm design, including interconnection topologies, global communication patterns, data mapping schemes, load balancing, and pipelining techniques for overlapping communication with computation. In this talk we focus on distributed-memory parallel architectures in which the processors communicate by passing messages. The linear algebra problems we consider include matrix factorization and the solution of triangular systems.
Changes in automated complete blood cell count and differential leukocyte count results induced by storage of blood at room temperature.

Abstract Objective.—To delineate changes that occur in various parameters of automated complete blood cell count (CBC) and differential leukocyte count (differential) on prolonged storage of blood at room temperature. Design.—A CBC and an automated differential were performed on the Coulter Gen.S on 40 K3 (tripotassium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate) EDTA-anticoagulated blood specimens once daily, specimen volume permitting, for 3 to 7 days. Specimens were kept at room temperature throughout the study. The results were tabulated using a personal computer with Excel software. Percent change or absolute difference from the initial value for each parameter for each subsequent day of the study period was calculated. Results.—Among the CBC parameters, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were stable for the duration of the study (7 days), white blood cell count was stable for at least 3 days (up to 7 days, if the count was within or above the normal range), and platelet count was sta...
The persistence of symptom burden: symptom experience and quality of life of cancer patients across one year.

Purpose The purpose of this longitudinal study was to track the symptom experience in a sample of cancer patients, determine the persistence of cancer symptoms and symptom burden, and examine the relationship between symptoms and QOL over time.
Using a market economy to provision compute resources across planet-wide clusters

We present a practical, market-based solution to the resource provisioning problem in a set of heterogeneous resource clusters. We focus on provisioning rather than immediate scheduling decisions to allow users to change long-term job specifications based on market feedback. Users enter bids to purchase quotas, or bundles of resources for long-term use. These requests are mapped into a simulated clock auction which determines uniform, fair resource prices that balance supply and demand. The reserve prices for resources sold by the operator in this auction are set based on current utilization, thus guiding the users as they set their bids towards under-utilized resources. By running these auctions at regular time intervals, prices fluctuate like those in a real-world economy and provide motivation for users to engineer systems that can best take advantage of available resources. These ideas were implemented in an experimental resource market at Google. Our preliminary results demonstrate an efficient transition of users from more congested resource pools to less congested resources. The disparate engineering costs for users to reconfigure their jobs to run on less expensive resource pools was evidenced by the large price premiums some users were willing to pay for more expensive resources. The final resource allocations illustrated how this framework can lead to significant, beneficial changes in user behavior, reducing the excessive shortages and surpluses of more traditional allocation methods.
Biology of the genus Hericia (Algophagidae: Astigmata), with the description of a new species from the eastern United States

New observations concerning the biology of the genus Hericia are provided, as well as a discussion of past observations from the literature. A new species, Hericia janehenleyi, is described and illustrated from adults, phoretic deutonymphs and non-phoretic deutonymphs collected from fermenting sap flux on oak trees (Quercus spp.) in eastern Virginia, U.S.A. Deutonymphs are phoretic on the sap flux inhabiting beetle Glischrochilus obtusus (Say) (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae).