cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The corticostriatal pathway in Huntington's disease

The corticostriatal pathway provides most of the excitatory glutamatergic input into the striatum and it plays an important role in the development of the phenotype of Huntington's disease (HD). This review summarizes results obtained from genetic HD mouse models concerning various alterations in this pathway. Evidence indicates that dysfunctions of striatal circuits and cortical neurons that make up the corticostriatal pathway occur during the development of the HD phenotype, well before there is significant neuronal cell loss. Morphological changes in the striatum are probably primed initially by alterations in the intrinsic functional properties of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons. Some of these alterations, including increased sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in subpopulations of neurons, might be constitutively present but ultimately require abnormalities in the corticostriatal inputs for the phenotype to be expressed. Dysfunctions of the corticostriatal pathway are complex and there are multiple changes as demonstrated by significant age-related transient and more chronic interactions with the disease state. There also is growing evidence for changes in cortical microcircuits that interact to induce dysfunctions of the corticostriatal pathway. The conclusions of this review emphasize, first, the general role of neuronal circuits in the expression of the HD phenotype and, second, that both cortical and striatal circuits must be included in attempts to establish a framework for more rational therapeutic strategies in HD. Finally, as changes in cortical and striatal circuitry are complex and in some cases biphasic, therapeutic interventions should be regionally specific and take into account the temporal progression of the phenotype.
Antibodies to ACTH in opsoclonus-myoclonus

Antibodies to ACTH1-24 detected by radioimmunoassay were present in the serum of a child with opsoclonus-myoclonus for at least 24 weeks after discontinuation of chronic ACTH treatment. The antibody-bound ACTH did not interfere with cortisol secretion. Six other children with opsoclonus-myoclonus and 16 control sera, including patients with chronically elevated endogenous ACTH, did not exhibit autoantibodies to ACTH. Antibodies to ACTH should be sought in patients who develop tolerance to ACTH treatment. The indirect but not direct ACTH assay method is sensitive to the presence of ACTH antibodies.
Cyclic‐AMP deficient MDCK cells form tubules

It has been known for many years that MDCK cells form blister-like structures, termed domes. During an examination of the morphology of a large number of MDCK clones, we found that two stable morphotypes exist in an MDCK cell population-namely, dome-forming and tubule-forming clones. When maintained at high cell density, tubule-forming clones displayed large numbers of anastomosing tubules which contained lumens. The frequency of observation of the tubule-forming clones in an MDCK population was 0.7%. Tubule-forming MDCK clones should be useful in studying tubule morphogenesis. While agents that affect protein kinase A activity increased dome formation, the same agents abolished the formation of tubules in all tubule-forming clones. In contrast, drugs that stimulate protein kinase C activity (phorbol esters and staurosporine) decreased dome formation an increased tubule morphogenesis in all MDCK morphotypes. Tubule-forming clones were found to have lower resting levels of cyclic-AMP and to respond to forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase less readily. Hence, signals transmitted by the protein kinase C pathway appear to lead to tubule formation in MDCK cells, while signals transmitted through the protein kinase A pathway lead to dome formation.
The Role of Vision and Hearing in Physical, Social, and Emotional Functioning Among Older Adults

The present study examined the comparative roles of vision and hearing in differentaspects of older individuals' lives. The significance of vision and hearing on physical, social, and emotional functioning (disability, social activity, and depressive symptoms) was assessed along with the role of personality traits and social resources, using a stratified sample of 425 community-dwelling older individuals (M age = 72.2). Vision was a significant factor for disability, while hearing was significantly associated with social activity, implying the unique contribution of vision and hearing. The association between sensory performance and depressive symptoms became nonsignificant in multivariate analysis. After adjusting for vision and hearing, psychosocial factors increased the amount of explained variance in physical, social, and emotional outcomes. The findings demonstrate the important roles of personality and social resources along with vision and hearing and suggest a need to consider them when planning i...
Tracer element injection into PDX tokamak for spectral line identification and localized doppler temperature measurement

Abstract Magnetic dipole lines in ScXIII-XVII and resonance lines of ScXVIII-XIX were observed and identified. Advantages of ion thermometry by means of tracer element injection are described.
Fluoride Inhibition of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Significant inhibition of PMN metabolic activity by F- occurred at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM F- for O-2 generation, 1-C14 CO 2 release labeled glucose and NBT-reduction respectively. This inhibition resulted primarily from F- suppression of non-oxidative glucose metabolism. As the concentration of F- in the O- 2 generating system increased beyond 10 mM, a rise in production of O-2 anion occurred, peaking at 20 mM F-, followed by a rapid decline.
The endothelial life insurance plan

Comment on Hristov et al, page [2761][1] Endothelial-derived apoptotic bodies are ingested by endothelial progenitor cells, resulting in these cells' enhanced proliferation and differentiation. This mechanism may contribute to the repair and maintenance of the vascular endothelium. T he
How to Write a Research Grant Proposal

Good writing will not of itself produce a good research grant proposal. Nevertheless, a well-organized, well-written proposal can help you get funded, so it's worth some effort. This article provides guidelines for writing all the standard parts of a proposal.
Fas(t) Balls and Lou Gehrig Disease: A Clue to Selective Vulnerability of Motor Neurons?

The molecular basis of the selective death of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been an enigma since its description by Charcot in 1869 (Cleveland and Rothstein, 2001; Julien, 2001). In this issue of Neuron, Raoul et al. (2002) demonstrate a motor neuron-specific death pathway which involves Fas and NO. Remarkably, motor neurons from mice carrying ALS-linked mutant forms of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) exhibit an increased sensitivity to death triggered by Fas but not other insults. These data suggest new insights into the mechanisms of, and potential therapeutic strategies for, death of motor neurons in ALS.
Removal of Default State-Associated Inhibition during Repetition Priming Improves Response Articulation

Behavior is a product of both the stimuli encountered and the current internal state. At the level of the nervous system, the internal state alters the biophysical properties of, and connections between, neurons establishing a "network state." To establish a network state, the nervous system must be altered from an initial default/resting state, but what remains unclear is the extent to which this process represents induction from a passive default state or the removal of suppression by an active default state. We use repetition priming (a history-dependent improvement of behavioral responses to repeatedly encountered stimuli) to determine the cellular mechanisms underlying the transition from the default to the primed network state. We demonstrate that both removal of active suppression and induction of neuron excitability changes each contribute separately to the production of a primed state. The feeding system of Aplysia californica displays repetition priming via an increase in the activity of the radula closure neuron B8, which results in increased bite strength with each motor program. We found that during priming, B8 received progressively less inhibitory input from the multifunctional neurons B4/5. Additionally, priming enhanced the excitability of B8, but the rate at which B8 activity increased as a result of these changes was regulated by the progressive removal of inhibitory input. Thus, the establishment of the network state involves the induction of processes from a rested state, yet the consequences of these processes are conditional upon critical gating mechanisms actively enforced by the default state.
Acid hydrolases in the human epidermis.

Summary.— α- and β-D-glucosidases, β-D-glucuronidase, α- and β-D-mannosidases, α-and β-D-glucosidases, β-D-fucosidase, α-L-fucosidase and β-D-Nacetyglucosaminidase activities were measured in the human epidermis using p-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone compounds as substrates. There was no appreciable difference in activities noted when both substrates were compared. Acid phosphatase was assayed with p-nitrophenol phosphate and α-naphthyl acid phosphate as substrates. Acid phosphatase seemed to be present, both free in the cytoplasm and in lysosomes. These 2 activities could not be differentiated by agarose electrophoresis (both fractions showed 2 anodally migrating bands). Some of the biochemical properties of these acid hydrolases from the normal human epidermis are presented.
Stimulated emission from as-grown GaN hexagons by selective area growth hydride vapour phase epitaxy

The authors report room temperature stimulated emission from as-grown GaN hexagons by selective area growth hydride vapour phase epitaxy. The threshold for bulk stimulated emission was found to be 3.4 MW/cm/sup 2/ with an emission linewidth of 1.2 nm.
Effects of chronic prednisolone treatment on post junctional membrane responses to agonist

Using frogs treated 1 month with prednisolone, we studied responses of the muscle postjunctional membrane to acetylcholine and carbamylcholine. In control muscles following a bath application of 3 microM neostigmine or 30 microM pyridostigmine, there was an increased depolarization response to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine or carbamylcholine. Results with prednisolone-treated frog muscle were essentially identical. In some fibers of prednisolone-treated muscle there was a decrementing response to repetitive iontophoretic application of carbamylcholine. Prolonged administration of prednisolone may accelerate desensitization of acetylcholine receptors during repetitive application of agonist.
Straight OsO4 versus glutaraldehyde-OsO4 in sequence as fixatives for the granular vesicles in sympathetic axons of the rat pineal body.

Pineal bodies were removed immediately after death from 6 rats: representing both sexes, and adult and 21-day postnatal ages; cut into 2 or 3 pieces, and subjected to experimental fixations at pH 7.3, 0-4 C as follows: 1-2 hr in 1% OsO4, with veronal-acetate buffer of phosphate buffer; 3-4 hr in 3% or 6% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M or 0.2 M phosphate buffer, with or without 1% sucrose. Specimens from OsO4 were dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy resin; those from glutaraldehyde were allowed to soak in buffer for 12-16 hr, then transferred to 1% OsO4 at 0-4 C for 2 hr, and embedded in the same manner as the ones fixed directly in OsO4. Representative electron micrographs of postganglionic sympathetic endings were studied for the morphology and frequency of granular vesicles. No consistent difference was shown between vesicles fixed in OsO4 buffered by phosphate or by veronal-acetate, nor was there any effect caused by the different concentrations used for the glutaraldehyde solution; however, vesicles fixed by t...
Impact of Reaction Activation Energy on Plantwide Control Structures in Adiabatic Tubular Reactor Systems

Chemical reactions with large activation energies present difficult control problems because of the rapid increase in the reaction rate as the temperature increases. This paper explores the impact ...
Androgen effects on the development of the zebra finch song system

Abstract In adult zebra finches, males sing and females do not. This behavioral sex differences is associated with sex differences in brain regions that control singing. Treatment of hatching females with androgen causes permanent masculinization of neuron number in the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), a brain region involved in song. We have re-examined the possible permanent effects of androgen on the zebra finch song system by treating male and female hatchlings with Silastic implants containing 50 or 200 μg 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 200 μg of the antiandrogen flutamide. Birds were sacrified as adults and their brains prepared for histological analysis of the vocal control nuclei. Some DHT-treated females also received testosterone in adulthood. DHT had small, but significant effects on several attributes of the female song system, including increases of neuron number in RA and neuron size of RA and lateral magnocellular nucleus of the neostriatum (IMAN). DHT had no significant effects in males. Flutamide did not demasculinize any measures of the male song system but hypermasculinized volume and neuron number in RA. These data confirm studies that report few masculinizing effects of androgen on the female zebra finch song system. Nevertheless, the modest effects of DHT leave open the possibility that masculinization of the song system requires an action of androgen, perhaps in synergy with estrogen.
Evidence for a functional role of the dynamics of glycine-121 of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase obtained from kinetic analysis of a site-directed mutant.

Two-dimensional heteronuclear (1H−15N) nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Escherichia coli have demonstrated that glycine-121 which is 19 A from the catalytic center of the enzyme has large-amplitude backbone motions on the nanosecond time scale [Epstein, D. M., Benkovic, S. J., and Wright, P. E. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 11037−11048]. In order to probe the dynamic−function relationships of this residue, we constructed a mutant enzyme in which this glycine was changed to valine. Equilibrium binding studies indicated that the Val-121 mutant retained wild-type binding properties with respect to dihydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate; however, binding to NADPH and NADP+ was decreased by 40-fold and 2-fold, respectively, relative to wild-type DHFR. Single-turnover experiments indicated that hydride transfer was reduced by 200-fold to a rate of 1.3 s-1 and was the rate-limiting step in the steady state. Interestingly, pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the Val-121 mutant rev...
Monolayer cultures of normal human bone cells contain multiple subpopulations of alkaline phosphatase positive cells

Cytochemical staining of normal human bone cells in monolayer cultures for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indicated that the cultures contained mixed-cell populations. Time course evaluations of the cytochemical staining revealed, in addition to the ALP-negative cell population, at least two subpopulations of ALP-positive human bone cells with different levels of ALP. A cytochemical method has been developed which separates the ALP-positive cells into high and intermediate ALP subpopulations. In this method, human bone cells were stained for ALP using an azo-dye method and incubating at 4°C for 10 and 30 minutes, respectively. We defined the cell population that stained positively for ALP at 10 minutes as strong ALP-positive cells, and both strong and intermediate cells were stained at 30 minutes. The intermediate cells were determined from the difference between the values at the two time points. The intra- and interassay variations of the assay, with the same investigator in blinded investigations, were both less than 10% and the interobserver variation was approximately 25%. Analysis of the distribution of ALP levels in cells with a laser densitometer confirmed the presence of at least three cell subpopulations. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased the proportions of both ALP-positive cell populations, whereas TGF-beta treatment increased only the intermediate ALP-positive cell population. On the contrary, fluoride increased the proportion of the strong ALP cells, and IGF-1 had no effect on the proportions of either ALP-positive subpopulation. When the ALP-specific activity was compared with the percentage of each ALP-positive subpopulations for the cells treated with effectors, the ALP-specific activity correlated with the total ALP-positive and with the strong ALP-positive populations but not with the intermediate ALP-positive subpopulation. In summary, this study represents the first evidence that normal human bone cells in monolayer cultures contained at least two subpopulations of ALP-positive cells, and that bone cell effectors could have differential effects on each cell population.
Control of a Regenerative Braking Powered Ankle Foot Orthosis

Wearable robotic systems can be used to assist people suffering paralysis from stroke. This paper presents the mechanical design, electronics and control structure of a powered ankle foot orthosis for stroke survivors walking on a treadmill. the mechanical structure consists of a powered orthosis using a robotic tendon that uses a motor to correctly position a tuned spring in the gait pattern. During the gait cycle, the robotic tendon regenerates spring energy and uses that energy in order to assist the subject in push off and follow through into the swing phase of gait. Rather than using a motor and gearbox having several times the weight of the foot, which can supply the required peak power, a reduced energy robotic device is built with a 0.95 kg actuator that uses one third of the power and one half of the energy required by a standard motor/gearbox solution. This device controls the equilibrium position of the spring using a closed loop position controller. A real time embedded system was developed in the Matlab Simulink environment to form hardware in the loop simulations and allow rapid control prototyping. Not only direct-control is demonstrated using a predefined gait pattern but also State Logic is developed in order to determine the user's desired gait pattern. Experimental data, gathered from able body subjects walking on a treadmill prove that the system can assist gait by decreasing the peak power that a subject should supply by 50%. It is also demonstrated that springs can apply regenerative braking and that the concept is feasible and applicable in developing lightweight, functional wearable robots.
Proliferation Rings: New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Iran, and Pakistan provide the most visible manifestations of three broad and interrelated challenges to the nuclear nonproliferation regime. The arst is so-called latent proliferation, in which a country adheres to, or at least for some time maintains a facade of adhering to, its formal obligations under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) while nevertheless developing the capabilities needed for a nuclear weapons program.1 That country can then either withdraw from the NPT and build actual weapons on short notice, or simply stay within the NPT while maintaining the latent capability for the rapid realization of nuclear weapons as a hedge against future threats. This was the path followed by the DPRK with its plutonium program and one that is likely being followed by Iran and more subtly by others. The second broad challenge is arst-tier nuclear proliferation, in which technology or material sold or stolen from private companies or state nuclear programs assists nonnuclear weapons states in developing illegal nuclear weapons programs and delivery systems.2 The third challenge— the focus of this article—is second-tier nuclear proliferation, in which states in Proliferation Rings
On the continuum limit of curvature squared actions in the regge calculus

Abstract We evaluate the continuum limit of a family of curvature squared actions for the Regge calculus proposed by Hamber and Williams. The answers depend on how the continuum limit is defined. When the link lengths are defined as the distance in an embedding space between the endpoints of the link, we find that no member of this family approaches the continuum limit correctly. Defining the link lenghts as the length of a geodesic between the endpoints of the link, we find that a unique member is selected, and we prove for the general two dimensional compact manifold that this Regge calculus action converges to ∫ R 2 √ g d 2 x .
System failure engineering and fuzzy methodology: an introductory overview

Abstract System failure engineering may encompass reliability, safety, security, maintainability, risk, and quality control. In this paper we pay a unified view, i.e., a failure-oriented view to system failure engineering. The notion of failure can be represented in terms of fuzzy sets and widely interpreted. We then discuss various application aspects of fuzzy methodology in system failure engineering, which include fuzzy methodology in fault diagnosis, in probist systems, in structural reliability, in software reliability, in human reliability, in safety engineering, in security engineering, in risk engineering, and in quality control, as well as profust, posbist, and posfust reliability theories. Engineering case studies and mathematical problems raised by applications of fuzzy methodology in system failure engineering are also addressed in this paper.
Regulation of body temperature of premature infants with low-energy radiant heat†

Summary An open-end incubator with a transparent low energy radiant heater was successful in maintaining the body temperature of premature infants above 36°C. The amount of energy emitted was regulated by a feedback control mechanism with the sensor attached to the skin over the liver. Twelve healthy, naked, premature infants were studied at 3 different servo control temperature settings: 36.2, 36.5, and 37.1°C. The infants appeared most comfortable, were the least active, and had the smallest core-to-skin temperature gradient when maintained at 37.1°C. Although the results of these preliminary studies are promising, more infants must be investigated to determine the effects of such an environment on morbidity and mortality.
On poset similarity

Let P be a poset, and let A be an element of its strict incidence algebra. Saks (SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 1 (1980) 211–215; Discrete Math. 59 (1986) 135–166) and Gansner (SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 2 (1981) 429–440) proved that the kth Dilworth number of P is less than or equal to the dimension of the nullspace of Ak, and that there is some member of the strict incidence algebra of P for which equality is attained (for all k simultaneously). In this paper we focus attention on the question of when equality is attained with the strict zeta matrix, and proceed under a particular random poset model. We provide an invariant depending only on two measures of nonunimodality of the level structure for the poset that, with probability tending to 1 as the smallest level tends to infinity, takes on the same value as the inequality gap between the width of P and the dimension of the nullspace of its strict zeta matrix. In particular, we characterize the level structures for which the width of P is, with probability tending to 1, equal to the dimension of the nullspace of its strict zeta matrix. As a consequence, by the Kleitman–Rothschild Theorem 5, almost all posets in the Uniform random poset model have width equal to the dimension of the nullspace of their zeta matrices. We hope this is a first step toward a complete characterization of when equality holds in Saks’ and Gansner's inequality for the strict zeta matrix and for all k. New to this paper are also the canonical representatives of the poset similarity classes (where two posets are said to be similar if their strict zeta matrices are similar in the matrix-theoretic sense), and these form the setting for our work on Saks’ and Gansner's inequalities. (Also new are two functions that measure the nonunimodality of a sequence of real numbers.)
Methods of Cell Formation in Group Technology: A Framework for Evaluation

Abstract Group technology is a manufacturing philosophy that attempts to provide some of the operational advantages of a line layout while maintaining some of the strategic advantages of the job shop layout. In designing a productive process that will adopt this manufacturing strategy, one of the primary problems encountered is the formation of component families and production cells. The production cell is a group of machines or processes of functionally dissimilar types that are placed together and dedicated to the manufacture of a specific range of component families. Several researchers in operations management have proposed methods of forming production cells and component families. These methods differ in terms of information requirements and also in terms of the final cell design. Furthermore, the objectives for each method are quite different and it thus seems that the focus has been on the method rather than its appropriateness in a particular situation. This article reviews some of the most publicized methods of group formation and analyzes the type of cells that could be formed using these methods. Subsequently, an evaluative framework is presented where the relative advantages of each type of production cell are discussed in terms of several strategic and operational factors. This framework is of particular use as it highlights the fact that in implementing a cellular manufacturing system, most organizations will face a trade-off of strategic and operational “costs.” Finally, the appropriateness of the cell types with respect to the degree of customer interaction is also discussed.
Reproductive toxicity of sulfamethazine in Swiss CD-1 mice during continuous breeding

Sulfamethazine (SMZ) was evaluated for reproductive toxicity in Swiss CD-1 mice using a continuous breeding protocol. SMZ was administered in the diet at 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% (w/w), which represented an average daily intake of 0, 313, 625, or 1250 mg SMZ/kg/day, respectively. Exposure of F0 male and female mice to 1% SMZ for 126 days resulted in a significant decrease in the mean number of live pups per litter and the number of litters produced (task 2); the percentage pups born alive to 1% SMZ females showed a nonsignificant decrease versus control females. The effects on fertility were rapid to onset (1 to 4 weeks) and cumulative in nature. F0 male and female body weights were slightly depressed from 3 weeks to the end of the study. The crossover mating trial (task 3) revealed that the adverse effect on fertility involved both treated partners in that litter size decreased when either 1% SMZ males were bred to control females or 1% SMZ females were mated with control males. After approximately 155 days of exposure of F0 mice to 1% SMZ, the terminal body weight of 1% SMZ females was significantly decreased and that of 1% SMZ males showed a nonsignificant decrease. In addition, the liver weight to body weight ratio of the males was increased. Further, the prostate and seminal vesicle weight to body weight ratios were decreased in 1% SMZ males relative to control males. No treatment-related gross or histopathological lesions were noted for the pituitary or reproductive organs of either sex. Sperm assessment indicated no significant difference in the epididymal sperm concentration or percentage motile or abnormal sperm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Directed covalent assembly of rigid organic nanodisks using self-assembled temporary scaffolds

Organic nanodisks, a new type of organic nanoparticles suitable for creating polymer–polymer nanocomposites, are produced by controlled polymerization within the hydrophobic interior of bicelles (discoidal lipid aggregates) used here as recyclable scaffolds.
Time-correlated neutron analysis of a multiplying HEU source

Abstract The ability to quickly identify and characterize special nuclear material remains a national security challenge. In counter-proliferation applications, identifying the neutron multiplication of a sample can be a good indication of the level of threat. Currently neutron multiplicity measurements are performed with moderated 3 He proportional counters. These systems rely on the detection of thermalized neutrons, a process which obscures both energy and time information from the source. Fast neutron detectors, such as liquid scintillators, have the ability to detect events on nanosecond time scales, providing more information on the temporal structure of the arriving signal, and provide an alternative method for extracting information from the source. To explore this possibility, a series of measurements were performed on the Idaho National Laboratory׳s MARVEL assembly, a configurable HEU source. The source assembly was measured in a variety of different HEU configurations and with different reflectors, covering a range of neutron multiplications from 2 to 8. The data was collected with liquid scintillator detectors and digitized for offline analysis. A gap based approach for identifying the bursts of detected neutrons associated with the same fission chain was used. Using this approach, we are able to study various statistical properties of individual fission chains. One of these properties is the distribution of neutron arrival times within a given burst. We have observed two interesting empirical trends. First, this distribution exhibits a weak, but definite, dependence on source multiplication. Second, there are distinctive differences in the distribution depending on the presence and type of reflector. Both of these phenomena might prove to be useful when assessing an unknown source. The physical origins of these phenomena can be illuminated with help of MCNPX-PoliMi simulations.
Coalescence in Creaming Emulsions. Existence of a Pure Coalescence Zone

Stored emulsions undergo various destabilizing processes including creaming and coalescence of drops. Many experimental studies have been carried out in the past to quantify drop coalescence; however, the presence of two distinct types of coalescence mechanismsone due to the relative motion between the drops and the other due to their permanent proximity to each other in the creamhas not been recognized. Furthermore, the effects of creaming in these investigations could not be eliminated in ways that do not introduce new modes of coalescence or alter the existing ones. The population balance equation for an emulsion in a column in which creaming, Brownian diffusion, and coalescence of drops occur simultaneously is analyzed. The analysis reveals the existence of a dynamic zone at the top of the column in which the net effect of creaming and Brownian diffusion of drops is eliminated. Thus, while the drops cream, diffuse, and coalesce as in an actual emulsion, the measurements from this zone allow the effect...
Nicknames and blues singers 1890–1977, part II: Classification and analysis

(1989). Nicknames and blues singers 1890–1977, part II: Classification and analysis. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 29-43.
SYNTHESES OF METAL DITHIOLENE COMPLEXES FROM THIOMETALATES BY INDUCED INTERNAL REDOX REACTIONS

A variety of new and known transition metal dithiolene complexes has been synthesized from thiometalates via induced internal electron-transfer reactions. Treating MS42- (M = Mo, W) with stoichiometric amounts of bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dithiete ((CF3)2C2S2) results in rapid formation of the respective tris(dithiolene) complexes M(tfd)32- (tfd = [(CF3)2C2S2]2-). These complexes are isostructural and adopt twisted trigonal prismatic coordination (ca. 18° from a perfect trigonal prism). Crystal data: Mo(tfd)32-, monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 18.905(4) A, b = 13.732(3) A, c = 17.101(3) A, β = 110.29(3)°, and Z = 4; W(tfd)32-, monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 18.933(4) A, b = 13.728(3) A, c = 17.096(3) A, β = 110.26(3)°, and Z = 4. In contrast, Mo(tfd)3 (synthesized as reported previously) has nearly perfect trigonal prismatic coordination. Crystal data: hexagonal, space group P63/m, with a = 9.6795(14) A, b = 9.6795(14) A, c = 13.951(3) A, and Z = 2. Treating WOS32- and MoO2S22- with (CF3)2...
PARALLELISING COMPILERS AND SYSTEMS

In recent years, high performance computing underwent a deep transformation. In this paper, we review the state of parallel computation with detailed discussion of the current and future research issues in the area of parallel architectures and compilation methods, instruction level parallelism and optimization methods to improve the performance of the memory hierarchy.
Whose fault is it anyway: How do parents respond to their child’s setbacks?

We documented what parents report as the cause of their child’s academic and conduct setbacks and what they say they do in response. We recruited an opportunity sample of 479 parents and narrowed our sample to parents of children without disabilities between the ages of 5–18 (N = 312). Parents responded to open-ended questions, and we coded responses into categories of disciplinary tactics and types of attributions. Parents who reported experience with child setbacks significantly differed from parents who did not report such experience on several outcome variables. Parents did not exhibit hedonic biasing such that most reported causes of setbacks were controllable by the child; reported controllable causes correlated with the reported use of punishment. Our findings suggest that parental behavior change efforts must also address parents’ attributions, or verbal explanations, of causes of events. We discuss implications of our findings for child and parent researchers, educators, and practitioners.
Thermal considerations for fiber optic communication components

The tight tolerances imposed on photonic components for standardized integration into DWDM systems requires that some form of temperature stabilization must be incorporated. Frequently this involves the use of traditional temperature sensors integrated into a classic control-feedback scheme involving thermo-electric coolers. While easy to implement, such a scheme is hardly novel and may result in an inefficient use of electrical power. A technique using flexible thermal tape configured into packages applicable for thermal stabilization of DWDM compliant laser diode sources and tunable filters is described.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Foscarnet-Induced Electrolyte Abnormalities in a Bone Marrow Transplant Patient Receiving Parenteral Nutrition

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a serious complication of immunosuppressed patients receiving bone marrow transplantation. Foscarnet, a pyrophosphate analog, has been used in the treatment of CMV infections. Renal impairment and electrolyte abnormalities are potential adverse reactions associated with the use of foscarnet. We report a case of significant electrolyte changes after initiation of foscarnet in a bone marrow transplant patient receiving parenteral nutrition.
Detecting and constructing meaning in life events

Three studies examined the meaning ascribed to events varying in intensity and valence and how meaning detection and construction relate to the experience of meaning in life events. In Study 1, participants were more likely to expect meaning to emerge from major life events particularly if they are negative, while trivial events were expected to be meaningful if they were positive. Study 2 showed that constructed meaning was more likely to occur in response to negative events while detected meaning was more likely to be associated with positive events. Study 3 showed that this ‘match’ between valence and meaning strategy predicted enhanced experience of meaning in those events. These studies suggest that the more subtle experience of meaning detection may provide a way to understand the meaning that emerges from positive events and experiences.
Effortful Control and Context Interact in Shaping Neuroendocrine Stress Responses during Childhood

Abstract Trait and contextual factors can shape individual and group differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) response to stress; but the ways in which these factors may interact with each other to modulate stress activity have rarely been examined. Here, we investigated whether the association between a temperamental self-regulatory trait – Effortful Control (EC) – and HPA axis stress response is moderated by type of laboratory stress in sixty-five children (35 boys). EC was measured at ages 3 and 6 using age-appropriate laboratory batteries as well as mother reports. HPA axis responses were measured at age 7 by randomly assigning children to one of two laboratory stress tasks (frustration vs. fear). Results indicated that EC interacted with stress context in predicting cortisol response. Specifically, lower EC was associated with greater cortisol response (steeper reactivity slopes) in the context of a frustration stressor but this was reversed in a fear context where lower EC was associated with flatter, more gradual activation. It is likely that different components of EC, such as emotion regulation and attention, differentially interact with the stress context. These types of effects and interactions need to be more thoroughly understood in order to meaningfully interpret cortisol reactivity data and better characterize the role of the HPA axis in human psychopathology.
The role of clonal anergy in the avoidance of autoimmunity: inactivation of autocrine growth without loss of effector function

Exposure of mature CD4+ T cells in the peripheral immune system to peptide-antigen/MHC complexes in the absence of a threat of infection induces tolerance to the antigen as a result of both a decreased clonal frequency (peripheral deletion) and the induction of proliferative unresponsiveness (clonal anergy) in the survivors. Interestingly, Th 1-like effector functions are not automatically blocked after the development of clonal anergy. Thus, anergic T cells have the capacity to mediate Th 1-like helper activities if allowed to accumulate to high frequency. In this article, we examine those factors important to the development of tolerance versus immunity against protein antigen, and speculate on the relationship that exists between effective peripheral tolerance induction and the avoidance of autoimmune disease.
Reformulated Hamiltonian for nonparabolic bands in semiconductor quantum wells.

A new form of the Hamiltonian and a boundary condition on the derivatives of the wave function are presented for use in the Schr\"odinger wave equation to calculate the energy eigenvalues in semiconductor quantum wells. This fourth-order Hamiltonian allows the use of a constant effective mass for the electron, and accounts for the effect of band nonparabolicity on the energy eigenvalues in a simple way. Calculations show that nonparabolicity contributes only a small effect for quantum wells grown in the material systems ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.35}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.65}$As/GaAs and InP/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}$As. Larger effects are predicted in the [111] crystal-growth direction than the [100] direction.
Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Sirolimus: Predicting Bioavailability Based on Intestinal CYP3A Content

Sirolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and is increasingly being used in transplantation and cancer therapies. Sirolimus has low oral bioavailability and exhibits large pharmacokinetic variability. The underlying mechanisms for this variability have not been explored to a large extent. Sirolimus metabolism was characterized by in vitro intrinsic clearance estimation. Pathway contribution ranked from CYP3A4 > CYP3A5 > CYP2C8. With the well stirred and Qgut models sirolimus bioavailability was predicted at 15%. Interindividual differences in bioavailability could be attributed to variable intestinal CYP3A expression. The physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model developed in Simcyp predicted a high distribution of sirolimus into adipose tissue and another elimination pathway in addition to CYP-mediated metabolism. PBPK model predictive performance was acceptable with Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) estimates within 20% of observed data in a dose escalation study. The model also showed potential to assess the impact of hepatic impairment and drug-drug interaction (DDI) on sirolimus pharmacokinetics.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e59; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.33; published online 24 July 2013.
Consecutive storage of relevant records with redundancy

This paper studies the properties of a new class of file organizations (CRWR) where records relevant to every query are stored in consecutive storage locations but the organizations contain redundancy. Some theorems which provide tools for reducing redundancy in CRWR organizations have been also developed. Redundancies obtained by the application of these theorems are compared with that of query-inverted file organizations. Some CRWR organizations with minimum redundancy have also been developed for queries which specify sets of keys.
QX-314 blocks the potassium but not the sodium-dependent component of the opiate response in locus coeruleus neurons

Abstract Opiates hyperpolarize locus coeruleus neurons by simultaneously opening K+ channels and turning off a resting Na+-dependent inward current. Intracellularly applied QX-314 reduced the opiate current to 40% of the control and the residual current did not reverse near EK, suggesting lack of a significant K+ component. Replacement of Na+ virtually abolished the residual opiate response. Thus, QX-314 blocks the K+ but not the Na+-dependent component of the opiate-induced outward current in LC neurons.
A Reassessment of Democratic Pacifism at the Monadic Level of Analysis

Are democracies generally peaceful? Studies have produced mixed evidence, both for and against this proposition. I review and update the literature on this topic and explore reasons why some scholars have come to emphasize those studies showing that democracies are no more or less conflict-prone than other states. This paper re-examines democracy and conflict at the state level of analysis from 1884 to 1999 using a broad sample of states and appropriate statistical estimators. The results show that democracies are less likely to initiate militarized conflicts. I also find that political competition has a stronger pacifying effect than executive constraints when disaggregating the Polity IV democracy index.
Care of the intubated emergency department patient.

Abstract Background: Emergency physicians perform tracheal intubation and initiate mechanical ventilation for critically ill patients on a daily basis. With the current national challenges of intensive care unit bed availability, intubated patients now often remain in the emergency department (ED) for exceedingly long periods of time. As a result, care of the intubated patient falls to the emergency physician (EP). Given the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, it is crucial for the EP to possess the most current, up-to-date information pertaining to the care of intubated patients. Discussion: This article discusses critical aspects in the ED management of intubated and mechanically ventilated patients. Specifically, emphasis is placed on providing adequate sedation and analgesia, limiting the use of neuromuscular blocking agents, correctly setting and adjusting the mechanical ventilator, utilizing appropriate monitoring modalities, and providing key supportive measures. Despite these measures, inevitably, some patients deteriorate while receiving mechanical ventilation. The article concludes with a discussion outlining a step-wise approach to evaluating the intubated patient who develops respiratory distress or circulatory compromise. With this information, the EP can more effectively care for ventilated patients while minimizing morbidity, and ultimately, improving outcome. Conclusion: Essential components of the care of intubated ED patients includes administering adequate sedative and analgesic medications, using lung-protective ventilator settings with attention to minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury, elevating the head of the bed in the absence of contraindications, early placement of an orogastric tube, and providing prophylaxis for stress-related mucosal injury and deep venous thrombosis when indicated.
Influenza A virus matrix protein 1-specific human CD8+ T-cell response induced in trivalent inactivated vaccine recipients

Among 17 HLA-A2-positive healthy adults, CD8+ T-cell responses against an HLA-A2-restricted matrix protein 1 (M1) epitope increased after immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in two individuals. The presence of M1 in TIV was confirmed by Western blotting. T-cell cytotoxicity assays showed that TIV is processed and the epitope is presented by antigen-presenting cells to an M1 epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell line for specific lysis. These data show that TIV, which is formulated to contain surface glycoproteins to induce serotype-specific antibody responses, also contains M1, capable of inducing subtype cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses in some vaccinees.
Intrinsic Association of Widowhood With Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Women and Men: Findings From a Prospective Propensity-Matched Population Study

THE death of a spouse is a major life event and has been shown to be associated with mortality and other adverse outcomes (1–4). However, it is unclear to what extent these effects are confounded by the sociopsychological and physiological burdens associated with widowhood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the independent association of widowhood with various outcomes in a propensity-matched cohort of community-dwelling older adults who would be balanced on all measured baseline characteristics.
Using Participatory Action Research to Design an Intervention Integrity System in the Urban Schools

While integrity is often thought of as the degree to which a program is applied as intended, researchers have recently widened the lens to include not only monitoring of program content, but also evaluating the process by which interventions are implemented and the extent to which the intervention is received as intended. Further, a partnership-based approach has been identified to be as critical to facilitating appropriate and accurate monitoring and interpretation of intervention integrity in the cultural context. Building on these expanded definitions of intervention integrity, this study describes how an intervention monitoring system was developed through participatory research in the context of a classroom-based aggression prevention program for students in an inner-city elementary school. The system highlighted evaluation of the quality of intervention delivery and participant responsiveness. Factor analysis, descriptive statistics, and comparison to a less nuanced integrity monitoring system provided information on the informativeness of this new system. Preliminary investigation, however, suggested that future research is necessary to examine the extent to which differences in quality of implementation across classrooms predict clinically significant differences in program outcomes.
Residential Load Shape Modelling Based on Customer Behavior

A model of residential electric load is developed. It includes psychological factors which affect individual use of the various electrical appliances. Specifically, the concepts of an "availability" function which statistically estimates the number of people in a household available to use an appliance, and a "proclivity" function which gives the probability that an individual will use that appliance at any given time of day are developed. These functions are then used to drive "physical" models of the various appliances and these are incorporated into a "combined" model which is used to estimate load on a time of day basis. Results of a computer simulation of the model are compared to actual load test data.