cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Study of Mercury's Energetic Electron Events as Observed by the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer Instrument Onboard MESSENGER

We present results from a statistical analysis of Mercury's energetic electron (EE) events as observed by the gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer instrument onboard the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. The main objective of this study is to investigate possible anisotropic behavior of EE events using multiple data sets from MESSENGER instruments. We study the data from the neutron spectrometer (NS) and the gamma-ray spectrometer anticoincidence shield (ACS) because they use the same type of borated plastic scintillator and, hence, they have very similar response functions, and their large surface areas make them more sensitive to low-intensity EE events than MESSENGER's particle instrumentation. The combined analysis of NS and ACS data reveals two different classes of energetic electrons: "Standard" events and "ACS-enhanced" events. Standard events, which comprise over 90% of all events, have signal sizes that are the same in both the ACS and NS. They are likely gyrating particles about Mercury's magnetic field following a 90° pitch angle distribution and are located in well-defined latitude and altitude regions within Mercury's magnetosphere. ACS-enhanced events, which comprise less than 10% of all events, have signal sizes in the ACS that are 10 to 100 times larger than those observed by the NS. They follow a beam-like distribution and are observed both inside and outside Mercury's magnetosphere with a wider range of latitudes and altitudes than Standard events. The difference between the Standard and ACS-enhanced event characteristics suggests distinct underyling acceleration mechanisms.
Late at Night

T he front door opened easily; it wasn’t locked. It never was locked for many years—so easy to open, but no one seemed to come in. That was the paradox. Anyone could have opened that door and seen with their own eyes. They could have seen the expression on my face, and they would have been outraged. Mother called my expression “hollow” when I was scared. But every time the door opened, it was only Mother or Dad. It was never opened by anyone who would break the silence. There was no one to break the screaming.
Test Method for Ranking the Fire Properties of Materials in Space Based Facilities

The prevention of accidental fires in space-based facilities is a major safety concern. A new methodology for testing and ranking the flammability behavior of solid combustible materials is presented. Based on the principles of the LIFT (2), the proposed test method measures the piloted ignition delay and flame spread rate of a material as a function of a known external heat flux, but it also includes the forced flow velocity and oxygen concentration as test parameters. It is shown that the ignition delay, the critical heat flux for ignition, and the flame spread rate are a function of flow velocity. This method is considered more suitable for testing materials to be used in space-based facilities, since in the absence of buoyancy, forced convection is the dominant mode of mass and energy transport.
Evaluation of Thermal and Radiation Induced Chemistries of Metal Oxo-Hydroxo Clusters for Next-Generation Nanoscale Inorganic Resists

Thin films formed by the condensation of metal oxo–hydroxo clusters offer a promising approach to ultrahigh-resolution patterning including next-generation photolithography using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and electron-beam lithography. In this work, we elucidate the thermal and radiative mechanisms that drive the chemical transformations in these materials and therefore control the patterning performance. Beginning from aqueous hafnium clusters, peroxide and sulfate additions serve to modify the clusters and, upon spin coating to form a thin film, provide the chemical contrast necessary to create resist. The coordination and functionality of peroxide and sulfate in hafnium-based metal oxo–hydroxo clusters were monitored at various stages of the patterning process which provided insight into the chemical and structural evolution of the material. Peroxide serves as the radiation sensitive species while sulfate enhances solubility and controls the concentration of hydroxide in the films. Peroxide a...
Impact of Nurse Peer Review on a Culture of Safety.

BACKGROUND Nursing peer review (NPR) is essential in evaluating nursing practice. A common theme throughout the literature is that NPR holds nurses accountable for their practice. PROBLEM The nursing profession has struggled to conduct peer review consistently due to lack of a standardized framework. APPROACH A NPR program was developed, implemented, and evaluated in a 355-bed acute care hospital in the Midwestern United States. OUTCOMES A pre- and postdesign using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was used for evaluation. Paired t test results revealed statistically significant differences in group means for 2 questions: mistakes have led to positive changes here (P < .001, d = 1.31), and staff will freely speak up (P = .002, d = 0.67). Clinically significant differences in group means were noted for the remaining survey items. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of an NPR program is a promising means to improve the culture of safety in health care institutions.
The DNA damage response in immunotherapy and radiation.

Abstract Purpose Deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR) and response represent a common alteration in tumors, and exploitation of this feature using therapeutics has become more prominent. Methods and materials Recent work has highlighted the important interaction between DDR defects, as well as DDR targeting agents such as radiation and the immunogenicity of the tumor. This relationship emphasizes the potential for combination therapeutics with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Somatic mutations and DDR defects are some of the strongest predictors of response to ICI. Results This review highlights the interplay among DDR pathways, ionizing radiation, and ICI efficacy. The mechanisms of radiation immunogenicity, including the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS/STING pathways, are also described. Conclusions A greater mechanistic understanding of the complex interaction between the DNA damage response and the immune system will expand the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy for patients with advanced cancer.
Improved Detector Energy Resolution via Wavelength-shifted Hygroscopic Scintillator Emission

High-efficiency solid-state photodetectors such as silicon avalanche photodiodes (SiAPDs) are often used in applications limited by size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). However, high-SWaP photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are generally preferred to low-SWaP SiAPDs for use in scintillator applications due to a mismatch between the intrinsic scintillator emission wavelengths and the spectral response of the SiAPD. To resolve this discrepancy, we have developed a method of applying wavelength-shifting (WLS) coatings to scintillator crystals to shift peak emission into a more sensitive wavelength region of the SiAPD. The higher quantum efficiency offered by the SiAPD in this region is accessed by the shifted scintillator emission, resulting in increased light collection and improved energy resolution.Expanding on previous WLS research conducted on nonhygroscopic crystals, this research focuses on sodium-doped CsI (CsI:Na) and cerium-doped Cs2LiYCl6 (CLYC:Ce) crystals to demonstrate the application of WLS methods to hygroscopic scintillators. Optical characterization techniques such as radioluminescence (RL) spectroscopy and quantum yield (QY) measurements determine the efficacy of the WLS mechanism, while gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements quantify the increase in light collection and offer a comparative view on energy resolution improvement achieved by coupling a coated crystal to an SiAPD over an uncoated crystal to a PMT.The following conference record contains a brief summary of research presented at IEEE NSS MIC 2017. Publications containing a more comprehensive account of this work will be submitted for peer-review.
When democracy meets energy transitions: A typology of social power and energy system scale

Abstract Societies need to transition to renewable energy and eliminate fossil fuel use as soon as possible. However, policymakers have mostly neglected to consider that there is an array of possible energy transition pathways. Therefore, I offer a typology that envisions potential energy futures as falling along a two-dimensional model comprised of the structural organization of the social (political, economic, and civil) on one axis — on a spectrum of democratic versus monopolistic — and the scale of the energy system on the other — dichotomized as centralized versus decentralized. This typology suggests that there are four potential energy futures, which I term: (1) libertarian energy decentralism, (2) technocratic energy centralism, (3) democratic energy centralism, and (4) democratic energy decentralism. These four futures are not equal in terms of power, equity, and ecological impact. I argue that the democratization of the social is necessary to facilitate a “just transition,” but the scale of the energy system will also play a pivotal role in reinforcing and reproducing democratic and just social relations.
Adhering to the “Flashing Yellow Light”Heuristics of Moderation and Carbon Dioxide Politics during the 1970s

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, despite growing political, scientific, and popular concern about the prospect of melting glaciers, sea-level rise, and more generally, climate-induced societal instability, American high-level science advisers and administrators, scientific committees, national and international scientific organizations, and officials within the Carter administration engineered a politics of restrained management of climate risk. Adopting a strategy of restraint appeared optimal not because of a pervasive disinterest in or ignorance of the potentially catastrophic consequences of climate change. Rather, this administrative decision was rooted in widespread skepticism of the public’s ability to regulate their panic given popular dissemination of alarming scenarios of the future. Their concerns were not epistemic; they were sociopolitical. Broad-based appeals to moderation directly informed both scientists and the administration’s eventual decision in 1980 to minimize executive involvement. Despite some environmentalists’ and scientists’ calls for a more proactive position aligned with their ethical perspectives about the future implications of climate change, these linguistic cues of moderation became powerful heuristics that helped shape and anchor assessments of climate risk, calibrate scientists’ advice to policy makers, and regulate public apprehension about climate risk. Ultimately, officials within and outside the science community concluded that the likely short-term costs incurred from immediate action to curb fossil fuel emissions were greater than the social and political costs incurred from maintaining what was considered to be a tempered approach to climate governance in the near-term.
Association of Cigarette Type With Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Secondary Analysis of the National Lung Screening Trial.

This study uses data from the National Lung Screening Trial to investigate the association of cigarette tar level, flavor, and filter status with lung cancer diagnosis, mortality, and all-cause mortality.
PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Currently, cardiotoxicity is monitored through echocardiography or multigated acquisition scanning and is defined as 10% or higher LVEF reduction. The latter stage may represent irreversible myocardium injury and limits modification of therapeutic paradigms at earliest stages. To stratify patients for anthracycline-related heart failure, highly sensitive and molecularly specific probes capable of interrogating cardiac damage at the subcellular levels have been sought. PET tracers may provide noninvasive assessment of earliest changes within myocardium. These tracers are at nascent stages of development and belong primarily to (a) mitochondrial potential-targeted and (b) general ROS (reactive oxygen species)-targeted radiotracers. Given that electrochemical gradient changes at the mitochondrial membrane represent an upstream, and earliest event before triggering the production of the ROS and caspase activity in a biochemical cascade, the former category might offer interrogation of cardiotoxicity at earliest stages exemplified by PET imaging, using 18F-Mitophos and 68Ga-Galmydar in rodent models. Both categories of radiotracers may provide tools for monitoring chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and interrogating therapeutic efficacy of cardio-protectants.
Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) rear a mixed brood to apparent fledging in northeastern Arkansas

Interspecific nest usurpation, a relatively common nesting strategy, is the act of one bird species taking over the nesting site of another species. Although used by secondary cavity-nesters, nest usurpation has never been reported for the Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor). In this paper, we document a mixed brood successfully reared by Tufted Titmice after usurpation of an Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) nest in northeastern Arkansas during the 2019 breeding season. We monitored the focal nest box every 3–4 d from the first sign of nest building on 23 March 2019 until chick fledging by 12 May 2019. The Tufted Titmice took over the nest at the time the Eastern Bluebird had laid its fourth egg in the nest. By the end of the nesting period, the Tufted Titmice fledged 2 of their own chicks and 3 Eastern Bluebird chicks. Such successful rearing of non-conspecific nestlings is rare and we discuss factors that may have allowed it.
An analysis of Dow 30 global core indicator disclosures and environmental, social, and governance‐related ratings

We examine the extent to which US Dow 30 companies disclose the Global Core Indicators (GCIs), which are measures to assess companies’ contribution toward the United Nation’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We find that the Dow 30 are generally compliant with disclosing GCIs that align with US capital market reporting expectations, high‐profile current events, and issues that are financially relevant. We also find the Dow 30 are more likely to disclose institutional and economic issues, rather than environmental and social issues, and note disclosure variation across industries in which the Dow 30 operate. Supplemental analyses indicate that GCI disclosure levels are generally higher when those GCIs are associated with financially relevant ESG issues, suggesting companies are more amenable to addressing sustainability when doing so aligns with their mandate to shareholders. Correlation analyses reveal that the GCI indices moderately or strongly correlate with two of three MSCI sustainability ratings, highlighting companies’ focus on financially relevant areas, and weakly correlate with companies’ CDP climate change ratings, highlighting the limited scope of the GCIs in capturing detailed environmentally focused sustainability efforts. We also show that the MSCI sustainability ratings of the Dow 30 have generally trended higher over time, with increases driven by companies in the manufacturing, financial, and retail industries. Our findings help fill a void in sustainability literature on US company reporting of the GCIs and may be informative to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development as it reviews the GCIs in support of the 2030 Agenda.
Trustworthiness Perceptions in Code Review: An Eye-tracking Study

Background: Automated program repair and other bug-fixing approaches are gaining attention in the software engineering community. Automation shows promise in reducing bug fixing costs. However, many developers express reluctance about accepting machine-generated patches into their codebases.Aims: To contribute to the scientific understanding and the empirical investigation of human trust and perception with regards to automation in software maintenance.Method: We design and conduct an eye-tracking study investigating how developers perceive trust as a function of code provenance (i.e., author or source). We systematically vary provenance while controlling for patch quality.Results: In our study of ten participants, overall visual code scanning and the distribution of attention differed across identical code patches labeled as human- vs. machine-written. Participants looked more at the source code for human-labeled patches and looked more at tests for machine-labeled patches. Participants judged human-labeled patches to have better readability and coding style. However, participants were more comfortable giving a critical task to an automated program repair tool.Conclusion: We find that there are significant differences in code review behavior based on trust as a function of patch provenance. Further, we find that important differences can be revealed by eye tracking. Our results may inform the subsequent design and analysis of automated repair techniques to increase developers' trust and, consequently, their deployment.
Delayed urea differential enhancement CEST (dudeCEST)-MRI with T1 correction for monitoring renal urea handling.

Purpose We demonstrate a method of delayed urea differential enhancement CEST for probing urea recycling action of the kidney using expanded multi-pool Lorentzian fitting and apparent exchange-dependent relaxation compensation. Methods T1 correction of urea CEST contrast by apparent exchange-dependent relaxation was tested in phantoms. Nine mice were scanned at 7 Tesla following intraperitoneal injection of 2M 150 μL urea, and later saline. T1 maps and Z-spectra were acquired before and 20 and 40 min postinjection. Z-spectra were fit to a 7-pool Lorentzian model for CEST quantification and compared to urea assay of kidney homogenate. Renal injury was induced by aristolochic acid in 7 mice, and the same scan protocol was performed. Results Apparent exchange-dependent relaxation corrected for variable T1 times in phantoms. Urea CEST contrast at +1 ppm increased significantly at both time points following urea injection in the inner medulla and papilla. When normalizing the postinjection urea CEST contrast to the corresponding baseline value, both urea and saline injection resulted in identical fold changes in urea CEST contrast. Urea assay of kidney homogenate showed a significant correlation to both apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (R2 = 0.4687, P = .0017) and non-T1 -corrected Lorentzian amplitudes (R2 = 0.4964, P = .0011). Renal injury resulted in increased T1 time in the cortex and reduced CEST contrast change upon urea and saline infusion. Conclusion Delayed urea enhancement following infusion can provide insight into renal urea handling. In addition, changes in CEST contrast at 1.0 ppm following saline infusion may provide insight into renal function.
Ionized gas in the Smith Cloud

We present WHAM observations of Hα, [N II], and [S II] in the Smith Cloud. A map of Hα emission from the cloud shows ionized gas coincident with the brightest H I emission, but nearly-as-bright Hα in some regions with faint H I. The ionized mass of the cloud is at least as large as the neutral mass, >10 6 M ⊙ . Ionized gas in the core of the Smith Cloud has an electron temperature 6000 K T < 16 000 K. The observed ratio [N II]/Hα = 0.39 ± 0.09 shows that the cloud has a non-primordial nitrogen abundance, 0.1 − 1× solar.
Differences in medical student performance on examinations: exploring score variance between Kolb's Learning Style Inventory classifications

Kolb’s Cycle of Learning Theory acts as a foundational framework for the evolution of knowledge gained by learners throughout their education. Through Kolb’s cycle of experiential learning, one’s preferred way of learning could impact academic achievement in the pre-clinical years of medical education. The medical student classes of 2020 and 2021 at a public university in the southeastern U.S. were invited to complete Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI). For those participants completing the LSI, examination results for their pre-clinical blocks were obtained and matched to the LSI results. Examination scores (locally-developed examinations and customized National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) final examinations) were compared by LSI classification for each examination using Kruskal-Wallis Test. Out of 360 possible participants, 314 (87.2%) completed the Learning Style Inventory. Convergers and Assimilators made up 84.1% [Convergers (n = 177, 56.4%), Assimilators (n = 87, 27.7%)]. Accommodators (n = 25, 7.9%) and Divergers (n = 25, 7.9%) made up the remaining sample. Accomodators’ scores were significantly lower on locally-developed examinations in Principles of Medicine, Hematology, and Gastrointestinal System. The only NBME examination that demonstrated a significant difference across learning styles was from the Cardiovascular block. Upon reviewing Kolb’s LSI, our study indicated that performance on the customized NBME examinations minimized the variance in performance compared to locally-developed examinations. The lack of variance across learning styles for all but one NBME final examination appears to provide a more equitable assessment strategy.
Sexual Violence, Mental Health, and Prescription Opioid Use and Misuse

Introduction Previous research indicates that sexual violence is associated with prescription opioid use and misuse. However, this literature is limited by a lack of sex-specific analyses, an inability to establish temporality between experiences of sexual violence and prescription opioid outcomes, and little understanding of mechanisms underlying these associations. Methods Data from Waves IV (2008) and V (2016–2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N=10,685) were analyzed in March 2020. The association of sexual violence with past 30–day prescription opioid use and misuse among women and men and mediation by depression and anxiety diagnoses were examined using generalized structural equation modeling. Temporality was established using self-reported age at the first experience of sexual violence and age at first depression and anxiety diagnoses. Results Sexual violence was associated with an increased likelihood of prescription opioid use and misuse among women (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.19, 2.39 for use; OR=1.18, 95% CI=0.95, 1.55 for misuse) and men (OR=2.37, 95% CI=1.37, 4.12 for use; OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.06, 2.75 for misuse). Among women, depression (p=0.0420) and anxiety (p=0.0450) diagnoses mediated the association with prescription opioid use, and anxiety diagnosis (p=0.0210) mediated the association with prescription opioid misuse. Among men, anxiety diagnosis (p=0.038) mediated the association with prescription opioid use, and depression diagnosis (p=0.0390) mediated the association with prescription opioid misuse. Conclusions Secondary prevention efforts focused on evidence-based, trauma-informed behavioral health treatment among survivors of sexual violence may prevent prescription opioid use and misuse as strategies for coping with the psychological impact of these traumatic experiences.
Whose Goodwill is it? The Taxation of Goodwill in Owner-Entity Transactions

Goodwill is a nebulous concept that is often not handled properly by taxpayers or the IRS. Two recent Tax Court cases highlight the IRS’s flawed approach and methodology to goodwill in two particular situations: the effect of goodwill in a corporate distribution, and the effect of goodwill in the estate-tax valuation of a closely held business. In both cases, the IRS used goodwill valuations to assert deficiencies against taxpayers, but the taxpayers argued that the goodwill was not theirs personally and therefore did not give rise to the deficiencies. These cases provide guidance on how to structure and maintain the ownership of goodwill in these and other contexts, e.g., the sale of a professional practice. A robust and clear understanding of the taxation of goodwill, therefore, is paramount in deal structuring. This article discusses the importance of handling the goodwill analysis properly and highlights the salient contexts in which goodwill issues arise. The article then notes a two-step approach to handling goodwill issues and offers strategies to maximize the tax benefits associated with goodwill. The planning strategies offered here reduce aggregate federal taxes paid and thus increase a transaction’s rate of return.
Chronic Respiratory Failure, Restrictive Lung Disease, and Skeletal Abnormalities in a Preterm Infant: A Case of Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Case presentation: Our patient, now 7 months of age, was born at 34 weeks gestational age by Cesarean section. Maternal pregnancy was uneventful apart from suspected fetal skeletal abnormalities on prenatal ultrasound and preterm labor. Her birth history was significant for respiratory distress in the delivery room requiring initiation of continuous positive airway pressure. Examination showed tachypnea, chest retractions, macrocephaly with frontal bossing, hypertelorism, bell-shaped chest, micromelia, and loose skin folds. Due to persistent hypoxemia and respiratory distress despite surfactant, she required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Chest radiograph showed coarse pulmonary interstitial markings, …
An antiperiodic dynamical six-vertex model: I. Complete spectrum by SOV, matrix elements of the identity on separate states and connections to the periodic eight-vertex model

The spin-1/2 highest weight representations of the dynamical six-vertex and the standard eight-vertex Yang‐Baxter algebra on a finite chain are considered in this paper. In particular, the integrable quantum models associated with the corresponding transfer matrices under antiperiodic boundary conditions for the dynamical six-vertex case and periodic boundary conditions for the eightvertexcaseareanalyzedhere.Fortheantiperiodicdynamicalsix-vertextransfer matrix defined on chains with an odd number of sites, we adapt Sklyanin’s quantum separation of variable (SOV) method and explicitly construct the SOV representations from the original space of the representations. In this way, we provide the complete characterization of the eigenvalues and the eigenstates proving also the simplicity of its spectrum. Moreover, we characterize the matrix elements of the identity on separated states of this model by determinant formulae. The matrices entering these determinants have elements given by sums over the SOV spectrum of the product of the coefficients of the separate states. This SOV analysis is done without any need to be reduced to the case of the so-called elliptic roots of unit, and the results derived here define the required setup to extend to the dynamical six-vertex model the approach recently developed by the author and collaborators to compute the form factors of the local operators in the SOV framework. For the periodic eight-vertex transfer matrix, we prove that its eigenvalues have to satisfy a fixed system of equations. In the case of a chain with an odd number of sites, this system of equations is the same entering in the SOV characterization of the antiperiodic dynamical six-vertex transfer matrix spectrum. This implies that the set of the periodic eight-vertex eigenvalues is contained in the set of the antiperiodic dynamical six-vertex eigenvalues. A criterion is introduced to find simultaneous eigenvalues of these two transfer matrices and associate with any of such eigenvalues one nonzero eigenstate of the periodic eight-vertex transfer matrix by using the SOV results. Moreover, a preliminary discussion
The American Puritan elegy

Introduction 1. Monuments enduring and otherwise 2. Toward an anthropology of Puritan reading 3. Weep for yourselves: the Puritan theology of mourning 4. This potent fence: the holy sin of grief 5. Lord, is it I?: Christic saints and apostolic mourners 6. Diffusing all by pattern: the reading of saintly lives Epilogue: aestheticising loss Notes Works Cited Index.
Feeling and Meaning: A Unitary Bio-Semiotic Account

This chapter describes feeling and meaning as two aspects of the same material processes in a dynamical system that is always larger than an individual human organism. Both semiosis and emotion occur across multiple timescales and levels of organization in complex open dynamical systems and are spatially distributed, situated, context dependent, active, and culture specific. Consideration is given to feeling and meaning along paths of lived experience, to their evaluative functions, their likely coeval biological origins, and how a unitary account of them informs new perspectives on each.
Tissue-specific Expression of the Gene for Type I Procollagen (COL1A1) in Transgenic Mice ONLY 476 BASE PAIRS OF THE PROMOTER ARE REQUIRED IF COLLAGEN GENES ARE USED AS REPORTERS

Inconsistent data have been reported on the size of the promoter that is necessary for high levels of tissue-specific expression of the COL1A1 gene for type I procollagen. Some of the inconsistencies may be traced to the use of reporter gene constructs. Therefore, we prepared transgenic mice with modifications of the intact gene engineered so that the level of expression of the transgene could be assayed both as mRNA and protein that were similar to the products from the endogenous COL1A1 gene. The results with a mini-COL1A1 gene lacking 41 internal exons and introns indicated that the first intron and 90% of the 3′-untranslated region were not essential for tissue-specific expression. In a hybrid COL1A1/COL2A1 construct, a 1.9-kilobase 5′-fragment from the COL1A1 gene that contained only 476 of the promoter was linked to a promoterless 29.5-kilobase fragment of the human COL2A1 gene for type II procollagen. The hybrid COL1A1/COL2A1 construct was expressed as both mRNA and protein in tissues that normally synthesize type I procollagen but not type II procollagen. Apparently, 476 base pairs of the promoter are sufficient to drive tissue-specific expression of the COL1A1 gene and totally inappropriate expression of the COL2A1 gene.
Achieving the Shortest Clock Period by Inserting the Minimum Amount of Delay

The performance of a circuit depends on its clock period. The shorter a valid clock period is, the better the performance is. The clock period is tightly related to the difference between the longest propagation delay and the shortest propagation delay from primary inputs to primary outputs. The objective of this paper is to minimize the amount of delay inserted while achieving the shortest clock period.
The role of Sry in cellular events underlying mammalian sex determination.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classic predictions of sex determination and testis morphogenesis, acquired from many areas of research, and their integration with the current molecular characterization of the modus operandi of sry. Sry is a gene of known function, at least at the level of the organism. It acts as a classic genetic switch in development, initiating development of a testis, rather than an ovary from the indifferent gonad. Sry encodes a DNA binding protein and presumably acts to regulate the transcription of downstream genes, within the male gonad that lead to bifurcation of the cellular pathways of male versus female development. It affords an accessible model of how the expression of a single gene directs a new pathway of development from the point of view of both the initiation of differentiation, within a cell, and the initiation of new cellular interactions, within a local cell community in the embryo. The gene sry was isolated in a chromosomal walk from the pseudoautosomal boundary through the region of the Y chromosome, and shown to be conserved on the Y chromosome among all the mammals, so far tested. Research conducted on sry, a gene isolated from the sex determining region of the Y chromosome, has shown that sry satisfies many predictions. If the Y chromosome is present, and the sex-determining gene is expressed at the appropriate time in development, testis organogenesis is initiated: the cells of the gonad, which were formally identical between the male and female embryos, now begin to organize into cords and simultaneously acquire testis-specific characteristics at both the ultrastructural and the molecular levels.
Deploying Heritage to Solve Today’s Dilemmas: The Swedes of Rockford Illinois

Owing in part to its “blue-collar” past, economic disinvestment, and aging industrial infrastructure, Rockford Illinois, has earned the title “America’s Third Most Miserable City.” However, within this context, there are a number of promising enterprises, grounded in Rockford’s resilient tangible and intangible Swedish heritage, that are being consciously and unconsciously deployed to reshape social, political, and economic realities in the city. Building on Yudice’s framework of “culture-as-a resource,” this chapter explores these contemporary uses of heritage to address Rockford’s current economic dilemmas and discusses ways that this heritage is managed with respect to ethnic and racial boundaries that remain a part of the city’s landscape.
Library Instruction Assessment Through 360

SUMMARY A new model of library instruction assessment-a 360° analysis-is needed to address the many facets of the teaching process. This model establishes interconnections in all aspects of instruction and requires a multi-faceted approach that incorporates assessment in every stage of teaching and learning. At The University of Montana Mansfield Library, the design and development of the library instruction program is being purposefully evolved into a cycle in which assessment is embedded through 360°, is integrated at the program level, addresses the individual needs and professional development of library teaching faculty, provides substantive data for communication with administrators and the campus community, and builds on the cycle of assessment defined by Angelo and Cross (1993).
Effects of Landform on site index for two mesophytic tree species in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, USA

The effects of soil and topographic variables on forest site index were determined for two mesophytic tree species, northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. Stand variables included soil solum thickness, soil A-horizon thickness, elevation, aspect, slope gradient, and landform index. Landform index is a recently devised environmental variable that has been used to quantify the influence of topography surrounding a stand on productivity. Regression analysis indicated that among the variables only landform index had a significant (𝑃<.05) relationship with site index and explained 46 percent of the variation for northern red oak and 56 percent for yellow-poplar. Plot data from this study were also used to validate a previously developed prediction equation for estimating yellow-poplar site index and results indicated that unbiased estimates would be within 2.5 m. Results from this study suggest that landform accounts for variation in site index of mesophytic species in mountainous terrain that is not explained by conventional stand variables associated with soil and topography.
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus: Immunopathogenesis and Persistence

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a chronic, relapsing infectious disease of horses caused by a nononcogenic retrovirus. Virus persists in infected animals for life and can be reliably detected by serologic tests that measure levels of antibody to the major structural protein of the virus. Periodic virus replication in macrophages leads to an immunologically mediated acute disease characterized primarily by severe anemia. Recrudescence of acute EIA is the result of antigenic variation of the surface glycoprotein of EIA virus. The frequency and severity of clinical episodes of EIA decrease in most horses, leading to an inapparent carrier state. This cessation of clinical illness is probably brought about by the ability of the infected animals to eventually achieve a threshold efficiency of the immune response against antigenic epitopes common to all EIA virus strains.
The So-called Viscid Secretion in Spawning Oysters

IN literature dealing with the Flat or European oyster, O. edulis, the statement is frequently made that when the eggs are spawned into the mantle cavity they are held together there and fastened to the gills by a white viscid secretion. There is no doubt that this statement is incorrect and that what has been described as a white viscid secretion is an extrusion of blood-cells entangled in mucus. In a fairly recent publication (Fish. Inv., 3, 1923: London, 1924) I have shown that when oysters are taken out of water—and especially when transported or retained out of water some time—in hot weather, an extensive diapedesis, or bleeding, occurs. Now a large proportion of white-sick oysters, even after lying on a bench some hours, in the breeding, that is, warm, season, begin to bleed more or less, in relation to the temperature and time out of water; further, many oysters spawn at the instant of dredging or after being taken out of water, and in such cases heavier bleeding than usual is liable to occur. It is, however, possible that a certain amount of—but not necessarily extensive—bleeding does normally occur at he act of spawning.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Processed Bison Carcasses

Seventeen Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar isolates recovered from bison were found to possess a range of virulence genes and resistance to tetracycline, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin simultaneously. A 1-kb class 1 integron containing the aadA1 gene was identified in all isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis found that all isolates were closely related, indicating the possibility of cross-contamination during processing.
Rethinking the Analysis of Non-Normal Data in Plant and Soil Science

The introduction of high-quality, useable generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) software in the mid-2000s changed the conversation regarding the analysis of non-normal data from designed experiments. For well over half a century, the reigning paradigm called for using analysis of variance (ANOVA), either assuming approximate normality of the original data or applying a variance-stabilizing transformation. The appearance of GLMMs creates a dilemma. The ANOVA-based analyses and GLMM-based analyses often yield mutually contradictory results. What results should a researcher report, and how should the choice be justified? If GLMM-based analysis is preferred—and there is increasing evidence that this is the case—approaches to data analysis ingrained while learning ANOVA must be unlearned and relearned. The basic issues associated with the analysis of non-normal data are reviewed here, the thought processes required for GLMMs and how they differ from traditional ANOVA are introduced, and three examples are presented, giving an overview of GLMM-based analysis. The three examples include discussions of what is known to date about the relative merits of GLMM- and ANOVA-based analysis of non-normal data.
A New Minimum Temperature Record for Oklahoma

A minimum temperature of −31°F (−35°C) was recorded at Nowata, Oklahoma, on 10 February 2011. This exceeded the previous record minimum temperature for Oklahoma of −27°F (−32.8°C). The Nowata station is in the Oklahoma Mesonet network. High pressure was centered over Oklahoma on the morning of the record with clear skies, calm winds, and a fresh snow cover of 38 cm at Nowata. A State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC) examined the record, including the siting of the station, calibration of the thermometer, and depth of snow. The SCEC voted unanimously to approve the reading as the new lowest minimum temperature record for Oklahoma.
Boiling heat transfer on superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and superbiphilic surfaces

Abstract With recent advances in micro- and nanofabrication, superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces have been developed. The statics and dynamics of fluids on these surfaces have been well characterized. However, few investigations have been made into the potential of these surfaces to control and enhance other transport phenomena. In this article, we characterize pool boiling on surfaces with wettabilities varied from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic, and provide nucleation measurements. The most interesting result of our measurements is that the largest heat transfer coefficients are reached not on surfaces with spatially uniform wettability, but on biphilic surfaces, which juxtapose hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. We develop an analytical model that describes how biphilic surfaces effectively manage the vapor and liquid transport, delaying critical heat flux and maximizing the heat transfer coefficient. Finally, we manufacture and test the first superbiphilic surfaces (juxtaposing superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic regions), which show exceptional performance in pool boiling, combining high critical heat fluxes over 100 W/cm2 with very high heat transfer coefficients, over 100 kW/m2K.
Modeling Compensation for Optical Fiber Communication Systems

Today the vast majority of telecommunication and Internet messages are sent along fiber optic cables buried underground. Binary data (encoded as a sequence of pulses of light) may travel thousands of kilometers to reach its final destination. The fibers that are used for this data transfer necessarily contain manufacturing impurities that lead to fast and slow polarization states for the propagating signal. This imperfection in the fiber results in a random distortion effect known as polarization-mode dispersion (PMD). As binary data travels along these fibers, the pulses spread, causing the ones to decrease in value and the zeros to increase. Thus, the received message may contain errors. To decrease the likelihood of errors in the received signal, a device known as a compensator can be placed at the receiver. Determining an optimal setting for the compensator involves rotating the fiber in the compensator to best align its slow axis with the fast axis of the transmission fiber. Such a rotation should cancel out some of the effects of PMD. Modeling this system numerically requires that one generate fiber realizations with large amounts of PMD. To measure rotation angle goodness of fit between compensation and transmission fiber requires that one choose a feedback signal for the compensator. We compare the eye opening, spectral line, and degree of polarization ellipsoid feedback signals. While the eye opening feedback mechanism is the most accurate measure, it is difficult to optimize numerically. The degree of polarization and spectral line feedback signals act as smooth surrogates for the eye.
Calcineurin as a potential contributor in estradiol regulation of hippocampal synaptic function.

Abstract Estradiol influences Ca2+ regulation and Ca2+-dependent synaptic plasticity, suggesting estrogenic effects on Ca2+-dependent enzymes that regulate synaptic plasticity may mediate hormonal influences on cognition. In ovariectomized female rats, injections of estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 μg) reduced hippocampal cytosolic activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, calcineurin and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The decreased activity was rapid and recovered substantially over a 24-h period. Decreased calcineurin activity was associated with a decreased level of calcineurin in the cytosol. In contrast, expression of PP1 was not altered suggesting that the level of calcineurin activity regulated PP1 activity. EB application to hippocampal slices rapidly decreased cytosolic phosphatase activity, which was not blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182780. Decreased phosphatase activity was associated with an increase in CA3–CA1 synaptic transmission. In addition, EB application shifted synaptic plasticity, blocking the induction of long-term depression and facilitating the establishment of long-term potentiation. The reduction in calcineurin activity and shift in synaptic plasticity were mimicked to a lesser extent by 17-α-estradiol. From these results we suggest that EB can act to rapidly influence Ca2+ signaling pathways including the activity of Ca2+-regulated phosphatases involved in synaptic plasticity.
Introduction to and Bibliography of Central European Women's Holocaust Life Writing in English

In her "Introduction to and Bibliography of Central European Women's Holocaust Life Writing in English," Louise O. Vasvari discusses aspects and perspectives of women's life writing, including her criteria of selection, the problematics of sourcing, issues of translation, and processes of publication. While the authors listed in the bibliography are overwhelmingly Jewish and from Central and East Europe, there are works listed by others whose experiences also offer important testimony not only on the camps but also on other aspects of the Holocaust. The bibliography suggests that women have written as much and, especially during the last decades, more than men about the Holocaust. Vasvari postulates that life writing -a term utilized mostly in gender studies but useful for other types of texts -is a useful designation for the texts at hand because it elides generic boundaries between history, fiction, documentary, and literature. nota bene: for an updated version of this bibliography see CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2012-): . Louise O. Vasvari, "Introduction to and Bibliography of Central European Women's Holocaust Life Writing in English" page 2 of 18 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.1 (2009): Thematic Issue New Work in Holocaust Studies. Ed. Louise O. Vasvari and Steven Totosy de Zepetnek
Analysis of PR subintervals in normal subjects and early studies in patients with abnormalities of the conduction system using surface his bundle recordings

Utilizing several different approaches to noise reduction, satisfactory beat by beat His bundle activity was recorded from the chest surface in 41 (80%) of 52 normal subjects. Surface atrial to His intervals (PAH) and His to ventricular intervals (HV) were measured in this group and compared with subintervals of the PR segment recorded endocardially from 47 persons with normal electrophysiologic findings. A recent modification in the selection algorithm allows on-line identification of the four of five possible recording sites for utilization in a spatial summation. The ability to record in less favorable circumstances has been improved to the extent that records of suitable clarity for measurement were also obtained in 17 (77%) of 22 individuals with conduction system abnormalities. Comparison of the surface and endocardially acquired data in the normal group reveals no statistically significant difference in the surface acquired PAH and endocardially acquired high right atrial to His (HRAH) intervals, nor in the HV intervals. In a small subset of patients data were acquired by both techniques and no significant differences were found. Thus, when programmed stimulation or endocardial mapping is not required to answer specific clinical questions, in the majority of persons it is possible to record meaningful subintervals from the body surface from each cardiac cycle. Additionally, in instances in which surface P wave activity is obscure in the routine electrocardiogram, this technique enhances atrial electrical activity.