cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroweak baryogenesis and standard model CP violation.

We analyze the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis proposed by Farrar and Shaposhnikov in which the phase of the CKM mixing matrix is the only source of [ital CP] violation. This mechanism is based on a phase separation of baryons via the scattering of quasiparticles by the wall of an expanding bubble produced at the electroweak phase transition. In agreement with the recent work of Gavela, Hernandez, Orloff, and Pene, we conclude the QCD damping effects reduce the asymmetry produced to a negligible amount. We interpret the damping as quantum decoherence. We compute the asymmetry analytically. Our analysis reflects the observation that only a thin, outer layer of the bubble contributes to the coherent scattering of the quasiparticles. The generality of our arguments rules out any mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis that does not make use of a new source of [ital CP] violation.
Fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of the intrinsic tryptophan emission of hemoglobin measured with a 10-GHz fluorometer using front-face geometry on free liquid surface

We measure the intensity and anisotropy decays of the intrinsic tryptophan emission from hemoglobin solutions obtained using a 10 GHz frequency-domain fluorometer and a specially designed cuvette which allows front face excitation on a free liquid surface. The cuvette eliminates reflections and stray emissions, which become significant for low intensity fluorescence like in hemoglobin. Three lifetimes are detectable in the subnanosecond range. The average lifetime of hemoglobin is ligand dependent. Fluorescence anisotropy decays of oxy, deoxy, and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin can be fitted with up to three correlation times. When three components are used the floating initial anisotropy ro is in each case higher than the steady-state anisotropy of tryptophan in vitrified solution. For deoxy hemoglobin it is close to 0.4. The data are consistent with an initial loss of anisotropy from 0.4 to about 0.2 occurring in the first two picoseconds.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A spectrophotometric study of the reactions of the phenolic oxidative 1 coupling initiator py4Cu4Cl4O2 and of py4Cu4CI6O with pyridine

Abstract The species py 4 Cu 4 CI 4 O 2 is an active initiator for phenolic oxidative by dioxygen while its disproportionation product py 4 Cu 4 CI 6 O is not. Spectrophotometric titration shows that the active complex has a very high relative affinity for pyridine, which is known to influence the distribution of products from copper-catalyzed phenolic oxidative coupling.
Jam Processing and Storage Effects on Blueberry Polyphenolics and Antioxidant Capacity

Fresh blueberries were processed into sugar and sugar-free jams and stored for 6 months at 4 and 25 °C. The jams were analyzed immediately after processing and over 6 months of storage for polyphenolic content, percent polymeric color, and antioxidant capacity. Processing resulted in losses of anthocyanins, procyanidins, chlorogenic acid, and ORAC in both jam types, but flavonols were well retained. Marked losses of anthocyanins and procyanidins occurred over 6 months of storage and were accompanied by increased polymeric color values. Chlorogenic acid levels also declined during storage, but flavonols and ORAC changed little. Jams stored at 4 °C retained higher levels of anthocyanins, procyanidins, and ORAC and had lower polymeric color values than jams stored at 25 °C. Sugar-free jams retained higher levels of anthocyanins and had lower polymeric color values than sugar jams late during storage. Blueberry jams should be refrigerated to better retain polyphenolics and antioxidant capacity.
Rhyolitic glass in Ordovician K-bentonites: A new stratigraphic tool

Fresh volcanic glasses in the form of melt inclusions within quartz phenocrysts are commonly present in Paleozoic K-bentonites from New York State, Iowa, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Newfoundland, and Quebec. Because these glasses are compositionally distinct from one layerto another, their geochemistry can be used to define chronostratigraphic horizons. In New York State, the K-bentonites occur within flat-lying, calcareous black shales of the Middle Ordovician Utica Formation. This glass has survived (1) because it has been sealed within a host crystal that is stable under most diagenetic conditions, and (2) because of the modest burial depths the Ordovician strata in this region. To demonstrate the potential of these volcanic glasses for stratigraphic correlations, isochronous surfaces have been established among three localities separated by 35 km. The immaculate preservation of these Ordovician glasses bodes well for the general application of this approach to younger, and perhaps even older, strata where geologic conditions have favored the survival of glass inclusions.
DETECTION AND HOMOGENEITY OF CELL WALL PECTIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF LEMNA MINOR

A method was developed for determining the size homogeneity of purified pectic polysaccharide based on analysis of polysaccharide in individual diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) column fractions by high performance size exclusion chromatography. When the method was used in combination with laser light scattering, absolute Mw and Mn values of pectic polysaccharides were obtained. The method was used to show that four pectic polysaccharides were present in the 22 °C ammonium oxalate-soluble fraction of cell walls of Lemna minor. The four polysaccharides, designated PS-I-PS-IV, had the following Mw ranges: PS-I, 50,200–75,400; PS-II, 18,800–99,700; PS-III, 24,200–150,000; and PS-IV, 6,170–163,000. PS-IIb and PS-IVb, the major portions of PS-II and PS-IV, respectively, were heterogeneous with respect to molecular size but were chemically homogeneous. The peak Mw range of PS-IIb was 28,100–99,700, while the range for PS-IVb was 53,300–163,000. PS-IIb was composed of: GalA (54.5 ± 3.2%) (std dev), Api (39.3 ± 1.4%), Xyl (2.5 ± 1.4%), Ara (1.4 ± 0.8%), and Rha (2.3 ± 0.3%), while PS-IVb was composed of: GalA (96.3 ± 0.8%), Api (2.1 ± 0.7%), and Xyl (1.6 ± 0.3%). Small amounts (< 0.5 mole %) of fucose, mannose, and glucose and rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, mannose, and glucose were detected in PS-IIb and PS-IVb, respectively. The degree of methyl esterification of both PS-IIb and PS-IVb was zero. The isolation of a pectic polysaccharide of high galacturonic acid content (96%) and low degree of methyl esterification (∼ 0%) under mild isolation conditions has not been reported previously.
Discrimination between correlated and uncorrelated reinforcement in rats

Abstract Twenty-four albino rats were tested in a two-lever situation in which one lever was associated with a condition of discontinuous negatively correlated reinforcement (reward for latency of 3.5 sec or longer), while response to the other lever was reinforced, regardless of latency, with a yoked frequency equal to that determined by the latencies on correlated-lever trials. Sixty-six acquisition, 15 extinction, and 10 reacquisition sessions were given, with 50% random reinforcement on each lever during reacquisition. In acquisition most of the rats showed eventual preference for the yoked-uncorrelated lever in terms of choices on two-lever trials and speeds on one-lever forced trials. An early preference for the correlated lever was displayed by over half of the rats and maintained over most of the acquisition period by the slowest-learning rats. Relative rate of extinction was essentially equal for the two levers. Historical effects of the acquisition conditions appeared with remarkable persistence in reacquisition.
Spinning Debates: The Impact of the News Media’s Coverage of the Final 2004 Presidential Debate

We demonstrate that the news media's “spin” or analysis following the last presidential debate in 2004 influenced citizens' evaluations of the candidates. The media's “instant analyses” in the twen...
The long-term influence of past land use on the Walker Branch forest

Forest structure and composition influence patterns of insect outbreaks and can be explained on the Walker Branch watershed by past land use (timber harvest and agriculture), soils, aspect, and slope. In particular, pine bark beetles caused large losses of pine on sites that had been used for agriculture, on Fullerton silt loam soils, and on north-to-northeast and east-to-southeast exposures. Hickory bark beetles had a high impact on hickory biomass on Bodine soil areas that were forested in 1935 and sloped greater than 11%. Thus, prior land use can have an indirect effect on future disturbances.
Strategies for Seeking Mental Health Services

ABSTRACT With dramatic changes in the policies and practices of marketing healthcare to the public, providers of mental health services are being forced to consider strategies for more effectively and competitively promoting their services. Little empirical information relating to the manner in which prospective clients choose such services in a competitive, and often confusing, marketplace is currently available. The purpose of this study was to explore search strategies that might be used by consumers to identify potential providers of mental health services. In the present study, young adults were asked to rate the likelihood of using each of 19 empirically-derived sources of information in selecting a mental health provider. Factor analysis, as well as descriptive item analyses, suggest that, as is the case with certain other health care decision-making situations, consumers are most likely to depend on personal sources of information such as physician referrals and recommendations from friends and co...
Models of molecular computing based on molecular reactions

We discuss two models of molecular computing. The first one is based on an abstract formulation of two sorts of molecular reactions: enforcing and forbidden. The enforcing reactions are reactions that may happen, and are allowed to happen, in a given molecular system, while the forbidden reactions are detrimental for the system (e.g., leading to "incorrect" computations) and thus must be avoided. Hence computations in such a forbidding-enforcing system are driven by enforcing conditions (describing the enforcing reactions), but they are restrained by forbidding conditions (describing the forbidden reactions). The second model, called molecular landscapes, is geared towards the display of solutions. It consists of organisms (computing agents) functioning in a common environment which plays the role of a common communication medium for the organisms. When a molecular landscapes system works on a specific computational problem, each organism is working on this problem. But as soon as an organism M will get its solution to the problem, it modifies the environment, which from this moment on supports only the organisms that get the same solution as M. This is done through a selection mechanism that relies on selective competition which "kills" the losers. Since this selection mechanism interacts with the solution mechanism from the moment that computations are initiated, it can drastically increase the density of good solutions (molecules). In this way the molecular landscapes system achieves the goal of displaying solutions.
The completion problem for M-Matrices and Inverse M-Matrices

Abstract The completion problems for M -matrices and inverse M -matrices are discussed. The former has a simple solution, but is not at all analogous to the positive definite completion problem. The latter is more subtle and is analogous to the positive definite problem. A graph-theoretic completion result, as well as a determinant maximizing completion that is characterized by having a zero entry in the inverse in every position in which the partial matrix has an unspecified entry, is given for the inverse M -matrix problem. These mirror, to some extent, the positive definite case, but the methodology is necessarily different.
Tumor Prevalence in Mummichogs from the Delaware Estuary Watershed.

Abstract Mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus were collected in 2002–2004 from six locations within the Delaware Estuary watershed and examined histopathologically. The objective was to compare the prevalence of skin and liver tumors in fish from locations with a range of sediment polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on available data. Fish were collected from (1) three locations within the industrialized Christina River subwatershed (Hershey Run, Newport Marsh (upriver and downriver)); (2) one location in the Motiva Enterprises refinery discharge canal to the Delaware River; (3) one location in the St. Jones River; and (4) one location in Blackbird Creek. Adult mummichogs (≥70 mm; n = 21–30 fish per location) were seined and held for necropsy. No neoplastic skin lesions were diagnosed in any fish. No liver tumors were diagnosed in the St. Jones, Motiva, Newport Marsh upriver, or Newport Marsh downriver collections. One of 30 Blackbird Creek mummichogs had foci of hepatocellular alteration (a putati...
Ion channel associated diseases: overview of molecular mechanisms.

Mechanisms Mark A. Zaydman,†,‡,§ Jonathan R. Silva,†,‡,§ and Jianmin Cui*,†,‡,§ †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States ‡Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
Grandmother caregivers and caregiver burden.

Purpose To describe the experience of grandmothers who are parenting their grandchildren, and determine the amount of caregiver burden felt by the grandmothers. Study design and methods This descriptive correlational study had a sample of 104 grandmothers, reporting on 249 custodial grandchildren. Grandmothers completed the Caregiver Reactions Assessment to determine perceived physical health, family support, financial status, and caregiver burden. Results Overall, grandmothers perceived the health of their grandchildren as excellent. Of the grandchildren who had been born prematurely (30%), the primary health problems were hyperactivity and asthma. Parental drug use was reported as the reason for child placement with the grandmother in 80% of the cases. The range of time grandchildren had been living with the grandmother was 6 months to 15 years. Low ratings of grandchild physical health correlated with low ratings of grandmother physical health, which correlated strongly with low levels of self-esteem, a strong perception of poor family support, and poor financial status, all of which represent measures of caregiver burden. Clinical implications This study demonstrated that the well being of the grandmother and grandchild are both linked to good physical health. Thus, indicators of poor health for both grandchild and grandmother must be identified early. Grandmothers in this study were surprised at how much had changed in every aspect of child health since they had raised their own children. Nurses working with grandmothers who have custody of grandchildren should understand the dynamics of the relationship, the possibility of caregiver burden, provide anticipatory guidance about the changes in child care and child healthcare in the 21st century, and help link grandmothers who have little support to community programs.
Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Cortina S, Repaske DR, Hood KK. Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Objective: To examine the role of sociodemographic factors and psychosocial adjustment in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) use among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: A total of 150 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers completed measures of general psychological functioning, diabetes functioning, and stressful life events. Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) frequency and glycemic control were also assessed. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between CSII use and sociodemograpic and psychosocial factors. Results: All logistic regression models were significant, indicating a large proportion of the variance in CSII use was associated with sociodemographic, diabetes-specific and psychosocial variables. Final models showed higher frequency of BGM and having private insurance as significant correlates of CSII use. CSII use was also associated with adolescent and caregiver reports of sharing of responsibilities around diabetes management and negative affect regarding BGM. Conclusions: Adolescents currently prescribed CSII therapy evidenced key differences from their counterparts using multiple daily injections (MDI) in insurance status, diabetes management behavior, and family functioning related to diabetes. Efforts to understand the role of family factors in the maintenance of CSII therapy with clinical indicators of CSII use may inform treatment effectiveness.
Clinical diagnosis of the Usher syndromes

The Usher syndromes are genetically distinct disorders which share specific phenotypic characteristics. This paper describes a set of clinical criteria recommended for the diagnosis of Usher syndrome type I and Usher syndrome type II. These criteria have been adopted by the Usher Syndrome Consortium and are used in studies reported by members of this Consortium.
The End of the Universe in Medieval Jewish Philosophy

Both the Bible and the earliest Greek philosophers begin with accounts of the world's genesis. It is thus not surprising that medieval cosmological thought was preoccupied, perhaps obsessed, with the issue of creation. But what about the end of the world? If the universe had a beginning, does it necessarily have an end? Does creation imply destruction? On this topic the Bible is not so explicit and unambiguous. Greek philosophy, however, was virtually unanimous in claiming that whatever has a beginning will have an end, and that whatever will have an end had a beginning. If this cosmological principle is construed strictly, then the world's past and its future are essentially and necessarily linked together, such that the finitude of one entails the finitude of the other. This would mean that if the temporal history of the world is finite a pane ante, then by virtue of this cosmological principle it will have a temporal end a pane post. The most vigorous and detailed defense of the strict interpretation of this general principle was given by Aristotle, who attempted to prove it in his treatise On the Heavens. Henceforth, I shall refer to this principle as “Aristotle's theorem.”
Rates of Return to Schooling in China

This study uses data from a 1988 survey of Chinese individuals to estimate rates of return to schooling in China. The Mincer-type rate of return to schooling was estimated at 4.02 percent in the rural areas and 3.29 percent in the urban areas; these are fairly low estimates compared with similar estimates in other countries. The rate of return to schooling for females was significantly higher than that for males in urban areas. In addition, members of the Communist Party in urban areas had significantly lower returns to schooling compared with non-members.
Identification of 3-methoxyzeaxanthin as a novel age-related carotenoid metabolite in the human macula.

PURPOSE. The xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, along with their major metabolites, meso-zeaxanthin, and 3oxolutein, are highly concentrated in the human macula. In addition to these two metabolites, there are still others that have not yet been identified. A highly sensitive HPLC-mass spectral method was used to identify and quantify a new xanthophyll metabolite that increases with age. METHODS. Maculae (4-mm diameter) from donor eyes free of ocular disease were procured from the local eye bank. The carotenoid extracts from each tissue sample were analyzed by HPLC coupled with an in-line single quadrupole mass spectrometer in a positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. The elution profile, visible absorption spectra and mass spectra were compared to synthetic standards to identify the ocular carotenoids and their metabolites. RESULTS. Along with 3-oxolutein and meso-zeaxanthin, a relatively nonpolar zeaxanthin derivative was identified, with m/z 582.5 and spectral properties similar to those of dietary zeaxanthin. This compound was identified as 3-methoxyzeaxanthin (3-MZ) based on elution profile, absorption spectra, and mass spectra in comparison to a synthetic standard. 3-MZ increased with age (P 0.001) and was not detectable in peripheral retina or in nonretinal tissues. CONCLUSIONS. Identification of 3-MZ in the macula of aged donors indicates that O-methylation of carotenoids is a potential biomarker for aging and age-related ocular disorders. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1435‐1440) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1046
The role of the IS balance and its macroeconomic implications: The case of Japan

Abstract This paper examines the postwar records of the investment-saving balances of the private household and corporate sectors and discusses the factors explaining those movements. The decline in investment demand of the corporate sector since the mid-1970s can be accounted for by the slowdown in growth. On the other hand, the high saving rate of the households until the mid-1970s can be traced mainly to the strong housing pressure associated with the concentration of population into the major metropolitan areas. For more recent periods, however, such an explanation fails and the rise in precautionary saving concomitant to the aging of the population is suggested as an explanation.
THE COST OF TOLERANCE: SENSITIVITY OF STREAM BENTHIC COMMUNITIES TO UV-B AND METALS

The ability to tolerate disturbance is a defense strategy that minimizes the effects of damage to fitness and is essential for sustainability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Despite the apparent benefits of tolerance, there may be an associated cost that results in a deficiency of a system to respond to additional disturbances. Aquatic ecosystems are often exposed to a variety of natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and the effects of these compound perturbations are not well known. In this investigation, we examine whether tolerance to one stressor, metals, results in a cost of increased sensitivity to an additional stressor, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Heavy metal pollution is recognized as a major environmental problem in Rocky Mountain streams. These high-elevation, typically clear streams may be at particular risk to elevated UV- B levels associated with reduced levels of ozone. Microcosm experiments were conducted using natural stream benthic communities collected from a reference site and a site with a long-term history of heavy-metal pollution. Direct and interactive effects of heavy metals and UV-B radiation on structural and functional characteristics of benthic communities were evaluated among four treatments: control, UV-B, metals, and metal and UV-B. Communities from the metal-polluted site were more tolerant of metals but less tolerant to UV-B compared to reference communities. Increased mayfly drift and reduced metabolism in response to metal exposure were observed in reference communities but not in the metal-polluted communities. In contrast to these results, UV-B radiation significantly reduced community metabolism, total macroinvertebrate abundance, and abundances of mayflies, caddisflies, and dipterans from the metal-polluted site, but had no effects on benthic communities from the reference site. ANOSIM results demonstrated that community responses differed among treatments at both sites. Metals had the largest impact on community differences at both sites, while UV-B had greater impacts at the metal-polluted site. This research demonstrates the need to account for potential costs associated with tolerance and that these costs can result in behavioral, structural, and functional impacts to benthic communities.
Endoscopic Management of Gastrogastric Fistulae Does Not Increase Complications at Bariatric Revision Surgery

Background Gastrogastric fistula (GGF) is a challenging complication of primary obesity surgery that often leads to revision surgery. The impact of prior endoscopic intervention on subsequent surgical revisional outcomes remains unknown. We present the largest series of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass GGF with subsequent surgical revision of fistulae to date.
Integrodifferential finite element formulation of two-dimensional steady-state skin effect problems

A novel integrodifferential approach to steady-state skin effect problems is applied to two-dimensional geometries using traditional triangular finite elements. The forcing function in the new formulation is the total measurable current in the conductors. An explanation of why the new approach works is included. The application of Galerkin's criterion to the integrodifferential equation is outlined and it is shown how to proceed with the finite element discretization. The methods used in the computation of performance measuring quantities useful to designers are described in detail. Simple examples illustrate the method. Results are validated by comparison to known solutions.
Evaluating service encounters: The effects of physical surroundings and employee responses.

For consumers, evaluation of a service firm often depends on evaluation of the “service encounter” or the period of time when the customer interacts directly with the firm. Knowledge of the factors...
Spinal cord tolerance to high dose fractionated 3D conformal proton-photon irradiation as evaluated by equivalent uniform dose and dose volume histogram analysis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate cervical spinal cord tolerance using equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis after proton-photon radiotherapy. Methods and material The 3D dose distributions were analyzed in 85 patients with cervical vertebral tumors. Mean follow-up was 41.3 months. The mean prescribed dose was 76.3 Cobalt Gray Equivalent (CGE = proton dose × RBE 1.1). Dose constraints to the center and the surface of the cervical cord were 55–58 CGE and 67–70 CGE, respectively. Dose parameters, DVH and EUD, were calculated for each patient. The spinal cord toxicity was graded using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) late effects scoring system. Results Thirteen patients experienced Grade 1–2 toxicity. Four patients had Grade 3 toxicity. For the dose range used in this study, none of the dosimetric parameters was found to be associated with the observed distribution of cord toxicities. The only factor significantly associated with cord toxicity was the number of surgeries before irradiation. Conclusion The data and our analysis suggest that the integrity of the normal musculoskeletal supportive tissues and vascular supply may be important confounding factors of toxicity at these dose levels. The results also indicate that the cervical spinal cord dose constraints used in treating these patients are appropriate for conformal proton-photon radiotherapy.
A Large Rotation Angle Electrothermal Micromirror with Integrated Platinum Heater

We report a single-crystal-silicon electrothermal micromirror with an integrated platinum heater. A large rotation angle of 124deg has been achieved at a dc voltage of 12.5 V. The resonant frequency of the device is 336 Hz
The relationship between childhood obesity and food insecurity: a nonparametric analysis

Childhood obesity and food insecurity are major public health concerns in the United States and other developed countries. Research on the relationship between the two has provided mixed results across a variety of data sets and empirical methods. Common throughout this research, however, is the use of parametric frameworks for empirical analyses. This study moves beyond parametric methods by examining the relationship between childhood obesity and food insecurity among low-income children with nonparametric regression techniques. We examine data from the Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative data set from the US. Consistent with recent work, our parametric analyses indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between childhood obesity and food insecurity. In contrast, our nonparametric results indicate that the probability of being obese varies markedly with the level of food insecurity being experienced by the chi...
An exact approach to the elastic state of stress of shear deformable antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates

Abstract The state space concept is used to develop Levy-type solutions for anti-symmetric angle-ply laminated plates using the Yang, Norris and Stavsky (YNS) theory. The theory is a generalization of Mindlin's theory for isotropic plates applied to laminated anisotropic plates and includes shear deformation. The solution is applicable to rectangular plates which are simply supported on two opposite edges and have arbitrary boundary conditions on the remaining ones. Numerical results are presented emphasizing the effects of length/thickness ratio, degree of anisotropy, number of layers, ply-angles and transverse shear correction coefficients on the elastic state of stress.
Assessment of progestin receptor polymorphism by various synthetic ligands using HPLC.

Abstract Tritiated R5020 and [ 3 H]ORG-2058 were utilized to investigate apparent polymorphism of progestin receptors by vertical-tube gradient centrifugation and HPLC in size exclusion (HPSEC), ion-exchange (HPIEC) and chromatofocusing (HPCF) modes. Rapid centrifugation (3 h) following molybdate stabilization (1 h) showed mainly 8–9S receptor species with 90–96% recovery. [ 3 H]R5020 appeared to associate with a receptor isoform sedimenting faster than that bound to [ 3 H]ORG-2058. Excess unlabeled R5020 did not eliminate all of the [ 3 H]R5020 binding by the 8–9S component suggesting some nonspecific association while excess unlabeled ORG-2058 suppressed this binding by either ligand. Separate labeling of cytosol with each ligand and mixing prior to gradient separation showed at least two receptor species isoforms sedimenting in the 8–9S region with mol. wt of 190,000 and 173,000 D. Sephacryl S-300 chromatography revealed two radioactive peaks with either ligand but with slight molecular weight differences. HPSEC confirmed the presence of isoforms with different molecular size and shape as a function of the radioactive ligand employed. HPIEC showed the presence of two labeled receptor species irrespective of the ligand used. The first peak appeared at the void volume of the column (10 mM), co-eluted with free ligand, indicating the possibility of ligand stripping by the column. The second peak bound both steroids specifically and eluted with 100 mM phosphate. HPCF identified a single specific receptor eluting at a pH of 5.6–6.1, but with free steroid in the void volume irrespective of the ligand used. [ 3 H]ORG-2058 appeared to be less prone to the stripping phenomenon than was [ 3 H]R5020. These data suggest these ligands either bind to different progestin receptor species or they modify receptor characteristics in a fashion that allows separation based upon size and shape.
The Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone. Rationale and Challenges

This article provides an insight into the Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone (RSCSL), which was established by an agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone, to carry out the essential residual functions of the Special Court for Sierra Leone when it closes. The RSCSL epitomizes the commitment of the UN, the Sierra Leone Government, and the international community to ensure the continued protection of witnesses, the proper enforcement of the sentences of persons convicted by the SCSL, the continued respect of the rights of such persons by providing them with a sound judicial mechanism for the review of convictions and sentences, and that there is no impunity for the sole remaining SCSL fugitive after the closure of the SCSL. If the RSCSL manages to overcome the challenges identified in this article, it will become an important pillar of the new architecture of international criminal justice.
Age replacement policies in two time scales

We develop and estimate optimal age replacement policies for devices whose age is measured in two time scales. For example, the age of a jet engine can be measured in the number of flight hours and the number of landings. Under a single-scale age replacement policy, a device is replaced at age or upon failure, whichever occurs first. We show that a natural generalization to two scales is to replace nonfailed devices when their usage path crosses the boundary of a two-dimensional region M, where M is a lower set with respect to the matrix partial order. For lifetimes measured in two scales, we consider devices that age along linear usage paths. We generalize the single-scale long-run average cost, estimate optimal two-scale policies, and give an example. We note that these policies are strongly consistent estimators of the true optimal policies under mild conditions, and study small-sample behavior using simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 000 - 000, 2003.
Effect of surface area on CO oxidation by the perovskite catalysts La1−xSrxMO3-δ (M = Co, Cr)

The catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide by two compounds in the system La0.8 Sr0.2MO3-δ (M = Co, Cr) was measured at different BET surface areas of the oxide materials. The light-off temperature was found to decrease with increasing surface area up to a certain level beyond which it remained constant for the cobalt-containing compound. This limiting value could not be attained for the chromium-containing compound because of equilibration problems in the preparation. As the active catalytic area as distinct from the total (BET) catalyst area was not clarified, these preliminary results show the need for further inquiry.
Psychology and homosexuality: The British Sexological Society

The British Sexological Society was a largely unknown society composed of influential people of the early twentieth century in Great Britain. The present research is an archival study of the Society and its work concerning homosexuality. Issues addressed by the British Sexological Society are relevant to the early development of sexual emancipation movements as well as to issues of sexuality today.
Obesity is a common comorbidity in children with congenital and acquired heart disease

OBJECTIVES. Obesity may pose additional cardiovascular risk to children with acquired and congenital heart disease. Many children with heart disease are sedentary as a result of physician-, parent-, and/or self-imposed restrictions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the epidemic of obesity on children with heart disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A cross-sectional review was performed of children evaluated in 2004 at 2 cardiology outpatient clinics. Differences in the prevalence of obese (BMI ≥ 95%) and overweight (BMI 85%–95%) children were compared with national data and healthy control subjects. Dictated letters were reviewed to determine whether obesity was discussed with referring practitioners. RESULTS. Of 2921 patients assessed, 1523 had heart disease. Diagnostic subgroups included “mild” heart disease (n = 401), arrhythmia (n = 447), biventricular repair (n = 511), univentricular palliation (Fontan; n = 108), and heart transplantation (n = 56). More than 25% of the patients with heart disease were obese or overweight; the prevalence of obese and overweight children was significantly lower only in the Fontan group (15.9%). Pediatric cardiologists failed to document obesity or weight counseling in the majority of clinic letters. CONCLUSIONS. Obesity is common in children with congenital and acquired heart disease. Pediatric cardiologists demonstrate inadequate communication regarding this problem to referring practitioners. Healthy-lifestyle counseling and routine exercise in children with heart disease may be underemphasized.
Stimulation of formation of cAMP by 5-hydroxytryptamine in myenteric ganglia isolated from guinea pig small intestine

Abstract Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and related agonists and antagonists on formation of cAMP were determined for enzymatically dissociated ganglia from the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Formation of cAMP was stimulated by 5-HT in both dose- and time- dependent manners. The stimulatory action of 5-HT was suppressed by the 5-HT 1P antagonist, renzapride, but not by the 5-HT 3 antagonist, tropisetron (formerly ICS 205–930). Neither renzapride nor cisapride increased the levels of cAMP. Levels of cAMP were suppressed by concentrations of tropisetron greater than 1.0 μM. Levels of cAMP were unaffected by the 5-HT 3 agonist, 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine. A putative 5-HT 4 receptor agonist, 5-methoxytryptamine, stimulated formation of cAMP, but to a lesser extent than 5-HT. We conclude that 5-HT acts to stimulate adenylate cyclase and the formation of cAMP in myenteric ganglia. The 5-HT 1P receptor is the most likely subtype involved in 5-HT action on cAMP formation.
Conserved T cell receptor V gene usage by uveitogenic T cells.

Abstract Retinal S-antigen is widely used to study the LEW rat model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). In this report, we have examined the T cell receptor V gene usage of several T cell lines recognizing either pathogenic or nonpathogenic sites on S-antigen to determine whether the Vα510 and Vβ510 rat homologues of the murine Vα2 and Vβ8 families, respectively, are used by uveitogenic T cells. Using cDNA probes for a LEW rat T cell receptor specific for the encephalitogenic determinant of myelin basic protein, we have found that in the retinal S-antigen/EAU model for autoimmune disease, pathogenicity correlates with usage of those rat V genes. Thus, all of the pathogenic lines were found to express T cell receptors of the Vβ510 and Vα510 families; conversely, Vβ510 usage was not detected in any of the nonpathogenic lines. Usage of these V regions has been associated with pathogenicity in the murine and rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and now with S-antigen-induced EAU.
Multi-User SC-FDMA Systems under IQ Imbalance: EVM and Subcarrier Mapping Impact

In this paper, we derive an analytical expression for the error vector magnitude (EVM) under joint transmit-receive Inphase-Quadrature imbalance (IQI). IQI is a major radio frequency impairment in direct- conversion transceivers. We consider multi-user uplink transmission with single-carrier frequency- division-multiple access as in the long-term evolution standard. The derived EVM expression reveals an interesting relationship between the spectral allocation of a user's subcarriers and the immunity of this user to IQI. Furthermore, we verify the accuracy of our derived EVM expression through Monte-Carlo simulations for various IQI levels.
Misperceptions of reproductive ideals among American husbands and wives.

In this paper data from the Michigan Time Use Survey are used to document the extent of misperceptions of reproductive ideals among couples. Perceptual errors of spouses are found to be common and also nonrandom. The errors are influenced by a variety of socioeconomic variables. The paper concludes that research on fertility intentions and contraceptive use-effectiveness, which uses wife-only data, may be flawed. The paper also speculates on the extent and quality of marital communication.
Characterization of Fiber Carboxylic Acid Development during One-Stage Oxygen Delignification

This study examines the changes in fiber carboxylate content during a series of one-stage oxygen delignification experiments using a southern United States pine kraft pulp. The carboxylic acid content of the oxygen-delignified pulps before and after holocellulose pulping was determined to establish the distribution of acid groups in lignin and pulp carbohydrates. The carboxylic acid content in residual lignin were also examined and compared with the holocellulose results in an attempt to decouple the responses from residual lignin and carbohydrate. It was found that oxygen-delignified kraft pulps exhibited an initial 4%−13% increase in total fiber carboxylic acid content in the first 10−30 min, followed by a steady state or slight decrease. In contrast, the holocellulose of oxygen-delignified pulps exhibited an initial 6%−8% decrease in carboxylic acid content in the first 10 min, followed by a small increase and then a slow decline. The residual lignin isolated from these pulps showed an initial 37% carb...
A generic revision of the Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta), with six new species from the deep North Pacific

PETER A. JUMARS The Dorvilleidae are divided into eight genera: Dorvillea, Schistomeringos (new name), Protodorvillea, Meiodorvillea (new genus), Exallopus (new genus), Ophryotrocha, Parophryotrocha, and Apophryotrocha (new genus). Periodic maxillary replacement is found to occur in a manner which makes many often cited maxillary characters taxonomically unreliable. Therefore, the pharyngeal characters of all the type-species are redescribed or newly described. The discovery of new forms and the present interpretation of hard jaw parts permit construction of a phylogenetic scheme with Dorvillea as the most primitive genus containing living species. Suggestions are given for the advantageous use of the phenomenon of maxillary replacement in autecoiogical investigation. Evidence is presented against the cosmopolitan distribution of Schistomeringos rudolphi, a species often noted in nearshore pollution studies. Newly described species are Dorvillea batia, Schistomeringos mediofurca, Meiodorvillea apalpata, Exallopus cropion, Ophryotrocha profunda, and Apophryotrocha mutabiliseta, all from the deep North Pacific. A key to the genera is provided, as are listings of all the known species within each genus.
Variable timestamps: performance analysis

Abstract Two-phase locking and timestamp ordering are two popular techniques of synchronization in database systems. A major drawback of two-phase locking in distributed database systems is the complexity involved in deadlock detection and resolution. While the timestamp ordering scheme eliminates overhead due to deadlocks, it forces conflicting transaction accesses to execute in the order of their timestamps. In this paper, we present a new synchronization scheme which incorporates adjustable timestamps into two-phase locking to avoid the need for deadlock detections. Each transaction is assigned a unique timestamp that can be adjusted during its lifetime to a certain extent to eliminate many unnecessary rollbacks while remaining deadlock-free. The proposed scheme allows multiple transactions to have their timestamps adjusted concurrently without getting into deadlocks. To show the improvements of our scheme, simulation results in comparison with the modified timestamp ordering scheme are provided.
Numerical Integration of the Master Equation in Some Models of Stochastic Epidemiology

The processes by which disease spreads in a population of individuals are inherently stochastic. The master equation has proven to be a useful tool for modeling such processes. Unfortunately, solving the master equation analytically is possible only in limited cases (e.g., when the model is linear), and thus numerical procedures or approximation methods must be employed. Available approximation methods, such as the system size expansion method of van Kampen, may fail to provide reliable solutions, whereas current numerical approaches can induce appreciable computational cost. In this paper, we propose a new numerical technique for solving the master equation. Our method is based on a more informative stochastic process than the population process commonly used in the literature. By exploiting the structure of the master equation governing this process, we develop a novel technique for calculating the exact solution of the master equation – up to a desired precision – in certain models of stochastic epidemiology. We demonstrate the potential of our method by solving the master equation associated with the stochastic SIR epidemic model. MATLAB software that implements the methods discussed in this paper is freely available as Supporting Information S1.
Stereotyping as a force for increasing crime rates

When should a case be treated as a case of a crime? If a case is to be treated as a case of a crime, how seriously should it be treated? Seriously enough to be treated as a felony rather than as a misdemeanor? Seriously enough to impose a sentence of incarceration rather than of probation or of adjournment in contemplation of dismissal? These are the questions routinely faced by official decision-makers at various levels of criminal justice systems in the United States. Provisions of substantive and procedural criminal law do not fully determine answers to these questions. Inevitably (and increasingly as legal provisions become more detailed and complex), officials are constrained to use extralegal bases for making criminal justice decisions (Pepinsky, 1976a; pp 13-24). A variety of research findings indicates the preeminence of one extralegal strategy of criminal justice decision-making. Decision-makers tend to rely heavily on information provided by other officials as a guide to whether and how seriously to treat a case as a crime. Pepinsky (1976c) has found police patrolmen's decisions as to whether to report offenses to be based largely on what the patrolmen had been told by their dispatcher about the nature of citizen complaints to which they are to respond. If the dispatcher had named an offense in a call to which the patrolmen responded (e.g., "check a burglary"), they were quite likely to report an offense thereafter. If the dispatcher had failed to name an offense in the call (e.g., "check neighbor trouble," or "see the party at . . ."), the patrolmen were almost certain not to report an offense,
Migraine-Associated Seizure: A Case of Reversible MRI Abnormalities and Persistent Nondominant Hemisphere Syndrome

The complex relationship between migraine and epilepsy is highlighted by the occurrence of a seizure during a migraine attack without aura. This phenomenon, referred to as migralepsy, suggests an inherent overlap in the underlying pathophysiology of these events. We report the case of a patient who had a generalized seizure, persistent nondominant hemisphere syndrome, and reversible magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities during a prolonged migraine attack without aura.
Economic issues underlying secession: The case of Slovenia and Slovakia

(1992). Economic issues underlying secession: The case of Slovenia and Slovakia. Communist Economies and Economic Transformation: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 111-134.
Power scaling to high-brightness kW systems using semiconductor bars in water-cooled stacks

The scalability of semiconductor diode lasers to multi-kilowatt power levels has increasing importance in direct diode material processing applications. These applications require hard-pulse on-off cycling capability and high brightness achieved using low fill-factor (FF) bars with a tight vertical pitch. Coherent uses 20%FF bars operated at <60W/bar packaged on water-cooled packages with a 1.65mm vertical pitch in the Highlight D-series, which achieves <8kW of power in a < 1mm x 8mm beam line at a working distance of ~ 280mm. We compare thermal measurement results to thermal fluid flow simulations to show the emitters are cooled to low junction temperatures with minimal thermal crosstalk, similar to single emitter packaging. Good thermal performance allows for scaling to operation at higher power and brightness. We present accelerated life-testing results in both CW and hard-pulse on-off cycling conditions.