cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Sequence Determination: Methodology and Evolutionary Implications

The determination of the first protein sequence (insulin) was a landmark achievement that confirmed proteins were composed of a specific order of amino acid residues and lead to the development of methods, many eventually automated, for the rapid sequence analysis of a wide variety of proteins. Much of this technology was devoted to the isolation of proteins, and the peptides derived from them, that have remained indispensible tools even today. In the late 1970s, methodology for the determination of nucleic acid sequences was perfected, which largely supplanted the chemical approaches and lead to an enormous expansion of the known protein sequences, albeit they were inferred rather than directly determined. Subsequently, advances in mass spectrometry made direct analyses of peptides and proteins possible allowing for high-throughput unbiased identification of proteins (from peptide sequences) in complex mixtures and for the identification and localization of posttranslational modifications. Sequence data, starting from the earliest experiments, has provided ever greater insight into evolutionary processes.
The effect of commercial banks' internal control weaknesses on loan loss reserves and provisions

Abstract This study examines whether the material internal control weaknesses (ICW) of commercial banks affect loan loss reserves and provisions. Bank regulators have been keen to improve the internal control procedures of banks in order to obtain accurate estimates of loan loss exposures. GAO, 1991 , GAO, 1994 reports that loan-loss reserves are often determined based on historical loss rates even for large loans, rather than individual loan impairment assessments, and the reported loan loss reserves include substantial amounts of supplemental reserves that are not linked to the loan loss exposure. We expect and find that banks with material ICW have, on average, higher loan loss reserves and provisions in years of ICW than those without ICW. We also find that ICW banks with successful remedial actions no longer have higher levels of loan loss reserves or provisions in the next year, while banks that report material ICW in both the current and following year continue to have significantly higher amounts of loan loss reserves and provisions in the next year.
Comparing the Role of Dislocations during Plastic Deformation of Nanocrystalline Nickel and Coarse-Grained Nickel during Cold Rolling

We investigated plastic deformation of fully dense electrodeposited nanocrystalline (NC) Ni with an average grain size of 30-40nm. We studied the microstructural evolution during cold rolling of NC Ni to a reduction in thickness up to 76% (true strain equivalent ∼1.42). We determined changes in texture, grain morphology, grain boundary character and grain sizes as a function of cold rolling strain, using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy TEM. We compared our results of the NC Ni with our own results for cold rolled coarse grained (CG) Ni. Differences and similarities in deformation behavior are discussed with respect to well documented findings in the literature.
LOW LEVELS OF GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 11 AND HIGH LEVELS OF ITS INHIBITOR FOLLISTATIN-LIKE 3 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN HUMANS

In mice, age-related decline in Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF 11) leads to cardiac hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction, but information is lacking about its role in humans. We thus investigated the associations of GDF11 and its inhibitor Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) with cardiovascular (CV)
Copper metabolism. XII. Influence of manganese on metabolism of copper.

Summary1. Administration of large amounts of manganese to rats was associated with an increase in the concentration of copper in plasma and brain, a decrease in the urinary excretion of copper, a decrease in the concentration of copper in the kidneys, no alteration in the concentration of copper in the liver, and microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The total amount of copper in the body was not increased. 2. Administration of large amounts of copper was accompanied by an increase in total body copper and an increase in the concentration of copper in the plasma, urine, liver, and kidneys but not in the brain. Anemia did not occur. 3. Simultaneous administration of large amounts of both manganese and copper resulted in a marked increase in total body copper, an increase in the concentration of copper in the plasma, liver, kidneys and brain, and microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The total amount of copper in the body of these animals was twice as great as in rats given the same amount of supplemental copper alone....
Paucity of PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer: innate and adaptive immune resistance.

Primary prostate cancers are infiltrated with programmed death-1 (PD-1) expressing CD8+ T-cells. However, in early clinical trials, men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer did not respond to PD-1 blockade as a monotherapy. One explanation for this unresponsiveness could be that prostate tumors generally do not express programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), the primary ligand for PD-1. However, lack of PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer would be surprising, given that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss is relatively common in prostate cancer and several studies have shown that PTEN loss correlates with PD-L1 upregulation—constituting a mechanism of innate immune resistance. This study tested whether prostate cancer cells were capable of expressing PD-L1, and whether the rare PD-L1 expression that occurs in human specimens correlates with PTEN loss. Human prostate cancer cell lines were evaluated for PD-L1 expression and loss of PTEN by flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for PTEN was correlated with PD-L1 IHC using a series of resected human prostate cancer samples. In vitro, many prostate cancer cell lines upregulated PD-L1 expression in response to inflammatory cytokines, consistent with adaptive immune resistance. In these cell lines, no association between PTEN loss and PD-L1 expression was apparent. In primary prostate tumors, PD-L1 expression was rare, and was not associated with PTEN loss. These studies show that some prostate cancer cell lines are capable of expressing PD-L1. However, in human prostate cancer, PTEN loss is not associated with PD-L1 expression, arguing against innate immune resistance as a mechanism that mitigates antitumor immune responses in this disease.
Correlation analysis of physical properties with freshness in vacuum-packed tilapia during cold storage

The relationship between the physical properties including texture,color,moisture related indicators,sensory quality and microbial growth were investigated to explore the feasibility of fish freshness evaluation by physical parameters.The results showed that,with the extension of storage time,fish freshness declined with the descending of the scores of finger-pressure elasticity and color in sensory evaluation,and exponential growth of psychrotrophs and enterobacteriaceae.Moisture related indicators showed no obvious correlation with fish freshness.The hardness and a* value which were measured by instruments showed decreasing trend and good linear relationship with the scores of finger-pressure elasticity and color index in sensory evaluation.
Mosquito population and distribution in Baoji city

Objective To investigate the species forming of mesquitoes and their ecological distribution in Baoji city,and to provide scientific basis for preventing mosquitoes effectively. Methods Human baited net trop method,lamp baited trap method,mosq-ovitrap method for adults and container method for larvae were used.The collected larvae were taken to the lab to be classified,identified and counted. Results Seven species of four genera were collected,Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus were the predominant species.The average positive container indexes was 49.92 in larvae,the average density of human baited net trap method was 11.5 individuals per hour,1.01 individuals per hour of lamp baited trap method,11.52% of mosq-ovitrap method in adults from July to September in the whole city.The positive mosquito indexes in August was higher than others.It was 17.16%.The density in adults was the highest at the hilly area and woodland,next the special place.The area of bread and cultivate was higher than the area of fallow and activities.The density of Culex pipiens pallens in village was higher than in city,The density of Aedes albopictus in city was higher than in village. Conclusion The species forming of mosquitoes and their ecological distribution in Baoji are preliminarily known.The study provide scientific evidence for controlling mosquitoes.
Thiamine Deficiency Presenting as Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

A 48-year-old man with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and obesity presented with a 6-week history of nausea, vomiting, decreased oral intake with 40-pound weight loss, and lethargy. Laboratory results were significant for low platelet count of 71 000 per mm3, slight elevation of prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio acute kidney injury, and mild elevation of transaminases. Initial computed tomography of the head was unremarkable for acute intracranial findings (Figure [A]). Lumbar puncture revealed elevated opening pressure of 41 mm Hg but otherwise normal cerebrospinal fluid studies. After fluid repletion with D5 normal saline, there was a gradual decline in the patient’s mental status requiring endotracheal intubation for airway protection. Repeat computed tomography of the head 3 days after initial presentation showed bilateral thalamic hemorrhage with extension into the third ventricle (Figure [B]). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed increased T2 flair signal at the medial thalami (Figure [C]), peri-aqueductal region of midbrain, and the mammillary bodies (Figure [D]). Initial management included blood pressure control, platelet transfusion, fresh frozen plasma administration, and external ventricular drain placement. Digital subtraction angiography showed no evidence of underlying vascular anomaly. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed splenic enlargement and liver cirrhosis likely accounting for the elevated transaminases, mild coagulopathy, and low platelet level. The patient continued to be obtunded, requiring mechanical ventilation and vasopressors. Metabolic workup was notable for a thiamine level of 37 μg/dL (normal reference range: 78–185 μg/dL). Additional management included thiamine repletion and lactulose. Three days later, the patient was able to be weaned off vasopressor support and extubated after 5 days. His platelet count, coagulation studies, and transaminases normalized over time. His mental status and neurological function slowly improved during the course of his hospitalization. The patient was eventually discharged to rehab with short-term memory …
Located in the thin of it: Young children’s use of thin moral concepts

AbstractOne important socio-cultural medium through which young children’s moral understanding is cultivated is parent/child discourse. Of particular interest to us was young children’s use of basic (‘thin’) evaluative concepts (good, bad, right and wrong), which are ubiquitous in everyday discourse and serve as a potential bridge from the non-moral to the moral domain. We investigated 14 2–5-year-old children’s (and their parents’) use of thin evaluative concepts and found that while they frequently used good and bad to morally evaluate other people’s and their own psychological/dispositional states and behaviors—as well as, less frequently, to highlight relevant standards, expectations and rules—they did not use right and wrong. In contrast, a sample of US written and spoken public conversation revealed that adults did. Reasons for this are discussed, along with the frequency of different types of moral evaluations, differences between children and their parents, and age-related trends.
Adaptive evolvability via non-coding segment induced linkage

In this paper, the evolvability, or "the ability of a population to produce fitter variants than any yet existing" [1], of a genetic algorithm is adapted during runtime by evolving good linkage characteristics. This adaptive linkage is induced by a variable length non-coding segment representation. It is expected that the adaptation of linkage will improve search efficiency due to the emergence of well linked, or modular, genetic code. Results of the non-coding representation are compared with those of a standard representation on a set of Royal Road functions.
Delineating responsibility, decisions and compromises: a frame analysis of the fast food industry’s online CSR communication

ABSTRACTThis paper uses a frame analysis method to highlight the ways in which the quick-service restaurant (QSR) industry – or fast food restaurant industry – uses official websites to communicate messages about nutrition and health to consumers and other relevant publics, especially using the language of corporate social responsibility. In the context of the increasing association of QSR industry food to the obesity epidemic in the U.S.A., several large fast-food chains have developed elaborate communication strategies to address the health concerns among the general public of their foods. Using a frame analysis method, I demonstrate that the industry consistently draws on metaphors of ‘individual responsibility’ and ‘personal choice’ in choosing healthy food, while establishing the primary role of moderation and exercise in preventing obesity. As a contribution to the field of PR, this emic frame analysis features an integrative approach that combines both message features in context with message inten...
Robust Occupant Detection Through Step-Induced Floor Vibration by Incorporating Structural Characteristics

The objective of this paper is to present an occupant detection method through step-induced structural vibration. Occupant detection enables various smart building applications such as space/energy management. Ambient structural vibration monitoring provides a non-intrusive sensing approach to achieve that. The main challenges for structural vibration based occupant footstep detection include that (1) the ambient structural vibration noise may overwhelm the step-induced vibration and (2) there are various other impulse-like excitations that look similar to footstep excitations in the sensing environment (e.g., door closing, chair dragging, etc.), which increase the false alarm rate for occupant detection. To overcome these challenges, a two-stage step-induced signal detection algorithm is developed to (1) incorporate the structural characteristics by selecting the dominant frequencies of the structure to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the vibration data and thus improve the detection performance and (2) perform footstep classification on detected events to distinguish step-induced floor vibrations from other impulse excitations. The method is validated experimentally in two different buildings with distinct structural properties and noise characteristics, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) campus building and Vincentian Nursing Home deployments in Pittsburgh, PA. The occupant footstep detection F1 score shows up to 4X reduction in detection error compared to traditional thresholding method.
Simulations of airglow variations induced by the CO2 increase and solar cycle variation from 1980 to 1991

Abstract Airglow intensity and Volume Emission Rate (VER) variations induced by the increase of CO 2 gas concentration and F10.7 variation (used as a proxy for the 11-year solar cycle variation) were investigated for the period from 1980 to 1991, encompassing a full solar cycle. Two airglow models are used to simulate the induced variations of O( 1 S) greenline, O 2 (0,1) atmospheric band , and OH(8,3) airglow for this study. The results show that both the airglow intensities and peak VERs correlate positively with the F10.7 solar cycle variation and display a small linear trend due to the increase of CO 2 gas concentration. The solar-cycle induced airglow intensity variations show that O( 1 S) greenline has the largest variation (~26%) followed by the O 2 (0,1) atmospheric band (~23%) and then OH(8,3) airglow (~8%) over the 11 year timespan. The magnitudes of the induced airglow intensity variations by the increase of CO 2 gas concentration are about an order of magnitude smaller than those by the F10.7 solar cycle variation. In general, the F10.7 solar cycle variation and CO 2 increase do not seem to systematically alter the VER peak altitude of the airglow emissions, though the OH(8,3) VER peak altitude moves up slightly during the years when the F10.7 value falls under 100 SFU.
Memoirs: The Origin and Development of the Anterior Lymph-Sacs in the Sea-Turtle (Thalassochelys caretta)

1. In the lymph-sac area of embryos at the end of the second week of development the mesenchyme is very compact, showing slight signs of vacuolation. The area is bounded by the anterior cardinal vein and its dorsal branches, the wide meshed superficial plexus and the ventro-lateral branches of the cardinal vein. Within this area the lymph-sac anlagen first appear, lying in the angle between the dorso-lateral branches and the cardinal vein itself. 2. The dorsal tributaries of the pre-cardinals are concerned in the development of the lymph-sacs. In the mesenchyme surrounding these tributaries isolated spaces develop in direct connexion with the veins. 3. The development of the anterior lymph-sacs in the seaturtle is initiated by vacuolation of the mesenchyme in the region of the cardinal tributaries during the middle part of the third week of development. 4. A series of channels is formed from the anterior cardinal tributaries and isolated spaces which in their greatest development exist as plexuses of vessels connected with the cardinal veins. 5. These channels enlarge and fuse with each other, the remnants of their walls appearing as protoplasmic fibres in the lumen, producing a system of cavities very irregular in size and shape. They inter-communicate and connect at the same time with the dorsal tributaries of the pre-cardinal veins. The mesenchyme cells surrounding these cavities are gradually transformed to the flattened endothelial cells which later line the sacs. 6. The lymph-sac is well developed at twenty-four days. Fusion and enlargement of individual cavities has continued up to this time. 7. As the development of the lymph-sacs proceeds they lose connexion with the cardinal veins except for the opening at the posterior end of the sac. 8. The development of the anterior lymph-sacs in the turtle shows two distinct anlagen, one from the mesenchyme and the other from the venous tributaries, which unite to form the veno-lymphatics. The increase in size and confluence of the veno-lymphatics determines the development of the anterior lymph-sacs.
Intelligent reservoir characterization (IRESC)

In this study, a new integrated methodology is developed to identify the nonlinear relationship and mapping between 3D seismic data, production log and is applied to producing field. The method uses conventional techniques such as geostatistical and classical pattern recognition [Aminzadeh, F. et al., (1984/85)] in conjunction with modern techniques such as soft computing (neurocomputing, fuzzy logic, genetic computing, and probabilistic reasoning) [Nikravesh, M. et al., (1998), (1997)]. An important task of our research is to use clustering techniques recognize the optimal location of a new well to be drilled based on 3D seismic data and available production log/data or other viable logs. The classification task is accomplished in three ways; 1) k-means clustering, 2) fuzzy clustering, and 3) neural network clustering to recognize the similarity cubes. Then the relationship between each cluster and production log is recognized around the wellbore and the results are used to reconstruct and extrapolate the production log away from the wellbore. This advanced 3D seismic and log analysis and interpretation can be used to predict; 1) mapping between production data and seismic data, 2) reservoir connectivity based on multiattributes analysis, 3) pay zone estimation, and 4) optimum well placement.
Comparison of non-uniform optimal quantizer designs for speech coding with adaptive critics and particle swarm

This paper presents the design of a companding non-uniform optimal scalar quantizer for speech coding. The quantizer is designed using two neural networks to perform the nonlinear transformation. These neural networks are used in the front and back ends of a uniform quantizer. Two approaches are presented in this paper namely adaptive critic designs (ACD) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), aiming to maximize the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The comparison of these optimal quantizer designs over bit rate range of 3 to 6 is presented. The perceptual quality of the coding is evaluated by the International Telecommunication Union's Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) standard.
All Washed Out? Foliar Nutrient Resorption and Leaching in Senescing Switchgrass

Ideal bioenergy feedstocks are low in nutrients that act as anti-quality factors during conversion processes. Research has shown that delaying harvest of temperate perennial grasses until late winter reduces nutrient content, primarily due to end-season resorption, but also indicates a role for foliar nutrient leaching. While end-season resorption has been estimated, foliar nutrient leaching has not, and is a factor that could refine harvest recommendations. Additionally, establishing a baseline of mineral loss during switchgrass senescence will improve our understanding of leaf-level nutrient resorption. Therefore, we applied simulated rainfall to replicated (n = 5) plots within a previously established switchgrass stand to determine if heavy precipitation can induce nutrient leaching in senescing, unharvested foliage. Hour-long simulated rainfalls of ∼120 mm were applied every 2 weeks from early September to a killing frost in 2014 and 2015. Leaf samples were taken from the upper and lower canopy before and after simulated rainfalls and from no-rain controls and analyzed for elemental N, P, K, S, Mg, and Ca. Nutrient resorption estimates ranged from 33 to 82% in control plots. Comparison of rainfall plots to controls indicated that lower canopy leaves, upon reaching ≥50% senescence, were slightly susceptible to foliar nutrient leaching, with losses ranging from 0.3 to 2.8 g kg−1 dry matter for K, P, and Mg. Nitrogen, Ca, and S were not susceptible to foliar leaching. Although statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05), these values suggested that foliar leaching was not a strong driver of nutrient loss during senescence.
Whole exome sequencing in 342 congenital cardiac left sided lesion cases reveals extensive genetic heterogeneity and complex inheritance patterns.

Left-sided lesions (LSLs) account for an important fraction of severe congenital cardiovascular malformations (CVMs). The genetic contributions to LSLs are complex, and the mutations that cause these malformations span several diverse biological signaling pathways: TGFB, NOTCH, SHH, and more. Here, we use whole exome sequence data generated in 342 LSL cases to identify likely damaging variants in putative candidate CVM genes. Using a series of bioinformatics filters, we focused on genes harboring population-rare, putative loss-of-function (LOF), and predicted damaging variants in 1760 CVM candidate genes constructed a priori from the literature and model organism databases. Gene variants that were not observed in a comparably sequenced control dataset of 5492 samples without severe CVM were then subjected to targeted validation in cases and parents. Whole exome sequencing data from 4593 individuals referred for clinical sequencing were used to bolster evidence for the role of candidate genes in CVMs and LSLs. Our analyses revealed 28 candidate variants in 27 genes, including 17 genes not previously associated with a human CVM disorder, and revealed diverse patterns of inheritance among LOF carriers, including 9 confirmed de novo variants in both novel and newly described human CVM candidate genes (ACVR1, JARID2, NR2F2, PLRG1, SMURF1) as well as established syndromic CVM genes (KMT2D, NF1, TBX20, ZEB2). We also identified two genes (DNAH5, OFD1) with evidence of recessive and hemizygous inheritance patterns, respectively. Within our clinical cohort, we also observed heterozygous LOF variants in JARID2 and SMAD1 in individuals with cardiac phenotypes, and collectively, carriers of LOF variants in our candidate genes had a four times higher odds of having CVM (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 2.5–6.5). Our analytical strategy highlights the utility of bioinformatic resources, including human disease records and model organism phenotyping, in novel gene discovery for rare human disease. The results underscore the extensive genetic heterogeneity underlying non-syndromic LSLs, and posit potential novel candidate genes and complex modes of inheritance in this important group of birth defects.
Learning to Attack: Adversarial Transformation Networks

With the rapidly increasing popularity of deep neural networks for image recognition tasks, a parallel interest in generating adversarial examples to attack the trained models has arisen. To date, these approaches have involved either directly computing gradients with respect to the image pixels or directly solving an optimization on the image pixels. We generalize this pursuit in a novel direction: can a separate network be trained to efficiently attack another fully trained network? We demonstrate that it is possible, and that the generated attacks yield startling insights into the weaknesses of the target network. We call such a network an Adversarial Transformation Network (ATN). ATNs transform any input into an adversarial attack on the target network, while being minimally perturbing to the original inputs and the target network's outputs. Further, we show that ATNs are capable of not only causing the target network to make an error, but can be constructed to explicitly control the type of misclassification made. We demonstrate ATNs on both simple MNIST-digit classifiers and state-of-the-art ImageNet classifiers deployed by Google, Inc.: Inception ResNet-v2.
Childhood conditions set the balance

A comparison of men who migrated from Bangladesh to the United Kingdom at different ages, alongside men who were lifelong residents of both countries, reveals that early environments determine levels of reproductive hormones and secondary sexual characteristics.
The usefulness of incorporating three-dimensional heart models during cardiology consultations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Abstract A quality improvement project was launched to address the effectiveness and communication potential of incorporating three-dimensional heart models during cardiology consultations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The complexities of congenital heart defects pose numerous challenges for both clinicians and the families of infants awaiting cardiothoracic surgery. The education provided to parents during consultations influences the ability to make informed decisions regarding medical and surgical plans of care. This exchange of knowledge can be daunting, leaving parents with feelings of anxiety and distress (Biglino et al., 2015). In 2014, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database reported Phoenix Children's Hospital performed 550 cardiothoracic surgeries and ten heart transplants. By the year 2016, Phoenix Children's Hospital performed 664 cardiothoracic surgeries and 24 heart transplants. This data highlights substantial increases in surgical volume, contributing to the need for improved education and communication among this vulnerable patient population (Phoenix Children's Hospital, 2017).
The effects of team size on the evolution of distributed micro air vehicles

This paper focuses on the study of genetic algorithms for evolving controllers for Micro Air Vehicles (small flying robots). Specifically, the effects of team size on the evolution of the robots are studied. The study of team sizes deals with finding an ideal number of robots to collectively perform the surveillance task of a given region. In addition, controllers for evolved robot teams are tested in teams of different sizes to determine if the results can be generalized. In addition, statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the evolved results.
Interdependence of CD3-Ti and CD2 activation pathways in human T lymphocytes.

Human T lymphocytes can be activated through either the antigen/MHC receptor complex T3-Ti (CD3-Ti) or the T11 (CD2) molecule to proliferate via an IL-2 dependent mechanism. To investigate the relationship of these pathways to one another, we generated and characterized Jurkat mutants which selectively express either surface CD3-Ti or CD2. Here we show that CD3-Ti- mutants fail to be stimulated by either pathway to increase phosphoinositide turnover, mobilize calcium or induce the IL-2 gene. The activation capacity of these mutants via CD2 as well as CD3-Ti can be restored following reconstitution of surface CD3-Ti expression upon appropriate DNA transfer (e.g. Ti beta subunit cDNA into Ti beta- Jurkat variants). Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD3-Ti and CD2 pathways are interdependent and that phosphoinositide turnover is linked to the CD3-Ti complex.
Origin of condensates and natural gases in the Almond Formation reservoirs in southwestern Wyoming, USA

Abstract Condensates and natural gases are significant resources that frequently occur together in many petroleum systems. Unraveling their origins is crucial for effective petroleum exploration and exploitation. This is often a challenge because light crudes are volatile, deficient in biomarkers, and commonly altered. The origin of condensates and natural gases in the Upper-Cretaceous Almond Formation in southwestern Wyoming was unraveled through use of improved analytical and interpretative geochemical approaches constrained by regional geologic perspectives and basin modeling. Here, an improved GC–MS/MS method allowed simultaneous determination of saturate and aromatic biomarkers, diamondoids, and organo-sulfur compounds in the whole crudes. Furthermore, basin-specific calibration of diamondoid-based thermal maturity parameters, through correlation of measured indices for diamondoids in rock extracts versus measured reflectance of vitrinite from the same rocks, allowed reliable interpretation of maturity of the most likely source rocks. Modified interpretation schemes for C7-hydrocarbon distributions, and compositions of C1-C30 alkanes, aromatic and organosulfur compounds, and δ13C1-C5 together indicated that the condensate and natural gas from each well are likely co-generated and thermogenic products from non-marine source rocks, although methane is partially biogenic. The bulk thermogenic petroleum are too mature to have originated in the rocks adjacent to the producing reservoirs. The geochemical, geologic, and modeling interpretations collectively indicate that the condensates and associated natural gases were most likely generated, expelled, and migrated from the downdip, highly mature, near-shore/transitional humic source rocks of the Almond Formation/Mesaverde Group in the Washakie Basin and Great Divide Basin at >1.3% Ro and ∼30 Ma.
Toward Robust Foundations for Sustainable Well-Being Societies: Learning to Change by Changing How We Learn

This chapter explores foundational issues around the meanings, creation, measurement, and continuous renewal of sustainable well-being societies. It begins with a probe into the long history of concern around advancing human well-being and follows with an inquiry into the deep roots of why sustainable well-being societies are not ubiquitous today. Four bedrock assumptions that forged the status quo and form the core of the dominant, guiding metanarrative are identified. While these cornerstones of the prevailing metanarrative may have had significant relevance for leveraging opportunities and advancing quality of life in the past, they are no longer consistent with our knowledge of the state of the planet, the goals of sustainable well-being societies, or our survival as a species. I argue that the growing calls for large-scale, transformative change rest on three, intertwined building blocks: constructing new, life-affirming metanarratives; clarifying what we mean by sustainable well-being societies and how to measure them; and learning how to use broad heuristics to rapidly develop, prototype, and test promising social and technological innovations. The chapter concludes with sanguine examples that illustrate how meaningful, lasting change is already resulting from using these sorts of heuristics to create powerful new models that are displacing the existing model of reality, not by fighting it, but by making it obsolete.
Setting larger session duration goals is associated with greater future physical activity

Many national (US) and International guidelines for physical activity provide guidance that under-active and sedentary adults can begin by accumulating moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in bouts as brief as 10 minutes. This guidance fits well with Goal Setting theory in that goals should be realistic and achievable, and is also consistent with Social Cognitive theory since achieving small goals should boost self-efficacy and thus, encourage continued physical activity. In contrast, Behavioral Economics might suggest that fewer, longer bouts would be more conducive to the adoption of physical activity due to the costs incurred with each separate bout of MVPA. This paper examines patterns of MVPA adoption among a sample of under-active adults from the perspective of goal setting theory and behavioral economics to explore specific strategies to help people who are in the early stages of PA activity adoption. Under-active men and women (N = 225; mean age = 46 ± 10; mean BMI = 28 ± 4.48) who enrolled in a PA intervention participated in a single goal setting session at enrollment. Participants were encouraged to set realistic goals and to increase their activity to meet national recommendations (150 minutes/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) by the 6-month follow up. This process included identifying a specific frequency goal (days/week) and session duration goal (minutes/day). At baseline, participants reported average weekly MVPA of 14.59 min (± 24), which increased to an average of 140.52 (± 143.55) at 6 months. MVPA goals at baseline averaged 33.24 min/day (± 18.08) and 3.85 days/week (± 1.31). Analyses showed that longer session duration goals set at baseline were associated with more weekly minutes of MVPA at 6 months (b = 1.26, SE = 0.58, t = 2.17, p = 0.03). There was no significant association between goals for number of days per week (frequency) or total minutes of weekly MVPA (minutes x frequency) and MVPA at 6 months. Widely promoted guidelines for uptake of physical activity recommend accumulating physical activity in bouts as short as 10 minutes. This recommendation may ultimately hinder the adoption of physical activity among under-active and sedentary individuals. For the purposes of behavioral adoption of MVPA, more ambitious session duration goals appear to result in higher levels of physical activity participation.
Radiofrequency Therapy and Noncosmetic Cutaneous Conditions.

BACKGROUNDThe need for noninvasive methods in treatment of cutaneous disease has continued to evolve exponentially. Amidst the search for technologies, radiofrequency (RF) has proven efficacious in numerous skin disease processes. Although RF is well known for its cosmetic utility, its mechanism is
Content Audit for p-value Principles in Introductory Statistics

Longstanding concerns with the role and interpretation of p-values in statistical practice prompted the American Statistical Association (ASA) to make a statement on p-values. The ASA statement spu...
The Labor Market Integration and Impacts of US Immigrants

Abstract Over the last several decades, two of the most significant developments in the US labor market have been: (1) rising inequality, and (2) growth in both the size and the diversity of immigration flows. Because a large share of new immigrants arrive with very low levels of schooling, English proficiency, and other skills that have become increasingly important determinants of success in the US labor market, an obvious concern is that such immigrants are a poor fit for the restructured American economy. In this chapter, we first place this concern in context by briefly describing the history of US immigration policy and immigrant flows. We then evaluate the concern by discussing evidence for the United States on three relevant topics: the labor market integration of immigrants, the socio-economic attainment of the US-born descendants of immigrants, and the impact of immigration on the earnings and employment opportunities of native workers. We show that immigrants have little trouble finding paid employment and that the wages they earn are commensurate with their skills. Overall, the US-born second generation has achieved educational parity with mainstream society; for some Hispanic groups, however, this is not the case. Finally, we survey the pertinent academic literature and conclude that, on the whole, immigration to the US has not had large adverse consequences for the labor market opportunities of native workers.
Comparison of the thermal stability of β- and β″-alumina at high pressures

Abstract The high-pressure thermal stability of Na + β-alumina and magnesium-stabilized Na + β″-alumina was studied from 5 to 50 Kb and from room temperature to 1400°C. Above 5 Kb and 560°C, Na + β-alumina decomposes into α-Al 2 O 3 and NaAlO 2 . Magnesium-stabilized Na + β″-alumina decomposes at slightly higher temperatures to α-Al 2 O 3 , MgAl 2 O 4 , and probably NaAlO 2 . Estimates of activation volume and enthalpy support a model for decomposition that depends on cation vacancies and proceeds by sodium diffusion in quasi-liquid conduction planes.
Heteronormativity, Disgust Sensitivity, and Hostile Attitudes toward Gay Men: Potential Mechanisms to Maintain Social Hierarchies.

Within a social hierarchy based on sexual orientation, heteronormative ideology serves as a social force that maintains dominant group members’ status (e.g., heterosexual men). Disgust may be an emotional reaction to gay men’s violation of heteronormativity (i.e., same-sex sexual behavior) and motivate hostile attitudes toward gay men to promote interpersonal and intergroup boundaries. Based on this theoretical framework, we hypothesized that sexual disgust—compared to pathogen or moral disgust—would be most strongly associated with antigay hostility and would statistically mediate its relationship with heteronormativity. Heterosexual men in the United States (n = 409) completed an online questionnaire assessing heteronormative ideology, disgust sensitivity, and hostile attitudes toward gay men. Results support the hypotheses and suggest that gay men’s sexual behavior is the most likely elicitor of disgust and antigay hostility, as opposed to a perceived pathogen threat or moral transgression. The findings indicate that heteronormative attitudes and sexual disgust are likely contributors to antigay hostility. Thus, intervention efforts should seek to improve tolerance of same-sex sexual behavior among heterosexual men, which may mitigate emotional reactions and hostile attitudes toward gay men.
Sequence Model Design for Code Completion in the Modern IDE.

Code completion plays a prominent role in modern integrated development environments (IDEs). Machine learning has become ubiquitous in analogous natural language writing and search software, surfacing more relevant autocompletions and search suggestions in fewer keystrokes. Prior research has reported training high-accuracy, deep neural networks for modeling source code, but little attention has been given to the practical constraints imposed by interactive developer tools. In particular, neural language models for source code modeling like the one described in Maybe Deep Neural Networks are the Best Choice for Modeling Source Code are framed around code completion, but only report accuracy of next-token prediction. However, in order for a language model (LM) to work well within real-world code completion systems, it must also always make suggestions that produce valid code that typechecks to support code completion's role in correctness-checking; return instantaneous results to help programmers code more efficiently in fewer keystrokes; and be small enough to fit comfortably on disk and in memory on developer workstations, since virtually all modern IDEs run locally and support offline usage. To meet these additional requirements, we propose a novel design for predicting top-k next tokens that combines static analysis' ability to enumerate all valid keywords and in-scope identifiers with the ability of a language model to place a probability distribution over them. Our model mixes character-level input representation with token output to represent out-of-vocabulary (OOV) tokens meaningfully and minimize prediction latency. OOV tokens can be predicted through detection of local repetition common in software. This design achieves state-of-art accuracy in source code modeling and fits the constraints imposed by real-world code completion implementations in modern IDEs.
The Effect of a Care Transition Intervention on the Patient Experience of Older Multi-Lingual Adults in the Safety Net: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) and Care Transitions Measure (CTM-3) scores are patient experience measures used to determine hospital value-based purchasing reimbursement. Interventions to improve 30-day readmissions have met with mixed results, but less is known about their potential to improve the patient experience among older ethnically and linguistically diverse adults receiving care at safety-net hospitals. In this study, we assessed the effect of a nurse-led hospital-based care transition intervention on discharge-related patient experience in an older multilingual population of adults hospitalized at a safety-net hospital.
Searching for a Compressed Polyline with a Minimum Number of Vertices (Discrete Solution)

There are many practical applications that require the simplification of polylines. Some of the goals are to reduce the amount of information, improve processing time, or simplify editing. Simplification is usually done by removing some of the vertices, making the resultant polyline go through a subset of the source polyline vertices. If the resultant polyline is required to pass through original vertices, it often results in extra segments, and all segments are likely to be shifted due to fixed endpoints. Therefore, such an approach does not necessarily produce a new polyline with the minimum number of vertices. Using an algorithm that finds the compressed polyline with the minimum number of vertices reduces the amount of memory required and the postprocessing time. However, even more important, when the resultant polylines are edited by an operator, the polylines with the minimum number of vertices decrease the operator time, which reduces the cost of processing the data. A viable solution to finding a polyline within a specified tolerance with the minimum number of vertices is described in this paper.
Frequent CTNNB1 p.S45 Mutations and Aggressive Clinical Behavior in Neuromuscular Choristoma-Associated Fibromatosis

Background Neuromuscular choristoma (NMC) is a peripheral nerve malformation frequently associated with a fibromatosis (NMC-DTF) that mimics sporadic desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF). Sporadic DTF is often managed conservatively but its clinical behavior varies. CTNNB1 mutational subtypes in sporadic DTF have prognostic value. We have previously identified CTNNB1 mutations in NMC, and 3 paired NMC-DTF but the clinical behavior of NMC-DTF is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate patients with NMC-DTF to determine (1) CTNNB1 mutational subtypes in NMC-DTF, and (2) associated clinical behavior and response to treatment. Methods Retrospective review of clinical, imaging, and pathologic features of patients with NMC and NMC-DTF, and molecular testing for CTNNB1 mutations. Results Among 7 patients with NMC of the sciatic nerve (median age: 18 yr), NMC-DTF (mean size 10.7 cm) developed shortly following NMC biopsy (N = 5) or spontaneously (N = 2): 6 NMC-DTF had CTNNB1 p.S45X mutations and 1 NMC-DTF had a p.T41A mutation. All patients with CTNNB1-p.S45-mutated NMC-DTF developed local progression after wide local excision or active surveillance, including one distal metachronous NMC-DTF. No patient had spontaneous disease stabilization. Following adjuvant radiation or systemic therapy, disease stabilization was achieved in 4 (of 6) patients. One patient progressed on sorafenib treatment. Conclusion NMC-DTF frequently contain CTNNB1 p.S45 mutations, behave aggressively, and require adjuvant therapies for disease stabilization. We now use imaging alone to diagnose NMC, and routinely surveille the NMC-affected nerve segment to identify early NMC-DTF. In contrast to sporadic DTF, earlier adoption of systemic therapeutic strategies may be required for optimal disease management of NMC-DTF.
Interactions of 3-deoxyanthocyanins with gum arabic and sodium alginate contributing to improved pigment aqueous stability.

Abstract 3-Deoxyanthocyanins (3DXA) are of interest as food colorants but readily precipitated in aqueous solutions, limiting their potential applications. This work investigated ability of gum arabic vs alginate to stabilize 3DXA in aqueous systems and mechanisms involved. Apigeninidin and luteolinidin, and sorghum extracts dominant in these compounds, API-EX and LUT-EX, respectively, were prepared in pH 3 and 5 polysaccharide solutions (0.5–1.0 g/L), and colloidal properties and 10-week stability measured. Alginate equally stabilized both pigments at pH 5 (75% retention), but only LUT-EX at pH 3 (65%); viscosity and H-bonding contributed to the effects. By contrast, gum arabic highly stabilized API-EX (100%, pH 5), but not LUT-EX. Gum arabic formed a stable complex with apigeninidin via hydrophobic encapsulation, but much weaker complex with luteolinidin due to its more hydroxylated B-ring. Structure of 3DXA is critical to its interaction with hydrocolloids, thus pigment profile must be considered when selecting stabilizing polysaccharides.
Abstract 20574: Is Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Appropriate in All Patients with Excellent Functional Capacity?

Background: Functional capacity (FC) determined by the exercise stress test (EST) is an important predictor of all-cause mortality. A recent study suggested a limited role for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients with excellent FC. We attempted to confirm these Results by examining the relationship between FC and incidence of abnormal MPI in patients without a prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD) who were referred for EST with MPI. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 3,220 consecutive patients without prior CAD referred for EST with MPI from July 1, 2007 through March 31, 2009. Patients were divided into tertiles based on estimated metabolic equivalents (METs): tertile 1: 10 METs (n= 1,085). Abnormal MPI was defined as a summed stress score (SSS) >0 or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) any abnormalities in this population without prior CAD. Results: Among 3220 study patients (52% males), there were 321 abnormal MPI (154: SSS>0, 209: EF 0 and LVEF 0 without ST depression on ECG. In this group, coronary angiography was normal in 5 patients, showed obstructive CAD in 2 patients and was not performed in the others. High-risk scan (SSS>12) was present in only one patient who had a history of peripheral vascular disease. Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal MPI is very low in patients exercising >10METS without ST depression or chest pain, confirming previously published results. These data suggest that EST without MPI is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test in patients without prior CAD who are likely to have an excellent FC.