cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Change in the Applied Anthropology of Risk, Hazards, and Disasters

This article introduces the special issue of The Annals of Anthropological Practice on “Continuity and Change in the Applied Anthropology of Risk, Hazards, and Disasters.” After reviewing the factors that account for the heightened anthropological attention to disasters in the early 21st century, I review each of the contributions to the special issue. The topics included in the special issue represent some of the simultaneously perennial and currently pressing issues in the anthropology of risk, hazards, and disaster: vulnerability, resilience, culture change, culture in practice, risk reduction, disaster capitalism, and response and recovery. The objective of this special issue is to help provide an orientation to the theoretical and applied tools that will help anthropologists better prepare to assist in disaster contexts. It will assist those that may be encountering these issues for the first time, as well as those already working in disaster-affected communities.
Cytolytically Defective Tregs Can Prevent Spontaneous Autoimmune Disease and Gvhd, but Fail to Suppress Autochthonous Lymphoproliferation

The role CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + (Treg) cells play in the establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance makes them attractive candidates for therapeutic prevention and treatment of autoimmune and transplant rejection responses. Autoimmune diseases have diverse pathologies/underlying effector mechanisms and how Treg cells control each disorder remains unclear. Granzyme B in murine and perforin in human Treg cells have been reported to be involved with suppression of proliferation and lysis of activated T cells, respectively. Perforin/fas-ligand double cytotoxic deficient (B6-cdd) mice develop a spontaneous lymphoproliferative disorder with selective tissue infiltration, principally in the pancreas and ovaries, together with weight loss and death by ~15 weeks of age (i.e. cdd syndrome). Uncontrolled expansion of the effector T cell pool is proposed to result as a consequence of cytotoxically impaired, activated T cells unable to lyse Ag-presenting monocytes and macrophages. Since CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + cells have the capacity to regulate lymphocyte proliferation, this compartment was examined in B6-cdd (H2 b ) mice. At 6–7 weeks of age-prior to complete onset of the syndrome-splenic CD4 + CD25 + T cells are present and functionally suppressive in vitro. We were therefore interested in investigating their capacity to regulate auto and allo-reactive T cell responses in situ in the context of defined spontaneous autoimmune disease (IL2Rβ −/− )and GVHD (MHC Class I/II disparate) models. Purified CD4 + CD25 + T cells isolated from B6-cdd mice were injected into B6-IL2Rβ −/− (CD122 −/− ) newborns and effectively prevented autoimmune disease assessed by hematocrit, absence of lymphoproliferation and clinical signs. B6-cdd Tregs were identified and collected several (~3) months post-injection from the rescued animals and found to exhibit functional suppression in vitro . Interestingly, identical results were obtained in allogeneic BALB/c (H2 d ) IL2Rβ −/− recipients. Purified CD4 + CD25 + T cells isolated from B6-cdd or B6-wt mice were transplanted together with T cell replete B6 BMC into lethally irradiated, MHC-mismatched BALB/c recipients. B6-cdd Tregs were found to be comparable to B6-wt Tregs in their ability to prevent development of ac ute GVHD as assessed by weight loss, clinical signs and survival post-BMT. In total, these observations demonstrate that CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cells do not require the cytolytic effector molecules perforin and fas-ligand for in vitro suppression, in vivo regulation of a spontaneous (CD122 −/− ) autoimmune disease as well as for acute GVHD. Their inability to control autochthonous B6-cdd lymphoproliferative syndrome could ultimately be a result of death or dysregulation of Treg cells in these mice. Alternatively, distinct Treg effector molecules may be required to control different T cell responses associated with various autoimmune/non-self reactivity and ongoing experiments are investigating these possibilities.
Utility of Gastric and Duodenal Biopsies During Follow-up Endoscopy in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

OBJECTIVES Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic antigen-mediated immune disorder of the esophagus. Consensus guidelines recommend obtaining esophageal, gastric, and duodenal biopsies at diagnostic endoscopy when EoE is suspected. The utility of repeated gastric and duodenal biopsies during follow-up endoscopy in patients previously diagnosed with EoE is not established. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of gastric and duodenal biopsies in children with an established diagnosis of EoE undergoing repeat endoscopy to assess histological response to treatment. METHODS Retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with EoE at a tertiary care center was conducted. A total of 160 patients with EoE with demographic clinical, endoscopic, and histological data at diagnosis and follow-up endoscopy were included. The frequency of gastric and duodenal biopsies at follow-up endoscopy with abnormal histology and their correlation to endoscopic findings was determined. RESULTS At follow-up endoscopy, 83% (132/160) of patients had gastric and 74% (118/160) had duodenal biopsies. Histology was normal in 81% of gastric and 92% of duodenal biopsies. The most frequent gastric abnormalities were chemical and inactive chronic gastritis. The most frequent duodenal abnormality was villous blunting with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Two patients with normal gastric and duodenal histology progressed to eosinophilic gastroenteritis at follow-up endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS Gastric and duodenal biopsies obtained in EoE patients during follow-up endoscopy show pathology in a minority of patients, increase costs, and may add potential risk of adverse events. Large multicenter, prospective studies of endoscopic practice during follow-up of EoE are warranted to provide evidence supporting best practices.
Broadband coherent Raman imaging as a potential diagnostic aid for histopathology (Conference Presentation)

We will report on application of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy1 to chemical mapping and characterization of resected prostate sections. While incidence of prostate cancer is very high, only a small fraction of prostate tumors will progress to advanced, metastatic disease and become dangerous, but prostatectomy and follow-on treatment have many undesirable potential side effects. Thus, it is important to predict which tumors will progress and which should be removed, but there is currently no highly reliable way to make such predictions. We will present a retrospective coherent Raman imaging study resected prostate sections focusing on locating tissue regions that present the highest diagnostic value with respect to lethal vs indolent disease. We intend that this provide a guide to optimal spectral sampling of these tissues to address this important clinical problem.
Green’s function-based defect identification in InAs-InAs1-xSbx strained layer superlattices

We have extended the recently developed approach that employs first-principles Hamiltonian, tight-binding Hamiltonian, and Green’s function methods to study native point defect states in InAs/InAs0.7Sb0.3 strained layer superlattices (SLS) latticed matched to GaSb. Our calculations predict a defect level at 250 meV below the GaSb valance band edge, in agreement with values deduced recently from lifetime measurements and analysis [Aytac et al. Phys. Rev. Appl., 5, 054016 (2016)]. In addition, we identify the defect level to be arising from an In-vacancy in the InAsSb region of the superlattice. The formation energy calculations further indicate that In-vacancies are easier to form in both regions of the superlattice than in bulk InAs or in InAsSb alloy. Our results suggest that In-vacancy is the most damaging native defect that limits lifetimes InAs/InAs0.7Sb0.3.
Systematic review of surveillance by social media platforms for illicit drug use.

Author(s): Kazemi, Donna M; Borsari, Brian; Levine, Maureen J; Dooley, Beau | Abstract: BackgroundThe use of social media (SM) as a surveillance tool of global illicit drug use is limited. To address this limitation, a systematic review of literature focused on the ability of SM to better recognize illicit drug use trends was addressed.MethodsA search was conducted in databases: PubMed, CINAHL via Ebsco, PsychINFO via Ebsco, Medline via Ebsco, ERIC, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, ABI/INFORM Complete and Communication and Mass Media Complete. Included studies were original research published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2005 and June 2015 that primarily focused on collecting data from SM platforms to track trends in illicit drug use. Excluded were studies focused on purchasing prescription drugs from illicit online pharmacies.ResultsSelected studies used a range of SM tools/applications, including message boards, Twitter and blog/forums/platform discussions. Limitations included relevance, a lack of standardized surveillance systems and a lack of efficient algorithms to isolate relevant items.ConclusionIllicit drug use is a worldwide problem, and the rise of global social networking sites has led to the evolution of a readily accessible surveillance tool. Systematic approaches need to be developed to efficiently extract and analyze illicit drug content from social networks to supplement effective prevention programs.
Notes on Pleuroweisieae (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) in North America

Ardeuma aurantiacum is new to North America from a collection in Florida. Anoectangium stracheyanum is new to Canada from a station in British Columbia. Anoectangium euchloron, a Latin American species, apparently intergrades with A. aestivum in North America.
High dose alcohol consumption predicts less reduction in post-traumatic stress symptoms after a campus mass shooting

ABSTRACTBackground: Recognizing that alcohol might affect subsequent processing of trauma-related information, this study examined whether high dose alcohol consumption (HDAC) following a campus mass shooting affected the relation between shooting exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).Methods: Female participants (N = 691) recorded levels of physical exposure to the shooting event, alcohol use, and PTSS 1 month following the shooting event and 8 months later.Results: No evidence was found to suggest that pre-shooting HDAC moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSS 1 month following the shooting. HDAC in the month following the shooting predicted less resolution of PTSS 8 months later. Specifically, at higher (but not lower) levels of HDAC, shooting exposure was associated with less reduction in PTSS from 1 to 8 months post-trauma. Several alternate explanations were ruled out.Conclusions: Less reduction in PTSS seems to occur at high levels of both shooting exposure and HDAC....
Autonomic nervous system involvement in sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin producing hemoglobin-S (HbS) and resulting in recurrent severe episodes of pain, organ damage and premature death due to vaso- occlusion. Deoxy HbS polymerizes, causing red cells to become rigid and lodge in the microvasculature if they do not escape into larger vessels before this transformation occurs. The mechanism that triggers this transition from steady state to vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is not known. Patients state that cold, emotional stress, and pain itself can trigger these events. In spite of the connection between these symptoms and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the fact that the ANS regulates regional microvascular blood flow, the role of the ANS in sickle pathophysiology has not been significantly investigated. We will briefly review the mechanism of SCD vaso-occlusion, the dysautonomia associated with SCD and sickle trait, and the role that the ANS may play in the genesis of sickle vaso-occlusive crisis.
Geographic patterns of poor HIV/AIDS care continuum in District of Columbia.

Concurrent with the UNAIDS 90-90-90 and NHAS plans, the District of Columbia (DC) launched its 90/90/90/50 plan (Plan) in 2015. The Plan proposes that by 2020, 90% of all DC residents will know their HIV status; 90% of residents living with HIV will be in sustained treatment; 90% of those in treatment will reach “Viral Suppression” and DC will achieve 50% reduction of new HIV cases. To achieve these goals targeted prevention strategies are imperative for areas where the relative risk (RR) of not being linked to care (NL), not retained in any care (NRC) and low viral suppression (NVSP) are highest in the District. These outcomes are denoted in this study as poor outcomes of HIV care continuum. This study applies the Bayesian model for RR for area specific random effects to identify the census tracts with poor HIV care continuum outcomes for DC. This analysis was conducted using cases diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 and reported to the surveillance system from the District of Columbia Department of Health (DC DOH), HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration. The jurisdictions of the District of Columbia is divided into 179 census tracts. It is challenging to plot sparse data in ‘small’ local administrative areas, characteristically which may have a single-count datum for each geographic area. Bayesian methods overcome this problem by assimilating prior information to the underlying RR, making the predicted RR estimates robust. The RR of NL is higher in 59 (33%) out of 179 census tracts in DC. The RR of NRC was high in 46 (26%) of the census tracts while 52 census tracts (29%) show a high risk of having NVSP among its residents. This study also identifies clear correlated heterogeneity or clustering is evident in the northern tracts of the district. The study finds census tracts with higher RR of poor linkage to care outcomes in the District. These results will inform the Plan which aims to increase targeted testing leading to early initiation of antiretroviral therapy. The uniqueness of this study lies in its translational scope where surveillance data can be used to inform local public health programs and enhance the quality of health for the people with HIV.
Fifteenth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 24, 1998

Unlike a year ago, when the Colorado Mathematical Olympiad was buried by two feet of snow and had to be postponed, this year’s event featured Colorado-blue skies and temperatures in the mid 70s. On April 24, 1998, the Fifteenth annual Colorado Mathematical Olympiad brought together some 500 middle and high school students. Contestants came from all over Colorado: Rangely, Durango, Denver, Thornton, Baker, Commerce City, Aurora, Lakewood, Littleton, Castle Rock, Cascade, Sedalia, Parker, Fort Collins, Manitou Springs, Henderson, Lafayette, Longmont, Erie, Parker, Franktown, Falcon, Peyton, Calhan, Yoder, Ellicott, Simla, Canon City, Fountain, Monument, Elbert, Black Forest, and Colorado Springs.
Elections and Elite Violence on the Road to Democratization, 1800-2010

This paper presents an alternative view of how and why countries democratize, using a comprehensive breakdown of all transitions from 1800 to 2010. I show that 9 in 10 transitions occur through one of three channels: in the aftermath of a violent internal conflict among elites (overwhelmingly coups and civil wars), through elections in which the ruling party remains competitive post-transition, or from foreign coercion (primarily defeat in war). Whereas scholars typically think of democratization in terms of the regime giving up power, I argue instead that transitions occur when either a violent elite conflict weakens the regime's grip on power or a ruling party expects a share of power post-democratization. This framework improves predictions of democratic transitions, as they are shown to follow major political events like coups, elections, and wars. Further, the democratizing effects of popular protest and socioeconomic factors are mediated through these triggering events. Lastly, the mode of transition strongly predicts later democratic survival.
Constraint Relationships for Soft Constraints

We introduce constraint relationships as a means to define qualitative preferences on the constraints of soft constraint problems. The approach is aimed at constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) with a high number of constraints that make exact preference quantizations hard to maintain manually or hard to anticipate—especially if constraints or preferences change at runtime or are extracted from natural language text. Modelers express preferences over the satisfaction of constraints with a clear semantics regarding preferred tuples without assigning priorities to concrete domain values. We show how a CSP including a set of constraint relationships can linearly be transformed into a k-weighted CSP as a representative of c-semirings that is solved by widely available constraint solvers and compare it with existing techniques. We demonstrate the approach by using a typical example of a dynamic and interactive scheduling problem in AI.
Renal Homeostasis and the Hypertensive State: A Unifying Hypothesis

It has long been appreciated that the kidney has a central role in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure, and maintenance of plasma volume. A paramount function of the kidney is the excretion of sodium and water, which when deranged leads to edema in such pathological states as congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrosis. Similarly, abnormalities in renal blood flow and metabolism are believed to be intricately involved in the development of renovascular and essential hypertension. The discovery that the kidney medulla possesses prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGA2) with potent antihypertensive and natriuretic activities has stimulated speculation that these compounds may act intrarenally to regulate renal blood flow, arterial blood pressure, and sodium and water excretion (Lee, 1967a, 1969).
Prevalence and potential predictors of gambling disorder among people living with HIV.

Specific subsets of the adult population are at an increased risk of problem gambling behaviors. Previous research among these subsets has found increased rates of disordered gambling among those w...
Inconsistent condom use with known HIV-positive partners among newly diagnosed HIV-positive men who have sex with men interviewed for partner services in New York City, 2014

Objectives Condomless anal intercourse contributes significantly to the spread of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM). Factors related to condomless anal intercourse with known HIV-positive partners among MSM are not well understood. The authors describe factors associated with inconsistent condom use with known HIV-positive partners prior to participants’ diagnosis with HIV. Methods New York City health department disease intervention specialists interviewed newly HIV-diagnosed MSM ages ≥13 years reporting knowingly having anal sex with HIV-positive partners between June 2013 and October 2014. Univariate and bivariate statistics were calculated, in addition to logistic regression analysis. Results Among 95 MSM interviewed, 56% were >30 years and 74% had higher than a high school education. Respondents reported a median of 2 known HIV-positive sex partners. Drug or alcohol use during last sex with their last known HIV-positive partner was reported by 53% of participants. Sixty-five per cent of participants reported inconsistent condom use with last known HIV-positive partner. Inconsistent condom use with all HIV-positive partners was higher among individuals reporting two or more known HIV-positive partners since sexual debut than among those with one (90% vs 59%, p Conclusions Surveyed MSM engaged in high-risk behaviours, including condomless anal sex and drug or alcohol use during sex with persons known to be HIV-positive. These findings can inform interventions with MSM in serodiscordant partnerships.
Steps to staying safe

It can be a challenge to ensure that the children in our care understand safety in a variety of contexts. Try these practical tips to build their awareness of staying safe in the setting and online.
A Multi-Level Study of Undergraduate Computer Science Reasoning about Concurrency

In computing, concurrency relates to the situation in which different processes or threads may execute at the same time or in an interleaved manner. Many real-world computing systems utilize concurrency, but concurrency-related concepts have proven difficult for students. With an informed understanding of student reasoning in this context, instructors will be better able to create appropriate pedagogical materials and aid student learning. The research questions we seek to address are: What is the nature of undergraduate computer science students' conceptions of concurrency? and How does student reasoning about concurrency differ across the levels of the undergraduate computing program? To study student conceptions of concurrency, we used Lewandowski et al.'s "Concert Tickets" problem, in which multiple vendors sell tickets to a concert and students are asked to provide a natural language response that identifies problems that may occur and to provide possible solutions. We present an analysis of sixty student responses drawn from all four years of the undergraduate CS program at a large, public university in the United States. The analysis utilizes a qualitative open coding approach to uncover common features in student solutions. Most students identified the concurrency related problem of double-booking and did so uniformly across student year. We performed a thematic analysis of student responses about double-booking and found emerging clusters around language for access control, speed, visualization, human protocols, and added states. Knowledge of these student conceptions can help instructors to construct pedagogical materials that build on the strengths and prior knowledge that students bring with them at each level and to address troublesome aspects of these concepts.
Intrathecal baclofen therapy for treatment of spasticity in infants and small children under 6 years of age

The aim of this study is to prove the efficacy and safety of intrathecal baclofen therapy in infants and children below 6 years of age by retrospective analysis of our pediatric cohort of 135 primary pump implantations. Between 2007 and 2018, 17 patients with pump implantations were below 6 years of age. Data were acquired retrospectively with a follow-up of 12 months to 11 years regarding complications. The youngest infant was 11 months at implantation with a bodyweight of 6, 4 kg, and 63 cm length. Surgical complications were comparable to published literature and mainly involved the catheter (2 catheter dislocations and 1 catheter transection) and one pump infection resulting in 4 revision surgeries in 3 patients. One baclofen-related apnea during titration and an overdose after refill were treated conservatively. Using a subfascial implantation technique, we observed neither skin ulceration nor pump infection since 2007. In a growing child, catheter slides are common and related to growth, scoliosis, spine surgery, and surgical failure. Intrathecal baclofen therapy in infants and small children is as safe and effective as published for older pediatric patients; therefore, intrathecal baclofen can be considered in all infants as long as an 8-cm incision fits into the triangle of the anterior superior iliac spine, costal margin of the 10th rib, and navel. We suggest the utilization of subfascial surgical technique for implantation pump and catheter. Titration of intrathecal baclofen should be performed slowly to avoid bradycardia in infants. This is a retrospective study (level of evidence 4).
Basic Analysis IV : Measure Theory and Integration

Basic Analysis IV: Measure Theory and Integration introduces students to concepts from measure theory and continues their training in the abstract way of looking at the world. This is a most important skill to have when your life's work will involve quantitative modeling to gain insight into the real world. This text generalizes the notion of integration to a very abstract setting in a variety of ways. We generalize the notion of the length of an interval to the measure of a set and learn how to construct the usual ideas from integration using measures. We discuss carefully the many notions of convergence that measure theory provides. Features • Can be used as a traditional textbook as well as for self-study • Suitable for advanced students in mathematics and associated disciplines• Emphasises learning how to understand the consequences of assumptions using a variety of tools to provide the proofs of propositions
Revealing the Hidden Sentence: How to Add Transparency, Legitimacy, and Purpose to 'Collateral' Punishment Policy

Scholars and policymakers have long recognized the “collateral consequences” of criminal convictions. Yet, the few sanctions recognized in common knowledge barely begin to describe the full range of post-sentence punishments. Worse, we remain largely ignorant of the extra-criminal sanctions during sentences — and the two literatures even remain separate from one another. Together, these sanctions comprise the hidden sentence: punishment legally imposed as a direct result of a conviction but not part of an “official,” judicially articulated sentence — the largely unknown, unconsidered deprivation of rights to which the law subjects offenders, and that takes place during or after a visible sentence. And for most offenders, it is the part of their punishment that matters most.The first purpose of this article is to make the hidden sentence more transparent through a brief overview of rights lost after conviction. Next, I address the inadequate popularized term, “collateral consequences.” The hidden sentence is not “collateral,” and continuing to designate it so encourages opacity. Similarly, calling it merely a “consequence” relies on a narrow misrepresentation of “punishment.” It is irrelevant whether offenders should lose these rights; if they do, each purpose of criminal punishment supports revealing such penalties in public dialogue and judicial sentencing. I therefore conclude by making policy suggestions to reveal the hidden sentence to the public and include it in the criminal sentencing process.
A fine predicament: Conditioning, compliance and consequences in a labeled cash transfer program

Abstract The Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) presents a valuable opportunity to examine the effects of imposing monetary penalties for noncompliance with conditions in cash transfer programs, in contrast to providing only guidance (or “labeling”) for cash transfer use. We take advantage of random assignment to a conditional arm within the CT-OVC treatment locations to understand the impact of imposing conditions with penalties on program beneficiaries, as well as how this effect varies by household wealth. Program beneficiaries (orphans and vulnerable children) were expected to visit health facilities for immunizations, growth monitoring and nutrition supplements and to enroll in and attend school. We find little difference in program outcomes between households in the conditional treatment arm compared to those in the treatment arm with labeling only (in which information was provided about these expectations but compliance was not monitored). However, among the poorest CT-OVC beneficiaries, assignment to the conditional arm was associated with penalty fines and a significant decrease in non-food consumption. This suggests that in comparison to labeled cash transfers, conditional cash transfers may produce unintended, regressive policy effects for the most vulnerable participants.
The role of campus greenspace and meditation on college students' mood disturbance.

Objective: To determine whether students who engage in a sedentary task in an urban park-like setting experience improved mood and whether this effect is moderated by mindfulness meditation. Partic...
Physical Therapy for Iatrogenic Facial Paralysis: A Systematic Review

Importance Facial paralysis (FP) after surgery has substantial functional, emotional, and financial consequences. Most iatrogenic FP is managed by watchful waiting, with the expectation of facial function recovery. A potential treatment is physical therapy (PT). Objective To investigate whether noninvasive PT compared with no PT or other intervention improves facial nerve outcomes in adults with iatrogenic FP. Evidence Review Patients with noniatrogenic FP, facial reanimation surgery, and invasive adjunctive treatments (acupuncture or botulinum toxin injection) were excluded. A systematic review was conducted for records discussing iatrogenic FP and PT; a search for these records was performed using Ovid MEDLINE (1946-2019), Embase (1947-2019), Scopus (1823-2019), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (2004-2019), and ClinicalTrials.gov (1997-2019). The references of all the included articles were also assessed for eligible studies. All human participant, English-language study designs with at least 2 cases were included. Quality assessment was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) and the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for randomized controlled trials. All search strategies were completed on May 16, 2019, and again on October 1, 2019. Findings Fifteen studies (7 of which were retrospective cohort studies) and 313 patients with iatrogenic FP were included in the systematic review. Most iatrogenic FP (166 patients [53%]) was associated with parotidectomy; traditional PT (ie, facial massage) was the most common intervention (196 patients [63%]). The use of various facial grading systems and inconsistent reporting of outcomes prevented direct comparison of PT types. Conclusions and Relevance Because of heterogeneity in reported outcomes of facial nerve recovery, definitive conclusions were unable to be made regarding the association between PT and outcomes of iatrogenic FP. Physical therapy probably has benefit and is associated with no harm in patients with iatrogenic FP.
The Version Effect of Apps and Operating Systems in Mobile Commerce

Using a unique large-scale clickstream data set from a mobile commerce retailer, we examine the effect of the mobile shopping app and mobile operating system versions on consumer search and purchase behaviors in mobile commerce. We find that the consumers with an up-to-date shopping app or mobile operating system (but not both) compared to previous versions conduct more searches in terms of increased product page views and time spent on product pages, which in turn results in higher consumer purchase probability. Surprisingly, the consumers with both an up-to-date shopping app and mobile operating system have reduced search activities and lower purchase probabilities. Our results show that the mobile commerce environment affects the consumer shopping process in a non-linear fashion and indicate that there exists a "sweet spot" with the right level of smoothness in the mobile shopping environment. Our computations show that when compared to the baseline of using previous versions of both, using an up-to-date mobile shopping app alone increases consumer search activities by 336 more product pages or 1,975 more seconds spent, and using an up-to-date mobile operating system alone increases consumer search activities by 976 more product pages or 7,258 more seconds spent. However, using both an up-to-date mobile shopping app and mobile operating system only increases consumer search activities by 270 more product pages or 1,569 more seconds, compared to the baseline. One more product page viewed or one more second spent increases the average consumer purchase probability by 4.38% or 1.35%, respectively.
Health status and health service use of urban Aboriginal children attending an Aboriginal community child health service in Sydney

AIM There is limited information on the health status of urban Australian Aboriginal children and young people attending community-based child health services. Such information is vital to plan appropriate services. The objective of the study is to describe the health status and service use of children and young people presenting to an urban Aboriginal Community Paediatric Service in Sydney, Australia. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected data extracted from electronic medical records and the Australian Immunisation Register for urban Aboriginal children and young people aged 0-18 years who visited the service between January 2013 and December 2017. RESULTS A total of 273 Aboriginal children and young people had 609 occasions of service. Almost all (97.35%) were fully immunised. Forty-six percent of occasions of service noted >3 diagnoses; 55% of the consultations were for mental health and behavioural disorders. The most frequent diagnoses were speech and language delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and school difficulty. Psychosocial concerns were noted in 61.2% of occasions of service, and 19.4% of children had a history of prematurity. Eighty-five percent of consultations had an onward referral to additional services. The most common referrals were for audiology, ear-nose and throat specialists and speech therapy. There were low numbers of referrals to mental health services relative to the high number of mental health diagnoses. CONCLUSION It is essential that we address the mental, developmental and psychosocial needs of Aboriginal children and young people who attend urban Community Child Health services. Integrated service models should be developed in partnership with Aboriginal community to do this.
DTEx: A dynamic urban thermal exposure index based on human mobility patterns.

Abstract Background Extreme heat in light of climate change is increasingly threatening the health and comfort of urban residents. Understanding spatio-temporal patterns of heat exposure is a critical factor in directing mitigation measures. Current heat vulnerability indices provide insight into heat sensitivities within given communities but do not account for the dynamic nature of the human movement as people travel for different activities. Here, we present a new Dynamic urban Thermal Exposure index (DTEx) that captures the varying heat exposure within urban environments. Methods We developed the DTEx to understand human heat exposure patterns in a mid-sized city. This index incorporates the human movement pattern and the heat hazard pattern obtained via novel and advanced techniques. We generated the human movement pattern from large-scale, anonymized smartphone location data. The heat hazard patterns were extrapolated via machine learning models from air temperature data measured through vehicle-mounted sensors. The exposure index was then developed by combining the two parameters using their standard-deviation-classified indices. Results Our exposure index varied between 2 and 12, indicating low to high thermal exposures. Several high-temperature spots associated with a large volume of foot traffic are successfully identified through this DTEx. We observed the hottest spots at shopping plazas but not specifically in the urban center. During the selected football gameday, the exposure index surged across most places near the football stadium but was reduced considerably further away. Discussion The proposed DTEx is novel because it provides dynamic heat monitoring capability to facilitate heat mitigation strategies at vulnerable locations in urban environments. Combining the mobility data and extensive sensor data generates rich details on the most heat-exposed areas due to human congregation. Such information will be critical for risk communication and urban planning for policymakers. DTEx could also help smart route planning in sustainable cities to avoid heat hazards risks.
Age- and sex-specific differences in ACL and ACL bundle size during adolescent growth.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are increasingly common in adolescents, and injuries in this age-group are associated with many unique challenges. Recent large animal studies suggest that the size and function of the major bundles of the ACL change differently throughout skeletal growth. To better aid clinical treatment of pediatric partial ACL tears and better predict outcomes from age-specific treatments, there is a need to measure changes in ACL bundle size in humans during growth. As such, the objective of this study was to compare changes in the length and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ACL and its primary bundles in adolescent human subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were analyzed to determine the visibility and integrity of the ACL and its anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. MRI scans were considered from a retrospective database of subjects ranging from 10 to 18 years of age. The ACL and its anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were segmented and reconstructed into 3D models, and length and CSA were calculated. Total ACL length and CSA were greater in males compared with females, with a statistically significant interaction between age and sex for CSA. Sex had a significant effect on the CSA of both bundles. These sex-dependent differences emerge with moderate to large effect sizes (range: d = 0.50 to d = 1.23) beginning around 13 years of age. Along with ACL bundle structure-function relationships previously established in preclinical animal models, these findings may point toward biomechanical changes in the adolescent human ACL.
Internet killed the radio star

Radio airplay is still a popular direct-to-consumer (DTC) channel for music products. In this paper, we investigate the effect of radio airplay on album sales, mediated by consumer social media eng...
Turing on the “Imitation Game”

Turing’s paper has modest objectives. He dismisses the question of whether machines think as “too meaningless to deserve discussion”. His “imitation game”, he suggests, might stimulate inquiry into cognitive function and development of computers and software. His proposals are reminiscent of 17th century tests to investigate “other minds”, but unlike Turing’s, these fall within normal science, on Cartesian assumptions that minds have properties distinct from mechanism, assumptions that collapsed with Newton’s undermining of “the mechanical philosophy”, soon leading to the conclusion that thinking is a property of organized matter, on a par with other properties of the natural world.
Fluoride varnish concentration gradient and its effect on enamel demineralization

Purpose: Two of the 4 fluoride varnishes available on the American market today are sold in 10-mL tubes of 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat and Duraflor). Pilot studies have shown that a separation of contents within these tubes exists. The purpose of the current study was 4-fold: (1) to measure the fluoride concentration gradient in 10-mL tubes of fluoride varnish, based on resting position of the tube prior to use; (2) to compare and contrast fluoride concentration gradients of Duraphat, Duraflor, and CavityShield; (3) to compare this gradient to the ability to inhibit caries in an artificial caries environment; and finally, (4) to determine if quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) can detect differences in lesions developed when exposed to an artificial caries environment and fluoride varnish. Methods: Human teeth specimens were subjected to a caries challenge and treated with a sample of fluoride varnish from 1 of 5 categories: Duraphat stored horizontally and vertically for 1 week, Duraflor stored horizontally and vertically for 1 week, or a CavityShield 0.4 mL “unidose.” All specimens were then analyzed with the QLF system and with confocal microscopy. Results: Results showed no significant fluoride ppm differences exist between groups (P=.29). It was shown that the order in which Duraflor varnish was dispensed from tubes significantly affected the fluoride concentration (P .05) in the amount of remineralization obtained by using any varnish stored in any position. Conclusions: These results indicate that all 3 brands of fluoride varnish are able to remineralize incipient in vitro carious lesions, regardless of what part of the 10-mL tube the varnish is taken from. However, a fluoride concentration gradient exists in tubes of Duraflor. Also, QLF is able to detect demineralized and remineralized incipient lesions.(Pediatr Dent. 2003;25:119-126)
Family Clionaidae D’Orbigny, 1851

Clionaidae (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) receives a new definition by accepting Spheciospongia and massive species previously assigned to Spirastrella (Spirastrellidae). A recently described genus, Cervicornia (for Alcyonium cuspidiferum Lamarck) is included here and distinguished by its specialized incurrent fistules and endopsammic choanosomal pulp. Clionaopsis new name is suggested to replace the preoccupied [Clionopsis] Thiele. Spheciospongia remains distinct for its pore sieves. All other genera are separated by their spicule complements which include tylostyles (with some oxeote or stylote modifications or additions) as megascleres, and delicate (compared to Spirastrellidae) spirasters, amphiasters, smooth and spiny microxeas, and bent or spiral, smooth or spiny microstrongyles and microrhabds as microscleres. Eight genera are considered to be valid.
MUSIC for Multidimensional Spectral Estimation: Stability and Super-Resolution

This paper presents a performance analysis of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm applied on $D$ dimensional single-snapshot spectral estimation while $s$ true frequencies are located on the continuum of a bounded domain. Inspired by the matrix pencil form, we construct a D-fold Hankel matrix from the measurements and exploit its Vandermonde decomposition in the noiseless case. MUSIC amounts to identifying a noise subspace, evaluating a noise-space correlation function, and localizing frequencies by searching the $s$ smallest local minima of the noise-space correlation function. In the noiseless case, $(2s)^{D}$ measurements guarantee an exact reconstruction by MUSIC as the noise-space correlation function vanishes exactly at true frequencies. When noise exists, we provide an explicit estimate on the perturbation of the noise-space correlation function in terms of noise level, dimension $D$ , the minimum separation among frequencies, the maximum and minimum amplitudes while frequencies are separated by 2 Rayleigh Length (RL) at each direction. As a by-product the maximum and minimum non-zero singular values of the multidimensional Vandermonde matrix whose nodes are on the unit sphere are estimated under a gap condition of the nodes. Under the 2-RL separation condition, if noise is i.i.d. Gaussian, we show that perturbation of the noise-space correlation function decays like $\sqrt{\log(\#({\bf N}))/\#({\bf N})}$ as the sample size $\#({\bf N})$ increases. When the separation among frequencies drops below 2 RL, our numerical experiments show that the noise tolerance of MUSIC obeys a power law with the minimum separation of frequencies.
The ethics of value conversion in psychotherapy: Appropriate and inappropriate therapist influence on client values.

Abstract The empirical finding that clients adopt (are converted to) psychotherapist values raises serious ethical problems for which several solutions have been proposed. Ethically nonproblematic approaches to handling values are discussed and the ethical problems of value conversion (especially of moral, religious and political values) delineated: reduction of client freedom, failure to provide clients with adequate information about psychotherapy, violation of the therapeutic contract and lack of therapist competence to convert. Proposals to reduce the occurrence of value conversion and to minimize the ethical problems associated with it are set forth: therapist training, therapist-client matching, referral, informed consent and changing roles
Disruption and sedimentation of casein micelles and casein micelle isolates under high-pressure homogenization

Abstract Native casein micelles were isolated from raw skim milk by ultrafiltration ( Industrial relevance The modification of structure-function properties of the casein micelle from bovine milk by using high-pressure homogenization is relevant in (1) the development of new ingredients to change rheological/textural properties of dairy based foods, and (2) the discovery of new and/or improved functionalities for protein quaternary structures.
The value of two or three versus a single reading of blood pressure at a first visit

Abstract Several indices of diastolic blood pressure (DBP), based on three DBP readings at a single examination were assessed to determine which was best for predicting blood pressure status over the next 8 years. Measures of both level and variability were evaluated, singly and in combination. The results show that two or three DBP readings at one sitting permit a more accurate classification of future blood pressure status than a single reading. The mean of three readings was the best measure for classifying individuals as hypertensive, borderline or normotensive. When used with the mean of three readings, variability of DBP at one examination did not consistently yield further information concerning risk of future hypertension.
The effects of adverse environmental conditions on workload

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on visual workload. The environmental variables used were temperature, studied at levels of 45°F., WBGT, and 95°F., WBGT; and noise, studied at 83 dBA intermittent noise and 93 dBA continuous noise. Workload was defined as the amount of attention demanded from an operator as measured by performance decrement on a secondary task while performing a primary and secondary task simultaneously. The secondary task was reading random numbers, and the primary task was reading word lists. Significant differences (p Language: en
THE ROBUSTNESS OF BINARY AND NON‐BINARY BALANCED NESTED ROW‐COLUMN DESIGNS UNDER THE UNAVAILABILITY OF BLOCKS: A COMPARISON

Summary In cases where both exist, the balanced, binary nested row-column designs are known to be inferior to a class of balanced non-binary designs. However, if it is possible for blocks of observations to become unavailable after an experiment has commenced, a binary nested row-column design may possibly be better than a non-binary one. This paper investigates the robustness of binary and non-binary variance-balanced nested row-column designs to the unavailability of one or more blocks of observations. Robustness is measured through the C-matrices of the designs resulting from removing blocks, using optimality criteria such as A-, D-, E- and MV-optimality.
Composite Nafion Membranes Containing Nanosize TiO2 ∕ SnO2 for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Composite Nafion-based membranes containing nanosize and submicrometer-size titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) were fabricated by recasting from Nafion solution. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell tests were conducted using these composite membranes at 80°C over a relative humidity (RH) range between 25 and 100%, using high-purity H 2 and O 2 gases. Cell tests were also conducted at 120°C and low RH. Composite membranes containing nano-TiO 2 and SnO 2 fillers showed a significant performance improvement over Nafion membranes without fillers and over composite membranes containing submicrometer-size TiO 2 and SnO 2 powders. The relative performance improvement was greater at higher temperature and low RH. The particle size (surface area) of the nanopowders plays an important role in water retention and performance of composite membranes at 80 and 120°C. The performance of SnO 2 composite membranes was slightly better than TiO 2 composite membranes for the same operating conditions.
Philosophy of Sport: International Perspectives

Alun Hardman and Carwyn Jones (eds), Philosophy of Sport: International Perspectives. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2010. 255 pp. £39.99. ISBN: 978-1-4438-2516-0. The growth of the...