cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Use of Surface Sensors for Wind Shear Detection

Optimizing the use of surface sensors for wind shear detection involves addressing a broad range of physical processes and time and spatial scales, in addition to the operational considerations of providing timely warnings with systems that are practical to install and maintain Concentrating on thunderstorm gust fronts and down bursts important properties for detection and warning are reviewed from the perspectives of both analytical calculations and experimental measurements Calculations of such properties as the forms of the low level divergence fields and dynamic pressure changes indicate important measurement scales for the use of combined sensing systems of anemometers and pressure sensors
NMR relaxation study of thermal degradation in cured PMR polyimides

We have studied cross-linking and thermal degradation of high-performance first-and second-generation PMR-15 polyimides, both thermoset and thermoplastic versions, by performing nonspectroscopic NMR solid echo T*2 relaxation measurements at temperatures up to 430°C using probes built for this purpose. We employ signal averaging and automated decomposition of the relaxation decays into two Gaussian components, the slower of which gradually appears above 300°C. Tracking the molecular mobility spectrum in terms of the relative intensity of the components and their relaxation times as temperature is cycled, we detect essentially no irreversible effects below the glass transition, measure permanent mobility reductions attributable to completion of cure, and find that exposure to temperatures above 380°C on the order of 1 h is required for substantial thermal degradation to occur. These results are closely supported by thermal and mechanical measurements on parallel specimens. Second-generation PMR resins appear to have higher microscopic rigidity and reduced viscous fraction at high temperatures. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In vivo placental permeability to hydrophilic solutes as a function of fetal weight in the guinea pig.

Abstract The permeability of the placenta was measured with unlabelled inulin in unanaesthetized guinea pigs. Inulin was injected into the sows and the plasma concentrations were recorded at regular intervals. The inulin contents of the conceptuses were calculated from fetal weights, fetal plasma inulin concentrations and a measured inulin distribution volume of 180 ml/kg fetus. From fetal inulin contents and the time integral of the difference in maternal and fetal plasma concentrations, we calculated a mean inulin permeability of 29 ± 9 (s.e.m.) nl/s per gram placental weight. The inulin permeability per gram placental weight rose statistically significantly with increasing fetal weight. Comparison with a similar rise observed for the smaller cyanocobalamin molecule studied previously led to the conclusions that in the last ten days of gestation the transplacental passages narrow while at the same time there are apparent changes in the numbers and/or lengths of these passages that suffice to increase the unrestricted permeability fourfold.
Logical connectors, grounding and cognition

Abstract This paper studies a group of logical connectors in English. It demonstrates that because of their meanings, these logical connectors signal the grounding of the clauses they introduce. Unlike other linguistic means of grounding, such as tense, aspect, mood, voice and verbal categories, however, logical connectors perform their grounding tasks in absolute terms. These two features of the logical connectors are seen as a result of the relative importance of different discourse units as perceived by human cognition.
Effects of DL-α-difluoromethylornithine, 4-deoxypyridoxine and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) on allograft prolongation

Abstract DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), 4-deoxypyridoxine (4-DOP), and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) were tested as inhibitors of acute skin graft rejection. Proximal full thickness tail skins were exchanged between C57BL/6 and Balb/C mice. Distal autografts were placed to monitor healing. Inhibitors were given singly or in combination, either orally or by injection, in various schedules to 10 groups of mice. Compared to controls, singly treated mice had significant mean prolongation of allografts ranging from 126% to 141%. Likewise, DFMO plus MGBG extended mean time of complete rejection ranging from 172% to 206%. Autografts remained intact. Some grafts persisted after discontinued immunosuppression. Complete rejection was preceded by a decline in vascularity of the graft bed and/or gradual replacement by host tissue. Graft protection in such stringent circumstances i.e., the use of skin in strains with complete histoincompatibility at the H-2 MHC loci, clearly indicate the anti-rejection effects of polyamine synthesis inhibitors. Moreover, primary and secondary effects of DFMO establish the critical role of polyamine pathway activation in acute rejection. In doses and schedules used, toxicity was encountered when DFMO and 4-DOP were used in combination and when increased amounts of MGBG were administered.
Blue voids: stormwater strategies for abandoned lands

The technological parameters of green infrastructure and the development of strategies dedicated to improving water capture and quality have received a great deal of attention. A number of cities with urgent need for water infrastructure overhaul also contend with vast amounts of abandoned land. Yet there has been little exploration of systematic urban restructuring, integrating hydrological planning with vacant land management. Here, case studies in Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Detroit are analyzed for their potential to address the dual challenges of water infrastructure and urban land abandonment. They are evaluated for their feasibility, hydrological ambition, vacant land repurposing, and city-wide restructuring. As a contrast to the dominance of planning and engineering perspectives within stormwater discourse, emphasis is placed on design, spatial framework, and urban transformation.
A radiative transfer model for surface radiation budget studies

A high resolution spectral radiative transfer model of the troposphere for computing downwelling radiance and flux density at the surface in the 5-200 micron region has been developed. The model is fast and accurate and takes into consideration all major and minor constituents active in this region, namely, water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane. It uses the quasi-random band model of absorption for computing atmospheric transmittances due to various bands. Continuum absorption by water vapor in the 8-14 micron region has also been taken into account. The model has been used to examine the sensitivity of downwelling flux to variations of surface water vapor pressure (or surface relative humidity), water vapor scale-height and concentrations of other gaseous constituents of the atmosphere. In addition, sensitivity to changes in a number of cloud parameters, namely, fractional cloud cover, cloud height, and high-cloud emissivity, has also been examined. Results obtained with the present model compare well with those from the empirical and semi-empirical correlations. The present work demonstrates, for the first time, the feasibility of using a high-resolution narrow-band model for computing this flux for a meteorological application.
GENITOURINARY TRACT DYSMORPHOLOGY AND MATERNAL COCAINE USE

Specific fetal dysmorphology associated with maternal cocaine use has not as yet been documented. In the first 23 pregnancies evaluated in our program for chemically dependent women, one infant with prune-belly syndrome and one infant with hypospadius were delivered to cocaine-using women. Subsequently, all infants delivered in our program have received a renal ultrasound at 2 to 3 days of life. Twenty-five infants born to polydrug (non-cocaine)-using women (Group 1) and 25 born to cocaine-using women (Group II) have been evaluated thus far. The two groups are similar for maternal age, gravidity and race. All Group I women used marijuana and/or alcohol, and 5 women were additionally addicted to narcotics. All Group 11 women were cocaine users; 15 used alcohol and/or marijuana in addition. Mean birth weight of the two groups was similar. No infant in Group I had observable malformations except one infant with fetal alcohol syndrome, and all ultrasounds were normal. In Group II, two infants had a similar cluster of abnormalities: hydronephrosis, unilateral claw hand deformity and genital abnormalities (a female with ambiguous genitalia and absent uterus and a male with hypospadius and chordee of the penis with undescended testes). Renal ultrasound examination revealed 4 cocaine-exposed infants in Group II with hydronephrosis, one of whom had a 2° hypospadius. From this preliminary study, it appears that infants delivered to cocaine-using mothers should be evaluated for abnormalities of the genitourinary tract.
Identification of Streptococcus mutans serotypes in dental plaque by fluorescent antibody techniques.

Summary-The presence of Streptococcus mutuns in dental plaque may be related to human dental caries. The cultural identification of this organism in plaque is not likely to be used routinely in a clinical or epidemiological situation. In an effort to develop a simpler diagnostic means of identifying Strep. mutans in plaque, antisera were prepared for the 5 known serotypes of Strep. mutuns. These immune sera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, fractionated to obtain the gamma globulin and titrated against their homologous antigens to obtain working titres. These antisera were compared with cultural methods for their ability to detect Strep. mutuns in plaque samples. Nonspecific fluorescent antibody reactions and weak cross-reactions were essentially eliminated by applying eriochrome black as a counterstain, affer plaque and conjugated antiserum had been incubated. The results suggest that the fluorescent antibody is more sensitive than cultural methods in the detection of Strep. mutans in dental plaque.
Alterations of [3H]actinomycin D binding to axotomized dorsal root ganglion cell nuclei: An autoradiographic method to detect changes in chromatin structure and RNA synthesis

An autoradiographic method was developed to quantify on a comparative basis the binding of [3H]actinomycin D (Act D) to the cell nuclei of frozen, unfixed sections of spinal sensory ganglia in rats. After a crush lesion of the sciatic nerve, alterations of [3H]Act D binding were found in L5 and L6 dorsal root ganglia which corresponded to changes in RNA synthesis observed in other studies. An increase in Act D binding was seen at 1 to 3 days postoperation, followed by a decrease at 5 to 7 days. By 9 to 11 days a second increase in binding occurred, followed by a decrease at 14 days. Contralateral ganglia exhibited an increase in Act D binding only at 5 days compared with unoperated controls. The timing of the response in axotomized ganglia differed with the distance of the lesion from the cell body. The observed patterns of Act D binding confirm that changes of chromatin structure are closely associated with the alterations of RNA and protein synthesis occurring after axon injury. The method may be useful as an indicator for alterations in RNA synthesis related to changes in chromatin structure in complex tissues.
Estimates of genetic parameters for kyphosis in two crossbred swine populations.

Genetic parameters for degree of kypho- sis were estimated from a Duroc-Landrace F2 popula- tion (n = 316) and from a composite population (line C) composed of Duroc, Large White, and 2 sources of Landrace (n = 1,552). Live presentation did not indi- cate kyphosis in pigs or sows. Degree of kyphosis was measured by scoring the shape of the vertebral column of split carcasses on a scale from 0 (normal) to 3 (se- vere). Of the animals slaughtered, 75.6 and 68.9% were normal, 11.1 and 23.3% were mild, 11.1 and 6.2% were moderate, and 2.2 and 1.5% were severe in F2 and line C, respectively. Fixed effects of age, sex, number of ribs, number of lumbar vertebrae, number of nipples, carcass length, and HCW were not significantly asso- ciated (P > 0.10) with kyphosis score when using lin- ear models. Estimated heritabilities for kyphosis score were 0.30 and 0.32 in F2 and line C, respectively, when using an animal model. Estimated genetic correlations between kyphosis score and number of ribs, number of lumbar vertebrae, number of nipples, carcass length, and HCW were 0.05, −0.13, 0.00, 0.05, and 0.03, re- spectively. Selection to decrease kyphosis should be ef- fective and would not be expected to affect the number of ribs, lumbar vertebrae, nipples, or carcass length. In addition, selection for growth should not affect the incidence of kyphosis.
Against the Odds: An Exploratory Study of Mexican Immigrant Women with Technical Education

Recent social science research has created a largely negative profile of Mexican immigrants in the United States. Although most Mexican women arrive in the United States with less than a high school education, researchers have overlooked a minority group within the immigrant population that has more education. This article is an exploratory study of the experiences of Mexican immigrant women holding a vocational certificate from technical education institutions in Mexico. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews of eight informants living in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern Idaho. Interview results show that vocational education does not ensure success as measured by common social science indicators. This study concludes that the informants are highly successful women when measured by their personal standards.
Body Mass Index Is Associated With Mucosal Disease in Crohn's: Results of a Case-Control Study.

Background: Recent studies have suggested that increased body mass index (BMI) may have an adverse effect on treatment outcomes and natural history in Crohn’s disease (CD). We aimed to test the hypothesis that CD patients with higher BMI would be more likely than those with lower BMI to have persistent active mucosal disease. Methods: We designed a case-control study. Sample population comprised CD patients with active disease at the beginning of observation. At the end of observation, cases had persistent active mucosal disease and controls had entered remission. With multivariable logistic regression models, we evaluated the effect of baseline BMI as a continuous variable and a categorical variable on persistent active mucosal disease. Results: We analyzed data from 104 patients (36 cases and 68 controls). In a model containing BMI as a continuous variable, higher BMI was significantly associated with persistent active mucosal disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.09 per unit increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 - 1.17; P = 0.012). In a model containing BMI as a categorical variable, obese patients were 2.7 times more likely to have persistent active mucosal disease compared to non-obese patients (OR = 2.72; 95% CI, 1.00 - 7.35; P = 0.049). Conclusion: Excessive weight measured both quantitatively as BMI and categorically as obesity in CD patients is associated with persistent active mucosal disease. Gastroenterol Res. 2014;7(5-6):111-117 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/gr631w
Accuracy of child and adolescent weight perceptions and their relationships to dieting and exercise behaviors: a NHANES study.

Abstract Objective Recent public health and media attention on child obesity may have altered accuracy of self-perception of obesity and associated weight control behaviors in children and adolescents. Thus, we examined whether accuracy of weight perceptions were associated with weight loss behaviors. Methods We examined children 8 to 15 years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2010) who reported themselves as "overweight/too fat," "about right," or "underweight/too thin." Children reported on efforts to lose weight and engagement in specific weight control behaviors, including how frequently he or she had been on a diet, starved, cut back on eating, skipped meals, or exercised to lose weight. We categorized obesity on the basis of measured body mass index, and we determined the accuracy of weight perceptions. We used chi-square tests to examine age- and sex-based differences in accuracy of perceptions and relationship to weight loss behaviors. Results Girls and older children more accurately perceived weight status. Both girls and boys of all ages who perceived themselves as overweight were more likely to engage in weight loss behaviors. Children who were overweight engaged in more weight loss behaviors than healthy weight children perceiving themselves as overweight. Among children who reported themselves as "about right," overweight children engaged in more weight loss behaviors than healthy weight children but less so than those who accurately perceived themselves as being overweight. Conclusions The perception of being overweight and actual overweight status are both strongly associated with weight loss behaviors. These findings have important implications for counseling patients who may have inaccurate weight perceptions.
Radiation damping of inertial oscillations in the upper ocean

Turbulent motions within the wind-mixed layer, which is advected by near-surface inertial oscillations, excite internal gravity waves in the underlying ocean layers. Momentum transport in the radiated wave field results in a drag force on the inertial currents. Because the magnitude of the inertial currents is large compared with the turbulence intensity, the resultant rate of dissipation of inertial oscillation energy is approximately equal to the energy flux in the radiated wave field. Using linear internal wave theory, asymptotic results are derived for the energy flux in terms of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N below the mixed layer, the magnitude U0 of the inertial current, the integral length scale l of the mixed-layer turbulence and the mean-square displacement 〈ζ20〉 of the base of the mixed layer. For representative conditions, we estimate an energy flux of 1-10 erg/cm2 s into relatively short (wavelength of order 2πU0/N) high frequency (of order, but less than, N) internal waves. The resultant decay times for inertial oscillation energy range from a day to a week or so, in agreement with reported observations on the decay of inertial oscillations in the upper ocean. The estimated energy flux is comparable in magnitude to estimates for other internal wave generation mechanisms, indicating that, in addition to being a significant sink of inertial energy, this process may locally represent a significant source of internal wave energy in the open ocean.
AHCPR and the changing politics of health services research.

ABSTRACT: The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research has had a turbulent history. Created with little opposition in 1989, it narrowly escaped being eliminated in 1995, only to be reauthorized (...
Randomized cooperation in asynchronous dispersive links

Recently, we proposed a decentralized cooperative communication scheme [1]. In this paper we show that randomized decentralized schemes perform well even when the cooperating nodes are asynchronous. In particular we study the attainable diversity for frequency selective channels, and the coding gain in comparison to a centralized scheme.
Signal-dependent distribution of cell surface P-selectin in clathrin-coated pits affects leukocyte rolling under flow

Flowing leukocytes roll on P-selectin that is mobilized from secretory granules to the surfaces of endothelial cells after stimulation with histamine or thrombin. Before it is internalized, P-selectin clusters in clathrin-coated pits, which enhances its ability to support leukocyte rolling. We found that thrombin and histamine induced comparable exocytosis of P-selectin on endothelial cells. However, compared with histamine, thrombin decreased the recruitment of P-selectin into clathrin-coated pits, slowed the internalization of P-selectin, and reduced the number and stability of neutrophils rolling on P-selectin. Significantly more RhoA was activated in thrombin- than in histamine-stimulated endothelial cells. Inhibitors of RhoA or its effector, Rho kinase, reversed thrombin's ability to inhibit the internalization and adhesive function of P-selectin in endothelial cells. Experiments with transfected cells confirmed that the inhibitory actions of thrombin and Rho kinase on P-selectin required its cytoplasmic domain. Thus, a signaling event affects both the function and clearance of a protein that enters the constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway.
Elements of butterfly wing patterns.

The color patterns on the wings of butterflies are unique among animal color patterns in that the elements that make up the overall pattern are individuated. Unlike the spots and stripes of vertebrate color patterns, the elements of butterfly wing patterns have identities that can be traced from species to species, and typically across genera and families. Because of this identity it is possible to recognize homologies among pattern elements and to study their evolution and diversification. Individuated pattern elements evolved from non-individuated precursors by compartmentalization of the wing into areas that became developmentally autonomous with respect to color pattern formation. Developmental compartmentalization led to the evolution of serially repeated elements and the emergence of serial homology. In these compartments, serial homologues were able to acquire site-specific developmental regulation and this, in turn, allowed them to diverge morphologically. Compartmentalization of the wing also reduced the developmental correlation among pattern elements. The release from this developmental constraint, we believe, enabled the great evolutionary radiation of butterfly wing patterns. During pattern evolution, the same set of individual pattern elements is arranged in novel ways to produce species-specific patterns, including such adaptations as mimicry and camouflage.
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): Rates and Predictors of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Across Hispanic National Groups

Objective: The primary purpose of this article is to report 12-month prevalence rates and predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans, and South/Central Americans living in the United States. Method: Using a multistage cluster sample design, a total of 5,224 individuals 18 years of age and older were selected from the household population in five metropolitan areas of the United States: Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Houston, and Los Angeles. The survey weighted response rate was 76%. Personal interviews lasting an average of 1 hour were conducted in respondents' homes either in English or Spanish. Results: There is considerable heterogeneity in rates of abuse and dependence across these national groups, with Mexican American and Puerto Rican men having higher rates than Cuban American and South/Central American men. The rates of dependence for Mexican American and Puerto Rican men are also higher than those for men in the U.S. general population. Fur...
Photopatterned free-standing polyacrylamide gels for microfluidic protein electrophoresis

Designed for compatibility with slab-gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) reagents and instruments, we detail development of free-standing polyacrylamide gel (fsPAG) microstructures supporting electrophoretic performance rivalling that of microfluidic platforms. For the protein electrophoresis study described here, fsPAGE lanes are comprised of a sample reservoir and contiguous separation gel. No enclosed microfluidic channels are employed. The fsPAG devices (120 μm tall) are directly photopatterned atop of and covalently attached to planar polymer or glass surfaces. Leveraging the fast <1 h design–prototype–test cycle – significantly faster than mold based fabrication techniques – we optimize the fsPAG architecture to minimize injection dispersion for rapid (<1 min) and short (1 mm) protein separations. The facile fabrication and prototyping of the fsPAGE provides researchers a powerful tool for developing custom analytical assays. We highlight the utility of assay customization by fabricating a polyacrylamide gel with a spatial pore-size distribution and demonstrate the resulting enhancement in separation performance over a uniform gel. Further, we up-scale from a unit separation to an array of 96 concurrent fsPAGE assays in 10 min run time driven by one electrode pair. The fsPAG array layout matches that of a 96-well plate to facilitate integration of the planar free standing gel array with multi-channel pipettes while remaining compatible with conventional slab-gel PAGE reagents, such as staining for label-free protein detection. Notably, the entire fsPAGE workflow from fabrication, to operation, and readout uses readily available materials and instruments – making this technique highly accessible.
Determining exact maximum amplitude limit cycles in digital filters

It is shown that the problem of determining the maximum amplitude limit cycle of a given period in a second order digital filter can be formulated as an integer linear program. Unfortunately, for even moderate limit cycle periods, the ILP can require considerable CPU time. A more straightforward procedure is thus proposed, which considers all possible initial states, which can be a maximum amplitude state of a limit cycle. Results are presented which significantly reduce the number of states requiring consideration, thereby resulting in a computationally feasible algorithm.
Impact of smoking on outcomes after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for urothelial carcinoma not invading muscle of the bladder

UNLABELLED Study Type - Prognosis (case series). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The main goal of a prostate biopsy is to identify clinically relevant prostate cancer with the lowest possible morbidity from the procedure. Through time many have tried different variations in the procedure in an attempt to find the optimal methodology for performing prostate biopsies. These changes include better equipment in helping optimize cancer localizing, varying the number of cores in efforts to improve cancer detection and sampling various areas of the prostate to find cancer that may be hiding. To our knowledge we are the first to describe performing prostate biopsies with keeping the sampling size constant and varying the number of cores based on the size of the prostate. The study adds a variation in the current techniques used for prostate biopsies. In certain situations using a standard number of cores makes obtaining proper sampling of a prostate difficult. We propose a methodology in performing prostate biopsies that will allow for standardization of the tissue per core analyzed thus allowing for an improved sampling of the prostate. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of smoking on the outcomes of patient with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) not invading muscle treated with BCG therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on 623 consecutive patients treated with BCG therapy for high-grade Ta (n= 219; 35.2%), T1 (n= 215; 34.5%) and/or carcinoma in situ (n= 189; 30.3%). Cigarette smoking status was categorized as (smokers vs non-smokers) and as (current smokers vs past smokers vs never smokers). In addition, we analyzed the time since smoking cessation as a continuous and categorical variable (smoking cessation after diagnosis vs 0.1-10 years before diagnosis vs more than 10 years before diagnosis). Association with outcomes was examined by univariate and multivariable analyses, adjusting for the effects of age, gender, stage and grade. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 423 males (67.9%) and 200 females (32.1%). Overall, 386 patients (62.0%) were past smokers, 97 (15.6%) were current smokers and 140 (22.5%) had never smoked. In both univariate and multivariable analyses, smoking status by any definition was not associated with the response to BCG therapy, disease recurrence, progression, all-cause mortality or UCB-specific mortality. TUR grade was significantly associated with disease progression. TUR stage and BCG response at 6 months were significantly associated with disease recurrence, progression, all-cause mortality and UCB-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Smoking does not appear to affect the response to BCG therapy or long-term oncological outcomes.
Regulation of Myelination: Biosynthesis of the Major Myelin Glycoprotein by Schwann Cells in the Presence and Absence of Myelin Assembly

: Schwann cell biosynthesis of the major myelin glycoprotein, P0, was investigated in the crush-injured adult rat sciatic nerve, where there is myelin assembly, and in the permanently transected nerve, where there is no myelin assembly. Endoneurial fractions from desheathed rat sciatic nerves distal to the crush were compared with similar fractions from the permanently transected nerves at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after injury. The Schwann cell expression of this asparagine-linked glycoprotein was evaluated after sodium dodecyl sulfatepore gradient electrophoresis by Coomassie Blue and silver stain and by autoradiography after direct overlay of radioiodinated lectins [wheat germ agglutinin, gorse agglutinin, and concanavalin A (Con A)]. As evaluated by these parameters, the concentration of P0 after crush decreased and subsequently increased as a function of time after injury, corresponding to the events of demyelination and remyelination. After permanent transection, the Po concentration decreased following the same time course found after crush. At subsequent time points, P0 could not be detected with Coomassie Blue stain, silver stain, or wheat germ agglutinin. Both gorse agglutinin and Con A, however, showed binding to P0. Radioactive precursor incorporation studies with [3H]fucose or [3H] mannose into endoneurial slices at 35 days posttransection revealed active oligosaccharide processing of P0 glycoprotein by Schwann cells in this permanent transection model. Compared with other Schwann cell glycoproteins in the transected nerve, the highest level of incorporation of [3H]mannose was found in P0 which accounted for 42.7% of the incorporated label. In contrast, incorporation of [3H]mannose into endoneurial slices at 35 days after crush accounted for only 13.3% in Po. In addition, higher levels of Con A binding were observed in P0 in the transected nerve compared with the contralateral control or the crushed nerve. Both the [3H]fucose incorporation and gorse agglutinin binding to P0 in the transected nerve suggest posttranslational processing of this glycoprotein in the Golgi apparatus; however, the absence of wheat germ agglutinin binding, the high level of mannose incorporation, and the high level of binding by Con A imply that additional processing steps are required prior to its assembly into myelin.
Welfare Losses Due to Livestock Grazing on Public Lands: A Count Data Systemwide Treatment

Backcountry hikers' willingness-to-pay for removing grazing from trails in the Hoover Wilderness is analyzed using a multinomial Dirichlet negative binomial distribution. This multivariate discrete distribution allows the direct calculation of seasonal welfare measures that are derived from an incomplete demand specification. The welfare maximizing choice of activities is examined on a trail-by-trail basis using the results of the analysis. Our findings suggest that a mix of hiking and grazing activities provide the greatest social welfare.
Schmitzia sanctae-crucis sp. nov. (Calosiphoniaceae, Rhodophyta) and a novel nutritive development to aid in zygote nucleus amplification

Abstract The taxonomic history of a soft, gelatinous red alga collected a little more than 100 years ago by W. G. Farlow at Cooper's Island, Bermuda, and again in 1985 at St Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands, is clarified. In 1912, Setchell referred some of Farlow's collection to Calosiphonia verticillifera (J. Agardh) Setchell which, on the basis of vegetative and reproductive morphology, are similar to our specimens from St Croix. Farlow's plants and the St Croix plants are recognized as one species, Schmitzia sanctae-crucis sp. nov. The vegetative morphology and sexual reproductive biology of this new species are illustrated. Sexual reproduction includes a novel method of supplying nourishment for the development of the carposphorophyte. A fertilized carpogonium may form up to four, septate and branched connecting filaments, each of which may fuse with an auxiliary cell, or one or more may fuse with nearby cortical branch cells, followed by subsequent branching to form a plexus of cortical filament-connectin...
PREDICTION OF HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICAL PERCEPTION OF FABRIC CRISPNESS AND COOLNESS HAND FROM RAPIDLY MEASURABLE LOW-STRESS MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PARAMETERS

This work investigated the possibility of predicting the human psychophysical perception of crispness and coolness hand of men's suit fabrics made from animal fibers (wool, mohair, cashmere and alpaca) from rapidly measurable low-stress mechanical and thermal parameters. Thanks to Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing (FAST) and Alambeta instruments, in about 1 h for sample, it was possible to simply obtain eight parameters that together described low-stress compressional, bending, shearing, and tensile deformations and thermal behavior. Sensory hand evaluation was performed by a panel of eight experts. After assessing the inter-expert concordance, the sensory-instrumental relationship was explored using multiple linear regression and comparing three mathematical models: a linear function, the Weber–Fechner law and the Stevens's power law, with the last two being well-established psychophysical models to translate instrumentally measured fabric properties into corresponding hand parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The textile and clothing industry is increasingly interested in the development of tools to describe and grade the sensory quality of its products. Especially finishing companies, largely small and medium-sized, require objective methods for online controlling fabric handle and just-in-time setting their finishing machines and processes. Even if some industrial and commercial sectors have switched to trained sensory panels, this solution is difficult to apply in the textile finishing sector, that is more and more interested in instrumental methods for evaluating the effectiveness of finishing processes, checking the efficiency of machine operations and troubleshooting. This demand is undermined by the limited availability of skilled technicians able to use complex and costly fabric objective measurement systems, such as the Kawabata's Evaluation System for Fabrics one (KES-F), that, in addition, does not allow quick responses. This work proposed the reliable, simple and rapid measurement of hand-related properties, both mechanical and thermal, with FAST and Alambeta instruments, to be translated in a powerful prediction model for the human psychophysical perception of crispness and coolness hand of both winter and summer men's suit fabrics made from animal fibers (wool, mohair, cashmere and alpaca).
Primary Care Provider Concerns about Management of Chronic Pain in Community Clinic Populations

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is a common patient complaint in primary care, yet providers and patients are often dissatisfied with treatment processes and outcomes.
Tapped out: how can cities secure their water future?

Cities around the world are struggling to access additional water supplies to support their continued growth because their freshwater sources are becoming exhausted. Half of all cities with populations greater than 100,000 are located in water-scarce basins, and in these basins agricultural water consumption accounts for more than 90% of all freshwater depletions. In this paper we review the water development histories of four major cities: Adelaide, Phoenix, San Antonio and San Diego. We identify a similar pattern of water development in these cities, which begins with the exhaustion of local surface and groundwater supplies, continues with importation of water from other basins, and then turns to recycling of wastewater or stormwater, or desalination of either seawater or brackish groundwater. Demand management through water conservation has mitigated, to varying degrees, the timing of water-system expansions and the extent to which cities rely on new sources of supply. This typical water development pattern in cities is undesirable from a sustainability perspective, as it is usually associated with serious ecological and social impacts as well as sub-optimal cost effectiveness. We highlight case examples and opportunities to invest in water conservation measures, particularly through urban–rural partnerships under which cities work with farmers to implement irrigation conservation measures, thereby freeing up water for ecological restoration and use by cities.
Social ‘wanting’ dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications

Most behavioral training regimens in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) rely on reward-based reinforcement strategies. Although proven to significantly increase both cognitive and social outcomes and successfully reduce aberrant behaviors, this approach fails to benefit a substantial number of affected individuals. Given the enormous amount of clinical and financial resources devoted to behavioral interventions, there is a surprisingly large gap in our knowledge of the basic reward mechanisms of learning in ASD. Understanding the mechanisms for reward responsiveness and reinforcement-based learning is urgently needed to better inform modifications that might improve current treatments. The fundamental goal of this review is to present a fine-grained literature analysis of reward function in ASD with reference to a validated neurobiological model of reward: the ‘wanting’/’liking’ framework. Despite some inconsistencies within the available literature, the evaluation across three converging sets of neurobiological data (neuroimaging, electrophysiological recordings, and neurochemical measures) reveals good evidence for disrupted reward-seeking tendencies in ASD, particularly in social contexts. This is most likely caused by dysfunction of the dopaminergic–oxytocinergic ‘wanting’ circuitry, including the ventral striatum, amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Such a conclusion is consistent with predictions derived from diagnostic criteria concerning the core social phenotype of ASD, which emphasize difficulties with spontaneous self-initiated seeking of social encounters (that is, social motivation). Existing studies suggest that social ‘wanting’ tendencies vary considerably between individuals with ASD, and that the degree of social motivation is both malleable and predictive of intervention response. Although the topic of reward responsiveness in ASD is very new, with much research still needed, the current data clearly point towards problems with incentive-based motivation and learning, with clear and important implications for treatment. Given the reliance of behavioral interventions on reinforcement-based learning principles, we believe that a systematic focus on the integrity of the reward system in ASD promises to yield many important clues, both to the underlying mechanisms causing ASD and to enhancing the efficacy of existing and new interventions.
IX—How Does Coherence Matter?

Recently, much attention has been paid to ‘rational requirements’ and, especially, to what I call ‘rational requirements of formal coherence as such’. These requirements are satisfied just when our attitudes are formally coherent: for example, when our beliefs do not contradict each other. Nevertheless, these requirements are puzzling. In particular, it is unclear why we should satisfy them. In light of this, I explore the conjecture that there are no requirements of formal coherence. I do so by trying to construct a theory of error for the idea that there are such requirements.
Why is Maize a Sacred Plant? Social History and Agrarian Change on Sumba

ABSTRACT Why has maize, a plant with origins in the New World, become ritually important in an indigenous Southeast Asian religion? While environmental conditions and agricultural economics are key determinants of everyday resource management practices in insular Southeast Asia, it is necessary to consider ethnic identity, political economy, and social structure in order to understand the religious significance of natural resources in contemporary society. Linguistic, cosmological, and horticultural data are combined with an analysis of local perceptions of culture and environment. This information is used to explain the transformation of an introduced plant into an indigenous sacrament. Ethnographic data, including a brief case study of the role of maize in marapu ‘ancestor worship’ and the cultural history of the Kodi people who live on the Indonesian island of Sumba, are the basis for a discussion of agrarian change and social history in Kodi. The data are also used to explore the possibility of using ...
The Child-Patient: Do Parents have the ‘Right to Decide’?

Unfortunately, one of the most frequent and frustrating tasks of the medical ethicist in a clinical setting is that of having to sort out tangled webs of claims to an almost unbelievable variety of rights. In most situations those involved in these perplexing clinical dilemmas fail to examine the nature or basis of these rights claims. Rights, as a number of authors have pointed out, function as what might best be called trump cards in an ethical debate or dialogue [6]. Debates about obligations, responsibilities, rules, principles and values can be conducted almost indefinitely. By an appeal to a right, the participant in an ethical debate can essentially ‘call’ the other participants in the dialogue to play their hands. Rights claims have a demand quality ([5], p. 137). Others involved in the decision are put on the defensive.
A Wikipedia-based Corpus for Contextualized Machine Translation

We describe a corpus for target-contextualized machine translation (MT), where the task is to improve the translation of source documents using language models built over presumably related documents in the target language. The idea presumes a situation where most of the information about a topic is in a foreign language, yet some related target-language information is known to exist. Our corpus comprises a set of curated English Wikipedia articles describing news events, along with (i) their Spanish counterparts and (ii) some of the Spanish source articles cited within them. In experiments, we translated these Spanish documents, treating the English articles as target-side context, and evaluate the effect on translation quality when including target-side language models built over this English context and interpolated with other, separately-derived language model data. We find that even under this simplistic baseline approach, we achieve significant improvements as measured by BLEU score.
Abstract 233: Physicians’ Perceptions of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Score in Older Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Among patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 30% are age 75 years or older. The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Score is a commonly used, well-validated instrument developed to estimate mortality risk for patients with AMI. However, the TIMI risk stratification model was not specifically developed for older adults (≥75 years). Little is known about physicians’ perceptions of the value of the TIMI risk score in older AMI patients. Purpose: To describe physicians’ perceptions regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the TIMI Risk Score in older adults hospitalized with AMI. Methods: This study was part of the “Comprehensive Evaluation of Risk Factors in Older Patients with AMI” (“SILVER-AMI”, R01HL115295-01, PI Chaudhry), a multi-center, observational study designed to develop and validate a risk stratification model for older adults with AMI. This qualitative study included semi-structured telephone interviews with cardiologists and hospitalist physicians who care for older adults with AMI. The constant comparative method was used for analysis with results grouped by emergent themes. Results: Twenty-two physicians completed interviews ranging from 10-30 minutes (mean = 18 minutes). The mean age of the sample was 41 years, with an average of 16 years of experience after medical school. Reported strengths of the TIMI Risk Score included its ubiquitous presence among medical professionals, ease of use, and utility in guiding clinical management for general AMI populations. Perceived weaknesses included a lack of specific risk factors relevant to older adults, limited capacity for influencing clinical management beyond initial AMI care, and the inability to predict outcomes important for clinical decision-making in older adults with AMI (See Table). Conclusions & Implications: Physician respondents perceive the TIMI Risk Score as ill-suited for older adults with AMI because it neither incorporates risk factors nor predicts outcomes important for clinical decision-making post-AMI in this population. These results suggest that a new risk stratification model is needed that is better targeted towards older adults with AMI and can more thoroughly assess risk to guide treatment after AMI in this population. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
In Praise of a Skeletal APA: Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, Judicial Remedies for Agency Inaction and the Questionable Value of Amending the APA

This Article, part of a symposium on amending the Administrative Procedure Act, considers that topic through the lens of a case recently decided by the Supreme Court, Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance. Southern Utah dealt with the availability of judicial review to remedy agency inaction, in particular, the Bureau of Land Management's failure to act to manage public lands in conformance with its statutory mandate. This Article uses that case as an example of the difficulties that might attend attempts to amend the APA. After the Introduction briefly presents Southern Utah, Part I discusses how proper resolution of the reviewability and remedy issues it poses depend heavily on the particular type of statutory duty alleged to have been neglected. Part II builds on that discussion to argue that the diversity of types of agency actions that exist today make it difficult to codify more precise statutory guidance with regard to both reviewability and deference standards. Part III concludes by considering the appropriate scope of and subject matter for statutory amendments.