cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fungal Orbital Cellulitis: Presenting Features, Management and Outcomes at a Referral Center.

AbstractPurpose: To report a series of patients with fungal orbital cellulitis who underwent exenteration surgery and describe presenting features, management and outcomes at a referral center.Methods: Retrospective case series.Results: From November 2011 to March 2014, four patients underwent orbital exenteration for fungal orbital cellulitis at the University of Illinois. Three patients had mucormycosis and one had aspergillosis. All patients were treated with intravenous antifungals and underwent orbital exenteration. Two patients were successfully treated with supplemental intra-orbital catheter delivery of amphotericin B. Presenting visual acuity in the affected eye ranged from 20/25 to no light perception. Some level of ophthalmoplegia was present in three patients. Significantly elevated intraocular pressure was found in two patients. All patients with mucormycosis were found to have uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. One patient had a history of myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic hepatitis C infection...
Where Art Thou Diabetic Foot Disease Literature? A Bibliometric Inquiry Into Publication Patterns

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the published scientific data with respect to the diabetic foot. We specifically aimed to assess the quantity published and the specific location of the published reports. A standard PubMed ® search was performed, and the returned abstracts were evaluated by a 2-person panel for their relevance to medical professionals working within the field of diabetic foot disease. We identified 1286 relevant studies published in 659 different journals in 2012. We also found a 6.94-fold increase in returned abstracts meeting our search criteria from January 1988 to December 2012. The results of our investigation provide unique information regarding the high volume and variety of published information pertaining to diabetic foot disease and perhaps highlights a need for multidisciplinary thinking with respect to publishing and data organization, in addition to patient care.
Effects of caudate nucleus stimulation upon initiation and performance of a complex motor task

Abstract Stimulation of the caudate nucleus at either, 7 Hz or 100 Hz impaired performance of a complex motor task. The disruptive effects on execution of the task occurred at low amperages and appeared to involve interference with temporal programming of response components. Task initiation was impaired by stimulation at higher amperages. Electrical stimulation of anterior sites in the caudate nucleus resulted in impairment of performance at lower stimulation intensities than did stimulation of posterior sites. Although stimulation (7 Hz) of hippocampus, nonspecific thalamic nuclei, or mesencephalic reticular formation also resulted in performance deficits, the topography of interference effects and the threshold intensities required for disruption were different from those resulting from stimulation of the caudate nucleus.
Central neuronal synapse formation on micropatterned surfaces.

Abstract Controlling synapse formation is a key to patterning of neurons into functional circuits and networks in vitro. However, the process of synapse formation among neurons grown on artificial surfaces is relatively unstudied. We cultured embryonic hippocampal cells on trimethoxysilylpropyl-diethylenetriamine (DETA) and tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-dimethylchlorosilane (13F), and on patterns composed of DETA lines separated by 13F spaces. For comparison, neurons were concurrently plated on surfaces coated with uniform poly- d -lysine (PDL). Pre- and postsynaptic specializations were identified by immunostaining for synapsin I and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2). Spontaneous (SPCs) and evoked (EPCs) postsynaptic currents were recorded using dual patch-clamp techniques. We found that DETA promoted synapse formation, whereas evidence for synapse formation on 13F was barely detected. MAP-2 + neuronal soma and rapidly growing dendrites were co-localized with synapsin I puncta faithfully along DETA lines. The expression of synapsin I puncta, and MAP-2 + soma and dendrites correlated well with the appearance of SPCs. Synapsin I, MAP-2 and SPCs emerged together at days 3–4 and increased at day 7, when EPCs appeared. Synaptic signals occurring during 4–7 days in culture were all GABAergic. These results indicate that fully functional synapses are formed on silane surfaces, demonstrating the suitability of patterned silane surfaces for organizing synapse formation in vitro.
Heterogeneous amino acid transport rate changes in an E. coli unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph.

Abstract Amino acid transport rates in an E. coli unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph were non-uniformly affected by enrichment of membrane lipids in various unsaturated fatty acids. Proline and threonine transport rates were depressed much more than lysine and asparagine rates by trans unsaturated acids. Myristoleate and linolenate enrichment also produced non-uniform but lesser rate reductions. Although changes in the relative numoer of effective transport catalysts could account for these findings, comparisons of proline and lysine transport rates over a broad temperature range indicated that non-uniform alterations in transport catalyst reaction rates account at least partly for the activity changes associated with membrane lipid alterations.
Directly Coupled High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Measurement of Chemically Modified Protein and Peptides

Quantitation of low-abundance protein modifications involves significant analytical challenges, especially in biologically important applications, such as studying the role of post-translational modifications in biology and measurement of the effects of reactive drug metabolites. 14C labeling combined with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) provides exquisite sensitivity for such experiments. Here, we demonstrate real-time 14C quantitation of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations by liquid sample accelerator mass spectrometry (LS-AMS). By enabling direct HPLC–AMS coupling, LS-AMS overcomes several major limitations of conventional HPLC–AMS, where individual HPLC fractions must be collected and converted to graphite before measurement. To demonstrate LS-AMS and compare the new technology to traditional solid sample AMS (SS-AMS), reduced and native bovine serum albumin (BSA) was modified by 14C-iodoacetamide, with and without glutathione present, producing adducts on the order of 1 modi...
A microstructural study of fibre/mortar interfaces during fibre debonding and pull-out

Attempts were made to connect the change in interfacial properties during fibre pull-out in cementitious material to the microstructural features of the interface. The microstructural features of fibre (steel, nylon and polypropylene)/mortar interfaces were examined during the fibre debonding and pull-out process. Because fibre pull-out was found to be sensitive to lateral compression, microscopic studies were carried out on fibres pulled out with and without lateral compression. SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were performed at four different stages: (a) before debonding; (b) immediately after debonding; (c) at small sliding distance; and (d) at large sliding distance. For the steel fibre/mortar interface, it was found that the mortar surface (interfacial transition zone) was subjected to abrasion, while the steel surface was subjected to plastic deformation. EDX analysis on the mortar interface showed that the ratio of calcium/silicon count first increases within a short sliding distance and decreases thereafter, indicating a process of CH layer abrasion and C-S-H layer exposure. The rapid post-peak drop of the pull-out force at the beginning of sliding is due to the “grinding” effect, which leads to crushing and abrasion of the CH crystals and a reduction of asperity on the mortar surface. The grinding and abrasion effect becomes more significant with the application of lateral compression, which results in more rapid drop of the pullout force. For the nylon and polypropylene fibre/mortar interfaces, the fibre surface peels and the mortar surface experiences very little damage. Nylon fibre surface swells and is peeled with short whiskers on the surface, leading to significant increase in interfacial friction causing the post-debonding pull-out force to increase. The polypropylene fibre surface is peeled and plowed with long whiskers and long scratch lines which also leads to an increase in interfacial friction. On applying lateral compression to the mortar during fibre pull-out, the abrasion and peeling effects are more severe. With lateral compression, holes may form on the polypropylene surface over a longer sliding distance. The ratio of calcium/silicon count on the mortar surface by EDX does not show obvious trends with sliding distance indicating that the mortar surface experiences very little damage.
Site specificity of DNA methylation and expression of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene.

Analysis of the methylation pattern of a single-copy herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene integrated into the genome of mouse L cells revealed that hypomethylation of five specific Aval sites correlates with expression of the TKgene in all of the cell lines tested. Of these specific sites, one lies 5′ to the coding region, one 3′ to the coding region, and three lie within the coding region of the thymidine kinase gene. Analysis of methylation at a variety of other sites using other methylation-sensitive endonucleases revealed considerable variation in the methylation patterns, apparently unrelated to gene expression and subject to variation with time in culture.
A beaded endotrophic mycorrhiza of Northern and Southern Red Oak.

An endotrophic mycorrhiza was found during a study of the morphological forms of ectotrophic mycorrhizae of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and southern red oak (Q. falcata Michx.). The endotrophic type was frequently found on short roots of 7 northern red oaks and 4 southern red oaks from each of 3 locations in the Mountain, Piedmont, and Sand Hills regions of North Carolina. The mycorrhizae are beadlike (FIG. 1), with 1-9 beads in succession, dull white, and range from 2 to 8 mm in length and 0.4 to 0.8 mm in diam. Root hairs were not observed. Occasionally branched forms were found and in all instances, the branches were also beaded. To avoid mistaking roots for those of surrounding plants, all root samples were carefully traced back to the tree in question. Microscopically the type is a typical vesicular-arbuscular endotrophic mycorrhiza with intracellular hyphae (FIG. 2), well developed arbuscular haustoria (FIG. 3), and intracellular vesicles (FIG. 4). There was no evidence of a fungal mantle or Hartig net. Attempts to grow the fungal symbiont in pure culture failed. This endotrophic mycorrhiza is similar to those formed by species of Endogone (Gerdemann, personal communication). Most mycorrhizae formed by species of Quercus are ectotrophic (Trappe, 1962); however, Henry (1933), reported an ectendotrophic mycorrhiza on Q. rubra. To find an endotrophic mycorrhiza commonly occurring on red oak is unusual and to my knowledge, the form described has not been previously reported. Descriptions of beaded endotrophic mycorrhizae have been reported on roots of Acer platanoides L. (Henry, 1933), A. rubrum L. (McDougall, 1914; Henry, 1934; Vozzo and Hacskaylo, 1964), A. saccharum Marsh. (Kessler, 1966), Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. (Henry, 1934), Cornus florida L. (Henry, 1933), Ilex opaca Ait. (Vozzo and Hacskaylo, 1964), Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Vozzo and Hacskaylo, 1964; Filer and Toole, 1966), and Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.; Populus alba L.; Prunus serotina Ehrh.; and Sorbus americana Marsh. (Henry, 1934). The beaded endotrophic mycorrhiza described in this report is simi408
Entry vocabulary: a technology to enhance digital search

This paper describes a search technology which enables improved search across diverse genres of digital objects -- documents, patents, cross-language retrieval, numeric data and images. The technology leverages human indexing of objects in specialized domains to provide increased accessibility to non-expert searchers. Our approach is the reverse-engineer text categorization to supply mappings from ordinary language vocabulary to specialist vocabulary by constructing maximum likelihood mappings between words and phrases and classification schemes. This forms the training data or 'entry vocabulary'; subsequently user queries are matched against the entry vocabulary to expand the search universe. The technology has been applied to search of patent databases, numeric economic statistics, and foreign language document collections.
Correlation between exoelectron emission of ferrous alloys and their susceptibility to stress corrosion

On the basis of certain concepts of the nature of the mechanicochemical effect, a method of estimating the stress-corrosion susceptibility of alloys from data on their exoelectron emission parameters was postulated. The method was verified by tests on iron-nickel alloys with various nickel contents.
Genome-wide analysis of retroviral DNA integration

Retroviral vectors are often used to introduce therapeutic sequences into patients' cells. In recent years, gene therapy with retroviral vectors has had impressive therapeutic successes, but has also resulted in three cases of leukaemia caused by insertional mutagenesis, which has focused attention on the molecular determinants of retroviral-integration target-site selection. Here, we review retroviral DNA integration, with emphasis on recent genome-wide studies of targeting and on the status of efforts to modulate target-site selection.
The technology of effective crisis management: More than the daily routine

Abstract This multi-method field study explored the technology of effective crisis management. Using data generated from interviews, surveys, and archives, 65 categories of crisis management technologies were examined. The results showed that the technology of effective crisis management involves both human and technical elements, and it appears to require a different set of technology from managing an organization under routine conditions. In addition, perceived crisis management capacity and financial performance were not related in this sample of organizations.
Growth behavior of GaSb by metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy

Abstract The growth mechanisms of GaSb in a metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) system were studied for both trimethyl gallium (TMG)/trimethyl antimony (TMSb) and triethyl gallium (TEG)/TMSb growth chemistries. The effect of growth temperature and precursor mole fractions on GaSb growth rate was determined experimentally. Numerical analysis of the reactor and growth process was described in a combined chemical–thermal–fluid flow model. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type mechanism involving a surface reaction between adsorbed monomethyl gallium (MMG) and adsorbed monomethyl antimony (MMSb) or adsorbed Ga and adsorbed MMSb was proposed for the growth of GaSb by MOVPE using TMG or TEG and TMSb chemistries, respectively. The chemical model for TMG/TMSb chemistry included bounds on the surface chemistry derived for the range of V/III precursor ratio which were observed to lead to a second phase, i.e., elemental Ga or Sb, formation. Two growth regimes were observed for TMG/TMSb chemistry: above 575 °C the growth rate was mass transfer controlled whereas for lower temperatures it is kinetically limited. No such temperature dependence has been found for the TEG/TMSb chemistry over all experimental employed ranges of growth parameters.
Equilibrium Party Government

In this article, I present an equilibrium model of party government within a two-party legislature. The theory is predicated upon members of the majority party having potentially conflicting individual and collective interests. In response to this potential conflict, the members of the majority party endogenously choose a degree of control to grant to their leadership. The equilibrium level of party strength is decreasing in the size of the majority party and increasing in the strength of opposition among members of the minority party. The theory implies that the average performance of W-Nominate estimates of majority party members' ideal points will be a decreasing function of the size of the majority party while the performance of these estimates for members of the minority party will not be affected by the size of the majority party. Using data from the U.S. House and Senate between 1866 and 2004, the theory's predictions are largely consistent with roll-call voting in both chambers.
A Cross-Stack Predictive Control Framework for Multimedia Applications

We demonstrate a novel cross-stack control theoretic approach in designing a predictive controller that can automatically track changes in the multimedia workload to maintain a desired metric of application quality while minimizing power consumption.
Nutrient media for plant parasitic nematodes. V. Amino acid nutrition of Aphelenchoides rutgersi

Abstract Nutrition of axenically cultured A. Rutgersi was investigated by deletion and addition of various levels of essential amino acids. Reproduction was lacking when isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, histidine, tryptophan, and lysine were individually deleted from M-10. Normal reproduction was observed over a range of concentrations but declined to nothing at still higher concentrations of tryptophan and histidine. On the basis of these tests and analyses of both the nematode and host tissue, M-12 was devised and tested. The amino acid group of M-12 contained 7 fewer amino acids and concentrations of another 15 amino acids were adjusted; but no significant differences in reproduction occurred.
Malic dehydrogenase activity in the preimplantation mouse embryo

Abstract The activity of malic dehydrogenase in the preimplantation mouse embryo increases from 2.90 to 4.51 × 10 −2 moles of NAD reduced/hr/g of protein between ovulation and implantation. These activities are within the range of activities reported for adult mouse tissues.
String junctions and bound states of intersecting branes

We study four-dimensional black hole configurations which result from wrapping M5-branes on a Calabi-Yau manifold, as well as {ital U}-dual realizations. Our aim is to understand the microscopic degrees of freedom responsible for the existence of bound states of multiple branes. The details depend on the chosen {ital U} frame; in some cases, they are massless string junctions. We also identify a perturbative description in which these states correspond to twisted strings of intersecting D3-branes at an orbifold singularity. In each case, these are the preponderant states of the spacetime infrared conformal field theory and account for the entropy of the black hole. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Infants' responsiveness to static-monocular depth information : a recovery from habituation approach

Abstract Yonas and his colleagues have found that 7-month-old infants are sensitive to static-monocular depth information for the location of objects, but 5-month-olds are not. In previous studies, infants were presented with displays that created the illusion that one of two objects was closer or one side of an object was closer, and infants' reaching to the display was recorded. The present study assessed infants' sensitivity to static-monocular depth information using looking time as the dependent measure. Using a habituation-of-looking paradigm, 5- and 7-month-old infants were tested for sensitivity to the depth cues of angle and linear perspective, shading, and relative size. Results suggest that this habituation procedure is useful for assessing 7-month-olds' but not 5-month-olds' static-monocular depth sensitivity.
The role of neurotransmitters in stress-induced antinociception (SIA).

Abstract The role of the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in stress-induced antinociception (SIA) was examined by altering neurochemical tone with appropriate pharmacological tools. Quipazine (15.0 mg/kg, IP) a serotonin agonist, increased the peak and duration of antinociception following stress and BC-105 (3.0 mg/kg, IP), a serotonin antagonist, blocked the increase of tail-flick latency following stress. Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg, SC) an α2 agonist, markedly decreased SIA whereas phenoxybenzamine (2.5 mg/kg, IP), an α1 antagonist, increased the peak and duration of SIA. When dopaminergic tone was increased with apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg, SC) the increase of tail-flick latency after stress was markedly attenuated whereas blockage of dopamine receptors with haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg, IP) increased the peak and duration of SIA. Alterations of serotonergic, but not noradrenergic or dopaminergic, tone had similar effects on increased latency in tail-flick test produced by brain stimulation produced analgesia (SPA), morphine and SIA. These data support the hypothesis that alterations in tail-flick latency involves a serotonergic system.
Bloom: A stochastic growth-based fast method of community detection in networks

Abstract Networks are characterized by a variety of topological features and dynamics. Classifying nodes into communities, community structure, is important when exploring networks. This paper explores the community detection metric called modularity. The theoretical definitions of modularity are connected with intuitive insights into the compositions of communities. Local modularity costs/benefits are explored and an efficient stochastic algorithm, Bloom, is introduced, based on growing communities using local improvement measures. Three extensions of Bloom are presented that build upon the basic version. A numerical analysis compares Bloom with the popular fast-greedy algorithm and demonstrates the successful performance of the three modifications of Bloom.
How Molecules Turn into Solids: the Case of Self-Assembled Metal−Organic Frameworks

This perspective proposes a rational and intuitive mechanism for the formation of metal−organic framework compounds (MOF). As soon as a metal salt is dissolved in water or a nonaqueous solvent, a soluble metal complex is formed. Knowing how this complex organizes with the organic groups in the medium of the solvent is crucial to understanding the transformation of these molecules into the final solid through hydrolysis and condensation. Condensation is strongly believed to occur when point zero charge molecules (pzc) are formed at the isoelectric point. Several examples from the literature are readily explained using this mechanism.
Dynamic response of polyurea subjected to nanosecond rise-time stress waves

Shaped charges and explosively formed projectiles used in modern warfare can attain speeds as high as 30,000 ft/s. Impacts from these threats are expected to load the armor materials in the 10 to 100 ns timeframe. During this time, the material strains are quite limited but the strain rates are extremely high. To develop armors against such threats it is imperative to understand the dynamic constitutive behavior of materials in the tens of nanoseconds timeframe. Material behavior in this parameter space cannot be obtained by even the most sophisticated plate-impact and split-Hopkinson bar setups that exist within the high energy materials field today. This paper introduces an apparatus and a test method that are based on laser-generated stress waves to obtain such material behaviors. Although applicable to any material system, the test procedures are demonstrated on polyurea which shows unusual dynamic properties. Thin polyurea layers were deformed using laser-generated stress waves with 1–2 ns rise times and 16 ns total duration. The total strain in the samples was less than 3%. Because of the transient nature of the stress wave, the strain rate varied throughout the deformation history of the sample. A peak value of 1.1×105 s−1 was calculated. It was found that the stress-strain characteristics, determined from experimentally recorded incident and transmitted wave profiles, matched satisfactorily with those computed from a 2D wave mechanics simulation in which the polyurea was modeled as a linearly viscoelastic solid with constants derived from the quasi-static experiments. Thus, the test data conformed to the Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) principle even at extremely high strain rates of our test. This then extends the previous observations of Zhao et al. (Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 11:289–308, 2007) who showed the applicability of the TTS principle for polyurea in the linearly viscoelastic regime up to peak strain rates of 1200 s−1.
Effect of the decision-making process in the family on HPV vaccination rates among adolescents 9–17 years of age

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among adolescents aged 9-17 years and the decision-making process used by families in determining whether to vaccinate their children against HPV. A cross-sectional sample of women with at least one child aged 9-17 years (n = 1256) was recruited from 3 reproductive health clinics in Southeast Texas during 2011-2013. Self-administered survey included questions about the HPV vaccination decision-making process, HPV vaccine uptake (initiation and 3-dose series completion), and demographics. Among mothers with at least one 9 to 17-year-old daughter (n = 783), 40% independently decided whether or not to vaccinate their daughter against HPV, 22% involved their husbands/partners, and 31% their daughters. Only 7% of respondents reported other formats in the decision-making (husband/partner alone or daughter alone). Similarly, for women with at least one eligible son (n = 759), 39% decided alone, 30% with their husbands/partners, 24% with their sons, and 7% reported other formats. Among mothers with a daughter, those who made the decision independently were more likely to report that their daughters had initiated the HPV vaccine series (30%) compared with women who included their husbands/partners (10%) or daughters (20%) in the decision process or stated other types (18%) of decision making (P < 0.001). The respective figures for the completion of the entire series among daughters were 16%, 6%, 11%, and 11% (P = 0.012). Among mothers with a son, a similar scenario was observed for vaccine initiation (17%, 4%, 10%, and 0%, respectively) (P < 0.001) and completion (7%, 1%, 4%, and 0%, respectively) (P = 0.003). These associations remained significant after adjusting for confounder variables. Awareness programs to increase HPV vaccine uptake should include both parents and children, as all have an important role in deciding whether or not children will be vaccinated.
Solid Modeling of Crew Exploration Vehicle Structure Concepts for Mass Optimization

Parametric solid and surface models of the crew exploration vehicle (CEV) command module (CM) structure concepts are developed for rapid finite element analyses, structural sizing and estimation of optimal structural mass. The effects of the structural configuration and critical design parameters on the stress distribution are visualized, examined to arrive at an efficient design. The CM structural components consisted of the outer heat shield, inner pressurized crew cabin, ring bulkhead and spars. For this study only the internal cabin pressure load case is considered. Component stress, deflection, margins of safety and mass are used as design goodness criteria. The design scenario is explored by changing the component thickness parameters and materials until an acceptable design is achieved. Aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and an advanced composite material properties are considered for the stress analysis and the results are compared as a part of lessons learned and to build up a structural component sizing knowledge base for the future CEV technology support. This independent structural analysis and the design scenario based optimization process may also facilitate better CM structural definition and rapid prototyping.
Antitumor Agents XLI: Effects of Eupaformosanin on Nucleic Acid, Protein, and Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolytic Metabolism of Ehrlich Ascites Cells

The major effect of eupaformosanin as an antineoplastic agent on Ehrlich ascites cell metabolism was to inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, specifically at deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and thymidylate synthetase enzymatic sites. Both pyrimidine and purine systems of Ehrlich ascites were marginally inhibited. Ribonucleic acid synthesis and messenger and ribosomal polymerase activities also were suppressed. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were increased significantly, which correlated with the drastic reduction of histone phosphorylation. Eupaformosanin also suppressed a number of glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes as well as oxidative phosphorylation in vitro. All of the inhibited enzymes are known thiol-bearing enzymes that can undergo a Michael-type addition with the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety of eupaformosanin, as shown with other sesquiterpene lactones.
A grating/crystal monochromator for the spectral range 5 eV to 5 keV

Abstract An ultrahigh vacuum scanning monochromator using gratings and crystals for the unusually large spectral range of roughly 5 eV to 5 keV has been designed for installation at the X-ray storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The electron beam at the tangent point of the storage ring is imaged at unit magnification on an exit slit by means of fixed paraboloidal collimating and focusing mirrors illuminated at a small glancing angle. Two dispersing elements, located in the approximately parallel radiation beam between the mirrors, are simultaneously translated and rotated such that the direction of the beam emerging from the monochromator is fixed. When blazed gratings are used, the scanning motion maintains them always at the blaze condition, thus ensuring maximum efficiency. In the double-grating mode, a resolving power of 2000 over the entire range is indicated by ray tracing. When using a pair of crystals, one has a conventional double crystal monochromator. In the resulting instrument design, all motions are fed into the ultrahigh vacuum system via linear translation through opposing bellows, using computer-driven stepper motors and air bearings for the main supports. The rotational motion is coupled from a translational feedthrough via a metal tape drive. Translations and rotations are independent and encoded interferometrically.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. 14α-ethyl-5α-cholest-7-ene-3β,15α-diol induces changes in the sterol composition and the morphology of CHO-K1 cells

Summary Incubation of CHO-K1 cells in lipid-deficient medium containing 14α-ethyl-5α-cholest-7-ene-3α,15α-diol (0.1 μM) for 4 days was associated with a profound change in cellular sterol composition as reflected by a marked accumulation of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. A striking elongation of the cells was also observed. Incubation of CHO-K1 cells in lipid-deficient medium containing lanosterol (10 μM) also caused a significant accumulation of lanosterol which was also associated with a marked elongation of the cells.
Phase models with explicit time delays

Studying weakly connected oscillators leads to phase models. It has been proven recently that weakly connected oscillators with delayed interactions do not lead to phase models with time delays even when the delay is of the same order of magnitude as the period of oscillation. This has resulted in a fading interest in such models. We prove here that if the interaction delay between weakly connected oscillators is much longer than the period of oscillation, then the corresponding phase model does have an explicit time delay.
Computer-aided heuristic analysis of fluid models

A new kind of symbolic program to aid the heuristic simplification of fluid models is presented. The program, AOM, employs order of magnitude analysis and method of dominant balance to generate simplified models. It has two novel features: (1) it uses heuristic techniques to decide what equations to solve and what algebra to do, and (2) it explains its deduction steps. The basic operation of AOM consists of five steps: (1) assign order of magnitude estimates to terms in the equations, (2) find maximal terms of each equation, i.e., terms that are not dominated by any other terms in the same equation, (3) consider all possible n-term dominant balance assumptions, (4) propagate the effects of the balance assumptions, and (5) remove partial models based on inconsistent balance assumptions. AOM also exploits constraints among equations and submodels to simplify complicated fluid models such as the triple-deck equations. Three annotated examples are presented to explain the operations of AOM. The implications for the development of computer-aided analysis programs for fluid dynamics and education are discussed.
Treatment Of Missing Data At The Second Level Of Hierarchical Linear Models

The problem of missing data at the second level of a two-level hierarchical data structure was investigated. Using data generated to simulate the 1982 High School and Beyond data set, five missing ...
Evidence for changes in beta- and gamma-actin proportions during inner ear hair cell life

Cytoplasmic actin isoforms beta (β-) and gamma (γ-) perform crucial physiological roles in inner ear hair cells (HC). The stereocilium, which is structured by parallel actin filaments composed of both isoforms, is the responsive organelle to mechanical stimuli such as sound, gravity and head movements. Modifications in isoform proportions affect the function of the stereocilia as previously shown in genetic studies of mutant mice. Here, immunogold labeling TEM studies in mice showed that both β- and γ-actin isoforms colocalize throughout stereocilia actin filaments, adherens junctions and cuticular plates as early as embryonic stage 16.5. Gold-particle quantification indicated that there was 40% more γ- actin than β-actin at E16.5. In contrast, β- and γ-actin were equally concentrated in adult stereocilia of cochlear and vestibular HC. Interestingly, all actin-based structures presented almost five-fold more β-actin than γ-actin in 22 month- old mice, suggesting that γ-actin is probably under-expressed during the aging process. These data provide evidence of dynamic modifications of the actin isoforms in stereocilia, cuticular plates and cell junctions during the whole HC life.
Re‐reading Castells: Indifference or Irrelevance Twenty Years On?

This essay considers the relevance of The City and the Grassroots to contemporary debates within critical urban analysis. It argues that the book addresses many of the same empirical topics as more recent scholarship, but that shifts in the kinds of questions asked about those topics may make the book seem less relevant to contemporary debates. In particular, Castells’ attempt to abstract from local experience to understand the process of political and social change in something specifically ‘urban’ may be at odds with the goals of contemporary research and of researchers outside Europe, many of whom attempt to provide a differentiated analysis attuned to context and the positionality of agents within social movements. So, while the book makes important contributions to theoretical and empirical arguments because of its deep and rich comparative analysis, intellectual debates and approaches over the past 20 years may have shifted focus.
Disorder-dependent superconducting phase diagram at high magnetic fields in Fe 1 + y Se x Te 1 − x ( x ∼ 0.4 )

We compare the superconducting phase-diagram under high magnetic fields (up to $H=45$ T) of Fe${}_{1+y}$Se${}_{0.4}$Te${}_{0.6}$ single crystals originally grown by the Bridgman-Stockbarger (BRST) technique, which were annealed to display narrow superconducting transitions and the optimal transition temperature ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}14$ K, with the diagram for samples of similar stoichiometry grown by the traveling-solvent floating-zone technique as well as with the phase diagram reported for crystals grown by a self-flux method. We find that the so-annealed samples tend to display higher ratios ${H}_{c2}/{T}_{c}$, particularly for fields applied along the interplanar direction, where the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}(T)$ exhibits a pronounced concave down curvature followed by saturation at lower temperatures $T$. This last observation is consistent with previous studies indicating that this system is Pauli limited. An analysis of our ${H}_{c2}(T)$ data using a multiband theory suggests the emergence of the Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchnikov state at low temperatures. A detailed structural x-ray analysis, reveals no impurity phases but an appreciable degree of mosaicity in as-grown BRST single crystals that remains unaffected by the annealing process. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed that the annealed samples have a more homogeneous stoichiometric distribution of both Fe and Se with virtually the same content of interstitial Fe as the nonannealed ones. Thus we conclude that the excess of Fe, in contrast to structural disorder, contributes to the decrease of the superconducting upper-critical fields of this series. Finally, a scaling analysis of the fluctuation conductivity in the superconducting critical regime, suggests that the superconducting fluctuations have a two-dimensional character in this system.
Spectroscopic observations of surface flashover across an insulator in vacuum under pulsed excitation

Spectroscopic investigations of surface flashover of insulators are performed with materials such as alumina and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) in vacuum under the application of a high-voltage pulse. The spectra of emitted light from the flashover plasma reveal the roles played by the background gases in the system (H atomic line and N/sub 2/ molecular band), desorbed gases such as CO from the insulator, material defects (AlO molecular bands), and excited species of the electrode material (as seen from the atomic lines Al I, Al II, and Al III). In contrast, the spectra of the preflashover phenomenon shows only the AlO bands and a weak molecular CO band. This observation suggest that not only desorbed gases, but also material defects from the specimen insulator, can be a dominant cause for the initiation of the surface flashover plasma in vacuum. >
A control system for oxygen therapy of premature infants

A control system is proposed for oxygen therapy of premature infants. The control software consists of a stepwise as well as a PID control algorithm to provide fast and efficient response to changes in arterial oxygen saturation of the infant detected by pulse oximetry. The control system is tested by using a simulation model of the infant's respiratory system. The simulation results at different levels of hypoxia are evaluated and the robustness of the controller is assessed.
Motif, Type and Genre: A Manual for Compilation of Indices and A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Heda Jason Year: 2000 Pages: 279 Publisher: Academia Scientiarum Fennica/Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
Time-Resolved Light-Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Current Measurements from Pulsed-Laser-Evaporated Cadmium Plumes

We have investigated the pulsed laser evaporation of elemental Cd targets, with the aim of understanding the velocity distributions in the plumes and the changes which occur under moderate electrical bias. We report detailed kinetic energy distributions of the species in the laser evaporated plumes. In these experiments, frequency doubled, Q-switched pulses of a Nd: YAG laser were used at a 10 Hz repetition rate to generate the plumes. The velocity distributions of individual atomic species were determined by time-of-flight (TOF) light emission spectroscopy, while the time resolved ion/atom currents were measured with a collector above the target. We have simultaneously measured the dependence of the time resolved optical and electrical signals on the electrical bias applied between target and collector. We find that the typical kinetic energies in the plume are on the order of 10–200 eV, while the ionized species travel two to three times faster than the neutral particles. These results provide fundamental information about the physics of the pulsed laser evaporation process, and subsequent evolution of the plume.
Theory for rates, equilibrium constants, and Brønsted slopes in F1-ATPase single molecule imaging experiments.

A theoretical model of elastically coupled reactions is proposed for single molecule imaging and rotor manipulation experiments on F1-ATPase. Stalling experiments are considered in which rates of individual ligand binding, ligand release, and chemical reaction steps have an exponential dependence on rotor angle. These data are treated in terms of the effect of thermodynamic driving forces on reaction rates, and lead to equations relating rate constants and free energies to the stalling angle. These relations, in turn, are modeled using a formalism originally developed to treat electron and other transfer reactions. During stalling the free energy profile of the enzymatic steps is altered by a work term due to elastic structural twisting. Using biochemical and single molecule data, the dependence of the rate constant and equilibrium constant on the stall angle, as well as the Bornsted slope are predicted and compared with experiment. Reasonable agreement is found with stalling experiments for ATP and GTP binding. The model can be applied to other torque-generating steps of reversible ligand binding, such as ADP and Pi release, when sufficient data become available.
CONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT OF ABSTINENCE WITH INDIVIDUALS ABUSING COCAINE AND MARIJUANA

Two males diagnosed with cocaine dependence received a behavioral intervention comprised of contingency management and the community reinforcement approach. During the initial phase of treatment, reinforcement was delivered contingent on submitting cocaine-free urine specimens. The community reinforcement approach involved two behavior therapy sessions each week. Almost complete cocaine abstinence was achieved, but regular marijuana use continued. During a second phase, reinforcement magnitude was reduced, but remained contingent on submitting cocaine-free specimens. Behavior therapy was reduced to once per week. Cocaine abstinence and regular marijuana use continued. Next, reinforcement was delivered contingent on submitting cocaine- and marijuana-free specimens. This modified contingency resulted in an abrupt increase in marijuana abstinence and maintenance of cocaine abstinence. One- and 5-month follow-ups indicated that cocaine abstinence continued, but marijuana smoking resumed. These results indicate that the behavioral intervention was efficacious in achieving abstinence from cocaine and marijuana; maintenance, however, was achieved for cocaine only.
The Day-to-Day Functioning of Close versus Casual Friendships

Sixty five undergraduates maintained daily records of their interactions with two same-sexed target friends (one casual friend and one close friend) for a one week period. Data concerned structural (e.g. time, location, initiator) and functional (e.g. degree to which various costs and benefits were experienced, perceived effect of the interaction) aspects of the interactions. Compared to casual friends, close friends were found to interact more frequently, to interact across a greater range of settings and to describe their interactions as being more exclusive and providing more benefits (particularly emotional and informational support). Social exchange dynamics were found to vary for casual versus close friendships. Most strikingly, costs appeared to be weighted more heavily when interacting with casual friends than with close friends. However, for both close and casual dyads, the amount of fun and relaxation experienced with one's friend was the variable most correlated with evaluations of friendship p...
Quantification of the Impact of Nauru Island on ARM Measurements

AbstractNauru Island at times generates low clouds that impact low-level cloud statistics and downwelling shortwave radiation measurements made at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site. This study uses five years of Nauru data to quantify the island impact on the site measurements. The results indicate that the solar-heating-produced Nauru island effect occurs about 11% of the time during daylight hours. The island effect increases the 500–1000-m cloud base occurrence by 15%–20% when clouds occur, but because the island effect only occurs 11% of the time the overall increase in daylight low-cloud statistics is 2%, or 1% for 24-h statistics. In a similar way, the island effect produces a reduction of about 17% in the downwelling shortwave (SW) radiation across the daylight hours during the 11% of the time it occurs, an overall 2% daylight (or 1% for 24 h) average reduction. The island effect produces frequent positive downwelling SW cloud effects, in particular during the morning, which ...
General Concepts About Stem Cells as Potential Therapeutic Agents

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define stem cells. 2. Describe the two classes of stem cells. 3. Delineate the method for isolating human embryonic stem cells. 4. Define therapeutic cloning. 5. Describe the potential role for embryonic stem cells in treating diabetes mellitus. Stem cells display the ability to self-renew (to divide and give rise to other stem cells) and to produce offspring that mature along distinct differentiation pathways to form cells that have specialized functions. In vertebrates, stem cells classically have been divided into two groups: embryonic stem (ES) cells and somatic or adult stem cells. ES cells are derived from cells in preimplantation blastocysts. Adult stem cells represent the self-renewing populations residing in many tissues and organs, including bone marrow, brain, retina, skin, intestine, liver, kidney, and pancreas. ES cells initially were isolated from cultured murine blastocysts, and the murine system continues to be the most amenable for ES cell line isolation. In the murine system, ES cells display the potential to repopulate (to some extent) all tissues of the embryo, including germ cells. Because adult stem cell populations potentially can be derived from these formed tissues and organs, adult stem cells by definition can be derived from ES cells. No evidence has yet been presented that adult stem cells can give rise to ES cells, although one population of adult stem cells—multipotent adult progenitor cells—display features strikingly similar to ES cells. The fertilized oocyte (zygote) is the “mother” of all stem cells. All the potential for forming all cells and tissues of the body, including the placenta and extraembryonic membranes, are derived from this cell. Thus, the zygote is a totipotent cell. The first few cleavage stage divisions produce blastomere cells that retain totipotent potential. However, by the 64-cell stage of mouse development, the cells begin to …
Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War

Most contemporary civil wars are now recurrences of earlier civil wars. In contrast to classic theories of grievance and opportunity, this article advances a theory of civil war recurrence that highlights the critical role political and legal institutions play in constraining elites in post–civil war states. Such constraints serve as a check on executive power, help incumbent elites credibly commit to political reform, and create a situation where rebels need not maintain militias as a supplementary mechanism to hold political elites in line. All of this reduces the odds of repeat civil war. Using a statistical analysis of post-conflict years, this article demonstrates that strong political institutions are not only significantly and negatively related to repeat civil war but are the primary determinants of whether countries get caught in the conflict trap.