cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with delayed evaluation of patients with potential stroke in US EDs.

Abstract Background The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines recommend all patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with a potential stroke be seen within 10 minutes of arrival, although this may not be achieved in all patients. We sought to identify factors associated with delayed evaluation of ED patients with potential stroke. Methods Using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, we identified all patient ED visits from 2003 to 2010 and further identified those patients with strokes or stroke-like symptoms using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes. Visits were classified as those evaluated within 10 minutes of ED arrival or those where evaluation by the treating provider was 10 minutes or greater (delayed evaluation). We stratified visits, compared proportions, and calculated the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in a multivariable model. Results We identified 743 cases in the database representing an estimated 2.3 million ED visits for patients with strokes. Of these, 600000 were seen within 10 minutes and 1.7 million visits with delayed evaluation. Visits at nonmetropolitan statistical area hospitals were associated with decreased odds of delayed evaluation (OR, 0.41 [95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.64]; P p Conclusion In this national sample of patients presenting with strokes to US EDs, patient visits to metropolitan statistical area hospitals and those triaged to less urgent categories were associated with delayed evaluation.
Diffusion of new technology and payment policies: coronary stents.

Medicare payment is often cited as a major driver of medical technology diffusion. Stakeholders claimed that beneficiaries would be denied access to stents because Medicare payment did not initially cover the cost of stents. Nevertheless, stents diffused rapidly, including to untested indications. Outcomes with stents improved over time, primarily because of a fundamental property of technology diffusion termed “reinvention,” in which new technology is modified by users. The traditional system of regulatory approval and reimbursement does not account for this dynamic process. There has been no incentive for systematic collection of data to determine which modifications are most beneficial.
Elevated TGF-β2 signaling in dentin results in sex related enamel defects

Abstract Initiation of enamel formation requires reciprocal signaling between epithelially and mesenchymally derived cells. Objective In this study, we used a transgenic mouse model which drives overexpression of an activated form of TGF-β2 under control of the osteocalcin promoter, to investigate the role of TGF-β2 in the dental mesenchyme, on enamel formation. Design Dentin and enamel were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dentin mechanical properties were characterized for hardness and elasticity, following nanoindentation with a modified AFM. Pores found in enamel were quantified and compared using image analysis software (Scion Image™). Results The elastic modulus of dentin was significantly reduced in the male TGF-β2 overexpressor mice as compared to male wildtype mice, with no significant differences between female mice. Similarly, there were significantly more pores in enamel of the male transgenic mice as compared to male wildtype mice, with no significant differences between female mice. In situ hybridization of the continuously erupting incisor confirmed that osteocalcin expression was limited to the odontoblast cell layer at all stages of tooth formation. Conclusion TGF-β2 overexpression in the dentin matrix, results in sex-linked differences in dentin and enamel formation.
Public Opinion on U.S. Federal and Intergovernmental Issues in 2006: Continuity and Change

A 2006 trend survey found that Americans most often select local government as giving them the most for their money, followed by the federal and state governments. African Americans are most supportive of the federal government as giving them the most for their money; Hispanics are most supportive of local government. As in many previous years, the local property tax was viewed as the worst tax, followed by the federal income tax, state sales tax, and state income tax. Americans displayed reduced trust and confidence in the federal government; however, trust in all three spheres of government--federal, state, and local--dropped between 2004 and 2006, possibly reflective of the poor response of all governments to Hurricane Katrina. Analysis of surveys since 1972 reveals that there has been a long-term decline in the public's support for the federal government and a corresponding increase in support of state and especially local governments. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Reconstructing biological networks using conditional correlation analysis

Motivation: One of the present challenges in biological research is the organization of the data originating from high-throughput technologies. One way in which this information can be organized is in the form of networks of influences, physical or statistical, between cellular components. We propose an experimental method for probing biological networks, analyzing the resulting data and reconstructing the network architecture. Methods: We use networks of known topology consisting of nodes (genes), directed edges (gene--gene interactions) and a dynamics for the genes' mRNA concentrations in terms of the gene--gene interactions. We proposed a network reconstruction algorithm based on the conditional correlation of the mRNA equilibrium concentration between two genes given that one of them was knocked down. Using simulated gene expression data on networks of known connectivity, we investigated how the reconstruction error is affected by noise, network topology, size, sparseness and dynamic parameters. Results: Errors arise from correlation between nodes connected through intermediate nodes (false positives) and when the correlation between two directly connected nodes is obscured by noise, non-linearity or multiple inputs to the target node (false negatives). Two critical components of the method are as follows: (1) the choice of an optimal correlation threshold for predicting connections and (2) the reduction of errors arising from indirect connections (for which a novel algorithm is proposed). With these improvements, we can reconstruct networks with the topology of the transcriptional regulatory network in Escherichia coli with a reasonably low error rate. Contact: gustavo@us.ibm.com Supplementary information: Available from our website: www.research.ibm.com/FunGen
Reduced efficacy of anthelmintics in young compared with adult horses

Summary Studies on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in Ohio from 1982 to 1988 demonstrated the value of three anthelmintic pastes (ivermectin, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate) in controlling benzimidazole resistant cyathostomes (small strongyles) in adult horses. However, a comparison of drug efficacy in suppressing faecal egg counts for the full period between treatments showed a significant reduction in efficacy of all drugs in yearling horses compared with adults. Mean faecal egg counts of adult horses were generally kept below 100 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces when using oxibendazole or pyrantel pamoate at four to five week intervals and ivermectin at eight week intervals. By contrast, mean counts of young horses rose as high as 655 epg (oxibendazole), 729 epg (pyrantel pamoate) and 852 epg (ivermectin) within the same time period after treatment. Individual counts of treated yearlings sometimes exceeded 3,000 epg. Three distinct mechanisms appeared to be involved in the poor results in young horses. These were 1) anthelmintic refuge, 2) anthelmintic resistance, and 3) anthelmintic avoidance.
Angular embedding: From jarring intensity differences to perceived luminance

Our goal is to turn an intensity image into its perceived luminance without parsing it into depths, surfaces, or scene illuminations. We start with jarring intensity differences at two scales mixed according to edges, identified by a pixel-centric edge detector. We propose angular embedding as a more robust, efficient, and versatile alternative to LS, LLE, and NCUTS for obtaining a global brightness ordering from local differences. Our model explains a variety of brightness illusions with a single algorithm. Brightness of a pixel can be understood locally as its intensity deviating in the gradient direction and globally as finding its rank relative to others, particularly the lightest and darkest ones.
EVALUATION OF RESPONSE BLOCKING AND RE-PRESENTATION IN A COMPETING STIMULUS ASSESSMENT

Competing stimulus assessments (CSA) have been used to identify stimuli that are associated with reduced levels of problem behavior, presumably as a function of reinforcer competition. Following a standard CSA in which stimuli simply were made available, 2 more CSAs were conducted with additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition: re-presentation of stimuli and response blocking for self-injury. The results obtained from each CSA were validated in an extended treatment analysis. The study illustrates how the effects of additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition can be evaluated efficiently in the context of a CSA.
Association between patterns of maternal substance use and infant birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Objective. To determine the effects of patterns of drug use during term pregnancy on infant growth parameters at birth. Methods. Histories of cocaine, opiate, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use during the 3-month period before pregnancy and the 3 trimesters of pregnancy were recorded at the infants’ 1-month visit. Patterns of use were categorized as consistently high, moderate, or low/none or increasing/decreasing, and effects on growth parameters were analyzed in multivariate linear regression analyses, with adjustment for clinical site, maternal age, prepregnancy weight, multidrug use, and socioeconomic status. Results. A total of 241 cocaine-exposed women and 410 non–cocaine-exposed women participated in the study. In the cocaine-exposed group, 75% used alcohol, 90% used tobacco, and 53% used marijuana; in the non–cocaine-exposed group, 57% used alcohol, 34% used tobacco, and 19% used marijuana. Birth weight, birth length, and head circumference were significantly greater among infants born to women who used no drugs, compared with women with any cocaine, opiate, alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana use, and were greater among infants born to cocaine nonusers, compared with cocaine users. With adjustment for confounders, birth weight was significantly affected by cocaine (deficit of 250 g with consistently low pattern) and tobacco (deficits of 232 g with consistently high pattern, 173 g with consistently moderate pattern, 153 g with decreasing pattern, and 103 g with consistently low pattern). Head size was affected by cocaine (deficit of 0.98 cm with consistently moderate pattern) and tobacco (deficits of 0.72 cm with consistently high pattern and 0.89 cm with consistently moderate pattern). Birth length was affected by tobacco use only (deficits of 0.82 cm with consistently high pattern and 0.98 cm with decreasing use). Conclusion. Patterns of tobacco use during pregnancy affect birth weight, length, and head circumference, whereas cocaine affects birth weight and head size, when adjustments are made for confounders, including multidrug use.
Degradation Improves Tissue Formation in (Un)Loaded Chondrocyte-laden Hydrogels

Background Photopolymerizable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels offer a platform to deliver cells in vivo and support three-dimensional cell culture but should be designed to degrade in sync with neotissue development and endure the physiologic environment.
Dynamic performance prediction of an adaptive mesh application

While it is possible to accurately predict the execution time of a given iteration of an adaptive application, it is not generally possible to predict the data-dependent adaptive behavior the application will take and therefore to predict the total execution time for a given execution. To remedy this situation we have developed an executable performance model that can be utilized dynamically at runtime directly from the application of interest. In this manner, the application itself can rapidly predict the expected execution time for its next iteration based on current information on the data layout and level of adaptivity. This enables the application itself to determine: if an optimum level of performance is being achieved (i.e. by comparing measured and predicted times); when to perform a checkpoint (if the next iteration will exceed a predefined time limit between checkpoints); or when to terminate (if the next iteration will exceed the application's system time allocation for instance). The dynamic model is shown to have high accuracy over a number of test cases, even in the presence of interference (system activities that are not a part of application activities).
A revisionist history of American neurology

Neurology as a well organized and defined body of knowledge and a set of practices did not emerge at any precise time. Nor did it first come into being in any specific geographical context. Although many historians trace the intellectual history of neurology back to antiquity, it is noteworthy that the origins of the specialty in hospitals and universities can be located only in the mid-nineteenth century and afterwards, a fact that makes it difficult to identify the way neurological knowledge was systematically acquired before this period (McHenry, 1969; DeJong, 1982). Moreover, the inclusion of neurology as a discipline recognized within the medical profession in terms of autonomous hospital departments, university teaching and professional certification occurred only around the period of World War I (Magoun, 1975). Given these facts, it is surprising that whilst nineteenth-century neurology and earlier periods have received great historical scrutiny, historians have largely ignored the important inter-war and post-war periods (Dwyer, 2000). That is a circumstance now significantly adjusted by the publication of the two excellent works under consideration in this essay. Historians routinely associate the intellectual origins of American neurology with studies of wounded soldiers first conducted by Silas Weir Mitchell and William A. Hammond during the American Civil War. The work of these physicians and their contemporaries ushered in a period of heightened enthusiasm for studying ailments of the nervous system, especially among a small cadre of physicians working in the northeastern United States (Blustein, 1979). As these physicians began elaborating a set of practices that would trigger the local emergence of modern neurology throughout North America, a simultaneous convergence of social, economic and intellectual forces in the commercial and industrial milieu of the post-bellum United States made the formation of clinical specialties increasingly acceptable to the medical profession and the public. …
The design and implementation of a stereoscopic microdisplay television

The next frontier for high-definition television is stereoscopic displays that enhance the viewing experience. This paper proposes an innovative method of creating a high-quality stereoscopic display utilizing a spatial light modulator called a digital micro-mirror device and high-contrast shutter glasses.
Esterases of Micrococcus Species: Identification and Partial Characterization

Abstract Five different strains or species of micrococci were examined for intracellular esterase activity using various chromogenic ortho ( o )- and para ( p )-nitrophenyl derivatives of fatty acids as substrates. All strains possessed esterase activity, and p -nitrophenyl derivatives of fatty acids were hydrolyzed faster than o -nitrophenyl derivatives by all strains except Micrococcus caseolyticus ATCC 13548, which hydrolyzed o -nitrophenyl propionate faster than p -nitrophenyl propionate and both o - and p -nitrophenyl caprate at an equal rate. Active esterases in cell-free extracts were separated, identified, and their specificity toward various α - and β -naphthyl esters of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were determined by histochemical staining followed by PAGE. Preparations from all strains exhibited several active bands of esterases on gels, but there was no similarity in relative mobility values of esterases among the strains. The esterase in a crude cell-free extract of Micrococcus species ATCC 8459 was partially characterized using p -nitrophenyl acetate and butyrate as substrates. The esterase had optima at pH 8.0 and 40°C. Esterase activity was inhibited by several divalent metal ions; was strongly inhibited by eserine, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), and sodium fluoride; and was slightly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and sodium taurocholate. Enzyme activity was markedly inhibited by sodium chloride at pH 7.0 and was completely inhibited at pH 5.0. The activity also was strongly inhibited by reducing and oxidizing agents.
The electric condition of the lower atmosphere

Our knowledge regarding the electrical conditions of the lower atmosphere has increased so greatly during the last two decades that it is in order to take stock, as it were, of the atmospheric-electric data now available for investigational work. While potential-gradient records extending over a considerable number of years are available for various European stations, series of continuous observations from other parts of the globe are not only few in number but, in general, they extend over shorter periods and lack adequate control. Further, many large regions are represented solely by observations obtained at temporary field stations or in connection with special expeditions; such observations obviously serve to give only a general notion of the value of the gradient and are extremely inadequate in the matter of giving reliable indications of the daily and annual variations. Too frequently, however, the value of such data is still further diminished by the lack of adequate control observations for reducing the observational results to absolute values. Now that the general magnitude of the Earth's electric field is well known, there is less and less need for short series of uncontrolled variation observations and an ever-increasing need for extended series of well-controlled observations.
Dwell or Decenter? Rumination and Decentering Predict Working Memory Updating After Interpersonal Criticism

Rumination and mindful decentering are cognitive responses to emotional experiences. Rumination involves dwelling on negative thoughts, whereas decentering involves observing negative thoughts as temporary mental events. However, the question of how rumination or decentering shape the effects of emotional experiences on cognitive or behavioral functioning remains ambiguous. The present study investigated the relationships between trait rumination, trait decentering, and working memory following exposure to interpersonal criticism. Results showed that rumination and decentering were negatively correlated, and predicted opposing patterns of working memory updating. Individuals high in rumination were slower to update working memory after criticism, but individuals high in decentering were faster to respond to the same trials. Increases in decentering predicted better task performance even at high levels of rumination. These findings suggest that a ruminative response style may impede the ability to clear irrelevant information from working memory under negative emotional conditions, but mindful decentering protects this ability.
Estimation of dynamic load demand on a ground support scheme due to a large structurally controlled violent failure – a case study

In the future a larger proportion of underground mines will operate in deep, high stress environments where excavations may be exposed to very high loading demands. This case study has examined a violent structurally controlled failure occurring in a deep hardrock underground mine at a depth of 1055 metres below surface. On the basis of the damage observations the back analysis of this event concludes that the surface support system was ejected from the wall of the excavation with an initial velocity of 10.7 m s−1. Estimates of the mechanical demand imparted to the ground support scheme during failure were also calculated. These estimates carry several assumptions in order to simplify complex uncertainties concerning the loading mass of rock and transfer of kinetic energy between the rock and ground support. However, the demand may be conservatively assumed to be at least 150 kJ m−2. These results may reflect future mining conditions at great depth.
Temperature-Sensitive Mutations in the House Fly: The Characterization of Heat-Sensitive Recessive Lethal Factors on Autosome III

A genetic technique was employed to test for dominant and recessive heat-sensitive genetic factors on chromosome III of Musca domestica L. following treatment of house fly sperm with ethyl methanesulfonate. No dominant mutations were detected, but 10 recessive heat-sensitive mutants ( hs ) were recovered which survived when reared at 25±2°C but died when reared at 33±2°C. Lethal expression tests showed that 3 of the hs factors were expressed in the larval stage, while all remaining mutants caused death at various stages of pupal development. Temperature-sensitivity patterns established for each mutant indicated that little time elapsed between the temperature-sensitive period and the onset of death with any of the hs factors.
Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of the Polymer Interlayer Dielectrics

Low dielectric constant polymers are being investigated for application as interlayer dielectrics with copper as the metal in a multilevel interconnect scheme. Processing of such structures willrequire the use of chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) technologies for both the metal and the dielectric. Polymers are comparatively quite soft. They are not readily attacked by chemicals thus requiring more mechanical component dependency compared to the chemical component in the CMP. Polymers are thus prone to scratching during CMP which may lead to reliability problems both from materials and electrical points of view. In this presentation we will discuss the use of chemical engineering and chemistry principles to optimize the polishing process to minimize or eliminate the scratching and other mechanical damages. The role of CMP parameters such as velocity, pressure, particle size, viscosity, and chemistry will be discussed to elucidate the emerging “scratch-free”-CMP-concept.
A Study on the Relationship between 1000-Grain Weight and Yield in Hybrid Rice

To clarify the relationship between yield of F1 hybrids and 1000-grains weight of their parents,19 hybrid combinations and their parents were cultivated to investigate 1000-grains weight.The results showed that:the correlation between yield per plant and 1000-grains weight of F1 hybrids was positive to a significant extent;with the same male parent,yield of F1 hybrids was positively correlated with 1000-grains weight of the female parents at 5% significant level;the correlations between F1 hybrids and their male parents and female parents were positive at 1% significant level in 1000-grains weight.And the approaches to increasing yield of super hybrid rice were also discussed in this paper.
Novel gene expression mechanism in a fission yeast retroelement : Tf1 proteins are derived from a single primary translation product

In sharp contrast to the single ORF of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe retrotransposon Tf1, retroviruses and most retrotransposons employ two different ORFs to separately encode the Gag and Pol proteins. The different ORFs are thought to allow for overexpression of the Gag protein relative to Pol protein presumed necessary for the assembly of functional retrovirus particles and virus-like particles (VLPs). The results of in vivo experiments designed to detect the transposition of Tf1 show that Tf1 is indeed active and can insert itself into the host genome via a true retrotransposition process. Thus, a paradox emerged between the lack of any obvious means of overexpressing Tf1 Gag protein and the demonstrated functionality of the element. Epitope tagging experiments described here confirm that the Tf1 large ORF is intact and that there is no translational or transcriptional mechanism used to overexpress the Tf1 Gag protein. In addition, we used sucrose gradients and antisera specific for Tf1 capsid (CA) and integrase (IN) to show that the Tf1 proteins do assemble into uniform populations of macromolecular particles that also cosediment with Tf1 reverse transcription products. This evidence suggests that Tf1 proteins form VLPs without using the previously described mechanisms that retroviruses and retrotransposons require to overexpress Gag proteins.
Enterostomal Therapy in the Management of the Patient with Crohn’s Disease

The patient living with Crohn’s disease is likely at some time in the course of disease to undergo surgical management and in certain cases the surgical management will include the creation of a fecal diversion. Living with a stoma can be a daunting experience for the patient and to help them through the adjustment phase several important components need to be included in the plan of care. This chapter will cover the following issues that must be included in the ostomy patient’s care: thorough pre-operative patient education, stoma site marking, post-operative management, selection of the pouching system, post discharge follow-up, and the management of select peristomal and stoma complications: peristomal skin irritation, peristomal fistula, peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum, stoma stricture, and high output stoma.
Transsphenoidal Approaches: Microscopic

Shaped by the brilliant insight of individual surgeons and technological innovation, the microscopic transsphenoidal approach to the sellar and parasellar regions is a fascinating chronicle in surgical history whose evolution continues unabated. Indeed, although subtemporal, transfacial, and frontal transcranial routes were propounded at the turn of the 20th century, only the transsphenoidal route has endured as the preferred approach to the overwhelming majority of sellar and parasellar lesions.
Tiling and Mosaic Spacing of Dendrites

Dendrites exhibit a diverse array of complex but often stereotyped morphologies that influence the inputs a neuron can receive and how these inputs are processed. While dendrite morphology is a hallmark of neuronal type, with neurons of a given type elaborating type-specific dendrite arbors, certain organizing principles govern patterning and spacing of dendrite and axon arbors. In many cases, particularly in sensory systems, dendrites of same-type neurons are arranged in ordered mosaics. In some of these mosaics, neurites of a single functional class of neurons are arranged to allow complete and nonredundant representation of territory – a phenomenon referred to as tiling. Tiling dendrites (and axons) minimally overlap with dendrites of the same functional class, but freely overlap with dendrites of different neurons, therefore tiling dendrites must be able to recognize and avoid “self”-dendrites while coexisting with “nonself”-dendrites. Tiled mosaics have been observed in non-neuronal cells as well, suggesting that tiling is a general mechanism for cell spacing. Here I will provide an overview of the cellular mechanism of tiling in neurons, with a focus on studies in model systems that have provided information about signaling systems underlying the establishment and maintenance of tiled mosaics.
Donative Trusts and the United States Federal Arbitration Act

In the United States, every reported case grappling with the validity of an arbitration clause in a donative trust shares the assumption that state law governs. The same is true of the vast majority of scholarship on the topic. Conversely, this chapter in Arbitration of Internal Trust Disputes: Issues in National and International Law (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2016) argues that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) applies to some trust arbitration provisions. It then explores the consequences that flow from this conclusion.
ISQUA16-2483RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF A PERSONALIZED MULTI-CONDITION RISK ASSESSMENT IN PRIMARY CARE

Personalized risk assessment for chronic disease is an important component of clinical practice but is complicated by the need to evaluate multiple conditions. This randomized trial evaluated whether systematic collection of risk factors to generate a personalized health risk appraisal (HRA) for coronary heart disease, diabetes, breast and colorectal cancer was associated with improved patient-provider communication about disease risk, greater accuracy of patient self-perceived risk, and use of cancer screening. Pragmatic trial …
Management of Cancer in the Elderly

With the aging of the Western population, cancer in the older person is becoming increasingly common. After considering the relatively brief history of geriatric oncology, this article explores the causes and clinical implications of the association between cancer and aging. Age is a risk factor for cancer due to the duration of carcinogenesis, the vulnerability of aging tissues to environmental carcinogens, and other bodily changes that favor the development and the growth of cancer. Age may also influence cancer biology: Some tumors become more aggressive (ovarian cancer) and others, more indolent (breast cancer) with aging. Aging implies a reduced life expectancy and limited tolerance to stress. A comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) indicates which patients are more likely to benefit from cytotoxic treatment. Some physiologic changes (including reduced glomerular filtration rate, increased susceptibility to myelotoxicity, mucositis, and cardiac and neurotoxicity) are common in persons aged 65 years and older. The administration of chemotherapy to older cancer patients involves adjustment of the dose to renal function, prophylactic use of myelopoietic growth factors, maintenance of hemoglobin levels around 12 g/dL, and proper drug selection. Age is not a contraindication to cancer treatment: With appropriate caution, older individuals may benefit from cytotoxic chemotherapy to the same extent as the youngest patients.
Discrete Variational Theory

We begin this chapter by describing a simple fixed endpoint discrete variational problem. We initially consider fixed step sizes of length 1. However, in Section 4.7 we will let the step sizes be of variable length. Assume f(t, y, r) for each t in the discrete interval [a + 1, b + 2] is of class C 2 with respect to the components of the n dimensional vector variables y and r. We define a set of admissible functions by $$\mathcal{F} = \{ y:[a,b + 2] \to {{R}^{n}}:y(a) = \alpha ,\quad y(b + 2) = \beta \}$$ where α and β are given column n vectors.
Probability and Statistics

Environmental phenomena, and the methods by which these phenomena are measured, are characterized by variability and uncertainty. In developing environmental models, several sources of variability and uncertainty appear routinely and complicate both predictions and the decisions on which they are based: Variability of physical properties in space and/or time. Section 1.1 introduced the concept of an inhomogeneous field. In such fields, the field quantity varies across the space at some point in time. These same fields may evolve in time, and so there is variation in the field quantity for a particular point in space at different times. A full description of the environmental field requires characterizing this spatial inhomogeneity and temporal evolution. Variability of physical properties across a population. Two individuals exposed to the same state of the environment may have different states of health. This might, for example, be because of intersubject variability in breathing rates, body mass, etc. A full description of the risk from an environmental field requires characterization of this variation between individuals. Random sampling by a measurement method. Measurement methods provide completely reliably measures of field quantities only when performed over a very long period of time with a large number of samples. In practice, a finite, manageable, sample size must be taken. This leads to variation in measurements of a field quantity, even at a single point in space. This variation is not a property of the field itself (that component of variation is accounted for by the first bullet above), but rather of the measurement system.
Meeting the commander-in-waiting: Undecided voters and the 2016 vice-presidential debate

ABSTRACTThe vast majority of published communication scholarship regarding political campaign debates focuses on the actions of the presidential candidates. Considerably less research, by compariso...
The Preparation of Educational Interpreters for Rural Education Settings.

A need exists to prepare interpreters with specific skills to serve students who are deaf and hard of hearing in various educational settings. Specifically there is a need to prepare educational in...
Grenada and the Guianas: mainland connections and cultural resilience during the Caribbean Late Ceramic Age

In the Lesser Antilles, the Late Ceramic Age (AD 750–1500) witnessed widespread cultural differentiation and population fluctuation, often characterized as a time of introspection and decline. Usin...
The meaning of purchase: desire, demand and commerce of sex

Feminists and other scholars have debated theoretically what exactly is being purchased in the prostitution transaction and whether sex can be "a service like any other", but they have scarcely tackled these questions empirically. This article draws upon field observations of and interviews with male clients of commercial sex-workers and state agents entrusted with regulating them to probe the meanings given to different types of commercial sexual exchange. Manifested by client arrests and re-education, vehicle impoundment, stricter laws on underage prostitution and the possession of child pornography, recent state efforts to problematize male sexuality throughout the USA and Western Europe have been developed alongside an increasingly unbridled ethic of sexual consumption, as evidenced by soaring demand for pornography, strip clubs, lap-dancing, escorts, telephone sex and "sex tours" in developing countries. By situating commercial sexual exchange within the broader context of post-industrial transformations of culture and sexuality, we can begin to unravel this paradox.
Violent Radicalism: Bin Laden, 9/ 11, and ISIS

Before the recent atrocities committed by ISIS, there were the haunting events of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. On a day when nearly three thousand civilians were killed in the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, we learned that the perpetrators of the tragedy were Muslims who claimed to be acting in the name of Islam. What is more, televised images of some Muslims overseas rejoicing in the streets left indelible imprints in the minds of countless Westerners. Many were left to wonder how adherents of one of the world's largest religions could condone and even celebrate such barbarity and evil. English translations of the Qur'an quickly became bestsellers, and politicians and pundits throughout the world had much to say about the violent – or peaceful – nature of Islam. Occupying center stage in this global drama was the figure behind 9/11, Osama bin Laden.
On the state liveness of some classes of guidepath-based transport systems and its computational complexity

Abstract Guidepath-based transport systems is a pertinent abstraction for the traffic that is generated in many contemporary applications, ranging from industrial material handling and robotics, to computer game animations and the qubit transport systems employed in quantum computing. A particular problem that must be effectively addressed for the systematic operation of these systems, is the preservation of their “liveness”, i.e., the preservation of the ability of the system agents to complete their current assignments and engage successfully in similar assignments in the future operation of the system. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive characterization of the notion of “liveness” for the entire spectrum of the aforementioned transport systems, and it further investigates the implications of this characterization for the deployment of maximally permissive liveness-enforcing supervision for the underlying traffic. It is shown that the computational complexity of the sought supervisors is contingent upon certain structural and operational attributes of the considered transport systems, that define, thus, a useful taxonomy for these environments. The paper proposes effective and efficient liveness-enforcing supervisors for each member of this taxonomy. Furthermore, the concluding part of the paper indicates how the obtained results can be integrated in a broader control framework for the considered transport systems that will also address time-related performance considerations for these environments, like the maximization of their throughput.
Research on Modeling and Parameter Identification of Circulating Cooling Water System

Firstly, the hydraulic models of the main components of the circulating cooling water system and the pipe network system were established, and solved using Newton's iterative method. Furthermore, considering the influence of the external environment and the temperature of the circulating water on the operating characteristics of the system, the thermodynamic models of the cooling tower and plate heat exchanger were established, and they were linked with the hydraulic model of the pipe network system to obtain the overall model of the circulating cooling water system and the rationality of the modeling was verified. For the specific circulating cooling water system, the adaptive differential evolution algorithm is used to identify the mechanism parameters in the overall model of the pipe network system to improve the accuracy of the model. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the method used.
Engineering Three-Dimensional Vascularized Cardiac Tissues.

Heart disease is one of the largest burdens to human health worldwide and has very limited therapeutic options. Engineered three-dimensional (3D) vascularized cardiac tissues have shown promise in rescuing cardiac function in diseased hearts and may serve as a whole organ replacement in the future. One of the major obstacles in reconstructing these thick myocardial tissues to a clinically applicable scale is the integration of functional vascular networks capable of providing oxygen and nutrients throughout whole engineered constructs. Without perfusion of oxygen and nutrient flow throughout the entire engineered tissue not only is tissue viability compromised, but also overall tissue functionality is lost. There are many supporting technologies and approaches that have been developed to create vascular networks such as 3D bioprinting, co-culturing hydrogels, and incorporation of soluble angiogenic factors. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss some of the most current engineered vascular cardiac tissues reported in the literature and future directions in the field.
The Overview of Current Interconnect Technology Challenges and Future Opportunities

This paper examines the challenges facing current copper damascene interconnect and the possible technologies to extend it. In addition, various novel materials are reviewed for their potential application in future interconnect.
Expression of p40 in Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma Versus Primary Mucinous Carcinomas of the Breast and Colon.

BACKGROUND The transcription factor p63 is a homolog of p53, expressed in basal layers of epithelia and myoepithelial cells. Some studies have suggested that p63 may provide utility in differentiating primary versus metastatic mucinous carcinoma of the skin, given its preferential expression in primary adnexal neoplasms. There have been few studies investigating the expression patterns of p40, an isoform of p63, in primary cutaneous mucinous carcinomas. METHODS An immunohistochemical panel including p40, CK7, CK20, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor was applied to primary mucinous carcinomas of the skin, breast, and colon. RESULTS Only a small subset (25%) of primary cutaneous mucinous carcinomas displayed focal positive staining with p40, similar to what has been reported in the literature for p63. All primary mucinous carcinomas of skin and breast labeled positively with CK7, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor. Primary colon mucinous carcinomas were only positive for CK20. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, p40 seems to be an insufficient marker for distinguishing primary versus metastatic mucinous carcinoma due to its low rate of positivity in primary cutaneous mucinous carcinomas.
Standard Work in Developing Leaders: Rebecca Banquette, Coach

Rebecca Banquette, a recently hired executive coach and Lean consultant at a staffing firm in the health care industry, has experienced a change in her Lean management philosophy and approach. Previously, she focused heavily on Lean's technical process-improvement aspects, but after a period of personal exploration and growth, she has decided to focus first and primarily on the development of people. In this case, Banquette explains and reflects on her methods for utilizing Lean tools—including the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle, the A3 structured problem-solving process, and gemba walks—to create standard work in developing leaders. She also uses a holistic framework to provide focus to her development activities, including helping others ask the right questions and building personal qualities such as humility and courage. In doing so, she commits to being the type of coach who refrains from providing answers or direct advice. Instead, she presents new information and ideas and then supports her executives by asking questions designed to build self-reflection skills. This case is both a leadership-development story and a creative application of Lean tools in a context that supports the development of robust people. Just as a process is described as robust when it can accept a wide range of inputs and produce a consistent output, people can also be described as robust when they respond flexibly to competing and ever-changing circumstances and still produce consistent results. By utilizing the concept of standard work in a leadership-development setting, we codify the process of developing people with an intentional, Lean-based framework, and we emphasize the critical, primary importance of robust people in the overall operations of an organization. Excerpt UVA-OM-1687 Rev. Mar. 9, 2020 Standard Work in Developing Leaders: Rebecca Banquette, Coach Pursuit of Personal Growth Rebecca Banquette, previously the director of Lean initiatives at a financial-services company, had determined that it was time for her to move on in pursuit of additional personal growth and to develop a broader community of colleagues in the world of Lean transformation. While she had appreciated the opportunity to make significant procedural and structural changes with financial impact, she thought it was important to engage with a new type of problem: the development of people. In her previous role, she was also starting to feel isolated from the Lean community, having been the first hire at her current employer tasked with Lean process improvement. She missed the collegiality, exchange of ideas, and mentorship that she hoped to experience by becoming part of a larger team. . . .
Business Law and Lawyering in the Wake of COVID-19

The public arrival of COVID-19 (the novel coronavirus 2019) in the United States in early 2020 brought with it many social, political, and economic dislocations and pressures. These changes and stresses included and fostered adjustments in business law and the work of business lawyers. This article draws attention to these COVID-19 transformations as a socio-legal reflection on business lawyering, the provision of legal services in business settings, and professional responsibility in business law practice. While business law practitioners, like other lawyers, may have been ill-prepared for pandemic lawyering, we have seen them rise to the occasion to provide valuable services, gain and refresh knowledge and skills, and evolve their business operations. These changes have brought with them various professional responsibility and ethical challenges, all of which are ongoing at the time this is being written. No doubt both the changes to business lawyering and the lessons learned from the many substantive, practical, and ethical challenges that have arisen in the wake of COVID-19 will survive the pandemic in some form. This offers some comfort. While the thought of another systemic global crisis is unappealing at best, what we have experienced and learned will no doubt be useful in maneuvering and surviving through whatever the future may bring.
The Effects of Natural Landscapes on Inspiration: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the relationship between natural landscapes and inspiration through the lens of topophilia—the affinity people have for certain places or landscape features. Participants were students on a traveling college field course called American Ecosystems. The 2015 course (n=15, 26 days) visited 19 U.S. National Parks, Monuments, and Grasslands. The 2017 course (n=15, 18 days) visited 14 locations. On both courses, students studied the flora, fauna, ecology, climate, geology, landforms, and environmental issues associated with each location. Four factors emerged that encouraged inspiration: 1) vertical landscape features, 2) direct and varied experience of place, 3) overcoming personal challenges provided by the landscapes, 4) novel experiences. Students ranked landscapes as more inspirational if they spent more time there, had opportunity to see and learn about them from a greater number of vantage points, and had more direct and varied experiences within them. Subscribe to JOREL
Extraction time of kidneys during organ procurement impacts function.

Osband AJ, Zaki RF. Extraction time of kidneys during organ procurement impacts function. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 235–238. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: It is well established that ischemic times affect rates of delayed graft function (DGF) and allograft survival following deceased donor kidney transplant. There is, however, a paucity of data regarding what we term extraction time, the time between aortic cross-clamp and perfusion/cooling, and removal of the kidneys from the body and placement on ice on the back table. We posit that this time is an additional insult, and may significantly contribute to transplant kidney function. Data pooled from May 2003 to December 2004 from the local OPO (Gift of Life) and UNOS included 316 transplanted kidneys (28 en bloc and 52 donation after cardiac death excluded). Retrospective review and statistical analysis of donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics were performed. When divided into 30-minute intervals, extraction time was found to directly correlate with early graft failure, (rates 0%, 8.1%, and 14.5%, Spearman’s rank correlation p < 0.05). DGF rates were not tied to extraction time, but shorter extraction time was strongly associated with recovery from DGF and eventual kidney function. Further studies are needed to better assess this factor and its impact.
Sublinear graph approximation algorithms

We survey the recent research on algorithms that approximate the optimal solution size for problems such as vertex cover, maximum matching, and dominating set. Techniques developed for these problems have found applications in property testing in the boundeddegree graph model.