cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Low Density Lipoprotein and Human Serum Albumin Adsorption onto Model Surfaces Studied by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence and Scanning Force Microscopy

The adsorption of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and human serum albumin (HSA) to model surfaces of different hydrophobicities has been studied using two, surface-sensitive, real-time, in situ techniques: total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and scanning force microscopy (SFM). The model surfaces used were: (1) hydrophilic negatively charged silica (TIRF) and mica (SFM) surfaces, (2) hydrophobic octadecyldimethylsilyl-(ODS)-modified silica (TIRF) and ODS-modified oxidized silicon (SFM) surfaces and (3) amphiphilic ODS-silica gradient surfaces (TIRF). The kinetics of fluorescein isothiocyanate-LDL adsorption onto the ODS-silica gradient surface from FITC-LDL solution and from a solution mixture of LDL and HSA showed that a transport-limited process on the clean silica changed into an adsorption-limited process with increasing surface coverage of ODS chains. SFM analysis of the in situ adsorption of LDL on hydrophilic mica demonstrated a steady increase in surface coverage with time which was somewhat lower than determined by TIRF for FITC-LDL adsorption on silica. The adsorption behavior of a binary mixture of HSA and LDL suggested that lateral interactions between HSA and LDL affect the adsorption process. The diameter of LDL adsorbed on mica and ODS-modified silicon has been determined using SFM to be approximately 55 nm. Tetrameric LDL aggregates were observed on all of the surfaces in addition to some dimers and trimers. Imaging LDL and HSA adsorption on clean oxidized silicon surfaces using "contact mode' SFM techniques was hindered by probe manipulation of the proteins.
Optimal L/sub infinity / bounds for disturbance robustness

Robust disturbance rejection bounds obtained recently by Zhu et al. are tight with respect to the disturbance set that has a specified L/sub 2/ norm bound. It is shown that the bounds are also tight with respect to a weighted L/sub 2/ disturbance set that has a specified bound on its outer product by choosing a special weight matrix in the L/sub 2/ norm. The matrix can computed by numerical iteration. >
Relationship of Young-of-the-Year Northern Pike to Aquatic Vegetation Types in Backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract The association of young-of-the-year northern pike (Esox lucius) with different aquatic plant types (e.g., submerged, emergent, floating) was studied to evaluate the impacts of a potential loss of backwaters on available fish nursery habitats in the upper Mississippi River. Eight biweekly collections were made at each of six representative lentic habitats in Navigation Pool 7. In the spring, average catches of northern pike from areas with submerged vegetation were nearly three times greater than from areas with emergent vegetation, and more than 10 times greater than from an area with no vegetation. This pattern was consistent until late summer, when the young became more common in the more highly oxygenated, less heavily vegetated waters. Food and growth were examined as possible indicators for the selection of areas with submerged vegetation over other habitats. Food varied among fish in the different vegetation types; however, no significant patterns of improved growth or condition were appar...
Choosing How to Cooperate: A Repeated Public-Goods Model of International Relations

International relations theory has borrowed important intuitions from Olson’s static public-goods model (hegemonic stability) and the repeated prisoners’ dilemma (theories of international cooperation), and arguments often combine implications from both models. We develop a general, repeated public-goods model. We then allow the qualitative dimensions of cooperation to emerge endogenously: agreements can have broad or narrow membership and entail deep or shallow commitments; they can be multilateral or discriminatory; they can be ad hoc or institutionalized. We find that the relationship between the distribution of power and international cooperation is complex: a large leading state forms a narrow coalition of intensive contributors, and builds institutions, while a smaller leading state forms a broader coalition that makes shallow contributions, and is more inclined to multilateralism.
Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Panthera pardus (leopard; Linnaeus, 1758) is the smallest of the 4 large felids in the genus Panthera. A solitary and adaptable species, P. pardus is the widest ranging of all wild felids, inhabiting rain forests, mountains, semiarid environments, and suburban areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia to the Russian Far East. Despite this distribution, P. pardus is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and several Asian subspecies are listed as endangered. P. pardus primarily feeds on small to medium-sized ungulates, but has a varied diet including fish, reptiles, birds, and small mammals.
Inbreeding Effects on Reproductive Traits in the Ring-Necked: Pheasant

Abstract Ten inbred lines of Ring-necked pheasants were established in 1978 and mated for four generations using a system of repeated backcrossing of daughters to a common sire. In the event the old sire died, the surviving daughters were mated to a surviving brother or half-brother of the same generation. Only 4 of 10 original inbred lines survived four generations of backcrossing; two involved matings with the original sire and two with brothers or half-brothers of Generations 1 and 3, respectively. Egg production, hatchability, and viability were the three traits most affected by inbreeding depression. For 4 generations of inbreeding, the coefficients of regression for all inbred lines on a 10% increase in inbreeding were −5.89, −.42, −1.73, and −3.04 for egg production, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability, respectively. Inbreeding had less severe effects on reproductive traits in two of the four surviving lines. There is evidence that intense early selection among lines for high performance after one generation of inbreeding F = .250 will enhance the success of establishing highly viable inbred lines of pheasants.
Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study was designed to review the incidence of VTE in critically injured patients with an isolated TBI using a standardized venous duplex color-flow Doppler imaging program and to compare it with the overall and high-risk trauma populations. Methods Trauma patients who underwent lower-extremity surveillance color-flow Doppler imaging for VTE were identified. Analyses included patient demographics, characteristics of TBI, VTE risk factors, prophylaxis, incidence, location, and patient outcome. Results A total of 5,787 patients were admitted during the study period. Of these, 539 (9%) were deemed high risk for VTE. The incidence of VTE in patients with isolated TBI (88, 16%) was 25%. All patients and the high-risk population had incidences of 2% and 17%, respectively. Conclusions The incidence of VTE in isolated TBI is greatest in patients with intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Early VTE prophylaxis is warranted in TBI patients.
Genetics of Immunological and Inflammatory Components in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), affecting 30 to 50 million elder individuals worldwide, is a disease affecting the macular retina and choroid that can lead to irreversible central vision loss and blindness. Recent findings support a role for immunologic processes in AMD pathogenesis, including generation of inflammatory related molecules in the Bruch’s membrane, recruitment of macrophages, complement activation, microglial activation and accumulation in the macular lesions. Pro-inflammatory effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can result in abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor atrophy and choroidal neovascularization. The associations of immunological and inflammatory genes, in particular the genes related to innate immunity with AMD support the involvement of various immunological pathways in the AMD pathogenesis. We review the literature on the involvements of inflammatory genes in AMD, highlight recent genetic discoveries, and discuss the potential application of such knowledge in the management of patients with AMD.
ON JACOBI SUMS AND DIFFERENCE SETS.

Abstract : Let e be even and > or = 4, and let L be the cyclotomic field of the e-th roots of unity. Let J denote the group of Jacobi sums divisible by a certain prime ideal divisor P of a prime p = 1 (mod. e). Then J is embedded into a group J sub o = WXA, where W is the torsion group of L, and A is a free abelian group of rank phi(e)/2, quite independent of the primes p. On the other hand, a necessary and sufficient condition for an agglomerate of several cosets of the e-th power residue group of p to form a difference set has been derived. The first-mentioned theorem is then applied to this condition, to determine all the cyclic difference sets with prime moduli which have the multiplier group of index < or = 12. (Author)
Desert salt flats as oases for the spider Saltonia incerta Banks (Araneae: Dictynidae)

The deserts of southwestern North America have undergone dramatic changes over their recent geological history including large changes in size and connectivity during the Pleistocene glaciopluvial cycles. This study examines the population history of the rare spider Saltonia incerta, once thought to be extinct, to determine the role of past climatological events in shaping the structure of the species. This species is restricted to salt crusts of intermittent or dry lakes, streams or rivers in the desert southwest, a region that was much wetter during glacial periods. We examine the distribution and genetic variability of populations to test whether there is recent dispersal throughout the range of the species. Analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicate significant population structure, with one major clade comprising New Mexico localities and one comprising California-northern Baja California localities. Finer-scale structure is evident within the California clade, although not all of the subclades are reciprocally monophyletic. However, isolation with migration analysis suggests that migration is very low to non-existent. These results extend the known distribution of Saltonia, provide genetic evidence of strong isolation among localities within drainage basins and between drainage basins and provide a mechanistic understanding of population connectivity after the aridification of the American southwest. The implication is that although the species' distribution has been fragmented, populations have persisted throughout this area, suggesting that desert salt flats may have served as refugia for at least some terrestrial species.
Cross-sectional area of the lumbar back muscles as a function of torso flexion.

Objective. Quantification of the maximum anatomical cross-sectional area of the lumbar back muscles as a function of torso flexion angle and development of prediction equations as a function of torso flexion and anthropometric measures. Background. Cross-sectional areas of the lumbar back muscles used as inputs into biomechanical models have traditionally been derived from subjects lying in the neutral supine posture. However, it is known that the cross-sectional area of muscle is altered as the torso angle changes. Design. Experimental design consisted of a two-factor multivariate analysis of variance on the cross-sectional area of the lumbar torso muscle across the lumbar levels, as a function of gender and torso angle. Hierarchical linear regression was utilized to assess the association between cross-sectional area and individual and torso posture characteristics. Method. Axial MRI scans, through and parallel to each of the lumbar intervertebral discs at four torso flexion positions were obtained from subjects in a lateral recumbent posture. Cross-sectional areas were quantified and converted into anatomical cross-sectional areas utilizing known fascicle orientations. Results. The maximum anatomical cross-sectional area was located between the L3/L4 and L4/L5 level in the neutral posture. The anatomical cross-sectional areas at the L4/L5 and L5/S1 decreased during torso flexion, however, the percent change varied as a function of the individual level. The majority of the anatomical cross-sectional area variability was explained by gender and body mass. Lumbar curvature explained a larger proportion of the anatomical cross-sectional area variability at the lower lumbar levels than at the higher lumbar levels. Conclusions. The maximum anatomical cross-sectional area of the lumbar back muscles occur at the neutral torso posture and did not decrease as a function of torso flexion. When using maximum anatomical cross-sectional area or specific lumbar level anatomical cross-sectional areas, it appears necessary to account for gender and body mass. At the lower lumbar levels, knowledge of spinal curvature plays an increasing role in the estimation of the size of the lumbar torso muscle cross-sectional area. Relevance This research indicates the lower lumbar level trunk muscle anatomical cross-sectional area decrease as torso flexion increases, however, the maximum lumbar trunk muscle anatomical cross-sectional area does not vary as a function of torso flexion. Accounting for gender, body mass, torso characteristics and lumbar curvature may help increase accuracy of anatomical cross-sectional area prediction, as well as muscle force predictions from biomechanical models.
Supporting multiple paths to objects in information hierarchies: Faceted classification, faceted search, and symbolic links

We present three fundamental, interrelated approaches to support multiple access paths to each terminal object in information hierarchies: faceted classification, faceted search, and web directories with embedded symbolic links. This survey aims to demonstrate how each approach supports users who seek information from multiple perspectives. We achieve this by exploring each approach, the relationships between these approaches, including tradeoffs, and how they can be used in concert, while focusing on a core set of hypermedia elements common to all. This approach provides a foundation from which to study, understand, and synthesize applications which employ these techniques. This survey does not aim to be comprehensive, but rather focuses on thematic issues.
Virtual Battery: An Energy Reserve Abstraction for Embedded Sensor Networks

This paper introduces the abstraction of energy reserves for sensor networks that virtualizes energy sources. It gives each of several applications sharing a platform the illusion of having its own private energy source. Energy virtualization is the next logical step in embedded systems after visualizing communication links and CPU capacity. Energy virtualization has not been addressed in past sensor network literature because most current wireless sensor networks feature single-user applications. To amortize deployment costs, future sensor networks, deployed in remote or hard- to-access areas, will likely be leveraged by scientists from different disciplines, each having their independent application for their individual research purposes. Platforms, planned for such deployment, will befitted with the union of sensors needed, but independent applications will share the remaining resources such as in-field storage and communication bandwidth, calling for quotas and isolation mechanisms. The most expensive resource shared in sensor networks is energy. This paper provides an energy isolation mechanism, called the virtual battery, that logically divides energy among applications to provide each its private energy reserve. An application can manage its private energy independently as if it were running alone on the platform. The application is terminated when its reserve is depleted. We implement and evaluate this abstraction on MicaZ motes running LiteOS. Our results show that the virtual battery mechanism succeeds at exporting the private reserve abstraction accurately and at a low overhead.
Relation of the Electroluminescence Measurements to A-Si.H Solar Cell Parameters

We have measured the intensity of electroluminescence (EL) and its energy spectrum in a-Si:H solar cells having an initial energy conversion efficiency from 5.75 to 9.8 %, and open-circuit voltages (Voc) between 0.799 and 0.952 V. We found that (a) at room temperature, EL efficiency is proportional to the initial solar cell energy conversion efficiency; (b) the defect energy distribution in the i-layer can be detected by EL energy spectrum at room temperature; and (c) Voc is simply related to the quasi-Fermi level splitting obtainable in the i-layer and that the buffer layer serves to increase this splitting.
Apolipoprotein E expression after spinal cord injury in the mouse.

Apolipoprotein E (apo-E), a protein involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport, has been found to be up-regulated in CNS injury and is associated with Alzheimer's disease in humans. In this study, we show that apo-E is also up-regulated after complete spinal cord transection in the C57BL/6 mouse. In the uninjured cord, the cellular localization of apo-E protein is in astrocytes, in individual neurons throughout the laminae except for the dorsal horn, and in endothelial cells of capillaries in the immediate vicinity of those neurons. After injury, RNA levels are elevated as early as 4 days and reach a maximal level between 1 and 2 weeks. Protein levels follow closely but remain up-regulated beyond 3 weeks. Early on, the protein can be found in neutrophils and macrophages at the injury site and only at later times in astrocytes during the remodeling of white matter tracts, most prominently in degenerating parts of the fasciculus gracilis. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of lipocalin-2 as a PKCδ phosphorylation substrate in neutrophils

PKCδ expressed in neutrophils is implicated in promoting reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. To understand the molecular and cellular actions of PKCδ, we employed a chemical-genetics approach to identify PKCδ substrates in neutrophils. We recently generated knock-in mice endogenously expressing analog-specific PKCδ (AS-PKCδ) that can utilize ATP analogs as phosphate donors. Using neutrophils isolated from the knock-in mice, we identified several PKCδ substrates, one of which was lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is an iron-binding protein that can trigger apoptosis by reducing intracellular iron concentrations. We found that PKCδ phosphorylated LCN2 at T115 and this phosphorylation was reduced in Prkcd −/− mice. PKCδ colocalized with LCN2 in resting and stimulated neutrophils. LCN2 release from neutrophils after cerebral ischemia was reduced in PKCδ null mice. These findings suggest that PKCδ phosphorylates LCN2 and mediates its release from neutrophils during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Spontaneous tibial artery thrombosis associated with varicella pneumonia and free protein S deficiency

Pneumonia is the most common serious complication of varicella infection in adults. A variety of thrombotic complications including purpura fulminans and disseminated intravascular coagulation have been reported in children with varicella but not in adults. Two men with varicella pneumonia who had profound lower extremity ischemia caused by thrombosis of the profunda femoris and tibial arteries are reported. Both patients had free protein S deficiency and vascular thrombosis in association with varicella pneumonia without overt evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or purpura fulminans. Antiphospholipid immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies were present in one, whereas the other had evidence of the lupus anticoagulant. The proposed pathogenesis and management options including intraarterial thrombolytic therapy with urokinase and the need for long-term anticoagulation are discussed.
Physiological consequence of lower vs upper lobe lung volume reduction in patients with advanced emphysema

Objective(s): Lower lobe lung volume reduction in patients with advanced emphysema is associated with less benefit that upper lobe therapy. We present computer modeling results that explain these observations, and can help direct treatment site selection in patients undergoing lung volume reduction therapy. Methods: The model considers alveoli as discrete units with an exponential pressure-volume relationship of the form (V(P tp ) = Vmax – Ae -kPtp ). Gravitational effects on transpulmonary pressure (Ptp), the extent of tissue destruction, airway closure effects, and extent of heterogeneity were incorporated as independent variables for predicting RV and RV/TLC. Results: Gravitational effects on Ptp are the major determinant of regional RV and overall RV/TLC. In upper lobe heterogeneous emphysema, changes in Ptp from volume reduction distend the remaining alveoli at end exhalation. However, RV and RV/TLC are reduced due to a decrease in the total number of diseased alveoli following treatment. In lower lobe heterogeneous emphysema, volume reduction distends already stretched upper lobe alveoli attenuating treatment effects on gas trapping. This phenomenon was more pronounced in homogeneous disease. Potential benefits of lower lobe volume reduction could be completely negated by upper lobe alveolar distention, resulting in no improvement, or even worsening of RV and RV/TLC despite alveolar resection. Conclusions: Gravitational effects largely explain why lower lobe volume reduction therapy is less therapeutic than upper lobe therapy. In patients with homogeneous emphysema, lower lobe therapy can actual worsen gas trapping despite resection of diseased tissue.
A Study of the Wavenumber Spectra of Short Water Waves in the Ocean. Part II: Spectral Model and Mean Square Slope

This paper presents a wavenumber spectral model of the surface water waves in the capillary‐gravity regime. The database for the analysis consists of spatial and temporal measurements of surface slopes obtained from a scanning slope sensor buoy operating in free-drift mode in the Atlantic Ocean. These data indicate that the contribution of mean square slopes from capillary‐gravity waves (wavelengths from 4 mm to 6 cm) is a significant portion of the total mean square slopes. The resulting mean square slopes derived from the proposed spectral model are in excellent agreement with existing field datasets. The properties of short waves, including the mean square slopes and wind speed dependence of the spectral intensity of individual wave components, derived from optical and microwave sensors are also compared. Significant differences in terms of the magnitudes of the mean square slopes and the exponents of wind speed dependence are found. Some of the possible explanations of the discrepancies are explored.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: The Intermediate Filament Protein of Astrocytes

It is now well established that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal 8- to 9-nm intermediate filament in mature astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). More than 30 years ago, the value of GFAP as a prototype antigen in nervous tissue identification and as a standard marker for fundamental and applied research at an interdisciplinary level was recognized. As a member of the cytoskeletal protein family, GFAP is thought to be important in modulating astrocyte motility and shape by providing structural stability to astrocytic processes. In the CNS of higher vertebrates, following injury, either as a result of trauma, disease, genetic disorders, or chemical insult, astrocytes become reactive and respond in a typical manner, termed astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is characterized by rapid synthesis of GFAP and is demonstrated by increase in protein content or by immunostaining with GFAP antibody. In addition to the major application GFAP antisera for routine use in astrocyte identification in the CNS, the molecular cloning of the mouse gene in 1985 and the subsequent discovery of the gfa-2 promoter have both opened a new and rich realm for GFAP studies. These include antisense, null mice, and numerous promoter studies. GFAP knockout mice studies have shown the important role of GFA cytoskeleton in the astrocyte. The genetic basis for the only disease due to GFAP mutation, Alexander disease, has been demonstrated and confirmed. While the structural function of GFAP has become more acceptable, the use of GFAP antibodies and promoters continue to be valuable in studying CNS injury, disease, and development.
The use of chemostratigraphy to refine ambiguous sequence stratigraphic correlations in marine mudrocks. An example from the Woodford Shale, Oklahoma, USA

Application of sequence stratigraphy to fine-grained lithologies has previously been hindered by the difficulty of identifying distinct facies shifts within mudrocks. Three cores from Lincoln, Pottawatomie and Pontotoc Counties in Oklahoma and two outcrops at the Hunton Anticline Quarry in Murray County, OK record both proximal and distal regions of the Arkoma Basin. Handheld X-ray fluorescence data and gamma-ray profiles together with lithological descriptions can be used to develop sequence-stratigraphic interpretations. Stratigraphic successions that are challenging to correlate based on gamma-ray (GR) profiles alone can be correlated accurately by utilizing surfaces that are recognized within chemostratigraphic profiles. Within the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma, the chemostratigraphic profile of the Woodford Shale is interpreted within a sequence-stratigraphic framework using the following general criteria. The Lowstand Systems Tract (LST) is defined by increasing concentrations of Ti, Zr, Al and K as well as high levels of Mo and V. The Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) is defined by declining concentrations of Ti and Zr, although Al and K may remain elevated; Mo and V also show general declines. The Highstand Systems Tract (HST) is defined by increasing concentrations of Ti, Zr, Al and K, but is distinguished from the LST by low levels of Mo and V. Supplementary material: Chemofacies profiles are available at http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2849599.
How Strict Is the MHC Restriction of T Cells

Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) are generally specific for a self determinant (self-H) expressed on the target-cell surface and coded by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC) (reviewed in Paul and Benacerraf, 1977; Katz, 1977; Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1979). T cells that mediate nonlytic functions, such as T helper cells, proliferating T cells, and T cells involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity against contact allergens or intracellular bacteria, are specific for H-2I determinants, whereas lytic T cells are specific for H-2K or D structures. Specificities both for self-H and for any foreign antigen (X) are clonally expressed and highly specific. It is still unclear whether this dual specificity reflects T-cell expression of a single receptor for a neoantigenic determinant combining self-H complexed with X or T-cell expression of two independent receptor sites for self-H and for X.
Cellular functions of MLL/SET-family histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase components

The MLL/SET family of histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases form enzyme complexes with core subunits ASH2L, WDR5, RbBP5, and DPY-30 (often abbreviated WRAD), and are responsible for global histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, a hallmark of actively transcribed chromatin in mammalian cells. Accordingly, the function of these proteins is required for a wide variety of processes including stem cell differentiation, cell growth and division, body segmentation, and hematopoiesis. While most work on MLL-WRAD has focused on the function this core complex in histone methylation, recent studies indicate that MLL-WRAD proteins interact with a variety of other proteins and lncRNAs and can localize to cellular organelles beyond the nucleus. In this review, we focus on the recently described activities and interacting partners of MLL-WRAD both inside and outside the nucleus.
Mössbauer parameters of iron in sulfate minerals

Although Fe-sulfate minerals occur only rarely on Earth as alteration products of sulfidic basalts or in hydrothermal systems, multiple lines of evidence point to the importance of Fe- (and other) sulfate minerals on the surface of Mars. One such martian data set comes from the MIMOS II Mossbauer spectrometers on the Mars Exploration Rovers, which acquired hundreds of spectra from the martian surface at two locations. Interpretation of those spectra has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive set of laboratory analog spectra of the broad range of naturally occurring sulfate minerals. Accordingly, this study reports Mossbauer data of 98 samples representing 47 different sulfate mineral species, all containing six- or higher-coordinated Fe. The resultant Mossbauer parameters are related to the local polyhedral environment around the Fe cation in each mineral to explain variations in spectral characteristics. Results show that the size of the coordination polyhedron is the best predictor of quadrupole splitting, which increases with both octahedral volume and mean bond length. Species within groups of structurally similar minerals are shown to have comparable spectral peaks that generally fall within small ranges. Although coordination polyhedron geometry is not necessarily unique to any particular mineral species or group, Mossbauer data can be used to help constrain mineral identifications from martian spectra. The number of mineral species is large, but the range of crystal structures and hyperfine parameters may be small, so that in many cases, individual minerals cannot be uniquely fingerprinted. Examples would include quenstedtite, coquimbite, kornelite, and lausenite, which have indistinguishable spectra, as do apjohnite, bilinite, dietrichite, and romerite. Overlap of Mossbauer parameters is a particular complication for identification of Fe 3+ -rich phases because the range of Mossbauer parameters for Fe 3+ in any coordination number is so small. Previous analyses of martian Mossbauer spectra reported the presence of jarosite (Klingelhofer et al. 2004; Morris et al. 2004) and an unspecific ferric sulfate (Morris et al. 2008). New data presented here indicate that botryogen, metasideronatrite, and slavikite exhibit Mossbauer spectra similar to those attributed to jarosite at Meridiani Planum. Fibroferrite and rhomboclase have parameters similar to those observed at Arad Samra, and copiapite and parabutlerite could be present at Tyrone Mount Darwin and Berkner Island. Unique mineral identifications are generally not possible from Mossbauer data alone, particularly for paramagnetic phases, although combining Mossbauer results with other data sets enables a greater level of confidence in constraining mineralogy. This study provides a new expansive data set for future interpretation of iron sulfates on Mars.
Some Scientific Conclusions about Progress

Howard Mumford Jones, an enthusiast, once in Texas, recently seeking in North Carolina to nurture a Southern culture: "I think it within the bounds of probability to suppose that literature in the Southwest founded on the traditions there should in time be of profound value; and what is true of letters is pari pasu true of the other arts, and of the art of living itself." Witter Bynner, moved more by New Mexico than Texas, believes implicitly in a desert harvest: "If we but bring water, the desert will bloom." I venture humbly to join the symposium: While Texas at the present falls full length for the technological cvilization being diffused throughout the whole earth, a foretoken of the day's coming when it will cherish its own treasures is found in the bluebonnct picture to be seen in almost every home.
Predictability of quantitation of small virions by electron microscopy.

SummaryNumerous studies of sedimentation techniques for counting virus particles using electron microscopy have shown an ultimate practical limit of detection of the order of 106 particles/ml. This report described (a) counting experiments using disposable molded nylon centrifuge tubes designed to concentrate and sediment small virus particles onto one microscope specimen grid and (b) a statistically derived method for determining the number of fields and particles that need to be counted for a desired precision.
Treatment with Cercine in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

In treatment of the patient with cerebral palsy, training is most important. The appearance of a medical compound from which we can expect progress in the training effect was very desirable.Cercine was given to seventeen patients with cerebral palsy of the spastic type and mixed type with athetosis which have strong muscle spasmus. Of the seventeen patients nine were of spastic type and eight were of mixed type with athetosis.Excellent result was obtained in fifteen patients.Decrease of muscle spasmus and opisthotonus, possibility of turning over in bed and maintenance of sitting, improvement of walking were aquired. Namely muscle relaxation was remarkable.In mixed type with athetosis in which muscle spasmus was light, results were not effective.Dose was very different owing to symptom and individual differences.Dose of one day is generally as follows:infants: 1-2mg.child: 2-6mg.adolescent: 6-10mg.Treatment of cerebral palsy needs a very long period of time as compare with general orthopaedic diseases.Effects of cercine are muscle relaxation, anticonvulsion and sedative action. These combined actions have many more enhanced effects.The Use of cercine has great significance for the treatment of cerebral palsy.In the future, it is believed that cercine will fulfils an important part in the treatment of the cerebral palsy.
Ethanol-induced changes in properties of rat brain ribosomes

Altered in vivo and in vitro brain protein metabolism have been demonstrated in rodents following long-term ethanol ingestion. In the present study, ethanol effects were examined on properties of brain ribosomes of male Sprague-Dawley rats ingesting a specially formulated Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet. The development of physical dependence was demonstrated by the presence of withdrawal reactions within 24 hr of ethanol abstinence. Data showed significant inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by ribosomes from the “ethanol” and “1-day-withdrawn” groups. Partial reversal of inhibition occurred by using a control brain pH 5 enzymes source instead of the matched source. The observed [14C]leucine-incorporating activity was temperature dependent, with the optimum temperature being 37°C. The determination of the state of ribosomal aggregation showed an increased monosomes-disomes ratio in the “ethanol” group. The ratio was even more increased in the “1-day-withdrawn” group. Data suggest that reduced ribosomal binding to stable mRNA may be a contributing factor in the ethanol-induced effects on protein synthesis.
Lethal Autonomous Systems and the Plight of the Non-combatant

In this reprint of the original article, which appeared in AISB Quarterly, July 2013, Vol. 137, Ron Arkin, argues that calls to ban militarized automated technologies are premature. Arkin notes that automated technologies may prove to be more humane in war through limiting combatant and non-combatant casualties. In addition, adherence to International Humantiarian Law may prove more consistent with militarized automated technologies as compared to humans functioning in the fog of war. There may be, Arkin asserts, a moral requirement to further develop, test, and field militarized automated technologies that arises from a reduction in war casualties, atrocities, and stricter adherence International Humanitarian Law.
An algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing of aerosols: 2. Information content analysis for aerosol parameters and principal components of surface spectra

Abstract This paper describes the second part of a series of investigation to develop algorithms for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol parameters and surface reflectance from the future hyperspectral and geostationary satellite sensors such as Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO). The information content in these hyperspectral measurements is analyzed for 6 principal components (PCs) of surface spectra and a total of 14 aerosol parameters that describe the columnar aerosol volume V total , fine-mode aerosol volume fraction, and the size distribution and wavelength-dependent index of refraction in both coarse and fine mode aerosols. Forward simulations of atmospheric radiative transfer are conducted for 5 surface types (green vegetation, bare soil, rangeland, concrete and mixed surface case) and a wide range of aerosol mixtures. It is shown that the PCs of surface spectra in the atmospheric window channel could be derived from the top-of-the-atmosphere reflectance in the conditions of low aerosol optical depth (AOD ≤ 0.2 at 550 nm), with a relative error of 1%. With degree freedom for signal analysis and the sequential forward selection method, the common bands for different aerosol mixture types and surface types can be selected for aerosol retrieval. The first 20% of our selected bands accounts for more than 90% of information content for aerosols, and only 4 PCs are needed to reconstruct surface reflectance. However, the information content in these common bands from each TEMPO individual observation is insufficient for the simultaneous retrieval of surface’s PC weight coefficients and multiple aerosol parameters (other than V total ). In contrast, with multiple observations for the same location from TEMPO in multiple consecutive days, 1–3 additional aerosol parameters could be retrieved. Consequently, a self-adjustable aerosol retrieval algorithm to account for surface types, AOD conditions, and multiple-consecutive observations is recommended to derive aerosol parameters and surface reflectance simultaneously from TEMPO.
p53 Silencing by Lentiviral Vector Mediated RNA Interference in Murine Hematopoietic Cells and the Development of a Myelogenous Proliferative Disease.

The ability for siRNA containing lentiviral vectors to specifically downregulate gene expression in the hematopoietic system following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides a new tool for developing disease models of leukemia and other hematological disorders. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, has been implicated in the genesis or progression of hematological malignancies, such as AML, MDS, and CML, and disorders such as myeloproliferative disease (MPD). Following transduction of Ly5.1 hematopoietic stem cells using a lentiviral vector expressing small interfering RNAs specific for mouse p53, cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipient mice. Peripheral blood analyses by FACS at 7 weeks posttransplant showed significantly increased numbers of Gr1 Mac1 double positive progenitor like cells in 4 of 4 mice (73±14% compared to control siGFP transplanted mice 5±0.5%). Interestingly, 3 of 4 transplanted mice showed signs of morbidity by 16 weeks posttransplant due to a myelogenous proliferative disease (MPD) phenotype characterized by high peripheral blood neutrophil counts (>70% of white blood cells) and anemia ( 6 RBC/μL), and extensive neutrophil infiltration into spleen and liver. Furthermore, peripheral blood smears show an expansion of megakaryocytes. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from transplanted mice were analyzed for p53 protein expression following p53 stabilization by irradiation and significantly lower levels of p53 were detected in sip53-transduced mice compared to siGFP lentiviral vector control mice. No altering of normal hematopoietic cell differentiation was observed in control mice from nonspecific RNAi interactions, as determined by FACS or blood cell count analyses. These results demonstrate that downregulated expression of p53 in mice hematopoietic cells yields a myelogenous proliferative disease and creates a model for the study of p53 involvement in the genesis and progression of hematological disorders. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the ability of lentiviral vector mediated siRNA to efficiently downregulate endogenous gene expression in vivo and model human disease.
Keynote: rethinking memory system design

The memory system is a fundamental performance and energy bottleneck in almost all computing systems. Recent system design, application, and technology trends that require more capacity, bandwidth, efficiency, and predictability out of the memory system make it an even more important system bottleneck [36, 38]. At the same time, DRAM and flash technologies are experiencing difficult technology scaling challenges that make the maintenance and enhancement of their capacity, energy efficiency, and reliability significantly more costly with conventional techniques (see, for example [13, 17–19, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 40]). In fact, recent reliability issues with DRAM, such as the RowHammer problem [23], are already threatening system security, predictability and robustness. In this talk, we first discuss major challenges modern memory systems face in the presence of increasing demand for data and its fast analysis. We then examine some promising research and design directions to overcome these challenges and enable scalable memory systems for the future. We discuss three key solution directions: 1) enabling new memory architectures, functions, interfaces, and better integration of memory and the rest of the system (e.g., [1, 2, 4, 12, 22, 27, 28, 32, 42–44]), 2) designing a memory system that intelligently employs emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies (e.g., [24–26, 31, 33, 41, 49–51]), 3) reducing memory interference and providing predictable performance to applications sharing the memory system (e.g., [3, 14–16, 20–22, 35, 37, 39, 45– 48]). If time permits, we will also touch upon our ongoing related work in combating scaling challenges of NAND flash memory (e.g., [5–11, 34]).
Intravenous Cocaine Results in an Acute Decrease in Levels of Biomarkers of Vascular Inflammation in Humans

Cocaine use causes significant cardiovascular morbidity from its hemodynamic effects. It is less clear whether cocaine promotes atherosclerosis. Vascular inflammation is one of the earliest steps in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that cocaine results in an increase in inflammatory markers. Study objective was to measure the acute effects of intravenous cocaine on biomarkers of vascular inflammation. Eleven chronic cocaine users were enrolled. After a drug-free period, they received intravenous cocaine at 0.36 mg/kg dose in an in-hospital controlled environment. Serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were measured at baseline, 6 h, 24 h, and 6 days after cocaine challenge and at baseline for controls. After cocaine challenge, sCD40 ligand levels decreased in subjects and were significantly lower at 24 h. MCP-1 levels decreased and were significantly lower at the 6-day time point. No significant changes in IL-6 or sICAM-1 level were found. In conclusion, intravenous cocaine did not result in an increase in levels of inflammatory markers. Levels of MCP-1 and sCD40L decreased significantly. This unexpected finding suggests that chronic effects of cocaine on inflammation may be different from acute effects or that higher dosing may have differential effects as compared to lower dose used here.
Designs and methods for interfacing SFC with MS.

Abstract Hyphenating SFC with MS is now routinely performed in analytical laboratories. Major instrument providers supply commercial solutions for coupling SFC and MS, which has facilitated wider adoption of the technology. The current status, however, could be achieved based on the work done by many researchers over decades. Interfacing SFC with MS posed some unique challenges, compared to interfacing MS with LC or GC, demanding special solutions. Several interface designs were tried and tested over the years before suitable solutions could be detected. Additional measures, such as (a) mixing SFC mobile-phase with an additional liquid solvent at the column outlet, and (b) heating the interfacing device, had to be adopted to address some specific challenges. Although such modifications and measures look diverse, there is one factor that drove most of them - compressibility of SFC mobile-phase. There are two objectives of this review - (1) to compile various insights which were reported on describing and optimizing SFC-MS interfacing processes, and (2) to link these insights with the fundamental issue of solvent compressibility.
Macromolecular Physiology of the Escherichia coli UVR Proteins

Nucleotide excision as exemplified in Escherichia coli is an ideal DNA repair system capable of repairing a wide variety of chemically unrelated DNA damages. In spite of the plethora of new compounds introduced into modern societies it is unlikely that there will have been sufficient time to evolve new enzymes to accommodate to such environmental changes. Therefore, this repair system is without stringent substrate specificity and, as a consequence, is sensitive to a broad spectrum of DNA damage.
Runge-Kutta Discretizations of Optimal Control Problems

Nonlinear optimal control problems are often posed in an infinite dimensional setting where the controls may be functions of time that are either bounded or integrable. In order to obtain numerical solutions, the infinite dimensional problem must be discretized and replaced by an approximating finite dimensional problem. During the past 20 years, a rigorous theory has developed to analyze the error associated with various discretization processes. A survey is given of results for the error associated with Runge-Kutta discretizations.
Epigenetics of Schizophrenia

Epigenetic regulators of gene expression including DNA cytosine methylation and posttranslational histone modifications could play a role for some of the molecular alterations associated with schizophrenia. For example, in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, abnormal DNA or histone methylation at sites of specific genes and promoters is associated with changes in RNA expression. These findings are of interest from a neurodevelopmental perspective because there is increasing evidence that epigenetic markings for a substantial portion of genes and loci are highly regulated during the first years of life. Furthermore, there is circumstantial evidence that a subset of antipsychotic drugs, including the atypical, Clozapine, interfere with chromatin remodeling mechanisms. Challenges for the field include (1) no clear consensus yet regarding disease-associated changes, (2) the lack of cell-specific chromatin assays which makes it difficult to ascribe epigenetic alterations to specific cell populations, and (3) lack of knowledge about the stability or turnover of epigenetic markings at specific loci in (brain) chromatin. Despite these shortcomings, the study of DNA and histone modifications in chromatin extracted from diseased and control brain tissue is likely to provide valuable insight into the genomic risk architecture of schizophrenia, particularly in the large majority of cases for which a straightforward genetic cause still remains elusive.
On an Expanded Concept of Energy Within a Framework of Brain to Brain Communication

This article presents an experiment which studies the relationship between observer and observed phenomena in nature and how the concept of energy and force can be expanded through this relationship within the framework of brain to brain communication.
Seguridad alimentaria: Juégatela seguro con los huevos

Los huevos frescos pueden contener bacterias que podrian causar una enfermedad llamada salmonelosis. Esta enfermedad causada por alimentos provoca vomito y diarrea. Esta puede ser severa y hasta podria ser fatal para los adultos mayores. Reduzca el riesgo de contraer estas enfermedades causadas por sequir estas pautas. This 2-page fact sheet was written by Linda B. Bobroff and Jennifer Hillan and published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, October 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy194