cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WHAT MAKES SCHOOL ETHNOGRAPHY “ETHNOGRAPHIC?”

This paper began as a long memorandum to participants in a research training session on ethnograhic research conducted for the American Educational Research Association in 1972. One of the participants attending that presession was Arthur A. Katz, then one of John Singleton's students. Katz edited my essay for publication in the Anthropology and Education Newsletter. The editing was skillful and I am grateful for that. I have made a few changes in revising the article for this reprinting. Almost all of them consist of material retrieved from the original essay, notably the references to the interdependence of ethnography and ethnology. I also have eliminated all citations, since many of the original ones are out of date. That in itself is testimony to the growth of the field in the past fourteen years.
Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in children's blood from Zhejiang, China.

Abstract Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g −1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g −1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g −1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g −1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g −1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g −1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g −1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly ( P
Bioregulator enhancement of sink activity in sugar beet

The sink mobilizing abillity is partially determined by sugar uptake rates of storage cells. Two synthetic growth regulators (Pix and BAS 106W) were tested for their effect on sucrose uptake in root tissue discs or glucose uptake in cell cultures of sugar beet. In tissue discs, uptake at the plasmalemma was determined by incubating the discs for 1 h in the presence of 5 mM sucrose and at the tonoplast for 4 h in the presence of 40 mM sucrose. Cell cultures were incubated for 1 h in the presence of 1 mM glucose. Pix (10 mg l−1) caused a 20% stimulation of active sucrose uptake at the plasmalemma. Active sucrose uptake at the tonoplast was increased 67% by 100 mg l−1 Pix. No effect of BAS 106W was observed on sucrose uptake in tissue discs. In cell cultures, a 65% enhancement of active glucose uptake was observed with both Pix and BAs 106W. When the bioregulators were applied to the root medium of seedlings, Pix but not BAS 106W resulted in increased root/shoot ratio, translocation of 14C-assimilates, and allocation of more biomass to the root sink. The data suggested that sugar transport and translocation may be used as biochemical criteria for rapid screening of effective yield enhancing bioregulators.
Occupancy based demand response HVAC control strategy

Heating, cooling and ventilation accounts for 30% energy usage and for 50% of the electricity usage in the United States. Currently, most modern buildings still condition rooms assuming maximum occupancy rather than actual usage. As a result, rooms are often over-conditioned needlessly. This paper proposes an HVAC control strategy based on occupancy prediction and real time occupancy monitoring via a sensor network of cameras. This strategy shows 20.0% potential energy savings while still maintaining ASHRAE building standards.
Relationship of Varicocele Grade and Testicular Hypotrophy to Semen Parameters in Adolescents

Purpose: Surgical indications for correcting adolescent varicocele include high varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy. To our knowledge these findings have not been correlated with semen parameters to date. We examined the relationship between unilateral left varicocele grade or the testicular volume differential and semen parameters in adolescents.Materials and Methods: Semen analyses were done in 57 Tanner stage V adolescent males at ages 14 to 20 years (mean±SD 18 ± 1.6). Varicocele grade was determined by the attending urologist. Testicular volumes were determined by scrotal ultrasound performed by an attending sonologist. Data analysis was performed using nonparametric statistical methods.Results: Boys with testicular volume differentials greater than 10% vs those with differentials less than 10% had significantly lower sperm concentration and total motile sperm counts. For differentials greater than 20% these decreases were more dramatic. Percent motile sperm was significantly lower for boys wi...
Prairie and turf buffer strips for controlling runoff from paved surfaces

Eutrophication of surface waters due to nonpoint source pollution from urban environments has raised awareness of the need to decrease runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces. These concerns have led to precautionary P application restrictions on turf and requirements for vegetative buffer strips. The impacts of two plant communities and three impervious/pervious surface ratios were assessed on runoff water quality and quantity. A mixed forb/grass prairie and a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) blend were seeded and runoff was monitored and analyzed for total volume, total P, soluble P, soluble organic P, bioavailable P, total suspended solids, and total organic suspended solids. Mean annual runoff volumes, all types of mean annual P nutrient losses, and sediment loads were not significantly affected by treatments because over 80% of runoff occurred during frozen soil conditions. Total P losses from prairie and turf were similar, averaging 1.96 and 2.12 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Vegetation appeared to be a likely contributor of nutrients, particularly from prairie during winter dormancy. When runoff occurred during non-frozen soil conditions turf allowed significantly (P < or = 0.10) lower runoff volumes compared with prairie vegetation and the 1:2 and 1:4 impervious/pervious surface ratios had less runoff than the 1:1 ratio (P < or = 0.05). In climates where the majority of runoff occurs during frozen ground conditions, vegetative buffers strips alone are unlikely to dramatically reduce runoff and nutrient loading into surface waters. Regardless of vegetation type or size, natural nutrient biogeochemical cycling will cause nutrient loss in surface runoff waters, and these values may represent baseline thresholds below which values cannot be obtained.
Norepinephrine transporter function and desipramine: residual drug effects versus short-term regulation.

Previous research has shown that exposure of norepinephrine transporter (NET)-expressing cells to desipramine (DMI) downregulates the norepinephrine transporter, although changes in the several transporter parameters do not demonstrate the same time course. Exposures to desipramine for or =16 h reduced uptake capacity. Desipramine-induced reductions in binding to the transporter required >24 h or greater periods of desipramine exposure. This study confirms that uptake capacity of the norepinephrine transporter is reduced earlier than changes in radioligand binding, but with a different time course than originally shown. Special pre-incubation procedures are required to abolish effects of residual transporter inhibitor when studying inhibitor-induced transporter regulation.
Mammalian Genetics in the Study of Alcohol and Anesthetic Actions

Rodent lines differing in genetic sensitivity to ethanol have been selected using a variety of behavioral end points to assess ethanol action. The use, albeit limited, of these lines to study anesthetic action is presented. In addition, one pair of lines has been selected for differences in sensitivity to nitrous oxide anesthesia, and studies with these lines are reviewed. Several of these selected lines of rodents have been used to study neurochemical mechanisms of ethanol action, and the importance of combining classical and molecular genetic approaches is discussed. Genetic studies support the concept of multiple mechanisms of action of ethanol and indicate that these mechanisms are not necessarily the same for ethanol, barbiturates, or gaseous anesthetics.
Spontaneous electrostatic potential in spin-split metals.

The low-temperature phase of chromium has recently been proposed to be described by a spin-split state, in which macroscopic spin currents flow in the absence of applied external fields. It is pointed out here that a voltage difference should appear in such a system between different faces of the sample.
Monotonicity properties of norms

Abstract We consider several properties that might be described as “monotonicity” or “absoluteness” that a norm may or may not have and give a complete set of implications among them. We also consider some related Hadamard-product inequalities under various normalizations.
Inbreeding in cultivated diploid potatoes

The effects of inbreeding in cultivated diploid potatoes were studied by using self-fertile hybrids from crosses between Group Phureja and Group Stenotomum and haploids of Group Tuberosum. S1, S2 and S3 progenies usually exhibited decreased performance and vigour with increased inbreeding. In most families the inbreeding depression seemed to coincide with a curve claculated on the basis of the expected loss of heterozygosity in a diploid organism. The performance of some progenies deviated markedly from expectations apparently because a non-random sample of parents contributed to later generations. Many inbred genotypes were lost owing to poor seedling vigour or tuberization. This indicated the presence of many harmful recessive genes. The rapid increase in homozygosity following selfing at the diploid level provides a means for developing homozygous clones with a potential for use in future genetic investigations.
A reinvestigation of the synthesis of [15N2]hydroxymethylimidazole: Useful in an improved synthesis of (D,L)‐[τ,π‐15N2]histidine

We have reinvestigated the synthesis of [ 15 N 2 ]hydroxymethyl imidazole from dihydroxyacetone, formaldehyde, and labelled ammonia in an attempt to optimize the yield from the isotope. Conversion of the hydroxymethyl imidazole to histidine was accomplished in good yield without the need for picric acid as an ion pairing agent.
Some problems in discrete optimization

The present paper concentrates on several problems of network flows and discrete optimization. Progress has been made on some of the problems while little is known about others. Some of the problems discussed are shortest paths, multi-commodity flows, traveling salesman problems, m-center problem, telepak problems and binary trees.
Fundamental Understanding of the Thermal Degradation Mechanisms of Waste Tires and Their Air Pollutant Generation in a N2 Atmosphere

The thermal decomposition of waste tires has been characterized via thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) tests, and significant mass loss has been observed between 300 and 500 degrees C. A series of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) measurements, in which the instrument was coupled to a TGA unit, have been carried out to investigate the thermal degradation mechanisms as well as the air pollutant generation including volatile organic carbons (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In order to understand fundamental information on the thermal degradation mechanisms of waste tires, the main constituents of tires, poly-isoprene rubber (IR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), have been studied under the same conditions. All of the experimental work indicated that the bond scission on each monomer of the main constituents of tires was followed by hydrogenation and gas phase reactions. This helped to clarify the independent pathways and species attributable to IR and SBR during the pyrolysis process. To extend that understanding to a more practical level, a flow-through reactor was used to test waste tire, SBR and IR samples in the temperature range of 500-800 degrees C at a heating rate of approximately 200 degrees C. Lastly, the formation of VOCs (approximately 1-50 PPMV/10 mg of sample) and PAHs (approximately 0.2-7 PPMV/10 mg of sample) was observed at relatively low temperatures compared to conventional fuels, and its quantified concentration was significantly high due to the chemical structure of SBR and IR. The measurement of chemicals released during pyrolysis suggests not only a methodology for reducing the air pollutants but also the feasibility of petrochemical recovery during thermal treatment.
Diffusely backscattered polarized light Mueller matrix imaging of a turbid medium

The diffusely backscattered Mueller matrix of a turbid medium consisting of 2.02 µm polystyrene spheres has been measured experimentally and simulated with Monte Carlo analysis.
Nonlocal transport mediated by spin supercurrents

In thin-film ferromagnets with perfect easy-plane anisotropy, the component of total spin perpendicular to the easy plane is a good quantum number and the corresponding spin supercurrent can flow without dissipation. Here we explain how spin supercurrents couple spatially remote spin-mixing vertical transport channels, even when easy-plane anisotropy is imperfect, and discuss the possibility that this effect can be used to fabricate new types of electronic devices.
Modelling of the spreading kinetics of reactive brazing alloys on ceramic substrates: copper–titanium alloys on polycrystalline alumina

Abstract A semi-empirical model for the spreading of reactive metal liquid alloys on ceramic substrates was derived based on nucleation and growth of islands of reaction product at the ceramic–metal interface. The spreading radius as a function of time was predicted utilizing a numerical solution to an Avrami-type surface nucleation and growth equation. The experimental parametric inputs to the model were the drop volume, four interfacial energies, and the reaction rate constant. Theoretical curves and experimental data exhibited relatively good correlations for copper–titanium alloys on alumina.
Social Support Attenuates Physiological Stress Responses and Experimental Pain Sensitivity to Cold Pressor Pain

Social support improves health and has been shown to attenuate stress and pain. The precise characteristics of social support responsible for these effects, however, remain elusive. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative efficacy of social support versus a neutral non-verbal social presence to attenuate stress and pain. Seventy-six participants provided pain ratings and task assessments during a cold pressor task (CPT) in one of three conditions: verbal social support, neutral non-support, or alone. Reactivity to the CPT was assessed via cardiovascular measures, cortisol, and subjective ratings. Participants receiving social support showed attenuated blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol reactivity, as well as reduced pain ratings, task difficulty, tension, and effort compared to neutral non-support and alone conditions. Social support, not the mere presence of another individual, attenuated stress and pain during a CPT. Given the negative health consequences of stress and pain, clinical studies incorporating social support into medical procedures and treatments are warranted.
Immunization with cholera toxin B subunit induces high-level protection in the suckling mouse model of cholera.

Cholera toxin (CT) is the primary virulence factor responsible for severe cholera. Vibrio cholerae strains unable to produce CT show severe attenuation of virulence in animals and humans. The pentameric B subunit of CT (CTB) contains the immunodominant epitopes recognized by antibodies that neutralize CT. Although CTB is a potent immunogen and a promising protective vaccine antigen in animal models, immunization of humans with detoxified CT failed to protect against cholera. We recently demonstrated however that pups reared from mice immunized intraperitoneally (IP) with 3 doses of recombinant CTB were well protected against a highly lethal challenge dose of V. cholerae N16961. The present study investigated how the route and number of immunizations with CTB could influence protective efficacy in the suckling mouse model of cholera. To this end female mice were immunized with CTB intranasally (IN), IP, and subcutaneously (SC). Serum and fecal extracts were analyzed for anti-CTB antibodies by quantitative ELISA, and pups born to immunized mothers were challenged orogastrically with a lethal dose of V. cholerae. Pups from all immunized groups were highly protected from death by 48 hours (64–100% survival). Cox regression showed that percent body weight loss at 24 hours predicted death by 48 hours, but we were unable to validate a specific amount of weight loss as a surrogate marker for protection. Although CTB was highly protective in all regimens, three parenteral immunizations showed trends toward higher survival and less weight loss at 24 hours post infection. These results demonstrate that immunization with CTB by any of several routes and dosing regimens can provide protection against live V. cholerae challenge in the suckling mouse model of cholera. Our data extend the results of previous studies and provide additional support for the inclusion of CTB in the development of a subunit vaccine against V. cholerae.
Prop Demonstrations in Biology Lectures Facilitate Student Learning and Performance

Science students can benefit from visual aids. In biology lectures, visual aids are usually limited to tables, figures, and PowerPoint presentations. In this IRB-approved study, we examined the effectiveness of the use of five prop demonstrations, three of which are at the intersection of biology and chemistry, in three community college biology courses. We hypothesized that students’ performance on test questions is enhanced by the use of prop demonstrations. Consistent with our hypothesis, we showed that students learn more effectively and perform better on questions that relate to demonstrations than on questions related to lessons that do not have a demonstration component.
Model-aided characterization of Tenax-TA for aromatic compound uptake from water.

The polymer adsorbent Tenax® has been widely employed for studying desorption of organic contaminants in soils and sediments and for correlating physical availability with bioavailability. Although Tenax has been invoked to act as an infinite sink that completely and instantaneously removes solutes from the aqueous phase, to our knowledge no systematic characterization of Tenax resins has been carried out. The present study provides equilibrium and kinetic parameters for the uptake of benzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene by Tenax in selected water-solute-Tenax systems, and it offers guidelines for the use of Tenax resins. Sorption isotherms of the test compounds on Tenax-TA are nonlinear, and most show an inflection at high concentration, marking a change in physical state from glassy to rubbery. A simple dual-mode model was applied to the isotherms below the apparent inflection point. Sorption parameters for dissolution and hole-filling domains each correlate with the octanol-water partition coefficient. The effects of dissolved organic matter and salinity on Tenax-TA uptake are minor. Regeneration of Tenax-TA by hot-methanol extraction increased its affinity for naphthalene. Inclusion of 23% graphitized carbon in the polymer reduced affinity for phenanthrene. Uptake rate data were fit by the dual-mode diffusion model, which assumes diffusion in the polymer matrix. The obtained diffusion rate parameter correlates with molecular size. Equilibrium and kinetic parameters for benzene and nitrobenzene were comparable despite a three-orders-of-magnitude difference in their Henry's law coefficients, indicating that a pathway to the Tenax surface through the vapor phase is not required. Extrapolating to typical conditions in soil-desorption studies reveals that single-solute uptake is 95% or more complete within 4 min for the test compounds and within 7 min for benzo[a]pyrene. Thus, Tenax is suitable for compounds with desorption from soil or sediment that occurs over comparably longer timescales.
Estimated earthquake probabilities in the north circum-Pacific area

abstract Gumbel9s extreme value theory is applied to the estimation of probabilities of occurrence and return periods for large earthquakes in the north circum-Pacific area, using earthquake data from 1930 through 1971. The probability model of Epstein and Lomnitz is discussed with reference to Gumbel9s extreme value theory. Estimated probabilities and expected extremes within individual tectonic blocks are calculated and compared. The area of the Aleutian Arc between 155°W and 167°W is found to have about an 80 per cent probability of an M s ≧ 8 earthquake by 1980.
Chromatin architectures at fission yeast transcriptional promoters and replication origins

We have used micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion followed by deep sequencing in order to obtain a higher resolution map than previously available of nucleosome positions in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Our data confirm an unusually short average nucleosome repeat length, � 152bp, in fission yeast and that transcriptional start sites (TSSs) are associated with nucleosomedepleted regions (NDRs), ordered nucleosome arrays downstream and less regularly spaced upstream nucleosomes. In addition, we found enrichments for associated function in four of eight groups of genes clustered according to chromatin configurations near TSSs. At replication origins, our data revealed asymmetric localization of pre-replication complex (pre-RC) proteins within large NDRs—a feature that is conserved in fission and budding yeast and is therefore likely to be conserved in other eukaryotic organisms.
Molecular mapping of brain areas involved in parrot vocal communication.

Auditory and vocal regulation of gene expression occurs in separate discrete regions of the songbird brain. Here we demonstrate that regulated gene expression also occurs during vocal communication in a parrot, belonging to an order whose ability to learn vocalizations is thought to have evolved independently of songbirds. Adult male budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were stimulated to vocalize with playbacks of conspecific vocalizations (warbles), and their brains were analyzed for expression of the transcriptional regulator ZENK. The results showed that there was distinct separation of brain areas that had hearing- or vocalizing-induced ZENK expression. Hearing warbles resulted in ZENK induction in large parts of the caudal medial forebrain and in 1 midbrain region, with a pattern highly reminiscent of that observed in songbirds. Vocalizing resulted in ZENK induction in nine brain structures, seven restricted to the lateral and anterior telencephalon, one in the thalamus, and one in the midbrain, with a pattern partially reminiscent of that observed in songbirds. Five of the telencephalic structures had been previously described as part of the budgerigar vocal control pathway. However, functional boundaries defined by the gene expression patterns for some of these structures were much larger and different in shape than previously reported anatomical boundaries. Our results provide the first functional demonstration of brain areas involved in vocalizing and auditory processing of conspecific sounds in budgerigars. They also indicate that, whether or not vocal learning evolved independently, some of the gene regulatory mechanisms that accompany learned vocal communication are similar in songbirds and parrots.
Metabolite patterns measured during repeated dosing of acetaminophen (APAP) At 4, 6, and 8 g/day in healthy adults

We assessed the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of 1, 1.5, and 2 g APAP dosed every 6 h for 3 days (4, 6, and 8 g/d) using a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 3-regimen study design. Subjects were divided into 2 groups that received: (I) placebo (n=6) or APAP (n=12) at 4 then 6 g/d; (II) placebo (n=6) or APAP (n=12) at 4 then 8 g/d. Safety and hepatic function were monitored daily. Blood samples were collected after the first and last dose of each dosing regimen, and urine was collected for 24 hours on Day 3 of dosing. PK results showed that APAP plasma concentrations did not accumulate with repeat doses, and that steady-state concentrations were linearly related to dose. Plasma metabolite data showed an unexpected increase in production of the major metabolite APAP-glucuronide and a decrease of APAP-sulfate between the first and last doses for 4, 6, and 8 g/d. The urine metabolite pattern changed with dose level: a higher amount (67%) of APAP-glucuronide was produced at 8 g/d compared with 59% and 61% for 4 and 6 g/d, and a lower amount (11%) of APAP-sulfate was produced at 8 g/d compared with 19% and 14% for 4 and 6 g/d. The findings are consistent with enzyme induction of glucuronidation and saturation of the sulfate pathway. Patterns of the other metabolites (thiols and catechol) did not differ substantially with dose. All doses were well tolerated and all hepatic aminotransaminase values stayed within normal limits. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P79–P79; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.302
Modeling of growth rate dispersion of citric acid monohydrate in continuous crystallizers

A mathematical model for prediction of the crystal size distribution from a continuous crystallizer is presented. The kinetic data used for the model were obtained from batch contact nucleation experiments with citric acid monohydrate. In these experiments, the distribution of growth rates as well as the initial size distribution were estimated. Results from the model indicate that the excess number of crystals usually present at small sizes in continuous crystallizers is due to growth rate dispersion (where crystals of the same size may have different growth rates) and not size dependent growth.
Relentless pulmonary vein stenosis: a contemporary approach to a recurring problem.

Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a known complication of PV isolation procedures for atrial fibrillation. Treatment can be percutaneous or surgical. We describe in this report a case of recurring PV stenosis after both surgical and percutaneous procedures, highlighting a number of novel interventional techniques. We also provide a review of literature regarding intervening in pulmonary vein occlusion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of tau phosphorylation by environmental copper

Background The transition metal copper enhances amyloid β aggregation and neurotoxicity, and in models of concomitant amyloid and tau pathology, copper also promotes tau aggregation. Since it is not clear if the effects of environmental copper upon tau pathology are dependent on the presence of pathological amyloid β, we tested the effects of copper overload and complexing in disease models which lack pathological amyloid β.
Composite photography and statistical prejudice: Levy-Peart and Marshall on the theorist and the theorized

Abstract I read the three texts of Marshall singled out by Levy-Peart in their implication of statistical prejudice in canonical texts of eugenics, and thereby reconsider their more far-reaching implication of the theorist's relationship to the theorized.
Treating HCV with ribavirin analogues and ribavirin-like molecules

Nucleos(t)ide analogues have proven useful in the treatment of viral infections. Ribavirin is a nucleoside, guanosine analogue, whose mechanisms of action include inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is the key step in de novo guanine synthesis, a requirement for viral replication. In combination with pegylated interferon alfa, ribavirin is the standard of care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C today. However, the medication is associated with significant haemolytic anaemia, which may require dose reduction, discontinuation or treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Dose reduction also appears to decrease sustained viral clearance rates. Newer IMPDH inhibitors are in various stages of development. Viramidine, a liver-targeting prodrug of ribavirin, has demonstrated significant antiviral activity and erythrocyte-sparing properties. It is currently in Phase 3 trials. Clinical trials of merimepodib, another investigational IMPDH inhibitor, have completed enrolment for a Phase 2b study as a third medication for administration with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Although other IMDPH inhibitors also have antiviral activity, these medications appear best suited as immunosuppressive medications at this time.
Simple diffractive theory of enhanced backscattering

A simple theory of enhanced backscattering from weakly rough dielectric and metallic surfaces is presented in which constructive interference of time-reversed scattering paths is explicitly displayed. We show that, when starting from a perturbative second-order electromagnetic theory, one may calculate the backscattering intensity distribution from a single analytic formula. Excellent agreement is obtained with published results that were achieved with extensive numerical simulations. In the case of scattering from dielectric surfaces or loss-less metallic surfaces, the angular width of the backscattering peak is determined solely by diffraction.
Warm ischemic preconditioning improves mitochondrial redox balance during and after mild hypothermic ischemia in guinea pig isolated hearts

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induces distinctive changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics during warm (37 degrees C) ischemia and improves function and tissue viability on reperfusion. We examined whether IPC before 2 h of hypothermic (27 degrees C) ischemia affords additive cardioprotection and improves mitochondrial redox balance assessed by mitochondrial NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) autofluorescence in intact hearts. A mediating role of ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel opening was investigated. NADH and FAD fluorescence was measured in the left ventricular wall of guinea pig isolated hearts assigned to five groups of eight animals each: hypothermia alone, hypothermia with ischemia, IPC with cold ischemia, 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD) alone, and 5-HD with IPC and cold ischemia. IPC consisted of two 5-min periods of warm global ischemia spaced 5 min apart and 15 min of reperfusion before 2 h of ischemia at 27 degrees C and 2 h of warm reperfusion. The K(ATP) channel inhibitor 5-HD was perfused from 5 min before until 5 min after IPC. IPC before 2 h of ischemia at 27 degrees C led to better recovery of function and less tissue damage on reperfusion than did 27 degrees C ischemia alone. These improvements were preceded by attenuated increases in NADH and decreases in FAD during cold ischemia and the reverse changes during warm reperfusion. 5-HD blocked each of these changes induced by IPC. This study indicates that IPC induces additive cardioprotection with mild hypothermic ischemia by improving mitochondrial bioenergetics during and after ischemia. Because effects of IPC on subsequent changes in NADH and FAD were inhibited by 5-HD, this suggests that mitochondrial K(ATP) channel opening plays a substantial role in improving mitochondrial bioenergetics throughout mild hypothermic ischemia and reperfusion.
Correlation of Lysyl Oxidase Activation with the p-Phenylenediamine Oxidase Activity (Ceruloplasmin) in Serum

A dietary deficiency in copper decreases the lysyl oxidase activity in aortic tissue of growing chickens. The decrease has been correlated with a lowering of serum copper and ceruloplasmin (measured as PPD oxidase activity). Injections of CuSO, restored enzyme function and brought serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels back to normal. How- ever, when the CuSO., was given to chicks that had received two injections of estradiol-17/3, a much stronger increase in lysyl oxidase in response to CuSO, was observed. The enhanced response correlated with an enhanced increase in ceruloplasmin, linking the serum copper protein with the restoration of lysyl oxidase activity. Lysyl oxidase is a copper-dependent en- zyme. It requires copper to function as a catalyst and to maintain a constant level of activity in aortic tissue. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of allysines, the ac- tive aldehyde centers which give rise to crosslinks in collagen and elastin (1). Lysyl oxidase activity fails in animals that are fed diets low in copper, but is restored by re- feeding copper-supplemented diets or in- jecting CuSO, intraperitoneally (2). The close interplay between copper and an as- sociated metalloenzyme is evident. Not so evident, however, is a biochemical under- standing of the mechanism. Very little is known of the process by which metal ions are transported in the blood to the tissues. Even less is known of how metal ions enter cells to engage the binding sites of enzymes. The lysyl oxidase system may provide a model for elucidating such events, at least to the extent of iden- tifying transport components for delivering copper to the metal-free enzyme. Studies in vitro have suggested that lysyl oxidase acti- vation coincides with the binding of copper ions to newly synthesized molecules of apoenzyme (3). Although copper ions may limit the activation of this enzyme in vitro, free metal ions are not likely to be the im- mediate source of the protein-bound metal in the intact animal; a serum protein or a complex of copper with specific amino acids (4) probably performs this function in vivo. The present study examines this
Enhanced signal-to-noise in photodetectors due to interface phonon-assisted transitions

Herein, we consider examine the possibility of photodetectors with reduced signal-to-noise based on a three quantum well structure with one single well and one double well. This structure facilitates photon detection through the following sequence of events: photon absorption, phonon emission, and then photon absorb of a photon having the same wavelength as the first one. Even though this design two photons a phonon-assisted transition, it is demonstrated that greatly enhance signal-to-noise is obtained.
Antitumor Activity and Clinical Pharmacology of Sulofenur in Ovarian Cancer

BACKGROUND Sulofenur is a diarylsulfonylurea with demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. The dose-limiting toxic effects observed in phase I clinical trials have been anemia and methemoglobinemia, resulting in cyanosis. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to further define the response rate, toxic effects, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sulofenur in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. METHODS We conducted a phase II trial of sulofenur at a dose of 800 mg/m2 per day in 35 patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were analyzed by comparing sulofenur parent and metabolite plasma levels with methemoglobin levels. RESULTS Partial responses lasting 6.5-18 weeks occurred in four (15%; 95% confidence interval = 4%-35%) of the 26 patients assessable for response. In addition, 42% (11) of the assessable patients had prolonged stable disease (median, 20 weeks). The first nine patients received sulofenur as a daily oral dose for 14 days, with a 21-day treatment cycle. However, they developed substantial anemia and methemoglobinemia. As a result, the next 26 patients received sulofenur daily for 5 days followed by 2 days of rest for 3 consecutive weeks, with a 28-day treatment cycle (5/2-day schedule). Preclinical models predicted that 2 days of rest would decrease toxicity while maintaining antitumor activity. Patients treated with the 5/2-day schedule had relatively less severe anemia and methemoglobinemia and needed fewer red blood cell transfusions (31% versus 78% of patients), but 31% still required dose reductions because of these toxic effects. The hydroxy and keto metabolites of sulofenur had prolonged plasma half-lives relative to the parent compound, and the difference was statistically significant. In addition, the correlations of metabolite concentrations with methemoglobin levels were higher than the correlation of sulofenur concentrations with methemoglobin levels, and those differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION We conclude that sulofenur has modest clinical activity in heavily pretreated patients with ovarian cancer. IMPLICATIONS The toxic effects of anemia and methemoglobinemia may limit the ultimate clinical utility of diarylsulfonylureas until less toxic derivatives with alternate metabolic pathways can be identified.
Automated docking and the search for HIV protease inhibitors.

Abstract This article will discuss the motivations, technologies, and future directions of computational automated docking in the context of the structure-based rational design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Docking simulations are widely used for screening of compound libraries to identify new drug leads, employing a simple model for rapid testing of thousands of compounds. Docking simulations are also useful for lead enhancement, using more detailed models to analyze the atomic interactions between inhibitors and target macromolecules. Major advances have been reported in the development of empirical force fields, which now allow assessment of relative binding strength and drug specificity, and extensions of automated docking techniques allow de novo drug design.
Gender in the Cocktail Party Effect: Listener, Target Speaker, and Distractor Genders Examined:

This study was designed to identify any effects of listener gender in the “cocktail party effect,” in which the gender of target and distractor voices has been shown to effect a listener's ability to detect and correctly respond to commands given in a multiple simultaneous talker task. Two experiments demonstrated that although there is no main effect of listener gender in any performance measure, the gender of the listener does interact with the genders of the target and distractor talkers in some conditions. This finding is potentially relevant to the customization of acoustic displays for maximum effectiveness with users of either gender.
Intracisternal sodium nitroprusside fails to prevent vasospasm in nonhuman primates.

OBJECTIVE Hemoglobin contributes to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. One mechanism may involve binding of nitric oxide, destruction of nitric oxide, or both. Support for this mechanism would be evidence that nitric oxide donors prevent vasospasm. This study attempted to provide such evidence. METHODS A randomized, blinded study was conducted in which 13 monkeys underwent cerebral angiography and creation of a right subarachnoid hemorrhage. Subcutaneous osmotic pumps were implanted to deliver sodium nitroprusside (n = 7) or vehicle (n = 6) via catheters into the right basal cisterns. Seven days later, angiography was repeated, and the animals were humanely killed. Levels of cyclic nucleotides, hemoglobins, and thiocyanate were measured. RESULTS Significant vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery was present in animals treated with sodium nitroprusside (35 +/- 22% reduction in diameter, P < 0.05, paired t test) and placebo (28 +/- 20% reduction, P < 0.05, not significantly different from nitroprusside group by unpaired t test). Adequate delivery of sodium nitroprusside was supported by the finding of a significant increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in the cerebral arteries of treated animals compared with placebo (P < 0.05, unpaired t test). Thiocyanate was not present in significantly increased amounts in animals treated with nitroprusside, although this group did display elevated concentrations of nitrosyl hemoglobin (measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) and cyanomethemoglobin (measured by spectrophotometry) in the cerebrospinal fluid on Day 7. CONCLUSION The lack of effect of sodium nitroprusside was not the result of inadequate drug delivery because cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were significantly increased in vasospastic arteries. Vasospasm may not have been prevented because of a toxic effect of sodium nitroprusside metabolites, involvement of smooth muscle relaxation or contraction processes downstream of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or both.
Estimating Misspecified Moment Inequality Models

This chapter studies partially identified structures defined by a finite number of moment inequalities. When the moment function is misspecified, it becomes difficult to interpret the conventional identified set. Even more seriously, this can be an empty set. We define a pseudo-true identified set whose elements can be interpreted as the least-squares projections of the moment functions that are observationally equivalent to the true moment function. We then construct a set estimator for the pseudo-true identified set and establish its \(O_{p}(n^{-1/2})\) rate of convergence.
Propagation of a high-energy laser beam through a cloud of burning carbon particles

The change in the propagation characteristics of a high-energy laser beam traversing a dense collection of carbon particles, as the irradiated carbon particles undergo combustion, is calculated by means of the radiative transfer equation. This allows one to predict the spatiotemporal shape of a laser pulse. The effects of the changing size distribution of the burning carbon particles on the propagation are also discussed.
Material Handling Advancements for Collider Dipole Magnet Manufacturing Systems

General Dynamics (GD) has developed a manufacturing system for the Collider Dipole Magnet (CDM) Program. Initial tools and equipment have been installed and prototype production is underway in GD’s CDM Production Facility in Hammond, Louisiana. A target production capability to build up to ten CDMs a day on a two shift basis drove the initial manufacturing systems design. For example, this rate requirement will require approximately 160,000 kg of material to be moved in and out of the Hammond Facility everyday. These requirements have led to the development of a complex, highly advanced material handling system that supports the manufacturing process. The development of the material handling system has been in work for nearly 6 years and the solutions now being implemented reflect many significant achievements made by numerous GD manufacturing and industrial engineers. This paper will describe the results of these achievements and the process in which they were developed.
Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction

In the last half century, the Great Awakening has assumed a major role in explaining the political and social evolution of prerevolutionary American society. Historians have argued, variously, that the Awakening severed intellectual and philosophical connections between America and Europe (Perry Miller), that it was a major vehicle of early lower-class protest (John C. Miller, Rhys Isaac, and Gary B. Nash), that it was a means by which New England Puritans became Yankees (Richard L. Bushman), that it was the first "intercolonial movement" to stir "the people of several colonies on a matter of common emotional concern" (Richard Hofstadter following William Warren Sweet), or that it involved "a rebirth of the localistic impulse" (Kenneth Lockridge) *1 American historians also have increasingly linked the Awakening directly to the Revolution. Alan Heimert has tagged it as the source of a Calvinist political ideology that irretrievably shaped eighteenth-century American society and the Revolution it produced. Harry S. Stout has argued that the Awakening stimulated a new system of mass communications that increased the colonists' political awareness and reduced their deference to elite groups prior to the Revolution. Isaac and Nash have described the Awakening as the source of a simpler, non-Calvinist protest rhetoric that reinforced revolutionary ideology in disparate places, among them Virginia and the northern
Optimization of protein lysis and determination of protein content for Populus tomentosa cambium tissues

TCA/acetone was used to extract total crude protein from cambium tissues of Populus tomentosa.Six kinds of protein lysis buffers were used to dissolve and lysis the total protein under room temperature and ice-bath,respectively.Lysis processes were monitored by sampling at the interval of 1,2 and 3h.The samples were determined and analyzed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the 2-DE gels electrophoresis.Optimal lysis buffer were composed of 8mol/L urea,2mol/L thiourea,4% CHAPS,65mmol/L DTT and 2% Bio-lyte and improved lysis condition were found to be at room temperature for 3h.Comparison of Bradford method with two other improved methods was done for protein content determination and the best one is to reduce the background interference by the preparation of BSA standard curve solution with the lysis buffer.
Modeling and simulation on the gas generator and gas control valve of solid ducted rockets

A kind of pneumatic gas control valve was investigated.The mathematical model and simulation model for the gas generator and pneumatic gas control valve of solid ducted rockets were established.Moreover the model of gas control valve was verified in tests,with the dynamic error and the steady-state error within 5 %.Finally the dynamic response performance of the gas generator and gas control valve were obtained through simulation.The simulation results show that the gas adjusting system open-loop responses slowly with strong nonlinearity.
Characterization of a native swelling-induced chloride current, ICl.swell, and its regulatory protein, pICln, in Xenopus oocytes.

The ability to precisely regulate cell volume is a fundamental property of most cells. Although the phenomenon of regulatory volume decrease (RVD), whereby a swollen cell loses salt and water to restore its original volume, has been appreciated for decades, the molecular identities of the proteins responsible for the volume control machinery and their regulation are essentially unknown. It appears that the rate-determining step in gaining volume control involves the activation of potassium and chloride conductance pathways. We have identified a native chloride current (ICl.swell) responsive to cell swelling in Xenopus oocytes [Ackerman et al. (1994) J Gen Physiol 103: 153-179]. Moreover, we have demonstrated that a cloned protein, pICln, endogenous to oocytes is critical for the activation of this volume-sensitive chloride conductance pathway [Krapivinsky et al. (1994) Cell 76: 439-448]. The identification of an endogenous protein participating in the regulation of an endogenous current may help understand the physiological activities of swelling-induced chloride channels.
Septic arthritis of the knee due to Clostridium welchii. Report of two cases.

1. A review of the literature has revealed that only two cases of an acute septic arthritis caused by Clostridium welchii have been reported. Both of these infections involved the knee. 2. Two new cases of an acute septic arthritis of the knee due to Clostridium welchii are discussed. 3. The varied clinical manifestations of Clostridium welchii as reported in the literature are briefly discussed. 4. It was observed that, in an acute septic arthritis due to Clostridium welchii , the local and systemic findings were of the nature and magnitude expected with any pyarthrosis due to more common organisms. Also, there was apparently little or no cartilage destruction with subsequent excellent functional recovery. 5. The primary purpose of this paper has been to establish Clostridium welchii as a possible cause of an acute septic arthritis.