cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Following the initial observation by Dr. Margaret Fischl that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can prevent Pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, initiating prophylaxis for pneumocystic infection in all patients with less than 200 CD4+ cells/mm3 has become accepted practice. This prophylactic intervention has been found not only to reduce the development of pneumonia due to P. carinii but also to prolong life. Drs. Henry Masur and Joseph A. Kovacs first reviewed prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus for the AIDS Commentary 3 years ago. They have updated that initial review for this AIDS Commentary, placing currently available information into concise clinical perspective and detailing a rational plan for the clinician to follow based on results of recent studies.
The Teacher's Discourse Moves: A Framework for Analyzing Discourse in Mathematics Classrooms.

In this paper a framework is proposed for analyzing the deliberate actions taken by a teacher to participate in or influence the discourse in mathematics classrooms, and such actions are referred to as the teacher's discourse moves. This work synthesizes elements of several other discourse frameworks, including those of Richards, Sfard, Cobb, and Knuth and Peressini. Expanding on the improvisational dance metaphor of Heaton's, the framework views the teacher in the additional multiple roles as a Choreographer/Stage Manager/Director of classroom discourse. Several research applications of the discourse framework to collegiate mathematics education are discussed, including discourse around collaborative problem solving in Treisman Emerging Scholars workshops, a video-based study of a college-level geometry course for teachers, discourse in wireless networked classrooms, and the asynchronous discourse in an online statistics course.
The inverse backscattering problem in three dimensions

This article is a study of the mapping from a potentialq(x) onR 3 to the backscattering amplitude associated with the Hamiltonian −Δ+q(x). The backscattering amplitude is the restriction of the scattering amplitudea(θ, ω, k), (θ, ω, k)eS 2×S 2×ℝ+, toa(θ,−θ, k). We show that in suitable (complex) Banach spaces the map fromq(x) toa(x/|x|, −x/|x|, |x|) is usually a local diffeomorphism. Hence in contrast to the overdetermined problem of recoveringq from the full scattering amplitude the inverse backscattering problem is well posed.
Goodbye Mr. Socialism

Antonio Negri Peter Thomas (Trans.), New York: Seven Stories Press, 2008, 160 pp Antonio Negri is probably best known for his work with Michael Hardt on the Empire trilogy.1 If one were to judge Ne...
Residency directors' assessments of which selection criteria best predict the performances of foreign-born foreign medical graduates during internal medicine residencies

In the summer of 1990, 102 directors of internal medicine residency programs from nine areas of the country with the largest numbers of foreign-born foreign medical graduates (FFMGs) were surveyed by mail to determine what criteria used to select FFMGs for residency positions best predicted performance. The directors felt that the most important predictors were performance on the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination in the Medical Sciences or the National Board of Medical Examiners examinations; performance during the interview; and postgraduate clinical experience in the United States. Recent graduation from medical school was felt to be a better predictor than postgraduate clinical experience in a foreign country. Seventy-three percent of the directors found letters of recommendation from a foreign country to be useless. The author suggests the results of this study may be useful to residency programs in evaluating FFMG applicants and to FFMGs in assessing their own credentials.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of tobacco dependence: 2014 update.

Introduction: Tobacco dependence remains a global epidemic and the largest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Smoking cessation has benefits at all ages but remains challenging for several reasons, among which are the complexities of nicotine addiction and limitations of available pharmacotherapies. Areas covered: This review summarizes current and emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of tobacco dependence, including first- and second-line recommended agents. Medications with alternative primary indications that have been investigated as potential treatments for tobacco dependence are also discussed. Articles reviewed were obtained through searches of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Pharmaprojects database. Expert opinion: Current evidence suggests that the two most effective pharmacotherapies to treat tobacco dependence are varenicline and combination nicotine replacement therapy. Alternative agents investigated demonstrate mixed rates of success in ac...
Stress thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy for the detection of individual coronary arterial lesions in patients with and without previous myocardial infarction

The value of stress thallium-201 scintigraphy for detecting individual coronary arterial stenoses was analyzed in 141 patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease, 101 with and 40 without a previous myocardial infarction. In patients without infarction, the sensitivity for detecting greater than 50 percent narrowing in the left anterior descending, the right and the left circumflex coronary artery was 66, 53 and 24 percent, respectively. In those with a previous infarction, the sensitivity for demonstrating disease in the artery corresponding to the site of infarction was 100 percent for the left anterior descending, 79 percent for the right and 63 percent for the left circumflex coronary artery. In patients with a prior anterior infarction, concomitant right or left circumflex coronary arterial lesions were detected in only 1 of 12 cases, whereas in those with previous inferior or inferolateral infarction, the sensitivity for left anterior descending coronary artery disease was 69 percent. Because of the reasonably high sensitivity for detecting left anterior descending arterial disease, irrespective of the presence and location of previous infarction, myocardial scintigraphy was useful in identifying multivessel disease in patients with a previous inferior infarction. However, because of its relative insensitivity for right or left circumflex coronary artery disease, scintigraphy proved to be a poor predictor of multivessel disease in patients with a prior anterior infarction and in patients without previous myocardial infarction.
Tunable synthesis of self-assembled cyclic peptide nanotubes and nanoparticles

While tremendous efforts have been made in investigating scalable approaches for fabricating nanoparticles, less progress has been made in scalable synthesis of cyclic peptide nanoparticles and nanotubes, despite their great potential for broader biomedical applications. In this paper, tunable synthesis of self-assembled cyclic peptide nanotubes and nanoparticles using three different methods, phase equilibrium, pH-driven, and pH-sensitive methods, were proposed and investigated. The goal is scalable nanomanufacturing of cyclic peptide nanoparticles and nanotubes with different sizes in large quality by controlling multiple process parameters. Cyclo-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala-)2 was applied to illustrate the proposed ideas. In the study, mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography were employed to verify the chemical structures and purity of the cyclic peptides. Morphology and size of the synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The dimensions of the self-assembled nanostructures were found to be strongly influenced by the cyclic peptide concentration, side chain modification, pH values, reaction time, stirring intensity, and sonication time. This paper proposed an overall strategy to integrate all the parameters to achieve optimal synthesis outputs. Mechanisms of the self-assembly of the cyclic peptide nanotubes and nanoparticles under variable conditions and tunable parameters were discussed. This study contributes to scalable nanomanufacturing of cyclic peptide based self-assembled nanoparticles and nanotubes for broader biomedical applications.
Structure of the methanol liquid-vapor interface: A comprehensive particle-based simulation study

This research addresses a comprehensive particle-based simulation study of the structural, dynamic, and electronic properties of the liquid-vapor interface of methanol utilizing both ab initio (based on density functional theory) and empirical (fixed charge) models. Numerous properties such as interfacial width, hydrogen bond populations, dipole moments, and correlation times are characterized with identical schemes to draw useful conclusions on the strengths and weakness of the proposed models for the interface of neat methanol. Our findings indicate that all models considered in this study yield similar results for the radial distribution functions, hydrogen bond populations, and orientational relaxation times. Significant differences in the models appear when examining both the dipole moments and surface relaxation near the aqueous liquid-vapor interface. Here, the density functional theory interaction potential predicts a significant decrease in the molecular dipole moment and slight expansion in the oxygen-oxygen distance as the interface is approached. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for DOE. For submission to Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Thin foil preparation of metal particles in brittle ceramic matrices

Thin foil preparation for metal particles in brittle ceramic matrices is particularly difficult, due to differential thinning of the component materials. This paper considers the preparation of thin foils of stony meteorites. Stony meteorites have a composite nature consisting of small metal particles (< 200 microns) embedded in an inherently brittle silicate matrix. Specimens of this type are difficult to prepare as thin foils because the area of interest is limited to specific regions within the metal particles. The problems of thin foil preparation of metal particles in the stony meteorites were overcome by developing a technique involving electrochemical polishing prior to ion beam thinning. The metal particles were first separated from the silicate matrix and then embedded in Epo-Tek H20E silver epoxy. This specific epoxy was selected for its good electron conductivity which allowed the specimen to be thinned by the electrochemical polishing technique. Specimens prepared by this technique have permitted the direct observation and characterization of the metallic phases in stony meteorites.
Cell-based assays for kinase drug discovery

Kinases are important therapeutic targets. Potent in vitro inhibitors are readily produced, but these compounds are not always potent in cells. Because cell potency is crucial for efficacy, cell-based assays are important for successful inhibitor development. In this review kinase cell assays are divided into four types. Strengths and weaknesses of each and the value of combining types are discussed. With the current growth of kinase-based therapeutics, review of this field is important and timely.
Contraband drug surface chemistry at nanogram levels

The surface chemistry of contraband drugs is very important in many detection techniques. It is also important in choosing materials for sampling and sample handling. The chemical nature of surfaces may facilitate drug decomposition or serve to stabilize the drugs. We have developed a simple technique to study the chemistry of contraband drugs such as cocaine HCl at nanogram levels. The normal operating modes of an IONSCAN 400 ion mobility spectrometer were adjusted to allow the chemistry of the drugs to be examined in the sample chamber of the spectrometer. For example, a membrane with deposited drug is held in the sample chamber at a specified temperature up to 20 seconds with no air flow. An ON-OFF valve was placed in- line just before the carrier gas enters the desorption chamber where samples are heated. This modification allows the gas flow to be manually turned off while the sample is being heated. We have used this technique to examine the pyrolysis of cocaine hydrochloride under a variety of conditions. At the end of the designated reaction time, the air flow is turned on allowing the reaction products and any starting materials to flow into the spectrometer for analysis. This technique has allowed studies of the stability of the drugs at various temperatures on different surfaces. For example, evidence was obtained of cocaine HCl decomposition at 75 degrees for 5 seconds using Teflon as the support material. The use of this technique has also assisted us in choosing materials for pyrolysis studies in which the goal is the decompose target drugs quickly and efficiently for detection applications.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Doing business after the fall: The virtue of moral hypocrisy

Moral hypocrisy is motivation to appear moral yet, if possible, avoid the cost of actually being moral. In business, moral hypocrisy allows one to engender trust, solve the commitment problem, and still relentlessly pursue personal gain. Indicating the power of this motive, research has provided clear and consistent evidence that, given the opportunity, many people act to appear fair (e.g., they flip a coin to distribute resources between themselves and another person) without actually being fair (they accept the flip only if it favors themselves). New evidence also indicates the power of moral hypocrisy in a situation more obviously relevant to business, resource allocation when one party has information about relative resource value that the other does not. Characteristics of modern business situations likely to encourage moral hypocrisy are outlined. We conclude that moral hypocrisy is not only a pragmatic virtue in modern business but is also fast becoming a prescriptive one.
Fugitive and codified knowledge: implications for communities struggling to control the meaning of local environmental hazards

The purpose of this qualitative research was to determine the ways that knowledge is constructed and used by emergent citizen's groups (ECGs are grassroots, action‐oriented, problem‐solving groups) engaged in environmental conflicts, and by a state government environmental regulatory agency that interfaced with them. Four historical‐organizational/observational case studies of conflict dynamics involving ECGs and the government were undertaken. Case studies in a qualitative research paradigm were used since they particularize information in a complex, process oriented manner that reports life experiences. All of the grassroots groups in the study cited ‘education’ as a goal of their organizations. The research documented the struggle for who controls the meaning of hazardous scenarios. ECGs were cultural producers at the local level, developing the intellectual and moral faculties of the community, especially through collective education and collaborative and social learning. The state agency, on the othe...
A photonic integrated tunable receiver/optical preamplifier in a vertical coupler filter structure

Summary form only given. The authors propose and demonstrate a novel integrated tunable receiver which integrates a traveling-wave optical preamplifier, a two-stage passive grating-assisted codirectional coupler (GACC) filter, and a photodetector. The GACC filter has been shown to have a wavelength tunability an order of magnitude wider than that of a distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) filter. The transmissive style of the filter makes it possible to cascade several optical elements to achieve the high functionality of photonic integration. The device was fabricated on GaAs substrate using strained InGaAs quantum wells for optical gain and GaAs for the index tuning material operating around lambda =0.98 mu m. With zero bias applied to the filter electrodes, the receiving passband was measured to be centered at approximately 0.98 mu m with a FWHM bandwidth of approximately 3 nm. A differential signal gain of 12 dB was obtained when the amplifier current increased from 20 mA to 34 mA. >
Breeding value of 2n pollen diploid from hybrids and Phureja in 4x-2x crosses in potatoes

Breeding value of 2n pollen from Phureja — haploid Group Tuberosum diploid hybrids (DHs) and Phureja was compared in crosses with tetraploid cultivars. Mean total yield for Phureja — derived (PT) hybrids significantly exceeded that for DH — derived (DHT) hybrids, and did not differ from that for cultivar parents. PT hybrids had the largest range for total yield, with 13% of the population between 4200 and 5750 gm/plant (0.8 and 4.6% for DHT hybrids and cultivars, respectively). Moreover, the tail of the frequency distribution of total yield for PT hybrids extended 920 gm/plant above that for cultivars. Mean marketable yield for PT hybrids significantly exceeded that for DHT hybrids, but was significantly below that for cultivars. However, the tail of the distribution of marketable yields for PT hybrids exceeded that of the cultivars by 820 gm/plant. Significant general combining ability among 2x and 4x parents for total and marketable yield indicates that the potential of specific crosses can be predicted by average performance of parents in test-crosses. Predictability of parental breeding value and exceptional yield potential of hybrids make 4x-2x breeding an attractive alternative to conventional approaches.
Implications of Immune System in Stroke for Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Each year, approximately 795,000 people suffer a new or recurrent stroke. About 610,000 of these are first attacks, and 185,000 are recurrent attacks. Currently, the only FDA approved treatment for ischemic stroke is the thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase), which must be given within 4.5 h of stroke onset. Beyond this time, apoptotic and inflammatory processes greatly diminish the therapeutic benefits of current treatments. While there have been many experimental treatments for stroke that showed promising preclinical efficacy, these treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In many of these cases, the preclinical animal studies did not model the clinical setting effectively. The injury that occurs following stroke is a dynamic process. To effectively treat stroke patients at clinically relevant timepoints, it is imperative to understand both the humeral and cell-mediated phenomena that occur throughout the body in response to ischemic injury over time. Promising experimental therapeutics designed to be given 1 to 2 days following stroke require both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in order to be efficacious.
Evidence for a free radical mechanism in aging and u.v.-irradiated ocular lenses.

Abstract ESR spectra are reported for whole rat lenses and for the central 3-mm cores from human lenses exposed to u.v. radiation in the ESR cavity at 77°K. The observed signals are attributed to a free radical which is produced via photoionization of tryptophan residues in lens protein. The intensity of the ESR signal was found to be greater in young than in old human lenses and greater in normal lenses than in nuclear (brown) cataracts of the same age. Incubation with penicillamine in the dark reduced the observed ESR signal intensity in rat and human lenses. It is concluded that penicillamine functions as a radical trap within the lens. The ESR experiments reported here, together with evidence from fluorescence spectroscopy, suggest that u.v.-induced damage to the ocular lens could proceed via a free-radical mechanism.
Intraspecific Systematics of Gasterosteus Aculeatus Populations: Implications for Behavioral Ecology

The threespine stickleback is widespread in diverse coastal marine and freshwater habitats of the Holarctic. Extensive information on its behavior and evolution provide an exceptional background for behavioral ecology. The behavioral phenotype links studies of proximate and ultimate (evolutionary) causes of behavior. Analyses of the ultimate causes of behavior should be placed in a phylogenetic context. There have been four phases of interpretation of phenotypic variation in threespine stickleback: (1) taxonomic, (2) dispersalist-neutralist, (3) adaptationist, and (4) adaptationist-phylogenetic. Gasterosteus aculeatus should be treated as a highly variable species complex. Phylogenetic inferences based on geographical location and allozyme and nucleotide variation facilitate discrimination between ancestry and local adaptation as ultimate causes of phenotypic variation among populations. The phylogeny of threespine stickleback populations and the use of phylogenetic information to analyze causation of pelvic girdle variation among populations are reviewed. Criteria for selection of populations and behavioral traits for comparative studies are discussed.
Oxidation and hydrolysis of (Me2InPPh2)2: X-ray structure of [InMe(OH)(O2PPh2]4•(py)4 an In4O4 cube

Abstract The indium phosphide complex (Me 2 InPPh 2 ) 2 can be oxidized with pyridine-N-oxide to give the phosphinate complex [Me 2 In(O 2 PPh 2 )] 2 , careful hydrolysis of which yields an In 4 O 4 cubane cluster [InMe(OH)(O 2 PPh 2 )] 4 · (py) 4 whose structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Using line-length effects to optimize circuit-level reliability

By taking advantage of short-line reliability improvements in circuit-level reliability analyses and in modified layout strategies, the severe reliability constraints on future interconnect technology can be significantly addressed. To do this though, the effective length of laid-out interconnect trees must be used instead of the lengths of individual segments. Recent results on the reliability of interconnect trees are reviewed, and methods for reliability optimization are suggested.
Measurements of solids concentration in a three-phase reactor by an ultrasonic technique

An ultrasonic technique was developed to measure the concentration of solids in a three-phase slurry reactor. Preliminary measurements were taken on slurries consisting of water, glass beads, and nitrogen bubbles. The data show that the speed and attenuation of the sound are well defined functions of the solid and gas concentrations in the slurries. A simple model is proposed to correlate the concentration of solids with the measured characteristics of the ultrasonic signals.
Derivatizat Ion of Primary Aromatic Amines with Fluorescamine

Abstract Fluorescamine forms stable, fluorescent derivatives with sterically-unhindered primary aromatic amines in both aqueous (borate buffer, pH 9/acetonitrile) and nonaqueous (pyridine/-acetonitrile) media. Aromatic amines with a substituent such as a methyl group or an aromatic ring ortho to the amine functionality either derivatized poorly or not at all because of steric hindrance.
Preliminary analysis of light rail crashes in Denver, Colorado: implications for crash prediction and hazard index models based on railroads

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of light rail crashes at at-grade crossings in Denver, Colorado, based on Regional Transportation District data for 1999 through 2009. Differences in design and operation of at-grade crossings are discussed for light rail versus common carrier railroad (railroad). The differences appear to warrant the development of separate crash prediction and hazard index models because models developed for railroad at-grade crossing operations may not accurately predict the number and severity of crashes at light rail at-grade crossings. In addition, the models developed for railroads do not predict crashes at crossings for some traffic control device types such as traffic signals. The lack of information for crossings controlled by traffic signals in the railroad crash prediction equations is one reason why equations specific to light rail may need to be developed. This study identifies patterns in light rail crossing crash data that warrant further investigation and support the development of crash prediction models and hazard index equations specific to light rail at-grade crossing configurations and operations.
On the tryptophan content of neocarzinostatin.

Two tryptophan residues were determined in the polypeptide antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin using 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (HNB) and 2-nitrophenyl-sulfenyl chloride (NPS-Cl) in 50 % acetic acid.
Electrolytic process optimization by simultaneous-modular flowsheeting

A procedure is described for computer-assisted optimization of an electrolytic process flowsheet. Material, energy, and economic balances for all process units were incorporated in a nonlinear optimization routine for predicting the minimum selling price based on a discounted cash flow rate of return on investment. The optimization utilized a simultaneous-modular approach which was incorporated into the public version of the Aspen flowsheeting package, and used an infeasible path convergence method based on successive quadratic programming procedures. Electrolyte vapour-liquid equilibrium data were estimated by the ‘non-random two-liquid’ model. The Lagrangian multipliers of the constraint equations were used to determine the sensitivity of the optimum to key process variables. The method was illustrated by evaluation of two process flowsheets for electrosynthesis of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from 1-butene based on pilot-plant performance reported in the patent literature.
Indirectly driven, high growth Rayleigh-Taylor implosions on Nova

Abstract Indirectly-driven implosions for which the predicted Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability growth rates of pre-imposed capsule surface perturbations are substantially increased by mid-Z-doping of the ablators have been fielded on the Nova laser. The multiple effects on implosion performance of the additional x-ray opacity provided by the ablator dopant is discussed. For best surface finish capsules, the addition of increasing ablator dopant levels is shown to improve the neutron yield. However, as capsule surface roughness is increased, so that RT instability growth increases, this trend is reversed, leading to decreasing yields with increased dopant content. The RT-induced mixing between shell and fuel is further investigated by diagnosing the x-ray emission levels and time histories from Ti and Ar dopants in capsules with predetermined surface roughness. The x-ray line ratios show the expected decrease in fuel temperature with increasing surface roughness. The spectral content, intensity and duration of the Ti spectra, however, suggest 2- or 3-D rather than just 1-D effects are important so that higher than 1-D models of the mix region may be needed.
Can generic advertising alleviate consumer concerns over food scares

Consumers consistently express concern about the risk of new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (nvCJD) from eating beef. Given several US cows infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (mad cow disease) and recent findings that the path of transmission of nvCJD remains unknown, the potential for a devastating scare hangs over the beef industry. This experimental research evaluates the ability of industry advertising messages to offset the effects of media messages related to the lack of food safety. Using a nonstudent subject pool, this research finds that beef industry advertising significantly alleviates US consumer safety concerns.
Impact of pediatric epilepsy: voices from a focus group and implications for public policy change.

Abstract Epilepsy affects approximately 0.5–1% of youth, and challenges for them and their families reach far beyond seizures. Quantitative studies have shown that in addition to increased risk for psychosocial difficulties, many experience stigma and barriers to services and resources. As a complement to quantitative analyses, qualitative research further provides unique insight into understanding the impact of epilepsy on youth and families. In the present study, focus groups were held to discuss families’ experiences with epilepsy and access to related services. Qualitative analysis revealed three themes highlighting medical, educational, and social challenges of youth with epilepsy. Implications include recommendations for improvements in public awareness and public policy change.
Joint modeling of multiple longitudinal cost outcomes using multivariate generalized linear mixed models

The common approach to modeling healthcare cost data is to use aggregated total cost from multiple categories or sources (e.g. inpatient, outpatient, prescriptions, etc.) as the dependent variable. However, this approach could hide the differential impact of covariates on the different cost categories. An alternative is to model each cost category separately. This could also lead to wrong conclusions due to failure to account for the interdependence among the multiple cost outcomes. Therefore, we propose a multivariate generalized linear mixed model (mGLMM) that allows for joint modeling of longitudinal cost data from multiple sources. We assessed four different approaches, (1) shared random intercept, (2) shared random intercept and slope, (3) separate random intercepts from a joint multivariate distribution, and (4) separate random intercepts and slopes from a joint multivariate distribution. Each of these approaches differs in the way they account for the correlation among the multiple cost outcomes. Comparison was made via goodness of fit measures and residual plots. Longitudinal cost data from a national cohort of 740,195 veterans with diabetes (followed from 2002–2006) was used to demonstrate joint modeling. Among examined models, the separate random intercept approach exhibited the lowest AIC/BIC in both log-normal and gamma GLMMs. However, for our data example, the shared random intercept approach seemed to be sufficient as the more complex models did not lead to qualitatively different conclusions.
A thermal denaturation study of genomic DNAs from North American minnows (Cyprinidae: Teleostei).

Base compositions and differential melting rate profiles of genomic DNAs from twenty species of North American cyprinid fishes were generated via thermal denaturation. Base pair composition expressed as % GC values ranged among the twenty species from 36.1–41.3%. This range is considerably broader than that observed at comparable taxonomic levels in other vertebrate groups. Both the range and average difference in base pair composition between species in the diverse and rapidly evolving genus Notropis were considerably greater than those between species in other North American cyprinid genera. This may indicate that genomic changes at the level of base pair composition are frequent and possibly important events in cyprinid evolution. Compositional heterogeneity and asymmetry values among the twenty species were uniform and low, respectively, suggesting that most of the species lacked DNA components in their genomes which differed substantially from their main-band DNAs in base pair composition. The melting rate profiles revealed a prominent and distinct heavy or GC-rich DNA component in the genomes of three species belonging to the subgenus Cyprinella of Notropis. These and other data suggest that the heavy melting component may reflect a large, comparatively GC-rich family of highly repeated or satellite DNA sequences common to all three genomes.
The effects of a social media policy on pharmacy students' facebook security settings.

Objective. To examine how students entering a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program used Facebook privacy settings before and after the college's social media policy was presented to them. Methods. The Facebook profiles of all entering first-year pharmacy students across 4 campuses of a college of pharmacy were evaluated. Ten dichotomous variables of interest were viewed and recorded for each student's Facebook account at 3 time points: before the start of the semester, after presentation of the college's social media policy, and at the end of the semester. Data on whether a profile could be found and what portions of the profile were viewable also were collected. Results. After introduction of the policy, a significant number of students increased their security settings (made information not visible to the public) related to Facebook walls, information pages, and links. Conclusions. Making pharmacy students aware of a college's social media policy had a positive impact on their behaviors regarding online security and privacy.
Propagation of Planetary Waves between the Troposphere and Stratosphere

The propagation of planetary waves between the troposphere and stratosphere is investigated using a linear, time-dependent, primitive equation model. It is found that the tropopause acts like a valve for the propagation of planetary waves. The key parameters controlling the valve are the vertical gradient of buoyancy frequency and the vertical shear of the zonal winds at the tropopause. For a given wind profile smaller gradient of buoyancy frequency enhances the propagation of planetary waves. For a given profile of buoyancy frequency the larger the shear, the more the wave activity is trapped in the troposphere, and therefore, there is less left to propagate into the stratosphere. The transmission across the tropopause is, however, not sensitive to zonal winds in the upper stratosphere. The propagation of planetary waves is very sensitive to transience. More transient waves propagate more vertically within the troposphere, and for more transient waves, more wave activity is transferred into the stratosphere from the troposphere.
Continuous dependence on data for solutions of a conducting dusty gas model backwards in time

Un flux de gaz poussiereux conducteur en la presence d'un champ magnetique applique donne est modele par un probleme de valeur limite initial. On etudie la dependance continue des solutions regressives dans le temps de ce modele. Les champs magnetiques induit et electriques sont supposes etre negligeables et les particules de poussiere sont non conductrices. On deduit egalement un resultat exceptionnel
The Coming Era of Nanomedicine

This essay presents some general background on nanomedicine, particularly focusing on some of the investment that is being made in this emerging field. The bulk of the essay, however, consists of explorations of two areas in which the impacts of nanomedicine are likely to be most significant: diagnostics and medical records and treatment, including surgery and drug delivery. Each discussion includes a survey some of the ethical and social issues that are likely to arise in these applications.
A Prologue to Angeletics: A Response to Rafael Capurro and Suggestions for a Research Agenda

(2000). A Prologue to Angeletics: A Response to Rafael Capurro and Suggestions for a Research Agenda. International Information & Library Review: Vol. 32, No. 3-4, pp. 283-289.
Linguistic recovery after closed head injury

Abstract Recovery from acute aphasia after closed head injury was studied in 21 young adults at least 6 months after injury. Three profiles of scores were found using standardized language tests. Persistent expressive and receptive impairment was present in 6 patients who sustained severe diffuse brain injury resulting in global cognitive deficit. Residual expressive impairment, primarily of naming, was associated with mild diffuse brain injury though focal left-hemisphere injury was present in 3 of 6 cases. Patients who recovered to normal levels on all language tests generally had acute neurologic findings consistent with mild diffuse brain injury. Cranial computed tomography at the time of followup frequently disclosed ventricular enlargement.
Recent Developments to Understand Molecular Changes in Shocked Energetic Materials

Comment: First of all I would like to thank Professor S. Odiot and her colleagues for organizing a productive and enjoyable workshop. The presentations at the workshop covered a broad range of topics which reflects the interdisciplinary character of the field. Given my current interests, I shall confine my comments to fundamental issues related to the shock initiation problem. I believe that examination of the shock front remains an important challenge. Without this knowledge, it is difficult to address the question of how the energy is transferred to the molecules. The up pumping mechanism proposed by Dlott and Fayer is an interesting hypothesis and one that needs to be examined more carefully. Jerry Dick's ideas about the role of steric hindrance for chemical decomposition merit further study. How fast can this mechanism occur? If a detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms is the need, which it should be, then experiments on single crystals and liquids are essential. These are also the materials for which theoretical calculations can provide insight and, hence, aid experimental analysis. I believe that concerted and sustained efforts on a few selected materials will be most useful. Both experiments and theoretical calculations are needed to understand the role of atomic/molecular defects on a fundamental level. Regarding the onset of chemical reactions, is the problem completely thermal in nature or is it possible to obtain direct electronic excitations? While the latter may not seem energetically favorable at first glance, we need to keep in mind that the shock front represents major disruption of the crystal lattice. These are interesting and difficult questions which will keep us busy for some time. Once the reaction has been initiated, it is important to follow the various intermediate steps to provide a good link to the reactive flow or the hydrodynamic problem. Experimentally, this is again a very difficult task and anybody who can contribute to this problem should be encouraged to do so. I believe this is an area where high pressure and high temperature studies may provide useful insight. In closing I make two observations: (i) Understanding the shock response of condensed explosives is a challenging, interdisciplinary problem that will require interactions among experts from several different disciplines. However, care is needed to ensure that scientific convergence will be achieved. (ii) I am very encouraged by the emphasis on fundamental research on energetic materials in France. Thank you for a valuable interaction.
The relationship of postoperative electrographic seizures to neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery

Objective The occurrence of a seizure after the arterial switch operation is associated with a worse long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. The significance of seizures after neonatal and infant repair of other congenital heart defects is not known. Methods A recent study at our institution demonstrated seizures documented by 48-hour electroencephalographic monitoring in 20 (11%) of 178 neonates and infants after surgery for complex congenital heart defects, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome or variants. The developmental outcomes of this cohort were evaluated at 1 year of age by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, which yields 2 scores: the Mental Developmental Index and the Psychomotor Developmental Index. Results Developmental evaluations were performed in 114 (70%) of 164 survivors, including 36 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Postoperative electroencephalographic seizures had occurred in 15 (13%) of 114 of the entire group and in 8 (22%) of 36 of those with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. For the entire cohort, the Mental Developmental Index was 92.3 ± 13.5, and the Psychomotor Developmental Index was 79.9 ± 18.8 for patients without seizures, compared with 90.3 ± 10.7 and 74.4 ± 19.3 for those with seizures (both P > .5). For the hypoplastic left heart syndrome subgroup, the Mental Developmental Index was 92.3 ± 14.9, and the Psychomotor Developmental Index was 74.8 ± 19.3 for patients with seizures, compared with 91.9 ± 12.4 and 73.9 ± 18.3 for those without seizures (both P > .5). A frontal onset of seizures was predictive of a lower score on the Psychomotor Developmental Index, but not on the Mental Developmental Index. Conclusions The occurrence of a seizure after cardiac operation is a marker of central nervous system injury. However, in this cohort of neonates and infants with complex congenital heart defects, the occurrence of a seizure was not predictive of a worse developmental outcome at 1 year of age as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF GAP STATE ABSORPTION IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON BY PHOTOTHERMAL DEFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY

We have measured the subgap otpical absorption of undoped, singly doped, and compensated hydrogenated amorphous silicon down to 0.6 eV using the sensitive technique of photothermal deflection spectroscopy. We show that this absorption is due to silicon dangling-bond defects located approx.1.4 eV below the conduction band. While doping also creates defects approx.1.4 eV below the conduction band, compensation removes them. The results suggest that for the undoped material the density-of-states maximum found in field-effect measurements is due to silicon dangling bonds.
Reorientando a identidade nacional em Native speaker, de Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se põe em São Paulo, de Bernardo Carvalho

Uma leitura comparativa entre os romances Native speaker (1995), do escritor norte-americano Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se poe em Sao Paulo (2007), de Bernardo Carvalho, permite uma reavaliacao da construcao das identidades minoritarias presentes nas duas megalopoles americanas de Nova York e Sao Paulo. Os enredos dos dois romances sao marcados por uma crise de identidade vivida por um homem, descendente de imigrantes asiaticos (da Coreia num caso e do Japao no outro), que procura negociar sua identidade americana (falando em termos hemisfericos) em termos da origem e lingua de sua familia. Contudo, apesar das ansiedades parecidas sobre a assimilacao presentes nos dois romances, ambos revelam diferencas significativas em relacao as formas como os Estados Unidos e o Brasil responderam as diferencas culturais ao mesmo tempo que desafiam os mitos nacionais de inclusao e pertencer.
Rhinosinusitis treatment protocol: changing provider habits in primary care.

Abstract Objective: Sinus infections are common and represent a high cost to the health care industry. Clinical protocols can be used to develop cost-effective treatment strategies. Our objective was to show that a protocol for rhinosinusitis can change provider practice patterns in primary care. Study Design and Setting: We used a literature search, survey of primary caregivers, and chart review from an academic health center to define and document current patterns. A protocol was developed and evaluated using the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Results: Survey and chart review identified that primary caregivers do not elicit a detailed history for rhinosinusitis. Protocol use increased this to 100%. First-line antibiotic therapy was used for only 49.4% of the patients before protocol use and for 68.5% after protocol use. Patients felt better after treatment 84.1% of the time; the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index could not measure improvement. Conclusion: Provider practice patterns were positively influenced by use of the protocol. Significance: Clinical protocols should be developed to direct provider treatment practices. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:614-622.)
Performance and technology of United States and national firms in Mexico

This study uses pairing of Mexican‐owned manufacturing firms and firms with direct United States investment, to examine the effects of ownership structure on firms’ performance and sources of technology. Results suggest that in terms of profitability, growth and export performance the Mexican firms were competing successfully during the period 1966–73. Furthermore, the basis for this strong posture by the Mexican manufacturers was not due to a heavy reliance on foreign technology imported through formal channels, but rather is linked with internal innovative activity and the use of domestic consultants.
A method to determine free fat in emulsions

Abstract Small amounts of free (non-emulsified) fat in food emulsions can lead to an unacceptable appearance and product rejection. Most methods of analysis available for emulsions neglect this bulk scale heterogeneity and there is no generally accepted protocol to determine the amount of oiling-off. A new technique to determine free fat in emulsions was developed based on the principle that a lipid dye solution added to an oil-in-water emulsion will be diluted by the free fat but not by the emulsified fat present. The change in dye concentration (as measured from the decrease in absorbance) could then be used to calculate the amount of non-emulsified fat originally present. Oil Red O, a lipid soluble dye, diluted in corn oil was selected for this study. First it was shown the dye does not partition into typical aqueous food surfactant systems (2 wt% whey protein isolate, sodium caseinate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) or emulsions (20 wt% corn oil) stabilized with the same surfactants. Corn oil spikes added to each of these emulsions, to represent different amounts of free fat, was quantitatively determined by this method. Finally the destabilization of the butter oil emulsion in ice cream mix during freezing was measured by dye dilution and compared to other methods (solvent extraction and turbidiometry).
Secondary ion emission from V and Al surfaces under keV light ion on bombardment

Abstract Positive secondary ion mass spectra have been measured for oxidized polycrystalline V and Al targets bombarded by H+, H2+, He+ and Ar+ ions with beam energies ranging from 25 keV to 275 keV. An enhancement in the relative yield of positive ions of electronegative surface constituents, in particular O+ is observed under light ion bombardment. Metallic ion intensities were found to decrease with increasing primary beam energy in proportion to the estimated total sputtering yields for these targets and beams. In contrast, the O+ secondary ion intensities were independent of primary beam energy. This behavior is similar to that observed previously with heavy ions of comparable velocities. In addition, for the projectiles and targets used in these measurements, no energy thresholds or collective effects were observed in the emission of any positive ion. Published data on secondary ion emission resulting from electron, photon, and heavy ion bombardment are compared with these results.
Understanding investigative clinical trials

Abstract This article reviews the background, rationale, and principles of clinical trials and their role and influence on medical practice. The relationship of clinical trials to other forms of clinical studies is explored. The fundamentals of sound design, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of clinical trials are detailed. Ethical issues, costs, and limitations of trials are explored. The article reviews the trends in program content of 749 abstracts presented at the joint vascular surgical meetings during the past 17 years, demonstrating a significant increase in reported clinical trials during the last half of this period. Finally, future trends in the use of clinical trials to "validate" medical practice are suggested in response to efforts to control rising health care costs. Physicians, including vascular surgeons, must become knowledgeable in the principles of clinical trials to interpret more effectively, apply, or even participate in such clinical research. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:609–18.)