cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insulin secretion

Using an in vitro rabbit pancreas system, we studied the effect of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We evaluated the effect of both brief (15 min) and prolonged (60 min) exposure of pancreas segments to non-hydrazine (harmine,α-methyltryptamine, tranylcypromine and pargyline) and hydrazine (phenelzine, nialamide, iproniazid) type MAO inhibitors. All of the hydrazine type MAO inhibitors potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Of the non-hydrazine inhibitors, only harmine andα-methyltryptamine potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Hydrazine, although not itself an MAO inhibitor, also potentiated insulin secretion. Sixty minutes of exposure to tranylcypromine orα-methyltryptamine caused a decrease in insulin secretion. These MAO inhibitors are primary amines and primary amines can inhibit insulin secretion. The dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) content of the B-cells was increased by incubating rabbit pancreas with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) for forty-five minutes prior to stimulation with glucose. Non-hydrazine MAO inhibitors increased dopamine inhibition of insulin secretion and either did not alter, or decreased serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion. Rabbit pancreatic islets were isolated using the collagenase digestion technique. The MAO activity of islet homogenates was determined using 5-HT and DA as substrates. Rabbit islet MAO has only one-tenth the specific activity against 5-HT (35±8.7 μμmoles/mg/ min, M±SEM) that it has against DA (357±62.3 μμmoles/mg/ min). This suggests that one reason that MAO inhibitors do not increase serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion is because MAO is not the major pathway for 5-HT inactivation in rabbit pancreatic islets. These studies suggest that MAO inhibitors alter insulin secretion, by both decreasing B-cell monoamine degradation and by mechanisms that do not involve MAO inhibition.
LLNL multi-user tandem laboratory

Abstract The Physics Department at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is building a new tandem Van de Graaff laboratory for nuclear physics and applied physics and technology programs. The laboratory has been funded by a coalition of users including several LLNL divisions, Sandia National Laboratories Livermore, and the University of California. The tandem is the former University of Washington injector FN. The accelerator is upgraded with a Pelletron charging system, Dowlish spiral inclined field beam tubes and SF 6 insulation. The laboratory incorporates several novel design concepts. Initial operation will be in June, 1987 with full operation in October, 1987. Design features, radiological controls, computer assisted operation, and experimental facilities of the laboratory are discussed.
Remission and recovery in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): acute and long-term outcomes.

Abstract Objective We examine remission rate probabilities, recovery rates, and residual symptoms across 36 weeks in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). Method The TADS, a multisite clinical trial, randomized 439 adolescents with major depressive disorder to 12 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine, cognitive–behavioral therapy, their combination, or pill placebo. The pill placebo group, treated openly after week 12, was not included in the subsequent analyses. Treatment differences in remission rates and probabilities of remission over time are compared. Recovery rates in remitters at weeks 12 (acute phase remitters) and 18 (continuation phase remitters) are summarized. We also examined whether residual symptoms at the end of 12 weeks of acute treatment predicted later remission. Results At week 36, the estimated remission rates for intention-to-treat cases were as follows: combination, 60%; fluoxetine, 55%; cognitive–behavioral therapy, 64%; and overall, 60%. Paired comparisons reveal that, at week 24, all active treatments converge on remission outcomes. The recovery rate at week 36 was 65% for acute phase remitters and 71% for continuation phase remitters, with no significant between-treatment differences in recovery rates. Residual symptoms at the end of acute treatment predicted failure to achieve remission at weeks 18 and 36. Conclusions Most depressed adolescents in all three treatment modalities achieved remission at the end of 9 months of treatment.
Chaperone release and unfolding of substrates in type III secretion

Type III protein secretion systems are essential virulence factors of many bacteria pathogenic to humans, animals and plants1. These systems mediate the transfer of bacterial virulence proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. Proteins are thought to travel this pathway in a largely unfolded manner, and a family of customized cytoplasmic chaperones, which specifically bind cognate secreted proteins, are essential for secretion. Here we show that InvC, an ATPase associated with a Salmonella enterica type III secretion system2, has a critical function in substrate recognition. Furthermore, InvC induces chaperone release from and unfolding of the cognate secreted protein in an ATP-dependent manner. Our results show a similarity between the mechanisms of substrate recognition by type III protein secretion systems and AAA + ATPase disassembly machines.
Purification and functional characterization of diadenosine 5′,5‴-P1,P4-tetraphosphate phosphorylases from Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium avium

Abstract We recently demonstrated that the Rv2613c protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv is a novel diadenosine 5′,5‴-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) phosphorylase (MtAPA) that forms a tetramer. Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium smegmatis express proteins named MAV_3489 and MSMEG_2932, respectively, that are homologous to MtAPA. Here we showed that the MAV_3489 and MSMEG_2932 proteins possess Ap4A phosphorylase activity and enzymatic properties similar to those of MtAPA. Furthermore, gel-filtration column chromatography revealed that MAV_3489 and MSMEG_2932 assembled into homotetramers in solution, indicating that they may also form unique Ap4A-binding sites composed of tetramers.
Robots optimise waterjet cutting at Ford Genk

A pilot project at the Ford Motor Co. plant in Genk, Belgium, uses robot‐guided waterjets to cut holes in bumpers for Sierra cars.
Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping

Nonlinear optical microscopy, based on femtosecond laser spectral reshaping, characterized and imaged graphene samples made from different methods, both on slides and in a biological environment. This technique clearly discriminates between graphene flakes with different numbers of layers and reveals the distinct nonlinear optical properties of reduced graphene oxide as compared to mechanically exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. The nonlinearity makes it applicable to scattering samples (such as tissue) as opposed to previous methods, such as transmission. This was demonstrated by high-resolution imaging of breast cancer cells incubated with graphene flakes.
Predicting brain activation patterns associated with individual lexical concepts based on five sensory-motor attributes

While major advances have been made in uncovering the neural processes underlying perceptual representations, our grasp of how the brain gives rise to conceptual knowledge remains relatively poor. Recent work has provided strong evidence that concepts rely, at least in part, on the same sensory and motor neural systems through which they were acquired, but it is still unclear whether the neural code for concept representation uses information about sensory-motor features to discriminate between concepts. In the present study, we investigate this question by asking whether an encoding model based on five semantic attributes directly related to sensory-motor experience – sound, color, visual motion, shape, and manipulation – can successfully predict patterns of brain activation elicited by individual lexical concepts. We collected ratings on the relevance of these five attributes to the meaning of 820 words, and used these ratings as predictors in a multiple regression model of the fMRI signal associated with the words in a separate group of participants. The five resulting activation maps were then combined by linear summation to predict the distributed activation pattern elicited by a novel set of 80 test words. The encoding model predicted the activation patterns elicited by the test words significantly better than chance. As expected, prediction was successful for concrete but not for abstract concepts. Comparisons between encoding models based on different combinations of attributes indicate that all five attributes contribute to the representation of concrete concepts. Consistent with embodied theories of semantics, these results show, for the first time, that the distributed activation pattern associated with a concept combines information about different sensory-motor attributes according to their respective relevance. Future research should investigate how additional features of phenomenal experience contribute to the neural representation of conceptual knowledge.
An introduction to programming the Winograd Fourier transform algorithm (WFTA)

Recently, Dr. Shmuel Winograd discovered a new approach to the computation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Relative to fast Fourier transform (FFT), the Winograd Fourier transform algorithm (WFTA) significantly reduces the number of multiplication operations; it does not increase the number of addition operations in many cases. This paper introduces the new algorithm and discusses the operations comparison problem. A guide for programming is included, as are some preliminary running times.
Crustal stress research: Highlights of the Fall AGU Session

An interpretive map of the orientation of minimum horizontal stress for the contiguous United States, based on in situ stress measurements, geological data, and earthquake focal mechanism solutions, indicated that the state of stress within the plate is not uniform. The tectonically active western United States was shown to possess a complicated stress pattern, but even in the relatively quiet eastern and central parts of the country, several major variations in orientation of stress were apparent. A new study, based on measurements in North America, Africa, and Australia, revealed that, on the average, maximum sheer stress increases linearly with depth to at least 5 km, with no indication of leveling off.
The taming of palladium: the influence of cerium additions on the magnetic and transport properties of palladium in the composition range of 5 to 16.7 at.% Ce

Abstract Low-temperature studies (resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity) of the Pd-rich CePd alloys (5, 8 and 12.5 (CePd 7 ) at.% Ce) reveal that, when Ce is added to Pd, the unusual magnetic behavior of Pd is destroyed and the CePd alloys behave more or less as common metals. That is, the 4f electron of Ce is transferred to the 4d band of Pd and tends to fill it, leading to an unusually low, nearly temperature-independent paramagnetic susceptibility, x = 12.5 × 10 −6 e.m.u. (g at.) −1 , and electronic specific heat constant, γ = 0.467 mJ (g at.) −1 K −2 for CePd 7 . L-CePd 5 (16.7 at.% Ce), on the other hand, appears to behave as an intermediate-valence compound which appears to be ordering below 2 K. It has a γ value of 41.6 mJ (mole Ce) −1 K −2 , which is about 10% larger than that of CePd 3 .
Intensive cytokine induction in pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection accompanied by robust production of IL-10 and IL-6.

Background The innate immune system is the first line of defense against viruses by inducing expression of cytokines and chemokines. Many pandemic influenza H1N1 virus [P(H1N1)] infected severe cases occur in young adults under 18 years old who were rarely seriously affected by seasonal influenza. Results regarding host cytokine profiles of P(H1N1) are ambivalent. In the present study we investigated host cytokine profiles in P(H1N1) patients and identified cytokines related to disease severity.
Cell shape, cytoskeletal mechanics, and cell cycle control in angiogenesis

Capillary endothelial cells can be switched between growth and differentiation by altering cell-extracellular matrix interactions and thereby, modulating cell shape. Studies were carried out to determine when cell shape exerts its growth-regulatory influence during cell cycle progression and to explore the role of cytoskeletal structure and mechanics in this control mechanism. When G0-synchronized cells were cultured in basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-containing defined medium on dishes coated with increasing densities of fibronectin or a synthetic integrin ligand (RGD-containing peptide), cell spreading, nuclear extension, and DNA synthesis all increased in parallel. To determine the minimum time cells must be adherent and spread on extracellular matrix (ECM) to gain entry into S phase, cells were removed with trypsin or induced to retract using cytochalasin D at different times after plating. Both approaches revealed that cells must remain extended for approximately 12-15 h and hence, most of G1, in order to enter S phase. After this restriction point was passed, normally 'anchorage-dependent' endothelial cells turned on DNA synthesis even when round and in suspension. The importance of actin-containing microfilaments in shape-dependent growth control was confirmed by culturing cells in the presence of cytochalasin D (25-1000 ng ml-1): dose-dependent inhibition of cell spreading, nuclear extension, and DNA synthesis resulted. In contrast, induction of microtubule disassembly using nocodazole had little effect on cell or nuclear spreading and only partially inhibited DNA synthesis. Interestingly, combination of nocodazole with a suboptimal dose of cytochalasin D (100 ng ml-1) resulted in potent inhibition of both spreading and growth, suggesting that microtubules are redundant structural elements which can provide critical load-bearing functions when microfilaments are partially compromised. Similar synergism between nocodazole and cytochalasin D was observed when cytoskeletal stiffness was measured directly in living cells using magnetic twisting cytometry. These results emphasize the importance of matrix-dependent changes in cell and nuclear shape as well as higher order structural interactions between different cytoskeletal filament systems for control of capillary cell growth during angiogenesis.
Effects of selected antagonists on ovalbumin-induced contraction of tracheal strips isolated from the actively sensitized guinea-pig.

Abstract Tracheal strips were obtained from guinea pigs actively sensitized with egg albumin (ovalbumin). The dose-response curve to ovalbumin was not altered by phenoxybenzamine or mepyramine in concentrations adequate to antagonize dose-response effects of histamine snd Compound 48/80, a histamine releasing substance. FPL55712, an antagonist of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), produced a 7-fold shift to the right of the ovalbumin dose-response curve at a concentration 100 times that requires to produce an approximate 10-fold shift of the dose-response effects of exogenously applied SRS-A. Combination of a histamine receptor anatagonist (phenoxybenzamine or mepyramine) with large concentrations of FPL55712 (10 −5 and 10 −4 M) markedly antagonized the ovalbumin-induced tracheal contraction. Indomethacin enhanced the contractions produced by all concentrations of ovalbumin and this effect was prevented by 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA). TYA alone produced a 4-fold shift to the right of the ovalbumin dose-response curve. Combination of a histamine receptor antagonist with TYA resulted in a marked antagonism of the ovalbumin-induced tracheal contraction. The data suggest that antigen produces tracheal smooth muscle contraction via more than one released mediator. One of the mediators is suggested to be histamine and another a metabolite, or a substance whose release is controlled by a metabolite, of arachidonic acid; possibly SRS-A. Comparison of the data with theoretical dose-response curves calculated from a model for functional synergism suggest that the anaphylactic tracheal contraction involves more than an interaction between two aganist acting at their own specific receptors. Data with indomethacin and TYA are consistent with suggestions that indomethacin enhances antigen-induced effects by increasing metabolism of arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway.
Future Trends in Sensed-Information Technology and Sensor Systems Research

Advances in MEMs, wireless, information technology and other enabling technologies are leading to new sensor system functionality and access to more accurate data and information than heretofore realizable. These advances are crucial for realizing the full potential of the on-going transition from data-poor to data-rich and information-poor to information-rich science and engineering practices. With decreases in size and cost of sensors resulting from advances in microsystem technologies, ubiquitous sensing is becoming both physically realizable and economically feasible. New developments in sensed-information technologies offer the promise of novel insights and advances in areas that have previously lacked the technology base for acquiring high resolution and highly specific assessments of state (biologic, chemical, physical, optical, etc.). Increased research and education are needed in new technologies addressing research issues relating to new hardware and software for efficient acquisition of data and information, and in new decision and control theory as tools for managing and using available data and information. New sensor system functionality will be realized through countless different design concepts. This paper examines some of the needs, opportunities, and trends for research and education in the area of sensed-information and sensor systems research.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Heat Conduction in High Thermal Conductivity Networked Composite Films for Thermal Interface Materials

Fast and efficient exchange of thermal energy plays a vital role in the thermal management of electronic and optoelectronic devices. A critical component for thermal management is a thermal interface material (TIM) that is used to minimize the contact thermal resistance between surfaces and to provide a low resistance pathway to spread and remove heat. Ideal TIMs must pass several key requirements: 1) high thermal conductivity κ and low thermal contact resistance with the mating surfaces; 2) easy to apply with controlled thickness; 3) low temperature processing; 4) able to accommodate thermally induced mechanical stresses during on-off cycling of the device1 . Particle-based composites have reasonable slurry viscosities, however their thermal conductivity are usually very low (<10 Wm−1 K−1 ), even when high κ nanofillers are employed, due to the thermal interface resistance between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix2 or the absence of high κ pathways.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
An effective z-stretching method for paraxial light beam propagation simulations

A z-stretching finite difference method is developed for simulating the paraxial light beam propagation through a lens in a cylindrically symmetric domain. By introducing a domain transformation in the z-direction, we solve the corresponding complex difference equations containing an interface singularity over a computational space for great simplicity and efficiency. A specially designed matrix analysis is constructed to the study the numerical stability. Computational experiments are carried out for demonstrating our results.
10Be and 9Be in mineral separates and whole rocks from volcanic arcs: Implications for sediment subduction

{sup 10}Be and {sub 9}Be concentrations have been determined in mineral separates from 2 historic eruptions and in 47 whole rocks. All phases separated from a Central American lava erupted in 1966 give a {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be atom ratio of 20.5 {times} 10{sup {minus}11}, within analytical error. Minerals separated from a 1978 Aleutian lava give a {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratio of 8.6 {times} 10{sup {minus}11}. The constant {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratio in the mineral phases of each lava indicates that {sup 10}Be was included prior to crystallization, ruling out surface contamination as a means of incorporation. {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratios in historic lavas from the Aleutian, Cascade, Central America, Southern Chile, Hokkaido, and Bismarck volcanic arcs range from 0.1-81 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} and correlate well with previously published {sup 10}Be concentrations. The average {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratio for individual arc segment ranges from a low of 0.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} in the Cascades to a high of 22 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} in Central America, but the range of measure values within an individual arc is generally large. Some of the differences between arcs can be attributed to differences in sediment subduction time (i.e., {sup 10}Be decay time), but the differencesmore » within arcs indicate real differences in sediment incorporation and magma generation. Estimates of the amount of sediment incorporation are model-dependent, but limiting case calculations suggest < 4% sediment in models of bulk incorporation and larger amounts if a Be-poor fluid is involved. Variation in the {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratio is inversely correlated with total Be concentrations, suggesting a two-stage mixing-melting model for the generation of arc lavas.« less
Signal transduction via the T cell antigen receptor in naïve and effector/memory T cells

T cells play an indispensable role in immune defense against infectious agents, but can also be pathogenic. These T cells develop in the thymus, are exported into the periphery as naive cells and participate in immune responses. Upon recognition of antigen, they are activated and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. While effector T cells carry out the function of the immune response, memory T cells can last up to the life time of the individual, and are activated by subsequent antigenic exposure. Throughout this life cycle, the T cell uses the same receptor for antigen, the T cell Receptor, a complex multi-subunit receptor. Recognition of antigen presented by peptide/MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells unleashes signaling pathways that control T cell activation at each stage. In this review, we discuss the signals regulated by the T cell receptor in naive and effector/memory T cells.
Studying a strongly interacting electroweak sector via longitudinal gauge-boson scattering at a muon collider

We discuss the excellent prospects for a detailed study of a strongly interacting electroweak sector at a muon collider with a c.m. energy {radical}(s){approximately}4 TeV. For an expected luminosity of L=200{endash}1000fb{sup {minus}1} per year, {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} and {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup +} (or {mu}{sup {minus}}{mu}{sup {minus}}) collisions can be used to study longitudinal W{sup +}W{sup {minus}} and W{sup +}W{sup +} (or W{sup {minus}}W{sup {minus}}) scattering with considerable precision. In particular, detailed measurements of the distribution in the VV pair masses (V=W{sup {plus_minus}},Z) will be possible. The shape and magnitude of these distributions will provide a powerful tool for determining the nature of strong gauge-boson interactions. Event rates will be large enough that projection techniques can be used to directly isolate final states with different polarizations of the V{close_quote}s and verify that the strong interaction cross section excess is mainly in the longitudinal-longitudinal mode. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Margin Optimization in Digital Subscriber Lines Employing Level-2 Dynamic Spectrum Management

This paper investigates the optimization of margins in digital subscriber lines employing level-2 dynamic spectrum management, where lines are jointly optimized with an emphasis on their stability, throughput-guarantee, and politeness. A new definition of noise margin and the concept of probability of outage are introduced, which allow for an easier formulation of the problems of joint margin and spectra optimization of the lines taking into account their stabilities. The solutions to the highly-coupled optimization problems are simplified using noise margins instead of signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio margins. The presented algorithms provide up to 100% improvements in the data-rates or a reduction in the probability of outage by an order of magnitude, thus improving the stability of the lines at high data rates.
Sequence Conservation of Homeologous Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Transcription of Homeologous Genes in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

The paleopolyploid soybean genome was investigated by sequencing homeologous BAC clones anchored by duplicate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT) genes. The homeologous BACs were genetically mapped to linkage groups C1 and C2. Annotation of the 173,747- and 98,760-bp BACs showed that gene conservation in both order and orientation is high between homeologous regions with only a single gene insertion/deletion and local tandem duplications differing between the regions. The nucleotide sequence conservation extends into intergenic regions as well, probably due to conserved regulatory sequences. Most of the homeologs appear to have a role in either transcription/DNA binding or cellular signaling, suggesting a potential preference for retention of duplicate genes with these functions. Reverse transcriptase–PCR analysis of homeologs showed that in the tissues sampled, most homeologs have not diverged greatly in their transcription profiles. However, four cases of changes in transcription were identified, primarily in the HCBT gene cluster. Because a mapped locus corresponds to a soybean cyst nematode (SCN) QTL, the potential role of HCBT genes in response to SCN is discussed. These results are the first sequenced-based analysis of homeologous BACs in soybean, a diploidized paleopolyploid.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Humans: Regulation of Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)], have been studied extensively due to their ability to modulate cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, immune function and diabetes in a variety of experimental models. The purpose of this review was to examine CLA's isomer-specific regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity in humans and in cultures of human adipocytes. It has been clearly demonstrated that specific CLA isomers or a crude mixture of CLA isomers prevent the development of obesity in certain rodent and pig models. This has been attributed mainly to trans-10, cis-12 CLA, both in vivo and in vitro. However, CLA's ability to modulate human obesity remains controversial because data from clinical trials using mixed isomers are conflicting. In support of some studies in humans, our group demonstrated that trans-10, cis-12 CLA prevents triglyceride (TG) accumulation in primary cultures of differentiating human preadipocytes. In contrast, cis-9, trans-11 CLA increases TG content. Closer examination has revealed that CLA's antiadipogenic actions are due, at least in part, to regulation of glucose and fatty acid uptake and metabolism. This review presents our current understanding of potential isomer-specific mechanisms by which CLA reduces human adiposity and insulin sensitivity.
Parathyroid Adenoma Associated With a Branchial Cleft Cyst

An unusual case of parathyroid adenoma is presented. This adenoma presented as a rapidly expanding neck mass in a normocalcemic patient. It was located far laterally in the neck, in association with the internal jugular vein and with a branchial cleft cyst. This case provides an unusual presentation of parathyroid adenoma. It also provides an elegant demonstration of developmental anatomy as well as the mechanism of parathyroid ectopia in the lateral aspect of the neck. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:113-115)
Appropriating scientific practices and discourses with future elementary teachers

We describe a physics course designed to engage preservice elementary teachers in the practices and discourses of science through activities they would later use with children. Formerly successful science students encountered considerable barriers in giving up prior conceptions of science as an enterprise practiced alone, with quick and certain answers that were obvious to everyone, and external authority as the preferred grounds for knowing. Other students, who deemed themselves unsuccessful in previous science learning, came to the course with a value for personal understanding-something they had not accomplished in earlier science courses. We describe how both sets of students made progress in inventing and testing models, working with empirical data, critically evaluating and using authoritative sources, and talking and thinking within a community of validators.
Temperature dependent relocation of the cesium primary ion beam during SIMS analysis

The ability to control and accurately measure the cesium concentration, [Cs], is a critical step toward understanding the role of Cs in the SIMS MCs+ technique. We have developed a method to alter the instantaneous [Cs] by using electron gun heating (in situ) during Cs bombardment and found that heating (ex situ) during the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis provides a qualitative depth distribution of the implanted Cs. The effectiveness of in situ and ex situ heating is explored on (100) silicon and (100) indium arsenide. Cs build-up curves are studied to determine if in situ heating produces secondary ion yields that are favorable for the MCs+ technique. In addition to XPS, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM/EDS) are utilized to measure [Cs]. The goal of this work is to improve the quantification of the MCs+ technique used in SIMS by understanding the material dependent behavior (incorporation and retention) of Cs and how it affects the MCs+ analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of reduced antagonism--A role for host-parasite coevolution.

Why do some host–parasite interactions become less antagonistic over evolutionary time? Vertical transmission can select for reduced antagonism. Vertical transmission also promotes coevolution between hosts and parasites. Therefore, we hypothesized that coevolution itself may underlie transitions to reduced antagonism. To test the coevolution hypothesis, we selected for reduced antagonism between the host Caenorhabditis elegans and its parasite Serratia marcescens. This parasite is horizontally transmitted, which allowed us to study coevolution independently of vertical transmission. After 20 generations, we observed a response to selection when coevolution was possible: reduced antagonism evolved in the copassaged treatment. Reduced antagonism, however, did not evolve when hosts or parasites were independently selected without coevolution. In addition, we found strong local adaptation for reduced antagonism between replicate host/parasite lines in the copassaged treatment. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that coevolution was critical to the rapid evolution of reduced antagonism.
Influence of different B‐complex recombinants on the outcome of Rous sarcomas in chickens

Summary Seven major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinants were evaluated for anti-Rous sarcoma response. In experiment 1, the BR5(F21-G19) recombinant haplotype both homozygous and in heterozygous combinations with B19 and B21 haplotypes were compared to B19/B19 and B21/B21 chickens to determine the relative influence of the BF versus BG chromosomal segments on regression of Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumours. In experiment 2, six recombinant haplotypes BR1(F24-G23), BR2(F2-G23), BR3(F2-G23), BR4(F2-G23), BR6(F21-G23) and BR8(F2-G2a,23) present in chickens heterozygous for normal haplotypes B19, B23 or B26 were compared for anti-sarcoma response. A total of 1328 chickens were blood typed for B alloanti-gens at 17 days of age, inoculated in the wingweb with Rous sarcoma virus at 6 weeks and monitored for anti-tumour immune response over a 10-week period. Genotypes which shared the same BF haplotype, but differed in their BG regions, had similar anti-tumour responses, implicating the BF but not the BG region in tumour regression. Chickens carrying BF2 or BF21 had a strong anti-tumour response, while BF24 conferred a weaker response, regardless of the accompanying normal haplotype.
Statewide Implementation of the 1% or Less Campaign.

The 1% or Less Campaign is an effective research-tested program for reducing saturated fat intake by encouraging individuals to switch to low-fat milk. All published studies have been conducted in small communities with mostly White populations. The 6-week intervention included a media campaign, public relations, and taste tests. Campaign effectiveness was measured using sales data and cross-sectional telephone surveys. Survey results showed a significant increase in low-fat milk consumption from 30.2% to 40.8% of milk drinkers (p < .001) with a reduced yet sustained increase at 3 months. This translates to approximately 65,000 people switching to low-fat milk during the campaign with a sustained effect of approximately 32,000 people three months postcampaign. Sales data show an increase of low-fat milk sales from 32.7% to 39.9%. Results are similar to smaller community initiatives, indicating the program is effective in promoting population behavior change but may need booster sessions for sustained effects.
Psychometric properties of a youth self-report measure of neglectful behavior by parents

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to empirically assess psychometric properties of a multi-dimensional youth self-report measure of neglectful behavior by parents. METHOD: Data were gathered from 593 12-year-old youth participating in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) consortium; 272 also had data at age 14. Youth responded to a 25-item measure of their experiences of neglect. Expert raters classified items into 4 factors, followed by confirmatory factor analyses. We evaluated cross group measurement equivalence by gender and longitudinal measurement equivalence from age 12 to age 14. Validity was assessed by the relationships between factor scores and (1) neglect reports to child protective services (CPS), (2) quality of parent-child interactions, and (3) parental monitoring. RESULTS: A 3-factor model (Physical Needs, Emotional Support, and Parental Monitoring) of neglect was obtained, with equivalence across gender and longitudinally (age 12-14). The pattern of correlations between the factor scores, CPS reports, and measures of the parent-child relationship offered modest to moderate support for convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a promising and relatively brief youth self-report measure of neglect to help advance research in this area. Language: en
Influence of Process Parameters on the Morphology of Spray‐Dried BaCl2 Powders

Spray-drying is an effective method for producing powder aggregates with controlled size and morphology. Here, we report on a systematic study aimed at determining how spray-drying parameters such as nozzle temperature, gas flow, salt concentration and solution feed rate, influence the characteristics of BaCl2 granules prepared from aqueous solutions. We correlate the granule characteristics to these conditions through the use of processing maps and modeling. It is found that well-dispersed, high density and spherical aggregates, which are favorable for subsequent powder compaction and sintering, can be obtained within a limited range of processing conditions.
Longitudinal changes in articulation rate and phonetic phrase length in children with speech delay.

This study examined long-term changes in articulation rate (the pace at which speech segments are produced) and phonetic phrase length in the conversational speech of two groups of children with speech delay (SD) of unknown origin. Initial testing for both groups occurred at preschool age, with follow-up testing conducted for the Early Follow-Up Group (n= 17) at age 9 years and for the Late Follow-Up Group (n= 36) at age 12–16 years. At follow-up testing both groups produced significantly faster articulation rates (measured in both syllables per second and phones per second) and significantly longer phonetic phrases (measured in both syllables and phones) than at initial testing. Articulation rates at both test times were also judged to be similar to published values from typically developing children of similar ages when measured in syllables per second. However, findings for rate in phones per second suggested that at least at initial testing the children were articulating speech at a slower rate than t...
Why Unit Prices of Supermarket Products Vary

A variation in unit price among different sizes of the same product has been observed in many studies of supermarkets. Quantity price premiums have also been observed. This study reviews theoretical explanations for variation in unit prices and tests the explanations using data from a southeastern supermarket chain. The empirical results indicate that packaging characteristics and storage characteristics of a product are significantly related to unit price variation and to the probability of quantity price premiums.
Control of Na+ and K+ transport in Spergularia manrina. II. Effects of plant size, tissue ion contents and root‐shoot ratio at moderate salinity

In this paper we continue our analysis of Na* and K* uptake in vegetative Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. plants growing on o.2x sea water in solution culture. We consider the relationships between isotope uptake and plant size, root: shoot ralio (RSR) and total ion contents, both individually (with the linear effects of time removed) and in combinations through stepwise multiple linear regression. The results differ from those of other studies, representing in our case inherent variability in a homogeneous population under steady-state growth conditions. The results were broadly similar for ^Na* and '"K*. Total uptake was significantly and negatively correlated with RSR and root weight (W,), and positively with root K* content (K,). These 3 variables were mutually correlated, however, and this was reflected in the multiple analyses as a reduction or loss of significance of one or more of the measures. Transport to the shoot was very highly correlated with total uptake (r' > 0.99 for both isotopes), resulting in nearly identical regression results. In multiple regression analyses of root data alone, accumulation was related only to root contents, but in a manner inconsistent with the allosteric regulation hypothesis, the most significant correlation being positive with K^. The results were nearly identical for the two isotopes. The results were not consistent with a single factor regulatory system involving only initial root plasmalemma ion influx. The observed Na*-K* and root-shoot balances seem to require at least involvement of symplast-to-medium and symplast-to-xylem transport steps. Though the biochemical and biophysical signalling and transduction steps are not known, a physiological working hypothesis is presented, in which the positive correlation of uptake with root contents is balanced by a negative feedback signal deriving from plant size and by the diluting effects of growth. Considered over the vegetative period, these would produce the observed stability of plant contents during growth. The negative interaction with RSR is postulated to manifest the integrating system required to deliver ions to the shoot at the required rates.
Assessment of Postearthquake Losses in a Network of Aging Bridges

AbstractThe current study approaches the issue of deteriorating civil infrastructure components in a systematic manner through microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale investigations. At the microscale, the integrity of individual network components is examined considering the extent of deterioration due to aggressive environmental conditions and climatic effects. For this purpose, the deterioration of structural members is evaluated through a detailed finite-element framework and the corresponding structural models are updated at regular time intervals to capture the effects of aging mechanisms. To quantify the vulnerability of deteriorating components subjected to earthquake events, a series of nonlinear time-history analyses are performed and time-dependent seismic fragility curves are generated. Based on the state of damage in the network components under a set of scenario earthquakes, appropriate damage indexes are introduced to measure the postevent functionality of the network at the mesoscale. Throug...
Genetic and Intervention Studies Implicating Complement C3 as a Major Target for the Treatment of Periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis is induced by a dysbiotic microbiota and leads to inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting connective tissue and bone. The third component of complement, C3, is a point of convergence of distinct complement activation mechanisms, but its involvement in periodontitis was not previously addressed. We investigated this question using two animal species models, namely, C3-deficient or wild-type mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) locally treated with a potent C3 inhibitor (the compstatin analog Cp40) or an inactive peptide control. In mice, C3 was required for maximal periodontal inflammation and bone loss, and for the sustenance of the dysbiotic microbiota. The effect of C3 on the microbiota was therefore different from that reported for the C5a receptor, which is required for the initial induction of dysbiosis. C3-dependent bone loss was demonstrated in distinct models, including Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis, ligature-induced periodontitis, and aging-associated periodontitis. Importantly, local treatment of NHPs with Cp40 inhibited ligature-induced periodontal inflammation and bone loss, which correlated with lower gingival crevicular fluid levels of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-17 and RANKL) and decreased osteoclastogenesis in bone biopsy specimens, as compared with control treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first time, for any disease, that complement inhibition in NHPs was shown to inhibit inflammatory processes that lead to osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. These data strongly support the feasibility of C3-targeted intervention for the treatment of human periodontitis.
Mg2+ and ATP effects on K+ activation of the Ca2+-transport ATpase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

Abstract ATP and the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ regulated K+ stimulation of the Ca2+-transport ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Millimolar concentrations of total ATP increased the K+-stimulated ATPase activity of the Ca2+ pump by two mechanisms. First, ATP chelated free Mg2+ and, at low ionized Mg2+ concentrations, K+ was shown to be a potent activator of ATP hydrolysis. In the absence of K+ ionized Mg2+ activated the enzyme half-maximally at approximately 1 mM, whereas in the presence of K+ the concentration of ionized Mg2+ required for half-maximal activation was reduced at least 20-fold. Second MgATP apparently interacted directly with the enzyme at a low affinity nucleotide site to facilitate K+-stimulation. With a saturating concentration of ionized Mg2+, stimulation by K+ was 2-fold, but only when the MgATP concentration was greater than 2 mM. Hill plots showed that K+ increased the concentration of MgATP required for half-maximal enzymic activation approx. 3-fold. Activation of K+-stimulated ATPase activity by Ca2+ was maximal at anionized Ca2+ concentration of approx. 1 μM. At very high concentrations of either Ca2+ or Mg2+, basal Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity persisted, but the enzymic response to K+ was completely inhibited. The results provide further evidence that the Ca2+-transport ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum has distinct sites for monovalent cations, which in turn interact allosterically with other regulatory sites on the enzyme.
Lack of patient-reported outcomes assessment in phase III breast cancer studies: a missed opportunity for informed decision making

A phase III study comparing capecitabine monotherapy to combination treatment with capecitabine and sunitinib in patients with metastatic breast cancer failed to demonstrate a benefit in terms of progression-free or overall survival. Both regimens were reasonably well tolerated with some differences noted in the specific toxicity profiles. However, the study failed to incorporate an assessment of patientreported outcomes (PROs) such as self-reported pain, quality of life, or employment outcomes. This is a missed opportunity. If more clinical trials included such measures, they would provide valuable information to patients and clinicians choosing from a wide array of available and otherwise similarly effective systemic therapies for metastatic breast cancer.
Using agent-based modeling and a designed experiment to simulate and analyze a new air-to-air missile

New weapons system analysis is a field with much interest and study due to the enduring requirement for militaries to improve their set of tactical capabilities. Moreover, as development, testing, ...
Tangible guidance on intangibility-- New Section 263 regulations provide taxpayers with much certainty

The authors explain the history behind and operation of the final IRC section 263 regulations issued in January 2004 on when expenditures producing intangible benefits are required to be capitalized. The regulations cover two broad areas: (1) acquired and created intangibles and (2) amounts paid or incurred to facilitate acquisition of a trade or business or change in capital structure. The regulations generally apply to amounts paid or incurred on or after December 31, 2003. The final regulations simplify the tax treatment of intangible benefits by providing specific categories of such costs that are to be capitalized. In most instances, the regulations specifically state which expenditures should be capitalized, thus avoiding an analysis of whether a particular expenditure produces a "significant future benefit." The authors note that the regulations, on balance, are taxpayer friendly. They find that the regulations provide much needed simplification for the capitalization versus expensing area, through bright line tests and simplifying conventions. The article includes examples and identifies areas of open issues and likely future guidance.
Exploring the scholar-practitioner gap in personnel selection assessments: An analysis of scholarly versus practitioner literature

EXPLORING THE SCHOLAR-PRACTITIONER GAP IN PERSONNEL SELECTION ASSESSMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF SCHOLARLY VERSUS PRACTITIONER LITERATURE Whitney L. Martin November 18,2011 Research suggests that a gap exists between scholarly findings and practitioner knowledge, beliefs, and practices in the Human Resource field, particularly in the area of employee selection (Deadrick & Gibson, 2007; Rynes, Giluk, & Brown, 2007). This study seeks to explore this gap relative to self-report selection assessments by examining practitioner-oriented versus scholarly literature. Articles published between January 2006 and September 2011 from two scholarly sources (Journal of Applied Psychology and Personnel Psychology) and two practitioner sources (HR Magazine and HR Executive) were reviewed, and 49 articles were selected for inclusion in analysis. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the articles relative to five themes: purpose of the article, type of selection assessment discussed, specific instruments mentioned, how validity was discussed, and how utility was discussed. It was found that there were significant differences in the way that scholarly and practitioner pUblications discussed assessments, especially in the areas of validity and utility. Implications for scholars and practitioners are discussed.