cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Dissonance Resolution Strategies After Exposure to Corporate Violence Scenarios

This study uses cognitive dissonance as a theoretical avenue to identify factors that might hinder the public’s acceptance of incontrovertible facts about corporate violence (i.e., the calculated endangerment of civilians, workers, and customers). Three hundred and twenty-seven participants answered a survey that measured their (1) support for capitalism, (2) level of nationalism, (3) socio-demographic characteristics, and (3) attitudes toward three scenarios describing corporate violence cases. These attitudes comprised participants’ (a) acceptance of the scenarios as true, (b) perceived seriousness of the cases presented to them, and (c) support for several statements made to justify the companies’ actions. Results of statistical analyses suggest that subjects who scored higher on the nationalism and pro-capitalism scales were less likely to rate the cases as serious, and more inclined to rationalize the corporations’ actions. These findings imply that myth adherence might lead business supporters and nationalists to reject inconvenient truths relative to crimes of the powerful, which would then undermine the effect of increased awareness on prosecutorial efforts against corporate crime in the U.S.
Turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces: flow-induced capillary waves, and robustness of air–water interfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces can retain gas pockets within their microscale textures when submerged in water. This property reduces direct contact between water and solid surfaces and presents opportunities for improving hydrodynamic performance by decreasing viscous drag. In most realistic applications, however, the flow regime is turbulent and retaining the gas pockets is a challenge. In order to overcome this challenge, it is crucial to develop an understanding of physical mechanisms that can lead to the failure of superhydrophobic surfaces in retaining gas pockets when the overlying liquid flow is turbulent. We present a study of the onset of failure in gas retention by analysing direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces coupled with the deformation of air–water interfaces that hold the gas pockets. The superhydrophobic surfaces are modelled as periodic textures with patterned slip and no-slip boundary conditions on the overlying water flow. The liquid–gas interface is modelled via a linearized Young–Laplace equation, which is solved coupled with the overlying turbulent flow. A wide range of texture sizes and interfacial Weber numbers are considered in this study. Our analysis identifies flow-induced upstream-travelling capillary waves that are coherent in the spanwise direction as one mechanism for failure in retention of gas pockets. To confirm physical understanding of these waves, a semianalytical inviscid linear analysis is developed; the wave speeds obtained from the space–time correlations in the DNS data were found to match with the predictions of the semianalytical model. The magnitude of the pressure fluctuations due to these waves was found to increase with decreasing surface tension, and increase with a much stronger dependence on the slip velocity, when all numbers are reported in wall units. Based on a fitted scaling, a threshold criterion for the failure of superhydrophobic surfaces is developed that is based on estimates of the onset condition required for the motion of contact lines. The second contribution of this work is the development of boundary maps that identify stable and unstable zones in a parameter space consisting of working parameter and design parameters including texture size and material contact angle. We provide a brief description of previously identified failure modes of superhydrophobic surfaces, namely the stagnation pressure and shear-driven drainage mechanisms. In an overlay map, the stable and unstable zones due to each mechanism are presented. For various input conditions, we provide scaling laws that identify the most critical mechanism limiting the stability of gas retention by superhydrophobic surfaces.
Locally Advanced/Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer

When pancreatic cancer is not resectable or metastatic, it is classified as locally advanced pancreatic cancer. The majority of patients diagnosed with localized pancreatic cancer present with locally advanced disease. Currently, there is no consensus for optimal treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. There has been much debate and controversy with regard to the best upfront treatment modality (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation, and specific nuances of chemotherapy agents and radiation treatment techniques. The aims of treatment are to extend survival and improve quality of life by preventing development of distant metastatic disease and progression of local disease. Without surgery, the prognosis of these patients remains poor. This chapter provides a guide for management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer, with a predominant focus on radiation therapy planning.
AC6 is the major adenylate cyclase forming a diarrheagenic protein complex with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in cholera.

The World Health Organization(WHO) has reported a worldwide surge in cases of cholera caused by the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae, and, combined, such surges have claimed several million lives, mostly in early childhood. Elevated cAMP production in intestinal epithelial cells challenged with cholera toxin (CTX) results in diarrhea due to chloride transport by a cAMP-activated channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). However, the identity of the main cAMP-producing proteins that regulate CFTR in the intestine and may be relevant for secretory diarrhea is unclear. Here, using RNA-Seq to identify the predominant AC isoform in mouse and human cells and extensive biochemical analyses for further characterization, we found that the cAMP-generating enzyme adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) physically and functionally associates with CFTR at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. We generated epithelium-specific AC6 knockout mice and demonstrated that CFTR-dependent fluid secretion is nearly abolished in AC6 knockout mice upon CTX challenge in ligated ileal loops. Furthermore, loss of AC6 function dramatically impaired CTX-induced CFTR activation in human and mouse intestinal spheroids. Our finding that the CFTR–AC6 protein complex is the key mediator of CTX-associated diarrhea may facilitate development of antidiarrheal agents to manage cholera symptoms and improve outcomes.
Perturbation of Membrane Calcium as a Molecular Mechanism of Freezing Injury

Incipient freeze-thaw stress, in onion bulb scale tissue, is known to cause enhanced efflux of K+, along with small but significant loss of cellular Ca2+ (Palta et al., 1977a; Palta et al., 1977b). Based on these results Palta and Li (1978) proposed a hypothesis for possible sequence of events leading to cell death or recovery depending upon the initial injury (Palta and Li, 1978). According to this hypothesis, loss of cellular calcium was thought to play an important role in freezing injury. Recently we have presented evidence that loss of membrane/cellular Ca2+ occurs in the early stages of freezing injury in onion scale epidermal cells (Arora and Palta, 1988).
Recommendations for Research on Disruptive Behavior Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Researchers in the area of Disruptive Behavior Disorders of childhood and adolescence face a frustrating paradox. Until we know how many distinct disorders or dimensions constitute the domain of Disruptive Behavior Disorders and until we have reached a consensus on classificatory criteria and measurement strategies, it is extremely difficult to conduct meaningful research on these disorders. On the other hand, until meaningful research has been conducted, we will not have the empirical basis from which to construct classificatory criteria and to evaluate the relative merits of different measurement strategies.
In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Buprenorphine, Samidorphan, and Combinations Being Developed as an Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

A combination of buprenorphine (BUP) and samidorphan (SAM) at a 1:1 (mg/mg) fixed-ratio dose is being investigated as an adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (BUP/SAM, ALKS 5461). Both [3H]BUP and [3H]SAM bound to the μ-, κ-, and δ-opioid receptors (MOR, KOR, and DOR, respectively) with Kd values of 3 nM or less. [3H]BUP dissociated from the MOR more slowly than [3H]SAM did. In the [35S]GTPγS assay, BUP was a partial agonist at the MOR, KOR, and DOR. SAM was an antagonist at the MOR and a partial agonist at the KOR and DOR. The pharmacology of the combination of SAM and BUP was characterized at ratios like the molar ratios of both compounds at steady state in humans. In all assessments, SAM reduced the efficacy of BUP at the MOR without altering its potency. At the KOR, SAM had no significant effect on the activity of BUP. In bioluminescent resonance energy transfer assays, SAM, naltrexone, and naloxone were partial agonists when the MOR was coupled to the GαoB and Gαz, and were antagonists when coupled to Gαi. At the KOR, SAM was a partial agonist activating GαoA and GαoB and a full agonist in stimulating Gαz. SAM inhibited BUP’s recruitment of β-arrestin to the MOR, suggesting an attenuation of BUP’s efficacy in activating G proteins correlated with an inhibition of β-arrestin recruitment. The collective data suggest that SAM attenuates the efficacy of BUP under all conditions tested at the MOR and DOR but had little effect on BUP activity at the KOR.
Fabrication of Copper Arsenic Sulfide Thin Films from Nanoparticles for Application in Solar Cells

Thin films of copper arsenic sulfide (Cu 3 AsS 4 ) have been fabricated for the first time by annealing nanoparticles in an arsenic (V) sulfide atmosphere. The resulting films contained dense, micron-sized grains when treated at 425 oC, with the crystal structure transforming from the tetragonal luzonite phase to the orthorhombic enargite phase and an amorphous impurity phase appearing in the Raman spectrum. Solar cells were fabricated using CdS as the n-type buffer layer, yielding device efficiencies up to 0.24%.
Overexpression of YY1 Regulates the Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells: Targeting YY1

Most human cancers respond poorly to conventional therapeutics, and those that respond develop resistance to subsequent treatments. It has been reported that in many, but not all, studied cancers, there exists a mini population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that is highly drug resistant and that its survival leads to recurrences and metastases. Hence, new targeted therapies directed at CSCs have been the subject of many investigations, and several agents are currently being investigated clinically. Several transcription factors are overexpressed in CSCs (e.g., SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, BMI1) that regulate stemness such as pluripotency and also regulate drug resistance. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) has been reported to be overexpressed in many cancers and is associated with cell proliferation, viability, EMT, metastasis, and chemo-immune resistance. Due to many common features of YY1 activities and cancer stem cell transcription factors, it was hypothesized that a crosstalk may exist between YY1 and CSCs transcription factors. Proteomic analysis was performed for the expression of YY1, SOX2, OCT4, and BM1 and delineated the presence of four groups of cancers with different molecular signatures consisting of different levels of expression of the above four transcription factors. These findings supported the hypothesis that YY1 is involved in the regulation of cancer stem cell transcription factors and their roles in resistance. Thus, targeting YY1 alone may be considered as a new therapeutic approach when used alone or in combination with various conventional or novel drugs to reverse cancer resistance in patients.
Aortic pathology from protein kinase G activation is prevented by an antioxidant vitamin B12 analog

People heterozygous for an activating mutation in protein kinase G1 (PRKG1, p.Arg177Gln) develop thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) as young adults. Here we report that mice heterozygous for the mutation have a three-fold increase in basal protein kinase G (PKG) activity, and develop age-dependent aortic dilation. Prkg1R177Q/+ aortas show increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis, elastin fiber breaks, and oxidative stress compared to aortas from wild type littermates. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-to increase wall stress in the ascending aorta-induces severe aortic pathology and mortality from aortic rupture in young mutant mice. The free radical-neutralizing vitamin B12-analog cobinamide completely prevents age-related aortic wall degeneration, and the unrelated anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine ameliorates TAC-induced pathology. Thus, increased basal PKG activity induces oxidative stress in the aorta, raising concern about the widespread clinical use of PKG-activating drugs. Cobinamide could be a treatment for aortic aneurysms where oxidative stress contributes to the disease, including Marfan syndrome.
Prolonged hormonal therapy and external beam radiation independently increase the risk of Persistent Hypogonadism in men treated with prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose To identify variables that predict persistent hypogonadism and castration in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) treated with brachytherapy (BT). Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 1,053 patients receiving BT ± external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) ± hormone therapy (HT) for NCCN low, intermediate, or high-risk PCa between 1990 and 2011. Patients were categorized as not receiving HT (n = 438, 41.6%), ≤6 months (n = 317, 31.1%) or > 6 months (n = 298, 28.3%) of HT. 572 (54.3%) received BT alone, and 481 had combination therapy. The five- and 10-year freedom from persistent hypogonadism (T Results The 5-year freedom from hypogonadism rates were 92.4%, 88.9%, and 87.0% for patients with no HT, ≤ 6 months and >6 months of HT, respectively (10-year rates: 66.7%, 55.3%, 40.5%); p Conclusions The addition of EBRT to BT is an independent risk factor for persistent hypogonadism. Prolonged HT additionally increases the risk of persistent hypogonadism and castration.
Who do you believe? Assessing student and community member perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses

Eyewitness identifications provide critical evidence as they are often persuasive to jurors, but documented misidentifications have led to wrongful convictions . Researchers have examined how juror...
Interpol review of forensic science management literature 2016-2019.

Abstract This paper reviews and summarizes the forensic management literature from late 2016 to late 2019, covering laboratory decision making, business strategy, and industry identity and transparency. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf .
Model Complexes Elucidate the Role of the Proximal Hydrogen-Bonding Network in Cytochrome P450s.

Cytochrome (Cyt) P450s are an important class of enzymes with numerous functions in nature. The unique reactivity of these enzymes relates to their heme b active sites with an axially bound, deprot...
A Ten-Year Review of Online Learning Research through Co-Citation Analysis

This study reviewed research trends in online-, distance-, and blended learning over the past ten years through co-citation analysis. The related peer-reviewed research articles in the Web of Science were obtained, and the references in the articles were analyzed. The result showed that literature review and meta-analysis studies on distance education and studies on learners’ discourse in asynchronous discussion were frequently cited in the first half of the ten years. In the second phase, the focus moved to online learners' satisfaction and self-regulation, informal learning, and learning through MOOCs. The Community of Inquiry framework was continually researched. Overall, this study identified features and changes in research trends in online learning. As the first study to present a co-citation analysis of literature in the field, this paper provides a unique contribution to our understanding of publications, researchers, and research themes in online education.
From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories

Promoting affiliation between scientists is relatively easy, but creating larger organizational structures is much more difficult, due to traditions of scientific independence, difficulties of sharing implicit knowledge, and formal organizational barriers. The Science of Collaboratories (SOC) project conducted a broad five-year review to take stock of the diverse ecosystem of projects that fit our definition of a collaboratory and to distill lessons learned in the process. This article describes one of the main products of that review, a seven-category taxonomy of collaboratory types. The types are: Distributed Research Centers, Shared Instruments, Community Data Systems, Open Community Contribution Systems, Virtual Communities of Practice, Virtual Learning Communities, and Community Infrastructure Projects. Each of the types is defined and illustrated with one example, and key technical and organizational issues are identified.
Longitudinal Control Algorithm for Cooperative Autonomous Vehicles to Avoid Accident with Vulnerable Road Users

The cooperative perception among connected autonomous vehicles extends the field-of-view of the individual cars and adds significantly to their sensing and collision avoidance capabilities. This feature is particularly useful and essential in avoiding collisions with pedestrians, vulnerable road users, and other objects or cars which are obscured in the typical field-of-view of an ego vehicle. This paper proposes a simple to implement but effective longitudinal control algorithm to avoid collisions in a dynamic environment for cooperative autonomous vehicles. The algorithm is applied to ego and lead vehicles to control longitudinal dynamics with appropriate braking based on safety distance modeling. Simulations using dynamic models for both vehicles and pedestrians on a hazardous traffic scenario are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm. The proposed method is also capable of warning and avoiding collisions for several other critical situations that may appear in autonomous driving. The results demonstrate a promising solution for cooperative collision avoidance, which can be further expanded to more complex scenarios.
The Ubiquitous Faint

Syncope is a self-limiting loss of consciousness secondary to loss of postural tone with spontaneous and complete recovery. It is indeed a common and costly problem. It accounts for one million patients in the United States with more than 500,000 new patients per year. This chapter addresses the common faint, otherwise known as neurocardiogenic or vasovagal syncope, and its mechanism, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. It also addresses postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS).
A Comparative Analysis of Select Channel Management Practices in Firms from Five Industry Groups

Data compiled from 100 manufacturing firms representing five industries indicates that several channel management practices differ significantly between those firms which have experienced an increase in wholesale sales through their own sales branches and offices and those firma which have not. Several implications are drawn in terms of the direction and extent of recent changes in management practices involved with the channels of distribution.
T-cell receptor retrogenic mice: a rapid, flexible alternative to T-cell receptor transgenic mice

The T-cell receptor (TCR) is unique in its complexity. It determines not only positive (life) and negative (death) selection in the thymus, but also mediates proliferation, anergy, differentiation, cytotoxicity and cytokine production in the periphery. Through its association with six CD3 signalling chains (eγ, δe and ζζ), the TCR is capable of recognizing an extensive variety of antigenic peptides, from both pathogens and self-antigens, and translating these interactions into multiple signalling pathways that mediate diverse T-cell developmental and functional responses. The analysis of TCR biology has been revolutionized by the development of TCR transgenic mice, which express a single clonotypic T-cell population, with diverse specificities and genetic backgrounds. However, they are time consuming to generate and characterize, limiting the analysis of large numbers of TCR over a short period of time in multiple genetic backgrounds. The recent development of TCR retrogenic technology resolves these limitations and could in time have a similarly important impact on our understanding of T-cell development and function. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of retrogenic technology compared with the generation and use of TCR transgenic mice for studying all aspects of T-cell biology.
Self-assembly templates by selective plasma surface modification of micropatterned photoresist

Self-assembly templates, consisting of micropatterned hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, are fabricated using a plasma surface modification technique. With exposure to O/sub 2/ plasma, photoresist, silicon, and glass can be modified to hydrophilic surfaces. When followed by SF/sub 6/ or CF/sub 4/ plasma, the photoresist surface can be modified to hydrophobic while silicon and glass surfaces are not affected. The difference in surface energy between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions is large, as indicated by the differential contact angle of 120/spl deg/ between the two regions for wetting with water. Photonic crystals are made from colloidal solutions and protein patterning is demonstrated using self-assembly templates made by selective plasma surface modification. The maximized surface energy difference between substrate and template patterning allows ideal self-assembly of photonic crystals and selective attachment of proteins.
Synthesis and assembly of the F0 proton channel from F0 genes cloned into bacteriophage lambda and integrated into the Escherichia coli chromosome

The promoter region and the first four genes of the Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase (unc) operon, uncIBEF, were cloned into bacteriophage lambda, enabling this region to be recombined into an unc-deleted E. coli chromosome at the lambda att site. The resultant E. coli strain, carrying single-copy F0 genes, was tested for synthesis and assembly of functional F0 proton channels. Membranes isolated from this strain contained all three F0 subunits and were capable of binding purified F1 and reconstituting F1F0-dependent energy coupling activities. The presence of these F0 sectors did not affect cell growth or membrane proton permeability assayed by fluorescence quenching. When compared with wild type membranes, membranes from the single-copy F0 strain contained less a and b subunits. When the single-copy lambda F0 strain was transformed with an F1 plasmid, the cells became phenotypically and biochemically Unc+, with membrane-bound ATPase and ATP synthase activities that were 50-60% of wild type. The results demonstrate that F0 produced from single-copy genes in the absence of F1 is membrane-bound and functional (i.e. reconstitutable) but not freely permeable to protons. The presence of F1 genes and/or subunits during F0 synthesis and assembly both increases the relative amounts of membrane-bound a and b subunits and produces an F0 sector more like that found in wild type cells than is produced from the single-copy F0 genes alone.
Studying the interplay of electric and magnetic resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation: Theory and experiments

We present an experimental study of a metasurface, which exhibits electric and magnetic resonances, in order to understand their independent contributions to second-harmonic generation. A hydrodynamic model framework is used to match experimental results.
From Adversarial Legalism to Collaborative Problem-Solving: A Pragmatic Turn in American Criminal Justice

Adversarial legalism ("AL"), as Professor Robert Kagan argues, is the American way of law. It is caused by a mismatch between sweeping political demands and a fragmented government system, and it is entrenched by a legal culture that makes vigorous use of existing litigation mechanisms. This paper considers a recent phenomenon among public interest lawyers - a cultural shift from liberal legalism to legal pragmatism - and implications for AL. The author describes one case of legal pragmatism in action, in which state and non-state actors have collaborated to pioneer a problem-solving approach to “low-level” crime. This case, taken as an instance of a broader movement in U.S. criminal justice, illustrates how enterprising groups of legal professionals can catalyze structural changes that chip away at AL’s foundations.
Present and Planned Large Groundbased Telescopes: an Overview of some Computer and Data Analysis Applications Associated with their Use

As a non-expert in computers and their uses, my aims in this paper are not to explore any subject in detail, but rather to survey the subject of large ground-based telescopes along with some of their present and future demands on computing and data-analysis facilities, and to try to stimulate discussion from experts as to how these needs can be met.
Factors affecting the vermistabilization process: Temperature, moisture content and polyculture

Vermistabilization is the stabilization of organic wastes using earthworms. The worms maintain aerobic conditions in the wastes and accelerate and enhance the biological decomposition of the wastes. This study evaluated several fundamental factors that affect the performance of the process such as temperature, moisture content of the waste material and the combined use of several earthworm species (polyculture). The earthworms Dendrobaena veneta, Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima hawayana were used in one or more of the studies. The best growth and reproduction of these species occurred at temperatures of 20–25°C. Growth of all five species was reduced at 30°C and death occurred at 35°C. Of the five species, E. fetida produced the largest number of young in a 20 week study. The growth of E. fetida occurred optimally in media with a total solids content, wet basis, of between 9–16%. Polyculture did not have any obvious advantages over monoculture.
Intrinsic Excitability Defects in Specific Subtypes of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons in a Mouse Model of Autism (I4-1.010)

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that in autism, there are selective deficits in specific prefrontal cortical microcircuits. BACKGROUND: Autism, like many neuropsychiatric disorders, involves abnormal electrical activity in the brain. A leading hypothesis is that this abnormal activity results from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. One main hypothesis for the proposed imbalance is that there is long-range hypoconnectivity but local hyperconnectivity in cortical microcircuits. Many of the major output neurons of cortex are located in Layer 5 (L5), and our lab recently showed that L5 of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) contains at least two distinct subpopulations of pyramidal neurons: "Type A" cells project subcortically, have prominent hyperpolarization-activated currents (Ih), thick-tufted apical dendrites, and express dopamine D2 receptors, whereas "Type B" neurons project to contralateral cortex, have small Ih currents, thin-tufted apical dendrites, and lack D2 receptors. We hypothesize that in autism, the proposed pathological changes do not come about via global changes in the overall level of cortical excitation or inhibition, but rather reflect an imbalance of activity between these two subtypes of cortical pyramidal neurons. DESIGN/METHODS: We performed whole cell current clamp recordings from mPFC L5 Type A and B cells in acute brain slices from adult mice exposed to valproate or saline in utero at embryonic day 10.5. RESULTS: We found that in the prenatal valproate exposure mouse model of autism (“VPA mice”), there is a defect in action potential generation in the cortically projecting (Type B) mPFC neurons but not the subcortically projecting (Type A) cells. In addition, we found that in VPA mice, Type A but not Type B cells had decreased frequency of action potentials in response to injected current. CONCLUSIONS: By elucidating how these subtype-specific cellular alterations relate to synaptic, EEG, and behavioral abnormalities, our studies may lead to new ways of understanding neuronal circuit dysfunction in autism. Study Supported by: Staglin family / IMHRO, NIMH, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, SFARI, NINDS, NICHD Disclosure: Dr. Brumback has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sohal has nothing to disclose.
"He said it all in Navajo!": Indigenous Language Immersion in Early Childhood Education

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Be Careful What You Wish For: Thoughts on a Compliance Defense Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act has become a major weapon to police the conduct of global corporations. The number of prosecutions by the Department of Justice and Securities & Exchange Commission has increased steadily over the past decade, accompanied by larger fines and penalties for companies caught paying bribes as part of their overseas operations. Given the scope of corporate criminal liability, which allows for a prosecution based on the acts of virtually any agent acting on behalf of the organization, companies have agitated for the ability to defend against charges when they have in place compliance programs designed to prevent and report violations. This compliance defense has been extolled as a means to give corporations a weapon to fight the government when they have tried, but failed, to prevent misconduct that would otherwise result in potentially crippling criminal charges. This article, which was the basis for the keynote address given at the symposium “The FCPA at Thirty-Five and Its Impact on Global Business” put on by the Ohio State Law Journal, considers how a compliance defense would operate, and its benefits and burdens. While often advanced as a boon to corporations and the government, it could subject companies to intrusive investigations by prosecutors seeking information that could be used to overcome it, and there are questions about how aggressively a company might advance the defense when cooperation is the key to avoiding criminal charges. While the defense would provide a means to combat criminal charges, the compliance defense may not be as significant as sometimes portrayed by its proponents.
Impact of climate and parent material on chemical weathering in Loess-derived soils of the Mississippi River valley

Peoria Loess-derived soils on uplands east of the Mississippi River valley were studied from Louisiana to Iowa, along a south-to-north gradient of decreasing precipitation and temperature. Major element analyses of deep loess in Mississippi and Illinois show that the composition of the parent material is similar in the northern and southern parts of the valley. We hypothesized that in the warmer, wetter parts of the transect, mineral weathering should be greater than in the cooler, drier parts of the transect. Profile average values of CaO/TiO 2 , MgO/ TiO 2 , K 2 O/TiO 2 and Na 2 O/TiO 2 , Sr/Zr, Ba/Zr, and Rb/Zr represent proxies for depletion of loess minerals such as calcite, dolomite, hornblende, mica, and plagioclase. All ratios show increases from south to north, supporting the hypothesis of greater chemical weathering in the southern part of the valley. An unexpected result is that profile average values of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 (proxies for the relative abundance of clay minerals) show increases from south to north. This finding, while contrary to the evidence of greater chemical weathering in the southern part of the transect, is consistent with an earlier study which showed higher clay contents in Bt horizons of loess-derived soils in the northern part of the transect. We hypothesize that soils in the northern part of the valley received fine-grained loess from sources to the west of the Mississippi River valley either late in the last glacial period, during the Holocene or both. In contrast, soils in the southern part of the valley were unaffected by such additions.
New gauge identities in dual quark models

Abstract It is found that a simple dual quark model posseses a large number of gauge identities with a suitable choice of external particles. These identities eliminate a large number of undesirable states which usually plague relativistic quark models.
Competitor analysis and its defenses in the e-marketplace

A firm's presence on the Internet opens a valuable channel for its competitors to collect and analyze its business information---to the firm's competitive disadvantage---unless it devises a defensive strategy.
Phosphorus Doped Zn1-xMgxO Nanowire Arrays

We demonstrate the growth of phosphorus doped Zn1-xMgxO nanowire (NW) using pulsed laser deposition. For the first time, p-type Zn0.92Mg0.08O:P NWs are likely obtained in reference to atomic force microscopy based piezoelectric output measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the transport property between the NWs and a n-type ZnO film. A shallow acceptor level of ∼140 meV is identified by temperature-dependent photoluminescence. A piezoelectric output of 60 mV on average has been received using the doped NWs. Besides a control on NW aspect ratio and density, band gap engineering has also been achieved by alloying with Mg to a content of x = 0.23. The alloyed NWs with controllable conductivity type have potential application in high-efficiency all-ZnO NWs based LED, high-output ZnO nanogenerator, and other optical or electrical devices.
Late metabolic acidosis: A reassessment of the definition

The term "late metabolic acidosis" is generally used to define a population of apparently healthy LBW infants who fail to grow and have a base deficit in excess of 5 mEq/l (CO2TOT less than 21 mM). A relationship between hypobasemia and the lack of appropriate growth was postulated. This conclusion was reached, however, in the absence of adequate information regarding the distribution of acid-base variables in healthy LBW infants. The results of this study demonstrate that the CO2TOT of LBW infants (n = 114) rises between birth and three weeks of life from a mean of 18.6 to 20.3 mM. The frequency distribution of CO2TOT values did not show any significant deviations from normality, and 2 SD included values as low as 14.5 mM. No difference in the rate of growth was detected between "hypobasemic" infants given a solution of bicarbonate calculated to bring their blood CO2TOT to greater than 21 mM and those given similar amounts of isotonic saline solution. The ability of the LBW infants to excrete an ammonium chloride load was not related to their acid-base status and was comparable to that of term infants. It is apparent that the definition of late metabolic acidosis needs to be reconsidered.
Temporal segregation in North American desert Membracidae.

Three species of Membracidae (Homoptera) have been found to coexist on the creosote bush, Larrea tridentata in the Mojave Desert. The insects are monophagous, univoltine and appear to avoid direct competition by temporal segregation. Multareis cornutus overwinters as slow growing nymphs and the adult population peaks in March. Centrodontus atlas overwinters in the egg stage with rapidly growing nymphs appearing in March while the adult population peaks in June. Multareoides bifurcatus overwinters as adults with the adult population peak in July. Nymphs occur in May–June. The various species have evolved cryptic form and coloration which is associated with phenology of the host plant. It is postulated that this has contributed to the evolution of temporal segregation.
Structure of Human Cytidine Deaminase Bound to a Potent Inhibitor

Human cytidine deaminase (CDA) is an enzyme prominent for its role in catalyzing metabolic processing of nucleoside-type anticancer and antiviral agents. It is thus a promising target for the development of small molecule therapeutic adjuvants. We report the first crystal structure of human CDA as a complex with a tight-binding inhibitor, diazepinone riboside 1. The structure reveals that inhibitor 1 is able to establish a canonical π/π-interaction with a key active site residue, Phe 137.
Effect of diethylstilbestrol-induced tumorigenesis on the secretory activity of the rat anterior pituitary gland.

PROLONGED estrogen treatment results in tumorigenesis of the anterior pituitary glands of rats and mice (Zondek, 1936; McEuen, Selye and Collip, 1936; Cramer and Horning, 1936). Such tumors do not arise until several months after the initiation of treatment and terminate in the death of the animal as a result of increased intracranial pressure (Nelson, 1941). Though the tumors have been studied extensively in the last two decades, the mechanism of induction has remained obscure. Several authors have proposed an association between the tumorigenic action and the effects of estrogen on pituitary secretory activity (Zondek, 1941; Gardner, 1953; and Furth, 1953).
Note on a conjecture of W. Narkiewicz

Abstract W. Narkiewicz has conjectured that over certain “small” fields (e.g., the rational numbers), two polynomials which map some infinite set onto the same set have the same degrees. This is shown to be false, but true in case the polynomials are injective.
Upper extremity kinetics during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait

A three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical model was developed to determine upper extremity kinematics and kinetics of persons walking with forearm crutches. Six-component load cells and strain gauges were installed in the crutches to determine crutch forces. A six-camera VICON motion system was used to acquire coordinate data from 24 reflective markers attached to the upper extremities and crutches. Joint axes for the wrist, elbow, and glenohumeral joints were defined and joint forces and moments were determined using inverse dynamics. Accuracy of the crutch instrumentation was established by simultaneously collecting force data from a Kistler forceplate and each crutch during crutch-assisted gait with the respective crutch tip contacting the forceplate. In order to demonstrate the application of this biomechanical model, upper extremity weight bearing forces, joint motion, and stride characteristics were recorded from a subject with T-12 incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), using a crutch-assisted reciprocal four-point gait pattern. The peak net joint forces and moments were greater for the right arm opposite the weaker left lower extremity. The largest joint forces were directed superiorly (Fz) and the asymmetrical pattern of crutch use was consistent with lower extremity strength differences. During left leg weight acceptance, increased right wrist extension motion and moment were recorded, which may contribute to wrist pathology.
An ∊-expansion for small-world networks

I construct a well-defined expansion in $\epsilon = 2-d$ for diffusion processes on small-world networks. The technique permits one to calculate the average over disorder of moments of the Green’s function, and is used to calculate the average Green’s function and fluctuations to first non-leading order in $\epsilon$ , giving results which agree with numerics. This technique is also applicable to other problems of diffusion in random media.
Impact of environmental and genetic factors on codeine analgesia.

The polymorphic cytochrome P-450 DB1 (P-450 IID6) is responsible for the O-demethylation of codeine to morphine by human liver microsomes. The influence of P-450 DB1 variable activity on the bioactivation of codeine in vivo to morphine and on its analgesic effect was investigated in phenotyped healthy volunteers--7 extensive [EM] and 1 poor [PM] metabolizer of debrisoquine. After pretreatment with oral placebo or quinidine sulphate 50 mg, codeine phosphate 100 mg or placebo were administered orally according to a double-blind randomized crossover design. In EM subjects the plasma morphine Cmax was 17.9 nmol/l, whereas virtually no morphine was detectable after quinidine pretreatment (1.5 nmol/l), and in the PM subject (0.60 nmol/l). In EM codeine significantly increased subjective (VAS) and objective (R-III reflex) pain thresholds in response to selective transcutaneous nerve stimulation, whereas no significant analgesia was detected after placebo, or after codeine with quinidine pretreatment, or in the PM. In PM of genetic origin, or due to environmental alteration of the phenotypic expression (i.e. drug interaction), codeine is not activated into morphine and is an inefficient analgesic.
Isolation of a Novel RFamide Peptide from the Midgut of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract In insects (FM)RFamide-immunoreactive endocrine cells are ubiquitously present in the midgut, but the identity of the peptide(s) produced by these cells is unknown. The major RFamide-immunoreactive peptide from the midgut of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana , was isolated and identified as Ala-Asn-Arg-Ser-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide. This is a novel member of an arthropod peptide family, previously known only from mosquitoes and horseshoe crabs. Its abundance in the midgut suggests that it plays an important function is digestion.
Jumping On and Off the Runaway Train of Success: Stress and Committed Intensity in an Academic Life

This story describes a seasoned professor's attempts to take stock of her academic life. The main voice is that of the professor as she lives, works, and considers what she cares about. The cacophony of other sounds comes from the questioning voices inside her head, blended with the imagined voices of her dogs Zen and Buddha, and the real voices of colleagues and her partner, Art. The author examines the ups and downs of her academic life and how stress, interruption, caring, and committed intensity play out. She provides her story as a mindful revision of how she wants to live and to stimulate readers to reflect on their own lives.
Anticipatory drinking in rats: Compensatory adjustments in the local rate of intake

The current experiment examined whether dehydrated rats could learn to anticipate disruption of access to water. Previous research showed that rats running in a wheel in order to drink compensated for local disruptions on intake by increasing their rate of intake after, but not prior to the initial disruption. The present experiment exposed rats to either a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule that required rats to run in order to drink or a matched, fixed-time (FT) schedule that allowed the animals intermittent access to water without running. Access to water was disrupted by restricting the quantity of water available per drink bout. Rats increased their local rate of water intake prior to the disruption under the FT schedule but not under the FR schedule. The results suggest that rats can learn to increase their local rate of intake in anticipation of local restrictions on water under response-independent (FT) schedules. It was hypothesized that these anticipatory increases in the local rate of intake resulted from a priming effect due to the motivating effects of stimuli associated with water and/or frustration resulting from attempts to drink prior to water availability.
The IBM Research Division: enhancing human activity

To enhance the value that it delivers to IBM, their Research Division has changed both its organization and research agendas. In the 1980s, it formed ties with product divisions to focus work on future generations of technology and to improve the speed and effectiveness of transferring new ideas to products. IBM Research now invents, develops and applies advanced information technologies throughout its organization. During the 1990s, the Research Division and IBM's sales organizations have also begun working closely with IBM's customers to find and apply advanced technology solutions to their most demanding problems. Today, the IBM Research Division defines its responsibility to provide value to the corporation as vital to IBM's success. First and foremost, the organization works to deliver technical leadership to IBM and to support that leadership with a robust patent portfolio. Building on a base of established science and technology, and stimulated by new and forthcoming advanced information systems applications, the IBM Research Division is continuing to create the technology, systems and solutions that will enhance the future of human activity.
Subunit heterogeneity in ferritin.

Summary Subunits of horse, human, rat and rabbit ferritins were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate. Each ferritin preparation had multiple different subunit components, and the molecular weights of the three major polypeptide chains were approximately 19,000, 10–11,000 and 7–8,000. The subunits were isolated and purified, and it was demonstrated that the two lower molecular weight polypeptides originated from the higher molecular weight component. The 7–8,000 and 10–11,000 molecular weight components are probably linked together by very stable non covalent interactions and thus migrate together in the gels. It is suggested that ferritin should be considered to contain at least two different polypeptide subunits, and this proposal contradicts the prevailing view that it consists solely of 24 identical subunits.