cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Introduction to the Novel: Novel, nation, community

She had dedicated herself … to making sense of what Inverarity had left behind, never suspecting that the legacy was America. Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) What seemed a private quest on the part of Pynchon's Oedipa Maas has suddenly turned public. The dead Pierce Inverarity has left behind not a private game for a former girlfriend, but a shared legacy: even in this atomized and narcissistic postmodern culture Oedipa sees that she remains part of a community, one among many of the collective inheritors of “America.” Perhaps this comes as an unexpected revelation in a novel so preoccupied by what divides rather than unites people, but it is also a deeply significant one because it speaks to the novel's resources as a form. That is, because novels are typically both subjective and intersubjective, about social existence but also about individual experiences of social existence, among all the major literary genres this is the one most strongly associated with the imagining and perpetuation of communities. If there's one reason why the novel is the dominant literary form in the world today, this may be it. Representing the part and the whole A novel makes a part of something stand for the whole thing. Rhetoricians call this trope “synecdoche,” the figure of speech by which a poem's sheep are “fleeces” and its ships “masts.”
Sábesdiker Losn in Yiddish: A Problem of Linguistic Affinity

(1952). Sabesdiker Losn in Yiddish: A Problem of Linguistic Affinity. WORD: Vol. 8, Slavic Word No. 1, pp. 360-377.
Active Learning in Performance Analysis

Active Learning (AL) is a methodology from machine learning in which the learner interacts with the data source. In this paper, we investigate application of AL techniques to a new domain: regression problems in performance analysis. For computational systems with many factors, each of which can take on many levels, fixed experiment designs can require many experiments, and can explore the problem space inefficiently. We address these problems with a dynamic, adaptive experiment design, using AL in conjunction with Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). The performance analysis process is "seeded" with a small number of initial experiments, then GPR provides estimates of regression confidence across the full input space. AL is used to suggest follow-up experiments to run, in general, it will suggest experiments in areas where the GRP model indicates low confidence, and through repeated experiments, the process eventually achieves high confidence throughout the input space. We apply this approach to the problem of estimating performance and energy usage of HPGMG-FE, and create good-quality predictive models for the quantities of interest, with low error and reduced cost, using only a modest number of experiments. Our analysis shows that the error reduction achieved from replacing the basic AL algorithm with a cost-aware algorithm can be significant, reaching up to 38% for the same computational cost of experiments.
Carbon Sequestration in Olivine and Basalt Powder Packed Beds.

Fractures and pores in basalt could provide substantial pore volume and surface area of reactive minerals for carbonate mineral formation in geologic carbon sequestration. In many fractures solute transport will be limited to diffusion, and opposing chemical gradients that form as a result of concentration differences can lead to spatial distribution of silicate mineral dissolution and carbonate mineral precipitation. Glass tubes packed with grains of olivine or basalt with different grain sizes and compositions were used to explore the identity and spatial distribution of carbonate minerals that form in dead-end one-dimensional diffusion-limited zones that are connected to a larger reservoir of water in equilibrium with 100 bar CO2 at 100 °C. Magnesite formed in experiments with olivine, and Mg- and Ca-bearing siderite formed in experiments with flood basalt. The spatial distribution of carbonates varied between powder packed beds with different powder sizes. Packed beds of basalt powder with large speci...
Stromal Cell IL-8 Production Is Increased in MM and May Impact Both Tumor Cells and the Microenvironment.

Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by the expansion of a plasma cell clone that localizes to the bone marrow. Stromal cells residing in the bone marrow respond to signals from MM cells and other cell types by producing cytokines and other proteins that stimulate tumor cell growth, survival, adhesion, migration, and drug resistance. We have examined the proteins produced by stromal cells in response to stimulation by bone marrow from patients diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and MM. Furthermore, we have begun analyzing the properties of one of these proteins, the pro-angiogenic chemokine IL-8, in MM. Methods: Bone marrow aspirates from patients with MGUS (n=3), SMM (n=7), and MM (n=6) were cultured for 48 hours, and the culture supernatants were incubated with stromal cells for an additional 48 hours. Protein levels were analyzed using antibody array and ELISA. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined as a measure of angiogenesis in patient bone marrow samples using CD34 staining. Flow cytometry analysis of MM cell lines and patient bone marrow samples was performed using monoclonal antibodies against IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Results and Conclusion: We observed a significant increase in stromal cell IL-8 production stimulated by bone marrow cells from patients with active myeloma and a subset of SMM patients (16.67 ± 9.82 ng/ml) in comparison to bone marrow of patients with MGUS and all other SMM patients (0.55 ± 0.17 ng/ml; P=0.0004). Use of an IL-1 inhibitor and recombinant IL-1β demonstrated that IL-8 production was dependent upon IL-1β signaling. Increased BM microvessel density correlated with stimulation of stromal cell IL-8 production (P=0.0005). Furthermore, the majority of MM cell lines (7/9) and MM patient plasma cells were found to express IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. In addition to its function as a pro-angiogenic factor, IL-8 may directly influence MM cells through its CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. We conclude that stromal cell IL-8 production parallels MM disease activity, is IL-1β induced, correlates with bone marrow angiogenesis, and may influence MM disease via impact upon both the microenvironment and tumor cells.
Advances in Contraception: New Options for Postpartum Women

ABSTRACTIntroduction: short interval repeat pregnancy increases maternal and neonatal morbidity, and provision of postpartum contraception provides primary protection against these adverse outcomes. Confusion regarding effects on breast feeding and thrombosis risk delaying initiation of contraception in the immediate post-partum interval. Delaying contraception provision until the 6-week postpartum visit misses many women who either do not attend or have resumed ovulation and/or intercourse prior to this visit. Because of this, recent studies have looked into initiation of highly effective contraceptive methods at earlier intervals including immediately postpartum. These data provide strong evidence for immediate post-partum initiation of the most effective long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods, intrauterine devices and implants.Areas covered: We review the data for safety and efficacy, timing of initiation, and continuation rates of various contraceptive methods in the postpartum period. We...
Algorithm 984: ADiGator, a Toolbox for the Algorithmic Differentiation of Mathematical Functions in MATLAB Using Source Transformation via Operator Overloading

A toolbox called ADiGator is described for algorithmically differentiating mathematical functions in MATLAB. ADiGator performs source transformation via operator overloading using forward mode algorithmic differentiation and produces a file that can be evaluated to obtain the derivative of the original function at a numeric value of the input. A convenient by-product of the file generation is the sparsity pattern of the derivative function. Moreover, because both the input and output to the algorithm are source codes, the algorithm may be applied recursively to generate derivatives of any order. A key component of the algorithm is its ability to statically exploit derivative sparsity at the MATLAB operation level to improve runtime performance. The algorithm is applied to four different classes of example problems and is shown to produce runtime efficient derivative code. Due to the static nature of the approach, the algorithm is well suited and intended for use with problems requiring many repeated derivative computations.
Optimizing a 3D model system for molecular manipulation of tenogenesis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Tendon injuries are clinically challenging due to poor healing. A better understanding of the molecular events that regulate tendon differentiation would improve current strategies for repair. The mouse model system has been instrumental to tendon studies and several key molecules were initially established in mouse. However, the study of gene function has been limited by the absence of a standard in vitro tendon system for efficiently testing multiple mutations, physical manipulations, and mis-expression. The purpose of this study is therefore to establish such a system.Methods: We adapted an existing design for generating three-dimensional (3D) tendon constructs for use with mouse progenitor cells harboring the ScxGFP tendon reporter and the Rosa26-TdTomato Cre reporter. Using these cells, we optimized the parameters for construct formation, inducing tenogenesis via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2), and genetic recombination via an adenovirus encoding Cre recombinase. Finally, for ...
Monster Studies: Liminality, Home Spaces, and Ina Vampires in Octavia E. Butler's Fledgling

Octavia Butler's final science fiction novel, Fledgling (2005), explores ways her liminar protagonist, Shori, undergoes ritualized transformations while in exile from her home community. During thi...
Opinion: Reproducibility failures are essential to scientific inquiry.

Current fears of a “reproducibility crisis” have led researchers, sources of scientific funding, and the public to question both the efficacy and trustworthiness of science (1, 2). Suggested policy changes have been focused on statistical problems, such as p-hacking, and issues of experimental design and execution (3, 4). However, “reproducibility” is a broad concept that includes a number of issues (5) (see also www.pnas.org/improving_reproducibility). Furthermore, reproducibility failures occur even in fields such as mathematics or computer science that do not have statistical problems or issues with experimental design. Most importantly, these proposed policy changes ignore a core feature of the process of scientific inquiry that occurs after reproducibility failures: the integration of conflicting observations and ideas into a coherent theory. Fig. 1. Discussions about a “reproducibility crisis” often ignore what takes place when reproducibility fails: the integration of conflicting observations and ideas into a coherent theory. Image courtesy of Dave Cutler (artist). Here we argue, using examples from mathematics and computer science, that current discussions of the reproducibility crisis overlook the essential role that failures of reproducibility play in scientific inquiry. This viewpoint that reproducibility is a key part of inquiry suggests several new perspectives and policies to promote good science. First, science needs to be given the time necessary to reconcile conflicting results. It typically takes decades to probe the parameter space of a discovery to identify and characterize the fundamental variables. Second, reproducibility failures are a critical part of this journey, and attention must be paid to the process of reconciling conflicting results. Third, success or failure should not be based on the conclusions of one or a few studies; strategies such as those of theoretical and synthesis articles that integrate diverse perspectives should be encouraged. We argue that the decades-long process of metabolizing reproducibility failures through theoretical … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: redish{at}umn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
An Improved Upper-Bound for Rivest et al.’s Half-Lie Problem

Ulam proposed the problem of determining an optimum strategy for finding an integer x ∈ {1, 2, ..., n} using binary queries (i.e., queries with yes/no answer) in which the responses to up to k queries (for a fixed k) can be incorrect. This problem has been extensively studied for the past fifty years. The paper by Rivest et al. [9] that made a major advance in Ulam’s problem introduced a restricted type of error in responses known as half-lies. Rivest et al. presented a lower-bound on the minimax complexity of the half-lie version of Ulam’s search problem. Here we present a new algorithm that improves the previous upper-bound for the half-lie problem (in the case of k = 1) for all sufficiently large values of n. Specifically, we show that the number of queries of the form ’Is x > s?’ sufficient (in the worst-case) to find an unknown integer x ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, when the responder’s ’yes’ answers are always true, but at most one of the ’no’ answers may be false, is at most ⌈log2((n + 4.5) ln (n + 4.5) − 4.5 ln (4.5))⌉. We also present an improvement to Rivest et al.’s lower-bound for the special case of n = 106.
A Perspective on SOAL, a Stochastic Model of Neuronal Outgrowth

A functional nervous system requires neuronal connections to be made in a highly detailed and stereotypic manner. During development, neurons extend processes that can branch, travel in different directions, and form elaborate patterns. These patterns are essential for forming proper connections. Patterns of outgrowth are produced by complex molecular events that cause a fluid membrane to move. The collective impact of dynamic fluctuating events at the microscale cause the patterns of outgrowth observed at the macroscale. Patterning is genetically controlled, but the effects genes have on membrane movement and patterning are not well understood. To better understand how genes control outgrowth patterns, I propose a statistically-oriented asymmetric localization (SOAL) model. This model is based on the theory that receptor-mediated outgrowth activity is stochastically oriented and when the system is at equilibrium there is an equal probability of outgrowth being oriented in any direction. This concept allows a statistical mechanics approach that can correlate the microscale events of outgrowth to the observed macroscale patterns. Proof-of-concept experiments suggest this approach can be used to study the effect genes have on outgrowth patterns. The SOAL model also provides a new theoretical framework for conceptualizing guidance. According to the model, outgrowth activity becomes asymmetrically localized to the neuron's surface in a statistically dependent manner. Extracellular cues regulate the probability of outgrowth along the surface and the orientation of outgrowth fluctuates across the surface over time. This creates a directional bias that allows the growth cone to navigate in reference to the composition of extracellular cues.
Application of Cepstrum Filtering in THz Images through Scattering Media

In this study, we discuss the application of a cepstrum-based signal processing technique to reduce the effect of volume and rough surface scattering. The filter is applied to images of pellets made of large polyethylene particles with a metallic object hidden inside. Results show improved signal-to-noise in higher frequencies after applying the filter to THz images.
Application of Bioinformatic Tools for the Identification and Characterization of Microbes in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory

Genome sequencing technologies have provided information that enables a faster, more precise characterization of bacteria, according to DNA and RNA sequences. Additionally, comparison of genomes from closely related bacteria makes it possible to determine why some strains are pathogenic, to predict clinical outcomes of infections, and to develop therapeutic strategies. Application of this technology to the clinical laboratory provides reliable and accurate means of reducing turnaround time and identification of pathogenic bacteria that might be incorrectly or not readily identified by traditional methods. In this class unit, undergraduate Medical Laboratory Science students used genome databases and online computer algorithms with simulated sequence data to identify a bacterium, as an alternative to traditional biochemical analysis. In addition, students used the genome sequence to search for virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. These analytical processes are applicable to molecular protocols currently in use. The students gained familiarity with bioinformatics analysis and deepened their understanding of genome structure and function. ABBREVIATIONS:DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA – ribonucleic acid, MLS – medical laboratory science, rRNA – ribosomal ribonucleic acid, NCBI – National Center for Biotechnology Information, BLAST – Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, RAST – Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology, IDNS – Integrated Database Network Service, FASTA – a text based nucleotide and/or protein sequence format, RefSeq – reference sequence, NIH – National Institutes of Health
Effects of Container Spacing Practice and Fertilizer Placement on Runoff from Overhead-Irrigated Sweet Viburnum

Abstract Information on how management practices affect runoff volume and nutrient content is needed to improve irrigation and fertilizer efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Runoff (leachate plus unintercepted irrigation and rain) was collected weekly for 20 weeks during production of sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum (L.) Ker-Gawl.) in trade #1 (2.7 liter) containers fertilized with 15 g (0.53 oz) of a resin-coated, controlled-release fertilizer Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12), 8–9 month 21C (70F)] and overhead-irrigated with water at 1 cm/day (0.39 in). Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two container spacing practices [spaced at planting (SP) or spaced midseason (SM)] and two fertilizer placement methods [incorporated (INC) or surface-applied (SURF)]. Cumulative runoff volume averaged 1590 liters/m2 (3900 gal/100 ft2) or 66% of irrigation plus rain and was 9% higher for SP than SM. A 37% reduction in shoot dry weight of SP versus SM plants was attributed to heat stress in SP...
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Contribute to Pathological Changes of Ocular Graft-Vs.-Host Disease (oGVHD) Dry Eye: Implications for Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract Purpose To investigate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and NET-associated proteins in the pathogenesis of oGVHD and whether dismantling of NETs with heparin reduces those changes. Methods Ocular surface washings from oGVHD patients and healthy subjects were analyzed. Isolated peripheral blood human neutrophils were stimulated to generate NETs and heparinized NETs. We performed in vitro experiments using cell lines (corneal epithelial, conjunctival fibroblast, meibomian gland (MG) epithelial and T cells), and in vivo experiments using murine models, and compared the effects of NETs, heparinized NETs, NET-associated proteins and neutralizing antibodies to NET-associated proteins. Results Neutrophils, exfoliated epithelial cells, NETs and NET-associated proteins (extracellular DNA, Neutrophil Elastase, Myeloperoxidase, Oncostatin M (OSM), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and LIGHT/TNFSF14) are present in ocular surface washings (OSW) and mucocellular aggregates (MCA). Eyes with high number of neutrophils in OSW have more severe signs and symptoms of oGVHD. NETs (and OSM) cause epitheliopathy in murine corneas. NETs (and LIGHT/TNFSF14) increase proliferation of T cells. NETs (and NGAL) inhibit proliferation and differentiation of MG epithelial cells. NETs enhance proliferation and myofibroblast transformation of conjunctival fibroblasts. Sub-anticoagulant dose Heparin (100 IU/mL) dismantles NETs and reduces epithelial, fibroblast, T cell and MG cell changes induced by NETs. Conclusion NETs and NET-associated proteins contribute to the pathological changes of oGVHD (corneal epitheliopathy, conjunctival cicatrization, ocular surface inflammation and meibomian gland disease). Our data points to the potential of NET-associated proteins (OSM or LIGHT/TNFSF14) to serve as biomarkers and NET-dismantling biologics (heparin eye drops) as treatment for oGVHD.
Araneophagic behavior of Gardena brevicollis Stål (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): Foraging on pre‐dispersal spiderlings in the spider's web

Araneophagic behavior of an Emesinae assassin bug, Gardena brevicollis Stal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was observed in the field. The bug invaded a web of Acusilas coccineus Simon (Araneae: Araneidae) spiderlings and hunted five juvenile spiders. The bug showed stalking tactics to prey on spiders, whereas luring tactics, which have been reported in other Emesinae bugs, were not observed. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first report of araneophagy in the genus Gardena and the first report of araneophagic behavior in East Asian assassin bugs.
He Says, She Asks: Gender, Language, and the Law of Precatory Words in Wills

Precatory language is often insufficient to create a legally binding trust. Men and women choose different language to express themselves. What is the connection between these two statements? This article reviews the current status of the law of precatory language, concluding that whether a will including precatory words (such as wish, ask, or recommend) will be construed to create a trust is at best a hit or miss proposition. The article continues to explore the psychology literature on differences in language ability and expression between men and women. Finally, the article ties these two disciplines together, analyzing original empirical data collected from 324 subjects and concluding that women are indeed more likely to use precatory language than men. The article concludes by noting the impact our heightened understanding of gender and precatory language has for courts, legal scholars, and practicing attorneys.
Estrone exposure interacts with temperature to alter predator evasion performance and systemic mRNA abundances.

Environmental estrogens from anthropogenic activities are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. Ambient temperature in these systems also fluctuates in daily, seasonal, and long-term rhythms. While both factors have been studied extensively, their interaction on aquatic life is critical to understand. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine how behavior and gene expression are impacted by estrogenic exposure across a range of environmental temperatures. Larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to estrone (E1) at two concentrations (nominal 625 and 1250 ng/L) or to an ethanol solvent control, at one of four temperatures (15, 18, 21 and 24 °C) from fertilization to 21 days post-hatch. Exposed larvae were assessed for alterations in predator evasion performance and mRNA abundances of two genes for calcium channel receptors found in muscles - dihydropyridine receptor (dhpr) and ryanodine receptor 1, and the gonadal genes anti-Mullerian hormone, cytochrome P450 gonadal aromatase (cyp19a), doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1) and estrogen receptor 1 (esr1). Larval escape angle, escape latency, as well as systemic esr1 and cyp19a mRNA abundances were altered by an interaction between E1 concentration and temperature. E1-exposed larval exhibited reduced escape performance across all tested temperatures, whereas decreased systemic dhpr mRNA abundance was observed only at 18 °C. E1-exposure reduced systemic mRNA abundances of amh, cyp19a, dhpr, and ryr1, while temperature significantly reduced systemic cyp19a and dhpr mRNA abundances. E1-exposure and temperature significant enhanced systemic mRNA abundances of esr1 and cyp19a, respectively. These complex results illustrate the importance of considering how abiotic factors may moderate the effects of contaminant exposure during the sensitive larval developmental stage, as temperature modulates effects of estrogenic exposure on animal performance and mRNA abundances.
Back to Basics: Traditional Nottingham Grade Mitotic Counts Alone are Significant in Predicting Survival in Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Newer multigene molecular profiling assays for breast carcinoma rely heavily on the quantification of genes of proliferation, whereas traditional histological grading reports the mitotic count. The mitotic activity of invasive breast carcinomas may be undervalued; therefore, an evaluation of the prognostic significance of mitotic score in predicting prognosis was performed. Retrospective analysis of a single institutional cohort of newly diagnosed estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative (HER2−) unilateral invasive breast carcinomas was performed. Mitotic scores from the 3-part Nottingham combined histological grade were compared with clinical parameters. Mitoses were counted on Olympus BX50 microscopes and assigned scores of 1–3 based on observed mitoses. A total of 1292 ER+, HER2− invasive breast carcinoma patients were identified, with a median follow-up time of 2.6 years (range 0–14 years). Higher mitotic score was significantly associated with younger age, larger tumor size, angiolymphatic invasion, node-positive disease, higher stage, and the use of hormonal and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Mitotic score was significant in modeling time to local/regional recurrence (p = 0.02), recurrence-free survival/RFS (p < 0.001), and overall survival/OS (p = 0.01) with higher mitotic scores associated with worse outcomes. Higher mitotic score correlated significantly with intermediate/high risk Oncotype Dx recurrence scores (p = 0.009). First-generation molecular profiling assays for estrogen receptor positive invasive breast carcinomas derive much of their predictive power from quantifying genes of proliferation into a single score. Sometimes overlooked in the profusion of molecular data, the time-tested, mitotic count in the Nottingham combined histological grade is a good single-parameter predictor of survival.
Physical Determinants of Planned and Informal Development in Dar Es Salaam—a Regression Approach to Construct Multi-Temporal Land-Use Data

Developing multi-temporal urban land-use data is considered to be an important undertaking to understand urbanization dynamics and patterns over time and for use in future studies. This study explo...
Light at night disrupts diel patterns of cytokine gene expression and endocrine profiles in zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata )

Increased exposure to light pollution perturbs physiological processes through misalignment of daily rhythms at the cellular and tissue levels. Effects of artificial light-at-night (ALAN) on diel properties of immunity are currently unknown. We therefore tested the effects of ALAN on diel patterns of cytokine gene expression, as well as key hormones involved with the regulation of immunity, in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Circulating melatonin and corticosterone, and mRNA expression levels of pro- (IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured at six time points across 24-h day in brain (nidopallium, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) and peripheral tissues (liver, spleen, and fat) of zebra finches exposed to 12 h light:12 h darkness (LD), dim light-at-night (DLAN) or constant bright light (LLbright). Melatonin and corticosterone concentrations were significantly rhythmic under LD, but not under LLbright and DLAN. Genes coding for cytokines showed tissue-specific diurnal rhythms under LD and were lost with exposure to LLbright, except IL-6 in hypothalamus and liver. In comparison to LLbright, effects of DLAN were less adverse with persistence of some diurnal rhythms, albeit with significant waveform alterations. These results underscore the circadian regulation of biosynthesis of immune effectors and imply the susceptibility of daily immune and endocrine patterns to ALAN.
Informing Learning through the Clinical Interview.

though the interview was originally designed to study children's thinking in a clinical setting, the authors have adapted it for use by teachers in classroom settings. The clinical interview yields information not easily available from other sources. It gives insights into students' experiences by permitting the teacher to understand the meanings that students find in mathematical problems and to appreciate their feelings and confidence about learning mathemat-
Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Liposomes via Boronate-Caged Phosphatidylethanolamine

Liposomes have proven to be effective nanocarriers due to their ability to encapsulate and deliver a wide variety of therapeutic cargo. A key goal of liposome research is to enhance control over co...
Imposing Non-Crystallographic Symmetry Constraints on Multipole Populations and Defining Local Atomic Coordinate Systems

In molecular crystals which contain symmetry elements which are not incorporated into the crystallographic site symmetry, the number of parameters in a multipole refinement may be reduced by constraining the multipole parameters of chemically equivalent parts to be equal. For example, the crystal structure of S4N4 contains molecules at general positions, and it is reasonable to constrain the 4 sulfur and 4 nitrogen atoms to be equivalent. The allowed multipoles can be further reduced by (non-crystallographic) mirror planes passing through alternate sulfurs and 2-fold axes passing through alternate nitrogens.
Gravity: An Artificial Neural Network Compiler for Embedded Applications

This paper introduces the Gravity compiler. Gravity is an open source optimizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to ANSI C compiler with two unique design features that make it ideal for use in resource constrained embedded systems: (1) the generated ANSI C code is self-contained and void of any library or platform dependencies and (2) the generated ANSI C code is optimized for maximum performance and minimum memory usage. Moreover, Gravity is constructed as a modern compiler consisting of an intuitive input language, an expressive Intermediate Representation (IR), a mapping to a Fictitious Instruction Set Machine (FISM) and a retargetable backend, making it an ideal research tool for exploring high-performance embedded software strategies in AI and Deep-Learning applications. We validate the efficacy of Gravity by solving the MNIST handwriting digit recognition on an embedded device. We measured a 300x reduction in memory, 2.5x speedup in inference and 33% speedup in training compared to TensorFlow. We also outperformed TVM, by over 2.4x in inference speed.
Recombinant production of a functional SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Recombinant production of viral proteins can be used to produce vaccine antigens or reagents to identify antibodies in patient serum. Minimally, these proteins must be correctly folded and have appropriate post-translation modifications. Here we report the production of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in the green algae Chlamydomonas. RBD fused to a fluorescent reporter protein accumulates as an intact protein when targeted for ER-Golgi retention or secreted from the cell, while a chloroplast localized version is truncated, lacking the amino terminus. The ER-retained RBD fusion protein was able to bind the human ACE2 receptor, the host target of SARS-CoV-2, and was specifically out-competed by mammalian cell-produced recombinant RBD, suggesting that the algae produced proteins are sufficiently post-translationally modified to act as authentic SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Because algae can be grown at large scale very inexpensively, this recombinant protein may be a low cost alternative to other expression platforms.
An investigation of infrared spectrum of SOF 2 and SOF 2 based on the density functional theory

Accurate detection of SF 6 decomposition characteristics components in SF 6 gas insulated equipment is one of the important technical method to realize fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of SF 6 gas insulated equipment. In this paper, based on the density functional theory, the infrared spectrum of SOF2 and SO 2 F 2 , that is two key SF 6 sulfur-containing decomposition characteristics components, were simulated and analyzed. The research found that the infrared spectrum of SOF2 molecule included four main absorption peaks at 485.106 cm−1, 678.479 cm−1, 748.357 cm−1, and 1295.070 cm−1, respectively. And the infrared spectrum of SO 2 F 2 molecule included five main absorption peaks at 501.852 cm−1, 779.442 cm−1, 814.284 cm−1, 1221.181 cm−1, and 1460.246 cm−1, respectively. This study lay a theoretical foundation for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of SF 6 insulated equipment by mid infrared, and ensure the safety of power equipment.
Witness Feedback for Introductory CS Theory Assignments

Computing theory analyzes abstract computational models to rigorously study the computational difficulty of various problems. Introductory computing theory can be challenging for undergraduate students, and the overarching goal of our research is to help students learn these computational models. The most common pedagogical tool for interacting with these models is the Java Formal Languages and Automata Package (JFLAP). We developed a JFLAP server extension, which accepts homework submissions from students, evaluates the submission as correct or incorrect, and provides a witness string when the submission is incorrect. Our extension currently provides witness feedback for deterministic finite automata, nondeterministic finite automata, regular expressions, context-free grammars, and pushdown automata. In Fall 2019, we ran a preliminary investigation on two synchronized sections (Control and Study) of the required undergraduate course Introduction to Computer Science Theory. The Study section (n=29) used our extension for five targeted homework questions, and the Control section (n=35) submitted these problems using traditional means. The Study section strongly outperformed the Control section with respect to the percent of perfect homework grades for the targeted homework questions. Our most interesting result was student persistence: with only the short witness string as feedback, students voluntarily persisted in submitting attempts until correct.
Cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence

Abstract The current chapter provides a review of the current theoretical and empirical literature on the development of cognitive vulnerability to depression in youth. First, cognitive formulations of risk for depression are introduced, with a particular focus on the developmental antecedents of cognitive vulnerability. The potential role of childhood emotional maltreatment and peer victimization experiences, in particular, in the development of cognitive vulnerability are discussed. This is followed by a review of empirical findings relating to how these negative early life experiences may produce neurobiological changes in the developing brain, accounting for risk for depression later in life. The more modest research literature on neural correlates of cognitive vulnerability for depression is also discussed. Finally, this review ends with a consideration of important directions for future research in this area.
The Usage of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Rehabilitation Medicine

Since its first appearance in the 1980s, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has expanded beyond the treatment of gallbladder stone. As a novel treatment in the field of rehabilitation, ESWT stands out because while being non-invasive, it is also comparable to traditional treatments in areas such as orthopedic rehabilitation, cardiac rehabilitation and spasm relief. The goal of ESWT is to stimulate healing of the target tissue itself by improving circulation, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. Although its biological mechanism is not fully understood, ESWT have shown potential beyond one's expectation out of a physical therapy device and will be applicable to more areas in the future. This article took a look at the utilization of ESWT in physical therapy and some of its recent advancement.
Does being a coach benefit clinician-educators? A mixed methods study of faculty self-efficacy, job satisfaction and burnout.

Coaching is a growing clinician-educator role. Self-efficacy is a powerful faculty motivator that is associated positively with job satisfaction and negatively with burnout. This study examines self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and burnout in coaches and other clinician-educators. We conducted a mixed methods study using a quantitative survey followed by qualitative interviews of faculty at the University of California, San Francisco. Coaches (funded 20% full-time equivalents), faculty with other funded education positions (“funded”), and faculty without funded education positions (“unfunded”) completed a 48-item survey addressing self-efficacy (teaching, professional development, and scholarship), job satisfaction, and burnout. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by post-hoc tests and chi-square tests. To elaborate quantitative results, we conducted qualitative interviews of 15 faculty and analyzed data using framework analysis. 202 of 384 faculty (52.6%) responded to the survey; 187 complete surveys were analyzed. Teaching self-efficacy was similar across groups. Coaches and funded educators had significantly higher professional development self-efficacy and job satisfaction than unfunded educators. Burnout was more prevalent in coaches and unfunded educators. Qualitative analysis yielded three themes: sources of reward, academic identity, and strategies to mitigate burnout. Educator roles provide reward that enhances self-efficacy and job satisfaction but also generate competing demands. Coaches cited challenges in forming professional identities and working with struggling learners. The coaching role provides faculty with benefits similar to other funded educator roles, but the particular demands of the coach role may contribute to burnout.
Risky BIZness: risks derived from registrar name management

In this paper, we explore a domain hijacking risk that is an accidental byproduct of undocumented operational practices between domain registrars and registries. We show how over the last nine years over 512K domains have been implicitly exposed to the risk of hijacking, affecting names in most popular TLDs (including .com and .net) as well as legacy TLDs with tight registration control (such as .edu and .gov). Moreover, we show that this weakness has been actively exploited by multiple parties who, over the years, have assumed control over 163K domains without having any ownership interest in those names. In addition to characterizing the nature and size of this problem, we also report on the efficacy of the remediation in response to our outreach with registrars.
The Bank of Russia at the Crossroads: Does the Monetary Policy Needs Easing

Recent slowdown of economic growth forces Russian political authorities to seek for policy measures to support economic activity. Monetary expansion is considered as one of the possible alternatives, which we consider inappropriate. During the whole post-crisis period monetary authorities of advances economies in their attempts to boost recovery relied heavily on different sorts of monetary stimulus. Thus it is sometimes argued that Russia should better use such kind of experience and shift to aggressive monetary expansion. This view is mostly wrong since it shows misunderstanding of the goals of the monetary easing policy implemented in advanced economies and also ignores the differences between Russia and advanced countries with respect to macroeconomic conditions. There are two main reasons for extraordinary monetary expansion in advanced economies: sizable cyclical recession and “zero lower bound” problem. Since none of these is present in Russia there’s no reason for implementation of monetary easing policy.
Improvements to the cryogenic control system on DIII-D

The cryogenic facility that is part of the DIII-D tokamak system supplies liquid nitrogen and liquid helium to the superconducting magnets used for electron cyclotron heating, the D/sub 2/ pellet injection system, cryopumps in the DIII-D vessel, and cryopanels in the neutral beam injection system. The liquid helium is liquefied on site using a Sulzer liquefier that has a 150 l/h liquefaction rate. Control of the cryogenic facility at DIII-D was initially accomplished through the use of three different programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Recently, two of those three PLCs, a Sattcon PLC controlling the Sulzer liquefier and a Westinghouse PLC, were removed and all their control logic was merged into the remaining PLC, a Siemens TI555. This replacement was originally undertaken because the removed PLCs were obsolete and unsupported. However, there have been additional benefits from the replacement. The replacement of the RS-232 serial links between the graphical user interface and the PLCs with a high speed Ethernet link allows for real-time display and historical trending of nearly all the cryosystem's data. This has greatly increased the ability to troubleshoot problems with the system, and has permitted optimization of the cryogenic system's performance because of the increased system integration. To move the control logic of the Sattcon control loops into the TI555, an extensive modification of the basic PID control was required. These modifications allow for better control of the control loops and are now being incorporated in other control loops in the system.
Efficient Algorithms for Lossless Compression of 2D/3D Images

We propose enhancements to the 2D lossless image compression method embodied in CALIC. The enhanced version of CALIC obtained better compression than obtained by CALIC on 37 of the 45 images in our benchmark suite. The two methods tied on 6 of the remaining 8 images. This benchmark suite includes medical, natural, and man-made images. We also propose a lossless compression method for 3D images. Our method employs motion estimation and obtained better compression than competing wavelet-based lossless compression methods on all 8 3D medical images in our benchmark suite.
The effective dimension of the space of hidden units

The authors show how the effective number of parameters changes during backpropagation training by analyzing the eigenvalue spectra of the covariance matrix of hidden unit activations and of the matrix of weights between inputs and hidden units. They use the standard example of time series prediction of the sunspot series. The effective ranks of these matrices are equal to each other when a solution is reached. This effective dimension is also equal to the number of hidden units of the minimal network obtained with weight-elimination. >
Simultaneous Measurement of Diphenylhydantoin and Primidone in Serum by Gas—Liquid Chromatography

The need for simultaneous determination of the concentration of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and primidone (Mysoline) in serum is frequently expressed to the clinical chemistry laboratory. Isothermal gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been used to develop a rapid, specific method. The method involves a single extraction and no derivative formation. The procedure is simple enough to be used with large numbers of samples. Detection limits for the method are 0.3 µg diphenylhydantoin per ml and 0.1 µg primidone per ml. The mean precision of the method is 6.2% and 4.8%, expressed as the coefficient of variation, for diphenylhydantoin and primidone, respectively. Barbiturates and glutethimide added to serum samples did not interfere with the analysis. The method has been used for more than 500 patients without interferences from metabolites, and meets all criteria for routine and emergency use.
Design of a 1.8 V 4.9 /spl sim/ 5.9 GHz CMOS broadband low noise amplifier with 0.28 dB gain flatness using AMER inductor loads

A 4.9 /spl sim/ 5.9 GHz broadband LNA, suitable for IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN and IEEE 802.11j, is designed and simulated. Using active magnetic energy recovery (AMER) inductors to boost gain, this broadband AMER LNA exhibits high gain (21.2 dB) with good gain flatness (0.28 dB) within the 4.9 /spl sim/ 5.9 GHz frequency range. In comparison to the conventional 3-stage LNA, this broadband AMER LNA achieve higher gain, and better gain flatness with the cost of consuming slightly extra current, 0.2 mA, in two AMER inductors. The simulated noise figure lies within 2.2 dB and 2.7 dB in the frequency range and the IIP3 is +8 dBm. The broadband AMER LNA is designed to meet the requirements for integration of all IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN and IEEE 802.11j.
Molecular modulation in a hollow fiber.

We report the extension of the technique of molecular modulation to a deuterium-filled optical fiber. Using driving lasers at 807 and 1064nm, each with a pulse energy of several millijoules and a 200μm diameter fiber with a length of 22.5cm, we generate 12 sidebands with wavelengths spanning 1.56μm to 254nm.
The postoperative course and quantitative aspects of rat islet and segmental pancreas isografts.

Duct-ligated segmental pancreas transplants with systemic venous drainage were compared to intrahepatic islet grafts for β-cell mass (proportional to tissue insulin content) and function in diabetic Lewis rats. Rats were serially killed to measure insulin in the segmental pancreas grafts and in the liver of the islet recipients. Segmental pancreas weight was maximum and insulin concentration and content lowest (P < 0.05) on Day 3 when acute inflammation was present. At 21 days, there was no inflammation, and graft weight had decreased, but not to Day 0 level because of normal growth; insulin concentration was similar on Days 21 and 0. At 3 months, moderate fibrosis of the graft was present, but both total insulin and insulin concentration had increased (P < 0.05). In the recipients of islet grafts, total insulin in the liver on Day 1 was only 43% of that contained in the original islet preparation, but by 3 months the insulin content in the liver had increased to that transplanted. IVGTT K values were similar in normal rats (−3.5 ± 0.7%) and in recipients of segmental pancreas (−4.5 ± 1.6%) and islet (−4.0 ± 1.5%) grafts at 3 months post transplant. Acute segmental graft pancreatitis resolved, follwed by an increase in β-cell mass. Islet cell damage during transplantation is either reversible or residual viable islets proliferate, and provide metabolic control equivalent to segmental pancreas transplants, even though the final β-cell mass is less.
Prenatal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Hydrometrocolpos

Prenatal diagnosis of an imperforate hymen remains a clinical challenge. We present a case of a 28-year-old female who was sent to our hospital for an anomaly scan at 32 weeks of gestation. The lower abdomen of the fetus showed a cystic mass, which was funnelling towards the vulva and measured approximately 5.8 × 3.9 cm. The mass showed low level internal echoes and was initially diagnosed as a distended urinary bladder with fluid debris level. The patient was made to wait for 30 to 45 minutes for emptying of the urinary bladder. After 45 minutes, the patient was rescanned and this time another cystic mass appeared adjacent to the existing mass, which was actually the filling of the urinary bladder. Since the sex of the fetus was female and the mass was separate from the urinary bladder funneling towards the vulva, we diagnosed it as a case of hydrometrocolpos.