cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT VII. OBSERVATIONS ON RABBITS INOCULATED WITH A TRANSPLANTABLE MALIGNANT NEOPLASM

Successive blood counts at weekly intervals were made on rabbits inoculated with a transplantable malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin. There were 78 animals distributed in 9 groups; the period of observation after inoculation was 2 months. The results have been considered with respect to the character of the tumor process as determined by postmortem examination, the animals being classified as deaths, probable deaths, probable recoveries, and recoveries. The blood findings have been analyzed on the basis of the values derived from normal rabbits. A comparison has also been made with the results of preinoculation counts. In rabbits in which the tumor process was of pronounced or well marked severity, the numbers of monocytes became greatly increased; the neutrophiles and the total white blood cells were also increased; the eosinophiles, and to a less extent, the basophiles and lymphocytes were decreased; the red cell count was decreased and the hemoglobin content was lowered. In rabbits which recovered from the tumor inoculation, there were no outstanding changes in the blood picture when the findings for the entire observation period were considered. In the group of probable recoveries, the results were variable; there was, however, a definite although moderate increase of monocytes, and in general, the findings reflected the mildness of the disease when compared with those of the fatal cases and the group of probable deaths.
Miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and potassium salt of poly(methyl methacrylate-ran-methacrylic acid)

The crystalline–amorphous polymer pair of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate) is known to be miscible over a wide composition range. The effects of ionic moieties on the miscibility were studied by replacing the poly(methyl methacrylate) with a series of random copolymers of methyl methacrylate and potassium salt of methacrylic acid. The interaction parameter (χ) for the miscible blends in their molten state was obtained by thermal analysis using a melting-point depression calculation. The parameter decreased to a minimum at c.2% ion content (χ=minus;0.514) and approached a positive value at above 10% ion concentration.
Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire

Abstract This study describes a revision of a widely used parent-report measure of infant temperament, the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981 ). A rationally derived instrument was developed that included nine new scales and minor modifications of the seven scales of the IBQ. Parents of 360 infants, equally distributed over three age groups: 3–6 months; 6–9 months; and 9–12 months of age, participated. Conceptual and item analyses provided support for 14 of the 16 proposed scales, demonstrating satisfactory internal consistency. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated, with evidence of moderate agreement between primary and secondary caregivers. Monomethod discriminant validity was demonstrated through an examination of correlations among the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised (IBQ-R) scale scores. Results of the factor analytic procedure were consistent with three broad dimensions of Surgency/Extraversion, Negative Affectivity, and Orienting/Regulation. Developmental and gender differences were also noted for a number of the IBQ-R scales. Specifically, older infants received higher scores on Approach, Vocal Reactivity, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity, Perceptual Sensitivity, Distress to Limitations, and Fear, whereas younger infants’ scores were higher for Low Intensity Pleasure, Cuddliness/Affiliation, and Duration of Orienting. Male infants obtained higher scores on Activity and High Intensity Pleasure, and female infants were rated higher on the Fear scale.
Rapid and robust protection against cocaine-induced lethality in rats by the bacterial cocaine esterase

There is no approved means to prevent the toxic actions of cocaine. Cocaine esterase (CocE) is found in a rhodococcal strain of bacteria that grows in the rhizosphere soil around the coca plant and has been found to hydrolyze cocaine in vitro. The esteratic activity of CocE (0.1-1.0 mg, i.v.) was characterized and confirmed in vivo by assessing its ability to prevent cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality in the rat. The therapeutic efficiency of the enzyme was demonstrated by the increasing dose of cocaine (100-1000 mg/kg, i.p.) required to produce toxic effects after a single intravenous injection of CocE. The enzyme demonstrated rapid kinetics for cocaine degradation in rat and human serum. Two catalytically inactive mutants of CocE (S117A or Y44F) failed to protect rats from the toxic effects of cocaine, confirming the protective effects are due to hydrolytic activity. However, butyrylcholinesterase, an endogenous cocaine-hydrolyzing enzyme, was inactive (1.3-13 mg, i.v.) in this rat toxicity procedure. Furthermore, CocE did not block the lethality of WIN-35065-2 (560 mg/kg, i.p.), a cocaine analog that lacks the benzoyl ester moiety targeted by CocE. This characterization of CocE provides preliminary evidence that the enzyme could serve as a suitable antidote to cocaine toxicity in humans.
The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing primary skin adnexal carcinomas from metastatic adenocarcinoma to skin: an immunohistochemical reappraisal using cytokeratin 15, nestin, p63, D2-40, and calretinin

Often the distinction of primary adnexal carcinoma from metastatic adenocarcinoma to skin from breast, lung, and other sites can be a diagnostic dilemma. Current markers purportedly of utility as diagnostic adjuncts include p63 and D2-40; however, their expression has been demonstrated in 11-22% and 5% of metastatic cutaneous metastases, respectively. Both cytokeratin (CK) 15 and nestin have been reported as follicular stem cell markers. We performed CK15 and nestin, as well as previously reported stains (such as p63, D2-40, and calretinin) on 113 cases (59 primary adnexal carcinomas and 54 cutaneous metastases). Expressions of p63, CK15, nestin, D2-40, and calretinin were observed in 91, 40, 37, 44, and 14% of primary adnexal carcinoma, respectively, and in 8, 2, 8, 4, and 10% of cutaneous metastases, respectively. p63 appeared to be the most sensitive marker (with a sensitivity of 91%) in detecting primary adnexal carcinomas. CK15 appeared to be the most specific marker with a specificity of 98%. Using chi(2) analysis, statistically significant P-values (<0.05) were observed for p63, CK15, nestin, and D2-40 in the distinction of primary adnexal carcinoma versus cutaneous metastases. In logistic regression and stepwise selection for predicting a primary adnexal carcinoma, statistical significance was observed for p63, CK15, and D2-40 (P-values: <0.001, 0.0275, and 0.0298, respectively) but not for nestin (P-value=0.4573). Our study indicates that diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are significantly improved using a selected panel of immunohistochemical markers, including p63, CK15, and D2-40. Positive staining with all three markers argues in favor of a primary cutaneous adnexal neoplasm.
Social reference: Toward a unifying theory

article i nfo Available online 30 November 2009 This article addresses the need for a theoretical approach to reference research and specifically concentrates on a lacuna in conceptual research on social reference. Social reference refers to online question answering services that are provided by communities of volunteers on question and answer (QA it involves a collaborative group effort and uses wikis and other Web 2.0 infrastructure. This article proposes a sociotechnical framework to analyze, evaluate, and understand social reference that relies on a systems approach to the reference encounter, combined with an input–process– output (IPO) approach to virtual group work. The framework also accounts for the collaborative process of question answering and the interplay between technology and users in their contexts.
Melanoma from the dermatologist's perspective

Every physician should have a strong working knowledge of melanoma. The incidence of melanoma is increasing at a greater rate than that of any other cancer [1–7]. Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer, accounting for more than six of every seven deaths caused by cutaneous malignancies [9,10]. Melanoma of the head and neck region is common, and it is important that physicians who deal with this area remain up to date on the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of this increasingly common malignancy. This article provides an overview of malignant melanoma, a description of diagnostic features, a discussion of biopsy technique, and a brief synopsis of staging and treatment.
Mother–child attachment, emotion regulation, and anxiety symptoms in middle childhood

This study examined whether the relation of mother–child attachment with anxiety symptoms is mediated by emotion regulation (ER) processes (poor emotional awareness, biased interpretations of emotionally charged events, and coping strategies). Attachment patterns were assessed in a sample of eighty-seven 10- to 12-year-olds using story-stem interviews. Children who were less secure and more disorganized reported more anxiety. Attachment was also related to ER; security was associated with less difficulty identifying emotions, and disorganization was associated with more catastrophizing interpretations and less active coping. Anxiety symptoms were related to all three ER processes. Finally, relations of security or disorganization with anxiety symptoms were partially mediated by ER processes.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression is greatest in prostate adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases.

Objectives. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an integral membrane protein highly specific for the prostate. PSMA may be clinically useful for predicting outcome in patients with prostate cancer. We compared the expression of PSMA in prostate adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases in a large series of patients with node-positive cancer. Methods. We studied 232 patients with node-positive adenocarcinoma who underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy at the Mayo Clinic between 1987 and 1992. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibody 7E11-5.3 directed against PSMA. For each case, the percentage of immunoreactive cells in benign prostate tissue, adenocarcinoma, and lymph node metastases was estimated in 10% increments. Intensity was recorded using a scale of 0 to 3 (0 = no staining, 3 = highest). Results. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for PSMA was observed in all cases in benign epithelium and cancer, and most lymph node metastases. The number of cells stained was lowest in benign epithelium; cancer and lymph node metastases were similar (46.2% ± 27.5% versus 79.3% ± 18.5% versus 76.4% ± 26.1%, respectively; all pairs P < 0.05). Intensity of staining was greatest in primary cancer and lowest in lymph node metastases. Conclusions. PSMA is expressed in benign prostatic epithelium and primary cancer in all cases and in 98% of cases with lymph node metastases. Expression of PSMA was greatest in primary cancer for both percentage and intensity of immunoreactive cells. PSMA expression allows the identification of benign and malignant prostatic epithelium and may be a potentially valuable marker in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
Ethylene homopolymerization with P, O‐chelated nickel catalysts

Abstraction of phosphine from the nickel(II) P, O-chelated complexes, Ni[Ph2PCHC(Ph)O] (Ph)(PPh3), and related species converts them from olefin oligomerization to olefin polymerization catalysts. Phosphine acceptors such as Rh(acetylacetonate)(C2H4)2 or Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2 are most effective. Alternatively, nickel complexes in which the phosphine ligand is replaced with weakly coordinated pyridine can be prepared. These active, homogeneous catalysts can be tuned to give either low or high molecular weight, linear low or high density polyethylene. Depending on the diluent, the same catalytic complex can be used as heterogeneous or homogeneous catalyst. They are tolerant of oxygenated, hydroxylic, or polar molecules that would poison normal early transition metal-based Ziegler-Natta catalysts. In fact, the polymerizations can be run in solvents such as ethanol or acetone, but hydrocarbon solvents are preferred.
Endothelial dysfunction after arterial thrombosis is ameliorated by L-arginine in combination with thrombolysis.

PURPOSE To assess endothelial function after arterial thrombosis creation and after administration of a novel thrombolytic regimen in a new porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Untreated arteries that had undergone thrombosis for 90 minutes were compared to arteries treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, 4 mg) and a combination of tPA and L-arginine (L-arg; 600 mmol/L). External iliac artery luminal diameter was measured with use of duplex ultrasonography. Endothelialdependent relaxation (EDR) and endothelial-independent relaxation (EIR) were measured with use of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NTP), respectively. Endothelial integrity was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined with use of a chemiluminescent assay of its nitrite/nitrate metabolites (NO x ). RESULTS After thrombosis, EDR was decreased (69% ± 9.5; ACh=15 μg/min; n = 6). EDR remained unchanged after thrombolysis with tPA despite complete dissolution of thrombus (67% ± 5.7; ACh=15 μg/min; n = 5). Thrombolysis with use of tPA coupled with L-arg resulted in an increase in EDR (95% ± 4.9; ACh=15 μg/min; n = 5; P = .007). EIR was preserved in all groups, with uniform response to NTP. SEM analysis revealed intact endothelium in all groups. Local NO x levels were diminished after 90 minutes of thrombosis (49.3 μmol/L vs 40.8 μmol/L; P = .0002), but increased to 55.7 μmol/L after thrombolysis with tPA and L-arg ( P = NS). CONCLUSIONS Thrombus induces arterial dysfunction acutely without altering endothelial integrity. This dysfunction is ameliorated through regional administration of L-arg in combination with standard thrombolytic therapy, which increases local NO levels. This model allows the in-vivo study of thrombosis and alternative thrombolytic regimens. Regional enhancement of NO levels may prove to be an attractive adjunct in thrombolytic therapy.
Curriculum-based assessment among school psychologists: Knowledge, use, and attitudes

Abstract A national survey of the knowledge, use, and attitudes about, curriculum-based assessment (CBA) among school psychologists was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to 500 randomly selected NASP members from their 1989–1990 membership list. A total of 228 (45%) were returned. The results showed that 46% of the respondents indicated that they had used some form of CBA. However, more specific questions about use suggested that only about 18% of those initially indicating that they had used CBA had done so on a consistent basis. Additional questions about the individual components of CBA procedures (such as determining instructional levels) revealed that while psychologists view these procedures as very important in conducting psychoeducational assessments, their actual application of the procedured is quite limited. As to attitudes about CBA, it was found that psychologists view CBA as less biased than published standardized tests for assessment of children from culturally diverse groups and that CBA is more acceptable for students and teachers.
Prevalence of LMP-1 gene in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes by nest-polymerase chain reaction in Taiwan

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes in Taiwan. Methods. Nest-polymerase chain reaction (nest-PCR) was used to examine the presence of LMP-1 gene in lymphoid hyperplasia from non-neoplastic tonsillar and nasopharyngeal tissues and in tonsillar cancers. Results. In 152 cases, 64 biopsy tissues were obtained from lymphoid hyperplasia of nasopharynxes, 57 from tonsillectomy of non-neoplastic tonsils, and 31 from tonsillar cancers. LMP-1 was detected in 43.4% of the study group. Nineteen (29.7%) and 29 (50.9%) lymphoid hyperplasias from normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and 18 (58.1%) biopsies from tonsillar cancers had positive LMP-1. The 30–base pair (bp) deleted variant was detected in 89.5% and 82.8% of normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and in 66.7% of biopsies from tonsillar cancers (p = .198). Conclusion. This study found that the 30-bp variant was the predominant type of LMP-1 from a healthy population in Taiwan. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 619–624, 2004
The effects of high speed networking on the operation of a distributed system software design paradigm

The effect of high-speed networking on the operation of a previously developed paradigm (N.F. Schneidewind, 1989) for the system and software design of distributed systems is presented. The effect of high speed on the several design principles is discussed, along with the following design aspects: use of objects, use of generalized modules, control of module interaction, separation of control and data, and management of state information. >
SEM formulation of the fields scattered from arbitrary wire structures

The late-time field scattered from an arbitrary wire structure is formulated in terms of the singularity expansion method (SEM), and the contribution of each mode is shown to be representable as the product of two coupling coefficients. One coefficient governs how much of the incident field couples to each natural mode, and the other governs how much of each natural mode couples to the reradiated field. Numerical results are presented for the fields scattered from both straight and L-shaped wire structures and are compared to fields calculated using frequency-domain techniques. The fields calculated using these two different techniques are shown to agree very well after an appropriate time interval has elapsed. >
Patient-oriented clinical trials search through semantic integration of Linked Open Data

Patients facing a serious disease often want to be able to search for relevant clinical trials for new or more effective alternative treatments. The NIH makes all of its trials available on a website, in fact, for this purpose. Its search facility, however, is difficult to use and requires the patient to sift through lengthy text descriptions for relevant information. Our overall aim is to build a system that allows for a more patient-focused clinical trial search facility. In this paper, we present a semantic integration approach using RDF triples to develop an integrated clinical trial knowledge representation, by linking different Linked Open Data such as clinical trials provided by NIH as well as the drug side effects dataset SIDER. The integration model uses UMLS to link concepts from different sources with consistent semantics and ontological knowledge. Patient-oriented functions that our prototype system provides include semantic search and query with reasoning ability, and semantic-link browsing where an exploration of one concept leads to other concepts easily via links which can provide visual search for the end users.
The Relationship Between Oxidative Stress Responses and Lung Inflammation with Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smoking represents a major world health hazard. In fact, chronic cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the world's third leading cause of death and accounts for 90 % of lung cancers [1, 2]. Cigarette smoking produces adverse respiratory effects by exposing the airways and lung parenchyma to a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other toxic compounds. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying lung and airway damage in response to cigarette smoke remain incompletely understood, ROS are believed to produce tissue injury by affecting the function and gene expression profiles of lung structural cells and inflammatory cells. In fact, cigarette smoke exposure alters the expression of >600 genes in human monocytes [3]. Specifically, ROS exert direct deleterious effects on cell structure and function by damaging protein lipid and DNA macromolecules which impair cellular function, induce apoptosis, and stimulate dysfunctional matrix remodeling in the lung in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, cigarette smoke-induced cell damage causes the release of alarmins, cytokines, chemokines and up-regulation of adhesion molecules by epithelial cells in the airway and lung which collectively serve to attract an inflammatory cell infiltrate. In addition, bacterial constituents present in cigarette smoke further shape the intensity and inflammatory response by activating PAMPs expressed by lung cells which, in turn, interact with the cell’s oxidant defense mechanisms [4, 5]. Moreover, the inflammatory process generated by the innate immune system, in turn, increases oxidant stress in the lung through the production of the superoxide ion by infiltrating neutrophils. Accordingly, the inflammatory reaction in the lung induced by oxidants in cigarette smoke has the potential to act as a positive feedback loop or self-amplifying process which exacerbates both conditions.
The Role of Antiretroviral Therapy in Asia

The AIDS pandemic is the most important health problem facing the world today. More lives are lost to HIV/AIDS worldwide than malaria and tuberculosis combined. HIV/AIDS has caused a rapid decline in life expectancy in many African Nations. This has lead to the loss of teachers, workers, heads of households, and young parents throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Also as a direct result of premature death from HIV, many countries are experiencing an expanding epidemic of orphans whose parents have died from AIDS. As a consequence of these events, AIDS is the first disease that has transitioned from a global health challenge to an international geopolitical crisis whose impact may soon be measured by increasing economic and political instability throughout the world.
Artificial Nest Experiments: Effects of Nest Appearance and Type of Predator

Nest predation is a primary cause of nesting mortality for many bird species (Skutch 1949, 1966; Nice 1957; Ricklefs 1969; Nilsson 1984). Food limitation and competition also can affect nesting success (see reviews in Martin 1986, 1987). However, the primary role of nest predation in nesting mortality suggests that it can be a strong agent of selection on bird species and assemblages; when nest predation differs among species, habitats, and areas, it can influence life history traits, habitat use, and population and community patterns (Duebbert and Kantrud 1974; Slagsvold 1982; Martin, unpubl.). Intensity of nest predation differs among groups of birds based on the nesting substrates and heights of their nests (Ricklefs 1969, Nilsson 1984), between island and mainland areas (Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Savidge 1987), and among habitat islands of different sizes (Wilcove 1985). One means of documenting such differences in nest predation is through controlled experiments using artificial nests. Two recent studies (Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Wilcove 1985) used artificial wicker nests to examine differences in predation rates for different nest types, habitats, and areas. Both studies used wicker nests with leaves or straw lining the inside of the nest and without modification of the outside of the nest (e.g., Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Wilcove 1985). Wilcove (1985) noted that these nests were more conspicuous than real nests. Consequently, both he and Loiselle and Hoppes (1983) felt that artificial nests did not measure the actual rate of predation that birds experience, but they assumed that any biases were consistent among sites and nest types. However, this crucial assumption requires testing before further experiments are conducted. In this paper, I report results of experiments that test effects of nest appearance and placement on probability of nest predation.
An analysis of maximum mandibular movements, craniofacial relationships and temporomandibular joint awareness in children.

Abstract This paper evaluates the relationship between maximum mandibular vertical opening and the following variables: chronological age, craniomandibular relationships, and temporomandibular joint awareness in children. The range of mandibular movement was evaluated in 189 children between the ages of 4 and 14 years, using the method of Agerberg. Measurements were found to be accurate and reliable only in the vertical plane. Cephalometric tracings were made on 131 of the subjects. Significant relationships were noted for maximum vertical opening with age, anterior facial height, and mandibular length. A temporomandibular joint awareness questionnaire was verbally given to all subjects with no parental input. Responses to the questionnaire were found to be unreliable, based upon a retest of 25 subjects one month later. It is noteworthy that all of the changes in responses on the retest were to the same question, “Does your jaw ever feel tired? ” This paper was presented to the North Atlantic Component of...
Bilingual Reading: The Visual Moving Window

This chapter critically reviews the self-paced visual moving window (VMW) technique and its variants as used in the bilingual reading literature. In the first section, we provide a general overview of some of the variables known to compromise the validity of an experimental task, or an experiment in general. In the second section, we review bilingual reading experiments investigating the effects of code-switched or mixed-language sentences (e.g., Andrea dropped the LETTER/CARTA in the mailbox) as a function of context, word frequency, grammatical gender (masculine, feminine), and cognates (words with overlapping orthographical and meaning across languages) vs. homographs (words with overlapping orthographical representations but different meaning across languages). Finally, task strengths and weaknesses are discussed. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research and how this task can be used in conjunction with other tasks to explore bilingual sentence processing.
Co-designing communication and control systems for wide-area control of power systems

Following the Northeast blackout of 2003, the Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) technology using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) has tremendously matured for the North American grid. However, with the rapidly increasing number of deployed PMUs, the design and deployment of an efficient wide-area communication and computing infrastructure remains one of the greatest challenges to harvest the gigantic volumes of PMU data in real-time. Neither the architecture of such networks nor the impacts of their operational uncertainties such as delays and data losses on the envisioned control actions are well understood in the current state of art. This tutorial talk will address this gap, and propose a highly resilient, fault-tolerant, and reliable distributed network control system for tomorrow's power grids using cutting-edge emerging technologies such as cloud computing and software defined networks. The proposed architecture will be realized via three interactive layers. Layer 1 will consist of physics-based controllers for power oscillation damping. Layer 2 will contain delay control rules for the communication network that work in tandem with the grid controllers. Layer 3 will consist of a supervisory controller realized through embedding and reconfiguration rules in a distributed cloud environment that continuously monitors the system status, and ensures fault-tolerance, resilience, and reliability of the overall closed-loop control system.
Whence the Beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene ' Miacis' From Texas, USA, and the Origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)

The Middle to Late Eocene sediments of Texas have yielded a wealth of fossil material that offers a rare window on a diverse and highly endemic mammalian fauna from that time in the southern part of North America. These faunal data are particularly significant because the narrative of mammalian evolution in the Paleogene of North America has traditionally been dominated by taxa that are known from higher latitudes, primarily in the Rocky Mountain and northern Great Plains regions. Here we report on the affinities of two peculiar carnivoraforms from the Chambers Tuff of Trans-Pecos, Texas, that were first described 30 years ago as Miacis cognitus and M. australis. Re-examination of previously described specimens and their inclusion in a cladistic analysis revealed the two taxa to be diminutive basal amphicyonids; as such, they are assigned to new genera Gustafsonia and Angelarctocyon, respectively. These two taxa fill in some of the morphological gaps between the earliest-known amphicyonid genus, Daphoenus, and other Middle-Eocene carnivoraforms, and lend additional support for a basal caniform position of the beardogs outside the Canoidea. The amphicyonid lineage had evidently given rise to at least five rather distinct forms by the end of the Middle Eocene. Their precise geographical origin remains uncertain, but it is plausible that southern North America served as an important stage for a very early phase of amphicyonid radiation.
Endogenous Bioelectric Signaling Networks: Exploiting Voltage Gradients for Control of Growth and Form.

Living systems exhibit remarkable abilities to self-assemble, regenerate, and remodel complex shapes. How cellular networks construct and repair specific anatomical outcomes is an open question at the heart of the next-generation science of bioengineering. Developmental bioelectricity is an exciting emerging discipline that exploits endogenous bioelectric signaling among many cell types to regulate pattern formation. We provide a brief overview of this field, review recent data in which bioelectricity is used to control patterning in a range of model systems, and describe the molecular tools being used to probe the role of bioelectrics in the dynamic control of complex anatomy. We suggest that quantitative strategies recently developed to infer semantic content and information processing from ionic activity in the brain might provide important clues to cracking the bioelectric code. Gaining control of the mechanisms by which large-scale shape is regulated in vivo will drive transformative advances in bioe...
Sourcing Lithic Artifacts by Instrumental Analysis

The best preserved artifacts of the oldest hominid sites are lithics found at the earliest Oldowan sites of Africa, securely dated by K/Ar dating and by magnetic polarity stratigraphy at 2.5 my. The first stone tool industries of the sites used local volcanics, most of which were trachyte (Semaw et al., 1997) but also some rhyolite and basalt found in nearby stream conglomerates.
Development of White Matter Microstructure and Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Between the Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Associations With Anxiety and Depression.

Abstract Background Connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is compromised in multiple psychiatric disorders, many of which emerge during adolescence. To identify to what extent the deviations in amygdala-vmPFC maturation contribute to the onset of psychiatric disorders, it is essential to characterize amygdala-vmPFC connectivity changes during typical development. Methods Using an accelerated cohort longitudinal design (1–3 time points, 10–25 years old, n = 246), we characterized developmental changes of the amygdala-vmPFC subregion functional and structural connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging. Results Functional connectivity between the centromedial amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), anterior vmPFC, and subgenual cingulate significantly decreased from late childhood to early adulthood in male and female subjects. Age-associated decreases were also observed between the basolateral amygdala and the rACC. Importantly, these findings were replicated in a separate cohort (10–22 years old, n = 327). Similarly, structural connectivity, as measured by quantitative anisotropy, significantly decreased with age in the same regions. Functional connectivity between the centromedial amygdala and the rACC was associated with structural connectivity in these same regions during early adulthood (22–25 years old). Finally, a novel time-varying coefficient analysis showed that increased centromedial amygdala-rACC functional connectivity was associated with greater anxiety and depression symptoms during early adulthood, while increased structural connectivity in centromedial amygdala-anterior vmPFC white matter was associated with greater anxiety/depression during late childhood. Conclusions Specific developmental periods of functional and structural connectivity between the amygdala and the prefrontal systems may contribute to the emergence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and may play a critical role in the emergence of psychiatric disorders in adolescence.
Education for Democracy

In relationship to education for democracy, we can ask at least the following two questions: (1) What kinds of educational programs should be tolerated, and perhaps even encouraged, in democratic societies? and, (2) Is it reasonable to create educational programs that are organized as democratic learning communities? The first question can be referred to as the problem of creating educational programs in democratic societies. The second question can be called the educational problem of creating democratic learning communities. In this brief essay my goal is to say more about the second question, but I will also say a few words about the first.
Buy memes low, sell memes high: vernacular criticism and collective negotiations of value on Reddit’s MemeEconomy

ABSTRACTWhile existing scholarship has focused on distilling the attributes of successful memes and the dynamics of their propagation in online spaces, there is a lack of research on the vernacular criticism of memes beyond quantitative markers of popularity. By examining the MemeEconomy community on Reddit, where ‘meme traders’ appropriate stock market terminology to discuss and appraise memes, this article aims to understand how this particular subculture of self-proclaimed meme insiders assigns value to viral media. Our findings point to the salience of four key features that are seen to determine a meme’s value: its positioning in relation to the mainstream, its versatility and expansion potential, its topicality or cultural relevance, and its perceived quality. We discuss implications for the formation and reinforcement of subcultural identities around memes, and theorize the role of vernacular criticism as fulfilling significant social functions in online communities.
Effect of Cold Storage on Emergence, Longevity, Fertility, and Survival of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The effect of short-term cold storage on non-diapausing pupae and adults of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) was evaluated for developing protocols for the mass production of this parasitoid. When stored at 10°C, successful emergence of adults from cocoons occurred within 6 d and was not affected by storage time (0 d, 4 d, 12 d, or 20 d). Longevity of males and females was not affected by cold storage, but fewer males and females remained alive per consecutive 8 d interval after emergence at 27°C. A fertility experiment revealed that fewer progeny (F1 cocoons, F1 females) were produced by parental females previously cold-stored as pupae in cocoons for 20 d rather than 4 d. A within-storage adult survival experiment demonstrated that males and females were not affected by any of the storage times (8 d, 16 d, 24 d, 32 d). This survival rate was achieved by removing the adults from the cold at 8 d intervals, placing them at 23 ± 1 °C for ~ 2 h and providing honey. Another fertility experiment revealed that m...
Catheterized Fiber-Optics Confocal Microscopy of the Beating Heart In Situ

The beating heart can be imaged using several modalities including magnetic resonance imaging, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and ultrasound.1,2 These modalities yield images and image sequences at millimeter resolutions. Here, we present, for the first time, real-time microscopic imaging of the beating heart in situ acquired in a clinical setting using catheterized fiber-optics confocal microscopy (FCM). We demonstrate that catheterized FCM provides information on tissue microstructure in normal and fibrotic canine hearts in situ at micrometer resolution. The catheter-based approach is based on methods that we developed in previous work for imaging the arrested heart during open heart surgery.3 The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, University of Utah, and performed according to National Institutes of Health guidelines. Mongrel dogs weighing 25 to 35 kg were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and mechanically ventilated. Venous access was obtained in the right femoral vein under ultrasound guidance (9L4 Transducer, ACUSON SC2000; Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA). Under ultrasound (ACUSON AcuNav, Siemens) and fluoroscopic (syngo DynaCT, Siemens) guidance, a transseptal puncture was performed followed by …
Evaluating the irradiation effects on the elastic properties of miniature monolithic SiC tubular specimens

Abstract The initial results of a post-irradiation examination study conducted on CVD SiC tubular specimens irradiated under a high radial heat flux are presented herein. The elastic moduli were found to decrease more than that estimated based on previous studies. The significant decreases in modulus are attributed to the cracks present in the specimens. The stresses in the specimens, calculated through finite element analyses, were found to be greater than the expected strength of irradiated specimens, indicating that the irradiation-induced stresses caused these cracks. The optical microscopy images and predicted stress distributions indicate that the cracks initiated at the inner surface and propagated outward.
Synthetic minority image over-sampling technique: How to improve AUC for glioblastoma patient survival prediction

Real-world datasets are often imbalanced, with an important class having many fewer examples than other classes. In medical data, normal examples typically greatly outnumber disease examples. A classifier learned from imbalanced data, will tend to be very good at the predicting examples in the larger (normal) class, yet the smaller (disease) class is typically of more interest. Imbalance is dealt with at the feature vector level (create synthetic feature vectors or discard some examples from the larger class) or by assigning differential costs to errors. Here, we introduce a novel method for over-sampling minority class examples at the image level, rather than the feature vector level. Our method was applied to the problem of Glioblastoma patient survival group prediction. Synthetic minority class examples were created by adding Gaussian noise to original medical images from the minority class. Uniform local binary patterns (LBP) histogram features were then extracted from the original and synthetic image examples with a random forests classifier. Experimental results show the new method (Image SMOTE) increased minority class predictive accuracy and also the AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve), compared to using the imbalanced dataset directly or to creating synthetic feature vectors.
What Hume Might Have Said to Kant

The aim of this brief essay is to present some conjectures as to how Hume might have criticized certain central epistemological doctrines of Kant.1 By a natural extension of this theme I shall also raise a few questions concerning Karl Popper’s views on induction and his critique of the empiricist meaning criterion. I do this in the spirit of my very great admiration for Popper’s work and his friendship, which I cherish sincerely. If I have misunderstood his basic outlook, I hope that he will set me right in future discussions.
Dignity: The Ethos of Humanbecoming:

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the ethos of humanbecoming with the core knowings of living quality. This requires describing in more detail the tenets of dignity-reverence, awe, betrayal, and shame-and specifying the tenets further with the newknowings arising from the humanbecoming hermeneutic sciencing of Lives of Others. The author introduces the newly conceptualized paradoxes, revering-betraying and aweing-shaming.
Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Organic Molecular Solids: Polymorphism and the Dependence on Sample Preparation

We report solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance 1 H spin-lattice relaxation, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in solid samples of 2-ethylanthracene (EA) and 2-ethylanthraquinone (EAQ) that have been physically purified in different ways from the same commercial starting compounds. The solid-state 1 H spin-lattice relaxation is always non-exponential at high temperatures as expected when CH3 rotation is responsible for the relaxation. The 1 H spin-lattice relaxation experiments are very sensitive to the "several-molecule" (clusters) structure of these van der Waals molecular solids. In the three differently prepared samples of EAQ, the relaxation also becomes very non-exponential at low temperatures. This is very unusual and the decay of the nuclear magnetization can be fitted with both a stretched exponential and a double exponential. This unusual result correlates with the powder X-ray diffractometry results and suggests that the anomalous relaxation is due to crystallites of two (or more) different polymorphs (concomitant polymorphism).
CHAPTER 37 – Kinase Signaling in the Cardiovascular System

This chapter focuses on how receptors on the cell surface modulate cell and tissue function and how they transmit signals that activate intracellular kinases. Signal transduction involves an intracellular network that acts to integrate multiple receptors, signal transducers, and second messengers. The chapter discusses various pathways from cell surface receptor to nucleus and it specifically focuses on receptors belonging to different superfamilies, including G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, cell adhesion receptors, and antigen receptors. Common to all these receptors is signal transduction to the nucleus through sequentially phosphorylating kinases collectively known as a kinase signaling module. The best studied of these kinase modules is the MAP kinase module, and various extracellular stimuli activate MAP kinases, including growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and antigens, and physical and chemical stimuli, such as oxidative stress, heat shock, osmotic imbalance, and fluid shear stress. Among MAPK family members, ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and BMK1 responds to flow in endothelial cells. ERK1/2 is activated in cultured endothelial cells by a physiological range of shear stress with peaks between 15 and 30 dynes/cm 2 . The JNK pathway is inhibited in cells cultured in the serum-containing medium as the flow potently activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in these cells and the ERK1/2 pathway inhibits JNK activation.
Intraperitoneal Adriamycin and 5-Fluorouracil in Ovarian Cancer

Drug resistance, both intrinsic resistance present in many previously untreated patients and acquired resistance, which frequently develops in patients who respond to therapy, is a major clinical problem in ovarian cancer which limits the overall effectiveness of most chemotherapeutic agents. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for resistance in ovarian cancer would likely facilitate pharmacologic attempts to reverse or modify this resistance and thereby increase the efficacy of these drugs. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian cancer is an attempt to overcome drug resistance which results from the inability to achieve cytotoxic drug levels in the peritoneal cavity following either oral or intravenous administration of the same drugs. The pharmacologic rationale for intraperitoneal administration of anticancer agents has been presented elsewhere in this monograph by Collins et al.
THE ORIGIN AND PROJECTIONS OF A SPINAL NOCICEPTIVE AND THERMORECEPTIVE PATHWAY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study examining the origin and projections of a spinal nociceptive and thermoreceptive pathway. In this study, injections of 0.2 to 3.0 μl of 30 or 50% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in sterile water or saline were made unilaterally under aseptic conditions in animals anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The HRP was delivered by means of 1 to 3 penetrations of a 1 or a 10 μl Hamilton microsyringe needle that was placed stereotaxically through a trephine hole in the calvarium. In the later experiments, the final placement of the microsyringe needle was determined electrophysiologically by searching for evoked potentials with a recording electrode while stimulating a contralateral forelimb and hindlimb cutaneous nerve percutaneously. The findings illustrate the extent of spread of HRP injected into the brainstem of two monkeys. In M-6, most of the nuclei in the posterior and lateral thalamus were involved because of the amount of HRP injected. Because most of the thalamic nuclei that receive terminals of the spinothalamic tract were involved, a large number of retrogradely labeled neurons were found throughout the spinal cord of this monkey. In M-12, the HRP remained restricted primarily to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent reticular formation.
The Nexus of Managerial Imperfect Duty and Its Conceptual Advantages

The nexus of imperfect managerial duty is defined as management’s collection of volitional attitudes and actions in pursuit of a moral purpose, but that have practical limits. This describes business behavior toward building affable and virtuous relations, maintaining reasoned social discourse, and performing the due diligence necessary for making knowledgeable business decisions. A theory of the development and extent of the limits of these imperfect managerial duties is presented here, a theory that in part explains the activities and personnel included under the firm’s umbrella. As a result, the nexus of imperfect duty is shown to complement the perfect duty-based nexus-of-contracts theory of the firm. The existence of flexible trade-offs involving these duties, trade-offs not easily amenable in contractual arrangements whether explicit or implicit, is shown to be one of the advantages of imperfect duty for developing business relations. As a result, since the pursuit of shareholder wealth is not subject to contracting, i.e., it is not a perfect duty. Shareholder wealth pursuit emerges from the nexus of imperfect duty.
Soil organic carbon in sandy soils: A review

Abstract Sandy soils cover approximately 900 million ha worldwide particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. There are extensive areas of sandy soils under cultivation, but the soil fertility is often low and dependent on the levels of soil organic carbon (SOC). Here, we review SOC levels of sandy soils across the world using pedon databases, data from literature, and three detailed case studies. Pedons were selected from five major databases and the pedons had a minimum of 850 g sand kg− 1 in the top 30 cm. Sandy soils occur in all climates and several soil orders (mainly Alfisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Spodosols, Ultisols). Soil organic carbon was highest in sandy soils of the temperate and cold zones (mean 19 g kg− 1), and lowest in soils of the arid zone (