cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WY-14 643 rapidly activates nuclear factor kappaB in Kupffer cells before hepatocytes.

Stimulation of cell proliferation caused by peroxisome proliferators was blocked by antibodies against TNFa and agents that inactivate Kupffer cells, a rich source of TNFa, which supports the hypothesis that Kupffer cells play a pivotal role in peroxisome proliferator-induced hyperplasia. Here, the ability of the very potent peroxisome proliferator WY-14 643 to activate the transcription factor NF-k Bi n rat liver was examined since it is involved in TNFa production. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated by gavage with WY-14 643 (100 mg/kg) while control animals were given equivalent doses of vehicle (olive oil). Activation of NF-kB in both whole liver, non-parenchymal cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes was assessed for up to 36 h using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In whole liver, WY-14 643 transiently increased NF-kB binding maximally 3.5-fold in 2‐8 h followed by a steady decline to near control levels at 36 h. As early as 2 h after WY-14 643 treatment, the active form of NF-kB was localized predominantly in Kupffer cells with values 20- to 25-times greater than in hepatocytes. In hepatocytes, a small increase in NF-kB binding was observed but only 8 h after WY14 643 administration. Pre-treatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and free radical scavenger, suppressed NF-kB activation by WY-14 643 almost completely. It is concluded that NF-kB is activated by reactive oxygen species and plays a central role in the mechanism of action of peroxisome proliferators. Moreover, these findings support the hypothesis that Kupffer cells play a pivotal role in peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocyte proliferation through rapid NF-kB activation and subsequent induction of TNFa production. TNFa from Kupffer cells stimulates growth in parenchymal cells later via mechanisms that also involve NF-kB.
Adaptive Implementation of Importance Sampling in Optimization under Uncertainty

Design under uncertainty problems which employ the probabilistic performance as objective function and estimate it through stochastic simulation are discussed. A gradient-based algorithm is adopted for the numerical optimization and the focus is on the adaptive implementation of importance sampling (IS) across the iterations of the algorithm. The IS densities are selected based on samples distributed proportional to the integrand quantifying the probabilistic performance, and kernel density estimation is considered for constructing them. The characteristics of the selected density, including the specific model parameters for which IS is considered, are optimally selected by minimizing the anticipated coefficient of variation (for the objective function estimate) if this density were used as IS distribution. A global sensitivity analysis is integrated within the approach to guide the selection of the parameters for which IS is formulated. The framework is developed with marginal additional computational effort, utilizing information readily available from the objective function estimation, contributing ultimately to great computational savings.
Phosphorene: An Unexplored 2D Semiconductor with a High Hole Mobility

We introduce the 2D counterpart of layered black phosphorus, which we call phosphorene, as an unexplored p-type semiconducting material. Same as graphene and MoS2, single-layer phosphorene is flexible and can be mechanically exfoliated. We find phosphorene to be stable and, unlike graphene, to have an inherent, direct, and appreciable band gap. Our ab initio calculations indicate that the band gap is direct, depends on the number of layers and the in-layer strain, and is significantly larger than the bulk value of 0.31–0.36 eV. The observed photoluminescence peak of single-layer phosphorene in the visible optical range confirms that the band gap is larger than that of the bulk system. Our transport studies indicate a hole mobility that reflects the structural anisotropy of phosphorene and complements n-type MoS2. At room temperature, our few-layer phosphorene field-effect transistors with 1.0 μm channel length display a high on-current of 194 mA/mm, a high hole field-effect mobility of 286 cm2/V·s, and an...
Does this mathematica-based software package make teaching obsolete?

The SPP(Signal Processing Packages) software package, which is based on Mathematica, is discussed. SPP's capabilities are in continuous and discrete time. These capabilities include differential equations, convolution of a unity triangular pulse, Laplace transforms, Bode plots, pole-zero diagrams, Fourier transforms, root locus plots, difference equations, and z transforms. >
Nanotechnology in Head and Neck Cancer: The Race Is On

Rapid advances in the ability to produce nanoparticles of uniform size, shape, and composition have started a revolution in the sciences. Nano-sized structures herald innovative technology with a wide range of potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. More than 1000 nanostructures have been reported, many with potential medical applications, such as metallic-, dielectric-, magnetic-, liposomal-, and carbon-based structures. Of these, noble metallic nanoparticles are generating significant interest because of their multifunctional capacity for novel methods of laboratory-based diagnostics, in vivo clinical diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic treatments. This review focuses on recent advances in the applications of nanotechnology in head and neck cancer, with special emphasis on the particularly promising plasmonic gold nanotechnology.
Is Special Education Free

When funding for special education services is limited, public school districts may be attracted by the possibility that either children's private health insurance or medicaid could be used to subsidize their special education services. Although school districts' attempts to use third-party sources to fund public school special education services have been generally unsuccessful, time-consuming, and costly, the history of such failures has mainly been published in legal documents that have been relatively inaccessible to educators. An explanation of the reasons for such failures is provided.
The Sparse Regression Cube: A Reliable Modeling Technique for Open Cyber-Physical Systems

Understanding the end-to-end behavior of complex systems where computing technology interacts with physical world properties is a core challenge in cyber-physical computing. This paper develops a hierarchical modeling methodology for open cyber-physical systems that combines techniques in estimation theory with those in data mining to reliably capture complex system behavior at different levels of abstraction. Our technique is also novel in the sense that it provides a measure of confidence in predictions. An application to green transportation is discussed, where the goal is to reduce vehicular fuel consumption and carbon footprint. First-principle models of cyber-physical systems can be very complex and include a large number of parameters, whereas empirical regression models are often unreliable when a high number of parameters is involved. Our new modeling technique, called the Sparse Regression Cube, simultaneously (i) partitions sparse, high-dimensional measurements into subspaces within which reliable linear regression models apply and (ii) determines the best reliable model for each partition, quantifying uncertainty in output prediction. Evaluation results show that the framework significantly improves modeling accuracy compared to previous approaches and correctly quantifies prediction error, while maintaining high efficiency and scalability.
The Relationship between Female Criminality and Drug Use

A 2-year study of four groups of women (N= 268)—addicts, prostitute-addicts, prostitutes, and female offenders—reveals that the link between female criminal activity and female drug involvement is ...
Visualization issues for software requirements negotiation

Negotiating the right balance between conflicting requirements is often a key to the successful software projects. For large projects, requirements negotiation can be especially difficult to do effectively and efficiently when combining input from non-co-located experts and reaching consensus among the different stakeholders (e.g., end-users, developers, software assurance, customers) as well as among the different aspects of software requirements (e.g., functionality, non-functional quality, and infrastructure). Stakeholder perception conflicts about requirements issues should be identified and resolved in early stage of the project life-cycle to achieve a shared vision of the requirements. A technique for effective and efficient requirements conflict identification and resolution is needed. In this paper, we discuss the issues of applying visualization technique to requirements conflict identification and resolution problems with exploration of potential solution approaches. The following visualization issues are discussed: (1) stakeholders' perception representation and consensus measurement, (2) perception visualization, (3) conflict identification, and (4) conflict resolution.
Communication and Social Media

In a sped-up, changing world consumers have less time. Sharing information through social media quickens and broadens the process. In this chapter, attachment and attribution theories along with social analytics and algorithms are introduced. Consumer socialization involves messages, heard, read, composed, sent, and received. The Social Influence Model is revisited because communication involves creating “talk” and “buzz.” Influentials share their opinions about new products or services based on their experiences, good or bad, and in so doing move economies. Social media has redefined who is a friend and has shifted consumer power back to the vocal individual.
Practical Team-Based Learning from Planning to Implementation

Team-based learning (TBL) helps instructors develop an active teaching approach for the classroom through group work. The TBL infrastructure engages students in the learning process through the Readiness Assessment Process, problem-solving through team discussions, and peer feedback to ensure accountability. This manuscript describes the benefits and barriers of TBL, and the tools necessary for developing, implementing, and critically evaluating the technique within coursework in a user-friendly method. Specifically, the manuscript describes the processes underpinning effective TBL development, preparation, implementation, assessment, and evaluation, as well as practical techniques and advice from authors’ classroom experiences. The paper also highlights published articles in the area of TBL in education, with a focus on pharmacy education.
Evaluation of Interface Types in an Adversarial Team Based Environment

The present study addressed the effects of a flexible delegation-type control interface for unmanned vehicles (UVs) on performance in a team-oriented, dynamic, adversarial environment. Thirty-six people served as paid participants in this study. Teams of two participants competed against each other in a RoboFlag simulation based on ‘capture-the-flag.’ Participants controlled their UVs manually, through automated commands, or both (flexible control). Results of the experiment indicated that task performance and subjective workload were adversely affected in the automation-only condition, but no differences were detected between the manual and flexible conditions. Overall, results support previous research using RoboFlag. Performance in the automation condition was insufficient to meet task demands indicating the inappropriateness of UV control limited in this fashion. However, the lack of performance differences observed in this task between the flexible and manual interfaces calls into question when the f...
Manifest and Latent Participators in a Rural Community Action Program

C OMMUNITY development programs differ to some extent from other types of formal organizations in that (1) their membership is determined on the basis of the community boundaries, and (2) all persons residing within these boundaries are theoretically members of the organization. The often quoted statement that "community development is everybody's business" implies that it is a concern of all community residents and, ideally, each resident assists in attaining the group-determined goals and is, in turn, the recipient of the ensuing products. While this may represent the aspirations of many persons in organized communities, their organizations are not unlike other formally organized groups in terms of the unequal levels of participation. Many members may make no contribution to the goals of the community and others may participate at varying levels, and, similarly, neither do all share equally in the accrued benefits. Various measures of formal social participation have been employed by a number of researchers. Mangus and Cottam, for example, state that "formal social participation refers to the part taken in organized groups and includes not only attendance at meetings but also membership maintained, financial contributions made, committee work done and offices held."1 Other studies have emphasized not only the "activity" element but also the idea of "value commitment"2 the "ego-involvement"3 of participants, variations in degrees of "identification"4 of the individual with the group, and the ". . . sharing in a culture through a media of communication."5 The objective of the present study was to determine the relationships between varying levels of participation in a community development program6 and the following three sets of variables: (1) social and economic characteristics of the community residents, (2) their knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the organization, and (3) their attitudes toward the community program. The first set of variables includes such items as sex, age, education, socio economic status, years in the community, and family participation; these items constitute what Beal terms "static" variables.7 They are so termed because they can not be readily changed by the members of the group, by leaders or by professional workers. The latter variables, dealing with knowledge and attitudes, were designated "dynamic" variables since they are more amenable to change through group action. Manifest and latent participation. Participation in voluntary associations can better be understood by considering it as being composed of two formsmanifest and latent. Analyzing manifest, overt participation in a community development program, or in other groups, for that matter,8 is not wholly adequate for ascertaining the solidarity or success of a particular group. The attitudes of
Metallization Issues in Advanced Ceramic Substrates:- Microstructural. Microchemistry and Thermal Conductivity in Aln

Microchemical and microstructural study has been carried out on the tungsten-aluminum nitride (W-AlN) thick film metallization interface. A reaction has been found to occur with the formation of precipitates at AlN grain boundaries and also within the AlN grains; a thin crystalline grain boundary film was also observed. The interface morphology and chemistry is compared to the molybdenum/manganese-aluminum nitride (MoMn-AlN) interface. The effects of morphology and microchemical variations upon thermal conductivity are discussed.
Quantification of Reactive CO and H2 on CuOx-CeO2 during CO Preferential Oxidation by Reactive Titration and Steady State Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis

The molar quantity of adsorbed CO and H2 present on the surface of a mixed CuOx-CeO2 catalyst during CO preferential oxidation in H2 at 353 K was quantified using both the reactive titration method and the steady-state isotopic-transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA). For the reactive titration method, either CO or H2 was replaced by He during steady state reaction while monitoring the residual transient product formation of CO2 or H2O produced from the surface adsorbed CO or H2 via catalytic oxidations. For SSITKA, 12CO was replaced by 13CO during steady state reaction while monitoring the transient product formation of 12CO2. The amount of adsorbed reactive CO increases with increasing CO partial pressure or decreasing H2 partial pressure, while the amount of reactive H2 decreases with increasing CO partial pressure or decreasing H2 partial pressure, showing that the adsorbed CO and H2 compete for active redox sites and prohibit the other’s adsorption. Using reactive CO and H2 amounts, two models of coverag...
Baseline Purpose Oriented Life and Cognitive Outcomes (P04.220)

Objective: We examined 1) the relationship between purpose oriented life measured in midlife and the outcome of late life cognitive function, 2) whether engagement in physical, social, and cognitive activities mediated the relationship between purpose oriented life and cognitive function. Background Purpose oriented life was reported to be associated with decreased incidence of dementia. Additionally, purposed oriented life has been hypothesized to be potentially neuroprotective, but this has not been empirically validated. Design/Methods: A historical cohort study derived from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study, an NIH funded nationwide community-based sample that investigates midlife exposure and cognitive outcomes in late life. The sample for this study constituted of 1003 participants (Aged 51 to 75 at baseline i.e. in 1995). At least there was one follow-up data on cognitive function during the ten years follow up period. Purpose oriented life at baseline and follow-up was measured by a Purpose in Life (PIL) questionnaire. Other measures included demographic and health information (baseline and follow-up), self-report questionnaire of leisure activities at follow-up, and telephone-administered composite measures of episodic memory and executive function at follow up. Results: Overall, there was a statistically significant but very small decline in PIL over time [baseline: mean (SD) = 16.05 (3.76); follow-up: M= 15.63 (3.66); t = 5.35, p Conclusions: A higher sense of purpose at baseline is associated with a higher cognitive function in late life. Leisure activities appear to mediate the impact of purpose oriented life on cognitive outcomes. Supported by: A grant from the National Institute on Aging (P01-AG020166) to conduct a longitudinal follow-up of the MIDUS (Midlife in the U.S.) investigation for collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data. The original study was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Midlife Development for collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Topazian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Geda has nothing to disclose.
TENCKHOFF CATHETER REPAIR BY THE SPLICING TECHNIQUE

One of the main complications of the double-cuffed chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters is cuff erosion, with or without exit-site infection. We present a simple technique, which allows partial re...
Diabetes in the Chinese hamster. Some clinical and metabolic aspects.

A clinical study of hereditary diabetes in the Chinese hamster has revealed a great variety in severity and course of the disease. Several aspects of the disease in this animal resemble human diabetes, whereas other parameters, such as gross urine volumes and glycosuria, a considerable number of mild juvenile-onset diabetics, high insulin requirement, and ability to compensate for urine losses of fluids and glucose would indicate that species differences in metabolism may be the cause of these discrepancies. — Metabolismin vivo andin vitro of glucose and leucine appears to be slightly different in the normal and diabetic animal, although statistically this has not been proven.
Blue-light activated rapid polymerization for defect-free bulk Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) crosslinked networks

A visible-light (470 nm wavelength) sensitive Type II photoinitiator system is developed for bulk Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions in crosslinked networks. The accelerated photopolymerization eliminates UV-mediated azide decomposition allowing for the formation of defect-free glassy networks which exhibit a narrow glass transition temperature.
“My Most Beautiful Ornament Is My House”: National Womanhood and Urban Modernity in Late Colonial and Postcolonial Senegal, 1956-1968

This article examines changing representations of women and the city during the years surrounding Senegal’s 1960 independence from France. By focusing on advertisements, images, and texts of the la...
Comparison of techniques for combination of evidence in a signal detection task

Signal decision models based on Dempster-Shafer and fuzzy set theories were developed to facilitate the implementation of a rule-based interpretation system for sensory evoked potential waveforms. The models do not require a priori probabilities, and they provide measures of uncertainty. The two models were applied to a set of brainstem auditory evoked potential waveforms. Both had lower absolute error rates than discriminant analysis, although they yielded large numbers of uncertain waveforms. The fuzzy set approach may be less sensitive to the exact form of the membership functions. >
Critical Evaluations of Vegetation Cover Measurement Techniques: A Response to Thacker et al. (2015)

On The Ground Method comparison studies are necessary to reconcile monitoring methods that have arisen among disparate programs; however, we find that Thacker et al.s study comparing Daubenmire frame (DF) and line-point intercept (LPI) methods for estimating vegetation cover is not adequate to support their conclusions. Because the DF and LPI methods estimate different aspects of vegetation cover (total canopy vs. foliar cover), there should be no a priori expectation that the two techniques would produce the same results. Thacker et al. omit critical information about their methods (sampling design, training and calibration, indicator calculations) that could have a large impact on their results and how they can be interpreted. Differences in results between different vegetation cover measurement techniques can also be attributable to factors like observer training and calibration, plot heterogeneity and complexity, spatial distribution of vegetation, plant morphology, and plot size; thus it is difficult...
Detection of anti-filarial antibody among hydrocele patients living in an endemic area for filariasis

Background: The knowledge of the current prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and its transmission will be helpful in its elimination. Thus, the present study is aimed to determine its prevalence among hydrocele patients which is a common presentation in chronically infected cases. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients suffering from hydrocele admitted to the surgical ward were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from the patients during the day hours for the detection of anti-filarial antibody and during night hours to detect the presence of microfilaria by smear examination. Blood samples were also collected from the family member attending the ward along with the patients to determine the presence of anti-filarial antibodies. Serum IgE level and eosinophil count were also determined in the patients showing a positive result for the anti-filarial antibody test. Results: Out of 100 hydrocele patients, 21% patients showed anti-filarial antibody card test positive with maximum patients belonging to age group of 20-40 years. Microfilaria was detected in 5% of the hydrocele patients, whereas none of the family members showed positive anti-filarial antibody test. Serum IgE level and eosinophil count were more than 1000 ng/ml and 500/mm 3 , respectively. Conclusions: The study has found a high prevalence of filariasis among hydrocele patients. It is suggested that more studies are needed to know the real time prevalence of the cases showing manifestations of the filariasis in the acute stage which will help the eradication program to formulate new strategies.
Use of telemedicine in the delivery of survivorship care plans among breast cancer survivors: Lessons learned at Kaiser Permanente East Bay.

77Background: Beginning in 2015, the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC) requires accredited facilities to provide Survivorship Care Plans (SCP) to breast cancer patients treated with curative intent. Here we describe lessons learned with the use of telemedicine in the delivery of SCPs at Kaiser Permanente East Bay. Methods: SCP implementation followed a two-step process: patients who are diagnosed and complete treatment in 2016 are given a SCP at their last surgical or medical oncology appointment (YTD, n=8); 2) patients diagnosed in 2015 who completed treatment in 2015-2016 were contacted by a physician assistant and offered an appointment by telephone or in-person to deliver the care plan (n=152). Both clinic and telemedicine appointments consist of a detailed review of treatment received, post-treatment follow-up care, discussion of health education resources, and provision of referrals as appropriate. Patients also have the opportunity to ask questions about treatment and follow...
Electrospinning: A versatile technology to design biosensors and sensors for diagnostics

A brief description of the recent results related to electrospun nanodevices designed and investigated to create novel and advanced diagnostic tools to prevent disease progression as well as to allow a proper and prompt therapeutic treatment has been reported. Electrospun nanofibers resulted to be an exceptional support for several detecting tools, due to their uniqueness in morphology and fibrous arrangements and to the great versatility of the technology in creating advanced and sophisticated sensing layers compatible with electronics and electronic nanodevices. Together with a great number of novel sensors for early detecting pathologies markers in blood, also sensors for more noninvasive diagnostics systems are getting increasingly popular in the scientific community as well as on market (e.g., breath and skin monitoring) and routine analysis. Furthermore emerging analysis methods and the development of accurate detection techniques for biomarkers provide a bright perspective for diagnosing different diseases using exhaled breath analysis. In particular, electronic noses, which are composed of cross-sensitive sensor arrays with pattern recognition algorithms, show several advantages compared to other types of analyzing equipment with respect to portability and cost effectiveness for hand-held breath analysis devices. These studies reported that ES sensors exhibit exciting performances in health disease monitoring.
Objectively improving appropriateness of absorbent products provision to patients with urinary incontinence: The DIAPPER study

Aims To objectively assess and enhance the appropriateness of continence products provision to sufferers from urinary incontinence (UI) managed with containment strategies. Methods Incontinent patients of five Italian continence care services were included in this industry-supported study from 01/2012 to 03/2016. All patients/carers have been invited to perform a 48-h home-based pad test and to fill in a diary. The primary outcome was the product appropriateness defined as the use of a pad with maximum absorbent capacity (MAC) from 30% to 50% higher than the individually measured urine load. Pads provision was corrected accordingly. Meaningful factors affecting products appropriateness and patient's satisfaction with the new products were also assessed. Results The study included 14 493 subjects (mean age 78 years; 26% males, 74% females) using overall during the study days 98 362 pads. Sixty percent of the products were found to be not appropriate. In most of cases, (75%) products were inappropriate because too large. Age and pad weight gain, followed by gender, body weight, waist circumference, level of autonomy and mobility, pad wearing time, skin health status, and health district were independently associated to the propensity to inappropriateness. After correction of products prescription, a significant reduction (−31%) of the use of largest products was observed. At 6 months evaluation, 88% of evaluable participants were satisfied with the new prescription. Conclusions Most of patients are provided with not appropriate containment products. The use of the 48-h pad test allows improving on an individual basis the appropriateness of products provision.
Internal grant review to increase grant funding for junior investigators

Decreasing biomedical research support over the past decade has driven many talented young scientists to seek careers outside academia. In 2011, the Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine developed an internal grant review program (IGRP) to systematically review career development awards (CDAs) and research grants (e.g., R01s) for junior investigators prior to NIH submission. With IGRP implementation, we observed significant increases in the number of CDAs and R-grants awarded to junior investigators. Thus, internal grant review is an effective means for supporting junior faculty and help them retain their research roles within academia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
High‐performance organizing, environmental management, and organizational performance: An evolutionary economics perspective

This study applies evolutionary economics reasoning to the green HRM context and examines whether and how environmental management routinization relates to organizational performance. In doing so, we introduce the concept of ecological routines, defined as deeply embedded, firm-specific rules and procedures associated with organizing and practicing corporate environmental management that do not change very much from one iteration, period, or functional unit to another. We examine the extent to which ecological routines that encompass organizing (high-performance organizing [HPO]) and practice routines of environmental sustainability relate to green decisions, green behaviors, and organizational performance. In a sample of 229 managers from 33 organizations in the environment-sensitive industries of the United States, we find support for multilevel mediation of green decisions and green behaviors as well as interaction of HPO and environmental management practice routines. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Shocks & ossification: The durable hierarchy of neighborhoods in U.S. metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2010

Abstract We examine neighborhood hierarchies and ask how durable they are over time. Despite the substantial changes that have occurred in metropolitan America from 1970 to 2010, we find remarkable persistence in the rank of census tracts by population density, income, education, and house prices, with many MSAs having rank correlations of over 0.75. Racial and ethnic variables appear to be less persistent, but all the variables exhibit a significant trend toward more stability over time. Even in the presence of large shocks to the metropolitan economy, a majority of MSAs retain the same basic spatial hierarchy they had decades ago. We also find that disturbances to hierarchies are highly spatially correlated. This pattern of stability and change has significant implications for how we analyze and understand urban areas and the way they change.
Magnetic Domain Imaging of Spintronic Devices

In the analysis of magnetoelectronic structures, the primary goal of a magnetic imaging technique is to provide a spatially resolved picture of the magnetization vector, M(x,y,z), throughout the sample or device. Knowing this magnetic structure is at the heart of understanding how magnetic devices work. Properties such as the magnetoresistance, the magnetic stray field, and the response to an applied magnetic field all depend critically on the magnetic structure. In this chapter, we will review various methods of imaging magnetic structure. In particular, we will focus on methods that may be applied to spintronic devices and materials.
Self-Consciousness and Intentionality

The recent revolution in psychology has readmitted cognition and consciousness as legitimate areas of scientific investigation. The study of cognitive processes has made rapid strides by taking as its model brain mechanisms assumed to be similar to those of the digital computer (Miller, Galanter, and Pribram, 1960) and by utilizing reaction- time data investigations of memory for verbally coded materials. The currently projected volumes on consciousness and self-regulation presuppose that equally effective strides can be made in our research on, and understanding of, consciousness. The title of the series, in fact, suggests that data on self-regulation, utilizing biofeedback procedures, will provide the substance upon which such strides will be based.
Detection of JC and BK Viruses in Pathological Specimens by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Detection of the human polyomaviruses JC and BK by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to diagnose the neurological disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and to study viruria in immunocompromised and nonimmunosuppressed individuals. The universal nature of PCR technology now makes it possible for many laboratories to diagnose infections produced by these viruses.
Waste Resources in the Food Supply Chain

Abstract Development of food waste-to-energy systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the waste feedstocks that are available in a specific geographic region, including total volumes and expected seasonal variability, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the material phases present (solid, liquid, or packaged). Many studies have demonstrated that large volumes of food waste are generated on a global scale, on the order of 30%–40% of food produced for human consumption, but the distribution of waste across the food supply chain can vary greatly. Whereas agriculture and initial product handling account for most of the losses in developing countries, the consumption stage dominants the loss profile in more developed economies. In the United States, significant losses have been quantified across the food supply chain, with total annual economic impact in excess of $100 billion. Because of the severe economic and environmental burdens associated with food waste, several Northeastern states and California have recently passed food waste landfill bans that require diversion of these materials from large commercial generators to alternative beneficial uses. An initial case study has been conducted in western New York State to quantify available food waste resources for sustainable energy production if a similar landfill ban is enacted.
Psychometric evaluation of the Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) in Malawian adolescents

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have lifelong adverse impacts on health and behavior. While this relationship has been extensively documented in high-income countries, evidence from lower-income contexts is largely missing. In order to stimulate greater research on the prevalence and consequences of ACEs in low-income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Objective In this paper, we explore the factor structure, validity and reliability of the original ACE-IQ, and evaluate whether potential adaptations improve its predictive validity. Participants and setting Four hundred and ten adolescents (age 10–16 years old) from Malawi. Methods The adolescents answered an adapted version of ACE-IQ and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results Taken together, our results suggest that (a) the ACE-IQ is structured in three dimensions: household disruption, abuse, and neglect; (b) there is support for the validity of the scale evidenced by the correlation between subdimensions (average across 13 correlations, phi = .20, p Conclusion Our findings suggest that the ACE-IQ is appropriate for use among adolescents from a low-income context.
E-Racing together: How starbucks reshaped and deflected racial conversations on social media

Abstract In March 2015, Starbucks introduced its #RaceTogether campaign to encourage patrons to discuss race and ethnicity in global culture. Public reaction to #RaceTogether was largely critical and resulted in Starbucks' abandoning the campaign within a year. Through an analysis of 5000 #RaceTogether tweets, this study examines how users engaged the campaign and each other. This study draws three conclusions. First, most #RaceTogether posts featured extremist and racist positions. Second, #RaceTogether posts deflected race conversations and critiqued the organizations role in national racial discourses. Finally, posts in the digital space critiqued Starbucks as a location for inter-racial dialogue because of brand perception. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Dynamics and Constraints in Negotiating Internal Conflicts

As the dominant system of conflict and world order disintegrates, internal conflicts and their regional ramifications emerge as the primary challenge to international peace and security. Because of their inherent asymmetry, internal conflicts are condemned to escalate. Unlike the cold war system of conflict, they do not represent a cause and counter cause that sweep the world and lock it in a global struggle. Rather internal conflicts are endemic infections in the body politic that demand attention and intervention—undulating fevers, old wounds, and running sores that do not heal, resulting in neither victory nor defeat, with no common cause, and yet merely the aberrational outgrowths of normal political processes gone bad. In contrast to the kind of attention given to internal wars and rebellion during the cold war era (particularly in the 1960s), the focus here is not on counterinsurgency or on the tactics of prevailing in conflict. The key to the new approach is a basic acknowledgement of the legitimacy of internal dissidence, seen as the result of the breakdown of normal politics. This does not mean that in internal conflicts the insurgents are assumed to be “right”; it only means that they are assumed to have a point and to represent legitimate grievances, even if they do not use legitimate means of pursuing them. The new focus in the post-cold-war era is on resolving rather than combating internal conflict.
Smoking-related symptomatology in pregnant smokers during ad libitum smoking and following overnight smoking abstinence

Current literature suggests there may be a relationship between sex hormones, which dramatically increase during pregnancy, and nicotine use behaviors. We hypothesized that higher progesterone and progesterone:estradiol ratio (P/E2) would be associated with less smoking-related symptomatology (SRS), better mood and fewer cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) during ad libitum smoking and following overnight abstinence in pregnant women. Associations between SRS, mood, smoking behavior and sex hormones were estimated using multiple linear regression with adjustment for CPD and pregnancy trimester. There were 35 second trimester and 42 third trimester participants. Participants mean age was 26.2 (SD: 4.1), they smoked 11.3 CPD (SD: 4.4) and the mean nicotine dependence score was 4.94 (SD: 1.98). There were no statistically significant associations between progesterone levels, estradiol levels, or the P/E2 ratio and SRS or mood measures during ad libitum smoking or following overnight abstinence in this sample of pregnant women. Similarly, there were no associations between sex hormone levels and number of CPD smoked during the ad libitum period. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no significant associations between sex hormones and SRS, mood or smoking behavior in this sample of pregnant women. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01811225), December 6, 2012
Oxylipin concentrations in bovine corpora lutea during maternal recognition of pregnancy.

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of pregnancy status on oxylipin profiles and eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes and in corpora lutea (CL) or endometrial (caruncle; CAR and intercaruncle; IC) tissues. Angus crossed cattle were synchronized with the CO-Synch protocol and artificially inseminated (AI). Sixteen days after AI, cattle were euthanized, and reproductive tracts collected from 6 non-pregnant and 6 pregnant cows. Oxylipin profiles and concentrations of progesterone (P4) were obtained from CL tissues. The activity of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes were determined using specific luminogenic substrates. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the model included pregnancy status. Corpora lutea of pregnant cattle contained greater (P 0.05) between pregnant and non-pregnant cattle. In the CL, activity of UGT was decreased (P
Platinum Catalyzed C–H Activation and the Effect of Metal–Support Interactions

Catalytic C–H bond activation of methane and ethane on a series of silica supported platinum catalysts (Pt/SiO2) was studied by using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange. Kinetic experiments demonstrate that under the reaction conditions studied, the rate of C–H bond activation shows approximate first order dependence in alkane and inverse first order dependence in D2. The rate of C–H activation is affected by the presence of sodium on the silica support, where sodium-free supports have the fastest rates of C–H activation, as assessed by H/D exchange. CO adsorption and FTIR studies indicate that the Pt particles on the sodium-free support are more electron-deficient, having the most blue-shifted linear CO stretch, while sodium-containing supports are more electron-donating, having the most red-shifted linear CO stretch. It is proposed, based on the results described in this article and previous work in the literature, that more electron-donating supports cause the Pt particles to be more electron-rich and t...
Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy Multi-dimensional Analyses (LaMDA) of T-Cell Receptor Dynamics Predict T-Cell Signaling States.

Summary Lattice light-sheet microscopy provides large amounts of high-dimensional, high-spatiotemporal resolution imaging data of cell surface receptors across the 3D surface of live cells, but user-friendly analysis pipelines are lacking. Here, we introduce lattice light-sheet microscopy multi-dimensional analyses (LaMDA), an end-to-end pipeline comprised of publicly available software packages that combines machine learning, dimensionality reduction, and diffusion maps to analyze surface receptor dynamics and classify cellular signaling states without the need for complex biochemical measurements or other prior information. We use LaMDA to analyze images of T-cell receptor (TCR) microclusters on the surface of live primary T cells under resting and stimulated conditions. We observe global spatial and temporal changes of TCRs across the 3D cell surface, accurately differentiate stimulated cells from unstimulated cells, precisely predict attenuated T-cell signaling after CD4 and CD28 receptor blockades, and reliably discriminate between structurally similar TCR ligands. All instructions needed to implement LaMDA are included in this paper.
Subepidermal Moisture and Pressure Injury in a Pediatric Population: A Prospective Observational Study.

Purpose To describe relationships between subepidermal moisture (SEM) and visual skin assessment of pressure injury (PI) in children. Design Prospective descriptive study. Subjects and setting Twenty-four participants aged 8 to 16 years recruited from a pediatric orthopedic unit in a children's hospital in Ireland. Methods Subepidermal moisture measured with the SEM scanner (Bruin Biometrics, Los Angeles, California) ranged from 0 to 7 picoFarads [pF], and visual observation of trunk and heels occurred daily for 3 days after admission to the unit and/or after surgery. Skin was assessed for discoloration categorized as blanchable erythema, stage 1 PI, or deep tissue injury (DTI). Any open wound PI was classified as stage 2, 3, 4, or unstageable. Demographic, medical, and pain data were collected. Chi-square test, t tests, analysis of variance, and regression were used to describe data and examine relationships. Results Participants were pediatric patients; 100% (n = 24) were white, 62% (n = 15) were female, 8 to 16 years of age (mean = 12.5 ± 2.5 years), and 29% (n = 7) had fractures and 71% (n = 17) surgery diagnoses. Blanchable erythema incidence was 21% (n = 5) and stage 1 PI incidence was 42% (n = 10); nearly all at heels. Deep tissue injury incidence was 4% (one sacral DTI). Stage 2 or greater PI incidence was 4% (one heel stage 2 PI). For skin that was assessed as normal in this pediatric population, SEM for trunk was 2.65 to 2.76 pF and for heels 2.37 to 2.41 pF. Subepidermal moisture for blanchable erythema and stage 1 PI was higher (range, 3.2-3.7 pF) and significant at trochanters and heels (left trochanter: P = .003; right trochanter: P = .02; right and left heels: P = .000). Nominal regression, controlling for participant and assessment day, showed SEM a predictor of erythema and stage 1 PI at heels. We also found that SEM was higher with pain (significant at sacrum and heels). Conclusions In this pediatric population, SEM values over skin assessed as normal are lower than SEM values reported for normal skin in adults, 2.37 to 2.76 pF. Subepidermal moisture was significantly higher for blanchable erythema and stage 1 PI at trochanters and heels, and with the presence of pain at sacrum and heels. We recommend that SEM should be examined for detecting PIs in pediatric populations; SEM and pain should be explored in larger pediatric and adult populations.
Translating a Global Emission-Reduction Framework for Subnational Climate Action: A Case Study from the State of Georgia.

Subnational entities are recognizing the need to systematically examine options for reducing their carbon footprints. However, few robust and comprehensive analyses are available that lay out how US states and regions can most effectively contribute. This paper describes an approach developed for Georgia—a state in the southeastern United States called “Drawdown Georgia”, our research involves (1) understanding Georgia’s baseline carbon footprint and trends, (2) identifying the universe of Georgia-specific carbon-reduction solutions that could be impactful by 2030, (3) estimating the greenhouse gas reduction potential of these high-impact 2030 solutions for Georgia, and (4) estimating associated costs and benefits while also considering how the solutions might impact societal priorities, such as economic development opportunities, public health, environmental benefits, and equity. We began by examining the global solutions identified by Project Drawdown. The resulting 20 high-impact 2030 solutions provide a strategy for reducing Georgia’s carbon footprint in the next decade using market-ready technologies and practices and including negative emission solutions. This paper describes our systematic and replicable process and ends with a discussion of its strengths, weaknesses, and planned future research.