cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The continuum of listening

The distinction between apophatic and cataphatic listening is defined and analyzed. Apophatic listening is more or less devoid of cognitivist claims, whereas cataphatic listening involves cognition and questioning. Many of the papers in this volume are discussed along the continuum determined by these two types of listening. Haroutunian-Gordon’s claim is that every act of listening involves the listener in questioning, thus listening is solely cataphatic. We discuss apophatic listening as a limiting ideal case and conclude that not every act of listening involves a question. Though in acknowledging this limiting case we disagree with Haroutunian-Gordon’s assertion, we are indebted to her work and believe her model forms an important part of any comprehensive theory of listening.
Studies on the electron transport system. XLIII. The isolation of a succinic-coenzyme Q reductase from beef heart mitochondria

Abstract The isolation of the succinic-CoQ reductase from beef heart mitochondria is described. The flavine content of the preparation is 4.8 mμmoles/mg. protein, and all of the flavine is extracted by acid only after the preparation is treated with proteolytic enzymes. The preparation also contains non-heme iron, lipid, and protoheme, and the last mentioned is present in an amount equivalent to the flavine. Based on the flavine or heme content, the minimum molecular weight in terms of protein is 210,000. The heme present in the purified enzyme is not reduced by succinate, which makes its participation as an electron carrier in the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme very unlikely. A rapid spectrophotometric method for measuring the succinic-CoQ reductase activity of mitochondria and of the purified enzyme is described.
Management of anemia in the newborn

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are administered to neonates and premature infants using poorly defined indications that may result in unintentional adverse consequences. Blood products are often manipulated to limit potential adverse events, and meet the unique needs of neonates with specific diagnoses. Selection of RBCs for small volume (5-20 mL/kg) transfusions and for massive transfusion, defined as extracorporeal bypass and exchange transfusions, are of particular concern to neonatologists. Mechanisms and therapeutic treatments to avoid transfusion are another area of significant investigation. RBCs collected in anticoagulant-additive solutions and administered in small aliquots to neonates over the shelf life of the product can decrease donor exposure and has supplanted the use of fresh RBCs where each transfusion resulted in a donor exposure. The safety of this practice has been documented and procedures established to aid transfusion services in ensuring that these products are available. Less well established are the indications for transfusion in this population; hemoglobin or hematocrit alone are insufficient indications unless clinical criteria (e.g. oxygen desaturation, apnea and bradycardia, poor weight gain) also augment the justification to transfuse. Comorbidities increase oxygen consumption demands in these infants and include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, rapid growth and cardiac dysfunction. Noninvasive methods or assays have been developed to measure tissue oxygenation; however, a true measure of peripheral oxygen offloading is needed to improve transfusion practice and determine the value of recombinant products that stimulate erythropoiesis. The development of such noninvasive methods is especially important since randomized, controlled clinical trials to support specific practices are often lacking, due at least in part, to the difficulty of performing such studies in tiny infants.
Fate and effects of a heavy fuel oil spill on a Georgia salt marsh

Abstract Addition of a heavy oil to a Spartina salt marsh in the autumn resulted in high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and benthic animals. The highest concentrations of phenanthrene, chrysene and fluoranthene in the sediment were 112, 105 and 75 ng/g sediment, respectively. These concentrations rapidly decreased during the 20 week period following the spill. The times for these hydrocarbons to decrease to 50% of their highest values, i.e. half-life, were approximately 100, 70 and 30 days in sediment, mussels and oysters, respectively. Benthic macrofauna species showed three responses to oil addition which included no change, an increase, or a decrease in the population. No changes were noted in populations of fiddler crabs ( Uca pugnax ), oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ), and mussels ( Modiolus demissus ). Mud snails ( Nassarius obsoleta ) increased in density after the spill due to immigration of adult snails from untreated areas to scavenge on animals killed by the oil. Many of the adult periwinkles ( Littorina irrorata ) were killed by the oil. In the spring, juvenile periwinkles recolonised to oiled areas as a result of larvae settling.
Cometary collisions and the dark material on Iapetus

Iapetus (S8) is unique in our solar system in that the albedo of its leading hemisphere is only 0.05 while that of the trailing side is 0.5. Several existing hypotheses are examined and found inadequate. Photometric studies of the dark side are compared to comet nuclei and class D asteroids. It is hypothesized that in the last 106–108 yrs the leading side suffered a high-velocity collision with a cometary body of mass 1013–1015 kg and traveling at a speed of 20 km s−1. About 5–16% of the excavated material was ejected into space, where the vaporized ices dissipated while the dark carbonaceous/silicate material was reaccreted on the leading side. The collision, although not sufficient to break Iapetus' tidal lock, resulted in a period of oscillation of about 5 yr. Until tidal friction reasserted a lock, the oscillation gave rise to the ‘longitude effect’, viz., the observed fact that the dark material covers more than 220 ‡ of longitude but only 110 ‡ of latitude.
Excretion of Metabolites of Tannic Acid by Chickens with and Without Ceca

Abstract Fuller et al. (1967) reported detoxication of dietary tannic acid when fed to chickens at a level of 1% by a combination of ornithine or arginine and methylating agents. Potter and Fuller (1968) identified gallic acid, 4-0-methyl gallic acid, pyrogallol and pyrocatechol in the urine of hens receiving gallic or tannic acid. The objective of the present study is to compare the metabolic fate of tannic acid in chickens with and without ceca. Arbor Acres broiler chickens were raised to six weeks of age on a practical diet before performing cecactomy. The chickens were fasted overnight and anesthetized using pentobarbital sodium, (Burns Pharmaceuticals, Oakland, California), approximately at a rate of 1 ml./2 kg. body weight intravenously (wing vein). The anesthetized bird was laid on a perforated platform on its right side. The wings and legs were secured exposing the left side of the abdomen for operation. An oblique incision midway…
Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by a lysophosphatidic acid antagonist in an engineered three‐dimensional lung cancer xenograft model

BACKGROUND: We developed an engineered three-dimensional (3D) tumor xenograft model of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in nude mice, and we used this model to evaluate a dual-activity inhibitor of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) biosynthesis and receptor activation. METHODS: First, BrP-LPA, a pan-antagonist for 4 LPA receptors and inhibitor of the lyosphospholipase D activity of autotaxin, was examined for inhibition of cell migration and cell invasion by human NSCLC A549 cells. Second, A549 cells were encapsulated in 3D in 3 semisynthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) based on chemically modified glycosaminoglycans, and injected subcutaneously in nude mice. Tumor volume and vascularity were determined as a function of semisynthetic ECMs composition. Third, engineered NSCLC xenografts were formed from A549 cells in either Extracel-HP or Matrigel, and mice were treated with 4 intraperitoneal injections of 3 mg/kg of BrP-LPA. RESULTS: First, BrP-LPA inhibited cell migration and invasiveness of A549 cells in vitro. Second, tumor growth and microvessel formation for 3D encapsulated A549 cells in vivo in nude mice increased in the following order: buffer only < Extracel < Extracel-HP < Extracel-HP containing growth factorss plus laminin. Third, tumor volumes increased rapidly in both Matrigel and Extracel-HP encapsulated A549 cells, and tumor growth was markedly inhibited by BrP-LPA treatment. Finally, tumor vascularization was dramatically reduced in the A549 tumors treated with BrP-LPA. CONCLUSIONS: Engineered A549 lung tumors can be created by 3D encapsulation in an ECM substitute with user controlled composition. The engineered tumors regress and lose vascularity in response to a dual activity inhibitor of the LPA signaling pathway. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Market interconnection and wages

Abstract We show that wage behavior as well as the skilled–unskilled wage gap depend on elasticity of import demand. Although, our analysis is in the spirit of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem, factor intensity plays no role in our results.
Elastic, flexible peptidoglycan and bacterial cell wall properties

The peptidoglycan sacculus serves as a mechanical framework for the cell walls of most eubacteria and largely determines cell shape. The notion that the structure is a rigid shell is contradicted by findings that peptidoglycan can expand and contract. Thus, the sacculus functions as an elastic, flexible, polyionic, amphoteric, restraining network.
A public versus private administration of the implicit association test

This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N ¼ 151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in either a public or a private assessment situation. Consistent with studies of explicitly assessed attitudes, implicitly assessed bias toward homosexuality was significantly lower when assessed in a public versus a private assessment situation. Participants in Experiment 2 (N ¼ 102) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in a public assessment situation under a bogus pipeline or no-bogus pipeline condition. Results indicated that participants’ implicitly assessed bias did not significantly differ across these conditions. The authors discuss these findings in terms of possible automatic processes affecting the malleability of implicitly assessed attitudes. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Implicit measures of attitudes are a revolutionary component of research on prejudice because they have the potential to assess attitudes that people are unwilling or unable to consciously report (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz (1998) provided a dramatic illustration of this point when they showed that White participants endorsed positive or neutral attitudes toward AfricanAmericans on an explicit measure but exhibited negative attitudes toward African-Americans on an implicit measure. These results have subsequently been replicated (Ottoway, Hayden, & Oakes; 2001), and have been extended to include attitudes toward a variety of social groups such as Hispanics (Ottoway et al., 2001), Turks (Neumann & Seibt, 2001), elderly people (Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002), and homosexuals (Banse, Seise, & Zerbes, 2001; Steffens & Buchner, 2003).
Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin Concentration and Source on Sperm Capacitation in the Golden Hamster

Since virtually all experiments on sperm capacitation routinely include serum albumin in the culture media, the relative effect of BSA concentration on sperm capacitation was investigated. The fertile life of hamster sperm, as measured by the ability to penetrate the zona pellucida, decreased from 5 to 3 h as the concentration of BSA was increased from 3 to 18 mg/ml. To determine the extent of sperm capacitation in sperm populations that resulted in 100% penetration, the rate and timing of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida was determined. For each insemination, the rate of sperm penetration (% /min), the time when 50% of the eggs were zona-penetrated (T5), and the sperm capacitation index (T5 0/rate) were calculated. The extent of sperm capacitation as measured by all three parameters increased as the duration of preincubation or the BSA concentration was increased. The data on the duration of preincubation and the BSA concentration matrix indicated two properties of the effect of BSA on sperm capacitation: 1) the extent of sperm capacitation after the first hour of preincubation was independent of BSA concentration; and 2) when sperm were preincubated for two or more hours, the capacitating effectiveness of BSA was saturable; the saturating concentration of BSA decreased as the duration of preincubation increased. To determine whether the first hour of preincubation is independent of BSA, sperm were preincubated for 1 h without BSA and then 2 h with BSA. The extent of sperm capacitation of these sperm was equal to that of the 3-h control sperm; thus the first hour of capacitation is independent of BSA. To determine whether all BSA preparations have the same capacitating ability, three different BSA preparations were tested. The capacitating effectiveness of cold alcohol-precipitated BSA varied between the two sources, and fatty acid-free BSA had a poorer capacitating ability than its source BSA. These results indicate the hamster sperm capacitation has a BSA-independent and a BSA-dependent phase and that the extent of sperm capacitation during the BSA-dependent phase is a function of both BSA concentration and source.
A resistive TCAM accelerator for data-intensive computing

Power dissipation and off-chip bandwidth restrictions are critical challenges that limit microprocessor performance. Ternary content addressable memories (TCAM) hold the potential to address both problems in the context of a wide range of data-intensive workloads that benefit from associative search capability. Power dissipation is reduced by eliminating instruction processing and data movement overheads present in a purely RAM based system. Bandwidth demand is lowered by processing data directly on the TCAM chip, thereby decreasing off-chip traffic. Unfortunately, CMOS-based TCAM implementations are severely power- and area-limited, which restricts the capacity of commercial products to a few megabytes, and confines their use to niche networking applications.This paper explores a novel resistive TCAM cell and array architecture that has the potential to scale TCAM capacity from megabytes to gigabytes. High-density resistive TCAM chips are organized into a DDR3-compatible DIMM, and are accessed through a software library with zero modifications to the processor or the motherboard. On applications that do not benefit from associative search, the TCAM DIMM is configured to provide ordinary RAM functionality. By tightly integrating TCAM with conventional virtual memory, and by allowing a large fraction of the physical address space to be made content-addressable on demand, the proposed memory system improves average performance by 4 x and average energy consumption by 10 x on a set of evaluated data-intensive applications.
Fractoemission from Failure of Metal-GIass Interfaces

Electron and photon emissions accompanying the failure of a metal/glass interface were studied. Experimental evidence is given in support of a previously presented model involving microdischarges accompanying fracture which result from charge separation occurring between the metal and glass surfaces. The role of contact charging at the metal/glass interface in establishing this charge separation is discussed.
Studies of Paleozoic Fungi IV: Wall Ultrastructure of Fossil Endogonaceous Chlamydospores

Fossil endogonaceous chlamydospores are described from the aerial axes and roots of several Paleozoic plants preserved in calcilutite nodules and calcareous coal balls. Specimens come from six Paleozoic localities extending from the uppermost Lower Devonian through the Upper Pennsylvanian. Although fossil chlamydospores are markedly similar to the mod? ern Endogonaceae in transmitted light, ultrastructural comparisons have not previously been made. The fine structure of the walls of these spores is consistent with past interpretations which relate them to the modern Endogonaceae, but thorough comparisons cannot be made due to the lack of comparable ultrastructural information from extant VA mycorrhizae. The evidence from mycorrhizal associations in the fossil record is evaluated. The presence of fungal chlamydospores in permineralized Paleozoic plants has been noted repeatedly since the early 1900s. Such structures are probably best known from the Devonian Rhynie Chert (Kidston and Lang, 1921), and have aroused considerable interest because of their resemblance to extant vesiculararbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi. Butler (1939) was perhaps the first to suggest that such bodies were fossil representatives of the modern Endogonaceae, while others have reported similar fungi and considered the possibility of endomycorrhizal relationships in the Paleozoic (Weiss, 1904; Lignier, 1906; Osborn, 1909; Halket, 1930; Zimmermann, 1933; Andrews and Lenz, 1943; Wolf and Wolf, 1947; Kelly, 1950; Boullard and Lemoigne, 1971). More recently, Pirozynski and Malloch (1975) have argued for the presence of VA mycorrhizae associated with plants in the Paleozoic, and have suggested that the establishment of mycorrhizal relationships was a major factor in the development of the vascular land flora. We can evaluate this suggestion only insofar as it is possible to recognize fossil mycorrhizae and distinguish them from other root endophytes (Berch and Ken? drick, 1982). In the past, comparisons have been made primarily through light microscopy and have centered on gross morphological detail. The use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy provides an opportunity to make ultra? structural comparisons as well, particularly with respect to the wall structure of chlamydospores. The relevance of wall structure to questions of fungal phylogeny and the
Forecasting Stock Prices With Linear And Nonlinear Settings: A Comparison

This paper is devoted to the application and comparison of linear (VAR) and nonlinear Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) forecasting models, in estimating, evaluating, and selecting among linear and non-linear forecasting models for economic and financial time series. We argue that although the evidence in favor of constructing forecasts using non-linear models is rather sparse, there is reason to be optimistic. Nonlinear models reduce nonlinearity and Gaussianity in the residuals of the linear models. Linear models, however, demonstrate better forecasts than nonlinear. However, much remains to be done. Finally, we outline a variety of topics for future research, and discuss a number of areas which have received considerable attention in the recent literature, but where many questions remain.
Economic Violence in the Practice of African Truth Commissions and Beyond

Historically, if truth commissions have placed mass atrocities and physical violence in the transitional justice spotlight, issues of equally devastating economic and social justices have received comparatively little attention. To the extent that truth commissions have dealt with economic violence, it has largely been treated as context, useful in helping to understand why physical violence took place, but little more. The marginalization of the economic within the transitional justice agenda serves to distort our understanding of conflict and the policies thought to be necessary in the wake of conflict. In contrast to these patterns, an increasing number of truth commissions, many of them African, have taken steps to shift economic violence into the foreground of their work. In some cases, they have even identified it as a “root cause” of conflict and included among their recommendations measures intended to address the underpinnings of economic violence. This chapter explores the pioneering “jurisprudence” on economic violence of five African truth commissions, Chad, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Kenya, plus East Timor, using the case studies as a prism to explore some of the practical, legal, and policy dilemmas raised by the greater inclusion of economic violence in the transitional justice agenda. It argues that while African truth commissions have made great strides in moving economic violence into the foreground, they rarely frame the issues in question as human rights issues, even where claims of violations of economic and social rights would be strong. This represents a lost opportunity for addressing poverty and other issues of economic violence in the post-conflict context.
Performance analysis of small size pilot plant and laboratory relief valves

Spring-loaded relief valves are one of the most common safety devices installed in pilot plants and laboratory bench-top units. They are typically used in sizes much smaller than those in process units, but their performance is assumed to be equivalent. Most organizations provide only limited preventive maintenance and re-inspection for these valves under the assumption that they are very reliable devices and operation is fairly assured. Our experience and detailed test data with small size (1/2-inch and less) spring-loaded relief devices indicates that most will not perform as reliably as expected due to adhesion of the elastomer seal over time. This leads to initial relief pressures well over the 10% overpressure considered routine, with 30% overpressure being fairly common among certain sizes and conditions. Failing to recognize this problem can lead to otherwise preventable accidents, and even injuries. Data on more than 1,000 relief devices in actual research service for several years was analyzed and the performance measured over time. The data clearly indicate the problem is endemic across all manufacturers and not easily solved. Results are presented in summary form to allow evaluation of the risk inherent in the use of these devices. It indicates a lower level of confidence in actual valve performance, as well as a need for more detailed hazard analysis and risk assessment of the potential for significant relief valve overpressure.
Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos

Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos. Annick Prieur. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xv. 293 pp., figures, bibliography, index.
Alginate Pellet Formulation of a Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) Isolate Pathogenic to Cereal Aphids

An isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille minderived from aphids was grown in liquid media and formulated in alginate pellets with or without the addition of wheat bran. Biomass production in Sabouraud’s broth + 1% yeast extract (SBY) was significantly higher than in potato dextrose broth. After 1 wk in SBY, yields averaged 3,080 pellets per liter. Pellets without bran weighed an average of 4.6 mg each, and pellets with bran weighed 9.4 mg each. After 5 rno storage, the fungus sporulated more profusely from pellets with bran (2.5 x lOS conidia per pellet) than from pellets without bran (1.8 x lOS conidia per pellet). Sporulating pellets were placed on wheat seedling infested with green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and incubated at high humidity. After 9-15 d, 3-44% of aphids killed by Beauveria were observed on wheat where pellets were added versus 0% in controls. The potential for use of pelletized B. bassiana for aphid control is discussed.
Resolution of walled-off pancreatic necrosis by EUS-guided drainage when using a fully covered through-the-scope self-expandable metal stent in a single procedure (with video).

Background Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is effectively managed with percutaneous and endoscopic techniques such as direct endoscopic necrosectomy. However, they require repeat interventions and lengthy hospital stays. Objective To evaluate a new platform to manage WOPNs by using a large-bore, through-the-scope, fully covered, self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) to overcome the need for repeat interventions and extended hospital stays. Design Retrospective, single-center study. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Patients Five consecutive patients with symptomatic WOPN underwent EUS-guided drainage of WOPN by using a large-bore FCSEMSs. Interventions EUS-guided transgastric drainage of WOPN by using a large-bore FCSEMS. Cross-sectional imaging was repeated at 6- to 8-week intervals. The FCSEMS was removed after WOPN resolution. Main Outcome Measurements Clinical success, number of repeat interventions, and length of hospital stay. Results Five patients (mean age 60 years) with WOPN (mean diameter, 12.3 cm; range 9.8-14.3 cm) underwent drainage with the described technique. Technical and clinical success was achieved in 100% of patients. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy was not required in any patient. The median number of endoscopic procedures was 1. The median length of hospital stay was 1 day. There were no adverse events. Limitations Small, retrospective study. Conclusions The described novel platform facilitates resolution of WOPN with a single procedure, avoiding the need for repeat interventions and lengthy hospital stays.
Visitors' travel experience in Lubbock, Texas and their satisfaction with the Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport.

This study assessed visitors’ satisfaction with the facilities and amenities provided by the Lubbock Airport, their experience, and the attractions they visited during their stay in Lubbock, Texas. A total of 137 visitors were interviewed, majority of the visitors were satisfied with services provided by the airport. Most used the Internet (63%) to book the trip; the overall assessment of the airport was positive. The majority (85%) were satisfied or very satisfied with their dining and shopping experience in Lubbock. Attractions and entertainment were not the focus of the trip for most visitors.
A Comparative Analysis of the Migration and Integration of Indian and Chinese Immigrants in the United States

Indian and Chinese nationals comprise two of the largest foreign-born nationality groups in the United States, and are growing rapidly. Indian and Chinese immigrants tend to enter the United States through skilled migration channels—either pursuing further education or entering on temporary work visas for specialty occupations—and go on to enjoy higher employment rates and higher median household incomes than the US-born population. Despite these successes, these groups still face some integration challenges, such as cultural integration and English language proficiency. Immigrant integration services in the United States are relatively decentralised, with crucial services provided by a wide array of actors. Federal funds are usually directed and supplemented by state and local government actors, who then work closely with civil society organisations, including Indian and Chinese diaspora groups, to provide support in areas such as social services, language training, credential recognition and naturalization assistance. Meanwhile, India and China are starting to expand their diaspora engagement activities to include integration services at destination.
THE SECURITY PRICE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC DEBT DEFAULTS

A debt default requires a restructuring that may take place in or out of court. By examining security returns around a sample of public debt defaults, only some of which end in bankruptcy, I provide new evidence on the costs and benefits of bankruptcy compared with workouts. Evidence from security returns implies that bankruptcy is more costly than a workout, but that the cost differential is reduced for firms with large net operating loss carryforwards. The evidence is also consistent with the argument that equity has greater option value in a workout relative to bankruptcy.
Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: affective consequences and social contextual influences.

Using a self-presentation perspective, we hypothesized that during social interactions in which social attractiveness could be easily appraised by others, more socially anxious individuals would be more prone to ruminateandruminationwouldhavemoreadverseemotionalconsequences.Afterassessingsocialanxietyand depressive symptoms, unacquainted college students participated in 45-min structured social interactions manipulated to induce personal self-disclosure or mimic superficial, small-talk. Affective experiences were assessed immediately after and 24 h after social interactions. Results found that social anxiety was associated with negative post-event rumination more strongly among those with elevated depressive symptoms. Further, at higher levels of social anxiety, post-event rumination was associated with increases in NA following personal disclosure interactions and decreases in NA following small-talk interactions. Individuals with more depressive symptoms experienced increases in NA following small-talk interactions, but not personal disclosure interactions. Contrary to expectation, positive relations between social anxiety and rumination were not mediated by self-presentation concerns during interactions. Fitting with relevant theory, findings implicated symptom and social contextual variables that moderate the affective consequences of rumination. # 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Limits of nature and advances of technology: What does biomimetics have to offer to aquatic robots?

In recent years, the biomimetic approach has been utilized as a mechanism for technological advancement in the field of robotics. However, there has not been a full appreciation of the success and limitations of biomimetics. Similarities between natural and engineered systems are exhibited by convergences, which define environmental factors, which impinge upon design, and direct copying that produces innovation through integration of natural and artificial technologies. Limitations of this integration depend on the structural and mechanical differences of the two technologies and on the process by which each technology arises. The diversity of organisms that arose through evolutionary descent does not necessarily provide all possible solutions of optimal functions. However, in instances where organisms exhibit superior performance to engineered systems, features of the organism can be targeted for technology transfer. In this regard, cooperation between biologists and engineers is paramount.
Antiviral activities of extracts isolated from Terminalis chebula retz., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Rubus coreanus miq. and Rheum palmatum L. against hepatitis B virus

The antiviral effects of aqueous extracts of Terminalis chebula Retz., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Rubus coreanus Miq. and Rheum palmatum L. were examined by a cell culture system using a hepatitis B virus (HBV) producing cell line, HepG2 2.2.15. The extracts were assayed for the inhibition of HBV multiplication by measurement of HBV DNA and surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the extracellular medium of HepG2 2.2.15 cells after an 8-day treatment. All extracts decreased the levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA at concentrations ranging from 64 to 128 microg/mL and inhibited the secretion of HBsAg dose dependently. Of the four tested plants, Terminalis chebula exhibited the most prominent anti-HBV activities.
Reconstruction of an Impedance in Two-dimensions from Spectral Data

The two-dimensional spectral inverse problem involves the reconstruction of an unknown coefficient in an elliptic partial differential equation from spectral data, such as eigenvalues. Projection of the boundary value problem and the unknown coefficient onto appropriate vector spaces leads to a matrix inverse problem. Unique solutions of this matrix inverse problem exist provided that the eigenvalue data is close to the eigenvalues associated with the analogous constant coefficient boundary value problem. We discuss here the application of such a technique to the reconstruction of an impedance p in the boundary value problem $$ \eqalign{ -\nabla (\,p \nabla u) = \lambda p u \hbox {\quad in R} \cr u = 0 \hbox {\quad on R}}$$ where R is a rectangular domain. The matrix inverse problem, although nonstandard, is solved by a fixed-point iterative method and an impedance function p * is constructed which has the same m lowest eigenvalues as the unknown p . Numerical evidence of the success of the method will be...
Does This Make Me Look Fat? Aesthetic Labor and Fat Talk as Emotional Labor in a Women's Plus-Size Clothing Store

Drawing on participant observation at a women's plus-size clothing store, “Real Style,” this article draws on the unique experiences of plus-sized women in their roles as workers, managers, and customers, to examine how mainstream beauty standards, body-accepting branding, and customers' diverse feeling rules shape service interactions. Despite branding that promoted prideful appreciation for “Real” bodies, the influence of these body-accepting discourses was constrained by women's internalization of mainstream fat stigma, resulting in an environment characterized by deep ambivalence toward larger body size. This ambivalence allowed hierarchies between women to be reified, rather than dissolved; although plus-sized employees and customers expressed gratitude to have Real Style as a “safe space” to work and shop, workers experienced gender segregation of jobs, and thinner employees were privileged with special tasks. Further, managers and white (but not black or Latina) customers used body-disparaging “fat talk” to elicit workers' emotional labor while confronting thinner workers for defying aesthetic expectations. This research offers a more nuanced understanding of the ties between aesthetic labor and emotional labor, while highlighting some of the factors that prevent stigmatized groups from successfully reclaiming status within consumer contexts.
A phase II safety study of bevacizumab in patients with multiple recurrent or progressive malignant gliomas

2079 Introduction: Available treatment options for patients with recurrent MG are few. Recent trends have used target specific agents but none has been effective to date. A single agent trial was d...
Cretaceous–Cenozoic burial and exhumation history of the Chukchi shelf, offshore Arctic Alaska

Apatite fission track (AFT) and vitrinite reflectance data from five exploration wells and three seafloor cores illuminate the thermal history of the underexplored United States Chukchi shelf. On the northeastern shelf, Triassic strata in the Chevron 1 Diamond well record apatite annealing followed by cooling, possibly during the Triassic to Middle Jurassic, which is a thermal history likely related to Canada Basin rifting. Jurassic strata exhumed in the hanging wall of the frontal Herald Arch thrust fault record a history of probable Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous structural burial in the Chukotka fold and thrust belt, followed by rapid exhumation to near-surface temperatures at 104 ± 30 Ma. This history of contractional tectonism is in good agreement with inherited fission track ages in low-thermal-maturity, Cretaceous–Cenozoic strata in the Chukchi foreland, providing complementary evidence for the timing of exhumation and suggesting a source-to-sink relationship. In the central Chukchi foreland, inverse modeling of reset AFT samples from the Shell 1 Klondike and Shell 1 Crackerjack wells reveals several tens of degrees of cooling from maximum paleo-temperatures, with maximum heating permissible at any time from about 100 to 50 Ma, and cooling persisting to as recent as 30 Ma. Similar histories are compatible with partially reset AFT samples from other Chukchi wells (Shell 1 Popcorn, Shell 1 Burger, and Chevron 1 Diamond) and are probable in light of regional geologic evidence. Given geologic context provided by regional seismic reflection data, we interpret these inverse models to reveal a Late Cretaceous episode of cyclical burial and erosion across the central Chukchi shelf, possibly partially overprinted by Cenozoic cooling related to decreasing surface temperatures. Regionally, we interpret this kinematic history to be reflective of moderate, transpressional deformation of the Chukchi shelf during the final phases of contractional tectonism in the Chukotkan orogen (lasting until ∼70 Ma), followed by renewed subsidence of the Chukchi shelf in the latest Cretaceous and Cenozoic. This history maintained modest thermal maturities at the base of the Brookian sequence across the Chukchi shelf, because large sediment volumes bypassed to adjacent depocenters. Therefore, the Chukchi shelf appears to be an area with the potential for widespread preservation of petroleum systems in the oil window.
Measuring time during early embryonic development

In most metazoans, embryonic development is orchestrated by a precise series of cellular behaviors. Understanding how such events are regulated to achieve a stereotypical temporal progression is a fundamental problem in developmental biology. In this review, we argue that studying the regulation of the cell cycle in early embryonic development will reveal novel principles of how embryos accurately measure time. We will discuss the strategies that have emerged from studying early development of Drosophila embryos. By comparing the development of flies to that of other metazoans, we will highlight both conserved and alternative mechanisms to generate precision during embryonic development.
Hot-Carrier Degradation in GaN HEMTs Due to Substitutional Iron and Its Complexes

We report the experimental data, quantum-mechanical calculations, and engineering-level modeling that provide insight into the atomic-scale processes that underlie the hot-electron degradation of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors during electrical stress at moderate drain bias. There is relatively large degradation (up to 20%) of the peak transconductance ( $g_{m}$ ) in the semi-ON state, along with a small shift of the threshold voltage ( $V_{T}$ ). The $V_{T}$ shift and $g_{m}$ degradation increase with temperature. A model of the degradation is presented, based on the hot-carrier-induced defect generation. The model considers carrier energy distributions for different temperatures obtained using an ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) approach. The Ensemble Monte-Carlo results show that the concentration of energetic carriers is maximum at the end of the gate on the gate–drain access side in the semi-ON state of operation. The degradation is directly related to the number of carriers with sufficient energy to generate defects, and the carrier energy distribution depends strongly on the device temperature. The first-principles density functional theory calculations and the analysis suggest that the dehydrogenation of substitutional iron and its complexes is the dominant cause of the observed degradation in these devices.
Surface oxide effects on static fatigue of polysilicon MEMS

Static fatigue – crack growth causing delayed failure under constant stress and involving stress corrosion cracking – was investigated in polysilicon MEMS using two different surface-micromachined devices. One exploited residual tensile stresses to create stress concentrations at micromachined notches, and the other involved a single-edge notched beam specimen integrated with an electrostatic comb-drive microactuator. Tests with both devices revealed that polysilicon is not susceptible to static fatigue in humid environments. However, when a relatively thick (45 to 140 nm) surface oxide was thermally grown on the microactuator devices, the specimens demonstrated delayed fracture in a humid ambient, presumably due to static fatigue of the surface SiO2. The stress intensities at the resulting cracks in the SiO2 were then sufficient to cause catastrophic crack propagation through the polysilicon specimens. The implications of our data on the issue of fatigue in polysilicon is discussed.
Citizen Science Initiatives: Engaging the Public and Demystifying Science

The Internet and smart phone technologies have opened up new avenues for collaboration among scientists around the world. These technologies have also expanded citizen science opportunities and public participation in scientific research (PPSR). Here we discuss citizen science, what it is, who does it, and the variety of projects and methods used to increase scientific knowledge and scientific literacy. We describe a number of different types of citizen-science projects. These greatly increase the number of people involved, helping to speed the pace of data analysis and allowing science to advance more rapidly. As a result of the numerous advantages of citizen-science projects, these opportunities are likely to expand in the future and increase the rate of novel discoveries.
The Volume and Significance of Mercantile Credit

M ERCANTILE credit is defined as the credit which businessmen extend when selling goods on time for resale or for commercial use. For purposes of this study the term will be viewed as the sum of accounts and notes receivable on the books of manufacturers and wholesalers as of a given moment in time. An attempt will be made to measure that volume and to determine the economic significance of fluctuation in the volume of mercantile credit over a period of time.
Recent Books on Earlier Baroque Architecture in Rome

(1973). Recent Books on Earlier Baroque Architecture in Rome. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 127-135.
Controllers for Disturbance Rejection for a Linear Input-Varying Class of Morphing Aircraft

Control of morphing aircraft is particularly difcult due to an inherent nonlinearity in the closed-loop equations of motion. This nonlinearity arises due to the dependence of the dynamics on the control input. The equations of motion for closed-loop dynamics will thus multiply a state-dependent matrix with the states which, consequently, will be a nonlinear function of the states. This paper introduces the linear input-varying framework to describe such systems. Essentially, this framework represents systems whose dynamics are linear when the input is constant but will vary as the input is varied. A pair of controllers are formulated for these types of systems to provide disturbance rejection. Several examples of span-varying morphing, chord-varying morphing, and camber-varying morphing are used to demonstrate the properties of the resulting closed-loop systems.
289 OOKINETE SECRETION OF A HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT COMPLEX-MEDIATING SERINE PROTEASE ACTIVATION OF A MALARIA PARASITE PROCHITINASE CRITICAL FOR MALARIA TRANSMISSION.

Background The mosquito invasive form of the malaria parasite, the ookinete, secretes chitinases critical for mosquito invasion and continuation of the parasite life cycle. This class of enzyme is validated as a target for interrupting malaria transmission. A recombinant zymogen form of the P. gallinaceum chitinase rPgCHT1 was previously shown to be activated in vitro by the serine protease Endoproteinase Lys-C. Objective To test the hypothesis that an ookinete-produced serine protease activates pro-PgCHT1, we sought to characterize this enzyme toward the goal of validating this protease as a target of blocking malaria transmission. Methods Conditioned ookinete culture medium was subjected to a benzamidine (serine protease inhibitor) affinity column. The ability of the eluate to activate pro-rPgCHT1 in the presence and absence of the serine protease inhibitor AEBSF and the aspartic acid protease inhibitor pepstatin A was assessed using a microfluorimetry assay, which measured chitinase activity expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU)/minute. Results Eluate containing 11.1 μg of protein increased the activity of 11.1 μg of rPgCHT1 from 30 RFU/minute to 488 RFU/minute (p = .002). This effect was diminished by 21% following the addition of the serine protease inhibitor AEBSF (p = .046) but not by the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin A. Eluate without rPgCHT1 had 477 RFU/minute of chitinase activity, significantly higher than rPgCHT1 by itself (p = .003) but not significantly different from eluate and rPgCHT1 together (p = .64). The addition of AEBSF to eluate decreased activity by 23% (p = .017), with no effect seen following the addition of pepstatin A. Discussion Benzamidine-column eluate of P. gallinaceum ookinete culture supernatants proteolytically activated pro-rPgCHT1. This eluate also possessed intrinsic chitinase activity, suggesting the cosecretion of PgCHT1 and serine protease activity in a complex. These findings are novel for apicomplexan parasites and have practical application toward developing novel approaches to blocking malaria transmission.
Ensiling effects of the ethanol fractionation of forages using gas production.

We studied the use of gas curve subtraction to distinguish between two fractions soluble in neutral detergent solution. Samples of unfractionated (whole) forage, residue insoluble in 90% ethanol, and isolated NDF were fermented in vitro, and gas production was monitored. The gas volume associated with the ethanol solubles (A fraction) was determined as the difference between the gas from the whole forage and from the ethanol residue. The gas yield associated with the fraction insoluble in 90% ethanol but soluble in neutral detergent solution (B 1 fraction) was determined by subtracting the isolated NDF gas curve from the corresponding ethanol residue curve. This experiment included three forages (alfalfa, bromegrass, and orchardgrass) harvested at two maturities and preserved by freeze-drying or ensiling to form a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Ensiling reduced the rate of gas formation from the A fraction by approximately 30% ( P .05). The gas yield from the B 1 fraction was reduced 40% (P <.05) by ensiling with no significant change in rate. Curve subtraction of gas production profiles may be used to obtain rate estimates for multiple neutral detergent soluble pools. The separation of the neutral detergent solubles into two pools clarified the effects caused by ensiling. Changes due to ensiling on the rate of gas produced were associated with the A fraction, and the effects on final gas volume were associated with the B 1 fraction.
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism enhances glutamatergic transmission but diminishes activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the dorsolateral striatum.

Abstract The Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene disrupts the activity-dependent release of BDNF, which might underlie its involvement in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Consistent with the potential role of regulated release of BDNF in synaptic functions, earlier studies have demonstrated that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impairs NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex and the central amygdala. However, it is unknown whether the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects synapses in the dorsal striatum, which depends on cortical afferents for BDNF. Electrophysiological experiments revealed an enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of knock-in mice containing the variant polymorphism (BDNF Met/Met ) compared to the wild-type (BDNF Val/Val ) mice. This increase in glutamatergic transmission is mediated by a potentiation in glutamate release and NMDA receptor transmission in the medium spiny neurons without any alterations in non-NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. We also observed an impairment of synaptic plasticity, both long-term potentiation and depression in the DLS neurons, in BDNF Met/Met mice. Thus, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism exerts an increase in glutamatergic transmission but impairs synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum, which might play a role in its effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Ionotropic glutamate receptors’.