cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proximal to Middle One-Third Humerus Shaft Fractures May Lead to Poorer Shoulder Function Compared to Middle to Distal One-Third Humerus Shaft Fractures following Internal Fixation

Background The radiographic and functional outcomes following an anterior approach for plate fixation of humeral shaft fractures were evaluated and compared with those of a group having undergone plate fixation from a posterior approach. The hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference between these two groups in shoulder, elbow and overall upper extremity function. Methods We retrospectively reviewed radiographs and data for 78 humerus shaft fractures. Twenty-six patients returned to complete the Constant–Murley Score (CMS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Results The overall median CMS [76.5 (A) versus 83.5 (P)] approached a significant difference between anterior and posterior fixation groups (p = 0.07). Active shoulder elevation was significantly better (p = 0.03) in the posterior group. There was no significant difference in median DASH score (p = 0.51), MEPS score (p = 0.69), nor in 10 of 12 individual responses on the SST. Fracture union rate was 97%. Discussion Anterior fixation of humeral shaft fractures yields satisfactory upper extremity functional outcomes that are comparable to those of extremities that have undergone posterior fixation. However, shoulder function tends to be better following posterior fixation, possibly as a result of anterior approaches being more commonly performed for more proximal shaft fractures.
Designing Wireless Networks by Test Point Reduction

The problem of locating the minimum number of base stations (BSs) to provide sufficient signal coverage or to satisfy user, is often formulated in manner that results in a mixed-integer NP-hard (non-deterministic polynomial-time hard) problem. Solving a large size NP-hard problem is time-prohibitive because search space always increases exponentially. This paper presents a method to reduce a number of test points for placing BSs by employing a convolution process. Results show that the size of search space substantially decreases, and converging to the optimal solution can be achieved in a timely-fashion
Transient Response of Microchannel Heat Sinks in a Silicon Wafer

The transient conjugated heat transfer in forced convection for simultaneously developing laminar flow inside a microchannel heat sink is studied by solving the steady momentum equation and the transient energy equation. A parametric study is performed to understand the effects of channel depth and width, Reynolds number, spacing between channels, and solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio. Silicon as well as indium phosphide are used as wafer’s material. Step and pulsed variations of the heat load are analyzed. Results show that the time required for the heat transfer to reach steady state condition is longer for the system with larger channel depth or spacing and smaller channel width or Reynolds number. Characteristic results for the fluid mean temperature at the exit, solid maximum temperature, local Nusselt number, and local heat flux are presented graphically as functions of position and time.
A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds.

OBJECTIVE To develop a technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds. ANIMALS 31 adult African grey parrots. PROCEDURE Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 10), butorphanol tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), i.m. Birds were fitted with a surface electrode on the medial metatarsus of 1 leg. An electrical stimulus was delivered to the bird's foot through an aluminum surface on half of the perch. The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious thermal stimulus. A withdrawal response to either stimulus was recorded when the bird lifted its foot or vigorously flinched its wings. RESULTS Responses to thermal stimuli were extremely variable during baseline testing and after administration of drugs. Thus, significant differences were not detected after drug injection. In contrast, responses to an electrical stimulus were predictable with much less variation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This method and device allowed for the reliable determination of withdrawal threshold in perching birds. Use of this technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds will enable assessment of analgesic drugs.
Kaposi's sarcoma virally encoded, G-protein-coupled receptor: a paradigm for paracrine transformation.

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus encodes 84 open‐reading frames (ORFs), many of which represent pirated versions of human genes. One of them, ORF74, encodes a predicted seven‐span transmembrane receptor termed vGPCR that is similar to the human IL8 receptor CXCR2, which displays strong oncogenic activity in vitro and in vivo by a complex interplay of direct and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. vGPCR has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for the formation and progression of KS‐like lesions in experimental model systems. Due to the fundamental role of vGPCR in the pathogenesis of KS, understanding the molecular mechanisms elicited by this unique chemokine receptor can be exploited to devise new strategies for KS management, as well as to gain novel insights into how KSHV subverts key physiological processes such as cell proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation for its replicative advantage. Here we describe multiple techniques and strategies that have been used to study the unique properties and functions of vGPCR and its role in oncogenesis.
Silent Synapse-Based Circuitry Remodeling in Drug Addiction

Exposure to cocaine, and likely other drugs of abuse, generates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-silent glutamatergic synapses in the nucleus accumbens. These immature synaptic contacts evolve after drug withdrawal to redefine the neurocircuital properties. These results raise at least three critical questions: (1) what are the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate drug-induced generation of silent synapses; (2) how are neurocircuits remodeled upon generation and evolution of drug-generated silent synapses; and (3) what behavioral consequences are produced by silent synapse-based circuitry remodeling? This short review analyzes related experimental results, and extends them to some speculations.
High Speed Networks Need Proactive Congestion Control

As datacenter speeds scale to 100 Gb/s and beyond, traditional congestion control algorithms like TCP and RCP converge slowly to steady sending rates, which leads to poorer and less predictable user performance. These reactive algorithms use congestion signals to perform gradient descent to approach ideal sending rates, causing poor convergence times. In this paper, we propose a proactive congestion control algorithm called PERC, which explicitly computes rates independently of congestion signals in a decentralized fashion. Inspired by message-passing algorithms with traction in other fields (e.g., modern Low Density Parity Check decoding algorithms), PERC improves convergence times by a factor of 7 compared to reactive explicit rate control protocols such as RCP. This fast convergence reduces tail flow completion time (FCT) significantly in high speed networks; for example, simulations of a realistic workloads in a 100 Gb/s network show that PERC achieves up to 4x lower 99th percentile FCT compared to RCP.
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals

The International Court of Justice in 2004 decided the third of three cases filed in recent years against the United States by governments whose nationals had been convicted of murder in the United States and who had been sentenced to death and were awaiting execution. The foreign governments have challenged the convictions and executions for a failure by local police to inform their nationals, at the time of arrest, of their right to contact their consulate for assistance in the criminal process. That right is provided by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. In this case Mexico sued on behalf of 52 Mexican nationals who await execution in various states of the United States. Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. U.S.A.). The court ruled that when a national has been convicted and sentenced without having been informed about consular access, the host state must provide a judicial remedy wherein the conviction and sentence are reviewed in light of the violation.
Probability of Iatrogenesis in Gastroenterology

The term iatrogenesis refers to the inadvertent and preventable induction of disease or complications by the medical treatment or procedures of a physician or surgeon [1]. It is more likely to occur in patients with vague symptoms or ill-defined diagnoses that defy clear pathophysiological mechanisms [2–4]. Although common to all areas of medicine, gastroenterologists are frequently exposed to iatrogenesis as a result of managing unexplained abdominal pain. Every medical intervention carries the risk of adverse events. As serious adverse events may warrant their own intervention, one single medical problem can sometimes initiate a cascade of many more.
Going Nonlinear

Since the advent of the nonlinear vector network analyzer (NVNA), microwave engineers have become familiar with new terminology regarding nonlinear network parameters such as "X-parameters" (registered trademark of Agilent Technologies), "S-functions", and "waveform engineering/the Cardiff model", as well as new types of equipment used to perform nonlinear characterizations. These nonlinear network parameter approaches have been developed by Root and Verspecht, Verbeyst and Vanden Bossche, and Tasker. Equipment is now commercially avail able to measure these parameters. To date, X-parameters and S-functions have been predominately used to describe amplifiers in system level simulations. Wave form engineering with the Cardiff model has focused on transistor-level amplifier design. Understanding these behavioral modeling approaches allows their application as an effective and time-saving tool for nonlinear power amplifier design. This article examines the X-parameters and S-functions in an effort to provide a working knowledge that will also apply to understanding the other aforementioned approaches.
Chemical peach thinning with surfactants and ammonium nitrate

SummaryLimb applications of several surfactants or ammonium nitrate in the early pink stage or seven days after bloom caused flower bud removal when applied to peach trees with a hand pump sprayer. Foliage injury was slight in the pink stage and was more severe after bloom when more foliage was present. A wide range of thinning was observed. DuPont WK was the most effective, followed by Triton X-45, X-77, Cidowett Plus and Cide-Kick. Ammonium nitrate plus X-77 (5 ml l-1) was effective at rates above 72 g l-1. Airblast applications of several treatments in full bloom gave commercially acceptable thinning with minimum injury. Combinations of a number of fungicides plus X-77 plus superior spray oil did not cause thinning in pre-bloom limb treatments or in full-bloom airblast experiments. Some post-bloom treatments caused foliage injury in addition to thinning.
Intercalative poly(carbazole) precursor electropolymerization within hybrid nanostructured titanium oxide ultrathin films.

A protocol for nanostructuring and electropolymerization of a hybrid semiconductor polycarbazole-titanium oxide ultrathin film is described. Ultrathin (<100 nm) films based on polycarbazole precursor polyelectrolytes and titanium oxide (TiOx) have been fabricated by combining the layer-by-layer (LbL) and surface sol−gel layering techniques. Film growth was followed and confirmed through UV−vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Subsequent anodic electrochemical oxidation of the carbazole pendant units afforded a conjugated polymer network (CPN) film within intercalating TiOx layers of cross-linked and π-conjugated carbazole units. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV−vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements confirmed this process. The LbL-driven polyelectrolyte deposition process resulted in a quantified electrochemical response, proportional to the number of layers, while the TiOx acted as a dielectric spacer limiting electron transfer kinetics and attenuat...
Diabetes and Stroke: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Pharmaceuticals and Outcomes

There has been a significant increase in obesity rates worldwide with the corresponding surge in diabetes. Diabetes causes various microvascular and macrovascular changes often culminating in major clinical complications, 1 of which, is stroke. Although gains have been made over the last 2 decades in reducing the burden of stroke, the recent rise in rates of diabetes threatens to reverse these advances. Of the several mechanistic stroke subtypes, individuals with diabetes are especially susceptible to the consequences of cerebral small vessel diseases. Hyperglycemia confers greater risk of stroke occurrence. This increased risk is often seen in individuals with diabetes and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (including higher mortality), especially following ischemic stroke. Improving stroke outcomes in individuals with diabetes requires prompt and persistent implementation of evidence-based medical therapies as well as adoption of beneficial lifestyle practices.
The denial of racism in Latina/o students’ narratives about discrimination in the classroom:

This study examines how Latina/o students perceive and frame experiences of prejudice against them in the classroom through narratives told in informal interviews in Spanish. This project started as an inquiry about these students’ general perceptions and experiences in their Advanced Spanish-language classes and how these compared to their experiences in other classes on campus. Narratives are essential to understanding how speakers perceive and evaluate the experiences narrated and how they position themselves in relation to their group as well as to outsiders. The results show that, in most cases, when recounting narratives of discrimination or situations that can be considered instances of prejudice, students were hesitant to recognize that they were the subjects of discrimination or to qualify the story as an occurrence of racism. Different strategies were used to avoid this recognition, including assigning others the role of recognizing the situation as discriminatory and also using narrative evalua...
Fishing up and down the marine food web with hydroacoustics

We have been using scientific echo-sounders to map and quantify Engraulis anchoita in the Southern coast of Brazil. This is a low trophic level species and a link from primary producers to top predators. Echo-records collected along thousands of nautical miles contain information about migratory habits and abundance of this fish. Fishing down the food web is a late 90s concept that called international attention to the fact that large predator fishes were gradually less common and also that smaller fishes, which have been caught for many years to the reducing fish meal industry, should now contribute directly to human diet. Along the Anchovy hydroacoustical assessment cruises we mapped adult as well as juvenile fish. Recently, small, ten to twenty meters long coastal purse seiners, equipped with echo-sounders and multibeam sonars are catching young Anchovy which is used as live bait by an oceanic Pole and Line six boats fleet to catch Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), a top predator. Catch rate from live anchovy to Bonito is about 1:25, much better than fresh fish to fishmeal. Hydroacustics is an integral tool along the whole up and down the food web catching processes and without it such activity would not be economically feasible, just considering for example, fuel costs. However, looking down the sea surface with ultrasound is not all these days in modern fishing fleets. Boats are receiving very high resolution satellite data that describe sea surface characteristics. Also, sub surface data from large oceanographic modeling programs predict water movements at depth and daily maps are sent to the fishing fleet as well. Fishermen are becoming as dependent on satellite data to find fish as they already are with hycroacoustics. Furthermore, drifting echo-sounders move free around fishing grounds and digital echograms can be checked on line from the boats or the fleet headquarters. This paper intends to review the hydroacoutics and satellite systems involved within the catching process of low and high trophic level fishes along the southernmost coast of Brazil.
Resource Boom or Resource Curse Without Sovereignty? The Prospects for Oil-Led Development and Democracy in Somaliland

Despite its respect for colonial borders, its five previous days of recognized sovereign statehood in 1960, and its impressive achievements in democratization and the provision of security, the self-proclaimed Republic of Somaliland has remained entirely unrecognized by the international community since it declared its independence from Somalia in 1991. We know there are oil deposits in Somaliland. Live oil was seen seeping from the ground outside Berbera in the 1950s and Conoco, Chevron and Phillips all explored concessions in what is now Somaliland in the 1980s. What is not yet clear is whether or not Somaliland has commercially viable oil reserves. This papers explores the prospects for oil-led development in Somaliland, examines the various constraints that a lack of sovereign recognition places on this development and critically interrogates the government s claim that oil provides a viable route to Somaliland s ultimate recognition. Theoretically, it tests different arguments (Ross 2001, Jensen and Wantchekon 2004, Smith 2007, Eubank 2011) on the effects that oil wealth may or may not have on the consolidation of democracy and political accountability in Somaliland. It concludes that oil is unlikely to be either Somaliland s savior as its proponents hope or its ruin as some critics fear.
Enhanced renal vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin in SHR is mediated by V1 receptors

The development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is associated with renal dysfunction; the observed renal vasoconstriction may reflect an imbalance of constrictor and dilator systems. The present studies evaluated renal vascular reactivity to arginine vasopressin (AVP) and mediation by V1 and/or V2 receptors. Renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmetry) was measured in water-loaded, 8-wk-old SHR, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and Munich-Wistar rats. Injection of AVP (2 and 5 ng) into the renal artery caused dose-dependent renal vasoconstriction. The maximum blood flow response was approximately twofold larger in SHR than both normotensive strains. The strain difference was largely unaffected by indomethacin administration, although the reduction in blood flow produced by 5 ng AVP was 4-6% larger in both SHR and WKY during cyclooxygenase inhibition. The V1 receptor antagonist, [D-(CH2)5,Tyr(Me)2,Tyr(NH2)9]Arg8-vasopressin, blocked up to 90% of the renal vasoconstriction elicited by AVP. Intrarenal injection of the V1-receptor agonist [Phe2,Ile3,Org8]vasopressin produced renal hemodynamic effects similar to AVP; this agonist reduced renal blood flow, with twofold larger responses in SHR (-40 vs. -18% for 10 ng). In contrast, similar doses of the V2-receptor agonist 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin had no effect. These results indicate that AVP-induced vasoconstriction is mediated predominantly by the V1 receptor in the rat kidney. The enhanced vascular reactivity in 8-wk-old SHR may reflect an increased V1 receptor density and/or affinity or postreceptor signaling pathways, largely independent of buffering by the vascular V2 receptor or vasodilator prostaglandin activity. The strain difference in the vascular response to AVP may contribute to the renal vasoconstriction observed during the development of genetic hypertension.
Children of divorce.

Limited attention has been directed in the dental literature to the emotional, economic and associated consequences of divorces on children. A general introduction is provided on 1) the numbers of children involved in divorces in different single-parent population groups, with 2) emphasis on the emotional impact of divorce on children and 3) the potential significance for pediatric dental practices.
Radical Memory: Négritude, Anti-colonial Struggles, and Cabral’s Return to the Source

At the end of Ousmane Sembene’s La noire de… (Black Girl, 1965), a French colonizer is pursued by an African mask. He has returned to Dakar to bring back the effects of the household maid, Douala, whom he and his wife had brought to Antibes as a nanny for the children, but who was treated essentially as a slave in their home. Although Douala, who eventually kills herself, never confronts her employers openly, she expresses her growing awareness of her hopeless situation in voice-over on the soundtrack. When she arrives, the children are away and she is ordered to cook and clean. Sembene portrays how Douala is treated like an animal, or an object, both in the way she is spoken of and the way she is peremptorily ordered about. She becomes effectively effaced—one shot shows her cleaning a mirror in which she declines to look at her own reflection. The France she can see from her window at night begins to appear to her like a black hole. Faced with the incomprehension of her employers, she takes to her bed and falls into depression. Eventually even her employers notice that she is “declining,” but make no move to talk to her as a human being; for them she is merely the instrument of their comfort.
Incremental value of electroanatomical mapping for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a patient with sustained ventricular tachycardia

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetically determined heart muscle disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from concealed myocardial abnormalities to overt clinical disease with life-threatening arrhythmias and/or ongoing heart failure.1 Owing to the heterogeneous nature of the disease and its clinical manifestations, there is not a single criterion that determines a definitive diagnosis; even histopathologic findings such as fibrofatty myocardial replacement, although suggestive of the disease, could be a final common pathway of several types of myocardial injury. For these reasons a multiparametric approach based on several criteria has been adopted.2 Since the publication of the original Task Force criteria in 1994, attempts have been made to improve their sensitivity, leading to the release of the modified Task Force criteria in 2010.3 In the last decade, advanced technologies have emerged and ongoing efforts are still directed toward improvement of diagnostic techniques, sensitivities, and specificities, especially in the setting of the early stages of the disease.4 We report a case of a patient with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in whom electroanatomical mapping (EAM) was the only technique able to identify subtle myocardial structural abnormalities, leading to the hypothesis of ARVC, subsequently confirmed by genetic testing, whereas all the previous established diagnostic tools to identify criteria failed to diagnose the disease.
New-onset retrosternal chest pressure.

A previously healthy 39-year-old male cigarette smoker came to the emergency department because of the new onset of retrosternal chest pressure. The electrocardiogram recorded on admission showed sinus rhythm at a rate of 64 beats per minute, nondiagnostic Q waves in the inferior leads (II, III, and aVF), and inferior ST-segment elevation of 0.5 mm (0.05 mV) when compared to the PR segment or the TP segment. The inferior ST segments were normally concave upward, and there was no reciprocal ST depression in lead I or lead aVL (Figure 1) (1).
TIME DOMAIN CONSIDERATIONS IN OPTIMAL ESTIMATION FOR BANDLIMITED SIGNALS

Publisher Summary If a short time-segment of a bandlimited signal is measured, it is expected that a smooth continuation of the measurements outside of this measurement interval would be reasonably accurate as bandlimited signals are smooth. This chapter focuses on the question of extrapolation, relating the degree of smoothness, the number of measurements, and the extent to which the extrapolation can be trusted. It further focuses on the problem of extrapolating short time-domain measurements of signals. The term “energy” refers to the sum of squares of the values extrapolated, excluding the sample observations. The chapter discusses the length of the interval of effective extrapolation and its relationship to the frequency bandwidth assumed for the signal. It presents a formula for the extrapolated values obtained by minimizing the energy outside a larger interval containing the sampling interval and describes the decrease in “worst case error” achieved for the extrapolated values whose sampling times lie within this larger interval. It also presents smoothing and extrapolation formulas to deal with the case in which the observed values are degraded by random noise.
A new PMU placement algorithm to meet a specified synchrophasor availability

As real-time monitoring and control are entering to smarten power grids, imposing data availability criterion on PMU placement into an existing (or a new) measurement network becomes ever more important. This criterion decreases the probability of a wrong action. Synchrophasor availability (SA) at a bus measures the fraction of time in the long run when its PMU output data are correct and accessible. The SA-based placement goal is to meet a prescribed SA profile across the power system with a minimum number of PMUs. This paper reports two new developments in the SA-based PMU placement. (1) Consideration of equipment faults, in addition to data communication interruptions. (2) An efficient iterative linear program is developed to solve the problem, and the solutions always meets the full static observability. The solution is demonstrated through PMU placement in several IEEE test systems under a variety of SA specifications and random event rates.
Consistency of Renal Stone Volume Measurements Across CT Scanner Model and Reconstruction Algorithm Configurations

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this prospective study is to evaluate the consistency of renal stone volume estimation using dual-energy CT across scanner model and reconstruction algorithm configurations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Patients underwent scanning with routine kidney stone composition protocols on both second- and third-generation dual-source CT scanners. Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction (IR). In addition, a modified IR kernel on the third-generation CT scanner was evaluated. Individual kidney stone volumes were determined and compared. RESULTS. No significant difference was noted in measured volumes between filtered back-projection data, IR data from the second-generation scanner, and the modified IR kernel data (p > 0.05). The third-generation commercially available IR kernel yielded lower volumes than did the other configurations (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION. With the use of a modified kernel for the third-generation scanner, patients being monitored...
Do women possess a unique susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol

Neurodegeneration and neurological impairment associated with alcohol dependence have been observed predominantly in alcohol-dependent men. Thus little research has examined the neuropathological consequences of alcoholism in women. Recent evidence obtained from both human and animal studies, however, suggests that women may well be at greater risk of alcohol-induced brain injury than men are. Further, researchers have used animal models to identify molecular events that may contribute to this putative sex difference. Such data are likely of significance in both understanding women's unique susceptibility to neurotoxic effects of alcohol and addressing the possibility that the medical management of alcoholism in women and men may require distinct approaches. As a whole, these findings clearly indicate the need for a significant expansion of both clinical and basic science research of this topic.
Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Pediatric Obesity.

This review provides a rationale for the use of pharmacotherapy in pediatric weight management, summarizes results of some of the key pediatric clinical trials of approved and “off-label” obesity medications, introduces new options in the pediatric pipeline, and offers a glimpse into the future of pediatric obesity medicine. Despite the need for adjunctive treatments to enhance the outcomes of lifestyle modification therapy among youth with obesity, none of the obesity medications evaluated to date have been shown to meaningfully reduce BMI or cardiometabolic risk factors. Promising medications recently approved for the treatment of obesity in adults will soon be tested in pediatric trials, offering hope that new therapeutic options will soon be available. As new medications are approved to treat pediatric obesity, it will be important to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination pharmacotherapy and investigate predictors of response. Application of precision medicine approaches to the field of pediatric obesity management will improve the long-term outlook for the tens of millions of youth afflicted with this serious and recalcitrant disease.
Supply Chain Resiliency: A Review

This chapter provides a broad overview of the field of supply chain resiliency. First, we define the concept of resiliency from the perspective of a supply chain. Next the terms risk and vulnerability are defined in the context of a resilient supply chain. This connects previous studies in supply chain engineering to the emerging field of resiliency. The second section of the chapter outlines components that contribute to the resiliency of a supply chain. Supply chain flexibility, velocity, visibility, and collaboration are defined and references to additional sources are provided. The third section of the chapter outlines processes that are used for building resilient supply chains. A number of relationships between supply chain risk and profitability are explored, along with their impact on supply chain resiliency. This section further provides a unifying exploration of the various aspects and perspectives on supply chain engineering, including how they can be utilized for developing and measuring the resiliency of a supply chain. The chapter concludes with remarks ongoing research on supply resiliency and identifies knowledge gaps and topics for future research.
The impact of inter-organizational information systems-enabled external integration on capabilities of buyer–supplier dyads

Abstract Increasingly, firms are adopting two major supply chain management initiatives: to undertake external integration with supply chain partners and to implement inter-organizational information systems (IOSs). However, academic researchers have not adequately investigated effects of these types of initiatives. Using empirical data from 154 buyer–supplier dyads, we examined the direct and indirect effects (through external integration) of IOS usage on capabilities of buyer– supplier dyads. We found that external integration plays a mediating role in the relationship between IOS usage and capabilities of buyer– supplier dyad. This is the first study to investigate the effects of IOS usage and external integration on capabilities of buyer–supplier dyad.
What Is Individualism in Social Ontology? Ontological Individualism vs. Anchor Individualism

Individualists about social ontology hold that social facts are “built out of” facts about individuals. In this paper, I argue that there are two distinct kinds of individualism about social ontology, two different ways individual people might be the metaphysical “builders” of the social world. The familiar kind is ontological individualism. This is the thesis that social facts supervene on, or are exhaustively grounded by, facts about individual people. What I call anchor individualism is the alternative thesis that facts about individuals put in place the conditions for a social entity to exist, or the conditions for something to have a social property. Examples include conventionalist theories of the social world, such as David Hume’s theories of promises, money, and government, and collective acceptance theories, such as John Searle’s theory of institutional facts. Anchor individualism is often conflated with ontological individualism. But in fact, the two theses are in tension with one another: if one of these kinds of individualism is true, then the other is very unlikely to be. My aim in this paper is to clarify both, and argue that they should be sharply distinguished from one another.
The Criterion of Empirical Grounding in the Sciences

A scientific theory offers models for the phenomena in its domain; these models involve theoretical quantities of various sorts, and a model’s structure is the set of relations it imposes on these quantities. There is an important, indeed fundamental, demand in scientific practice that those quantities be clearly and feasibly related to measurement procedures. The scientific episodes examined include Galileo’s measurement of the force of the vacuum, Atwood’s machine designed to measure Newtonian theoretical quantities, Michelson and Morley on Fresnel’s hypothesis for light aberration, and time-of-flight measurement in quantum mechanics. The fundamental demand for empirical grounding is then given a precise formulation following this scrutiny of crucial junctures where the role of theory in measurement came clearly to light.
The Analysis of Mast Cell Function In Vivo Using Mast Cell-Deficient Mice

Mast cells represent rich sources of histamine, heparin, proteases, and many other biologically active mediators (reviewed in Metcalfe, Kaliner, and Donlon, 1981; Schwartz and Austen, 1984; Galli and Lichtenstein, 1988). Mast cells also express surface receptors for immunoglobulins of the IgE class which, when occupied by intact IgE, prime the cells to release stored and newly generated mediators in response to encounters with specific antigens (reviewed in Ishizaka, 1988; Metzger, Kinet, Blank, et al., 1989). The remarkable variety of mediators potentially derived from mast cells, and the recognition that mast cells can release these mediators in response to stimulation by many different signals in addition to IgE and specific antigen (e.g., anaphylatoxins, certain neuropeptides, basic compounds derived from leukocytes, and components of insect venoms), has led to speculation that mast cells may play important roles in diverse immunologic, pathologic and physiologic processes (reviewed in Metcalfe, Kaliner, and Donlon, 1981; Schwartz and Austen, 1984; Galli, Dvorak, and Dvorak, 1984).
On web browsing privacy in anonymized NetFlows

Anonymization of network traces is widely viewed as a necessary condition for releasing such data for research purposes. For obvious privacy reasons, an important goal of trace anonymization is to suppress the recovery of web browsing activities. While several studies have examined the possibility of reconstructing web browsing activities from anonymized packet-level traces, we argue that these approaches fail to account for a number of challenges inherent in real-world network traffic, and more so, are unlikely to be successful on coarser Net-Flow logs. By contrast, we develop new approaches that identify target web pages within anonymized NetFlow data, and address many real-world challenges, such as browser caching and session parsing. We evaluate the effectiveness of our techniques in identifying front pages from the 50 most popular web sites on the Internet (as ranked by alexa.com), in both a closed-world experiment similar to that of earlier work and in tests with real network flow logs. Our results show that certain types of web pages with unique and complex structure remain identifiable despite the use of state-of-the-art anonymization techniques. The concerns raised herein pose a threat to web browsing privacy insofar as the attacker can approximate the web browsing conditions represented in the flow logs.
Beyond Calculation: Experience and Language in Administrative Situations

The practice of public administration usually falls short of stated objectives and expectations. What if we saw it as something other than the quest for calculable results? An alternative understan...
Spatial and Temporal Correlations of XY Macro Spins

We use nano disk arrays with square and honeycomb symmetry to investigate magnetic phases and spin correlations of XY dipolar systems at the micro scale. Utilizing magnetization sensitive X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, we probe magnetic ground states and the "order-by-disorder" phenomenon predicted 30 years ago. We observe the antiferromagnetic striped ground state in square lattices, and 6-fold symmetric structures, including trigonal vortex lattices and disordered floating vortices, in the honeycomb lattice. The spin frustration in the honeycomb lattice causes a phase transition from a long-range ordered locked phase over a floating phase with quasi long-range order and indications of a Berezinskii-Thouless-Kosterlitz-like character, to the thermally excited paramagnetic state. Absent spatial correlation and quasi periodic switching of isolated vortices in the quasi long-range ordered phase suggest a degeneracy of the vortex circulation.
A Fast Boundary Integral Solution for the Acoustic Response of Three-Dimensional Axi-Symmetric Scatterers

ABSTRACT A Boundary Integral Equation (BIE) method is presented which efficiently computes the harmonic acoustic response of axi-symmetric structures. The key idea is that the BIE's are Fourier transformed via FFT's in the azimuthal variable; this reduces the azimuthal periodic convolutions to simple multiplications. The original three-dimensional problem is transformed into a series of M decoupled two-dimensional problems, where M is the number of azimuthal Fourier components. If N is the number of nodal points along the semi-perimeter of a scatterer, then the harmonic response can be computed with just O(N 3 M) algebraic operations. This is far less expensive than solving the original problem which requires O(N 6 ) algebraic operations per frequency. Moreover, the active memory requirement is reduced from O(N 4 ) to O(N 2 ) complex words, and the algorithm is ideally suited to a parallel computer. Examples are given where less than three minutes were required by a Gould computer (4 MIPs) to compute the harmonic response of a scatterer four wavelengths in dimension.
Multi-Layer Stream Orchestration with Flange

With advances in embedded sensor hardware and the resulting deluge of measurement data, it has become increasingly clear that corresponding advances in data management are necessary at every level of the data pipeline to keep pace with the copious output of sensors at the edge. Filtering and processing data in-flight from edge to core presents an attractive possibility. By using resources within the network fabric itself, data can be reduced to a manageable level before reaching the core. Such drastic changes in data processing methodology do present new challenges and exacerbate old ones. Manual configuration and optimization at the fog scale is error prone. This paper discusses the Flange DSL and our in-flight processing framework InLocus, as a solution for driving fog configuration and management with declarative network topology assertions. By distributing configurable processing agents within the network fabric and modeling the network as a graph, the Flange compiler is capable of resolving terse, general flow assertions into network configurations at the device level. By chaining many such network functions together, the network topology can be transformed into a single virtual computation unit. Unlike previous approaches, the processing overlay topology is compiled automatically from the requirements of the task and the state of the underlying network. Each hop in the network provides an opportunity to operate on the data as it passes through, resulting in transformed data at the destination. The Flange language provides a propositional-logic based structure for selecting network components and asserting desired properties onto them. By using flow predicates, a program may define arbitrarily long chains of operations which are compiled into instructions to network agents that enact real behaviors on the network. The Flange compiler itself performs on moderately sized network graphs; compiling optimal placement schemes in under half a minute for graphs below 2,000 vertices when a solution exists. This performance scales to graphs in excess of 10,000 vertices, resolving in just over 3 minutes. The realization phase demonstrates faster performance; routing and computation results can be observed in the network in as little as one second over representative wide-area topologies. The fast iteration cycle provides developers with the ability to quickly identify processing or network issues in development or deployment.
El grabado de La pícara Justina como parodia de la Filosofía cortesana moralizada

ABSTRACT: The engraving in the cover of La picara Justina has been traditionally interpreted as a synthesis of the picaresque genre. This article explores the aforementioned engraving, commonly known as La nave de la vida picaresca, not as a reflection of the picaresque literary conventions, but through the perspective of the parody, which is an essential element of Lopez de Ubeda’s work. The engraving would be dialoguing, comically, with the board game of the Filosofia cortesana moralizada (1587) by Alonso de Barros. This analysis of parodic elements present in Justina’s engraving allows to reflect about the genesis of the novel, as well as its relationship with courtly manuals and contemporary authors, like Cervantes and Mateo Aleman. KEYWORDS: Picara Justina; Filosofia cortesana moralizada; Board game; Picaresque novel; Parody. RESUMEN: Tradicionalmente, el frontispicio de la primera edicion de La picara Justina (1605) ha sido interpretado como una sintesis del genero picaresco. Este trabajo explora el grabado, conocido como La nave de la vida picaresca, no como reflejo de las convenciones de la novela picaresca, sino desde la perspectiva de la parodia, rasgo esencial de la obra, pero que no se ha considerado lo suficiente. El frontispicio dialogaria, comicamente, con el tablero de la Filosofia cortesana moralizada (1587) de Alonso de Barros. Este analisis de elementos posiblemente parodiados permite reflexionar sobre la genesis de la novela y su relacion con los manuales cortesanos y narradores como Cervantes y Mateo Aleman.
Search Engine Consumer Journeys: Exploring and Segmenting Click-Through Behaviors:

The consumer online search journey is viewed as one of the key determinants toward consumer purchase decisions. Using a unique disaggregated query-level data set collected from a leading Chinese se...
Vigilante Gender Violence: Social Class, the Gender Bargain, and Mob Attacks on Women Worldwide

In recent years, mob attacks on women by men have drawn public attention to an emerging social phenomenon. This book draws upon concepts from critical race theory and sociocultural evolutionary theory to examine this specific form of gender violence, which takes place outside the law and is a vigilante form of enforcing traditional gender norms. The author positions vigilante gender violence as a global issue produced during specific periods of sociocultural change in conditions marked by intensified social stratification. The catalyst for vigilante gender violence is the formal state’s breaching of the "gender bargain," the tacit psychological wage even non-elite men earn by at least not being female. When the state threatens to end the gender bargain by promoting women’s rights, the die is cast for low-status men to enforce this bargain themselves in mob attacks against women who are perceived to be violating the patriarchal order. Seen through independent case studies in different national settings, this book provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the existence of vigilante gender violence in times when societies are shifting from one phase to another and the social hierarchies present within are disrupted. With greater understanding of when and how to predict the occurrence of this phenomenon, the author posits notable ways to prevent it from happening altogether.
Nierenteilresektion: von der offenen Nephrektomie zur roboterassistierten Nierenteilresektion

In der Schweiz erkranken rund 1000 Patienten pro Jahr an einem Nierenzellkarzinom, was gut 3 % aller Krebserkrankungen ausmacht. Aufgrund haufiger durchgefuhrter Bildgebungen sowie besserer Qualitat derselben werden Nierentumoren heute oft als Zufallsbefund entdeckt. Die Nierenteilresektion loste in den letzten Jahren die radikale Nephrektomie als Therapie der Wahl bei Nierentumoren bis 7 cm ab. Hierbei steht der Erhalt der Nierenfunktion im Vordergrund, wobei im Vergleich zur radikalen Nephrektomie moglichst viele Nephronen erhalten werden. Die roboterassistierte Nierenteilresektion als minimal-invasive Variante zeigt hierbei gegenuber der offenen Nierenteilresektion ebenburtige onkologische und funktionelle Resultate mit den Vorteilen der minimal-invasiven Chirurgie. Alternative Behandlungsformen wie Kryoablation oder Radiofrequenzablation sind nichtoperablen Patienten vorbehalten. Die Rezidivrate nach Nierenteilresektion bei Nierenzellkarzinom ist tief, auch bei mikroskopisch nachweisbaren Tumoranteilen im Resektionsrand (R1-Resektion). Die Nachsorge mittels Computertomographie soll individuell gemass Risikostratifizierung erfolgen.
Modular Drivetrains for Increased Performance and Reliability

This paper introduces the concept of modularity as an assembly of multiple, duplicated modules, where each module is a unique set of components. An industrial application, based on the weaving system, is simplified and modeled in a Matlab toolchain. A benchmark case is defined and then compared to an innovative modular architecture. Simulation results prove an improvement in the production rate (machine rpm) of 9.52% and the reliability of the system is also increased as the machine can continue operation in case of a single or multiple module failure(s). The innovative architecture performs as well or even better than the benchmark case under a single unit failure situation. The scalability is ensured by the automated simulation and design process and architectures can be quickly researched, tested and compared.