cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia Edit-a-thons as Sites of Public Pedagogy

Wikipedia edit-a-thon events provide a targeted approach toward incorporating new knowledge into the online encyclopedia while also offering pathways toward new editor participation. Through the analysis of interviews with 13 edit-a-thon facilitators, however, we find motivations for running edit-a-thons extend far beyond adding content and editors. In this paper, we uncover how a range of personal and institutional values inspire these event facilitators toward fulfilling broader goals including fostering information literacy and establishing community relationships outside of Wikipedia. Along with reporting motivations, values, and goals, we also describe strategies facilitators adopt in their practice. Next, we discuss challenges faced by facilitators as they organize edit-a-thons. We situate our findings within two complementary theoretical lenses-information ecologies and public pedagogy to guide our interpretation. Finally, we suggest new ways in which edit-a-thons, as well as similar peer production events and communities, can be understood, studied, and evaluated.
Whose Ties Still Bind? Ethnic Domination, Informal Social Networks, and Public Goods Provision in Kyrgyzstan

What determines provision of public goods in multiethnic Kyrgyzstan? While much existing research prioritizes the explanatory power of ethnic diversity, this article argues that Soviet policies of ...
Risk-Aware Path Planning with Uncertain Human Interactions

With the development of factory automation and intelligent manufacturing system technology, an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) system has become an essential part of controlling the logistics management system within a facility. Relevant research about AMR path planning usually focuses on the fully autonomous environment that does not consider the uncertainty of human behavior. The behavior of human operators is unpredictable and therefore difficult to be integrated into the AMR system path planning analysis. In this paper, we propose an optimization algorithm for improving the pre-planned path considering the uncertainty of human behavior. Conditional value-at-risk constraints and chance constraints are considered in the optimization algorithm as the risk measurement to guarantee safety of operation. The performance of our approach is demonstrated through a 2-D AMR simulation, and the comparison of these two different risk measurements and their performance is also discussed.
Tri-Gate GaN Junction HEMTs: Physics and Performance Space

We present the physics and performance space of the tri-gate GaN junction high electron mobility transistor (Tri-JHEMT), a new tri-gate GaN device proposed recently. In Tri-JHEMTs, p-n junctions wrap around two-dimensional-electron-gas (2DEG) fins in the gate region. Our fabricated Tri-JHEMT demonstrates, for the first time, the kilovolt blocking capability at 150 °C in all tri-gate GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Three-dimensional TCAD simulations were then calibrated with experimental devices and used to study p-GaN-based Tri-JHEMTs with various design parameters for a direct comparison with the industrial planar p-gate GaN HEMTs. Owing to the unique physics of the sidewall p-GaN/2DEG junction, the 2DEG distribution in junction tri-gates is very different from that in conventional tri-gates, enabling smaller gate capacitance and superior gate controllability. As a result, a lower resistance in the gated channel, a higher wafer 2DEG density, and a scaled gate length can be concurrently realized in normally-OFF Tri-JHEMTs. GaN Tri-JHEMTs designed for a wide range of voltage classes (15–1200 V) are predicted to enable a 15%–75% lower ON-resistance ( ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ), 3–10-fold smaller ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}\cdot {Q}_{\mathrm {G}}$ (gate charge), and 45%–63% smaller ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}\cdot {Q}_{\mathrm {OSS}}$ (output charge) as compared with similarly rated planar p-gate HEMTs. Considering their fabrication compatibility with existing foundry process, Tri-JHEMTs show great potentials as the next-generation lateral GaN power switches.
Active Dissemination—Over Three Decades of Faculty Development in Active Learning

The activity-based physics group (with principal members Priscilla Laws, Ronald Thornton and the author) is best known for a number of physics active learning curricular developments including Real Time Physics, Interactive Lecture Demonstrations, and Workshop Physics. Equally important for the advancement of physics education has been the series of faculty development programs (institutes, workshops and short courses) that the group has organized and presented during more than three decades. This paper describes the context of these programs and the characteristics that have made them successful and sustainable over the years.
Homer on the Gods and Human Virtue: Creating the Foundations of Classical Civilization

Introduction 1. The theology of Homer 2. Achilles and Hector 3. Achilles and the limits of virtue 4. Odysseus and Achilles.
The automated assay of complete enzyme reaction rates. II. Digital readout and data processing of linear rates.

Abstract The components and operation of an automatic system for the assay and data compilation of enzyme reaction rates is described. Programs suitable for calculation of a large number of single and differential, as well as average and maximal, linear rates by the method of least squares are presented. Sample assays by manual and computer techniques are compared for the enzymes tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucokinase-hexokinase. Good agreement is obtained between the two methods. Possible other uses of the instrument are discussed.
Response of rhynchosciara chromosomes to micro-sporidian infection: Increased polyteny and generalized puffing

Abstract The DNA content of individual Feulgen-stained chromosomes of micro-sporidian-infected salivary gland cells was measured with a scanning micro-spectrophotometer, and usually falls into classes that approximate the geometric series 2:4:8:16:32 times the DNA content of uninfected polytene cells. Chromosomes of widely different sizes can belong to the same DNA class, indicating that chromosomes respond to infection by puffing at many loci (generalized puffing) as well as by increases in polyteny. The extreme puffing of the whole X of the male is further evidence that dosage compensation in Diptera is brought about by increasing the activity of loci throughout the single X chromosome of the male.
Perpetrators and Victims: Germany's 1968 Generation and Collective Memory1

In this paper, I examine the role of Germany's so-called 1968 generation in the ongoing competition between collective memories of Germans as perpetrators and Germans as victims. I argue that collective memories of Germans as victims as well as collective memories of Germans as perpetrators were present in the thinking of the West German student movement, which had a more ambivalent attitude to the Nazi past than is sometimes assumed. In particular, while one current within the West German student movement focused on the Nazi past and saw Germany as a nation of perpetrators, other key figures within the movement such as Rudi Dutschke ignored the Nazi past and in particular the Holocaust and tended to see Germany as a nation of victims. These two competing currents were also both reflected in the foreign policy of the ‘red-green’ government (1998–2005), which is often thought of as a government of ‘Achtundsechziger’. The debate in Germany about the Kosovo war in 1999, in which Joschka Fischer played a central role, was dominated by collective memories of Germans as perpetrators, while the later debate about the Iraq war in 2002–3, in which Gerhard Schroder played a central role, was dominated by collective memories of Germans as victims. Dieser Artikel untersucht das kollektive Gedachtnis der sogenannten 68er Generation, in dem die Deutschen sowohl als Tater wie auch als Opfer fungierten. Es wird argumentiert, dass das kollektive Gedachtnis der westdeutschen Studentenbewegung weitaus ambivalenter war als gemeinhin angenommen und die Haltung der Studenten gegenuber der NS-Vergangenheit widerspruchlicher war, als oftmals suggeriert wird. Obwohl eine Stromung innerhalb der Studentenbewegung die NS-Vergangenheit thematisierte und Deutschland als ein Land der Tater betrachtete, ignorierten andere Schlusselfiguren der Bewegung, wie etwa Rudi Dutschke, die NS-Vergangenheit und insbesondere den Holocaust weitgehend und neigten dazu, Deutschland als ein Land der Opfer zu sehen. Diese miteinander konkurrierenden Stromungen spiegelten sich auch in der Ausenpolitik der rot-grunen Regierung (1998–2005) wider, die oft als eine Regierung der ‘Achtundsechziger’ bezeichnet wird. Die deutsche Debatte uber den Kosovo-Krieg 1999, in der Joschka Fischer eine wichtige Rolle spielte, wurde von der Sicht der Deutschen als Tater dominiert, wahrend die spatere Debatte uber den Irak-Krieg 2002–3, in der Gerhard Schroder die zentrale Figur war, vom Bild der Deutschen als Opfer gepragt wurde.
Half-factorial subrings of factorial domains

Abstract A half-factorial domain D is a domain in which every non-zero element that is not a unit is a product of a unique number of irreducible elements of D. We characterize half-factorial subrings R of factorial domains S when S is the integral closure of R and their unit groups are identical. Let A be a factorial domain and A [ T ] the polynomial ring over A in the variable T. The characterization is used to describe the half-factorial A-subalgebras R with multiplicative conductors of A [ T ] into R.
The orbit method and the Virasoro extension of Diff+(S1): I. Orbital integrals

Abstract Using the finite dimensional example of PSU (1,1) , the universal covering of PSU(1,1), as a guide, we revisit the orbit method as it applies to D , the universal central extension of D = Diff + (S 1 ) . We clarify some aspects of the classification of coadjoint orbits, determine boundedness properties of the natural height function on these orbits, and calculate orbital integrals.
Itineraries of Identity in Undergraduate Science

Building on recent linguistic-anthropological work that investigates the temporalities of educational processes, the article examines how a marginalized classroom identity is interactionally formed over time in an undergraduate chemistry laboratory. The analysis demonstrates how social marginalization is enacted along multiple temporal scales via stance taking, participation frameworks, and intertextuality. The findings indicate that the paths that identities travel may not be mapped out entirely in accordance with scholarly expectations. [identity, interaction, science, teasing, undergraduates]
From the Tatami Mat to the Printed Page: Author Barry Eisler Keeps His Fiction Real

This article looks at how a lifelong passion for the martial arts has influenced the writing of international bestselling thriller author Barry Eisler. His seven novels have garnered for him a reputation for authenticity, from his approach to fight scenes to the use of modern espionage techniques. Eisler discusses how he trained at the Kodokan, the birthplace of modern judo in Japan, and its impact on his anti-hero protagonist, John Rain. He also talks about the reaction martial artists have had toward his work. 2009 looks to be a major year for Eisler as his first non-Rain book hits bookstores and a movie based on his first novel is released.
A Review of “Global Issues: An Introduction, 3rd Edition”

How suitable for supporting life will our planet be in the future? How does the politics of oil affect our nation? Can any one nation be self-sufficient? Global Issues: An Introduction addresses th...
Advanced Imaging of Chiari 1 Malformations

Type I Chiari malformations are congenital deformities involving cerebellar tonsillar herniation downward through the foramen magnum. Structurally, greater than 5 mm of tonsillar descent in adults and more than 6 mm in children is consistent with type I Chiari malformations. However, the radiographic severity of the tonsillar descent does not always correlate well with the clinical symptomatology. Advanced imaging can help clinically correlate imaging to symptoms. Specifically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow abnormalities are seen in patients with type I Chiari malformation. Advanced MRI involving cardiac-gated and phase-contrast MRI affords a view of such CSF flow abnormalities.
Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today

Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today. ROBERT ROYAL, ed. Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center. Grand Rapids, Ml and Cambridge, MA: William B. Eerdman Publishing, 1995. vii + 304 pp., notes, index of names.
Recent developments in electrospray mass spectrometry including implementation on an ion trap

Mass spectrometry (MS) may be the ultimate detection technique when combined with modern condensed phase separation sciences. The technique combines sensitivity with excellent specificity, so the pharmaceutical analyst can obtain definitive information regarding components separated in a mixture. Thus, mass spectrometric detection not only provides evidence of a chromatographic peak, but it also provides important information including molecular weight and structural information enabling identification of the components. The coupling of an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometer to most of the separation science techniques offers a simpler alternative from earlier non-routine, less sensitive systems where the vacuum systems struggled to handle the liquid effluent from these systems. Contemporary sensitive and analytically rugged API systems can be operated unattended for extended periods of time thus reducing the cost per sample to a reasonable value especially given the wealth of information provided. Although the mass spectrometer is more complicated than conventional spectroscopic detectors, present day API systems effectively decouple the liquid-phase separation inlet from the high-vacuum system where mass analysis occurs. The ability to form gas-phase ions at atmospheric pressure and sample primarily the analyte ions into the mass spectrometer promises a bright future for combining on-line condensed phase separation science techniques with mass spectrometry. The increasing ease of performing these experiments offers new analytical opportunities for pharmaceutical laboratories.
Complementary Category Learning Systems Identified Using Event-Related Functional MRI

Event-related fMRI was used to dissociate the neural systems involved in category learning with and without awareness. Ten subjects performed a speeded response category learning task. Functional MR images were acquired during both explicit and implicit learning conditions. Behavioral data showed evidence of learning in both conditions. Functional imaging data showed different activation patterns in implicit and explicit trials. Decreased activation in extrastriate region V3 was found with implicit learning, and increased activation in V3, the medial temporal lobe, and frontal regions were found with explicit learning. These results support the theory that implicit and explicit learning utilize dissociable neural systems. Moreover, in both the implicit and explicit conditions a similar pattern of decreased activation was found in parietal regions. This commonality suggests that these dissociable systems also operate in parallel.
The electrohydrodynamics of superimposed fluids subjected to a nonuniform transverse electric field

Abstract This study aims to investigate electrohydrodynamics of two superimposed fluids that are confined between a pair of two-dimensional flat plates and are exposed to a sinusoidal electric field in zero gravity. The goal is to identify the parameters that affect the flow structure and interface deformation using a simple closed form solution. The governing electrohydrodynamic equations are solved analytically for Newtonian and immiscible fluids in the framework of leaky-dielectric theory and in the limit of small electric field and fluid inertia. A detailed analysis of the electric and flow fields is presented and it is shown that the electric field induces sinusoidal electrical stresses at the interface, which lead to periodic convection cells. The parameters affecting the sense of flow circulation and strength are investigated and it is shown that the former depends on the relative magnitude of the electric permittivity and conductivity ratios while the latter is controlled by the relative thicknesses of the fluid layers and the ratio of the electric conductivities and viscosities of the fluids. The maximum flow strength is achieved at a relative thickness that is set by the competition between the electric and hydrodynamic effects. For small deformation, the distortion of the interface is examined using a normal stress balance at the interface, and it is shown that the degree of interface deformation scales with the square of the amplitude of the electric potential nonuniformity, while its wavenumber is twice that of the imposed potential nonuniformity. Furthermore, a zero-deformation curve is found, which delineates the region in the permittivity-conductivity space according to the sense of interface deformation. The results show that for certain ranges of fluid layer thicknesses and permittivity ratios, the interface will remain flat, despite the action of the nonuiform field.
Consumer technology traits in determining mobile shopping adoption: An application of the extended theory of planned behavior

Abstract An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model was examined within the context of mobile shopping with moderating effects of three consumer technology traits (i.e., technology self-efficacy, technology innovativeness, and level of experience of use). Among the beliefs of the extended TPB, perceived enjoyment was the strongest determinant creating a favorable attitude toward mobile shopping adoption. The results supported that consumers differ in levels of technology traits in mobile shopping adoption behavior. Implications are provided to assist in predicting potential mobile consumer adoption behavior and in designing favorable mobile shopping environments that can be compatible with the consumer characteristics.
Non-equilibrium succession dynamics indicate continued northern migration of lodgepole pine

Because species affect ecosystem functioning, understanding migration processes is a key component of predicting future ecosystem responses to climate change. This study provides evidence of range expansion under current climatic conditions of an indigenous species with strong ecosystem effects. Surveys of stands along the northern distribution limit of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in central Yukon Territory, Canada showed consistent increases in pine dominance following fire. These patterns differed strongly from those observed at sites where pine has been present for several thousand years. Differences in species thinning rates are unlikely to account for the observed increases in pine dominance. Rates of pine regeneration at its range limits were equivalent to those of spruce, indicating a capacity for rapid local population expansion. The study also found no evidence of strong climatic limitation of pine population growth at the northern distribution limit. We interpret these data as evidence of current pine expansion at its range limits and conclude that the northern distribution of lodgepole pine is not in equilibrium with current climate. This study has implications for our ability to predict vegetation response to climate change when populations may lag in their response to climate.
A model for quasi-steady asymmetric fully plastic crack growth

Abstract The ductility of asymmetrically cracked structures, as may occur near welds, is considerably decreased due to the presence of a single shear band and the crack progressing into prestrained and predamaged material. Such an effect may have important consequences in the design and maintenance of pressure vessels. For the fully plastic state, assuming strain increments following a power law relation, damage due to hole growth varying linearly with strain and quasi-steady crack growth leads to a closed form solution for the crack growth in such cases of combined shear and tension. The results show a progressively higher crack advance per unit far-field displacement as the crack grows along the ligament, an effect which has also been observed experimentally.
Integrals of ν-graded systems of ordinary differential equations

On etudie le probleme de la determination des integrales d'un systeme S de n equations differentielles du premier ordre Dy i =f i (y), (i=1,..., n), y=(y 1 ,..., y n ), ou les f i sont des series infinies de fonctions rationnelles en Y et K le corps des coefficients est un corps differentiel (c'est-a-dire un corps ferme par rapport a l'operateur differentiel D)
B-cell receptor signaling derailed in lymphomas.

Antigen triggering of the B-cell receptor (BCR) has long been assumed to provide a critical growth signal in the multistep process of lymphomagenesis. However, the evidence for this was based on the characteristics of the rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) genes expressed by the tumor cells and on engineered mouse models, rather than on the presence of structural and functional alterations in human samples. A recent study by Davis et al.1 published in Nature demonstrates that chronic activation of BCR signaling is required for the survival of tumor cells in a distinct subset of lymphomas characterized by unfavorable prognosis, and provides a pathogenetic basis for these findings by identifying the presence of somatic mutations in genes encoding for the proximal BCR subunits CD79B and CD79A. These data offer the rationale for the development of targeted therapies aimed at inhibiting BCR signaling in this lymphoma subtype.
A compiler-driven supercomputer

The overall performance of supercomputers is slow compared to the speed of their underlying logic technology. This discrepancy is due to several bottlenecks: memories are slower than the CPU, conditional jumps limit the usefulness of pipelining and pre-fetching mechanisms, and functional-unit parallelism is limited by the speed of hardware scheduling. This paper describes a supercomputer architecture called Ring of Pre-fetch Elements (ROPE) that attempts to solve the problems of memory latency and conditional jumps, without hardware scheduling. ROPE consists of a very pipelined CPU data path with a new instruction pre-fetching mechanism that supports general multi-way conditional jumps. An optimizing compiler based on a global code transformation technique (Percolation Scheduling or PS) gives high performance without scheduling hardware.
A new upwind scheme on triangular meshes using the finite volume method

Abstract In this paper, a new upwind scheme (MUST) for the solution of advection problems on triangular meshes is presented. The discretization of the convective terms is performed using the finite volume method on cell-centered triangular elements. The solution procedure uses an explicit Runge-Kutta time marching scheme. The MUST scheme is compared with three existing schemes from the literature on five illustrative cases: (i) rotation of a scalar ‘cone’ field, (ii) transport of a scalar ‘square’ field, (iii) mixing of a cold with a hot front, (iv) deformation of a scalar ‘cone’ field, and (v) non-linear shock interaction. These problems test the ability of the MUST scheme to produce oscillation-free and accurate results in critical convective situations. Results on accuracy, economy and monotonicity are presented and discussed. It is found that the MUST scheme gives impressive results, especially in the linear problems.
The neuroscience of "free will".

Advances in neuroscience over the past 40 or more years are causing a re-visiting of an old debate: Does man possess free will over his actions, or do forces out of his control determine his behavior? Philosophers and biologists since the beginning of recorded history have taken positions on each side of the debate. Recent discoveries of brain activation prior to conscious awareness and genetic conditions that induce impulsive violent behavior are fortifying the perspective that biological determinism is basic to the human condition. But some contemporary thinkers are conflicted in this viewpoint since “free will” is a necessary element for self-determination and for attributing personal responsibility for one's actions. Hence, modifications of strict determinism have emerged which try to incorporate the features of determinism enforced by neuroscience findings with some element of “free will”, making the two seemingly opposed positions compatible. How successful this will be to rescue “free will” in the long term depends on future discoveries in neuroscience and genetics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death receptor 5 agonist TRA8 in combination with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid attenuated the growth of breast cancer metastasis.

Bone metastasis affects the majority of patients with advanced breast cancer and no adequate therapy exists. Bisphosphonates, like zoledronic acid, inhibit the osteolytic component of tumor growth in osseous tissues, but these drugs are not curative. The current study evaluated the combination of zoledronic acid with death receptor 5 agonists in an animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis. Materials and Methods. Female athymic nude mice (age 4-6 weeks, n=35) were inoculated with 200,000 luciferase-positive MDA- MB-435 cells by injection into the left ventricle. Animals were immediately imaged by bioluminescence technique and placed into one of the following therapy groups: Saline, hTRA8, hTRA8 + zoledronic acid, mTRA8, mTRA8 + zoledronic Acid, or zoledronic acid monotherapy. DR5 agonists were given at 200 µg/dose and zoledronic acid 5 µg /dose, with mice treated biweekly for 4.5 weeks and imaged weekly. Results. Combination therapy containing either hTRA8 or mTRA8 with zoledronic acid significantly...
Time-resolved laser desorption. III. The metastable decomposition of chlorophyll-a and some derivatives

Abstract Chlorophyll- a is ionized by laser desorption in a field-free, grounded ion source of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The use of a time delay between the ionizing laser pulse and the ion drawout pulse permits metastable decompositions to occur prior to mass analysis. The fragmentation pattern observed in the resultant mass spectra varies with the magnitude of the time delay and is consistent with multistep fragmentation processes for which the rate constants are of the order of 10 5 –10 6 s −1 . Two derivatives are also examined, for which metastable decomposition is not observed.
Corrigendum to “Simple, inexpensive attainment and measurement of very high cooling and warming rates” [Cryobiology 61 (2010) 231–233]

Authors of the above manuscript regret to inform about a mistake in the originally published paper. The corrected information is: Kitazato Cryotops are 0.7 mm wide: Cryotop sticks were used in this work and their size has previously been reported as 0.1 mm thick 0.4 mmwide 20 mm long [1]; the size we used in our analyses. However, we recently discovered that the Cryotops we have are, in fact, 0.7 mm wide. This increases the size, mass, and corresponding thermal mass of the Cryotops which affects the calculations in Table 1, the scale bar in Fig. 2, and a few sentences throughout. Specifically:
Blood pressure monitoring for assessing the duration of action of antihypertensive treatment.

The duration of antihypertensive action of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, prazosin, was studied in 12 hypertensive patients in whom twice-daily doses of this agent were found to be effective and well tolerated during a preliminary titration period. The patients then entered a cross-over phase of study. On a randomized basis, they were given prazosin either twice daily for eight weeks followed by an eight-week period in which they received the same total dose once daily (each morning), or they were given the treatment for a once-daily period followed by a twice-daily period. Using the conventional sphygmomanometer, there were no significant differences in blood pressures for the patients as a whole between the measurements during once-daily dosage (measured approximately 24 hours after the last administration of drug) and those during twice- daily dosage (measured approximately 12 hours after the last administration); but for both methods of administration, blood pressures were signrficantly lower than pre-treatment values. Automated whole-day ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed a tendency for blood pressures to be lower with once-daily than with twice-daily treatment during the first 12 hours after the morning doses were given, but there was a reversal of this pattern during the early morning hours preceding the next dose. However, for at least half of the patients these differences were only minimal. Thus, prazosin may be effective in some patients as once-daily treatment, especially after several weeks of therapy. Moreover, automated whole-day blood pressure monitoring appears to be a valuable technique for guiding dosage requirements for patients on an individual basis.
VHSIC Design For Signal Processing Data From Large Mosaic Sensors

The advent of large scale, mosaic focal planes has presented a serious challenge to sianal processing systems. The impact of VHSIC technology on the design of these systems is analyzed in light of experience on several programs. When VHSIC technology is applied, the architectures generally take the form of a high speed, VHSIC, pipeline signal processor followed by a data processor constructed of VHSIC general purpose computers. The increased speed and canability of the VHSIC aeneral purpose computers allows them to be moved forward in the architecture, much closer to the focal plane. VHSIC technology shrinks the logic components of the systems and leads to systems that are very memory intensive. The system impact of these memory intensive designs is analyzed. If VHSIC architectures are operated in space, they are susceptible to single event errors due to cosmic radiation. The impact of these errors on both logic and memory is discussed.
Attention biases decisions but does not alter appearance

Recently, M. Carrasco, S. Ling, and S. Read (2004) reported that transient visual attentional cues could increase the perceived contrast of Gabor grating targets. We replicated their study using their exact stimuli and procedures. While we were able to reproduce their results, we discovered that the reported attentional effects vanished when we changed the type of decision that subjects performed from a comparative judgment ("which target has higher contrast?") to an equality judgment ("are the two targets equal in contrast?") that is resistant to bias. To ensure that the difference between the judgments was not due to a difference in attentional strategies, we also performed a control experiment in which subjects were instructed on a trial-by-trial basis which judgment to perform only after the stimuli had disappeared. In this experiment, the magnitude of attentional effect for the comparative judgment was diminished but still significant and the equality judgment still measured no effect. We conclude that the reported effects of attention upon appearance can be entirely explained by decision bias, and that attention does not alter appearance.
On the highly varied magnetic behavior in a series of mono(α-diimine)dichloroiron(II) complexes. Strong high-temperature one-dimensional ferromagnetic exchange in Fe(phen)Cl2

Abstract Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements have been used to characterize the one-dimensional ferromagnetism of the polymeric six-coordinate complexes Fe(phen)Cl2 and Fe(4-CH3phen)Cl2, the one-dimensional antiferromagnetism of the related complex Fe(5-CH3-phenCl2, and the single-ion, zero-field splitting and rapidly relaxing paramagnetism of the polymeric, five-coordinate complex Fe(3,4,7,8-tetra-CH3-phen)Cl2. The ferromagnetism of Fe(phen)Cl2 is described in detail; the magnetic behaviors of the other complexes are summarized.
Effect of soil chloride level on cadmium concentration in sunflower kernels

Understanding soil factors related to cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in plants is important for development of agronomic technologies, and breeding strategy to produce low Cd crops. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of soluble salts (chloride and sulfate) and other soil factors on the Cd concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) kernels. Commercial nonoilseed hybrid kernels and soils were sampled from 22 farmer's production fields in North Dakota and Minnesota. The sites sampled included saline and nonsaline variants from 7 soil series. Soils were sampled at four depths. Relationships between kernel Cd level and soil physical and chemical characteristics were examined. The soil pH covered a narrow range (7.3–8.1) at these sampled sites. Regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between kernel Cd and soil pH at any depth. The kernel Cd level was highly correlated with DTPA-extractable Cd in all 4 depths, and with clay content in sub-soils. Soil chloride and sulfate concentrations varied among soil series and within soil series. The absence of a statistically significant effect of soil sulfate level on kernel Cd concentration, indicated that soil sulfate levels did not affect Cd uptake by sunflower plants. However, soil chloride levels in sub-soil were correlated with kernel Cd. The most important soil factor was DTPA-extractable Cd. When chloride was included in the multiple regression equations, R square (R2) values improved significantly. These results demonstrate that soil chloride concentration is another important factor related to Cd uptake in sunflower plants.
Temperature sensitivity of capillary-driven flow: application to age monitoring devices.

Abstract The effects of time-dependent temperature fluctuations on surface-tension driven fluid flow inside a capillary are modeled using classical hydrodynamics. To begin, Newton’s second law is evoked to derive a nondimensional equation of motion that describes the time-evolution of the fluid front position and velocity as a function of system geometry, fluid properties, and fluid temperature. This model is used to examine how temperature excursions affect the instantaneous and long-term position and velocity of the fluid front inside the capillary. Next, the effects of orientation on the movement of high viscosity fluids through a capillary are examined. From these findings, a procedure is developed for designing non-powered time–temperature integration devices for recording the cumulative temperature exposure history of an environment.
Chromosomal control of nuclear composition in maize.

1. The composition of microsporocyte nucleoli of maize with different chromosomal constitutions was studied by the analysis of absorption spectra obtained from an ultraviolet microspectrophotometer. 2. The presence of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins in the nucleolus was confirmed by the presence of two broad and overlapping absorption peaks around 2637 A and 2800 A. The former peak was removable by treatment of the tissue sections with cold perchloric acid. 3. The amount of RNA per nucleolus was determined by measuring the absorbance and the diameter and thickness of nucleolus sections at 2637 A. Non-specific light loss and absorption due to proteins were corrected for by the use of blank slides which were subjected to cold perchloric acid extraction. 4. By means of the above technique, the amount of RNA per nucleolus was found to be significantly different in the various strains of maize studied. 5. The size of and amount of RNA in the nucleolus were found to increase until mid-pachynema and then diminish and finally disappear at late diakinesis. The increase in volume was found to lag behind that in the RNA content. This observation, together with the observation that the RNA/protein ratio went down during the same period, was interpreted as indicating that during the growth of the nucleolus the RNA content increases faster than does the protein content, and that the synthesis or incorporation of proteins into the nucleolus is dependent upon RNA. The RNA content of the nucleolus was found to have doubled at some time between mid-leptonema and zygonema, an increase which was thought to be the result of the reduplication of the nucleolar, organizer during leptonema. 6. A linear relation was established between the RNA content of the nucleolus and the number of extra nucleolar organizers present on supernumerary B6 chromosomes. The extra organizers did not change the RNA/protein ratio of the nucleolus. Extra heterochromatin in the supernumerary B chromosomes was found to increase the RNA content of the nucleolus only very slightly. 7. Extra euchromatin was believed to have no appreciable effect on nucleolar composition since the RNA content of nucleoli from triploid plants, like that of nucleoli from plants trisomic for the nucleolar chromosome, was only three-halves as much as in their respective normal diploid siblings. 8. The entire nucleolar chromosome is probably involved in nucleolus formation since changes in the RNA content, though not in the RNA/protein ratio, were found in plants carrying a translocation involving the nucleolar chromosome.
Organizational versus environmental sources of influence in strategic decision making

The relative importance of internal organizational activities versus environmental interaction as sources of influence on strategic decision making was explored in a field study in 15 organizations. Results indicate that environmental interaction is the primary factor in determining departmental influence on strategic decisions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY COURSE AND FACILITY

As the construction industry has advanced, an array of field quality control, monitoring, and evaluation devices has become available that the construction engineer often must understand and employ to maintain a safe workplace and to meet the quality requirements of the project in real time, not just hope it passes inspection at the end of the project or at intermediate stages. The education of construction engineers needs to provide an understanding of these methods and devices. Most of the methods and devices are invoked as a part of the construction contract specifications, usually citing standard specifications and test methods published by ASTM and other similar organizations. Understanding these standards and their role in the construction process is also important in the educational process. This paper describes the development and implementation of a construction engineering laboratory course and facility to fulfill these needs.
Molecular basis of human carbonic anhydrase II deficiency.

Abstract Deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) is the primary defect in the syndrome of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and cerebral calcification. In this report we describe the molecular basis for carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in the American family in which the association of carbonic anhydrase II deficiency with this syndrome was first recognized. The three affected siblings from this family are compound heterozygotes, each having inherited two different mutations in the structural gene for carbonic anhydrase II. The paternal mutation is a splice acceptor site mutation at the 3' end of intron 5. The maternal mutation is a missense mutation in exon 3 that substitutes a tyrosine for histidine-107. We show that the mutant enzyme expressed in bacteria from the cDNA containing the His-107----Tyr mutation has detectable, though greatly reduced, activity. We suggest that residual activity of the His-107----Tyr mutant enzyme may explain the absence of mental retardation and the relatively mild phenotype of carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in affected members of this family.
Effect of thyroid status on α- and β-catecholamine responsiveness of hamster adipocytes

Abstract It has been suggested that part of the increased β-catecholamine responsiveness in hyperthyroid animals is due to a decrease in α-catecholamine action. The present results indicate that neither hyperthyroidism nor hypothyroidism altered the α 2 -adrenergic inhibition of adenylate cyclase or the α 1 -adrenergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in adipocytes from the white adipose tissue of hamster. No effect of hyperthyroidism was found on the K d of [ 3 H]dihydroegocryptine or the number of binding sites in membranes prepared from hamster adipocyte tissue. The stimulation of cyclic AMP due to β-catecholamines was enhanced in adipocytes from hyperthyroid hamster, as was lipolysis. However, in adipocytes from hyperthyroid hamster the maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP due to isoproterenol, ACTH or epinephrine plus yohimbine, as seen in the presence of adenosine deaminase and theophylline, was less than in adipocytes from euthyroid hamsters. The activation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol was the same in membranes from hyperthyroid as compared to those from euthyroid hamsters in the absence or presence of guanine nucleotides. These data suggest that thyroid status has little effect on α-catecholamine action but enhances the activation of lipolysis by β-catecholamine agonists.
Global/Local Analysis of Stepped Plates with Cutouts

Global/local analysis is one of the ways to efficiently study the stress distribution in a small portion of a structure (e.g., in the vicinity of a discontinuity) in great detail. Global/local analysis techniques include such methods as substructuring, exact zooming and hybrid techniques. In substructuring, a complex structure is reduced to small, easy to handle components or substructures (e.g., [1]). This simplifies modelling of the structure for easier analysis with lesser time. Hirai et al [2] used Finite element zooming techniques to analyze stress concentration factors around circular holes in rectangular plates under in-plane loads. In this technique, the boundary conditions of the local model (zooming area) is obtained from a global model. The zooming area becomes smaller at every zooming step. This method is exact, but is not always satisfactory since all the previous zooming processes are needed to proceed to each new zooming step. Hybrid techniques make use of two or more methods in different domains of the structure. Morton et al. [3] combined Moire interferometry and the finite-element method to present the localized stresses. The displacement data from local regions of interest in the optical experiment are used as boundary conditions for the finite-element stress analysis.
77 SOCIAL FACTORS RELATED TO CIGARETTE SMOKING IN CHIL-DREN: THE MUSCATINE STUDY

Children (n=2194) ages 12 to 18 years were surveyed for cigarette smoking practice. A questionaire validated by a randomized question response, “bogus pipe-line”, and salivary thiocyanate analyses was administered. Regular smoking was present in 9.6% of children 12-15 years; 20% in children 15-18 years. A strong relationship of smoking behavior was observed between the number of significant others smoking: Of children not smoking 84% viewed smoking harmful to their health; of children regularly smoking 72% viewed smoking neither harmful nor beneficial. Parents and friends were thought to be permissive of smoking by regular smokers and discouraging by non-smokers. These data suggest that children's smoking habits strongly reflect the attitudes and behaviors of their parents and friends.
Round-off errors in the stiffness equation

Abstract The round-off errors that befall the solution of the ill-conditioned finite element stiffness equation are computationally shown to be smooth. A single-parameter double-precision correction improves the accuracy of the computed displacements and their higher derivatives.
ESR investigation of chain rupture in mechanically strained crystalline polynter solids

Abstract ESR detects radicals formed in a strained polymer sample as a consequence of chain rupture and, hence, for a while was considered the best method for investigation of molecular effects during tensile straining. It turned out that a sufficiently high number of radicals for ESR detection is only obtained in highly oriented material with well developed fibrous structure. The primary end-of-chain radicals are too reactive and unstable so that, as a rule, they are not observable by ESR except at cryogenic temperatures. By proton transfer, more stable center-of-chain radicals are formed which are normally measured. They yield information about primary chain rupture. The much more easy rupture of bonds adjacent to center-of-chain radicals breaks less strained chains (secondary rupture), but does not produce any new radicals. Hence, the ESR information about chain rupture is rather incomplete and has to be supplemented by other methods as for instance IR which detects the unsaturated end groups formed during radical transfer and secondary chain rupture. Since the broken chains are not exactly the same chains which before rupture were responsible for elastic modulus and tensile strength one has no direct correlation between the radical population and the load-elongation curve of the sample even if no secondary rupture is involved. It turns out that the specific morphology, in particular the presence of point defects of fibrous structure caused by the ends of microfibrils, is responsible for crack nucleation and growth to critical size which finally leads to sample failure. The chain rupture partially monitored by the radical population is a moderately reliable indicator of the effects leading to failure but not the cause of it.
An anatomical study of three cases of alobar holoprosencephaly.

One case of median cleft lip with hypotelorism and two cases of cyclopia, all with brains exhibiting alobar holoprosencephaly, were examined by detailed anatomical dissection. The results indicate that the variations of the skull and associated soft structures form a continuum, as do the brain, eye, and face, from the mild to severe end of the syndrome. At the mild end, the bony malformations were primarily limited to the structures derived from the frontonasal prominence, within which the ethmoid bone was the focal point. Malformed soft structures included the muscles of the anterior and posterior neck regions. At the severe end of the spectrum, these structures were more severely malformed, and the sphere of malformations widened to include more peripherally located bones and soft structures such as the mandible, ear ossicles, muscles of mastication, and salivary glands. Possible mechanisms for the generation of the malformations are addressed.
Vaporization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Sediments at Ambient Conditions

Vaporization of PAHs from historically contaminated sediments was determined by exposing two different sediments to air and outdoor sunlight in glass flasks for 100 days and by shaking both sediments with water in the laboratory for 50 days. Vaporized PAHs were collected on polyurethane foam (PUF) sorbent plugs placed in the flask necks. Sediment temperatures in the outdoor flasks were similar to those of surface soil temperatures in the surrounding area (up to 60 °C), demonstrating that “greenhouse” heating in the flask was not significant. For both sediments exposed to outdoor sunlight, losses of the more volatile PAHs (up to three-ring compounds) ranged from ∼10 to 90%, and small amounts of even the four- and five-ring PAHs were found in the vapor samples. The fractions of total PAHs vaporized (collected on the PUF sorbents) were 51% and 28% for sediments with total PAH concentrations of 34000 mg/kg and 17000 mg/kg, respectively. The quantity of PAHs collected from the vapor phase plus the quantity rem...