cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological correlates of object recognition in the dorsal subiculum.

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) encompasses a network of interconnected cortical areas that is considered the neural substrate for some types of memory, such as spatial, episodic, recognition, and associative memory. Within the MTL, the subiculum has been well characterized in terms of its connectivity and structure, but its functional role remains elusive. A long-held view is that the subiculum is mainly involved in spatial encoding because it exhibits spatially selective firing and receives prominent projections from the CA1 field, which is an essential substrate for spatial memory. However, the dorsal subiculum (DS) is also reciprocally connected to the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices, which are critically involved in recognition memory. This connectivity pattern suggests that DS might encode not only spatial signals but also recognition signals. Here, we examined this hypothesis by recording with multi-electrodes in DS and CA1 of freely behaving mice, as they performed the novel object recognition (NOR) task. Analysis of network oscillations revealed that theta power was significantly higher in DS when mice explored novel objects as compared to familiar objects, and that this theta modulation was absent in CA1. We also found significant differences in coherence between DS and CA1, in the theta and gamma bands, depending on whether mice examined objects or engaged in spatial exploration. Furthermore, single-unit recordings revealed that DS cells did not exhibit phase-locked firing to theta and differed from CA1 place cells in that they had multiple peaks of spatially selective firing. We also detected DS units that were responsive specifically to novel object exploration, indicating that a subset of DS neurons were tuned to novelty during the NOR task. We have thus identified clear neurophysiological correlates for recognition within the DS, at the network and single-unit levels, strongly suggesting that it participates in encoding recognition-related signals.
Morse theory for symmetric functionals on the sphere and an application to a bifurcation problem

Abstract : This paper uses Conley's index to study the cortical points of a function f on a finite dimensional sphere in presence of a symmetry group. The authors prove a theorem which leads to a lower bound on the number of critical points of f when the group is finite, even if the action is not free. This investigation has been motivated by the following bifurcation problem Au = lambda, where A is a variational G-equivariant operator. An estimated on the number of 'branches' bifurcating from an eigenvalue of A'(0) is given. (Author)
Dynamic membrane studies in individuals at risk for Huntington's disease

Lymphocyte plasma membrane dynamics were studied by energy-transfer polarization in twenty-three neurologically normal individuals at-risk for Huntington's disease (HD). The results were compared to 10 normal controls and 10 known HD patients. The normal and HD subjects segregated into two distinct groups. The at-risk group had findings distributed along a continuum with values similar to known HD patients or to normal controls. These findings suggest that further studies of membrane dynamics will contribute to understanding the molecular defect in HD and to the development of a potential molecular marker.
Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lines in Homogeneous Media

Formulas are obtained for the terminal voltages of a transmission line consisting of three conductors immersed in a homogeneous medium. No simultaneous equations need be solved and the result does not require that the line be electrically short. Typical applications are lines composed of three wires, two wires above a ground plane, and two wires within a cylindrical shield. Certain interesting properties of the solution are also obtained.
Sex Dimorphic Myofilament Function and AMPK Expression in R403Q Hearts

Male mice expressing an autosomal dominant mutation in alpha-myosin heavy chain (R403Q) develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by progressive left-ventricular dilation and cardiac dysfunction whereas females do not. We wished to determine whether these sex dimorphisms were due to underlying differences in myofilament contractile function. Therefore, we determined the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ in demembranated cardiac trabeculae (CT) from wild-type (WT) and R403Q male and female mice (10-12 months of age). We demonstrate that the R403Q mutation did not affect Ca2+-sensitive tension development in CT from males. While Ca2+-sensitivity was greater in both male WT and R403Q CT compared to WT females, they were less sensitive to Ca2+ than CT from female R403Q hearts. We also determined rates of tension redevelopment (ktr) following a release-restretch protocol in CT from WT and R403Q male and female hearts at the same age. CT from R403Q male hearts exhibited an enhanced ktr compared to WT males. The ktr in WT female CT was similar to WT males. The ktr in R403Q female CT measured between WT and R403Q males. We hypothesized that the sex dimorphisms in myofialment function reflect an increase in the energetic cost of contraction when expressing the R403Q mutation. Therefore, we measured levels of Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK), a central sensor of the cellular energy state. Total AMPK protein levels were significantly increased in 10-12 month male R403Q hearts compared to WT controls. Female R403Q hearts showed the opposite: total AMPKα expression was lower compared to WT controls. We conclude that (1) the increased Ca2+-sensitivity may provide sufficient contractile support in female R403Q hearts maintaining a compensated state, and (2) the increased AMPK expression in male R403Q hearts is indicative of an increased energetic demand caused by the mutation.
Communication on energy Is the heat on

Abstract In recent years, industrial and agricultural effluents have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the atmosphere. These gases absorb and reemit low-energy radiation emanating from earth's surface, thus warming the lower atmosphere. Increasingly, this ‘greenhouse effect’ threatens to alter earth's climate.
Putting osteoporosis in perspective

Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Dietary patterns that encourage adequate calcium intake are essential to maximal development and later maintenance of bone mass. The majority of white women are at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the wrist, spine, and hip. The degree of fracture risk at a specific bone site is best assessed by measuring BMD with single- or x-ray-photon absorptiometry. BMD in adults of any age is quite variable. Numerous diet and lifestyle factors influence BMD and, in turn, fracture risk. Sufficient evidence exists for a relationship between BMD and diet, particularly calcium and vitamin D; amenorrhea; body weight; alcoholism; smoking; and physical inactivity. Less convincing evidence exists for a relationship with dietary protein, dietary phosphorus, and caffeine intake. To minimize fracture risk, young women should have regular menses, consume a nutritionally adequate diet (according to the principles of the Food Guide Pyramid), perform regular physical activity, only consume a moderate intake of alcohol (if any), and not smoke. Postmenopausal women should follow those same guidelines and should seriously consider estrogen replacement therapy. Elderly persons especially should ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D nutriture. Currently, osteoporosis is the rule, rather than the exception, in old age for many white women. Dietitians can help reduce the prevalence of this disorder.
Analogy, Apology, and the Imaginative Pluralism of David Tracy

The theme of David Tracy's recent book, Plurality and Ambiguity: Hermeneutics, Religion, Hope, is conversation. This is his theme because of his claim that "there is no intellectual, cultural, or religious tradition of interpretation that does not ultimately live by the quality of its conversation" [1987: ix]. It is not enough that the conversation be polite and friendly, because at stake is the life of the tradition that allows for and enters into the conversation. To examine the quality of a conversation, to assess its importance, is in part to ask what difference it has made in the interpretive tradition. Does it matter that we have been party to a conversation?
New moloka'iamine derivatives from an undescribed Verongid sponge

The polar extract of an undescribed Verongid sponge from the island of Molokai yielded three new bromotyramines. Two compounds terminate in a chlorocyclopentanedione enamine moiety. Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectra measured at −30 °C. The third compound is the N-methyl derivative of a known compound. This structure was determined by NMR spectra measured at room temperature.
AQUINAS ON ATTACHMENT, ENVY, AND HATRED IN THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA

This essay examines Aquinas's discussions of hatred in Summa Theologica I-II, Q. 29 and II-II, Q. 34, in order to retrieve an account of what contemporary theorists of the emotions call its cognitive contents. In Aquinas's view, hatred is constituted as a passion by a narrative pattern that includes its intentional object, beliefs, perceptions of changes in bodily states, and motivated desires. This essay endorses Aquinas's broadly "cognitivist" account of passional hatred, in line with his way of treating passions in general. I suggest that Aquinas's account of hatred's arising out of attachment is compelling. However, I also argue that if Aquinas's treatment of hatred is to help us understand the phenomenon of hate, where classes of people are abominated for an identity they bear, and to avoid equating an oppressor's hatred with that of the oppressed for the oppressor, the cognitive pathway to hatred must be broader than through envy.
A global kinetic model for NOx storage and reduction on Pt/BaO/Al2O3 monolithic catalysts

A global kinetic model for NOx storage and reduction for the case of anaerobic regeneration with hydrogen is developed, based on parallel experimental studies [R.D. Clayton, M.P. Harold, V. Balakotaiah, Appl. Catal., B 84 (2008) 616; R.D. Clayton, M.P. Harold, V. Balakotaiah, C.Z. Wan, Appl. Catal., B 90 (2009) 662.]. The existence of two different types of BaO storage sites on the catalyst is proposed, which differ in their storage as well as regeneration activity. The two-site model explains the close to complete NOx storage at the start of the storage phase and the gradual emergence of NO and NO2 during later storage times. The effluent concentrations and concentration fronts of the reactants and products within the monolith are predicted by the model, providing insight into the mechanisms of regeneration and storage. The H2 front velocities are predicted to increase as the H2 front propagates down the length of the monolith, thus showing the presence of more stored NOx in the front of the reactor. The simulations show that even though regeneration is fast, H2 concentration fronts are not very steep, which is attributed to the lower regeneration activity of the “slow” sites. The model captures the formation of NH3 and the NH3 concentration fronts, which reveal the reaction of NH3 formed upstream with the stored NOx downstream of the H2 front. The lower diffusivity of NH3 as compared to H2 is shown to be responsible for the wider width of the NH3 front and earlier appearance of NH3 in the effluent than H2.
Thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusions

Intra-arterial infusions of thrombolytic agents are useful adjuncts to surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The best results occur when the thrombus is lysed within 30 days; however, successful thrombolysis has occurred up to four months after an arterial occlusion. Thrombolysis allows dissolution of thrombus in the small distal runoff vessels, decreasing out-flow resistance and enabling the native artery or bypass graft to remain open longer. When native arteries are lysed successfully, an underlying area of stenosis is usually identified and thus able to be corrected with either surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. When bypass grafts thrombose, thrombolytic agents are usually successful in lysing the thrombus and identifying the cause for the thrombosis. With local intra-arterial infusions, side effects and complications may be kept to a minimum.
Noninvasive methods for monitoring cardiac stem cell therapy

Myocardial infarction remains a major cause of death despite the continuous improvements in standard invasive and pharmacologic therapy. Cardiac regeneration by use of stem cells or progenitor cells has been proposed, and it has been carried into clinical trials based on initial success in experimental studies. However, recently reported results were inconsistent, and the clinical efficacy is still debated. Strategies to optimize cell delivery and engraftment are highly relevant for the future success of this therapeutic approach. Noninvasive imaging may play a key role in this optimization process. It has been used to monitor the efficacy of therapy through recovery of perfusion, metabolism, and functional parameters as essential surrogate end points of clinical outcome. Additionally, novel techniques for visualization and tracking of transplanted cells after therapeutic administration have been introduced. Ultimately, it is anticipated that existing and novel noninvasive imaging approaches will provide further insights into biology of cells, disease, and therapeutic mechanisms, and may thereby help to expedite the success of cell therapy.
The epidemiology of the oral lesions of HIV infection in the developed world

Keywords: candidiasis; candidosis; hairy leukoplakia; epidemiology; predictive value; HAART; HIV load
Cross-linguistic transfer in literacy development and implications for language learners

One of the challenges for educators working in multilingual settings has been to identify the causes of reading difficulties of language learners (LLs). It is difficult to distinguish between reading problems stemming from low levels of linguistic proficiency versus more general reading/learning difficulties. There is now growing research evidence of cross-language transfer in different literacy processes. Literacy components that reflect language-independent, metacognitive/metalinguistic processes show similarities across the two languages of students. Some examples are phonological awareness, syntactic awareness, knowledge of genres and meaning-making strategies. A possible way to use cross-language transfer as a diagnostic tool is proposed. If children have had enough exposure to and possibly instruction in their first language (L1), we can assess their skills and insights in L1. For LLs who have these skills and insights in their strong L1, we can expect transfer to their second language (L2). If they do not have these skills and insights in their L2 yet, it indicates a delay due to limited language proficiency, and not because of a disability. This way LLs who just need more L2 practice and exposure can be distinguished from those LLs who truly have special needs.
INFERRING GENETIC NETWORKS AND IDENTIFYING COMPOUND MODE OF ACTION VIA EXPRESSION PROFILING

The complexity of cellular gene, protein, and metabolite networks can hinder attempts to elucidate their structure and function. To address this problem, we used systematic transcriptional perturbations to construct a first-order model of regulatory interactions in a nine-gene subnetwork of the SOS pathway in Escherichia coli. The model correctly identified the major regulatory genes and the transcriptional targets of mitomycin C activity in the subnetwork. This approach, which is experimentally and computationally scalable, provides a framework for elucidating the functional properties of genetic networks and identifying molecular targets of pharmacological compounds.
Mitochondrial function after global cardiac ischemia and reperfusion: Influences of organelle isolation protocols*)

Summary Dog hearts were made globally ischemic for 1 hr at normothermia, at 28~ or at normothermia after perfusion with a hyperkalemic cardioplegia solution. After 1 hr of reperfusion mitochondria were isolated from each heart using three protocols involving: processing (homogenization and centrifugation) exclusively in KC1, TrisEDTA plus albumin (KEA) solution; homogenizing in KEA but washing mitochondria in EDTA-depleted media (KA); or processing exclusively in EDTA-free medium. Postreperfusion contractile measurements indicated that only hypothermic hearts had function not significantly different from nonischemic controls, but significantly better than that of normothermic, nontreated ischemic hearts. Mitochondrial studies indicated no differences between ischemic-hypothe rmic, potassium-arrest ed or nonischemic groups. Mitochondrial function paralleled contractile function only in the severely damaged hearts made ischemic at 37~ without perfusion with cardioplegic solution. These comparisons were not dependent upon whether mitochondrial function was assessed in terms of respiratory rates, respiratory control (R.C.) or ADP : O ratios, or the oxidative phosphorylation rate (O.P.R.; State 3 oxygen consumption rate X ADP : O ratio). Adding EDTA to organelles isolated by gradually removing EDTA after homogenization in KEA had differing effects. In the ischemic nontreated group, adding EDTA increased State 3 rate, decreased State 4 rate, and increased both R.C. ratios and the O.P.R. Adding EDTA to mitochondria from nonischemic hearts or hearts which were hypothermic or potassium-arrest ed decreased State 4 rates, increasing the R.C. ratio, but did not affect State 3 rates or the O.P.R. Initial
A novel tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitory protein, TIP-B1

Abstract TIP-B1, a novel TNF inhibitory protein, has been identified, purified and characterized from cytosolic extracts of TNF-treated human fibroblasts, and a partial TIP-B1 cDNA clone has been obtained. The (27 kDa pI≈4.5 TIP-B1 protein is unique based on both the sequence of three internal peptides (comprising 51 amino acids), and the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding cDNA clone. TNF-sensitive cells, when exposed to TIP-B1 prior to the addition of TNF, are completely protected from TNF-induced lysis. Thus, this TIP-B1 treatment effectively makes these cells TNF-resistant. Furthermore, TIP-B1 protects cells from apoptotic lysis induced by TNF. TIP-B1 does not interfere with the interactions between TNF and the TNF receptors based on flow cytometric analysis of the cellular binding of biotinylated TNF. These and other data indicate that TIP-B1 is not a soluble TNF receptor, nor an anti-TNF antibody, nor a protease that degrades TNF, yet TIP-B1 functions when added exogenously to cells. Thus, TIP-B1 is not one of the proteins previously reported to be involved in resistance to TNF. The fact that incubation of the newly discovered novel TIP-B1 with TNF-sensitive cells protects them from TNF-induced cell death, including TNF-mediated apoptosis, makes TIP-B1 a candidate for therapeutic modulation of TNF-induced effects.
Approaches to Law and Popular Culture

MICHAEL ASIMOW AND SHANNON MADER. 2004. Law and Popular Culture: A Course Book. New York: Peter Lang. ELAYNE RAPPING. 2003. Law and Justice as Seen on TV. New York: New York University Press. TIMOTHY O. LENz. 2003. Changing Images of Law in Film & Television Crime Stories. New York: Peter Lang. AARON DOYLE. 2003. Arresting Images: Crime and Policing in Front of the Television Camera. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
A research resource in radionuclide research

Since September 1999, Washington University has been funded as a Research Resource in Radionuclide Research by the National Cancer Institute. The goals of the Resource include providing novel radionuclides for collaborative research and other applications. In addition, imaging facilities at Washington University, including the microPET (Concorde Microsystems, Knoxville, TN), the first commercial device based on the design of Cherry and colleagues (1), are being made available to collaborators to assist in the evaluation of radiotracers for both diagnosis and therapy.
Entangled quantum-key-distribution randomness

Random number generators are important components of information security systems. In particular, cryptography standards require that the numbers generated by quantum key distribution applications meet a rigorous set of standardized randomness tests. To date, implementations of entangled quantum key distribution (EQKD) have not included any randomness assessment. We report on the results of randomness tests and highlight how typical EQKD system operation affects the successes and failures in meeting the fundamental test criteria.
On the Rorschach M response and monotheism.

The Rorschach human movement (M) response has recently been debated (Exner, 1991a, Kramer, 1991a, 1991b) with additional wider implications for Rorschach psychology. The objective of this discourse is twofold: (a) to elaborate on the contributions of perceptanalysis (Piotrowski, 1957) to this debate and (b) to develop the thesis that diversity is desirable for the long-term advancement of the field of Rorschach psychology and personality assessment. These motifs are illustrated with an interpretation of a clinical case example and with rationale from the theoretical literature and implications for interpreting short Rorschach protocols. The conclusion is proffered that some degree of diversification is more beneficial than requiring the adoption of a single Rorschach approach (i.e., monotheism).
Effect of Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine on Casein in Milk When Diets High in Fat or Concentrate are Fed

Abstract To examine the effect of supplying methionine and lysine on milk N composition, isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing 50:50 with 3,9% added fat or 25:75 forage to concentrate with no added fat were fed with or without rumen-protected methionine and lysine to four primiparous and four multiparous early lactation (36 d in milk) Holstein cows in two 4 x 4 Latin squares. Diets contained 1.7 Mcal NE 1 and were fed for ad libitum intake. Periods were 21 d. Rumen-protected methionine and lysine increased total N and casein N percentage with the 3.9% fat, but did not increase total N and casein N percentage with the diet without fat. Whey N percentage was greater with the no fat than with the 3.9% fat diet. Whey N percentage was not affected by adding amino acids. Nonprotein N percentage was greater for the diet with the 3.9% fat than with no fat. Proportions of casein N or whey N to total N were unaffected by treatments. Adding methionine and lysine to diets did not increase yields of total N and casein N. The 3.9% fat diet increased proportions of long-chain (C 18:0 and C 18:0 ) and decreased proportions of short- to medium-chain fatty acids (C 8 to C 16 ) in milk fat. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids and triglyceride concentrations were greater with the 3.9% fat as compared to the no fat diet. Methionine and lysine decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations with the 3.9% fat diet. Milk yields, DM intakes, and plasma glucose concentrations were unaffected by treatment.
A Simple Separate Compilation Mechanism for Block-Structured Languages

A very simple and efficient technique for the introduction of separate compilation facilities into compilers for block-structured languages is presented. Using this technique, programs may be compiled in parts while the compile-time checking advantages of compilation as a whole are retained. These features are simple for a programmer to understand and are easy to implement. Experience has shown this separate compilation mechanism to be a useful tool in the development of large programs in block-structured languages.
Autotrophic flagellates and diatoms in the Northeast Water polynya, Greenland: summer 1993

Copyright (c) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Abundance, biomass and distribution of autotrophic flagellates, autotrophic dinoflagellates and diatoms were measured in the Northeast Water (NEWr Polynya during summer, 1993, using epifluorescence microscopy (EFMr and high-pressure liquid chromotography (HPLCr. Numerous discrepancies existed between results from EFM and HPLC. Phytoplankton communities determined microscopically at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum consisted primarily of flagellates in various size classes (average 1.3×10 7 cells l −1 , 8.5 μg C l −1 r and the small diatom Chaetoceros socialis (average 5×10 6 cells l −1 , 52 μg C l −1 r, with subsurface maxima of both groups usually occurring close to the nitricline. A wide variety was observed in the composition of the phytoplankton community with respect to biomass of individual taxa. The biomass of autotrophic flagellates represented on average 23% of the total autotrophic biomass in all regions of the study area as defined by water mass type. Based on carbon units derived from pigment concentrations (HPLCr, prasinophytes and haptophytes each contributed 24% to total flagellate (non-dinoflagellater biomass and chrysophytes contributed 52%. In the northeast quadrant, influenced by the East Greenland Current, haptophyte contribution dropped to 9%. Most of the biomass of autotrophic flagellates was in cells <8 μm in diameter; of diatoms, in cells <10 μm in diameter. Highest picoplankton biomass (cells <2 μmr occurred in ice-free water at moderate stability. The average contribution of autotrophic dinoflagellates to total autotrophic biomass was 6% (3 μg C l −1 , 1.7×10 5 cells l −1 r. Ratios of microscopically measured autotrophic carbon to fluorometric chlorophyll a (i.e. community C:chl ar ranged from 11−265 (avg. 61r, with maximum ratios attributable to regions dominated by C. socialis. Although differences between four areas of the NEW with respect to physical characteristics of the water column were observed, few corresponding biological differences could be verified. Similarly, phytoplankton community composition was weakly if at all correlated with physical or chemical characteristics of the water column. Future investigations should examine food web dynamics (i.e. grazingr and small-scale circulation to account for the mosaic pattern of phytoplankton features.
The Physician Payment Sunshine Act: testing the value of transparency.

On September 30, 2014, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released the Open Payment Program (OPP) database, replete with payments made to physicians and teaching hospitals by manufacturers of federally covered drugs, devices, biologics, or medical supplies.1 Physician ownership or investment interest in manufacturers or in group purchasing organizations was also included in the database.1 In so doing, CMS complied with Section 6002 (Transparency Reports and Reporting of Physician Ownership or Investment Interests) of the Affordable Care Act while adding yet another layer to its National Physician Payment Transparency Program.1,2 Indeed, it was only on April 9, 2014, that CMS announced the release of a data set comprising $77 billion in Medicare part B payments to 880 000 participating Medicare providers for 6000 different types of services and procedures.2 Limited to fiscal year 2012, the public-use data file afforded consumers a clear view of the number of services and procedures carried out by individual providers along with payments made.
Antigen Clearance during Treatment of Disseminated Histoplasmosis with Itraconazole versus Fluconazole in Patients with AIDS

Antifungal treatment reduces the concentration of Histoplasma antigen in blood and urine, supporting a hypothesis that antigen clearance could be used to compare the activity of new agents for treating histoplasmosis. In separate trials in patients with AIDS, clinical response was similar with itraconazole (85%) and fluconazole (74%). Fungal blood cultures at week 4, however, were negative in a significantly higher proportion of patients treated with itraconazole (92.3%) than in those treated with fluconazole (61.9%) (P = 0.017). Baseline antigen concentrations were similar in the two groups: serum, P = 0.7235; and urine, P = 0.1360. After 4 weeks of treatment, the decline in antigen from baseline in serum was similar in the two treatment groups (P = 0.5237), as it was in urine (P = 0.4679). At week 12, the decline in antigen from baseline in serum also was similar in the two groups (P = 0.4911) and in urine (P = 0.2786). More rapid clearance of fungemia suggests that itraconazole is more effective than fluconazole in treating histoplasmosis. This study demonstrates that clearance of fungemia is a better measure of antifungal effect than clearance of antigen.
Mechanism, kinetics and microbiology of inhibition caused by long-chain fatty acids in anaerobic digestion of algal biomass.

Oleaginous microalgae contain a high level of lipids, which can be extracted and converted to biofuel. The lipid-extracted residue can then be further utilized through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. However, long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have been identified as the main inhibitory factor on microbial activity of anaerobic consortium. In this study, the mechanism of LCFA inhibition on anaerobic digestion of whole and lipid-extracted algal biomass was investigated with a range of calcium concentrations against various inoculum to substrate ratios as a means to alleviate the LCFA inhibition. Whole algal biomass of Nannochloropsis salina represents high lipid content algal biomass while lipid-extracted residue represents its low lipid counterpart. The anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted in a series of serum bottles at 35 °C for 20 days. A kinetic model, considering LCFA inhibition on hydrolysis, acidogenesis as well as methanogenesis steps, was developed from the observed phenomenon of inhibition factors as a function of the LCFA concentration and specific biomass content or calcium concentration. The results showed that inoculum to substrate ratio had a stronger effect on biogas production than calcium, and calcium had no effect on biogas production when inoculum concentration was extremely low. The microbial community analysis by high-throughput Illumina Miseq sequencing indicated that diversity of both bacterial and methanogenic communities decreased with elevation of lipid concentration. Hydrolytic bacteria and aceticlastic methanogens dominated bacterial and archaea communities, respectively, in both high and low LCFA concentration digesters. This study demonstrated that inoculum concentration has a more significant effect on alleviating LCFA inhibition than calcium concentration, while calcium only played a role when inoculum concentration met a threshold level. The model revealed that each functional microbial group was subject to different levels of LCFA inhibition. Although methanogens were the most susceptible microbes to LCFA inhibition, the inhibition factor for hydrolytic bacteria was more highly affected by inoculum concentration. The microbial community analysis indicated that the bacterial community was affected more than the methanogenic community by high LCFAs concentration. Syntrophic acetogens were sensitive to high LCFA concentrations and thus showed a decreased abundance in such an environment.
Slow viscous flow due to motion of an annular disk; pressure-driven extrusion through an annular hole in a wall

The description of the slow viscous flow due to the axisymmetric or asymmetric translation of an annular disk involves the solution of respectively one or two sets of triple integral equations involving Bessel functions. An efficient method is presented for transforming each set into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Simple, regular kernels are obtained and the required physical constants are readily available. The method is also applied to the pressure-driven extrusion flow through an annular hole in a wall. The velocity profiles in the holes are found to be flatter than expected with correspondingly sharper variation near a rim. For the sideways motion of a disk, an exact solution is given with bounded velocities and both components of the rim pressure singularity minimized. The additional drag experienced by this disk when the fluid is bounded by walls parallel to the motion is then determined by solving a pair of integral equations, according to methods given in an earlier paper.
Acne scarring: A review of available therapeutic lasers

Background and Objective The utilization of lasers in dermatology has greatly expanded in recent decades. Acne scarring is a common indication in which lasers play an important therapeutic role. Study Design/Materials and Methods Available lasers include traditional ablative lasers, such as carbon dioxide and erbium lasers, traditional non-ablative lasers, such as neodymium, diode, alexandrite, pulsed dye lasers and intense pulse light, as well as both ablative, and non-ablative fractional laser systems. Conclusion We sought to provide a framework for understanding the various types of lasers available to treat acne scars and review the primary literature pertaining to the efficacy, safety, and advantages of each laser discussed. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiterminal-net routing by grid stretching

Let R be a rectangle uniformly partitioned by w-1 vertical line segments and h-1 horizontal line segments. The problem of routing through the rectangle, called the RRP problem (also referred to as the switch-box routing problem), is considered. It is denoted by I=(R, N), and consists of finding a layout under the knock-knee wiring model for the set N of nets inside R. The authors present a set of transformations different from the ones given by K. Mehlhorn et al. (Journal of ACM, vol.33, no.1, p.60-85, 1986) that provide smaller approximation bounds for the unrestricted RRP and the three-terminal-net RRP problems. >
Systematic Risk, Hedging Pressure, and Risk Premiums in Futures Markets

I examine the uniformity of risk pricing in futures and asset markets. Tests against a general alternative do not reject complete integration of futures and asset markets. As predicted, estimates of the "zero-beta" rate for futures are close to zero, and premiums for systematic risk do not differ significantly across assets and futures. There is, however, evidence consistent with a specific alternative model presented by Hirshleifer (1988). Returns in foreign currency and agricultural futures vary with the net holdings of hedgers, after controlling for systematic risk. These results imply a degree of market segmentation and support hedging pressure as a determinant of futures premiums. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Politicization of Evidence Lessons for an Informed Democracy

Public presentations of research about charter schools have been politicized, polarized, and personalized, fueling cynicism about whether research can generate objective knowledge and promote the collective good. This article draws two distinctions: between politics as a corrupting force and politics as a healthy and necessary component of democratic decision making, and between politicization that permeates the research itself and politicization of the ways in which research is communicated to the policy world. Using charter school research as a window into broader issues relating to democracy and societal learning, it identifies factors behind politicization, some of which are particular to the way that issue has evolved, some of which have to do with exacerbating factors in the broader political environment. Based on this analysis, it outlines what steps might be taken to strengthen institutions and practices that do not so much seek to buffer research from politics as to improve the ways in which rese...
Aortoesophageal fistula associated with a Kommerell diverticulum and right-sided aortic arch.

risk of paraplegia. Although the priority of CT assessment in acute aortic dissection is not in dispute, TEE may be a useful adjunct to overcome its limitations. Reference 1. Shiga T, Wajima Z, Apfel CC, Inoue T, Ohe Y. Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography, helical computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for suspected thoracic aortic dissection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1350-6. Brief Communications
Evaluation of Strength Properties of Polypropylene-Based Polymers in Simulated Landfill and Oven Conditions

Polymeric films and fibers are used extensively in industrial and personal products. Many of these products are intended to be disposable and, after initial use, are disposed in landfills that are increasingly expensive and limited. Proprietary additives are being promoted to enhance the biodegradation of polypropylene (PP) and related materials. A test was run on samples of diapers containing PP in simulated landfills and in convection ovens over a period of 52 weeks. Samples in the oven treatment lost all strength properties in less than 27 weeks. Back sheet and cuff samples in the landfill lost insignificant (P<0.05) strength under landfill conditions over 52 weeks. Statistics show significant differences (P<0.05) in strength and sample percent elongation during testing for time, temperature, and time-temperature interactions for both the oven and landfill tests. The study led to the conclusion that the polypropylene additive was efficacious for programmable destruction in an oxidative environment but ...
A modeling technique for internally matched bipolar microwave power transistor networks

The use of power amplifiers in RF and microwave circuits and their models as used In CAE design software is a topic of considerable interest. In this paper we present a nonlinear network model for an internally matched bipolar "power" transistor (IMBIP). The IMBIP is divided into two networks, modeled separately and then combined to obtain a complete model. Linear and nonlinear comparisons between measured and modeled data are presented.
Community design and policies for free-range children: creating environments that support routine physical activity.

Growing concern over childhood obesity has prompted a focus on underlying epidemics of physical inactivity and poor nutrition. Regarding the former, there is increasing understanding that behavior change promotion alone has not increased population physical activity levels and that an ecological approach is necessary. Therefore, the public health profession has moved beyond traditional behavior change campaigns toward a growing focus on altering policies and the built environment to create settings that support increases in routine, not just exercise or leisure time, physical activity among children. A survey of the literature suggests four broad factors that define settings where routine physical activity, especially active transportation, is more likely to occur: • a compact variety of land uses, with a mix of destinations in close proximity; • a comprehensive network of bicycle, pedestrian, and transit facilities; • inviting and functional site designs for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users; • safety and access for users of all ages, incomes, abilities and disabilities.
Alate aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species composition and richness in northeastern USA snap beans and an update to historical lists

Abstract Recent aphid-vectored viruses in the northeastern U.S. led to extensive surveys of aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species composition. We report the species composition and richness of alate aphids associated with processing snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; Fabales: Fabaceae) agroecosystems from field surveys conducted during 5 yr in New York and 3 yr in Pennsylvania. Rates of species accumulation were similar between the 2 states, and asymptotic, suggesting reasonably adequate sampling intensity. Our results suggest that about 95 to 100 aphid species are present as alates within these agroecosystems, a surprisingly high percentage (∼14 to 18%) of the total aphid richness. Host records suggest that 61% of the alate aphid species we collected from pan traps placed within snap bean fields were dispersing through this agroecosystem, originating from woody plants in the surrounding landscape. We compiled this information with a recent study of aphid species composition from peach orchards and an exhau...
Phase Transitions in Lipid Monolayers on Water: New Light on an Old Problem

Long before exfoliated graphite, organic materials provided an easy way to make monolayers. The familiar chains formed by linking -CH2- groups are hydrophobic, while a variety of organic groups (in particular, polar groups) are hydrophilic; when combined, for example into a saturated single-chain fatty acid CH3(CH2)nCOO− H+, the resulting molecules will usually adopt one of three strategies to minimize their potential energy in an aqueous environment. They may form micelles, which are blobs with the hydrophilic head groups on the outside (in contact with water) and hydrophobic tails kept dry inside; they may form membranes, which are tail-to-tail bilayers with heads on both surfaces; or, if they are at an air-water interface, they will put their heads in the water and tails in the air. This last system is a Langmuir monolayer: you can easily make one in your kitchen sink.
Strong Visible‐Light Absorption and Hot‐Carrier Injection in TiO2/SrRuO3 Heterostructures

Correlated electron oxides prove a diverse landscape of exotic materials' phenomena and properties. One example of such a correlated oxide material is strontium ruthenate (SrRuO3) which is known to be a metallic itinerant ferromagnet and for its widespread utility as a conducting electrode in oxide heterostructures. We observe that the complex electronic structure of SrRuO3 is also responsible for unexpected optical properties including high absorption across the visible spectrum (commensurate with a low band gap semiconductor) and remarkably low reflection compared to traditional metals. By coupling this material to a wide band gap semiconductor (TiO2) we demonstrate dramatically enhanced visible light absorption and large photocatalytic activities. The devices function by photo-excited hot-carrier injection from the SrRuO3 to the TiO2 and the effect is enhanced in thin films due to electronic structure changes. This observation provides an exciting new approach to the challenge of designing visible-light photosensitive materials.
Ultrastructure of Fibroblasts Following Topical Corticosteroid Treatment of Wounds

The effect on wound healing of potent anti-inflammatory adrenocortical steroid, 6α,9α-difluoro-11α,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxypregnan- 1,4-diene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide (fluocinolone acetonide), was observed with the electron microscope. The most prominent changes occurred in the structure of fibroblasts and in collagen formation. The fibroblasts exhibited morphological changes, which included dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of various intracellular dense bodies. In the steroidtreated wounds, the extracellular space contained nonbanded filamentous material and decreased mature collagen when compared with controls. Several of these changes are similar to those observed in wound healing of scorbutic animals. The relationship of tensile strength, collagen production and scar formation to fluocinolone acetonide application is also discussed. (Endocrinology 81: 461, 1967)
On the pressure induced by the boundary layer on a flat plate in shear flow

The problem solved is that of the interaction between a laminar boundary layer on a semi-infinite flat plate and an oncoming shear flow of finite lateral dimensions bounded by uniform irrotational flow extending to infinity. The pressures along the plate and upstream of the same are deduced (to a linearized approximation) in the form of a Fourier integral based on the solution of a simpler periodic flow problem. It is found that while the assumption of an infinite, uniform shear flow gives asymptotically correct interaction pressure gradients on the plate near the leading edge, the pressure level even there (compared to upstream infinity) is strongly influenced by the boundedness of the external shear. At distances from the leading edge which are large compared to the lateral extent of the shear flow, the pressure gradients along the plate are shown to be vanishingly smaller than in the infinite shear case.
A Distance-Weighted Interaction Map Reveals a Previously Uncharacterized Layer of the Bacillus subtilis Spore Coat

Bacillus subtilis spores are encased in a protein assembly called the spore coat that is made up of at least 70 different proteins. Conventional electron microscopy shows the coat to be organized into two distinct layers. Because the coat is about as wide as the theoretical limit of light microscopy, quantitatively measuring the localization of individual coat proteins within the coat is challenging. We used fusions of coat proteins to green fluorescent protein to map genetic dependencies for coat assembly and to define three independent subnetworks of coat proteins. To complement the genetic data, we measured coat protein localization at subpixel resolution and integrated these two data sets to produce a distance-weighted genetic interaction map. Using these data, we predict that the coat comprises at least four spatially distinct layers, including a previously uncharacterized glycoprotein outermost layer that we name the spore crust. We found that crust assembly depends on proteins we predicted to localize to the crust. The crust may be conserved in all Bacillus spores and may play critical functions in the environment.
CHLOROPHYLL ONE‐ELECTRON PHOTOCHEMISTRY‐II. PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY CHLOROPHYLL, PHEOPHYTIN AND BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL OF A ONE‐ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTION BETWEEN ETHANOL AND QUINONE

— Chlorophyll, pheophytin and bacteriochlorophyll sensitize a one-electron transfer in the presence of quinones in ethanol, to produce a ternary complex of ground state porphyrin analog, alcohol cation radical and semiquinone anion radical as the primary photo-product at low temperature. A similar photo-oxidation of alcohol to produce a binary complex is caused by direct excitation of quin-one in the absence of chlorophyll. The mechanisms of these reactions and their implications for photosynthesis are discussed.
Direct manipulation of nanoparticles and DNA in sub-wavelength optical nanochannels

Here we demonstrate two novel approaches to on-chip optofluidic transport. We show the trapping of polystyrene microspheres using SU-8 waveguides down to 75nm polystyrene nanoparticles and linear λ-DNA using silicon slotted waveguides.
Shaping an American Institution: Robert E. Wood and Sears, Roebuck

The article presents a review of the book “Shaping an American Institution: Robert E. Wood and Sears, Roebuck,” by James C. Worthy.
Do Environmentalists Practice What They Preach? Environmental Ideology as a Determinant of Voting and Private Consumption Choice

In California, Green Party and Democratic Party communities vote in favor of ballot initiatives that are pro-environment while Republican Party communities are less likely to vote in favor of such initiatives. Given that these ideology measures have predictive power in political markets, do these same measures have predictive power in explaining private consumption differences? This paper uses several consumption data sets to document that households who live in communities where Green Party voters are over-represented consume fewer resources than observationally identical "non-Greens". While Democrats vote green, their private consumption patterns are the same as Republicans.