cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test Case Selection Based on Path Condtions of Symbolic Execution

Symbolic execution as a test case generation technique has recently become an active research area. However, since symbolic execution generates a large number of test cases, it is impractical to run all the generated test cases in practice. In this paper, we present a test case selection method for a symbolic execution-based test case generation. This method has the following two characteristics. 1)Test cases which cover atomic conditions collected during symbolic execution, called path condition-based, are selected to keep the fault-detection capability. 2)This method does not depend on a particular symbolic execution engine since it is based on an analysis of path conditions in a general format. We implemented this method in our tool and evaluated this method with real systems. Our evaluation shows that the method produces a significant reduction in the size of the test suite while effectively preserving its fault-detection capability. We also demonstrate that the method is compatible with practically any symbolic execution engine, including the popular tools Java Path Finder and KLEE.
One-to-two month oscillations: Observed high-latitude tropospheric and stratospheric response to tropical forcing

Abstract Careful spectral, correlation and coherence analyses of low-frequency fluctuations in global geopotential height data are presented. Attention is paid to proper statistical assessments. The main points are: 1) one-to-two month oscillating quasi-stationary wavetrains have recently been reported in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere troposphere, as far south as the edge of Antarctica. However, only weak correlations were observed with the supposed tropical forcing region, leading to the question of whether the wavetrain is a response to tropical forcing or possibly due to in situ instabilities on 1–2 month time scales. The present paper clears up this enigma with analyses of other tropical datasets which reveal clear correlation between low latitude source regions and the SH extratropical troposphere. 2) An earlier investigation found strong correlations between 1–2 month oscillations in the upper stratosphere and tropical troposphere, yet no vertical propagation was found directly above the tro...
Microvessel density in renal cell carcinoma: lack of prognostic significance

Abstract Objectives Microvessel density (MVD) is a significant prognostic factor in many cancers, but its importance has not been evaluated in renal cell carcinoma. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the relationship of MVD in renal cell carcinoma to clinical stage, pathologic stage, histologic type, and tumor grade, and (2) to evaluate the role of MVD as a predictor of cancer-specific survival. Methods We reviewed the clinical and pathologic findings from 97 consecutive patients 60 years of age and younger with renal cell carcinoma treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1980 and 1982 by radical nephrectomy. Mean follow-up was 7.5 years, and 44 patients (45%) died of renal cell carcinoma. MVD was evaluated immunohistochemically using the labeled streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method with a monoclonal antibody directed against factor VIII-related antigen. The area of highest MVD within the tumor was selected for review without knowledge of the patient's clinical parameters, and the number of vessels in an x400 field (0.1855 mm 2 ) was counted. Results Mean MVD was 741.2 vessels/mm 2 (standard deviation, 394.3; range, 21.6 to 1078.2). In 49 cases (51 %), there were greater than 1000 vessels/mm 2 , forming a syncytium that precluded accurate vessel counting. In these cases, we used a value of 1078 vessels/mm 2 for calculations, corresponding to 200 vessels per x400 field. MVD was higher in clear cell than in non-clear cell carcinoma (811.2 versus 529.2 vessel/mm 2 , respectively; P = 0.007). There was no correlation of MVD and clinical stage, pathologic stage, tumor grade, or cancer-specific survival (all P > 0.05). Conclusions MVD is higher in the clear cell pattern of renal cell carcinoma than in non-clear cell patterns. MVD does not correlate with clinical stage, pathologic stage, or grade, and MVD has no predictive value for cancer-specific survival.
The influence of slight buoyancy in forced convection from a point source

On a etudie les mouvements d'un fluide dans un champs gravitationel, dans lequel se deplace, dans une direction quelconque, une source ponctuelle de chaleur. L'analyse est faite en employant les methodes d'approximation d'Oseen et de Boussinesq. La solution du probleme linearise est obtenue et discutee. On trouve que dans le cas du probleme plan d'une source de chaleur lineaire, la solution obtenue est applicable seulement dans un domaine infini.
An Elegant Post-Growth Process Science Protocol to Improve the Material Properties of Complex Oxide Thin Films for Tunable Device Applications

We report on an innovative isothermal post-growth/crystallization process that utilizes ultraviolet (UV)-photon irradiation. We fabricated Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (BST) thin films using metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) and UV-photon irradiation isothermal treatment via two protocols: in situ crystallized UV-photon irradiated films, and post-crystallization UV-photon irradiated films. Isothermal UV-photon irradiation treatment improves the structural quality of the BST films, and the irradiated films possessed lattice parameters close to the bulk values, which is evidence for a reduction in oxygen vacancies. MOSD fabricated BST films crystallized via conventionally furnace annealing and subsequently exposed to UV-photon irradiation possessed improved structural, dielectric, and electrical quality.
Derivation of a Damage Sensitive Feature Using the Haar Wavelet Transform

In this paper, a damage sensitive feature based on the wavelet transform of the vibration signal is derived. The theoretical aspects of wavelet decomposition of vibration signals are presented. It is shown that the energies of the wavelet coefficients at appropriate scales can be used as damage sensitive features. Expressions for the energies of wavelet coefficients using the Haar wavelet basis function are derived for a single degree and a multidegree of freedom system. It is shown that the energies of the wavelet coefficients extracted at higher scales are functions of the physical parameters of the system and the loading function. Finally, the migration of damage sensitive feature vectors with damage is illustrated for the ASCE Benchmark Structure.
Use of C-SAM acoustical microscopy in package evaluations and failure analysis

Acoustical microscopy is gaining wide acceptance in the microelectronic packaging community. C-mode scanning acoustical microscopy, C-SAM, is widely used in package evaluations and for failure analysis. This paper discusses several specific topics. These include: (1) popcorn cracking in SMDs; (2) an evaluation of solder die attach in power packages; (3) an instance of top of die delamination which resulted in electrical failures; and (4) moisture sensitivity of other surface mount power packages and how it resulted in ball bond degradation during a new product qualification.
Comments on ππ Phase Shifts as Determined from the Peripheral Model

Author(s): Bander, M; Shaw, GL; Fulco, JR | Abstract: The determination of the S-wave ππ phase shifts δ0I at low energy from the analysis of πN→(2π)N is examined critically from the standpoint of the one-pion-exchange model with absorptive corrections. It is found that: (1) The value of δ0I depends strongly on the P-wave phase shifts, which cannot be unambiguously determined, at mππl600 MeV, by using a Breit-Wigner formula. (2) The ratio of the production density matrix elements ρ (with the ππ elastic scattering amplitudes factored out) depends strongly on mππ for mππl600 MeV. (3) The (F-B)(F+B) asymmetry shows a sizeable dependence on the momentum transfer t to the nucleon. It is concluded that more accurate data at low mππ are required in order to determine δ0I for mππl600 MeV. Tables of the ρ(mππ,A t) calculated from the absorption model for an incident-pion laboratory kinetic energy of 4 BeV are included. These could be directly applied to the data to obtain the low-energy ππ phase shifts. © 1968 The American Physical Society.
Cardiovascular responsiveness to physiological agonists of male rats made hypertensive by long-term exposure to cadmium

Abstract The mechanism by which cadmium may affect cardiovascular regulation are controversial. In this study, we investigated haemodynamics and cardiovascular reactivity to various physiological agonists in anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats which received, for 190 days, deionized drinking water containing 0 (control), 10 and 20 μg/ml of cadmium (as acetate). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as cardiac inotropism, were increased in a similar manner in the two groups of treated rats. Heart rate was reduced in the rats exposed to the higher dose of cadmium, while no electrocardiographic alteration was demonstrated. Cadmium exposure reduced the pressor responses following intravenous norepinephrine (0.25–1 μg/kg), angiotensin I (0.25–1 μg/kg) and higher doses of epinephrine (0.50 and 1 μg/kg) as well as the depressor responses to bradykinin (0.40–1.6 μg/kg). On the other hand, the exposed rats showed an increased vascular responsiveness to the beta-adrenoceptor stimulating effects of lower doses of epinephrine (0.125 and 0.25 μg/kg). Moreover, the effects on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac inotropism of graduated doses of intravenous acetylcholine, angiotensin II, histamine and serotonin were unchanged. Cadmium was accumulated in the kidney of the treated rats at levels similar to those found in exposed humans. Renal copper and zinc were also augmented, possibly in relation to the cadmium-induced synthesis of metallothionein, a protein able to bind different metals. On the whole, this study suggests that cadmium affects several neurohumoral mechanisms that regulate cardiovascular function. It is likely that the changes in these mechanisms have additive effects, under a possible influence of genetic and/or environmental variables, in determining cardiovascular alterations.
Appraisal Determinants of Emotions: Constructing a More Accurate and Comprehensive Theory

In order to move toward a more accurate, complete, and integrative theory of the causes of emotions, empirical evidence relevant to a recently proposed appraisal theory was examined, and hypotheses from several alternative appraisal theories were compared and tested. Given questions that focused on the cognitive causes of emotions rather than their phenomenological contents, 182 subjects rated the appraisal determinants of emotion experiences that they recalled. Results suggest that appraisals of unexpectedness (not unexpected/unexpected), situational state (motive-inconsistent/motiveconsistent), motivational state (aversive/appetitive), probability (uncertain/ certain), control potential (low/high), problem source (non-characterological/characterological factors), and agency (circumstances/other person/self), differentiate a large number of widely-discussed emotions. These results are used to formulate a revised, empirically grounded, and more comprehensive model that specifies which appraisals cause 17 ...
The susceptibility of electrodeless quartz crystal BVA resonators to proton ionization effects

The radiation susceptibility of an electrodeless (BVA) quartz crystal resonator of the AT crystalline cut is reported. It is shown that its sensitivity to low and high levels of proton radiation is less than that of an AT resonator with adhered electrodes. The effectiveness of preconditioning techniques is discussed, and an interpretation of the test results in terms of the materials aspects of the quartz electrode interface is given. >
Growth control of differentiated fetal rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. VI. Studies with conditioned medium and its functional interactions with serum factors.

Serum-deficient (_<0.00003% vol/vol) conditioned medium (CM) obtained from primary cultures of fetal rat hepatocytes initiates DNA synthesis and mitosis in homologous quiescent cultures. CM similarly prepared from 3T3 fibroblast cultures is inactive. At least two conditioning factors are involved in initiating DNA synthesis. The first of these, arginine, is obligatory, synthesized by the cells, and released into the culture medium. The second, a lipid or lipid-containing material, is stable to pH extremes (pH 2, pH 10) and chromatographs with an apparent R r ~0.5 on silica gel thin-layer plates using hexane-ether (4: 1) as the solvent system. It is suggested that these cultured hepatocytes enter or leave the Go or early GI phase of the cell cycle as determined in part by their capacity to use available conditioning factor and nutrient components of the medium, in particular, arginine. Serum factors including serum fraction I (4), insulin, and possibly, lipid-like conditioning material appear to initiate DNA synthesis by controlling cellular processes involved with the enhanced utilization and synthesis of growthlimiting nutrients.
A multiphase buoyancy-drag model for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases

A new multiphase buoyancy-drag model is developed for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases, extending on a counterpart single-phase model developed in the past by Srebro et al. (2003). This model is applied to single- and multi-mode perturbations in dusty gases and both Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities are investigated. The amplitude for Rayleigh-Taylor growth is observed to be contained within a band, which lies within limits identified by a multiphase Atwood number that is a function of the fluid densities, particle size, and a Stokes number. The amplitude growth is subdued with (1) an increase in particle size for a fixed particle number density and with (2) an increase in particle number density for a fixed particle size. The power law index for Richtmyer-Meshkov growth under multi-mode conditions also shows dependence to the multiphase Atwood number, with the index for the bubble front linearly decreasing and then remaining constant, and increasing non-linearly for the spike front. Four new classes of problems are identified and are investigated for Rayleigh-Taylor growth under multi-mode conditions for a hybrid version of the model: (1) bubbles in a pure gas rising into a region of particles; (2) spikes in a pure gas falling into a region of particles; (3) bubbles in a region of particles rising into a pure gas; and (4) spikes in a region of particles falling into a pure gas. Whereas the bubbles accelerate for class (1) and the spikes for class (4), for classes (2) and (3), the spikes and bubbles, respectively, oscillate in a gravity wave-like phenomenon due to the buoyancy term changing sign alternatively. The spike or bubble front, as the case may be, penetrates different amounts into the dusty or pure gas for every subsequent penetration, due to drag effects. Finally, some extensions to the presently developed multiphase buoyancy-drag model are proposed for future research.
A Twist Grain Boundary-like Twisted Smectic Phase in Monodisperse Poly(γ-benzyl α,l-glutamate) Produced by Recombinant DNA Techniques

Smectic ordering has been observed in perfectly monodisperse poly(γ-benzyl α,L-glutamate) (PBLG) which was synthesized using recombinant DNA technology. These PBLG molecules form rigid α-helical rods 11.45 nm in length. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction reveals a banded morphology with an approximately 120 nm period which provides strong evidence for helical rotation of the director field as in a cholesteric or twisted smectic. Detailed examination of the relative orientation of the banding in the morphology images and the reflections in the electron diffraction patterns, indicating interchain and intrachain correlations, leads to the conclusion that the structure observed is a twisted smectic phase. The relationship between the twist and the layering is found to be that of the twist grain boundary (TGB) phase. However, our data does not allow us to determine whether the monodisperse PBLG structure is blocky with discrete twist boundaries as in a true TGB or is a more continuously twisting structure. Thus, we will refer to the phase as TGB-like. Conventional, polydisperse PBLG is well-known to form cholesteric phases as a result of the chirality of the helical rod. The formation of a TGB-like phase in monodisperse PBLG is consistent with the superposition of a smectic-A layering resulting from the uniform rod length on the twisted texture present in the cholesteric.
The use of adipose-derived stem cells as sheets for wound healing

Cellular therapies have shown immense promise in the treatment of nonhealing wounds. Cell sheets are an emerging strategy in tissue engineering, and these cell sheets are promising as a delivery method of mesenchymal stem cells to the wound bed. Cell sheet technology utilizes temperature dependent polymers to allow for lifting of cultured cells and extracellular matrix without the use of digestive enzymes. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown success in cell sheets for myocardial repair, examination of cell sheets in the field of wound healing has been limited. We previously developed a novel cell sheet composed of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Both single and triple layer cell sheets were examined in a full-thickness murine wound model. The treatment cell sheets were compared with untreated controls and analyzed at timepoints of 7, 14, 18 and 21 d. The ASC cell sheets showed increased healing at 7, 14 and 18 d, and this effect was increased in the triple layer cell sheet group. Future development of these cell sheets will focus on increasing angiogenesis in the wound bed, utilizing multiple cell types, and examining allogeneic cell sheets. Here we review our experiment, expand upon our future directions and discuss the potential of an off-the-shelf cell sheet. In the field of wound healing, such a cell sheet is both clinically and scientifically exciting.
Random Point Processes Applied to Availability Analysis of Redundant Systems with Repair

An approach to calculate the stationary state probabilities and in particular the stationary point availability of redundant systems with repair is presented. The approach is based on the theory of random marked point processes. The tractibility of the results is demonstrated by an example.
Mass spectrometry on the nanoscale with ion sputtering based techniques: What is feasible

The potential of ion sputtering based mass spectrometry applied to materials characterization on the nanometer scale is discussed. Analytical approaches and required instrumental capabilities are outlined, and the current state-of-the-art is summarized. A new generation of analytical instruments specifically optimized for laser post-ionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Experimentally verified (or anticipated after near-future upgrades) analytical capabilities of these instruments, capable of quantitative analysis at the nanometer-scale, are reported and compared to secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Gonadectomy induces laminin biosynthesis and basement membrane assembly in anterior pituitary glands of adult rats

Laminin biosynthesis and basement membrane assembly in anterior pituitary glands of gonadectomized rats were studied by immuno-electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. Three weeks after gonadectomy, rats received intravenous injections of sheep anti-laminin IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and glands were fixed and processed for microscopy 1 h later. Peroxidase reaction product uniformly labeled all perivascular and glandular epithelial basement membranes. In addition, reaction product was also found in abnormally multi-layered basement membranes seen especially beneath gonadotrophs, and unusual basement membrane-like structures projecting between gonadotrophs were also labeled. Pituitary sections from gonadectomized rats labeled with pre-embedding immunoperoxidase and post-embedding immungold techniques also localized intracellular laminin within biosynthetic organelles and “light body” vesicles of gonadotrophs. Neither abnormal basement membrane structures nor intracellular laminin were detected in pituitaries of nongonadectomized, control rats. Radioimmunoassays of pituitary homogenates showed nearly twice as much soluble laminin (∼ 15 ng/gland) in gonadectomized rats than in controls (∼ 8 ng/gland), which paralleled gland growth, but serum laminin concentrations did not differ (∼ 10 ng/ml in both groups). When anterior pituitary glands of gonadectomized rats that received injections of anti-laminin IgG-HRP were fixed 5 days after injection, lengths of unlabeled basement membrane were distributed between labeled lengths. This indicated that new basement membrane was “spliced” into old by a process similar to that seen in normal development. Supplementation of gonadectomized rats with testosterone, however, arrested laminin biosynthesis and basement membrane assembly and reversed glandular hypertrophy. These results indicate that, in an absence of sex hormone feedback, renewed synthesis of basement membrane components occurs in the anterior pituitary and is probably necessary to support the additional growth and differentiation of gonadotrophs and other pituitary cells.
Hepatitis B core antibody positive donors as a safe and effective therapeutic option to increase available organs for lung transplantation.

Background The use of hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb+) and hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab+) positive donors represents one strategy to increase available donor organs, but this remains controversial because of concern for viral transmission to recipients. We hypothesized that isolated HBcAb+ donors represent minimal risk of viral transmission in vaccinated lung transplant (LTx) recipients. Methods A retrospective study was performed of LTx recipients who received HBcAb+ or HCV Ab+ pulmonary allografts. We analyzed liver function studies, viral hepatitis screening tests, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV DNA) and hepatitis C viral RNA (HCV RNA), freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, acute rejection, and survival. Results Between April 1992 and August 2003, 456 LTx operations were performed. Twenty-nine patients (HB group) received HBcAb+ allograft transplants with a median posttransplant follow-up of 24.5 months. Three critically ill patients (HC group) received HCV Ab+ allografts with a median follow-up of 21.5 months. One-year survival for the HB group is 83% versus 82% for all patients who received non-HB organs (P=0.36). No patient in the HB group developed clinical liver disease because of viral hepatitis, and all patients alive (n=21) at follow-up are, to date, HBV DNA and/or HBcAb negative. All patients in the HC group tested HCV RNA positive; one patient died of liver failure at 22 months. Conclusions Risk of viral transmission with HCV Ab+ allografts seems high after LTx. However, the use of HBcAb+ pulmonary allografts in recipients with prior hepatitis B vaccination seems to be a safe and effective strategy to increase organ availability.
Photon diffusion imaging in model and biological systems

We discuss algorithms for solving the image reconstruction problem in photon diffusion imaging. Experimental verification including an absorption image of a bovine brain at one centimeter resolution is provided.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Control of messenger RNA synthesis and decay in Escherichia coli

Abstract The control of the synthesis and decay of messenger RNA in Escherichia coli has been studied, using the formation of DNA-RNA hybrids. Results indicate that messenger RNA synthesis is regulated co-ordinately with bulk RNA synthesis during amino acid starvation, energy source shift down, or shift up. Any condition (except puromycin treatment) which inhibits protein synthesis leads to a decreased degree of messenger RNA decay. The net effect of amino acid starvation or energy source shift down is thus an accumulation of messenger RNA; this accumulation is most noticeable (three- to fivefold compared to a growing culture) in amino acid-starved cells of RC relaxed genotype. A preliminary characterization of “accumulated relaxed” messenger RNA suggests only minor differences, except for amount, between it and messenger RNA extracted from a growing cell. It is proposed that all species of RNA are co-ordinately controlled in E. coli .
Corticosteroids as inhibitors of cysteinyl leukotriene metabolic and signaling pathways.

Background Corticosteroids (CCSs) do not influence secretion of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) that occurs on cellular activation during allergic reactions nor do they modulate bronchospastic responses to inhalation challenges with leukotrienes (LTs). Objectives We speculated that CCSs might modulate pathways responsible for CysLT production and diminish the ability of cellular activation to cause their release. Similarly, CCSs could reduce expression of CysLT receptor 1 (CysLTR1) and CysLT receptor 2 (CysLT2R) and modulate their responsiveness. Methods We investigated influences of fluticasone on expression of mRNA for LTC 4 synthase (LTC 4 S), CysLT1R, and CysLT2R within T lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils by means of quantitative PCR. Effects on receptor protein expression were evaluated by means of flow cytometry. Results Circulating immune cells (T cells, monocytes, and eosinophils) express low levels of LTC 4 S mRNA, and this was not influenced by CCSs. However, IL-4 induced transcripts in T lymphocytes, and this was prevented by fluticasone. Paradoxically, CCSs synergized with IL-4 to increase LTC 4 S expression in monocytes. Although not influencing basal or IL-4–stimulated CysLT1R expression, fluticasone inhibited basal CysLT2R transcript expression on monocytes and IL-4–induced expression in all 3 cell types. Conclusions In addition to not blocking the acute release of CysLTs on cellular activation, CCSs do not diminish the capacity of cells to synthesize these compounds. CCSs do not diminish CysLT1R expression, consistent with their lack of influence on bronchospasm, which is mediated through this receptor.
Cognitive Set and Oculomotor Control

In its original formalization, the concept of readiness is an internal state influencing the expression of behavior. Motor set as formalized by Evarts and colleagues (1984) included the idea of readiness but also the notions of target expectancy and movement preparation (see also Wise 1985xWise, S.P. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1985; 8: 1–19Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesWise 1985). Indeed, in the experiments described here, the separation of a readiness signal from one reflecting the expectation of a target or preparation of a particular motor action has not been done. For example, in the behavioral experiments in which monkeys are trained to make a saccade to the same location repeatedly, we do not yet know whether the shorter latency saccade results from advanced preparation or from the expectation that a target will appear at that location. If we simply flashed a target repeatedly at the same location, never asking the monkey to make a saccade, would we then in subsequent testing immediately observe shorter latency saccades? Additionally, in the scanning experiments, would preparation of a particular saccade also facilitate a pointing response of the arm to the target? In other words, is the facilitation motor system–specific or is it a general readiness signal?The physiological experiments described raise similar questions. For example, the experiments in DMFC demonstrate a signal correlating with the facilitation of smooth eye tracking. Would this same signal be evident during predictive saccades? Because smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements are generally considered separate control systems (Robinson 1968xRobinson, D.A. Science. 1968; 161: 1219–1224Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesRobinson 1968), signals such as these may be overseers of multiple motor modalities and serve to provide a common, facilitating influence on motor actions. Moreover, do the results obtained in the SC reflect the expectation of a particular target or the preparation of a particular saccade? Other recent experiments in SC demonstrate that certain neuronal elements are active before eye movements other than saccades (Krauzlis et al. 1997xKrauzlis, R.J, Basso, M.A, and Wurtz, R.H. Science. 1997; 276: 1693–1695Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (127)See all ReferencesKrauzlis et al. 1997) and before other motor actions such as combined movements of the head and eyes (Freedman and Sparks 1997xFreedman, E.G and Sparks, D.L. J. Neurophysiol. 1997; 78: 1669–1690PubMedSee all ReferencesFreedman and Sparks 1997). It is thus tempting to speculate that this activity of SC neurons reflects a more general signal of readiness or perhaps even target expectation.Combining behavioral, cognitive, and physiological investigations in the saccadic system provides important clues into how cognitive processes are represented in the brain and how they influence motor behavior. These types of experiments reveal that neural representations of even simple movements are extremely flexible and are strongly influenced by the cognitive processing demands in behavioral tasks.*E-mail: mab@lsr.nei.nih.gov.
Chemistry of precipitation at high altitudes: Inter-relation of acid-base components

Abstract Data on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation for three high altitude WMO stations have been analyzed and critically interpreted using statistics of deposition and various ratio values. The stations are: Monte Cimone, Italy; Mauna Loa, HI, U.S.A.; and Alamosa, CO, U.S.A. The composition is quite variable, both within-station and station-to-station. There is a good correlation between reported alkalinity and Ca content for Monte Cimone. The data analysis suggests that H 2 SO 4 is the main cause of “acid rain” at Mauna Loa. Two of the three stations show good association of NH 4 + ion with NO 3 − ion while the former is not well correlated with SO 4 2− ion at any of the stations. On the other hand, simple and multiple correlations indicate that sulfate is strongly related with alkali/alkaline earth elements. Thus, suspended particulate matter may be an important sink for the mass-removal of atmospheric sulfur in the lower troposphere.
Emission Spectra Excited by Electronic and Ionic Impact

This paper summarizes results of laboratory experiments on the optical emission of a rarefied air sample excited by the impact of electrons (10-8000 ev), protons (5-350 kev), and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions (10-450 kev). In the high-energy region, charged particles of different species but of the same velocity excite very much the same spectrum. In the low-energy region, on the other hand, the process of charge exchange plays such an important role that the spectra show marked characteristics of the species of the particles which cause the excitation. The relative band intensities of the negative system of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ and the relative intensities of the negative to the Meinel system of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ excited by low-energy particles depart notably from the prediction of the Franck-Condon principle. The importance of energy transfer in the process of charge exchange is discussed.
Tin Oxide Microsensor Arrays as Probes for the Oscillatory CO Oxidation Reaction on Supported Platinum

Micromachined sensor devices, capable of surface temperature control and electrical resistance measurements, have been used to detect and explore the oscillatory reaction of CO oxidation on SnO 2 -supported platinum films. Synchronization observed between oscillations for physically separated devices in a multielement array is evidence that the oscillations are due to bistable oxidation/reduction states coupled with a mass-transfer and reaction rate effect. In addition to the global synchronization, transient oscillations are observed prior to switching, which suggests that microscale coupling occurs between the individual platinum domains on the support.
Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity

To investigate how anthropogenic activity might affect large carnivores, we studied the behaviour of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) during two time periods. From 1996 to 1998, we documented the ecological correlates of space utilization patterns exhibited by adult female hyenas defending a territory at the edge of a wildlife reserve in Kenya. Hyenas preferred areas near dense vegetation but appeared to avoid areas containing the greatest abundance of prey, perhaps because these were also the areas of most intensive livestock grazing. We then compared hyena behaviour observed in 1996‐98 with that observed several years earlier and found many differences. Female hyenas in 1996‐98 were found farther from dens, but closer to dense vegetation and to the edges of their territory, than in 1988‐90. Recent females also had larger home ranges, travelled farther between consecutive sightings, and were more nocturnal than in 1988‐90. Finally, hyenas occurred in smaller groups in 1996‐98 than in 1988‐90. We also found several changes in hyena demography between periods. We next attempted to explain differences observed between time periods by testing predictions of hypotheses invoking prey abundance, climate, interactions with lions, tourism and livestock grazing. Our data were consistent with the hypothesis that increased reliance on the reserve for livestock grazing was responsible for observed changes. That behavioural changes were not associated with decreased hyena population density suggests the behavioural plasticity typical of this species may protect it from extinction.
LEVEL OF ASPIRATION AND STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE ON A CONCEPT-FORMATION TASK

A person's level of aspiration can be studied both as a result of the individual's past experience and as a predictor of future performance. Early cognitive theorisrs looked at goal-setting behavior as an important construct in motivational theory. Kurt Yewin's paradigm has determined the course of most of the research on level of aspiration (Lewin, Dernbo, Festinger, 8: Sears, 1944). His assumption was that when an individual is confronted with a task, he sets a level of aspiration based on the features of the task situation and his emotional reaction to previous success or failure on an analogous task. Most often a subject sets a level of aspiration or task level higher than the previous performance score, thus creating a positive goal discrepancy. Hoppe (1930) found that a subject frequently shifts the level of aspiration during the course of a task and that the subject's experience of success or failure is dependent upon whether the momentary level of aspiration is attained. Lewin, Dembo, Festinger, and Sears (1944) concluded that the level of aspiration at any given time is higher if the previocs performance was successful and lower if the previous performance was not successful. A number of researchers (Frank, 1935; Jucknat, 1937; Gardner, 19L0; Klugrnan, 1948; Child & Whitney, 1949) have given general support to Lcwin's hypothesis that previous success or failure immediately affects the level of aspiration. Gebhard (1948) built up expectations of success or failure with college girls on puzzle tasks and found that motivation was increased by either past success on the task or anticipated future success. Motivation was highest when both factors were present. Gebhard's
Taxonomic homogenization of the global avifauna

Biotic homogenization is seen as the consequence of preferential loss of native species followed by ecological replacement with widespread exotics. Homogenization is not random in its effects on higher taxa. Using Monte Carlo simulations (rather than binomial statistics) we find taxonomic patterns in the risk of extinction and probability of successful introduction among birds. Sixteen avian families selectively contain extinct or threatened birds. Eight avian families selectively contain successfully introduced birds. Eight of these 24 taxonomically selected families have not been identified in previous studies, presumably because they are species-poor. The 22 living taxonomically selected families are classified into four homogenization categories. These categories reflect how extinction and invasion are combining in their effects at the family level. Range size, as indexed by island endemism, and human influence are the primary forces driving taxonomic homogenization patterns among birds. There is no evidence that evolutionary age influences homogenization patterns. Phylogenetic comparative analyses, which explicitly recognize the role of human influence, are needed to elucidate more detailed ecological correlates to homogenization trends.
Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties

Many drugs and other small molecules used to modulate biological function are amphiphiles that adsorb at the bilayer/solution interface and thereby alter lipid bilayer properties. This is important because membrane proteins are energetically coupled to their host bilayer by hydrophobic interactions. Changes in bilayer properties thus alter membrane protein function, which provides an indirect way for amphiphiles to modulate protein function and a possible mechanism for "off-target" drug effects. We have previously developed an electrophysiological assay for detecting changes in lipid bilayer properties using linear gramicidin channels as probes. Gramicidin channels are mini-proteins formed by the transbilayer dimerization of two non-conducting subunits. They are sensitive to changes in their membrane environment, which makes them powerful probes for monitoring changes in lipid bilayer properties as sensed by bilayer spanning proteins. We now demonstrate a fluorescence assay for detecting changes in bilayer properties using the same channels as probes. The assay is based on measuring the time-course of fluorescence quenching from fluorophore-loaded large unilamellar vesicles due to the entry of a quencher through the gramicidin channels. We use the fluorescence indicator/quencher pair 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (ANTS)/Tl(+) that has been successfully used in other fluorescence quenching assays. Tl(+) permeates the lipid bilayer slowly but passes readily through conducting gramicidin channels. The method is scalable and suitable for both mechanistic studies and high-throughput screening of small molecules for bilayer-perturbing, and potential "off-target", effects. We find that results using this method are in good agreement with previous electrophysiological results.
The Dok Cold Eddy

Current and temperature patterns in the Ulleung Basin of the Japan/East Sea are examined using acoustic travel-time measurements from an array of pressure-gauge-equipped inverted echo sounders moored between June 1999 and July 2001. The focus here is the formation and behavior of a persistent cold eddy observed south of Dok Island, referred to as the Dok Cold Eddy (DCE), and meandering of the Subpolar Front. The DCE is typically about 60 km in diameter and originates from the pinching off of a Subpolar Front meander between Ulleung and Dok Islands. After formation, the DCE dwells southwest of Dok Island for 1–6 months before propagating westward toward Korea, where it deflects the path of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC). Four such DCE propagation events between January and June 2000 each deflected the EKWC, and after the fourth deflection the EKWC changed paths and flowed westward along the Japanese shelf as the “Offshore Branch” from June through November 2000. Beginning in March 2001, a deep, persistent meander of the Subpolar Front developed and oscillated with a period near 60 days, resulting in the deformation and northwestward displacement of the Ulleung Eddy. Satellite-altimeter data suggest that the Ulleung Eddy may have entered the northern Japan/East Sea. The evolution of this meander is compared with thin-jet nonlinear dynamics described by the modified Korteweg–deVries equation.
Lesions produced by feline picornaviruses of different virulence in pathogen-free cats.

Sixteen pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to either of two feline picornavirus isolates. The isolates used were picornavirtis-255 and kidney-cel I-degenerating virus. These viruses were selected to represent picornavirus prototypes of high and low virulence, respectively. Picornavirus-255 consistently produced depression, anorexia, and pneumonia. There were no lesions in the tipper respiratory tract or conjunctiva, nor were there clinical signs of upper respiratory disease. The pulmonary lesions began as multifocal exudative pneumonia that progressed rapidly to interstitial pneumonia characterized by marked adenomatoid proliferation of pneumocytes. Three weeks after exposure the ptil- monary lesions were principally resolved. It also produced discrete lingual and palatine ulcers that were easily detected. Experimental infection with kidney-cell-degenerating virus resulted only in transient fever and tiny vesicles and ulcerations of the lingual and tonsillar mucosae that could easily escape detection. No significant respiratory lesions were induced by kidney cell degenerating virus.
RBoot: Software Infrastructure for a Remote FPGA Laboratory

Traditional FPGA education either involves a physical laboratory room with workstations connected to individual FPGA experimenter boards or simulation platforms. Physical labs are expensive to maintain and require substantial floor space. In addition, students need to be physically present in the laboratories to access the FPGA boards. On the other hand, it is often the case that simulation platforms do not provide the students an adequate, in-depth understanding of concepts (such as synthesis on FPGAs). In this short paper, a third option - a remote FPGA Laboratory - is illustrated. This option uses software to allow students and researchers in geographically distributed locations to remotely access a pool of 64 Xilinx ML-310 Boards over the Internet. To the best of our knowledge, a remote FPGA facility of this kind is unique. The infrastructure described here gives remote users the ability to dynamically power on/off the FPGA boards, upload/download files, configure the boards online and execute synthesized designs while sending input and output through the Internet. Advantages include considerable savings in space, greater accessibility for users, ease of maintenance, and the ability to better schedule resources.
HEMOPURE TRANSFUSION IN A CHILD WITH SEVERE ANEMIA

A 23-month-old girl presented with heart failure from extremely severe sickle cell anemia. The family refused blood transfusion on religious grounds (Jehovah's Witness). Alternative options acceptable to this religion, such as iron, erythropoietin, or folic acid were rejected as useless in the particular situation of the child. The patient was transfused with Hemopure, a product that consists of polymerized bovine hemoglobin. This is the first case reported in the literature of a child transfused, in an emergency situation, with this product.
Potential impacts of tolerance to herbivory on population dynamics of a monocarpic herb

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Mammalian herbivores, particularly white-tailed deer, can have a major impact on plant abundance and distribution. However, plants can tolerate herbivory by increasing seed production or seed quality. We used the monocarpic perennial Prenanthes roanensis to examine tolerance to mammalian herbivory through seed quality and modeled the effects of tolerance on population growth rate. METHODS We examined seed quality (proportion of viable seeds, seed mass, germination, and seedling size) on damaged and undamaged plants to determine the extent to which plants tolerate herbivory. We then varied seed quality parameters over a range of values in population models to compare population growth rates under "no-tolerance" conditions (herbivory, but no tolerance) to those under "tolerance" conditions. KEY RESULTS In most populations, plants damaged by herbivores had a greater proportion of viable seeds per plant or a greater probability of seed germination. Incorporating observed tolerance into population models did not significantly increase population growth rate. However, at low germination rates, increased germination of seeds from damaged plants has the potential to significantly increase population growth rate. CONCLUSIONS Damaged plants can compensate for loss of reproductive heads by increasing seed viability and germination rates in the remaining seeds. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that tolerance through seed quality has the potential to affect population growth rate. Our results suggest that incorporating tolerance into population models may help elucidate mechanisms by which plant populations persist despite herbivory.
Evidence for social facilitation of preening in the common tern

Abstract Social facilitation of reproductive behaviour has been studied extensively in gulls and terns, but social facilitation of preening has been reported only anecdotally, and has not been previously quantified. We studied a common tern, Sterna hirundo , colony during the summers of 1996 and 1997 to test for socially facilitated preening. Scan sampling provided evidence of spatial and temporal synchrony of preening behaviour. Preening occurred more often than expected in groups of three or more neighbours. Breeding pairs also preened simultaneously more often than expected. In loafing (resting) areas, the proportion of preeners present increased with tern density. Behavioural observations suggest that preening spread from neighbour to neighbour. The observed clumping in preening behaviour could not be explained by differences in date, time of day or weather. Social facilitation of preening and other maintenance behaviour may be an important aspect of group living that is often overlooked.
Is utilization review the practice of medicine? Implications for managed care administrators.

(1998). Is utilization review the practice of medicine? Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 431-454.
Responsible planning for continuing education in the health professions

This article proposes a theory of program planning for continuing education that takes power and interests as central to action and asks what educators can do to plan responsibly. Program planning is defined as a social activity in which educators negotiate interests in social and organizational contexts structured by power relationships. We explain four central concepts on which the theory is based: power, interests, responsibility, and negotiation. By tying these four concepts together, the theory urges planners to nurture a substantively democratic planning process in the face of power relations that either support or threaten this vision. The article concludes with a discussion of what continuing educators need to know to plan programs responsibly.
Collective Self-Esteem as a Mediator of the Relationship between Allocentrism and Subjective Well-Being

The present studies examined the relationship between allocentrism and subjective well-being. In addition, the mediational role of collective self-esteem for ascribed and acquired groups was tested. Study 1 showed that the reliable relation between allocentrism and life satisfaction was mediated by private, public, and membership collective self-esteem. Study 2 showed that once personal self-esteem was controlled, only private and public collective self-esteem mediated the relation between allocentrism and subjective well-being.