cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systèmes interférentiels à miroirs en mouvement continu et détection photoélectrique

Des simplifications et ameliorations considerables des mesures interferometriques sur des differences de marche de plusieurs centaines de millimetres ont ete recemment obtenues par l'utilisation de recepteurs photoelectriques et systemes electroniques [1], [3]. La theorie des conditions necessaires pour assurer un contenu d'information satisfaisant dans le domaine du centieme de frange et de la « visibilite » du signal de frange dans les interferometres a deux faisceaux, a franges d'egale inclinaison, permet d'examiner separement d'une part les tolerances sur le parallelisme des miroirs necessaires pour maintenir le signal de frange maximum et pour la reduction des erreurs de translation locales apparentes en reduisant au minimum la fraction d'une frange a l'interieur de l'ouverture des miroirs, et d'autre part les conditions interferometriques propres ayant trait a la geometrie de l'interferometre, a la forme de la raie spectrale source et aux caracteristiques du bruit de fond photoelectrique. L'integration du flux photoelectrique a l'interieur du domaine angulaire determine par le rayon de la source et la distance focale du collimateur conduit en pratique a une « longueur effective » par frange differant d'une demi-longueur d'onde par des fractions de l'ordre de 107. Les courbes theoriques donnant l'amplitude du signal de frange pour des raies simples en forme de Gauss, telle que la raie verte du mercure 198, sont verifiees d'une maniere satisfaisante par des experiences sur des differences de marche de ± 320 mm et permettent d'estimer les limites de visibilite et la precision des mesures sur des machines dans lesquelles les dereglages et leurs variations ont ete en grande partie supprimes au moyen de perfectionnements mecaniques et par des corrections mecaniques servo-controlees.
5-Fluorouracil and Gemcitabine Potentiate the Efficacy of Oncolytic Herpes Viral Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Oncolytic herpes viruses are attenuated, replication-competent viruses that selectively infect, replicate within, and lyse cancer cells and are highly efficacious in the treatment of a wide variety of experimental cancers. The current study seeks to define the pharmacologic interactions between chemotherapeutic drugs and the oncolytic herpes viral strain NV1066 in the treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines. The human pancreatic cancer cell lines Hs 700T, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2 were treated in vitro with NV1066 at multiplicities of infection (MOI; ratio of the number of viral particles per tumor cell) ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or gemcitabine. Synergistic efficacy was determined by the isobologram and combination-index methods of Chou and Talalay. Viral replication was measured using a standard plaque assay. Six days after combination therapy, 76% of Hs 700T cells were killed compared with 43% with NV1066 infection alone (MOI = 0.1) or 0% with 5-FU alone (2 βmol/L) (P < .01). Isobologram and combination-index analyses confirmed a strongly synergistic pharmacologic interaction between the agents at all viral and drug combinations tested (LD5 to LD95) in the three cell lines. Dose reductions up to 6- and 78-fold may be achieved with combination therapy for NV1066 and 5-FU, respectively, without compromising cell kill. 5-FU increased viral replication up to 19-fold compared with cells treated with virus alone. Similar results were observed by combining gemcitabine and NV1066. We have demonstrated that 5-FU and gemcitabine potentiate oncolytic herpes viral replication and cytotoxicity across a range of clinically achievable doses in the treatment of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The potential clinical implications of this synergistic interaction include improvements in efficacy, treatment-associated toxicity, tolerability of therapeutic regimens, and quality of life. These data provide the cellular basis for the clinical investigation of combined oncolytic herpes virus therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Macroglobulinemia. III. The effect of mercaptoethanol on the antigenic structure of macroglobulins.

The monomers obtained by treating γ1-macroglobulins with mercaptoethanol have proved to be antigenically different from normal 7S 7γ-globulin. The depolymerization of the macroglobulins resulted in the loss of several antigenic determinants, although the monomers still cross-reacted with antisera against macroglobulins. Reaggregation of the monomers occasionally resulted in the reconstitution of some or all of the antigenic determinants that were lost during depolymerization. Repeated freezing and thawing of pathological macroglobulins in iodoacetate resulted in their complete antigenic destruction. Repeated freezing and thawing of one of the monomers in excess iodoacetate resulted in the degradation to a protein antigenically indistinguishable from Bence Jones protein. The other two monomers studied were stable under these conditions.
Internuclear-separation-resolved asymmetric dissociation of I 2 in a two-color laser field

We have designed a pump-probe experiment to excite I${}_{2}$ to the $B$ state and subsequently ionize the molecule with a two-color (800- and 400-nm) probe pulse. By varying the relative phase of the two colors we are able to probe the asymmetric dissociation of ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}{}^{2+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{2+}+\mathrm{I}$ and we observe spatial asymmetries in the ion yield of this (2,0) channel. Because the durations (35 fs) of the pump and probe pulses are much shorter than the vibrational period of the $B$ state (700 fs) we can fully resolve the dynamics as a function of internuclear separation $R$. We find that the amplitude of the spatial asymmetry increases as a function of $R$ and that the relative phase of the two colors that produces the maximum asymmetry is independent of $R$. Both of these observations are consistent with ionization of I${}_{2}$ directly into the field-dressed potential curves of I${}_{2}{}^{2+}$, which we model with a two-electron one-dimensional double-well potential in an external field. Interestingly, we find a spatial asymmetry for dissociation channels with a charge difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}q=2$, [(2,0) and (3,1)], but not for $\ensuremath{\Delta}q=1$, [(1,0), (2,1), (3,2)]. Finally, substructure in the time-of-flight data shows two distinct states leading to the (2,0) dissociation limit, one of which may indicate a breakdown of the presented model.
Iron deprivation blocks multilineage haematopoietic differentiation by inhibiting induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1).

Summary Iron is required for the differentiation of HL-60 cells along the monocyte lineage in vitro, reflecting a requirement for iron in the transcriptional induction of the p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene. To determine if the same requirement holds true for differentiation in other cell lineages and for primary human CD34+ bone marrow precursor cells, we induced granulocyte differentiation by treating HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulphoxide, and erythroid or megakaryocytic differentiation by treating K562 cells with butyrate or phorbol myristate acetate, respectively. Nitro blue tetrazolium reduction, expression of haem, or expression of CD41 was used to assess granulocytic, erythroid, or megakaryocytic differentiation respectively. Purified CD34+ cells were cultured with granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor to induce myelomonocytic differentiation. Iron deprivation was induced by desferrioxamine. p21(WAF1/CIP1) antisense oligonucleotides were used to inhibit p21 expression. Iron deprivation blocked p21 induction as judged by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, both iron deprivation and p21 antisense blocked CD34+ cell differentiation. These observations were not explained by induction of widespread apoptosis under conditions of iron deprivation. We concluded that both iron and functional p21(WAF1/CIP1) are required for in vitro differentiation of human haematopoietic precursors along multiple cell lineages.
Basic Principles in Selecting Animal Species for Research Projects

One of the most important facets of biomedical research is selecting the species of laboratory animal best suited for a particular purpose. The four major categories of animal models are experimental, spontaneous, negative, and orphan. The experimental model is the one most frequently used, but each category has a place in medical research. Once the investigator has decided which type of model the project calls for, numerous other factors must be considered: ease of handling and surgical manipulation; size, docility, and body conformation; cost of the animal and its related supplies (food, bedding, and caging); the accessibility of superficial blood vessels; and the investigator's familiarity with the various species which are available. Among the biologic factors which should be considered are resistance to natural diseases, nutritional requirements, genotype, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.
Minimal subtraction and the decoupling of heavy quarks for arbitrary values of the gauge parameter

Abstract The decoupling of a heavy quark is investigated to two loops for QCD renormalized by minimal subtraction. It is shown that the heavy quark effects can be absorbed into an effective coupling constant, an effective gauge parameter and effective masses for the light quarks. The relations between these effective parameters and the parameters of the full theory are gauge invariant. In terms of the effective parameters the theory satisfies renormalization group equations which refer only to the light degrees of freedom.
Enzymatic amplification and characterization of large DNA fragments from genomic DNA.

Abstract Conditions for DNA amplification in vitro using modified T7 DNA polymerase have been devised to obtain 2000-bp DNA fragments of the HGPRT gene directly from human genomic DNA. The DNA obtained from a 1.2 × 105-fold amplification has been used for direct sequencing.
Integrin α7 Binds Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 to Suppress Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells

Integrin α7 (ITGA7) is a tumor-suppressor gene that is critical for suppressing the growth of malignant tumors; however, the mechanisms allowing ITGA7 to suppress the growth of cancer cells remain unclear. Herein, we show that ITGA7 binds to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) in prostate cancer cells. The ITGA7-TIMP3 binding led to a decreased protein level of tumor necrosis factor α, cytoplasmic translocation of NF-κB, and down-regulation of cyclin D1. These changes led to an accumulation of cells in G0/G1 and a dramatic suppression of cell growth. Knocking down TIMP3 or ITGA7/TIMP3 binding interference largely abrogated the signaling changes induced by ITGA7, whereas a mutant ITGA7 lacking TIMP3 binding activity had no tumor-suppressor activity. Interestingly, knocking down ITGA7 ligand laminin β1 enhanced ITGA7-TIMP3 signaling and the downstream tumor-suppressor activity, suggesting the existence of a counterbalancing role between extracellular matrix and integrin signaling. As a result, this report demonstrates a novel and critical signaling mechanism of ITGA7, through the TIMP3/NF-κB/cyclin D1 pathway.
Prediction of adsorption from multicomponent solutions by activated carbon using single-solute parameters.

The adsorption of 3 barbiturates—phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and primidone—from simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), without pancreatin, by activated carbon was studied using the rotating bottle method. The concentrations of each drug remaining in solution at equilibrium were determined with the aid of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system employing a reversed-phase column. The competitive Langmuir-like model, the modified competitive Langmuir-like model, and the LeVan-Vermeulen model were each fit to the data. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the modified competitive Langmuir-like model and the LeVan-Vermeulen model. The agreement obtained from the original competitive Langmuir-like model was less satisfactory. These observations are not surprising because the competitive Langmuir-like model assumes that the capacities of the adsorbates are equal, while the other 2 models take into account the differences in the capacities of the components. The results of these studies indicate that the adsorbates employed are competing for the same binding sites on the activated carbon surface. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to accurately predict multicomponent adsorption isotherms using only single-solute isotherm parameters. Such prediction is likely to be useful for improving in vivo/in vitro correlations.
Time scales and optical dephasing measurements: Investigation of dynamics in complex systems.

A detailed theoretical analysis of optical dephasing measurements performed on complex systems, e.g., glasses, proteins, or complex crystals, is presented. Unlike simple crystals, such systems undergo dynamical processes which have a very broad rate distribution. Dynamics can occur on a variety of time scales ranging from subpicoseconds to seconds, or longer. The formalism is based on a four-point correlation-function description of line-narrowing experiments. The results of optical dephasing measurements (time domain) or linewidth measurements (frequency domain) depend on a time ${T}_{W}$ which defines the time scale associated with the particular experimental technique. Detailed information about the rate distribution of the system's dynamics is obtained from the change in the optical dephasing rate as the experimental time scale is changed, not from the dephasing rate measured in any individual experiment. A fundamental result, which is independent of the nature of the rate distribution or the coupling to the optical center, is proven; i.e., the derivative of the optical dephasing rate with respect to ${T}_{W}$, the experimental time scale, is directly proportional to the Laplace transform of the fluctuation rate distribution. As examples, the formal results are applied to two types of systems, optical centers in a glass and in a complex crystal. For the crystalline system ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$, ${T}_{W}$-dependent optical dephasing data from the literature are analyzed quantitatively, where previously only a qualitative description was possible.
Optical engineering challenges of the virtual retinal display

The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) is a unique approach to developing a high-resolution head- mounted display currently under development at the University of Washington's Human Interface Technology (HIT) Laboratory. Rather than looking at a screen though a magnifier or optical relay system, the viewer of the VRD has a scanned beam of light enter the pupil of the eye and focused to a spot on the retina. This type of optical system is subject to different design constraints than a typical HMD. With the VRD it may be possible to realize higher resolution, greater color saturation, higher brightness and larger field-of-view than a traditional LCD or CRT screen-based system. In this paper the author will present the VRD approach and how it can provide these advantages. Issues to be resolved for the VRD to reach its full potential and some of the solutions developed at the HIT lab will also be discussed.
Region-Based Querying of Solar Data Using Descriptor Signatures

In this work we present our first results on the ambitious task of providing region-based querying capabilities to our existing Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) content-based image-retrieval (CBIR) system. By taking advantage of precomputed image descriptors, we calculate region-based histogram signatures for our training set of previously identified solar events. With these signatures we then explore the possibility of retrieving new similar solar events solely based on these scale and rotation invariant signatures. In this work we present our proposed methodology, initial retrieval results, verification and validation mechanisms, and propose future work with possible applications for other fields in astronomy.
Articular cartilage degeneration in post-collapse osteonecrosis of the femoral head radiographic staging, macroscopic grading, and histologic changes

Background: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a debilitating condition characterized by progressive degeneration of bone that eventually leads to collapse of the femoral head in the majority of patients. Femoral head-sparing procedures have been more successful in pre-collapse stages of osteonecrosis than in post-collapse stages, although some patients with early post-collapse disease have had no additional progression of the disorder. Nevertheless, the effects of collapse on the articular cartilage are not well understood, and radiographic staging of femoral head collapse does not address the condition of the articular cartilage. Methods: In the current study, we investigated the relationship between the mechanical properties of post-collapse articular cartilage and the histologic findings and macroscopic grades of the articular cartilage from hips with stage-IV osteonecrosis, those with stage-V osteonecrosis, and those without osteonecrosis. Results: The cartilage from both stage-IV and stage-V hips showed significant degeneration compared with the normal control cartilage, but there was no significant difference between the two stages. There was significant variability in the histologic and mechanical properties of these samples that correlated strongly with the gross appearance of the cartilage surface but not with the lesion size. Conclusions: These results suggest that articular cartilage that appears macroscopically normal may remain mechanically functional even in patients with large osteonecrotic lesions or a late radiographic stage of the disease. Clinical Relevance: These findings lend support to the position that femoral head-sparing surgical strategies designed to restore the contour of the femoral head may have utility in some patients with advanced osteonecrotic disease. The gross appearance of the articular cartilage may be a useful tool for identifying those patients.
Caregiving Influenced by Gender and Spirituality

Abstract Current trends in American families point to the importance of sibling relationships as part of lasting family ties. In families where a child has a disability, siblings are often called upon to be caretakers of their sibling with a disability. Consistent with the research on the caretaking of elderly parents, females are more likely to become caretakers of members with disabilities due to gender role expectations. Such caretaking females face unique emotional and spiritual challenges as they cope with their unique role in the family. This paper will serve as an introduction to the explanation behind the caregiving role for sisters of siblings with disabilities and their consequent spiritual challenges and coping resources.
Terbium replacement of calcium in parvalbumin.

Abstract Carp muscle calcium binding parvalbumin, crystallized in 2.9 m -ammonium sulfate, can bind two Tb3+ ions, which displace the two Ca2+ ions normally present. The Ca2+ co-ordinated in the loop between the E and the F α-helices is displaced at low Tb3+ concentrations; whereas the Ca2+ at the CD site is replaced only at higher Tb3+ concentration. There is not a third Tb3+ site as had been suggested in interpretations of Tb3+ fluorescence experiments performed without ammonium sulfate. A third electron density peak in the difference Fourier maps is tentatively assigned to a sulfate ion co-ordinating the EF site Tb3+ ion.
Abstract 1122: UVB-induced PTEN down-regulation and its association with skin carcinogenesis

Non-melanoma skin cancer including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer in the United States and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight is a major environmental trigger for skin carcinogenesis. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is a proven critical tumor suppressor. We found that UVB down-regulates PTEN in primary human keratinocytes, human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin, and the ERK/AKT/PTEN axis may form a positive feedback loop following UVB irradiation. We also examined PTEN levels in different types of skin cancer that are associated with chronic sun exposure, including actinic keratoses (AK, premalignant lesion), keratocanthoma (KA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (SCC is), SCC invasive (SCC iv). As compared with normal skin, PTEN expression is significantly down-regulated in human skin cancer with these different diagnoses. In addition, PTEN down-regulation is significantly associated with solar UV damage and age of patients. Our findings indicate that UVB radiation suppresses PTEN expression in human skin cancer and this down-regulation may play critical roles in the development and progression of human skin cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1122.
Metaelastic transitions in Jahn-Teller crystals with X − Y ordering

A microscopic theory of metaelasticity is derived and applied to Jahn-Teller crystals with $x\text{\ensuremath{-}}y$ ordered octahedron distortions. The theory explains the interrelation of the elastic and magnetic properties of those crystals and with modifications, could be applied to other systems. The consequences of the application of pressure along the $z$-axis and a $z$-axis magnetic field are explored. Both, the pressure and the magnetic field applications lead to phase transitions. As a manifestation of the field-induced phase transition giant dynamic magnetostriction in colossal magnetoresistance manganite-type crystals is calculated.
The Moral Dimensions of J. S. Mill's Colonialism

Etude de la position de J. S. Mill sur le colonialisme, fondee sur les notions de developpement et de progres. Defendant la these d'une ethique de la croissance qui permet de comprendre les dimensions morales de son soutien au colonialisme, l'A. montre que Mill accepte la justification consequentialiste selon laquelle un systeme colonial bien administre contribue a la maximisation du bonheur. Apres un apercu historique de la carriere diplomatique du philosophe en Inde, au service de la East India Company et du Parlement, l'A. conclut sur evaluation mitigee, voire contradictoire, du philosophe considere comme un penseur eclaire en matiere sociale, mais aussi comme un conservateur defenseur de l'imperialisme britannique
Longitudinal Analysis of Quantitative Virologic Measures in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Subjects with ⩾400 CD4 Lymphocytes: Implications for Applying Measurements to Individual Patients

The natural variability of quantitative virologic measures among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected persons was prospectively studied in 29 untreated persons with >600 CD4 cells/microL and in 15 persons receiving zidovudine monotherapy who had 400-550 CD4 cells/microL at study entry. Cell- and plasma-associated infectious HIV-1, provirus, and virion RNA were determined monthly as were numbers of CD4 and CD8 cells. HIV-1 replication varied widely among subjects with similar CD4 cell counts. The within-individual variability was significantly less than the variability between subjects for all virologic measures. Plasma virion HIV-1 RNA levels had the least variability. A mathematical model was devised to assess whether a potential therapeutic intervention significantly alters peripheral HIV-1 load. The model indicated that three measurements of plasma RNA would be outside the 95th percentile for the expected change in an individual due to natural variability. This approach can be used to accurately assess a therapeutic intervention among persons with low plasma HIV-1 titers.
Management of technology in service firms

Abstract The service sector is receiving increasing attention with respect to technology implementation and productivity issues. At the same time, industry management remains concerned that the integrated nature of real world business is not adequately covered by academicians and their theories. This paper addresses these issues in a unique manner by examining the results of an industry gathered survey in light of three proven service models. Specifically, data collected by a major financial services provider during a customer survey associated with two automated delivery systems, automated teller machines and self-service gas pumps, was made available. Next, three theoretical models were selected reflecting the integrated nature of the service delivery process. Functional disciplines included operations, marketing and human behavior. The actual management of technology issue was considered from the perspectives of productivity, effectiveness, efficiency and quality factors identified in these models. The customer acceptance and utilization of automated teller machines has been substantially less than the success of self-service gas during the 1970–1990 period. Comparing the issues of technology management during the implementation of each offers valuable insight into factors requiring consideration when designing automated service delivery systems. Management implications are identified within the framework of lessons learned from studying these two specific technology applications. The contrast in the success of the implementation of technology in the two service sectors studied was linked to three key factors. First, the process must be well defined and measurable characteristics identified prior to changing the system. Second, the goals of the marketing and operations functions must be coordinated with respect to implementation strategy and established capabilities of the system to change. Finally, the technology implementation must consider the needs of the customer and potential tangible benefits, so that customers will utilize the new system at volume levels that justify the initial expense of the technology.
Image query based on color harmony

The combination of the increased size of digital image databases and the increased frequency with which non- specialist access these databases is raising the question of the efficacy of visual search and retrieval tools. We hypothesize that the use of color harmony has the potential for improving image-search efficiency. We describe an image- retrieval algorithm that relies on a color harmony model. This mode, built on Munsell hue, value, and chroma contrast, is used to divide the image database into clusters that can be individually searched. To test the efficacy of the algorithm, it is compared to existing algorithms developed by Niblack et al and Feldman et al. A second study that utilizes the image query system in a retail application is also described.
NUTRIENT QUALITY OF SELECTED VEGETABLES PREPARED BY CONVENTIONAL AND COOK‐FREEZE METHODS

Selected vegetables (spinach, broccoli, sweet potatoes, and collard greens) prepared in 2.27 kg (5 lb) quantities by boiling, were frozen and stored for six months at −18°C. Zinc, iron, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid were determined on the raw vegetable immediately after cooking and after reheating in a microwave oven subsequent to 6 months frozen storage. The greatest nutrient loss occurred for water soluble nutrients during boiling. Nutrient comparison between cooked samples (conventional method) and samples microwaved after 6 months frozen storage (cook-freeze method) indicated that differences existed only in ascorbic acid content of spinach. Data indicated that vegetables prepared by cook-freeze, a method used by health care institutions, were generally equal in nutrient quality to conventionally prepared vegetables.
An Inducible Cell-Cell Fusion System with Integrated Ability to Measure the Efficiency and Specificity of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and target cell membranes, a multi-step process that represents an attractive target for inhibition. Entry inhibitors with broad-range activity against diverse isolates of HIV-1 may be extremely useful as lead compounds for the development of therapies or prophylactic microbicides. To facilitate the identification of such inhibitors, we have constructed a cell-cell fusion system capable of simultaneously monitoring inhibition efficiency and specificity. In this system, effector cells stably express a tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) that enables tightly inducible expression of both HIV-1 Env and the Renilla luciferase (R-Luc) reporter protein. Target cells express the HIV-1 receptors, CD4 and CCR5, and carry the firefly luciferase (F-Luc) reporter gene under the control of a tTA-responsive promoter. Thus, Env-mediated fusion of these two cell types allows the tTA to diffuse to the target cell and activate the expression of the F-Luc protein. The efficiency with which an inhibitor blocks cell-cell fusion is measured by a decrease in the F-Luc activity, while the specificity of the inhibitor is evaluated by its effect on the R-Luc activity. The system exhibited a high dynamic range and high Z'-factor values. The assay was validated with a reference panel of inhibitors that target different steps in HIV-1 entry, yielding inhibitory concentrations comparable to published virus inhibition data. Our system is suitable for large-scale screening of chemical libraries and can also be used for detailed characterization of inhibitory and cytotoxic properties of known entry inhibitors.
Keck Interferometer: progress report

The Keck Interferometer is a NASA-funded joint development between JPL and the W. M. Keck Observatory. The interferometer will combine the two 10-m Keck telescopes with four 1.8-m outrigger telescopes in several observing modes. These include: nulling interferometry at 10 micrometers to measure the quantity of exozodiacal emission around nearby stars; near-infrared differential-phase measurements to detect `hot Jupiters' by their direct emission; narrow-angle astrometry to search for exoplanets by their astrometric signature; and near-infrared imaging to address a variety of imaging science. Active development of the instrument subsystems and associated infrastructure is underway at JPL and CARA.
A fuzzy approach to process plan selection.

Process planning is the systematic determination of the detailed methods by which parts can be manufactured from raw material to finished product. In a real manufacturing environment, usually several different parts need to be manufactured in a single facility sharing constrained resources. The existence of alternative process plans for each part makes the selection of process plan a very important issue in manufacturing. The objectives in process plan selection might be imprecise and conflicting. In this paper, a fuzzy approach is used to deal quantitatively with the imprecision of the process plan selection problem. Each process plan is evaluated and its contribution to shopfloor performance is calculated using fuzzy set theory. A progressive refinement approach is used to first identify the set of process plans that maximize the contributions, and then consolidate the set to reduce the manufacturing resources needed.
Local complex supersymmetry in two dimensions

Abstract A theory describing the coupling of complex supergravity to a complex supersymmetric matter multiplet in two dimensions is derived. This theory also provides the locally supersymmetric and reparametrization-invariant action appropriate to the O(2) string model. It is demonstrated that the invariances of this action account both for the constraints and the equations of motion of the linearized version of the string theory.
Cell kinetic effects of incorporated 3H-thymidine on proliferating human lymphocytes: flow cytometric analysis using the DNA/nuclear protein method.

Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes incorporating high concentrations of /sup 3/H-thymidine accumulate in G2 and show a consequent reduction in the number of cells entering M (division delay). The simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of DNA content (propidium iodide fluorescence) and nuclear protein content (fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence) allows for the accurate quantitation of these events; G2 and M are separated in the bivariate distributions. A good correlation was observed between mitotic indices, quantitated by manually counting mitotic cells, and integration of the M area in DNA/nuclear protein histograms. Moreover, significant differences in G2 nuclear protein levels were found between untreated and /sup 3/H-thymidine-treated lymphocytes. In order to characterize this effect, G2 was empirically divided into low nuclear protein (G2A) and high nuclear protein (G2B) compartments. /sup 3/H-thymidine caused an initial accumulation of lymphocytes in G2A, followed within 3-6 h by a gradual movement of some cells into G2B, with a subsequent accumulation of cells in G2B. The results suggest that the distribution of cells in G2 (G2A and G2B), the average nuclear protein content of G2B cells, and the proportion of cells in M are parameters that when used in combination provide a unique description of radiobiological effects.
GABAA receptor transmembrane amino acids are critical for alcohol action: disulfide cross‐linking and alkyl methanethiosulfonate labeling reveal relative location of binding sites

Alcohols and inhaled anesthetics modulate GABAA receptor (GABAAR) function via putative binding sites within the transmembrane regions (TMs). The relative position of the amino acids lining these sites could be either inter- or intra-subunit. We introduced cysteines in relevant TM locations and tested the proximity of cysteine pairs using oxidizing and reducing agents to induce or break disulfide bridges between cysteines, and thus change GABA-mediated currents in wild-type and mutant α1β2γ2 GABAARs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We tested for: (1) inter-subunit crosslinking: a cysteine located in α1TM1 [either α1(Q229C) or α1(L232C)] was paired with a cysteine in different positions of β2TM2 or TM3; (2) intra-subunit crosslinking: a cysteine located either in β2TM1 [β2(T225C)] or TM2 [β2(N265C)] was paired with a cysteine in different locations along β2TM3. Three inter-subunit cysteine pairs and four intra-subunits crosslinked. In three intra-subunit cysteine combinations, the alcohol effect was reduced by oxidizing agents, suggesting intra-subunit alcohol binding. We conclude that the structure of the alcohol binding site changes during activation and that potentiation or inhibition by binding at inter- or intra-subunit sites is determined by the specific receptor and ligand.
Bilateral sectoranopia from probable osmotic demyelination.

Lesions of the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) are rare causes of visual field defects. Partial lesions cause sectoranopias. One type is a homonymous wedge defect that straddles the horizontal meridian.1 This is associated with posterior choroidal arterial infarctions, although they can be mimicked by infarctions of the mid-zone of the optic radiations. The other type produces the converse, loss of the superior and inferior fields abutting the vertical meridian but sparing the horizontal meridional wedge. This is characteristic of anterior choroidal arterial infarctions.2 Selective perfusion zones may not be the only explanation of selective field loss from LGN damage. A recent report described bilateral sectoranopias creating an “hourglass” pattern of field loss, hypothesized to result from extrapontine myelinolysis of both LGN.3 I describe a second case of this interesting field defect, also associated with overcorrected hyponatremia, which strengthens the plausibility of the causal relation of the metabolic defect to the field loss. A 65-year-old woman with cryptogenic hepatic …
Juárez: The Reflection of U.S. Values in a Historical Drama:

This article is designed to survey mid-20th century American perceptions of Latin America through popular culture. It focuses on an analysis of the motion picture treatment of Latin America in the American film Juarez. The plot, characters, and cinematography have all been influenced by the social and political climate in the United States and Latin America and by relations between the two regions. The movie reflects the sociopolitical culture of the United States (where the movie was made) at that time.
Elevated cytokine and chemokine levels and prolonged pulmonary airflow resistance in a murine Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia model: A microbiologic, histologic, immunologic, and respiratory plethysmographic profile

ABSTRACT Because Mycoplasma pneumoniae is hypothesized to play an important role in reactive airway disease/asthma, a comprehensive murine model of M. pneumoniae lower respiratory infection was established. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated once withM. pneumoniae and sacrificed at 0 to 42 days postinoculation. All mice became infected and developed histologic evidence of acute pulmonary inflammation, which cleared by 28 days postinoculation. By contrast, M. pneumoniae persisted in the respiratory tract for the entire 42 days studied. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, interleukin-6 (IL-6), KC (functional IL-8), MIP-1α, and MCP-1/JE concentrations were significantly elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations were not significantly elevated. Pulmonary airflow resistance, as measured by plethysmography, was detected 1 day postinoculation and persisted even after pulmonary inflammation had resolved at day 28. Serum anti-M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin G titers were positive in all mice by 35 days. This mouse model provides a means to investigate the immunopathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection and its possible role in reactive airway disease/asthma.
Metal-catalyzed graphitization in Ni-C alloys and amorphous-C/Ni bilayers

Metal-catalyzed graphitization from vapor phase sources of carbon is now an established technique for producing few-layer graphene, a candidate material of interest for post-silicon electronics. Here we describe two alternative metal-catalyzed graphene formation processes utilizing solid phase sources of carbon. In the first, carbon is introduced as part of a cosputtered Ni-C alloy; in the second, carbon is introduced as one of the layers in an amorphous carbon (a-C)/Ni bilayer stack. We examine the quality and characteristics of the resulting graphene as a function of starting film thicknesses, Ni-C alloy composition or a-C deposition method (physical or chemical vapor deposition), and annealing conditions. We then discuss some of the competing processes playing a role in graphitic carbon formation and review recent evidence showing that the graphitic carbon in the a-C/Ni system initially forms by a metal-induced crystallization mechanism (analogous to what is seen with Al-induced crystallization of amorphous Si) rather than by the dissolution-upon-heating/precipitation-upon-cooling mechanism seen when graphene is grown by metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition methods.
Torsades De Pointes after Administration of Low-Dose Aripiprazole

OBJECTIVE:To describe a case of torsades de pointes (TdP) in a patient treated with aripiprazole.CASE SUMMARY:A 42-year-old white male with schizophrenia, diabetes, hypertension, and a history of stroke was admitted to the intensive care unit following 2 days of fever, diarrhea, and altered mental status. Following the resolution of his acute illness, previous therapy with quetiapine 400 mg orally at bedtime was resumed for schizophrenia and presumed delirium. Quetiapine was discontinued after 1 dose because of QTc interval prolongation. Twenty-three days later, with a baseline Q Tc interval of 414 milliseconds, aripiprazole 2.5 mg orally once daily was initiated. Following 5 days of aripiprazole therapy, the patient had a cardiac arrest due to TdP. Normal sinus rhythm was restored after 30 seconds of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 1 shock of 200 Joules, and 4 g of intravenous magnesium sulfate. Serial electrocardiographs obtained after aripiprazole discontinuation revealed resolution of QTc interval prol...
Efficient terrain correction in airborne and seaborne gravity gradiometry surveys

SUMMARY Proper terrain correction in airborne and seaborne gravity gradiometry surveys requires detailed digital elevation models (DEMs). However, due to standard low-pass filter techniques applied during acquisition, the required resolution of the DEMs is altered in commercial surveys. We quantify the ideal resolution for an example dataset with a new and practical method for performing terrain corrections based on Parker's 1972 Fourier domain calculation. In the same vein, we quantify the required spatial extents of DEMs for nominal cases. With these parameters quantified, we can optimize the terrain correction to improve efficiency in both gravity gradiometry forward modeling as well as terrain corrections. In an ideal case, we find that the required spatial extent of the DEM is roughly nine times the greatest relief in the terrain outside the survey area. For the specific case, we find that 20 meter resolution is suitable.
Laser flash photolysis of indole in the presence of amino acids

The laser flash photolysis of indole at 265 nm in the presence of glycine, proline and hydroxy proline was studied. The relative yields of c aq, triplet state, and indole cation radical were determined in the absence and in the presence of the amino acids. The yields were determined as a function of laser intensity and the values at very low intensity were compared with the fluorescence quenching results. It was concluded that in these conditions the photoionization of indole occurs via the fluorescent state. From the curves of triplet yield vs laser intensity, the triplet quantum yield extrapolated at low laser intensity was obtained, φr = 0.55 φ 0.05, relative to the literature value of 0.15 for φeag. This gives φF+φeaq= 1.0 ± 0.1 at room temperature. When proline and hydroxy proline were used as singlet quenchers, the yield of In was greater than the yield of caq. This was considered as evidence that a fraction of the quenching processes leads to complete electron transfer from indole to the amino acids.
Leaky surface waves on curved surfaces

Summary form only given. R.S. Elliott's work on leaky surface waves and their significance and some controversies concerning his work are reviewed. Elliott was the first to given an extensive analytical treatment of azimuthal surface waves on cylinders. This work, published in 1955, involved calculation of Hankel functions of the complex order. The complex order represents the propagation constant in the azimuthal direction. Floquet's theorem was applied to an azimuthal periodic corrugated structure. The surface wave propagates along the curved surface, and the power is not completely trapped on the surface but leaks out continuously. This leaky surface wave concept was successfully applied to produce end-fire antennas. By proper choice of the radius of curvature and length of the arc, the main beam can be positioned at end-fire and the nulls of the pattern can be filled in. In 1956 Elliott studied spherical surface waves. Once again, the curvature controlled the placement of the main beam and the fill-in. >
Sundown town to "Little Mexico": Old-timers and newcomers in an American small town

For more than a century, communities across the United States legally employed strategies to create and maintain racial divides. One particularly widespread and effective practice was that of "sundown towns," which signaled to African Americans and others that they were not welcome within the city limits after dark. Though nearly 1,000 small towns, larger communities, and suburbs across the country may have engaged in these practices, until recently there has been little scholarship on the topic. Drawing from qualitative and quantitative sources, this article presents a case study of a midwestern rural community with a sundown history. Since 1990 large numbers of Mexican migrants have arrived there to work at the local meat-processing plant, earning the town the nickname "Little Mexico." The study identifies a substantial decline in Hispanic-white residential segregation in the community between 1990 and 2000. We consider possible explanations for the increased spatial integration of Latino and white residents, including local housing characteristics and the weak enforcement of preexisting housing policies. We also describe the racialized history of this former sundown town and whether, paradoxically, its history of excluding nonwhites may have played a role in the spatial configurations of Latinos and non-Hispanic whites in 2000. Scholars investigating the contemporary processes of Latino population growth in "new" destinations, both in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, may want to explore the importance of sociohistorical considerations, particularly localities' racialized historical contexts before the arrival of Mexican and other Latino immigrants. Language: en
An efficient algorithm for checking the robust stability of a polytope of polynomials

An efficient algorithm for checking the robust stability of a polytope of polynomials is proposed. This problem is equivalent to a zero exclusion condition at each frequency. It is shown that such a condition has to be checked at only afinite number of frequencies. We formulate this problem as aparametric linear program which can be solved by the Simplex procedure, with additional computations between steps consisting of polynomial evaluations and calculation of positive polynomial roots. Our algorithm requires a finite number of steps (corresponding to frequency checks) and in the important case when the polytope of parameters is a hypercube, this number is at most of orderO(m 3 n 2), wheren is the degree of the polynomials in the family andm is the number of parameters.
BioNetBuilder2.0: bringing systems biology to chicken and other model organisms

Background Systems Biology research tools, such as Cytoscape, have greatly extended the reach of genomic research. By providing platforms to integrate data with molecular interaction networks, researchers can more rapidly begin interpretation of large data sets collected for a system of interest. BioNetBuilder is an open-source client-server Cytoscape plugin that automatically integrates molecular interactions from all major public interaction databases and serves them directly to the user's Cytoscape environment. Until recently however, chicken and other eukaryotic model systems had little interaction data available.
Palliative and end-of-life care in prisons: a content analysis of the literature

Purpose – The growing numbers of terminally ill and dying in prison has high economic and moral costs as global correctional systems and the society at large. However, to date little is known about the extent to which palliative and end-of-life care is infused within global prison health care systems. The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature by reviewing and critically appraising the methods and major findings of the international peer-reviewed literature on palliative and end-of-life care in prison, identify the common elements of promising palliative and end-of-life services in prison, and what factors facilitate or create barrier to implementation. Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis was conducted of the existing peer-reviewed literature on palliative and end-of-life care in prison. English-language articles were located through a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals, such as Academic Search Premier Literature databases using differing combinations of key word...