cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual model of the citizen stream stewardship decision process in an urbanising Midwestern United States watershed

We present a conceptual model depicting how citizens make decisions to promote stream health. The model, based on a combination of local expert opinion and substantive literature, serves as a foundation for assessing citizen knowledge gaps and decision influences, with the ultimate goal of designing more informed communication efforts. The model indicates that decisions are directly influenced by the recognition of a threat and need to act, as well as the legal requirement to act regardless of personal concern. The recognition of a threat is dependent on understanding the ecosystem and the threats and impacts to stream health, as well as a variety of individual differences and socio-cultural factors that motivate individuals to better understand the risk.
Reactions of Imidazoles with Electrophilic Metal Alkyl Complexes

The C−C coupling of two molecules of 1-methylbenzimidazole was effected by neutral yttrium and lutetium benzyl complexes supported by a 1,1′-ferrocenylene-diamide ligand. This transformation involves the C−H activation and coupling of one η2(N,C)-imidazolyl fragment with a coordinated 1-methylbenzimidazole ligand. The coupled product can be transformed into a mono- or dinuclear product, in which one of the imidazole rings is cleaved. Variable-temperature 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopic data support the reversibility of the C−C coupling event and explain the formation of the dinuclear product.
Autotrophic Biological Denitrification for Complete Removal of Nitrogen from Septic System Wastewater

The overall objective of this research was to develop a reliable, robust, and maintenance-free passive system for biological denitrification in on-site wastewater treatment systems. The process relies on sulfur oxidizing denitrifying bacteria in upflow packed bioreactors. Since this process consumes alkalinity, it is necessary to add a solid-phase buffer that can scavenge the H+ as it is generated by the biologically-mediated reaction and arrest the drop in the pH value. This study investigated the use of limestone, marble chips and crushed oyster shell as solid-phase buffers that provide alkalinity. Two bench-scale upflow column reactors and two field-scale bioreactors were constructed and packed with sulfur pellets and an alkalinity source. The pilot scale bioreactors (∼200 L each) were installed at the Massachusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center (MASSTC) in Sandwich, MA. The pilot-scale bioreactors performed better when oyster shell was used as the solid-phase buffer vis-a-vis marble chips. In both (pilot-scale and laboratory-scale) systems, denitrification rates were high with the effluent NO3 − —N concentration consistently below 8 mg/L.
Two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, physical property modeling and automated production of component maps to assess the weathering of pollutants

Abstract Local conditions influence how pollutants will weather in subsurface environments and sediment, and many of the processes that comprise environmental weathering are dependent upon these substances’ physical and chemical properties. For example, the effects of dissolution, evaporation, and organic phase partitioning can be related to the aqueous solubility ( S W ), vapor pressure ( V P ), and octanol–water partition coefficient ( K OW ), respectively. This study outlines a novel approach for estimating these physical properties from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC × GC/MS) retention index-based polyparameter linear free energy relationships (LFERs). Key to robust correlation between GC measurements and physical properties is the accurate and precise generation of retention indices. Our model, which employs isovolatility curves to calculate retention indices, provides improved retention measurement accuracy for families of homologous compounds and leads to better estimates of their physical properties. Results indicate that the physical property estimates produced from this approach have the same error on a logarithmic-linear scale as previous researchers’ log–log estimates, yielding a markedly improved model. The model was embedded into a new software program, allowing for automated determination of these properties from a single GC × GC analysis with minimal model training and parameter input. This process produces component maps that can be used to discern the mechanism and progression of how a particular site weathers due to dissolution, organic phase partitioning, and evaporation into the surrounding environment.
Training of interns and practicum students at community mental health centers

The training of interns and practicum students has become a significant part of the overall program of CMHCs over the last decade. Although many centers provide innovative training in areas consistent with the philosophies of community mental health/community psychology, CMHCs consider the outstanding training which they provide to be in the traditional clinical areas. The fact that the revolution envisaged by the early proponents of the CMH/CP ideology has become transformed into an evolution is not cause for dismay but rather constitutes a study in social change. The planned incorporation of additional CMH/CP components into training programs augurs well for the future. However, the future of training programs is dependent on the extent to which the profession as a whole marshals its resources to not only maintain but increase the financial resources required for maintaining our network of training facilities—CMHCs along with other facilities.
CK-1, a putative chemokine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Chemokines are small inducible proteins that direct the migration of leukocytes. While chemokines are well characterised in mammals, they have yet to be identified in fish. We have isolated a cDNA clone from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which encodes a protein (CK-1) having structural features typical of chemokines. Amino-acid residues that define the beta-chemokines of mammals are conserved in CK-1, including the paired cysteine motif, CC. Further similarities are shared with the C6 subfamily of beta-chemokines. In contrast, the organisation of the CK-1 gene is closer to that of mammalian alpha-chemokine genes than beta-chemokine genes. The CK-1 gene is present in all four salmonid species examined and the nucleotide sequences of the exons are highly conserved. CK-1 has characteristics in common with mammalian alpha and beta-chemokine genes, suggesting that this salmonid chemokine gene preserves traits once present in the ancestral chemokine gene from which modern mammalian chemokine genes evolved.
The E4 Introductory Engineering Test, Design and Simulation Laboratory

At a time when we can least afford it, mastery of experimentation among practicing engineers is fast becoming a lost art. Within the undergraduate engineering curriculum there has been a continuous decrease in emphasis in the study and practice of experimentation over the past several decades. The Introductory Engineering Test, Design and Simulation Laboratory is an important and unique component of the “Enhanced Educational Experience for Engineers,”—Drexel's E4 program—which attempts to reverse this trend in a substantial way. It is based on three premises: that experimentation is a critical and distinguishing element of the profession; that experimental skills require time to develop; and that entering students are interested in laboratory work. Thus it provides early, continuous and significant laboratory experiences for all students regardless of major throughout the freshman and sophomore years. The nature of the program and facilities are based on a perspective which recognizes the rich diversity of engineering experimentation yet emphasizes its common elements. The laboratory facilities and program can be incorporated in most lower-division programs creating the potential for significant improvements in the upper division. The results of our experience since 1989 indicate that the laboratory provides a rich learning environment in which most students achieve or exceed the educational and performance objectives. Equally important, student response is enthusiastic and they have found the laboratory to be a place for them to have a lot of fun becoming engineers!
Morphology of nascent melt polymerized poly(2,6-oxynaphthoate/m-oxybenzoate) copolymer

Abstract The 1/1 copolymer of meta-acetoxybenzoic acid and 2,6-acetoxynaphthoic acid (ANA), prepared by constrained thin film polymerization, crystallizes from the liquid crystal state during polymerization as single disclination domains and lamellar single crystals in the thinnest regions. Lamellae are also seen in the thicker regions. A sublimation-recrystallization-melting-polymerization-crystallization process occurs isothermally, at temperatures below the melting point of the ANA. Infra-red spectra confirm the polymerization and indicate the presence of both monomers. Electron diffraction from the single crystals indicates a phase I structure, similar to that in poly(p-oxybenzoate), with a doubling of the b axis dimension in some crystals. Electron diffraction from sheared samples, after annealing, suggests formation of poly(oxynaphthoate) blocks; the as-sheared samples have only a single c axis reflection (2.1 A).
Dynamic Rabi sidebands in laser-generated microplasmas: Tunability and control

Broadband, coherent radiation in the optical-frequency range is generated using microplasma channels in atmospheric gases in a pump-probe experiment. A microplasma medium is created in a gas by a focused intense femtosecond pump pulse. A picosecond probe pulse then interacts with this microplasma channel, producing broad, coherent sidebands that are associated with luminescence lines and are redshifted and blueshifted with respect to the laser carrier frequency. These sidebands originate from the induced Rabi oscillations between pairs of excited states that are coupled by the probe pulse. Thus the sideband radiation intensity tracks the microplasma evolution. The sidebands arise from broad and tunable Rabi shifts corresponding to varying values of the electric-field magnitude in the probe pulse. The \ensuremath{\sim}10${}^{10}$ W cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ probe beam creates a maximum sideband shift of g90 meV from the carrier frequency, resulting in an effective bandwidth of 200 meV. The sidebands can be tuned and controlled by the intensity and temporal profile of the probe pulse. The fact that the coherence is observed in a microplasma demonstrates that Rabi cycling is possible at high temperature with moderately high laser intensities as long as transitions close to the driving frequency ($\ensuremath{\Delta}$\ensuremath{\sim}2% ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$) are available. Plasma excitation combined with Rabi-shifting measurements also serves as a means to simultaneously extract quantitative ratios for the transition-dipole moments between multiple sets of highly excited states with transitions in the optical regime.
Epinephrine secretion from the perfused adrenal gland produced by scorpion toxin.

Abstract A purified neurotoxin obtained from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus was used to stimulate epinephrine (E) secretion from the isolated, perfused bovine adrenal gland. In low concentrations values. Cholinergic blockade with hexamethonium and atropine completely blocked E secretion stimulated by either toxin or acetylcholine but not secretion stimulated by potassium chloride. The results suggest that the toxin stimulates E secretion through cholinergic mechanisms either by causing release of acetylcholine from splanchnic nerve endings or by directly activating cholinergic receptors on the adrenal chromaffin cell.
Age of a neutron dominated universe

Abstract The connection between the sum of neutrino masses, if any, the age of the universe, and the Hubble constant is discussed. With improved astrophysical data, this relation could be used to predict the sum of the neutrino masses. Comparisons with some previous work on this topic are given. The velocity and energy of massive neutrinos in the present universe are briefly discussed.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SPERMATOZOON OF HYDROIDES HEXAGONUS (ANNELIDA), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACROSOMAL REGION

This paper describes in some detail the structure of the acrosomal region of the spermatozoon of Hydroides as a basis for subsequent papers which will deal with the structural changes which this region undergoes during fertilization. The material was osmium-fixed and mild centrifugation was used to aggregate the spermatozoa from collection to final embedding. The studies concern also the acrosomal regions of frozen-thawed sperm prepared by a method which previously had yielded extracts with egg membrane lytic activity. The plasma membrane closely envelops four readily recognizable regions of the spermatozoon: acrosomal, nuclear, mitochondrial, and flagellar. The acrosome consists of an acrosomal vesicle which is bounded by a single continuous membrane, and its periphery is distinguishable into inner, intermediate, and outer zones. The inner and intermediate zones form a pocket into which the narrowed apex of the nucleus intrudes. Granular material adjoins the inner surface of the acrosomal membrane, and this material is characteristically different for each zone. Centrally, the acrosomal vesicle is spanned by an acrosomal granule: its base is at the inner zone and its apex at the outer zone. The apex of the acrosomal granule flares out and touches the acrosomal membrane over a limited area. In this limited area the adjoining granular material of the outer zone is lacking. The acrosomal membrane of the inner zone is invaginated into about fifteen short tubules. The acrosomal membrane of the outer zone is closely surrounded by the plasma membrane. At the apex of the acrosomal region a small apical vesicle is sandwiched between the plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane. Numerous frozen-thawed specimens and occasional specimens not so treated show acrosomal regions at the apex of which there is a well defined opening or orifice. Around the rim or lip of this orifice plasma and acrosomal membranes may even be fused into a continuum. The evidence indicates that the apical vesicle and the parts of the plasma and acrosomal membranes which surround it constitute a lid, and the rim of this lid constitutes a natural "fracture line" or rim of dehiscence. Should fracture occur, the lid would be removed and the acrosomal vesicle would be open to the exterior.
Communication control in computer supported cooperative work systems

This paper presents AlphaDeltaPhi-groups (ADP-group) as a communication tool for connection level management in distributed CSCW systems. In order to accurately model CSCW communication patterns, an ADP-group is a related set of cooperating processes whose communication is supported by allowing a spectrum of quality-of-service, message delivery reliability, atomicity and causal ordering options to co-exist within the same group. ADP-group communication provides appropriate connection management support and network control within distributed CSCW environments characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of equipment types, network performance and user activity levels. This efficiency is achieved by defining a small set of canonical group communication operations, by automatically making appropriate connections between data sources and sinks, and by using a receiver-based method of connection specification, monitoring and modification.
Using Cell-Free Expression to Create Light-Activated Proteins In Situ in Droplet Interface Bilayer Networks

Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) are physical lipid bilayers that mimic real membranes in living cells, and they are formed quickly using droplets of water and lipids in oil (Fig. 1A). DIBs allow biomolecular sensing and direct detection of transmembrane proteins or peptides and small molecules such as drugs, anesthetics, or even ions. Cell-free expression systems allow in vitro protein synthesis using actual natural machinery extracted from organisms (Fig. 1B). Previous attempts to combine DIBs with cell-free extracts (CFE) encountered bilayer destabilization due to components in the expression system. This study evaluates incorporation of Promega’s T7 S30 High Yield (HY) Expression system with DIBs to pave the way for future in situ expression of light-activated bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and other complex transmembrane proteins in DIBs. A secondary output includes establishing a method for real-time monitoring and modeling of CF expression reactions using minimal volume. The ability to quantify CF output in such small volumes reduces cost per reaction from 0.40, and synthesized protein levels reach tens to hundreds of micrograms per milliliter in less than 1 hour at 37°C.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy need not be a routine part of double-lumen tube placement.

Purpose of review The debate continues as to whether a fiberoptic bronchoscope must be used to position a double-lumen tube. This review supports the argument that although bronchoscopy is extremely helpful, it is not always needed for the routine placement of left double-lumen tubes. Recent findings Several recent clinical reports have demonstrated that an experienced anesthesiologist can safely and consistently position double-lumen tubes without bronchoscopic assistance. In order to do so several important factors must be considered. These include the appropriate choice of tube (left or right), size of tube, and endpoint for the depth of insertion. Summary Although bronchoscopy is useful, no double-lumen tube positioning method is fail-safe. The choice of which approach to use, ‘blind’ versus fiberoptic bronchoscope-assisted, is influenced by many factors. Operator experience with any method increases the likelihood of success. A fiberoptic bronchoscope is not always needed for left double-lumen tube placement.
Almost Clinically Significant (p < .10): Current Measures May Only Approach Clinical Significance

The review by Sheldrick et al. evaluates treatments for children and adolescents with conduct disorder and whether they produce clinically significant changes. The present commentary focuses on the difficulties in interpreting current measures of clinical significance, the reliance on symptom reduction as the sole or primary criterion, and the need to match the criteria and measures of clinical significance to the clinical problems, treatment goals, and lives of the clients. Recommendations are made to establish measures of clinically significant change, and include conceptual elaboration of the construct, empirical research on the criteria (i.e., what it is that reflects real or important therapeutic changes in everyday life), validation of current measures of clinical significance, and development of a typology of clinical problems that might point to which indices of clinical significance are most pertinent. Clinically significant change can be measured in many ways, but it is still not entirely clear what any of the ways means in the lives of clients.
Sample decomposition in an electrically heated cold-trap inlet system for high speed gas chromatography

Thermal decomposition of some hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in metal capillary tubes used in an inlet system for high speed gas chromatography has been investigated. The metal tube is cooled to about −75°C by a flow of cold nitrogen gas in order to focus a vapor sample cryogenically. A capacitive discharge power supply is then used to heat the metal tube resistively in order to revaporize the sample and introduce it to the separation column as a plug 5-10 ms wide. The effects of tube temperature, tube material, sample vapor residence time, and type of carrier gas on thermal cracking are described. Use of a copper-nickel alloy tube resulted in less cracking than either pure platinum or pure nickel. Cracking is more significant with hydrogen as carrier gas than with helium. Cracking also increases with increasing sample residence time in the hot tube. Quantitative sample injection with minimum decomposition can be obtained for a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds.
Extended host range of a β-related corynebacteriophage

Unlike most β-related phages isolated from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, phage 782 readily plaqued on strains of C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The extended host range of phage 782 was not, however, due to a greater ability of the phage to adsorb to bacterial surfaces. Using chemical mutagenesis, a number of phage mutants were isolated which had diminished capacities to infect C. ulcerans, suggesting the existence of a locus (ehr) for extended host range. Pre-lysogenization of C. ulcerans strains with phage 782, but not its mutant form or other β-related phages, rendered them susceptible to infection by previously excluded phages. An examination of recombinants between phages 782, 17, and β localized ehr to a 7 kilobase region of DNA including attP. The data are compatible with the notion that ehr encodes an anti-restriction function.
Prosthesis for the newborn

Abstract In all the infants with the Pierre Robin syndrome that I have treated, the appliance was no longer needed after about two months of use. In those with a midline cleft, the part of the prosthesis closing the lip and supporting the nose is removed when surgery is performed on the lip. The balance of the prosthesis creating the palatal contours may be worn to prevent the collapse of the cleft ridge.
Low temperature heat capacities of transition metal phosphidest

Abstract Low temperature heat capacities of transition metal phosphides, T 3 P, (T = transition metal) are characterized by large γ values which indicate the existence of a narrow d -band in these materials. Anomalous γ values are observed at compositions close to the onset of a long range magnetic state.
Small nodule detectability evaluation using a generalized scan statistic model

In this paper is investigated the use of the scan statistic for evaluating the detectability of small nodules in medical images. The scan-statistic method is often used in applications in which random fields must be searched for abnormal local features. Several results of the detection with localization theory are reviewed and a generalization is presented using the noise nodule distribution obtained by scanning arbitrary areas. One benefit of the noise nodule model is that it enables determination of the scan-statistic distribution by using only a few image samples in a way suitable both for simulation and experimental setups. Also, based on the noise nodule model, the case of multiple targets per image is addressed and an image abnormality test using the likelihood ratio and an alternative test using multiple decision thresholds are derived. The results obtained reveal that in the case of low contrast nodules or multiple nodules the usual test strategy based on a single decision threshold underperforms compared with the alternative tests. That is a consequence of the fact that not only the contrast or the size, but also the number of suspicious nodules is a clue indicating the image abnormality. In the case of the likelihood ratio test, the multiple clues are unified in a single decision variable. Other tests that process multiple clues differently do not necessarily produce a unique ROC curve, as shown in examples using a test involving two decision thresholds. We present examples with two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) and non-TOF PET image sets analysed using the scan statistic for different search areas, as well as the fixed position observer.
Redundant Protection Problem in the Hierarchical GMPLS Networks

The generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) networks possess a hierarchical structure, and each layer has its own independent protection mechanism. Thus, there is redundant protection due to the survivability mechanism at each layer. Among many proposed solutions on the redundant protection problem, the common pool method is considered as the most representative one. However, the common pool method cannot cope with two link failures. With a proposed method, the common pool method can be extended to cope with two link failures with a small cost
Cox broadcasting corporation: A group‐ownership case study

One of the oldest and largest of the group owners in radio and television is historically traced in this article, taken from the author's dissertation on group ownership in television, written under the direction of past BEA‐President Rod Right‐mire at Ohio University. The author is on the broadcasting faculty at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Structure of the jet from a generic catheter tip

A generic feature of a wide variety of central venous catheters, which are typically located within the superior vena cava (SVC), is a jet from a side hole of the catheter tip. Particle image velocimetry is employed in conjunction with a scaled-up water facility, in order to characterize the structure of the jet as a function of dimensionless hole diameter and jet velocity ratio. Quantitative patterns in the radial and crossflow planes of the catheter-SVC system define the jet evolution. It has distinctive features, relative to the classical jet in a crossflow, which issues from a small opening in a planar surface into a region of large extent.
The adaptation of enzymes to temperature: catalytic characterization of glucosephosphate isomerase homologues isolated from Mytilus edulis and Isognomon alatus, bivalve molluscs inhabiting different thermal environments.

Homologues of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI, EC 5.3.1.9) were purified to homogeneity and kinetically characterized from Mytilus edulis and Isognomon alatus, two bivalve molluscs experiencing contrasting thermal environments. The enzyme isolated from I. alatus functions at warmer temperatures (25-35 C) than GPI from M. edulis, a species that inhabits colder marine littoral habitats (5-20 C). The former exhibits apparent first-order (with respect to substrate) catalytic rate constants ( Vm,,/KM) in vitro that become progressively greater than the mussel enzyme as the assay temperature is raised. Apparent zero-order catalytic rate constants (I’,,,) are relatively less differentiated. Catalytic efficiency, defined as the rate at which a catalytic event occurs in either reaction direction for reference standard states (substrate concentrations), is greater for the enzyme from the tropical species (I. alatus) at all realistic combinations of temperature and substrate concentration except for the lowest temperatures and highest substrate concentrations, where the GPI from the boreal/temperate M. edulis is more efficient. This pattern of catalytic divergence appears to be due primarily to differentiation in V,,,/K, . These results and other published data are reviewed and shown to be inconsistent with claims that adaptation of enzymes to higher cell temperatures requires a loss in catalytic efficiency.
Ancestors of Worthy Life: Plantation Slavery and Black Heritage at Mount Clare (Moyer)

This work is a book review considering the title Ancestors of Worthy Life: Plantation Slavery and Black Heritage at Mount Clare by Teresa S. Moyer.
Analysis of Cell Division and Elongation Underlying the Developmental Acceleration of Root Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

To investigate the relation between cell division and expansion in the regulation of organ growth rate, we used Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots grown vertically at 20°C with an elongation rate that increased steadily during the first 14 d after germination. We measured spatial profiles of longitudinal velocity and cell length and calculated parameters of cell expansion and division, including rates of local cell production (cells mm−1 h−1) and cell division (cells cell−1 h−1). Data were obtained for the root cortex and also for the two types of epidermal cell, trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. Accelerating root elongation was caused by an increasingly longer growth zone, while maximal strain rates remained unchanged. The enlargement of the growth zone and, hence, the accelerating root elongation rate, were accompanied by a nearly proportionally increased cell production. This increased production was caused by increasingly numerous dividing cells, whereas their rates of division remained approximately constant. Additionally, the spatial profile of cell division rate was essentially constant. The meristem was longer than generally assumed, extending well into the region where cells elongated rapidly. In the two epidermal cell types, meristem length and cell division rate were both very similar to that of cortical cells, and differences in cell length between the two epidermal cell types originated at the apex of the meristem. These results highlight the importance of controlling the number of dividing cells, both to generate tissues with different cell lengths and to regulate the rate of organ enlargement.
B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma

Tumor-associated macrophages are a prominent component of ovarian cancer stroma and contribute to tumor progression. B7-H4 is a recently identified B7 family molecule. We show that primary ovarian tumor cells express intracellular B7-H4, whereas a fraction of tumor macrophages expresses surface B7-H4. B7-H4+ tumor macrophages, but not primary ovarian tumor cells, suppress tumor-associated antigen-specific T cell immunity. Blocking B7-H4-, but not arginase-, inducible nitric oxide synthase or B7-H1 restored the T cell stimulating capacity of the macrophages and contributes to tumor regression in vivo. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are found in high concentrations in the tumor microenvironment. These cytokines stimulate macrophage B7-H4 expression. In contrast, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-4, which are limited in the tumor microenvironment, inhibit B7-H4 expression. Ectopic expression of B7-H4 makes normal macrophages suppressive. Thus, B7-H4+ tumor macrophages constitute a novel suppressor cell population in ovarian cancer. B7-H4 expression represents a critical checkpoint in determining host responses to dysfunctional cytokines in ovarian cancer. Blocking B7-H4 or depleting B7-H4+ tumor macrophages may represent novel strategies to enhance T cell tumor immunity in cancer.
Disproportionate Presentation of High Risk Prostate Cancer in a Safety Net Health System

Purpose: Most prostate cancer research is based on relatively homogenous cohorts of men, often with comparatively high socioeconomic status. We describe prostate cancer characteristics in men treated in a public health system and hypothesize a disproportionate burden of high risk disease in this population.Materials and Methods: We created a clinical registry from a review of the medical records of 377 men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the San Francisco General Hospital system, which provides care to underserved, uninsured populations. We compared sociodemographic data and cancer characteristics with those in 2 large prostate cancer databases from a community (CaPSURE™) and an academic (University of California-San Francisco tumor registry) setting to assess differences in risk distribution using the D'Amico and Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment scoring systems.Results: Compared to men in CaPSURE or the University of California-San Francisco tumor registry those in the San Francisco General Hospi...
Allergy: etiology and epidemiology

The occurrence of atopic disease throughout the world is subject to many variables. Differences in methodology and diagnostic criteria for measuring the incidence could account for some disparities, but they cannot explain all of them. Despite our increasing knowledge of the atopic diseases, improved treatments, and early diagnosis, the incidence and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis continue to rise. Ongoing research into the etiology and potential risk factors for atopic diseases could lead to the early diagnosis, effective treatment, and prevention.
Quasiparticles in Magnetic Metals

The properties of a low-density electron gas are calculated, with all two-body scattering processes included in the t-matrix approximation. This yield a phase diagram indicating the possibility of itinerant electron ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism. The results are confirmed at high density by an analysis of Nagaoka’s model of a half-filled band. The collective excitations are electron- and hole-like quasiparticles having an interaction-dependent effective mass, and magons. The role of the atomic exchange forces (“Hund’s rules”) are assessed quantitatively in a two-band model. Without such exchange, no magnetic moments can exist. This chapter highlights some of the distinctions between magnetism in metals and in non-metals.
Changes in plasma endothelin-1 levels reflect clinical response to β-blockade in chronic heart failure

Abstract Plasma levels of endothelin-1 are elevated in patients with chronic heart failure; however, it is unknown whether changes in plasma endothelin-1 levels accurately reflect clinical response to therapy in these patients. To determine this, we measured plasma endothelin-1 in addition to functional, hemodynamic, and other neurohormonal parameters as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the β-blocker vasodilator carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure. Patients were assigned (2:1 randomization) to receive carvedilol (25 mg twice daily, n = 10) or placebo ( n = 5) for 14 weeks, with evaluations made before and after therapy. Compared to patients receiving placebo, patients receiving carvedilol improved significantly as assessed by the parameters described. These changes were paralleled by significant falls in endothelin-1 with carvedilol (−2.1 + 3.8 pg/ml) in comparison to placebo (2.2 + 3.9 pg/ml; p r = 0.64 to 0.80; p r = 0.54 to 0.86; p r = 0.74 to 0.76; p
Reflective visual journaling during art therapy and counselling internships: a qualitative study

This qualitative multiple case study explored four art therapy students’ and four counselling students’ responses to visual journaling during their internships. They maintained their journals throughout one 15‐week academic semester, and were interviewed four times over the course of the study. Data consisted of transcribed interviews and photographs of participants’ journal imagery. Data analysis yielded three overarching patterns: The Internship Experience Overall, The Visual Journal Experience, and Journaling Process. The visual journal facilitated the process of reflection. Participants gained insights into aspects of their experience through making art, combining it with written text and reflecting upon their journal entries. In addition, they used their visual journals for case conceptualization, addressing countertransference and stress reduction. Whereas all of the participants deemed the visual journal valuable, counselling interns had initial difficulty with visual thinking. The participants con...
Connections of visual areas of the upper temporal lobe of owl monkeys: the MT crescent and dorsal and ventral subdivisions of FST

An oval of cortex of moderately dense myelination just ventral to the middle temporal visual area (MT) with input from MT has been referred to as the fundal area of the superior temporal sulcus (FST). Injections of the tracer WGA-HRP into dorsal (FSTD) and ventral (FSTv) halves of FST revealed that only FSTD has connections with MT. FSTv has connections instead with small patches of cortex that string together like beads to form a ring or crescent (MTc) around most of MT. The patches in MTc stain densely for myelin or cytochrome oxidase, and they are embedded in a less densely stained matrix. The connections of FSTD associate the area with the dorsal stream of processing directed toward posterior parietal cortex and important in spatial aspects of vision. Thus, FSTD has direct connections with ventral posterior parietal cortex (VPP), and connections with MT, the medial superior temporal (MST), and dorsomedial (DM) visual areas, all areas that relay to posterior parietal cortex. In contrast, FSTv does not appear to have connections with either VPP or MST, and only sparse connections with DM. Rather, major connections of FSTv are with inferior temporal cortex. Thus, FSTv is more associated with the ventral stream of processing related to object vision. However, both FSTv and FSTD have connections with area 18 or V-II, the dorsolateral visual area, the frontal eye field, and a frontal visual area. Interhemispheric connections of FSTD include FSTD, MT, and MST, while interhemispheric connections of FSTv include FSTv and MTc.
Using data mining as a strategy for assessing asynchronous discussion forums

The purpose of this paper is to show how data mining may offer promise as a strategy for discovering and building alternative representations for the data underlying asynchronous discussion forums. Presently, the instructor's view of the output of a threaded forum is limited to reviewing a transcript or print version of the written dialogue produced by participants. With potentially hundreds of contributions to review for an entire online course, the instructor lacks a comprehensive view of the information embedded in the transcript. In this context, the authors attempt to sort out the question, "what is data from an online forum?" among other key questions. The present work seeks to intersect the information (i.e., participation indicators) an instructor may wish to extract from the forum with viewable and useful information that the system could produce from the instructor's query. Temporal participation indicators are used to show how using data and text mining techniques in the query process could improve the instructor's ability to evaluate the progress of a threaded discussion.
Free the Data: One Laboratory's Approach to Knowledge‐Based Genomic Variant Classification and Preparation for EMR Integration of Genomic Data

Current technology allows clinical laboratories to rapidly translate research discoveries from small patient cohorts into clinical genetic tests; therefore, a potentially large proportion of sequence variants identified in individuals with clinical features of a genetic disorder remain unpublished. Without a mechanism for clinical laboratories to share data, interpretation of sequence variants may be inconsistent. We describe here the two components of Emory Genetics Laboratory's (EGL) in-house developed data management system. The first is a highly curated variant database with a data structure designed to facilitate sharing of information about variants identified at EGL with curated databases. This system also tracks changes in variant classifications, creating a record of previous cases in need of updated reports when a classification is changed. The second component, EmVClass, is a Web-based interface that allows any user to view the inventory of variants classified at EGL. These software tools provide a solution to two pressing issues faced by clinical genetics laboratories: how to manage a large variant inventory with evolving variant classifications that need to be communicated to healthcare providers and how to make that inventory of variants freely available to the community.
Calculation and use of selectivity coefficients of feeding: Zooplankton grazing

Vanderploeg, H.A. and Scavia, D., 1979. Calculation and use of selectivity coefficients of feeding: zooplankton grazing. Ecol. Modelling, 7: 135--149. A straightforward method of calculating selectivity coefficients (Wii) of predation from raw data, mortality rates of prey, filtering rates, feeding rates and electivity indices is derived. Results from a comparison of selectivity coefficients for the copepod Diaptomus oregonensis grazing under a number of experimental conditions suggest that Wij's for sizeselective feeding are invariant, a conclusion also supported by the leaky-sieve model. Recommendations are made on how to use Wij's in linear and nonlinear feeding constructs for zooplankton and other animals.
Risks and benefits of a gun in the home

This article summarizes the scientific literature on the health risks and benefits of having a gun in the home for the gun owner and his/her family. For most contemporary Americans, scientific studies indicate that the health risk of a gun in the home is greater than the benefit. The evidence is overwhelming for the fact that a gun in the home is a risk factor for completed suicide and that gun accidents are most likely to occur in homes with guns. There is compelling evidence that a gun in the home is a risk factor for intimidation and for killing women in their homes. On the benefit side, there are fewer studies, and there is no credible evidence of a deterrent effect of firearms or that a gun in the home reduces the likelihood or severity of injury during an altercation or break-in. Thus, groups such as the American Academy of Pediatrics urge parents not to have guns in the home. Language: en
Measurement of the copy number of the master quorum-sensing regulator of a bacterial cell.

Quorum-sensing is the mechanism by which bacteria communicate and synchronize group behaviors. Quantitative information on parameters such as the copy number of particular quorum-sensing proteins should contribute strongly to understanding how the quorum-sensing network functions. Here, we show that the copy number of the master regulator protein LuxR in Vibrio harveyi can be determined in vivo by exploiting small-number fluctuations of the protein distribution when cells undergo division. When a cell divides, both its volume and LuxR protein copy number, N, are partitioned with slight asymmetries. We measured the distribution functions describing the partitioning of the protein fluorescence and the cell volume. The fluorescence distribution is found to narrow systematically as the LuxR population increases, whereas the volume partitioning is unchanged. Analyzing these changes statistically, we determined that N = 80–135 dimers at low cell density and 575 dimers at high cell density. In addition, we measured the static distribution of LuxR over a large (3000) clonal population. Combining the static and time-lapse experiments, we determine the magnitude of the Fano factor of the distribution. This technique has broad applicability as a general in vivo technique for measuring protein copy number and burst size.
The Detraditionalization of Intimacy Reconsidered

This essay challenges those strains of contemporary social theory that regard romantic/ sexual intimacy as a premier site of detraditionalization in the late modern era. Striking changes have occurred in intimacy and family life over the last half-century, but the notion of detraditionalization as currently formulated does not capture them very well. With the goal of achieving a more refined understanding, the article proposes a distinction between “regulative” and “meaning-constitutive” traditions. The former involve threats of exclusion from various moral communities; the latter involve linguistic and cultural frameworks within which sense is made of the world. Focusing on the U.S. case and marshaling various kinds of empirical evidence, the article argues that while the regulative tradition of what it terms lifelong, internally stratified marriage has declined in strength in recent years, the image of the form of couplehood inscribed in this regulative tradition continues to function as a hegemonic ide...
Student barriers to online learning: A factor analytic study

This article reports on a large‐scale (n = 1,056), exploratory factor analysis study that determined the underlying constructs that comprise student barriers to online learning. The eight factors f...
Chemosensory-based contextual conditioning inHermissenda crassicornis

In two experiments, the marine molluskHermissenda crassicornis was exposed to context discrimination training. In one context, defined by the presence of a diffuse chemosensory stimulus (shellfish extract A), brief, unsignaled, unconditioned stimuli (USs; high-speed rotation) were presented; in a second context, defined by the presence of shellfish extract B, no USs were presented. Animals were then tested (at both 1.5 and 24 h) by exposing them to small pieces of the shellfish meat used to define the two contexts. The latency to strike at the meat served as an index of the context-US association. In Experiment 1, the latency to strike at the cue associated with rotation was reduced relative to both preconditioning strike latencies and the associatively neutral cue. However, in a two-choice test where the animals could approach the conditioned or neutral stimulus, the animals regularly avoided the stimulus paired with rotation. Moreover, if, following conditioning, the animals were presented with an unsignaled rotation in the conditioned context or the neutral context, the animals exhibited more effective defensive clinging (an unconditioned reflex normally elicited by rotation) in the conditioned context, suggesting that it “prepared” the animal for the aversive US. In total, these results demonstrate thatHermissenda is capable of making associations to diffuse background (contextual) stimuli. Moreover, the results suggest that pairing the chemosensory cue with an aversive US elicits a strike response inHermissenda when the animal is placed in forced contact with the cue and an active avoidance response when the animal can choose between that cue and a neutral cue.
Purification and biochemical properties of phytochromobilin synthase from etiolated oat seedlings.

Plant phytochromes are dependent on the covalent attachment of the linear tetrapyrrole chromophore phytochromobilin (PΦB) for photoactivity. In planta, biliverdin IXα (BV) is reduced by the plastid-localized, ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent enzyme PΦB synthase to yield 3Z-PΦB. Here, we describe the >50,000-fold purification of PΦB synthase from etioplasts from dark-grown oat ( Avena sativa L. cv Garry) seedlings using traditional column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. Thus, PΦB synthase is a very low abundance enzyme with a robust turnover rate. We estimate the turnover rate to be >100 s −1 , which is similar to that of mammalian NAD(P)H-dependent BV reductase. Oat PΦB synthase is a monomer with a subunit mass of 29 kD. However, two distinct charged forms of the enzymes were identified by native isoelectric focusing. The ability of PΦB synthase to reduce BV is dependent on reduced 2Fe-2S Fds. A K m for spinach ( Spinacea oleracea ) Fd was determined to be 3 to 4 μm. PΦB synthase has a high affinity for its bilin substrate, with a sub-micromolar K m for BV.