cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the morphology of phyletically basal bovichtid fishes of the Antarctic suborder Notothenioidei (Perciformes)

In studying the soft tissue anatomy and histology of notothenioids, especially the bovichtids Bovichtus diacanthus and Cottoperca gobio, I evaluated the structure and phyletic distribution of two characters identified by Balushkin (2000) and a new ocular character complex first recognized here. Histology indicates that Balushkin’s antesupracleithral organ is the thymus, a lymphoid organ that involutes with age in notothenioids. Given the universal phyletic distribution of the thymus in gnathostomes, the variation introduced by ontogenetic regression, and its predilection to preservation artifacts, neither its presence nor the appearance of its epidermis are reliable systematic characters in notothenioids. Balushkin’s hypoglossal gland, found in Bovichtus and Cottoperca, is a projection of the mucosa of the oral cavity lateral to the tongue. Histology reveals that it is not a multicellular gland and that its composition does not differ from that of the oral musosa in general—stratified squamous epithelium containing unicellular mucous glands and a few taste buds. While an elaboration of a mucosal fold present in some other notothenioids, the hypoglossal gland is nevertheless sufficiently different and distinct in Bovichtus and Cottoperca that it is a valid synapomorphy for bovichtids. Study of ocular vascular morphology reveals that bovichtids, but not other notothenioids, have a persistent choroid fissure and a low falciform process with a “Dreiecke” (triangle of Virchow). A lentiform body is also present in these two genera but is seen in Pseudaphritis urvillii and Eleginops maclovinus as well. A choroid fissure, falciform process and lentiform body have not been previously noted in notothenioids. The ocular character complex reinforces the phyletically basal position of bovichtids since a choroid fissure and falciform process are widely distributed among perciform outgroups but lost in non-bovichtid notothenioids. Non-traditional morphological characters provide useful information, but preservation can be problematic and museum specimens may not suffice when the structures are truly soft tissue such as the thymus and interior of the eye.
The luteotrophic action of decidual tissue: the stimulating effect of decidualization on the serum progesterone level of pseudopregnant rats.

On day 5 (4th diestrous day), pseudopregnant rats were arranged in pairs, one member of which was subjected to hysterectomy (H-ect) and the other to uterine scratching to induce formation of decidual tissue (DT). Blood samples were collected from each pair of rats immediately before and at various intervals after operation until day 13, and with very few exceptions were assayed for progesterone by CPB in the same assay. From 21 such pairs, the following findings emerged: During the period from day 7-day 11 inclusive, a DTbearing rat′s serum progesterone level was higher than that of its H-ect paired control in 79– of the paired comparisons; the mean serum progesterone level of the DT-bearing rats was higher than that of the H-ect rats on each day during this period; and the progesterone level group mean for all the DTbearing rats during this period was at least 25– (P < 0.05) higher than that of the H-ect rats. On days 6, 12, and 13, however, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups by a...
Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: a clock mutant, prd-1, is altered in membrane fatty acid composition.

Abstract The fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids of Neurospora crassa mutants with altered periods were determined to test the possibility that some of these mutants might have altered membrane composition. In liquid shaker culture in constant light the bd (band) strain, which has a normal period (21.6 h), exhibited a growth-dependent increase in linoleic acid content and a decrease in linolenic acid content during early log phase growth. By late log phase, fatty acid composition was essentially constant. The phospholipid fatty acid compositions of bd strains containing mutations at the frq (frequency) and chr (chrono) loci were indistinguishable from that of the bd strain under the conditions used. However, a bd strain containing a mutation at the prd-1 (period) locus, as well as prd-1 segregants from a cross of this strain to a bd strain, had altered patterns of growth-dependent fatty acid composition; linoleic and linolenic acid contents changed more slow than in the bd strain and continued to change throughout growth. In addition, the fatty acid composition of a bd prd-1 strain on solid medium differed from that of the bd strain. It is proposed that the prd-1 mutation leads to altered membrane homeostasis, which in turn affects circadian rhythmicity because some or all components of the rhythm-generating system are membrane-localized.
AMO experiments at the LCLS X-ray laser

This tutorial will explore the opportunities for novel AMO Physics at X-ray Free Electron Lasers such as LCLS, which begins operations in 2009.
Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The goals of this study were to determine the extent of atherosclerotic progression among women with SLE compared with a group of healthy controls and to determine whether factors attributed to SLE or its treatment were associated with atherosclerotic progression independent of traditional CVD risk factors. Methods A longitudinal study of women with SLE from the Pittsburgh Lupus Registry was conducted. Women 18 years of age and older (n = 217) underwent carotid ultrasound at baseline and at followup, an average of 4.19 years later. Clinical, serologic, and SLE-related factors, and disease treatment were evaluated. Outcomes were changes in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque. Progression of CVD in a sample of women without lupus was used for comparison. Results The patients' mean ± SD age at baseline was 45.1 ± 10.3 years, and the mean ± SD IMT progression rate was 0.011 ± 0.03 mm per year. After controlling for traditional CVD risk factors, higher serum creatinine levels were associated with IMT progression (P = 0.0006). Plaque prevalence was 31% at baseline and 40% at followup; plaque progression occurred in 27% of the patients. Higher serum C3 levels and immunosuppressant use at baseline were related to plaque progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively) independent of traditional CVD risk factors. The plaque progression rate was higher than, and the IMT progression rate was similar to, those in the control group. Conclusion SLE patients have accelerated plaque progression compared with controls. SLE-related risk factors are associated with the progression of IMT and plaque after controlling for traditional CVD risk factors. Carotid B-mode ultrasound may serve as a surrogate end point in SLE intervention trials and clinically to track SLE management.
Thermodynamics of RNA duplexes with tandem mismatches containing a uracil-uracil pair flanked by C.G/G.C or G.C/A.U closing base pairs.

The thermodynamics governing the denaturation of RNA duplexes containing 8 bp and a central tandem mismatch or 10 bp were evaluated using UV absorbance melting curves. Each of the eight tandem mismatches that were examined had one U-U pair adjacent to another noncanonical base pair. They were examined in two different RNA duplex environments, one with the tandem mismatch closed by G·C base pairs and the other with G·C and A·U closing base pairs. The free energy increments ( ) of the 2 × 2 loops were positive, and showed relatively small differences between the two closing base pair environments. Assuming temperature-independent enthalpy changes for the transitions, for the 2 × 2 loops varied from 0.9 to 1.9 kcal/mol in 1 M Na+ at 37 °C. Most values were within 0.8 kcal/mol of previously estimated values; however, a few sequences differed by 1.2−2.0 kcal/mol. Single strands employed to form the RNA duplexes exhibited small noncooperative absorbance increases with temperature or transitions indicative of pa...
Context and hierarchy in Aldo Leopold's theory of environmental management

Abstract During the 1930s, Aldo Leopold recognized that resource management, activities designed to maximize sustainable production, may damage their larger environmental context. His land ethic can be understood operationally as also requiring environmental management, which shows concern for the ecological context in which resource-producing units are embedded. Leopold introduced this idea metaphorically in Thinking Like a Mountain . He there recognized that human individuals consider their actions in short frames of time whereas the mountain - the larger ecological community - must ‘think’ in the longer frames of ecological time. Theoretically, he expressed this idea by incorporating community ecology into his management model. Leopold's work significantly anticipates hierarchy theory, an important application of general systems theory to ecology. Like Leopold, hierarchy theorists model nature as smaller, fast-changing subsystems embedded in larger, normally slow-changing systems that environ the subsystems. Smaller systems are constrained by the larger system of which they are the parts; individual elements of smaller systems, however, are too short-lived to affect important changes in the larger system. Elements of smaller systems, therefore, affect the larger system only as contributors to trends among their cohorts. Managerially, this implies that environmental management should focus on trends in the behavior of parts and that ‘ecological breakdowns’ such as the dust bowl occur when rapid changes in social trends overbound the parameters of normally slower change in larger systems. The concepts of hierarchy theory, especially the emphasis on levels of dynamically related elements changing in different scales of time, hold promise to make more concrete the important insights of Leopold's land ethic. The hierarchical approach is applied to the problems of nutrient loading in the Chesapeake Bay and its effects on submerged aquatic vegetation. Leopold's land ethic and the hierarchical model both imply that environmental policy must be formed in two distinct stages, with the primary stage determining limits or constraints inherent in ecological systems. Maximizing criteria are then applied to choose among those resource-use plans which fulfill the prior ecologically based constraints.
Lineage‐specific differences among CD8+ T cells in their dependence of NF‐κB/Rel signaling

Whereas most CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes and spleen express the CD8alpha beta heterodimer and depend absolutely on thymic competence for their development, a substantial population of T cells expressing CD8alpha alpha matures extrathymically. Although the existence of these CD8 sublineages is well established, relatively little is known about differences that might exist among CD8 cells in their requirement for particular transcriptional pathways during the development and maintenance of normal populations. Transgenic mice whose T lineage expresses an IkappaBalpha mutant exhibited decreased NF-kappaB signaling and a diminution in mature CD8 T cells. We now have determined that although TCR-dependent CD69 induction by CD8alpha alpha and CD8alpha beta T cells was unaffected by inhibition of NF-kappaB, TCRalpha beta CD8alpha beta T cells were preferentially reduced compared to their TCRalpha beta CD8alpha alpha or TCRgamma delta counterparts. This finding was most prominent in spleen, but was also apparent in Peyer's patches of transgenic mice. In addition, diminished antiviral cytotoxic responses of CD8alpha beta intraepithelial lymphocytes were observed after enteric reovirus infection. Taken together, these results indicate that NF-kappaB signaling is more important for the thymus-dependent TCRalpha beta CD8alpha beta population than for other CD8 lineages, and thus regulates the number, function, and normal balance of CD8 subsets in the periphery.
LCA comparability and the waste index

There are several problems with the current Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. One of the most serious problems, in our opinion, is incomparability of results. Several industry representatives have expressed that without comparability and benchmark ability LCA will not survive long in the commercial world. It is therefore paramount that comparability is achieved. Incomparability stems from the usage of different functional units, unit processes and, most notably, different impact categorizations. We propose a new index — the Waste Index (WI) — that does not rely upon any of these techniques, but rather measures an imbalance in Nature and relies upon thermodynamics and chemistry — resulting in comparability.
Kinetocardiographic Changes in Ischemic Heart Disease

Patients with myocardial infarctions may show a paradoxic precordial outward systolic movement that can be recorded by the kineto-cardiographic technic and often is felt at the bedside. Three types of changes occur. The first is an early systolic outward movement, which is abnormally long in duration but not sustained throughout systole. The second is a sustained outward movement during systole called a "bulge," and the third is a late systolic outward movement. Bulges can be recorded in approximately two thirds of the patients with known infarctions with the largest outward movement most frequently noted in or near the V3 area. A few patients with angina may have a bulge at rest; however, apparently about 30 per cent develop a bulge on exercise.
Fiber-Optic Digital Video Systems For Commercial Cable TV Trunking Applications

The important design considerations for a fiber-optic television trunk line using both analog and digital approaches are given. The decision processes for selecting the approach for a given application requirement are discussed. Important link model parameters for an actual 12 channel, 8 km CATV supertrunk are shown with photographs of operating commercial hardware.
Theory of magnetoexcitons in quantum wells

A theory of excitons in a high magnetic field normal to the confining quantum well of III-V semiconductors is constructed. The theory dictates that all the observable optical transitions must involve bound excitons, that the field dependence is nonlinear, and that extra spectral lines arise from the mixing of heavy- and light-hole character in the Landau levels. These salient features lead to a drastic reinterpretation of the magneto-optical spectra in comparison with calculated exciton energies.
Essential features of designating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as a reportable event: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group.

The 2010 impact goal of the American Heart Association is to reduce death rates from heart disease and stroke by 25% and to lower the prevalence of the leading risk factors by the same proportion. ...
Risk allocation and flexibility in acquisitions: The economic impact of material -adverse -change (MACs) clauses

I analyze the economic consequences of Material-Adverse-Change clauses (MACs) in merger agreements. MACs, used in more than 90% of acquisitions in my sample, show a high level of customization through the Material-Adverse-Event (MAE) exclusions, which limit the acquirers abandonment option defined through MACs. In this paper, I show the economic consequences of MACs are significant in at least four ways. First, the number of Material-Adverse-Event (MAE) exclusions is negatively related to the premium offered to the target. Second, acquisitions with more MAE exclusions have narrower arbitrage spreads. Third, limiting the abandonment option through MAE exclusions significantly reduces the probability and hazard rates of renegotiation and termination. Finally, acquirers that renegotiate after the target experienced a firm-specific MAE obtain, on average, a 15% reduction in the premium paid. Results imply acquirers are willing to pay more to be able to terminate or renegotiate if necessary. These findings indicate that MACs have an economically meaningful impact on the takeover process.
Biophysical Models of Human Behavior: Is There A Place for Logic?

Renato Ramos (2011) uses Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld's (1987) concept of self-organized criticality (SOC) to recontextualize free will in social terms by demonstrating that “behavior of human social ...
The Significance of the Expulsion of Water in Oil-Phase Primary Migration

ABSTRACT The effective expulsion of water is essential to keep a relatively high saturation of generated oil in the liquid-water phase in shales. If the oil saturation in the remaining liquid-water phase becomes as high as 1 to 10 per cent after effective drainage, the oil may flow with the water in the shales toward the sands. This flow rate is considered to be extremely slow because of the low permeability of the shales; however, over periods of geological time, this slow movement of oil may suffice to accumulate a large amount of oil in a given structure. If the drainage is not effective, most of the liquid water may have to stay in the shale pore spaces, reducing the oil saturation. Under these conditions, if some late-stage compaction takes place, water can move out but oil in a separate phase can not, because the saturation is so low.
Vertical slender jets with surface tension

The shape of a vertical slender jet of fluid falling steadily under the force of gravity is studied. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear free boundary-value problem for the potential. Surface-tension effects are included and studied. The use of perturbation expansions results in a system of equations that can be solved by an efficient numerical procedure. Computations were made for jets issuing from three different orifice shapes, which were an ellipse, a square, and an equilateral triangle. Computational results are presented illustrating the effects of different values for the surfacetension coefficient on the shape of the jet and the periodic nature of the cross-sectional shapes.
A T14C Variant of Azotobacter vinelandii Ferredoxin I Undergoes Facile [3Fe-4S]0 to [4Fe-4S]2+Conversion in Vitro but Not in Vivo

Abstract [4Fe-4S]2+/+ clusters that are ligated by Cys-X-X-Cys-X-X-Cys sequence motifs share the general feature of being hard to convert to [3Fe-4S]+/0 clusters, whereas those that contain a Cys-X-X-Asp-X-X-Cys motif undergo facile and reversible cluster interconversion. Little is known about the factors that control the in vivo assembly and conversion of these clusters. In this study we have designed and constructed a 3Fe to 4Fe cluster conversion variant of Azotobacter vinelandiiferredoxin I (FdI) in which the sequence that ligates the [3Fe-4S] cluster in native FdI was altered by converting a nearby residue, Thr-14, to Cys. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization shows that when purified in the presence of dithionite, T14C FdI is an O2-sensitive 8Fe protein. Both the new and the indigenous clusters have reduction potentials that are significantly shifted compared with those in native FdI, strongly suggesting a significantly altered environment around the clusters. Interestingly, whole cell EPR have revealed that T14C FdI exists as a 7Fe protein in vivo. This 7Fe form of T14C FdI is extremely similar to native FdI in its spectroscopic, electrochemical, and structural features. However, unlike native FdI which does not undergo facile cluster conversion, the 7Fe form T14C FdI quickly converts to the 8Fe form with a high efficiency under reducing conditions.
Quality of Service in Mission Orientated Ad-hoc Networks

Normal design practice is to decouple the design of applications using a network from the design of the network itself. Designers optimize network performance by only focusing on network transport layer mechanisms for robustness (connectivity), efficiency (throughput), and speed of service (latency). Applications offer loads to the network and rely on the QoS function in the network to prioritize the traffic flows. By contrast, network centric operations focus on application layer features like situation awareness and synchronization to enhance force effectiveness. Therefore, in contrast to enterprise networks in which QoS processes messages based on fixed priorities by data type, in mission orientated MANET, QoS must be a cooperative function between application and network resource management that uses dynamic priority allocations derived from task priorities established by commanders within the echelon hierarchies.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Modulation at the Virus-Host Interface Affects Immune Outcome and Disease Pathogenesis

The dynamics of the virus-host interface in the response to respiratory virus infection is not well-understood; however, it is at this juncture that host immunity to infection evolves. Respiratory viruses have been shown to modulate the host response to gain a replication advantage through a variety of mechanisms. Viruses are parasites and must co-opt host genes for replication, and must interface with host cellular machinery to achieve an optimal balance between viral and cellular gene expression. Host cells have numerous strategies to resist infection, replication and virus spread, and only recently are we beginning to understand the network and pathways affected. The following is a short review article covering some of the studies associated with the Tripp laboratory that have addressed how respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) operates at the virus-host interface to affects immune outcome and disease pathogenesis.
Severe hemoptysis from dilated systemic aberrant arteries supplying normal lung segments.

Summary. Hemoptysis is an uncommon presentation in children. It can be caused by several systemic and pulmonary disorders. Bleeding from an anomalous arterial supply to normal lung segments with no underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders was widely reported in adults butisextremelyrareinthepediatricagegroup.Herewedescribe4previouslynormalchildrenand one girl with chronic lung disease, secondary to bronchopumonary dysplasia, with acute and significant hemoptysis of variable severity. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigations did not identify any reasonable causes for their symptoms. Cardiac catheterization showed dilated anomalous systemic arteries that supplied a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in one case and normalbasallungsegmentsintheother4cases.Embolizationoftheanomalousarterialcollaterals led to occlusion of these arteries and the cessation of further hemoptysis. Pediatr Pulmonol.
Mössbauer Investigation of the Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites

The recoilless resonant interaction of 14.4-keV gamma rays in 57Fe was used for the investigation of iron minerals in the ordinary chondrites. The absorption spectra are composites of the 2-line patterns of olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO3 and the 6-line patterns of troilite (FeS) and kamacite (nickel-iron alloy with body-centered cubic structure). All the spectra of the ordinary chondrites investigated were similar in general appearance. For the equilibrated bronzite chondrites the mean ratio of olivine to pyroxene iron was 1.6; for the equilibrated hypersthene chondrites the values clustered about 2.2. The spectra of the unequilibrated ordinary chondrites give the appearance of having a very large ratio of olivine to pyroxene iron. In certain meteorites, however, some of the pyroxene iron resides in a nonequivalent lattice site such that the corresponding absorption is in the same region of the spectrum as the absorption by 57Fe in olivine. When a correction for this effect is taken into account, the olivine/pyroxene iron ratios are found to be more similar to the ratios for the equilibrated ordinary chondrites (except for Tieschitz, unless it is reclassified as an unequilibrated hypersthene chondrite).
The Role of Medication Adherence as a Determinant of Blood Pressure Control in a Managed Care Population

Disease management initiatives to improve hypertension care, commonly conducted in managed care organizations today, focus on many determinants of blood pressure control including medication adherence. Empirical evidence supporting the association between adherence and improved control is lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure control in a cohort of hypertensive managed care enrollees. Prescription claims data for hypertensive adults continuously enrolled in a managed care plan throughout the calendar year 2000 were evaluated. A medication possession ratio (MPR, a measure of medication adherence) was calculated for each member, and patients with at least 50% adherence were eligible for the study. Medical records were then reviewed for a randomly selected cohort of those eligible members, stratified by calculated MPR. The association between degree of adherence and hypertension control was assessed. Blood pressure was controlled in 48.3% of enrolled patients (n = 708). There was no significant association between MPR and overall blood pressure control noted (prevalence ratio = 1.11; 95% CI 0.94, 1.31); however, adherence was associated with an increased likelihood of controlled diastolic blood pressure (prevalence ratio = 1.15; 95% CI 1.05, 1.27). Hypertension is influenced by a variety of complex physiologic and behavior factors. When evaluated in isolation, overall blood pressure control does not appear to be independently associated with adherence. Interventions affecting multiple determinants of hypertension control should be given priority over those only designed to increase medication adherence when efforts to improve hypertension management are considered.
Overlooked sources of ethanol

Abstract The case of a 55-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with acute ethanol intoxication and suicidal ideation is reported. After initiating routine management, we discovered that her serum ethanol levels remained persistently elevated as a result of the patient’s secretly ingesting mouthwash. This occurred after she was searched and allowed to retain personal hygiene products. Alcohol-dependent patients may consume ethanol products that are not manufactured for ingestion. These products include cosmetics, cough and cold remedies, and personal hygiene products. The ethanol content of these nonbeverage ethanol (NBE) products exceeds that of many conventional alcoholic beverages. Financial constraints and ease of availability are factors leading to their consumption. This report serves as a reminder to be aware of the existence and popularity of NBE in order to avoid potential morbidity and even mortality associated with its use.
In Situ Studies of Molecular Transfer between Microparticles by Second-Harmonic Generation

We have demonstrated that second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be used to investigate the in situ transfer of molecules between colloidal microparticles. The transfer kinetics of organic cations, malachite green (MG) initially adsorbed on to spherical polystyrene sulfate (PSS) microparticles, to disk-shaped clay particles in aqueous solution was obtained. The surface population of MG on the PSS particles during the transfer process can be measured in real time. In the present studies, the adsorption free energy and the number of adsorption sites were found from the adsorption isotherm measured by the SHG method (Wang, H.; Yan, E. C. Y.; Liu, Y.; Eisenthal, K. B. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 4446). The kinetics of transfer was observed to depend linearly on the particle density of clay. The observed transfer was biexponential with decay times of 17 ( 1 s and 217 ( 4 s for the case of a clay particle density of 3 10 9 /cm 3 . This method was further applied to study the transfer of MG between PSS microparticles. At a PSS density of 4 10 8 /cm 3 , the decay time was 40 s. Because of the coherent nature of the SHG signal, the transfer kinetics can be obtained in situ by the SHG method. A kinetic model is used to describe the transfer process from which the desorption and adsorption rate constants of MG from and onto PSS particles were obtained.
Distribution and sources of arsenic in the southern high Plains Aquifer, Texas, USA

Abstract Arsenic concentrations were compiled for 173 wells in an agricultural region of west central Texas. Wells in the study area produce water from the High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer. Historically, arsenic compounds were applied to cotton fields in the study area, and they are also present in local rock formations. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to map and evaluate arsenic levels in groundwater. Arsenic was detected in every well, in concentrations ranging from 1.1–171.9 μg/L. Ten observations exceeded 10 μg/L. Several lines of evidence suggest the arsenic came from pesticides instead of local rock formations. These include higher arsenic levels at shallower water table depths, other agricultural chemicals in groundwater, incompatible hydraulic head differentials between the High Plains Aquifer and potential arsenic‐bearing formations, and low arsenic levels in groundwater of potential arsenic‐bearing formations.
Pollen Evidence for Late Pleistocene Bering Land Bridge Environments from Norton Sound, Northeastern Bering Sea, Alaska

ABSTRACT After more than half a century of paleoenvironmental investigations, disagreements persist as to the nature of vegetation type and climate of the Bering land bridge (BLB) during the late Wisconsin (Sartan) glacial interval. Few data exist from sites on the former land bridge, now submerged under the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Two hypotheses have emerged during the past decade. The first, based on pollen data from Bering Sea islands and adjacent mainlands of western Alaska and Northeast Siberia, represents the likely predominant vegetation on the Bering land bridge during full-glacial conditions: graminoid-herb-willow tundra vegetation associated with cold, dry winters and cool, dry summer climate. The second hypothesis suggests that dwarf birch-shrub-herb tundra formed a broad belt across the BLB, and that mesic vegetation was associated with cold, snowier winters and moist, cool summers. As a step towards resolving this controversy, a sediment core from Norton Sound, northeastern Bering Sea was ra...
Effect of allogeneic challenge dose and cyclophosphamide treatment on the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Mice were challenged with high (108) or low (104) numbers of allogeneic tumor cells and assessed for cellular immunity. The responses obtained indicated that high dose challenge produced both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cell-mediated cytotoxic reactivity (DCMC), while low dose challenge produced DTH, an apparent suppressive effect, and little or no DCMC. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CTX) 3 d before antigen failed to alter this pattern, but treatment 3 d after antigen administration abrogated both DTH and DCMC. Animals given a combined modulating protocol consisting of an initial low dose challenge followed on day 3 by CTX treatment and day 6 by a high dose challenge developed DCMC in the presence of a greatly reduced or absent DTH response. These results demonstrate the differential effects of allogeneic challenge dose on the development of cellular immunity; the differential effects of CTX treatment given prior to or following alloimmunization, and demonstrate how these ef...
Monroe E. Price & Daniel Dayan (eds), Owning the Olympics: Narratives of the New China

(Ann Arbor, NY: University of Michigan Press, 2008), ISBN-13: 978-0-472-05032-1, ISBN-10: 0-472-05032-X (pbk), $26.95. In 2001, the International Olympic Committee awarded the hosting rights of the...
The Oriental Roots of the Lebanese Arbitration Law (Les Sources Orientales Du Droit De L'Arbitrage Interne au Liban)

The present paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the roots of the Lebanese Arbitration Law.
Influence of somatotropin on lipid metabolism and IGF gene expression in porcine adipose tissue

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment (2 mg/day) and dietary fat (10%) separately and in combination on the metabolic activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue, serum adipogenic activity, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) gene expression within adipose tissue from growing 5- to 6-mo-old barrows. This study attempted to determine how these factors might contribute to the reported changes in adiposity of treated swine. Biopsies of adipose tissue were collected after 28 days of treatment following anesthesia with thiopental sodium (15 mg/kg iv). Somatotropin inhibited in vitro glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in adipose tissue but did not affect fatty acid esterification. Adipogenic activity of serum was not altered by pST treatment. Subcutaneous adipose tissue contained mRNA for IGF-I and -II, and pST administration increased the abundance of IGF-I mRNA. Dietary fat had no effect on these variables. Thus somatotropin reduces glucose metabolism in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation are not affected by somatotropin through its actions on systemic factors. Dietary fat provides no additional benefit in combination with pST administration to affect accretion of adipose tissue in growing swine.
Combustion of Switchgrass in Biomass Home Heating Systems: Emissions and Ash Behavior

Emissions and efficiency of three commercially available furnace types, horizontal feed, underfeed, and dropdown feed, were characterized using switchgrass pellets, and the results were compared to wood pellets. The efficiency of the furnaces was determined using a mass balance method. The gaseous emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) measurements, were conducted using the Testo 350 portable emission analyzer on all three furnaces at high- and low-load conditions. The particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured gravimetrically from filter measurements. There were no major differences in combustion efficiency noted among the three furnaces for both switchgrass and wood at high loads. PM emissions were higher for switchgrass compared to wood under both high- and low-load conditions likely as a result of the higher ash content. The CO emissions varied between furnace ranging from 21 to 53 g/kg for wood and from 10 to 28 g/kg for switchgrass under high ...
Future Packaging Directions in the 1990’s and their Materials Challenges

In the 1990’s, silicon integrated circuit technology will continue to rapidly advance from VLSI towards ULSI. For example, 64 × 106 circuit microprocessor chips, 106 gate CMOS logic chips, and 105 circuit bipolar logic chips, and beyond, will make up the electronics systems of the 1990’s. To support these silicon technology advances in density, performance, and cost reduction, packaging technology will also have to advance rapidly to meet packaged electronics systems requirements. Packaging solutions will be required for machines ranging from supercomputers and mainframes to minis and workstations, and for consumer electronics. Silicon technology advances will continue to enable the unique rates of change in performance, function, and cost per function that characterize the information technology industry, including the computer, communications, and consumer electronics industries.
Original Paintings versus Slide and Computer Reproductions: A Comparison of Viewer Responses:

The issue of whether viewing works of art by computer or slide is comparable to viewing original paintings was investigated by having visitors to The Metropolitan Museum of Art view works in these ...
Solid-phase binding assay for erythropoietin antibodies.

AbstractThe affinity of phytohemagglutinin-E (PHA-E) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) for erythropoietin was exploited to develop a solid-phase assay for erythropoietin antibodies. Purified PHA-E or WGA was covalently coupled to polystyrene tubes with the water-soluble carbodiimide 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride. Coupling was highly reproducible; approximately 8 μg of lectin was bound covalently per tube. For the assay, the lectin-derivatized tubes were loaded with erythropoietin, washed, and incubated with the immune serum to be tested. The presence of bound antibody was detected by adding125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and measuring residual125I-SPA after washing. In the absence of antigen, antibody was not bound in the lectin-derivatized tubes. Furthermore, in the presence of erythropoietin, nonimmune serum from a variety of species failed to bind to the tubes. The particular immune serum used in this study could be detected with as little as 5 μg of bound antige...
SEEPAGE-HEAT COUPLED ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING PHREATIC LINE OF AN EARTH DAM FROM TEMPERATURE PROFILE

Identifying current phreatic lines in earth dams may be a starting point for the safety analysis of critical earth dams. Substantially different phreatic lines from the expected ones at the design stage may indicate construction quality issues or potential piping problems. Typically piezometers are used to estimate the phreatic lines, however, piezometer data are point data not continuous data, and it is not very easy to accurately predict the phreatic lines in a dam body. Innovative utilization of temperature sensor equipment holds great practical promise for the use of heat as a tracer to estimate the existing phreatic line and permeability in Geotechnical structures, in the broader sense, the use of heat to quantitatively characterize the extent and properties of an earthen dam, which may raise the status of analyzing critical Geotechnical structures like dams to another level. This research utilized a seepage-heat coupled analysis to estimate phreatic lines from the measured underground temperature profile. In addition, the permeability of dam body was estimated using multiple temperature measurement data.
Rauwolfia toxicity in the treatment of hypertension; comparative toxicity of reserpine and alseroxylon.

(1958). Rauwolfia Toxicity in the Treatment of Hypertension. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 41-48.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans: A case report and review

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) is an acquired ashy dermatosis characterized by patches of blue-gray pigmentation over the trunk, extremities, and neck. These pigmentary changes may become chronic and disfiguring. At present, the etiology of EDP remains unclear, and there is no single established therapy. We describe a 21-year-old Hispanic man with extensive patches of EDP who improved with oral corticosteroid therapy.
Classroom Mathematical Activity When it is Seen as an Inter-Intra Double Semiotic Process of Interpretation

Semiotic reality is a fundamental part of our common reality. Where we stand in this chapter looks upon the teaching-learning of mathematics as a double semiotic process of interpretation. It takes place within the socio-mathematical semiotic reality that teachers and students inherit and jointly activate in the classroom.
Marek's disease: a model for protection against herpesvirus-induced tumours

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by a herpesvirus (MDV). Several effective vaccines have been developed and MD is therefore often considered as a model for studying antitumour vaccines. Key factors for the understanding of vaccine-induced immunity are discussed. Three serotypes have been characterized: serotype 1 or oncogenic MDV, serotype 2 or non-oncogenic MDV and serotype 3 or herpesvirus of turkeys. The three serotypes have clearly different genomes and proteins. The pathogenesis of infection with serotype 1 MDV can be divided into an early cytolytic phase, a latent phase and a second cytolytic infection combined with the development of tumours and permanent immunosuppression. The activation of T cells during the early cytolytic phase is important for establishing infection in the target cells for latency and transformation. Immune responses by B cells, and especially by T cells, are directed against viral infection. Evidence is presented that Marek's disease tumour-associated surface antigen is not involved in the antitumour responses. Moreover, the importance of antitumour immune responses in MD is questioned. Vaccinal immunity is dependent more on T cells than B cells and is directed against virus antigens. It is proposed that the evidence claimed for an antitumour response induced by vaccination actually relates to an antiviral response. The relevance of new, highly oncogenic strains causing MD in vaccinated chickens is discussed.
Effects of musical ear training on lexical tone perception

The effect of short term musical experience on lexical tone perception was examined by administering four hours of daily musical ear training to non-tone language speakers. After training, participants showed some improvement in a tone labeling task, but not a tone discrimination task; however, this improvement did not differ reliably from controls indicating that short-term musical training is thus far not able to replicate language effects observed among lifelong musicians, but some linguistic differences between musicians and nonmusicians may likely be due to experience, rather than individual differences or other factors.
Critical role of microbiota within cecal crypts on the regenerative capacity of the intestinal epithelium following surgical stress.

This study provides novel insight into the process by which surgical injury places the intestinal epithelium at risk for colonization by pathogenic microbes and impairment of its regenerative capac...
An Introduction to Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Brain Tumors

Malignant brain tumors represent an aggressive disease entity. The lack of specificity of standard therapy damages nonmalignant tissue. These off-target effects result in both short-term and long-term complications, which limit quality of life. Exciting opportunities lie in the ability of the immune system to identify and ultimately destroy aberrant cells with high levels of specificity. Advances in our understanding of the physiology of the immune response, and specifically, the specialized immune response that exists within the central nervous system have made early advances in immunotherapy possible. A growing body of evidence in animal models has shown that immunotherapy represents a feasible therapeutic avenue. This has been recapitulated in several successful clinical trials aimed at treating a variety of cancers, including malignant brain tumors.
Monitoring of prestress losses using long-gauge fiber optic sensors

Prestressed concrete has been increasingly used in the construction of bridges due to its superiority as a building material. This has necessitated better assessment of its on-site performance. One of the most important indicators of structural integrity and performance of prestressed concrete structures is the spatial distribution of prestress forces over time, i.e. prestress losses along the structure. Time-dependent prestress losses occur due to dimensional changes in the concrete caused by creep and shrinkage, in addition to strand relaxation. Maintaining certain force levels in the strands, and thus the concrete cross-sections, is essential to ensuring stresses in the concrete do not exceed design stresses, which could cause malfunction or failure of the structure. This paper presents a novel method for monitoring prestress losses based on long-gauge fiber optic sensors embedded in the concrete during construction. The method includes the treatment of varying environmental factors such as temperature to ensure accuracy of results in on-site applications. The method is presented as applied to a segment of a post-tensioned pedestrian bridge on the Princeton University campus, Streicker Bridge. The segment is a three-span continuous girder supported on steel columns, with sensors embedded at key locations along the structure during construction in October 2009. Temperature and strain measurements have been recorded intermittently since construction. The prestress loss results are compared to estimates from design documents.
Surgical Management of Chronic Groin Pain

Chronic groin pain remains a significant source of morbidity for patients following inguinal hernia repair. For patients refractory to conservative therapies, operative intervention may be considered. The operative technique selected depends upon the nature of the complication responsible for the chronic pain. Complications for which operative intervention may be warranted and effective include hernia recurrence, neuropathic pain, meshoma, or orchialgia. Surgical techniques discussed in this chapter include open and laparoscopic repair of hernia recurrence, selective neurectomy, open and laparoscopic triple neurectomy, meshoma removal, and paravasal neurectomy.
Higher Education for American Democracy

After the Second World War, the role of higher education was to preserve American democracy through technological innovation and instill democratic idealism in the public. The Truman administration capitalized on the opportunity created by and policy paradigm shift resulting from the GI Bill (1944) and reinforced the role higher education has in re-creating and affirming national identity. The Truman Commission Report, Higher Education for American Democracy, set the course for higher education throughout the Cold War. This report and its subsequent impact on the social role of higher education in re-creating national identity is yet to be matched; the directives set forth in the report directly address the nation’s identity of superiority, embedded in economic status, that is supported and perpetuated by an educated citizenry.
Heterogeneous HMC+DDRx Memory Management for Performance-Temperature Tradeoffs

Three-dimensional DRAMs (3D-DRAMs) are emerging as a promising solution to address the memory wall problem in computer systems. However, high fabrication cost per bit and thermal issues are the main reasons that prevent architects from using 3D-DRAM alone as the main memory building block. In this article, we address this issue by proposing a heterogeneous memory system that combines a double data rate (DDRx) DRAM with an emerging 3D hybrid memory cube (HMC) technology. Bandwidth and temperature management are the challenging issues for this heterogeneous memory architecture. To address these challenges, first we introduce a memory page allocation policy for the heterogeneous memory system to maximize performance. Then, using the proposed policy, we introduce a temperature-aware algorithm that dynamically distributes the requested bandwidth between HMC and DDRx DRAM to reduce the thermal hotspot while maintaining high performance. We take into account the impact of both core count and HMC channel count on performance while using the proposed policies. The results show that the proposed memory page allocation policy can utilize the memory bandwidth close to 99% of the ideal bandwidth utilization. Moreover, our temperate-aware bandwidth adaptation reduces the average steady-state temperature of the HMC hotspot across various workloads by 4.5 K while incurring 2.5% performance overhead.
Challenges of Dealing with Financial Concerns during Life-Threatening Illness: Perspectives of Health Care Practitioners.

The costs of serious medical illness and end of life care are often a heavy burden for patients and families (Collins, Stepanczuk, Williams, & Rich, 2016; Kim, 2007; May et al., 2014; Zarit, 2004)....