cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Modeling Trivalent Dangling Bonds with Bivalent Levels

We examine the treatment of the hydrogenated Amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) dangling-bond defect used in the Analysis of microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS) computer model and in other models of a-Si:H semiconductor devices. The dangling bond defect (D) is trivalent, with two correlated electronic levels in the gap. However, Modelers typically employ two uncorrelated bivalent levels to represent D; this introduces fictitious neutral dangling bond (D°) levels whenever D is charged. We find that the bivalent (AMPS) representation captures the important aspects of D physics and introduces only small errors into simulations. To reach this conclusion, we examine charge density and recombination and compare the trivalent D defect and its bivalent representation in both thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium (illuminated) cases. The charge density is identical, implying that band bending computed by the simulation is accurate. We find errors in the recombination rate for the bivalent representation are normally less than or equal to σ0/σch, where σ° is the capture cross section of D0 and σch is the capture cross section of a charged state of D. Typically Modelers use σ0/σch of 1:10 to 1:100 yielding insignificant errors in the recombination rate with the uncorrelated bivalent representation.
Fruit morphology of some species of the Lamiaceae in the flora of Mongolia

Приведены результаты исследования морфологии эремов 20 видов губоцветных (Lamiaceae), выполненного при помощи сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ). Дана характеристика плодов представителей 12 родов подсемейств Ajugoideae , Scutellarioideae , Nepetoideae , Lamioideae . Эремы имеют значительные различия в размерах, окраске (светло-оранжево-желтые, светло-коричневые, светло-серые, черные), форме (шаровидные, обратнояйцевидные, яйцевидные, эллипcовидные), скульптуре поверхности (тип I, тип II), форме верхушки (округлая, треугольная) и основания (обрубленное, острое или округлое). Описанные виды собраны на территории Монголии. В семействе Lamiaceae два основных типа могут быть признаны на основе поверхностного орнамента: тип I – рельефный (8 видов), тип II – гладкий (12 видов). Внутри этих типов можно выделить подтипы. В первом типе могут быть признаны пять подтипов на основании формы бугорков: бородавчато-сетчатых, морщинисто-бородавчато-бугорчатых, морщинисто-бугорчатых, бородавчато-бугорчатых, опушенных. Тип II с гладкими эремами могут быть разделены на 4 подтипа: с неравномерно-сетчатыми бугорками, сетчатыми, волнистыми, морщинисто-бородавчатыми.
Considerations of Administrative Licensure, Provider Type, and Leadership Quality: Recommendations for Research, Policy, and Practice

This article reviews U.S. administrative licensure regulations, focusing on type of school leader licensure, provider types, and leadership quality. Licensure obtained through university-based and alternative routes is examined. Due to limited research on alternative school administrative licensure, regulations in medicine, psychology, engineering, law, and teaching are reviewed, as well as research on their effectiveness, to identify policies potentially relevant to school leadership. Licensure regulations are uniform in medicine, psychology, and engineering, with some variation in law, and licensure options vary greatly in teaching and school administration. The article concludes with recommendations for research, policy, and practice in school administrative licensure.
An interview with David Sabatini.

David Sabatini is a Member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Senior Associate Member at The Broad Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as a Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. David and his laboratory at the Whitehead Institute study the basic mechanisms that regulate cell growth, the process whereby cells and organisms accumulate mass and increase in size. These pathways are often deranged in human diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. A major focus of the laboratory is on a cellular system called the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, a major regulator of growth in many eukaryotic species. Work in David’s laboratory has led to the identification of many components of the pathway and to an understanding of their cellular and organismal functions. David is also interested in the role of metabolism in cancer and in the mechanisms that control the effects of dietary restriction on tumorigenesis. In addition to the work on growth control and cancer, David’s laboratory has developed and is using new technologies that facilitate the analysis of gene function in mammalian cells. The laboratory developed ‘cell-based microarrays’ that allow one to examine the cellular effects of perturbing the activity of thousands of genes in parallel. David is a founding member of The RNAi Consortium (TRC) of laboratories in the Boston area that is developing and using genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) libraries targeting human and mouse genes. David received his BS from Brown University magna cum laude and his MD/PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1997. He completed his thesis work in the laboratory of Dr Solomon H. Snyder in the Department of Neuroscience. Later in the same year, David was appointed a Whitehead Fellow at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. This was followed in 2002 by a dual appointment as a Member at the Whitehead Institute and Assistant Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. David has received numerous distinctions, including being named a W.M. Keck Foundation Distinguished Young Scholar, a Pew Scholar, a TR100 Innovator, a recipient of the 2009 Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research, The 2012 Earl and Thressa Stadtman Scholar Award from The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), and most recently the 2013 Feodor Lynen Award from Nature. Did you always want to be a scientist? No, not really. Despite my father being a cell biologist and my mother a pathologist, I did not decide on science as a career until I was in college at Brown and I worked in Al Dahlberg’s laboratory on ribosomal RNA in bacteria. It was there that I fell in love with the laboratory atmosphere and the feeling of freedom of just following my curiosity. Earlier I had wanted to be an architect (although I showed no particular skill and my parents told me I would end up designing bathrooms for condos).
Allergy to honeybee … not only stings.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the risks of consumption of bee products in honeybee venom allergic patients and compositae allergic patients, the potential allergens involved in these reactions, the advancement in solving diagnostic difficulties, and ma
Asymmetric Inflation of the Penile Cylinders: Etiology and Management

AbstractAsymmetric inflation of the penile cylinder has been encountered in the intraoperative and postoperative period. The condition appears as penile deformity of varying degrees that, when left alone, can lead to recurrent cylinder rupture. The usual cause of cylinder asymmetry is the presence of localized fibrous tissue in the corpora and/or weakened tunica albuginea, which causes the cylinder to over inflate at the area of least resistance. Treatment involves replacement of the cylinder, incision of the fibrous tissue internally or externally and strengthening of the tunica albuginea.
Optical klystron FELs based on tandem electrostatic acceletors

The operation of tandem electrostatic accelerator FELs in an optical klystron configuration makes it possible to take advantage of the high quality (low emittance and low energy spread) of the electron beam in electrostatic accelerators. With evolving microwiggler technology, state-of-the-art moderate energy (6-14-MeV) tandem electrostatic accelerators may be used for the development of highly coherent tunable radiation sources in the entire IR region. We present the general design considerations and the predicted operating characteristics of such devices and refer in specifics to a design of a 10-1000-μm FEL based on the parameters of a 5-6-MeV high current tandem accelerator.1
Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone

Mitochondria not only produce energy in the form of ATP to support the activities of cells comprising the neurovascular unit, but mitochondrial events, such as depolarization and/or ROS release, also initiate signaling events which protect the endothelium and neurons against lethal stresses via pre-/postconditioning as well as promote changes in cerebral vascular tone. Mitochondrial depolarization in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), via pharmacological activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels), leads to vasorelaxation through generation of calcium sparks by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent downstream signaling mechanisms. Increased release of ROS by mitochondria has similar effects. Relaxation of VSM can also be indirectly achieved via actions of nitric oxide (NO) and other vasoactive agents produced by endothelium, perivascular and parenchymal nerves, and astroglia following mitochondrial activation. Additionally, NO production following mitochondrial activation is involved in neuronal preconditioning. Cerebral arteries from female rats have greater mitochondrial mass and respiration and enhanced cerebral arterial dilation to mitochondrial activators. Preexisting chronic conditions such as insulin resistance and/or diabetes impair mitoKATP channel relaxation of cerebral arteries and preconditioning. Surprisingly, mitoKATP channel function after transient ischemia appears to be retained in the endothelium of large cerebral arteries despite generalized cerebral vascular dysfunction. Thus, mitochondrial mechanisms may represent the elusive signaling link between metabolic rate and blood flow as well as mediators of vascular change according to physiological status. Mitochondrial mechanisms are an important, but underutilized target for improving vascular function and decreasing brain injury in stroke patients. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1529-1548, 2016.
The paradox of automation

Join Brian Faros, chief information officer at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, as he explores the topic, "The Paradox of Automation."" He will discuss the exciting role technology will play in shaping, automating and transforming the future of business and human interactions, along with the effects on human skills that could result from the continued abstraction of key hands-on experiences. He'll also touch on the important role educators and practitioners serve in dealing with the automation paradox in computer science.
Representation in Congress and the Executive: Rethinking the Perspectives of James Madison

This article contributes to the development of a "revised" interpretation of James Madison's views on representation. I suggest that Madison's approach to representation is more complex than has been recognized. Specifically, Madison believed different "styles" of representation are necessary for the House, Senate, and President because of the unique functions served by each institution. "Style" refers both to the nature of the representative-constituency relationship (the "role" of the representative) and the character of the individual most likely to be selected as representative. In Madison's scheme, the proper functioning of each institution is guaranteed only if the method of selection insures the appropriate role is maintained and persons of proper character are selected. Throughout the essay, I note significant differences between the arguments which Madison put forward in the Constitutional Convention and those he defended in the Federalist essays.
In the shade of a forest status, reputation, and ambiguity in an online microcredit market.

Abstract Scholars have long recognized status and reputation as pervasive forces reproducing comparative advantage in social and economic systems. Yet, due in part to methodological challenges, relatively few studies have examined how status and reputation interact. We use data from an online market for peer-to-peer lending to study independent and joint effects of status and reputation on borrowers’ success at obtaining loans. First, we find a positive main effect of status, even when reputational signals are reliable and abundant. Second, we find that status matters the most for borrowers with moderate (rather than high or low) reputations, suggesting a curvilinear effect of status x reputation on loans. These results support the idea that status matters not only under conditions of too little information that creates information asymmetry, as typically assumed, but also under conditions of abundant information and too many choices that creates ambiguity about how to evaluate candidates.
Abnormal mismatch repair and other clinicopathologic predictors of poor response to progestin treatment in young women with endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma: a consecutive case series.

Objective To report the response to progestin therapy in young women with endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) or FIGO grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma (FIGO 1 EAC) based on clinicopathologic features, including abnormal DNA mismatch repair (MMR) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Design Consecutive case series. Setting Olive View-UCLA Medical Center in Sylmar, CA, USA, and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA, USA. Population Women ≤55 years old with CAH or FIGO 1 EAC. Methods Response to progestin therapy in 84 consecutive patients was assessed based on clinicopathologic factors, including age, body mass index (BMI), initial histology, and IHC staining for MMR proteins. Main outcome measures Rates of abnormal MMR protein expression and response to progestin therapy were determined. Results Six (7%) patients had abnormal IHC staining, of whom five (83%) had FIGO 1 EAC at initial diagnosis. Following progestin treatment, none of the endometrial lesions in patients with abnormal IHC for MMR proteins had resolution of hyperplasia or malignancy, in contrast to 41 (53%) with normal staining (P = 0.028). Age ≤40 years and initial lesion (CAH versus FIGO 1 EAC) were predictors of response to progestin; BMI was not. Conclusions In this cohort, 7% of women ≤55 years of age with CAH or FIGO 1 EAC had loss of MMR proteins by IHC. These patients had a higher incidence of invasive cancer and a lower incidence of resolution with progestin therapy. Tweetable abstract Abnormal MMR protein expression predicts poor response to progestins in young women with CAH or FIGO 1 EAC.
Central Control over Local Authorities: Investigate of Sri Lankan Practices

The post-war era is witnessing a distinct shift in the attitude and mechanism of administrative control, particularly in the developed countries. The struggle of the local authorities against negative contents of control has met with success in several liberal democracies. Literature survey of the central government and local authority relationship, however, reveals that there is a global trend towards centralisation. There are social, economic, political, administrative and financial factors contribute to this scenario. The welfare state concept has brought about a revolutionary change in the division of powers by blurring the areas of jurisdiction of the different levels of government on the one hand and consequently, introducing the element of their interdependence, on the other. Centralised planning, which is increasingly the current scenario, has made the lower levels of government integrated with the national government in respect of national economic policy. Increasing sophistication in the delivery of services resulted in the dependence of the local authorities on the higher level of government for obtaining technical and financial assistance. Further, technology has improved modern means of transport and communication, making the supervision and control closer and rigid. Indeed, the history of local authority in Sri Lanka particularly the nineteenth century, might be described from one angle as the steady invasion by the central government of a sphere formerly left entirely to local authorities. On the other hand, the local authorities in developing countries are a direct control of the government.
Grief Communication: Exploring Disclosure and Avoidance Across the Developmental Spectrum

Communicating about the death of a close other is an important, yet understudied process, particularly amongst children, adolescents, and young adults. Guided by the tenets of the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement (DPM; Stroebe & Schut, 1999), inductive analyses of 48 in-person, in-depth interviews (12 youth and 36 young adults) suggested that participants did disclose, avoid, and oscillate when coping. In addition, four prominent themes emerged within the participants’ narratives: (a) stigmatic death, (b) religiosity, (c) social support satisfaction, and (d) role model enactment. The results suggested several directions for future research and interventions focused on communication in child-centered, death-related grief.
The mission and operation of the mars pathfinder microrover

The Microrover Flight Experiment (MFEX) is a NASA OACT flight experiment which is planned to be delivered and integrated with the Mars Pathfinder (MPF) lander and spacecraft system for landing on Mars on July 4, 1997.
Determination of Mycophenolic Acid and Mycophenolic Acid Glucuronide Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant that is used in renal, liver, and heart transplantation. Due to its narrow therapeutic range, monitoring of MPA levels is essential to avoid toxicity and organ rejection. Although immunoassays are available for the determination of MPA, due to their higher specificity, mass spectrometry methods are preferred. In this unit, we describe a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method utilizing positive ionization electrospray and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the quantification of levels of MPA and its conjugate MPA glucuronide (MPAG). Blood collected in a plain, EDTA, or heparin-containing tube is centrifuged to separate the serum or plasma. Proteins are precipitated using a solution containing zinc sulfate and acetonitrile that has been spiked with deuterated internal standards. The resulting protein-free supernatant is injected into the LC/MS/MS system for analysis. The chromatography involves the use of a C18 column and ammonium acetate/water/formic acid and ammonium acetate/methanol/formic acid mobile phases. Quantification of MPA and MPAG levels is achieved by comparing the MRM peak area ratios of analytes and internal standards, consisting of specific precursor/product pairs, with those of calibrators at various concentrations. Calibration curves are constructed from the MRM peak area ratios of calibrators and internal standards versus concentration. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase--V. Acycloadenosine derivatives as inhibitors of the enzyme.

Various adenosine acyclonucleoside derivatives were tested as inhibitors of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MeSAdo) phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in the salvage of adenine and methionine from MeSAdo. The 2-halogenated derivatives of acyloadenosine [9-(2-hydroxyethoxy-methyl)adenine], including the chloro-, bromo- and iodo-congeners, all inhibited murine Sarcoma 180 (S180) MeSAdo phosphorylase, with Ki values in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M. Halogenated derivatives of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)adenine, which more closely resemble the natural substrate, were substantially more potent inhibitors of the enzyme, with Ki values in the range of 2-7 x 10(-7) M. 5'-Methylthio and 5'-halogenated analogs of 2'-deoxy-1',2'-seco-adenosine were weak inhibitors, with Ki values of 10(-4) M or greater. 9-[(1-Hydroxy-3-iodo-2-proxy)methyl]adenine. (HIPA), the derivative with the lowest Ki values among these analogs, was a competitive inhibitor of S180 MeSAdo phosphorylase. In preliminary studies, HIPA inhibited MeSAdo phosphorylase in intact HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, as it limited the incorporation of [8-14C]MeSAdo into cellular adenine nucleotide pools. In addition, 9-(phosphonoalkyl)adenines, representing potential multisubstrate inhibitors of MeSADo phosphorylase, were synthesized. Of these the heptyl derivative was the most potent inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.5 x 10(-5) M at low (3.5 mM) phosphate concentrations. The inhibitory effects of these analogs could be ablated at high phosphate concentrations (50 mM), suggesting that they interact with the phosphate binding site on the enzyme. Some of these novel MeSAdo phosphorylase inhibitors may have a role in cancer chemotherapy as potentiators of agents that block purine de novo synthesis, e.g. antifolates and 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside.
Single electron transistors with e-beam evaporation of SiO2 tunnel barriers

Recent work on fabricating metal-insulator-metal (MIM) single electron transistors (SETs) using deposited dielectrics shows promise for becoming a manufacturable process due to compatibility with modern CMOS processes. This process, the “rib-SET” process [V. Joshi, A. O. Orlov, and G. L. Snider, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 26, 2587 (2008); G. Karbasian, A. O. Orlov, and G. L. Snider, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 33 (2015)], features a self-aligned island and should allow for scaling SETs below 10 nm. However, one of the biggest roadblocks in realizing a high-quality SET with this process has been difficulties in developing high-quality, low-noise, MIM tunnel junctions. In this work, the authors report Pt-SiO2-Pt MIM SETs with tunnel barriers deposited by e-beam evaporation as an alternative to atomic layer deposition. There are some challenges in the formation of tunnel barriers via e-beam evaporation that are addressed. It is expected that platinum has a negligible native oxide; however, there is a substantial resistance in as-deposited Pt-SiO2-Pt structures that can be reduced by over 5 orders of magnitude by subjecting the finished devices to an anneal in a hydrogen plasma, suggesting the presence of an interfacial platinum oxide. It is shown that this treatment not only increases the conductance through the SET, but that it is necessary for forming high conductance tunnel barriers that are desired for making low-noise SETs.Recent work on fabricating metal-insulator-metal (MIM) single electron transistors (SETs) using deposited dielectrics shows promise for becoming a manufacturable process due to compatibility with modern CMOS processes. This process, the “rib-SET” process [V. Joshi, A. O. Orlov, and G. L. Snider, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 26, 2587 (2008); G. Karbasian, A. O. Orlov, and G. L. Snider, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 33 (2015)], features a self-aligned island and should allow for scaling SETs below 10 nm. However, one of the biggest roadblocks in realizing a high-quality SET with this process has been difficulties in developing high-quality, low-noise, MIM tunnel junctions. In this work, the authors report Pt-SiO2-Pt MIM SETs with tunnel barriers deposited by e-beam evaporation as an alternative to atomic layer deposition. There are some challenges in the formation of tunnel barriers via e-beam evaporation that are addressed. It is expected that platinum has a negligible native oxide; however, there is a substantial re...
Personal stories matter: topic evolution and popularity among pro- and anti-vaccine online articles

People tend to read health articles that have gone viral online. A large portion of online popular vaccine articles are against vaccines, which lead to increased exemption rates and recent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Since anti-vaccine articles’ themes and persuasive strategies change fast, their effects on viewers’ behaviors may change over time. This study examined how pro- and anti-vaccine topics and public interests have changed from 2007 to 2017. Computational methods (e.g., topic modeling) were used to analyze 923 online vaccine articles and over 4 million shares, reactions, and comments that they have received on social media. Pro-vaccine messages (PVMs) that used personal stories received the most heated discussion online and pure scientific knowledge received the least attention. PVMs that present vaccine disagreements and limitations were not popular. These findings indicate the importance of narratives and directly attacking opposing arguments in health message design. Anti-vaccine messages (AVMs) that discussed flu shots and government conspiracy received the most attention. Since April 2015, even though more PVMs appeared online, AVMs, especially those about vaccine damage, were increasingly more popular than PVMs. Some social events and disease outbreaks might contribute to the popularity of AVMs. Newly emerged anti-vaccine topics (e.g., false rumors of CDC conspiracy) should be noted. This study shows that certain topics can be more popular online and can potentially reach a larger population. It also reveals the evolution of vaccine-related topics and public’s interest. Findings can help to design effective interventions and develop programs to track and combat misinformation.
Sonoanatomy and Pathology of the Gluteus Minimus Tendon

Gluteus minimus disorders are a potential source of greater trochanteric or anterior hip pain. Disorders of the gluteus minimus tendon most commonly occur in conjunction with gluteus medius tendon abnormalities but can also occur in isolation. Understanding the sonoanatomy of the gluteus minimus muscle-tendon unit is a prerequisite for recognizing and characterizing gluteus minimus tendon disorders, which, in turn, guides treatment for patients with greater trochanteric or anterior hip pain syndromes.
Abstract IA23: The role of the microbiome in response and toxicity to cancer therapy

We have made tremendous progress in cancer care via the use of immunotherapy; however, not all patients respond and toxicity to therapy may be limiting. It is becoming increasingly clear that responses to therapy are dependent on a number of factors that influence tumor growth and immunity—and that these all are inter-related. There is a growing appreciation of the role of environmental factors, such as the microbiome, on responses to therapy. The microbiome refers to microbes and their genomes within a given host, and there is a significant contribution of microbes to our overall cellular content and to our genomic content. There is now evidence that the gut microbiome may shape immunity and responses to immunotherapy, and efforts are ongoing to modulate the microbiome to enhance therapeutic responses. Additionally, there is evidence that microbes within tumors of patients with cancer may shape responses to therapy. Furthermore, microbes may also influence toxicity to cancer therapy. The use of the microbiome as a biomarker and a therapeutic target will be discussed, as will complexities and recommendations for a path forward to implement microbiome analyses and targeting in precision cancer care and overall precision health. Citation Format: Jennifer A. Wargo. The role of the microbiome in response and toxicity to cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Comparison of Lumbar and Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Meningitis (P5.9-012)

Objective: To determine the difference between Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) obtained through lumbar puncture (LP) and external ventricular drain (EVD) in diagnosis and monitoring of meningitis. Background: Severe meningitis, especially basilar meningitis can lead to hydrocephalus requiring EVD placement. The difference in CSF obtained from EVD compared to LP for diagnosis and monitoring of meningitis have not been well documented. Design/Methods: Case series of six patients with meningitis leading to hydrocephalus and EVD placement. Results: Four patients with bacterial and two with fungal meningitis were included in the study. In all six patients, CSF from LP was obtained before EVD placement by 1.7 days. Although corrected White blood cell (WBC) counts were elevated in CSF obtained from LP and EVD, the counts were significantly higher through LP than EVD. The average WBC count in CSF from LP was 4711 per microliter and 191 per microliter in CSF from EVD. Protein concentration in CSF obtained from LP was also significantly higher than EVD. Average protein concentration in CSF obtained from LP was 462 milligram per deciliter and 39 milligram per deciliter in CSF from EVD. Glucose and red blood cells varied in both LP and EVD samples. Interestingly cultures in both fungal meningitis patients were positive in CSF obtained from EVD and not from LP. Conclusions: Although CSF was obtained from EVD later in the clinical course than LP, slower circulation of CSF in lumbar space as compared to ventricles is likely the reason for a more sterile appearance of CSF obtained from EVD compared to LP for diagnosis of meningitis. It is important to recognize this difference as CSF analysis from EVD for diagnosis of meningitis may lead to missed diagnosis, and false perception of significant improvement when monitoring response to treatment. Larger studies are needed to confirm the above findings. Disclosure: Dr. Kakadia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zaher has nothing to disclose. Dr. Badger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kavi has nothing to disclose.
Indications and taboo of fecal microbiota transplantation in children

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as a special organ transplantation, can be used to reconstruct the intestinal flora.It has been concerned by clinical practice, but it has not become a routine treatment method.With the gradual deepening of the study of FMT, the refractory difficile fusiform bacillus infection, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue comprehensive syndrome and some metabolic disorders related to intestinal diseases were obtained using.In recent years, there are some reports about the application of FMT in children′s diseases.Combining with the relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper reviews the indications and the taboo of the application of FMT in children, the aim is to provide a reference for FMT to be better applied in pediatric clinical. Key words: Fecal microbiota transplantation; Child; Indication; Taboo
Experimental study on thermal runaway and vented gases of lithium-ion cells

Abstract Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become more prevalent in mining to power a wide range of devices from handheld tools to mobile mining equipment. However, the benefits associated with using Li-ion batteries may come with a higher risk of a fire or an explosion. The major cause for a Li-ion battery fire is thermal runaway. If unmitigated, a thermal runaway can lead to cell rupture and the venting of toxic and highly flammables gases. Those flammable gases can cause a fire or explosion if ignited. In this study, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted experiments to monitor the heating of a Li-ion cell with different battery chemistries using an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). Inside the ARC, the cell was exposed to increasing temperatures until it reached a thermal runaway. Samples of vented gases after the thermal runaway were collected and analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Major gas components were identified, and their concentrations were measured. The results of this study can be useful in reducing the hazard of Li-ion battery fires.
Pre-operative withholding of infliximab and the risk of infections after major surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives Withholding TNF inhibitors (TNFI) before surgery has been recommended due to concern for post-operative infection. We examined the risks of post-operative infections and mortality in patients with RA in relation to the pre-operative timing of infliximab infusion. Methods In this population-based retrospective cohort study, we used US Medicare claims data from 2007 to 2015 to identify patients with RA who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), aortic or vascular surgery, or bowel resection, and who were treated with infliximab in the 90 days prior to surgery. We examined associations between the timing of infusion and infections and mortality in the 30 days after surgery. We adjusted for the predicted probability of post-operative infection or death, demographic characteristics, use of MTX, post-operative blood transfusion and hospital volume. Results We studied 712 patients with CABG, 244 patients with vascular surgery and 862 patients with bowel resections. Post-operative pneumonia occurred in 7.4-11.9%, urinary tract infection in 9.0-15.2%, surgical site infection in 3.2-18.9%, sepsis in 4.2-9.6% and death in 3.5-7.0% among surgery cohorts. There was no association between the time from last infliximab dose to surgery and the risk of post-operative infection or mortality in any surgical cohort. No subgroups were identified that had an increased risk of infection with more proximate use of infliximab. Conclusion Among elderly patients with RA, risks of infection and mortality after major surgery were not related to the pre-operative timing of infliximab infusion.
Perceived Media Bias and Intention to Engage in Discursive Activities for Mental Health: Testing Corrective Action Hypothesis in the Context of Mass Shooting News

The current study tested the “corrective action hypothesis” by analyzing intentions to engage in discursive activities for mental health in response to news coverage of mass shootings. Hypotheses w...
Short selling of ADRs and foreign market short-sale constraints.

Abstract We examine the effect of home market short-sale constraints on securities that also trade in other countries that have more liberal short-sale rules. In particular, we focus on the case of ADRs traded in the US, as in some cases, the home markets of these ADRs prohibit short selling. We find that short sellers more heavily trade ADRs from countries where short selling is prohibited than from markets where short selling is allowed. Furthermore, we find that the greater levels of short selling in ADRs with binding home-market constraints is driven by stocks with greater dispersion of investors’ opinion, low fundamentals-to-price ratios, and recent price increases. Our results support the hypothesis that short sellers target ADRs with home market short-sale constraints because these ADRs are more often subject to temporary misvaluation.
Radiation therapy for infants with cancer

The clinical outcomes for infants with malignant tumors are often worse than older children due to a combination of more biologically aggressive disease in some cases, and increased toxicity-or deintensification of therapies due to concern for toxicity-in others. Especially in infants and very young children, finding the appropriate balance between maximizing treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicity-in particular late side effects-is crucial. We review here the management of malignant tumors in infants and very young children, focusing on central nervous system (CNS) malignancies and rhabdomyosarcoma.
School library media specialists: An evolving profession in a pandemic

In March 2020, Michigan’s school library media specialists, along with the entire educational community, found themselves facing unprecedented challenges brought by the disruption of the COVID-19 p...
Review of Mathematical Understanding for Secondary Teaching: A Framework and Classroom-Based Situations by Heid, Wilson, & Blue (2015)

Imagine a high school mathematics teacher looking for big mathematical ideas while planning their secondary mathematics lessons. They might come across questions like the following and wonder how they might best respond to support their student’s learning: Why is it that when you multiply two negative numbers together, you get a positive number answer? How can we think about measures of center using box plots? Why is a number raised to the zero power 1 and not 0, and, what is 0 raised to the 0 power? This review of Mathematical Understanding for Secondary Teaching: A Framework and Classroom-Based Situations by Heid, Wilson, and Blume (2015) addresses how to go about responding.
MEG insights into brain development

Abstract Magnetoencephalography (MEG) represents a powerful tool for studying brain development given its capacity to characterize the neural activity in both time and space. This chapter will review existing MEG studies of functional brain development with a focus on four topics that have been particularly advanced by the use of MEG: the development of cortical auditory processing, the development of speech and language processing, the development of cortical somatosensory processing, and the effects of preterm birth and other prenatal insults on the developing brain. The chapter will also consider the future of MEG research with infants and children, particularly how advances in dedicated pediatric hardware will continue to promote the application of MEG to the study of brain development.
FINANCING URBAN TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is a field in which the civil engineer has long performed a notable service. Current (1965) urban transportation problem sad demands are economically, politically, socially, and technically complex. There is, therefore, a necessity for the civil engineer to join with other disciplines in planning, building, and operating urban transportation systems. Financing is undergoing changes in policy and attitudes. Urban transit systems generally can no longer be wholly financially supported from fares; some form of public subsidy is required, regardless of whether the transit system is publicly or privately owned or operated. This subsidy is most often supplied through general revenues of the urban area government, or from state sources. Adequate financing of construction and operation of urban area transit systems is aided materially by the creation of a suitable areawide organizational structure with the necessary legal authority to act. Current activity in Massachusetts, New York, Seattle, Wash.; Chicago, Ill.; and the San Francisco Bay Area is based on some form of public financial assistance to improve the urban transportation system.
Research methods for graduate students: a practical framework to guide teachers and learners.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present the Arrow Framework for Research Design, an organizing framework that facilitates teaching and learning of research methods, providing logical organization of interrelationships between concepts, content, and context of research methods, and practice application. The Arrow Framework was designed for teaching and learning research methods to facilitate progression of knowledge acquisition through synthesis. Data sources The framework was developed over several years and used successfully to teach masters, DNP, and PhD nursing students across five universities. The framework is presented with incremental graphics and narrative for teaching. Conclusion The Arrow Framework provides user-friendly information, in an organized and systematic approach demonstrated as successful for teaching and learning the foundational language of research, facilitating synthesis and application in scholarly endeavors. Implications for practice The Arrow Framework will be useful for educators and students in teaching and learning research language, relationships, and application of methods. The materials are easily adaptable to slide or paper presentation, and meet learner needs for narrative and visual presentation. Teaching research design to graduate students is critical to meet the expectation that students are to understand the scientific underpinnings of nursing science and appropriate use of evidence that are essential for well-educated practitioners.
Überführung von D-Glucosamin in ein Aziridinderivat des D-Allosamins

Bei der Umsetzung des Mesylats I mit Kaliumcyanid in Dimethylformamid entstanden das Aziridin II und das Oxazolin V nebeneinander. Die Konstitution von II wird durch Ringoffnungsreaktionen bewiesen, die im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Anschauungen zu Produkten mit trans-diaquatorialer Anordnung der neuen Substituenten fuhren.
Primary Dendrite Array: Observations from Ground-Based and Space Station Processed Samples

Influence of natural convection on primary dendrite array morphology during directional solidification is being investigated under a collaborative European Space Agency-NASA joint research program, Microstructure Formation in Castings of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MICAST). Two Aluminum-7 wt pct Silicon alloy samples, MICAST6 and MICAST7, were directionally solidified in microgravity on the International Space Station. Terrestrially grown dendritic monocrystal cylindrical samples were remelted and directionally solidified at 18 K per centimeter (MICAST6) and 28 K per centimeter (MICAST7). Directional solidification involved a growth speed step increase (MICAST6-from 5 to 50 millimeters per second) and a speed decrease (MICAST7-from 20 to 10 millimeters per second). Distribution and morphology of primary dendrites is currently being characterized in these samples, and also in samples solidified on earth under nominally similar thermal gradients and growth speeds. Primary dendrite spacing and trunk diameter measurements from this investigation will be presented.
Does acyclovir increase serum lithium levels

A 42-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital to receive intravenous acyclovir for a herpes zoster infection. At the time she was taking lithium carbonate 450 mg twice/day. Six days after starting acyclovir she exhibited signs of lithium toxicity. When measured, the serum lithium level had increased 4-fold during acyclovir therapy. Both agents are excreted by the kidneys, raising the possibility that acyclovir at high serum concentrations may interfere with the renal excretion of lithium. A MEDLINE search did not identify any citation describing the possibility of an interaction between the drugs. This case suggests that acyclovir when given intravenously in doses of 10 mg/kg may result in increased serum lithium concentrations. Until additional data are available, if intravenous acyclovir is administered concurrently with lithium, we recommend closely monitoring patients for signs of lithium toxicity and measuring serum lithium levels every second or third day.
An Overview of Cosmic Ray Research: Composition, Acceleration and Propagation

An overview of Cosmic Ray Research and its relation to other areas of High Energy Astrophysics is presented. Particular attention is paid to providing a summary of current results on the composition, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation — topics which will be discussed in greater detail in other papers in this volume.
Does a paresthesia during spinal needle insertion indicate intrathecal needle placement

Background and Objectives: Paresthesias are relatively common during spinal needle insertion, however, the clinical significance of the paresthesia is unknown. A paresthesia may result from needle-to-nerve contact with a spinal nerve in the epidural space, or, with far lateral needle placement, may result from contact with a spinal nerve within the intervertebral foramen. However, it is also possible and perhaps more likely, that paresthesias occur when the spinal needle contacts a spinal nerve root within the subarachnoid space. This study was designed to test this latter hypothesis. Methods: Patients (n = 104) scheduled for surgery under spinal anesthesia were observed during spinal needle insertion. If a paresthesia occurred, the needle was fixed in place and the stylet removed to observe whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowed from the hub. The presence of CSF was considered proof that the needle had entered the subarachnoid space. Results: Paresthesias occurred in 14/103 (13.6%) of patients; 1 patient experienced a paresthesia twice. All paresthesias were transient. Following a paresthesia, CSF was observed in the needle hub 86.7% (13/15) of the time. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the majority of transient paresthesias occur when the spinal needle enters the subarachnoid space and contacts a spinal nerve root. Therefore, when transient paresthesias occur during spinal needle placement it is appropriate to stop and assess for the presence of CSF in the needle hub, rather than withdraw and redirect the spinal needle away from the side of the paresthesia as some authors have suggested.
Expert Human Beings, Competent Systems, and Competent Neural Networks

Designers of knowledge-based systems assume that skilled human beings, coping with an environment, use heuristic rules to map facts about a situation into responsive actions. Knowledge engineers try to facilitate the articulation of these assumed rules in order to implement them on a digital computer.
T-Sharper Images and T-Level Cuts of Fuzzy Partitions

A fuzzy partition is usually described by a matrix U with elements from the unit interval. For a variety of reasons, U is often approximated by simpler matrices. The most popular are the maximum membership approximation and approximations based on α-level cuts of U. Because they create crisp matrices with membership grades either zero or one, most of the detailed information from U is lost. Two methods of gradual non-crisp approximations of U based on a set of parameters T derived from U are proposed. The first produces T-sharper images of U with gradually decreasing amount of fuzziness. The final image is a convex combination of all possible maximum membership approximations of U. The second method generates T-level cuts of U. They represent a gradual transformation from the lower crisp approximation of U by its core (α-cut at level α = 1) to the upper crisp approximation of U by its support (strong α-cut at level α = 0). Properties of both methods are discussed and illustrated with examples.
Retaining Structure Selection with Unequal Fuzzy Project-Level Objectives

Multiobjective decisions are frequently required for planning and managing highway construction projects. One example is the selection of an earth retaining structure. This article presents a case-by-case comparison of two multiobjective decision methods for selecting a retaining wall type from a set of possible alternatives given a finite set of selection criteria of concern to the decision maker. The first method is a weighting technique. The second method is based on fuzzy logic. The methods are compared according to agreement of outcome, sensitivity to changes in the importance of the selection criteria, and sensitivity to changes in the degree to which each alternative satisfies the criteria. Results indicate superior performance of the fuzzy method for retaining wall selection.