cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.
The importance of peptide detectability for protein identification, quantification, and experiment design in MS/MS proteomics

Peptide detectability is defined as the probability that a peptide is identified in an LC-MS/MS experiment and has been useful in providing solutions to protein inference and label-free quantification. Previously, predictors for peptide detectability trained on standard or complex samples were proposed. Although the models trained on complex samples may benefit from the large training data sets, it is unclear to what extent they are affected by the unequal abundances of identified proteins. To address this challenge and improve detectability prediction, we present a new algorithm for the iterative learning of peptide detectability from complex mixtures. We provide evidence that the new method approximates detectability with useful accuracy and, based on its design, can be used to interpret the outcome of other learning strategies. We studied the properties of peptides from the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and found that at standard quantities, its tryptic peptides can be roughly classified as either detectable or undetectable, with a relatively small fraction having medium detectability. We extend the concept of detectability from peptides to proteins and apply the model to predict the behavior of a replicate LC-MS/MS experiment from a single analysis. Finally, our study summarizes a theoretical framework for peptide/protein identification and label-free quantification.
Determination of Patient Radiation Dose During Ureteroscopic Treatment of Urolithiasis Using a Validated Model

Purpose: We measured organ specific radiation dose rates and determined effective dose rates during simulated ureteroscopy using a validated model. To calculate the effective dose, patients were exposed to ureteroscopic management of stones at our institution.Materials and Methods: A validated anthropomorphic male phantom was placed on a fluoroscopy table and underwent simulated ureteroscopy. High sensitivity metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor dosimeters were placed at 20 organ sites in the phantom and used to measure organ specific radiation doses. These dose rates were multiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting factor and summed to calculate effective dose rates. Also, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent ureteroscopy at our institution. A total of 30 nonobese males with data on fluoroscopy time were included in analysis. The median effective dose was determined by multiplying median fluoroscopy time by the effective dose rate.Results: The skin entrance was...
Modeling and characterization of induction motor internal faults using finite element and discrete wavelet transforms

This paper examines the behavior of three phase induction motors with internal fault conditions under sinusoidal supply voltages. Two types of induction machine internal faults are investigated, rotor broken bar, and stator shorted turns faults. Early detection and diagnosis of these faults are desirable for condition assessment, maintenance schedule and improved operational efficiency of induction motors. The terminal behavior of the induction motor was obtained by coupling the induction motor transient FE model and external electric circuit. Such a model would allow efficient representation of the induction machine with internal faults. A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was then used to extract the different harmonic components of the stator currents. The key advantages of the DWT are its ability to provide a local representation of the nonstationary current signals for normal and faulty operating conditions.
Demand in Pediatric Dentistry for Sedation and General Anesthesia by Dentist Anesthesiologists: A Survey of Directors of Dentist Anesthesiologist and Pediatric Dentistry Residencies

This study describes what training programs in pediatric dentistry and dental anesthesiology are doing to meet future needs for deep sedation/general anesthesia services required for pediatric dentistry. Residency directors from 10 dental anesthesiology training programs in North America and 79 directors from pediatric dentistry training programs in North America were asked to answer an 18-item and 22-item online survey, respectively, through an online survey tool. The response rate for the 10 anesthesiology training program directors was 9 of 10 or 90%. The response rate for the 79 pediatric dentistry training program directors was 46 of 79 or 58%. Thirty-seven percent of pediatric dentistry programs use clinic-based deep sedation/general anesthesia for dental treatment in addition to hospital-based deep sedation/general anesthesia. Eighty-eight percent of those programs use dentist anesthesiologists for administration of deep sedation/general anesthesia in a clinic-based setting. Pediatric dentistry residency directors perceive a future change in the need for deep sedation/general anesthesia services provided by dentist anesthesiologists to pediatric dentists: 64% anticipate an increase in need for dentist anesthesiologist services, while 36% anticipate no change. Dental anesthesiology directors compared to 2, 5, and 10 years ago have seen an increase in the requests for dentist anesthesiologist services by pediatric dentists reported by 56% of respondents (past 2 years), 63% of respondents (past 5 years), and 88% of respondents (past 10 years), respectively. Predicting the future need of dentist anesthesiologists is an uncertain task, but these results show pediatric dentistry directors and dental anesthesiology directors are considering the need, and they recognize a trend of increased need for dentist anesthesiologist services over the past decade.
Multi-Axial Channeling Study of Disorder in Gold Implanted 6H-SiC

Single-crystal wafers of 6H-SiC were irradiated at 300 K with 2 MeV Au2+ ions over fluences ranging from 0.029 to 0.8 ions/nm2. The accumulated disorder on both the Si and C sublattices in the irradiated specimens has been studied in situ using 0.94 MeV D+ channeling along , and axes. At low doses, results show that some of the Si and C defects are well aligned with the axis with more C defects shielded by the atomic rows; a higher level of C disorder is observed, which is consistent with a smaller threshold displacement energy on the C sublattice. There is only a moderate recovery of disorder, produced at and below 0.058 Au2+/nm2, during the thermal annealing at 570 K; similar behavior is observed in the higher-dose samples annealed between 720 and 870 K. The results suggest the presence of defect clusters and amorphous domains formed during the Au2+ irradiation. Reordering processes at 570 K in the weakly damaged 6H-SiC (0.12 Au2+/nm2, 300 K) appear to occur closely along the direction.
Courtship and Visual Defects of cacophony Mutants Reveal Functional Complexity of a Calcium-Channel α1 Subunit in Drosophila

We show by molecular analysis of behavioral and physiological mutants that the Drosophila Dmca1A calcium-channel α1 subunit is encoded by the cacophony ( cac ) gene and that nightblind-A and lethal(1)L13 mutations are allelic to cac with respect to an expanded array of behavioral and physiological phenotypes associated with this gene. The cac S mutant, which exhibits defects in the patterning of courtship lovesong and a newly revealed but subtle abnormality in visual physiology, is mutated such that a highly conserved phenylalanine (in one of the quasi-homologous intrapolypeptide regions called IIIS6) is replaced by isoleucine. The cac H18 mutant exhibits defects in visual physiology (including complete unresponsiveness to light in certain genetic combinations) and visually mediated behaviors; this mutant (originally nbA H18 ) has a stop codon in an alternative exon (within the cac ORF), which is differentially expressed in the eye. Analysis ofthe various courtship and visual phenotypes associated with this array of cac mutants demonstrates that Dmca1A calcium channels mediate multiple, separable biological functions; these correlate in part with transcript diversity generated via alternative splicing.
Just Another Tool? IT Pedagogy and the Commodification of Education

This article investigates the social relations being produced through the incorporation of information technology (IT) into educational practices. Drawing upon field research with the Los Angeles public school system, the article analyzes social relations in three technology classrooms, discusses gender and ethnic inequalities with technology, and documents the kinds of educational technology programs that teachers and administrators find valuable. Rather than IT being an apolitical tool, these examples illustrate how technologies operate within larger ideological systems, linking students and public institutions intimately with globalization processes of privatization and commodification. In conclusion, an alternative framework for technology pedagogy is introduced, one that confronts the politics of technology by perceiving information technologies as social media rather than simple tools.
Chemical Sensors from Lead Metallophthalocyanine Whiskers

Lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) single crystal whiskers were grown in vacuum via physical vapor deposition technique. The individual whiskers were used as gas-sensing elements of the conductometric gas sensing devices. These chemiresistors were found to respond sensitively and selectively to NO2. High crystallinity and high surface to bulk ratio determine the advantageous stability and time response characteristics of such sensing elements in comparison with polycrystalline films.
Applying Elinor Ostrom’s Rule Classification Framework to the Analysis of Open Source Software Commons

This research investigates the utility of Ostrom and Crawford’s rule classification framework (elaborated in Understanding Institutional Diversity) in the systematic study of rule systems in a set of relatively complex open source projects and their overarching non-profit foundation. Using this framework, Rule configurations are described for the overall Open Source Geospatial Foundation and for each of seven associated geospatial projects.
Neural components of social evaluation.

Evaluative responses appear to involve 2 seemingly distinct sets of processes: those that are automatically activated and others that are more consciously controlled. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the authors investigated the brain systems associated with automatic and controlled evaluative processing. Participants made either evaluative (good– bad) or nonevaluative (past–present) judgments about famous names. Greater amygdala activity was observed for names rated as “bad” relative to those rated as “good,” regardless of whether the task directly involved an evaluative judgment (good– bad) or not (past–present). Good– bad judgments resulted in greater medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than past–present judgments. Furthermore, there was greater ventrolateral PFC activity in good– bad judgments marked by greater ambivalence. Together, these findings indicate a neural distinction between processes engaged for automatic and controlled evaluation. Whereas automatic processes are sensitive to simple valence, controlled processes are sensitive to attitudinal complexity. Arguably, among the most important cognitive processes are those that are involved in people’s evaluation of their physical and social environment, including objects, persons, and events. The seemingly ordinary act of assigning valence— good and bad—is crucial for survival, guiding behavior toward or away from a significant object in the immediate environment or in anticipation of future rewards and punishments in goal attainment. It is not surprising then, that the brain systems that underlie these processes have been of considerable interest (see LeDoux, 1996). Nevertheless, there remains much to be done to fully understand how various component processes work independently and together to produce complex and coherent social evaluations. To understand the affective and cognitive processes of evaluation, the present research brought together theory, research, and methods of social psychology and cognitive neuroscience to clarify the nature of social evaluation. Using functional neuroimaging to examine variation in brain activity as a function of perceiver intentions, the information processed, and the interaction between intention and information, we can begin to identify the distinct cognitive and affective processes that are involved in social evaluations. In particular, the present study used theoretical ideas and findings about attitude/evaluation and attitudinal ambivalence to investigate the neural mechanisms that give rise to them. Neuroimaging evidence provides convergent validity for theoretical constructs used to characterize social cognition, and also offers suggestions about the constraints on social cognitive models of evaluation. Conversely, the theoretical framework from social cognition is critical for interpreting neuroimaging data regarding social processes and for understanding and generating new hypotheses about brain function.
Variational delay metrics for interconnect timing analysis

In this paper we develop an approach to model interconnect delay under process variability for timing analysis and physical design optimization. The technique allows for closed-form computation of interconnect delay probability density functions (PDFs) given variations in relevant process parameters such as linewidth, metal thickness, and dielectric thickness. We express the resistance and capacitance of a line as a linear function of random variables and then use these to compute circuit moments. Finally, these variability-aware moments are used in known closed-form delay metrics to compute interconnect delay PDFs. We compare the approach to SPICE based Monte Carlo simulations and report an error in mean and standard deviation of delay of 1% and 4% on average, respectively.
Performance evaluation of four different methods for circulating water in commercial-scale, split-pond aquaculture systems

Abstract Split-pond aquaculture systems are being implemented by United States (US) catfish farmers as a way to improve production performance. The split-pond consists of a fish-culture basin that is connected to a waste-treatment lagoon by two water conveyance structures. Water is circulated between the two basins with high-volume pumps (water circulators) and many different units are being used on commercial farms. In this study circulator performance was evaluated with four different circulating systems. Rotational speeds ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 rpm for a twin, slow rotating paddlewheel; 12.5 to 56.5 rpm for a paddlewheel aerator; 60 to 240 rpm for a high-speed screw pump; and 150 to 600 rpm for an axial-flow pump. Water flow rates ranged from 8.6 to 77.6 m 3 /min and increased with increasing rotational speed. Power input varied directly with flow rate and ranged from 0.24 to 13.43 kW for all four circulators. Water discharge per unit power input (i.e., efficiency) ranged from 3.5 to 70.9 m 3 min −1 kW −1 for the circulators tested. In general, efficiency decreased as water flow rate increased. Initial investment cost for each circulator and complete circulating system ranged from US $5850 to $22,900, and $15,335 to $78,660, respectively. The least expensive circulator to operate was the twin, slow-rotating paddlewheel, followed by the paddlewheel aerator, high-speed screw pump, and axial-flow pump. Our results show that four different circulating systems can be effectively installed and used to circulate water in split-ponds. However, water flow rate, rotational speed, required power input, efficiency, initial investment cost, and operational expense varied greatly among the systems tested. Long term studies are underway to better define the relationship between water flow rate and fish production in split-ponds. That information will help identify the water circulating system most appropriate for split-pond aquaculture.
Integration of foveal orientation signals: distinct local and long-range spatial domains.

Human observers can discriminate the orientation of a stimulus configuration composed of a pair of collinear visual patterns much better than that of a single component pattern alone. Previous inve...
Tax Commitment Devices

Every line of the Internal Revenue Code is continually vulnerable to revision or repeal. With each new session of Congress, rates may rise or fall, transactions may become taxable or tax-free, and incentive programs may be extended or repealed. The resulting uncertainty harms taxpayers, who find it difficult to plan their future business affairs. It frustrates government by making its incentive programs less effective. For example, firms may decline to invest in research facilities because they cannot rely on a tax credit that might soon expire. And it provides fodder for political rent-seeking, as legislators can demand money or votes in exchange for supporting a soon-to-expire tax break. This was recently seen in the furor over bonus depreciation, a purportedly temporary provision that has been the subject of furious lobbying and frequent renewal. This paper proposes commitment devices as an antidote to tax uncertainty. I analyze the economic and democratic costs of tax uncertainty, and why even a perfectly altruistic and rational legislature might benefit from credible policy commitment. I also describe the most practicable tax commitment devices within the bounds of current law, and I consider how those devices can improve current provisions for bonus depreciation and the R&D credit.
Seeding Bimetallic Nanostructures as a New Class of Plasmonic Colloids

Colloidal plasmonics is a rapidly developing field, with applications of metal nanoparticles that range from biosensing to photocatalysis. Historically, Au- or Ag-only nanoparticles have been investigated for these uses. However, there is emerging interest in multifunctional plasmonic colloids as well as a desire to expand the light scattering and absorption properties of Au or Ag nanoparticles. Both of these goals can be achieved by incorporating a second metal. In this Perspective, recent advances in the synthesis and application of Au–Ag and Au–Pd nanostructures are discussed. The highlighted nanostructures were synthesized through the seed-mediated method, an approach that provides for structurally complex nanoarchitectures while maintaining sample homogeneity. Overall, these architecturally controlled bimetallic nanostructures are representative of a new class of plasmonic colloids in which composition and structure can be manipulated to achieve unique optical properties and functionality.
Transactional Sex With Regular and Casual Partners Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Detroit Metro Area

Transactional sex refers to the commodification of the body in exchange for shelter, food, and other goods and needs. Transactional sex has been associated with negative health outcomes including H...
A Method of Wide Interval Hopping Frequency Based on Two Different Chaotic Signals for Underwater Acoustic Remote Control System

A method of wide interval hopping frequency by using two different chaotic signals is proposed.The generation and quantization of chaotic signal in underwater hopping frequency system are studied.The secrecy performance of this hopping frequency is proved.
A Study of Intelligent Three-phase Sinusoidal Variable-frequency Power Based on XC164

A new intelligent three-phase sinusoidal variable-frequency power based on XC164 as its core module is- presented.The design of hardware and software about the system are discussed.By a voltage-traced SPWM technology, the sine pulse width modulation wave was derived and the project of voltage output was designed.Resultantly.the micro- controller was fully used in the variable-frequency power system.Experimental result shows that this system has stable voltage and little waveform distortion.Additionally,it is capable of selt-detection,protection of excessive current,voltage and temperature.
Performance Evaluation of Commercial Nanolime as a Consolidant for Friable Lime Based Plaster

Performance of nanolime was evaluated as a possible inorganic consolidant for friable lime-based plaster at Mission San Jose de Tumacacori, Arizona. Among two available commercial nanolime products...
Surgical Management of Thyroid Cancer

Surgery on the thyroid gland was first performed around 500 a.d. Later, Abū al-Qāsim, a surgeon innovator also known as Albucasis, wrote a 30-volume treatise on numerous instruments he developed as well as procedures he performed. Prior to his death in 1013 a.d., he performed the first thyroid surgery that was successful. Prior to 1850, thyroid surgery was plagued with morbidity and mortality related to hemorrhage, lack of anesthesia, and infection. Two key discoveries brought surgical technique closer to avoiding this complication. Sandstrom first described the human parathyroid glands in 1880 (Rogers-Stevane and Kauffman, Otolaryngol Clin North Am 41:1059, 2008). His discovery led to the anatomical understanding of parathyroid gland blood supply in 1907 by Halstead and Evans. With the further understanding of the parathyroids’ role in calcium physiology, these discoveries led to the development of surgical techniques that spared the glands in order to maintain calcium homeostasis. Contemporary advancements continue to build on these discoveries. The advent of electrocautery followed by the ultrasonic shears encourages hemostasis and decreases operating time. Minimally invasive techniques have decreased the trauma and improved the cosmesis of the procedure. Finally, intraoperative nerve monitoring provides an additional defense against dreaded RLN injury which impact airway integrity as well as phonation. Postoperative parathyroid hormone levels help predict likelihood of postoperative hypocalcemia.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Use in Pharmacology

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a sensitive and specific noninvasive imaging technology used to measure the 3-dimensional distribution of molecules and their functional outcome over time. This is achieved by detecting the annihilation photons resulting from the decay of radioisotopes (i.e., oxygen-15, nitrogen-13, carbon-11, fluorine-18) chemically labeled to biologically active molecules. The functional fate of these radiolabeled molecules may be determined by examining the images formed from the 3-dimensional reconstruction of the decay events. The approximate sensitivity of PET is picomolar, which permits the injection of molecular masses far below that known to disturb most physiological processes. This methodology is known as the “tracer technique” and is the basic analysis principle used to extract quantitative information from PET images. PET has the ability to provide valuable information related to functional processes of the body including blood flow, transport rates, receptor density, and drug occupancy. This chapter focuses on the physics of PET and its use in answering questions related to pharmacology. The basic principles of PET imaging will be reviewed followed by methods to derive quantitative information related to physiology from the image data. The application of compartmental modeling will be discussed in detail as will potential pitfalls that can occur during data collection.
Duration and habitat of fossil taxa; changes through time in variance and taxonomic selectivity

Variance and taxonomic selectivity were studied as functions of time across the Phanerozoic for duration of genera and families in the fossil record and for habitat of fossil families. The variance of duration increases temporarily before mass extinctions but otherwise decreases across the Phanerozoic, and the variance of habitat increases to an asymptote. For both duration and habitat, the percentage of variance explained by differences among orders and classes shows no temporal trend, whereas the percentage of variance explained by differences among phyla decreases across the Phanerozoic. The latter decrease depends upon the time elapsed since the origination of classes within phyla in the early Paleozoic; a similar decrease appears in differences among classes if the analysis is restricted to orders that originate before the Silurian. The observed patterns can be described by bounded random walks that include some infrequent but large steps.
CaTeRS: Causal and Temporal Relation Scheme for Semantic Annotation of Event Structures

Learning commonsense causal and temporal relation between events is one of the major steps towards deeper language understanding. This is even more crucial for understanding stories and script learning. A prerequisite for learning scripts is a semantic framework which enables capturing rich event structures. In this paper we introduce a novel semantic annotation framework, called Causal and Temporal Relation Scheme (CaTeRS), which is unique in simultaneously capturing a comprehensive set of temporal and causal relations between events. By annotating a total of 1,600 sentences in the context of 320 five-sentence short stories sampled from ROCStories corpus, we demonstrate that these stories are indeed full of causal and temporal relations. Furthermore, we show that the CaTeRS annotation scheme enables high inter-annotator agreement for broad-coverage event entity annotation and moderate agreement on semantic link annotation.
Counselor educators' perceptions of training requirements.

Counselor educators were surveyed regarding their perceptions of a proposed increase in the required number of semester hours for community counselors from 48 hours to 60 hours. Twenty-four partici...
From Data Streams to Fields: Extending Stream Data Models with Field Data Types

With ubiquitous live sensors and sensor networks, increasingly large numbers of individual sensors are deployed in physical space. Sensor data streams are a fundamentally novel mechanism to create and deliver observations to information systems, enabling us to represent spatio-temporal continuous phenomena such as radiation accidents, pollen distributions, or toxic plumes almost as instantaneously as they happen in the real world. While data stream engines (DSE) are available to process high-throughput updates, DSE support for phenomena that are continuous in both space and time is not available. This places the burden of handling any tasks related to the integration of potentially very large sets of concurrent sensor streams into higher-level abstractions on the user. In this paper, we propose a formal extension to stream data model languages based on the concept of fields to support high-level abstractions of continuous ST phenomena that are known to the DSE, and therefore, can be supported through queries and processing optimization. The proposed field data types are formalized in a data model language independent way using second order signatures. We formalize both the set of supported field types are as well as the embedding into stream data model languages.
A Study of Active Dither Control of Aerodynamic Instabilities in Axial - Compressors

Active control of multistage axial-compressor aerodynamic instabilities has been studied analytically using a blade-row by blade-row compression system model. The instabilities considered are those which result from a global system instability. The control approach taken is to suppress the instability by actively changing the system damping characteristics. This was accomplished by varying dynamically the compressor stage characteristics to extend the region of the compression system operation. Specifically, the stator row of a compressor stage is actively dithered based on its inlet or exit pressure fluctuation measurement, in such a way that the stage characteristics are modified to improve the overall system stability.
Access to public resources on private property: Resident hunter perceptions of the commercialization of wildlife in Montana

Abstract The management of public wildlife resources on private property presents unique challenges for state wildlife agencies. Some private landowners in Montana have attempted to capitalize on the public wildlife found on their land by leasing the property to outfitters for the exclusive use of their paying clientele. This practice has created a rift between landowners and outfitters versus public hunters. This exploratory study examines hunter perceptions of the commercialization of wildlife in a western state, and the impact they believe it is having on the hunting experience. Qualitative data were obtained from a mail survey of Montana resident elk hunters. Analysis revealed that hunters are concerned about a perceived decline in hunting opportunities on private land that is occurring, at least in part, as a result of the commercialization of wildlife in the state. The findings enhance our understanding of hunting issues on private property in modern society. Management implications: ● The study indicates that hunting is an important recreational activity for resident hunters in Montana. ● Wildlife is a public trust resource in the United States that is found on both public and private land. ● Hunters are concerned about the commercialization of wildlife in Montana and believe it contributes to less access to private land for hunting. ● Access to public wildlife resources on inaccessible state land is an important issue to hunters.
A descriptive, cross-sectional study of medical student preferences for vodcast design, format and pedagogical approach

Vodcasts (video podcasts) are becoming increasingly popular in medical education. At A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona (ATSU SOMA), vodcasts are an essential component of our blended learning environment, where year 2–4 students train in a contextual setting at community health centers across the U.S. Vodcasts are used far less frequently in our year 1 residential learning environment at the main campus in Arizona, but we are considering moving to significantly more interactive educational experiences with on-demand videos followed by in-class activities. The aim of this study was to determine stakeholder (i.e. medical student) preferences for vodcast design, format, and pedagogical strategies. The overall goal was to increase opportunities for students to learn with this modality. An interactive Qualtrics™ survey was administered to three cohorts of medical students. The survey generated quantitative and open-ended response data that addressed principles of vodcast instructional design and learning. Responses to survey items were analyzed for statistical significance using the independent samples t-test for interval data, the chi-square test for categorical data, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for ordinal data, using the post-hoc Bonferroni procedure to determine the appropriate α level. Responses to open-ended prompts were categorized using open- and axial-coding. The most highly valued vodcast attributes, considered essential by all three cohorts, were clear explanations, organization, conciseness, high-yield for medical board exams, and the ability to speed vodcasts up. The least helpful vodcast attributes for all three cohorts were music and objects moving on screen. The average preferred vodcast length for each cohort was 27–28 min. There were significant differences between the less experienced learners in the residential setting and the more mature learners in the blended learning environment regarding certain vodcast attribute preferences, format of included practice questions, explanations for preferred vodcast lengths, and reasons for not viewing vodcasts. Overall, learner preferences were in line with non-interactive, screen-capture type vodcasts, which have lower demands on institutional cost and faculty production time than Flash™-type interactive vodcasts. Students in the blended learning environment were much more focused on vodcast features that decreased their time commitment, including a preference for noninteractive vodcasts. Given the increase in distance learning in medical education, our results should be of value to other medical programs.
Optical Signatures and Detection Strategy for a Finned Bioinspired Unmanned Undersea Vehicle

The surface expressions for a submerged finned bioinspired unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) were examined using VNIR and longwave infrared sensors as the system maneuvered in laboratory and field environments. Laboratory experiments revealed that the eddies generated by the flapping of the finned propulsion and attitude control system initially appeared as discrete thermal boils on the water surface. As these boils evolved, expanded, and merged into one another, two parallel thermal tracks were observed. The tracks cross-linked forming a single thermal swath or footprint behind the trajectory of the vehicle. Similar thermal disruptions were observed when experiments were performed in an uncontrolled harbor environment under daytime and nighttime lighting conditions. Estimates for the background clutter, system signal, and detection statistic were generated using probabilistic models to demonstrate the feasibility of extracting signals from complex environments in both laboratory and harbor experiments. Performance of the detection model was presented in the form of receiver operating characteristic curves. Results clearly demonstrate that we can achieve > 99% probability of detecting the presence of the UUV with a very low probability of false alarm ( $\text{signal-to-noise ratio}=21.5$ .
When Need Meets Opportunity: Expanding Local Air Networks:

Although the Clean Air Act (CAA) relies on a traditional inter-government partnership, new initiatives from local governments that fall outside of the conventional implementation strategy have created a unique public service delivery network by adding layers to the implementation scheme. Using both logistic and multinomial logistic models and a data set of 497 Metropolitan (MSA) and Micropolitian (µSA) areas, this research tests a model of network membership for local governments based on internal organizational and external network factors. Findings indicate policy problems, perceptions of resource availability, network density and structure, and socio-economic and political factors affect local initiative to expand networks.
Nanophotonic Technology for Chip-based Quantum Light Sources

Nanophotonics is enabling for photonic quantum technologies, providing means to effectively control light-matter interactions on chip. This talk will describe the use of nanophotonics for the creation of efficient and versatile chip-based quantum light sources.
Maximizing Map Sensitivity and Higher Derivatives Via Extremum Seeking

We present a generalization to the scalar Newton-based extremum seeking algorithm which, through perturbation-induced measurements of an unknown steady-state input-to-output map, maximizes the map's higher derivatives. As with other extremum seeking (ES) problems, the scheme relies on derivative estimators and learning dynamics operating in different time scales. We provide analysis for the typical deterministic (sinusoidal) perturbation of the optimal parameter estimate. Also, we alternatively include a stochastic method where the map is perturbed via the sinusoid of Brownian motion about the boundary of a circle. By properly demodulating the map output corresponding to the manner in which it is perturbed, the ES algorithm maximizes the $n{\rm th}$ derivative only through measurements of the map. The Newton-based ES approach removes the dependence of the convergence rate on the unknown Hessian of the higher derivative, an effort to improve performance over standard gradient-based ES. Our design stems from the existing multivariable Newton-based ES algorithm where a differential Riccati equation estimates the inverse Hessian of the function to be maximized. Algebraically computing a direct estimate of the inverse Hessian is susceptible to singularity, whereas employing the Riccati filter removes that potential. We prove local stability of the algorithm for general nonlinear equilibrium profiles of dynamic maps and compare the Newton-based method against the gradient-based method. We also extend this abstraction to multiplayer noncooperative games but limit our attention to a two-player game for notational simplicity and length considerations.
Measuring solid–liquid interfacial energy fields: diffusion-limited patterns

The Leibniz–Reynolds transport theorem yields an omnimetric interface energy balance, i.e., one valid over all continuum length scales. The transport theorem, moreover, indicates that solid–liquid interfaces support capillary-mediated redistributions of energy capable of modulating an interface’s motion—a thermodynamic phenomenon not captured by Stefan balances that exclude capillarity. Capillary energy fields affect interfacial dynamics on scales from about 10 nm to several mm. These mesoscopic fields were studied using entropy density multiphase-field simulations. Energy rate distributions were exposed and measured by simulating equilibrated solid–liquid interfaces configured as stationary grain boundary grooves (GBGs). Negative rates of energy distributed over GBGs were measured as residuals, by subtracting the linear potential distribution contributed by applied thermal gradients constraining the GBGs from the nonlinear distributions actually developed along their solid–liquid interface. Rates of interfacial cooling revealed numerically confirm independent predictions based on sharp-interface thermodynamics, variational calculus, and field theory. This study helps answer a long-standing question: What creates patterns for diffusion-limited transformations in nature and in material microstructures?
Economic impacts of storm surge and the cost-benefit analysis of a coastal spine as the surge mitigation strategy in Houston-Galveston area in the USA

Rapid population growth, urbanization, and concentration of valuable assets and strategic infrastructure in coastal regions make coastal inundation, flooding, and storm surge national problems for many countries, including the United States of America (USA). Enhancing coastal resilience is a complex problem and involves an integrated risk management approach, entailing both structural protection as well as other risk reduction strategies (e.g., building codes and ecosystem preservation). The former is an increasingly recognized mitigation option for densely populated areas and industrial hubs. Fully justifying benefits of costly flood defense structures is crucial, particularly when lack of funding and other institutional barriers make such projects easy targets for omission from or cuts to a budget. Justification usually requires a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. This paper explores the economic feasibility of a coastal barrier, i.e., coastal spine, as a potential storm surge mitigation strategy to protect the Houston-Galveston metropolitan area of Texas, one of the most flood-prone and economically important regions in the USA. We provide an assessment of residential and chemical manufacturing plant and refinery exposure to multiple synthetic hurricane storm surge events by comparing losses with and without a coastal spine. While under all scenarios, benefits exceed engineering costs of a spine, our results indicate that the project feasibility largely hinges on accounting for industrial losses and resultant indirect and induced effects. As many regions and industrial hubs globally are designing adaptation and mitigation strategies to combat the consequences of extreme events, structural solution to surge mitigation maybe one of the few mitigation options for them. Unlike population and residential structures that can retreat and insure, these options are not viable for industrial plants that are resource-based. However, expertise and knowledge pertinent to surge barrier systems are relatively scarce as there are only handful of barriers around the world and they are all unique in engineering designs. As storm surge is becoming a threat for many coastal urban centers, one of the recommendations is to consolidate knowledge base and research across countries in order to foster knowledge exchange internationally. This will help identify concerns associated with existing barrier systems, pragmatic ways to improve them and will also aid the investment decision, engineering designs, and operational aspects of barriers in other parts of the world. Furthermore, forming regional research collaborations with developing countries at risk of storm surge and the sea level rise is vital to further facilitate knowledge spillover and exchange of expertise.
Measures of order for nearly hexagonal lattices

Abstract Motivated by hexagonal patterns with defects in natural and laboratory systems, we compare quantitative measures of order for nearly hexagonal, planar lattices. These include a spectral measure of order based on the Fourier transform, a geometric measure of order using the Delaunay triangulation, and topological measures of order introduced in this paper. The topological measures are based on a tool from topological data analysis called persistent homology. We contrast these measures of order by comparing their sensitivity to perturbations of Bravais lattices. We then study the imperfect hexagonal arrangements of nanodots produced by numerical simulations of partial differential equations that model the surface of a binary alloy undergoing erosion by a broad ion beam. These numerical experiments further distinguish the various measures of hexagonal order and highlight the role of various model parameters in the formation and elimination of defects. Finally, we quantify the dependence of order on prepatterning the surface to suggest experimental protocols that could lead to improved order in nanodot arrays.
Planning End-of-Life Conversations: Hospitalist and Primary Care Physician Roles.

Primary care physicians can help hospitalists plan end-of-life conversations with patients or patients’ families. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics

This volume contains the papers prepared for the 31 st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, held 22-26 June 1993 at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. The cluster of papers in the final section stems from the student session, featured at the meeting for the 3rd successive year and testifying to the vigor of this emerging tradition.The number and quality of submitted papers was again gratifying, and all authors deserve our collective plaudits for the efforts they invested despite the well-known risks of submitting to a highly selective conference. It was their efforts that once again ensured a Meeting (and Proceedings) reflecting the highest standards in computational linguistics, offering a tour of some of the most significant recent advances and most lively research frontiers.In an effort to increase the fairness of reviewing, we opted for "blind" reviewing this year. Also, to reduce the load upon program committee members to a more humanly manageable level, to curtail frantic last-minute searches for specialist reviewers, and to allow more methodical, uniform, interactive reviewing of submissions, the size of the program committee was expanded this year to include 22 members besides the chair. The load was still heavy, but the committee members performed their duties in an exemplary fashion; in the five-week reviewing period which culminated in the one-day program committee meeting, they spared no efforts to arrive at detailed, accurate and principled assessments, and at the best possible program for the Meeting.
Androcentrism in Schools

Prior to discussing strategies for bringing mother-scholar epistemology into various dialogues in education, I shed light on some of the masculine underpinnings onstricting the field of education. By drawing attention to the privileging of men′s knowledge and men’s experiences, we see that male experiences have formed a basis of our knowledge in education.
American standards: definition and differentiation through nonprofit regulation

Nongovernmental organizations are deeply enmeshed in global governance, as promoters and, increasingly, subjects of regulation. Focusing on the proliferation of self-regulatory initiatives, this ar...
Determination of the neutron energy spectrum of a radial neutron beam at a TRIGA reactor

Abstract The neutron energy spectrum was measured as part of a neutron beam characterization effort performed on the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD) at the Idaho National Laboratory. The spectrum was determined by using multi-foil activation measurements coupled with unfolding algorithms with the software package Unfolding with MAXED and GRAVEL (UMG) and the Monte-Carlo N-Particle (MCNP6) transport code. The resulting neutron energy spectrum which was implemented into an MCNP6 model of the neutron beam to contribute to future studies. The total neutron flux is 7.06 × 107 n/cm2s with a 2σ error of 0.17%. The energy spectrum contains a large thermal neutron content, which is expected for the thermal reactor. The energy spectrum also includes a larger fast neutron content than typical neutron beams, which is attributed to the radial design of these beams where the beam has direct line of sight to the reactor core without much water to moderate the neutrons.
Chemically Selective Transport in a Cross-Linked HII Phase Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Membrane.

The uniform size and complex chemical topology of the pores formed by self-assembled amphiphilic molecules such as liquid crystals make them promising candidates for selective separations. In this ...
Loop Summarization with Rational Vector Addition Systems.

This paper presents a technique for computing numerical loop summaries. The method synthesizes a rational vector addition system with resets (\(\mathbb {Q}\)-VASR) that simulates the action of an input loop, and then uses the reachability relation of that \(\mathbb {Q}\)-VASR to over-approximate the behavior of the loop. The key technical problem solved in this paper is to automatically synthesize a \(\mathbb {Q}\)-VASR that is a best abstraction of a given loop in the sense that (1) it simulates the loop and (2) it is simulated by any other \(\mathbb {Q}\)-VASR that simulates the loop. Since our loop summarization scheme is based on computing the exact reachability relation of a best abstraction of a loop, we can make theoretical guarantees about its behavior. Moreover, we show experimentally that the technique is precise and performant in practice.