cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of additive electron beam melting of haynes 282 alloy

Abstract The electron beam melting (EBM) process is an attractive additive manufacturing technology that can be applied to a number of different materials. However, fabrication of each material requires tweaking and identifying optimal processing parameters. In this study, process parameters were successively varied to identify a processing regime to fabricate the nickel-base (Ni-base) superalloy Haynes 282. Key parameters to minimize porosity and mitigate the potential for cracking were beam velocity, beam current, hatch spacing, line order, and beam focus. Overall, the EBM process window produced a combination of promising microstructure and 99.5% dense material with no observable cracking. Electron backscatter diffraction revealed a crystallographic texture along the [001] direction of the cube orientation aligned with the build direction. Within the grain interiors of the as-fabricated material were observed uniformly distributed γ′ precipitates with a size distribution ranging from ~80 nm spherical to ~190 nm cuboidal particles with an average particle size of ~128 nm. Grain boundary carbides were observed in two morphologies: blocky and thin film–like. Hardness and tensile testing of the as-fabricated EBM material indicated a 10% higher hardness and slightly lower tensile strength compared with the as-annealed wrought form of the Haynes 282 alloy. The EBM alloy exhibited pronounced ductility except at T > 600 °C perpendicular to the build direction. Annealing based on standard wrought heat treatments showed that γ′ precipitates measuring 20–30 nm in average size can be achieved to improve the alloy's high-temperature performance.
CoViD-19 Susceptibility

There have been over five million cases of infection with the second Corona virus to induce SARS (SARS-CoV2) and close to half a million deaths worldwide since the first report of Corona Virus Disease in late December 2019 (CoViD-19). Over two million CoViD-19 patients have recovered. The factors and variables that lead certain CoViD-19 patients to survive this otherwise aggressive and lethal viral infection are intensely researched, as is the development of productive anti-virals and of safe and effective vaccines. Several hypotheses invoke putative mutations of the ss-positive RNA SARS-CoV2 virus to states of stronger or weaker virulence and lethality. Other hypotheses propose that the patient's status of immunity, vitamin D level, Zinc deficiency or other physiological parameters determine how any given patient will effectively weather the viremia and the consequential multi-symptomatic CoViD-19. The initial cause - causa prima - underlying all the symptoms of CoViD-19 is infection of the host human cell by SARS-CoV2. The virus spike (S) protein finds its binding site, ACE2, widely distributed in all cells and tissues that potentially proffer CoViD-19 pathology. S consists of two subunits, S1 and S2, which are cleaved by the widely expressed transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) before the virus fuses to the plasma membrane and infects the cell. Current trends show that variant alleles resulting from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ACE2, and genetic variants of TMPRSS2, with putative distinct affinities for S clip, may determine a complex multi-factorial spectrum of SARS-CoV2 virulence across patients, and predict CoViD-19 susceptibility.
Comparing and Contrasting Keynes’s Verbal, Literary, English Prose Version of His Is-Lm(lp) Model in Chapter 18 of the General Theory With His Mathematical Version of Is-Lm(lp) in Chapter 21 of the General Theory

Keynes provided two versions of his IS-LM(LP) model in the General Theory. The first version was the verbal, English, literary, prose version contained in chapter 18 of the General Theory. This version was targeted for economists, such as Joan Robinson and Dennis Robertson, who could not grasp a mathematical presentation using a set of simultaneous linear equations due to their lack of basic mathematics. The second version was a mathematical version provided in chapter 21 in sections IV through VI. The mathematical version has been completely overlooked by all economists since 1936. A possible reason for the economics profession’s failure to grasp Keynes’s IS-LM model since 1936 is based on a group think approach that is combined with cognitive dissonance. This explanation centers on a “true believer” approach that, since Joan Robinson, Austin Robinson, and Richard Kahn actually worked with J M Keynes on the writing the General Theory, their claim, that there is no IS-LM model in the General Theory, must be true.
Reclaiming Our Right to Privacy by Holding Tech. Companies Accountable

Under the present regime, data privacy and security protections are not working for individuals. Despite data privacy and security failures in recent years, Congress has not passed comprehensive legislation to protect individuals’ personal information. In the absence of comprehensive federal data privacy and security legislation, states are moving at an increasing rate to enact such protections. The enforcement of these data privacy and security protections is a hotly contested issue not often discussed or explored. However, enforcement must be discussed to effectuate the substantive protections needed as more personal information is collected, used, stored, and disseminated. Based on my professional experience in Silicon Valley and my legal and technology research, this article discusses the private right of action with respect to data privacy and security legislation, without regard to whether such legislation is enacted at a state or federal level. The purpose of this paper is to argue that if a legislature decided to enact privacy legislation, the legislation must include a limited private right of action to make the legislation effective at protecting individuals and not corporations. Only then can we reclaim our right to privacy.
The communication of uncertainty in health: A scoping review

Abstract Objective To conduct a scoping review of existing studies that examine communication strategies that address uncertainty in health and categorize them using the taxonomy of uncertainty. Methods Relevant articles retrieved from ten databases were categorized according to the dimensions of the taxonomy of uncertainty, and study characteristics were extracted from each article. Results All articles (n = 63) explored uncertainty in the context of probabilistic risk and related to scientific issues (n = 63; 100%). The majority focused on complexity (n = 24; 38.1%) and uncertainty experienced by patients (n = 52; 82.5%). Most utilized quantitative methods (n = 46; 73.0%), hypothetical scenarios (n = 49; 77.8%), and focused on cancer (n = 20; 31.7%). Theory guided messages and study design in fewer than half (n = 27; 42.9%). Conclusions Heterogeneity in terminology used to refer to different types of uncertainties preclude a unified research agenda on uncertainty communication. Research predominately focuses on probability as the source of uncertainty, uncertainties related to scientific issues, and uncertainty experienced by patients. Practice implications Additional efforts are needed to understand providers’ experience of uncertainty, and to identify strategies to address ambiguity. Future studies should use consistent terminology to allow for coherence and advancement of uncertainty communication scholarship. Continued efforts to refine the existing taxonomy should be undertaken.
Controlling Tracking Performance for System Health Management - A Markov Decision Process Formulation

After an incipient fault mode has been detected a logical question to ask is: How long can the system continue to be operated before the incipient fault mode degrades to a failure condition? In many cases answering this question is complicated by the fact that further fault growth will depend on how the system is intended to be used in the future. The problem is then complicated even further when we consider that the future operation of a system may itself be conditioned on estimates of a system’s current health and on predictions of future fault evolution. This paper introduces a notationally convenient formulation of this problem as a Markov decision process. Prognostics-based fault management policies are then shown to be identified using standard Markov decision process optimization techniques. A case study example is analyzed, in which a discrete random walk is used to represent time-varying system loading demands. A comparison of fault management policies computed with and without future uncertainty is used to illustrate the limiting effects of model uncertainty on prognostics-informed fault management policies.
Family Disadvantage, Gender and the Returns to Genetic Human Capital

This paper relies on a large-scale sample of genotyped individuals linked with detailed register data in Denmark to investigate the context-dependence of genetic influences on human capital formation. We show that the returns to genetic endowments, measured by a polygenic score for educational attainment, are significantly attenuated by childhood disadvantage. We replicate the findings in a within-family analysis, where we exploit exogenous genetic variation across siblings to control for unobserved family influences. We also explore gender differences in the context-dependence of genetic influences and find the attenuation effect of childhood disadvantage on educational attainment to be significantly stronger for males than for females. We show our findings extend to a representative sample of the Danish population. Our results highlight an important mechanism driving the persistence of disadvantage across generations. We show that children who experience childhood disadvantage are not able to fully realize their educational potential, even in the context of the generous Danish welfare-state.
Defining Sustainable Business - Beyond Greenwashing

Consumers are increasingly prioritizing the "sustainability" of their purchases, even when products labeled as "sustainable" sometimes are more expensive than their ostensibly unsustainable counterparts. Businesses have responded to this trend by promoting a wide range of fair trade and "sustainable" services and products, from items packed in bio-degradable, post-consumer recyclable paper to those supplied by companies seeking to reduce their carbon footprints, water use, paper consumption, and waste generation. There are not, however, agreed criteria for what makes a business "sustainable," nor is there a precise, authoritative definition of sustainability or of the products, practices, or services that the term includes and excludes. This lack of a consistent, clear definition, combined with the proliferation of services and products being marketed as "sustainable," exposes businesses to accusations of "greenwashing" arising from the exploitation of ambiguity and consumer confusion. An increase in consumer interest in, and awareness of, specific company sustainability practices also creates an environment in which companies may alienate their consumer base by making what some might view as misleading or false claims. This article focuses on the numerous definitions of sustainability, on their similarities and differences, on their use by the business community, and on the threat that the lack of a uniform definition poses to a generally positive and important trend. In Part I, the article explores the various sustainability ranking and rating systems and the key metrics and/or performance indicators used by these systems. This section also briefly discusses the impact of this vast array of systems and definitions on key stakeholders. Part II surveys recent initiatives seeking to improve sustainability-related corporate disclosures. Finally, Part III analyzes the multitude of recent actions that individuals, organizations, and government entities have taken to promote the corporate use of sustainable practices and considers the risks and rewards for companies labeling their products and services as "sustainable." By surveying such efforts, this article endeavors to underscore the importance of a precise and unambiguous definition of "sustainability" to maximize the benefits of the sustainability trend.
The Role of Gun Supply in 1980s and 1990s Urban Violence

It is reasonably well-established that gun homicides in urban areas, particularly among young black males, increased radically in the late 1980s and early 1990s and then began to fall. The standard explanation for this has been the expansion of crack markets in the 1980s; to the degree that increased gun access among young black males was believed to play a role, the implicit assumption was there was a demand shock in gun markets. We examine the gun homicide rate increase/decrease among urban young black males of this period using the NBER vital statistics datasets, indices of crack use, data on arrests and incarceration and a novel data set looking at gun prices and quantities sold during this period. We find four facts that complicate the standard model: First, the prices of cheaper "entry-level" guns fall during the late 1980s and 1990s, even as quantities sold increase, fitting the MICRO 101 signature of a positive supply shock in the market for guns; second, gun violence falls rapidly after 1993, while all measures of crack use show stable or increasing patterns; third, local measures of crack use generally have a 25-50% lower correlation with local gun homicides then a global measure of crack use, suggesting a spurious relationship; fourth, gun homicides stay very closely correlated with gun suicides, a standard proxy for gun ownership, suggesting that conditional on gun ownership, violence levels remained fairly constant. We argue that improvements in manufacturing technology and changes in the regulatory posture of the BATF played a substantial role in increasing availability of guns, in particular low cost 25 ACP, 380 ACP and 9mm autoloaders in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Electronic Effects in Metallocenes and Certain Related Systems

Publisher Summary Electronic substituents can affect organic molecules in diverse ways. Because all aromatic organometallic π-complex systems possess several possible sites for which substituent effects could be analyzed, it seems best that the various sites be studied independently of one another. The study of relative site reactivities for aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions has provided useful information for assessing homoannular electronic effects within the ferrocene system. The product distribution from various electrophilic substitution reactions of monosubstituted ferrocenes has been studied by a number of workers. Although numerous π-bonded organometallic complexes are known today, ligand-exchange studies have been performed on systems other than the metallocenes, and of these only ferrocenes have been studied extensively. The mass spectra of many substituted ferrocenes have been published and various pathways have been postulated to account for the fragments observed. The mass spectrum of ferrocenes exhibits a high abundance for the m/e 121 peak M, which has been attributed to the fragment (C5H5Fe)+ presumed to arise from the cleavage of the ring–metal bond. Electron-donating groups attached to benzene greatly enhance the ring's reactivity toward electrophilic substitution reactions, whereas electron-attracting groups decrease such reactivity markedly.
The Riemann Integral II

We now consider the legitimacy of passing to the limit under the integral sign. If the sequence 〈f n 〉 of R-integrable functions converges to a limit f on an interval [a, b] does it necessarily follow that $$_{n \to \, + \,\infty }^{\lim }\int_a^b {{f_n}\left( x \right)dx = \int_a^b {f\left( x \right)dx?} }$$ (1.1)
Metamorphic double heterojunction InGaAs-InGaAlAs-InAlAs photodiodes on GaAs substrates for 40 Gbit/s long wavelength optical fiber communication

Metamorphic InGaAs-InGaAlAs-InAlAs double heterojunction P-i-I-N photodiodes were fabricated on GaAs substrates and characterized. They exhibited a low dark current of 500 pA at 5 V bias, a responsivity of 0.6 A/W, and a n3 dB bandwidth of 38 GHz for 1.55 /spl mu/m light.
The Innovation Architectures of Facebook

User innovation is enabled through the existence of networks. This article examines the architectures of the social network, Facebook, and provides a theoretical discussion of why and how the architectures of Facebook can support a user innovation environment and what factors of the architectures can improve and enhance innovation.
Calculation of evapotranspiration using color-infrared photography

Data from 38 color-infrared photographic missions flown during a five year period over the Gila River Phreatophyte Project in southeastern Arizona were analyzed to determine the possibility of identifying and measuring vegetative parameters and their associated hydrologic variables by spectral analysis of the photographs. The derived spectra equations are discussed, and a table of 24 statistical parameters describing the spectral and hydrologic variables is included.
Design of a control-channel-based media-access-control protocol for HORNET

The HORNET (hybrid optoelectronic ring network) architecture is a packet-over-WDM ring network that utilizes fast-tunable packet transmitters and wavelength routing to enable it to scale cost-effectively to ultrahigh capacities. Here we present the design of a novel control-channel-based media-access-control (MAC) protocol, which is optimized for variable-sized IP packets and addresses inherent fairness control issues in multiple-access ring networks. The design of the control channel, including the frame structure and a frame-synchronization protocol, is described in detail.
Periarteritis nudosa: estudio clínico y anatomo-patológico de un caso

Presentamos la observacion clinica y estudio anatomo-patologico de un caso de Periarteritis Nudosa, por considerar esta entidad de un gran interes clinico, ya que su fisionomia tan variada hace su diagnostico muy dificil e induce frecuentemente a errores diagnosticos. Su interes no es menor desde el punto de vista histologico, pues presenta grandes analogias con variadas entidades, especialmente con las del grupo tifo-exantematicas. En el presente caso las lesiones son tan parecidas a las de la "Fiebre Petequial de las Montanas Rocosas", que fue necesario un detenido y cuidadoso estudio histologico y bacteriologico, para descartar esta entidad y llegar al diagnostico final de Periarteritis Nudosa.
The Delayed Effects of Phencyclidine (Pcp) Disrupt Latent Inhibition in a Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm

The acute effects of a low dose of phencyclidine (PCP) and the delayed effects of a high dose of PCP on latent inhibition (LI) were assessed in a series of experiments using conditioned taste aversion paradigms. Each paradigm involved a preexposure phase in which water-deprived male rats were allowed access to either water (nonpreexposed; NPE) or 5% sucrose (preexposed; PE), followed by a conditioning phase in which animals were allowed access to sucrose and subsequently injected with the negative reinforcer lithium chloride, and a test phase in which animals were allowed access to both sucrose and water. LI was assessed by comparing the %-sucrose consumed in PE and NPE groups on the test day. The effects of low-dose PCP (2.5 mg/kg) were assessed by comparing LI in animals treated with vehicle or PCP 15 min prior to the onset of the preexposure and conditioning phases. A 4-day paradigm involved 2 days of preexposure followed by a day of conditioning and a test day. This paradigm produced comparable levels of LI in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. A 5-day extinction paradigm involved 2 days of preexposure followed by 2 days of conditioning and a test day. This paradigm abolished LI in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. A 3-day paradigm involved 1 day of preexposure followed by a day of conditioning and a test day. One day of preexposure induced a modified LI effect in both in vehicle and PCP-treated animals. The delayed effects of high dose PCP (8.6 mg/kg) were assessed by comparing LI in animals treated with vehicle or PCP 20 h prior to the onset of the preexposure and conditioning phases in the 4-day paradigm. PCP disrupted latent inhibition in this paradigm. The results are discussed in the context of their relevance to the ability for PCP to model schizophrenic symptomatology.
Single-molecule magnets: preparation and properties of low symmetry [Mn4O3(O2CPh-R)4(dbm)3] complexes with S = 9/2.

The preparation and properties of [Mn4O3(O2CPh-R)4(dbm)3] (R = H, p-Me, p-OMe, and o-Cl; dbm- is the anion of dibenzoylmethane) single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with virtual CS symmetry are reported. They were prepared by controlled potential electrolysis in 26−80% yields. The structures comprise a distorted-cubane core of virtual CS symmetry, in contrast to the other, more common complexes of this type with virtual C3V symmetry. Solid-state magnetic susceptibility data establish the complexes have S = 9/2 ground-state spins, and ac susceptibility studies indicate they are single-molecule magnets (SMMs). Magnetization vs dc field sweeps below 1.00 K reveal hysteresis loops confirming a SMM, with a very large step at zero applied field diagnostic of fast quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM) through the anisotropy barrier. The fast QTM rate suggested a significant rhombic ZFS parameter E, as expected from the low (virtual CS) symmetry. This was confirmed by high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance s...
Oral acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) challenge in asthmatic children

Summary Thirty-two asthmatic children, mean age 9.6 years (range: 6–14 years), were studied by oral challenge with acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin), and their PEFR was recorded at 30 min intervals for 3 hr. They had been asthmatic for a mean of 7.1 years. Other allergic symptoms (urticaria, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis), were present in 81% of the patients, and a family history of atopy in 94%; the mean blood eosinophilia was 590 cells per mm3. In three children aspirin induced a fall in PEFR values less than 8% which was non-significant. In the group as a whole there was an increase in the PEFR values of 13.9%, 150 min after aspirin challenge. These values where subjected to statistical analysis (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Student's and Wilcoxon tests), which showed this increase to be significant at a level of P= 0.001. Possible mechanisms involving prostaglandin synthetase inhibition by aspirin are discussed as an explanation for this increase.
Antitumor effect of positively charged resin in the hamster cheek pouch model

Following the signal observation that contact with positively charged dextran resin (PCDR) inhibited the growth of cultured mammary (Hs578T and MDA-MB-231), pancreatic (H2T), and myeloma (RR-658) tumor cell lines, studies were developed in the hamster cheek pouch model using hamster H2T pancreatic tumor cells to determine if the antiproliferative effect of PCDR could inhibit tumorigenesis. In these studies, the control population represented groups injected with H2T cells alone or in combination with either neutral or negatively charged resin. When cells (5 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(5)) and PCDR were administered simultaneously, the tumor incidence (percent engraftment) and growth of tumors that already had been established were significantly reduced. When PCDR was injected into already established 1-35-mm2 H2T tumors (engraftment for 21 days = 96%), the resin suppressed the growth of the smallest tumors (< 10 mm2). In none of these trials was the somatic growth of the host hamsters affected. PCDR contact with H2T cells in vitro for 4 days or used to treat growing solid tumors for 72 days significantly reduced cellular ornithine decarboxylase activity. While the mechanism of PCDR action has not been established, the observations have implications for in vivo tumor therapeutic models.
DETERMINATION OF ÆTIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BY COUNTERIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) from 30 patients with pneumococcal, meningococcal, or haemophilus meningitis were tested for the presence of bacterial antigen by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.). Type or group specific antigen was detected in 28 cases, including 3 cases in which no organisms were detected on smears of the C.S.F. No false-positive reactions occurred in the C.I.E. test with C.S.F. from 17 controls. The method was technically simple, inexpensive, and provided results within forty-five minutes. The quantity of haemophilus type b capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, P.R.P.) present in the pretreatment C.S.F. of 19 patients with haemophilus meningitis was readily estimated by C.I.E. The concentration of P.R.P. ranged from less than 0·03 to 15·4 μg. per ml. 11 patients with haemophilus meningitis and more than 1·0 μg. P.R.P. per ml. C.S.F. differed significantly from 8 patients with lower P.R.P. levels-they were younger, had more prolonged fever, spent longer in hospital, and had a high incidence of subdural effusion.
Treatment-Resistant Depression

Our ability to treat depression has improved with the availability of receptor-specific and chemically diverse groups of antidepressants. Even now, most of the short-term studies indicate that about 20% of depressed patients remain resistant to treatment. Therefore, it is important to properly assess the treatment-resistant depressed (TRD) patients and to separate the truly refractory patients from those inadequately treated. Undiagnosed medical conditions should be eliminated. TRD is neither a clinically nor a biologically identifiable entity. As there are no established methods for the treatment of TRD, all options should be considered. The clinician can be enriched by the knowledge of the treatment modalities available, and yet, in treating an individual patient, clinical skills, intuitive judgment, family history of response to drugs and side effects, all play a vital role. Several of the approaches described in the paper indicate available methods and their merits in general but there is no way of ascertaining by which particular method a patient should be treated. The three common methods of treatment are substitution of one antidepressant drug for another, combination therapies and augmentation techniques. These are based on clinical experiences and not research findings. Therefore the treatment of TRD patients is more an art than a science. The physician should assess all the psychopathological, phenomenological and psychosocial variables to appropriately treat an individual patient.
Analytical Approach of TMF Prediction for Complex Loading

Many critical components in turbocharger are subjected to rapid temperature changes during operations. Thermal gradient within these components produces internal stresses and the repetition of these thermal cycles may cause a component to fail due to Thermal Mechanical Fatigue (TMF). Turbine Wheel, Turbine Housing and Manifold are subjected to TMF; these are the most expensive components of the turbocharger and have very complex geometric shapes. The maximum exhaust gas temperature could reach 1050°C. To assess TMF failure, it is very critical to accurately estimate metal temperature of these components subjected to complex duty cycles where exhaust gas temperatures vary significantly with time. Evaluating metal temperature and stress components from finite element analysis for complex duty cycles is a very time consuming process, particularly for complex geometries and approximately requires more than 3 weeks of time to complete analysis for different field complex duty cycles (driving conditions: city, highway and road). Several of these analysis cases are required to consider the impact of the real driving condition. In the present work we have developed an analytical methodology that is accurate and faster to predict the metal temperature and stresses in turbocharger components for complex duty cycles. This method was applied to evaluate the fatigue damage of turbine housing under actual condition.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Meteorite Infall as a Function of Mass: Implications for the Accumulation of Meteorites on Antarctic Ice

Antarctic meteorites are considerably smaller, on average, than those recovered elsewhere in the world, and seem to represent a different portion of the mass distribution of infalling meteorites. When an infall rate appropriate to the size of Antarctic meteorites is used (1000 meteorites 10 grams or larger/sq km/1 million years), it is found that direct infall can produce the meteorite accumulations found on eight ice fields in the Allan Hills region in times ranging from a few thousand to nearly 200,000 years, with all but the Allan Hills Main and Near Western ice fields requiring less than 30,000 years. Meteorites incorporated into the ice over time are concentrated on the surface when the ice flows into a local area of rapid ablation. The calculated accumulation times, which can be considered the average age of the exposed ice, agree well with terrestrial ages for the meteorites and measured ages of exposed ice. Since vertical concentration of meteorites through removal of ice by ablation is sufficient to explain the observed meteorite accumulations, there is no need to invoke mechanisms to bring meteorites from large areas to the relatively small blue-ice patches where they are found. Once a meteorite is on a bare ice surface, freeze-thaw cycling and wind break down the meteorite and remove it from the ice. The weathering lifetime of a 100-gram meteorite on Antarctic ice is on the order of 10,000 + or - 5,000 years.
Assembly of water-soluble, dynamic, covalent container molecules and their application in the room-temperature stabilization of protoadamantene

The thermodynamically controlled reactions of water-soluble tetraformylcavitand 2 with two equivalents of H(2)N(CH(2))(n) NH(2) (n=2-4) in the presence of a suitable templating guest give hemicarceplexes 1 a-c⋅guest, the yield of which depends on the match between size and shape of the guest and that of the inner phase. These hemicarceplexes are dynamic and dissociate upon addition of acid and reform upon basification. In water, they exchange guests through temporary hydrolysis of imine bonds. To test 1 b as molecular reaction flask, 3-noradamantyldiazirine 6 was encapsulated and photolyzed at 350 nm to produce Bredt olefin protoadamantene 5 and 1-noradamantyldiazomethane 8 in a 4:1 ratio. Encapsulated protoadamantene is stable for days at room temperature in (CD(3))(2)SO/CD(3)CN (t(1/2) = 5.5 days) and has a lifetime of several minutes in D(2)O.
Reciprocal Relationships between Antisocial Behavior and Parenting: Implications for Delinquency Intervention:

Although parents are often included in interventions with delinquent adolescents in community-based programs, attention to the effect on parents of living with challenging and antisocial children h...
Model Uncertainty in Offshore Geotechnical Reliability

Model uncertainty is a dominant source of uncertainty in offshore geotechnical reliability. Caused by limitations in data quantity and quality, model uncertainty leads to uncertainty in the failure rate for a design. In this paper, an approach is presented for evaluating model uncertainty and incorporating it into reliability analyses. This approach provides the ability to estimate statistics of the failure rate. The failure rate is of interest because (1) it represents an objective measure of performance, (2) it should enter into design decisions since it reflects quality, and (3) it can be observed, providing the ability to reduce model uncertainty by analyzing observed successes and failures. The value of reliability analyses will be enhanced greatly if a physical meaning (i.e., the rate of failure) can be assigned to the results.
Expressive privacy control with pseudonyms

As personal information increases in value, the incentives for remote services to collect as much of it as possible increase as well. In the current Internet, the default assumption is that all behavior can be correlated using a variety of identifying information, not the least of which is a user's IP address. Tools like Tor, Privoxy, and even NATs, are located at the opposite end of the spectrum and prevent any behavior from being linked. Instead, our goal is to provide users with more control over linkability---which activites of the user can be correlated at the remote services---not necessarily more anonymity. We design a cross-layer architecture that provides users with a pseudonym abstraction. To the user, a pseudonym represents a set of activities that the user is fine with linking, and to the outside world, a pseudonym gives the illusion of a single machine. We provide this abstraction by associating each pseudonym with a unique, random address drawn from the IPv6 address space, which is large enough to provide each device with multiple globally-routable addresses. We have implemented and evaluated a prototype that is able to provide unlinkable pseudonyms within the Chrome web browser in order to demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, and expressiveness of our approach.
Inhibitors of eIF2α Dephosphorylation Slow Replication and Stabilize Latency in Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that permanently infects warm-blooded vertebrates through its ability to convert into a latent tissue cyst form. The latent form (bradyzoite) can reinitiate a life-threatening acute infection if host immunity wanes, most commonly in AIDS or organ transplant patients. We have previously shown that bradyzoite development is accompanied by phosphorylation of the parasite eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha subunit (eIF2α), which dampens global protein synthesis and reprograms gene expression. In this study, we analyzed the activities of two specific inhibitors of eIF2α dephosphorylation, salubrinal (SAL) and guanabenz (GA). We establish that these drugs are able to inhibit the dephosphorylation of Toxoplasma eIF2α. Our results show that SAL and GA reduce tachyzoite replication in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, both drugs induce bradyzoite formation and inhibit the reactivation of latent bradyzoites in vitro. To address whether the antiparasitic activities of SAL and GA involve host eIF2α phosphorylation, we infected mutant mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells incapable of phosphorylating eIF2α, which had no impact on the efficacies of SAL and GA against Toxoplasma infection. Our findings suggest that SAL and GA may serve as potential new drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.
Drug Repurposing and Repositioning: Workshop Summary

Sarah H. Beachy, Samuel G. Johnson, Steve Olson, and Adam C. Berger , Rapporteurs Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Washington DC, National Academies Press 2014 96 pp, paperbound, IS...
Dorsal Adhesion Slows Glioblastoma Migration in Perivascular Mimics

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent primary brain cancer, is characterized by diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into brain tissue, which severely complicates surgical resection and likely gives rise to the almost universal tumor recurrence. This diffuse infiltration is frequently guided by anatomical “tracks” in the brain in the form of blood vessels or white matter tracts, which give rise to the highest migration speeds observed in vivo. Despite this observation, little is known about the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms through which these tissue interfaces promote invasive motility, which in turn may derive from a lack of appropriate culture paradigms. To address this need, we developed a culture system in which tumor cells are sandwiched between a ventral fibronectin-coated dorsal surface representing vascular basement membrane and a dorsal hyaluronic acid (HA) surface representing brain parenchyma. We find that inclusion of the dorsal HA surface induces formation of adhesive complexes and significantly slows cell migration relative to a free fibronectin-coated surface. This retardation is amplified by inclusion of integrin binding peptides in the dorsal layer and expression of CD44, suggesting that it acts through biochemically specific mechanisms rather than simple physical confinement. Moreover, both the reduction in migration speed and assembly of dorsal adhesions depend on myosin activation and the stiffness of the ventral layer, implying that mechanochemical feedback directed by the ventral layer can influence adhesive signaling at the dorsal surface.
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis: the Grady Memorial Hospital experience with methicillin-sensitive S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus bacteremia.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus has become the leading cause of endocarditis in most published series, and nosocomial acquisition is becoming more frequent. Previous studies involved community acquired methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA), but recently, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infection has increased. This may reflect the growing presence of this microorganism in clinical practice. Few data exist comparing the relative rates of endocarditis with MSSA and MRSA bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to compare these rates in a bacteremic population referred for diagnostic echocardiography. Methods Since July 1999, the demographic and clinical information of 104 consecutive patients with at least 2 blood cultures with positive results for S aureus who were referred for echocardiography to be evaluated for endocarditis at Grady Memorial Hospital (Atlanta, Ga) have been entered into a database. This database has further been restricted to patients who have undergone either a transesophageal echocardiogram or a transthoracic echocardiogram. Results Of the 104 patients with S aureus bacteremia, 53 had an infection of MSSA and 51 had an infection of MRSA. There were 33 patients (31.7%) with echocardiographically confirmed endocarditis, 23 patients (43.4%) in the MSSA group versus10 patients (19.6%) in the MRSA group ( P S aureus endocarditis (20 patients [87%] vs 3 patients [30%], P = .004), and the nosocomial-acquired MRSA bacteremia was the cause of most of the nosocomial-acquired S aureus endocarditis (3 patients [13%] vs 7 patients [70%], P = .0001). Conclusion Our study confirms that S aureus bacteremia is associated with high rates of endocarditis. MSSA bacteremia is associated with higher rates of endocarditis than MRSA. Community MSSA is the cause of most of the community endocarditis, whereas nosocomial MRSA is the cause of most of the MRSA endocarditis. Patients with S aureus bacteremia should be aggressively evaluated for endocarditis.
Forebrain expression of c-fos due to active maternal behaviour in lactating rats

To reveal brain sites simultaneously active during the expression of maternal behaviour in lactating rats, we used immunocytochemical visualization of the nuclear protein product Fos of the immediate-early gene c-fos as a marker of neuronal activity. After a 48 h separation from their litter, day 7 postpartum dams received a 1 h period of physical interaction with pups either capable or incapable of suckling, inaccessible pups in a wire-mesh box, an empty box, or no stimulation. Physical interaction with pups elicited high levels of pronurturant maternal behaviour (retrieval, licking, mouthing), and suckling elicited nursing behaviour as well. Exposure to the box, with or without pups, elicited high levels of investigatory sniffing, self-grooming, and general activity. Distal stimulation from pups did not differentially activate Fos in any of 20 sites, including olfactory-processing structures such as the piriform cortex and medial amygdala. Physical interaction with pups, with or without suckling, elicited higher levels of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei than that of other conditions in numerous sites, including many previously implicated in maternal behaviour (medial preoptic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, lateral habenula, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). Similar group patterns of Fos expression also occurred in sites not previously implicated in maternal behaviour (somatosensory cortex and paraventricular thalamic nucleus). Interaction with nonsuckling pups elicited the highest levels of Fos in the cortical amygdala, whereas suckling did not activate higher Fos than nonsuckling interaction in any site included in this report, including hypothalamic nuclei involved in lactation (paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate). There was little or no Fos in cingulate cortex, olfactory tubercle, medial septum, medial habenula, or ventromedial hypothalamus. These data suggest that trigeminal stimuli received by lactating rats during the performance of pronurturant maternal behaviour promote cellular activity resulting in neuronal expression of c-fos in many forebrain sites including the medial preoptic nucleus, several sites connected with it that are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system, and in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast, in these forebrain sites suckling does not elicit greater levels of Fos than that seen in nonsuckled rats and distal stimuli from pups are ineffective in increasing Fos levels compared with non-stimulated controls.
After the labor migrants leave: The search for sustainable development in a sending region of the Ecuadorian Amazon

Summary Many sustainable development projects take place in rural communities experiencing economic decline and out-migration. What kind of sustainable development projects succeed in these economically troubled settings? To answer this question, I examine two sustainable development projects initiated by women in a portion of the Ecuadorian Amazon experiencing economic decline and out-migration. The first project failed, and the second one succeeded. The differing outcomes suggest that, in the absence of larger public interventions to “turn a region around,” small scale projects that focus on the needs of the most socially cohesive groups, which are often networks of women, offer the best chance for success.
MAGNETIC MOMENT AND HYPERFINE STRUCTURE COUPLING OF THE FIRST 2+ STATE IN Gd$sup 15$$sup 4$

The $g$ value of the 0.123-Mev 2+ state of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{154}$ is found to be $g=0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$. The hyperfine structure constant of the same nuclear state in the $^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}$ ground state of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in aqueous solution is determined as $a=26.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ Mc/sec. The perturbation of the angular correlation of gamma-ray cascades proceeding through this state was studied. It is found that the perturbation in aqueous solution can be decoupled by magnetic fields either parallel to one of the gamma rays or perpendicular to the plane of observation. The perturbation in molten Gd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ is found to be much weaker than in solution and to be unaffected by magnetic fields. Auxiliary measurements involving the first 2+ states in ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{152}$ and ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{156}$ are described.
Solar-powered airplane design for long-endurance, high-altitude flight

This paper describes the performance analysis and design of a solar-powered airplane for long-endurance, unmanned, high-altitude cruise flight utilizing electric propulsion and solar energy collection/storage devices. For a fixed calendar date and geocentric latitude, the daily energy balance, airplane sizing, and airplane aerodynamics relations combine to determine airplane size and geometry to meet mission requirements. Vehicle component weight loadings, aerodynamic parameters, and current and projected values of power train component characteristics form the basis of the solution. For a specified mission, a candidate airplane design is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of solar-powered long endurance flight. Parametric data are presented to illustrate the airplane's mission flexibility.
The relationship between solid support, column efficiency, and sterol quantitation by gas chromatography.

Abstract The argon ionization detector is not a truly linear instrument for the quantitative analysis of sterols. Because of this large changes in the molar response will occur when column efficiency is changed. These effects are described and methods are outlined for the quantitation of complex sterol mixtures under varying conditions. The necessity for careful control and standardization is emphasized.
An application of fractals to modeling premixed turbulent flames

A fractal description of the geometry of rough surfaces is applied to flamelets in premixed turbulent combustion, and a model to predict the turbulent flame speed, ut, is developed and tested against experimental data. At low to moderate turbulence levels reaction is known to occur in thin flamelets which are rough with multiple scales of wrinkling. It is hypothesized that flamelets may be represented by fractal surfaces, and the results of Mandelbrot [11] are used to find an expression for flamelet surface area valid in the limit of large velocity fluctuations relative to the laminar flame speed. The expression is then corrected for conditions away from this limit, and a prediction for ut is obtained under the assumption that flamelets propagate at the unstrained laminar flame speed, u0: utu0={[1−(1−At−14R1−34) exp(−(AtR1)14u′u0)]At14R134}D−2. D is the fractal dimension and has a value of 2.32 to 2.4 as inferred from experiment [12, 28] and by analysis [13, 14]. At = 0.37, based on turbulent pipe flow data. Comparison of predictions with the data of Abdel-Gayed, Bradley, and coworkers obtained for several different mixtures and for a broad range of turbulence conditions shows good results. While predictions are generally low, absolute values are in most cases within 30% of experimental results. A correction for flame stretch effects is proposed and model predictions are improved thereby.
Segregation of chicken endogenous viral loci ev 7 and ev 12 with the expression of infectious subgroup E avian leukosis viruses

Abstract Test matings of Regional Poultry Research Laboratory inbred chicken line 15B with lines 72 and 63 showed that chicken endogenous virus (ev) locus 7, which specifies structural genes for a replication defective, inducible leukosis virus (15B-ILV), segregates with the male (Z) chromosome. In a separate investigation, locus ev12, which is characteristic of RPEL line 151, appears to be associated with an infectious subgroup E virus.
Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in κ-opiate tolerance in mice

Abstract The hypothesis that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with subsequent decrease in the production of NO might attenuate the development of κ-opiate tolerance was examined. Concurrent treatment of NO synthase inhibitor, N G -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA) (2–8 mg/kg, i.p.) along with U-50,488H (25 mg/kg, i.p.) twice daily for 4 days dose-dependently attenuated the development of tolerance to the analgesic and hypothermic effects of U-50,488H (25 mg/kg, i.p.). l -NMMA by itself did not modify the analgesic and hypothermic effects of acute administration of U-50,488H. A potential role for NO in the development of κ-opiate tolerance is suggested.