cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation and work: inequality in degree attainment in U.S. higher education

While much stratification research has focused on understanding the patterns and consequences of differentiation, previous studies have not considered similarly important variation in students’ trajectories through higher education, and particularly their participation in the labor market. Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1997 (NLSY97) indicate that degree completion in a differentiated system of higher education is related to students’ employment patterns. Students who begin their educational journeys in community colleges as well as students from less advantaged family backgrounds are more likely to dedicate longer hours to paid employment, which has negative consequences for degree attainment. Employment patterns contribute to gaps in degree completion among students from different family backgrounds and to a lesser extent to inequality in degree completion between students beginning postsecondary education in community colleges vs. 4-year institutions. A more complex set of patterns is revealed when examining the relationship between employment, family background, and degree attainment across different institutional types and educational credentials. These findings highlight the importance of developing a more comprehensive understanding of inequality in educational attainment by considering the relationship between differentiation and work.
Segmental duplications: an 'expanding' role in genomic instability and disease.

The knowledge that specific genetic diseases are caused by recurrent chromosomal aberrations has indicated that genomic instability might be directly related to the structure of the regions involved. The sequencing of the human genome has directed significant attention towards understanding the molecular basis of such recombination ‘hot spots’. Segmental duplications have emerged as a significant factor in the aetiology of disorders that are caused by abnormal gene dosage. These observations bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms and consequences of genomic rearrangement.
The Effects of Cumulative Risk and Protection on Problem Behaviors for Youth in an Urban School-Based System of Care

The present study examined the cumulative effects of risk and protective factors on internalizing and externalizing problems for a sample of youth who were diagnosed with a severe emotional disturbance and enrolled in an urban school-based system of care. The sample included 139 Latino and African American children (ages 5–19; 65 % male) and their families. After controlling for demographic variables, the results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that cumulative risk and protection were significantly related to internalizing problem behaviors, and cumulative protection was negatively related to externalizing problem behaviors. The findings support the importance of including or increasing strength building approaches, in addition to risk reduction, in order to maximize prevention and intervention efforts for system-of-care populations.
The effect of intraocular surgery on clear corneal grafts.

The coexistence of cataract and Fuchs' dystrophy is not rare and poses a special problem in surgical management. It has been suggested by some that keratoplasty precede cataract extraction." Others favor com­ bined keratoplasty-cataract procedures." The incidence of graft failure (endothelial decompensation with consequent graft edema) in sequential surgery is not clear with differing results reported. In a series of clear grafts in Fuchs' dystrophy undergoing cataract extraction, Paton reported a cloud­ ing incidence of 13%. Recently, a much higher rate (43%) has been reported in an­ other small series. Moreover, frequently other subsequent operations are required for pupillary membranes, intractable glaucoma, etc. The effect of subsequent intraocular sur­ gery on graft clarity should be an important factor in deciding the surgical management of these complicated cases. This is a report of a retropective study of the effects of subsequent intraocular surgery on clear corneal grafts seen in the Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infir­ mary.
Design of a radix-4 Booth multiplier with Neighborhood Dependent Approach for video processing applications

In this paper, we propose a neighborhood dependent approach (NDA) for the design of a high performance and low power radix-4 booth multiplier for kernel-based operations such as 2D convolution in video processing applications. The proposed technique reduces dynamic power consumption by analyzing the bit patterns in the input data to reduce switching activities. Special values of the pixels in the video streams such as zero, repeated values or repeated bit combinations are detected and data paths in the architecture design are disabled appropriately to eliminate unnecessary switching in arithmetic units and data buses. Input pixels in the video stream are partitioned into halves to increase the possibility of detecting special values. It is observed that the proposed scheme helps to reduce operations and switching activities in the 2D convolution operations up to 46% of the switching activity rate which results in significant power reduction with low hardware overhead.
The meaning of negative premises in transition system specifications II

Abstract This paper reviews several methods to associate transition relations to transition system specifications with negative premises in Plotkin's structural operational style. Besides a formal comparison on generality and relative consistency, the methods are also evaluated on their taste in determining which specifications are meaningful and which are not. Additionally, this paper contributes a proof theoretic characterisation of the well-founded semantics for logic programs.
A New Approach to Spatially Resolved Flame Temperature Measurements

Spatially resolved flame temperatures are spectroscopically measured using the slope method, over small (∼0.7 μl), relatively homogenous volumes of flame gases. The spatial resolution is uniquely obtained by introducing Co as a thermometric species into isolated volumes via the use of a droplet injection technique. By this method the emission of light is restricted to a limited volume, whose position in the flame can be accurately determined and controlled. Vertical resolution is determined by the width of the entrance slit of the monochromator employed (100 μm in this study), and horizontal resolution is limited by the width of the emission cloud formed by the injected droplets (1 to 3 mm). The possibility of self-absorption effects are greatly reduced because of the short radiation path length involved. The performance of the method is illustrated by its application to the spatial temperature mapping of the secondary reaction zone of a cylindrical air-acetylene flame. The effects of N2 as a sheathing gas and flame stoichiometry on the radial and vertical temperature distribution of the flame are also investigated. It is determined that a large, virtually isothermal, central zone exists in the flame.
PV dynamics: The role of small-scale turbulence, submesoscales and mesoscales

The diabatic and frictional components of the PV fluxes J in the Haynes-McIntyre conservation law have been studied with physical arguments, scaling laws and numerical simulations. We suggest a procedure that expresses J in terms of buoyancy and momentum fluxes by small-scale turbulence SS, submesoscales SM and mesoscales M. We employ the latest parameterizations of these processes and derive analytic expressions of the diabatic and frictional J fluxes for arbitrary wind stresses; we then consider the case of an Ekman flow. Small-scale turbulence: at z=0, down and up-front winds contribute equally to the frictional component of J while the diabatic component is much larger than that of mesoscales. Submesoscales: the geostrophic contributions to both diabatic and frictional J have the same sign while the wind contributions have opposite signs. Their magnitude depends on the SM kinetic energy which is derived in terms of large-scale parameters. Comparison with numerical simulations is limited since the ones available resolve M but not SM. They concluded that the field patterns of the J fluxes are very similar to those obtained without resolving M, in agreement with the present analysis; a second conclusion that the diabatic component of J is an order of magnitude larger than the frictional one, is also in accordance with present results. When wind stresses are accounted for, down-front winds lower PV and up-front winds increase it. The changes in Hoskins' criterion for the onset of symmetric instabilities are discussed.
Effects of ZD1839 (Iressa, Gefitinib) Treatment on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who fail to respond to cytotoxic chemotherapy or who cannot tolerate chemotherapy have limited treatment options. In addition, patients with advanced NSCLC often experience disease-related symptoms that impact their quality of life. Treatment goals in this setting include palliation of symptoms and improvement in quality of life, in addition to tumor response or disease stabilization and increased survival. ZD1839 (Iressa, gefitinib) is an orally active, small-molecule, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown single-agent efficacy for previously treated advanced NSCLC. In phase I clinical trials, ZD1839 provided relief from symptoms often associated with lung cancer, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain. The IRESSA Dose Evaluation in Advanced Lung Cancer (IDEAL)-1 and IDEAL-2 clinical trials evaluated ZD1839 treatment at 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day in patients with advanced NSCLC for objective tumor response and safety, as well as for improvements in NSCLC-related symptoms and health-related quality of life. The majority of patients enrolled in these studies had received multiple prior treatments. Rapid, sustained symptom improvement was documented for many patients receiving ZD1839 at 250 mg/day or 500 mg/day in both IDEAL trials and was positively associated with clinical benefits, such as tumor response and increased survival.
A prospective trial of sustained-release bupropion for depression in HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients

To date, the authors know of no prospective studies of sustained-release bupropion in depressed HIV-seropositive patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sustained-release bupropion in 20 depressed HIV-positive adult outpatients. Twenty outpatients with HIV spectrum illness, a DSM-IV-diagnosed major depressive disorder confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores >20 were recruited into a 6-week, open-label, flexible-dose study of sustained-release bupropion (100-300 mg/day). Twelve patients (60%) responded to sustained-release bupropion at a mean dose of 265 mg/day. Five patients (25%) discontinued study participation secondary to adverse events. Preliminary findings suggest that sustained-release bupropion is effective for the treatment of depression in HIV-positive patients, regardless of HIV clinical staging. Furthermore, it appears to be well tolerated in patients with AIDS-related medical conditions.
Comparison groups on bills : Automated, personalized energy information

Abstract A program called “Innovative Billing” has been developed to provide individualized energy information for a mass audience—the entire residential customer base of an electric or gas utility. Customers receive a graph on the bill that compares that customer's consumption with other similar customers for the same month. The program aims to stimulate customers to make efficiency improvements. To group as many as several million customers into small “comparison groups”, an automated method must be developed drawing solely from the data available to the utility. This paper develops and applies methods to compare the quality of resulting comparison groups. A data base of 114,000 customers from a utility billing system was used to evaluate Innovative Billing comparison groups, comparing four alternative criteria: house characteristics (floor area, housing type, and heating fuel); street; meter read route; billing cycle. Also, customers were interviewed to see what forms of comparison graphs made most sense and led to fewest errors of interpretation. We find that good quality comparison groups result from using street name, meter book, or multiple house characteristics. Other criteria we tested, such as entire cycle, entire meter book, or single house characteristics such as floor area, resulted in poor quality comparison groups. This analysis provides a basis for choosing comparison groups based on extensive user testing and statistical analysis. The result is a practical set of guidelines that can be used to implement realistic, inexpensive innovative billing for the entire customer base of an electric or gas utility.
A Modular Stackable Concept for Heat Removal From 3-D Stacked Chip Electronics by Interleaved Solid Spreaders and Synthetic Jets

A design for cooling 3-D stacked chip electronics is proposed using solid heat spreaders of high thermal conductivity interleaved between the chip layers. The spreaders conduct heat to the base of an advanced synthetic jet cooled heat sink. The stack conduction was investigated parametrically through computational modeling. The effect of the power dissipated, the heat transfer coefficient applied to the peripheral surface, the spreader thickness, spreader thermal conductivity, and the shape of via holes in the spreader were modeled. Results show that for moderate power dissipations, 5 W in each 27times38 mm layer, a 250 mum thick copper heat spreader would conduct heat adequately. In order to remove the heat from the edges of a five-layer stack and transfer it to the ambient air, a novel active heat sink design has been implemented using a matrix of integrated synthetic jets. In previous synthetic jet heat sink designs, cooling air is entrained upstream of the heat sink and is driven along the length of the fins, resulting in a significant rise in the air temperature and corresponding drop in streamwise heat transfer effectiveness. In the new design, synthetic jets emanate from the base of the fins so that the induced jets, and more importantly the entrained (cooling) ambient air, flow along the fin height. The significantly shorter flow path ensures rapid purging and replacement of the heated air with cool entrained air. Furthermore, in the matrix design the jets are spread uniformly throughout the heat sink such that all fin surfaces are subjected to the same airflow. The velocity field of the active heat sink is mapped using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and the configuration that maximizes the volume flow rate through the fins is investigated. Thermal performance is characterized using a surrogate heater and embedded thermocouple sensors. The thermal performance of identical heat sinks cooled by the two synthetic jet approaches is compared.
Tropical Cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: An Atmosphere-Mixed Layer Ocean Model Simulation

The sensitivity of tropical temperature to glacial forcing is examined by using an atmosphere‐mixed layer ocean (A‐MLO) model to simulate the climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) following specifications established by the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project. Changes in continental ice, orbital parameters, atmospheric CO2, and sea level constitute a global mean radiative forcing of 24.20 W m22, with the vast majority of this forcing coming, in nearly equal portions, from the changes in continental ice and CO 2. In response to this forcing, the global mean surface air temperature decreases by 4.0 K, with the largest cooling in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere. In the Tropics, a more modest cooling of 2.0 K (averaged from 308 Nt o 308S) is simulated, but with considerable spatial variability resulting from the interhemispheric asymmetry in radiative forcing, contrast between oceanic and continental response, advective effects, and changes in soil moisture. Analysis of the tropical energy balance reveals that the decrease in top-of-atmosphere longwave emission associated with the tropical cooling is balanced primarily by the combination of increased reflection of shortwave radiation by clouds and increased atmospheric heat transport to the extratropics. Comparisons with a variety of paleodata indicate that the overall tropical cooling is comparable to paleoceanographic reconstructions based on alkenones and species abundances of planktonic microorganisms, but smaller than the cooling inferred from noble gases in aquifers, pollen, snow line depression, and the isotopic composition of corals. The differences in the magnitude of tropical cooling reconstructed from the different proxies preclude a definitive evaluation of the realism of the tropical sensitivity of the model. Nonetheless, the comparisons with paleodata suggest that it is unlikely that the A‐MLO model exaggerates the actual climate sensitivity. The similarity between the sensitivity coefficients (i.e., the ratio of the change in global mean surface air temperature to the change in global mean radiative forcing) for the LGM simulation and a simulation of CO2 doubling suggests that similar climate feedbacks are involved in the responses to these two perturbations. More comprehensive simulation of the tropical temperature sensitivity to glacial forcing will require the use of coupled models, for which a number of technical obstacles remain.
Predicting Navigation Performance with Psychophysiological Responses to Threat in a Virtual Environment

The present study examined the physiological responses collected during a route-learning and subsequent navigation task in a novel virtual environment. Additionally, participants were subjected to varying levels of environmental threat during the route-learning phase of the experiment to assess the impact of threat on consolidating route and survey knowledge of the directed path through the virtual environment. Physiological response measures were then utilized to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for prediction of performance on the navigation task. Comparisons of predictive abilities between the developed models were performed to determine optimal model parameters. The ANN models were determined to better predict navigation performance based on psychophysiological responses gleaned during the initial tour through the city. The selected models were able to predict navigation performance with better than 80% accuracy. Applications of the models toward improved human-computer interaction and psychophysiologically-based adaptive systems are discussed.
Orthric Rieske dioxygenases for degrading mixtures of 2,4-dinitrotoluene/naphthalene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene/4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene

Pollutants are frequently found as mixtures yet it is difficult to engineer enzymes with broad substrate ranges on aromatics. Inspired by the archetypal nitroarene dioxygenase, which shares its electron transport with a salicylate monooxygenase, we have created an innovative and general approach to expand the substrate range of dioxygenase enzymes in a single cell. We have developed here a series of novel, hybrid dioxygenase enzymes that function with a single ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin that are used to transport two electrons from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the two independent terminal oxygenases. Each independent alpha-oxygenase may then be used simultaneously to create orthric enzymes that degrade mixtures of environmental pollutants. Specifically, we created a hybrid dioxygenase system consisting of naphthalene dioxygenase/dinitrotoluene dioxygenase to simultaneously degrade 2,4-dinitrotoluene and naphthalene (neither enzyme alone had significant activity on both compounds) and dinitrotoluene dioxygenase/nitrobenzene dioxygenase to simultaneously degrade the frequently encountered 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reduction products 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene.
RECENT APPROACHES TO INTRACELLULAR DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND DNA AND ORGANELLE TARGETING

Intracellular delivery of various drugs, including DNA, and drug carriers can sharply increase the efficiency of various treatment protocols. However, the receptor-mediated endocytosis of drugs, drug carriers, and DNA results in their lysosomal delivery and significant degradation. The problem can be solved and therapy efficacy still further increased if the approaches for direct intracytoplasmic delivery that bypass the endocytic pathway are developed. This is especially important for many anticancer drugs (proapoptotic drugs whose primary action site is the mitochondrial membrane) and gene therapy (nuclear or mitochondrial genomes should be targeted). This review considers several current approaches for intracellular drug delivery: the use of pH-sensitive liposomes, the use of cell-penetrating proteins and peptides, and the use of immunoliposomes targeting intracellular antigens. Among intracellular targets, nuclei (gene therapy), mitochondria (proapoptotic cancer therapy and targeting of the mitochondrial genome), and lysosomes (lysosomal targeting of enzymes for the therapy of the lysosomal storage diseases) are considered. Examples of successful intracellular and organelle-specific delivery of biologically active molecules, including DNA, are presented; unanswered questions, challenges, and future trends are also discussed.
Contagious Yawning and Seasonal Climate Variation

Recent evidence suggests that yawning is a thermoregulatory behavior. To explore this possibility further, the frequency of contagious yawning in humans was measured while outdoors in a desert climate in the United States during two distinct temperature ranges and seasons (winter: 22°C; early summer: 37°C). As predicted, the proportion of pedestrians who yawned in response to seeing pictures of people yawning differed significantly between the two conditions (winter: 45%; summer: 24%). Across conditions yawning occurred at lower ambient temperatures, and the tendency to yawn during each season was associated with the length of time spent outside prior to being tested. Participants were more likely to yawn in the milder climate after spending long periods of time outside, while prolonged exposure to ambient temperatures at or above body temperature was associated with reduced yawning. This is the first report to show that the incidence of yawning in humans is associated with seasonal climate variation, further demonstrating that yawn-induced contagion effects can be mediated by factors unrelated to individual social characteristics or cognitive development.
Telecommunications Stakeholder Perceptions of Teledensity: A Comparison of Stakeholders in the Latin American Region to those in Sub-Saharan Africa

Prior research has identified specific factors that hinder growth of teledensity in developing countries and specific strategies used to overcome such limitations both in Latin America and in sub Saharan Africa. Prior research has also reported on the perceptions that telecommunications stakeholders have on how various strategies can inform and assist in the enhancement of teledensity in each of the two continental regions. This study investigates similarities and differences in the telecommunication stakeholders' perspectives of specific strategies used to address teledensity limitations in Latin America as well as in sub-Saharan Africa. Independent samples of survey participants (Latin America's and sub-Saharan Africa's telecommunications stakeholders) analyzed the strategies. Using appropriate statistical procedures we examined these stakeholders' perceptions to find areas of commonality and difference in how their perspectives of select strategies. Qualitative comments to support the stakeholders' responses are reported, together with future research implications
Imaging endpoints to predict response to IGF1R/IR inhibition in CRC models

This abstract is being presented as a short talk in Plenary Session 6. A full abstract is printed in the Proffered Abstracts section (PR9) of the Conference Proceedings.
Dietary management of chronic renal disease in dogs: A critical appraisal

Diets low in protein have been recommended for dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF) since 1948, and for apparently healthy old dogs since 1960. These recommendations were based on studies of rats and poorly documented clinical experiences with dogs. Since 1979, a series of eight experiments on partially nephrectomised dogs and four clinical trials on naturally occurring chronic renal disease have demonstrated serious disadvantages of diets that contained high (38 to 49 per cent on a metabolisable energy (ME) basis) or very low (3 to 10 per cent) protein. In addition to poor acceptance of low protein (12 and 16 per cent) diets, undesired responses included exacerbation of depressed renal functions, reduced renal reserve, severe hyperfiltration in single nephrons, metabolic acidosis, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension. Protein deficiency may not have caused the complications observed, and may have been due to another feature of the diets fed. In seven studies, diets with a moderate (20 to 31 per cent ME) protein level fared better in regard to reduced renal pathology and proteinuria, better renal functions and reserve, and improvement of clinical status, azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia and anaemia. In the first instance, preferred products for CRF should contain moderate (20 to 24 per cent) protein and minimal phosphorus. Taking into consideration these 12 kidney studies a protein content of 30 per cent is recommended for apparently healthy old dogs. Current recommendations are to introduce a diet that is low in protein at a ‘critical point’ in the course of CRF, when its advantages are likely to outweigh its possible disadvantages. When this critical point has been reached has not been determined, but it is likely to be based on an assessment of the individual case.
UV Action Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Peptide Radicals

UV photodissociation (UVPD) action spectroscopy is reported to provide a sensitive tool for the detection of radical sites in gas-phase peptide ions. UVPD action spectra of peptide cation radicals of the z-type generated by electron-transfer dissociation point to the presence of multiple structures formed as a result of spontaneous isomerizations by hydrogen atom migration. N-terminal Cα radicals are identified as the dominant components, but the content of isomers differing in the radical defect position in the backbone or side chain depends on the nature of the aromatic residue with phenylalanine being more prone to isomerization than tryptophan. These results illustrate that spontaneous hydrogen atom migrations can occur in peptide cation-radicals upon electron-transfer dissociation.
An Urban Data Profiler

Large volumes of urban data are being made available through a variety of open portals. Besides promoting transparency, these data can bring benefits to government, science, citizens and industry. It is no longer a fantasy to ask "if you could know anything about a city, what do you want to know" and to ponder what could be done with that information. However, the great number and variety of datasets creates a new challenge: how to find relevant datasets. While existing portals provide search interfaces, these are often limited to keyword searches over the limited metadata associated each dataset, for example, attribute names and textual description. In this paper, we present a new tool, UrbanProfiler, that automatically extracts detailed information from datasets. This information includes attribute types, value distributions, and geographical information, which can be used to support complex search queries as well as visualizations that help users explore and obtain insight into the contents of a data collection. Besides describing the tool and its implementation, we present case studies that illustrate how the tool was used to explore a large open urban data repository.
Reduced Order Modeling of Transonic Flutter and Limit Cycle Oscillations Using the Pruned Volterra Series

This paper presents a reduced-order-modeling approach for nonlinear aeroelastic systems utilizing the pruned Volterra series. This approach is used to approximate the flutter boundary and LCO amplitudes of the NACA 0012 benchmark model. Pruned Volterra series reduced-order-models up to third-order are identified and compared against experimental and harmonic balance results. Very favorable accuracies are attained for the specific transonic Mach numbers tested. The computational savings associated with the pruned Volterra series are demonstrated to be several orders-of-magnitude.
The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier

IHE TWENTIES" is an entrenched concept in American historiography, but the precise beginning and end of this period, and evaluations of it, vary from writer to writer. Rare, however, is the historian who fails to conceptualize American history, about 1919-1929, as a distinct unit, sharply set off from (and usually in unfavorable contrast to) the history which preceded and followed it.' Even before the end of the 1920s historians had begun to write the history of the decade and to offer characterizations that have lingered ever since. In 1926, John Spencer Bassett wrote of the nation's recent "weariness of reforms and reformers." The country craved rest,2 for it was, he said, "exhausted by the emotions produced by the World War." No concept has endured longer or been more pervasive among historians than the one which views the 1920s as a time of reaction and isolationism induced by the emotional experience of World War I. Historians alone did
Translating Robotics Course Materials from Elite Research I Universities to Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Teaching an upper-level undergraduate robotics course at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) is challenging. The lack of suitable teaching materials is one of the biggest challenges, although there are many great masterpieces in developing robotics course materials, which are, however, generally developed for teaching students at elite Research I universities. This paper presents ideas and details in adopting and revising these course materials and creating upper-level undergraduate robotics course materials that are suitable for underrepresented students.
Unconfined dust flame propagation

The goal in this chapter will be to characterize the combustion behavior of unconfined dust flames in terms of the burning velocity, flame thickness, lower flammability limit, minimum ignition energy, and quenching diameter. Ideally, we would like to relate the combustion attributes of the dust flame to the equivalence ratio and the particle size of the combustible dust. Additionally, we will find that many of the insights derived from the study of single particle combustion will inform our investigation of unconfined dust flames.
Adverse tissue reactions after total hip arthroplasty

Hip arthroplasty is commonly performed on patients with debilitating hip disease to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Generally, long-term success rates are excellent. However, a subset of patients requires revision due to prosthesis failure. A wide array of microscopic findings can be seen in surrounding tissues and many of the findings are etiologically nonspecific. The aim of this review is to discuss the etiologies and accompanying adverse tissue reactions seen with prosthesis failure, including the findings seen in aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion. Aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion is an important diagnostic consideration as its proposed pathogenesis is a type VI hypersensitivity response to metal ions. In addition, we also propose a diagnostic algorithm that incorporates clinical and histopathologic findings to suggest an etiologic cause. This proposed algorithm may be clinically useful as, to date, there is no consensus on nomenclature.
Geoacoustic inversions using Combustive Sound Source data from Shallow Water-2006 experiment

Combustive Sound Source (CSS) data collected on Single Hydrophone Receiving Units (SHRU), in water depths ranging from 65 m to 110 m, during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment clearly show modal dispersion effects and are suitable for modal geoacoustic inversions. CSS shots were set off at 26 m depth in 100 m of water. The inversions performed are based on an iterative scheme using dispersion-based short time Fourier transform in which each time-frequency tiling is adaptively rotated in the time-frequency plane, depending on the local wave dispersion. Results of the inversions are found to compare favorably to local core data.
H2O2 augments cytosolic calcium in nucleus tractus solitarii neurons via multiple voltage-gated calcium channels.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a profound role in cardiorespiratory function under normal physiological conditions and disease states. ROS can influence neuronal activity by altering various io...
MRI Appearance of Invasive Breast Cancer

This chapter reviews invasive cancers using both the molecular classification of subtypes of breast cancer and the traditional pathologic classification of breast cancers. MRI is a frequently used modality for evaluating breast cancer. Tumors demonstrate varying morphologic and enhancement characteristics depending on tumor type. Knowledge of the MRI appearance of various tumors is helpful for expanding the differential diagnosis.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Contributes to Immunosuppression in Breast Carcinomas.

The Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell-biological program that confers mesenchymal traits on carcinoma cells and drives their metastatic dissemination. It is, unclear, however, whether activation of EMT in carcinoma cells can change their susceptibility to immune attack. We demonstrate here that mammary tumor cells arising from more epithelial carcinoma cell lines expressed high levels of MHC-I, low levels of PD-L1 and contained within their stroma CD8+ T cells and M1 (anti-tumor) macrophages. In contrast, tumors arising from more-mesenchymal carcinoma cell lines exhibiting EMT markers expressed low levels of MHC-I, high levels of PD-L1 and contained within their stroma regulatory T cells, M2 (pro-tumor) macrophages and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the more mesenchymal carcinoma cells within a tumor retained the ability to protect their more epithelial counterparts from immune attack. Lastly, epithelial tumors were more susceptible to elimination by immunotherapy than corresponding mesenchymal tumors. Our results identify immune cells and immunomodulatory markers that can be potentially targeted to enhance the susceptibility of immunosuppressive tumors to various therapeutic regimens.
Tax‐Exempt Hospitals' Investments in Community Health and Local Public Health Spending: Patterns and Relationships

Objectives To investigate whether tax-exempt hospitals' investments in community health are associated with patterns of governmental public health spending focusing specifically on the relationship between hospitals' community benefit expenditures and the spending patterns of local health departments (LHDs). Study Design We combined data on tax-exempt hospitals' community benefit spending with data on spending by the corresponding LHD that served the county in which a hospital was located. Data were available for 2 years, 2009 and 2013. Generalized linear regressions were estimated with indicators of hospital community benefit spending as the dependent variable and LHD spending as the key independent variable. Principal Findings Hospital community benefit spending was unrelated to how much local public health agencies spent, per capita, on public health in their communities. Conclusions Patterns of local public health spending do not appear to impact the investments of tax-exempt hospitals in community health activities. Opportunities may, however, exist for a more active engagement between the public and private sector to ensure that the expenditures of all stakeholders involved in community health improvement efforts complement one another.
FT-IR spectra of 18O-, and 13C-enriched CO2 in the ν3 region: High accuracy frequency calibration and spectroscopic constants for 16O12C18O, 18O12C18O, and 16O13C16O

Abstract In this report, we extend our Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy measurements of CO2 in the ν3 region (2200–2450 cm−1, 65–75 THz) to the 18O-, and 13C-substituted isotopologues, using the JPL Bruker IFS-125HR Fourier Transform Spectrometer (JPL-FTS). High quality (S/N ∼ 2000) spectra were obtained separately for each of the 18O-, and 13C-isotopically enriched samples. The absolute wavenumber accuracies were better than 3 × 10−6 cm−1 (∼100 kHz) for strong, isolated transitions, calibrated against the highest accuracy reported CO and 16O12C16O (626) frequency measurements. The JPL-FTS performance and calibration procedure is shown to be reliable and consistent, achievable through vigorous maintenance of the optical alignment and regular monitoring of its instrumental line shape function. Effective spectroscopic constant fits of the 00011 ← 00001 fundamental bands for 16O12C18O (628), 18O12C18O (828), and 16O13C16O (636) were obtained with RMS residuals of 2.9 × 10−6 cm−1, 2.8 × 10−6 cm−1, and 2.9 × 10−6 cm−1, respectively. The observed bands encompassed 79 lines over the Jmax range of P67/R67, 47 lines over P70/R62, and 60 lines over P70/R70 for 628, 828, and 636, respectively. These results complement our recent work on the 17O-enriched isotopologues (Elliott et al., 2014), providing additional high-quality frequency measurements for atmospheric remote sensing applications.
Response by Bhatnagar to Letter Regarding Article, "Environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease".

Dr Calderon-Gerstein raises interesting issues related to the cardiovascular effects of high altitude. These effects could be categorized into (1) acute or chronic effects in lowlanders moving to high altitude, (2) partial adaptation to high altitude in populations of recent altitude ancestry (eg, Andean natives), and (3) long-term adaptations in populations of old altitude ancestry (eg, Sherpa and Tibetans). Some of these effects are similar, whereas others are not. Although, in lowlanders, moving from low to high altitude triggers hypoxia-related changes, populations with long altitude ancestry have adapted to low oxygen levels and other environmental features unique to high altitude and, therefore, are relatively insensitive to hypoxia.1 Dr Calderon-Gerstein correctly points out that …
Associations of Smoking, Physical Inactivity, Heavy Drinking, and Obesity with Quality-Adjusted Life Expectancy among US Adults with Depression

Abstract Objectives To examine associations between four health behaviors (smoking, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol drinking, and obesity) and three health indices (health-related quality of life, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE)) among US adults with depression. Methods Data were obtained from the 2006, 2008, and 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. The EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) health preference scores were estimated on the basis of extrapolations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s healthy days measures. Depression scores were estimated using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Life expectancy estimates were obtained from US life tables, and QALE was estimated from a weighted combination of the EQ-5D scores and the life expectancy estimates. Outcomes were summarized by depression status for the four health behaviors (smoking, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol drinking, and obesity). Results For depressed adults, current smokers and the physically inactive had significantly lower EQ-5D scores (0.040 and 0.171, respectively), shorter life expectancy (12.9 and 10.8 years, respectively), and substantially less QALE (8.6 and 10.9 years, respectively). For nondepressed adults, estimated effects were similar but smaller. Heavy alcohol drinking among depressed adults, paradoxically, was associated with higher EQ-5D scores but shorter life expectancy. Obesity was strongly associated with lower EQ-5D scores but only weakly associated with shorter life expectancy. Conclusions Among depressed adults, physical inactivity and smoking were strongly associated with lower EQ-5D scores, life expectancy, and QALE, whereas obesity and heavy drinking were only weakly associated with these indices. These results suggest that reducing physical inactivity and smoking would improve health more among depressed adults.
Comparison of eosin and fluorescein conjugates for the photoinitiation of cell-compatible polymer coatings

Targeted photopolymerization is the basis for multiple diagnostic and cell encapsulation technologies. While eosin is used in conjunction with tertiary amines as a water-soluble photoinitiation system, eosin is not widely sold as a conjugate with antibodies and other targeting biomolecules. Here we evaluate the utility of fluorescein-labeled bioconjugates to photopolymerize targeted coatings on live cells. We show that although fluorescein conjugates absorb approximately 50% less light energy than eosin in matched photopolymerization experiments using a 530 nm LED lamp, appreciable polymer thicknesses can still be formed in cell compatible environments with fluorescein photosensitization. At low photoinitiator density, eosin allows more sensitive initiation of gelation. However at higher functionalization densities, the thickness of fluorescein polymer films begins to rival that of eosin. Commercial fluorescein-conjugated antibodies are also capable of generating conformal, protective coatings on mammalian cells with similar viability and encapsulation efficiency as eosin systems.
New Evidence, Proofs, and Legal Theories on Horizontal Shareholding

This Article shows that new economic proofs and empirical evidence provide powerful confirmation that, even when horizontal shareholders individually have minority stakes, horizontal shareholding in concentrated markets often has anticompetitive effects. The new economic proofs show that, without any need for coordination or communication, horizontal shareholding will cause corporate managers to lessen competition to the extent they care about their vote share or re-election odds and will cause executive compensation to be based less on firm performance and more on industry performance. The new empirical evidence consists of cross-industry studies which confirm that, just as the proofs predict, increased horizontal shareholding increases the distortion of executive compensation and the gap between corporate profits and investment. I also provide new analysis demonstrating that critiques of earlier empirical studies showing adverse price effects for airlines and banking are generally invalid and that addressing the valid subset of those critiques actually increases the estimated price effects. I further demonstrate that the various excuses for delaying enforcement action are meritless. Finally, I provide new legal theories for tackling the problem of horizontal shareholding. I show that when horizontal shareholding has anticompetitive effects, it is illegal not only under Clayton Act §7, but also under Sherman Act §1. In fact, the historic trusts that were the core target of antitrust law were horizontal shareholders. I further show that anticompetitive horizontal shareholding also constitutes an illegal agreement or concerted practice under EU Treaty Article 101, as well as an abuse of collective dominance under Article 102.
Ranking the importance of ontology concepts using document summarization techniques

Automated Ontology Learning systems are nowadays practical and used in a variety of domains. By using these systems, subject matter experts (SMEs) and ontology designers can readily construct very large ontologies consisting of tens of thousands of concepts and their relations based on a corpus. However, ontologies of this size make it extremely challenging for such SMEs to understand and further tune these ontologies. Prior studies have proposed techniques for concept ranking based solely on the analysis of the structure of the ontology graphs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, which further exploits a word-level summarization technique applied to the source documents used to generate the ontology. Using the document summarization technique, we devise features that measure concept importance based on source documents where concepts are extracted. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by comparing with existing ranking methods and by devising a scalable evaluation process inspired from the document retrieval domain.
Why the Evolutionary Sociology of Religion Should Build on Rather than Reinvent Biological Models

Why the Evolutionary Sociology of Religion Should Build on Rather than Reinvent Biological Models
Perioperative glucose management and outcomes in liver transplant recipients: A qualitative systematic review

Perioperative glucose management and outcomes in liver transplant recipients: A qualitative systematic review
Significance of Drug Dose, Timing and Radiotherapy in Adjuvant Therapy of Breast Cancer

In the past decade, many adjuvant chemotherapy trials in operable breast cancer have been conducted. The results of these trials have answered a number of questions, but have also raised new issues. Among other issues, results have suggested that relapse-free survival was dependent on the dose of cytotoxic drugs and the timing of initiation of chemotherapy [1, 2]. Routine postoperative irradiation was shown to have a detrimental effect on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy [2, 3]. At M.D. Anderson Hospital, since 1974, a combination of fluorouracil, doxorubicin (adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide (FAC) has been utilized following regional therapy in patients with operable breast cancer. In this paper the dose of cytotoxic drugs, timing of initiation of chemotherapy, and the role of routine postoperative irradiation are evaluated.
Residue excitation functions from complete fusion of O 16 with Au 197 and Pb 208

Evaporation residue excitation functions and \ensuremath{\alpha}-multiplicities from complete fusion of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ with $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been measured from the fusion threshold up to 140 MeV incident energy. The data allow the conclusion that strongly overdamped motion cannot be dominant at energies in the vicinity of the fusion barrier below ${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}50 MeV. At excitation energies above 50 MeV the residue cross section for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{208}$Pb is much greater than predicted from the statistical model with conventional parametrizations. The enhancement is not explained by incorporating dynamical effects into the analysis. An alternative suggestion based on deexcitation-chain dependent fission barriers is discussed.