cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Separation and Reunification as a Factor in the Educational Success of Immigrant Children

In Central America and Mexico, it is common practice for a mother or father (or both) to migrate to the United States and leave their children behind. Then, after the parents have achieved some degree of stability in the host country, the children follow. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we examined the hypothesis that separation during migration results in problems at school after reunification. We found that children separated from parents during migration are more likely to lag behind their peers academically, and are more likely to drop out of high school.
A Nuclear Electric Propulsion Vehicle for Planetary Exploration

A study is currently underway at JPL to design a nuclear electric-propulsion vehicle capable of performing detailed exploration of the outer planets. Evaluation of the design indicates that it is also applicable to orbit raising. Primary emphasis is on the power subsystem. Work on the design of the power system, the mission rationale, and preliminary spacecraft design are summarized. A propulsion system at a 400-kWe power level with a specific weight goal of no more than 25-kg/kW was selected for this study. The results indicate that this goal can be realized along with compatibility with the shuttle launch-vehicle constraints.
The synthesis of cyclodecane derivatives by intramolecular alkylation of an α-phenylsulfenyl ketone

The acyclis ω-tosyloxy-α-phenylsulfenyl ketone 1 a, derived from R-(−)-carvone, underwent intramolecular alkylation to give the cyclodecenone derivative 2a in good yield. Oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoxide and thermal elimination of phenylsulfinic acid gave the ketone 8, presumably resulting from Diels-Alder dimerization of the exomethylene ketone 9, as the major product and the endocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone 7 as the minor product. Reduction of 7 with LAH and treatment of the allylic alcohol product 10 with the sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex followed by LAH gave the (Z),(Z)-1,6-cyclodecadiene 11 and three other minor products, possibly including the sesquiterpene, helminthogermacrene (3). In contrast to the keto sulfoxide 2b, which mainly underwent exo elimination of phenylsulfinic acid, the hydroxy sulfoxide 12b, prepared from ketone 2a, underwent largely endo elimination to give the allylic alcohol 13 containing a (Z),(Z)-1,5-cyclodecadiene system.
Cycles and stability

We prove a number of Turan and Ramsey type stability results for cycles, in particular, the following one: Let n>4, 0 =(2-10^-^6)n, then for every 2-coloring of E(G) one of the colors contains cycles C"t for all t@?[3,n].
Quantum Symmetry Groups of Finite Spaces

We determine the quantum automorphism groups of finite spaces. These are compact matrix quantum groups in the sense of Woronowicz.
THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL WINDS ON RELATIVISTIC JETS

Relativistic jets in Galactic superluminals and extragalactic active galactic nuclei may be surrounded by a wind near the central engine. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation reveal considerable stabilization of relativistic jet flow by a wind to helical and higher order asymmetric modes of jet distortion. When velocities are measured in the source (inlet) frame, reduction in the absolute velocity difference between jet and wind, Δv = vjet - vwnd, provides stabilization in addition to stabilization provided by a high jet Lorentz factor, but a high Lorentz factor wind is not needed to stabilize a high Lorentz factor jet. However, the fundamental pinch mode is not similarly affected, and knots with spacing a few times the jet radius are anticipated to develop in such flows. Thus, we identify a mechanism that can suppress large-scale asymmetric structures while allowing axisymmetric structures to develop. Relativistic jets surrounded by outflowing winds will be more stable than if surrounded by a stationary or backflowing external medium. Knotty structures along a straight jet like that in 3C 175 could be triggered by pinching of an initially low Mach number jet surrounded by a suitable wind. As the jet enters the radio lobe, suppression of any surrounding outflow or backflow associated with the high-pressure lobe triggers exponential growth of helical twisting.
Keck Diffraction-limited Imaging of the Young Quadruple Star System HD 98800

This paper presents diffraction-limited 1-18 μm images of the young quadruple star system HD 98800 obtained with the W. M. Keck 10 m telescopes using speckle and adaptive optics imaging at near-infrared wavelengths and direct imaging at mid-infrared wavelengths. The two components of the visual binary, A and B, both themselves spectroscopic binaries, were separable at all wavelengths, allowing us to determine their stellar and circumstellar properties. Combining these observations with spectroscopic data from the literature, we derive an age of ~107 yr, masses of 0.93 and 0.64 M☉, and an inclination angle of 58° for the spectroscopic components of HD 98800 B and an age of ~107 yr and a mass of 1.1 M☉ for HD 98800 Aa. Our data confirm that the large mid-infrared excess is entirely associated with HD 98800 B. This excess exhibits a blackbody temperature of 150 K and a strong 10 μm silicate emission feature. The theoretical equilibrium radius of large, perfectly absorbing, 150 K grains around HD 98800 B is 2.4 AU, suggesting a circumspectroscopic binary distribution. Our observations set important upper limits on the size of the inner dust radius of ~2 AU (from the mid-infrared data) and on the quantity of scattered light of less than 10% (from the H-band data). For an inner radius of 2 AU, the dust distribution must have a height of at least 1 AU to account for the fractional dust luminosity of ~20% LB. Based on the scattered-light limit, the dust grains responsible for the excess emission must have an albedo of less than 0.33. The presence of the prominent silicate emission feature at 10 μm implies dust grain radii of 2 μm. The total mass of the dust is greater than 0.002 M⊕. We conclude that the dust is located in a circumbinary disk around the HD 98800 B spectroscopic binary with an inner gap of ~2 AU and a height of 1 AU, and we speculate that the A-Bc orbital dynamics are responsible for the characteristics of the observed dust in the system.
MODELING THE STOCK MARKET PRIOR TO LARGE CRASHES

We propose that the minimal requirements for a model of stock market price fluctuations should comprise time asymmetry, robustness with respect to connectivity between agents, “bounded rationality” and a probabilistic description. We also compare extensively two previously proposed models of log-periodic behavior of the stock market index prior to a large crash. We find that the model which follows the above requirements outperforms the other with a high statistical significance.
N = 1 Dualities for Exceptional Gauge Groups and Quantum Global Symmetries

We discuss our attempts to generalize the known examples of dualities in N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories to exceptional gauge groups. We derive some dual pairs from known examples connected to exceptional groups and find an interesting phenomenon: sometimes the full global symmetry is “hidden” on the magnetic side. It is not realized as a symmetry on the fundamental fields in the Lagrangian. Rather, it emerges as a symmetry of the quantum theory. We then focus on an approach based on self-dual models. We construct duals for some very special matter content of E7, E6 and F4. Again we find that the full global symmetry is not realized on the fundamental fields.
Detecting Problems in Survey Data Using Benford's Law

"It is 15:00 in Nairobi. Do you know where your enumerators are??" Good quality data is paramount for applied economic research. If the data are distorted, corresponding conclusions may be incorrect. We demonstrate how Benford's law, the distribution that first digits of numbers in certain data sets should follow, can be used to test for data abnormalities. We conduct an analysis of nine commonly used data sets and find that much data from developing countries is of poor quality while data from the United States seems to be of better quality. Female and male respondents give data of similar quality.
Forward hysteresis and backward bifurcation caused by culling in an avian influenza model

The emerging threat of a human pandemic caused by the H5N1 avian influenza virus strain magnifies the need for controlling the incidence of H5N1 infection in domestic bird populations. Culling is one of the most widely used control measures and has proved effective for isolated outbreaks. However, the socio-economic impacts of mass culling, in the face of a disease which has become endemic in many regions of the world, can affect the implementation and success of culling as a control measure. We use mathematical modeling to understand the dynamics of avian influenza under different culling approaches. We incorporate culling into an SI model by considering the per capita culling rates to be general functions of the number of infected birds. Complex dynamics of the system, such as backward bifurcation and forward hysteresis, along with bi-stability, are detected and analyzed for two distinct culling scenarios. In these cases, employing other control measures temporarily can drastically change the dynamics of the solutions to a more favorable outcome for disease control.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of vitamin D derivatives

Abstract Selective “electrospray active” tagging reagents allow the introduction of a chargeable group into neutral vitamin D molecules so they may be detected by electrospray mass spectrometry. An amino group or a crown ether are introduced via the Diels-Alder reaction of the corresponding substituted maleimides with vitamin D.
Strict monotonicity and improved complexity in the standard form projective algorithm for linear programming

In a recent paper, Shaw and Goldfarb show that a version of the standard form projective algorithm can achieve $$O\left( {\sqrt {nL} } \right)$$ step complexity, as opposed to the O(nL) step complexity originally demonstrated for the algorithm. The analysis of Shaw and Goldfarb shows that the algorithm, using a constant, fixed steplength, approximately follows the central trajectory. In this paper we show that simple modifications of the projective algorithm obtain the same complexity improvement, while permitting a linesearch of the potential function on each step. An essential component is the addition of a single constraint, motivated by Shaw and Goldfarb's analysis, which makes the standard form algorithm strictly monotone in the true objective.
Application of a Dynamic Model for Arterial Street Incident Detection

Existing freeway and signalized arterial street incident detection algorithms were investigated to determine their merit for use on urban arterial streets. Based on this investigation, a Kalman filtering algorithm was modified to recursively filter and update aggregate traffic flow and speed data to estimate true values. A test using measured arterial street data at a signalized intersection shows good tracking ability on these traffic variables over time. A test using data from an incident on an arterial street also confirmed that this algorithm has good potential for arterial street incident detection.
The Seiberg–Witten invariants and 4–manifolds with essential tori

A formula is given for the Seiberg{Witten invariants of a 4{manifold that is cut along certain kinds of 3{dimensional tori. The formula involves a Seiberg{ Witten invariant for each of the resulting pieces. AMS Classication numbers Primary: 57R57 Secondary: 57M25, 57N13
‘Branded Generics’ as a strategy to limit cannibalization of pharmaceutical markets

This paper demonstrates how, by introducing a generic version of its previously patented product, a branded firm can influence the equilibrium in the generic segment of the market for the product. This in turn can increase the firm's profits from selling the branded version. We then use structural estimates from previous literature to calculate the magnitude of the effects in the generic and branded segments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
M-momentum transfer between gravitons, membranes, and fivebranes as perturbative gauge theory processes

Polchinski and Pouliot have shown that M-momentum transfer between membranes in super-gravity can be understood as a non-perturbative instanton effec in gauge theory. Here we consider a dual process: electric flux transmission between D-branes. We show that this process can be described in perturbation theory as virtual string pair creation, and is closely related to Schwinger's treatment of the pair creation of charged particles in a uniform electric field. Through the application of dualities, our perturbative calculation gives results for various non-perturbative amplitudes, including M-momentum transfer between gravitons, membranes and longitudinal fivebranes. Thus perturbation theory plus dualities are sufficient to demonstrate agreement between supergravity and gauge theory for a number of M-momentum transferring processes. A variety of other processes where branes are transmitted between branes, e.g. (p, q)-string transmission in IIB theory, can also be studied. We discuss the implications of our results for proving the eleven-dimensional Lorentz invariance of Matrix theory.
An inverse of Sanov's theorem

Abstract Let X k be a sequence of i.i.d. random variables taking values in a finite set, and consider the problem of estimating the law of X 1 in a Bayesian framework. We prove that the sequence of posterior distributions satisfies a large deviation principle, and give an explicit expression for the rate function. As an application, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the predictive probability of ruin in the classical gambler's ruin problem.
ABSOLUTELY STABLE LOCAL DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHODS FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION WITH LARGE WAVE NUMBER

Two local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) methods using some non- standard numerical uxes are developed for the Helmholtz equation with the rst order absorbing boundary condition in the high frequency regime. It is shown that the proposed LDG methods are absolutely stable (hence well- posed) with respect to both the wave number and the mesh size. Optimal order (with respect to the mesh size) error estimates are proved for all wave numbers in the preasymptotic regime. To analyze the proposed LDG methods, they are recasted and treated as (non-conforming) mixed nite element methods. The crux of the analysis is to establish a generalized inf-sup condition, which holds without any mesh constraint, for each LDG method. The generalized inf-sup conditions then easily infer the desired absolute stability of the proposed LDG methods. In return, the stability results not only guarantee the well-posedness of the LDG methods but also play a crucial role in the derivation of the error estimates. Numerical experiments, which conrm the theoretical results and compare the proposed two LDG methods, are also presented in the paper.
Consensus in Diverse Corporate Boards

Many directors are not simply insiders or outsiders. For example, an officer of a supplier is neither independent nor captive of management. We use a spatial model of board decisionmaking to analyze bargaining among multiple types of directors. Board decisions are modeled using a new solution concept called consensus. We use consensus to show that the information a new director brings is more important than the new director’s impact on bargaining when the board is large and not too diverse. Our model suggests broadening the regulatory definition of independence and requiring a supermajority of outsiders. It also cautions that strong penalties, such as those imposed by Sarbanes-Oxley erode incentives when board performance is difficult to measure. (JEL G30, D71, D72, C78)
Private Information and High-Frequency Stochastic Volatility

Author(s): Kelly, David L.; Steigerwald, Douglas G | Abstract: We study the e®ect of privately informed traders on measured high frequency price changes and trades in asset markets. We use a standard market microstructure framework where exogenous news is captured by signals that informed agents receive. We show that the entry and exit of informed traders following the arrival of news accounts for high-frequency serial correlation in squared price changes (stochastic volatility) and grades. Because the bid-ask spread of the market specialist tends to shrink as individuals trade and reveal their information, the model also accounts for the empirical observation that high-frequency serial correlation is more pronounced in trades than in squared price changes. A calibration test of the model shows that the features of the market microstructure, without serially correlated news, accounts qualitatively for the serial correlation in the data, but predicts less persistence than is present in the data.
Conformational studies on helicenes VI. A comparison between experimental and calculated conformations

The force-field method of Warshel has been used for the calculation of the conformations of hexahelicene, two methyl substituted hexahelicenes and heptahelicene. The calculated models have been compared with the known X-ray structure and the generally small differences have been discussed. The method has also been used for the calculation of the structure of 5,6-dihydrohexahelicene. The dihedral angles in the aliphatic moiety of the model agree reasonably well with those calculated from NMR data.
Study of Freeway Traffic Near an Off-Ramp

A bottleneck with a diminished capacity is shown to have arisen on a freeway segment whenever queues from the segment's off-ramp spilled-over and occupied its mandatory exit lane. Although the ramp's queues were confined to the right-most exit lane, non-exiting drivers reduced their speeds upon seeing these queues and this diminished flows in all lanes. It is also shown that the lengths of these exit queues were negatively correlated with the discharge flows in the freeway segment's adjacent lanes; i.e., longer exit queues from the over-saturated off-ramp were accompanied by lower discharge rates for the non-exiting vehicles. Whenever the off-ramp queues were prevented from spilling-over to the exit lane (by changing the logic of a nearby traffic signal), much higher flows were sustained on the freeway segment and a bottleneck did not arise there. These observations underscore the value of control strategies that enable diverging vehicles to exit a freeway unimpeded.
Solubility of Capsaicin and β-Carotene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and in Halocarbons†

The solubilities of β-carotene and capsaicin have been measured in supercritical carbon dioxide and in difluoromethane (R-32) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) in the liquid phase at temperatures near and somewhat below their critical points. The solubility of β-carotene was also measured in 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a). The temperatures of the measurements ranged from 35 °C to 55 °C for capsaicin (up to 85 °C in R-32) and from 40 °C to 70 °C for β-carotene. The solubilities were determined using an HPLC system for capsaicin and a static high-pressure cell for β-carotene, and the amounts of products extracted were measured spectroscopically. At similar temperatures and densities, the solubility of capsaicin in the halocarbons was higher than that in carbon dioxide; there was not such a clear trend for β-carotene. Where the data covered a sufficient density range, they (along with literature data for the solutes in carbon dioxide) were analyzed with the semiempirical density-based model of Mendez-Sa...
On uniform asymptotic Green's functions for the perfectly conducting cylinder tipped wedge

Uniform asymptotic expressions are derived for the Green's functions describing scattering of electric or magnetic type plane waves by a perfectly conducting cylinder tipped wedge (CTW). These expressions are found to agree analytically with heuristic expressions available using the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Numerical comparison of these expressions with results obtained from eigenfunction expansions show good agreement for cylinder diameters > 1.5 \lambda .
Literature and utopian politics in seventeenth-century England

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The look of power 2. Utopian experimentalism, 1620-38 3. 'Reformation' and 'desolation': the new horizons of the 1640s 4. Out of the 'true nothing', 1649-53 5. From constitutionalism to aestheticization, 1654-70 Note Index.
Diameter and Treewidth in Minor-Closed Graph Families

It is known that any planar graph with diameter D has treewidth O(D) , and this fact has been used as the basis for several planar graph algorithms. We investigate the extent to which similar relations hold in other graph families. We show that treewidth is bounded by a function of the diameter in a minor-closed family, if and only if some apex graph does not belong to the family. In particular, the O(D) bound above can be extended to bounded-genus graphs. As a consequence, we extend several approximation algorithms and exact subgraph isomorphism algorithms from planar graphs to other graph families.
Facile Cu(I)-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Anilines to Azo Compounds and Hydrazines with Diaziridinone under Mild Conditions

A mild and highly efficient Cu(I)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of anilines is described. Various primary and secondary anilines can be efficiently coupled under mild conditions to the corresponding azo compounds and hydrazines in high yields. This method provides a direct and practical access to these compounds and is also amenable to gram scale with no special precautions to exclude air or moisture.
A Method of Mass Measurement in Black Hole Binaries using Timing and High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy

In X-ray binaries, several percent of the compact object luminosity is intercepted by the surface of the normal companion and reradiated through Compton reflection and the K fluorescence. This reflected emission follows the variability of the compact object with a delay approximately equal to the orbital radius divided by the speed of light. This provides the possibility of measuring the orbital radius and thus substantially refining the compact object mass determination compared to using optical data alone. We demonstrate that it may be feasible to measure the time delay between the direct and reflected emission using cross-correlation of the light curves observed near the Kα line and above the K edge of neutral iron. In the case of Cygnus X-1, the time delay measurement is feasible with a 3 × 105-106 s observation by a telescope with a 1000 cm2 effective area near 6.4 keV and with a ~5 eV energy resolution. With longer exposures, it may be possible to obtain mass constraints even if an X-ray source in the binary system lacks an optical counterpart.
Conformation of polyisobutylene in dilute solution subjected to a hydrodynamic shear field

A new light-scattering experiment which allows a direct determination of the conformation of macromolecules deformed in flow is described. Light-scattering relationships based on the interference function are developed, and results of an experimental study are detailed. The deformed conformation of high molecular weight polyisobutylene was determined in a Couette-type shear field. Decalin was the solvent. Variables investigated were the shear rate (0 to 600 sec−1), the polymer molecular weight (1.0 × 107 to 1.6 × 107), and the polymer concentration (2.0 × 10−4 to 8.0 × 10−4 g/cc). Conformation variables determined were the orientation of the molecule in the shear field and its maximum and minimum extension ratios in the plane defined by the direction of flow and the direction of the shear rate. The deformation of the macromolecule was found to be markedly discrepant when compared to the dynamic macromolecular models which assume complete coil flexibility, and more closely in agreement with the recent theories of Cerf, developed for nonfree-draining coils which exhibit a finite internal viscosity.
Control mechanism strategies for spin-stabilized projectiles

AbstractSpin-stabilized artillery munitions were originally designed to provide precise ballistic fire on long-range targets. Today, the challenge is to use these ballistic munitions in urban operations where significantly higher levels of precision are required to minimize collateral damage. One strategy is to retrofit these munitions with some level of low-cost precision. Unique challenges arise when munitions designed to be ballistically precise are guided. Projectile flight is often stabilized by a high spin rate, which induces complex dynamics. Flight mechanics are further aggravated by adding a control mechanism. The goal of this study was to provide a fundamental understanding of various control mechanism strategies for spin-stabilized projectiles. Flight control systems were developed and executed in a six-degree-of-freedom simulation. Formulating a generalized model of a control mechanism allowed us to investigate parameters such as control force magnitude, control axial location, control lift-to...
α- and β-A2Hg3M2S8 (A = K, Rb; M = Ge, Sn): Polar quaternary chalcogenides with strong nonlinear optical response

The closely related phases α- and β-A2Hg3M2S8 (A = K, Rb; M = Ge, Sn) have been discovered using the alkali polychalcogenide flux method and are described in detail. They present new structure types with a polar noncentrosymmetric crystallographic motif and strong nonlinear second-harmonic generation (SHG) properties. The α-allotropic form crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Aba2 with a = 19.082(2) A, b = 9.551(1) A, c = 8.2871(8) A for the K2Hg3Ge2S8 analogue, and a = 19.563(2) A, b = 9.853(1) A, c = 8.467(1) A for the K2Hg3Sn2S8 analogue. The β-form crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2 with a = 9.5948(7) A, b = 8.3608(6) A, c = 9.6638(7) A, β = 94.637° for the K2Hg3Ge2S8 analogue. The thermal stability and optical and spectroscopic properties of these compounds are reported along with detailed solubility and crystal growth studies of the α-Κ2Hg3Ge2S8 in K2S8 flux. These materials are wide gap semiconductors with band gaps at ∼2.40 and ∼ 2.64 eV for the Sn and Ge analogues, respectively...
Enantioselective Organo-SOMO Cascade Cycloadditions: A Rapid Approach to Molecular Complexity from Simple Aldehydes and Olefins

A highly selective, radical-mediated (4 + 2) coupling reaction of aldehydes and conjugated olefins has been achieved through asymmetric SOMO-catalysis. A radical-polar crossover mechanism is proposed wherein olefin addition to a transient enamine radical cation and oxidation of the resulting radical furnishes a cation which is vulnerable to nucleophilic addition. A range of aromatic aldehydes are shown to couple with styrenes and dienes to provide cyclic products with high chemical efficiency, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity.
The Spectrum of a Linearized 2D Euler Operator

We study the spectral properties of the linearized Euler operator obtained by linearizing the equations of incompressible two-dimensional fluid at a steady state with the vorticity that contains only two nonzero complex conjugate Fourier modes. We prove that the essential spectrum coincides with the imaginary axis, and give an estimate from above for the number of isolated nonimaginary eigenvalues. In addition, we prove that the spectral mapping theorem holds for the group generated by the linearized 2D Euler operator.
Linear modes in the partially ionized heliosphere plasma

The heliosphere is predominantly a partially ionized plasma that consists of electrons, ions and significant neutral atoms. Nonlinear interactions among these species take place through direct collision or charge-exchange processes. These interactions modify linear and nonlinear properties of the plasma. In this work, we develop a one-dimensional linear theory to investigate linear instabilities in such a system. In our model, the electrons and ions are described by a single fluid compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model and are coupled self-consistently to the neutral fluid via compressible hydrodynamic equations. The coupling is mediated by the charge-exchange process. Based on our self-consistent analysis, we find that the charge-exchange coupling is more effective at larger length scales, and the Alfven waves are not affected by the charge-exchange coupling. By contrast, the fast and slow waves are driven linearly unstable.
X-ray emission from young stars and implications for the early solar system

Recent observations of soft X-ray emission from solar-type stars obtained with the Einstein X-Ray Observatory indicate that X-ray luminosity is inversely correlated with stellar age. If this result is applied to the sun and if X-ray emission is a valid indicator of other manifestations of solar activity, then past solar wind and flare levels can be inferred. It can qualitatively explain the excess xenon and nitrogen found in the lunar regolith compared to the level expected from the contemporary solar wind. X-ray emission from T Tauri and other low-mass pre-main-sequence stars is both highly luminous and variable, indicating the presence of flares approximately 4000 times stronger than the largest flares seen in the contemporary sun. The proton flux from such solar flares during the one to ten million-year pre-main-sequence phase would be sufficient to account for the Al-26 anomaly in meteorites.
Sensitivity and parameter-estimation precision for alternate LISA configurations

We describe a simple framework to assess the LISA scientific performance (more specifically, its sensitivity and expected parameter-estimation precision for prescribed gravitational-wave signals) under the assumption of failure of one or two inter-spacecraft laser measurements (links) and of one to four intra-spacecraft laser measurements. We apply the framework to the simple case of measuring the LISA sensitivity to monochromatic circular binaries, and the LISA parameter-estimation precision for the gravitational-wave polarization angle of these systems. Compared to the six-link baseline configuration, the five-link case is characterized by a small loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the high-frequency section of the LISA band; the four-link case shows a reduction by a factor of sqrt{2} at low frequencies, and by up to ~2 at high frequencies. The uncertainty in the estimate of polarization, as computed in the Fisher-matrix formalism, also worsens when moving from six to five, and then to four links: this can be explained by the reduced SNR available in those configurations (except for observations shorter than three months, where five and six links do better than four even with the same SNR). In addition, we prove (for generic signals) that the SNR and Fisher matrix are invariant with respect to the choice of a basis of TDI observables; rather, they depend only on which inter-spacecraft and intra-spacecraft measurements are available.
Scheduling in parallel queues with randomly varying connectivity and switchover delay

We consider a dynamic server control problem for two parallel queues with randomly varying connectivity and server switchover delay between the queues. At each time slot the server decides either to stay with the current queue or switch to the other queue based on the current connectivity and the queue length information. The introduction of switchover time is a new modeling component of this problem, which makes the problem much more challenging. We develop a novel approach to characterize the stability region of the system by using state-action frequencies, which are stationary solutions to a Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulation of the corresponding saturated system. We characterize the stability region explicitly in terms of the connectivity parameters and develop a frame-based dynamic control (FBDC) policy that is shown to be throughput-optimal. In fact, the FBDC policy provides a new framework for developing throughput-optimal network control policies using state-action frequencies. Furthermore, we develop simple Myopic policies that achieve more than 96% of the stability region. Finally, simulation results show that the Myopic policies may achieve the full stability region and are more delay efficient than the FBDC policy in most cases.
Problems of foreign subsidiaries of SMEs compared with large companies

Abstract This paper draws on institutional theory, supplemented with foreign direct investment (FDI) theory, to explain the level of problems encountered by foreign subsidiaries of Japanese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and compares them with large companies. The study confirms the importance of institutional factors such as institutional distance, legitimacy, and the state's coercive influence, as well as factors that FDI theory suggests are associated with multinationals, such as high technology and industry concentration. SMEs differ from large companies in some of the operational areas in which their foreign subsidiaries face high levels of problems, but both seem challenged by problems with labor and low-price foreign competition.
A perturbation solution of the mechanical bidomain model

This research focuses on finding analytical solutions to the mechanical bidomain model for cardiac tissue. In particular, a perturbation expansion is used to analyze the equations, with the perturbation parameter being inversely proportional to the spring constant coupling the intracellular and extracellular spaces. The results indicate that the intracellular and extracellular pressures are not equal and that the two spaces can move relative to each other. This calculation is complicated enough to illustrate the implications of the mechanical bidomain model but is nevertheless simple enough to solve analytically. One application of the calculation is to the mechanical behavior of active cardiac tissue surrounding an ischemic region.
Vapor-Phase Diffusion Flames in the Combustion of Magnesium and Aluminum: I. Analytical Developments

Abstract High heats of vaporization or dissociation of metal oxides upon vaporization generally limit the temperatures of metal-oxygen flames to the boiling points of the respective oxides. Aluminum and magnesium can burn in the vapor phase because their boiling points are lower than those of their oxides. The combustion of single magnesium and aluminum droplets is described by an extension of the quasi-steady vapor-phase diffusion flame theory previously used to describe the combustion of hydrocarbon droplets. The theory is modified to consider flame radiation, transport of condensed oxide products, and evaporation of the metal. The fraction of oxide vaporized in the reaction zone varies with the ambient oxygen content. High flame emissivities, resulting from the presence of condensed oxide in the reaction zone, render the metal flames nonadiabatic. Droplet surface temperatures can be hundreds of degrees lower than the metal boiling points. The flame zones lie very close to the droplets. Calculated evaporation constants of magnesium and aluminum droplets are in the range of values observed with hydrocarbons. Good results for the burning rate and flame radius are obtained with very little computation.
Recyclable and Ligandless Suzuki Coupling Catalyzed by Carbon Nanotube-Supported Palladium Nanoparticles Synthesized in Supercritical Fluid

Abstract Carbon nanotube–supported palladium nanoparticles prepared by a supercritical fluid deposition method show high activities for catalyzing Suzuki coupling reactions, and the catalysts can be recycled and reused at least six times without losing activity.
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bridging nucleoside analogues

Novel bridging nucleoside analogues were prepared by cycloaddition reactions between pyranose glycals and barbiturate-derived, reactive thionoimides in modest yields. In all of the reactions conducted, the major cycloadducts obtained were the bottom faced adducts resulting from endo addition to the glycal. The adducts were stable to a variety of acidic reaction conditions and several of the compounds showed moderate activities against HIV-1 in primary human lymphocytes. One compound displayed anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in Vero cells. Cytotoxicity measurements were also obtained.
Numerical study of phase conjugation in stimulated Brillouin scattering from an optical waveguide

Phase conjugation in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from an optical waveguide is studied numerically, using a Cartesian two-dimensional propagation code (bounce) that includes pump depletion. The simulations show that light scattered back through a phase aberrator produces a far-field profile closely matching that of the incident beam; however, the near-field intensity exhibits large and rapid spatial inhomogeneities across the entire aberrator, even for conjugation fidelities H as high as 98%. This effect can be only partially removed by spatial-filtering techniques. The dependence of H on SBS gain, scattering length L, and the average intensity Ī and angular divergence θD of the pump beam is first studied in the low-reflectivity regime (i.e., ignoring pump depletion). For amplitude gains ≳e10, H decreases monotonically with the factor Ī/θD that is due to a small-scale intensity pulling effect. This result appears to be independent of whether θD arises entirely from the aberrator or from a combination of the aberrator plus curvature introduced by a lens. In all cases, pump depletion is found to enhance the fidelity by inhibiting the small-scale pulling effect. Under appropriate conditions, this can actually reverse the intensity dependence of H seen in the absence of pump depletion.
Confinement and strings in MQCD

Abstract We study aspects of confinement in the M-theory fivebrane version of QCD (MQCD). We show heavy quarks are confined in hadrons (which take the form of membrane-fivebrane bound states) for N = 1 and softly broken N = 2 SU ( N ) MQCD. We explore and clarify the transition from the exotic physics of the latter to the standard physics of the former. In particular, the many strings and quark-antiquark mesons found in N = 2 field theory by Douglas and Shenker are reproduced. It is seen that in the N = 1 limit all but one such meson disappears while all of the strings survive. The strings of softly broken N = 2, N = 1, and even non-supersymmetric SU ( N ) MQCD have a common ratio for their tensions as a function of the amount of flux they carry. We also comment on the almost BPS properties of the Douglas-Shenker strings and discuss the brane picture for monopole confinement on N = 2 QCD Higgs branches.
On the quantum homology algebra of toric Fano manifolds

We study certain algebraic properties of the small quantum homology algebra for the class of symplectic toric Fano manifolds. In particular, we examine the semisimplicity of this algebra, and the more general property of containing a field as a direct summand. Our main result provides an easily verifiable sufficient condition for these properties which is independent of the symplectic form. Moreover, we answer two questions of Entov and Polterovich negatively by providing examples of toric Fano manifolds with non-semisimple quantum homology, and others in which the Calabi quasi-morphism is not unique.
An improved route to 1,2-dideoxy-β-1-phenyl-d-ribofuranose

An efficient synthesis of the aryl nucleoside analogue 1,2-dideoxy-beta-1-phenyl-D-ribofuranose (1) is described. This route utilizes the addition of phenyllithium to a protected 2-deoxyribonolactone followed by reduction with triethylsilane/boron trifluoride etherate to selectively produce the beta-anomer. Deprotection yields the desired aryl C-nucleoside in 27% overall yield from 2-deoxy-D-ribose.
Room temperature activation of aryloxysulfonyl azides by [Co(II)(TPP)] for selective radical aziridination of alkenes via metalloradical catalysis

Aryloxysulfonyl azides can be effectively activated by commercially available cobalt(II) complex of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin ([Co(TPP)]) at room temperature under neutral and nonoxidative conditions for selective radical aziridination of alkenes via metalloradical catalysis. The [Co(TPP)]-catalyzed radical aziridination system is suitable for different combinations of olefin substrates and aryloxysulfonyl azides, producing various N-aryloxysulfonyl aziridine derivatives in good to excellent yields. In addition to generating the environmentally benign N2 as the only byproduct, this Co(II)-based metalloradical aziridination process features mild reaction conditions and operational simplicity.
Parametric study and characterization of the isobaric thermomechanical transformation fatigue of nickel-rich NiTi SMA actuators

The recent development of various aerospace applications utilizing Ni-rich NiTi Shape memory Alloys (SMAs) as actuators motivated the need to characterize the cyclic response and the transformation fatigue behavior of such alloys. The fatigue life validation and certification of new designs is required in order to be implemented and used in future applications. For that purpose, a custom built fatigue test frame was designed to perform isobaric thermally induced transformation cycles on small dogbones SMA actuators (test gauge cross-section up to: 1.270 x 0.508 mm2). A parametric study on the cyclic response and transformation fatigue behavior of Ni-rich NiTi SMAs led to the optimization of several material/process and test parameters, namely: the applied stress range, the heat treatment, the heat treatment environment and the specimen thickness. However, fatigue testing was performed in a chilled waterless glycol environment maintained at a temperature of 5°C that showed evidence of corrosion-assisted transformation fatigue failure. Therefore, it was necessary to build a fatigue test frame that would employ a dry and inert cooling methodology to get away from any detrimental interactions between the specimens and the cooling medium (corrosion). The selected cooling method was gaseous nitrogen, sprayed into a thermally insulated chamber, maintaining a temperature of -20°C. The design of the gaseous nitrogen cooling was done in such a way that the actuation frequency is similar to the one obtained using the original design (~ 0.1 Hz). For both cooling methods, Joule resistive heating was used to heat the specimens. In addition and motivated by the difference in surface quality resulting from different material processing such as EDM wire cutting and heat treatments, EDM recast layer and oxide layer were removed. The removal was followed by an ultra-fine polish (0.05 μm) that was performed on a subset of the fatigue specimens. Experimental results are presented for full actuation of the SMA actuators and are given in terms of applied stress, accumulated plastic strain and number of cycles to failure. In addition, the assessment of the influence of the surface quality is supported by fatigue tests results and post-failure microstructure analysis.
A More improved lattice action for heavy quarks

We extend the Fermilab formalism for heavy quarks to develop a more improved action. We give results of matching calculations of the improvement couplings at tree level. Finally, we estimate the discretization errors associated with the new action.
Massive gravity from higher derivative gravity with boundary conditions

With an appropriate choice of parameters, a higher derivative theory of gravity can describe a normal massive sector and a ghost massless sector. We show that, when defined on an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime with Dirichlet boundary conditions, such a higher derivative gravity can provide a framework for a unitary theory of massive gravity in four spacetime dimensions. The resulting theory is free not only of higher derivative ghosts but also of the Boulware-Deser mode.
Continuous-Time Kalman Filtering with Implicit Discrete Measurement Times

lter is applicable to radio navigation problems in which a state-dependent range delay must be subtracted from a measured reception time in order to compute the relevant Kalman lter measurement update time. The new lter can be implemented by incorporating three elements. The rst element is a dense output numerical integration method that outputs a continuous description of the state over an interval. The second element is a nite dimensional approximation of the underlying continuous-time white process noise, for example, a nite order piecewise polynomial approximation. The third element is a new dynamic propagation/measurement update calculation that sensibly combines the implicit denition of the measurement update time with the dense output numerical integration scheme, the nite approximation of the process noise, and the statistical model of that approximation. After developing the necessary theory, the method is demonstrated in simulation for an example tracking problem.
Compactification on negatively curved manifolds

We show that string/M theory compactifications to maximally symmetric space-times using manifolds whose scalar curvature is everywhere negative, must have significant warping, large stringy corrections, or both.
Patients' satisfaction when denied authorization for emergency department care by their managed care plan

We conducted a survey of managed care plan (MCP) patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) but were denied insurance authorization during a 3-month period. Patients were identified by triage or registration records, contacted by telephone after their visit, and surveyed regarding their satisfaction with the ED and MCP, follow-up care, and future behavior. We surveyed 72 (73.4%) of 98 subjects who were denied authorization. Forty-nine (68.1%) were redirected to a clinic or primary physician, 14 (19.4%) to an urgent care or other ED, and 9 (12.5%) were given no follow-up. Fifty-five respondents (76.4%) stated they had followed-up as directed, but 34 (47.2%) felt the delay had a negative impact. Thirty-nine (54.2%) were dissatisfied with their MCP. If their problems were to recur, 27 (37.5%) stated they would go to a clinic or call their MCP, but 34 (47.2%) would return to the ED. Many patients who are denied authorization are dissatisfied with their MCP and will return to the ED in the future, despite previous denials.
Regional economies, open networks and the spatial fragmentation of production

In this article, we review recent developments in the extensive literature on territorially embedded production systems in the developed world, with a particular eye towards changes that have (or have not) occurred over the last decade. Improvements in transportation and communication technologies and the advent of global production networks have put newly into play the degree to which industrial communities must be located in specific and discretely bounded territories. What had been a relatively territorially circumscribed, and thus fundamentally organizational, fragmentation of production has acquired a more pronounced spatial dimension in recent years. This has raised new questions for regional economic governance that require new study of links not only within regions and sectors, but also between them. In particular, there is a need to understand whether and how local sources of competitive advantage can be transposed to include global dimensions.
Oxidative C−C Bond Formation (Scholl Reaction) with DDQ as an Efficient and Easily Recyclable Oxidant

DDQ in the presence of an acid is known to oxidize a variety of aromatic donors to the corresponding cation radicals. Herein, we now demonstrate that the DDQ/H+ system can be effectively utilized for the oxidative C−C bond formations or biaryl synthesis. The efficient preparation of a variety of polyaromatic hydrocarbons including graphitic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes, ease of isolation of the clean products, and ready regeneration of DDQ from easily recovered reduced DDQ-H2 advances the use of DDQ/H+ for Scholl reactions.