cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cycling of Methanol between Plants, Methylotrophs and the Atmosphere

Several recent developments have kindled new interest in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the C1 class (i.e., methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid) that are found in the troposphere. First, Paul Goldan and his colleagues at the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory (Boulder) have discovered that methanol, is one of the most abundant VOCs in forest air, and exhibits a diurnal cycle indicative of major methanol sources and sinks in forest canopies (Fehsenfeld et al., 1992; Goldan et al., 1995). Second, we have discovered that all plants tested emit methanol, some at relatively high emission rates (MacDonald, Fall, 1993; Fall, 1994; Nemecek-Marshall et al., 1995), and thus, are probably major regional and global sources of atmospheric methanol (Guenther et al., 1995). Third, there has been renewed recognition that a group of bacteria that consume methanol, called methylotrophs, are widespread and numerous on leaves. This raises the issue that methylotrophs on plant surfaces could be a major sink for methanol, and perhaps other Cl-VOCs (Fall, 1994).
Automatic Interior I/O Elimination in Systolic Array Architecture

Automatic systolic array generation has long been an interesting topic since manual designs usually require huge implementation efforts. Conventional automatic systolic array generation builds dependency graphs from algorithms, and iteratively maps computation nodes in the graph into processing elements (PEs) with time stamps that specify the sequences for nodes to operate within the PE. Sometimes this mapping will generate an array with I/O operations being distributed to all PEs, which causes complex design scheme and area overheads. The process to eliminate such I/O is called interior I/O elimination. This paper presents our approach for interior I/O elimination. We propose an automated compiler to map algorithms to systolic arrays. For any mapped array with interior I/O, the compiler analyzes the communication patterns and determines if interior I/O can be eliminated in the design. If so, the compiler eliminates the I/O and adds necessary modules in the design for data transfer. We demonstrate our approach on two important applications'matrix multiplication and convolutional neural network. With the help of interior I/O elimination, the designs generated by the compiler are able to achieve 591.4GFLOPs and 405.2GFLOPs, respectively.
Survival after recurrence following curative intent resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

e15760Background: Limited data exist on outcomes after recurrence after curative intent resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC). We analyzed the prognostic significance of time to recurrence a...
Prognostic Importance of Age, Tumor Location, and Tumor Grade in Grade II Astrocytomas: An Integrated Analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database

Background Previous work in anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) demonstrated that the survival benefit from gross total resection (GTR) is modified by age and tumor location. Here, we determined the influence of age and tumor location on survival benefit from GTR in diffuse astrocytoma (DA). Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1999–2010). We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox survival models to determine the survival benefit from GTR in populations stratified by age and tumor location. We determined the prevalence of the mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase (mIDH) using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results We identified 1980 patients with DA. For frontal DAs, GTR resulted in improved survival relative to subtotal resection in all ages (age ≤50 years hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; P = 0.002; age >50 years HR, 0.41; P 50 years HR, 0.78; P = 0.114). For patients ≤50 years with frontal tumors, survival was comparable between DA and AA after GTR (75% survival DA: 80 months, AA: 89 months, P = 0.973). In TCGA, these tumors were nearly uniformly mIDH (DA: 98%; AA: 90%, P = 0.11). However, for patients ≤50 years with nonfrontal tumors, there was a survival difference after GTR (75% survival DA: 80 months, AA: 30 months, P = 0.001) despite comparable mIDH prevalence (DA: 82%, AA: 75%, P = 0.49). Conclusions Age and tumor location modify the survival benefit derived from GTR in DA. Survival patterns in SEER imperfectly correlated with mIDH prevalence in TCGA, suggesting that tumor grade and mIDH status convey nonredundant prognostic information in select clinical contexts.
Research Trajectories in Org Change and Development: Conversations with ROCD 27 Authors

The first annual research volume in Organization Change and Development was published by JAI Press in 1987. Since then, ROCD has provided a special platform for scholars and practitioners to share ...
The Microbead: A 0.009 mm 3 Implantable Wireless Neural Stimulator

Wirelessly powered implants are increasingly being developed to interface with neurons in the brain. They often rely on microelectrode arrays, which are limited by their ability to cover large cortical surface areas and long-term stability because of their physical size and rigid configuration. Yet some clinical and research applications prioritize a distributed neural interface over one that offers high channel count. One solution to make large scale, fully specifiable, electrical stimulation/recording possible, is to disconnect the electrodes from the base, so that they can be arbitrarily placed freely in the nervous system. In this work, a wirelessly powered stimulating implant is miniaturized using a novel electrode integration technique, and its implanted depth maximized using new optimization design methods for the transmitter and receiver coils. The stimulating device is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology with the following characteristics: 300 μm × 300 μm × 80 μm size; optimized two-coil inductive link; and integrated circuit, electrodes and coil. The wireless and stimulation capability of the implant is demonstrated in a conductive medium, as well as in-vivo. To the best of our knowledge, the fabricated free-floating miniaturized implant has the best depth-to-volume ratio making it an excellent tool for minimally-invasive distributed neural interface, and thus could eventually complement or replace the rigid arrays that are currently the state-of-the-art in brain set-ups.
A Device-to-System Perspective Regarding Self-Heating Enhanced Hot Carrier Degradation in Modern Field-Effect Transistors: A Topical Review

As foreseen by Keyes in the late 1960s, the self-heating effect has emerged as an important concern for device performance, output power density, run-time variability, and reliability of modern field-effect transistors. The self-heating effect is aggravated as the device footprint scales down for higher level of integration (low-power devices) or as the devices are operated in ultrahigh voltage regimes (high-power devices). In this article, we focus on the implications of self-heating on hot carrier degradation (HCD) of modern transistors by integrating within a coherent theoretical framework a broad range of experimental data scattered in the literature. We explain why system integration exacerbates transistor self-heating, while high-frequency digital operation ameliorates it, suggesting an opportunity for co-optimization. We conclude this article by discussing the various material–device–system design strategies to reduce HCD and suggesting open problems for further research.
Headache in Children

1. Jessica Klein, MD* 2. Thomas Koch, MD* 1. *Division of Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC * Abbreviations: ICHD-3: : third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders IV: : intravenous MRA: : magnetic resonance angiography MRI: : magnetic resonance imaging MRV: : magnetic resonance venography NSAID: : nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug OTC: : over-the-counter PedMIDAS: : Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment Headache is a common complaint in children and adolescents. Although an efficient, organized, and methodical approach to the patient’s history and physical examination is essential, many practitioners are not familiar with a best practices approach to headache. This can result in difficulty with decision making regarding further testing, such as brain imaging, as well as treatment options. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize key elements of the history and physical examination associated with headaches of various etiologies. 2. Understand the role of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in children. 3. Describe the appropriate management of headaches and the roles of abortive therapy and preventive therapy in patients with recurrent headaches. Headache is a common complaint in children and adolescents and many times leads to much anxiety for the practitioner and the parents. Therefore, it is important for providers to understand the approach to evaluation of headache. A thorough headache history and a focused neurologic examination are critical and, in most situations, allow the provider to distinguish between primary headache disorders (eg, migraine, tension, or chronic daily headache) and secondary headache disorders (eg, those seen with brain tumors, pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, chronic meningitis, hydrocephalus, hypertension, or acute febrile illnesses). The performance of ancillary diagnostic testing depends on information obtained during data collection. (1) The initial approach to the patient with headache begins with a focused set of headache-based questions (Table 1). (2) The answers to these questions allow the provider to begin to distinguish between features characteristic of a primary headache disorder and those …
A comparative analysis of outcomes of open, laparoscopic, and robotic elective (procto-) colectomies for benign and malignant disease.

Laparoscopy has emerged as a common alternative to the open approach for colorectal operations. Robotic surgery has many advantages, but cost and outcomes are an area of study. There are no randomized-controlled trials of all techniques. The present study evaluated a cohort of veterans undergoing (procto-) colectomy for benign or malignant colorectal disease. This is a single-institution retrospective review. We compared open, laparoscopic, and robotic colectomies. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The secondary endpoints included morbidity, operative times, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), conversion rate, and the learning curve (LC). Subgroup analyses were undertaken for: (1) right hemicolectomies (RHC) and (2) by specific surgeons most familiar with each approach. The cohort included 390 patients (men = 95%, White = 70.8%, BMI = 29.3 ± 6.4 kg/m2, age = 63.7 ± 10.2 years) undergoing (open = 117, laparoscopic = 168, and robotic = 105), colorectal operations for colorectal adenocarcinoma (52.8%) and benign disease. Thirty-day morbidity was similar across all techniques (open = 46.2%, laparoscopic = 42.9%, and robotic = 38.1%; NS). EBL and LOS were decreased with minimally invasive techniques compared to open. Operative time was longer in robotic, but equalized to laparoscopic after 90 cases. The learning curve was reduced to 20 when performed by the surgeon most familiar with the robot. EBL and operative time independently predicted complications for the entire cohort. The best technique for colorectal operations rests on the surgeon’s experience, but minimally invasive techniques are gaining momentum over open colectomies. Robotic colectomy is emerging as a non-inferior approach to laparoscopy in terms of outcomes, while maintaining all its technical advantages.
Accommodating a Massive Surge in Absentee Voting

This fall, most states are likely to see a massive surge in absentee voting. The significantly greater burdens absentee ballots impose on election administration, compared to in-person voting, are not widely appreciated. Unless certain key dates in the election calendar are changed to take this unprecedented surge into account, the structural integrity and legitimacy of the election could be called into doubt. The date changes suggested here have three specific objectives. First, to enable as many absentee ballots as possible to be counted on (rather than after) Election Night. If tens of thousands of votes cannot be counted until many days after the election, with the front-runner on Election Night turning out to lose, this increases the risk of the loser and his supporters declaring the process "rigged." Minimizing that risk must be a key focal point of election-administration this fall. Second, to give election officials enough time to complete the complicated task of processing all these ballots fairly and properly. Third, to give voters an adequate opportunity to vote in the novel circumstances this fall might pose. The dates changes identified in this essay involve state law and the federal law that governs the final stage of the presidential election, The Electoral Count Act. The date the electoral college votes should be pushed back to accommodate the longer time states are likely to need to process properly levels of absentee voting that might be an order of magnitude greater than in normal times.
Optimal tuning of engineering wake models through LiDAR measurements

Abstract. Engineering wake models provide the invaluable advantage to predict wind turbine wakes, power capture, and, in turn, annual energy production for an entire wind farm with very low computational costs compared to higher-fidelity numerical tools. However, wake and power predictions obtained with engineering wake models can be insufficiently accurate for wind farm optimization problems due to the ad hoc tuning of the model parameters, which are typically strongly dependent on the characteristics of the site and power plant under investigation. In this paper, lidar measurements collected for individual turbine wakes evolving over a flat terrain are leveraged to perform optimal tuning of the parameters of four widely used engineering wake models. The average wake velocity fields, used as a reference for the optimization problem, are obtained through a cluster analysis of lidar measurements performed under a broad range of turbine operative conditions, namely rotor thrust coefficients, and incoming wind characteristics, namely turbulence intensity at hub height. The sensitivity analysis of the optimally tuned model parameters and the respective physical interpretation are presented. The performance of the optimally tuned engineering wake models is discussed, while the results suggest that the optimally tuned Bastankhah and Ainslie wake models provide very good predictions of wind turbine wakes. Specifically, the Bastankhah wake model should be tuned only for the far-wake region, namely where the wake velocity field can be well approximated with a Gaussian profile in the radial direction. In contrast, the Ainslie model provides the advantage of using as input an arbitrary near-wake velocity profile, which can be obtained through other wake models, higher-fidelity tools, or experimental data. The good prediction capabilities of the Ainslie model indicate that the mixing-length model is a simple yet efficient turbulence closure to capture effects of incoming wind and wake-generated turbulence on the wake downstream evolution and predictions of turbine power yield.
Premenopausal and early postmenopausal trabecular bone score (TBS) and fracture risk: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Abstract Background Evidence that trabecular bone score (TBS), an index of bone microstructure, is a risk factor for future fracture comes mainly from studies of late postmenopausal women. Objective To discern whether premenopausal TBS or early postmenopausal TBS predict fracture. Design A 22-year, prospective analysis from the Study of Women's Health Across Nation. Setting Community-based cohort. Participants 272 Black, 174 Japanese, and 364 White women. Main outcome measures Incident fractures: 292 in premenopausal sample and 141 in early postmenopausal sample. Results Separate Cox proportional hazard regressions modeled time to incident fracture as a function of TBS measured during premenopause or early postmenopause. Models were initially adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, SWAN clinical site, body mass index, use of calcium, vitamin D, bone beneficial or bone adverse medication. Next, we added lumbar spine (LS) or femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD) and, finally, history of prior fracture, to the models. For each standard deviation decrement in premenopausal TBS, fracture hazard was elevated by 17% (relative hazard [RH] 1.17 [95% CI, 1.02–1.35]); after adjusting for LS or FN BMD, the relation between premenopausal TBS and fracture was no longer statistically significant. There was a similar-magnitude, marginally statistically significant, association between early postmenopausal TBS and fracture, unadjusted for BMD (RH 1.15 [0.95–1.39]). Conclusions Variation in premenopausal TBS is related to fracture risk, but this association is not independent of BMD.
The ultra-high efficiency gas turbine engine, UHEGT, part I: Design and numerical analysis of the multistage system:

The Ultra-High Efficiency Gas Turbine Engine (UHEGT) was introduced in our previous studies. In UHEGT, the combustion process is no longer contained in isolation between the compressor and turbine....
Stretchable gas sensors for detecting biomarkers from humans and exposed environments.

Abstract The recent advent of stretchable gas sensors demonstrates their capabilities to detect not only gaseous biomarkers from the human body but also toxic gas species from the exposed environment. To ensure accurate gas detection without device breakdown from the mechanical deformations, the stretchable gas sensors often rely on the direct integration of gas-sensitive nanomaterials on the stretchable substrate or fibrous network, as well as being configured into stretchable structures. The nanomaterials in the forms of nanoparticles, nanowires, or thin-films with nanometer thickness are explored for a variety of sensing materials. The commonly used stretchable structures in the stretchable gas sensors include wrinkled structures from a pre-strain strategy, island-bridge layouts or serpentine interconnects, strain isolation approaches, and their combinations. This review aims to summarize the recent advancement in novel nanomaterials, sensor design innovations, and new fabrication approaches of stretchable gas sensors.
The State of Ethnological Research on Love: A Critical Review

Within anthropology and sociology three primary theoretical lenses have arisen for examining love in cultural and transcultural contexts: (1) The social-structural perspective that examines how features of a society’s organization and beliefs give rise to particular conceptions of love and how changes to social structures further transform expectations and experiences of love; (2) The bio-social theory of love which merges social structural perspectives on cross-cultural variation with evolutionary psychological and cognitive perspectives aimed at explaining why certain aspects of love are culturally universal; and (3) The critical perspective of love that highlights how cultural constructions of love and the social structures that formed them give rise to social inequalities. After synthesizing these three perspectives we examine how they have influenced the findings of the latest ethnographic and empirical studies of love and its cross-cultural variability and continuity. We thereby compare the fruits each theoretical perspective has born as tools to interrogate love as both a psychological essence and cultural experience.
A Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Model for Assortment Optimization

This paper presents a two-stage stochastic programming model for retail assortment optimization. Decisions related to what products to stock and in what quantity are taken in the first stage while decisions related to what products to use to satisfy the primary versus the secondary demand are taken in the second stage. Such a model is very useful for online retailers and catalogue merchants who witness a gap between an order arrival and fulfillment. A case study illustrating the modeling approach and its benefits as compared to other existing assortment optimization techniques is also presented.
Reuse Cache for Heterogeneous CPU-GPU Systems.

It is generally observed that the fraction of live lines in shared last-level caches (SLLC) is very small for chip multiprocessors (CMPs). This can be tackled using promotion-based replacement policies like re-reference interval prediction (RRIP) instead of LRU, dead-block predictors, or reuse-based cache allocation schemes. In GPU systems, similar LLC issues are alleviated using various cache bypassing techniques. These issues are worsened in heterogeneous CPU-GPU systems because the two processors have different data access patterns and frequencies. GPUs generally work on streaming data, but have many more threads accessing memory as compared to CPUs. As such, most traditional cache replacement and allocation policies prove ineffective due to the higher number of cache accesses in GPU applications, resulting in higher allocation for GPU cache lines, despite their minimal reuse. In this work, we implement the Reuse Cache approach for heterogeneous CPU-GPU systems. The reuse cache is a decoupled tag/data SLLC which is designed to only store the data that is being accessed more than once. This design is based on the observation that most of the cache lines in the LLC are stored but do not get reused before being replaced. We find that the reuse cache achieves within 0.5% of the IPC gains of a statically partitioned LLC, while decreasing the area cost of the LLC by an average of 40%.
Comparison of three selective enrichment methods for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated foods

Three selective enrichment procedures-the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) method, and the Netherlands Government Food Inspection Service (NGFIS) method-were compared for isolating Listeria monocytogenes from contaminated foods. The foods were obtained from the refrigerators of patients with culture-proven listeriosis who were identified through multistate active surveillance in a U.S. population of 19 million. The study was designed to identify foods that may be important in transmission of L. monocytogenes in sporadic cases of human listeriosis. Of 899 foods analyzed by all three methods, 121 were positive for L. monocytogenes by at least one method. The three enrichment methods detected L. monocytogenes in 65% (FDA), 74% (USDA), and 74% (NGFIS) of the foods shown to contain L. monocytogenes . The differences among the three methods were not statistically significant. However, the recovery of L. monocytogenes by a combination of any two methods (USDA-FDA 88%, USDA-NGFIS 91%, FDA-NGFIS 87%) was significantly better than that by one method alone (p < 0.02). The differences among the combinations of methods were not statistically significant. These results suggest that at least two enrichment methods must be used in combination to recover L. monocytogenes from contaminated foods with a success rate near 90%. Correlations were observed between negative results and low (<0.3 CFU/g) level of L. monocytogenes contamination for the USDA (p << 0.001) and NGFIS (p << 0.001) methods. A similar but somewhat weaker association was observed for the FDA method (p < 0.06).
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis: I. Isolation of several intercellular matrix low molecular weight methylated RNAs☆

Abstract The present results and those previously reported (Slavkin et al., 1969a) show that embryonic tooth primordia synthesize in organ culture four discrete methylated RNA species (7 S, 5 S, 4 S, and 2 S) isolated from the intercellular matrix interposed between epithelia and mesenchyme. These RNA species were first separated by gel exclusion chromatography and subsequently resolved with polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Resolution required employment of a variety of nucleic acid precursors, labeled methyl-methionine, liquid scintillation spectrometry, and autoradiography. The labeled precursors are initially incorporated into both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, primarily in the germinative or cervical region of the tooth primordia. Subsequently, small amounts of RNase labile material(s) are observed over the intercellular matrix; presumably transferred from both cell types. Tritiated thymidine is not found as a component of the intercellular matrix; deoxyribose is not found in the isolated matrices. Various labels cannot be incorporated into the intercellular matrix in the absence of associated cell populations. The kinetics of labeling within the components, both cell populations and matrix, have been investigated using autoradiography (Slavkin et al., 1969a). On the basis of grain counts, only 2% of the total grain density incorporated within this epithelial-mesenchymal system is transferred into the intercellular matrix; Dactinomycin inhibits this process. This specific intercellular matrix has recently been shown to enhance homotypic cellular differentiation in vitro (Slavkin et al., 1969b). Ultrastructural findings indicate the presence of membrane-bound, electron dense material (500–3000 A diameter) within the matrix prior to phenol extraction; this material is not present in phenol-extracted matrices. Whether the extracted intercellular RNAs are to be found within the membrane-bound material observed within the matrix in situ (Slavkin et al., 1969b,c) is not as yet certain. Further studies designed to evaluate this biological activity (Slavkin et al., to be published) suggest that the activity is RNase sensitive. As to the mechanism(s) for the transfer of RNA or possibly ribonucleoprotein during epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, the present experiments do not provide adequate evidence with which to understand the developmental specificity of the isolated RNA species.
The History of Base-Ten-Blocks: Why and Who Made Base-Ten-Blocks?

The purpose of this study is to present evidence of how base-ten-blocks have been developed and emphasized as a tool for learning in mathematics education. After an introduction of the theme, we discuss the theoretical and epistemological perspectives that provide the basis for our analysis of the literature. Then, we illustrate how base-ten-blocks have historically been associated with the numeral concepts from the prehistoric era to today. We also review studies about different manipulatives that focus on numerical concepts (e.g., Cuisenaire rods). This discussion will broaden our understanding regarding how perspectives toward mathematics instruction have changed with the introduction of base-ten-blocks. The intent was not to understand the process of developing base-ten-blocks but rather to suggest that teachers must consider the underlying mathematical concepts and structures of base-ten-blocks when they use them. In summary, this study revealed that base-ten-blocks as concrete materials seems to have been presented as different isomorphic numeral concepts for various educational purposes throughout its developmental process. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n9p356
A Note on Constant-Round Zero-Knowledge Proofs for NP

We consider the problem of constructing a constant-round zero-knowledge proof system for all languages in NP. This problem has been previously addressed by Goldreich and Kahan (Jour. of Cryptology, 1996). Following recent works on concurrent zero-knowledge, we propose an alternative solution that admits a considerably simpler analysis.
γδ T Cells Are Needed for Ocular Immune Privilege and Corneal Graft Survival

It has been recognized for over a century that the anterior chamber of the eye is endowed with a remarkable immune privilege. One contributing component is the Ag-specific down-regulation of systemic delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) that is induced when Ags are introduced into the anterior chamber. This phenomenon, termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), culminates in the generation of regulatory cells that inhibit the induction (afferent suppression) and expression (efferent suppression) of DTH. Since gamma delta T cells play a major role in other forms of immune regulation, we suspected they might contribute to the induction and expression of ACAID. Mice treated with anti-gamma delta Ab failed to develop ACAID following anterior chamber injection of either soluble Ag (OVA) or alloantigens (spleen cells). Additional experiments with knockout mice confirmed that mice lacking functional gamma delta T cells also fail to develop ACAID. Using a local adoptive transfer of DTH assay, we found that gamma delta T cells were required for the generation of regulatory T cells, but did not function as the efferent regulatory cells of ACAID. The importance of gamma delta T cells in corneal allograft survival was confirmed by blocking gamma delta T cells with GL3 Ab before corneal transplantation. While in vivo treatment with normal hamster serum had no effect on corneal graft survival, infusion of anti-gamma delta Ab resulted in a profound increase in corneal allograft rejection. Thus, gamma delta T cells are needed for sustaining at least one aspect of ocular immune privilege and for promoting corneal allograft survival.
The Moduli space of BPS domain walls

$\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric QED with several flavors admits multiple, static BPS domain wall solutions. We determine the explicit two-kink metric and examine the dynamics of colliding domain walls. The multikink metric has a toric K\"ahler structure and we reduce the K\"ahler potential to quadrature. In the second part of this paper, we consider semilocal vortices on $\mathbf{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{S}}^{1}.$ We argue that, in the presence of a suitable Wilson line, the vortices separate into domain wall constituents. These play the role of fractional instantons in two-dimensional gauge theories and sigma models.
Laryngeal somatosensory deficits in Parkinson’s disease: implications for speech respiratory and phonatory control

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often associated with substantial impairment of speech respiratory and phonatory control. However, the degree to which these impairments are related to abnormal laryngeal sensory function is unknown. This study examined whether individuals with PD exhibited abnormal and more asymmetric laryngeal somatosensory function compared with healthy controls, and whether these deficits were associated with disease and voice severity. Nineteen PD participants were tested and compared with 18 healthy controls. Testing included endoscopic assessment of laryngeal somatosensory function, with aerodynamic and acoustic assessment of respiratory and phonatory control, and clinical ratings of voice and disease severity. PD participants exhibited significantly abnormal and asymmetric laryngeal somatosensory function compared with healthy controls. Sensory deficits were significantly associated with timing of phonatory onset, voice intensity, respiratory driving pressure, laryngeal resistance, lung volume expended per syllable, disease severity, and voice severity. These results suggest that respiratory and phonatory control are influenced by laryngeal somatosensory function, that speech-related deficits in PD are related to abnormal laryngeal somatosensory function, and that this function may degrade as a function of disease severity. Thus, PD may represent a model of airway sensorimotor disintegration, highlighting the important role of the basal ganglia and related neural networks in the integration of laryngeal sensory input for speech-related motor control.
Differential expression of smooth muscle regulatory proteins in the uterosacral ligaments of women with uterine prolapse

Objective To compare smooth muscle regulatory protein expression in the uterosacral ligament (USL) of women with and without uterine prolapse. Study Design USLs ligament were sampled in women with (n = 9) or without (n = 9) uterine prolapse. Caldesmon, smooth muscle actin (SMA), myosin heavy chain, and zinc finger protein messenger RNA expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis were used to determine protein expression. Results Caldesmon messenger RNA expression and the ratio of caldesmon-SMA messenger RNA expression was significantly increased in the USL from women with uterine prolapse compared with women without prolapse (caldesmon mean ± standard deviation messenger RNA, 0.81 ± 0.46 vs 0.39 ± 0.16; P = .01 and caldesmon-SMA messenger RNA ratio, mean ± standard deviation, 0.11 ± 0.04 vs 0.07 ± 0.02; P = .01). In addition, the ratio of caldesmon-SMA staining was significantly increased in women with uterine prolapse compared with women without prolapse (mean ± standard deviation, 0.44 ± 0.28 vs 0.28 ± 0.16; P = .03). Conclusion Uterine prolapse is associated with an increased ratio of caldesmon-SMA actin expression.
Surface induced crystallization in ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fiber-reinforced polyethylene composites

Surface induced crystallization of a high density polyethylene matrix on a gel spun, ultra-high modulus polyethylene fiber has been investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Under the microscope, the fiber exhibits a very good nucleation ability as seen from a uniform transcrystalline zone. The free energy difference function Δσ, as it appears in the classical nucleation theory, is also calculated. Because of the very high nucleation rate which prevents the direct observation of individual spherulites at the interface, a new approach based on induction time is used to obtain an estimate of the free energy difference function ea which is calculated to be Δσ = 0.32 erg/cm2. This very low value may be explained considering the similar lattice parameters and surface energy of this polymer/substrate system. Crystallization by melt epitaxy rather than transcrystallization may be observed.
High-resolution extended distance distributed fiber-optic sensing using Rayleigh backscatter

We describe the use of swept-wavelength interferometry for distributed fiber-optic sensing in single- and multimode optical fiber using intrinsic Rayleigh backscatter. The interrogation technique is based on measuring the spectral shift of the intrinsic Rayleigh backscatter signal along an unaltered standard telecommunications grade optical fiber and converting the spectral shift to strain or temperature. This technique shows great utility as a method for highly distributed sensing over great distances with existing, pre-installed optical fiber. Results from sensing lengths greater than 1 km of optical fiber with spatial resolutions better than 10 cm are reported.
Response of Different Commercial Strains of Laying Hens to Short Total Photoperiods in Interrupted Night Experiments During Days of 24 and 28 Hours

Experiments were conducted: as pilot experiments in which each experimental unit, replicated two or three times, consisted of 15 hens, as practical experiments in which each of four strains was replicated twice in two rooms containing 200 to 265 hens, and as commercial experiments in which each experimental unit consisted of 4 strains of 1000 hens but in which no replication occurred. Short total photoperiods were used in interrupted night experiments with 24-hr and 28-hr days. A light regimen of 2L:6D:2L:18D yielded similar results as 12L:16D for percent egg production, egg mass, egg shell breaking strength, and feed efficiency. Exposure to 28-hr days, in comparison with 24-hr days, resulted in a reduction of number of eggs produced but did not reduce egg mass produced. In one of four strains, the increase in egg size and reduction in number of eggs produced was significantly (P less than .05) less than in the other three strains, Under the 28-hr day regimens shell breaking strength was consistently greater (P less than .01) than under 24-hr light regimens. In an additional experiment, no relationship was found in egg breakage during transport between two populations of eggs that differed in eggshell breaking strength as a result of differences in light regimens received by the hens. Short (2L:10D:2L:10D or 2L:12D:2L:8D) and very short (2L:12D:1/4L:9 3/4D) interrupted night regimens generally yielded lower egg production than 16L:8D or 8L:10D:2L:4D light regimens. There was an indication that there might be strain differences in the response to the interrupted night regimen. Exposure to 2L:6D:2L:8D for 6 weeks at the start and 8 weeks at the end of an 11-month experimental period, with 16L:8D given during the remainder of the period, resulted in lower egg production during the last 8 weeks and no compensatory improvement in egg shell breaking strength or egg weight in comparison with continuous exposure to 16L:8D.
Expression of the steroidogenic enzyme P450scc in the central and peripheral nervous systems during rodent embryogenesis

Neurosteroids are steroids that are synthesized de novo in the brain and include some classical (adrenal and gonadal) steroids and some unique brain-specific steroids. Neurosteroids are thought to mediate their action through ion-gated channel receptors, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) and N-methyl-D-aspartate rather than through classical nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Some enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis have been identified as those found in steroidogenic tissues, and some may be unique to the brain. We previously demonstrated that the messenger RNAs for the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, and one form of 11 beta-hydroxylase, P450c11 beta, are regionally expressed in the adult rat brain. We now demonstrate that P450scc is expressed in the nervous system of the developing rodent embryo in cell lineages derived from the neural crest. Despite the presence of readily detectable P450scc protein, a ribonuclease protection assay detected P450scc messenger RNA only in the trunk...
Lateralized effects on hamster lordosis of unilateral hormonal and somatosensory stimuli

Abstract To better describe the hypothalamic efferents that mediate estrogenic effects on lordosis, each of 18 ovariectomized hamsters received a 30 gauge implant of estradiol aimed at the right or left ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN). Six days later, subjects were treated with progesterone and observed for their durations of lordosis during brief periods with sexually-active males. Subsequently, the male was removed, as light manual stimulation was applied to the flank ipsi- or contralateral to the implant in attempts to (a) maintain as yet unbroken lordosis responses, or (b) reinstate lordosis in females showing limb movements indicative of their emergence from the male-elicited posture. The results failed to show any difference in the behavioral effects of implants aimed at the right versus left VMN. However, implants did interact selectively with manual stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral flanks. Specifically, lordosis responses were more likely, more rapid, and better maintained to stimulation of the contralateral flank. This lateralization of the priming effect derived from a VMN estradiol implant is impressive for its persistence, and for its consistency with the trajectories of VMN efferents to the midbrain and of midbrain afferents from the flanks. The consistency of these behavioral and neuroanatomical patterns suggests that lordosis depends on direct interactions of the VMN and dorsal midbrain. In turn, it implicates the dorsal midbrain in the mediation on VMN-initiated hormonal effects on lordosis, and in the eventual integration of hormonal and Somatosensory influences on sexual receptivity.
Mesoscopic magnetization fluctuations for metallic grains close to the Stoner instability

This paper is devoted to the magnetic properties of isolated mesoscopic grains. We demonstrate that under very general conditions the electron-electron interactions in such grains can be taken into account by a simple interaction Hamiltonian. This Hamiltonian involves only three coupling constants, which correspond to charging, exchange interaction, and superconducting correlations. The most important condition for such a description is that Thouless conductance of each grain is large. Under this condition sample-to-sample fluctuations of the coupling constants can be neglected. However, the thermodynamic properties can still remain sample specific due to the one-electron part of the Hamiltonian. If the grain is made from a material that is close to the threshold of ferromagnetic instability, the mesoscopic fluctuations of the magnetization are especially strong. Moreover, the situation becomes multistable: free energy of each grain as a function of the magnetization is characterized by a large number of local minima. We analyze the statistics of these minima and show that it possesses simple scaling properties. Numerical simulations confirm this scaling.
Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfaces

We are in the midst of an explosion of emerging human-computer interaction techniques that redefine our understanding of both computers and interaction. We propose the notion of Reality-Based Interaction (RBI) as a unifying concept that ties together a large subset of these emerging interaction styles. Based on this concept of RBI, we provide a framework that can be used to understand, compare, and relate current paths of recent HCI research as well as to analyze specific interaction designs. We believe that viewing interaction through the lens of RBI provides insights for design and uncovers gaps or opportunities for future research.
Direct evidence for the existence of nominal antigen binding sites on T cell surface Ti α-β heterodimers of MHC-restricted T cell clones

Abstract The binding of nominal antigen to Ti α-β heterodimers on MHC-restricted human T cell clones specific for fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FL) was detected by flow cytometry and affinity chromatography. The FL-Ti interaction is of physiologic significance, since T cell activation is induced by cross-linked arrays of FL in the absence of the specific MHC recognition. High antigen valence is required to achieve stable binding to cells and subsequent activation, which is consistent with estimated Ti-FL association constants of 5 l/mol. In addition to providing direct evidence that the Ti α-β heterodimer is the receptor for antigen, these data suggest that nominal antigen binding sites exist on the Ti molecules of at least some MHC-restricted clones.
Independence of the Colton and Yt Blood Group Systems1

. Record is made of a family which provides evidence of the independent segregation of: the Colton and Yt blood group antigens; Colton and acid phosphatase red cell enzyme; Yt and phosphoglucomutase red cell enzyme.
Effects of fenvalerate on larval development of Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) and on larval metabolism during osmotic stress

Abstract Larvae of the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio , were reared in the laboratory from hatch through metamorphosis under optimal salinity conditions (20‰) in a range of lethal and sublethal concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate. A nominal concentration of 3.2 ng fenvalerate/l significantly reduced the percentage of larvae that completed metamorphosis. Oxygen consumption rates were significantly higher for larvae exposed to this lethal concentration for only 24 h. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of 1.6 ng fenvalerate/l prolonged the duration of complete larval development. Acute osmotic stress modified the metabolism of larval P. pugio reared in sublethal fenvalerate concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 ng/l and these metabolic responses varied with stage of development. After 8 days of exposure to fenvalerate, oxygen consumption rates were elevated when larvae were exposed acutely to hypoosmotic stress (10‰ S). Metabolic responses of premetamorphic larvae to hypersomotic stress (30‰ S) were also modified by sublethal fenvalerate exposure. Alterations in metabolic-salinity patterns of larval grass shrimp developing under sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate suggest reduction in the ecological fitness of this sensitive life stage by limiting their capacity to adapt to the fluctuating salinity conditions of estuarine waters.
Client-Situated Architectural Practice: Implications for Architectural Education

The rising proportion of architects who work as in-house employees of large client organizations represents an important shift in the pattern of architectural employment. Client-situated practice p...
Prosyn — An automated topology and parameter process synthesizer

Abstract This paper describes an improved, user friendly version of the computer package PROSYN — a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) process synthesizer. PROSYN is an implementation of the modeling and decomposition (M/D) strategy by Kocis and Grossmann (1989) and the outer approximation and equality relaxation algorithm (OA/ER) by Kocis and Grossmann (1987) . Main characteristic of the new version of PROSYN is that it enables automated execution of simultaneous topology and parameter optimization of processes. Optimization of each NLP subproblem is performed only on the existing units rather than on the entire superstructure which substantially reduces the size of the NLP subproblems. In order to reduce undesirable effects of nonconvexities involved in the master problem the OA/ER algorithm has been improved by the use of an augmented penalty function. A simple process simulator has been built in to perform automated initialization of the first NLP step. A comprehensive PROSYN's library of models for basic process units and interconnection nodes, and a comprehensive library of basic physical properties for the most common chemical components have been developed. This enables to carry out an automated generation of a complex model representation for a superstructure in which the topology is specified by a concise interface. PROSYN allows to run in interactive mode and thus provides the user with a good control and supervision of calculations instead of having the procedure to be totally automated. PROSYN allows to carry out process synthesis at two basic levels of complexity: MINLP optimization through M/D and simultaneous heat integration including HEN costs. Applications with PROSYN are demonstrated with two example problems.
Ipsilateral deficits of targeted movements after stroke

Abstract Kim SH, Pohl PS, Luchies CW, Stylianou AP, Won Y. Ipsilateral deficits of targeted movements after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:719-24. Objective: To test the hypotheses that targeted movements of both the ipsilateral and the contralateral extremities of stroke survivors would be prolonged compared with those from a control group without stroke, and that the ipsilateral deficit would occur in movements toward small, but not large, targets. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Motor performance laboratory. Participants: Convenience sample of right-handed individuals including 10 who were more than 6 months poststroke with Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment scores greater than 75% for the upper (UEs) and lower (LEs) extremities, and a comparison group of 20 age-matched adults without stroke. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The average time required for the stylus, held with the hand or strapped to the foot, to travel from leaving 1 target to contacting the second target (ie, movement time) and the average time the stylus rested on the target (ie, dwell time). Results: Regardless of target size, movement and dwell times for both UEs of the stroke group were prolonged compared with those of the comparison group. Regardless of target size, dwell time for both LEs of the stroke group was prolonged compared with that of the comparison group. Conclusions: After stroke, the ipsilateral extremities may show subtle deficits in targeted movements.