cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic hot corrosion of Haynes 230 alloy

Cyclic hot corrosion conducted on Haynes 230 at temperatures of 871 and 1093δ C indicated that catastrophic corrosion occurred. The corrosion rate was related to the high content of tungsten and chromium in the alloy. The concept of basic and acid fluxing was applied to explain the dissolution of the protective film of Cr2O3 and volatile WO3 by an Na2SO4-rich liquid due to the formation of Na2CrO4 and Na2WO4. As the basic melts were acidified by continuously consuming oxygen ions, plate-like crystals of Cr2O3 were precipitated on the free surface by conversion from Na2CrO4. Acid fluxing was achieved by the refractory oxide, WO3, consuming oxygen ions. The presence of sulphur suppressed the diffusion of chromium outward to form protective Cr2O3. Internal chromium-rich sulphide particles were observed. It was suggested that at very lowPO2, sulphur reacted with chromium to form CrS initially. As oxygen penetrated through the porous layer, the CrS was oxidized internally to Cr2O3.
Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

Goal, Scope and Background. The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dynamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon polutants in veaetated soil.
Suicide, social integration, and masculinity in the U.S. military

Reports indicate that suicide in the U.S. military has increased significantly in recent years. This increase has been attributed to a number of factors, including more frequent deployments, more relaxed screening of recruits, combat trauma, economic difficulty amongst soldiers, and the breakdown of interpersonal relationships. In this article, we add an element that we believe is crucial to an understanding of military suicide: the socio-cultural environment of the military itself. In particular, we examine the role that the masculine ideologies governing military life play in the internalization of individual frustrations and in suicidal behavior. Suicide investigators often have ignored the role of masculine ideologies in military suicide because of the assumption that suicide results from social disintegration. In contrast, we argue that military suicide is driven largely by excessive social integration. From this perspective, current explanations of military suicide are constrained by gender and etiological assumptions. Finally, this paper suggests the implications of these findings for designing more effective prevention programs for military suicide.
Regional distribution of metorphamide in rat and guinea pig brain

A specific radioimmunoassay was developed for metorphamide, an endogenous, amidated opioid octapeptide, originally isolated from bovine brain and human pheochromocytoma tissues. The radioimmunoassay was used to determine the concentration of immunoreactive metorphamide in extracts from dissected regions of rat and guinea pig brain. Radioimmunoassay interfacing with Sephadex gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the immunoreactive substance measured corresponded to authentic metorphamide. Metorphamide was found to be widely distributed in brain regions from both species. However, the concentrations of immunoreactive metorphamide in regions from guinea pig brain were up to 5 times higher than the concentrations of immunoreactive metorphamide in rat brain regions. The results suggest that metorphamide is a specific processing product from proenkephalin in rodent brain.
A Tale of Entrepreneurship in Two Iraqi Cities

Abstract Businesses play an important role in societies in conflict, contributing to trajectories of continued conflict or transitioning out of conflict. The institutional and historic context affects the potential of entrepreneurship and can be particularly important during times of change. In this paper, I discuss the relevance of the institutional and historic context of two cities in southern Iraq.
Insulin resistance due to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 302.

Inhibitory serine phosphorylation is a potential molecular mechanism for insulin resistance. We have developed a new variant of the yeast two-hybrid method, referred to as disruptive yeast tri-hybrid (Y3H), to identify inhibitory kinases and sites of phosphorylation in insulin receptors (IR) and IR substrates, IRS-1. Using IR and IRS-1 as bait and prey, respectively, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1) as the disruptor, we now show that phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser-307, a previously identified site, is necessary but not sufficient for JNK1-mediated disruption of IR/IRS-1 binding. We further identify a new phosphorylation site, Ser-302, and show that this too is necessary for JNK1-mediated disruption. Seven additional kinases potentially linked to insulin resistance similarly block IR/IRS-1 binding in the disruptive Y3H, but through distinct Ser-302- and Ser-307-independent mechanisms. Phosphospecific antibodies that recognize sequences surrounding Ser(P)-302 or Ser(P)-307 were used to determine whether the sites were phosphorylated under relevant conditions. Phosphorylation was promoted at both sites in Fao hepatoma cells by reagents known to promote Ser/Thr phosphorylation, including the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, anisomycin, calyculin A, and insulin. The antibodies further showed that Ser(P)-302 and Ser(P)-307 are increased in animal models of obesity and insulin resistance, including genetically obese ob/ob mice, diet-induced obesity, and upon induction of hyperinsulinemia. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation at both Ser-302 and Ser-307 is necessary for JNK1-mediated inhibition of the IR/IRS-1 interaction and that Ser-302 and Ser-307 are phosphorylated in parallel in cultured cells and in vivo under conditions that lead to insulin resistance.
Geometrical-optics code for computing the optical properties of large dielectric spheres.

Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by absorptive dielectric spheres such as snow grains in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum cannot be neglected when radiative properties of snow are computed. Thus a new, to our knowledge, geometrical-optics code is developed to compute scattering and absorption cross sections of large dielectric particles of arbitrary complex refractive index. The number of internal reflections and transmissions are truncated on the basis of the ratio of the irradiance incident at the nth interface to the irradiance incident at the first interface for a specific optical ray. Thus the truncation number is a function of the angle of incidence. Phase functions for both near- and far-field absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation are calculated directly at any desired scattering angle by using a hybrid algorithm based on the bisection and Newton-Raphson methods. With these methods a large sphere’s absorption and scattering properties of light can be calculated for any wavelength from the ultraviolet to the microwave regions. Assuming that large snow meltclusters (1-cm order), observed ubiquitously in the snow cover during summer, can be characterized as spheres, one may compute absorption and scattering efficiencies and the scattering phase function on the basis of this geometrical-optics method. A geometrical-optics method for sphere (GOMsphere) code is developed and tested against Wiscombe’s Mie scattering code (MIE0) and a Monte Carlo code for a range of size parameters. GOMsphere can be combined with MIE0 to calculate the single-scattering properties of dielectric spheres of any size.
Changes in the fundamental constants-past and future

The 1986 adjusted values of the fundamental physical constants are assigned significantly smaller uncertainties than those ascribed to the data in the 1973 adjustment. However, history shows that precision is often not representative of accuracy. This history is reviewed, some of the reasons for the variations are discussed, and possible future changes are explored. >
A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF WHIPPING PROPERTIES OF AN ULTRAFILTERED SOY PRODUCT

Response Surface Methodology and the Path of Steepest Ascent was of enormous value in rapidly determining optimum conditions for whipping a full-fat soy protein product produced by ultrafiltration, especially since seven variables were considered. In the region of optimum overrun response, overruns in excess of 500% were obtained at 3.5–4.0% w/v protein concentration, 1.67% w/w sugar, 150 rpm whipping speed and 3.5–4.0 min whipping time, at levels of 0.1758M NaCl, preheat temperature of 74°C and PH 6.8. The latter three factors exerted little effect under these conditions, but had large effects in regions away from the optimum response. Preheating to 70–80°C prior to whipping was essential to the formation of good and stable foams. Only the first four variables mentioned above were considered in the second order response surface model for overrun (R2= 0.9927), which also indicated slight interaction between protein and time and protein and sugar. The foam stability model (R2= 0.9142) indicated protein concentration was the most important factor. Significant interactions occurred between whip speed and time; stable foams (zero fluid leakage) were produced only at high (5.5–7.0% w/w) protein concentrations and high speed/short time or low speed/long time combinations, under which conditions maximum overrun was 250–375%.
The tumor suppressor CDKN3 controls mitosis

Mitosis is controlled by a network of kinases and phosphatases. We screened a library of small interfering RNAs against a genome-wide set of phosphatases to comprehensively evaluate the role of human phosphatases in mitosis. We found four candidate spindle checkpoint phosphatases, including the tumor suppressor CDKN3. We show that CDKN3 is essential for normal mitosis and G1/S transition. We demonstrate that subcellular localization of CDKN3 changes throughout the cell cycle. We show that CDKN3 dephosphorylates threonine-161 of CDC2 during mitotic exit and we visualize CDC2pThr-161 at kinetochores and centrosomes in early mitosis. We performed a phosphokinome-wide mass spectrometry screen to find effectors of the CDKN3-CDC2 signaling axis. We found that one of the identified downstream phosphotargets, CKβ phosphorylated at serine 209, localizes to mitotic centrosomes and controls the spindle checkpoint. Finally, we show that CDKN3 protein is down-regulated in brain tumors. Our findings indicate that CDKN3 controls mitosis through the CDC2 signaling axis. These results have implications for targeted anticancer therapeutics.
Five-way power divider based on dielectric resonator whispering-gallery modes

The use of whispering-gallery mode dielectric resonator (WGMDR) in the design of X-band 5-way power divider is presented. A combination of probe type of excitation integrated with microstrip technology are used to excite an H-polarized resonating mode around 10.85 GHz. For uniform power distribution, a cylindrical dielectric resonator is enclosed within a shielded cavity. Both input matching and equal power distribution are experimentally maintained within 200 MHz frequency band around the resonance. Measured scattering parameters magnitude and phase of the proposed 6-port structure are carried out to verify the expected simulation results.
Microwave Joining of Ceramics: A Study on Joining Alumina Both Directly and with Alumina Gel

Alumina ceramics of different purities were joined using alumina gel as an interlayer and microwave energy as the heating source. Direct microwave joining of alumina was also accomplished. A comparison between the two joining methods was made. The effect of the gel on joining time and joining temperature was determined. Knoop microhardness was measured across the joint to show the change in the microhardness at the joint region. Joints of hardness as high as that of the bulk were produced when the joining parameters were properly selected. The dielectric properties of the aluminas used in this study were measured. X-ray maps and SEM micrographs were taken for different joints.
Plasmon waveguide interband cascade lasers

We report the demonstration and development of plasmon waveguide interband cascade lasers operating in continuous wave near 6 microns and beyond.
Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model.

The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. M. Lee & S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 184 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed.
On the performance limits of cognitive MIMO channels

In this paper, throughput of cognitive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating under quality-of-service (QoS) constraints is studied. It is assumed that transmission power and the covariance of the input signal vector are varied depending on the sensed activities of primary users in the system. Considering the reliability of the transmission and channel sensing results, a state-transition model is provided. Effective capacity is determined, and expressions for the first and second derivatives of the effective capacity are obtained at SNR =0. The minimum bit energy requirements in the presence of QoS limitations are identified. Numerical results are provided.
Border Security Technologies: Local and Regional Implications

The Bush administration's “Smart Border” accords with Mexico and Canada present a number of important implications for North America's border communities and regions. As part of the plans, new security technologies have emerged as the preferred policy solution to the difficult problem of screening for weapons and terrorist incursions into the United States through its international boundaries while maintaining flows of goods and individuals, key drivers of globalization and hallmarks of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) era. These new technological systems have various capabilities, ranging from prescreening cargo to identifying problematic travelers to detecting nuclear material in trucks. Deploying these systems in border communities, however, invokes a range of important economic, social, and political challenges, all of which are under examination in this work. Using a risk-centered approach to United States border security, this article explores several technologically oriented border control systems: screening, biometrics, and information technology. The research is based on regional field research and a public policy analysis method that uses Birkland's “focusing event” framework, a model that provides insights into the postcrisis policy formation process. The article concludes by offering an initial appraisal of these policies within the context of risk, interdependent border communities, and an open democratic society.
Capillary Driven Flows in Weakly 3 -Dimensional Polygonal Containers

Spontaneous capillary flows in containers of increasing complexity are currently under investigation to determine important transients for low -g propellant management. Significant progress has been made for complex containers that are cylindrical, but many practical systems involve geometries that are tapered. For example, the taper o f an irregular polygonal cross section provides particular design advantages by preferentially locating the liquid where desired and by providing a passive means for fluid phase separation. Passive capillary flow in such containers is termed imbibition and cannot be studied easily on the ground for large, significantly 3 -D geometries. For certain flows the governing equations are known but have not been solved analytically to date due to a lack of experimental data identifying the appropriate boundary condi tions for the flow. The results of drop tower experiments are used in part to support the analysis of imbibition in tapered polygonal sections, and, in particular, a variety of regular n-gonal pyramids. The theory can be used to aid in the design and analy sis of capillary devices such as 3 -D vane networks for bubble -free collection and positioning of fuels for satellites, an important problem concerning propellant and/or cryogenic liquid management aboard spacecraft.
HEAT FLOW IN A HE II FILLED FIN

The excellent heat removal capability of pressurized superfluid helium, He-Ep1–9, has led in recent years to its use as a coolant in fusion10 and accelerator11 magnets where the operating temperature is typically in the range of 1.8 to 2 K. More recently, He-Ep has been proposed as the coolant for a polarized proton target at temperatures as low as 0.5K 12 . In all cases the He-IIp acts as an intermediate fluid between the heat source (magnet winding or target bead) and the heat sink (saturated He-II in the case of the magnets or saturated helium-3 in the case of the polarized proton target). The heat sink fluid may be vaporized in a jacket external to the magnet vessel13, in a heat exchanger which is immersed in the He-IIp14, or in a separate bath in which is immersed an He-IIp filled fin which extends from the heated reservoir. In the latter configuration a single heat sink can serve multiple heat sources15. It is this latter arrangement which is considered here and which is pictured schematically in Fig. 1. We proceed to analyze the flow of heat in the cooled channel. This is in contrast to the considerable work which has been done for the insulated channel.2,16–18
Cognitive Decline Is Associated with Reduced Reelin Expression in the Entorhinal Cortex of Aged Rats

Brain regions and neural circuits differ in their vulnerability to changes that occur during aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Among the areas that comprise the medial temporal lobe memory system, the layer II neurons of the entorhinal cortex, which form the perforant path input to the hippocampal formation, exhibit early alterations over the course of aging Reelin, a glycoprotein implicated in synaptic plasticity, is expressed by entorhinal cortical layer II neurons. Here, we report that an age-related reduction in reelin expression in the entorhinal cortex is associated with cognitive decline. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we observed decreases in the number of Reelin-immunoreactive cells and reelin messenger RNA expression in the lateral entorhinal cortex of aged rats that are cognitively impaired relative to young adults and aged rats with preserved cognitive abilities. The lateral entorhinal cortex of aged rats with cognitive impairment also exhibited changes in other molecular markers, including increased accumulation of phosphorylated tau and decreased synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Taken together, these findings suggest that reduced reelin expression, emanating from layer II entorhinal neurons, may contribute to network dysfunction that occurs during memory loss in aging.
Analysis of a frictional-kinetic model for gas-particle flow

Abstract A frictional–kinetic rheological model for dense assemblies of solids in a gas–particle mixture is described. This model treats the kinetic and frictional stresses additively. The former is modeled using the kinetic theory of granular materials. For the latter, we begin with the model described by Schaeffer [J. Differ. Equ. 66 (1987) 19] and modify it to account for strain rate fluctuations and slow relaxation of the assembly to the yield surface. Results of simulations of two model problems, namely, the gravity discharge of particles from a bin and the rise of a bubble in a fluidized bed, are presented. The simulations capture the height-independent rate of discharge of particles from the bin, the dilation of particle assembly near the exit orifice, the significant effect of the interstitial air on the discharge behavior of fine particles and the occurrence of pressure deficit above the orifice. However, the stagnant shoulder at the bottom corners of the bin is not captured; instead, one obtains a region of slow flow at the corners. The bubble rise example shows the significant effect of frictional stresses on the bubble shape. In both examples, a simplified version of the rheological model obtained by invoking a critical state hypothesis is found to be adequate.
Hunter Rouse’s Historical Writings and the History of Hydraulics Collection

Hunter Rouse is largely remembered for his seminal role in the development of hydraulic engineering and for his leadership of the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research IIHR, now IIHRHydroscience and Engineering , but his legacy is far broader. In his later years, Rouse became increasingly involved in studying the history of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. This interest led him to author two books, many articles, and give numerous lectures on the subject, and to accumulate an unusual collection of rare historic books. The collection holds over 500 volumes with publication dates spanning approximately 500 years. Housed at the University of Iowa, the collection remains a valuable resource for historical research. This forum article describes Rouse’s history-related research and writing and the History of Hydraulics Book Collection that he created.
A selection procedure based on ranks

Let there be givenK univariate continuous distributionsF 1,...,F k .F i is said to be (stochastically) larger thanF j (F i ≧F j ) ifF i (x)≦F j (x) for allx It is assumed that the given distributions are stochastically ordered, i.e., for each pair one of the distributions is larger than the other. We consider the problem of selecting the largest among the given distributions on the basis of a sample ofn observations taken from each distribution. LetR il denote the rank of thelth observation fromF i in the combined sample ofnK observations, and let $$R_i = \sum\limits_{l = 1}^n {R_{il} .} $$ LetS denote the procedure which selectsF i as the largest distribution ifR i =max (R j ), with ties broken by randomization. Certain asymtotic results (for largen) are given for the probability of a correct selection for the procedureS, for the special case, called the slippage configuration, in which one distribution is larger than (K−1) identical distributions. For the normal distributions, it is shown forK=3, that the slippage configulation minimizes the probability of a correct selection. A table is given showing the probability of a correct selection forS when the distributions are normal.
Spin Precession and Avalanches

In many magnetic materials, spin dynamics at short times are dominated by precessional motion as damping is relatively small. We describe how avalanches evolve under these conditions. The growth front is spread out over a large region and consists of rapidly fluctuating spins often above the ferromagnetic transition temperature. In the limit of no damping the system will transition to an ergodic state if the initial instability is large enough, but otherwise can die out. This dynamic nucleation phenomenon is analyzed theoretically and the implications for real materials are discussed.
Extending relativistic programming to multiple writers

For software to take advantage of modern multicore processors, it must be safely concurrent and it must scale. Many techniques that allow safe concurrency do so at the expense of scalability. Coarse grain locking allows multiple threads to access common data safely, but not at the same time. Non-Blocking Synchronization and Transactional Memory techniques optimistically allow concurrency, but only for disjoint accesses and only at a high performance cost. Relativistic programming is a technique that allows low overhead readers and joint access parallelism between readers and writers. Most of the work on relativistic programming has assumed a single writer at a time (or, in partitionable data structures, a single writer per partition), and single writer solutions cannot scale on the write side. This dissertation extends prior work on relativistic programming in the following ways: (1) It analyses the ordering requirements of lock-based and relativistic programs in order to clarify the differences in their correctness and performance characteristics, and to define precisely the behavior required of the relativistic programming primitives. (2) It shows how relativistic programming can be used to construct efficient, scalable algorithms for complex data structures whose update operations involve multiple writes to multiple nodes. (3) It shows how disjoint access parallelism can be supported for relativistic writers, using Software Transactional Memory, while still allowing low-overhead, linearly-scalable, relativistic reads.
Exploiting the redundancy in the immune system: vaccines can mediate protection by eliciting 'unnatural' immunity.

The fields of vaccinology and immunology have had a long-standing and complicated relationship. The view that vaccinology is a branch of immunology is more perception than reality. Vaccinology is older, practical, and often idiosyncratic, with its prime focus on the development of functional vaccines that protect a host against a particular microbe. Immunology is younger, conceptual, and strives to explain how a remarkably complex system recognizes and protects against internal and external threats without committing suicide. Vaccinology has been largely microbe-centered, clinically successful, and mostly empirical, whereas immunology has been largely host-centered, having struggled to translate its theoretical success and potential into clinical applicability. In this commentary, we examine the divide between vaccinology and immunology and put forth the view that vaccines often protect against infectious diseases by eliciting ‘unnatural’ immunity: immune responses that differ from and may even counteract those that arise during the development of natural immunity to
Comparison of point pattern analysis methods for classifying the spatial distributions of spruce-fir stands in the north-east USA

Summary The spatial distributions of tree locations in spruce-fi r forest stands in the north-east USA were explored by various methods of spatial point pattern analysis. The results indicated that the 13 nearest neighbour statistics were not reliable because of the assumption violations for independent distance measures and large sample size requirements. Three other methods (i.e. refi ned nearest neighbour functions, Ripley’s K-function and pair correlation function) seemed to capture the different aspects of the spatial patterns of these spruce-fi r stands. The edge effect correction was very important to obtain unbiased results for the spatial point pattern analysis. The toroidal edge correction proved to be simple and satisfactory in this study compared with other edge correction methods. The results indicated that 24 plots (48 per cent) were classifi ed as complete spatial random (CSR) point pattern, 17 (34 per cent) regular point pattern and 9 (18 per cent) clustered point pattern among the 50 plots. It was evident that the clustered plots were younger in age with much higher density and much smaller tree sizes than the CSR or regular plots. This classifi cation scheme can be used as the basis for other spatial studies such as spatial point process modelling.
Enhancing Organizational Research Utilization: The Role of Decision Makers' Assumptions

The limited use of organizational research for practical decision making is due in part to the differences in the assumptions made by organizational researchers in creating what they consider knowledge and organizational decision makers in using what they, in turn, call knowledge. The concept of "frames of reference" is proposed and developed as a basis for examining the differences between the assumptions made by decision makers and by researchers. Implications for the utilization of organizational research are discussed.
Dynamical System approach to insider threat detection

Insider attacks have the potential to inflict severe damage to an organizations reputation, intellectual property and financial assets. The primary difference between the external intrusions and the insider intrusions is that an insider wields power of knowledge about the information system resources, their environment, policies. We present an approach to detecting abnormal behavior of an insider by applying Dynamical System Theory to the insiders computer usage pattern. This is because abnormal system usage pattern is one of the necessary precursors to actual execution of an attack. A base profile of system usage pattern for an insider is created via applying dynamical system theory measures. A continuous monitoring of the insiders system usage and its comparison with this base profile is performed to identify considerable deviations. A sample system usage in terms of application system calls is collected, analyzed, and graphical results of the analysis are presented. Our results indicate that dynamical system theory has the potential of detecting suspicious insider behavior occurring prior to the actual attack execution.
Identification of Culex (Melanoconion) Species of the United States Using Female Cibarial Armature (Diptera: Culicidae)

Species within the subgenus Culex (Melanoconion) Theobald are the primary enzootic vectors of viruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex including Everglades virus, and probable enzootic vectors of eastern equine encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Adult females of this subgenus are often difficult or impossible to identify to species based on external morphological characters. The use of female cibarial armature allows for the identification of field-collected adult female specimens of Culex (Melanoconion). The cibarial armatures are described and illustrated for all species from the United States and a key to species using this character is presented.
Elaboration and learning in childhood and adolescence.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights both strengths and weaknesses of the elaboration hypothesis that accounts for behavior in learning and memory tasks. The device of classifying experimental manipulations in terms of the explicitness of elaborative prompts is useful for organizing and comparing the results of a number of investigations that are otherwise very heterogeneous. The classification scheme has also been helpful in dramatizing (a) the shift in the efficacy of explicit prompts during the childhood period; (b) the marked increase in the effectiveness of minimal prompts across the period of adolescence; and (c) the wide generality of the pattern of prompt effects during childhood in contrast to the population-specific character of the pattern during adolescence. Much additional verification, however, is needed for the assertion that the early childhood shift relates to the development of conceptual capacity, while the adolescent shift pertains to the development of an enduring propensity. A final feature of the elaboration hypothesis may be the most important: it emphasizes the research task of isolating external conditions necessary to activate a single underlying process rather than raising the issue of the modality of underlying processes.
Training Restricted Boltzmann Machines with overlapping partitions

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) are energy-based models that are successfully used as generative learning models as well as crucial components of Deep Belief Networks (DBN). The most successful training method to date for RBMs is the Contrastive Divergence method. However, Contrastive Divergence is inefficient when the number of features is very high and the mixing rate of the Gibbs chain is slow. We propose a new training method that partitions a single RBM into multiple overlapping small RBMs. The final RBM is learned by layers of partitions. We show that this method is not only fast, it is also more accurate in terms of its generative power.
Legal Monopoly: Patenting and Federal Antitrust Litigation in U.S. Manufacturing, 1970-1998

Industrial policy in the United States is shaped by a number of factors, including federal and state statutes, the courts, private litigation, and activities by the federal antitrust agencies. Increased attention has been paid to the intersection of antitrust and intellectual property laws in areas such as research joint ventures, and maintaining global competition. I find that in the past decade the fraction of antitrust cases that relate to patents and innovation has increased significantly. The paper presents an empirical analysis of antitrust enforcement by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. A logit model is used to estimate the marginal contribution of firm-specific attributes to the relative odds of prosecution by the federal antitrust agencies. The results suggest that the likelihood of antitrust litigation increases with firm size and with patent ownership; smaller firms with more rapid sales growth are also more likely to be charged with antitrust violations.
Torsional Influences within Disordered Organic Electronic Materials Based upon Non-Benzenoid 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Rings

Conjugated polymers and small molecules containing the nonplanar aromatic 1,6-methano[10]annulene were synthesized in an effort to understand how torsional differences between planar and nonplanar π-electron components influence the electronic properties of π-conjugated materials. The polymers and small molecule model systems contain commonly employed aromatic subunits such as thiophene, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, leading to electron donor and donor–acceptor polymers. The curved geometry of 1,6-methano[10]annulene can lead to reduced local torsional strain in semiconducting polymers relative to large planar aromatics, potentially increasing intrapolymer conjugation. The relative amount of effective conjugation length increase granted by the annulene in each system of regioisomers was interrogated through the use of UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy and electrochemistry, and it was found that 1,6-methano[10]annulene relieves some torsional strain associated with solubilizing ...
Professional School Counselors and African American Males: Using School/Community Collaboration to Enhance Academic Performance

Professional school counselors can play an instrumental role in the academic development of students with whom they interact. To empower professional school counselors in promoting improved academic performance the American School Counseling Association (ASCA, 2003) revised its national model. Now more than ever, professional school counselors are expected to advocate on behalf of all students to facilitate their optimal academic development. One student demographic in particular—African American males—has experienced chronic academic difficulties. In the position of advocate, professional school counselors can promote improved academic performance in African American adolescent males through school/community collaboration. This article will include suggestions for professional school counselors to become more effective advocates capable of establishing collaborative relationships that facilitate academic achievement for African American male students.
Natural wood-consumption rates and survival of a dry-wood and a subterranean termite at constant temperatures.

Groups of 2 species of termites, Paraneotermes swiplicicornis (Banks) and Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), were separately confined on each of 3 or 4 wood species for 28 days at constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 36°C. Wood consumption was measured in milligrams wood consumed per group per 28 days and milligrams wood consumed per hour per gram dry-weight of termite. P. simplicicornis groups consumed more wood at all temperatures than did those of H. aureus . Wood consumption was highest at 28°C for P. simplicicornis , and at 36°C for H. aureus . Survival of P. simplicicornis decreased with increasing temperature, while it increased for H. aureus . When corrected for survival, consumption measured as milligrams wood consumed per hour per gram dry-weight of termite, for both species, gave a quadratic regression with temperature within the range of 16-36°C. The order of increasing or decreasing consumption of wood species, for either termite, varies with the method of measurement. Hourly rates of wood consumption based on unit dry-weights of termite, and expressed as a function of temperature, provide realistic expressions needed in computer models for the longterm prediction of wood removal from an ecosystem, as well as an absolute basis for interspecific comparisons.
Growth and development of Dipodomys stephensi.

The growth and development of 16 young from six litters of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys stephensi , are described in detail from birth to 63 days. This is the first detailed study of growth and development for kangaroo rats adapted to semiarid rather than arid habitats. Increase in dimensions is analyzed through measurements of absolute size, percent of adult size, and instantaneous growth rates at various ages. For D. stephensi , the percentages of adult dimensions attained by 63 days of age are: tail, 86.7%; body, 90.3%; hind foot, 96.3%; ear, 96.1%; vibrissae, 92%; cheek pouch, near 100%; weight, 70.1%. Growth data for D. stephensi are compared briefly with previously published data for D. merriami and D. deserti , two species highly adapted to the extremely hot, arid southwestern deserts. In general, growth rates of stephensi are intermediate between those of deserti and merriami , with the last the most precocious in development. The practice of recognizing straight-line phases of development within which the instantaneous growth rate remains constant is discussed, with the conclusion that growth rates are more conveniently described by smooth curves constructed from instantaneous growth-rate values computed for short-time intervals.
TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH HEMOGLOBIN A1C IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES

Insulin resistance is associated with elevated triglycerides (TG), and persons with type-2 diabetes are insulin resistant. However, it is unknown what level of glycemia that causes an increase in TG. Thus, we sought to determine the quantitative relationship between hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and TG.
The Study on the Forecast Capability of System Dynamics Model of Hubbert Curve:Based on the Data of American Oil Production

Research method of Hubbert curve has become a current focus in the field of energy supply.The Hubbert curve based on the System Dynamics(SD) establishes a dynamic stimulated platform to discuss the Chinese oil production peak,but its forecast ability has not been tested yet.According to the classic Hubbert curve,the American oil data(from 48 states) before 1960 is adapted in the SD model to forecast American annual oil production,and to compare the corresponding forecast results with ones from classic model and actual production.The tests of the forecast capability for SD model of Hubbert curve are carried out by calculating the linear regression and sum of squares for results in low and standard scenarios.The conclusions show that the forecast results is sensitive to the ultimate reserves,and that the SD model of Hubbert curve can provide more robust forecast results when the selected amount of ultimate reserves is proper.
Study on the foaming behavior of foaming agent and its influencing factors

The foaming behavior of the foam compound system and the stability of the foam are evaluated by static experiments.The effects of the type and structure of surfactants,the molecular mass of polymer,the concentration of alkaline,the salinity of formation water,experimental temperature and the property of crude oil on the foaming behavior of the compound system are studied by using thin glass tube measuring method and the empirical formula for calculating the foaming ability of foaming agents.It is shown that,in foam compound oil-displacement,there are the reasonable concentrations of surfactant,alkaline and polymer;the foaming ability of the foam compound system decreases with the increases of the formation water salinity,the experimental temperature and the light component content in the crude oil;among different types of surfactants,the foaming behavior of sulfates surfactants is the best,that of straight-chain sulfonates surfactants is secondary,to the same type of surfactants,the longer the carbon chain of the surfactant,the better the foaming behavior of it,but the foaming behavior will become worse when the carbon chain reaches to certain length.
Remake Television: Reboot, Re‐use, Recycle Carlen Lavigne, Editor. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014.

Remake Television: Reboot, Re-use, Recycle Carlen Lavigne, Editor. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014.It seems that anthologies of essays based on hot topics in popular culture will continue to be churned out like so many Fast & Furious sequels-short, limited affairs of ten to twelve essays linked by a common topic such as the "Philosophy of Star Wars." This should be the case with Remake Television: Reboot, Re-use, Recycle, edited by Carlen Lavigne, but the chosen programs run the gamut from the known to the obscure, making entry for the novice or infrequent viewer difficult-if not impossible.The television landscape is filled with shows that are remakes or reboots-so Lavigne's job should be easy: find new perceptions of remade popular programs (.Hawaii Five-O, Battlestar Galactico), add some articles about shows that continually reboot {Dr. Who), and toss in a few dead ends {Charlie's Angels), and voila, you're done. However, Lavigne departs from this, adding articles about programs that don't fit the traditional definitions of "remake" or "reboot" and are more in line with the "re-use" and "recycle" of the text's title.Take William Proctor's well-written essay on The Walking Dead, for example. Proctor acknowledges that the show is an "adaptation," yet he tries to tie it to a "remake." Such semantic words mithing is disappointing to readers who are looking forward to the book title's promise and is downright insulting when Proctor argues that the first adaptation of the comic book The Walking Dead is a remake of all previous (and unrelated) zombie efforts in what he describes as a "Zombie Renaissance" (13).Then, Steven Gil examines what is a "remake or adaptation" by promising to explore The X-Files but then spends four pages exploring the looseness of terminology before finally examining a program that was considered an original premise. This allows Gil to argue that The X-Files fits into the remake category because the show was a mixture of The Twilight Zone and Kolchak: The Night Stalker with the FBI agents added for continuity, noting that the latter show inspired Chris Carter's stunt casting of Darren McGavin.Next, Ryan Lizardi explores nostalgia, which, understandably, is at the heart of remakes. Rather than examine how nostalgia helps lure a pre-existing audience to a remake, he explores how the cable channel Discovery Family Channel, which was previously called The Hub, programmed remakes of "classic" 1980's cartoons such as Transformers and My Little Pony with no discussion of these remakes. …
In defence of high-speed memory scanning.

This paper reviews some of the evidence that bears on the existence of a mental high-speed serial exhaustive scanning process (SES) used by humans to interrogate the active memory of a set of items to determine whether it contains a test item. First proposed in the 1960s, based on patterns of reaction times (RTs), numerous later studies supported, elaborated, extended, and limited the generality of SES, while critics claimed that SES never occurred, that predictions from SES were violated, and that other mechanisms produced the RT patterns that led to the idea. I show that some of these claims result from ignoring variations in experimental procedure that produce superficially similar but quantitatively different RT patterns and that, for the original procedures, the most frequently repeated claims that predictions are violated are false. I also discuss evidence against the generality of competing theories of active-memory interrogation, especially those that depend on discrimination of directly accessibl...
Substituent Effects on the Absorption and Fluorescence Properties of Anthracene

Substitution can be used to efficiently tune the photophysical properties of chromophores. In this study, we examine the effect of substituents on the absorption and fluorescence properties of anthracene. The effects of mono-, di-, and tetrasubstitution of electron-donating and -withdrawing functional groups were explored. In addition, the influence of a donor–acceptor substituent pair and the position of substitution were investigated. Eleven functional groups were varied on positions 1, 2, and 9 of anthracene, and on position 6 of 2-methoxyanthracene and 2-carboxyanthracene. Moreover, the donor–acceptor pair NH2/CO2H was added on different positions of anthracene for additional studies of doubly substituted anthracenes. Finally, we looked into quadruple substitutions on positions 1,4,5,8 and 2,3,6,7. Vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths were computed using density functional theory with the hybrid CAM-B3LYP functional and 6-311G(d) basis set. Correlations between the excitation energies...
Numerical Methods for Assessing Response Metrics

Due to the high expense associated with evaluating high-fidelity models of nonlinear systems, reduced order models (ROMs) are typically used. One consequence of this, however, is that the quality of the ROM must be assessed. When evaluating the quality of a ROM, it is common to compare the time response of the model to that of the full order system, but the time response is a complicated function that depends on a predetermined set of initial conditions or external force. This is difficult to use as a metric to measure convergence of a ROM, particularly for systems with strong, non-smooth nonlinearities, for two reasons: first, the accuracy of the response depends directly on the amplitude of the load/initial conditions, and second, small differences between two signals can become large over time. Here, a validation metric is proposed that is based solely on the ROM’s equations of motion. The nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of the ROMs are computed and tracked as modes are added to the basis set. The NNMs are expected to converge to the true NNMs of the full order system with a sufficient set of basis vectors. This comparison captures the effect of the nonlinearity through a range of amplitudes of the system and is akin to comparing natural frequencies and mode shapes for a linear structure. In this chapter, the convergence metric is evaluated on a simply supported beam with a contacting nonlinearity modeled as a unilateral piecewise-linear function. Various time responses are compared to show that the NNMs provide a good measure of the accuracy of the ROM. The results suggest the feasibility of using NNMs as a convergence metric for reduced order modeling of systems with various types of nonlinearities.
Interstate Speed Profiles

This paper draws the first set of high-level, national speed profiles for the entire Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Interstate system) in the United States...