cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HLA-B27 Misfolding and Spondyloarthropathies

HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many spondyloarthropathies and in particular ankylosing spondylitis. The observation that the HLA-B27 heavy chain has a tendency to misfold has raised the possibility that associated diseases may belong in a rapidly expanding category of protein misfolding disorders. The synthesis of the HLA-B27 heavy chain, assembly with β2 and the loading of peptide cargo, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before transport to the cell surface. The evidence indicates that misfolding occurs in the ER prior to b2m association and peptide optimization and is manifested in the formation of aberrant inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds and accumulation of heavy chain bound to the chaperone BiP. Enhanced accumulation of misfolded heavy chains during the induction of class I expression by cytokines, can cause ER stress resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Effects of UPR activation on cytokine production are beginning to emerge and may provide important missing links between HLA-B27 misfolding and spondyloarthritis. In this chapter we will review what has been learned about HLA-B27 misfolding in human cells and in the transgenic rat model of spondyloarthritis-like disease, considering it in the context of other protein misfolding disorders. These studies provide a framework to support much needed translational work assessing HLA-B27 misfolding and UPR activation in patient-derived material, its consequences for disease pathogenesis and ultimately how and where to focus intervention strategies.
Do risk factors matter in the IPO valuation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether all of the risk factors were priced during the internet bubble period.Design/methodology/approach – A unique hand collected dataset was used from public prospectuses for companies that issued an initial public offering during the internet bubble period. Three hypotheses were proposed: the risk factors mentioned in the prospectus are important for IPO trading and therefore affect IPO underpricing; risk factors affect the IPO deal attributes; and the number of risk factors cited by the issuing firm is affected by direct participants such as venture capitalists and investment bankers.Findings – It was found that hi‐tech dummy played a significant role during the bubble period. Moreover, not all risk factors are regarded important, some of them are not significant at all as predicted by first hypothesis. The most striking observation is the negative economic significance of the risk factor no prior market for the traded stock. This reveals that, tr...
Synthesis and Reactions of 3‐Oxobutyl Isothiocyanate (OB ITC)

In this review an attempt has been made to compile all the existing comprehensive literature for the synthesis of 3-oxobutyl isothiocyanate (OB ITC), also known as 4-isothiocyanato-2-butanone, and its reactions with compounds possessing different functional groups, such as amines, diamines, amino alcohols, amino thiols, amino phenols, amino thiophenols, and amino acids. The peculiar behavior of OB ITC is due to its sensitivity towards acids, different products being obtained when the reaction is performed in the absence and in the presence of an acid. The pH of the reaction conditions also plays an important role. Normally, OB ITC gives thiourea derivatives when treated with amines, but reactions become interesting with compounds possessing an amino group together with another functional group (NH2, OH, SH, COOH) in the ortho position, providing condensed bicyclic or tricyclic heterocycles of biological importance, with ring nitrogen and/or sulfur. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Quadratic enhancements of surfaces: two vanishing results

This paper records two results which were inexplicably omitted from the paper on Pin structures on low dimensional manifolds in the LMS Lecture Note Series, volume 151, by Kirby and this author. Kirby declined to be listed as a coauthor of this paper. A Pin - -structure on a surface X induces a quadratic enhancement of the mod 2 intersection form, q: H 1 (X;Z/2Z) → Z/4Z. Theorem 1.1 says that q vanishes on the kernel of the map in homology to a bounding 3-manifold. This is used by Kreck and Puppe in their paper in Homology, Homotopy and Applications, volume 10. The arXiv version, arXiv:0707.1599 [math.AT], referred to an email from the author to Kreck for the proof. A more polished and public proof seems desirable. In Section 6 of the paper with Kirby, a Pin--structure is constructed on a surface X dual to ω 2 in an oriented 4-manifold, M 4 . Theorem 2.1 says that q vanishes on the Poincare dual to the image of H 1 (M; Z/2Z) in H 1 (X; Z/2Z).
Why is a nucleon bound

Abstract In the style of a popular article, we discuss models of hadronic structure and their relation to models of the QCD vacuum and lattice simulations. Borrowing two main characters from G. Gamow, Mr. Thompson and the Professor, we make a journey in QCD vacuum. Instanton-generated interaction between quarks appears to be the major player, it alone creates the quark condensate, constituent quark masses and their bound states with properties very close to those observed. Direct removal of perturbative and confining forces (possible on the lattice by “cooling”) results in a very small modification of hadrons.
Finite Element Analysis on Soft-Pad Grinding of Wire-Sawn Silicon Wafers

Silicon is the primary semiconductor material used to fabricate microchips. The quality of microchips depends directly on the quality of starting silicon wafers. A series of processes are required to manufacture high quality silicon wafers. Surface grinding is one of the processes used to flatten the wire-sawn wafers. A major issue in grinding of wire-sawn wafers is the reduction and elimination of wire-sawing induced waviness. Several approaches (namely, combination of grinding and lapping, reduced chuck vacuum, soft-pad, and wax mounting) have been proposed to address this issue. The results of finite element analysis modeling of these approaches have shown that soft-pad grinding is the most promising approach since it is very effective in reducing the waviness and very easy to be adopted to conventional grinding environment. This paper presents a study of finite element analysis on soft-pad grinding of wire-sawn silicon wafers, covering the mechanisms of waviness reduction and the effects of pad material properties.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Propagation of a flame through a stratified charge combustion chamber

Abstract Flame propagation through stratified media is examined with a numerical model of chemically reactive flow in combustion systems. The model includes a detailed reaction mechanism for methane combustion and an implicit Eulerian difference equation form for the hydrodynamics. Calculations of flames propagating through spatially uniform and stratified media are compared. Results are presented which indicate that hydrodynamic factors can have a significant effect on the energy production rates, pressure rise rates, and unburned fuel concentrations for all models. For the stratified charge models it was found that CO and NOx production rates were significantly lower than for uniform charge models. Significant amounts of unburned fuel are found near the combustion chamber wall, even in some of the stratified charge models, so that reaction quenching at the wall may be important even in the stratified charge cases. Calculations are presented which predict improvements in fuel efficiency and decreases in pollutant formation, resulting from changes in fuel stratification and compression ratio.
Viscosity of liquid ferric sulfate solutions and application to the formation of gullies on Mars

[1] We studied the viscosity of ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 solutions as a model for low-temperature liquids on the surface of Mars and their implication in the formation of gullies. Viscosity varies with temperature and concentration, ranging from 7.0 × 10−3 Pa s for 38.8 wt % at 285.15 K to 4.6 Pa s for 58.2 wt % at 260.15 K. Using the experimental results, we built a semiempirical equation of viscosity as a function of temperature and salt concentration, which was combined with a numerical model to estimate the effect of these solutions on the formation of gullies. Calculated fluid velocities ranged from 0.5 to 14 m s−1, in accordance with estimates from image analyses. Turbulent flow occurs in the majority of the conditions and is characterized by a constant velocity (∼8.5 m s−1). At very low temperature and high concentration, the laminar regime shows reduced velocities (down to ∼0.5 m s−1). In between, a transitional regime presents high velocities, up to 14 m s−1. Using the velocities, we determined the size threshold for boulders to be moved by the liquid flow. Depending on the regime, boulders of diameter inferior to 3 m (turbulent), 4 m (transition), and down to 0.5 m (laminar) are displaced. Since laminar flow occurs only in an extremely limited range of conditions, for low temperatures (<240 K) and supersaturated solutions, the abundance of small boulders (∼0.5 m) in gully channels requires lower velocities and higher viscosities than ferric sulfate solution or any other water-based liquid can reach. This suggests an important participation of debris mixed with the liquid phase.
MULTIPLIER SEQUENCES FOR SIMPLE SETS OF POLYNOMIALS

We give a new characterization of simple sets of polynomials B with the property that the set of B-multiplier sequences contains all Q-multiplier sequences for every simple set Q. We characterize sequences of real numbers which are multiplier sequences for every simple set Q, and obtain some results toward the partitioning of the set of classical multiplier sequences.
Hard debt, soft CEOs, and union rents

Purpose – This paper aims to derive insights about optimal managerial compensation and firm capital structure in unionized firms.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses applied game theory to address problems of CEO motivation in companies with unionized workforces.Findings – Managers can use high levels of debt and costly bankruptcy to win wage concessions from workers. Alternatively, workers can obstruct management in the detection of poor work. CEO compensation that encourages rent sharing may reduce union hostility and associated deadweight losses. Shareholder value may be maximized by CEO incentive contracts with limited upsides, lower levels of pay, and some entrenchment protections.Originality/value – This is the only study to use applied game theory to look at how CEO pay and capital structure affects the productivity of a unionized workforce.
Applying evolutionary game theory to auction mechanism design

We describe an evolution-based method for evaluating auction mechanisms, and apply it to a space of mechanisms including the standard first-price and second-price sealed bid auctions. We replicate results known already in the auction theory literature regarding the suitability of different mechanisms for different bidder environments, and extend the literature by establishing the superiority of novel mechanisms over standard mechanisms, for commonly occurring scenarios. Thus this paper simultaneously extends auction theory, and provides a systematic method for further such extensions.
An explanation for the α-peak in hydrogenated niobium*

Abstract Recent experiments have shown that nucleation and growth of niobium hydrides at the α/α+β solvus is indicated by the growth of an internal friction maximum ( α -peak). This internal friction maximum has a height proportional to the hydrogen concentration; its position shifts progressively to higher temperatures with increasing hydrogen concentration, and its activation energy is about 0·27 eV. an acoustical loss mechanism which seems to account for this internal friction maximum is discussed in this paper. This mechanism is based upon the thermal generation of kinks on punched-out dislocation; its application to this problem is suggested by two observations. They are: o 1. Punched-out dislocation loops surround the hydride precipitate, and 2. The maximum is characterized by the same activation energy as the α -peak in slightly deformed pure niobium. A semi-quantitative calculation based on this mechanism yields the observed increase in peak magnitude and the temperature shift of the peak with increasing hydrogen concentration. It is shown that a consistent set of dislocation parameters (the density and the loop length) is obtained.
A q-Identity Related to a Comodule

We give a direct combinatorial proof that a certain n-dimensional algebra A is a comodule algebra over the Taft Hopf algebra of dimension n 2.
The Intraday Relation between NYSE and CBOE Prices

I extend the literature regarding price discovery across stock and option markets through an empirical model that allows information to flow through an error-correction term and volatility. NYSE prices tend to lead CBOE prices by at least thirty minutes over the entire six-year sample period. In addition, informed trading in the options market is revealed more strongly through persistence in volatility and the spillover of volatility to the stock market than it is through returns.
Activated microglial cells migrate towards sites of excitotoxic neuronal injury inside organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

The aim of this study was to analyse microglial reactions to excitotoxic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced degeneration of rat dentate and hippocampal neurons in vitro. We used a migration model combining the techniques of microglial single cell culture and organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC). Site-specific oxidative damage in OHSCs was induced by pretreatment with 50 microM NMDA. Neuronal injury determined by propidium iodide (PI) uptake included the hippocampal cell layers of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the cornu ammonis (CA). Fluorescence-prelabelled microglial cells with ameboid morphology were transferred onto the OHSC and migrated predominantly to the prelesioned cell layers of DG and CA when compared with unlesioned areas of the OHSC. In NMDA pretreated slices, microglial cells clustered around degenerating granule cells in the DG and pyramidal cells in the CA. This effect was significantly inhibited in unlesioned slice cultures and in NMDA-exposed cultures that were pretreated with the NMDA-antagonist MK-801. Our observations suggest that microglia -- attracted by the presence of stimuli provided by NMDA-induced neuronal death -- migrate specifically towards these lesioned neurons.
Synthesis of Cyclic N -nitrourethanes by the Simultaneous Oxidative Desulfurization and Nitration of Cyclic Thiourethanes

The reaction of five- and six-membered cyclic thiourethanes with acetyl nitrate results in a vigorous reaction that generates copious amounts of red–brown nitrogen oxide fumes and produces the corresponding cyclic N-nitrourethanes in high yields (>95%). The overall yield of the cyclic N-nitrourethanes starting from an aminoalcohol using the “thiourethane” route is superior to the conventional route going through the cyclic urethane. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Weak-field thermal hall conductivity in the mixed state of d-wave superconductors.

Thermal transport in the mixed state of a $d$-wave superconductor is considered within the weak-field regime. We express the thermal conductivity, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xx}$, and the thermal Hall conductivity, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$, in terms of the cross section for quasiparticle scattering from a single vortex. Solving for the cross section (neglecting the Berry phase contribution and the anisotropy of the gap nodes), we obtain ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xx}(H,T)$ and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}(H,T)$ in surprisingly good agreement with the qualitative features of the experimental results for ${\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.99}$. In particular, we show that the simple, yet previously unexpected, weak-field behavior, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}(H,T)\ensuremath{\sim}T\sqrt{H}$, is that of thermally excited nodal quasiparticles, scattering primarily from impurities, with a small skew component provided by vortex scattering.
Airborne measurements of Space Shuttle exhaust constituents

Airborne measurements of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and particulates made during penetrations into and flights under Space Shuttle exhaust clouds from launches STS-1, -2, and -5 are presented to permit comparison with dispersion model predictions for Space Shuttle exhaust clouds, and with previous measurements made in Titan III exhaust clouds. Analytical techniques employed for the Shuttle measurements were developed and refined during earlier Titan III exhaust cloud measurements and include the measurements of particulate concentrations, size distributions, and the partitioning of HCl between the gaseous and aerosol phases. The results are useful in understanding the dynamics of ground cloud development, atmospheric dispersion, and potential environmental effects of Shuttle effluents.
Practical Considerations in Kinetic Resolution Reactions

This review provides a critical analysis of catalytic kinetic resolution reactions from a practical perspective, asking the question of when, if ever, is kinetic resolution the best option for the synthesis of an optically active target. A series of crucial conditions are identified, and it is postulated that if all of them are met, then indeed kinetic resolution can be highly practical. A variety of catalytic kinetic resolution processes are evaluated in the context of these criteria, with particular emphasis on catalyst availability, substrate scope, availability of the racemic substrate and of alternative methods for accessing enantiopure substrate or product, and key experimental considerations. It is found that several catalytic systems have been developed that offer almost unbeatable methods for the preparation of useful chiral building blocks.
Pin++: an object-oriented framework for writing pintools

This paper presents a framework named Pin++. Pin++ is an object-oriented framework that uses template metaprogramming to implement Pintools, which are analysis tools for the dynamic binary instrumentation tool named Pin. The goal of Pin++ is to simplify programming a Pintool and promote reuse of its components across different Pintools. Our results show that Pintools implemented using Pin++ can have a 54% reduction in complexity, increase its modularity, and up to 60% reduction in instrumentation overhead.
Spatially Resolved Chandra Imaging Spectroscopy of the Classical/Weak-Lined T Tauri System V710 Tau

We present spatially resolved X-ray observations of the binary T Tauri star system V710 Tau. Using Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS), we imaged this 3.2'' separation binary system, consisting of a classical T Tauri star, V710 Tau N, and a weak-lined T Tauri star, V710 Tau S. The Chandra ACIS-S3 images—obtained in two 9 ks exposures separated by about 3 months (2004 December and 2005 April)—cleanly resolve the V710 Tau binary, demonstrating that both stars emit X-rays, and thereby enabling the first spectral/temporal study of the individual components of this mixed (classical and weak-lined) T Tauri star binary system. The northern component, V710 Tau N, appears to have been in a flaring state during the first (2004 December) exposure. During this flare event, the X-ray flux of the classical T Tauri star hardened significantly. Single-component plasma models with plasma temperatures in the range kTX ~ 0.7–1.1 keV are adequate to fit the observed X-ray spectra of V710 Tau S in 2004 December and both stars in 2005 April. The 2004 December flare-state observation of V710 Tau N requires a higher temperature plasma component (kTX ~ 2.5–3.0 keV) in addition to the soft component (kTX ~ 0.5 keV), and is better fit by a model that includes a slightly enhanced Ne/Fe abundance ratio. These results are generally consistent with statistical contrasts between the X-ray emission properties of classical (rapidly accreting) versus weak-lined (weakly accreting or nonaccreting) T Tauri stars.
The Effects of the Asian Crisis on Global Equity Markets

We investigate the comovement of daily returns from 13 Asian and non-Asian markets before and after the advent of the Asian crisis in July 1997. For individual pairs of markets, our analysis shows a seven-fold increase in feedback relations. For the markets as a group, we find a reduction in the number of common factors that generate returns. Since the post-crisis period included the collapse of the Russian market and attack on the Brazilian real, we also analyze six three-month subperiods surrounding the crisis. We find that the perceived increase in comovement during the post-crisis interval was the result of subperiod transitory shocks.
Discovery of β-LnNiSb3 (Ln = La, Ce): Crystal Growth, Structure, and Magnetic and Transport Behavior

A new polymorph of CeNiSb3 has been grown from a Sn flux and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. beta-CeNiSb3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcm (No. 57) with Z = 8. The unit cell parameters are a = 12.9170(2) A, b = 6.1210(5) A, c = 12.0930(6) A, and V = 956.13(9) A3. Its layered structure contains structural motifs similar to that of the first form of CeNiSb3 and consists of Ce atoms inserted between anionic layers of nearly square infinity2[Sb] nets and distorted infinity2[NiSb2] octahedra. We report the synthesis, magnetization, electrical resistivity, and specific heat of the new form of CeNiSb3 and compare the structures and physical properties of both polymorphs.
Development of more labile low electron count Co(I) sources: mild, catalytic functionalization of activated alkanes using a [(Cp*Co)2-μ-(η4:η4-arene)] complex.

Catalytic transfer dehydrogenation of silyl protected amines, requiring sp3 C–H bond activation, is mediated by a bridging arene complex of the type [(Cp*Co)2-μ-(η4:η4-arene)] under mild conditions. Mechanistic and qualitative rate studies establish the compound as a more reactive Co(I) source when compared to other known Cp*Co(I) complexes.
A highly convergent preparation of phosphonyloxyacylamino acids

Abstract A very simple, mild and efficient method for the preparation of phosphonyloxyacylamino acids from readily available starting materials is described.
Material considerations in the STEREO solar array design

Abstract Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO), the third mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes program, launched aboard a single Delta II 7925 launch vehicle on October 25, 2006 from Cape Canaveral. This two-year mission employs two nearly-identical, space-based observatories, one ahead of the Earth in its orbit, and the other trailing behind, to provide the first stereoscopic measurements of the sun and its coronal mass ejections, or CMEs. The STEREO observatories utilize four sets of solar arrays, each of which experienced a two-stage deployment on-orbit. This paper illustrates material considerations in the solar array subsystem design. It first focuses on the solar array substrate, considering material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) concerns when choosing a substrate laminate to which the solar cells will adhere. It then explores a similar issue when choosing a substrate insert material. Next, the focus shifts to material considerations in the solar array hinge design. This design was driven not just by function, but by a host of different material considerations, ranging from mass savings to fabrication time and cost.
Geometrical hyperbolic systems for general relativity and gauge theories

The evolution equations of Einstein's theory and of Maxwell's theory - the latter used as a simple model to illustrate the former - are written in gauge-covariant first-order symmetric hyperbolic form with only physically natural characteristic directions and speeds for the dynamical variables. Quantities representing gauge degrees of freedom (the spatial shift vector βi(t, xj) and the spatial scalar potential (t, xj), respectively) are not among the dynamical variables: the gauge and the physical quantities in the evolution equations are effectively decoupled. For example, the gauge quantities could be obtained as functions of (t, xj) from subsidiary equations that are not part of the evolution equations. Propagation of certain (`radiative') dynamical variables along the physical light cone is gauge invariant while the remaining dynamical variables are dragged along the axes orthogonal to the spacelike time slices by the propagating variables. We obtain these results by (i) taking a further time derivative of the equation of motion of the canonical momentum, and (ii) adding a covariant spatial derivative of the momentum constraints of general relativity (Lagrange multiplier βi) or of the Gauss law constraint of electromagnetism (Lagrange multiplier Φ). General relativity also requires a harmonic time-slicing condition or a specific generalization of it that brings in the Hamiltonian constraint when we pass to first-order symmetric form. The dynamically propagating gravity fields straightforwardly determine the `electric' or `tidal' parts of the Riemann tensor.
Consistent Aggregation of Linear Complementarity Problems

Aggregating linear complementarity problems under a general definition of constrained consistency leads to the possibility of consistent aggregation of linear and quadratic programming models and bimatrix games. Under this formulation, consistent aggregation of dual variables is also achieved. Furthermore, the existence of multiple sets of aggregation operators is discussed and illustrated with a numerical example. Constrained consistency can also be interpreted as a disaggregation rule. This aspect of the problem may be important for implementing macro (economic) policies by means of micro (economic) agents.
Many lives in many worlds

Accepting quantum physics to be universally true, argues Max Tegmark, means that you should also believe in parallel universes. Yes, this is Nature. The cover art, by David Parkins, salutes a big year for quantum physics: 50 years ago, Hugh Everett III proposed what came to be known as the 'many worlds' hypothesis. He took quantum physics at face value, and imagined what it really meant. He aimed to resolve the paradoxes of quantum theory by allowing every possible outcome to every event to exist in its own world. In a News Feature, Mark Buchanan reports on modern reactions to the 'many worlds' idea. Although too bizarre for most physicists of the 1950s, many worlds theory now has its followers, including Max Tegmark, who laments in a Commentary that Everett's original paper is not as widely read as it should be. Tegmark also explains why he believes in parallel universes which, as Gary Wolfe illustrates in Books & Arts, are of course meat and drink to science fiction writers. Life sciences also have their place in this fiction-inspired issue and the whole is brought together in an Editorial.
Redesigning the Negotiation Process at the WTO

The negotiation structure at the World Trade Organization (WTO) primarily relies on the single undertaking, an all or nothing approach that typically precludes separate agreements among some of the parties or on some of the agenda items. This article argues for a re-examination of the value of the single undertaking, particularly with reference to developing country Members. With respect to the substantive negotiations, ‘linkage’ (the inter-dependent regulation of trade and other fields that are deemed to have an impact on trade) has been a powerful principle for the expansion of WTO regulation and the single undertaking has, so far, served as the vector to implement linkage. As a counterpoint, this article argues that linkage can—and should be—decoupled from negotiation design, particularly from the unquestioned and systematic recourse to the single undertaking. The article offers avenues for redesigning negotiations beyond the old dichotomy of the single undertaking versus ‘a `-la-carte’ approaches. It proposes alternative negotiation structures that take into account the practical realities of many WTO Members with limited institutional capacity as well as the desirability for some Members to liberalize trade at a faster pace.
Colored dissolved organic matter and its influence on the satellite-based characterization of the ocean biosphere

[1] Satellite ocean color data enable the global assessment of the ocean biosphere through determinations of chlorophyll concentrations. However, ocean color is not a function of chlorophyll alone. We assess differences between two ocean color models with nearly identical validation statistics. The resulting chlorophyll retrievals show systematic differences which are consistent with each model’s ability to account for the absorption of light by colored dissolved organic materials. These differences are often large and approach 100% poleward of 40� latitude. We conclude that the discrepancies are due to fundamental differences in model assumptions and their empirical tuning using geographically limited, in situ data. This source of uncertainty is important as the choice of ocean color model alters modeled rates of global net primary production by more than 30%. The ultimate resolution of this issue requires continued improvements in remote sensing algorithms and validation data as well as satellite technology. Citation: Siegel, D. A., S. Maritorena, N. B. Nelson, M. J. Behrenfeld, and C. R. McClain (2005), Colored dissolved organic matter and its influence on the satellite-based characterization of the ocean biosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20605, doi:10.1029/2005GL024310.
Design of selective surfaces for solar energy collection

Abstract 3umerical calculations have been done to determine α THS , the total hemispherical solar absorptivity, and e TH , the total hemispherical emissivity in the infrared, of selective surfaces composed of a dielectric film on a metal substrate. The selectivity of the surface as a function of n L = n L + i k L , the refractive index of the film, is discussed, as well as the effect of grading the index of the film. It is concluded that the most effective film is one having n L as close to unity as possible through its entire thickness while k L increases from zero at the front surface to a larger value at the back surface.
On the controllability of Lagrangian systems by active constraints

Abstract We consider a mechanical system which is controlled by means of moving constraints. Namely, we assume that some of the coordinates can be directly assigned as functions of time by implementing frictionless constraints. This leads to a system of ODE's whose right hand side depends quadratically on the time derivative of the control. In this paper we introduce a simplified dynamics, described by a differential inclusion. We prove that every trajectory of the differential inclusion can be uniformly approximated by a trajectory of the original system, on a sufficiently large time interval, starting at rest. Under a somewhat stronger assumption, we show this second trajectory reaches exactly the same terminal point.
Intracellular study of synaptic events related to phase-locking responses of cat cochlear nucleus cells to low frequency tones

Abstract In this study intracellular recording techniques were used to study the synaptic events related to phase-locking of cochlear nucleus cells to low frequency stimuli. A variable degree of phase-locking was noted even with units of the same low characteristic frequency. With low frequency phase-locking units an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurred in response to each period of the frequency stimulus, but the probability of an action potential occurring decreased as the frequency of the stimulus was raised. Complex units were described which phase-locked at lower frequencies of stimulation but did not at higher frequencies where the temporal pattern of firing to tone burst stimulation changed as well. Results are discussed as they relate to the frequency following response recorded with gross electrodes in the lower auditory pathway and the relationship to frequency coding in the auditory pathway.
Colloidal palladium, easily formed in organic solvents, is a highly active and stable catalyst for selective hydrogenations and dehydrohalogenations

Abstract Collidal Pd formed in organic solvents from Pd(hfacac)2 and silane or an Si-H- containing polymer is an active, stable and selective catalyst for hydrogenation and dehydrohalogenation.
Polypyrazolylborate−phosphine complexes of platinum(II). X-ray crystal structure of the unusual dimer Br(PEt3)Pt{μ-[(pz)2BH(pz)]}Pt(PEt3)Br2

Abstract Reaction of [Pt(PEt 3 )X 2 ] 2 (X = Cl, Br) with two equivalents of K[H 2 B(pz) 2 ] (pz = pyrazolyl ring) yields [η 2 -H 2 B(pz) 2 ]Pt(PEt 3 )X contaminated with an impurity from which it could not be separated. A similar reaction with K[B(pz) 4 ] (X = Br) yields the five-coordinate complex [η 3 -B(pz) 4 ]Pt(PEt 3 )Br. In contrast, the K[HB(pz) 3 ] ligand produces the unusual bridged dimer Br(PEt 3 )Pt{μ-[(pz) 2 BH(pz)]}Pt(PEt 3 )Br 2 . This complex forms in better yield in the stoichiometric reaction of one equivalent of the ligand per dimer. It has been characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography: orthorhombic, in the space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with a = 12.462(3), b = 30.985(5), c = 8.383(2) A, V = 3237 A 3 and Z = 4. The complexes [MeC(O)CHC(O)Me]Pt(PEt 3 )Cl and [EtOCS 2 ]Pt(PEt 3 )Cl have also been prepared from the reaction of [Pt(PEt 3 )Cl 2 ] 2 and the respective ligand salt.
A Pd(0)-catalyzed diamination of terminal olefins at allylic and homoallylic carbons via formal C-H activation under solvent-free conditions.

This paper describes a novel diamination process of terminal olefins at allylic and homoallylic carbons via formal C−H activation using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as nitrogen source and Pd(PPh3)4 as catalyst. A wide variety of terminal olefins can be effectively diaminated in good yields with high stereoselectivity.
Hydrocortisone therapy in meconium aspiration syndrome: A controlled study

To evaluate the efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of infants with meconium aspiration syndrome, a double-blind study using hydrocortisone or a lactose placebo was undertaken. Thirty-five infants were included in the study. No significant differences in arterial Po 2 , Pco 2 , pH, A-aDo 2 gradients, in requirement for assisted ventilation, or in survival were demonstrated between the groups. In control infants, a significant decrease (p
Reciprocity in photorefractive wave mixing.

We consider the validity of the reciprocity theorem as applied to steady-state photorefractive wave mixing. Some constants of integration in four-wave mixing are physically interpreted as results of reciprocity.
Synthesis and optical properties of metal-centered dimeric fullerene macromolecules

Abstract Dimeric fullerene macromolecules were prepared via the complexation of two fullerenylated 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligands with Fe(II) and Co(II) ions. The solubility of these macromolecules in some organic solvents allowed both their structural characterization and a study of their optical properties. The electronic absorption and emission of the macromolecules in solution were evaluated; and the results indicated no meaningful ground-state and excited singlet state intramolecular charge transfer interactions. However, the laser flash photolysis results could be explained in terms of the electron transfer quenching of the excited triplet methanofullerene moiety by the center metal–ligand complex in the macromolecules. The optical limiting properties of the macromolecules in solution were also investigated in comparison with those of the ligands for an evaluation of the complexation effects.
UNIQUE CONTINUATION FOR FULLY NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS

We show that a viscosity solution of a uniformly elliptic, fully nonlinear equation which vanishes on an open set must be identically zero, provided that the equation is C 1,1 . We do not assume that the nonlinearity is convex or concave, and thus a priori C 2 estimates are unavailable. Nevertheless, we use the boundary Harnack inequality and a regularity result for solutions with small oscillations to prove that the solution must be smooth at an appropriate point on the boundary of the set on which it is assumed to vanish. This then permits us to conclude with an application of a classical unique continuation result for linear equations.
GaAs(100) Surface Modifications at Elevated Temperatures, Studied By In-Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Spectroscopic ellipsometric (SE) measurements of GaAs (100) were carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber, without arsenic overpressure, at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to ∼610 °C. Surface changes induced at elevated temperatures were monitored by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The SE data clearly displayed in real time the process of desorption of the GaAs-surface-oxide overlayer at ∼580 °C. In addition, changes in the near-surface region were observed before and after the oxide desorption. The near-subsurface region (top 50-100 A) became less optically dense after being heated to 540 °C or higher. For comparison, a pre-arsenic-capped molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE)-grown GaAs surface was also studied. After the arsenic cap was evaporated off at ∼350 °C, this surface remained smooth and clean as it was heated to higher temperatures.
A theory of traffic flow in automated highway systems

Abstract This paper presents a theory for automated traffic flow, based on an abstraction of vehicle activities like entry, exit and cruising, derived from a vehicle's automatic control laws. An activity is represented in the flow model by the space and time occupied by a vehicle engaged in that activity. The theory formulates Traffic Management Center (TMC) plans as the specification of the activities and velocity of vehicles, and the entry and exit flows for each highway section. We show that flows that achieve capacity can be realized by stationary plans that also minimize travel time. These optimum plans can be calculated by solving a linear programming problem. The theory permits the study of transient phenomena such as congestion, and TMC feedback traffic rules designed to deal with transients. We propose a “greedy” TMC rule that always achieves capacity but does not minimize travel time. We undertake a microscopic study of the “entry” activity, and show how lack of coordination between entering vehicles and vehicles on the main line disrupts traffic flow and increases travel time. We conclude by giving some practical indication of how to obtain the space and time usage of activities from vehicle control laws. Finally, we illustrate the concepts presented in this paper with two examples of how the model is used to calculate the capacities of a one-lane automated highway system. In one example we study market penetration of adaptive cruise control and in the second example we study the effect of platooning maneuvers in a platooning architecture for AHS.
Dynamic recovery techniques guarantee system reliability

The IBM 1360 Photo-Digital Storage System, shown in Figure 1, is capable in its present form of storing up to 2.38 X 1012 data bits on-line to the main processor. Currently, there are two systems installed, both being less than the maximum configuration. One system is located at the AEC Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California (1.02 X 1012 bit capacity), and the other at the AEC Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California (3.4 X 1011 bit capacity). In this paper, any specific consideration will refer to the Livermore system, because its larger size tends to better illustrate system complexity and related recovery procedures.
Intestinal permeability is increased in burn patients shortly after injury

There is increasing direct experimental and indirect clinical evidence to indicate that under certain conditions intestinal barrier function may be lost in trauma victims. No direct measurements, however, have been performed in patients to determine whether intestinal permeability is increased shortly after a major thermal injury in the absence of infection. Fifteen hemodynamically stable burn patients with burns on more than 20% of their body surface (39% ± 12%) had their intestinal permeability measured within 24 hours of injury with use of the two nonmetabolizable sugars lactulose and manmtol as permeability markers. Lactulose absorption was fourfold higher in the patients (223 ± 54 μmol) than in the controls (58 ± 77 μmole;p < 0.02), whereas the lactulose/manmtol ratio was threefold higher (5.2 vs 1.7; p < 0.05). Thus intestinal permeability was increased in patients with moderate to major burn injuries shortly after injury. (SURGERY 1990;107:411-6).
The size and depth of layered Boolean circuits

We consider the relationship between size and depth for layered Boolean circuits and synchronous circuits. We show that every layered Boolean circuit of size s can be simulated by a layered Boolean circuit of depth O(slogs). For synchronous circuits of size s, we obtain simulations of depth O(s). The best known result so far was by Paterson and Valiant (1976) [17], and Dymond and Tompa (1985) [6], which holds for general Boolean circuits and states that D(f)=O(C(f)/logC(f)), where C(f) and D(f) are the minimum size and depth, respectively, of Boolean circuits computing f. The proof of our main result uses an adaptive strategy based on the two-person pebble game introduced by Dymond and Tompa (1985) [6]. Improving any of our results by polylog factors would immediately improve the bounds for general circuits.
Foreign Investment, Vertical Integration and Local Equity Requirements

The paper presents a spatial model in which a foreign firm and local government behave strategically in setting a local equity requirement (LER). Contrary to simple intuition, larger equity requirements may increase economic efficiency, but this conclusion is highly sensitive to the vertical structure of the foreign firm. When the foreign firm has monopoly power in both foreign (upstream) and domestic (downstream) markets, the optimal equity requirement is zero. Surprisingly, the introduction of domestic competition upstream causes the government to adopt a LER which lowers economic efficiency.
The Weil-étale topology for number rings

There should be a Grothendieck topology for an arithmetic scheme X such that the Euler characteristic of the cohomology groups of the constant sheaf Z with compact support at infinity gives, up to sign, the leading term of the zeta-function of X at s = 0. We construct a topology (the Weil-etale topology) for the ring of integers in a number field whose cohomology groups Hl (Z) determine such an Euler characterstic if we restrict to / < 3.
Functional group compatibilities in boronic ester chemistry

Abstract Problems encountered in the chemistry of highly functionalized boronic esters are reviewed. These include β-eliminations of boron and an electronegative group, protodeboronations, and anomalous oxidations. Groups that appear to be particularly compatible with boronic esters or that lead to instability only in certain relationships are also discussed, including azido, alkoxy, cyano and carboxylic ester substituents.
Investigation of lead and cadmium in counterfeit cigarettes seized in the United States

Abstract Information of toxic elements such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in counterfeit cigarettes offers insight on the potential public health impact of consuming counterfeit cigarettes and the technology used by counterfeiters in the illicit cigarette trade. In this study, the concentration of Pb and Cd in twenty-three packs of counterfeit cigarettes seized in the US by various law enforcement agencies were evaluated and compared with their genuine equivalents using microwave digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Both Pb and Cd concentration in counterfeit cigarettes were markedly higher than those in their genuine equivalents, and exhibited greater sample to sample variability. The average Pb and Cd mass fraction values in counterfeit cigarettes were (5.13 ± 2.50) mg/kg (n = 23) and (5.13 ± 1.95) mg/kg (n = 23) respectively, compared with (0.59 ± 0.08) mg/kg (n = 9) and (1.08 ± 0.08) mg/kg (n = 9) respectively in the genuine equivalents. Results suggest that counterfeit cigarettes may impose higher risks to public health. Studying these toxic elements could provide important information regarding the illicit trade, including the level of organization among counterfeiters, who broker between availability of supplies and consumer demand for a cheaper product that is assumed to be genuine.
Facile approach to the bicyclo[5.3.0]decane ring system; efficient synthesis of (±)-7-epi-β-bulnesene

Abstract An efficient strategy for the rapid construction of the guiane bicyclo[5.3.0]decane ring system from appropriately substituted 4-alkyn-1-ols has been developed. This methodology relies on a MeLi-catalyzed tandem 5- exo -dig cyclization/Claisen rearrangement sequence as the key ring forming step.
The hadron-quark transition with a lattice of nonlocal confining solitons

Abstract We use a lattice of nonlocal confining solitons to describe nuclear matter in the Wigner-Seitz approximation. The average density is varied by changing the size of the Wigner-Seitz cell. At sufficiently large density quark energy bands develop. The intersection of the filled valence band with the next empty band at a few times standard nuclear density signals a transition from a color insulator to a color conductor and is identified with the critical density for quark deconfinement.
On maximizing linear system output energy with an input envelope constraint

This correspondence addresses the problem of finding an input signal u that maximizes the output energy of a linear filter subject to the constraint /spl verbar/u/spl verbar//spl les/e where e is a specified envelope. The main contribution is to provide a new direct proof of the necessity of a certain fixed point condition. Using the weak* topology on the input signal space, the author also proves certain compactness and continuity properties that further illuminate the nature of the problem. >
The Flexometer: An Instrument for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Cloth and Similar Materials

An instrument is described with which the flexural work, flexural resilience, and flexural hysteresis of cloth, paper, sheet rubber, and similar materials can be evaluated. A pair of test specimens of standard dimensions are mounted in opposite angles formed by two vertical intersecting plates, one of which is fixed and the other movable on a spindle. The work done in folding the specimens to various angles between the plates, the work recovered when they are allowed to unfold, and the work lost are measured. These quantities are a measure respectively of flexural work, flexural resilience, and flexural hysteresis of the specimens. They are related to the stiffness and crease-ability of cloth and affect the sensations which contribute to the psychological qualities of "handle" or "feel'' and the "drape" of fabrics. Typical results are given.
The long-term benefits of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise endurance and quality of life.

Although it is generally accepted that outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (OPR) improves exercise performance and quality of life (QOL), it is not well established whether these gains are sustained over time. To evaluate this, we attempted to contact the 71 patients who had completed our 6-week OPR program for follow-up 12-min walking distance (12 MD) and QOL measurements. Fifty-one patients (71.8 percent) returned for follow-up testing 11.0 ± 6.1 months following OPR. Of these, 19 had participated in a structured post-OPR exercise maintenance (EM) program, while 32 had not (non-EM). The 12 MD increased from 2,300 ± 611 ft at baseline to 2,789 ± 622 ft post-OPR, while the QOL (higher is better) increased from 81.2 ± 21.4 to 104.7 ± 22.2 over this period (both, p