cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-mode 2.4μm InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb distributed feedback lasers for gas sensing

Single-mode laser diodes on GaSb substrates were developed using InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb triple quantum well active regions grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The devices were fabricated using lateral Cr gratings, with a grating pitch designed to coincide with a strong absorption feature of HF gas, deposited adjacent to a dry-etched narrow ridge waveguide. High sidemode suppression was achieved, and in 20°C continuous-wave operation, devices with a 400μm-long cavity provided 4.5mW total output power at the 2396nm target wavelength. Anti-reflection and high-reflection facet coatings exhibited no deleterious effects on the laser tunability or mode quality, thus allowing the preferential extraction of output power from a single laser facet.
BREAKING THE RULES: MIAMI IN THE URBAN HIERARCHY

This study examines Miami's position in the urban hierarchy and its development in the context of the process of globalization. Miami is an exceptional city in the sense that it combines a subordinate and peripheral position in the national urban system with a prominent international position. Miami's international role is examined in relation to the process of globalization and in the context of the world-city literature. This literature is criticized for its exclusive economic and functionalistic focus, and the concept of Weltstadt is introduced to broaden understanding of the role of cities in the process of globalization. Miami is used as an illustration of a city that is highly internationalized and exposed to globalizing forces but which lacks a powerful command function in the international economy.
ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase: Crystal Structures Reveal a Covalent Intermediate

Abstract ADP-ribosyl cyclase catalyzes the elimination of nicotinamide from NAD and cyclization to cADPR, a known second messenger in cellular calcium signaling pathways. We have determined to 2.0 A resolution the structure of Aplysia cyclase with ribose-5-phosphate bound covalently at C3′ and with the base exchange substrate (BES), pyridylcarbinol, bound to the active site. In addition, further refinement at 2.4 A resolution of the structure of nicotinamide-bound cyclase, which was previously reported, reveals that ribose-5-phosphate is also covalently bound in this structure, and a second nicotinamide site was identified. The structures of native and mutant Glu179Ala cyclase were also solved to 1.7 and 2.0 A respectively. It is proposed that the second nicotinamide site serves to promote cyclization by clearing the active site of the nicotinamide byproduct. Moreover, a ribosylation mechanism can be proposed in which the cyclization reaction proceeds through a covalently bound intermediate.
Environmental Racism: A Challenge to Community Development

In this article we examine the role of the planning profession in the evolution of environmental community development. When others speak of "government officials," "bureaucrats," and "policymakers," it is more likely than not they are referring to people who have some training in planning. Planners often deal with complex and controversial issues, especially as they relate to land. In terms of environmental justice and people of color, planners are now called on to meaningfully identify all the aspects of this issue and will be called on to develop fair processes for dispute resolution. We begin with a definition, a justification, and a brief history of American planning. We then describe some of the traditional equitable concerns of the planning profession. These have always been major concerns for planners. The Planner's Code of Ethics contains one of the strongest affirmations of redistribution of any profession. The housing and community development area of planning has focused on issues of equity, whereas traditional environmental planning has not. At this point it will become apparent that a schism exists between these two major planning areas. We will discuss the reasons for this. Most important, we will examine the forces bringing a merger of environmental and equity concerns in American planning. As planning adapts to changes in society, environmental planning at the grassroots neighborhood level will become an important area for environmental justice, with tremendous impli-
Influence of cysteine on the light production rate of the crustacean cypridina luciferin-luciferase system

Cysteinlosung (Cystein-HCl gelost in 0,1M Phosphatpuffer) von verschiedenen Konzentrationen (0–4,65M) wurde zu Luziferinlosung (gereinigtes kristallines Luziferin gelost in Methanol, 0,1 mg/ml) oder zu praktisch reiner, gepufferter Luziferaselosung (0,1 mg/ml) zugegeben. Mit zunehmenden Cystein-Konzentrationen ergibt sich eine Zunahme in der Hohe der Reaktionskurve.
Two hundred years of accounting research: an international survey of personalities, ideas, and publications (from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century)

Two hundred years of accounting research: an international survey of personalities, ideas, and publications (from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first centur...
Reconstructing exposures from small samples using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models and multiple biomarkers

This study examines the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for inferring exposure when the number of biomarker observations per individual is limited, as commonly occurs in population exposure surveys. The trade-off between sampling multiple biomarkers at a specific time versus fewer biomarkers at multiple time points was investigated, using a simulation-based approach based on a revised and updated chlorpyrifos PBPK model originally published. Two routes of exposure, oral and dermal, were studied as were varying levels of analytic measurement error. It is found that adding an additional biomarker at a given time point adds substantial additional information to the analysis, although not as much as the addition of another sampling time. Furthermore, the precision of the estimates of exposed dose scaled approximately with the analytic precision of the biomarker measurement. For acute exposure scenarios such as those considered here, the results of this study suggest that the number of biomarkers can be balanced against the number of sampling times to obtain the most efficient estimator after consideration of cost, intrusiveness, and other relevant factors.
Profiling the morphological distribution of O-linked oligosaccharides.

Abstract The morphological distribution of oligosaccharides is determined in the egg jelly surrounding Xenopus laevis eggs. This biological system is used to illustrate a method for readily identifying and quantifying oligosaccharides in specific tissues. The extracellular matrix surrounding X. laevis eggs consists of a vitelline envelope and a jelly coat. The jelly coat contains three morphologically distinct layers designated J1, J2, and J3 from the innermost to the outermost and is composed of 9–11 distinct glycoproteins. Each jelly layer is known to have specific functions in the fertilization of the egg. We developed a rapid method to separate and identify the oligosaccharides from X. laevis egg jelly layers. Identification was based on the retention times in high-performance liquid chromatography (porous graphitized carbon column), exact masses, and tandem mass spectrometry. Over 40 neutral and 30 sulfated oligosaccharides were observed in the three jelly layers. Neutral oligosaccharide structures from different jelly layers were both unique and overlapping, while sulfated oligosaccharides were detected only in layers J1 and J2. Neutral oligosaccharides unique to jelly layer J3 and the combined layers J1 + J2 had similar core structures and similar residues. However, differences between these two sets of unique oligosaccharides were also observed and were primarily due to the branching carbohydrate moieties rather than the core structures.
FOREST STRUCTURE AND PREY ABUNDANCE IN FORAGING AREAS OF NORTHERN GOSHAWKS

The U.S. Forest Service recently recommended managing forests to increase the abundance of prey for Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in the southwestern United States. However, empirical data are needed to indicate whether goshawks select foraging habitat based on prey abundance, on the presence of forest structures that favor their hunting strategy, or both. During the 1993 and 1994 breeding seasons, we indexed prey abundance and measured forest structure at sites used by radio-tagged goshawks and at nearby paired sites that lacked evidence of goshawk use (contrast plots). Goshawks apparently did not select foraging sites based on prey abundance; indeed, abundances of some prey were lower on used than on contrast plots. Goshawks selected foraging sites that had higher canopy closure (P = 0.006), greater tree density (P = 0.001), and greater density of trees >40.6 cm dbh (P < 0.0005) than on contrast plots. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that goshawk morphology and behavior are adapted for hunting in moderately dense, mature forests, and that prey availability (as determined by the occurrence of favorable vegetation structure where prey are present above a low threshold) is more important than prey density in habitat selection. Nonetheless, current management recommendations for increasing prey abundance also can create a forest structure more favorable for hunting by goshawks, particularly if stands are managed for canopy closure values above the prescribed minimum level of 40% canopy.
Receipt of Child Support by Single-Parent Families

Recent attempts to reduce welfare dependency have centered on collecting child support from absent parents. In this paper, data from a supplement to the April 1979 Current Population Survey are used to examine several issues related to child support. One important finding concerns the lack of a formal child-support obligation for a large number of single-parent families. Establishing such an obligation, maintaining stable, secure incomes for absent fathers, and liberalizing custody arrangements appear to be the major policies required to increase child-support collections for single-parent families.
Natural freeze tolerance in the terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina

To investigate freeze tolerance in box turtles (Terrapene carolina), we froze 19 adults to body temperatures as low as −3.6°C under controlled laboratory conditions. Our data reveal that box turtles tolerate the freezing of at least 58% of their body water and can remain frozen, without injury, for at least 73 hr. Supercooling occurred in 63% of the turtles but only lasted from 0.1 to 2.0 hr. Supercooling points (X ± SEM = −1.1 ± 0.3°C) were high, and thus supercooling is not an effective strategy for freeze avoidance in T. carolina. Body ice contents (7–58% of total body water) of turtles frozen for 0.7–50 hr, determined calorimetrically, were inversely related to core body temperature. Significant thermal gradients occurred within the turtles' bodies during prefreeze cooling, freezing, and thawing. Since T. carolina hibernates in shallow terrestrial burrows, where exposure to subzero temperatures is likely, freeze tolerance represents a remarkable adaptation that probably enhances winter survival. These turtles are the largest (up to 0.5 kg) animals, by nearly an order of magnitude, for which natural freeze tolerance has been demonstrated.
Using statistical experimental design to investigate the role of the initial growth conditions on GaN epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The nucleation and buffer growth of GaN on (0001) sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated using the design of experiments approach. Six factors are simultaneously varied: time and temperature for nitridation, buffer growth temperature, Ga cell temperature, growth time, and nitrogen plasma power during buffer growth. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction is utilized to monitor these steps. The quality of the epitaxial layers obtained is examined by means of electron mobility and atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the buffer layer growth rate has the greatest influence on improving the electrical properties of the subsequent GaN epitaxial layer. Depending on the growth conditions, the Hall mobility of the GaN epitaxial layer varies from 24 to 238 cm2/V s. Changes in surface morphology are correlated with improvements in electron mobility. We also discuss interaction effects between the factors. A trend extracted from a least-squares model reveals that 300 K Hall mobility is ...
Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene deletions induced by α- and X-radiation in human lymphoblastoid cells

Mutations caused by exposure to X-radiation and to radon and its decay products were compared in the hprt gene of a human lymphoblastoid cell line. Thirty-one X-radiation-induced, 29 radon-induced, and 24 spontaneous mutants were recovered from cell cultures under identical conditions except for the exposure to radiation. Seven spontaneous point mutations were recovered and DNA sequenced. These mutations included three C:G-->T:A transitions. These spontaneous point mutations were located in the exon or splice donor regions of five of the nine hprt exons. Four X-radiation-induced and three radon-induced point mutations were also analyzed by DNA sequencing. The frequency of induced mutants at the D0 doses for radon and X-radiation respectively were 5 x 10(-6) and 4.5 x 10(-6). Deletions were the predominant mutations recovered from both radon- and X-irradiated cells. Eighty-one percent of the mutants from X-radiation-treated cultures, 86% of the radon-treated cultures, and 63% of the spontaneous mutants involved deletions. Deletions involving exon and intron DNA, as well as intron DNA alone, were found to inactivate the hprt gene and result in a selectable HPRT- phenotype. Among the deletion mutants, however, only 21% of the spontaneous mutants versus 55% of both the X-radiation- and radon-induced mutants exhibited loss of the entire hprt gene. More X-radiation-induced deletions than radon-induced deletions extended further than 800 bp in the telomeric direction from the hprt gene (six of 17 versus two of 17). The results show that at the human hprt locus of TK-6 cells the predominant kind of mutation indicative of exposure to both high LET alpha-radiation and low LET X-radiation is a large deletion, spanning the entire hemizygous hprt gene and extending into flanking sequences.
Production Scheme for Deep Water Hydrate Deposits

There is substantial evidence that enormous natural gas hydrate deposits are entrapped in the bottom sediments underlying many of the deep waters that cover the earth, as well as in subsurface permafrost sediments of the polar regions. This paper addresses the important but largely ignored question of how to recover natural gas from the deep water bottom occurrences. The first problem is to gain access to the resource, the second to promote decomposition of the hydrate, and the third is to collect and bring the exsolved gas to the surface. A scheme assumed to be technically feasible involves the use of closely-spaced flexible hoses imbedded to protrude through the underside of the hydrate layer through which warm water can be circulated downwards and recovered gas brought upwards from and to surface floating platforms equipped with pumps, compressors, conversion facilities, storage vessels and pipeline manifolds.
Descriptive Study of Educated African American Women Successful at Weight-Loss Maintenance Through Lifestyle Changes

BACKGROUND Interventions to address obesity and weight loss maintenance among African Americans have yielded modest results. There is limited data on African Americans who have achieved successful long-term weight loss maintenance.
Do Yon Have the Right Measures

While large corporations have metrics experts, most managers do not need skills of that order. What they need is a clear understanding of how measurements affect the activities and behavior of their own organizations.
Excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone in normal pregnancy.

SUMMARY While numerous studies of aldosterone r8glucuronide excretion in pregnancy have been published few data have been available about the other major catabolite of aldosterone, the 3cc,$?-tetrahydro derivative. Tetrahydroaldosterone, measured by gas chromatographic techniques, is higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase of nonpregnant young women. A wide range in tetrahydroaldosterone excretion was noted in pregnant subjects on unrestricted salt intake at the same stage of gestation. While some values remained at those levels encountered during the menstrual cycle, even in the last trimester of pregnancy, the average excretion generally rose with added weeks of gestation. The increases in tetrahydroaldosterone excretion are smaller than those reported by other workers for the r8-glucuronide aldosterone metabolite, supporting the suggestion made by I<. M. Jones, R. Lloyd-Jones, A. Riondel, J. I;. Tait, S. A. S. Tait, R. D. Bulbrook and F. C. Greenwood (Acta Edocrinol., 30 (1939) 321), as well as by J. F. Tait and B. Little (J. C&n. Invest., 47 (1968) 242x), that aldosterone metabolism is altered in pregnancy.
Dairy and bone health

Bone health is the resultant of bone mass, bone architecture, and body mechanics. Nutrition supports all three components, with the principal nutrients concerned being calcium, protein, and vitamin D. Potassium, magnesium, zinc, and several vitamins are also involved to varying extents. Given modern food sources, it is difficult to devise a diet that is "bone healthy" without including three servings of dairy per day, not just because of dairy calcium, but dairy protein and potassium as well.
On the existence of equiangular tight frames

Abstract An equiangular tight frame (ETF) is a d × N matrix that has unit-norm columns and orthogonal rows of norm N / d . Its key property is that the absolute inner products between pairs of columns are (i) identical and (ii) as small as possible. ETFs have applications in communications, coding theory, and sparse approximation. Numerical experiments indicate that ETFs arise for very few pairs ( d , N ), and it is an important challenge to develop restrictions on the pairs for which they can exist. This article uses field theory to provide detailed conditions on real and complex ETFs. In particular, it describes restrictions on harmonic ETFs, a specific type of complex ETF that appears in applications. Finally, the article offers empirical evidence that these conditions are sharp or nearly sharp, especially in the real case.
A Key Management Scheme for Smart Grid Wireless Terminals

With the large-scale construction of smart grid, smart grid terminals widely using wireless access technology to communicate to the power systems. For ensuring the communication security, pair-wise key pre-distribution scheme is widely used, however, which introduces the complexity of key management, and insufficient security problems. According to the smart grid terminals wireless communication features, proposes an intelligent grid wireless terminal online key management scheme, which is based on the t rank binary symmetric polynomial and fully homomorphic encryption algorithm. This scheme make the communication key could be established with a few parameters between the communicating parties, which reduces the complexity of key predistribution and the amount of calculation. Moreover, the whole process of the key generation is encrypted by fully homomorphic encryption algorithm, effectively enhances the security of the scheme.
OVERLAYING SURFACE MESHES, PART I: ALGORITHMS

We describe an efficient and robust algorithm for computing a common refinement of two meshes modeling the same surface of arbitrary shape by overlaying them on top of each other. A common refinement is an important data structure for transferring data between meshes that have different combinatorial structures. Our algorithm is optimal in time and space, with linear complexity, and is robust even with inexact computations, through the techniques of error analysis, detection of topological inconsistencies, and automatic resolution of such inconsistencies. We present the verification and some further enhancement of robustness in Part II.
Cermet Spent Nuclear Fuel Casks and Waste Packages

Multipurpose transport, aging, and disposal casks are needed for the management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Self-shielded cermet casks can out-perform current SNF casks because of the superior properties of cermets, which consist of encapsulated hard ceramic particulates dispersed in a continuous ductile metal matrix to produce a strong high-integrity, high-thermal conductivity cask. A multi-year, multinational development and testing program has been developing cermet SNF casks made of steel, depleted uranium dioxide, and other materials. Because cermets are the traditional material of construction for armor, cermet casks can provide superior protection against assault. For disposal, cermet waste packages (WPs) with appropriate metals and ceramics can buffer the local geochemical environment to (1) slow degradation of SNF, (2) reduce water flow though the degraded WP, (3) sorb neptunium and other radionuclides that determine the ultimate radiation dose to the public from the repository, and (4) contribute to long-term nuclear criticality control. Finally, new cermet cask fabrication methods have been partly developed to manufacture the casks with the appropriate properties. The results of this work are summarized with references to the detailed reports. (authors)
Fertility on the US-Mexico border.

Using Bongaarts' model, the relative importance of the proximate determinants of fertility is explored in five populations on the US–Mexico border. For the groups closest to natural fertility (the two Mexican groups), lactation, use of contraception, and marriage all were moderately important in terms of their direct effect on fertility. For the group with lowest fertility (Anglo-American), contraceptive use was an important factor inhibiting fertility; marriage was important but not nearly as important as contraceptive use. For the two US Mexican-American groups, contraceptive use was an important intermediate variable, not as important as for Anglo-Americans, but more important than it was for the two populations in Mexico. The proportion married was a moderately important factor for the Mexican-American groups. For these five populations the principal differences in fertility rates result from substantial differences in the use of effective contraception. Bongaarts' model proved very useful as an analytical framework in this study.
Prediction of polyelectrolyte polypeptide structures using Monte Carlo conformational search methods with implicit solvation modeling

Many interesting proteins possess defined sequence stretches containing negatively charged amino acids. At present, experimental methods (X-ray crystallography, NMR) have failed to provide structural data for many of these se- quence domains. We have applied the dihedral probability grid-Monte Carlo (DPG-MC) conformational search algorithm to a series of N- and C-capped polyelectrolyte peptides, (Glu)zo, (Asp)zo, (PSer),,, and (PSer-Asp),,, that represent polyanionic regions in a number of important proteins, such as parathymosin, calsequestrin, the sodium channel protein, and the acidic biomineralization proteins. The atomic charges were estimated from charge equilibration and the valence and van der Waals parameters are from DREIDING. Solvation of the carboxylate and phosphate groups was treated using sodium counterions for each charged side chain (one Nai for COO-; two Na for CO(P0,)-2) plus a distance-dependent (shielded) dielectric constant, E = toR, to simulate solvent wa- ter. The structures of these polyelectrolyte polypeptides were obtained by the DPG-MC conformational search with €0 = 10, followed by calculation of solvation energies for the lowest energy conformers using the protein dipole-Langevin dipole method of Warshel. These calculations predict a correlation between amino acid sequence and global folded conformational minima: 1. POIy-L-Gluzo, our structural benchmark, exhibited a preference for right-handed a-helix (47% helicity), which approximates experimental observations of 55-60% helicity in solution. 2. For Asp- and PSer-containing sequences, all conformers exhibited a low preference for right-handed a-helix formation (<lo%), but a significant percentage (=20% or greater) of 0-strand and 6-turn dihedrals were found in all three sequence cases: (1) Asp, forms supercoil conformers, with a 2: 1: 1 ratio of 0-turn:P-strand:a-helix di- hedral angles; (2) PSerz, features a nearly 1: 1 ratio of 6-turn:P-sheet dihedral preferences, with very little pref- erence for a-helical structure, and possesses short regions of strand and turn combinations that give rise to a collapsed bend or hairpin structure; (3) (PSer-Asp),, features a 3:2: 1 ratio of @-sheet:P-turn:oc-helix and gives rise to a superturn or C-shaped structure.
Exploiting compiler-generated schedules for energy savings in high-performance processors

This paper develops a technique that uniquely combines the advantages of static scheduling and dynamic scheduling to reduce the energy consumed in modern superscalar processors with out-of-order issue logic. In this Hybrid-Scheduling paradigm, regions of the application containing large amounts of parallelism visible at compile-time completely bypass the dynamic scheduling logic and execute in a low power static mode. Simulation studies using the Wattch framework on several media-arid scientific benchmarks demonstrate large improvements in overall energy consumption of 43% in kernels and 25% in full applications with only a 2.8% performance degradation on average.
Poly-Victimization Risk in Prison: The Influence of Individual and Institutional Factors

Victimization research suggests that individuals who either witness or are direct victims of violence are substantially more likely to experience long-term negative outcomes. Although recent studies identifying factors associated with prison victimization are emerging, the risk factors predicting inmate's experience of multiple types of victimization, called poly-victimization, remain unknown. Utilizing a lifestyles model that incorporates the importation/deprivation framework, the current study examines whether certain features of the prison environment or individual characteristics predict who is most likely to experience victimization. Data from more than 1,600 recently released inmates confirm that the environmental and individual-level factors are related to poly-victimization in prison. The findings from the study have implications for policy and practice.
Automating morphological chart exploration: a multi-objective genetic algorithm to address compatibility and uncertainty

A novel approach using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for extracting globally satisficing (Pareto optimal) solutions from a morphological chart, where the evaluation and combination of 'means to subfunctions' is modelled as a combinatorial multi-objective optimisation problem. A fast and robust GA is developed to solve the resulting optimisation problem. Customised crossover and mutation operators that are specifically tailored to solve this combinatorial optimisation problem are discussed. Proof-of-concept simulation results on industrial design problems, viz. work-cell fixture design and automobile headlamp design, are presented, analysed, and compared with the solutions obtained by the design team. The described genetic algorithm incorporates features to prevent the redundant evaluation of identical solutions and a method for handling the compatibility matrix (feasible/infeasible combinations) and addressing desirable/undesirable combinations. The proposed approach is limited by its reliance on the user-specified metrics for evaluating the objectives and existence of a mathematical representation of the combined solutions. A method motivated from robust optimisation techniques is presented to reduce the effect of these limitations by addressing the sensitivity to variation in the input parameters. The optimisation architecture is designed to be a scalable and flexible procedure which can be easily modified to accommodate a wide variety of design methods that are based on the morphological chart.
Current steering high-speed DAC: architecture analysis and simulation results

A DAC architecture based on the current steering method is presented. The proposed architecture exploits the oversampling and uses a MASH like configuration. The DAC requires to use two current steering 5-bit D/A converters whose current references are properly scaled. The two output currents are summed at the output node to achieve the output signal. With an oversampling factor equal to 8 and 40 MHz band-width (clock frequency 640 MHz) it is possible to reach an SNR as large as 72 dB.
Concentrations of Interleukin-10 in Preterm Milk

Despite the protective effects of human milk against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the incidence of NEC is highest in the extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infant, and only minimally decreased with the feeding of human milk. These observations raise a concern that concentrations of bioactive factors may differ in the milk obtained from mothers delivering ELBW infants compared with more mature infants. One such factor that may be affected is interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine that downregulates inflammation and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines. A deficiency of IL-10 in mice causes growth retardation, anemia, and chronic enterocolitis. IL-10 has been found in human milk samples from mothers of full-term infants. We hypothesized that low and/or varying concentrations of IL-10 in preterm human milk might contribute to the development of NEC in the ELBW infant. We compared the concentrations of IL-10 in milk samples obtained from mothers of infants in three groups: 1) 23–27 weeks gestational age (GA), 2) 32–36 weeks GA, and 3) full-term infants 38–42 weeks GA. Milk samples were collected fresh during the first and second weeks postpartum and every two weeks thereafter. IL-10 was quantified using an ELISA sandwich method.
Disentangling the outflow and protostars in HH 900 in the Carina Nebula

HH 900 is a peculiar protostellar outflow emerging from a small, tadpole-shaped globule in the Carina nebula. Previous H{\alpha} imaging with HST/ACS showed an ionized outflow with a wide opening angle that is distinct from the highly collimated structures typically seen in protostellar jets. We present new narrowband near-IR [Fe II] images taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope that reveal a remarkably different structure than H{\alpha}. In contrast to the unusual broad H{\alpha} outflow, the [Fe II] emission traces a symmetric, collimated bipolar jet with the morphology and kinematics that are more typical of protostellar jets. In addition, new Gemini adaptive optics images reveal near-IR H$_2$ emission coincident with the H{\alpha} emission, but not the [Fe II]. Spectra of these three components trace three separate and distinct velocity components: (1) H$_2$ from the slow, entrained molecular gas, (2) H{\alpha} from the ionized skin of the accelerating outflow sheath, and (3) [Fe II] from the fast, dense, and collimated protostellar jet itself. Together, these data require a driving source inside the dark globule that remains undetected behind a large column density of material. In contrast, H{\alpha} and H$_2$ emission trace the broad outflow of material entrained by the jet, which is irradiated outside the globule. As it get dissociated and ionized, it remains visible for only a short time after it is dragged into the H II region.
Low‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma ‐ development of a new effective combination regimen (fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone; FND)

Low-grade lymphoma is the commonest form of lymphoma in the USA and Europe with a long natural history with multiple responses and relapses. The tendency has been to use simple oral medication until patients have more advanced aggressive disease but new agents such as the purine analogues, mitoxantrone and monoclonal antibodies has led to re-evaluation of this approach. As purine analogues inhibit DNA repair in lymphoid cells, a new combination of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (FND) has been developed that is well tolerated and very effective. In a phase II study, in 51 patients 47% complete remissions and 47% partial remissions were noted. FND is now being used in a randomization comparative trial with alternating triple therapy as frontline treatment for low-grade lymphoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with monitoring by polymerase chain reaction for rearrangement of the bcl-2 gene in blood and bone marrow cells. The high activity and low morbidity of FND makes it as attractive as initial therapy for patients.
The NRC planetary decadal survey

Once every ten years, the National Research Council carries out a “decadal survey” in planetary science. The objective is to recommend a decade-long national strategy for solar system exploration for NASA and the NSF. The most recent planetary decadal survey has placed particular emphasis on formulating a strategy that can realistically be implemented with the funds expected to be available for NASA and the NSF in the decade from 2013 to 2022. Inputs to the decadal survey were provided at a number of “town hall” meetings at professional conferences, and via 199 white papers written and submitted by more than 1600 members of the scientific community. These inputs led to definition of a set of high priority science questions, which in turn prompted study of 28 different mission candidates. Some of these mission candidates were studied in detail by the Applied Physics Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Missions studied in detail were also subjected to a cost and technical evaluation conducted by Aerospace Corporation. A recommended set of missions for the decade was then assembled, taking into account science priorities, cost and technical risk, and available resources. The plan also includes recommendations regarding funding for research and analysis, technology development, ground-based and orbital telescope facilities, and other topics. The report will be released in the first part of 2011, and the recommendations from the report will be described in this presentation.
Supporting ???Word-of-Mouth??? Social Networks Through Collaborative Information Filtering

Altered Vista is an instructional system that supports a form of ‘contextual’ collaborative learning. Its design incorporates an information filtering technique, called collaborative information filtering, which, through computational and statistical means, leverages the work of individuals to benefit a group of users. Altered Vista is designed to provide, upon request, personalized recommendations of Web sites. It can also provide recommendations of like-minded people, thus setting the stage for future collaboration and communication. An empirical study involving in-service and pre-service teachers was conducted using Altered Vista and presents results from an empirical study. The study examined the feasibility and utility of automating the well-known social feature of propagating word-of-mouth opinions within educational settings. It also examined the impact of Altered Vista’s ability to recommend a social network of potentially unknown people.
Incorporating cost of control into the design of a load balancing controller

Load balancing is widely used in computing systems as a way to optimize performance by reducing bottleneck utilizations, such as adjusting the size of buffer pools to balance resource demands in a database management system. Load balancing is generally approached as a constrained optimization problem in which only the benefits of load balancing are considered. However, the costs of control are important as well. Herein, we study the value of including in controller design the trade-off between the cost of transient imbalances in resource utilizations and the cost of changing resource allocations. An example of the latter are actions such as resizing buffer pools that can reduce throughputs. This is because requests for data in pools whose memory is reduced immediately have longer access times whereas requests for data in pools whose memory is increased must fill this memory with data from disk before accessed times are reduced. We frame our study of control costs in terms of the widely used linear quadratic regulator (LQR). We develop a cost model that allows us to specify the LQR Q and R matrices based on the impact on system performance of changing resource allocations and transient load imbalances. Our studies of a DB2 universal database server using benchmarks for online transaction processing and decision support workloads show that incorporating our cost model into the MIMO LQR controller results in a 14% improvement in performance beyond that achieved by dynamically allocating the size of buffers without properly considering the cost of control.
Not All in the Family: Mutations of Podocin in Sporadic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

The causes of familial nephrotic syndromes are varied and diverse. Although phenotypic differences are seen with distinct congenital and adult forms, renal pathology tends to be less well defined, with blurring and overlap of diagnoses. Clinically, symptoms of the familial nephrotic syndromes may appear from birth to late in life, which demonstrates the heterogeneity of these diseases. The disease may be mild or severe, such that there is variable progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (1–3). Pathologic diagnoses associated with familial nephrotic syndromes include minimal changetype lesions, mesangial sclerosis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (4,5). Treatment depends on the specific disease state, ranging from bilateral nephrectomy and transplantation directly after birth in Finnish nephropathy (6) to attempts at more traditional treatment with steroid therapy. Of particular interest is whether the disease recurs after transplantation, which would direct one to systemic pathogenetic mechanisms. The genetic bases for several forms of congenital nephrotic syndrome have been recently solved. The commonality among known causes of familial nephrotic syndromes is the underlying pathophysiology that is associated with increased glomerular permeability due to defects of some feature of podocyte biology (7–10). Although the implications of these genetic discoveries in these rare inherited disorders to more common forms of nephrotic syndrome have been questioned, the article by Karle et al. in this issue suggests common genetic mechanisms and pathophysiology between inherited and sporadic forms of steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome. The classical syndrome of steroid-resistant congenital nephrotic syndrome (chromosome 1q) is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion with an age of onset between 3 mo and 5 yr (11). Progression to ESRD is usually rapid, and pathology is characterized initially by minimal glomerular changes early and FSGS later in the course of disease. The disease does not recur after transplantation. The causative gene was recently identified by Boute et al (9). The gene, named podocin or NPHS2, is solely expressed in podocytes and is an integral membrane protein that belongs to the stomatin protein family. Members of this family are known to interact with ion channels
Annual variations in wet-deposition chemistry related to changes in climate

National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)/National Trends Network precipitation type, snow-season duration, and annual timing of selected chemical wet-deposition maxima vary with latitude and longitude within a 35-year (1979–2013) data record for the contiguous United States and Alaska. From the NADP data collected within the region bounded by 35.6645°–48.782° north latitude and 124°–68° west longitude, similarities in latitudinal and longitudinal patterns of changing snow-season duration, fraction of annual precipitation recorded as snow, and the timing of chemical wet-deposition maxima, suggest that the chemical climate of the atmosphere is linked to physical changes in climate. Total annual precipitation depth has increased 4–6 % while snow season duration has decreased from approximately 7 to 21 days across most of the USA, except in higher elevation regions where it has increased by as much as 21 days. Snow-season precipitation is increasingly comprised of snow, but annually total precipitation is increasingly comprised of liquid precipitation. Meanwhile, maximum ammonium deposition occurs as much as 27 days earlier, and the maximum nitrate: sulfate concentration ratio in wet-deposition occurs approximately 10–21 days earlier in the year. The maximum crustal (calcium + magnesium + potassium) cation deposition occurs 2–35 days earlier in the year. The data suggest that these shifts in the timing of atmospheric wet deposition are linked to a warming climate, but the ecological consequences are uncertain.
An examination of consumer e-loyalty to online travel intermediaries

Online travel intermediaries such as Expedia, Travelocity and Orbitz have controlled the lion's share of the transactions over the Internet in terms of travel search and purchase by offering low prices, increased consumer choice, and enhanced shopping efficiency. Travel suppliers have been fighting harder than ever to keep up with the online travel intermediaries in terms of technology infrastructure and added-value content to re-capture the customers whose loyalty they spent so much time and money cultivating in the first place. The purpose of this research was to identify the antecedents of customer e-loyalty and examine the effects of these loyalty drivers on consumers' loyalty to online travel intermediaries. An integrated structural model was introduced that showed the relationships between e-loyalty, perceived e-quality, perceived e-value, and consumer attitudes toward shopping online. Data collection was conducted via a self-reported online survey sent as an email attachment to a randomized sample of customers of an independent online travel intermediary. Respondents were asked discuss their attitudes and behaviors in regards to shopping online for travel. As hypothesized, perceived value, perceived quality, and consumer attitudes toward shopping online had significant and positive effects on e-loyalty. An examination of the effects on e-loyalty among the three components revealed that perceived e-quality had the strongest effect on consumer's attitudinal and behavioral e-loyalty. This study was the first effort to comprehensively examine and test the determinants of loyalty in an online travel context. This research expanded the body of knowledge in services marketing and hospitality information technology as well as provided a new model of service e-loyalty. This study also extended the use of the e-SERVQUAL instrument to the travel market and developed a multidimensional instrument to measure service quality, value, and attitude towards shopping online. Findings from the study provided insights for online travel intermediaries in identifying important e-loyalty drivers, understanding consumer needs, and improving their online performance. Customer e-loyalty is a good indicator of company profit and therefore understanding the drivers and dimensions is important to online travel intermediaries. Strategies may be developed to improve customer e-loyalty by addressing the gaps among the quality, value, and consumer attitudes toward shopping online attributes. Managers can use the framework and model to improve e-service performance, retain customers, and improve profitability.
Students' out of the classroom communication with instructors and campus services: Exploring social integration and academic involvement

Abstract Framed by Tinto's interactionalist theory (1975), this study explored students' academic skills and social integration to illuminate students' communication with faculty and campus services. Participants reported on instructor rapport, self-regulated learning, self-management, out-of-class communication, and support seeking from campus resources. Results revealed that instructor rapport predicted out-of-class communication with instructors and student services, while self-regulated learning and self-management functioned differently to predict interactions with faculty and student services. The results offer insight into factors important to enhancing student academic success and persistence.
Feasibility study of flowback/produced water treatment using direct-contact membrane distillation

AbstractThe feasibility of applying direct-contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for flowback/produced water treatment was comprehensively investigated under different hydrodynamic and thermal conditions with various feedwater compositions. Results from a bench-scale study suggest that DCMD has a great potential to treat synthetic flowback/produced water. Membrane water flux increased with increasing feedwater temperature. At a feedwater temperature of 80°C, TDS of 133 g/L and liquid stream flow rates of 0.8 L/min, DCMD showed a water flux as high as 43 L/m2 h, which is comparable to water fluxes of reverse osmosis (RO) for seawater desalination. In addition, DCMD is capable of treating flowback/produced water with TDS up to 280 g/L, leading to 46–88% reduction of wastewater volume. Oil/grease, suspended solids, and volatile organics in the synthetic flowback/produced water showed minimal effects on DCMD performance; thus, no pretreatment process is necessary in DCMD. The high-quality distillate of DCMD ma...