cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal Response to Pyrogen in Normotensive and Hypertensive Man

Pyrogen, when administered intravenously to normotensive and hypertensive men, produced initially vasoconstriction and subsequently marked renal vasodilatation, both resulting from direct effects on the renal vasculature. The absolute renal plasma flow, both during control observations and at the height of renal hyperemia, was greater in normotensives, but the percentage change was greater in hypertensive subjects. Extraction of p -aminohippurate diminished during renal hyperemia. Medullary renal plasma flow was higher in normotensive subjects both during control observations and at the height of renal hyperemia. Simultaneously with the development of renal hyperemia, sodium excretion increased without alterations in filtered load of sodium and was prompt in its development in normotensives and delayed in hypertensives. This is attributed to a transient, small, yet probably significant decrease in filtered load of sodium during vasoconstriction immediately following the administration of pyrogen. Simultaneously with the development of renal hyperemia, there was in both groups an increase in solute excretion and tubular reabsorption of solute-free water.
Seismic evidence for blind thrusting of the northwestern flank of the Venezuelan Andes

Surface geology and seismic and well data from the northwestern flank of the Venezuelan Andes indicate overthrusting of Andean basement rocks toward the adjacent Maracaibo Basin along a blind thrust fault. The frontal monocline is interpreted as the forelimb of a northwestward verging fault-related fold deformed over a crustal-scale ramp. The Andean block has been thrust 20 km to the northwest and uplifted 10 km on a ramp that dips about 20o-30 o southeastward. The thrust fault ramps up through crystalline basement rocks to a decollement horizon within the shaly units of the Cretaceous Colon-Mito Juan formations. Backthrusts in the monocline produce a wedge geometry and reduce the amount of blind slip required on the decollement northwest of the Andes. The rigid Andean uplift was caused by northwest-southeast compressive tectonic forces related to the convergence of the Caribbean plate, the Panama volcanic arc, and northwestern South America. The thick (up to 6 km) molasse deposits accumulated in the foredeep basin indicate that the Venezuelan Andes started to rise as early as the early Miocene. However, a late Miocene intramolasse unconformity marks the beginning of the formation of the monocline and the greatest uplift. The crustal-scale fault-related fold model may explain structural features seen in other areas of basement- involved foreland deformation. The regional geologic setting of the area can be described as a mountain front adjacent to a foredeep basin. The mountain front represents a Precambrian-Paleozoic igneous-metamorphic complex partially covered with sediments of Mesozoic and Cenozoic ages. The foredeep is an asymmetric structural basin that contains up to 12 km of sedimentary section. The early Miocene to Pleistocene molasse deposits up to 6 km in thickness dominate the sedimentary section. The oldest sedimentary rocks that crop out in the mountain front are Jurassic red beds which are unconformably overlain by a Cretaceous sequence up to 2 km in thickness. From early Cretaceous to middle Eocene, sediments were deposited in an extensive passive continental margin setting (Figure 3). Coarse clastic sediments of the Rio Negro Formation, bioclastic carbonates of the Apon Formation, and siliciclastic sediments of the Aguardiente Formation were deposited first in the initial stage of the Cretaceous transgressive event. Limestones, calcareous shales, and black shales of the Capacho and La Luna formations represent anoxic facies deposited during the maximum marine transgressiolof late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) age. Regression began in the latest Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) with marine deposition of the shaly Colon Formation and the sandier Mito-Juan Formation. This
"Bob Dylan and Hip Hop": Intersecting Literacy Practices in Youth Poetry Communities

This article builds upon the concept of hybridity to affirm the relevance of poetry, music, and other forms of popular culture in the lives of urban youth. Its focus examines the blending of seemingly disparate forms to understand how young people, in particular young people of color, negotiate their multilayered social worlds. One of these worlds is that of Antonio’s, a 17-year old African American male, whose interest and practice of creating poetry within and outside of classrooms offers a lens into a growing community of youth poets in U.S. cities. An analysis of Antonio’s case suggests how intersecting literacy practices served as viable building blocks for realizing and expanding his ability to write. Central to the argument is the notion of hybrid literacy learning and why it is important to recognize youth’s cultural and literacy practices that both excite and engage them while continuing to develop their reading, writing, and other communicative skills.
The three-dimensional evolution of a plane mixing layer - The Kelvin-Helmholtz rollup

The Kelvin Helmholtz roll up of three dimensional, temporally evolving, plane mixing layers were simulated numerically. All simulations were begun from a few low wavenumber disturbances, usually derived from linear stability theory, in addition to the mean velocity profile. The spanwise disturbance wavelength was taken to be less than or equal to the streamwise wavelength associated with the Kelvin Helmholtz roll up. A standard set of clean structures develop in most of the simulations. The spanwise vorticity rolls up into a corrugated spanwise roller, with vortex stretching creating strong spanwise vorticity in a cup shaped region at the vends of the roller. Predominantly streamwise rib vortices develop in the braid region between the rollers. For sufficiently strong initial three dimensional disturbances, these ribs collapse into compact axisymmetric vortices. The rib vortex lines connect to neighboring ribs and are kinked in the opposite direction of the roller vortex lines. Because of this, these two sets of vortex lines remain distinct. For certain initial conditions, persistent ribs do not develop. In such cases the development of significant three dimensionality is delayed. When the initial three dimensional disturbance energy is about equal to, or less than, the two dimensional fundamental disturbance energy, the evolution of the three dimensional disturbance is nearly linear (with respect to the mean and the two dimensional disturbances), at least until the first Kelvin Helmholtz roll up is completed.
Inferior Vena Cava Torsion and Stenosis Complicated by Compressive Pericaval Regional Ascites following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis and torsion are well-described rare complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We present a case of inferior vena cava intermittent torsion and stenosis complicated by compressive regional ascites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of post-OLT regional ascites related compressive IVC stenosis reported and the first reported case of torsion complicated by regional ascites compression.
Minimum Fuel Control of Linear Stochastic Systems with Applications to Midcourse Guidance

The general problem of minimum fuel control of discrete time gaussian processes is examined. Necessary conditions are derived for the optimal control of systems with both process and measurement uncertainties. A fixed correction time strategy is studied and results are applied to a spacecraft midcourse guidance problem. A variable correction time strategy is also treated and it is shown that the fixed time solution is useful in determining the optimal variable correction time control. Numerical results are presented for an Earth-Mars mission employing both fixed and variable correction time strategies.
Satire, Elections, and Democratic Politics in Digital India

This article is concerned with understanding the role of satire as a crucial narrative and communicative form for thinking and caring about politics in contemporary India. In an era marked by the r...
Hematogones: a review and update

Our knowledge regarding the nature and function of 'hematogones' has evolved considerably, since the initial description more than 70 years ago. Once considered the 'mystery cells' of the bone marrow, major advances in immunology and flow cytometry have enabled us to better characterize these cells and recognize them as physiologic precursors of B-cells. In this review, we describe the morphologic and phenotypic characteristics and clinical relevance of hematogones, and report recent advances in our understanding and knowledge of these cells as they relate to physiologic and different pathologic conditions.
Tools for richer crowd source image annotations

Crowd-sourcing tools such as Mechanical Turk are popular for annotation of large scale image data sets. Typically, these annotations consist of bounding boxes or coarse outlines of objects, in order to keep the interface as simple as possible and to respect browser constraints. However, as most browsers now contain functionality to quickly process images and render shapes to the browser through JavaScript, better annotations can feasibly be generated through the browser given an easy-to-use interface. In this paper, we develop a suite of annotation tools for high-fidelity object contouring and 3D pose working within the limitation that, to be accessible to most Mechanical Turk users, the tools must be available through browsers with no plug-ins or extra downloads. We show comparative results exploring the annotation accuracy relative to existing annotation tools.
CULTURAL AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN TOUCH AVOIDANCE

250 male and female respondents from American, Mediterranean, Near Eastern, and Far Eastern cultures completed a self-report measure of touch-avoidance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated factors for opposite-sex and same-sex touch-avoidance. These factors were used as dependent variables in a 4 x 2 (culture by sex) multivariate analysis of variance which yielded a significant interaction of culture by sex on opposite-sex touch-avoidance and a main effect of the respondents' sex on same-sex touch-avoidance.
Probing the ligand binding domain of the GluR2 receptor by proteolysis and deletion mutagenesis defines domain boundaries and yields a crystallizable construct

Ionotropic glutamate receptors constitute an important family of ligand-gated ion channels for which there is little biochemical or structural data. Here we probe the domain structure and boundaries of the ligand binding domain of the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 receptor by limited proteolysis and deletion mutagenesis. To identify the proteolytic fragments, Maldi mass spectrometry and N-terminal amino acid sequencing were employed. Trypsin digestion of HS1S2 (Chen GQ, Gouaux E. 1997. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13431-13436) in the presence and absence of glutamate showed that the ligand stabilized the S1 and S2 fragments against complete digestion. Using limited proteolysis and multiple sequence alignments of glutamate receptors as guides, nine constructs were made, folded, and screened for ligand binding activity. From this screen, the S1S21 construct proved to be trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant, stable to storage at 4 degrees C, and amenable to three-dimensional crystal formation. The HS1S21 variant was readily prepared on a large scale, the His tag was easily removed by trypsin, and crystals were produced that diffracted to beyond 1.5 A resolution. These experiments, for the first time, pave the way to economical overproduction of the ligand binding domains of glutamate receptors and more accurately map the boundaries of the ligand binding domain.
Language Recognition with Word Lattices and Support Vector Machines

Language recognition is typically performed with methods that exploit phonotactics - a phone recognition language modeling (PRLM) system. A PRLM system converts speech to a lattice of phones and then scores a language model. A standard extension to this scheme is to use multiple parallel phone recognizers (PPRLM). In this paper, we modify this approach in two distinct ways. First, we replace the phone tokenizer by a powerful speech-to-text system. Second, we use a discriminative support vector machine for language modeling. Our goals are twofold. First, we explore the ability of a single speech-to-text system to distinguish multiple languages. Second, we fuse the new system with an SVM PRLM system to see if it complements current approaches. Experiments on the 2005 NIST language recognition corpus show the new word system accomplishes these goals and has significant potential for language recognition.
Local evanescent, array coupled (LEAC) biosensor response to low index adlayers

Experiments on planar optical waveguide based local evanescent array coupled biosensors using low-index photoresist and polystyrene nanoparticle adlayers are reported. Near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements are in close agreement with beam propagation method simulations.
Edge enhancement with image algebra

Illustrates an implementation method for edge enhancement algorithms, or other processes based on convolutions, through the application of image algebra. Standard convolution kernels are decomposed into orthogonal components to identify a small set of basis images that are combined to perform the desired functions. With this method, algorithms can easily be modified as they are not limited by the summation of fixed constants in convolution kernels. Though results are shown on a pixel basis, there is no effort in this paper to evaluate the relative performances of various algorithms. However, the image algebra approach naturally illuminates the fundamental properties of different algorithms. The approach is effective for software implementation as algorithms typically execute faster than implementations based on conventional convolutions. >
Reactive Processing in Ceramic-Based Systems

Reactive hot pressing is discussed as a processing method to form ceramic-based materials. Fundamental aspects of thermodynamics such as favorable Gibbs'-free energy changes, phase equilibria, and adiabatic temperature are presented as criteria for determining whether the desired reactions can be used to form dense materials. Two case studies are presented as examples to describe control of microstructure and properties. The fabrication of Al 2 O 3 -Nb and ZrB 2 are discussed with respect to the three thermodynamic criteria as well as the microstructure and properties of the materials that are produced.
Envelope Determinants of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Vaccine Protection and the Effects of Sequence Variation on Immune Recognition

A highly effective attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine (EIAVD9) capable of protecting 100% of horses from disease induced by a homologous Env challenge strain (EIAVPV) was recently tested in ponies to determine the level of protection against divergent Env challenge strains (J. K. Craigo, B. S. Zhang, S. Barnes, T. L. Tagmyer, S. J. Cook, C. J. Issel, and R. C. Montelaro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:15105-15110, 2007). An inverse correlation between challenge strain Env variation and vaccine protection from disease was observed. Given the striking differences in protective immunity, we hypothesized that analysis of the humoral and cellular immune responses to the Env protein could reveal potential determinants of vaccine protection. Neutralization activity against the homologous Env or challenge strain-specific Env in immune sera from the vaccinated ponies did not correlate with protection from disease. Cellular analysis with Env peptide pools did not reveal an association with vaccine protection from disease. However, when individual vaccine-specific Env peptides were utilized, eight cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) peptides were found to associate closely with vaccine protection. One of these peptides also yielded the only lymphoproliferative response associated with protective immunity. The identified peptides spanned both variable and conserved regions of gp90. Amino acid divergence within the principal neutralization domain and the identified peptides profoundly affected immune recognition, as illustrated by the inability to detect cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies and the observation that certain peptide-specific CTL responses were altered. In addition to identifying potential Env determinants of EIAV vaccine efficacy and demonstrating the profound effects of defined Env variation on immune recognition, these data also illustrate the sensitivity offered by individual peptides compared to peptide pools in measuring cellular immune responses in lentiviral vaccine trials.
Theoretical Studies of Defects, Impurities, and Complexes in Semiconductors

Theoretical studies of microscopic properties of localized defects, impurities, and complexes in semiconductors have greatly progressed in the past decade. Theory has advanced beyond “point” defects to include lattice relaxations and distortions, interactions between defects, complex formation, and even some extended structures. Vibrational frequencies, hyperfine parameters, and other measurable quantities are being calculated from first principles. Both the one-effective-particle density-functional approach and the all-electron Hartree-Fock methods are able to predict a variety of microscopic properties of defects at or near the ab initio level. However, despite the progress achieved, theoretical descriptions only approximate the real world. In this paper, an overview is given of the way these calculations are done and of the main approximations involved. Although some of them will be eliminated by progress in computer technology, other problems such as electron correlation or excited states are likely to require new thinking.
Transitional-state growth kinetics of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae) during self-shading in batch culture under light-limiting, nutrient-replete conditions: Improving biomass for productivity (culture quality)

Abstract Batch culture is the most common method for microbial cultivation, of which its growth dynamics is classified into distinct phases. Importantly is the phase of declining growth (but known as the “linear growth phase” during shade-limited growth for algae) that follows exponential growth and precedes the stationary growth phases. During this phase, under nutrient-replete and light (shade)-limiting conditions, an increasing algal biomass occurs concurrent with a decreasing growth rate (culture quality) that is historically thought to generate a peak of maximum productivity. Dense batch cultures (to > 2 g dry weight l − 1 ) of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were grown under a range of incident scalar irradiances (2–26 Ein m − 2 d − 1 ) using both continuous light and 12-h day length in an integrated light environment. Under these conditions, a light-limiting, transition-state dynamic phase between exponential and stationary growth was examined. Growth rate varied to the power of biomass during the phase of linear growth. As a consequence, maximum productivity was provided a broad plateau, not a peak, throughout this phase as a function of incident irradiance, during which culture quality changed, and needs consideration in the engineering, design, and operation of mass algal cultivation systems.
Multi‐Spectral imaging in materials microanalysis

Multi-spectral imaging in materials microanalysis is reviewed, with illustrative results from scanning Auger microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray imaging. A new approach to defining the signal-to-noise ratio for multi-spectral images suggests that the number of resolvable signal levels increases multiplicatively with the number of orthogonal dimensions containing the signal. As the collected signal increases only as the sum of the number of dimensions, this can lead to considerable advantages of multi-spectral over single-channel imaging. One disadvantage of multi-spectral imaging is the large amount of data that are collected. However, in practice, most of the signal in an image can be represented in a few dimensions using principal component analysis. An example of the use of principal component analysis shows that the information in a data set from an electron microscope image of seven energy-dispersive x-ray images can be viewed in two or three dimensions and can thus be efficiently presented on a windowed graphics screen.
Cheap Talk and Bogus Network Externalities in the Emerging Technology Market

Many emerging technologies exhibit path-dependent demands driven by positive network feedback. Such network effects profoundly impact marketing strategists' thinking in today's network economy. However, the significant network externalities expected by many people often fail to materialize in the emerging technology market. We analyze this phenomenon in the context of a technology distribution channel. By studying cheap-talk strategies under information asymmetry, we show that incentive-compatible contracts are essential for achieving credible information transmission. In our model, the better-informed technology vendor has an incentive to inflate the retailer's ex ante belief of network externalities when a wholesale price contract is adopted. When properly termed revenue-sharing contracts are implemented, there are information-efficient cheap-talk equilibria where truthful information transmission is mutually beneficial. When the vendor's information is imperfect, even revenue-sharing contracts cannot guarantee credible information transmission if there is significant prior belief disparity between the vendor and the retailer. This study demonstrates how information-inefficient equilibria e.g., information blockage arise because of the conflict of interest or the conflict of opinion among channel members. It also explores the role of cheap talk in facilitating channel coordination.
X‐ray diffraction studies of model compounds of thermoplastic polyimides

Several model compounds which represent aspects of the chemical structure of the Langley Research Center thermoplastic (LARC-TPI) have been synthesized for comparison studies using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) as the discriminatory tool. The model compounds included N-phenylphthalimide, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic diphthalimide, and N,N'-diphenyl-3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic diphthalimide. X-ray diffraction studies of appropriate model compounds can yield information to aid in the understanding of polymeric crystallographic structure. Crystallinity and physical property changes can thus be induced into materials having complicated structures by chemical and thermal processes.
Interaction in Small Groups

In the early 1970s, the question "whatever happened to research on the group in social psychology" was raised (Steiner, 1974). A year earlier, small group research was declared dead in a chapter on small groups subtitled "the light that failed" (Mullins & Mullins, 1973). In the early 1980s, Rosenberg and Turner's coverage of the field of social psychology included a chapter on small groups by Kurt Back (1981), but almost all of the research cited was done before the mid to late 1950s. The more recent coverage of the field of social psychology did not include a chapter on group processes (Cook, Fine, & House, 1995). However, it did include a section under the rubric of social relationships and group processes in which seven chapters were placed. Small group research has not disappeared; rather, it has become ubiquitous, spread among a number of research issues (e.g., networks, exchange, bargaining, justice, group decision making, intergroup relations, jury studies, expectation states, minority influence, leadership, cohesion, therapy and self-analytic processes, and power and status) and disciplines (e.g., sociology, psychology, communications, organizational research) (Davis, 1996). In fact, research in all of these areas is active, though the outlets for such research are varied, and it is likely that no one is completely aware of the full range of activity. On the other hand, research on groups has diminished in sociology as a result of the way in which much research on group processes is conducted. Following the insights of Zelditch (1969), laboratory practice in sociology has shifted from the earlier study of freely interacting persons in a group context to the study of particular processes, perceptions, and reactions that can often be studied on individuals within real or simulated social settings. This approach was often used in psychology from the early studies of Sherif on norms and the autokinetic effect (Sherif, 1936) and the Asch studies of conformity to group pressures (Asch, 1960), as
The rule of fives, a simple way to stratify risk for primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)

The current AJCC version 7 staging system is a lugubrious means to classify gastrointestinal stromal tumors with respect to their risk and need for adjuvant systemic therapy. The rule of fives, suggested here, is a means to quickly assess whether a given gastrointestinal stromal tumor is low vs intermediate-high risk.
Phase II clinical trial of combination chemotherapy with dexamethasone for lymphoma in dogs

Dogs with histologically confirmed lymphoma were treated with a 14-week induction chemotherapy protocol that included dexamethasone. A phase II clinical trial was done using a standard two-stage design. Complete remission occurred in 21 (88%) dogs, with a median initial progression-free interval of 186 days. Toxicity was mild and self-limiting in the majority of dogs.
Effect of trichome density on soybean pod feeding by adult bean leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

The role of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, pod trichomes on feeding by adult bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions during 1997 and 1998. Three Clark isolines and ‘Corsoy 79’ were used to compare the feeding preference of the beetle on pods with different trichome densities. The three Clark isolines, including densely pubescent, sparsely pubescent, and glabrous, were isogenic except for trichome density. The trichome densities on the pods of Clark densely pubescent, Clark sparsely pubescent, and Corsoy 79 were significantly different. In no-choice tests, under both laboratory and field conditions, the feeding on pods of Clark densely pubescent was significantly lower than that on the other isolines. In the choice test of Corsoy 79 conducted in the laboratory and field, when the trichomes on one of the two pods were shaven off, the feeding on the shaven pods was significantly higher than that of the intact ones. In the choice test among Clark isolines under laboratory condition, the result was significant, with the lowest feeding on the densely pubescent pods. This study demonstrates that densely pubescent soybean has the potential to resist bean leaf beetle feeding on pods.
Bose-Fermi Symmetries in Nuclei

In the last few years, several examples of dynamical symmetries have been found in the spectra of even-even nuclei. These symmetries can be called of “normal” type, since they are related to properties of a system of identical particles (bosons). Within the framework of an algebraic description, these symmetries arise whenever the following set of conditions is met: (i) the Hamiltonian, H, which describes the system, has group structure G. (ii) H can be written in terms only of Casimir invariants of a group chain G ⊃ G′ ⊃ G″ ⊃... .
Simultaneous Paired Kidney Exchange

The desire to provide more opportunities through living donor transplantation has led the field to seek solutions to incompatible donor and recipient pairs. Initial interest in desensitization protocols yielded graft outcomes similar to those seen with deceased donor transplants thereby supporting greater efforts in acquiring pairs with a negative crossmatch and the absence of donor-specific antibody. Through paired kidney exchange, individuals elect to donate their kidney to an unintended recipient following the demonstration of compatibility with the expectation that their intended recipient would, likewise, receive a compatible organ. Often with the aid of complex and multifunctional computer matching programs, PKE programs have expanded from individual centers to nationwide programs involving programs across multiple time zones. From simple two- and three-way simultaneous pairs to both closed and open chains involving a nondirected and a bridge donor, the potential for increasing the number of recipients of living donor organs is seemingly endless. Current efforts in regulating the safety and quality of PKE programs have received much national and media attention.
Array-based nuclear run-on analysis.

There is extensive evidence that post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, such as mRNA turnover, critically affect the patterns of expressed mRNAs. Conventional microarray analysis measures steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, which represents the dynamic balance between new transcription and mRNA degradation. Accordingly, only de novo transcription can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial events of transcriptional regulation. In this chapter, we describe a recently reported method to study transcription systematically. It involves the genome-wide labeling of nascent transcripts using non-radioactive modified nucleotides, their isolation for amplification, and their hybridization and analysis using commercial microarrays.
The genome sequence of parrot bornavirus 5.

Although several new avian bornaviruses have recently been described, information on their evolution, virulence, and sequence are often limited. Here we report the complete genome sequence of parrot bornavirus 5 (PaBV-5) isolated from a case of proventricular dilatation disease in a Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus). The complete genome consists of 8842 nucleotides with distinct 5′ and 3′ end sequences. This virus shares nucleotide sequence identities of 69–74 % with other bornaviruses in the genomic regions excluding the 5′ and 3′ terminal sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genomic regions demonstrated this new isolate is an isolated branch within the clade that includes the aquatic bird bornaviruses and the passerine bornaviruses. Based on phylogenetic analyses and its low nucleotide sequence identities with other bornavirus, we support the proposal that PaBV-5 be assigned to a new bornavirus species:- Psittaciform 2 bornavirus.
Digital heritage

The India Digital Heritage Project is a collaborative initiative between the industry and academia, with the aim of using novel techniques to efficiently capture and present various aspects of India's diverse heritage, while at the same time advancing the state-of-the art in related research areas. As part of the Digital Heritage Project, we have built a prototype virtual tour of a South Indian temple that, for the first time, integrates technologies such as Photosynth and HDView, opening up new ways to interactively explore visually complex sites. These technologies are combined with audio, video and guided walkthroughs, to provide a compelling end user experience. The accompanying video highlights the key scenarios of our prototype.
Apparent fate of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae stung by the introduced parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Observations on stinging behavior of Coccygomimus disparis (Viereck), an introduced pupal parasite of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), and its impact on host fate were made in a field study at 3 sites in a forested community near Hartly, DE. Incidence of ichneumonid parasitism and other mortality sources were compared in hosts known and not known to have been stung by C. disparis . Both parasitism and other mortality were higher in stung pupae. Survival of pupae, as evidenced by emergence of adult moths known to have been stung by C. disparis , was significantly lower than those not known to have been stung at 2 of the 3 study sites, and at all 3 sites when only female pupae were considered. The only site where no difference was noted had sustained heavy mortality (>80%), induced by other factors, especially Calosoma sycophanta (L.) and Brachymeria intermedia (Nees). Parasitization by ichneumonids and B. intermedia , as well as incidence of disease and desiccation, were higher in pupae of L. dispar experimentally stung by C. disparis than in those which were not. Attacks by C. disparis ranged from 10 s to a17 min in duration, but averaged <4 min. Host feeding by C. disparis females did not affect survival in stung hosts but did prolong attack duration. Attack duration differed among sites.
Two-Dimensional Simulation of Injection Molding of Rubber Compounds

Abstract A general finite-element and finite-difference computer program has been developed for filling a thin cavity during injection molding of rubber compounds. This program employs a finite-element representation of the cavity in the planar dimensions and a finite-difference representation in the gapwise direction and is capable of accommodating any type of rheological equation and vulcanization model and incorporates both viscous heating and heat of vulcanization. A detailed example of an application of this program has been presented for filling a quarter-disk cavity with rubber compounds having a viscosity function obeying a modified Cross model and curing kinetics according to our recently proposed nonisothermal vulcanization model. The pressure, velocity, and temperature fields and melt-front locations have been calculated during the filling stage. The evaluation of state of cure distribution in the rubber moldings has been predicted in the postfilling stage. Comparisons of the prediction of the ...
An Exploratory Study on the Effectiveness of an Inclusive Design Tool With a Metric to Evaluate Inclusivity of Conceptual Designs

Inclusive design aims to provide equitable use of a product irrespective of the user’s ability. Currently, sufficient tools are not available for practicing inclusive design. Recent research efforts have developed a method for inclusive design during the conceptual phase; the method consists of applying an empirically derived set of inclusive design rules to the actionfunction diagram of a product. This exploratory study investigates the effectiveness of this inclusive design representation scheme in generating ideas for conceptual design. An experiment is conducted in which participants generate ideas for an inclusive product design with and without the inclusive design representation scheme. The participants are also trained to use the representation scheme before implementing it in the experimental condition. Presently, there is no pre-defined metric to measure the inclusiveness of a conceptual design. Consequently, this paper introduces a metric to evaluate the inclusiveness of an idea; inter-rater reliability is also established for the metric. The ideas generated in the control and experimental conditions are compared based on quality and inclusivity. The results indicate that the inclusive design representation scheme helps the designer perform inclusive product design to a limited extent. This representation scheme is a promising method and needs detailed exploration of its individual elements. Moreover, the inclusivity metric serves as a foundational block for benchmarking various methods for inclusive design.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. How to avoid difficulty.

PreviewSuccessful weaning of patients from ventilator support is not always easy. When difficulty is expected or attempts have repeatedly failed, what approach should be used? In this article, Dr Tobin explains the factors that contribute to weaning failure and discusses important management strategies to achieve a successful outcome.
Risk Assessment of the Army’s Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

The Army’s Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program is intended to destroy the nation’s stockpile of unitary chemical weapons. The stockpile, consisting of three basic chemical agent types in both explosive and bulk storage configurations, is stored at eight Army sites across the conterminous United States. This paper describes the probabilistic risk assessment that was carried out to assist the Army in determining which of five proposed disposal program alternatives, all large scale efforts involving multiple activities at multiple sites, pose the least risk to public safety for the population groups living near the sites or along the proposed transportation corridors. The risk analysis rests on a foundation of approximately 3000 hypothesized accidents—a mix of modeled and historic data. Consequences for each accident are expressed as potential fatalities and the extent (length and area) of the resulting agent dispersion plume; probability is expressed as the chance that the accident will happen during the stockpile disposal program. Results are expressed in terms of five different risk measures. Uncertainty in the risk assessment results was estimated. The results showed that the “on-site disposal” option is expected to pose the least programmatic risk.
Catecholamine Secretion from Glomus Cells is Dependent on Extracellular Bicarbonate

Although an exact understanding of the mechanism of hypoxic transduction in the carotid body has remained elusive, it is generally accepted that the glomus cells play an essential role. These cells synthesize and store neurotransmitters, particularly catecholamines, in dense cored vesicles and release them during hypoxic stimulation. One major theory of hypoxic transduction proposes that hypoxia directly inhibits a K+ current leading to depolarization, calcium influx through voltage-dependent channels and enhanced catecholamine secretion secondary to the influx of calcium. Catecholamine, in turn, causes nerve excitation (Gonzalez et al, 1994).
Concussion-related litigation against the National Football League.

The National Football League concussion lawsuits could potentially serve as a valuable model for other professional sports injury cases in the future.
Anesthesia for Ophthalmologic Surgery

This chapter takes a look at the special challenges of conducting an anesthetic for ophthalmologic procedures. These cases carry the important responsibility of preserving patient vision and maintaining patient comfort and safety. It is no easy task performing these procedures under minimal sedation in a uniquely challenging patient population where extremes of age, multiple comorbidities, traumas, and communication deficits are rampant. The anesthesiologist has to continually balance the ability to control intraocular pressure, prevent arrhythmias, control gas bubble expansion and maintain adequate analgesia and akinesia. Various surgeries can be carried out by a variety of regional techniques with supplementation from topical, local or general anesthesia. It answers the difficult question of whether retrobulbar, peribulbar, or sub-Tenon’s blocks individually carry any distinct advantages as well as examine their various side effects and complications. It will examine ocular anatomy, the physiology of anesthetic drugs, and sometimes-dangerous consequences of ocular medications these patients may be taking. It will prepare any provider for adequate vigilance during monitoring, detection of the oculocardiac reflex, and prompt treatment and resolution of such arrhythmias.
The RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperture radar diagnostics and calibration

The RADARSAT-2 antenna is an active phased array, which uses two-dimensional beamforming and beamsteering to form the many (over 200) different beams required for the RADARSAT-2 imaging modes. For calibration purposes it is necessary to have a means for obtaining information about the characteristics of the array in-orbit. This paper is concerned with the in-orbit measurement operations, which are planned for characterisation of the antenna. These operations do not involve any interaction with any hardware units on the ground, thus they can be performed at any point in the orbit where the ground has the required backscatter characteristics. The purpose of these operations and the information that is to be obtained is described in this paper, followed by assessment of the accuracy of the information. The set of measurements described use special sequences involving transmissions or receptions with individual transmit receive modules (TRMs), rows or columns or subsets of the TRMs, rows or columns. An outline description of the operations, the required spacecraft and ground resources required, and the accuracy of the derived data is then presented. Analysis and simulation have shown that all the test and measurement accuracy goals can be met with data from a single cycle of each of the test sequences, but provision has been made for multiple successive cycles to be performed to increase accuracy if required.
Body Image, Sexy, and Sexualization

The chapter on body image begins with a review of the literature on the White “thin body ideal” and the work that shows that Black and Latina girls have been shown to have different beauty standards. These latter ideals have been described as more permissive in terms of body size and shape. We explore the various reasons this might be true and describe research that shows that exposure to predominantly White thin ideal media has less of an effect on girls of color. We also discuss the idea that while the body ideals might be different, the idea that they are more “permissive” reflects a White and privileged perspective. We use our focus group discussions to show that there may also be restrictions and shaming in communities of girls of color when a girl does not attain an ideal, even if it is not the thin one. We also explore the way girls understand that fuller figures make them vulnerable and more prone to being seen as sexual and hypersexual by teachers and other adults in their school. We also draw on discourse studies from outside of the United States in which researchers attempted to understand the complexity of what sexiness is with regard to the intersection of race, sex, and sexuality.
Discussion of ‘a general framework for functional regression modelling’ by Greven and Scheipl:

AbstractWe discuss the challenge in properly assessing the uncertainty of the estimates produced by the R package pffr, especially as it pertains to constructing confidence bands and computing p-va...
Interleukin-1 inhibition facilitates recovery from liver injury and promotes regeneration of hepatocytes in alcoholic hepatitis in mice.

Background & Aims Inflammation and impaired hepatocyte regeneration contribute to liver failure in alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Interleukin (IL)-1 is a key inflammatory cytokine in the pathobiology of AH. The role of IL-1 in liver regeneration in the recovery phase of alcohol-induced liver injury is unknown. Methods In this study, we tested IL-1 receptor antagonist to block IL-1 signalling in a mouse model of acute-on-chronic liver injury on liver inflammation and hepatocyte regeneration in AH. Results We observed that inhibition of IL-1 signalling decreased liver inflammation and neutrophil infiltration, and resulted in enhanced regeneration of hepatocytes and increased rate of recovery from liver injury in AH. Conclusion Our novel findings suggest that IL-1 drives sustained liver inflammation and impaired hepatocyte regeneration even after cessation of ethanol exposure.
Effects of repeated biaxial loads on the creep properties of cardinal ligaments.

Abstract The cardinal ligament (CL) is one of the major pelvic ligaments providing structural support to the vagina/cervix/uterus complex. This ligament has been studied mainly with regards to its important function in the treatment of different diseases such as surgical repair for pelvic organ prolapse and radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. However, the mechanical properties of the CL have not been fully determined, despite the important in vivo supportive role of this ligament within the pelvic floor. To advance our limited knowledge about the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the CL, we conducted three consecutive planar equi-biaxial tests on CL specimens isolated from swine. Specifically, the CL specimens were divided into three groups: specimens in group 1 (n = 7) were loaded equi-biaxially to 1 N, specimens in group 2 (n = 8) were loaded equi-biaxially to 2 N, and specimens in group 3 (n = 7) were loaded equi-biaxially to 3 N. In each group, the equi-biaxial loads of 1 N, 2 N, or 3 N were applied and kept constant for 1200 s three times. The two axial loading directions were selected to be the main in-vivo loading direction of the CL and the direction that is perpendicular to it. Using the digital image correlation (DIC) method, the in-plane Lagrangian strains in these two loading directions were measured throughout the tests. The results showed that CL was elastically anisotropic, as statistical differences were found between the mean strains along the two axial loading directions for specimens in group 1, 2, or 3 when the equi-biaxial load reached 1 N, 2 N, or 3 N, respectively. For specimens in group 1 and 2, no statistical differences were detected in the mean normalized strains (or, equivalently, the increase in strain over time) between the two axial loading directions for each creep test. For specimens in group 3, some differences were noted but, by the end of the 3rd creep test, there were no statistical differences in the mean normalized strains between the two axial loading directions. These findings indicated that the increase in strain over time by the end of the 3rd creep test were comparable along these directions. The greatest mean normalized strain (or, equivalently, the largest increase in strain over time) was measured at the end of the 1st creep test ( t = 1200 s ), regardless of the equi-biaxial load magnitude or loading direction. Mean normalized strains during the 2nd and 3rd creep tests (t = 100, 600, and 1200 s), along each loading direction, were not statistically different. Isochronal data collected at 1 N, 2 N, or 3 N equi-biaxial loads indicated that the CL may be a nonlinear viscoelastic material. Overall, this experimental study offers new knowledge of the mechanical properties of the CL that can guide the development of better treatment methods such as surgical reconstruction for pelvic organ prolapse and radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy With Fusion Using a Local Source for Cancellous Autograft: A Biomechanical Analysis of Vertebral Body Stability in an Osteopenic Bone Model.

Background:Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion is an effective treatment for patients having cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. To reduce morbidity associated with autograft taken from the iliac crest without sacrificing high fusion rates, a novel technique that harvests bone from the vertebral body adjacent to the operative disc space has been proposed. The effects of square and round bone graft harvest techniques on the mechanical stability of the osteopenic donor vertebrae are unknown. We analyzed the biomechanical implications of the technique by subjecting osteopenic models to uniaxial compression to compare yield strengths of surgically altered and unaltered specimens.Methods:Biomechanical grade polyurethane foam was cut into 60 different 12 mm × 17 mm × 20 mm blocks. The foam had a density of 10 pounds per cubic foot, simulating osteoporotic bone. Rectangular prism (4 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm) and cylindrical cores (r = 2 mm, h = 8 mm) were removed from 20 blocks per group. Twenty samples were lef...