cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of results of food contamination monitoring in Zhangjiagang,2009-2012

Objective To investigate the current status of food contamination in Zhangjiagang and provide basis for the hygienic supervision. Methods Different kinds of food were sampled from the citywide monitoring spots of "Food Contamination Monitoring System" to detect the items of microorganism, heavy metals and harmful elements, mycotoxins,food additives and the illegal additives. Results 2829 food samples of 28 kinds were collected and 2659 samples were qualified with qualification rate 93.99%. The food which got a qualification rate lower than 95% include non-fermented soy products, vermicelli, minced fish products, eggs and egg products, animal innards, edible fungus, wheat flour food,water-swollen food and sauce pickled vegetables. The non-fermented soy products and vermicelli got lowest qualified rate5.88% and 39.89%. Main unqualified itesm were the CFU of bacteria, coliform group, Lead, Mercury, Aluminum,cyclamate, Nitrite and Rongalit, etc. Conclusion The overall food contamination level in Zhangjiagang is low. We should pay more attention to microbial contamination in not-fermented soy products, the heavy metal pollution in animal offals and vegetables, the excessive use of some food additives and some illegal material. It is suggested to reinforce the supervision in the related fields and to carry out targeted propaganda and training.
Recyclable Earth-Abundant Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for Selective Transfer Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to Produce γ-Valerolactone

Nanoparticles (NPs) derived from earth-abundant metal(0) carbonyls catalyze conversion of bio-derived levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone in up to 93% isolated yield. This sustainable and green route uses non-precious metal catalysts and can be performed in aqueous or ethanol solution without using hydrogen gas as the hydrogen source. Generation of metal NPs using microwave irradiation greatly enhances the rate of the conversion, enables the use of ethanol as both solvent and hydrogen source without forming the undesired ethyl levulinate, and affords recyclable polymer-stabilized NPs.
Specificity of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Dectin-1 Signaling in CNS Macrophages.

The first line of innate immune defense in the CNS is mediated by the resident macrophages, that is, microglia. Microglia are the most abundant of all CNS macrophages, which also include meningeal macrophages and macrophages of the choroid plexus and circumventricular organs ([Perry and Teeling,
STUDIES OF DEHYDROGENASE MECHANISMS USING ADP-TETRAMETHYLPIPERIDINE-1-OXYL (ADP-R.), A PARAMAGNETIC ANALOG OF NAD†

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on studies of dehydrogenase mechanisms using ADP-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (ADP-R•). Previous EPR and NMR studies have shown that ADP-R· forms binary and ternary complexes with liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) and substrates which enhance the effect of the unpaired electron on the proton relaxation rates of water and the substrates. The slow binding of ethanol to the water side of bound ADP-R· provides a kinetic and structural explanation for the Theorell–Chance mechanism. The use of paramagnetic metal ions as probes for the study of metal-activated and metalloenzymes by the techniques of electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic relaxation has provided detailed insight into the mechanism of action of such enzymes. Ternary enzyme–ADP–R· substrate complexes were detected by the decrease in water relaxation rate produced by ethanol, acetaldehyde and isobutyramide.
Sport Psychology Teaching Approaches for High School Coaches and Their Student-Athletes.

Coaches lacking a formal background in sport psychology may shy away from teaching these skills in favor of teaching physical skills with which they are more familiar. Other coaches may assume that athletes will learn sport psychology skills as a byproduct of their coaching pedagogy. Regardless, high school coaches are responsible for teaching sport psychology skills to the student-athletes in their charge. The purpose of this article is to describe three different approaches to teach sport psychology skills to high school student-athletes. Based in the psychological UNIFORM curriculum, athletes will benefit from the intentional nature of the approaches, while the teaching formats will assist coaches pedagogically. Modifications and appropriate shortcuts are also suggested for coaches who want to teach sport psychology skills, but may lack the resources and/or time to create these materials.
Physiology of the Transplanted Heart

The normal heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS exerts chronotropic and inotropic control over the heart and supplies visceral sensory fibers to the pericardium. Heart transplantation results in denervation of the donor heart by surgical dissection of postganglionic neurons. Within days, cardiac stores of norepinephrine become depleted and autonomic influence over the heart is lost.
Evolution of Physical Machines

Can evolutionary principles be used to automatically design and manufacture physical machines and discover new concepts not foreseen by human engineers? Fully automated design and manufacture has long been the Holy Grail of the CAD/CAM field. In this research we explore some directions of this prospect. We evolve machines for specified tasks and replicate them into reality, thereby establishing for the first time a complete physical evolutionary design cycle into reality. To create a minimally biased design space, only two low-level building blocks are used: linear actuation elements and sigmoidal control neurons. These elements can assemble together to give rise to a universe of possible forms of controlled machines with rigid and flexible components. Quasi-static motion is then used to simulate low momentum behavior, including flexion, material failure, collision and friction. Selected machines are then automatically replicated into reality using rapid prototyping techniques. The automatically designed and manufactured machines then perform in reality. The paper discusses this approach and provides examples of both virtual and real machines evolved for the task of locomotion.
Lack of community-oriented policing practices partially mediates the relationship between racial residential segregation and “black-on-black” homicide rates

Although black-white racial residential segregation in the US has continued to decline, blacks still experience greater levels of segregation than other racial groups. The present study examined whether a lack of community policing practices in 2012 mediated the relationship between racial segregation in 2010 and intraracial (i.e., "black-onblack") homicides in 2013. We collected incorporated-place-level secondary data from several sources and performed mediation analysis to test relationships among variables. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of segregation were associated with higher intraracial homicide rates; however, the effect was mediated by lack of community policing efforts. Specifically, our findings suggest that lack of community policing practices might explain 13% of the relationship between black-white residential segregation and intraracial homicide. Given the history and complexity of racial residential segregation in the US, one immediate measure by which policymakers might improve health in segregated places is the implementation and expansion of community policing initiatives.
The 1.3-meter Robotically Controlled Telescope: Developing a Fully Autonomous Observatory

The former KPNO 1.3-meter telescope is being refurbished and automated by a consortium of U.S. institutions, headed by Western Kentucky University, with the goal of a 2002 recommissioning as the Robotically Controlled Telescope (RCT). The 1.3-meter RCT will operate in fully autonomous mode to obtain guided images for a variety of research and education programs. Distinctions between a fully autonomous versus robotic observatory are presented, along with a discussion of why fully autonomous operation is necessary for increased productivity of small telescopes.
Using mindfulness to teach perception

Using the philosophy of mindfulness is an innovative way to teach about perception. By participating in a mindfulness awareness practice, engaging in an activity with all your senses and being in t...
Fabric as a Sensor: Towards Unobtrusive Sensing of Human Behavior with Triboelectric Textiles

Smart apparel with embedded sensors have the potential to revolutionize human behavior sensing by leveraging everyday clothing as the sensing substrate. However, existing textile-based sensing techniques rely on tight-fitting garments to obtain sufficient signal to noise, making it uncomfortable to wear and limiting the technology to niche applications like athletic performance monitoring. Our solution leverages functionalized fabric to measure the triboelectric charges induced by folding and compression of the textile itself, making it a more natural fit for everyday clothing. However, the large sensing surface of a functionalized textile also increases body-coupled noise and motion artifacts, and introduces new challenges in how we suppress noise to detect the weak triboelectric signal. We address these challenges using a combination of textile, electronics, and signal analysis-based innovations, and robustly sense joint motions by improving SNR and extracting highly discriminative features from the signal. Additionally, we demonstrate how the same sensor can be used to measure relative changes in skin moisture levels induced by sweating. Our design uses a simple-to-manufacture layered architecture that can be incorporated into any conventional, loosely worn textile. We show that the sensor has high performance in natural conditions by benchmarking the accuracy of sensing several kinematic metrics as well as sweat level. Additionally, we provide real-world performance evaluations across three application case studies including activity classification, perspiration measurements during exercise, and comfort level detection for HVAC systems.
XX: ERICSSON COMPOUND ENGINE AND BELLEVILLE BOILER

Experiments made in the Delamater Iron Works, New York City, on a non-condensing, single-acting, tandem, compound steam engine designed by John Ericsson, and on the Belleville boiler supplying it with steam.
28.1 A 0.42nW 434MHz -79.1dBm Wake-Up Receiver with a Time-Domain Integrator

PicoNodes have applications in warehouse inventory, smart homes, or integrated patient monitoring and require ultra-low power consumption to eliminate battery replacement or enable batteryless systems. A small form factor is key for ubiquitous deployment. Recently, wake-up receivers [1, 2]have traded off latency for improved sensitivity for non-latency-critical applications. However, the improved sensitivity requires a high-Q front-end inductor that limits operation to below 200MHz; this stands in the way of a small antenna form factor. Higher-frequency operation makes a smaller antenna possible, but entails lower-Q inductors and higher package parasitics. A receiver with a gate-biased self-mixer [3]has demonstrated a moderate sensitivity at 550MHz with a relatively low-Q matching network, however, the self-mixer introduces extra input capacitance.
Large deviations of the limiting distribution in the Shanks-Rényi prime number race

Let q ≥ 3, 2 ≤ r ≤ φ( q ) and a 1 , . . ., a r be distinct residue classes modulo q that are relatively prime to q . Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) and the Linear Independence Hypothesis (LI), M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak [ 11 ] showed that the vector-valued function E q ; a 1 , . . ., a r ( x ) = ( E ( x ; q , a 1 ), . . ., E ( x ; q , a r )), where , has a limiting distribution μ q ; a 1 , . . ., a r which is absolutely continuous on . Furthermore, they proved that for r fixed, μ q ; a 1 , . . ., a r tends to a multidimensional Gaussian as q → ∞. In the present paper, we determine the exact rate of this convergence, and investigate the asymptotic behavior of the large deviations of μ q ; a 1 , . . ., a r .
The effect of isothermal heat treatment on hydrogen environment-assisted cracking susceptibility in Monel K-500

Abstract The effect of isothermal heat treatment on hydrogen environment-assisted cracking (HEAC) susceptibility in a single heat of Monel K-500 was evaluated via slow-rising stress intensity (K) testing while immersed in 0.6 M NaCl solution and exposed to applied potentials ranging from −1000 to −1200 mVSCE (vs. saturated calomel electrode). Four heat treatments, corresponding to the non-aged, under-aged, peak-aged, and over-aged conditions, conducted at a constant aging temperature of 923 K, were examined in this study. Crack growth kinetics and fractography demonstrate that alloys heat-treated to the under-aged and peak-aged conditions exhibit increased susceptibility to HEAC relative to alloys treated to the non-aged and over-aged conditions, respectively. Microstructural variables that are expected to vary under this isothermal heat treatment protocol are grain size, grain boundary character, grain boundary impurity concentration, yield strength, strain hardening, and precipitate morphology. A detailed assessment of grain size, grain boundary character, and grain boundary impurity concentration evolution with aging time suggests these variables do not explain the observed variation in HEAC susceptibility of Monel K-500. Differences in the crack tip hydrostatic stress field induced by differences in yield strength and strain hardening were directionally consistent with the observed HEAC susceptibility, but do not capture the enhanced susceptibility of the under-aged heat treatment relative to the peak-aged condition. However, transmission electron microscopy of each heat treatment revealed the presence of planar slip in the under-aged and peak-aged specimens, as compared to wavy slip in the non-aged and over-aged specimens, suggesting that the propensity for strain localization correlates well with HEAC susceptibility.
Physical fitness and neurocognitive outcomes in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime cohort

BACKGROUND Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at increased risk for both treatment-related exercise intolerance and neurocognitive deficits. This analysis aimed to identify the association between exercise intolerance and neurocognitive impairments in ALL survivors. METHODS Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, results from a 2-hour standardized neuropsychological assessment, and self-report questionnaires were obtained for 341 adult survivors of childhood ALL and 288 controls. Multivariable modeling was used to test associations between oxygen uptake at 85% estimated heart rate (rpkVO2 ) and neuropsychological test and self-reported questionnaire domains, adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, cranial radiation, anthracycline, and methotrexate exposure and tobacco smoking status. RESULTS Compared with controls, survivors had worse rpkVO2 and performance on verbal intelligence, focused attention, verbal fluency, working memory, dominant/nondominant motor speed, visual-motor speed, memory span, and reading and math measures (all P < .001). In adjusted models, exercise intolerance was associated with decreases in performance of verbal ability, focused attention, verbal fluency, working memory, dominant motor speed, nondominant motor speed, visual-motor speed, memory span, reading academics, and math academics in survivors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates an association between exercise intolerance and neurocognitive outcomes. Research is needed to determine whether interventions that improve exercise tolerance impact neurocognitive function in ALL survivors.
Redesigning the EITC: Issues in Design, Eligibility, Delivery, and Administration

The earned income tax credit provides substantial assistance to low- and moderate-income workers. Benefits tilt heavily to families with children. Prompted in part by the success of the credit and in part by shortcomings in the credit, policymakers, advocates, and analysts have offered up reform proposals. In this report, we describe the credit’s current effects and then analyze the credit’s basic elements (its eligibility requirements, design, timing, administration, and effects on other programs including State EITCs and transfer programs) to help guide thinking on these potential reforms.
Porezi i makroekonomija

My research with Furman (2018) assessed the 2017 U.S. tax reform and concluded that economic growth would be boosted by about 1 percent per year for 2018-19 and to a lesser extent for the following eight years. This forecast accorded well with realizations through the first quarter of 2019, but subsequent growth is slower, likely due to adverse effects from the ongoing trade war. Extensions from the previous research consider effects from businesses’ choices of legal form between corporate and pass-through status. Corporate form conveys benefits from perpetual legal identity, limited liability, potential for public trading of shares, and ability to retain earnings. However, legal changes have enhanced pass-through alternatives, for example, through the invention of the S-corporation in 1958 and the improved legal status of LLCs (limited liability companies) at the end of the 1980s. Corporate form is subject to a time varying tax wedge, which offsets the productivity benefits. In a theoretical framework, with a distribution of firms’ productivities associated with corporate and pass-through status, the tax wedge determines the fraction of firms that opt for corporate status, the level of economy-wide output (productivity), and the share of output generated by corporations. This framework underlies the empirical analysis of corporate shares of business economic activity. Long-difference regressions for 1968-2013 show that a higher tax wedge reduces the corporate share of gross assets. The corporate share also exhibits downward trends, likely reflecting underlying legal changes.
Replication in Controlled Marine Systems: Presenting the Evidence

The basic reason for replicating experiments is to answer the question: If a competent experimenter were to reconstruct this experiment with approximately the same experimental manipulations and environmental conditions, what range of results would he observe? Attempting to answer this question for large-scale experiments faces us with two problems not encountered in small-scale laboratory experiments: (1) Replicate experiments are performed under different environmental conditions, and (2) the cost and size of an experiment make large numbers of replicate experiments impractical. This note discusses these two problems in general and then considers the evidence for replicability in two largescale marine experiments: the MERL No.2 fuel oil experiments at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, Narragansett, R.I., U.S.A., and the CEPEX mercury pollution experiments (Controlled Environmental Pollution Experiment, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada).
Abstract P001: Diurnal Dysfunction Of The Renal Endothelin System Is Associated With Obesity-induced Hypertension In Rats

Loss of endothelin (ET) control of Na+ reabsorption results in salt-sensitive hypertension. Diet-induced obesity such as via high fat (HF) diet can produce salt-sensitive hypertension. The goal of ...
Management of brain arteriovenous malformations: Still a long and winding road ahead.

In this issue of Neurology ®, a group of authors publish an abundantly referenced review of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs).1 In this review, different grading scales are described in detail and major emphasis is given to different options for interventional management. The discussion of current concepts of pathobiology include passing reference to former claims of progressive neurologic deficits and cerebral steal. Brief sections of the article discuss risk factors for hemorrhage, leading with venous obstruction and deep venous drainage, these exceeding lesion size and location. Seizures and headache are reviewed both as risk factors for hemorrhage and as outcomes from interventions. The review includes a lengthy critique focused on studies of those not having bled: the population-based Scottish Audit of Intracranial Vascular Malformations (SAIVM) and A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arterial Malformations (ARUBA). No management algorithm is provided, emphasizing the complexity of treatment, given the many variables to be considered beyond just dichotomizing into ruptured vs unruptured.
Surveying the Inner Halo of the Galaxy with 2MASS-Selected Horizontal Branch Candidates

We use 2MASS photometry to select blue horizontal branch (BHB) candidates covering the sky |b|>15 deg. A 12.5 50 deg. We insert simulated star streams into the data and conclude that the high Galactic latitude BHB candidates are consistent with having no ~5 deg wide star stream with density greater than 0.33 objects deg^-2 at the 95% confidence level. The absence of structure suggests there have been no major accretion events in the inner halo in the last few Gyr. However, at low Galactic latitudes a two-point angular correlation analysis reveals structure on angular scales <1 deg. This structure is apparently associated with stars in the thick disk, and has a physical scale of 10-100 pc. Interestingly, such structures are expected by cosmological simulations that predict the majority of the thick disk may arise from accretion and disruption of satellite mergers.
A privacy-preserving scheme for JPEG image retrieval based on deep learning

With the great increase of digital images, content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been proposed to facilitate the usage of images. Local users need to outsource CBIR to cloud services, which leads to privacy leakage. Based on deep learning, this paper proposes a retrieval scheme of encrypted JPEG images. In this scheme, the image owner sends the corresponding encrypted image to the cloud server. The cloud server extracts the Variable-length Integer (VLI) code length from the encrypted image and uses Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to learn a value of fixed dimensions as the feature vector. We have shown through experiments that our scheme is safe, with good performance and retrieval accuracy.
From endnotes to the ends of the earth: Moore, Staël, and romantic transport

Scholarship on travel writing tends to focus on accounts by writers who spent time in the places they depict. But neither Romantic-era nor twenty-first-century cognitive theory gives such a limited...
South Africa, Competition Law, and Equality: Restoring Equity by Antitrust in a Land where Markets were Brutally Skewed

In South Africa, the question is not whether to incorporate “equality” into the competition law, but how. In view of the history of heinous exclusion of all black South Africans, South Africa has long recognized inclusiveness as a competition law value. Recent amendments seek to further the equality goal. This essay argues that, within a significant space, the goals of an equitable and efficient competition law overlap. Maximizing this space requires a greater appreciation of exclusionary conduct and its harmful effects. The author next singles out the amendments that contemplate “transformation” obligations on parties to some big mergers and contracts who are seeking clearance or exemption. She highlights the special challenges to transparency, predictability, equal opportunity, and rule of law. She argues that with hard work (which is being done) the system can be administrable, with due process, and likely to engage the creative talents of the left-out majority.
Mathematical Solution Techniques — The Nonlinear World

This chapter provides some of the mathematical and algorithmic backgrounds to solve NLP and MINLP problems to local or global optimality. Covering nonlinear, continuous, or mixed integer optimization in great depth is beyond the scope of this book. Therefore only some essential aspects and ideas are introduced and some basics are presented. Readers with further interest are referred to Gill et al. (1981), Spelluci (1993), Burer & Letchford (2012) for a survey on non-convex MINLP, Belotti et al. (2013) on MINLP, and Boukouvala et al. (2016) for advances on global optimization. Special techniques for NLP problems, often used in oil or food industry, such as recursion or sequential linear programming and distributive recursion, have already been covered in Sect. 11.2.
Strengths of the heart: Stressors, gratitude, and mental health in single mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created significant economic, social, and mental health challenges for many parents. However, single mothers (who are typically both primary caregivers and wage earners for their families) may be especially vulnerable to stress and mental health problems during this crisis. Gratitude is strongly linked to positive emotions as well as mental health and has been shown to be amendable in interventions but has rarely been assessed in regard to parent well-being. In the present study, we assessed the longitudinal relations between life stressors and gratitude on single mothers' mental health (N = 200) prior to, and during, the pandemic using quantitative and qualitative data. We found that stressors contributed to poor mental health both concurrently and across time. However, T1 gratitude was associated with lower internalizing problems at T2 (controlling for prior internalizing problems). Qualitative interviews revealed both challenges and strengths of single mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that fostering gratitude in single mothers could have benefits for their mental health and well-being. Future research should test this in an intervention and further elucidate strength-based resources that single mothers utilize to assist them during challenging times, reduce stressors, and improve their mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Electricity: Basic Phenomena

It is both interesting and significant in the history of science that the fields of electrochemistry and electrophysiology began about the same time. The great controversy of Volta and Galvani was the basis of experimentation that eventually established both of these Sciences on a firm footing. The reader is urged to study the work of these two great investigators.
Acquired pseudo eating disorder: An imitation or fabrication of anorexia nervosa

Abstract Acquired pseudo eating disorder is a condition characterized by the development or fabrication of symptoms corresponding to an eating disorder in a patient hospitalized for an unrelated medical illness, who has previously been exposed to a patient(s) with anorexia nervosa. Two adolescent patients developed an eating disorder during medical hospitalisation. Both acquired the condition while hospitalized for another reason (myelomeningocele and multiple sclerosis, respectively). The potential psychodynamics suggested the selection of an "eating disorder," amenable to control, over the reality of a threatening illness that was experienced as being out of control. Thus, the new and dramatic symptoms appeared to serve as a defense against a pervasive underlying depression. The patient's loudly proclaimed "eating disorder" seemed to originate from the imitation of anorexia nervosa patients. Recognition of this hospital-acquired pseudo eating disorder and appropriate counseling resulted in rapid resolution of the symptoms. It is possible to identify a pseudo eating disorder developing during a hospitalization and differentiate it from "true" anorexia nervosa.
The specialized junctions of the lens.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison between the structure and chemical composition of different types of junctions in the lens. It also distinguishes between the possible functional roles of these junctions in ion transport and the maintenance of lens-fluid balance. Lens is a transparent and moderately deformable organ whose principal function is to focus light on the retina. Electrolytes and water move throughout the lens, either by crossing plasma membranes of lenticular cells (transcellular pathway) or by diffusing through the extracellular clefts between cells (paracellular pathway). Cells in the lens are connected by four types of plasma membrane contacts: (1) tight junctions, (2) gap junctions, (3) 18–20 nm junctions, and (4) 11–13 nm junctions. These junctions mediate and control different pathways for the diffusion of ions and small nonelectrolytes within and out of the lens and play fundamental roles in lens-fluid balance and transparency. The most important plasma membrane specialization regulating the permeability of the paracellular pathway to ions and nonelectrolytes is the tight junction. In the lens, tight junctions are found only in the epithelium. Such an asymmetric localization of tight junctions transforms the extracellular clefts in the posterior pole into the pathway of least resistance to the diffusion of molecules within the lens.
The Kinetics and Mechanism of Iron(III) Exchange between Chelates and Transferrin II. THE PRESENTATION AND REMOVAL WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE

Abstract The rate of exchange of iron from ethylenediaminetetraacetate has been studied. The substance initially formed has a spectral absorption maximum at 520 mµ. In time, this peak shifts to 470 mµ, characteristic of the transferrin-iron complex. These results suggest the initial formation of an EDTA-iron-transferrin complex. Kinetic studies as a function of ferric EDTA and of apotransferrin concentrations are consistent with such a mechanism. The rate of removal of iron from ferric transferrin was in the order EDTA g citrate g nitrilotriacetic acid. The latter two chelates, however, reached equilibrium more rapidly. The importance of steric effects, as well as stability constants, in the biological utilization of trace metals is emphasized.
Monte Carlo Next-Event Estimates from Thermal Collisions

This paper reports on approximate method that is developed to allow S({alpha},{beta}) thermal collision contributions to next-event estimators in Monte Carlo calculations. The new technique is applicable to the more general problem of contributions to next-event estimators from any discrete probability distribution. The method is incorporated into the MCNP Monte Carlo radiation transport code.
Molecular imprinting of bulk, microporous silica

Molecular imprinting aims to create solid materials containing chemical functionalities that are spatially organized by covalent1 or non-covalent2 interactions with imprint (or template) molecules during the synthesis process. Subsequent removal of the imprint molecules leaves behind designed sites for the recognition of small molecules, making the material ideally suited for applications such as separations, chemical sensing and catalysis2,3,4,5. Until now, the molecular imprinting of bulk polymers2,3,4,5 and polymer6,7 and silica8,9 surfaces has been reported, but the extension of these methods to a wider range of materials remains problematic. For example, the formation of substrate-specific cavities within bulk silica, while conceptually straightforward10, has been difficult to accomplish experimentally11,12. Here we describe the imprinting of bulk amorphous silicas with single aromatic rings carrying up to three 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane side groups; this generates and occupies microporosity and attaches functional organic groups to the pore walls in a controlled fashion. The triethoxysilane part of the molecules’ side groups is incorporated into the silica framework during sol–gel synthesis, and subsequent removal of the aromatic core creates a cavity with spatially organized aminopropyl groups covalently anchored to the pore walls. We find that the imprinted silicas act as shape-selective base catalysts. Our strategy can be extended to imprint other functional groups, which should give access to a wide range of functionalized materials.
Breast conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND The appropriate selection criteria for breast-conserving therapy (BCT) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy are poorly defined. The purpose of the current report was to develop a prognostic index to help refine selection criteria and to serve as a general framework for clinical decision-making for patients treated by this multimodality approach. METHODS From a group of 340 patients treated with BCT after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the authors previously determined 4 statistically significant predictors of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and locoregional recurrence (LRR): clinical N2 or N3 disease, residual pathologic tumor size > than 2 cm, a multifocal pattern of residual disease, and lymphovascular space invasion in the specimen. The M. D. Anderson Prognostic Index (MDAPI) was developed by assigning scores of 0 (favorable) or 1 (unfavorable) for each of these 4 variables and using the total to give an overall MDAPI score of 0–4. RESULTS The MDAPI stratified the 340 patients into 3 subsets with statistically different levels of risk for IBTR and LRR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and BCT. Actuarial 5-year IBTR-free survival rates were 97%, 88%, and 82% for patients in the low (MDAPI overall score 0 or 1, n = 276), intermediate (MDAPI score 2, n = 43), and high (MDAPI score 3 or 4, n = 12) risk groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Corresponding actuarial 5-year LRR-free survival rates were 94%, 83%, and 58%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with an MDAPI score of 0 or 1, which made up 81% of the study population, had very low rates of IBTR and LRR. The MDAPI enabled the identification of a small group (4%) of patients who are at high risk for IBTR and LRR and who may benefit from alternative locoregional treatment strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Mutant of Bacillus subtilis Demonstrating the Requirement of Lysis for Growth

A temperature-sensitive mutant of Bacillus subtilis which has impaired ability to autolyze was isolated. The growth rate of mutant cells at high temperature can be increased by the addition of egg-white lysozyme or a B. subtilis autolysin. Experiments with this mutant show that lysis is essential for cell growth.
Strategic Use of Evidence in State Level Policymaking: Matching Evidence Type to Legislative Goals

Although there has been a growth of scholarly interest in research utilization in the policy process, how advocates strategically deploy different types of evidence to influence lawmakers remains not well understood. In this paper we draw on the Advocacy Coalition Framework and the Narrative Policy Framework to show how various types of evidence — from empirical findings to personal narratives — were utilized by an advocacy coalition during the two years leading to the passage of California’s historic 2010 law to extend foster care to age 20. The result was a generous and flexible entitlement policy passed with bipartisan support in the context of a recession, a state budget deficit, and an ambivalent governor. We find that advocates strategically accessed the expertise of a variety of actors to showcase different types of evidence at specific moments in the legislative process. Advocates first used research evidence to convince lawmakers that the bill would be an effective solution to a known problem, then used professional expertise and benefit-cost analysis to convince them it would come at an acceptable cost, and finally used personal narratives to motivate them to act. We conclude that though cost-benefit analyses play an integral role in policymaking during a time of austerity, advocacy coalitions may benefit from their connections with professionals and citizens whose personal narratives lend emotional potency and urgency.
Manipulation of TPN caloric substrate and fatty infiltration of the liver

Abstract Hepatic dysfunction frequently develops in severely malnourished patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and may limit caloric delivery delaying nutritional repletion. Since hepatic dysfunction may reflect hepatic steatosis due to glucose delivery in excess of oxidative capacity, partial provision of calories as fat may permit increased caloric delivery without hepatic dysfunction. This hypothesis was evaluated using a protein-depleted rat-TPN model. After 4 weeks of protein depletion, rats were nutritionally repleted using one of four isonitrogenous, isovolemic intravenous diets of varying caloric content and/or composition. After 6 days of nutritional repletion massive hepatomegaly and fatty deposition were noted in animals repleted with regimens supplying all nonnitrogenous calories as fat or as carbohydrate (CHO). Hepatic steatosis was avoided when a “balanced” regimen (75% CHO; 25% fat) or a hypocaloric regimen (total calories decreased by 25%) were used, but hypocaloric TPN produced suboptimal nutritional repletion (serum albumin, transferrin, nitrogen balance, weight gain). All intravenous diets were similar to oral rat chow in their ability to restore liver nitrogen and maintain liver protein synthesis. The use of TPN regimens of “balanced” caloric composition similar to that of oral feedings (75% CHO; 25% fat) may provide a clinical alternative to hypocaloric TPN permitting optimal caloric provision and nutritional repletion without hepatic dysfunction.
Rigid Molecular Model for the Assembly Characteristics and Optimal Structure in Molecular Monolayers of Alkanethiols on Au(111)

We present a simple molecular model for the self-assembly of alkanethiols on gold. The model, a rigid rod representation of a molecule which is constrained to a given distance from the gold surface, allows direct long-time simulations of large-scale molecular ensembles (104−105 molecules) on desktop workstations. As a result, the model allows for efficient studies of evolution and ordering of, for example, orientational order and domain patterns in a full range of monolayer coverages. The model is parametrized entirely by existing literature on atomic and molecular scale interactions. Extensive simulations of molecular self-assembled monolayer domain formation at optimal (packing commensurate with a gold surface (111) structure) and suboptimal packing are conducted and presented. The results show close correspondence between the model features and the existing, and emerging, picture observed through experimental characterization of self-assembled monolayers on Au(111). This strong experimental validation ...
Cloning of the Carbohydrate-binding Portion of the Toxin A Gene of Clostridium difficile

A portion of the toxin A gene ofClostridium difficile was cloned into pBR322 withEscherichia coli Chi 1776 as the host. Five identical clones, each containing a 4.7-kbPstI restriction endonuclease fragment and producing toxin A antigens, were detected with affinity-purified, monospecific antibodies against toxin A. Digestion of the cloned DNA withPstI revealed as internal restriction site that resulted in two fragments (2.1 and 2.6 kb in size). Probe DNA from either of these fragments hybridized with DNA in the 4.7 kb region ofPstI-digested, high-molecular-weight DNA from the sourceC. difficile strain, indicating that the internalPstI site is protected. The probe DNA also hybridized with restriction-digested DNA from five additional toxigenic strains, but it did not hybridize with DNA from four nontoxigenic strains. In addition, a DNA fragment from a toxigenic strain ofClostridium sordellii, whose toxin cross-reacts with antibody toC. difficile toxin A, hybridized with the clonedC. difficile DNA. Unlike native toxin A, the cell lysate from the recombinant clone was not cytotoxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells or enterotoxic in hamsters. It did agglutinate rabbit red blood cells, a characteristic of toxin A. The cell lysate also exhibited a line of partial identity when compared with purified toxin A in Ouchterlony assays, and it reacted with monoclonal antibody to toxin A in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cloned DNA appears to code for a nontoxic binding portion of toxin A, which is responsible for binding to galactose-α1-3-galactose-β1-4-N-acetylglucosamine.
Associations of physician-diagnosed asthma with country of residence in the first year of life and other immigration-related factors: Chicago asthma school study.

Background Among Mexican Americans in the United States, US-born children have higher rates of asthma than their Mexico-born peers. Objective To evaluate the associations of immigration-related variables with physician-diagnosed asthma in a sample of Mexican American children. Methods We analyzed data from the ongoing Chicago Asthma School Study, a population-based cross-sectional study, for 10,106 Mexican American schoolchildren in Chicago, Illinois. Results Mexican American children who lived in the United States in the first year of life were more likely to have physician-diagnosed asthma than their peers who lived in Mexico in the first year of life, independent of age, sex, income, language, and country of birth (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-2.94). The risk of asthma in US-born children was higher (but not significantly) than that observed in Mexico-born children after accounting for covariates, including country of residence in the first year of life (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.86-2.18). Long-term immigrants (lived in the United States for ≥10 years) had an increased risk of asthma compared with short-term immigrants (lived in the United States for Conclusion These findings confirm the importance of early childhood exposures and environmental factors that are modified with migration and acculturation in asthma development.
The Warmack-Gonzalez algorithm for linear two-category multivariable optimal discriminant analysis

Abstract For classification problems involving two categories and two or more attributes, multivariable optimal discriminant analysis (MultiODA) provides a linear function that maximizes classification accuracy in the training set (i.e., the set of data with which the function is determined). MultiODA is usually formulated as a mixed integer program and solved with a standard branch-and-bound code. Recent research has been frustrated by the inability to employ this procedure for problems involving samples with more than 100 observations, because of the prohibitive associated computational requirements. This paper describes an algorithm (WARMACK) that dramatically reduces the computer resources necessary to solve MultiODA problems, extends WARMACK to the more general weighted case, and illustrates WARMACK using applications in medicine, investment, and psychology. Monte Carlo research reveals that WARMACK offers greatest gains in solvable sample size when the number of attributes is small (e.g., four or less). Using WARMACK, MultiODA problems involving two classes, two attributes, and one thousand observations can be run in under three CPU minutes on an IBM 3090 mainframe computer.
The Four Directions

This article presents the Native American cultural symbol, the Four Directions, as a sign that is culturally evident and inter-tribally significant. Through understanding the significance of the symbol, a deeper understanding is possible for non-Natives, especially an understanding of the Native Americans' relationship between their artwork and their culture. It will be argued that through a deeper understanding and cultural saturation by non-Natives that cultural misinformation can be reduced. Even though the article makes no attempt to define a culture, community, or person, cultural groups are presented through image and story.
Reductionism in a Historical Science

Dans le cadre du debat methodologique opposant le reductionnisme et l'antireductionnisme, l'A. mesure le role de la biologie moleculaire et de la biologie fonctionnelle dans l'explication des mecanismes evolutionnistes et des combinaisons genetiques. Soulevant le probleme de la generalisation et de l'existence des lois scientifiques, l'A. definit la biologie comme une discipline historique fondee sur la selection naturelle.
56.1: Analytical Approach to Evaluate Maximum Gravitational Sag and its Variations of Glass Substrate for LCD

We present analytical formulas to evaluate the gravitational sag of glass substrate for liquid crystal display (LCD). The formulas are derived for the parallel line supports (knife-edges). Past studies, and comparison with finite element analysis in this paper, show that a continuous line support is a very close approximation to collinear point supports with the kind of support spacing typical in today's cassette designs. Two, three and four supporting lines are considered. A new concept of initial shapes of the glass substrate is introduced to enable evaluation of sag variations caused by various process factors analytically and numerically. We show that both the sag magnitude of the glass substrate and its variations due to various process factors may be drastically decreased with increased number of horizontal supports. The analytical results are verified numerically with the finite-element method.
Toward a unified approach to statistical language modeling for Chinese

This article presents a unified approach to Chinese statistical language modeling (SLM). Applying SLM techniques like trigram language models to Chinese is challenging because (1) there is no standard definition of words in Chinese; (2) word boundaries are not marked by spaces; and (3) there is a dearth of training data. Our unified approach automatically and consistently gathers a high-quality training data set from the Web, creates a high-quality lexicon, segments the training data using this lexicon, and compresses the language model, all by using the maximum likelihood principle, which is consistent with trigram model training. We show that each of the methods leads to improvements over standard SLM, and that the combined method yields the best pinyin conversion result reported.
The physics of gamma-ray bursts

Abstract Cosmic gamma-ray bursts, transient sources that radiate most of their observable emission in gamma-rays above 10 keV, have been an enigma for two decades. Although a remarkably diverse range of models has been proposed, there is no consensus on the energy source or radiation mechanism of the bursts. This article will review the growing body of evidence that gamma-ray bursts may be galactic neutron stars, as well as the most recent models involving neutron-star origin.
Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation

Ocean circulation is closely linked to climate change on glacial–interglacial and shorter timescales. Extensive reorganizations in the circulation of deep and intermediate-depth waters in the Atlantic Ocean have been hypothesized for both the last glaciation1,2,3,4,5,6 and the subsequent Younger Dryas cold interval3,6,7,8,9,10, but there has been little palaeoceanographic study of the subtropical gyres11,12,13. These gyres are the dominant oceanic features of wind-driven circulation, and as such they reflect changes in climate and are a significant control on nutrient cycling and, possibly, atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here we present Cd/Ca ratios in the shells of benthic foraminifera from the Bahama banks that confirm previous suggestions11,12 that nutrient concentrations in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre were much lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than they are today (up to 50% lower according to our data). These contrasting nutrient burdens imply much shorter residence times for waters within the thermocline of the Last Glacial Maximum. Below the glacial thermocline, nutrient concentrations were reduced owing to the presence of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. A high-resolution Cd/Ca record from an intermediate depth indicates decreased nutrient concentrations during the Younger Dryas interval as well, mirroring opposite changes at a nearby deep site3,9. Together, these observations suggest that the formation of deep and intermediate waters — North Atlantic Deep Water and Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, respectively — wax and wane alternately on both orbital and millennial timescales.