cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of adverse drug reactions

Successful management of adverse drug reactions requires early identification and prompt treatment of anaphylaxis, whether due to immunoglobulin (Ig) E- or non-IgE-mediated mechanisms of mast cell mediator release. Acute therapy is directed toward enhancement of oxygenation and maintenance of normotension. Requisite measures include the use of epinephrine, oxygen, and adequate fluid replacement; in some instances, vasopressors or corticosteroid drug therapy may be warranted. Emergency measures may be needed to maintain the airway. Although the offending drug is usually discontinued, a necessary drug for which there is no satisfactory alternative occasionally may be continued without danger of further anaphylaxis as long as therapy is not interrupted. Other nonemergent adverse drug reactions requiring an early decision include accelerated urticarial and late maculopapular eruptions, in both of which the patient may tolerate a necessary drug with schedule manipulation. Differentiation of an adverse drug reaction from problems unrelated to the drug is essential so that needed medication is not inappropriately discontinued. Good management also requires anticipation of adverse reactions whenever a therapeutic program is instituted. Familiarity with the drug groups most commonly responsible for immunologic reactions is helpful, as is knowledge of satisfactory alternatives for these drugs in the presence of known hypersensitivity. An adverse reaction can often be minimized through use of established protocols for premedication. Desensitization, when essential, may be achieved for most drugs with graduated dosage schedules and maintained through continued administration of the drug. Identification to avoid inadvertent exposure to agents that have caused immunologic reactions in the past is essential.
Intraosseous calvarial meningioma of the skull presenting as a solitary osteolytic skull lesion: Case report and review of the literature

Intraosseous calvarial meningiomas, defined as meningiomas confined to the skull with no epidural or subcutaneous component, are rare and usually exhibit osteoblastic activity. We present a case of a primary intraosseous meningioma in the right frontal bone that presented radiologically as a solitary lytic skull lesion and was completely excised. The lesion was benign without recurrence for 11/2 years. According to our review of the literature, our case is the first with documentation on computed tomography. In cases of solitary osteolytic skull lesions, meningioma should be considered even though it may not seem likely, because management will be directed to radical excision with good prognosis rather than biopsy.
Nicotine modulates expression of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 in mouse brain and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Epidemiological studies indicate that tobacco smoking can be protective against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in gene expression induced by chronic oral nicotine administration (100 mug/ml in 2% saccharin for 14 days), with special emphasis on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its homologue, amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2), in different brain regions of C57BL/6 mice using a pathway-focused microarray. Our results revealed that nicotine stimulated mRNA expression of APP in the amygdala (64%; P = 0.003) and hippocampus (32%; P = 0.034) and of APLP2 in the amygdala (39%; P = 0.002). These results were verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR except that expression of APLP2 was also significantly upregulated by nicotine in the hippocampus. In addition, in vitro nicotine treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells resulted in a significant increase in expression of APP protein, soluble APP, and APLP2, whereas co-treatment with mecamylamine (an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) attenuated the stimulating effect of nicotine on APP and APLP2 expression. These findings suggest that nicotine treatment facilitates the increase in the expression of mRNA and protein of the APP and APLP2 genes in rat brain and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSES OF TWO CROWN ETHER COMPLEXES OF COPPER(II) NITRATE: [Cu(NO3)2(12-crown-4)] AND [Cu(OH2)2(15-crown-5)][NO3]2

Abstract Two complexes of copper(II) nitrate, [Cu(NO3)2(12-crown-4)] and [Cu(OH2)2(15-crown-5)][NO3]2, have been prepared by direct reaction of the hydrated salt with the appropriate crown ether in 3:1 CH3CN:CH3OH. The crystal structures of both complexes have been determined. [Cu(NO3)2(12-crown-4)] crystallizes with a directly coordinated crown molecule and two tight ion pairs. Due to the relatively small size of Cu2+, the nitrate anions are monodentate giving Cu2+ a coordination number of six and a very distorted octahedral geometry. [Cu(OH2)2(15-crown-5)][NO3]2 is seven-coordinate with Cu2+/O interactions to the crown ether and two water molecules. The two anions reside in the hydrogen-bonded secondary coordination sphere. There is a fairly wide range of Cu-O(crown ether) distances in both complexes: Cu-O(12-crown-4) = 2.040(4)-2.387(4)A, Cu-O(15-crown-5) = 2.010(5)-2.343(8)A.
Heating-Induced acoustic emission in an adiabatic high-temperature superconducting winding

Abstract Heating-induced acoustic emission (AE) signals have been detected in an adiabatic BSCCO-2223 tape winding. A heating-induced differential temperature within the winding of ~10 K generated AE signals that were sufficient for detection. The results demonstrate, as in low-temperature superconducting magnets, that AE is useful for detection of a local temperature rise in high-temperature superconducting magnets.
An evaluation of pedicle infiltration, organ perfusion, and prevention of vascular collapse during canine kidney procurement for transplantation.

Abstract Three methods of treatment of the donor kidney or its vascular pedicle during the surgical excision and the period of ischemia in renal transplantation have been evaluated. The methods evaluated were: 1. 1. Prevention of renal intravascular collapse. 2. 2. Infiltration of the renal pedicle with procaine plus intraarterial injection of papaverine or acetylcholine. 3. 3. Flush of the kidney with a balanced salt solution at 5°C. Renal blood flow and function of a kidney treated in one of the described methods was compared to its untreated contralateral mate over a two-hour period while both were maintained in identical ex vivo perfusion systems. When the renal ischemia time was 15 minutes no consistent change in the blood flow or renal function was observed in kidneys treated by any of the three described methods. It is concluded therefore that when the period of renal ischemia is kept short these procedures are of no value in preventing immediate posttransplantation renal failure.
Ordering Items by Endorsement Value and its Effect Upon Test Validity

This study attempted to improve test validity by presenting positively keyed items from a single trait in descending order of endorsement and encouraging subjects to respond in terms of the resulting Guttman scale. This approach should explicate trait content and available scale points, thus increasing inter-and intra-subject consistency in responding. In general, the procedure produced increases in internal consistency, and in construct and concurrent validity. Increases in validity were contingent upon increases in internal consistency. Possible time-saving advantages of the ordering procedure are noted.
Microfabrication of poly (glycerol–sebacate) for contact guidance applications

Controlling cell orientation and morphology through topographical patterning is a phenomenon that is applicable to a wide variety of medical applications such as implants and tissue engineering scaffolds. Previous work in this field, termed contact guidance, has demonstrated the application of this cellular response on a wide variety of material substrates such as silicon, quartz, glass, and poly(di-methyl siloxane) typically using ridge-groove geometries with sharp feature edges. One limitation of these studies in terms of biomedical applications is the choice of material. Therefore, demonstrating contact guidance and topography in a biodegradable material platform is a promising strategy for controlling cellular arrangements in tissue engineering scaffolds. This study investigates several strategies to advance contact guidance strategies and technology to more practical applications. Flexible biodegradable substrates with rounded features were fabricated by replica-molding poly(glycerol-sebacate) on sucrose-coated microfabricated silicon. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured on substrates with microstructures between 2 and 5 microm in wavelength and with constant feature depth of 0.45 microm. Cells cultured on substrates with smaller pitches exhibited a substantially higher frequency of cell alignment and smaller circularity index. This work documents the first known use of using a flexible, biodegradable substrate with rounded features for use in contact guidance applications. The replica-molding technique described here is a general process that can be used to fabricate topographically patterned substrates with rounded features for many biomaterials. Furthermore, these results may lead to further elucidation of the mechanism of cell alignment and contact guidance on microfabricated substrates.
Improvement in noninvasive electrophysiologic findings in children after transcatheter atrial septal defect closure

To evaluate whether transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) affected noninvasive electrophysiologic variables in children, we reviewed the pre-procedural and 1-year postprocedural electrocardiograms and Holter recordings of 18 consecutive children referred for ASD closure. Patients included in the study were a mean of 5.0 years old (SD 1.1) and weighed a mean of 17.9 kg (SD 4.1). ASDs had a mean diameter of 14.0 mm (SD 2.4) and average shunt ratio (pulmonary-to-systemic flow) of 2.1:1. One year after occluder device placement, 9 children (50%) had detectable residual shunts by transthoracic echocardiograms, but only 2 (11%) had shunts that were felt to be possibly significant. One or more fractured occluder legs were noted by chest roentgenogram in 15 patients (83%). Electrocardiograms at follow-up demonstrated improvement in right ventricular dilation in 4 of 7 patients, right atrial enlargement in 3 of 4 patients, and 1 degree atrioventricular block in 2 of 3 patients. Holter recordings showed a decreased incidence of accelerated atrial rhythm in 3 of 7 patients, prolonged junctional escape rhythm in 2 of 2 patients, and premature atrial contractions in 2 of 2 patients. No finding correlated with patient age, defect or occluder diameter, occluder leg fracture(s), or residual defects. These improvements in electrophysiologic abnormalities compare favorably with changes seen 1 year after surgical closure. In conclusion, placement of a transcatheter ASD device in children diminishes noninvasive electrophysiologic abnormalities at 1-year follow-up. By relieving hemodynamic stress caused by an ASD in childhood, a transcatheter device may prevent arrhythmia disturbance later in life.
DIALOG: a distributed processor organization for database machine

The conventional physical storage mechanism of a computer system is usually comprised of a memory hierarchy that stores program and data. The requirement for high performance and low cost is achieved through a combination of memories of different speeds. By automatically managing the files so that the most frequently used files reside in fast storage, an overall speed comparable to the speed of the fastest memory can be achieved. However, with the applications of large databases, the maintenance of large files on a conventional memory hierarchy becomes increasingly difficult. Most database applications perform a small number of simple operations on a large amount of data. Usually only a small fraction of the data accessed is required by the application. It is more cost effective to perform database operations directly on the data in the secondary storage in order to avoid the transfer of unnecessary data across different levels of the memory hierarchy. The Database Machine (DBM) is the result of an architectural approach which distributes processing power closer to the devices on which data are stored and offloads database processing functions from the main computer [LAN79].
Physiological modifications of seston in response to physicochemical gradients within Lake Superior

In September 2011, we investigated the distribution and composition of dissolved and particulate phosphorus (P) pools throughout Lake Superior, a large P-limited freshwater ecosystem. Average seston particulate P (PP) concentrations in the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM; 85 ± 28 nmol L−1) were significantly greater than in the epilimnion (63 ± 22 nmol L−1). In contrast, average particulate organic carbon (POC) : PP (mol : mol) ratios showed the opposite pattern (DCM = 303 : 1 vs. epilimnion = 455 : 1). Mean seston nucleic acid—P concentrations were invariant between the epilimnetic (23 ± 18 nmol L−1) and DCM (26 ± 18 nmol L−1) layers, but significantly greater concentrations of intact polar membrane—derived phospholipids were found in the DCM (6 ± 2 nmol L−1) relative to the epilimnion (4 ± 2 nmol L−1). Phospholipids were a minor proportion of PP (7–14%) and total membrane lipids (< 30%). Rather, our results suggest that microbial flora of Lake Superior substituted non-phosphorus lipids for phospholipids. In the nitrogen (N)—rich waters, N-based betaine lipids dominated (39–42%) the lipid pool, and concentrations were significantly greater in the P-poor epilimnetic seston. Sulfolipids were also abundant and significantly greater in the epilimnion (7 ± 2 nmol L−1) than in the DCM (4 ± 2 nmol L−1), despite low sulfate concentrations relative to marine environments. Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of plankton producing non-phosphorus lipids for phospholipids as a strategy for reducing cellular P inventories in lacustrine regimes.
Potassium, uranium, thorium radiogenic heat contribution to heat flow in the precambrian and younger silicic rocks of the Zuni and Florida mountains, New Mexico (U.S.A.)

Abstract High heat flow in the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A., has been explained by the possible presence of a buried felsic pluton. Alternately, high K, U, Th abundances have been proposed to account for part of the high heat flow. The mean radiogenic heat contribution for 60 samples of Precambrian core rocks is 7.23 μcal/gm-yr, which is slightly higher than the average for western U.S.A. granitic rocks and significantly higher than the average for continental “crust”; hence, the K, U, Th radiogenic contribution from Precambrian rocks to the overall heat flow is significant. Radiogenic K, U, Th heat for 32 samples for the Florida Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A., yields a lower mean of 5.46 μcal/gm-yr. This value is somewhat anomalous in that the predominantly syenitic rocks commonly yield higher values. Furthermore, heat flow is higher in areas distant from the Floridas and the radiogenic heat contribution is considered small.
Relationships of chain lengths and double bond locations in O-alkyl, O-alk-1-enyl, acyl, and fatty alcohol moieties in preputial glands of mice.

Abstract Wax esters, glyceryl ether diesters, triglycerides, and sterol esters are the major lipid classes present in normal preputial glands of mice. Small amounts of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) were also found. Three-fourths of the PE fraction was comprised of alk-1-enyl ethers, whereas most of the PC fraction (⋍90%) was present in the diacyl form. The ether linkage was found to be at the 1-position of glycerol. The chain lengths of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl hydrocarbon moieties of glyceryl ether diesters, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were similar to one another and to the alcohol moieties of the waxes. Principal hydrocarbon chains in ether linkage with glycerol were 14:0, 14:1, 16:0, and 16:1. The location of double bonds in the acyl, alkyl, and alk-1-enyl hydrocarbon moieties of the various lipid classes was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the aldehyde fragments produced by reductive-ozonolysis. The 18:1 acyl moieties from the triglycerides and waxes consisted primarily of the Δ-9 isomer but small amounts of the Δ-11 isomer were also found. The 16:1 acyl moieties of triglycerides were also mainly the Δ-9 isomer, whereas in waxes the 16:1 acyl moieties were equally divided between Δ-6 and Δ-9 isomers. Location of double bonds in the 16:1 and 14:1 alcohol and acyl moieties of waxes and the alkyl moieties of glyceryl ether diesters was similar. The 16:1 fraction was comprised mainly of the Δ-6 isomer and smaller quantities of the Δ-7 and Δ-9 isomers. The Δ-5 and Δ-6 isomers accounted for more than 90% of the 14:1 chains in the fatty alcohols of waxes and in the alkyl moieties of glyceryl ether diesters; the acyl moieties of waxes contained approximately 70% of these isomers. The data indicate that in preputial glands of mice the intermediary pathways or enzymatic sites responsible for the biosynthesis of fatty alcohol, and to some extent fatty acids, in the waxes must be identical to those pathways or sites responsible for the biosynthesis of the alkyl chains of glyceryl ether diesters. The similarities of alkyl and alk-1-enyl ether-linked hydrocarbon moieties suggest that these two classes of lipids can be interconverted enzymatically.
Genetics, eugenics and the medicalization of social behavior: lessons from the past.

Grâce au genie genetique, il est possible de concevoir des molecules qui se substituent aux genes defectueux et permettent ainsi de demontrer que la genetique peut apporter les reponses a de nombreux maux de la societe
1622 BROVIAC CATHETERS FOR PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

An efficient and safe program for continuous home administration of parenteral antibiotics was developed for chronically ill cystic fibrosis children. Six patients, ages 9 to 20 yrs, who required frequent hospitalizations for pseudomonas bronchitis had Broviac or Hickman catheters placed under general anesthesia. Catheters were utilized over intervals of one month to two years. A combination of tobramycin (5-7.5 mg/kg/day) and carbenicillin or ticarcillin (300 mg/kg/day) was given every six to eight hours by patients or their parents. Peak tobramycin levels between 5 - 10 μg/ml were achieved. Compared to a control period prior to beginning the program, a decreased frequency of hospitalizations for pulmonary symptoms was noted in 4 of 6 patients. All patients benefited by their ability to maintain normal activities at home and at school. No objective improvement in pulmonary function tests utilizing peak flow measurements was observed in this patient group. No catheter-related complications were observed. Two catheters required repair because of leakage of the external segment. Prolonged administration of antibiotics utilizing the Broviac catheter may benefit some patients with cystic fibrosis. However, the long term effects of this therapy on the progression of their pulmonary disease are unknown.
A Model of Service and Training: Threat Assessment on a Community College Campus

Forensic psychological assessment for targeted violence is a growing area of practice and community need. These threat assessments are particularly challenging on community college campuses given the broad range of students and the limited internal resources. A collaborative model of partnership between a community college and the training clinic of a doctoral program in clinical psychology has been developed and implemented. The model provides needed service to the community college and rich training experiences for doctoral students in psychology. Implementation of similar partnerships in other settings may be limited by the training and experience of doctoral faculty and the openness of behavioral intervention teams to external participants.
ENDOVASCULAR SOLUTIONS FOR DISEASES OF THE THORACIC AORTA

Technology is proceeding at a very brisk pace. Harnessing that technology for clinical use is both a challenge and an opportunity. This combination of surgical and interventional methods has allowed for improved clinical outcomes in certain complex aortic problems. This article explores and discusses new techniques used in detection and treatment of diseases of the thoracic aorta.
Fluorescence imaging beyond the ballistic regime by ultrasound-pulse-guided digital phase conjugation

Fluorescence imaging has revolutionized biomedical research over the past three decades. Its high molecular specificity and unrivaled single molecule level sensitivity have enabled breakthroughs in a variety of research fields. For in vivo applications, its major limitation is the superficial imaging depth as random scattering in biological tissues causes exponential attenuation of the ballistic component of a light wave. Here we present fluorescence imaging beyond the ballistic regime by combining single cycle pulsed ultrasound modulation and digital optical phase conjugation. We demonstrate a near isotropic 3D localized sound-light interaction zone. With the exceptionally high optical gain provided by the digital optical phase conjugation system, we can deliver sufficient optical power to a focus inside highly scattering media for not only fluorescence imaging but also a variety of linear and nonlinear spectroscopy measurements. This technology paves the way for many important applications in both fundamental biology research and clinical studies.
Determinants of rural and urban family firm resilience

Abstract Data from 311 rural and urban family firms from the National Family Business Panel (NFBP) were used to investigate the relative contributions of human, social, and financial capital resources, normative and non-normative disruptions, and federal disaster assistance on family firm resilience. Results indicate that the sets of social capital and disruption variables were significantly and negatively related to firm resilience for rural firms, while perceiving the business as a way of life was significantly and positively related to firm resilience for urban firms. Federal disaster assistance was negatively related to firm resilience for both rural and urban firms. Additional findings, conclusions, and implications of findings are discussed.
A matching prior for the shape parameter of the exponential power distribution

Abstract We derive a class of matching priors for the shape parameter of the exponential power distribution, which controls the thickness of the density tails. It is shown that a second-order matching prior does not exist in the subclass of the considered priors.
Agroecological impacts from salinization and waterlogging in an irrigated river valley

Extensive field data and calibrated flow and salt-transport models characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and waterlogging in an irrigated western river valley. Over three irrigation seasons, average seasonal aquifer recharge from irrigated fields in a 50,600 ha study area ranges from 0.59 to 0.99 m , including contribution from precipitation. The salinity of irrigation water varies from 618 to 1,090 mg∕L . The water table is shallow, with 16 to 33% of irrigated land underlaid by an average water table less than 2 m deep. Average water table salinity ranges from 2,680 to 3,015 mg∕L , and average soil salinity from 2,490 to 3,860 mg∕L . Crop yield reductions from salinity and waterlogging range from 0 to 89% on fields, with regional averages ranging from 11 to 19%. Annual salt loading to the river from subsurface return flows, generated in large part by dissolution from irrigation recharge, averages about 533 kg∕irrigated ha per km . Upflux from shallow water tables under fallow ground ...
Measurements of the terrestrial dust influx variability by the Cosmic Dust Experiment

Abstract We report on the results of the Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE) onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite, collected during eight months of operation between May 2007 and February 2008. CDE is an impact detector designed to measure the variability of the cosmic dust influx of grains with radius, 1.5 r 8 μ m . CDE consists of 14 permanently polarized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) channels that produce an electrical signal when impacted with hyper-velocity dust particles. The instrument has a total surface area of 0.11 m2 and a time resolution of 1 s. CDE experienced higher noise levels than expected on-orbit, triggering the need for new laboratory experiments, as well as the development of new data reduction approaches. We present the first eight months of reduced CDE data, highlighting the observed spatial and temporal variability of the cosmic dust influx.
Intratracheal Sildenafil in the Newborn With Pulmonary Hypertension: In Reply

We thank Martell et al for their letter regarding our prospective randomized masked trial in human neonates on the effects of oral sildenafil.1 As they noted, Ichinose et al2 showed that nebulized (aerosolized) sildenafil was a selective pulmonary vasodilator with no effect on systemic arterial pressure that potentiated the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) just as when it was given orally or as an intravenous infusion.2 In that study, aerosols of 10 and 30 mg of sildenafil decreased pulmonary arterial pressure by 21% to 26%. When 10 mg of sildenafil were inhaled while simultaneously breathing 2 and 5 ppm of …
Upgraded ISRM Suggested Method for Determining Sound Velocity by Ultrasonic Pulse Transmission Technique

Please send any written comments on this ISRM Suggested Method to Prof. Resat Ulusay, President of the ISRM Commission on Testing Methods, Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
Expanding use of rituximab in immunopathic disorders

This issue of Blood contains 2 independent reports on the treatment of refractory mixed cryoglobulinemia with the anti-CD20 humanized monoclonal antibody rituximab. Cryoglobulins, first reported by Maxwell Wintrobe in 1933, are serum immunoglobulins that undergo reversible precipitation in cold. The
Substrate Localization Creates Specificity in Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Signaling at Synapses

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a major component of the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses, plays a key role in the regulation of synaptic function in the mammalian brain. Although many postsynaptic substrates for CaMKII have been characterized in vitro, relatively little is known about their phosphorylation in vivo. By tagging synaptic proteins with a peptide substrate specific for CaMKII and expressing them in cultured neurons, we have visualized substrate phosphorylation by CaMKII at intact synapses. All substrates tested were strongly phosphorylated by CaMKII in HEK293 cells. However, activity-dependent phosphorylation of substrates at synapses was highly selective in that the glutamate receptor subunits NR2B and GluR1 were poorly phosphorylated whereas PSD-95 and Stargazin, proteins implicated in the scaffolding and trafficking of AMPA receptors, were robustly phosphorylated. Phosphatase activity limited phosphorylation of Stargazin but not NR2B and GluR1. These results suggest that the unique molecular architecture of the PSD results in highly selective substrate discrimination by CaMKII.
Opportunities with accelerated radioactive ion beams

Abstract A discussion of the exciting and rapidly developing field of accelerated radioactive ion beam (RIB) production for nuclear and astrophysics research is presented. In particular, some scientific opportunities with RIBs are highlighted, the methods of RIB production are reviewed, and the existing and proposed facilities for this research are described. In addition, the ORNL RIB project, the only funded ISOL project employing an electrostatic accelerator, is described in some detail.
CT evaluation of appendicitis and diverticulitis. Part I: Appendicitis

CT has become the primary imaging modality for evaluation of possible appendicitis. About 20 % of patients taken to surgery for appendicitis without CT have had a normal appendix removed. CT has demonstrated overall accuracy of between 93 % and 98 %. Alternative diagnoses are seen in 34–80 % of patients without appendicitis but who were suspected of having appendicitis. For evaluation of appendicitis different techniques have been successful, including the use of no contrast, use of oral and intravenous contrast, and use of rectally administered contrast. Scanning of the entire abdomen and pelvis and scanning of an area limited to the right lower quadrant are also options. Ultrasonography has been shown to have a role in pediatric patients. If ultrasonography is positive, CT is not necessary. If ultrasonography is negative, CT should follow.
A Very Large Space Telescope For Optical/UV Astronomy

A concept is presented for a Ritchey-Chretien optical-UV telescope to be deployed in orbit using a preassembled segmented primary mirror of 8 meter aperture, carried into orbit inside the modified interstage of the Space Shuttle External Tank. Shuttle revisits allow major assembly tasks to proceed such as the installation of the light shield, fine alignment of the system and attachment of scientific instrument modules to the instrument adapter. Prime technology requirements for the VLST are assessed in this paper.
A comparison of approximate and exact statistical models for intramicellar fluorescence quenching

Abstract Approximate and exact statistical treatments of the steady-state data for intramicellar fluorescence quenching (kq) are compared and illustrated in the fluorescence quenching of a series of cationic fluorophors, [1-pyrenyl-(CH2)n-N(CH3)3]+Cl−, by a cationic surfactant nitroxyl radical in the sodium dodecylsulfate micelle. Analysis of the data by either method gives estimates of kq within τ 20% of values derived independently from transient experiments.
A common ABCC2 promoter polymorphism is not a determinant of the risk of spina bifida.

BACKGROUND There is compelling evidence that the risk of spina bifida, a malformation of the caudal neural tube, is associated with maternal and/or embryonic disturbances in folate/homocysteine metabolism. Hence, functional variants of genes that influence folate/homocysteine metabolism constitute a biologically plausible group of candidate risk factors for spina bifida and other neural tube defects. One such candidate is ABCC2, the gene encoding ABCC2, (a.k.a. canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter [cMOAT], multidrug resistance related protein 2 [MRP2]), a member of the ABC transporter family that effluxes natural folates and anti-folate drugs such as methotrexate. METHODS The association between the risk of spina bifida and both the maternal and embryonic ABCC2 C(–24)T genotype was evaluated by using the transmission disequilibrium test and log-linear modeling. RESULTS These analyses provided no evidence that the risk of spina bifida was significantly related to either the maternal or embryonic ABCC2 C(–24)T genotype. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present analyses suggest that the C(–24)T variant of the ABCC2 gene is not a major determinant of spina bifida risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Common excipients impair detection of protein aggregates during sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation

The final formulations of modern pharmaceutical protein products typically contain sugars or sugar alcohols as stabilizers. Migration of these sugars under the influence of an applied gravitational field during sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) produces dynamic density and viscosity gradients. If the formation of such gradients is not taken into account during data analysis, the capability of the SV-AUC technique to detect protein oligomers/aggregates may be dramatically impacted. In the example described here, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of a simulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) dimer increases from 0.8% to 2.4% upon addition of 5% sorbitol to the formulation. This study uses simulated and experimental SV-AUC data to demonstrate the detrimental effect of dynamic gradients; it further explores how sophisticated data analysis techniques, including SEDFIT's inhomogeneous solvent options, may be used to mitigate the detection problems caused by the sedimentation of excipients. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:50–62, 2009
Elastic instability of the interface in Couette flow of viscoelastic liquids

Abstract An error in the literature of two-layer Couette flow of viscoelastic liquids is corrected. It is shown that even in the absence of viscosity stratification, a long wave interfacial instability due to elastic stratification can occur when the more elastic component occupies less than half of the total volume inside the channel.
Minimal arcs in metric spaces

In this paper we discuss the existence of an are of minimal length joining two arbitrary, yet fixed points in a complete metric space, where the metric is restricted only by the properties (A) and (B) given below. It is shown that under these conditions an arc of least length joining any two fixed points exists, and is unique. In addition, its length is shown to be equal to the metrie distance between the points.
Copolymers with fragments of meta-pyridylvinylene and para-phenylenevinylene: synthesis, quaternization reaction and photophysical properties

Abstract Conjugated copolymers with fragments of 2,6-pyridylvinylene and 1,4-phenylenevinylene have been prepared by the Wittig reaction between the diphosphonium salt of 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine and terephthaldehyde or 2,5-dialkoxyterephthaldehydes. The protonation reaction of poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene)-co-(2,6-pyridylvinylene) with hydrochloric acid and the quaternization reaction of poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-co-(2,6-pyridylvinylene) with methyl triflate have been investigated by spectrophotometric and fluorescent methods. The absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra of these copolymers as well as their corresponding model compounds were studied and compared. The photophysical properties of the investigated polymers suggest that these materials could be good candidates for the fabrication of efficient blue light-emitting diodes.
Effect of face mask dead volume, respiratory rate, and tidal volume on inhaled albuterol delivery

Introduction Pediatric patients often require metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with holding chamber (HC) to overcome lack of coordination when receiving inhaled therapy. In infants and young children unable to use a mouthpiece, it is necessary to use a mask interface. We compared the effect of varying mask static dead volume (SDV), respiratory rate (RR), and tidal volume (VT) on albuterol captured at the mouth opening (ACMO) in an in vitro model. Methods An Aerochamber Max® without and with three mask sizes (SDV of 10, 36, 85, and 200 ml, respectively) was connected in series to a filter holder and breathing simulator. ACMO was measured at VTs = 36, 72, 145, and 290 ml and RR of 12 and 24. Each experiment comprised 10 puffs run for six respiratory cycles each. Albuterol was quantified via spectrophotometry at 276 nm. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results Increasing VT increased ACMO (all SDVs and RRs). Adding SDV decreased ACMO, except for the small mask at VTs = 145 and 290 ml at RR = 12. Increasing SDV decreased ACMO, except at VT = 36 ml (all masks) and VT = 72 ml (small = medium) at RR = 12 and VT = 36 ml (small = other and medium > large) at RR = 24. Increasing RR increased ACMO for all SDVs at VTs = 36 and 72 ml, but not for VTs = 145 and 290 ml, except for no and large mask at VT = 145 ml. Conclusion In general, decreasing SDV, increasing VT, and increasing RR increase ACMO. Early transition from face mask to mouthpiece should be considered in children receiving albuterol via MDI with HC. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:224–229. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recent acidification of precipitation in North America

Abstract Temporal trends in precipitation acidity indicate a large spread and probable intensification of acid precipitation (pH Limited data for eastern North America indicate that precipitation prior to 1930 had pH greater than 5.6. By 1955–1956 calculated pH values from a monthly, wet-only network showed acid precipitation throughout the northeastern U.S. Subsequently, measured data from two networks (a monthly, wet-only and a monthly, bulk-sample collection) operated during 1965–1966 showed a pattern similar to that in 1955–1956 with some westward extension of acid precipitation. Values from both bulk and wet-only precipitation samples during 1975–1976 showed a substantial southward and westward extension of the area subjected to acid precipitation and an intensification of acidity in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the U.S. A few long-term data on precipitation at individual sites showed either increasing acidity or no statistically significant trend during 1955–1980.
A monoclonal antibody specific for equine trophoblast

Summary A monoclonal antibody specific for horse trophoblast was produced after immunisation of mice with isolated chorionic girdle cells. When tested using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, this antibody (F102.1) labelled both the non-invasive trophoblast of the allantochorion and the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle, as well as the mature endometrial cup cells which secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin. Antibody F102.1 failed to label any of 18 adult and 6 foetal horse tissues, or any cells in the foetus or placenta with the exception of the trophoblast. Longitudinal studies demonstrated that the molecule identified by antibody F102.1 is expressed between Day 12 and term. There is no evidence that the molecule recognised by antibody F102.1 is antigenic in pregnancy, and no function has yet been ascribed to the molecule.
Energy-Aware Adaptive MAC Protocol for Real-Time Sensor Networks

One of the important objectives in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to minimize energy consumption while satisfying delay constraints. Although, several energy-aware MAC layer protocols exist, the absence of channel adaptation and load adaptation results in energy wastage due to retransmissions and low success rate. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive- CSMA/CA protocol which accounts for varying channel and load conditions at a node by influencing the selection of either low energy or low delay transmission option. We devise an energy-delay metric that helps a node select the best message and modulation to obtain joint reduction in energy and delay at the time of transmission. Our simulation results show that our proposed Adaptive-CSMA/CA scheme results in upto 87% improvement in energy consumption under varying channel conditions and upto 150% higher success ratio under varying load as compared to the CSMA/CA specified in IEEE 802.15.4.
Perceptions of Crime Seriousness and Fear of Crime

Abstract This paper explores how perceptions of crime seriousness mediate the effects of vulnerability to victimization on fear of crime. Two types of vulnerability are distinguished: (1) actual risk, measured by victimization experiences and income, and (2) differential sensitivity (measured by gender, age, education, and household composition). Path analysis of a large (N = 3109) state-wide probability sample of persons over age 17 reveals that the effects of differential sensitivity to crime on fear are almost entirely direct, while actual risk affects fear both directly and indirectly through perceptions of crime seriousness.
Low loss genetically engineered multilayer fishnet NIM for microwave applications

Two planar multilayer negative index metamaterials comprised of cascaded fishnet metal screens were presented. The structures were optimized by a GA in order to gain an effective refractive index of -1 and an effective impedance equal to the impedance of free space. The dielectric layers were constrained for fabrication to be commercially available high performance materials. High figures of merit for both the refractive index and impedance, as well as low transmission losses were achieved numerically. Efforts are currently underway to fabricate and test a prototype to validate the predicted performance of the NIM designs.
Ischemic Preconditioning Activates Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Upstream of Protein Kinase C

Abstract—The present study is designed to test whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) has a role in the signaling pathway in ischemic preconditioning (PC) and whether it is proximal or ...
A case study of frozen-time eigenvalues in the stability analysis for periodic linear systems

The stability of linear time-varying systems can be assessed using frozen-time eigenvalues (system eigenvalues computed at each instant). The failure of the sufficiency part of this method was illustrated by L. Markus and M. Yamabe (1960). Their example is examined in a more general setting and in the light of the Floquet characteristic exponent theory which leads to some interesting and enlightening results. These results provide deeper insight into and better understanding of the concept of frozen-time eigenvalues and Floquet characteristic exponents. They are also useful in the robustness analysis for linear time-invariant systems, since the nominal eigenvalues in that case are the frozen-time eigenvalues of the perturbed systems used in such analysis. >
COLLEGE MAJOR CHOICE: An Analysis of Person–Environment Fit

Although recent research suggests that congruence between students and their academic environment is critical for successful student outcomes, little research has been done on student college major choice. Using Holland’s theory of careers, we analyze college major choice using a multinomial logit model. We use the CIRP Freshman Survey and institutional data for three cohorts of first-year students at a selective liberal arts college to study the factors that affect college major choice, both at entry and at graduation.
Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of primary cardiac arrest.

Background: Because the risks of sudden cardiac death and myocardial infarction are transiently increased during acute bouts of high-intensity activity, it is an important question from the public health perspective whether regular participation in moderate-intensity activity confers overall protection from sudden cardiac death. Participants and Methods: We used data from a population-based case-control study to assess the associations of regular high-intensity and moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity with primary cardiac arrest. Cases were patients with primary cardiac arrest, aged 25 to 74 years, attended by paramedics between 1988 and 1994 in King County, Washington (n = 333). Controls were randomly identified from the same community (n = 503), matched for age and sex. All case patients and controls were free of prior clinical heart disease, major comorbidity, and self-reported poor health. Spouses of case patients and controls were interviewed to assess participation in 15 high-intensity and 6 moderateintensity physical activities during the prior year. Results: Compared with subjects who performed none of the activities, the odds ratio for primary cardiac arrest from matched analyses was 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.89) among subjects who performed only gardening activities for more than 60 minutes per week; 0.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.67) among subjects who walked for exercise for more than 60 minutes per week; and 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.75) among subjects who engaged in any high-intensity activities, after adjustment for age, smoking, education, diabetes, hypertension, and health status. Conclusions: The results suggest that regular participation in moderate-intensity activities, such as walking and gardening, are associated with a reduced risk of PCA and support current exercise recommendations. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:686-690
Design, modeling, and analysis of a feedstock logistics system

Abstract Given the location of a bio-energy plant for the conversion of biomass to bio-energy, a feedstock logistics system that relies on the use of satellite storage locations (SSLs) for temporary storage and loading of round bales is proposed. Three equipment systems are considered for handling biomass at the SSLs, and they are either placed permanently or are mobile and thereby travel from one SSL to another. A mathematical programming-based approach is utilized to determine SSLs and equipment routes in order to minimize the total cost. The use of a Side-loading Rack System results in average savings of 21.3% over a Densification System while a Rear-loading Rack System is more expensive to operate than either of the other equipment systems. The utilization of mobile equipment results in average savings of 14.8% over the equipment placed permanently. Furthermore, the Densification System is not justifiable for transportation distances less than 81 km.
Static and dynamic characteristics of McKibben pneumatic artificial muscles

This paper reports mechanical testing and modeling results for the McKibben artificial muscle pneumatic actuator. This device first developed in the 1950's, contains an expanding tube surrounded by braided cords. The authors report static and dynamic length-tension testing results and derive a linearized model of these properties for three different models. The results are briefly compared with human muscle properties to evaluate the suitability of McKibben actuators for human muscle emulation in biologically based robot arms. >
Child Outdoor Physical Activity is Reduced by Prevalence of the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

We tested the hypothesis that day-biting mosquitoes contribute to child obesity by reducing opportunities for summer outdoor play. The influence of Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) prevalence on child outdoor physical activity was compared in 2 matched urban communities, one treated for mosquito abatement and one untreated. More time was spent outdoors by children where abatement took place.
Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Review of the Evidence

Although pharmacotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder, medication offers only partial relief for patients. Treatment with pharmacologic interventions alone is associated with disappointingly low rates of remission, high rates of recurrence, residual symptoms, and psychosocial impairment. Bipolar-specific therapy is increasingly recommended as an essential component of illness management. This review summarizes the available data on psychotherapy for adults with bipolar disorder. We conducted a search of the literature for outcome studies published between 1995 and 2013 and identified 35 reports of 28 randomized controlled trials testing individual or group psychosocial interventions for adults with bipolar disorder. These reports include systematic trials investigating the efficacy and effectiveness of individual psychoeducation, group psychoeducation, individual cognitive-behavioral therapy, group cognitive-behavioral therapy, family therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and integrated care management. The evidence demonstrates that bipolar disorder-specific psychotherapies, when added to medication for the treatment of bipolar disorder, consistently show advantages over medication alone on measures of symptom burden and risk of relapse. Whether delivered in a group or individual format, those who receive bipolar disorder-specific psychotherapy fare better than those who do not. Psychotherapeutic strategies common to most bipolar disorder-specific interventions are identified.