cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
73 NAMING MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA

To document the clinical impression that young girls in the U.S. are given little or confusing information about their external genitalia, families were interviewed and preschool books and toys evaluated. 30 highly educated mothers were asked by their pediatrician about the terms for genitalia they used with their 25 female and 31 male children between 1 and 18 years of age. Mothers used words for male external genitalia with 100% of their boys, and words for testicles in addition to penis were reported for 39%. Only 8% of the girls were given a specific label(s) for their external genitalia; vagina was the sole sex organ term for 88%. Women reported with regret that they had learned words for their own external genitalia only in adolescence or adulthood. Yet they had not provided their girls with a different experience. Of the recent books on sex and reproduction for children grade 1 or below available in local libraries and bookstores, the few which dealt explicitly with anatomical sex differences were similarly misleading. Of these 11 books, only 1 used a term for female external genitalia, but all labeled the male. “Anatomically correct” dolls showed male genitalia, penis and scrotum. So-called female dolls had no genitalia. Neither parents, books nor toys help the young girl identify and understand her major sex organs. This avoidance or omission may reflect a persisting intrapsychic and societal discomfort with the external female genitalia and may interfere with the little girl's pride and pleasure in those genital parts most interesting and important during toilet training and the preschool years.
Insulin, leptin and reward

Feeding for pleasure, or "non-homeostatic feeding", potentially contributes to the rapid development of obesity worldwide. Obesity is associated with an imbalance of regulatory hormones which normally act to maintain stable energy balance and body weight. The adiposity hormones insulin and leptin are two such signals elevated in obesity with the capacity to dampen feeding behavior through their action on hypothalamic circuits which regulate appetite and metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that both hormones achieve this degree of regulation by inhibiting the rewarding aspects of feeding behavior, perhaps by signaling within midbrain reward circuits. This review describes the capacity of both insulin and leptin to regulate reward-related behavior.
Differential sum rule for the relaxation rate in dirty superconductors

We consider the differential sum rule for the effective scattering rate 1/τ(ω) and optical conductivity σ 1 (ω) in a dirty BCS superconductor, for arbitrary ratio of the superconducting gap A and the normal state constant damping rate 1/τ. We show that if τ is independent of T, the area under 1/τ(ω) does not change between the normal and the superconducting states, i.e., there exists an exact differential sum rule for the scattering rate. For any value of the dimensionless parameter Δτ, the sum rule is exhausted at frequencies controlled by Δ. We show that in the dirty limit the convergence of the differential sum rule for the scattering rate is much faster then the convergence of the f-sum rule, but slower then the convergence of the differential sum rule for conductivity.
Peptide-labeled quantum dots for imaging GPCRs in whole cells and as single molecules.

We report a robust and practical method for the preparation of water-soluble luminescent quantum dots (QDs) selectively coupled through an amine or thiol linkage to peptide ligands targeted to G-protein coupling receptors (GPCRs) and demonstrate their utility in whole-cell and single-molecule imaging. We utilized a low molecular weight (∼1200 Da) diblock copolymer with acrylic acids as hydrophilic segments and amido-octyl side chains as hydrophobic segments for facile encapsulation of QDs (QD 595 and QD 514) in aqueous solutions. As proof of principle, these QDs were targeted to the human melanocortin receptor (hMCR) by chemoselectively coupling the polymer-coated QDs to either a hexapeptide analog of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone or to the highly potent MT-II ligand containing a unique amine. To label QDs with ligands lacking orthogonal amines, the diblock copolymers were readily modified with water-soluble trioxa-tridecanediamine to incorporate freely available amine functionalities. The amine-functi...
Contradictions in human resource commitment and employment-at-will policies

Employment in the U.S. appears to be subject to two broad, conflicting influences. Foreign competition and declining productivity have resulted in the suggested development of a commitment strategy in employment relations. Current administration policy towards employment, it is argued, combined with prevailing, notions of employment-at-will are in essential, tension with international standards of employment security and the content of the “new industrial relations” policies advocated by human resource practitioners and researchers.
On the alleged connection between moral evil and human freedom: Response to Nagasawa and Trakakis

In this essay, I respond to two criticisms of my essay, ‘On the Alleged Connection between Moral Evil and Human Freedom’. According to Yujin Nagasawa, I equivocate on the meaning of ‘moral evil.’ I respond by offering what I believe to be an unobjectionable stipulative under-standing of what counts as moral evil which is sufficient for my argument. According to Nick Trakakis, I seriously misunderstand the conception of freedom characteristic of free will theodicists. He suggests that my argument presupposes compatibilism. I respond by showing that my argument does not presuppose the denial of the capacity to have done otherwise.
PE is not for me: when boys' masculinities are threatened.

This study used hegemonic masculinity theory to examine the intersection of masculinities and school physical education from the perspectives of boys who embodied masculinities that were marginalized. Over a 13-week period using present-focused, student-centered, qualitative methodological approaches, we observed, interviewed, and worked in small groups with 5 middle school boys from two schools. We identified three significant themes that merge the stories and experiences of masculinity hierarchies in sport-based physical education. First, we found that four social practices (content, pedagogies, teacher-student relationships, and peer cultures) in these physical education settings privileged some masculinities over others. Second, we examined the role that embodiment played, both in how the boys wore their oppression and in how their bodies resisted marginalizing situations. Third, we describe the contrasts these boys drew between physical activities experienced in sport-based physical education and phy...
Smooth Interpolation of Scattered Data by Local Thin Plate Splines

Abstract An algorithm and the corresponding computer program for solution of the scattered data interpolation problem is described. Given points ( x k , y k , f k ), k = 1,…, N a locally defined function F ( x , y ) which has the property F ( x k , y k ) = f k , k = 1,…, N is constructed. The algorithm is based on a weighted sum of locally defined thin plate splines, and yields an interpolation function which is differentiable. The program is available from the author.
Scheduling Real-Time Tasks for Dependability

Real-time systems are increasingly used in applications whose failure may result in large economic and human costs. Since many of the systems operate in environments that are non-deterministic, and even hazardous, it is extremely important that the systems must be dependable, i.e., the deadlines of tasks must be met even in the presence of certain failures. In order to enhance the dependability of a real-time system, we study the problem of scheduling a set of real-time tasks to meet their deadlines even in the presence of processor failures. We first prove that the problem of scheduling a set of non-preemptive tasks on more than two processors to tolerate one arbitrary processor failure is NP-complete even when the tasks share a common deadline. A heuristic algorithm is then proposed to solve the problem. The schedule generated by the heuristic algorithm can tolerate one arbitrary processor failure in the worst case. The analysis and experimental data show that the performance of the heuristic algorithm is near-optimal.
Neuroanatomical changes in a mouse model of early life neglect

Using a novel mouse model of early life neglect and abuse (ENA) based on maternal separation with early weaning, George et al. (BMC Neurosci 11:123, 2010) demonstrated behavioral abnormalities in adult mice, and Bordner et al. (Front Psychiatry 2(18):1–18, 2011) described concomitant changes in mRNA and protein expression. Using the same model, here we report neuroanatomical changes that include smaller brain size and abnormal inter-hemispheric asymmetry, decreases in cortical thickness, abnormalities in subcortical structures, and white matter disorganization and atrophy most severely affecting the left hemisphere. Because of the similarities between the neuroanatomical changes observed in our mouse model and those described in human survivors of ENA, this novel animal model is potentially useful for studies of human ENA too costly or cumbersome to be carried out in primates. Moreover, our current knowledge of the mouse genome makes this model particularly suited for targeted anatomical, molecular, and pharmacological experimentation not yet possible in other species.
The Early Modern Muddle

This article traces the career of "Early Modernity" as a covering term for a post-medieval, pre-modern historical period and a deliberate challenge to the historiographical conventions of "ages" (Renaissance, Reformation, etc.), centuries, or national histories. The author argues that the widespread but uncritical acceptance of this usage has obscured its limitations and equivocations and discusses possible alternatives.
Parameter estimation from multiresponse data

Multiresponse data are familiar outputs of experiments and processes involving multicomponent mixtures, multiple streams or multiple methods of observation. The resulting arrays of data exhibit various structures, including rectangular (no missing values), block-rectangular, and irregular (missing values with no simple pattern). Methods for modeling such data are described, emphasizing parameter estimation strategy and available software. Experiences in multiresponse modeling are then reviewed for several chemical engineering problems.
Wireless lysimeters for real-time online soil water monitoring

Identification of drainage water allows assessing the effectiveness of water management. Passive capillary wick-type lysimeters (PCAPs) were used to monitor water flux leached below the root zone under an irrigated cropping system. Wireless lysimeters were developed for web-based real-time online monitoring of drainage water using a distributed wireless sensor network (WSN). Twelve PCAP sensing stations were installed across the field at 90 cm below the soil surface, and each station measured the amount of drainage water using two tipping buckets mounted in the lysimeter and continually monitored soil water contents using two soil moisture sensors installed above the lysimeter. A weather station was included in the WSN to measure micrometeorological field conditions. All in-field sensory data were periodically sampled and wirelessly transmitted to a base station that was bridged to a web server for broadcasting the data on the internet. Communication signals from the in-field sensing stations to the base station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication. Field experiments resulted in high correlation between estimated and actual drainage with r 2 = 0.95 and confirmed a reliable wireless communication throughout the growing season. A web-linked WSN system provided convenient remote online access to monitor drainage water flux and field conditions without the need for costly time-consuming supportive operations.
Peripheral endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilatation is associated with left ventricular mass in older persons with hypertension.

Abstract Background Increased left ventricular (LV) mass is associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk. Recent studies have also shown an association of increased LV mass with attenuated endothelium-dependent coronary flow reserve. Less is known about the association between LV mass and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in peripheral arteries, a noninvasive measure of endothelial function. Methods Sixty-two subjects with untreated mild hypertension, aged 55 to 75 years and otherwise healthy, were examined. Resting blood pressure was obtained by the average of 4 to 5 visits, each at least 1 week apart. LV mass was determined from magnetic resonance imaging and was indexed by body surface area, height and height 2.7 . Body composition was assessed with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. FMD was measured as the percent change of brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia by use of high-resolution ultrasound. Results Median LV mass index was 63 g/m 2 (interquartile range, 58-73). In bivariate analysis, LV mass was correlated to lean body mass ( r = 0.63, P r = 0.35, P r = −0.27, P P Conclusions In addition to the expected influences of body size, impairment of brachial artery FMD was independently related to LV mass in elderly subjects with mild hypertension who did not yet have LV hypertrophy. Whether mild hypertension is the common mechanism linking LV mass and endothelial function has yet to be determined. (Am Heart J 2002;144:39-44.)
Acoustic and Articulatory Measures of Sibilant Production With and Without Auditory Feedback From a Cochlear Implant

The articulator positions of a subject with a cochlear implant were measured with an electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) system with and without auditory feedback available to the subj...
The Effect of Pad-Asperity Curvature on Material Removal Rate in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

In chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), surface asperities of the polishing pad play a key role, for they transmit normal force and impart tangential motion to the hard, nano-scale abrasive particles in the slurry. It has been shown recently, however, that the soft pad asperities themselves often generate micro-scale scratches on the surfaces being polished. To mitigate scratching by pad asperities, therefore, topography control by flattening pad asperities has been proposed and experimentally validated. In this study, the effects of asperity-flattening on pad topography and the material removal rate are investigated. It is found both theoretically and experimentally that even at a relatively high pressures only the tallest of the asperities are flattened and the ratio of asperity radius-to-standard deviation of heights is increased, but the average roughness itself is little affected. Specifically, surface profiles of new and asperity-flattened pads indeed show that the average roughness of about 5 μm is changed less than ten percent. Concurrently, the material removal rate is increased by about 30 percent due in part to the increased real area of contact––the result of increased asperity radius of curvature and decreased standard deviation of asperity heights. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of the 6th CIRP International Conference on High Performance Cutting.
Memory hierarchy considerations for fast transpose and bit-reversals

This paper explores the interplay between algorithm design and a computer's memory hierarchy. Matrix transpose and the bit-reversal reordering are important scientific subroutines which often exhibit severe performance degradation due to cache and TLB associativity problems. We give lower bounds that show for typical memory hierarchy designs, extra data movement is unavoidable. We also prescribe characteristics of various levels of the memory hierarchy needed to perform efficient bit-reversals. Insight gained from our analysis leads to the design of a near optimal bit-reversal algorithm. This Cache Optimal Bit Reverse Algorithm (COBRA) is implemented on the Digital Alpha 21164, Sun Ultrasparc 2, and IBM Power2. We show that COBRA is near optimal with respect to execution time on these machines and performs much better than previous best known algorithms.
SPECTRUM, NUMERICAL RANGE AND DAVIS-WIELANDT SHELL OF A NORMAL OPERATOR

We denote the numerical range of the normal operator T by W (T). A characterization is given to the points in W (T) that lie on the boundary. The collection of such boundary points together with the interior of the the convex hull of the spectrum of T will then be the set W (T). Moreover, it is shown that such boundary points reveal a lot of information about the normal operator. For instance, such a boundary point always associates with an invariant (reducing) subspace of the normal operator. It follows that a normal operator acting on a separable Hilbert space cannot have a closed strictly convex set as its numerical range. Similar results are obtained for the Davis-Wielandt shell of a normal operator. One can deduce additional information of the normal operator by studying the boundary of its Davis-Wielandt shell. Further extension of the result to the joint numerical range of commuting operators is discussed.
Development of laminated nickel/manganese oxide and nickel/niobium oxide electrochromic devices

This paper reports on the preparation, electrical, and optical analysis of electrodes and prototype electrochromic devices using a solid polymer ion conductor. For these devices electrodes were developed consisting of cobalt-doped nickel oxide, manganese-nickel oxide, and niobium oxide. Optical and voltammetric data was obtained for each electrode. Solid polymer electrolytes were synthesized from modified amorphous poly(ethylene oxide) [a-PEO] complexed with a metal silicate. Electrochromic devices were made using cobalt-doped nickel oxide/niobium oxide, and cobalt-doped nickel oxide/manganese-nickel electrode laminations. Optical spectra as a function of voltage was obtained for each device. The best cobalt-doped nickel oxide/a-PEO/manganese-nickel oxide device showed photopic transmittance to be Tp(bleached) equals 0.76 and Tp(colored) equals 0.44. The corresponding integrated solar transmittance was Ts(bleached) equals 0.64, Ts(colored) equals 0.46. The best cobalt- doped nickel oxide/a-PEO/niobium oxide device had photopic transmittance of Tp(bleached) equals 0.65 and Tp(colored) equals 0.16. The corresponding integrated solar transmittance was Ts(bleached) equals 0.45 and Ts(colored) equals 0.15. Of the two devices, the nickel/niobium oxide device had the best combination of electrical and optical properties. Better device properties are expected with improvements in the solid polymer electrolyte and lamination process.
A new papillary muscle chamber to test small plasma volumes

Abstract A system to measure contratility of a rat papillary muscle is described. It is unique in that the unit requires less than 5 ml plasma as the bathing medium. A membrane oxygenator built into the muscle chamber permits the development of stable oxygen tensions of over 500 mm Hg and the elimination of plasma foaming.
Nutritional homeostasis and indispensable amino acid sensing: a new solution to an old puzzle.

Indispensable amino acids are neither synthesized nor stored in animals and are rapidly depleted when not provided by the diet. To maintain homeostasis, organisms must sense deficiency of an indispensable amino acid and implement a repletion strategy. In rats and birds, the anterior piriform cortex houses the detector, but its mechanism has evaded description for >50 years. Recently, rapid detection of amino acid depletion was shown behaviorally when naive animals, pre-fed a low nitrogen diet, terminated their first deficient meal within 20 min. The general amino acid control system of yeast, which is activated by amino acid deprivation via deacylated tRNA, was found to be active in rodent brain, showing conservation of amino acid sensory mechanisms across eukaryotic species.
Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic World: The Frame Problem

Abstract This book, the first volume in a JAI Press series entitled Advances in Human and Machine Cognition , is a collection of fifteen papers edited by Kenneth M. Ford and Patrick J. Hayes. These papers were originally presented at The First International Workshop on Human & Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, May 11–13, 1989. The workshop is a biannual affair which at each meeting addresses a core interdisciplinary topic in artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive science. The special topic for the conference, and book, is the frame problem . The papers in the book incorporate an interdisciplinary approach drawing from AI, cognitive science, psychology and philosophy. The book is quite formal and some chapters require a background in logic, computer science and AI principles—although a few will appeal to the general reader. There is a six-page introduction by the editors that provides a brief synopsis of the frame problem and related problems as well as a brief organization and summaries of the papers presented in the book.
Hemangioblastoma of the Filum Terminale: Case Report

Objective and importance Tumors of the cauda equina and specifically the filum terminale are uncommon. We report the fourth case of a hemangioblastoma occurring in the filum terminale. Clinical presentation This 35-year-old man presented with a 4-year history of low back pain that had been previously diagnosed as a bulging disc and exhibited severe pain in response to percussion of his lower back but was neurologically intact. He was found to have a large, enhancing mass filling the thecal sac at L2-L3. Intervention The tumor was found to be attached to the filum terminale and was cleanly dissected off en toto. Microscopically, the mass consisted of endothelial cells in addition to abundant fat-laden stromal cells and reticulum. Conclusion We present a case report and a review of the literature. Our patient was the first to exhibit no radicular complaints. The diagnosis was delayed in all four cases and was not determined until the time of surgery. Complete excision offers the best chance for cure, and spinal angiography can aid in diagnosis. However, a high index of suspicion is needed for preoperative detection.
Inhibition of rat pancreatic exocrine secretion by neuropeptide Y : studies in vivo and in vitro

Summary Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique 36 amino acid peptide with strong sequence homology to pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. In the rat pancreas, NPY-positive fibers have been demonstrated in close association with exocrine structures, suggesting a regulatory role for the peptide. In conscious rats with pancreatic ductal cannulas, amylase output stimulated by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8: 0.2 pg kg−1 h−1 was dose-dependently inhibited by intravenous NPY infusion (20,40, and 80 pg kg−1 h−1). Inhibitory effects were rapid in onset but reversed with cessation of NPY infusion. With continuous NPY infusion (40 μg kg−1 h−1), prolonged inhibition of amylase output by the vagal stimulant 2-deoxyglucose (100 mg kg−1) was observed (>50% inhibition in each of nine consecutive 10-min periods). In contrast, NPY infusion in doses of 20, 40, or 80 pg kg−1 h−1 produced no alteration in immunoreactive somatostatin levels. In vitro, NPY incubation (10−113-10−8M) produced no change in basal amylase release from dispersed, purified acinar cells. In addition, co-incubation of NPY (10−8-10−6M) with CCK-8 (10−13-10−5M) produced no inhibition of CCK-stimulated amylase release from dispersed acini. In contrast, NPY (10−6M) produced significant inhibition of amylase release from pancreatic lobules that had been stimulated by 75 μM potassium (135 ± 11% versus 177 ± 18% of basal level) or by 25 μM veratridine (196 ± 19% versus 398 ± 152%). NPY is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat in vivo and in pancreatic lobules in vitro. The actions of NPY are exerted indirectly and do not involve circulating somatostatin. Inhibition of pancreatic neurotransmission may be involved in the actions of NPY on the exocrine pancreas.
Prenatal exposure to escitalopram and/or stress in rats: a prenatal stress model of maternal depression and its treatment.

Rationale A rigorously investigated model of stress and antidepressant administration during pregnancy is needed to evaluate possible effects on the mother.
Holographic Camera Uses Full-Color Natural Light

Holography has widespread influence in many areas of technology, from metrology and biomedical imaging to fine arts and entertainment. But holography’s coherent light requirement presents a serious constraint for a wider range of applications. With coherent laser illumination, holographic 3-D imaging would not be as easy and mundane as basic photography.
Ineffective Caspase-3 (CPP32) Protease Activity Is Associated with Resistance with Apoptosis in Functionally Immature Neutrophils

Ineffective Caspase-3 (CPP32) Protease Activity Is Associated with Resistance with Apoptosis in Functionally Immature Neutrophils
Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection via rolling circle amplification

Hybridization-based assays for DNA detection often use single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes to capture ssDNA targets in solution. Unfortunately, these assays are often not able to detect double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Here, we achieve highly sensitive dsDNA target detection by including short oligonucleotide sequences during denaturing and cooling. After performing an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique (Rolling Circle Amplification, RCA), these captured dsDNA targets are labeled, allowing single amplified molecules to be imaged and counted. This detection method was first applied to the detection of PCR-generated (polymerase chain reaction) dsDNA targets, yielding a limit of detection of 4.25 fM. As an application of the developed assay, the detection of extracted Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) genomic DNA was attempted. A M. tb.-specific target was detected with high specificity compared to similar bacteria, and a detection limit of 10 000 colony forming units (cfu) ml−1 was achieved, close to the sensitivity required for clinical diagnosis.
Mass conservative, positive definite integrator for atmospheric chemical dynamics

Abstract Air quality models compute the transformation of species in the atmosphere undergoing chemical and physical changes. The numerical algorithms used to predict these transformations should obey mass conservation and positive definiteness properties. Among all physical phenomena, the chemical kinetics solver provides the greatest challenge to attain these two properties. In general, most chemical kinetics solvers are mass conservative but not positive definite. In this article, a new numerical algorithm for the computation of chemical kinetics is presented. The integrator is called Split Single Reaction Integrator (SSRI). It is both mass conservative and positive definite. It solves each chemical reaction exactly and uses operator splitting techniques (symmetric split) to combine them into the entire system. The method can be used within a host integrator to fix the negative concentrations while preserving the mass, or it can be used as a standalone integrator that guarantees positive definiteness and mass conservation. Numerical results show that the new integrator, used as a standalone integrator, is second order accurate and stable under large fixed time steps when other conventional integrators are unstable.
Electronic transport in tungsten and iron-doped tungsten below 1 K

The electrical resistivity ϱ and the thermoelectric ratio G have been measured for zone-refined single crystals of both tungsten and iron-doped tungsten from 5 K down to 40 mK. The samples had residual resistance ratios RRR ranging from 1750 to 90,000. The observed behavior is conveniently divided into two classes, “normal” and “anomalous.” Completely normal behavior was displayed by only three W samples with high RRRs. The Fe-doped W and the remaining W samples contained one or more anomalies. Normal behavior is that which would be expected for W containing impurities with no internal degrees of freedom. In normal behavior ϱ decreased monotonically with decreasing temperature and was consistent with the equation θ = θo + AT 2 below about 1.5 K. This form for ϱ is taken as evidence that electron-electron scattering dominates electron-phonon scattering in ϱ for W at such low temperatures. For the range of sample purities studied, A increased slightly with increasing ϱ0, but did not vary systematically with either the sample diameter d or with the ratio ϱ(273 K)/dϱ(T). In normal behavior, G was positive and constant below about 0.5 K, increased in magnitude as T rose to 4 or 5 K, and then began to decrease, becoming negative above about 7 K. An explanation is provided for this behavior. Those samples that fell into the anomalous class displayed at least one of three anomalies: (1) a minimum in the electrical resistivity, with an approximately logarithmic variation with T at temperatures below the minimum; (2) a positive contribution to G which increased in magnitude with decreasing temperature approximately as T −1/2from about 4 K down to at least 0.5 K; and (3) a negative contribution to G which set in at about 0.5 K, varied approximately as log T, and dominated G at the lowest temperatures. These anomalies are presumably due to one or more impurities dissolved in the W, possibily including Fe. However, chemical and spectroscopic analyses of pieces from several samples, including the Fe-doped W, failed to establish a clear link between any specific impurities and the observed anomalies. At the moment we neither know the source nor understand the nature of these anomalies.
Regional expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney in dogs with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Purpose: In the early stage of unilateral ureteral obstruction total renal blood flow increases but medullary blood flow decreases, exacerbating medullary tissue hypoxia. We examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, a product of a hypoxia sensitive gene, in the cortex and medulla in dogs with unilateral ureteral obstruction for 21 hours.Materials and Methods: Hemodynamic and clearance experiments were performed after release of ureteral obstruction in 6 dogs with unilateral ureteral obstruction, followed by Western blot analysis of nitric oxide synthase and immunohistochemistry.Results: Ureteral obstruction raised mean ureteral pressure plus or minus standard error to 35.0 ± 7.2 mm. Hg. In dogs with unilateral ureteral obstruction mean renal blood flow was 116 ± 10 ml. per minute, lower than the 213 ± 22 ml. per minute in sham operated dogs (p <0.01). After unilateral ureteral obstruction release the mean glomerular filtration rate was 9.5 ± 2.1 ml. per minute, lower than the 27.3 ± 1.8 ...
“Tribal Fixation” and Africa’s Otherness: Changes and Resilience in News Coverage

This monograph takes a qualitative, content analytical approach in examining U.S. press coverage of Africa from 2000 to 2012. The goal is to learn the degree that the press manifests “tribal fixation” and the broader theme of otherness in the context of advanced globalization. Coverage by The New York Times and the Associated Press is the primary focus. To assess tribal fixation, this monograph examines coverage of the electoral crisis in Kenya in 2008, the Darfur conflict in Sudan, and the civil war in Congo. To assess the portrayal of otherness, the study examines the general framing of African news. While both aspects of coverage have diminished, the element of otherness seems more resilient. Drawing from notions of the “traveler’s tale” and theories of social cognition and news frames, this monograph concludes that perceptual distance remains a factor in the coverage of Africa.
Developing undergraduates' skills in behavioral interventions

This is a description of a training program for, and a series of studies conducted by, university undergraduates intending to intern in a mental health facility. The behaviorally oriented program provided training experiences in both clinical and community psychology. The more traditional clinical components involved each student's identifying a personal bothersome behavior and, after collecting baseline data, implementing an intervention. The course's community component involved designing a project within an organization or community. Illustrative projects included attempts to set up a no-smoking section in a cafeteria, to prompt university professors to turn off lights after class, to ensure that only handicapped drivers used parking facilities designed for them, to increase church attendance, and to ensure that customers selected appropriate medication at pharmacies. Issues involved in, and barriers to, training undergraduates in behavioral community approaches are discussed.
Effect of isotypic and allotypic variations of MHC class II molecules on staphylococcal enterotoxin presentation to murine T cells

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) are known to be potent T cell activators, stimulating +/- proliferation and lymphokine production. These toxins have recently have been termed "superantigens" because of their ability to bind directly to class II molecules forming a ligand that interacts with particular V beta gene elements within the TCR complex. This interaction between SE and MHC class II molecules plays a central role in toxin-induced mitogenesis. In the present study we have examined the effect of polymorphism on the ability of MHC class II molecules to bind and present SE. Through the use of H-2 congenic mouse strains, it was possible to look directly at haplotype differences within the MHC and their effect on SE presentation to a panel of responsive V beta-bearing T cells. The results demonstrate that toxin presentation by class II-bearing accessory cells to murine T cells is greatly affected by polymorphisms within the H-2 complex. Toxin-pulsed accessory cells obtained from mice of an H-2k and H-2u haplotype were found to be less efficient in activating a variety of T cell clones and hybridomas. However, one T cell clone responded similarly to the enterotoxins presented on all H-2 haplotypes, suggesting that differences in responses of T cells are not simply a function of the degree of binding of these toxins to various class II molecules. Neutralization analysis with monoclonal anti-class II antibodies demonstrates that both I-A and I-E molecules play a significant role in SEA and SEB presentation to murine T cells. These results suggest that the differential activation of T cells by a particular enterotoxin may reflect a difference in recognition of an SE:class II ligand by a surface T cell receptor complex.
Ulcerative colitis of the neovagina as a postsurgical complication of persistent cloaca

Persistent cloaca is characterized by a common vestibule connected to the bladder, uterus, and rectum and a single perineal orifice to the exterior. Treatment can involve vaginal reconstruction with sigmoid/descending colon. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who, as an infant, underwent vaginoplasty using sigmoid colon for persistent cloaca and developed a fulminant colitis that also affected the colonic neovagina 2 years after her reconstruction.
Effect of Organized Assemblies, Part VII: Adsorption Behavior of Polyoxyethylated Nonyl Phenol at Silica-Cyclohexane Interface and Its Efficiency in Stabilizing the Silica-Cyclohexane Dispersion

The adsorption behavior of a series of nonionic polyoxyethylated nonyl phenol surfactants having same hydrocarbon chain length but varying oxyethylene chain has been studied spectrophotometrically at the silica−cyclohexane interface. The adsorption density is found to be independent of the number of oxyethylene units throughout the adsorption isotherms, except at higher surface coverage, where the adsorption density decreases with the increase in the number of oxyethylene units. The settling rate of the silica particles in cyclohexane decreases with the increase in adsorption density as well as oxyethylene chain length. On the other hand, the sediment volume decreases with the increase in the adsorption density, with a minimum for the surfactant having the least number of oxyethylene units. Surfactants with a longer oxyethylene chain partitions preferentially to the bulk solvent at higher concentrations, as a result of the change in the polarity of the medium. On the basis of adsorption density, settling ...
A developmental examination of amygdala response to facial expressions

Several lines of evidence implicate the amygdala in face-emotion processing, particularly for fearful facial expressions. Related findings suggest that face-emotion processing engages the amygdala within an interconnected circuitry that can be studied using a functional-connectivity approach. Past work also underscores important functional changes in the amygdala during development. Taken together, prior research on amygdala function and development reveals a need for more work examining developmental changes in the amygdala's response to fearful faces and in amygdala functional connectivity during face processing. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare 31 adolescents (9--17 years old) and 30 adults (21--40 years old) on activation to fearful faces in the amygdala and other regions implicated in face processing. Moreover, these data were used to compare patterns of amygdala functional connectivity in adolescents and adults. During passive viewing, adolescents demonstrated greater amygdala and fusiform activation to fearful faces than did adults. Functional connectivity analysis revealed stronger connectivity between the amygdala and the hippocampus in adults than in adolescents. Within each group, variability in age did not correlate with amygdala response, and sex-related developmental differences in amygdala response were not found. Eye movement data collected outside of the magnetic resonance imaging scanner using the same task suggested that developmental differences in amygdala activation were not attributable to differences in eye-gaze patterns. Amygdala hyperactivation in response to fearful faces may explain increased vulnerability to affective disorders in adolescence; stronger amygdala-hippocampus connectivity in adults than adolescents may reflect maturation in learning or habituation to facial expressions.
Low velocity impact damage in composite sandwich beams

Abstract Impact damage in sandwich beams consisting of graphite/epoxy face sheets and Rohacell foam core was investigated. Low velocity impact tests were conducted to investigate damage mechanisms and damage modes in the face sheet and the core. The major modes of failure included local ’yielding‘ of the core, matrix cracking and delamination in the face laminate. A finite element analysis was performed to predict the onset of matrix cracking composite laminate using the maximum principal stress failure criterion. Subsequent delamination was analyzed using fracture mechanics. In the analysis the core was assumed to be elastic-plastic. The predicted delamination crack length agreed very well with the experimental data.
Implementing the cell multipole method for dipolar and charged dipolar systems

Abstract Recently, substantial progress has been made in reducing the cost of computing Coulomb sums in fields such as astrophysics and molecular dynamics (MD). This has culminated in the fast multipole method (FMM), and its Cartesian counterpart, the cell multipole method (CMM). In MD simulations, these methods provide efficient and accurate algorithms for computing the energy and forces of charge-charge interactions. However, dipolar interactions are as important and as challenging to compute. In this paper we implement the cell multipole method (CMM) for dipolar domains. This CMM implementation is an accurate and efficient approach for computing interactions in million-particle dipolar systems. In addition, we use CMM to treat systems of permanent dipoles and induced dipoles, permanent charges and permanent dipoles, and permanent charges and induced dipoles. We derive and discuss expressions for accurate and efficient computation of all interactions in these systems. The approach is also applicable to polarizable charged dipolar systems. Finally, we apply one-level CMM and hierarchical CMM to arbitrary dipolar systems and discuss accuracy and speed. The hierarchical implementation of CMM is shown to scale linearly with the number of dipoles.
Neural network learning time: effects of network and training set size

The learning time for two-layer backpropagation networks is examined in the context of learning Boolean logic equations from examples. In particular, the relationship between the number of inputs, hidden units, and training set vectors and the learning time is investigated. The networks, the training algorithm, and the tasks are described. The parameter variations and the set of simulations performed are detailed. Training and test set generation are discussed, and the simulation results are summarized. Network performance is evaluated, and an alternate training methodology that may remedy problems inherent to the backpropagation training method is presented. >
Die Wirkung dosierter Geräuschbelastung auf die Mikrofonpotentiale der Meerschweinchenschnecke

Meerschweinchen wurden mit Weisem Rauschen von 105 dB, 120 dB und 130 dB (uber 0,0002 dyn/cm2) beschallt und die Belastungsfolgen durch Registrierung des Frequenzganges der Mp untersucht.
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health Mental Health Surveillance Study: calibration study design and field procedures

The Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) is an ongoing initiative by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to monitor the prevalence of serious mental illness (SMI) among adults in the USA. In 2008, the MHSS used data from clinical interviews to calibrate mental health data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for estimating the prevalence of SMI based on the full NSDUH sample. The clinical interview used was the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV; SCID). NSDUH interviews were administered via audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) to a nationally representative sample of the population aged 12 years or older. A total of 46,180 NSDUH interviews were completed with adults aged 18 years or older in 2008. The SCID was administered by mental health clinicians to a sub-sample of 1506 adults via telephone. This paper describes the MHSS calibration study procedures, including information on sample selection, instrumentation, follow-up, data quality protocols, and management of distressed respondents.
Status of the multiply-charged ion research facility at JPL

A new research facility for the study of interactions of multiply-charged ions has recently been completed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A 1.2 tesla/14.0 GHz Caprice-type electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) ion source is used to produce highly-charged ions. The JPL facility can deliver ions into three experimental stations. Two are currently in operation for (a) measurement of absolute electron collisional excitation cross sections, and (b) measurement of lifetimes and f-values of metastable levels.
Detection of Wheel and Workpiece Contact/Release in Reciprocating Surface Grinding

This paper evaluates the performance and limitations of a simple algorithm to detect contact and release events in reciprocating surface grinding by processing the output of a piezoelectric force transducer. It efficiently detects these events independent of workpiece material, wheel type, or grinding conditions (except for dry grinding with low material removal rates). The purpose of this algorithm is to prevent force overshoot at the beginning of engagement in the study of subsurface plastic deformation.
Short communication: Feeding fat from distillers dried grains with solubles to dairy heifers: III. Effects on posttrial reproductive and lactation performance.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the subsequent effects on lactation and reproductive performance from feeding fat from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to growing dairy heifers. During the prepubertal growth phase, 33 Holstein heifers (133±18 d old) were used in a 24-wk randomized complete block design. Treatments included (1) a control diet (CON) containing ground corn and soybean products, 2) a diet with low-fat DDGS (LFDG), and (3) a higher-fat diet with traditional DDGS (HFDG). All diets contained 39.8% grass hay, 24.8% corn silage, and 1.5% vitamins and minerals. Previous results demonstrated that growth performance was maintained across treatments, but plasma cholesterol and fatty acids were greater and puberty may occur earlier in heifers fed HFDG. It was hypothesized that differences among treatments in metabolic profile and puberty may influence reproductive and first-lactation performance. Posttrial data on reproductive performance and milk production for the first 4 mo of lactation were collected for each heifer from dairy herd records. At 3wk prepartum and at calving, body weights, body condition scores, and body measurements were taken. No differences were observed among treatments for age at conception or age at calving. At calving, heifers fed the HFDG were shorter in withers height compared with heifers fed the other diets. Milk yields and components were similar or improved in heifers fed the distillers grains diets compared with heifers fed CON. Heifers fed LFDG had greater milk production and a tendency for greater milk protein yields compared with the heifers fed CON. Energy-corrected milk yields were similar among treatments. Feeding increased dietary fat from DDGS during the prepubertal growth phase did not negatively affect milk production, despite earlier attainment of puberty compared with other treatments. The overall ADG for all 3 treatments was 0.96kg/d during the prepubertal period, which is greater than recommended and may have compromised milk yield across treatments. Based on these findings, producers can feed either DDGS or LFDG with corn in replacement of soybean products and corn to prepubertal heifers and maintain or enhance subsequent reproductive and lactation performance. Dietary fat from DDGS can replace starch from corn as an energy source for prepubertal heifers without detriment to later performance.
Quantum wells and nanophotonics: Physics, applications and limits

We summarize recent work in germanium quantum well physics and devices, in nanophotonic and nanometallic structures for enhanced photodetection, and in fundamental limits to optical components, for applications such as slow light and optical interconnects to silicon.
The importance of HIV prevention messaging for orphaned youth in Zimbabwe

Abstract The AIDS epidemic has contributed to a drastic increase in the number of orphans in Zimbabwe. Female adolescent orphans are particularly in jeopardy of contracting HIV due to disadvantages including extreme poverty, low education, and the absent of parental oversight which can lead to higher risk-taking sexual behaviors. By understanding where girls receive education about HIV and who they rely on for information, organizations can effectively modify existing programs to better target this at-risk population. For this study a household survey was conducted which included 216 orphans and 324 non-orphans (n=540), aged 12–17 years, in the resource-poor setting of Hwange District, Zimbabwe. The aims of this article were to examine the differences between orphans and non-orphans in HIV prevention message exposure, level of motivation for learning about HIV, and communication with caregivers about safe sex. The household survey revealed that younger orphans, aged 12–15 years, were more motivated to lea...