cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directed Nucleation of Molecular Crystals on Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces

The nucleation and growth of four types of molecular crystals (4,4′-diiodobiphenyl, 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, and 2-amino-5-nitropyridine) on gold-thiol self-assembled monolayers (SA...
Decay and resonance tunneling in a small ac field: two-level approximation

Abstract In the presence of a periodic external field a particle confined in a well may occupy one of the quasienergy states. We investigate the tunneling decay of such a state in a metastable potential as well as resonance tunneling via it in the double barrier case. The decay rate as function of the magnitude of the ac field and the form of the resonance peak are calculated under the assumption that the applied field is small and its frequency is close to the spacing between two energy levels of the unperturbed system. The resonance peak in the transparency of a double barrier is shown to be doubled due to the splitting of the quasienergies in the well.
Polymerase chain reaction products analyzed by charge detection mass spectrometry

Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) has been used to rapidly analyze polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products with a minimum of sample cleanup after the PCR reaction. PCR products of 1525 base pairs (bp), 1982 bp and 2677 bp were detected by CDMS, where simultaneous measurement of the charge and velocity of an electrostatically accelerated ion allows a mass determination of the ion. We extended the investigation to a longer double-stranded, linear DNA sample by also analyzing linearized pBR322 (4361 bp). Positive ion mass spectra and ion charge-state distributions were obtained for these electrosprayed DNA samples. Instrumental conditions were studied using a commercially available, linearized pUC18 sample (2682 bp). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of directed gel degradation and collagenase digestion on the integration of neocartilage produced by chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogel carriers

Chondrocytes were encapsulated in non-degrading and partially degrading poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gels in apposition to native cartilage layers in order to examine the effects of gel degradation on the integration of regenerated cartilaginous matrix with native tissue. In addition, the effect of collagenase predigestion of the native cartilage surfaces on this integration was examined in studies with partially degrading co-polymer gels. Integration was quantitatively assessed by mechanical measurements of adhesive strength, and visualized by histological staining and non-destructive ultrasound analysis. Constructs with encapsulated chondrocytes and a non-degrading gel layer had significantly higher adhesive strength than partially degrading gel constructs and non-degrading gel constructs without cells. In addition, better maintenance of proper cell morphology was observed near the gel–cartilage interface in non-degrading gel constructs than in partially degrading gel constructs after 8 weeks of in vitro culture. Facile collagen distribution in the degrading gels appeared to have a significant effect on mechanical adhesion measurements only when the native cartilage surface was predigested with collagenase. Ultrasound analysis provided qualitative evidence of cartilaginous matrix evolution and non-destructive imaging of developing constructs and the interface between newly formed matrix and existing cartilage tissue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Submarine canyons in Brazilian Equatorial Margin: The Apodi-Mossoró canyons, NE-Brazil

The lack of data of continental slope regions and the perspective to oil explorations in these areas stimulated this study. Multibeam data was collected in continental slope of the Potiguar basin with the aim of modeling the seafloor. Different submarine canyons were mapped. In this work the focus are a set of 4 canyons we believe were originated due to the influence of Apodi-Mossoro River when the sea level was lower than presently. The canyons were named a1 to a4 canyons. Landslide structures and gullies were mapped in the walls of these canyons indicating erosional deposicional style.
Basis for the ICRP's Age-Specific Biokinetic Model for Uranium

In an effort motivated largely by the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is developing age-specific biokinetic models and dose coefficients for environmentally important radionuclides. This paper describes the ICRP's age-specific biokinetic model for uranium. The model is constructed within a physiologically based framework originally developed for application to the alkaline earth elements but sufficiently general to apply to the larger class of bone-volume-seeking elements. Transfer rates for a reference adult are based mainly on: 1. measurements of uranium in blood and excreta of several human subjects who were intravenously injected with uranium; 2. postmortem measurements of uranium in tissues of some of those subjects; 3. postmortem measurements of uranium in tissues of occupationally and non-occupationally exposed subjects; 4. data on baboons, dogs, and smaller laboratory animals exposed to uranium for experimental purposes; and 5. consideration of the physiological processes thought to control retention and translocation of uranium in the body. Transfer rates for the adult are extended to children by application of a set of generic assumptions applied by the ICRP to calcium-like elements. These assumptions were derived mainly from observations of the age-specific biokinetics of the alkaline earth elements and lead in humans and laboratory animals but are consistent with available age-specific biokinetic data on uranium.
Sensory evaluation of breads containing various levels of potato peel

Breads prepared from 5, 10, and 15% potato peel/white flour, 30% whole wheat flour, and 100% white flour plus two commercial, high fiber, dark breads in fresh and frozen/defrosted forms were evaluated sensorially by both untrained and trained panels. It appears that potato peel can be included in bread for the purpose of increasing dietary fiber without unduly sacrificing quality and acceptability. However, a musty aroma in the breads containing peel possibly influenced their flavor and overall rating scores, roughly in proportion to the amount of peel they contained.
Budding yeast centrosome duplication requires stabilization of Spc29 via Mps1-mediated phosphorylation.

Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in the regulation of centrosome duplication. In budding yeast, numerous lines of evidence suggest a requirement for multiple phosphorylation events on individual components of the centrosome to ensure their proper assembly and function. Here, we report the first example of a single phosphorylation event on a component of the yeast centrosome, or spindle pole body (SPB), that is required for SPB duplication and cell viability. This phosphorylation event is on the essential SPB component Spc29 at a conserved Thr residue, Thr240. Mutation of Thr240 to Ala is lethal at normal gene dosage, but an increased copy number of this mutant allele results in a conditional phenotype. Phosphorylation of Thr240 was found to promote the stability of the protein in vivo and is catalyzed in vitro by the Mps1 kinase. Furthermore, the stability of newly synthesized Spc29 is reduced in a mutant strain with reduced Mps1 kinase activity. These results demonstrate the first evidence for a single phosphorylation event on an SPB component that is absolutely required for SPB duplication and suggest that the Mps1 kinase is responsible for this protein-stabilizing phosphorylation.
Foraminiferal Biofacies in Sediments of the Gulf of Batabano, Cuba: ABSTRACT

The Gulf of Batabano is about 180 miles long, 190 miles wide, and is located on the southwest coast of Cuba. The floor of the Gulf is a shallow submerged platform area with water depths ranging between 0 and 40 feet. The southern margin of the platform is bounded by a precipitous declivity resulting in deep-water facies on the south being separated from shoals of the platform by a narrow structural trend. On the platform, foraminiferal abundance and diversity are greatest in the northern and western areas of Batabano Bay. Ostracodes are also most abundant in these areas. Foraminifera are from 10 to more than 50 times as abundant as ostracodes over most of the bay. General biofacies patterns include abundant miliolids in perimeter areas of the bay, an Elphidium facies in the central area of the bay, and an Archaias facies in the southeastern area of the bay. Areas of mud matrix characterize the first two biofacies whereas non-skeletal grains correlate with the Archaias facies. Detailed and specific dominant foraminiferal faunas include: (1) a brackish Ammonia beccarii tepida assemblage End_Page 349------------------------------ in the Ensenada de la Broa; (2) a transitional miliolid-Elphidium facies over much of the inner bay area; (3) an Archaias high-energy biofacies in the eastern part of the bay associated with coarse sediment, relatively stable salinity values, and a rather high oxygen content; (4) a Discorbis-Vertebralina low-energy biofacies in the western part of the bay in areas of mostly mud matrix; and (5) a reef-front facies composed of Amphistegina lessonii, Asterigerina carinata, and Rotorbinella rosea which are associated with coarse well-sorted sediments, strong currents, and a high oxygen content. Planktonic Foraminifera do not occur in the platform biofacies. Deep-water cores off the Batabano platform show high percentages of displaced platform Foraminifera within the benthic faunas, more than 80 per cent planktonic Foraminifera in deeper-water cores, foraminiferal numbers of several thousand, and rare reworked Miocene Foraminifera. End_of_Article - Last_Page 350------------
Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood. Steven Mintz

Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood. Steven Mintz. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2004. 445 pp. ISBN 0-6740-1508-8. $29.95 (cloth). Steven Mintz's sweeping history of American childhood, covering the 400-year span from the colonial era to the present, synthesizes a vast and sometimes fragmentary literature into an engaging and coherent narrative. Historians of childhood have produced synthetic treatments of particular eras-the Twayne's History of American Childhood Series is an excellent example-but Mintz's ambitious undertaking represents the first comprehensive treatment to grapple with nearly four decades of research. The result testifies to both the richness of the field and Mintz's talents as a writer and a historian. Full of fascinating details, Huck's Raft will captivate lay audiences while giving specialists much to ponder. Mintz breaks the history of childhood into three overlapping phases. His first two and a half chapters focus on premodern childhoods in the colonial era, when children were conceived as adults in training, and his final two analyze postmodern childhood, which was shaped in the last quarter of the 20th century by an increasingly intrusive consumer culture and by upheavals in gender roles, family life, and sexual mores. In the 12 intervening chapters, Mintz documents the emergence of modern childhood-the conception of childhood as a prolonged and protected period of dependency-and traces how these middle-class norms clashed with the realities of child labor and inspired "child-saving" reforms that sought to universalize a sheltered childhood. The 1950s and 1960s mark the end of Mintz's expansive second phase because only then did a majority of children experience a sheltered childhood. Rife with contradictions, postmodern childhood embodies aspects of the two earlier phases. Americans still cling to the protected childhood ideal even as consumerism and adult sexual knowledge intrude on children at ever-younger ages. "The result," Mintz observes, "is a deepening contradiction between the child as dependent juvenile and the child as incipient adult" (p. 383). In beautiful prose, Mintz interweaves children's voices and adult perspectives as he develops several recurring themes: the diversity of childhood; the recurrence of moral panics over children's welfare; the contested meanings of childhood; the impact of war, economic change, and public policy on childhood; the shifting power relationships between parents and children; and the shifting balance of autonomy and regulation in children's lives. Mintz has a shrewd eye for paradox and writes sensitively about how the experiences of minority, immigrant, and working-class children have often diverged sharply from those of their middle-class counterparts. Though critical of the racial and class biases that guided Progressive Era child-saving reformers, Mintz contends that Americans today would do well to embrace Progressives' passionate commitment to protecting children's health and welfare. …
Modeling Trip Generation with Data from Single and Two Independent Cross-Sectional Travel Surveys

This paper investigates the possibility of developing trip generation models using data collected at two or more points in time in independent cross-sectional travel surveys conducted in the same urban area. Alternative methods for formulating a forecasting model based on the availability of cross-sectional data from two time periods are presented. Models are then estimated on the study data and the models assessed in terms of their ability to replicate the number of trips made at the disaggregate household level, and at the aggregate traffic zone level in the two model-estimation datasets, respectively. The performance of these jointly estimated models is compared to the predictive performance of a conventional single cross-section trip generation model estimated on each period’s data only. The formulated models are then applied to forecast trips at the disaggregate household level, and at the aggregate traffic zone level on a third independent cross-sectional dataset collected in the same urban area but at a different point in time. Again, forecast performance of the formulated jointly estimated models is compared to forecast performance of the conventional model estimated on this third independent dataset. The results show that well specified joint models estimated on data from two time periods yield superior disaggregate and aggregate forecasts to those obtained from conventional forecasting models, which are estimated with data from a single cross-sectional survey.
CLASSICAL AND GENERALIZED SOLUTIONS OF TIME-DEPENDENT LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL-ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

Abstract A coordinate-free reduction procedure is developed for linear time-dependent differential-algebraic equations that transforms their solutions into solutions of smaller systems of ordinary differential equations. The procedure applies to classical as well as distribution solutions. In the case of analytic coefficients the hypotheses required for the reduction not only are necessary for the validity of the existence and uniqueness results, but even allow for the presence of singularities. Straightforward extensions including undetermined systems and systems with nonanalytic coefficients are also discussed.
Engineering bacterial vectors for delivery of genes and proteins to antigen-presenting cells.

Bacterial vectors offer a biological route to gene and protein delivery with this article featuring delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Primarily in the context of immune stimulation against infectious disease or cancer, the goal of bacterially mediated delivery is to overcome the hurdles to effective macromolecule delivery. This review will present several bacterial vectors as macromolecule (protein or gene) delivery devices with both innate and acquirable (or engineered) biological features to facilitate delivery to APCs. The review will also present topics related to large-scale manufacture, storage, and distribution that must be considered if the bacterial delivery devices are ever to be used in a global market. Keywords: Gene and protein delivery; Salmonella; Escherichia coli; Shigella; Listeria; antigen-presenting cells
Hierarchical regularization for edge-preserving reconstruction of PET images

The data in PET emission and transmission tomography and in low dose X-ray tomography consist of counts of photons originating from random events. The need to model the data as a Poisson process poses a challenge for traditional integral geometry-based reconstruction algorithms. Although qualitative a priori information of the target may be available, it may be difficult to encode it as a regularization functional in a minimization algorithm. This is the case, for example, when the target is known to consist of well-defined structures, but how many, and their location, form and size are not specified. Following the Bayesian paradigm, we model the data and the target as random variables, and we account for the qualitative nature of the a priori information by introducing a hierarchical model in which the a priori variance is unknown and therefore part of the estimation problem. We present a numerically effective algorithm for estimating both the target and its prior variance. Computed examples with simulated and real data demonstrate that the algorithm gives good quality reconstructions for both emission and transmission PET problems in an efficient manner.
Scientific societies and promotion of the responsible conduct of research: codes, policies, and education.

Abstract Scientific societies have a significant opportunity to contribute to the promotion of responsible conduct of research (RCR) and to RCR education. The degree to which societies engage such opportunity spans a broad range. There are three principal ways RCR may be promoted by scientific societies. The first is through codes of conduct encouraging their membership to practice ethical research according to the tenets of these codes. The second is through specialized policies (e.g., publication practices) developed by scientific societies that help define normative behavior. Finally, societies have a role to play in creating materials and resources aimed at educating scientists and trainees in matters pertaining to proper research conduct. This article illustrates examples of each of these activities embraced by different scientific societies. The American Society for Microbiology is used as a specific example of a society that has been proactive in each of these three areas. Scientific societies need to recognize the impact they can have on promoting RCR and to expand their efforts in these three and other relevant areas. The examples provided demonstrate the components of a model for all scientific societies to follow in promoting RCR.
Teachers' Ways of Listening and Responding to Students' Emerging Mathematical Models

In this paper, I present the results of a case study of the practices of four experienced secondary teachers as they engaged their students in the initial development of mathematical models for exponential growth. The study focuses on two related aspects of their practices: (a) when, how and to what extent they saw and interpreted students' ways of thinking about exponential functions and (b) how they responded to the students' thinking in their classroom practice. Through an analysis of the teachers' actions in the classroom, I describe the teachers' developing knowledge when using modeling tasks with secondary students. The analysis suggests that there is considerable variation in the approaches that teachers take in listening to and responding to students' emerging mathematical models. Having a well-developed schema for how students might approach the task enabled one teacher to press students to express, evaluate, and revise their emerging models of exponential growth. Implications for the knowledge needed to teach mathematics through modeling are discussed.
‘Minding the Koran’ in Civil War America: Islamic Revelation, US Reflections

Islamic influences have increasingly gained recognition as vital to early US Literature. Contrary to current critiques of ‘Orientalism’, however, this essay emphasises the personal, rather than the political, implications of American interest in the Qur'an. Taking its cue from Walt Whitman's iconic ‘Song of Myself’ – in which the poet characterises himself as ‘minding the koran’ – the present essay explores the interiority of antebellum approaches to Islam, reading the reflective artistry catalysed by the Qur'an in the young republic. Targeting the year 1855 – not only the date of ‘Song of Myself’, but also the climax of American Romanticism – I survey ‘mindful’ engagements with the Muslim scripture pursued simultaneously by American literary celebrities such as Whitman and Melville, as well as anonymous authors writing in the US press.
Determination of the heat of fusion of isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate)

The heat of fusion (ΔHu) of isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was determined from the combined linear regression analysis of x-ray diffraction data and differential scanning calorimetry. By means of two sample preparation techniques to reduce crystallinity, a thermal pretreatment in which a partial melt and quench cycle was utilized, and a mechanical mixture in which a semicrystalline and amorphous material were blended, a value for ΔHu = 1200 ± 80 cal/mole (100 g) was found. The present result represents the first measurement of ΔHu for an acrylic polymer and yields G(-units) = 12 from cryoscopic measurements for the chemical changes caused by high energy irradiation.
Prognostic significance of prostate cancer originating from the transition zone.

Purpose: Transition zone (TZ) cancers are reported to have better biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) after radical prostatectomy (RP) than cancers from the peripheral zone (PZ). To understand the influence of tumor location, we compared bRFS for TZ and PZ cancers stratified for risk using known clinical and pathological prognostic factors. Patients and Methods: The surgical pathology and outcomes of 494 patients were reviewed. Cancers originating from the TZ and PZ were identified from step sectioning of surgical specimens and tumor mapping. Univariate and multivariate analyses of bRFS after RP were compared. Results: TZ cancers were present in 89 (18%) patients. On univariate analysis, most factors predicted bRFS, although cancer location did not: 5-year bRFS was 85% for TZ vs. 77% for PZ (P 0.12). However, on multivariate analysis, all factors except SV involvement were significant, including TZ cancer location (P 0.04, HR 1.88 [1.02‐3.47]). Interestingly, TZ location was correlated with improved 5-year bRFS for cancers 2 cc (81% for TZ vs. 65% for PZ, P 0.017), for preop PSA 10 (80% for TZ vs. 59% for PZ, P 0.027), and for PSAV 2 (85% for TZ vs. 66% for PZ, P 0.08). However, TZ cancers showed no difference in outcome for small volumes, low preop PSA, low PSAV, or high Gleason grade. Conclusions: TZ cancers that are large, with high preop PSA, low Gleason scores, and high PSAV show better outcomes than their PZ counterparts. However, high-grade cancer tumor location had no apparent influence on outcome. Tumor location could be considered in
Thermodynamic Properties of Molten Salt Solutions

Why is it important to understand the thermodynamic properties of molten salt solutions, and what aspect of these properties is most important? In technologies and sciences where molten salts, slags or magmas are used or studied, one often must calculate the extent of a chemical reaction or of phase equilibria. In order to do this we need to know an equilibrium constant which can be generally written as $$\Delta{\text{G}}^{\text{o}} = -{\text{RT1nK}}$$ (1) The equilibrium constant K is a function of compositions and activity coefficients, the two quantities necessary to define chemical potentials, μ.
Changes in synaptic density after developmental compression or expansion of retinal input to the superior colliculus

The retinal projection to the superior colliculus can be made abnormally dense by inducing a "compressed" retinal projection into a subnormal tectal volume, or abnormally sparse by monocular enucleation early in development. Any or all of the features of cell number, axonal arbor, dendritic arbor, and synaptic density could potentially be adjusted to compensate for such variations in the convergence of one cell population on another. We have examined the consequences of neonatal partial tectal ablation or monocular enucleation for synaptic length, density, and relative numbers of synapse classes in the superficial gray layer of the hamster superior colliculus. Monocular enucleation resulted in a reduction of synaptic density in the superficial gray layer of the colliculus ipsilateral to the remaining eye. This decrease in density was entirely accounted for by a reduction of the number of synapses with round vesicles, large asymmetric terminal specializations, and pale mitochondria characteristic of retinocollicular terminals (RLP synapses). There was no compensatory increase in any other synaptic class. RLP synapses were larger in monocular enucleates. Partial tectal ablation had no effect on synaptic density, nor on the relative proportions of different synaptic types. Synapses of the RLP class were slightly smaller than normal. These results suggest that synaptic density is normally at a maximum that cannot be altered by increases in potential input. However, density may be reduced by decreasing the number of inputs. Terminal classes do not appear to compete with each other within the collicular volume, suggesting that postsynaptic cells controls both the classes and numbers of their potential inputs.
Large seasonal variations in Triton's atmosphere

Consideration is given to the consequences of Triton's surface covering of volatile substances in view of the circularity of Neptune's orbit, which implies that Triton would have virtually no seasonal variations in either surface temperature or atmospheric bulk despite the complex precessional effects of its orbit. It is hypothesized that Triton's most volatile surface substances are probably relegated to latitudes higher than 35 deg, probably forming polar caps whose temperatures would be nearly equal even during the midwinter/midsummer peak insolation of the summer pole. If the summer pole completely sublimates during one of the 'major' summers, Triton's atmosphere may begin to freeze out over the winter caps and yield large and complex seasonal variations.
Calculations of the accretion and evolution of giant planets: The effects of solid cores

The evolution of the giant planets is calculated under the general hypothesis that the solid cores formed first, by accretion of small particles, and that these cores later gravitationally attracted their gaseous envelopes from the solar nebula. The evolution passes through the following phases. (1) Planetesimals accrete to form a core of rocky and icy material. (2) When the core mass has grown to a few tenths of an Earth mass, a gaseous envelope in hydrostatic equilibrium begins to form around the core. (3) The core and envelope continue to grow until the “critical” core mass is reached, beyond which point the envelope increases in mass much more rapidly than the core. (4) The envelope mass increases quickly to its present value and prodices a relatively high luminosity, derived from gravitational contraction. (5) Accretion of both core and envelope terminates, and the planet contracts and cools to its present state on a time scale of 5 × 109 years. Evolutionary calculations of phases (2) through (5) are presented, based on solutions of the time-dependent stellar structure equations in spherical symmetry. The physical considerations that determine the critical core mass are discussed; its value is found to depend strongly on the core accretion rate but only weakly on surface boundary conditions. Evolutionary tracks up to the present state are presented for objects of Uranus and Saturn mass.
Development of an Electrochemical-Based Aspartate Aminotransferase Nanoparticle Ir-C Biosensor for Screening of Liver Diseases

Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) is a hepatocelluar enzyme released into the bloodstream when hepatic cells are damaged, resulting in elevated blood levels of AST. A single use, disposable biosensor prototype, composed of catalytic iridium nano-particles dispersed on carbon paste, was developed to detect enzymatically-produced H2O2 in AST-mediated reactions. This biosensor is capable of measuring AST levels in a phosphate buffer and undiluted human serum over the concentration range of 0 to 0.89 μg/mL AST concentration (corresponding to 0–250 UL−1 specific activity). The biosensor operates at relatively low oxidation potential (+0.3 volt (V) versus the printed Ag/AgCl), minimizing any potential chemical interference in human serum. The measurements of AST in human serum using the biosensor compared well with those measured by standard hospital spectrophotometric assays. This Ir-C biosensor may be useful for AST measurements in the clinical environment.
Solidification of highly undercooled Sn-Pb alloy droplets

Experimental work on undercooling and structure of tin-lead droplets emulsified in oil is described. The droplets, predominantly in the size range of 10 to 20 microns, were cooled at rates (just before nucleation) ranging from about 0.1 to 1 million K/s. The higher cooling rates were obtained by a newly developed technique of quenching the emulsified droplets in a cold liquid. Measured undercoolings (at the lower cooling rates) ranged up to about 100 K. Structures obtained depend strongly on undercooling, cooling rate before and after nucleation, and alloy composition. Droplets containing up to 5 wt pct Pb were apparently single phase when undercooled and rapidly quenched. Droplets in the composition range of about 25-90 wt pct Pb solidified dendritically, even at the most rapid quench rates employed, apparently because these alloys undercooled only slightly before nucleation of the primary phase.
Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes

Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance abusing populations. This article describes the development of an acceptance based treatment (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - ACT) for self-stigma in individuals in treatment for substance use disorder. We report initial outcomes from a study with 88 participants in a residential treatment program. The treatment involves 6 h of a group workshop focused on mindfulness, acceptance, and values work in relation to self-stigma. Preliminary outcomes showed medium to large effects across a number of variables at post-treatment. Results were as expected with one potential process of change, experiential avoidance, but results with other potential mediators were mixed.
Modeling Heat Transfer During Oven Roasting of Unstuffed Turkeys

A finite element method was used to solve the unsteady state heat transfer equations for heating of turkeys in a conventional electric oven. Breast, and thigh and wing joint temperature in 5.9, 6.8, 8.6, 9.5, and 10.4 kg turkeys were simulated. A surface heat transfer coefficient of 19.252 W/m 2 K determined by transient temperature measurements in the same oven, was used. Thermal conductivity measured using a line heat source probe from 0 to 80°C was 0.464 W/mK. Simulated temperatures were within 1.33, 1.47, and 1.22°C of experimental values of temperature in the breast, thigh, and wing joint, respectively. Initial temperature 1 , 2, and 3°C lower than 4°C required additional baking time of 16, 22, and 27 min., respectively for the thigh joint to reach the target
Average Generic Age, the Planetary Temperature Gradient, and Pole Location

Durazzi, Joseph T. and Francis G. Stehli (Dept. of Geology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio 44106) 1972. Average Generic Age, the Planetary Temperature Gradient, and Pole Location. Syst. Zool. 21:384-389.-Data for the average generic age of assemblages of benthonic foraminifera at 104 stations have been examined for temperature correlation which was found to be pronounced. Using this set of data and various curve and surface fitting techniques, it was found possible because of the temperature correlation to locate the equator and the north pole with good precision. This kind of data is seemingly less distorted by poor sampling than is comparable diversity data and appears promising as a means of setting constraints which must be satisfied by continental drift models. [Benthonic foraminifera; temperature gradient; pole location.]
Early indices of cancer risk among uranium miners with reference to modifying factors.

Cancer of the lung develops from normal epithelial changes that progress from regular squamous cell metaplasia to progressively more and more atypical stages to eventually develop into squamous-cell carinoma in situ. The in situ stage sheds large numbers of cells that can often be identified as malignant cells in sputum. This allows early diagnosis, localization, and resection, increasing, it is hoped, survival from bronchogenic carcinoma.
An essential protein-binding domain of nuclear RNase P RNA.

Eukaryotic RNase P and RNase MRP are endoribonucleases composed of RNA and protein subunits. The RNA subunits of each enzyme share substantial secondary structural features, and most of the protein subunits are shared between the two. One of the conserved RNA subdomains, designated P3, has previously been shown to be required for nucleolar localization. Phylogenetic sequence analysis suggests that the P3 domain interacts with one of the proteins common to RNase P and RNase MRP, a conclusion strengthened by an earlier observation that the essential domain can be interchanged between the two enzymes. To examine possible functions of the P3 domain, four conserved nucleotides in the P3 domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNase P RNA (RPR1) were randomized to create a library of all possible sequence combinations at those positions. Selection of functional genes in vivo identified permissible variations, and viable clones that caused yeast to exhibit conditional growth phenotypes were tested for defects in RNase P RNA and tRNA biosynthesis. Under nonpermissive conditions, the mutants had reduced maturation of the RPR1 RNA precursor, an expected phenotype in cases where RNase P holoenzyme assembly is defective. This loss of RPR1 RNA maturation coincided, as expected, with a loss of pre-tRNA maturation characteristic of RNase P defects. To test whether mutations at the conserved positions inhibited interactions with a particular protein, specific binding of the individual protein subunits to the RNA subunit was tested in yeast using the threehybrid system. Pop1p, the largest subunit shared by RNases P and MRP, bound specifically to RPR1 RNA and the isolated P3 domain, and this binding was eliminated by mutations at the conserved P3 residues. These results indicate that Pop1p interacts with the P3 domain common to RNases P and MRP, and that this interaction is critical in the maturation of RNase P holoenzyme.
Are thyroid hormones mediators of incubation temperature-induced phenotypes in birds?

Incubation temperature influences a suite of traits in avian offspring. However, the mechanisms underlying expression of these phenotypes are unknown. Given the importance of thyroid hormones in orchestrating developmental processes, we hypothesized that they may act as an upstream mechanism mediating the effects of temperature on hatchling phenotypic traits such as growth and thermoregulation. We found that plasma T3, but not T4 concentrations, differed among newly hatched wood ducks (Aix sponsa) from different embryonic incubation temperatures. T4 at hatching correlated with time spent hatching, and T3 correlated with hatchling body condition, tarsus length, time spent hatching and incubation period. In addition, the T3 :T4 ratio differed among incubation temperatures at hatch. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that incubation temperature modulates plasma thyroid hormones which in turn influences multiple aspects of duckling phenotype.
Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425: Among slave systems: a profile of late Roman slavery

DEFINING SLAVERY AND SLAVE SOCIETIES In late Roman Antioch, a Christian preacher named John Chrysostom found himself trying to explain the origins of slavery to his congregation, a problem which he knew “many” were “eager to understand.” If his audience hoped for a theoretical disquisition, they got instead a stern lecture. The theme gave Chrysostom the occasion to criticize the everyday hypocrisy of the members of his flock, who dragged an army of slaves behind them into the baths or the theater, but never into church. The slave-owner, he implored, should be the steward of the slave's soul. To illustrate the network of obligations between master and slave, the preacher turned to a familiar political metaphor. “Each house is like a city, and every man is the ruler in his own house. This is obviously true among the rich households, in which there are farms and overseers, and rulers over the rulers. But I say that even the household of the poor man is like a city. For in it there are also rulers. For instance, the man rules his wife, the wife rules the slaves, the slaves rule their own wives, and again the men and women rule the children.” Chrysostom's sermon is a glimpse of Mediterranean society in the late Roman empire. The baths and theaters, where masters flaunted their wealth in slaves, were the facade of an exuberant urban culture, poised carefully amidst the much vaster world of agrarian society.
Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disrupts the recruitment of SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein to nuclear Cajal bodies

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are among the most common motor neuron diseases to afflict the human population. A deficiency of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein causes SMA and is also reported to be an exacerbating factor in the development of ALS. However, pathways linking the two diseases have yet to be defined and it is not clear precisely how the pathology of ALS is aggravated by reduced SMN or whether mutant proteins underlying familial forms of ALS interfere with SMN-related biochemical pathways to exacerbate the neurodegenerative process. In this study, we show that mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), a cause of familial ALS, profoundly alters the sub-cellular localization of the SMN protein, preventing the formation of nuclear 'gems' by disrupting the recruitment of the protein to Cajal bodies. Overexpressing the SMN protein in mutant SOD1 mice, a model of familial ALS, alleviates this phenomenon, most likely in a cell-autonomous manner, and significantly mitigates the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and in culture dishes. In the mice, the onset of the neuromuscular phenotype is delayed and motor function enhanced, suggestive of a therapeutic benefit for ALS patients treated with agents that augment the SMN protein. Nevertheless, this finding is tempered by an inability to prolong survival, a limitation most likely imposed by the inexorable denervation that characterizes ALS and eventually disrupts the neuromuscular synapses even in the presence of increased SMN.
Decadal-scale variations in ice flow along Whillans Ice Stream and its tributaries, West Antarctica

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://www.ingentaconnect.com".
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of particulate organic matter from the Paso del Norte airshed along the U.S.-Mexico border.

In this study, we determined the biologic activity of dichloromethane-extracted particulate matter < 10 micro m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) obtained from filters at three sites in the Paso del Norte airshed, which includes El Paso, Texas, USA; Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Sunland Park, New Mexico, USA. The extracts were rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and had significant biologic activity, measured using two in vitro assay systems: ethoxyresorufin-(O-deethylase (EROD) induction and the aryl hydrocarbon-receptor luciferase reporter system. In most cases, both EROD (5.25 pmol/min/mg protein) and luciferase activities (994 relative light units/mg) were highest in extracts from the Advance site located in an industrial neighborhood in Juarez. These values represented 58% and 55%, respectively, of induction associated with 1 micro M ss-naphthoflavone exposures. In contrast, little activity was observed at the Northeast Clinic site in El Paso, the reference site. In most cases, luciferase and EROD activity from extracts collected from the Tillman Health Center site, situated in downtown El Paso, fell between those observed at the other two sites. Overall, a statistically significant correlation existed between PM10 and EROD and luciferase activities. Chemical analysis of extracts collected from the Advance site demonstrated that concentrations of most PAHs were higher than those reported in most other metropolitan areas in the United States. Calculations made with these data suggest a cancer risk of 5-12 cases per 100,000 people. This risk estimate, as well as comparisons with the work of other investigators, raises concern regarding the potential for adverse health effects to the residents of this airshed. Further work is needed to understand the sources, exposure, and effects of PM10 and particulate organic material in the Paso del Norte airshed.
Right atrial myxoma mimicking an atrial thrombus in the third trimester of pregnancy

Primary tumors of the heart are rare. Their reported incidence at autopsy is between 0.0017% and 0.19%; 75% of them are benign [1]. Myxomas, the most common primary tumors of the heart, constitute ...
Higher Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Level in Thyroid Nodule Patients Is Associated with Greater Risks of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Advanced Tumor Stage

Context: TSH is a known thyroid growth factor, but the pathogenic role of TSH in thyroid oncogenesis is unclear. Objective: The aim was to examine the relationship between preoperative TSH and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Design: The design was a retrospective cohort. Setting, Participants: Between May 1994 and January 2007, 1198 patients underwent thyroid surgery at a single hospital. Data from the 843 patients with preoperative serum TSH concentration were recorded. Main Outcome Measures: Serum TSH concentration was measured with a sensitive assay. Diagnoses of DTC vs. benign thyroid disease were based on surgical pathology reports. Results: Twenty-nine percent of patients (241 of 843) had DTC on final pathology. On both univariate and multivariable analyses, risk of malignancy correlated with higher TSH level (P = 0.007). The likelihood of malignancy was 16% (nine of 55) when TSH was less than 0.06 mIU/liter vs. 52% (15 of 29) when 5.00 mIU/liter or greater (P = 0.001). When TSH was between 0.40 and 1.39 mIU/liter, the likelihood of malignancy was 25% (85 of 347) vs. 35% (109 of 308) when TSH was between 1.40 and 4.99 mIU/liter (P = 0.002). The mean TSH was 4.9 ± 1.5 mIU/liter in patients with stage III/IV disease vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 mIU/liter in patients with stage I/II disease (P = 0.002). Conclusions: The likelihood of thyroid cancer increases with higher serum TSH concentration. Even within normal TSH ranges, a TSH level above the population mean is associated with significantly greater likelihood of thyroid cancer than a TSH below the mean. Shown for the first time, higher TSH level is associated with advanced stage DTC.
My Students Think I'm Indian: The presentation of an African-American self to pre-service teachers

How individuals perceive their selves is not necessarily congruent with how society perceives the individual. Race, class, gender and sexual orientation typically affect the perceptions and the expectations of the viewing audience as well as the performance of the observed individuals. This article examines one of these sociocultural features--race--to explore its effects on the inter- and intraracial associations between teacher educators of color and their students. It draws on the author's experience as an African-American female teaching in a predominantly White undergraduate teacher education program in the USA. An analysis of how race affects the interactions takes advantage of critical race theory, along with Goffman's theory of self-presentation. This article points to the effects of raced associations on Whiteness and Blackness in the contexts of a teacher education classroom and institution. The implications for teacher education programs diversifying their faculty are addressed.
RhlA Converts β-Hydroxyacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Intermediates in Fatty Acid Synthesis to the β-Hydroxydecanoyl-β-Hydroxydecanoate Component of Rhamnolipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes a rhamnolipid (RL) surfactant that functions in hydrophobic nutrient uptake, swarming motility, and pathogenesis. We show that RhlA supplies the acyl moieties for RL biosynthesis by competing with the enzymes of the type II fatty acid synthase (FASII) cycle for the β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) pathway intermediates. Purified RhlA forms one molecule of β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-hydroxydecanoate from two molecules of β-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP and is the only enzyme required to generate the lipid component of RL. The acyl groups in RL are primarily β-hydroxydecanoyl, and in vitro, RhlA has a greater affinity for 10-carbon substrates, illustrating that RhlA functions as a molecular ruler that selectively extracts 10-carbon intermediates from FASII. Eliminating either FabA or FabI activity in P. aeruginosa increases RL production, illustrating that slowing down FASII allows RhlA to more-effectively compete for β-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP. In Escherichia coli, the rate of fatty acid synthesis increases 1.3-fold when RhlA is expressed, to ensure the continued formation of fatty acids destined for membrane phospholipid even though 24% of the carbon entering FASII is diverted to RL synthesis. Previous studies have placed a ketoreductase, called RhlG, before RhlA in the RL biosynthetic pathway; however, our experiments show that RhlG has no role in RL biosynthesis. We conclude that RhlA is necessary and sufficient to form the acyl moiety of RL and that the flux of carbon through FASII accelerates to support RL production and maintain a supply of acyl chains for phospholipid synthesis.
Buyer-Initiated vs. Seller-Initiated Information Revelation

Sales presentations are the core of the selling process where salespeople provide information to prospects. One challenge is that the amount of information available to be potentially communicated may exceed salespeople's ability to communicate or customers' ability to process: there is limited “bandwidth” between the firm and customers. One important decision, then, is which information should customers see? What the firm chooses to tell customers may be informative in itself. When constrained to a “seller-initiated information revelation” format, where the firm chooses which feature to show, the firm never finds it optimal to offer more features than it is able to inform customers about. Consequently, customers never find credible a claim that the product has all features. The important implication is that price alone cannot serve as a signal of quality in this setting. In contrast, a “buyer-initiated information revelation” format, where customers decide which information to receive, increases the probability of a sale and also results in the production of higher quality products. In a competitive setting, by adopting buyer-initiated information revelation, firms are able to attain positive profits. This is due to the fact that customers infer the product's quality from the price along with the information revelation format. Customers know that at some prices, firms find it profitable to produce high-quality products and at other, lower, prices, this is not the case. Thus, customer empowerment leads to higher profits.