cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Effects of Intravenous Cocaine on Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Cardiac Index in Habitual Crack Smokers

Background Some habitual crack cocaine smokers who deny IV drug abuse show decreased pulmonary transfer of carbon monoxide (Dco). We speculated that repeated elevations in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) might cause pulmonary capillary damage and result in a lowered Dco, or that the reduction could be due to anoxic lung injury secondary to repeated episodes of cocaine-induced pulmonary vascular constriction. Study Objective Compare the acute effects of IV cocaine HCl and placebo on PAP, cardiac stroke volume, and cardiac output estimated indirectly by continuous Doppler echocardiography. Design: A single-blind crossover study in which placebo always preceded the active drug. Subjects Ten current crack-smoking subjects, 32 to 47 years of age, with a history of limited previous IV cocaine use. Methods PAP, cardiac stroke volume, heart rate, and BP were measured continuously after injection of placebo followed by cocaine HCl (0.5 mg/kg). Results IV cocaine resulted in no significant change in PAP (—0.14±3.3[SD] mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference −2.48, +2.21). Stroke volume index showed no significant change after cocaine (—0.1 ±2.0 mL; 95% CI, −1.5, +1.3). Heart rate showed a significant increase (10.0±7.2 min−1; p=0.0017, 95% CI, +4.9, +15.1). Cardiac index showed a significant increase (0.48±0.32 L/min; p=0.0012, 95% CI, +0.25, +0.71). Pulmonary vascular resistance showed no significant change (—44±101 dyne · s · cm−5/m 2 , 95% CI, −116, +29). Conclusions IV cocaine HCl does not cause short-term increases in PAP or stroke volume index, but causes an increase in cardiac index due to its chronotropic effect.
Measurement of the photoinduced loss of vapor phase TCDD

Abstract The photoloss of vapor 2,3,7,8-TCDD was observed to occur in the UV region of the light spectrum from 250 nm to 340 nm with an average quantum yield of 0.033-0.046.
Experiments on the determination of the relationships between terms

The retrieval effectiveness of an automatic method that uses relevance judgments for the determination of positive as well as negative relationships between terms is evaluated. The term relationships are incorporated into the retrieval process by using a generalized similarity function that has a term match component, a positive term relationship component, and a negative term relationship component. Two strategies, query partitioning and query clustering, for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the term relationships are investigated. The latter appears to be more attractive from linguistic as well as economic points of view. The positive and the negative relationships are verified to be effective both when used individually, and in combination. The importance attached to the term relationship components relative to that of term match component is found to have a substantial effect on the retrieval performance. The usefulness of discriminant analysis as a technique for determining the relative importance of these components is investigated.
Minor Tranquilizers: Use, Misuse or Overuse?

~ tion drug in the preceeding year and two thirds of this was accounted for by minor tranquilizer use. Other population surveys in a variety of countries have shown very comparable usage. A general conclusion of this data must be minor tranquilizers are now the most widely used drugs in medicine; their prescribing is increasing at a rapid rate and is mostly confined to a single drug; diazepam (Valium).
2-Cyano-3-(2,3,6,7-tetra­hydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-9-yl)prop-2-enoic acid dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate

In dimethyl sulfoxide solvated 9-(2-carb­oxy-2-cyano­vin­yl)julolidine, C16H16N2O2·C2H6OS, the essentially planar –CH=(CN)–CO2H substituent (r.m.s. deviation = 0.014 A) is almost coplanar with respect to the benzene ring, the dihedral angle between the two planes being 0.48 (2)°. The conformations of the fused, non-aromatic rings were found to be half-chair. In the crystal, the acid molecule forms a hydrogen bond to the O atom of the solvent mol­ecule. The acid mol­ecule is disordered over two positions with respect to the methyl­ene C atoms in a 1:1 ratio. The crystal studied was found to be a racemic twin.
Differential effects of neuropeptide Y and opioids on neurogenic responses of the perfused rat mesentery

Abstract In perfused rat mesentery transmural nerve stimulation activates both adrenergic and capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. When adrenergic nerves were blocked with guanethidine and smooth muscle tone was increased, transmural nerve stimulation caused a dilator response which was attenuated by tetrodotoxin and abolished by capsaicin. Indomethacin increased the vasodilator response to transmural nerve stimulation, but did not affect the dilation to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) potentiated vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation, but suppressed capsaicin-sensitive vasodilation. an effect which was unaltered by indomethacin. Opioid agonists selective for μ, δ or κ receptors. DAMGO ([D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin), DPDPE ([D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin) and ethylketocyclazocine. had no effect on the vasoconstrictor response to transmural nerve stimulation. DAMGO and DPDPE significantly inhibited vasodilator responses to transmural nerve stimulation. but ethylketocyclazocine was without effect. After treatment with indomethacin. DAMGO still inhibited the vasodilator response. but DPDPE was no longer effective. Prejunctional control of transmitter release by NPY or opioids is dependent on the specific nerve type as well as, in some cases, the participation of endogenous prostaglandins.
Self-ratings of memory versus psychometric ratings of memory and hypochondriasis.

Self-ratings of memory were studied in 69 institutionalized women. The patients also were evaluated by means of three screening tests for organic brain syndrome (OBS) and a hypochondriasis scale. A negative correlation existed between self-rating of memory and actual memory as measured by the screening tests for OBS, but it was significant (p less than .05) for only one of the tests. There was also a negative correlation (p less than .01) between memory rating and scores on the hypochondriasis scale. Therefore, clinicians should not take patients' memory complaints as valid indicators of OBS, but as possible indicators of hypochondriasis.
Procaine-induced increases in limbic rCBF correlate positively with increases in occipital and temporal EEG fast activity.

Previous independent EEG and PET studies suggest that administration of intravenous procaine hydrochloride selectively activates limbic brain structures. To further elucidate procaine's effects and explore the relationship between quantitative EEG (qEEG) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), we simultaneously recorded qEEG and sampled rCBF using O-15 water PET in 20 healthy volunteers during single-blind injections of saline (baseline condition) followed by intravenous procaine (1.84 mg/kg). After thorough screening of EEG records, a subgroup of 7 subjects with EEG data relatively free of both muscle and movement artifacts was selected for analysis. Quantitative spectral EEG data from right occipital and temporal leads were then correlated with each subject's PET rCBF values on a pixel by pixel basis, both at baseline and after procaine. The most striking finding was that the increases in occipital and temporal omega activity from baseline to procaine positively correlated with rCBF increases in the amygdala and its efferents (p < .05), in a pattern very similar to the rCBF increases seen after procaine administration. This suggests that omega activity may reflect activation of deeper brain limbic structures. Also, the convergence of EEG and PET data further supports procaine's selective limbic activation.
Disambiguating Form and Lexical Frequency Effects in MEG Responses Using Homonyms.

We present an MEG study of homonym recognition in reading, identifying effects of a semantic measure of homonym ambiguity. This measure sheds light on two competing theories of lexical access: the “early access” theory, which entails that lexical access occurs at early (pre 200 ms) stages of processing; and the “late access” theory, which interprets this early activity as orthographic wordform identifcation rather than genuine lexical access. A correlational analysis method was employed to examine effects of the lexical frequencies of distinct words that share the same orthography (homographs) on brain activity. We find that lexical frequency did not affect processing until after 300 ms, while earlier activation was primarily modulated by orthographic form frequency.
An Empirical Review of Research Methodologies and Methods in Creativity Studies (2003–2012)

Based on the data collected from 5 prestigious creativity journals, research methodologies and methods of 612 empirical studies on creativity, published between 2003 and 2012, were reviewed and compared to those in gifted education. Major findings included: (a) Creativity research was predominantly quantitative and psychometrics and experiment were the most frequently utilized quantitative methodologies, (b) judges were employed frequently to assess creativity and correlational techniques were utilized most widely to analyze quantitative data, (c) case study was the most frequently used qualitative methodology, (d) most mixed-methods studies were rooted in quantitative methodology, and (e) both creativity and gifted education research were dominated by quantitative methodologies, but there were less qualitative studies and slightly more mixed-methods studies on creativity. Implications of these findings were further discussed and future research directions were suggested.
Dull plots, pale colors early in the morning

Resetting of the circadian clocks involves the heat shock pathway. Cryptochromes as the actual repressors take care of circadian alignment, and in addition they link the circadian clocks to temperature responses, metabolic homeostasis, and sleep homeostasis. In contrast, circadian misalignment redistributes rapid-eye-movement sleep and has ramifications for the insulin pathway, inflammation, weight control, and mood. Here, the second half of the night and the actions of cryptochromes are suggested to be a critical period and a key mechanism, respectively.
Generalized holonomy of supergravities with 8 real supercharges

Abstract We show that the generalized holonomy groups of ungauged supergravity theories with 8 real supercharges must be contained in SL(2−ν, H )⋉ν H 2−ν ⊆SL(2, H ) , where SL(2, H ) is the generalized structure group. Here n=4ν is the number of preserved supersymmetries, so the allowed values are limited to n=0,4,8. In particular, solutions of ungauged supergravities in four, five and six dimensions are examined and found to explicitly follow this pattern. We also argue that the G-structure has to be a subgroup of this generalized holonomy group, which may provide a possible classification for supergravity vacua with respect to the number of supercharges.
Grain Growth and Densification of Hot‐Pressed Lead Zirconate‐Lead Titanate Ceramics Containing Bismuth

Grain growth and densification were studied in a hot-pressed ferroelectric composition of 65/35 (Zr/Ti molar ratio) lead zirconate-lead titanate containing 2 at.% bismuth. The grain growth and densification rate processes were measurable from 1050° to 1300°C and from 700° to 1100°C, respectively. Grain growth as a function of time followed a ⅓ power law (D (grain size) =kt⅓). An activation energy of 95 kcal/mole was calculated. Densification was a two-stage process as a function of time: a rapid initial stage and a slower final stage. The initial stage of densification behaved viscously with an activation energy of 36.7 kcal/mole. Grain boundary sliding and the Nabarro-Herring mechanism of stress-directed movement of vacancies are suggested as the densification mechanisms. Results indicated that densification is sensitive to stoichiometry and to additives.
CAN THERE BE A BOURDIEUSIAN THEORY OF CRISIS? ON HISTORICAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL THEORY

Philip Gorski's edited book engages the question of how Bourdieu's concepts can aid historical analysis, and in particular, account for change as well as reproduction. From a fascinating set of papers, this review essay takes special notice of two that theorize crisis. One, by Ivan Ermakoff, engages the question of whether disruption creates the opportunity for more conscious calculation on the part of actors; a second, by Gisele Sapiro, considers how a crisis reverberates through a specific field. This leads to further reflection on Bourdieu's work on power and the state, as well as a call for crisis hermeneutics in social theory.
Building secure survivable semantic webs

This paper describes some ideas for a secure survivable semantic web that follows some of our previous ideas on dependable semantic web. Semantic web is a technology for understanding Web pages. It is important that the semantic web is secure. In addition, data exchanged by the Web has to be of high quality and survive failures and errors. The processes that the Web supports have to meet certain timing constraints. This paper discusses these aspects, and describes how they provide a dependable semantic web.
Adolescents with Special Needs: Clinical Challenges in Reproductive Health Care

Adolescents with special needs have unique reproductive health care needs related to their physical and cognitive issues. This review discusses some of the most common concerns that are encountered in clinical practice, as the clinician will partner with the adolescent and her family to guide her through the pubertal transition and to help navigate the risks and rights of reproduction. Families often seek anticipatory guidance before menarche on menstrual hygiene, abuse risk and sexuality and can be reassured that most teens with special needs do very well with menstruation. The clinician needs to evaluate the teenager's reproductive knowledge as well her risk for abuse and coercion and her ability to consent to sexual activity, if she requests contraception. Menstrual management is mostly based on the impact of the menstrual cycles on the teenager's life and activities. The adolescents may have a decreased ability to tolerate menses or pain, or experience changes in seizure pattern or altered mood. Hormonal treatment is often used to assist with menstrual hygiene, cyclical mood changes or dysmenorrhea. The goal of treatment can be complete amenorrhea, alleviate pain or regulate and decrease menstrual flow. The unique risks and benefits of hormonal treatment for this special population are highlighted.
Links Between Specific Posttrauma Appraisals and Three Forms of Trauma-Related Distress

Several categories of posttrauma appraisals (e.g., fear, shame, self-blame) have been associated with different forms of trauma-related distress (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression symptoms). In this paper, we extend previous research to consider two appraisal categories that have received little attention to date: alienation and betrayal. Alienation may be important following interpersonal traumas that disrupt one’s connection to self and others. Betrayal trauma theory points to the importance of betrayal in motivating responses to interpersonal traumas, though little research has directly examined appraisals of betrayal. With three separate samples of adults (one undergraduate; two community-based), we examined the relative contributions of six distinct appraisal categories (alienation, anger, betrayal, fear, shame, and self-blame) to three forms of trauma-related distress (PTSD, dissociation, and depression symptoms). Participants’ posttrauma appraisals accounted for variance in trauma-related distress above and beyond characteristics of the trauma itself. Further, specific appraisal categories accounted for unique variance in different forms of trauma-related distress. Across samples, alienation was significantly related to all three distress types, suggesting that appraisals of disconnection from the self and others are common across trauma-related distress responses. Several distress-appraisal patterns were replicated across samples, including links between self-blame and depression; shame and PTSD; and betrayal and dissociation. Betrayal-dissociation links have important implications for betrayal trauma theory. The results point to the importance of understanding specific appraisal processes associated with different forms of trauma-related distress.
A 32×32 single photon avalanche diode imager with delay-insensitive address-event readout

We report the design and test of a 32×32 array of single photon avalanche diodes. The imager uses a delay-insensitive address-event link for the readout. The chip is fabricated in 0.18µm CMOS in an area of 1.886×1.866 of which 4% is occupied by the readout circuits.
Input-series and output-series connected modular DC-DC converters with active input voltage and output voltage sharing

This paper proposes a new modular configuration, namely the input-series and output-series connection for DC-DC converters. A three-loop control scheme, including a dedicated input voltage controller is proposed to achieve equal sharing of the input as well output voltages by the series connected modules. The reference to the input voltage loop is chosen as the average of all converter input voltages. Such a reference minimizes the interaction among the various control loops. The proposed scheme is validated experimentally on a 400 W prototype system comprising of two forward converters.
Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?

Summary Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that requires manufacturers to finance the costs of recycling or safely disposing of products consumers no longer want. This article describes the evolution of EPR policies in the United States, focusing on the role of states as policy actors. For their part, federal lawmakers have not embraced EPR policies except to remove some barriers to state-level initiatives. In the two-decade period from 1991 to 2011, U.S. states enacted more than 70 EPR laws. In addition, manufacturers have implemented voluntary programs to collect and recycle products, but those efforts have proven largely ineffective in capturing significant quantities of waste products. With the help of new coalitions of diverse interest groups, recently states have renewed efforts to establish effective EPR programs, enacting 40 laws in the period 2008–2011. Several state initiatives suggest a more promising future for EPR.
THE UNEASY ALLIANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AND THE SCHOOLS: An Historical Perspective

School-based mental health and social welfare services have evolved over the past century to play important roles in the education of children and youth. Relations between schools (administrators, boards of education, teachers) and services (social workers, therapists, counselors) have generally been awkward-occasionally embracing and nurturing, at times competitive and distant. This article reviews the history of school mental health services, focusing on service goals, the nature of professional practice, and the forces that have prevented harmony.
Synthesis of enol esters and enol lactones via palladium-catalyzed carbonyiation of ary land alkenyl halides

Abstract Acylpalladium species derivable via oxidative addition of a Pd phosphine complex with aryl and alkenyl iodides and CO insertion can react, either intramolecularly or tntermolecularly, with enolates generated in situ to give the corresponding enol esters and enol laotones.
Disconfirmation of Person Expectations by Older and Younger Adults Implications for Social Vigilance

The research examined whether age-related cognitive declines affect performance when people form impressions of others. The results from Experiment 1 showed that young and old participants who held positive expectancies about an individual spent more time processing and had better memory for information that was inconsistent rather than consistent with their expectancies. But participants who held negative expectancies tended to focus on information that was consistent rather than inconsistent with their expectancies. In Experiment 2 the task was made more demanding by limiting the amount of time participants had to form their impressions. Under these conditions, older participants who had positive expectations showed deficits in memory for negative information compared with young participants. As expected, both groups performed similarly when they held negative expectancies for the target. The results suggest that although both older and younger adults process social information similarly under self-paced conditions, older adults may be at a disadvantage processing negative information about positively characterized individuals when the context in which impression formation occurs is cognitively demanding.
Scientific Visualisation: Linking Science and Technology Education through Graphic Communications

Scientific visua li sat i on i s a n ew curr i cu lu m in the technology ed u ca t ion area in ort h Caro li na , USA . T h e goal of t h is two - co u rse curricu l um is to he l p d evelop studen t s ' abi l i t y to communicate tec hni ca l and scientific in fo r ma ti o n to a varie t y of a u die n ces. A hi s t or i cal co n tex t i s se t to h e l p ex pl a in th e d eve l o p me n t of thi s cu rri c ulum . Th e c urri c ulum 's uniqu e a pplic a ti o n of th e d es i g n pr ocess to v i s u a li sa ti o n m e th o d s a n d i ts e mph as i s o n t h e u se o f sci e nc e a nd t ec hnol ogy co nc e pt s for v i s u a li sa ti o n t o pi cs a r e di s cu sse d . Ho w curri c ulum i s impl e m e n te d in th e cla ss r oo m a n d a n exa mpl e ac ti v it y are o utlin e d.
Therapeutic intraspinal stimulation to generate activity and promote long-term recovery

Neuroprosthetic approaches have tremendous potential for the treatment of injuries to the brain and spinal cord by inducing appropriate neural activity in otherwise disordered circuits. Substantial work has demonstrated that stimulation applied to both the central and peripheral nervous system leads to immediate and in some cases sustained benefits after injury. Here we focus on cervical intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) as a promising method of activating the spinal cord distal to an injury site, either to directly produce movements or more intriguingly to improve subsequent volitional control of the paretic extremities. Incomplete injuries to the spinal cord are the most commonly observed in human patients, and these injuries spare neural tissue bypassing the lesion that could be influenced by neural devices to promote recovery of function. In fact, recent results have demonstrated that therapeutic ISMS leads to modest but sustained improvements in forelimb function after an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). This therapeutic spinal stimulation may promote long-term recovery of function by providing the necessary electrical activity needed for neuron survival, axon growth, and synaptic stability.
Gender and Time for Sleep among U.S. Adults

Do women really sleep more than men? Biomedical and social scientific studies show longer sleep durations for women, a surprising finding given sociological research showing women have more unpaid work and less high-quality leisure time compared to men. We assess explanations for gender differences in time for sleep, including compositional differences in levels of engagement in paid and unpaid labor, gendered responses to work and family responsibilities, and differences in napping, bedtimes, and interrupted sleep for caregiving. We examine the overall gender gap in time for sleep as well as gaps within family life-course stages based on age, partnership, and parenthood statuses. We analyze minutes of sleep from a diary day collected from nationally representative samples of working-age adults in the American Time Use Surveys of 2003 to 2007. Overall and at most life course stages, women slept more than men. Much of the gap is explained by work and family responsibilities and gendered time tradeoffs; as such, gender differences vary across life course stages. The gender gap in sleep time favoring women is relatively small for most comparisons and should be considered in light of the gender gap in leisure time favoring men at all life course stages.
Should We Be Partial to Partial Identification? Commentary on the Levi-Jungman Proposal

Eyewitness identification of criminal suspects from lineups and photospreads is the largest single cause of false imprisonment in the United States. Research programs have outlined experimentally proven techniques to reduce the dangers. Levi and Jungman have proposed a radical technique in which eyewitnesses choose several people from a large set of photos based on their similarity to the culprit. They argue that this will help solve many problems, including the tendency for courts to overbelieve eyewitnesses. Some problems and prospects for this new technique are discussed.
Does relational dysfunction mediate the association between anxiety disorders and later depression? Testing an interpersonal model of comorbidity.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders tend to precede onset of comorbid depression. Several researchers have suggested a causal role for anxiety in promoting depressive episodes, but few studies have identified specific mechanisms. The current study proposes an interpersonal model of comorbidity, where anxiety disorders disrupt interpersonal functioning, which in turn elevates risk for depression. METHODS: At age 15 (T1), 815 adolescents oversampled for maternal depression completed diagnostic interviews, social chronic stress interviews, and self-report measures. At age 20 (T2), participants repeated all measures and reported on self-perceived interpersonal problems. At approximately age 23 (T3), a subset of participants (n = 475) completed a self-report depressive symptoms measure. RESULTS: Consistent with other samples, anxiety disorders largely preceded depressive disorders. Low sociability and interpersonal oversensitivity mediated the association between T1 social anxiety disorder and later depression (including T2 depressive diagnosis and T3 depressive symptoms), controlling for baseline. Interpersonal oversensitivity and social chronic stress similarly mediated the association between generalized anxiety disorder before age 15 and later depression. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal dysfunction may be one mechanism through which anxiety disorders promote later depression, contributing to high comorbidity rates. Language: en
Therapeutic Efficacy of Suppressing the JAK/STAT Pathway in Multiple Models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Pathogenic Th cells and myeloid cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The JAK/STAT pathway is used by numerous cytokines for signaling and is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Many of the cytokines involved in MS/EAE, including IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses. Thus, targeting JAKs has implications for treating autoimmune inflammation of the brain. We have used AZD1480, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway in models of EAE. AZD1480 treatment inhibits disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced classical and atypical EAE models by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain, suppressing differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, deactivating myeloid cells, inhibiting STAT activation in the brain, and reducing expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment of SJL/J mice with AZD1480 delays disease onset of PLP-induced relapsing-remitting disease, reduces relapses and diminishes clinical severity. AZD1480 treatment was also effective in reducing ongoing paralysis induced by adoptive transfer of either pathogenic Th1 or Th17 cells. In vivo AZD1480 treatment impairs both the priming and expansion of T cells and attenuates Ag presentation functions of myeloid cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway has clinical efficacy in multiple preclinical models of MS, suggesting the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
Effect of Brief Clinic-Based Training on the Ability of Caregivers to Implement Escape Extinction.

Escape extinction has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for children exhibiting food refusal. To date, most studies have been conducted in inpatient treatment settings by trained clini...
The socio-matrix reloaded: from hierarchy to dominance profile in wild lemurs

Dominance hierarchy influences the life quality of social animals, and its definition should in principle be based on the outcome of agonistic interactions. However, defining and comparing the dominance profile of social groups is difficult due to the different dominance measures used and because no one measure explains it all. We applied different analytical methods to winner-loser sociomatrices to determine the dominance profile of five groups of wild lemurs (species: Lemur catta, Propithecus verreauxi, and Eulemur rufus x collaris) from the Berenty forest (Madagascar). They are an excellent study model because they share the same habitat and an apparently similar dominance profile: linear hierarchy and female dominance. Data were collected over more than 1200 h of observation. Our approach included four steps: (1) by applying the binary dyadic dominance relationship method (IS (2) by calculating normalized David’s scores and measuring steepness from aggression sociomatrices we evaluated whether hierarchy was shallow or steep; (3) by comparing the ranking orders obtained with methods 1 and 2 we assessed whether hierarchy was consistent or not; and (4) by assessing triangle transitivity and comparing it with the linearity index and the level of group cohesion we determined if hierarchy was more or less cohesive. Our results show that L. catta groups have got a steep, consistent, highly transitive and cohesive hierarchy. P. verreauxi groups are characterized by a moderately steep and consistent hierarchy, with variable levels of triangle transitivity and cohesion. E. rufus x collaris group possesses a shallow and inconsistent hierarchy, with lower (but not lowest) levels of transitivity and cohesion. A multiple analytical approach on winner-loser sociomatrices other than leading to an in-depth description of the dominance profile, allows intergroup and cross-species comparisons.
Identification of novel myeloma-specific XBP1 peptides able to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a potential therapeutic application in multiple myeloma

The purpose of these studies was to identify human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2(+) immunogenic peptides derived from XBP1 antigens to induce a multiple myeloma (MM)-specific immune response. Six native peptides from non-spliced XBP1 antigen and three native peptides from spliced XBP1 antigen were selected and evaluated for their HLA-A2 specificity. Among them, XBP1(184-192), XBP1 SP(196-204) and XBP1 SP(367-375) peptides showed the highest level of binding affinity, but not stability to HLA-A2 molecules. Novel heteroclitic XBP1 peptides, YISPWILAV or YLFPQLISV, demonstrated a significant improvement in HLA-A2 stability from their native XBP1(184-192) or XBP1 SP(367-375) peptide, respectively. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated by repeated stimulation of CD3(+) T cells with each HLA-A2-specific heteroclitic peptide showed an increased percentage of CD8(+) (cytotoxic) and CD69(+)/CD45RO(+) (activated memory) T cells and a lower percentage of CD4(+) (helper) and CD45RA(+)/CCR7(+) (naive) T cells, which were distinct from the control T cells. Functionally, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) demonstrated MM-specific and HLA-A2-restricted proliferation, interferon-γ secretion and cytotoxic activity in response to MM cell lines and importantly, cytotoxicity against primary MM cells. These data demonstrate the distinct immunogenic characteristics of unique heteroclitic XBP1 peptides, which induce MM-specific CTLs and highlights their potential application for immunotherapy to treat the patients with MM or its pre-malignant condition.
Older adult opinions of "advance driving directives"

Background: Discussions about driving cessation are difficult. “Advance driving directives” (ADDs), like advance directives for end-of-life care, would allow drivers to designate someone to help ma...
Competing spin-liquid states in the spin- 1 2 Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice

We study the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice with antiferromagnetic first- $({J}_{1})$ and second- $({J}_{2})$ nearest-neighbor interactions using density matrix renormalization group. By studying the spin correlation function, we find a ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ magnetic order phase for ${J}_{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.07{J}_{1}$ and a stripe antiferromagnetic phase for ${J}_{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.15{J}_{1}$. Between these two phases, we identify a spin-liquid region characterized by exponential decaying spin and dimer correlations, as well as large spin singlet and triplet excitation gaps on finite-size systems. We find two near degenerating ground states with distinct properties in two sectors, which indicates more than one spin-liquid candidate in this region. While the sector with spinons is found to respect time reversal symmetry, the even sector without spinons breaks such a symmetry for finite-size systems. Furthermore, we detect the signature of the fractionalization by following the evolution of different ground states with inserting spin flux into the cylinder system. Moreover, by tuning the anisotropic bond coupling, we explore the nature of the spin-liquid phase and find the optimal parameter region for gapped ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquids.
The Sub-Exponential Transition for the Chromatic Generalized Ramsey Numbers

A simple graph-product type construction shows that for all natural numbers r≥q, there exists an edge-coloring of the complete graph on 2r vertices using r colors where the graph consisting of the union of any q color classes has chromatic number 2q. We show that for each fixed natural number q, if there exists an edge-coloring of the complete graph on n vertices using r colors where the graph consisting of the union of any q color classes has chromatic number at most 2q − 1, then n must be sub-exponential in r. This answers a question of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov.
Revision surgery following total shoulder arthroplasty: Analysis of 2588 shoulders over three decades (1976 to 2008)

Our objective was to examine the rate of revision and its predictive factors in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). We used prospectively collected data from the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry to examine five-, ten- and 20-year revision-free survival following TSA and the predictive factors. We examined patient characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity), implant fixation (cemented versus uncemented), American Society of Anesthesiologists class and underlying diagnosis. Univariate and multivariable adjusted hazard rates were calculated using Cox regression analysis. A total of 2207 patients underwent 2588 TSAs. Their mean age was 65.0 years (19 to 91) and 1163 (53%) were women; osteoarthritis was the underlying diagnosis in 1640 shoulders (63%). In all, 212 TSAs (8.2%) were revised during the follow-up period. At five, ten and 20 years, survival rates were 94.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93.2 to 95.3), 90.2% (95% CI 88.7 to 91.7) and 81.4% (95% CI 78.4 to 84.5), respectively. In multivariable analyses men had a higher hazard ratio of revision of 1.72 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.31) (p < 0.01) compared with women, and those with rotator cuff disease had a hazard ratio of 4.71 (95% CI 2.09 to 10.59) (p < 0.001) compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We concluded that male gender and rotator cuff disease are independent risk factors for revision after TSA. Future studies are needed to understand the biological rationale for these differences.
Environmental Enforcement Choice: Trading Off Equity for Environmental Benefits

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policiestoward small and large businesses are explored by reviewing administrative,civil judicial, and criminal enforcement proceedings involving the prosecutionof individual, firm, and government violators. An analysis was done of 325 cases involved with the Clean Air Act, CleanWater Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act during fiscal years1990-1997. Also, the EPA is modeled as an environmental harm minimizer and apolitical support maximizer, and conclusions are drawn regarding whether theEPA's goal is to maximize social welfare and/or minimize violations. Findings indicate that small firms are targeted more frequently than largefirms for criminal prosecution under the air and hazardous waste programsbecause small firm violations were found to be more harmful than thosecommitted by large firms. However, the EPA does more often pursue individualswho work for large firms or government agencies that are involved in criminalbehavior, which is consistent with the idea of social welfare maximinization.This, however, indicates that the EPA may fail to deter adequately thoseindividuals from engaging in further reprehensible violations. (JSD)
Contraception After Delivery and Short Interpregnancy Intervals Among Women in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To investigate womens patterns of contraceptive use after delivery and the association between method use and risk of pregnancy within 18 months. METHODS: We used the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth to examine womens contraceptive use after delivery and at 3 6 12 and 18 months after giving birth. The sample included 3005 births that occurred within 3 years of the survey date and for which information on contraceptive use was available. We estimated multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models to assess the association between womens method use and risk of pregnancy within 18 months after delivery. We also examined the percentage of pregnancies occurring 18 months or less after the index birth that were unintended. RESULTS: Between delivery and 3 months postpartum contraceptive use increased from 21% to 72%. At 3 months 13% of women used permanent contraception 6% used long-acting reversible contraceptives 28% used other hormonal methods and 25% relied on less-effective methods; the distribution of method use was similar in subsequent months. Among women using hormonal methods 12.6% became pregnant within 18 months of delivery or less compared with 0.5% using permanent and long-acting contraception (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 21.2 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.17-72.8). Additionally 17.8% of women using less-effective methods (HR 34.8 95% CI 9.26-131) and 23% using no method (HR 43.2 95% CI 12.3-152) became pregnant 18 months or less. At least 70% of pregnancies within 1 year after delivery were unintended. CONCLUSION: Few women use long-acting reversible contraceptives after delivery and those using less-effective methods have an increased risk of unintended pregnancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Evolution of an asymmetric turbulent shear layer in a thermocline

Large eddy simulations are used to examine the evolution of a shear layer in a thermocline with non-uniform density stratification. Unlike previous studies, the density in the present study is continuously stratified and has stratification in the upper half different from the lower half of the shear layer. The stratification in the upper half is fixed at Ju = 0.05, while the stratification in the lower half is increased to Jd = 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35, leading to a progressively stronger asymmetry of the Rig profile in the four cases. Here, J is the bulk Richardson number and Rig is the gradient Richardson number. The type of shear instability and the properties of the ensuing turbulence are found to depend strongly on the degree of asymmetry in stratification. The shear instability changes from a Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) mode at Jd = 0.05 to a Holmboe (H) mode at Jd = 0.35 and exhibits characteristics of both KH and H modes at intermediate values of Jd. Differences in the evolution among the cases are qua...
Follow-up Study of Splinting for Pollux Rigidus

From 1981 to 1988, sixty-seven cases (eighty-two thumbs) of pollux rigidus were treated with the splint, and were followed at Fukuoka Children's Hospital and Medical Center. An average follow-up period was 24 months.The results were as follows.1. Flexion contracture of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb had diminished within three months in sixty-nine (71%) of them.2. Seventy-one thumbs (93%) were free from flexion contracture at the time of follow-up.We concluded that the splinting in extension is very effective for pollux rigidus in children.
From Drug Literature Evaluation to Evidence-Based Medicine: Transforming the Focus of a First Year Pharmacy Curriculum

This case study describes a longitudinal curricular sequence implemented to teach evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills. The longitudinal sequence is innovative in its approach, design, and assessment of EBM. This approach moves away from the conventional strategy of teaching drug information and drug literature evaluation as stand-alone courses and instead embraces the EBM Framework and its use in the context of authentic problem solving. The EBM Framework—Ask, Acquire, Appraise, and Apply—was used as the basis for defining seven EBM skills. These skills were targeted in the evidence-based, integrated design of 17 learning episodes delivered with eight faculty members through six courses in the first year. Student perceptions of relevance of EBM and performance on assessments and learning activities throughout the sequence suggest that integrating EBM across the first year of the curriculum is an effective strategy for teaching EBM skills. Three themes emerged from analysis of the data and experience, including the need for: a strong teaching team, a whole task approach with a focus on solving authentic problems, and care in interpreting the progression of assessments and patterns of student performance. Through instructor observations and peer review, the longitudinal sequence has been refined and has had an impact on the rest of the curriculum. Type: Case Study
Open mitral commissurotomy: A modern re-evaluation

Familiarity with replacement of the mitral valve (MVR) with prosthetic and tissue valves has dimmed awareness of the usefulness of open mitral commissurotomy (OMC). This is a review of a 10 year experience ending in December, 1978, of 222 consecutive patients operated upon with a clinical diagnosis of pure mitral stenosis. MVR was necessary in 25 patients (11.3%), primarily because of severe deformity of valvular and subvalvular structures. No closed commissurotomies were performed, as that operation is now considered passe. Of the 197 patients undergoing OMC, 12 had additional cardiac procedures. Of the three patients who died (1.52%), two were operated upon on an emergency basis because of rapidly progressive cardiac failure. Follow-up data were obtained on 191 (97%) of the 197 OMC patients. There were 18 late deaths, of which 14 were related to cardiac disease. Following OMC, 76% (146) of the patients had improved by at least one New York Heart Association class. Fourteen (7%) of the 191 OMC patients had subsequent MVR at times varying from 2 to 92 months after OMC (mean 41.6 months). Ten-year survival for the 197 OMC patients was 81%. This clinical experience emphasizes that open commissurotomy rather than valve replacement is the best initial treatment for most patients with mitral stenosis.
Network Analysis of Flash-Track Practices

AbstractThis paper uses a network analysis approach to better understand the relationships and interdependencies between essential flash-track practices to identify the most central and core practices for successful execution of flash-track projects. Building on prior studies, this paper describes a practice-to-practice semantic network analysis, which reveals a rank order of the differing measures of essential flash-track practices. The findings indicate that establishing fully integrated teams, personnel selection, contractually aligning project participants and colocation of the project team are the most central and core flash-track enablers. Using a semantic network analysis suggests that the following three practices, which were ranked as Tier II practices based on delphi and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach in the earlier research, are found to be core and enabling practices and thus merit to be promoted to the Tier I flash-track practices: (1) colocation of the project team; (2) staffing w...
Using mobile health technology to deliver decision support for self-monitoring after lung transplantation.

Abstract Background Lung transplant recipients (LTR) experience problems recognizing and reporting critical condition changes during their daily health self-monitoring. Pocket PATH ® , a mobile health application, was designed to provide automatic feedback messages to LTR to guide decisions for detecting and reporting critical values of health indicators. Objectives To examine the degree to which LTR followed decision support messages to report recorded critical values, and to explore predictors of appropriately following technology decision support by reporting critical values during the first year after transplantation. Methods A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted to analyze existing data from 96 LTR who used the Pocket PATH for daily health self-monitoring. When a critical value is entered, the device automatically generated a feedback message to guide LTR about when and what to report to their transplant coordinators. Their socio-demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained before discharge. Their use of Pocket PATH for health self-monitoring during 12 months was categorized as low (≤25% of days), moderate (>25% to ≤75% of days), and high (>75% of days) use. Following technology decision support was defined by the total number of critical feedback messages appropriately handled divided by the total number of critical feedback messages generated. This variable was dichotomized by whether or not all (100%) feedback messages were appropriately followed. Binary logistic regression was used to explore predictors of appropriately following decision support. Results Of the 96 participants, 53 had at least 1 critical feedback message generated during 12 months. Of these 53 participants, the average message response rate was 90% and 33 (62%) followed 100% decision support. LTR who moderately used Pocket PATH (n=23) were less likely to follow technology decision support than the high (odds ratio [OR]=0.11, p =0.02) and low (OR=0.04, p =0.02) use groups. The odds of following decision support were reduced in LTR whose income met basic needs (OR=0.01, p =0.01) or who had longer hospital stays (OR=0.94, p =0.004). A significant interaction was found between gender and past technology experience (OR=0.21, p =0.03), suggesting that with increased past technology experience, the odds of following decision support to report all critical values decreased in men but increased in women. Conclusions The majority of LTR responded appropriately to mobile technology-based decision support for reporting recorded critical values. Appropriately following technology decision support was associated with gender, income, experience with technology, length of hospital stay, and frequency of use of technology for self-monitoring. Clinicians should monitor LTR, who are at risk for poor reporting of recorded critical values, more vigilantly even when LTR are provided with mobile technology decision support.