cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classroom Strategies That Facilitate Transfer of Learning to the Workplace

Organizations have frequently expressed the need for employees who can learn and work effectively in a team environment. This article discusses a process by which an educational program has responded to this challenge. The program used experiential learning, transfer of learning, and team learning theories as the framework for designing a holistic, integrative, and experiential process by which students could transfer their classroom learning to workplace activities. Implications for higher education are discussed.
Distinct Ligand-binding Modes for Integrin αvβ3-Mediated Adhesion to Fibronectinversus Vitronectin

Cell surface integrins can adopt distinct conformations in response to ligand binding and intracellular signals. Several integrins including αvβ3 can bind to multiple ligands. The binding of αvβ3 to fibronectin and vitronectin was used as a model to determine whether the same or distinct forms of the receptor were utilized in strong binding to the two different ligands. A spinning-disc device was used to measure the relative strength of the αvβ3-ligand bonds. The initial binding reaction for both ligands occurred in the absence of metabolic energy and resulted in a strong adhesion to fibronectin but a weak adhesion to vitronectin. Increases in the strength of the αvβ3-vitronectin bond required phosphorylation of the β3 cytoplasmic domain, intracellular signals, and the binding of cytoskeletal proteins to cytoplasmic domains of β3 controlled by Tyr-747 and Tyr-759. In contrast, αvβ3-mediated adhesion to fibronectin was unaffected by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, mutations of Tyr-747 and Tyr-759 to phenylalanine, or availability of metabolic energy. This suggests that strong adhesion to fibronectin used the initial binding conformation, whereas strong binding to vitronectin required signaling-induced changes in the conformation of αvβ3.
“Ontological Foundations of Conceptual Modeling” by Boris Wyssusek—A critical response

I read with great interest and excitement Boris Wyssusek’s critical review of the Bunge-Wand-Weber (BWW) modeling ontology and its philosophical foundations. The review articulates carefully Bunge’s position on ontology and how the BWW ontology sharply deviates from it. I agree with most of Wyssusek’s criticisms leveled against Wand and Weber’s interpretation and ontologically Wand and Weber’s position is untenable and not in line with Bunge’s original definition of ontology and its scientific intentions. I even wonder whether Wand and Weber want to be recognized as ardent proponents of Bunge’s Diamat ontology. In business schools where they mostly work this is not a position which is esteemed or easily understood—it can even be dangerous!
Bayesian model averaging for groundwater head prediction and uncertainty analysis using multimodel and multimethod.

[1] This study introduces a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method that incorporates multiple groundwater models and multiple hydraulic conductivity estimation methods to predict groundwater heads and evaluate prediction uncertainty. BMA is able to distinguish prediction uncertainty arising from individual models, between models, and between methods. Moreover, BMA is able to identify unfavorable models even though they may present small prediction uncertainty. Uncertainty propagation, from model parameter uncertainty to model prediction uncertainty, can also be studied through BMA. This study adopts a variance window to obtain reasonable BMA weights for the best models, which are usually exaggerated by Occam's window. Results from a synthetic case study show that BMA with the variance window can provide better head prediction than individual models, or at least can obtain better predictions close to the best model. The BMA was applied to predicting groundwater heads in the “1500-foot” sand of the Baton Rouge area in Louisiana. Head prediction uncertainty was assessed by the BMA prediction variance. BMA confirms that large head prediction uncertainty occurs at areas lacking head observations and hydraulic conductivity measurements. Further study in these areas is necessary to reduce head prediction uncertainty.
On Intelligent Robot Motion Planning via Learning

Automatic motion planning is one of the basic modules that are needed to increase robot intelligence and usability. Unfortunately, the inherent complexity of motion planning has rendered traditional search algorithms incapable of solving every problem in real time. To circumvent this difficulty, we explore the alternative of allowing human operators to participate in the problem solving process. By having the human operator teach during difficult motion planning episodes, the robot should be able to learn and improve its own motion planning capability and gradually reduce its reliance on the human operator. In this paper, we present such a learning framework in which both human and robot can cooperate to achieve real-time automatic motion planning. To enable a deeper understanding of the framework in terms of performance, we present it as a simple learning algorithm and provide theoretical analysis of its behavior. In particular, we characterize the situations in which learning is useful, and provide quantitative bounds to predict the necessary training time and the maximum achievable speedup in planning time.
Healthcare Stereotype Threat in Older Adults in the Health and Retirement Study.

Introduction Healthcare stereotype threat is the threat of being personally reduced to group stereotypes that commonly operate within the healthcare domain, including stereotypes regarding unhealthy lifestyles and inferior intelligence. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which people fear being judged in healthcare contexts on several characteristics, including race/ethnicity and age, and to test predictions that experience of such threats would be connected with poorer health and negative perceptions of health care. Methods Data were collected as part of the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). A module on healthcare stereotype threat, designed by the research team, was administered to a random subset ( n =2,048 of the total 20,555) of HRS participants. The final sample for the present healthcare stereotype threat experiment consists of 1,479 individuals. Logistic regression was used to test whether healthcare stereotype threat was associated with self-rated health, reported hypertension, and depressive symptoms, as well as with healthcare-related outcomes, including physician distrust, dissatisfaction with health care, and preventative care use. Results Seventeen percent of respondents reported healthcare stereotype threat with respect to one or more aspects of their identities. As predicted, healthcare stereotype threat was associated with higher physician distrust and dissatisfaction with health care, poorer mental and physical health (i.e., self-rated health, hypertension, and depressive symptoms), and lower odds of receiving the influenza vaccine. Conclusions The first of its kind, this study demonstrates that people can experience healthcare stereotype threat on the basis of various stigmatized aspects of social identity, and that these experiences can be linked with larger health and healthcare-related outcomes, thereby contributing to disparities among minority groups.
Characterization of a novel promoter insertion in the c-rel locus.

Abstract Avian leukosis virus (ALV)-induced neoplasias are commonly found associated with integrations of proviral DNA in proximity to the myc gene. However, studies suggest that other genetic events are necessary for the complete neoplastic phenotype. A cell line (HP46) derived from an ALV-induced tumor has been analyzed and found to contain, in addition to an alteration in the myc gene, a promoter insertion in the c-rel locus. Both loci expressed large amounts of mRNA coding for their respective proteins. Several rel-related transcripts were expressed in the HP46 line, and four rel-related proteins of lower molecular weight than the wild-type p68c-rel product were detected. At least two of these transcripts contained U5 long terminal repeat sequences on the 5' end of the RNA. Structural data suggest that the messages may have evolved by an alternative splicing mechanism. This is the first example of a promoter insertion in the c-rel locus, a gene whose viral counterpart v-rel is responsible for the induction of lymphoid tumors.
Intrinsic properties of active sites for hydrogen production from alcohols without coke formation

Abstract The detailed reaction pathway and coke formation mechanism over Pt/metal oxide nanoparticles during the steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) at 300 °C were studied. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and were characterized with CO pulse chemisorption, BET surface measurement, oxygen adsorption, ethanol-TPD, NH3-TPD, and TPO. The SRE activity of the catalysts with steam/ethanol molar ratio of 3/1 was tested using a continuous fixed-bed reactor. Strong interaction between Pt and supports causes lower H2 production temperatures and no C2H4 formation, while weak interaction leads to C2H4 formation and strong bonded CO on Pt particles during ethanol-TPD. H2 production over Pt-based catalysts is mainly resulted from the decomposition and dehydrogenation of ethanol, and decarbonylation of acetaldehyde. Meanwhile, coke can be formed from acetaldehyde, acetone, C2H4 and CO. However, when the interaction between Pt and supports is weak, more coke is formed especially from acetone, C2H4 and CO. When the interaction is strong, no coke formation is observed due to high oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst.
A WOOD-FALL ASSOCIATION FROM LATE EOCENE DEEP-WATER SEDIMENTS OF WASHINGTON STATE, USA

Fossil wood fragments and an associated species-rich invertebrate assemblage, analogous to those found on wood falls in the deep sea today, were found in late Eocene deep-water sediments of the Lincoln Creek Formation in Washington State, United States. This assemblage is the earliest known complex deep-sea biologic community based on decaying wood as its primary source of nutrients. The 495 recovered fossils (exclusive of foraminiferans) belong to 21 species; 7 species relied directly on the wood, either by ingesting it or by feeding on xylophagous microbes; these species are also the most abundant. Seven species were predators or scavengers that were most likely attracted by the wood-dependent species. The remaining seven species represent predators, detritus feeders, and suspension feeders that may or may not have had a relation to the wood fall or its fauna. All species had a benthic mode of life, and pseudoplanktonic taxa are absent, indicating that the colonization of the wood began only once it had arrived on the deep-sea floor. The wood-dependent species belong to taxa that fill the same ecologic niche in the deep sea today, indicating that the modern wood-fall ecosystem had evolved at least by late Eocene time. There is no uniformity or specialization of dispersal strategies among the recovered taxa; they rather reflect those of the phylogenetic group to which they belong. The wood-fall assemblage described here shares several families with fossil whale falls and cold seeps but very few species, a condition that can also be observed at modern examples of these ecosystems.
ISOLATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

Isolated thrombocytopenia following bone marrow transplantation was investigated in 65 fully grafted patients (pts) surviving 60 days post transplant. 24 pts (37%) developed this complication, which occurred most frequently in pts receiving pre-tx preparation with total body irradiation or busulfan. Two distinct syndromes were identified: (1) transient thrombocytopenia (9 pts) in which a normal platelet (plt) count (100,000/mm3) was established by day +40 but then fell to 10-45,000 on day +40-+70, with subsequent resolution by day +90. Three of these cases were associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. (2) chronic thrombocytopenia (15 pts) in which a plt count > 100,000 was not achieved at any time during the first 4 mo post-tx despite the simultaneous presence of normal granulocyte and reticulocyte counts. No association with drug therapy was detected. While the transient syndrome did not adversely affect prognosis, the chronic syndrome carried a high mortality (21% actuarial survival at 1000 days post-tx compared to 67% for all other pts p<0.01). The mortality was not due to bleeding but rather to a high association with both severe acute (grade III-IV) graft versus host disease and chronic GVHD. We conclude that isolated thrombocytopenia represents a significant complication of bone marrow transplantation particularly in pts receiving hematopoietic ablative preparatory regimens and that it is the chronic, and not the transient, thrombocytopenic syndrome that adversely affects patient prognosis as a manifestation of GVHD.
Using the forced metaphor-elicitation technique (FMET) to meet animal companions within self ☆

Abstract This article describes research tools that permit zoomorphistic explications of self-viewing of human self-behavior in terms of the behavior of animals. Transference theory, archetypal, culture, and early experiences propositions also serve to inform the etic interpretations of an informant's zoomorphistic self-report. The article describes applications of the forced metaphor-elicitation technique (FMET) that provides case–study data including storytelling and paradox resolution by informants. The article closes with advocating acceptance of Gigerenzer's proposal that method can drive theory advancement. The discussion reviews relevant literature on examining dual thinking processes by humans—implicit and explicit beliefs, attitudes, decision processes, and behavior. The research evidence helps to decode consumers' implicit thinking and behavior toward products and brands; such evidence serves to inform ourselves and brand executives of consumers' dreams about brands and how such dreams become reality—or what prevents consumers from buying the brands playing roles in consumers' stories crafted through implicit thinking.
Structure, composition, and chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes by selective nitrogen doping

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) doped with a range of nitrogen contents (0–10 at.%) were prepared via a floating catalyst CVD method using ferrocene, NH3, and xylene or pyridine. XPS and Raman microscopy were used to assess quantitatively the compositional and structural properties of the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). XPS analysis indicates a shift in and broadening of the C 1s spectra track with increasing disorder induced by selective nitrogen doping. N 1s XPS spectra show three principle types of nitrogen coordination (pyridinic, pyrolic, and quaternary), with the pyridinic-like fraction selectively increased from 0.0 to 4.5 at.%. First-order Raman spectra were fit with five peaks that vary in intensity and width with nitrogen content. The ratio of the D and G bands’ integrated intensities scaled linearly with nitrogen content. Iodimetric titrations were used to gauge the number of reducing sites on as-prepared N-CNTs, representing the first report of nitrogen doping as a means to deterministically effect the chemical reactivities of carbon nanotubes. The reported methodology for the regulated growth and selective nitrogen doping of CNTs presents new ways to study systematically the influence of nanocarbon composition and structure on chemical and electrochemical reactivity for a host of applications.
Formation of moderate-size bubbles

Bubbles were formed in water when air was passed through a single square-edged orifice which had been drilled in a glass plate. The glass plate was 0.05 in. thick, and the orifice diameter was 1/8 in. The air chambers above the liquid surface and below the orifice plate were varied. The extreme values of these volumes were 0.00975 and 0.195 cu. ft. The air rate through the orifice, Q was as great as 200 × 10−5 cu. ft./sec. Bubble frequencies, f, were as great as 16 sec.−1 Both the upper and lower chamber volume influenced markedly the relationship between f and Q. A relationship that predicts sets of upper and lower chamber volumes that result in the same f vs. Q relation is given. A two-parameter equation that gives f as a function of Q is presented. Wettability of the orifice plate and the liquid depth over the orifice plate were also considered as independent variables.
The Role of Vancomycin in the Treatment Paradigm

Vancomycin was introduced in the United States in 1956 as a possible treatment for infections due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but it was not used widely because of toxicity and the nearly simultaneous development of semisynthetic antibiotics and cephalosporins. Thus, its main indication was the treatment of serious gram-positive infections in penicillin-allergic patients. For susceptible strains of S. aureus, vancomycin was more rapidly bactericidal than penicillin, nafcillin, or cefazolin, and, in a rabbit model of S. aureus endocarditis, sterilization of vegetations was more rapid with vancomycin. In clinical practice, however, nafcillin remained the treatment of choice for staphylococcal bacteremia, largely because it had failure rates of only 4%. With the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, vancomycin became the drug of choice for these infections. Recently, the efficacy of vancomycin has been questioned because of vancomycin's increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations among staphylococci, poor tissue penetration, and apparently slower bacterial killing than previously was recognized.
Promoting moral reasoning and multicultural competence during internship

This paper reports a study designed to increase the moral reasoning and multicultural competence of White students in a counselling internship. An intervention was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using a deliberate psychological education (DPE) approach that incorporated issues of cultural competence, oppression and diversity. This study attempted to discern if the DPE model could make a difference in the promotion of moral reasoning and multicultural competence of counsellor interns. The Intervention Group showed significant gains compared to Comparison Group 1 and 2 in moral reasoning as measured by the Defining Issues Test‐2, as well as significant gains on the Knowledge subscale of the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale.
Neural timing nets.

Formulations of artificial neural networks are directly related to assumptions about neural coding in the brain. Traditional connectionist networks assume channel-based rate coding, while time-delay networks convert temporally-coded inputs into rate-coded outputs. Neural timing nets that operate on time structured input spike trains to produce meaningful time-structured outputs are proposed. Basic computational properties of simple feedforward and recurrent timing nets are outlined and applied to auditory computations. Feed-forward timing nets consist of arrays of coincidence detectors connected via tapped delay lines. These temporal sieves extract common spike patterns in their inputs that can subserve extraction of common fundamental frequencies (periodicity pitch) and common spectrum (timbre). Feedforward timing nets can also be used to separate time-shifted patterns, fusing patterns with similar internal temporal structure and spatially segregating different ones. Simple recurrent timing nets consisting of arrays of delay loops amplify and separate recurring time patterns. Single- and multichannel recurrent timing nets are presented that demonstrate the separation of concurrent, double vowels. Timing nets constitute a new and general neural network strategy for performing temporal computations on neural spike trains: extraction of common periodicities, detection of recurring temporal patterns, and formation and separation of invariant spike patterns that subserve auditory objects.
Voyager spectral observations of the Cygnus Loop nebula, 600 - 1700 Å.

Observations of the Cygnus Loop objects NGC 6995 and NGC 6992, which are defined by bright filamentary structure in visible radiation, are reported which were made with the Voyager 2 UV spectrometer in the wavelength range from 600 to 1700 A. The results are compared with far-UV observations performed during the Apollo 16 mission. It is found that measurable emission in the region from 912 to 1050 A is sharply confined to the location of the optical filaments, that emissions in the range from 1200 to 1680 A exhibit a sharp decline 0.5 deg of arc west of the filaments toward the center of the Loop, and that the most likely emissions in the 912-1050-A region are C II at 1037 A, C III at 977 A, and O I at 936 and 999.5 A. The results suggest that the radiation in the 912-1050-A range is associated with cooler postshock regions and that the shock velocities range from 70 to 100 km/s
Erratum to: Central Limit Theorems for Exchangeable Random Variables When Limits are Scale Mixtures of Normals

In this note, we acknowledge some mistaken criticisms made in our 2003 paper [2] about paper [1] based on a misreading and therefore a subsequent misunderstanding of the results in [1]. Consequently, Examples 2.1–2.2 in [2] should only be read as supporting Theorem 2.1–2.2 in our paper [2], not as counterexamples to the results in [1] as previously claimed. In particular, the following sentences in [2] should be deleted: • Page 547, last sentence of paragraph prior to display (1.12), delete “However, their results and proofs are flawed as discussed in Sect. 2 of this paper.” • Page 548, 3rd to 4th lines, delete “(It also gives a counterexample to the necessity parts of Theorems 3 and 4 in Fortini et al.(13))”. • Page 548, delete the second to the last paragraph “This example also shows that Theorems 3 and 4 in Fortini et al.(13) are not valid as stated.” • Page 550, 4th line to the end of the first paragraph, delete “The proof of Theorem 3 in Fortini et al.(13) assumes that the mixture comes from de Finetti’s representation but no sufficient condition is provided in the theorem. In fact, they assume this condition throughout their paper without noticing it. The following example
Theoretical and experimental investigations of the heterostructure hot electron diode

In this work, experimental data is presented on the heterostructure hot electron diode (H2ED), a two-terminal device that exhibits S-shaped negative differential resistance due to a field dependent transition between the current conduction modes of tunneling and thermionic emission of hot electrons in a two-layer AlGaAs heterostructure. Results are presented on various single and multiple period H2ED structures fabricated from wafers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Preliminary microwave characterization of the H2ED on non-optimized structures have resulted in test-fixture-limited oscillation at frequencies greater than 17GHz.
Asymptotic variational methods in large deflection small strain plate theory

Abstract Several small strain, large deformation plate theories are developed via an asymptotic expansion of the stresses, strains and displacements in a Hu-Washizu variational principle. Both the governing equations and the natural boundary conditions are obtained. The governing two-dimensional plate equations can be obtained from the nonlinear equations governing an elastic three-dimensional continuum. The boundary conditions cannot be obtained except through the use of variational methods. Of special interest are Kirchhoff-type moment boundary conditions, and in-plane boundary conditions similar to those obtained in thin shell theory.
Medical compared with surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) results suggest that carotid endarterectomy combined with aspirin and risk factor reduction is superior to aspirin and risk factor reduction al...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Basolateral and Centromedial Amygdala Complexes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The amygdala is a major structure that orchestrates defensive reactions to environmental threats and is implicated in hypervigilance and symptoms of heightened arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The basolateral and centromedial amygdala (CMA) complexes are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n=20) and matched trauma-exposed controls (n=22) underwent a resting-state fMRI scan to measure task-free synchronous blood-oxygen level dependent activity. Whole-brain voxel-wise functional connectivity of basolateral and CMA seeds was compared between groups. The PTSD group had stronger functional connectivity of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal ACC than the trauma-exposed control group (p<0.05; corrected). The trauma-exposed control group had stronger functional connectivity of the BLA complex with the left inferior frontal gyrus than the PTSD group (p<0.05; corrected). The CMA complex lacked connectivity differences between groups. We found PTSD modulates BLA complex connectivity with prefrontal cortical targets implicated in cognitive control of emotional information, which are central to explanations of core PTSD symptoms. PTSD differences in resting-state connectivity of BLA complex could be biasing processes in target regions that support behaviors central to prevailing laboratory models of PTSD such as associative fear learning. Further research is needed to investigate how differences in functional connectivity of amygdala complexes affect target regions that govern behavior, cognition, and affect in PTSD.
Free recall in children: Long-term store vs short-term store

A study was conducted on the effect of age on long-term store (LTS) and short-term store (STS) in free recall. Nineteen 5-year-old children and 25 6-year-old children were tested. Recall of words from the beginning and middle of the lists, the output from LTS, was significantly better for the older children. Recall of words from the end of the list, an index of output from STS, was similar for both groups. Age related changes in recall result, therefore, from changes in the efficiency of registering or retrieving information from LTS. STS is unaffected by age.
Extrapolation and interpolation of gas chromatographic retention times

An empirical method of extrapolating and interpolating gas chromatographic retention times obtained at three equally spaced isothermal temperatures is described. The accuracy of the method was evaluated from retention time data obtained using packed glass columns. A procedure for constructing retention time tables for homologous series and the derivation of an equation for calculating retention times as a function of temperature is also presented.
Toward a Theory of Coaching Paradox

Multiple tensions exist as part of the coaching process. How a coach responds to these tensions is a fundamental determinant of an athlete or team’s fate. In today’s highly competitive, socially demanding, and ever-changing sports environment, and as the expectations on coaches become more complex, the paradox becomes a critical lens to understand and assist contemporary coaches. This article defines the paradox based on a synthesis of existing literature and proposes an organizing framework for categorizing tensions relevant to coaching. This review draws distinctions between the paradox and other similar constructs, such as dilemmas and dialectics. In doing so, it is suggested that tensions are inherent and persistent to the coaching process and that purposeful management of paradoxical forces over time can lead to a tradition of success. Together, the review of literature and frameworks provide the foundations of a paradoxical perspective of coaching, offer clarity, provoke discussion, and fuel future ...
Method for laboratory and field evaluation of a proposed polymer flood

The relevant components of a proposed polymer flood in the Tensleep reservoir of the Frannie Phosphoria-Tensleep Unit in Park County, Wyoming, were investigated. Laboratory testing consisted of polymer injectivity, stability, retention, and effective viscosity measurements. Based on polymer viscosity and retention tests, a polysaccharide polymer was chosen over a polyacrylamide polymer for extensive laboratory evaluation and field pilot tests. Field testing included injectivity, injection rate, biological stability, and in-situ viscosity measurements. Pressure falloff tests following variable rate injection of a polysaccharide polymer solution indicated the presence of a non-Newtonian, low mobility bank. Even though good injectivity was obtained during injection of a 15% pore volume polymer slug, the proposed field project was not done. This was primarily due to low in-situ (reservoir) polymer solution viscosity and lack of proven microbial control in the near wellbore region.
SU‐FF‐J‐99: Automation of Image Registration and Verification for Image‐Guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To facilitate image‐guided stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) with high precision and fully automated target localization and patient position verification. Method and Materials: A mutual information based image registration algorithm was developed to register the patient's daily 3D computed tomography(CT)images with those taken for treatment planning to assess and correct patient position shifts in all three translational and three rotational directions. A digitally reconstructed radiograph(DRR) algorithm generates and displays the corresponding DRRs in one frame in a split screen format along with their intensity differences to enhance verification. In the same way, the portal image verification algorithm processes the portal image and displays it with the corresponding planning DRR in the same frame as final verification of the patient's position. The algorithms were programmed using MatLab and were assembled seamlessly in one package and the operation was fully automated. Results: Target localization and patient position verification process in our image‐guidedSBRT is significantly simplified and the time needed for this process is reduced from 30 minutes or more to 3–4 minutes. The image registration algorithm was found to be accurate to within 0.1 mm with a head and neck phantom. The DRR generation algorithm generates high quality DRRs with a spatial resolution of 0.289×0.289 mm2/pixel. It removes unrelated anatomical structures for a cleaner background in the DRR to help identify the target isocenter more easily and more accurately. The DRR comparison and portal image verification algorithms readily detect misalignments of less than 0.2 mm. Conclusion: Application of the algorithms in determining patient position shift in actual SBRT cases demonstrated that they were accurate, fast, and reliable. They serve as a useful tool for image‐guidedradiotherapy.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Study of Ammonium Adsorption and Fixation in Sodium-Treated Vermiculite

Ammonium fixation in vermiculite affects the movement of N in many soils. The effects of particle size, solution concentration, pH, and associated anions on NH 4 + fixation in vermiculite are also important information for reducing N leaching from soils. In this study, the retention of NH 4 + on the exchangeable and nonexchangeable sites of Montana vermiculite was determined in batch experiments. In the NH 4 + -K + exchange isotherm, the exchangeable sites of the vermiculite exhibited a preference for K + to NH 4 + , while the nonexchangeable sites preferred NH 4 + to K + . The nonexchangeable sites of the sand fraction had a higher preference for NH 4 + at lower solution NH 4 + concentration and a lower preference at higher NH 4 + concentration. An opposite case was observed for the NH 4 + concentration effect on the preference of nonexchangeable sites in the clay fraction. The retention isotherm of total NH 4 + in the vermiculite exhibited S-shape curves that can be described by the two-surface Langmuir-Freundlich equation. In the kinetic study, the clay fraction adsorbed the largest amount of exchangeable NH 4 + , but the silt fraction fixed the most NH 4 + on its nonexchangeable sites. The retention of NH 4 + in vermiculite increased with solution NH 4 + concentration. Ammonium adsorption on the exchangeable sites increased at low solution pH, while NH 4 + fixation was unaffected by pH change. The effect of associated anions was insignificant, except they caused a pH difference in solution.
Serum concentrations of four immunoglobulins in non-immunized and immunized athymic ('nude') mice.

Abstract Absolute serum concentrations of IgA, IgGl, IgG2, and IgM were determined in athymic (‘nude’) mice which were unstimulated or injected with sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen. Immunoglobulin concentrations were compared with those in phenotypically normal control mice. All animals were 8 weeks old when tested, the SRBC-injected groups having received antigen one week earlier. Immunoglobulins were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion using antisera produced against type-specific mouse myeloma globulins. As compared with normal mice, nude mice had significantly lower mean concentrations of all Ig classes except IgM. The most dramatic reduction was seen in the IgGl level (23-fold). The absence of depressed IgM levels was interesting in light of a more than ten-fold reduction of anti-SRBC IgM antibody in immunized nudes when compared with immunized normal animals. It is evident that most antigens naturally encountered by the mouse induce thymus-independent IgM production, while IgG (especially IgG1) formation is thymus-dependent.
A new geocarpic genus from Mexico: Apatzingania (Cucurbitaceae)

Apatzingania, described here as new, is represented by one species:A. arachoidea Dieterle. The position of the genus in the family is discussed, particularly its relationship toBrandegea, Vaseyanthus, andEchinopepon.
Quasi-Free Methyl Rotation in Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8

Using neutron inelastic scattering and diffraction, we have studied the quantum methyl rotation in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8: Zn(MeIM)2, MeIM = 2-methylimidazolate). The rotational potential for the CH3 groups in ZIF-8 is shown to be primarily 3-fold in character. The ground-state tunneling transitions at 1.4 K of 334 ± 1 μeV for CH3 groups in hydrogenated ZIF-8 (H-ZIF-8) and 33 ± 1 μeV for CD3 groups in deuterated ZIF-8 (D-ZIF-8) indicate that the barrier to internal rotation is small compared to almost all methylated compounds in the solid state and that methyl−methyl coupling is negligible. A 2.7 ± 0.1 meV scattering peak assigned to the ground-state to first-excited-state, hindered rotational transition for H-ZIF-8, combined with a ∼3 meV activation energy for methyl-group 3-fold jump reorientation estimated by quasi-elastic neutron scattering, suggests a very low methyl rotational barrier of ∼7 meV. Results are compared to the CH3 rotational amplitude at 3.5 K derived from neutron diffr...
The role of seasonal reservoirs in the Mars water cycle: I. Seasonal exchange of water with the regolith

Abstract Observations of the seasonal cycle of water vapor in the Mars atmosphere imply that there is a seasonal exchange of water with a reservoir of ice in the polar regions and of adsorbed water in the global near-surface regolith. The equilibrium between water vapor and adsorbed water is sufficiently temperature-dependent that seasonal surface temperature variations are capable of driving a large exchange of water between the atmosphere and subsurface. A one-dimensional model of this process is presented, and calculations are done of the amount of water exchanged seasonally at each latitude. For the likely range of regolith properties, this exchange is found to be from 10 to 150% of the observed variation; atmospheric transport and supply from the polar regions must make up the difference between the predicted and observed variation. These values can be further constrained using models of atmospheric transport processes. Due to the latitudinal gradient of atmospheric vapor, there will also be a gradient of subsurface adsorbed water, with the largest abundance in the north and the least in the south; this gradient occurs independent of the regolith diffusivity.
Textural Property of 6 Legume Curds in Relation to their Protein Constituents

: We determined the relationship between textural property of legume curds and constituents of their proteins. The hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of curds prepared from soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans were 6.0 to 9.4 N, 0.93 to 0.95, and 0.67 to 0.77, respectively, higher than those of curds made from smooth peas, mung beans, and lentils, which were 4.2 to 4.9 N, 0.92, and 0.57 to 0.59, respectively. Soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans had a higher proportion of 11S globulin and a lower proportion of 7S globulin than lentils, smooth peas, and mung beans. Soybeans, chickpeas, and fava beans produced a better texture of curd than did lentils, smooth peas, and mung beans, due to a higher proportion of 11S proteins.
Effects of FGF-2 and IGF-1 on adult canine articular chondrocytes in type II collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds in vitro.

Summary Objective Chondrocyte-seeded tissue engineering scaffolds hold the promise of enhancing certain cartilage repair procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selected growth factors [fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1] individually and in combination on adult canine articular chondrocyte-seeded type II collagen–glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffolds grown in serum-free (SF) medium. Design Approximately 500,000 second passage chondrocytes were seeded into discs of the scaffold, 4mm diameter×2mm thick. The constructs were grown in the following media: serum-containing medium; a basal SF medium; SF with 5ng/ml FGF-2; SF with 25ng/ml FGF-2; SF with 100ng/ml IGF-1; and SF with 5ng/ml FGF-2 plus 100ng/ml IGF-1. The DNA and GAG contents of the scaffolds were determined after 1 day and 2 weeks and the protein and GAG synthesis rates determined at 2 weeks using radiolabels. Histology and type II collagen immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results FGF-2 at 5ng/ml was found to substantially increase the biosynthetic activity of the cells and the accumulation of GAG. The histology demonstrated chondrocytes uniformly distributed through a matrix that stained intensely for GAG and type II collagen after only 2 weeks. Of interest were the rapid degradation of the collagen scaffold, despite the fact that the scaffold was carbodiimide cross-linked, and the contraction of the constructs. There were less pronounced effects using the higher dose of FGF-2 and the combination with IGF-1. Conclusions Chondrocyte-seeded type II collagen scaffolds cultured in SF medium supplemented with 5ng/ml FGF-2 undergo contraction, demonstrate an increase in construct incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate, and display qualitative signs of chondrogenesis.
The Formation of a Cooling Layer in a Partially Optically Thick Shock

The mechanics of a radiative shock which has “collapsed,” or been compressed to high density, via radiative cooling is discussed. This process is relevant to an experiment in xenon gas that produced a driven, radiatively collapsed shock, and also to a simulation of the supernova 1987A shock wave passing through the outer layers of the star and into the low-density circumstellar material.
Helping thy neighbors: spillover at the mossy fiber glomerulus.

Abstract Neurotransmitter "spillover" between neighboring synapses challenges the principle of synapse specificity. In this issue of Neuron , DiGregorio et al. (2002) show that release from neighboring presynaptic sites contributes significantly to AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents at cerebellar mossy fiber synapses. Unexpectedly, spillover is predicted to improve the reliability and reduce the variability of transmission at this glomerular synapse.
Correlating electrical resistance to growth conditions for multiwalled carbon nanotubes

A correlation between growth temperature and electrical resistance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been established by measuring the resistance of individual MWNTs grown by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 800, 900, and 950°C. The lowest resistances were obtained mainly from MWNTs grown at 900°C. The MWNT resistance is larger on average at lower (800°C) and higher (950°C) growth temperatures. The resistance of MWNTs correlated well with other MWNT quality indices obtained from Raman spectra. This study identifies a temperature window for growing higher-quality MWNTs with fewer defects and lower resistance by PECVD.
Continuous Brain Tissue Oxygenation Monitoring in the Management of Pediatric Stroke

Direct invasive monitoring of brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) has been routinely utilized to predict cerebral ischemia and to prevent secondary injury in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The safety and utility of these devices in the pediatric population have been examined in a few small studies. No studies, however, have examined the use of PbtO2 monitoring in stroke patients. Retrospective chart review of the first two consecutive, critically ill pediatric patients in the pediatric intensive care unit requiring brain tissue oxygen monitoring for newly diagnosed cerebral ischemia. ICP, CPP, PbtO2, SaO2, BP, and RR were all continually monitored during their care and were retrospectively collected and reviewed. We present two pediatric stroke patients managed in a critical care setting with PbtO2 monitoring in addition to ICP, MAP, CPP, and SaO2. Both patients had multiple events of low brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2 <20 torr), independent of abnormal values in other monitoring parameters, which required physician intervention. No new ischemic damage occurred after PbtO2 monitoring began in either patient. There is currently inadequate data to support the application of PbtO2 monitoring in children with stroke to prevent progressive ischemia and to improve outcome. However, the positive results for these two patients support the need for further study in this area.
Light-based feedback for controlling intracellular signaling dynamics

The ability to apply precise inputs to signaling species in live cells would be transformative for interrogating and understanding complex cell-signaling systems. Here we report an 'optogenetic' method for applying custom signaling inputs using feedback control of a light-gated protein-protein interaction. We applied this strategy to perturb protein localization and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, generating time-varying signals and clamping signals to buffer against cell-to-cell variability or changes in pathway activity.
Rate‐base valuation methods and firm efficiency

The economic performance of public utilities under different rate-base valuation methods is examined in this paper. A unique procedure, involving Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis, examined data for all usable firms in states which have changed rate-base methods since World War II. The sample consists of 20 electric firms extending over 30 years of time-series data. Equations for individual firms were run to capture the effects of changes on rate-base methods on capital intensity and capacity utilization on each separate business. Contrary to expectations, there was no clear pattern indicating that firms in the sample increased the rate of capital intensity when their rate-base method was changed to fair value from original cost. Similarly, expected excess capacity was not found under fair-value regulation. The general conclusion is that there is no reason to believe that different rate-base valuation methods induce allocative inefficiency. Nevertheless, inefficiency may already exist in regulated monopolies in the form of X-inefficiency.
Interfacial separation of fibres in fibre reinforced composites

Abstract An analytical model is proposed to predict the ultimate tensile strength of fibre-reinforced composites when the failure is governed by fibre debonding. The analytical analysis is based on the principle of the compliance method in fracture mechanics with the presence of an interfacial crack at the fibre/matrix interface. The model is developed on the basis of the assumption that both the matrix and the fibre behave elastically and the matrix strain at a zone far from the matrix-fibre interface is equal to the composite strain. Furthermore, it is assumed that a complete bond exists between the fibre and the matrix and that the crack faces are traction free. It is shown that the separation strain energy release rate for fibre-reinforced composites can be obtained for cases with and without the existence of an interfacial crack. Numerical examples are presented and compared with results obtained in the literature by finite element analyses and from experimental tests. The comparison demonstrates the accuracy and the convergence of the model.
A Low-Power Shoe-Embedded Radar for Aiding Pedestrian Inertial Navigation

Navigation in global positioning system (GPS)-denied or GPS-inhibited environments such as urban canyons, mountain areas, and indoors is often accomplished with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). For portable navigation, miniaturized IMUs suffer from poor accuracy due to bias, bias drift, and noise. We propose to use a low-power shoe-embedded radar as an aiding sensor to identify zero velocity periods during which the individual IMU sensor biases can be observed. The proposed radar sensor can also be used to detect the vertical position and velocity of the IMU relative to the ground in real time, which provides additional independent information for sensor fusion. The impacts of the noise and interference on the system performance have been analyzed analytically. A prototype sensor has been constructed to demonstrate the concept, and experimental results show that the proposed sensor is promising for position and velocity sensing.
Similarity solutions for a moving-flat plate thermal boundary layer

In this paper, the thermal boundary-layer problem of a semi-infinite flat plate moving in a constant velocity free stream is studied. The similarity equations with viscous dissipation for the thermal boundary-layer are derived and solved by numerical techniques. Under some specific conditions, the thermal boundary-layer similarity equation can be integrated analytically. The results are analyzed for very small Eckert number case and large Eckert number case. It is found that, for the two cases, wall heat fluxes will increase with the increase of the velocity ratio λ. With increasing Eckert number, the viscous dissipation heating will become dominant. However, for the Prandtl number when the Eckert number is small, it is found that wall heat fluxes will increase with increasing Prandtl number only for a certain range of velocity ratio λ. For the other range, the wall heat fluxes will have a maximum at a certain Prandtl number, and, when the Prandtl number is larger than the critical value, wall heat fluxes will decrease with increasing Prandtl number. Some examples of the lower solution branch are also presented to compare with the upper solution branch. It is found that the lower solution branch will result in lower heat fluxes at the wall.