cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of some wood and litter-decay basidiomycetes at reduced water potential

Of nine species investigated, only Schizophyllum commune grew at ψ below −4 MPa. Clitocybe aurantiaca Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca ) and Dacrymyces sp. were especially sensitive to water stress. Maximum growth for seven species occurred at −0.5 MPa or higher.
Free volume quantities and viscoelasticity of polymer glasses

We have investigated, in terms of the Cohen-Turnbull theory, a relationship for polycarbonate (PC) glasses between average stress relaxation times, , and average free volume sizes, , obtained from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. This examination suggests that the minimum free volume required for stress relaxation, υ*, decreases with decreasing temperature and that, near the glass transition temperature, only a subset of extremely large free volume elements contributes to the stress relaxation of PC glasses. This suggestion is consistent with the idea that near the glass transition temperature, the viscoelastic response is dominated by large-scale, main-chain motion, whereas at lower temperature it is controlled by local motion. Moreover, comparison with the υ* value estimated from gas diffusivity through various PC species at room temperature shows that the required free volume size for stress relaxation in the glass transition region is much larger than that for gas diffusion. Previously we showed that the Doolittle equation fails to correlate viscoelastic relaxation times of polymer glasses with changing temperature ; determining the free volume fraction, h, from theoretical analysis of volume recovery data and theory, the Doolittle equation is shown to be valid in PC above 135°C (T g - 14°C) irrespective of temperature and physical aging times. This result supports the idea suggested in the previous article that, as glassy polymers approach the transition region, viscoelastic properties increasingly tend to be controlled by free volume.
The Relationship Between Individuals' Definitions of Family and Implicit Personal Theories of Communication

There is robust agreement that family is central to human experience and that communication plays a central role in family life. However, there is little lay or scholarly agreement regarding appropriate conceptualizations of “the family” or “communication.” The current study examined the relationship between individuals' definitions of family and personally held theories of communication (message design logics). Participant responses were coded into three classes of family definitions: identity-based, role-based, and shared reality-based. Results demonstrated a significant association between individuals' family definitions and message design logics.
Global Attractors and Steady State Solutions for a Class of Reaction-Diffusion Systems

Abstract We show that weak L p dissipativity implies strong L ∞ dissipativity and therefore implies the existence of global attractors for a general class of reaction–diffusion systems. This generalizes the results of Alikakos and Rothe. The results on positive steady states (especially for systems of three equations) in our earlier work ( J. Differential Equations 130 (1996), 59–91) are improved.
Interfaces and stresses in thin films

A review of the current understanding of the effect of interfaces on the intrinsic stresses in polycrystalline thin films is given. Special attention is paid to the measurement, modeling and application of surface and interface stresses. Mechanisms for generating the compressive and tensile components of the intrinsic stress are assessed. Prospects for future research are presented.
EFFECT OF OXAINE AND PROCAINE ON THE GASTRIN MECHANISM IN THE ISOLATED CANINE ANTRUM.

The effects of Oxaine and procaine on acetylcholine-induced gastric release in dogs was compared in 20 experiments on 3 dogs. Oxaine did not affect the gastrin mechanism in these experiments, while procaine, when added in similar amounts as Oxaine, reduced the secretion of HCl by 47%. The results are briefly discussed.
The distribution of radioactivity in the organs of the fetus or of young rats born by mothers injected with vitamin B12 containing Co60.

Summary Vitamin B 12 containing radioactive cobalt-60 was administered subcutaneously to groups of pregnant rats. The radioactivity in placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetus as well as in the organs of newborn and mothers was determined. The results demonstrated its presence in small but analytically significant amounts (approximately 0.2% of the administered activity) in liver and kidneys, in even lesser amounts in intestines, and in analytically insignificant amounts in spleen and heart of mother rats. At the time of necropsy of the newborn a considerably larger amount (1–2% of the administered dose) of radioactivity was found in their carcasses. As much as 18% of the administered radioactivity was found in all the fetuses and placentas but no activity was detected in the amniotic fluid.
Struggle for survival

It's the water-dependent modern world that needs saving, not Botswana's besieged Kalahari Bushmen.
Solid–solid reaction with mechanical coupling

Mixtures of solid reactants are usually ignited thermally, setting of a slow deflagration through the medium and progressive layers of material are heated by thermal conduction. When the system is shocked to pressures above its Hugoniot elastic limit, the solids behave like fluids and strong heating by compression also results. This leads to the propagation of the reaction front at velocities which are very high, even exceeding the sound velocity in the medium. Results are presented for these two forms of ignition. The chemical reaction can track the shock wave, completely converting reactants and propagating at velocities of several km/s.
Fast algorithms for wave scattering developed at the University of Illinois' Electromagnetics Laboratory

Several fast algorithms from wave-scattering solutions, developed at the Electromagnetics Laboratory at the University of Illinois, are reviewed. The computational complexity of each of the algorithms is given, together with some simulation results, validations of simulation results, and CPU-time comparisons with methods that require Gaussian elimination. A brief mathematical description of an algorithm is given, together with a discussion of the significance of such research work. >
On the Throughput of Broadcast Channels with Imperfect CSI

In a broadcast channel in which one transmitter provides independent streams of data for n receivers, the amount of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can affect the capacity region dramatically. Having the accurate SNR of all users at the transmitter, the opportunistic strategy can be used to maximize the throughput (sum-rate) of the system. However, evaluating the SNR is basically an estimation problem at the receiver which in practice is not error free. In this paper, we analyze the effect of the noisy estimation of SNR on the throughput of a broadcast channel. We propose a modified opportunistic scheme in which the transmitter serves the user with the highest estimated SNR, but backs off on the transmit rate based on the variance of the estimation error. This scheme can achieve the maximum achievable rate while the CSI is limited to a noisy estimation of channel coefficients. We obtain the optimum rate back off and find the asymptotic behavior of the throughput under the scheduling scheme we have proposed. We show that the effect of a nonzero estimation error variance can be modeled as an SNR hit proportional to this variance.
Does mtDNA nucleoid organization impact aging

Somatic cells in tissue culture package several copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in aggregates known as nucleoids that appear to be remarkably stable. The clustering of multiple mtDNA genomes in a single nucleoid complex may promote the progressive age-related accumulation of deletion and point mutations in mtDNA in many somatic tissues, particularly in post-mitotic cells. In contrast, oocytes appear to have the ability to select against deleterious mutations in mtDNA, at least in mice. This fundamental difference suggests that oocytes may be better able to detect and remove defective mtDNA genomes than somatic cells, possibly due in part to the simpler organization of the mtDNA in smaller nucleoids. These observations suggest the hypothesis that a complex nucleoid structure containing several mtDNA molecules may impair the ability of the cell to select against deleterious mtDNA mutations, thereby contributing to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Pre- and post-developmental neurogenesis in primates

Abstract The [ 3 H]TdR or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) methods for marking DNA replication were used to determine time of origin of over 125 classes of neurons in the 34 structures of the macaque monkey central nervous system. The analysis revealed that each neuronal class is generated in a precisely defined developmental period, the duration of which did not depend on the size and final number of neurons in a given structure. An exception was the granule cell class of the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus that continues genesis at a low rate even after sexual maturity. Thus, most neurons of the primate brain, including cerebral cortex last the entire life span and are normally not renewable. Overcoming resistance of the adult primate's brain to acquisition of functionally competent neurons as a form of therapy would benefit from insight into why neurogenesis normally ceases at a specific developmental period as well as why there are species-specific and regional differences in the capacity for neurogenesis.
The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925

Acknowledgments Abbreviations used in text and notes Introduction 1. The manager's brain under the workman's cap 2. The common laborer 3. The operative 4. The art of cutting metals 5. White shirts and superior intelligence 6. 'Our time ... belives in change' 7. Patriots or paupers 8. 'This great struggle for democracy' 9. 'A maximum of publicity with a minimum of interference' Index.
Self-Assembly of 1,4-Benzenedithiolate/Tetrahydrofuran on a Gold Surface: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study

We report a Monte Carlo simulation study of the self-assembly of 1,4-benzenedithiolate (BDT), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and their mixtures on a Au (111) surface. We use the grand canonical Monte Carlo method to obtain the equilibrium adsorption coverage. Canonical ensemble (NVT) simulation is then used to explore further the structural information of the equilibrated systems. Our results indicate that BDT molecules adsorb onto the Au (111) surface with one of the sulfur atoms bonded to Au atoms. THF molecules form clusters on the surface. For BDT?THF mixtures, BDT can selectively adsorb on Au (111) to form a monolayer, whereas the solvent THF molecules either float above BDT monolayer or occupy vacancies on the surface that are not covered by BDT molecules. BDT molecules adsorb on a Au (111) surface with an average tilt angle of about 18-35{sup o} to the surface normal. The tilting angle decreases as the coverage increases. In addition, the BDT monolayer constitutes an ordered herringbone structure on the Au (111) surface, and the ordering pattern is insensitive to the BDT coverage. In comparison, the THF molecules exhibit amorphous structure on the Au surface. Interestingly, simulations indicate that the bonding behavior of BDT molecules on Au (111) ismore » coverage-dependent. BDT bonds preferably on the Au top site when the surface coverage is low. As coverage increases, most BDT molecules bond on the bridge and fcc hollow sites.« less
Reward and nonreward odor cues: The role of the harderian gland

Through the comparison of the performance of a group of glandectomized rats with that of a group of sham-operated rats on a double-alternation schedule of reward-nonreward (R-N), the role of the harderian gland in the production and/or release of R and N odor cues was evaluated. The establishment of appropriate patterned responding by both harderianectomized and shamoperated animals argues against this gland’s being involved in the odor control of maze learning. Additional potential odor sources are considered.
Microarray-Based Analysis of Microbial Community RNAs by Whole-Community RNA Amplification

A new approach, termed whole-community RNA amplification (WCRA), was developed to provide sufficient amounts of mRNAs from environmental samples for microarray analysis. This method employs fusion primers (six to nine random nucleotides with an attached T7 promoter) for the first-strand synthesis. The shortest primer (T7N6S) gave the best results in terms of the yield and representativeness of amplification. About 1,200- to 1,800-fold amplification was obtained with amounts of the RNA templates ranging from 10 to 100 ng, and very representative detection was obtained with 50 to 100 ng total RNA. Evaluation with a Shewanella oneidensis Deltafur strain revealed that the amplification method which we developed could preserve the original abundance relationships of mRNAs. In addition, to determine whether representative detection of RNAs can be achieved with mixed community samples, amplification biases were evaluated with a mixture containing equal quantities of RNAs (100 ng each) from four bacterial species, and representative amplification was also obtained. Finally, the method which we developed was applied to the active microbial populations in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor used for denitrification of contaminated groundwater and ethanol-stimulated groundwater samples for uranium reduction. The genes expressed were consistent with the expected functions of the bioreactor and groundwater system, suggesting that this approach is useful for analyzing the functional activities of microbial communities. This is one of the first demonstrations that microarray-based technology can be used to successfully detect the activities of microbial communities from real environmental samples in a high-throughput fashion.
Reduced synthesis of chondroitin sulfate by cartilage from the mutant, nanomelia.

Abstract Sternal cartilage from genetically micromelic chick embryos incorporated labelled glucose, glucosamine and sulfate at reduced rates compared to normal cartilage. There was no detectable breakdown of protein-linked 14 C-chondroitin sulfate by either mutant or normal cartilage. Chondroitin sulfate chains which were synthesized by the mutant cartilage appeared to have normal molecular weight and sulfate content.
Interactive debug requirements

This is a market requirements statement for Interactive Debugging. It is the result of a collaboration between the GUIDE/SHARE Language Futures Task Force (LFTF) and IBM.The LFTF was formed at meetings of SHARE and GUIDE in 1979. The objective of the task force was to provide IBM with the views of the user community on the future of the application development environment. The Task force chose to limit its discussions primarily to "enhancements to the procedural languages and the environments in which they operate."
Pro-inflammatory effects of uric acid in the gastrointestinal tract

Uric acid can be generated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the breakdown of nucleotides ingested in the diet or from purines released from host cells as a result of pathogen-induced cell damage. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme that converts hypoxanthine or xanthine into uric acid, a reaction that also generates hydrogen peroxide. It has been assumed that the product of XO responsible for the pro-inflammatory effects of this enzyme is hydrogen peroxide. Recent literature on uric acid, however, has indicated that uric acid itself may have biological effects. We tested whether uric acid itself has detectable pro-inflammatory effects using an in vivo model using ligated rabbit intestinal segments ("loops") as well as in vitro assays using cultured cells. Addition of exogenous uric acid increased the influx of heterophils into rabbit intestinal loops, as measured by myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, white blood cells adhered avidly to uric acid crystals, forming large aggregates of cells. Uric acid acts as a leukocyte chemoattractant in the GI tract. The role of uric acid in enteric infections and in non-infectious disorders of the GI tract deserves more attention.
Patterns of income distribution among world regions

Abstract Individual country ratios of income shares of the highest 20 percent of income recipients to that of the lowest 20 percent are reviewed to identify proximate relationships between key economic variables and broad patterns of income inequality across the world. First, the importance of the question of the relationship between income distribution and economic development is highlighted. Second, the Kuznets inverted U hypothesis suggesting a relationship during the process of development between the degree of inequality in income distribution and the level of per capita income is summarized. Then, statistical and other problems that arise when measuring income distribution and considering changes taking place in income inequality are discussed. Finally, patterns of income distribution in a large sample of countries are presented with the view to identifying relationships between income inequality and levels of living, rates of growth, and world regions. Income distribution patterns are found to be diverse across countries and unrelated in any obvious way to per capita GDP or the rate of GDP growth. Some limited relationship may be seen when the country data are arranged by geographic region. These results imply that there is no inherent conflict between the objective of faster economic growth and that of a more even distribution of income over the longer-term.
Pseudotyping of porcine endogenous retrovirus by xenotropic murine leukemia virus in a pig islet xenotransplantation model.

The potential of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) as a human pathogen, particularly as a public health risk, is a major concern for xenotransplantation.In vitroPERV transmission to human cells is well established. Evidence from human/pig hematopoietic chimeras in immunodeficient mice suggests PERV transmission from pig to human cells in vivo. However, recently Yang et al. demonstrated in such a model that PERV-C, a nonhuman-tropic class, could be transmitted via pseudotyping by xenotropic murine leukemia virus (X-MLV). We developed a mouse pig islet xenotransplant model, where pig and human cells are located in physically separate compartments, to directly assess PERV transmission from a functional pig xenograft. X-MLV efficiently pseudotypes all three classes of PERV, including PERV-A and -B that are known to productively infect human cell lines and PERV-C that is normally not infectious for human cells. Pseudotyping also extends PERV's natural tropism to nonpermissive, nonhuman primate cells. X-MLV is activated locally by the surgical procedure involved in the tissue transplants. Thus, the presence and activation of endogenous X-MLV in immunodeficient mice limits the clinical significance of previous reports of in vivo PERV transmission from pig tissues to human cells.
Catharsis and other heresies: A theory of emotion.

This article first discusses the development of concepts then reviews the literature on catharsis. A new theory is proposed to integrate social, psychological, and neurological components. It builds upon a socio-biological model of emotions by John Dewey and G. H. Mead who proposed that the initiation and climax of bodily emotion process are instinctive, and that conscious feeling occurs to the extent that climax is delayed. This article further develops Shibutani’s application of the Dewey-Mead model. The climax idea, together with the concept of an optimal distance for experiencing emotions, seems to explain otherwise puzzling phenomena. It also points toward the conditions under which bodily processes such as laughing and crying become cathartic. The new theory shows the relationship between distancing, role-taking, pendulation in somatic therapy, and recent studies of mirror neurons. One implication of the new theory is that in modern societies emotions may be frequently initiated but seldom achieve resolution. Collective repression of emotions may be one the main causes of large-scale violence.
On the application of fuzzy sets theory to the optimal flood control problem arising in water resources systems

Abstract We first survey the application of fuzzy sets theory to various problems occurring in water resources systems. The problem of optimal flood control planning by an appropriate integration of structural and non-structural measures with the objective of optimizing the flood damage reduction due to recurrent floods is modeled via fuzzy sets methodologies. A two level optimization model appropriate for planning decisions first on a regional or local level and then on a national level is proposed. A third phase involving coordination is appended. In particular, a fuzzy optimization model involving an adroit combination of fuzzy dynamic programming-type reasoning and a branch and bound-type search procedure is offered as a more utilitarian approach than its crisp equivalent. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated with an example.
Spelling of Deaf Children Who Use Cochlear Implants

The spellings of 39 profoundly deaf users of cochlear implants, aged 6 to 12 years, were compared with those of 39 hearing peers. When controlled for age and reading ability, the error rates of the 2 groups were not significantly different. Both groups evinced phonological spelling strategies, performing better on words with more typical sound–spelling correspondences and often making misspellings that were phonologically plausible. However, the magnitude of these phonological effects was smaller for the deaf children than for hearing children of comparable reading and spelling ability. Deaf children with cochlear implants made the same low proportion of transposition errors as hearing children. The findings indicate that deaf children do not rely primarily on visual memorization strategies, as suggested by previous studies. However, deaf children with cochlear implants use phonological spelling strategies to a lesser degree than hearing peers.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Single Crystal Structures of New Thorium Fluorides: A3Ba2Th3F19 (A = Na, K, Rb)

A new family of mixed alkali–alkaline earth metal thorium fluorides based on the formulation A3Ba2Th3F19 (A = Na, K, Rb) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The compounds crystallize in the cubic space group Im-3m with a = 12.1222 (14) and 12.3052 (14) A for the K and Rb end members, respectively. This is only the second thorium fluoride reported as a single crystal structure to incorporate alkali and alkaline earth metals into the same structure. Crystals were obtained from the equimolar reaction of Ba(OH)2·H2O, ThF4 and ABF4 in a 2 M AF solution under hydrothermal conditions (545 °C and 1 kbar). Barium atoms substitute at the alkali metal sites and preferential site substitution is supported by the crystallographic analysis. Additional substitution at the alkali metal site has also been shown for K2.2Na0.8Ba2Th3F19 and K1.85Rb1.15Ba2Th3F19 using dissimilar alkali tetrafluoroborate and fluoride mineralizers in the reaction. A new family of mixed alkali–alkaline earth metal thorium fluorides has been synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, greatly adding to the limited crystal chemistry reported about such compounds.
Aluminum poisoning and chick embryogenesis

Abstract The effects of aluminum on chick embryos were analyzed in the present study. Aluminum chloride was dissolved in distilled water and injected into embryonating chicken eggs at doses ranging from 3 to 18 mg per egg. The injections were made into the air sacs of eggs at Days 0, 1, 2, and 3 of incubation. Control eggs were injected with an equivalent volume of saline (0.1 ml per egg). In all, 480 chicken eggs were used for this study. All the embryos were examined at Day 9. The following malformations were detected in experimental embryos: microphthalmia, short and twisted limbs, reduced body size, short and twisted neck, everted viscera, and body hemorrhage. The incidence of gross malformations was low. The results of the present study indicate that aluminum chloride is embryolethal and has some tendency to cause malformations in the chick embryos tested.
EHCO studies on Cis polyacetylene

Abstract To date, band structure calculations on cis polyacetylene have been used on its translational symmetry, i.e. C 4 H 4 is the unit cell. In a band structure calculation based on helical symmetry, the mer C 2 H 2 becomes the unit cell. The merits of band structure calculations based on helical symmetry are discussed, and it is demonstrated that calculations on cis polyacetylene in either mode give comparable results.
Origin of transverse folds in an extensional growth-fault setting: Evidence from an extensive seismic volume in the western Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Growth faults in gravity-driven extensional provinces are dominated by coast-parallel trends, but coast-perpendicular (transverse) trends are far less documented. The Clemente–Tomas fault in the inner Texas shelf has corrugations that are transverse to the fault and that plunge downdip. A large (8500 km2), high-quality, 3D seismic survey allows a uniquely encompassing perspective into hanging-wall deformation above this corrugated fault surface. Synextensional strata in the hanging wall are folded into alternating transverse ridges and synclines, typically spaced 10 km apart. Forward modelling in dip profiles of an extensional fault having three ramps produces ramp basin-rollover pairs that compare with the seismically revealed ridges and synclines. As they translated down the undulose fault plane, ramp basins and rollovers were juxtaposed along strike, forming the hanging-wall ridges and synclines observed offshore Texas. Fault-surface corrugations correlate broadly with footwall structure. We infer that corrugations on the Clemente–Tomas fault formed by evacuation of an allochthonous salt canopy emplaced in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. Early salt evacuation (Oligocene) created an undulose topography that influenced incipient Clemente-Tomas fault segments as they merged to form an inherently undulose fault. Late salt evacuation (early Miocene) further deformed this fault surface.
Syntheses of emeraldin and purpurin-18 analogs as target-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy

Abstract Efficient syntheses and mechanisms of the formation of some novel porphyrins and chlorins with cyclic anhydride, imide and isoimide rings bearing various N-substituents as possible target-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy are presented. Porphyrins with such cyclic ring systems are named as “emeraldins” due to their intense green color. This class of compounds show a unique reverse etio- type absorption spectra.
The use of alternative fluids in on-line supercritical fluid extraction – capillary gas chromatography

A key feature differentiating analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) from conventional liquid extraction is the possibility of varying the solvent strength of a supercritical fluid to achieve selective extractions of specific target compounds, or functional classes of compound, from complex matrices. This can be accomplished by using supercritical fluids other than carbon dioxide, for example, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide, or sulfur hexafluoride-modified carbon dioxide. The use of these fluids will be demonstrated by the characterization of complex environmental and petroleum matrices by directly coupled SFE – capillary GC. On-line SFE-GC involves the decompression of pressurized extraction fluid directly into the heated, unmodified capillary split injection port of the chromatograph. This paper will also show how, by adjustment of the extraction temperature and pressure, SFE selectivity may be further enhanced.
Microbiosensor based on magnetostrictive microcantilever

Biosensors for detecting and quantifying the presence of a small amount of biological threat agents in a real-time manner are urgently needed for a wide range of applications. In this paper, a novel type of micro-biosensor platform - magnetostrictive microcantilever (MMC) - is reported. The resonance behavior and the sensitivity of MMC are characterized and compared to the theoretical calculation. Additionally, the quality merit factor (Q value) was characterized. It is found: 1) the MMC exhibits a sensitivity of about 50% higher than that of piezoelectric-based microcantilevers and 2) the MMC has a high Q value (~140 in air and 50 in yeast suspension). A biosensor for detecting yeast cells in water is built based on MMC. The performance of the biosensor is characterized.
Quantitation of cardioexcitatory Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH2 diastereomers in Aplysia's central nervous system by nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A tripeptide, Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH2 (NdWFa) that contains a D-amino acid residue (i.e. D-tryptophan) was previously identified in Aplysia's central nervous system (CNS) and found to be cadioexcitatory. However, the occurrence of its diastereomers including NWFa, theoretically the precursor of NdWFa, remains largely unknown. In this work, a nanoscale liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (nano-LC-MS/MS) method was developed for a sensitive determination of the diastereomers of NWFa. Resolution of the diastereomers including NWFa, NdWFa, NWdFa, and dNWFa was achieved on capillary columns packed with C18 silica particles with an MS detection-friendly mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile, and formic acid. Columns of different internal diameters (IDs) ranging from 75 to 250 µm were evaluated to achieve the best sensitivity. With the use of a 75 µm ID column integrated with a nanoelectrospray emitter, the method had limits of detection (LOD) of 0.21 nM (or 0.49 pg on column, 5 µl injected) NdWFa in tissue homogenate (S/N = 3). The five major ganglia in Aplysia californica's CNS (i.e. buccal, cerebral, abdominal, plural, and pedal) were analyzed. NdWFa was detected only in abdominal ganglion at the ng/g tissue level. Further, its diastereomer, NWFa, was also detected for the first time and also only in abdominal ganglion at a significantly lower level. The levels of both NWFa and NdWFa varied from animal to animal in the range from 0 to 81 ng/g tissue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mössbauer studies of iron hydride at high pressure.

We have measured in situ M\"ossbauer spectra of iron hydride made in a diamond anvil cell at high pressure and room temperature. The spectra show a sudden change at 3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 GPa from a single hyperfine pattern to a superposition of three. The former pattern results from normal \ensuremath{\alpha}-iron with negligible hydrogen content, and the latter from residual \ensuremath{\alpha}-iron plus newly formed iron hydride. Between 3.5 and 10.4 GPa, the extra hydride pattern have hyperfine fields for one ranging from 276 to 263 kOe, and the other, from 317 to 309 kOe. Both have isomer shifts of about 0.4 mm/sec, and negligible quadrupole splittings. X-ray studies on quenched samples have shown that iron hydride is of double hexagonal close-packed structure, whose two nonequivalent iron sites may account for the observation of two different patterns. Even allowing for the effect of volume expansion, the observed isomer shifts for the hydride are considerably more positive than those of other metallic phases of iron. At the same time, the hyperfine fields are slightly smaller than that of \ensuremath{\alpha}-iron. As a possible explanation, one may expect a bonding of hydrogen with iron, which would result in a small reduction of 4s electrons, possibly accompanied by a small increase of 3d electrons compared with the neutral atom in metallic iron. The difference between the hyperfine fields in the two spectra are presumably due to the different symmetry at the two iron sites.
Label-free imaging of arterial cells and extracellular matrix using a multimodal CARS microscope

Abstract A multimodal nonlinear optical imaging system that integrates coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), sum-frequency generation (SFG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) on the same platform was developed and applied to visualize single cells and extracellular matrix in fresh carotid arteries. CARS signals arising from CH2-rich membranes allowed visualization of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall. Additionally, CARS microscopy allowed vibrational imaging of elastin and collagen fibrils which are also rich in CH2 bonds. The extracellular matrix organization was further confirmed by TPEF signals arising from elastin’s autofluorescence and SFG signals arising from collagen fibrils’ non-centrosymmetric structure. Label-free imaging of significant components of arterial tissues suggests the potential application of multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy to monitor onset and progression of arterial diseases.
Carotenoids of the Centrarchidae.

Abstract 1. 1. The carotenoid found in the skin and fins of eleven species of Centrarchids was identified as lutein, in the esterified form. 2. 2. Of the five genera, Lepomis generally has higher concentrations of pigment. 3. 3. Astaxanthin appears in the fins and skin of Lepomis megalotis during the breeding season.
Nitrogen effects onSpartina foliosa andSalicornia virginica in the salt marsh at Tijuana Estuary, California

Nitrogen effects were examined by experimentally enriching plots of pureSpartina foliosa and mixedSpartina-Salicorniavirginica at Tijuana Estuary, California. Even with large inputs of organic nitrogen from sewage spills in 1983, plants responded to experimental urea enrichment. In pure plots, the addition of nitrogen increasedSpartina growth (as measured by total stem length and August biomass) and foliar nitrogen (TKN) concentration. In mixed plots, enrichment had no apparent effect onSpartina but increased the growth ofSalicornia. The experimental removal ofSalicornia from mixed stands increasedSpartina production, but removal ofSpartina did not affectSalicornia. Salicornia is a superior competitor for nitrogen and checks the growth ofSpartina in enriched and unenriched conditions.
Action of neutral red on the secretion of glucagon and glucose metabolism in the rat.

Neutral red induces marked hyperglycemia in the rat. In order to determine the mechanism of this action, the effects of pretreatment with cortisone, fasting, adrenodemedullation, pancreatectomy, and the induction of alloxan diabetes on the response of the blood sugar and the glycogen content of the liver and muscle to the injection of neutral red and the microscopic appearance of the pancreas were studied. The results indicate that this acute action of the dye is a response to stimulation of the alpha cells of the pancreas and the release of glucagon. Prolonged administration of neutral red, on the other hand, induced chronic hypoglycemia, comparable to the clinical condition attributed to glucagon deficiency. The results of the present study afford further evidence for the role of glucagon in the animal economy. Neutral red by its specific action on the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets is a useful tool for the study of glucagon metabolism and for the induction of glucagon deficiency. (Endocrinology 7...
New insight into substorm current wedges

Magnetic substorms, disruptions in the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system that cause brightening of the aurora, are driven by magnetic activity that starts in the Earth's magnetotail—the stretched-out region of Earth's magnetic field on the far side from the Sun—and are transmitted to the ionosphere through a phenomenon called a substorm current wedge. New findings from simulations provide insight into the nature of these current wedges.
Feeling the pressure? Anterior mitral leaflet immobility in a patient with bicuspid aortic valve disease

t s l t p t A 32-YEAR-OLD, 87-kg, 173-cm man with a past medical history of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve was admitted o the authors’ hospital for evaluation of dyspnea on exertion. he patient had been a frequent participant in strenuous athletic ctivities including full-court basketball. He reported that his tamina during these activities had declined substantially in ecent months. The patient also described unusual episodes of atigue while performing his job as a biomedical engineer. He enied a history of angina pectoris, syncope, palpitations, orhopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and peripheral edema. he physical examination was notable for a grade III of VI olodiastolic murmur heard best along the left sternal border. n Austin Flint murmur1 was not appreciated. The remainder of the physical examination was noncontributory. Noninvasive measurements of arterial blood pressure indicated the presence of a widened pulse pressure (75-80 mmHg). A plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration was normal. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed as part of the evaluation and confirmed the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve with thickened anterior-lateral (left and right coronary cusp fusion;
STERILISATION OF MARRIED COUPLES: HUSBAND VERSUS WIFE STERILISATION

Sterilisation has been increasing in the United States in recent decades. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, this paper examines sterilisation among married couples using event history techniques, viewing husband and wife sterilisation as competing risks. Wives are more likely to experience sterilisation and at shorter durations of marriage. Number of children has a curvilinear effect on sterilisation, increasing and then decreasing its likelihood. Wives who are older than their husbands are more likely to get sterilised themselves. Black and Hispanic husbands are more likely to undergo sterilisation.
Direct chemical stimulation of the thalamus: Effects on aggressive behavior in the rat

Abstract The effects of direct chemical stimulation of the thalamus on aggressive behavior in the rat were explored. Carbachol stimulation of points in medial and midline thalamic nuclei facilatated natural killing, while atropine stimulation of the same points suppressed natural attack and killing. Controls suggested that the effects on aggressive behavior were the result of the local cholinergic and anticholinergic effects of the injected carbachol and atropine. The effects of concurrent chemical stimulation of thalamus and hypothalamus on aggressive behavior were also explored. Atropine stimulation of thalamic sites at which carbachol facilitated killing blocked the facilitation of aggression induced by carbachol stimulation of the hypothalamus. Atropine stimulation of positive hypothalamic sites, however, failed to block the carbachol induced facilitation of killing at the thalamus. The results indicate that some phases of the hypothalamic induced facilitation of aggression are dependent on activity in the thalamus, while the thalamic induced facilitation of killing is dependent on neither activity in the hypothalamus nor activity in pathways descending through the hypothalamus.
Soil Nitrogen and Forage Yields of Corn Grown with Clover or Grass Companion Crops and Manure

Few studies have compared the agronomic performance of cover crop and living mulch systems for no-till silage corn (Zea mays L.). In a 4-yr Wisconsin study, we evaluated soil N levels and forage yields from manured rotations of corn grown with kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) living mulch or interseeded red clover (T. pratense L.) followed by a year of clover production and from manured continuous corn grown with interseeded Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), fall-seeded winter rye (Secale cereale L.), or no companion. Companion crops influenced spring and fall nitrate concentrations near the soil surface but had little effect on total residual fall nitrate to a 1.2-m depth. Residual nitrate was not related to N balance (inputs minus outputs), but excessive N inputs into corn–clover systems accumulated as organic soil N. Averaged across both phases of the rotation, corn–clover systems provided 0 to 23% less dry matter yield, but 26 to 60% more crude protein yield than continuous corn systems, with corn–red clover often producing the highest silage corn and clover yields. Kura clover provided superior ground cover and nitrate uptake, but it often excessively competed with corn and had low forage yields. Applying fall manure to ryegrass and spring manure to rye maximized silage yields of continuous corn, but manure application time had no other effect on forage yields or on soil N. Overall, no system excelled in all characteristics, thus selection of companion crop and manure management systems for silage corn will depend on feed production and environmental goals.
Dependence of the low-temperature specific heat of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ on δ and magnetic field: Concentrations of spin-2 and spin-1/2 paramagnetic centers

Specific heat data on two samples of YBa2Cu3O7−δ with relatively low concentrations of paramagnetic centers show the presence of both spin-2 and spin-1/2 moments. Measurements on one sample following incremental increases in δ show that for δ≤0.2 approximately one spin-1/2 moment is produced for each 100 O vacancies, with no substantial increase in the linear term of the specific heat. For several reasons it is concluded that these O-vacancy related moments are different from those that have figured in previously reported correlations with parameters characteristic of the superconductivity.
Ribonuclease L and metal-ion–independent endoribonuclease cleavage sites in host and viral RNAs

Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a metal-ion–independent endoribonuclease associated with antiviral and antibacterial defense, cancer and lifespan. Despite the biological significance of RNase L, the RNAs cleaved by this enzyme are poorly defined. In this study, we used deep sequencing methods to reveal the frequency and location of RNase L cleavage sites within host and viral RNAs. To make cDNA libraries, we exploited the 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphate at the end of RNA fragments produced by RNase L and other metal-ion–independent endoribonucleases. We optimized and validated 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphate cDNA synthesis and Illumina sequencing methods using viral RNAs cleaved with purified RNase L, viral RNAs cleaved with purified RNase A and RNA from uninfected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Using these methods, we identified (i) discrete regions of hepatitis C virus and poliovirus RNA genomes that were profoundly susceptible to RNase L and other single-strand specific endoribonucleases, (ii) RNase L-dependent and RNase L-independent cleavage sites within ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and (iii) 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphates at the ends of 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA. Monitoring the frequency and location of metal-ion–independent endoribonuclease cleavage sites within host and viral RNAs reveals, in part, how these enzymes contribute to health and disease.
The Topaz Basin archaeological obsidian source in the transition zone of central Arizona

The Classic Period Migration Project involves the analysis of archaeological sites at Perry Mesa in central Arizona and resulted in the discovery of several small marekanite1 obsidian artifacts that signaled a previously unlocated source. The source was eventually located in the Topaz Basin area of the upper Cienega Creek stream basin, southwest of Camp Verde, Arizona.2 While this locality solves the “unknown” sources in the Perry Mesa archaeological assemblage, it has not appeared in the archaeological record of Arizona with any frequency. The glass itself is an excellent medium for tool production, so its near absence in the archaeological record is likely attributable to social/territorial causes as well as limited secondary deposition, and along with other “minor” sources points to the archaeological utility of understanding these smaller sources. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimulus duration and conditioned reinforcing value measured by a learning-tests procedure

The relationship between the duration of stimuli and their conditioned reinforcing effect was investigated using a learning-tests procedure. In Experiment 1, stimuli were the same duration on training (stimulus → reward) and test (choice response → stimulus). Ten- and 30-sec stimuli provided effective differential conditioned reinforcement but 3-sec stimuli did not. In Experiment 2, different pigeons had each combination of the 3- and 30-sec stimuli on training and test trials. Evidence of conditioned reinforcement was obtained only for the birds with 30-sec stimuli on both training and test. The results were interpreted as indicating that stimuli become effective conditioned reinforcers on test trials only when their duration exceeds the duration of differential short-term memory cues resulting from a difference in the events that precede them on training and test trials.
Engaging the consumer: The opposing forces of regulatory nonfit versus fit

Abstract Higgins and Scholer (Higgins, E. T., and Scholer, A. A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: The science and art of the value creation process. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 100-114) propose that while opposing forces do not create value, value is created when people engage in the act of countering these forces. To the extent that feeling wrong from regulatory nonfit may be perceived as an opposing force, their hypothesis can be extended to understanding regulatory nonfit effects. More specifically, while regulatory nonfit does not create value, the experience of regulatory nonfit may signal that something “feels wrong”. Consumers may be prompted to counter this feeling wrong experience when they are involved in the decision making process, and this intervention in turn leads to value creation.
A Clinically Useful Watershed-based Method of Auto-segmenting Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) Maps of Cervical Cancer

Results: After a median follow up of 40 months (1-148), 72 (33.02%) patients failed and 65 (29.81%) died. Actuarial 5 years disease free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was 65.66% and 69.63%. We grouped patients according to lymph node stage and EFRT or pelvic only RT (PRT). On univariate analysis ECOG >2, FIGO stage III-IVA, PLN(+)/PRT and PAN(+) predicted worse outcomes for DFS and OS. When compared to PAN(+)/EFRT; N0 and PLN(+)/EFRT groups had HR 0.50 and HR 0.27 respectively for OS; no differences were found with N0/PRT group. HR for PLN(+)/PRT patients was 3.70 (95%CI 1.43-9.56; p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, when compared with PAN(+)/EFRT patients, PLN(+)/ EFRT presented 0.26 HR (95%CI 0.09-0.73; p: 0.01) while PLN(+)/PRT 4.15 HR (95%CI 1.60-10.75; p: 0.003). No statistically significant differences were found in N0 patients, regardless of the treatment modality when compared with PAN(+)/EFRT (HR 95%CI 0.32-1.24 for EFRT and 0.40-1.65 for PRT). ECOG and FIGO stage remained statistically significant on multivariate analysis [HR 2.44 (1.37-4.36) for FIGO III-IVA and HR 0.48 (0.26-0.89) for ECOG 2]. Lymph node status, since it is closely related to FIGO stage, did not, independently, predict outcome on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The results from our study have shown that lymph node status on image studies, when grouped by RT modality, impacts survival in cervical cancer patients. According to our results, patients with clinically positive lymph nodes (Both PLN and PAN) benefit from EFRT, and prophylactic treatment should be offered to PLN+ patients. Author Disclosure: R. D’Ambrosi: None. J. Perez-Regadera: None. S. Gomez Ordonez: None. O. Hernandez Arteaga: None. A. Bartolome: None. M. Cabeza: None. A. Ruiz Alonso: None. M. Perez Escutia: None. E. Lanzos: None.