cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tics and Tourette Syndrome: Phenomenology

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common neurologic and behavioral disorder, primarily characterized by the presence of motor and phonic tics. Tics are defined as brief and involuntary movements or sounds, often preceded by a premonitory sensation or urge. Some motor tics may be quite complex and phonic tics may manifest as semantically meaningful utterances, including profanities and obscenities (coprolalia). The natural history of TS is a waxing and waning course with reduction in symptom severity in adulthood in majority of cases. Common behavioral comorbidities include obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit disorder, and impulse control disorder.
X/Ku-Band Four-Channel Transmit/Receive SiGe Phased-Array IC

This paper presents a phased-array core chip integrating four transmit/receive channels and supporting circuitry on a single chip working over 8–16 GHz, covering X and Ku frequency bands. Each RX and TX channel has a VGA and a phase shifter featuring precise amplitude and phase control for RF beamforming. The phase-compensated VGA provides 16 dB of gain control range in 0.5 dB steps while limiting the corresponding phase variation to 3°. The phase shifter, based on the principles of a vector modulator, provides 360° phase control range with resolution better than 2.8°, rms phase and gain error less than 2.8° and 0.3 dB respectively. Each RX channel has more than 10 dB of gain, and the noise figure for maximum gain condition is better than 10 dB. In receive mode, input P1dB is -16 dBm per channel and in transmit mode, output P1dB is greater than 9 dBm over 8–16 GHz. Each RX and TX channel draws 65 mA and 85 mA respectively from a 3.3 V supply. The chip, fabricated in a 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology, occupies 4mm X 4mm and was put in a 7mm x 7mm LGA package.
Nature of Discussions about Systemic Therapy Discontinuation or Hospice among Patients, Families, and Palliative Care Clinicians during Care for Incurable Cancer: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Patient/clinician communication is critical to quality cancer care at the end-of-life (EOL). Yet discussions about systemic therapy discontinuation or hospice as a care option are commo...
Facilitating collaboration in forest management: Assessing the benefits of collaborative policy innovations

Abstract Collaborative governance and landscape approaches have become a more prevalent in public land management in the United States in the face of increasing ecological and societal complexity and decreasing government resources and capacity. In this era of devolution and social-ecological change, there is a growing need for policy approaches that facilitate partnerships and participatory approaches to land management. One unique policy that emphasizes collaboration and large-landscape restoration on US federal forestlands is the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP), established in 2009 to accelerate the pace and scale of forest restoration. The policy included novel characteristics such as a decade-long commitment to landscapes and formal requirements for collaboration. This program presented an opportunity to assess how this policy affected collaboration and the factors that led to differential policy implementation. We conducted 89 interviews across all 23 CFLRP projects with internal agency staff and external collaborators on each project. We found that the CFLRP generated a variety of benefits related to collaboration, including increased trust and stronger relationships, increased collaborative partner influence, decreased litigation and conflict, and increased capacity to accomplish work; however, there were also challenges associated with the program, including thetime-intensive nature of collaboration and the lack of industry or contractors. Various local factors affected collaborative outcomes under the policy, including staff turnover and capacity, local leadership, and collaborative history. Successful collaborative outcomes were widespread under the CFLRP, and from this, we draw implications for the broader environmental governance literature about the policy characteristics that facilitate collaboration and the other institutional variables that may require attention in this context.
Predicting NICU admissions in near-term and term infants with low illness acuity.

Describe NICU admission rate variation among hospitals in infants with birthweight ≥2500 g and low illness acuity, and describe factors that predict NICU admission. Retrospective study from the Vizient Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager®. Support vector machine methodology was used to develop statistical models using (1) patient characteristics (2) only the indicator for the inborn hospital and (3) patient characteristics plus indicator for the inborn hospital. NICU admission rates of 427,449 infants from 154 hospitals ranged from 0 to 28.6%. C-statistics for the patient characteristics model: 0.64 (Confidence Interval (CI) 0.62–0.65), hospital only model: 0.81 (CI, 0.81–0.82), and patient characteristic plus hospital variable model: 0.84 (CI, 0.83–0.84). There is wide variation in NICU admission rates in infants with low acuity diagnoses. In all cohorts, birth hospital better predicted NICU admission than patient characteristics alone.
Estimating peak height velocity in individuals: a response to Cole (2020).

Choosing a statistical methodology for modelling human growth is an important decision for researchers and clinicians alike. In Boeyer et al. (2020), we presented three common approaches for modell...
Summarization of Multidimensional Process Traces for Analysis under Edit-distance Constraints

Motivation: Business processes and workflows exhibit data models in the form of multi-dimensional sequence of objects. As exemplified in Figure 1 , a business processes, represented as a directed acyclic graph of activities, generates execution traces as a sequence of activities with associated multi-dimensional attributes. For example, an activity in the loan application process can contain information about the person and the department that are responsible for the activity, the person who performs the activity, and the group to which she belongs. Businesses analyze operational data for insights such as understanding workflow patterns and bottlenecks [1] , verifying conformance to policies or regulations [2] , or revealing clusters of common behavior [3] .
Structural Racism in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Don't Forget about the Children!

The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented, in every sense of the word. At the time of writing, there have been nearly 80 million confirmed cases of coronavirus and nearly 2 million deaths worldw...
Pediatric autoimmune Parkinsonism and response to deep brain stimulation

Influenza virus has been associated with cases of Parkinsonism, yet a direct relationship has not been confirmed in the literature. Different mechanisms of post-infectious Parkinsonism have been proposed including inflammatory, oxidative stress, and autoimmune. We report a first to our knowledge case of pediatric autoimmune Parkinsonism with autoantibodies to dopamine D2L receptor (anti-DRD2L antibodies), who underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) of bilateral globus pallidi (GPi). A 13-year-old girl presented with Parkinsonism features after a severe case of influenza A. She underwent extensive work-up and was found to have elevated titers for anti-DRD2L antibodies. Patient was initially treated with IVIG and plasmapheresis with mild improvement, but her condition continued to worsen. She was responsive to levodopa; however, she developed severe dyskinesia. Patient underwent DBS implantation resulting in partial improvement in bradykinesia, tremors, and dyskinesia. This case is meant to raise awareness of a rare potential autoimmune complication after influenza virus and to share the experience and outcome using DBS to palliate some of the symptoms.
Combined Variational Mode Decomposition and Singular Spectral Analysis for Blind Source Separation in Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Environments

Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) is a powerful technique for separating arbitrary co-channel signals in a single channel receiver. The technique is based on a subspace projection using eigenvector decomposition (EVD). While choosing the number of eigenvectors in the EVD may be straightforward, selecting the window length, $L$ , for the projections is important, and an inaccurate estimation can lead to poor performance. Estimating the window length is easy, but only if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is high. In this paper, we apply a variational mode decomposition (VMD) algorithm to denoise the signal prior to the SSA, and show that the estimation of $L$ is far more accurate. The VMD, which requires the number of modes $K$ in the signal decomposition as an input, is not sensitive to accurately estimating $K$ . In addition, we observe that denoising with the VMD prior to using the SSA makes performance of the combined VMD/SSA algorithm not as sensitive with respect to $L$ , with negligible variation in MSE between the signals and their estimates to the choice of $L$ . We demonstrate this by simulation, using chirp and speech signals.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a marker of prostate cancer stem cell-like cells in cell lines

1300 Cancer stem/progenitor cells have been shown to be a small stem cell-like cell population which appears to drive tumorigenesis, tumor recurrence and metastasis. Thus, identification and characterization of cancer stem cells may be critical to defining effective anti-cancer therapies. In prostate cancer (PCa), the CD44+ population appears to contain stem cell like properties including being tumorigenic. In the current study, we sought to further identify the PCa stem cell-like cell population. The enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) has been found to identify hematopoietic stem cells and our aim was to determine the utility of ALDH to identify PCa stem cell-like cells in PCa cell lines. LNCaP and PC3 cells were subjected to flow cytometry activated sorting (FACS) based on their cell surface expression of CD44 and their ALDH enzymatic activity. CD44+ cells were not detected in the LNCaP cell population; however, ALDH+ LNCaP cells (about 3% of the population) showed distinct clonogenic function in vitro and formed spheres whereas ALDH- LNCaP cells did not. In PC3 cells, the ALDH+ cells represented up to 30% of the population. ALDH+CD44+, ALDH+CD44-, ALDH-CD44+, ALDH-CD44- PC3 cells had 25.25%, 5.25%, 10.4%, and 0.7% of colony formation respectively. Furthermore, ALDH+CD44+ (0.6-1.6% of the population) PC3 cells underwent colony formation and asymmetric cell differentiation in 3D Matrigel Matrix. These results suggest that ALDHis a marker of the PCa stem cell-like cell in cell lines.
Studies on characterization of the sodium-potassium transport adenosine-triphosphatase III: Synthesis of strophanthidin 3-[1-14C] bromoacetate for affinity labeling of the cardiotonic steroid site

Abstract The synthesis is described of strophanthidin 3-[1- 14 C]bromoacetate for affinity labeling of the cardiotonic steroid site of the (Na + + K + )-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. The product is obtained radiopure and in reasonably good yield. Its specific activity is sufficiently high for affinity labeling of less than milligram quantities of current preparations of enzyme.
Membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease : Deficiency of ethanolamine plasmalogens

The ethanolamine plasmalogens are decreased whereas serine glycerophospholipids are significantly increased in plasma membrane phospholipid in affected regions of brain in Alzheimer's disease. This may be due to stimulation of Ca2+-independent plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2, which was recently discovered in brain. This phospholipase A2 differs from other Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 in response to ATP and various inhibitors. It may be responsible for excess release of arachidonic acid and accumulation of prostaglandins and lipid peroxides in AD. Accumulation of the above lipid metabolites due to abnormal receptor function and signal transduction may contribute to neurodegeneration in AD.
Frontal analysis of product peaks from gas chromatographic reactors : Dicyclopentadiene and di-tert.-butyl peroxide decomposition

Abstract The chromatographic curve resulting from pulse injection of a reactant into a chromatographic column may contain significant information about products. Under some conditions, the elution volume or time at one-half the step height of the product curve approximates the characteristic elution volume, or time, of product material. This may even be true when reactants give several products. Such information may be used for product identification and obtaining solution thermodynamic data.
An empirical approach to accurate single wafer wet etch simulation

Optimizing wet etch recipe for meeting a target (e.g. Uniformity) typically involves the tuning of multiple parameters; a process that is time consuming and expensive (in terms of tool time, engineering time and material used). In addition, because the process is ultimately constrained by the handful of nozzle test positions available due to hardware limitations, very often the final settings are suboptimal. Here, we propose a model that aims to remove such inefficiencies by providing the engineer an approach (tool/program) to simulate the operation for a wider range of parameter in a short time before committing any changes. Our experiments show that sufficient accuracy can be achieved through this method.
Synthesis of 2-Alkylthioinosine 5'-Phosphates and N2-Methylated Guanosine 5'-Phosphates

2-Alkylthioinosine 5'-phosphates and N2-methylated guanosine 5'-phosphates (the minor constituents of transfer RNA) were synthesized via 2', 3'-O-isopropylidene-2-mercaptoinosine (I) from 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA-riboside). The relationship between their chemical structures and flavoring activity was investigated, and 2-methylthioinosine 5'-phosphate (VII) was found to have an extremely strong flavoring activity.
File Access Monitor System in CMS

The number of disk files that are referenced at any given time represents - like the reference of storage in a program - only a small fraction of the whole user data held online on DASD space. This is a well known phenomenon in almost all Computer systems supporting interactive software development on research user group. Nevertheless VM/370-CMS lacks powerful tools to assist system management and users to properly manage economic use of disk space. Therefore a file access monitor system (FAMOS) for CMS files residing on DASD space has been developed at the IBM Scientific Center Heidelberg/Germany. This program package contains a minimum of system changes and can be installed very easily. A prototype is presently being tested in our computing center.
Mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Implications for novel therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia.

Abstract The mechanisms which contribute to the actions of atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and the putative atypical agents remoxipride and raclopride, are reviewed. Examination of available preclinical and clinical data leads to two hypotheses concerning the mode of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The first hypothesis is that antagonism of the dopamine D 2 receptor is both necessary and sufficient for the atypical profile, but that interaction with subtypes of the D 2 receptor differentiates typical from atypical antipsychotic drugs. The second hypothesis has been previously advanced, and suggests that a relatively high ratio of serotonin 5-HT 2 : dopamine D 2 receptor antagonism may subserve the atypical profile. It seems likely that the atypical antipsychotic drug profile may be achieved in more than one way.
Comparative Protein Structure Prediction

Functional characterization of a protein sequence is one of the most frequent problems in biology. In the absence of an experimentally determined structure, comparative or homology modeling can sometimes provide a useful 3-D model for a protein that is related to at least one known protein structure. Comparative modeling predicts the 3-D structure of a given protein sequence (target) based primarily on its alignment to one or more proteins of known structure (templates). The prediction process consists of fold assignment, target-template alignment, model building, and model evaluation. Comparative modeling remains the only method to reliably predict the 3-D structure of a protein with an accuracy comparable to a low-resolution experimentally determined structure. This overview unit describes generic considerations for all four steps of comparative modeling, typical modeling errors, and applications of comparative protein structure models.
Major shifts in multidecadal moisture variability in the Mid-Atlantic region during the last 240 years

[1] The paucity of high-resolution paleoclimate records limits our ability to extend instrumental data into a longer time-frame and to better understand multidecadal climate variations in the Mid-Atlantic region. Here we present an ∼2 year-resolution endogenic calcite δ18O record for the last ∼240 years from a freeze core at White Lake in northern New Jersey. The δ18O data, consistent with the paleosalinity reconstructions from Chesapeake Bay, suggest regional-scale multidecadal moisture variations, including dry conditions at 1780–1840, wet conditions at 1840–1920, and ∼20 year moisture oscillations after 1920. We attribute these moisture changes to shifts in the extent and location of the jet stream and resultant change in storm track trajectories, with eastward and seaward displacement of storm tracks corresponding to dry climate. The increase in moisture variability since 1920, shortly after the steady increase in global air temperature, suggests that change in mean climate state can induce large changes in moisture variability.
The negative-pressure respirator: an improved design.

Modification of the standard negative-pressure respirator, which easily permits application of intermittent negative-pressure ventilation to the infant of less than 1,000 gm, has been described. Previously encountered problems of fixation of the infant, of maintenance of oxygen concentrations, and of inability to obtain chest films of the infant while in the device have been overcome.
Explaining the Gamma Ray Burst Lag/Luminosity and Variability/Luminosity Relations

Two different luminosity indicators have been recently proposed for Gamma Ray Bursts that use the lag between light curve peaks with hard and soft photons as well as the variability ('spikiness') of the burst light curve. Schaefer, Deng, & Band have proven that both of these luminosity indicators are valid by finding a lag/variability relation for 112 BATSE bursts. Here, I provide simple and general explanations for both indicators. The lag/luminosity relation is a consequence of conservation of energy when radiative cooling dominates. High luminosity bursts cool rapidly so the lag between when hard and soft photons peak is short, while low luminosity bursts cool slowly so the lag is long. The variability/luminosity relation arises within internal shock models because the luminosity and variability both scale as strong functions of the bulk relativistic motion of the jet, Gamma. With luminosity roughly proportional to Gamma^5 and variability scaling as Gamma^2, we get the luminosity being correlated to variability just as the observed power law.
Spreadsheet Modeling of (Q,R) Inventory Policies

This teaching brief describes a method for finding an approximately optimal combination of order quantity and reorder point in a continuous review inventory model using a discrete expected shortage calculation. The technique is an alternative to a model where expected shortage is calculated by integration, and can allow students who have not had a calculus-based statistics course to better understand how uncertainty affects inventory decisions.
Beware of gifts that come at too great a cost.

Danger lurks for state universities when philanthropy encroaches on academic independence, warns Sheldon Krimsky.
The origin of angiosperms: New and old problems.

Recent palaeobotanical discoveries assisted by the thorough morphological analysis of 'living fossils'-archaic extant plants-have brought to light many unexpected features of the early angiosperms and their immediate precursors, while studies in palaeoecology have provided a basis for deciphering the chronology of evolutionary events and their environmental forcing. Our previous ideas of what is primitive and what angiosperm ancestors looked like are presently under revision. We now have a clearer picture of how macroevolution proceeds and how a large taxon could come into being.
Compiling Prolog into microcode: a case study using the NCR/32-000

A proven method of obtaining high performance for Prolog programs is to first translate them into the instruction set of Warren's Abstract Machine, or W-code [1]. From that point, there are several models of execution available. This paper describes one of them:- the compilation of W-code directly into the vertical microcode of a general purpose host processor, the NCR/32-000. The result is the fastest functioning Prolog system known to the authors. We describe the implementation, provide benchmark measurements, and analyze our results.
Meridional coordination of diethylenetriamine to chromium(llI)

Preparation du complexe [Cr(glycylglicine)(dien)]ClO 4 et caracterisation au moyen de la spectrometrie d'absorption electronique
Nonoliguric Acute Renal Failure After Captopril Therapy

• In a patient with severe renovascular hypertension, nonoliguric acute renal failure developed after she received captopril treatment. We believe this to be a previously unreported complication. Urine volume ranged from 1,640 to 2,260 mL/24 hr, and serum creatinine level rose from 2.3 to 8.3 mg/dL. There was no evidence of renal hypoperfusion or interstitial nephritis. Acute renal failure most likely was secondary to the nephrotoxic effect of captopril on chronically hypoperfused kidneys. Renal function improved rapidly after withdrawal of the drug therapy. ( Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1252-1253)
Diagnostic testing and return visits for acute problems in prepaid, case-managed Medicaid plans compared with fee-for-service.

• Enrollment of Medicaid recipients into capitated, case-managed systems of health care has been advocated as a means to control costs. We studied the effect of such systems on care for urinary tract infection (UTI), pelvic inflammatory disease, and vaginitis among women enrolled in Aid to Families with Dependent Children in capitated demonstration programs in Santa Barbara County, California, and Jackson County, Missouri (prepaid), compared with similar but fee-for-service (FFS) counties in Ventura County, California, and St Louis, Mo. Structured abstracts were performed on 2382 outpatient charts with one of the three conditions in 1985. The proportion of cases with UTI in which a urine culture was obtained was similar in Santa Barbara (prepaid) and Ventura (FFS), 47% vs 46%, but greater in Jackson County (prepaid) than St Louis (FFS), 58% vs 32%. The proportion of cases with return visits for a UTI was: Santa Barbara (prepaid), 40%; Ventura (FFS), 33%; Jackson (prepaid), 72%; and St Louis (FFS), 53%. The proportion of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease with cervical cultures for gonorrhea as Santa Barbara (prepaid), 81%; Ventura (FFS), 52%; Jackson (prepaid), 86%; and St Louis (FFS), 61%. The proportion of women returning for follow-up after pelvic inflammatory disease was similar across all counties at 40% and 50%. The number of office diagnostic tests performed for vaginitis was greater in both demonstration counties. These data do not demonstrate any diminution in either diagnostic testing or follow-up visits for three common ambulatory problems in a Medicaid population enrolled in a capitated, case-managed system, with some trends for more care in the demonstration sites. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:2369-2372)
Expression of nucleosomal protein HMGN1 in the cycling mouse hair follicle.

Abstract Here we examine the expression pattern of HMGN1, a nucleosome binding protein that affects chromatin structure and activity, in the hair follicle and test whether loss of HMGN1 affects the development or cycling of the follicle. We find that at the onset of hair follicle development, HMGN1 protein is expressed in the epidermal placode and in aggregated dermal fibroblasts. In the adult hair follicle, HMGN1 is specifically expressed in the basal layer of epidermis, in the outer root sheath, in the hair bulb, but not in the inner root sheath and hair shaft. The expression pattern of HMGN1 is very similar to p63, suggesting a role for HMGN1 in the transiently amplifying cells. We also find HMGN1 expression in some, but not all hair follicle stem cells as detected by its colocalization with Nestin and with BrdU label-retaining cells. The appearance of the skin and hair follicle of Hmgn1−/− mice was indistinguishable from that of their Hmgn1+/+ littermates. We found that in the hair follicle the expression of HMGN2 is very similar to HMGN1 suggesting functional redundancy between these closely related HMGN variants.
The importance of G-protein βλ subunits

Abstract As the properties of more and more isoforms of the molecules involved in G-protein-mediated signal transduction pathways are unravelled, surprising diversity and versatility are being revealed. The path from receptor to effector is not dictated exclusivelt by the α subunits of heterotrimetric G proteins. The nature of the βλ subunit complex probably controls interactions of G α with receptors. In addition, dissociation of G α -GTP from G βλ provides two signalling complexes, and these proteins regulate effectors independently or synergistically. Synergistic or conditional regulation of effectors by G α and G βλ can provide a molecular signal that records the association of independent events.
Integrated predictive surveillance service through datalink

Generally, integrated surveillance is performed in airborne systems by getting relevant information from airborne sensors. This paper discusses a concept of a ground based system providing integrated strategic surveillance as a dedicated service to individual aircraft. It elaborates a model in which ground infrastructure collects surveillance information relevant to the aircraft both in terms of spatial and time coordinates, integrates, and uplinks them through datalink.
Phospholipase activation in the IgE-mediated and Ca2+ ionophore A23187-induced release of histamine from rat basophilic leukemia cells

Abstract The importance of phospholipase(s) activation in the IgE-mediated and ionophoreinduced histamine release from the rat basophilic leukemia cell line has been examined. The activation of phospholipase(s) as measured by [ 14 C]arachidonic acid release and the release of histamine both required Ca 2+ and were temporally parallel. Inhibition of phospholipase(s) activity by the inhibitors mepacrine and α-parabromoacetophenone also correlated with the inhibition of histamine release. [ 14 C]Arachidonic acid released by the phospholipase(s) was mainly metabolized to prostaglandin D 2 . The inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway by indomethacin did not affect histamine release. 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited both histamine and [ 14 C]arachidonic acid release suggesting an effect not only on the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways but also on the phospholipase(s). These results suggest that activation of phospholipase appears to be necessary for histamine release in the rat bosophilic leukemia cells.
High-voltage cable failure mechanism

The mechanism of electrical failures at power frequency is fairly well established and accepted. An analysis of the process helps to correlate the observed performance of cable insulation and to explain the underlying characteristics of the different types. It appears, as discussed in this article, that dielectric failures of any solid or quasi-solid body are of the same general character.
On the Mechanism of Hydrogen Storage in a Metal−Organic Framework Material

Monte Carlo simulations were performed modeling hydrogen sorption in a recently synthesized metal−organic framework material (MOF) that exhibits large molecular hydrogen uptake capacity. The MOF is remarkable because at 78 K and 1.0 atm it sorbs hydrogen at a density near that of liquid hydrogen (at 20 K and 1.0 atm) when considering H2 density in the pores. Unlike most other MOFs that have been investigated for hydrogen storage, it has a highly ionic framework and many relatively small channels. The simulations demonstrate that it is both of these physical characteristics that lead to relatively strong hydrogen interactions in the MOF and ultimately large hydrogen uptake. Microscopically, hydrogen interacts with the MOF via three principle attractive potential energy contributions: Van der Waals, charge-quadrupole, and induction. Previous simulations of hydrogen storage in MOFs and other materials have not focused on the role of polarization effects, but they are demonstrated here to be the dominant con...
Polynomial time sensitivity analysis of task schedules

By performing sensitivity analysis on an optimal task schedule, this paper derives a polynomial time method to determine whether the task schedule remains optimal after arbitrary changes to task costs occur. We consider fast reactive mission planning for unmanned aircraft in changing environments. Changing external conditions such as weather or threats may alter task costs, which can render an initially optimal task schedule suboptimal. Instead of optimizing the task schedule every time task costs change, stability criteria allow for fast evaluation of whether schedules remain optimal. This paper develops a method to compute stability regions for a set of schedules in a prototypical mission for unmanned aircraft, the traveling salesman problem, where the alternative schedules are part of a pre-approved mission plan. As the traveling salesman problem is NP-hard, heuristic methods are frequently used to solve it. The presented approach is also applicable to analyze stability regions for a tour obtained through application of the k-opt heuristic with respect to the k-neighborhood and is demonstrated with an example problem.
Requirements for hologram construction

Holography has in the last two years undergone a tremendous resurgence. The laser has contributed immeasurably to this, through the remarkable coherence of its light, which permits previously performed experiments to be carried out with relative ease, and in addition allows the performance of experiments which were hitherto hardly conceivable. Old experiments have been repeated with vastly improved results, and the new interest has given rise to new ideas with exciting promise.
Challenges in advanced semiconductor technology in the USLI Era for computer applications

This paper provides a review of the capabilities, future directions, and technology challenges for semiconductor chips and packages as they apply to high performance and supercomputer applications. Semiconductor chip technology has resulted in dramatic device density improvements over the last 20 years. Scaling theory predicts that continued improvements will be possible if the technological problems associated with patterning, doping, interconnection, density, yield, and cost can be solved. The issues associated with these challenges are discussed. Finally the packaging needs to support advanced chip technologies are reviewed.
Environmental Microbes Can Speciate and Cycle Arsenic

Naturally occurring arsenic is found predominantly as arsenate [As(V)] or arsenite [As(III)], and can be readily oxidized or reduced by microorganisms. Given the health risks associated with arsenic in groundwater and the interest in arsenic-active microorganisms, we hypothesized that environmental microorganisms could mediate a redox cycling of arsenic that is linked to their metabolism. This hypothesis was tested using an As(V) respiring reducer (strain Y5) and an aerobic chemoautotrophic As(II) oxidizer (strain OL1 ) both isolated from a Superfund site, Onondaga Lake, in Syracuse, NY. Strains were grown separately and together in sealed serum bottles, and the oxic/anoxic condition was the only parameter changed. Initially, under anoxic conditions when both isolates were grown together, 2 mM As(V) was stoichiometrically reduced to As(III) within 14 days. Following complete reduction, sterile ambient air was added and within 24 h As(III) was completely oxidized to As(V). The anoxic-oxic cycle was repeated, and sterile controls showed no abiotic transformation within the 28-day incubation period. These results demonstrate that microorganisms can cycle arsenic in response to dynamic environmental conditions, thereby affecting the speciation, and hence mobility and toxicity of arsenic in the environment.
Defects in irradiated silicon: EPR and electron-nuclear double resonance of interstitial boron

An EPR spectrum, labeled Si-$G28$, is identified as arising from neutral interstitial boron in silicon. It is produced by 1.5-MeV electron irradiation at 20.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, presumably when a substitutional boron atom traps a mobile interstitial silicon atom which is produced in the original damage event. Three possible models are discussed which are consistent with the EPR and electron-nuclear double-resonance results: (a) a bent Si-B-Si bonded interstitialcy; (b) a similar Si-Si-B interstitialcy; or (c) a Jahn-Teller distortion of the boron from the hexagonal interstitial site in the silicon lattice. Uniaxial stress in the presence of light at low temperatures produces alignment in one of the distortional degrees of freedom for the defect. This is interpreted as stress alteration of the capture matrix elements for electrons into the differently distorted configurations. Polarized light is also found to produce alignment in the absence of stress into a second degree of freedom for the defect. Thermally activated recovery from this alignment reveals an activation energy for reorientation of 0.6 eV. Interstitial boron is unstable at room temperature, disappearing in \ensuremath{\sim} 30 min with an activation energy also of \ensuremath{\sim} 0.6 eV. It is suggested that annealing may result from long-range migration of the interstitial boron with the one-jump diffusional process being identical to the 0.6-eV reorientational process. This is a natural consequence of models (a) or (c). The reorientation stimulated by light at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, therefore, indicates that athermal migration may be induced by the light. An attempt to test this using 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m YAIG:Nd laser illumination was inconclusive.
Global Application of Indigenous Archaeology: Community Based Participatory Research in Turkey

What does Indigenous archaeology offer archaeologists who do not work on Native land, at Indigenous sites, or with Indigenous people? This article demonstrates the broad applicability of Indigenous archaeology and the way it can be utilized by archaeologists working in any locale. Through recent fieldwork in south central Turkey working with a non-indigenous community of local residents near the archaeological site of Catalhoyuk, I demonstrate ways that the theories and methodology of Indigenous archaeology are a useful and relevant part of practice for archaeologists working in areas that are neither on Native land nor involve sites related to indigenous heritage. It also points to the need for further investigation into collaborative methods for the development of a set of best practices within archaeological and heritage management settings.
Refined Linkage Value for Pea Comb and Blue Egg: Lack of Effect of Pea Comb, Blue Egg, and Naked Neck on Age at First Egg in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract A test cross was conducted to refine linkage relationships between pea comb (P), blue egg (O), and naked neck (Na) in the chicken. Using 210 backcross females, a map unit value of 4.28 ± 1.3 was found between P and O. There were no significant linkage values between Na and either P or O, still leaving the assignment of Na to chromosome 1 (linkage group III) unconfirmed. Analysis of age at first egg for the segregates found no difference between hens carrying various combinations of the three single gene traits.
Thermal-desorption gas chromatographic procedure for screening coal fly ash for volatile organic compounds

Abstract Thermal desorption of coal fly ash in a flowing stream of helium liberates volatile compounds which are collected on Tenax resin. A chemical “fingerprint” of these components collected from the fly ash is obtained by using thermal desorption of the material collected on the Tenax resin and capillary-column gas chromatography. Compounds ranging in volatility from that of benzene (b.p. 80°C) through C 1 -phenanthrene (b.p. ca. 360°C) are detected, but recoveries of components only through naphthalene (b.p. 218°C) are suitable for quantitative work. The method provides chemical information on volatile organic compounds complementary to that achieved by procedures based on solvent extraction.
Cost Shifting Does Not Reduce the Cost of Health Care

ALMOST EVERY POLITICAL PRONOUNCEMENT NOW emphasizes cost reduction as a central object of health care reform. The policy recommendations that follow, however, frequently aim at cost shifting rather than cost reduction. Shifting has popular appeal while reduction usually requires painful choices. To see the irrelevance of shifting for cost reduction, consider the proposal to prohibit health insurance companies from varying premiums according to enrollee’s health status. This obviously reduces premiums for the sick but, not so obviously, also increases premiums for the healthy. Such a shift may be desirable on equity grounds but does nothing to reduce the real cost of care. Also, unless accompanied by a strict mandate, these shifts may lead to an increase in the uninsured because some healthy individuals will discontinue their health insurance coverage in response to higher premiums. A subsidy is another example of a so-called cut in the cost of care, but also is just cost shifting. A subsidy reduces the cost for low-income eligible individuals by shifting the cost to higher-income taxpayers. Again, this may be desirable policy, but it is not a reduction in real costs. When eligibility for a subsidy includes those individuals and families with incomes up to 500% of the poverty level (approximately $110 000 for a family of 4) as in one senate proposal, even the shifting of costs is an illusion. It is impossible to collect enough taxes from those with incomes of more than $110 000 to subsidize the poor and the sick and also help the numerous middle and upper middle income households. The latter will have to pay for their own health care one way or another. Also misleading is the claim that government is cutting the cost of care to families and individuals by requiring employers to provide health insurance (ie, an employer mandate). Abundant theoretical and empirical research shows that although employers appear to pay, the cost is actually passed on to workers through foregone wage increases or to consumers through higher prices. To prescribe policies that would result in cost reduction instead of cost shifting, it is useful to know why Americans will spend more than $8000 per person this year for health care while the next highest spending country (it will probably be Switzerland) will spend about $5500, and the average Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development country will spend less than $4500 per person. There are many explanations for the differentials, some more applicable when comparing the United States to one country and some to another. The following generalizations, however, hold on average for comparisons between the United States and other high-income countries.
Resampling method for balancing training data in video analysis

Reviewing videos from medical procedures is a tedious work that requires concentration for extended hours and usually screens thousands of frames to find only a few positive cases that indicate probable presence of disease. Computational classification algorithms are sought to automate the reviewing process. The class imbalance problem becomes challenging when the learning process is driven by relative few minority class samples. The learning algorithms using imbalanced data sets generally result in large number of false negatives. In this article, we present an efficient rebalancing method for finding video frames that contain bleeding lesions. The majority class generally has clusters of data within them. Here we cluster the majority class and under-sample the each cluster based on its variance so that useful examples would not be lost during the under-sampling process. The balance of bleeding to non-bleeding frames is restored by the proposed cluster-based under-sampling and oversampling using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Experiments were conducted using synthetic data and videos manually annotated by medical specialists for obscure bleeding detection. Our method achieved a high average sensitivity and specificity.
The Effects of Polygyny and Domicility on Offspring Sex Ratio in Ghana

This article explores how family structure and domicility influences offspring sex ratio bias, specifically living arrangements of husband in polygynous unions. Data from three Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys were used to examine the relationship between family structure and offspring sex ratio at birth, something that previous studies have not been able to do. This study estimate models of sex ratio offspring if the wives live together with husband present and wives live in separate dwellings and are visited by husband in turn. The results suggest that within polygynous marriages there are more male births, especially when husbands reside in the same dwelling as wives, than when husbands reside in separate dwellings from their wives. The analyses show that offspring sex ratio is related to the structure of living arrangement of husbands in polygynous unions. Indeed, the findings suggest that living arrangements and family structure among humans are important factors in predicting offspring sex ratio bias.
Development and growth of boron-modified and germanium-doped titanium-silicide diffusion coatings by the halide-activated, pack-cementation method

A halide-activated, cementation pack has been developed to codeposit either silicon and boron or else silicon and germanium in a single processing/reaction step to grow Ti-silicide diffusion coatings on commercially pure (CP) titanium, Ti-22Al-27Nb, and Ti-20Al-22Nb. Since boron is nearly insoluble in TiSi2, a TiB2 layer is localized at the surface of the B-modified silicide coatings. The thickness of the TiB2 layer is controlled by the choice of boron activity and halide activator in the pack. Germanium is soluble in the Ti-silicide layers but inhomogeneously distributed in the Ge-doped silicide coating. The germanium content is controlled by choices of the Si-to-Ge ratio and the halide activator in the pack. The growth kinetics for the five-layered B-modified silicide coatings are generally similar to the undoped silicide coatings. The growth mechanism for the five-layered Ge-doped silicide coatings is generally different from the undoped silicides. The growth of dual-layer Ti-boride coatings was also studied.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Marine Foodweb of Coastal Florida

Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 ± 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 ± 1580 and 66...
Interaction between phencyclidine and its pyrolysis product, 1-phenylcyclohexene

The interaction between phencyclidine (PCP) and its pyrolysis product, 1-phenylcyclohexene (PC), at metabolic level was evaluated in Swiss male mice (21-24 g). PC (1.1, 2.2 and 4.4 mmol/kg/day for 4 days, IP, in corn oil) treatment to mice induced the in vitro metabolism (p less than 0.05) of amidopyrine (17%), aniline (12%), phenacetin (62-100%), pentobarbital (20-26%), PCP (25-80%) and benzo[a]pyrene (81-147%) in the 9000 g liver fraction and the hepatic microsomal contents of cytochrome P-450 (18-42%). The induction of the mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system was consistent with the decreases in the concentrations of IP administered pentobarbital (0.27 mmol/kg, in saline) and PCP (16.4, 32.8 and 65.6 mumol/kg, in saline) in the serum, brain, liver and kidneys of PC pretreated mice. At 1 hr after the above doses of PC, the in vitro metabolism of amidopyrine, aniline, or phenacetin was not inhibited. However, the biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene was inhibited by 33 to 45%. Though PC after a single dose did not alter the tissue concentrations of PCP, it increased the pentobarbital concentrations in the tissues studied (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that PC has a potential to induce the MFO system after the 4-day treatment. This property of PC plays an important role in the reduction of the action of PCP by enhancing its metabolism, thereby decreasing its tissue levels.
Film deposition using a non-thermal microwave-generated microplasma at atmospheric pressure

Summary form only given. A microplasma based on a microstrip split-ring resonator1 (SRR) discharge has been used in atmospheric pressure gas mixtures to deposit hard films onto glass substrates. The SRR can generate steady-state plasma densities2 on the order of 1014 cm−3, potentially allowing access to unique materials-processing parameter spaces.
The calibration of a Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometer for energy and relative intensity measurements

Abstract Two aspects of Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometry are discussed. The non-linearity of an amplifier-analyzer system was measured using a precision pulser and was checked with gamma-ray standards. The overall accuracy was 2 parts in 10 4 . The relative detection efficiency of gamma-ray full-energy peaks was determined using sources with well measured relative gamma-ray emission rates. Two Ge(Li) detectors with active volumes of 3 cm 2 ×0.5 cm and 4 cm 2 ×0.5 cm were calibrated in the energy range 80—3200 keV. An overall accuracy of 5% in the energy region from 500–3200 keV and an accuracy of 10% over the entire range was obtained. The relative areas of the single escape peak and double escape peak to the full energy peak as a function of energy are included. The relative intensities of the 569.6, 1063.6 and 1771 keV gamma-rays following the decay of 207 Bi were measured.