cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoscale Numerical Modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a mesoscale numerical modeling for the study of atmosphere. It defines mesoscale as having a temporal and a horizontal spatial scale smaller than the conventional rawinsonde network, but significantly larger than individual cumulus clouds. In more quantitative terms, this implies that the horizontal scale is of the order of a few to 100 km or so, with a time scale of about 1–12 hours. The vertical scale extends from tens of meters or so to the depth of the troposphere. The fundamental conservation relations are introduced, along with appropriate simplifications. The equations are averaged in order to conform to a mesoscale model grid mesh. The types of models are discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages for proper simulation of mesoscale phenomena are outlined. The transformation of the equations to a generalized coordinate representation is presented. The parameterizations in a mesoscale model of the planetary boundary layer, electromagnetic radiation, and moist thermodynamics are also introduced. Methods of solution are illustrated with boundary and initial conditions. The procedure for evaluating models is discussed and examples of mesoscale simulations of particular mesoscale phenomena are illustrated.
Reactions to the Multicultural Counseling Competencies Debate

Two well-known cross-cultural counselor educators present their thoughts on some of the criticisms of the AMDC Multicultural Counseling Competencies. First, they posit their agreements and disagreements with Weinrach and Thomas' (2002) points of contentions. Then, they indicate why they object to many of the components of the Competencies, which they consider to be essentially anti-therapeutic because of their focus on group stereotypes instead of the uniqueness of individual clients.
Clinical Features of Patients With Recurrent Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease

Abstract Introduction Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) disease (IPD) carries a high risk of death, approximately 15% to 20% in pneumonia, 40% in meningitis and 10% to 15% in septicemia. The occurrence of 2 or more IPD (recurrent) in the same individual is uncommon. The authors investigated the clinical features of patients with recurrent IPD to assess whether they possessed risk factors that increased their likelihood of recurrent IPD. Methods Between 1983 and 2010, the authors identified 27 patients with recurrent IPD during inpatient surveillance of 889 patients with IPD in Huntington, WV, by recovery of pneumococci from otherwise sterile sites. Serotype/serogroup (ST/SG) was determined by capsular swelling and the penicillin MIC by E-strip. Clinical data were abstracted from hospital charts. Results Sixteen (59%) of 27 patients were 65 years and older at first IPD, males predominated (67%), two-thirds had pneumonia and 21 (78%) had the same clinical diagnosis at both IPD. Four (80%) of 5 patients with the same ST experienced their second IPD 1 to 6 months apart, unlike most patients with discordant ST/SGs( P = 0.047). Eighty-four percent of ST/SGs were included in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine and occurred as often during the first and second IPD. Twenty (77%) of 26 adults suffered from comorbid diseases placing them at high risk of IPD, including multiple myeloma, HIV/AIDS, neoplasia of hematological origin and sickle cell disease. conclusion Recurrent IPD occurred uncommonly. Comorbid conditions including multiple myeloma and immunosuppressive/immunodeficient conditions, chronic alcoholism and splenectomy represented unique risk factors for recurrent IPD but did not predict recurrences.
TEACHING LANGUAGES: METHODS AND MATERIALS

Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A Description and Analysis. Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Diane Larsen-Freeman
X-ray mass absorption coefficients for Mo, Nb, Zr and Ti

Experimental determinations of the absorption coefficients for Mo, Nb, Zr, and Ti were made in the 0.5 to 1.5 A range. Values are accurate to about 1%. A modified commercial fluorescent x-ray spectrometer was used for the measurements. Precautions were taken to insure monochromatic incident radiation at each wavelength. (N.W.R.)
The topology of force-free magnetic fields and its implications for coronal activity

The topological constraints on coronal magnetic fields are considered. For a field that is initially well-behaved and undergoes deformation by well-behaved ideal MHD motions, it is shown that the topology of the field lines in the corona can be determined at all times solely from the footpoint positions on the photospheric boundary. This result implies that the topology and, consequently, the history of the footpoint motions impose no further constraints on the field beyond those already included in the connectivity boundary conditions, so that there is no reason to expect a lack of equilibrium for fields that are initially well-behaved and evolve by ideal MHD. On the other hand, nonideal processes such as reconnection are bound to occur in the solar corona, and these may lead to magnetic topologies that have no well-bahaved Euler potentials. Hence Parker's hypothesis that footpoint motions lead to the formation of current sheets is still likely to be correct, but only if nonideal processes are included. The effects of reconnection on magnetic topology and the implications for coronal activity are discussed.
Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion

The energy spectrum of solar cosmic-ray particles of the iron group has been determined for the first time over the energy range from 1 to 100 million electron volts per nucleon by the use of glass removed from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. The difference between the observed (energy)-3 spectrum and the limiting spectrum derived previously from tracks in lunar rocks gives an erosion rate of 0 to 2 angstroms per year. High-energy fission of lead, induced by galactic cosmicray protons and alpha particles, has also been observed.
Adaptation and policy-based resource allocation for efficient bulk data transfers in high performance computing environments

Many science applications increasingly make use of data-intensive methods that require bulk data movement such as staging of large datasets in preparation for analysis on shared computational resources, remote access to large data sets, and data dissemination. Over the next 5 to 10 years, these datasets are projected to grow to exabytes of data, and continued scientific progress will depend on efficient methods for data movement between high performance computing centers. We study two techniques that improve the use of available resources for large, long-running, multi-file transfers. First, we show the effect of adaptation of transfer parameters for multi-file transfers, where the adaptation is based on recent performance. Second, we use Virtual Organization and site policies to influence the allocation of resources such as available transfer streams to clients. We show that these techniques improve completion times for large multi-file data transfers by approximately 20% over resource constrained infrastructure.
Actions of morphine on prostate gland fructose metabolism

Abstract Varying doses of morphine sulfate (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg daily × 10) were observed to suppress metabolic activities in the mouse prostate gland. Prostate gland fructose, an index of androgenic activity, was significantly reduced by these dose regimes of morphine (P in vitro synthesis of both fructose−14C and sorbitol−14C from glucose−14C by the prostate gland, part of which may have been due to decreased uptake of glucose by the gland. The in vitro assimilation of 2-deoxyglucose−14C by the prostate was also reduced by morphine treatment. The in vitro actions of morphine (2 × 10−3M) on the metabolism of radioactive glucose by the mouse prostate gland likewise revealed a significant reduction in the formation of sorbitol−14C, but no decrease in fructose−14C formation. These results indicate that both the in vitro and in vivo actions of morphine can inhibit fructose metabolism in the prostate gland.
The BLAST project at MIT-Bates

The Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST) is a detector designed to study the spin-dependent electromagnetic response of few-body nuclei at momentum transfers up to 1 (GeV/c)2 at the MIT/Bates Linear Accelerator Center's South Hall Ring (SHR). The BLAST detector consists of an eight-sector copper coil array producing a toroidal magnetic field, instrumented with two opposing wedge-shaped sectors of wire chambers, scintillation detectors, Cerenkov counters, neutron detectors, a lead-glass forward calorimeter, and recoil detectors. A status of the project is presented as well as highlights of the scientific program.
Identifying potential parallelism via loop-centric profiling

The transition to multithreaded, multi-core designs places a greater responsibility on programmers and software for improving performance; thread-level parallelism (TLP) will be increasingly relied upon in addition to instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and increased clock frequency. Deciding where to try to parallelize code is difficult, especially for large, complex applications or those where the original developers have moved on. Outer loops are relatively easy targets for parallelization, but traditional profilers focus primarily on functions and hot inner loops. To aid in programmers' parallelization efforts, we introduce the concept of loop-centric profiling to provide a hierarchical view of how much time is spent in a loop and the loops nested within it.This paper introduces two techniques for loop profiling. First, we describe an instrumentation-based approach that gathers highly detailed and accurate information about loop behavior. Second, we present a sampling approach that achieves similar results with negligible overhead. The paper concludes with a case study evaluating the tool on several SPEC 2000 benchmarks.
Parametric excitation of electrostatic ion cyclotron waves in a multi--ion-species plasma

Parametric excitation of the electrostatic ion cyclotron waves in a multi--ion-species plasma is observed. The modes are excited when the pump frequency is near the sum of the ion cyclotron frequencies. The dispersion relation and the threshold for excitation are measured.
Multi-channel data acquisition system for nuclear pulse processing

We have developed a compact, inexpensive electronics package that can digitize pulse amplitudes or current measurements from 32 detector outputs in parallel. The electronics package consists of two circuit boards: a custom acquisition board and an off-the-shelf processing board. The acquisition board features a custom-designed integrated circuit that contains an array of charge-to-pulse-width converters. The processing board contains a field programmable gate array that digitizes the pulse widths, performs event discrimination, constructs energy histograms, and executes any user-defined software. Together, the two boards cost around $1000. The module can transfer data to a computer or operate entirely as a standalone system. The design achieves 0.20% nonlinearity and 0.18% FWHM precision at full scale. However, the overall performance could be improved with some modifications to the integrated circuit.
Catalytic oxidation for elimination of methyl bromide fumigation emissions using ceria-based catalysts

Abstract Methyl bromide (CH 3 Br, MB) is an effective chemosterilant in quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) chamber fumigation applications. Efficient methods to destroy or capture and reuse spent MB in QPS operations are required in view of the recognized ozone depleting potential of MB. Oxidation of 34,000 ppmv MB in simulated QPS airstreams was examined over catalysts composed of Pt, Pd, Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, or PbO nanoparticles on oxide (Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 ) or mixed-oxide (CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 –SiO 2 , and CeO 2 –TiO 2 ) supports, and by self-assembled core–shell catalysts (Pd@SiO 2 and Pd@10%CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 ). The most effective support by far was ceria. The effect of noble metal doping was modest; Pt was more active than Pd in CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 based catalysts, while Pd was more active than Pt in TiO 2 based catalysts. The most effective catalyst tested was 1%Pt/30%CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 , with 100%CeO 2 being only slightly less effective. Using 1%Pt/30%CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 , MB was completely oxidized at 400 °C, independent of airstream humidification, to give HBr as the initial product, which was subsequently oxidized to Br 2 by a Deacon-type reaction. The selectivity for Br 2 in MB decomposition increased with temperature, maximizing at ∼90% at ∼350 °C, and was slightly less favored in a humidified air stream. Bromide builds up on the catalyst at temperatures below 300 °C, but burns off as the temperature increases. Catalytic oxidation by ceria-based catalysts appears to be a promising approach for eliminating MB from QPS fumigation emissions.
Non‐Destructive Wafer Recycling for Low‐Cost Thin‐Film Flexible Optoelectronics

Compound semiconductors are the basis for many of the highest performance optical and electronic devices in use today. Their widespread commercial application has, however, been limited due to the high cost of substrates. Device costs can be significantly reduced if the substrate is reused in a simple, totally non-destructive and rapid process. Here, a method that allows the indefinite reuse and recycling of wafers is demonstrated, employing a combination of epitaxial “protection layers”, plasma cleaning techniques that return the wafers to their original, pristine, and epi-ready condition following epitaxial layer removal, and adhesive-free bonding to a secondary plastic substrate. The generality of this process is demonstrated by fabricating high performance GaAs-based photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, and metal-semiconductor field effect transistors that are transferred without loss of performance onto flexible and lightweight plastic substrates, and then the parent wafer is recycled for subsequent growth of additional device layers. This process potentially leads to a transformational change in device cost, arising from the inevitable consumption of the wafer that accompanies conventional epitaxial liftoff followed by chemo-mechanical polishing.
Polycomb group proteins--epigenetic repressors with emerging roles in melanocytes and melanoma.

Melanocytes undergo rapid and significant changes in their gene expression programs at regular intervals during development and the hair follicle cycle. In melanoma, the gene expression pattern found in normal melanocytes is disrupted. These gene expression patterns are regulated in part by post-translational histone modifications catalyzed by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which play a major role in many developmental processes and are often altered in cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of the PcG proteins in stem cell and cancer biology, in general, as well as in melanocyte development and melanomagenesis. Highlights include discussion of newly identified treatments that target the activity of PcG proteins as well as new developments in the understanding of the role that these proteins play in melanocyte biology.
The influence of lumenal ph on the severity of acute radiation enteritis

The severity of acute radiation injury to small bowel mucosa was studied as a function of lumenal pH at the time of irradiation. Rats were anaesthetized and 15 cm of mid small bowel was exteriorized with the rest of the animal and intestine shielded in a lead box. The target intestine was segmented into three portions, each of which was filled with Tris buffer, adjusted to pH 5, 7 and 9 respectively. Twenty minutes later the exteriorized bowel was given 1100 cGy X-irradiation. Rats were sacrificed 4, 5 and 6 days later and the intestine histologically assessed for injury. The indices of injury were surviving crypt numbers, mucosal height and mucuscontaining goblet cells. To verify that pH was the critical variable an identical study was done employing three buffers chemically different from Tris: MES (pH 5·5), ADA (pH 7), and CAPSO (pH 9). These animals were sacrificed 5 days postirradiation. For all three parameters, and on each day postirradiation, the pH 9 segment showed less damage than did the segmen...
Abstract LB-164: Aurora Kinase A as a target for sensitizing glioma cells to radiation treatment

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: Eukaryotic cells have a complex cell cycle process that is regulated by many factors. Tumors arise when cell cycle progression is deregulated. Mitosis is a well coordinated event and occurs only when proper signals allow the cell cycle machinery to proceed beyond the G2/M checkpoint. Aurora kinase A (AurKA) is a mitotic regulator involved in bipolar-spindle assembly and chromosome segregation, and also recruits other proteins and cofactors that are important for mitotic events. AurKA is upregulated in many cancers and has been shown to cause aneuploidy and induce oncogenic transformation. AurKA overexpression allows cells to surpass the G2/M checkpoint and enter mitosis prematurely, which leads to chromosomal abnormalities and genomic instability. Experimental Design: Here we are investigating AurKA in established (ATCC) and primary glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Assays measuring radiosensitivity were conducted using wild-type and AurKA knockdown GBM cells. These include the clonogenic survival assay, MTS proliferation assay, cell-cycle analysis, and Annexin V apoptosis assay. Protein profiles were used to investigate pro-apoptotic, anti-apoptotic, and other downstream and upstream signaling pathways after radiation treatment. Results and Discussion: Irradiation induces AurKA expression in both our established and primary GBM cell lines. Next we silenced AurKA using lentiviral mediated shRNA transduction. AurKA knockdown cells exhibit greater radiosensitivity when compared to cells transduced with a mock vector. AurKA and p53 interact at multiple levels. Preclinical data with AurKA inhibitors suggest p53-negative tumors may be more sensitive to AurKA inhibitors than p53-positive tumors. To investigate which subset of GBMs show greater response to AurKA silencing, we will conduct experiments using our panel of isogenic GBM cells lines. Our hypothesis is that AurKA knockdown cells will show reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, thereby leading to cell death. The outcome of this preclinical study would be to evaluate AurKA as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-164.
Effects of Race and Criterion on the Predictive Ability of Beliefs and Attitudes

The moderating effect of soldiers' race was examined for responses to valences and instrumentalities of outcomes, as well as satisfaction, reported effort, and intention to reenlist. Subjects were 218 white and 54 black soldiers. Results tended to confirm previous findings regarding generally more positive responses by blacks than whites and of a tendency for extrinsic factors to be more salient for blacks than whites. However, the findings clearly indicated that over-all job satisfaction is most strongly related to perceived performance-outcome instrumentalities. This was equally true for both races and applied to both intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes.
A kinematic analysis of RHEED intensities from the O2(2 × 1)-W(110) surface structure

Abstract Kinematic electron diffraction theory was used to analyze RHEED intensities from the O 2 (2 × 1)-W(110) surface structure. An expression was derived enabling us to compare kinematic theory with experimental absolute integrated intensities. To justify the use of kinematic theory we found diffraction conditions where there appealed to be a dynamical decoupling of beams scattered by the substrate from those of the surface structure. Under these diffraction conditions reasonable agreement between theory and experiment was obtained using a surface structure model proposed by Bauer. The surface structure model proposed by Germer and May did not adequately describe the observed intensities and we concluded that the Bauer model was the more plausible representation of the surface.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of UO2Cl2(THF)3: A Simple Preparation of an Anhydrous Uranyl Reagent

Reaction of UO2Cl2·x(H2O) (x = 1, 3) with 6 equiv of ClSiMe3 in THF provides yellow UO2Cl2(THF)3. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the complex reveals a monomer in which the U is coordinated in a pseudopentagonal bipyramidal fashion by two apical oxo groups, three equatorial THF ligands, and two Cl groups. Upon drying the compound, dimeric [UO2Cl2(THF)2]2 is isolated. This compound is a suitable anhydrous starting material for a variety of uranyl coordination compounds.
A Simulation Analysis of the Power of Several Tests for Detecting Heavy-Tailed Distributions

Abstract This article presents estimates of the power of five tests for detecting heavy-tailed distributions with the null hypothesis of normality and alternative hypotheses of each of eleven members of the symmetric stable Paretian distribution. The findings indicate that for small samples and low values of the characteristic exponent, the ratio of the standard deviation to mean deviation would be the most appropriate test. With larger sample sizes and/or larger values of the characteristic exponent, Kurtosis and the ratio of one-half the range to the mean deviation from the sample median appear to be the best tests.
The effect of carbamates on Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Ethyl carbamate and several structurally related compounds were studied to determine their relative phenotypic and genotypic effects on Bacillus subtilis. In general, bacterial growth inhibition noted was increased by the addition of larger radicals and larger radicals with branching to the carboethoxy group of the molecule; in addition, a hydroxy radical located at the carbamyl portion of the molecule increased inhibition, whereas the addition of the hydroxy radical at the carboethoxy portion decreased inhibition. At high carbamate concentrations, the altered growth pattern was accompanied by an abnormal formation of long chains of cells. Where high concentrations of carbamates markedly lowered viability, the mutation rate appeared elevated; however, final analyses of the mutation data proved that none of the carbamates tested were mutagenic at the indole locus of B. subtilis.
Smoked cocaine discrimination in humans: Effects of gabapentin

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, such as the GABA analogue, gabapentin, may provide new avenues for pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence. The purpose of this study was to develop a smoked cocaine drug discrimination procedure in humans to test the effects of gabapentin maintenance on the discriminative stimulus, subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular effects of smoked cocaine. Eight male, nontreatment-seeking, cocaine-dependent volunteers, residing on an inpatient research unit for 47 days completed a within-subjects, counter-balanced design. Participants learned to discriminate between cocaine (25 mg) and placebo, and once the criterion for discrimination was met, smoked cocaine dose-effect functions (0, 6, 12, 25 and 50 mg) were determined under three gabapentin maintenance conditions (0, 600 and 1200 mg/day po). The highest dose of gabapentin tested (1200 mg/day) decreased the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine (6 mg), decreased cocaine craving by 41–53% following cocaine administration (6 and 12 mg), and increased heart rate following either placebo or cocaine (12 mg) administration. Gabapentin did not significantly affect psychomotor task performance or the subjective effects of cocaine. Although the direction of gabapentin's effects was appropriate for a potential treatment medication, i.e., a decrease in cocaine-elicited craving and a decrease in cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects, these effects were limited to low doses of cocaine. The results suggest gabapentin may not produce effects sufficiently robust to be clinically useful, at least at this dose regimen.
Composition Dependence of Glass Forming Propensity in Al−Ni Alloys

Enormous progress has been made over the past decade in developing bulk amorphous alloys with high strength and other mechanical properties while possessing improved glass forming and processing abilities. Particularly important in developing new systems is identifying the compositions most likely to lead to glass formation. We illustrate here for the Al−Ni system how Molecular Dynamics (MD) using a force field derived from first-principles quantum mechanics (QM) can be used to determine the optimum compositions for glass forming ability (GFA). Using the Two-Phase Thermodynamics (2PT) method to extract entropy and free energy directly from MD, we find that the GFA is closely related to (ΔGlc)Tg, the Gibbs free energy difference between the liquid state and crystal state at the glass transition temperature Tg. We find that the glass phase is preferred at compositions where (ΔGlc)Tg is small and where the equilibrium crystal structure is complex. For the AlNi alloys, our calculations suggest that the best g...
Inhibition of Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis in Man: Methodological and Clinical Implications

Integrity of renal prostaglandin synthesis is necessary to maintain renal cortical and medullary function in patients with kidney, heart and liver disease. A comparison of the biochemical effects of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) necessitates that renal prostaglandin synthesis, as reflected by urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin excretion, be assessed with proper attention to problems created by seminal fluid contamination, inadequate chromatographic separation of samples, and largely unknown cross reactivities of systemic eicosanoid metabolites with antibodies raised against primary prostaglandins.Most, but not all, clinical studies support the observation that conventional doses of sulindac, administered orally, do not inhibit renal prostaglandin synthesis or alter renal function. Caution is in order, however, about the use of any NSAID, including sulindac at conventional dosage, in patients with severe liver disease as the plasma levels of sulindac sulfide are increased and pro...
Enhancement of Low-Severity Coal Liquefaction by Mild Acidic Pretreatment and Cyclic Olefins

Three coals, Wyodak and Black Thunder mine subbituminous and North Dakota Beulah-Zap lignite, were pretreated with mildly acidic solutions of hydrochloric or sulfurous acid in methanol, water, or hexane. These pretreated coals were reacted in the presence of one of three hydrogen donors : 1,4,5,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, a cyclic olefin commonly known as isotetralin ; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, isotetralin's hydroaromatic analog commonly known as tetralin ; or 1,4,5,8,9,10-hexahydroanthracene, a three-ring cyclic olefin. Coal conversions obtained from combinations of selected pretreatments and hydrogen donors were examined in a factorial experiment. Supplemental reactions were performed evaluating the effect of other parameters. Reaction conditions were 350 °C for 30 min under 3.45 MPa of hydrogen introduced at ambient temperature. Both isotetralin and hexahydroanthracene yielded higher coal conversions than tetralin regardless of the pretreatment condition. Each coal responded differently to the pretreatments. The highest conversions for the three coals were achieved with isotetralin and different acid pretreatments. Black Thunder mine coal yielded 41.2% coal conversion after reacting with isotetralin following pretreatment with hydrochloric acid in methanol compared to 27.7% for the same system without HCl. Wyodak yielded 39.0% and Beulah-Zap yielded 35.0% coal conversion after reacting with isotetralin following pretreatment with hydrochloric acid in water compared to 24.9 and 23.2%, respectively, without HCl. Hexahydroanthracene was less effective than isotetralin with hydrochloric acid pretreatments but more effective than isotetralin with the sulfurous acid pretreatments. Conversions with hexane as a pretreatment solvent were similar but slightly lower than those with water. Combinations of some factors exhibited interactions.
Suppression of citrus rust mite populations with application of fragmented mycelia of Hirsutella thompsonii

Abstract Large quantities of mycelia of Hirsutella thompsonii, a fungal pathogen of the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, were produced by use of a submerged culture technique. The mycelia were then fragmented and applied as a foliar spray to orange trees infested with high populations of the citrus rust mite. The mycelia began to sporulate on the foliage about 48 hr after application. The mean number of mites per leaf decreased and the rate of mite infection increased at 1 week post-treatment. Mite populations remained at low levels for 10–14 weeks.
Water-soluble, non-fibrous deoxyribonucleoprotein from calf thymus nuclei.

A WATER-SOLUBLE, non-viscous form of deoxyribonucleoprotein has been isolated from purified calf thymus nuclei by a process that minimizes enzyme degradation. Previously the only preparation of deoxyribonucleoprotein generally accepted as undegraded has been the fibrous one, forming gels in water and only slightly soluble, with a molecular weight of 17 million1.
Toward new paradigms in mixed-valency: ytterbocene-terpyridine charge-transfer complexes.

(C5Me5)2Yb·OEt2 reacts with terpyridine and tetrapyridinylpyrazine to afford new mixed-valent systems.
Fluoride effects on the plasma membrane ATPase of sugarbeet

Abstract Fluoride, a common air pollutant long known as a toxicant to many plant processes, inhibits mitochondrial, chloroplast and tonoplast ATPases. In the present study, the effects of fluoride at various substrate concentrations on the plasma membrane ATPase of sugarbeets ( Beta vulgaris L.) were investigated. The plasma membrane ATPase was inhibited by lower concentrations (5 mM) of fluoride than the above indicated ATPases. The amount of inhibition due to fluoride increased with increasing concentrations of free Mg 2+ in the reaction medium. The data suggest that fluoride inhibition of the plasma membrane ATPase is at the active site of the enzyme and occurs via a magnesium-fluoro-complex.
Psychologic aspects of dealing with children in uroradiology

Children undergoing uroradiologic procedures fear and imagine many things adults do not. This article reviews the nature of children's fears, and emphasizes that the more children know, and the more familiar they can be with the procedure, the more relaxed they will be. Inpatients should get an advance tour, see the machines in advance, and meet at least one person who will be present at the examination. The parents should be in the room with younger children, with a favorite toy or object; there should be complete calm, no unnecessary strangers, and the patient should be given as much control over the proceedings as possible. Patients may fear darkness or being crushed by the machinery; the room should thus be well lit and their fears addressed in advance. Younger children may worry about genital mutilation, and should be reassured.
Assignment of the λ1369.13 Diffuse Interstellar Absorption Band and Three Other Far-Ultraviolet Interstellar Absorption Lines to the CH Molecule

The three unidentified interstellar lines λλ1368.74, 1369.13, and 1370.87 are here assigned to the CH molecule, including the diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 1369.13 A. A consistent rotational assignment of the interstellar lines and the 3d-X 2Π laboratory spectrum is presented. The predominant broadening mechanism of the lines appears to be predissociation, which is found to be greater for lines with upper levels of d parity, including the DIB, than for lines with upper levels of c parity. The oscillator strength of the 3d-X 2Π transition is estimated to be f ≈ 0.033. Using the theoretical n* dependence of the parameters together with the wavenumber of the observed laboratory Q-form branch, an unidentified interstellar line at 1270.96 A is assigned to the strongest line of the 4d-X 2Π transition of CH.
Detection of leafy spurge using hyper-spectral-spatial-temporal imagery

We examined the ability of hyper spectral (80 bands), spatial (0.3 m), and temporal (10 dates during the growing season) imagery to detect leafy spurge infestations and classify plant densities. Random forest classification was used for all analyses. Single date classifications were similar to the best classifications in other studies (73% to 90% overall accuracies), although with greater distinction of densities. Mulitdate classification achieved 97% accuracy over four density classes.
Induction of Nuclear Androgen-Binding Sites in Epithelium of the Embryonic Urinary Bladder by Mesenchyme of the Urogenital Sinus of Embryonic Mice*

Mesenchyme of the embryonic urogenital sinus induces epithelium of the embryonic urinary bladder to form prostatic acini. The induced glandular epithelium exhibits nuclear androgen-binding sites, as demonstrated autoradiographically. This suggests that the expression of androgen receptor activity in an epithelium is dependent upon the mesenchyme with which it is associated during development.
The Novel Serpin Endopin 2 Demonstrates Cross-Class Inhibition of Papain and Elastase: Localization of Endopin 2 to Regulated Secretory Vesicles of Neuroendocrine Chromaffin Cells†

This study demonstrates that endopin 2 is a unique secretory vesicle serpin that displays cross-class inhibition of cysteine and serine proteases, indicated by effective inhibition of papain and elastase, respectively. Homology of the reactive site loop (RSL) domain of endopin 2, notably at P1-P1' residues, with other serpins that inhibit cysteine and serine proteases predicted that endopin 2 may inhibit similar proteases. Recombinant N-His-tagged endopin 2 inhibited papain and elastase with second-order rate constants (k a s s ) of 1.4 x 10 6 and 1.7 x 10 5 M - 1 s - 1 respectively. Endopin 2 formed SDS-stable complexes with papain and elastase, a characteristic property of serpins. Interactions of the RSL domain of endopin 2 with papain and elastase were indicated by cleavage of endopin 2 near the predicted P1-P1' residues by these proteases. Endopin 2 did not inhibit the cysteine protease cathepsin B, or the serine proteases chymotrypsin, trypsin, plasmin, and furin. Endopin 2 in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells was colocalized with the secretory vesicle component (Met)enkephalin by confocal immunonfluorescence microscopy, and was present in isolated secretory vesicles (chromaffin granules) from chromaffin cells as a glycoprotein of 72-73 kDa. Moreover, regulated secretion of endopin 2 from chromaffin cells was induced by nicotine and KCl depolarization. Overall, these results demonstrate that the serpin endopin 2 possesses dual specificity for inhibiting both papain-like cysteine and elastase-like serine proteases. These findings demonstrate that endopin 2 inhibitory functions may occur in the regulated secretory pathway.
ON THE ENTHALPY METHOD

Two common fixed grid enthalpy methods used in the numerical modelling of phase change problems are the apparent heat capacity and the source based methods. In this paper, a general enthalpy method that includes as subsets both apparent heat capacity and source based methods, is derived. Following this, an optimal enthalpy scheme is identified. The superiority of the optimal scheme over the apparent heat capacity and the source based schemes is illustrated by solving sample phase change problems.
Association Tests for a Censored Quantitative Trait and Candidate Genes in Structured Populations with Multilevel Genetic Relatedness

Several statistical methods for detecting associations between quantitative traits and candidate genes in structured populations have been developed for fully observed phenotypes. However, many experiments are concerned with failure-time phenotypes, which are usually subject to censoring. In this article, we propose statistical methods for detecting associations between a censored quantitative trait and candidate genes in structured populations with complex multiple levels of genetic relatedness among sampled individuals. The proposed methods correct for continuous population stratification using both population structure variables as covariates and the frailty terms attributable to kinship. The relationship between the time-at-onset data and genotypic scores at a candidate marker is modeled via a parametric Weibull frailty accelerated failure time (AFT) model as well as a semiparametric frailty AFT model, where the baseline survival function is flexibly modeled as a mixture of Polya trees centered around a family of Weibull distributions. For both parametric and semiparametric models, the frailties are modeled via an intrinsic Gaussian conditional autoregressive prior distribution with the kinship matrix being the adjacency matrix connecting subjects. Simulation studies and applications to the Arabidopsis thaliana line flowering time data sets demonstrated the advantage of the new proposals over existing approaches.
Ultraviolet insolation drives seasonal and diurnal space weather variations

[1] We present several findings that improve the understanding of the seasonal and diurnal variation in auroral and magnetospheric activity. The total ionospheric conductivity in the nightside auroral oval from UV insolation (ΣP) is calculated, and its seasonal and diurnal variation is shown to correlate very highly with that of the Am and AL indices of geomagnetic activity (r = 0.89 and r = 0.75, respectively). Such excellent correlations with Am have been previously obtained by other researchers using instead the acute angle between the Earth's dipole axis and the Earth-Sun line, ψ. However, the ionospheric conductivity formulation provides a more physical model to explain the equinoctial (McIntosh) effect. Namely, the level of geomagnetic activity is well-ordered by whether the nightside auroral oval is sunlit in one hemisphere or neither. We improve calculations of the expected pattern of seasonal and diurnal variations in the solar wind input. The elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit results in observed interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strengths about 7% larger in January than June. When the Sun's spin axis tilt to the ecliptic plane is considered, the predicted IMF southward component (Bs) maximizes in February, as is observed. We also calculate the seasonal and diurnal variation of a more general solar wind–magnetosphere coupling function, EKL. EKL proves to have little (0.5%) diurnal variation and has a seasonal variation of about 14%. For the first time, the seasonal and diurnal variation in the ΦPC, the polar cap flux (from Polar UVI observations, cross-calibrated to a DMSP-based standard) and in magnetotail stretching (the b2i index) are presented. Magnetotail stretching proves to correlate better (r = −0.57) with EKL than with ΣP. ΦPC correlates better with ΣP, but the correlation (r = −0.49) is not nearly as strong as that for the indices of geomagnetic activity, Am and AL. Our survey of the seasonal and diurnal variation of the magnetosphere thus shows that some aspects (geomagnetic indices) correlate best with UV insolation, while others (magnetotail stretching) correlate best with solar wind input.
Comprehension of third person singular /s/ in AAE-speaking children.

Purpose: This investigation examined the comprehension of third person singular /s/ in 30 African American English (AAE)-speaking children as a subject-number agreement marker on a comprehension ta...
Depressive symptoms, lifestyle structure, and ART adherence among HIV-infected individuals: a longitudinal mediation analysis.

Despite the well-documented relationship between depression and antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence, few studies have identified explanatory pathways through which depression affects adherence. The current study tested lifestyle structure—the degree of organization and routinization of daily activities—as a mediator of this relationship, given previous evidence of lifestyle structure being associated with both depression and ART nonadherence. HIV-infected individuals starting or re-starting ART in the California Collaborative Treatment Group 578 study (n = 199) were assessed over 48 weeks. Adherence was measured using electronic monitoring caps to determine dose timing and doses taken, and viral load was assessed. The mediating role of lifestyle structure was tested using generalized linear mixed-effects modeling and bootstrapping. Lifestyle significantly mediated the relationship between depression and both measures of ART adherence behavior. Interventions that minimize disruptions to lifestyle structure and link adherence to daily activities may be useful for individuals with depression and ART nonadherence.
A New Method for Determining Joint Constraint Forces and Moments During Optimal Dynamic Motion of Redundant Manipulators

The kinematic representations of general open-loop chains in many robotic applications are based on the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) notation. However, when the DH representation is used for kinematic modeling, the relative joint constraints cannot be described explicitly using the common formulation methods. In this paper, we propose a new formulation of solving a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) where the method of Lagrange multipliers is incorporated into the optimization problem for optimal motion planning of redundant systems. In particular, a set of fictitious joints is modeled to solve for the joint constraint forces and moments, as well as the optimal dynamic motion and the required actuator torques, of redundant manipulators described in DH representation. The proposed method is formulated within the framework of our earlier study on the generation of load-effective optimal dynamic motions of redundant manipulators that guarantee successful execution of given tasks, in which the Lagrangian dynamics for general external loads are incorporated. Some example tasks of a simple planar manipulator and a high-degree-of-freedom digital human model are illustrated, and the results show accurate calculation of joint constraint loads without altering the original planned motion. The proposed optimization formulation is equivalent to solving DAEs without integration.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF SOLID- OR LIQUID-PHASE PARTICLES IN OPPOSING GAS-SUSPENSION JETS

The depth of penetration of particles in systems of opposing gas-suspension jets has been investigated theoretically and experimentally.
Pulmonary hemorrhage in a hemophiliac simulating a lung neoplasm.

We report an elderly, male smoker with moderate hemophilia B who presented with hemoptysis. Chest imaging revealed a well-circumscribed, pulmonary, mass lesion. Repeated bronchoscopy failed to make a diagnosis, and the patient ultimately underwent open thoracotomy with resection of the mass. Pathologic examination revealed hemorrhagic changes in association with bullous lung disease. This is the first report of symptomatic pulmonary hemorrhage in a patient with hemophilia B. Hemorrhage into a pre-existing bulla can simulate a primary lung neoplasm. Am. J. Hematol. 64:299‐302, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wait until your father gets home? Mother's and fathers' spanking and development of child aggression.

This study examined whether fathers' and mothers' spanking contributed to development of child aggression in the first 5 years of life. We selected parents (N = 1,298) who were married or cohabiting across all waves of data collection. Cross-lagged path models examined fathers', mothers', and both parents' within-time and longitudinal associations between spanking and child aggression when the child was 1, 3, and 5 years of age. RESULTS indicated that mothers spanked more than fathers. When examining fathers only, fathers' spanking was not associated with subsequent child aggression. When examining both parents concurrently, only mothers' spanking was predictive of subsequent child aggression. We found no evidence of multiplicative effects when testing interactions examining whether frequent spanking by either fathers or mothers was predictive of increases in children's aggression. This study suggests that the processes linking spanking to child aggression differ for mothers and fathers.
Oxidative stress and death domain proteins in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Signal-transduction pathways in the central nervous system provide key mechanisms for cellular responses to environmental stresses. Oxidative stresses are operative in the aging brain with infarction and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate these inputs to downstream targets, such as transcription factors. The result is either regeneration and protection, or cell death. AD, a multifactorial disease, results in death of selectively vulnerable neuronal subpopulations. Etiologic factors, including Aβ-oxidative stress, exert toxic effects through the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAP kinases, including ERKs and stress-activated protein kinases especially c-Jun, N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and P38, are prime candidates for activation of c-Jun. Both ERKs and JNKs cause tau hyperphosphorylation potentially contributing to neurofibrillary tangle formation. Differentially expressed in neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue (DENN)/mitogen-activated kinase activating death domain protein (MADD), a GDP/GTP exchange factor under basal conditions, interacts with JNK under Aβ stress through its JNK binding domain. As a death domain (DD)-bearing protein, DENN/MADD also interacts with other DD-proteins such as TNFR1. Our hypothesis is that DENN/MADD plays a potentially pivotal role in AD, in the cell death/survival process, via JNK. At a chronic level, DENN/MADD may modulate activation of the TNFR1 pathway by the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α, released by Aβ-activated macrophages and by JNK induction of FAS ligand which promote cell death via the FAS/TNFR pathway.
Repair of Chemical Damage in Mammalian Cells

The repair of chemical damage to DNA differs in many ways from the repair of radiation damage and its interpretation is often more complicated. For example, most chemicals of environmental concern do not react directly with cellular macromolecules but must first be activated to nucleophiles [1]. Hence the dosimetry of chemicals is complicated and may vary markedly from tissue to tissue, organelle to organelle [2] or from linker to the core region of DNA [3]. The different reactivities between agents reacting directly and those that react indirectly may give rise to products whose yields as a function of dose are completely different even though the products themselves may be the same. Thus Fig. 1 [4] shows a way of estimating chemical doses in vivo from alkylating agents in terms of the level of specific alkylation of hemoglobin. The direct acting agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) yields a linear response curve but alkylation from dimethylnitrosamine.(DMN), which needs activation, shows a much lower response and the response increases as some higher power of injected dose measured in mg/kg body weight. On the other hand the development of immunological probes for specific DNA damages offers the possibility of measuring such damages at levels of fmoles [5, 6].
QCD sum rules for a rho meson in dense matter

Abstract Using the QCD sum rules, we study the property of a rho meson in dense hadronic matter. Instead of the simple rho meson pole approximation for the rho meson spectral function at low momenta, we evaluate it using the vector dominance model that takes into account the interaction between the rho meson and the pion. Including pion modification by the deltahole polarization in the nuclear medium, we find that as the nuclear density increases the rho meson peak in the spectral function shifts to smaller invariant masses. We discuss the possibility of studying the rho meson property in dense matter via the dilepton invariant mass spectrum from heavy-ion collisions.