cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinohypothalamic tract volleys in a slice preparation of the mouse hypothalamus

Abstract The electrophysiological responses of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to stimulated synaptic input from the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) were investigated using a hypothalamic slice preparation that includes the entire SCN, optic chiasm and optic nerves. Extracellular recording of single-unit activity reveal a population of neurons in the ventrolateral SCN that are activated at a median latency of 10 ms after stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve. These neurons apparently receive direct excitatory input from RHT synapses. Other SCN neurons are activated at longer latencies, possibly through input from interneurons. The population field potentials evoked in the SCN by optic nerve volleys consist of a calcium-insensitive transient generated by optic tract axons in the chiasm, followed by calcium-sensitive waves generated by postsynaptic activity. The postsynaptic waves have the form of a field EPSP, negative in the dorsolateral SCN and positive in the ventrolateral SCN, upon which is superimposed a population spike of opposite polarity. The population spike occurs at the same latency as the monosynaptic single unit responses, which were all found near or ventral to the point of reversal of field potential. These findings suggest that neurons in the ventrolateral SCN are excited by synapses on dorsally extended dendrites. The conduction velocity of the RHT in the optic nerve was found to be 0.59 ± 0.03 mm/ms, while that of the optic tract volley was 2.4 ± 0.75 mm/ms. The low conduction velocity of the RHT indicates that, within the optic nerve, these axons are thin and/or unmyelinated in the optic nerve.
Chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a case report.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disorder of unknown etiology affecting the microcirculation of multiple organ systems. Plasma therapy has significantly reduced the mortality rate; thus, an increased incidence of recurrence has been noted. Since corticosteroids, antiplatelet agents, and splenectomy do not prevent recurrences, monthly plasma infusions have been instituted to decrease the risk of recurrence. However, in pregnancy, increase in frequency of plasma infusions to weekly or biweekly intervals has been associated with avoidance of placental infarcts. This is the first report of a successful pregnancy in which bimonthly prophylactic single plasma-exchange plasmapheresis was the treatment regimen with no obvious maternal-fetal morbidity.
Body-Mass Index and 4-Year Change in Health-Related Quality of Life

Objective: To determine the effect of body-mass index (BMI) categories (a proxy for adiposity) on 4-year changes in health-related quality of life (HRQL) independent of baseline disease severity. Design:Secondary analyses of a prospective, longitudinal study. Participants:Data on 7,895 adults ages 51 to 61 years who responded to the Health and Retirement Surveys in 1992, 1994, and 1996 were included. Results:Estimates of the effect of BMI on changes in HRQL were adjusted by disease severity. Each BMI category was associated with an increasing risk of decline in perceived health, with the highest risk in the higher categories. AEMI of between 30 and 35 was associated with a risk of decline in mobility. Conclusions:The findings suggest a significant impact of BMI on changes in HRQL that is independent of disease severity and baseline HRQL.
Slowing and Speeding Molecular Beams by Means of a Rapidly Rotating Source

Mounting a molecular beam source near the tip of a hollow high-speed rotor provides a means to shift the velocity distribution of the beam downward or upward over a wide range. We describe the construction of such a device and experiments and model calculations characterizing its operation, for both supersonic and effusive beams of rare gases, O2, CH3F, and SF6. For example, the flow velocity of a rotating supersonic beam of O2 was accelerated to above 1000 m/s (corresponding to a kinetic energy of 2200 K and deBroglie wavelength of 0.1 A) and decelerated (when seeded in Xe) to below 70 m/s (corresponding to a kinetic energy below 10 K and deBroglie wavelength of nearly 2 A). With improvements in prospect, the rotating beam source offers a versatile and relatively simple way to enhance techniques for manipulating molecular trajectories.
Antibiotic treatment of pneumonia.

Summary Anaerobic pneumonia B. fragilis not involved–penicillin alternatives–clindamycin, cephalosporins, erythromycin B. fragilis involved–clindamycin, cefoxitin + metronidazole Chronic destructive pneumonia–penicillin, cefoxitin and metronidazole Summary: Acute, fulminating pneumonia–benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, aminoglycoside erythromycin after 24 hours and negative bacteriology and clinical response–add erythromycin penicillin hypersensitivity–cephalosporins and cephamycins, erythromycin There are many other specific organisms, e.g. M. tuberculosis, and opportunistic pathogens causing pneumonia and this subject has been reviewed extensively.26, 27These organisms will require specific antibiotic therapy.
Separation of Pyridine/Water Solutions Using Pervaporation

Abstract Studies were performed on the separation of pyridine/water solutions using pervaporation. Organic permeation experiments were performed using a ‘silicalite»-filled silicone composite membrane. Effects of feed concentration, feed temperature, and permeate side pressure were examined. Benchmark conditions of 5.0 wt% pyridine, 50°C, and 2 torr were chosen. At the benchmark conditions, an organic selectivity of 34 and a permeate flux of 0.428 kg/m2h was achieved. An increase in feed concentration caused an increase in both the permeate concentration and flux, but caused a decrease in the selectivity. Also, permeate compositions far exceeded standard vapor—liquid equilibrium. Temperature had an Arrhenius-type relationship with regard to flux, but had no effect on the selectivity. Increasing the permeate pressure caused a steady decrease in permeate flux and also decreased the permeate composition and selectivity.
Smoking Among Teenage Girls

SUMMARY The current paper reviews the existing literature about smoking among teenage girls. We begin with a summary of recent epidemiological data concerning gender differences in the rates of various smoking behaviors among adolescents. We next focus on how gender may influence smoking initiation, maintenance, and cessation among adolescents. Specifically, we examine weight control motives, social influences, mood management motives, and image-related motives as particularly important factors in teenage girls' smoking. We then offer a brief review of some of the more popular adolescent smoking interventions. We conclude the paper with recommendations for ways in which the effectiveness of smoking prevention and intervention programs for girls may be improved.
An Effective Reaction Matrix Derived from Nuclear Matter Calculations

I’m going to talk about the nuclear interaction as derived from nuclear matter theory. I have written here some of the concepts which I shall use $${\rm {G = v - v}\frac{{Q}} {{e}}{G}}$$ (1) $$ {\rm{G}\phi { = v}\psi} $$ (2) . The first equation determines the so-called reaction matrix, G, which was introduced by Brueckner1 and which is supposed to be given. Q is the Pauli operator and e is the energy difference between the excited and normal states. The sum of the diagonal elements of the G-matrix gives the potential energy of a given piece of nuclear matter or of a finite nucleus.
RO-Vibrational state densities based on spectroscopic data for non-separable systems

A Monte Carlo procedure for calculating the density of states is described. The method is based on an expansion of the eigenstate energies as term values, and coupling among vibrations and rotations is explicitly included. The accuracy of the technique for state densities is demonstrated by comparisons with “exact” results obtained form the differentiated sum of states. The applicability of the method is general, when reliable high order spectroscopic data are available. Calculations are presented for NO,, H20, HOCi and CHsO for energies ~20000 cm-l. 1. Intloduction The calculation of the densities of vibrational and rotational energy levels and of the corresponding sum of states is important for numerous theoretical applications, including theories of unimolecular reactions, energy transfer, radiationless transitions, multiphoton absorption processes, and spectroscopic measures of molecular chaos. The current techniques available for the calculation of densities of states, N(E), include direct count [ 11, semiempirical [ 21 and inverse Laplace transform [ 31 methods. The Beyer-Swinehart algorithm [ 41, which has very high efftciency, and its extension by Stein and Rabinovitch [ 5 ] enable the exact calculation of N( E) for separable degrees of freedom. Indeed, inherent in most of these methods is the assumption that the system can be treated as a collection of independent (separable) oscillators. This is not because the couplings among the different degrees of freedom (DOF) are thought to be unimportant, but because they are difftcult to evaluate. Methods for evaluating state densities that can incorporate the effects of non-separability include those based on classical mechanics and a recently described Monte Carlo method for sums of quantum states [ 6 1; “exact” densities of
Epilepsy and Cortical Dysplasias.

•Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) and diffuse cortical dysplasias (DCD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by abnormal cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture that are associated with epilepsy. Patients with either DCD or FCD may suffer from a variety of epilepsy subtypes and these are often refractory to most anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) despite polytherapy. The etiologies of cortical dysplasias (CD) are diverse, and include inherited genetic syndromes such as Miller-Dieker or X-linked lissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, and the tuberous sclerosis complex, as well as nongenetic exogenous insults such as hypoxic-ischemic injury, viral or other type of central nervous system infection, or traumatic injury. A large number of FCD cases are idiopathic and very small regions of FCD (microdysgenesis) are now being identified in resected epilepsy specimens. Recent data suggests that nearly 30% of epilepsy specimens evaluated histologically will contain regions of overt or microscopic CD. •The mainstay of appropriate therapy for CD remains the standard AEDs or epilepsy surgery. In too few disorders, specific AEDs provide therapeutic advantage in the setting of individual forms of CD. The ketogenic diet may provide seizure control in a subpopulation of patients. In both DCD and FCD, surgical resection can be curative in the appropriately selected patients. Surgical approaches include focal neocortical resections, temporal lobectomy, or larger hemispheric resection procedures.
Corrigendum to “In situ monitoring of through-thickness strain in glass fibre/epoxy composite laminates using carbon nanotube sensors” [Compos. Sci. Technol. 78 (2013) 41–47]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to ‘‘In situ monitoring of through-thickness strain in glass fibre/epoxy composite laminates using carbon nanotube sensors’’ [Compos. Sci. Technol. 78 (2013) 41–47] Ali Naghashpour ⇑, Suong Van Hoa Concordia Centre for Composites (CONCOM), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites (CREPEC), Canada
Vibration analysis of continuous systems by differential transformation

This paper demonstrates the application of the technique of differential transformation to free vibration of continuous systems. The specific problem chosen for this purpose is that of thin beams. The transformation technique is employed for deriving frequency equations and mode functions. The frequencies and mode shapes obtained from the differential-transformation solutions are compared with the exact analytical solutions. It is shown that the solutions obtained from the technique have a very high degree of accuracy.
The determination of barium, platinum and ruthenium in experimental catalysts by neutron activation analysis

The determination of platinum and ruthenium in the presence of barium by instrumental neutron activation analysis is hampered by interference from barium isotopes. This difficulty is surmounted by utilizing gold and rhodium isotopes produced from the β-decay of platinum and ruthenium isotopes.
Changes in Interpersonal Communication Patterns as a Consequence of Need for Information

This paper utilizes a needs and gratifications approach to interpret patterns of interpersonal communication among children and adolescents. The main hypothesis is that individuals who are close to voting age will develop a need to obtain political information in order to hold informed political opinion upon which to base voting decisions. This hypothesis was confirmed. This need for political information led to increased information seeking among the respondents. The information seeking was apparently successful, resulting in increased attitude holding among the respondents.
Eyelid position measurement in Graves' ophthalmopathy: reliability of a photographic technique and comparison with a clinical technique.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability of a computer-based digital image measurement of eyelid position in Graves' ophthalmopathy and to compare digital image measurement with clinical measurement. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Eighty-four eyes of 42 patients with mild to moderate bilateral Graves' ophthalmopathy. Methods Digital images were created from 35-mm color slides of both eyes of participants and projected onto a 15-inch flat-screen computer monitor. Three observers (2 oculoplastic surgeons and 1 ophthalmology resident) independently recorded eyelid fissure height, margin–reflex distance, and inferior scleral show for each eye. Main outcome measures Intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability of eyelid parameter measurements, as described by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Agreement between digital image measurements of the investigators and clinical measurements taken on the same day as the photographs also was assessed. Results Excellent intraobserver agreement was found for the measurement of all eyelid parameters for all 3 investigators (ICC range, 0.93–0.99). Interobserver agreement for all eyelid parameters was also excellent for all investigators (ICC, 0.86–0.97). Agreement between the photographic and clinical measurements for eyelid parameters was fair to moderate (ICC range, 0.38–0.62). Conclusion Measurement of several eyelid parameters in Graves' ophthalmopathy patients from computer-based digital images is reliable. Associations between photographic and clinical measurements for all parameters are weaker. Relative to clinical measurements, the photographic technique offers the advantages of potential for masking and ease of transmission that might be useful in clinical trials.
Judging Cumulative Risk1

The accuracy of young adults' perceptions of how cumulative risks to life, health, and property change over time was tested by asking subjects to judge the long-term probabilities associated with different periods of exposure to risks that are very small in the short term. Process analyses revealed evidence that strategy choice and associated accuracy depended on context and framing variables. Subjects asked to judge conjunctive probabilities adopted a variety of strategies, all of which failed to yield consistently accurate long-term probability judgments. However, subjects asked to judge disjunctive probabilities often reframed the probability questions into questions about the expected number of times the hazard would strike, which they could answer more accurately. Implications of the research for promoting public understanding of the long-term implications of cumulative risks are discussed.
Using the inflating syringe as a safety valve to limit laryngeal mask airway cuff pressure.

Objective Hyperinflation of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) cuff is thought to be the etiology underlying many of the complications associated with the use of this device. Until now, there has not been a clinically acceptable method (besides direct measurement) to assure that the cuff pressure is maintained less than the recommended maximum value of 44 mm Hg (60 cm H2O).
Pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus

An understanding of the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus requires knowledge of the noxious elements in gastric juice and the three major esophageal defenses designed to protect against them. When the esophageal epithelium cannot prevent gastric acid from acidifying the intercellular spaces, the foundation is set for the development of the major symptoms, signs, and complications of reflux esophagitis. Inadequate defense by the epithelium can occur by exposure to the acidic refluxate for a prolonged period of time, because of defects in the antireflux or luminal clearance mechanisms, or by exposure to ingested products that directly impair the epithelium's intrinsic defenses, rendering it vulnerable to injury from even physiologic levels of acid reflux.
Investigation of the β‐cyclodextrin–hydrocortisone inclusion compound

Abstract □ The formation of an inclusion compound by β -cyclodextrin with hydrocortisone has been studied by proton magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) and phase solubility analysis. The magnitude of the chemical shifts of the interior and exterior β -cyclodextrin protons in the presence of hydrocortisone indicated that hydrocortisone is included within the β -cyclodextrin cavity and probably interacts with protons on the edge of the torus. The overall stoichiometry of the inclusion compound was not a single, simple relationship, but was unusual in that it was variable and apparently dependent on the relative amounts of hydrocortisone and β -cyclodextrin in the system.
Attitudes toward Animals: Species Ratings

A questionnaire was used to assess people's attitudes toward 33 species of animals on six dimensions (useful-useless, smart-stupid, responsive-unresponsive, lovable-unlovable, safe-dangerous, and important-unimportant). A cluster analysis resulted in five groups of animals with similar ratings on these dimensions. Respondents were also asked about their attitudes toward hunting, fishing, and medical, scientific and product-testing research using animals.
Function computation in networks: Duality and constant gap results

In the linear function computation problem, multiple source nodes communicate across a relay network to a single destination whose goal is to recover a linear function of the original source data. For the case when the relay network is a deterministic network, a duality relation is established between the linear function computation problem and the standard, well-known multicast problem. Using this relation, a compact sufficient condition is found describing those cases where the cut-set bound is tight. Then, these insight are used to develop results for the case where the relay network contains Gaussian superposition channels. Assuming the original source sequences are independent Gaussians, the resulting distortion for the recovery of their sum is found to within a constant gap.
Adiabatic theory of rotational excitation of non-sigma states

The formulas for the rotational excitation of diatomic molecules in the adiabatic theory are generalized to include rotational excitation within molecular states of arbitrary $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ symmetry. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ not equal to zero (non-$\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ states), the rotational quantum number can change by any integer, and not only an even integer as is the case for $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ states.
Development of greenhouse solar systems for bulk tobacco curing and plant production

Abstract Among many farm crops, bright leaf tobacco is the most energy- and labor-intensive crop. The greenhouse solar system (solar bulk-curing/greenhouse system, or solar barn) was developed to provide multiple-use facilities for year-round solar energy utilization to save fossil fuels in tobacco curing and plant production and to facilitate the total mechanization of tobacco culture. Two types of full-size greenhouse solar systems, the load-supporting wall design and the shell design, both utilizing the thermal envelope concept, were designed and constructed for solar bulk-curing of tobacco, growing transplants and horticultural crops under controlled environment, and aiding automation of transplanting operations. Full-scale field tests of solar bulk curing showed that the fuel savingswere consistantly improved from 37% in 1975 to 51% in 1978 for this solar bulk-curing system as compared with a conventional bulk-curing barn as a control. The feasibility of the system to save energy by using solar energy as a first priority source was significantly demonsrated. Three-year greenhouse and field tests showed that high germination rate of 95–97% with excellent emergence frequency was obtained for tobacco seeds under the controlled environment provided by the greenhouse solar system. In general, the containerized transplants from greenhouse solar system significantly exceeded the conventional bare-root transplant in growth, leaf-quality and yield.
Acute Aortic Dissection in a 9-Year-Old Boy With Chest Pain

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 9-year-old boy was admitted to our emergency department with acute chest pain and elevated troponin I. His mother had died of a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Computed tomography angiography of the chest and upper abdomen was
Fault-Adaptive Control for Robust Performance Management of Computing Systems

This paper introduces a fault-adaptive control approach for the robust and reliable performance management of computing systems. Fault adaptation involves the detection and isolation of faults, and then taking appropriate control actions to mitigate the fault effects and maintain control.
Estimation of microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum of cattle based on dry matter intake and diet composition.

Abstract The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the National Research Council equation used to predict microbial N flow to the duodenum in lactating cows, and 2) to determine whether improved equations could be developed by using dietary parameters used in the field. Treatment means from 55 trials with lactating and nonlactating cattle with duodenal cannulas were subjected to the backward elimination procedure of multiple regression. Variation within and among trials was accounted for by weighting the observations and including trial effects in all models. The equations to predict microbial N flow based on net energy for lactation (NE L ) intake were different from the equation based on NE L intake used by the dairy National Research Council. Dry matter intake (DMI) estimated microbial N flow as well as did NE L intake, indicating that DMI drives predictions based on NE L intake. When multiple dietary factors [i.e., DMI; dietary percentages of crude protein, forage, and neutral detergent fiber; and all two-way interactions] were included, the resulting equation [microbial N (grams per day) = 16.1 + 22.9 × DMI (kilograms per day) – 0.365 × DMI 2 – 1.74 × dietary neutral detergent fiber (percentage of dry matter)] tended to fit the data better than the equations based on NE L intake but not better than the equation based on DMI alone. The multiple-factor equation appeared to be the best overall equation for prediction; in contrast to the equation based on DMI, this equation is sensitive to diet composition. An asymptotic multiple-factor equation was developed, which may be more appropriate when extrapolating beyond the data range.
Finding sums for an infinite class of alternating series

Calculus II students know that many alternating series are convergent by the Alternating Series Test. However, they know few alternating series (except geometric series and some trivial ones) for which they can find the sum. In this article, we present a method that enables the students to find sums for infinitely many alternating series in the following form
Pragmatic Communicative Action Theory

Communicative action (CA) theory need not displace the critical insights of social scientists, geographers, and other urban scholars about the processes of social, economic, and political change that shape urban settlements. CA analysts believe we settle differences in research findings and interpretations by studying the consequences these differences produce instead of claiming philosophical trump. In the first part of this article, I summarize and critique the argument that CA theory is unrealistic explaining of how CA analysts care more about relevant consequences than causal certainty. In the second part of the article, taking some conceptual advice from social theorist Jurgen Habermas, I show how CA analysis can combine structural and intentional concepts to revise and integrate the apparent antagonism between comprehensiveness and compromise for planning practice. I conclude that a pragmatic CA provides a useful and critical theory for planning practice that remains open to future challenge and debate.
Cesarean Section and the Outcome of Very Preterm and Very Low-Birthweight Infants

Births of extremely preterm infants, less than 26 weeks' gestation, by cesarean section have increased significantly in the United States over the past decade. The justification for this increase is not well supported in the literature. This review examines recent analyses that suggest there may be some survival advantage for infants less than 26 weeks delivered by cesarean section. The appropriateness of intervening with cesarean sections for these very immature infants, however, remains uncertain.
Multiple Signaling Pathways Converge on the Cbfa1/Runx2 Transcription Factor to Regulate Osteoblast Differentiation

The Cbfa1/Runx2 transcription factor is essential for osteoblast differentiation. However, levels of Runx2 are often not well correlated with its transcriptional activity suggesting that this factor must be activated either by covalent modification or through interactions with other nuclear components. Runx2 is phosphorylated and activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This pathway is stimulated in at least two ways: by binding of type I collagen to alpha2beta1 integrins on the osteoblast surface and by treatment of cells with the osteogenic growth factor, FGF2. Protein kinase A (PKA) also may phosphorylate/activate Runx2 under certain conditions. Runx2 activity also is enhanced by factors known to stimulate specific signal transduction pathways such as PTH/PTHrP (signals through PKA and PKC pathways) and BMPs (Signal through Smad proteins). Interactions with Runx2 are complex involving both binding of distinct components such as AP-1 factors and Smads to separate sites on DNA, direct interactions between Runx2 and AP-1/Smad factors and MAPK or PKA-dependent Runx2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Runx2 plays a central role in coordinating multiple signals involved in osteoblast differentiation.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: an emerging class of drugs for heart failure.

This editorial refers to ‘Transient reduction in myocardial free oxygen radical levels is involved in the improved cardiac function and structure after long-term allopurinol treatment initiated in established chronic heart failure’† by V. Mellin et al. , on page 1544 Mellin et al. 1 report that short- and long-term xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition with allopurinol, initiated in rats with chronic heart failure due to myocardial infarction, improves cardiac haemodynamics and function and reverses left ventricular remodelling. Rats with established left ventricular dysfunction induced by left coronary artery ligation received a 5-day or 10-week treatment with allopurinol starting 18 or 8 weeks, respectively, after the initial injury. Both short- and long-term allopurinol treatment increased cardiac output without changing arterial pressure consistent with an afterload reducing effect, but only long-term allopurinol treatment reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the left ventricular time-constant of relaxation. Importantly, chronic allopurinol produced clear reverse remodelling, decreasing left-ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters, weight, and collagen density. Interestingly, a reduction in reactive oxygen species determined using electron spin resonance spectroscopy was detectable only in the group receiving 5 days of allopurinol, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were not reduced in either group. These findings substantially extend prior work performed in mouse models in which XO inhibition administered immediately following infarction had beneficial effects on remodelling prevention2 and mortality.3 Although the effects following acute infarction were predictable based on findings from stunned myofilaments,4 the effects on reverse remodelling of established ischaemic cardiomyopathy had not been previously addressed. The current study not only raises extremely interesting questions regarding the role of oxidative stress in heart failure, but also offers new support for a novel class of heart failure therapeutics: the XO inhibitors. There is strong evidence supporting a pathophysiological role for the XO pathway in heart failure. … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 410 614 4161; fax: +1 443 287 7945. E-mail address : jhare{at}mail.jhmi.edu
Time-varying Doppler analysis of electromagnetic backscattering from rotating object

Electromagnetic backscattering from rotating objects is subject to Doppler modulations that enable us to determine dynamic properties of objects and provide useful information about the objects. In this paper, we discuss how to analyze time-varying Doppler spectra, how to deal with undersampled data, and how to characterize target's dynamic motions from the time-varying Doppler spectra.
Clinicopathologic aspects of 1p/19q loss and the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma.

Abstract Context.—Significant interobserver variability exists with respect to the diagnosis of oligodendroglial neoplasms, especially their distinction from astrocytoma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. Combined loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 19 has been shown to be both relatively specific to oligodendroglioma and, when present, a marker of improved prognosis in patients with these tumors. In addition, 1p/19q loss has been shown to be a marker of “classic” oligodendroglial histology. These findings raise questions as to the role of 1p/19q testing in clinical practice, both as a prognostic marker and as a potential diagnostic marker among infiltrating glial neoplasms. Objective.—This review discusses the issues raised above and tries to clarify the current status of 1p/19q evaluation in the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma. Data Sources.—Sources for this review include recent literature as well as the experience of 3 practicing neuropathologists. Conclusions.—1p/19q status i...
TDP-43 neurotoxicity and protein aggregation modulated by heat shock factor and insulin/IGF-1 signaling

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) plays a key role in the neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The nature of the TDP-43-mediated neurotoxicity associated with these diseases is not yet understood. Here, we have established transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models that express human TDP-43 variants in the nervous system, including the full-length wild-type (WT) and mutant proteins and a pathologic C-terminal fragment. The C. elegans models developed severe locomotor defects associated with the aggregation of TDP-43 in neurons. In comparison to parallel Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase worm models, transgenic full-length TDP-43, including the WT protein, was highly neurotoxic. In addition, TDP-43 demonstrated an unusually high tendency to aggregate, a property intrinsic to the WT protein. The C-terminal 25 kDa fragment of TDP-43 was unstable but remarkably aggregation-prone. Distinct disulfide-linked TDP-43 dimers and oligomers were detected. In C. elegans, the neurotoxicity and the protein aggregation of TDP-43 were regulated by environmental temperature and heat shock transcriptional factor 1, indicating that a deficiency in protein quality control is a risk factor for TDP-43 proteinopathy. Furthermore, the neurotoxicity and the protein aggregation of TDP-43 can be significantly attenuated by a deficiency in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling in C. elegans and mammalian cells. These results suggest that protein misfolding underlies the aging-dependent neurodegeneration associated with TDP-43 and that the insulin/IGF-1 signaling may be a target for therapies.
Comparative characterization of organic emissions from diesel particles, coke oven mains, roofing tar vapors and cigarette smoke condensate.

Abstract This paper reports the characterization of the extractable organics from diesel particulate emissions compared to other complex organics which have been reported to increase the risk of human lung cancer. Class fractions of diesel, cigarette smoke condensate, roofing tar, and coke oven extracts were obtained using/liquid partitioning and silica gel chromatography. Capillary GC/MS was used to identify compounds in each extract fraction. This manuscript reports the mass distribution after fractionation of each extract, all identified fraction components and quantification of selected mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds.
A comparison of state-of-the-art NMOS and SiGe HBT devices for analog/mixed-signal/RF circuit applications

RF CMOS performance from a 90nm derivative communications process technology is compared to SiGe BJT performance. NMOS performance at f/sub T//f/sub max/ = 209/248 GHz (70nm) and f/sub T//f/sub max/ = 166/277 GHz (80nm) with F/sub min/ at 0.3 dB (2GHz) and 0.6 dB (10GHz) suggests there is no major reason to implement SiGe HBTs BiCMOS in an integrated communications process.
Dynamic Correlation Analysis of Financial Contagion: Evidence from Asian Countries

This paper reexamines Asian stock market contagion by applying a dynamic multivariate GARCH model to daily stock-return data in nine Asian countries and the United States during the period from 1996 to 2003. The empirical results find supportive evidence of a contagion effect. By analyzing the correlation-coefficient series, this paper identifies two phases of the Asian crisis. The first phase shows an increase in correlation (contagion) and the second phase shows continued high correlation (herding). Statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients shows shifts in the level as well as in the variance of the correlation coefficients during the crisis period, casting some doubt on the benefit of international portfolio diversification. This study finds that international rating agents play significant role in shaping the structure of dynamic correlations in the Asian markets.
Somatic Hypermutation in Antibody Evolution

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is a major mechanism for amplifying the antibody repertoire of vertebrates. SHM results in high frequencies of point mutations in the variable region of Ig genes, the region encoding the antigen-binding domain of antibodies. The constant region is spared, ensuring conservation of the biological functions of antibodies. We briefly review the biology of SHM and its molecular hallmarks. We discuss what is known and what remains to be investigated of the molecular process that creates the mutations, including the properties, normal and aberrant functions of the activation induced deoxy-cytidine deaminase, AID, the enzyme that initiates SHM. Keywords: immunoglobulin genes; antibodies; activation-induced cytidine deaminase; hypermutation
Commentary: Medicaid Reimbursement and Utilization of Health and Behavior Codes: Year One in Oklahoma

In 2002, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) approved and activated the health and behavior Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes (HB therefore, the process of opening up the codes for use by psychology trainee as well as utilization of H&B codes are reported in addition to services provided by licensed psychologists.
Arctic Ocean sea ice volume: What explains its recent depletion?

[1] Various observations and model results point to an arctic sea ice cover that was extraordinarily thin in the 1990s. This thin ice cover was caused by a strengthened cyclonic circulation of wind and ice and by unusual warmth of springtime air temperatures. Here modeled sea ice volume is decomposed into two components: first, a dynamic or wind-forced response to interannually varying winds but a fixed annual cycle of air temperature and second, a thermally forced solution responding only to interannually varying temperatures. Over the 52-year simulation from 1948 to 1999 these two components have a similar range and variance; the wind-forced component has no substantial trend, but the temperature-forced component has a significant downward trend of −3% per decade. Total ice volume shows a trend of −4% per decade. Export slightly exceeds production over the simulation. Annual export and production can differ from each other and from year to year by ±30%. This behavior seems to characterize an ice cover highly constrained by interannual variations in forcing and not in balance. The bulk (two thirds) of volume loss from the 1960s to the 1990s is a result of a striking thinning of undeformed ice. The remainder of the volume loss is due to thinning of ridged ice and reduced concentrations. The central Arctic Ocean and particularly the East Siberian Sea suffer the greatest losses (of up to 2 m); the ice north of the Canadian archipelago also thinned since the 1960s by ∼0.5 m.
A hierarchical decentralized coordinated voltage instability detection scheme for SVC

A number of techniques have been proposed to detect voltage instability in power systems. Most of these techniques are either applied to fast local controls using local measurements or to centralized control using wide-area measurements. While the local detection schemes do not have sufficient situational awareness to suitably respond during a cascading failure, wide-area detection schemes overcomes that weakness but at the expense of speed. In the present work, we propose a decentralized voltage instability detection method that presents a tradeoff between speed and situational awareness. It suits large-scale system having both discrete and continuous control devices, with the former managed centrally and the latter managed locally. The technique consists of finding weakly coupled coherent areas in the system and then applying robust methods to estimate a multiple linear regression model that relates the reactive power reserves to the voltage stability margins in each coherent area. These models are then used to perform voltage stability analysis and to carry out secondary voltage control (SVC) in real-time. Simulation results performed on IEEE test systems reveal that our method has a better situational awareness than simple local detection, especially in case of cascading failures, and requires lesser communication bandwidth than a completely centralized detection based on wide-area measurements. This hierarchical decentralized coordinated scheme will make the grid more robust and resilient.
Outcomes of Arthroscopic Hardware Removal Following Locked Plating of Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Prospective Study

the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), DASH questionnaire, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder score (ASES), as well as the Constant score as outcome measures. Patients were examined by a non-treating physician to determine shoulder motion and strength of both the injured and contralateral upper extremity. A radiograph of the operated shoulder was obtained at the time of final follow up to measure the head-neck angle as well as to determine the presence or absence of post traumatic arthritis and avascular necrosis (AVN) in the humeral head. Results: The mean age of our patients at the time of surgery was 66.8 years (40.5 to 85.4). There were no intra-operative complications. Mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 109 ml (10 to 300) and the mean operative time was 119 min (70 to 236). All patients were able to return to their pre-injury level of activity and all were satisfied with their result. The mean follow-up time was 5.9 years (1 to 13.5). The mean external rotation of the injured versus uninjured shoulder was 49 deg (25 to 85) vs. 59 deg (20 to 90) p1⁄40.003, internal rotation was to T10 (L5 to T6) vs. T9 (L1 to T4) p1⁄40.65, forward flexion was 143 deg (90 to 180) vs. 158 deg (110 to 180) p1⁄40.019, and abduction was 113 deg (60 to 180) vs. 120 deg (85 to 180) p1⁄40.07. The mean ASES score was 88.2 (33 to 100), DASH score 13.9 (0 to 73.3), and Constant score 68.9 (37.9 to 86.3). The mean head-neck angle was 129 deg (106-140). Post-operative complications included one case of subacromial impingement, 2 cases of avascular necrosis, one of which involved less than twenty-five percent of the articular segment with no collapse, and one with articular collapse that required revision to hemiarthroplasty. There was one case of capsular contracture requiring manipulation under anesthesia and arthroscopic capsular release 38 months after the index procedure. There were two cases of heterotopic ossification of which one required excision 5 months after the index procedure. There was one pin tract infection that resolved with oral antibiotics. Conclusion: The use of coral as a strut allograft is a simple, safe, and effective technique for the surgical treatment of 3 and 4-part valgus-impacted proximal humerus fractures leading to consistently high patient satisfaction.
Carl Jung and Alcoholics Anonymous: is a Theistic Psychopathology Feasible?

The reputed success in rehabilitating so-called “hopeless” alcoholics through the Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) program depends in large measure to convincing the members of the group or community that they are totally helpless in changing themselves through their own efforts, but that God can do it when they give themselves and their lives over to God. This theistic approach and method may influence future theory and practice in psychopathology and psychiatry, as this aspect of Carl Jung’s psychology [1] becomes the focus of attention.
Comparative susceptibility of non-inbred and strain LSH inbred Syrian hamsters to the oncogenic adenoviruses.

SummaryThe comparative susceptibility of noninbred Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and the LSH strain of inbred hamsters to the oncogenic effects of adenoviruses type 12 and SA-7 has been studied. Noninbred animals are significantly more susceptible to adenovirus type 12. However, with SA-7 the incidence of tumors in noninbred hamsters was slightly but not significantly lower than in LSH hamsters.
Investigation of a Framework for Collaborative Activities Across Heterogeneous Engineering Domains

This paper describes the functions underlying the creation of a collaborative framework to support robust information exchange across heterogeneous engineering domains. The application context relates to nano manipulation of particles such as proteins; the initial findings relating to distributed accomplishment of target activities in this identified context will be elaborated in this paper. In the scenario being considered, the potential project partners who possess skills and resources related to nano tube design, synthesis, manipulation plan, and simulation are identified from a service directory to form a Virtual Enterprise, with which the final target physical manipulation is formulated. In the proposed framework, the user specifications are used by various planning activities and a detailed top level plan is generated, which is represented by , where NTDS (Nano Tube Design Specification) is a representation of the design attributes of a carbon nano tube, NTSS (Nano Tube Synthesis Specification) is a representation that describes the synthesis of nano tube depending upon the design specification, MPS (Manipulation Plan Specification) is a representation which allows to formulate a nano manipulation plan according to user specification, and SS (Simulation Specification) is a representation that allows to generate various test cases to evaluate the nanomanipulator and the associated manipulation plan. The proposed framework is composed of an enterprise level Planning Manager (which generates a detailed top level plan from the user specification), a Design Coordinator (that identifies and evaluates the candidate design companies to find a potential design that can be used for a target nano manipulation tasks), a Synthesis/Manufacturing Coordinator (which focuses on identifying candidate partners and resources capable of manufacturing a specified nano manipulator). In the modeled context, this manipulator is a Nano tube attached to the tip of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe; a Manipulation Plan Coordinator focuses on identifying candidate manipulation plan generators, and a Simulation coordinator deals with identifying candidate simulation tool vendors who provide services to evaluate nano tube and nano manipulation plan. The framework is proposed with scalability in mind so that new modules can be support a ‘plug and play’ type of integration in depending on the customer requirements.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Clinical Significance of Dynamic Monitoring of Blood Lactic Acid in Estimating Sepsis in Children

Objective To explore the clinical significance of dynamic monitoring of blood lactic acid in estimating disease condition and prognosis in children with sepsis.Methods The levels of blood lactic acid in 69 children with sepsis(sepsis group) were dynamically monitored within 1 hour after admission to PICU(before treatment),and 6,12,24 and 48 hours after admission.Twenty-six control subjects who received physical examination(control group) were selected for comparison.The levels of lactic acid were compared between sepsis group and control group,between sepsis children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) and sepsis children without MODS,and between survivors and non-survivors.The relationship between preoperative blood lactic acid levels and mortality was analyzed.Results Blood lactic acid levels in sepsis group were significantly higher than those in control group [(6.78±2.55) mmol·L-1 vs(1.12±0.27)mmol·L-1,t=15.8,P0.001)].Blood lactic acid levels in sepsis children with MODS were significantly higher than those in sepsis children without MODS [(8.22±1.56) mmol·L-1 vs(3.34±0.85)mmol·L-1,t=11.0,P0.001).Blood lactic acid levels in survivors were significantly higher than those in non-survivors at different time points(P0.001).Blood lactic acid levels decreased gradually and recovered to normal levels 48 hours after treatment in survivors,but continued to increase in non-survivors.The mortality was 13%,22% and 39% in sepsis children with normal(2.0 mmol·L-1),intermediate(≥20-3.9 mmol·L-1) and high(≥4.0 mmol·L-1) levels of blood lactic acid before treatment,respectively.Conclusion Dynamic monitoring of blood lactic acid in children with sepsis was beneficial to estimation of patient's condition,treatment and prognosis.
Care of the aging HIV patient

Thanks to antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a controllable chronic disease, and many infected patients are now living into their 60s and beyond. In addition, many patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection are over age 50. The subsequent rising prevalence of HIV infection in older adults presents several challenges for primary care clinicians. This article promotes increased HIV screening in older adults and highlights the need to recognize polypharmacy and the various comorbidities inherent in the aging HIV population.