cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Multi-Dimensional Urban Sprawl

This paper applies a simultaneous equation model to examine the impact of a variety of factors on four dimensions of urban sprawl: spatial size, sprawl index, and daily vehicle miles traveled per capita. The regression results indicate that the transportation cost has a negative impact on urban sprawl in terms of spatial size, land consumption per capita and daily VMT. The impact of household income on spatial size, land consumption per capita and daily vehicle miles traveled per capita are U-shaped. The impact of number of household is mixed: it has a positive impact on spatial size and daily VMT, but a negative impact on land consumption per capita. Urban growth boundary has a negative and statistically significant impact while minimum lot size has a positive impact on two dimensions of urban sprawl (spatial size and land consumption per capita). Regression results also indicate that among the variables that capture the political, social and geographic characteristics of an area, the amount of intergovernmental transfers as a percentage of local revenue has a positive and statistically impact on all four dimensions of urban sprawl while the percentage of urban fringe area overlying aquifers has such an impact on three dimensions (spatial size of an area, sprawl index, and land consumption per capita). The violent crime rate in the central cities has a positive and statistically significant impact on two dimensions of urban sprawl (spatial size and land consumption per capita).
The Vital Capacity Is Vital: Epidemiology and Clinical Significance of the Restrictive Spirometry Pattern

Epidemiologic research has revealed a substantial portion of the general population with abnormal spirometry results that are characterized by decreased FEV1 and FVC but a preserved FEV1/FVC ratio. This restrictive spirometry pattern (RSP) is inconsistently defined in the literature and not well addressed by current guidelines; there is an accumulating body of evidence, however, that RSP is prevalent to a similar degree as airflow obstruction. Genetic and other risk factors for RSP, such as inhalational injuries and early life exposures, continue to be actively described. Although it seems that RSP is closely associated with the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and systemic inflammation, it is not a simple marker of obesity. RSP is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, as well as mortality, and it may be an underappreciated cause of functional impairments and respiratory symptoms. Improvement in outcomes in this population will require that clinicians have an appreciation for the significance of this spirometry pattern; additional research into the clinical and radiologic phenotype of these subjects is also needed. This article provides an overview of the recent developments in our understanding of this prevalent and highly morbid spirometry pattern.
Ca2+ flux in human placental trophoblasts

Intracellular Ca2+ is an important second messenger. In the placenta, regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by extracellular factors has received relatively little attention. Cultured human placental trophoblasts were treated with a series of potential Ca(2+)-mobilizing ligands. After 3 days in culture, there was an increase in [Ca2+]i in response to angiotensin, endothelin, transforming growth factor-alpha, and ATP in approximately 8, 54, 17, and 100% of the cells, respectively. The response to ATP was dose dependent. At low ATP concentrations (1-10 microM), the response to repeat ATP application remained unchanged, whereas at 100 microM, response to repeat stimulation resulted in lower peak value. The order of potency for the ATP derivatives was ATP = UTP > benzoylbenzoic-ATP > ATP gamma S > ADP beta S > ADP > alpha,beta-MeATP > AMP. This suggests action via the P2u purinergic receptor. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ decreased the ATP-induced Ca2+ response by 45%; this indicates that a substantial portion of the increase in [Ca2+]i was due to influx from extracellular space. Finally, ATP rapidly induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation in cultured trophoblasts. Therefore, ATP-induced changes in Ca2+ flux may be due in part to activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. In summary, ATP is a potent calciotropic ligand in human placental trophoblasts, acting through the P2u receptor. The effect of ATP on [Ca2+]i may prove to be involved in the modulation of various trophoblast functions, including hormone secretion and active transport of nutrients.
Organ Donation in Neurosurgical Critical Care

Advances in the science of immunology and transplantation have made organ ­donation a culturally and socially accepted practice. However, in spite of advances in patient selection and pretransplantation management, the imbalance between the number of patients on the waiting lists for organ donation and the number of available organs for transplantation continues to widen. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), as of April 2009 over 101,643 patients are on the waiting list for organ donation, with only 1,170 donors having given the gift of life to 2,357 transplanted patients so far this year. This paper will discuss the current possibilities for organ donation and the ICU care of the potential organ donor, as well as a systems-based approach to the development of institutional protocols for organ donation.
Design of End-to-End Trojan Asteroid Rendezvous Tours Incorporating Scientific Value

The sun–Jupiter Trojan asteroids are celestial bodies of great scientific interest as well as potential natural assets offering mineral resources for long-term human exploration of the Solar System. Previous investigations have addressed the automated design of tours within the asteroid swarm and the transition of prospective tours to higher-fidelity, end-to-end trajectories. The current development incorporates the route-finding ant colony optimization algorithm into the automated tour-generation procedure. Furthermore, the potential scientific merit of the destination asteroids is incorporated such that encounters with higher-value asteroids are preferentially incorporated during sequence creation.
ED-25SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS MODIFIES THE IMPACT OF RACE/ETHNICITY ON GLIOBLASTOMA PROGNOSIS

BACKGROUND: Demographic factors, most prominently age but also race and marital status, are associated with glioblastoma prognosis. Likewise, treatment-related factors, such as surgery type and radiation therapy, significantly impact survival. Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated both with demographic factors and access to health care in the USA. Analyses of glioblastoma patient survival which include SES will provide new insight into the relationship between demographics, treatment received, and ultimately survival. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program tracks cancer incidence and survival in the United States. We obtained a custom SEER data set containing demographic and treatment information regarding patients with GBM diagnosed from 2000 to 2010, including information on SES based on the census tract. Predictors of GBM treatment and survival were evaluated via Kaplan-Meier analyses as well as Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 26,481 patients with glioblastoma were evaluated. In the final model, age, marital status, race/ethnicity, SES quintile, radiation use, and surgery type were all associated with survival. Notably, race/ethnicity was not a predictor of survival in models controlling for age alone, but in multivariable models including SES, White Non-Hispanic patients (ref) had poorer survival than White Hispanics [RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.86-0.95)], Blacks [RR 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.92)], and All Others [RR 0.85 (95% CI 0.80-0.91)]. With regard to treatment, greater SES was associated with higher gross total resection rate and higher utilization of radiation (p < 0.001 for each comparison). CONCLUSION: Higher SES is associated with both more aggressive treatment of glioblastoma and longer survival. Previously known demographic prognostic factors, including age and marital status, remain significant when SES is also considered. White Non-Hispanic individuals had poorer survival than other racial/ethnic groups when controlling for demographic and treatment factors, a finding that stands in contrast to previous analyses and warrants further evaluation.
Value of CD64 in diagnosis of infection for children with congenital heart disease after operation

Objective To explore the value of neutrophile CD64 molecules in diagnosis of severe infection for children with congenital heart disease after operation.Methods Thirty children with congenital heart disease accompanied by SIRS after operation who were admitted to Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital during Mar 2011 to Mar 2013 were assigned into sepsis group(n = 15) and non-infection group(n = 15).CD64 was evaluated and compared with CRP.Results The level of CD64 was higher in sepsis group than that of non-infection group,with significant difference(t =3.312,P0.01).The level of CRP was higher in sepsis group than that of non-infection group,but with no significant difference(P0.05).The sensitivity of CD64 was 85.7%,and specificity was 92.3%under the ROC curve.Conclusions The CD64 can be used as a sensitive diagnostic indicators for bacterial infection in children,and as an early diagnosis indicators for severe infection of children with congenital heart disease after operation.
Environment monitoring system for swine house based on wireless sensor network

Large-scale and intensive livestock farming demands for high automation and intelligent level of environmental monitoring.Illumination,temperature,humidity and ammonia concentration were the main environment parameters for swine house.In this study,an environment monitoring and early warning system was established based on wireless sensor network integrating an improved LEACH(low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy),3G communication equipment and TELOSB,as well as ammonia,light,temperature and humidity sensors,which could collect environmental parameters every five minute.A management system of the environment monitoring with automatic environmental monitoring,query of historical data,generating curve of environment data,statistical analysis of environment data,and alarming,was developed using J2EE.The management system could collect and transmit environment data accurately and reliably,with the packet loss rate less than 0.1%.The system could alarm timely when environmental indicators reached threshold,thus,improved the health level of livestock and poultry.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD, painful blue leg) is a rare manifestation of deep vein thrombosis. It is a medical emergency and can rapidly lead to venous gangrene of the extremity.1 Early bedside diagnosis is crucial in order to allow time for interventions to salvage the limb. A 58-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer presented with acute onset of pain in her right lower leg for 1 day. The pain was constant, non-radiating, throbbing, …
Methodology for Evaluating the Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Methoprene on Packaging Films

The insect growth regulator methoprene can be mixed into the matrix used to comprise bags and other packaging materials. Different methodologies were utilized to evaluate the efficacy of different types of methoprene-treated packaging towards Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, and T. confusum Jacquelin duVal, the confused flour beetle, two common insect species that infest stored products. Tests were conducted by creating arenas in which larvae were exposed on the packaging surface along with a flour food source, and assessments were made on adults emerging from the exposed progeny. Tests were also done by exposing adults, again with a flour food source, removing the adults after one week, and assessing adult emergence of progeny from those parental adults. In tests with larvae exposed on methoprene-treated birdseed bags, the outside surface had more activity compared to the inside surface, especially on T. confusum. In other studies with different types of packaging materials, there was generally 100% inhibition of adult emergence of exposed larvae or of progeny adults when parental adults were exposed on the methoprene-treated packaging. The best technique for evaluation was to expose late-stage larvae as the test life stage. Results show the potential of using methoprene-treated packaging for bagged storage of processed grains and grain products.
Ultra-High Density Monolithic 3-D FinFET SRAM With Enhanced Read Stability

FinFETs have begun replacing planar CMOS in the post-22 nm era because of their superior short-channel behavior. Though FinFETs will continue to extend Moore's law for the next few technology generations, 3-D vertical integration will enable more-than-Moore density increase by increasing the transistor count that can be accommodated in an IC package. Compared to conventional through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3-D integration methods, monolithic 3-D integration enables higher density of transistors owing to the much smaller monolithic inter-tier vias (MIVs). In this paper, for the first time, we explore the design possibilities for FinFET-based ultra-high density monolithic 3-D SRAMs. These SRAMs can exploit the height difference between the n- and p-FinFETs placed in two different layers to improve overall SRAM stability. We investigate several 6T and 8T monolithic 3-D FinFET SRAM bitcells and evaluate their dc and transient stability/performance metrics, taking process variations into account. We propose a new 8T 3-D SRAM bitcell that shows a 39% improvement in read stability and 25% improvement in footprint area without affecting writeability, when compared with the conventional 2-D 6T SRAM bitcell.
Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS).

The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003a) is the most widely used measure of self-compassion. Self-compassion, as measured by the SCS, is robustly linked to psychological health (Macbeth & Gumley, 2012; Zessin, Dickhauser, & Garbade, 2015). The SCS is currently understood as exhibiting a higher-order structure comprised of 6 first-order factors and 1 second-order general self-compassion factor. Recently, some researchers have questioned the internal validity of this 1-factor conceptualization, and posit that the SCS may instead be comprised of 2 general factors-self-compassion and self-coldness. The current paper provides an in-depth examination of the internal structure of the SCS using oblique, higher-order, and bifactor structural models in a sample of 1,115 college students. The bifactor model comprised of 2 general factors-self-compassion and self-coldness-and 6 specific factors demonstrated the best fit to the data. Results also indicated the Self-Coldness factor accounted for unique variance in depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas the Self-Compassion factor only accounted for unique variance in its association with depression, providing further evidence for the presence of 2 distinct factors. Results did not provide support for the 1-factor composition of self-compassion currently used in research. Implications for using, scoring, and interpreting the SCS are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Discovery with statistics

In June I asked readers to collaborate in an "experiment" about scientific discovery as it happens.
Believing, Remembering, and Imagining: The Roots and Fruits of Meanings Made and Remade

Without believing, there is no human life as we know it. Processes of believing are fundamental to how all people function. Although more often nonconscious than conscious, believing is the guide that leads humans and animals through the myriad options to settle upon or test the next action, reaction, possibility, or hunch. What we call a “belief” is a meaning that has been made. This chapter begins by explaining the substrates of meaning systems and relates them to all matters of believing whether religious or spiritual, unusual versus routine, or narrow versus broad in scope. Processes of believing enable us to navigate all life domains. In order to explain the development of the substrates of meaning systems, the chapter summarizes evolutionarily root ed aspects of human and animal functioning for which the emergence of some form of meaning making, assessment, and remaking is essential. The sequence goes from micro to macro in level of analysis. Each step reflects meaning system processes more developed than those prior to it. The propensity for meaning making, appraisal, and remaking is increased as one goes up the steps, from relatively rudimentary to complex global human meaning systems. The steps include perceiving, learning, intuiting, implementing, remembering, and imagining. The process of believing is multi-layered, consisting of making and remaking meanings, acting upon them mentally or behaviorally, and appraising the outcomes in view of the expectations and predict ions. The process continues, as one remakes meanings, whether similar or modified, re-appraises them, and remakes them again through a continuous feedback cycle. The processes are integral to basic psycholog ical functions including learning, perception, motivation, development, social cognition, human interaction, and human information processing, and show myriad effects across the spectrum from normal to abnormal mental states and behavior.
A General Method for Optimal Musculotendon Force Computation

Abstract We have developed a new, computationally efficient method of solving for the muscle forces involved in a coordinated movement. The method is based on a pseudoinverse algorithm and simultaneously achieves the desired trajectory and the energetically optimal set of muscle stresses according to the criterion function of Crowninshield and Brand (1981). The method is demonstrated on a three-dimensional, five-degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) dynamic upper-extremity model driven by thirty musculotendonous forces. The methodology utilizes “muscle-induced accelerations”, which includes the notion that each and every muscle has a specific purpose and acts with global acceleratory implications instead of the more traditional interpretation of muscles as redundant local generators of joint torque.
Showdown AI competition

We present the Showdown AI Competition, a game-based AI competition built around a clone of the popular game Pokemon. This is a game of turn-based team battle, where the objective is to defeat an opponent team using clever combinations of creatures and their abilities. The gameplay is reminiscent of computer role-playing game battles and collectible card games. The game has characteristics, such as the combination of turn- based gameplay and partial observability, that are unusual in current game-based AI competitions and therefore offers a fresh challenge.
Frequency-dependent seed predation by rodents on Sonoran Desert winter annual plants

Numerous mechanisms may allow species to coexist. We tested for frequency-dependent predation, a mechanism predicted by theory and established as a foraging behavior for many types of animals. Our field test included multiple prey species exposed in situ to multiple predator species and individuals to determine whether the prey species experienced predation patterns that were frequency-dependent. The prey were seeds of three species of Sonoran Desert winter annual plants while the predator species were a guild of nocturnal seed foraging heteromyid and murid rodents that co-occur naturally in the same community as the desert annuals at Tumamoc Hill near Tucson. Seeds of one species were much preferred over the other two. Nonetheless, we found the net effect of rodent foraging to be positively frequency-dependent (the preference for each species is higher when it is common than when it is uncommon) as has been previously hypothesized. This frequency-dependent predation should function as a species coexistence promoting mechanism in concert with the storage effect which has been previously demonstrated for this system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Trafficking-Mediated STING Degradation Requires Sorting to Acidified Endolysosomes and Can Be Targeted to Enhance Anti-tumor Response

Summary STING is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated transmembrane protein that turns on and quickly turns off downstream signaling as it translocates from the ER to vesicles. How STING signaling is attenuated during trafficking remains poorly understood. Here, we show that trafficking-mediated STING degradation requires ER exit and function of vacuolar ATPase complex. Late-stage STING vesicles are sorted to Rab7-positive endolysosomes for degradation. Based on analysis of existing structures, we also identified the helix amino acid 281 (aa281)–297 as a motif required for trafficking-mediated STING degradation. Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) reveals the size and clustering of STING vesicles and topology of STING on the vesicle. Importantly, blockade of trafficking-mediated STING degradation using bafilomycin A1 specifically enhanced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP)-mediated immune response and anti-tumor effect in mice. Together, our findings provide biochemical and imaging evidence for STING degradation by the lysosome and pinpoint trafficking-mediated STING degradation as a previously unanticipated therapeutic target for enhancing STING signaling in cancer therapy.
New Insight into Gridded Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Fusion Devices

AbstractGridded inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) devices use a 10-200 kV voltage difference to accelerate ions through a 0.1-10 mTorr background gas in a spherical or cylindrical geometry. The detailed investigation of a gridded IEC device using DD fuel has resulted in several surprises that have greatly altered our perception of how these systems operate. It was found that there are at least 4 major misconceptions that have been in place for over 15 years on how such IEC systems operate. These misconceptions range all the way from what energetic ion is causing the majority of fusions, to the energy and charge state of the reacting ions. Experimental results will illustrate some of the surprising reactions that are taking place in DD gridded system.
Cultural Norms and Immigrants in the United States: The Green Card Experiment

This paper explores the effect of norms—standards of conduct dictated by an identity—on white, American immigration attitudes. Results from a survey experiment show that when respondents evaluate immigrants who violate cultural norms, by speaking a non-English language and/or rooting for a foreign soccer team, respondents are less supportive of green cards for immigrants. Moreover, norm violations are consequential for tolerant, prejudiced, liberal, moderate, and conservative respondents. Valuing cultural norms is a shared and pervasive aspect of immigration attitudes, and targeting norms for inquiry brings into view the societal structure of opposition to immigration. However, norm violations affect green card support among liberals only in evaluations of Latino immigrants, and among conservatives only in evaluations of European immigrants.
The effects of estuarine wetlands on flood losses associated with storm surge

Abstract Wetlands are frequently cited for their ability to reduce the adverse effects of flooding. Despite the growing negative impacts of storm surge and tidal flood events on coastal communities in the United States (U.S.), little if any, systematic, observation-based work has been done that measures the effects of estuarine wetlands in reducing actual flood loss. This study quantitatively assesses the role of estuarine and tidal wetlands in mitigating the amount of surge-induced flood damage experienced on Galveston Island by Hurricane Ike in 2008. Using a novel approach to measuring potential wetland influence, statistical analysis is performed on site-level flood damage observations to detect under which locations and configurations naturally-occurring estuarine wetlands might reduce impacts to residential structures. Results suggest that tidal wetlands may reduce storm-surge induced flood damage under certain distance and location characteristics, yet increase damage in others. Specifically, structures that were within 500' and sheltered by tidal wetlands demonstrated decreased flood damage, however damages increased at distances beyond this threshold, relative to non-sheltered structures. These results provide critical information to the debate on the effectiveness of wetlands for coastal flood mitigation and provide guidance to local decision makers interested in facilitating the development of more flood resilient communities over the long term.
Basic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic principles.

The successful development of new molecules with utility in the prevention and treatment of cancer requires a thorough understanding of the pharmacologic properties of these agents. This includes characterizing their interactions with specific molecular targets and defining their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties early in the clinical development process. Pharmacokinetics is the analysis of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.1 Often, a drug’s pharmacokinetic profile is summarized by a mathematical representation of its concentration in plasma over time. Understanding a drug’s pharmacokinetic properties is important both for the rational use of these new agents and for explaining the interpatient and intrapatient variability that occurs when these agents are administered to large populations of patients. Pharmacodynamics extends these observations by relating time-dependent kinetic processes to actual clinical drug effects including include both therapeutic and toxic drug actions. Therefore, pharmacodynamics is important because it is ultimately the discipline that relates drug pharmacokinetics to clinically relevant endpoints.
Recent Advances in Variable Valve Timing

The application of variable valve timing (VVT) to spark ignition engines is reviewed. In addition to higher performance, there are opportunities to improve the ECE-15 vehicle fuel economy by up to 15%. Added friction from the VVT system itself could however significantly depreciate the potential benefit. A selected number of VVT concepts developed by Ford are described.
Does Anarchy Make Political Sense

Tyranny, Aristotle says, either is the worst of politics or is no politics at all.1 And though he does not specifically discuss anarchy, he says that that form of democracy which always appeals from laws to the people is the worst form of democracy. For “such a democracy is fairly open to the objection that it is not a constitution at all; for where laws have no authority, there is no constitution.”2 It is easy then to infer that Aristotle would find anarchy little better than tyranny.
The prescience of paleoclimatology and the future of the Antarctic ice sheet

The emerging view that the West Antarctic ice sheet is in the early stage of collapse owes as much to paleoclimatology as to contemporary observations.
Monetary Value of Slaves

History is best absorbed through the words of those who experienced it. This 2-volume set illuminates daily life in slave society in America from colonial times to the end of the Civil War. Approximately 240 articles, organized topically, provide in-depth reference and historical information on the business and regulation of slavery, the plantation way of life, work, family and community, culture and leisure, health and medicine, religion, resistance and rebellion, and slavery and freedom in the North. This Author contributed an Article entitled "Monetary Value of Slaves."
Serotonin agonists and antagonists in obstructive sleep apnea: therapeutic potential.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a prevalent disorder associated with substantial cardiovascular and neurobehavioral morbidity. Yet this is a disorder for which there are no widely effective pharmacotherapies. The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea namely, normal respiration in waking with disordered breathing only in sleep, suggests that this disorder should be readily amenable to drug therapy. Over the past 10 years, we have gained tremendous insight into the neurochemical mechanisms involved in state-dependent control of respiration. It is apparent from this work that there are many potential avenues for pharmacotherapies, including several seemingly conflicting directions for serotonergic therapies. Serotonin delivery is reduced to upper airway dilator motor neurons in sleep, and this contributes, at least in part, to sleep-related reductions in dilator muscle activity and upper airway obstruction. The dilator motor neuron post-synaptic serotonin receptors are 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C subtypes, and in adults the presynaptic 5-HT receptor in motor nuclei is 5-HT1B, an inhibitory receptor. Serotonin receptors are also found within central respiratory neuronal groups, and these receptor subtypes include 5-HT1A (inhibitory) and 5-HT2 receptors. Peripherally, stimulation of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT3 receptor subtypes have an inhibitory effect on respiration via action at the nodose ganglion. Many of these receptor subtypes and their signal transduction pathways may be affected by oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea. These alterations will make finding drug therapies for sleep apnea more challenging, but not insurmountable. Future directions are suggested for elucidating safe, well-tolerated serotonergic drugs for this disorder. Tryptophan was one of the first serotonergic drugs tested for OSAHS. This drug was withdrawn from the market as a result of reports linking tryptophan use with eosinophilic myalgia syndrome and life-threatening pulmonary hypertension. Newer drugs with serotonergic activity tested in persons with sleep-disordered breathing include buspirone, fluoxetine and paroxetine. Trials are presently being conducted to evaluate the effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 antagonists on OSAHS. Many of the drugs tested have not shown significant improvement in sleep apnea. However, with continued effort to elucidate the pharmacology of neurochemical control of state-dependent changes in respiratory control, the availability of pharmacological therapy for this disorder is not too far away.
Creating Meaning through Science: “The Meaning of Life” Video and Muslim Youth Culture in Australia

ABSTRACTMuslim youth cultures often are engaged by media both locally and globally. It is hypothesized they search for representations of Islam that allow them to frame their discourse in ways that...
How to Navigate a Scientific Meeting and Make It Worthwhile? A Guide for Young Orthopedic Surgeons

Scientific meetings provide a unique opportunity within the academic and professional orthopedic community to further education, explore intellectual interests, share knowledge, network with colleagues, and find a welcomed reprieve from the hustle of clinical duties to revel in the company of like-minded individuals. Conscientious preparation and planning are indispensable leading up to the meeting in order to maximize utility and time. Understanding available resources and specific events encompassed within the meeting such as abstract presentations, poster tours, small-group “breakout” sessions, panel discussions, vendor exhibitions, and technical demonstrations and knowing how to make the best use of them demand its own research and execution of a “preoperative plan.” At the conclusion of these meetings, attendees should feel a rejuvenated spirit stemming from intellectual vivification, rekindling of old relationships, and forging of new ones. These efforts and takeaways then form the basis for future academic pursuits, research collaboration, and excitement for the next opportunity to partake in similar meetings.
Using STML as a theoretical model for a qualitative case study.

BACKGROUND Selecting and applying an appropriate theoretical model is essential in research development. AIM To describe the use of the simplified teaching-meaningful learning (STML) model to guide a qualitative case study that explored the meaningful learning of students with diverse backgrounds at a training workshop for new software. DISCUSSION The authors discuss how STML helped determine the qualitative case study's research question, gave direction to the choice of methods for collecting and analysing data, and built the context to interpret and discuss the findings. CONCLUSION Using an appropriate theoretical model assists in the design and conduct of a qualitative case study that develops scientific evidence to understand students' meaningful learning of new technologies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The four steps of the model might be useful for researchers in designing and conducting other qualitative research in different subject areas in nursing and other disciplines.
Toxicity of Various Pyrolysis Liquids From Biosolids on Methane Production Yield

Abstract Aqueous pyrolysis liquid (APL) is a high-COD byproduct of wastewater biosolids pyrolysis that is comprised of numerous complex organic compounds and ammonia (NH3-N). One potential beneficial use of APL is as a co-digestate to produce more biogas in anaerobic digesters. However, some APL organics and ammonia are known to inhibit methane-producing microbes. Autocatalytic pyrolysis which uses previously-produced biochar as a catalyst during biosolids pyrolysis, increases energy-rich py-gas while eliminating bio-oil production and reducing COD concentration in the APL (catalyzed APL). However, the catalyzed APL still has a high organic strength and no suitable treatment strategies have yet been identified. In this study, the methane production yields and methanogenic toxicity of non-catalyzed and catalyzed APLs were investigated. Both non-catalyzed and catalyzed APLs were produced at 800°C from a mix of digested primary and raw waste activated sludge from a municipal water resource reclamation facility. Using the anaerobic toxicity assay, APL digester loading rates higher than 0.5 gCOD/L for non-catalyzed and 0.10 gCOD/L for catalyzed APL were not sustainable due to toxicity. The IC50 values (APL concentration that inhibited methane production rate by 50%) for non-catalyzed and catalyzed APLs were 2.3 and 0.3 gCOD/L, respectively. Despite having significantly fewer identified organic compounds, catalytic APL resulted in higher methanogenic toxicity than non-catalytic APL. NH3-N was not the main inhibitory constituent and other organics in APL, including 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, benzene, cresol, ethylbenzene, phenols, styrene, and xylenes as well as nitrogenated organics (e.g., benzonitrile, pyridine) ostensibly caused considerable methane production inhibition. Future research focused on pretreatment methods to overcome APL toxicity and the use of acclimated biomass to increase methane production rates during APL anaerobic digestion or co-digestion is warranted.
Protectors of Pluralism: Religious Minorities and the Rescue of Jews in the Low Countries during the Holocaust

Protectors of Pluralism argues that local religious minorities are more likely to save persecuted groups from purification campaigns. Robert Braun utilizes a geo-referenced dataset of Jewish evasion in the Netherlands and Belgium during the Holocaust to assess the minority hypothesis. Spatial statistics and archival work reveal that Protestants were more likely to rescue Jews in Catholic regions of the Low Countries, while Catholics facilitated evasion in Protestant areas. Post-war testimonies and secondary literature demonstrate the importance of minority groups for rescue in other countries during the Holocaust as well as other episodes of mass violence, underlining how the local position of church communities produces networks of assistance, rather than something inherent to any religion itself. This book makes an important contribution to the literature on political violence, social movements, altruism and religion, applying a range of social science methodologies and theories that shed new light on the Holocaust.
Vitrification and storage of oral mucosa epithelial cell sheets.

Shipping time and shipping delays might affect the quality of the stem cells based engineered "organs." In our laboratory, we have developed a limbal stem cell deficient (LSCD) rabbit model. To reverse the LSCD, we cultured oral mucosal epithelial cells for 2-3 weeks and engineered cultured autologous oral mucosa epithelial cell sheets (CAOMECS), which were grafted on the LSCD cornea. The purpose of this study was to vitrify CAOMECS and to store it until the CAOMECS can be grafted onto patients. CAOMECS were vitrified in LN2 for up to 204 days. We tested two different methods of vitrification with different solutions; however, CAOMECS were only viable when they were not stored in a vitrification solution; results were only reported from this CAOMECS. On the basis of hematoxylin and eosin staining, we showed that the CAOMECS morphology was well preserved after long-term storage in LN2 . Most of the preservation solutions maintained the CAOMECS phenotype (Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Beta-Catenin, ZO-1, E-Cadherin, CK3, CK4, CK13). The exception was the solution composed with ethylene glycol and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): this resulted in loss of DeltaN-p63 expression. DeltaN-p63 is an important marker for cell proliferation. The expression of proteins involved in cell-cell connection and the differentiation markers were maintained. Apoptosis was not detected in the thawed CAOMECS. We demonstrated that CAOMECS can be stored long-term in LN2 without affecting their morphology and phenotype.
Infrastructuring the Imaginary: How Sea-Level Rise Comes to Matter in the San Francisco Bay Area

Information infrastructures have become integral components of policy debates related to climate change and sustainability. To better understand this relationship, we studied the tools used to forecast and respond to sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area, where active debates on how to best prepare for this issues are underway and will have important consequences for the future of the region. Drawing on 18 months of qualitative research we argue that competing visions of the problem are intimately intertwined with different elements of information infrastructure and beliefs about the role of data in policymaking. Current infrastructure in the region, far from being a neutral actor in these debates, exhibits an infrastructural bias, privileging some approaches over others. We identify some of the tactics that community organizations deploy to subvert the claims of sea-level rise experts and advance their own perspective, which prioritizes considerations of justice over technical expertise.
Joseph F. Hair Jr.: A Fond Tribute to an Entrepreneur Academic and International Leader

Joe F. Hair Jr. is universally admired by his students and colleagues for his many accomplishments which are well documented. This is a brief take on Joe’s many attributes from a personal point of view. Joe’s sense of humor, his willingness to go to extraordinary lengths to help all in his charge to succeed, his entrepreneur academic drive among many aspects are recounted from a personal point of view. A number of telling and amusing anecdotes shared by students of Cohort 1 are shared. In all this recollection paints a multifaceted picture of working and studying with Joe.
First examination of diet items consumed by wild-caught black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) in the U.S.

Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) were imported to the U.S. in the 1970s to control snails in aquaculture ponds and have since escaped from captivity. The increase in captures of wild fish has raised concerns of risk to native and imperiled unionid mussels given previous literature classified this species a molluscivore. We acquired black carp from commercial fishers and biologists, and examined digestive contents of 109 fish captured over 8 y from lentic and lotic habitats in the central and southern U.S.A. Digestive tract contents were preserved, and diet items inventoried. We identified 59 aquatic animal taxa (21 mollusks, 27 insects, and 11 other invertebrates) and various plant material including nuts and seeds; no fish were found. Approximately 45% of stomachs examined were empty or only contained flukes (Trematoda) that had infected mollusks before they were ingested. Nonempty stomachs contained snails (16.5%), bivalve mussels (22.8%), and insect larvae (net-spinning caddisflies, 15.6%; burrowing mayflies, 6.4%; and midges, 13.7%). Fish also consumed freshwater sponges (Porifera), moss animals (Bryozoa), crustaceans (Ostracoda and Decapoda), water mites (Acarina), and three worm phyla (Nematoda, Nemertea, Annelida). Seven taxa of unionid mussels were identified from shell fragments among the fish we examined, all of which are found in habitats with soft mud or sand/silt substrates. Diet of fish captured in lentic environments contained significantly higher richness than those captured in lotic environments. Individual black carp often contained large numbers of only one or two diet items that were assumed locally abundant and did not always crush the shells of mollusks. Most fish we examined consumed benthic prey, which supports the classification of black carp as a benthic foraging species. However, the presence of other aquatic taxa associated with pelagic or subsurface zones suggests black carp are opportunistic in their consumption of diet items and flexible in their feeding modes.
Expertise and Non-binary Bodies: Sex, Gender and the Case of Dutee Chand

How do institutions respond to expert contests over epistemologies of sex and gender? In this article, I consider how epistemological ascendancy in debates over the regulation of women athletes wit...
Between the Ottomans and the Entente: the First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, 1908-1925

Stacy Fahrenthold’s innovative and engaging book analyses the politics and politicking of Syrians and Lebanese in the mahjar (diaspora) in a welcome contribution to the literature on Syrian and Leb...
Prevention of eating disorders: 2019 in review.

ABSTRACTThis article reviews 11 prevention-related publications in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention during 2019. Two models from the 2018 review continue to frame this analys...
Accident-Tolerant Fuel

Abstract Advanced light water reactor (LWR) fuels have been developed incrementally for more than 60 years before the term Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) was created. There are many different categories of ATF concepts, which range from near-term marginal enhancements to fission gas release in fuel or hydrogen pickup in the cladding, to transformational fuel types with new engineered fission product barriers. In this work we characterize these different types of ATF, and give several important examples for each. We conclude that transformational ATF concepts have the greatest potential to enhance the traditional definition of defense-in-depth by enhancing current barriers and/or by providing additional barriers to fission product release. This objective can primarily be achieved by introducing a new fission product barrier that enhances defense-in-depth by design, for example the added barriers to fission product release in some engineered ATF concepts. We recommend future gap analyses and a phenomena identification and ranking to assess the applicability of existing safe acceptable fuel design limits and the standard review plan to specific ATF concepts.
Coming to Terms With Living Shorelines: A Scoping Review of Novel Restoration Strategies for Shoreline Protection

In an era of rapid coastal population expansion and habitat degradation, restoration is becoming an increasingly important strategy for combating coastal habitat loss and maintaining ecosystem services. In particular, techniques that use habitat restoration alone or restoration in combination with built infrastructure to provide coastal protective services are growing in popularity. These novel approaches, often called living shorelines, have the potential to expand the reach and applicability of coastal restoration projects. To understand how living shorelines research has expanded over time, we conducted a scoping review of English-language peer-reviewed articles. We included papers that self-identified as living shorelines research, as well as studies that used other related terminology, to investigate trends in publication rates, geography, site characteristics, and outcomes measured. Using a systematic search protocol, we compiled a database of 46 papers; the earliest study was published in 1981, and the earliest study to use the term living shoreline was published in 2008. Eighty-three percent of studies were conducted in North America, followed by 11% in Asia, and 7% in Europe, but the use of the term living shoreline was almost exclusively restricted to North America. Saltmarshes, oyster reefs, mangroves, and freshwater vegetation were used in living shoreline designs, but 91% of studies also incorporated structural materials like oyster shell and rock. Most living shorelines research was conducted at sites that were less than five years old. The vast majority of studies exclusively reported on ecological outcomes (89%), and of those, ecological processes were measured in 74% of studies. Processes related to coastal protection were measured most frequently (52% of ecological studies), followed by biological interactions, water filtration, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. All together, our data suggest that living shorelines research is on the rise, but there is a need for more long-term data, socio-economic research, further consensus on the terminology used to describe different types of projects, and research on the types of living shorelines that are most effective in different environmental contexts. Future long-term and interdisciplinary research will help to elucidate the full effects of living shorelines.
Geometric Quantum State Estimation

Author(s): Anza, Fabio; Crutchfield, James P | Abstract: Density matrices capture all of a quantum system's statistics accessible through projective and positive operator-valued measurements. They do not completely determine its state, however, as they neglect the physical realization of ensembles. Fortunately, the concept of geometric quantum state does properly describe physical ensembles. Here, given knowledge of a density matrix, possibly arising from a tomography protocol, we show how to estimate the geometric quantum state using a maximum entropy principle based on a geometrically-appropriate entropy.
Forty Postmortem Examinations in COVID-19 Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Although diffuse alveolar damage, a subtype of acute lung injury (ALI), is the most common microscopic pattern in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other pathologic patterns have been described. The aim of the study was to review autopsies from COVID-19 decedents to evaluate the spectrum of pathology and correlate the results with clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings. METHODS: A comprehensive and quantitative review from 40 postmortem examinations was performed. The microscopic patterns were categorized as follows: "major" when present in more than 50% of cases and "novel" if rarely or not previously described and unexpected clinically. RESULTS: Three major pulmonary patterns were identified: ALI in 29 (73%) of 40, intravascular fibrin or platelet-rich aggregates (IFPAs) in 36 (90%) of 40, and vascular congestion and hemangiomatosis-like change (VCHL) in 20 (50%) of 40. The absence of ALI (non-ALI) was novel and seen in 11 (27%) of 40. Compared with ALI decedents, those with non-ALI had a shorter hospitalization course (P = .02), chest radiographs with no or minimal consolidation (P = .01), and no pathologically confirmed cause of death (9/11). All non-ALI had VCHL and IFPAs, and clinically most had cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: Two distinct pulmonary phenotypic patterns-ALI and non-ALI-were noted. Non-ALI represents a rarely described phenotype. The cause of death in non-ALI is most likely COVID-19 related but requires additional corroboration.