cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on Pentachlorophenol in Human Blood and Urine

Abstract Urine concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PGP) in occupationally exposed people have been examined (a) over a period of about a year, (b) in a 10-day period of daily sampling, (c) before and after absences from the job, and (d) in relation to blood concentrations of PGP during a 3-month period. The urinary excretion of PCP after a single respiratory exposure of two subjects is reported. It was concluded that the respiratory tract is a significant mode of exposure to PCP by workers, and it was noted that there are probably differences in excretion kinetics between single low-level exposures and chronic higher level exposures. It is suggested that binding to plasma constituents (protein) occurs and that an appreciable PCP compartment occurs in tissues. It is postulated that excretion rates after inhalation are dependent not only on exposure levels but on the steady state relationship of PCP concentration in lung, blood, plasma protein and tissue depots.
The XUV structure of solar active regions

XUV spectroheliograms of 2 active regions are studied. The images are due to lines emitted at temperatures between 8 x 104 K and 2 x 106 K and thus are indicative of transition region and coronal structures. The hot coronal lines are formed solely in loop structures which connect regions of opposite photospheric magnetic polarity but are not observed over sunspots. Transition region lines are emitted in plages overlying regions of intense photospheric magnetic field and in loops or loop-segments connecting such regions. The hot coronal loops are supported hydrostatically while only some of the transition zone loops are. The coronal and transition zone loops are distinctly separated and are not coaxial. A comparison of direct measurements of electron densities using density sensitive line ratios with indirect measurements using emission measures and path lengths shows the existence of fine structures of less than a second of arc in transition region loops. From a similar analysis, hot coronal loops do not have any fine structure below about 2 seconds of arc.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonate use: Presentation of seven cases and literature review.

phate analogs, are strong osteoclast inhibitors that are used for osteoporosis and in the treatment of solid tumors with bony metastasis. There are growing reports of osteonecrosis associated with the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates, Pamindronate and Zolendronic acid therapy. Theses cases have been most commonly seen and treated by oral surgeons. An untreated maxillary osteonecrosis can lead to pansinusitis, involving the otolaryngologist in these patients' care. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case series reported in the otolaryngology literature. Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients presenting to the Mount Sinai Hospital Center and at Elmhurst General Hospital between October 2003 and November 2004 with a history of refractory osteomyelitis of the jaws and chronic bisphosphonate therapy. Results: Seven patients were identified with both of these conditions. These patients presented with nonhealing ulcers of the mandible or maxilla. Four of the patients were on bisphosphonate therapy, and the other three had been treated with bisphosphonates. Three of the patients required extensive operations to remove the involved bone. One patient required endoscopic sinus surgery. Conclusions: Increasing reports of bisphosphonate associated osteomyelitis and the difficulty in treating these patients requires further investigation to identify the subset of patients who are at increased risk for this process. The optimal and safe duration of treatment with bisphosphonates needs to be determined.
Intragestural dynamics of multiple prosodic boundaries

Abstract Recent work has demonstrated that temporal lengthening of articulatory gestures adjacent to an intonational phrase boundary can be interpreted as resulting from a lower underlying gestural stiffness. Magnetometer data from three subjects were examined to determine whether multiple levels of prosodic boundaries can be distinguished in the spatio-temporal patterning of articulation and whether these patterns are consistent with the lowered gestural stiffness account. Eighty tokens were recorded of a /CVCV#CVCV/ sequence with five differing boundary conditions intended to elicit multiple prosodic boundaries. Magnitude and duration of each consonantal closing and opening gesture, and the temporal latency between consonants were determined. Three levels of interconsonant latency in the /CV#CV/ portion of the utterance can be statistically differentiated. These differences result from lengthening of postboundary closing movements and, to a lesser extent, the pre-boundary opening movements. Concomitant spatial changes are discussed. The kinematic data are used to model the intragestural dynamics of boundary-adjacent lengthening. This modeling suggests that although lowered gestural stiffness is the main source of lengthening, another parameter—a rise-time for gestural activation—is also necessary. Speaker-specific differences in dynamics are accounted for by corresponding differences in the manner in which rise-time varies with stiffness.
In vivo and in vitro metabolism of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The incorporation of radioisotopes into various cellular fractions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown with S -adenosylhomocysteine labeled with 14 C in the 8 position of the adenine moiety, or with 35 S or 3 H in the homocysteine moiety, was determined. Radioisotope distribution data indicated that S -adenosylhomocysteine was cleaved and that the resultant fragments were incorporated into methionine, S -adenosylmethionine, cysteine, proteins, and nucleic acids. In vitro experiments revealed the presence of S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which could account for the formation of free homocysteine from S -adenosylhomoeysteine. In the presence of the necessary cofactors, the resultant homocysteine served as the methyl acceptor in the formation of methionine, part of which could be converted to S -adenosylmethionine via the methionine activating enzyme. Data are presented that indicate that the methyl group was derived from serine via tetrahydrofolate through a series of reactions analogous to those previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli and mammalian liver. Although direct attachment of methyl group to S -adenosylhomocysteine cannot be completely ruled out, no direct experimental evidence was obtained to support this concept. Nor was any evidence obtained for the exchange of methyl groups between S -adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocysteine.
Autonomous person pacing and following with Model Predictive Equilibrium Point Control

The ability to follow or move alongside a person is a necessary skill for an autonomous mobile agent that works with human users. To accomplish the task, the robot must be able to track and follow the person it is accompanying while maneuvering through obstacles without collision. Also, the robot must be able to respect user preferences and exhibit behaviors that are intuitive and socially acceptable. That is, the robot is required to make complex decisions on-line, in environments that are almost always dynamic and uncertain in the presence of pedestrians. This paper discusses a versatile motion planning algorithm for person pacing, which refers to the capability to walk next to another person at user-preferred distance and orientation [1]. The algorithm is based on the Model Predictive Equilibrium Point Control (MPEPC) framework [2] which allows a robot to navigate gracefully in dynamic, uncertain, and structured environments. We show that with a simple task description for person pacing, an agent with the MPEPC navigation algorithm can make intelligent decisions on-line, maximizing the expected progress toward achieving the task while minimizing the action cost and the probability of collision. We present navigation examples generated from real data traces, where a wheelchair robot exhibits very reasonable behaviors across a wide range of situations.
Multiple-Threshold-voltage CMOS/SOS by focused ion beams

Abstract Incremental threshold voltage controls were achieved for n -channel and p -channel MOSFETs on silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) wafers using focused ion beam (FIB) implants of boron. After conventional flood channel implants, selected transistors received additional FIB implants in the channel region with a minimum incremental dose near 1 × 10 11 / cm 2 , a value one-tenth of that achieved previously. This was made possible by FIB system improvements. Threshold voltage shifts were 19 and 48 mV per each 1 × 10 11 / cm 2 of FIB boron dose for NMOS and PMOS devices, respectively. These results show that CMOS/SOS integrated circuits with a large number of finely separated threshold voltage values are feasible.
Study of fluid damping effects on resonant frequency of an electromagnetically actuated valveless micropump.

As fluid flow effects on the actuation and dynamic response of a vibrating membrane are crucial to micropump design in drug delivery, this paper presents both a mathematical and finite-element analysis (FEA) validation of a solution to fluid damping of a valveless micropump model. To further understand the behavior of the micropump, effects of geometrical dimensions and properties of fluid on the resonant frequency are analyzed to optimize the design of the proposed micropump. The analytical and numerical solutions show that the resonant frequency decreases with the slenderness ratio of the diffuser and increases with the opening angle, high aspect ratio, and thickness ratio between the membrane and the fluid chamber depth. A specific valveless micropump model with a 6-mm diameter and 65-μm thickness polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite elastic membrane was studied and analyzed when subjected to different fluids conditions. The resonant frequency of a clamped circular membrane is found to be 138.11 Hz, neglecting the fluid. For a gas fluid load, the frequency is attenuated by slightly shifting to 104.76 Hz and it is significantly reduced to 5.53 Hz when the liquid fluid is loaded. Resonant frequency remarkably shifts the flow rate of the pump; hence, frequency-dependent characteristics of both single-chamber and dual-chamber configuration micropumps were investigated. It was observed that, although the fluid capacity is doubled for the latter, the maximum flow rate was found to be around 27.73 μl/min under 0.4-A input current with an excitation frequency of 3 Hz. This is less than twice the flow rate of a single chamber of 19.61 μl/min tested under the same current but with an excitation frequency of 4.36 Hz. The proposed double-chamber model analytical solution combined with the optimization of the nozzle/diffuser design and assuming the effects of damping proved to be an effective tool in predicting micropump performance and flow rate delivery.
Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 reductively dechlorinates diverse chlorinated aromatic pollutants.

Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to vinyl chloride and ethene, and its genome has been found to contain up to 17 putative dehalogenase gene homologues, suggesting diverse dehalogenation ability. We amended pure or mixed cultures containing D. ethenogenes strain 195 with 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-dibenzofuran, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene, various chlorobenzenes, or a mixture of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorophenol to determine the dehalogenation ability. D. ethenogenes strain 195 dechlorinated 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to a mixture of 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 2,3,4,5,6- Pentachlorobiphenyl was dechlorinated to 2,3,4,6- and/or 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene was dechlorinated primarily to an unidentified dichloro-naphthalene congener. The predom...
Geographic variation in cardiovascular inflammation among healthy women in the Women's Health Study.

Background Geographic variation in traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been observed among women in the US. It is not known whether state-level variation in cardiovascular inflammation exists or could be explained by traditional clinical risk factors and behavioral lifestyle factors.
Helicobacter pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter pylori uniquely colonizes the human stomach and produces gastric mucosal inflammation. High-output nitric oxide production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is associated with immune activation and tissue injury. Because mononuclear cells comprise a major part of the cellular inflammatory response to H. pylori infection, the ability of H. pylori to induce iNOS in macrophages was assessed. METHODS: H. pylori preparations were added to RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, and iNOS expression was assessed by Northern blot analysis, enzyme activity assay, and NO2- release. RESULTS: Both whole H. pylori and French press lysates induced concentration-dependent NO2- production, with peak levels 20-fold above control. These findings were paralleled by marked increases in iNOS messenger RNA and enzyme activity levels. iNOS expression was synergistically increased with interferon gamma, indicating that the H. pylori effect can be amplified by other macrophage-activating factors. Studies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content and polymyxin B inhibition of LPS suggested that the H. pylori effect was attributable to both LPS- dependent and -independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: iNOS expression in macrophages is activated by highly stable H. pylori products and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated gastric mucosal disease. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1524-33)
Multiplex Fabry-Perot interferometer: II. Laboratory prototype.

The Multiplex Fabry-Perot interferometer (MFPI) consists of a Fabry-Perot interferometer in which the etalon plate separation is changed over a large optical distance. Fourier transformation of the resultant interferogram allows one to treat the multiple reflections within the etalon cavity in a manner analogous to an array of Michelson-type interferometers. However, the scan distance required by the MFPI is much less than for a comparable Michelson. The design and construction of the MFPI are described. Solar absorption spectra measured with this instrument are compared with results from the FASCODE atmospheric model.
Regulation of Human Interstitial Collagenase (Matrix Metalloproteinase-1) Promoter Activity by Fibroblast Growth Factor

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a pleiotropic factor that is implicated in tissue remodeling. The growth factor is capable of up-regulating the expression of the interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1 or MMP-1) gene. In this study, the full-length human MMP-1 promoter, spanning 4.3 kb, was sequenced and the regulatory control of its activity by bFGF was examined in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Several regulatory sequences, including five activator protein-1 (AP-1), five activator protein-2 (AP-2), five glucocorticoid-response elements and multiple ets/polyoma enhancer-binding 3 elements, were identified. Deletion constructs were prepared and transiently transfected into fibroblast cultures incubated with and without bFGF. The results showed that bFGF enhanced the activity of the deletion promoter fragments and the full-length MMP-1 promoter by sixfold or more in the cell cultures. Stimulation of the MMP-1 promoter activity by bFGF was reflected in substantial increase of the collagenase mRNA levels. A bFGF-responsive element appeared to be the AP-1 consensus sequence. Mutation of the first AP-1 site resulted in major reduction of the basal level of the MMP-1 promoter activity, supporting the notion that the AP-1 consensus sequence is essential for the constitutive expression of the MMP-1 gene. Furthermore, bFGF induction of the activity of the promoter constructs containing a mutant AP-1 site was essentially absent, suggesting that the regulatory element is necessary for the induction of the promoter activity by the growth factor. Thus, bFGF up-regulates MMP-1 gene expression in NIH3T3 fibroblasts via induction of its promoter activity that is dependent on an AP-1 consensus sequence.
Why a new section dedicated to ethics in the JAAD

H ave you ever had a patient with a malignancy refuse treatment? Have you ever seen a patient that received care from one of your colleagues that seemed shockingly substandard and wondered if you should report it—and if so, to whom? Have you ever been asked to be an investigator in what seemed like a bogus postmarketing study, paying you $1000 to fill out paperwork on each patient you start on the drug? Have you ever noticed what looked like a skin cancer or a melanoma on the skin of a stranger andwonderedwhat to say? Has any patient of yours ever demanded a biologic drug for what seems like fairly mild psoriasis? Has any patient ever asked you to code an excision for an asymptomatic lesion of cosmetic concern so that insurance will pay for the procedure? Have you ever given a patient a manufacturer’s discount card for an expensive branded steroid even though the generic—albeit in a nonproprietary vehicle—is much less expensive and likely as well tolerated and effective? We are clinicians, entrepreneurs, scholars, researchers, managers, employers, small businesspersons, lifelong students, and professionals. As dermatologists, we are faced with countless ethical and professional dilemmas such as the above, which often require us to make split second decisions or act reflexively without the luxury of time to engage in serious analysis and moral reflection. We are practicing in a complex environment that has become even more so as a result of government intervention, limited resources coupled with increasing demands for expensive new technology and cutting-edge biologic therapies, ever-changing
Virtues and Vices of Relativism

comment ▪ Subject: “Judging Others: History, Ethics, and the Purposes of Comparison” Aaron Stalnaker Journal of Religious Ethics 36.3 (September 2008) ▪ From: Jonathan Wyn Schofer Harvard Divinity School 45 Francis Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
Perception of segments of English-spoken consonant-vowel syllables.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect upon perception of deleting different numbers of 10 msec segments from the initial part of each of a set of consonant‐vowel syllables. The scores that were analyzed were proportions of correct identifications of the residual elements by panels of listeners. The outcome was expressed in terms of correct identifications at each duration of the stimuli. Both the correct and error responses were studied to determine the relationship of voicing, manner of release (plosiveness and fricativeness) and place of articulation, to the identification of the stimuli. The results of the experiment indicate that the present procedure is feasible for studying the intelligibility of syllables and their constituent phonemes, and that the voicing manner of release, and place of articulation of the consonant remain evident when the syllable is truncated at the initial end to commence 50 msec before the peak intensity of the vowel of the syllable. The listeners were able to detect correct place of articulation more accurately than either voicing or manner of release as greater amounts of the initial part of a syllable were removed. The responses were related to the threshold of detectability.
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CONVENTIONAL HEATING ON THE MICROBIAL QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF SKIM MILK

The effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF), conventional heating (H) at 60 or 65C for 21 s and PEF + heat (PEFH) treatments on the total growth of aerobic bacteria and the shelf life of skim milk was investigated. The PEF-processed skim milk was equivalent to conventionally heat-treated skim milk. After 14 days of storage, PEF-processed skim milk exhibited a total bacteria count of 5.4 log cfu/mL when treated at 28, 32 and 36 kV/cm for 84 μs, whereas heat-treated skim milk exhibited 5.9 and 5.3 log cfu/mL. PEFH treatment of skim milk produced a superior product in bacterial and shelf-life quality compared to either PEF or conventional heating alone and prolonged the shelf life of skim milk to 30 days when stored at 4C. Thus, the shelf life of skim milk stored at 4C was extended beyond 14 days.
Post-translationally Abnormal Collagens of Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase-2 Null Mice Offer a Pathobiological Mechanism for the High Myopia Linked to Human LEPREL1 Mutations

Myopia, the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, results from an increase in the axial length of the eyeball. Mutations in LEPREL1, the gene encoding prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 (P3H2), have recently been identified in individuals with recessively inherited nonsyndromic severe myopia. P3H2 is a member of a family of genes that includes three isoenzymes of prolyl 3-hydroxylase (P3H), P3H1, P3H2, and P3H3. Fundamentally, it is understood that P3H1 is responsible for converting proline to 3-hydroxyproline. This limited additional knowledge also suggests that each isoenzyme has evolved different collagen sequence-preferred substrate specificities. In this study, differences in prolyl 3-hydroxylation were screened in eye tissues from P3h2-null (P3h2n/n) and wild-type mice to seek tissue-specific effects due the lack of P3H2 activity on post-translational collagen chemistry that could explain myopia. The mice were viable and had no gross musculoskeletal phenotypes. Tissues from sclera and cornea (type I collagen) and lens capsule (type IV collagen) were dissected from mouse eyes, and multiple sites of prolyl 3-hydroxylation were identified by mass spectrometry. The level of prolyl 3-hydroxylation at multiple substrate sites from type I collagen chains was high in sclera, similar to tendon. Almost every known site of prolyl 3-hydroxylation in types I and IV collagen from P3h2n/n mouse eye tissues was significantly under-hydroxylated compared with their wild-type littermates. We conclude that altered collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation is caused by loss of P3H2. We hypothesize that this leads to structural abnormalities in multiple eye tissues, but particularly sclera, causing progressive myopia.
Publication trends in human learning and memory: 1962-1982

The relative fates of human learning and memory as research topics in psychology were assessed by an analysis of titles published from 1962 to 1982. Publications were classified as “learning” or “memory” on the basis of titular descriptions provided by authors of the respective publications. Results indicated that, whereas researchers in 1962 were predominantly concerned with learning, rather than memory, a significant reversal occurred over the ensuing 10 years (p <.001). The subsequent 10 years, however, may be characterized as a period of stability.
Paper electrophoresis and chromatography of oligopeptides with N-terminal methionine.

Abstract Several electrophoretic and chromatographic systems are described for the separation of di- and tripeptides with N-terminal methionine. The most effective methods of separation are electrophoresis in barbital-triethylamine-acetic acid, pH 8.0 and chromatography in n -butanol-acetic acid-water, 18:2:5. Increased resolution may be obtained by using two or more systems in combination. These methods were intended to separate and identify the oligopeptides formed during the initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis, but may also be applied to the separation of small peptides generally.
Genome instability in a region of human DNA enriched in Alu repeat sequences.

DNA rearrangements involving restriction fragment length polymorphism and variation in copy number were detected in the human genome by blot hybridization with a cloned segment of human DNA initially present in a cluster of Alu repeat sequences. These rearrangements involve both extrachromosomal circular duplex DNAs and integrated sequences, indicating the presence of transposable elements in human cells.
PENSION FUND INVESTMENTS: AN INITIAL GEOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT∗

Despite the importance of interregional shifts of capital in contributing to patterns of regional development, pension funds, a large and growing source of capital in the world, have received limited empirical investigation by geographers. An initial assessment of the geographic impact of selected pension fund investments controlled by the State of Wisconsin Investment Board (SWIB) is presented. A simple investment allocation model is employed to address several research questions. Findings indicate changes in investment categories over time and suggest interregional investment shifts that fail to fall neatly along Sunbelt/Snowbelt lines. Recent SWIB investments may be undercutting the state's competitive position with other – and in some cases Sunbelt – states.
Biomarker Release After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention A Message From the Heart

Cardiac biomarkers of necrosis provide clinicians with important “messages” from the heart. They are released into the interstitium of the myocardium after loss of the integrity of cardiac myocyte membranes. The pattern of the rise and fall of an individual biomarker (ie, its release kinetics) depends on its intracellular location in the myocyte, molecular weight, and clearance from the interstitium of the myocardium and ultimately the circulation.1 Cardiac biomarkers play an integral role in the clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Referring to the spontaneous occurrence of MI in patients, the World Health Organization required that at least 2 of the following be present to fulfill the criteria for MI: a history of ischemia-type chest discomfort, evolutionary changes on serially obtained ECG tracings, and a rise and fall in serum cardiac markers.2 Article see p 10 See Editorial Circulation . 2008;118:609–611 See Article Circulation . 2008;118:632–638 Several dramatic advances have occurred in the biomarker component of the diagnosis of MI. Analytes with greater specificity for the myocardium were introduced into clinical medicine, with creatine kinase-MB replacing total creatine kinase and subsequently cardiac-specific troponins replacing creatine kinase-MB as the biomarker of choice for diagnosing MI.3 Assay technology improved as clinical chemists moved from enzymatic activity assays for CK to highly specific immunoassays that can detect progressively smaller concentrations of cardiac troponins in the peripheral circulation.4 Although ST-elevation MI (STEMI) is easily identified on the 12-lead ECG, we now recognize that many patients previously diagnosed with unstable angina are more properly diagnosed as having non–ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI) on the basis of the detection of elevated levels of cardiac troponins in their blood.5 Cardiac biomarkers are used as a rough guide to the extent of myocardial necrosis. The higher the peak biomarker level after STEMI, the larger the …
The Role of E-Portfolios in Graduate Recruitment.

Portfolios have been used for many years for a number of different purposes. An increased access to technology has resulted in portfolios being presented in an electronic format, but there is no real evidence that employers respond positively to the electronic form—especially if it does not interface with their own electronic application processes. A survey emailed to Australian employers of graduates was used to gather feedback regarding the use of e-portfolios in the graduate recruitment process. The survey results suggest that employers may not be receptive to online presentation. Recommendations from this survey are that employers' willingness to use e-portfolios needs to be nurtured and proponents of e-portfolios need to communicate the benefits of use to employers. In the early stages, tertiary careers advisory services should use caution in recommending that students use online e-portfolios during the application process.
Analysis of Milling Stability by the Chebyshev Collocation Method: Algorithm and Optimal Stable Immersion Levels

In this paper the dynamic stability of the milling process is investigated through a single degree-of-freedom model by determining the regions where chatter (unstable) vibrations occur in the two-parameter space of spindle speed and depth of cut. Dynamic systems such as milling are modeled by delay-differential equations with time-periodic coefficients. A new approximation technique for studying the stability properties of such systems is presented. The approach is based on the properties of Chebyshev polynomials and a collocation expansion of the solution. The collocation points are the extreme points of a Chebyshev polynomial of high degree. Specific cutting force profiles and stability charts are presented for the up- and down-milling cases of one or two cutting teeth and various immersion levels with linear and nonlinear regenerative cutting forces. The unstable regions due to both secondary Hopf and flip (period-doubling) bifurcations are found, and an in-depth investigation of the optimal stable immersion levels for down-milling in the vicinity of where the average cutting force changes sign is presented. DOI: 10.1115/1.3124088
A History of constitutive modeling via molecular dynamics: Shock waves in fluids and gases

From its inception in the mid-Fifties, the method of molecular-dynamics (MD) computer simulations has been used to probe the foundations of statistical me- chanics, first for equilibrium equation-of-state averages, and then for transport proper- ties from equilibrium fluctuations. Traditional statistical mechanical theoreticians were shocked to see that this new-fangled computational physics approach was feasible, even with incredibly tiny samples (on the order of a hundred atoms). When direct measurement of transport coefficients by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) was proposed in the early Seventies, even greater resistance was encountered from the traditionalists - though evidence for convergence with the equilibrium fluctuation method gradually accu- mulated. In the late Seventies and early Eighties, shock-wave simulations by NEMD made it possible to test directly the principal continuum constitutive theory for fluids, namely, Navier-Stokes viscous flow and Fourier's Law of heat conduction. To everyone's surprise - and the consternation of many - NEMD, once again, demonstrated that continuum the- ory applies at embarrassingly small (atomistic) time and length scales. We pursue this early line of work into the modern era, showing how NEMD shock-wave simulations can still provide surprising insights and improvements upon our understanding of constitutive modeling.
Recognition: A Powerful, but often Overlooked, Leadership Tool to Improve Employee Performance:

A key dimension for effective leadership involves reinforcing and motivating others to encourage superior performance. Financial and non-financial rewards can be utilized for this purpose. This pap...
Large scale optimization and the relaxation method

An algorithm is given for the maximization of any function of many variables which may be described as the envelope of a family of linear functions. It is shown how the large-scale problems of linear programming to which various decomposition schemes apply can be posed in this way. Computational experience with some of these problems is reviewed.
Accuracy of cartilage and subchondral bone spatial thickness distribution from MRI.

Purpose To assess three-dimensional measurement accuracy of articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone (SB) thickness from MRI. Materials and Methods A computer program was used to calculate AC and SB thickness from MRI (three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo (SPGR), .31-mm resolution, 1-mm slice thickness) of six adult femoral heads. Specimens were imaged in five anatomical planes ranging between +30° to −30° from neutral and cut into 2-mm thick sections along the five anatomical planes. Faxitron x-ray was used to produce microradiographic (.05-mm resolution) images of the sections. Results In-plane measurement accuracy was .165 ± .108 mm for AC thickness and .387 ± .174 mm for SB thickness. Taking into account chemical-shift misregistration in SB thickness, accuracy of measurements improved to .213 ± 128 mm. Out-of-plane (three-dimensional) thickness accuracy of the model, assessed by numerical simulation, was .015 mm. However, three-dimensional thickness errors in specimens were .319 ± .256 mm for AC and .253 ± .183 mm for SB thickness. Conclusion Errors in three-dimensional AC thickness were attributed to volume-averaging effects caused by oblique intersection of the image plane with the joint surface. Errors in three-dimensional SB thickness were attributed to chemical-shift artifact. We conclude that accuracy of AC thickness is within clinically acceptable standards but that more sophisticated pulse sequences are needed to improve the measurement of SB thickness. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:703–715. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conductance and bulk vertical detachment energy of hydrated sulphate and oxalate dianions: a theoretical study

Analytical expressions have been derived for the vertical detachment energy (VDE) for hydrated sulphate (SO2 −4) and oxalate (C2O2 −4) dianions that can be used to calculate the same over a wide range of cluster sizes including the bulk from the knowledge of VDE for a finite number of stable clusters. The calculated bulk detachment energies are found to be very good in agreement (within 5%) with the available experimental results for both the systems. It is observed that two or more water molecules will be essential for the stability of sulphate and oxalate dianions against spontaneous electron loss and this is consistent with the experiment. We have, for the first time, provided a scheme to calculate the radius of the solvent berg for sulphate and oxalate dianions. The calculated conductivity values for the sulphate and oxalate dianions using Stokes–Einstein relation and the radius of solvent berg are found to be very good in agreement (within 4%) with the available experimental results.
Verification and validation benchmarks

Verification and validation (V&V) are the primary means to assess the accuracy and reliability of computational simulations. V&V methods and procedures have fundamentally improved the credibility of simulations in several high-consequence fields, such as nuclear reactor safety, underground nuclear waste storage, and nuclear weapon safety. Although the terminology is not uniform across engineering disciplines, code verification deals with assessing the reliability of the software coding, and solution verification deals with assessing the numerical accuracy of the solution to a computational model. Validation addresses the physics modeling accuracy of a computational simulation by comparing the computational results with experimental data. Code verification benchmarks and validation benchmarks have been constructed for a number of years in every field of computational simulation. However, no comprehensive guidelines have been proposed for the construction and use of V&V benchmarks. For example, the field of nuclear reactor safety has not focused on code verification benchmarks, but it has placed great emphasis on developing validation benchmarks. Many of these validation benchmarks are closely related to the operations of actual reactors at near-safety-critical conditions, as opposed to being more fundamental-physics benchmarks. This paper presents recommendations for the effective design and use of code verification benchmarks based on manufactured solutions, classical analytical solutions, and highly accurate numerical solutions. In addition, this paper presents recommendations for the design and use of validation benchmarks, highlighting the careful design of building-block experiments, the estimation of experimental measurement uncertainty for both inputs and outputs to the code, validation metrics, and the role of model calibration in validation. It is argued that the understanding of predictive capability of a computational model is built on the level of achievement in V&V activities, how closely related the V&V benchmarks are to the actual application of interest, and the quantification of uncertainties related to the application of interest.
A genomic random interval model for statistical analysis of genomic lesion data

Motivation: Tumors exhibit numerous genomic lesions such as copy number variations, structural variations and sequence variations. It is difficult to determine whether a specific constellation of lesions observed across a cohort of multiple tumors provides statistically significant evidence that the lesions target a set of genes that may be located across different chromosomes but yet are all involved in a single specific biological process or function. Results: We introduce the genomic random interval (GRIN) statistical model and analysis method that evaluates the statistical significance of the abundance of genomic lesions that overlap a specific locus or a pre-defined set of biologically related loci. The GRIN model retains certain biologically important properties of genomic lesions that are ignored by other methods. In a simulation study and two example analyses of leukemia genomic lesion data, GRIN more effectively identified important loci as significant than did three methods based on a permutation-of-markers model. GRIN also identified biologically relevant pathways with a significant abundance of lesions in both examples. Availability: An R package will be freely available at CRAN and www.
Early recombinant activated factor VII for intracerebral hemorrhage reduced hematoma growth and mortality, while improving functional outcomes.

Subjects: 399 adults age 18 years or older with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage documented by CT scanning within 3 hours of onset of symptoms. Exclusion criteria included a score of 3 to 5 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (indicating deep coma); planned surgical evacuation of hematoma within 24 hours after admission; secondary intracerebral hemorrhage related to aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, trauma, or other causes; known use of oral anticoagulant agents; known thrombocytopenia; history of coagulopathy, acute sepsis, crush injury, or disseminated intravascular coagulation; pregnancy; preexisting disability; and symptomatic thrombotic or vasoocclusive disease within 30 days before the onset of symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage. Midway through the trial, the last criterion was amended to exclude patients with any history of thrombotic or vaso-occlusive disease.
Consistent dissection of the protein interaction network by combining global and local metrics

We propose a new network decomposition method to systematically identify protein interaction modules in the protein interaction network. Our method incorporates both a global metric and a local metric for balance and consistency. We have compared the performance of our method with several earlier approaches on both simulated and real datasets using different criteria, and show that our method is more robust to network alterations and more effective at discovering functional protein modules.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT OF SOME SELECTED NIGERIAN MEALS

Protein deficiency is a major nutritional problem in Nigeria. Low Per capita income, adverse environment, and livestock diseases make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of high quality protein. Several selected food items common to Southern Nigeria were analyzed for essential ammo acids content. When these food items were grouped into a typical meal pattern for 1 wk, methionine was inadequate in breakfast; however, it was found that the average essential ammo acid intakes per day were adequate. With proper meal combinations and supplementations, it would be possible to improve dietary intakes of essential amino acids in Nigeria by utilizing common foods available and acceptable to the population.
Cumulative Exams in the Introductory Psychology Course

Many teachers require their students to take cumulative exams, but there are surprisingly few studies that examine the benefits of such exams. The purpose of this study was to determine whether introductory psychology students who take cumulative exams throughout the semester would have better long-term retention than students who take a cumulative final exam after a series of unit (i.e., noncumulative) exams. As expected, the students who took cumulative exams throughout the semester did better on the cumulative portion of the final exam. This main effect evolved into an interaction on a follow-up test administered 2 months after the course ended. The long-term retention of good students was unaffected by the type of exams they took. However, low-scoring students remembered more of the course material when they took cumulative exams throughout the semester.
On the electron mobility in ultrathin SOI and GOI

The mobility of electrons in ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and germanium-on-insulator (GOI) is studied. Quantum simulations are carried out to calculate phonon-limited mobility based on the experimental data for bulk. Modulation of the electron population in different ladders is shown to have a constructive effect in (111) Ge, whereas in (100) Ge mobility drops monotonically with either increase of gate bias or by thinning the GOI film.
Major Histocompatibility Complex Variation in Red Wolves: Evidence for Common Ancestry With Coyotes and Balancing Selection

We examined variation at a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene ( DRB 1) in the captive red wolf population and samples of coyotes from Texas and North Carolina. We found 4 alleles in the 48 red wolves, 8 alleles in the 10 coyotes from Texas and 15 alleles in the 29 coyotes from North Carolina. Two of the four alleles found in red wolves, Caru -2 and Caru -4, were found in both the Texas and North Carolina coyote samples. Allele Caru 1, previously found in gray wolves, was also found in the North Carolina sample. The most frequent red wolf allele, Caru -3, was not found in any of the coyote samples. However, an allele found in both the Texas and North Carolina coyote samples is only one nucleotide (one amino acid) different from this red wolf allele. Overall, it appears from examination of this MHC gene that red wolves are more closely related to coyotes than to gray wolves. There were a number of different types of evidence supporting the action of balancing selection in red wolves. Namely, there was: (i) an excess of heterozygotes compared with expectations; (ii) a higher rate of nonsynonymous than synonymous substitution for the functionally important antigen-binding site positions; (iii) an eight times higher average heterozygosity of individual amino acids at the positions identified as part of the antigenbinding site than those not associated with it; (iv) the amino acid divergence of four red wolf alleles was greater than that expected from a simulation of genetic drift; and (v) the distribution of alleles, and the distributions of amino acids at many positions were more even than expected from neutrality. Examination of the level and pattern of linkage disequilibria between pairs of sites suggest that the heterozygosity, substitution and frequencies at individual amino acids are not highly dependent upon each other.
The Normativity of Content and ‘the Frege Point’

Sometimes, Geach puts the point in terms of the distinction between predication and assertion: one can predicate an expression of something without asserting that it is true of that thing. The reason why this is possible is that facts about what is predicated of what are facts about the meaning of the sentence in question; assertion, on the other hand, is one speech act among many which one can perform with a sentence. More generally, the Frege point is that there is a distinction between the meaning of a sentence and the speech acts that a sentence can be used to perform; one cannot infer that properties of the latter are properties of the former. Geach put the Frege point to use in arguing against, among other views, performative analyses of ethical sentences. The sort of performative analysis with which Geach was concerned gave the meaning of a predicate like ‘is good’ by saying that this predicate is used not to describe some object or event as having a certain property, but to perform the act of commending the object or event. Geach argued that such views run afoul of the Frege point by ignoring the fact that “the same term might occur without any change of sense in an unasserted occurrence of the proposition.” In such unasserted uses, Geach claimed, the speaker is not commending the object of which ‘good’ is predicated, even though ‘good’ is being used with its usual meaning. The performative analysis, Geach thinks, is therefore guilty of inadvertently changing the subject. It was supposed to be a view about the meanings of ethical terms; but it is really a theory about some speech acts assertoric uses of those terms can be used to carry out. One moves from the latter to the former only by ignoring the Frege point: the distinction between the meaning of a sentence and what assertoric uses of the sentence typically do — or, more generally, between meaning and speech act. Whatever one thinks of Geach’s argument against the performative analysis and its descendants, the Frege point is surely correct and important: the meaning of a
Epidermal TSLP: a trigger factor for pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic inflammatory skin disease that affects 10–20% of infants, besides 3–5% of adults, and is often linked with family history of allergic disease [1]. It is characterized by strong itchy and inflamed skin and chronic lichenified, more scaly plaques. AD, asthma and allergic rhinitis forms an “atopic triad” and share a common pathogenesis, involving a T helper type 2 (Th2) cell–mediated allergic inflammation. This inflammation is characterized by secretion of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TNFα) by CD4+ T-cells, which trigger increased IgE antibody-production by B-cells; IgE binding to mast cells facilitates initiation of allergic reactions and drives infiltration of leucocytes into the skin dermis {[2], and refs therein}. Homing dendritic cells (DCs) control polarization of naive CD4+ T-cells to differentiate into Th2 lymphocytes. However, the initiating factor(s) that influence these important antigen-presenting cells to instruct T-helper cell polarization toward this inflammatory phenotype, and the mechanisms underlying the preferential activation of Th2-cells in atopic individuals by external allergens is poorly understood.
Carrier generation, recombination, trapping, and transport in semiconductors with position-dependent composition

The spatial variation of the chemical composition of a semiconductor modifies the ideal one-electron energy band model as well as the Shockley equations for carrier recombination and transport in two important ways. The random component of the spatial variation introduces localized states in the energy gap by perturbing the band states.The nonrandom component gives rise to the position dependences of the conduction and valence band edges or the electron affinity and the energy gap. This paper gives the modifications of the Shockley equations from these two effects as well as an example of the steady-state recombination rate from distributed gap states in junction solar cells.