cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Converting CT Scans of a Stradivari Violin to a FEM

This study is part of an ongoing project to reverse engineer the structural and acoustic behavior of the Titian Stradivari violin. Several violins, ranging from some low quality factory fiddles, to those from Stradivari’s “golden era” have been measured using a medical Computed Tomography (CT) scanner. This paper discusses the process used for converting the CT scan data into a Finite Element (FE) model. With comprehensive density data from the CT scans, accurate frequencies and modeshapes from a true 3D modal analysis and a complete acoustic scan over a sphere, the Titian FE model has unique potential to allow extraction of the elastic moduli of this violin without the disassembly needed to test the various substructures. There will also be a discussion of determining material properties to be used in the model that will be correlated with experimental data and updated at a future date.
AB 540: Tuition Waiver Policy in California: How Student Services Professionals Influence College Access for Undocumented Students

This was an exploratory qualitative study utilizing tenets of phenomenology to examine the lived experiences of front-line student services professionals in Admissions and Financial Aid and their dilemmas in interpreting and implementing California Assembly Bill 540 (2001) in their interactions with undocumented students. Front-line student services professionals are often the make-it or break-it persons for undocumented students to realize their dreams of attaining a postsecondary education because they determine whether students can pay in-state tuition and receive financial aid. California law AB 540 (2001) was created with the intention of providing a fair tuition policy for all California high school graduates entering college in California. AB 540’s (2001) purpose is to allow all California high school graduates, including undocumented immigrant students who meet the requirements, to be exempt from paying nonresident tuition at California public postsecondary institutions. An undocumented student is classified as someone who entered the U.S. without proper immigration documents or someone who entered the country legally as a nonimmigrant but later never exited the country (Internal Revenue Service, 2014). Twelve student service professionals, both part-time and full-time, at public two-year and four-year higher education institutions shared their experiences regarding management of difficult and sensitive conversations with undocumented students, as they attempted to translate state legislation through institutional polices. Many times, these front-line professionals in Admissions and Financial Aid were the first and only people to interact with incoming undocumented students before they set foot in the classroom. These professionals utilized their knowledge, resources, and networks to help students navigate the college-going process. However, unclear and/or non-existent campus policies, departmental silos, along with a lack of professional development, adequate resources, and appropriate guidance, often limited their capacity to help.
Transitioning Between Anticoagulants

There has been rapid growth in the development of anticoagulant drugs. Unfortunately, an “ideal” anticoagulant—one that is rapid-acting and fully reversible, does not require monitoring, and can be used in patients with end-stage renal disease and moderate-severe liver dysfunction—is not available to date. Currently, the differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of each agent allow for a unique, individualized anticoagulation plan for different patients with different underlying indications for anticoagulation therapy. Because of the multiple options for both parenteral and oral anticoagulation available, transitioning between anticoagulants is becoming increasingly common both in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Given the absence of prospective randomized data comparing different strategies for transition between anticoagulants, suggested strategies are largely extrapolated from pharmacokinetic data, as well as from expert opinions. Despite limited data, better understanding on how to safely implement a transition from one anticoagulant drug to another is of utmost importance to minimize the risk of recurrent thromboembolic events and hemorrhagic complications during such periods of transition between different drugs.
The Comparative Effectiveness of Government Interventions on Environmental Performance in the Chemical Industry

Effective enforcement is crucial to achieving the objectives of the federal environmental statutes. The federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the importance of effective enforcement, calling it a critical aspect of environmental governance and committing itself to the maintenance of a "credible deterrent" to regulatory violations. Despite the central role of enforcement to achievement of environmental statutory goals, relatively little is known about why regulated entities either do or do not comply. In particular, empirical studies of environmental enforcement are not plentiful, in part because comprehensive data on compliance and enforcement have been difficult to obtain. Although EPA and state environmental agencies typically assume that rigorous enforcement will deter noncompliance, some environmental law experts have asserted that available evidence suggests that sanctions do not play a major role in inducing compliance with environmental regulations. Even assuming that government enforcement efforts do generally induce regulated firms to improve their performance, relatively little is known about what kinds of enforcement actions are more effective at deterring noncompliance than others. Perhaps for these reasons, EPA has expressed an interest in learning more about the relative effectiveness of different forms of "government interventions" (including inspections, monetary fines, injunctive relief sanctions, and supplemental environmental projects) on the performance of regulated entities. EPA has stated, for example, that empirical research on the comparative effectiveness of these interventions is critical because it will create data sources needed to assess the degree to which each of the interventions affects environmental performance. This article responds to the need for additional insights into the comparative effectiveness of government interventions on the environmental performance of regulated entities by focusing on facilities in the chemical industry that are regulated under the federal Clean Water Act (CWA). The article assesses whether some interventions are likely to be more or less effective than others in improving environmental performance on the basis of two related analyses. First, the article analyzes the effects of specific deterrence, as stemming from actual interventions, and general deterrence, as stemming from the threat of interventions, on the level of discharges relative to facility-specific effluent limitations. Second, the article analyzes the self-reported perceptions of intervention efficacy provided as responses to a survey administered to facilities in the same industry. The article describes our findings on the comparative effectiveness of government interventions on the performance of point sources in the chemical industry subject to CWA permit requirements, and places those findings in the context of the theoretical literature on environmental compliance and previous empirical studies on the effects of government interventions on environmental performance.
Nonlinear Coherence in Multivariate Research: Invariants and the Reconstruction of Attractors

First, some linear techniques in multivariate time-series analysis in EEG research are reviewed to highlight the problem of estimating the dimensionality of the state space (embedding dimension), the reconstruction of an attractor, and the evaluation of invariant properties of the attractor. The traditional linear techniques included the usual spectral and cospectral measures of power, phase, and coherence to which stepwise discriminant analysis was applied for canonical representation of the attractor. Then, some traditional nonlinear techniques of attractor reconstruction and dimensional analysis which use the time-lagged univariate approach of Ruelle and Takens (Takens, 1981) are reviewed. Next, updates and multivariate generalizations that use singular-value decomposition (Broomhead & King, 1986) are reviewed. Finally, Stewart's (1995, 1996) multivariate generalization of the method of false nearest neighbors (Abarbanel, Brown, Sidorowich, & Tsimring, 1993; Kennel, Brown, & Abarbanel, 1992) is reviewed. These are particularly relevant for evaluating multivariate coherence in research on the complex cooperative dynamical systems found in neuroscience, psychology, and social science when time series of sufficient length are investigated.
6 – Enterprise- and Industry-Level Models of Employees' Earnings

Publisher Summary The central role of size and capital intensity in both the industry-level and company-level models supports sociological, Marxist, and institutional theories of the workplace that specify internal organizational and technical factors at the workplace as key determinants of labor force outcomes. The finding that profit and productivity do not have direct effects on labor force earnings indicates that economic interpretations that rely on these factors as crucial mechanisms in determining workplace outcomes should be seriously questioned. Such theories do not give adequate guidance in the efforts to understand the mechanisms through which organizational factors influence people's working lives. The negative earnings effect of concentration in the industry-level model also supports institutional theories but suggests that certain market-based factors might also have important influences on labor force outcomes. However, the influence of these factors is best interpreted as operating through institutional rather than purely market mechanisms. The inclusion of corporate autonomy and foreign involvement in the industry-level model indicates that relationships of exploitation between companies have important implications for labor force earnings, at least insofar as these factors influence industry-wide standards of wages and working conditions.
Enabling Academic Success for Adult Learners Via Mobile Computing Applications

Traditional students are starting to disappear as more and more computer technology is introduced to the world of Academia. Many adult learners who are interested in pursuing additional education and potential degrees need to be practical in their strategic decision-making processes, as well as creative in their academic pursuits. With the onset of online learning, especially mobile computing, many adult learners are embracing this new form of non-traditional learning in order to achieve their academic dreams for a better future and the attainment of future educational degrees. In particular, more and more instructors are either moving towards this newer form of non-traditional teaching or being asked by their superiors to pursue a broader interest in current and future technological changes and developments. As a result, this paper will address these changing student demographics, as well as computer technology being used to help students move from learning in a linear fashion to a more cyclical modality in order to catch up with other nations and compete on a stronger foothold and help participate with further changes in the workplace, as well as the marketplace. This paper will explore how mobile computing is being used to address the needs of the “underserved” in some instances in order to broadened one's academic offerings and reach out for a broader and more culturally diverse student population.
Universal fluorescent sensors of high-affinity iron transport, applied to ESKAPE pathogens

Sensitive assays of biochemical specificity, affinity, and capacity are valuable both for basic research and drug discovery. We created fluorescent sensors that monitor high-affinity binding reactions and used them to study iron acquisition by ESKAPE bacteria, which are frequently responsible for antibiotic-resistant infections. By introducing site-directed Cys residues in bacterial iron transporters and modifying them with maleimide fluorophores, we generated living cells or purified proteins that bind but do not transport target compounds. These constructs sensitively detected ligand concentrations in solution, enabling accurate, real-time spectroscopic analysis of membrane transport by other cells. We assessed the efficacy of these "fluorescent decoy" (FD) sensors by characterizing active iron transport in the ESKAPE bacteria. The FD sensors monitored uptake of both ferric siderophores and hemin by the pathogens. An FD sensor for a particular ligand was universally effective in observing the uptake of that compound by all organisms we tested. We adapted the FD sensors to microtiter format, where they allow high-throughput screens for chemicals that block iron uptake, without genetic manipulations of the virulent target organisms. Hence, screening assays with FD sensors facilitate studies of mechanistic biochemistry, as well as discovery of chemicals that inhibit prokaryotic membrane transport. With appropriate design, FD sensors are potentially applicable to any pro- or eukaryotic high-affinity ligand transport process.
Geographic distance to pediatric surgical care within the continental United States

Abstract Purpose Geographic proximity to pediatric surgical care has not been evaluated using the Decennial Census nor have racial, ethnic, gender, or urbanization variations been reported. This study's aim is to describe proximity of children living in the continental U.S. to a pediatric surgeon with respect to these variations. Methods The 2010 American Pediatric Surgical Association member file and the 2010 Decennial Census were used to calculate straight-line distances between pediatric surgeons' zip code centroids and census block centroids. Results In 2010, 716 practicing pediatric surgeons were identified, 6,182,882 populated Census blocks were identified, and 73,690,271 children were enumerated. Of white non-Hispanic children, 30.1% lived greater than 40 miles from care. Of Native American children, 40.5% lived more than 60 miles from care. Among children 0–5 years of age, the median (IQR) miles to closest pediatric surgeon was 14.2 (6.2, 39.6), and 3,010,698 of these children lived more than 60 miles from care. Conclusion More than 10 million children lived greater than 60 miles from a pediatric surgeon in 2010. Racial, ethnic, age, and urbanization variations in proximity to pediatric surgeons were present. This method is feasible to describe distance-to-care with the upcoming 2020 Decennial Census and may benefit future allocation of pediatric surgeons. Level of Evidence IV
Comparing infrared neuromodulation (IRN) with isotonic glucose solution for selective inhibition of small-diameter axons (Conference Presentation)

Neuromodulation has the potential to treat various diseases (i.e., heart failure, obesity). Several clinical trials have recently failed because of the inability to modulate small-diameter fibers. Previously, we demonstrated preferential inhibition of small-diameter fibers using infrared neuromodulation (IRN). To understand the mechanism of action, we did a mathematical analysis which suggested that any modality acting primarily on the axonal surface would preferentially affect small-diameter axons. To test our hypothesis, we examined whether isotonic glucose solution would give results similar to IRN. We stimulated the left and right pleural-abdominal connective nerves of Aplysia californica and recorded the resulting compound action potentials (CAPs). We designed a chamber with three isolated compartments through which the nerve passes sequentially. Aplysia saline is perfused in the two outer chambers while the middle chamber can be perfused with either Aplysia saline or an isotonic glucose solution (10.21 w/v %). The width of the middle chamber is adjustable to vary the length of nerve perfused by the isotonic glucose solution. As the length of the middle chamber increases, recorded CAPs are initially unaffected, then show a loss of peaks representing small-diameter axons, then show no activity. We can restore full, unchanged CAPs by washing out the glucose solution and replacing it with Aplysia saline. These results support the hypothesis that any modality (e.g., both IRN and isotonic glucose solution) acting primarily on the axonal surface would preferentially affect small-diameter axons. Future studies will compare IRN with isotonic glucose block.
Design of an immunohistochemistry biomarker panel for diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Challenges still exist in differentiating pancreatic adenocarcinoma from benign disease. The use of adjuvant testing of tissue biopsies has demonstrated potential diagnostic value. We designed a proof of concept study to first validate four individual immunohistochemistry biomarkers and then combine them into a panel to boost overall diagnostic sensitivity. Methods Malignant and benign pancreas from 27 pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens underwent immunohistochemistry staining with VHL, IMP3, S100A4, S100P. Using ROC curve analysis, threshold criteria for number of cells staining were chosen for each biomarker. Biomarkers were then evaluated as a panel for their ability to discriminate malignant from benign specimens. Results Diagnostic sensitivity of VHL, IMP3, S100A4, and S100P were 75.0%, 79.2%, 45.8%, and 0%. When VHL, IMP3, and S100A4 were grouped into a panel, they were able to distinguish cancer from normal tissue with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. Conclusions The high diagnostic value of an IHC panel consisting of VHL, IMP3, and S100A4 on surgical specimens suggests the need for future prospective studies of these biomarkers on biopsy specimens.
Toward an (even) more comprehensive model of speech production planning

Since the publication of Speaking in 1989, with its extraordinary goal of modelling the entire process of human speech generation from message conceptualisation to articulation, encompassing result...
Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact

Photoprotection, including the use of sunscreen, has been shown to decrease the development of keratinocyte cancers and melanoma. Due to concerns about the environmental effects of some organic UVR filters, several locations across the world have begun to pass legislation banning the use of these ingredients in sunscreens. Furthermore, the health effects of several organic UVR filters have also been called into question and a recent proposal by the US FDA has resulted in public confusion about the safety of sunscreens. The aim of this article is to discuss FDA regulation of sunscreens and to review the environmental and health effects of oxybenzone and octinoxate. Ultimately, as dermatologists, our recommendations are to continue to encourage people to practice proper photoprotection including photoprotective clothing, staying in the shade while outdoors, and applying sunscreen to exposed areas. For those concerned about the potential environmental and health effects of organic UVR filters, inorganic/mineral UVR filter (namely, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide)-based sunscreens can be used.
Corneal Epithelial–Stromal Fibroblast Constructs to Study Cell–Cell Communication in Vitro

Cell-cell communication plays a fundamental role in mediating corneal wound healing following injury or infection. Depending on the severity of the wound, regeneration of the cornea and the propensity for scar development are influenced by the acute resolution of the pro-fibrotic response mediated by closure of the wound via cellular and tissue contraction. Damage of the corneal epithelium, basement membrane, and anterior stroma following a superficial keratectomy is known to lead to significant provisional matrix deposition, including secretion of fibronectin and thrombospondin-1, as well as development of a corneal scar. In addition, corneal wounding has previously been shown to promote release of extracellular vesicles from the corneal epithelium, which, in addition to soluble factors, may play a role in promoting tissue regeneration. In this study, we report the development and characterization of a co-culture system of human corneal epithelial cells and corneal stromal fibroblasts cultured for 4 weeks to allow extracellular matrix deposition and tissue maturation. The secretion of provisional matrix components, as well as small and large extracellular vesicles, was apparent within the constructs, suggesting cell-cell communication between epithelial and stromal cell populations. Laminin-1β was highly expressed by the corneal epithelial layer with the presence of notable patches of basement membrane identified by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, we identified expression of collagen type III, fibronectin, and thrombospondin-1 along the epithelial-stromal interface similar to observations seen in vivo following a keratectomy, as well as expression of the myofibroblast marker, α-smooth muscle actin, within the stroma. Our results suggest that this corneal epithelial-stromal model may be useful in the study of the biochemical phenomena that occur during corneal wound healing.
Survey of Postoperative Pain in Photorefractive Keratectomy Using Topical versus Oral Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.

Purpose To evaluate and compare postoperative pain following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in patients using a preventive regimen of oral versus topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Patients and Methods A prospective, randomized, longitudinal survey of postoperative PRK pain was performed on 157 subjects in a tertiary academic medical center setting. Patients were randomized to either topical ketorolac 0.4% every 12 hours or oral naproxen sodium 220 mg every 12 hours for 72 hours following PRK, beginning at the time of surgery. The primary outcome measure was the daily peak pain score from the validated numerical rating scale (NRS) for five days after surgery. Results The peak pain scores were significantly higher in the oral NSAID group (mean 5.82, SD 1.94) compared to the topical NSAID group (mean 4.2, SD 2.19) (p<0.0001) after PRK. When comparing each postoperative day after PRK, the pain scores from 24 to 48 hours (day 2) were significantly higher in the oral NSAID group (mean 5.17, SD 2.25) as compared to the topical NSAID group (mean 3.21, SD 2.09) (p<0.0001). Pain scores 24-72 hours after surgery (days 2 and 3) were higher than pain scores on days 1, 4, and 5 for both groups. Conclusion Twice daily oral naproxen sodium 220 mg is inferior to twice daily topical ketorolac 0.4% in the treatment of early postoperative pain after PRK. This study also identified a consistent trend in which pain scores were highest 24-72 hours after the procedure. This additional observation may be useful in understanding, preventing, and treating post-PRK pain.
Crisis Standards of Care in the USA: A Systematic Review and Implications for Equity Amidst COVID-19.

Crisis Standards of Care (CSC) provide a framework for the fair allocation of scarce resources during emergencies. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected Black and Latinx populations in the USA. No literature exists comparing state-level CSC. It is unknown how equitably CSC would allocate resources. The authors identified all publicly available state-level CSC through online searches and communication with state governments. Publicly available CSC were systematically reviewed for content including ethical framework and prioritization strategy. CSC were identified for 29 states. Ethical principles were explicitly stated in 23 (79.3%). Equity was listed as a guiding ethical principle in 15 (51.7%); 19 (65.5%) said decisions should not factor in race, ethnicity, disability, and other identity-based factors. Ten states (34.4%) allowed for consideration of societal value, which could lead to prioritization of health care workers and other essential personnel. Twenty-one (72.4%) CSC provided a specific strategy for prioritizing patients for critical care resources, e.g., ventilators. All incorporated Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores; 15 (71.4%) of these specific CSC considered comorbid conditions (e.g., cardiac disease, renal failure, malignancy) in resource allocation decisions. There is wide variability in the existence and specificity of CSC across the USA. CSC may disproportionately impact disadvantaged populations due to inequities in comorbid condition prevalence, expected lifespan, and other effects of systemic racism.
My Boss is Really Cool: Malware-Induced Misperception in Workplace Communication Through Covert Linguistic Manipulation of Emails

This paper introduces a social engineering attack called Malware-Induced Misperception (MIM). Social engineering attacks are usually carried over emails and "phish" for the receiver’s assets, e.g. passwords. The MIM also uses email as an attack vector but instead "phishes" for the receiver’s perception. Since email is one of the main lines of communication in a workplace, individuals are trained how to spot traditional phishing but not emails aiming to induce misperception. A study was conducted to test the effect of the MIM attack in covertly manipulating the perception of the individual’s working relationship in a realistic workplace email interaction (N = 173). The misperception-inducing malware was packaged as a browser extension that manipulated the "politeness" formatting of an email request through covert linguistic rearrangements. The results indicate that the attack is capable of creating misperceptions that: (1) an email request seems more demanding than it actually is; and (2) the sender seems more polite and "cool" than they actually are. The results also show that the attack nudges the receivers to match the level of politeness in their response to the one in the email request. The overall findings are consistent with the politeness theory applied in computer-mediated communication settings.
Optimizing Disclosure of HIV Status to a Diverse Population of HIV-Positive Youth at an Urban Pediatric HIV Clinic.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to increase the proportion of youth living with HIV (YLWH) aged ≥11 years who undergo developmentally appropriate disclosure about their HIV status. Methods A quality improvement project was initiated at an urban pediatric HIV clinic between July 2018 and March 2020. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of YLWH aged ≥11 years who were disclosed to about their HIV status. The proportion of undisclosed YLWH who had documented nondisclosure status was also assessed as a process measure. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles for change included monthly clinic staff check-ins to discuss new disclosures, quarterly team meetings to discuss strategies to improve disclosure, and modifying a clinic note template to prompt providers to document disclosure status. Annotated run charts were used to analyze the data. Results Before the first PDSA cycle, 26/46 (57%) of the target population of YLWH aged ≥11 years had their HIV status disclosed to them, and none of the undisclosed youth had disclosure status documented in their medical record. After 20 months and six PDSA cycles, the proportion of YLWH aged ≥11 years disclosed to about their HIV status increased to 80% and the proportion of undisclosed YLWH with documentation of their disclosure status increased to 100%. Conclusions Several interventions integrated throughout the pediatric HIV care process were associated with an increase in the proportion of YLWH with developmentally appropriate HIV disclosure and documentation of disclosure status, an important psychosocial aspect of care in these individuals.
Prevalence and patterns of scavenging by brown bears (Ursus arctos) on salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) carcasses

Scavenging, an underappreciated mechanism of prey consumption for many predators, can contribute substantially to nutritional intake. Facultative scavengers such as brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnae...
Health Reform and the Preservation of Confidential Health Care for Young Adults

A major issue facing the health of young adults in the United States is the often unintentional lack of confidentiality maintained in the provision of sensitive health services. Of primary concern is that young adults who remain on their parents' health insurance plans forgo Sexually Transmitted Infection screening and treatment, as well as other sensitive services such as family planning services and mental health treatment out of a concern that explanation of benefit forms from such services will inform their parents, the policyholders. The challenges of providing confidential health care to young adults have become more prominent and concerning following the passage of the Affordable Care Act, as adult children can now remain on their parents' plans until the age of 26. While this change will grant more young adults access to health care services, ensuring confidential care remains a challenge whenever the parent and not the patient is the policyholder. This article discusses these serious challenges and offers potential solutions to ensuring confidentiality for specific services for young adults.
Graphite/Electrolyte Interface Formed in LiBOB-Based Electrolytes II. Potential Dependence of Surface Chemistry on Graphitic Anodes

In an attempt to depict a dynamic picture of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on a graphitic anode surface during the initial forming cycle, we employed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with a pre-formation technique to establish the dependence of the surface chemistry on the forming potential of the anode. A progressive transition in the Is electron binding energies of the major elements was observed as the lithiation proceeded. However, the surface chemical species as well as their abundances seemed to stabilize around 0.55 V and remained constant during the subsequent delithiation process, indicating that a stable SEI exists thereafter. Integrating the information revealed by different analyses, we believe that the reductive decomposition of the BOB - anion starts at ca. 1.00 V, while the effective protection of the graphene surface by SEI is available after the anode is lithiated below the potential of 0.55 V vs. Li.
The Power of Eoc-Labels: Communicating Climate Change in the United States Using Carbon Footprint Labels Consistent with International Trade Regimes Under the WTO

Information is power. At the intersection of culture, science, mass communication and law, this paper argues that information provided by a transparent and internationally harmonized eco-label scheme serves to enhance understanding of public policy choices for mitigating climate change. A product carbon footprint label (PCF) communicates climate change information to citizen consumers and can indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. PCF labels are effective response measures countries are taking to address global warming and are not obstacles to international trade. The international community should embrace domestic PCF labeling schemes whether voluntary or mandatory. The PCF label and associated standards should be consistent with the rules and regimes of WTO agreements to ensure that these schemes support fair and free international trade. At some time in the future, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change may reach agreement on domestic response including trade measures to reduce GHG emissions and PCF labeling schemes may adapt as needed to assist developing countries’ participation.
Object-oriented common LISP

1. LISP. 2. A Tutorial Introduction. 3. Lists and Trees. 4. Recursion. 5. Local vs. Global Reference. 6. Characters and Strings. 7. Streams: Output and Input. 8. LAMBDA and LABELS. 9. Control. 10. Debugging and Style. 11. Macros. 12. Structures. 13. Classes and Objects. 14. Vectors and Arrays. 15. Scope, Extent, and eval. 16. Efficiency and Compilation. Appendix A. Internet LISP Resources. Appendix B. Answers to Selected Exercises. Appendix C. CLOS and C++. Appendix D. ASCII Character Codes. Appendix E. References. Index.
Reconsidering the Measurement of Pragmatic Knowledge Using a Reciprocal Written Task Format

Current influential models of communicative language ability (Bachman & Palmer, 1996; Purpura, 2004) represent language knowledge as a set of separate yet related components, including grammatical and pragmatic dimensions, which interact with background knowledge, metacognitive strategies, and contextual features (Chapelle, 1998) in language use. Although some researchers have attempted to measure aspects of pragmatic knowledge, the vast majority have not incorporated a clearly articulated pragmatic component into the test construct. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the extent to which scores from a test designed for the current study can be interpreted as indicators of test-takers’ grammatical and pragmatic ability. This study attempts to address some of the limitations of prior pragmatics assessment research, namely, the issues of construct underrepresentation, the lack of highly contextually constrained reciprocal tasks, and the use of less sophisticated statistical tools to support claims of validity. This paper examines the construct validity of a test based on Purpura’s (2004) theoretical model, which specifies the grammatical and pragmatic (sociolinguistic, sociocultural, and psychological) components of language knowledge. This model accounts for the way in which grammatical resources are used to convey a range of pragmatic meanings in language use. The analysis explored a broader range of features of pragmatic knowledge than had previously been investigated.
A new direction for test software [RF/microwave test equipment]

Manufacturing test solutions face many challenges in today's complex production environments. Test systems must enable an organization to control the cost of test by reducing test development time. And they must provide engineers and managers with greater flexibility. Efforts to create such test platforms have typically struggled to maintain the flexibility and performance required in a changing environment. This paper describes the implementation of a test platform used for testing RF and microwave components at multiple facilities within Agilent Technologies, Inc. The system was deployed in mid-2000 and has been in continuous operation since then. The system has enabled test development costs to be reduced by more than 50%. It also has a shown an ability to adapt to a wider range of environments.
Skin reactions: XV. Quantitative studies of whealing

Abstract 1.1. A quantitative method of following semiquantitatively the volume of whealing liquid whether produced pharmacclogically or by external means is described. 2.2. The method makes use of the projection of the image of the displacement of square pencil leads on photographic paper against the actual base line of the wheal. By enlarging this image under standard conditions and cutting out and weighing the elevations, a measure of the whealing volume as represented by the elevated (contour) areas is obtained. 3.3. This technique has been applied to the quantitative study of whealing produced by histamine and the reaction of the skin to the injection of distilled water, epinephrine, histamine, and similar pharmacologically important materials. 4.4. It has been shown that two factors must be followed in the study of the disappearance of whealing liquid; namely, the redistribution of the liquid following its injection and absorption of the liquid. 5.5. The first factor will essentially depend upon the mechanical structure of the dermis. This is probably the basis for the rapid disappearance in edema.
Stingray jaws strut their stuff

The cartilaginous skeleton of sharks and rays imposes functional limitations that are not seen in bony fishes. Cartilage is less dense than bone, which helps chondrichthyan (cartilaginous) fishes maintain near neutral buoyancy, but cartilage is also less stiff and strong than bone. Nevertheless, some stingrays routinely use their cartilaginous jaws and pavement-like dentition to crush hard prey, such as snails and mussels1. We have studied the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, to investigate how cartilaginous jaws can be used to crush hard-shelled prey. The jaws are composed of ‘trabecular cartilage’, a material that is structurally and functionally convergent with the trabecular bone found in osteichthyan (bony) fishes and tetrapods.
Correlation of turbulent shear layer attachment peak heating near Mach 6

A correlation of new turbulent two-dimensional data and peak heating data for attaching free shear layers is presented for a 2.54-cm and 5.08-cm diam cylindrical leading-edge slab 25.4 cm long, and 7.62 and 10.16 cm wide. A 30.48 x 25.4 cm sharp leading-edge flat plate set at 15 and 20 deg is used to generate plane impinging shocks. The freestream Mach number is 6 and the freestream Reynolds number varies from 3,300,000 to 25,600,000/m. Peak heating is measured on silica-based epoxy models with a phase change coating technique. A comparison of the free shear layer data with the transition data of Birch and Keyes (1972) reveals that the shear layer data are turbulent at attachment. The trend of the data shows that peak heating is strongly affected by the state of development at attachment. As the free shear layers become more fully developed, the data approach the two-dimensional correlation. Persistence of transitional flow structures for supersonic free shear flows is pointed out.
Contextual Factors Influencing the Sociability of Preschool Children with Disabilities in Integrated and Segregated Classrooms

This study compared the contextual classroom features of public school segregated classrooms and community-based integrated classrooms for preschool children with disabilities, examining the relations between classroom characteristics and child sociability. A total of 16 children were pair-matched and observed in their classrooms. Results showed that the contexts of the two classroom conditions were similar. Differences in child sociability were not found. Solitary play and antisocial behaviors were infrequently observed. The findings suggested a significant relationship between teacher verbal prompting and child sociability. Children were much more likely to talk to their peers when a verbal prompt was given. The study presented implications for the educational placements of preschool children.
HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH SYNDROME Report of Six Cases due to Coxsackie Virus, Group A, Type 16

During the summer and fall of 1963, 76 patients with exanthematous disease were studied and 6 cases of hand, foot, and mouth syndrome due to Coxsackie A 16 virus were noted. Nine virus strains were isolated from the throat in five cases, vesicle fluid in two, rectal swab in one, and serum in one. All strains were isolated in MK tissue culture and many were also isolated in primary human amnion and WI-38 tissue cultures and suckling mice. Five of the 6 patients had a fourfold or greater rise in neutralizing antibody titer to Coxsackie A 16 virus. Fifty-two per cent of all patients with exanthem had convalescent serum neutralizing antibody titers of 40 or greater to Coxsackie A 16 virus and three of these children without virus isolation also had greater than fourfold antibody titer rises. Serum neutralizing antibody to Coxsackie A 16 virus was prevalent in Wisconsin in 1963 but was observed in only one of 50 (2%) serums collected in 1957.
Dynamics of Friendship Reciprocity Among Professional Adults

Friendship is generally a reciprocal relation, yet many enduring ties are not symmetrical. Sometimes, only one member of a dyad considers the other a friend, or may see their relation as a close friendship while the other does not. Existing theories imply that personal and social attributes may influence the likelihood of reciprocity in friendship. In this longitudinal study, we found that demographic and educational attributes had little effect, but relative gregariousness and popularity consistently influenced development and persistence of unequally reciprocated friendships in 2 cohorts of executive MBA students. Additionally, higher gatekeeping power predicted greater tendency to befriend members of different age categories. Although gatekeeping power correlated directly with unequal reciprocity, the effect was mediated by gregariousness and popularity.
Cigarette smoking and risk of fatal breast cancer

The authors examined the association of fatal breast cancer and cigarette smoking in a large, prospective mortality study of US adults. After 6 years of follow-up, 880 cases of fatal breast cancer were observed in a cohort of 604,412 women who were cancer-free at interview in 1982. Cox proportional hazards modeling, adjusted for other risk factors, found that current smoking was significantly related to fatal breast cancer risk (adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.50). A negative association was observed for former smokers, but this was not statistically significant (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.70-1.03). The association of current smoking with fatal breast cancer risk increased with increasing numbers of cigarettes per day and with total number of years smoked. For smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, the rate ratio was 1.74 (95% CI 1.15-2.62). The authors hypothesize that these results may be due to either a poorer prognosis among breast cancer cases who smoke or a delayed diagnosis among current smokers who do not receive mammograms as often as never or former smokers. Women who smoke should be targeted for breast cancer screening services.
The packaging technology and science of ancient transport amphoras

Commercial transport amphoras are large ceramic vessels that were used from 1500 BC to 500 AD to ship wine and other products throughout the Mediterranean. The most large-scale use was to serve the ancient Greek and Roman empires. Although their form is much different from our own packages, the shape and design were clearly the result of the same reasoning that we use to design successful packaging today. They were designed to be economical to produce and ship. The unusual shapes, and especially the pointed base, facilitated handling, storage, transport and use in logistical systems that were very differently shaped from those that we use today. This paper investigates amphoras as a packaging system from a functional approach. It describes their protective physical properties, manufacturing process and industry structure, logistical and marketing advantages, and illustrates the value of such packaging artifacts in documenting the history of trade. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tactile aids for visually impaired graphical design education

In this demonstration, we describe our exploration in making graphic design theory accessible to a visually impaired student with the use of rapid prototyping tools. We created over 10 novel aids with the use of a laser cutter and 3D printer to demonstrate tangible examples of color theory, type face, web page layouts, and web design. These tactile aids were inexpensive and fabricated in a relatively small amount of time, suggesting the feasibility of our approach. The participant's feedback concluded an increased understanding of the class material and confirmed the potential of tactile aids and rapid prototyping in an educational environment
Large pT Hadron Spectra in pp, pA and AA Collisions

Large pT particle spectra in p+p, p+A and A+B collisions at different energies are calculated in a QCD parton model. Intrinsic transverse momentum, its broadening due to initial multiple parton scattering are included. These calculations are meant to estimate the normal nuclear effects (parton shadowing, pT broadening or Cronin effect) in high pT hadron spectra in heavy-ion collisions. Comparisons of these calculations with experimental data will help to determine the effect of jet quenching.
MR Imaging of the Temporomandibular Joint

MR imaging allows detailed evaluation of temporomandibular (TMJ) anatomy because of its inherent tissue contrast and high resolution. Joint biomechanics can be assessed through imaging patients in the closed and open jaw positions. Despite the accuracy of MR imaging in detecting disc position, results must be interpreted together with clinical findings, because an anteriorly displaced disc can be seen in up to one-third of asymptomatic patients, and a normal disc position can be seen in up to one-quarter of symptomatic patients. Interpretation of MR imaging requires knowledge of the normal anatomy and an understanding of normal and abnormal biomechanics.
Fast Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Transient Wave Fields Using Diagonal Translation Operators

This paper presents novel plane wave time domain (PWTD) algorithms which accelerate the computational analysis of transient surface scattering phenomena. The proposed PWTD algorithms permit the fast evaluation of transient fields satisfying the wave equation. The cost associated with the computation of fields atNsobservers produced by a surface bound source density represented in terms ofNsspatial samples forNttime steps scales asO(NtN2s) if classical time domain integral-equation-based methods are used. It is shown that this cost can be reduced toO(NtN4/3slogNs) andO(NtNslogNs) using two-level and multilevel PWTD schemes, respectively. These algorithms are the time domain counterparts of frequency domain fast multipole methods and make feasible the practical broadband analysis of scattering from large and complex bodies.
PAM19: A REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS MEASURES FOR WORKERS WITH UPPER EXTREMITY DISORDERS

OBJECTIVES: This review identifies instruments for measuring functional status among workers with mild-to-moderate disorders of the upper extremity. Functional status measures correlate pain and discomfort to performance, with direct, practical relevance to employers and workers. While many functional status measures exist for patients with severe or degenerative illness, few measures were designed for relatively healthy active workers. In fact, the impact of mild-to-moderate disorders on the workforce is largely unknown. The recently released OSHA Ergonomics Program Standard has given this issue a new sense of urgency. The intent is to give investigators a tool for choosing appropriate functional status measures in a specific research or clinical context. METHODS: To identify self-reported functional status instruments for upper extremity disorders among workers, a Medline literature search was conducted for English-language publications between the years 1966 and 2000. Keywords included: carpal tunnel syndrome, functional status, health surveys, musculoskeletal, occupational health, outcome measures, questionnaire, neck, upper extremity, and worker. In selecting functional status instruments for review, three criteria were used: 1) Relevance to neck and upper extremity conditions (indicated by question content); 2) Assessment among workers; and 3) Relevance to mild-to-moderate disorders (indicated by level of severity). Parameters of interest were validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change. RESULTS: Among 13 functional status instruments reviewed, six measures were tested among workers, including three measures relevant for mild-to-moderate disorders: the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Upper Extremity Questionnaire, and Neck and Upper Limb Instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of three functional status measures should encourage their use in studies, to improve communication among investigators. Further research is needed to address neglected aspects of measurement—specifically, for mild-to-moderate upper extremity disorders among workers—and to standardize valid and reliable instruments.