cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal infarction complicating phenobarbital overdose.

• Nonocclusive intestinal infarction developed in a 29-year-old man after phenobarbital overdose. He was found 72 hours after the overdose, at which time examination of the abdomen disclosed no abnormalities and he was not hypotensive. During the next ten hours, abdominal distention, ileus, and gas within the intestinal wall and portal venous system developed. Laparotomy disclosed ischemic intestinal infarction of the right colon and distal ileum with no evidence of thrombosis of the mesenteric vessels. The patient recovered fully after ileostomy with subsequent reanastomosis. To our knowledge, ischemic intestinal infarction after drug overdose has not been reported previously. ( Arch Intern Med 1984;144:407-408)
Lack of Checkpoint Control at the Metaphase/Anaphase Transition: A Mechanism of Meiotic Nondisjunction in Mammalian Females

A checkpoint mechanism operates at the metaphase/anaphase transition to ensure that a bipolar spindle is formed and that all the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator before anaphase is initiated. Since mistakes in the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis have particularly disastrous consequences, it seems likely that the meiotic cell division would be characterized by a stringent metaphase/ anaphase checkpoint. To determine if the presence of an unaligned chromosome activates the checkpoint and delays anaphase onset during mammalian female meiosis, we investigated meiotic cell cycle progression in murine oocytes from XO females and control siblings. Despite the fact that the X chromosome failed to align at metaphase in a significant proportion of cells, we were unable to detect a delay in anaphase onset. Based on studies of cell cycle kinetics, the behavior and segregation of the X chromosome, and the aberrant behavior and segregation of autosomal chromosomes in oocytes from XO females, we conclude that mammalian female meiosis lacks chromosome-mediated checkpoint control. The lack of this control mechanism provides a biological explanation for the high incidence of meiotic nondisjunction in the human female. Furthermore, since available evidence suggests that a stringent checkpoint mechanism operates during male meiosis, the lack of a comparable checkpoint in females provides a reason for the difference in the error rate between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Effect of microbiological testing on subsequent mid-infrared milk component analysis of the same milk sample1

Our objectives were to determine if mixing and sampling of a raw milk sample at 4°C for determination of total bacteria count (TBC) and if incubation at 14°C for 18 h and sampling for a preliminary incubation (PI) count influenced the accuracy of subsequent fat, protein, or lactose measurement by mid-infrared (IR) analysis of milk from the same sample container due to either nonrepresentative sampling or the presence of microbial metabolites produced by microbial growth in the milk from the incubation. Milks of 4 fat levels (2.2, 3, 4, and 5%) reflected the range of fat levels encountered in producer milks. If the portion of milk removed from a cold sample was not representative, then the effect on a milk component test would likely be larger as fat content increases. Within the milks at each fat level, 3 treatments were used: (1) 20 vials of the same milk sampled for testing TBC using a BactoScan FC and then used for a milk component test; (2) 20 vials for testing TBC plus PI count followed by component test; and (3) 20 vials to run for IR component test without a prior micro sampling and testing. This was repeated in 3 different weeks using a different batch of milk each week. No large effect on the accuracy of component milk testing [IR fat B (carbon hydrogen stretch) and fat A (carbonyl stretch)] due to the cold milk sample handling and mixing procedures used for TBC was detected, confirming the fact that the physical removal of milk from the vial by the BactoScan FC (Foss Electric, Hillerod, Denmark) was a representative portion of the milk. However, the representativeness of any other sampling procedure (manual or automated) of a cold milk sample before running milk component testing on the same container of milk should be demonstrated and verified periodically as a matter of routine laboratory quality assurance. Running TBC with a BactoScan FC first and then IR milk analysis after had a minimal effect on milk component tests by IR when milk bacteria counts were within pasteurized milk ordinance limits of <100,000 cfu/mL. Running raw milk PI counts (18 h of incubation at 13–14°C) with the BactoScan FC before milk component testing by IR milk analysis had an effect on component tests. The effect was largest on fat test results and would decrease the accuracy of milk payment testing on individual producer milks. The effect was most likely due to the absorption of light by bacterial metabolites resulting from microbial growth or other chemical degradation processes occurring in the milk during the PI count incubation, not by the sampling procedure of the BactoScan. The direction of the effect on component test results will vary depending on the bacteria count and the type of bacteria that grew in the milk, and this could be different in every individual producer milk sample.
An analysis of hydrogen production from renewable electricity sources

Abstract Three aspects of producing hydrogen via renewable electricity sources are analyzed to determine the potential for solar and wind hydrogen production pathways: a renewable hydrogen resource assessment, a cost analysis of hydrogen production via electrolysis, and the annual energy requirements of producing hydrogen for refueling. The results indicate that ample resources exist to produce transportation fuel from wind and solar power. However, hydrogen prices are highly dependent on electricity prices. For renewables to produce hydrogen at $2 kg −1 , using electrolyzers available in 2004, electricity prices would have to be less than $0.01 kWh −1 . Additionally, energy requirements for hydrogen refueling stations are in excess of 20 GWh/year. It may be challenging for dedicated renewable systems at the filling station to meet such requirements. Therefore, while plentiful resources exist to provide clean electricity for the production of hydrogen for transportation fuel, challenges remain to identify optimum economic and technical configurations to provide renewable energy to distributed hydrogen refueling stations.
NPSI adaptive synchronization algorithms for PDES

Adaptive approaches to synchronization in parallel discrete event simulations hold significant potential for performance improvement. We contend that an adaptive approach based on low cost near-perfect system state information is the most likely to yield a consistently efficient synchronization algorithm. We suggest a framework by which NPSI (near-perfect state information) adaptive protocols could be designed and describe the first such protocol-elastic time algorithm. We present performance results which show that NPSI protocols are very promising. In particular, they have the capacity to outperform time warp consistently in both time and space.
Cancer Disparities in the Context of Medicaid Insurance: A Comparison of Survival for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Hodgkin's Lymphoma by Medicaid Enrollment

Background. Because poverty is difficult to measure, its association with outcomes for serious illnesses such as hematologic cancers remains largely uncharacterized. Using Medicaid enrollment as a proxy for poverty, we aimed to assess potential disparities in survival after a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) in a nonelderly population. Methods. We used records from the New York (NY) and California (CA) state cancer registries linked to Medicaid enrollment records for these states to identify Medicaid enrolled and nonenrolled patients aged 21–64 years with incident diagnoses of AML or HL in 2002– 2006. We compared overall survival for the two groups using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results. For HL, the adjusted risk for death for Medicaid enrolled compared with nonenrolled patients was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47–2.68) in NY and 1.89 (95% CI, 1.43–2.49) in CA. In contrast, for AML, Medicaid enrollment had no effect on survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84–1.19 in NY andhazardratio,1.02;95%CI,0.89–1.16inCA).These resultspersisteddespiteadjustingforrace/ethnicityand other factors. Conclusions. Poverty does not affect survival for AMLpatientsbutdoesappeartobeassociatedwithsurvival for HL patients, who, in contrast to AML patients, require complex outpatient treatment. Challenges for the poor in adhering to treatment regimens for HL couldexplainthisdisparityandmeritfurtherstudy.The Oncologist 2011;16:1082–1091
How low can you go?: recommendations for hardware-supported minimal TCB code execution

We explore the extent to which newly available CPU-based security technology can reduce the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) for security-sensitive applications. We find that although this new technology represents a step in the right direction, significant performance issues remain. We offer several suggestions that leverage existing processor technology, retain security, and improve performance. Implementing these recommendations will finally allow application developers to focus exclusively on the security of their own code, enabling it to execute in isolation from the numerous vulnerabilities in the underlying layers of legacy code.
MODERATE LEVEL PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ENHANCES ACOUSTIC STARTLE MAGNITUDE AND DISRUPTS PREPULSE INHIBITION IN ADULT RHESUS MONKEYS

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure can contribute to a wide range of neurodevelopmental impairments in children and adults including behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. In rhesus monkeys, we examined whether moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure would alter acoustic startle responses and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle. PPI is a highly quantifiable measure of inhibitory neural processes or sensorimotor gating associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods Acoustic startle and PPI of the acoustic startle were tested in 37 adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from 4 experimental conditions: (i) moderate-level prenatal alcohol-exposed, (ii) prenatally stressed, (iii) moderate-level prenatal alcohol-exposed + prenatally stressed, and (iv) sucrose controls. Results Prenatal alcohol-exposed monkeys showed a higher magnitude of acoustic startle response and disrupted PPI compared with monkeys not exposed to alcohol prenatally. Monkeys in all conditions showed higher hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses after undergoing the startle procedure, but HPA responses were unrelated to startle response magnitude, latency, or PPI. Conclusions Finding altered PPI in monkeys prenatally exposed to a moderate dose of alcohol suggests that reduced sensorimotor gating is 1 effect of prenatal alcohol exposure. Because reduced sensorimotor gating is observed in many neuropsychiatric disorders, sensorimotor gating deficits could be an aspect of the comorbidity between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and mental health conditions.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer improves Gleason score assessment in favorable risk prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance may improve the accuracy of Gleason score (GS) determination by directing the biopsy to regions of interest (ROI) that are likely to harbor high-grade prostate cancer (CaP). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and predictors of GS upgrading when a subsequent MRI-guided biopsy is performed on patients with a diagnosis of GS 6 disease on the basis of conventional, transrectal ultrasound–guided biopsy. Methods and materials A consecutive series of 245 men with a diagnosis of low-risk CaP (ie, cT1c, GS 6, prostate-specific antigen Results Fusion biopsy resulted in 26% of patients having GS upgrading (GS 3+4 in 18%, 4+3 in 5%, and 8-9 in 3%). Of the 72% of patients with ROIs appropriate for targeting, targeted cores upgraded the GS in 18%, whereas systematic cores upgraded the GS in 24%. In patients without targeted biopsy, GS upgrading was seen in 14%. On multivariate analysis, a category 5 ROI was the most significant predictor of GS upgrading with an odds ratio of 10.56 ( P Conclusions Nearly 25% of men with GS 6 CaP diagnosed by standard transrectal ultrasound biopsy may experience GS upgrading when a subsequent MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy is performed. The most important single predictor of upgrading is a category 5 ROI on multiparametric MRI. GS upgrading may influence treatment decisions. Therefore, MRI-guided biopsy should be considered prior to formulating a management strategy in patients whose conventional biopsy reveals low-risk CaP.
Microfabrication and characterization of metal-embedded thin-film thermomechanical microsensors for applications in hostile manufacturing environments

Effective monitoring and diagnosis of manufacturing processes is of critical importance. If critical manufacturing process conditions are continuously monitored, problems can be detected and solved during the processing cycle. However, current technology still evidently lags behind practical needs. Microfabricated thin-film thermocouples and strain gauges are attractive for their small size and fast response. It is challenging to fabricate and embed these sensors into metallic components that are widely used in manufacturing. This paper investigates the fabrication, embedding, and characterization of metal embedded thin-film thermocouples and strain gauges. The materials (dielectric and metallic) constituting a complete microsensor were characterized and optimized. The results obtained from characterization and optimization of materials are presented and discussed. Thin-film thermocouples on stainless steel substrates (before and after embedding) were calibrated to elevated temperatures. The behavior of thin-film strain gauges was also studied. The metal embedded sensors demonstrated good accuracy, sensitivity, and linearity that matched the performance of commercial thermocouples and strain gauges well. The metal embedded microsensors are promising for in situ monitoring in hostile manufacturing environments.
Intensity-dependent absorption and photorefractive effects in barium titanate

We present experimental data for BaTiO3 that exhibit an intensity dependence in the absorption coefficient and the two-beam coupling coefficient at intensities between 0.002 and 40 W/cm2. The effective empty-trap concentration was found to increase with intensity. We present a model, in the spirit of commonly used (photorefractive) theories, for photorefraction and optical absorption that explains these effects. The intensity dependence was attributed to the presence of secondary photorefractive centers.
On the ecology and behavior of Cebus albifrons in eastern Colombia: I. Ecology

A-503 contact-hr study of a 35-member group ofCebus albifrons was conducted in eastern Colombia in 1977 and 1978. The group had a female: male socionomic sex ratio of 2.5:1 and used a home range of 110–120 ha which overlapped the home range of another group ofC. albifrons about 20–30 ha. The animals spent about 80% of their foraging time eating plant material and about 20% of their foraging time eating animal materials. A birth peak at the end of the dry season extending into the wet season was indicated by data available. Attempted predation was recorded by the mustelidEira barbara and the black-and-white hawk-eagleSpizastur melanoleucus. Some association was observed with the red howler monkeyAlouatta seniculus. The group at times spent more than half the day foraging and traveling on the ground, exhibiting a level of terrestriality not reported for other New World primates.
Src signaling links mediators of inflammation to Cx43 gap junction channels in primary and transformed CFTR-expressing airway cells

Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is associated with recurrent pulmonary infections and inflammation. We previously reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha decreases gap junction connectivity in cell lines derived from the airway epithelium of non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) subjects, a mechanism that was defective in cells derived from CF patients, and identified the tyrosine kinase c-Src as a possible bridge between TNF-alpha and Cx43. To examine whether this modulation also takes place in primary epithelial cells, the functional expression of Cx43 was studied in non-CF and CF airway cells, obtained from surgical polypectomies and turbinectomies, which were grown either on culture dishes or permeable filters. Expression of Cx43 was detected by immunofluorescence on cells grown under both culture conditions. Non-CF and CF airway cells also showed intercellular diffusion of Lucifer Yellow. Dye coupling was rapidly abolished in non-CF cells in the presence of TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide and lysophosphatidic acid, and could be prevented by tyrphostin47, an inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinases. This down-regulation, however, was not detected in CF airway cells. These data indicate that CFTR dysfunction is associated with altered Src signaling, resulting in the persistence of gap junction connectivity in primary and transformed CF airway cells.
Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery.

Abstract Efficient drug delivery and administration are needed to realize the full potential of molecular therapeutics. Integrated microsystems that incorporate extremely fast sensory and actuation capabilities can fulfill this need for efficient drug delivery tools. Photolithographic technologies borrowed from the semiconductor industry enable mass production of such microsystems. Rapid prototyping allows for the quick development of customized devices that would accommodate for diverse therapeutic requirements. This paper reviews the capabilities of existing microfabrication and their applications in controlled drug delivery microsystems. The next generation of drug delivery systems—fully integrated and self-regulating—would not only improve drug administration, but also revolutionize the health-care industry.
SAMPLING AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA1

The size, spacing, and number of replicate sediment samples collected for foraminifcral analysis do not, in many cases, adequately rcprcsent the living population. In the Gulf of St, Lawrence, the living foraminifera counted in replicate samples show a pronounced patchy geographic distribution in waters less than 24 m deep; species proportions in replicate samples arc most variable in waters less than 20 m deep. A significant number of living specimens was encountered to a depth of 9 cm in the bottom sediments.
What Stories and Fables Can Teach Us

This column describes the influence of narrative on individuals and societies. More importantly, it describes the importance of story in dealing with health and quality of life issues. The idea of story as an epistemology is discussed. Individual stories which were created in seminars on writing for publication are presented along with stories and fables that lend further understanding to lived experiences of health. Ideas for teaching-learning in nursing regarding the issues in the stories are presented. Parse’s human becoming theory is used to further explicate understanding of these ideas.
Cholesterol as a bilayer anchor for PEGylation and targeting ligand in folate‐receptor‐targeted liposomes

Phospholipids have been extensively evaluated as an anchor for both PEGylation and receptor-targeting in liposomal formulations. However, cholesterol, another important component in biomembranes, has not been fully investigated as an alternative anchor. In this study, the potential role of cholesterol for anchoring PEG and folate was investigated. Cholesterol derivatives were synthesized for PEGylation (mPEG-cholesterol) and folate receptor (FR) targeting (folate-PEG-cholesterol) and incorporated into the bilayer of FR-targeted liposomal doxorubicin. The colloidal stability of these cholesterol derivative-containing liposomes was superior to non-PEGylated liposomes, indicating that steric barrier provided by mPEG-cholesterol can efficiently inhibit aggregation of liposomes. FR-targeting activity of these liposomes was demonstrated by in vitro cell-binding studies on FR-overexpressing KB cells. In addition, in vivo circulation of cholesterol-anchored liposomes was prolonged compared to non-PEGylated liposomes. These studies suggest that cholesterol is a viable bilayer anchor for synthesis of PEGylated and FR-targeted liposomes.
Computational design of tissue engineering scaffolds

Tissue engineering utilizes porous biomaterial scaffolds to deliver biological factors that accelerate tissue healing. These two functions require scaffolds be designed for mechanical loading and mass transport. The purpose of this paper was to apply both ad hoc and topology optimization homogenization based design approaches to create scaffold architectures, and to determine how these architectures compare to theoretical bounds on effective stiffness. Open cell scaffold architectures demonstrated a wide range of permeability, but were all below isotropic effective stiffness bounds. Wavy fiber architectures provide a means to approach the lower bounds. Using image-based techniques, designed architectures may be incorporated in anatomic shapes.
Intel's Array Building Blocks: A retargetable, dynamic compiler and embedded language

Our ability to create systems with large amount of hardware parallelism is exceeding the average software developer's ability to effectively program them. This is a problem that plagues our industry. Since the vast majority of the world's software developers are not parallel programming experts, making it easy to write, port, and debug applications with sufficient core and vector parallelism is essential to enabling the use of multi- and many-core processor architectures. However, hardware architectures and vector ISAs are also shifting and diversifying quickly, making it difficult for a single binary to run well on all possible targets. Because of this, retargetability and dynamic compilation are of growing relevance. This paper introduces Intel® Array Building Blocks (ArBB), which is a retargetable dynamic compilation framework. This system focuses on making it easier to write and port programs so that they can harvest data and thread parallelism on both multi-core and heterogeneous many-core architectures, while staying within standard C++. ArBB interoperates with other programming models to help meet the demands we hear from customers for a solution with both greater programmer productivity and good performance. This work makes contributions in language features, compiler architecture, code transformations and optimizations. It presents performance data from the current beta release of ArBB and quantitatively shows the impact of some key analyses, enabling transformations and optimizations for a variety of benchmarks that are of interest to our customers.
Early Macro Divergence from Micro: Keynes vs Hayek, Fisher and Friedman

The paper presents facts and theory of the Great Depression that led to the clash of the Neoclassical ideas of Fisher and Hayek with the new interventionalist concept of Keynes. The Keynesian Cross arose to explain how government could create new investment and allow the economy to rise from Depression. Fisher and Hayek instead emphasized banking and monetary policy with "reflation" of price stabilization, upon which Friedman built. The Great Recession policy today echoes more firmly the ideas of Fisher and Hayek in avoiding another depression.
Long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment at the San Onofre reactor

Study of neutrino oscillations remain a powerful probe for electroweak physics. The early experiments, using neutrinos from nuclear reactors at the ILL Grenoble and at Goesgen, have shown that neutrino mixing and neutrino masses, as proposed in some theoretical models, must be very small. Specifically, limits were set for the mass parameter, {Delta}m{sup 2}, of 2 x 10{sup {minus}2} eV{sup 2}, with limits for the mixing amplitude of about 0.1, putting to rest earlier claims for neutrino oscillations. Much of the parameter space suggested by the atmospheric results, {Delta}m{sup 2} between 10{sup {minus}2} and 10{sup {minus}3} eV{sup 2} and large mixing angles, remains unexplored as it is outside the range of previous reactor or accelerator experiments. Thus, measurements with more sensitive detectors are needed to shed light on both, {bar {nu}}{sub e} and {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}} disappearance. With this goal in mind, the authors group is now building a fine-grain 12-ton 0.1% Gd-loaded scintillation detector, to be installed underground (25 mwe) at a distance of 0.7 km from the San Onofre reactor station in Southern California. In this segmented low energy detector, a positron created by the reactor {bar {nu}}{sub e} in the reaction {bar {nu}}{sub e} + p {yields}more » e{sup +} + n, is identified by a triple coincidence between positron and two annihilation gammas in adjacent detector elements, a scheme permitting significant reduction of backgrounds, such as those associated with neutrons from cosmic-ray muon interactions. In addition, the neutron accompanying the positron is registered by the 8 MeV gamma cascade following capture in Gd in the scintillator, thus allowing a threshold setting well above the radioactive backgrounds. The experiment will provide a definitive answer as to whether the atmospheric results signal {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}} {leftrightarrow} {bar {nu}}{sub e} oscillations.« less
Interpretation of Serologic Testing in Glomerular Diseases

A 69-year-old Caucasian male was admitted to the hospital with progressive dyspnea, decreased urine output, and hemoptysis and was found to have anemia, acute kidney injury, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Antibodies to cytoplasmic antinuclear cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) and proteinase 3 (anti-PR3 Ab) were positive, and perinuclear antinuclear cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) and antibodies to myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO Ab) were negative. A diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis (WG) was made. His course was complicated by respiratory failure and renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Treatment consisted of cyclophosphamide (CYC), corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Ultimately, dialysis was discontinued, and serum creatinine level (Cr) was stabilized at 1.6–1.8 g/dL 4 months after presentation. After 6 months, immunosuppression was changed from CYC to azathioprine, and prednisone was tapered and discontinued after 1 year.
Tannins for suppression of internal parasites

It is increasingly evident that gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) control programs based on dewormers are failing because of increased dewormer resistance; thus, alternative GIP control strategies are necessary. Condensed tannins (CT) have biological effects that may aid in the control of GIP. The CT bind proteins and other molecules tightly at near-neutral pH, such as occurs in the rumen, with dissociation in the acidic pH of the abomasum, freeing them for digestion. Plant CT may have direct or indirect effects on GIP. Direct effects might be mediated through CT-nematode interactions, thereby affecting physiological functioning of GIP. Condensed tannins extracted from various forages can markedly decrease the viability of the larval stages of several nematodes in sheep and goats. Con
Cutaneous manifestations of defective host defenses.

This paper emphasizes those host defense defects that are likely to be seen by the general pediatrician and stresses the cutaneous clues to these conditions.
Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: Product cost, per diem fees and fees for special clinical services

A method of charging for pharmaceutical services is described which includes the cost of drug products, dispensing fees for intravenous drug admixtures, per diem fees for basic dispensing and clinical services (according to patient type), and fees for special clinical services. The basic per diem charge covers drug purchasing and inventory control, department management, drug information services, dose preparation, drug order interpretation, drug therapy monitoring, and the availability of pharmacists to answer the questions of nurses and physicians. The clinical services for which special fees are charged are: hemogram drug report, drug liver function report, aminoglycoside dosing guidelines, heparin i.v. infusion, oral anticoagulation, patient drug history, operant conditioning, parenteral nutrition guidelines, and pharmacokinetic drug level interpretations and consultations. The reasons for changing to the system, the services provided and experiences with the system are discussed. Implementation of the system is discussed in relation to the calculation of fees; comparisons with alternate charging methods; approval of special clinical service charges; computer billing; information about pharmacy charges for patients; and third-party payers.
The global illicit trade in illegal narcotics

Narcotics have long been one of the most valuable illicit markets, and government efforts to stem both their supply and demand face on-going challenges. This chapter describes the global distribution of major illegal narcotics from source to destination with a focus on heroin and cocaine routes. It explains how traffickers seek out states with weak administrative structures, law enforcement and customs as it is less costly to move illegal wares through states that suffer from weak institutions and a significant informal economy. The links to such areas has grown with the spread of globalisation, and collaboration between criminal enterprises to terrorist organisation has become more prominent. The author concludes that State building and enhancement of good governance practices are key complements to punitive approaches and sanctions.
Major histocompatibility complex diversity is positively associated with stream water temperatures in proximate populations of sockeye salmon.

Local adaptation to heterogeneous environments generates population diversity within species, significantly increasing ecosystem stability and flows of ecosystem services. However, few studies have isolated the specific mechanisms that create and maintain this diversity. Here, we examined the relationship between water temperature in streams used for spawning and genetic diversity at a gene involved in immune function [the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)] in 14 populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) sampled across the Wood River basin in south-western Alaska. The largest influence on MHC diversity was lake basin, but we also found a significant positive correlation between average water temperature and MHC diversity. This positive relationship between temperature and MHC diversity appears to have been produced by natural selection at very local scales rather than neutral processes, as no correlation was observed between temperature and genetic diversity at 90 neutral markers. Additionally, no significant relationship was observed between temperature variability and MHC diversity. Although lake basin was the largest driver of differences in MHC diversity, our results also demonstrate that fine-scale differences in water temperature may generate variable selection regimes in populations that spawn in habitats separated by as little as 1 km. Additionally, our results indicated that some populations may be reaching a maximum level of MHC diversity. We postulate that salmon from populations in warm streams may delay spawning until late summer to avoid thermal stress as well as the elevated levels of pathogen prevalence and virulence associated with warm temperatures earlier in the summer.
Atomically Thin MoS2 Narrowband and Broadband Light Superabsorbers.

We present a combined theoretical and experimental effort to enable strong light absorption (>70%) in atomically thin MoS2 films (≤4 layers) for either narrowband incidence with arbitrarily prespecified wavelengths or broadband incidence like solar radiation. This is achieved by integrating the films with resonant photonic structures that are deterministically designed using a unique reverse design approach based on leaky mode coupling. The design starts with identifying the properties of leaky modes necessary for the targeted strong absorption, followed by searching for the geometrical features of nanostructures to support the desired modes. This process is very intuitive and only involves a minimal amount of computation, thanks to the straightforward correlations between optical functionality and leaky modes as well as between leaky modes and the geometrical feature of nanostructures. The result may provide useful guidance for the development of high-performance atomic-scale photonic devices, such as so...
Meta-Analysis Comparing Established Risk Prediction Models (EuroSCORE II, STS Score, and ACEF Score) for Perioperative Mortality During Cardiac Surgery

A wide variety of multivariable risk models have been developed to predict mortality in the setting of cardiac surgery; however, the relative utility of these models is unknown. This study investigated the literature related to comparisons made between established risk prediction models for perioperative mortality used in the setting of cardiac surgery. A systematic review was conducted to capture studies in cardiac surgery comparing the relative performance of at least 2 prediction models cited in recent guidelines (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation [EuroSCORE II], Society for Thoracic Surgeons 2008 Cardiac Surgery Risk Models [STS] score, and Age, Creatinine, Ejection Fraction [ACEF] score) for the outcomes of 1-month or inhospital mortality. For articles that met inclusion criteria, we extracted information on study design, predictive performance of risk models, and potential for bias. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate a summary estimate of the difference in AUCs between models. We identified 22 eligible studies that contained 33 comparisons among the above models. Meta-analysis of differences in AUCs revealed that the EuroSCORE II and STS score performed similarly (with a summary difference in AUC = 0.00), while outperforming the ACEF score (with summary differences in AUC of 0.10 and 0.08, respectively, p
Emerging challenges in cyber-physical systems: A balance of performance, correctness, and security

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) has seen an expanding implementation in our society facilitating various services from smart grids to smart vehicle network. While traditional criteria in industrial networks and controlling systems are still valid for the emerging CPS, new challenges need to be addressed for the development of future CPS including security, correctness, and resource constraints. These challenges are further elaborated in a case study of modern power grids to demonstrate the impact of such problems and possible solutions.
Validation of the intuitive Eating Scale for pregnant women.

Pre-pregnancy maladaptive eating behaviors have predicted inadequate or excess gestational weight gain and poor dietary intake during pregnancy, but little is known about effects of pre-pregnancy adaptive eating behaviors on pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to produce a valid and reliable measure of adaptive pre-pregnancy eating behaviors for pregnant women using the Intuitive Eating Scale. Data were collected from 266 pregnant women, aged 18 and older who were attending a private prenatal clinic at Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women in Houston, TX using self-administered questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to validate the factor structure of the Intuitive Easting Scale (IES). Concurrent validity was determined using correlations between the three subscale scores [unconditional permission to eat (UPE), eating for physical not emotional reasons (EPR), and relying on hunger/satiety cues (RIH)], perinatal depression status (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) calculated from self-reported height and weight. After discarding 6 items, the second order model did not fit the data, however, the first order model with three latent factors had reasonable fit (RMSEA = 0.097, CFI = 0.961, TLI = 0.951 and WRMR = 1.21). The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by Cronbach's alphas (UPE = 0.781, EPR = 0.878 and RIH = 0.786). All subscale scores were inversely related to perinatal depression status. EPR and RIH subscale scores were inversely related to pre-pregnancy BMI, supporting the measure's validity. Among pregnant women, the revised 15 item pre-pregnancy IES (IES-PreP) should be used to evaluate pre-pregnancy adaptive eating behaviors.
Alzheimer's Disease: Individuals, Dyads, Communities, and Costs.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) affect over 5 million Americans. Over a typical disease course of 5–10 years, family caregivers provide the majority of the day-to-day hands-on on care for persons with dementia. Most caregivers enter this complex role with little training and inadequate household resources and they are tasked to navigate a fragmented health care system as well as a patchwork of community services. Our nation can and should do more to help family caregivers provide care in the home to their loved ones who suffer from dementia. We will all benefit if we design and implement a better system of care for persons with dementia. We will benefit financially as a nation, we will benefit morally as a community, and in case we have forgotten, we stand to benefit ourselves as we age and face our own aging brain. Building a system of care requires excellent science and engineering, but we also need creative approaches that design systems of care that are available nationwide because they are scalable and affordable. Most importantly, families need our help now. We need to move faster.
Conducting Research in Ethics and Corporate Responsibility

This technical note highlights the most useful resources for gathering data on particular companies or industries, including information relevant to ethics, accountability, and responsibility. Excerpt UVA-E-0353 April 30, 2010 Conducting Research IN Ethics and Corporate Responsibility As in strategic management, generally some of the biggest initial challenges of ethical decision making involve (1) gathering information, (2) determining which pieces of that information/data are useful and relevant, and (3) employing gathered information as part of a fruitful analysis. These are precisely the challenges you will face in your careers, whether you work in consulting, investment banking, private equity, manufacturing, or as an entrepreneur. All of these roles require careful analysis but often challenge you with either too much or not enough information. To gather data on particular companies or industries, including information relevant to ethics, accountability, and responsibility, you have many resources at your disposal. This note highlights the most useful. Free Resources . . .
Chapter 26 Tax incidence

Abstract This chapter reviews the concepts, methods, and results of studies that analyze the incidence of taxes. The purpose of such studies is to determine how the burden of a particular tax is allocated among consumers through higher product prices, workers through a lower wage rate, or other factors of production through lower rates of return to those factors. The methods might involve simple partial equilibrium models, analytical general equilibrium models, or computable general equilibrium models. In a partial equilibrium model, the burden of a tax is shown to depend on the elasticity of supply relative to the elasticity of demand. Partial equilibrium models also are used to consider cases with imperfect competition. In a two-sector general equilibrium model, a tax might be imposed on either commodity, on either factor of production, or on a factor used in one sector. The original use of this model is to analyze the corporate income tax as a tax on capital used only in one sector, the corporate sector. The model can be used to show when the burden falls only on capital or when the burden is shared with labor. The model also has been applied to the property tax, and results of the model have been used to calculate the overall burden on each income group. Because the total stock of capital is fixed in that model, however, dynamic models are required to show how a tax on capital affects capital accumulation, future wage rates, and overall burdens. Such models might also provide analytical results or computational results. The most elaborate recent models calculate the lifetime incidence of each group. Finally, the chapter reviews the use of such incidence methods and results in the policy process.
Colon and rectal surgery surgical site infection reduction bundle: To improve is to change.

Abstract Background Despite the introduction of the Surgical Care Improvement Project, surgical site infections remain a source of morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the value of implementing a colorectal bundle on SSI rates. Methods Between 2011 and 2016 a total of 1351 patients underwent colorectal operations. Patients were grouped into pre-implementation (Group A, January 1, 2011–December 31, 2012), implementation (Group B, January 1, 2013–December 31, 2014) and post-implementation (Group C, January 1, 2015–December 31, 2016). Primary endpoints were superficial SSI, deep SSI, wound separation and total SSI. Results After the bundle was implemented, there was a significant reduction in superficial (6.6%–4%, p Conclusion Implementation of the bundle resulted in a reduction in overall SSI rates particularly as compliance increased. This study offers evidence that small changes can lead to significant decreases in surgical site infections.
Hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel: nursing interventions.

Paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor, is used to treat a variety of cancers. A significant incidence of paclitaxel-related hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) occurs because of the diluent used. Premedication with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and H2-histamine antagonists has markedly decreased the incidence of HSRs. Paclitaxel-related HSRs should be managed immediately and appropriately by (a) stopping the infusion, (b) administering oxygen, (c) infusing fluids, (d) continuously monitoring blood pressure, pulse, and oxygenation, and (e) initiating standing orders for i.v. corticosteroids and diphenhydramine or other emergency medications. Oncology nurses are key to the rapid recognition and treatment of paclitaxel-related HSRs.
Cell Walls and Secondary Products as Obstacles to Plant Enzyme Isolation: Problems and Solutions, Including a Simple Liquid-Nitrogen Homogenizer for Bulk Tissue Extraction

When we first undertook studies of monoterpene biosynthesis in peppermint (Mentha piperita), we and other plant biochemists were handicapped by inadequate methodology and by inadequate understanding of plants. Gas chromatography was not yet available. It was assumed that secondary metabolites were synthesized slowly and irreversibly, so tracer experiments were conducted over periods of days instead of minutes or hours. Finally, the unique problems of plant enzymology were not understood.
Hemlock and Spruce Tannins: An Odyssey

In North America, the only significant chemical utilization of bark has been that of hemlock, which served as the major raw material for leather tanning for more than a century. This chapter traces the history of leather manufacture from its beginning as a colonial cottage industry through its emergence at the end of the nineteenth century as a major industrial activity based largely on a local eastern hemlock resource. The later availability of domestic (chestnut) and imported (quebracho and wattle) extracts caused a geographic shift in the industry to the source of hides rather than bark. Substitution of chromium salts for vegetable tannins also contributed to the demise of hemlock tannin utilization except for the production of sulfonated tannins from western hemlock used for oil well drilling, water treatment, agricultural trace metal treatments, etc. Modern chemical investigations of hemlock tannin composition began in 1954 with the advent of paper chromatographic separation techniques, which eventually showed that tannins were polymeric cis and trans procyanidins terminated by catechin and epicatechin. Recent work demonstrates the need for studies of polyphenolic polymers from morphologically distinct zones of bark. In spite of yet-to-be solved chemical structure problems in the field of spruce/hemlock tannins, utilization is not being held up. The major need is for the development of extraction technology that will remove the organic solvent-insoluble procyanidin polymers without major structural alteration. The basic requirement appears to be a system that cleaves procyanidin polymers (without causing condensation with adjacent lignin molecules) and solubilizes them in an aqueous system. The best potential for use is as a resorcinol substitute in cold-setting adhesives, since domestic vegetable tannins are unlikely to again be of any major consequence in leather manufacture in North America.
The Russian industry: the problems and the further development (ending)

This article describes the various approaches to the analysis of the current situation and the justification of the further development prospects of the Russian industry represented at the round table on June 21,2018 inthe State Duma of Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on a subject: «Legislative providing industrial policy of the Russian Federation: technologies, innovations, investments». Attention had also been drawn to issues requiring the globalization, the industrial development inequality of the countries of the world and the Russian regions, the dependences of economic growth on the state of the knowledge economy, the industrial and monetary and credit policy interrelations, the changes in the system of the state regulation of the Russian industry, the business moods, the technological updating results of the industrial enterprises, the features of the investment projects financing in Russia and in industrialized countries, the prospects of the introduction in Russia of the digital technologies of the industrial production management. Among offers of the situation significant improvement there are: the providing for the economic relations participants of the equal competitive opportunities; the completion of the Federal law «About Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation», the involvement in the economy of free money, the updating on the basis of the problems settlement with the financing of the enterprises of the fixed assets, the selective development of the import substitution, the distribution of the positive experience of the successful industrial companies. The author points to a need of the involvement in the discussion and the other important questions concerning the comprehensive analysis of the reasons of the serious lag of the Russian enterprises from the enterprises of the industrialized countries generating the negative consequences; the labor productivity at the industrial enterprises of the different countries of the world and factors of its growth; the influences of the developed bureaucracy, the administrative barriers, the corruption on a situation in the various industries, the applications of the concept of the economical production, the energy productivity and a resource conservation, etc.