cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval survival under heated anaerobic conditions.

Quarantine regulations of importing countries are designed to prevent the introduction of exotic arthropod pests. A popular procedure is to use thermal treatments such as vapor heat, forced hot air, and hot water dips to disinfest fresh agricultural commodities (Sharp, 1994; Hallman and Armstrong, 1994; Neven, 2003). Other potential treatments involve controlled atmosphere thermal treatment systems (CATTS) (Neven and Mitcham, 1996) and radio frequency exposures in water baths (Ikediala et al, 2002; Wang et al, 2001). Wang et al. (2002) used a heating block system to determine the temperatures and exposure times required for efficacious use of heat against codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The predicted treatments have been verified for infested sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae), by using various hot water baths (Hansen et al, 2004). Although heat is the major component for all these thermal treatments, many other abiotic factors can influence efficacy (Hansen and Sharp, 1998,2000). An obvious condition that impacts insect survival is any impediment to the vital respiration of the pest, such as in the CATTS or hot water dip treatments. However, few studies have compared treatment efficacy between aerobic and anaerobic systems. Knowledge of the contribution of asphyxiation would improve the efficacy of postharvest treatments and refine the precision of the mathematical mortality models. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a thermal treatment under different oxygen-poor atmospheres by using codling moth larvae. This information would aide in the development of efficacious heat treatments.
Integrating Web 2.0 Technologies into the College Classroom Using Xtranormal

The term Web 2.0 was introduced in 2004 and is used to describe a series of collaborative technologies that enable any user to create his or her own content. These technologies require minimal Web design or HTML skills and include blogs, wikis, RSS (really simple syndication) feeds; podcasts and vodcasts, social networking sites, user-added reviews and ratings, tagging and folksonomonies. Educators must incorporate these technologies into the classroom to teach students about intellectual property, privacy, social skills, evaluation and the role of new tools for academic purposes. Xtranormal, a cloud-based service used to create short animated movies, is one tool that can be used to address all of those topics in an entertaining and appealing format. Educators have used Xtranormal to create videos for lectures and as a tool for students to use to make videos themselves. Examples focus specifically on librarians using Xtranormal for information literacy instruction.
Intergenerational Links in Victimization: Prosocial Friends as a Buffer

This study investigated whether having friends who engaged in more prosocial than antisocial behaviors buffered the associations between family-of-origin aggression and later victimization. Adolescent participants (N=125) and their parents reported on different types of family aggression in early adolescence. Approximately 5 years later, adolescents reported on their victimization experiences with dating partners and friends, and their friends' prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Only father-to-child aggression was significantly associated with dating and friend victimization, with stronger risk for females' dating victimization. Moreover, having friends who engaged in more prosocial than antisocial behaviors had both a direct inverse relationship with dating partner victimization. This also buffered the risk for dating victimization associated with father-daughter aggression. Findings suggest that greater attention be paid to the father-daughter relationship and to the importance of having friends who engage in prosocial behaviors in the prevention of adolescents' victimization.
Control of open quantum systems in a Bosonic bath

We consider the Lindblad-Kossakowski quantum master equation describing the dynamics of an open quantum systems in the form originally proposed by Davies and Spohn. This equation contains dissipative corrections, accounting for the interaction with the environment, whose expression strongly depends on the adopted Markov approximation. In the case where a control is present, the rigorous derivation of the Markov approximation in the standard case, the weak coupling limit, shows that the control appears not only in the coherent part of the equation but also in the dissipative correction. This complicates the analysis of the dynamics but also offers the opportunity of indirectly affecting the interaction with the environment through the control. In this paper we study this scenario for a finite dimensional quantum system interacting with a (Bosonic) bath of harmonic oscillators. We prove several control theoretic properties of this system and discuss how the control can be used to effectively shape the influence of the environment and obtain desired features of the dynamics.
Future land use threats to range‐restricted fish species in the United States

Aim Land use change is one major threat to freshwater biodiversity, and land use change scenarios can help to assess threats from future land use change, thereby guiding proactive conservation decisions. Our goal was to identify which range-restricted freshwater fish species are most likely to be affected by land use change and to determine where threats to these species from future land use change in the conterminous United States are most pronounced. Location United States of America. Methods We focused on range-restricted freshwater fish species, identified which of these species are considered threatened based on either the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List or the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and compared their distributions to patterns of future land use changes by 2051 under three scenarios. Results We found that 14% of the range-restricted species had >30% of their distribution area occupied by intensive land use in 2001, and this number increased from 27 to 58% by 2051 depending on the land use scenario. Among the 57 species most likely to be strongly affected by intensive land use, only 26% of these species are currently listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, and 12% are listed as threatened under the ESA. Main conclusions Our approach demonstrates the value of considering future land use change scenarios in extinction risk assessment frameworks and offers guidelines for how this could be achieved for future assessments.
Maximum life spur gear design

Optimization procedures allow one to design a spur gear reduction for maximum life and other end use criteria. A modified feasible directions search algorithm permits a wide variety of inequality constraints and exact design requirements to be met with low sensitivity to initial guess values. The optimization algorithm is described, and the models for gear life and performance are presented. The algorithm is compact and has been programmed for execution on a desk top computer. Two examples are presented to illustrate the method and its application.
The Paul Test in the Diagnosis of Smallpox

In 1892, Guarnieri1 showed that scarification of the rabbit cornea, followed by inoculation of the same, with the pustular contents of cowpox, or smallpox, caused an active proliferation of the epithelial cells within 24 to 48 hours. These lesions appeared as little hummocks, the center of which degenerated, leaving a crater-like depression. Within the cytoplasm of some of the affected cells were found curious inclusions, commonly spoken of as Guarnieri bodies-of variable size, ranging from a micron to about one-third the size of the nucleus of an epithelial cell; usually round, oval or lenticular, but not infrequently a little irregular in form. They stain with nuclear stains, but when a combination of eosin and hematoxylin is used, they present a mixed reaction in which the affinity for the acid dye seems to be more pronounced. Their parasitic nature is no longer accepted, but all workers in the field seem to agree that their presence is pathognomonic of variola. Juergens 2 drew attention to the fact that the peculiar proliferation of the corneal epithelium which follows inoculation with smallpox material, may be observed in the living animal on examination of the cornea with a hand lens. One sees after 36 to 48 hours, transparent little hummocks which might be easily overlooked on direct examination. Paul 3 described a new technic to make these hummocks stand out macroscopically. He enucleated the inoculated eye after 48 hours or more, and placed it in sublimate alcohol, and after a few minutes' exposure, the lesions stood out prominently as intensely white elevations on a dull milky white background, with occasionally a distinctly visible, small dark crater in the center of the elevation. This was never seen
"Other Sides of Status: Dimensions, Detriments, and Deliberations"

Status "High-status Affiliations, Identity Creation, and Rank Mobility" Presenter: Daniel Malter; Harvard U. Managing Impressions with Authentic Culture: How & Why High Status Actors Consume L... Presenter: Oliver Hahl; Carnegie Mellon U. - Tepper School of Business Presenter: Ezra Zuckerman; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Status and Strategic Change in the U.S. Venture Capital Industry Presenter: Matthew S. Bothner; ESMT European School of Management and Technology Presenter: Young-Kyu Kim; Korea U. Business School Presenter: Wonjae Lee; KAIST The Judgment of Paris? Status Shocks and the Structure of Constraint in the Academic Life Sciences Presenter: Pierre Azoulay; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Presenter: Brian Philip Reschke; U. of California, Berkeley Presenter: Toby E. Stuart; U. of California, Berkeley
Analysis of 1 984 Adverse Drug Reaction Reports in Maoming Area

Objective: To find out the occurrence and distribution of ADR of Maoming area, we analyse 1 984 cases of adverse drug reaction(ADRs) reports that Maoming area medical units reported from January 2007 to December 2008. Methods: Using Excel spread sheets and manual screening methods, we established the ADR database that contained the classification of drugs,the clinical manifestations and classification of ADR, the route of administration and the results. Results: In the 1 984 cases of ADR related drugs, antibiotics occupy the first place, 1 164 cases use it, and it accounted for 51.96%. Chinese materia medica preparation(including Chinese patent drug) occupy the second place, 456 cases use it ,and it accounted for 20.36%, electrolytes, pH balancing regulator and nutrition occupy the third place, 158 cases use them, and they accounted for 7.01%. The constitution of ADR related drugs: 45.10%(525/1 164) were cephalosporins, 15.81%(184/1 164) were quinolones, 11.77%(137/1164) were penicillins. Conclusion: Among the drugs that may cause ADR, anti-infectives are the maximum; among the systems and organs that involved in ADR, the most damaged ones are the skin and its annexes; intravenous drug is the most likely to have ADR.
Inhibitors present in blood do not inhibit PCR from buccal cell preparations: case report.

BACKGROUND: Hemochromatosis is a common disease that is characterized by high ferritin levels and/or high iron saturation and mutations in two alleles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is often performed on DNA extracted from blood since blood yields high concentrations of DNA. However, inhibitors can cause PCR failure in DNA extracted from blood thus preventing a molecular diagnosis. RESULTS: This report describes a case where multiple blood draws resulted in unamplifiable DNA. Subsequently, a buccal cell sample was collected and extracted. DNA extracted from the buccal cells yielded amplifiable DNA in contrast to DNA extracted from the patient's blood. In addition, the patient was identified as having a homozygous mutation for one allele of the hemochromatosis gene. CONCLUSION: These results suggests that a buccal cell DNA extraction may be useful in cases where blood samples contain inhibitory substances for PCR.
Patients with Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE) Are at a Higher Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Absence of Cirrhosis

Background and Aims: Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is commonly found in patients with cirrhosis, but it is also associated with other diseases in the absence of cirrhosis. Whether GAVE confers a different severity of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding between patients with and without cirrhosis remains unknown. We aim to examine whether there is a difference in clinically significant GI bleeding due to GAVE in patients with or without cirrhosis. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of patients who were diagnosed with GAVE between January 2000 and June 2014. Patients were categorized into cirrhosis and noncirrhosis groups, and those with an additional GI bleeding source were excluded. Univariate comparisons and multivariable models were constructed using logistic regression. Results: In total, 110 patients diagnosed with GAVE on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were included in our analysis; 84 patients had cirrhosis (76.4%) and 26 (23.6%) did not. Active GI bleeding was more prevalent in patients without cirrhosis (63.4% vs. 32.1%, p=0.003) despite similar indications for EGD, and endoscopic treatment with argon plasma coagulation (APC) was required more often in this group, approaching statistical significance (27% vs. 10.7%, p=0.056). There was no difference in bleeding severity, as evidenced by similar re-bleeding rates, surgery, or death attributed to uncontrolled bleeding. The strongest independent risk factor for GI bleeding was the absence of cirrhosis (odds ratio (OR): 5.151 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-24.48, p=0.039). Conclusions: Patients with GAVE in the absence of cirrhosis are at higher risk for active GI bleeding and require more frequent endoscopic treatment than similar patients with cirrhosis. It may be worthwhile to treat GAVE in this population even in the absence of active bleeding.
Emotional intelligence: Not just for leaders.

Goleman[1][1] popularized the concept of emotional intelligence, specifically as it applies to leadership, in the now classic article “What Makes a Leader?” He described five components of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill. He
Congenital aortic stenosis

Recent advances in and controversies concerning the management of children with congenital valvular aortic stenosis are discussed. In neonates with critical aortic stenosis, improved survival has recently been reported after surgical open valvotomy and balloon valvuloplasty, although it is difficult at this point to compare the results of the two procedures and determine their differential indications. Good results have also been achieved after extended aortic valvuloplasty for recurrent aortic stenosis and/or insufficiency, but the length of follow-up in these patients is still short. The technique first reported in 1991 for bilateral enlargement fo a small annulus permits the insertion of an aortic valve 3-4 sizes larger than the native annulus. It entails no risk of distorting the mitral valve, damaging the conduction system or important branches of the coronary arteries, or resulting in left ventricular dysfunction. The Ross procedure is now widely applied in the West, with reports of early mortality rates of less than 5% and event-free survival rates of 80-90% during follow-up of 4-8 years. Longer follow-up and continued careful evaluation are required to resolve the issue of possible dilatation and subsequent neoaortic valve dysfunction and pulmonary stenosis due to allograft degeneration after pulmonary autograft root replacement in children.
Five hundred years back and five years forward: games and play at a new crossroads

AbstractA personal account of the state of educational play and games from Bill Shribman, a long-time producer of digital educational games.
Electronic structure methods

The behavior of a material can be related to the types of bonding between the atoms, whether it be metallic, covalent, ionic, etc. That bonding represents the distribution of electrons around the nuclei. Covalent bonds have a localized electronic distribution between atoms and are generally strong and directional. Materials with strongly covalent bonds include important semiconductors, such as silicon, gallium, and diamond. Metallic systems, in contrast, may have a degree of directionality to their bonding, but the dominant feature is a delocalized sea of electrons. Ionic bonds are dominated by the strong electrostatic interactions between the ions. Fundamentally, the properties of each material start with its bonding. A fundamental description of bonding requires a calculation of the electronic distributions. The class of methods that yield such information are called electronic structure methods . In this chapter, we shall briefly review the basics of these methods, pointing out their inherent approximations. There are numerous books devoted to the fundamental theories behind these methods – embodied in quantum mechanics – as well as many texts devoted to electronic structure methods themselves [167, 219, 251, 254]. We can at best give a brief guide to this topic needed for discussions later in the text and as well as for a basis for understanding and evaluating this fascinating field. Not so many years ago, practitioners of electronic structure calculations typically used homegrown computer codes, which often required heroic efforts on the parts of the programmers.
Catheter-related infections in patients with haematological malignancies: novel preventive and therapeutic strategies

Central venous catheters are essential for the treatment of patients with haematological malignancies and the recipients of stem-cell transplant. This patient population is, however, at high risk for catheter-related bloodstream infections that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and health-care-associated costs. Efficient prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential to providing the best care to these patients. Although confirming the catheter as a source of infection remains challenging, the Infectious Diseases Society of America definition of catheter-related bloodstream infection remains the most precise definition to use in these patients. Gram-positive bacteria, particularly coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, remain the leading cause of catheter-related bloodstream infection, although an increase in Gram-negative bacteria as the causative agent has been noted. Although removal of the line and appropriate intravenous antibiotics remain the mainstay of treatment in most cases, novel technologies, including exchange with antibiotic-coated catheters and treatment with lock solutions, are particularly relevant in this patient population. In this Review we present the types of central venous catheters used in this patient population and analyse the different definitions of catheter-related infections, with an overview of their prevention and management.
Militarism, Masculinism, and Martyrdom: Conditional Citizenship for (Asian) Americans

Starting with a couple of recent Hollywood productions, this chapter examines a pervasive cultural logic of the US society that involves militarism, masculinism, and (Christian) martyrdom. This logic, given the particular racialization of Asians in this country as “perpetual (heathen/pagan) foreigners,” leads to a “conditional citizenship” for those of Asian ancestry within the US national body. Citizenship for Asian Americans is, first of all, contingent on the needs and interests of the state. To be a legitimate citizen, an Asian American also has to be willing to risk his or her life through military service. This “conditional citizenship” further works to condition Asian Americans to internalize the militaristic/masculinist ethos and martyr complex of the dominant US culture. In addition, this chapter will suggest that the emphasis on “conditional citizenship” for Asian Americans actually has wider implications that go beyond the Asian American population.
Portraiture under "Epoché": Matisse according to Husserl

The article considers a range of issues in Henri Matisse's art from around 1906 through the lens of Edmund Husserl's theory of the image: the treatment of light and color in Matisse's "Young Sailor II", his combination of image and sign in the portrait of his daughter Marguerite, and the interaction between marks and sheet in his drawings. In Matisse's art and Husserl's phenomenology, just what was a portrait; and what, more broadly, was the relation between a modern self and his world? The answers to these questions suggest why Husserl has become such a popular reference point for "Bildwissenschaft". A century ago, Husserl and Matisse did what contemporary image culture is now doing as a matter of course. In putting their world under "epoche", they experienced it by expelling themselves from it.
Optimizing an artificial immune system algorithm in support of flow-Based internet traffic classification

Display Omitted In this research we expanded on previous research by implementing several optimizations on the algorithm.We give the asymptotic complexity of the optimized algorithm and draw a bound on the generalization error.We tried to improve its classification performance by applying several different distance formulas.We show how the changes do not functionally change the algorithm, while making its execution 5060% faster.We show the accuracy of the Euclidian distance is improved by the Manhattan distancegiving 12% higher accuracy. The problem of classifying traffic flows in networks has become more and more important in recent times, and much research has been dedicated to it. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in classifying traffic flows by application, based on the statistical features of each flow. Information about the applications that are being used on a network is very useful in network design, accounting, management, and security. In our previous work we proposed a classification algorithm for Internet traffic flow classification based on Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). We also applied the algorithm on an available data set, and found that the algorithm performed as well as other algorithms, and was insensitive to input parameters, which makes it valuable for embedded systems. It is also very simple to implement, and generalizes well from small training data sets. In this research, we expanded on the previous research by introducing several optimizations in the training and classification phases of the algorithm. We improved the design of the original algorithm in order to make it more predictable. We also give the asymptotic complexity of the optimized algorithm as well as draw a bound on the generalization error of the algorithm. Lastly, we also experimented with several different distance formulas to improve the classification performance. In this paper we have shown how the changes and optimizations applied to the original algorithm do not functionally change the original algorithm, while making its execution 5060% faster. We also show that the classification accuracy of the Euclidian distance is superseded by the Manhattan distance for this application, giving 12% higher accuracy, making the accuracy of the algorithm comparable to that of a Nave Bayes classifier in previous research that uses the same data set.
Monetary Misperceptions: Optimal Monetary Policy Under Incomplete Information

Inflation targeting is strictly suboptimal when economic actors have incomplete information about the state of the economy. Nominal income targeting is approximately optimal, and exactly optimal under certain parameterizations. We derive this result in a “Lucas islands” monetary misperceptions model built from explicit microfoundations. Agents have knowledge of local productivity and money supply conditions, but must perform a signal extraction problem each period to estimate the aggregate productivity shock and the aggregate money supply shock. Without full information, agents cannot perfectly distinguish between relative price shocks and aggregate shocks, causing monetary policy to affect the real economy. Since the model is built from agents optimizing from first principles, we are able to take a second-order welfare approximation and ask what monetary policy rule is optimal. In contrast to sticky price or sticky information models, inflation and price level targeting are always suboptimal, as price level variation provides useful information to agents. Under log utility, nominal income targeting is optimal.
Emerging Methodologies for Bridge Management Systems

Managing a bridge system is a complex decision-making process. There is a host of emerging tools and techniques that can be effectively applied in bridge management systems. This paper presents one particular application in which some of these techniques were used in the development of a statewide bridge management system in Indiana. Theories of fuzzy sets were used in bridge structural condition assessment and bridge traffic safety evaluation, while the analytic hierarchy process was adapted for priority ranking. Techniques of dynamic and integer programming were applied to develop an optimization module where bridge structural conditions were dynamically updated by using Markov chain principles. Examples are presented to illustrate some of the applications.
Statistical downscaling of remotely-sensed soil moisture

Global soil moisture estimates at fine spatial resolutions is necessary for many applications. However, current spaceborne instruments have coarse resolution. In this study, we develop a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based disaggregation algorithm to downscale soil moisture observations from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission to a fine resolution of ∼2km using ancillary data from visible/infrared frequencies. We use soil moisture estimates from SMAP at two different spatial resolutions to train the downscaling algorithm. Results show that ANN can successfully capture the complex relationship between the soil moisture estimates at two different spatial resolutions using the ancillary data provided.
Agrarian crossings: reformers and the remaking of the US and Mexican countryside

Almost a decade ago, JPS published a special issue that positioned the US South firmly in the frame of peasant studies, examining the history of agrarian labor in the region from the end of the Civ...
Glass formation and short-range order structures in the BaS + La2S3 + GeS2 system

Abstract Infrared (IR) optical materials have enabled a broad range of optical sensing and measurement applications in the mid-wave and long-wave IR. Many IR transmitting glasses are based on covalently-bonded selenides and tellurides, such as As2Se3 and GeTe2, which typically have relatively low glass transition temperatures (Tg) on the order of 200 to 350 °C. Many applications have working temperatures above the Tg of these materials, which compels the development of new IR materials. This work studies the underlying short-range order (SRO) structure and glass formability of a new family of ionically-bonded sulfide glasses, xBaS + yLa2S3 + (1 − x − y)GeS2, to develop high Tg optical materials with a broad IR transmission range. These sulfide glasses were produced by melting sulfide materials inside evacuated and sealed carbon-coated silica ampoules at 1150 °C for 12 h and quenching to room temperature to form glass. Glass samples were then characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopies and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It was found that by increasing the modifier concentration, the predominantly Ge4 SRO units, the superscript defines the number of bridging sulfur (BS) ions in the tetrahedral network found in GeS2 glasses, are ultimately converted to Ge0 units at >40 mol% network modifier content through the generation of non-bridging sulfur (NBS) ions. These molecular ionic units still form a glassy network, with some of the highest reported Tg values to date for a pure sulfide glass. This suggests that this composition has strong ionic bonds between negatively-charged tetrahedral SRO units and the positively-charged modifier cations. While the glass network is depolymerized in the high modifier content glasses though the formation of a high concentration of molecular ionic Ge0 SRO groups, they are, nevertheless, homogeneous glassy materials that exhibit the largest Tg and ΔT (difference between crystallization temperature, Tc, and Tg) values of glasses in this system, making them the optimal glasses for high Tg IR optical components, including, potentially, refractory IR optical fibers.
Conventional Invasive Melanoma

With expansion of the papillary dermis (level III) and invasion of the reticular dermis (level IV) and subcutaneous fat (level V) the vast majority of melanomas are characterized by the propensity of the melanoma cells to aggregate into progressively larger and more cohesive nests and plaques, as more poorly defined collections of tumor cells, or (rarely) to invade as single cells or files of cells (9,10,22,32).
Photoelastic analysis of microelectric-component thermal stresses

Integrated circuit components are subject during manufacture and in service to three-dimensional thermal-stress concentrations from differential thermal expansion between the thin film and wafer (base). A typical microelectronic device is photoelastically modeled by isotropically prestraining the thin-film material that is later cemented to an annealed wafer. Stresses in the model assembly are then redistributed during a final stress-freezing cycle, as they would be in a prototype subjected to a typical thermal environment, and observed by slicing. Four additional models are also tested to observed the effects of different film-corned and edge configurations and to permit making analytical comparisons to verify the modeling approach. Experimental techniques and test results are reported and some suggestions are incorported for microelectronic-circuitry design.
Molecular Builders of Cell Walls of Lignocellulosic Feedstock: A Source for Biofuels

Biofuels are an alternative source of renewable and sustainable energy which can be obtained from lignocellulosic feedstock (crop or non-crop energy plants), algae, or as a by-product from the industrial processing of agricultural/food products, or from the recovery and reprocessing of products such as cooking and vegetable oil. Such biofuels are generally in the form of either bioethanol or biodiesel or biobutanol. It is necessary that improvements be made at every stage during the processing of biofuel starting from enhancing the ability of the plant to maximally utilize the solar energy to fix the CO2 into biomass and generate greater amounts of cellulosic material. The next step in the process would be to separate the cellulose from the lignin in a cost-effective way. And finally extract ethanol from this cellulose using various methodologies such as fermentation and/or cellulose pyrolysis. Engineering the steps involved in releasing the cellulose from the other cell wall components especially lignin would reduce the cost of generating biofuels from lignocellulosic materials. Hence, an in-depth understanding of the molecular components that are involved in either the regulation or biosynthesis of lignin and consequences/limitations of altering those pathways and redirecting the flux to alternate pathways are discussed.
Base Point Freeness of Adjoint Linear Systems

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss “base point freeness” of linear systems of adjoint type, i.e., linear systems of type \( \left| {K_x + B} \right|, \), where K X denotes the canonical divisor of a variety X and B is a (boundary) divisor with some specific conditions depending on the situation. As is clear from the formulation, the most natural framework for linear systems of adjoing type is that of the logarithmic category discussed in Chapter 2. Our key tool is the logarithmic version of the Kodaira vanishing theorem, i.e., the Kawamata—Viehweg vanishing theorem. Our viewpoint centering on adjoint linear systems, is in the spirit of Ein—Lazarsfeld [1], which applied the method of Kawamata—Reid—Shokurov to solve Fujita’s conjecture in dimension 3.
Red blood, red science, red fiction: Bogdanov’s proletarian assemblage: Nikolai Krementsov: A Martian stranded on earth: Alexander Bogdanov, blood transfusions, and proletarian science. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2011, 192pp, $35.00 HB

Some books we just need to write. This is the case with Nikolai Krementsov’s recent A Martian Stranded on Earth, and we are lucky for it. It is clear that the story about Alexander Bogdanov that Krementsov tells has been waiting patiently in his imagination since early references to his name in courses on dialectical materialism, a later toying with his science fiction novels, and most substantially recent interests in the history (personal and scholarly) of blood transfusions. These episodes culminated in this short but important book that unites for the first time Bogdanov’s intellectual work in politics, literature, and science. Krementsov’s inspiration came from two sources. Stranded is an engorged version of a chapter on blood transfusions to have appeared in an upcoming volume. It also reaches back to the themes of his Stalinist Science, a work in which he fundamentally revised our understanding of scientific and political polemics during the early Soviet period. It was a good choice allowing him to expand the Bogdanov story and to address a second important issue. As Krementsov describes in his first endnote, beginning in 1989 and steadily since a ‘Bogdanov Industry’ has grown up around his numerous and newly available published and unpublished writings and archival materials. As expansive as the bibliography on Bogdanov has become, including the founding of the ‘International A. Bogdanov Institute,’ Krementsov’s work addresses a serious gap in the literature. Historians have examined Bogdanov’s philosophical, political, and personal influences on the Russian revolution. They have discussed his creative work in science, noting his central role in founding the first institute of blood transfusions in Russia and his theoretical writings on proletarian science. Historians and literary critics have spent considerable efforts discussing Bogdanov’s science fiction stories, especially Red Star and Engineer Menni. Krementsov’s careful analysis proves the case these individual
The Multiplier, Sovereign Default Risk, and the US Budget: An Overview

My remarks will first summarize an attempt I have made to integrate default risk into the multiplier analysis as a means of identifying proper policy under conditions of high deficits, high unemployment, and default risk (Cline in The multiplier, sovereign default risk, and the US budget. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, 2012a). I will argue that whether the gains from fiscal adjustment will outweigh the losses from induced Keynesian contraction will depend on the immediacy and severity of the sovereign credit risk problem, if any, and on the size of the Keynesian multiplier given the state of the business cycle. My remarks will then conclude with observations about the political economy of the US “fiscal cliff” looming at the end of this year, based on a more recent paper (Cline in Restoring fiscal equilibrium in the United States. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, 2012b).
Drought timing, not previous drought exposure, determines sensitivity of two shortgrass species to water stress

Climate change will alter global precipitation patterns, making it increasingly important that we understand how ecosystems will be impacted by more frequent and severe droughts. Yet most drought studies examine a single, within-season drought, and we know relatively little about the impacts of multiple droughts that occur within a single growing season. This distinction is important because many plant species are able to acclimate physiologically, such that the effects of multiple droughts on ecosystem function deviate significantly from the effects of cumulative, independent droughts. Unfortunately, we know relatively little about the ability of dominant species to acclimate to drought in drought-sensitive ecosystems like semi-arid grasslands. Here, we tested for physiological acclimation to multiple drought events in two dominant shortgrass steppe species: Bouteloua gracilis (C4) and Elymus elymoides (C3). Neither species exhibited physiological acclimation to drought; leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rates were all similarly affected by a single, late period drought and a second, late period drought. Biomass was lowest in plants exposed to two droughts, but this is likely due to the cumulative effects of both an early and late period drought. Our results suggest that late period droughts do exert weaker effects on biomass production of two dominant shortgrass species, but that the weaker effects are due to ontogenetic changes in plant physiology as opposed to physiological acclimation against multiple droughts. As a consequence, current ecosystem models that incorporate grass phenology and seasonal physiology should provide accurate predictions of primary production under future climates.
Zinc oxide light-emitting diodes: a review

This paper presents a compact survey of the various material schemes and device structures that have been explored in the quest toward developing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and related II-oxide semiconductors. Both homojunction and heterojunction devices have been surveyed. Material for fabricating these devices has been grown with a number of different techniques, such as pulsed laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer epitaxy. This review also features a self-contained introduction to materials science and device processing technologies that are relevant for fabricating ZnO LEDs. These topics include dry and wet etching, contact formation, and optical doping of ZnO. Due to the overwhelming importance of p-type doping of ZnO for making electronic and optoelectronic devices, a separate short section on electrical doping of ZnO is also included. The rest of this paper describes several different attempts at making blue- and ultraviolet-emitting ZnO LEDs. These include simple pn-junction devices as well as more complicated heterostructure devices incorporating charge carrier barriers and quantum wells.
Sex of children and family structure in Brazil: father & grandmother bias?

Brazil has a high rate of mothers living without a partner as well as a high intergenerational co-residence rate, including parents and grandparents. These family types may influence a child’s well-being. Even though there is no evidence of sex-selective abortion in Brazil, sex preference could still be subtly present. This paper tests the composition of family structure (father co-residence, grandmother co-residence, and birth of siblings) in Brazil associated with the sex of the child by using a nationally representative household survey, treating sex of the first and second child as exogenous variables in OLS regressions. I found women with lower birth-order daughters are less likely to live with a partner. I also found suggestive evidence that maternal grandmothers are more likely to live with granddaughters than with grandsons. Women with lower birth-order daughters are more likely to have additional children. Evidence suggests that in Brazil, fathers show a preference for sons over daughters, while grandmothers show a preference for granddaughters over grandsons. Additionally, mothers of girls, without co-residing partners may compensate for the economic loss caused by their lack of partner by living with their own mother. This contributes to the literature on child sex preferences, which has mostly focused on males (fathers); I have analyzed data on grandmothers to include females.
Intrinsic Time‑Tunable Emissions in Core–Shell Upconverting Nanoparticle Systems

Color-tunable luminescence has been extensively investigated in upconverting nanoparticles for diverse applications, each exploiting emissions in different spectral regions. Manipulation of the emission wavelength is accomplished by varying the composition of the luminescent material or the characteristics of the excitation source. Herein, we propose core-shell β-NaGdF4 : Tm3+ , Yb3+ /β-NaGdF4 : Tb3+ nanoparticles as intrinsic time-tunable luminescent materials. The time dependency of the emission wavelength only depends on the different decay time of the two emitters, without additional variation of the dopant concentration or pumping source. The time-tunable emission was recorded with a commercially available camera. The dynamics of the emissions is thoroughly investigated, and we established that the energy transfer from the 1 D2 excited state of Tm3+ ions to the higher energy excited states of Tb3+ ions to be the principal mechanism to the population of the 5 D4 level for the Tb3+ ions.
Synthesis and characterization of the GeO(4)Al(12)(OH)(24)(OH2)(12)(8+) polyoxocation.

We find that GeIV substitutes cleanly for AlIII at the central tetrahedral site in the AlO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)127+ polyoxocation, creating a GeO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)128+ cation with some slight structural distortion, but a structure that overall still resembles an e-Keggin molecule. These substituted aluminum polyoxo molecules are important because they resemble structural fragments at the surface of common aluminum (hydr)oxide minerals and can be used to study in detail the kinetics of oxygen exchanges with bulk solution.
Interactions between pain states and opioid reward assessed with intracranial self-stimulation in rats

Opioids are an essential component of current clinical treatments for pain, but they also produce side effects that include abuse liability. Recent media attention surrounding the use of opioids in the United States has elevated the discussion of their benefits and drawbacks to one of national concern, leading to increased scrutiny of prescribing practices. Regulatory agencies have responded by recommending stricter limits on the amount and duration of opioid prescriptions for pain treatment; however, the relationship between pain states and the abuse-related effects of opioids is still not completely understood. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is one preclinical procedure that can be used to study the abuse-related effects of opioids in naive subjects over the course of initial opioid exposure and in the context of inferred pain states. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of evidence from our laboratory using ICSS to study the modulation of opioid reward by pain states and examine these results in the context of related studies from other groups. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
Tango with the Piranhas

Coexisting with fish known by their fiercely predaceous behaviors has driven the Arapaimas gigas to develop one of the toughest protective layers known in nature, their elasmoid scales. In this work, Yang et al. demonstrated what mechanisms lead to such remarkable toughness.
Estimated car cost as a predictor of driver yielding behaviors for pedestrians

Abstract Introduction Pedestrian crashes are not equitably distributed; people of color and males are overburdened. The aim of this study was to examine if driver yielding behavior differed based on gender and skin color of the pedestrian, and the estimated car cost at two midblock crosswalks in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Methods One white and one black female and one white and one black male crossed the intersection in a similar, prescribed manner. Crossings were video recorded. Driver yielding behavior was documented. The cost of car was estimated by cross referencing manufacturing websites and averaging the high and low values of estimated private sale. Generalized linear mixed model was applied, nesting within crossing attempt and within streets. Results Of 461 cars, 27.98% yielded to pedestrians. Cars yielded more frequently for females (31.33%) and whites (31.17%) compared to males (24.06%) and non-whites (24.78%). Cost of car was a significant predictor of driver yielding (OR = 0.97; p = 0.0307); odds of yielding decreased 3% per $1000 increase. Discussion Driver yielding differed by cost of cars. Given previous findings, future research is needed to further examine gender and racial disparities in pedestrian crashes. Findings are significant for public health and pedestrian safety, especially given the upward trend in crash rates.
PLR and NLR Are Poor Predictors of Survival Outcomes in Sarcomas: A New Perspective From the USSC

Abstract Background Elevations in inflammatory biomarkers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) or platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), are reportedly associated with decreased overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with numerous cancers. A large multicenter sarcoma data set was used to determine if elevated NLR or PLR was associated with worse survival and can guide treatment selection. Materials and methods A total of 409 patients with a primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (n = 268) or truncal (n = 141) sarcoma from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed using the US Sarcoma Collaboration database. Binary NLR and PLR values were developed using receiver operating characteristic curves. Kaplan-Meier model and Cox proportional hazards model identified predictors of decreased OS and RFS. Point biserial analyses were used to correlate binary and continuous data. Results Neither elevated NLR nor PLR was predictive of decreased OS or RFS. These findings persisted despite exclusion of comorbid inflammatory conditions. Further, NLR and PLR were not correlated with tumor grade. In multivariate models, decreased RFS was associated with tumor factors (e.g., positive margins, tumor grade, tumor size, necrosis, positive nodes); decreased OS was associated with histologic subtype, male gender, and nodal involvement. Conclusions Although several small studies have suggested that elevated NLR and PLR are associated with decreased survival in patients with abdominal or truncal sarcoma, this large multicenter study demonstrates no association with decreased OS, decreased RFS, or tumor grade. Rather, survival outcomes are best predicted using previously established tumoral factors.