cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrospective comparison of ropivacaine and 2-chloroprocaine continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for management of postthoracotomy pain in infants.

Summary Introduction Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia is useful in the management of infants following thoracotomy. Concerns about drug accumulation and toxicity limit the amount of amide local anesthetics that can be delivered. Continuous epidural infusions of the ester local anesthetic chloroprocaine result in little drug accumulation allowing for higher infusion rates. We retrospectively compared patients managed with 1.5% 2- chloroprocaine or 0.1% ropivacaine epidural infusions to determine if the increased infusion rate resulted in similar or improved analgesia. Methods This retrospective cohort comparison consisted of full term infants 6 months or younger who underwent thoracotomy for congenital lung lesion resection. Patients were included if they were managed with either a 1.5% 2-chloroprocaine (Group C) (n = 26) or 0.1% ropivacaine (Group R) (n = 28) infusion administered through a caudally placed thoracic epidural catheter. The primary outcome was morphine administration at 0–24 h. Results Patients were similar in age, weight, length of stay, epidural location and duration. There was weak evidence for a difference in morphine use in the first 24 h in Group C compared to Group R (P = 0.08) but no difference 24–48 h. Group C was more commonly managed with ketorolac at 0–24 h (P = 0.03) and 24–48 h (P =< 0.01). Discussion The use of 2-chloroprocaine for continuous epidural infusion in infants following thoracotomy was not inferior to ropivacaine and there was weak evidence for a reduction in opioid consumption in the first 24 h postoperatively. However, the 2-chloroprocaine group was more likely to receive ketorolac.
Tumor-associated macrophages and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in prognosis of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) largely remains incurable and despite therapeutic advances in the last decade, patients eventually relapse or develop resistance to therapies.1 The interaction of MM cells with different cell components of the tumor microenvironment has a significant role in conferring resistance to therapy and in the maintenance of residual disease, ultimately dictating the clinical behavior and prognosis.2
Filler-gap dependencies in a null subject language: Referential and nonreferential WHs

The work presented here is part of a research project on the on-line parsing of Italian sentences. In particular, I will discuss the processing of wh-questions with nonreferential (who) and referential (which-N) wh-items, which, following the analyses of Rizzi (1988) and Cinque (1989), are also distinguishable by the presence or absence of a chain relationship between the wh-item and the gap position. The hypothesis was that, in the case of chain length ambiguity, the parser will always choose the shortest one. This preference is expressed in the minimal chain principle (MCP), a principle that applies to the S-structure, determining the decisions made at ambiguous points and the complexity of unambiguous sentences. The results show that readers are sensitive to chain complexity, in that, following MCP, they always choose the shortest chain. The results are also in line with Cinque's analysis of the difference between classes of quantifiers, in that the MCP applies only to the quantifier who.
A parameter adaptive control structure for linear multivariable systems

This paper presents an adaptive control structure which can be used to assign all poles and zeros of a continuous-time linear multivariable system represented by an ( m \times m ) strictly proper transfer matrix T(s) , provided T(s) has no right-half plane zeros. The controller parameters can be directly estimated from input-output data. The paper also serves to point out the type of a priori information necessary for multivariable adaptive controller design. This information is a natural extension of that required in the scalar case.
Electroreduction of O2 to water on the "wired" laccase cathode

Oxygen was electrocatalytically reduced to water at a current density of 5 mA/cm2 and at +0.7 V (NHE) in pH 5 citrate buffer at 37.5 °C. The electrocatalyst was a composite of laccase cross-linked with a redox polymer on a hydrophilic cloth of 10 μm diameter carbon fibers. The redox polymer, PVI−Os(tpy)(dme-bpy)2+/3+, [poly-N-vinyl imidazole with 1/5th of the imidazoles complexed with [Os(tpy)(dme-bpy)]2+/3+ (tpy=terpyridine; dme-bpy= 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine)], electrically connected (“wired”) the laccase reaction centers to the fibers.
Proteinase expression during differentiation of human osteoclasts in vitro

Osteoclasts are macrophage-derived polykaryons that degrade bone in an acidic extracellular space. This differentiation includes expression of proteinases and acid transport proteins, cell fusion, and bone attachment, but the sequence of events is unclear. We studied two proteins expressed at high levels only in the osteoclast, cathepsin K, a thiol proteinase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and compared this expression with acid transport and bone degradation. Osteoclastic differentiation was studied using human apheresis macrophages cocultured with MG63 osteosarcoma cells, which produce cytokines including RANKL and CSF-1 that mediate efficient osteoclast formation. Immunoreactive cathepsin K appeared at 3-5 days. Cathepsin K activity was seen on bone substrate but not within cells, and cathepsin K increased severalfold during further differentiation and multinucleation from 7 to 14 days. TRAP also appeared at 3-5 d, independently of cell fusion or bone attachment, and TRAP activity reached much higher levels in osteoclasts attached to bone fragments. Two proteinases that occur in the precursor macrophages, cathepsin B, a thiol proteinase related to cathepsin K, and an unrelated lysosomal aspartate proteinase, cathepsin D, were also studied to determine the specificity of the differentiation events. Cathepsin B occurred at all times, but increased two- to threefold in parallel with cathepsin K. Cathepsin D activity did not change with differentiation, and secreted activity was not significant. In situ acid transport measurements showed increased acid accumulation after 7 days either in cells on osteosarcoma matrix or attached to bone, but bone pit activity and maximal acid uptake required 10-14 days. We conclude that TRAP and thiol proteinase expression begin at essentially the same time, and precede cell fusion and bone attachment. However, major increases in acid secretion and proteinases expression continue during cell fusion and bone attachment from 7 to 14 days.
Sleep disturbance and cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: Toward an integrated examination of disorder maintenance and functional impairment

Bipolar disorder is frequently associated with a number of poor outcomes including, but not limited to, a significant impairment in the ability to return to premorbid levels of occupational and psychosocial functioning, often despite the remission of mood symptoms. Sleep disturbance is an oft-reported residual symptom of manic and depressive episodes that has likewise been associated with the onset of manic episodes. Also present during affective episodes as well as the inter-episode periods are reports of deficits in cognitive functioning, which many reports have shown to play an important role in this persistent disability. Despite the presence of deficits in these two domains of functioning during affective episodes as well as the inter-episode phase, there has been no evaluation of the degree to which these systems may interact to maintain such high rates of functional disability. The aim of this review is to examine evidence for the study of the relationship between sleep disturbance and cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder as well as the ways in which deficits in these domains may work together to maintain functional impairment.
Migration behavior of helium under displacive irradiation in stainless steel, nickel, iron and zirconium

Abstract The techniques of ion implantation and nuclear reaction depth profiling are used to measure helium migration during irradiation at elevated temperatures in a number of base metals of importance to nuclear reactor technology. In stainless steel and Ni, gross trapping persists to the highest test temperature of 973 K. In α-Fe. significant migration begins between 773 and 898 K, and in α-Zr the helium is mobile above 700 K. Comparison of these data with helium transport theories suggests that the controlling mechanism is closer to substitutional migration than to dissociative migration; for α-Zr the analysis is inconclusive because of uncertain diffusion parameters. Helium moving from the implanted regions is captured in surface films in α-Fe and α-Zr. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to radiation-induced swelling and helium embrittlement, and to helium degassing experiments.
Physically forced, alcohol-induced, and verbally coerced sexual victimization: Assessing risk factors among university women

Using survey responses from a sample of 185 college women enrolled at a large northwestern university, this study identified the various risk factors related to three different forms of verbally and physically coercive sexual victimization. Three logistic regression models were estimated and findings indicated that (1) more sexual partners and delays in responding to danger in sexual settings significantly increased the odds of experiencing unwanted sex as a result of verbal coercion, (2) an increased number of sex partners significantly increased the odds of experiencing alcohol-induced sexual assault, and (3) an increased number of sex partners and affiliation with the university Greek system significantly increased the odds of experiencing completed rape. Future research directions and policy implications are discussed.
A long-term wearable electrocardiogram measurement system

A low-power, wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor was developed for long-term data acquisition and analysis. It was designed to maximize both comfort and ECG signal quality, and minimize obtrusiveness. The monitor consists of a central PCB that contains one electrode and most of the electronics. Two additional satellite PCBs house the remaining electrodes and buffer circuits and complete the system. It consumes 7.3 mW and can record single lead ECG for over one week under a variety of activity levels. A clinical test was performed to validate the monitor. Participants (N = 6) wore both the experimental cardiac monitor and a commercially available monitor while engaging in physical activities such as walking, stepping, and running. QRS sensitivity and QRS positive predictability were determined for each ECG waveform. The monitor performed as well or better than the commercial monitor in all interventions. It performed well even under high activity levels such as running, and may be a viable alternative to commercially available monitors.
XIII. On unipolar induction: Another experiment and its significance ans evidence for the existence of the æther

An experiment is described showing that a cylindrical condenser rotating inside a magnetized coaxial solenoid becomes charged as required by the theory of Lorentz. Rotation of the solenoid has no e...
Corporate social responsibility practices in the pharmaceutical industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide practitioners of management a sense of the importance of strategically leveraging social responsibility in the pharmaceutical industry, such that it provides a sustainable competitive advantage is that it requires a culture that can successfully execute a combination of activities. These firms should educate their employees towards the value‐added processes that accompany CSR‐based strategies. The internal as well as the external stakeholders of the pharmaceutical industry should also buy in the concepts of being socially responsible. CSR should be strongly supported in the company culture; thus including CSR in the training process of new employees and reinforcing the concepts to existing employees. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the applied literature on practices and actual examples of international firms with major headquarters in the Pittsburgh area have shown that innovative responsible strategy, exceeding government requirements and consi...
Triple systems with a fixed number of repeated triples

Etude des plongements lineaires de plans-blocs partiels dans des plans-blocs sans repetitions. Cas des systemes triples cylindriques purs et orientes
Sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian (Furongian; Jiangshanian and Sunwaptan) Tunnel City Group, Upper Mississippi Valley: Transgressing assumptions of cratonic flooding

Abstract New data from detailed measured sections permit comprehensive analysis of the sequence framework of the Furongian (Upper Cambrian; Jiangshanian and Sunwaptan stages) Tunnel City Group (Lone Rock Formation and Mazomanie Formation) of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The sequence-stratigraphic architecture of the lower part of the Sunwaptan Stage at the base of the Tunnel City Group, at the contact between the Wonewoc Formation and Lone Rock Formation, records the first part of complex polyphase flooding (Sauk III) of the Laurentian craton, at a scale smaller than most events recorded by global sea-level curves. Flat-pebble conglomerate and glauconite document transgressive ravinement and development of a condensed section when creation of accommodation exceeded its consumption by sedimentation. Thinly-bedded, fossiliferous sandstone represents the most distal setting during earliest highstand. Subsequent deposition of sandstone characterized by hummocky or trough cross-stratification records progradational pulses of shallower, storm- and wave-dominated environments across the craton before final flooding of Sauk III commenced with carbonate deposition during the middle part of the Sunwaptan Stage. Comparison of early Sunwaptan flooding of the inner Laurentian craton to published interpretations from other parts of North America suggests that Sauk III was not a single, long-term accommodation event as previously proposed.
An examination of two-process theories of false recognition.

Contemporary theories of false memory suggest there are two processes that combine to produce false memory: one that increases false memory (error-inflating processes) and one that counteracts false memory (error-editing processes). Two experiments using the DRM paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) explored the influence of manipulating the number of associates studied, study item presentation frequency, backward associative strength, and study time on error-inflating and error-editing processes separately by examining speeded and unspeeded recognition decisions. The results of these studies indicate that (1) increasing the number of associates studied primarily influenced error-inflating processes; (2) increasing backward associative strength increased error-inflating processes and impaired error-editing processes; (3) increasing study item presentation frequency increased both error-inflating and error-editing processes; and (4) increasing study time had a weak effect on error-editing proc...
Pharmacological Management of Premenstrual Disorder

Over the last decade there has been increasing recognition of premenstrual disorders, and numerous treatments have been tried for symptom relief. A literature search using Medline was conducted to locate all articles written in English and including the terms "premenstrual treatment," "premenstrual syndrome," "late luteal phase dysphoric disorder," or "menstruation and mood" over the last 30 years. Although more than 300 articles were retrieved, only one-third of them described double-blind studies and just 41 of the double-blind studies involved prospective diagnosed patients. The definition of the disorder varied across studies, as did research design and outcome measures. Many studies did not assess for Axis I comorbidity, which may have a significant impact on drug response. We attempted to do a metaanalysis of the existing double-blind, prospectively diagnosed studies, broken down by drug class and symptom reduction. However, we could not make statistical comparisons within or across drug groups to assess efficacy of treatment for specific symptoms due to differences in outcome-assessment measures across studies. Several promising pharmacological strategies exist to treat the patient with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. We review double-blind studies for each class of drugs, highlight some open studies, and present guidelines. Additional double-blind studies with prospectively diagnosed patients are needed. Standardization of definition, design, and outcome measures used in this field is important to enable direct comparison across studies of different treatment strategies.
Pediatric emergency preparedness for mass gatherings and special events.

A mass gathering or special event (MGSE) is defined as a planned and organized activity of more than 1000 persons. Nurses are frequently called upon to help provide health care at MGSEs, such as celebrations, sporting events, summer athletic programs, or concerts. MGSEs can present special health care challenges if a large number of children and adolescents attend and become ill or injured. Unfortunately, MGSEs always have the potential to deteriorate into a mass casualty event (MCE) or terrorist incident. Health care providers who plan for pediatric care at mass gatherings can improve disaster preparedness and enhance the working relationships among pediatric and adult emergency care providers and poison control professionals. The purpose of this article is to describe the important factors that affect pediatric health care at a MGSE.
A short version of a spatial activity questionnaire

Newcombe, Bandura, and Taylor developed a questionnaire measuring participation in space-related activities. The activities were classified as masculine, feminine, or neutral in gender stereotyping. A short version of this questionnaire was developed based on an item analysis of the responses by 485 introductory psychology students (236 women and 249 men). The 10 masculine, 10 feminine, and 10 neutral items chosen for the short form were given to 60 subjects (28 women and 32 men), along with a measure of spatial performance (Piaget's water-level task). Reliabilities (by coefficient alpha) were .79, .77, and .75, for the masculine, feminine, and neutral activity subscales, respectively. As with the original scale, women had a greater preference than men for feminine activities, men had a greater preference than women for masculine activities, and women and men had an equal preference for neutral activities. Masculine activity preference was associated with better water-level performance, with the relationship significantly stronger for women (r=.50) than for men (r=.10). Uses for the questionnaire in research on sex-related differences in spatial performance are suggested.
The effect of a sentence comprehension treatment on discourse comprehension in aphasia

Background: While it is well understood that individuals with aphasia have difficulty with discourse comprehension, very few studies have examined the nature of discourse comprehension deficits in aphasia and the potential for improvement in discourse comprehension after rehabilitation. To address the first goal, we previously developed the Test of Syntactic Effects on Discourse Comprehension (TSEDC), which provides a measure of the extent to which a participant’s sentence comprehension ability aids in comprehending passages.Aims: The goal of this study was to examine the effect of a sentence comprehension treatment on the TSEDC to assess whether training participants to understand sentences of different syntactic complexity would improve their ability to understand passages that vary by their level of syntactic complexity.Methods & Procedures: Forty participants with aphasia received sentence comprehension treatment using one of two syntactic comprehension tasks: object manipulation (OM) or sentence to p...
Spatial separation of fishes captured in passive gear in a turbid prairie lake

Spatial separation of fishes in the littoral zone of a turbid prairie lake (Clear Lake, Iowa) was assessed with gill nets and fyke nets. Catch per unit of effort was used to determine differences among habitat types, sampling times within a 24 h period, and sampling months. Four of 10 species examined were significantly more numerous in one of the three habitats — nonvegetated, vegetated, or gravel-rock substrate. Black bullhead (Ictalurus melas) and bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) were most abundant in vegetated areas, yellow bass (Morone mississippiensis) in gravel-rock areas, and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in both non-vegetated and gravel-rock areas. Temporal patterns in habitat use were indicated for these four species, as well as yellow perch (Perca flavescens), white bass (Morone chrysops), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni).
Distribution of Minor Structures in Gulf of Mexico Sediments: ABSTRACT

Minor sedimentary structures are studied by means of X-ray radiography from cores collected from various physiographic provinces of the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf can be divided into two large petrographic provinces meeting at DeSoto Canyon and Campeche Canyon. The western part is a terrigenous clastic province and the eastern is a carbonate province. For a study of the sedimentary structures it is necessary to divide both petrographic areas into their proper physiographic provinces. The sedimentary structures and characteristics distinguished are: thin bedding (regular, irregular, lenticular), lamination (parallel, lenticular, irregular), coarse-grained laminae, turbidites (single, multiple, vague), convolute lamination, load casts, degassing structures, mottled, slump, homogeneous, burrowing, mycelium, shells, and shell fragments. Several of these characteristics can be found in almost any area but some of them are of restricted occurrence. Cores collected from one province reveal only slight variations in their content of sedimentary structures. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1830------------
Expression of a dominant negative PKA mutation in the kidney elicits a diabetes insipidus phenotype

PKA plays a critical role in water excretion through regulation of the production and action of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). The AVP prohormone is produced in the hypothalam...
Musings about the development of XAFS.

A personal recollection of the development of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) into a structure-determination technique is presented. Because of confusion in the theoretical explanation of the `Kronig structure', now called EXAFS, the extended XAFS, its explanation remained unresolved for about 40 years. As I was introduced to the EXAFS phenomenon by Farrel Lytle and saw his impressive data, the thought came to me that scattering of the photoelectron from surrounding atoms could be the mechanism of the effect. My graduate student, Dale Sayers, agreed to work on developing the theory under my supervision and to make EXAFS measurements under Lytle's supervision as his PhD thesis. The theory led to the idea of a Fourier transform of the EXAFS, which showed peaks from surrounding atoms, proving the validity of the theory and suggesting the method of structure determination by using standards from known structures. Within a few years, facilities at synchrotron sources were developed to measure XAFS, opening up the technique to the general scientific community. In spite of some initial growing pains, XAFS has matured into a powerful technique for local structure and has been applied to obtain magnetic structure, in addition to distribution of atoms. Other related techniques have been spawned from XAFS, expanding the impact of the original phenomenon.
Corneal Endothelium in Penetrating Keratoplasty

Specular microscopy of endothelium after corneal transplantation has often shown a sharp reduction in its number density immediately after surgery and long-term cell loss during the next three to four years in addition to continuous morphologic changes. We examined flat preparations of the endothelium of three corneal buttons removed three weeks, eight weeks, and 11 months after penetrating keratoplasty and compared them to similar preparations from the corneal rims of the respective donors. We did not find significant morphologic changes, and direct endothelial cell counts disclosed an endothelial cell loss of 3.8% at three weeks, 2.6% at eight weeks, and 5.6% at 11 months after keratoplasty. We believe the lack of endothelial cell loss and absence of morphologic changes in these specimens are direct results of our surgical technique.
Prevention of disc degeneration with growth factors

Clinically, a large number of patients have persistent low back pain attributable to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. After the concept of biologically regenerating the degenerated IVD using growth factor injection was first proposed in early 1990, the advancement of molecular technology to produce recombinant proteins, including growth factors, on an industrial scale accelerated research in this field. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent findings of the in vitro and in vivo effects of growth factors on the IVD and, further, to discuss the limitations of growth factor therapy and its clinical implications. In vitro data showed that stimulation of matrix synthesis by growth factors alters the balance of homeostasis by shifting cellular metabolism to the anabolic state. In vivo data using small animals has shown the possibility of using growth factors as a “structural modifying therapy”. Based on in vitro and in vivo data previously reported, the clinical application of growth factors by direct injection of protein into the nucleus pulposus or anulus fibrosus was shown to be feasible as a new therapeutic intervention for treatment of disc degeneration. Stimulation of the biological repair process will create a new category of therapy to treat disc degeneration, where no active treatment currently exists, between conservative therapies and more aggressive therapies such as fusion or disc replacement. However, it should be noted that there are several important factors to be taken into consideration. In a relatively advanced degenerative condition, the supply of nutrients is disturbed and stimulation of cellular activity by growth factors may result in an increased demand for nutrients, eventually inducing an adverse event. Further investigations of the optimal environment for growth factor stimulation should be pursued. Growth factor therapy, which has experimental evidence supporting it to be a “structural modifying therapy”, may not be a “symptom modifying therapy” that is able to resolve the symptoms associated with pathologic changes. Therefore, further studies on the effect of growth factor therapy on pain are essential to shed light on its therapeutic usefulness for degenerative disc disease.
The Integrated Effect of Condensation in Numerical Simulations of Extratropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract By combining traditional sensitivity studies with techniques that focus on the conservation and invertibility properties of Ertel's potential vorticity (PV), we illustrate the effect of latent heating on the structure and evolution of three simulated extratropical cyclones. The cases include one continental cyclone development (15 December 1987), which we examine extensively, and two cyclones over the western Atlantic Ocean (6 January 1983 and 5 January 1985) of somewhat greater intensity, which are diagnosed to assess the generality of our findings for the continental case. Each storm featured a weaker cyclonic low-level circulation when latent heating was removed from the simulation, but the magnitude of the effect varied greatly. In all cases, the difference in intensity was attributed to velocities associated with a positive, condensation-produced PV anomaly above the warm front. The amplification of the surface thermal perturbations was not strongly altered in even the case most affected by ...
Control Sensitivity Study for a Hybrid Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine System

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has developed a hardware simulator to test the operating characteristics of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid systems. The Hybrid Performance (HyPer) simulator has been described previously, and has contributed to the understanding of SOFC/GT system operation. HyPer contains not only the requisite elements of gas turbine/compressor/generator, recuperator, combustor, and associated piping, but also several air flow control valves that are proposed as system control mechanisms. It is necessary to know how operation of these valves affects the various entities such as cathode air flow, turbine speed, and various temperatures important to the safe and efficient operation of fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid systems. To determine the interactions among key variables, a series of experiments was performed in which the effect of modulating each of the key manipulated variables was recorded. This document outlines the test methods used and presents some of the data from those tests, along with analysis and interpretation of that data in the context of control system design.
Modeling Non‐Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone Using GIS

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants are recognized as the single greatest threat to surface and subsurface sources of drinking water throughout the world. The vadose zone serves as the conduit through which NPS pollutants travel through surface soil to groundwater supplies. Because of increased dependency on groundwater supplies, the ability to model groundwater vulnerability to the leaching of NPS pollutants through the vadose zone has grown in significance. Geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged as a useful tool in environmental modeling, particularly for NPS pollutants. A review is presented concerning the modeling of NPS pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS. Areas discussed include the significance of NPS pollutants as a global environmental problem, the justification for the modeling of NPS pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS, the basic components of environmental modeling with GIS, a review of existing GIS-based NPS pollutant models, the application of geostatistics to GIS-based NPS pol...
Identifying the Involvement of Multiple Carnivore Taxa with Archaeological Bone Assemblages

Information on the number of carnivore taxa that were involved with archaeological bone assemblages is pertinent to questions of site formation, hominid and carnivore competition for carcasses and the sequence of hominid and carnivore activity at sites. A majority of early archaeological bone assemblages bear evidence that both hominids and carnivores removed flesh and/or marrow from the bones. Whether flesh specialists (felids) or bone-crunchers (hyaenas), or both, fed upon the carcasses is crucial for deciphering the timing of hominid involvement with the assemblages. Here we present an initial attempt to differentiate the tooth mark signature inflicted on bones by a single carnivore species versus multiple carnivore taxa. Quantitative data on carnivore tooth pits, those resembling a tooth crown or a cusp, are presented for two characteristics: the area of the marks in millimetres, and the shape as determined by the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the mark. Tooth pits from bones modified by extant East African carnivores and latex impressions of tooth pits from extinct carnivore species are compared to those in the FLK Zinjanthropus bone assemblage. Data on tooth mark shape indicate greater variability in theZinj sample than is exhibited by any individual extant or extinct carnivore species in the comparative sample. Data on tooth mark area demonstrate that bone density is related to the size of marks. Taken together, these data support the inference that felids defleshed bones in the Zinj assemblage and that hyaenas had final access to any grease or tissues that remained.
Effects of L-Dopa, d-amphetamine and cocaine on intruder-evoked aggression in rats and mice

Abstract 1. 1. Singly-housed male mice and rats, when confronted with group-housed intruders reliably initiated aggressive interactions, consisting of attack, threat, defense, submission, and flight. 2. 2. d -Amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg) and L-DOPA (10 mg/kg) increased attack behavior in resident rats, but not mice. At higher doses, these drugs and also cocaine reliably suppressed attack without impairing locomotor activity in both species. 3. 3. When L-DOPA and d -amphetamine were administered to the intruder mice and rats, they were attacked more frequently by the undrugged residents. 4. 4. d -Amphetamine and cocaine suppressed attack behavior in mice that were housed with a female at dose levels four times lower than those required to achieve the same effect in isolated mice. 5. 5. Intruder-evoked aggressive behavior appears to be an extremely drug-sensitive test permitting ready species comparisons that are not possible with other tests of animal aggression.
Metallothionein gene expression and metal regulation during preimplantation mouse embryo development (MT mRNA during early development)

In order to provide information concerning gene expression and regulation in the preimplantation mammalian embryo, and to explore the roles of metallothionein (MT) during this period of development, the constitutive and metal-induced MT mRNA levels in mouse ova, preimplantation embryos, and oviducts were determined. These results were correlated with the effects of transient exposure to high levels of metals (zinc (Zn) or cadmium (Cd] on the continued development of preimplantation embryos into blastocysts in culture. RNA from preimplantation mouse embryos at different stages of development (Days 1 through 4 of gestation; D1 = vaginal plug) was analyzed using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to specifically amplify MT-I and MT-II mRNA transcripts. MT-I mRNA in ova, preimplantation embryos, and oviducts was detected using in situ hybridization. This mRNA in the oviduct was also analyzed by Northern blotting. The results establish that the mouse MT genes are coordinately and constitutively expressed at low basal levels in ova and preimplantation mouse embryos. In unfertilized (ova), fertilized (one-cell) eggs, and two-cell embryos, the MT-I gene was not detectably responsive to metal ions, whereas in later cleavage stage embryos (four- and eight-cell) the MT-I gene was detectably responsive to metals in some blastomeres of some of the embryos. In contrast, after the third cleavage this gene was highly metal-inducible in essentially all cells of the embryo (morula/blastocyst). Surprisingly, the appearance of metal responsiveness of the MT genes during development correlated with decreased Zn toxicity and increased Cd toxicity; two-cell embryos were Zn-sensitive and Cd-resistant, whereas eight-cell and older embryos were Zn-resistant and Cd-sensitive. In the oviduct, MT-I mRNA was not abundant in total RNA, but was detected specifically in the epithelial cells of the isthmus region and was elevated in these cells on D3 and D4 of gestation. In the oviduct, only isthmus epithelial cells responded to metals (Zn or Cd) by increased accumulation of this mRNA. These studies suggest that preimplantation mouse embryo develops the capacity to respond to metals in the environmental milieu by induction of MT gene expression at about the third cleavage. Whether the lack of responsiveness of these genes before this stage reflects transcriptional repression or attenuated metal ion influx and/or enhanced efflux remains to be determined. Sensitivity and resistance of preimplantation embryos to acute metal toxicity involve mechanisms other than MT gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Responsibility and Reliability

‘Responsibilist\' approaches to epistemology link knowledge and justification with epistemically responsible belief management, where responsible management is understood to involve an essential element of guidance by recognized epistemic norms. By contrast, reliabilist approaches stress the de facto reliability of cognitive processes, rendering epistemic self-consciousness as inessential. I argue that, although an adequate understanding of human knowledge must make room for both responsibility and reliability, philosophers have had a hard time putting them together, largely owing to a tendency, on the part of responsibilists, to adopt an overly demanding, hyperintellectualized conception of what epistemic responsibility demands. I trace this tendency towards hyper-intellectualism to a wish to meet scepticism head on, a wish that enforces adherence to a particular model of the structure of epistemic justification. I argue that a more humanly reasonable conception of epistemic justification suggests an alternative model. With this model in hand, we can both deflect sceptical problems and combine responsibility with reliability in a satisfying way. Philosophical Papers Vol. 37 (1) 2008: pp. 1-26
A study of the specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I by competitive-binding assay with blood-group substances and with blood-group A and B active and other oligosaccharides.

Abstract The specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin 1 (BS I) has been studied by competitive-binding assays (CBA) using tritium-labeled human B and hog A substances. Blood-group B substances isolated from horse gastric mucosae and from human ovarian-cyst fluids were much better inhibitors of binding of tritiated blood-group B substance to insoluble BS I-Sepharose 2B than were human blood-group A substances from saliva and ovarian-cyst fluid. A and B active blood-group substances showed the same range of potency in inhibiting binding of tritium-labeled hog A substance to BS I-Sepharose 2B. CBA with BS I-Sepharose 2B, labeled human blood-group B substance, and human blood-group A and B active oligosaccharides separated the haptens into two groups differing in slope. Group 1, containing methyl α- d -GalNAc p , d -GalNac p , and an A active pentasaccharide AR L 0.52, with 3, 19, and 25 nmol respectively needed for 50% inhibition of binding, has a lower slope than group 2, which contains α- d -GalNAc p -(1→3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactitol and p -nitrophenyl α- d -GalNAc p , with 3 nmol of each required for 50% inhibition of binding, as well as ten glycosides with terminal, nonreducing, α-linked d -Gal p . The most potent inhibitors of this group were p -nitrophenyl α- d -gal p , α- d -Gal p -(1→3)- d -Gal p , α- d -Gal p -(1→6)- d -Glc p , and methyl α- d -Gal p , with 5, 7.4, 9.6, and 11 nmol respectively needed to inhibit binding by 50%. The difference in slopes was explainable in terms of a recent finding that BS I exists as a mixture of five isolectins composed of two subunits having different specificities; subunit A is most specific for α-linked, terminal, nonreducing d -GalNAc p , but it also reacts with α-linked, terminal, non-reducing d -Gal p , whereas subunit B tends to be more specific for terminal, nonreducing, α-linked d -Gal p .
Mobitz type II atrioventricular blockin children

Mobitz type II atrioventricular block was found in two children. In both, right branch bundle with 2:1 block was present initially and later progressed to complete heart block. Bundle of His recordings in the first patient before and after surgery showed that the conduction system had been damaged in the His Purkinje system. Mobitz type II block may be a forerunner of complete heart block which requires ventricular pacing.
A Replication-Defective Gammaherpesvirus Efficiently Establishes Long-Term Latency in Macrophages but Not in B Cells In Vivo

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68 or MHV68) is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), providing a useful system for in vivo studies of the virus-host relationship. To begin to address fundamental questions about the mechanisms of the establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency, we previously generated a replication-defective γHV68 lacking the expression of the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by orf6. In work presented here, we demonstrate that this mutant virus established a long-term infection in vivo that was molecularly identical to wild-type virus latency. Thus, despite the absence of an acute phase of lytic replication, the mutant virus established a chronic infection in which the viral genome (i) was maintained as an episome and (ii) expressed latency-associated, but not lytic replication-associated, genes. Macrophages purified from mice infected with the replication-defective virus harbored viral genome at a frequency that was nearly identical to that of wild-type γHV68; however, the frequency of B cells harboring viral genome was greatly reduced in the absence of lytic replication. Thus, this replication-defective gammaherpesvirus efficiently established in vivo infection in macrophages that was molecularly indistinguishable from wild-type virus latency. These data point to a critical role for lytic replication or reactivation in the establishment or maintenance of latent infection in B cells.
Detergent binding to unmyristylated protein kinase A--structural implications for the role of myristate.

Myristylation often governs the targeting of protein kinases to the plasma membrane. It is now known that a key member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases, pp60v-src, binds to the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane via a myristylated amino terminal sequence. The mechanism of this interaction is not known; however, myristic acid (Myristic acid may also be referred to as Myristate) and residues 2 through 14 are also absolutely required (Resh and Ling, 1990). This review presents an analysis of crystal structures of detergent-modified recombinant and myristylated mammalian catalytic subunit of protein kinase A. Crystals of unmyristylated recombinant catalytic subunit of protein kinase A are grown in the presence of Mega 8, a glucamide-type of detergent, and only this detergent binds, which results in a resolution extension (Knightonet al., 1991a). Comparisons of these two structures reveal that the detergent association with the recombinant enzyme binds in exactly the same hydrophobic pocket of the protein occupied by myristic acid in the mammalian protein (Karlssonet al., 1993; Zhenget al., 1993a). Removal of the detergent through soaking results in the local unwinding of the first helix, helix A, and disorder of the canonical recognition sequence of the phosphorylation site, Ser 10 (Zhenget al., 1993b). These results suggest that anchoring the myristic acid inside the protein results in formation of a stable structural template, which includes the myristylated amino terminal sequence important for the recognition by protein kinases. This “inside out” motif might provide a structural paradigm for the recognition of myristylated proteins, including pp60v-src.
A comparison theorem on convergence rates of random walks on groups

We give a comparison theorem which helps us to estimate the change in the convergence rate when we enlarge the support of a probability that generates a random walk, and/or change the original mass assignment. Some examples of applications of this theorem are discussed.
Visual shape discrimination in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator

Research into the visual shape discrimination abilities of compound‐eyed animals has almost exclusively been limited to insects, the crustaceans having been virtually ignored. The two groups have many dissimilarities, having primarily adapted in different habitats to different lifestyles. Differences may exist in visual systems and visually mediated behavior. Fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator), without training, differentially approached dissimilar silhouettes presented simultaneously, demonstrating visual discrimination between stationary, geometric shapes of equal‐area. The strength of response was ordered hierarchically: vertical rectangle, horizontal rectangle, triangle, square, circle. Basic geometric shapes were used to facilitate replication and comparison with research findings from other species.
Future requirements of wind tunnels for Computational Fluid Dynamics code verification

The role of experiment in the development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for external aerodynamic flow-field prediction is discussed. Requirements for code verification from two sources pacing the development of CFD are described: (1) the need for developing adequate flow modeling, and (2) the need for establishing confidence in the use of CFD for predicting complex flows. The type of data needed to meet these needs differs in detail and scope and leads to definite wind tunnel requirements. Recent examples of testing to assess and develop turbulence models, and to verify code development are used to establish future requirements of wind tunnel testing for CFD verification.
WAIS-R Digit Symbol Patterns for Persons 75 Years and Older:

This study addressed the hypothesis that elderly individuals display a “warm-up” pattern on the Digit Symbol subtest when performance is recorded at 30, 60, and 90 seconds (Kaplan, Fein, Morris, & Delis, 1991). Patterns of performance for the three intervals were explored in a sample of 221 normal persons 75 years and older. Means for age, education, and Full Scale IQ were 80.54 years (SD = 4,85), 10.94 years (SD = 2.89), and 103.73 (SD = 14.27), respectively. Two methods were used to derive patterns of Digit Symbol performance: (1) Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis and (2) simple difference scores between the three time periods. The “warm-up” pattern emerged infrequently and cannot be considered characteristic of persons 75 years and older.
Daydreams, Nightmares, and Insomnia: The Relation of Waking Fantasy to Sleep Disturbances

College students were administered an abbreviated form of the Imaginal Processes Inventory along with scales of sleep disturbance, positive mood, and dream recall. Results confirmed the earlier report by Starker and Hasenfeld that sleep disturbances were significantly associated with dysphoric patterns of daydreaming, and not associated with a positive daydreaming pattern. Correlational, factor-analytic and multiple linear regression analyses revealed sex differences possibly related to differential sensitivity to inner experience.
Polymerization of Styrene in Cyclodextrin Channels: Can Confined Free-Radical Polymerization Yield Stereoregular Polystyrene?

Modeling of polystyrenes (PS) with various stereosequences in the narrow cylindrical channels corresponding to those found in γ-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds (CD ICs) has been conducted. Bas on the conformational modeling of stereoisomeric polystyrenes (PSs) in narrow channels, it was suggested that polystyrene with unusual mictostructures might be produced by the constrained polymerization of styrene monomer in its γ-CD-IC crystals. The in-situ polymerization of styrene inside the narrow channels of its γ-CD-IC crystals was performed in both organic and aqueous media. The 13 C NMR spectrum of PS synthesized inside the γ-CD channels inan aqueous medium shows some dlfferences when compared to the 13 C NMR spectrum of PS synthesized in toluene. These are presumably because of differences in their stereosequences. Here, we report our preliminary findings.
A Sip of GABA for the Cerebral Cortex

Cortical and striatal interneurons are both generated within the ventral telencephalon, but their migratory journey takes them to very different destinations. Two articles in this issue (van den Berge et al., 2013; McKinsey et al., 2013) add an important molecular component to our understanding of how, during development, interneurons reach the cerebral cortex.