cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Hantavirus Infections

Until the summer of 1993, hantaviruses were something of a curiosity for most individuals involved in medical care in the United States, and even for virologists. At that time, hantaviruses were known to be a significant cause of disease (and death) in several parts of the world, notably in China, Korea, Russia, and Scandinavia. But while evidence was accumulating that these viruses were much more widespread than was originally believed [e.g. urban rat virus in U.S. port cities (l)], it was not until the outbreak of pulmonary disease (now called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) in the Four Comers (New Mexico/Arizona/Utah/Colorado) region was confumed to be caused by hantaviruses that their present notoriety developed. Not only does the medical/scientific community now worry about these viruses, but thanks to recent books and television programs, the general population has been sensitized to a potential threat to society from hantavirus infections.
The synthesis and properties of pyridazino[4,3‐e] ‐as‐triazines and pyridazino[4,5‐e] ‐as‐triazines, two novel condensed pyridazine ring systems

The compounds prepared in the novel pyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine ring system are: 8-chloro-4-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine (21), 8-chloro-2,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine (23), 8-chloro-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as- triazine (24), 4-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine-8-thione (25), 4-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine (26), 2,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine (27), and 2-ethyl-4-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e]-as-triazine (28). In the novel pyridazino[4,5-e]-as-triazine ring system the following compounds were prepared: 1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-e]-as-triazine (31), 3-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-e]-as-triazine (32), 3-ethyl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-e]-as-triazine (33), and 1-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-e]-as-triazine (35). The preparation of a number of previously unreported intermediates and compounds for structure proof are also described.
The existence and stability of semiclassical de sitter and anti-de sitter space-times

Abstract Three classes of constant curvature solutions to Einstein's equations with bare cosmological constant Λ 0 coupled to N conformally invariant quantum fields are found: the semiclassical versions of de Sitter, anti-Sitter and Einstein static spacetimes. Their existence and stability under infinitesimal perturbations is found to depend upon Λ 0 and the spins of the fields present. Under certain conditions the only stable class for Λ 0 de Sitter spaces with a positive effective Λ.
Open finite queueing networks with M/M/C/K parallel servers

Abstract The modelling and design of facility, telecommunication, service and manufacturing systems as open, finite queueing networks are extended to include multi-server M/M/C/K servers. An analytical approximation technique is utilized to calculate system performance measures of each M/M/C/K queue. Series, merge, and splitting topologies are analyzed and it is shown that the analytical technique applies to arbitrarily configured series-parallel network topologies. In addition, we explore the optimal order of these M/M/C/K servers in these systems.
Local simulation of two-phase flows including interface tracking with mass transfer

This paper presents a moving mesh, two-dimensional finite volume method suitable for tracking interfaces across which there is mass transfer. We consider liquid and vapor phases of single component fluids separated by a phase interface in an evolving flow field. Metastable bulk states are allowed (as are superheated vapor and subcooled liquid bulk states) while the interface is assumed to exist in thermal and chemical equilibrium. Mass transfer occurs at the interface, driven by the local flow conditions. The interface is tracked by nodes representing the liquid and vapor sides at the same spatial location. The interface motion is found from the solution of the coupled interfacial conditions and bulk fluid equations. The bulk fluids are considered as viscous, conducting, and compressible fluids necessitating the use of the continuity, momentum and energy equations in the bulk regions. The control volume continuity, momentum and energy equations are modified in the presence of a phase interface to include surface properties using a simple interface model with surface tension and surface energy. Simple simulations are presented illustrating the method.
Effect of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the Toxicokinetics and Sedative Effects of the Drug of Abuse, γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid

Abstract γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is widely abused in combination with other club drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of MDMA on GHB toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics (TK/TD) and evaluate the use of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibition as a potential treatment strategy for GHB overdose when GHB is abused with MDMA. Rats were administered GHB 400 mg/kg i.v. alone or with MDMA (5 mg/kg i.v). Effects of MDMA and of the MCT inhibitor, l -lactate, on GHB TK and sedative effects were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated no significant effect of MDMA on GHB TK or TD. GHB plasma concentrations were unchanged, and GHB concentration–effect relationships, based on plasma and brain concentrations and the return-to-righting reflex (RRR), were similar in the presence and absence of MDMA. l -Lactate administration resulted in a significant decrease in the sedative effect (RRR) of GHB when it was coadministered with MDMA. Our results indicate that MDMA does not affect the TK/TD of GHB at the doses used in this study, and MCT inhibition using l -lactate, an effective overdose treatment strategy for GHB alone, is also effective for GHB overdose when GHB is coingested with MDMA.
Product distribution in the metalation of some aromatic substrates with n-butyllithium

Abstract The following compounds were metalated with n-butyllithium in ether and product isomer ratios determined with the aid of vapor phase chromatographic techniques: anisole, trifluoromethylbenzene, phenetole, m-cresol methyl ether, resorcinol dimethyl ether and biphenyl. The data with all substrates except biphenyl are in accord with the view of relative rate of attack of different ring positions controlled by inductive effects of ring substituent on the “acidity” of ring carbon-to-hydrogen bonds.
High-throughput screening assays for the identification of chemical probes

High-throughput screening (HTS) assays enable the testing of large numbers of chemical substances for activity in diverse areas of biology. The biological responses measured in HTS assays span isolated biochemical systems containing purified receptors or enzymes to signal transduction pathways and complex networks functioning in cellular environments. This Review addresses factors that need to be considered when implementing assays for HTS and is aimed particularly at investigators new to this field. We discuss assay design strategies, the major detection technologies and examples of HTS assays for common target classes, cellular pathways and simple cellular phenotypes. We conclude with special considerations for configuring sensitive, robust, informative and economically feasible HTS assays.
Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing

Why do engineers "report" while philosophers "argue" and biologists "describe"? In the Michigan Classics Edition of "Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic" "Writing," Ken Hyland examines the relationships between the cultures of academic communities and their unique discourses. Drawing on discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, and the voices of professional insiders, Ken Hyland explores how academics use language to organize their professional lives, carry out intellectual tasks, and reach agreement on what will count as knowledge. In addition, "Disciplinary Discourses" presents a useful framework for understanding the interactions between writers and their readers in published academic writing. From this framework, Hyland provides practical teaching suggestions and points out opportunities for further research within the subject area. As issues of linguistic and rhetorical expression of disciplinary conventions are becoming more central to teachers, students, and researchers, the careful analysis and straightforward style of "Disciplinary Discourses" make it a remarkable asset. The Michigan Classics Edition features a new preface by the author and a new foreword by John M. Swales.
Photocaged DNA Provides New Levels of Transcription Control

Spot lit: photocaged nucleic acids have been used to regulate gene expression through the action of light. Whereas most methods target mRNAs, DNA decoys have recently been used to target DNA transcription by targeting specific DNA-transcription-factor interactions. This has allowed researchers to "turn-off" transcription through the action of light on caged nucleic acids for the first time.
Energy Loss Measurements for Heavy Ions in Mylar and Polyethylene

The energy loss of C/sup 12/, O/sup 16/, and Ne/sup 20/ ions in passage through foils of Mylar and polyethylene was investigated for incident ion energies of 10 Mev/amu and emergent ion energies in the region from 10 to 1 Mev/ amu. The ion energies were measured with a magnetic spectrograph. The variation of emergent ion energy with absorber thickness (essentially the range-energy relation) is reported and compared with similar results for the same ions in aluminum. Within experimental error, the curves for Mylar and polyethylene differ from those for aluminum only in the scale of absorber thickness. For the same energy loss, the ratio of absorber thicknesses (in mg/cm/sup 2/) is 0.783 for Mylar to aluminum, and 0.692 for polyethylene to aluminum. (auth)
The fatigue and fracture resistance of a Nb-Cr-Ti-Al alloy

The microstructure, fatigue, and fracture behaviors of a cast and heat-treated Nb-Cr-Ti-Al alloy were investigated. The microstructure of the cast alloy was manipulated by annealing at a temperature ranging from 500 °C to 1500 °C for 1 to 24 hours. The heat treatment produced Cr2Nb precipitates along grain boundaries in all cases except in the 500 °C heat-treated material. Fracture toughness tests indicated low fracture resistance in both the as-cast and heat-treated materials. Fatigue crack growth tests performed on the 500 °C heat-treated material also indicated a low fatigue crack growth resistance. Direct observations of the near-tip region revealed a cleavage-dominated fracture process, in accordance with fractographic evidence. The fracture behavior of the Nb-Cr-Ti-Al alloy was compared to that of other Nb-Cr-Ti alloys. In addition, theoretical calculations of both the unstable stacking energy (USE) and Peierls-Nabarro (P-N) barrier energy are used to elucidate the role of Al additions in cleavage fracture of the Nb-Cr-Ti-Al alloy. The results indicate that an Al alloying addition increases the USE, which, in turn, prevents the emission of dislocations, promotes the nucleation and propagation of cleavage cracks from the crack tip, and leads to a reduction in the fracture toughness.
Ensemble‐based chemical data assimilation. II: Covariance localization

Data assimilation is the process of integrating observational data and model predictions to obtain an optimal representation of the state of the atmosphere. As more chemical observations in the troposphere are becoming available, chemical data assimilation is expected to play an essential role in air-quality forecasting, similar to the role it has in numerical weather prediction. Considerable progress has been made recently in the development of variational tools for chemical data assimilation. In this paper we implement, and assess the performance of, a localized ‘perturbed-observations’ ensemble Kalman filter (LEnKF). We analyse different settings of the ensemble localization, and investigate the joint assimilation of the state, emissions and boundary conditions. Results with a real model and real observations show that LEnKF is a promising approach for chemical data assimilation. The results also point to several issues on which future research is necessary. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of retrofit emission controls and work practices on perchloroethylene exposures in small dry-cleaning shops.

The effectiveness of commercially available interventions for reducing workers' perchloroethylene exposures in three small dry-cleaning shops was evaluated. Depending upon machine configuration, the intervention consisted of the addition of either a refrigerated condenser or a closed-loop carbon adsorber to the existing dry-cleaning machine. These relatively inexpensive (less than $5000) engineering controls were designed to reduce perchloroethylene emissions when dry-cleaning machine doors were opened for loading or unloading. Effectiveness of the interventions was judged by comparing pre- and postintervention perchloroethylene exposures using three types of measurements in each shop: (1) full-shift, personal breathing zone, air monitoring, (2) next-morning, end-exhaled worker breath concentrations of perchloroethylene, and (3) differences in the end - exhaled breath perchloroethylene concentrations before and after opening the dry-cleaning machine door. In general, measurements supported the hypothesis ...
Phosphorylation-independent Stabilization of p27kip1 by the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway in Glioblastoma Cells

The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is a frequent target of somatic mutation, particularly in glioblastoma multiform and prostate cancer. The expression of PTEN in PTEN-mutant glioblastoma cells leads to a cell cycle arrest in G(0)/G(1) that is mediated at least partially by increased p27(kip1) levels. Here we show that p27(kip1) is not regulated by transcriptional control but that p27(kip1) protein shows increased stability after inhibition of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase pathway. Because p27(kip1) protein stability is known to be regulated by phosphorylation, we have examined modifications in the phosphorylation pattern after PI 3-kinase inhibition. Biochemical evidence suggests that p27(kip1) is phosphorylated on several serine residues, including Ser-10 and Ser-178, but that phosphorylation is unaltered by PI 3-kinase activity. This is further confirmed by the inducible expression of p27(kip1) phosphorylation site mutants, suggesting that p27(kip1) is destabilized in a phosphorylation-independent manner by the PI 3-kinase pathway at the G(1)/S transition.
THE INFLUENCE OF MILK FEEDING ON MORTALITY AND GROWTH, AND ON THE CHARACTER OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA.

Throughout the investigations upon which a large part of this paper is based the favorable influence of milk feeding on mortality and growth was most apparent. Mortality from all causes was frequently reduced to at least one-half of what obtained among the chicks that received no milk, while the milk-fed chicks in some experiments gained twice as much in weight as those that were without this article of diet. Although the influence of milk feeding was less pronounced on the mortality of chicks that were artificially infected with Bacterium pullorum, quite an appreciable difference in mortality was always noted if the milk was fed at least one or two days before the first administration of the bouillon cultures of the organism in question. Practically the same results were obtained, whether sweet or sour milk was fed, and no differences could be observed in the relative value of ordinary sour milk and of the so called bulgaricus product. Hence, the unique properties of this food exist in the milk as such, rather than in any milk acids or milk bacteria that may be present. Milk and lactose diet exert a very important influence on the character of the intestinal bacteria, especially in white rats and in the common domestic fowl. Within a few days after the ingestion of milk or lactose a transformation of the flora takes place in which the usual mixed bacterial flora give way to ones that are more simplified, and in which Bacillus acidophilus and Bacillus bifidus are, as a rule, prominent. It is to be assumed that milk has this influence in virtue of the large amount of lactose which it contains. Other carbohydrates, besides milk sugar, failed to bring about such a transformation. The ingestion of foreign bacteria, even in large numbers, does not of itself bring about an elimination or displacement of the common intestinal microorganisms. Vastly more important is the influence of diet, especially milk and lactose. The feeding of Bulgara tablets or other preparations which contain as the supposedly active agent the bacillus of Metchnikoff and Maze, without due regard to the use of milk, can, therefore, be of little, if indeed of any, value. The beneficial effects which it is claimed have been derived from the use of yoghurt, and other oriental sour milk products have in all probability been due to the milk as such, rather than to the bacteria which they contained. This view is strongly supported by the extensive milk feeding experiments on chicks which are recorded in this paper, and also by the results which show the influence of milk and of lactose feeding on the intestinal flora of white rats and of the common domestic fowl.
Normal-Mode and Lumped Mass Assessment of Acoustic Degassing of Liquid Metals in an Inductively Heated Cylindrical Furnace

In a number of aerospace materials processing applications, including float zone refining of electronic materials, forming of metallic glasses and induction melting of light alloys, time-dependent electromagnetic forces associated with the processing are found to influence surface shape, nucleation of precipitates, evolution of crystal nucleation sites, segregation of alloy components, grain refinement and degassing. For this last action, which finds its prime occurrence in specially designed induction furnaces, the scale up from test stand to prototype is especially sensitive to a detuning that can occur when a common set point is sought for optimizing the concomitant electrical and mechanical performance of the system. This paper outlines a continuum based model that can be used to identify a favorable set of operating conditions so that an effective and efficient, electromagnetically-induced vibrational degassing operation can proceed within the furnace. The optimization metric utilizes a coupled magnetoacoustic system of governing equations, which is subsequently solved to obtain the dynamic response of a molten metallic to an eddy current-type excitation. The solutions display both a transient and steady state response, as well as eigenmode and eigenfrequency characteristics which capture both the spectral signatures of the furnace as well as the optimum operating conditions for degassing. The solutions are obtained with the aid of higher transcendental functions of Bessel type, generated within a MATLAB environment. A set of operating conditions is identified which would promote optimal degassing for light alloys in commercial size induction furnaces. The magnetic field model embedded in the solution is sufficiently general to allow for use in analyzing a DC field biasing method which has recently shown promise for use in grain refinement and metallic glass forming applications for which the characteristics of the vibrational field can be utilized to effectively diminish crystal nucleation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Subjective measures of efficacy and quality of life in overactive bladder syndrome

In recent years, more attention has turned to the use of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials to assess treatment efficacy in overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). The challenge for investigators and clinicians is how to choose among the many available health-related quality-of-life questionnaires. This article provides an overview of the patient-reported outcome instruments available specific to OAB and their validation for clinical use.
Family-based case-control study of cigarette smoking and Parkinson disease

Objective: To determine whether people with Parkinson disease (PD) are less likely to report a history of cigarette smoking than their unaffected siblings. Background: Previous studies reported that individuals with PD are half as likely to have smoked as those unaffected by PD. Other studies reported that smoking modified the risk of PD due to polymorphisms in the MAO-B and nNOS genes. Thus, genetic studies of PD should consider confounding or interaction with smoking history as well. The authors have collected detailed smoking histories on a family-based case-control sample ascertained for genetic studies of PD. Methods: In a matched case-control study of 140 sibships, individuals with PD (n = 143) were compared to sibling controls (n = 168). Cigarette smoking history was collected by a structured telephone interview. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between smoking and PD while controlling for confounding by age and sex. Results: Ever smoking, current smoking, and increasing duration (in years), dose (in packs/day), and intensity (in pack-years) of smoking were significantly inversely associated with PD ( p Conclusions: Consistent with previous studies, individuals with Parkinson disease are significantly less likely to have smoked regularly than their unaffected siblings. This association was detected even though discordant sibling pairs are more likely to be overmatched for environmental exposures than unmatched case and control groups.
A series target system for the rapid, sequential production of [15O]H2O and O2, and [18F]F2

Abstract A two chambered, series target was developed for use in the rapid, sequential production of [ 15 O]H 2 O and O 2 , and [ 18 F]F 2 using an FN-6 tandem van de Graaff accelerator. The 15 O labeled tracer gases are produced on a continuous flow basis in an aluminum target chamber using the 14 N(d,n) 15 O reaction on 5% H 2 in N 2 and 2% O 2 in N 2 , respectively. Fluorine-18 labeled F 2 is produced on a batch basis using the 20 Ne(d,α) 18 F reaction on 0.1% F 2 in Ne in a high pressure, polished nickel chamber. The two target chambers are separated by an aluminum-nickel foil sandwich, and the 15 O target is evacuated during 18 F production. Switching between 15 O target gases as well as choice of 18 F or 15 O production is completely remote. System performance is comparable to that obtained previously using individually mounted targets.
Analog Computer Analysis of Flow Characteristics and Volume of the Pulmonary Vascular Bed

Radioisotope dilution data were obtained from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein of catheterized dogs and an analysis for pulmonary transfer characteristics was performed with an electronic analog computer. The analog for these studies consisted of a cascade of linear delay units arranged so that both transport delay and dispersion could be independently varied. This technic makes it possible to characterize the pulmonary vascular bed without making any assumptions as to its nature. The results indicate that the dominant response of the lung is not that of a single mixing pool as suggested by Newman and others, but rather is more analogous to a laminar flow system. In addition it has been shown that an exponential extrapolation of the downslopes of the indicator dilution curves to calculate pulmonary blood volume results in a measurable error.
Hypoxia divergently regulates production of reactive oxygen species in human pulmonary and coronary artery smooth muscle cells

Acute hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and coronary vasodilation. The divergent effects of hypoxia on pulmonary and coronary vascular smooth muscle cells suggest that the mechanisms involv...
Factors influencing unexpected disposition after orthopedic ambulatory surgery

Study Objective To analyze whether patient characteristics, ambulatory facility type, anesthesia provider and technique, procedure type, and temporal factors impact the outcome of unexpected disposition after ambulatory knee and shoulder surgery.
Vortices in multipole radiation

Abstract The Poynting vector for electric and magnetic multipole radiation of arbitrary order (l, m) has been obtained, and an expression for the field lines of this vector field has been derived. It is shown that the field lines lie on a cone, and that, for m ≠ 0, they exhibit a vortex structure with a dimension of about a wavelength around the multipole. The field lines wind around the z-axis in the neighborhood of the multipole, and outside this vortex region the field lines run approximately radially outward. We have also derived the asymptotic limit of a field line.
CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF AGE AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

Summary.-To determine the extent to which third- and fourth-grade children relate perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness when performing a ranking task using two sets of photographic facial stimuli. 40 elementary school children, 20 boys (aged 7 to 9 yr., M = 8.4 yr.) and 20 girls (aged 8 to 9 yr., M = 8.6 yr.) were asked to rank male and female photographs according to the dimensions of age and physical attractiveness. The rho of -.94 was negative; as perceived age increased perceived physical attractiveness decreased. This result is consistent with that of a previous study by Korchase and Trenholme in which adults and adolescents aerformed the same task. The pervasiveness of the stereotypes for age and physical attractiveness is evident. By the time children reach third or fourth grade. they have assimilated these biases. As children, our perceptions of aging and the aged form the attitudinal framework for a lifelong process of adaptation to growing old. How we cope with the changes that accompany the aging process may be determined to some extent by the attitudes that we form as children; and this, in turn, may influence the quality of our later years. Senescence assumes a singular guise for each of us. Nature's imperative, however, is that no one is exempt. The imperceptible changes are cumulative; gradually, each of us grows older. Changes in appearance are a manifest signal of the aging process. These changes provide the visual cues which help us ascertain the ages of individuals we encounter in our daily lives. There is, nonetheless, a dearth of developmental research concerning the nexus between age and physical appearance. A recent investigation by Korthase and Trenholme ( 1982) suggests that the relationship is a negative one. Perceptions of physical attractiveness and perceptions of age were examined; there was a significant tendency by adults and adolescents to evaluate older faces as less attractive than younger faces. The present study was undertaken to examine further the hypothesized inverse relationship between age and physical attractiveness. The present investigation incorporates two bodies of relevant literature, both of which confront the issue of stereotypes, .physical-attractiveness biases, and ageism. The literature on physical attractiveness has documented a predominantly positive bias contrary to that of age. Some of the factors associated with greater physical attractiveness are social desirability (Gillen, 1981; Tanke, 1982 ) , perceived counselors' effectiveness (Vargas & Borkowski, 1982), marital satisfaction (Peterson & Miller, 1981), performance ratings (Murphy & Nel'Requests for reprina should be directed to Irene Trenholme, Ph.D., Box 156, 190 Prospect, Elrnhurst, IL 60126.
Achievement Place: token reinforcement procedures in a home-style rehabilitation setting for “pre-delinquent” boys

Token reinforcement procedures were designed to modify the behavior of “pre-delinquent” boys residing in a community-based, home-style rehabilitation setting. Points (the tokens) were redeemable for various privileges such as visiting their families, watching TV, and riding bicycles. Points were given by the house-parents contingent upon specified appropriate behavior and taken away for specified inappropriate behavior. The frequencies of aggressive statements and poor grammar decreased while tidiness, punctuality, and amount of homework completed increased. It was concluded that a token reinforcement procedure, entirely dependent upon back-up reinforcers naturally available in a home-style treatment setting, could contribute to an effective and economical rehabilitation program for pre-delinquents.
Overview Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis Novel, non-traditional, non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agents

Traditional, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIAs) are arachidonate metabolite related. Since arachidonate metabolites do not induce the whole range of inflammatory responses, their blockade does not produce anti-inflammatory actions as potent as those of the corticosteroids. The recent development of cytokine research reveals the wide range involvement of IL-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in the inflammatory process. Therefore, cytokine antagonists produce the most effective means of treatment for inflammatory disorders and are as effective, or even more potent, than corticosteroids, without producing the side effects common to such compounds. The only IL-1 blocker available today is the natural IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 RA), a polypeptide which is easily metabolised in the bloodstream with a very short half-life (21 minutes). Thus, active research has been carried out to develop stable, long-acting agents which can be taken by oral administration or by parenteral injections rath...
For better or worse? Stress inoculation effects for implicit but not explicit anxiety

Background: Severe early life stress (ELS) is associated with negative outcomes. It is not clear, however, what impact moderate ELS has. A growing stress inoculation literature suggests that moderate (vs. low or high) ELS is associated with diminished behavioral and physiological anxiety responses. At the same time, studies of trait anxiety suggest that moderate (vs. low) ELS is associated with greater self-reported anxiety. This study tested the hypothesis that stress inoculation effects are evident for implicit (nonconscious) but not explicit (conscious) aspects of anxiety. Methods: Ninety-seven healthy women were assessed for ELS and explicit anxiety using questionnaires and assessed for implicit anxiety using a version of the Implicit Association Test. Results: Results indicated a quadratic relation between ELS and implicit anxiety, such that moderate ELS was associated with lower implicit anxiety levels than low or high ELS. By contrast, the relation between ELS and explicit anxiety was linear. Conclusion: These findings support the stress inoculation hypothesis and suggest that stress inoculation applies for implicit but not explicit aspects of
Pretumor Progression : Clonal Evolution of Human Stem Cell Populations

Multistep carcinogenesis through sequential cycles of mutation and clonal succession is usually described as tumor progression, or the clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. However, many mutations found in cancers are also compatible with normal appearing phenotypes and therefore genetic progression may precede tumor progression. To better characterize such pretumor progression (mutations in the absence of visible phenotypic changes), a quantitative model was developed that postulates most oncogenic cancer mutations first accumulate in normal appearing colon crypt niche stem cells. Each crypt contains multiple stem cells, and random niche stem cell loss with replacement eventually leads to the loss of all stem cell lineages except one. This niche succession or crypt clonal evolution is similar to the clonal succession of tumor progression except it does not require selection or change visible phenotype. Mutations may sequentially accumulate during stem cell clonal evolution either through drift (passenger mutations) or selection. To determine the feasibility of pretumor progression, mutation rates sufficient to recreate the epidemiology of colorectal cancer were estimated. Pretumor progression may completely substitute for visible tumor progression because it is theoretically possible for all cancer mutations to first accumulate in normal appearing colon with normal replication fidelity. Elevated mutation rates or tumorigenesis may be unnecessary for early progression.
The HIV antiretroviral drug efavirenz has LSD-like properties.

Anecdotal reports have surfaced concerning misuse of the HIV antiretroviral medication efavirenz ((4S)-6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one) by HIV patients and non-infected teens who crush the pills and smoke the powder for its psychoactive effects. Molecular profiling of the receptor pharmacology of efavirenz pinpointed interactions with multiple established sites of action for other known drugs of abuse including catecholamine and indolamine transporters, and GABAA and 5-HT2A receptors. In rodents, interaction with the 5-HT2A receptor, a primary site of action of lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), appears to dominate efavirenz's behavioral profile. Both LSD and efavirenz reduce ambulation in a novel open-field environment. Efavirenz occasions drug-lever responding in rats discriminating LSD from saline, and this effect is abolished by selective blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor. Similar to LSD, efavirenz induces head-twitch responses in wild-type, but not in 5-HT2A-knockout, mice. Despite having GABAA-potentiating effects (like benzodiazepines and barbiturates), and interactions with dopamine transporter, serotonin transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (like cocaine and methamphetamine), efavirenz fails to maintain responding in rats that self-administer cocaine, and it fails to produce a conditioned place preference. Although its molecular pharmacology is multifarious, efavirenz's prevailing behavioral effect in rodents is consistent with LSD-like activity mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor. This finding correlates, in part, with the subjective experiences in humans who abuse efavirenz and with specific dose-dependent adverse neuropsychiatric events, such as hallucinations and night terrors, reported by HIV patients taking it as a medication.
A Review of “The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving”

Is owning a single-family house in the suburbs no longer representative of the American dream? Are Americans, and in particular the millennials, rejecting suburbia for city living? These are the ce...
An Evaluation of Receptor‐Mediated Gene Transfer Using Synthetic DNA‐Ligand Complexes

Receptor-mediated gene transfer is an attractive method for therapeutically correcting human genetic diseases since it permits the targeting of DNA to cellular receptors in specific tissues of adult animals. Genes introduced by this technique have been shown to be expressed in the target tissue for varying periods. However, to be useful for gene therapy, it is critical that both the chemical properties and physical interactions of the reagents involved in the design of the DNA delivery vehicle be rigorously characterized. In this review, we discuss the critical steps in the preparation of the DNA-ligand complex and the factors involved in the delivery and regulated expression of a transgene in animal tissues. The feasibility of using this technique for the therapeutic delivery of genes to mammalian tissues will also be evaluated.
Modeling the vertical constraints in VLSI channel routing

Demonstrates that the vertical constraint graph (VCG) is not a complete representation of the vertical constraints of a channel, and proposes an edge-weight augmented VCG that is proved to be complete. Examples demonstrate the feasibility of a deterministic approach to the locally optimal resolution of cyclic vertical constraints when the information provided by the new model is used. >
Prolonged offspring dependence and cooperative breeding in birds

It has been suggested that the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds is associated with unusually long periods of offspring dependence; this appears paradoxical because cooperative breeders often produce more broods than their noncooperatively breeding relatives. I compared the duration of parental care between cooperatively and noncooperatively breeding species using phylogenetically independent contrasts and matched pairs. The incubation and nestling periods did not differ between the two parental care systems, but the duration of postfledging offspring care was significantly longer in species that regularly breed cooperatively. This relationship remained when other factors that are thought to affect the duration of fledgling care (breeding habitat, body size, latitude of breeding, diet) were controlled statistically. Cooperative breeders appear to provide more prolonged postfledging care because additional care providers reduce the costs of parenting, offspring have less incentive to become independent, and a division of labor can develop during reproduction—helpers continue to feed fledglings while breeders initiate the next nesting attempt. Key words: avian reproduction, cooperative breeding, life-history trade-offs, parental care. [Behav Ecol 11:367–377 (2000)]
Mechanisms of Polythiophene Chemical Sensors

Chemical sensors based upon regioregular polythiophene thin-film transistors (TFT) are studied for their chemical sensing properties to volatile organic compound vapors. The sensing properties are found to be highly dependent upon the TFT operating conditions. As the applied gate voltage is varied the source-drain current response can differ both in sign and magnitude for the same analyte. This implies that multiple sensing mechanisms co-exist. Here, we propose that the two main sensing mechanisms are mainly due to a dipole interaction effect, which occurs inside the crystallites and yields a positive response, and a grain boundary (GB) effect, which yields a negative response.
Numerical simulation and visualization experiment of solid particle motion affected by parameters of flow in tapered drum rotating type separator

As the fundamental research work of solid particle motion in the two-phase flow of solid-liquid or gas-liquid in the rotating state, based on the tapered drum rotating type separator and medium of water, the dynamic model of particle motion in the rotating flow filled was set up. Simultaneously, the visualization experiment of particle motion was carried out by the high speed camera and compared with the calculation results. In setting up of dynamic model, besides of forces of gravity, buoyancy, drag force and centrifugal force, the forces of imagination mass force, Basset force, Saffman lift force and pressure gradient force were considered. In the calculation, angle of taper, velocity of down flow and particle size were considered. It is found that the length of drum, angle of taper, down flow speed, rotating speed of drum and particle size had influence on the separating time and the length of particle movement traces. The results were proved by the visualization experiment, and further correctness of dynamic model was validated.
Theoretical aspects of fiber spinning

A new coordinate expansion based on a Taylor series is used to derive the one-dimensional approximation to unsteady isothermal jet flows. The expansion procedure is carried out for an isothermal, Newtonian jet with no surface tension and air drag, and it can be used to derive a higher order approximation to the flow field. Two new formulations have been derived for the eigenvalue problem for fiber spinning stability for negligible inertia and gravity.
Computerized Physician Order Entry in the Critical Care Environment: A Review of Current Literature

The implementation of health information technology (HIT) is accelerating, driven in part by a growing interest in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) as a tool for improving the quality and safety of patient care. Computerized physician order entry could have a substantial impact on patients in intensive care, where the potential for medical error is high, and the clinical workflow is complex. In 2009, only 17% of hospitals had functional CPOE systems in place. In intensive care unit (ICU) settings, CPOE has been shown to reduce the occurrence of some medication errors, but evidence of a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes remains limited. In some cases, new error types have arisen with the use of CPOE. Intensive care unit workflow and staff relationships have been affected by CPOE, often in unanticipated ways. The design of CPOE software has a strong impact on user acceptance. Intensive care unit-specific order sets lessen the cognitive workload associated with the use of CPOE and improve user acceptance. The diffusion of new technological innovations in the ICU can have unintended consequences, including changes in workflow, staff roles, and patient outcomes. When implementing CPOE in critical care areas, both organizational and technical factors should be considered. Further research is needed to inform the design and management of CPOE systems in the ICU and to better assess their impact on clinical end points, cost-effectiveness, and user satisfaction.
Seasonal Shifting in Diet of the Chinese Mantid, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae) as Revealed by Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes

ABSTRACT: Praying mantids are widely distributed apex predators within arthropod assemblages. To determine the variable ontogenetic impact of these predators, we measured the stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) in Chinese praying mantids Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure) and their dietary inputs throughout a growing season in both the laboratory and field. The δD of mantids raised in the laboratory was relative to the signatures of the prey they consumed, but δ18O values varied widely. Field-caught mantids exhibited a discernible seasonal trend in hydrogen enrichment and oxygen depletion. The δD values exhibit a steady increase throughout the subsequent instars, providing further support to the idea that instead of acting as frequency-dependent predators, mantids shift their diet throughout the season as they grow and mature. This work supports using hydrogen isotope analyses in food web studies and suggests that community impacts of generalist predators are strongly influenced by sea...
Stackable credentials and career/college pathways in culinary arts at Kingsborough Community College, CUNY

ABSTRACTDiscussions of workforce development emphasize stackable training, and assume linear advancement and alignment, through college and career paths. Stackable credentials have become a best practice for community colleges across the United States as they struggle to advance the college completion agenda and ensure that students graduate with the skills needed to find gainful employment. This study examined the concept of stackability in culinary arts at Kingsborough Community College in Brooklyn, New York. It compared employment and education opportunities for students enrolled in short-term training to those of students enrolled in an associate degree program. Its goal was to explore gaps between employer demand for trained workers and long-term investments in education. The study also aimed to suggest ways in which we can meaningfully support students in their pursuit of degrees, even as they seek employment in a high-growth sector for which education, experience, and job titles are often an imprec...
Geobacteraceae fam. nov.

Ge.o.bac.ter.a' ce.ae. M.L. masc. n. Geobacter type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Geobacteraceae the Geobacter family. Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Geobacteraceae Keywords: Geobacteraceae fam. nov.; Geobacter; Deltaproteobacteria class nov.; Desulfuromonales ord. nov
Case Study: Truth, Trust, and Team Play

Katie is a 47-year-old female who describes herself as very healthy. Katie’s only surgery was an elective breast augmentation performed when she was 38 years old. Her job as a breast cancer awareness specialist for her company has caused her to seek a baseline mammogram. Katie knows she has several risk factors for breast cancer. She started her menstrual cycle before the age of 12 and had her two children after she was 30. While 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary, Katie does not know her biological history because she was adopted. Katie’s breast implants make it more difficult to see breast tissue on standard mammograms, but additional x-ray views, called implant displacement views, can be used to examine her breast tissue more completely. Katie’s insurance company will not pay for these additional views. Her gynecologist informs Katie that the most common cause of hereditary breast cancer is an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. If Katie has inherited either gene her risk may be as high as 80% for developing breast cancer during her lifetime. After some deliberation, Katie’s gynecologist tells her insurance company that Katie has a family genetic history of breast cancer so that they will pay for the extended mammogram and expensive genetic testing that he believes Katie needs. However, the public health professional on Katie’s Breast Cancer Awareness team knows that Katie was adopted and that Katie has no known hereditary history of breast cancer. The woman wonders if she should confront Katie about her doctor’s decision. Furthermore, the gynecologist’s office nurse overheard the doctor’s conversation with the insurance company and was disturbed by his actions. She wonders what, if anything, she should do about it. In addition, she wonders if Katie’s view of her doctor’s trustworthiness would change even if his decision was based on Katie’s best interests. Was the gynecologist justified in his actions? Does team play sometimes require just keeping quiet and supporting your colleagues? Why or Why not?
Small Sample Behaviors of the Delete-d Cross Validation Statistic

Built upon an iterative process of resampling without replacement and out-of-sample prediction, the delete-d cross validation statistic CV(d) provides a robust estimate of forecast error variance. To compute CV(d), a dataset consisting of n observations of predictor and response values is systematically and repeatedly partitioned (split) into subsets of size n – d (used for model training) and d (used for model testing). Two aspects of CV(d) are explored in this paper. First, estimates for the unknown expected value E[CV(d)] are simulated in an OLS linear regression setting. Results suggest general formulas for E[CV(d)] dependent on σ2 (“true” model error variance), n – d (training set size), and p (number of predictors in the model). The conjectured E[CV(d)] formulas are connected back to theory and generalized. The formulas break down at the two largest allowable d values (d = n – p – 1 and d = n – p, the 1 and 0 degrees of freedom cases), and numerical instabilities are observed at these points. An explanation for this distinct behavior remains an open question. For the second analysis, simulation is used to demonstrate how the previously established asymptotic conditions {d/n → 1 and n – d → ∞ as n → ∞} required for optimal linear model selection using CV(d) for model ranking are manifested in the smallest sample setting, using either independent or correlated candidate predictors.