cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on multiscale, multiphase, and multiphysics issues in bituminous materials and pavements

AbstractThis special issue sets out to discuss various perspectives on multiscale, multiphase, and multiphysical issues in bituminous media (i.e. bituminous materials, mixtures, and pavements) by bringing together individual state-of-the-art approaches. It is meant to integrate theoretical, computational, and experimental methods along the above stated theme via significant efforts from relevant experts in our field. It is our eventual goal of this special issue to advance the current knowledge of bituminous materials/pavements with more fundamental aspects so as to improve our current practices in the materials selection, mixture design, structural design, and performance forecasting.
Identification of protein phosphatases 1 and 2B as ribosomal protein S6 phosphatases in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Protein phosphatases 1 and 2B from rabbit skeletal muscle were found to catalyze the dephosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in vitro. Phosphorylation of protein phosphatase-1 by the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, pp60v-src, abolished S6 dephosphorylation by the purified enzyme. Analysis of the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase a and phosphorylase kinase in Xenopus oocyte extracts and after microinjection indicated the presence of oocyte enzymes similar to protein phosphatases-1 and -2B. Studies with 32P-labeled 40 S ribosomal subunits suggested that these enzymes were functioning as S6 phosphatases in oocytes. These findings support the hypothesis that regulation of protein phosphatase activity may be involved in the increase in S6 phosphorylation observed after mitogenic stimulation.
Development Of A Proper Drying Region For West Texas Climate

United States peanuts are known throughout the world for their high quality. This quality is not solely due to farmers' performance, but as well due to performance of the shellers and manufacturers. Achieving quality, therefore, depends on cooperation and achieving high standards in each step. Peanut quality is a major concern in all phases of the peanut industry from production to manufacturing. Improper curing can significantly reduce quality, and result in significant losses to both farmers and peanut processors. Drying is a key step in post-harvest processing. The objective of this paper is to develop a proper drying region for west Texas climate.
Electron Microscopy of Herpes Simplex Virus III. Effect of Hydroxyurea

The effect of hydroxyurea on the development of herpes virus is mediated through its inhibitory action on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Concentrations of the drug that suppress the production of infectious virus cause typical developmental anomalies: failure in formation of the normally dense cores or “complete” viral particles, and either faulty or no envelopment of viral capsids by membranes. The synthesis of viral capsids and virus-stimulated nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes, however, is not interrupted. Combining these results with those of time sequence experiments, the following hypotheses can be presented regarding viral development. Protein synthesis, which is characterized by capsids enclosing cores of low density, precedes DNA synthesis, which is characterized by the appearance of dense cores. Capsids with dense cores are selectively transported to the cytoplasm. Envelopment generally takes place as capsids pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The process of envelopment is also selective, with the result that the majority of particles that have an envelope contain a full quota of DNA. Images
A Survey of Contemporary Research on Amazonian Languages

Amazonian languages have long confounded linguists. The languages represent a large number of linguistic families, including Tupi, Je, Carib and Arawak, and the languages exhibit a wide variety of typologically-remarkable structural characteristics. Since the inception of the European colonization of Amazonia over four hundred years ago, missionary linguists have attempted to document the languages of the region. It is only relatively recently, however, that a large number of linguists at academic institutions have undertaken in-depth field research in the region. The author examines the current state of Amazonian linguistics. The history of language research in the region is first outlined, though the majority of attention is devoted to surveying significant field research that has been undertaken in the last decade. Some recent studies on morphology, syntax, phonetics, and psycholinguistics are highlighted. The reader’s attention is drawn to trends, related to both the methodology and content of the research. Despite some possible areas for improvement, it is suggested that much of the recent work is of excellent quality, as evidenced by the fact that much of the research in question has drawn attention within linguistics and the cognitive sciences more generally.
Property rights and the soviet enterprise: Evidence from the law of contract

Abstract A law-and-economics framework is used to examine changes in enterprise rights with regard to the conclusion and modification of planned contracts since 1962. The buyer, but not the supplier, was granted the right to refuse to contract. This pattern is attributable to asymmetries in transaction costs under central planning. The apparent inflexibility of the law with regard to changes in demand reflects the influence of non-economic factors. Imposing liability on the supplier for nonperformance caused by plan changes has failed to mitigate plan instability. Changes emerging under Gorbachev's new enterprise law are examined against this background.
Tertiary compression creep of long-fiber composites : A model for fiber kinking and buckling

The uniaxial compression-creep behavior of unidirectionally reinforced continuous-fiber composite materials was investigated for the case where both the matrix and the fiber underwent plastic deformation by creep. The creep behavior of NiAl composites reinforced with 5 to 20 vol pct tungsten fibers was characterized at 1025 °C. The NiAl-W composites exhibited a three-stage creep behavior, with distinct primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. Microstructurally, tertiary creep was characterized by one of the following fiber-deformation mechanisms: brooming, bulging, buckling, or kinking. The composite tertiary creep is modeled by solving for global or local kink-band evolution, with composite deformation contributing, respectively, to fiber buckling or kinking. The model predicts (1) the critical strain for the onset of the tertiary stage to be most sensitive to the initial kink angles, while being relatively insensitive to the initial kink-band heights and (2) the critical strain to vary inversely with the volume fraction of fiber in the composite. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and experiments is obtained.
Golay and wavelet error control codes in VLSI

This paper presents a high speed VLSI implementation of wavelet and golay error control codes. The design has been fabricated by MOSIS in a TMSC 0.25 μm CMOS process. Experimental results show a maximum speed of 145 MHz and a data transfer rate of 870 Mb/sec.
Reevaluation of mortality risks from nasopharyngeal cancer in the formaldehyde cohort study of the National Cancer Institute.

Abstract Objective To determine whether the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) recent suggestion of a causal association between formaldehyde exposure and mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is robust with respect to alternative methods of data analysis and alternative categorizations of formaldehyde exposure. Methods The original authors provided the cohort data. We computed U.S. and local county (regional) rate-based standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and internal cohort rate-based relative risks (RR) by categories of four formaldehyde exposure metrics (highest peak, average intensity, cumulative, and duration of exposure), using both NCI categories and an alternative categorization based on tertiles of all NPC deaths among exposed subjects. We computed SMRs and RRs for each of 10 study plants and by plant group (Plant 1 (n = 4261) vs. Plants 2–10 ( n = 21,358)). Results Six of 10 NPC deaths observed in the NCI study occurred in only one plant (Plant 1) and the remaining four cases occurred individually in four of the other nine plants studied. A large, statistically significant, regional rate-based NPC SMR of 10.32 (95% CI = 3.79–22.47) among formaldehyde-exposed workers in Plant 1 contrasted sharply with a 35% deficit in NPC deaths (SMR = .65, 95% CI = .08–2.33) among exposed workers in Plants 2–10 combined. The statistically significant exposure–response relationship with formaldehyde and NPC reported in the NCI study for highest peak exposure was driven entirely by a large, statistically significant excess NPC risk in Plant 1 for the highest peak exposure category (4+ ppm). For the remaining nine plants, RRs for all non-baseline highest peak exposure categories were less than 1.0, and we observed no evidence of an exposure–response relationship. Most of the observed NPC excesses for the non-baseline categories of the other exposure metrics (average intensity, cumulative, and duration of formaldehyde exposure) were concentrated in Plant 1, and by contrast to the NCI findings, none of the corresponding exposure–response relationships was statistically significant. Conclusions Overall, our reanalysis provided little evidence to support NCI’s suggestion of a causal association between formaldehyde exposure and mortality from NPC. NCI’s conclusion of a possible causal association was driven heavily by anomalous findings in one study plant (Plant 1). An independent and larger study of Plant 1 by the current authors concluded the NPC excess was not associated with formaldehyde exposure. Our findings cast considerable additional uncertainty regarding the validity of NCI’s suggested causal association.
Interaction between the gene daughterless and X-chromosome heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster

Interaction between the chromosome 2 gene ‘daughterless’ (da) and X-chromosome heterochromatin was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster. An interaction was found between da and ‘bobbed’ (bb), a locus within the heterochromatin which codes for rRNA. Similarly, there was an interaction between da and Base, an inverted X chromosome which exhibits position-effect suppression of some rRNA cistrons. These data support the hypothesis of a regulatory role for da over a portion of the X heterochromatin. The total RNA content of eggs produced by t/da and da/da females was also measured. No significant quantitative difference was found.
Getting the label in: practical research strategies for tracing dietary fat

The observation that events occurring after consumption of a meal can directly affect metabolic risk has been gaining interest over the past 40 years. As a result, the desire for investigators to conduct postprandial studies has also increased. Study design decisions pertaining to the choice of meal quantity and composition are more difficult than may be readily apparent, and there is now ample evidence available in the literature to suggest that what is fed on the test day significantly affects postprandial metabolism and can therefore influence interpretation of results. In addition, events occurring before the testing day (food intake and activities) can also have an impact on the observed postprandial response. The goal of this review is to present aspects of study design critical to the investigation of postprandial metabolism. These details include subject preparation, meal quantity, form and composition, as well as sampling protocols for measuring metabolites. Key factors and practical examples are provided to minimize the impact of nonresearch variables on subject variability. Finally, aspects related to using stable isotope tracers to measure metabolism of meal fat are discussed, including choice of tracer form, dose and delivery in food. Given that fed-state events contribute significantly to chronic disease risk, improved methods to study the absorption and disposal of food energy will support the development of strategies designed to prevent and treat diseases associated with overconsumption of nutrients.
An evaluation of the mechanism of penicillin resistance in vivo.

Summary The in vivo mechanism of penicillin resistance was studied by the use of 2,6 dimethoxyphenyl penicillin. Despite its apparent impunity to staphylopenicillinase 2,6 dimethoxyphenyl penicillin is not as effective against a penicillin resistant staphylococcal infection as penicillin G is against a penicillin susceptible infection. Thus the mechanism of penicillin resistance is more complex than the mere presence of penicillinase in the enzyme substrate system. Dimethoxyphenyl penicillin is only moderately effective in the experimental model as compared to other antimicrobial agents. The use of hydrocortisone concomitantly interferes moderately with the effectiveness of dimethoxyphenyl penicillin.
Some observations on the role of behavior in poultry production and future research needs

This review includes consideration of sexual behaviour of the domestic fowl in field observations.
Measuring Changes in Emotion During Psychotherapy: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

A selective review of measures that can be used to assess various aspects of emotional responding during the course of psychotherapy is provided. We pay special attention to measures that index emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, and emotional awareness across self-report, observer-based, and psychophysiological methods. The review concludes with considerations that should be taken into account when selecting emotion measure(s) for use in psychotherapy research and practice. These considerations include having a clear working definition of emotion, reliability issues that arise when measures reflect a state-dependent construct (e.g., emotional experience), and the potential need to assess more than one component of emotional responding.
Complexometric titrations of protein-bound metal ions: A method for determining binding constants

A method for quantifying the affinity of proteins for specific metal ions has been developed. Both the stoichiometry and the binding constants of the protein-bound metal ion can be determined by titrating protein-bound metal ions with complexometric reagents and observing electrochemically the change in free metal ion concentration. The technique is limited to cases where the affinity of the macromolecule for the metal ion is less than or similar to the affinity of the complexometric reagent for the metal ion. The method has been employed successfully in the study of both Cu(II) and Ag(I) binding to the apoprotein of bovine cuprozinc superoxide dismutase.
Surveillance of occupational health disparities: challenges and opportunities.

Increasingly, the occupational health community is turning its attention to the effects of work on previously underserved populations, and researchers have identified many examples of disparities in occupational health outcomes. However, the occupational health status of some underserved worker populations is not described due to limitations in existing surveillance systems. As such, the occupational health community has identified the need to enhance and improve occupational health surveillance to describe the nature and extent of disparities in occupational illnesses and injuries (including fatalities), identify priorities for research and intervention, and evaluate trends. This report summarizes the data sources and methods discussed at an April 2008 workshop organized by NIOSH on the topic of improving surveillance for occupational health disparities. We discuss the capability of existing occupational health surveillance systems to document occupational health disparities and to provide surveillance data on minority and other underserved communities. Use of administrative data, secondary data analysis, and the development of targeted surveillance systems for occupational health surveillance are also discussed. Identifying and reducing occupational health disparities is one of NIOSH's priority areas under the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA). Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:84–94 2010. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prediction of Impact Force and Duration Due to Low-Velocity Impact on Circular Composite Laminates

Two simple and improved models--energy-balance and spring-mass--were developed to calculate impact force and duration during low velocity impact of circular composite plates. Both models include the contact deformation of the plate and the impactor as well as bending, transverse shear, and membrane deformations of the plate. The plate was transversely isotropic graphite/epoxy composite laminate and the impactor was a steel sphere. Calculated impact forces from the two analyses agreed with each other. The analyses were verified by comparing the results with reported test data.
Sex-role identity and male and female homosexuality

The incidences of sex-role outcome within homosexual and heterosexual male and female young adult samples were compared using a fourfold typology (both masculine and feminine, masculine, feminine, neither masculine nor feminine). Sex-role identity disparities between the female groups were more clear-cut; the most striking difference was the high incidence of masculinity (60%) within the homosexual female group. No significant differences for males were found, although a trend was noted toward higher incidence of femininity and lower incidence of masculinity in homosexuals. The second purpose of the study was to search for possible developmental antecedents to heterosexual deficit in unselected college samples. The same key pattern of psychometric indices was identified for males and females. Low heterosexuality and the closest approximation to the modal sex-role identity among homosexuals of their sex were found in females primarily identified with masculine fathers and low in role consistency and in males primarily identified with feminine mothers and low in role consistency.
The removal of nitric acid to atmospheric particles during a wintertime field study

Abstract A field was conducted in Warren, MI, during the 1987/88 winter period to examined the reaction of HNO3 with particulate salt from road deicing. Samples of gases and particles were collected on a daily basis over a 4-month period. If HNO3 reacts with particulate salt, particles of sodium nitrate will be formed and gaseous hydrochloric acid will be released. Thus, during the periods of high salt concentrations, one would expect increases in HCl and particulate NO3− and a decrease in HNO3. The effect was observed, although the total amount of NaNO3 formed was not large. The increase in particulate NO3− did not appear in the large particle mode. Although more than 40% of the salt was present as very large particles (> 8 μm), most of the surface area was associated with small particles. Since the reaction occurred at the particle surface, the NO3− appeared in the small particle mode. Large-particle nitrate has been observed in association with sea salt and crustal particles and has also been attributed to reactions with HNO3. These cases will be reconsidered based on the road salt results.
Environmental Geology and Petroleum Geology: Problem Solving at the Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot, Kentucky

Abstract Use of gas chromatography (GC) as a tool for characterizing source rocks and understanding hydrocarbon migration and emplacement is well established in petroleum geology. Petroleum geologists experienced in GC and source-rock characterization, and in other concepts such as structural and stratigraphic trapping, reservoir compartmentalization, emplacement theory, sequence stratigraphy, and diagenesis, can establish themselves as key team players in environmental investigations, especially those involving hydrocarbons. Environmental professionals lacking petroleum geology backgrounds can possibly bias field sampling and analysis of hydrocarbons because they may not consider natural hydrocarbon charging at sites. This problem was recognized recently at the Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot in Kentucky, where the occurrence of hydrocarbons upgradient from underground storage tanks initially was not adequately deciphered. The nearly 3.25-km2 (800-acre) site, situated near the crest of the Cincinnati Arch, is located on the Middle to Late Ordovician Lexington Limestone. This shaly limestone displays epikarst features and contains two contaminated aquifers traditionally subdivided as the Tanglewood Member (upper aquifer) and the Grier Member (lower aquifer). Original remediation plans included pump and treat, based on the belief that hydrocarbons were anthropogenic. Expensive remedial efforts, however, are being avoided because it has been suggested that a significant portion of the site may be “contaminated” by natural sources. Site re-evaluation should consider (1) retention times required to detect natural hydrocarbons versus refined product; (2) regional structural position of the site; (3) sequence stratigraphic concepts; (4) chemical variations in formation waters versus compartmentalization of aquifers; and (5) expected characteristic GC signatures associated with source rocks in adjacent basins.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Inversely Regulates Atrophy-induced Genes via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) Pathway

Skeletal muscle size is regulated by anabolic (hypertrophic) and catabolic (atrophic) processes. We first characterized molecular markers of both hypertrophy and atrophy and identified a small subset of genes that are inversely regulated in these two settings (e.g. up-regulated by an inducer of hypertrophy, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and down-regulated by a mediator of atrophy, dexamethasone). The genes identified as being inversely regulated by atrophy, as opposed to hypertrophy, include the E3 ubiquitin ligase MAFbx (also known as atrogin-1). We next sought to investigate the mechanism by which IGF-1 inversely regulates these markers, and found that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway, which we had previously characterized as being critical for hypertrophy, is also required to be active in order for IGF-1-mediated transcriptional changes to occur. We had recently demonstrated that the IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway can block dexamethasone-induced up-regulation of the atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx by blocking nuclear translocation of a FOXO transcription factor. In the current study we demonstrate that an additional step of IGF1 transcriptional regulation occurs downstream of mTOR, which is independent of FOXO. Thus both the Akt/FOXO and the Akt/mTOR pathways are required for the transcriptional changes induced by IGF-1.
Low Frequency Electrical Properties of Corroded Iron Barrier Cores

We investigated the electrical signatures of iron corrosion and mineral precipitation in angle cores from an Fe0 barrier installation in operation for eight years. The real and imaginary parts of the complex electrical conductivity measured between 0.1 and 1000 Hz were 2−10 times higher (varying between cores) in the reacted zone at the upgradient edge of the barrier relative to less altered locations inside the barrier. Scanning electron microscopy identified iron surface alteration with the thickest corrosion rinds closest to the upgradient soil/iron interface. Surface area of iron minerals was also greatest at the upgradient interface, gradually decreasing into the cores. X-ray diffractometry identified precipitation of iron oxide/hydroxide, carbonate minerals, iron sulfide, as well as green rusts, with mineral complexity decreasing away from the interface. The electrical measurements correlate very well with the solid-phase analyses, and they verify that electrical methods could be used to assess or m...
Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices

Rising food prices, resulting from the ongoing global economic crisis, fuel price volatility, and climate change, have an adverse impact upon the poor, especially those in food-importing, resource-limited countries. The conventional approach by large organizations has been to advocate for increased staple crop yields of mainly cereals. High food prices are predicted to continue to at least 2015. Past shocks and their known impacts upon nutrition were reviewed. Price instability and increases have long been an existing global problem, which has been exacerbated by recent macroeconomic shocks such as acute emergencies due to war and civil strife, acute climatic events, increase in food prices, fuel price volatility, dysfunction of the global financial systems, long-term climate change, and the emergence of failed states. The FAO estimated that there were 815 million "hungry" people in 2006, with a now additional 75-135 million with increased vulnerability, and currently it is estimated that there are one billion people at risk of food insecurity. The shocks initially compromise maternal and child nutrition, mainly through a reduction in dietary quality and an increase in micronutrient deficiencies and concomitant increases in infectious disease morbidity and mortality. A further reduction in the quantity of diet may follow with greater underweight and wasting. Recent macroeconomic shocks have greatly increased the number of people who are vulnerable to hunger in developing countries. Nutritional surveillance systems need to be strengthened and expanded to inform policy decisions.
Tat protein of HIV-1 stimulates growth of cells derived from Kaposi's sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is frequently associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Supernatants from HIV-1-infected T cells carrying the CD4 antigen promote the growth of cells derived from KS lesions of AIDS patients (AIDS-KS cells), and the HIV-1 tat gene, introduced into the germ line of mice, induces skin lesions closely resembling KS. Here we report that the tat gene product (Tat) is released from both HIV-1-acutely infected H9 cells and tat-transfected COS-1 cells. These Tat-containing supernatants specifically promote growth of AIDS-KS cells which are inhibited by anti-Tat antibodies; recombinant Tat has the same growth-promoting properties. Therefore a viral regulatory gene product can be released as a biologically active protein and directly act as a growth stimulator. These and previous data indicate that extracellular Tat could be involved in the development or progression, or both, of KS in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Functional Medicine: The Missing Link in Addictionology

“There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all arguments and which cannot fail to keep a [person] in everlasting ignorance—that principle is contempt prior to investigation.” — Herbert Spencer (Alcoholics Anonymous, 1976)
Application of infinite slope analysis to subaqueous sediment instability, Mississippi delta

Abstract Submarine landslides are described on very low angle slopes (0.5°–1.7°) in the Mississippi prodelta area and are evaluated using infinite slope analysis. For instability to occur, pore water pressure ratios in excess of hydrostatic (u/γ w z) and approaching geostatic (u/γ′z) are needed. These calculated values, based on three sets of effective strength parameters and for two sediment depths to failure, are in close agreement with measured pore water pressure data from in situ piezometers. Ratios of (u/γ′z) as large as 0.986 have been monitored. Mud vents are also indicative of large internal pressures within the sediments, generated by rapid sedimentation, wave perturbation, and biogenic methane. The analysis suggests that the reduction in effective stress may be sufficient to cause failure by gravitational stresses alone.
Characterization of Thyroid Hormone Receptor α (TRα)-Specific Analogs with Varying Inner- and Outer-Ring Substituents

Analogs of the TRalpha-specific thyromimetic CO23 were synthesized and analyzed in vitro using competitive binding and transactivation assays. Like CO23, all analogs bind to both thyroid hormone receptor subtypes with about the same affinity; however, modification of CO23 by derivatization of the 3' position of the outer-ring or replacement of the inner-ring iodides with bromides attenuates binding. Despite lacking a preference in binding to TRalpha, all analogs display TRalpha-specificity in transactivation assays using U2OS and HeLa cells. At best, several agonists exhibit an approximately 6-12-fold preference in transactivation when tested with TRalpha in HeLa cells. One analog, CO24, showed in vivo TRalpha-specific action in a tadpole metamorphosis assay.
Origin and configuration of the oxidized zone in Tertiary formations, Death Valley region, California

A pronounced oxidized zone is characteristic of the sedimentary members of the Tertiary Artist Drive and Furnace Creek Formations on the east-central flank of Death Valley, California. Light-colored rocks of the deformed formations represent an oxidized zone in initially dark-colored rocks that originated in the reducing environment of a perennial lake. Oxidation of iron accounts for the color change. The interface between oxidized and unoxidized rocks is generally 50 to 150 ft (15 to 46 m) below the ground surface and is sharply defined as a planar, subdued replica of the surface topography. The well-developed interface may be the result of simple downward-progressing weathering; however, evidence suggests that it may be the vestige of a “paleo-water table” except where locally modified by oxidizing meteoric waters, erosion, and tectonic activity.
Next generation of Deep Trench Isolation for Smart Power technologies with 120 V high-voltage devices

A new Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) structure with high-voltage capability (BV > 150 V) and latch-up suppression (log(I c /I e ) < -2 in adjacent pockets) is experimentally demonstrated in this work. The new DTI is implemented in a Nepi/BLN/N - /P + Silicon stack by using a 0.18 μm CMOS-based platform. Moreover the advantages and design limitations of the new DTI are investigated by TCAD simulations and analytical models, being compared to its DTI predecessor in a Nepi/BLN/P-/P' stack.
Viable Micro-organisms in a Fifty-Year-Old Yeast Preparation in Antarctica

DURING the course of our recent investigations of the microbiota of air and soil in Antarctica, a food cache which was partially covered by a snow embankment was found at Cape Evans, Ross Island. The cache was left at this base camp by Captain Robert Falcon Scott of the British Royal Navy prior to his ill-fated expedition to the South Pole in 1911, and consisted of various types of tinned foods together with a glass container of granular, dehydrated bakers' yeast (1 lb. capacity).
Crystaline effects in single crystal and highly textured TiNxfilms

The results of a study of AES spectra obtained from single crystal and highly textured fine grained TiNx films are presented. The existence of specimen crystallinity effects is demonstrated particularly in the single crystal samples. These can be large enough to affect quantitative analysis. Unexpected changes in the spectra were also found on changing the incident angle of the ion beam.
Cracking, mixing, and geochemical correlation of crude oils, North Slope, Alaska

Forty-one crude oil samples from the North Slope of Alaska have variable diamondoid and biomarker concentrations, indicating different extents of oil cracking. Some of the samples are mixtures of high- and low-maturity components containing high concentrations of both diamondoids and biomarkers. Compound-specific isotope analysis of diamondoids (CSIAD) shows that the Shublik Formation accounts for the higher maturity component in several mixed oil samples, whereas biomarkers, especially those providing information on the age of the source rock, show either a Cretaceous Hue-gamma ray zone (GRZ) or Triassic Shublik source for the lower maturity component. Oil samples in this study mainly correlate to six source rocks based on their biomarker characteristics and CSIAD. Chemometrics of selected source-related biomarker and isotope ratios helps to classify the oil samples into different genetic families. The source rocks include carbonate and shale organofacies of the Triassic Shublik Formation, Jurassic Kingak Shale, Lower Cretaceous Pebble shale, Lower Cretaceous Hue-GRZ, and Cenozoic Canning Formation. Oil presumed to originate from a seventh source rock interval, the Carboniferous–Permian Lisburne Group, was not clearly differentiated from well-established Shublik oil by any geochemical age-related parameter or CSIAD, which suggests that the Lisburne is not an effective source rock for any of the studied oil samples. Four oil samples collected from wells located north of the Barrow arch show unique biomarker characteristics, but age-related biomarker parameters indicate likely Triassic source rock organofacies that is not represented by any of the samples from south of the arch. The source rock for these four oil samples appears to be a clay-rich equivalent of the calcareous Shublik Formation that occurs to the north of the Barrow arch.
Synthesis of DL-tyroslne-2′-t and tyramine-2′-t

Lithiation of 4-benzyloxy-2-bromotoluene and subsequent quenching of the lithiated product affords 4-benzyloxytoluene-2-t which is oxidized directly to 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde-2-t with ceric ammonium nitrate. Transformation of the aldehyde 6 by standard procedures affords DL-tyrosine-2′-t and tyramine-2′-t.
Genomic structure and novel variants of myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2).

Recently, we cloned the human myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2) cDNA and established its map location to chromosome 18p11.2, a region previously implicated in bipolar disorder. Because the myo-inositol monophosphatase enzyme has been shown to be inhibited by lithium, an effective therapeutic agent for bipolar disorder, IMPA2 is a plausible positional and functional candidate gene. To permit comprehensive screening for variants we characterized the genomic structure and isolated the potential promoter of IMPA2. The gene was found to encode eight exons spanning ˜27 kb. The proximal 1-kb 5′ flanking region did not contain an obvious TATA box but multiple potential binding sites for Sp1 and consensus motifs for AP2 and other transcription factors were evident. Sequencing of the coding region and splice junctions in unrelated bipolar disorder patients detected novel variants. A missense mutation in exon 2, His76Tyr, was found in one patient. His76 is evolutionarily conserved and replacement with Tyr introduces a potential site for phosphorylation. The other polymorphisms included an Rsai polymorphism, ivs1-15g>A, and a T → C silent mutation in the third nucleotide of codon 53 in exon 2. By Fisher's exact test the silent mutation showed a trend for association (P = 0.051) with bipolar disorder suggesting that further scrutiny of this gene is warranted.
Robust gate sizing by Uncertainty Second Order Cone

The accuracy of estimation of gate sizing variations becomes a dominant factor in automation design of transistor gate sizing. This paper proposes a new Uncertainty Second Order Cone (USOC) estimation model, which is applied to optimize the gate sizes considering random parameters variations and circuit uncertainties. Different from present researcher's favorite Uncertainty Ellipsoid (UE) method of random variation estimation, USOC model imposes no requirement on parameter correlations and no prerequisite on their distributions. This important advantage extends USOC model to more general applications with more accuracy. With parameter variations characterized in USOC representation, the robust gate sizing problem can be conveniently formulated into a standard Geometric Program (GP), which can be efficiently solved by convex optimization techniques. Experimental results on ISCAS benchmark circuit show that the new estimation model improves the accuracy of gate sizing problem by up to 21% compared with UE method.
Imaging with Sub-38nm Spatial Resolution Using a Tabletop 13nm Wavelength Laser

Images with sub-38nm spatial resolution were obtained with a tabletop microscope based on a high repetition rate tabletop 13nm wavelength laser and zone-plate optics.
Lesquerella is united with Physaria (Brassicaceae)

Lesquerella (Brassicaceae) is united with the earlier-published Physaria following an unsuccessful attempt to conserve the more speciose Lesquerella. Molecular, morphological, distributional, and ecological data strongly support the union of the two genera. Ninety-one names in Lesquerella, including 75 at the specific rank, are transferred to Physaria. The new names R nelsonii and P reediana are proposed to avoid the creation of later homonyms in Physaria.
The seismic sand curve revisited

A sand curve described 25 years ago has been in continuous use by Saudi Aramco for seismic data processing in dune areas of the Rub Al-Khali. Refraction field methods behind this sand curve have many potential uncertainties. Recent laboratory data on dry sand similar to that in Saudi Arabia allows the calculation of a new sand curve for comparison. The result is a remarkable level of agreement based on two very different kinds of measurement, giving added confidence and refinement to the venerable sand curve.
Composition of Atriplex hortensis, Sweet and Bitter Chenopodium quinoa Seeds

Composition and amino acid profiles of seeds from garden orach (A triplex hortensis) and sweet quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ‘Surumi’) were compared with bitter quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Protein content was 14.8 and 15.7% for sweet and bitter quinoa, respectively. Garden orach seeds had a protein content of 25.7%, similar to that found in legumes. Fat and ash contents were similar for all three samples (5.3 to 6.2% fat; 2.6 to 3.2% ash). Amino acid profiles showed a balanced content of essential amino acids for all three samples when compared with reference patterns from the World Health Organization. Garden orach and quinoa seed proteins contained higher lysine contents compared with cereals.
Abstract 3997: Nanoproteomic analysis of extracellular receptor kinase-1/2 post-translational activation in microdissected human hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Oncogenic activation resulting in hyperproliferative lesions within the colonic mucosa has been identified in putative precancerous lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF). KRAS (codons 12 and 13) and BRAFV600E mutation status was determined in 172 ACF identified in colorectum of screening subjects by in situ high-definition, magnifying chromoendoscopy. Lesions were stratified according to histology: serrated hyperplastic versus distended (non-serrated) hyperplastic. Due to their limiting size, however, it was not technically feasible to examine downstream signaling consequences of these oncogenic mutations. We have combined ultraviolet-infrared (UV/IR) micro-dissection with an ultra-sensitive nanofluidic proteomic immunoassay (NIA) to enable accurate quantification of post-translational modifications to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in total protein lysates isolated from hyperproliferative crypts and adjacent normal mucosa. Using this approach, levels of singly and dually (activated) phosphorylated isoforms of extracellular receptor kinase(ERK)-1 and -2 were quantified in samples containing as little as 16-ng of total protein recovered from <200 colon epithelial cells. ERK activation is responsible for the observed hyperplasia found in these early lesions, but its activation state is not directly dependent on KRAS and/or BRAF mutation status. This study describes the novel use of a sensitive nanofluidic platform to measure oncogene-driven proteomic changes in diminutive lesions procured at the time of endoscopy and highlights the advantage of this approach over classical immunohistochemistry-based analyses. Citation Format: David A. Drew, Thomas Devers, Nicole Horelik, Shi Yang, Michael O'Brien, Rong Wu, Daniel W. Rosenberg. Nanoproteomic analysis of extracellular receptor kinase-1/2 post-translational activation in microdissected human hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3997. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3997
Semimetallic InAs/Ga1-xInxSb superlattices with HgTe/CdTe-like band structures.

We demonstrate that, by enhancing the E1-H1 wave-function overlap to maximize the interband interactions in semimetallic InAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$Sb superlattices with thin ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$Sb layers, one can induce a band structure which is strikingly similar to that for semimetallic HgTe/CdTe superlattices. The indirect semimetallic alignment which results from a holelike dispersion of E1 and electronlike dispersion of H1 leads to the possibility of observing a wide range of phenomena such as mass broadening, double cyclotron resonance, a second semiconducting regime at large well thicknesses, and the magnetic generation of electron-hole plasmas above a critical field. Recent experimental data indicating the coexistence of multiple electron species in a semimetallic InAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$Sb superlattice are readily interpreted in terms of the predicted arrangement of the bands.
An analytical method for predicting the performance of semi-enclosed fuses

An analysis has been made and a design procedure established for fuses other than those using round wire and with, or without, a restricted cross-section for part of the fuse length. Fuses of restricted section are, however, the major interest since they may be used to give different current/time characteristics by varying their dimensions. These different characteristics may be predicted accurately by the method indicated in the paper. In all the cases of semi-enclosed tin-strip fuses investigated in this way very close agreement between predicted and experimental results has been obtained.
How visual illusions illuminate complementary brain processes: illusory depth from brightness and apparent motion of illusory contours.

Neural models of perception clarify how visual illusions arise from adaptive neural processes. Illusions also provide important insights into how adaptive neural processes work. This article focuses on two illusions that illustrate a fundamental property of global brain organization; namely, that advanced brains are organized into parallel cortical processing streams with computationally complementary properties. That is, in order to process certain combinations of properties, each cortical stream cannot process complementary properties. Interactions between these streams, across multiple processing stages, overcome their complementary deficiencies to compute effective representations of the world, and to thereby achieve the property of complementary consistency. The two illusions concern how illusory depth can vary with brightness, and how apparent motion of illusory contours can occur. Illusory depth from brightness arises from the complementary properties of boundary and surface processes, notably boundary completion and surface-filling in, within the parvocellular form processing cortical stream. This illusion depends upon how surface contour signals from the V2 thin stripes to the V2 interstripes ensure complementary consistency of a unified boundary/surface percept. Apparent motion of illusory contours arises from the complementary computations of form and motion processing across the parvocellular and magnocellular cortical processing streams. This illusion depends upon how illusory contours help to complete boundary representations for object recognition, how apparent motion signals can help to form continuous trajectories for target tracking and prediction, and how formotion interactions from V2-to-MT enable completed object representations to be continuously tracked even when they move behind intermittently occluding objects through time.
ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' PERCEPTUAL STYLES AND THEIR USE OF MULTIMEDIA "

The relationships between students' perceptual styles (field independence-dependence-neutral) and the students' preferences for visual images as well as written text and narrative sound within a multimedia lesson have been studied. Of particular importance was the students' study time (minutes) among three media. 70 students of historic costume completed the Group Embedded Figures Test and a multimedia lesson distinguishing costumes of 1875, 1880, and 1885. Significantly more time was spent studying both visual images and written text than in listening to narrative sound; however, visual images were selected significantly more often than text or sound, in that order. Subjects chose and studied detailed fashion illustrations significantly more than the simplified line drawings and significantly increased their knowledge about costumes of 1875 to 1885. No association of students' perceptual style with any assessment procedure was noted.
Ability of intracamerally inoculated B- and T-cell enriched allogeneic lymphocytes to enhance corneal allograft survival.

Injection of an antigen into the anterior chamber induces an immune response in which antibody production is normal while delayed hypersensitivity reactivity is depressed. Several antigens have been used to induce this response which has been termed anterior chamber associated immune deviation. We have demonstrated that allogeneic lymphocytes injected into the anterior chamber of Lewis rats increase the success rate of subsequent corneal grafts derived from the lymphocyte donor strain. To begin understanding the antigenic requirements of this phenomenon, Wistar/Furth lymphocytes were partially purified into B- and T-cell populations by panning on anti-immunoglobulin coated petri-dishes. These enriched populations were injected separately into the anterior chamber of Lewis rats. Two weeks later these Lewis rats received a full-thickness corneal graft derived from Wistar/Furth donors. Grafts were scored for opacity and neovascularization over the subsequent 8–10 weeks. In control animals injected with balanced salt solution, 20% of the grafts cleared sufficiently to be judged successful. Grafts placed on rats injected with unseparated splenic lymphocytes were judged successful in 75% of the cases. Comparable percentages for grafts on animals injected with B-cell enriched and T-cell enriched populations were 85 and 50 respectively. These results suggest that B cells, which express both class I and class II major histocompatibility antigens are more efficient at inducing anterior chamber associated immune deviation than are T cells, the majority of which express only class I major histocompatibility antigens.
The computer-aided holophotoelastic method

The computer-aided holophotoelastic method (CAHPM) is presented and validated. With it complete experimental stress analyses of transparent structures subjected to two-dimensional states of stress can be conducted based solely on experimental data without resort to either a hybrid, iterative, or other numerical procedure. The stress analysis is determined from photoelastic and holographic data, i.e., isochromatic, isoclinic, and absolute retardation results. The experimental setup and procedures are discussed and the algorithms used for the data reduction are also presented. The method is validated using a disk in diametral loading.