cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exile and Aesthetic Distance: Geographical Influences on Political Commitment in the Works of Peter Abrahams

In Return to Goli (1953), an autobiographical account of his first visit to his native land after fourteen years spent in voluntary exile, Peter Abrahams wrote: "In 1939 I had signed on a ship as stoker and left South Africa. I had come away charged with bitterness against the whites of that land in particular and all whites in general. Life there had allowed me no self-respect, no dignity . . . The need to be psychologically free of the colour bar had, over the years, grown into a kind of obsession . . . I had escaped and reached England at the end of 1941 after two years at sea . . . England had been kind to me . . . [But] I am [still] a child of the plural societies." At the time he made this statement, Abrahams, though only thirtyfour years old, had already earned an international reputation as a writer, having published a volume of short stories and four novels since his arrival in England. All these works—Dark Testament (1942), Songofthe City (1945), Mine Boy (1946), The Path of Thunder (1948), and Wild Conquest (1950)—focused entirely on problems in South Africa. Not one dealt with experiences elsewhere in the world, even though Abrahams by the end of the Second World War had lived most of his adult life abroad. England may have been his adopted haven, the place where he felt free enough emotionally to pursue his ambition to write, but South Africa remained his true home, dominating his imagination and channelling his creative energy toward expressions of protest in fiction. Geographically he was in exile, but spiritually he was still a child of his motherland, a sad, moody, sentimental lad lost in homesick reveries.
Detection and Imaging of He2 Molecules in Superfluid Helium

We present data that show a cycling transition can be used to detect and image metastable He2 triplet molecules in superfluid helium. We demonstrate that limitations on the cycling efficiency due to the vibrational structure of the molecule can be mitigated by the use of repumping lasers. Images of the molecules obtained using the method are also shown. This technique gives rise to a new kind of ionizing radiation detector. The use of He2 triplet molecules as tracer particles in the superfluid promises to be a powerful tool for visualization of both quantum and classical turbulence in liquid helium.
Drebbel's Living Instruments, Hartmann's Microcosm, and Libavius's Thelesmos: Epistemic Machines before Descartes:

Historians of science long ago ousted a once-assumed mechanization of the world picture from its privileged place as an abrupt shift in the Scientific Revolution. On the one hand, Simon Schaffer has pointed out the continuation of non-mechanical entities in the Royal Society, and on the other, Daniel Garber has pointed out how Cartesian mechanics was not incommensurable with its predecessors. If there was no sudden flicking of a ‘gestalt switch’ between vital and mechanized worlds, then the trading zone between them, if any existed, ought to become a key area of research. As it happens, in the early seventeenth century there was extreme excitement surrounding the area intervening precisely between vitalism and mechanism — vital machines — and in particular the inventions and related natural philosophy of the alchemist, inventor, and machine-based but non-mechanical philosopher Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633). Drebbel’s natural philosophy has never been fully analysed by a modern historian despite its impressive early modern reception. His texts appeared in twenty-seven early modern editions in Dutch, German, Latin, and French, and were read, taught, cited, and plagiarized across Europe. This is the story of Drebbel and his readers. It is also the story of how a paradigm shift did not come about suddenly through incommensurability, but was constructed gradually through purposeful re-interpretation. This shift says as much about what was known as who was allowed to know. Daniel Garber has argued that the ‘arational’ argumentation observed during moments of Kuhnian shifts are not due to incommensurability but are “a kind of proxy for a deeper social struggle”. I would like to suggest that the social struggle here is not only between such classic opponents as academic Aristotelians and the heterodox Descartes, but between Descartes and his competing heterodox artisanal philosophers. Threats faced mechanical philosophers not only from mechanicks, who had privileged knowledge of the machines now seen as the basic components of the universe, but from chemical philosophers, who had never distinguished between artificial and natural objects, and who had long prized the role of art and technology in philosophy. The recent introduction of alchemy to the academy had elevated the authority of chemical knowledge for a wide philosophical audience. Although the alchemical work of practising alchemists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton has now received attention, alchemy still often appears irrelevant to the historiography of non-alchemical concerns such as mechanics and the mechanical philosophy. Such irrelevance is an artifact of a purposeful re-interpretation, which was every
Chemical modification of isoflavones in soyfoods during cooking and processing

The principal chemical forms of isoflavones in soybean are their 6''-O-malonyl-beta-glucoside (6OMalGlc) conjugates. Experiments were carried out to determine the best conditions for extraction of isoflavones from soyfoods and the effects of commercial processing procedures and of cooking on isoflavone concentrations and composition. Hot alcohol extraction of ground soybeans deesterified 6OMalGlc conjugates. Although room temperature extraction slowed the conversion, extraction at 4 degrees C for 2-4 h led to the highest yield of 6OMalGlc conjugates and the lowest proportion of beta-glucoside conjugates. Analysis of soyfood products by reversed-phase HPLC-mass spectrometry revealed that defatted soy flour that had not been heat treated consisted mostly of 6OMalGlc conjugates; in contrast, toasted soy flour contained large amounts of 6''-O-acetyl-beta-glucoside conjugates, formed by heat-induced decarboxylation of the malonate group to acetate. Soymilk and tofu consisted almost entirely of beta-glucoside conjugates; low-fat versions of these products were markedly depleted in isoflavones. Alcohol-washed soy-protein concentrates contained few isoflavones. Isolated soy protein and textured vegetable protein consisted of a mixture of all 3 types of isoflavone conjugates. Baking or frying of textured vegetable protein at 190 degrees C and baking of soy flour in cookies did not alter total isoflavone content, but there was a steady increase in beta-glucoside conjugates at the expense of 6OMalGlc conjugates. The chemical form of isoflavones in foods should be taken into consideration when evaluating their availability for absorption from the diet.
Use of diffusion weighted MRI to predict the occurrence and severity of hemorrhagic transformation in a rabbit model of embolic stroke

Severe hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is an important complication of thrombolytic therapy. A method to identify stroke victims destined to severe HT could improve the patient selection and thus the safety of such treatment. In this study, we investigated whether very early serial diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) could predict the occurrence of HT in an embolic model of experimental stroke. We tested the hypothesis that the ischemic brains with very low initial apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) are destined to severe early (<or=5.5 h) HT. We retrospectively analyzed DWI scans of 45 New Zealand white rabbits subjected to thromboembolic stroke and treated with thrombolysis. DWI was obtained 0.5, 2, 3 and 5 h after embolization. Various thrombolytics were administered 1 h post embolization. The percentage of pixels within the ischemic hemisphere with ADC values below 550 x 10(-6) mm(2)/s was calculated and then compared to the severity of HT observed on gross brain sections at 5.5 h. As early as 30 min after embolization, ischemic brains destined to severe HT exhibited a significantly greater percentage of pixels below the cut-off value compared to those without HT: severe HT: 25%, 18.75-37.25% vs. no HT: 12%, 5.00-16.00% (median, 25th-75th %, P<0.001). Petechial HT when percentages were in the intermediate range. Quantitative analysis of initial ADC value might identify individual stroke patients at risk of severe HT.
Meson-baryon mass splittings and resonance multiplets inSU3 symmetry

It is shown that in order that symmetry considerations be applicable to resonances occurring between the thresholds connected by the symmetry principle, the modulus of the momentum in any channel should be smaller or at least not much greater than the inverse of the range of the interaction. For the stateN32, simple potential models are constructed which show that this condition is satisfied thus explaining whySU3 symmetry is approximately valid for thep3/2 states\(\mathcal{N}_{\frac{3}{2}}^* ,Y_1^* ,\Xi _{\frac{1}{2}}^* \) and Ω- in spite of the large mass splittings in the baryon and meson octet. Finally it is shown that for thesep3/2 states the symmetry violations in the matrixK′=k-1Kk-1 obey the group-theoretical perturbation formulae whereas the same is not true for the matrixT′ defined in a similar manner from theT-matrix.
Rankine–Hugoniot analysis of two-phase flow with inter-phase slip

Abstract This paper is one in a series of papers considering different characteristics of two-phase flow. The previous analyses were conducted to determine the momentum flux and the nozzle design for a two-phase supersonic cleanser, where the focus of this paper is on the general gas dynamic relationships of the two-phase mixture across a normal shock wave. Historically, normal shock analyses have provided closed form solutions for the downstream state in terms of the upstream state for perfect gases, i.e. the Rankine–Hugoniot analysis. This analysis examines the effect of the mass injection ratio and the inter-phase slip for a homogeneous, two-phase mixture by applying a control volume approach from the state immediately preceding the shock wave to the state immediately after the shock wave where the liquid phase has not had time to react, and from the state immediately after the shock wave to a state where the gas and liquid phases have had sufficient time to become re-equilibrated. The results show that the downstream Mach number decreases while the ratios of pressure, density, and temperature increase for increases in the mass injection ratio. The same trend is also shown for increases in the slip parameter. Whereas the previous analyses applied mainly to the characteristics of the industrial cleanser mentioned before, this analysis has far reaching implications ranging from two-phase particulate flow in solid rocket motors to sand blasting applications.
VATS wedge resection of the lung using the neodymium: Yttrium-aluminum garnet laser

Many thoracic surgical procedures previously performed using open thoracotomy techniques can now be accomplished using video-assisted thoracic surgical approaches. This has primarily resulted from improvements in both the video and surgical instrumentation and the development of an effective endoscopic surgical stapling device. Laser technology that has been adapted for use in endoscopic surgery has been extended to video-assisted thoracic surgical applications for the resection of pulmonary nodules difficult to manage with the endoscopic stapler alone. We present our experience with the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet laser as either a primary resective tool or as an adjunct to the endoscopic stapler in 67 consecutive patients who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgical wedge resection of the lung.
Ability of chemical measurements to differentiate oxidative stabilities of frozen minced muscle tissue from farm-raised striped bass and hybrid striped bass

Abstract Minced muscle tissue from farm-raised striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) and hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis ) were subjected to fluctuating frozen temperatures (−18° to −6°C) for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. Oxidative stabilities of the bass samples could be differentiated during the induction phase by monitoring the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and several headspace volatiles, as well as degradation of α-tocopherol equivalents. Chemical measurements which were successful at differentiating the oxidative susceptibilities of the bass samples during propagation included conjugated dienes, organic fluorescent pigments, total headspace volatiles and loss of α- tocopherol equivalents. Hybrid striped bass was less stable in early phases of storage because of lower concentrations of antioxidants. Higher rates of oxidation observed during propagation in striped bass samples could be due to the greater susceptibility of its phospholipid fraction to oxidize and/or its higher concentration of iron.
Local vibrational states of glasses.

A glass system is argued to be a collection of clusters. The average density of vibrational states from these clusters is calculated and found to be universal. The theoretical result is then compared with the density of vibrational states obtained from recent inelastic-neutron-scattering experiments and a good agreement is found in the intermediate-energy region of 1.5--15 meV.
The next step in fusion: what it is and how it is being taken.

Fusion and its relation to the long-term energy supply are discussed. The DOE developmental policy for fusion is outlined. A brief review of the tokamak Experimental Test Facility program is given. (MOW)
The case for speech synthesis: an experiment in human engineering

Abstract Despite expected widespread use of computer speech synthesis in manufacturing and production applications, no one has yet determined the effects of synthesized speech on task performance. This laboratory study introduced speech synthesis in replicating parts of two previous experiments that had used human-voice feedback. Both instructions and productivity feedback were examined for their effect on arithmetic manipulation tasks. Findings show that there are interaction effects; it appears necessary to develop profiles of persons and conditions which predict how computer speech synthesis may be used most productively. We must attempt to determine the way that speech synthesizers may replace and enhance the communication process, while maintaining high motivation of people who interact with these machines.
enhancedGraphics: a Cytoscape app for enhanced node graphics

enhancedGraphics ( http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/enhancedGraphics) is a Cytoscape app that implements a series of enhanced charts and graphics that may be added to Cytoscape nodes. It enables users and other app developers to create pie, line, bar, and circle plots that are driven by columns in the Cytoscape Node Table. Charts are drawn using vector graphics to allow full-resolution scaling.
'Forget maps': documenting global apartheid and creating novel cartographies in Ishtiyaq Shukri's The Silent Minaret

In The Silent Minaret , South African–born writer Ishtiyaq Shukri links apartheid-era obsessions with classifying and immobilizing people with the anxieties of the post-9/11 world, where nations in the geopolitical West similarly attempt to categorize and restrict threatening “dark bodies.” Through connections between the trajectory and scholarly journey of Shukri’s protagonist, Issa, I examine the relationship between educating the public to be on the alert for signals that mark certain people as “threatening others,” the subsequent responses of suspicion, fear, and terror, and the consequences to the bearers of such marks as they are subjected to constant surveillance. Shukri’s “disappeared” narrator, who educates and politicizes his friends in absentia, raises questions that are especially pertinent in light of recent revelations about the National Security Agency’s ability to routinely reach into individuals’ private information. Issa’s disappearance gives him a location of agency; paradoxically, it also highlights the authority and power of the state.
The possible cause and effect graphs (PCEG) model for fault diagnosis—I. Methodology

Abstract A new model of diagnostic reasoning called the “possible cause-effect graphs” (PCEG) model is proposed. This model is digraph based, and can be viewed as a generalization of the signed digraph model of process diagnosis. Like the signed digraph model, the PCEG model has the ability to generate diagnoses using the current available set of measurements. The model generalizes by adding the ability to: (a) include relatively unconstrained concept families; (b) designate certain statements as exogenous with respect to the implicit model of the process; and (c) provide a more accurate representation of uncertainty about the process state. The idea of three classes of solutions to diagnostic problems expressed using the PCEG is introduced. These three classes of solution correspond to different levels of completeness in the partial explanation generated for the fault.
Remote sensing of impervious surfaces: A review

One of the emerging areas of scientific interest in the control of non‐point‐source pollution (NPS) is the detection and analysis of impervious surfaces within watersheds. NPS runoff from urban surfaces is now a leading threat to water quality and the percentage of impervious surface within a particular watershed has been recognized as a key indicator of the effects of non‐point runoff and of future water and ecosystem quality. Although the effect of land use, population and impervious surface cover on water quality has been generally known for thirty years, a basic problem exists in quantifying the detailed spatial extent and distribution of various classes of impervious surface phenomena. Remote sensing technology has been one of the primary methods for acquiring data on the impervious areas of watersheds for tax assessment, mapping and modeling applications and continues to be one of the most promising technologies for providing detailed mapping information as input into watershed‐level management deci...
Increasing elder consumer interactions with information technology

Purpose – Advances in health care are enabling individuals to live longer, healthier lives. Although the use of information technology can improve the quality of life for the elderly, many older consumers choose to limit their interactions with information technology and so may be denied its potential benefits for enhancing quality of life. This paper seeks to explore factors impacting the engagement of consumers aged 65 and older with higher forms of IT, primarily PCs and the internet, and to examine the potential effectiveness of marketing methods toward improving diffusion and increasing engagement.Design/methodology/approach – Citing published research and using previously known models (TAM and Trocchia and Janda's interaction themes) the study highlights possible ways of using marketing tools to increase elder consumer interaction with IT.Findings – Marketers should focus efforts on reference group affiliation, nature of social relations, perception of reality, and physical dexterity as the interacti...
Familial Cardiomyopathy: A Clinical, Hemodynamic and Angiographic Study in One Family

The diagnosis of familial cardiomyopathy was established by cardiac catheterization and cineangiography in six patients belonging to the same family. Five patients exhibited obstructive cardiomyopathy of the idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis type, while one displayed myocardial hypertrophy with a dilated poorly contractile left ventricle without obstructive phenomena. These observations support the concept that idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and idiopathic myocardial hypertrophy represent different manifestations of the same disease. The disease was transmitted as an autosomal mendelian dominant with incomplete penetrance.
The Influence of Video Analysis on the Process of Teacher Change.

Abstract If the purpose of reflection is to improve teaching, it is essential to understand how video-aided reflection influences teacher change. Yet, there is limited research addressing how video analysis influences the change process. The purpose of this study was to gain an in depth understanding of how video influences the process of teacher change. Teachers in three different teaching environments engaged in semester-long video-reflection groups. Through a descriptive analysis of these meetings, participants’ own video-analyses, and individual interviews, six over-arching themes emerged across the different environments that describe the change process. Teachers reported that video encouraged change because it helped them: (a) focus their analysis, (b) see their teaching from a new perspective, (c) trust the feedback they received, (d) feel accountable to change their practice, (e) remember to implement changes, and (f) see their progress. We discuss how these results may help researchers and educators understand how video can be used to encourage teacher improvement.
Hidden Geometric Phases and Holonomies of Four Level System

We derive a set of new geometric phases in a four-level system exploiting accidental isomorphism between SU(4) and Spin(6) groups. Higher dimensional generalization of the Bloch sphere, visualizing quantum geometry of 4-level system, is described.
Defrost cycle performance for an air-source heat pump with a scroll and a reciprocating compressor

A 10.6 kW nominal cooling capacity air-source heat pump was tested according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116-1983 for the frost acumulation and defrost cycle. These tests required indoor conditions of 21.1°C (70°F) dry-bulb, 15°C (60°F) maximum wet-bulb, with outdoor conditions of 1.7°C (35°F) dry-bulb, 0.5°C (30°F) wet-bulb. The unit was tested with the original scroll compressor and a reciprocating compressor that yielded similar heating performance. Heating capacity for the scroll system peaked at 8.4 kW (2.38 tons), while the reciprocating system heating capacity peaked at 8.5 kW (2.42 tons) during the frosting period. Heating capacities for the two system configurations differed by less than 1% during the frosting period. Power demand for the scroll system peaked at 2.9 kW, and the reciprocating system power demand peaked at 3.1 kW. During the frosting period, the reciprocating system power demand averaged 7% higher than the scroll system power demand. The reciprocating system completed a defrost 5% faster than the scroll system. Scroll system defrost time was 6.8 min while reciprocating system defrost time was 6.5 min. The volume of condensate produced differed by less than 3% with 1680 ml (102.5 in3) and 1640 ml (100 in3) produced by the scroll and reciprocating systems, respectively. Discharge pressures during defrost were within 3% with peak values of 1315 kPa (191 psia) and 1351 kPa (196 psia) for the scroll and reciprocating systems respectively. The reciprocating compressor produced higher levels of discharge superheat, peaking at 53°C (95°F) compared to the scroll system peak discharge superheat of 47°C (85°F). Overall, discharge superheat for the reciprocating system averaged 18% higher than the scroll system. The reciprocating system produced defrost refrigerant flowrates that averaged 3% higher than the scroll system. Refrigerant flowrates for the scroll and reciprocating systems peaked at 3.7 kg min−1 (8.2 lbm min−1) and 4.0 kg min−1) (8.8 lbm min−1) respectively.
Platelet catecholamines in migraine

We measured platelet levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and dopamine (DA) in migraine patients. Platelet NE was selectively increased in common migraine. This is attributed to platelet dense body hyposecretion.
Effect of atropine and scopolamine upon electroencephalographic changes induced by electro-convulsive-therapy

Abstract An investigation was made of the effects of daily administered 1–5 mg. doses of atropine and scopolamine, upon the alteration of brain wave pattern that characteristically accompanies a course of electro-convulsive treatments. Both of these agents clearly blocked the occurrence of slow waves usually seen following ECT. In cases where the drug was continued for a week or more after termination of ECT, marked slowing did not occur. If the drug was discontinued within 1–2 days after the course of treatment, slow high voltage activity would suddenly appear. Comparison was made with the EEG's of other persons who received ECT without atropine or scopolamine. In two cases the patient served as his own control.
Spiked metallic washer and screw for reattachment of the Achilles tendon after repair of a distal rupture

The authors review Achilles tendon ruptures and treatment options for the acute and chronic rupture. A case is described involving reattachment of a chronic distal Achilles tendon rupture repair with a spiked metal washer and fully threaded cannulated cancellous screw. Spiked metal washers and their effects on soft-tissue pullout strength, and possible complications are discussed. In review of the literature, the authors have not found this type of fixation used to anchor the Achilles tendon, and feel it may be a viable option when faced with distal Achilles reattachment for the acute and chronic rupture.
In vitro and in vivo growth and casein gene expression of mouse mammary tumor epithelial cells in response to hormones.

Abstract Cells from autochthonous mouse mammary carcinomas which display estrogen-independent growth vivo were studied for their hormonal responses in primary culture. A culture system employing insulin-supplemented, serum-free medium and basement membrane Matrigel as a substratum was used to cultivate tumor cells. The cells did not exhibit in vitro estrogenor prolactin-dependent growth. Primary tumors still displayed a constitutional expression of α-, β-, and γ-casein mRNAs. These messages were dramatically reduced during the culture period. However, seven to eightfold increases in α- and β-casein mRNAs were inducible in the 5-day cultures by treatment with prolactin and hydrocortisone. If the hormones were present through a 2-week culture period, the levels of α-, β-, and γ-casein mRNAs in the cells were maintained and displayed in a time-dependent increase with a peak at 10–14 days. The accumulation of β-casein mRNA in vitro did not require DNA synthesis. Administration of prolactin directly into the growing tumors in vivo could also enhance β-casein mRNA levels in the tumor cells. Morphological studies of the cells cultured in the presence of prolactin and hydrocortisone did not reveal visible changes compared with those without hormonal treatment. Transplantation of tumor cells cultured in the presence or absence of hormones resulted in the development of tumors in mice at approximately the same time. The current studies suggest that the autochthonous mammary tumor cells, independent of estrogen for cell growth, were still inducible for casein gene expression in vitro and in vivo by appropriate hormones. The induction and maintenance of casein messages by a single hormonal treatment did not appear to correlate with morphology and DNA synthesis of cells in vitro or with tumor-producing capacities in vivo.
Development of a framework to implement a recycling program in an elementary school

Abstract This study developed a system to plan, evaluate, implement, and monitor a waste reduction and source-separation program, which was then tested through a field study in a New York City elementary school. Despite efforts to implement integrated waste management in elementary schools, appropriate planning tools that document performance and support program development are lacking. To fill this gap, a system for analyzing existing programs was developed. After identifying the phases required for a successful program, a scoring system was developed to quantify the performance of existing programs. To assess existing protocol, recommendations from leading municipalities were reviewed, and the performance of existing programs was quantified within the scoring system. The existing protocol was found to contain similarities, but an overarching approach was needed to connect the provisions with programs that have been successfully deployed. From this analysis, a scoring system was developed to take into consideration the major elements needed for a waste reduction and source-separation plan, colloquially referred to as a recycling plan, as well as the specifics of implementation. This system allows for the review of programs already developed, and can pinpoint limitations prior to implementation. The framework was evaluated through the test case school, with both waste audit data and diagrams. From the lessons learned, successful techniques and recommendations for utilizing this framework were created.
Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil

[1] Boreal soils are important to the global C cycle owing to large C stocks, repeated disturbance from fire, and the potential for permafrost thaw to expose previously stable, buried C. To evaluate the primary mechanisms responsible for both short- and long-term C accumulation in boreal soils, we developed a multi-isotope (12, 14C) soil C model with dynamic soil layers that develop through time as soil organic matter burns and reaccumulates. We then evaluated the mechanisms that control organic matter turnover in boreal regions including carbon input rates, substrate recalcitrance, soil moisture and temperature, and the presence of historical permafrost to assess the importance of these factors in boreal C accumulation. Results indicate that total C accumulation is controlled by the rate of carbon input, decomposition rates, and the presence of historical permafrost. However, unlike more temperate ecosystems, one of the key mechanisms involved in C preservation in boreal soils examined here is the cooling of subsurface soil layers as soil depth increases rather than increasing recalcitrance in subsurface soils. The propagation of the 14C bomb spike into soils also illustrates the importance of historical permafrost and twentieth century warming in contemporary boreal soil respiration fluxes. Both 14C and total C simulation data also strongly suggest that boreal SOM need not be recalcitrant to accumulate; the strong role of soil temperature controls on boreal C accumulation at our modeling test site in Manitoba, Canada, indicates that carbon in the deep organic soil horizons is probably relatively labile and thus subject to perturbations that result from changing climatic conditions in the future.
Early/tardy scheduling with sequence dependent setups on uniform parallel machines

Abstract We consider the problem of scheduling N jobs on M parallel machines that operate at different speeds (known as uniform parallel machines), to minimize the sum of earliness and tardiness costs. Jobs are assumed to arrive in a dynamic albeit deterministic manner, and have nonidentical due dates. Violations of due dates result in earliness or tardiness penalties that may be different for different jobs. Setup times are job-sequence dependent and may be different on different machines based on the characteristics of the machines. For this problem, we present a mixed integer formulation that has substantially fewer zero–one variables than typical formulations for scheduling problems of this type. We present our computational experience in using this model to solve small sized problems, and discuss solution approaches for solving larger problems. Scope and purpose In JIT environments, firms face the need to complete jobs as close to their due dates as possible. Failure to do so would result in earliness and/or tardiness costs and the optimum schedule would seek to minimize functions of these costs. In many real-world situations, the problem is greatly complicated by the presence of disparate issues such as: (i) uniform parallel machines that are capable of processing these jobs at different speeds; (ii) sequence-dependent setup times; (iii) distinct job due dates; (iv) distinct job ready dates; and (v) distinct earliness and/or tardiness costs for each job. For this complex problem, we present a compact mathematical model and describe our computational experience in using this model to solve small sized problems.
Effect of molecular structure on epoxidation of allylic olefins by atomic oxygen on Au.

The reactions of three isomers of phenyl-substituted propene, trans-β-methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene, and allylbenzene, with atomic oxygen adsorbed on Au(111) have been investigated in order to probe the effect of molecular structure on the selectivity for competing oxidation pathways. Temperature programmed reaction experiments show that these three isomers share common features in their reaction patterns, providing direct observation that both allylic C–H activation and epoxidation are important reaction pathways that compete with each other. The pathways observed for reaction are (1) oxygen addition to the CC bond to yield the respective epoxides; (2) allylic C–H activation including oxygen insertion into C–H bonds to form ketone, aldehyde, or acid and C–H dissociation to initiate combustion and carbon deposition; and, (3) nucleophilic attack of the electron-deficient carbon that is adjacent to the phenyl ring to produce benzoic acid. The selectivity for epoxidation is different for the three isomers, reflecting the intrinsic gas-phase acidity of their allylic protons. Specifically, trans-β-methylstyrene (ΔGacid 401.6 kcal mol−1) and α-methylstyrene (ΔGacid 405.5 kcal mol−1), which exhibit similar gas-phase acidity determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, both produce epoxide. In contrast, there is no detectable epoxidation of allylbenzene, which is computed to have the highest acidity (ΔGacid 356.0 kcal mol−1), ∼ 50 kcal mol−1 relative to the other two isomers. These results provide new insight into the catalytic oxidation of allylic olefins that, in conjunction with their adsorption geometry on the surface, the gas-phase acidity also plays an essential role in determining the reaction patterns.
Size dependence of critical behavior at smectic-A to nematic transition in random network

The smectic-A to nematic (AN) transition was studied under confinement as introduced by the randomly interconnected voids of Millipore filters. Using a high resolution calorimetry it was determined that heat capacity peaks evolve from sharp and prominent to broad and small with decreasing void size. The random confinement drives the heat capacity critical exponent from the bulk value towards zero, the 3D-XY model prediction, indicating a confinement-induced decoupling of smectic and nematic order parameters. Preliminary NMR results show that in the largest Millipore size studied, the behavior is similar to bulk's; in smaller voids, there are dramatic differences from bulk that emphasize the dominating role that the fibrous surfaces begin to play.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Induced Radioactivity in Strontium and Yttrium

Strontium and yttrium have been bombarded with 6.3 Mev deuterons, with 14-20 Mev neutrons, and with slow neutrons, and induced radioactivity obtained in both elements. The activity in strontium is readily obtained by the action of deuterons or neutrons on strontium and possibly, with very weak intensity, by the action of fast neutrons on yttrium with the emission of a proton. The periods observed in strontium are 3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 hours (negative active, maximum energy=0.61 Mev), and 55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 days (negative active, maximum energy = 1.9 Mev). A gamma-ray is found associated with the 3-hour period. Evidence has been obtained showing that the two periods may be ascribed to isomeric forms of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{89}$. Activity in yttrium is obtained when strontium is bombarded with deuterons and when yttrium is bombarded with deuterons or neutrons. The periods observed are 120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 minutes (positive active, maximum energy = 1.2 Mev) and 60.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0 hours (negative active, maximum energy = 2.6 Mev). These periods are due, it is believed, to ${\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}^{90}$, respectively. In the possible formation of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{90}$ from Sr+${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$, it is suggested that the process involves the complete capture of a deuteron, a reaction not previously observed.
Interfacial Reactions Between Ni and GaAs

Interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs have been studied using bulk diffusion couples of Ni(∼0.5mm thick)/GaAs and thin-film Ni (∼40nm) on GaAs (100) in addition to phase diagram determination at 600° C. On the basis of the phase diagram and the bulk diffusion couples, the ternary phase which forms first in the thin-film couples is Ni 3 GaAs. Thinfilm studies show that the epitaxial growth of equilibrium contact phases, i.e., NiAs and β-GaNi, on a GaAs (100) substrate is possible.
Does the law of excluded middle require bivalence

Determining whether the law of excluded middle requires bivalence depends upon whether we are talking about sentences or propositions. If we are talking about sentences, neither side has a decisive case. If we are talking of propositions, there is a strong argument on the side of those who say the excluded middle does require bivalence. I argue that all challenges to this argument can be met.
Galvanic Corrosion of Aluminum-Matrix Composites

Abstract The galvanic corrosion current density (CD) of Al-matrix composites in 0.5 M Na2SO4, and 3.15 wt% NaCl was measured. Galvanic couples of Al with graphite fiber, SiC, and TiB2 were investigated. The galvanic corrosion CD was highest (approximately 10−4 A/cm2) for Al coupled to graphite fiber in aerated 3.15 wt% NaCl. Results indicate that the galvanic corrosion rate of Al should be approximately 30 times less when coupled to SiC or TiB2. Oxygen reduction was the primary cathodic reaction in the aerated solutions. In deaerated 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 3.15 wt% NaCl, galvanic corrosion was negligible. The galvanic corrosion CD was determined using the zero-resistance ammeter technique and from potentiodynamic polarization diagrams of ultrapure Al, 6061-T6 Al, graphite fiber, SiC, TiB2, and a commercial graphite fiber/6061-T6 Al metal-matrix composite.
Eliminating the 20-F reconciliation from IFRS to U.S. GAAP: Short-term and long-term liquidity effects

Abstract This paper examines the effects of the SEC’s 2008 decision to no longer require foreign private issuers using IFRS and trading on U.S. exchanges to reconcile their financial statements to U.S. GAAP. Extant research has found conflicting results using short event windows, while studies using longer event windows have found limited capital market impact from eliminating the reconciliation. Motivated by the SEC’s interest in understanding how disclosure rules impact market liquidity, we examine changes in effective bid-ask spreads, the price impact of trades, and quoted depth around 20-F filing dates for a sample of foreign private issuers. We find that effective spreads increase more around 20-F filing dates for filers using IFRS than for filers using U.S. GAAP, suggesting the 20-F report is more informative for filers using IFRS. We then find, in a subsample of filers using IFRS, that the increase in effective spreads for IFRS firms around 20-F filing dates is directly related to the magnitude of differences in book values between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. In sum, our results suggest a loss of useful information after the SEC’s rule change.
The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment

There are growing levels of chaos in the lives of American children, youth, and families. Increasingly, children grow up in households lacking in structure and routine, inundated by background stimulation from noise and crowding, and forced to contend with the frenetic pace of modern life. Although widespread, chaos does not occur randomly in the population. We document that low-income adolescents face higher levels of chaos than their more affluent counterparts and provide longitudinal evidence that some of the adverse effects of poverty on socioemotional adjustment are mediated by exposure to chaotic living conditions.
Linkage of the calmodulin and ubiquitin loci in Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract We describe here the organization of the calmodulin genes of Trypanosoma cruzi and their linkage to the ubiquitin gene family. The nucleotide sequence of the CalA2 gene has been determined and is 85% homologous to the protein coding sequence of the calmodulin genes of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei. The proteins encoded by CalA2 and the T. brucei genes contain a single mismatch out of a total of 149 amino acids. The genome of T. cruzi contains eight calmodulin genes present at two distinct loci (2.8 and 2.65) each of which is linked to downstream ubiquitin genes. Within each locus two calmodulin gene families have been defined, CalA and CalB. Each calmodulin locus consist of alternating tandem arrays of the CalA and CalB genes. Both 2.8 and 2.65 calmodulin loci and their respective downstream ubiquitin genes share the same DNA coding strand. Transcription of the calmodulin genes in the epimastigote stage of T. cruzi results in the generation of two stable mRNAs of 1.6Kb and 1.1Kb.
Can personality traits predict psychotherapy outcome

Ninety-six new admissions to a psychiatric outpatient clinic who attended a median of 14 therapy sessions completed a self-report Personality Profile Index prior to their first session. This index provides scores on eight dimensions of personality, a conflict measure, and a measure of social desirability. Scores were correlated with number of sessions and outcome as measured by a Symptom Checklist and by a Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Improvement was significantly related to number of sessions attended. Patients scoring high on being rejecting of others (rejection) were significantly less likely to show improvement after therapy. Rejection, aggression, passivity, and conflict were significantly related to the extent of symptoms and problems with which patients presented at the clinic.
Characterization of aerosols containing fissionable elements using solid-state track recorders

Abstract An aerosol of U 3 O 8 highly enriched in 235 U was generated with a nebulizer from a suspension of U 3 O 8 powder in distilled water. The aerosol was collected on a membrane filter. Polycarbonate plastic, placed in good contact with the filter, was used to record fission tracks when the package was exposed to known fluences of slow neutrons. Fission-track stars associated with individual particles of U 3 O 8 were observed in the plastic. The fission-track distributions were converted to a particle-size distribution for the aerosol. For a log normal distribution the geometric mean and standard deviation can be determined with better than 5% accuracy. This method can be applied to plutonium and other transuranic aerosols.
Marketing Strategy in an Internet-Enabled Environment: A Retrospective on the First Ten Years of JIM and a Prospective on the Next Ten Years

Abstract During the past decade, developments such as the rapid growth of the Internet, digitization of information products, and digitization of the information attributes of non-information products, has necessitated businesses to fundamentally rethink, as well as institute major changes in, their marketing strategies. Against this backdrop, we present a critical assessment of extant research on marketing strategy in an Internet-enabled environment viewed through the lens of research published in previous volumes of the Journal of Interactive Marketing (JIM) , and speculate on the future of interactive marketing in the contexts of marketing practice, research in marketing and marketing education. Looking back, it is evident that marketing strategy and marketing operations have been transformed by the Internet in many ways. Looking ahead, it can be expected that marketing strategy and marketing operations will be even more extensively integrated and blended in the Internet-enabled market environment in the future.
Is tamarisk allelopathic

Tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., T. chinensis Lour.), a pernicious invader of riparian areas in the western U.S., is often considered to be allelopathic by virtue of an ability to exude salt from its leaves. However, there is no evidence demonstrating allelopathy or even salinization of soils under tamarisk. We collected soil samples from beneath and just outside of tamarisk canopies at 12 sites along a 110-km reach of Fort Peck Reservoir in northeastern Montana. Samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH and concentration of several nutrients. Plants of western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.), the dominant herbaceous native plant in habitats invaded by tamarisk, were grown in the soil samples as a bioassay. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to explore how intercorrelated soil variables were affected by a tamarisk canopy. EC averaged more than twice as high under a tamarisk canopy than in the open. However, western wheatgrass plants growing in tamarisk-affected soil were 73% larger than those in unaffected soil. PCA analysis indicated that soil beneath a tamarisk canopy had higher values along a gradient of increasing EC and total inorganic N and decreasing pH and NH 4 + /NO 3 − ratio. This same gradient was also associated with increasing growth of the bioassay. We hypothesize that this fertilization was due to leaf secretions and/or leaf fall, possibly by increased input of nitrogenous organic compounds or increased P solubility. Our study provided no support for an allelopathic effect of tamarisk.
Experimental Study of Confined, Swirling, Nonpremixed Gas Flame for Validation of Simulations

An atmospheric-pressure, gaseous fuel combustor was developed to obtain data for validation of large-eddy or other high-fidelity simulations of confined combustor flow fields, such as found in gas-turbine engines. The airand fuel (methane) enter a constant-area combustor test section in separate concentric swirling jets through a 3:1 expansion. The test section is optically accessible, cylindrical in cross section, and four diameters in length. Measurements of two-component mean and rms velocity were obtained using laser Doppler velocimetry for both a combusting case and a nonreacting flow with identical inlet conditions. Measurements of major species (CO 2 , CO, O 2 , and hydrocarbons), minor species (NO), and mean temperature in the reacting flow were also obtained.
Carcass Composition Studies. 3. Influences of Age, Sex and Calorie-Protein Content of the Diet on Carcass Composition of Japanese Quail

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine if feeding quail diets varying widely in calorie:protein ratio during the period of rapid growth rate would have a significant effect on body composition. Japanese quail from the randombred control population of the Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project were used in two experiments. Five diets varying in protein levels from 15 to 30% and containing approximately 3200 kcal ME/kg were fed for 6 weeks in Experiment 1 and 7 weeks in Experiment 2. Quail were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age in Experiment 1 and 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age in Experiment 2 and analyzed for moisture, nitrogen, lipid, and ash. The results indicate that more than 24% protein was needed in the diet for maximum growth rate. No positive correlation was obtained between calorie: protein ratio of the diet and lipid content of the carcass. In both experiments there were significant diet × age effects on lipid content of the carcass; however, the carcass of highest fat content was obtained in quail receiving the high protein diet. The water content of the carcasses decreased with increasing levels of protein in the diet and with age, while the protein level in the carcass increased with higher protein levels in the diet and as the birds grew older.