cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of the relationships between dietary restraint, alcohol, and adverse problems among women

ABSTRACTObjective: Women who report greater chronic dieting consume more alcohol, drink more frequently, and experience greater problems than women who report less chronic dieting. Alcohol may also temporarily disrupt a woman's dietary rules, leading to increased caloric intake and subsequent restriction. This study examined whether alcohol use mediated the relationship between dietary restraint and alcohol problems in a woman's daily life. Participants: Women (N = 59) completed the study by the fall of 2013. Methods: Participants completed up to six assessments for 10 days, including intended dietary restraint, alcohol use, and problems. Results: Drinking quantity partially mediated the relationship between dietary restraint and alcohol problems. For each drink consumed, there was a 1.4 times greater likelihood of eating after drinking, which was associated with greater intention to subsequently restrict calories. Conclusions: The types of drinks consumed and reasons for restricting one's caloric intake ...
Anaesthesia and recent myocardial infarction.

The pathology of a myocardial infarction is reviewed and the potential danger of a situation of stress during the acute phase is emphasized. The case report of a fracture of the hip in a patient who had suffered a recent myocardial in farction is presented. The sequence of events and underlying pathology are demonstrated by the autopsy findings.
Indexing and retrieval of low quality handwritten documents

Decades of the development in document analysis and recognition techniques has made it possible to convert large amount of documents into electronic formats and store them into computers. In recent years, the achievement in information retrieval has provided a powerful tool for prompt access to the information that lies in the documents. Inspired by the success of applications in the above two areas, in this thesis, we investigate methods that aim at improving the performance of retrieving handwritten document images. Unlike the retrieval of machine-printed documents from which we will anticipate very high OCR accuracy, the retrieval of handwritten document images is more challenging due to document analysis and recognition errors. In existing methods to retrieve handwritten document images, usually the index is built on the text collected from top-n ( n > 1) candidates returned by a word recognizer. Different weights may apply to the candidates according to their ranks. Effective as these primitive methods are, with the assumptions of flawless word segmentation and isolated word recognition, these methods are vulnerable by word segmentation errors and cannot take advantage of the language model which has become a standard component in the state-of-the-art handwriting recognition systems. However, incorporation of the word segmentation scores (probabilities) and language model into any existing indexing techniques in general increases the complexity of the problem. In our indexing method, we solved this challenging problem by separating the term counts from standard IR models, estimating them on the word sequence level, and plugging them back in the IR models. A fast algorithm using dynamic programming was proposed to reduce the time complexity. In addition to the application in document retrieval, we also used the word segmentation information in keyword retrieval. In another major contribution of this paper, we applied the Markov random field (MRF) modeling to the binarization problem. The MRF can precisely describe the constraint of local smoothness in the image. We can also use the constraint of smoothness to remove the grid from the form image, which is a very useful application in form image preprocessing. This research work virtually addresses a general topic in the preprocessing of degraded handwritten document images. Applications in both handwriting recognition and handwritten document image retrieval can benefit from our approach.
Bathrooms, Bathroom Additions, and Residential Satisfaction: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis

This paper examines how bathrooms (and half-bathrooms) were associated with the self-reported satisfaction of residents in comparison to bedrooms, other rooms, overall size, and the presence of such amenities as a dishwasher, disposal, fireplace, balcony/patio, and garage. Cross-tabulations, ordinary least squares, and cumulative logit analyses of data from the 2005 American Housing Survey demonstrated a particularly strong positive relationship between residential satisfaction and the number of bathrooms, greater than for any other housing characteristic measured. A 'before and after' longitudinal analysis of homes with remodeling occurring between 1997 and 2005 also revealed a significant positive impact of bathroom additions on the satisfaction of residents. These results appear consistent with housing theory suggesting that privacy and control are major components of residential satisfaction.
Defining insomnia: quantitative criteria for insomnia severity and frequency.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Recent efforts have been made to develop quantitative frequency, duration, and severity criteria for insomnia. The current study was conducted to test a range of frequency and severity criteria sets for discriminating primary insomnia sufferers from normal sleepers. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-two adults with primary insomnia and 88 age-matched normal sleepers. METHODS Participants completed 14 consecutive nights of sleep logs to monitor their home sleep patterns. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses were used to compare a range of severity and frequency criteria sets for discriminating the insomnia and normal-sleeper groups. In addition, sensitivity and specificity tests were conducted for a range of wake-time severity cutoffs based on 2-week mean sleep-log data. RESULTS Receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses showed that no 1 combination of severity and frequency criteria maximized sensitivity and specificity. Rather, the optimal frequency cutoff decreased as the severity criterion increased. Analyses of mean sleep-log data showed that an average sleep-onset latency or middle-of-the-night wake time (ie, time awake between sleep onset and final morning awakening) cutoff of 20 minutes or longer over 2 weeks of sleep-log monitoring appeared to best maximize sensitivity (94.4%) and specificity (79.6%) for insomnia classification. CONCLUSIONS The optimal quantitative insomnia criteria found herein differ from those previously proposed. Nonetheless, results suggest that quantitative criteria derived from sleep-log data may be useful for classification of primary insomnia.
$Q$ Control of an Active AFM Cantilever With Differential Sensing Configuration

Microcantilevers featuring separate built-in actuation and displacement sensing capabilities allow effective and simple implementation of control methods, opening a pathway to achieving higher scan speeds in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Such active cantilevers are a significant milestone to eventually obtain video-rate on-chip atomic force microscopes (AFMs) that can even surpass the functionality and imaging speed of their macroscale counterparts at a significantly lower cost. In this brief, we present an active AFM cantilever with an on-chip actuator and two built-in displacement sensors, designed to be integrated into on-chip AFMs. The common feedthrough problem present in this type of architecture is addressed by a differential sensing configuration, and the revealed dynamics are used for the system identification. A positive position feedback controller is designed to actively tailor the $Q$ factor of the cantilever. The imaging performance of the microcantilever with and without $Q$ control is compared by attenuating the cantilever’s $Q$ factor from 177 to 15 using the feedback loop. A common artifact in high-speed scans, the parachuting effect, is mitigated, rendering higher imaging speeds achievable.
Comparing reunified and residential care facility children's wellbeing in Ghana: The role of hope

Abstract The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) stipulates children are entitled to “a family environment…of happiness, love and understanding”. Recent work on deinstitutionalization of children from residential care has found important child wellbeing differences, particularly around hope. Using data from Ghana—a country that has initiated reintegration of children from residential care facilities, therefore providing a natural opportunity for comparative research—we used hope, whether the child has been reunified with family/caregivers or remained in the care facility, and a statistical interaction of the two, along with controls, to predict the Child Status Index, an internationally-established measure of child wellbeing. We found hope was associated with greater wellbeing for both groups; the influence of hope, however, was stronger among reunified children. We briefly articulate mechanisms explaining why this may be and suggest that psychological wellbeing, particularly hope, may function as a moderator to help provide children with an important means of negotiating their environments.
The non-transcriptional activity of IRF3 modulates hepatic immune cell populations in acute-on-chronic ethanol administration in mice

Background & Aims Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor mediating antiviral responses, yet recent evidence indicates that IRF3 also has critical non-transcriptional functions, including activating RIG-I-like receptors-induced IRF-3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA) and restricting activity of NF-κB. Using a novel murine model expressing only non-transcriptional IRF3 activity (Irf3S1/S1), we tested the hypothesis that non-transcriptional functions of IRF3 modulate innate immune responses in the Gao-binge (acute-on-chronic) model of alcohol-related liver disease. Methods IRF3 and IRF3-mediated signals were analysed in liver samples from 5 patients transplanted for alcoholic hepatitis and 5 healthy controls. C57BL/6, Irf3−/− and Irf3S1/S1 mice were exposed to Gao-binge ethanol-induced liver injury. IRF3-mediated RIPA was investigated in cultured macrophages. Results Phospho-IRF3 and IRF3-mediated signals were elevated in livers of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. In C57BL/6 mice, Gao-binge ethanol exposure activated IRF3 signaling and resulted in hepatocellular injury. Indicators of liver injury were differentially impacted by Irf3 genotype. Irf3−/−, but not Irf3S1/S1, mice were protected from steatosis, elevated alanine/aspartate aminotransferase levels and inflammatory cytokine expression. In contrast, neutrophil accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress were independent of genotype. Protection from Gao-binge injury in Irf3−/− mice was associated with an increased ratio of Ly6Clow (restorative) to Ly6Chigh (inflammatory) cells compared to C57BL/6 and Irf3S1/S1 mice. Reduced ratios of Ly6Clow/Ly6Chigh in C57BL/6 and Irf3S1/S1 mice were associated with increased apoptosis in the Ly6Clow population in response to Gao-binge. Activation of primary macrophage cultures with Poly (I:C) induced translocation of IRF3 to the mitochondria, where it associated with Bax and activated caspases 3 and 9, processes indicative of activation of the RIPA pathway. Conclusions Taken together, these data identify that the non-transcriptional function of IRF3 plays an important role in modulating the innate immune environment in response to Gao-binge ethanol exposure, via regulation of immune cell apoptosis. Lay summary Activation of the innate immune system contributes to inflammation in the progression of alcohol-related liver disease, as well as to the resolution of injury. Here we show that the protein IRF3 modulates the innate immune environment of the liver in a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis. It does this by increasing the apoptotic cell death of immune cells that promote the resolution of injury.
Understanding hydroxide reactions with guanidinium-based anion exchange polymers under conditions relevant to bipolar membrane electrodialysis

Abstract Anion exchange polymers are susceptible to loss of cationic functionality as a result of nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ions. This research investigated the stability of two guanidinium-based cations as anion exchange functional groups under conditions relevant to bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Density functional theory simulations were performed to investigate reaction energies and activation barriers for reactions of hydroxide ions with pentamethylguanidinium (PMG) and hexamethylguanidinium (HMG) cations bound to a diaryl ketone polymer backbone. The effect of physically adsorbed chloride and hydroxide ions, and chemically adsorbed hydroxide ions, on reaction energetics were determined. Fukui functions for nucleophilic attack were used to identify locations most likely to undergo reactions with hydroxide ions. For the PMG species, the most likely bond cleavage reactions were highly exergonic, with Δ G rxn o values as large as −46 kcal/mol and activation barriers less than 10 kcal/mol. Chemisorption of hydroxide ions on both PMG and HMG cations was energetically favorable, with activation barriers of 5.3 and 2.7 kcal/mol, and resulted in loss of cationic functionality. Anion adsorption changed the reactivity of both PMG and HMG structures towards nucleophilic attack. For nucleophilic attack at the phenyl carbon atom, adsorption of OH− on the guanidinium carbon atom made PMG less reactive, while adsorption of Cl− made HMG less reactive. Bond cleavage and loss of cationic functionality was a two or three step process involving addition of OH− to the phenyl or guanidinium carbon atoms, followed by bond stretching or deprotonation of the added hydroxide species. For PMG species, deprotonation of the hydroxide resulted in bond cleavage or produced metastable species that decomposed with activation barriers less than 2 kcal/mol. HMG species were more stable with respect to this degradation mechanism, having activation barriers for bond cleavage ranging from 17 to 29 kcal/mol.
Evaluation of Clones, Container Types and Tissue Culture Media for Production of Calla Lilies as a Nursery Crop

Abstract Studies were designed to determine if colored callas (Zantedeschia sp.) can be successfully grown as a spring color crop under field conditions in the Southeastern United States without su...
Designing and Enforcing Preliminary Agreements

Preliminary agreements—variously labeled as memoranda of understanding, letters of intent, term sheets, commitment letters or agreements in principle—are common in complex business transactions. They document an incomplete set of terms that the parties have agreed upon, while anticipating further negotiation of the remaining provisions. They often create legal obligations, particularly a duty to negotiate in good faith. This duty has been the subject of a substantial number of judicial opinions over the past few decades and yet continues to be regarded as a confusing and unpredictable issue in contract law. Legal scholarship is hamstrung in its analysis of the case law because it has focused on only one purpose for this good faith duty: protecting the parties’ reliance investments in the bargaining process. This paper broadens the analysis by introducing multiple goals that parties may seek in imposing legal obligations on their negotiation process and by shifting the focus to what the courts have identified as a necessary feature of the duty to negotiate in good faith: the expectation of some fidelity to the agreed-upon terms specified in the preliminary agreement. The ease with which the parties may deviate from these terms in their negotiations is the essence of the good faith standard. Once parties have searched for and chosen their respective contracting partner, they need the incentives and flexibility to tailor and optimize the terms of their deal, while also efficiently constraining value-claiming behavior and allocating exogenous risks. The recognition of such broader objectives (beyond protection of reliance investments) allow us also to justify how and why courts are willing to enforce the obligation with the more robust remedy of expectation damages, instead of the reliance damages that is advocated by prior scholarship. By choosing whether to impose the duty to negotiate in good faith and selecting the appropriate damages measure, we show how the parties can achieve the desired level of “stickiness” while addressing concerns about the uncertainty of a flexible legal standard.
Fellow Versus Resident: Graduate Medical Education and Patient Outcomes After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion Surgery.

Introduction The effect of spine fellow versus orthopaedic surgery resident assistance on outcomes in anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to determine differences in patient health-related outcomes based on the level of surgical trainees. Methods Consecutive cases of ACDF (n = 407) were reviewed at a single high-volume institution between 2015 and 2017 and were separated into two groups based on whether they were fellow-assisted or resident-assisted. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded, and health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form-12 (SF-12) survey. The SF-12, visual analog scale pain score, and neck disability index were compared between the two groups. Surgery level, surgical time, preoperative Charlson Comorbidity Index, estimated blood loss, equivalent morphine use, perioperative complications, and 30-day readmission were also recorded. Patient outcomes were compared using an unpaired t-test as well as multivariate linear regression, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, presurgical visual analog scale, SF-12, and neck disability index. Results were reported with the 95% confidence interval. Results Spine surgery fellows and orthopaedic surgery residents participated in 228 and 179 ACDF cases, respectively. No notable demographic differences between the two groups were found. A higher proportion of three or more level ACDF surgeries assisted by fellows versus residents was found. Estimated blood loss was greater in fellow-assisted ACDF cases. Both surgery time and total time in the room were also longer in the fellow-assisted ACDF group. No 30-day readmissions were found in either groups, and only one case of acute hemorrhagic anemia was found in the fellow-assisted group. Overall, postoperative complications were higher in the resident group; however, no difference with regard to intraoperative complications between groups was found. Discussion This study shows that patient health-related outcomes are similar in ACDF cases that were fellow-assisted versus resident-assisted. However, fellow-assisted ACDF cases were associated with more blood loss and longer surgery time.
Data As An Asset

Linking back to the initial conversation and introduction of the topic relating data to the financial services profession, this also connects to the subtopics of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the services that can be constructed off of these trends. The trends of blockchain, increased encryption, and the intersection of greater technology integration with traditional accounting and financial services will, of course, cause disruption within the industry, but will also cause a paradigm shift as to how professionals view and evaluate assurance, audit, and other advisory services. This is an important topic to keep in mind, especially as different technologies and technology tools continue to enter, evolve, and disrupt the marketplace over time. Regardless of the specific tool or platform that is utilized as a component of this process; RPA, AI, blockchain, or other automation tools or processes, the underlying trend is that professional services are going to become increasingly connected to the data that is produced, stored, and disseminated by organizations both internally and externally. No two firms as the same, and the applications and implications of data and information technology will have different end effects depending on the specific vector and business model of the practice.
Abstract P296: Investigation Of Geographic Disparities Of Pre-diabetes And Diabetes And Associated County-level Risk Factors In Florida, 2016

Background: Diabetes and its complications represent a significant public health burden in the United States, with evidence of geographic disparities. Identifying these disparities and their determ...
“Can you come tell people to be quiet?”: Analyzing chat questions from on-campus and off-campus patrons

Chat reference is popular with both on and off campus users as well as distance students. This article presents the results of a chat transcript analysis project that used fall semester 2019 transc...
Risk of hypocalcemia in cancer patients treated with cabozantinib: A meta-analysis.

e17067Background: Cabozantinib as a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been used extensively in cancer treatment and clinical trials, and is associated with the development of hypocalcemia. Its...
Congenital isolated clubfoot: correlation between prenatal assessment and postnatal degree of severity

OBJECTIVE Since prenatal diagnosis of isolated clubfoot has a false positive rate (FP) of 10%-40%, fetal parameters that might correlate with post-natal confirmation and grade of severity were investigated. METHOD Retrospective analysis (2013-2019) of cases analysed with three-dimensional multiplanar view. The following data were recorded: the angle between the long axis of foot and lower leg; width, length and width-to-length ratio (W/L) of the foot; tibia length and calf width (T/C) ratio. Severity after birth was assessed using the Pirani classification. RESULTS Diagnosis was confirmed in 45/53 neonates (84.9%, FP 15%). Values were higher for both angle and W/L in true vs false positive cases (median angle 100.4° versus 69.55°, p <.000; median W/L 0.53 vs 0.45, p = .001), no difference for T/C (3.77 vs 3.48, p = .8). The area under the curve for angle was 0.98 (CI 0.94-1.00), with a diagnostic cut-off of 84.7° (PPV of 100%, NPV of 66.7%). Median Pirani score, available for 33 neonates (73.3%) was 3 (IQR 3-4): only angle correlated with Pirani score (Spearman coefficient 0.36, p = .04) CONCLUSION: Measuring the angle between the foot and lower leg can reduce the FP rate of prenatal congenital clubfoot diagnosis and better predict the need for postnatal treatment.
Radical-Initiated Formation of Aromatic Organosulfates and Sulfonates in the Aqueous Phase.

Aromatic organosulfates and sulfonates have recently been observed in ambient aerosols collected in urban sites. Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds including aromatics are considered as their...
Imaging-Based Subtypes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Exhibit Differential Growth and Metabolic Patterns in the Pre-Diagnostic Period: Implications for Early Detection.

Background Previously, we characterized subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) on computed-tomography (CT) scans, whereby conspicuous (high delta) PDAC tumors are more likely to have aggressive biology and poorer clinical outcomes compared to inconspicuous (low delta) tumors. Here, we hypothesized that these imaging-based subtypes would exhibit different growth-rates and distinctive metabolic effects in the period prior to PDAC diagnosis. Materials and methods Retrospectively, we evaluated 55 patients who developed PDAC as a second primary cancer and underwent serial pre-diagnostic (T0) and diagnostic (T1) CT-scans. We scored the PDAC tumors into high and low delta on T1 and, serially, obtained the biaxial measurements of the pancreatic lesions (T0-T1). We used the Gompertz-function to model the growth-kinetics and estimate the tumor growth-rate constant (α) which was used for tumor binary classification, followed by cross-validation of the classifier accuracy. We used maximum-likelihood estimation to estimate initiation-time from a single cell (10-6 mm3) to a 10 mm3 tumor mass. Finally, we serially quantified the subcutaneous-abdominal-fat (SAF), visceral-abdominal-fat (VAF), and muscles volumes (cm3) on CT-scans, and recorded the change in blood glucose (BG) levels. T-test, likelihood-ratio, Cox proportional-hazards, and Kaplan-Meier were used for statistical analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Compared to high delta tumors, low delta tumors had significantly slower average growth-rate constants (0.024 month-1 vs. 0.088 month-1, p<0.0001) and longer average initiation-times (14 years vs. 5 years, p<0.0001). α demonstrated high accuracy (area under the curve (AUC)=0.85) in classifying the tumors into high and low delta, with an optimal cut-off of 0.034 month-1. Leave-one-out-cross-validation showed 80% accuracy in predicting the delta-class (AUC=0.84). High delta tumors exhibited accelerated SAF, VAF, and muscle wasting (p <0.001), and BG disturbance (p<0.01) compared to low delta tumors. Patients with low delta tumors had better PDAC-specific progression-free survival (log-rank, p<0.0001), earlier stage tumors (p=0.005), and higher likelihood to receive resection after PDAC diagnosis (p=0.008), compared to those with high delta tumors. Conclusion Imaging-based subtypes of PDAC exhibit distinct growth, metabolic, and clinical profiles during the pre-diagnostic period. Our results suggest that heterogeneous disease biology may be an important consideration in early detection strategies for PDAC.
The Financial Plumbing of the Gcf Repo® Service

The authors describe the ways that intraday credit was used to facilitate the settlement of trades before reforms to the tri-party repo settlement system. In particular, they focus on two main processes: the end-of-day settlement and the morning unwind. The authors then describe why this extension of intraday credit by the clearing banks is problematic, specifically pointing to concerns that a clearing bank may not be able to absorb the impact of a failing dealer. The authors also discuss various reforms to the tri-party repo settlement process, which, they note, are likely to influence the costs of settling GCF Repo transactions.
A theoretical model of bank’s motives for becoming a multinational bank and conditions for its lending abroad substituting or supplementing its domestic loan business

Many empirical studies have examined the motivation for doing business abroad by the multinational corporation (hence MNC). The theory of the MNC received less attention. Even less has been published on the theory of the multinational bank (hence MB). This paper fills the gap. It analyzes the motives and adds a particular perspective: A model driven by supplementation and substitution of business as motivation. While these two elements by themselves are not new to economic theory, their application to the multination bank, as is done in this paper, offers a useful new perspective. While many other studies have concentrated on risk reduction as the motive for asset diversification by the MB, this paper takes a different approach. Specifically, this paper presents a theoretical framework that shows that the conditions for going abroad to enhance the bank’s domestic business (supplementation motive) are different from those that motivate the bank to substitute international business for domestic business (substitution motive). The model provides analytical insights into the behavior of the international bank that can interest scholars and bank regulators. The model can also serve as a basis for future related Multinational Corporate research in general, as well as for other bank specific studies.
I'm Disinclined to Acquiesce to Your Request: Managerial Resistance Against Activism via Acquisition

Shareholder activism has emerged as a prominent threat for corporate managers, but extant research overlooks how managers resist the pressure from activist investors. Since overt resistance can lea...
Testing For Normality

1. Introduction Part 1: Testing for Univariate Normality 2. Plots, Probability Plots and Regression Tests 3. Test Using Moments 4. Other Tests for Univariate Normality 5. Goodness of Fit Tests 6. Tests for Outliers 7. Power Comparisons for Univariate Tests for Normality 8. Testing for Normality with Censored Data Part 2: Testing for Multivariate Normality 9. Assessing Multivariate Normality 10. Testing for Multivariate Outliers Part 3: Additional Topics 11. Testing for Normal Mixtures 12. Robust Estimation of Location and Scale 13. Computational Issues
Low pressure and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of molybdenum oxide films

Thin fihns of molybdenum oxides were deposited at 300-500°C and 200-1014 mtorr from Mo(CO)g, 0% and HgO using an inductively heated low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) system. Two oxygen gas flow rates of 5 and 15 seem were used, aMoOj films were deposited at tenceratures of 425°-450°C, at 660 -1014 mtorr with an O; flow rate of 15 seem and at 450-500®C and 300-500 mtorr with an flow rate of 5 seem. The polycrystalline films were deposited on silicon (100) wafers and exhibited preferred orientations. Gas phase decomposition of the precursor was significant with temperatures > 400°C and pressure > 600 mtorr with an 0% flow rate of 15 seem. Due to decomposition of the precursor in the gas phase and low gas velocities, the films decreased in thickness in the direction of flow. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations indicated that M0O3 is the most stable phase for all the deposition conditions. However, a-MoO, was deposited only at high temperatures and pressures. A quadratic model of a-MoO, formation was developed using experimental design for the 5 seem depositions as a function of temperature and pressure. Both parameters were significant in the formation of a-MoOj. The films were characterized using x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron, Auger, and laser Raman spectroscopies.
Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children

Please cite this paper as: Martin et al. (2012) Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 71–77. Background Molecular testing for viral pathogens has resulted in increasing detection of multiple viruses in respiratory secretions of ill children. The clinical impact of multiple virus infections on clinical presentation and outcome is unclear. Objectives To compare clinical characteristics and viral load between children with multiple virus versus single virus illnesses. Patients/methods Eight hundred and ninety-three residual nasal wash samples from children treated for respiratory illness at Children’s Hospital, Seattle, from September 2003 to September 2004 were evaluated by quantitative PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza (Flu), parainfluenza, adenoviruses, and coronaviruses (CoV). Illness severity and patient characteristics were abstracted from medical charts. Results Coinfections were identified in 103 (18%) of 566 virus-positive samples. Adenovirus was most commonly detected in coinfections (52%), followed by CoV (50%). Illnesses with a single virus had increased risk of oxygen requirement (P = 0·02), extended hospital stays (P = 0·002), and admissions to the inpatient (P = 0·02) or intensive care units (P = 0·04). For Adv and PIV-1, multiple virus illnesses had a significantly lower viral load (log10 copies/ml) than single virus illnesses (4·2 versus 5·6, P = 0·007 and 4·2 versus 6·9, P < 0·001, respectively). RSV, Flu-A, PIV-3, and hMPV viral loads were consistently high whether or not another virus was detected. Conclusions Illnesses with multiple virus detections were correlated with less severe disease. The relationship between viral load and multiple virus infections was virus specific, and this may serve as a way to differentiate viruses in multiple virus infections.
Exercise-Induced Asthma

Key Points Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) occurs in 90% of individuals with asthma. The prevalence of EIA among athletes ranges between 3 and 11%. EIA is characterized by transient airway obstruction occurring after strenuous exertion. Pathophysiological mechanisms that could possibly explain the phenomenon of EIA include respiratory, heat or water loss (or both), hyperventilation leading to the release of bronchospastic chemical mediators, or rebound rewarming of the blood in the airway tissues. Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, fatigue, or stomach ache in children are common symptoms of EIA during or immediately in postexercise period. The symptoms usually peak 8–15 min after exercise and resolve spontaneously in approx 60 min. EIA may occur at any age and is equally common in adults and children. EIA could be the only symptom in patients with mild asthma and indicates inadequate control of asthma. The severity of EIA cannot be predicted from the resting level of the lung function. EIA is one of the most common precipitating factors of acute asthma attacks in children. The diagnosis of EIA is established by demonstration of a drop of 13–15% in forced expiratory volume in 1 s or a drop of 15–20% in peak expiratory flow rate after exercise. Prevention is the main goal in the management of EIA. Early detection of EIA in school-aged children through screening would facilitate early treatment and could enhance exercise-related activities and decrease school absences. Proper pharmacological management would allow athletes with EIA to participate and compete at any level of exercise. Aerobic fitness and adequate and good control of preexisting bronchial reactivity could help to diminish the effect and intensity of EIA. Inhaled β-agonists are medications of choice in the prevention of EIA. Inhaled sodium cromoglycate (Intal) or nedocromil (Tilade) may also be used in the treatment of EIA.
International Entry Modes by New Ventures

Entry mode refers to the mechanism through which firms enter a foreign market. The existing literature of international entrepreneurship has identified determinants of entry modes by new ventures at various levels. The main country-level determinants of international entry mode include host country risk, host market potential, and government intervention and bargaining power. Firm-level determinants include international experience on prior entry mode choices, asset specificity, innovation orientation and capability, market specific knowledge, appropriability of knowledge assets, product nature, and network relationships with suppliers and customers. Individual-level determinants of entry modes are somewhat unique to the entrepreneurship literature; prior research has emphasized the role of entrepreneurs' and managers' personal biases, perceptions of risks, and prior experience in new ventures' choices of entry modes. While significant progress has been made over the last two decades, our understanding of international entry modes by new ventures is still limited; several future research avenues are suggested. Keywords: international new venture; entrepreneurship; entry mode; internationalization; joint venture; wholly owned subsidiary; alliance; export
Compressed air energy storage technology program in the United States

The development of compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology is a recognized objective of the United States Department of Energy. The specific objectives are to develop the technology to a level that will permit early commercialization of the concept and to develop advanced CAES systems that will not require any petroleum fuels for operation. The paper summarizes the CAES technology research and development program sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and provides a brief set of recommendations on the developments required for the commercialization of the concept.
A wireless hierarchical routing protocol with group mobility

In this paper we present a hierarchical routing protocol in a large wireless, mobile network such as found in the automated battlefield or in extensive disaster recovery operations. Conventional routing does not scale well to network size. Likewise, conventional hierarchical routing cannot handle mobility efficiently. We propose a novel soft state wireless hierarchical routing protocol-Hierarchical State Routing (HSR). We distinguish between the "physical" routing hierarchy (dictated by geographical relationships between nodes) and "logical" hierarchy of subnets in which the members move as a group (e.g., company, brigade, battalion in the battlefield). HSR keeps track of logical subnet movements using home agent concepts akin to Mobile IP. A group mobility model is introduced and the performance of the HSR is evaluated through a detailed wireless simulation model.
Genetic Studies of Brown Adipocyte Induction

We seek to discover an effective method for utilizing thermogenesis to reduce the caloric load in obese individuals. Experimental evidence indicates that nonshivering thermogenesis is the most effective cellular and biochemical mechanism known for reducing excessive adiposity. In this presentation, we describe our experiments aimed at understanding how nonshivering thermogenesis can be induced. In addition, these experiments have led to a genetic approach for the identification of variant genes that coordinate the expression of pathways of gene transcription that are associated with brown adipocyte induction.
Program size in restricted programming languages

Let h be any rapidly increasing function recursive in the halting problem. One can find a double recursive program of size n for a zero—one valued function of finite support whose smallest primitive recursive program is larger than h ( n ). One can find a general recursive program of size n for a zero—one valued function of finite support such that any general recursive program of size at most h ( n ) for the function runs extremely slowly on all large arguments.
Spectrum and structure of the O−3 and O−4 anions isolated in an argon matrix

Abstract An absorption which appears near 800 cm − upon reaction of O − with O 2 in an argon matrix has been assigned as ν 3 of O − 3 , with a valence angle of 110 ± 5°, and an absorption near 1000 cm −1 can be assigned to trans -O − 4 .
Structural characterization of the 3,4-dimethylpyridinium salt of the [Pt2(HPO4)4(3,4-Me2py)2]2− ion

Abstract The previously reported compound, (3,4-Me2C5H3NH)2[Pt2(HPO4)4(3,4-Me2C5H3N)2], has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The anion resides on an inversion center and the principal bond lengths and angles are: PtPt, 2.494(1) A; PO, 2.012[6] A; PO(coord), 1.545[7] A; PO, 1.489[12] A; POH, 1.565[11] A; PtPtO, 90.5[2]°. The Pt2(HPO4)4 unit has virtual C4h (4/m) symmetry. The compound crystallizes in space group P21/n with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 8.418(2) A; b = 20.122(8) A; c = 11.433(2) A; β = 107.02(2)°; V = 1852(1) A3; Z = 2.
UNIVERSITY 100 ORIENTATION COURSES AND LIVING-LEARNING COMMUNITIES BOOST ACADEMIC RETENTION AND GRADUATION VIA ENHANCED SELF-EFFICACY AND SELF-REGULATED LEARNING

Nationwide, almost a third of 1st-year college students do not return to begin their sophomore year, and the 5-year graduation rate for undergraduates is only around 40%. It is important for univer...
Primary malignant melanoma of the limbs: A re-evaluation using microstaging techniques

The pathologic material from 256 patients with malignant melanoma of the limb seen between 1955 and 1969 was reviewed to correlate the clinical course of the disease with the microstage, in an attempt to determine whether treatment factors affect the course of the disease. Rates of disease recurrence observed during the ten-year follow-up period were: Level II--19%, III--33%; IV--54% and V--94%, while for measured depths the recurrence rates were less than 0.5 mm--18%; 0.5 to 1 mm--26%; 1 to 1.5 mm--44%; 1.5 to 2 mm--49%; 2 to 3 mm--78% and greater than 3 mm--74%. For those patients with Level II melanomas, or Level III less than 1 mm, there was no difference in disease recurrence or survival, whether they were treated by wide local excision, with or without lymph node dissection, or by regional chemotherapy. For the more deeply invasive melanomas, rates of disease recurrence, survival and time to recurrence were all statistically better for those treated by regional therapy, confirming a treatment effect for malignant melanoma patients.
Adenine protonation in domain B of the hairpin ribozyme.

Protein enzymes often use ionizable side chains, such as histidine, for general acid−base catalysis because the imidazole pKa is near neutral pH. RNA enzymes, on the other hand, are comprised of nu...
PUF ROKs: generating read-once keys from physically unclonable functions

Cryptographers have proposed the notion of read-once keys (ROKs) as a beneficial tool for a number of applications, such as delegation of authority. The premise of ROKs is that the key is destroyed by the process of reading it, thus preventing subsequent accesses. While the idea and the applications are well-understood, the consensus among cryptographers is that ROKs cannot be produced by algorithmic processes alone. Rather, a trusted hardware mechanism is needed to support the destruction of the key.In this work, we propose one such approach for using a hardware design to generate ROKs. Our approach is an application of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). PUFs use the intrinsic differences in hardware behavior to produce a random function that is unique to that hardware instance. Our design consists of incorporating the PUF in a feedback loop to make reading the key multiple times physically impossible.
ß-Funaltrexamine (ß-FNA) decreases deprivation and opioid-induced feeding

Abstract We studied the effect of the μ antagonist, s-funaltrexamine (s-FNA) on deprivation and opioid-induced feeding. Intracerebroventricular pre-treatment of 20 h deprived rats with 0.1, 1, 10 and 20 nmol of s-FNA decreased feeding by 24%, 50%, 50% and 38% during the first hour. Central administration of s-FNA (0.1, 1 and 10 nmol) also decreased feeding induced by the μ opioid agonist, DAMGO by 57%, 60% and 71%. Feeding induced by the δ agonist, DSLET, was decreased by pre-treatment with s-FNA; but only during the 1–2 h time points, a time when relatively little food was ingested. Intraventricular injection of s-FNA failed to alter feeding stimulated by the κ opioid agonist, U-50,488H. These data further substantiate a role for the opioid receptor in deprivation and opioid-induced feeding.
Other Pasts: Family Romances of Pan's Labyrinth

Guillermo del Toro's film, Pan's Labyrinth, employs a common childhood fantasy, described by Freud in “Family Romances” as a matrix for the narrative of a young girl's development into an ethical subject of social community. Surreal scenes represent the child's encounters with drive jouissance, issuing in a recognition of shame and a consequent relation to history. Recalling an image of a resistance against Spanish Fascism, the film enacts a collective family romance as a messianic project that proposes a genealogy for a potential future.
Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation

Entrepreneurs play a central role in new venture creation. Because they do, careful attention to relevant aspects of their behavior and cognition can offer useful insights into key aspects of this complex process. Specifically, investigation of carefully selected behavioral and cognitive factors can add appreciably to our understanding of the basic processes that underlie new venture creation (e.g., how opportunity recognition or creation actually occurs, how and what entrepreneurs learn from increasing experience in launching and operating new ventures). Evidence is reviewed concerning the role of behavioral and cognitive factors in several key activities performed by entrepreneurs. In addition, the potential role of a variable that has not yet been systematically investigated in the context of new venture creation—affect—is explored. Finally, suggestions are offered for future research designed to further explicate the role of behavioral and cognitive factors in new venture creation (e.g., research on the role in entrepreneurship of self-regulatory and metacognitive mechanisms; research on the cognitive and foundations of entrepreneurial alertness). Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Hard underlying event correction to inclusive jet cross sections

Jets observed in hadron-hadron scattering contain a contribution from the ``underlying event'' that is produced by spectator interactions taking place incoherently with the major parton-parton collision, due to the extended composite structure of the colliding hadrons. Using a recent measurement of the double parton interaction rate, we calculate that the underlying event may be $2$--$3$ times stronger than generally assumed, as a result of semi-hard perturbative multiple-parton interactions. This can have an important influence on the inclusive jet cross section at moderate values of ${E}_{T},$ persisting at the $5--10%$ level to the largest observable ${E}_{T}.$ We show how the underlying event can be measured accurately using a generalization of a method first proposed by Marchesini and Webber.
Anastomosis of the Internal Mammary Artery to the Distal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Postmortem studies suggest that segments of the left anterior descending coronary artery measuring 1.5 mm are rarely diseased. Bypass grafting to such segments has been performed in 31 patients. Ten patients having internal mammary to left anterior descending anastomosis have angiographically patent grafts 2 to 13 months after operation. Symptoms of angina as well as symptoms of left ventricular failure have been strikingly relieved.
Mercury(II) bioaccumulation and antioxidant physiology in four aquatic insects.

We examined Hg(II) bioaccumulation and compartmentalization patterns in conjunction with antioxidant responses in four aquatic insect species: two caddisflies (Chimarra sp. and Hydropsyche betteni)...
Evaluation of thermal treatments to improve physical and mechanical properties of bio-composites made from cotton byproducts and other agricultural fibers ☆

Abstract Demand for wood products continues to grow at levels that challenge the available resources. Alternative materials are sought to sustainably supplement the wood fiber industry. Experiments were conducted on composite boards made from agricultural residues. The boards were subjected to thermal treatments to improve mechanical properties. Board construction was accomplished by pressing fibers in a 10% resin matrix with 1.5% wax at 166 °C and 3.45 MPa. Composite boards were produced using cotton carpel, cotton stalks, kenaf, flax, and southern yellow pine, and cotton carpel blended 50/50% with kenaf, cotton stalks, flax and southern yellow pine. In one thermal treatment, fiber was heated to 185 °C for 30 min before the boards were made. In the other thermal treatment, finished boards were heated to 185 °C for 30 min. Four specimens from each board were subjected to water absorption, thickness swelling, internal bond, and stress testing modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in accordance with methods described in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 1037-06a. Thermal-treating the fibers post-fabrication reduced water absorption in all boards compared to untreated specimens. Thermal-treating had mixed effects on MOE, MOR, and internal bond with some fiber composites having improved values while others had lower values. Kenaf had significantly higher water absorption and swell properties compared to the other materials. Southern yellow pine and flax had equivalent water resistance. Composite blends with cotton carpel exhibited equal or improved mechanical properties compared to non-blended treatments.