cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance LiCoO2 Sub‐Micrometer Materials from Scalable Microparticle Template Processing

One attribute that has limited performance for some lithium-ion battery active material systems is large particle size. While many methods have been reported in the literature for producing high-performance sub-micrometer sized battery particles, often these procedures are difficult to adapt to large battery electrode powder production and/or the processing is relatively expensive compared to traditional methods. We report a highly scalable process to produce high performance sub-micrometer battery active material using an initial demonstration cathode chemistry, LiCoO2 (LCO). We adopted a template-based process which took advantage of a cobalt oxalate precursor material with a rod morphology. Lithiation of the precursor via calcination produced loosely connected sub-micrometer sized LCO particles which were easily dispersed into individual particles through a low energy mechanical method. The sub-micrometer sized LCO particulates exhibited excellent electrochemical performance as lithium-ion battery cathode active materials, including high discharge capacity, rate capability, and coulombic efficiency.
Effective Screening of Integrated Circuits

A unique dc pin-to-pin test method for integrated circuits has been developed at the Goddard Space Flight Center. This test method permits each element in a circuit (resistor, diode, transistor, etc.) to be tested and evaluated individually rather than in combination, as is the case with the normally utilized integrated circuit functional testing technique. This dc pin-to-pin test method has been fully automated from testing to data analysis, making it a quick, economical and practical tool for integrated circuit testing, evaluation and/or screening.
International Political Economy

Contents: Series Preface Introduction. Part I Modern Origins: International economics and international relations: a case of mutual neglect, Susan Strange 3 models of the future, Robert Gilpin International relations and domestics structures: foreign economic policies of advanced industrial states, Peter J. Katzenstein The 2nd image reversed the international sources of domestic politics, Peter Gourevitch. Part II Systemic Transformations: Transnational relations and world politics: an introduction, Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Robert O. Keohane Social forces, states and world orders: beyond international relations theory, Robert W. Cox International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order, John Gerrard Ruggie The causes of globalization, Geoffrey Garrett. Part III System Governance :State power and the structure of international trade, Stephen D. Krasner The demand for international regimes, Robert O. Keohane The legalization of international monetary affairs, Beth A. Simmons The optimal design of international trade institutions: uncertainty and escape, B. Peter Rosendorff and Helen V. Milner. Part IV International Trade: Political cleavages and changing exposure to trade, Ronald Rogowski Ideas, institutions and American trade policy, Judith Goldstein Free to trade: democracies, autocracies, and international trade negotiations, Edward D. Mansfield, Helen V. Milner and B. Peter Rosendorff Power politics and international trade, Joanne Gowa and Edward D. Mansfield. Part V International Money and Finance: Capital mobility and state autonomy: toward a structural theory of international monetary relations, David M. Andrews International and domestic constraints on political business cycles in OECD economies, William Roberts Clark and Usha Nair Reichart with Sandra Lynn Lomas and Kevin L. Parker Invested interests: the politics of national economic policies in a world of global finance, Jeffrey A. Frieden Democratic institutions and exchange-rate commitments, William Bernhard and David Leblang Name index.
Reducing adaptation latency for multi-concept visual perception in outdoor environments

Multi-concept visual classification is emerging as a common environment perception technique, with applications in autonomous mobile robot navigation. Supervised visual classifiers are typically trained with large sets of images, hand annotated by humans with region boundary outlines followed by label assignment. This annotation is time consuming, and unfortunately, a change in environment requires new or additional labeling to adapt visual perception. The time is takes for a human to label new data is what we call adaptation latency. High adaptation latency is not simply undesirable but may be infeasible for scenarios with limited labeling time and resources. In this paper, we introduce a labeling framework to the environment perception domain that significantly reduces adaptation latency using unsupervised learning in exchange for a small amount of label noise. Using two real-world datasets we demonstrate the speed of our labeling framework, and its ability to collect environment labels that train high performing multi-concept classifiers. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of this label collection process for visual perception as it applies to navigation in outdoor environments.
A systematic tale of two differing reviews: evaluating the evidence on public and private sector quality of primary care in low and middle income countries

Systematic reviews are powerful tools for summarizing vast amounts of data in controversial areas; but their utility is limited by methodological choices and assumptions. Two systematic reviews of literature on the quality of private sector primary care in low and middle income countries (LMIC), published in the same journal within a year, reached conflicting conclusions. The difference in findings reflects different review methodologies, but more importantly, a weak underlying body of literature. A detailed examination of the literature cited in both reviews shows that only one of the underlying studies met the gold standard for methodological robustness. Given the current policy momentum on universal health coverage and primary health care reform across the globe, there is an urgent need for high quality empirical evidence on the quality of private versus public sector primary health care in LMIC.
Preperitoneal pelvic packing for exsanguinating pelvic fractures

Patients with haemodynamic instability due to pelvic fracture-related bleeding can have life-threatening haemorrhage. Management options for haemorrhage control in complex pelvic fractures include bony stabilization, angioembolization, and preperitoneal pelvic packing (PPP). The indications for PPP as well as the operative technique and outcomes will be described in this review. PPP directly addresses the bony and venous bleeding of complex pelvic fractures, which results in the majority of blood loss in exsanguinating patients. As such, PPP should be considered for pelvic fracture patients who remain haemodynamically unstable despite red cell transfusion.
Causes of Obesity: Individual Physiology and Consumption Choices

The recent upward trend in the adult obesity rate is attributable to an energy imbalance, where people consume more calories than they expend. Between 1970 and 2004, Americans increased their daily consumption by an average of 300–500 calories, and the quality of diets changed. The typical American diet today consists of foods and beverages with a greater degree of processing, including more calories consumed from restaurants, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and ready-to-eat and ready-to-heat foods. Meanwhile, although physical activity in leisure has increased slightly, physical activity in work, housework, and travel has declined steadily. The complex interaction between diet composition, eating and physical activity behaviors, and human physiology makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact mechanism through which prevalence of obesity has increased.
Improving Functional Mobility in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Treatment for Non-Central Nervous System Cancers: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Childhood cancers and subsequent treatments can leave survivors with impairments that may lead to decreased physical performance. Rehabilitation can be an important component of promoting improved physical function in children and adolescents undergoing treatment for cancer. Objective To review and synthesize evidence for nonsurgical, nonpharmacologic, rehabilitation interventions for children and adolescents undergoing treatment for non-central nervous system cancers aimed at improving their physical impairments and functional mobility limitations. Design A systematic review of the literature, from January 1996 to October 2016, on interventions for improving functional mobility and physical impairments in pediatric patients on treatment or recently off treatment for a non-central nervous system cancer. Setting Not applicable. Methods Included articles were reviewed for quality. Evidence for each impairment area was analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Not applicable. Results A total of 22 articles met our inclusion criteria. Only 7 randomized controlled trials were identified, and most studies had few subjects. More than one half of the existing clinical trials were on exercise or programs to increase strength and physical activity, with some evidence to support improvements in strength but mixed evidence for improving physical activity. Relatively few assessed other interventions used in rehabilitation such as orthotics, neuromuscular re-education, and functional training. Conclusion The body of literature describing nonsurgical and nonpharmacological interventions for decreased functional mobility and its related impairments is only beginning to emerge as few studies of high quality were found in the literature. Rehabilitation researchers and clinicians need to collaborate to produce the multi-site trials that will be needed to best serve these children.
Education for Muslim Hui Youth at a Crossroads

It was another sunny Tuesday and it was my last day at Prosperity Middle School. Waking up with the school bell like any other day, I started to pack my belongings and organize the materials I had used while I was there. School was still in session but I did not need to be attentive to its routine schedule. Some of the teachers had to teach and administer corporal punishment this day, and others may have to enforce Suzhi behaviors. The leaders probably had to deliver a few encouraging lectures on the imagined future of prosperity, too. They had taught me through their experience and knowledge in implementing state-run, compulsory education in this rural middle school located in a Muslim Hui region, and they continue to struggle between policy and practice.
Handbook of Life Course Health Development

This open access handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy.Topics featured in the Handbook include:The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan.The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law.
The Impact of AUC-Based Monitoring on Pharmacist-Directed Vancomycin Dose Adjustments in Complicated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection.

Objective:This study aimed to assess the impact of area under the curve (AUC)-based vancomycin monitoring on pharmacist-initiated dose adjustments after transitioning from a trough-only to an AUC-b...
Hope Inspiration among People Living with HIV/AIDS: Theory and Implications for Counselors

Despite the dramatic reversal in prognosis for people living long-term with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), the literature indicates, counter-intuitively, that PLWHA often do not have much hope for the future. The authors undertook a grounded theory study (Cutcliff & Zinck, 2011) that resulted in a four-stage theory of hope inspiration for PLWHA. Both the core variable, "Turning from death to life, " and the four stages of the theory have significant practice, education, and policy implications for counselors working with PLWHA, which this article explores in detail. It draws attention to specific counselor qualities (i.e., awareness, possessing a working knowledge of HIV/AIDS) and a sense of hope that the authors argue is needed to underpin effective work with PLWHA. It describes hope-inspiring interventions—witnessing hopelessness, punctuating resources, networking, and re-storying—that counselors might consider, linking each to the theory and stages of hope inspiration
Quantization and the Schrödinger Equation

The basic equation of quantum mechanics is the Schrodinger equation which expresses the wave function Ψ of a quantum system as an eigenfunction of a quantized Hamiltonian operator H: HΨ = λΨ where the (real) eigenvalue λ is the quantum energy of the system in the state Ψ see equations (1.3.2), (1.3.4). Embodied already in this equation is the basic quantum mechanical principle that quantum energies cannot take on arbitrary values but are quantized: they are given by a discrete set of eigenvalues of a suitable second-order differential operator. This mathematical phenomenon of the discreteness of eigenvalues explains, for example, the observed discreteness of absorption and emission atomic spectral lines; compare remarks in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 of Chapter 1. The Schrodinger theory, and the equivalent theory of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan, represents a distinct advancement of the Bohr theory. Some early basic papers on quantum mechanics are compiled in the book [82], which includes a historic introduction by B. van der Waerden. Also see [6, 8, 9, 24, 75, 76].
Clinical Aspects of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), an uncommon neoplasm stemming from the calcitonin-producing thyroid parafollicular C cells, represents approximately 5% of thyroid cancer cases. Unique among all types of thyroid cancer is the close association of MTC with inherited tumor syndromes in about 20% of patients. Activating mutations in the ret proto-oncogene account for the hereditary basis of MTC and contribute significantly to sporadic tumor development as well. These findings have a major impact on the diagnosis and therapy of MTC.
Neoplastic Pericardial Disease

The spread of metastatic cancer to the pericardium is the most common cause of cardiac tamponade in medical inpatient settings. Lung cancer, breast cancer, and the hematologic malignancies account for some three quarters of the cases. Occasionally, usually in lung cancer, the pericardial involvement is the first clinical presentation of the neoplastic disease. Differential diagnosis includes radiation pericarditis and cardiac toxicity from chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as any of the causes of pericardial disease in patients without neoplasm. Idiopathic nonneoplastic, noninflammatory pericardial effusion is surprisingly common in cancer patients. The initial cardiac tamponade may be managed with either needle tap or subxiphoid pericardiostomy. Pericardiocentesis, performed with echocardiographic guidance and followed by percutaneous catheter drainage for several days, is safe and effective in neoplastic pericardial effusion. It may be the only local therapy that is needed. Further local treatment, for those patients who develop recurrent cardiac tamponade after an initial drainage procedure, may include tetracycline sclerosis of the pericardial space, instillation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and pericardiectomy. No controlled clinical trials of these methods of treatment are available. The choice of therapy is based on various considerations in individual patients, particularly the patient's general condition and the likelihood of a long-term response to treatment of the systemic neoplastic disease.
Resisting Sexual Violence: What Empathy Offers

The primary aim of this essay is to investigate modalities of resistance to sexual violence. It begins from the observation that the nature of what we understand ourselves to be resisting—that is, how we define the scope, content, and causes of sexual violence—will have profound implications for how we approach the possibilities of resistance. I critically engage one model of resistance to sexual violence: feminist philosophical scholarship on self-defense, highlighting several shortcomings in how the feminist self-defense discourse inadvertently frames sexual violence. Holding these criticisms in mind, I expand the landscape of resistance to sexual violence by considering new possibilities that empathy might offer. The work of two contemporary women of color feminists—Roxane Gay and Tarana Burke—launches further exploration of empathy’s alternative modes of resistance. In focusing on empathy between survivors of sexual violence, we can expand our understanding of the possibilities of resistance by redistributing and broadening our attention in three main ways: from action to affect and attitude, from a spatially and temporally limited event to something more expansive, and from the individual through the interpersonal to the structural.
“Just let this sink in”: Feminist Megethos and the Role of Lists in #MeToo

The #MeToo movement unveiled a shifting testimonial landscape available to victims of sexual assault, one that was able to apprehend the attention of vast public audiences unlike other protests bef...
Socio-cultural perceptions of flood risk and management of a levee system: Applying the Q methodology in the California Delta

Abstract The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is an agricultural, recreational, historical, and cultural center and the hub of the state's water supply system. For decades the region has been ripe with political controversies stemming from conflicting interests over its natural resources which all depend on the protection of approximately 1800 km of earthen levees that surround over 60 islands, some of which are below sea level and two-thirds of which are privately owned. This study uses the Q methodology to explore the discourses of the broad range of stakeholders, including farmers, land- and water-based recreation enthusiasts, water exporters, utilities, environmentalists, and government agencies, about flood risk and flood management in the Delta. The results of this study reveal five distinct views regarding the risk of submersion of one or more islands due to either overtopping during high waters or structural levee failures. The findings of this study also elucidate nuanced narratives on the viability of anticipatory climate change adaptation in the Delta. Proximity, sense of vulnerability, values, trust, and views of climate change are the underlying factors in these perspectives. The perspectives identified suggest that resolving decades of distrust among stakeholder groups will remain difficult; however, taking a cultural approach to understanding perspectives may provide an opportunity to open up the conversations to adaptation approaches, and thus fulfill the legal mandate to protect the Delta as an evolving place.
Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spills in Ice-Covered Waters: A Surface Slick Model Coupled with a Food-Web Bioaccumulation Model

The limited knowledge on oil-ice interactions and on the ecological outcomes of oil spills in the Arctic represent sources of uncertainties for shipping and oil and gas activities in polar regions. The present work aims at the definition of the ecological risk posed by oil spills in the Arctic by the integration of an improved surface slick model to a fugacity-based food-web bioaccumulation model for icy waters. The model's outcomes are the representation of transport and weathering processes and the concentrations of a toxic component of oil, namely naphthalene, in the environmental media as a function of ice conditions. Given those concentrations, the associated ecological risk is defined in terms of the bioconcentration factor (BCF). Overall, the model predicted low bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential for naphthalene to a hypothetical Arctic food web, regardless of the ice concentration. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:729-744. © 2020 SETAC.
Can Pre-Transplant Renal Function Predict Short-Term and Long-Term Post-Transplant Survival?

Purpose Impaired post-transplant renal function (PRFT) is a well-described fact for survival in heart transplants. However, the effect of pre-transplant renal function and its impact on survival is poorly studied. We seek to investigate the relationship between PRFT on post HTX survival. Methods United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry was queried for all adult heart transplant recipients (HTR) from 1999 to 2018. Serum Creatinine levels were used as a marker for renal function. We stratified the HTR based on serum creatinine values (mg/dl) at time of transplant into five groups: Group 1: 0-1mg/dl, Group 2: 1.1-1.5mg/dl, Group 3: 1.6-2mg/dl, Group 4: 2.1-3mg/dl, and Group 5: 3-4 mg/dl. A creatinine level >4mg/dl was excluded from the analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (KM), Cox regression modelling and logistic regression were used in our analysis. Results 34,968 patient records were analyzed and stratified into the various groups (Table). KM survival analysis showed increased survival with lower creatinine levels (p Conclusion PRFT has a positive impact on both short-term and long-term post-transplant survival. With many patients being predisposed to a spectrum of metabolic disorders, it is apparent that PRFT is an integral part of evaluation and prediction of survival following HTX. The patho-physiological synergy between the cardiac and renal systems evidently justifies that pre-transplant optimization of renal function leads to an increased short-term and long-term post-transplant survival.
Urethral Diverticulum following Polypropylene Mesh Midurethral Slings: A Literature Review.

Aims It is currently unknown whether an association exists between polypropylene mesh and urethral diverticulum formation following placement of polypropylene midurethral slings (MUS) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We aimed to examine the literature associating MUS with the occurrence of urethral diverticula. Methods Multiple online research databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and the Cochrane Library, were searched, from January 2019 to February 2019, for evidence related to the occurrence of urethral diverticula following polypropylene MUS procedures. Results Four case reports were published demonstrating the occurrence of urethral diverticula following the use of polypropylene mesh for surgical treatment of SUI. Subjects of these cases were menopausal and had an elevated body mass index (BMI), recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), autoimmune conditions, or prior pelvic floor surgeries. A thorough urologic workup, including imaging prior to sling placement, was not always performed. Conclusion No clear association exists between polypropylene MUS placement and subsequent urethral diverticulum formation. Factors that diminish polypropylene mesh biocompatibility include elevated BMI, menopause, recurrent UTIs, prior pelvic surgeries, and preexisting medical conditions. Symptoms associated with urethral diverticula should prompt a complete urologic workup prior to MUS placement.
Removing Unnecessary Medical Barriers to Contraception: Celebrating a Decade of the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use

In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, providing recommendations for health care providers on safe use of contraception for people with certain characteristics or medical conditions. Adapted from World Health Organization guidance, the goal of the recommendations is to remove unnecessary medical barriers to contraception. Over the past decade, CDC has updated recommendations based on new evidence, collaborated with national partners to disseminate and implement the guidelines, and conducted provider surveys to assess changes in attitudes and practices around contraception safety and provision. CDC remains committed to supporting evidence-based guidelines for safe use of contraception, as the basis for improving access to contraception and high-quality family planning services, reducing unintended pregnancy, and improving reproductive health in the United States.
Oxide superconductors-light on a continuing mystery.

The discovery of a whole new class of cuprate superconductors (1) over 30 y ago resulted in euphoria, intense research efforts, and an expectation that in the course of the next few years, we would understand why these materials displayed superconductivity at an unanticipated high temperature. However, in spite of decades of theoretical and experimental efforts at an elevated intensity, there is still no widespread agreement on the mechanism responsible for this whole class of superconductors. The paper by Conradson et al. (2) describes some provocative work that should be taken seriously; this work is a culmination of earlier work by some of the same authors (3, 4) and triggered my own thoughts. The continuing discoveries after the first report of the cuprate superconductors have broadened the scope of discussions among scientists and engineers such that we no longer talk about limits of the superconducting critical temperatures (Tc’s) but how and where we can continue to push to higher temperatures and broader applications. Following decades of work before these discoveries, the overwhelming opinion was that the mechanism responsible for the electron pairing resulting in superconductivity was the electron–phonon interaction (5). Theoretical … [↵][1]1Email: rdynes{at}ucsd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Interfacial enhancement of ferroelectricity in CaTi O 3 /BaTi O 3 superlattices

We carry out first-principles calculations for CaTi${O}_{3}$/BaTi${O}_{3}$superlattices with epitaxial strain corresponding to growth on a SrTi${O}_{3}$ substrate, and consider octahedral rotations as well as ferroelectric distortions. The calculations are done as a function of electric displacement field, and both a macroscopic and a local electrostatic analysis are carried out. We find that strong octahedral rotations occur for Ti${O}_{6}$ octahedra sandwiched between CaO layers on both sides, but are strongly suppressed if either neighboring layer is a BaO layer. Due to the resulting enhancement of the ferroelectric instability in these octahedra, we find that overall the ferroelectric instability of the superlattice is enhanced by the interface. Thus, short-period superlattices in this system have a larger ferroelectric polarization than longer-period ones of the same average composition, contrary to the expected trend.
Focus: New Info from Slow Muons

A new precision technique confirms that the magnetic field penetrates a superconductor only a few hundred nanometers below the surface in exactly the way theory predicts.
On the computational complexity of the verification of modular discrete-event systems

Investigates issues related to the computational complexity of automata intersection problems. For several classes of problems, comparing the behavior of sets of interacting finite automata is found to be PSPACE-complete even in the case of automata accepting prefix-closed languages (equivalently, even when all states are marked). The paper uses these results to investigate the computational complexity of problems related to the verification of supervisory controllers for modular discrete-event systems. Modular discrete-event systems are sets of finite automata combined by the parallel composition operation. We find that a large number of modular discrete-event system verification problems are also PSPACE-complete, even for prefix-closed cases. These results suggest that while system decomposition by parallel composition could lead to significant space savings, it may not lead to sufficient time savings that would aid in the study of "large-scale" systems.
Lawyers and Slaves: A Remarkable Case of Representation from the Antebellum South

This essay examines the unexplored topic of lawyers who represented slaves in the antebellum era. Drawing on a single case study, the paper recreates the story surrounding a legal dispute that arose when David Webster of Galveston, Texas, freed a slave woman named Betsy and left her all of his property in his will. The case was controversial; not only did it expose the existence of an interracial relationship but it also raised the troubling question of whether a black woman, on the eve of the Civil War, should be entitled to her freedom and to the considerable wealth that was left to her, including the home in which they had lived. In exploring these issues, the paper draws out the attorneys who represented Betsy, examining their efforts as well as their motivations to offer valuable insight into a world in which local experience and intimate matters upends some of our fundamental assumptions about race, law, and life during slavery times.
Neurogenesis and neuroenhancement in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of neuroplasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD). The chapter examines the nature of the course of BPD. It discusses the biological correlates that are found in clinical imaging and postmortem pathological research. The chapter explores preclinical research on cellular and synaptic plasticity and their related underlying molecular mechanisms. BPD is a severe, chronic illness that affects about 1–6% of the general population. Patients afflicted with this condition typically alternate between episodes of depression and mania. Depressed mood, anhedonia, and despair, taken together with cognitive impairments, changes in psychomotor behavior, and neurovegetative symptoms are the common characteristics of the disease. Patients in manic stages present a hyperaroused state with either euphoric or dysphoric mood, motor activity elevations, racing thoughts, impaired judgment, or decreased sleep as well as a decreased need for sleep. Patients with BPD are generally treated with a class of medications referred to as “mood stabilizers.” The role of neuroplasticity in BPD is an avenue of investigation with great potential and is likely to lead to additional, improved treatments of the disease.
Dynamo Dominated Accretion And Energy Flow: The Mechanism Of Active Galactic Nuclei

An explanation of the magnetic fields of the universe, the central mass concentration of galaxies, the massive black hole of every galaxy, and the AGN phenomena has been an elusive goal. We suggest here the outlines of such a theoretical understanding and point out where the physical understanding is missing. We believe there is an imperative to the sequence of mass flow and hence energy flow in the collapse of a galactic mass starting from the first non-linearity appearing in structure formation following decoupling. This first non-linearity of a two to one density fluctuation, the Lyman-α clouds, ultimately leads to the emission spectra of the phenomenon of AGN, quasars, blazars etc. The over-arching physical principle is the various mechanisms for the transport of angular momentum. We believe we have now understood the new physics of two of these mechanisms that have previously been illusive and as a consequence they impose strong constraints on the initial conditions of the mechanisms for the subsequent emission of the gravitational binding energy. The new phenomena described here are: 1) the Rossby vortex mechanism of the accretion disk viscosity, and 2) the mechanism of the α — Ω dynamo in the accretion disk. The Rossby vortex mechanism leads to a prediction of the black hole mass and rate of energy release and the α — Ω dynamo leads to the generation of the magnetic flux of the galaxy (and the far greater magnetic flux of clusters) and separately explains the primary flux of energy emission as force-free magnetic energy density. This magnetic flux and magnetic energy density separately are the necessary consequence of the saturation of a dynamo created by the accretion disk with a gain greater than unity.
Oral infection drives a distinct population of resident memory CD8 T cells with enhanced protective function (LYM4P.751)

The intestinal mucosa is designed for promoting specialized T cell responses which are distinct from responses generated systemically or even from other mucosal surfaces. Oral infection with Listeria monocytogenes induced a robust CD8 T cell response. Unlike splenic short-lived effector cells (SLEC) early after infection, intestinal SLEC rapidly underwent apoptosis resulting in a predominant memory precursor (MPEC) population between 9 and 12 dpi. Similarly, the resulting IEL population was functionally superior to their splenic counterparts and provided rapid protection upon secondary oral challenge. These early memory cells, but not other effector cell subsets, rapidly upregulated CD103 identifying them as mucosal resident memory precursors. Surprisingly, CD103 expression promoted T cell accumulation in the epithelium but did not regulate long term retention within the epithelial layer or CD8 T cell fate. Indeed, intranasal or intravenous Listeria monocytogenes infection generated memory CD8 T cell populations within the intestinal epithelial compartment which were heterogeneous for CD103 expression and displayed distinct effector cell subsets. Collectively, this data demonstrates the importance of priming location for generating intestinal resident and protective T cell memory and demonstrates that priming location and tissue of residence impacts resident memory T cell formation and maintenance.
Tropical Ecosystems and Ecological Concepts: Grasslands and primary production

Tropical grasslands, excluding wetlands, cover 15 million km 2 and may be defined as ecosystems within the tropics in which graminaceous (grass-like) species dominate the vegetation. Thus, by this definition, tropical grasslands include not only purely herbaceous communities, but also the mixed grass and tree communities called savanna that we will discuss in chapter 4. Grass-dominated communities occur naturally where soil moisture becomes insufficient to support a closed forest canopy, but is adequate for the development of, at least, patchy grass cover. The environmental factors that determine the transition from forest to grassland include precipitation, humidity, soil type, fire frequency and grazing pressure (Figure 3.1). Distinguishing between the wetter desert areas, grasslands and sparsely treed, open savannas is difficult and really of little ecological significance. There is a great deal of overlap in both appearance and function of the biotic components that exist in these three systems. Temperate grasslands (prairies in North America, steppes in Eurasia and pampas in South America) generally lack woody vegetation and occur in regions with warm summers and cold winters. Tall grasses in wetter areas are replaced by shorter grasslands in areas subject to summer drought. Perennial grasses dominate both temperate and tropical grasslands, but in the drier areas of tropical grasslands annual species become increasingly important. Large areas of both temperate and tropical grasslands have been modified for livestock and crop production.
Some aspects of carnitine metabolism in avocado (Persea americana) (Short Communication).

The fact that palmitoyl-l-carnitine is oxidized by avocado mitochondria at a rate comparable with that of succinate oxidation suggests that there are at least two systems for β-oxidation in higher plants. The carnitine-associated system is located in a mitochondrial fraction, whereas the glyoxylate-cycle-associated system is located in the glyoxysomes.
Lineage determination in the immune system.

Underlying all immune responses are the developmental programs that give immune cells their identities. Developmental controls determine the kinds of effector mechanisms that are available to different classes of cells, the degree of amplification that they can achieve through clonal expansion, the signals that they will respond to, and the limits that will be set on their abilities to alter function in different environmental conditions. As all these cell types are ultimately derived from common hematopoietic precursors, they each become distinct from other cell types at developmental choice points that define a time course of branching lineage relationships. This volume showcases striking new advances that illuminate the mechanisms governing several particularly interesting choice points where divergent immune cell identities are established.
Healthcare, Sexual Practices, and Cultural Competence with LGBT Elders

Research on the health of LGBT elders is limited. However, we do know that LGBT older adults often have poorer health status as a result of a combination of factors including health challenges such as sexual orientation, gender identity issues, as well as a history of marginalization, prejudice, and the effects of non disclosure in health care encounters. Additionally, commonly held misconceptions regarding the sexual practices of older adults contribute to the poorer health outcomes experienced by some LGBT individuals. LGBT older adults, like others, are entitled to quality health care. This chapter introduces and discusses some of the major issues that affect the health of LGBT elders and explores opportunities to begin addressing these issues. Additionally, it reviews implications for improving service delivery from an interdisciplinary perspective and future research directions.
The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on estrogen metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells : evidence for induction of a novel 17β-estradiol 4-hydroxylase

Rates of microsomal 17β-estradiol (E2) hydroxylation at the C-2, -4, -6α, and -15α positions are each induced greater than 10-fold by treating MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The TCDD-induced activities at the C-2, -6α and -15α positions have been attributed to cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1); however, the low Km 4-hydroxylase induced by TCDD appears to be a distinct enzyme. We report here that antibodies to cytochrome P450-EF (mouse CYP1B1) selectivity inhibited the C-4 hydroxylation of E2 catalyzed by microsomes from TCDD-treated MCF-7 cells. Western blots probed with anti-CYP1B antibodies showed the induction of a 52 kDa microsomal protein in response to treatment with TCDD in MCF-7 cells. Western blots of microsomes from HepG2 cells did not show the TCDD-induced 52 kDa protein, and microsomes from TCDD-treated HepG2 cells did not catalyze a low Km hydroxylation of E2 at C-4. Cellular metabolism experiments also showed induction of both the C-2 and -4 hydroxylation pathways in TCDD-treated MCF-7 cells as evidenced by elevated 2- and 4-methoxyestradiol (MeOE2) formation. In contrast, TCDD-treated HepG2 cells showed 2-MeOE2 formation predominantly over 4-MeOE2. Northern blots of RNA isolated from untreated and TCDD-treated cells, when probed with the human CYP1B1 cDNA, showed induction of a 5.2 kb RNA in MCF-7 cells but not in HepG2 cells in response to treatment with TCDD. These results provide additional evidence for the induction by TCDD of a novel E2 4-hydroxylase in MCF-7 cells but not in HepG2 cells and indicate possible endocrine regulatory roles for the newly discovered group of enzymes of the CYP1B subfamily.
Hybrid Ordered Hole-Random Hole Optical Fibers

Photonic band gap (PBG) fibers have generated significant interest over the last decade due to the unique set of properties these fibers exhibit. In general, these fibers have been made by drawing a series of glass tubes (which are stacked in an ordered array) into a fiber. These fibers consist of an ordered arrangement of holes or tubes in a glass matrix. In this invited paper we describe a novel type of fiber, called HORHOFs (hybrid ordered random hole optical fibers). In these fibers, the refractive index of the ordered-hole region is controlled by incorporation of very small tubes of glass produced in-situ during the fiber drawing process. The result is a region of controllable glass density inside the “ordered hole”. This allows tailoring of the refractive index of the hole region and of the matrix glass around the holes. Description of the process to produce these new types of fibers, micrographs of some of the fibers produced, some potential applications, and the results of some computer modeling to predict the properties of these fibers, are presented.
Identification of gamma transitions from He and Be ternary fission fragments

He and Be ternary fission processes of 252Cf have been studied in two experiments with the Gammasphere detector array with light charged particle detectors surrounding the source. From α-γ double gated spectra, neutron multiplicity distributions were determined for related α ternary fission pairs. In going from binary to α ternary SF for approximately the same mass splittings (A ≈ 104–146) the average neutron multiplicity decreases about 0.7 AMU. In the first light charged particle (LCP) γ-γ experiment, the 10Be spectrum was cutoff below 27 MeV and in the recent experiment, below 18 MeV. For high energy (E > 27 MeV) 10Be ternary fission, the data indicate that the largest yields go via the cold process (zero neutron evaporation). In the recent experiment with E cutoff of 18 MeV, the 10Be ternary SF was observed for zero to 4n emissions. It seems that in some cases like 136Te, the On channel is the strongest and in the other cases like 100Zr the 1n or 2n channel dominates. Clearly, there is a shift to lower average number of neutrons emitted for 10Be compared to α ternary SF. The 104Zr and 136Te cases where zero neutron emission occurs may be related to the fact that these nuclei are near the limits of the more neutron rich Zr and Te nuclei observed. The 136Te is more spherical than the heavy partners in the other pairs and this may influence the 0n channel. Finally, the 0n channel may be more enhanced in the first data with the higher 10Be energy cutoff, leading to lower excitation energy. Also, we confirmed the 3368 keV peak with the FWHM of 60 keV emitted from the moving Be particles in the Doppler effect corrected spectrum.
Optimizing the FEDVR-TDCC code for exploring the quantum dynamics of two-electron systems in intense laser pulses.

To efficiently solve the three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent linear and nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, we have developed a large-scale parallel code RSP-FEDVR [B. I. Schneider, L. A. Collins, and S. X. Hu, Phys. Rev. E 73, 036708 (2006)], which combines the finite-element discrete variable representation (FEDVR) with the real-space product algorithm. Using the similar algorithm, we have derived an accurate approach to solve the time-dependent close-coupling (TDCC) equation for exploring two-electron dynamics in linearly polarized intense laser pulses. However, when the number $(N)$ of partial waves used for the TDCC expansion increases, the FEDVR-TDCC code unfortunately slows down, because the potential-matrix operation scales as $\ensuremath{\sim}O({N}^{2})$. In this paper, we show that the full potential-matrix operation can be decomposed into a series of small-matrix operations utilizing the sparse property of the $[N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N]$ potential matrix. Such optimization speeds up the FEDVR-TDCC code by an order of magnitude for $N=256$. This may facilitate the ultimate solution to the 3D two-electron quantum dynamics in ultrashort intense optical laser pulses, where a large number of partial waves are required.
The Occurrence of an Axillary Spur in the Heteroptera and its Function in the Coreinae

A spur on the metathoracic third axillary sclerite of some Coreidae, Pentatomoidea, and Largidae is described and figured. The suggestion that it is a stridulatory device is found untenable.
Effects of concurrent manipulations of cholinergic and noradrenergic function on learning and retention in mice

Interactions between the neuromodulators acetylcholine and norepinephrine (NE) have been reported in both developmental neural plasticity and learning and memory. In a test of the generality of this phenomenon, we assessed the amnestic effects of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine in normal and NE-depleted mice. Pretraining administration of scopolamine impaired 24-h retention of inhibitory (passive) avoidance training (at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) and the acquisition of place-training in a water maze (at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg). NE depletion resulting from systemic administration of DSP-4 did not affect performance on these tasks and did not significantly alter the effects of scopolamine. NE depletion did, however, impair the retention of place learning when mice were retested 16 days after initial training; and this impairment in the retest was additive with one observed in mice originally trained under scopolamine. Normal acquisition but rapid forgetting has also been reported in aged rodents, who display deterioration of the noradrenergic system. Thus, observation of a similar pattern of performance consequent to experimental NE depletion suggests a role for noradrenergic dysfunction in age-related memory decline.
Opposition Cooperation and Uprisings in the Arab World

What affects the possibilities and success of opposition cooperation in the Arab world? This piece examines the various contributions to the special issue, highlighting their insights into the types of opposition cooperation prevalent in the region, and the factors that influence the formation, endurance and success of cooperative arrangements. Understanding the structure and dynamics of opposition cooperation, as well as its success and failure, is critical in developing an analytic framework from which to launch further research on the evolving political and sociological realities in the Arab world. Drawing from the contributions in this special issue, this piece concludes by exploring how the uprisings of 2011 are likely to affect cooperation across opposition groups in the future.
Ken Burns Gone Wild: Naturalizing the Nation in The National Parks: America's Best Idea

The release of Ken Burns's documentary on the national parks is to be celebrated for bringing national attention to the field of environmental history. Yet for all the movie's strengths, Burns only partially engaged two concepts central to contemporary environmental history: social difference and the cultural construction of nature. As a result, the series devoted less attention than it might have to such important issues as the removal of Native Americans from the national parks and to the ways nature in the parks has changed over time.