cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of Next-Generation Sequencing into Routine Clinical Care to Direct Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: The clinical impact of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not been described. We aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of NGS in the routine care of patients with HNSCC and to correlate genomic alterations with clinical outcomes. Experimental Design: Single-center study examining targeted NGS platform used to sequence tumor DNA obtained from 213 HNSCC patients evaluated in outpatient head and neck oncology clinic between August 2011 and December 2014. We correlated tumor genomic profiling results with clinical outcomes. Results: PI3K/RTK pathway activation occurred frequently [activating PIK3CA mutation or amplification (13%), PTEN inactivation (3%), RAS activation (6%), EGFR or ERBB2 activation (9%)]. Alterations in pathways affecting cell-cycle regulation [ CCND1 amplification (9%), CDKN2A inactivation (17%), BRCA2 inactivation (2%)] and squamous differentiation [ NOTCH1 inactivation (8%) and EP300 inactivation (6%)] were identified. PIK3CA amplification ( n = 43), not PIK3CA mutation, was associated with significantly poorer progression-free survival ( P = 0.0006). Oncogenic RAS mutations ( n = 13) were associated with significantly poorer progression-free survival ( P = 0.0001) and lower overall survival ( P = 0.003). Eight patients with advanced, treatment-refractory HNSCC enrolled on clinical trials matched to tumor profiling results, and 50% achieved a partial response. Conclusions: Incorporation of NGS clinical assays into the routine care of patients with HNSCC is feasible and may readily facilitate enrollment into clinical trials of targeted therapy with a higher likelihood of success. Data can be utilized for discovery of genomic biomarkers of outcome. PIK3CA amplification and RAS mutations were frequently identified and associated with poorer prognosis in this cohort. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2939–49. ©2016 AACR .
African American Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis Have a Distinct Phenotype of Polyposis Associated with Increased Asthma Hospitalization

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the upper airways that is often categorized into subtypes including "with" and "without" nasal polyps. However, the influence of multiple important epidemiologic factors, including race, on CRS has not been investigated. Objective The present study assessed various phenotypic characteristics of CRS in patients, living in the United States, with different racial backgrounds. Methods We performed a large retrospective cohort study of patients with CRS treated at a large urban tertiary care referral center in Chicago. Results African American (AA) patients with CRS living in Chicago were more likely to report hyposmia as a symptom of CRS. Furthermore, AA patients with CRS who failed medical therapy and required surgical intervention had a significantly higher frequency of nasal polyposis and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, and a higher disease severity index on computed tomography imaging than did white patients with CRS. The increased polyposis in AAs was associated with increased hospitalization for asthma. There were no differences in the prevalence of atopy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, duration of disease, or number of surgeries between different races. Conclusions AAs with refractory CRS are at increased risk for nasal polyposis, smell loss, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, and a greater severity of disease based on imaging, resulting in increased health care utilization.
Sputter-Deposited Bcc Tantalum on Steel with the Interfacial Tantalum Nitride Layer

Tantalum has mainly two phases: alpha phase (bcc structure) and beta phase (tetragonal structure). The meta-stable beta phase is usually obtained in sputtered films. Alpha phase is preferred over the beta for some applications as beta phase is very brittle. One of such application is to protect steel from the erosive and the corrosive wear. It was found that with the intermediate layer of tantalum nitride the preferred alpha phase was grown on steel by DC magnetron sputtering technique. Electrical and structural properties of these films were studied by four-point probe measurement and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Stoichiometry of the interfacial tantalum nitride layer was investigated by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Influence of the interfacial film thickness and the ratio of argon and nitrogen gas during reactive deposition of tantalum nitride on the tantalum phase were investigated. This work also reports on the dependence of tantalum phase on the substrate temperature (100-400°C) during sputtering in Ar and Kr gases.
Microscopic reversibility and macroscopic irreversibility: A lattice gas model

Abstract We present coarse-grained descriptions and computations of the time evolution of a lattice gas system of indistinguishable particles, whose microscopic laws of motion are exactly reversible, in order to investigate how or what kind of macroscopically irreversible behavior may eventually arise. With increasing coarse-graining and number of particles, relative fluctuations of entropy rapidly decrease and apparently irreversible behavior unfolds. Although that behavior becomes typical in those limits and within a certain range, it is never absolutely irreversible for any individual system with specific initial conditions. Irreversible behavior may arise in various ways. We illustrate one possibility by replacing detailed integer occupation numbers at lattice sites with particle probability densities that evolve diffusively.
Multilevel selection, cooperation, and altruism

Unto Others (Sober and Wilson 1998) shows how the general principles of Multi-Level Selection (MLS) theory apply to selection at multiple levels of the biological hierarchy. It also argues for the existence of "genuine" evolutionary and psychological altruism. The authors’ views on altruism do not follow logically from principles of MLS, and their failure do disentangle these two themes undermines their otherwise excellent presentation of MLS theory. Rebuttal of the view that human nature is completely selfish depends not on the prevalence of altruism but on the importance of group-advantageous traits that benefit both self and other group members without necessarily inflicting direct costs on outsiders.
Germination of Zygospores of Mucor Piriformis (On the Life History of Mucor Piriformis)

A technique for germinating zygospores of Mucor piriformis is described. Zygospores were produced by mating compatible strains on acidified potato-dextrose agar. Strips of agar with zygospores facing upward were placed on sterile filter paper in Petri dishes at room temperature (23 + 1 C). Petri dish lids were left offset 1 cm and the agar allowed to dry slowly for 5 days. Once dried, the agar strips bearing zygospores were washed with sterile water to remove contaminating sporangiospores. Excess water was removed with paper towels and the agar strips were incubated at room temperature in the same closed Petri dishes. Zygospores germinated in 2-3 da at 23 C and germination continued when the spores were transferred to 0 C. The majority (>95%) of germinated zygospores developed one germsporangiophore. Of the germ-sporangia tested, 95.6% yielded only + mating-type germ-sporangiospores, 2.2% yielded only -, and 2.2% yielded both + and -. Zygospores formed on artificially inoculated peach and nectarine fruit germinated and produced 95.8% + and 4.2% - germ-sporangia. The results indicated lack of adherence to expected Mendelian ratios. In surveys of orchards in the Hood River Valley, Oregon, zygospores were found on 1.6% of pear fruits infected naturally by M. piriformis. The significance of these findings in the life cycle of M. piriformis is discussed.
An Experimental and Computational Study of the Loading and Release of Aspirin from Zeolite HY

The anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin, was loaded into three zeolite HY hosts with silica to alumina ratios (SiO2/Al2O3) of 5, 30, and 60. The aspirin loading in the zeolite HY samples as measured by thermogravimetric analysis decreased from 106, to 78, to 69 mg aspirin/g zeolite with increasing SiO2/Al2O3. The surface areas and pore volumes, measured using nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments, indicated that the aspirin was loaded into the internal pore surface of these materials. The Fourier transform infrared and 27Al and 13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the aspirin-loaded materials provided molecular level information about aspirin–zeolite interactions. Quantum calculations at both Hartree–Fock and density functional theory levels of theory were conducted in order to understand the nature of intermolecular interactions between the zeolite host and the aspirin. The release of the aspirin from HY was dependent on the hydrophobicity of the zeolite host with more hydropho...
Mössbauer Effect of Divalent Fe 57 in NiO and MnO

Doppler spectra of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ in NiO and MnO have been observed over the temperature range from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to above the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$. A single-valued magnetic hyperfine interaction is observed over the full range when the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$ is diffused into these materials under controlled atmospheres. An electric-field gradient which appears at the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nucleus below ${T}_{N}$ grows as $T$ decreases. The internal magnetic field of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ in MnO peaks at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 170 kG, then decreases to 97 kG at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The internal magnetic field of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ in NiO peaks at about 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 216 kG, then decreases to about 55 kG at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependences of the fields are interpreted in terms of the crystal-field effects on a $3{d}^{6}$ ion. The direction of the spins of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$ in NiO was found to be close to a $〈112〉$ direction. Fixed-absorber measurements gave ${T}_{N}=524$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for NiO and ${T}_{N}=116.9$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for MnO. The magnetic transition of MnO appears to be near first order, but no temperature hysteresis was observed in the transition.
Variability of the pubic arch architecture and its influence on the minimal levator hiatus area.

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between the minimal levator hiatus (MLH) area at rest with its surrounding soft-tissue and bony structures in nulliparous asymptomatic women with a normal levator ani muscle. Methods A subanalysis was undertaken of a prospective study of the appearance of the levator ani in asymptomatic nulliparous women conducted between September 2010 and September 2011. The subanalysis included women with a normal levator ani muscle. Three-dimensional ultrasonography volumes were used to obtain pelvic floor measurements. Results The analysis included 56 women with mean age of 43.0 ± 13.4 years. The mean MLH area was 13.1 ± 1.8 cm2 (range 9.0–17.3). The pubic arch angle had no influence on the MLH area (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.13). Height and pubic arch length were positively correlated with the MLH area (r = 0.26 [P = 0.52] and r = 0.50 [P Conclusion The MLH size of nulliparous women varied widely and was positively correlated with the height and pubic arch length of the women. Therefore, caution is warranted when interpreting the MLH area as an indicator of a levator ani defect or a predictor of pelvic organ prolapse without taking a woman’s pelvic bone characteristics into account.
Only a pawn in their games? environmental (?) migration in Kiribati – past, present and future

The Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) are exposed to the impacts of climate change. In extreme cases entire states may disappear. Kiribati is one of these countries. Within its own territory there are no ­places to where people could be safely resettled when their home islands become unsuitable for human habitation. Large-scale resettlement is nothing new to the people of Kiribati. In colonial times people from various islands were resettled. The Phoenix Island Settlement Scheme (PISS) is one of these efforts to allegedly bring people to safety. Making use of primary sources that have become available only recently the paper raises the question if there is anything to learn from PISS for present times, or if PISS has historical value only, as the ­United Kingdom’s last colonial expansion scheme. The paper asks about conflicting intentions of colonial authorities and assesses if and possibly why strategic political considerations resulted in a situation where humanitarian motivations retreated into the background leading to a sub-optimal preparation of the scheme, which then finally led to its failure. The paper comes to the conclusion that behind reportedly noble purposes there is a layer of colonial interests which lets settlers appear as objects in a larger colonial game.
Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with a loading perturbation in children with hemiplegic and diplegic cerebral palsy

Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in preparation for predictable externally induced loading perturbation were studied in children with typically development (TD), hemiplegic (HEMI), and diplegic (DIPL) cerebral palsy. Twenty-seven children (n = 9 in each group) were asked to stand and catch a load dropped from a pre-specified height. Electrical activity of the leg and trunk muscles and center of pressure (COP) displacements were recorded to quantify the APAs. All groups were able to generate APAs prior to the perturbation, but the magnitude was smaller and the onset was delayed in the dorsal (agonist) postural muscles in both HEMI and DIPL as compared to TD. HEMI and DIPL also generated APAs in the antagonist postural muscles. Anticipatory backward COP displacement was significantly different from the baseline value only in the TD and HEMI. HEMI and DIPL displayed a different postural control strategy; HEMI showed no difference in background postural activity from TD, but with diminished APAs in the agonist postural muscles compared to TD, while DIPL showed a higher background postural activity and diminished APAs in the agonist postural muscles compared to TD. These differences are important to consider when designing rehabilitation programs to improve posture and movement control in children with hemiplegic and diplegic cerebral palsy.
Fuels from Biomass: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL IN FIVE COUNTRIES: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, INDIA, SUDAN, AND SWEDEN

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparative study of the potential of fuels from biomass in five countries: the United States, Brazil, India, Sudan, and Sweden. The potential of biomass to supply the national energy needs was investigated for the United States, Brazil, India, Sudan, and Sweden. The analysis suggested that biomass could easily meet all energy requirements in Brazil and Sudan if adequately managed and developed. Among the factors that contribute to this potential are the large areas of fertile but unused land in both the countries, the high solar radiation, the large fraction of the population living in rural areas and engaged in agriculture, and the comparatively low per capita energy consumption. Both the use of energy crops and the utilization of organic residues are feasible options for biomass energy conversion in both the countries. Biomass energy conversion has the best chances of becoming, and should be developed as, an important energy source among tropical countries with large quantities of natural resources not yet fully utilized. Effective management of the biomass resources in Brazil and Sudan should enable both the countries to become more independent in energy terms and be a simultaneous factor of development.
Detecting unburned areas within wildfire perimeters using Landsat and ancillary data across the northwestern United States

Abstract Wildfires shape the distribution and structure of vegetation across the inland northwestern United States. However, fire activity is expected to increase given the current rate of climate change, with uncertain outcomes. A fire impact that has not been widely addressed is the development of unburned islands; areas within the fire perimeter that do not burn. These areas function as critical ecological refugia for biota during or following wildfires, but they have been largely ignored in methodological studies of remote sensing assessing fire severity under the assumption that they will be detected by algorithms for delineating fire perimeters. Our objective was to develop a model for classifying unburned areas within wildfire perimeters using moderate resolution satellite (i.e., Landsat) and ancillary data. We performed field observations at locations that were unburned or lightly burned within the perimeters of 12 wildfires that burned in 2012 and 2014, and augmented this with field data previously acquired on another seven wildfires across the study region. We used randomForest and classification trees to separate burned from unburned locations with high overall classification accuracy (91.7% and 89.2%, for randomForest and classification tree methods respectively). Classification accuracy was significantly higher than the semi-automated classification products from the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) program. After application of the most parsimonious and accurate classification tree model, we found that the average unburned proportion of the fires was 20% with high variability between fires (standard deviation: 16.4%). The total area of unburned islands in non-forested areas was significantly higher than the total unburned area in forested areas. Accurate detection and delineation of unburned areas is increasingly critical, as some of these unburned areas contain habitat (i.e., wildfire refugia) that are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems, particularly given observed and projected anthropogenic climate change.
Role of T cell receptors in suppressing HIV infection in elite controllers

Virtually all HIV-infected patients progress to AIDS if not treated. A group of patients, called Elite Controllers (ECs), can suppress HIV infection without treatment. This ability of ECs is, in part, due to potent CD8+ T cell (CTL) responses against HIV epitopes presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. In this study, we focused on CTL responses restricted to HLA-B27, an allele that is enriched in ECs, but is not sufficient for protective ability. In HLA-B27+ ECs or non-controllers (NCs), immunodominant CTL responses specific to the KK10 epitope in Gag are found. Previous studies have shown that unlike NCs, B27-KK10-specific CTLs from ECs are efficient at eliminating HIV-infected or KK10-peptide pulsed cells. As the potency of CTLs can be modulated by their T cell receptor (TCR), we hypothesized that B27-KK10-specific TCRs play a significant role in suppressing HIV in ECs. Therefore, we cloned B27-KK10-specific TCRs from ECs or NCs, expressed them in primary T cells, and tested their cytotoxicity. We incubated TCR-transduced T cells with either HIV-infected or KK10-peptide pulsed target cells and measured target cell lysis. Unexpectedly, EC-TCRs were not significantly different than NC-TCRs in their cytotoxicity. We then tested the ability of these cells to suppress HIV in humanized mice and found no significant difference between EC- and NC-TCRs. We are currently investigating various aspects of these TCRs such as cross-reactivity to variants of KK10. The result that TCRs from ECs and non-controllers do not recapitulate the phenotype of CTLs is intriguing and warrants further studies to uncover the mechanism of immunologic control of HIV. Our studies also have implications in immunotherapy and vaccine approaches for HIV.
Detecting Communities of Interests in Social Media Platforms using Genetic Algorithms.

individuals that use them. The bulk of research in community detection is directed at network analysis of individuals and their interaction with other members within the network. However, connections outside the network can also be useful for community detection, as in the following of elite Twitter users by regular users. This research develops a mechanism for clustering elite Twitter users on the basis of connections and interactions within their followers. Since clustering is sensitive to initial configurations, the approach is modified using genetic algorithms to traverse multiple regions of the solution space. Application of this approach to a set of 25,000 Twitter users demonstrates that it forms coherent communities within a few iterations, outperforming other clustering approaches for community detection.
Blood Pressure Management in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Role of Blood Pressure Manipulation in Prevention of Rebleeding and the Management of Vasospasm

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a neurological emergency that requires a management strategy different than other stroke types. Morbidity and mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage is high, and outcomes can be improved with intensive neurological monitoring and management. Avoidance of hypertension is essential in an unsecured, ruptured aneurysm. However, once the aneurysm is secure, hypertensive therapy may need to be employed to avoid the effects of vasospasm. Previous recommendations advocated for Triple-H therapy (consisting of hypertension, hemodilution, and hypervolemia); however, the risks associated with excessive hypervolemia have been shown to outweigh the benefits and consequently, euvolemia is now the recommended management strategy.
Abstract B03: Racial Variation in Annexin A2 (AnxA2) Gene Expression and Poor Outcome in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is identified by the absence of three major receptors (estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)) that drive most breast cancers. The incidence of TNBC is associated with health disparity due to its disproportionate occurrence in African American (AA) women and its association with worst overall survival in AA women. Previously, our lab in breast cancer has investigated the prevalence, functionality, and mechanistic properties of one of the members of the human annexin family, Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a 36 kDa calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein. Our previous studies and others have shown that AnxA2 is overexpressed in TNBC and has a reciprocal relationship with HER2 at mRNA and protein levels, but its association with racial variation and clinical outcomes is unknown. Methods: AnxA2 mRNA expression was evaluated in breast cancer subtypes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Breast Invasive Carcinoma (BRCA) mRNA database that includes 1,094 patients. Associations between clinical outcomes and AnxA2 gene expression were tested in a genome wide association study of combined publicly available microarray datasets that includes 4,147 patients (mean follow-up of 69 months). Two tissue microarrays (TMA) consisting of 154 breast cancer patient samples of various subtypes and forty archived paraffin-embedded breast tissues (TNBC and normal tissue) were collected from patients based on ethnicity and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and scored by a clinical pathologist in a blind study to provide scores (0,+1,+2,+3) based on AnxA2 staining intensity. Results: AnxA2 gene expression was significantly increased in TNBC in comparison to other breast cancer subtypes. Furthermore, AnxA2 gene expression was significantly elevated in AA (n=158) women in comparison with Caucasian (CA; n=654, P Conclusion: AnxA2 overexpression is associated with racial variation and is a potential prognostic and diagnostic candidate for TNBC. Impact: AnxA2 has potential prognostic and diagnostic value, implicating a role for AnxA2 in the aggressive biology of TNBC in AA women. Citation Format: Lee D. Gibbs, Pankaj Chaudhary, Jamboor K. Vishwanatha. Racial Variation in Annexin A2 (AnxA2) Gene Expression and Poor Outcome in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B03.
Consolidated Bioprocessing Systems for Cellulosic Biofuel Production

Abstract Biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass helps to mitigate climate change and alleviate our reliance on fossil fuels. Great efforts have been made to produce biofuels in an economical way. However, high cost is still a major limitation for industrial production of biofuels. In this context, consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) renders a possible strategy to lower the total cost by integrating enzyme production, sugar release, and biofuel fermentation into a single unit operation. A robust CBP system entails an efficient enzyme system to liberate sugars from lignocellulosic biomass and for conversion of both hexoses and pentoses into desired biofuels with satisfying yield and productivity. It is quite difficult for a single wild-type microorganism to perform several different tasks simultaneously without compromising conversion efficiency. Metabolically engineered microbes, microbial consortia, or combination of these two approaches may outperform a single wild-type CBP strain. Engineering a single strain or consortia with desired traits requires detailed knowledge of mechanisms of enzyme action, deep insights into the interaction between different enzymes and discovery of novel metabolic pathways and enzymes. This review covers enzyme systems involved in CBP, potential wild-type CBP strains, strategies for engineering a CBP strain or consortium, as well as major barriers for conducting CBP.
Health Sciences Library Support of a University Common Reading Program: A Case Study.

ABSTRACTCommon reading programs have become increasingly popular on college and university campuses as a means for increasing student engagement, retention, and success. This article describes the characteristics, goals, and benefits of common reading programs and provides examples from the literature of academic library involvement in them. Finally, an example is provided of how one academic health sciences library participated in its institution’s First-Year Summer Reading program.
A methodological assessment of studies that use voxel-based morphometry to study neural changes in tinnitus patients.

Abstract Background The scientific understanding of tinnitus and its etiology has transitioned from thinking of tinnitus as solely a peripheral auditory problem to an increasing awareness that cortical networks may play a critical role in tinnitus percept or bother. With this change, studies that seek to use structural brain imaging techniques to better characterize tinnitus patients have become more common. These studies include using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to determine if there are differences in regional gray matter volume in individuals who suffer from tinnitus and those who do not. However, studies using VBM in patients with tinnitus have produced inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results. Objective This paper is a systematic review of all of the studies to date that have used VBM to study regional gray matter volume in people with tinnitus, and explores ways in which methodological differences in these studies may account for their heterogeneous results. We also aim to provide guidance on how to conduct future studies using VBM to produce more reproducible results to further our understanding of disease processes such as tinnitus. Methods Studies about tinnitus and VBM were searched for using PubMed and Embase. These returned 15 and 25 results respectively. Of these, nine met the study criteria and were included for review. An additional 5 studies were identified in the literature as pertinent to the topic at hand and were added to the review, for a total of 13 studies. Results There was significant heterogeneity among the studies in several areas, including inclusion and exclusion criteria, software programs, and statistical analysis. We were not able to find publicly shared data or code for any study. Discussion The differences in study design, software analysis, and statistical methodology make direct comparisons between the different studies difficult. Especially problematic are the differences in the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, and the statistical design of the studies, both of which could radically alter findings. Thus, heterogeneity has complicated efforts to explore the etiology of tinnitus using structural MRI. Conclusion There is a pressing need to standardize the use of VBM when evaluating tinnitus patients. While some heterogeneity is expected given the rapid advances in the field, more can be done to ensure that there is internal validity between studies.
Asynchronous warming and δ18O evolution of deep Atlantic water masses during the last deglaciation

The large-scale reorganization of deep ocean circulation in the Atlantic involving changes in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) played a critical role in regulating hemispheric and global climate during the last deglaciation. However, changes in the relative contributions of NADW and AABW and their properties are poorly constrained by marine records, including δ18O of benthic foraminiferal calcite (δ18Oc). Here, we use an isotope-enabled ocean general circulation model with realistic geometry and forcing conditions to simulate the deglacial water mass and δ18O evolution. Model results suggest that, in response to North Atlantic freshwater forcing during the early phase of the last deglaciation, NADW nearly collapses, while AABW mildly weakens. Rather than reflecting changes in NADW or AABW properties caused by freshwater input as suggested previously, the observed phasing difference of deep δ18Oc likely reflects early warming of the deep northern North Atlantic by ∼1.4 °C, while deep Southern Ocean temperature remains largely unchanged. We propose a thermodynamic mechanism to explain the early warming in the North Atlantic, featuring a strong middepth warming and enhanced downward heat flux via vertical mixing. Our results emphasize that the way that ocean circulation affects heat, a dynamic tracer, is considerably different from how it affects passive tracers, like δ18O, and call for caution when inferring water mass changes from δ18Oc records while assuming uniform changes in deep temperatures.
CLOSED-MEDICATION DELIVERY SYSTEM IS EFFECTIVE IN DECREASING CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTION IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Objective To evaluate if a closed-medication delivery system (CMDS) is effective in reducing the rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. CLABSI is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Rates of CLABSI are highest among VLBW infants (birth weight ⩽1500 g) requiring central lines for prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Methods In 2004, a performance improvement team focused on reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection in the NICU. Infection control measures, such as hand hygience compliance, sterile central line insertion and central line tubing care practices were standardised and monitored regularly. In 2006, the use of a CMDS was adopted. The incidence of CLABSI in VLBW infants 18 months before and after the adoption of CMDS was compared. The CLABSI rate was calculated using the National Healthcare System Network method of reporting (# CLABSI ÷ central line days × 1000). Results Baseline CLABSI before CMDS was 3.39/1000. Central line days was not different before and after intervention, 10 019 versus 10 977. Use of CMDS was associated with 59% reduction in total number of CLABSI (34 cases pre-CDMS down to 14 cases post-CMDS) and a decline in infection rate to 1.28 per 1000 (see fig). Conclusion The use of a closed system in delivering medications is associated with a decreased incidence of CLABSI in VLBW infants.
Signaling Pathways in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

The biology of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has some important differences from the biology of other types of breast cancer. Gene expression profiling, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization have been used to detect unique characteristics that are found in the majority of IBC tumors but not in non-IBC tumors. Recent research has revealed some differences between IBC and non-IBC, including overexpression of RhoC GTPase and loss of expression of WISP3 in IBC. In this chapter, we ­summarize the current understanding of the biological signaling pathways of IBC, mainly cell proliferation pathways. At present, therapies that target cell proliferation pathways are the most promising targeted therapies for IBC. Identification of molecular findings unique to IBC will provide a rationale for developing novel treatment strategies targeting IBC.
Trade, policy, and Korea-United States relations

Trade friction in recent years between Korea and the United States has imperiled a century of friendship and threatens to undo strong ties established since 1945. Interest therefore focuses on reasons for friction and policies to ameliorate friction. The article examines Korea’s trade and payments, U.S. and Korean trade policies, and multilateral and bilateral policy options.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF DICYEMID MESOZOA

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structure of dicyemid mesozoa. The dicyemids are known to be built by a single axial cell covered by a number of trunk cells. The outer surface of the trunk cells is found to have a cell membrane that is folded to form irregular ridges, the height of which are approximately 0.5 μ. The ridges are strongly folded and convoluted so that it often appears as if several membranes are present in cross sections. Pinocytosis vesicles are often observed. These, as well as the great surface area, indicate that the dicyemids are well adapted for living on dissolved nutrients. The cilia are arranged in a regular manner, forming longitudinal as well as transversal rows. Their structure is not characteristic in any way. The kinetosomes are connected with ciliarly rootlets running longitudinal and parallel to the surface. Numerous vacuoles and mitochondria provided with cristae are found in the cytoplasm of the trunk cells.
Metal Clusters in Catalysis

Large numbers of polynuclear transition-metal complexes have now been characterized by X-ray crystallography.1 Many of them, particularly the larger aggregates,1d have structures resembling those of metals. On the basis of this and other similarities, a number of workers2 have suggested that useful analogies may be drawn between clusters and metal surfaces.
Thermal modeling, heat mitigation, and radiative cooling for double-clad fiber amplifiers

We report a detailed formalism aimed at thermal modeling and heat mitigation in high-power double-clad fiber amplifiers. Closed-form analytical formulas are developed that take into account the spatial profile of the amplified signal and pump in the double-clad geometry; the presence of amplified spontaneous emission; and the possibility of radiative cooling due to anti-Stokes fluorescence emission. The formalism is applied to a high-power Yb-doped silica fiber amplifier. The contributions to the heat load from the pump–signal quantum defect, as well as the pump and signal parasitic absorptions, are compared with the contributions from radiative cooling. It is shown that for realistic cases, the local heat generation in kilowatt-class fiber amplifiers is dominated by either the quantum defect or the parasitic absorption depending on the pump wavelength. In conventional designs, radiative cooling can be substantial only in properly designed amplifiers, when the pump power is tens of watts or lower, unless the parasitic absorption is reduced compared with the commonly reported values in the literature. We also explore the impact of the non-ideal quantum efficiency of the gain material. The formalism developed can be used to design fiber amplifiers and lasers for optimal heat mitigation, especially due to radiative cooling.
A Review of the Volumetric Torque Density of Rotary Magnetic Gear Designs

This paper provides a review of the current and past developments in the area of rotary magnetic gear technology. The performance is investigated with respect to torque density and gear ratio. The aim of the paper is to present a snap-shot of the current state-of the art in this rapidly developing area of research.
8 Demography of Adoption

This chapter reviews demographic research focusing on the adoption of children. Included are the following topics: the construction of adoption and kinship structures; global adoption trends and comparisons; and global developments in GLBT adoptions. Summarized are historical changes in adoption generally and adoption trends following The Hague Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. Discussed are data available for demographic analysis, Hague Convention Statistics, and the limitations of international standardized information regarding child adoption. Both Hague Convention adoption data and demographic indicators of the top sending countries are then used to examine child adoption. Also included is a section on child adoption in the United States.
High Prevalence of Sexual Assault Victimization Experiences Among University Fraternity Men

Limited research has examined sexual victimization among U.S. college men, and particularly fraternity men. We report the prevalence of sexual assault (SA) victimization among a sample of college f...
ACUTE ST-ELEVATION WITH CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS: A UNIFYING DIAGNOSIS OR TWO SEPARATE ENTITIES?

Constrictive pericarditis occurs in less than 2% of patients after an episode of acute pericarditis. Up to 26% of patients with constrictive pericarditis are found to have an underlying malignancy. A 75 y/o male with recent acute pericarditis and pericardial window presented in cardiogenic shock.
Fact: Progressive Skin Prep Regimen Reduces Skin Contaminant Infections

Background The hospital was successful in reducing deep and organ space skin contaminant-related surgical site infections (SSI) by using a progressive skin cleansing regimen to reduce the concentration of transient and resident bacteria on the patient's skin. The adjunct procedure limits the risk of surgical site contamination of endogenous skin microbial pathogens. Methods An extensive review determined that the majority of primary organisms cultured from the Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) were skin contaminate-related. Based on the review and surgeon recommendations, a task force implemented an adjunct cleansing regimen of 4% CHG surgical scrub sponge used PRIOR to 2% CHG “paint”. The combined cleansing regimen is used in addition to the traditional pre-surgical skin prep. The adjunct process reduces the concentration of transient and resident bacteria on the patient's skin, thereby limiting the risk of wound contamination. Further, the O.R. staff's skin preparation competencies were validated through return-demonstration. Just-in-Time education occurred if deviation from evidence-based practice occurred. Results The hospital saw a 68% decrease in the number of skin contaminant-related deep and organ space surgical site infections during the first six months following the initiation of the progressive skin cleansing regimen. Additionally, it was observed that the occurrence of HAIs deviated from the suggested 4% CHG soap and 2% CHG paint skin prep regimen, resulting in skin contaminant-related SSIs. Conclusions Implementing a comprehensive skin prep regimen eliminates the exposures that place patients at higher SSI risk. The goal to reduce/eliminate preventable skin contaminate-related infections and decrease the likelihood of hospital re-admissions following surgery was achieved.
The Use of Mobile Applications as Low-Vision Aids: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the most commonly used and highest-rated mobile applications (apps) for low-vision aids. METHODS This was a convenience sample survey. Patients known to use low-vision apps at a nonprofit low-vision center (INSIGHT, Warwick, RI) were contacted by phone between June and September 2019. INCLUSION CRITERIA age 18+, Snellen visual acuity (VA) below 20/70, and the use of low-vision mobile apps for at least one month. A standardized script was used to record survey data and app ratings were evaluated by patients with a scale of one to five, one being the lowest and five being the highest. RESULTS Of the sample (n=11), nine patients (81.8%) stated they used an iPhone for low-vision mobile apps. A list of 14 mobile apps was identified: the two most commonly used apps were Seeing AI (81.8%) and Be My Eyes (63.6%); their average ratings were 4.43/5 and 4.75/5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This survey suggests that Seeing AI and Be My Eyes are useful apps to help low- vision patients with activities of daily living.
I Wasn’t Expecting That! The Relational Impact of Negotiation Strategy Expectation Violations

While negotiation within ongoing buyer–supplier relationships is a key element in supply chain management, the emphasis in the literature has been on one‐time, isolated event negotiations. This research, through three scenario‐based experiments with supply chain managers, considers how buyers’ perceptions of past negotiation strategies help to develop future negotiation strategy expectations of their suppliers. If the buyers’ strategy expectations are not met (violated) by the suppliers, these buyers will seek to understand why. Using the combination of expectancy violation theory and attribution theory, this research examines the relational impact of a negotiation strategy expectation violation and the role of extra‐relational factors. The results suggest that relationship history does influence how buyers respond to negotiation strategy expectation violations and that the relational impact of a negative violation is tempered by the history as opposed to a single event reaction. While the findings support that extra‐relational factors can also have a relational impact, buyers perceive differences based on the type of extra‐relational factor (organizational or external) and the type of relational outcome (commitment and relationship value). The results of the interaction of the strategy expectation violation and extra‐relational factor may stretch the boundary conditions of attribution theory. The findings suggest that suppliers should consider how their buying partners may perceive their negotiation behavior and determine the potential relational ramifications of behavior outside of the buyers’ expectations based on previous exchanges.
How old is too old for a transplant

Allogeneic transplantation remains the most definitive curative option for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, given the median age of diagnosis of AML in the late 60s, patients and clinicians have been reluctant to offer transplant to many in the older population. In this age group, AML presents with higher risk molecular and cytogenetic phenotype and patients' comorbidities, performance status, frailty and life views all impact the decision-making about whether to proceed with transplantation. Recent analyses suggest promising outcomes and thus acknowledgement of chronological age should be tempered with assessments of performance status, frailty, donor availability and careful balancing of a patient's wishes, life goals and understanding of the risks before restricting access of older patients to the curative potential of allotransplantation.
Momentum, reversal, and the trading behaviors of institutions

Abstract We identify two types of momenta in stock returns—one due to returns relative to other stocks and one due to firm-specific abnormal returns, where abnormal is determined by a stock's idiosyncratic return variation. Despite similar performances over the first year, these momentum portfolios perform dramatically differently beyond year one. Relative-return momentum reverses strongly; abnormal-return momentum continues for years. This complexity in return momentum challenges the current theories of momentum. We propose that both momenta are consequences of agency issues in the money management industry and provide empirical support for this economic rationale of momentum in returns. Incentives induce institutions to chase relative returns and to underreact to firm-specific abnormal returns.
Human Rights in Households: Gender and the Global Governance of Migrant Domestic Workers

This chapter chronicles the mutual creation of an activist migrant worker movement and the production of a comprehensive global policy that recognized the labour and voices of domestic worker organizations worldwide. Data from direct research with the United Nations’ International Labour Organization offers an analysis of the most substantial movement of migrant workers as policy informers. Key social protection debates elucidate larger global conditions that illuminate larger struggles to develop standards for migrant labour in private households. By positioning the household as a site of global governance and policy formation, this chapter looks at the role of migrants in creating human rights protections. This pivotal policy victory for domestic worker rights is then imagined in a larger arc of efforts to realize social justice in everyday conditions of labour power relations, and their meaning for transnational migrants.
The levelized cost of negative CO2 emissions from thermochemical conversion of biomass coupled with carbon capture and storage

Abstract Negative emissions technologies (NETs) that remove and store CO2 from the atmosphere will play crucial roles in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that combines biomass conversion for energy production and CO2 capture and storage is a NET that has been intensively studied to meet climate goals. This study evaluates the feasibility of four thermochemical conversion technologies (e.g., hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, gasification, and conventional combustion) of selected feedstocks (e.g., crop residues, woody wastes, and biosolid) coupled with carbon capture and storage as NETs. A combination of machine learning approaches, life cycle assessment (LCA), and economic analysis is used to assess the environmental and economic performances of pathways comprising different combinations of technologies, feedstock properties, and reaction conditions. Levelized cost of negative CO2 emissions (LCNC), which is defined as the carbon incentives that are required for a NET to break even, is computed for each pathway to provide a clearer picture of the economic feasibility and carbon mitigation potential of evaluated NETs. Our results show that slow pyrolysis of woody wastes and crop residues constitute economically viable NETs even without carbon incentives. Other pathways, on the other hand, require carbon incentives to make projects break even. A case study in Virginia reveals the carbon sequestration and economic burdens of evaluated NETs and suggests that woody wastes and crop residue combustion coupled with CCS could effectively contribute to most of the negative carbon sequestration in Virginia (98%). In contrast, hydrothermal treatment of biosolids and slow pyrolysis of crop residues have marginal contributions due to high LCNC and the small market size of products, respectively. Use of all available waste biomasses as feedstocks would correspond to 11 million metric ton CO2 eq sequestration and $1.09 billion economic burdens (without carbon credits) annually, with an average LCNC of $100/t CO2 eq in Virginia.