cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of potyvirus helper component.

Abstract Helper component (HC) was purified from tobacco vein mottling (TVMV)- and potato virus Y (PVY)- infected tobacco plants by sucrose gradient fractionation followed by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and by gel electrophoresis. The subunit apparent molecular weights ( M r ) of the purified HCs were 53,000 (53K) and 58K for TVMV and PVY, respectively. Antisera to these purified polypeptides specifically blocked the activity of the homologous HC, as determined by aphid transmission assays, and specifically precipitated 75K products of the cell-free translation of the homologous RNA. The molecular weight of undissociated, biologically active TVMV or PVY HC, as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gel permeation chromatography was found to be between 100K and 150K, suggesting that the active molecule is a dimer.
Continuity and performance in composite electrodes

It is shown that the rate performance of a lithium battery composite electrode may be compromised by poor internal connectivity due to defects and inhomogeneities introduced during electrode fabrication or subsequent handling. Application of a thin conductive coating to the top surface of the electrode or to the separator surface in contact with the electrode improves the performance by providing alternative current paths to partially isolated particles of electroactive material. Mechanistic implications are discussed and strategies for improvement in electrode design and fabrication are presented.
Levitation of Extended-State Bands in a Strong Magnetic Field

A Comment on the Letter by H. Levine, S. B. Libby, and A. M. M. Pruisken, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1915 (1983).
Studies of top-quark properties and search for electroweak single top-quark production at the Tevatron

The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and D0 experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron during the Run I operation. Since the start of the Tevatron Run II in 2001, both experiments have collected {approx}2 fb{sup -1} data samples, which are over twenty times larger than that used in the Run 1 discovery. This larger data sample allows more precise studies of top-quark properties; differences between observed top-quark properties and the Standard Model (SM) prediction may give hints to possible physics beyond the SM. Here we present the latest results on the measurements of top-quark properties and the search for electroweak (EW) single top quark production from the CDF and D0 collaborations. The integrated luminosity used for the measurements corresponds to about 1 fb{sup -1}.
Calepitrimerus vitis (Acarina: Eriophyidae) on Grape Leaves

In 1938, Keifer erected the genus Calepitrimerus , which includes Epitrimerus vitis Nalepa. In 1942, he described deuterogyny in which the overwintering generation consists of only females which are morphologically different from the summer females or protogynes. Deuterogyny was found in phyllocoptine species on deciduous trees and shrubs. Later Keifer (1952) offered the interpretation that Phyllocoptes vitis Nalepa was possibly the deutogyne of Calepitrimerus vitis (= E. vitis ). He also listed the possible type locality of P. vitis as Austria. Muller-Thurgau (1906) had stated, however, that he collected in Switzerland eriophyid mites which, over a period beginning in 1903, he and others cited had associated with vine abnormalities. He further stated that he forwarded specimens to A. Nalepa in Vienna who, he added, described the species as P. vitis , n. sp.
National assessment of margin status as a quality indicator after pancreatic cancer surgery.

Background Surgical margin involvement is an important outcome after pancreatic cancer surgery; however, variation in pathologic review practices may limit its use as a quality indicator. Our objectives were to assess variation in hospital performance and the reliability of margin involvement after pancreatic cancer surgery.
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Phytoplankton Communities in Lakes Huron and Michigan: P-I Parameters and End-Products

Photosynthetic-irradiance (P-I) curves and partitioning of photosynthate into major end-products (protein, lipids, polysaccharides, and low molecular weight [LMW] metabolites) were examined for phytoplankton communities from Lakes Huron and Michigan. The mean and variance of P-I parameters and photosynthetic end-products were similar in both lakes. Mean PMB (maximum light saturated rate) and α (initial linear slope) values were 2.3 mg C·mg Chl−1·h−1 and 5.5 mg C·mg Chl−1·Einst−1·m2 for Lake Huron communities, and 2.4 mg C·mg Chl−1·h−1 and 7.0 mg C·mg Chl−1·Einst−1·m2 for Lake Michigan communities. The mean percent incorporation of 14CO2 into proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and LMW metabolites from short-term experiments (2-4 h) were 32.4, 21.3, 28.0, and 18.9, respectively, for Lake Huron communities and 34.8, 24.7, 24.5, and 15.8, respectively, for Lake Michigan communities. Over longer incubations the activity in each end-product increased linearly during the day; during the night the activity in the LMW and polysaccharide fractions decreased and the activity in the protein fraction increased. There were significant seasonal variation in P-I parameters and the photosynthetic end-products. In both lakes, phytoplankton communities from the late winter-spring isothermal period were characterized by lower PMB values, higher α values, significant susceptibility to photoinhibition, and less incorporation into protein, as compared to communities from periods when the lakes were thermally stratified.
A Diazoalkane Derivative of a Polyoxometalate: Preparation and Structure of [Mo6O18(NNC(C6H4OCH3)CH3)]2−

A new metathetical route to diazoalkane complexes is described which allows the introduction of such ligands into previously inaccessible environments. The method, which involves the exchange of oxo and [N2 CR2 ] ligands, is illustrated by the preparation of the first diazoalkane-polyoxometalate complex 1.
From the Ideal Market to the Ideal Clinic: Constructing a Normative Standard of Fairness for Human Subjects Research

Preventing exploitation in human subjects research requires a benchmark of fairness against which to judge the distribution of the benefits and burdens of a trial. This paper proposes the ideal market and its fair market price as a criterion of fairness. The ideal market approach is not new to discussions about exploitation, so this paper reviews Wertheimer's inchoate presentation of the ideal market as a principle of fairness, attempt of Emanuel and colleagues to apply the ideal market to human subjects research, and Ballantyne's criticisms of both the ideal market and the resulting benchmark of fairness. It argues that the criticism of this particular benchmark is on point, but the rejection of the ideal market is mistaken. After presenting a complete account of the ideal market, this paper proposes a new method for applying the ideal market to human subjects research and illustrates the proposal by considering a sample case.
Hepatitis C therapy in treatment-naı̈ve patients

Until recently, interferon was the only approved therapy for previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not respond to this regimen, and rates of sustained virologic response were a disappointingly low 15% to 20%. Clearly, more effective treatment for this infection was needed. The nucleoside analogue ribavirin is now approved for administration in combination with interferon to treatment-naive individuals with hepatitis C (HCV) infection as well as HCV-positive patients who have relapsed after interferon monotherapy. Results of a recent US multicenter trial in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C demonstrate that combination therapy with interferon plus ribavirin produces sustained virologic response rates that are two to three times higher than those obtained with interferon alone. Rates of sustained virologic response (defined as undetectable serum HCV-RNA levels 24 weeks after completion of treatment) were 6% vs 31% after 24 weeks of interferon alone vs interferon plus ribavirin, respectively. For 48 weeks of treatment, rates of sustained virologic response were 13% and 38% with monotherapy and combination therapy, respectively. These results, which are consistent with those obtained in smaller preliminary trials and in a recently completed international multicenter trial, suggest that combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin may be preferable to monotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection.
Sensing refractive-turbulence profiles (C(n)(2)) using wave front phase measurements from multiple reference sources.

A new technique for sensing refractive-turbulence profiles is described. The technique is based on performing a spatial correlation of the measured wave front phase from two reference sources. This technique is unique in that the correlation properties of the wave front phase are used instead of the more common approach of using optical scintillations. The geometry between the reference sources and the two wave front sensor apertures is arranged such that the two optical paths cross at some point in front of the sensor plane. The wave front phase for each reference source is reconstructed from the measured wave front sensor data. A spatial correlation of the two reconstructed phase maps is performed. From this correlation we are able to extract a measure of the structure constant of the refractive-index fluctuations Cn2. The resolution of the technique depends on the angle between the optical paths, the spatial frequency response of the wave front sensors, as well as the size of the wave front sensor apertures. For sensing the vertical profile of Cn2, we can obtain resolution of the order of 100 m by using sources separated by 1.15°.
Enhanced siRNA delivery into cells by exploiting the synergy between targeting ligands and cell-penetrating peptides

Abstract We have developed a polymer nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery system that exploits a cell surface binding synergism between targeting ligands and cell-penetrating peptides. Nanoparticles were coated with folate and penetratin via a PEGylated phospholipid linker (DSPE-PEG): the combination of both of these ligands represents a strategy for enhancing intracellular delivery of attached polymer nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized for size, morphology, density of surface modification, and ligand association and retention. The surface coverage achieved on DSPE-PEG-coated nanoparticles is as high as (or higher than) obtained with other ligand-modified nano-scale particulate systems (∼0.5–5 pmol ligand/cm2). Additionally, these nanoparticles were loaded with a high density of siRNA (∼130–140 pmol siRNA/mg nanoparticles), which is slowly released upon incubation in water. Synergies between the activity of surface binding and cell internalizing ligands on these siRNA-loaded nanoparticles impart delivery enhancements that improve their gene silencing efficacy both in culture and in tumor models. Traditionally, targeting ligands function by binding to cell surface receptors, while cell-penetrating peptides function by nonspecifically transporting across cell membranes. Interestingly, we have observed that improved delivery of these dual-functionalized nanoparticles was in part, a result of increased cell surface avidity afforded by both ligands. This siRNA delivery system presents an approach to surface modification of nanovehicles, in which multiple ligands function in parallel to enhance cell binding and uptake.
Anodic Oxidation of Urea and an Electrochemical Approach to De-ureation

ONE of the major functions of an artificial kidney is the removal and excretion of nitrogenous waste products. A newer type of artificial kidney (REDY)1–3 converts the urea to ammonia by the action of encapsulated urease. For elimination, the toxic ammonia must then be adsorbed. This device uses a conventional type of dialyser with a recirculating regenerative dialysate system, which does not need large quantities of dialysis fluid. As the dialysis membrane will not filter bacteria, the system can be filled with a small volume of tap water. In practice, a multitude of unwanted waste materials are adsorbed on an activated carbon cartridge, and the urea is converted to ammonia which is then adsorbed on zirconium phosphate. The phosphate concentration of the dialysate is controlled with zirconium oxide; unfortunately the zirconium compounds are expensive, thus one of the major potential advantages of the system, low cost in use, is not achieved.
History of spouse violence against mother: Correlated risks and unique effects in child mental health

The present study examined mental health risk associated with lifetime occurrence of spouse violence against mother among 303 10 to 12 year-old inner-city children. Maternal report data showed a 30% prevalence rate for lifetime occurrence of spouse violence in this sample. Results of correlational analyses indicated that violence against mother was associated with several other historical risk factors including divorce, parental drinking problems, and incarceration of father. Multiple regression analyses controlling for the effects of demographic and historical risk factors that correlated with violence against mother revealed that violence accounted for significant unique variance in girls' self-reports of conduct problems, but did not account for unique variance in boys' symptomatology. Implications of these results for understanding the effects of violence against mother on children and for the development of empirically based interventions for children in those families are discussed.
Ghanaian midwifery students' perceptions and experiences of disrespect and abuse during childbirth

Abstract Background One strategy to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality in low-income and middle-income countries is to increase the rate of deliveries in health clinics and hospitals. However, reports of disrespect and abuse of women during birth are becoming common. When women are disrespected or abused during childbirth, they are less likely to choose facility-based births in the future. We did an exploratory qualitative study to investigate midwifery students' experiences and perceptions of how women are treated during labour and delivery. Methods Final year midwifery students (n=160) from Ghana's 16 public midwifery training colleges were invited to participate in a focus group at their institution. Students were asked to describe disrespect and abuse of women that they had observed, and about their definitions of respectful patient care and the consequences of disrespectful and abusive practices by health-care providers. Focus groups were conducted in English by the study team, tape recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Findings Student midwives reported that they had seen high levels of disrespect and abuse during their training. They discussed the consequences of disrespect and abuse and spoke of what respectful patient care meant to them; that is, treating every patient with respect, regardless of her background or ability to pay. While participants agreed that respectful care is important, they were also able to justify disrespectful or abusive practices they had witnessed or participated in themselves. For example, one student said, “the health of the child was at risk because of her attitude. To save the child, or to save the infant, she was being yelled at to push. To me, she understood the reasons why she was being yelled at to push because if not so, definitely it would have ended in a stillbirth.” Interpretation While student midwives understand the reasons why respectful care is important, they believe that there are instances where abusive behaviour is necessary to ensure both the woman and her child survive childbirth. Midwives in training could benefit from increased training on ways to communicate with and motivate women during labour and delivery. Funding This project was funded by the African Studies Center, University of Michigan.
Effect of radial head malunion on radiocapitellar stability

Background Management for Mason type II radial head fractures is controversial. We hypothesized that angulation or depression of a marginal radial head fragment would affect radiocapitellar stability similarly to fragment excision. Materials and methods A Mason type II radial head fracture was created in 6 cadaveric elbows by excising a segment from the anterolateral quadrant that was 30% of the diameter of the articular surface. Radiocapitellar stability was recorded under 5 sets of conditions: (1) intact radial head ( intact ), (2) 30% surface area fragment resected ( partially excised ), (3) anatomic fragment fixation with screws ( fixed ), (4) fragment fixation with 2 mm of depression relative to the articular surface ( depressed ), and (5) fragment fixation after a 30° wedge resection ( angulated ). Results The forces required to subluxate the joint were greatly reduced after fragment excision (5 ± 1 N; P = .0001) and restored to normal (21 ± 1 N; P = .9) after anatomic fixation of the excised fragment. The peak forces were significantly reduced with fragment depression (4 ± 1 N) and angulation (4 ± 2 N; P = .0001). Conclusion A radial head fracture that is depressed 2 mm or angulated 30° may cause up to an 80% loss of concavity-compression stability of the radiocapitellar joint.
Quasi-phase-matched grating characterization using minimum-phase functions

Measurement of the second-harmonic power generated by a quasi-phase-matched (QPM) grating as a function of the frequency detuning parameter yields the Fourier transform (FT) magnitude of the complex nonlinear coefficient profile along the QPM device. This FT magnitude can be measured by tuning either the wavelength of the fundamental laser beam or the temperature of the QPM grating. However, the measured magnitude of the FT cannot be unambiguously inverted without the FT phase to uniquely recover the complex nonlinear coefficient profile of the QPM grating. As we demonstrate in this work, this ambiguity can be completely eliminated by placing a stronger and thinner nonlinear sample against the input or output of the QPM device of interest and measuring the detuning curve of this composite structure. By construction, the nonlinear profile of this assembly has a sharp peak due to the thinner sample, followed by the weaker, broader profile of the QPM grating, which essentially constitutes a minimum-phase function. Therefore, its FT phase can be calculated uniquely from its measured FT magnitude, for example by applying to the FT amplitude the logarithmic Hilbert transform or an iterative error-reduction algorithm. This processing then enables the full recovery of the complex nonlinear coefficient profile of the QPM device from its measured detuning curve. In this paper, we demonstrate with numerical examples that this powerful new technique can accurately recover the period, envelope, and chirp parameters of any QPM grating.
Sweetened Condensed Whey: Its Manufacture and Properties

Summary 1. Whey solids were simply and inexpensively preserved in a form directly utilizable in sweet foods by condensing a mixture of fresh whey and sugar. 2. The most satisfactory procedure was to add to separated, pasteurized whey a quantity of sugar equal to the weight of the whey solids. The mixture was condensed under vacuum to 76 per cent total solids, cooled to 35°C. and stirred for at least 3 hours to produce small lactose crystals. It was sealed in airtight containers. 3. The effects of manufacturing processes, of concentration of ingredients, and of storage conditions upon the relative viscosity of sweetened condensed whey were determined. 4. Sweetened condensed whey kept well during storage at room temperature for at least 3 months. The changes during such a storage period were a slight darkening in color and a small increase in viscosity. Holding at cool temperatures minimized the changes which occurred during storage. 5. Sweetened condensed whey was easily whipped to an overrun of approximately 200 per cent in 4 minutes. The whip was stable for 15 hours. The relationship between total solids content, overrun, and stability of whip was investigated.
The Functional Swtich in Potassium Channels in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Impairs Proliferation, Migration and Fusion During Myogenesis

Voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) are responsible for myoblasts proliferation and differentiation by triggering changes in membrane potential and cell volume. Since individuals with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) display reduced myogenesis led by prolonged myoblasts proliferation and delayed myotubes fusion, we investigated the roles of K+ channels in primary human myoblasts obtained from DM1 patients and healthy volunteers. DM1 is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder affecting 1 in 8000 people worldwide. It is the most common adult-onset muscular dystrophy and currently has no treatment. DM1 is characterized by muscle wasting and multi-system disorders.We have identified a switch in functional potassium channel expression from KCa1.1 to Kv1 channels when comparing myoblasts from healthy individuals to myoblasts from patients with DM1. We showed increase in Kv1.2 and Kv1.5 channels, and decrease in KCa1.1 channels in DM1 myoblasts at mRNA level by RT-PCR, at protein level by immunofluorescence, and at channel activity by patch-clamp technique. We hypothesized that this switch in K+ channels plays a role in the reduced myogenesis observed in patients with DM1, and that selective inhibition of Kv1 channels rescues the pathological features of DM1 in skeletal muscle.We show that pharmacological inhibition of Kv1 channels in DM1 myoblasts normalized proliferation, rescued matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, a protease necessary for myotube fusion) production, and partially rescued myotube fusion shown as increase in fusion index. On the contrary, selective inhibition of KCa1.1 in normal myoblasts lowered MMP-2 production, impaired wound healing repair, and decreased myotubes formation. Therefore we conclude that loss of KCa1.1 and up-regulation of Kv1 channels in DM1 impairs early stage of myogenesis and can be partially rescued by modulating such K+ channels.
Piecewise linear methods for nonlinear equations and optimization

Piecewise linear methods had their beginning in the mid-1960s with Lemke's algorithm for calculating solutions to linear complementarity problems. In the 1970s and 1980s activity moved on to computing fixed points of rather general maps and economic equilibria. More recently, they have been used to approximate implicitly defined manifolds, with applications being made to computer graphics and approximations of integral over implicitly defined manifolds. In this paper we present the basic ideas of piecewise linear algorithms and a selection of applications. Further references to the literature on piecewise linear algorithms are indicated.
Calcium channel agonists and antagonists regulate protein phosphorylation in intact synaptosomes

Abstract Protein phosphorylation in intact synaptosomes is highly sensitive to alterations in calcium fluxes and was used to probe the possible mechanism of action of the calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 and antagonists verapamil and nifedipine. These agents (at 1μM) all increased the basal phosphorylation of a specific set of 4 synaptosomal phosphoproteins termed P139, P124, P96 and P60, but did not alter depolarization-dependent protein phosphorylation. The increases could not be explained by a direct stimulation of protein kinases and appears unrelated to the known effects of these drugs on K + -stimulated neurotransmitter release. This finding may reveal a possible new mechanism of action for drugs which interact with calcium channels.
Total mass emissions from a hazardous waste incinerator

Abstract Past studies of hazardous waste incinerators by the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory have primarily examined the performance of combustion systems relative to the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Appendix VIII compounds in the waste feed. These earlier studies demonstrated that in general most facilities performed quite well relative to the DRE. However, subsequent review by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Science Advisory Board raised questions about additional Appendix VIII or non-Appendix VIII constituents that were not identified in the earlier tests and might be emitted from hazardous waste combustion. The full report presents results of a characterization of incinerator effluents to the extent that the emitted compounds can be identified and quantified. Measurements were made of both Appendix VIII and non-Appendix VIII compounds in all effluents (stack, ash, water, etc.) from a full-scale incinerator. A broad array of sampling and analysis techniques wore used. Sampling methods included Modified Method 5, volatile organic sampling train (VOST), and specific techniques for compounds such as formaldehyde. Analysis techniques included gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Continuous measurements were also made for a variety of compounds including total hydrocarbons by flame ionization detection (FID). This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title (see Project Report ordering information at back).
Passive damping enhancement of a two-degree-of-freedom system through a strongly nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom attachment

Abstract This work reports on the first experimental study of the broadband targeted energy transfer properties of a two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) essentially nonlinear energy absorber. In particular, proper design of the absorber allows for an extended range of energy over which it serves to significantly enhance the damping observed in the structural system to which it is attached. Comparisons of computational and experimental results validate the proposed design as a means of drastically enhancing the damping properties of a structure by passive broadband targeted energy transfers to a strongly nonlinear, multidegree-of-freedom attachment.
Geographic Information Systems and Science

Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David. J. Maguire, and David W. Rhind. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2001. 454 pp., maps, diags., tables, color figs., refs., and index. $125.00 cloth (ISBN ...
From Tenants to Homeowners: Housing Renters After Disaster in Bhuj, India

While renters comprise one-third of urban housing markets, the barriers to long-term housing needs of renters following a disaster are significant. This paper examines post-disaster urban housing policy for renter households following the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India and its implications for the housing recovery of renters in Bhuj city, an urban area close to the epicenter of the earthquake. Employing a qualitative case study method, the study finds that urban housing policy for renter households was defined by an ad hoc approach with multiple shifts over a period of 4 years. The improvised policy eventually lead to the creation of a publicly funded homeownership program that could rehouse less than one-third of impacted renters, whereas issues of equity, land tenure, lack of affordable units, and uncertainty of recovery for the poorest renters in the city remained.
Empirical study of unipolar and bipolar configurations using high resolution single multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes for electrophysiological probing of electrically excitable cells

Identifying the neurophysiological basis underlying learning and memory in the mammalian central nervous system requires the development of biocompatible, high resolution, low electrode impedance electrophysiological probes; however, physically, electrode impedance will always be finite and, at times, large. Herein, we demonstrate through experiments performed on frog sartorius muscle that single multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode (sMWNT electrode) geometry and placement are two degrees of freedom that can improve biocompatibility of the probe and counteract the detrimental effects of MWNT/electrolyte interface impedance on the stimulation efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We show that high aspect ratio dependent electric field enhancement at the MWNT tip can boost stimulation efficiency. Derivation of the sMWNT electrode's electrical equivalent indicates that, at low stimulus voltage regimes below 1 V, current conduction is mediated by charge fluctuation in the double layer obviating electrolysis of water, which is potentially toxic to pH sensitive biological tissue. Despite the accompanying increase in electrode impedance, a pair of closely spaced sMWNT electrodes in a two probe (bipolar) configuration maintains biocompatibility and enhances stimulation efficiency and SNR compared to the single probe (unipolar) configuration. For stimulus voltages below 1 V, the electrical equivalent verifies that current conduction in the two probe configuration still proceeds via charge fluctuation in the double layer. As an extracellular stimulation electrode, the two sMWNT electrodes comprise a current dipole that concentrates the electric field and the current density in a smaller region of sartorius; consequently, the bipolar configuration can elicit muscle fiber twitching at low voltages that preclude electrolysis of water. When recording field potentials, the bipolar configuration subtracts the potential between two points allowing for the detection of higher signal amplitudes. As a result, SNR is improved. These results indicate that use of the high aspect ratio MWNT in a bipolar configuration can achieve a biocompatible electrode that offers enhanced stimulation efficiency and higher SNR.
Surface immunoglobulin crosslinking activates a tyrosine kinase pathway in B cells that is independent of protein kinase C.

Abstract It has been found that the principal biochemical pathway activated in B cells stimulated by antigen- or anti-immunoglobulin-mediated crosslinking of surface immunoglobulin is that resulting in hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate with generation of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate. Recent evidence suggests that surface immunoglobulin-mediated B-cell activation can proceed without detectable increases in the concentration of either diacylglycerol or intracellular Ca2+ concentration, implicating involvement of other non-protein-kinase-C/Ca2(+)-dependent signal-transduction pathways. Therefore, we sought evidence for activation of a signaling pathway that is associated with growth regulation in other cell types--i.e., the protein-tyrosine kinases. We now show that crosslinking of membrane immunoglobulin by mitogenic antibodies leads to rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, consistent with the induction of a tyrosine kinase activity. This increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is weakly (if at all) stimulated by other B-cell mitogens, including phorbol esters and ionophores, and does not require the presence of detectable protein kinase C. Furthermore, inhibition of anti-immunoglobulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate hydrolysis does not inhibit activation of this tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that occupancy of the membrane immunoglobulin receptor may induce multiple pathways of activation.
Geostatistical exploration of spatial variation of summertime temperatures in the Detroit metropolitan region

Background Because of the warming climate urban temperature patterns have been receiving increased attention. Temperature within urban areas can vary depending on land cover, meteorological and other factors. High resolution satellite data can be used to understand this intra-urban variability, although they have been primarily studied to characterize urban heat islands at a larger spatial scale.
Relationship between working memory capacity and contingent involuntary orienting

Individual differences in working memory capacity are related to the ability to control attention; where less working memory capacity is associated with less attentional control. A well-known demonstration of attentional control is contingent involuntary orienting (Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992), which is the finding that visuospatial attention is captured by a salient peripheral cue, but only if the cue is featurally similar to the target of search and not if the cue is featurally dissimilar. This control of attention and ability to resist shifting attention towards an irrelevant visual cue is believed to be moderated by attentional settings for target-specific features. This study establishes that working memory capacity is related to contingent involuntary orienting of attention. Lower working memory capacity was associated with larger stimulus-driven cueing effects at short cue-to-target onset asynchronies, than at longer asynchronies, suggesting working memory capacity was associated with the abi...
Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine in Maternal and Fetal Rabbit Lungs and Livers

Administration of hydrocortisone to pregnant rabbits caused a decrease in weights of fetal body and lung and an increase in the incorporation of choline into fetal lung PC. The authors found no induction of the enzymes related to the incorporation of choline into PC in fetal lung. Also, there was no stimulation of any enzymatic activity of CDP-choline pathway or PC-lysoPC cycle pathway in maternal lung and liver or fetal liver. In addition to the acceleration of choline incorporation into fetal lung PC by the cortisol, hydrocortisone also significantly stimulated the secretion of lung PC affected by glucocorticoids may also be related to apparent fetal lung maturation.
Simple genetic algorithms with linear fitness

A general form of stochastic search is described (random heuristic search), and some of its general properties are proved. This provides a framework in which the simple genetic algorithm (SGA) is a special case. The framework is used to illuminate relationships between seemingly different probabilistic perspectives of SGA behavior. Next, the SGA is formalized as an instance of random heuristic search. The formalization then used to show expected population fitness is a Lyapunov function in the infinite population model when mutation is zero and fitness is linear. In particular, the infinite population algorithm must converge, and average population fitness increases from one generation to the next. The consequence for a finite population SGA is that the expected population fitness increases from one generation to the next. Moreover, the only stable fixed point of the expected next population operator corresponds to the population consisting entirely of the optimal string. This result is then extended by way of a perturbation argument to allow nonzero mutation.
Prediction of the instantaneous and steady state torque of the switched reluctance motor using fem with experimental results comparison

ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite element method (FEM) analysis of a commercially available switched reluctance motor (SRM) supplied from its associated power electronic drive. The instantaneous current and torque waveforms are computed using the results of the FEM analysis with the numerical solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the drive. The effects of different machine parameters, speeds, applied voltages and stator winding voltage switching on and off instants are given. Experimental results compare very well with the results calculated by the method of analysis presented in the paper.
The role of barrier precautions in infection control.

Barrier precautions are a fundamental component of any infection control strategy and a critical aspect of all isolation systems. Because many infections are transmitted from patient-to-patient via the hands of personnel, gloves and gowns are widely recommended to provide an extra measure of protection against cross-infection. It is not clear whether gloves are superior to handwashing (if performed obsessionally) in this respect, and there is little evidence that gowns confer additional benefit. These concerns notwithstanding, barrier precautions can substantially reduce the risk of some infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus disease. On the other hand, the modes of transmission of many infections are complex (e.g. with rotavirus) or controversial (e.g. with rhinovirus), and, even though hands are involved in transmission, barrier precautions alone may not suffice to prevent spread. Moreover, neither gloves nor gowns can prevent nosocomial infections caused by endogenous microbial flora; perhaps this explains the limited efficacy of barrier precautions in reducing the endemic rate of infection due to bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units. Barrier precautions may also fail if colonized patients are not identified promptly. One potential solution to this problem is 'body substance isolation' (BSI), in which all patients are considered to be potential carriers of nosocomial pathogens whether or not they have been cultured or have developed a clinical infection. In BSI barrier techniques are used when any potentially contaminated patient material is handled. BSI also provides barrier protection from bloodborne pathogens for personnel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of demolition and beach clean-up operations on birds on a coastal mudflat in New Jersey

Abstract Coastal lands are increasingly exposed to disturbances from demolition, beach clean-up, and construction for development. Although data exist concerning the effects of investigators on breeding populations, little information is available for migrant populations. I investigated the effects of demolition and beach clean-up on resident and migrant birds on a coastal mudflat in New Jersey. A year's censusing before work initiation was used to determine when demolition and clean-up would affect the least number of birds. Work activity on and along the beach was from 15 October to 15 November 1985. The overall population size was lower in 1985 compared to the same period in 1984, although the drop in numbers was not due solely to human disturbance. Human work activity influenced avian distribution along the mudflat: birds moved farther along the beach and out onto the mudflat when activity began, and moved back onto the mudflat when activity ceased. For gulls, foraging efficiency was lowered when work began and did not return to previous levels until 60–90 min after work began. Gulls that moved farther out on the mudflat had significantly lower foraging efficiencies than did those that remained close to the beach. Efforts to mitigate the adverse effects on birds by restricting human activity to a 100 m stretch of beach at any one time succeeded in significantly reducing adverse effects and in allowing birds some space to rest and feed.
Abstract LB-262: Phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody synergizes with anti-PD-1 antibody to inhibit tumor growth in K1735 mouse melanoma model

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA A large body of evidence indicates that PS is a major player in tumor-associated immunosuppression, including the induction and expansion of immune suppressor cells, such as MDSCs and M2 macrophages, and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as TGF-beta and IL-10. Furthermore, PS also inhibits DCs maturation and antigen presentation. Thus, PS is a critical target for cancer immunotherapy. We have previously shown that anti-PS antibody can override PS-driven immunosuppression and re-program the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunosupportive, breaks tumor immune tolerance and elicits potent de novo antitumor T-cell immunity. In the present study, we examined the combination of anti-PD-1 with anti-PS antibody in K1735 mouse melanoma model. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with each antibody alone or the combination at 2.5 mg/kg, twice a week. The combination treatment showed significantly superior tumor growth inhibition than with either antibody alone, animals treated with the combination survived significantly longer than with either antibody alone. Flow cytometry analysis showed the combination has the highest ratio of tumor-infiltrating immune effector to suppressor cells. Finally, no toxicity was observed in all treatment groups following multiple treatment doses. These data suggest that combination of PS blockade with immune checkpoint blockade represents a promising combinatorial strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Xianming Huang, dan Ye, Rolf Brekken, Yi Yin. Phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody synergizes with anti-PD-1 antibody to inhibit tumor growth in K1735 mouse melanoma model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-262. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-262
Chemotaxis of rat brain astrocytes to platelet derived growth factor

Abstract Using a purified population of rat brain astrocytes prepared from neonatal cortex, we investigated the chemotaxis of astroglia to several well characterized growth factors. Chemotactic activity for astrocytes was found for the platelet derived growth factor with a half maximal response occurring at 0.5 ng/ml as compared with a value of 2–3 ng/ml obtained for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in control experiments. Other growth factors including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and insulin were inactive as chemoattractants. Affinity purified fibronectin was also found to stimulate the migration of astroglia, with half maximal doses of approximately 1 μg/ml relative to maximal responses to platelet derived growth factor.
Analysis of ibuprofen in serum by capillary electrophoresis

A rapid method for analysis of the analgesic drug ibuprofen in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis in a borate buffer 160 mmol/l pH 8.5 is described. The method involves deproteinization with acetonitrile to remove serum proteins followed by direct injection on the capillary. The recoveries of standards added to the serum were 84-92%. The method is suited for analysis of samples with concentrations > 10 mg/l. Many other analgesics such as ketoprofen, daypro and salicylates can also be determined by this method.
High-temperature phase equilibria in lithium-, sodium-, and thorium-fluoride mixtures☆

Abstract The equilibrium phase diagram for the lithium-, sodium-, thorium-fluoride ternary system was determined experimentally using standard laboratory methods. Crystallization reactions in LiF NaFThF 4 mixtures were found to result in the occurrence of fourteen singular and invariant equilibrium points at the liquidus, including three eutectics at the LiFNaFThF 4 compositions, 30−56·5–13·5−13·5, 43·5−32·5−5−24 and 54·5−13·5−32 mole%, and at the temperatures of 505, 509 and 525°C. Peritectic invariant points were found at temperatures as high as 825°C. The high-temperature modification of a crystalline phase, long assumed to be NaThF 5 , was identified as the hexagonal modification of the compound, 7NaF. 6ThF 4 , space group, P 3 c 1. In this phase lithium was found to exchange for sodium, to a saturation limit where lithium substitutes at approximately two-thirds of the sodium sites. Ternary compound formation was absent in the system. The results of the present study were the basis for a revision of the NaFThF 4 phase diagram.
Engineering Reactions in Crystalline Solids: Photochemical Generation of Secondary and Tertiary Enol Radical Pairs from Crystalline Ketodiesters

The photochemical decarbonylation of several crystalline 1,3-acetonedicarboxylates has been analyzed in solution and in the solid state. It is shown that the efficiency of the solid-state reaction depends on the stability of the intermediate acyl−alkyl and alkyl−alkyl radical pairs. Reactions proceeding through tertiary enol radicals are more efficient than reactions proceeding through secondary enol radical centers. Solid-state reactions that require the intermediacy of primary enol radicals do not occur. It is also shown that the selectivity of product formation in crystals depends on the structure of the reactant solid phase.
Oxygen-independent poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based carbon-paste glucose biosensors

Several silicone oils have been assessed and compared as an internal source of oxygen in connection to their use as binders for carbon-paste glucose biosensors. All four poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) oils tested a dramatic increase in the oxygen capacity of carbon-paste enzyme electrodes to allow convenient biosensing under severe oxygen-deficit conditions. The resulting oxygen independence is better than that exerted by perfluorocarbon binders or that displayed by mediator-based bioelectrodes. The resistance to oxygen effects is indicated from the identical response (observed in the presence and absence of oxygen) up to 2 x 10(-2) M glucose and the slight (12%) sensitivity loss at 4 x 10(-2) M. The influence of the viscosity of the PDMS binder upon the internal oxygen supply is examined. The PDMS carbon-paste enzyme electrode displays a stable glucose response over prolonged (15 h) operation in an oxygen-free solution. On-line continuous testing indicates favorable dynamic properties with no carry-over effects over the physiological and pathophysiological range (3-12 mM glucose).
Introduction to stem cell special section.

The prospect of utilizing stem cells for clinical applications has generated an enormous amount of enthusiasm in the stem cell research community and has led to a wealth of new data that offer the possibility for practical applications into clinical translation. Recent advances in stem cell imaging has contributed greatly to the ultimate goal to identify and culture specific cell types for regeneration of tissue that had been affected by disease such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease, muscle diseases, and others.
A cross‐sectional survey of factors related to inpatient assault of staff in a forensic psychiatric hospital

AIM: To understand staff factors associated with patient aggression towards the staff of an inpatient forensic psychiatric hospital. BACKGROUND: Violence by patients is a serious concern in psychiatric hospitals and staff are the most frequent targets of physical and verbal assault. Assault and its consequences can severely disrupt the hospital environment and impair the functioning of staff members and patients. This study examined the interplay of staff dispositional and interpersonal factors associated with patient violence. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study surveyed the staff of a large public forensic hospital. METHODS: A sample of 348 psychiatric staff participated in an online survey about their workplace experiences, psychosocial characteristics and well-being. Data were collected from November - December 2011. FINDINGS: Nearly all staff reported verbal conflict with patients (99%) and 70% reported being assaulted during the previous 12 months. Verbal conflict with other staff (92%) was also high. Multiple regression analyses indicated that in addition to static risk factors (i.e. staff position, years of experience and gender), the risk of assault was associated with the frequency of conflicts with staff and patients, which in turn was moderated by personal stress reactivity. CONCLUSION: Physical violence by patients was a pervasive threat for a high proportion of staff. Frequent conflict interactions with volatile patients contributed the most risk, but reactivity to conflict was a dynamic risk factor. The strain associated with assault risk and stress reactivity could be prospectively mitigated by resilience enhancement programming for staff. Language: en