cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute myeloid leukemia presenting as a spontaneous hemotympanum: A Case Report and review of the literature

Abstract Objective To present a unique cause of spontaneous unilateral hemotympanum. Case report We present the case of a 71-year-old male with known history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who presented for evaluation of one month of aural fullness. The patient denied worsening of baseline hearing, otorrhea, or tinnitus but did endorse brief episodic vertigo that resolved without intervention. He also denied history of head trauma. Physical exam revealed unilateral hemotympanum. There were no cranial nerve deficits. There was incidental note of an infectious appearing subdural collection on a CT temporal bone obtained for further evaluation of the hemotympanum. Therefore, the patient underwent combined mastoidectomy and temporal craniotomy. Cytopathology demonstrated leukemic infiltrates and no evidence of active infection. Conclusions Chloroma, extra-medullary deposition of leukemic cells, has rarely been reported in the temporal bone. We report a rare instance of temporal bone chloroma which presented as spontaneous hemotympanum. In the absence of an explanatory cause of hemotympanum, leukemic blast crisis resulting in chloroma can be considered.
T cell factors regulating B cell activation and differentiation.

Concepts involved in B cell neoplasia require a better comprehension of normal B cell activation and differentiation. Advances along these lines have been accelerated through the use of factors derived from T cell sources. T-B collaborations, previously attributed to cell to cell interaction, are mediated by these factors. T cells activated specifically or non-specifically in vitro secrete factors which induce proliferation of preactivated B cells (B cell growth factor — BCGF) or differentiation (BCDF, TRF). Within these two broad categories there is evidence that subgroups of these factors exist, possibly acting on different B cell subpopulations (Swain et al. 1983; Okada et al. 1983; Isakson et al. 1982) making T-B interactions more complex than previously thought.
The molecularly etiological study on the GII.17 norovirus causing an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in Shenyang

Objective To define the etiology and genetics of the pathogen causing an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in a college of Shenyang. Methods A total of 15 anal swab samples were collected from students or kitchen staffs of the college where outbroke the epidemic of acute gastroenteritis in December 2015 in Shenyang, Liaoning province. Real-time PCR was performed to identify the infection of Norovirus(NoV). The NoV genes were amplified and sequenced for those positive samples, followed to perform phylogenetic analysis. Results Of the 15 specimens, 12 were NoV positive by Real-time PCR, phylogenetic analysis showed that the infected virus of the outbreak was belonged to NoV genotype GII.17. The homology between the present virus and new mutated GII.17 strain of KR020503 identified in 2014—2015 epidemic outbreak in China was over 99%. Conclusions The new mutated NoV GII.17 caused the acute gastroenteritis outbreak in a college of Shenyang in 2015, NoV GII.17 was detected firstly in Northeast China. Key words: Norovirus; Acute gastroenteritis; Outbreak; GII.17 genotype
Single site laparoscopic repair of a Morgagni hernia in a pediatric patient

Abstract Anterior diaphragmatic hernias through the foramen of Morgagni are rare accounting for about 3% of surgically treated diaphragmatic hernias. Current management of Morgagni type diaphragmatic hernias involves surgical intervention, which is traditionally done by open laparotomy, laparoscopy or thoracoscopic approach. Here we present the case of a two year old female with a Morgagni type congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) found during work-up for an upper respiratory infection, repaired using a single site laparoscopic primary approach.
Sensor selection for detecting deviations from a planned itinerary.

Suppose an agent asserts that it will move through an environment in some way. When the agent executes its motion, how does one verify the claim? The problem arises in a range of contexts including in validating safety claims about robot behavior, applications in security and surveillance, and for both the conception and the (physical) design and logistics of scientific experiments. Given a set of feasible sensors to select from, we ask how to choose sensors optimally in order to ensure that the agent's execution does indeed fit its pre-disclosed itinerary. Our treatment is distinguished from prior work in sensor selection by two aspects: the form the itinerary takes (a regular language of transitions) and that families of sensor choices can be grouped as a single choice. Both are intimately tied together, permitting construction of a product automaton because the same physical sensors (i.e., the same choice) can appear multiple times. This paper establishes the hardness of sensor selection for itinerary validation within this treatment, and proposes an exact algorithm based on an ILP formulation that is capable of solving problem instances of moderate size. We demonstrate its efficacy on small-scale case studies, including one motivated by wildlife tracking.
Towards protocol stack virtualization in massive IoT deployments

Abstract Massive IoT scenarios involve a huge number of devices where deployment, provisioning and configuration are carried out without any human intervention. Well-known mechanisms of resource discovery and management attempt to enable some of this functionality typically associated with zero-configuration schemes. In this paper we explore the novel use of Protocol Stack Virtualization (PSV) to provide flexibility in the deployment and management of constrained sensors, actuators and controllers in massive IoT access networks. Specifically, these devices exhibit low power consumption that limits processor computational capabilities and transmission rates that affect, among other things, deployment and maintenance. In this scenario, we present and analyze an end-to-end PSV massive IoT solution. We describe the different building blocks, their interaction and what role they play as part of the overall mechanism. Additionally, we focus on the performance of the solution by looking at how network impairments, like packet loss and latency, affect deployment of the virtualized protocol stacks.
Syndrome of anovulation following the oral contraceptives.

Abstract Four cases of anovulation following use of oral contraceptives are presented, outlining the diagnostic evaluation and therapy. The mechanism for the failure of reappearance of ovulation is felt to be prolonged dysfunction of hypothalamic centers concerned with cyclic gonadotropin release. Prednisone, 5 mg. twice daily for 3 months, is suggested as initial therapy. If return of ovulation does not follow prednisone administration. use of Clomid or Pergonal is indicated. The favorable response of these patients to therapy suggests that, in many instances, the anovulation following the oral contraceptives is a relatively mild endocrinopathy.
Frictional Performance and Local Properties of C/C Composites

The microstructure and mechanical properties of two-dimensional (2D) C/C, C/C-SiC composites with randomly chopped carbon fibers, and three dimensional (3D) non-woven C/C composites subjected to different friction experiments were investigated. The microstructure was characterized using polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different texture degrees of pyrolitic carbon matrices were determined utilizing the polarized light measurement technique and measuring the orientation (opening) angle (OA) of the carbon (002) electron diffraction arcs. The local properties (hardness, elastic modulus, and stiffness) of individual structural components of C/C composites were characterized using nanoindentation. Nanoindentation results showed that increasing the degree of texture of pyrocarbon leads to a decrease in elastic modulus and hardness. The level and stability of the coefficient of friction as detected in subscale aircraft dynamometer simulations is influenced by both the characteristics of the bulk of C/C composite. It is possible to optimize the wear rate as well as the frictional performance of C/C composites by controlling the microstructure and mechanical properties of individual components of C/C composites.
Experiments with an improved iris segmentation algorithm

Iris is claimed to be one of the best biometrics. We have collected a large data set of iris images, intentionally sampling a range of quality broader than that used by current commercial iris recognition systems. We have re-implemented the Daugman-like iris recognition algorithm developed by Masek. We have also developed and implemented an improved iris segmentation and eyelid detection stage of the algorithm, and experimentally verified the improvement in recognition performance using the collected dataset. Compared to Masek's original segmentation approach, our improved segmentation algorithm leads to an increase of over 6% in the rank-one recognition rate.
Positive and negative experiences of breast pumping during the first 6 months

For mothers with breastfeeding difficulties, pumping can be recommended to help establish milk production. However, pumping may present some barriers to successful breastfeeding. Mothers with milk supply concern may be at higher risk of barriers to successful breastfeeding. No previous studies have described experiences of pumping among mothers with milk supply concern. We conducted 10 focus groups of 56 mothers who had milk supply concern in the first month after birth. A paid, trained facilitator led groups in a semi-structured approach. Sessions were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded independently by two investigators and analysed using grounded theory. We identified five themes related to the experience of pumping among mothers with milk supply concern: (1) additional control over breastfeeding from pumping: ‘I would feed and then give him … whatever I could manage to pump to him’. (2) Painful experience: ‘The first time I pumped my boobs hurt so bad’. (3) Pumped volume affected milk supply concern: ‘Pump and there was hardly anything coming out that's when I started to worry’. (4) Pumping interfered with other nurturing activities: ‘While you're pumping, you can't touch the baby’. (5) Frustration from inconsistent provider advice: ‘They told me to pump … and then said, “That's going to cause your milk to increase too much” ’. Mothers had positive and negative experiences with pumping. Clinicians should assess a mother's experience shortly after she initiates pumping, as further management and counselling may be necessary to avoid barriers to successful breastfeeding.
Cancer Treatment with Carbon Nanotubes, Using Thermal Ablation or Association with Anticancer Agents

The sections in this article are Introduction Use of Nanotubes as Heated Particles Use of Anticancer Agents Associated with Nanotubes Summary Future Perspective Acknowledgments Keywords: carbon nanotubes; cancer treatment; thermal ablation; anticancer agents
Electric field induced texture in titania during experiments related to flash sintering

Abstract We show that (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) peaks weaken while the (2 1 1) X-ray diffraction peak gains in intensity in titanium dioxide under the influence of the electric field, during in-situ experiments of flash sintering, carried out at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The effect is reversible, appearing and vanishing when the field is turned on and off. The changes in the peak intensities are immediate, but they fluctuate with time even though the electric field remains constant. Similar experiments with 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia have shown time dependent emergence of new peaks signaling the formation of a different phase, apparently by a diffusion controlled process. In contrast, in titania the existing peaks change intensity under the electric field. We attribute the events in titania to short range movement of atoms and defects in the lattice.
Metabolic Inhibitors Sensitize for CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-induced Apoptosis by Down-Regulating Fas-associated Death Domain-like Interleukin 1-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Protein Expression

Protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors are known to sensitize some resistant cells for death receptor-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in sensitization have not yet been defined exactly. Here, we report that metabolic inhibitors such as cycloheximide (CHX) or actinomycin D (ActD) sensitize for CD95-induced apoptosis by strongly down-regulating FLIP and RIP expression. Metabolic labeling studies revealed that CHX or ActD inhibited protein or RNA synthesis at concentrations required for sensitization. In contrast to Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or caspase-8, FADD-like interleukin 1-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (FLIP) and RIP protein levels rapidly decreased upon treatment with CHX or ActD, indicating that both molecules have a high turnover rate. Selective down-regulation of FLIP expression by FLIP antisense oligonucleotides sensitized for CD95-induced apoptosis. Reduction of FLIP levels resulted in undetectable amounts of FLIP at the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) upon CD95 stimulation, thereby enhancing the recruitment of caspase-8 to the DISC and caspase-8 activation. CHX- or ActD-mediated sensitization to CD95-induced apoptosis was predominantly found in type I cells in which FADD and caspase-8 are recruited to CD95 upon stimulation but not in type II cells in which no DISC formation is detected. Pretreatment with CHX or ActD sensitized for subsequent CD95 stimulation compared with cells without pretreatment. CHX or ActD also reduced XIAP expression and similarly sensitized for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Because blockade of death receptor triggering by FLIP overexpression has recently been implicated in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance in vivo, strategies to inhibit FLIP expression, e.g., by metabolic inhibitors, may prove to be a useful complementary tool for the treatment of cancer.
Rotational scaled quaternion division algebras

Abstract A rotational scaled quaternion algebra is a ten-parameter four-dimensional real algebra whose automorphism group contains SO(2). We determine which of these algebras are division algebras and which are normed algebras. For the division algebras we determine all automorphisms and derivations and solve the isomorphism problem.
Prostaglandins and cancer: Further stereochemical studies on the molecule of phospholipase A2

Abstract (1) This paper continues the stereochemical analysis of the molecule of phospholipase A 2 as revealed by X-ray crystallography. (2) Previously its stereochemical relations to tumor-promoting phorbol esters and to PGE 1 have been reported. (3) Here the stereochemical relations with a series of anti-tumor retinoids and diterpinoids are described. (4) These stereochemical relationships lead to a series of testable hypotheses and experiments concerning the mechanism of action of these agents.
Why some are perceived as more confident and more insecure, more reckless and more cautious, more trusting and more suspicious, than others: enriched and impoverished options in social judgment.

In line with the principle of compatibility, when making social judgments, people tend to focus on personality attributes compatible with the trait under consideration. Better known, orenriched, personages are more likely to present attributes that are compatible with a particular trait than are personages about whom little is known. As a result, enriched personages are more likely to have various, sometimes even conflicting, traits attributed to them. This hypothesis is supported by a number of studies that compare the frequency with which some people are chosen as being better described by opposite trait adjectives than are others. Celebrities more often have both of a pair of opposing adjectives ascribed to them than do less well known figures. Similarly, subjects judge themselves to be better described by either of a pair of opposite adjectives than is a person who is relatively unknown in their lives. The implications for social judgment and for everyday decisions are discussed.
Metal-catalyzed oxidation of extracellular matrix increases macrophage nitric oxide generation

Metal-catalyzed oxidation of extracellular matrix increases macrophage nitric oxide generation. Background Oxygen radicals are believed to play a significant role in glomerular disease. In part this may be due to oxidation of lipids, but protein oxidation may play a contributory role as well. We have demonstrated that the mesangial extracellular matrix is susceptible to metal-catalyzed oxidation and that this increases scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of macrophages, cells which appear to be important participants in glomerular injury via their secretory products. As other scavenger receptor ligands can increase macrophage nitric oxide generation, we examined whether oxidation of matrix could increase the activity of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Methods Extracellular matrix was oxidized using a metal-catalyzed oxidation system. Matrix oxidation was measured using carbonyl analysis, and iNOS activity in macrophages seeded onto the matrix was measured by nitrite determination and Western and Northern analyses for iNOS. Results Macrophages exposed to oxidized matrix demonstrated a significant enhancement of iNOS activity. This enhancement could be antagonized by cotreatment of matrix with the radical spin trap N- tert -butyl- a -phenylnitrone, resulting in a corresponding decrease in protein carbonyl content, a measure of protein oxidation. Seeding macrophages onto oxidized matrix and adding the scavenger receptor ligand polyinosinic acid further augmented iNOS activity, suggesting that additional scavenger receptors were available to bind ligand and that further augmentation of iNOS activity did not require an additional change in cell shape. Western blot analysis revealed an increase in iNOS protein expression as a consequence of interaction with the oxidized matrix, but there was no difference in iNOS mRNA expression by Northern analysis suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism for enhanced iNOS activity. Conclusion These data demonstrate that oxidation of extracellular matrix enhances macrophage nitric oxide generation, and suggest a previously undescribed role for extracellular matrix modification in the regulation of cellular function and possibly the mediation of glomerular injury.
Network models of quantum percolation and their field-theory representations.

We obtain the field-theory representations of several network models that are relevant to two-dimensional transport in high magnetic fields. Among them, the simplest one, which is relevant to the plateau transition in the quantum Hall effect, is equivalent to a particular representation of an antiferromagnetic SU(2[ital N]) ([ital N][r arrow]0) spin chain. Since the latter can be mapped onto a [theta][ne]0, U(2[ital N])/U([ital N])[times]U([ital N]) [sigma] model, and since recent numerical analyses of the corresponding network give a delocalization transition with [nu][approx]2.3, we conclude that the same exponent is applicable to the [sigma] model.
The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: Ring preference in the closure of carbocyclic rings

Abstract In a proposal for the generation of light hydrocarbons (LHs), n-alkane parents are catalytically transformed into daughter isoalkanes and cycloalkanes through the closure of three-, five-, and six-membered rings. Three reaction rate constants, k3: →- isoalkanes; k5: → cyclopentanes; k6: → cyclohexanes, control this catalytic process, and thus the compositions of LHs. A catalyst that preferentially promotes ring-closure of a specific carbon number is said to express ring preference (RP) in that carbon number. For example, a catalyst that preferentially generates isoalkanes over cycloalkanes would be expressing three-ring preference (3RP), meaning that k3 is greater than k5 and k6 in the catalytic process generating LHs. Oils show large compositional variations in LHs, with ratios of isoalkanes to cycloalkanes showing coefficients of variation on the order of 100%, reflecting large variations in RP. Genetically related oils (homologous oils), however, are either invariant in composition (invariant in RP) or they display systematic changes in RP. In a striking example of this latter case, RP progressively shifts to smaller rings, 6RP → 5RP → 3-RP, as parent concentrations increase. This paper addresses a curious paradox, apparently unique to the LHs: homologous oils, displaying a uniform overall geochemical composition (i.e., gravity, sulfur concentration, isotopic composition, biomarker composition, and so on), show remarkable changes in LH composition reflecting systematic changes in RP. These apparent contradictions, on the one hand a uniform overall composition reflecting a static system and on the other hand systematic changes in LH composition reflecting a dynamic system, are analyzed in the context of a steady-state catalytic hypothesis.
The advantages of going large: genome-wide SNPs clarify the complex population history and systematics of the threatened western pond turtle.

As the field of phylogeography has matured, it has become clear that analyses of one or a few genes may reveal more about the history of those genes than the populations and species that are the targets of study. To alleviate these concerns, the discipline has moved towards larger analyses of more individuals and more genes, although little attention has been paid to the qualitative or quantitative gains that such increases in scale and scope may yield. Here, we increase the number of individuals and markers by an order of magnitude over previously published work to comprehensively assess the phylogeographical history of a well-studied declining species, the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata). We present a new analysis of 89 independent nuclear SNP markers and one mitochondrial gene sequence scored for rangewide sampling of >900 individuals, and compare these to smaller-scale, rangewide genetic and morphological analyses. Our enlarged SNP data fundamentally revise our understanding of evolutionary history for this lineage. Our results indicate that the gains from greatly increasing both the number of markers and individuals are substantial and worth the effort, particularly for species of high conservation concern such as the pond turtle, where accurate assessments of population history are a prerequisite for effective management.
Novel Technique for Proximal Anchoring of Penile Prostheses in Female-to-male Transsexual

Objectives To present our initial experience with a novel technique for fixation of an inflatable penile prosthesis in the female-to-male transsexual in 2 patients. Methods Proximal fixation of an inflatable penile prosthesis is challenging in the female-to-male transsexual because of the lack of normal corporal bodies. This technique uses a bone drill to create a fixation chamber in the symphysis pubis. A rear tip extender is then secured into bone, providing a stable fixation point for the proximal aspect of the penile cylinder. Results Two patients successfully underwent placement of a 2-cylinder inflatable penile prosthesis using this technique without any complications. At 8 and 13 months postoperatively, their Sexual Health Inventory for Men score was 23 and 25 of a possible 25 points, respectively. Conclusions With modest follow-up, bone anchoring appears to provide improved support and better performance of the inflatable penile implant in the female-to-male transsexual patient.
Packaging postponement: a global packaging strategy

Postponement applications have been growing in recent years as international firms increasingly develop global products that are customized for local markets. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the logistical principles of postponement and speculation. It explores the factors that favour packaging postponement: (a) modular products that can be customized for local markets; (b) products that gain volume, weight or value from packing; (c) unpredictable demand; (d) a large number of market-based variations for a single formulation; and (e) situations where economies of scale in packaging and logistics can be optimized. Examples are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic facility planning for museums

Abstract Organizations must think and act strategically if they are going to survive and thrive within uncertain and changing political, economic and technological contexts. The strategic level of planning is a tool to help clarify what is really important and to help individuals within organizations to identify reasonable goals rather than those that may be vague, unrealistic or impossible. The strategic plan and its subset, long-range facilities plan, should summarize a pattern of possibilities across programs, projects, policies and resource allocations. This paper describes modern management philosophies, barriers to change, then presents strategic directions and an analysis with recommendations specific to museum facility management. Future directions for museums are also presented to enable a long-term view and support to strategic plans for museums.
Liver cirrhosis in patients undergoing laparotomy for trauma: effect on outcomes.

Background There is little published work on the effect of cirrhosis on outcomes in trauma patients undergoing laparotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of death or serious complications in cirrhotic trauma patients undergoing laparotomy as compared with that in a similar group of patients without cirrhosis. Study design During a 12-year period, there were 46 patients with the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis made during laparotomy for trauma. Each patient was matched with two noncirrhotic controls on the basis of 7 criteria: age (>55, ≤55 years), gender, mechanism of injury (blunt, penetrating), Injury Severity Score (≤15, 16–25, >25), head Abbreviated Injury Score ( Results The overall mortality in the cirrhotic group was significantly higher than that in the matched noncirrhotic group (45% versus 24%, hazard ratio: 7.60 [2.00, 28.94], p=0.021). Mortality in patients with Injury Severity Score ≤15 was 29% in the cirrhotic group and 5% in the noncirrhotic group (p = 0.013) and in patients with Injury Severity Score 16–25, mortality was 56% and 11%, respectively (p = 0.024). The incidence of any of the predetermined complications was 45% in the cirrhotic group and 23% in the noncirrhotic group (p = 0.110). The mean surgical ICU stay was 11.5 days and 6.6 days, respectively (p = 0.037), and the mean hospital charges were $141,210 and $72,884, respectively (p = 0.031). Conclusions Cirrhotic trauma patients undergoing laparotomy are at high risk of serious complications and death, even after fairly minor injuries. This group of patients should be admitted to the ICU for close monitoring and aggressive management irrespective of the severity of injuries.
Competitive analysis of cross cultural information search behavior

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate German, French, and British travelers’ information search behavior. This study used the data collected from a series of in-flight surveys on German, British, and French travelers to the US between January and December 1997. To visualize tourists’ information research behavior, a correspondence analysis was employed. The results from correspondence analysis revealed two-dimensional solutions: the first was labeled as business/leisure dimension, and the second was identified as dependent/independent information search behavior. In addition, four distinct market segments based on the information search behavior emerged from the analysis. In conclusion, future study in respect to cross-cultural choice behaviors was advocated.
Medical Malpractice Reform and Insurer Claims Defense: Unintended Effects?

In response to recent and past medical malpractice insurance crises, most states have implemented reforms meant to stabilize premiums and coverage availability. The importance of understanding whether these reforms implicitly affect the behavior and incentives of plaintiffs, attorneys, medical providers, and malpractice insurers in the intended way is crucial to policy makers, if they are to achieve their goal. This study specifically examines the effect of reforms on the claims defense efforts of insurers, given that defense expenses account for approximately 30 percent of malpractice premiums. Using state data for the period 1998-2002, we regress claims defense expenses against a variety of reform variables. These include seven tort reforms (noneconomic damage caps, punitive damage limits, attorney fee limits, modified collateral source rule, modified joint and several liability doctrine, mandatory pretrial screening, and statute of limitations) and two government-sponsored insurance mechanisms (joint underwriting associations and patient compensation funds). Claims defense expenses are found to be higher in the presence of noneconomic damage caps, punitive damage limits, and attorney fee limits--an unintended and counterproductive effect of reform--but are lower with mandatory pretrial screening and patient compensation funds.
The relationship between coastal Mysis diluviana abundance and spring thermal bar dynamics

Abstract We studied the density and age structure of Mysis diluviana in Lake Michigan with respect to spatial structure relating to spring thermal bar dynamics. The thermal bar is a zone of sinking 4 °C water that separates warmer inshore water from colder offshore water. The thermal bar migrates offshore as inshore water warms. The density of Mysis did not differ statistically between inshore (about 6 °C, as shallow as 17 m bottom depth) and offshore of the spring thermal bar, but the percentage of Mysis that were juveniles ( Mysis may have an advantage in growth, but an impact on the entire population is unlikely. This study has important implications for both the predators and competitors of Mysis . First, the thermal bar period may be the most extended time that M. diluviana and the invasive Hemimysis anomala overlap spatially. Second, at the only well-studied Great Lakes lake trout nursery, a Lake Superior shallow reef, juvenile Mysis are important prey for lake trout fry ( Salvelinus namaycush ) which emerge and begin feeding in spring. Our study shows that Mysis are often abundant in coastal Lake Michigan water during the period when the lake begins to warm. Hence, lake trout restoration efforts for coastal spawning areas of the other Great Lakes may have potential Mysis -based nursery grounds essentially “on site,” at or adjacent to spawning reefs.
Use of the polarographic method to measure wall shear stress

The measurement of the current to a small polarized electrode mounted flush to the wall allows the determination of the local velocity field closer to a surface than any other method. This technique has found use in measuring wall shear stresses in boundary-layer flows and in studying the structure of turbulence in the viscous sublayer. The interpretation of measurements in the wake behind a cylinder or behind a large amplitude wave is not clear because large amplitude flow oscillations make present analysis of the performance of these wall electrodes inapplicable. Recent numerical work on the inverse mass transfer problem seems to offer an approach that can handle measurements in these difficult flows.
Detecting acute drug effects.

Both the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS or 100~mm line tests) have been used to detect acute drug effects in humans. Recently, there has been increased use of VAS alone because of easily perceived advantages, such as being nontiring, easy to score, and replicable without carryover cuing, as well as having face validity. Compared to the POMS, it is unclear if VAS are more sensitive and straightforward or are less reliable and susceptible to lapses in concentration or impulsivity. VAS are clearly less validated, as no standardized forms exist and users typically label extremes with their own construct. In this experiment, we compared POMS and VAS results to observer’s ratings after subjects ingested stimulants.
His-8 Lowers the pKa of the Essential Cys-12 Residue of the ArsC Arsenate Reductase of Plasmid R773

The 141-residue ArsC arsenate reductase of plasmid R773 has an essential cysteine residue, Cys-12. The pKa of Cys-12 was determined to be 6.4, compared with a pKa of 8.3 for free cysteine. The possibility of the formation of an ion pair between Cys-12 and a basic residue was investigated. Enzymatic activity was rapidly inactivated by the histidine-modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate. The codons for the two histidine residues in ArsC, His-8 and His-88, were changed by site-directed mutagenesis. Cells expressing arsCH88R, arsCH88S, arsCH88W, or arsCH88V genes retained arsenate resistance, and the purified proteins had wild type level of reductase activity. Cells expressing arsCH8P, arsCH8S, arsCH8G, or arsCH8R genes were each sensitive to arsenate, and the purified H8P, H8G, and H8R proteins each lacked enzymatic activity. Using the single histidine proteins it was shown that both histidines react with diethylpyrocarbonate but that only reaction with His-8 resulted in inactivation. The pKa value of Cys-12 was determined to be 6.3 in the H8R enzyme and 8.3 in the H8G enzyme. These results indicate that His-8 is essential for catalytic activity and that a positively charged residue is required at position 8 to lower the pKa of the cysteine thiolate at position 12.
Genetic reassortment of influenza A viruses in the intestinal tract of ducks.

Abstract Genetic reassortment between influenza A viruses was shown to occur in the intestinal tract of ducks during mixed infection; this phenomenon was examined both in naturally and laboratory-infected ducks. Studies on cloacal samples from Canadian feral ducks demonstrated that 7% of these samples contained two or more antigenically distinguishable influenza viruses, indicating that mixed infections occur rather frequently in nature. The RNAs of multiple viruses isolated from one cloacal sample were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the RNA migration patterns showed that this sample contained a mixture of viruses, including antigenically identical viruses with heterogeneous RNAs. To determine if genetic reassortment may be responsible for the RNA heterogeneity, laboratory ducks were infected with two antigenically distinct avian influenza viruses (Hsw1N1 and Hav1Nav2). Antigenic recombinants (Hav1N1) were readily isolated, without selective antibody pressure, from the feces of these mixedly infected ducks. Comparisons between the RNA migration patterns of the parental viruses and multiple isolates from the feces showed that antigenically identical isolates (as the Hav1N1 recombinants) possessed different gene constellations. These findings show that genetic reassortment between viruses occurs readily in the duck's intestinal tract. Other parameters of virus infection in ducks were also examined. Juvenile ducks, inoculated with influenza virus, shed virus in their feces for 30 days, produced low levels of circulating antibodies (HI titer of 1:20), and were resistant to challenge with homologous virus. These studies illustrate the mechanism by which genetically diverse influenza A viruses may evolve in nature.
Case locality: Pure domains and object shift

Languages appear to differ in the locality conditions that regulate nominative Case checking: a dative or ergative subject blocks nominative checking of an object in Faroese and Nez Perce, but not in Icelandic or Hindi. Languages also differ in the effect that object shift has on subject Case: object shift has no effect on subject Case in Icelandic, but causes ergative Case to appear on the subject in Nez Perce. These superficially unrelated effects follow if one violable locality constraint is added to the small set of Case faithfulness and markedness constraints within Optimality Theory. This locality constraint, Pure Domain, requires that the checking domain of a head contain only Cases checked by that head. Differences in the relative rank of Pure Domain with respect to Case faithfulness and markedness constraints produces the cross-linguistic variation noted above. This domain approach to Case locality captures the standard notion that a closer DP can interfere with the checking of a further DP, but it also captures the fact that a further DP can interfere with the checking of a closer DP, if that further DP is close enough, a situation that arises with object shift.
The role of radiotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma

The prognosis for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma remains dismal despite advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the past few decades. The use of radiotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma is often disputed because of the hypothesis that patients with pancreatic cancer die from distant metastases. This Review discusses the data from prospective and retrospective studies evaluating radiotherapy and other treatment options for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Output-only modal identification by compressed sensing: Non-uniform low-rate random sampling

Abstract Modal identification or testing of structures consists of two phases, namely, data acquisition and data analysis. Some structures, such as aircrafts, high-speed machines, and plate-like civil structures, have active modes in the high-frequency range when subjected to high-speed or broadband excitation in their operational conditions. In the data acquisition stage, the Shannon–Nyquist sampling theorem indicates that capturing the high-frequency modes (signals) requires uniform high-rate sampling, resulting in sensing too many samples, which potentially impose burdens on the data transfer (especially in wireless platform) and data analysis stage. This paper explores a new-emerging, alternative, signal sampling and analysis technique, compressed sensing, and investigates the feasibility of a new method for output-only modal identification of structures in a non-uniform low-rate random sensing framework based on a combination of compressed sensing (CS) and blind source separation (BSS). Specifically, in the data acquisition stage, CS sensors sample few non-uniform low-rate random measurements of the structural responses signals, which turn out to be sufficient to capture the underlying mode information. Then in the data analysis stage, the proposed method uses the BSS technique, complexity pursuit (CP) recently explored by the authors, to directly decouple the non-uniform low-rate random samples of the structural responses, simultaneously yielding the mode shape matrix as well as the non-uniform low-rate random samples of the modal responses. Finally, CS with l 1 -minimization recovers the uniform high-rate modal response from the CP-decoupled non-uniform low-rate random samples of the modal response, thereby enabling estimation of the frequency and damping ratio. Because CS sensors are currently in laboratory prototypes and not yet commercially available, their functionality—randomly sensing few non-uniform samples—is simulated in this study, which is performed on the examples of a numerical structural model, an experimental bench-scale structural model, and a real-world seismic-excited base-isolated hospital buildings. Results show that the proposed method in the CS framework can identify the modes using non-uniform low-rate random sensing, which is far below what is required by the Nyquist sampling theorem.
A simple, nondestructive profile monitor for external proton beams

Abstract Wire planes operating as ionization collectors with air as an ionizing medium have been used as nondestructive profile monitors in the external proton beam of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron. Results are in agreement with movable scatter target, scintillation telescope measuring techniques but are obtained with greater simplicity, versatility, and without associated background problems. The system is amenable to automatic scanning such that a complete beam profile may be obtained within a few milliseconds.
A Novel Optical Buffer Architecture for Optical Packet Switching Routers

We present an optical packet buffer architecture designed to implement queues in optical packet switching routers. Correct functionality and error-free routing are experimentally demonstrated on a prototype buffer.
Distribution of Acid Mucopolysaccharides in Inner and Outer Layers of Bovine Aorta

Bovine aortas were separated into 2 layers, an inner layer composed chiefly of intima and an outer layer composed of adventitia and most of the media. A greater concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides, especially of the chondroitin sulfuric acid group, was found in the inner layer of the aorta.
Physiological hyperreactivity to stressors in physical child abusers and individuals at risk for being physically abusive

Research on the physiological reactivity of physical child abusers and individuals at risk for being physically abusive is summarized and critiqued. Several theorists have hypothesized that physical child abusers experience physiological hyperreactivity to stressors, particularly stressful child interactions associated with child rearing. The experimental evidence generally supports the physiological hyperreactivity hypothesis, although there are some contradictory and inconsistent results within individual studies and across studies. The research also indicates that the physiological hyperreactivity of physical child abusers and those at risk for being physically abusive occurs during a wide variety of stimulus situations, including aversive child-related stimuli, nonaversive child-related stimuli, aversive nonchild-related stimuli, and during periods when no overt stimulus is present (resting or baseline periods). Recommendations concerning procedural and methodological improvements are made in order to enable future researchers to better address unresolved issues related to the physiological hyperreactivity hypothesis.
Minimizer graphs for a class of extremal problems

We consider the family of graphs with a fixed number of vertices and edges. Among all these graphs, we are looking for those minimizing the sum of the square roots of the vertex degrees. We prove that there is a unique such graph, which consists of the largest possible complete subgraph plus only one other non-isolated vertex. The same result is proven for any power of the vertex-degrees less than one half. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 230–240, 2002; DOI 10.1002-jgt.10025
Analysis of Enforcement Techniques for DWI Checkpoints and Their Impact on Traffic Operations

This paper documents a research project investigating the effects of various driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) checkpoint setup scenarios on overall traffic operations. According to NHTSA, 13,470 people were killed in alcohol-related crashes in 2006. Of the 13,470 fatalities, 64% involved drivers with a blood alcohol content of 0.08 or higher. For this reason, state and local police departments tend to conduct DWI checkpoints during the night, when police officers detain vehicles traveling on a roadway and interview drivers to determine suspicion of alcohol use. For planning and budgeting purposes, police departments need to be able to effectively plan a setup for DWI checkpoints. The goal of the project is to provide police departments with data and methodologies to analyze the impact of their checkpoints on traffic operations. Seven scenarios were investigated on the basis of interviews with several police departments: one officer stopping every vehicle, one officer stopping every second vehicle, one officer stopping every fifth vehicle, one officer stopping every tenth vehicle, two officers stopping every vehicle, four officers stopping every vehicle, and four officers stopping every second vehicle. Each scenario was varied to include 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 vehicles per hour (or vehicles per hour per lane) to obtain a wide range of limiting values after which DWI checkpoints would cause extraordinary amounts of delay. The paper includes the results for each scenario that can be used by police departments to recognize the potential impacts on vehicle delay.
Senescent forgetfulness: A quantitative study

Eighty‐eight healthy elderly participants 60 to 90 years old were tested on a variety of measures of cognitive function and verbal, visual, and remote memory. Data analysis by age‐residualized score patterns and cluster analysis yielded subgroups (10% to 20% of the total sample) who exhibited reduced memory efficiency with otherwise preserved cognitive abilities. Although memory efficiency was reduced, these subgroups performed at a significantly higher level than a group of patients with Alzheimer‐type dementia. The participants with a specific decline in memory disproportionate for their age displayed features consistent with Krai's description of benign senescent forgetfulness.
Processes of crustal formation and evolution on Venus - An analysis of topography, hypsometry, and crustal thickness variations

Processes of crustal formation and evolution are examined, and the role of crustal thickness variation in the production of topography is assessed. Evidence for crustal composition, age, average crustal thickness, and total crustal volume on Venus is reviewed. It is shown that the present crustal volume of Venus is comparable to that of the present earth. The geologic evidence for variations in crustal thickness on Venus are outlined, and specific examples of regions of apparent crustal thickening are assessed. These observations are compared to a simple model of Airy isostasy using global Venus topography and the end-member hypothesis (that the topography of Venus could result solely from crustal thickness variations). Models to account for these observations are proposed.
Evidence for the polycistronic transcription of ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Using rifampicin to inhibit the initiation of transcription, the time that an RNA polymerase molecule can continue transcribing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has been measured. The time found is too long for the synthesis of single rRNA chains at previously measured rates of RNA chain growth, but is consistent with the continuous transcription of a 16S, a 23S and a 5S cistron after a single initiation event. It is proposed that the clustered genes for rRNA are transcribed as operons containing one cistron for each species of rRNA.