cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND LABORATORY CALCIFICATION OF HOMOTREMA RUBRUM FROM TENNESSEE REEF, FLORIDA KEYS, USA

Homotrema rubrum is a (sub)tropical, sessile foraminiferan that reinforces the coral-reef framework by calcifying in cracks, crevices and on the cryptic undersides of coral colonies and other reef substrata. It secretes a pigmented carbonate skeleton that can be well preserved in the fossil record and, thus, has the potential to influence paleoecological analyses. In an effort to gain insights about the ecology and laboratory maintenance of this species, we studied its distribution in the field as well as its survival in the laboratory under different environmental conditions. The distribution of H. rubrum along transects across Tennessee Reef (Florida Keys, USA) revealed an abundance of encrusting, knobby and hemispherical morphologies on the reef flat, and all five of the morphotypes delineated by others were identified. The highest abundances of H. rubrum occurred on the reef flat, shoreward of the living reef, attached to non-living, detrital coral, most of which was covered by a veneer of coarse carbonate sediment. Direct observation of living individuals and epifluorescence microscopy of specimens incubated with calcein demonstrate that H. rubrum can calcify under controlled laboratory conditions. Calcification is not limited to chamber formation, but rather occurs differentially over the surface. Of the five distinct designs tested for laboratory maintenance of this species, the quasi-static aquarium in indirect natural light proved the most effective. Together, these findings help establish H. rubrum as a useful model for studying natural environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems.
Association Between School-Level Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette Use and Student-Level Use Behaviors, Pre-Use Intentions, and Risk Perceptions: Evidence From the 2014 US National Youth Tobacco Survey.

Background Adolescent electronic cigarette ("e-cigarette") use tripled in recent years, yet little is known about the school-level correlates of teenage e-cigarette use, harm and risk perceptions, or pre-use intentions to use. Methods Multilevel regression and 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey data were used to assess school-level e-cigarette prevalence and person-level e-cigarette use as well as age at initiation and frequency of use (among initiates), expectations for future use (among abstainers), and perceived e-cigarette addictivity and harm. Results Lifetime use was higher among students in medium- (odds ratio [OR] = 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.82, 2.89) and high- (OR = 4.66, 95% CI = 3.67, 5.90) versus low-use schools. Past 30-day use followed a similar pattern. Multilevel ordinal logistic models revealed that initiates from high-use schools reported more days of use in the past month (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.52, 3.33) and higher age-at-first-use (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.00) than students at low-use schools. Expectations for future use were higher among abstainers from medium- and high- versus low-use schools, and among all students, perceived addictivity and harm caused by e-cigarettes were lower in medium- and high- versus low-use schools. Conclusion School context is associated with multiple dimensions of e-cigarette use, pre-use intentions, and perceptions of e-cigarette health risks. Implications The current study demonstrates a link between school prevalence of e-cigarette use and student-level use, as well as perceived risks of e-cigarette use, age of initiation and frequency of use among users, and intentions to use among abstainers. Health communication and prevention initiatives should target school social environments to promote nicotine abstinence and a culture of health.
Obituary: Arthur L. Koch:Arthur L. Koch

Arthur L. Koch, 90, passed away on May 10, 2016, from Alzheimer's Disease. Arthur has been described as “one of the true Renaissance scientists of the past several decades.” He published on diverse topics, including metabolic rates and cell growth, antibiotic resistance, cellular evolution, gliding motility, bacterial growth and division, bacterial shape, solute transport, bacterial light scattering, adaptive responses of bacteria, the interferon dose response curve, and even problems faced by migrating sea turtles! His last paper, from 2008, is on “Stone-Age Diseases and Modern AIDS.”
Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons

Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer-specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer-general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed-ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token-production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token-economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context.
Childhood Cancer Risk in the Siblings and Cousins of Men with Poor Semen Quality

Purpose: Poor semen quality is associated with reduced somatic health and increased cancer risk. Infertility and cancer are increasingly being linked by epidemiologists and basic scientists. We sought to identify semen parameters associated with an increased childhood cancer risk in the family members of subfertile men.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in men from the SHARE (Subfertility Heath and Assisted Reproduction) study who underwent semen analysis between 1994 and 2011. We used fertile population controls from the Utah Population Data Base. Our primary outcome was the risk of any childhood (18 years or younger) cancer in the siblings and cousins of men who underwent semen analysis compared to fertile, age matched controls. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to test the association between semen quality and childhood cancer incidence.Results: We selected 10,511 men with complete semen analysis and an equal number of fertile controls. These men had a to...
Does the degree of endocrine dyscrasia post-reproduction dictate post-reproductive lifespan? Lessons from semelparous and iteroparous species

Post-reproductive lifespan varies greatly among species; human post-reproductive lifespan comprises ~30-50% of their total longevity, while semelparous salmon and dasyurid marsupials post-reproductive lifespan comprises <4% of their total longevity. To examine if the magnitude of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dyscrasia at the time of reproductive senescence determines post-reproductive lifespan, we examined the difference between pre- and post-reproductive (1) circulating sex hormones and (2) the ratio of sex steroids to gonadotropins (e.g., 17β-estradiol/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), an index of the dysregulation of the HPG axis and the level of dyotic (death) signaling post-reproduction. Animals with a shorter post-reproductive lifespan (<4% total longevity) had a more marked decline in circulating sex steroids and corresponding elevation in gonadotropins compared to animals with a longer post-reproductive lifespan (30-60% total longevity). In semelparous female salmon of short post-reproductive lifespan (1%), these divergent changes in circulating hormone concentration post-reproduction equated to a 711-fold decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH between the reproductive and post-reproductive periods. In contrast, the decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH in iteroparous female mammals with long post-reproductive lifespan was significantly less (1.7-34-fold) post-reproduction. Likewise, in male semelparous salmon, the decrease in the ratio of testosterone/FSH (82-fold) was considerably larger than for iteroparous species (1.3-11-fold). These results suggest that (1) organisms with greater reproductive endocrine dyscrasia more rapidly undergo senescence and die, and (2) the contribution post-reproduction by non-gonadal (and perhaps gonadal) tissues to circulating sex hormones dictates post-reproductive tissue health and longevity. In this way, reproduction and longevity are coupled, with the degree of non-gonadal tissue hormone production dictating the rate of somatic tissue demise post-reproduction and the differences in post-reproductive lifespans between species.
Identifying Motivational Goals and Tactics

Now that you have collected information about the situation and the audience and analyzed the audience and the existing materials, it is time to set your goals for the project and to create the list of motivational tactics that you will use to enhance your instruction. Your goals will be expressed in the form of objectives that describe the things you want to achieve and how you will know if you’ve achieved it. After completing this step, it will be time to create your list of motivational tactics. There are two steps in this process. The first is to brainstorm as many ideas as you can think of that are related to the motivational issues in your situation. The final step in this phase involves the final selection of motivational tactics. When you review your list of tactics and make decisions about which ones to actually include, you must consider a variety of constraints. These are listed in the instructions for Worksheet 7, but briefly, they refer to the amount of time you will have to develop your tactics, their relevance to the course objectives, and the time required to implement them. Always remember that in an instructional environment, the role of the motivational tactics is to stimulate and sustain students’ motivation to learn. Therefore, the motivational tactics are subordinate to the instructional tactics.
Knowledge requires commitment (instead of belief)

I argue that S knows that p implies that S is properly committed to the truth of p, not that S believes that p. Belief is not required for knowledge because it is possible that one could know that there are no beliefs. Being ‘properly committed’ to the truth of a proposition is a matter of having a certain normative status, not occupying a particular psychological state. After arguing that knowledge requires commitment instead of belief, I go on to demonstrate the theoretical utility of this hypothesis.
Anaplastic plasmacytoma: a rare tumor presenting as a pathological fracture in a younger adult

Solitary plasmacytoma is the rarest type of plasma cell neoplasm, and the anaplastic form is even more uncommon. Plasmacytoma most commonly originates in bone and predominantly affects older patients. We describe the case of a 35-year-old woman with solitary osseous anaplastic plasmacytoma that presented initially with a pathological fracture following minor trauma. The patient was immunocompetent and had no predisposing conditions for a plasma cell tumor. Left lower extremity radiographs revealed an oblique fracture of the distal femur, and CT imaging indicated a primary osseous lesion at the fracture site. MRI confirmed the diagnosis of pathological fracture. Initial surgical pathology of the lesion was concerning because it could have been an osteosarcoma. Further immunostaining demonstrated CD138 positivity and kappa light chain restriction, confirming the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. In addition, the presence of marked anaplastic cellular changes confirmed the anaplastic variant. Further workup showed no evidence of multiple myeloma. This case is unusual given the age and gender of the patient. Awareness of the anaplastic variant of plasmacytoma is important to avoid erroneous diagnoses.
Tracking the defects of ultra-thin HfO2 using a Cody-Lorentz multiple oscillator model

Defects in ultra-thin films appear as small perturbations in the measured optical dispersion using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). A common approach for quantifying these defects is to fit each pixel in the dispersion to an index of refraction and extinction coefficient for a known material thickness (point-by-point method). However, this point-bypoint method is not physical because it produces dispersions that are not Kramers-Kronig consistent and it is also subject to overfitting. In this work, we demonstrate that the Kramers-Kronig consistent Cody Lorentz Multiple-Oscillator model (CLM) can precisely quantify defects in HfO2 using the Lorentz peak amplitude dispersion parameter as one of the fitting parameters. Using a KLA-Tencor spectroscopic ellipsometer, we collected optical dispersions of ultra-thin HfO2 grown on SiO2 for a variety of growth parameters including HfO2 thickness, SiO2 thickness, and anneal time, and then have used CLM to quantify the defects. The HfO2 defect value was found to successfully track the different growth conditions, which is consistent with literature, and the defect values have little within-wafer variance. Quantifying defects in a material sub-bandgap successfully will provide information about leakage currents and device performance for gated semiconductor devices.
Unpacking the Black Box of Work Relationships: Using a Social Mechanisms Lens to Explore the "How"

Despite widespread agreement that relationships are an integral part of organizational systems, we still have a fragmented understanding of underlying mechanisms of relationships at work. This limi...
An Amino Acid Sequence Region of Subunit II of Cytochrome Oxidase which may be Responsible for Evolutionary Changes in Reactivity with Different Cytochromes c

The information encoded in the amino acid sequence of a protein, the major expression of the genetic make-up of the organism in that particular protein, has been interpreted in many ways in attempts to understand important structural and functional characteristics. At the simplest level and particularly with the development of computational procedures for the prediction of secondary structures from amino acid sequences (Chou and Fasman, 1978), one can estimate which segments of a membrane-bound protein are likely to be within the membrane and which are probably on one or the other surface (Garoff, 1985). This is likely to become particularly useful for respiratory chain membrane-bound components which have so far not readily yielded to direct determinations of spatial structure requiring crystallization. Furthermore, that type of analysis may serve to direct experiments designed to verify an initial structural hypothesis, by indicating what residue modifications will yield significant conclusions, whether they are to be carried out chemically, on the protein itself, or by directed mutagenesis of the relevant segment of the genetic apparatus.
Headspace ethylene accumulation effects on secondary metabolite production in Vaccinium pahalae cell culture

The influence of headspace ethylene on anthocyanin, anthocyanidin, and carotenoid accumulation was studied in suspension cultures of Vaccinium pahalae. Exogenous application of ethrel (an ethylene-releasing compound) significantly reduced growth and secondary metabolite production, whereas incorporation of 5.0 or 10.0 mg l-1 CoCl2 or NiCl2 effectively reduced ethylene accumulation and improved product accumulation, but AgNO3was toxic to cells. This study showed an overall negative impact of increased ethylene levels in the vessel headspace on phytochemical production in ohelo cell cultures.
How are we Measuring Up? Evaluating Research Data Services in Academic Libraries

INTRODUCTION In the years since the emergence of federal funding agency data management and sharing requirements (http://datasharing.sparcopen.org/data), research data services (RDS) have expanded to dozens of academic libraries in the United States. As these services have matured, service providers have begun to assess them. Given a lack of practical guidance in the literature, we seek to begin the discussion with several case studies and an exploration of four approaches suitable to assessing these emerging services. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM This article examines five case studies that vary by staffing, drivers, and institutional context in order to begin a practice-oriented conversation about how to evaluate and assess research data services in academic libraries. The case studies highlight some commonly discussed challenges, including insufficient training and resources, competing demands for evaluation efforts, and the tension between evidence that can be easily gathered and that which addresses our most important questions. We explore reflective practice, formative evaluation, developmental evaluation, and evidence-based library and information practice for ideas to advance practice. NEXT STEPS Data specialists engaged in providing research data services need strategies and tools with which to make decisions about their services. These range from identifying stakeholder needs to refining existing services to determining when to extend and discontinue declining services. While the landscape of research data services is broad and diverse, there are common needs that we can address as a community. To that end, we have created a community-owned space to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and existing resources.
The STAT3 and hypoxia pathways converge on Vasorin to promote stemness and glioblastoma tumorigenesis through Notch1 stabilization

Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial neoplasms in adults and a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the United States (1). Grade I gliomas are considered the least malignant brain tumors, and grade IV or GBM the most aggressive and deadliest, which accounts for nearly 75% of all gliomas. Surgical resection of GBM remains the primary treatment modality with present adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy only providing slight improvement in the disease course and outcome (2).
Statement of Commissioner Gail Heriot in the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights' Report, 'Time for Congress to Enact Federal Legislation to Address Workplace Discrimination Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Americans.'

In November of 2017, the U.S Commission on Civil Rights published a report entitled “Working for Inclusion: Time for Congress to Enact Federal Legislation to Address Workplace Discrimination Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Americans.” This Commissioner Statement was part of that report. It discusses several problems with the proposed Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. It also critiques the presentation of data in other parts of the report.
One click away: Pilot study of the perceived academic impact of screen time among pharmacy students.

Abstract Introduction We examined the perceived impact (direct and indirect) of screen time on pharmacy students' academics and how pharmacy students attempt to overcome perceived negative impacts. Methods Focus group interviews with first-year and third-year pharmacy students at a single school of pharmacy were conducted, digitally audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Screen time was defined as time on any device with internet access, and academic impact was referred to as studying and academic performance. Three major questions were asked: (1) At this time in your life, what do you use screen time for?, (2) How does screen time affect you academically, directly or indirectly?, and (3) What suggestions do you have for trying to overcome the negative impacts of screen time? Results Participants reported using screen time for educational purposes, communication, entertainment, and creative outlets. Two identified themes were the ease of access to screens and the need for self-control to limit access. Positive (and more direct) academic impacts included having useful online resources and electronically organizing educational materials. Primarily negative impacts were distraction, which included the habitual nature of screen time and time management struggles, and poor sleep hygiene. Students reported addressing self-control needs by being more self-aware, attempting to set boundaries, using screen time as a reward, and limiting one's academic need for using internet-enabled devices by doing things “by hand”. Conclusions Helping students to maximize positive and minimize negative impacts of screen time may provide opportunities for collaboration among student leaders, instructors, and student affairs administrators.
Property law: Implicit bias and the resilience of spatial colorlines

Subjectivity and discretion exert tremendous influence over property and our built environment. From members of a city council to planning commissioners, from bank actuaries to developers, from tax assessors to neighbors, individuals constantly and silently make consequential judgments. How much is a home worth? How trustworthy is a credit-seeker? Is a proposed development, land use, or landowner suitable for this community? Is this neighborhood safe? Current research in psychology can tell us much about how we make such decisions and how the race of parties involved can shape those outcomes. This chapter investigates the application of unconscious bias research to property and land use decisions that affect where people live, work, shop, and travel - decisions that in turn affect household wealth, educational opportunity, health, and personal safety.
TOX3 gene variant could be associated with painful restless legs.

Abstract Background/Objective Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder with a strong genetic susceptibility. A painful RLS sub-phenotype has been described previously but the neurobiological basis for this phenotypic variant remains unknown. This study investigated whether any of the six initially discovered genomic loci associating with RLS (BTBD9, MEIS1, PTPRD, MAP2K5/SKOR1, TOX3, and an intergenic region on chromosome 2), were more strongly associated with complaints of painful versus non-painful RLS. Methods RLS patients (N = 199; Age = 53.1 ± 16.8; 100% Caucasians; 57% women) diagnosed clinically were genotyped for known variants associating with RLS. Definition of painful RLS required that subjects selected “painful” from a list of 14 adjectives to describe their RLS sensory experience and answered positively to a separate question that queried specifically as to whether they perceived their RLS sensations as painful. Genotype association tests employed logistic regression analyses with assumption of an additive genetic model. Analyses were performed using PLINK software v1.07. Results We identified two RLS patient subgroups: a painful (n = 41) and non-painful (n = 158). Among 10 tested SNPs, only rs3104767 (related to the TOX3 gene locus) was more associated with painful RLS. The minor allele T of SNP rs3104767 was associated with an increased risk of RLS being perceived as painful with an OR of 1.67 [CI = (1.01–2.74); p = 0.049]. Notably, this minor T allele associated with pain sensation in RLS patients in this study was the non-risk allele for RLS in the original RLS genome wide association study, but a similar trend was observed in a recent Parkinson disease sample study. Conclusion This study might suggest the TOX3 gene variant as a potential genetic substrate for the painful RLS sub-phenotype. This was an exploratory small study and correction for multiple comparisons would have rendered the results not significant. Therefore, the above findings require replication in larger clinical as well as population-based samples of RLS subjects.
Development and Validation of a Controlled Pressure Method Test Protocol for Vapor Intrusion Pathway Assessment.

Controlled pressure method (CPM) testing is a building-specific diagnostic tool for vapor intrusion (VI) pathway assessment that offers advantages over traditional pathway assessment approaches. By...
Baseline skeletal muscle density and adverse outcomes during chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

e12506Background: Skeletal Muscle Density (SMD) is the amount of fat infiltration in the muscle, Low SMD (myosteatosis), is associated with chemotherapy toxicity in women with breast cancer (BC); h...
Black holes as Andreev reflecting mirrors

We propose a microscopic quantum description for Hawking radiation as Andreev reflections, which resolves the quantum information paradox at black hole event horizons. The detailed microscopic analysis presented here reveals how a black hole, treated as an Andreev reflecting mirror, provides a manifestly unitary description of an evaporating black hole, expanding our previous analysis presented in [S. K. Manikandan and A. N. Jordan, Phys. Rev. D 96, 124011 (2017), S. K. Manikandan and A. N. Jordan, Phys. Rev. D 98, 124043 (2018)]. In our analogy, a black hole resolves the information paradox by accepting particles---pairing them with the infalling Hawking quanta into a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) like quantum ground state---while Andreev reflects the quantum information as encoded in outgoing Hawking radiation. The present approach goes beyond the black hole final state proposal by Horowitz and Maldacena [J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2004) 008] by providing necessary microscopic details which allows us to circumvent important shortcomings of the black hole final state proposal. We also generalize the present Hamiltonian description to make an analogy to the apparent loss of quantum information possible in an Einstein-Rosen bridge via crossed Andreev reflections.
The rise of the democracy – authoritarianism cleavage and opposition coordination in Turkey (2014–2019)

This article examines the coordination of opposition parties in Turkey between the 2014 presidential and the 2019 local elections. To explain opposition coordination from secular, Turkish nationali...
Exploring telehealth in the graduate curriculum.

Background With an increase in patient demand and a decrease in healthcare professionals, telehealth is able to provide needed services to patients, but appropriate training in telehealth is crucial for providers to deliver excellent patient care. Method Nurse researchers developed a quality improvement project targeting telehealth in the graduate nursing curriculum. A two-part evidence-based curriculum was developed for graduate family nurse practitioner (FNP) students. Part one consisted of a lecture that focused on increasing students' knowledge, and part two enhanced skills through simulation. Results Data were collected through qualitative and quantitative surveys. The qualitative data were analyzed for themes and statistical analysis of the quantitative data was completed (t-scores and descriptive statistics). Results showed that FNP students perceived the telehealth curriculum as educational and recommend it be continued for future FNP cohorts. Conclusion Using evidence-based practice and telehealth experts graduate nursing programs should introduce the telehealth curriculum for FNP students through in class lecture and simulation.
Appeals to the Privy Council Before American Independence: An Annotated Digital Catalogue

Between the later seventeenth century and American independence, appeals from colonial high courts were taken to the Privy Council in England. These appeals are the precursors of today’s appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. Their legal and policy issues can be reconstructed from the outcome of the appeals, the briefs of crown law officers, related Privy Council documents, and handwritten notations on these materials. This article describes Appeals to the Privy Council Before American Independence, an annotated digital catalogue of appeals from the thirteen colonies with links and digital images providing access to this material, now compiled from a variety of repositories.
Λ b → Λ c * ( 2595 , 2625 ) ℓ − ν ¯ form factors from lattice QCD

We present the first lattice-QCD determination of the form factors describing the semileptonic decays ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{*}(2595){\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{*}(2625){\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, where the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{*}(2595)$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{*}(2625)$ are the lightest charm baryons with ${J}^{P}={\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${J}^{P}={\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, respectively. These decay modes provide new opportunities to test lepton flavor universality and also play an important role in global analyses of the strong interactions in $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c$ semileptonic decays. We determine the full set of vector, axial vector, and tensor form factors for both decays but only in a small kinematic region near the zero-recoil point. The lattice calculation uses three different ensembles of gauge-field configurations with $2+1$ flavors of domain-wall fermions, and we perform extrapolations of the form factors to the continuum limit and physical pion mass. We present Standard Model predictions for the differential decay rates and angular observables. In the kinematic region considered, the differential decay rate for the ${\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ final state is found to be approximately 2.5 times larger than the rate for the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ final state. We also test the compatibility of our form-factor results with zero-recoil sum rules.
Real-Time Nurse Dispatching Using Dynamic Priority Decision Framework

The increase in medical treatment complexity can cause experienced nurses to have difficulty determining priorities among patient needs. Electronic health record systems will enable automated decision support to assist medical professionals in making these determinations. This article details a framework that uses a discrete-event simulation, programmed in Python, to determine how priorities should be assigned in real time based on characteristics of patient needs. The severity of patient needs is dynamic because severity increases over time until the need is addressed. The simulation framework is applied to a cardiac care unit with 14 patients, who collectively have 125 needs. Four different priority schemes are evaluated and their effectiveness compared under the assumption of an 8 or 9 nurse capacity. The results illustrate the importance of modeling the dispatching of nurses according to severity because, although fewer nurses result in longer average queue times, they can handle higher-severity needs effectively.
Expansion of intertidal mussel beds following disease-driven reduction of a keystone predator.

Abstract Disease shapes community composition by removing species with strong interactions. To test whether the absence of keystone predation due to disease produced changes to the species composition of rocky intertidal communities, we leverage a natural experiment involving mass mortality of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus from Sea Star Wasting Syndrome. Over four years, we measured dimensions of mussel beds, sizes of Mytilus californianus, mussel recruitment, and species composition on vertical rock walls at six rocky intertidal sites on the central California coast. We also assessed the relationship between changes in mussel cover and changes in sea star density across 33 sites along the North American Pacific coast using data from long-term monitoring. After four years, the lower boundary of the central California mussel beds shifted downward toward the water 18.7 ± 15.8 cm (SD) on the rock and 11.7 ± 11.0 cm in elevation, while the upper boundary remained unchanged. In central California, downward expansion and total area of the mussel bed were positively correlated with mussel recruitment but were not correlated with pre-disease sea star density or biomass. At a multi-region scale, changes in mussel percent cover were positively correlated with pre-disease sea star densities but not change in densities. Species composition of primary substrate holders and epibionts below the mussel bed remained similar across years. Extirpation of the community below the bed did not occur. Instead, this community became limited to a smaller spatial extent while the mussel bed expanded.
Genetic Consequences of Dispersal, Philopatry and Reproductive Behaviors

Otariid behaviors, such as decisions to disperse or return to breed at the natal site and certain reproductive behaviors, when repeated over generations, profoundly shape population ecological and evolutionary processes. In this chapter, genetic consequences of these behaviors are reviewed, highlighting their implications for conservation. A few patterns emerge: (i) there are varying degrees of population genetic structure among otariids, reflecting variability in rate of female philopatry and levels of male-mediated gene flow; (ii) male reproductive skew is generally high in otariids but is largely balanced by territorial male turnover and nuances in female behavior that preclude them from remating often; (iii) although recolonization is largely a positive density-dependent process, alternative scenarios are emerging, where pioneer individuals may come from less densely populated areas; and (iv) the intense era of exploitation in the nineteenth century was survived by most species with relatively low impact to their genetic make-up. These findings exemplify the strong connections among behavior, ecology and evolution.
Awareness of the option of IUC self-removal among US adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess adolescent awareness of the safety of self-removal of intrauterine contraception (IUC) and explore associations with sociodemographic characteristics, IUC knowledge, and personal experience using an IUC. Study design We recruited women aged 15 to 20 years from 21 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. Participants completed an online survey assessing their communication with peers about contraception and knowledge and use of IUCs. Results Few (11%, 95% CI 9%–13%) adolescents knew that IUC self-removal is safe, whether or not they had personally used an IUC (14% vs 8%, p = 0.01). Knowledge that IUCs do not protect users from sexually transmitted infections (99% vs 91%, p Conclusions Adolescent women in the U.S. possess incomplete knowledge of many important aspects of IUC use, and awareness of the safety of IUC self-removal is particularly low, even among those who have used an IUC. Implications Efforts to increase adolescent knowledge of IUC should include information about the safety of IUC self-removal in order to safeguard adolescents’ reproductive autonomy.
An Uncharacteristic Presentation of Evans Syndrome Following Treatment With Dupilumab

Evans syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder where patients develop autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and less commonly immune neutropenia. Patients typically present with fatigue, pallor, jaundice, petechiae, or epistaxis. A 27-year-old man with a history of atopic dermatitis for which he recently began treatment with dupilumab presented to the emergency department with a headache and blurry vision. Multiple Roth spots were seen on fundoscopic examination. Laboratory studies were consistent with warm AIHA, confirmed by a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and severe thrombocytopenia. He was diagnosed with Evans syndrome. He was treated with corticosteroids, rituximab, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). His recovery was prolonged with the slow improvement of anemia and thrombocytopenia. This is an atypical presentation of Evans syndrome with isolated symptoms of new-onset blurry vision and headache along with the finding of Roth spots. Another interesting feature in the case is the recent use of dupilumab. Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the T-helper cells type 2 (Th2) signaling pathway by blocking interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 binding. This alteration in the immune response could have a role in the development of Evans syndrome.
Perceived financial decline related to breast reconstruction following mastectomy in a diverse population-based cohort.

BACKGROUND Despite mandated insurance coverage for breast reconstruction following mastectomy, health care costs are increasingly passed on to women through cost-sharing arrangements and high-deductible health plans. In this population-based study, the authors assessed perceived financial and employment declines related to breast reconstruction following mastectomy. METHODS Women with early-stage breast cancer (stages 0-II) diagnosed between July 2013 and May 2015 who underwent mastectomy were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries of Georgia and Los Angeles and were surveyed. Primary outcome measures included patients' appraisal of their financial and employment status after cancer treatment. Multivariable models evaluated the association between breast reconstruction and primary outcomes. RESULTS Among 883 patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy, 44.2% did not undergo breast reconstruction, and 55.8% underwent reconstruction. Overall, 21.9% of the cohort reported being worse off financially since their diagnosis (25.8% with reconstruction vs 16.6% without reconstruction; P = .002). Women who underwent reconstruction reported higher out-of-pocket medical expenses (32.1% vs 15.6% with expenses greater than $5000; P < .001). Reconstruction was independently associated with a perceived decline in financial status (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.22; P = .013). Among women who were employed at the time of their diagnosis, there was no association between reconstruction and a perceived decline in employment status (P = .927). CONCLUSIONS In this diverse cohort of women who underwent mastectomy, those who elected to undergo reconstruction experienced higher out-of-pocket medical expenses and self-reported financial decline. Patients, providers, and policymakers should be aware of the potential financial implications related to reconstruction despite mandatory insurance coverage.
Messaging and access strategies for improving emergency contraceptive knowledge and uptake among Italians.

OBJECTIVES Over-the-counter emergency contraception (EC) purchase was legalised in Italy in 2015. Knowledge and access gaps, however, remain. The goal of this study was to explore women's and men's EC informational and access needs. METHODS As part of a larger reproductive study, researchers conducted 42 in-depth interviews (May-June 2019) with English-speaking women and men aged 18-50 years (mean ± standard deviation, 29.1 ± 7.9 years) living in or near Florence, Italy, and using the Italian health care system. Researchers completed qualitative data analysis to identify emergent themes related to EC knowledge, attitudes and access. HyperRESEARCH aided data organisation and analysis. Researchers used a comparative method to contextualise data and identify emergent themes. RESULTS Findings demonstrated that peer communication and experiences served as influential factors in others' EC use. This propagated misinformation, reducing participants' confidence in EC efficacy and safety. Women described the relevance of relationship type in whether to engage men in EC discussion, while men desired an active supportive role. Finally, participants described various messaging and access channels to increase EC knowledge and access. CONCLUSION Findings offer practical recommendations to guide social marketing and behaviour change interventions to increase EC access among women and men in Italy. The utility of pharmacists to individuals wishing to access EC is explored.
microRNAs in bovine milk are bioavailable in healthy adults and downregulate reporter gene activity in human kidney HEK-293 cell cultures (271.4)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) repress gene expression at the level of transcription and translation. MiRNA are stable and evolutionary conserved. We tested the novel hypothesis that dietary miRNA in bovine mil...
An Exploratory Study of Computer Program Debugging

This experiment represents a new approach to the study of the psychology of programming, and demonstrates the feasibility of studying an isolated part of the programming process in the laboratory. Thirty experienced FORTRAN programmers debugged 12 one-page FORTRAN listings, each of which was syntactically correct but contained one non-syntactic error (bug). Three classes of bugs (Array bugs, Iteration bugs, and bugs in Assignment Statements) in each of four different programs were debugged. The programmers were divided into five groups, based upon the information, or debugging “aids”, given them. Key results were that debug times were short (median = 6 min.). The aids groups did not debug faster than the control group; programmers adopted their debugging strategies based upon the information available to them. The results suggest that programmers often identify the intended state of a program before they find the bug. Assignment bugs were more difficult to find than Array and Iteration bugs, probably beca...
pH-independent murine leukemia virus ecotropic envelope-mediated cell fusion: implications for the role of the R peptide and p12E TM in viral entry.

Murine leukemia virus ecotropic and amphotropic envelope expression vectors were genetically engineered to generate truncations of the p15E TM cytoplasmic tail. The ecotropic construct CEET has the entire cytoplasmic tail of TM deleted, while the CEETR construct has only the R peptide portion of the tail deleted, thereby producing a TM subunit (p12E) that is identical to the one found in mature virions. The analogous amphotropic constructs were called CAET and CAETR. These envelopes, as opposed to their p15E TM counterparts, mediate cell-to-cell fusion at neutral pH in both transformed and nontransformed cell lines. Though the TM cytoplasmic domain is not required, its presence appears to augment such cell-to-cell fusion. This envelope-dependent fusion requires the presence of the viral receptor on the cell surface. Ecotropic virions bearing the p12E TM contain wild-type levels of the envelope complex and have near-normal titers. In contrast, virions which lack the cytoplasmic domain of TM (e.g., CEET) have 10- to 100-fold-lower titers but contain normal amounts of envelope. Both of the corresponding amphotropic virions contain normal amounts of envelope but have 10- to 100-fold-lower titers. Using immunofluorescent detection of envelope to monitor the fate of receptor-bound virions, we found that ecotropic murine leukemia virus envelope disappears from the cell surface while amphotropic envelope persists on the cell surface after virus binding. This pattern of immunofluorescence is consistent with the proposed routes of cell entry for these viruses, i.e., by endocytosis and direct fusion, respectively. In this assay, ecotropic virions bearing the genetically engineered p12E TM also appear to be internalized despite the ability of their envelope to mediate fusion at neutral pH in the same target cells. Our results show that direct fusion at neutral pH is a natural consequence of the surface expression of the mature ecotropic envelope and its receptor. We propose that the processing of the R peptide from the envelope TM (p15E) to yield p12E, at the time of virus budding or within virions, renders the envelope competent to fuse.
Ig allotypic inclusion does not prevent B cell development or response.

B cells expressing two different Igκ L chains (allotype included) have been occasionally observed. To determine frequency and function of these cells, we have analyzed gene-targeted mice that carry a human and a mouse Igk C region genes. Using different methodologies, we found that cells expressing two distinct κ-chains were 1.4–3% of all B cells and that they were present in the follicular, marginal zone, and B1 mature B cell subsets. When stimulated in vitro with anti-IgM, dual κ surface-positive cells underwent activation that manifested with cell proliferation and/or up-regulation of activation markers and similar to single κ-expressing B cells. Yet, when activated by divalent reagents that bound only one of the two κ-chains, dual κ B cells responded suboptimally in vitro, most likely because of reduced Ag receptor cross-linking. Nonetheless, dual κ B cells participated in a SRBC-specific immune response in vivo. Finally, we found that Ig allotype-included B cells that coexpress autoreactive and nonautoreactive Ag receptors were also capable of in vitro responses following BCR aggregation. In summary, our studies demonstrate that Igκ allotype-included B cells are present in the mouse mature B cell population and are responsive to BCR stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, because in vitro activation in response to anti-IgM was also observed in cells coexpressing autoreactive and nonautoreactive Abs, our studies suggest a potential role of allotype-included B cells in both physiological and pathological immune responses.
Epilogue: Conclusions and Implications for Gifted Education

This epilogue draws general conclusions regarding the role of nature and nurture in the development of exceptional competence. Then, implications of the nature-nurture debate and research on gifted education are discussed in terms of 2 alternative paradigms: the gifted-child paradigm and the talent-development paradigm. More specifically, we attempt to elucidate how ideas expressed in preceding articles reinforce a talent-development orientation along 5 major dimensions of gifted education: (a) programming, (b) identification, (c) curriculum, (d) teaching, and (e) counseling.
A weighted sum of Gaussian-derived pulse design for UWB

With 7.5 GHz of spectrum, ultra wide band (UWB) is an ideal candidate for achieving high data rates over short distances with low cost and low power consumption. In this paper, we propose a simple pulse design method that uses a linear combination of two Gaussian derivatives to meet the FCC spectral mask requirements. With distance and data rate analysis, it is demonstrated that the proposed pulse design is efficient as compared to previously proposed standard Gaussian monocycles. In quest of making UWB a universal standard, the proposed pulse is shown to satisfy the ETSI proposed UWB spectral requirements.
Practice Directorate, APA

The APA Practice Directorate is the organizational arm of the American Psychological Association (APA) that is responsible for advocating on behalf of practicing psychologists, assuring access by the public to psychological services, and recommending APA policy, standards, and guidelines for quality service delivery. The directorate has relied on state and federal advocacy, use of the courts and regulatory agencies, public education, and efforts to affect the health-care marketplace to promote practitioner interests. Key advocacy initiatives have included recognizing psychologists in Medicare, independent practice in hospitals, stopping abusive mental health practices, advocating prescription privileges for psychologists, and achieving mental health parity. Keywords: mental health; advocacy; health; healthcare market; member organization; policy; practitioner; psychiatry; service delivery