cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

Deviations of systemic acidity in either direction can have adverse consequences and, when severe, can be life-threatening. Therefore, it is essential for the clinician to be able to recognize and properly diagnose acid-base disorders, understand their impact on organ function, and be familiar with their treatment and the potential complications of treatment [1]. Respiratory disorders, that is abnormalities of acid-base equilibrium initiated by a change in blood carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), are frequently encountered in clinical practice, especially in critically ill patients [2]. In the present chapter, we will focus on clinical diagnosis and management of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.
Cosmic-Ray 26Al and Its Decay in the Galaxy

Radioactive 26Al (τ1/2 = 8.7 × 105 yr) has been resolved from stable 27Al in the cosmic radiation for the first time using the high mass resolution, charged particle telescope on the Ulysses spacecraft. The average density of the interstellar medium through which the cosmic radiation propagates was determined within the framework of a homogeneous propagation model, where all 26Al is of cosmic-ray spallation origin. Heliospheric modulation of the two isotopes was included. The derived ratio 26Al/27Al = 0.061±0.007 yields an average interstellar medium density ρ = 0.26+0.05−0.04 atoms cm−3 and a Galactic confinement time of 19±3 million years. These values agree with the results from radioactive 10Be analysis and indicate that the cosmic radiation may spend part of its confinement time in a Galactic magnetic halo. The implications of the observed 1.809 MeV γ-rays from 26Al decay to 26Mg throughout the Galaxy are discussed with respect to 26Al, 27Al, and 26Mg in the cosmic radiation and their injection into the interstellar medium from nucleosynthesis in supernovae, novae, and red giant stars.
The effects of mevinolin on the thiol/disulfide exchange between 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and glutathione

The feeding of mevinolin plus cholestyramine to rats results in the production of a form of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR-CM) having thiol/disulfide redox properties different from those of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase isolated from animals which had been given only cholestyramine (HMGR-C). The second-order rate constant for the inactivation of HMGR-CM by GSSG is 7-fold slower than for HMGR-C, while the second-order rate constant for the reactivation of oxidized enzyme by GSH is 100-fold slower. However, in the presence of saturating concentrations of both substrates, the rate constants for thiol/disulfide exchange are similar for both forms of the enzyme. HMGR-CM behaves as if a protein-glutathione mixed disulfide having a Kox of 27 ± 4 is formed at equilibrium. In contrast, HMGR-C has previously been shown to form a protein-protein disulfide (Cappel, R. E., and Gilbert, H. F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 12204–12212). Both forms of the enzyme are more difficult to oxidize thermodynamically in the presence of saturating levels of both substrates. For HMGR-CM, NADPH alone has no effect on the equilibrium constant for oxidation, but hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA alone makes the enzyme approximately twice as difficult to oxidize. Under physiological conditions, HMGR-CM is thermodynamically more difficult to oxidize than HMGR-C. HMGR-C can be converted to HMGR-CM by in vitro treatment with mevinolinate. A direct or indirect interaction of mevinolin with HMGR-C results in some persistent, as yet undefined, structural alteration which inhibits the formation of a protein-SS-protein disulfide upon oxidation by glutathione disulfide.
Effect of Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide on Early Age Hydration of Portland Cement

The effect of nano-scale non-reactive anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) on early age hydration of cement was experimentally studied. Isothermal calorimetry was performed on cement pastes with two different particle sizes of TiO2 at replacement levels of 5, 7.5 and 10%. The addition of TiO2 to cement increased the heat of hydration and accelerated the rate of reaction at early stages of hydration. This increase was found to be proportional to the percentage addition and the fineness of TiO2. These results demonstrate that the addition of non-reactive nano-scale fillers could affect the rate of cement hydration by heterogeneous nucleation.
Ion-Enhanced Evaporated Tungsten for VLSI Applications

The continuing advancement of the integrated circuit technology requires innovation in materials and processes. In the area of gate metallurgy and interconnect technology, tungsten is being explored actively for FET applications because of its mid gap work function, low resistivity, and high melting point. Sputtering is perhaps the most commonly used process to deposit low stress tungsten films on oxide surfaces but the technique lacks independent control over individual processing parameters and the resulting film properties. Evaporation produces very pure films but they tend to del animate from oxide surfaces due to high levels of intrinsic stress (8×1010 dynes cm−2). The high stress can also cause micro-cracking in the gate oxide and significantly degrade thin oxide integrity. Here, we report a novel technique for depositing tungsten on oxide substrates which utilizes concurrent ion-be am bombardment during evaporation. Previous works on tungsten silicide (1), niobium (2), chromium (3) and germanium (4) have demonstrated that film stress can be modified by ion bombardment. These materials, however, fail to retain modified stress upon subsequent heat treatments {especially above recrystallization temperature) because they have low melting point and related thermal mismatch problems. Tungsten, on the contrary, has high melting point (3400°C) and its stress is expected to be thermally stable during high temperature anneals. The use of a separate ion source whose control is independent of the deposition process enables the optimization of the film properties including film stress and oxide damage.
Dispersion of powders

In many size analysis methods it is necessary to incorporate a powder into a liquid medium such that the particles are evenly dispersed. If the powder surface is lyophobic the powder is difficult to disperse, if it is lyophilic the powder disperses easily (for water dispersions the terms are hydrophobic and hydrophilic respectively). Dispersing agents are, therefore, added to wet the surface of lyophobic materials to make them lyophilic.
A Matter of Life or Death

Death of retinal photoreceptor cells underlies many blinding diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. In a Perspective, [Ranganathan][1] explores new work that starts to unravel the relation between visual signaling pathways and the processes of apoptosis and necrosis. An intriguing new finding is that accumulation of the sphingolipid ceramide stimulates both necrosis and apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in the fly ([ Acharya et al .][2]) [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5613/1677 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/299/5613/1740
Impact of known local and tropical volcanic eruptions of the past millennium on the WAIS Divide microparticle record

[1] We present a new method for inferring the relative location (low- versus high-southern latitude), and therefore the potential climatic impact, of past eruptions based on the particle size distribution (PSD) of micrometer-sized ash measured continuously in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core. We find that particles from a high-southern latitude eruption (Buckle Island, Antarctica (1839 Common Era, C.E.)) have a PSD with mode diameter ≥5 µm coarser than the background dust (mode 5.1 µm), while ash particles originating from stratospheric tropical eruptions, including Tambora (1815 C.E.), Kuwae (1458 C.E.), and Unknown (1258 C.E.), have PSDs with mode diameters ~0.6–1.5 µm finer than the background. In addition, volcanic ash particles from global-scale eruptions are deposited ~3–6 months earlier and over a shorter time interval than sulfate aerosols. We hypothesize that this phasing is driven by differences in atmospheric processing and aerosol/particle transport and deposition.
Effective Hamiltonian for Fermions in an Optical Lattice across a Feshbach Resonance

We derive the Hamiltonian for cold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice across a broad Feshbach resonance, taking into account both multiband occupations and neighboring-site collisions. Under typical configurations, the resulting Hamiltonian can be dramatically simplified to an effective single-band model, which describes a new type of resonance between the local dressed molecules and the valence bond states of fermionic atoms at neighboring sites. On different sides of such a resonance, the effective Hamiltonian is reduced to either a t-J model for the fermionic atoms or an XXZ model for the dressed molecules. The parameters in these models are experimentally tunable in the full range, which allows for observation of various phase transitions.
Vectorization and parallelization on high performance computers

Abstract The basis of hardware architectures of supercomputers and how the architectures are exploited by the software is described in this paper. Typical examples of Fortran codes run on Cray Research supercomputer are used to show capabilities of modern Fortran compilers to vectorize and parallelize such codes to achieve highest performance. The importance of using supercomputers in the industry and research is emphasized.
Signal transduction in rheumatoid arthritis

Extracellular signals are transduced intracellularly by multiple pathways, resulting in alterations in the transcription and translation of specific proteins. The end result of some of these signalling pathways is the production of proteins, including cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, that are implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. This chapter includes a discussion of these signal transduction pathways, including tumour necrosis factor receptor signalling, interleukin-1, -4, and -6 receptor signalling, stress- and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, CD14 and Toll-like receptor signalling, and T cell signal transduction. The known effects of currently available rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapeutics on these signalling pathways are also reviewed. In addition, potential future targets for therapeutic intervention in RA are discussed.
Protein splicing and its applications.

Abstract Protein splicing elements, termed inteins, provide a fertile source for innovative biotechnology tools. First harnessed for protein purification, inteins are now used to express cytotoxic proteins, to segmentally modify or label proteins, to cyclize proteins or peptides, to study structure–activity relationships and to generate reactive polypeptide termini in expressed proteins for an expanding list of chemoselective reactions, including protein ligation.
Structure, expression and function of a schwannoma-derived growth factor.

DURING the development of the nervous system, cells require growth factors that regulate their division and survival. To identify new growth factors, serum-free growth-conditioned media from many clonal cell lines1 were screened for the presence of mitogens for central nervous system glial cells. A cell line secreting a potent glial mitogen was established from a tumour (or 'schwannoma') derived from the sheath of the sciatic nerve. The cells of the tumour, named JS1 cells, were adapted to clonal culture and identified as Schwann cells. Schwann cells secrete an autocrine mitogen2 and human schwannoma extracts have mitogenic activity on glial cells3. Until now, neither mitogen has been purified. Here we report the purification and characterization of a mitogenic molecule, designated schwannoma-derived growth factor (SDGF), from the growth-conditioned medium of the JS1 Schwann cell line. SDGF belongs to the epidermal growth factor family, and is an autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for astrocytes, Schwann cells and fibroblasts.
Measuring the extent of wage discrimination: a statistical test and a caveat

The traditional approach to measuring the extent of discrimination by decomposing group mean differences into endowment and residual differences implicitly treats estimated coefficients as deterministic. Since these estimates are affected by sampling variability, they are, in part, stochastic. Hence, procedures are available to test the statistical significance of these differences. This paper shows that Chow-type tests can be used as direct tests of the statistical significance of the residual difference. Further, it demonstrates that the application of these formal inferential statistical tests to models of wage and salary discrimination can lead to interpretations of the results which differ from earlier interpretations. Two studies, Blinder (1973) and Hirsch and Leppel (1982), are replicated and the testing criteria suggested in this paper is used to determine results. The conclusions of these earlier studies are not supported by the statistical analysis presented in this study. There is no statistica...
Heavy quark spin selection rule and the properties of the X(3872)

Abstract The properties of the resonance X ( 3872 ) are discussed under the assumption that this resonance is dominantly a ‘molecular’ J P C = 1 + + state of neutral D and D * mesons. It is argued that these properties should be dominated by the states with the total spin of the charmed quark–antiquark pair equal to one. As a practical application of this observation the ratio of the rates of the decays X → π 0 χ c J for different J is predicted. It is also pointed out that the total rate of these decays is likely to be comparable to that of the observed transitions X → π + π − J ψ and X → π + π − π 0 J ψ . The decays of the X into light hadrons and its production in hadronic processes are also briefly discussed.
Japanese Culture Constructed by Discourses: Implications for Applied Linguistics Research and ELT

Some of the recent applied linguistics literature on teaching writing and critical thinking to ESL students has presented pedagogical arguments by drawing on cultural differences between ESL students and the target academic community. In these arguments, authors tend to create a cultural dichotomy between the East and the West, constructing fixed, apolitical, and essentialized cultural representations such as groupism, harmony, and deemphasis on critical thinking and self-expression to depict Japanese culture. This article takes Japanese culture as an example and attempts to critique these taken-for-granted cultural labels. The article argues (a) that the essentialized cultural labels found in the applied linguistics literature parallel the constructed Other in colonial discourse; (b) that cultural uniqueness is also appropriated by the Other itself as seen in the discourse of nihonjinron (theories on the Japanese), which represents cultural nationalism and a struggle for power against Westernization; and (c) that emerging research is generating new knowledge on educational practices in Japanese schools and a new understanding of concepts in cultural contexts, challenging the essentialized notion of Japanese culture. Finally, this article offers another way of understanding cultural differences from a perspective of critical multiculturalism and presents a perspective of critical literacy that supports both cultural pluralism and critical acquisition of the dominant language for social transformation.
Central nervous system complications following Hanta virus cardiopulmonary syndrome.

Hanta viruses are a family of human pathogens, comprising at least 16 different serotypes. The serotype Puumala, most prevalent in western and central Europe, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal sy...
The Photoelectric Theory of Photosynthesis. V. Further Correlation of the Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll with the Emission Spectrum of Magnesium

The near infrared absorption spectrum of chlorophyll has been reexamined in an attempt to detect a possible weak absorption at around 881 mμ, corresponding to the only important emission line of Mg atoms above 655 mμ, and which is due to the transition 3p → 3d for Mg. Chlorophyll is found to exhibit such a band in the region 860-885 mμ. This is interpreted as further evidence for the author's photoelectric theory of photosynthesis, in which it is postulated that it is the Mg atom of chlorophyll which is electronically excited by light absorption. Seven new bands are predicted for chlorophyll in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum, ranging from 273 to 123 mμ, and the ionization potential of chlorophyll is calculated to be 1 89 v.
Developing library classroom children's collections in English for a Catalunyan private school

Purpose – Seeks to present a case study of librarians developing recommendations for a small collection of children's literature in English to support primary grades' English‐language curriculum for Col°legi SEK Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain and to briefly describe development of intermediary library classroom models to put the collection development process in context.Design/methodology/approach – Visits on‐site to target school and to selected regional schools and public libraries; development of a proposal to target school administrators; refinement of goals for project; selection aids for children's literature titles and resources for recommendation to English language primary teachers; provision of library organization and collection development skills workshop for English language teachers.Findings – Roles and functions of school libraries in Spain differ in scope from the US model of the integrated school library media center. Most school libraries visited were staffed by teachers who volunteered tim...
THE SPEED OF STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING ECONOMIES

We seek to identify the determinants of the speed of convergence in the structures of manufacturing to their steady-state levels as developing economies become fully industrialised. Applying a two-stage sequential estimation procedure to data on three-digit manufacturing industries for 45 mostly middle-income countries, we find empirical support for the hypothesis that production efficiency is a major determinant of inter-branch output share adjustment. This finding applies to many but not all industries. One implication for latecomers is that industrial policy must aim at rapid diffusion of core technologies to facilitate the acquisition of industrial capabilities in a diversified basket of exportables.
A simulation of the performance of C p in model selection for logistic and Poisson regression

Abstract We evaluate performance of Mallows' C p in best subsets selection for logistic and Poisson regression models using computer simulations. Comparison of success rate in recognizing correct and incorrect models is made with the likelihood ratio (LR) statistic and with the score statistic (S). We find that performance of C p is compatible with that of LR and S. C p rejects both the correct and incorrect models at least as often as the other two statistics. Thus, C p appears to be a conservative selection criterion in the sense that it has lower sensitivity but higher specificity than LR or S.
An X-ray jet from the Vela pulsar

THE well studied1a€-5 Vela pulsar, which has recently6,7 been demonstrated to lie at the centre of the Vela supernova remnant8, loses far more rotational energy than can be accounted for by radiation from the pulsar itself or from a surrounding, compact nebula9a€-11. One theory suggests that the energy is carried away by an equatorial wind12. Here we report the observation of an X-ray-emitting jet, which begins at the pulsar and extends roughly seven parsecs towards the south-southwest and along the pulsar spin axis13 (indicating a polar, rather than equatorial flow). This jet may provide the loss mechanism for most of the pulsar's rotational spin-down energy. One-sided jets, such as Vela, may also accelerate pulsars to large space velocities.
The rheo-optical and mechanical behavior of a systematic series of hard-soft segmented urethanes

A battery of characterizational tests have been performed on a systematically varying series of segmented polyurethanes. These tests include small angle light scattering (SALS), small angle and wide angle x-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy, and mechanical testing (both tensile and dynamic). Observable macroscopic properties are directly correlated with and interpreted by a model based on the observed anisotropic spherulitic macrostructure which is dependent on the chemical microstructure and the sample history.
PF-EIS & PF-MT: New Particle Filtering Algorithms for Multimodal Observation Likelihoods and Large Dimensional State Spaces

Consider tracking a state space model with multimodal observation likelihoods using a particle filter (PF). Under certain assumptions that imply narrowness of the state transition prior, many efficient importance sampling techniques have been proposed in literature. For large dimensional state spaces (LDSS), these assumptions may not always hold. But, it is usually true that at a given time, state change in all except a few dimensions is small. We use this fact to design a simple modification (PF-EIS) of an existing importance sampling technique. Also, importance sampling on an LDSS is expensive (requires large number of particles, N) even with the best technique. But if the "residual space" variance is small enough, we can replace importance sampling in residual space by mode tracking (PF-MT). This drastically reduces the importance sampling dimension for LDSS, hence greatly reducing the required N.
FINITE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EUCLIDEAN GROUP IN THE PLANE

In this article two theorems are given which permit, together with the concept of a representation vector diagram, to classify all (linear) finite-dimensional representations of the algebra and group E2 which are induced by a master representation on the place of the universal enveloping algebra Ω of the algebra E2. Apart from a classification of the finite-dimensional representations, the two theorems make it possible to obtain the matrix elements of these representations for both, algebra and group, in explicit form. The material contained in this letter forms part of an analysis of indecomposable (finite- and infinite-dimensional) representations of the algebra and group E2 which is contained in Reference [1]. No proofs will be given in this letter. We refer instead to [1].
The presence of organic phosphorus in collagens and gelatins

Abstract 1. 1. Following the intraperitoneal injection of inorganic [32P]phosphate to rabbits and guinea pigs, non-dialyzable organic phosphorus was found associated with both the neutral and acid-soluble collagens of skin and healing skin wounds. This was not removed either by repeated reconstitution of collagen fibrils from solution, further purification of the collagen by trichloroacetic acid, or by procedures which extracted phospholipids, phosphatidyl peptides, DNA and RNA. 2. 2. Organic phosphorus was detected chemically in all samples of higly purified collagens and gelatins derived from collagens, including the α-subunits of collagen obtained by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulos. 3. 3. Preliminary characterization of fractions obtained from clostridiopeptidase A (EC 3.4.4.19, formerly known as collagenase) digests and isolated by resin -column chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis, and paper chromatography showed that the organic phosphorus was present in serine- and glycine-rich peptides containing relatively large amounts of sugar.
qq-bar bound states in the Bethe-Salpeter formalism.

We solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation in order to calculate the spectrum of pseudoscalar, vector, and scalar meson bound states for light as well as heavy quarks, extending our previous calculation of pseudoscalar mesons. The fermion propagators appearing in the equation are obtained by solving the Schwinger-Dyson equation consistently with the Bethe-Salpeter equation, a procedure necessary for demonstrating the Goldstone nature of the pion in the chiral limit. We probe in our calculations a model for the gluon propagator which leads to the expected three-dimensional potential in configuration space, while maintaining its known ultraviolet behavior. Our procedure provides a unified description of both the light and heavy mesons and obeys known relations derived on the basis of current algebra for light quarks and a nonrelativistic analysis for heavy quarks. The results are in good agreement with experiment for the mass spectrum and for the pseudoscalar mesons' decay constants. We also calculate electromagnetic and isospin mass splittings for these mesons.
Effect of urease injections on ehrlich ascites tumor growth in mice.

SummaryMature male Swiss Webster mice bearing solid and ascitic forms of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) were injected with 0.1 to 0.4 unit of crystalline jack bean urease per injection. Mice given 12 × 106 EAT cells sc and injected with 0.4 unit of enzyme at 12 and 24 hr thereafter had tumors at 3 weeks which weighed 40% of those in mice given 0.85% NaCl instead of urease. Liver, spleen, and brain weight changed significantly in mice bearing solid EAT and this change was reduced significantly in urease-treated animals. Animals given 0.4 unit of urease as described above showed a significant reduction in body weight compared to non-urease-treated animals. Mice bearing ascitic EAT injected with 0.2 unit of urease on days 6 and 7 after EAT inoculation and killed 5 days thereafter showed significant elevations of ascitic fluid ammonia and cell to ascitic fluid volume ratio, The latter urease-treated animals showed a significant decrease in body weight at 24 and 48 hr after the second urease injection. The half-t...
Economically disadvantaged African American fathers: Social policy and fathering

Many factors potentially limit the contribution that disadvantaged African American fathers make to their children’s lives. This article attempts to examine the impact that both welfare policies and job availability have on fathering. First, social policy and job availability are discussed in terms of their effects on African American males’ presence in the home. Second, research examining the importance of African American fathering is reviewed. Next, suggestions are made for changes in social policy that are likely to improve the probability of poor African American males remaining in the home. The benefits these changes may have for chindren’s development are also discussed.
Wanting Change: The Relationship of Perceptions of Organizational Innovation With Correctional Staff Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment

Correctional organizations need committed, relatively unstressed, and satisfied staff. Thus, it is important to identify and understand the factors that help shape the job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment of correctional workers. Past research has shown that many different dimensions of the work environment are important predictors. Yet not all dimensions of the work environment have been examined, including perceptions of organizational innovation. Thus, it is unclear whether and how perceptions of organizational innovation may influence the job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment of correctional employees. Using survey data from staff at a Midwestern correctional facility, the effects of perceptions of organizational innovation are studied while controlling for the shared effects of other salient work environment dimensions (i.e., job variety, job autonomy, and perceived dangerousness of the job) and personal characteristics (i.e., gender, age, position, tenure...
Metabolic Causes of Epileptic Encephalopathy

Epileptic encephalopathy can be induced by inborn metabolic defects that may be rare individually but in aggregate represent a substantial clinical portion of child neurology. These may present with various epilepsy phenotypes including refractory neonatal seizures, early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, infantile spasms, and generalized epilepsies which in particular include myoclonic seizures. There are varying degrees of treatability, but the outcome if untreated can often be catastrophic. The importance of early recognition cannot be overemphasized. This paper provides an overview of inborn metabolic errors associated with persistent brain disturbances due to highly active clinical or electrographic ictal activity. Selected diseases are organized by the defective molecule or mechanism and categorized as small molecule disorders (involving amino and organic acids, fatty acids, neurotransmitters, urea cycle, vitamers and cofactors, and mitochondria) and large molecule disorders (including lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisomal disorders, glycosylation disorders, and leukodystrophies). Details including key clinical features, salient electrophysiological and neuroradiological findings, biochemical findings, and treatment options are summarized for prominent disorders in each category.
Renormalization of Tamm-Dancoff integral equations.

During the last few years, interest has arisen in using light-front Tamm-Dancoff field theory to describe relativistic bound states for theories such as QCD. Unfortunately, difficult renormalization problems stand in the way. We introduce a general, nonperturbative approach to renormalization that is well suited for the ultraviolet and, presumably, the infrared divergences found in these systems. We reexpress the renormalization problem in terms of a set of coupled inhomogeneous integral equations, the counterterm equation.'' The solution of this equation provides a kernel for the Tamm-Dancoff integral equations which generates states that are independent of any cutoffs. We also introduce a Rayleigh-Ritz approach to numerical solution of the counterterm equation. Using our approach to renormalization, we examine several ultraviolet-divergent models. Finally, we use the Rayleigh-Ritz approach to find the counterterms in terms of allowed operators of a theory.
Epistemic Uncertainty in California-Wide Synthetic Seismicity Simulations

Abstract The generation of seismicity catalogs on synthetic fault networks holds the promise of providing key inputs into probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis, for example, the coefficient of variation, mean recurrence time as a function of magnitude, the probability of fault-to-fault ruptures, and conditional probabilities for foreshock–mainshock triggering. I employ a seismicity simulator that includes the following ingredients: static stress transfer, viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and mantle, and vertical stratification of elastic and viscoelastic material properties. A cascade mechanism combined with a simple Coulomb failure criterion is used to determine the initiation, propagation, and termination of synthetic ruptures. It is employed on a 3D fault network provided by Steve Ward (unpublished data, 2009) for the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Earthquake Simulators Group. This all-California fault network, initially consisting of 8000 patches, each of ∼12 square kilometers in size, has been rediscretized into patches, each of ∼1 square kilometer in size, in order to simulate the evolution of California seismicity and crustal stress at magnitude M ∼5–8. Resulting synthetic seismicity catalogs spanning 30,000 yr and about one-half million events are evaluated with magnitude-frequency and magnitude-area statistics. For a priori choices of fault-slip rates and mean stress drops, I explore the sensitivity of various constructs on input parameters, particularly mantle viscosity. Slip maps obtained for the southern San Andreas fault show that the ability of segment boundaries to inhibit slip across the boundaries (e.g., to prevent multisegment ruptures) is systematically affected by mantle viscosity.
Disentangling emotion processes in borderline personality disorder: physiological and self-reported assessment of biological vulnerability, baseline intensity, and reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli

This study investigated M. Linehan's (1993) theory that individuals meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) have high biological vulnerability to emotion dysregulation, including high baseline emotional intensity and high reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli. Twenty individuals with BPD, 20 age-matched individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD), and 20 age-matched normal controls (NCs) participated in 2 separate emotion induction conditions, a standardized condition, and a personally relevant condition. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), skin conductance response (SCR), and self-report measures were collected throughout the experiment. BPD participants displayed heightened biological vulnerability compared with NCs as indicated by reduced basal RSA. BPD participants also exhibited high baseline emotional intensity, characterized by heightened SCR and heightened self-reported negative emotions at baseline. However, the BPD group did not display heightened reactivity, as their physiological and self-reported changes from baseline to the emotion inductions tasks were not greater than the other 2 groups.
Education, household wealth and blood pressure in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine: Findings from the Demographic Health Surveys, 2005-2009☆

Abstract Background While socioeconomic gradients in cardiovascular disease have been well established in high-income countries, this relationship is not well understood in middle-income countries. Methods Data from Demographic Health Surveys collected in Albania (2008–09), Armenia (2005), Azerbaijan (2006) and Ukraine (2007) were used to estimate age-adjusted differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), hypertension (HTN), elevated blood pressure, and optimal blood pressure across a standardized wealth index, level of educational attainment, and urban versus rural residence. Results The wealthiest Albanian females had lower average SBP, DBP, PP (all p Conclusions There is compelling evidence that wealth and education gradients affect the probability of HTN for women in Albania, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, and for men in Albania.
Adjoint State Method for the Identification Problem in SPECT: Recovery of Both the Source and the Attenuation in the Attenuated X-Ray Transform ∗

Motivated by recent theoretical results obtained by the third author for the identification problem arising in single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), we propose an adjoint state method for recovering both the source and the attenuation in the attenuated X-ray transform. Our starting point is the transport-equation characterization of the attenuated X-ray transform, and we apply efficient fast sweeping methods to solve static transport equations and adjoint state equations. Numerous examples are presented to demonstrate various features of the identification problem, such as uniqueness and nonuniqueness, stability and instability, and recovery of the wave front set.
A Cultural Analysis of the Grandmother

This article analyzes the role of the contemporary American grandmother, exploring the meanings of the role for 58 grandmothers who are responding to the divorces of their children. Although the literature suggests that the grandparenting role is unpatterned and relatively normless, these respondents retain uniform conceptions of the traditional grandmother although they have been modified in congruence with their own middle-age norms. The role is primarily regulated by explicit proscriptive norms rather than by prescriptive norms that are vague and diffuse.
Calculating changes of legume rhizosphere soil pH and soil solution phosphorus from phosphorus uptake

Abstract Some legumes are known to reduce rhizosphere soil pH which in turn usually increases soil solution P, Pli and therefore increases P uptake. In an initial experiment with a nonlegume [corn (Zea mays L.)], observed P uptake agreed closely with predicted P uptake while with a legume [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], observed P uptake was greater than predicted P because the rhizosphere was acidified, Pli increased, and more P was absorbed. Using a pot experiment, this investigation calculates the change in rhizosphere pH and Pli necessary to have predicted P uptake obtained with a mechanistic uptake model agree with observed P uptake. The pot experiment was conducted with alfalfa, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and Austrian winter pea (Lathyrus hirsutus) grown on Chalmers silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls) limed to pH levels of 5.72, 6.30, 7.22 and 8.30. Predicted phosphorus uptake at each pH level was calculated with the uptake model using the data for bulk soil. The relation of predic...
Dual-porosity behaviour of naturally fractured reservoirs

A dual-porosity model based on the modified formulation by Barenblatt et al. has been presented for the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs. It is shown that neglecting terms in the flow governing equations may not be justified for some particular physical circumstances. The analytical solution of the proposed dual-porosity model for a finite naturally fractured reservoir subjected to a constant outer boundary pressure is obtained using the Hankel transform technique while taking into account the transient flow in the matrix blocks. Both solution accuracy and efficiency are achieved utilizing an optimized algorithm when solving the inherent Bessel functions. This research indicates that the transient fluid pressure profiles in naturally fractured reservoirs are critically controlled by the permeability ratio between matrix and fractures, and by the compressibilities of fluid, fractures and solid grains. The fluid pressure change is substantially delayed if the permeability ratio becomes increasingly smaller. The dual-porosity behaviour is most obvious when the compressibility of the fractures decreases relative to the increases of compressibility of the solid grains.
Hydrostaticity and hidden order: effects of experimental conditions on the temperature–pressure phase diagram of URu2Si2

The pressure dependence of the hidden order phase transition of URu2Si2 is shown to depend sensitively upon the quality of hydrostatic pressure conditions during electrical resistivity measurements. Hysteresis in pressure is demonstrated for two choices of pressure medium: the commonly used mixture of 1:1 Fluorinert FC70/FC77 and pure FC75. In contrast, no hysteresis is observed when the pressure medium is a 1:1 mixture of n-pentane/isoamyl alcohol, as it remains hydrostatic over the entire studied pressure range. Possible ramifications for the interpretation of the temperature–pressure phase diagram of URu2Si2 are discussed.
Fludrocortisone suppression of sympathetic nervous activity

Fludrocortisone depressed plasma norepinephrine in normal subjects but to a lesser degree than it depressed renin activity or urinary aldosterone excretion. Sympathetic nervous reactivity (defined as upright/supine plasma norepinephrine) was decreased more than supine plasma norepinephrine. Pretreatment supine plasma norepinephrine (but not plasma renin activity or aldosterone excretion) correlated with blood pressure changes during fludrocortisone dosing, which suggests participation of the sympathetic nervous system in the blood pressure elevations reported during exogenous steroid administration or primary aldosteronism. Suppression of sympathetic nervous activity and reactivity by fludrocortisone tends to explain its limited usefulness in patients with autonomie dysfunction and postural hypotension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 33, 102–106; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.15
Relationship of Nonverbal Behavior to the Social Penetration Process

Theoretical formulations concerning the relationship of nonverbal behavior to the social penetration processes, i.e., the development of interpersonal relations (Altman & Taylor, 1973) were examined via acted, videotaped conversations in which subjects role played good friends (GF) or casual acquaintances (CA) discussing intimate (I) or nonintimate (NI) topics. The methodological approach adopted for this study was unique in three ways. First, patterns of nonverbal behavior rather than single behaviors were the primary units of analysis. Second, data were collected during dynamic, ongoing conversations rather than from static poses or photographs. Finally, the use of a repeated measures design permitted evaluation of the importance of individual differences. Pattern analyses generally confirmed predictions: the GF by NI cell was characterized by nonverbal behavior patterns indicative of relaxation, while tense behavior patterns occurred in the CA by I cell.
RASSF1A Signaling in the Heart: Novel Functions beyond Tumor Suppression

The RASSF proteins are a family of polypeptides, each containing a conserved Ras association domain, suggesting that these scaffold proteins may be effectors of activated Ras or Ras-related small GTPases. RASSF proteins are characterized by their ability to inhibit cell growth and proliferation while promoting cell death. RASSF1 isoform A is an established tumor suppressor and is frequently silenced in a variety of tumors and human cancer cell lines. However, our understanding of its function in terminally differentiated cell types, such as cardiac myocytes, is relatively nascent. Herein, we review the role of RASSF1A in cardiac physiology and disease and highlight signaling pathways that mediate its function.
Mid-term follow up of perventricular device closure of muscular ventricular septal defects†

Background: Surgical and transcatheter management of muscular ventricular septal defects (MVSD) have independent drawbacks. Hybrid procedures are becoming increasingly utilized to manage congenital cardiac lesions including MVSDs. This report describes the mid-term results of perventricular device closure of MVSDs at a single institution. Methods: The cardiology database of patients who underwent attempted perventricular MVSD closure from a single institution was reviewed. Results: Between January 2004 and December 2009, six patients underwent attempted perventricular MVSD closure in the operating room. Mean age was 9.8 ± 9.1 months; mean weight was 7.2 ± 3.7 kg. In five patients, closure was successful without use of bypass. In one patient, the device embolized to the left ventricle after release and patch closure of the MVSD was performed on cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean interval from the procedure to the most recent echocardiogram for the patients with successful perventricular closure was 39.8 ± 25.2 months. Three patients demonstrated no residual shunt at the last echocardiogram. Two patients had mild, hemodynamically insignificant shunting; one had a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm that was embolized during repeat catheterization. Conclusions: Perventricular closure of MVSDs is attractive because it overcomes the limitations of surgery and catheterization. Additionally, it spares the need for cardiopulmonary bypass and its comorbidities. In some instances, however, successful deployment of the device is not possible. Our mid-term results demonstrate overall success but identify possible complications that are not immediately identified in the short term. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infrared absorption characteristics of alkyl and aryl substituted phosphonium salts

Abstract The infrared spectra of forty-eight phosphonium salts and two phosphoranes have been determined in the 650–5000 cm−1 range. Characteristic absorptions have been observed in the 1430–1440, 1100–1120, 995–1005 and 710–730 cm−1 ranges. The diagnostic significance and structure dependence of these bands is discussed.
A systematic approach to brief therapy for patients from a low socioeconomic community

Immediate, brief therapy in walk-in clinics is emerging as a major treatment modality for socioeconomically deprived patients. A variety of techniques may be used, such as verbal psychotherapy, medication, and environmental modification, and it is often difficult to select the appropriate method for the particular case. A model is presented that helps to systematize the evaluation procedure. A psychiatrist-social worker joint initial interview leads to a dynamic formulation and to an action formulation, which focuses the data on one of four “levels”: situational variables, ego functions, emotional conflicts, or character. The level chosen determines the intervention tactics.
The Exercise Prescription: A Tool to Improve Physical Activity

The current epidemic of sedentary behavior is a serious public health issue that requires the attention of the medical community. Although the benefits of physical activity are well established, research indicates that Americans are not heeding the message, and new strategies are warranted to bring about change in this arena. The health care community can and should play a key role in this movement. Patients respect their physicians as credible sources of information and look to them for health-related guidance. Unfortunately, many physicians are not talking to their patients about physical activity and are missing a unique opportunity to raise awareness about its benefits. Exercise needs to be discussed as a serious form of treatment, similar to medication, and should be thoughtfully prescribed to every patient. Physicians need to be familiar with the level of exercise necessary to achieve health benefits as defined by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Furthermore, they should be competent in their ability to identify a patient's level of risk for starting or increasing exercise and provide guidance on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity necessary to safely elicit maximal health benefits. These basic competencies can be easily understood by physicians and incorporated into their practices. Resources have been established to help support physicians in this process. Physiatrists are uniquely positioned to lead the effort for change in this area because they are well-established proponents of exercise and are trained to prescribe therapeutic exercise to address the complex medical issues of their patients. This skill-set should be used for every patient in an effort to reduce the widespread prevalence of the "chronic disease" physical inactivity.
Dialogue under occupation

In November 2007, a unique conference was held at Al-Quds University in Abu Dis, East Jerusalem, Palestine. ‘‘Dialogue Under Occupation (DUO II)’’, a follow up to a conference of the same name held 1 year earlier in Chicago. The starting point for DUO was that scholars and professionals in applied linguistics and related fields might come together to present, discuss, and dialogue in areas of the world experiencing occupation. ‘‘Dialogue’’ is intended in the sense that understanding of differing perspectives comes through dialogue and, as scholars of language, public policy, education, language policy and communications, we came together to examine language in use from its diachronic and synchronic influences on areas of conflict. One of the challenges to understanding current language policy and planning implications of political occupation in Palestine is to uncover the historical developments and shifts in processes and policies of over 40 years of occupation (Fernea and Hocking 1992).