cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assistive technology: Problems and policy alternatives

Assistive technology (AT), defined as any device or product system that increases the physical functioning or independence of persons with disabilities, is transforming the way disabled Americans live and work. Numerous studies show increases in independence, employment, and life satisfaction; yet, the acquisition of AT presents many problems for disabled persons, such as lack of funds to purchase AT, no centralized information and evaluation system, fraud and abuse by some providers, and denials of needed equipment by third-party payers. The proposed Health Security Act could provide a potential mechanism to address these problems, but whether AT should be covered under the Act has received little national attention. In this article we document the need and current funding alternatives for AT, and suggests possible short and long-range strategies to make AT more available for individuals with disabilities.
A First Principles Study of Carbon−Carbon Coupling over the {0001} Surfaces of Co and Ru

The coupling of CH (methylidyne) and CH2 (methylene), to form CHCH2 (vinyl), over Co and Ru surfaces has been studied with the nonlocal gradient-corrected density functional theory slab calculations. The results show that this reaction is slightly exothermic on Co while endothermic on Ru within a (2 × 2) surface unit cell. Transition states were isolated on both surfaces, and the reaction barriers were found to be 55.9 and 116.5 kJ/mol on Co and Ru, respectively. The structures of the transition state on the two metal surfaces are similar; both involve the formation of a multicentered bond.
Conservation laws of free Klein Gordon fields

It is proved that the free Klein Gordon fields of spatial dimension ≥ 2 have no conservation laws expressible by differential polynomials with constant coefficients other than those found by Kibble [5].
Older Patients' Aversion to Antidepressants

BACKGROUND: Depression is common among older patients yet is often inadequately treated. Patient beliefs about antidepressants are known to affect treatment initiation and adherence, but are often not expressed in clinical settings. OBJECTIVE: To explore attitudes toward antidepressants in a sample of depressed, community-dwelling elders who were offered treatment. DESIGN. Cross-sectional, qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Primary care patients age 60 years and over with depression, from academic and community primary care practices of the University of Pennsylvania Health System and the Philadelphia Department of Veterans Affairs. Patients participated in either the Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial or the Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for the Elderly Trial. Sixty-eight patients were interviewed and responses from 42 participants with negative attitudes toward medication for depression were analyzed. MEASUREMENTS: Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and entered into a qualitative software program for coding and analysis. A multidisciplinary team of investigators coded the transcripts and identified key features of narratives expressing aversion to antidepressants. RESULTS: Four themes characterized resistance to antidepressants: (1) fear of dependence; (2) resistance to viewing depressive symptoms as a medical illness; (3) concern that antidepressants will prevent natural sadness; (4) prior negative experiences with medications for depression. CONCLUSIONS: Many elders resisted the use of antidepressants. Patients expressed concerns that seems to reflect their concept of depression as well as their specific concerns regarding antidepressants. These findings may enhance patient-provider communication about depression treatment in elders.
Optically Identified Supernova Remnants in the Nearby Spiral Galaxies NGC 5204, NGC 5585, NGC 6946, M81, and M101

We present the results of an optical search for supernova remnants (SNRs) in the spiral galaxies NGC 5204, NGC 5585, NGC 6946, M81, and M101. Using the criterion that emission nebulae with [S II]/Hα ≥ 0.45 are identified as SNRs, we found three SNRs in NGC 5204, five in NGC 5585, 27 in NGC 6946, 41 in M81, and 93 in M101. Including the 35 SNRs recently detected in NGC 2403 by Matonick et al., we have doubled the current number of galaxies that have been well searched for SNRs and increased the number of known extragalactic SNRs by about 50%. Since no SNRs were detected inside H II regions and because our optical search appears biased against detecting large, faint SNRs, we estimate that there could be 4 times more SNRs in each of our target galaxies than we detected. Statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of detected SNRs indicates that those in NGC 2403, M81, and M101 are associated with star-forming regions (e.g., H II regions, spiral arms, and molecular clouds), suggesting that a significant fraction of the detected SNRs are the result of SN II or SN Ib/c explosions. Thirty-one SNRs found in these six galaxies have estimated diameters greater than 100 pc, which is larger than is possible for a single SNR in an interstellar medium of density ~0.1-1 cm-3. Such objects are probably combinations of multiple SNRs and massive stellar winds. We present an overview of extragalactic SNR searches, combining our SNR samples with published results of optical SNR searches in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and in M31, M33, NGC 300, and NGC 7793 to create an ensemble of 12 SNR samples. From these data, we find that an important selection effect is the apparent trend for higher L(Hα)mode with increasing galaxy distance because intrinsically fainter SNRs are more difficult to detect in more distant galaxies. In addition, several physical trends were found in the SNR ensemble, including a constant value of Dmode ≈ 40 pc for the SNR samples in these galaxies, suggesting that a significant fraction of the detected SNRs are in a similar evolutionary stage.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and cardiac arrhythmias

The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in many cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and atherosclerosis, is well established, whereas its relationship with cardiac arrhythmias is a new area of investigation. Atrial fibrillation and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially in the setting of cardiac hypertrophy or failure, seem to be examples of RAAS-related arrhythmias because treatment with RAAS modulators, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, reduces the incidence of these arrhythmias. RAAS has a multitude of electrophysiological effects and can potentially cause arrhythmia through a variety of mechanisms. We review new experimental results that suggest that RAAS has proarrhythmic effects on membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum ion channels and that increased oxidative stress is likely contributing to the increased arrhythmic incidence. A summary of ongoing clinical trials that will address the clinical usefulness of RAAS modulators for prevention or treatment of arrhythmias is presented.
The changing functional relation between stock returns and dividend yields

Abstract This paper provides a new approach for evaluating whether expected stock returns compensate investors for the tax differential between dividends and capital gains. We estimate the relation between dividend yields and risk-adjusted returns using a technique that does not assume linearity, and we exploit the information in the resulting cross-sectional patterns. Our results reveal a rich variety of nonlinear shapes, the majority of which contradict the hypothesis that equilibrium equity returns reflect the tax differential. The overall evidence does not provide support for any particular hypothesis, implying that no exploitable systematic relation exists between dividend yields and expected returns.
Micro economics: contrasting opinions about convergence

Convergence is the coming together of previously separate technologies in new products and services. Sometimes this union has massive consequences for industrial structure and market performance. If the hype is to be believed, convergence is leading to the network of the future. We will soon be placing a videophone call using a networked PC, or playing a multiuser, multilocation, Internet-linked video game on cable TV. Considerations about convergence shape the business strategies of AT&T, IBM, Microsoft, Time-Warner, Sun, Cisco, and Lucent, to name a few. Due to the stakes involved, there is as much advice about convergence as there are consulting houses. Have you ever listened to a consultant expound on this topic? Too many consultants look for a right answer to every convergence puzzle. This topic could use fewer opinions and more agnosticism. That is so not only because anything less than a dissertation necessarily skims the surface of this topic, but also because such strong opinions run counter to the basic economics of convergence.
Effects of lung volume and airflow on the frequency spectrum of vesicular lung sounds

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vesicular lung sound frequency spectrum is affected by changes in lung volume and airflow. Nine healthy young nonsmokers were studied. The dependent variables were the points that divided the power spectrum of the vesicular lung sound into quarters (1st, 2nd and 3rd quartiles (Q1, Q2 and Q3)). Recording sites were the right upper anterior (RUL) and lower posterior (RLL) chest wall. Lung sounds were high-pass filtered at 100 Hz. To evaluate the effect of volume, lung sounds were recorded during an inspiratory vital capacity (VC) maneuver at near constant airflow rates. The spectral parameters were determined at each sixth of the VC. To assess the effects of airflow, 5 of the subjects breathed from resting lung volume at peak inspiratory airflows of between 1 and 3.0 L/sec for a total of 16 breaths each and the frequency parameters of the lung sounds occurring peak inspiratory airflows were determined. RESULTS: Volume effects: only at the RUL was there a small but significant decrease in all three parameters with increasing lung volume. Airflow effects: all parameters were independent of airflow except for a weakly positive relationship (r=0.285, P
Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor ☆

Ebola Zaire virus causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans, for which there is no effective treatment. A variety of adenosine analogues inhibit the replication of Ebola virus in vitro, probably by blocking the cellular enzyme, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, thereby indirectly limiting methylation of the 5' cap of viral messenger RNA. We previously observed that adult, immunocompetent mice treated thrice daily for 9 days with 2.2-20 mg/kg of an adenosine analogue, carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine, were protected against lethal Ebola virus challenge. We now report that a single inoculation of 80 mg/kg or less of the same substance, or of 1 mg/kg or less of another analogue, 3-deazaneplanocin A, provides equal or better protection, without causing acute toxicity. One dose of drug given on the first or second day after virus infection reduced peak viremia more than 1000-fold, compared with mock-treated controls, and resulted in survival of most or all animals. Therapy was less effective when administered on the day of challenge, or on the third day postinfection. Single or multiple doses of the same medications suppressed Ebola replication in severe combined immunodeficient mice, but even daily treatment for 15 consecutive days did not eliminate the infection.
The Impact of Professional Noticing on Teachers' Adaptations of Challenging Tasks.

This study investigates how teacher attention to student thinking informs adaptations of challenging tasks. Five teachers who had implemented challenging mathematics curriculum materials for three or more years were videotaped enacting instructional sequences and were subsequently interviewed about those enactments. The results indicate that the two teachers who attended closely to student thinking developed conjectures about how that thinking developed across instructional sequences and used those conjectures to inform their adaptations. These teachers connected their conjectures to the details of student strategies, leading to adaptations that enhanced task complexity and students' opportunity to engage with mathematical concepts. By contrast, the three teachers who evaluated students' thinking primarily as right or wrong regularly adapted tasks in ways that were poorly informed by their observations and that reduced the complexity of the tasks. The results suggest that forming communities of inquiry ar...
Alternative splicing, muscle calcium sensitivity, and the modulation of dragonfly flight performance

Calcium sensitivity of myosin cross-bridge activation in striated muscles commonly varies during ontogeny and in response to alterations in muscle usage, but the consequences for whole-organism physiology are not well known. Here we show that the relative abundances of alternatively spliced transcripts of the calcium regulatory protein troponin T (TnT) vary widely in flight muscle of Libellula pulchella dragonflies, and that the mixture of TnT splice variants explains significant portions of the variation in muscle calcium sensitivity, wing-beat frequency, and an index of aerodynamic power output during free flight. Two size-distinguishable morphs differ in their maturational pattern of TnT splicing, yet they show the same relationship between TnT transcript mixture and calcium sensitivity and between calcium sensitivity and aerodynamic power output. This consistency of effect in different developmental and physiological contexts strengthens the hypothesis that TnT isoform variation modulates muscle calcium sensitivity and whole-organism locomotor performance. Modulating muscle power output appears to provide the ecologically important ability to operate at different points along a tradeoff between performance and energetic cost.
Role of histone deacetylases in acute leukemia

Accumulating evidence points to a connection between cancer and transcriptional control by histone acetylation and deacetylation. This is particularly true with regard to the acute leukemias, many of which are caused by fusion proteins that have been created by chromosomal translocations. Genetic rearrangements that disrupt the retinoic acid receptor-alpha and acute myeloid leukemia-1 genes create fusion proteins that block terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cells by repressing transcription. These fusion proteins interact with nuclear hormone co-repressors, which recruit histone deacetylases to promoters to repress transcription. This finding suggests that proteins within the histone deacetylase complexes may be potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention in many leukemia patients.
Chinese American Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States and Their Web Presence

Abstract This article presents an analysis of the Web presence of Chinese American newspapers and periodicals in the United States based on the author's last ten-year national survey of Chinese American newspapers and periodicals in the United States in 1997. The author reports on and updates the changes, development, variety, and status of Chinese American newspapers and periodicals and their Web editions. These publications and their Web presence have played a major role in maintaining the identity, cohesiveness, and structure of Chinese communities. They are the major sources for covering significant aspects of Chinese culture, including the historical, social, economic, and political development of Chinese Americans in the United States. Serials Review 2003; 29:179–198.
Toward a Science Performance Assessment Technology.

Abstract Science performance assessments-assessments where students conduct hands-on investigations, and report and interpret their findings-have been used in large-scale testing programs for years and have recently entered into the international achievement arena. This paper argues that in light of the cost, logistic and administrative challenges of fielding these assessments, a performance assessment technology needs to be developed. Such a technology would provide tools for assessment construction and evaluation that would address these challenges. Here we report on our research that is working toward this goal, albeit without complete success. We present a conceptual framework for defining, generating and evaluating assessments. A SPA is defined by a task, a response demand, and a scoring system. We identify types of tasks/response demands (e.g., comparative-compare alternatives and reach a conclusion), link them to regularities in scoring systems that focus on the scientific validity of students' investigations, and evaluate the technical qualities of the assessments within the context of generalizability theory (reliability and validity). We summarize, conceptually and step-by-step, the development and evaluation process, providing concrete examples. We conclude that work remains to be done to determine whether a performance-assessment technology is a feasible goal.
Teaching Medication Reconciliation Through Simulation: A Patient Safety Initiative for Second Year Medical Students

Introduction Errors in medication reconciliation constitute a large area of potential injury to patients. Medication reconciliation is rarely incorporated into medical school curriculums so students learn primarily from observing clinical care.
A Threatening Space?: Stigmatization and the Framing of Autism in the News

The public develops interpretations of physical and mental disabilities through a variety of resources, most notably representations presented by the news media. While disability scholars have long lamented negative portrayals of disabilities in the mass media (e.g., movies, fictional television programs, songs) as dehumanizing and devaluing, studies of news media depictions have been scant. The present study focuses on a salient mental disability—autism—to advance current scholarship about representations of disabilities in the news. Stigmatizing cues and framing techniques from news coverage of autism over a period of approximately 15 years suggest that journalists may be creating a threatening space for autism, particularly through the perpetuation of stigmatic cues in more than two-thirds of news coverage of autism, coupled with the selection of certain news frames. Implications for media and disabilities practice and scholarship are discussed.
Derived length when a product of characters has two nonprincipal irreducible constituents

We study the situation where a solvable group G has a faithful irreducible character χ such that χχ¯ has exactly two distinct nonprincipal irreducible constituents. We prove that G has derived length bounded above by 8, and provide an example of such a group having derived length 8. In particular, this improves upon a result of Adan-Bante.
The Effect of Experience, Denominational Affiliation, Business Training, and Church Size on Pastors' Evaluations of Internal Control Scenarios

Abstract Although the concept of internal control is as relevant to churches as it is to profit-seeking organizations, many authors have indicated that churches typically have weak systems of internal control. The implementation and maintenance of an adequate system of internal control is the responsibility of management, and pastors serve in a position similar to that of Chief Executive Officer. This study is a preliminary effort to determine what variables impact a pastor's ability to recognize strengths and weaknesses in the internal control system of a local church. A decisionmaking exercise was conducted in which pastors evaluated the internal control systems described in four cases. The findings show that the size of the church at which a pastor serves and denominational affiliation significantly impacted pastors' ratings of internal control scenarios, while years of experience as a pastor and business courses taken in college did not have a significant effect on the ratings.
Quantity-frequency and diary measures of alcohol consumption for elderly drinkers.

Three measures were studied for estimating alcohol consumption by elderly drinkers. The diary measure resulted in significantly greater reported daily alcohol consumption (p =. 004) and number of drinks consumed per week (p =. 07) compared with a 7-day and 28-day quantity-frequency measure. No differences were found between diary and Q-F measures in classifying elderly as drinkers versus nondrinkers, and heavy versus light drinkers. Likely factors contributing to the apparent advantage of the diary measure over the Q-F measures are that it offers elderly a prompt to recall, and that it provides a direct estimate of alcohol consumption based on “actual” versus “usual” alcohol use. Shortcomings of the retrospective diary are discussed.
Monolithic, surface-emitting, semiconductor visible lasers and spectrometers for WDM fiber communication systems

Proof-of-concept devices to create surface-emitting visible lasers are described and demonstrated. A visible, surface-emitting, solid-state diode laser for InGaAs, InP, and GaAs geometries, as well as for several other devices, is discussed. The use of a multilayer system to enhance the waveguide harmonic mixing over a large bandwidth is demonstrated. The resulting surface-emitted light can then be used to measure frequency differences of multiple optical channels in a fiber communication system. It can also be used for nonblocking switching systems. Since phase is preserved by the harmonic mixing, the device is also usable in coherent communication schemes. Experimental measurements of harmonic generation coefficients for a large Al alloy content in AlGaAs are presented. >
Voltage-dependent changes in specific membrane capacitance caused by prestin, the outer hair cell lateral membrane motor.

In the outer hair cell (OHC), membrane capacitance principally derives from two components – that associated with lateral membrane sensor/motor charge movement, and that proportional to the membrane surface area (Csa). We used measures of membrane capacitance to test a model hypothesis that OHC lateral membrane molecular motors, recently identified as the protein prestin, fluctuate between two area states. By measuring membrane capacitance in native OHCs or prestin-transfected HEK cells at extreme voltages (±200 mV) where motor-derived charge movement is small or absent, we observed that Csa depends on the state of the motors, or correspondingly on membrane voltage. Deiters cells or control HEK cells, which lack motors, do not show this dependence. We modeled the voltage-dependent change in Csa as a Boltzmann process with the same parameters that describe the charge movement of the motors' voltage sensors. Csa is 3.28±0.75 pF (mean ±SD; n=23) larger during extreme hyperpolarization, and the number of motors in OHCs and prestin-transfected HEK cells correlates with the magnitude of ΔCsa (r=0.78). Although these data are consistent with the area motor model, the corresponding area change, assuming 0.5 µF/cm2 under constant membrane thickness, is unphysiologically large, and indicates that the capacitance change must result from changes not only in lateral membrane area but also specific capacitance. Thus, we conclude that a conformational change in the lateral membrane motor, prestin, additionally alters the dielectric constant and/or thickness of the lateral plasma membrane.
Suppression of Cocaine Self-Administration in Monkeys: Effects of Delayed Punishment

Rationale Delaying presentation of a drug can decrease its effectiveness as a reinforcer, but the effect of delaying punishment of drug self-administration is unknown.
Trichomonas vaginalis infection. An evaluation of three diagnostic techniques with data on incidence

Abstract 1. A comparison of three techniques for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis indicated that a simple culture method is superior to the hanging drop and Papanicolaou smears. 2. In a total of 500 patients {ce:italic}on a single examination{/ce:italic}, the culture method was positive in 80 (16 per cent) whereas the hanging drop was positive in 61 (12.5 per cent). The Papanicolaou smear was positive in 28, or 9.3 per cent, of 300 patients. The differences were statistically significant. In no instance was a case positive by hanging drop test or Papanicolaou smear and negative by culture. 3. The Papanicolaou method was as effective as the hanging drop but required too much technical skill for routine diagnosis of {ce:italic}T. vaginalis{/ce:italic}. 4. The cytologic changes associated with vaginal trichomoniasis were described. 5. The prevalence of the parasite as determined by the culture method on a single examination was 6.5 per cent in asymptomatic “cancer survey” patients, 15 per cent in obstetric patients, and 26 per cent in gynecologic patients. 6. The roles of age, menstruation, pregnancy, previous infection, and other factors were briefly discussed.
The Role of Hydrogen in Sulfide Stress Cracking of Low Alloy Steels

Abstract It is generally accepted that sulfide stress cracking (SSC) failures are the result of hydrogen embrittlement. However, the evidence heretofore has been mostly circumstantial. The purpose ...
Effectiveness of Lethal, Directed Wolf-Depredation Control in Minnesota

Abstract Wolf (Canis lupus) depredations on livestock in Minnesota, USA, are an economic problem for many livestock producers, and depredating wolves are lethally controlled. We sought to determine the effectiveness of lethal control through the analysis of data from 923 government-verified wolf depredations from 1979 to 1998. We analyzed the data by 1) assessing the correlations between the number of wolves killed in response to depredations with number of depredations the following year at state and local levels, and 2) the time to the next depredation. No analysis indicated that trapping wolves substantially reduced the following year's depredations at state or local levels. However, more specific analyses indicated that in certain situations, killing wolves was more effective than no action (i.e., not trapping). For example, trapping and killing adult males decreased the re-depredation risk. At sheep farms, killing wolves was generally effective. Attempting to trap, regardless of the results, seemed m...
THE ROLE OF RADIOTHERAPY AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy occurring in men. In the year 2000, an estimated 180,400 American men were projected to be diagnosed with prostate cancer, with 31,900 deaths as a result of the disease. 11 Defining optimal therapy has been a subject of much controversy. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements have allowed physicians to diagnose prostate cancer earlier in the natural history of the disease when radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) is employed most successfully. Because of these earlier diagnoses, more RRPs are performed than in years past. Radiotherapy also is used frequently for prostate cancer. External beam therapy and brachytherapy have been used as the primary therapy for localized disease. External beam therapy is the most common type employed following RRP. There are three reasons for administering potentially curative post-RRP radiotherapy: (1) as an adjuvant therapy following RRP, (2) as a salvage maneuver following the detection of a great enough PSA level in the serum to be indicative of persistent cancer, and (3) as a salvage therapy for patients with a clinically evident local recurrence (palpable, biopsy-proved, or both). Adjuvant radiotherapy refers to radiotherapy administered in the absence of known residual or persistent prostate cancer. This group of patients receives radiotherapy despite an undetectable PSA level following RRP. Adjuvant radiotherapy generally is administered to these patients because unfavorable pathologic factors associated with a high risk for tumor recurrence were found during RRP. Patients thought to be at high risk for failure have one or more of the following pathologic factors: positive margins, tumor penetration through the capsule, or seminal vesicle invasion. The second reason for administering post-RRP radiotherapy is to salvage patients with elevated postoperative PSA levels. The exact level of PSA indicative of persistent or recurrent disease after RRP ranges between 0.2 and 0.6 ng/mL. 36 This value depends on the PSA assay and the clinical methodology used to define persistent tumor. 2 The third reason for administering post-RRP radiotherapy is to salvage patients with clinically detectable (palpable or biopsy proved) local failure. This article summarizes the Mayo Clinic experience in these three situations. The results of radiotherapy as used at the authors' centers are reviewed and compared with the available literature. An attempt is made to summarize the risks and benefits of radiotherapy in these settings. Additionally, avenues of future potential investigation are explored.
Mitigation of the light shift in laser cooled clocks without mechanical shutters

We propose an approach for keeping the light shift in laser cooled frequency standards down to the 10/sup -17/ level without the use of mechanical shutters. For laser systems using a master-slave laser configuration, cutting the injection power to a slave causes it to lase at its free-running wavelength, often two or more nanometers off from the atomic resonance. This approach does not apply to laser systems using power amplifiers.
Progress Report on the POPAE Design Study

POPAE (Protons on Protons and Electrons) is a storage ring facility at the Fermilab on a scale suitable to permit the collision of 1000 GeV protons with 1000 GeV protons and with electrons of an energy compatible with that scale. In this paper, we summarize our work thus far on the lattice and layout of the proton storage rings. Though the 1000 GeV physical scale is maintained, the design is developed in a 400 GeV context. The proton rings form a racetrack, the two long straight sections of which are each about 1 km in length. Each long straight section contains a number of matched lattice insertions, as well as uncommitted space for additional development. Depending on the assumptions made concerning the beam-beam limit (as yet unknown experimentally), maximum luminosities are calculated to be in the range from 1033 to 1034cm-2 sec-1.
Regulatory Networks Controlling Vibrio cholerae Virulence Gene Expression

Cholera, a severe disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, has had a central role in the history of infectious disease research. The cholera studies of John Snow and Robert Koch, among many others, largely gave birth to modern epidemiology and microbiology. Despite its long history as a research
Punishment: A Review of the Literature With Implications for the Teacher of Mainstreamed Children:

A review of the literature on punishment indicates that the term has many definitions and connotations. Punishment has been defined as the presentation of an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior. It has also been defined as the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer, or the removal of the opportunity to gain reinforcement. This article reviews the definitions and connotations of punishment vis-a-vis their application in educational settings. Specific reference to the use of punishment procedures with emotionally disturbed, educable mentally retarded, and normal children will help provide the teacher of a mainstreamed classroom with examples of how punishment procedures have been employed to reduce a number of common problems found in the classroom. Finally, guidelines and implications for the use of punishment contingencies are presented.
Endocardial fibroelastosis, neurologic dysfunction and unusual facial appearance in two brothers, coincidentally associated with dominantly inherited macrocephaly

We describe two brothers with endocardial fibroelastosis, unusual facial appearance, and cryptorchidism. The surviving brother has mental retardation, seizures and possible hypothalamic dysfunction. Both brothers have a head size greater than two standard deviations above normal; this appears to be related to superimposed presence of coincidental autosomal dominant macrocephaly in this family.
Implementation of Universal Microsatellite Instability and Immunohistochemistry Screening for Diagnosing Lynch Syndrome in a Large Academic Medical Center

Purpose In 2009, the Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention recommended that all colorectal cancers (CRCs) be screened for Lynch syndrome (LS) through microsatellite instability (MSI) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). No studies report how this process is implemented on a health system–wide basis.
Bone surface strains and internal bony pressures at the jaw joint of the miniature pig during masticatory muscle contraction

The long-standing debate on whether the jaw joint is loaded is due in part to the complexity of the factors involved, including a number of different muscles, each with a potentially unique role. This study sought to elucidate how two major jaw muscles, the masseter and the lateral pterygoid, influence jaw-joint loading. Twenty-five 10-month-old miniature pigs were divided into two groups, controls and pigs with the lateral capsular ligament of the jaw joint stripped surgically; this was expected to affect loading by destabilizing the joint. Rosette strain gauges were bonded to: (1) the lateral surface of the squamosal bone (equivalent to the squamosal portion of the temporal bone in humans) at the level of the articular eminence; (2) the lateral surface of the condylar neck; and (3) the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus below the molar region. Semiconductor pressure transducers were placed underneath the surfaces of the anterior slope of the condyle and the posterior slope of the articular eminence through drilled holes. Strains and internal bony pressures were recorded during stimulated tetanic contractions of the masseter or lateral pterygoid muscles. Masseter contraction, either alone or with the contralateral muscle, caused net tension in the squamosal bone and net compression in the condylar neck. The orientations were approximately vertical to the occlusal plane. Masseter contraction elevated both the condylar and eminence pressures from their resting values. The strains caused by lateral pterygoid contractions were much smaller than for the masseter with the exception of the condylar location. Ipsilateral lateral pterygoid contraction decreased both the condylar and eminence pressures from their resting values, perhaps because condylar movement altered the contact between the joint surfaces. Surgical disruption enhanced both pressure changes and bone strains under either muscle contraction but their overall patterns were not altered. In conclusion, both strains and pressures in the jaw joint varied according to specific muscle activity.
Active Giant Cell Arteritis With Cerebral Involvement: Findings Following Four Years of Corticosteroid Therapy

• A patient had continued active giant cell arteritis proved on biopsy four years after the initial diagnosis of temporal arteritis. The patient had had erythrocyte sedimentation rates within the normal range and had been receiving corticosteroids without interruption for four years. Central nervous system symptoms occurred three and four years after the initial diagnosis.
FINE STRUCTURE OF RAT INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS The Polar Region

An ultrastructural comparison of the two types of intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles of the rat was undertaken. Discrete myofibrils with abundant interfibrillar sarcoplasm and organelles characterize the nuclear chain muscle fiber, while a continuous myofibril-like bundle with sparse interfibrillar sarcoplasm distinguishes the nuclear bag muscle fiber. Nuclear chain fibers possess well-defined and typical M bands in the center of each sarcomere, while nuclear bag fibers contain ill-defined M bands composed of two parallel thin densities in the center of the pseudo-H zone of each sarcomere. Mitochondria of nuclear chain fibers are larger and more numerous than they are in nuclear bag fibers. Mitochondria of chain fibers, in addition, often contain conspicuous dense granules, and they are frequently intimately related to elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Striking differences are noted in the organization and degree of development of the sarcotubular system. Nuclear bag fibers contain a poorly developed SR and T system with only occasional junctional couplings (dyads and triads). Nuclear chain fibers, in contrast, possess an unusually well-developed SR and T system and a variety of multiple junctional couplings (dyads, triads, quatrads, pentads, septads). Greatly dilated SR cisternae are common features of nuclear chain fibers, often forming intimate associations with T tubules, mitochondria, and the sarcolemma. Such dilatations of the SR were not encountered in nuclear bag fibers. The functional significance of these structural findings is discussed.
Automated Modeling of Custom Digital Circuits for Test

Models meant for logic verification and simulation are often used for ATPG. For custom digital circuits, these models contain many tristate devices, which leads to lower fault coverage. Unlike other research in the literature, the modeling algorithms presented in this paper analyze each channel connected component in the context of its environment, thereby capturing the relationship among its input signals. This reduces the number of tristates and increases the modeling efficiency, as measured by fault coverage. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of this approach.
Production of Free Sulfur Dioxide by Wine Yeasts

Sulfites (SO2) are well known in the winemaking industry for their anti-oxidative and anti-microbial properties. By maintaining proper free SO2 levels, wines are protected from spoilage bacteria and yeast as well as oxidation which are capable of producing negative sensory effects. The levels of necessary free SO2 vary depending on the winemaking stage (e.g. malolactic fermentation vs. aging). This project investigated the endogenous free SO2 produced during primary fermentation by a variety of yeast strains within both red and white wines. A total of 10 commonly used yeast strains were tested; five from Red Star and five from Lalvin. Each strain was tested individually in both a red wine (Noiret) and a white wine (Catawba), for a total of 20 wines produced. The following variables were controlled: initial SO2 levels, sugar levels, yeast nutrient levels, and environmental conditions. Of the 20 wines produced, each was analyzed for free SO2, pH and residual sugar levels. The experimental findings showed that one yeast strain, Red Star Cote des Blancs, produced 6.4 ppm free SO2 by aeration oxidation (AO) and 4 ppm by the Accuvin Quick SO2 Test Kit (AQT) in the red wine. The same yeast produced 3.6 ppm free SO2 by AO and 4 ppm by AQT in the white wine. The average end pH’s of the red and white wines were 3.63 and 2.82 respectively. The residual sugar levels measured 0% residual for all yeasts except the Cote des Blancs, producing 0.1% residual sugars in both red and white wines. Based on the findings of this project, endogenous free SO2 contributions made by yeast are inadequate to protect wines from premature oxidation throughout fermentation and aging, thus less focus should be placed within this area. In order to maintain appropriate SO2 levels, exogenous SO2 should be utilized.
Case Report: Pulmonary Sporotrichosis with Massive Hemoptysis

Pulmonary sporotrichosis is an uncommon condition that may mimic tuberculosis. We present a patient who, years after antifungal therapy, presented with massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Although such life-threatening hemoptysis caused by sporotrichosis is rare, the possibility of this complication of progressive disease should influence decisions regarding medical and surgical treatment of patients with extensive cavitary involvement.
Glossosoma nigrior (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) respiration in moving fluid

Laboratory measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) uptake by Glossosoma nigrior Banks were conducted in a sealed, recirculating flume under variable fluid flow velocities. Measurements were performed in similar water temperatures, DO concentrations and fluid flow velocities to field conditions in the stream where the larvae were obtained. Total oxygen uptake by both cased larvae and corresponding cases without larvae were quantified. An increased fluid flow velocity corresponded to an increased larval DO uptake rate. Oxygen uptake by the larval cases alone was not as sensitive to changes in the Peclet (Pe) number, the dimensionless ratio of advective to diffusive DO transport, as uptake by larvae themselves. The flux of DO to larvae and their cases was up to seven times larger in a moving fluid in comparison to non-moving fluid conditions in the proximity of larvae for 0 87, larvae typically remained in their cases. This indicates that oxygen delivery to the larvae at low Pe is insufficient to satisfy the respiratory demands of cased larvae. * A : surface area A c : larval case surface area A t : cumulative surface area C : dissolved oxygen concentration C : initial dissolved oxygen concentration DO : dissolved oyxgen J C : dissolved oxygen flux to cases alone J LC : dissolved oxygen flux to larvae with cases l : length scale ![Graphic][1] : vector of unit length normal to a plane tangent to the case surface Pe : Peclet number ![Graphic][2] : flow rate Sh : Sherwood number t : time t ad : advective time t diff : diffusion time u : longitudinal velocity magnitude u * : shear velocity magnitude U : discharge velocity V : sample volume V t : total volume z : distance above the stream bed zc : roughness crest elevation ρ : water density [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Study of Factors Driving Pitch, Roll, and Yaw Coupling in Bluff Body Aerodynamics

Helicopter sling loads exhibit departures from stable behavior at certain speeds posing certain safety concerns. Rolling due to pendulum motion about the sling attachment point may couple with yaw and pitch oscillations, amplifying the motion to dangerous levels at certain speeds. This is a case of coupling between the aerodynamic forces and the dynamics of the tethering system, and can a ect the handling qualities of the vehicle as well. In this work the factors driving the pitch, roll and yaw coupling in blu body aerodynamics are studied. The sensitivity of the side force and yawing moment to yaw angle is studied in a low speed wind tunnel, in steady-state load measurements simulating the e ect of velocity induced by quasi-steady pendulum-type roll motion. While the side force and yawing moment appear to be generally stable to induced yaw, at some speeds there is a reversal of the stability derivative, partially explaining observed behavior in tethered tests. The time-averaged side force and yawing moment behavior with yaw angle generally agree with predictions made using unstructured-grid Navier-Stokes computations. While the time-averaged loads at small yaw angles are small, there are substantial unsteady oscillations of the loads about these values. A hotlm constant temperature anemometer probe is used to measure spectra of velocity uctuations near the edge of the model and in the wake downstream. Spectral peaks of integrated loads observed in 2-D computations occur in the same frequency band as those seen in the measured velocity spectra.
Investigation on Smoking Status among Medical Personnel and Smoking Cessation Service in Weifang City

[Objective] To study the smoking status among medical personnel and the situation of providing smoking cessation service to patients in hospitals of Weifang city,provide scientific evidence for improvement of nosocomial smoking control.[Methods]The urban hospitals were investigated with questionnaire,which joined the estimate of non-smoking hospital for building national healthy city.[Results] In 5 097 doctors and nurses,14.68% were on smoking,96.0% knew the hospital was carrying out non-smoking project,and 95.5% agreed to build a non-smoking hospital.35.4% of them had provided smoking cessation service to patients actively.14.1% of them had received training of smoking cessation,and 43.7% planned to study the skill of smoking cessation.10.7% of patients asked medical personnel for smoking cessation actively.The attitude of building non-smoking hospital and providing smoking cessation service among smoker and non-smokers was different.[Conclusion]The results suggest that medical personnel should strengthen the cognition and ability of providing smoking cessation service,and the smoking cessation among medical personnel should be improved too.
Liver and Gall Bladder

Abstract The liver represents a key target organ for toxicity. The recognition of the diverse patterns of liver injury following experimental or natural exposures to drug and chemical agents is an important step towards understanding the implications of toxicity. As such, characterizing the pattern of injury represents an important contribution of the toxicologic pathologist, who must then actively participate in the characterization of safety or risk, in collaboration with other scientists (toxicologists, molecular biologists, toxicokinetics and metabolism scientists, and clinicians). The hepatocyte is a critical target for acute toxicity as well as chronic toxicity, including carcinogenic responses. In many instances, acute responses may allow some prediction of chronic responses. This predictive process is optimal when a mechanism of action for the drug or chemical at the level of the hepatocyte can be inferred and ultimately extrapolated to various scenarios of exposure. Furthermore, while much of our understanding of liver toxicity is related to hepatocellular toxicity, other cell types are also critical to understanding target organ toxicity, and may be targeted directly and/or mediate acute and chronic responses.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production from COG-Steam Reforming Process Using Blast Furnace Slag as Heat Carrier

In the study, the coke-oven gas (COG)-steam reforming process using hot blast furnace slag (BFS) as the heat carrier is explored for producing hydrogen and recovering high-grade waste heat of hot BFS. The method of the Gibbs energy minimization approach through Lagrange multiplier is adopted in the thermodynamic analysis of reforming process. The simulation is carried out to study the operation pressure, temperature and steam to carbon ratio (S/C) based on the chemical equilibrium calculations. The optimal operation conditions are determined to improve the yield and fraction of hydrogen in the COG-steam reforming process. The results suggest that the preferential operation conditions for COG-steam reforming process to produce hydrogen are achieved at 600°C, 1.5MPa and S/C (5.0). Due to the CaO and other melts in BFS, CH4, CO and CO2 in COG are converted and removed efficiently, especially CO2. The hydrogen fraction reaches to 86.7% and its production is about 1.22mol with 1mol of the COG.