cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and multi-spectral image classification for marine habitat mapping in Oceania

This paper evaluates the usefulness of integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and remote sensing analyses to produce tropical marine habitat maps. Fishers from Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands, visually interpreted a Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) multi-spectral satellite image to identify shallow-water marine environments. Their assessments were used to direct a supervised classification of the image and create habitat maps with indigenously defined habitat classes. Results show that these participatory remote sensing techniques produce accurate broad-scale marine habitat maps that can be useful to managers and decision makers. Participatory methods that draw from indigenous habitat definitions also have the potential benefit of generating new insights about socio-ecological processes and enhancing local acceptance and understanding of conservation projects by allowing stakeholders to actively contribute in management planning.
Reionization on Large Scales III: Predictions for Low-ell Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization and High-ell Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Observables

We present new predictions for temperature (on small angular scales) and polarization (on large angular scales) CMB anisotropies induced during the epoch of reionization (EoR). Using a novel method calibrated from Radiation-Hydrodynamic simulations we model the EoR in large volumes (L >~ 2 Gpc/h) in the context of galactic reionization. We find that the EoR contribution to the kinetic Sunyaev- Zel'dovich power spectrum (patchy kSZ) ranges between ~0.6 - 2.8 muK^2 at ell = 3000, for the parameter space we explored. These patchy kSZ power spectra are calculated from large 15 Deg x 15 Deg maps that are found to be necessary. Decreasing the size of these maps biases the overall patchy kSZ power to higher values. We find that the amplitude of the patchy kSZ power spectrum at ell = 3000 follows simple scalings of D_ell=3000^kSZ propto and D_ell=3000^kSZ propto Delz^0.47 for the mean redshift ( ) of reionization and the duration (dz). Using the constraints on from WMAP 7-year results and the lower limit on dz from EDGES we find a lower limit of ~ 0.4 muK^2 on the kSZ at ell = 3000. Planck will constrain the mean redshift and the Thomson optical depth from the low-ell polarization power spectrum. Future measurements of the high-ell CMB power spectrum from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) should detect the patchy kSZ signal if the cross correlation between the cosmic infrared background and the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect is constrained. We show that the combination of temperature and polarization measurements constrains both and dz. The patchy kSZ maps, power spectra templates and the polarization power spectra will be publicly available.
A graph-theoretic real-time visible surface editing technique

Efficient visible surface (hidden surface) algorithms must make use of information about the structure of the environment, constraints on viewpoint locations and the coherence between successive views in a sequence. Here the visible surface problem is posed as a problem in graph theory. A new technique based on 'updating cut-sets in a graph is presented as a means to streamline the culling of back faces during visible surface computations. The technique can be used for general environments that contain some convex polyhedra. Since the method saves the most computation when convex polyhedra having many faces appear in the environment, it is particularly appropriate for handling geodesic domes and polyhedral approximations to spheres. A direct extension for nonconvex polyhedra is suggested.
Innovation in the Chinese Mode

Examining factors behind China9s economic growth, Breznitz and Murphree suggest that forms of innovation other than the invention of breakthrough products can yield bigger dividends.
Incorporating Historical Controls in Testing for a Trend in Proportions

Abstract The testing of chemicals for carcinogenic activity in lifetime rodent bioassays has produced a large amount of data on a few strains of mice and rats. Because of the use of fixed protocols in repeated experiments, the opportunity presents itself for using this historical data in the analysis of a current experiment. What has been considered is the statistical incorporation of the historical control data into the current control group to increase the power of the test. This is especially relevant when dealing with tumors of a rare type where the toxicologist will place great significance on their occurrence in a treatment group. Experimentally it is assumed that three groups of about 50 animals each are tested at two treatment levels and a control. The response for each treatment group is assumed to be binomial. Further it is assumed that the probability of an animal with a tumor in the control group has a beta distribution that is determined from the historical control data. Several authors (Demp...
Chlorpromazine inhibition of ethanol metabolism without prevention of fatty liver.

Abstract CPZ, an inhibitor of liver ADH, was given to rats 1 hour before gavage with ethanol (4.8 g/kg). Blood ethanol levels 4 and 16 hours after ethanol administration were significantly elevated in CPZ (30 mg/kg)-pretreated animals when compared to saline-pretreated controls, indicating impaired ethanol clearance. Plasma free fatty acids 8 hours after ethanol administration did not differ significantly in CPZ-pretreated animals compared to controls. The accumulation of hepatic triglycerides produced by ethanol was not affected by pretreatment with CPZ in doses of 3, 6, or 30 mg/kg. These data support the contention that metabolism of ethanol may not be necessary for the production of fatty liver in the rat.
Effects of Viewing “Holocaust” on Germans and Americans: A Just‐World Analysis1

This study examines attributions of blame to the Nazis and the Jews for the events of the holocaust. The sample consisted of Germans and Americans who had viewed the television series “Holocaust” and comparison groups who had not seen the program. It was found that among viewers who identified with the Nazis, attributions of blame to the Jews were higher than among nonviewers or viewers who identified with the Jews. Attributions of blame to the Nazis did not vary as a function of viewing the television series. However, people who identified with the Nazis blamed the Nazis less for the holocaust than people who identified with the Jews. These results are discussed in terms of the justworld hypothesis (Lerner & Miller, 1978) and their implications for media presentations on the victims of oppression.
Misinterpretation of electrocardiogram as a result of cable malfunction

Abstract A case of a 65-year-old man with known coronary artery disease who presented to the hospital with chest tightness was reported. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and positive cardiac enzymes prompted catheterization, which revealed diffuse coronary artery disease. A repeated ECG done as a follow-up the next morning showed significant changes, which first raised the concern of a deterioration in the patient's condition and maybe a need for further intervention. Looking carefully at the ECG, an identical pattern of leads V 2 to V 6 was noted. After a thorough investigation, a cable malfunction was found to be the source of the erroneous misinterpretation, and the cable was subsequently replaced.
H. Pylori Strains in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children From WV 576

H. pylori (HP) strains, Cag-A/Vac-A, determine the bacterial virulence and affect the morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of these strains in the pediatric population in the US is unknown.
The influence of fixed spins on the thermodynamic behavior of an Ising ferromagnet

We study the thermodynamic behavior of a ferromagnetic Ising system on a Bethe lattice in the presence of given boundary conditions. More specifically, we study the interface of the system when the spins on half of the surface are fixed opposite to the spins on the other half. We find an interface width that remains finite in the whole range (0,T c ), a feature due to the special topology of the Bethe lattice. We also study the case where the spin on a certain lattice site belonging to a domain is fixed in a direction opposite to the domain magnetization at all temperaturesT<T c . We obtain the influence of that spin on the local magnetization, and we find that the fixed spin nucleates a local domain that extends over a distance of only a few lattice sites from it at all temperaturesT<T c .
A numerical method for thermally non-equilibrium condensing flow in a double-pipe condenser

This paper presents a numerical method to analyze the two-phase condensing flow in a double-pipe condenser. A semi-implicit finite-difference scheme is used to solve the governing equations together with the constitutive relations. The calculated results for local wall heat flux and overall pressure drop agree well with experimental data. The vapor superheat is found to have a profound effect on the heat transfer and pressure characteristics. The wall heat flux and the pressure gradient increase with increasing vapor superheat, while the volumetric condensation rate decreases.
THE RELATIONS AMONG WAYFINDING STRATEGY USE, SENSE OF DIRECTION, SEX, FAMILIARITY, AND WAYFINDING ABILITY

Wayfinding ability was studied in reference to sense of direction (SOD), familiarity with the environment, reported wayfinding strategy use, and sex. A questionnaire, administered to 196 psychology undergraduates, included a SOD scale, a wayfinding strategy scale that measures use of survey and route navigation strategies, and questions regarding familiarity with the environment. Of these students, 94 also completed a mental wayfinding task in which directions for a route from one location on the campus to another were read and mentally followed. At the final location of the route, participants identified the direction of origin of the route. Regression analyses revealed that response latency was predicted by SOD and accuracy was predicted by sex and familiarity.
Chemical Vapor Depositions of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube thin films and their applications for sensors in aqueous solutions

High-density and high-quality single walled carbon nanotubes are directly grown on surface by Chemical Vapor Depositions. We found that those SWNT thin films could be used to fabricate thin film field-effect transistors. Those transistors are very sensitive to surface charges changes in aqueous solutions and could be used to build chemical sensors.
Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Nickel in Agricultural Soils of the United States of America

Three thousand forty-five surface soil samples from 307 different soil series were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, and pH in the course of a study of trace element uptake by major agricultural crops. The soil data from this study are summarized here statistically and in map form to show their interactions and generalized geographic distribution patterns. Amounts of all five metal elements are generally low in the Southeast. A regional high of about 15 mg/kg Pb covers the Mississipi, Ohio, and Missouri River valleys. Higher values for other elements are generally concentrated in the West and in the lower Mississippi River Valley. Maximum Cd levels were found in soils of the coast ranges of central and southern California. Copper levels are noticeably higher in organic soil areas of Florida, Oregon, and the Great Lakes. Nickel and Cu concentrations are high in serpentine soil areas of California. Nickel levels are also somewhat higher in the glaciated areas of the northern great plains and in northern Maine. For the entire dataset, the values of the minimum-maximum, 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles are as follows: (mg/kg dry soil) Cd, <0.005 to 2.0, 0.036, 0.20, 0.78; Pb, 0.5 to 135, 4.0, 11, 23; Zn, 1.5 to 264, 8.0, 53, 126; Cu, 0.3 to 495, 3.8, 18.5, 95; Ni, 0.7 to 269, 4.1, 18.2, 57; pH (pH units) 3.9–8.9, 4.7, 6.1, 8.1; CEC (cmol/kg) 0.6 to 204, 2.4, 14.0, 135; and organic C % 0.09 to 63, 0.36, 1.05, 33.3. Metal levels generally increased with increasing clay concentration. Contribution from the National Soil Survey Lab. Midwest Technical Center, Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE.
Induction of a tomato anionic peroxidase gene (tap1) by wounding in transgenic tobacco and activation of tap1/GUS and tap2/GUS chimeric gene fusions in transgenic tobacco by wounding and pathogen attack

The anionic peroxidase genes of tomato, tap1 and tap2, are induced by wounding in tomato fruits and by elicitor treatment in cell suspension cultures. These homologous genes code for anionic peroxidases that are postulated to cause polymerization of the phenolic residues into wall polymers in wound-healing and pathogen-infected tissues. An expression construct containing the entire TAP1 gene with its 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences was introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Also, constructs containing the 5′ upstream regions of tap1 and tap2 including sequences coding for their respective putative leader peptides fused translationally to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were made and introduced into tobacco. Northern blot analysis of transcripts from wound-healing leaf tissues of transformants containing tap1 showed that the introduced gene was being transcribed in the heterologous host. The induction of tap1 transcripts in the wound-healing transgenic tobacco tissues was observed by 48 h and increased over time period of 84 h. Wounding also led to expression of GUS in tap1/GUS and tap2/GUS transformants and GUS activity was localized to the wound site. Activation of the tap1 and tap2 promoters in wound-healing transgenic tobacco tissues showed a GUS expression profile that correlated with the postulated role for anionic peroxidases in phenolic polymerization in suberizing tissues. Inoculation of tap1/GUS and tap2/GUS transformant leaves with fungal conidia from Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi caused expression of GUS in locally inoculated regions, and GUS expression increased over a period of four days.
The Design of a Portable Polychromator to Monitor Contaminants in Tungsten Arc—Inert Gas Shields

A small portable spectrometer was developed to monitor oxygen and hydrogen as the free or dissociation products in the tungsten arc-inert gas welding process. The hydrogen (6562.8 A) and oxygen (7771.9 A) lines were monitored and the argon (8521.4 A) line was used for the internal standard. The instrument, a fixed Eagle mount, used a 76X50 mm, 60 cm focal length, concave grating with 610 grooves/mm blazed in the second order. The reciprocal dispersion at 6562 A was 12 A/mm. The oxygen triplet was resolved. Optical design requirements included the use of very short arc lengths in the order of 0.5 mm and less, an optical plane of 65° to 75° with a large flat plate instead of the conventional 90° with respect to the electrodes, and an arc that does not remain in a fixed optical position in space. The focusing lens–limiting aperture assembly was mounted on the torch head with a fiber optic bundle transmitting the light to the spectrometer. The instrument recorded only the signal above background, including the very high background produced by introducing the electrode tip into the optical path. This was accomplished by the use of an oscillating optical block in the entrance beam which yields an ac signal above the dc signal from background. The direct ratio readout system used a Devar ratio computer in each analytical channel and was essentially instantaneous.
In situ HRTEM study of Ω precipitate dissolution in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

Abstract A JEOL 4000EX high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) equipped with a hot-stage pole piece was used to perform in situ studies of early-stage Ω precipitates in an Al-3.9Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ag alloy. Three types of precipitate behavior were observed for thirty-six Ω precipitates examined during a 160°C in situ study: (1) the precipitates dissolved at various linear rates, (2) the precipitate diameters remained constant throughout the experiment, and (3) sporadic growth and dissolution of the precipitates occurred. The first type of behavior appears to be due to the interaction of edge-on Ω precipitates with the foil surface while the second type resulted from local coarsening. Regardless of whether the Ω precipitates grew or dissolved in the in situ study, their thickness was one unit-cell throughout the experiment. This thickness remained until some precipitates completely disappeared in the matrix. The average size of the minimum observable Ω precipitates taking into account the effects of overlapping matrix was 1.79 nm, and this may represent a size just above the critical nucleus size r ∗ . Image simulations were conducted to understand the visibility of an Ω precipitate embedded in the Al matrix in HRTEM. It was found that the visibility limit is about 25% and 15% of the foil thickness in 〈110〉 α and 〈112〉 α orientations, respectively, for foil thicknesses up to 17.2 nm.
Refractive lenses for coherent x-ray sources.

Incoherent x rays in the wavelength interval from approximately 0.5–2 A have been focused with refractive lenses. A single lens would have a long focal length because the refractive index of any material is close to unity; but with a stack of N lens elements the focal length is reduced by the factor N, and such a lens is termed a compound refractive lens (CRL). Misalignment of the parabolic lens elements does not alter the focusing properties and results in only a small reduction in transmission. Based on the principle of spontaneous emission amplification in a FEL wiggler, coherent x-ray sources are being developed with wavelengths of 1–1.5 A and source diameters of 50–80 µm; and the CRL can be used to provide a small, intense image. Chromatic aberration increases the image size by an amount comparable with the diffraction-limited size, and so chromatic correction is important. Pulse broadening through the lens that is due to material dispersion is negligible. The performance of a CRL used in conjunction with a coherent source is analyzed by means of the Kirchhoff integral. For typical parameters, intensity gain is 105–106, where gain is defined as the intensity ratio in an image plane with and without the lens in place. (There may be some confusion concerning the usage of the word intensity. As employed in this manuscript, intensity, also called irradiance, refers to power per unit area. This is a commonly accepted usage for intensity, although there are places in the literature where the term radiant incidence is reserved for this definition and intensity refers to power per unit solid angle.) The image intensity is maximized when the CRL is placed 100–200 m from the source, and the diameter of the diffraction-limited spot is approximately 0.12 µm.
A Two-Temperature Model for Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in a Porous Layer

A new model of turbulent flow and of two-temperature heat transfer in a highly porous medium is evaluated numerically for a layer of regular packed particles. The layer can have heat exchange from the defining surfaces. The commonly used models of variable morphology functions for porosity and specific surface were used to obtain comparisons with other works in a relatively high Reynolds number range. A few outstanding features of the closure models for additional integral terms in equations of flow and heat transfer are advanced. Closures were developed for capillary and globular medium morphology models. It is shown that the approach taken to close the integral resistance terms in the momentum equation for a regular structure can be obtained in a way that allows the second order terms for laminar and turbulent regimes to naturally occur. These terms are taken to be close to the Darcy term or Forchheimer terms for different flow velocities. The two-temperature model was compared with a one-temperature model using thermal diffusivity coefficients and effective coefficients from various authors. Calculated pressure drop along a layer showed very good agreement with experiment for a porous structure of spherical beads. A simplified model with constant coefficients was comparedmore » with analytical solutions.« less
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MOTION IN COVALENT SOLIDS

The anisotropy in the vibrational amplitudes executed by the metal atom in strongly anisotropic van der Waals layer compounds of the type SnS2 and SnSe2 can be obtained from angular dependence measurements of the recoil-free fraction, using oriented single crystal absorbers. Such studies have been carried out using the 23.8 keV Mossbauer transition in 119Sn, and show that the tin atom executes a motion parallel to the sulphur layer plane which is approximately a factor of 2 larger than the motion perpendicular to this plane at 295 K. A formalism is presented which permits the calculation of the angular dependence of the recoil-free fraction taking into account both the angular dependence of the number of atoms in the optical path and the angular dependence of the area under the Mossbauer resonance curve.
Virtual reconstructions as destination tourism

Recent scholarship posits several motives behind the attraction of destination tourism: escapism towards simulacra/romance; acts of pilgrimage/consumption situated in modern constructs of identity; questing for the 'authentic' between physicality and experience. Meanwhile, museums are grappling with capturing the attention and the imagination of visitors; 'virtual heritage' can help address this problem. However, our media are already one step further from 'experience', already simulacra and representation. Nevertheless, we are able to tap into the essential urges that drive tourism. Examples will illustrate methods of enriching virtual environments with: multiple approaches to 'authenticity'; opportunities for identity construction; engagement with environmental experiences.
Cytological Variations in the Constitutive Heterochromatin of Microtus agrestis

In the field vole, Microtus agrestis, most of the constitutive heterochromatin is localized in the giant chromosomes. A detailed examination of a large number of adult cell types reveals that this chromatin is actually present as a heterochromatic fiber in all interphase nuclei. Depending upon the cell types, however, the fiber shows varying degrees of condensation and folding ranging from a very long and extended fiber to a large compact chromocenter. The number of cell types with giant chromocenters was less commonly observed than those with extended fibers. This explains why some cells were previously thought to be devoid of heterochromatin.—The results of this investigation strongly indicate that constitutive heterochromatin represents a unique nuclear entity.
Can the analytic techniques of nonlinear dynamics distinguish periodic, random and chaotic signals?

Abstract Recent advances in the mathematical discipline of nonlinear dynamics have led to its use in the analysis of many biologic processes. But the ability of the tools of nonlinear dynamic analysis to identify chaotic behavior has not been determined. We analyzed a series of signals—periodic, chaotic and random—with five tools of nonlinear dynamics. Periodic signals were sine, square, triangular, sawtooth, modulated sine waves and quasiperiodic, generated at multiple amplitudes and frequencies. Chaotic signals were generated by solving sets of nonlinear equations including the logistic map, Duffing's equation, Lorenz equations and the Silnikov attractor. Random signals were both discontinuous and continuous. Gaussian noise was added to some signals at magnitudes of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20% of the signal's amplitude. Each signal was then subjected to tools of nonlinear dynamics (phase plane plot, return map, Poincare section, correlation dimension and spectral analysis) to determine the relative ability of each to characterize the underlying system as periodic, chaotic or random. In the absence of noise, phase plane plots and return maps were the most sensitive detectors of chaotic and periodic processes. Spectral analysis could determine if a process was periodic or quasiperiodic, but could not distinguish between chaotic and random signals. Correlation dimension was useful to determine the overall complexity of a signal, but could not be used in isolation to identify a chaotic process. Noise at any level effaced the structure of the phase plane plot. Return maps were relatively immune to noise at levels of up to 5%. Spectral analysis and correlation dimension were insensitive to noise. Accordingly, we recommend that unknown signals be subjected to all of the techniques to increase the accuracy of identification of the underlying process. Based on these data, we conclude that no single test is sufficiently sensitive or specific to categorize an unknown signal as chaotic.
Traffic jamming on hexagonal lattice

Abstract A traffic model on hexagonal lattice is studied. The moving objects are modeled as biased random walkers on hexagonal lattice. The hexagonal lattice traffic model is an extension of the square lattice traffic model proposed by Muramatsu et al. (Physica A 267 (1999) 487). The hexagonal and square models are compared. It is found that hexagonal and square models have a phase transition from freely moving state to jammed state at a critical density. The critical density of hexagonal model is greater than that of square model when the drift of moving objects is high. The difference between the critical densities of hexagonal and square models decreases when the drift decreases.
Using computerized lexical analysis of student writing to support Just-in-Time teaching in large enrollment STEM courses

We have been exploring a variety of computerized techniques for analyzing student writing in introductory biology. We achieve computer-to-expert inter-rater reliability (IRR) on par with expert-to-expert IRR (> .8). In Fall, 2012, we piloted the use of automated text analysis to facilitate the use of written formative assessment for Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) in a large-enrollment introductory biology course at a large public Midwestern university. A total of 12,677 student responses to 15 online homework questions were collected in three 300+ student course sections with four instructors. We used automated analysis to create feedback for instructors before the next class period (less than one working day), so that instructions could use this feedback to inform their instruction. Instructors used many of the questions pre- and post-instruction and the reports we provided to them allowed them to see how their students' answers changed as a result of their instruction. Focus groups with the instructors revealed that they already knew some of the topics that challenged students, as revealed in previous semesters with multiple-choice examinations. However, the instructors pointed out that the written assessments were particularly important for gaining insight as to why students have struggled continuously with these ideas.
TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of phenylarsonic acid

Abstract Phenyl substituted arsenic compounds are widely used as feed additives in the poultry industry and have become a serious environmental concern. We have demonstrated that phenylarsonic acid (PA) is readily degraded by TiO 2 photocatalysis. Application of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model for the initial stages of the TiO 2 photocatalysis of PA yields an apparent rate constant ( k r ) of 2.8 μmol/L min and the pseudo-equilibrium constant ( K ) for PA is 34 L/mmol. The pH of the solution influences the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of PA due to the surface charge of TiO 2 photocatalyst and speciation of PA. Phenol, catechol and hydroquinone are observed as the predominant products during the degradation. The roles of reactive oxygen species, OH, 1 O 2 , O 2 − and h VB + were probed by adding appropriate scavengers to the reaction medium and the results suggest that OH plays a major role in the degradation of PA. By-product studies indicate the surface of the catalyst plays a key role in the formation of the primary products and the subsequent oxidation pathways leading to the mineralization to inorganic arsenic. TiO 2 photocatalysis results in the rapid destruction of PA and may be attractive for the remediation of a variety of organoarsenic compounds.
OBSTRUCTIVE LESIONS OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT; SURGICAL TREATMENT.

Currently available diagnostic methods and surgical technics now allow accurate assessment and effective correction of the majority of lesions producing obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. On the basis of anatomic location these lesions can be divided into supravalvular, valvular, and subvalvular stenosis, and valvular lesions further can be subdivided into congenital and acquired categories. Temporary cardiopulmonary bypass with a pump oxygenator provides sustained support of the circulation for operation, while surgical technics employed are selected on the basis of etiology and location of the lesion. Experience gained in operations on 296 patients with obstructive lesions of the left ventricular outflow tract since 1956 now has demonstrated that these operations usually can be performed with acceptable risk and with excellent functional results.
Response of fanconi anemia fibroblasts to adenine and purine analogues

Fanconi anemia (FA) fibroblasts are known to be exceptionally sensitive to the cytotoxic action of mitomycin C (MMC). The survival of FA cells was enhanced significantly when 0.5 mM caffeine or 0.5 mM adenine was added for 72 h after the cells were exposed to MMC. In other experiments in which MMC was not used, FA fibroblasts were shown to be significantly more sensitive than control cells to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), 6-thioguanine (6-TG), and 6-azauridine (6-AU). These observations offer a new approach to defining the basic biochemical defect in FA.
PAI: A Lightweight Mechanism for Single-Node Memory Recovery in DSM Servers

Several recent studies identify the memory system as the most frequent source of hardware failures in commercial servers. Techniques to protect the memory system from failures must continue to service memory requests, despite hardware failures. Furthermore, to support existing OS's, the physical address space must be retained following reconfiguration. Existing techniques either suffer from a high performance overhead or require pervasive hardware changes to support transparent recovery. In this paper, we propose physical address indirection (PAI), a lightweight, hardware-based mechanism for memory system failure recovery. PAI provides a simple hardware mapping to transparently reconstruct affected data in alternate locations, while maintaining high performance and avoiding physical address changes. With full-system simulation of commercial and scientific workloads on a 16-node distributed shared memory server, we show that prior techniques have an average degraded mode performance loss of 14 % and 51 % for commercial and scientific workloads, respectively. Using PAI's data- swap reconstruction, the same workloads have 1 % and 32 % average performance losses.
Bcl-2 Rescues the Germinal Center Response But Does Not Alter the V Gene Somatic Hypermutation Spectrum in MSH2-Deficient Mice

Ab V genes in mice deficient for the postreplication mismatch repair factor MutS homolog (MSH2) have been reported to display an abnormal bias for hypermutations at G and C nucleotides and hotspots. We previously showed that the germinal center (GC) response is severely attenuated in MSH2-deficient mice. This suggested that premature death of GC B cells might preclude multiple rounds of hypermutation necessary to generate a normal spectrum of base changes. To test this hypothesis, we created MSH2-deficient mice in which Bcl-2 expression was driven in B cells from a transgene. In such mice, the elevated levels of intra-GC apoptosis and untimely GC dissolution characteristic of MSH2-deficient mice are suppressed. However, the spectrum of hypermutation is unchanged. These data indicate that the effects of MSH2 deficiency on GC B cell viability and the hypermutation process are distinct.
“There Are No Housewives on Star Trek ”: A Reexamination of Exit Rights for the Children of Insular Fundamentalist Parents

In this essay, Paula McAvoy addresses the problem caused by the liberal state's necessary tolerance of insular fundamentalist groups and the concern that children raised in such groups do not have a fair opportunity to evaluate their inherited beliefs. This tension comes to the fore around disagreements over schooling and requests for religious accommodation. Often, these requests are treated as straightforward dilemmas — either the state accommodates the group at the expense of the child's future interest in autonomy, or the state must use its power to coerce the group into compliance. McAvoy argues for a principled middle ground between these two views. Using William Galston's conditions for securing the right to exit (set out in his 2002 book Liberal Pluralism) and evidence from Anabaptist apostates, McAvoy shows that insular groups cannot satisfy these conditions. Consequently, when accommodation is necessary, the state must mitigate the foreseeable costs to children by enacting policies that “facilitate entrance” for those who later choose to exit.
Failures of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and their surgical correction

Endoscopic sinus surgery boasts success rates of 80% to 90%. However, there is a subpopulation of failures who will need to undergo further surgery. The majority of failures can be attributed to anatomic findings that lend themselves to surgical revision with success rates from 69% to 78%. One must, however, be on the lookout for the recalcitrant patient who may have other medical problems complicating his/her sinus disease. Guides to management of the primary functional endoscopic sinus surgery failures are lacking in the literature. These patients must be addressed by isolating the problem area(s) preoperatively with both clinical and radiographic findings. A working knowledge of paranasal sinus surgical anatomy is imperative. Surgical revision can be performed safely after careful preoperative study in a systematic sinus by sinus fashion. Making note of the anatomic landmarks and sinus disease via radiography and examination will prepare the surgeon for the endoscopic diversity and challenge of revision sinus surgery.
Influence of transepithelial potential difference on the sodium uptake at the outer surface of the isolated frog skin.

The unidirectional uptake of sodium across the outer surface of the isolated frog skin (J12Na) was measured in the presence of transepithelial potential difference (Δψ) ranging from +100 to -100 mV. With a sodium concentration of 115 mM in the bathing solutions J12Na increases significantly when the spontaneous Δψ is reduced to zero by short-circuiting the skin. With an Na concentration of 6 mM a progressive increase J12Na can be observed when Δψ is decreased in several steps from +100 to -100 mV (serosal side positive and negative, respectively). The observed change J12Na amounts to a fraction only of that predicted from the shift in Δψ. The results suggest that under open circuit conditions the potential step across the outside surface is at most one half of Δψ and that the resistance across the outside and inside barrier of the skin is ohmic. This is in agreement with measurements of intracellular potentials in the frog skin and with resistance measurements carried out in the toad skin. The data strongly support the view that the saturating component of Jψ proceeds via a charged carrier system. Exposure to negative values of Δψ of 50 mV or more for times of 24 min or more result in a marked reduction of J12Na which shows only partial or no reversibility.
Microbial food web structure in the Arabian Sea: a US JGOFS study

One of the main objectives of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS) program is to develop an understanding of the factors controlling organic carbon production in the ocean and the time-varying vertical #ux of carbon from surface waters (US JGOFS (1990) US JGOFS Planning Report Number 11; Sarmiento and Armstrong (1997) US JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling Project Implementation Plan). A considerable amount of evidence suggests that carbon cycling and the potential for exporting carbon from ocean systems is a function of food web structure. As part of the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Studies, the biomass of planktonic organisms, ranging from heterotrophic bacteria through microplankton-sized organisms, was estimated using a variety of methods including #ow cytometry and microscopy. This is a "rst attempt to combine biomass data from a number of sources, evaluate the structure of the food
Mitigating Partitioning, Routing, and Yield Concerns in 3D ICs by Multiplexing TSVs

Vertical stacking of integrated circuits has figured prominently in the International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors. 3D ICs reduce global interconnect lengths, allow mixed technologies including DRAM and Flash, enables silicon reuse, and delivers power, performance and cost benefits. However, die-stacking requires inter-die interconnects known as through silicon vias (TSVs) that tend to be limited in number due to manufacturing and reliability concerns. This limitation constrains partitioning at the system level, affects routing area used by TSVs, and diminishes the benefit of vertical stacking. Here we present a means to increase the effective number of inter-die connections in 3D integrated circuits to mitigate such limitations. In the proposed solution, two signals originating in one die are multiplexed by the system clock and recovered by a combination of positive and negative edge-triggered flip-flops on the destination die. Also proposed is an extension where the signals need not originate on the same die. This method of multiplexing TSVs allows for the doubling of inter-die connections with very little area overhead or intrinsic performance overhead. Results show that this simple scheme unlocks the full potential of 3D in many designs which would not have been possible otherwise.
Essay #18: On Ontological Parasites: Are Persons Entia Per Se?

Here is a summary of the first three parts of this essay: I have tried to show that (1) It is not obvious how the concepts of entia per se and entia per alio are logically related. (2) It is not obvious which half of this distinction “wears the pants.” (3) It is not obvious whether entia per alio are supposed to exist. If they do exist, then some ways of characterizing them have the unhappy consequence that all entia per alio are also entia per se. This could be avoided, following J.L. Austin, by giving primacy to the concept of entia per alio, and by defining entia per se in terms of them. But this maneuver was based on the assumption that entia per alio do exist, whereas Chisholm for the most part seems to be committed to their not existing at all. Yet, (4) If entia per alio do not exist, then it is not obvious what entity possesses the temporal properties that successive entities are usually supposed to possess. Finally, (5) If entia per alio do exist, then all contingent states of affairs are entia per alio.
Paleoecologic Implications of Early Permian Fossil Communities in Eastern Nevada and Western Utah

Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies in eastern Nevada and western Utah show that at least eight major marine and paralic fossil communities occur in rocks of Early Permian age. The eight communities, named for characteristic faunal elements, are: palaeotextulariid, fusulinid, coral, dictyoclostid- Composita, chonetoid, Heteralosia, nuculanid, and euphemitid. The palaeotextulariid, fusulinid, coral, dictyoclostid- Composita , and chonetoid communities probably required a salinity close to 35 per mil. The palaeotextulariid community probably lived at a depth of 50–70 m; fusulinid at 20–50 m; and coral at 10–30 m. The dictyoclostid- Composita and chonetoid communities may have lived at a depth of 4-10 m, the latter in a lower energy environment than the former. The Heteralosia, nuculanid, and euphemitid communities apparently were euryhaline and occupied very shallow bottoms.
A formula of Bateman

The formula was stated by Bateman ([2], p. 457); a proof is sketched in [3], p. 144. Here the Laguerre polynomial of degree
Cancer Stem Cells and Pediatric Solid Tumors

Recently, a subpopulation of cells, termed tumor-initiating cells or tumor stem cells (TSC), has been identified in many different types of solid tumors. These TSC, which are typically more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation compared to other tumor cells, have properties similar to normal stem cells including multipotency and the ability to self-renew, proliferate, and maintain the neoplastic clone. Much of the research on TSC has focused on adult cancers. With considerable differences in tumor biology between adult and pediatric cancers, there may be significant differences in the presence, function and behavior of TSC in pediatric malignancies. We discuss what is currently known about pediatric solid TSC with specific focus on TSC markers, tumor microenvironment, signaling pathways, therapeutic resistance and potential future therapies to target pediatric TSC.
Extensive Reading Interventions for Students With Reading Difficulties After Grade 3

This synthesis extends a report of research on extensive interventions in kindergarten through third grade (Wanzek & Vaughn, 2007) to students in Grades 4 through 12, recognizing that many of the same questions about the effectiveness of reading interventions with younger students are important to address with older students, including (a) how effective are extensive interventions in improving reading outcomes for older students with reading difficulties or disabilities and (b) what features of extensive interventions (e.g., group size, duration, grade level) are associated with improved outcomes. Nineteen studies were synthesized. Ten studies met criteria for a meta-analysis, reporting on 22 distinct treatment/comparison differences. Mean effect sizes ranged from 0.10 to 0.16 for comprehension, word reading, word reading fluency, reading fluency, and spelling outcomes. No significant differences in student outcomes were noted among studies related to instructional group size, relative number of hours of ...
Correlational Findings, Educational Implications, and Criticisms of Locus of Control Research: A Review

The concept of locus of control (LC) grew out of Rotter's (1954) social learning theory which postulates that behavior is a function not only of the value of reinforcements available to the subject in any given situation, but also of the subject's expectation that any particular behavior on his part will result in the attainment of the available reinforcement. The term "locus of control" denotes the specific type of expectancy for reinforcement which refers to the person's beliefs regarding who or what determines the behavior-reward contingency. When the person believes that he himself is more or less capable of controlling the outcome of events to which he is a party, he is said to have an internal LC expectancy, and when the person feels that external forces such as luck, fate, or powerful others play the major role in determining the results of behavior, he is said to have an external LC expectancy. Many researchers have investigated LC by arranging situational cues so that subjects believe that they either are or are not in control of the delivery of reinforcements. Though these research efforts will not be reviewed here, the interested reader is referred to work by Holden and Rotter
APSA Teaching and Learning Conference: A Summary of Four Tracks

-Sharon Z. Alter, William Rainey Harper College -Amy R. Gershkoff, Princeton University The inaugural APSA Conference on Teaching and Learning in Political Science brought 40 political scientists from around the country to Washington, D.C., to share their ideas and models of teaching and learning. Hosted by American University from February 19-21, the conference entailed four thematic tracks: Pedagogy and Technology, Civic Education and Service Learning, Student Assessment and Learning Outcomes, and Global Perspectives and Diversity. Summaries of each track's work follows. For more information on this and future APSA Conferences on Teaching and Learning, visit www.apsanet.org/tlc/ or contact Linda Lopez at llopez@apsanet.org.
Effect of Post-Mortem Boning Time During Simulated Commercial Processing on the Tenderness of Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract Broiler breast fillets were harvested at selected times post-mortem during simulated commercial broiler processing, chilling, and aging prior to objective evaluation of cooked meat tenderness and moisture content. Fillets harvested within the first .25 h post-mortem were significantly less tender and had a lower moisture content than all other fillets, even though these fillets had a significantly greater water uptake during chilling. Fillets harvested from chillled carcasses at 1.08 to 2.33 h were significantly more tender than hot-boned fillets but significantly less tender than fillets harvested at 3.33 h or later times up to 24.33 h. Fillets harvested 24.33 h post-mortem were significantly more tender than fillets harvested at any other time. Moisture contents of fillets harvested after the chilling process were not significantly different.
Derivational Processes: Underlying Forms and Analogies in Ḥayyûjs Linguistic Works

This study examines Rabbi Yehuda Hayyuj′s (945–1000 C.E.) use of two derivational processes: underlying forms and linguistic analogies (singular: Arabic Hebrew ), which were an integral element of his work. Since his goal was to show the derivation of Hebrew verbs from triliteral roots, he focused on weak verbs whose surface forms did not demonstrate all three radicals. He compared many weak verbs to other verbal forms in order to identify the exact inflection of words, especially their verbal pattern and consonantal roots.
Responding to the challenge of producing and distributing MODIS data at the NASA/GES DISC via the Remote Sensing Information Partners (RSIP) program

With the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provisional version (V003) data releasing, there is a new challenge of producing and distributing MODIS data to end users. However, for many prospective users of the data, the large file sizes and complex format of MODIS have posed difficulties, including insufficient bandwidth for downloading the data, insufficient storage on the users' platforms, and incompatibility of the format with visualization packages, including most geographic information system (GIS) packages. In respond to these issues, the NASA Goddard Earth Science (GES) Data and Information Service Center (DISC) has engaged in facilitating on new applications and distributions for Earth science remote sensing data through the Remote Sensing Information Partners (RSIP) program. This paper discusses (1) designing the infrastructure for MODIS data production and distribution via the RSIP program; (2) constructing a system for customized RSIP MODIS data product development and distribution; (3) developing techniques and tools for MODIS processing; and (4) future plans to enhance the accessibility of MODIS applications through the RSIP program.