cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When ultrasound anomalies are present: An estimation of the frequency of chromosome abnormalities not detected by cell-free DNA aneuploidy screens.

OBJECTIVES This study characterizes cytogenetic abnormalities with ultrasound findings to refine counseling following negative cell-free DNA (cfDNA). METHODS A retrospective cohort of pregnancies with chromosome abnormalities and ultrasound findings was examined to determine the residual risk following negative cfDNA. Cytogenetic data was categorized as cfDNA detectable for aneuploidies of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, or Y or non-cfDNA detectable for other chromosome abnormalities. Ultrasound reports were categorized as structural anomaly, nuchal translucency (NT) ≥3.0 mm, or other "soft markers". Results were compared using chi squared and Fishers exact tests. RESULTS Of the 498 fetuses with cytogenetic abnormalities and ultrasound findings, 16.3% (81/498) had non-cfDNA detectable results. In the first, second, and third trimesters, 12.4% (32/259), 19.5% (42/215), and 29.2% (7/24) had non-cfDNA detectable results respectively. The first trimester non-cfDNA detectable results reduced to 7.7% (19/246) if triploidy was detectable by cfDNA testing. For isolated first trimester NT of 3.0-3.49 mm, 15.8% (6/38) had non-cfDNA detectable results, while for NT ≥3.5 mm, it was 12.3% (20/162). For cystic hygroma, 4.3% (4/94) had non-cfDNA detectable results. CONCLUSIONS Counseling for residual risk following cfDNA in the presence of an ultrasound finding is impacted by gestational age, ultrasound finding, and cfDNA detection of triploidy.
Towards a Comparative Framework for Research on the Long Cycle in Ethiopic Gospels: Some Preliminary Observations

This article argues that it is possible to improve our understanding of Ethiopian manuscript illumination of the early Solomonic period by adopting a systematic comparative approach. It does so by presenting a case study which analyses and compares the iconography of two examples of the long cycle dating to the second half of the fourteenth century. This comparison shows how technical skills and artistic choices contributed to the shaping of Ethiopian manuscript illumination, and in doing so it sheds some light on the artistic practices of early Solomonic illuminators.
Traceability Mechanism in Perishable Food Transportation and Food Safety: Costs and Benefits

Background Besides susceptibility to contamination during production (growing) stage, agricultural products are also vulnerable when transported. Contaminated food is the number cause of food recalls in the United States. Nearly 76 million cases of illnesses result from food-borne diseases. Food contamination can lead to consequences that range from mild ones, such as lack of trust to dangerous ones, such as increased healthcare costs and in some cases, death. Several studies have been conducted on traceability mechanisms. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a modern technology that has proven its suitability for tracking and tracing in perishable food transportation. RFID is capable of meeting rapid response needs for food recalls. Mainly considered for implementation are the traditional food quality assurance systems and modern (automated) traceability systems. Despite the apparent advantages of the latter over the former, the primary resistance leveraged against it has been its cost implications. Among its benefits are the capabilities of transmitting timely, actionable data, tracking of food through the production, transportation and supply chain channel, and traceability for regulatory compliance. Method In this study, a Value at Risk with Copula approach is employed to assess the comparative cost-effectiveness of two standard methods of traceability approaches—traditional (record keeping and good hygiene practices) and the modern automated traceability method (RFID). The dataset used is a national-level data from the United States Department of Agriculture, where the probability of quantified losses associated with given average costs and the percentage of losses due to the implementation of both methods is obtained. We used an out-of-sample Monte Carlo Analysis likelihood ratio to test for robustness. Results We find that the results are robust and are representative of the data population. Our analysis revealed that, despite the high costs associated with the RFID method, the minimization of losses obtained from it offset the losses implied from the traditional method. Hence, the automated traceability is found to be more cost-effective than the conventional method of food traceability. Conclusions From our analysis and results, we recommend that the public and food industry stakeholders, in particular, should be educated on the cost-effectiveness of the modern traceability implementation method (RFID) over the traditional methods of food traceability.
Sleep and Sleep States: Hypothalamic Regulation

The critical role for the hypothalamus in the regulation of sleep–wakefulness was first indicated in the early twentieth century. Work during the past decade has further revealed the nature of the hypothalamic circuitry and neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. For example, a key switch in the hypothalamus turns off the ascending arousal system and in conjunction with the hypothalamic circadian clock permits a consolidated bout of sleep. In addition, a series of hypothalamic relays allow for the integration of light entrained circadian cues with environmental time cues to sculpt patterns of rest–activity and sleep–wake cycles that are optimally adaptive.
Nonlinear effects in mixed-mode interfacial delaminations

The initiation of coplanar, interfacial cracks is considered with a view to examining mixed-mode fracture parameters and criteria. The point-loaded blister configuration provided a simple axisymmetric geometry and table crack growth between glass and an epoxy. Crack opening displacements normal to the interface were measured with submicron resolution using crack opening interferometry. The measurements were made within 2.7 μm from the crack front over a field of view of 500 μm, thus allowing the extent of inelastic behavior to be evaluated. A complementary finite element analysis was used to determine tangential crack opening displacements and other linear elastic mixed-mode fracture parameters, all of which were found to increase with relative increases in mode II component. The results were attributed to related increases in the extent of material nonlinear behavior in the crack front region. The normal crack opening displacement fields in the plastic zone exhibited a power law dependence on radial distance from the crack front. Critical values of normal crack opening displacements evaluated at a distance of 12.7 μm from the crack front were not constant under the range of mixed-mode conditions examined, indicating that any fracture criterion is likely to be a function of the mode-mix for the particular material combination considered here.
EVIDENCE FOR A NON-MESSENGER RNA WHICH IS RATE LIMITING FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RESTING LYMPHOCYTES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study in which the drugs cycloheximide (CHx) and pactamycin (PM) were used to inhibit protein synthesis. These drugs, in lymphocytes, abolish the elongation of polypeptide chains but do not prevent the steps of initiation leading to the formation of 80 S initiation complexes. Thus, in the presence of the drugs, there is an accumulation of 80 S initiation complexes. In the presence of CHx and PM, no protein synthesis occurs but there is an accumulation of 80 S initiation complexes, which are characterized by their resistance to dissociation at high salt concentrations. When the accumulation of 80 S complexes was followed over several hours, it was found that AMD blocked their continued trapping. This indicates that AMD interferes with protein synthesis by inhibiting some step in the formation of 80 S initiation complexes, which is consistent with independent data localizing the regulatory step at initiation. The results also suggested that there remain a series of small cytoplasmic RNAs of unknown function and small RNAs isolated from ribosome wash fractions that are reported to be active in cell-free protein synthesis.
Worker Democracy and Worker Productivity

A major source of oppression in industrial and post-industrial society is the restrictive and highly authoritarian nature of the workplace. One response is to democratize the workplace by increasing the participation of workers in making decisions and in choosing and evaluating managers as well as sharing in the ownership of the firm. These are not new ideas, and there are many examples of organizations pursuing various forms of democratic practices. However, a major objection is that such participation would compromise economic and other types of organizational productivity. This article examines the empirical support for that argument over a wide range of types of organizations in which workers participate in important decisions affecting their welfare. The overall results of this survey across many different forms of work organization suggest that the evidence supports the opposite conclusion, that worker participation increases productivity, particularly when workers share the benefits of higher productivity. The challenge is to ascertain ways of spreading these practices more widely.
On stress power and boundedness of flows of incompressible second-order fluids

In this paper, the condition that the total stress power be non-negative is used to derive bounds on the stretching tensor in flows of incompressible second-order fluids. Specific results are obtained for unsteady radial extensional flow of a fluid circular cylinder and for unsteady curvilineal flow.
From Physics to Pattern: Uncovering Pattern Formation in Tissue Electrophysiology

Increasing evidence points to a role for complex physical phenomena, including mechanical forces and bioelectricity, as drivers of patterning in development and regeneration. We developed a genetic...
Comparison of Head Impact Exposure Between Concussed Football Athletes and Matched Controls: Evidence for a Possible Second Mechanism of Sport-Related Concussion

Studies of football athletes have implicated repetitive head impact exposure in the onset of cognitive and brain structural changes, even in the absence of diagnosed concussion. Those studies imply accumulating damage from successive head impacts reduces tolerance and increases risk for concussion. Support for this premise is that biomechanics of head impacts resulting in concussion are often not remarkable when compared to impacts sustained by athletes without diagnosed concussion. Accordingly, this analysis quantified repetitive head impact exposure in a cohort of 50 concussed NCAA Division I FBS college football athletes compared to controls that were matched for team and position group. The analysis quantified the number of head impacts and risk weighted exposure both on the day of injury and for the season to the date of injury. 43% of concussed athletes had the most severe head impact exposure on the day of injury compared to their matched control group and 46% of concussed athletes had the most severe head impact exposure for the season to the date of injury compared to their matched control group. When accounting for date of injury or season to date of injury, 72% of all concussed athletes had the most or second most severe head impact exposure compared to their matched control group. These trends associating cumulative head impact exposure with concussion onset were stronger for athletes that participated in a greater number of contact activities. For example, 77% of athletes that participated in ten or more days of contact activities had greater head impact exposure than their matched control group. This unique analysis provided further evidence for the role of repetitive head impact exposure as a predisposing factor for the onset of concussion. The clinical implication of these findings supports contemporary trends of limiting head impact exposure for college football athletes during practice activities in an effort to also reduce risk of concussive injury.
Investigating Intralaminar Crack Growth in Biaxially Stressed Composites

Permeability concerns of fiber-reinforced composites has delayed their implementation into next-generation space launch vehicle structures. Namely composite cryotanks, which could help achieve significant weight savings, are not being implemented due to a deficient understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the generation of through-thickness crack networks and permeation paths. A novel in-plane cruciform test method was developed to investigate intralaminar crack growth under biaxial load using ex situ X-ray computed tomography (CT). Specimens were tested at predefined load levels, determined from a progressive damage model, then imaged with X-ray CT. 3-dimensional representations of the specimen after each load interval were reconstructed to capture damage accumulation as a function of load. The CT data were then used to establish initial hypotheses of crack initiation and growth in biaxially stressed composites.
Effect of processing and end groups on the crystal structure of polypeptoids studied by cryogenic electron microscopy at atomic length scales.

Cryogenic electron microscopy at atomic length scales was used to study the structure of self-assembled crystalline nanosheets obtained from a series of polypeptoids with the same chain architecture but with different end groups. While long-range order is enhanced by slowing down the self-assembly process, the dominant crystalline motif was found to be a sensitive function of both processing details and end group chemistry. In some cases, adjacent rows of polypeptoid molecules adopt anti-parallel V-shaped side chain conformations. In other cases, adjacent rows of polypeptoid molecules adopt parallel V-shaped side chain conformations. Interestingly, the unit cell is rectangular in both cases with dimensions a = 4.5 A and c = 50 A. In all cases, long-range order, quantified by the average number of concatenated unit cells of the same type, is more prevalent along the a direction.
Can Emotions Capture the Elusive Gain-Loss Framing Effect? A Meta-Analysis:

Although recent streams of research have suggested that emotions play a key role in generating framing effects, little is known about the affective dimension of gain and loss framing and its potent...
Long-term dynamics of measles in London: Titrating the impact of wars, the 1918 pandemic, and vaccination.

A key question in ecology is the relative impact of internal nonlinear dynamics and external perturbations on the long-term trajectories of natural systems. Measles has been analyzed extensively as a paradigm for consumer-resource dynamics due to the oscillatory nature of the host-pathogen life cycle, the abundance of rich data to test theory, and public health relevance. The dynamics of measles in London, in particular, has acted as a prototypical test bed for such analysis using incidence data from the pre-vaccination era (1944–1967). However, during this timeframe there were few external large-scale perturbations, limiting an assessment of the relative impact of internal and extra demographic perturbations to the host population. Here, we extended the previous London analyses to include nearly a century of data that also contains four major demographic changes: the First and Second World Wars, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and the start of a measles mass vaccination program. By combining mortality and incidence data using particle filtering methods, we show that a simple stochastic epidemic model, with minimal historical specifications, can capture the nearly 100 years of dynamics including changes caused by each of the major perturbations. We show that the majority of dynamic changes are explainable by the internal nonlinear dynamics of the system, tuned by demographic changes. In addition, the 1918 influenza pandemic and World War II acted as extra perturbations to this basic epidemic oscillator. Our analysis underlines that long-term ecological and epidemiological dynamics can follow very simple rules, even in a non-stationary population subject to significant perturbations and major secular changes.
What is new in mature T-cell leukemias?

Abstract Mature T-cell and NK-cell leukemias represent a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases, ranging from indolent expansions of large granular lymphocytes, to aggressive diseases that are associated with a fulminant clinical course. Recent advances in genomic methodologies have massively increased the understanding of the pathogenesis of this group of diseases. While the entities are genetically heterogeneous, JAK-STAT pathway activation appears to be important across these disorders. The identification of constitutively activated pathways and the emergence of novel targeted pharmaceutical agents raise the expectation that more effective therapies will be identified for these disorders in the coming years.
CS + X Meets CS 1: Strongly Themed Intro Courses

Typical CS 1 classes are about many things. The problems and examples are drawn from a variety of domains, with a goal of teaching a computational problem-solving approach and specific language constructs. Many CS 1 courses begin with writing programs that perform simple calculations, transition to more substantial simulations or games in the middle, and perhaps one or two SIGCSE Nifty Assignments at the end. In this panel, we explore the 'strongly-themed' approach in which many of the programs and examples used in the course come from a single domain which provides a theme for the course.
PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARα to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Central obesity with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major global contributor to human disease, and effective therapies are needed. Here, we show inhibiting cyclic-GMP selective phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9-I) suppresses established diet-induced obesity and CMS in ovariectomized female and male mice. PDE9-I reduces abdominal, hepatic, and myocardial fat accumulation, stimulates mitochondrial activity in brown and white fat, and improves CMS, without altering activity or food intake. PDE9 localizes to mitochondria, and its inhibition stimulates lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration coupled to PPARα-dependent gene regulation. PPARα upregulation is required for PDE9-I metabolic efficacy and is absent in non-ovariectomized females that also display no metabolic benefits from PDE9-I. The latter is compatible with estrogen receptor-α altering PPARα chromatin binding identified by ChIPSeq. In humans with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, myocardial expression of PPARA and its regulated genes is reduced versus control. These findings support testing PDE9-I to treat obesity/CMS in men and postmenopausal women. Summary Oral inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 9 stimulates mitochondrial fat metabolism and lipolysis, reducing central obesity without changing appetite
National Institute of Mental Health recruitment monitoring policy and clinical trial impact.

Abstract Background/aims The National Institutes of Health (NIH) implemented a recruitment milestone and progress reporting policy in fiscal year 2019. While too recent to evaluate, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) previously implemented a similar policy in fiscal year 2006 which may forecast likely effects of the NIH-wide policy. Methods An observational, single-group, pre/post evaluation of the association between the NIMH policy and the Relative Citation Ratio was conducted for non-fellowship, competing clinical trial grants funded from fiscal years 2004–2007. Results 124 clinical trial grants were identified. After adjusting for covariates, the clinical trial grants subject to the NIMH recruitment monitoring policy were associated with a statistically significant mean-per-grant citation ratio (citations relative to the field norm) 1.98 times that of the clinical trial grants that were not subject to the policy (p = 0.005; 95% CI: [1.23, 3.20]). The clinical trial grants subject to the policy were also associated with a non-statistically significant 1.58 times maximum-per-grant citation ratio compared to the clinical trial grants not covered by the policy (p = 0.24; 95% CI: [0.73, 3.44]). Conclusions The NIMH recruitment monitoring and reporting policy was associated with a statistically significant increase in the mean-per-grant Relative Citation Ratio. NIMH-specific results suggest that the NIH-wide policy might also be positively associated with improved Relative Citation Ratio.
Harnessing Psycho-lingual and Crowd-Sourced Dictionaries for Predicting Taboos in Written Emotional Disclosure in Anonymous Confession Boards

There have been many efforts in the last decade in the health informatics community to develop systems that can automatically recognize and predict disclosures on social media. However, a majority of such efforts have focused on simple topic prediction or sentiment classification. However, taboo disclosures on social media that people are not comfortable to talk with their friends represent an abstract theme dependent on context and background. Recent research has demonstrated the efficacy of injecting concept into the learning model to improve prediction. We present a vectorization scheme that combines corpus- and lexicon-based approaches for predicting taboo topics from anonymous social media datasets. The proposed vectorization scheme exploits two context-rich lexicons LIWC and Urban Dictionary. Our methodology achieves cross-validation accuracies of up to 78.1% for the supervised learning task on Facebook Confessions dataset, and 70.5% for the transfer learning task on the YikYak dataset. For both the tasks, supervised algorithms trained with features generated by the proposed vectorizer perform better than vanilla tf − idf representation. This work presents a novel methodology for predicting taboos from anonymous emotional disclosures on confession boards.
Case 30-2021: A 47-Year-Old Man with Recurrent Unilateral Head and Neck Pain.

A Man with Recurrent Head and Neck Pain A 47-year-old man with a history of cerebellar stroke presented with pain involving the left side of the neck and the right flank, which preceded pulsating h...
Geometry of Rivers in Regime

An analytical method has been developed for computing the self-adjusted geometry of sand-bed rivers based upon a sediment discharge formula, a flow resistance relationship, and the concept of minimum stream power. Regime rivers with low values of discharge Q and slope S are characterized by small width-depth ratios (generally less than 30) that are not sensitive to the change in slope or discharge. Most regime canals belong to this category. But for larger values of Q or S, or both, the results show that regime rivers may have large width-depth ratios sensitive to the changes in Q or S. As Q or S increases the width-depth ratio of a regime river may become so large that it indicates a braided channel pattern. However, a much smaller width-depth ratio under this situation is also a possible stable geometry. The stable geometry was obtained from the stream power analysis wherein each stable configuration is assumed to correspond to a minimum stream power for the given constraints.
Soybeans and Other Oilseeds

The four principal U.S. oilseed crops are soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, and sunflower seed. The physical characteristics of the plants and seeds, chemical compositions of the seeds, harvesting and storage of the crops, and processing of the crops into oil and defatted meal are described for the primary products of the industry. Production figures and prices of the oilseeds and their products are presented. The oils of these crops are used primarily for human consumption. Minor quantities go into industrial products. The defatted meals serve mainly as protein sources in animal feeds, but small amounts are processed into protein ingredients used by the food industry. Nutritional properties and antinutritional factors of the oils and meals are reviewed. Direct food uses of soybeans, peanuts, and sunflower seed are also covered. Keywords: soybeans; cotton; peanuts; sunflower; oils; proteins; lipids; harvesting; storage; alkaloids; nutritional properties; antinutritional factors; oilseed products; food products; protein products; animal feeds
Shaping Nuclear Waste Policy at the Juncture of Federal and State Law

Nuclear waste has long been the Achilles' heel of the civilian nuclear power industry. The spent nuclear fuel that reactors generate remains radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years, however, all the spent fuel that has been generated to date is stored in temporary, shortterm facilities. As the federal government struggles to develop a permanent solution, many temporary storage facilities are nearing capacity. A few states in which civilian reactors are located have placed severe constraints on the construction of additional needed storage, potentially causing the shutdown of the federally-licensed reactors. In part because of this pressure from the states, Congress has sought to create a federal, centralized interim storage facility while development of a permanent repository proceeds. This controversial effort has yet to succeed. This note will suggest that a new approach to the interim storage problem is necessary-one that involves granting the federal government exclusive authority over nuclear waste storage facilities. [WJhere a specific duty is assigned by law, and individual rights depend upon the performance of that duty . .. the individual who considers himself injured, has a right to resort to the laws of his country for a {remedyJ. -Marbury v. Madison 1
Experimental Foundation for NN Interactions: A Comment

It is noted that the NN data set, upon which phenomenological NN interactions are based, is lacking quality spin-dependent measurements at the energies of interest at IUCF. Data to constrain potential and t-matrix models are needed now.
Test of an Intervention to Improve Knowledge of Women with Intellectual Disabilities about Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening.

Background There is a critical need for evidence-based health education interventions for women with intellectual disabilities (IDs) to promote receipt of preventive health screenings. Previous research has established Women Be Healthy, an 8-week classroom-style intervention designed to teach women with IDs about breast and cervical cancer screenings, as a promising practice. However, additional research is needed to determine how to further improve screening-related knowledge gains. This study aimed to test a modified version of Women Be Healthy, Women Be Healthy 2, and compare its effectiveness in increasing knowledge gains to the original intervention. Method Women living in the community across one state in the United States were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 98), delayed treatment, (n = 35), or no intervention group (n = 65). Women in the treatment group received Women Be Healthy, and women in the delayed treatment group received the modified Women Be Healthy 2. Baseline and post-intervention interviews were conducted to measure knowledge of cervical and breast cancer screening. Knowledge scores were compared across groups. Results Among the nine knowledge items measured, one breast knowledge measure and one cervical knowledge measure showed statistically significant group differences; marginally significant differences were observed for two other knowledge measures. After adjusting for covariates, women who received Women Be Healthy 2 had increased knowledge overall compared with the women receiving no intervention. Conclusion Women Be Healthy 2 is promising, but additional efforts appear necessary to increase the knowledge women with IDs have about cervical and breast cancer screening.
Current Trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Part II. Operative Procedures and Clinical Correlations

Surgical management of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee has evolved from primary repair to extracapsular augmentation to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using biologic tissue grafts. The technique of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has improved over the last few decades with the aid of knowledge gained from basic science and clinical research. The biology and biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were analyzed in the previously published first part of this article. In this second part, current operative concepts of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as well as clinical correlations are discussed. The latest information regarding anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is presented with a goal of demonstrating the correlation between the application of basic science knowledge and the improvement of clinical outcomes.
Multiple Imputation for Missing Data. A Cautionary Tale

Two algorithms for producing multiple imputations for missing data are evaluated with simulated data. Software using a propensity score classifier with the approximate Bayesian bootstrap produces badly biased estimates of regression coefficients when data on predictor variables are missing at random or missing completely at random. On the other hand, a regression-based method employing the data augmentation algorithm produces estimates with little or no bias.
Regulation of the human involucrin gene promoter by co-activator proteins.

Stratified squamous epithelial cells undergo an orderly process of terminal differentiation that is characterized by specific molecular and morphological changes, including expression of the cornified envelope protein involucrin. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the upstream regulatory region of the involucrin gene. Binding sites for AP-1 (activator protein 1) and Sp1 transcription factors were shown to be important for involucrin promoter activity and tissue-specific expression. Defective terminal differentiation is often characterized by decreased or lack of involucrin expression. Recently, a dominant-negative construct of the transcriptional co-activator P/CAF [p300/CBP-associated factor, where CBP stands for CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein] was shown to inhibit involucrin expression in immortalized keratinocytes [Kawabata, Kawahara, Kanekura, Araya, Daitoku, Hata, Miura, Fukamizu, Kanzaki, Maruyama and Nakajima (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 8099–8105]. Loss of expression or inactivation of other co-activators has also been demonstrated [Suganuma, Kawabata, Ohshima, and Ikeda (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 13073–13078]. In the present study, we re-expressed CBP and P/CAF in immortalized keratinocyte lines that had lost expression of these co-activator proteins. Re-expression of these proteins restored calcium- and RA (retinoic acid)-responsive involucrin expression in these cells. RA and calcium signalling induced exchange of CBP and P/CAF occupancy at the AP-1 sites of the involucrin promoter. CBP and P/CAF inductions of the involucrin expression were not dependent on MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase), p38, protein kinase C or CaM kinase (calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase) signalling. Kinase-induced changes in involucrin promoter activity directly resulted from changes in AP-1 protein expression. We concluded that CBP and P/CAF are important regulators of involucrin expression in stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Influences on Body Image and Disordered Eating among Secondary School Students

Abstract This study examined whether behavioral differences (exercise, dieting, changing eating habits, taking pills, or vomiting/taking laxatives to lose weight) exist when identifying the major influencing factors (media, family, friends, teacher/coach, and doctor/nurse) among Black and White men's and women's self-perceptions of body weight. Respondents (N=3,957) to the 1999 South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined on six questions pertaining to body image influences and behavioral activities to manipulate body weight and/or body image. Chisquare and logistic regression analyses were used to show associations among the chosen variables. Body mass index scores for participants were generated and compared with concerns about weight. More than 40% of participants were concerned about their weight and participated in deleterious behaviors to manipulate their weight and self-perception of body. Mass media and family were the most influential factors in participant's self-perception of body. E...
The evolving factory of the future: integrating manufacturing and information systems

Abstract In recent years there have been rapid developments in both manufacturing and information technologies and their systems. Advances have occured so rapidly that often the results has been “islands” of automation and information subsystems, such as CAD/CAM, robotics, group technology, and office automation. Some recent developments, however, provide capabilities for integrating these “islands” into systems which both improve manufacturing productivity and produce more meaningful management information. Integrated systems seem imminent. Suggestions that could help ensure a smooth evolution toward these systems are made and some conclusions are drawn.
Repression of the threonine synthetase system in Escherichia coli

Abstract Previous attempts to demonstrate repression in the system synthesizing threonine from homoserine by the addition of excess end-product gave negative results. By utilizing a mutant of Escherichia coli unable to synthesize homoserine from aspartic semialdehyde, we have shown that the threonine synthetase system is repressed when threonine is supplied at a rate that yields for the mutant organism a growth rate comparable to that of the wild-type organism in a similar medium. However, when threonine is in limited supply, this system is derepressed. That this system is normally repressed explains why earlier attempts to show repression by the addition of excess threonine were unsuccessful.
Teratoma with malignant transformation: report of three cases and review of the literature

Teratoma with malignant transformation is an uncommon, very aggressive germ cell tumor that has undergone transformation of a somatic teratomatous component to a histologic type identical to a somatic malignancy. We review the clinical presentation, imaging appearances, and prognosis of this entity and highlight its aggressive behavior by reporting on three patients with metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with histologically proved malignant transformation.
Rejection of foreign eggs by yellow-headed blackbirds

Egg rejection behavior is more likely to develop in avian populations that experience high levels of heterospecific brood parasitism than in populations where parasitism exerts little selection pressure to recognize and respond to foreign eggs (Davies and Brooke 1989, Brown et al. 1990, Soler and Moller 1990 [but see Zufiiga and Redondo 1992], Briskie et al. 1992). Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) are not preferred hosts of the brood-parasitic Brownheaded Cowbird (Molothrus ater; hereafter cowbird) and rarely are parasitized (Willson 1966, Ortega and Cruz 1988, Neudorf and Sealy 1994 [Table 1], L. Beletsky and G. Orians, pers. comm.; but see Lincoln 1920). Consequently, low rates of heterospecific brood parasitism exert little selection pressure on Yellow-headed Blackbirds to recognize parasitic eggs, and individuals from populations with low parasitism rates do not reject nonmimetic eggs placed in their nests (Ortega and Cruz 1988). However, if a population of Yellow-headed Blackbirds were to experience significant amounts of brood parasitism, then one might expect to see evidence of egg rejection. I investigated this hypothesis in a population of this species that is heavily parasitized (1991: 7/33 nests [21.2%]; 1992: 5/29 nests [17.2%]) by cowbirds (Dufty, in prep.). I noted responses to the presence of foreign eggs by replacing single eggs in Yellow-headed Blackbird nests with an egg of the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).
Pseudomonads in Human Saliva

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAPSEUDOMONADES IN SALIVA HUMAN.—Saliva ab 350 subjectos normal esseva cultivate quantitativemente con tres medios selective de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e altere pseudomonades. P. aeruginosa esseva trovate in 6,6 pro cento del subjectos, con numerationes de inter 10 e plus que 1000 germines per ml. de saliva. P. putida esseva presente in 1,7 pro cento del subjectos, con numerationes de inter 10 e 100 per ml. P. fluorescens esseva trovate in 0,6 pro cento del casos, con numerationes de minus que 10 per ml. Il pare que P. aeruginosa es un componente residente del flora oral de certe subjectos, durante que le duo altere species es probabilemente species transiente.
Immobilization ofLactobacillus bulgaricus in a hollowfiber bioreactor for production of lactic acid from acid whey permeate

Lactobacillus bulgaricus was immobilized in the shell side of an industrial hollow-fiber ultrafiltration module. Acid whey permeate, containing 46 g/L lactose supplemented with 10 g/L yeast extract, was pumped through the tube side at dilution rates of 0.2–2.5/h. At a cell concentration of 100 g/L, productivity was 1.5–5 g lactic acid/L/h.
Interferon for hepatitis C: where it has been and where it is going.

In the 1970s, in vitro laboratory studies suggested that patients with chronic viral hepatitis B had impaired interferon production. It was therefore theorized that interferon might be a useful therapy. Subsequent data suggested that such treatment did have favorable impact on the serologic markers of hepatitis B [1]. In the late 1980s (even before we had serologic tests for hepatitis C), reports described favorable effects of interferon on alanine aminotransferase abnormalities as well as histologic evidence of inflammation in patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis [2]. It was also noted that, when the treatment was discontinued, the benefits on these surrogate outcomes usually disappeared. With the availability of HCV serologic testing, the disappearance of HCV RNA from the bloodstream for at least 6 months after treatment cessation (sustained viral response [SVR]) became the end point of therapy. The SVR has often been equated to cure of disease, even though we know that some patients who have documented SVRs still develop manifestations of decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma [3]. While the use of interferon monotherapy only resulted in SVRs in a small percentage of patients, the subsequent development of combination therapy (interferon plus ribavirin) and the replacement of standard interferon with pegylated interferon produced reports of SVRs in 50–60%. The 1997 National Institutes of Health consensus statement on the management of hepatitis C [4] concluded that all patients with hepatitis C were potential candidates for treatment, especially those who were at greatest risk of progression to cirrhosis (abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels, positive HCV–RNA and either portal or bridging fibrosis with moderate degrees of inflammation and necrosis on liver biopsy). That statement also noted that “although interferon
Attraction of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to 10,12-hexadecadienyl aldehydes and acetates: evidence of pheromone components

A field survey of 10,12-hexadecadienyl alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes showed attraction to a wide range of sphingid moths. Data are presented showing the attraction ofSmerinthus jamaicensis, Smerinthus cerisyi, Pachysphinx modesta, Hemaris diffinis, andProserpinus flavofasciata to these compounds. Mass spectral, EAG, and EAD data show evidence for the presence of these dienes in female extracts ofS. cerisyi, Hyles gallii, andSphinx drupiferarum.
Apigenin suppresses insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling in human prostate cancer: An in vitro and in vivo study

Deregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/IGF-IR signaling has been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Agents that can suppress the mitogenic activity of the IGF/IGF-IR growth axis may be of preventive or therapeutic value. We have previously demonstrated that apigenin, a plant flavone, modulates IGF signaling through upregulation of IGFBP-3. In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) of apigenin action on the IGF/IGF-IR signaling pathway. Exposure of human prostate cancer DU145 cells to apigenin markedly reduced IGF-I-stimulated cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Apigenin inhibited IGF-I-induced activation of IGF-IR and Akt in DU145 cells. Similar growth inhibitory and apoptotic responses were observed in PC-3 cells, which constitutively over-express this pathway. This effect of apigenin appears to be due partially to reduced autophosphorylation of IGF-IR. Inhibition of p-Akt by apigenin resulted in decreased phosphorylation of GSK-3β along with decreased expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p27/kip1. In vivo administration of apigenin to PC-3 tumor xenografts inhibited tumor growth, resulted in IGF-IR inactivation and dephosphorylation of Akt and its downstream signaling. These results suggest that inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by apigenin are mediated, at least in part, by its ability to inhibit IGF/IGF-IR signaling and the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Liberatory Science Education: Weaving Connections Between Feminist Theory and Science Education

ABSTRACTFeminist theory provides a refreshing lens from which to reflect on inclusiveness in science education. The conceptual framework central to this effort stems from attempts to rethink the nature of science and science education rather than from a belief that equality in the sciences can be reached through the implementation of compensatory programs for women and minorities. This marks a fundamental shift in thinking in science education circles because it shifts the reform focus from centering on the deficiencies held by women or minorities to deficiencies and discriminatory practices in science and education. This shift in thinking raises such questions as, “Can a science and science education be constructed that is liberatory, rather than oppressive, to those students who historically have been marginalized by the science endeavor?” and “Can we teach a science that is open to multiple ways of knowing in order to help all students value the contributions made by those traditionally silenced in sci...
An intervention study on screening for breast cancer among single african-american women aged 65 and older.

Abstract PURPOSE: Older single African-American women are the population that is least likely to use screening procedures because of cognition-related, income-related, social-support-related and medical care-related barriers. This study aims to evaluate a breast screening intervention program developed according to socioeconomic, cultural, psychological and behavioral characteristics of older single African-American women. METHODS: Ten public housing complexes were randomly assigned to either intervention or control group. African-American women aged 65 and over were recruited into the study if they were widowed, divorced, separated or never-married in the preceding year, and did not have a history of breast cancer (n = 325). Delivered by lay health educators, the intervention program targeted increasing knowledge on breast health and breast screening, reducing emotional or psychological problems, and increasing support from the significant others of study women. Breast screening-related cognition and behavior were measured at pre-intervention and post-intervention. RESULTS: Comparisons of the pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements showed that while the proportion of women who had a clinical breast examination or mammogram in the preceding year was decreased at the post-intervention in the control group, it was increased in the intervention group. However, the differences did not reach a significant level. No consistent patterns could be found in changes of variables in knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. These results remained similar when potential confounding factors were adjusted using mixed model regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: These results did not suggest significant effects of an intervention program which used lay health educators to promote breast cancer screening in older single African-American women.
CHAPTER 51 – Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy

Thrombocytopenia in pregnant patients may result from many causes, including “incidental” thrombocytopenia; immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); hypertensive disorders such as preeclampsia; the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP); uncommon disorders such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, among others (Table 51-1). Because each of these disorders may have a distinct pathogenesis, the mechanisms by which thrombocytopenia develops may differ. The most common causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy are incidental thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopenia associated with hypertensive disorders. Though in each of these the degree of thrombocytopenia is generally mild, this does not diminish the importance of accurate diagnosis in facilitating optimal patient management.
The direct boundary integral equation method for the three-dimensional elastodynamic transmission problem

A system of coupled vector boundary integral equations (BIEs) is formulated to study the transmission of time-harmonic waves through elastic inclusions bonded to a three-dimensional elastic matrix of infinite extent, within the framework of isotropic, linear elasticity. Displacements and tractions on transmitting (scattering) boundaries appear explicitly in the integral equations as the only unknowns. The numerical solution procedure, which uses quadratic isoparametric elements for modelling purposes, is based on nodal collocation of regularized BIEs free from principal-value integrals. A modification of the CHIEF formulation of acoustics is used to overcome the nonuniqueness of the BIE solution at the fictitious eigenfrequencies. The modification of the BIEs for forced vibrations of finite composite bodies is presented. Numerical solutions are presented for forced vibrations of a layered sphere and for scattering of plane and spherical waves from spherical inclusions to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulation.
A note on corrected-score estimation

Abstract We extend the scope of the corrected-score method studied by Nakamura (1990) and Stefanski (1989) to a large class of generalized linear measurement error models. Example applications to rare-event logistic regression and extreme-value binary regression are presented.
The interaction of platinum complexes with nucleosomes investigated with fluorescent probes.

Abstract The fluorescent probes, N-(3-pyrene)maleimide, which is specific for histone H3, and terbium (Tb3+), which is specific for guanine single-stranded residues in DNA, are used to investigate the interaction of platinum complexes (cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)) with rat liver and calf thymus nucleosomes. At low concentrations of the drug, lower than most of those reported previously in studies investigating the interaction of the drugs with isolated DNA, N-(3-pyrene)maleimide studies show that profound modifications occur near or in the cysteinyl binding site of histone H3. H3 dimer formation appears to be the cause of the change induced by trans-DDP; however, the effects observed with the cis-isomer do not seem to be correlated with dimer formation. At short incubation times, Tb3+ fluorescence shows small changes in DNA conformation, but they are slight when compared to the effect observed with proteins at the same length of incubation. SDS-polyacrylamide gels indicate some changes in protein composition, and agarose gels display a decrease in ethidium bromide staining of the cis-treated DNA. The results suggest that the protein portion, predominantly histone H3, as well as DNA are targets for the platinum derivatives in the nucleosome.