cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forcing of secondary waves by breaking of gravity waves in the mesosphere

[1] Previous simulations with a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model have shown that gravity waves generated by tropospheric convection can propagate into the mesosphere, where they break and produce local heating and local accelerations. The forcing associated with this wave breaking excites secondary gravity waves that propagate upward and downward away from the wave-breaking region. Typical horizontal and vertical scales of individual centers of forcing caused by wave breaking are ∼25 km and 10–20 km, respectively. Groups of individual forcing centers tend to be aligned along phase lines of the primary waves. In the region east of the storm center the forcing groups move eastward and downward with the primary wave phase lines, while individual forcing centers move upward. To a first approximation, the secondary gravity waves are a linear response to the localized momentum and thermal forcing associated with wave breaking, though the forcing is itself generated by the nonlinear wave-breaking process. The secondary waves can be derived from knowledge of the temporal and spatial variability of the forcing.
The Scribner shunt: 50 years later

A 49-year-old male with end-stage renal disease returned to the United States 6 months following a repeat renal transplant in the Philippines that had failed 1 month after surgery. He presented with no records of his surgery or hospitalization, and stated that he had been on hemodialysis for 5 months. A Scribner shunt in the left arm (Figure 1) was identified by the nephrology service about 24 h following admission, with the connecting segment visible about 0.5 cm between the shunt lines (Figure 2). The arm was immediately covered with a dressing to minimize the risk of avulsion or interruption of the tubing, arterial clamps were made available at the bedside, and the device was removed 3 days later by a vascular surgeon. The ‘simplified’ or ‘poor-man's’ Scribner shunt (as it was known in the United Kingdom because it was inserted by the renal senior house officer rather than the surgeon) was developed in 1964 and consists of a simple loop of Teflon, which connects indwelling cannulae in the artery and vein. The connecting segment allows the artery and vein extensions to be attached to the dialyzer during dialysis and to be re-connected to each other after the treatment is completed. These shunts were prone to thrombosis, infection, and dislodgement and disappeared from most countries in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as venous catheters became widely adopted for temporary hemodialysis access. Many younger nephrologists in the United States have never seen a Scribner shunt. Prompt visual recognition is essential to avoid inadvertent manipulation or cannulation of the shunt, which can result in catastrophic bleeding.
Nanoindentation of a Layered Crystal Structure Oxide

Nanoindentation was performed on layered structure materials to determine values for stiffness and hardness perpendicular to the layers. In order to establish the validity of this technique for anisotropic materials, layered minerals with known elastic constants were tested, including brucite and muscovite mica. A layered ceramic oxide of interest, KCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 , was also investigated. A Berkovich diamond tip was used to carry out the indentations. Indents were made on atomically flat surfaces of crystals, as observed in-situ with an atomic force microscope. Analysis of load versus displacement data showed that the elastic constant C 33 for muscovite and brucite agreed to within five percent of literature values. In the case of KCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 , average values of 57.0 GPa for C 33 and 3.8 GPa hardness were obtained.
Transfer of response in visual recognition situations as a function of frequency variables.

Abstract : A series of 6 experiments investigated the principles required to account quantitatively for responses of human Ss to new combinations of cues following discrimination learning. In the training phase of each experiment, Ss learned to make identifying responses (numerical labels) to sets of stimuli (pairs of nonsense syllables) under a paired-associate procedure. After a fixed number of acquisition trials Ss were tested on stimulus compounds involving new combinations of the training cues. In all experiments a substantial proportion of variance in the test data was accounted for by a model embodying the additive rule and the probability matching rule of stimulus sampling theory. In cases when training had been conducted under standard discrimination paradigms, responses to test compounds were quite well accounted for by this model without auxiliary principles. Ss exhibited preferences for low ambiguity cues in test compounds only when this preference had been differentially reinforced during training. Under a variety of circumstances, predictions from the stimulus sampling model could be improved by the addition of a 'relative novelty' principle, stating that, other things being equal, Ss tend to sample from test compounds the cues that had occurred least frequently during previous training.
Nonunitarity in rational conformal field theory

Abstract A necessary condition for unitarity is given for rational conformal field theories in terms of the matrix implementing modular transformations. The interpretation of this criterion in 2 + 1 Chern-Simons theory and in terms of boundary conditions and RSOS models is noted. Some examples are given.
Comparison between acoustic and mechanical tapping methods for assessing the interfacial states of bone implants

Acoustic and mechanical tapping methods forin vivo assessment of the interfaces of bone implants are experimentally compared using implant models made of metal and glass. The former (AcT method) is based on the measurement of the frequency and amplitude of the vibration of a sample induced by a tapping needle. The latter (MeT method) is based on the measurement of the time during which a tapping rod is contacted with a sample. The following results were found. The vibration of a sample induced in the MeT test is very different from that induced in the AcT test; the former is much larger in the maximum amplitude and much lower in the main frequency than the latter, although both are of damped type. Nevertheless, a discrimination between hard and soft interfaces by each test is almost equally clear. It depends on load directions to some extent, reflecting a mechanical difference of the interface and/or the surrounding bone. The MeT test appears to be more sensitive than the AcT test for implant models surrounded by a thin compact bone. For implant models surrounded by a thick compact bone, however, the former is a little less sensitive than the latter.
Are prophylactic antibiotics indicated after a urinary tract infection

Purpose of review Many children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary tract abnormality such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are given prophylactic antibiotic to prevent recurrence of UTI and permanent kidney damage. Occasionally, children with normal urinary tract receive prophylactic antibiotic to alleviate the patient suffering and family inconvenience associated with recurrent symptomatic UTI. These recommendations are mostly opinion based and are derived from studies that were not randomized and were done before the current renal imaging modalities became available. The purpose of this review is to discuss these recommendations in the context of recent research findings.
Application of small-hole dry drilling in bimetal part

Abstract In dry drilling, the drill tip will encounter a very severe condition in the cutting zone, especially in deep- and small-hole cases, causing the drill to fail at a high rate. This paper describes an experimental study of small-hole dry drilling in a bimetal material (powder metal steel and aluminum alloy). The study consists of failure mode analysis, coating, tip geometry and cutting parameter impact on the dry drilling process. The results show that suppressing aluminum buildup on the drill surface, caused by the heat generated during machining, is a critical strategy to make dry drilling a success. The experiments suggest that air cooling and cutting speed are the most important process parameters to be considered in dry drilling. Through a better understanding of the impact of process parameters, an optimized drilling strategy was developed and validated. It could reach 600 bimetal holes drill life target, which is more than three times of the initial baseline process.
Assessment of olfactory deficits in detoxified alcoholics.

Olfactory functioning was evaluated in 37 male detoxified alcoholics and in 21 age-matched nonalcoholic controls using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Of the original subjects, 23 alcoholics and 14 controls returned for reevaluation 3–4 months following initial testing. The results showed that alcoholics had significantly lower UPSIT scores than did the controls, both at baseline and follow-up testing. Thirty-two percent of the alcoholics' UPSIT scores, in comparison to five percent of the controls' scores, fell into the clinically impaired range. Although current smoking patterns correlated significantly with UPSIT indices, comparisons limited to nonsmokers still indicated that the alcoholics were significantly impaired on this olfactory task. Correlational analyses indicated that olfactory performance was unrelated to alcoholics' scores on visuoconceptual and language tasks. Correlations with MR-derived indices of CSF volume showed a highly significant relationship between UPSIT scores and cortical sulcal volumes. Additionally, alcoholics (N = 15) who remained abstinent had significantly higher scores at follow-up than those who were not abstinent (N = 18). These findings demonstrate that alcoholism is associated with basic olfactory impairments which are only partially reversible with abstinence and that cortical structures play an important role in this sensory loss.
On Solving the Stiff ODE's of the Kinetics of Chemically Reacting Gas Flow

Abstract We study the efficiency of computational methods for the stiff ordinary differential equations of chemical kinetics that arise when the partial differential equations of chemically reacting gas flow are treated by a fractional step technique. In this application, the overhead work associated with evaluating partial derivatives and decomposing matrices for the Newton-; like corrector iterations used in most algorithms for stiff ODE's can be eliminated for the most part by keeping in store a small number of suitably- chosen copies of the Jacobian matrix, reduced to Hessenberg form to facilitate changes of stepsize and order. Computational results in the case of ignition and propagation of a one-dimensional, premixed laminar flame with different realistic chemical kinetic models are presented to show the reduction of computational work obtained by modifying a modern general-purpose ODE-code in this manner.
Local Discrimination in Transportation

Examples of anomalies, 470.—Hadley's oyster case not conclusive, 472.—Two variants: lower long-haul rates by the roundabout route, as in the Hillsdale, Youngstown, and some Southern cases, 474; or by the direct route, as in the Nashville-Chattanooga and other Southern cases, 480.—Complicating influence of water transportation, 488.—Market competition from various regions a different case, 489.—The basing point (Southern) and basing line (Missouri River) systems, 494.—Their inevitable instability and probable ultimate abandonment, 498.—Postage-stamp rates, illustrated by transcontinental tariffs, 499.
MOS transconductors and integrators with high linearity

MOS transconductors are discussed in which the transistors determining the transconductance do not carry bias current, operate with large gate-source voltage, and are signal-driven in such a way that their nonlinearities are eliminated. An integrator implemented using one of the proposed circuits exhibited measured total harmonic distortion of less than 0.1% for differential input signals of 2.5 V p-p, and less than 1% for 5 V p-p.
Regional control of cortical lamination.

Laminar neuronal density varies between cortical areas; thus, the developmental specification of areas and layers needs to be coordinated. AP2γ turns out to be an important regulator of upper layer development in occipital cortex.
Free expansion experiment on ATC

The transport of a tokamak plasma which has been freed from contact with a material limiter is studied. A small compression in major radius of the plasma in the ATC tokamak produced a free-standing discharge, similar except for scale to a possible configuration of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Diffusion speeds in the range 10 ms/sup -1/ were measured, and the evolution is readily modeled by a numerical transport model calculation. The experiment provides a successful preliminary test of the feasibility of this technique.
Design of modified atmosphere packaging systems: modeling oxygen concentrations within sealed packages of tomato fruits.

A method was developed for determination of O2 consumption as a function of O2 concentration by mathematical characterization of O2 depletion by a tomato fruit in a closed system with time. Mathematical equations were developed describing O2 consumption as a function of O2 concentration for breaker, pink and red tomato fruit and were used to model film permeability characteristics (O2 permeability coefficient, surface area, thickness) as a function of fruit weight to achieve desired sealed package concentrations of O2 in modified atmosphere packages. Equations were also developed to describe the time for initial O2 establishment as affected by void volume. Calculations are presented for optimizing package parameters for tomato fruit.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of copper with a 2 μm thulium fiber laser

We report the first implementation of a 2 μm thulium fiber laser in a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy system. Emission from plasma on copper samples was analyzed from 200 to 900 nm. The low ablation fluence (<100 J.cm−2) and 200 ns pulse duration lead to a plasma with neither continuum emission, nor air emission in the near-infrared region.
Herpes zoster‐associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in a liver transplant recipient: a case report and overview

Idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura has been previously reported as a rare complication in children and in a few adults following chickenpox. We report a case of varicella zoster virus-associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in an adult liver transplant recipient following dermatomal zoster. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura developed 3 days after the onset of herpes zoster in our patient, with a nadir platelet count of 3000/mm3. The patient was treated with intravenous gamma globulin with recovery of thrombocytopenia after 3 weeks. Transplant clinicians need to be aware that this serious and potentially life-threatening complication may occur with herpes zoster in transplant recipients.
The stability of soman and its stereoisomers in aqueous solution: Toxicological considerations

The paucity of information regarding the characteristics of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) in aqueous solution has limited its use as a toxicological or pharmacological reagent. We report here on the stability of soman under conditions in which it may normally be found during use and storage in the laboratory. Solutions of 1 mM soman in normal saline were not hydrolyzed after 5 months of storage at −90 °C. Samples that were repeatedly thawed but not allowed to warm to room temperature and then immediately refrozen showed no apparent hydrolysis. Portions of the same solution, stored in the refrigerator just above freezing, exhibited 50% hydrolysis after 150 days. When portions of this solution were stored at 21 °C, the time for 50% hydrolysis was in excess of 5 days. This rate of hydrolysis was the same for all four of the soman stereoisomers. In buffered solutions at pH 7.4, 8.0 and 8.6 the half-times were 6.6, 3.2 and 2.2 h at 27 °C and 4.8, 1.6 and 1.2 h at 37 °C, respectively. Hydrolysis rates were not significantly influenced by the presence of a carbodimide stabilizer in the agent. There is no reason to expect any deviation from a direct correlation between total soman concentration and toxicity.
Active-matrix display using ion-beam-processed polyimide film for liquid crystal alignment

Ion-beam bombardment was developed as a substitute for mechanical rubbing of polyimide film as a noncontact liquid crystal (LC) alignment technique. The ion-beam technique was applied to a high-resolution thin-film-transistor-addressed liquid crystal display (TFT/LCD) panel. The results showed that LC alignment was achieved and that the display is capable of showing high-quality images.
Application of beam mechanics to sensing the cure development of wood-phenolic joints by dynamic mechanical analysis

Abstract Modeling and optimizing of wood-based composite manufacture is playing a larger role in the design of processes and manufacturing equipment. In these models, internal temperature and moisture conditions are predicted with an aim towards predicting when polymeric cure is sufficient to avoid delamination. However, most cure kinetics models are focused on predicting the chemical state of the resin rather than the resulting mechanical properties. The objective of this research is to examine the feasibility of obtaining kinetic cure data using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Dynamic three-point bending tests were conducted on a sandwich specimen of two wood adherends bonded with an adhesive layer. The specimen was cured using various isothermal and linear heating regimes. In addition, two commercial PF resins of different molecular weights distributions (labeled as PF-high and -low, respectively) were evaluated under different experimental conditions influencing moisture loss. Theoretically, the E′ ratio, defined as, R = E ′ max / E ′ min should be good parameter to evaluate bond development because it eliminates the variation in adherend modulus. However, this parameter was found to be sensitive to variables such as resin loading and changes in the adherend modulus due to moisture loss and thermal softening. The shear modulus and flexural storage modulus of the adhesive were calculated by an analytical solution. The values were in general agreement with the results obtained by parallel-plate rheometry. Overall, the sandwich beam was deemed to be simple in both sample preparation and measurement procedure for obtaining PF resin cure transitions and modulus development.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients treated with beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by metered-dose inhaler alone and with Aerochamber

Abstract We compared the incidence of Candida infection, Candida colonization, and reduction in oral prednisone dose in patients with asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI) alone and MDI plus Aerochamber. Group M contained 18 patients treated with beclomethasone, four actuations four times a day (672 μg/day), delivered by MDI alone. Group A contained 18 patients treated with the same dose of beclomethasone delivered by MDI plus Aerochamber. In group M, four of 18 patients had Candida infection, 12 of 18 patients had Candida colonization, and six of 18 patients were completely removed from oral prednisone. In group A, 0 of 18 patients had Candida infection ( p = 0.05), six of 18 patients had Candida colonization ( p p Candida infection and colonization than beclomethasone delivered by MDI alone.
When Can Nutritional Therapy Impact Liver Disease

This article reviews the current literature regarding nutritional therapy in liver disease, with an emphasis on patients progressing to liver failure as well as surgical patients. Mechanisms of malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver failure patients as well as nutritional assessment, nutritional requirements of this patient population, and goals and methods of therapy are discussed. Additionally, recommendations for feeding, micronutrient, branched chain amino acid supplementation, and the use of pre- and probiotics are included. The impact of these methods can have on patients with advanced disease and those undergoing surgical procedures will be emphasized.
Preparing Graduate Teaching Assistants: An Investment in Excellence

In the beginning and intermediate language programs at most major universities, graduate teaching assistants are a major factor in determining the overall effectiveness of the instruction provided. Based upon the belief that excellence in teaching is crucial to the development of functional ability in a foreign language, the primary goal of GTA Coordinators must be to assure the quality of the instruction in the undergraduate courses for which the Coordinator is held accountable. This article discusses the elements of one program established to help GTAs make the transition from language student to language teacher, and to assure that a high quality of instruction is maintained.
Evaluation of sheet metal formability, viscous pressure forming (VPF) dome test

Abstract Viscous pressure forming (VPF) offers a versatile approach to low volume stamping of difficult-to-form sheet metal alloys. The process entails the use of a highly viscous medium as a forming tool. Compared with solid metal punch forming, the necking in the sheet metal can be postponed in the VPF process, i.e. the VPF can improve the formability of sheet metal due to low friction effect at sheet/medium interface. In this study, the process of sheet stretching with VPF has been simulated by the finite element-based code DEFORM. The predictions were compared with the experimental measurements conducted at the ERC/NSM. An approach to determine the formability of sheet metal in stretching using a critical damage value concept has been proposed. It has been found that the formability of the sheet stretched with VPF is higher than that of the sheet stretched with a hemispherical solid metal punch.
How to minimize CD variation and overlay degradation induced by film stress

It is getting harder to minimize feature size to satisfy bit growth requirement. 3D NAND flash memory has been developed to meet bit growth requirement without shrinking feature size. To increase the number of memory cells per unit area without shrinking feature size, we should increase the number of stacked film layers which finally become memory cells. Wafer warpage is induced by the stress between film and wafer. Both of film stress and wafer warpage increase in proportion to stacked film layers, and the increase of wafer warpage makes CD uniformity worse. Overlay degradation has no relation with wafer warpage, but has indirect relation with film stress. Wafer deformation in film deposition chamber is the source of overlay degradation. In this paper, we study the reasons why CD uniformity and overlay accuracy are affected by film stress, and suggest the methods which keep CD uniformity and overlay accuracy safe without additional processes.
Results of a CIE detector response intercomparison

A total of fifteen laboratories participated in the CIE detector response intercomparison which was designed to assess the level of agreement among participating laboratories in the absolute measurement (with respect to SI) of photodetector response in the visible spectral region. Most participants were either commercial laboratories or university laboratories with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) serving as the host laboratory. Each laboratory determined the absolute response of each of two silicon photodiode radiometers which were designed for the intercomparison by NIST. Approximately two-thirds of the laboratories reported response values which agreed with the NIST values to within + or - 1.0% at the two wavelengths of 488 and 633 nm.
The H.G. Wells quote on statistics: A question of accuracy

Abstract A widely disseminated quotation by H.G. Wells on the importance of statistics is shown to have been misrepresented.
Confirmatory analysis of β‐lactam antibiotics in kidney tissue by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization selective reaction monitoring ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

Eleven beta-lactam antibiotics were analyzed in fortified and incurred beef kidney tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/selective reaction monitoring-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-SRM-MS(n)). The analytes included: deacetylcephapirin, amoxicillin, cephapirin, desfuroylceftiofur cysteine disulfide (DCCD, a biomarker of ceftiofur), ampicillin, cefazolin, Pen G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, naficillin and dicloxicillin. Analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and water. Clean-up was performed by solid-phase extraction. Limits of confirmation in fortified tissue are as follows (tolerances or target levels in parentheses): deacetylcephapirin: 10-50 ng/g (100 ng/g); amoxacillin: 50-100 ng/g (10 ng/g); cephapirin: 10 ng/g (100 ng/g); DCCD: 500 ng/g (8000 ng/g); ampicillin: 10 ng/g (10 ng/g); cefazolin: 10 ng/g (10-50 ng/g); Pen G: 10 ng/g (50 ng/g); oxacillin: 10 ng/g (10-50 ng/g); cloxacillin: 10 ng/g (10 ng/g); naficillin: 10 ng/g (10-50 ng/g); dicloxacillin: 100-500 ng/g (10-50 ng/g). The present method was also tested on incurred kidney tissue that had previously been analyzed using a microbial assay. Good correspondence was found between the results from this new method and the bioassay. However, the present method is much more specific and, in several cases, more sensitive than the bioassay. In addition, the time of analysis is significantly shorter than the bioassay. We also found that SRM MS(n) was superior in the analysis of unknown incurred tissue than full spectrum MS(n). We also obtained an MS/MS spectrum of DCCD that is significantly at variance with previously published fragmentation spectra.
Written Sentence Production Error Patterns of College Writers with Learning Disabilities

Utilizing a controlled stimulus passage to control for verbosity and topic selection, this research investigated the written syntax of 81 (60 males, 21 females) collegeable individuals demonstrating a specific learning disability. Four models of speech production disturbance (i.e., syntactical, lexical, monitoring, control) were evaluated in light of the errors identified in the rewrite paragraphs of this population. The data from this research supports the control impairment hypothesis, predicting that sentence production errors will be of the same kind as found in the language of writers demonstrating no handicapping conditions. In addition, the study investigated the correlation of specific cognitive and achievement variables to syntactical competence and error type.
HADRONIC J/PSI SUPPRESSION IN ULTRARELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR COLLISIONS

Abstract One of the proposed signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions is a suppression of J ψ production. We show that a similar reduction in the J/ψ signal can occur due to inelastic scattering of J/ψ's in a hadronic resonance gas. This collisional suppression can be substantial, provided that the hadronic densities are as large as the first CERN data suggest.
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Regulation by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

The function of many ion channels is under dynamic control by coincident activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), particularly those coupled to the Gαs and Gαq family members. Such regulation is typically dependent on the subunit composition of the ionotropic receptor or channel as well as the GPCR subtype and the cell-specific panoply of signaling pathways available. Because GPCRs and ion channels are so highly represented among targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, functional cross-talk between these drug target classes is likely to underlie many therapeutic and adverse effects of marketed drugs. GPCRs engage a myriad of signaling pathways that involve protein kinases A and C (PKC) and, through PKC and interaction with β-arrestin, Src kinase, and hence the mitogen-activated–protein-kinase cascades. We focus here on the control of ionotropic glutamate receptor function by GPCR signaling because this form of regulation can influence the strength of synaptic plasticity. The amino acid residues phosphorylated by specific kinases have been securely identified in many ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptor subunits, but which of these sites are GPCR targets is less well known even when the kinase has been identified. N-methyl-d-aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, and heteromeric kainate receptors are all downstream targets of GPCR signaling pathways. The details of GPCR–iGlu receptor cross-talk should inform a better understanding of how synaptic transmission is regulated and lead to new therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Functional integration of Ni–Mo electrocatalysts with Si microwire array photocathodes to simultaneously achieve high fill factors and light-limited photocurrent densities for solar-driven hydrogen evolution

An n+p-Si microwire array coupled with a two-layer catalyst film consisting of Ni–Mo nanopowder and TiO2 light-scattering nanoparticles has been used to simultaneously achieve high fill factors and light-limited photocurrent densities from photocathodes that produce H2(g) directly from sunlight and water. The TiO2 layer scattered light back into the Si microwire array, while optically obscuring the underlying Ni–Mo catalyst film. In turn, the Ni–Mo film had a mass loading sufficient to produce high catalytic activity, on a geometric area basis, for the hydrogen-evolution reaction. The best-performing microwire array devices prepared in this work exhibited short-circuit photocurrent densities of −14.3 mA cm−2, photovoltages of 420 mV, and a fill factor of 0.48 under 1 Sun of simulated solar illumination, whereas the equivalent planar Ni–Mo-coated Si device, without TiO2 scatterers, exhibited negligible photocurrent due to complete light blocking by the Ni–Mo catalyst layer.
Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD) Further Validation, Replication, and Normative Data

The Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD) (Walker & Severson, in press) procedure was further evaluated. Two studies are reported in which validation, replication, and normative questions were addressed. Study I was conducted in a suburban Oregon school district in which 15 elementary schools and their teachers participated. Study 2 was conducted in two school districts, one urban and one suburban, in the state of Washington. The primary focus of Study I was upon normative and validity questions (factorial, criterion-related, and discriminant): the primary focus of Study 2 was upon replication and reliability questions. The results of Study I produced evidence of the SSBD's validity, as indicated by powerful subject group differences and criterion-related validity coefficients between SSBD measures and archival school record profiles. The results of Study 2 closely replicated those of Study I and extended the results of Study 1 in two respects. Study 2 included test-retest estimates of SSBD S...
Protos: a cross-organizational business modeling tool (demonstration)

Traditional approaches to cross-organizational business modeling use low-level abstractions such as data and control flow. These approaches result in rigid models that over-constrain business execution. Further, because such approaches ignore the underlying business relationships that drive process execution, they lack the notion of business level correctness.Telang and Singh [5] propose a high-level business modeling approach based upon (social) commitments to address these short-comings. The high-level model captures the business relationships in terms of commitments between the participants. Telang and Singh [5] develop a method for verifying if a low-level interaction model satisfies a high-level business model. They propose a top-down methodology in which a Business analyst first develops a high-level business model. An IT analyst then develops UML 2.0 sequence diagrams, and verifies if they satisfy the high-level model.Protos is an Eclipse-based tool that implements Telang and Singh's [5] methodology. It enables: (a) the development of a high-level business model using reusable patterns, (b) the development of UML 2.0 sequence diagrams, as a low-level operational representation, and (c) the automated verification of the UML 2.0 sequence diagrams with respect to the high-level business model.
High-throughput discovery of broad-spectrum peptide antibiotics

Membrane-permeabilizing peptide antibiotics are an underutilized weapon in the battle against drug-resistant microorganisms. This is true, in part, because of the bottleneck caused by the lack of explicit design principles and the paucity of simple high-throughput methods for selection. In this work, we characterize the requirements for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by membrane permeabilization and find that different microbial membranes have very different susceptibilities to permeabilization by individual antimicrobial peptides. Broad-spectrum activity requires only that an AMP have at least a small amount of membrane-permeabilizing activity against multiple classes of microbes, a feature that we show to be rare in a peptide library containing many members with species-specific activity. We compare biological and vesicle-based high-throughput strategies for selecting such broad-spectrum AMPs from combinatorial peptide libraries and demonstrate that a simple in vitro, lipid vesicle-based high-throughput screen is the most effective strategy for rapid discovery of novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides.—Rathinakumar, R., Wimley, W. C. High-throughput discovery of broad- spectrum peptide antibiotics.
Infant carrying : The role of increased locomotory costs in early tool development

Among the costs of reproduction, carrying one's infant incurs one of the greatest drains on maternal energy, simply because of the added mass alone. Because of the dearth of archaeological evidence, however, how early bipeds dealt with the additional cost of having to carry infants who were less able to support their body weight against gravity is not particularly well understood. This article presents evidence on the caloric drain of carrying an infant in one's arms versus having a tool with which to sling the infant and carry her passively. The burden of carrying an infant in one's arms is on average 16% greater than having a tool to support the baby's mass and seems to have the potential to be a greater energetic burden even than lactation. In addition, carrying a baby in one's arms shortens and quickens the stride. An anthropometric trait that seems to offset some of the increased cost of carrying a baby in the arms is a wider bi-trochanteric width.
Adaptive filter applications to autonomous underwater vehicle

A powerful adaptive filter algorithm for estimation of forces acting on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) and the corresponding adaptive control law which determines the desired heading commands are considered in this paper. Due to the complicated nature of AUV's task and incorporation of the ocean current, uncertain parameters arise in the equations of motion that constitute the AUV's dynamic model. Based on the Lainiotis Partitioning Theory, a highly adaptive scheme is used to estimate the velocity components for controlling the vehicle. Extensive simulations demonstrate the robustness and the effectiveness of the new scheme in a variety of different environments. >
An Interdependent Metabolic Patchwork in the Nested Symbiosis of Mealybugs

Summary Highly reduced genomes of 144–416 kilobases have been described from nutrient-provisioning bacterial symbionts of several insect lineages [1–5]. Some host insects have formed stable associations with pairs of bacterial symbionts that live in specialized cells and provide them with essential nutrients; genomic data from these systems have revealed remarkable levels of metabolic complementarity between the symbiont pairs [3, 4, 6, 7]. The mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) contains dual bacterial symbionts existing with an unprecedented organization: an unnamed gammaproteobacteria, for which we propose the name Candidatus Moranella endobia, lives inside the betaproteobacteria Candidatus Tremblaya princeps [8]. Here we describe the complete genomes and metabolic contributions of these unusual nested symbionts. We show that whereas there is little overlap in retained genes involved in nutrient production between symbionts, several essential amino acid pathways in the mealybug assemblage require a patchwork of interspersed gene products from Tremblaya , Moranella , and possibly P. citri . Furthermore, although Tremblaya has the smallest cellular genome yet described, it contains a genomic inversion present in both orientations in individual insects, starkly contrasting with the extreme structural stability typical of highly reduced bacterial genomes [4, 9, 10].
Parent and Teacher Rating Scales

It has long been recognized that children are often less-than-accurate reporters of their own behavior. Furthermore, children may not have sufficient reading or oral expression skills for self-report purposes (Lachar, 1990). Problems with underreporting and response sets have always been well-recognized by clinicians and, to some extent, have been documented by research (see previous chapter). These concerns about child self-reports have undoubtedly contributed to the popularity of parent rating scales. Furthermore, the parental perspective is often invaluable when conceptualizing a case; that is, because children are often referred for an evaluation because of a parent’s concerns, information on the parent’s perspective of a child’s problems is critical.
Prioritized Synchronization under Mask for Interaction/Control of Event-Driven Systems

The paper introduces a formalism for modeling interaction and control of partially observed discrete event systems, called prioritized synchronous composition under mask (PSC/M). PSC/M is able to capture several common modes of interactions such as strict/prioritized synchronization, interleaving, hiding and renaming. As a result PSC/M can serve as a single canonical model of interaction. PSC/M possesses the useful properties of commutativity and associativity. When PSC/M is employed as a control mechanism, it helps remove the control and the observation compatibility requirements of the control. We study the PSC/M-based control problem where both plant and supervisor have their own control and observation limitations. The existence condition is achievability, which is weaker than controllability and observability combined. (A weaker condition is required since we allow supervisors to be nondeterministic.) Both the existence and synthesis can be performed polynomially in the size of the plant and the specification. We show that in the setting of PSC/M the problem of control for a partial specification (one defined over a subset of events) can be transformed to the one of control for complete specification
The Role of Sex of Peers and Gender-Typed Activities in Young Children's Peer Affiliative Networks: A Longitudinal Analysis of Selection and Influence.

A stochastic actor-based model was used to investigate the origins of sex segregation by examining how similarity in sex of peers and time spent in gender-typed activities affected affiliation network selection and how peers influenced children's (N = 292; Mage = 4.3 years) activity involvement. Gender had powerful effects on interactions through direct and indirect pathways. Children selected playmates of the same sex and with similar levels of gender-typed activities. Selection based on gender-typed activities partially mediated selection based on sex of peers. Children influenced one another's engagement in gender-typed activities. When mechanisms producing sex segregation were compared, the largest contributor was selection based on sex of peers; less was due to activity-based selection and peer influence. Implications for sex segregation and gender development are discussed.
Transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane is constitutive in CaCo-2 cells and differs from the transport of plasma membrane cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum

The transport of newly synthesized cholesterol from its site of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum, to the plasma membrane was studied in CaCo-2 cells. The appearance of newly synthesized cholesterol on the cell surface was rapid. By 30 min, 50% of the total labeled cholesterol was observed in the plasma membrane. The arrival of cholesterol at the plasma membrane was independent of new protein synthesis, a functional Golgi apparatus, or microtubular function. Progesterone, verapamil, and trifluoperazine, inhibitors of p-glycoprotein which are known to inhibit cholesterol transport from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum, reduced the amount of newly synthesized cholesterol reaching the plasma membrane. The p-glycoprotein inhibitors, however, caused the accumulation of sterol intermediates in the plasma membrane, suggesting that sterol trafficking to the plasma membrane remained intact, but that trafficking from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum was disrupted. In contrast, nigericin, another potent inhibitor of cholesterol movement from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum, did not alter the transport of newly synthesized cholesterol to the plasma membrane. Moreover, promoting cholesterol transport from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum by sphingomyelin hydrolysis or by micellar cholesterol influx did not alter the percent of newly synthesized cholesterol transported to the plasma membrane. Likewise, preventing plasma membrane cholesterol from reaching the endoplasmic reticulum by incubating cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, filipin, or digitonin did not alter the arrival of newly synthesized cholesterol to the plasma membrane. The results suggest that the amount of cholesterol moving to the plasma membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum is constitutive and regulated at the level of cholesterol synthesis and not at the level of the transport process. The pathways of cholesterol transport to and from the plasma membrane are distinct.
Performing Participation: Mining, Power, and the Limits of Public Consultation in Bolivia

Resumen Los mecanismos de consulta, particularmente aquellos dirigidos a los pueblos indigenas y campesinos, han sido promovidos por instituciones internacionales e incorporados a la normativa legal a lo largo de America Latina. En Bolivia, la consulta ha sido codificada legalmente desde 1991 y ha sido integrada a la normativa que gobierna la extraccion minera y de hidrocarburos, asi como a la Constitucion Nacional de 2009 solo recientemente. A pesar de ser un requisito legal, la consulta no se implementa con regularidad y tampoco es vinculante en terminos juridicos. Como resultado, ni las empresas privadas ni el estado estan obligadas a cumplir las recomendaciones comunitarias. Asimismo, las comunidades no tienen derecho a frenar los proyectos a los que se oponen. Este articulo examina la consulta publica comunitaria en el sector minero de Bolivia. Basado en investigacion etnografica en el departamento boliviano de Oruro, propongo que los procesos de consulta publica son gestionados con fruicion y circunscribiendo las opiniones emitidas a nivel local. En vez de fomentar la participacion en la gobernanza de recursos naturales por parte de las poblaciones afectadas por la mineria, la consulta publica circunscribe y despolitiza las relaciones sociales desiguales e injustas, con el fin de legitimar actividades extractivas. [Bolivia, mineria, consulta publica, consulta previa, desarrollo participativa]
Processing of surfactant protein B proprotein by a cathepsin D-like protease.

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a hydrophobic peptide of relative molecular weight (M(r)) = 8,000 that is associated with pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. SP-B is synthesized by the alveolar type II epithelial cell as a proprotein of M(r) = 42,000 which requires at least two proteolytic cleavages to generate the 79 residue mature SP-B peptide. We have previously reported that cleavage of the NH2-terminal propeptide, to generate a processing intermediate of M(r) = 25,000, occurs in close temporal approximation to secretion. In the present study we demonstrate that SP-B proprotein, isolated from stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, is processed to M(r) = 25,000 by a crude type II cell membrane fraction but not by intact type II cells or type II cell conditioned media. In vitro processing of the proprotein by the type II cell membrane preparation resulted in release of a single peptide of M(r) = 16,000–17,000, which was detected by antiserum directed against antigenic epitopes in propeptide of the precursor. SP-B processing activity was extracted by Na2CO3 lysis of the type II cell membrane preparation, had a pH optimum of 5.0–6.0, and was inhibited by 10(-7) M pepstatin A, suggesting that the NH2-terminal peptide of the precursor is cleaved by an aspartyl protease. Consistent with this hypothesis, processing of SP-B by a crude type II cell membrane preparation was blocked by antiserum directed against the aspartyl protease cathepsin D; further, purified cathepsin D efficiently processed the SP-B precursor to M(r) = 25,000. Collectively these results suggest that cleavage of the NH2-terminal propeptide of the SP-B precursor is mediated by cathepsin D or a cathepsin D-like protease localized within the secretory pathway of the type II epithelial cell.
Optimal utilization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Are we there yet?

Based on the results of multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrating striking reductions in mortality, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have clearly become an important tool for both primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death among patients at high risk. Beyond the trials, however, contemporary “real-world” studies can provide important insights about the care and outcomes among patients outside of the trial populations. In the United States, the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ICD Registry has been used primarily to assess indications, periprocedural care, and short-term outcomes among patients undergoing ICD placement since its inception in 2006. Long-term outcomes in real-world populations with ICDs (especially those outside the United States) are poorly characterized. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Schmidt et al present the temporal trends associated with ICD implantation in Denmark using the Danish National Patient Register (DNPR), including longitudinal mortality spanning the years 2000 to 2012. The DNPR uses administrative data from Denmark’s single-payer health care system to create a nationwide data registry that has been used for a diverse body of health services analyses. Using Cox proportional hazards models and mortality rate ratios, the authors report comorbidityadjusted mortality among ICD recipients in the DNPR. Over this time period, 8460 patients received an ICD in a cumulative population of nearly 7,726,000 in Denmark, and implantation rates increased 5-fold during this period. The rate of ICD implantation increased most dramatically among older patients and those with greater burden of comorbidity. The authors found that cumulative survival was 76% at 5 years and 54% at 10 years with an ICD. Not surprisingly, mortality was highest among the patients with greater burden of comorbidity, particularly among patients with congestive heart failure (adjusted 5-year mortality rate ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.66–2.14).