cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct visualization of electrochemical reactions and heterogeneous transport within porous electrodes in operando by fluorescence microscopy

Summary Optical fluorescence microscopy is shown to enable both high spatial and temporal resolution of redox-dependent fluorescence in flowing electrolytes. We report the use of fluorescence microscopy coupled with electrochemistry to directly observe the reaction and transport of redox-active quinones within porous carbon electrodes in operando. We observe surprising electrolyte channeling features within several porous electrodes, leading to spatially distinguishable advection-dominated and diffusion-dominated regions. These results challenge the common assumption that transport in porous electrodes can be approximated by a homogeneous Darcy-like permeability, particularly at the length scales relevant to many electrochemical systems such as redox flow batteries. This work presents a new platform to provide highly resolved spatial and temporal insight into electrolyte reactions and transport behavior within porous electrodes.
Co-occurring microorganisms regulate the succession of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have been found to transmit from N2 fixer-dominated to non-N2 fixer-dominated in many freshwater environments when the supply of N decreases. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying such "counter-intuitive" CyanoHAB species succession, metatranscriptomes (biotic data) and water quality-related variables (abiotic data) were analyzed weekly during a bloom season in Harsha Lake, a multipurpose lake that serves as a drinking water source and recreational ground. Our results showed that CyanoHABs in Harsha Lake started with N2-fixing Anabaena in June (ANA stage) when N was high, and transitioned to non-N2-fixing Microcystis- and Planktothrix-dominated in July (MIC-PLA stage) when N became limited (low TN/TP). Meanwhile, the concentrations of cyanotoxins, i.e., microcystins were significantly higher in the MIC-PLA stage. Water quality results revealed that N species (i.e., TN, TN/TP) and water temperature were significantly correlated with cyanobacterial biomass. Expression levels of several C- and N-processing-related cyanobacterial genes were highly predictive of the biomass of their species. More importantly, the biomasses of Microcystis and Planktothrix were also significantly associated with expressions of microbial genes (mostly from heterotrophic bacteria) related to processing organic substrates (alkaline phosphatase, peptidase, carbohydrate-active enzymes) and cyanophage genes. Collectively, our results suggest that besides environmental conditions and inherent traits of specific cyanobacterial species, the development and succession of CyanoHABs are regulated by co-occurring microorganisms. Specifically, the co-occurring microorganisms can alleviate the nutrient limitation of cyanobacteria by remineralizing organic compounds.
Tracking Longitudinal Population Dynamics of Single Neuronal Calcium Signal Using SCOUT

In vivo calcium imaging enables simultaneous recording of large neuronal ensembles engaged in complex operations. Many experiments require monitoring and identification of cell populations across multiple sessions. Population cell tracking across multiple sessions is complicated by non-rigid transformations induced by cell movement and imaging field shifts. We introduce SCOUT (Single-Cell SpatiOtemporal LongitUdinal Tracking), a fast, robust cell tracking method utilizing multiple cell-cell similarity metrics, probabilistic inference, and an adaptive clustering methodology to perform cell identification across multiple sessions. By comparing SCOUT with current popular cell tracking algorithms on simulated, 1-photon and 2-photon recordings, we empirically show this approach improves cell tracking quality, particularly when recordings exhibit spatial footprint movement between sessions or poor neural extraction quality.
CsPbBr3–CdS heterostructure: stabilizing perovskite nanocrystals for photocatalysis

The instability of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals (NCs) in polar solvents has hampered their use in photocatalysis. We have now succeeded in synthesizing CsPbBr3–CdS heterostructures with improved stability and photocatalytic performance. While the CdS deposition provides solvent stability, the parent CsPbBr3 in the heterostructure harvests photons to generate charge carriers. This heterostructure exhibits longer emission lifetime (τave = 47 ns) than pristine CsPbBr3 (τave = 7 ns), indicating passivation of surface defects. We employed ethyl viologen (EV2+) as a probe molecule to elucidate excited state interactions and interfacial electron transfer of CsPbBr3–CdS NCs in toluene/ethanol mixed solvent. The electron transfer rate constant as obtained from transient absorption spectroscopy was 9.5 × 1010 s−1 and the quantum efficiency of ethyl viologen reduction (ΦEV+˙) was found to be 8.4% under visible light excitation. The Fermi level equilibration between CsPbBr3–CdS and EV2+/EV+˙ redox couple has allowed us to estimate the apparent conduction band energy of the heterostructure as −0.365 V vs. NHE. The insights into effective utilization of perovskite nanocrystals built around a quasi-type II heterostructures pave the way towards effective utilization in photocatalytic reduction and oxidation processes.
Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula.

Abstract In the eastern United States, populations of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, can be infected by native fungal entomopathogens, including Batkoa major and Beauveria bassiana. In some areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, localized population collapses have been observed in L. delicatula populations to be caused by these pathogens. Two additional fungal pathogens were discovered infecting L. delicatula at low levels, and these were identified as Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula, a new species that has not been previously described. Therefore, four species of native entomopathogenic fungi have now been documented infecting this abundant, invasive planthopper that is spreading in the United States.
A NOTE ON USING ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR SOLVING BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

In this paper we outline a reliable strategy to use Adomian decomposition method properly for solving nonlinear partial differential equations with boundary conditions. Our fundamental goal in this paper has two features: (i) it introduces an efficient way for using Adomian decomposition method for boundary value problems, and (ii) it also would present the framework in a general way so that it may be used in BVPs of the same type. A numerical example is included to dwell upon the importance of the analysis presented.
Electrochemistry in liquid sulfhur dioxide: Part II. Oxidation of thiantherene in the presence of water and anisole

Abstract The reaction of electrochemically generated thianthrene radical cation (TH+.) and dication (TH2+) with anisole (AnH) and water in liquid sulfur dioxide was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and coulometry. In contrast to behavior in other aprotic solvents. TH+. did not react with either nucleophile on the coulometric time scale (≈ 1 h). However. TH2+ reacted rapidly as shown by the formation of a per-peak on the TH+./TH2+ CV wave. With AnH, this pre-peak was associated with the formation of a (TH-AnH)2+ complex in an EC-type reaction (k≈108 M−1 s−1) leading to the final product, (TH-An)+ClO4−. The reaction of TH2+ with water was first order in water and dication (kapp ≈ 177 M−1 s−1) and led to formation of the product thianthrene monoxide. The high stability of TH+. in SO2 was attributed to the low temperature (−40°C) and high purity of the medium, as well as the strong interaction between SO2 and the nucleophiles.
Phase space models for stochastic nonlinear parabolic waves: wave spread and collapse

We derive several kinetic equations to model the large scale, low Fresnel number behaviour of the generalized nonlinear Schr¨ odinger (NLS) equation with a rapidly fluctuating random potential. Depending on the relative scale of fluctuation in the longitudinal and transverse directions, we classify the kinetic equations into the longitudinal, the transverse and the isotropic case. The principal assumption of our derivation is that the rapid fluctuation in the linear potential does not give rise to rapid oscillations in the modulus of the wave amplitude. For the longitudinal and the transverse cases we address two problems, the rate of dispersion and the singularity formation, using the nonlinear kinetic equations. The main technique is the variance identities derived for the nonlinear kinetic equations. For the problem of dispersion, we show that in the longitudinal case the spread scales like (time) 3/2 whereas in the transverse case the spread is linearly proportional to time. For the problem of singularity formation, we show that the collapse conditions in the transverse case remain the same as those for the homogeneous NLS equation with critical or supercritical self-focusing nonlinearity whereas in the longitudinal case the small-scale medium fluctuations tend to enhance the energy of the system and thus raise the energy barrier to wave collapse.
Effects of reputation and website quality on online consumers' emotion, perceived risk and purchase intention: Based on the stimulus‐organism‐response model

Purpose – This research extends Mehrabian and Russell's Stimulus‐Organism‐Response model to include both external (i.e. reputation) and internal source of information (i.e. website quality) as stimuli which affect consumers' response systems. The purpose of this paper is to test a more comprehensive model consisting of reputation and website quality (stimuli), cognition and emotion (organism) and purchase intention (response).Design/methodology/approach – In total, 219 usable questionnaires were obtained at a large Midwestern university through online survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for data analyses.Findings – Reputation had a significant positive effect on consumers' emotion and significant negative effect on perceived risk. All four website quality dimensions had significant negative effects on perceived risk and significant positive effects on emotion, except for customer service. Perceived risk had a significant negative effect on consumers' emotion, and both perceived risk an...
Controlling the Movement of a TRR Spatial Chain With Coupled Six-Bar Function Generators for Biomimetic Motion

This paper describes a synthesis technique that constrains a spatial serial chain into a single degree-of-freedom mechanism using planar six-bar function generators. The synthesis process begins by specifying the target motion of a serial chain that is parameterized by time. The goal is to create a mechanism with a constant velocity rotary input that will achieve that motion. To do this we solve the inverse kinematics equations to find functions of each serial joint angle with respect to time. Since a constant velocity input is desired, time is proportional to the angle of the input link, and each serial joint angle can be expressed as functions of the input angle. This poses a separate function generator problem to control each joint of the serial chain. Function generators are linkages that coordinate their input and output angles. Each function is synthesized using a technique that finds 11 position Stephenson II linkages, which are then packaged onto the serial chain. Using pulleys and the scaling capabilities of function generating linkages, the final device can be packaged compactly. We describe this synthesis procedure through the design of a biomimetic device for reproducing a flapping wing motion.
Ribavirin administration via scavenger vacuum systems in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

R IBAVIRIN, an antiviral agent that acts by interfering with RNA and DNA synthesis, is recommended for the treatment of high-risk infants and children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Children with severe lower respiratory tract infection or those with increased risk of morbidity or mortality from RSV related to congenital heart disease, pulmonary disease, or immunosuppression are candidates for ribavirin (Adams & McFadden, 1990; Demers, Parker, Franked, & Smith, 1986; McEvoy, 1990). The presence of detectable levels of ribavirin in the patient-care environment has raised the concern of health care personnel when conventional administration procedures are used (Kacmarek & Kratohvil, 1992). Ribavirin has been shown to be a teratogenic in studies of small mammals (Ferm, Willhite, & Kilham, 1978; Kilham & Ferm, 1977; Hillyard, 1980; Kochhar, Penner, & Knudsen, 1980). However, teratogenicity is still considered highly questionable by the American Academy of Pediatrics (1991) with conventional administration procedures because there are no validated detrimental effects to human fetuses after several years of clinical use (Cohen & Brady, 1992). Traditionally, ribavirin administration practices have involved delivery via tent or mask inhalation to spontaneously breathing children for 12 to 20 hours daily over a course of 3 to 5 days (Harrison et al., 1988). More recently, high-dose short duration therapy via hood or mechanical ventilation with scavenger vacuum systems is recommended (Englund et al., 1990; Jury, 1993).
Transient Biocurrent Measurement By Lorentz Force Detection Or... What Is The Sound Of One Nerve Firing

Transient bioelectric currents flowing in strong magnetic fields can be shown to experience small time varying Lorentz forces. We have been evaluating a scheme to attempt noninvasive detection of small transient bioelectric currents, like those flowing in nerves, by measuring the Lorentz forces generated by pulsatile ionic currents when exposed to steady magnetic fields.
The use of nicotine-replacement therapy by hospitalized smokers.

Abstract Background: No-smoking policies are mandatory in U.S. hospitals. Consequently, smokers who are hospitalized must temporarily stop smoking. Nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) could help hospitalized smokers relieve nicotine withdrawal symptoms, comply with no-smoking policies, and sustain tobacco abstinence after discharge. The extent of NRT use in the hospital setting is unknown. We describe the prevalence and patterns of NRT use in hospitalized smokers. Design: Prospective observational study within a randomized smoking-intervention trial. Setting/ Participants: Six hundred fifty adult smokers admitted to the medical and surgical services of a large urban teaching hospital that prohibits smoking in all indoor areas. Follow-up was at 6 months. Main Outcome Measure: Inpatient pharmacy records of nicotine patch or gum use. Results: Only 34 of 650 smokers (5.2%) received NRT during their hospital stay, including only 9.6% of smokers who reported difficulty refraining from smoking while hospitalized and 9.0% of hospitalized smokers with nicotine withdrawal. NRT was more likely to be prescribed to patients with nicotine withdrawal (OR 2.23; 95% CI: 1.01, 4.90), a higher daily cigarette consumption (OR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06), and a longer hospitalization (OR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10). NRT use was independent of a patient’s intention to quit smoking after discharge and was not associated with smoking cessation 1 and 6 months after discharge. Conclusions: NRT was rarely used in this hospital, even among those who could have benefited from it to treat nicotine-withdrawal symptoms. When NRT was used, relief of nicotine withdrawal, rather than assistance with smoking cessation, appeared to be the primary goal. Greater use of NRT could benefit the estimated 6.5 million smokers who are hospitalized annually by reducing nicotine withdrawal, encouraging smoking cessation, and ensuring compliance with hospital no-smoking policies.
Ionization frequencies for solar cycle 21: Revised

Detailed spectra of the extreme ultraviolet solar flux at the earth were provided by instruments on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. These data have been used for aeronomical purposes in a large number of studies. An important parameter for such studies is the rate of production of various ions through the photoionization process. This parameter, known as an ionization frequency, is the integral over wavelength of the product of the solar flux and the cross section for the ionization of the particular constituent. Thus, the determination of the ionization rate is dependent on a good knowledge of the solar EUV intensities for the solar period in question. Over the past few years the EUV solar spectra that have been developed for use by aeronomers as reference spectra for such photochemical and ionospheric studies have been improved. The results of a redetermination of the most important ionization frequencies using the revised solar fluxes are reported. The impact is found to be more significant at solar maximum, amounting to a reduction of 12-21 percent in the ionization frequencies of the major terrestrial thermospheric constituents for solar-minimum conditions and 21-33 percent for solar-maximum conditions. The corrections are apart from the ongoing debate concerning the absolute intensity of EUV solar-flux measurements for the solar-cycle 21 maximum period.
Progress in Cleveland Clinic-Nimbus total artificial heart development

A totally implantable, Cleveland Clinic-Nimbus total artificial heart (TAH) uses electrohydraulic energy conversion and an automatic left master-alternate mode control scheme, with a filling sensitivity of 1.0 l/min/mmHg and a maximum output of 9.5 l/min. The TAHs were tested in 12 calves for 1-120 days with normal major organ and blood cell function. Post-operative suppression of platelet aggregation recovered by the second post-operative week. The gelatin-coated pump surface generally was clean without any anticoagulants and free from infection. Embolism, which occurred in two cases, was caused by complications attributable to fungal infection in a Dacron graft and by thrombus formed around a jugular vein catheter. A system with a hybridized microcircuit controller in the interventricular space has been tested successfully in the three most recent cases, with a peak device surface temperature elevation of 6.5 degrees C. Heat effects were confined to the tissues immediately adjacent to the hottest spots. The carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy housing and 60 ml butyl rubber compliance chamber showed good tissue compatibility with a thin, fibrous tissue capsule. The transcutaneous energy transmission system and the internal battery functioned well as designed in the most recent animal implant.
ARPP: An Augmented Reality 3D ping-pong game system on Android mobile platform

Ping-pong is a very popular physical game all over the world. People need to play it in some fixed physical locations. Based on Augmented Reality (AR) technology, we provide a more interesting and convenient way for people to play ping-pong game on smartphones. In this paper, we propose an Augmented Reality 3D Ping-Pong game system (ARPP) for two players on Android platform through Wi-Fi Direct. The game is rendered when two players aim their phones' camera at a specific marker. The players can view the virtual table tennis scenario through the screen of their smartphones. They move their phones to control paddles to play ping-pong game. The experiment results show that the proposed game system can work effectively and provide winner results on two Android mobile devices.
Practical platonic rhetoric: A study of the argumentation of the apology

In the Apology, Plato defends Socrates and the philosophical life with rhetoric despite his objections to rhetoric in the Gorgias and Phaedrus as harmful to philosophy. Critics have disagreed upon the acceptability of the argumentation, some praising, others condemning. By analyzing the argumentation first by Aristotelian and then Platonic criteria we can see why the Apology can be judged sophistical on the one hand and yet, on the other, as making a true contribution to philosophy and serving as an example of the best Platonic rhetoric in practice.
Characterizations and Quantitative Estimation of Alkali-Activated Binder Paste from Microstructures

Alkali-activated binder (AAB) is recently being considered as a sustainable alternative to portland cement (PC) due to its low carbon dioxide emission and diversion of industrial wastes and by-products such as fly ash and slag from landfills. In order to comprehend the behavior of AAB, detailed knowledge on relations between microstructure and mechanical properties are important. To address the issue, a new approach to characterize hardened pastes of AAB containing fly ash as well as those containing fly ash and slag was adopted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectra microanalyses. The volume stoichiometries of the alkali activation reactions were used to estimate the quantities of the sodium aluminosilicate (N–A–S–H) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produced by these reactions. The 3D plots of Si/Al, Na/Al and Ca/Si atom ratios given by the microanalyses were compared with the estimated quantities of CSH(S) to successfully determine the unique chemical compositions of the N–A–S–H and CSH(S) for ten different AAB at three different curing temperatures using a constrained nonlinear least squares optimization formulation by general algebraic modeling system. The results show that the theoretical and experimental quantities of N–A–S–H and CSH(S) were in close agreement with each other. The R2 values were 0.99 for both alkali-activated fly ash and alkali-activated slag binders.
Confocal microscopy of genome exposure in normal, cancer, and reverse-transformed cells.

Genome exposure studies were carried out on malignant CHO-K1 and C6 rat glioma cells and their respective, phenotypically normal counterparts (reverse-transformed CHO-K1, and both reverse-transformed C6 glioma and normal rat fibroblasts). Cells were subjected to the nick-translation technique previously developed to make visible the exposed (i.e., DNase I-sensitive) nuclear DNA, and examined by both epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The confocal microscopy, by permitting examination of sections throughout the nucleus, made possible clearer identification of the regions of exposed and sequestered DNA in the cells studied. A peripheral shell of exposed DNA with some discontinuities was displayed in the great majority of the cells with normal phenotype, but in none of the cancer cells. Both types of cells displayed regions of exposed DNA in the nuclear interior, particularly surrounding the nucleoli. In accordance with previous theoretical proposals we postulate: the peripheral nuclear shell of exposed DNA contains differentiation-specific genes that include the specific growth-control genes and that are functional in normal cells but not in cancer; the exposed genes surrounding the nucleoli may represent housekeeping genes active in both normal and cancer cells; and the DNase I-resistant DNA in the interior of the nucleus we postulate to consist for the most part of genes specific to alternative differentiation states and to be sequestered and inactive. Previous differences in evaluation of roles of peripheral and internal DNA sensitivity to DNase I hydrolysis appear to be reconciled by this formulation. Identification of exposed DNA may be useful in cancer diagnosis.
Culturally Responsive Computing: A Theory Revisited.

Despite multiple efforts and considerable funding, historically marginalized groups (e.g., racial minorities and women) continue not to enter or persist in the most lucrative of fields – technology. Understanding the potency of culturally responsive teaching (CRT), some technology-enrichment programs modified CRP principles to establish a culturally responsive computing (CRC) experience for disenfranchised groups. We draw from our respective praxes developing two such initiatives and reconceptualize CRC as a heuristic. In this theoretical article, we offer a more nuanced vision of CRC considering intersectionality, innovations, and technosocial activism. Implications for the newly defined tenets consider programmatic, theoretical, and methodological concerns.
Factors predicting poor survival after resection of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective Using a national cancer registry, we determined the postoperative survival of patients with stage IA non–small cell lung cancer in the United States from 1988 to 1997 and identified factors that affect survival. Methods Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program database, 10,761 patients were identified as having stage IA non–small cell lung cancer and underwent curative surgical resection from 1988 to 1997. Univariate analyses were performed by the log–rank test to determine predictors of survival, and multivariable analysis was performed by a Cox regression model. Results Overall 5-year survival was 58%. On univariate analysis, tumor size, gender, age, and extent of resection were significant predictors of survival. Five-year survival of patients with tumors 2.1 to 3.0 cm was lower than that for patients with tumors 2.0 cm or smaller: 55% versus 60% ( P P P P Conclusion The survival of patients with stage IA non–small cell lung cancer within the United States is significantly worse than survival reported from single-institution studies. This study identifies 4 factors that may affect survival in resected stage IA non–small cell lung cancer: tumor size, gender, age, and extent of resection.
A new clinical prognostic staging system for acute pancreatitis

Abstract purposes: (1) To test the hypothesis that the clinical features of patients with acute pancreatitis could be used to construct a new prognostic staging system, and (2) to compare the new system with the results of the existing Ranson system based on age and laboratory data. patients and methods: We obtained an inception cohort of 162 persons with 176 episodes of acute pancreatitis admitted to Yale-New Haven Hospital from January 1, 1987, to March 31, 1989. results: The main adverse outcome events, death and/or complications, occurred in 22% of episodes. Acute pancreatitis severity was classified in three stages, reflecting the presence of only primary features ( no ileus or peritonitis ), or the occurrence of secondary features that could be mild ( mild ileus ) or severe ( severe ileus and/or peritonitis ). In these 3 stages, the respective rates for outcome events were 13% (17 of 133), 43% (13 of 30), and 62% (8 of 13). The severity of comorbidity was classified according to Charlson's comorbidity index. For the 3 comorbidity stages , the outcome event rates were: minimal: 13% (12 of 92); intermediate: 22% (11 of 49); and severe: 43% (15 of 35). When the acute pancreatitis severity stages and comorbidity stages were conjoined to form the composite staging system , the corresponding outcome event rates were stage I: 8 of 107 (7%); stage II: 24 of 60 (40%); and stage III: 6 of 9 (67%). The composite staging system produced sharper gradients for the outcome events than Ranson's system, and was more readily applicable to all patients, particularly when the requisite special laboratory tests had not been ordered. conclusions: The clinical and comorbid features of patients with acute pancreatitis can be used to construct a clinically "sensible" composite staging system. The stages are easy to use, require no additional or special laboratory tests, and predict more accurately than Ranson's system.
Center of mass estimation in closed vortices - A verification in principle and practice

The problem of tracking closed mesoscale vortices using center of mass estimation techniques is studied. Three estimators are evaluated using data from a warm core Gulf Stream ring. The comparisons show that a method based on the intersection of perpendicular bisectors and one using a least-squares fit of a conic section perform comparably. The perpendicular bisector algorithm is used in conjunction with a Gaussian ring model and a star-shaped survey pattern to produce an expected error curve as a function of vortex translation, survey speed and vortex size. For typical ring parameters, center estimation is usually possible to within + or - 5 km. The feasibility of using differing data sets to construct a history of ring motion based on a coordinate system moving with the ring is also investigated. In this way, the validity of using satellite-derived data and drifter trajectories to estimate the center of mass of a mesoscale feature is assessed. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the location of the deeper structure of the ring and the surface expression are sufficiently well correlated to permit dynamically relevant calculations based on surface measurements. It is shown that satellite-derived data can be used to approximate the center of mass trajectory to within the error in the individual center estimates for the period analyzed. The Lagrangian-drifter-derived centers are offset from the center of mass trajectory in a manner consistent with kinematic arguments.
Automated classification and retrieval of reusable software components

The authors describe their research which improves software reuse by using an automated approach to semantically search for and retrieve reusable software components in large software component repositories and on the World Wide Web (WWW). Using automation and smart (semantic) techniques, their approach speeds up the search and retrieval of reusable software components, while retaining good accuracy, and therefore improves the affordability of software reuse. A program understanding of software components and natural language understanding of user queries was employed. Then the software component descriptions were compared by matching the resulting semantic representations of the user queries to the semantic representations of the software components to search for software components that best match the user queries. A proof of concept system was developed to test the authors' approach. The results of this proof of concept system were compared to human experts, and statistical analysis was performed on the collected experimental data. The results from these experiments demonstrate that this automated semantic-based approach for software reusable component classification and retrieval is successful when compared to the labor-intensive results from the experts, thus showing that this approach can significantly benefit software reuse classification and retrieval. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of autolysis on properties of μ- and m-calpain

Although the biochemical changes that occur during autolysis of mu- and m-calpain are well characterized, there have been few studies on properties of the autolyzed calpain molecules themselves. The present study shows that both autolyzed mu- and m-calpain lose 50-55% of their proteolytic activity within 5 min during incubation at pH 7.5 in 300 mM or higher salt and at a slower rate in 100 mM salt. This loss of activity is not reversed by dialysis for 18 h against a low-ionic-strength buffer at pH 7.5. Proteolytic activity of the unautolyzed calpains is not affected by incubation for 45 min at ionic strengths up to 1000 mM. Size-exclusion chromatography shows that ionic strengths of 100 mM or above cause dissociation of the two subunits of autolyzed calpains and that the dissociated large subunits (76- or 78-kDa) aggregate to form dimers and trimers, which are proteolytically inactive. Hence, instability of autolyzed calpains is due to aggregation of dissociated heavy chains. Autolysis removes the N-terminal 19 (m-calpain) or 27 (mu-calpain) amino acids from the large subunit and approximately 90 amino acids from the N-terminus of the small subunit. These regions form contacts between the two subunits in unautolyzed calpains, and their removal leaves only contacts between domain IV in the large subunit and domain VI in the small subunit. Although many of these contacts are hydrophobic in nature, ionic-strength-induced dissociation of the two subunits in the autolyzed calpains indicates that salt bridges have an important, possibly indirect, role in the domain IV/domain VI interaction.
Temperament and physical performance in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Objective. Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) must participate in therapy to achieve motor performance objectives. Their behavioral style may influence motor performance. For this reason, the temperament of children with types III or IV OI was assessed prospectively to 1) compare their temperament with that of nondisabled children, 2) investigate the relationship between temperament and gross motor performance, and 3) examine relationships among temperament, parental overprotection and coping, physical activity, muscle strength, and motor performance. Methods. Age-appropriate Carey Temperament Scales, Brief Assessment of Motor Function (BAMF), and the Vulnerable Child/Overprotecting Parents Scale were completed for 35 children 1 to 12 years old. Additional measures included the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire, Parent Daily Hassles Scale, manual muscle testing, Pediatric Activity Record, and a Summed Severity Score. Spearman correlations and multiple regression were used to identify and predict significant relationships. Results. Temperament of children with OI differed from age-based norms in only 1 domain: activity. Motor performance (BAMF) correlated significantly with 3 domains of temperament: persistence ( r = −.48), approach ( r = −.34), and activity ( r = .40). Activity was also related to the ratio of head circumference to body length ( r = −.45) and the number of fractures in the preceding year ( r = −.35). Parents’ reports of their daily hassles significantly correlated with several domains of the child’s temperament. No significant relationships were identified between parental overprotection and temperament or motor performance. Conclusions. The temperament of children with types III and IV OI does not differ from that of their nondisabled peers, with the exception of lower activity scores. Although it is considered a biological attribute, the expression of temperament, specifically activity, may be influenced by learned behaviors. Because gross motor performance is related to activity, persistence, and approach/avoidance, knowledge of an individual’s temperament may enhance the child’s ability to benefit from interventions to improve motor skill and activity levels.
Line following using a two camera guidance system for a mobile robot

Automated unmanned guided vehicles have many potential applications in manufacturing, medicine, space and defense. A mobile robot has been designed for the 1996 Automated Unmanned Vehicle Society competition which was held in Orlando, Florida on July 15, 1996. The competition required the vehicle to follow solid and dashed lines around an approximately 800 ft. path while avoiding obstacles, overcoming terrain changes such as inclines and sand traps, and attempting to maximize speed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the algorithm developed for the line following. The line following algorithm images two windows and locates their centroid and with the knowledge that the points are on the ground plane, a mathematical and geometrical relationship between the image coordinates of the points and their corresponding ground coordinates are established. The angle of the line and minimum distance from the robot centroid are then calculated and used in the steering control. Two cameras are mounted on the robot with a camera on each side. One camera guides the robot and when it loses track of the line on its side, the robot control system automatically switches to the other camera. The test bed system has provided an educational experience for all involved and permits understanding and extending the state of the art in autonomous vehicle design.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new ion sensor based on fiber optics

Abstract A fluorimetric ion sensor based on fiber optics has been developed that employs Rhodamine 6G hydrophobically and electrostatically “trapped” on a Nafion film. The sensor is based on the measurement of quenching or enhancement of the Rhodamine 6G fluorescence by various ions. It was found that ions such as Co 2+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ and NH + 4 rapidly quench the Rhodamine 6G fluorescence at an initial rate that depends on the concentration of the ion. This quenching is then readily reversed by the addition of “reverser” ions such as H + , Li + , Na + , K + , Ba 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ . Again, the initial rate for the attainment of the original fluorescence was found to depend on the concentration of the reverser ion. Therefore, by monitoring the quenching directly the concentration of quencher ions can be determined. In addition, by loading the film with quencher and monitoring the initial rate of return towards the original baseline signal, it is possible to determine non-quenching ions.
Rape Perception and the Function of Ambivalent Sexism and Gender-Role Traditionality

This study explores the roles of benevolent sexism (BS), hostile sexism (HS), and gender-role traditionality (GRT) in minimizing rape, blaming the victim, and excusing the rapist. As predicted, hostile sexists minimize the seriousness of the rape in both stranger and date-rape scenarios. In the victim-blame scale, both BS and GRT significantly moderate victim blame in a date but not stranger scenario. BS and GRT moderate the perpetrator-excuse measure in a date scenario but HS is the significant moderator in a stranger scenario. These results show that external observers make different assumptions about a rape incident based on their GRT, BS, and HS levels in different victim-perpetrator relationships.
Lysyl oxidase: an oxidative enzyme and effector of cell function.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) oxidizes the side chain of peptidyl lysine converting specific lysine residues to residues of α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde. This posttranslational chemical change permits the covalent crosslinking of the component chains of collagen and those of elastin, thus stabilizing the fibrous deposits of these proteins in the extracellular matrix. Four LOX-like (LOXL) proteins with varying degrees of similarity to LOX have been described, constituting a family of related proteins. LOX is synthesized as a preproprotein which emerges from the cell as proLOX and then is processed to the active enzyme by proteolysis. In addition to elastin and collagen, LOX can oxidize lysine within a variety of cationic proteins, suggesting that its functions extend beyond its role in the stabilization of the extracellular matrix. Indeed, recent findings reveal that LOX and LOXL proteins markedly influence cell behavior including chemotactic responses, proliferation, and shifts between the normal and malignant phenotypes.
The SMART retrieval system: Experiments in automatic document processing — Gerard Salton, Ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971, 556 pp., $15.00)

If one were to construct a dictionary today for use in an information storage and retrieval system, it would seem almost appropriate to link the name Gerard Salton with the SMART system, for the two, in a way, are synonyms. Thus, to read of another publication by Salton about the SMART system is not a surprise: the new book continues the account of the SMART system begun earlier [1].
Preparing Prospective Physical Educators in Exercise Physiology

This paper addresses the need for the continued assessment of the course content and instructional methods traditionally employed within physical education teacher education programs to deliver theoretical and applied information from the foundational subdiscipline of exercise physiology. The current literature suggests that physical education teacher educators must implement alternative instructional strategies in order to help students effectively inteprate exercise physiology theory into the practice of teaching physical education. An innovative course at West Virginia University has heen designed to facilitate students' ability to bridge the existent gap between theory and practice in the area of exercise physiology. The infusion of developmental exercise physiology subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge. and pedagogical content knowledge into a single course is intended to ultimately enhance prospective teachers' readiness to foster school-aged children's appreciation for regular physical ac...
Variations in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages along north-south transects in the Indian Ocean

Abstract The spatial variability of 25 species of planktonic Foraminifera is analyzed in four plankton and three sediment transects in the western Indian Ocean. The data are used to document: (1) the influence of season and depth on the distribution of species in the plankton; (2) the influence of dissolution on the relative abundance of species in the sediments; and (3) differences between the distribution of species in the plankton and in the sediments. The planktonic distributions of several species are similar to their fossil distributions in the sediments (e.g., Sphaeroidinella dehiscens, Globigerinoides sacculifer, G. ruber and Globorotalia inflata ). Significant discordances, however, occur between the living and fossil distributions of many species. For example, the planktonic ranges of Globoquadrina conglomerata, Hastigerina pelagica and Globorotalia crassaformis are more extensive than their fossil ranges in the sediments. Conversely, Globigerina rubescens, G. tenellus, Turborotalia humilis, Globigerina quinqueloba and Globoquadrina pachyderma are more widespread in the sediments than in the plankton. In general, warm-water species having large shell diameters are preferentially retained in the plankton samples (>202 μm size fraction), whereas cold-water species having small diameters are more abundant in the sediment samples (>125 μm size fraction). These differences give the sediments a “colder” faunal character than the overlying waters, and can bias paleoecological studies based on planktonic data. Dissolution of fossil tests in the sediments alters the distribution of most species. These changes result in an equatorward shift of a number of resistant, cold-water species and a poleward shift of a number of resistant, warm-water species. Consequently, dissolved sediments in high latitudes have a “colder” faunal character than low-dissolution samples; and dissolved sediments in low latitudes have a “warmer” character. To avoid bias and inaccuracy in paleoecological interpretation, this effect of dissolution on species distributions must be taken into account.
An epoxide is an intermediate in the microsomal metabolism of the chemical carcinogen, dibenz(a,h)anthracene.

Abstract Washed rat liver microsomes that had been heated for 5 minutes at 50°C were incubated at room temperature for 30 seconds with 3H-dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, TPNH, MgCl2, and unlabeled 5,6-epoxy-dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Analysis of the incubation mixture by TLC revealed the presence of an epoxide. This epoxide was characterized by its behavior on TLC and by its conversion under acidic conditions to the corresponding phenol. The possible role of epoxides in hydrocarbon carcinogenesis is discussed.
Nucleation in two-dimensional Langmuir turbulence

Simulations of the long-time behavior of the Zakharov model of Langmuir turbulence in two spatial dimensions reveal regimes where nucleation of localized electrostatic fields in previously burnt out density cavities is the mechanism which sustains the turbulence. Power spectrum diagnostics show that for moderate ion wave damping the Langmuir energy is carried by localized states.
CMOS amplifier using chopper stabilization and sample-and-hold techniques

A low-noise CMOS amplifier operating at a low supply voltage is developed using the noise reduction technique of chopper stabilization. Unlike the conventional chopper stabilization technique that uses low pass filter to reduce the low frequency noise, the proposed amplifier uses the chopper stabilization technique and replaces the demodulator and the low pass filter with sample-and-hold circuit and adder. A simulation shows that the noise filtering performance for the chopper stabilization with sample-and-hold technique reduces the design complexity as well as the silicon area without losing the quality of noise reduction. A noise analysis shows that although the sample-and-hold degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the degradation can be minimized by maximizing the duty cycle, minimizing the amplifier bandwidth and accurate matching of capacitance and resistance.
Possibility is not consistency

We shall use Godel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem to show that consistency is not possibility, and then argue that the argument does serious damage to some theories of modality where consistency plays a major but not exclusive role.
Mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) anticarcinogenesis: inhibition of aflatoxin B1-DNA adduction and mutagenesis by I3C acid condensation products.

Possible inhibitory mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent hepatocarcinogen, were examined in rainbow trout. In the Salmonella assay using a trout post-mitochondrial activation system, I3C itself was not an antimutagen against AFB1. The study also evaluated: the antimutagenic ability of I3C oligomers; an acid reaction mixture (RXM) of I3C, generated at low pH to simulate I3C products formed under acidic conditions of the stomach; 3,3-diindolylmethane (I33'), the major derivative of I3C found in trout liver; and 5,6,11,12,17,18- hexahydrocyclononal [1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b"]triindole , the cyclic trimer of I3C (CT), a derivative of I3C in liver and one of the major components of RXM. Concentrations of 3.5 microM and greater of I33', CT or RXM showed about 80% inhibition compared with the control. Higher concentrations (70 microM) of the various I3C oligomers also inhibited (to a maximum of 55%) mutagenesis of synthetic AFB1-8,9-epoxide added to the Salmonella assay, in the absence of activating enzymes. I33' inhibited total microsome catalysed AFB1-DNA binding in vitro in an apparently non-competitive manner (Kis = 27.6 +/- 9.4 microM, Kii = 37.5 +/- 32.2 microM). These results suggest that the anticarcinogenic effect of I3C against AFB1 in rainbow trout, and perhaps other species, is due in part to inhibition of AFB1 bioactivation enzymes and to scavenging of the activated AFB1-8,9-epoxide.
Two methods for studying the incremental validity of a Rorschach variable.

The MMPI can be scored by a clerk. Also, both the number and form level of Rorschach responses can be easily assessed. Other Rorschach variables should be examined for their incremental validity beyond number of responses and form level, or from these variables plus simple MMPI variables. This study applied multiple regression analyses to 2 data sets with reasonable criteria of pathology that were predicted by W. Perry and D. J. Viglione's (1991) Ego Impairment Index considered alone. The index had only slight incremental validity over and above the number of responses and form quality, and even less when the average MMPI elevation and L. R. Goldberg's (1965) formula for predicting psychosis versus neurosis were entered before these Rorschach variables. Another way of assessing incremental validity is through the use of unit weights, that is, adding standardized variables weighted equally rather than optimally. The unit-weighted incremental validity analysis resulted in the same conclusions.