cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION OF INTERPHASE CHROMOSOME VOLUME (ICV) TO AN ESTIMATED ACTUAL CHROMOSOME VOLUME.

(1970). The Relation of Interphase Chromsome Volume (ICV) to an Estimated ‘Actual Chromosome Volume’. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 381-384.
Statutory Compensation for the Wrongly Imprisoned

This article provides an overview of the unique challenges faced by men and women who have been wrongly convicted, imprisoned, and subsequently exonerated, and discusses the relevance of social work to exoneration. The ways in which exonerees can seek compensation are described, and state compensation statutes are examined, delineating monetary and reentry support provisions. Currently, 30 states and the District of Columbia have compensation statutes. Monetary and reentry support provisions vary greatly by state, with few providing both. The wrongly imprisoned experience the same effects of incarceration as other prisoners; their psychological trauma, however, is exacerbated by the fact that they are innocent. Furthermore, upon release, exonerees have fewer reentry supports available to them compared with prisoners released on parole. This article supports the position that the state has a responsibility to provide adequate compensation, monetarily and servicewise, to the wrongly imprisoned, and that compensation by statutory means should be standard in every state. This article also highlights how social workers are uniquely qualified to provide immediate and long-term social and mental health services to exonerees, as well as to advocate for comprehensive exoneree compensation through state statutes.
Book Review: Rediscovering the Natural Law in Reformed Theological Ethics - By Stephen J. Grabill

This short essay is a review of Stephen Grabill's book, Rediscovering the Natural Law in Reformed Theological Ethics. The book is an historical treatment of place of natural law thought in the magisterial Reformation. Its stated aim is to assist contemporary Protestant pastors, denominational officials, theologians, ethicists, public intellectuals, seminarians, graduate students and general readers to rediscover and rehabilitate natural law and related doctrinal concepts. The book, with its meticulously documented source material, will be especially valuable to legal scholars attempting to engage natural law from the perspective of Reformation theology or to find common ground between Protestant and Catholic legal thought.
Assessing the effects of thermal and hydro energy production on water systems

Energy production systems can be ranked in order according to the amount of energy generated as follows: petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear, biomass, hydro, wind/solar, and geothermal. However, regardless of the type of system, most energy production systems use water, with a direct effect on local water systems. This study reviews the effects on water systems of thermal and hydro energy production. Thermoelectric power is reviewed because it uses the largest water withdrawals, and hydropower is analyzed because it is the clearest example of the interconnection between energy production and water systems. The thermoelectric part of the study describes water use by thermal plants, types of cooling systems, a solution to the effects of once-through cooling systems on river and lake systems, and the potential effects of climate change on water systems and power production. The hydroelectric part of the study elaborates on the effects of large hydropower on the environment, reduction of those effects provided by small-scale hydropower, retrofitting dams for hydropower, and the potential effects of climate change on hydropower production. Society will benefit from stakeholder collaborations that optimize the freshwater efficiency of energy production, promote responsible energy operations with respect to water quality and the ecosystem, and better use of the synergies between water and energy systems. Thermal power and hydropower are, and will continue to be, important and necessary forms of energy production. Scientific analyses of energy and water systems under conditions of climate change will continue to enhance the reliability and resilience of both systems.
Big dipper, little dipper

Blood pressure typically dips at night—a sign of a healthy, reactive vasculature. “Nondippers,” individuals with similar daytime and nighttime blood pressure, have a higher risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Because such vascular risk factors increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Tarumi and colleagues examined whether compromised vascular reactivity might underlie this relationship. The authors tested the association between nondipper status and amyloid deposition (a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease) in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (usually a result of Alzheimer’s disease pathology). Participants who showed less than a 10% drop in blood pressure at night were considered nondippers. These people had increased amyloid deposition in the posterior cingulate region, as measured by 18F-florbetapir PET. A more precise gauge of cerebral vasculature reactivity (cerebral blood flow measurement with transcranial Doppler during a sit-stand maneuver) confirmed that reactivity was impaired in the nondippers. Furthermore, in the entire study cohort, decreased cerebral blood flow reactivity was associated with increased amyloid deposition in the posterior cingulate region. Limitations of the study include the small sample size (40) and the fact that the authors did not test for obstructive sleep apnea, which is associated with both nondipper status and with Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, mean arterial pressure, not systolic pressure, determines cerebral blood flow; therefore, the study would have been more compelling if mean arterial pressure had been analyzed. This study raises the interesting possibility that correcting unhealthy vascular function in patients who show early and preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, when amyloid plaque burden is increasing, may alter the progression from amyloid plaques to symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. T. Tarumi et al ., Amyloid burden and sleep blood pressure in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002167 (2015). [[Abstract ]][1] [1]: http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2015/11/04/WNL.0000000000002167.short
Sexually open marriages: Ground rules for countering potential threats to marriage

The question as to what degree people are able to engage in extramarital relationships without endangering their marriages remains controversial. In this study it was assumed that the norms and ground rules a couple agrees on are crucial predictive factors. A questionnaire with predominantly precoded answers was administered to 50 Dutch couples who all had been or were still involved in extramarital relationships. Most subjects were upper middle class with a rather liberal outlook on sex and marriage and an average level of marital satisfaction and self-esteem.
Purification and characterization of a small dermatan sulphate proteoglycan implicated in the dilatation of the rat uterine cervix.

A small dermatan sulphate proteoglycan (DSPG) was extracted from rat cervices and was purified by using DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B and CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation-equilibrium centrifugation gave a weight-average Mr of 95,000. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and leucine. The glycosaminoglycan chains had Mr 50,000 as determined by gel filtration. Chondroitin AC lyase and chondroitin ABC lyase digestions of these chains showed that they were composed of 75% dermatan sulphate and 25% chondroitin sulphate. Chondroitin ABC lyase digestion produced a core protein of Mr 45,000. The core protein, after treatment with HF, had Mr 37,000. Amino acid sequences of the N-terminus and a CNBr-cleavage peptide showed similarity to the sequences of core proteins of small proteoglycans of bovine and human origin, but the N-terminal glycosaminoglycan-attachment site (Ser-Gly-Ile-Ile) differed from the consensus sequence (Ser-Gly-Xaa-Gly) [Bourdon, Krusius, Campbell, Schwartz & Ruoslahti (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 3194-3198]. A polyclonal antibody against the rat cervical DSPG reacted with small proteoglycans from cervices of human, mouse, dog, cow and sheep. DSPG is the major proteoglycan species present in the cervix. The amount of DSPG per cervix increases 4-fold during pregnancy, then falls precipitously within 1 day post partum. A role in cervical dilatation is postulated for this proteoglycan.
Effect of Goat Itch Mite Disease on Antioxidant System

In order to study the effect of goat itch mite disease to the body oxygen free radicals and antioxidant system,activities of GSH-Px,T-SOD and CAT as well as contents of MDA and LPO of healthy goats and infection goats were determined,respectively.Results showed that the activities of GSH-Px and T-SOD in serum of infection goats was significantly lower than control group(P0.01),while there was no significant difference in the activity of CAT;the content of MDA of infection goats was significantly higher than control group(P0.05),and the content of LPO of infection goats was also significantly higher than control group(P0.01).It is suggested that the contents of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxide in body increase after goat is infected by itch mite disease,while the activities of antioxidant enzymes decrease.
Effects of mineral oil immersion cooling on IT equipment reliability and reliability enhancements to data center operations

This paper reviews the changes in physical and chemical properties of information technology (IT) equipment materials like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), printed circuit board (PCB) and switching devices due to mineral oil to characterize the interconnect reliability of materials. By submerging all of a server's heat-generating components in a dielectric liquid, creates the attack on reliability issues at the device level. The improved efficiency of mineral oil may offer simplicity in facility design compared to traditional air cooling and provide a means for cost savings. In spite of its improved cooling efficiency and cost savings, a mineral oil immersion cooling technique is still not widely implemented and suppliers are reluctant to jeopardize sales of existing air-based cooling system equipment. Only compelling physics regarding direct immersion cooling is not enough for data center operators. Many uncertainties and concerns persist regarding the effects of mineral oil immersion cooling on information technology equipment reliability. The paper presents useful information regarding the influence of mineral oil on the mechanical properties as well as chemical properties of a material. The changes in properties of mineral oil like kinematic viscosity and dielectric strength are also cited as an important factor and discussed briefly. The changes in mechanical properties like elasticity, hardness, swelling, and creep are being shown in the paper for thermoplastic materials. The chemical reaction between material and mineral oil as a function of time and temperature is also conferred. These are significant factors which are responsible for the reliability and compatibility of a material. The changes or modifications in materials of important parts in physical and chemical manner are also indicated. The relations between different dielectric oils and different materials provide us a comparative analysis for reliability and performance. Oil immersion cooling of data centers offers opportunities for enhanced reliability with even temperature conditions in operations as it minimizes common operational issues like: overheating and temperature swings in the system, fan failures in servers, noise, dust, air quality, corrosion, electrochemical migration, and whiskers will also be addressed. The reliability improvements are comprised of the reduction in corrosion & electrochemical migration like corrosive exposure and moisture reduction, reduction in environmental contamination like dust, debris and particulate reduction, stable and even thermal environment and tin and zinc whisker mitigation. These may lead to infer the significance of oil cooled data centers towards performance and savings in operating cost as per reliability aspect. The literature gathered on the subject and quantifiable data gathered by the authors provide the primary basis for this research document.
Septum-Inferior-Medial (SIM)-Based Pedicle: A Safe Pedicle with Well-Preserved Nipple Sensation for Reduction in Gigantomastia

Reduction in breasts with well-preserved nipple sensation and a viable nipple–areola complex (NAC) is one of the basic core concepts of reduction mammoplasty. Many techniques have been described with enthusiasm advocating full achievement of the aforementioned goals. The goal of this study is to introduce a novel technique that provides an intact neurovascular source to the nipple–areola complex for reduction in gigantic breasts. Twenty-six patients operated on from December 2010 through April 2015 were included in the study. The reduction was performed by isolating Wuringer’s septum and the inferior pedicle in continuity with the medial pedicle to save the neurovascular supply to the NAC and its accompanying breast parenchyma. This pedicle is called as septum-inferior-medial-based pedicle. Inclusion criteria, marking and planning with detailed description of the surgical procedure are presented. The overall satisfaction rate was high. Eighty percent of the patients rated their results. The results were as follows: 81% rated as ‘very satisfied’; 19% rated as ‘somewhat satisfied.’ NAC sensation was intact in all cases at all time intervals even immediately after surgery. The united pedicle technique provides an intact neurovascular source to the nipple–areola complex. Reduction with this pedicle is a safe procedure. Remodeling the gigantic breast can be accomplished without any restriction because of the flexibility of this pedicle. The very early results are promising, but long-term results needed to be evaluated. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Sleep surgery tool: A medical checklist to review prior to operating

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to systematically review the international literature for studies providing a preoperative checklist for medical disorders to be evaluated or treated before performing sleep surgery. If no checklist exists, then studies providing recommendations would be used to develop a checklist de novo. Study design Systematic review combined with expert opinion. Methods Four databases, including PubMed/Medline were searched through August 10, 2016. Results 453 potentially relevant studies were screened, 32 were downloaded for full review. No study included a preoperative checklist. No study provided guidance for specific medical disorders to evaluate or screen for prior to sleep surgery. Therefore, we reviewed articles in adults that provided recommendations such as: (1) labs to review, (2) non-operative disorders to evaluate and treat, and (3) comorbidities to optimize prior to performing sleep surgery. These articles were utilized in conjunction with expert opinion to develop a preoperative checklist for surgical guidance. Conclusion There are several items to review prior to performing sleep surgery on obstructive sleep apnea patients. This systematic review and expert opinion-based checklist provides over twenty items for reviewing prior to performing sleep surgery to reduce the chance of operating prematurely.
CRED: Cloud Right-Sizing to Meet Execution Deadlines and Data Locality

As demands for cloud-based data processing continue to grow, cloud providers seek effective techniques that deliver value to the business without violating Service Level Agreements (SLAs). Cloud right-sizing has emerged as a very promising technique for making cloud services more cost-effective. In this paper, we present CRED, a novel framework for cloud right-sizing with execution deadlines and data locality constraints. CRED jointly optimizes data placement and task scheduling in data centers with the aim of minimizing the number of nodes needed while meeting users' SLA requirements. We formulate CRED as an integer optimization problem and present a heuristic algorithm with provable performance guarantees to solve the problem. Competitive ratios of the proposed algorithm are quantified in closed form for arbitrary task parameters and cloud configurations. Simulation results using Google trace show that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms existing heuristics such as first-fit by reducing up to 47% of required active servers, and achieves nearly-optimal performance in terms of cloud-right sizing.
Cardiac neuroanatomy - Imaging nerves to define functional control

The autonomic nervous system regulates normal cardiovascular function and plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Further understanding of the interplay between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system holds promise for the development of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics. To this end, techniques to image myocardial innervation will help provide a basis for understanding the fundamental underpinnings of cardiac neural control. In this review, we detail the evolution of gross and microscopic anatomical studies for functional mapping of cardiac neuroanatomy.
DataTweener: a demonstration of a tweening engine for incremental visualization of data transforms

With the development and advancement of new data interaction modalities, data exploration and analysis has become a highly interactive process situating the user in a session of successive queries. With rapidly changing results, it becomes difficult for the end user to fully comprehend transformations, especially the transforms corresponding to complex queries. We introduce "data tweening" as an informative way of visualizing structural data transforms, presenting the users with a series of incremental visual representations of a resultset transformation. We present transformations as ordered sequences of basic structural transforms and visual cues. The sequences are generated using an automated framework which utilizes differences between the consecutive resultsets and queries in a query session. We evaluate the effectiveness of tweening as a visualization method through a user study.
Deconstruction of Corticospinal Circuits for Goal-Directed Motor Skills

Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) represent the direct cortical outputs to the spinal cord and play important roles in motor control across different species. However, their organizational principle remains unclear. By using a retrograde labeling system, we defined the requirement of CSNs in the execution of a skilled forelimb food-pellet retrieval task in mice. In vivo imaging of CSN activity during performance revealed the sequential activation of topographically ordered functional ensembles with moderate local mixing. Region-specific manipulations indicate that CSNs from caudal or rostral forelimb area control reaching or grasping, respectively, and both are required in the transitional pronation step. These region-specific CSNs terminate in different spinal levels and locations, therefore preferentially connecting with the premotor neurons of muscles engaged in different steps of the task. Together, our findings suggest that spatially defined groups of CSNs encode different movement modules, providing a logic for parallel-ordered corticospinal circuits to orchestrate multistep motor skills.
Hahellaceae fam. nov.

Ha. hel.la' ce.ae. M.L. fem. n. Hahella type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Hahellaceae the Hahella family. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Hahellaceae Keywords: Hahellaceae fam. nov.; Hahella; Gammaproteobacteria class. nov.; Oceanospirillales ord. nov
Qualitative Elemental Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

Before attempting automatic or manual peak identification, it is critical that the EDS system be properly calibrated to ensure that accurate energy values are measured for the characteristic X-ray peaks. Follow the vendor’s recommended procedure to rigorously establish the calibration. The calibration procedure typically involves measuring a known material such as copper that provides characteristic X-ray peaks at low photon energy (e.g., Cu L3-M5 at 0.928 keV) and at high photon energy (Cu K-L3 at 8.040 keV). Alternatively, a composite aluminum-copper target (e.g., a copper penny partially wrapped in aluminum foil and continuously scanned so as to excite both Al and Cu) can be used to provide the Al K-L3 (1.487 keV) as the low energy peak and Cu K-L3 for the high energy peak. After calibration, peaks occurring within this energy range (e.g., Ti K-L3 at 4.508 keV and Fe K-L3 at 6.400 keV) should be measured to confirm linearity. A well-calibrated EDS should produce measured photon energies within ±2.5 eV of the ideal value. Low photon energy peaks below 1 keV photon energy should also be measured, for example, O K (e.g., from MgO) and C K. For some EDS systems, non-linearity may be encountered in the low photon energy range. Figure 18.1 shows an EDS spectrum for CaCO3 in which the O K peak at 0.523 keV is found at the correct energy, but the C K peak at 0.282 keV shows a significant deviation below the correct energy due to non-linear response in this range.
The effect of diet on feces and jaundice during the first 3 weeks of life

Abstract This study examined the relationship between fecal output and neonatal jaundice in infants exclusively fed either human milk or one of three infant formulas (whey predominant, Enfamil; casein predominant, 3305H; and casein hydrolysate, Nutramigen; all from Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN). Stool output was quantitated during the first 3 weeks of life. Jaundice was assessed by measuring serum bilirubin level and transcutaneous jaundice index. In general, after the fourth day, breast-fed infants produced lower-weight individual wet and dry stools than formula-fed infants. Cumulative wet and dry stool output was also lowest in the breast-fed infants during this time. After the first week, breastfed infants had a higher stooling frequency than formula-fed infants. The jaundice indexes of the four groups differed significantly on all days after day 3, with highest levels in breast-fed infants and lowest levels, for unknown reasons, in those fed casein hydrolysate. The jaundice index of those fed casein hydrolysate was significantly lower than that of the other formula-fed infants on days 10–18. In the breast-fed group the decrease from day 3 to day 21 in both serum bilirubin level and the jaundice index was positively correlated with both the 21-day total wet and total dry cumulative stool weights. It is concluded that the quantity of stool excreted is related to decreases in serum bilirubin levels in infants fed human milk.
State-Sponsored Assassination in International and Domestic Law

This chapter examines the international and US domestic law governing assassinations conducted or sponsored by States. The issue first came to widespread contemporary attention during the first Gulf War of 1990–1991 when US forces allegedly targeted Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Since then allegations of “decapitation” strikes against regime leadership have surfaced in such conflicts as the 1999 campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the 2001 strikes against the Taliban, the 2003 war with Iraq and, most recently, the 2011 UN sanctioned operations in Libya. However, the law of assassination has a long lineage, stretching back to antiquity. The chapter clarifies much of the definitional confusion regarding the term by exploring both its historical basis and the extant prescriptive norms resident in both international and US law. It concludes with a survey of the practical factors likely to affect decisions about such targeting, an evaluation of current bans, and brief recommendations for future prohibitions.
Photonic Parity-Time Symmetric Topological Edge States in a Two-Dimensional Lattice

We propose the realization of topological edge states in two-dimensional non-Hermitian parity-time symmetric structure with Ce symmetry. Also, we study the bulk topological invariants that explain the topological phase of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian.
Local Muscularis Inflammatory Mechanisms of Ileus

Ileus, signifying the impairment of coordinated propulsive intestinal peristalsis, remains a well-documented and virtually inevitable consequence of open abdominal surgery, sepsis, and shock. Despite the frequency and major impact of ileus on morbidity and mortality, little is known of the underlying cellular mechanisms of this important clinical conundrum. The major focus of our laboratory has been to investigate the immunological responses, which are initiated within the intestinal muscularis externa during abdominal surgery, sepsis, and shock. Here we summarize our recent findings on the molecular causes of ileus, using our rodent model, in which the small bowel is subjected to a minor degree of surgical manipulation consisting of simple inspection along its entire length using moist cotton applicators. Although, variations exist between postoperative trauma, sepsis and hemorrhagic shock, the general common principles elucidated here apply to all these initiating events which cause ileus. Because of space constraints, we have not tried to integrate the equally important findings made by other research groups.
Geometric partitioning of cohesin and condensin is a consequence of chromatin loops.

The structural maintenance of chromosome complexes condensin and cohesin have disparate geometric localizations in chromatin. The different chromatin-tethering modalities of the complexes result in...
Expanded Practice in Midwifery: Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining Programs

Advances in health care science and delivery, coupled with patient need for access to care, have driven expanded practice in midwifery for decades. The process for development and implementation of expanded practices for midwives and midwifery practices is described. Important components include assessment of need, identifying stakeholders and supporters, development of a program proposal, obtaining privileges, developing training programs, and conducting ongoing quality management and program evaluation. Examples of expanded practice in midwifery are presented.
On the Optimal Condition for Battery Aging Assessment Based on an Electrochemical Model

Battery aging remains a critical challenge and state-of-heath (SOH) estimation is a key task for battery management system (BMS). Adaptive model-based methods have been extensively studied, and conventional applications of extended Kalman filter (EKF) are mostly limited to only one electrode, in order to address the weak observability of battery system due to the absence of a reference electrode. Moreover, the state-of-art is dominated by improving model precision and algorithm efficiency, while the significance of measurement data for SOH estimation is often neglected. This study applies EKF to both electrodes and guarantees the estimation accuracy through the optimized initialization. Effective cyclable lithium, Δn Li, avg , is proposed and validated with experimental data as a reliable aging parameter to interpret the long-term evolution of battery degradation. Data of different operating conditions (charging, discharging, charge depleting), different state-of-charge (SOC) sections and different rates of measurement update, are tested for their impacts on aging estimation. It can be concluded that a sufficiently wide SOC range from 1C charging is comparatively the optimal condition for estimating Δn Li, avg . Within the bond of required estimation precision, a slower measurement update proves to be a preferred solution due to its equivalent estimation accuracy and less demanding computational resource.
De señora burguesa a portavoz de la resistencia antifascista: una mujer en la Guerra de España y el Bildungsroman femenino

La novela testimonial Una mujer en la guerra de Espana (1964) recoge la experiencia traumatica sufrida por Carlota O’Neill durante los cinco anos que permanecio encerrada en la carcel de Victoria Grande de Melilla (1936–1940). A diferencia de otros testimonios escritos por victimas de la represion franquista que buscan reproducir los horrores de la carcel de la manera mas grafica posible, O’Neill opta por distanciarse de la protagonista de la novela para describir la transformacion de esta a raiz de su convivencia con un grupo de reclusas. La autora recurrira a las convenciones del Bildungsroman femenino para trazar las diferentes etapas de la formacion de la identidad individual y social de la protagonista, que entra en la carcel siendo una mujer sumamente tradicional y sale de ella transformada en una mujer consciente de su valor como individuo y convencida de que la vida solo tiene sentido si se vive al servicio de la comunidad.
Challenging Dogma in Arteriovenous Malformation Surgery: Personal Reflections and Lessons Learned from 350 Cases.

Abstract Resection of complex arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is the most technically challenging and unpredictable operation that microneurosurgeons undertake. The surgery tests not only the technical prowess of the surgeon but also his or her reaction time when handling potentially catastrophic bleeding efficiently and effectively. Although numerous studies have evaluated the outcome of patients after resection via single-surgeon reports, those reports did not explore in depth the “unspoken” strategic technical secrets/pearls for managing these fearsome lesions. In addition, those reports have reflected the dynamically evolving experience of surgeons whose evaluation of the outcome is prone to favoritism. Herein, I attempt to condense lessons learned from many moments of agony and elation experienced in battling these worthy and stunning lesions in more than 350 encounters. These lesions undoubtedly have evolved my technical skills and temperament and affected my approach to all other complex and formidable cranial lesions.
Abstract P5-14-20: Mechanisms of radiation-induced brain edema alone and in combination with T-DM1 in Her2+ brain metastases

Introduction: Brain metastases (BM) occurs in ~40% of breast cancer patients with Her2+ tumors, which are typically treated with the Her-2 targeting drugs ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab. Radiotherapy (RTx), including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), is often utilized to treat BM. A subset of BM patients treated with SRS develops brain edema and radionecrosis (ERN), causing neurological deterioration, functional loss, and rarely death. We have reported an increased rate of ERN in patients treated with T-DM1 and SRS (39.1%), compared to those receiving SRS alone (4.5%). Thus, defining the mechanisms underlying ERN alone or in combination with T-DM1, is critical to reduce life-threatening side effects. While brain edema associated with BM and RTx is often attributed to blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption (vasogenic edema), recent studies now identify cytotoxic edema (osmotic cell expansion) as the initial andreversible step in a sequence of changes that leads to ionic edema, vasogenic edema, and ultimately brain swelling and necrosis. Here, we test the hypothesis that RTx alone and in combination with T-DM1 induces cytotoxic edema in astrocytes via upregulation of the water channel Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and that blockage of cytotoxic edema will decrease ERN. Results: A cohort of BM from Her2+ patients treated with T-DM1/SRS showed enlarged reactive astrocytes expressing high levels of AQP4. To assess the role of astrocytic swelling in ERN, human astrocytes (THV) were treated with increasing doses of RTx and astrocytic cell size was measured 24 h later. A single 8 Gy RTx-dose increased cell size by 4.5 times compared to non-treated astrocytes (1248 ± 760.8 µm2 vs 5685 ± 4475 µm2, P Citation Format: Maria J Contreras-Zarate, Steven Lai, Priscilla Stumpf, Christine Fisher, Ryan Ormond, Sana D Karam, Peter Kabos, Diana M Cittelly. Mechanisms of radiation-induced brain edema alone and in combination with T-DM1 in Her2+ brain metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-20.
Investigation of ESD Protection in SiC BCD Process

In order to develop electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structures in Silicon Carbide (SiC) process, the ESD properties of SiC silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), lateral-diffused MOS (LDMOS) and NMOS devices are reported in this paper. All devices were fabricated using Fraunhofer 4H-SiC Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process and characterized by transmission line pulse (TLP) system. The scalability of the failure current (I t2 ) of NMOS with multiple fingers is reported. The critical parameters (i.e. gate length and drift region) of LDMOS are varied to understand the effects on the triggering voltage and other ESD characteristics of the devices. The comparison of the I t2 between high voltage SCR (HV-SCR) and LDMOS has been investigated. TLP results show that HV-SCR structures have much higher I t2 than LDMOS structures. Cost-effective ESD protection structures can be designed by these HV-SCR devices. Furthermore, ESD characteristics of SiC HV-SCR and NMOS structures are simulated using Silvaco technology computer-aided design (TCAD) software.
Vulnerability Assessment of Bridge Piers Damaged in Barge Collision to Subsequent Hurricane Events

Abstract In a hurricane event, bridges that span rivers near coasts are at risk of experiencing water rise and increased wave loads. Such riverine bridges often allow barges to pass underneath them...
Apparent Ixodes tick paralysis in a cat from North America.

Case summaryA 2-year-old castrated male domestic longhair cat presented for acute, diffuse, flaccid paralysis. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs, biochemistry panel and complete blood count were u...
Convexity of 2-Convex Translating Solitons to the Mean Curvature Flow in $$\pmb {\varvec{{\mathbb {R}}}}^{n+1}$$ R n + 1

We prove that any complete immersed globally orientable uniformly 2-convex translating soliton $$\Sigma \subset {\mathbb {R}}^{n+1}$$ for the mean curvature flow is locally strictly convex. It follows that a uniformly 2-convex entire graphical translating soliton in $${\mathbb {R}}^{n+1},\, n\ge 3 $$ is the axisymmetric “bowl soliton.”
The adoption of wildlife practices through a payments-for-environmental-services (PES) agri-environment scheme

We examined an agri-environment scheme employing payments for environmental services (PES) to promote conservation practices on working agricultural lands. Our goal was to identify key factors supp...
Sustainable and Smart Energy Society

Climate change caused by global warming is the most serious environmental problem causing frequent occurrence of abnormal weather, depletion of drinking water, loss of residence due to rising sea level and so on. It is almost specified that the main cause of global warming is the increase of CO2 and other greenhouse gases caused by the large amount of fossil fuel consumption by human beings. In order to avoid this crisis, the Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015. The raises of global average temperature have to keep low enough and pursuing an effort to keep it by 1.5°C before the Industrial Revolution. The goal was to make greenhouse gas emission substantially zero by the second half of this century. It is essential to shift the decarbonized energy society that can lead comfortable social life using decarbonized energy such as renewable energy with the minimum necessary. In addition to further accelerating smart energy saving and power saving measures that have advanced so far since the Great East Japan Earthquake, it is necessary to reduce power demand and promote efficient and effective use of power by promoting energy management etc. Furthermore, it is necessary to promote efforts on both supply side and demand side, breaking out from excessive reliance on large-scale centralized power supply and promoting the spread of stand-alone, distributed power sources such as renewable energy and high efficiency co-generation systems. Hydrogen energy has many advantages such as environmental performance that emits only water at the usage stage, diversification of energy supply sources, high economic ripple effect, and ability to be an independent energy source at the time of disaster occurrence. If the use of hydrogen derived from renewable energy is put into practice in the future, it can be effective means for the decarbonizing society.
I Need Your Advice... Human Perceptions of Robot Moral Advising Behaviors.

Due to their unique persuasive power, language-capable robots must be able to both act in line with human moral norms and clearly and appropriately communicate those norms. These requirements are complicated by the possibility that humans may ascribe blame differently to humans and robots. In this work, we explore how robots should communicate in moral advising scenarios, in which the norms they are expected to follow (in a moral dilemma scenario) may be different from those their advisees are expected to follow. Our results suggest that, in fact, both humans and robots are judged more positively when they provide the advice that favors the common good over an individual's life. These results raise critical new questions regarding people's moral responses to robots and the design of autonomous moral agents.
The Pro-Oxidant Activity of Red Wine Polyphenols Induces an Adaptive Antioxidant Response in Human Erythrocytes

The protective effect of dealcoholized red wine on human health has been partially associated with its polyphenolic components, suggesting that the pool of polyphenols, including flavonoids and anthocyanins, can be responsible for the functional effects of this beverage. We hypothesize a new role of red wine polyphenols (RWp) in modulating the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress. We previously demonstrated that RWp activated the Plasma Membrane Redox System (PMRS), which is involved in neutralizing plasma free radicals. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanism triggered by RWp in the activation of PMRS via the involvement of GSH. Hence, treatment of human erythrocytes with RWp (73 μg/mL Gallic Acid Equivalents) increased GSH intracellular concentration, which depends upon the activation of glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), whose enzymatic activities increase of about 30% and 47%, respectively. Changes in the GSH pathway induced by RWp were associated with a slight but significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We conclude that the pro-oxidant effect of RWp promoted an adaptive stress response in human erythrocytes, which enhances their antioxidant defense.
Dynamic, Incremental, and Continuous Detection of Cyberbullying in Online Social Media

The potentially detrimental effects of cyberbullying have led to the development of numerous automated, data-driven approaches, with emphasis on classification accuracy. Cyberbullying, as a form of...
Characteristic Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

We propose Characteristic Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (C-NODEs), a framework for extending Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) beyond ODEs. While NODEs model the evolution of the latent state as the solution to an ODE, the proposed C-NODE models the evolution of the latent state as the solution of a family of first-order quasi-linear partial differential equations (PDE) on their characteristics, defined as curves along which the PDEs reduce to ODEs. The reduction, in turn, allows the application of the standard frameworks for solving ODEs to PDE settings. Additionally, the proposed framework can be cast as an extension of existing NODE architectures, thereby allowing the use of existing black-box ODE solvers. We prove that the C-NODE framework extends the classical NODE by exhibiting functions that cannot be represented by NODEs but are representable by C-NODEs. We further investigate the efficacy of the C-NODE framework by demonstrating its performance in many synthetic and real data scenarios. Empirical results demonstrate the improvements provided by the proposed method for CIFAR-10, SVHN, and MNIST datasets under a similar computational budget as the existing NODE methods.
Body Ideals and Body Dissatisfaction Among a Community Sample of Ethnically Diverse Adolescents on Kauai, Hawaii.

INTRODUCTION Body dissatisfaction (BD), a risk factor for eating disorders, is occurring at younger ages and among a wide range of socioeconomic and cultural groups. OBJECTIVE To describe body ideals and prevalence of body satisfaction among an ethnically diverse population of male and female students in Hawaii. METHODS An anonymous cross-sectional survey including biographical information and the figure drawing screen was distributed to 7th through 12th grade students. RESULTS Of the 1330 completed surveys, 19% of students were significantly dissatisfied with their bodies. Males were at greater risk than females for total BD (25.8% vs. 13.3%; p<0.001) and for BD in the direction of wanting to be larger (11.3% vs. 2.3%; p<0.001). Males and females were at similar risk for BD in the direction of wanting to be thinner (14.6% vs. 11.6%; p=0.11). Prevalence of BD in the direction of wanting to be thinner was significantly different (p<0.05) among ethnic groups. There were no significant differences in BD based on grade level or SES. CONCLUSIONS BD exists among nearly 1 out of 5 adolescents, with differing patterns for males and females, and with certain ethnic groups being at higher risk. IMPLICATIONS Studies to understand risk and protective factors by sex and among different ethnic groups may help generate tailored prevention strategies. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional BD seen in males and potential outcomes.
The Socialization of Emotion

In Chapter 6 the discussion of the socialization of emotion began with a consideration of Geertz’s (1973) proposition that emotions, like ideas, are cultural artifacts. The socialization of two feeling rules—how to express emotions and when to express emotions—was considered. The first feeling rule applies to the relationship between emotional expressions and internal states. Issues related to the elaborate display rules that govern the expression of emotions in any culture were considered as well. The second feeling rule—when to express emotions—is related to the social knowledge that accompanies the elicitation and display of emotions. Research examining what people, both adults and children, know about which emotions are associated with which situations was described.
Effect of Method in Presenting Visualized Instruction.

During the past several years considerable attention has been focused on the use of visual material for instructional purposes. The effectiveness with which visual materials can be used to improve student achievement has been well documented by several researchers (Gropper, 1962, pp. 30-35; Kopstein & Roshal, 1954; Treichler, 1967). However, there has been very little research attempting to determine the most effective method of presenting visualized instruction; nor has there been extensive effort attempting to establish guidelines specifying which methods of presenting visualized information are most effective in facilitating student achievement of specific educational objectives. There seems to be considerable need for research in both these areas.
Stability of thin aqueous films on solid surfaces: I. Ellipsometric measurement of disjoining pressure isotherms for aqueous films bounded by glass and mercury

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study thin film stability and measure disjoining pressure isotherms for solid-liquid-liquid systems using ellipsometry. Particular attention was paid to film thicknesses in the range 10 to 1000 A where relatively few measurements are available. In the glass-brine-mercury system chosen for our studies, the mercury-brine interface offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of the electrostatic component of the disjoining pressure isotherm. It was observed that the surface potential on the mercury electrode as well as the pH and brine concentration had a small but measureable influence on the aqueous film thickness profile and on the resulting disjoining pressure isotherm.
The Political Economy of Cable 'Open Access'

Advocates of "open access" claim that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should be able to use a cable TV system's bandwidth on the same terms offered to ISPs owned by the cable system. On that view, "open access" mitigates a monopoly bottleneck and encourages the growth of broadband. This paper shows that cable operators do enjoy market power, and do seek to leverage a dominant position in video into the broadband access market by allocating too little bandwidth for Internet access. Yet, rather than protect cable operators from cannibalizing their cable TV revenue, this strategy defends against imposition of common carrier regulation, which would allow system capacity to be appropriated by regulators and rival broadband networks. Ironically, the push for "open access" limits Internet access by encouraging this under-allocation of broadband spectrum, and by introducing coordination problems slowing technology deployment. These effects are empirically evident in the competitive superiority of cable's "closed" platform vis-a-vis "open? DSL networks, and in financial market reactions to key regulatory events and mergers in broadband.
High-Throughput Assessment of Mammalian Cell Viability by Determination of Adenosine Triphosphate Levels

There are many assays available for high-throughput assessment of mammalian cell viability or cytotoxicity. Approaches include measurement of metabolic capacity, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, induction of apoptosis, intracellular esterase and protease activity, and cellular membrane integrity. This unit provides an in-depth protocol for measurement of cellular ATP levels as a readout of mammalian cell viability, using the CellTiter-Glo assay from Promega Corporation. A comparison of the key parameters (sensitivity, speed, and cost) for this and other common high-throughput viability assays is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:153-161 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: CellTiter-Glo; cell viability assay; cytotoxicity assay; high-throughput screening
Lead Encephalitis as Cause of VI Nerve Palsy

I would like to compliment Dr. Knox and his associates1 for separating an apparently benign clinical entity from an otherwise ominous group. With respect to the latter, I would like to add one unusual but important disease, namely, acute lead encephalopathy. Children so afflicated may present with unilateral VI nerve palsies and often will have an associated febrile illness. Although signs of increased intracranial pressure are often present, this is always so. Delay in diagnosis may frequently prove fatal.
On testing the scale sensitivity of poverty measures

Past tests of the sensitivity of aggregate poverty measures to changes in equivalence scales can be very sensitive to the arbitrary choice of the pivotal reference demographics. It is recommended that future tests should use demographics typical of people living near the poverty line as their reference.