cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reigning in Charities: Using an Intermediate Penalty to Enforce the Campaigning Prohibition.

Congress has prohibited public charities from campaigning for or against any candidate for office continuously since 1854. However, the IRS routinely fails to penalize public charities that accidentally violate or deliberately flout the prohibition. And the IRS’s reluctance is understandable: the penalty for violating the campaigning prohibition is loss of the public charity’s tax-exempt status, a death-knell for many public charities. This Article argues that the IRS’s underenforcement of the prohibition is predictable. The prohibition has provoked firestorms of debate among academics, policymakers, and directors of public charities themselves. Where the penalty for violating controversial laws is a hard shove, those tasked with enforcing the law are likely to balk at their enforcement responsibilities. The Article argues that Congress should provide the IRS with an intermediate sanction, designed to gently nudge public charities toward compliance. With this intermediate sanction, the IRS will begin to actually enforce the prohibition, and public charities will begin to internalize and comply with the prohibition.
Are Bayes Rules Consistent in Information

Bayes’ rule provides a method for constructing estimators of probability density functions in both parametric and nonparametric cases. Let X 1, X 2, ..., X n be a random sample from an unknown probability measure P 0 with density function p 0(x) with respect to a dominating measure λ(dx). Let µ be a prior probability measure on the space of all probability measures P which have densities p(x) = dP/dλ. Then the mean of the posterior yields the following estimator of the density function $${{\hat{p}}_{n}}(x) = \hat{p}(x;{{X}_{1}},{{X}_{2}}, \ldots ,{{X}_{n}}) = \frac{{\smallint p(x)(\prod _{{i = 1}}^{n}p({{X}_{i}}))d\mu }}{{\smallint (\prod _{{i = 1}}^{n}p({{X}_{i}}))d\mu }}.$$
Task Conflict, Problem‐Solving, and Yielding: Effects on Cognition and Performance in Functionally Diverse Innovation Teams

Although research on team cognition has focused mostly on sharedness and its benefits, differences in team member cognition (i.e., representational gaps) may not always have negative effects. In this article, we develop theory and test the positive and negative effects of representational gaps (rGaps) among team members in cross-functional product development teams and the central role of task conflict and conflict management (problem-solving and yielding) in predicting team cognition. rGaps are examined both in terms of average level within the team and the patterns of shared representations across members from different functional areas. These patterns capture potential asymmetries within the team.
Workplace Design: The Millennials Are Not Coming—They're Here

The generation now entering the workforce is collaborative, social, and surprisingly idealistic. The workplaces of the future, and how to make yours one of them.
Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Purpose of reviewClinicians are increasingly using mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review will discuss the key studies that have contributed to our understanding of the efficacy and safety of MMF in the treatment of SLE.Recent findingsThe Asp
A novel hybrid EP-GA method for efficient electromagnetics optimization

We propose a simple and efficient means of combining evolutionary programming (EP) and the genetic algorithm (GA) for a more efficient evolutionary optimization in electromagnetics. The resulting hybrid algorithm takes advantage of the convergence behavior of the GA and EP during different stages of evolution to efficiently march toward the global solution. We have applied the hybrid method to several multi-modal test functions as well as to various unconstrained and constrained antenna and microwave optimization problems. We have found that the proposed method works very well for a given problem, if EP and the GA perform well for that problem individually. Examples presented in this paper include optimization of a twenty dimensional Auckley function and the gain optimization of a six-element Yagi array. Other examples involving antenna arrays and frequency selective surfaces are also given.
Some Thoughts on Operating in a Global Environment

The future is that strange land we are constantly entering but never at home in. This probably accounts for why we are both fascinated with it and yet so seldom anticipate it correctly. Even trying to identify key issues in the present requires anticipating the future and is often done at one’s peril. As a librarian I am made particularly cautious by recollection of Wilf Lancaster’s 1980 book “The Impact of a Paperless Society on the Research Library of the Future.” Nothing could have been more logical at the time nor so wrong for the present as to believe that computers would reduce the amount of paper in our lives.
Protein-Derived Cofactors

Recent advances in enzymology, structural biology, and protein chemistry have documented that catalytic and redox-active prosthetic groups may be derived from posttranslational modification of amino acid residues of proteins. These protein-derived cofactors typically arise from oxygenation of aromatic residues, covalent cross-linking of amino acid residues, or cyclization or cleavage of internal amino acid residues. In some cases, the posttranslational modification is an autocatalytic event, whereas in others another processing enzyme is required. The characterization of protein-derived cofactors and their mechanisms of biosynthesis introduce a new dimension to our current views about protein evolution and protein structure–function relationships, and provide insight for protein engineering strategies to introduce new functional groups into proteins.
Flip-chip on glass (FCOG) package for low warpage

As microelectronic industry moves toward stacking of dies to achieve greater performance in smaller footprint, there are several reliability concerns when assembling the stacked dies on current organic substrates. These concerns include excessive warpage, interconnect cracking, die cracking, and others. Silicon interposers are being developed to assemble the stacked dies, and then to assemble the silicon interposers onto organic substrates. Although such an approach could address stacked-die to interposer reliability concerns, there are still reliability concerns between the silicon interposer and the organic substrate. The ongoing work at the Packaging Research Center is exploring the use of glass substrates as a superior alternative to organics in I/Os and to silicon in electrical performance. In addition, glass provides intermediate and tunable coefficient of thermal expansion between silicon and organic, good mechanical rigidity, large-area panel processing for low cost, planarity, and better electrical properties. However, glass is brittle and low in thermal conductivity, and there is very little work in existing literature to examine glass as a potential substrate material. In this paper, we examine large glass panels as substrates for microelectronic packages through experiments and simulation. Starting with a 150 × 150 mm glass panel with a thickness in the range of 100 to 300 um μm, we have built alternating layers of dielectric and copper on both sides of the panel. The panels go through typical cleanroom processes such as lithography, electroplating, etc. Upon fabrication, the panels are diced into individual substrates of 25 × 25 mm, and a 10 mm × 10 mm Si die with a peripheral staggered bump pitch of 80/40 um μm is then assembled on the glass substrate by thermocompression bonding with a pre-applied no-flow underfill. The warpage of the flip-chip assembly is measured. In parallel to the experiments, numerical models have been developed. These models account for temperature-dependent properties of the dielectric as well as viscoplastic behavior of the solder. The models also mimic material addition and etching through element “birth-and-death” approach. The warpage from the models has been compared against experimental measurements for glass substrates with flip-chip assembly. It is seen that the glass substrates provide significantly lower warpage compared to organic substrates, and thus could be a potential candidate for future 3D and 2.5D systems.
Inhibition by dihydropyridine class calcium channel blockers of tumor cell-platelet-endothelial cell interactions in vitro and metastasis in vivo.

Abstract Three calcium channel blockers of the dihydropyridine class were tested in vitro for their effects on tumor cell-platelet-endothelial cell interactions and in vivo for antimetastatic properties. Felodipine, nimodipine and nifedipine inhibited tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds also inhibited platelet-enhanced tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro . Lung colony formation (“experimental” metastasis) and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis were inhibited by felodipine, nimodipine and nifedipine. From the present studies on three calcium channel blockers of the dihydropyridine class we hypothesize that calcium channel blockers may represent a new generic class of antimetastatic agents.
Prospective Study of the Association Between Abandoned Dwellings and Testosterone Level on the Development of Behaviors Leading to Cannabis Use Disorder in Boys

Background The role of testosterone in the development of behaviors presaging cannabis use and subsequently cannabis use disorder was investigated in a prospective study of 208 boys. It was theorized that adverse neighborhood correlates with testosterone level that in turn potentiates behaviors predisposing to cannabis consumption and subsequently diagnosis of cannabis use disorder. Methods Proportion of boarded-up dwellings in the 1990 census tract and testosterone level were recorded at baseline (ages 10–12), followed by assessments of assaultiveness and testosterone level (ages 12–14), social dominance/norm-violating behavior (SDNVB) (age 16), cannabis use (age 19), and cannabis use disorder (age 22). Results Percent of vacant dwellings correlates with testosterone level that in turn predicts assaultive behavior sequentially leading to SDNVB, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder. Externalizing behaviors and cannabis use disorder are not directly predicted by neighborhood quality. Conclusions Elevated testosterone level intermediates the association between neighborhood adversity and aggressive socially deviant behaviors presaging cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.
Reading One's Own Mind: Hazlitt, Cognition, Fiction

This essay analyzes William Hazlitt's Essay on the Principles of Human Action as a bridge between eighteenth-century theories of sympathy and social feeling and more recent philosophical and scientific discussions of “theory of mind,” often shorthanded as “mindreading”: the basic strategies by which one mind recognizes and keeps track of another. Hazlitt counterintuitively argues that outward-directed protocols of sympathy and altruistic motivation are central even to ordinary, self-directed activities, from planning one's own future to recoiling from pain. He thus breaks down the division between inwardness and outward-directed thinking that structures much of the received tradition of Romantic imagination theory. What would the Romantic imagination look like, this essay asks, if we follow Hazlitt's suggestion and make mindreading its central process?
The neuroanatomy of the human scrotum: surgical ramifications.

The developmental neuroanotomy of the human scrotum may not have been evaluated up to now, but the authors from San Francisco report here on an outstanding study in foetuses of this important area of interest. They have helped to define clearly the neuroanotomy of this region, which will be useful in planning surgery to the scrotum and penis in children. The group from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto have evaluated the safety and efficacy of toleterodine in children who have previously failed to tolerate oxybutinin. They found that toleterodine is well tolerated in children, and 77% of patients were able to continue this treatment without significant side effects in this subgroup who could not tolerate oxybutinin. OBJECTIVE To define the scrotal nerve origin and distribution with respect to surrounding structures in male human fetuses, by using neuronal-specific markers and three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques, as the developmental neuroanatomy of the human scrotum has not been studied in detail and an explicit description of nerve derivation and distribution in the human scrotum is germane to genital reconstructive surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen normal human fetal penile specimens at 17.5–38 weeks of gestation were studied. Specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, serially sectioned at 6 µm and stained with the neuronal marker S-100. All of the specimens contained the whole penis and scrotum from glans to anal verge. The gestational age of the fetuses was determined by fetal heel-to-toe length. 3D-computer reconstruction of serial sections allowed a detailed analysis of the neuroanatomy of the fetal penis and scrotum. RESULTS The nerves innervating the ventral side of the proximal penis and scrotum originated mainly from the perineal nerves arising from pudendal nerves. The nerves travelling along the ventral side of penis coalesced at the penoscrotal area to be directed into the interscrotal septum. At the penoscrotal junction, nerves on both sides of the ventral penis shifted to the interscrotal septum in a triangular fashion. The interscrotal septum was densely occupied by nerve fibres. Nerves were distributed horizontally to both hemiscrotal walls through this interscrotal septum. Both hemiscrota seem primarily to be innervated separately. CONCLUSION The interscrotal septum has a dense innervation. Both hemiscrota were innervated mainly by horizontally distributed nerve fibres arising from the interscrotal septum. Any procedure violating the penoscrotal and interscrotal septal area may jeopardize scrotal innervation.
A library of 3-aryl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxamides.

Parallel solution phase methods for the preparation of a 72-membered 3-aryl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxamide library is reported. The reaction order (nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition followed by amide formation, or vice versa) was investigated both experimentally and computationally to determine which route would result in the highest yields, minimize purification efforts, and give higher 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition regioselectivity. Automated preparative HPLC was used to purify the final products to ≥90% purity on a 10+ mg scale.
Estimating the Geographic Extent of Part‐Time Labor Markets: U.S. Army Reserves*

Local labor market supportability is becoming an increasingly important issue for the United States Army Reserves. As military bases close and Reserve units are consolidated at fewer Reserve centers, the appropriate reassignments of units to Reserve centers require accurate measures of the ability of local labor markets to support such consolidations. A two-stage random effect model is applied to evaluate the geographical extent of the labor market for Army Reserve centers. In the first stage model, a lognormal distribution is used to describe the commuting distance behavior of the Reserve center members. In the second stage model, we estimate the mean of log transformed commute distance as a function of regional characteristics of the Reserve center. An iterative weighted stepwise selection method is used to find a set of characteristics that adequately predict variation of the mean commute distance over Reserve centers. The resulting model is used as inputs to location and market assessment models to assist the marketing decisions of the Army Recruiting Command.
WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS OF STREAM CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS ON SMALL FORESTED BASINS

. Stream channel characteristics were found to be useful indices to the hydrology of 27 small forested basins in the Northeast United States. Channel width alone explained 37 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff, whereas channel width combined with basin area explained 78 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff. This approached the percentage of variation in mean annual runoff explained by mean annual precipitation (83 percent). A simulated 15% increase in precipitation, such as might occur in a weather modification project, produced increases in channel width, depth, and channel area of 3, 4, and 8 percent, respectively.
How do newly recruited honey bees approach a food site

1. During these experiments we observed a total of 70 honey bees. 36 of the observed bees had no contact with a dancer; and, 34 bees attended dances. Of these 34 bees, 14 reached the food site and 20 did not. The food sites were 200–250 m from the hive. 2. The total number of dances followed by any bee, who reached the food site, was never less than 6. 3. A few bees left the hive without attending any dances, but never reached the food site on these attempts. Once they had attended a minimum sequence of 6 dances, these bees could successfully reach the food site. 4. The observed behavior of newcomers reaching a food site indicated that they knew its location before leaving the hive. The dances, not the wind, seemed to be the determining factor.
Kinetics of Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization. Influence of the Negative Neighboring Group Effect

The influence of the negative neighboring group has been quantified kinetically using hydrocarbon monomers containing oxygen and sulfur. Rate constants were determined for the ADMET polymerization of bis(4-pentenyl) ether (3), bis(5-hexenyl) ether (4), bis(4-pentenyl) sulfide (5), and bis(5-hexenyl) sulfide (6) using both Schrock's catalyst Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N-2,6-C6H3-i-Pr2)(OCMe(CF3)2)2 [Mo] and Grubbs' phenyl version of the ruthenium metathesis catalyst RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2 [Ru]. Both catalysts experience the effect of functional group presence. Further, a pure hydrocarbon version of the negative neighboring group effect has also been demonstrated using the monomer 1,5-hexadiene. In this case, [Mo] catalysis produces linear 1,4-polybutadiene in a reaction that exhibits a typical ADMET rate constant and activation energy. On the other hand, [Ru] catalysis leads principally to the formation of cyclic compounds rather than linear polymers. This change in mechanism for [Ru] catalysis can be attributed to multiple...
Interaction of eosinophil granule major basic protein with synthetic lipid bilayers: A mechanism for toxicity

Eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) is a potent toxin for mammalian cells and helminths, but the mechaism of its toxicity is not known. Here we tested whether MBP toxicity is exerted through its effect on the lipid bilayer of its targets. Liposomes prepared from synthetic phospholipids were used as targets for MBP and their properties examined by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. MBP caused a change in the temperature transition profiles of acidic liposomes (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl serine or an equimolar mixture of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid) and induced their aggregation as shown by fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. The CD spectra and fluorescence characteristics of MBP itself were altered by its interaction with acidic lipids. Blue shifts in the emission maxima of the Trp, and of the dimethylaminonaphthyl moiety in acrylodan-labeled MBP, and a reduction in the effectiveness of quenching of Trp fluorescence by acrylamide were observed in the presence of acidic lipids. None of these effects were noted with zwitterionic lipids. This MBP : lipid bilayer interaction resulted in fusion and lysis of liposomes as indicated by the fluorescent indicator calcein. The results demonstrate that MBP associates with acidic lipids and that it disrupts, aggregates, fuses, and lyses liposomes prepared from such lipids. Such interaction might account for its wide range of toxicity.
Water-induced dispersion/flocculation of colloidal suspensions in nonpolar media

Abstract Colloidal dispersions in apolar media are used in a variety of technological applications, in most of which water is present and plays a major role in determining the behavior of the dispersion. In this work the effect of water on the colloidal stability of a suspension of alumina in cyclohexane in the presence of a commonly used stabilizer, the Aerosol OT, is investigated. A succession of flocculated and dispersed states was observed as the amount of water added to the suspension was increased. Based on an analogy between the adsorption of water in this system and the adsorption of a gas on a solid substrate, a methodology is developed to help predict the suspension behavior in apolar media in the presence of water.
Thermal stress and fatigue analysis of plated-through holes using an internal state variable constitutive model

Abstract Previous related research on plated-through hole (PTH) fatigue investigations has been based on the so-called effective stress/strain methods, which did not account for the fact that fatigue crack nucleation and growth is observed to occur on planes of specific orientation. Moreover, previous related thermal stress/strain analyses were at most based on bilinear constitutive relations for modeling copper plating along with a linear kinematic hardening assumption, and this cannot capture many aspects of cyclic stress/strain behavior during thermal excursions. In this paper, thermal stress analyses using internal state variable (ISV) models of metallic constituents of PTHs are conducted using the finite element code ABAQUS (1996). Two thermal history profiles having two repeated cycles were applied for the PTHs of a double layered printed wiring board (PWB) uniformly: (1) MIL-T-CYC (between −65°C and 125°C), and (2) IEC OIL-T-SHOCK (between 25°C and 260°C). A critical plane theory was used for purposes of multiaxial fatigue life prediction. The stress/strain results were reported and compared at the PTH corner and barrel. For both cases, the thermomechanical mismatch between the FR4 and copper constituents of the PWB generates nonproportional stress/strain responses. This complicates PTH thermal fatigue investigation.
Is epigenetics an important link between early life events and adult disease

Background: Epigenetic mechanisms provide one potential explanation for how environmental influences in early life cause long-term changes in chronic disease susceptibility. Whereas epigenetic dysregulation is increasingly implicated in various rare developmental syndromes and cancer, the role of epigenetics in complex chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, remains largely uncharacterized. Extensive work in animal models is required to develop specific hypotheses that can be practicably tested in humans. Animal Models: We have developed a mouse model showing that methyl donor supplementation prevents transgenerational amplification of obesity, suggesting a role for DNA methylation in the developmental establishment of body weight regulation. Conclusions: Coupling such models with recently developed epigenomic technologies should ultimately enable us to determine if epigenetics is an important link between early life events and adult disease.
Frequency domain stability criteria for stochastic systems

The stability of a class of dynamical systems containing random parameters is investigated. An input-output stability concept is formulated for stochastic systems. The specific class of systems considered consists of those feedback systems whose open loop consists of the cascade of a white noise multiplicative gain and a linear deterministic dynamical system. Necessary and sufficient frequency domain conditions for stability are derived and it is shown that the uncertainty has a destabilizing effect. The resulting stability conditions depend on the open-loop stability, the rms value of the stochastic gain element, and the effective bandwidth of the linear element.
An embedded upward flame spread model using 2D direct numerical simulations

Abstract A fully coupled 2D fluid–solid direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach is used to simulate co-flow flame spread over poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at different angles of inclination. Comparison of simulations and experimental measurements are conducted over a range of flame spread rates. Results show that the heat flux to the preheating region varies considerably in time — contradicting often employed assumptions used in established flame spread theories. Accounting for the time dependent behavior is essential in accurate predictions of flame spread, however, a universal characterization in terms of easily defined parameters is not found. Alternatively, a reaction progress variable based embedded flame model is developed using mixture fraction, total enthalpy and surface temperature. State maps of the gas-phase properties and surface heat flux are constructed and stored in pre-computed lookup tables. The resulting model provides a computationally efficient and a local formulation to determine the flame heat flux to the surface resulting in excellent agreement to DNS and experiments for predictions of flame spread rate and position of the pyrolysis front.
Damage-plastic loading surface model for concrete

Abstract The paper presents a plasticity-type model which is characterized by normality, continuity, convexity and associatedness. It utilizes two loading surfaces, of which one describes the behavior associated with damage due to inelastic volume change (expansion from micro-cracking, or contraction from pore collapse or closure) and the other plasticity at no inelastic volume change. Since only one of these two surfaces is active at the same time, the formulation is equivalent to a single loading surface. The deviatoric section of the damage loading surface is a rounded triangle, and the Rendulic section meridians have the shape of a slanted ellipse. The loading surfaces are smooth and have no corners. Although the model involves approximately the same number of material constants as the previous models of similar capability, identification of these constants from test data is much simpler. The properties of the model are also more advantageous for numerical finite element applications. The model is shown to be capable of describing the basic uniaxial and multiaxial test data for concrete except degradation of material stiffness.
Postreplication repair in ultraviolet-irradiated human fibroblasts: formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks.

A neutral filter elution assay was used to determine if the postreplicational formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) occurs in u.v.-irradiated human cells. Excision-deficient XP12 cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine after u.v. irradiation (1.5-3 J/m2), and the nascent DNA was followed during repair incubation. With increasing u.v. radiation fluences, an increasing fraction of DNA was eluted at a fast rate, indicating that DSB were produced. The maximum yield of DSB was observed after about 24 h of postirradiation incubation at 37 degrees C. Similar results were also obtained with repair-proficient VA13 cells when irradiated at much higher fluences (7.5-15 J/m2). It is concluded that, at the u.v. radiation fluences used in this work, the DSB produced in u.v.-irradiated human cells are the result of post-replication repair events, and at incubation times greater than 24 h some of these DSB are repaired.
The pathophysiologic background for current treatments of premenstrual syndromes.

Multiple hypotheses on the etiology of premenstrual syndromes (PMS) that have been proposed during the past 70 years have led to a multitude of treatment modalities. During the past two decades, the following two classes of pharmacologic interventions have emerged: hormonal interventions—mostly suppression of ovulation; and neurotransmitter’s activity stimulation—mostly by specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These treatment modalities are based on the hypothesis that the etiology and pathophysiology of PMS are related to ovulation-related luteal activity of gonadal hormones, and their interaction with serotonin and other neurotransmitters. Two other components of the pathophysiology of PMS—the genetic propensity and the dynamically evolving-vulnerability—have not yet been addressed for treatment. Environmental inputs to pathophysiology, which are not discussed here, have been addressed by attempts at changes of lifestyle, coping style, and environment.
Dietary fat intake and 6-year cognitive change in an older biracial community population

Objective: To examine whether consumption of different types of fat is associated with age-related change in cognition. Methods: The authors related fat consumption to 6-year change in cognitive function among 2,560 participants of the Chicago Health and Aging Project, ages 65 and older, with no history of heart attack, stroke, or diabetes at baseline. Fat intake was measured by food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was measured at baseline and 3-year and 6-year follow-ups, using the average z score of four cognitive tests: the East Boston Tests of Immediate and Delayed Recall, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Results: In separate mixed models adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors and intakes of antioxidant nutrients and other dietary fats, higher intakes of saturated fat ( p for trend = 0.04) and trans-unsaturated fat ( p for trend = 0.07) were linearly associated with greater decline in cognitive score over 6 years. These associations became stronger in analyses that eliminated persons whose fat intake changed in recent years or whose baseline cognitive scores were in the lowest 15%. Inverse associations with cognitive decline were observed in these latter restricted analyses for high intake of monounsaturated fat and a high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat intake. Intakes of total fat, vegetable and animal fats, and cholesterol were not associated with cognitive change. Conclusion: A diet high in saturated or trans-unsaturated fat or low in nonhydrogenated unsaturated fats may be associated with cognitive decline among older persons.
Modeling of Notch Effects on Stress Corrosion Cracking

The intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel (SS) has been investigated by slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) in 289°C water containing sulfate impurity. Both smooth and circumferentially notched specimens were used to assess the effects of strain concentrations on stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Experiments were conducted over a range of nominal strain rates of 10−5 to 10−7 s−1 . A comparison of the results observed for the smooth and notched specimens suggests that the estimated growth rates of small cracks in SSRT specimen geometry is influenced by the presence of strain concentrations. In particular, the average crack growth rates estimated from tests performed at the same nominal strain rate are observed to increase with the notch depth, and power-law relationships exist between strain rate and SCC parameters such as failure time and crack growth rate. The strain concentration factors at the notch roots of Type 304 specimens subjected to axial load have been estimated by finite-element elastic-plastic stress analyses, as well as by Neuber’s rule. The nominal and crack-tip strain rate effects on SCC in both smooth and notched specimens are interpreted in terms of a model based on elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and film-rupture mechanisms that invoke diffusion-controlled SCC growth kinetics.
Health promotion in primary medical care: problems and potential.

Abstract Problems related to health promotion in primary medical care are reviewed within the framework of five characteristics of current medical practice: physician attitudes and beliefs, the economic structure of medical care, the structure of the medical-care encounter, the state of the art of health promotion, and physician knowledge and skills. The potential for integrating health promotion activities into the primary medical-care environment is based on the principles of pediatrics, general internal medicine, family practice, and obstetrics/gynecology. In the primary-care setting, both the roles and the expectations of physicians and patients are conducive to health promotion activities. Twelve practice principles for the primary physician are discussed, touching on such issues as style of communication, recognition of the “teachable moment,” utilization of the longitudinality of the physican-patient relationship, coordination of care, and causes of failure. Issues for the future are reviewed, including the need for restructuring fee schedules, pursuing the knowledge base required for effective health promotion, and integrating training in health promotion methods and techniques in medical school curricula. The complex interactions during the next decade of three trends related to health promotion are discussed as determinants of the role of primary care as a substrate for health promotion.
Designing instruction for the high-functioning autistic individual

Neuropsychological studies of high functioning individuals with autism have found a selective pattern of academic and cognitive abilities and deficits which characterizes the disorder. This review describes the characteristic profile of academic performance in high functioning autism while delineating it from other learning and behavior disorders. Implications of this profile for the design of instruction in reading, mathematics, and language, as well as for arranging the classroom environment, are discussed. Specific instructional strategies and classroom interventions are presented for teaching high functioning autistic learners that are consistent with the characteristic profile of intact abilities and deficits found for the disorder.
DETERMINATION OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IN POTATOES AND ONIONS BY FLUORESCENCE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to separate and quantify maleic hydrazide (MH) in potatoes and onions. Methanol was used as the extraction solvent. A 3-mL aliquot of the extract was dried under nitrogen and the residue was reconstituted in 3-mL of water by sonication. The water fraction was passed through a C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) tube to remove interfering compounds. Onions and potatoes fortified from 2.5 to 20 ppm showed percent recoveries ranging from 66 to 94. Within-day and between-day reproducibility studies run at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 ppm indicated the procedure was reproducible yielding percent coefficients of variation (%CV's) ranging from 1.3 to 10. The limit of detection was 0.5 ppm. A comparison was made between this HPLC method and a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. The linear regression for MH was y = 0.816x + 1.071 with a correlation coefficient of 0.878.
Intraword Variability in Typical Speech Development

Purpose Intraword variability (sometimes called token-to-token variability) has been associated with certain types of speech disorder. It has also been documented in typical speech development. The purpose of this study was to investigate intraword variability in typically developing 2- and 3-year-olds to determine expected rates and patterns of variability in typical speech development. Method Participants were 33 children aged 2;6 (years;months) to 3;11 with typical speech development. Three productions of 25 target words were elicited, and an overall variability score was calculated. Response type and the effect of word length were investigated. Results Variability rates decreased with age; however, the oldest children (ages 3;6–3;11) continued to display considerable variability. The most common response type was variable with no hits (i.e., variable production with none matching the target form) for all age groups, and variability was greatest for longer words. Conclusions Variability is prevalent in...
Shared Book Reading and Children's Language Comprehension Skills: The Moderating Role of Parental Discipline Practices.

Parental discipline practices, parent–child shared book reading and children’s emergent literacy skills were assessed among 76 parents and their children in the summer before the children started Kindergarten. Parents provided narrative responses to open-ended questions about how they would handle common discipline challenges with children and rated their likelihood of using physical punishment. Parents also reported the number of books they read with their children each week and completed a checklist assessing their familiarity with the titles and authors of children’s books. Children’s emergent literacy skills were assessed with individually administered tests. Analyses of covariance indicated that shared book reading was reliably associated with children’s language comprehension skills only among parents whose responses to discipline scenarios included relatively high levels of nondirective reasoning. Parents who expressed a willingness to consider physical punishment had children with lower language comprehension skills regardless of the quantity of shared book reading. These effects were reliable after taking into account the effects of parental education and children’s nonverbal reasoning skills.
Ripplon-induced coupling of photons to surface polaritons on liquid metals

Abstract It has been suggested that the surface of liquid Hg displays anomalous optical reflectivity, though whether or not this is the case remains unsettled from the experimental point of view. This paper explores an intrinsic mechanism which will result in an apparent optical anomaly at the surface of a liquid metal: the coupling of incident electromagnetic radiation to surface polaritons via thermally excited ripplons. We obtain a simple expression for the fraction of the incident electromagnetic radiation absorbed by this mechanism. For parameters characteristics f liquid Hg, the change in reflectivity associated with this mechanism is very small, unfortunately.
The artist as a source of economic understanding

The almost exclusive reliance upon quantitative sources of information in economic analysis has produced two negative results: 1) a myopic perception of economic events,[l] and 2) a misrepresentation of the discipline^ 2] A complete analysis of major economic events upon the lives of people clearly requires more than just quantitative data.[3] Traditional quantitative sources of information are insufficient for at least three reasons. 1) Economic analysis should be concerned with the total benefits and costs experienced by people, some of which may be incapable of quantification. 2) A full understanding of economic events of the past cannot be achieved by only viewing them exclusively from the present. They also must be viewed from the perspective (i.e., the hopes, dreams, fears, etc.) of those who lived at the time.[4] 3) It is important to view how the lives of ordinary men and women as individuals were affected; unfortunately, quantitative means can only provide a series of aggregative generalities. But while economic scholars have recognized this,[5] little has been done to incorporate other sources of information into the discipline.[6] The contention in this article is that an additional source of information, capable of adding dimension to traditional quantitative sources is available through the unique perspectives [7] provided by artistic creations,[8] perspectives capable of providing useful information unavailable through quantitative sources. [9] The author recognizes the fact that art even among skillful interpreters may be interpreted differently but general interpretive agreement in art is usual. How artistic creations provide this information can be illustrated by examining the perceptions of certain artists on the impact of a significant economic event, the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain during the latter part of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, upon the lives of ordinary people/Traditional methods of analyzing this period reveal the two negative results of the sole reliance upon quantitative data for economic analysis. In analyzing the period, economic historians have generally adopted the traditional approach and relied, almost exclusively, upon quantifiable information. T. S. Ashton, for example, believes that an economic history of the period cannot be other than statistical in substance.[10] Utilizing statistical data he concludes that the 18th century was a much "maligned period" and that people were better off at its conclusion than its beginning.[ll] But how can statistical sources alone determine whether people were "better off '?[12] While it is obvious that the material dimension is important it must be recognized that there are other aspects to answering
Predictions of Children's Experiences With Latina Family Child Care Providers

Research Findings: Relatively little is known about the pre-academic experiences of Latino/a children in family child care. In this work we tested the extent to which previously established relations among provider characteristics, scaffolding and responsive behaviors, total quality (Family Day Care Rating Scale), and children's engagement in pre-academic activities would be found among low-income Latino/a children and providers. We observed total quality, scaffolding and responsive behaviors, and pre-academic activities in 115 family child care programs with Latino/a providers and children. Most providers had a high school education or less. There were positive and significant associations among provider education and training, total quality of the program, scaffolding and responsive behaviors, and children's participation in pre-academic activities. The providers' education level and scaffolding of children's activities were significant predictors of total quality. Environmental quality, provider scaffo...
Correlation of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with early osteoarthritis and collagen disorganization

Summary form only given. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability and morbidity. However, conventional imaging methods lack the resolution or are impractical for assessing early OA. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has demonstrated a feasibility for assessing articular cartilage. In vitro studies have demonstrated that OCT can determine cartilage width at a resolution of 20 /spl mu/m in addition to the identification of fibrillations, fibrosis, and breakdown of the subcondral plate. It was also noted that the normal cartilage was polarization sensitive. In the study, two theories are tested. The first hypothesis is that the origin of polarization sensitivity in normal cartilage is organized collagen. The second hypothesis is that the loss of polarization sensitivity, and therefore collagen disorganization, is a sign of osteoarthritis that precedes cartilage thinning.
Establishing and Operating a Third-Party Reimbursed Outpatient Diabetes Care Center

In treating diabetic persons, busy practitioners traditionally prefer hospitalization because they lack the time to assess patient needs and to educate the patient and initiate an individualized treatment plan. Regulation and education of newly diagnosed diabetes patients on an outpatient basis is implemented on a narrow scale nationwide because of limited data on effectiveness and the reluctance of third-party payers to reimburse this mode of therapy. We report our experience in establishing and operating a diabetes care center that offers a weekly outpatient program and that is reimbursed by private insurers, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Medicare and Medicaid. The program provides education, psychologic support, clinical evaluation of diabetes, and initiation or adjustment of medications. Factors that we found important in achieving reimbursement are discussed.
Teaching health care students about disability within a cultural competency context.

Abstract The training of health care providers has been identified as key to resolving the health disparities experienced by persons with disabilities. We contend that: 1) cultural competency provides a useful conceptual framework for teaching disability-related content to health professions students; 2) educational experiences can be structured to reflect the socio-cultural complexity of the ‘disability culture;’ 3) desired competencies associated with culture can be defined with regard to professionals' approach to patients with disabilities; 4) exposure to persons who have disabilities in their homes allows the student to make connections between the nuances of daily life with a disability and one's health care needs; 5) the framework allows the disability culture to be integrated with other cultural contexts, including race and ethnicity; and 6) the framework acknowledges the potential impact of providers' conscious or unconscious recognition of their potential membership in the disability culture on their approach to patients with disabilities.
SDHA loss of function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Background A subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors (WT GIST) have been associated with alteration of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex II function. A recent report identified four non-syndromic, KIT/PDGFRA WT GIST harboring compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in SDHA encoding the main subunit of the SDH complex II.
Does liver transplantation affect growth pattern in Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome (AGS) is frequently associated with growth failure, which has been attributed to concurrent congenital anomalies, cholestasis, and malabsorption and/or malnutrition. However, the underlying cause of the growth failure is not well understood. Our objective is to analyze the growth pattern in 26 patients with AGS and the possible effect that orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) may have on this pattern. The standardized height, weight, and growth velocity of 26 pair-matched patients with AGS were compared. Thirteen patients underwent OLT. Repeated-measure ANOVA methods were used for the statistical analysis. The overall mean standardized height (z score) was -2.92 in the OLT group versus -1.88 in the non-OLT group (P =.03). The overall mean standardized weight was -1. 21 in the non-OLT group and -1.67 in the OLT group (P =.23). In 15 patients, birth weight was 2.82 +/- 0.4 kg, for a mean standardized weight of -0.95, and weight at diagnosis was 4.53 +/- 2.12 kg, for a mean standardized weight of -1.56. Bone age was delayed in the 9 patients who underwent bone-age analysis. Growth hormone therapy administered to 2 patients did not improve growth. Patients with AGS had growth failure secondary to other factors in addition to liver disease. Growth failure beginning in the prenatal period supports a genetic basis for this feature. Growth improvement up to normal levels should not be expected as a benefit of OLT in these patients. Growth failure as a primary indication for OLT should be cautiously examined in patients with AGS.
Patterns of Feeding and Mortality of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Laboratory

I studied the diurnal and ontological patterns of feeding by European corn borer adults, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and characterized the effect of feeding on adult mortality in the laboratory. Adults were provided a sucrose diet and water ad libitum, and were observed at periodic intervals to estimate the proportion feeding on sucrose or water. Dead adults were counted daily to estimate mortality. Adults preferred to feed on the sucrose diet during the first week of life, but not thereafter. Feeding occurred mainly just after the lights were turned off but also just after lights were turned on, and this time preference also waned by the second week of life. Daily mortality rates increased during adult life. These results are consistent with other studies on adult mortality, and suggest that feeding on sugar may be beneficial for adults only when their life expectancy exceeds 4 d.