cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PLIF measurements of combustion dynamics in a burner under forced oscillatory conditions

A technique has been devised which can provide insight into the local dynamic response of a flame to an acoustic field. In the experiments, a test chamber is acoustically excited by a pair of low frequency drivers. The response of the flame is visualized by planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of the hydroxyl (OH) radical, which is a good indicator for heat release in the flame. The resulting images are phase-locked and averaged to yield a qualitative picture of the fluctuation of the heat release. This is correlated with a pressure transducer near the flame, which allows stability to be evaluated using Rayleigh's criterion. Results indicate that the drive frequency and burner configuration have a pronounced effect on the response of the flame. Drive frequencies ranging from 22 Hz to 55 Hz are applied to the jet mixed burner, supplied with a premixed 50/50 mixture of methane and carbon dioxide at a Reynolds number of 20,000. The burner is operated in two configurations; with an aerodynamically stabilized flame, and with a flame stabilized by two protruding bluff-bodies. Results indicate that in general, the bluff-body stabilized flame is less sensitive to chamber acoustic excitation
A comparison of ethanol, acetaldehyde and trichloroethanol effects on ganglionic transmission.

Abstract Effects of ethanol, tri-chloroethanol and acetaldehyde on synaptic transmission were studied in vitro in the VIIIth sympathetic ganglion of bullfrog. Acetaldehyde and trichloroethanol were, respectively, 276 and 382 times more potent than ethanol in blocking synaptic transmission. Transmission block by ethanol and trichloroethanol was reversible, but not that by acetaldehyde. The concentrations of ethanol, trichloroethanol and acetaldehyde that blocked synaptic transmission did not affect preganglionic axonal conduction.
Ethanol inhibits lung clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a neutrophil and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, in vivo.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that can be found in individuals in which the immune system has been suppressed by HIV/AIDS or chronic alcoholism. We evaluated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) as a modulator of lung concentrations of P. aeruginosa in normal rats and rats given a single dose of ethanol (ETOH). Rats were pretreated with either sterile saline (PBS, 0.1 ml/kg, i.v.) or the NOS II inhibitor L-N6-iminoethyl lysine (LNIL, 10 mg/kg, i.v.) 15 min before intraperitoneal administration of either PBS (4.5 ml/kg) or ETOH (4.5 g/kg). Thirty min after administration of PBS or ETOH the rats were placed in inhalation chambers and exposed to 45 min of an aerosol containing P. aeruginosa (5 x 10(4) colony forming units, CFU). A group of rats (n = 5-6/treatment/time period) were killed immediately (0 hr) or 4 hr after inhalation of P. aeruginosa. The lungs were homogenized and the P. aeruginosa were grown in nutrient broth to determine the number of viable CFU remaining in the lung. The NOS II and TNFalpha mRNA and protein content lung alveolar macrophages (AM) and neutrophils (PMN) were measured with RT-PCR and Western blot. The concentration of nitrate and nitrite anion in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) and ex vivo incubates of PMN were also measured. The CFU of P. aeruginosa present in the lungs of the four groups of rats at 0 hr did not differ. The CFU of P. aeruginosa in the lung increased (p < 0.05) in rats pretreated with ETOH when compared with that obtained from rats pretreated with PBS. However, pretreatment of rats with LNIL decreased (p < 0.05) the 4 hr lung content of P. aeruginosa. Coadministration of LNIL and ETOH to rats augmented the CFU of P. aeruginosa in lungs to amounts which did not differ from that of rats pretreated with ETOH. Inhalation of P. aeruginosa increased NOS II mRNA and protein in rat AM and PMN. Pretreatment of rats with ETOH alone, or in combination with LNIL, inhibited P. aeruginosa-induced NOS II transcription and translation and AM and PMN nitrate and nitrite generation whereas pretreatment with LNIL alone only inhibited nitrate and nitrite generation. Pretreatment of rats with ETOH suppressed P. aeruginosa stimulated PMN recruitment into the lung whereas LNIL enhanced (p < 0.05) P. aeruginosa-stimulated PMN recruitment into the lung. ETOH-induced increases of the lung content of P. aeruginosa were associated with increased PKC delta isozyme in the membrane of the PMN but could not be explained by altered plasma concentrations of hydrocortisone or ETOH. The data demonstrate that selective inhibition of NOS II-derived NO by LNIL decreases the lung content of P. aeruginosa whereas ETOH inhibits the lung clearance of P. aeruginosa. Speculatively, the difference between these effects of LNIL and ETOH may result from differences in drug-induced changes in lung recruitment of PMN.
The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire in toddlers and preschool children.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Twenty to 40% of young children are reported to have behavioral insomnias of childhood. Concerns about sleep at these ages are the most common problem expressed to pediatricians at the time of well child visits. A screening questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire
Vibration suppression of a single flexible link

This paper shows the design of command input shaping and smart structure actuation for vibration suppression of a single flexible link to produce a rest-to-rest, residual vibration-free maneuver. This included the development of equations of motion, numerical implementation and simulation, optimized trajectory design, system identification, and control law implementation using the University of New Mexico (UNM) single flexible link testbed. The testbed was designed, fabricated, and used to perform control law development, dynamic model identification, and sensor/actuator validation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Spectral Radiance Comparison Of A Noise Tube And A HgXe Arc Lamp Between 60GHz And 600GHz

The relative spectral radiance of a noise tube, model TN-167, designed for the frequency range 90-140 GHz (3.3 mm to 2.1 mm) was compared to that from a 200-watt high pressure HgXe arc lamp over the wavelength region from 0.5 to about 5 mm. A Michelson Fourier transform spectrometer and a lamellar grating instrument were used in conjunction with liquid helium-cooled bolometers of NEP 10 to the -12th to 10 to the -14th watt/(Hz) exp 1/2 to measure relative spectral radiant power. With this instrumental arrangement, the noise tube exhibited a very sharp low frequency cutoff at about 2.2/cm. The HgXe arc lamp emitted more radiant power than the noise tube in the wavelength region below 3 mm (100 GHz) down to 0.5 mm. Above 3 mm, the noise tube had a stronger output. The noise tube spectral radiance shifted to lower frequencies when the input current was lowered from 125 mA to 50 mA.
An object-oriented operating system interface

This paper discusses an object-oriented interface from the Smalltalk-80™ programming environment to a Unix-like operating system. This interface imposes an object-oriented paradigm on operating system facilities. We discuss some of the higher order abstractions that were created to make use of these facilities, and discuss difficulties we encountered implementing this interface. Several examples of cooperating Smalltalk and operating system processes are presented.
Does sense of ownership matter for rural water system sustainability? Evidence from Kenya

Community sense of ownership for rural water infrastructure is widely cited as a key factor in ensuring sustainable service delivery, but no empirical investigation has evaluated the relationship between sense of ownership and sustainability outcomes. This study examines the association between system sustainability and sense of ownership among households and water committees, using primary data collected throughout 50 rural communities with piped water systems in Kenya. Data sources include in-person interviews with 1,916 households, 312 water committee members and 50 system operators, as well as technical assessments of water systems. Using principal components analysis we create composite measures of system sustainability (infrastructure condition, users9 confidence, and ongoing management), and of water committees9 and households9 sense of ownership for the system. All else held constant, infrastructure condition is positively associated with water committee members9 sense of ownership, whereas users9 confidence and system management are positively associated with households9 sense of ownership. These findings stand in contrast with much of the published literature on rural water planning, which assumes homogeneity of ownership feelings across all members of a community and which suggests a consistent and positive association between households9 sense of ownership and sustainability.
IN SICKNESS AND IN HEALTH: THE IMPACT OF ILLNESS ON COUPLES' RELATIONSHIPS

When illness or disability strikes a couple's relationship, a number of significant structural and emotional skews are likely. A normative, preventive framework that addresses the special strains on couples can counteract dysfunctional relationship patterns and enhance opportunities for increased intimacy. This paper addresses key issues regarding intimacy and communication and then identifies key skews and treatment priorities to help couples rebalance their relationship. These include skews regarding (a) whose problem it is, (b) boundary issues, (c) patient-caregiver roles, (d) togetherness/separateness, (e) psychosocial recovery, (f) cognitive impairment, (g) gender, (h) sexuality, (i) belief systems, and (j) life cycle. Particular dilemmas for gay and lesbian relationships are noted. Dealing with these skews can promote a couple's resilience in the face of loss
PCMA Annual Meeting 2013

The Professional Convention Management Association's (PCMA) annual meeting (Convening Leaders 2013) was held in Orlando, Florida, January 13–16, 2013. Over 3,700 event professionals including suppl...
Appropriate and Judicious Use of Psychotropic Medications in Youth

The issue of prescribing psychotropic medications is one that stirs much emotion and debate among parents and providers alike. This article is presented as a primer on the appropriate and judicious use of psychotropic medications in youth. Rather than focusing on any specific class of medications or on any clinical condition, the article presents best practices as well as key clinical pearls regarding the art and science of psychopharmacology in youth.
Ischemic Stroke subtypes: A population-based study of incidence and risk factors

Background and Purpose—There is scant population-based information on functional outcome, survival, and recurrence for ischemic stroke subtypes. Methods—We identified all residents of Rochester, Minnesota, with a first ischemic stroke from 1985 through 1989 using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system. After reviewing medical records and imaging studies, we assigned patients to 4 major ischemic stroke categories based on National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Data Bank criteria: large-vessel cervical or intracranial atherosclerosis with stenosis (ATH, n=74), cardioembolic (CE, n=132), lacunar (LAC, n=72), and infarct of uncertain cause (IUC, n=164). We used the Rankin disability score to assess functional outcome and the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with bootstrap validation to estimate rates and identify predictors of survival and recurrent stroke among these patients. Results—Rankin disabili...
Temperature-dependent and -induced spectral characteristics and transitions of liver microsomes.

Abstract The addition of bovine serum albumin to rat liver microsomes resulted in the formation of the reverse type I spectral change (RI). Both the RI and the type I spectral change were obtained with liver microsomes in the absence of substrate by altering the temperature; an increase in temperature led to the formation of a type I spectral change while a lowering of the temperature resulted in the formation of a RI. This demonstrates that the RI is indeed the reverse of the type I spectral change rather than a modified type II. Temperature was also found to affect the substrate-induced type I and type II spectral changes; an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the aminopyrine-induced type I, but an increase in the aniline-induced type II spectral change.
Electrical isolation of typeII InAs/InGaSb superlattices from GaSb substrates

We show here that n-type InAs/InGaSb superlattices can be electrically isolated from lightly doped n-type GaSb substrates at much higher temperatures than from the more common undoped p-type GaSb substrates without the use of a large band gap insulating buffer layer. Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements show superlattice conduction up to near room temperature, which is significantly higher than the 20 K observed for p-type substrates. Multi-carrier analysis of magnetic field dependent transport data demonstrate the absence of a substrate related conduction channel. We argue that the isolation is due to the depletion layer at the p-n junction between the p-type buffer layer and the n-type substrate.
Overview of Statutory Framework for Federal Wealth Transfer Taxation

These three charts provide a visual overview of the statutory frameworks for the gift, estate and generation-skipping transfers taxes. These charts are designed for students, professionals and experienced scholars alike -- anyone who needs a quick reference sheet will find them helpful. Particularly at the beginning or end of a course in taxation, students may appreciate a one-page representation of the statutory structure (there is one page for each of the estate, gift and generation-skipping transfer tax). Instructors are welcome to photocopy or otherwise make these pages available to their students for educational purposes.
Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in Response to Titanium Particles in Vitro

Background: Wear debris contributes to implant loosening after total joint arthroplasty, and few advances have been made in our ability to inhibit the biological response to wear particles. Bacterial endotoxins augment the effects of wear particles in vitro and in vivo. The cytokine, tumor necrosis
A kinetic model for bacterial Fe(III) oxide reduction in batch cultures

[1] A model has been developed describing the microbial reduction of solid-phase electron acceptors (Fe(III) oxides) as well as dissolved electron acceptors (chelated Fe(III) or organic electron shuttles) in Shewanella alga BrY. The model utilized a multiple-substrate, Monod kinetics formulation. The Monod description of solid Fe(III) reduction requires a normalization of surface Fe concentration to biomass concentration in order to describe the “bioavailable” Fe(III) concentration. The model also contains provisions for irreversible sorption of Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxide surfaces and for the precipitation of Fe(III) carbonates. The loss of bioavailable Fe(III) due to sorption of Fe(II) was found to be minor, even for highly sorptive amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. However, the final extent of microbial reduction is very sensitive to the rate of siderite precipitation, assuming that siderite precipitation could partially occlude Fe(III) surface sites. The use of a multisubstrate Monod kinetics model enabled an evaluation of the effects of electron shuttles on solid Fe(III) reduction. Because the electron shuttle is recycled, very small additions can greatly increase the overall rate of solid Fe(III) reduction.
The Role of Social Presence in Interactive Agent-Based Persuasion

This investigation examines the extent to which interactive social agent technology can influence social presence, information processing, and persuasion. Specifically, it looks at how interactive media using virtual agents can increase the sensation of social presence, or the extent to which a person feels “with” a mediated being. Using logic based on the Heuristic Systematic Model (HSM), social presence is posited to impact indicators of heuristic and systematic processing, leading to changes in attitude and intention toward a health issue. A 2 × 2 between subjects experiment was conducted (N = 125) with manipulations of interactivity (interactive or not) and source attractiveness (attractive or unattractive). Results of causal model tests suggest that interactive agents facilitate social presence leading to increased message processing, which in turn affects both attitude and behavioral intentions toward the issue of healthy blood pressure. Contrary to expectations, however, social presence with an una...
Calmodulin signaling: Analysis and prediction of a disorder-dependent molecular recognition

Calmodulin (CaM) signaling involves important, wide spread eukaryotic protein-protein interactions. The solved structures of CaM associated with several of its binding targets, the distinctive binding mechanism of CaM, and the significant trypsin sensitivity of the binding targets combine to indicate that the process of association likely involves coupled binding and folding for both CaM and its binding targets. Here, we use bioinformatics approaches to test the hypothesis that CaM-binding targets are intrinsically disordered. We developed a predictor of CaM-binding regions and estimated its performance. Per residue accuracy of this predictor reached 81%, which, in combination with a high recall/precision balance at the binding region level, suggests high predictability of CaM-binding partners. An analysis of putative CaM-binding proteins in yeast and human strongly indicates that their molecular functions are related to those of intrinsically disordered proteins. These findings add to the growing list of examples in which intrinsically disordered protein regions are indicated to provide the basis for cell signaling and regulation.
Synthesis of low-spur GHz sinusoids using a 4-bit D/A converter

This work reports a method of digitally synthesizing sinusoidal waveforms at GHz frequencies with low spurious content. This is accomplished with a 4-bit D/A converter and a logic sequencer that is driven by a digital clock. A circuit using this method was implemented and tested at frequencies as high as 2.7 GHz. A spurious free dynamic range of 84 dB was measured at 2.3 GHz. This is thought to be significant because of the high operational speeds achieved along with the inherent simplicity of the circuit.
Child and adult disability in the 2000 Census: disability is a household affair.

Background Survey data indicate that individuals with disabilities in the United States often experience less advantageous economic and social resources than individuals without disabilities. Furthermore, they often reside with other individuals with disabilities in the same household. However, less is known about resource availability when multiple child and adult household members have a disability.
PLL Based Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Time synchronization is a key component in numerous wireless sensor network applications. Most of the current software based time synchronization approaches suffer from communication overhead and lack of scalability. In this paper, we propose a hardware based approach based on voltage controlled crystal oscillator and phase locked loop techniques to achieve and maintain sub microsecond level time synchronization. Our approach does not require any exchange of synchronization messages with neighboring nodes. Performance evaluations in Matlab demonstrate sub microsecond accuracy and robustness to infrequent loss of WWVB signal. The principle advantages of our solution is scalability, accuracy, and low communication overhead.
Mutants of Downy Mildew Resistance in Lactuca Sativa (Lettuce)

As part of our investigation of disease resistance in lettuce, we generated mutants that have lost resistance to Bremia lactucae, the casual fungus of downy mildew. Using a rapid and reliable screen, we identified 16 distinct mutants of Latuca sativa that have lost activity of one of four different downy mildew resistance genes (Dm). In all mutants, only a single Dm specificity was affected. Genetic analysis indicated that the lesions segregated as single, recessive mutations at the Dm loci. Dm3 was inactivated in nine of the mutants. One of five Dm 1 mutants was selected from a population of untreated seeds and therefore carried a spontaneous mutation. All other Dm1, Dm3, Dm5/8 and Dm7 mutants were derived from gamma- or fast neutron-irradiated seed. In two separate Dm 1 mutants and in each of the eight Dm3 mutants analyzed, at least one closely linked molecular marker was absent. Also, high molecular weight genomic DNA fragments that hybridized to a tightly linked molecular marker in wild type were either missing entirely or were truncated in two of the Dm3 mutants, providing additional evidence that deletions had occurred in these mutants. Absence of mutations at loci epistatic to the Dm genes suggested that such loci were either members of multigene families, were critical for plant survival, or encoded components of duplicated pathways for resistance; alternatively, the genes determining downy mildew resistance might be limited to the Dm loci.
Identifying the spatial scale of population structure in anadromous rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)

a b s t r a c t Identifying conservation units based on the scale of biological processes is important in fisheries man- agement. In anadromous fish, the spatial scale of population structure results from the opposing effects of homing and dispersal and varies among species by life history and geographic location. We used genetic data to evaluate the population structure of anadromous rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), a species of concern in U.S. waters. A total of 2211 smelt were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci from 18 river systems and 11 bays along the northeastern Atlantic coast, spanning the entire U.S. range of the species. Across the study area gene flow was relatively high (FST = 0.017) and genetic variation fol- lowed an isolation by distance model, consistent with dispersal occurring most frequently among nearby rivers. Bayesian clustering approaches identified 4-6 genetically distinct population clusters, which var- ied in their geographic extent according to coastal circulation patterns. Genetically divergent populations were identified in topographically structured bays with local hydrography favoring larval retention. Con- versely, gene flow was high across long stretches of topographically indistinct coastline where circulation patterns maximize passive larval dispersal. Overall, our results suggest that larval retention patterns, driven by hydrography, influence the population structure of rainbow smelt, and homing occurs to broad coastal zones of retention. The genetic structure identified in this study can be used in conjunction with ecological data to inform management at the appropriate spatial scale. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Editor's Perspective: Supplements and Forums.

Purpose In this article, the Editor of the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology reflects on the distinction between the Clinical or Research Forum and the Supplement—and the important cont...
NA+-K+-ATPASE INHIBITION SENSITIZES RENAL MECHANORECEPTORS ACTIVATED BY INCREASES IN RENAL PELVIC PRESSURE

In anesthetized rats, the activation threshold of renal pelvic mechanoreceptors was determined by graded increases in renal pelvic pressure. Ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity increased 9 +/- 4 (NS), 34 +/- 12, 47 +/- 8, 58 +/- 13, 68 +/- 14, and 91 +/- 17% (all P 2.5 mmHg. Renal pelvic perfusion with 1.4 mM ouabain, an inhibitor of Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase), increased basal afferent renal nerve activity transiently, lowered the activation threshold of renal mechanoreceptors to < 2.5 mmHg, and enhanced the afferent renal nerve activity, responses to increasing renal pelvic pressures by 8 and 30 mmHg. The afferent renal nerve activity response to increased renal pelvic pressure was also enhanced by renal pelvic perfusion with 900 mM NaCl but was unaltered by NaCl concentrations ranging from 10 to 600 mM. These findings show that renal pelvic mechanoreceptors are activated by increases in renal pelvic pressure within the physiological range. Although renal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential of renal pelvic mechanoreceptors, the renal pelvic mechanoreceptor discharge is not influenced by physiological renal pelvic Na+ concentrations.
Elastomer-Polymer Semiconductor Blends for High-Performance Stretchable Charge Transport Networks

An inverse relationship between mechanical ductility and mobility/molecular ordering in conjugated polymer systems was determined definitively through systematic interrogation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films with varied degrees of molecular ordering and associated charge transport performance. The dilemma, whereby molecular ordering required for efficient charge transport conclusively undermines the applicability of these materials for stretchable, flexible device applications, was resolved using a polymer blend approach. Specifically, the molecular interactions between dissimilar polymer materials advantageously induced semiconducting polymer ordering into efficient π–π stacked fibrillar networks. Changes in the molecular environment surrounding the conjugated polymer during the elastomer curing process further facilitated development of high mobility networked semiconductor pathways. A processed P3HT: poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composite afforded a semiconducting film that exhibits superior du...
Agency and Incentives in International Development Partnerships

This paper examines the issue of international development partnerships among NGOs in the context of a principle-agent framework. Specifically, we characterize the ability of shared religious values in development partnerships to mitigate agency problems. These advantages are weighed against practitioner reluctance to engage religious organizations in the development process or to fully utilize economic incentives. The paper is supported by survey responses from Christian ministry organizations involved in international partnerships. JEL Codes: O1, D8, D2.
Multiscale system modeling of biochemical pathways

Querying by temporal logic as a reasoning mechanism on a system representing multiscale processes is important in understanding the details of multiscale processes, in particular in models of biochemical pathways. A novel formalism representing a system of multiscale biochemical pathways is described. The definitions of multiscale model in discrete domains are represented in the form of a labeled transition system. A polynomial time algorithm is constructed for identification of systems representing multiscale pathways.
Domestic America during World War II: Research Opportunities for Historians

1A. Russell Buchanan, The United States and World War II (2 vols., New York, 1964). A. Russell Buchanan devotes only two chapters to domestic events. This study is part of the New American Nation series which at the present time does not project a volume focusing exclusively on the home front. Kenneth S. Davis, Experience of War: The United States in World War II (Garden City, 1965), discusses civilian activities marginally. 2This is based upon the following sample of general texts: John M. Blum and others, The National Experience: A History of the United States (New York, 1963); Harry J. Carman, Harold C. Syrett, and Bernard W. Wishy, A History of the American People Since 1865 (3rd edition, New York, 1967); John A. Garraty, The American Nation: A History of the United States (New York, 1966); Oscar Handlin, The Americans: A New History of the People of the United States (Boston, 1963); Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, and Daniel Aaron, The American Republic Since 1865 (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1964); Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (5th edition, 2 vols., New York, 1962); Henry Bamford Parkes, The American Experience: An Interpretation of the History and Civilization of the American People (New York, 1947); Charles Sellers and Henry May, A Synopsis of American History (Chicago, 1963); Richard N. Current, T. Harry Williams, and Frank Freidel, American History: A Survey (New York, 1967); Louis B. Wright and others, The Democratic Experience: A Short American History (Glenview, Ill., 1968). Textbooks examined that focus exclusively on the twentieth century are Arthur S. Link and William B. Catton, American Epoch: A History of the United States Since the 1890's (New York, 1963); Forrest McDonald, The Torch is Passed: The United States in the 20th Century (Reading, Mass., 1968); David A. Shannon, Twentieth Century America: The United States Since the 1890's (Chicago, 1963); Frank Freidel, America in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1967).
Nonlinear Evolution of Directional Wave Spectra in Shallow Water

Nonlinear aspects of the transformation of a multidirectional wave field in shallow water are investigated using Boussinesq-type equations. Second-order interactions between different frequency components in an irregular sea state produce lower and higher harmonic components at the sum and difference frequencies of the primary waves. For water of constant depth, expressions are derived from the Boussinesq equations for the magnitude of the second-order waves induced by bidirectional, bichromatic waves. These are used to investigate the effect of the direction of wave propagation on the near-resonant interactions that occur in shallow water. For waves propagating in water of variable depth, a numerical model based on a time-domain solution of the governing equations is used to the predict the spatial evolution of the directional wave spectrum. The results of the numerical model are compared to experimental results for the propagation of bidirectional, bichromatic waves and irregular, multidirectional waves on a constant slope beach.
Comparison and Analysis of NDVI Between HJ-1-CCD Data and MODIS Data

The radiative transfer code is used for atmospheric correction to retrieve the vegetation index in HJ-1-CCD data.After compared with the MODIS standard products,statistical analysis results on correlation and differences in typical areas show:1)When the underlying surface is relatively homogeneous,such as the arable land,the mountain covered with vegetation,the water body,the vegetation index correlation and the relative difference from the two sensors are the arable land(0.74,10%),the mountain(0.69,12%),and the water body(0.78,5%),respectively;2)When the underlying surface is more complex,such as the building land(including the residential areas),the correlation is only 0.58and the relative difference is almost 18%;3)When estimating the vegetation index in complex surface coverage and within small scale region,HJ-1-CCD can be effectively used to reduce the impact of mixed pixel and thus can provide a richer vegetation index information due to its relatively high spatial resolution.
The effect of three finishing systems on four esthetic restorative materials

Previous studies have investigated the finishing and smoothness of composite and traditional glass-ionomer restorations, but few have included resin-modified glass-ionomer cements or more recent finishing systems. The results of using three different finishing systems (Sof-Lex, Enhance, finishing burs) on two composites (Silux, Prisma TPH), a traditional glass ionomer (Ketac-Fil), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC) were studied. Sixty samples were condensed into sectioned acrylic tubes, covered with a Mylar matrix plus a glass slide at each surface, then cured as per the manufacturers' instructions. Samples were randomized to three groups of five for each material and testing with a Surfanalyzer 4000 of unfinished samples (cured with Mylar matrix) was done to obtain baseline average surface roughness (Ra). Samples were then finished as per the manufacturers' instructions using polishing disks, abrasive impregnated disks, and finishing burs before further surface testing. Samples finished with burs and with abrasive impregnated disks were further polished using polishing paste (Prisma Gloss) and again tested. Data were analyzed with ANOVA testing and Tukey's HSD pairwise comparison. Initial testing after randomization to groups showed no significant difference in surface roughness (P = 0.24). Two-factor analysis revealed no significant difference between materials (P = 0.34), a significant difference in method of finish (P < or = 0.00), with no significant interaction between type of material and method of finish (P = 0.11). Aluminum oxide disk and impregnated disk systems provided the best finish for microfilled composite and both glass-ionomer materials (P < or = 0.00). No significant difference in method of finish existed with the hybrid composite (P = 0.07). Overall, esthetic restorative material finishing is best accomplished using abrasive impregnated disks or aluminum oxide disks. Finishing burs gave a significantly rougher surface than the former methods.
Utility of the full root bioprosthesis in surgery for complex aortic valve-ascending aortic disease.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of the full root bioprosthesis (Medtronic Freestyle) in the patient with complex aortic valve-ascending disease. Of 148 patients undergoing stentless aortic valve replacement since 4/98, 22 required concomitant replacement of the entire ascending aorta with a Dacron graft (beveled to include hemi-arch) for either "porcelain" aorta (8) or diffuse aneurysmal dilatation (14): 17/22 had aortic stenosis, 4/22 had aortic insufficiency, and 1 had bioprosthetic degeneration. All patients had right axillary cannulation, circulatory arrest at 18 C, and retrocerebral perfusion through the superior vena cava. Valve sizes included 23 mm (7), 25 mm (2), and 27 mm (13). Average age was 69.5 years, average intensive care unit stay was 64 hours, and average postoperative length of stay was 6.5 days. Although the initial intent was full root replacement, 7 patients had calcified coronary ostia precluding reimplantation. Subcoronary implantation techniques were modified to interdigitate the outflow suture lines between and through islands of calcium buttressed with small pericardial pledgets on the outside of the native aorta. All valves demonstrated either no or trace aortic regurgitation on pre-discharge transesophageal echocardiography, 30-day mortality was 0, and there were no neurologic sequelae. The full root bioprosthesis has great utility in surgery for complex aortic valve-ascending aortic disease. Axillary artery cannulation and retrograde cerebral perfusion provide a reproducible neurologically safe approach in this group of patients at high risk for intraoperative neurologic morbidity.
ASSESSING ATTITUDES TOWARD MUNICIPAL POLICE IN MEXICO DURING DEMOCRATIC TIMES: A CASE STUDYING

One of the key roles of States is to act as primary authorities over their territories and societies to establish order and provide security. Nevertheless, the processes of establishing and maintaining order and social control are complex. As such, different groups and institutions are required to interact effectively to encourage collective behavior. Among the different State agents, the police are directly in charge of fighting crime as well as maintaining social control. Their role in the development of democratic political systems is indeed significant. Police officers’ varying degrees of respect for civil, political, and human rights affect the tone of the relationship between the public and the government. Furthermore, the performance of the police in combating crime and violence can serve as an indicator of government competence. Today, the acceptance of democratic governance around the world has achieved an appeal seldom seen in modern history, yet the spread of democracy has not necessarily allowed all States to establish or maintain order and provide social control. This situation has been especially true for emerging and transitional democracies, as manifested through increasing problems of insecurity. Mexico is one such case of a nascent democracy facing significant insecurity challenges. In an attempt to learn more about the phenomenon of insecurity, this study examines citizens’ perceptions of the Mexican police at a municipal level. By using different approaches of criminal justice as well as a cross-sectional survey design, the study finds that police integrity, political legitimacy, and the perception of escalating neighborhood crime significantly affect varying attitudes toward the police. According to the results, Mexican police administrators and policymakers in general ought to place special attention on issues of integrity and political legitimacy to improve security and other areas of public policy in a country that is currently entering the democratic stage
Predictors of coronary heart disease events among asymptomatic persons with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).

Objectives Our aim was to identify risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) events among asymptomatic persons with low (≤130 mg/dl) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Background Even among persons with low LDL-C, some will still experience CHD events and may benefit from more aggressive pharmacologic and lifestyle therapies. Methods The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) is a prospective cohort of 6,814 participants free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Of 5,627 participants who were not receiving any baseline lipid-lowering therapies, 3,714 (66%) had LDL-C ≤130 mg/dl and were included in the present study. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated to assess the association of traditional risk factors and biomarkers with CHD events. To determine if subclinical atherosclerosis markers provided additional information beyond traditional risk factors, coronary artery calcium (CAC) and carotid intima media thickness were each separately added to the multivariable model. Results During a median follow-up of 5.4 years, 120 (3.2%) CHD events were observed. In unadjusted analysis, age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglycerides, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers (CAC >0; carotid intima media thickness ≥1 mm) predicted CHD events. Independent predictors of CHD events included age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, and low HDL-C. After accounting for all traditional risk factors, the predictive value of CAC was attenuated but remained highly significant. The relationship of all independent clinical predictors remained robust even after accounting for elevated CAC. Conclusions Among persons with low LDL-C, older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, and low HDL-C are associated with adverse CHD events. Even after accounting for all such variables, the presence of CAC provided incremental prognostic value. These results may serve as a basis for deciding which patients with low LDL-C may be considered for more aggressive therapies.
Glass microbubble on-chip packaged ferrofluid based magnetoviscous magnetometer

We present a new packaging method for improving the lifetime of ferrofluid-based magnetoviscous magnetometer. The concept of a ferrofluid based magnetometer has been previously reported where the viscoelastic response of a thin interfacial ferrofluid layer loaded atop a high frequency shear wave quartz resonator to applied magnetic field is monitored. The magnetic field can be sensitively quantified by the changes in the at-resonance admittance characteristics of the resonator. However, under open conditions, continuous evaporation of the ferrofluid compromises the long term performance of the magnetometer. In this work, we integrate glass hemispherical microbubbles, used as vessels of ferrofluid, on the resonator chip to seal and prevent the evaporation of the ferrofluid liquid and drying out. A layer of high relative permeability thin film Metglas (Fe 85 B 5 Si 10 ) is deposited on the resonator chip to improve the sensitivity. Using these improvements, a minimum detectable field of 650 nT/yHz at 1 Hz is achieved. Moreover, comparing with the unsealed ferrofluid device, the lifetime of the glass microbubble integrated chip packaged device improved significantly from only few hours to over a month and continuing.
Examination of Students’ Acceptance and Usage of the Sourcing Simulator in an Advanced-Level Fashion Merchandising Class: An Extended Abstract

College undergraduate classes have increased the use of technological resources or tools to enhance students’ educational experiences (Foster 2005). Technology-enhanced learning is becoming more critical in today’s college education, since current business practices have become based more on technology (Foster 2005; Kunz 2010). Computer-based learning strategies are widely used in the instruction of fashion merchandising courses at many U.S. universities. Computer simulation utilizing the Sourcing Simulator has been implemented as an educational tool for fashion merchandising courses. The Sourcing Simulator is computer software, which simulates customer demands and merchandise plans in the merchandising process, and provides a financial analysis of the impact of the chosen strategies. The Sourcing Simulator allows the user to develop merchandise plans such as an assortment strategy, a pricing strategy, and a replenishment strategy. The Sourcing Simulator simulates in-store shopping behaviors, tracks the prescribed merchandise assortment at the SKU level throughout the selling period, and generates financial measures of productivity for a chosen scenario.
Tunable Enhancement of a Graphene/Polyaniline/Poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Electrospun Nanofiber Gas Sensor

Electrospun nanofibers of a polyaniline (PANi)/(+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (HCSA)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite doped with different variants of graphene oxide (GO) were fabricated and evaluated as chemiresistor gas sensors operating at room temperature. A new strategy for enhancing PANi/PEO gas sensor performance is demonstrated using GO dopants reduced via thermal (trGO) or chemical (crGO) routes. By varying the chemical reduction duration (6 h, crGO-6 or 24 h, crGO-24), tunable enhancement of sensor response was achieved. Upon exposure to short-chain aliphatic alcohol vapors, the partially reduced crGO-6 dopant exhibited higher response than GO and crGO-24, suggesting that the dopant enhances sensor performance via increased electrical conductivity over neat GO, and enhanced hydrogen bonding capability over the further-reduced crGO-24 variant. Sensor arrays consisting of PANi/PEO doped with trGO, crGO-6 or crGO-24 moieties successfully identified methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol vapors using principal component analysis (PCA).
Art and the Brain

Brain lesions from strokes and neurodegenerative disease affect all manner of behaviors in individuals. Occasionally, fascinating cases are seen where a prominent feature of disease affects artistic ability. Usually, disease leads to deficits in artistic production, but rarely disease appears to release new artistic impulses. This creative behavior seems to occur most frequently in patients with new onset language disease. Lessons learned from these patients present the exciting potential for learning new insights into the creative mind.
Risk and Recovery: Understanding Flood Risk Perceptions in a Postdisaster City—The Case of New Orleans

Flood hazards are a serious and growing threat to the health and welfare of residents in cities and rural areas around the world. This cross-sectional study uses a sample of 383 residents living in...
Implementing the Flipped Classroom: Challenges and Strategies

The flipped classroom model holds both benefits and challenges for new adopters. A learner-centered instructional perspective supports the development of an effective flipped course. Instructors can assess their readiness for the conversion process and prepare for a smooth implementation by learning about the experiences and ideas of others. Instructors should also think through the readiness—both practical and conceptual—of their institution and students. Preparing students for the flipped model, and making use of their input when possible, eases the transition for all. Aspects of course design to consider include content format, in-class activities, and building connections between in-class and out-of-class components. Instructors have numerous options for content delivery, and can base their selections on multiple factors, including technological skill and available tools as well as student access and preference. Activity design can incorporate a variety of strategies, often making use of peer interaction and collaboration. Changes to instructional methods result in alternate teaching roles and shifts in the classroom environment. In addition, these changes warrant a fresh look at assessment methods, for students, instructors, and courses. Instructors who share their flipped classroom experience, from initial design to final data collection and evaluation, provide valuable learning for all.
Direction‐finding measurements of Jovian low‐frequency radio components by Juno near Perijove 1

With the aid of the radio and plasma wave (Waves) instrument onboard the Juno spacecraft, the first scientific close encounter to Jupiter (Perijove 1) of Juno led to an opportunity to perform direction finding measurements of the intense Jovian broadband kilometric (bKOM) radiation at 10 to 142 kHz, two escaping continuum radiation (ECR) events at 9 to 22 kHz, and two narrowband kilometric (nKOM) radiation events at 45–112 kHz. We conclude that the northern bKOM radio sources are localized on M-shell=50–60 field lines where M-shell is similar to L-shell for non-dipolar fields. The beam cone half-angle varies from 40∘ to 55∘. By intersecting the wave k vector with the Jovian centrifugal equator, two ECR sources are located inside and outside of 11–12 RJ, and two nKOM sources are found between 11 and 20 RJ. These source frequencies and locations can be used for plasma diagnostics in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere.
Staying Connected on the Go : Network Sharing Based on Multioperator Traffic Inside Moving Transportation

Network sharing is the key to improving network operators' capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX). Many scenarios with space limitations can benefit from network sharing, such as a moving transportation scenario, where separate network operators are unable to put their equipment (e.g., small cells) inside the moving transportation to serve their users. In addition, due to the higher moving speed of the transportation, there are more frequent handovers with the operators' outdoor macro base stations (MBSs), which leads to degraded connection quality. Therefore, an effective network-sharing mechanism (NSM) is required to set up end-to-end routing paths for user traffic so that traffic from different network operators can be smoothly routed to the corresponding core networks (CNs). In this article, we adopt the network slicing concept and use it as a base for a developed NSM. For verification of the proposed NSM in this article, simulations and related analysis are presented. For future work, further study focusing on the end-to-end slicing concept, including radio and CNs, will be provided.