cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potato top growth as influenced by temperatures

A study was conducted to establish a growth rate response of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) tops to exposure to 72-hr periods of six constant temperature treatments (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C) and to determine a thermal optimum for vegetative potato growth rates. The plants were maintained under “no stress” soil moisture conditions throughout the study. The temperature treatments were accomplished by inserting the plants into a growth chamber for 72 hours at selected temperatures. Maximum growth (as measured by percent change in leaf area) occurred at 25°C with temperature growth differences significant at the 5% level. Plant height measurements (percent change occurring during treatment time) showed maximum stem elongation at 30°C during an early growth stage and 25°C during stage 2 (4 weeks later). Predictive models developed from the data indicate maximum rates of leaf area increase in both growth stages occur at 24.7°C and that maximum rates of stem elongation occur at 31.3 and 27.4°C for growth stages 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf water potential and stomatal resistance measurements taken at the end of each treatment period indicated that no water stress occurred.
Sulfur dioxide reactions on ice surfaces : implications for dry deposition to snow

Abstract Controlled exposure of ice to a reactive gas, SO2, demonstrated the importance of the chemical composition of the ice surface on the accumulation of acidity in snow. In a series of bench-scale continuous-flow column experiments run at four temperatures (−1, −8, −30 and −60°C), SO2 was shown to dissolve and to react with other species in the ice-air interfacial region at temperatures approaching the melting point of ice. Experiments consisted of passing air containing SO2 through glass columns packed with 100-μm ice spheres of varying bulk composition (0–5 μM H2O2, and 0–1 mM NaCl), and analysing SO2 in the air and SO42− in the ice. At all temperatures (−60 to −1°C), increased retention volumes were found for increasing ionic strength and oxidant concentration. At the coldest temperatures and with no NaCl, increased retention volumes for −60 vs −30°C are consistent with SO2 uptake by physical adsorption. At warmer temperatures, −8 and −1°C, the observed tailing in the sorption curves indicated that other processes besides physical adsorption were occurring. The desorption curves showed a rapid decrease for the warmer temperatures, indicating the sorbed SO2 is irreversibly oxidized to SO42−. Results indicate that aqueous-phase reactions can occur below −8°C (i.e. −30 and −60°C). Results for different salt concentrations show that increasing ionic strength facilitates SO2 oxidation at colder temperatures, which is consistent with freezing point depression. One environmental implication is that snowpacks in areas with background SO2, can accumulate acidity during the winter months. As acidity accumulates, the solubility of SO2 will decrease causing a concomitant decrease in the air-to-surface flux of SO2. Modeling dry deposition of gases to snow surfaces should incorporate the changing composition of the ice surface.
Biotechnology at the turn of the Century

Summary form only given. The emergence of biotechnology as a major component of the global economy poses profound questions for those in business who plan corporate strategy and those in government who formulate regulatory policy. The authors review some of the major trends, concentrating upon the industrial transformation from chemicals to pharmaceuticals to biotechnology. This paper is based on a project conducted in a graduate course in the Engineering and Technology Management department at Portland State University, USA.
Comparative profiling of the sense and antisense transcriptome of maize lines

There are thousands of maize lines with distinctive normal as well as mutant phenotypes. To determine the validity of comparisons among mutants in different lines, we first address the question of how similar the transcriptomes are in three standard lines at four developmental stages. Four tissues (leaves, 1 mm anthers, 1.5 mm anthers, pollen) from one hybrid and one inbred maize line were hybridized with the W23 inbred on Agilent oligonucleotide microarrays with 21,000 elements. Tissue-specific gene expression patterns were documented, with leaves having the most tissue-specific transcripts. Haploid pollen expresses about half as many genes as the other samples. High overlap of gene expression was found between leaves and anthers. Anther and pollen transcript expression showed high conservation among the three lines while leaves had more divergence. Antisense transcripts represented about 6 to 14 percent of total transcriptome by tissue type but were similar across lines. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations were assigned and tabulated. Enrichment in GO terms related to cell-cycle functions was found for the identified antisense transcripts. Microarray results were validated via quantitative real-time PCR and by hybridization to a second oligonucleotide microarray platform. Despite high polymorphisms and structural differences among maize inbred lines, the transcriptomes of the three lines displayed remarkable similarities, especially in both reproductive samples (anther and pollen). We also identified potential stage markers for maize anther development. A large number of antisense transcripts were detected and implicated in important biological functions given the enrichment of particular GO classes.
Eltrombopag: A Novel Oral Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist

Objective:To review the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics and evaluate the safety and efficacy of eltrombopag for the treatment of chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and thrombocytopenia associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis.Data Sources:A Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, and MEDLINE search was performed (January 1966–March 2010) using the key terms eltrombopag and SB-497115-GR. Searches were limited to published English-language studies in humans and a reference review of the pertinent literature was conducted.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Published pharmacokinetic data and safety and efficacy trials, case reports, and case series on the use of eltrombopag were selected for inclusion.Data Synthesis:Eltrombopag is a novel second-generation thrombopoietin receptor agonist that was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic ITP in patients who had an insufficient response to corticosteroids, intravenous i...
Plasma damage and contact resistance

The die size has been shrunk dramatically in the past few years and the requirements for transistor performance have also increased. Therefore, the silicon substrate damage during the plasma etch has become an important issue in current ULSI fabrication. Many device parameters are affected by Si damage such as the junction leakage of contacts and contact resistance etc. In this paper we present the Si damage theory in oxide etching and we also present experimental results using the proposed silicon damage theory to solve the contact resistance problem.
Multi-functional Materials with Polarization

Multifunctional materials can respond to more than one external stimulus. One important family of such materials would be those with magnetization-polarization interactions: however, prior searches for such systems with strong exchange have proven elusive. Recently, investigations of laminated composites have shown the presence of strong magnetoelectric (ME) exchange.
Search reaction time for single targets in multiletter stimuli with brief visual displays

The same set of Ss was run In an LT (single late target letter followed an earher multiletter display) and an ET (single early target preceded a later multiletter display) condition. On one-half the trials, the multiletter set included the target. and on the other half, the target was absent. The task of S was to push the “yes” (“no”) button if the target was present (absent), and reaction times were recorded. The most plausible processing model assumed that LT comparisons took place in a verbal-acoustic store and that ET comparisons took place in a visual store. It further assumed that processing within these stores was self-terminating, with rates that differed on “same” and “different” comparisons and which changed as the multiletter set increased. Classes of serial and parallel models that are falsified or supported by the present and similar data are discussed.
Otolith–fish size relationship in juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison of growth rates between laboratory and field populations

Abstract In this study, we conducted experiments on wild-caught juvenile gag Mycteroperca microlepis from the eastern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate the effect of food availability on somatic growth and otolith growth. Juveniles were fed at two different food levels until all fish attained similar sizes. We found that food availability significantly affected growth rates. However, we also found that this manifested itself in differential otolith size. That is, slower-growing gag had larger, heavier otoliths than equal-sized faster-growing gag; an experimental result that has been observed previously among various fish species. We wanted to apply these experimental results to field-caught gag because our initial observations indicated that gag from more southern latitudes along Florida’s west coast were larger than gag from more northern latitudes, at least during the early juvenile period. Applying these relationships to regional field populations, we found that juvenile gag from the more northern latitudes appeared to grow faster than those from southern latitudes, using an otolith–fish size proxy for growth. However, examination of fish length–age relationships revealed that juvenile gag growth rates were not significantly different between regions. These results are contrary to the expectation that larger-sized gag from southern latitudes are growing faster, and suggests that other factors, such as spawning time and habitat quality may explain regional size differences.
"As Good As It Gets": Undocumented Latino Day Laborers Negotiating Discrimination in San Francisco and Berkeley, California, USA.

Undocumented Latino day laborers in the United States are vulnerable to being arrested and expelled at any time. This social fact shapes their everyday lives in terms of actions taken and strategies deployed to mitigate being confronted, profiled, and possibly incarcerated and deported. While perceptions of threat and bouts of discrimination are routine among undocumented Latino day laborers, their specific nature vary according to multiple social factors and structural forces that differ significantly from locale to locale. The experience of discrimination is often tacitly negotiated through perceptions, decisions, and actions toward avoiding or moderating its ill effects. This essay examines urban undocumented Latino day laborers over a variety of sites in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, which, compared to many metropolitan areas in the U.S. is “as good as it gets” in terms of being socially tolerated and relatively safe from persecution. Nonetheless, tacit negotiations are necessary to withstand or overcome challenges presented by idiosyncratic and ever changing global, national/state, and local dynamics of discrimination.
No Lacuna and No Vicious Regress: A Reply to Le Poidevin

In his “Space, supervenience and substantivalism”, Le Poidevin proposes a substantivalism in which space is discrete, implying that there are unmediated spatial relations between neighboring primitive points. This proposition is motivated by his concern that relationism suffers from an explanatory lacuna and that substantivalism gives rise to a vicious regress. Le Poidevin implicitly requires that the relationist be committed to the “only x and y” principle regarding spatial relations. It is not obvious that the relationist is committed to this principle in such a context. An additional motivation for Le Poidevin's argument, that space should be considered to be discrete, is that he believes that substantivalists are committed to a vicious regress. I show that the regress is in fact not of the vicious variety. These two main arguments show that Le Poidevin's suggestion that we drop the density postulate for space is unnecessary.
Approaches to modifying solid phase crystallization kinetics for a-Si films

Three approaches to modifying the solid phase crystallization kinetics of amorphous silicon thin films are examined with the goal of reducing the thermal budget and improving the poly-Si quality for thin film transistor applications. The three approaches consist of (1) variations in the PECVD a-Si deposition parameters; (2) the application of pre-fumace-anneal surface treatments; and (3) using both rapid thermal annealing and furnace annealing at different temperatures. We also examine the synergism among these approaches. Results reveal that (1) film deposition dilution and dilution/temperature changes do not strongly affect crystallization time, but do affect grain size; (2) pre-anneal surface treatments can dramatically reduce the solid phase crystallization thermal budget for diluted films and act synergistically with deposition dilution or dilution/temperature effects; and (3) rapid thermal annealing leads to different crystallization kinetics from that seen for furnace annealing.
Detection of disordered regions in globular proteins using 13C‐detected NMR

Characterization of disordered regions in globular proteins constitutes a significant challenge. Here, we report an approach based on 13 C-detected nuclear magnetic resonance experiments for the identification and assignment of disordered regions in large proteins. Using this method, we demonstrate that disordered fragments can be accurately identified in two homologs of menin, a globular protein with a molecular weight over 50 kDa. Our work provides an efficient way to characterize disordered fragments in globular proteins for structural biology applications.
Hyperplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorder confers protection from Alzheimer's disease.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) currently affects approximately 1% of the population causing grave disability and necessitating a better understanding of the currently enigmatic etiology of these disorders. Recent data suggest that some patients with ASD may have a dysfunction in brain plasticity (specifically data from animal models and human studies suggest a propensity toward excessive amount of plasticity). Plasticity is essential to the establishment and maintenance of brain circuitry; however, too much plasticity may lead to instability of structural connections and compromise of functional systems necessary for cognition and behavior. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that plasticity declines throughout the age-span and may underlie age-related cognitive decline. We hypothesize that individuals whose cortex begins as relatively “hyperplastic” (such as may be seen in ASD) should then be relatively protected from age-related cognitive decline (which we suggest is related to a reduction in plasticity). In the current study, we conducted a multiple linear regression using age and diagnosis as predictor variables in order to evaluate strength of the relationship between age, diagnosis or an interaction of the two factors and the degree of modulation in cortical excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation as an index of cortical plasticity. Results indicate that across the age-span individuals with ASD show a consistently increased modulation of cortical excitability as compared to typically developing individuals, such that the general slope of decline across the age span is matched across both groups. We have argued that an individual’s risk of age-related cognitive decline (and risk for manifesting symptoms of dementia) depends on the individual’s starting point and slopes of change in plasticity efficiency over the lifespan. Therefore, our results suggest that individuals with ASD might be relatively protected from age-related cognitive decline and the risk of dementia.
Chemical protection of the mouse against leukemia induction by roentgen rays.

Administration of mercaptoethylguanidine shortly before a single whole- body exposure to 150 or 300 r of roentgen rays inhibits the induction of granulocytic leukemia and prevents the induction of thymic lymphoma in RF mice. Mice treated with the drug also exhibit less shortening of the life span by irradiation than do untreated controls. (auth) l3l57 The oxygen uptake and CO/ sub 2/ production in liver slices from normal and whole body roentgen irradiated rats (450 r) with succinate as substrate has been investigated. lt appeared that roentgen irradiation of the rats produced a similar metabolic defect in the utilization of succinate as carcinogens. (auth)
A note on the gradient of a multi-image

Abstract Gradient based edge detection techniques can be extended to multispectral images in various ways: difference operators can be applied to each component of a multi-image, and the results can be combined, e.g., taking the RMS, or the sum, or the maximum of their absolute values. In all of these approaches the image-components do not actually cooperate with one another, i.e., edge evidence along a given direction in one component does not reinforce edge evidence along the same direction in other components. To avoid this, the use of the tensor gradient of multi-images regarded as vector fields is suggested. Explicit formulas for the direction along which the rate of change is maximum, as well as for the maximum rate of change itself, are derived. Digital approximations are obtained by surface fitting.
Wide-band reduced-size uniplanar magic-T, hybrid-ring, and de Ronde's CPW-slot couplers

New reduced-size uniplanar magic-T and hybrid-ring coupler suitable for MIC's and MMIC's have been developed using a CPW-slotline ring that is 20% smaller than comparable designs. These circuits provide good amplitude and phase characteristics over a broad bandwidth. Experimental results show that the hybrid-ring coupler has a 1.3 octave bandwidth centered at 4 GHz and the magic-T has a bandwidth of 1.6 octave from 2-6 GHz. Both have a maximum power dividing imbalance of 0.4 dB and a 2.5/spl deg/ maximum phase imbalance. Also a new uniplanar de Ronde's CPW-slot directional coupler was developed with good performance. The even-odd mode analysis of four-port networks with double symmetry was used to analyze this coupler. A de Ronde's coupler with 5 dB coupling was designed and demonstrated over the frequency range of 2.4-3.4 GHz. The measurement results agree with the theoretical design.
Error-monitoring brain activity is associated with affective behaviors in young children !,!!

Despite recent evidence that neural correlates of error monitoring such as the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) are visible in children sooner than previously thought, little is known about these components early in life. Error-monitoring components can be noninvasively recorded from a very early age and have been proposed as biological markers of risk for psychopathology. Therefore, the current study represents an attempt to examine the presence of these components in a sample of very young children and explore their associations with affect and attentional control. Fifteen children between ages 4 and 8 participated in two laboratory episodes: interacting with a stranger and completing a computerized flanker task. Shy and bold behaviors were scored during the stranger interaction and parents reported on temperament-based affective behaviors. Both ERN and Pe were visible in children as young as age 4. A trend-level interaction was observed between age and gender in association with ERN amplitudes. Age and gender were unrelated to the Pe. Greater ERN and Pe were associated with better poorer orienting and greater attentional focusing, respectively. Greater Pe was also linked to less observed boldness. Implications for studies of the development of performance monitoring in children are discussed.
Public Higher Education and New York State’s Economy

The formation of human capital in modern economic growth theory is one of the underlying foundations of economic growth. Higher education, such as that offered through the State University of New York (SUNY) system, serves as an important gateway to developing and expanding human capital within the state. Established in 1948, SUNY has grown from 28 to 64 institutions, with a total enrollment of more than 427,000 students, approximately 37% of all higher education enrollments in the state. Using a growth accounting framework, the authors examine SUNY’s impact on state economic growth from 1960 to 2001. The results of the analysis indicate that investments in SUNY and growth in state output and income are cointegrated and that SUNY has a positive and significant effect on state economic growth.
Experimental analysis of nest-site choice and its relationship to nest success in an open-cup-nesting passerine

ABSTRACT Nest placement presumably reflects selection for secure sites to minimize failure. Most tests of this hypothesis, however, have failed to support it. We used artificial nests (ARTs) to experimentally evaluate nest-site-choice behavior by an open-cup–nesting bird, the Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). In 2010 and 2011, we placed ARTs in trees in the riparian zone at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon, USA, to test whether (1) characteristics describing the physical location in trees of used and unused ARTs differed, (2) used ART sites more closely resembled naturally chosen sites, (3) successful natural nests (NATs) and successful ARTs were similarly located along the major axis describing nest placement, and (4) unused ARTs resembled failed NATs. Used and unused ART sites differed, but unused ART sites were more similar to NAT sites. The latter unexpected result occurred because (1) unused ARTs were located at sites between more heavily used higher and lower locations and (2) most kingb...
Pollen-Pistil Signaling in Self-Incompatible Poppy: Does It Allow More Efficient Resource Allocation in the Pistil?

In the process of pollination, haploid pollen germinates on the stigma surface and a pollen tube grows through the diploid tissues of the pistil toward the ovary. The pistil has two basic functions: to prevent unwanted pollen from gaining access to the ovary and to support the growth of desirable pollen. Pollen-pistil signaling allows these different types of pollen to be distinguished. Self-incompatibility (SI) systems, controlled by the S locus, are the best-understood pollen-pistil signaling systems. Other SI systems have been investigated at the molecular level, but the physiology of pollen tube rejection is best understood in the field poppy, Papaver rhoeas. This species has a gametophytic SI system: Pollen is rejected when its S haplotype is the same as either of the two S haplotypes expressed in the diploid pistil. Recent advances reveal new ways that SI controls pollen tube metabolism. A soluble pyrophosphatase is down-regulated as part of the rapid SI response, and, over the long term, perturbations of the actin cytoskeleton lead to programmed cell death in incompatible pollen tubes. Manipulating incompatible pollen tube metabolism in this way may leave more resources available for supporting the growth of compatible pollen tubes, the complementary function of the pistil.
Determining the Relative Annual Mountain Climbing Frequency on Colorado's 14,000-foot Peaks

Abstract The signature of Colorado's Rocky Mountains are the 58 named mountain peaks that exceed an elevation of 14,000 feet (4267 m), referred to as the “Fourteeners.” For decades, 53 or 54 peaks were widely accepted as Fourteeners, but all US Geological Survey-named, recognized, and frequented Fourteeners are included here to bring the total to 58. This article documents factors that affect mountain climbing in Colorado, USA, and discusses the potential for adverse environmental impacts from the increasing number of climbers visiting the Fourteeners, presumably from the adjacent major population center of the Denver, CO, metropolitan area. The first goal was to determine from summit registers the amount of climbers (Fourteener-visits) on any given 14,000-foot peak by month and by year. The second goal identified distance and accessibility factors that have a significant effect on relative annual mountain climbing frequency. Findings provide important insights on identifying potential preservation needs ...
Management of Posterior Articular Depression in Tibial Plateau Fractures.

Fractures involving the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau are challenging fractures to treat. Articular depression in tibial plateau fractures is usually addressed by elevation of the fragment(s), filling the residual defect with bone graft or bone substitute, and “raft” support of the articular fracture reduction with screws through a medially and/or laterally based plate. Posterior tibial plateau articular depression presents unique challenges for obtaining and maintaining fracture reduction. To obtain the goals of anatomic reduction and stable fixation, a thorough understanding of the fracture, specific approaches, reduction techniques, and stabilization strategies is needed. This article reviews the most current strategies for treating tibial plateau fracture patients with posterior articular depression.
Review and Assessment of Techniques for Monitoring Environmental Conditions and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel Canisters

Spent nuclear fuel at a number of U.S. locations is stored at independent spent fuel storage installations in dry cask storage systems (DCSSs), which commonly consist of a welded austenitic stainless steel canister within a larger concrete vault or overpack. Stress corrosion cracking of welded stainless steel is considered a high-priority technical issue and functional monitoring has been identified as one of the top crosscutting issues concerning performance of various dry cask components. The work presented in this paper reviews and assesses the current state of technology for directly monitoring stress corrosion cracking, as well as the important environmental conditions—including temperature, humidity, and chloride concentration—that could affect this degradation mechanism. A variety of techniques were identified to be potentially suitable for application to extended storage, ranging from detecting crack initiation and measuring propagation from stress corrosion cracking to measuring the chloride concentration in deliquescent solutions. Some techniques are well developed and commercially available, but some require significant advancement to overcome limitations. Overall, because of geometry, space limitations, and the high ionizing radiation of DCSSs, all the monitoring methods must be modified and tailored for this application.
Constructing optimum blood brain barrier QSAR models using a combination of 4D-molecular similarity measures and cluster analysis.

A new method, using a combination of 4D-molecular similarity measures and cluster analysis to construct optimum QSAR models, is applied to a data set of 150 chemically diverse compounds to build optimum blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration models. The complete data set is divided into subsets based on 4D-molecular similarity measures using cluster analysis. The compounds in each cluster subset are further divided into a training set and a test set. Predictive QASAR models are constructed for each cluster subset using the corresponding training sets. These QSAR models best predict test set compounds which are assigned to the same cluster subset, based on the 4D-molecular similarity measures, from which the models are derived. The results suggest that the specific properties governing blood-brain barrier permeability may vary across chemically diverse compounds. Partitioning compounds into chemically similar classes is essential to constructing predictive blood-brain barrier penetration models embedding th...
COMA, DEFINITIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | Pediatric

Reliable assessment of alterations of consciousness in children requires a familiarity with the developmental, behavioral, and physiological changes that occur throughout childhood. Failure to appreciate the age at which a child will consistently localize pain or obey simple commands will make use of the unmodified Glasgow Coma Scale unreliable. The differential diagnosis also varies with age at presentation with infectious and metabolic causes prominent in the newly born.
The “nature” of Common Core: Connecting science and literature through the natural world

ABSTRACTThe unit described in this article targets lower elementary students, encouraging them make connections between literature, nature, personal explorations, and the Earth. Students were encouraged to keep a daily journal from our outdoor nature visits, drawing pictures of what they see, and recording activities from class that improved their understanding of the content being introduced. While multiple content areas could be integrated through this lesson, we focused this unit on one guiding question: Why does the Sun appear to move throughout the day? Additionally, the classroom teacher was encouraged to integrate activities and to make learning interdisciplinary. (Connections are provided throughout this unit and in the Appendix.) We found that the repetition of ideas was very helpful for the students to actually begin making sense of what rotation meant in their life and was provided through the center activities. We also found that students were naturally curious and expressed great interest in ...
Nonlinear Asci without Apical Pores in the Peak Mutant of Neurospora

Previous workers have shown that asci of the Neurospora crassa morphological mutant peak are swollen, and that ascospores are not linearly ordered. In the swollen asci, spindle orientations are abn...
SUCCESS IN ARCHITECTURE: A RESEARCH NOTE

The architecture students who were the subjects in an earlier report (3) have graduated from the program. In that study, 77 right- and left-handed architecture students were compared on the following: Verbal SAT, Mathematics SAT, and cumulative GPA, and design grades after six quarters. Each student also drew a cube at the beginning of the first quartet in school; the 58 students still enrolled at the beginning of the second year repeated the task at that time. The relationships among all these variables which were previously reported remain substantially unchanged. For example, the two lefthanded students who drew visual, isometric cubes both times finished first and second in class standing. Cf additional interest is the relationship between the types of cube drawings and graduation. Of the 20 students who drew a conceptual, oblique cube both times, only eight finished, while 15 of the 22 who drew a visual cube on the second try finished. For those drawing a visual cube followed by a conceptual cube, only one of these four finished. And, of the 12 drawing visual cubes both times, 11 graduated. The likelihood ratio is statistically significant (G = 12.08, df = 3, p < .01).
Coarse-Grained Langevin Equation for Protein Dynamics: Global Anisotropy and a Mode Approach to Local Complexity.

We utilize a multi-scale approach where molecular dynamic simulations are performed to obtain quantitative structural averages used as input to a coarse-grained Langevin Equation for Protein Dynamics, which can be solved analytically. The approach describes proteins as fundamentally semiflexible objects collapsed into the free energy well representing the folded state. The normal mode analytical solution to this Langevin equation naturally separates into global modes describing the fully anisotropic tumbling of the macromolecule as a whole, and internal modes which describe local fluctuations about the folded structure. Complexity in the configurational free energy landscape around the folded state of the macromolecule leads to a renormalization of the internal modes, while the global modes provide a basis set in which the dipolar orientation and global anisotropy can be accounted for when comparing to experiments. Fundamental to this approach is the inclusion of internal dissipation which is absent in any rigid-body hydrodynamical modeling scheme. This simple approach predicts the dynamics of both global rotational diffusion and internal motion from the picosecond to the nanosecond regime, and is quantitative when compared to time correlation functions calculated from molecular dynamic simulations and in good agreement with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxation experiments. Results for several well-characterized globular proteins are presented, suggesting our method describes the relevant dynamics around the global minimum well. Use of non-equilibrium simulation techniques such as metadynamics to sample the full free-energy landscape of the protein, and extension of the theoretical treatment to describe the dynamics into the biologically interesting microsecond to millisecond regime, will be discussed.
"Through the Eyes of the Manager: Managing Authority Using Control, Trust, and Fairness"

This paper presents a theory that explains the determinants of managerial efforts to develop and sustain authority. We review existing theoretical perspectives that describe how managers’ desires to avoid or remediate potential threats of subordinates’ non-compliance stimulate them to examine the composition and influence of their authority. We then build from this examination to explain how managers attempt to address their different authority-focused concerns by implementing controls, demonstrating trustworthiness, and promoting fairness. We conclude with a discussion about how our observations and theory refine and extend research on organizational control, trust, fairness, conflict, and leadership.
Phenology and Reproductive Status of Adult Locust Twig Borers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Southeastern Kentucky

Adult phenology, abundance, and reproductive status of the locust twig borer, Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, were investigated during 1983 and 1984 in southeastern Kentucky using blacklight traps. First adults were captured in the second week of May and a second generation began to emerge in early July. No adults were captured after late August. Multiple matings by females were common, and egg-bearing females were present throughout most of the season. Adult females emerge with a large proportion of oocytes yolked; they oviposit primarily during the first few days following eclosion when fed a 10% honey/water solution. Males constituted 77.4% of the blacklight collection, but laboratory emergence data indicated a 1:1 sex ratio.
Prevention of vaccinia infection in a laboratory worker

Because smallpox may be a weapon, immunization programs have been restarted and research continues with vaccinia (smallpox vaccine). Ocular complications occur in 5 to 9% of those who contract smallpox and in 10 to 20 per million vaccinia recipients through self-inoculation or from contact with vaccinated individuals. Both variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) are orthopoxviruses that can cause conjunctival and eyelid infections, cornea ulceration, keratitis, iritis, optic neuritis, and loss of vision. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for smallpox vaccine-associated reactions in vaccinia researchers, the immunized, and their close contacts. A researcher sprayed vaccinia in her eye. Timely irrigation may have prevented a viral infection. The possibility that this individual had self-immunized herself with smallpox vaccine via the conjunctiva and preventive measures are discussed. Greater precautionary measures need to be taken to prevent laboratory accidents. Antiviral ophthalmic medication and vaccinia-immune globulin medication are treatment options.
The Pharmaceutical Sciences as Academic Disciplines

Recent studies of higher education in America have raised concern over the lack of integrity and coherence, the absence of vigorous intellectual exchange, and the dominance of careerism in the undergraduate curriculum. Observations and recommendations emanating from studies of pharmaceutical education acknowledge the importance of problem-solving abilities but emphasize the inculcation of knowledge relevant to professional functions and the development of skill in contemporary practice. The current emphasis placed on training students for pharmacy practice found in the pharmacy curriculum causes the objective of achieving intellectual growth to be overshadowed. Balance must be restored. The pharmaceutical sciences, taught for their value as academic disciplines and for their integrity with other branches of science, could serve as the stimulus for intellectual growth of students. An academic baccalaureate program with a major in pharmaceutical sciences as the required base for professional education is pr...
Bladder Mucin: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study in Experimental Cystitis

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to assess surface mucin changes following an induced Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in the rat bladder. The principal changes seen following bacterial challenge were bacterial adherence to the urothelium, swelling of epithelial folds, disruption of the mucin layer, and increased adherence of bacteria to the sub-surface epithelium. The bladder mucin before infection appeared as an even, whitish, viscous layer which covered epithelial cells and cell junctions. Bacteria appeared to become enmeshed in mucin strands after infection and this process may facilitate bacterial washout from the bladder. A recovery phase showed reversal of the scanning electron microscopy changes. These findings support other studies in suggesting that mucin may play a role in protecting the bladder from invading and adhering bacteria.
Statistical Machine Learning for HCI

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the main concepts of statistical machine learning, as they are pivotal in most algorithms tailored for multimodal signal processing. It provides introduction to machine learning and how it is used in classification, regression, and density estimation. Following this introduction, two particularly well-known models is presented, together with their associated learning algorithm: support vector machines (SVM), which are well known for classification tasks; and hidden Markov models (HMM), which are tailored for sequence processing tasks such as speech recognition. The most well-known machine learning approach is the SVM. It has been widely used in the last decade in various applications. Although its main successes are for classification problems, extensions of the main approach to regression, density estimation, ranking, and many others have been proposed. SVMs have been used in many successful applications, and several off-the-shelf implementations are now readily available on the Web. The main limitation remains its training computational complexity, which grows at least quadratically with the number of examples that hence limits the use of SVMs to problems with less than a few hundreds of thousands training examples. Whereas, HMMs have been the preferred approach for many sequence processing applications, including most speech processing problems such as speech recognition, speaker verification, keyword detection, and speaker segmentation, for the last 20 years or so.
Commentary on clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: Practice Recommendations of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing: Expert Commentaries by Invited Authors and Replies by Guest Editors Contributors from North America.

Approximately 15% of couples are unable to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse and a male factor is solely responsible or contributory in approximately 50% (1). Of these couples up to 30% may have unexplained infertility with a normal semen analysis and no obvious reason for their inability to conceive (2,3). Semen analyses alone are difficult to use in clinical decision making due to their inherent variability (4). This limitation extends into a variety of clinical situations including assistive reproductive technique (ART) failure, unexplained infertility in the setting of normal bulk semen parameters, and patients with low grade clinical varicoceles.
Authors in Court: Scenes from the Theater of Copyright: Rose, Mark Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 240 pp. $29.95, ISBN 9780674048041 Publication: June 2016

The law interests scholars of all types for different ends. Lawyers want the legal rule that applies in a given instance so that they can advise their clients. Political scientists try to identify ...
Effects of spatial configuration of imperviousness and green infrastructure networks on hydrologic response in a residential sewershed

Green infrastructure (GI) is an approach to stormwater management that promotes natural processes of infiltration and evapotranspiration, reducing surface runoff to conventional stormwater drainage infrastructure. As more urban areas incorporate GI into their stormwater management plans, greater understanding is needed on the effects of spatial configuration of GI networks on hydrological performance, especially in the context of potential subsurface and lateral interactions between distributed facilities. In this research, we apply a three-dimensional, coupled surface-subsurface, land-atmosphere model, ParFlow.CLM, to a residential urban sewershed in Washington DC that was retrofitted with a network of GI installations between 2009 and 2015. The model was used to test nine additional GI and imperviousness spatial network configurations for the site and was compared with monitored pipe-flow data. Results from the simulations show that GI located in higher flow-accumulation areas of the site intercepted more surface runoff, even during wetter and multiday events. However, a comparison of the differences between scenarios and levels of variation and noise in monitored data suggests that the differences would only be detectable between the most and least optimal GI/imperviousness configurations.
How to Treat Close Associates

Clear and continuous communication is essential. Be precise in assignments. Delegate but supervise. Praise in public, chastise in the privacy of your office. Never shift blame.
Desulfurization of JP-8 jet fuel: challenges and adsorptive materials

The desulfurization of JP-8 (Jet Propellant 8) fuel is of interest to the U.S. military because of its potential use as a fuel source for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFCs can be used to supply a steady stream of power during military silent watch missions. Adsorptive desulfurization is a promising alternative to hydrodesulfurization, which is unable to remove refractory sulfur compounds and achieve the ultra-low sulfur levels necessary to prevent poisoning of SOFCs. Adsorptive desulfurization could be a portable, on-site process performed on JP-8 stocks already in the field. Within the vast field of fuel processing/reformation, herein we focus on the current status of adsorptive desulfurization performed on JP-8 jet fuel. Currently, the best performing sorbents are those utilizing high surface area porous frameworks with pore sizes large enough to accommodate sulfur contaminants. Additionally, a variety of metals in ionic, metallic, and oxide form serve as promising active sites within these sorbents. Most reports focus on reformation technologies and sorbent materials for gas-phase desulfurization and hydrogen purification of low-sulfur content diesel or light fraction jet fuel. JP-8 is unique to the Army in terms of supply. This review will thus focus on ongoing efforts in the room temperature liquid desulfurization of JP-8 and its higher levels of impurities that are more complex and difficult to remove.
Cdc42-dependent modulation of rigidity sensing and cell spreading in tumor repopulating cells.

Recently, a robust mechanical method has been established to isolate a small subpopulation of highly tumorigenic tumor repopulating cells (TRCs) from parental melanoma cells. In order to characterize the molecular and mechanical properties of TRCs, we utilized the tension gauge tether (TGT) single-molecule platform and investigated force requirements during early cell spreading events. TRCs required the peak single molecular tension of around 40 pN through integrins for initial adhesion like the parental control cells, but unlike the control cells, they did not spread and formed very few mature focal adhesions (FAs). Single molecule resolution RNA quantification of three Rho GTPases showed that downregulation of Cdc42, but not Rac1, is responsible for the unusual biophysical features of TRCs and that a threshold level of Cdc42 transcripts per unit cell area is required to initiate cell spreading. Cdc42 overexpression rescued TRC spreading through FA formation and restored the sensitivity to tension cues such that TRCs, like parental control cells, increase cell spreading with increasing single-molecular tension cues. Our single molecule studies identified an unusual biophysical feature of suppressed spreading of TRCs that may enable us to distinguish TRC population from a pool of heterogeneous tumor cell population.
The Neuronal Population: Numbers, Sizes, and Shapes

As the light-microscope studies in the previous chapter have shown, there is evidence for precise neuronal orientation and for a segmental organization of neuron groups in the lateral nucleus of rats, which reaches a higher complexity in the dentate nucleus of the monkey. Further analysis of this organization will be the concern of the next two sections. The first of these will deal with a numerical and quantitative description of the neurons. (1) How large are the perikarya of the neurons? (2) Can they be classified according to their size? (3) Are there small neurons that can be clearly designated as the interneurons which have so far eluded the physiologists’ electrodes? (4) Can a quantitative estimate of perikaryal shape be made to augment the description of oriented elliptical neurons given in the previous chapter? Where are these oriented elliptical neurons and what proportion are they of the total neuronal population? In order to answer these questions for the dentate nucleus in both species, certain measurements of the neuronal population were made. In the rat, lengths, widths, and areas of 150 identified lateral nucleus neurons were measured in Nissl and Golgi preparations. In the monkey, the study was enlarged considerably to an extensive survey with the aid of computers, of lengths, widths, areas, ellipticity ratios, exact orientation, and locations of 1 541 neurons in coronal and horizontal planes.
Assessment of LDAT as a Grammatical Diversity Assessment Tool

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of measuring grammatical diversity with a specifically designed Lexical Diversity Assessment Tool (LDAT). A secondary objective is to use LDAT to determine if the level of difficulty assigned to English as a Second Language (ESL) texts corresponds to increases in grammatical, lexical, and temporal diversity. Other methods of lexical diversity assessment, such as type-token ratio (TTR), have been used with varying accuracy in an effort to determine the complexity or level of texts. We analyzed 120 ESL texts independently assigned by their sources to one of four levels (Beginner, Lowerintermediate, Upper-intermediate, and Advanced). We demonstrated that LDAT significantly reflected the grammatical diversity within these texts. While the findings conflicted with the prediction that grammatical and lexical diversity would increase with assigned level, we concluded that the implementation of LDAT in text design could provide reliable assessments of grammatical diversity.