cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantitative method for assessing home envelope's energy performance using measured data

This research develops a unique inverse method for assessing a residential home envelope's energy performance based on measured data. The method is built on the balancing principle that the heat that is generated by the heating equipment equals the heat that is lost to the outdoor environment through the building's envelope. This heat generation vs. loss balancing process continues over time, being characterized by the heating equipment's operating cycles. An actual home in the cold climate zone is used as a case study with outdoor temperature varying between 12.9 and 57.6°F. The obtained results show that the given home's heat loss is linearly correlated to the indoor‒outdoor temperature difference. They also indicate that measured data can provide reliable information for assessing and benchmarking a building envelope's energy performance. In comparison to a forward building energy modelling and simulation method, the proposed inverse method can provide accurate results, with much less effort needed for...
Singleton Sequence Type 382, an Emerging Clonal Group of Listeria monocytogenes Associated with Three Multistate Outbreaks Linked to Contaminated Stone Fruit, Caramel Apples, and Leafy Green Salad

ABSTRACT Three multistate outbreaks between 2014 and 2016, involving case patients in and outside the United States, were linked to stone fruit, caramel apples, and packaged leafy green salad contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes singleton sequence type 382 (ST382), a serotype IVb-v1 clone with limited genomic divergence. Isolates from these outbreaks and other ST382 isolates not associated with these outbreaks were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. The primary differences among ST382 strains were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). WGS analysis differentiated ST382 from a clonal complex 1 outbreak strain co-contaminating the caramel apples. WGS clustered food, environmental, and clinical isolates within each outbreak, and also differentiated among the three outbreak strains and epidemiologically unrelated ST382 isolates, which were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. ST382 appeared to be an emerging clone that began to diverge from its ancestor approximately 32 years before 2016. We estimated that there was 1.29 nucleotide substitution per genome (2.94 Mbp) per year for this clone.
Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women: a prospective study.

Background: A growing number of women provide care to disabled or ill relatives. Many studies have linked caregiving to psychiatric morbidity, lower perceived health status, elevated blood pressure, and poorer immune function. However, no studies have examined the association between caregiving and cardiovascular disease incidence. Methods: We conducted the study in 54,412 women from the Nurses’ Health Study, a prospective cohort of female registered nurses residing in 11 U.S. states. These women were aged 46 to 71 years and did not have diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, or cancer at baseline (1992). We collected information on caregiving responsibilities in 1992 and coronary heart disease between baseline (June 1, 1992) and return of the 1996 questionnaire. Results: During 4 years of follow-up, we documented 321 incident cases of CHD (231 nonfatal cases of myocardial infarction and 90 CHD deaths). In multivariate analyses controlling for age, smoking, exercise, alcohol intake, body mass index, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other covariates, caregiving for disabled or ill spouse for 9 hours per week was associated with increased risk of CHD (RR, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 –3.05). However, caregiving for disabled or ill parents or disabled or ill others was not significantly associated with increased risks of CHD. Conclusion: These data indicate that high levels of caregiving burden for ill spouses may increase the risk of CHD among women. (Am J Prev Med 2003;24(2):113–119) © 2003 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
IDENTITY MANAGEMENT: WORKER INDEPENDENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GAY MEN

I build on a growing literature documenting wage differentials for gay men by showing that the wage differential gay men experience varies significantly across occupations with different levels of worker independence. The penalty is smallest in management and professional occupations, which involve a high level of worker independence. It is largest in service occupations, which include a lower level of independence. This distribution of earnings penalties is consistent with discrimination being the source of the gay wage penalty. The results support the conjecture that higher levels of independence allow gay men to more successfully manage the disclosure of sexual orientation and mediate the negative effects of discrimination. (JEL J3, J7, J15)
Service-Providing Nonprofits Working in Coalition to Advocate for Policy Change:

Nonprofit organizations that primarily provide social or health services can play an important role in policy advocacy, as indicated by recent research. Less is known about how and why they partici...
Atomic-Level Design of Water-Resistant Hybrid Perovskites for Solar Cells by Using Cluster Ions.

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as the most promising material in the development of next-generation solar cells. However, the stability of these materials exemplified by CH3NH3PbI3 is the most pressing challenge; it readily decomposes when exposed to moisture. Here, we show how one can use a particular type of cluster ions, known as pseudohalides, to enhance the water resistance of the hybrid perovskite, while maintaining its favorable electronic properties. Starting with a simple physical model, we propose a new class of water-resistant hybrid perovskites as solar-cell absorbers based on the cluster ions by using DFT calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics. Limitations of applying the currently known pseudohalides for our purpose are also discussed.
Design and Implementation of an Overlay File System for Cloud-Assisted Mobile Apps

With cloud assistance, mobile apps can offload their resource-demanding computation tasks to the cloud. This leads to a scenario where computation tasks in the same program run concurrently on both the mobile device and the cloud. An important challenge is to ensure that the tasks are able to access and share the files on both the mobile and the cloud in a manner that is efficient, consistent, and transparent to locations. Existing distributed file systems and network file systems do not satisfy these requirements. Current systems for offloading tasks either do not support file access for offloaded tasks or do not offload tasks with file access. The paper addresses this issue by designing and implementing an application-level file system called Overlay File System (OFS). To improve efficiency, OFS maintains and buffers local copies of data sets on both the cloud and the mobile device. OFS ensures consistency and guarantees that all the reads get the latest data. It combines write-invalidate and write-update policies to effectively reduce the network traffic incurred by invalidating/updating stale data copies and to reduce the execution delay when the latest data cannot be accessed locally. To guarantee location transparency, OFS creates a unified view of the data that is location independent and is accessible as local storage. We overcome the challenges caused by the special features of mobile systems on an application-level file system, like the lack of root privilege and state loss when application is killed due to the shortage of resource and implement an easy to deploy prototype of OFS. The paper tests the OFS prototype on Android OS with a real mobile app and real mobile user traces. Extensive experiments show that OFS can effectively support consistent file accesses from computation tasks, no matter whether they are on a mobile device or offloaded to the cloud. In addition, OFS reduce both file access latency and network traffic incurred by file accesses.
Investigating exemplary public engagement with science: Case study of extension faculty reveals preliminary professional development recommendations

ABSTRACTUniversities and stakeholders themselves demand more direct impact of scientific research provided through engagement and scientific outreach. Yet few research faculty receive preparation during graduate school or as early career faculty in anything other than research procedures such as scientific communication, education, or outreach. The Cooperative Extension System has had over 100 years of working with communities to improve their lives using university research through Extension education offerings in almost all the counties of the United States. We imagine if any research faculty get support in public engagement with science it should be Extension faculty with appointments requiring them to interact with stakeholder audiences. Therefore, in a case study, we examine the experiences of exemplary Extension faculty members as nominated by their department chairs using semi-structured interviews and thematic coding. All ten participants in our study equated their extension work with scientific o...
Growth of Domesticated Animal Embryos in Vitro

Early culture systems for sustaining the development of embryos from domesticated animals, e. g., bovine, ovine and porcine, were of two kinds that were designed to meet different objectives. The first system was for long-term culture (days) whereby various media, atmospheres and embryo handling techniques could be studied. The second was a short-term culture system (hours) in which embryos could be held before being transferred to recipient females.
Petén, Guatemala, desde la colonización interna hacia migración transnacional: ¿Nuevos paradigmas para el siglo XXI?

Desde su integracion en el Estado guatemalteco, se ha tomado al departamento de Peten como unico, un lugar separado con el resto del pais en dinamicas socioeconomicas. Con la ¨colonizacion interna¨ en la segundaparte del siglo veinte, se ha fijado mas aun la identidad del petenero, lo cual indica a comunidades tradicionales con generaciones de conocimiento acumulado sobre el manejo de suelos tropicales. Con la creacion de la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya, (RBM), quedaron los peteneros como beneficiarios, y el pueblo q’eqchi’ quedo como inmigrante. Primero, este articulo rastrea los cambios en las identidades sociales en Peten, preguntando por que los peteneros son “como indigenas” y los q’eqchi’s han llegado a ser inmigrantes indigenas. Al hacerlo, rastree las diferencias entre las agencias nacionales y el tratamiento de las agencias internacionales del pueblo q’eqchi’ y el requerido por las convenciones legales. Segundo, sugiero que el estatus unico de Peten debido a su relativo aislamiento esta disminuyendo, mientras que su papel de enlace entre Mexico, Guatemala y Belice esta aumentando. La participacion petenera en migraciones transnacionales senala nuevas epocas con efectos inciertos en tenencia de tierra y conservacion ambiental.
Carbohydrate Diversity in Microalgae: A Phylogenetically Arranged Presentation

Abstract Microalgae are an unnatural collection of species sharing little in common evolutionarily. Their identification as a “group” is based upon their ability to conduct photosynthesis. This ability has been acquired multiple times by organisms identified as algae. Photosynthesis is the primary carbohydrate biosynthesis pathway. Understanding the species comprising the algae, inclusive of their evolutionary history and the chloroplast acquisition, is critical to understanding carbohydrate biodiversity. Algal subgroups are identified and described in context of carbohydrate diversity and phylogenetic history of algal species and their chloroplasts. Microalgal-based polysaccharides’ biomedical potentials are covered as a function of their algal grouping and simple sugar construction. Suggestions are also made concerning strategies for “bioprospecting” carbohydrates in algal groups.
Case-based roundtable on treatment approach for young, fit, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients

With the advent new proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib, ixazomib), new immune-modulatory drugs (pomalidomide), and new monoclonal antibodies (elotuzimab, daratumumab) as approved treatments for myeloma, the therapeutic landscape for this disease has changed. In this chapter, using a case-based approach, I will provide a personal guide of how I approach myeloma therapy in a transplant eligible patient in 2018.
Fission barriers for Es 255 , Es 256 , and Fm 255

Fission coincidence data are presented for ($d,pf$), ($t,pf$), and ($^{3}\mathrm{He},df$) reactions on a $^{254}\mathrm{Es}$ target. A possible resonance is observed in $^{255}\mathrm{Es}$. Estimates for the height of the first peak of the fission barrier for $^{255}\mathrm{Es}$, $^{256}\mathrm{Es}$, and $^{255}\mathrm{Fm}$ are presented. The possibility of additional structure in the potential energy surface in the vicinity of the first peak of the fission barrier is discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Measured fission excitation function for $^{255,256}\mathrm{Es}$ and $^{255}\mathrm{Fm}$. Determined fission barrier height.
Endometriosis in pregnancy

Endometriosis constitutes the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine endometrium, which is hormonally responsive and responds to pregnancy hormones as well. Decidualization is a physiologic process, where the normal endometrium readies itself for optimal accommodation of a pregnancy. A similar hormonal response can be seen with ectopic endometrium as well. As such, ovarian endometriomas and deep endometriosis implants can undergo decidualization. Overall, the progestational state of pregnancy favors an improvement in endometriosis, however, decidualization can lead to findings that can lead to increased size of endometriomas and deep infiltrative endometriosis implants, changes in imaging appearance and even complications, such as spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnancy. Awareness of this process can help prevent misdiagnosis of decidualized endometriomas as ovarian malignancy and recognize common imaging manifestations of hormonal effects of pregnancy on endometriosis.
Melting Decelerating Bodies

Publisher Summary The detailed description of the dynamics and heat transfer of melting layers around bodies requires the solution of an extremely difficult and interesting nonlinear problem. This chapter discusses the method of dealing with this problem and some of its general features and results. The specific problem to be analyzed is the flow and heat transfer of a glassy viscous film of ablating material on the exterior surface of a body revolution or symmetric two-dimensional body, which enters the atmosphere at high speed and experiences a large deceleration and surface heating. Because of the temperature changes, the viscosity of the liquid layer increases from some value at the gas–liquid interface to very large values near the body. Density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity are assumed constant. A bar over a symbol or the use of a capital letter indicates a quantity with dimensions. The absence of a bar or use of a lower case letter indicates a dimensionless quantity—the dimensional quantity divided by an appropriate scale factor.
Unguarded against Persuasion and Willing to Share: The Combined Effect of Chronic Regulatory Focus and Disclosure Language on Consumer Responses to Native Advertising

While disclosure has been largely investigated within existing native advertising research, consumers’ individual characteristics, which may influence the persuasion process, have not received suff...
Diagnostic Algorithm for Patients Presenting with Acute Dizziness: The ATTEST Method

Approximately 3–4% of all patients presenting to a general emergency department (ED) have a chief complaint of dizziness [1]. Because so many different conditions can cause this symptom, physicians need to use some organized data-driven algorithmic approach that will both minimize useless testing and also help make a specific diagnosis whenever possible [2–5]. In addition, front line physicians should always attempt to exclude dangerous diagnoses that might lead to poor patient outcomes if incorrectly managed. In the USA, several billions of dollars are spent annually on ED patients with dizziness [6].
Trait plasticity and trade-offs shape intra-specific variation in competitive response in a foundation tree species

The ability to tolerate neighboring plants (i.e. degree of competitive response) is a key determinant of plant success in high-competition environments. Plant genotypes adjust their functional trait expression under high levels of competition, which may help explain intra-specific variation in competitive response. However, the relationships between traits and competitive response are not well understood, especially in trees. In this study, we investigated among-genotype associations between tree trait plasticity and competitive response. We manipulated competition intensity in experimental stands of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) to address the covariance between competition-induced changes in functional trait expression and aspects of competitive ability at the genotype level. Genotypic variation in the direction and magnitude of functional trait responses, especially those of crown foliar mass, phytochemistry, and leaf physiology, was associated with genotypic variation in competitive response. Traits exhibited distinct plastic responses to competition, with varying degrees of genotypic variation and covariance with other trait responses. The combination of genotypic diversity and covariance among functional traits led to tree responses to competition that were coordinated among traits yet variable among genotypes. Such relationships between tree traits and competitive success have the potential to shape stand-level trait distributions over space and time.
Clinical Problem Solving: An Older Woman With Weakness from Head to Toe

A 67-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for progressive weakness, dysphagia, muscle pain, and weight loss. Here we detail the clinical problem solving involved in diagnosing and treating h...
BiomeHorizon: visualizing microbiome time series data in R

Abstract Summary A key aspect of microbiome research is analysis of longitudinal dynamics using time series data. A method to visualize both the proportional and absolute change in the abundance of multiple taxa across multiple subjects over time is needed. We developed BiomeHorizon, an open-source R package that visualizes longitudinal compositional microbiome data using horizon plots. Availability and Implementation BiomeHorizon is available at https://github.com/blekhmanlab/biomehorizon/ and released under the MIT license. A guide with step-by-step instructions for using the package is provided at https://blekhmanlab.github.io/biomehorizon/. The guide also provides code to reproduce all plots in this manuscript. Contact lgrienei@umn.edu, blekhman@umn.edu, iafink@uchicago.edu Supplementary information None
An Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Growth of U.S. Exports to India: An Economic and Managerial Perspective

Marketing in less developed countries is often times treated by business executives as an extension of their domestic operations. Whatever goods are popular in the domestic environment are pushed to foreign markets without regard to the specific economic and social priorities obtaining in the developing countries. The paper focuses attention on the need to reorient the marketing strategy by taking India as a case study. India’s relative poverty together with population pressure would call for economic priorities that are embodied in the planning process, and inspite of the much publicized goal of self-sufficiency, a high dose of imnorts is built into the development framework. Marketing executives have to exploit these opportunities in order to penetrate the market. Also, the strategy has to take into account the scarcity of foreign exchange resources, which would suggest export-import arrangements that do not strain those resources.
Equity and Accessibility in E-Government

Abstract Much of the focus of electronic government in recent years has been devoted to placing services online. While this approach represents a crucial area for future action, it also is important to be aware of equity and accessibility needs in e-government. This paper uses recent Brown University studies of the content of American government Websites at the city, state, and federal levels to examine possible barriers to Website accessibility. Among the features assessed are disability access, readability, non-English language options, and user fees. After reviewing the current state of American e-government, the author discusses several policy recommendations designed to improve the accessibility of public sector Websites.
The Chi-Square Test of Significance

We previously noted the widespread occurrence in nature of the chi-square probability law. It was also found to describe the random behavior of the sample variance. Here we shall show how the chi-square law may be used to describe the state of “significance” of a set of data.
Constructive Mathematics in St. Petersburg, Russia: A (Somewhat Subjective) View from Within

In the 1970 and 1980s, logic and constructive mathematics were an important part of my life; it’s what I defended in my Master’s thesis, it was an important part of my PhD dissertation. I was privileged to work with the giants. I visited them in their homes. They were who I went to for advice. And this is my story.
Strong-coupling fixed points of current interactions and disordered fermions in two dimensions

The all-orders $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function is used to study disordered Dirac fermions in two dimensions. The generic strong coupling fixed ``points'' of anisotropic current-current interactions at large distances are actually isotropic manifolds corresponding to subalgebras of the maximal current algebra at short distances. The argue that IR fixed point theories are generally current algebra cosets. We illustrate this with the simple example of anisotropic $\mathrm{su}(2),$ which is the physics of Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions. We propose a phase diagram for the Chalker-Coddington network model which is in the universality class of the integer quantum Hall transition. One phase is in the universality class of dense polymers.
Nucleoside Diphosphokinase of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Nucleoside diphosphokinase from Salmonella typhimurium has been purified and characterized. In many respects, the enzyme is similar to those from higher organisms in that it has a broad specificity for both phosphate donor and recipient and that it functions via a ping-pong mechanism. The enzyme activity of cells is very high at all growth rates but decreases as growth rate increases. Evidence is presented that nucleoside diphosphokinase is sufficient to account for the synthesis of all nucleoside triphosphates required for the polymerization of nucleic acids and that it is probably the only enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of triphosphates from diphosphates and the γ-phosphate of ATP.
Genetic regulation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction. II. Simple Mendelian expression in mouse tissues in vivo.

Abstract In the inbred C57BL/6N mouse, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by polycyclic hydrocarbons increases rapidly in the neonatal period; this response to these pharmacological, exogenous compounds does not appear in the DBA/2N, NZW/BLN, or NZB/BLN strains. The development of the constitutive hydroxylase activity in the neonatal period is the same in all four strains. Small differences in pH optima, substrate affinities, relative thermolability, or benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, which might have affected the enzyme assay, do not account for the large genetic difference in the response to polycyclic hydrocarbons. The hydroxylase induction by aromatic hydrocarbons is inherited as a simple autosomal dominant trait, designated the ah locus. In the individual mouse that is genetically responsive to polycyclic hydrocarbons, the hydroxylase activity is induced as an all-or-none phenomenon in all tissues which regularly contain the polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible enzyme. The magnitude of induction of the hydroxylase is 4- to 5-fold in liver, and ranges from 5- to more than 80-fold in kidney, bowel, lung, and skin. The formation of a spectrally distinct carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome from liver microsomes is associated with the polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible enzyme activity and is not seen in the liver of mice which are genetically nonresponsive to aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenobarbital induces the hepatic oxygenase to similar levels (i.e. about 2-fold) in all four strains.
PAPULAR URTICARIA Study of the Role of Insects in its Etiology and the Use of DDT in its Treatment

Papular urticaria (lichen urticatus) is a chronic disease which in the great majority of cases occurs during the warm seasons on exposure to fleas and bedbugs. Skin tests indicate many such patients are abnormally sensitive to these insects. In the three year study reported, it was demonstrated that 86% of the patients could be cured in two weeks with a 5% DDT dusting powder and DDT household spray, whereas with former methods of therapy, only 21% were cured in 11 weeks of treatment.
Ovarian morphology in women with anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Ovarian biopsies from five women with the syndrome of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia who had not previously received exogenous gonadotropins were evaluated with special emphasis on follicular morphology. Follicular development past the primordial stage was rarely observed, suggesting that early stages of follicular maturation require amounts of gonadotropins in excess of those secreted in these women.
Comparative analysis of the structure and function of adenovirus virus-associated RNAs

The protein kinase DAI is an important component of the interferon-induced cellular defense mechanism. In cells infected by adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), activation of the kinase is prevented by the synthesis of a small, highly ordered virus-associated (VA) RNA, VA RNAI. The inhibitory function of this RNA depends on its structure, which has been partially elucidated by a combination of mutagenesis and RNase sensitivity analysis. To gain further insight into the structure and function of this regulatory RNA, we have compared the primary sequences, secondary structures, and functions of seven VA RNA species from five human and animal adenoviruses. The sequences exhibit variable degrees of homology, with a particularly close relationship between the VA RNAII species of Ad2 and Ad7 and notably divergent sequence for the avian (CELO) virus VA RNA. Apart from two pairs of mutually complementary tetranucleotides which are highly conserved, homologies are limited to transcription signals located within the RNA sequence and at its termini. Secondary structure analysis indicated that all seven RNAs conform to the model in which VA RNA possesses three main structural regions, a terminal stem, an apical stem-loop, and a central domain, although these elements vary in size and other details. The apical stem is implicated in binding to DAI, and the central domain is essential for inhibition of DAI activation. One of the pairs of conserved tetranucleotides (CCGG:C/UCGG) provides further evidence for the existence of the apical stem, but the other conserved pair (GGGU:ACCC) strongly suggests a revised structure for the central domain. In two functional assays conducted in vivo, the VA RNAI species of Ad2 and Ad7 were the most active, their corresponding VA RNAII species displayed little activity, and the single VA RNAs of Ad12 and simian adenovirus type 7 exhibited intermediate activity. Correlation of the structural and functional data suggests that the VA RNAII species adopt a structure different from those of the other VA RNA species and may play a different role in the life cycle of the virus.
Opportunities for preventing HIV in treatment settings in developing countries.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has thus far largely failed to reach those in the developing world who most need it. However by 2005 the WHO aims to have 3 million HIV-infected people on ART and by 2008 South Africa alone plans to have more than 1 million people on treatment. The proposed scaling-up of treatment has been made possible through an unprecedented—though still inadequate—amount of funding and this input of resources is likely to be the greatest investment in health infrastructure in the developing world for a long time. As a result patients will have increasing contact with health providers and health services. Taking full advantage of this important opportunity to prevent further HIV transmission is crucial. The clinical benefits of ART in reducing morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals are well established. Less well known is the plausible effect of widespread ART use on the prevention of secondary transmission. Since transmission is linked to plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and ART decreases these concentrations in both seminal and cervical secretions treatment may reduce the likelihood of further transmission substantially. (excerpt)
Coulometric titration with +3 uranium application to the determination of uranium

Abstract The most powerful reductimetric titrant used to date, +3 uranium, has been generated in acidic solution with nearly 100% current efficiency, and applied to the constant-current coulometric titration of +6 uranium. The titration error is +0.09% with a 211-mg uranium sample. The potentiometric titration curve for the titration of +6 uranium with +3 uranium has shown that the UO case2 2 +/UO2+ couple is potential-determining in mixtures of +6, +5, and +4 uranium. A brief review of the literature dealing with the standard potential of the UO case2 2 +/U4+ and the UO2+/U4+ couples at 25° is presented: it is concluded that the values are +0.246 V and +0.429 V vs. N.H.E., respectively, instead of +0.334 V and +0.62 V vs. N.H.E. as previously accepted. The standard free energies of U3+ and U4+ are -120.4 kcal mole-1 and -134.4 kcal mole-1, respectively, at 25°.
Wavemaker Limitations and Difficulties in Model Testing of Small High Speed Craft

Model testing of marine platforms has always focused on preserving geometric similitude and Froude number. While Froude scaling does provide a good approximation to true dynamic similitude, there are viscous effects which are not scaled. Additionally, the dynamic testing of small high speed marine craft presents difficulties due to their small size, so while one would prefer to minimize these effects by testing large models, model basin characteristics limit the physical size of the models that can be tested. These issues as they relate to model testing, including sea state scaling and scale effects, are discussed.
Successive Proportional Additive Numeration Using Fuzzy Linguistic Labels (Fuzzy Linguistic SPAN)

The SPAN (Successive Proportional Additive Numeration or Social Participatory Allocation Network) is a procedure that converts individual judgments into a group decision. The procedure is based on a voting design by which individual experts allocate their votes iteratively between their preferred options and other experts. The process ends when all the votes are allocated to options, and the one with the highest number of votes is selected. The method requires the experts to specify an exact allocation of votes to both options and other experts. The Fuzzy Linguistic SPAN allows experts to allocate their votes using linguistic labels such as "most of" or "a few", and determine the preferred option. This method is demonstrated using the Max--Min aggregation function used to develop a proportional representation of the option and member voting schemes. The method is also demonstrated using the LOWA aggregation function. The Fuzzy Linguistic SPAN method is beneficial since the linguistic voting process is easier for the experts and significantly reduces the computational process compared to the traditional SPAN. The paper presents the method and two examples with comparisons to the numerical SPAN method.
Radiometric determination of the growth rate of Nautilus in nature

Nautilus is the sole surviving genus of externally shelled cephalopods and therefore, determination of its rate of growth is important for understanding the life histories of a host of related fossil forms. Direct observations of its growth rate are difficult, however, so we have used here naturally occurring radionuclides. We used the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio as a chronometer to estimate the growth rates of seven specimens of Nautilus belauensis Saunders. In three immature animals the age of the last septum ranged from 10 to 52 days and, based on the age difference between the last two septa, the rate of septal formation was >120 to ∼230 days. In four animals near or at maturity the age of the last septum was 110–240 days and the rate of septal formation 100– >290 days. Based on these rates the time to maturity is more than 10 yr. Rates of septal formation translate approximately into rates of <0.12 and <0.08 mm of ventral circumference per day for immature and mature animals, respectively, and agree well with mark–recapture observations of this species in Palau1.
Control research and development in India: A conversation with Mathukumalli Vidyasagar

Dr. Vidyasagar's presentation will discuss the highly uneven development of various subjects in India, and how control theory in India is not developing quite so well as it is being developed by Indians outside India (mostly in the U.S.), and ask why. International companies and other institutions that have established centers for controls in India will be noted. The presentation will also cover the state of development and interest in various application areas - process, aerospace, biomedical, automotive, even quantitative finance. Dr. Vidyasagar will also offer some guidance for control scientists and engineers (both Indian origin and not) who may be contemplating moving to India, both for academic and industrial positions. Although the focus of the session is on India, similarities and contrasts with other emerging regions and countries will also be a topic of discussion. Dr. Vidyasagar is the ideal person to engage the ACC audience in a session on India. He is internationally renowned within the controls community for his research contributions in the field, in areas such as adaptive and robust control, robotics, and statistical learning theory. Dr. Vidyasagar started his academic career in North America and moved to India in 1989 as Director of the Center for AI and Robotics, a position he held until 2000 when he was appointed Executive Vice President and head of the Advanced Technology Centre for Tata Consultancy Services. Dr. Vidyasagar is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Academy of Engineering, and the Third World Academy of Sciences. His other honors include the Frederick Emmons Terman Award from the American Society for Engineering Education, the IEEE CSS Bode Prize Lecture Award, the best paper award from the Society of Instrumentation and Control Engineers (Japan), the best “Methodology” paper prize for Automatica for 1999–2002, and inclusion as one of “Forty Tech Gurus” in IEEE Spectrum in November 2004.
The Reconstitution of Legal Reality: Choice of Language, Definition, and Analogy as Methods for Limiting the Fora Available for Public Expression

(1996). The Reconstitution of Legal Reality: Choice of Language, Definition, and Analogy as Methods for Limiting the Fora Available for Public Expression. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 63-77.
A Multispectral Decomposition Technique for the Recovery of True SeaWiFS Top-of-Atmosphere Radiances

A method for correcting the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) out-of-band (OOB) effects in the Level-1B radiance data product through a multispectral decomposition transform (MDT) is described. The crosstalk information contained in multichannel spectral radiometer data provides the possibility of using the MDT technique to make the corrections. An MDT matrix for the SeaWiFS optical system is derived from the laboratory-measured filter transmittance functions. The OOB correction can be performed by a product between the SeaWiFS MDT matrix and a multispectral image vector. Performance of the SeaWiFS MDT method for the OOB correction is demonstrated by simulation results using hyperspectral data measured with both the AVIRIS and Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean sensors. This OOB correction technique is very different from that currently implemented in the operational SeaWiFS data-processing software package.
A critical thermodynamic assessment of the Mg–Ni, Ni–Y binary and Mg–Ni–Y ternary systems

Abstract A thorough review and critical evaluation of phase equilibria and thermodynamic data for the phases in the Mg–Ni–Y ternary system have been carried out over the entire composition range from room temperature to above the liquidus. This system is being modeled for the first time using the modified quasichemical model which considers the presence of short range ordering in the liquid. The Gibbs energies of the different phases have been modeled, and optimized model parameters that reproduce all the experimental data simultaneously within experimental error limits have been obtained. For the liquid phases, the modified quasichemical model is applied. A sublattice model within the compound-energy formalism is used to take proper account of the structures of the binary intermediate solid solutions. The Mg–Ni and Ni–Y binary systems have been re-optimized based on the experimental phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data available in the literature. The optimized thermodynamic parameters for the Mg–Y system are taken from the previous thermodynamic assessment of the Mg–Cu–Y system by the same authors. The constructed database has been used to calculate liquidus projection, isothermal and vertical sections which are compared with the available experimental information on this system. The current calculations are in a good agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature.
The role of MgADP in force maintenance by dephosphorylated cross-bridges in smooth muscle: a flash photolysis study

The effect of [MgADP] on relaxation from isometric tension, initiated by reducing free [Ca2+] through photolysis of the caged photolabile Ca2+ chelator diazo-2, was determined at 20 degrees C in alpha-toxin permeabilized tonic (rabbit femoral artery, Rf) and phasic (rabbit bladder, Rb) smooth muscle. In Rf, the shape of the relaxation curve was clearly biphasic, consisting of a slow "plateau" phase followed by a monotonic exponential decline with rate constant k. The duration of the plateau (d = 44 +/- 4 s, mean +/- SEM, n = 28) was well correlated (R = 0.92) with the total t1/2 of relaxation that was 66 +/- 3 s (n = 28) in the presence of 20 mM creatine phosphate (CP), and was prolonged in the absence of CP (t1/2 = 83 +/- 3 s, n = 7); addition of 100 microM MgADP further slowed relaxation (t1/2 = 132 +/- 7 s, n = 14). In Rb, a plateau was not detectable and t1/2 (= 15 +/- 2 s, n = 6) was not affected by 100 microM MgADP. In Rf the Q10 between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C was 4.3 +/- 0.4 for d-1 and 2.8 +/- 0.3 for k (n = 8; p = 0.006). The regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) in Rf was dephosphorylated at 0.07 +/- 0.02 s-1, from 42 +/- 3% before to 20 +/- 2% after photolysis of diazo-2, reaching basal values at a time when force had fallen by only 40%. We conclude that, in the presence of ATP, as during rigor, the affinity of dephosphorylated cross-bridges for MgADP is significantly higher in tonic than in phasic smooth muscle and contributes to the maintenance of force at low levels of phosphorylation. The MgADP dependence of the post-dephosphorylation phase of relaxation is consistent with its being rate-limited by the slow off-rate of ADP from cross-bridges that were dephosphorylated while in force-generating ADP-bound (AM*D) cross-bridge states. The fourfold faster off-rate of ADP from AM*D in the phasic, Rb, compared to tonic, Rf, smooth muscle is a major determinant of the different kinetics of relaxation in the two types of smooth muscle.
Distributed simultaneous coverage and communication control by mobile sensor networks

The purpose of this paper is to propose a distributed control scheme to maximize area coverage by a mobile robot network while ensuring reliable communication between the members of the team. The information that is generated at the sensors depends on the sensing capabilities of the sensors as well as on the frequency at which events occur in their vicinity, captured by appropriate probability density functions. This information is then routed to a fixed set of access points via a multi-hop network whose links model the probability that information packets are correctly decoded at their intended destinations. The proposed distributed control scheme simultaneously optimizes coverage and routing of information by decoupling coverage and routing control. Specifically, optimization of the communication variables is performed periodically in the dual domain. Then, between communication rounds, the robots move according to the solution of a distributed sequential concave program that handles efficiently the introduced nonlinearities in the mobility space. Our method is illustrated in computer simulations.
Effects of salinity on the eggs and fry of the golden shiner and goldfish.

(1977). Effects of Salinity on the Eggs and Fry of the Golden Shiner and Goldfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 121-122.
Prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure and academic achievement at age 10

The effects of prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure on school achievement at 10 years of age were examined. Women were interviewed about their substance use at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at 8 and 18 months, and at 3, 6, 10, 14, and 16 years. The women were of lower socioeconomic status, high-school-educated, and light-to-moderate users of marijuana and alcohol. The sample was equally divided between Caucasian and African-American women. At the 10-year follow-up, the effects of prenatal exposure to marijuana or alcohol on the academic performance of 606 children were assessed. Exposure to one or more marijuana joints per day during the first trimester predicted deficits in Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) reading and spelling scores and a lower rating on the teachers' evaluations of the children's performance. This relation was mediated by the effects of first-trimester marijuana exposure on the children's depression and anxiety symptoms. Second-trimester marijuana use was significantly associated with reading comprehension and underachievement. Exposure to alcohol during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy predicted poorer teachers' ratings of overall school performance. Second-trimester binge drinking predicted lower reading scores. There was no interaction between prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure. Each was an independent predictor of academic performance.
UmuD2 Inhibits a Non-covalent Step during DinB-mediated Template Slippage on Homopolymeric Nucleotide Runs

Escherichia coli DinB (DNA polymerase IV) possesses an enzyme architecture resulting in specialized lesion bypass function and the potential for creating −1 frameshifts in homopolymeric nucleotide runs. We have previously shown that the mutagenic potential of DinB is regulated by the DNA damage response protein UmuD2. In the current study, we employ a pre-steady-state fluorescence approach to gain a mechanistic understanding of DinB regulation by UmuD2. Our results suggest that DinB, like its mammalian and archaeal orthologs, uses a template slippage mechanism to create single base deletions on homopolymeric runs. With 2-aminopurine as a fluorescent reporter in the DNA substrate, the template slippage reaction results in a prechemistry fluorescence change that is inhibited by UmuD2. We propose a model in which DNA templates containing homopolymeric nucleotide runs, when bound to DinB, are in an equilibrium between non-slipped and slipped conformations. UmuD2, when bound to DinB, displaces the equilibrium in favor of the non-slipped conformation, thereby preventing frameshifting and potentially enhancing DinB activity on non-slipped substrates.
Identifying useful climate change information needs of Great Lakes fishery managers

Abstract There is mounting evidence that climatic changes have altered physical conditions in the Laurentian Great Lakes and will continue to do so. In the face of this challenge, fishery managers require useful information to support decision making. We utilized a mixed methods approach, including an email survey and focus groups with fishery managers, to identify information gaps in understanding the impacts of climate change on fishery management. The fishery managers perceived climate change to be a threat to the fishery and identified specific climate change information that would be most useful for their work. This includes information on how climate change will affect fish populations, trophic interactions, and habitat conditions, as well as how climate change will interact synergistically with other management concerns. Our findings indicate that future research efforts should focus on species of commercial or recreational interest and species for which restoration plans already exist. Although modeling efforts that incorporate both biotic and abiotic factors may be useful to fishery management stakeholders, to enhance utility for managers, researchers should work with the information users to understand the pertinence of various temporal and spatial scales when designing studies and presenting information. Many fishery managers believe that valuable information related to climate change, particularly long-term datasets, already exists but has not been made easily accessible or brought to their attention. Finally, in order to increase the awareness and use of their climate research, researchers should present at relevant meetings in addition to just emailing reports and publishing scientific manuscripts.
Quadrupole Lamp Furnace for High Temperature (up to 2050 K) Synchrotron Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies in Air in Reflection Geometry

A four-lamp thermal image furnace has been developed to conduct high temperature x-ray diffraction in reflection geometry on oxide ceramic powder samples in air at temperatures ⩽2050K using synchrotron radiation. A refractory crucible made of Pt20%Rh alloy was used as a specimen holder. A material with well characterized lattice expansion properties was used as an internal crystallographic thermometer to determine the specimen temperature and displacement. The performance of the apparatus was verified by measurement of the thermal expansion properties of CeO2, MgO, and Pt which were found to be within ±3% of the acceptable values. The advantages, limitations, and important considerations of the instrument developed are discussed.
Capture and Mortality Rates of Ducks in Selected Trap Types

Abstract We evaluated different trap styles and related mortality of trapped ducks (Anas spp.) for 3 field seasons as part of the United States–Canada Cooperative Waterfowl Banding Program. During 2002, we evaluated 4 trap designs and caught 10,966 ducks. Trap style affected capture rates (P = 0.018, F5 = 9.02), with Benning II and oval traps catching more ducks than cloverleaf and star traps. In 2003, we tested 3 trap styles and caught 10,849 ducks. Trap style affected duck capture rates (P < 0.01, F5 = 15.16), with oval traps with 6-m lead panels catching more ducks than Benning II traps and cloverleaf traps. During 2004, we tested 3 trap styles and caught 11,737 ducks. Trap style affected capture rates (P < 0.01, F5 = 11.23), with oval traps with 6-m leads catching more ducks than either the oval trap without leads or Benning II traps. Trap style affected mortality rates of ducks, but overall mortality of trapped ducks was low with a rate of 1.16% in 2002, 0.32% in 2003, and 0.17% in 2004; mort...