cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TOTAL OESOPHAGOGASTRIC DISSOCIATION IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX IN NEUROLOGICALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN

Objective Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is common in children with neurological impairment. Medical treatment is often ineffective and surgery may be advocated. The recent diffusion of laparoscopic surgery has reinforced the wide acceptance of fundoplication as the gold standard procedure in the paediatric population. However, the rate of re-operation is four times that in neurologically normal children. Total oesophagogastric dissociation (TOGD) is an alternative approach that has been successfully used to manage potentially life-threatening GORD. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect of TOGD in the management of GORD in neurologically impaired children. Methods All neurologically impaired children who underwent TOGD between 1994 and 2007 were included in the study. Postoperative complications were recorded. In addition, the number of episodes of aspiration, chest infection and hospitalisation was recorded. The incidence of recurrence of GORD and retching were also recorded. Results Forty-five children with neurological impairment (26 males, 19 females) underwent TOGD. 31 had a primary TOGD and 14 had TOGD as a rescue procedure after failed fundoplication. The follow-up ranged from 2 to 144 months. There were no recurrences of GORD. Some patients for whom retching was a problem preoperatively continued to retch after surgery. The number of episodes of aspiration, chest infection and hospitalisation reduced after TOGD, with improvements in quality of life of the patients and their parents/carers. Conclusion TOGD is safe and may be a definitive solution for GORD in children with neurological impairment.
A Series of Fortunate Events: Introducing Chlamydomonas as a Reference Organism

The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a classical reference organism for studying photosynthesis, chloroplast biology, cell cycle control, and cilia structure and function. It is also an emerging model for studying sensory cilia, the production of high-value bioproducts, and in situ structural determination. Much of the early appeal of Chlamydomonas was rooted in its promise as a genetic system, but like other classic model organisms, this rise to prominence predated the discovery of the structure of DNA, whole-genome sequences, and molecular techniques for gene manipulation. The haploid genome of C. reinhardtii facilitates genetic analyses and offers many of the advantages of microbial systems applied to a photosynthetic organism. C. reinhardtii has contributed to our understanding of chloroplast-based photosynthesis and cilia biology. Despite pervasive transgene silencing, technological advances have allowed researchers to address outstanding lines of inquiry in algal research. The most thoroughly studied unicellular alga, C. reinhardtii, is the current standard for algal research, and although genome editing is still far from efficient and routine, it nevertheless serves as a template for other algae. We present a historical retrospective of the rise of C. reinhardtii to illuminate its past and present. We also present resources for current and future scientists who may wish to expand their studies to the realm of microalgae.
ENABLING DISPERSED INNOVATION — HOW THE UNITED STATES CAN UTILIZE ITS LONG TAIL OF TALENT

The United States, having enjoyed nearly half a century of technology leadership, today faces a number of challenges in maintaining its innovation advantage. These include: (1) Declining science and engineering talent pipeline, (2) increased global competition, (3) rigidity of the venture capital model, and (4) saturation of key technology centers. In a period where all Science Engineering (S&E) talent is not necessarily deployed to S&E occupations due to other opportunities or geographical challenges, "Dispersed Innovation," the idea of a location independent model to achieve higher technical utilization of American S&E talent is a proposed solution which consists of four key components: (1) Build out of advanced transportation networks, (2) increased use of collaboration tools, (3) cultural acceptance of entrepreneurship, and (4) increased funding options and models.
Gene networks, occlusal clocks, and functional patches: new understanding of pattern and process in the evolution of the dentition

Our understanding of the evolution of the dentition has been transformed by advances in the developmental biology, genetics, and functional morphology of teeth, as well as the methods available for studying tooth form and function. The hierarchical complexity of dental developmental genetics combined with dynamic effects of cells and tissues during development allow for substantial, rapid, and potentially non-linear evolutionary changes. Studies of selection on tooth function in the wild and evolutionary functional comparisons both suggest that tooth function and adaptation to diets are the most important factors guiding the evolution of teeth, yet selection against random changes that produce malocclusions (selectional drift) may be an equally important factor in groups with tribosphenic dentitions. These advances are critically reviewed here.
A Comparison of Intradialytic versus Out-of-Clinic Exercise Training Programs for Hemodialysis Patients.

Background Physical inactivity is prevalent and linked with a variety of unfavorable clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. To increase physical activity (PA) and improve quality of life in this population, intradialytic and out-of-clinic exercise interventions have been implemented in many studies. However, there is still a lack of consensus in the literature on which type of exercise intervention is more feasible and effective. Summary This review provides a brief overview of intradialytic and out-of-clinic exercise protocols utilized in previous studies. We also examine data related to the feasibility of each approach, and their efficacy for improving cardiovascular health, muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Key Messages: The benefits from most intradialytic and out-of-center exercise training interventions published to date have been modest or inconsistent. Furthermore, neither appears to provide a significant advantage over the other in terms of benefits for cardiovascular health, muscle mass, strength, and physical function. A significant concern is that most intradialytic and out-of-center exercise interventions are mandated exercise prescriptions that include either endurance or resistance training exercises, performed at low-moderate intensities, for a total of 60-135 min of exercise/week. This volume, intensity, and variety of exercise are far less than what is recommended in most PA guidelines. This type of structured activity is also boring for most patients. To enhance the effectiveness of exercise interventions, we suggest using the intradialytic period to provide patients guidance on how they can best incorporate more activity into their lives, based on their individual needs and barriers.
Modifiable Analgesia-/Anesthesia-Related Factors and Risk of Severe Gastrointestinal Complications After Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Analysis

Abstract Background Severe gastrointestinal (GI) complications after elective hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) are rare. Some of them can be life-threatening and/or require emergency abdominal surgery. We studied the epidemiology of severe GI complications after THA/TKA and associations with anesthesia- and/or analgesia-related factors. Methods We included 591,865 THA and 1,139,616 TKA cases (Premier Healthcare claims database; 2006-2016). Main outcomes were GI complications and related emergency surgeries within 30 days after THA/TKA. Anesthesia- and analgesia-related factors were anesthesia type (neuraxial, general), use of peripheral nerve block, patient-controlled analgesia, nonopioid analgesics (acetaminophen, gabapentin/pregabalin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, ketamine), and opioids (in oral morphine equivalents, categorized into low, medium, and high use based on the interquartile range). Mixed-effects models measured associations between anesthesia- and analgesia-related factors and outcomes, which were reported using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Among THA patients, GI complications were observed in 1.03% (n = 6103), with 0.08% (n = 450) requiring emergency surgery; this was 0.79% (n = 8971) and 0.05% (n = 540), respectively, for TKA patients. After adjustment for relevant covariates (including opioid use), almost all anesthesia-/analgesia-related factors were associated with significantly decreased odds of GI complications, specifically use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (OR 0.72 CI 0.67-0.76/OR 0.82 CI 0.78-0.86), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (OR 0.81 CI 0.77-0.85/OR 0.90 CI 0.86-0.94), and peripheral nerve blocks (OR 0.77 CI 0.69-0.87/OR 0.91 CI 0.85-0.97); all for THA and TKA, respectively (all P Conclusion Rare, but devastating, acute GI complications (requiring surgery) after THA/TKA may be positively impacted by a variety of modifiable anesthesia-/analgesia-related interventions.
What Pediatricians Need to Know About Acquired Aplastic Anemia

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare and life-threatening immune-mediated hematopoietic disorder. Advances in supportive care have greatly improved outcomes, while immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been the mainstay of treatment. However, newer therapies added to IST have shown improved response. The aim for this chapter is to provide pediatricians with better understanding of AA, its differential diagnoses, and to emphasize the importance of rapid and accurate recognition and management of AA.
The Ex-appropriation of Responsibility

Responsibility has traditionally been associated with a project of appropriation, understood as the securing of a sphere of mastery for a willful subject, and enframed in a metaphysics of will, causality and subjectivity. In that tradition, responsibility is understood in terms of the subjectum that lies at the basis of the act, as ground of imputation, and opens onto the project of a self-legislation and self-appropriation of the subject. However, one finds in Heidegger and Derrida the reversal—indeed, the deconstruction—of such a tradition, and responsibility is approached instead as an exposure to an inappropriable: assumption of an inappropriable thrownness and finitude for Heidegger, ‘experience of the im-possible’ for Derrida. I will explore how responsibility can be thought from such inappropriable, in an experience that Derrida called ‘ex-appropriation.’ In the process, I will engage the very complex and tortuous relation of Derrida to Heidegger.
Plasticity following injury to the adult central nervous system: is recapitulation of a developmental state worth promoting?

The adult central nervous system (CNS) appears to initiate a transient increase in plasticity following injury, including increases in growth-related proteins and generation of new cells. Recent evidence is reviewed that the injured adult CNS exhibits events and patterns of gene expression that are also observed during development and during regeneration following damage to the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS). The growth of neurons during development or regeneration is correlated, in part, with a coordinated expression of growth-related proteins, such as growth-associated-protein-43 (GAP-43), microtubule-associated-protein-1B (MAP1B), and polysialylated-neural-cell-adhesion-molecule (PSA-NCAM). For each of these proteins, evidence is discussed regarding its specific role in neuronal development, signals that modify its expression, and reappearance following injury. The rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also affected by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors including injury. The continui...
Absence of Mind: The Dispelling of Inwardness from the Modern Myth of the Self

In this ambitious book, acclaimed writer Marilynne Robinson applies her astute intellect to some of the most vexing topics in the history of human thought-science, religion, and consciousness. Crafted with the same care and insight as her award-winning novels, Absence of Mind challenges postmodern atheists who crusade against religion under the banner of science. In Robinson's view, scientific reasoning does not denote a sense of logical infallibility, as thinkers like Richard Dawkins might suggest. Instead, in its purest form, science represents a search for answers. It engages the problem of knowledge, an aspect of the mystery of consciousness, rather than providing a simple and final model of reality. By defending the importance of individual reflection, Robinson celebrates the power and variety of human consciousness in the tradition of William James. She explores the nature of subjectivity and considers the culture in which Sigmund Freud was situated and its influence on his model of self and civilization. Through keen interpretations of language, emotion, science, and poetry, Absence of Mind restores human consciousness to its central place in the religion-science debate.
How ocean color can steer Pacific tropical cyclones

[1] Because ocean color alters the absorption of sunlight, it can produce changes in sea surface temperatures with further impacts on atmospheric circulation. These changes can project onto fields previously recognized to alter the distribution of tropical cyclones. If the North Pacific subtropical gyre contained no absorbing and scattering materials, the result would be to reduce subtropical cyclone activity in the subtropical Northwest Pacific by 2/3, while concentrating cyclone tracks along the equator. Predicting tropical cyclone activity using coupled models may thus require consideration of the details of how heat moves into the upper thermocline as well as biogeochemical cycling.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Publisher Summary This chapter delineates obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is one of the least common anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. However, the intrusive obsessive thoughts and associated compulsive behavior characteristic of this disorder create a debilitating condition in which the severity and time-consuming quality of this behavior can cause significant impairment in every aspect of a child's life, including economic, social, and psychological functioning. The symptoms of OCD in children and adolescents are similar to those found in adults. Obsessions refer to “persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress.” Childhood OCD seems to follow a chronic course. In young children with OCD, it is common for the principal symptom to change over time. The current conceptualizations of OCD as a neurobehavioral disorder, combined with the fact that every child lives in the context of family, such integrated treatment seems optimal. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is described in the literature as the treatment of choice for children and adolescents with OCD. The use of medication would have been consistent with the neurobehavioral view of OCD, as well as appropriate based on studies of pharmacological treatment of child or adolescent OCD. However, medication alone is not optimally effective and its utility often lies in its ability to decrease symptoms to a level where clients can participate fully in psychological treatment.
The Bridegroom Messiah and the People of God: The revelation of the bridegroom-Messiah: allusions to Jeremiah 33:10–11 and Genesis 29:1–20

The Fourth Evangelist's first concern is to introduce Jesus. His opening chapters involve both explaining who Jesus is and describing how people respond to him. The prologue (1:1–18) sets this two-part agenda. It begins by identifying Jesus as “the Word” (1:1, 14) and “the light” (1:4–9). It then turns to the messianic designation “Christ” (1:17), but not before characterizing human response to Jesus: He was in the world, and the world came into being through him; yet the world did not know him. He came to what was his own, and his own people did not accept him. But to all who received him, who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God, who were born, not of blood or of the will of the flesh or of the will of man, but of God. And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of [the Father's only Son], full of grace and truth. (1:10–14) Subsequent stories follow the agenda set in the prologue. When Jesus appears on the scene in 1:29–51, John adds further revelations of his identity and begins to describe his encounters with various people. Initially, the response to Jesus is quite positive. People begin to recognize that he is the Messiah. John the Baptist confesses, “I am not the Messiah” (1:20), and then goes on to suggest that Jesus is (1:26–34).
Multimodal therapy including liver transplantation for hepatic undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma

The outcomes of hepatic undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (HUES) have historically been limited by persistent, unresectable disease and the subsequent development of disease resistance and dissemination. We present our institutional experience with HUES and assess current treatment trends and outcomes in the era of liver transplantation. We conducted a retrospective chart review of cases presenting with HUES at our institution over the past 10 years. The collected data included age, sex, presenting symptoms, imaging and the associated Pretreatment Extent of Disease (PRETEXT) score, pathology, chemotherapy, surgical interventions, and outcomes. Approval was obtained from the institutional review board of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. HUES was identified in 6 patients (4 males and 2 females) with a median age at diagnosis of 11 years (range = 7-13 years). Initial imaging was available for all but 1 patient. The PRETEXT stage for these patients ranged from II to III. One patient was diagnosed with lung metastases. Two patients underwent upfront resection, and 1 patient received neoadjuvant therapy and then conventional resection. Three patients were treated with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (primary OLT in 2 cases and salvage OLT for local recurrence in 1 case). Two patients received posttransplant adjuvant chemotherapy. All 6 patients remained in clinical remission with a mean follow-up of 35 months (range = 12-84 months). In conclusion, OLT has rarely been reported as a treatment option for HUES. The addition of liver transplantation as a surgical option for treating patients with HUES can result in improved survival for patients whose tumors are initially unresectable or recur. Liver Transpl 20:191-199, 2014. © 2013 AASLD.
"Debrucing" the Link between Tax and Expenditure Limits and Special District Governments

We provide a direct test of the extent to which the stringency of a Tax and Expenditure Limit (TEL) influences the creation of special district governments by examining one of the strictest TELs in U.S. history, the Colorado Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR). Through analysis of panel data from 1993 to 2004 of general purpose and special district governments, we test the relationship between TABOR and the creation of special districts. The novelty of our research involves the use of successful and failed attempts to override TABOR to measure variation in TEL restrictiveness at the county and municipal geography. Our results indicate that counties and municipalities unable to override TABOR's restrictions and therefore bound by the TEL have no greater use of special district governments than local jurisdictions experiencing similar demand for services but not bound by TABOR. These results are robust to failed override attempts specific to tax revenue as well as debt proceeds. Furthermore, results are unaffected by the use of multiyear lagged measures of override attempts and the inclusion of county debrucing initiatives that passed or failed by a small margin—i.e., less than 60 percent of votes. Contrary to anecdotal evidence, our results find no relationship between tax and expenditure limits and the formation of special districts.
The Ominous Employee Free Choice Act

The proposed Employee Free Choice Act - better known as the 'Card Check' Act - represents a remarkable departure from U.S. labor law. The legislation does not include a number of features contained in previous labor laws that the Supreme Court has ruled were necessary for those laws to be constitutional. Hence, even under the legal philosophy that has governed U.S. labor law since the New Deal, the EFCA is a constitutional pariah.
Capping motifs stabilize the leucine-rich repeat protein PP32 and rigidify adjacent repeats

Capping motifs are found to flank most β-strand-containing repeat proteins. To better understand the roles of these capping motifs in organizing structure and stability, we carried out folding and solution NMR studies on the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of PP32, which is composed of five tandem LRR, capped by α-helical and β-hairpin motifs on the N- and C-termini. We were able to purify PP32 constructs lacking either cap and containing destabilizing substitutions. Removing the C-cap results in complete unfolding of PP32. Removing the N-cap has a much less severe effect, decreasing stability but retaining much of its secondary structure. In contrast, the dynamics and tertiary structure of the first two repeats are significantly perturbed, based on 1H-15N relaxation studies, chemical shift perturbations, and residual dipolar couplings. However, more distal repeats (3 to C-cap) retain their native tertiary structure. In this regard, the N-cap drives the folding of adjacent repeats from what appears to be a molten-globule-like state. This interpretation is supported by extensive analysis using core packing substitutions in the full-length and N-cap-truncated PP32. This work highlights the importance of caps to the stability and structural integrity of β-strand-containing LRR proteins, and emphasizes the different contributions of the N- and C-terminal caps.
Terahertz scattering from contaminants embedded in textile rope and sling materials

Terahertz Time Domain Imaging (THz-TDI) is a new technology that is rapidly being explored by researchers around the world with particular interest in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications for manufacturing, security screening, and medical imaging. This work expands the scope of THz NDE by investigating its potential as a new and innovative method for NDE of nylon ropes and slings, which are used throughout all branches of the military as well as the civilian construction, transportation and shipping industries. Ropes and slings are exposed to harsh environmental conditions as they are dragged through sand and dirt or exposed to seawater, and their strength is compromised when grains of sand or sea salt become deeply embedded between the rope strands and wear away at its nylon threads.
The Early Clinical X-Ray in the United States: Patient Experiences and Public Perceptions

The first x-ray machines were large, loud, sparking, smelly, and ostentatious devices, prone to mishap and injury even when fully under the control of the physicians who, in droves, invested money and prestige in them. Their bizarre and sometimes overwhelming presentation in the clinic reinforced the contemporary public understanding of x-rays as fantastically potent yet ambiguously helpful. As one of the icons of the new scientific medicine, x-rays bore much of the public's expectations for a technological panacea, a belief that was reinforced by the spectacle of their generation and their undeniable effect on the body. A quarter century later, refinement of the technology had made irradiation safer and more effective, but also made the operation of the machines themselves almost undetectable. This "domestication" of x-ray machines underscored their failure as a modern-day heroic medicine, while reinforcing an emergent understanding of radiation as a subtle, cumulative, and insidious threat.
Genetic loci influencing natural variations in femoral bone morphometry in mice.

Abstract This study identifies genetic loci affecting femoral bone length and width measures in mature mice. Sixteen month old female F2 progeny of a C57BL/6J and DBA/2J intercross were examined for femur length and width of the femoral head, intertrochanteric region and three locations of the diaphysis using digitized images of femur radiographs obtained in the anterior–posterior and lateral projections. A genome wide linkage map was constructed using microsatellite markers at an average density of 20 cM, and quantitative trait locus analysis used to identify regions of the genome showing linkage with the traits measured. Femur length showed significant linkage with loci on proximal chromosome 3 (lod 6.1), and suggestive linkage with a locus on chromosome 14. A major locus on mid-chromosome 7 controlled width of the diaphysis (lod 6.8). Other loci were identified on chromosomes 2 and 4. Width at the intertrochanteric region had suggestive linkage with loci on chromosomes 6 and 19. No loci were found with linkage for width of the femoral head. Candidate genes related to bone development or metabolism are present at most of these loci. These findings show that genetic regulation of femoral bone morphology is complex, and are consistent with the distinct biologic processes that control longitudinal and lateral growth of the femur.
Allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma: potential for nonablative preparative regimens.

There is increasing interest in the use of allogeneic blood and marrow transplants for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphomas. Numerous studies indicate efficacy in patients with advanced disease and demonstrate existence of a potent graft-versus-malignancy effect against these disorders. Allogeneic transplantation is most effective in CLL and low-grade lymphomas, but precise indications and timing of allogeneic transplants in these indolent disorders are not well defined. Allotransplantation is an effective, potentially curative approach, albeit with substantial risks; it is indicated in selected categories of patients. Allogeneic transplants are also promising for mantle cell lymphoma. In large-cell lymphoma, relapses are reduced in allogeneic compared with autologous transplants, but the benefit of allotransplantation has been offset by increased risk of treatment-related complications, and its indications are controversial. A promising new strategy is the use of less toxic, nonmyeloablative preparative regimens to achieve engraftment and allow development of graft-versusmalignancy effects that can produce durable remission in selected categories of lymphoid malignancies.
Chemically stable films for combinatorial fluorosensor arrays.

Sensor arrays are useful for many purposes. Our interests include quasidistributed intrinsic fiber optic arrays, those distributed along the length of an optical fiber. We have demonstrated an opti...
Cardiac involvement in Friedreich's ataxia: a clinical study of 75 patients.

To establish the prevalence and to characterize the types of cardiac involvement in Friedreich's ataxia, 75 consecutive patients (39 male and 36 female), aged 10 to 66 years (mean 24) were prospectively studied. Electrocardiograms were performed in all patients, vectorcardiograms in 34 and echocardiograms in 58. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities occurred in 69 (92%) of the 75 patients. Electrocardiograms revealed ST-T wave abnormalities in 79%, right axis deviation in 40%, short PR interval in 24%, abnormal R wave in lead V1in 20%, abnormal inferolateral Q waves in 14% and left ventricular hypertrophy (voltage and repolarization criteria) in 16%. Echocardiograms revealed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in 11%, asymmetric septal hypertrophy in 9% and globally decreased left ventricular function in 7%. Progression from a normal echocardiogram to concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, asymmetric septa( hypertrophy or globally decreased left ventricular function was identified in one patient in each category, although the study was not designed for longitudinal follow-up. Two patients died, and necropsy revealed in both a minimally dilated but flabby left ventricle. On the basis of electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic and echocardiographic data, 95% of patients had one or more disorders. The most common abnormality was segmental myocardial “dystrophy” (electrocardiographic QRS initial force abnormalities), but global left ventricular hypokinesia occurred more often than previously recognized. Concentric and asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were equally prevalent but their overall incidence was less than that previously reported. It is not known why a phenotypically homogeneous neuropathic disease is accompanied by disparate types of cardiac involvement and why a nonmyopathic systemic disorder afflicts the myocardium.
Shame-related social anxiety : Replicating a link with various social interaction measures

In the present study, 182 young adults (131 men, 51 men: M age=20.2) completed self-report measures of shame and social avoidance/distress, anxiety, desirability, and negative social evaluation. Results supported Lewis (1985) in that shame-proneness was related to social avoidance/distress, interaction anxiety, and fear of negative social evaluation (even when controlling for social desirability). Social distress/avoidance and interaction anxiety also were significant predictors of shame-proneness. Results suggeste that attention to social anxiety may be valuable in the treatment of shameprone individuals.
Bioinspired Jumping Mobility Concepts for Rough Terrain Mobile Robots

Mobile robots face great challenges in terms of mobility when traversing rough terrain, especially obstacle filled environments. Current terrestrial locomotion mechanisms such as wheels, tracks, and legs, face difficulties surmounting obstacles equal to or greater than their own height. This is especially true for smaller robots. In this respect, bioinspired approaches offer some solutions. Some insects in particular tackle rough terrain locomotion by performing high powered jumps. Their morphology has evolved to create specialized energy storage structures, and their hind legs have adapted to provide improved mechanical leverage. This paper investigates jumping as employed by insects and develops principles pertinent for the design of a jumping robotic system. A mathematical model depicting bipedal jumping is presented. The model includes mechanical energy storage elements in the form of springs for the purpose of assessing jumping locomotion for robotic applications. This model will assist in analyzing jumping locomotion and presenting some insights, as well as rough dimensioning of system parameters to achieve desired jumping performance.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Approximate predictive densities and their applications in generalized linear models

Exact calculations of model posterior probabilities or related quantities are often infeasible due to the analytical intractability of predictive densities. Here new approximations for obtaining predictive densities are proposed and contrasted with those based on the Laplace method. Our theory and a numerical study indicate that the proposed methods are easy to implement, computationally efficient, and accurate over a wide range of hyperparameters. In the context of GLMs, we show that they can be employed to facilitate the posterior computation under three general classes of informative priors on regression coefficients. A real example is provided to demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed methods in a fully Bayes variable selection procedure.
Calculation of conduction-to-conduction and valence-to-valence transitions between bound states in (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots

We have calculated the conduction-to-conduction and valence-to-valence absorption spectrum of bound states in $(\mathrm{In},\mathrm{Ga})\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ quantum dots charged with up to three electrons or holes. Several features emerge: (i) In pure (nonalloyed) $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ dots, the $1S\text{\ensuremath{-}}1{P}_{1}$ and $1S\text{\ensuremath{-}}1{P}_{2}$ conduction intraband transitions are fully in-plane polarized along $[1\overline{1}0]$ and [110], respectively, while valence transitions are weakly polarized because the hole $P$ states do not show any in-plane preferential orientation. (ii) In alloyed ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.4}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ dots the [110] and $[1\overline{1}0]$ polarization of the corresponding $1S\text{\ensuremath{-}}1P$ conduction intraband transitions is weakened since the two $1P$ states are mixed by alloy fluctuations. The polarization of valence intraband transitions is insensitive to changes in alloy fluctuations. (iii) For light polarized along [001], we find a strong valence-to-valence transition that involves a weakly confined hole state with predominant light-hole character. (iv) When charging the dots with a few electrons, the conduction intraband transitions display spectroscopic shifts of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\char21{}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$. These shifts are a result of correlation effects (captured by configuration interaction) and not well described within the Hartree-Fock approximation. (v) When charging the dots with holes, valence intraband spectra are more complex than the conduction intraband spectra as hole states are strongly affected by spin-orbit coupling, and configuration mixing is more pronounced. Spectroscopic shifts can no longer be identified unambiguously. These predictions could be tested in single-dot spectroscopy of $n$-doped and $p$-doped quantum dots.
Analysis of Aerosolized Particulates of Feedyards Located in the Southern High Plains of Texas

The objective of this study was to quantify, size, and examine the composition of particulates found in ambient aerosolized dust of four large feedyards in the Southern High Plains. Ambient air samples (concentration of dust) were collected upwind (background) and downwind of the feedyards. Aerosolized particulate samples were collected using high volume sequential reference ambient air samplers, PM 10 and PM 2.5 , laser strategic aerosol monitors, cyclone air samplers, and biological cascade impactors. Weather parameters were monitored at each feedyard. The overall (main effects and estimable interactions) statistical (P < 0.0001) general linear model statement (GLM) for PM 10 data showed more concentration of dust (μg/m 3 of air) downwind than upwind and more concentration of dust in the summer than in the winter. PM 2.5 concentrations of dust were comparable for 3 of 4 feedyards upwind and downwind, and PM 2.5 concentrations of dust were lower in the winter than in the summer. GLM (P < 0.0001) data for...
Endoscopic endonasal pituitary transposition for a transdorsum sellae approach to the interpeduncular cistern.

Objective The interpeduncular cistern, including the retroinfundibular area, is one of the most challenging regions to approach surgically. The pituitary gland and the infundibulum guard the region when an endonasal route is undertaken. Superior transposition of the pituitary gland and infundibulum is described as a functional means to access this complex region through a fully endoscopic, completely transnasal route. Methods Ten consecutive patients in whom a pituitary transposition was performed during an expanded endonasal approach at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center for resection of retroinfundibular lesions were reviewed. The series consisted of seven men and three women with a mean age of 44.4 years. Pathology consisted of four craniopharyngiomas, four chordomas, and two petroclival meningiomas. Results Five patients (50%) underwent total resection of the tumor, three patients (30%) underwent near total resection ( > 95% removal), and two patients (20%) had partial resection of petroclival meningiomas with the goal of optic apparatus decompression. All four patients with visual deficits recovered their vision completely. There was no neurological deterioration. Eight patients had normal pituitary function preoperatively, seven of whom (87.5%) had confirmed function preservation postoperatively, with one of these patients experiencing transient diabetes insipidus. The remaining patient with a hypothalamic craniopharyngioma underwent complete resection with obligatory panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. Conclusion Endoscopic endonasal transposition of the pituitary gland and its stalk can provide a valuable corridor to the retroinfundibular space and interpeduncular cistern with pituitary function preservation in the majority of patients. This approach should only be pursued once significant experience with endoscopic endonasal approaches has been acquired.
Recovering 3D tumor locations from 2D bioluminescence images and registration with CT images

In this paper, we introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for reconstructing the 3D locations of tumor sites from a set of 2D bioluminescence images which are taken by a same camera but after continually rotating the object by a small angle. Our approach requires a much simpler set up than those using multiple cameras, and the algorithmic steps in our framework are efficient and robust enough to facilitate its use in analyzing the repeated imaging of a same animal transplanted with gene marked cells. In order to visualize in 3D the structure of the tumor, we also co-register the BLI-reconstructed crude structure with detailed anatomical structure extracted from high-resolution microCT on a single platform. We present our method using both phantom studies and real studies on small animals.
Protostars and Other Neutral Condensations in HII Regions

I have been invited to report on globules and OH emission sources. However, I will extend the topic to protostars and other condensations in HII regions, of which globules and OH emission sources are only special, although rather conspicuous, objects.
The Effects of Warned Versus Unwarned Time-Out Procedures on Child Noncompliance

Mothers of twenty-four noncompliant, clinic-referred, preschool children were trained to use either a warned or unwarned time-out procedure in a clinic analog setting to suppress child noncompliance to commands. Warnings respecified the command to be followed and labeled the time-out procedures were equally effective at increasing child compliance. However, warned time-out procedures were associated with fewer actual time-outs than unwarned time-out procedures. The potential benefits of warned time-out procedures are discussed and future research needs are indicated.
Grain-boundary sliding measurements in Al2O3 by machine vision photogrammetry

The nucleation, growth and coalescence of grain-boundary cavities is the primary damage mechanism observed during creep of structural ceramics. Furthermore, grain-boundary sliding (GBS) has been identified as the driving force process. Although the creep characteristics of structural ceramics have been extensively studied, very little is known about the details of GBS during creep and how GBS relates to cavitation kinetics. This paper presents the results of a study using a machine vision system to measure Mode II GBS displacements in a Lucalox Al2O3. Specifically, sliding displacements as large as 0.4 μm were measured. The measured displacements indicate that some grain boundaries experienced shear strains and strain rates of 4200% and 2.3×10−2 s−1, respectively. The techniques utilized for these measurements are described in detail, and data gathered during a 2 1/2 h compressive creep test under a stress of 138 MPa at 1600 °C are presented and discussed.
Combined medial column primary arthrodesis, middle column open reduction internal fixation, and lateral column pinning for treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injuries

Lisfranc fracture-dislocation can be a devastating injury with significant long-term sequelae, including degenerative joint disease, progressive arch collapse, and chronic pain that can be potentiated if not effectively treated. We present a case to demonstrate our preferred surgical approach, consisting of combined medial column primary arthrodesis, middle column open reduction internal fixation, and lateral column pinning, with the primary goal of minimizing common long-term complications associated with Lisfranc injuries. We present the case of a typical patient treated according to this combined surgical approach to highlight our patient selection criteria, rationale, surgical technique, and operative pearls. A 36-year-old male who had sustained a homolateral Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injury after falling from a height initially underwent fasciotomy for foot compartment syndrome. The subsequent repair 16 days later involved primary first tarsometatarsal joint fusion, open reduction internal fixation of the second and third tarsometatarsal joints, and temporary pinning of the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints. He progressed well postoperatively, exhibiting an American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons forefoot score of 90 of 100 at 1 year after surgery with no need for subsequent treatment. Lisfranc fracture-dislocations often exhibit primary dislocation to the medial column and are conducive to arthrodesis to stabilize the tarsometatarsal complex. The middle column frequently involves comminuted intra-articular fractures and will often benefit from less dissection required for open reduction internal fixation instead of primary fusion. We propose that this surgical approach is a viable alternative technique for primary treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injuries.
Reconstructions of Information in Visual Spatial Working Memory Degrade with Memory Load

Working memory (WM) enables the maintenance and manipulation of information relevant to behavioral goals. Variability in WM ability is strongly correlated with IQ [1], and WM function is impaired in many neurological and psychiatric disorders [2, 3], suggesting that this system is a core component of higher cognition. WM storage is thought to be mediated by patterns of activity in neural populations selective for specific properties (e.g., color, orientation, location, and motion direction) of memoranda [4-13]. Accordingly, many models propose that differences in the amplitude of these population responses should be related to differences in memory performance [14, 15]. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and an image reconstruction technique based on a spatial encoding model [16] to visualize and quantify population-level memory representations supported by multivoxel patterns of activation within regions of occipital, parietal and frontal cortex while participants precisely remembered the location(s) of zero, one, or two small stimuli. We successfully reconstructed images containing representations of the remembered-but not forgotten-locations within regions of occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex using delay-period activation patterns. Critically, the amplitude of representations of remembered locations and behavioral performance both decreased with increasing memory load. These results suggest that differences in visual WM performance between memory load conditions are mediated by changes in the fidelity of large-scale population response profiles distributed across multiple areas of human cortex.
SU-F-BRD-16: Under Dose Regions Recalculated by Monte Carlo Cannot Predict the Local Failure for NSCLC Patients Treated with SBRT

Purpose: To investigate whether Monte Carlo (MC) recalculated dose distributions can predict the geometric location of the recurrence for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Methods: Thirty NSCLC patients with local recurrence were retrospectively selected for this study. The recurred gross target volumes (rGTV) were delineated on the follow-up CT/PET images and then rigidly transferred via imaging fusion to the original planning CTs. Failure pattern was defined according to the overlap between the rGTV and planning GTV (pGTV) as: (a) in-field failure (≥80%), (b) marginal failure (20%–80%), and (c) out-of-field failure (≤20%). All clinical plans were calculated initially with pencil beam (PB) with or without heterogeneity correction dependent of protocols. These plans were recalculated with MC with heterogeneity correction. Because of non-uniform dose distributions in the rGTVs, the rGTVs were further divided into four regions: inside the pGTV (GTVin), inside the PTV (PTVin), outside the pGTV (GTVout), and outside the PTV (PTVout). The mean doses to these regions were reported and analyzed separately. Results: Among 30 patients, 10 patients had infield recurrences, 15 marginal and 5 out-of-field failures. With MC calculations, D95 and D99 of the PTV were reduced by (10.6 ± 7.4)% and (11.7 ± 7.9)%. The average MC calculated mean doses of GTVin, GTVout, PTVin and PTVout were 48.2 ± 5.3 Gy, 48.2 ± 5.5 Gy, 46.3 ± 6.2 Gy and 46.6 ± 5.6 Gy, respectively. No significant dose differences between GTVin and GTVout (p=0.65), PTVin and PTVout (p=0.19) were observed, using the paired students t-test. Conclusion: Although the PB calculations underestimated the tumor target doses, the geometric location of the recurrence did not correlate with the mean doses of subsections of the recurrent GTV. Under dose regions recalculated by MC cannot predict the local failure for NSCLC patients treated with SBRT.
Some consequences of Attract F

Abstract This paper explores some consequences of Chomsky's (1995) Attract F theory. In particular, I propose a way to reconcile Attract F with some apparent evidence for Move. My analysis is based on a particular view of category movement proposed in Chomsky (1995), according to which when the category moves, two separate chains are formed: CHFF and CHCAT. CHFF is formed via Attract, whereas CHCAT (i.e., the generalized pied-piping chain) is required only for PF convergence. Crucially, the CHCAT is not formed via Attract; indeed, it does not even involve feature checking. I argue that this second chain bears the properties of Move. The idea is that once the formal feature F is attracted away from the category α, α is defective with respect to the PF interface. It therefore moves to the position where its missing feature F is located in order to remedy its own deficiency (hence Move rather than Attract). I will show that this hypothesis, within the theory of Attract, offers a way to account for reconstruction effects discussed by Barss (1986), which are often regarded as empirical evidence for Move. The proposed analysis also captures the lack of CED effects in languages such as Japanese, when applied in conjunction with the analysis of Takahashi (1994). I also motivate the necessity for certain cases of acyclic merger, which leads us toward a derivational characterization of the grammar.
THEORY OF STREAMING OF COSMIC RAYS AND THE DIURNAL VARIATION

Abstract The motion of charged particles in magnetic fields is reviewed for the purpose of understanding the observed net streaming of cosmic rays through interplanetary space. It is shown that the large-scale fields (which often reverse) give no steady streaming by themselves. Small-scale irregularities in the large-scale fields can give steady radial streaming which in the vicinity of Earth is some small fraction of the solar wind velocity. A large-scale field at the orbit of Earth with sufficient magnetic irregularity beyond gives an azimuthal streaming with the velocity of rigid rotation with the Sun. It is suggested that this rigid rotation is the origin of the observed diurnal variation.