cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues Raised Involving the Copper Hypotheses in the Causation of Alzheimer's Disease

I present evidence that the epidemic of Alzheimer's disease is a new phenomenon exploding in the latter part of the 20th century in developed countries. I postulate that a major causative factor in the epidemic is the coincident use of copper plumbing, and the ingestion of inorganic copper leaching from the copper plumbing. I present evidence to support this hypothesis and discuss various objections and criticisms that have been raised about the hypothesis, and my responses to these criticisms. I conclude that the hypothesis is well supported by the evidence and deserves serious consideration, because if it is valid, it indentifies a partially preventable cause of Alzheimer's disease.
Isolation of Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Esophagus

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for 25 min. Human esophageal resection specimens are stripped of muscularis propria and adventitia and the remaining mucosa is minced, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for up to 6 hr. Cultured cells express α-SMA and vimentin and express desmin weakly or not at all. Culture conditions are not conducive to growth of epithelial, hematopoietic, or endothelial cells. Culture purity is further confirmed by flow cytometric evaluation of cell surface marker expression of potential contaminating hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The described technique is straightforward and results in consistent generation of non-hematopoieitc, non-endothelial stromal cells. Limitations of this technique are inherent to the use of primary cultures in molecular biology studies, i.e., the unavoidable variability encountered among cultures established across different mice or humans. Primary cultures however are a more representative reflection of the in vivo state compared to cell lines. These methods also provide investigators the ability to isolate and culture stromal cells from different clinical and experimental conditions, allowing comparisons between groups. Characterized esophageal stromal cells can also be used in functional studies investigating epithelial-stromal interactions in esophageal disorders.
Plasmin cleaves human β-casein

Abstract Plasmin cleaves isolated human β-casein to form specific fragments in a manner similar to the generation of γ 1 -, γ 2 -, and γ 3 -caseins from the bovine homologue. Identification of a protein previously isolated from human milk as a specific plasmin cleaved portion of β-casein indicates that endogenous plasmin is active in whole milk. These findings suggest that protease activity should be considered in casein quantitation or isolation of components from human milk.
CPBAC: Property-based access control model for secure cooperation in online social networks

The rapid growth of online social networks (OSNs) has brought a revolutionary change in the way geographically dispersed people interact and cooperate with each other toward achieving some common goals. Recently, new ways of ad-hoc cooperation have been demonstrated during the hurricane Irene and the earthquake in Japan. In such emergency situations, OSNs have already taken a significant role as alternative social media that support altruistic information sharing and cooperation among people. However, existing cooperation approaches have not been well-organized and are highly vulnerable to security threats such as a disclosure of users' identities and the leakage of other private data because of the lack of secure cooperation mechanisms. To support secure and effective cooperation in OSNs, in this paper, we propose the CPBAC (Community-centric Property Based Access Control) model, which extends the existing CRiBAC (Community-centric Role interaction Based Access Control) model for use in OSNs to support cooperation among users. To verify the feasibility of the proposed model, we have implemented a prototype application on Facebook and have demonstrated its applicability with two working examples.
Regulation of Tn5 by the right-repeat proteins: Control at the level of the transposition reaction?

The transposon Tn5 consists of inverted repeats, called IS50R and IS50L, each of which encode two proteins. We show here that the larger protein encoded on IS50R, protein 1, is absolutely required for transposition. Deletion or insertion mutants that fail to make this protein fail to promote gene movement. In addition, his protein acts in cis preferentially. We also show that the smaller protein encoded on IS50R, protein 2, is competent to inhibit transposition of a Tn5 freshly introduced into the cell on a lambda phage. In contrast, the proteins from IS50L possess neither of these two activities. By assaying expression of proteins that are hybrids between beta-galactosidase and IS50R proteins, we find that the regulation of transposition cannot be due to the inhibitor repressing synthesis of Tn5 proteins. Control experiments, in which we assay synthesis of IS50 proteins synthesized from a lambda::IS50R that has been infected into cells carrying the transposition inhibitor, confirm this conclusion.
The Purification and Properties of a Copper Nitrite Reductase from Haloferax denitrificans

A dissimilatory nitrite reductase from Haloferax denitrificans was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. The overall purification was 125-fold with about a 1% recovery of activity. The enzyme, which had a molecular mass of 127 kDa, was composed of a 64-kDa subunit as determined by SDS-PAGE. Although maximum activity occurred in the presence of 4 M NaCl, no activity was lost when the enzyme was incubated in the absence of NaCl. The absorption spectrum had maxima at 462, 594, and 682 nm, which disappeared upon reduction with dithionite. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) was inhibitory, and the addition of copper sulfate to DDC-inhibited enzyme partially restored activity. These results suggest this enzyme is a copper-containing nitrite reductase and is the first such nitrite reductase to be described in an Archeon.
Statistical Shape and Alignment Modeling of the Lumbar Spine

The mechanics of the lumbar spine are dependent on the morphology of the vertebral bodies and their alignment. As intersubject anatomic variability is significant, this paper developed a method to characterize shape and alignment variability in the lumbar spine using statistical shape modeling techniques. The primary modes of variation between subjects were sagittal plane curvature of the spine and height of the discs. Quantifying the biomechanical variation of the lumbar spine across the population facilitates designers and clinicians in making informed decisions regarding implant sizing and component placement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Electric Polarization of Charged Particles in Square Potential Wells

The Schr\"odinger equation is considered for the case of a (charged) particle which is rigidly restricted to a finite region within which it is subject to a linear (electric) potential. Expressions are obtained for the energy and polarization of the quantum levels in the case where the field is small. Exact values for these properties in a stronger field are calculated for a few representative cases.The properties of a canonical assembly of such systems are treated. In particular, the polarization of such an assembly is determined as a function of temperature.
Ring opening metathesis polymerization catalysts

Over the past eight years, early transition metal catalysts for the ring opening metathesis polymerization of cyclic olefins have been developed. These catalysts are simple organometallic complexes containing metal carbon multiple bonds that in most cases polymerize olefins by a living process. These catalysts have been used to prepare a family of near monodispersed and structurally homogeneous polymers. A series of group VIII ROMP catalysts that allow a wide range of functionality to be incorporated into the polymer side chains have recently been prepared. This most important members of this family of complexes are the bisphosphinedihaloruthenium carbene complexes. These catalysts show excellent functional group stability and can be used to prepare well defined telechelic polymers, polyolefins with ordered functionality, and highly functionalized block copolymers.
ASSESSMENT OF BARIUM IMPREGNATED POLYETHYLENE SPHERES (BIPS®) AS A MEASURE OF SOLID‐PHASE GASTRIC EMPTYING IN NORMAL DOGS‐COMPARISON TO SCINTIGRAPHY

Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) are radiopaque markers used for investigation of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. One proposed use of the small (1.5 mm) marker is quantitative assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying, which may offer a simple, inexpensive alternative to nuclear medicine studies. In this study the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal containing 30 small BIPS was evaluated in normal dogs by simultaneous comparison of the radiopaque marker method and a scintigraphic method. Serial scintigraphic images and radiographs were obtained for 8 hours or until 95% of the markers had left the stomach. Emptying curves were constructed and statistical analyses performed. There were significant differences in gastric emptying times and lag phase characteristics between the BIPS and scintigraphic studies. These results indicate that in normal dogs there are differences in both the rate and the pattern of solid-phase gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal as assessed by scintigraphy and the gastric emptying of small BIPS.
Taster's choice: a comparative analysis of spam feeds

E-mail spam has been the focus of a wide variety of measurement studies, at least in part due to the plethora of spam data sources available to the research community. However, there has been little attention paid to the suitability of such data sources for the kinds of analyses they are used for. In spite of the broad range of data available, most studies use a single "spam feed" and there has been little examination of how such feeds may differ in content. In this paper we provide this characterization by comparing the contents of ten distinct contemporaneous feeds of spam-advertised domain names. We document significant variations based on how such feeds are collected and show how these variations can produce differences in findings as a result.
Local stability of the nerve impulse

Abstract Some general theory of nerve impulse stability is reviewed and is applied to the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. It is seen that the transition behavior of certain uniformly propagated waves with a velocity close to the velocity of an impulse has important implications with regard to stability. Numerical estimates of some of the principal objects in the stability theory for the Hodgkin-Huxley equations are given.
Planar Surface Detection and Extraction in Image Pair Taken under Urban Environment

Planar surfaces are important characteristics in man-made environments. Planes have many practical applications in computer vision and computer graphics, including camera calibration and interactive modeling. Here, we develop a plane detection method for piecewise image pair taken under urban environment. All potential planes are detected based on planar homographies estimated from Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. In order to extract the whole planes, the normalized cut method is used to segment the original images. We pick those segmented regions with maximum fit to those features satisfied with planar homographies as the whole planes. We illustrate the algorithm's performance on gray and color image pairs.
Femtosecond optics: More than just really fast

The first sub-picosecond pulses, generated 35 years ago, created many new opportunities for investigations of ultrafast phenomena in chemistry, biology, physics and engineering. Today, optical pulses of just a few femtoseconds in duration, on the order of one wavelength of light, are being created. Surprisingly, many of the potentially most important applications that have emerged do not themselves rely on the ultrafast time resolution that these pulses make possible but derive instead from the new capability for direct optical field waveform control and from related characteristics such as ultra-wide bandwidths, low temporal coherence, high peak powers, and precise timing. Some of this technology is moving out of the laboratory. At the same time, new science is still being enabled. In this talk, I will review briefly the femtosecond laser state-of-the-art and will illustrate how it enables such a wide range of uses.
Death of Solid Tumor Cells Induced by Fas Ligand Expressing Primary Myoblasts

Anticancer therapy for solid tumors suffers from inadequate methods for the localized administration of cytotoxic agents. Fas ligand (FasL) has been reported to be cytotoxic to a variety of cells, including certain tumor cell lines. We therefore postulated that myoblasts could serve as non-transformed gene therapy vehicles for the continuous localized delivery of cytotoxic anticancer agents such as FasL. However, contrary to previous reports, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses revealed that both primary mouse and human myoblasts express Fas, the receptor for FasL. To avoid self-destruction and test the cytotoxic potential of myoblasts, the cells were isolated from mice deficient in Fas (lpr/lpr), the mouse counterpart of human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). These primary mouse myoblasts were transduced with a retroviral vector encoding mouse FasL and expression of a biologically active and soluble form of the molecule was confirmed by the apoptotic demise of cocultured Fas-expressing Jurkat cells, the standard in the field. To test whether the lpr myoblasts expressing FasL could be used in anticancer therapy, human rhabdomyosarcoma derived cell lines were assayed for Fas and then tested in the apoptosis coculture assay. The majority of Fas-expressingmuscle tumor cells were rapidly killed. Moreover, FasL expressing myoblasts were remarkably potent; indeed well characterized cytotoxic antibodies to Fas were only 20% as efficient at killing rhabdomyosarcoma cells as FasL expressing myoblasts. These findings together with previous findings suggest that primary myoblasts, defective in Fas but genetically engineered to express FasL, could function as potent anticancer agents for use in the localized destruction of solid tumors in vivo by three synergistic mechanisms: (1) directly via Fas/FasL mediated apoptosis, (2) indirectly via neutrophil infiltration and immunodestruction, and (3) as allogeneic inducers of a bystander effect via B and T cells.
Pediatric calcaneal fractures.

Although operative treatment of displaced, intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus in adults is generally accepted as standard practice, operative treatment for the same fractures in the skeletally immature remains controversial, potentially because the outcome for fracture types (intra- vs. extra-articular) and severity (displaced vs. nondisplaced) have been confounded in studies of children. We review herein the results of 21 displaced, intra-articular fractures in 18 skeletally immature patients, who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using a standard surgical approach and protocol developed for adults. The average pre-operative Bohler's angle on the injured side was -5° (range: -35 - +35) compared to 31° (range: +22 - +47) on the uninjured side, indicating substantial displacement. There were no post-operative infections or wound healing problems, and all but one patient was followed to union (average follow-up: 1.5 years; range: 0.30-4.3 years). Maintenance of reduction was confirmed on follow-up radiographs with an average Bohler's angle of 31° (range: +22 - +49). We demonstrate that results for operative fixation of displaced, intra-articular calcaneal fractures in the skeletally immature are comparable to those in adults when the treatment protocol is the same.
A controlled trial of value-based insurance design - the MHealthy: Focus on Diabetes (FOD) trial

Diabetes affects over 20 million Americans, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. While medications are the cornerstone of secondary prevention, many evidence-based therapies are underutilized, and patients often cite out-of-pocket costs as the reason. Value-based insurance design (VBID) is a 'clinically sensitive' refinement to benefit design which links patient cost-sharing to therapy value; the more clinically beneficial (and valuable) a therapy is for a patient, the lower that patient's cost-sharing should be. We describe the design and implementation of MHealthy: Focus on Diabetes (FOD), a prospective, controlled trial of targeted co-payment reductions for high value, underutilized therapies for individuals with diabetes. The FOD trial includes 2,507 employees and dependents with diabetes insured by one large employer. Approximately 81% are enrolled in a single independent-practice association model health maintenance organization. The control group includes 8,637 patients with diabetes covered by other employers and enrolled in the same managed care organization. Both groups received written materials about the importance of adherence to secondary prevention therapies, while only the intervention group received targeted co-payment reductions for glycemic agents, antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, antidepressants, and diabetic eye exams. Primary outcomes include medication uptake and adherence. Secondary outcomes include health care utilization and expenditures. An interrupted time series, control group design will allow rigorous assessment of the intervention's impact, while controlling for unrelated temporal trends. Individual patient-level baseline data are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective controlled trial of co-payment reductions targeted to high-value services for high-risk patients. It will provide important information on feasibility of implementation and effectiveness of VBID in a real-world setting. This program has the potential for broad dissemination to other employers and insurers wishing to improve the value of their health care spending.
SOME MODELS IN A MUDDLE: Lineage and house in Classic Maya social organization

This commentary addresses ethnographic and theoretical problems in the recent debate over lineages and houses in Classic Maya society. On the one hand, proponents of segmentary lineage models miss ambiguities between filiation and descent, residential and corporate groups in the Maya ethnographies they use for their analogies. On the other hand, supporters of Levi-Strauss's house model fail to appreciate the relative instead of absolute differences between descent theory and alliance theory that underlie lineage and house models and make it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between them archaeologically. Both look to descriptive, largely static types derived from elsewhere and then argue which best fits Classic Maya society rather than build models that define the relevant components of social organization—filiation, descent, alliance, residence—and then theorize how differently patterned relations between these components might yield the institutional groupings we find on (or in the case of archaeology, in) the ground.
Predictors of job satisfaction among peer providers on professional treatment teams in community-based agencies.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine factors that predict job satisfaction among peer providers employed on professional treatment teams in community-based behavioral health agencies.MethodsSurveys via Internet and postal mail gathered data from 100 members of the National Association of Peer Specialists who met study criteria. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate role clarity, psychological empowerment, supervisory alliance, coworker support, and inclusion and exclusion in organizational processes as predictors of job satisfaction.ResultsThe regression analysis revealed that of the five predictors, role clarity and psychological empowerment were significant predictors of job satisfaction when analyses controlled for age, level of education, and tenure.ConclusionsThe results of this study reveal that peer providers found satisfaction in an integrated work environment that included clearly defined roles, independent functioning, and respect for the expertise that peer provi...
Gender Agreement in Adult Second Language Learners and Spanish Heritage Speakers: The Effects of Age and Context of Acquisition

This study investigates knowledge of gender agreement in Spanish L2 learners and heritage speakers, who differ in age and context/mode of acquisition. On some current theoretical accounts, persistent difficulty with grammatical gender in adult L2 acquisition is due to age. These accounts predict that heritage speakers should be more accurate on gender agreement than L2 learners, because their Spanish language acquisition started in infancy. Sixty-nine heritage speakers, 72 second language (L2) learners, and 22 native Spanish speakers were tested on their oral production, written comprehension, and written recognition of Spanish gender agreement. Results showed advantages for L2 learners in written tasks but advantages for heritage speakers in the oral task. We discuss the significance of these findings for SLA and heritage language acquisition.
Instrument configuration for dual-Doppler lidar coplanar scans: METCRAX II

The second Meteor Crater Experiment (METCRAX II) was designed to study downslope-windstorm-type flows occurring at the Barringer Meteorite Crater in Arizona. Two Doppler wind lidars were deployed to perform a coplanar dual-Doppler lidar analysis to capture the two-dimensional (2-D) vertical structure of these flows in the crater basin. This type of analysis allows the flow to be resolved on a 2-D Cartesian grid constructed in the range height indicator scan overlap region. Previous studies have shown that the dominant error in the coplanar dual-Doppler analysis mentioned above is due to the under sampling of radial velocities. Hence, it is necessary to optimize the setup and choose a scan strategy that minimizes the under sampling of radial velocities and provides a good spatial as well as temporal coverage of these short-lived events. A lidar simulator was developed using a large Eddy simulation wind field to optimize the lidar parameters for METCRAX II field experiment. A retrieval technique based on the weighted least squares technique with weights calculated based on the relative location of the lidar range gate centers to the grid intersection point was developed. The instrument configuration was determined by comparing the simulator retrievals to the background wind field and taking into account the limitations of commercially available lidars.
A human-inspired framework for bipedal robotic walking design

This work seeks virtual constraints, or outputs, that are intrinsic to human walking and utilises these outputs to construct controllers which produce human-like bipedal robotic walking. Beginning with experimental human walking data, human outputs are sought, i.e., functions of the kinematics of the human over time, which provides a low-dimensional representation of human walking. It will be shown that, for these outputs, humans act like linear mass-spring-dampers; this yields a time representation of the human outputs through canonical walking functions. Combining these formulations leads to human-inspired controllers that, when utilised in an optimisation problem, provably result in robotic walking that is as ‘human-like’ as possible. This human-inspired approach is applied to multiple human output combinations, from which it is determined which output combination results in the most human-like walking for a robotic model with mean human parameters.
Central connections of the olfactory bulb in the american opossum (didelphys virginiana): A light microscopic degeneration study

Destructive lesions were made in the right olfactory bulb of 16 adult opossums. Following postoperative survival periods of 4 to 31 days, the animals were sacrificed and perfused with 10% Formalin. Frozen sections of the brain were cut in either the coronal, horizontal, or sagittal plane and processed by the Fink-Heimer II method. Degenerating axons of olfactory bulb neurons were traced caudally in the ipsilateral lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Small lesions revealed a topographic representation of the olfactory bulb within the LOT. The dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts of the bulb were, respectively, represented in the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral parts of the LOT. Terminal degeneration was observed in the superficial half of the molecular layer ipsilaterally in the following structures: anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior hippocampal rudiment, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, ventrolateral frontal neocortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, nucleus of the LOT, and the lateral aspect of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. No degeneration was observed in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure. Dorsal and lateral parts of the olfactory bulb projected to the anterolateral aspect of the olfactory tubercle, whereas the ventral part projected heavily to the entire tubercle. There was no evidence of topographic projections to other olfactory structures. The observations of the present investigation indicated that the olfactory bulb projections in the opossum, a primitive mammal, are essentially comparable with those of placental mammals.
Experience Using Active and Passive Mapping for Network Situational Awareness

Passive network mapping has often been proposed as an approach to maintain up-to-date information on networks between active scans. This paper presents a comparison of active and passive mapping on an operational network. On this network, active and passive tools found largely disjoint sets of services and the passive system took weeks to discover the last 15% of active services. Active and passive mapping tools provided different, not complimentary information. Deploying passive mapping on an enterprise network does not reduce the need for timely active scans due to non-overlapping coverage and potentially long discovery times.
Development of Governing Equations Based on Six Fields for the RELAP Code

AbstractThe RELAP5-3D code is used to analyze nuclear reactor systems during steady-state and transient operations. Reactor transients that result in significant two-phase flow conditions and phase change, such as reflood scenarios, loss-of-coolant accidents, and others, can tax the current capabilities of the code to model the flow fields. Current codes, such as RELAP5-3D, RELAP-7, and TRACE, have mass, momentum, and energy governing equations for only two fields (liquid and vapor). The representation of two-phase flow phenomena is improved by increasing the number of fields. Therefore, governing equations based on six fields (liquid, vapor, small bubble, large bubble, small droplet, and large droplet) are derived in this paper for implementation in RELAP5-3D.
The human Cx26-D50A and Cx26-A88V mutations causing keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome display increased hemichannel activity

Mutations in the human gene encoding connexin 26 (Cx26 or GJB2) cause either nonsyndromic deafness or syndromic deafness associated with skin diseases. That distinct clinical disorders can be caused by different mutations within the same gene suggests that different channel activities influence the ear and skin. Here we use three different expression systems to examine the functional characteristics of two Cx26 mutations causing either mild (Cx26-D50A) or lethal (Cx26-A88V) keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome. In either cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, transfected HeLa cells, or transfected primary human keratinocytes, we show that both Cx26-D50A and Cx26-A88V form active hemichannels that significantly increase membrane current flow compared with wild-type Cx26. This increased membrane current accelerated cell death in low extracellular calcium solutions and was not due to increased mutant protein expression. Elevated mutant hemichannel currents could be blocked by increased extracellular calcium concentration. These results show that these two mutations exhibit a shared gain of functional activity and support the hypothesis that increased hemichannel activity is a common feature of human Cx26 mutations responsible for KID syndrome.
Efficient tridiagonal solvers on multicomputers

Three parallel algorithms, namely, the parallel partition LU (PPT) algorithm, the parallel partition hybrid (PPH) algorithm, and the parallel diagonal dominant (PDD) algorithm, are proposed for solving tridiagonal linear systems on multicomputers. These algorithms are based on the divide-and-conquer parallel computation model. The PPT and PPH algorithms support both pivoting and nonpivoting. The PPT algorithm is good when the number of processors is small; otherwise, the PPH algorithm is better. When the system is diagonal dominant, the PDD algorithm is highly parallel and provides an approximate solution which equals the exact solution within machine accuracy. Computation and communication complexities of the three algorithms are presented. All three methods have been implemented on a 64-node nCUBE-1 multicomputer. The analytic results closely match the results measured from the nCUBE-1 machine. >
Contrasting attributes of preventive health innovations

This research employed diffusion of innovations theory to contrast three different preventive health interventions by their innovation attributes. The authors gathered self-report data from organizational members within a new organizational form, the contractual network of the Cancer Information Service, a geographically dispersed federal government health information program. Innovation attributes were rated differentially, depending on the nature of the specific intervention, suggesting important theoretical and policy implications.
Strong feedbacks between hydrology and sliding of a small alpine glacier

[1] We report the spatial and temporal pattern of sliding on the 7-km-long Bench Glacier, Alaska. Using five continuously recording GPS antennas following motion of the surface ice, distributed at 1 km spacing along the glacier center line, we documented surface ice motion over 50 days during summer 2002. Surface speeds in two previous winters constrain the motion component associated with ice deformation, allowing isolation of the sliding speed history. We observed two speedup events bracketing 2 weeks of steady slow sliding. The first event was not associated with a meteorological trigger, was more subtle than the second, and propagated up-glacier at a rate of several hundred meters per day. The second event coincided with a warm up-valley wind, which triggered considerable melt of the glacier surface. Sliding speeds in this event reached 0.3 m d−1 and began almost simultaneously at all sites in the ablation area. Both the horizontal and vertical displacement time series can be explained by growth and collapse of cavities in the lee of bumps in the bedrock bed. Cavities grow during rapid sliding and decay by viscous creep. We posit that effective pressure, averaged over some large area of the bed, is inversely proportional to the sliding speed. This effective pressure then controls the collapse rate of cavities, whose dimensions are estimated from a plausible, stepped-bed geometry. This model explains well the horizontal and vertical surface displacement history through the first event and beginning of the second event. The vertical record demands a substantial and abrupt drop in water pressure that departs from the posited sliding-effective pressure relationship. We argue that this pressure drop reflects establishment of efficient subglacial drainage, also manifested in a nearly simultaneous step increase in water discharge in the exit stream. The establishment of an efficient conduit system terminates sliding; its maintenance inhibits further sliding over the remainder of the summer.
Coming to Our Senses

Ours is a nearly sense-less profession. The JAH survey, heavily weighted toward reading as a source of historical understanding, did not invite mention of enlightening paintings, musical compositions, architectural works, culinary experiences, dance performances, or, except through one question about movies, other transformative sensory encounters. Few respondents objected to these omissions. None answered the question "In addition to personal fulfillment, what value or worth do you experience in doing history?" with a comment such as "It has increased my ability to see, hear, and otherwise sense things, thereby making me better at my craft and more adequately equipped to serve my community."' I have taught in three university history departments and one art school. In the tenor of intellectual life, the differences between these four institutions were small. In what they proffered to the senses, the difference between the history departments and the art school was vast. Part of the difference was, of course, visual. Student and faculty works animate every square foot of usable art school space, competing for attention with a resident community that favors purple hair and personally sculpted clothing. But in addition, because things get made at an art school, its sensory environment resembles a factory more than an office. Going to work means encountering the smell of linseed oil, the acrid taste of the fumes produced by etching fluids, the heat of the foundry, and the sounds of table saws and kinetic sculpture. In contrast, history department facilities conveyed the message that sense organs were pedagogically irrelevant except insofar as they made possible such activities as reading books and listening to lectures. Aside from the use of slides and other audiovisual aids, sensory experiences noticeable in and of themselves usually entered classrooms as unwelcome intrusions: the clangor of nearby construction, glaring sunlight, flatulent students. What is true of historians' professional habitats is also true of the books they write and assign. In preparation for writing this essay I searched for memorable and analytically significant smells, tastes, sights, sounds, and tactile sensations in sixteen American history textbooks written over the past forty years. I restricted my search to the twentieth-century sections of the texts.2 This search led to three conclusions.
Mammalian target of rapamycin and the kidney. I. The signaling pathway.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular homeostasis and metabolism. In a two-part review, we examine the complex m...
Asthma phenotypes in adults and clinical implications

It is becoming increasingly recognized that asthma is a heterogeneous disease, whether based on clinical factors, including the patient's age at diagnosis, symptom spectrum and treatment response, triggering factors, or the level and type of inflammation. Attempts to analyze the importance of these characteristics to the clinical presentation of asthma have led to the appreciation of numerous separate and overlapping asthma phenotypes. However, these approaches are 'biased' and based on the clinician/scientist's own experience. Recently, unbiased approaches have also been attempted using both molecular and statistical tools. Early results from these approaches have supported and expanded on the clinician's concepts. However, until specific biologic markers are identified for any of these proposed phenotypes, the definitive nature of any phenotype will remain speculative.
Theorizing Practice and Practicing Theory

This paper describes the emerging field of practice theory as it is practiced in relation to organizational phenomena. We identify three approaches---empirical, theoretical, and philosophical---that relate to the what, the how, and the why of using a practice lens. We discuss three principles of the theoretical approach to practice and offer examples of how practice theory has been used in the organizational literature and in our own research. We end with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that practice theory affords organizational scholarship.
Polyvascular Disease and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Patients With Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background—The impact of polyvascular disease (peripheral arterial disease [PAD] and cerebrovascular disease [CVD]) on long-term cardiovascular outcomes among older patients with acute myocardial infarction has not been well studied. Methods and Results—Patients with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction aged ≥65 years from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) registry who survived to hospital discharge were linked to longitudinal data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (n=34 205). All patients were presumed to have coronary artery disease (CAD) and were classified into the following 4 groups: 10.7% with prior CVD (CAD+CVD group); 11.5% with prior PAD (CAD+PAD); 3.1% with prior PAD and CVD (CAD+PAD+CVD); and 74.7% with no polyvascular disease (CAD alone). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to examine the hazard of long-term mortality and composite of death or rea...
Propagation errors in VHF satellite-to-aircraft ranging

An airplane navigation system based on the measurement, at very-high frequency, of the range between the aircraft and a geostationary satellite is under development by NASA. An examination is made of the errors resulting from the unknown propagation characteristics of the signal through the ionosphere. These errors are found to be a function of the distance between subaircraft and subsatellite points. At short distances unfavorable geometry causes small ranging errors to be translated into large position errors. As the distance increases, the errors become smaller, until a minimum is reached at some 5000 km. At even larger distances the errors again increase due to the greater path length of the signal in the ionosphere. Completely disregarding ionospheric effects leads to position errors of some 5 km at a 5000-km distance during the midday period near the solar cycle maximum. By using good predictions of the ionospheric electron content, it may be possible to reduce such errors to 1 km on a representative day. Since the errors are proportional to the columnar electron content, they become correspondingly smaller at night and decrease by, roughly, a factor of 3 during the sunspot minimum period.
Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Bacteria in Dairy Farm Topsoil

In addition to human and veterinary medicine, antibiotics are extensively used in agricultural settings, such as for treatment of infections, growth enhancement, and prophylaxis in food animals, leading to selection of drug and multidrug-resistant bacteria. To help circumvent the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance, it is first necessary to understand the scope of the problem. However, it is not fully understood how widespread antibiotic-resistant bacteria are in agricultural settings. The lack of such surveillance data is especially evident in dairy farm environments, such as soil. It is also unknown to what extent various physiological modulators, such as salicylate, a component of aspirin and known model modulator of multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) genes, influence bacterial multi-drug resistance. We isolated and identified enteric soil bacteria from local dairy farms within Roosevelt County, NM, determined the resistance profiles to antibiotics associated with mar, such as chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, penicillin G, and tetracycline. We then purified and characterized plasmid DNA and detected mar phenotypic activity. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics for the isolates ranged from 6 to >50 microg/mL for chloramphenicol, 2 to 8 microg/mL for nalidixic acid, 25 to >300 microg/mL for penicillin G, and 1 to >80 microg/mL for tetracycline. On the other hand, many of the isolates had significantly enhanced MIC for the same antibiotics in the presence of 5 mM salicylate. Plasmid DNA extracted from 12 randomly chosen isolates ranged in size from 6 to 12.5 kb and, in several cases, conferred resistance to chloramphenicol and penicillin G. It is concluded that enteric bacteria from dairy farm topsoil are multidrug resistant and harbor antibiotic-resistance plasmids. A role for dairy topsoil in zoonoses is suggested, implicating this environment as a reservoir for development of bacterial resistance against clinically relevant antibiotics.
Use of contactless electroreflectance in the development of quantum cascade lasers from ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe

Electro-modulation techniques have been used extensively to analyze interband transitions in materials and devices, however little has been done to use these techniques for the analysis of intersubband transitions in materials and devices. In this work, contactless electroreflectance has been used to determine the conduction band offset of ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe quantum well structures. Toward the development of quantum cascade lasers, multi-quantum well structures with intersubband absorption at 178 meV were analyzed using contactless electro-reflectance. Finally, quantum cascade laser structures were designed for emission at 4.8 μm. The multiquantum well structures presented an excellent agreement between the designed and measured absorption and emission, respectively. This work demonstrates that contactless electro-reflectance can accurately determine the conduction band offset and is useful in the analysis of intersubband transitions.
Telescoping Self-Aligned Metal-Catalyzed Carbon Nanotube Piezoresistors As Strain Gauges

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bridges, grown using low-pressure metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition technique between silicon posts, were used as tiny piezoresistors to monitor vibration and bending/deformation of silicon cantilever beams. The weld strength of CNTs measured using atomic force microscope was larger than 100 nN/CNT and their full-scale resistance change was larger than 105 Omega.The effective longitudinal piezoresistivity of these CNTs was larger than 4 times 10-8 Pa-1 which is larger than that of Pi44 in silicon.
Advances in the understanding of sickle cell anemia.

The past decade has seen a significant expansion in our understanding of sickle cell anemia—with much clinical promise. The objective in this disease is, of course, prevention of polymerization and sickling, and the more we learn about custom-making molecules to intervene in specific molecular interactions, the closer we come to being able to achieve that goal.
Abstract A19: Acceptability of the Pap test versus an HPV self-sampler for cervical cancer screening among women of Haitian descent

Purpose: Cervical cancer screening disparities have been acknowledged in cities with growing Haitian populations. These disparities are attributed to high incidence and low cervical screening rates. There are barriers leading to increased disease incidence and hindering cervical cancer screenings. The purpose of this research is to replicate an evidence-based cervical cancer screening intervention Pap tes Lakay (Haitian Creole for at home Pap test). Implementing this intervention may serve as an effective strategy to help eliminate cervical cancer screening barriers in at-risk communities, including women of Haitian descent in Metro-Atlanta. Pursuit of this research endeavor will also assess cervical cancer screening preference (Self-Sampling for Human papillomavirus versus Papanicolaou test) among program participants. Methods: Pap tes Lakay is a culturally-effective approach to the cervical cancer screening disparity among Haitian women. Through this community-based participatory research (CBPR) intervention, Kobetz et al. disseminated linguistically- and culturally-appropriate cervical cancer prevention education to Haitian women utilizing community health workers (CHWs). CHWs demonstrated proper use of an HPV Self-Sampler, a device that detects abnormal cervical cell growth and other abnormalities. Investigators will replicate this evidence-based cervical cancer screening intervention and recruit and train bilingual Haitian American CHWs. CHWs will solicit participant informed consent, administer baseline surveys, deliver education, demonstrate proper Self-Sampler use, and administer post surveys. Results: A University of Miami study demonstrated high acceptability of an at-home HPV Self-Sampler. Implementation of Pap tes Lakay proved efficacious in increasing cervical cancer screening among Haitian women in South Florida. Previous results indicate 98% would recommend the HPV Self-Sampler to friends and family; 96% felt comfortable using it and 95% thought that it was easy to use. Discussion: The high rates of acceptance indicate that self-sampling may be a viable alternative to increasing cervical cancer prevention among this underserved population. This demonstrates Pap tes Lakay is a culturally-appropriate method to address cervical cancer screening disparities among women of Haitian heritage. Future plans include implementation of this evidence-based intervention in Metro Atlanta and assessing cervical screening preference among women of Haitian descent. Citation Format: Francesca Damus, Selina A. Smith, Ernest Alema-Mensah, Erin N. Kobetz. Acceptability of the Pap test versus an HPV self-sampler for cervical cancer screening among women of Haitian descent. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A19. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A19
Robust random cut forest based anomaly detection on streams

In this paper we focus on the anomaly detection problem for dynamic data streams through the lens of random cut forests. We investigate a robust random cut data structure that can be used as a sketch or synopsis of the input stream. We provide a plausible definition of non-parametric anomalies based on the influence of an unseen point on the remainder of the data, i.e., the externality imposed by that point. We show how the sketch can be efficiently updated in a dynamic data stream. We demonstrate the viability of the algorithm on publicly available real data.
A foul and awesome display

(1975). A foul and awesome display. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 40-46.