cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social and Economic Cost and Payoffs of Industrialization in International Textile/Apparel Trade

The focus of this paper is on the social costs and benefits associated with economic shifts in international textile and apparel trade and industrialization. Because these changes are important. vi...
Motor-cargo interactions: the key to transport specificity.

Abstract Eukaryotic cells organize their cytoplasm by moving different organelles and macromolecular complexes along microtubules and actin filaments. These movements are powered by numerous motor proteins that must recognize their respective cargoes in order to function. Recently, several proteins that interact with motors have been identified by yeast two-hybrid and biochemical analyses, and their roles in transport are now being elucidated. In several cases, analysis of the binding partners helped to identify new transport pathways, new types of cargo, and transport regulated at the level of motor–cargo binding. We discuss here how different motors of the kinesin, dynein and myosin families recognize their cargo and how motor–cargo interactions are regulated.
Planning a Congressional Archives at Loyola University Chicago

ABSTRACT The Daniel Rostenkowski papers became the first Congressional papers collection at Loyola University Chicago in 1995. The papers of a high profile alumnus, the University Libraries decided to create a stand-alone archive for the collection. This article describes the history of the collection, several attempts to create a stand-alone archive, and the collecting policy that was eventually created to guide the development of the archive.
Respiratory control in submitochondrial particles and Ca++ transport.

Abstract Submitochondrial particles obtained from beef heart mitochondria by sonic disruption accumulated Ca ++ during DPNH oxidation but not during succinate oxidation. Rotenone or antimycin inhibited the accumulation of Ca ++ . Oxidation of DPNH but not of succinate was stimulated 4 to 5 fold by Ca ++ . Uncouplers such as carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone did not stimulate the oxidation of either DPNH or succinate and did not prevent the accumulation of Ca ++ . These findings could not be explained by a lack of energy production with succinate as substrate, since both DPNH and succinate catalyzed oxidative phosphorylation with P:O ratios of 1.0 and 0.6 respectively.
The isotopic composition of strontium in late-Cenozoic basalts from the Basin-Range province, western United States

Abstract The isotopic composition of strontium haa been measured in thirty-four late-Cenozoic basaltic lavas from the Basin-Range province and adjacent areas in the western United States. The 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios observed range from 0.7032 to 0.7104. However, most of the analyzed Basin-Range and Colorado Plateau basalts have 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios in the range of those measured in oceanic basalts. Some systematic variations in 87 Sr 86 Sr are observed in going from the Basin-Range province and Colorado Plateaus to adjacent areas. Generally, basalts from the Sierra Nevada “sub-province”, the Rio Grande Depression, and the northern Basin-Range province have higher 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios. In most cases these variations in isotopic composition seem to arise from isotopic differences in the source regions rather than from crustal contamination of ascending magmas. A petrologic model, incorporating magmatic mantle intrusion into the uppermost mantle beneath the Basin-Range province, is suggested to explain the observed variations in isotopic composition in volcanic rocks from this region. In this model the anomalously thin Basin-Range crust is attributed to partial melting and mobilization of the lower portion of an originally thicker Precambrian crust. This model appears to reasonably explain the evolution of Cenozoic volcanic activity in this region.
Privacy Concerns and Disclosure Behavior in a Health Setting.

Health care practitioners need complete and accurate information to provide quality care to their patients. However, health information is considered to be highly private. Patients may have concerns about disclosing such information, especially if asked to provide this information using technology. The goal of this study was to investigate how participants' experience with a technology affect their level of disclosure in a health setting. Specifically, we were interested in understanding how the use of a health database system influences the disclosure of private health information. We asked 12 younger and 12 older adults to interact with a computerized health data entry system and then to rate the completeness and accuracy of their intended disclosures. Results indicate that, for the most part, participants would provide complete and accurate information using such a system. Younger adults were less likely than older adults to intend to disclose sensitive information, suggesting that additional informati...
Micro-optical grayscale excitation lenses for atom and ion trapping.

Designing and integrating micro-optical components into atom and ion traps are enabling steps toward miniaturizing trap dimensions in quantum computation applications. The micro-optic must have a high numerical aperture for precise illumination of the ion and should not introduce scatter. Due to the extreme optical efficiency requirements in trapped ion and atom-based quantum information processing, even slight losses from integrated micro-optics are detrimental. We have designed and fabricated aspheric micro-lenses through grayscale transfer into a fused silica in an effort to realize increased transmissive efficiency and decreased scatter compared to an equivalent diffractive optical element. The fabricated grayscale lens profile matched the desired lens profile well, and the measured and predicted optical performances were in good agreement. The pattern was transferred via coupled plasma reactive-ion etching smoothly into the fused silica with a RMS roughness ~ 35 nm. The micro-lens had a diameter of 88 um and 14.2 um sag, with an as-designed focal length of 149 um and spot diameter of 2.6 um. The maximum measured efficiency was ~80% (86% of theoretical, possibly due to rms roughness). This realized efficiency is superior to the equivalent diffractive lens efficiency, designed to the same use parameters. The grayscale approach demonstrated an increase in collection efficiency, at the desired optical focal length, providing the potential for further refinement.
A General Equilibrium Model of Multi-Party Competition

The paper introduces a generalized spatial model that is motivated by the frequent changes in party identity and electoral laws that characterize transitional party systems. In this model, parties may (1) change their platforms, (2) their identities through coalitions and splits and (3) if they form a winning coalition, the electoral law. The equilibrium is defined as a state such that no party or coalition can strictly benefit from changing the electoral law, its platform, or from splitting or coalescing. The results show that while there are games with no institutional or coalitional-split equilibria, such equilibria do exist under relatively undemanding conditions. The main finding is that once an institutional and identity equilibrium is achieved, it is generically robust against small trembles in party platforms or voter preferences. This robustness facilitates greater stability in terms of institutions and party identities in mature party systems where such trembles are smaller than in transitional systems.
No differences in egg buoyancy and anti-freeze protein production in genetically divergent subpopulations of Gulf of Maine Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)

Abstract Locally-adapted subpopulations of Atlantic cod are found in both the northwest and northeast Atlantic and exhibit differences in morphology, behavior and physiological characteristics. We conducted experiments to determine if demonstrable differences were evident in egg buoyancy and antifreeze glycoprotein production between captive populations of genetically divergent winter and spring-spawning cod from the Gulf of Maine. Fertilized eggs (
Extrudate swell during the melt spinning of fibers—influence of rheological properties and take‐up force

A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on extrudate swell B, especially the influence of rheological properties and applied take-up force on the emerging melt. The problem is analyzed in terms of (1) dimensional analysis, (2) force–momentum balances, (3) partially constrained elastic recovery. Analyses in terms of force–momentum balances are only able to give extrudate swell B in the asymptote of high Reynolds numbers. For low Reynolds numbers, they simply relate the take-up force to the pressure field in the spinneret. Increasing the take-up force predicts a decrease in the exit pressure. The partially constrained elastic recovery theory yields an expression for B as a decreasing function of applied take-up force. Specifically, this is where B(0) is the extrudate swell in the absence of applied forces, λeff is the effective relaxation time, μ is viscosity (both evaluated at the capillary wall), and D is the spinneret capillary diameter. An experimental study of extrudate swell of several rheologically characterized melts (high density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) has been carried out at 180°C by four different methods (frozen, annealed in hot silicone oil, photographed emerging into air, photographed emerging through 180°C silicone oil) in the absence of applied take-up forces. Extrudate swell for a melt emerging from dies with differing diameters correlates with capillary-wall shear rate. A comparison of extrudate swell with normal stress–shear stress ratio shows the best agreement for frozen extrudates and photographs of melts emerging into air. The data is compared to the Tanner theory of extrudate swell. B has been determined during melt spinning and shown to be a function of take-up force for both a high-density polyethylene and polypropylene melt. B decreases rapidly with applied take-up stresses. The results are compared to the predictions of the partially constrained elastic recovery theory.
Minority Stress and Physical Health Among Sexual Minorities

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals suffer serious mental health disparities relative to their heterosexual peers, and researchers have linked these disparities to difficult social experiences (e.g., antigay victimization) and internalized biases (e.g., internalized homophobia) that arouse stress. A recent and growing body of evidence suggests that LGB individuals also suffer physical health disparities relative to heterosexuals, ranging from poor general health status to increased risk for cancer and heightened diagnoses of cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. Despite recent advances in this literature, the causes of LGB physical health problems remain relatively opaque. In this article, we review empirical findings related to LGB physical health disparities and argue that such disparities are related to the experience of minority stress-that is, stress caused by experiences with antigay stigma. In light of this minority stress model, we highlight gaps in the current literature and outline five research steps necessary for developing a comprehensive knowledge of the social determinants of LGB physical health.
Increased Career Self-Efficacy Predicts College Students’ Motivation, and Course and Major Satisfaction:

In two studies, we assessed the effectiveness of a careers in psychology course in increasing students’ career decision self-efficacy, and the role of increased career decision self-efficacy in predicting motivation as well as course, and major satisfaction. Students completed assignments involving career self-exploration, planning future semesters, resume creation, job search, interviewing a professional in the field, exploring subfields, visiting a research lab, and internship opportunities. In Study 1, paired-sample t-tests for 79 students revealed significant increases in career decision self-efficacy. In Study 2, at pretest and posttest, 226 students completed measures of career decision self-efficacy, self-determined motivation, career information, course, and major satisfaction. Regression analyses indicated that career self-efficacy explained significant variance in self-determined motivation, course, and major satisfaction. Further, perceived gains in career information mediated the relationship ...
The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature

This article critically reviewed the research addressing the epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. Articles were identified through a search of Medline and Psychinfo. Findings indicate a lifetime prevalence of NSSI ranging from 13.0% to 23.2%. Reasons for engaging in NSSI include to regulate emotion and to elicit attention. Correlates of NSSI include a history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, alexithymia, hostility, smoking, dissociation, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors. Suggested areas of future research include identifying the psychiatric diagnoses associated with NSSI among adolescents, determining the temporal link between NSSI and suicide attempts, learning more about the course of NSSI, understanding the biological underpinnings of NSSI, and identifying effective treatments for NSSI in adolescents.
Teaching the LD Child to Read Through Visual Imagery

Those of us who have worked with learning-disabled children over a period of years know of children whom we cannot seem to teach no matter how motivated they (and we!) are. Barry was such a child. He was referred to our Florida learning laboratory in January, 1972. At that time he was twelve years, nine months old and was failing the sixth grade in all subjects except mathematics. He has been "socially promoted" for a number of years, and had received daily instruction in a reading resource center for the past three years. In spite of these efforts he was functioning two and one half years below grade level in reading as measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PI AT). His spelling was equally poor. His IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, was in the superior range. Barry was accepted into the learning laboratory and a remedial program was devised based on the results of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (DTLA) and the Slingerland Screening Tests for Identifying Children with Specific Language Disability. Although standard remedial techniques were employed, very little progress was noted until an approach utilizing "words in pictures" was implemented. Visual imagery has been used as a mnemonic aid by classical orators (Jones 1974), mnemonists
Nucleic Acid Content of Bovine Bone Marrow, Muscle and Mechanically Deboned Beef

The purpose of this study was to quantify nucleic acids in bone marrow and to determine if nucleic acid levels in mechanically deboned meat (MDM) which contains marrow are high enough to be nutritionally hazardous. Bone marrow from cervical and lumbar vertebrae, MDM and longissimus muscle samples were analyzed for DNA and RNA. Nucleic acid concentrations in marrow were influenced by class of animal and by anatomical location of bones. Marrow, MDM and muscle averaged 20.3, 7.6, and 1.4 mg DNA/g, and 1.9, 0.7 and 0.4 mg RNA/g respectively, indicating that increased levels of marrow in MDM would increase nucleic acid content. Nevertheless, processed meat is limited to 20% of the meat block as MDM. At this level processed meats would contain moderate amounts of nucleic acids which would not be substantially greater than levels already found in processed meat.
A taxonomy of reasoning flaws in the anti-vaccine movement

In a scholarly analysis of widely held misconceptions, Gilovich provides a classification scheme of common flaws in reasoning seen in contemporary society. He broadly categorizes these flaws as having cognitive determinants or in having motivational and social determinants. In this survey, the authors examine the various claims against routine childhood and adult vaccines as made by the more public and more organized entities of the anti-vaccine movement as well as those made apparent by surveys of parents and other groups of individuals. The claims illustrate the breadth of reasoning flaws while providing a basis for anticipating and correcting them.
On robustness analysis with non-diagonally structured uncertainty

The authors study the structured singular value for a class of robustness analysis problems in which the uncertainty is allowed to be non-diagonally structured, and the norm of each block is individually considered. The results extend previous work conducted for problems where each uncertainty block is assumed to be a scalar. Computations of this generalization notion via both the similarity and nonsimilarity scaling methods are investigated. It is shown in particular that under certain circumstances the structured singular value defined here coincides with a vector-induced norm. >
The military family in review: context, risk, and prevention.

The authors review the research literature concerning the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction in military families and describe background factors affecting the incidence of dysfunction in military settings. They review available research concerning specific risk factors, including father absence, war and combat stress, geographic mobility, retirement, cross-cultural family constellations, and authoritarian military structure. They discuss variables that may mediate the effects of these risk factors, describe preventive principles and approaches, and clarify issues requiring further investigation.
Fast and scalable parallel matrix computations on distributed memory systems

We present fast and scalable parallel computations for a number of important and fundamental matrix problems on distributed memory systems (DMS). These problems include computing the powers, the inverse, the characteristic polynomial, the determinant, the rank, the Krylov matrix, and an LU- and a QR-factorization of a matrix, and solving linear systems of equations. These parallel computations are based on efficient implementations of the fastest sequential matrix multiplication algorithm on DMS. We show that compared with the best known time complexities on PRAM, our parallel matrix computations achieve the same speeds on distributed memory parallel computers (DMPC), and have an extra polylog factor in the time complexities on DMS with hypercubic networks. Furthermore, our parallel matrix computations are fully scalable on DMPC and highly scalable over a wide range of system size on DMS with hypercubic networks. Such fast and scalable parallel matrix computations were not seen before on any distributed memory systems.
A case for cannibalism: Confamilial and conspecific predation by naticid gastropods, Cretaceous through Pleistocene of the United States Coastal Plain

Cannibalism is a common phenomenon in animals, but some previous authors have concluded that cannibalism by shell-drilling naticid gastropods was caused by predator ineptitude, especially early in the evolution of naticids. The suggestion that naticids were less efficient predators earlier in their history may be considered consistent with the hypothesis of escalation. According to the hypothesis of escalation, biological hazards, such as predation, have increased through geologic time. If naticids were less efficient early in their history, and if cannibalism is an indicator of predator ineptitude, then the incidence of cannibalism should be greatest early in the history of the naticid predator-prey system. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted a temporal decrease in the frequency of cannibalism. We tested this hypothesis by determining the incidence of predation by naticid gastropods on naticid gastropods, including intraspecific cannibalism, from the Cretaceous through the Pleistocene. Drilling frequencies (percent of naticid specimens with complete naticid drillholes) were determined for samples of naticids from twenty-three stratigraphic levels in the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain (∼3,400 naticid specimens).
Spatial Externalities, Spatial Multipliers, And Spatial Econometrics

This article outlines a taxonomy of spatial econometric model specifications that incorporate spatial externalities in various ways. The point of departure is a reduced form in which local or globa...
Recruiting older men for geriatric suicide research.

Background: Clinical research is required to develop and evaluate suicide prevention interventions in the elderly. However, there is insufficient information available about how to best recruit suicidal older adults for such research. This study evaluated the success and efficiency of five recruitment strategies for a clinical trial on the efficacy of cognitive therapy for suicidal older men. Methods: For each strategy, the numbers of individuals approached, screened, and enrolled were calculated, and the expenses and time associated with each enrollment estimated. Men who were 60 years or older and who had a desire for suicide over the past month were eligible for the trial. Results: Of 955 individuals considered for trial, 33 were enrolled. Most enrollments were sourced from the Veterans Affairs Behavioral Health Laboratory. Recruiting form this source was also the most time and cost efficient recruitment strategy in the study. Conclusions: Recruitment strategies are effective when they are based on collaborative relationships between researchers and providers, and utilize an existing infrastructure for involving patients in ongoing research opportunities. Language: en
Laparoscopic colectomy for colon adenocarcinoma: an 11-year retrospective review with 5-year survival rates

Laparoscopic colectomy for the management of colon cancer remains a controversial therapeutic option, especially when the outcomes are compared with the historically accepted survival data and recurrence rates after open surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates after laparoscopic colon resection for invasive colon adenocarcinoma. A total of 129 patients underwent consecutive laparoscopic colectomies for colon adenocarcinoma (between April 1992 and 2004 January) by a single surgeon at a single institution. Records were analyzed retrospectively and follow-up data was obtained. The Student t-test, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival data were used for statistical analysis. After patients with noninvasive disease on final pathology were excluded, the study population comprised 88 patients who underwent laparoscopic colectomies for invasive colon cancer with > 2 years of follow-up. Of these cases, 81 (93%) were amenable for complete follow-up at 11years (41 women and 40 men; mean age, 76 years). Mean follow-up was 61 months. There was one perioperative death (1.2%), and the overall postoperative morbidity rate was 13.6%. The average number of lymph nodes harvested was 10.1 (±6). There were no port site recurrences. The Kaplan-Meier survival data were as follows for 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival, respectively stage I (n = 34) 89% and 89%; stage II (n = 22), 65% and 59%; stage III (n = 19), 72% and 67%; stages I–III combined, (n = 75), 77% and 73%. For this specific cohort of patients undergoing curative laparoscopic colectomies for invasive colon adenocarcinoma, the mean follow-up was > 5 years. Overall survival and disease-free survival for stage I, II, and III colon cancer as well as for stages I–III combined are favorable and comparable to historically acceptable open colectomy survival rates. Overall survival and disease-free survival after laparoscopic colectomy for invasive colon cancer is no worse, and perhaps better than, the previously reported rates for the same procedure done by an open technique.
Mode of attachment and lesions associated with trypanorhynch cestodes in the gastrointestinal tracts of two species of sharks collected from coastal waters of Borneo

Lesions associated with two species of tapeworms within the digestive tract of wild-caught specimens of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and the sicklefin weasel shark, Hemigaleus microstoma, from Malaysian Borneo are described. Portions of the glandular stomach and pyloric gut with parasites were removed and fixed in 10% formalin buffered in sea water. Whole mounts, histological sections of tissues with and without worms in situ, and scanning electron microscopy images of detached worms were examined. Both species of cestodes belonged to the trypanorhynch family Tentaculariidae. Heteronybelinia estigmena was found in large numbers parasitizing the pyloric gut of C. leucas; an unidentified tentaculariid was found in relatively small numbers in both the glandular stomach and pyloric gut of H. microstoma. Both species burrowed their scoleces deeply in the mucosa and attached via hooked tentacles and unciniform microtriches of the scolex. The lesions induced by the parasites were marked in both sharks and ranged from acute necrotizing to chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis. Regenerative hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia of gastric epithelium were also present. The severity and character of pathology was causally linked to the intensity of infection, the attachment mode of the parasites, and to the anatomophysiological relationships within the gut of the host shark.
Latency Hiding in Multi-Threading and Multi-Processing of Network Applications

Network processors employ a multithreaded, chip-multiprocessing architecture to effectively hide memory latency and deliver high performance for packet processing applications. In such a parallel paradigm, when multiple threads modify a shared variable in the external memory, the threads should be properly synchronized such that the accesses to the shared variable are protected by critical sections. Therefore, in order to efficiently harness the performance potential of network processors, it is critical to hide the memory latency and synchronization latency in multi-threading and multiprocessing. In this paper, we present a novel program transformation used in the Intelreg Auto-partitioning C Compiler for IXP, which perform optimal placement of memory access instructions and synchronization instructions for effective latency hiding. Experimental results show that the transformation provides impressive speedup (up-to to 8.5x) and scalability (up- to 72 threads) of the performance for the real-world network application (a 10Gbps Ethernet Core/Metro Router).
Context-based Arabic Morphological Analysis for Machine Translation

In this paper, we present a novel morphology preprocessing technique for Arabic-English translation. We exploit the Arabic morphology-English alignment to learn a model removing nonaligned Arabic morphemes. The model is an instance of the Conditional Random Field (Lafferty et al., 2001) model; it deletes a morpheme based on the morpheme's context. We achieved around two BLEU points improvement over the original Arabic translation for both a travel-domain system trained on 20K sentence pairs and a news domain system trained on 177K sentence pairs, and showed a potential improvement for a large-scale SMT system trained on 5 million sentence pairs.
The kinetics of polyarylate hydrolytic embrittlement

The hydrolysis of polyarylate in water between 55 and 98°C was found to be a zero-order process with an activation energy of 19.2 kcal/mol, determined by changes in molecular weight. The equation for the effect of temperature on the rate of hydrolysis is ln k = 34.1 − 104/T, where k is in day−1. The decrease in molecular weight is accompanied by a loss in ductility. The transition from a ductile to brittle failure in tension occurs at Mw of about 35,000 and Mn of 12,700. At 27°C (80°F) and high humidity environment this would occur after 21 years. But during injection molding, the material, if not properly dried, would embrittle in a matter of seconds.
Reducing Greenhouse Gases from Buildings in the San Diego Region: An Analysis of Local Government Policy Options

This paper evaluates a range of policies within local government authority to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric and natural gas use associated with buildings. San Diego County is ...
Acc Garden Center (a)

This case provides projected activation for a new business during the first year. Students are asked to prepare a transition analysis and financial statements for the year, based on the projected events.
Interdiction of Asylum Seekers: The Realms of Policy and Law in Refugee Protection

This brief essay was prepared for a Yale conference marking the 20th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, which upheld the legality of U.S. interdiction of Haitian asylum seekers. Refugee protection for decades has been a product of both policy and law. The Sale decision recognized that mix, leaving it to policy decisions how far to extend protection procedures beyond the national boundaries of a party to the refugee treaties. This stance is broadly consistent with the original intent of the UN treaties and with a candid assessment of ongoing commitments in the refugee law field, both by governments and by the electorate in democratic countries. States adhering to the treaties intended to create a legal floor assuring the most fundamental protections, not a whole edifice. Policy decisions are in general less consistent and less reliable than legal guarantees, but they can engage a wider range of protection actions. For example, President Clinton later pivoted from the policies his administration defended in Sale, ultimately sending U.S. troops, pursuant to a UN Security Council resolution, to oust the Haitian generals and restore the elected government. This action resulted in human rights gains for more Haitians than relocation could have afforded. The essay describes reasons for skepticism about the realism and long-term impact of recent decisions in Europe and in various international tribunals, such as the Hirsi Jamaa decision, which found interdiction in the Mediterranean inconsistent with the European Convention on Human Rights. Such decisions mistakenly portray the treaties as monothematic, having only protection of refugees as their object and purpose. In fact, the treaties have multiple, complex objectives, intended to sustain a balance between genuine protection and the preservation of core national control over migration. The effort to make all migrant protection a function of law, squeezing out policy decisions, both jeopardizes indispensable public support and is likely to have limited success. The impulse to maintain reasonable control of migration will still find expression, for example through arrangements with transit countries for the latter’s officers to carry out control measures.
Distributive and Reciprocal Fairness: What Can We Learn from Heterogeneous Social Preferences?

This study evaluates people’s concerns for distributive fairness (equality of outcomes and payoffs to those worse-off) and reciprocal fairness (receiving what one is due based on one’s past actions) utilizing dictator, ultimatum, and trust games. In the dictator games we classify individuals’ preferences as self-interested, inequity averse, efficiency maximizing, or compassionate social surplus maximizing. We find that the different utility functions of the social preference types guide participants’ behavior in the ultimatum and trust games. The self-interested and efficiency maximizers make the lowest offers in the ultimatum game, are least likely to reject a low offer in the ultimatum game, and send back the least amount in the trust game. Consistent with the goal of maximizing the sum of payoffs however, efficiency maximizers and compassionate social surplus maximizers make the highest offers in the trust game, and in attempts to ensure equal outcomes, inequity averters make low offers. Because those classified as self-interested or efficiency maximizing do not exhibit concern for pure distributive fairness, we can identify choices, in particular positive offers in the ultimatum games and positive amounts sent back in the trust games, as motivated only by concerns for reciprocal fairness. Furthermore, we find strong evidence supporting concern for reciprocal fairness in the trust games where the modal response of second movers in all preference groups is to equalize payments across participants.
Two-Dimensional Shallow Water-Wave Models

For two-dimensional unsteady flow in shallow water, real characteristic surfaces exist. Their envelope is a quadric conoid, whose curvilinear rays serve as paths for the transmission of information in t-x-y space. The original equations of flow can be reduced along these rays, called bicharacteristics to equations containing differentiation in one less direction. Simplified numerical methods can be developed, utilizing this property of the equations, that are superior to both finite difference and finite element techniques. Three numerical characteristic networks of varying complexity are tested for accuracy and stability with flow problems that involve both subcritical and supercritical flow. The solution proceeds in specified time intervals by extending the bicharacteristics backwards until they intersect a plane on which the flow conditions can be found by interpolation from known data. Finally, the most accurate numerical network is applied to the computation of a highly two-dimensional wave propagating on a dry bed.
Boundaries of sexual communication: a mixed-method study exploring Chinese young adults' engagement with online sexual health information.

Background: Although previous research suggests that a majority of Chinese young adults get sexual health information through the Internet, the details of this process and how it translates into subsequent actions are unknown. This study aims to understand the dynamic nature of Chinese young adults’ engagement with online sexual health information (OSHI) through various communication channels to inform the development of effective sexual health intervention strategies. Methods: A mixed-method approach was used, involving individual semi-structured interviews (n = 30) and cross-sectional online surveys (n = 561) with Chinese young adults aged 18 to 25 years. Qualitative themes and prevalence and predictors of engagement with OSHI were analysed. Results: Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) problem-based searching; (2) multi-criteria evaluation; and (3) stigma of online sharing and discussion. After engaging with OSHI, 87.3% of the survey participants followed online advice on at least one occasion, and 54.9% discussed this information with others (mostly with partners and friends) offline. Having sexual intercourse in the past 3 months was a consistent predictor of engagement with OSHI (P < 0.05). Contrary to previous findings, participants with higher family income were more likely to engage with OSHI (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Chinese young adults obtain sexual health information from online sources when personal problems arise and then circulate this information offline within their peer networks. Although social media interventions have shown some promise, researchers should first increase risk awareness and be cautious about designing programs that promote online sharing or discussion. Finally, researchers need to make extra effort to target young adults with limited resources.
Hydrogen-bond symmetry in difluoromaleate monoanion.

The symmetry of the hydrogen bond in hydrogen difluoromaleate monoanion is probed by X-ray crystallography and by the NMR method of isotopic perturbation in water, in two aprotic organic solvents, and in an isotropic liquid crystal. The X-ray crystal structure of potassium hydrogen difluoromaleate shows a remarkably short O–O distance of 2.41 A and equal O–H distances of 1.206 A, consistent with a strong and symmetric hydrogen bond. Incorporation of 18O into one carboxyl group allows investigation of the symmetry of the H-bond in solution by the method of isotopic perturbation. The 19F NMR spectra of the mono-18O-substituted monoanion in water, CD2Cl2, and CD3CN show an AB spin system, corresponding to fluorines in different environments. The difference is attributed to the perturbation of the acidity of a carboxylic acid by 18O, not to the mere presence of the 18O, because the mono-18O dianion shows equivalent fluorines. Therefore, it is concluded that the monoanion exists as an equilibrating pair of int...
The behavioral benefits of other people's failures

Few organizational failures involve all members of an organization; in many cases, many people are uninvolved. The current research examined the responses of the uninvolved actors. Several literatu...
Contract grading in the interpersonal communication course

The writer stresses the advantage of contract grading as a viable means of reducing the element of threat which impedes the use of effective interpersonal communication skills between teacher and student. She provides a sample contract which identifies the cognitive levels utilized, according to Bloom's taxonomy, in the contract options.
Technological Change and Professional Control in the Professoriate

Scholarship on technological change in academe suggests that the adoption of instructional technologies will erode professional control. Researchers have documented the pervasiveness of new technol...
Wide-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals that cold treatment of T cells closely mimics soluble antibody stimulation

The activation of T lymphocytes through antigen-mediated T cell receptor (TCR) clustering is vital in regulating the adaptive immune response. Although T cell receptor signaling has been extensively studied, the fundamental mechanisms for signal initiation are not fully understood. Reduced temperatures have initiated some of the hallmarks of TCR signaling, such as increased phosphorylation and activation on ERK and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as coalesced the T cell membrane microdomains. The precise mechanism of the TCR signaling initiation due to temperature change remains obscure. One critical question is whether the signaling initiated by the cold treatment of T cells differs from the signaling initiated by the cross-linking of the T cell receptor. To address this uncertainty, we performed a wide-scale, quantitative mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis on T cells stimulated either by temperature shifts or through the cross-linking of the TCR. Careful statistical comparisons between the two stimulations revealed a striking level of identity among the subset of 339 sites that changed significantly with both stimulations. This study demonstrates for the first time, in unprecedented detail, that T cell cold treatment was sufficient to initiate signaling patterns that were nearly identical to those of soluble antibody stimulation, shedding new light on the mechanism of activation of these critically important immune cells.
TCAP: Negative results in avoidance and water maze learning and retention

The effects of TCAP, a compound reported to stimulate RNA synthesis, were studied in avoidance learning and water maze learning in rats. Contrary to a published study on avoidance learning and some unpublished data on water maze learning, neither situation revealed facilitation of acquisition or retention by TCAP.
Spline surface interpolation for calculating 3-D ventricular strains from MRI tissue tagging

A method is developed and validated for approximating continuous smooth distributions of finite strains in the ventricles from the deformations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue tagging "tag lines" or "tag surfaces." Tag lines and intersections of orthogonal tag lines are determined using a semiautomated algorithm. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the displacement field on tag surfaces is performed using two orthogonal sets of MRI images and employing spline surface interpolation. The 3-D regional ventricular wall strains are computed from an initial reference image to a deformed image in diastole or systole by defining a mapping or transformation of space between the two states. The resultant mapping is termed the measurement analysis solution and is defined by determining a set of coefficients for the approximating functions that best fit the measured tag surface displacements. Validation of the method is performed by simulating tag line or surface deformations with a finite element (FE) elasticity solution of the heart and incorporating the measured root-mean-square (rms) errors of tag line detection into the simulations. The FE-computed strains are compared with strains calculated by the proposed procedure. The average difference between two-dimensional (2-D) FE-computed strains and strains calculated by the measurement analysis was 0.022 +/- 0.009 or 14.2 +/- 3.6% of the average FE elasticity strain solution. The 3-D displacement reconstruction errors averaged 0.087 +/- 0.002 mm or 2.4 +/- 0.1% of the average FE solution, and 3-D strain fitting errors averaged 0.024 +/- 0.011 or 15.9 +/- 2.8% of the average 3-D FE elasticity solution. When the rms errors in tag line detection were included in the 2-D simulations, the agreement between FE solution and fitted solution was 24.7% for the 2-D simulations and 19.2% for the 3-D simulations. We conclude that the 3-D displacements of MRI tag lines may be reconstructed accurately; however, the strain solution magnifies the small errors in locating tag lines and reconstructing 3-D displacements.
Hemodynamics and Mechanobiology of Aortic Valve Calcification

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a significant cause of mortality among the aging population. Because disease mechanisms are still unclear, the only current treatment option for this disease is aortic valve replacement. In order to understand the disease and develop treatment targets, we must explore the hemodynamic and mechanical forces affecting the valve, as well as the biological pathways altered by those mechanics ultimately leading to tissue calcification. The unique structure of the valve allows it to adapt to the constantly changing mechanical environment and the wide array of forces exerted upon the tissue during the cardiac cycle. CAVD results in an impairment in the structure and function of the aortic valve, resulting in pathological systemic changes. A variety of mechanosensors at the valvular endothelial cell surface are responsible for transmission of mechanical signals to alter cell phenotype and ultimate tissue function. Recently, valvular microRNAs have been discovered to be mechanosensitive, possibly regulating key signaling in the pathology of CAVD. Our understanding of the aortic valve and CAVD is evolving rapidly, and future therapies rely on further exploration of this complex disease.
Protective Action of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan against Cadmium-induced Oxidative Damage in the Freshwater Crab Sinopotamon henanense

To investigate the protective effect of low molecular weight chitosan(LMWC) against cadmium-induced toxicological activity,the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense was challenged with LMWC(20,40 mg/L and 80 mg/L) and or cadmium(29,58 mg/L and 87 mg/L).Cadmium accumulation,superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,malondialdehyde(MDA) content,glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity and glutathione(GSH) content were measured in hepatopancreas of S.henanense.The results showed that Cd2+(58 mg/L) significantly decreased SOD activity and increased MDA content in hepatopancreas of the crabs compared to the control group(P 0.05),whereas LMWC did not change SOD activity and MDA content in hepatopancreas.Also,there was an apparent accumulation of Cd2+ in hepatopancreas,which was lessened in the presence of LMWC in a concentration-dependent manner.In addition,Cd2+ significantly decreased the hepatopancreas GST activity and GSH content in the crabs relative to the control(P 0.05).Co-treatment with LMWC enhanced the GST activity and GSH content in hepatopancreas tissues compare with the crabs exposed to Cd2+ alone.According to these results,it can be concluded that LMWC has protective function against the adverse influence of cadmium on Sinopotamon henanense.
New York State Public Health System response to Hurricane Sandy: lessons from the field

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct interviews with public health staff who responded to Hurricane Sandy and to analyze their feedback to assess response strengths and challenges and recommend improvements for future disaster preparedness and response. METHODS: Qualitative analysis was conducted of information from individual confidential interviews with 35 staff from 3 local health departments in New York State (NYS) impacted by Hurricane Sandy and the NYS Department of Health. Staff were asked about their experiences during Hurricane Sandy and their recommendations for improvements. Open coding was used to analyze interview transcripts for reoccurring themes, which were labeled as strengths, challenges, or recommendations and then categorized into public health preparedness capabilities. RESULTS: The most commonly cited strengths, challenges, and recommendations related to the Hurricane Sandy public health response in NYS were within the emergency operations coordination preparedness capability, which includes the abilities of health department staff to partner among government agencies, coordinate with emergency operation centers, conduct routine conference calls with partners, and manage resources. CONCLUSIONS: Health departments should ensure that emergency planning includes protocols to coordinate backup staffing, delineation of services that can be halted during disasters, clear guidelines to coordinate resources across agencies, and training for transitioning into unfamiliar disaster response roles. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 11). Language: en