cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse effects of (15S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E1 in normal and paraquat-exposed rats.

Abstract Single, daily injections of approximately 1 mg/kg of (15S)-15-methyl-PGE1 (mPGE1), a PGE1 analog, have been reported to inhibit inflammation and to prolong survival in several animal models of local and systemic inflammation. We examined the effect of this dose of mPGE1 on paraquat toxicity in rats. A significant increase in early mortality was identified in mPGE1-treated rats as early as 3 hr following injection of paraquat and appeared associated with increased respiratory effort. Rats given mPGE1 without paraquat also appeared to increase respiratory effort but did not die. Rats killed at 3 hr following injections demonstrated increased lung weights in both paraquat-injected and control animals receiving mPGE1. Although a neutrophilia was identified in these animals, no significant increase in lung lavage neutrophils or albumin was identified. These data suggest that large intermittant doses of a PGE1 analog may adversely affect the respiratory system of normal and injured animals, and will accelerate mortality following exposure to potentially lethal doses of paraquat.
Interval Negation in Fuzzy Logics

This paper continues investigation of systems of fuzzy interval logics based on the Checklist Paradigm semantics of Bandler and Kohout. The paper looks at the alternative negations that may appear in the interval system rti\. In the previous papers dealing with checklist paradigm based interval systems the 2ary connectives were the interval connectives but the negation was just a point, 1 - a, not an interval. In this paper we look at genuine interval pairs of negations in system m1. We compare negations generated by the Sheffer (NAND), the Nicod (NOR) and the implication connectives. We can see that each of these connectives defines a different negation, unlike in the case of 2-valued logic.
Concepts in the delivery of monoclonal antibodies in the targeting of human carcinomas

Abstract We have previously reported a high degree of selective binding of monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 to a wide range of carcinoma versus normal tissues. While the diagnostic targeting of a primary or metastatic carcinoma lesion with a MAb is an end unto itself, it should also be considered as a first step toward the use of the MAb in tumor therapy. As we proceed with the use of MAbs in therapeutic applications, we are concomitantly characterizing the MAbs and associated tumor antigens to better understand their composition and nature ultimately in order to be able to manipulate their interaction. In this article we will discuss the use of MAbs in several aspects of clinical oncology, including tumor targeting clinical studies using MAb B72.3. These studies also include the regulation of tumor antigenic expression using preclinical models. We will present data on the use of a biological response modifier, recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) interferon (rHu-IFN-α), to amplify antigenic expression in carcinoma cells. We will discuss the use of MAb B72.3 in the localization of metastatic lesions in colorectal cancer patients, the findings of simultaneously administered B72.3 (i.v. and i.p.), and the pharmacokinetics associated with MAb administration. Finally, we will discuss the potential clinical uses of genetically engineered recombinant/chimeric MAbs, MAbs conjugated to toxins, drugs and/or radionuclides, MAb combinations, and second generation MAbs of predefined specificity.
Alfonso Olalla and His Family: The Ornithological Exploration of Amazonian Peru

Abstract In 1922 Frank M. Chapman hired a family of Ecuadorians to collect birds and mammals for the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). In the following two years, Carlos Olalla and his four sons (especially Alfonso and Ramon) shipped some 3500 carefully prepared and neatly labeled specimens of Ecuadorian birds to New York. In 1925, under a new contract with the AMNH, the Olallas moved their operations to northeastern Peru, and during the next two and a half years, mostly as a result of efforts by Alfonso and Ramon, they sent over 7000 specimens of birds to New York from Amazonian Peru, as well as additional thousands of specimens of mammals. The two brothers shifted their operations to Brazil in 1928. Alfonso went on to ship even larger collections of birds from Brazil to museums in the United States, Sweden, and Brazil. Altogether these collections have provided the documentation for much of what we now know about the distributions of Amazonian birds and mammals. In 1962 accusations surfaced tha...
Sequential silicide formation between vanadium and amorphous silicon thin‐film bilayers

Solid‐state reactions between bilayer thin films of vanadium and amorphous silicon with an excess amount of vanadium have been studied by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and Seemann–Bohlin x‐ray diffraction. In prior studies of the interaction between vanadium thin films and single‐crystal silicon, VSi2 has been the only compound observed. In the present study a sequence of compounds was observed. The first silicide, VSi2, was observed to form at 475 °C. At higher temperatures the compounds V5Si3 and V3Si formed in sequence. The growth of VSi2 is linear in time with an activation energy of 2.3±0.4 eV. The growth of V5Si3 is also linear with an activation energy of 2.5±0.1 eV.
Progressive alterations of cardiac hemodynamic and regional metabolic function after acute coronary occlusion.

Abstract Hemodynamic and regional metabolic function was assessed simultaneously in 34 closed chest dogs during a preocclusion control period and 3 hours of intracoronary balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending artery. The data indicate immediate alteration in hemodynamic measurements with many fluctuations in the 3 hour occlusion period. No specific hemodynamic pattern was evident. When the mean data were analyzed, occlusion was found to cause early increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (43 percent) and systemic vascular resistance (21 percent), and decreases in peak systolic pressure (5 percent), maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) (20 percent), cardiac output (19 percent), stroke work (26 percent) and coronary sinus blood flow (19 percent). Regional metabolic measurements showed significantly different metabolic function in the occluded and nonoccluded zones of the left ventricle. Lactate balance decreased to near production levels, and a substantial potassium loss occurred in the occluded zone shortly after occlusion; lactate and potassium balances later fluctuated, but usually remained depressed. Abnormal lactate metabolism and potassium efflux were often observed in the nonoccluded zone. A 6 to 8 percent increase in oxygen extraction was noted in both segments. Progressive alterations in hemodynamic and metabolic function of the heart after coronary occlusion are not uniform and exhibit dynamic fluctuations. Although a direct relation was noted between the degree of metabolic dysfunction and hemodynamic change, individual experiments often revealed a distinct metabolic-mechanical dissociation.
New family of aminophenalenyl-based neutral radical molecular conductors: synthesis, structure, and solid state properties.

We report the preparation, crystallization, and solid-state characterization of the first members of a new family of spiro-bis-(1,9-diamino-substituted-phenalenyl)boron neutral radicals. The crystal structures show that the three radicals are monomeric and without close contacts in the crystal lattice. In all cases magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm the presence of free radicals with one unpaired spin per molecule. Two of the new radical compounds are among the most highly conducting neutral organic solids, with room-temperature conductivities reaching σRT = 4 × 10-2 S/cm. The measured conductivities correlate with the closest intermolecular contacts in the solid state and with the calculated band dispersions, even though the bandwidths are much smaller than those found in other organic conductors.
A retrospective review of the incidence and rehabilitation outcome of concomitant traumatic brain injury and ligamentous knee injury.

Abstract Objectives: To estimate the incidence of ligamentous knee injuries in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) involved in pedestrian versus motor vehicle collisions (PVMVC), to identify associated risk factors, and to compare rehabilitation outcomes and costs in TBI patients with and without ligamentous knee injury. Design: Retrospective, case control. Setting: An academic rehabilitation hospital with a large metropolitan referral base. Patients: Twenty-three consecutive adolescent and adult subjects admitted for acute inpatient rehabilitation after a PVMVC from January 1, 1994, to January 1, 1996. Results: Five subjects (22%) were found to have a ligamentous knee injury, one with bilateral injuries. Two of these six injuries were diagnosed only after presentation to the rehabilitation setting. The most common injury was an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruption in 5 of 6 knees. A coupled ACL and medial collateral ligament injury was identified in 4 of 6 injured knees. The risk of ligamentous knee injury was most closely associated with the presence of a tibial plateau fracture ( n = 3) ( χ 2 = 12.420, p Conclusions: TBI and ligamentous knee injuries, in particular ACL injuries, are common comorbidities after PVMVC. Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for ligamentous knee injuries in this population, particularly when a tibial plateau fracture is present. TBI patients with and without ligamentous knee injuries can have comparable functional outcomes when the ligament injuries are identified and appropriately managed, without incurring undue cost or length of inpatient rehabilitation.
Nervous wreck interacts with Thickveins and the endocytic machinery to attenuate retrograde BMP signaling during synaptic growth

Summary Regulation of synaptic growth is fundamental to the formation and plasticity of neural circuits. Here, we demonstrate that Nervous wreck (Nwk), a negative regulator of synaptic growth at Drosophila NMJs, interacts functionally and physically with components of the endocytic machinery, including dynamin and Dap160/intersectin, and negatively regulates retrograde BMP growth signaling through a direct interaction with the BMP receptor, thickveins. Synaptic overgrowth in nwk is sensitive to BMP signaling levels, and loss of Nwk facilitates BMP-induced overgrowth. Conversely, Nwk overexpression suppresses BMP-induced synaptic overgrowth. We observe analogous genetic interactions between dap160 and the BMP pathway, confirming that endocytosis regulates BMP signaling at NMJs. Finally, we demonstrate a correlation between synaptic growth and pMAD levels and show that Nwk regulates these levels. We propose that Nwk functions at the interface of endocytosis and BMP signaling to ensure proper synaptic growth by negatively regulating Tkv to set limits on this positive growth signal.
Bilateral staged versus bilateral simultaneous thoracotomy in the pediatric population.

Abstract Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and outcomes of simultaneous bilateral thoracotomy in pediatric patients compared with traditional bilateral staged thoracotomy. Methods This is a retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients 18 years or younger undergoing either bilateral staged or bilateral simultaneous thoracotomy between March 1994 and July 2004. Follow-up (mean, 47 months) was available for all patients. Results Thirty patients (17 boys, 13 girls; average age, 12 years) underwent bilateral staged or bilateral simultaneous thoracotomy. Eighteen patients underwent staged thoracotomy, 9 patients underwent simultaneous thoracotomy, and 3 patients underwent both procedures. Diagnosis included sarcoma (n = 21), Wilms tumor (n = 4), indeterminate pulmonary nodules (n = 3), and germ cell tumor (n = 2). When we compared outcomes for patients undergoing simultaneous versus staged bilateral thoracotomy, mean hospital stay (5.2 vs 10.6 days; P P P P P = .25). Conclusions In selected patients, bilateral simultaneous thoracotomy is safe and may lessen morbidity and hospital stay while avoiding delay in initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Adsorbate-induced work function changes

Abstract The model for adsorbate-induced work function changes developed by Gyftopoulos and Levine1) is shown to quantitatively predict increased work function changes for adsorption of silicon and boron on tungsten substrates. Qualitative correlations with the resonance-tunneling 2,3) model of adsorbate-induced work function changes are given.
Notch One Up to Stroma: Endothelial Notch Prevents Inflammation and Myeloproliferation

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Wang et al. (2014) describe a signaling axis present in bone marrow stromal cells that suppresses inflammation and myeloid expansions. Loss of endothelial Notch signaling leads to deregulation of miR-155 expression, activation of NF-kB, and increased proinflammatory cytokine production, which promotes a myeloproliferative phenotype.
The evolution of large scale crescentic bars on the northern Gulf of Mexico coast

Abstract Airborne bathymetric lidar is used to quantify the properties and evolution of kilometer-scale crescentic bars in the northern Gulf of Mexico between 86.0°W and 86.5°W, a distance of 50 km. Repeated lidar surveys in 2004 pre-and-post-Hurricane Ivan, in July 2005 after Hurricane Dennis, and in late 2005 after Hurricane Katrina, in addition to several satellite images, show crescentic bar growth over long time scales, and destruction over much shorter times. Morphological changes follow the Wright and Short classification to some degree, although the generation time scales appears much greater than typically reported: features with O(1000 m) longshore scales develop in months to years rather than days to weeks. The reason for this appears to be the order of magnitude difference between the extreme conditions during tropical cyclones which generate the precursor linear bars in relatively deep water, and the typical small wave conditions in the Gulf when crescentic features develop. Another unexpected feature shows that it may require more than one direct hurricane landfall to completely remove these large scale crescentic features. The crescentic bars examined here form only a small portion of the available dataset: work to be reported on shortly will examine bar properties over a 200 km section of coastline.
Wind tunnel and Gaussian plume modeling of building wake dispersion

Abstract This paper summarizes a study of the relationship between Gaussian plume models and wind tunnel models. Wind tunnel measurements of the distribution of tracer concentrations downwind of a point source in the near wake of a rectangular model building were evaluated. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulence were measured to characterize the flow. These experiments were conducted in both a low-turbulence boundary layer and a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. The study covered a range of four flow speeds and four different sized buildings. The differences in observed velocity and concentrations between the results for the low-turbulence and simulated atmospheric boundary layer flow were not significant very near the building, but these differences increased in significance at downstream distances greater than 10 times the building height. The transition from building-affected dispersion levels to levels that were not significantly different from dispersion without a building was a function of the size of the building. The application of a modified Gaussian plume model showed it to be a simple, well suited complement to wind tunnel measurements of mean concentrations.
Sources and processing of CELSS wastes

The production rate and solid content of waste streams found in a life support system for a space habitat (in which plants are grown for food) are discussed. Two recycling scenarios, derived from qualitative considerations as opposed to quantitative mass and energy balances, tradeoff studies, etc., are presented; they reflect differing emphases on and responses to the waste stream formation rates and their composition, as well as indicate the required products from waste treatment that are needed in a life support system. The data presented demonstrate the magnitude of the challenge to developing a life support system for a space habitat requiring a high degree of closure.
Scaling up data intensive scientific applications to campus grids

A campus grid aggregates computing and storage capacity from many clusters, desktops, and servers to provide a cost-effective large scale computing facility for an entire institution. Many universities today operate campus grids on the scale of thousands to tens of thousands of nodes. However, the people that might derive the most benefit from campus grids are generally accustomed to using single computers or conventional clusters. Making the jump from a single cluster to a campus grid can be very challenging, because the user or programmer must contend with a host of performance and reliability challenges that only arise in large scale systems.To solve this problem, we advocate the use of high level abstractions. An abstraction is a framework that represents a very narrow category of problems, but is both robust and scalable across very large problem sizes. We have developed a suite of abstractions and deployed them on campus grids at the University of Notre Dame, Purdue University, and the University of Wisconsin to attack large scale problems in fields such as biometrics, bioinformatics, data mining, and economics. With this approach, we have enabled end users to efficiently harness hundreds to thousands of CPUs without requiring them to learn a radically new programming model.
Biology and Beyond: The Science of “Back to Nature” Farming in the United States

Abstract Organic farming, biodynamic farming, and other alternative approaches to agriculture are often described in spatial terms such as “close to,” “going back to,” and “following” nature, and correspondingly represent a production process that is ineluctably local, farmer-led, and relies on minimal external inputs, especially in terms of science and technology. In contrast to this representation, however, this article argues that going back to nature is, and has been, a scientific process. An examination of the development of several key ideas in alternative agriculture reveals the participation of scientists and the pursuit of scientific research resulting in a diverse range of society-nature relationships and agricultural technologies. By applying Bruno Latour's circulatory model of scientific work to the endeavors of people involved in U.S. alternative agriculture, I show how networks of people involved in alternative agriculture, like scientific disciplines, have produced “immutable mobiles,” or i...
Studies on prolonged spermatozoa survival in chiroptera—I. The role of uterine free fructose in the spermatozoa storage phenomenon

Abstract 1. 1. The fructose content of the reproductive tracts of Myotis lucifugus and M. uelifer was recorded at intervals throughout the annual reproductive cycle. 2. 2. The data indicate that seminal fluid (particularly the ampullary glands) contributes to the uterine fructose content and that the uterus is also fructogenic. 3. 3. Preliminary experiments tested the role of steroids and of stress-related hormones on uterine fructose. 4. 4. Fructose was not present in the epididymides. 5. 5. While fructose of seminal and uterine origin probably plays a role in prolonged sperm survival, the possibility that other metabolizable substrates are present and of use for spermatozoa retention in the female reproductive tract should be investigated.
Evaluation of in vitro macrophage differentiation during space flight

We differentiated mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of recombinant macrophage colony stimulating (rM-CSF) factor for 14 days during the flight of space shuttle Space Transportation System (STS)-126. We tested the hypothesis that the receptor expression for M-CSF, c-Fms was reduced. We used flow cytometry to assess molecules on cells that were preserved during flight to define the differentiation state of the developing bone marrow macrophages; including CD11b, CD31, CD44, Ly6C, Ly6G, F4/80, Mac2, c-Fos as well as c-Fms. In addition, RNA was preserved during the flight and was used to perform a gene microarray. We found that there were significant differences in the number of macrophages that developed in space compared to controls maintained on Earth. We found that there were significant changes in the distribution of cells that expressed CD11b, CD31, F4/80, Mac2, Ly6C and c-Fos. However, there were no changes in c-Fms expression and no consistent pattern of advanced or retarded differentiation during space flight. We also found a pattern of transcript levels that would be consistent with a relatively normal differentiation outcome but increased proliferation by the bone marrow macrophages that were assayed after 14 days of space flight. There also was a surprising pattern of space flight influence on genes of the coagulation pathway. These data confirm that a space flight can have an impact on the in vitro development of macrophages from mouse bone marrow cells.
Sources of Gram-Negative Bacilli Colonizing the Tracheae of Intubated Patients

Twenty acutely ill patients requiring prolonged orotracheal intubation were studied to determine the source and progression of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the trachea. Organisms recovered from daily tracheal, hypopharyngeal, and rectal cultures were typed and speciated to identify identical strains at the three sites. All patients acquired gram-negative bacilli in the trachea by day 3 after intubation. Thirty organisms that were not recovered from the tracheal aspirate immediately following intubation were isolated for at least two days some time thereafter. Nine of the 30 colonizing bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, and all were found in another culture site, usually the hypopharynx, before isolation from the trachea. In contrast, only four of the 21 non-Enterobacteriaceae that colonized the trachea were recovered previously from either the hypopharynx or rectum, a finding which represents a significant difference (P = 0.0002). Quantitation of isolates from the hypopharynx was of no value in predicting subsequent acquisition in the trachea, and the numbers of bacteria recovered from the first positive tracheal specimen were not predictive of subsequent persistence in the trachea.
Stochastic Shortest Path Games

We consider dynamic, two-player, zero-sum games where the "minimizing" player seeks to drive an underlying finite-state dynamic system to a special terminal state along a least expected cost path. The "maximizer" seeks to interfere with the minimizer's progress so as to maximize the expected total cost. We consider, for the first time, undiscounted finite-state problems, with compact action spaces, and transition costs that are not strictly positive. We admit that there are policies for the minimizer which permit the maximizer to prolong the game indefinitely. Under assumptions which generalize deterministic shortest path problems, we establish (i) the existence of a real-valued equilibrium cost vector achievable with stationary policies for the opposing players and (ii) the convergence of value iteration and policy iteration to the unique solution of Bellman's equation.
The spectrum parted linked image test (SPLIT) algorithm for estimating the frequency dependence of scattering center amplitudes

This paper presents an algorithm for estimating the frequency dependence of scattering center amplitudes. The spectrum parted linked image test (SPLIT) algorithm compares the amplitude peaks in two images formed by splitting the radar signal bandwidth into two parts. The theoretical basis for the algorithm lies in the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. This theoretical basis, a description of the algorithm, and experimental results are provided. The authors recommend the use of this algorithm for high frequency (> 5 GHz), wide-band (> 1 GHz) applications involving target detection and recognition.
Perceptual Training and its Effect on Racial Preferences of Kindergarten Children

This study was an attempt to evaluate two training procedures in facilitating racial preference in kindergarten children. One treatment emphasized perceptual awareness and role-taking ability. The ...
Recovery of carotid body O2 sensitivity following chronic postnatal hyperoxia in rats

Abstract Chronic postnatal hyperoxia blunts the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in rats, an effect that persists for months after return to normoxia. To determine whether decreased carotid body O2 sensitivity contributes to this lasting impairment, single-unit chemoafferent nerve and glomus cell calcium responses to hypoxia were recorded from rats reared in 60% O2 through 7 d of age (P7) and then returned to normoxia. Single-unit nerve responses were attenuated by P4 and remained low through P7. After return to normoxia, hypoxic responses were partially recovered within 3 d and fully recovered within 7–8 d (i.e., at P14–15). Glomus cell calcium responses recovered with a similar time course. Hyperoxia altered carotid body mRNA expression for O2-sensitive K+ channels TASK-1, TASK-3, and BKCa, but only TASK-1 mRNA paralleled changes in chemosensitivity (i.e., downregulation by P7, partial recovery by P14). Collectively, these data do not support a role for reduced O2 sensitivity of individual chemoreceptor cells in long-lasting reduction of the HVR after developmental hyperoxia.
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora: seasonal dynamics and distribution in a stand of sugar maple, Acer saccharum.

Abstract The seasonal dynamics of an indigenous entomopathogenic nematode, a new strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, “Nittany strain,” in a stand of sugar maple, Acer saccharum, were examined utilizing a Galleria mellonella bait method. Seasonal dynamics are described in relation to soil temperature; occurrence is related to distance from a tree bole. A correlation between soil temperature and the number of infected G. mellonella was observed. Soil temperature had a significant effect on the number of positive samples, i.e., soil samples containing infected G. mellonella, obtained. In addition, seasonality had a significant effect on whether positive samples were obtained on a given date. There was no significant difference in the abundance of positive samples among three distances from a tree bole, namely, at the base of the tree, 2 m from the bole, or at the dripline.
Dry sliding wear of discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites : review and discussion

The dry sliding wear performance of discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) as investigated by numerous studies during the last two decades is reviewed and discussed. In general DRAs feature substantially better wear resistance than their respective unreinforced matrix. However, under particular conditions and wear mechanisms, the wear performance of the overall DRA-metal couple is similar to or lower than its respective unreinforced alloy-metal couple. Furthermore conflicting results regarding the effect of the different tribological parameters on the wear performance of DRAs are noted among the reviewed studies, thereby increasing the difficulty in achieving the optimization of DRA-metal couples. It is shown that parameter interactions exist and are responsible for these conflicting results. The development of a general framework identifying groups of interactive parameters and assessing wear material performance through investigating these groups of parameter is therefore presented. It is suggested that material loss can be rationalized from the understanding and description of the three wear precursors which delineate these groups of parameters, the wear precursors being surface, subsurface and third body behavior. It is proposed that optimization of a tribosystem can be done through optimizing the three behaviors independently, thus allowing consideration of a reduced number of parameters while providing a higher degree of practical extrapolation.
Rb-Sr whole-rock study of the Precambrian rocks of the Pedernal Hills, New Mexico

Abstract Rb-Sr whole-rock investigation of the Pedernal Hills, New Mexico, indicates a 1471 ± 97-m.y. date for the granites and 1364 ± 27-m.y. date for the schists and quartzite (country rocks) with initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7060 ± 0.0040 and 0.7046 ± 0.0019, respectively. The schists and quartzites are older than the granites based on field and petrographic evidence. The open-system nature of these rocks during the cataclastic metamorphism which affected both the country rocks and the granites is responsible for the apparent younger date of the schists and quartzite, and the 1471 ± 97-m.y. date may be a minimum age for the granites.
The musculocutaneous nerve: ultrasound appearance for peripheral nerve block.

Background and Objectives To gain complete anesthesia of the forearm, block of the musculocutaneous nerve is necessary. Variations in its course and position make localization of the musculocutaneous nerve problematic. The aim of the study is to describe the ultrasound appearance of the musculocutaneous nerve in the axilla and to suggest potential areas to target neural block. Methods We scanned the axillary regions of 19 volunteers and assessed the size and shape of 34 musculocutaneous nerves at entry into, exit from, and in the center of the coracobrachialis muscle. Furthermore, we measured the depth of the musculocutaneous nerve under the skin surface and its distance from the axillary artery at those 3 measurement points. Results As it travels through the coracobrachialis muscle, the musculocutaneous nerve changes in shape from oval to flat-oval to triangular. During this course, the musculocutaneous nerve also separates from the axillary artery and becomes more lateral while changing its depth from the surface. The musculocutaneous nerve increases its transverse area along this nerve path. In 2 subjects, the musculocutaneous nerve could not be visualized unilaterally within the course of the coracobrachialis muscle. Conclusions Knowledge of its ultrasound appearance facilitates localization and successful block of the musculocutaneous nerve. Because the distance between the musculocutaneous nerve and brachial plexus varies, different locations of musculocutaneous nerve puncture during ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia can be chosen.
GAF film dosimetry of a tandem positioned β-emitting intravascular brachytherapy source train

Coronary artery brachytherapy may require treatment of lesions longer than a single source length. A treatment option is tandem positioning of the single source. This study presents relative dosimetric measurements of a cardiovascular brachytherapy source and the dosimetric characteristics in the junction region of tandem treatments. Measurements were carried out using a Novoste Beta Cath 90Sr/90Y 40 mm beta source in a plastic water phantom. Radiochromic MD-55-2 film, calibrated using both 6 MV photon and 6 MeV electron beams from a linear accelerator, was used as the dosimeter. Dose distributions around a single source and in the junction region of tandem irradiation were measured. Measurements of the near field dose as close as 1.2 mm from the source are presented. Significant over- or underdoses in the junction region of tandem irradiation were quantified. At a radial distance of 2 mm from the longitudinal axis of the source, the dose value in the middle of the junction region, normalized to the dose at 2 mm midline single source, was about 182% for a 2-seed overlap and 16% for a 2-seed gap, respectively. Dose distributions in the junction region as a function of source overlap and radial distance have fairly high gradients and exhibit characteristic patterns. The fraction of prescription dose was found to have a sigmoidal dependence on overlap size, for radial distances ranging between 1.2 and 3 mm. The parameters of these sigmoids, quantified as functions of radial distance, could be used to provide quick and reasonable over/underdose estimates, given any potential overlap or gap in the junction area, with an uncertainty within 10%.
Resuscitation from Severe Acute Hypercapnia: Determinants of Tolerance and Survival

A 46-year-old man underwent cosmetic facial surgery under general anesthesia. He was ventilated by mask with an oxygen-enriched gas mixture for 4 to 6 h and monitored by pulse oximetry. Despite adequate arterial saturation (SaO2 > 90 percent) throughout the procedure, he remained in a deep coma after termination of anesthesia. Initial arterial blood gas analysis revealed a pH of 6.60 and a PaCO2 of 375 mm Hg. The patient was intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. As his respiratory acidosis resolved, he regained consciousness quickly and recovered without any neurologic deficits. This case of record extreme hypercapnia and review of the literature demonstrates that survival is possible in acute severe respiratory acidosis as long as tissue anoxia and ischemia are prevented. We discuss the tissue effects of acute hypercapnia and newer aspects of the nature of intracellular pH regulation in critical tissues that afford considerable tolerance to acidosis. The dependence of these mechanisms upon active ion transport underscores the importance of adequate tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
Effects of exogenous ovine growth hormone on reproduction, serum hormone profiles and milk characteristics in early-postpartum fine-wool ewes nursing single or twin offspring.

After parturition (Day 0), 31 mature spring-lambing, fine-wool ewes were randomly allotted to one of six groups. Treatments were lambs suckled (one or two) and ovine growth hormone (oGH; 0, 5 or 10 mg). Growth hormone was administered subcutaneously daily from Days 6 to 25. Milk characteristics were determined on Day 26. Ewes were observed for estrus beginning on Day 27. Serum insulin did not differ (P > 0.10) between suckling intensity before or after oGH treatment on Days 6, 15 or 25. Likewise, no difference (P > 0.10) in serum insulin was detected among ewes receiving 0, 5 or 10 mg oGH. Ewes suckling twins had higher (P 0.10) milk or milk protein and fat yields; however, oGH increased (linear, P 0.20) in ewes suckling single or twin offspring. Likewise, no differences (P > 0.20) in interval length were noted in ewes receiving 0, 5 or 10 mg oGH. Suckling intensity and oGH administration for 20 d had little effect on postpartum interval or milk characteristics during the first 30 d after lambing in fine-wool ewes.
Supporting Emerging Scholars: Lessons from Editing a Special Issue of Action in Teacher Education

In this article we draw from our year-long experience of assisting scholars who are new to publishing in transforming their work from a dissertation or conference paper to final production. We reflect on the importance of guiding, editing and prompting authors and offer advice on what we have learned about doing so.
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates FGF23 gene expression in bone: the final link in a renal-gastrointestinal-skeletal axis that controls phosphate transport

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is a phosphaturic hormone that decreases circulating 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and elicits hypophosphatemia, both of which contribute to rickets/osteo...
Rates of dissociation of sex steroid hormones from human sex hormone-binding globulin: a reassessment.

Abstract A rapid filtration assay employing dextran-coated charcoal as acceptor particles for free hormone was used to measure the rates of dissociation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2) from their binding proteins in human serum at 37°C. Because measurements were begun after each hormone had fully (>99%) dissociated from albumin, the observed rates of dissociation correspond to the rates of dissociation of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-hormone complexes. The dissociation rate constants of the hormone-SHBG complexes were determined to be 0.016±0.001, 0.056±0.002, and 0.083±0.003 s−1 for DHT, T, and E2, respectively, corresponding to half-times of dissociation ( t 1 2 ) of 43, 12 and 8.4 s, respectively. The physiological significance of these findings can best be appreciated by comparing these t 1 2 s with the capillary and sinusoidal transit times of various tissues (
Effects of Monomer Composition on CO2−Selective Polymer Brush Membranes

Membranes that contain a high fraction of amorphous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are attractive for selective removal of CO2 from H2 streams, but crystallization of PEG chains restricts both flux and selectivity. The high thickness of solution-cast membranes also limits flux. This study demonstrates the formation of composite, PEG-containing membranes through atom transfer radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) from initiator-modified, porous substrates. The resulting membrane skins are only 50−500 nm thick, and copolymers that contain a mixture of short and long PEG side chains do not readily crystallize. The smaller PEG chains (8−9 ethylene oxide units) prevent crystallization, while the presence of longer side chains (23−24 ethylene oxide units) allows the membranes to maintain a CO2/H2 selectivity of 12 at room temperature. This work examines the effect of side-chain length on polymerization rate as well as the permeability, selectivity, and crystallinity of copolymer...
Antidepressant treatment of bulimia

Abstract In a series of 105 consecutive patients meeting DSM-III criteria for bulimia, 50 were treated with antidepressants from three classes: tricyclics, MAO inhibitors and triazolopyridines. Nine patients were treated initially with imipramine on a blind basis; all other medication trials were open. The 50 patients received a total of 79 trials from the three classes of antidepressants. Of the 50 initial trials, a response was observed in 74% (89% among blind and 71% among open trials). The best response achieved by individual patients after one or more antidepressant trials was as follows: none (12%), moderate (16%), marked (34%) and remission (38%). Thus, a moderate or better response was achieved in 88% of patients. These results augment the evidence that bulimia can be treated successfully with antidepressant medications.
Regimen-related gastrointestinal toxicities in cancer patients.

Purpose of reviewGastrointestinal toxicities are a common side effect of many forms of cytotoxic cancer therapy. Of the gastrointestinal toxicities, mucositis is among the most common and results in a range of symptoms that negatively impact patients' quality of life, ability to tolerate their cance
Active recognition enhances the representation of behaviorally relevant information in single auditory forebrain neurons

Sensory systems are dynamic. They must process a wide range of natural signals that facilitate adaptive behaviors in a manner that depends on an organism's constantly changing goals. A full underst...
Synthesis and activity of a potent, specific azabicyclo [3.3.0] octane-based DPP II inhibitor

A cell permeable DPP II [also known as DPP2, DPP7, and quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP)] inhibitor has been synthesized. The azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-based inhibitor is potent and selective and elicits very similar quiescent lymphocyte death to previously characterized inhibitors that are not as selective.
Response to minoxidil in severe alopecia areata correlates with T lymphocyte stimulation.

summary Mitogen-induced T cell blastogenesis was determined in 47 patients with severe alopecia areata, before and after treatment with topical 5% minoxidil, and compared with control values. The group of 36 responders, who demonstrated terminal hair regrowth, showed significantly increased lymphocyte stimulation with concanavalin A and PHA before treatment, which decreased towards control values following hair regrowth. Lymphocytes from non-responders showed no significant differences from controls either before or after treatment. The results suggest that enhanced T cell blastogenesis may predict the response of severe alopecia areata to topical 5% minoxidil therapy.
Comment on “Dynamic surface topography: A new interpretation based upon mantle flow models derived from seismic tomography” by A. M. Forte, W. R. Peltier, A. M. Dziewonski and R. L. Woodward

In a recent paper in this journal, Forte et al. [1993] have proposed a model of global dynamic topography with an amplitude of three kilometers (six kilometers peak to peak). If North America, Australia, and other continents were dynamically depressed by the one to two kilometers predicted, then these continents would today be below sea level and nearly covered by epeiric seas. Since the continents are nearly entirely exposed and have become progressively exposed since the Late Mesozoic the amplitude of the Forte et al., model is clearly much too large.
Assessing Food neophobia : The role of stimulus familiarity

The present study assesses the effects of food familiarity on food ratings of neophobics and neophilics by having them sample and evaluate familiar and novel foods. Level of neophobia was assessed using the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). Participants rated their familiarity with each food, their willingness to try the foods and expected liking for the foods, as well as their actual liking for the foods after they were sampled. Willingness to try the foods again in the future, and the amount of food sampled were also assessed. Evaluations of the foods were more positive for familiar vs. unfamiliar foods across all study participants. The responses of neophobics and neophilics were similar for familiar foods, but differed when the foods were unfamiliar, with neophobics making more negative evaluations. Neophobics and neophilics differed least in their liking ratings of the stimuli that were made after the foods were actually sampled, and differed most in their ratings of willingness to try the foods. It is concluded that neophobics have different expectancies about unfamiliar foods, and that these expectancies influence food sampling and rating behaviors. The neophobic's negative attitude toward an unfamiliar food may be ameliorated, but is not eliminated, once sensory information about the food is obtained.
Frequency domain stress intensity calibration of damped cracked panels

This paper discusses two schemes for doing finite element K calibration in the frequency domain. The baseline scheme uses the definition of K as a limit toward the crack tip. The limiting process requires using a very fine mesh around the crack tip making the scheme computationally very expensive. It is shown that the behavior of K as a function of frequency is very similar to a modal response. Taking advantage of this, a more efficient scheme involves a modal analysis of the cracked sheet and scaling the response to that of the static stress intensity. In this way, only a static K calibration need be performed. All the examples shown are for a frequency range spanning multiple resonances and with two levels of damping.
Deformation localization and dislocation channel dynamics in neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steels ☆

Abstract The dynamics of deformation localization and dislocation channel formation were investigated in situ in a neutron-irradiated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel and a model 304-based austenitic alloy by combining several analytical techniques including optic microscopy and laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Channel formation was observed at ∼70% of the polycrystalline yield stress of the irradiated materials (σ0.2). It was shown that triple junction points do not always serve as a source of dislocation channels; at stress levels below the σ0.2, channels often formed near the middle of the grain boundary. For a single grain, the role of elastic stiffness value (Young’s modulus) in channel formation was analyzed; it was shown that in the irradiated 304 steels the initial channels appeared in “soft” grains with a high Schmid factor located near “stiff” grains with high elastic stiffness. The spatial organization of channels in a single grain was analyzed; it was shown that secondary channels operating in the same slip plane as primary channels often appeared at the middle or at one-third of the way between primary channels. The twinning nature of dislocation channels was analyzed for grains of different orientation using TEM. In the AISI 304 steel, channels in grains oriented close to 〈0 0 1〉||TA (tensile axis) and 〈1 0 1〉||TA were twin free and grain with 〈1 1 1〉||TA and grains oriented close to a Schmid factor maximum contained deformation twins.
Blood pressure and electrocardiographic response to dental treatment with use of local anesthesia

The incidence of ST segment depression during tooth extraction was significantly higher in patients with cardiac disease than it was in patients without cardiac disease, indicating that the cardiac patients experienced myocardial ischemia. The almost equivalent incidence o f ST segment depression during anesthetic administration and surgery suggests that the administration of local anesthetic is as stressful as tooth extraction for cardiac patients. Medical consultation before dental treatment and use of stress-reduction techniques may be indicated for patients with or suspected to have cardiac disease.
Polymer-based platforms by electric field-assisted techniques for tissue engineering and cancer therapy.

A large variety of processes and tools has been investigated to acquire better knowledge on the natural evolution of healthy or pathological tissues in 3D scaffolds to discover new solutions for tissue engineering and cancer therapy. Among them, electrodynamic techniques allow revisiting old scaffold manufacturing approach by utilizing electrostatic forces as the driving force to assemble fibers and/or particles from an electrically charged solution. By carefully selecting materials and processing conditions, they allow to fine control of characteristic shapes and sizes from micro to sub-micrometric scale and incorporate biopolymers/molecules (e.g., proteins, growth factors) for time- and space-controlled release for use in drug delivery and passive/active targeting. This review focuses on current advances to design micro or nanostructured polymer platforms by electrodynamic techniques, to be used as innovative scaffolds for tissue engineering or as 3D models for preclinical in vitro studies of in vivo tu...
EUVL multilayer mask blank defect mitigation for defect-free EUVL mask fabrication

For Extreme Ultra-violet Lithography (EUVL) targeting at 11nm and beyond design rules, the minimum printable EUVL multilayer (ML) mask defect size can be as small as 20-25nm. As a result, the defect-free EUVL ML mask blank fabrication remains the top challenge for EUVL mask. Aspects of this challenge include high quality blank substrate material (low thermal expansion material) fabrication, substrate polishing, substrate cleaning, blank handling, ML deposition, and high sensitivity substrate and blank defect inspection. High investment cost and potential low blank yield due to stringent defect-free requirement can quickly drive up EUVL cost of ownership. It is anticipated, however, the EUVL ML blank yield can be drastically improved if we can allow a few defects on a ML blank. Utilizing such a "defective" grade mask blank to fabricate a defect-free EUVL mask requires several defect mitigation schemes during mask patterning processes. These schemes include modifying mask absorber pattern via repair tool to compensate the effect of an adjacent ML defect and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects. In this paper, we focused on the study and demonstration of using device pattern to cover limited number of blank defects. The steps of this defect mitigation process include blank fiducial mark patterning, defect location relative to fiducial mark precision measurement, automated pattern shift solution simulation for a given ML defect map, and precision alignment of the device pattern to the blank defects during e-beam write. With these steps, we have successfully demonstrated the coverage of several targeted ML blank defects simultaneously via global device pattern shift.