cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daddy-Long-Legs: (Opiliones)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses opiliones, which are known as daddy-long-legs, harvestmen, shepherd spiders, or harvest spiders are a very interesting group of arachnids well known by farmers. They are the third most specious arachnid order, comprising approximately 1500 genera and 5000 described species in 45 families. Opiliones are divided into four suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, and Laniatores. They present all the typical characteristics of arachnids, with the body divided into two regions, ephalothorax (or prosoma) and abdomen (or opisthosoma), although these two regions are not clearly differentiated, giving daddy-long-legs the aspect of “waistless spiders.” The cephalothorax has one pair of chelicerae for manipulating the food particles, one pair of palps of either tactile or prehensile function, and four pairs of walking legs, enormously long in some Eupnoi and Laniatores species, surpassing 15 cm in some cases. Another distinctive characteristic of Opiliones is that the females have a long ovipositor with sensory organs on the tip that are used to check the soil quality where they will lay the eggs.
Immune complex receptors on cell surfaces. II. Cytochemical evaluation of their abundance on different immune cells: distribution, uptake, and regeneration.

Abstract A recently developed method for ultrastructural demonstration of cell surface receptors for immune complexes is applied to evaluation of these receptors on various cell types. The method entailing incubation with a complex of horesradish peroxidase (HRP) and antibody to HRP (anti-HRP) disclosed dense foci indicative of immune complex receptors distributed at 30- to 120-mmu intervals over macrophage surfaces. Invaginations, loop-like evaginations, and pinocytotic vasicles stained prominently. The number of stained immune complex receptors averaged 200,000 per oil-induced macrophage and 120,000 per noninduced macrophage, as determined from counts of focal deposits in electron micrographs. Receptor periodicity on giant cells present in oil-induced exudates resembled that on macrophages, but the larger giant cells contained an estimated 1.5 million sites. Although receptor periodicity on eosinophils and neutrophils equaled that on macrophages, the staining was lighter and was interrupted by intervals of unstained membrane. Neutrophils averaged 28,000 and eosinophils 35,000 receptors per cell, whereas those lymphocytes with receptors averaged 3,500 per cell. Viable cells incubated with anti-HRP sequentially exhibited about half as many reactive sites as did cells incubated with immune complex. When warmed to 37 C, viable macrophages and eosinophils pinocytosed soluble immune complexes almost completely within 30 minutes and phagocytosed insoluble complexes more slowly. The endocytosed soluble immune complexes were sequestered within tubulovesicular structures in addition to the expected phagocytic vacuoles. Receptors appeared fully active on macrophages that were restained with soluble, cold immune complex after they had endocytosed immune complex in the course of a 30-minute warming interval.
Computer support for meetings of groups working on unstructured problems: a field experiment

This preliminary study was conducted to learn about the consequences of computer support for teams working on unstructured, high-level conceptual software design problems in face-to-face group settings. A networked workstation technology and electronic blackboard technology were contrasted with their conventional counterparts. Twenty-one software designers, assigned to three teams, performed team tasks that involved generating ideas and reaching consensus. Positive effects on the thoroughness of information exchange and quality of team performance were found in the meetings in which electronic blackboard technology was available. The networked workstations provided mixed results. Significant team differences were found in performance and interaction measures. The results and their implications are discussed in terms of the necessary future developments and nature of future research in computer-based meeting support technology.
A unified perspective on ARTM tier I waveforms - part I: common representations

The constraints placed on aeronautical telemetry channels require the use of bandwidth efficient, constant envelope modulations. Two such modulations have been adopted into the standard for telemetry channels: Feher-patented QPSK (FQPSK) and shaped offset QPSK (SOQPSK). These modulations are known as ARTM tier I modulations. In this paper we explore the similarities and differences between these two modulations. We show that both modulations can be represented as a cross correlated trellis coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) as well as a continuous phase modulation (CPM). The XTCQM representation is exact for both FQPSK and SOQPSK and the CPM representation is exact for SOQPSK and a good approximation for FQPSK. The observation that these modulations are very similar suggests the possibility of a common detector which can detect either modulation with near optimal bit error rate performance. The bit error performance and complexity of three candidate common detector architectures are explored in the part II companion paper
Genomic Databases and the Tree of Life

Even though we are far from finished counting the total number of species on Earth, biologists are eagerly assembling and reassembling the Tree of Life. In their Perspective, [Crandall and Buhay][1] discuss an intriguing computational method for assembling a phylogenetic supertree from gene sequences mined from existing genetic databases ([ Driskell et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5699/1144 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5699/1172
A Tableau Method for Graded Intersections of Modalities: A Case for Concept Languages

A concept language with role intersection and number restriction is defined and its modal equivalent is provided. The main reasoning tasks of satisfiability and subsumption checking are formulated in terms of modal logic and an algorithm for their solution is provided. An axiomatization for a restricted graded modal language with intersection of modalities (the modal counterpart of the concept language we examine) is given and used in the proposed algorithm.
Lebesgue Measure in ℝ n

If (∏ γ X y , ∏ γ S γ , ∏ γ µγ) is a (product-) measure situation and if E ∈ ∏ γ S γ , then E x γ′ is the subset of ∏ γ ≠γ′X γ that consists of all points {x γ } γ ≠γ′ such that {x γ } γ ∈ E.
On the split-band model of antiferromagnetism in insulators

Slater’s split-band model of insulating antiferromagnetism is compared with Anderson’s theory of superexchange. It is shown that the two models are physically equivalent when the band width is small compared to the electron-electron interaction. Some advantages and disadvantages of both models are pointed out. The homogeneous susceptibility of an insulating split-band antiferromagnet is calculated and compared with the longitudinal and transverse susceptibility as predicted by the molecular field theory on the basis of Anderson’s effective Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Again, agreement is obtained in the narrow-band case.
The MK Classification and its Calibration

I have been asked to describe the system of spectral classification as it has developed from the original Yerkes Atlas (Morgan, Keenan, Kellman, 1943) until to-day, I use the word “developed” because any system that is to remain useful must be flexible enough to adapt not only to improved techniques of measurement but also to new theoretical insights into the variables that actually determine the energy spectrum of a star in all its fascinating but sometimes frustrating detail.
Role of different moieties from the lipooligosaccharide molecule in biological activities of the Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a major component of the outer membrane of Moraxella catarrhalis, consists of two major moieties: a lipid A and a core oligosaccharide (OS). The core OS can be dissected into a linker and three OS chains. To gain an insight into the biological activities of the LOS molecules of M. catarrhalis, we used a random transposon mutagenesis approach with an LOS specific monoclonal antibody to construct a serotype A O35Elgt3 LOS mutant. MALDI-TOF-MS of de-O-acylated LOS from the mutant and glycosyl composition, linkage, and NMR analysis of its OS indicated that the LOS contained a truncated core OS and consisted of a Glc-Kdo(2) (linker)-lipid A structure. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the mutant was similar to the wild-type strain in its growth rate, toxicity and susceptibility to hydrophobic reagents. However, the mutant was sensitive to bactericidal activity of normal human serum and had a reduced adherence to human epithelial cells. These data, combined with our previous data obtained from mutants which contained only lipid A or lacked LOS, suggest that the complete OS chain moiety of the LOS is important for serum resistance and adherence to epithelial cells, whereas the linker moiety is critical for maintenance of the outer membrane integrity and stability to preserve normal cell growth. Both the lipid A and linker moieties contribute to the LOS toxicity.
Effect of varying dietary ratios of alfalfa silage to corn silage on production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.

Twenty-eight (8 ruminally cannulated) lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by DIM and randomly assigned to 7 replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares (28-d periods) to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of alfalfa silage (AS) to corn silage (CS) on production, N utilization, apparent digestibility, and ruminal metabolism. The 4 diets contained (dry matter basis): A) 51% AS, 43% rolled high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC), and 3% solvent soybean meal (SSBM); B) 37% AS, 13% CS, 39% HMSC, and 7% SSBM; C) 24% AS, 27% CS, 35% HMSC, and 12% SSBM; and D) 10% AS, 40% CS, 31% HMSC, and 16% SSBM. Dietary crude protein contents were 17.2, 16.9, 16.6, and 16.2% for diets A, B, C, and D. All 4 diets were high in energy, averaging 49% nonfiber carbohydrates and 24% neutral detergent fiber. Intake of dry matter, yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk and fat, milk fat content, and apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber all decreased linearly when CS replaced AS. Effects on fiber digestion and milk fat may have been due to increasing fluctuation in ruminal pH and time the pH remained <6.0 when CS replaced AS. Milk protein content increased linearly with increasing CS, but there were no differences in protein yield. There were linear increases in apparent N efficiency and decreases in N excreted in urine and feces when CS replaced AS. Production was depressed on the diet highest in CS. Quadratic analysis indicated that milk and protein yields were maximal at dietary AS:CS ratios of, respectively, 37:13 and 31:19. No diet minimized N excretion without negatively affecting production. Diet C, with an AS:CS ratio of 24:27, was the best compromise between improved N efficiency and sustained production. Because CS is complementary with AS, it is recommended that CS be fed in AS-based diets to maintain milk yield while improving N utilization.
Summands of finite rank torsion free abelian groups

Abstract A finite rank torsion free abelian group has, up to isomorphism, only finitely many summands.
Mid-10 cm−2 threading dislocation density in optimized high-Ge content relaxed graded SiGe on Si for III-V solar on Si

We present a framework for obtaining high quality relaxed graded SiGe buffers on Si for III-V integration. By avoiding dislocation nucleation in Si1−xGex layers of x>0.96, we have achieved a relaxed Si0.04Ge0.96 platform on Si(001) offcut 2° that has a threading dislocation density of 7.4×105 cm−2. This 2° offcut orientation was determined to be the minimum necessary for APB-free growth of GaAs. Furthermore, we found that we could compositionally grade the Ge content in the high-Ge portion of the buffer at up to 17 %Ge μm−1 with no penalty to the dislocation density. The reduction in both threading dislocation density and buffer thickness exhibited by our method is an especially significant development for relatively thick minority-carrier devices which use III-V materials such as multi-junction solar cells.
Resource Article: Experiments with Vortices in Superfluid Atomic Gases

Observations of quantized vortices in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates were first reported in 1999. Over the next 10 years, more than 70 papers describing experiments involving vortices in superfluid atomic gases were published in scientific journals. This resource article provides a guide to the published experimental studies related to quantized vortices in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluid Fermi gases. A BibTex-formatted bibliography document listing these published studies is also available electronically.
Functional characterization of dehydratase/aminotransferase pairs from Helicobacter and Campylobacter: enzymes distinguishing the pseudaminic acid and bacillosamine biosynthetic pathways.

Abstract Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni have been shown to modify their flagellins with pseudaminic acid (Pse), via O-linkage, while C. jejuni also possesses a general protein glycosylation pathway (Pgl) responsible for the N-linked modification of at least 30 proteins with a heptasaccharide containing 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-glucopyranose, a derivative of bacillosamine. To further define the Pse and bacillosamine biosynthetic pathways, we have undertaken functional characterization of UDP-α-d-GlcNAc modifying dehydratase/aminotransferase pairs, in particular the H. pylori and C. jejuni flagellar pairs HP0840/HP0366 and Cj1293/Cj1294, as well as the C. jejuni Pgl pair Cj1120c/Cj1121c using His6-tagged purified derivatives. The metabolites produced by these enzymes were identified using NMR spectroscopy at 500 and/or 600 MHz with a cryogenically cooled probe for optimal sensitivity. The metabolites of Cj1293 (PseB) and HP0840 (FlaA1) were found to be labile and could only be characterized by NMR analysis directly in aqueous reaction buffer. The Cj1293 and HP0840 enzymes exhibited C6 dehydratase as well as a newly identified C5 epimerase activity that resulted in the production of both UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-l-arabino-4-hexulose and UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-d-xylo-4-hexulose. In contrast, the Pgl dehydratase Cj1120c (PglF) was found to possess only C6 dehydratase activity generating UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-d-xylo-4-hexulose. Substrate-specificity studies demonstrated that the flagellar aminotransferases HP0366 and Cj1294 utilize only UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-l-arabino-4-hexulose as substrate producing UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-β-l-AltNAc, a precursor in the Pse biosynthetic pathway. In contrast, the Pgl aminotransferase Cj1121c (PglE) utilizes only UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-d-xylo-4-hexulose producing UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-α-d-GlcNAc (UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-glucopyranose), a precursor used in the production of the Pgl glycan component 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-glucopyranose.
Enzymic lipid oxidative activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum in several species of Northwest Atlantic fish

Abstract 1. 1. Sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) enzymic lipid oxidation of 13 species of Northwest Atlantic finfish was determined. 2. 2. Optimal pH for lipid oxidation among the selected species occurred over a range of 6.5–6.9. 3. 3. These optimal pHs corresponded closely with muscle pH which ranged from 6.4 to 7.4. 4. 4. In nine of the 13 species, lipid oxidation was stimulated at low pH. 5. 5. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) development was closely related to the production of lipid peroxides in all but one sample of SR. 6. 6. SR-catalyzed lipid oxidation was greater in Clupea harengus, a fatty fish, than in the low fat groundfish species.
In-situ studies of phase formation and transformation in carbon ion implanted iron: Investigation of electrical resistivity

Abstract High fluence carbon ion implantation into pure iron has been performed at temperatures of −70°C. In situ measurements of electrical resistivity were done during ion bombardment to fluences of up to 1.2 × 10 18 C + /cm 2 . Several models are tested to estimate the transformed volume fraction from the experimentally determined values for resistivity. The transformation kinetics are compared to formal theories for isothermal reactions. The Avrami exponents have been determined to be smaller than 1. In addition resistivity during implantation of noble gas ions was measured. Clear differences between the implantation of light respectively heavy ions were found.
Aristotle on the uses of dialectic

There is now wide acceptance of the following pair of views: (1) Aristot elian dialectic was a technique of arguing from 'common beliefs', 'ac cepted opinions', or 'reputable views'; and (2) Aristotle thought that dialectic provided the way to the first principles of the sciences, or at any rate of some of them.11 want to argue that each of these is at best a half-truth. To begin with, although Aristotle does say that dialectical arguments are from endoxa, emphasizing this feature as its defining characteristic omits others that are equally important and so distorts our conception of dialectic and its powers. Next, one of these distortions is that if we do not take account of the full picture of dialectic and of Aristotle's specific purposes in the Topics, we will not understand what the endoxa are and why they are important to him. Finally, Topics 1.2, the text in which Irwin and others see Aristotle's declaration that dialectic 'has a road to the first principles of all disciplines', actually makes no such claim. If my arguments are sound, then a good deal of recent work on Aristotle at least needs reconsideration.
The back-scattering from a circular loop

The variational method is used to determine the echo area of a perfectlyconducting, thin, circular loop. The equivalent source of the scattered field is approximated by the current I\(I(\phi ) = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\left( {c_n \cos n\phi + d_n \sin n\phi } \right)} \) which flows parallel with the axis of the wire. An interesting feature of this problem is that for the broadside aspect the current distribution can be determined exactly within the limits of the approximations made for thin wires; consequently, the accuracy of the approximations in this case can be readily checked. Comparisons are made between the calculated and measured values of the echo area at the broadside and edge aspects of the loop. Good agreement between the two values is obtained. Hence, it appears that approximations which have been successfully used for straight wire radiators may be extended to cases where the wire is curved. Echo area values of the loop are compared with those of the circular plate, the sphere, and the straight wire. The equivalent dipole sources associated with small loop scatterers are treated.
Enhanced expression of membrane phosphoproteins tyrosine phosphorylation in estrogen-induced kidney tumors.

Summary We demonstrate for the first time that the expression of tyrosine containing membrane phosphoproteins is elevated in estrogen-induced kidney tumors, which is evident from both the types of experiments, i.e., alkali-resistant phosphorylation of membrane proteins and immunoprecipitation of tyrosine containing phosphoproteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins or peptides was modulated by the growth factors (EGF, IGF-I) and by the inhibitors of tyrosine protein kinase(s). The kinetic analyses revealed that tumor membranes have high affinity and catalytically more efficient tyrosine phosphorylating kinase enzyme(s) compared to that of normal membranes which have low affinity and catalytically less efficient kinase enzyme(s). It is proposed that overexpression of tyrosine containing membranal phosphoproteins may be involved in the induction and growth of estrogen-induced renal neoplasm.
Victorian Women's Roles and the Concept of Home As Expressed Through Aesthetics

The purpose of this article was to examine correlations between the roles of Victorian women in the home and aesthetics of the home environment. Methodology was historical using a variety of primary and secondary sources. Conclusions of the study indicated that furnishings in the near environment were selected as symbols for prevailing beliefs and attitudes about women's roles. Handmade furnishings were emphasized by Victorians as evidence that the wife cared enough about home and family to invest considerable time in adornment of the home. The materials and motifs of both handmade and purchased accessories were consciously selected to convey messages, such as respect for nature, primacy of family life, and cultural interests. Victorians regarded interiors as expressions of a woman's ability to make appropriate decisions. Since motherhood was idealized as the center of a family's well-being, her creation and selection of furnishings represented the entire family's social position.
Stage extent of separation in ideal countercurrent recycle membrane cascades

Abstract Rony's extent of separation ξ is useful to characterize the quality of separation of a binary feed that occurs in membrane stages, membrane modules and cascades. The stage extent of separation, ξ i , has a maximum value for a specified stage separation factor, α i . The ideal cascade design requires a minimum total interstage flow compressor duty, and membrane area to make a specified overall separation. It is shown that ξ i has the maximum value at each stage in an ideal membrane cascade composed of ideal perfect-mix stages. This is also true in a “properly designed” no-mix cascade composed of crossflow stages. This suggests that ξ is a basic separation index.
A note on the calculation of photon loss in an image-tube scanner.

It is found that in the case of 500 image elements and system gains above 3000 only a few per cent of input photons will be lost. Photon loss is not excessive for even lower gains. Aperture variations within a fairly wide range have little effect on the loss. However, losses increase if dead time at the end of a sweep is permitted. A system with continuous sweep at the fastest possible rates is recommended for optimal results.
Contrasting clinical properties and exercise responses in obese and lean hypertensive patients.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to test whether the differences in activity of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems at rest or during exercise can explain the differing cardiovascular properties and outcomes of lean and obese hypertensive patients. BACKGROUND Although lean hypertensive patients have fewer metabolic abnormalities than obese hypertensive patients, paradoxically they appear to have a poorer cardiovascular prognosis. METHODS To evaluate the heightened risks in lean hypertensive patients, this study compared metabolic, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular characteristics at rest and during a standardized treadmill protocol in obese (body mass index [BMI] = 32.5 ± 0.3 kg/m2, n = 55) and lean (BMI = 24.3 ± 0.2 kg/m2, n = 66) hypertensive patients. Normotensive obese (n = 21) and lean (n = 55) volunteers served as control subjects. RESULTS Compared with the lean normotensive subjects, the lean and obese hypertensive patients had greater left ventricular mass index (LVMI) values, but on multivariate analysis, LVMI correlated with plasma renin activity (p CONCLUSIONS Compared with obese hypertensive patients, cardiovascular properties in lean hypertensive patients are more dependent on catecholamines and the renin system. The different neuroendocrine responses to dynamic stimuli in lean and obese patients also might help to explain the disparity in their cardiovascular outcomes.
Inhibition of normal clotting and Fletcher factor activity by rabbit anti-kallikrein antiserum

NORMAL human plasma clots rapidly on contact with a foreign surface such as glass, through a sequence of reactions designated the intrinsic pathway of thrombin formation. Two nearly identical mechanisms, designated a waterfall1 and cascade2 respectively, were proposed to explain this process. Although these hypotheses have since been modified3, ideas about the clotting factors involved and the essential order of their participation have not changed. Many of the reactions have been clarified through the use of plasma from patients with congenital deficiencies and partially purified preparations of clotting factors.
Multidisciplinary approach to apical surgery in conjunction with the loss of buccal cortical plate

The treatment of advanced periodontal breakdown as a result of an associated endodontic lesion continues to challenge the practitioner. Two cases of teeth with endodontic pathologic conditions that required apical surgery are presented. On raising the flap, no buccal cortical plate was found, significantly lowering the prognosis of the surgery. A barrier membrane was used in addition to the apical surgery, which on postoperative follow-up appears to have resulted in the reestablishment of the buccal cortical plate.
Hospitalization of nursing home residents: a review of the literature, 1980-1995.

In this article, the authors review the literature on the hospitalization of nursing home residents. First, they describe the incidence of hospitalization and the extent to which these rates differ due to data limitations, varying definitions of hospitalization, and changing health policies. Second, they describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of nursing home residents associated with hospitalization. Third, they review negative outcomes of hospitalization, including iatrogenic and nosocomial disease, mortality, and financial costs. Finally, they highlight several areas of concern this research raises and suggest areas for future studies.
Indentation-induced domain switching in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 crystal

Abstract Response of ferroelectric domains to mechanical stresses was studied on a oriented piezoelectric 0.65Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –0.35PbTiO 3 (0.65PMN–0.35PT) crystal. Stress-induced domain switching was observed in the stress field of a microindentation and was confined to butterfly-shaped switching zones which extended preferentially along the directions. Based on a critical shear stress criterion, a stress analysis was made to determine the condition for the 90° domain switching. The analysis predicted a hyperbolic contour for the switching-zone boundary, in agreement with the experimental observations.
Ewald methods for polarizable surfaces with application to hydroxylation and hydrogen bonding on the (012) and (001) surfaces of α-Fe2O3

We present a clear and rigorous derivation of the Ewald-like method for calculation of the electrostatic energy of the systems infinitely periodic in two dimensions and of finite size in the third dimension (slabs). We have generalized this method originally developed by Rhee et al. (Phys. Rev. B 40 (1989) 36) to account for charge-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions and therefore made it suitable for treatment of polarizable systems. This method has the advantage over exact methods of being significantly faster and therefore appropriate for large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. However, it involves a Taylor expansion which has to be demonstrated to be of sufficient order. The method was extensively benchmarked against the exact methods by Leckner and Parry. We found it necessary to increase the order of the multipole expansion from 4 (as in the original work by Rhee et al.) to 6. In this case the method is adequate for aspect ratios (thickness/shortest side length of the unit cell) ≤ 0.5. Molecular dynamics simulations using the transferable/polarizable model by Rustad et al. were applied to study the surface relaxation of the nonhydroxylated, hydroxylated and solvated surfaces of α-Fe2O3 (hematite). We find that our nonhydroxylated structures and energies are in good agreement with previous LDA calculations on α-alumina by Manassidis et al. (Surf. Sci. 285 (1993) L517). Using the results of molecular dynamics simulations of solvated interfaces, we define end-member hydroxylated-hydrated states for the surfaces which are used in energy minimization calculations. We find that hydration has a small effect on the surface structure, but that hydroxylation has a significant effect. Our calculations, both for gas-phase and solution-phase adsorption, predict a greater amount of hydroxylation for the α-Fe2O3 (012) surface than for the (001) surface. Our simulations also indicate the presence of four-fold coordinated iron ions on the (001) surface.
Programmable polarization-independent spectral phase compensation and pulse shaping.

We report the first use of a double-layer liquid crystal modulator array for spectral phase pulse shaping that operates independent of polarization. Such insensitivity to polarization is crucial for fiber applications, e.g., dispersion compensation.
Relationship between fabrication method and chemical stability of Ni-BaZr 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3-δ membrane

Abstract NiO effectively promotes the sintering of highly refractory Y-doped BaZrO 3 (BZY) through the formation of BaY 2 NiO 5 , providing a simple and cost-effective method for the fabrication of dense BZY electrolyte and Ni–BZY hydrogen separation membrane at ∼1400 °C. Unfortunately, insulating BaCO 3 and Y 2 O 3 phases formed on the surface of BZY and Ni–BZY prepared by solid state reaction method with NiO after annealing in wet CO 2 . Ni–BZY membranes prepared from different methods suffered different degree of performance loss in wet H 2 at 900 °C. The chemical instability of Ni–BZY is attributed to the formation of a secondary phase (BaY 2 O 4 ) generated from the reduction of BaY 2 NiO 5 in H 2 during the sintering process. Both BaY 2 O 4 and BaY 2 NiO 5 react with H 2 O, and CO 2 at elevated temperatures, generating insulating Ba(OH) 2 and BaCO 3 phases, respectively. The less BaY 2 O 4 is formed in the fabrication process, the better chemical stability the Ni–BZY membranes possess. Therefore, a new Ni–BZY membrane is prepared through a judicial combination of BZY powders prepared from combined EDTA-citric and solid state reaction methods, and demonstrates exceptional chemical stability in H 2 O and CO 2 , enabling stable and even improved hydrogen flux in wet 50% CO 2 at 900 °C.
Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction

During the past decade, our knowledge of the hemodynamics, functional anatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropharmacology of erectile function has evolved substantially. The change of smooth muscle tone has emerged as a key factor in erection and detumescence. However, future studies are needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular basis of erectile physiology. With insight into normal physiology we will understand the pathologic process and be able to treat it.
Non-Traditional Micromachining Using Pulsed Liquids

Non-traditional machining using the energy afforded by pulsed liquid impacts is currently being applied to machining materials at the microscale. This paper discusses the theoretical modelling of liquid impact machining thresholds as a result of temporal and spatial distributions of transient stresses in elastically deformable materials. The model predicts changes in the response characteristics of materials due to an idealised representation of a liquid droplet impacting a plane surface. The analytical approach used does not include the secondary effects of liquid impact and is therefore only applicable to the first stages of impact where the compressibility of the liquid droplet is most significant. The predicted response characteristics are compared with experimental data generated using a specially constructed micromachining center. The predicted response of a model material compare well with the experimental results. The results presented in this paper illustrate the importance of the energy provided by pulsed liquid impacts to remove material at the microscale. The secondary effects of liquid droplet dispersion are also illustrated and the mechanism of material removal during liquid droplet dispersion is described in detail.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cefotetan in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections.

Abstract The efficacy, tolerance, and safety of cefotetan—a new 7-α-methoxy cephalosporin—was assessed in controlled and uncontrolled evaluations involving 131 evaluable patients hospitalized with obstetric and gynecologic infections. The 99% satisfactory clinical response rate obtained with this drug was equivalent to that obtained with either moxalactam or cefoxitin, yet the mean amount of cefotetan given was lower than that of the other two drugs. Cefotetan was well tolerated and produced no major adverse reactions. In this era of Diagnosis Related Groups and cost containment, the twice-daily dosage schedule of cefotetan is a decided cost benefit.
Evidence for a functional receptor for cyclosporin A on the surface of lymphocytes.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive agent that inhibits the synthesis of lymphokines by T lymphocytes at the level of transcription. A cytoplasmic protein, cyclophilin, is the most thoroughly studied CsA-binding protein, but its ubiquitous presence in cells of all types raises questions about its role in immunosuppression. In an attempt to ascertain the presence of a cell surface receptor, we synthesized two polyvalent macromolecular CsA derivatives, CsA-BBa-ovalbumin and CsA-BBa-aminodextran (CBD), from the product of the photochemical reaction of CsA and 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (CsA-BBa). (i) They inhibited the peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of cyclophilin and the synthesis of interleukin 2 by phorbol ester-activated EL-4 cells. (ii) CBD also inhibited interleukin 2 secretion by Con A-activated T-cell-enriched mouse splenocytes. 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid (BBa)-aminodextran and aminodextran were inactive. (iii) Direct binding and competition studies with [3H]CsA indicated that CBD does not enter EL-4 cells (i.e., it acted at the surface). (iv) CBD caused agglutination of EL-4 cells, murine B and T lymphocytes, human thymocytes, and two T-cell hybridomas. Agglutination was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to CsA and by CsA and CsA-BBa, but not by BBa. No agglutination was seen with BBa-aminodextran or aminodextran. HeLa cells, Vero (monkey kidney) cells, a mouse plasmacytoma, COS cells, and a poorly differentiated B-cell lymphoma were not agglutinated. (v) EL-4 cells failed to be agglutinated after treatment with trypsin or chymotrypsin. Specific agglutination was again possible after incubation for 5 h at 37 degrees C in the absence of enzyme. (vi) CBD covalently linked to crosslinked agarose beads inhibited interleukin 2 production by phorbol ester-stimulated EL-4 cells. No activity was seen if cell-to-bead contact was prevented by a 0.02-microns microporous filter that did not interfere with the passage of CBD. Our findings support the presence of a functional receptor on the surface of selected cells of the immune system.
Comparative phylogeography of a coevolved community: concerted population expansions in Joshua trees and four yucca moths

Comparative phylogeographic studies have had mixed success in identifying common phylogeographic patterns among co-distributed organisms. Whereas some have found broadly similar patterns across a diverse array of taxa, others have found that the histories of different species are more idiosyncratic than congruent. The variation in the results of comparative phylogeographic studies could indicate that the extent to which sympatrically-distributed organisms share common biogeographic histories varies depending on the strength and specificity of ecological interactions between them. To test this hypothesis, we examined demographic and phylogeographic patterns in a highly specialized, coevolved community – Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and their associated yucca moths. This tightly-integrated, mutually interdependent community is known to have experienced significant range changes at the end of the last glacial period, so there is a strong a priori expectation that these organisms will show common signatures of demographic and distributional changes over time. Using a database of >5000 GPS records for Joshua trees, and multi-locus DNA sequence data from the Joshua tree and four species of yucca moth, we combined paleaodistribution modeling with coalescent-based analyses of demographic and phylgeographic history. We extensively evaluated the power of our methods to infer past population size and distributional changes by evaluating the effect of different inference procedures on our results, comparing our palaeodistribution models to Pleistocene-aged packrat midden records, and simulating DNA sequence data under a variety of alternative demographic histories. Together the results indicate that these organisms have shared a common history of population expansion, and that these expansions were broadly coincident in time. However, contrary to our expectations, none of our analyses indicated significant range or population size reductions at the end of the last glacial period, and the inferred demographic changes substantially predate Holocene climate changes.
ERRORS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF AGONIST POTENCY-RATIOS PRODUCED BY UPTAKE PROCESSES: A GENERAL MODEL APPLIED TO β-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS

1. The sensitization of guinea-pig atria and trachea to noradrenaline, isoprenaline, and salbutamol, produced by an inhibitor of neuronal (cocaine) and extraneuronal (metanephrine) uptake, was studied quantitatively. The data were compared to a theoretical model. 2. Cocaine produced near maximal sensitization to noradrenaline in guinea-pig atria (5 fold) at concentrations which produced only partial sensitization in guinea-pig trachea (4.7 fold sensitization of a maximum 11 fold). These results agreed with the model which predicts that there is a direct relationship between the amount of uptake inhibitor required to produce full sensitization and the magnitude of maximal sensitization demonstrable in the tissue. This makes extrapolation of uptake inhibition concentrations from tissue to tissue a potentially erroneous practice. 3. In normal trachea, salbutamol is 20 times more potent than noradrenaline but this difference is abolished (to 0.9 times) by cocaine (100 microM). This reduction of potency-ratio is due to the selective cocaine-induced sensitization of trachea to noradrenaline and raises a serious objection to the classification of salbutamol as a beta 2 selective agonist. 4. Metanephrine produced very little sensitization of trachea to isoprenaline. Experiments with salbutamol showed metanephrine to be a simple competitive antagonist of beta-adrenoceptors (pKb = 4.3) and that this receptor antagonism masked sensitization to isoprenaline. 5. A theoretical model indicates that an inhibitor of agonist uptake requires a remarkable degree of selectivity for the uptake mechanism (i.e. Kb for receptors 10(4) x KI for uptake sites) to demonstrate tissue sensitization to the agonist. This analysis and the data with metanephrine indicate that a sinistral shift of the concentration-response curve is a poor indicator of the importance of uptake mechanisms in an isolated tissue. 6. An alternate method to determine the importance of agonist-uptake effects on concentration-response curves is described which utilizes agonist potency ratios. Agonist potency ratios in guinea-pig atria and trachea showed that the bronchoselectivity demonstrated by salbutamol (with respect to isoprenaline) is reduced from 54 to 7.8 by metanephrine reflecting the importance of extraneuronal uptake in trachea.
Laser Synthesis of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes Utilizing High Temperature Induction Heating.

An inductive heating system was used to control the temperature of the target during laser synthesis of SWNTs. The position of the target relative to the heating coil, the type of catalyst metals and the synthesis temperatures were all varied in attempts to gain more control over the types of carbon single wall nanotubes grown. Raman spectroscopy results suggest that narrower diameter distributions are produced when the gas-phase species are rapidly condensed. TEM analysis of the raw soot shows that many tube ends are present and that the tubes are short due to incomplete growth. This investigation shows that it is possible to gain further control over SWNT diameter distributions through fine control of the reaction environment made possible with inductive heating.
Pregnenolone and progesterone metabolism by cardenolide producing plants

Abstract Leaf homogenates of Cheiranthus cheiri and Digitalis purpurea rapidly metabolize pregnenolone to progesterone and 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione. Under identical conditions Strophanthus kombe yielded only small amounts of progesterone. Leaf homogenates of C. cheiri, D. purpurea, S. kombe and Corchorus olitorius metabolized progesterone to 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione, with small amounts of 5α-pregnan-3β-ol, 20-one. With both substrates, C. cheiri was most active. No 5β metabolites of either pregnenolone or progesterone could be detected.
Impact origin of sediments at the Opportunity landing site on Mars

Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity discovered sediments with layered structures thought to be unique to aqueous deposition and with minerals attributed to evaporation of an acidic salty sea. Remarkable iron-rich spherules were ascribed to later groundwater alteration, and the inferred abundance of water reinforced optimism that Mars was once habitable. The layered structures, however, are not unique to water deposition, and the scenario encounters difficulties in accounting for highly soluble salts admixed with less soluble salts, the lack of clay minerals from acid–rock reactions, high sphericity and near-uniform sizes of the spherules and the absence of a basin boundary. Here we present a simple alternative explanation involving deposition from a ground-hugging turbulent flow of rock fragments, salts, sulphides, brines and ice produced by meteorite impact. Subsequent weathering by intergranular water films can account for all of the features observed without invoking shallow seas, lakes or near-surface aquifers. Layered sequences observed elsewhere on heavily cratered Mars and attributed to wind, water or volcanism may well have formed similarly. If so, the search for past life on Mars should be reassessed accordingly. Surface features at the landing site of Opportunity, the Mars Exploration Rover, have been taken as evidence that liquid water was once abundant on Mars. But two groups now present alternative explanations of the layered structures and mineral compositions of the Meridiani Planum that do not involve a standing body of liquid water. Turbulent flow of rock fragments, salts and ice produced by meterorite impact and deposition of volcanic material followed by reaction with condensed sulphur dioxide- and water-bearing vapours, are offered as alternative explanations for the observations.
Life styles for women, an attitude scale.

An attitude scale on life styles for women was developed and administered to 98 female and 95 male undergraduate students. Ss were asked to fill out a 28-item questionnaire, following written instr...
The enthalpy of water in the liquid state

The enthalpy of water in the liquid state was calculated from 32 deg F to temperatures approaching the critical and pressures ranging from saturated conditions to 160,000 psia(approximately 11,000 atm). The results of this study are presented graphically and show that the influence of pressure on enthalpy is significant, particularly in the lower temperature region. At these conditions pressure is found to increase the enthalpy of liquid water by as much as 360 Btu/ lb above the corresponding enthalpy of the saturated liquid state. A comprehensive literature search disclosed PVT data for water that permitted the construction of a density correlation. This correlation expressed in reduced coordinates extends from the normal freezing point of water to temperatures of 1,870 deg F (T/sub R/ - 2.0) and pressures ranging up to 10,915 atm (P/sub R/= 50). The recent extensive PVT data of Kennedy reported in 1950 supplemented with the earlier data of Amagat and Bridgman allowed the calculation of enthalpics at these elevated temperatures and pressures. For these calculations basic thermodynamic relationships were adapted which utilized this reduced density correlation. This approach made possible the extension of more » the thermodynamic properties of liquid water above the highest pressure reported by Keenan and Keys. Below this pressure of 6,000 psia good agreement was found to exist between the enthalpy values presented by Keenan and Keyes and those reported. (auth) « less
The accuracy of automated and clinical detection of brain damage and lateralization in neuropsychology

The validity of both computer programs and clinical judgment in neuropsychology for determining the existence and lateralization of brain damage is reviewed. Computerized interpretation in neuropsychology, after a propitious beginning, was largely abandoned due to severe criticism, essentially based on only three studies. Only one of these studies compared clinical judgment with computer programs. A thorough examination of the literature located many more studies assessing the accuracy of computer programs, clinical judgment, and discriminant analysis. When reviewed, these studies found that the computer programs, especially the Neuropsychological Key, were quite accurate though not as accurate as clinical judgment. Computer programs and especially the Lateralization Index are potentially as accurate as expert clinical judgment. The rationale related to computer programs is also discussed. This includes the implications of impairment, criterion adequacy, and methods used in designing the neuropsychological Key and the Lateralization Index. Since computer programs are completely reliable across studies, they can be used to examine the differences between sample populations and criterion accuracy. Factors contributing to reduced accuracy in both clinical judgment and computer programs are also explicated.
Sub‐Diffraction Imaging of Huntingtin Protein Aggregates by Fluorescence Blink‐Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases are all associated with protein misfolding, aggregation, and the accumulation of insoluble amyloid aggregates in neurons.[1] Huntington’s disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within exon 1 of the huntingtin (Htt) protein beyond a threshold of approximately 40 glutamine residues. An expanded polyQ tract enhances Htt propensity for aggregation and leads to the neuronal dysfunction and loss associated with Huntington’s disease.[2] Characterization of Htt aggregate species is critical for understanding the mechanism of Huntington’s disease and identifying potential therapies.