cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast algorithm for computing histograms on a reconfigurable mesh

The authors present fast parallel algorithms for computing the histogram on PARBUS and RMESH models. Compared with the approach of J. Jeng and S. Sahni (1992), the proposed algorithm improves the time complexity by using a constant amount of memory in each processing element. In the histogram modification algorithm, the entire range of h is considered. The connections used by the proposed algorithm on the PARBUS model are same as those allowed in the MRN model. Thus, this algorithm runs on this model as well. The results obtained imply that the number of 1's in a N*N 0/1 table can be counted in O(log* N) time on an N*N reconfigurable mesh and in O(log log N) time on an N*N RMESH. >
Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide-enriched and reference 17-year-old loblolly pine stands

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2e) increases soil respiration rates in forest, grassland, agricultural and wetland systems as a result of increased growth, root biomass and enhanced biological activity of soil microorganisms. Less is known about how forest floor fluxes respond to the combined effects of elevated CO2 and nutrient amendments; until now no experiments have been in place with large forest trees to allow even preliminary investigations. We investigated changes in forest floor respiration (Sff) in a Pinus taeda L. plantation fumigated with CO2 by using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology and given nutrient amendments. The prototype FACE apparatus (FACEp; 707 m2) was constructed in 1993, 10 years after planting, on a moderate fertility site in Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA, enriching the stand to 55 Pa (CO2e). A nearby ambient CO2 (CO2a) plot (117 m2) was designated at the inception of the study as a reference (Ref). Both FACEp and Ref plot were divided in half and urea fertilizer was applied to one half at an annual rate of 11.2 g N m−2 in the spring of 1998, 1999 and 2000. Forest floor respiration was monitored continuously for 220 days – March through November 2000 – by using two Automated Carbon Efflux Systems. Thirty locations (491 cm2 each) were sampled in both FACEp and Ref, about half in each fertility treatment. Forest floor respiration was strongly correlated with soil temperature at 5 cm. Rates of Sff were greater in CO2e relative to CO2a (an enhancement of ∼178 g C m−2) during the measurement period. Application of fertilizer resulted in a statistically significant depression of respiration rates in both the CO2a and CO2e plots (a reduction of ∼186 g C m−2). The results suggest that closed canopy forests on moderate fertility sites cycle back to the atmosphere more assimilated carbon (C) than similar forests on sites of high fertility. We recognize the limitations of this non-replicated study, but its clear results offer strong testable hypotheses for future research in this important area.
Localization of a Non-Specific X-linked Mental Retardation Gene, MRX23, to Xq23–q24

More than 100 X-linked mental retardation syndromes have been described. We report the localization of the disease gene, MRX23, in one family to Xq23-24. Affected family members present with non-specific X-linked mental retardation with verbal disability (BDOAS 10, 1-100). MRX23 is tightly linked to the markers DXS1220 (Z = 3.76 at theta = 0.1) and DXS424 (Z = 3.9 at theta = 0.06). Multipoint linkage analysis, taking five loci (DXS1072-0.07-DXS1220-0.014-MRX23-0.01-DXS 424-0.08-DXS1001) at a time, gives a maximum LOD score of 6.7 between these two markers. The next most likely location, between DXS424 and DXS1001 is 120-fold less likely. Haplotype analysis also indicates the most likely location for the disease gene is between DXS1220 and DXS424.
Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations

Individual differences in DNA sequence are the genetic basis of human variability. We have characterized whole-genome patterns of common human DNA variation by genotyping 1,586,383 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 71 Americans of European, African, and Asian ancestry. Our results indicate that these SNPs capture most common genetic variation as a result of linkage disequilibrium, the correlation among common SNP alleles. We observe a strong correlation between extended regions of linkage disequilibrium and functional genomic elements. Our data provide a tool for exploring many questions that remain regarding the causal role of common human DNA variation in complex human traits and for investigating the nature of genetic variation within and between human populations.
From flowering to dispersal: reproductive ecology of an endemic plant, Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae)

Astragalus australis var. olympicus is an endemic plant of the Olympic Mountains, Washington. It is considered a Species of Concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This study focused on the reproductive biology of the plant from flower production through seed germination to identify possible weak points that might contribute to its rarity and impede its conservation. Most plants produced a large mean number of flowers and ovules (314.8 and 4106, respectively), but relatively few of these formed fruits and seeds (25.8 and 3.8%, respectively). In decreasing importance, ovules in fruits were lost to predation, seed abortion, and lack of fertilization. The percentages of these fates differed among sites and years. Excluding pollinators by bagging flowers reduced fruit set by ∼50%, but seed set per fruit and seed mass were unaffected. Germination was affected by scarification, temperature, and moisture availability. About 11% of seeds damaged by predispersal seed predators (weevil larvae) remained viable and were released from dormancy. I hypothesize that predispersal seed predation (over 80% at one site) has a negative effect on population growth. Conservation of this species could benefit from improved fruit set and decreased seed predation.
Violent Behavior by Individuals With Serious Mental Illness

The perceived association between violent behavior and serious mental illness was explored to determine the validity of claims by mental health advocates that individuals with serious mental illness are no more dangerous than members of the general population. Methods: The author reviewed recent studies and media accounts of violent behavior by individuals with serious mental illness, with emphasis given to the most recent studies. Results and conclusions: Although the vast majority of individuals with serious mental illness are not more dangerous than members of the general population, recent findings suggest the existence of a subgroup that is more dangerous. A history of vioknt bebavior, noncompliance with medications, and substance abuse are important predictors of violent bebavior in this subgroup. The findings imply that the criteria for involuntary hospitalization, involuntary medication, outpatient commitment, the monitoring of medication compliance, and other mandated follow-up procedures may nee...
The new intuitionism

I confer the title ‘intuitionism’ and its cognates, here and throughout, upon intuitionistic mathematics solely, the mathematics inaugurated officially by L.E.J. Brouwer but prefigured in the writings of Paul du Bois-Reymond and Emile Borel. I do not use that word to designate any philosophy or philosophies of mathematics that might, at one time or another, have danced attendance upon the mathematics. Nor do I use ‘intuitionist’ as Felix Klein once did, in his Evanston lectures of 1893 (Klein 1911), to denote a mentality prompting certain mathematicians to favor geometric visualization over algorithmic calculation or logical analysis. Even with that delimitation, I freely admit that the definite article in my title is inappropriate. In the proclamation of another ‘new’ intuitionism, there is little new. Since the day Klein bestowed the appellation, some mathematicians and philosophers, among them Brouwer, have trumpeted the presumptive advantages of the very latest, the very ‘newest’ intuitionism. Surveying the foundational trends of the past forty years, one espies a number of developments, each modish in its day, each then meriting the designation ‘new intuitionism’: the proof-theoretic intuitionism of Georg Kreisel, the category-theoretic intuitionism of William Lawvere, the intuitionistic type theories of Per Martin-Lof, the constructivism of Errett Bishop and that of Paul Lorenzen.
Mind-Body Approaches in Heart Failure Prevention

The impact of stress and depression on outcomes in patient with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, is now well recognized and provides clear evidence for the importance of the mind-body connection. Ongoing research has identified physiologic pathways that govern these interactions that accordingly constitute targets for preventive therapies. A variety of non-pharmacologic practices and interventions that affect the mind-body axis have been preliminarily tested in patients with heart failure. Further development of these interventions may provide new cost-effective approaches to augment current guideline directed therapy and further enhance the prevention of adverse clinical events in patients with heart failure.
“Growing” communities with urban agriculture: Generating value above and below ground

AbstractDrawing upon original research examining urban agriculture projects in Denver, Colorado, this article explores the “growing” metaphor used in community development circles, especially those involving food-growing schemes. The authors propose the following analytic distinction: above ground/below ground. The former refers to those capitals we count as community development scholars, whereas the latter speaks to the values shaping the capitals that community members feel ought to count. The article also brings together previously disparate literatures that have more in common than their respective track records suggest – the (above ground) community capitals and (below ground) diverse economies approaches. While explorative, this article aims to help others understand the complex processes involved in not only the generating of community capitals but in the practices and discourses that lead to them being valued by stakeholders.
A rapid FIB-notch technique for characterizing the internal morphology of high-performance fibers

Abstract This work introduces an innovative technique to characterize the internal morphology of high-performance fibers by using a focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation method and subsequent atomic force microscopy (AFM). A FIB is used to mill opposing notches that facilitate direct failure along a longitudinal shear plane, and expose the internal surface of the fiber. By exposing this surface via longitudinal shear, distortion of the cleaved surface is minimal, which is an advantage over surface preparation methods such as microtoming. After cleaving the notched fibers, an AFM technique is used to generate modulus maps of the fiber fracture surfaces. These modulus maps provide qualitative and quantitative microstructural information. Initial results obtained from Kevlar KM2 and Dyneema SK76 fibers are presented and a brief analysis of the observed internal features is provided. Extending the technique to image internal features in other materials is also discussed.
The Pediatrics Milestones Assessment Pilot: Development of Workplace-Based Assessment Content, Instruments, and Processes

PurposeTo report on the development of content and user feedback regarding the assessment process and utility of the workplace-based assessment instruments of the Pediatrics Milestones Assessment Pilot (PMAP).MethodOne multisource feedback instrument and two structured clinical observation instrumen
Growth and emotional development of the child.

On entering school, the child begins his quest for an independent yet merged identity.Failure to crystallize a stable ego identity in adolescence impairs self-confidence and self-respect and paralyzes independent judgment and thinking. Only after the adolescent establishes a workable sense of identity do childhood and growth end and living begin for him.The physical, sexual, emotional and intellectual developmental stages of the school-aged child are discussed.
Effects of different surveillance systems on detection and control for 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak

Objective To evaluate effects of varied surveillance systems of infectious diseases on detection and control for 2009 influenza A /H1N1 outbreak to provide scientific evidence for perfecting strategies in its control and prevention. Methods Timeliness in detection of outbreak of A /H1N1 flu was evaluated by comparing time interval of onset of its initial case and outbreak onset detected by syndromic surveillance system ( SSS) and web-based disease report information system ( DRIS) in China,as well as effectiveness of its control was evaluated by comparing length of outbreak lasting and attack rate of H1N1 flu between them. Results There were seven outbreaks of H1N1 flu in 2009 in Shunyi district,Beijing,three detected by SSS and four by DRIS in China. Time interval between onset of initial case and onset of outbreak detected and confirmed by SSS averaged 109. 00 hours,and that between onset of initial case and onset of outbreak detected by web-based DRIS in China averaged 201. 50 hours (P 0. 05). Time interval between onset of initial case and end of outbreak spanned 323. 67 hours in average detected by SSS,and that spanned 603. 75 hours by DRIS in China ( P 0. 05). Attack rate of H1N1 flu in outbreaks detected by SSS averaged 11. 8 percent and that by DRIS averaged 17. 9 percent (P 0. 05). Conclusions Timeliness in detection of H1N1 flu outbreak by SSS and effectiveness of its control are significantly better than that detected by DRIS in China,but not all the outbreaks of H1N1 flu can be detected by the former,therefore,it is necessary to bring advantages of both SSS and DRIS into full play to detect and control it timely.
Endocervical chlamydial deoxyribonucleic acid in infertile women

The presence of chlamydial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was evaluated by DNA hybridization in endocervical cells of infertile and normal fertile women. Chlamydial DNA was detected in 49 of 186 (26.3%) infertile patients, which is significantly more common than in fertile control individuals (12.5%, or 8 of 64 individuals). Among infertile patients, 49.3% (33 of 67) of those with tubal factors as cause of infertility and 13.4% (16 of 119) of those with nontubal factors were found to contain chlamydial DNA in their endocervical cells. The results show that chlamydial DNA could be found significantly more frequently in endocervical cells of infertile patients with tubal factor than those without tubal factors or in normal controls.
The Iridium Communications Systems

The technical parameters of Motorola's iridium communications system are discussed. This system is a worldwide, digital, satellite-based, cellular, personal communications system primarily intended to provide commercial, low-density, portable service via handheld, mobile or transportable user units, employing low-profile antennas, to millions of users throughout the world. Calls can be made and received anywhere in the world with a personal, pocket-size, portable unit. A constellation of small (700 kg), smart satellites are internetted to form the network's backbone. Small, battery-powered, cellular-telephone-like user units communicate directly to the satellites. >
Systeme von ökonometrischen Gleichungen

In diesem Kapitel behandeln wir Probleme, die sich aus der Tatsache ergeben, das es sich bei okonometrischen Beziehungen immer um Gleichgewichtssysteme handelt, welche aus mehreren Gleichungen bestehen. Diese Tatsache macht die Anwendung der allgemein bekannten statistischen Methoden (kleinste Quadrate, Maximum Likelihood) auf okonometrische Beziehungen zweifelhaft, wenn nicht erst die Existenz mehrerer simultaner Gleichungen in Betracht gezogen wird, welche alle okonometrischen Systeme charakterisieren.
Linear Prediction Techniques in Speech Coding

Recent advances in speech coding algorithms and techniques based on the use of linear prediction now permit high quality voice reproduction at remarkably low bit rates. This paper reviews some of the main ideas underlying the algorithms of major interest today. The concept of removing redundancy by linear prediction is reviewed, first in the context of predictive quantization or DPCM. Then linear predictive coding, adaptive predictive coding, and vector quantization are discussed. The concepts of excitation coding via analysis-by-synthesis linear predictive coding is explained and some important enhancements such as vector sum excitations, and adaptive postfiltering are described. Low-delay coding by backward computation of LPC parameters is explained. The concept of phonetic segmentation of speech for closed-loop coding systems is also presented. Linear prediction is the key technique that underlies almost all of the important algorithms for speech coding of interest today. Finally, we discuss some recent work on nonlinear prediction of speech and its potential for the future of speech coding.
The Myth of the Critical Period

In language conferences, student papers, some linguistics textbooks, and wider culture, the critical period hypothesis is presented as factual despite still being fiercely debated in academic literature. The widespread popular acceptance of the hypothesis contrasts with a sharp debate and criticism of it in academic literature (Munoz & Singleton, 2011; Ortega, 2009). This article considers the basis of the hypothesis, a concept from biology that describes a species-wide acquisition window for a trait that affects every member of the species and ends in a relatively abrupt manner (Knudson, 2004). After a critical period passes, a member of the affected species has little or no hope of acquiring a trait, as if the window were permanently sealed. The article then discusses the evidence for and against the hypothesis from additional and native language acquisition, ultimately concluding that evidence best supports a sensitive period within the first 2 years of life (Munoz & Singleton, 2011). Discussion then turns to what factors determine success in language learning, with consideration of how teachers can best support their students of all ages and how to change popular acceptance of the hypothesis and its inhibition of language learning.
Bioavailable estradiol concentrations are elevated and predict mortality in septic patients: a prospective cohort study

Experimental studies demonstrate beneficial immunological and hemodynamic effects of estradiol in animal models of sepsis. This raises the question whether estradiol contributes to sex differences in the incidence and outcomes of sepsis in humans. Yet, total estradiol levels are elevated in sepsis patients, particularly nonsurvivors. Bioavailable estradiol concentrations have not previously been reported in septic patients. The bioavailable estradiol concentration accounts for aberrations in estradiol carrier protein concentrations that could produce discrepancies between total and bioavailable estradiol levels. We hypothesized that bioavailable estradiol levels are low in septic patients and sepsis nonsurvivors. We conducted a combined case-control and prospective cohort study. Venous blood samples were obtained from 131 critically ill septic patients in the medical and surgical intensive care units at the University of Rochester Medical Center and 51 control subjects without acute illness. Serum bioavailable estradiol concentrations were calculated using measurements of total estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and albumin. Comparisons were made between patients with severe sepsis and control subjects and between hospital survivors and nonsurvivors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed. Bioavailable estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in sepsis patients than in control subjects (211 [78–675] pM vs. 100 [78–142] pM, p < 0.01) and in sepsis nonsurvivors than in survivors (312 [164–918] pM vs. 167 [70–566] pM, p = 0.04). After adjustment for age and comorbidities, patients with bioavailable estradiol levels above the median value had significantly higher risk of hospital mortality (OR 4.27, 95 % CI 1.65–11.06, p = 0.003). Bioavailable estradiol levels were directly correlated with severity of illness and did not differ between men and women. Contrary to our hypothesis, bioavailable estradiol levels were elevated in sepsis patients, particularly nonsurvivors, and were independently associated with mortality. Whether estradiol’s effects are harmful, beneficial, or neutral in septic patients remains unknown, but our findings raise caution about estradiol’s therapeutic potential in this setting. Our findings do not provide an explanation for sex-based differences in sepsis incidence and outcomes.
Optimization of Optical Absorption of Colloids of SiO2@Au and Fe3O4@Au Nanoparticles with Constraints.

We study the optical response of monodisperse colloids of core-shell plasmonic nanoparticles and introduce a computational approach to optimize absorption for photothermal applications that require dilute colloids of non-interacting particles with a prescribed volume fraction. Since the volume fraction is held constant, the particle concentration is size-dependent. Optimization is achieved by comparing the absorption spectra of colloids as a function of particle size and structure. We demonstrate the approach via application to colloids of core-shell SiO2@Au and Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles with particle sizes that range from 5–100 nm and with the incident wavelength varying from 600–1200 nm. The absorption spectra are predicted using Mie theory and the analysis shows that there is a unique mix of parameters (core radius, shell thickness, wavelength) that maximize absorption, independent of the value of volume fraction. We show that lossy Fe3O4 cores produce a much broader absorption peak with much less sensitivity to variations in particle structure and wavelength than lossless SiO2 cores. This approach can be readily adapted to colloids of nanoparticles with arbitrary materials, shapes and structure using appropriate numerical methods to compute the absorption spectra. As such, it is useful for the rational design of colloids and process variables for a broad range of photothermal applications.
Valuing All Knowledges Through an Expanded Definition of Access

Historical racial injustices as well as more recent public and economic policies have culminated in the displacement of supermarkets from some central city neighborhoods. With this displacement, many low-income and minority neighborhoods not only have been deprived of affordable healthful food, but also have experienced prolonged exposure to energy-dense and highly processed snack foods. Partly as a consequence of this loss of supermarkets, diet-related diseases have become prevalent. Our current policies to improve this health issue address only objective measures of access, with little input from community residents, and they are having limited results. In response, I have reconceptualized access as a construct with five dimensions: acceptability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and availability. This new expanded view supports both objective and perceived aspects of access and values the knowledge of residents through community-based participatory research, thereby providing a more complete understanding of access.
The use of modified-release methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Since Ritalin® (Methylphenidate-Immediate release or MPH-IR) was introduced for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, multiple formulations of MPH have been developed. The specific formulation determines the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and the onset and duration of action for the compound.Areas covered: Aptensio XR® is a multilayer-release MPH (MPH-MLR) consisting of an MPH-IR layer (40%) and an extended-release (ER) portion of 60% of MPH. It has an initial maximum MPH concentration at about two hours (h) and a second concentration peak at approximately 8 h. This formulation allows for a rapid onset of effect by 1 h and a duration of action through 12 h after dosing. The chemistry, PK, efficacy and adverse event profile of MPH-MLR will be reviewed.Expert commentary: Although the PK profile may prove beneficial to patients in the late afternoon and early evening, it is not clear if this is a significant advantage compared with other MPH-ER formulations.
Behavioral approach and orbitofrontal cortical activity during decision-making in substance dependence

Behavioral approach, defined as behavior directed toward a reward or novel stimulus, when elevated, may increase one's vulnerability to substance use disorder. Behavioral approach has been associated with relatively greater left compared to right frontal activity; behavioral inhibition may be associated with relatively greater right compared to left frontal brain activity. We hypothesized that substance dependent individuals (SDI) would have higher behavioral approach than controls and greater prefrontal cortical activity during decision-making involving reward. We hypothesized that behavioral approach would correlate with left frontal activity during decision-making and that the correlation would be stronger in SDI than controls. 31 SDI and 21 controls completed the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scales and performed a decision-making task during fMRI. Orbitofrontal (OFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal activity were correlated with BIS and BAS scores. Compared to controls, SDI had higher BAS Fun Seeking scores (p<0.001) and worse decision-making performance (p=0.004). BAS Fun Seeking correlated with left OFC activity during decision-making across group (r=0.444, p<0.003). The correlation did not differ by group. There was no correlation between BIS and right frontal activity. Left OFC may play a role in reward-related decision-making in substance use disorder especially in individuals with high behavioral approach.
Multiscale assembly of solution-processed organic electronics: the critical roles of confinement, fluid flow, and interfaces

Organic semiconducting small molecules and polymers provide a rich phase space for investigating the fundamentals of molecular and hierarchical assembly. Stemming from weak intermolecular interactions, their assembly sensitively depends on processing conditions, which in turn drastically modulate their electronic properties. Much work has gone into molecular design strategies that maximize intermolecular interactions and encourage close packing. Less understood, however, is the non-equilibrium assembly that occurs during the fabrication process (especially solution coating and printing) which is critical to determining thin film morphology across length scales. This encompasses polymorphism and molecular packing at molecular scale, assembly of π-bonding aggregates at the tens of nanometers scale, and the formation of domains at the micron-millimeter device scale. Here, we discuss three phenomena ubiquitous in solution processing of organic electronic thin films: the confinement effect, fluid flows, and interfacial assembly and the role they play in directing assembly. This review focuses on the mechanistic understanding of how assembly outcomes couple closely to the solution processing environment, supported by salient examples from the recent literature.
Mechanical Circulatory Support for the Failing Fontan: Conversion to Assisted Single Ventricle Circulation-Preliminary Observations

Background Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) of a failing Fontan circulation remains challenging. We hypothesized that MCS can be provided by converting the Fontan circulation into a mechanically assisted single ventricle parallel circulation (MASVC). Methods A porcine model of functionally univentricular circulation was created under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by performing an atrial septectomy, tricuspid valvectomy, and interrupting antegrade pulmonary blood flow. A centrifugal flow pump was placed with inflow from the common atrium. Eight millimeter Dacron grafts anastomosed to the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery supplied systemic (Qs) and pulmonary (Qp) blood flow. Ultrasonic flow probes were used to measure Qs and Qp after weaning from CPB. The Qp/Qs ratio was regulated using an adjustable clamp. Hemodynamic and laboratory data were recorded. Results All four animals were successfully weaned from CPB onto the MASVC for a duration of two hours. Mechanically assisted single ventricle parallel circulation achieved satisfactory hemodynamics. As anticipated, the arterial oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood were lower in the MASVC compared to baseline biventricular circulation. At the conclusion of the study, there was a trend towards a decrease in the mixed venous saturation with increasing oxygen extraction compared to the baseline. Serum lactate levels increased after weaning from CPB and did not return to baseline after two hours of support. Conclusion Mechanically assisted single ventricle parallel circulation can be established in a single ventricle animal model. This strategy could potentially provide MCS of a single ventricle circulation. Studies with longer duration of support are required to assess adequacy of support and long-term sustainability.
Characteristics of Children 2 to 5 Years of Age With Severe Obesity

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a distinct group, 2- to 5-year-olds with severe obesity (SO) have not been extensively described. As a part of the Expert Exchange Workgroup on Childhood Obesity, nationally-representative data were examined to better characterize children with SO. METHODS: Children ages 2 to 5 ( N = 7028) from NHANES (1999–2014) were classified as having normal weight, overweight, obesity, or SO (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile). Sociodemographics, birth characteristics, screen time, total energy, and Healthy Eating Index 2010 scores were evaluated. Multinomial logistic and linear regressions were conducted, with normal weight as the referent. RESULTS: The prevalence of SO was 2.1%. Children with SO had higher (unadjusted) odds of being a racial and/or ethnic minority (African American: odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; Hispanic: OR: 2.3). They were from households with lower educational attainment (OR: 2.4), that were single-parent headed (OR: 2.0), and that were in poverty (OR: 2.1). Having never been breastfed was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR: 1.5) and higher odds of SO (OR: 1.9). Odds of >4 hours of screen time were 1.5 and 2.0 for children with obesity and SO. Energy intake and Healthy Eating Index 2010 scores were not significantly different in children with SO. CONCLUSIONS: Children ages 2 to 5 with SO appear to be more likely to be of a racial and/or ethnic minority and have greater disparities in social determinants of health than their peers and are more than twice as likely to engage in double the recommended screen time limit.
WOx supported on γ-Al2O3 with different morphologies as model catalysts for alkanol dehydration

Abstract The distinctive morphological and surface characteristics of platelet-like γ-Al2O3 were compared to a regular γ-Al2O3. γ-Al2O3 platelets display dominant (1 1 0) surface facets and higher densities of coordinative unsaturated penta-coordinate Al3+ (Al3+penta) sites than regular γ-Al2O3, as measured by solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR). Such Al3+penta sites are also the preferred surface anchoring sites for tungsten oxide (WOx) species consistent with NMR analysis indicating that these sites are consumed upon WOx adsorption. The higher Al3+penta density on γ-Al2O3 platelets leads to greater WOx dispersion (or smaller WOx clusters), as demonstrated by scanning transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and WOx species at intermediate WOx surface concentration are the most active for the probe reaction of 2-butanol dehydration. WOx on γ-Al2O3 platelets approaches the highest turnover rates at higher surface densities than WOx on regular γ-Al2O3, yet with similar highest rate values for both series of catalysts. This indicates that different Al2O3 supports mainly affect the dispersion of supported WOx rather than the intrinsic reactivity of individual WOx clusters with similar size.
Plastics in Buildings and Construction

Publisher Summary Modern building construction, for both residential and commercial purposes, is subject to diverse constraints and objectives. In this quest, polymer-based building materials have not only been used as replacements for traditional materials such as brick, cement, concrete, metal, wood, and glass, but they have also been shown to work in a complementary fashion with traditional materials to enhance their performance with unique and innovative applications satisfying the demands of the modern building construction industry. One of the key advantages of plastic materials is their lightweight and their ability to be formed into complex shapes. From polyurethane foam insulation, which is a thermoset, to transparent polycarbonate glazing, which is a thermoplastic, to wood-plastic composites (WPCs) for decking and railing, polymers are used in innumerable applications in the building industry for both structural and nonstructural applications. Insulating materials constitute a major application area for polymers in buildings. Plastics are inherently poor conductors of heat, and most of them are hydrophobic as well. This makes them very attractive starting materials for fabricating thermal and moisture barriers. One of the key advantages of plastic materials is their lightweight and their ability to be formed into complex shapes. Other features include durability, low maintenance, low cost, and availability in a range of shapes and forms, and possessing a wide spectrum of properties.
Questions A Satisfying Developmental Theory Would Answer: The scope of a complete explanation of development phenomena

Overton raises the question of how we can distinguish a good scientific theory of development from the merely adequate or the plainly inadequate theory of development. The question is not unlike the issue raised in 1879 by the American philosopher-psychologist, William James. In his Sentiment of Rationality he examined the features of philosophical theories that would lead to some being believed and taken as true because they generated a sentiment of rationality and the others being rejected as irrational because they did not generate such a sentiment. They would fail in this respect solely because there was some critical aspect of the theory that blocked the unimpeded flow of thought that gives rise, in the first place, to the feeling of rationality (James, 1960). He concluded that no theory could or would ever win universal acceptance because there are intractable and pervasive differences in the ways human beings know things, and these differences inevitably favor some theories over others.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN THE LENS IN RELATION TO SUGAR CATARACTS.

The steady state distribution of free amino acids between the lens and aqueous humor is significantly reduced in diabetic rabbits and also in rats fed rations containing high concentrations of xylose or galactose. The reduction in the level of amino acids in the lens is apparently a direct effect of the high concentration of sugars, but it is doubtful whether it is related to cataract formation.
Institutions for a World of Climate Injustice

We live in a world of climate injustice. People in wealthy countries emit large amounts of greenhouse gasses, whose effects will be particularly adverse to people in poor countries who have not received the benefits of past emissions. Although these injustices are deeply embedded in power asymmetries, they could be ameliorated if wealthy societies were to take broad views of their own self-interests. To do so would require, in some instances, changes in the default rules, embedded in sovereignty, that have inhibited positive changes. To ensure that such positive changes ensue will require new and well-designed institutions, two of which are proposed. An Institute for Climate Finance would facilitate offset arrangements by which rich countries pay for emissions reductions in poorer countries. An Institute for Climate Innovation would facilitate the transfer of innovative low- or zero-emission energy technology to developing countries.
Nonlinear Generalizations of Diffusion-Based Coverage by Robotic Swarms

In this paper, we generalize our diffusion-based approach [8] to achieve coverage of a bounded domain by a robotic swarm according to a target probability density that is a function of a locally measurable scalar field. We generalize this approach in two different ways. First, we show that our method can be extended in a natural way to scenarios where the robots' state space is a compact Riemannian manifold, which is the case if the robots are confined to a surface or if their configuration space is non-Euclidean due to dynamical constraints such as those present in most mechanical systems. Then, we establish the stability properties of a weighted variation of the porous media equation, a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE). Coverage strategies based on these nonlinear PDEs have the advantage that the robots stop moving once the equilibrium probability density is reached, in contrast to our original approach [8]. We establish long-time stability properties of the target probability densities using semigroup theoretic arguments. We validate our theoretical results through stochastic simulations of a linear diffusion-based coverage strategy on a 2-dimensional sphere and numerical solutions of the weighted porous media equation on the 2-dimensional torus.
The fabrication of smooth, sub-millimeter open channels and internal channels in ceramics and ceramic composites without machining

Internal channels for the flow of fuel, medicine or cooling fluids are of interest in many technical applications. For example, a variety of electronic devices require cooling for proper functioning [1–3]. In particular, cooling channels for some recent computers are about 7.8 mm in diameter [1], and development is underway of cooling “microchannels” that range from several hundred microns in diameter down to about 100 microns [2, 3]. Although ceramics such as alumina and aluminum nitride are used for electronic packaging and substrates [4], it is difficult to incorporate cooling channels into ceramics via machining. The authors and co-workers have fabricated internal channels in a variety of ceramic materials, including alumina, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite [5–7] as part of a broader study of microwave processing of ceramics which has included sintering [8–11], binder burnout [12], crack healing [13], modeling of refractory heating [14, 15], thermal etching [16] and joining of ceramics [5–7]. The joined ceramics included specimens with open channels machined into their outer surfaces, so that closed internal channels were formed when two specimens with surface channels were joined [5–7]. This study extends the authors’ previous work by fabricating the channels without the need for machining. The channels in this study were “stamped” into alumina and alumina/partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) composite powder compacts during hard-die pressing. The powder compacts then were sintered to form open channels with roughly semi-circular cross-sections and diameters of about 200 microns. The sintered specimens were polished and bonded together to produce channels that penetrated the bulk of the joined specimens. The channel fabrication technique discussed in this paper is analogous to the “soft lithography” microfabrication techniques used for polymeric materials, as reviewed by Xia and Whitesides [17]. Soft lithography, which involves molding and stamping, was developed as a less expensive and more versatile alternative to standard photolithography for microfabrication in polymeric materials [17]. Also, just as photolithography can be used for polymeric materials, it also can produce shallow channels of various shapes in single crystal alumina, with channel dimensions of up to several hundred microns across and chan-
Enantioselective Synthesis of Alkyne-Substituted Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers Through NHC—Cu-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions with (iBu)2(Alkynyl)aluminum Reagents.

The enantioselective synthesis of small organic molecules containing readily differentiable alkyne and alkene groups such as (III) is described.
Characterization of thiosulfate reductase from Pyrobaculum aerophilum heterologously produced in Pyrococcus furiosus

The genome of the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum (Topt ~ 100 °C) contains an operon (PAE2859–2861) encoding a putative pyranopterin-containing oxidoreductase of unknown function and metal content. These genes (with one gene modified to encode a His-affinity tag) were inserted into the fermentative anaerobic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus (Topt ~ 100 °C). Dye-linked assays of cytoplasmic extracts from recombinant P. furiosus show that the P. aerophilum enzyme is a thiosulfate reductase (Tsr) and reduces thiosulfate but not polysulfide. The enzyme (Tsr–Mo) from molybdenum-grown cells contains Mo (Mo:W = 9:1) while the enzyme (Tsr–W) from tungsten-grown cells contains mainly W (Mo:W = 1:6). Purified Tsr–Mo has over ten times the activity (Vmax = 1580 vs. 141 µmol min−1 mg−1) and twice the affinity for thiosulfate (Km = ~ 100 vs. ~ 200 μM) than Tsr–W and is reduced at a lower potential (Epeak = − 255 vs − 402 mV). Tsr–Mo and Tsr–W proteins are heterodimers lacking the membrane anchor subunit (PAE2861). Recombinant P. furiosus expressing P. aerophilum Tsr could not use thiosulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. P. furiosus contains five pyranopterin-containing enzymes, all of which utilize W. P. aerophilum Tsr–Mo is the first example of an active Mo-containing enzyme produced in P. furiosus.
Assessment of DNA Susceptibility to Denaturation as a Marker of Chromatin Structure

The susceptibility of DNA in situ to denaturation is modulated by its interactions with histone and nonhistone proteins, as well as with other chromatin components related to the maintenance of the 3D nuclear structure. Measurement of DNA proclivity to denature by cytometry provides insight into chromatin structure and thus can be used to recognize cells in different phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis, quiescence (G0 ), and apoptosis, as well as to identify the effects of drugs that modify chromatin structure. Particularly useful is the method's ability to detect chromatin changes in sperm cells related to DNA fragmentation and infertility. This article presents a flow cytometric procedure for assessing DNA denaturation based on application of the metachromatic property of acridine orange (AO) to differentially stain single- versus double-stranded DNA. This approach circumvents limitations of biochemical methods of examining DNA denaturation, in particular the fact that the latter destroy higher orders of chromatin structure and that, being applied to bulk cell populations, they cannot detect heterogeneity of individual cells. Because the metachromatic properties of AO have also found application in other cytometric procedures, such as differential staining of RNA versus DNA and assessment of lysosomal proton pump including autophagy, to avert confusion between these approaches and the use of this dye in the DNA denaturation assay, these AO applications are briefly outlined in this unit as well. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: Differential staining of single- versus double-stranded DNA with acridine orange.
Highly drug-resistant HIV-1 protease reveals decreased intra-subunit interactions due to clusters of mutations.

Drug-resistance is a serious problem for treatment of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Potent clinical inhibitors of HIV-1 protease show several orders of magnitude worse inhibition of highly drug-resistant variants. Hence, the structure and enzyme activities were analyzed for HIV protease mutant HIV-1 protease (EC 3.4.23.16) (PR) with 22 mutations (PRS5B) from a clinical isolate that was selected by machine learning to represent high-level drug-resistance. PRS5B has 22 mutations including only one (I84V) in the inhibitor binding site; however, clinical inhibitors had poor inhibition of PRS5B activity with kinetic inhibition value (Ki ) values of 4-1000 nm or 18- to 8000-fold worse than for wild-type PR. High-resolution crystal structures of PRS5B complexes with the best inhibitors, amprenavir (APV) and darunavir (DRV) (Ki ~ 4 nm), revealed only minor changes in protease-inhibitor interactions. Instead, two distinct clusters of mutations in distal regions induce coordinated conformational changes that decrease favorable internal interactions across the entire protein subunit. The largest structural rearrangements are described and compared to other characterized resistant mutants. In the protease hinge region, the N83D mutation eliminates a hydrogen bond connecting the hinge and core of the protease and increases disorder compared to highly resistant mutants PR with 17 mutations and PR with 20 mutations with similar hinge mutations. In a distal β-sheet, mutations G73T and A71V coordinate with accessory mutations to bring about shifts that propagate throughout the subunit. Molecular dynamics simulations of ligand-free dimers show differences consistent with loss of interactions in mutant compared to wild-type PR. Clusters of mutations exhibit both coordinated and antagonistic effects, suggesting PRS5B may represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of more highly resistant variants. DATABASES: Structural data are available in Protein Data Bank under the accession codes 6P9A and 6P9B for PRS5B/DRV and PRS5B/APV, respectively.
Activity and stability of the catalytic hydrogel membrane reactor for treating oxidized contaminants.

Abstract The catalytic hydrogel membrane reactor (CHMR) is an interfacial membrane process that uses nano-sized catalysts for the hydrogenation of oxidized contaminants in drinking water. In this study, the CHMR was operated as a continuous-flow reactor using nitrite (NO2−) as a model contaminant and palladium (Pd) as a model catalyst. Using the overall bulk reaction rate for NO2− reduction as a metric for catalytic activity, we evaluated the effect of the hydrogen gas (H2) delivery method to the CHMR, the initial H2 and NO2− concentrations, Pd density in the hydrogel, and the presence of Pd-deactivating species. The chemical stability of the catalytic hydrogel was evaluated in the presence of aqueous cations (H+, Na+, Ca2+) and a mixture of ions in a hard groundwater. Delivering H2 to the CHMR lumens using a vented operation mode, where the reactor is sealed and the lumens are periodically flushed to the atmosphere, allowed for a combination of a high H2 consumption efficiency and catalytic activity. The overall reaction rate of NO2− was dependent on relative concentrations of H2 and NO2− at catalytic sites, which was governed by both the chemical reaction and mass transport rates. The intrinsic catalytic reaction rate was combined with a counter-diffusional mass transport component in a 1-D computational model to describe the CHMR. Common Pd-deactivating species [sulfite, bisulfide, natural organic matter] hindered the reaction rate, but the hydrogel afforded some protection from deactivation compared to a batch suspension. No chemical degradation of the hydrogel structure was observed for a model water (pH > 4, Na+, Ca2+) and a hard groundwater after 21 days of exposure, attesting to its stability under natural water conditions.