cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood lead levels and longitudinal language outcomes in children from 4 to 12 years

Abstract Objectives In this study, the authors aimed to examine the association of a range of blood lead levels on language skills assessed at 4, 6, 10 and 12 years of age using a prospective longitudinal design controlling for potential confounding variables including maternal vocabulary, caregiver’s psychological distress and symptomatology, child’s race and prenatal drug exposure. Methods The participants (N = 278) were a subsample of a large longitudinal study that examined the association of prenatal drug exposure on children who were followed prospectively from birth and assessed for receptive and expressive language skills at 4, 6, 10 and 12 years of age. Blood lead levels were determined at 4-years of age by atomic absorption spectrometry. A mixed model approach with restricted maximum likelihood procedures was used to assess the association of lead on language outcomes. Results Longitudinal mixed model analyses suggested a negative effect of lead exposure on both receptive and expressive language, with the adverse outcomes of lead exposure appearing to become more prominent at 10 and 12 years. Higher caregiver vocabulary was positively associated with child’s language scores whereas caregiver psychological distress appeared to negatively affect language scores. Prenatal drug exposure was not related to the effects of lead on language skills. Conclusions These findings suggest that elevated blood lead levels occurring early in life may be associated with poorer language skills at older ages. A language rich environment may minimize the negative influence of early lead exposure on language skills, with psychological distress seemingly exacerbating the negative outcome.
Ultrafast Microscopy of Spin-Momentum-Locked Surface Plasmon Polaritons.

Using two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (2P-PEEM) we image the polarization dependence of coupling and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) launched from edges of a triangular, micrometer size, single-crystalline Ag crystal by linearly or circularly polarized light. 2P-PEEM records interferences between the optical excitation field and SPPs it creates with nanofemto space-time resolution. Both the linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond light pulses excite spatially asymmetric 2PP yield distributions, which are imaged. We attribute the asymmetry for linearly polarized light to the relative alignments of the laser polarization and triangle edges, which affect the efficiency of excitation of the longitudinal component of the SPP field. For circular polarization, the asymmetry is caused by matching of the spin angular momenta (SAM) of light and the transverse SAM of SPPs. Moreover, we show that the interference patterns recorded in the 2P-PEEM images are cast by phase shifts and ...
Lagrange's Equation

This chapter discusses Lagrange's equation of the form y = xF ( dy / dx ) + G ( dy / dx ). Equations of this form can be solved by quadratures. Given an equation of the form y = xF ( dy / dx ) + G ( dy / dx ), using p to represent dy / dx , the equation y = xF ( dy / dx ) + G ( dy / dx ) can be written as y = xF ( p ) + G ( p ). The equation y = xF ( p ) + G ( p ) is differentiated with respect to x, to obtain dy / dx ≡ p = F ( p ) + dp / dx [ xF '( p ) + G '( p )]. The equation dy / dx ≡ p = F ( p ) + dp / dx [ xF '( p ) + G '( p )] can be rewritten as dx / dp = x ( F '( p )/ p − F ( p )) + ( G '( p )/( p − F ( p )), which is now a linear differential equation in x and p . It can be solved by the method of integrating factors to determine x = Φ( p , C ), where C is an arbitrary constant.
Clinical Mental Health Counseling: A National Survey of Counselor Educators

This study reflects a national survey of 295 CACREP counselor educators regarding their understanding of and support for the 2009 CACREP standards revision. It also assessed respondents' opinions about the proposed number of program credits (48, 60, other) and internship hours (600, 900, other) based upon whether the community counseling and mental health counseling specialty tracks merge or remain separate. Results indicate a difference in opinions about the curricular changes that reflects a historic and continuing tension around counselor identity issues.
Tea Parties, Whigs, and Compromise: The Historical Roots of U.S. Government-Business Relations

This article reviews the politics of government-business relations in the US from 1776 to the present. It argues that two major political interests, the agrarian democrats and the nationalist Whigs, created the context for discussion of economic policy that continues today. At times, pragmatic compromises have resolved the differences between these interests. The lessons from this history are instructive for today, and suggest potentially viable policies and coalitions to address business issues.
A Proposed Standard Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

The strength of many brittle ceramics reflects the flaws present in the material and the intrinsic fracture toughness. Interpretation of the strength results for monolithic, brittle advanced ceramics requires fractographic analysis whether mechanical testing has been done for quality control, materials development, or design purposes.
Identity Processes in Face-to-Face and Digitally Mediated Environments:

In this study, we investigate how identity prominence influences individuals to use face-to-face or digitally mediated settings when communicating with significant others, and whether emotional rea...
Shade as an Environmental Design Tool for Skin Cancer Prevention.

Little work has been done to explore the use of shade for skin cancer prevention in the context of the built environment. In an effort to address this gap and draw attention to the intersection bet...
Hazardous Air Pollutants Associated with Upstream Oil and Natural Gas Development: A Critical Synthesis of Current Peer-Reviewed Literature

Increased energy demands and innovations in upstream oil and natural gas (ONG) extraction technologies have enabled the United States to become one of the world's leading producers of petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Several of these HAPs have been measured at elevated concentrations around ONG sites, but most have not been studied in the context of upstream development. In this review, we analyzed recent global peer-reviewed articles that investigated HAPs near ONG operations to ( a) identify HAPs associated with upstream ONG development, ( b) identify their specific sources in upstream processes, and ( c) examine the potential for adverse health outcomes from HAPs emitted during these phases of hydrocarbon development.
Mitochondrial membranes in cardiac muscle from Antarctic notothenioid fishes vary in phospholipid composition and membrane fluidity.

Antarctic notothenioid fishes are highly stenothermal, yet their tolerance for warming is species-dependent. Because a body of literature points to the loss of cardiac function as underlying thermal limits in ectothermic animals, we investigated potential relationships among properties of ventricular mitochondrial membranes in notothenioids with known differences in both cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and organismal thermal tolerance. Fluidity of mitochondrial membranes was quantified by fluorescence depolarization for the white-blooded Chaenocephalus aceratus and the red-blooded Notothenia coriiceps. In these same membranes, lipid compositions and products of lipid peroxidation, the latter of which can disrupt membrane order, were analyzed in both species and in a second icefish, Pseudochaenichthys georgianus. Mitochondrial membranes from C. aceratus were significantly more fluid than those of the more thermotolerant species N. coriiceps (P < .0001). Consistent with this, ratios of total phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to total phosphatidylcholine (PC) were lower in membranes from both species of icefishes, compared to those of N. coriiceps (P < .05). However, membranes of N. coriiceps displayed a greater unsaturation index (P < .0001). No differences among species were found in membrane products of lipid peroxidation. With rising temperatures, greater contents of PC in mitochondrial membranes from ventricles of icefishes are likely to promote membrane hyperfluidization at a lower temperature than for cardiac mitochondrial membranes from the red-blooded notothenioid. We propose that physical and chemical properties of the mitochondrial membranes may contribute to some of the observed differences in thermal sensitivity of physiological function among these species.
Library Linked Data Models: Library Data in the Semantic Web

This exploratory study examined Linked Data (LD) schemas/ontologies and data models proposed or in use by libraries around the world using MAchine Readable Cataloging (MARC) as a basis for comparis...
Afrotropical Tree Communities May Have Distinct Responses to Forecasted Climate Change

Abstract More refined knowledge of how tropical forests respond to changes in the abiotic environment and human disturbance is necessary to mitigating climate change, maintain biodiversity, and preserve ecosystem services. To evaluate the unique response of Afrotropical forests to changes in the abiotic environment and disturbance, we employ species inventories, remotely sensed historic climatic data, and future climate predictions collected from 104 1-ha plots in the central African country of Gabon. We forecast a 3 - 8% decrease in Afrotropical forest species richness by the end of the century, in contrast to the 30-50% loss of plant diversity predicted to occur with equivalent warming in the Neotropics. This work reveals that community forecasts are not generalizable across regions, and more representative studies are needed in understudied biomes like the Afrotropics. This study serves as an important counterpoint to work done in the Neotropics by providing contrasting predictions for Afrotropical forests with substantially different ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic histories.
Unprecedented Sour Mixed-Gas Permeation Properties of Fluorinated Polyazole-based Membranes

A polyoxadiazole polymer POz-CF3 was prepared and complete gas permeation properties were investigated on its corresponding membrane using pure-, and multicomponent mixed-gas feeds. The POz-CF3 mem...
Gender encoding in gender diverse and gender conforming children

Previous research suggests that people encode gender starting in childhood. The present research asked whether gender diverse children (i.e., children whose gender identity or expression differs from that expected based on assigned sex) encode gender. Results showed that 3- to 5-year-old gender diverse participants (N = 71), siblings of gender diverse children (N = 52), and gender conforming controls (N = 69) did not significantly differ in degree of gender encoding. These results converge with prior research to suggest that gender diverse children process gender in ways that do not differ from gender conforming children, and provide further evidence that gender encoding may be a common aspect of person perception in societies that support a binary view of gender.
Broadcasting Ourselves: Opportunities for Researchers to Share Their Work Through Online Video

For researchers, producing and publishing online video can be a means of directly sharing both our science and ourselves with a wide audience. However, media production often requires a substantial commitment of time, effort, and resources. Beyond this, publishing video on popular online platforms, like YouTube, is entering an ever-more crowded information marketplace. At the outset, considering the stories and distribution avenues specifically available to research scientists can guide their efforts in media production. In this practical perspective piece, I speak to a scenario of when media production is led or self-produced by a research scientist wanting to communicate their work. I present how research scientists have opportunities and access to stories that are rare among other professionals communicating science online. From disseminating the results of a peer-reviewed research paper, to making media about typically unseen aspects of science, online video is a medium that presents unique opportunities for researchers wanting to communicate their work. It can be a means of expanding the audience for and our own conceptions of scholarly work.
The Pop-Up Museum of Legal Objects project: an experiment in ‘socio-legal design’

This article explores the strategies underlying the Pop-Up Museum of Legal Objects, a project based on two collaborative events in which design-based practices were deployed to further socio-legal research. Like other endeavours focusing on legal objects, the Pop-Up project produced a collection of object-based commentaries of diverse geographical, historical and material origins – from Australia to Canada to Egypt, 1200 BCE to the present day, bark to gold to plastic. What renders the Pop-Up project distinctive among interventions in the ever-deepening legal object landscape is, first, that it aims not only to generate new knowledge about objects and about law, but also to transform research behaviours; and, second, that it pursues those aims by adopting design-based practices and experimental attitude. The paper sets out the specific roles played by model-making in each event and the experience design underpinning the project as a whole. Participant feedback collected during and after the events is used to widen the perspective throughout. The article concludes with an indication of how such model-making might extend beyond the museum into fieldwork, using an example from the author’s own practice around an ox-hide copper ingot from Cyprus.
Estimation of the treatment effect under an incomplete block crossover design in binary data - A conditional likelihood approach.

A random effects logistic regression model is proposed for an incomplete block crossover trial comparing three treatments when the underlying patient response is dichotomous. On the basis of the co...
Structural Aspects and Reactivity of the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor from Nitrogenase

We have recently investigated the structure and composition of FeMoco by both Mo Kα X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and O2 degradation and its reactivity with [Fe4S4(Set)4]3−, a synthetic analogue of reduced ferredoxin. FeMoco used had Mo:Fe ratios of 1:6–7, the typical S=3/2 EPR signal, <20% easily complexed Fe and Azotobacter vinelandii UW45 reconstitution activities of 249 ±22 nmoles C2H2 reduced min−1 (ng-atom Mo)−1. XAS samples were 0.6 to 1.3 mM in Mo with less than 10% activity variation after the 8–12 hour runs at −20°C.
Micromachining for optoelectronic systems

We review the current state of the art of micromachining in optoelectronic systems, and discuss in detail the progress of the free-space micro-optical bench (FSMOB) project at UCLA. The FSMOB comprises passive optical elements (diffractive and refractive lenses, gratings, beamsplitters, filters, etc.), micropositioners (translation and rotation stages), and microactuators. Because the micro-optical elements on the FSMOB are precisely positioned by photolithography, they can be "pre-aligned" during the photomask layout. The fabrication of the out-of-plane optical elements are compatible with the micromotors and other microactuators. Therefore, the optical elements can be monolithically integrated with micropositioners and microactuators for optical switching or scanning, or to achieve fine optical alignment.
Molecular characteristics of the totally dependent and independent forms of glycogen synthase of rabbit skeletal muscle. II. Some chemical characteristics of the enzyme protein and of its change on interconversion.

Abstract Preparations of both D and I forms of glycogen synthase (UDPG:glycogen α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) have been demonstrated to be virtually homogeneous by gel electrophoresis in sodium lauryl sulfate. The subunit found on electrophoresis has a molecular weight of approx. 90 000 determined by its mobility. The D form contains 7 moles of alkali-labile phosphate per 100 000 g and the I form virtually none. Both forms contain 7 moles of sulfhydryl groups per 100 000 g and neither contains pyridoxal phosphate. The analytical data suggest the presence of a smaller subunit as a component of the one which has been detected.
Auto-tuning on the macro scale: high level algorithmic auto-tuning for scientific applications

In this thesis, we describe a new classification of auto-tuning methodologies spanning from low-level optimizations to high-level algorithmic tuning. This classification spectrum of auto-tuning methods encompasses the space of tuning parameters from low-level optimizations (such as block sizes, iteration ordering, vectorization, etc.) to high-level algorithmic choices (such as whether to use an iterative solver or a direct solver). We present and analyze four novel auto-tuning systems that incorporate several techniques that fall along a spectrum from the low-level to the high-level: i) a multi-platform, auto-tuning parallel code generation framework for generalized stencil loops, ii) an auto-tunable algorithm for solving dense triangular systems, iii) an auto-tunable multigrid solver for sparse linear systems, and iv) tuned statistical regression techniques for fine-tuning wind forecasts and resource estimations to assist in the integration of wind resources into the electrical grid. We also include a project assessment report for a wind turbine installation for the City of Cambridge to highlight an area of application (wind prediction and resource assessment) where these computational auto-tuning techniques could prove useful in the future. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Murine Notch1 is required for lymphatic vascular morphogenesis during development

BACKGROUND: The transmembrane receptor Notch1 is a critical regulator of arterial differentiation and blood vessel sprouting. Recent evidence shows that functional blockade of Notch1 and its ligand, Dll4, leads to postnatal lymphatic defects in mice. However, the precise role of the Notch signaling pathway in lymphatic vessel development has yet to be defined. Here we show the developmental role of Notch1 in lymphatic vascular morphogenesis by analyzing lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-specific conditional Notch1 knockout mice crossed with an inducible Prox1CreERT2 driver. RESULTS: LEC-specific Notch1 mutant embryos exhibited enlarged lymphatic vessels. The phenotype of lymphatic overgrowth accords with increased LEC sprouting from the lymph sacs and increased filopodia formation. Furthermore, cell death was significantly reduced in Notch1-mutant LECs, whereas proliferation was increased. RNA-seq analysis revealed that expression of cytokine/chemokine signaling molecules was upregulated in Notch1-mutant LECs isolated from E15.5 dorsal skin, whereas VEGFR3, VEGFR2, VEGFC, and Gja4 (Connexin 37) were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS: The lymphatic phenotype of LEC-specific conditional Notch1 mouse mutants indicates that Notch activity in LECs controls lymphatic sprouting and growth during development. These results provide evidence that similar to postnatal and pathological lymphatic vessel formation, the Notch signaling pathway plays a role in inhibiting developmental lymphangiogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 243:957–964, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues in Risk Assessment in Male Reproductive Toxicology

Efforts in the area of risk assessment have concentrated primarily on cancer as an outcome. However, attention is now being directed toward the development of strategies for assessing risk to other...
Metabolic engineering of soybean affords improved phytosterol seed traits.

Different combinations of three rate-limiting enzymes in phytosterol biosynthesis, the Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyl methylglutaryl CoA1 (HMGR1) catalytic subunit linked to either constitutive or seed-specific β-conglycinin promoter, and the Glycine max sterol methyltransferase1 (SMT1) and sterol methyltransferase2-2 (SMT2-2) genes, under the control of seed-specific Glycinin-1 and Beta-phaseolin promoters, respectively, were engineered in soybean plants. Mature seeds of transgenic plants displayed modest increases in total sterol content, which points towards a tight control of phytosterol biosynthesis. However, in contrast to wild-type seeds that accumulated about 35% of the total sterol in the form of intermediates, in the engineered seeds driven by a seed-specific promoter, metabolic flux was directed to Δ(5) -24-alkyl sterol formation (99% of total sterol). The engineered effect of end-product sterol (sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) over-production in soybean seeds resulted in an approximately 30% increase in overall sitosterol synthesis, a desirable trait for oilseeds and human health. In contradistinction, increased accumulation of cycloartenol and 24(28)-methylencylartanol (55% of the total sterol) was detected in plants harbouring the constitutive t-HMGR1 gene, consistent with the previous studies. Our results support the possibility that metabolic flux of the phytosterol family pathway is differentially regulated in leaves and seeds.
Noise-cancellation performance of the most commonly used adaptive algorithms using computer simulations

W.B. Mikhael and S.M. Ghosh (see 24th Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Syst., and Comput., 1990) showed that the families of commonly used adaptive algorithms are closely related to each other. In this work, the performance of the algorithms discussed by Mikhael and Ghosh, using the system identification model for noise cancellation, is addressed. Implementational aspects of these algorithms and their computational complexity are examined. Using computer simulations, the successive tradeoff between the computational complexity and system noise cancellation ability, as one proceeds from the Wiener estimate to the LMS with fixed step-size, becomes apparent. >
Self-Monitoring Across Age and Ability Levels: Teaching Students to Implement Their Own Positive Behavioral Interventions

The author aims to provide practitioners (e.g., teachers, clinicians, parents) with a review of the research on the use of self-monitoring, a positive behavioral support, with children with disabilities. The author includes a description of the steps used to implement self-monitoring; examples of the implementation of self-monitoring with children with disabilities at a variety of abilities and ages; and recommendations for implementation, including dos and don'ts, suggestions for collecting data, and advice on what to do if self-monitoring is unsuccessful.
Studies on nuclear binding of dehydroepiandrosterone in hepatocytes.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine if dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) specifically binds to liver nuclei or interferes in the binding of other steroid hormones. Hepatocytes were isolated from obese, female Zucker rats that were treated with and without 0.6% DHEA in their diets for 2 weeks. The hepatocytes were incubated with either [3H]DHEA., [3H]estrone, or [3H]corticosterone. The nuclei isolated from the incubated cells from either control or DHEA-treated rats had no binding with [3H]DHEA, but had the expected binding with [3H]estrone and [3H] corticosterone. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of cold, unlabeled DHEA in the incubation media with [3H] estrone or [3H] corticosterone failed to have any effect on the binding of either of these steroid hormones to the nuclei. These results suggest that DHEA treatment does not exert its effects on cellular metabolism through a receptor-mediated mechanism like other steroid hormones or by interfering in the expression of steroid hormones such as estrone and corticosterone.
Forgiveness Education with Parentally Love‐deprived Late Adolescents

Abstract Two studies with male and female college students (n = 48 in study 1, n = 45 in study 2), who judged themselves to be parentally love‐deprived, engaged in a randomised, experimental and control group design focused on forgiving the parent(s). Study 1 was a 4‐day workshop centring on a commitment to forgive. Study 2 was a 6‐day workshop that included more of the therapeutic regimen from the Enright and the Human Development Study Group (1991) forgiveness model. Study 1 showed only modest effects. The experimental group gained more in hope and in one aspect of forgiveness relative to the control group. Study 2, a more complete programme than the first, showed more broadbased results. Relative to the control group, the experimental group was significantly lower in anxiety and higher in forgiveness, positive attitudes toward the parents, hope and self‐esteem. Implications for forgiveness education are drawn.
A unifying approach to linear estimation via the partitioned algorithms, I: Continuous models

In this paper, the fundamental nature of the "partitioned" algorithms is demonstrated by showing that the "partitioned" algorithms serve as the basis of a unifying approach to linear filtering and smoothing. Specifically, generalized "partitioned" filtering and smoothing algorithms are given in terms of forward and backward-time differentiations that are theoretically interesting, possibly computationally attractive, as well as provide a unification of the previous major approaches to filtering and smoothing and clear delineation of their inter-relationships. In particular, the generalized "partitioned" filtering algorithms are shown to contain as special cases both the Kalman-Bucy filter as well as the Chandrasekhar algorithms. Furthermore, the generalized "partitioned" algorithms lead to important generalizations of the Chandrasekhar algorithms [5-7, 18- 19], as well as of the previous "partitioned" algorithms of the author [15-19]. These generalizations pertain to arbitrary initial conditions and time-varying models. It is also shown [20-22] that the generalized "partitioned" algorithm may also be given in terms of an imbedded generalized Chandrasekhar algorithm with the consequent possible computational advantages. Similarly, the generalized "partitioned" smoothing algorithm is shown to contain as special cases the major algorithms for smoothing such as those of Mayne and Fraser [9-10], Kailath and Frost [12], and Meditch [11], as well as the related ones of Zachrisson [13], and Biswas and Mahalanobis [14]. Finally, backwards smoothing algorithms for arbitrary boundary conditions are also obtained as a special case of the "partitioned" smoothing algorithms.
Chemical fractionations in meteorites—IV abundances of fourteen trace elements in L-chondrites; implications for cosmothermometry

Chemical fractionations in meteorites, considering trace elements abundance in L chondrites and implications for cosmothermometry
Sleep deprivation, age, and exhaustion time in the rat.

Male rats were maintained on a constantly moving wheel in a study of prolonged sleep deprivation. The results obtained revealed a striking negative relationship between age and resistance to exhaustion.
A teaching exercise for the travelling salesman problem with time windows using real-world data

This article describes an exercise that can be used to teach concepts related to the travelling salesman problem, the travelling salesman problem with time windows, and heuristic solution development. Data from a real-world, parcel delivery service problem instance is used. The exercise is described and results from a brief survey of student experiences from test runs of the exercise are presented. A sample student handout for the exercise is provided.
Caribbean reef coral diversity during the early to middle Miocene: an example from the Anguilla Formation

Reefal units in the early to middle Miocene of Anguilla consist of small, irregular lenses of variable coral composition which developed on a shallow, isolated offshore carbonate platform. They are composed of three distinct coral biofacies (branched, mound-shaped, and platy), which are haphazardly distributed in association with inter-reef sands. These units most probably formed as patch reefs across a broad, shallow area that was exposed to moderate energy conditions and periodically affected by storms. No evidence supports the existence of a more extensive barrier reef system. Comparisons with Oligocene and Mio-Pliocene reefs suggest that during the early to middle Miocene, Caribbean reefs were generally smaller in size (<100 m3) and lower in diversity (21 species in Anguilla, 42 species in total across the Caribbean) than Caribbean reefs during the late Oligocene or during the ate Miocene to early Pliocene (71 species in the Dominican Republic, 80 species total across the Caribbean). The early to middle Miocene Caribbean reef coral fauna was dominated by nine widespread species that occur in deposits of similar age in both Anguilla and Panama. More than half of the fauna consisted of Oligocene relicts. Of the 21 genera that first appeared in the Caribbean during Miocene time, 14 had first occurrences after the middle Miocene, as barrier reef systems became more prevalent across the central Caribbean.
Prebypass hemodynamic stability of sufentanil-O2, fentanyl-O2, and morphine-O2 anesthesia during cardiac surgery: A comparison of cardiovascular profiles

Cardiovascular responses and the need for intervention with vasoactive agents were measured prospectively in a randomized study of 50 adult patients receiving sufentanil (n = 20), fentanyl (n = 20), or morphine (n = 10) anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Measurements were recorded and compared during induction and prebypass at intervals during which airway or surgically induced stress responses were likely to be greatest. Randomized, double-blinded doses of opioids were administered slowly and titrated according to clinical responses (hemodynamics) and the electroencephalogram. Mean doses were as follows: from induction until time of incision, sufentanil, 9.1 μg/kg; fentanyl, 58 μg/kg; and morphine, 2.5 mg/kg; and total dose for surgery; sufentanil, 18.9 μg/kg; fentanyl, 95.4 μ/kg; and morphine, 4.4 mg/kg. Equi-anesthetic depth in patients receiving sufentanil or fentanyl was confirmed by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. Patients anesthetized with sufentanil and fentanyl showed marked cardiovascular stability and rarely responded to stimuli. Systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, stroke volume index, and stroke work index values were similar in the two groups. Patients receiving morphine experienced large changes in several variables. Pharmacologic intervention was made when systolic arterial pressure deviated more than 30% from pre-event values and was uncontrolled by additional opioids. Interventions were necessary more often in patients receiving morphine (nine of ten) or fentanyl (12 of 20) than in patients receiving sufentanil (six of 20), P < 0.05. Results from this study suggest that morphine is a relatively unsatisfactory anesthetic, while sufentanil and fentanyl, at equi-anesthetic depths, provide stable and satisfactory hemodynamics.
Roads to school

Ethnographies of traditional societies have provided vivid and often touching examples of ways children in other societies are "educated." Mead (1942-43/1973) discusses how Manus children by the age of three could already perform complex tasks, with boys able to spear small fish from tiny canoes and girls able to thread shell money into aprons. Through anthropological fieldwork in traditional societies, we see the close and intricate connection between the education children receive
Induction of cytochrome P450IA1 and its recombinant construct in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells

1. Our previous studies have shown that benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDBF) can induce the expression of the cytochrome P450IA1 mRNA in the rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE, although the kinetics of induction differed. 2. In the present study, by using biochemical, immunochemical and recombinant DNA approaches, the effects of these inducers have been examined on the steady state level of endogenous cytochrome P450IA1 protein and on induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity (CAT) in the H4IIE cells transfected with pMC1CAT (a recombinant construct consisting of CAT linked to 5' upstream DNA sequence of the rat cytochrome P450IA1 gene). 3. From 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD) and immunochemical analysis of cytochrome P450IA1, the optimal concentrations of BP, 3MC and TCDBF for induction in the H4IIE cells were determined as 1, 0.1-1 and 0.1 microM, respectively. 4. The elevated expression of the protein was more sustained in the TCDBF-exposed cells than in the BP or 3MC-treated cells. 5. After 1.5 hr of treatment, little if any detectable P450IA1 protein was observed in the H4IIE cells although a considerable amount of mRNA was present. 6. In addition, no cytochrome P450IA2 protein was detected in the control or induced H4IIE cells. 7. H4IIE cells were transfected by pMC1CAT, and the induction ratio of CAT expression in the transfected H4IIE cells after BP, 3MC or TCDBF treatment was 10-, 17- and 40-fold, respectively. 8. These results indicate that the rat H4IIE cell line offers a valid homologous system for studies of the regulation of the rat cytochrome P450IA1 gene.
Fish imagery in art 6: Masson's battle of fishes

These quotes by Andre Masson (X396-1987), one of the leading members of the Surrealist movement of the 1920’s, provide insight into Battle ofFishes and into the technique of automatic writing upon which Surrealism was founded. Masson started as a traditional painter of still lifes and landscapes but changed his style after he made friends in Paris with surrealists such as Andre Breton, Giorgio de Chirico and Max Ernst. Masson developed his own style of abstract calligraphy that expressed the violence he had experienced in World War I. Battle of Fishes is one of his most effective experiments using tube pigments and sand randomly poured over areas of spilled glue to enhance the impact of his violent fish imagery.
Effects of Enamel Fluorosis and Dental Caries on Quality of Life

The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of enamel fluorosis and dental caries on oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) in North Carolina schoolchildren and their families. Students (n = 7,686) enrolled in 398 classrooms in grades K-12 were recruited for a onetime survey. Parents of students in grades K-3 and 4-12 completed the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and Family Impact Scale (FIS), respectively. Students in grades 4-12 completed the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10 in grades 4-5; CPQ11-14 in grades 6-12). All students were examined for fluorosis (Dean’s index) and caries experience (d2-3fs or D2-3MFS indices). OHRQoL scores (sum response codes) were analyzed for their association with fluorosis categories and sum of d2-3fs and D2-3MFS according to ordinary least squares regression with SAS procedures for multiple imputation and analysis of complex survey data. Differences in OHRQoL scores were evaluated against statistical and minimal important difference (MID) thresholds. Of 5,484 examined students, 71.8% had no fluorosis; 24.4%, questionable to very mild fluorosis; and 3.7%, mild, moderate, or severe fluorosis. Caries categories were as follows: none (43.1%), low (28.6%), and moderate to high (28.2%). No associations between fluorosis and any OHRQoL scales met statistical or MID thresholds. The difference (5.8 points) in unadjusted mean ECOHIS scores for the no-caries and moderate-to-high caries groups exceeded the MID estimate (2.7 points) for that scale. The difference in mean FIS scores (1.5 points) for the no-caries and moderate-to-high groups exceeded the MID value (1.2 points). The sum of d2-3fs and D2-3MFS scores was positively associated with CPQ11-14 (B = 0.240, p < .001), ECOHIS (B = 0.252, p ≤ .001), and FIS (B = 0.096, p ≤ .01) scores in ordinary least squares regression models. A child’s caries experience negatively affects OHRQoL, while fluorosis has little impact.
Epi-topology and Epi-convergence for Archimedean Lattice-ordered Groups with Unit

$W$ is the category of archimedean $l$ -groups with distinguished weak order unit, with $l$ -group homomorphisms which preserve unit. This category includes all rings of continuous functions $C(X)$ and all rings of measurable functions modulo null functions, with ring homomorphisms. The authors, and others, have studied previously the epimorphisms (right-cancellable morphisms) in $W$ . There is a rich theory. In this paper, we describe a topological approach to the analysis of these epimorphisms. On each $W$ – object $B$ , we define a topology $\tau^{B}$ and a convergence $\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{B}$ . These have the same closure operator, and this closure “captures epics” in the sense: a divisible subobject $A$ of $B$ is dense iff $A$ is epically embedded. The topology is $T_{1}$ , but only sometimes Hausdorff or an $l$ -group topology. The convergence is a Hausdorff $l$ -group convergence, but only sometimes topological. The associations of $B$ to $\tau^{B}$ , and to $\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{B}$ , are functorial.
The ATLAS PanDA Pilot in Operation

The Production and Distributed Analysis system (PanDA) [1-2] was designed to meet ATLAS [3] requirements for a data-driven workload management system capable of operating at LHC data processing scale. Submitted jobs are executed on worker nodes by pilot jobs sent to the grid sites by pilot factories. This paper provides an overview of the PanDA pilot [4] system and presents major features added in light of recent operational experience, including multi-job processing, advanced job recovery for jobs with output storage failures, gLExec [5-6] based identity switching from the generic pilot to the actual user, and other security measures. The PanDA system serves all ATLAS distributed processing and is the primary system for distributed analysis; it is currently used at over 100 sites worldwide. We analyze the performance of the pilot system in processing real LHC data on the OSG [7], EGI [8] and Nordugrid [9-10] infrastructures used by ATLAS, and describe plans for its evolution.
MANUEL CASTELLS AND THE DECLINE OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOCIOLOGY

Aquick consideration of the recent decade reveals the implosion of sociology. Several sociology departments have been merged with those from other disciplines, and as the number of undergraduate sociology majors has declined, some even have been eliminated. The discipline's research openly assumes an ideological tone palatable to only the most liberal of scholars or ignorant of laymen. Clearly, the discipline Auguste Comte once set at the apex of the sciences is in a free-fall and his grandiose vision that it be the queen of the sciences and savior of the world now mocks those hopes in its decline into the periphery of social sciences alone.
Experimental and Theoretical Spectroscopic Study of 310 Helical Peptides using Isotopic Labeling

Experimental and theoretical studies of IR, VCD, and Raman spectra have been performed on synthesized peptides (iPrCO-Aib-L-Ala-Aib-L-Ala-L-Ala-Aib-NHiPr) having a 310-helical conformation. These sequences vary only due to isotopic labeling (13C=O) of the L-Ala on the relative (i , i +1), (i, i + 2), and(i, i + 3) positions. Di-alkyl substitution on the α-carbon of Aib restricts the rotational freedom of the backbone torsional angles (f, ψ) and favors the formation of 310-helices [1]. Theoretical IR, VCD and Raman simulations were performed on sequences identical to the synthesized ones but constrained (in terms of f, ψ torsional angles) to an ideal 310-helical geometry (−60, −30) and fully optimizing all the other coordinates. All calculations were performed for peptides in vacuum using the DFT BPW91/6-31G∗ level of theory. The simulations predicated the relative separations of 13C=O and 12C=O features and their dependence on conformation as seen experimentally, with the exception that end effects caused a change in diagonal force field not well represented in the theoretical modeling. Experimental spectra for longer sequences and singly labeled variants confirmed the source of deviation for the i,i+1 and i,i+3 models. Comparison of IR and VCD intensity patters helped sort out the vibrational coupling constants sensed in the 13C=O modes. The isotopic labeled group vibrations are coupled to each other most strongly when degenerate and are effectively uncoupled from those of the unlabeled groups.[1] Wang et al., Peptide Science, 2009, 92, 452-456.
Détente Improbable—Cold War Unlikely: Russian-American Relations in the Post-Soviet Era

Angela E. Stent: The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).Robert H. Donaldson, Joseph L. Nogee, and Vidya Nadk...
Sophorolipid biosynthesis from a biodiesel co-product stream

We applied a biodiesel co-product stream (BCS) as a fermentation feedstock for the microbial synthesis of sophorolipids (SL). The BCS was composed of 40% glycerol, 34% hexane-solubles (made up of 92% FA soaps/FAME and 6% MAG/DAG), and 26% water. Batch culture fermentations of the yeast Candida bombicola on pure glycerol resulted in low-level synthesis of SL (∼ g/L). HPLC associated with atmospheric pressure CI-MS (LC/APCI-MS) revealed that the SL derived from pure glycerol had 99% of the FA side chains linked to the 4″ hydroxyl group of the sophorose sugar, resulting in a lactonic structure. In contrast, the use of the BCS as feedstock increased the SL yield to 60 g/L and the open-chain form to 75% including both oleic acid and linoleic acid (along with their methyl esters) as the dominant species comprising the side chains. By favoring the open-chain structure, the SL molecules (particularly the FA side chain) can be chemically modified without the need to open a lactone ring first. The ability to use the BCS as a feedstock for SL synthesis will provide an outlet for this residual material, thus helping to stimulate growth in the biodiesel market and the use of agricultural fats and oils from which the biodiesel was synthesized.
A negative ion sputter source for operation in a Van de Graaff terminal

Abstract The design and operation of a Middleton type negative ion sputter source for the terminal of the injector EN Van de Graaff at the University of Pittsburgh is described. The communications system used for controlling and monitoring the source is based on optical digital data transmission. Design features, and precautions taken to allow the terminal electronics to survive tank sparking are discussed. The system is now completely operational and being used for many experiments.
Comparative ultrastructure of fat body cells of freeze-susceptible and freeze-tolerant Eurosta solidaginis larvae after chemical fixation and high pressure freezing

Abstract In response to low environmental temperatures third instar larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, undergo the process of cold-hardening in which they acquire freeze-tolerance. Cold-hardening includes the elevation of the supercooling point, the temperature at which body water spontaneously freezes, and the accumulation of the low-molecular-mass cryoprotectants, glycerol, sorbitol and trehalose. Although it is generally believed that freezing survival is only possible if the ice lattice is restricted to the extracellular space, the larval fat body cells survive intracellular ice formation. Fat body cells of freeze-susceptible (September-collected) and freeze-tolerant (January-collected) third instar larvae were prepared for transmission electron microscopic analysis using both conventional chemical fixation and high pressure freezing with freeze substitution. High pressure cryofixation procedures were superior to conventional fixation in both freeze-susceptible and freeze-tolerant cells. Endogenous cryoprotectants in freeze-tolerant larvae contributed to the superior ultrastructure of cytoplasmic organelles and nucleoplasm in high-pressure frozen fat body cells, while freeze-susceptible larvae, which lack high levels of cryoprotectants, contained fat body cells which sustained ice crystal damage following cryofixation. Mitochondria in fat body cells prepared using high pressure freezing/freeze substitution were characterized by smooth outer membranes and uniformly electron dense mitochondrial matrix. Conventionally prepared samples exhibited crenated cytoplasmic organelles with undulating membrane profiles; smooth profiles characterized high-pressure frozen structures. Lipid droplets were abundant in all fat body cells, however glycogen, the energy source of cryoprotectants, was variable in both freeze-susceptible and freeze-tolerant cells. Coalescence of lipid droplets, induced by intracellular freezing at progressively lower temperatures, caused displacement of interior cytoplasmic organelles including the nucleus to the cell cortex. This shift in cytoplasm had no affect on survival of the cells.
Role of cholecystokinetic agents in 99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its C-terminal octapeptide analog. Sincalide, have been utilized in two separate roles for the evaluation of gallbladder disease. These are: (1) prior to cholescintigraphy to evacuate the gallbladder and optimize subsequent filling with radiotracers, and (2) to study contractile function of visualizing gallbladders on cholecystography and cholescintigraphy. As a preparation for 99m Tc-IDA studies, it clearly facilitates earlier gall-bladder filling in patients with chronic cholecystitis, thereby ruling out complete cystic duct obstruction. The problem lies in the fact that the use of CCK as a premedication markedly decreases the sensitivity of the study to detect chronic cholecystitis, since the findings become indistinguishable from patients with normal gallbladders. For this reason, the authors prefer to obtain delayed images, since chronic cholecystitis is frequently associated with gallbladder filling beyond the first hour. The role of CCK in detecting abnormal gallbladder function in the normally visualizing gallbladder also is controversial. Other studies as well as the authors' experience suggest that as much as one-fourth of positive cases may be associated with normal gallbladders at surgery and often even on microscopic examination. However, most importantly, the great majority of these patients are relieved of their symptoms following surgery. It appears reasonable that CCK or Sincalide cholescystography or cholescintigraphy may be detecting functional abnormalities before anatomic changes occur and can, therefore, serve as a useful examination in selecting symptomatic patients who may benefit from cholecystectomy.
Monitoring the development of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated resistant HIV-1 using an electrochemiluminescence-based reverse transcriptase polymerase assay

Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in the HIV-1 replication process, which converts a single-strand RNA into a double-strand DNA via polymerase and RNase H activities. Therefore, inhibition of RT has been one of the primary therapeutic strategies for suppressing the replication of HIV-1. To facilitate the process of discovering the next generation of antiretroviral agents, this study presents a highly sensitive and nonradioactive RT polymerase assay that is based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology, where a ruthenylated dUTP (Ru-dUTP) is employed as one of the dNTPs. The concentration of the RT enzymes required for the assay can be as low as 1 pM, enabling us to evaluate inhibitors with low picomolar potency. More importantly, the assay is capable of detecting endogenous RT activity in cell-free viruses. Therefore, the assay was applied to monitor the development of resistance mutation(s) by viruses under the treatment with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in cell culture. The magnitude of resistance of the resulting mutant viruses was assessed directly by the assay, eliminating the need for cloning, expressing, and purifying the RT mutants.