cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive cardiac output : simultaneous Comparison of Two Different Methods with thermodilution

The authors attempted to simultaneously measure cardiac output by thermodilution (COtd), thoracic bioimpedance (CObi), and suprasternal Doppler ultrasound (COdopp) in 68 patients. Subgroups separately compared included patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated, patients undergoing cardiac surgery, aortic surgery, patients with dysrhythmias, and patients with sepsis. The authors also studied the value of the ventricular ejection time (VET) in evaluating the agreement of CObi and COdopp with COtd. Simultaneous CObi and COtd were available in a total of 56 patients (416 data sets) with an overall correlation coefficient r = 0.61, regression slope (m) of 0.52, intercept (y) of 2.46, and mean (CObi-COtd) difference (bias) of -0.67 +/- 1.72 (SD) l/min. Simultaneous COdopp and COtd were available in 59 patients (446 data sets) with an overall r = 0.51, m of 0.53, y of 2.05, and bias of -0.79 +/- 1.95 l/min. CObi agreed most closely with COtd in patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated, who had not undergone cardiac or aortic surgery, and with VET difference less than 40 ms (16 patients, 99 data sets; r = 0.74; m = 0.97; y = 0.15; bias = -0.02 +/- 1.53 l/min). COdopp agreed most closely with COtd in patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated, who had not undergone cardiac or aortic surgery, and in sinus rhythm with VET difference less than 40 ms (10 patients, 45 data sets; r = 0.82; m = 0.98; y = -0.07; bias = -0.82 +/-1.03 l/min). VET by radial artery can help evaluate the reliability of CObi and COdopp.
Internal-Conversion-Electron Study of the Decay of Ru 103

The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{103}$ (39.6 d) has been investigated with an iron-core, $\ensuremath{\pi}\sqrt{2}$ double-focussing $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrometer. The internal-conversion-electron spectrum revealed the presence of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of 609.89(24), 556.85(22), 496.88(16), 443.85(15), 294.88(16), 53.11(3), and 39.55(4) keV. No new lines with an intensity greater than 1.6% of the $497K$ line were found. The $67K$ line was found to have an intensity less than 0.17%, and the $322K$ and $362K$ lines an intensity less than 0.3%, of the $497K$ line. Limitations on the multipolarities and mixing ratios of some of the transitions have been determined through $\frac{K}{L}$- and $L$-subshell ratios, and through internal-conversion-coefficient measurements. The multipolarities obtained for the seven observed transitions were compared with $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular-correlation results. This resulted in the spin-parity assignments of ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$, ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$, and ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the 39.55(4)-, 92.66(5)-, and 649.48(24)-keV states, respectively. The 536.47(16)-keV level is shown to have a spin parity of either ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ or ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Numerical simulations of the decay of Martian global dust storms

The decay of Martian global (great) dust storms is investigated. One-dimensional (vertical, static atmosphere) and two-dimensional (latitude-height, steady state circulation) simulations carried out with an aerosol transport-microphysical model indicate that atmospheric motions play a significant role in the observed decay of global dust storms. Spacecraft observations (Mariner 9, Viking) of the 1971 and the two 1977 planet-encircling dust storms have provided suggestions about some characteristics of storm decay. Specifically, the dust particle size distribution is inferred to have remained essentially unchanged for particles with radii between 1 and 10 microns during decay of the 1971 storm, and surface visible opacity declined quasi-exponentially with time in northern midlatitudes during the decay of the two 1977 storms. The results from this investigation indicate that two- and three-dimensional dynamical processes play a significant role the observed decay features of Martian global dust storms. The most important processes are the lofting of dust by vertical motions in the dust source region of the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and a continuing advective resupply of atmospheric dust into the dust sink regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This work has implications for Viking data analyses and future Mars observer observations and requires that the particle size distribution be treated as a time and latitude dependent quantity.
Degree of Recruitment of DOT1L to MLL-AF9 Defines Level of H3K79 Di- and Tri-methylation on Target Genes and Transformation Potential

The MLL gene is a common target of chromosomal translocations found in human leukemia. MLL-fusion leukemia has a consistently poor outcome. One of the most common translocation partners is AF9 (MLLT3). MLL-AF9 recruits DOT1L, a histone 3 lysine 79 methyltransferase (H3K79me1/me2/me3), leading to aberrant gene transcription. We show that DOT1L has three AF9 binding sites and present the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of a DOT1L-AF9 complex. We generate structure-guided point mutations and find that they have graded effects on recruitment of DOT1L to MLL-AF9. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses of H3K79me2 and H3K79me3 show that graded reduction of the DOT1L interaction with MLL-AF9 results in differential loss of H3K79me2 and me3 at MLL-AF9 target genes. Furthermore, the degree of DOT1L recruitment is linked to the level of MLL-AF9 hematopoietic transformation.
Angiotensin II Activates Matrix Metalloproteinase Type II and Mimics Age-Associated Carotid Arterial Remodeling in Young Rats

Increased angiotensin II (Ang II), matrix metalloproteinase type II (MMP2), and sympathetic activity accompany age-associated arterial remodeling. To analyze this relationship, we infused a low subpressor dose of Ang II into young (8 months old) rats. This increased carotid arterial MMP2 transcription, translation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor-β1 activity and collagen deposition. A higher Ang II concentration, which increased arterial pressure to that of old (30 months old) untreated rats, produced carotid media thickening and intima infiltration by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ex vivo, Ang II increased MMP2 activity in carotid rings from young rats to that of untreated old rats. Ang II also increased the ability of early passage VSMCs from young rats to invade a synthetic basement membrane, similar to that of untreated VSMCs from old rats. The MMP inhibitor GM6001 and the AT1 receptor antagonist Losartan inhibited these effects. The α-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine increased arterial Ang II protein, causing MMP2 activation and intima and media thickening. Exposure of young VSMCs to phenylephrine in vitro increased Ang II protein and MMP2 activity to the levels of old VSMCs; Losartan abolished these effects. Thus, Ang II-induced effects on MMP2, transforming growth factor-β1, collagen, and VSMCs are central to the arterial remodeling that accompanies advancing age.
Effect of Temperature on Water Diffusion in Soybean

Influence of temperature on the concentration-dependent diffusivity of water into soybean was investigated. At a constant water content, Arrhenius relation existed between the water diffusivity and temperature. The activation energy for diffusion was found to be between 9 and 13 Kcal/mole. The activation energy also was found to vary linearly with the water content.
Characterization of intestinal collateral blood flow in the developing piglet.

ABSTRACT: Interest in the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis has prompted study of the intestinal circulation in developing animals. It is conceivable that poorly developed collateral channels may predispose the neonatal intestine to ischemic insults. We therefore characterized intestinal collateral blood flow in anesthetized and ventilated 1-day and 1-month-old piglets. Intestinal blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres (15 μm diameter) before and after either 1) total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or 2) occlusion of a distal (jejunoileal) branch of the SNIA. After total SMA occlusion in 1-day and 1-month-old piglets, perfusion of the intestine via collaterals from the celiac and inferior mesenteric arteries was not evident. Jejunal, ileal, and colonic (except rectal) blood flows fell to zero 30 min after ligation of the SMA. Ligation of a distal branch of the SMA in 1-month-old animals significantly reduced total wall (by 25%) and mucosal/submucosal (by 25%) blood flows in the occluded segment. Similar experiments in 1-day-old piglets produced significantly greater reduction in total (70%) and mucosa/subumeosa (70%) blood flows. Muscle/serosa blood flows in both groups were not significantly different from control values. In conclusion, collateral perfusion of the intestine via the celiac and inferior mesenteric arteries is insignificant during acute SMA occlusion in the developing piglet. Although there is significant collateral blood flow within the SMA vascular network, perfusion between adjacent gut segments is less effective in preventing intestinal ischemia after occlusion of a branch of the SMA in neonates than in 1-month-old piglets.
Below-cost timber sales and the political marketplace

Political pressures exist to increase the economic efficiency of timber management and production on the national forests managed by the USDA Forest Service. There is growing belief both outside and within the Forest Service that current levels of timber production, and most particularly uneconomic timber production, should be reduced. Many argue that eliminating uneconomic timber management programs will both save money and reduce environmental degradation. This article traces the political evolution of the focus on economic efficiency in timber production and explores the political-institutional factors that are shaping the current policy debate. The below-cost issue is less about economic efficiency than it is about political advantage and alternative political visions of the societal role of the nation's national forests now and in the future.
Novel agents in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States. Research has led to an explosion of knowledge into the molecular basis of CRC in the past decades. Numerous receptors and intracellular proteins have been identified and implicated in the growth and progression of metastatic CRC, thus creating novel targets for drug development. Many agents are under development and have begun to enter early and even later-stage clinical trials. Results of these agents have demonstrated some encouraging activity but in a small number of patients. Research into predictive biomarkers aims to select the patients who may benefit from these novel agents. This review will address several of these promising new agents, their potential relevance to CRC, results from early clinical studies, and their incorporation into future and ongoing CRC clinical trials. Clearly, there is an urgent need for new agents in this disease, but as we learned from the experience with epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted antibodies, patient selection will be increasingly be required for individualized therapy to become a reality in CRC.
Electron-Electron Luminosity in the Next Linear COLLIDER—A Preliminary Study

In this paper, we discuss some operational aspects of electron-electron collisions at the Next Linear Collider (NLC) and estimate the luminosity attainable in such a machine. We also consider the use of two future technologies which could simplify the operation and improve the luminosity in an e-e- collider: polarized rf guns and plasma lenses.
Assessing the effectiveness of critical pathways on reducing resource utilization in the surgical intensive care unit

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of procedure-specific surgical critical pathways on reducing resource utilization in a university surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Design and setting: Prospective cohort study in a university surgical ICU. Patients: 194 patients, accounting for 255 patient days, sampled on randomly selected days over a 12-month period of time. Measurements and results: The primary outcomes of this study were pathway eligibility and laboratory utilization. Patients were eligible for a procedure-specific pathway in 34% of patient days identified, and the patient's clinical course was "on" pathway in 22% of patient days. Of those "on" the pathway, 54% had a pathway present in the chart and 32% of these included documentation of the patient's clinical course. Thus in 78% of the patient days the patient was either not eligible for a critical pathway or the patient's clinical course was "off" pathway. In those patients "on" the pathway 46% did not have a pathway present in the chart. Being on a critical pathway did not reduce laboratory utilization. Laboratory utilization did not vary between patients "on" and "off" the pathway (19.1±11.3 laboratory tests/patient day versus 20.4±5.7 laboratory tests/patient day). Predicted laboratory utilization by the pathway was 5.6 laboratory tests/patient day. By reducing actual laboratory utilization to that predicted by the critical pathway we would reduce laboratory utilization at our institution by $1.2 million per year. Conclusions: Procedure-specific surgical critical pathways are not an effective tool for reducing resource utilization in our ICU. Most of our patients were not eligible for an available pathway, and those who were eligible and were "on" the pathway did not appear to have laboratory utilization guided by the pathway. Future initiatives need to explore other means such as ICU-specific care processes to reduce resource utilization in the ICU.
Effects of solutions used for storage of size-exclusion columns on subsequent chromatography of peptides and proteins

Abstract The effects of storage of size-exclusion column packing materials in methanolic or azide-water solutions on subsequent separations were tested. Three commercially available columns were used in these studies; the Toyo-Soda Bio-Sil TSK 125, Bio-Sil TSK 250 and the DuPont Bio-Series GF-250. Upon initial chromatography, all three columns bound up to 760 μg of cytochrome c tryptic peptides. Sample binding to packing material is probably a function of the positively, charged basic groups on peptides or proteins interacting with silanol groups. The larger the peptide, the less the opportunity for silanol-charged group interaction, hence, less binding. Initial samples introduced to a new column occupy the binding sites. Equilibration with neat methanol removes the bound protein revealing sites which bind sample. After absorption of peptides to binding sites on the packing material, storage in neat methanol regenerates the binding sites. Storage in 10% methanol diminished the binding phenomenon, but storage in azide—water reduced binding to a range below detection at the microgram level. Our recommendation to users of size-exclusion chromatographic columns is that one satisfy the absorption capacity of a new column by injecting a sufficient quantity of a basic peptide standard or other convenient sample to reduce available binding sites before using the column for important separations. Store columns in azide—water or 10% methanol to prevent the regeneration of exposed silanol groups.
Photoinduced Intracellular Controlled Release Drug Delivery in Human Cells by Gold-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere

A gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-capped mesoporous silica nanosphere (MSN)-based intracellular drug delivery system (PR-AuNPs-MSN) for the photoinduced controlled release of an anticancer drug, paclitaxel, inside of human fibroblast and liver cells was synthesized and characterized. We found that the mesopores of MSN could be efficiently capped by the photoresponsive AuNPs without leaking the toxic drug, paclitaxel, inside of live human cells. This “zero premature release” characteristic is of importance for delivery of toxic drugs in chemotherapy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cargo-release property of this PR-AuNPs-MSN system could be easily controlled by low-power photoirradiation under biocompatible and physiological conditions. We envision that our results would play a significant role in designing new generations of carrier materials for intracellular delivery of a variety of hydrophobic toxic drugs.
The semantic approach to evolutionary theory

Paul Thompson, John Beatty, and Elisabeth Lloyd argue that attempts to resolve certain conceptual issues within evolutionary biology have failed because of a general adherence to the received view of scientific theories. They maintain that such issues can be clarified and resolved when one adopts a semantic approach to theories. In this paper, I argue that such conceptual issues are just as problematic on a semantic approach. Such issues arise from the complexity involved in providing formal accounts of theoretical laws and scientific explanations. That complexity is due to empirical and pragmatic considerations, not one's adherence to a particular formal approach to theories. This analysis raises a broader question. How can any formal account properly represent the complex nature of empirical phenomena?
X-ray micromodulated luminescence tomography in dual-cone geometry

We propose a scanning method utilizing dual-cone beams of x-rays to induce luminescence from nanophosphors and reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of these particles in a biological sample or a small animal. For this purpose, x-rays are focused through a polycapillary lens onto a spot of a few micrometers in size. Such x-ray scanning can be point-wise performed to acquire photon emission data on an object surface. The x-ray-induced luminescence data allow for reliable image reconstruction with high spatial resolution and large imaging depth. We describe several numerical simulation studies to demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed approach.
Bili Inhibits Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling by Regulating the Recruitment of Axin to LRP6

Background Insights into how the Frizzled/LRP6 receptor complex receives, transduces and terminates Wnt signals will enhance our understanding of the control of the Wnt/s-catenin pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings In pursuit of such insights, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila cells expressing an activated form of LRP6 and a β-catenin-responsive reporter. This screen resulted in the identification of Bili, a Band4.1-domain containing protein, as a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that the expression of Bili in Drosophila embryos and larval imaginal discs significantly overlaps with the expression of Wingless (Wg), the Drosophila Wnt ortholog, which is consistent with a potential function for Bili in the Wg pathway. We then tested the functions of Bili in both invertebrate and vertebrate animal model systems. Loss-of-function studies in Drosophila and zebrafish embryos, as well as human cultured cells, demonstrate that Bili is an evolutionarily conserved antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mechanistically, we found that Bili exerts its antagonistic effects by inhibiting the recruitment of AXIN to LRP6 required during pathway activation. Conclusions These studies identify Bili as an evolutionarily conserved negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes With 2‐Propanol and Raney® Nickel

Raney nickel in refluxing 2-propanol containing 2% KOH is an effective catalytic system for reducing nitriles to amines.
Necessary conditions for design expertise and creativity

Abstract Design creativity and expertise often exist simultaneously. Forms of expertise well documented in the literature include recognizing a creative solution: structuring and restructuring of the solution domain; and the transformation of declarative into procedural knowledge during expertise acquisition. To relate these arguments to creativity requires further research which is justifiable based on our current knowledge.
Severe lactic acidosis caused by a novel frame-shift mutation in mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit II.

We report the first frame-shift truncation mutation in a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (COXII). The mutation was identified by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) followed by direct DNA sequencing in an infant who died at 12 days of age following a course of apnea, bradycardia, and severe lactic acidosis. The patient had a twin brother who died at two days of age of similar course. The mutation, 8042delAT, produced a truncated protein that was 72 amino acids shorter than the wild type protein. The mutant protein, missing one third of the amino acid residues at the C-terminal essential for hydrophilic interaction with cytochrome c, ligand binding to CuA and Mg, and the formation of proton and water channels, apparently has devastating effects on mitochondrial respiratory function. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Teaching the abstract data type in CS2

Teaching the abstract data type in CS2 is made difficult by the fact that the topic is intertwined with issues of language support, dynamic data structures and implementation techniques for dynamic data structures. When we switched to Ada to teach CS2, details of the language support for data abstraction caused us to restructure the CS2 course. By pushing the topic of the abstract data type toward the beginning of the course, we have found that it is covered more successfully.
Interaction of Chlamydomonas dynein with tubulin

Studies were conducted to determine if dynein could bind to unpolymerized tubulin. Tubulin alone normally fractionated in the included volume of a molecular sieve Bio-Gel A-1.5m column. Incubated together, tubulin and dynein coeluted in the void volumn, suggesting that a complex had formed between the two. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy revealed preassembled microtubules were labeled with biotin antibody only when incubated in both dynein and biotinylated tubulin, evidence that dynein with bound biotinylated tubulin had decorated the microtubules. A fraction of the tubulin could be dissociated from dynein by addition of ATP and vanadate, as assayed by molecular sieve chromatography followed by densitometry of gels, suggesting that some tubulin bound to the B end of the dynein arm. Additional tubulin dissociated from the dynein under conditions of high salt. These studies, together with those indicating that tubulin blocked the A end of the dynein arm from binding to microtubules and promoted the interaction of two arms at their A ends, provide evidence that the A end of the arm also can bind tubulin. Thus, the tubulin subunits, themselves, on a microtubule rather than a particular surface lattice structure formed by adjacent protofilaments may provide the binding sites for both ends of the dynein arm.
Testosterone modulation of reproductive indices vs. morphine antinociception in male rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether testosterone (T) concurrently modulates reproductive and nociceptive systems in the adult male. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were orchidectomized, and then 28 days later implanted with capsules containing T or nothing (blanks). After 2, 7, 14 or 28 days' exposure to T-filled or blank capsules, rats were tested for male sexual and nociceptive behaviors in a counter-balanced design. As the duration of T exposure lengthened, the percentage of rats showing male sexual behaviors and the weights of steroid-sensitive organs systematically increased, and latencies to show sexual behaviors decreased. T treatment did not affect basal nociception on either the hotplate or tail withdrawal tests, but significantly increased morphine's antinociceptive potency on the tail withdrawal test — however, this effect was small, and independent of duration of T exposure. Thus, T treatment that altered male sexual behavior and reproductive physiology in a systematic, duration-dependent manner did not similarly alter basal nociception or morphine antinociception. These findings suggest that in adult male rats, although T may modulate both male sexual behaviors and opioid antinociceptive sensitivity, these T effects do not occur in concert.
A heuristic algorithm for determining replacement policies in k‐out‐of‐n systems

The authors study a discrete-time, infinite-horizon, dynamic programming model for the replacement of components in a binary k-out-of-n failure system. (The system fails when k or more of its n components fail.) Costs are incurred when the system fails and when failed components are replaced. The objective is to minimize the long-run expected average undiscounted cost per period. A companion article develops a branch-and-bound algorithm for computing optimal policies. Extensive computational experiments find it effective for k to be small or near n; however, difficulties are encountered when n ≥ 30 and 10 ≤ k ≤ n - 4. This article presents a simple, intuitive heuristic rule for determining a replacement policy whose memory storage and computation time requirements are O(n -k) and O(n(n - k) + k), respectively. This heuristic is based on a plausible formula for ranking components in order of their usefulness. The authors provide sufficient conditions for it to be optimal and undertake computational experiments that suggest that it handles parallel systems (k = n) effectively and, further, that its effectiveness increases as k moves away from n. In our test problems, the mean relative errors are under 5% when n ≤ 100 and under 2% when k ≤ n - 3 and n ≤ 50.
Diffusion of Cu in mild steel

Abstract The thin-layer method was used for studying the diffusion of Cu in mild steel. Experiments were made in the temperature ranges 600 and 940°C, in order to determine the activation energies and the frequency factors for (α), (α−γ) and (γ) phases. The results show that the activation energies for the three mentioned ranges are 47·00 kcal per g. atom, 57·00 kcal per g. atom and 70·00 kcal per g. atom respectively, and the frequency factors are found to be higher in comparison with the values reported in the literature.
Use of a Laser-Produced Speckle Pattern to Determine Surface Roughness*

Correlation and spectral-density functions for the film records of speckle patterns have been calculated. The reflections from both a random and a deterministic reflecting surface were examined, and in each case, the resultant spectral-density function consisted of an aperture function multipled by a function dependent upon the reflecting surface. The near-field speckle pattern was found to differ from that obtained in the far field. This difference is an inconvenience only because a method was shown whereby the far-field pattern could be obtained in the near field.
Modernism in mud: R. M. Schindler, the Taos Pueblo and a ‘Country Home in Adobe Construction’

As the king of the Scythians was drawn to the rites of Dionysus in a Greek colony on the Black Sea, so here the wanderers come, hoping to tap into a power more effective than their own. Vincent Scu...
Chemical limits to flame inhibition

Abstract This paper deals with the ultimate limits of chemical contributions to flame inhibition. Particular attention is focussed on the inhibition cycles which regenerate the inhibitor. This leads to the definition of an idealized “perfect” inhibition cycle. It is demonstrated that for such an inhibitor in a stoichiometric methane/air flame, additive levels in the 0.001–0.01 mole percent range will lead to a decrease in flame velocity of approximately 30%. This efficiency corresponds roughly to the observed behavior of metallic inhibitors such as iron pentacarbonyl which is known to be as much as 2 orders of magnitude more effective than currently used suppressants. This correspondence between the behavior of a “perfect inhibitor” and iron carbonyl leads to the conclusion that only gas-phase processes can account for its inhibitive power.
Embedded Financing: The Unsung Virtue of Derivatives

In theoretical derivatives pricing models, such as those for equity options, the interest rate is often simply specified as r, a fixed constant rate on a “bond” with no default risk. Rates must be treated as stochastically time varying for interest rate derivatives, but still, little attention is paid to the “financing rate.” Tuckman points out that this oversimplifies what happens in the real world. The proper financing rate to use in pricing a given derivative, and especially in setting up an arbitrage trade against the underlying, depends on the specific market practices the trader will face regarding collateral requirements, securities lending terms, and the availability of long-term financing markets (or lack of them). In theory, buying a bond in the cash market and “putting it out on repo” should yield the same payoff as a forward contract on the bond. But this requires financing the bond over the lifetime of the trade, which is rarely possible at a rate that is fixed ex ante for the whole period. The cash market transaction, financed by rolling over short-term repo loans, entails financing risk that the equivalent forward contract does not have. Embedded financing is an important, and frequently overlooked, benefit of derivatives.
REACTIONS OF NITRENES WITH STRAINED OLEFINS. NITRENE ADDITIONS TO THE BICYCLO(2.2.1)HEPT‐2‐ENE SYSTEM

The synthesis of two examples of the 3-azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4] octane ring system is described. The product azabicycles are obtained in low yields and are stable in refluxing chlorobenzene. The lead tetraacetate oxidation of 3-amino-2-methvl-4-quinazoIone leads to high yields of the deaminated compound.
A wideband coplanar-waveguide-fed multi-slot antenna for radar applications

A small multi-slot antenna is designed for RF and micro- wave sensors and radar applications. The design was realized using a se- ries of parallel slots with tapered lengths, fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to support wideband operation. The designed multi-slot antenna provides a 50% bandwidth centered at 10 GHz with 50 input impedance. The operating bandwidth remains almost constant regardless of the length of the feeding mechanism. This feature is demonstrated by several numeri- cal simulations. Return loss, input impedance, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency of the proposed design are computed and analyzed to support X-band operation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol
Safety of Available Agents Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder: Focus on Weight Gain

Background: Pharmacotherapeutic management of bipolar disorder has advanced considerably since the introduction of lithium therapy nearly 50 years ago. The sizable percentage of patients who do not respond adequately to lithium and/or are intolerant to its side effects has served as an impetus for identifying alternative pharmacotherapeutic agents. Recent advances in the understanding of the neurotransmitter systems and their receptors as it applies to treatment of bipolar disorder has, in part, led to progress in delineating applications of anticonvulsant/ antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in this area. Although the efficacy of many drugs has been evaluated in patients with this disorder, medication tolerability and adherence issues related to unfavorable side effect profiles are substantial impediments to the development of novel phariuacotherapies. The potential for excessive weight gain as a side effect of certain psychopharmacologic agents remains a concern to both clinicians and patients. Method: English-language literature from 1985-2001 in MEDLINE was searched for the terms bipolar disorder; anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, lithium, antipsychotic, weight, and compliance. This article reviewed current therapeutic options for bipolar disorder, including newer AEDs and atypical antipsychotic drugs, with emphasis on the issue of weight gain and possible approaches to minimizing this risk. Results: Certain newer AEDs are characterized by more favorable safety and tolerability profiles that include weight loss as a desirable side effect. Because bipolar disorder is associated with unacceptably high rates of relapse, recurrence, and morbidity, the concept of pharmacotherapeutic efficacy logically not only includes symptom relief but also necessarily encompasses issues related to regimen tolerability and adherence. Conclusion: There is a need for guidelines to help physicians carefully formulate and individualize management plans to reach safe, effective, and cost-efficient patient outcomes. Monitoring the weight of patients with bipolar disorder and educating them regarding this issue should be standard components of any treatment plan.
Role of Pt Nanoparticles in Photoreactions on TiO 2 Photoelectrodes

Highly efficient Pt-TiO2 composite photoelectrodes were synthesized by combining two novel deposition methods: ACVD and a room temperature RF (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering method. A room temperature RF magnetron sputtering method allowed uniform deposition of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) onto the as-synthesized nanostructured columnar TiO2 films by ACVD. Pt NP sizes from 0.5 to 3 nm demonstrating a high particle density (>1012 cm−2) could be achieved by varying deposition time with constant pressure and power intensity. As-synthesized Pt-TiO2 films were used as photoanodes for water photolysis. Pt nanoparticles deposited onto the TiO2 film for 20s produced the highest photocurrent (7.92 mA/cm2 to 9.49 mA/cm2) and maximized the energy conversion efficiency (16.2 % to 21.2 %) under UV illumination. However, as the size of Pt particles increased, more trapping sites for photogenerated electron-hole pairs decreased photoreaction.
Comparison of two transport systems for recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from abscesses.

An evaluation of two commercially available swab transport systems, Port-A-Cul (PAC; BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) and Anaerobic Specimen Collector (ASC; Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Rutherford, N.J.), in the recovery of organisms from clinical specimens was done. Fifteen abscesses were drained, and swabs of their contents were placed in the transport systems until they were inoculated for detection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The swabs were plated immediately after collection and after delays of 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. A total of 70 bacterial isolates, 47 anaerobes and 23 aerobes, were recovered from specimens inoculated immediately after collection. The survival of anaerobic bacteria was better in the PAC system than in the ASC system. This was evident as the length of delay in cultivation was extended. At 4 h, 46 anaerobic isolates were recovered in the PAC system, compared with 39 in the ASC system (P less than 0.1). At 24 h, 45 isolates were recovered in the PAC system and 26 isolates were recovered in ASC (P less than 0.001); at 48 h, 40 were recovered in PAC and 15 were recovered in ASC; and at 72 h, 32 were recovered in PAC and 6 were recovered in ASC. There were no differences between the systems in the recovery of aerobic bacteria. These data demonstrate the usefulness of the PAC system in the recovery of anaerobes and the need for quality control of all transport systems for anaerobic bacteria.
The Velocity of Sound in Hydrogen when Rotational Degrees of Freedom Fail to Be Excited

The velocity of sound in parahydrogen, normal hydrogen, and 50 percent para-50 percent orthohydrogen mixtures has been observed at several temperatures, and over a range of frequency to pressure ratio from one to 60 megacycles per atmosphere. Dispersion attributed to failure of the rotational degrees of freedom to follow the temperature associated with the translational degrees of freedom has been observed with all mixtures and at every temperature at which observations were made. Measurements at two different frequencies for similar samples at the same temperature indicate that frequency and pressure affect the velocity of sound only as the quotient, frequency/pressure, with the exception of small corrections that must be applied because hydrogen is not a perfect gas. Experiments indicate that the dispersion occupies a greater range of frequency to pressure than would be expected if the rotational specific heat behaved as a simple relaxation phenomenon. It is shown that a simple relaxation phenomenon is not to be expected, and that the dispersion in parahydrogen can be characterized, approximately, by two relaxation frequency to pressure ratios, one for the rotational transition 0-2, and another for the transition 2-4. An expression for these relaxation frequency to pressure ratios, that roughly fits the observations, is derived on the basis of some assumptions about the collision process.
Leptonic Jet Models of Blazars: Broadband Spectra and Spectral Variability

The current status of leptonic jet models for gamma-ray blazars is reviewed. Differences between the quasar and BL-Lac subclasses of blazars may be understood in terms of the dominance of different radiation mechanisms in the gamma-ray regime. Spectral variability patterns of different blazar subclasses appear to be significantly different and require different intrinsic mechanisms causing gamma-ray flares. As examples, recent results of long-term multiwavelength monitoring of PKS 0528+134 and Mrk 501 are interpreted in the framework of leptonic jet models. A simple quasi-analytic toy model for broadband spectral variability of blazars is presented.
On Bringing More Theory, More Voices and More Politics to the Study of Organization

Studies of organization need to be more theoretically informed, politically diverse and democratically practiced. The field would be enhanced by more robust encounters with three broad areas of inquiry: (1) contemporary theories of language, politics and subjectivity, which focus organizational studies on the constitution of identities, the practices of discourse and the arrangements of power; (2) analyses of gender, race and class, which call attention to diversities and inequalities within and between identities, languages, politics; and (3) democratic practices, which raise questions about our constituencies, our sources of data and our conventions of teaching and research.
Audit committee member contextual experiences and financial reporting outcomes

Audit committee independence rules reduce potential firm-specific information for audit committees and self-interest may bias manager-provided information. Given these considerable limitations, it is important to understand how audit committee members (ACMs) obtain information for their monitoring activities. I investigate how a firm’s (focal firm) financial reporting monitoring outcomes are affected by its ACMs’ contextual experiences, either as managers or monitors, with other firms (interlocks). Specifically, I estimate whether contextual experiences with goodwill impairment decisions, measured as interlocks with firms that likely performed extensive impairment analyses in the prior year, affect the likelihood of focal firm goodwill write-off, other things equal. Overall results suggest that ACM contextual experiences increase the likelihood of goodwill write-off and are most influential when contextual experience is obtained as a manager, rather than a monitor. However, for large firms, contextual experience does not affect reporting when managerial equity-based incentives are strong.
Tetraploidy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Secondary to Large Cell Lymphoma

A 67 year old male developed a therapy related myelodysplastic process culminating in acute myeloid leukemia 16 years following initial treatment for a large cell lymphoma. A second relapse of this leukemia showed 12% blasts including numerous giant blasts. The presence of giant blasts suggested the possibility of relapsed malignant lymphoma, however, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry identified them as myeloid and chromosomal analysis revealed a near-tetraploid cell line. No evidence of lymphoma was seen. Although remission was induced with chemotherapy he subsequently relapsed with marrow and/or CNS involvement and was maintained on palliative therapy until he developed sepsis and died, 13 months following the observation of tetraploidy and 33 months following the onset of acute leukemia.
Combined extension and torsion of a swollen cylinder within the context of mixture theory

Summary The problem of a cylindrical mixture of a nonlinearly elastic solid and an ideal fluid subjected to combined finite axial extension and torsion is considered. In previous work, a 'universal relation' has been presented by assuming a small angle of twist. In this work, the general problem for the finite deformation of the swollen cylinder is discussed in the context of Mixture Theory. ComputationAl results for the variation of the radial and tangential streLeh ratios and the distribution of the fluid in the swollen deformed state are presented. The results demonstl'a~e that the swollen volume of a cylinder reduces wi~h twisting when the axial stretch ratio is held constant. Computational results for the reduction in the swollen volume predict the same qualitative and quantitative trends as observed in experimental results.
Credibility, evidence and discovery: the case of the ivory-billed woodpecker

This paper discusses an effort to document the rediscovery of a North American bird that was widely believed to be extinct. In April 2005 a team of researchers announced publicly that they had identified an ivory-billed woodpecker 1 (Campephilus principalis) in the Cache River swamp in Arkansas. This announcement was a major news story, not only for ornithologists and amateur “birders”, but also for the public at large. The present paper uses publicly available documents to examine how the ornithologists sought to demonstrate their discovery of the bird. Although several professional field ornithologists described and sketched the bird, the effort to document the discovery focused intensively on a frame-by-frame analysis of a brief segment of videotape in which the (alleged) ivory-billed woodpecker was depicted in flight.
Assessing the sustainability of the material recovery system for CRT glass

In recent years, electronic waste has emerged as a waste stream of concern for many reasons; including the need to handle hazardous or extract valuable materials. Within this e- waste stream, cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass waste, from televisions (TVs) and computer monitors, is of particular concern because of high recycling costs and low secondary material value. Economic issues are thus a significant consideration when assessing the sustainability of this material recovery system. In particular, there are questions as to whether the demand for recycled CRT cullet will remain sufficient to sustain the secondary material market. The authors present two models developed to characterize the global mass flow of primary and secondary CRT glass. The first model assesses future supply and the second evaluates potential future demand for secondary CRT cullet.
Corolla based circuit partitioning and resynthesis

Application of corolla-based partitioning to improve synthesis of large multi-level logic circuits is introduced. First, stem regions, petals, and corollas are defined. Next, the partitioning algorithm is outlined and the resynthesis process is described. Results of partitioning and logic resynthesis on a variety of large circuit benchmarks are summarized. It is found that logic resynthesis based on corolla partitioning consistently reduces reconvergent fanout branches, transistor pairs and layout areas, while improving circuit delay and testability. >
Contactless dielectrophoretic spectroscopy: examination of the dielectric properties of cells found in blood.

The use of non-invasive methods to detect and enrich circulating tumor cells (CTCs) independent of their genotype is critical for early diagnostic and treatment purposes. The key to using CTCs as predictive clinical biomarkers is their separation and enrichment. This work presents the use of a contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) device to investigate the frequency response of cells and calculate their area-specific membrane capacitance. This is the first demonstration of a cDEP device which is capable of operating between 10 and 100 kHz. Positive and negative dielectrophoretic responses were observed in red blood cells, macrophages, breast cancer, and leukemia cells. The area-specific membrane capacitances of MDA-MB231, THP-1 and PC1 cells were determined to be 0.01518 ± 0.0013, 0.01719 ± 0.0020, 0.01275 ± 0.0018 (F/m2), respectively. By first establishing the dielectrophoretic responses of cancerous cells within this cDEP device, conditions to detect and enrich tumor cells from mixtures with non-transformed cells can be determined providing further information to develop methods to isolate these rare cells.
THE LIMITS OF POSITIVISM: CASE STUDIES OF VALUES IN SCIENCE

Ernest R. House. 1988. Jesse Jackson and the Politics of Charisma: The Rise and Fall of the PUSH/Excel Program James M. Rogders. 1988. The Impact of Policy Analysis Sylvia Noble Tesh. 1988. Hidden ARguments: Political Ideology and Dieases Prevention Policy
Alveolar Epithelial Injury Causing Respiratory Distress in Dogs: Physiologic and Electron-Microscopic Correlations

Structural and mechanical changes were correlated in 29 dogs with acute alveolar injury induced by the subcutaneous administration of N -nitroso- N -methylurethane (NNNMU). The injury was characterized by necrosis and repair of alveolar epithelium while the vascular endothelium remained essentially intact Compliance of the lung (Cl) decreased and elastic recoil increased as epithelial necrosis occurred. During recovery, improved elastic recoil coincided with epithelial regeneration, although Cl remained abnormal. The late phase was characterized histologically by widespread closure of clusters of alveoli alternating with dilated small air spaces. The process resulted in distortion of lung architecture and resembled interstitial fibrosis. Reduced lung volume and decreased distensibility of dilated small air spaces may have accounted for the persistently abnormal Cl. Because of the specific site of anatomic involvement, the predictable evolution of deranged lung mechanics, and the similarity to human lung injury (adult respiratory distress syndrome), the lung injured by administration of N -nitroso- N -methylurethane is a suitable model to study pathophysiology and types of therapy in a controlled setting.
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ODV-E56 envelope protein is required for oral infectivity and can be substituted functionally by Rachiplusia ou multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ODV-E56

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) odv-e56 gene encodes an occlusion-derived virus (ODV)-specific envelope protein, ODV-E56. In a previous analysis, the odv-e56 gene was found to be under positive selection pressure, suggesting that it may be a determinant of virus host range. To assess the role of ODV-E56 in oral infectivity and host range, we constructed recombinant AcMNPV clones (Ac69GFP-e56lacZ and AcIEGFP-e56lacZ) in which ODV-E56 protein synthesis was eliminated by inserting a β-galactosidase (lacZ) expression cassette into the odv-e56 open reading frame. We also constructed a recombinant virus, Ac69GFP-Roe56, in which the native AcMNPV odv-e56 coding sequence was replaced with that of Rachiplusia ou multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (RoMNPV), a closely related virus that is significantly more virulent towards some host species than AcMNPV. The odv-e56 recombinant viruses exhibited no alterations in polyhedron production and morphogenesis or in the production of infectious budded virus in cell culture. In bioassays using three lepidopteran host species, the oral infectivities of the odv-e56 mutant viruses Ac69GFP-e56lacZ and AcIEGFP-e56lacZ were profoundly impaired compared with those of wild-type and control recombinant viruses. Oral infectivity was restored fully by marker rescue of the odv-e56 mutant viruses with either the AcMNPV or the RoMNPV odv-e56 gene. In bioassays using two host species that are more susceptible to RoMNPV than to AcMNPV, Ac69GFP-Roe56 killed larvae with LC50 values similar to those of recombinant viruses expressing AcMNPV ODV-E56. This result indicated that replacement of the AcMNPV odv-e56 gene with the RoMNPV orthologue did not increase virulence against these two species.