cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of a human liver allograft-derived T-cell line that exhibits suppressor activity

Abstract In an attempt to identify predominant cell populations that may mediate liver allograft dysfunction, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of lymphoid cells propagated from needle biopsy specimens of rejecting liver transplants were examined. In one case, a T-cell line of host phenotype propagated from a liver allograft biopsy demonstrated significant in vitro suppressor activity. This T-cell line (designated JB) was maintained for almost one year in culture with medium containing human recombinant interleukin 2 and with weekly stimulation by an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line derived from the liver donor. Repeated analyses demonstrated that the JB line was phenotypically stable and predominantly CD3+ (86–93%), CD4+ (88–96%), DR+ (96%), Leu8−, CD45R−, CD16−, with a minor CD8+ cell population ( 90%) suppressed mixed lymphocyte reaction or phytohemagglutinin stimulation of nonautologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. Supernatants of JB cells that had been cultured alone or with irradiated (6000 rads) Epstein-Barr virus-transformed donor B cells mimicked the suppressive activity of the JB cell line, wither upon addition in vitro or by transient (4 hr) pretreatment of responder cells at 20°C. JB cell supernatants were nontoxic and free of tumor necrosis factor activity, and their suppressive activity was dose-dependent, nondialyzable (>100 kDa), not overcome by exogenous interleukin 1 or interleukin 2, and heat-resistant up to 56°C. However, the suppressive activity of JB supernatants could be diminished or abrogated by treatment with high temperature (80–100°C), reducing agents, trypsin, or absorption by peripheral blood lymphocytes at room temperature. The suppressive activity of JB cells and supernatants was not alloantigen-specific or major histocompatibility complex-restricted, did not shift mixed lymphocyte reaction kinetics, and was capable of inhibiting in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reaction only when presented early in the culture. These findings provide the first evidence for a primary human allograft-derived T-cell line with suppressor-effector function.
Railway traction equipment ventilating systems

URBAN TRANSIT MOTORS have evolved from totally enclosed to highly ventilated designs in order to keep pace with the demand for increased performance. Successive mechanical improvements permitting higher and higher speeds, and improved fan designs on self-ventilated motors have helped to provide more air flow for cooling the windings.
A simple theoretical model for the effects of cholesterol and polypeptides on lipid membranes

Abstract A simple theoretical model for the effects of impurities on biomembranes is proposed. The model accounts for the cholesterol-induced decrease of membrane phase transition temperature, membrane condensation above the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition, and increase in lateral compressibility. The model also predicts that addition of molecules such as cholesterol and polypeptides to membranes results in unmasking of a continuous phase transition. This results in a second broad peak in the calorimetric curves for melting of lipid-cholesterol mixtures, and the appearance of a second melting transition in membranes modified by the incorporation of polypeptides. The theory assumes that the membrane may be adequately described by a kink model, and that impurities are randomly distributed in the membrane. The difference in size and shape of impurity molecules, compared to membrane lipids, results in a spatial disordering in the membrane which in turn causes increased chain disorder and membrane condensation, as well as a decrease in the cooperativity of melting. The second transition results from a second expansion of the condensed, partially disordered membrane, which takes place over a several degree temperature range. This transition, although unmasked by boundary effects of non-lipid molecules, does not correspond to melting of a boundary annulus or phase separation.
Shop Performance Implications of Using Cells, Partial Cells, and Remainder Cells*

This paper considers the application of cellular manufacturing (CM) to batch production by exploring the shop floor performance trade-offs associated with shops employing different levels of CM. The literature has alluded to a continuum that exists between the purely departmentalized job shop and the completely cellular shop. However, the vast majority of CM research exists at the extremes of this continuum. Here, we intend to probe performance relationships by comparing shops that exist at different stages of CM adoption. Specifically, we begin with a hypothetical departmentalized shop found in the CM literature, and in a stepwise fashion, form independent cells. At each stage, flow time and tardiness performance is recorded. Modeling results indicate that, depending on shop conditions and managerial objectives, superior shop performance may be recorded by the job shop, the cell shop, or by one of the shops between these extreme points. In fact, under certain conditions, shops that contain partially formed cells perform better than shops that use completely formed cells. Additional results demonstrate that in order to achieve excellent performance, managers investigating specific layouts need to pay especially close attention to changes in machine utilization as machine groups are partitioned into cells.
More on repetitive behaviors in Parkinson's disease.

A reply to this letter has been published in Movement DisordersMov Disord (2005) 20 (4) 509.
Characteristics of social skills for adults with intellectual disability, autism and PDD-NOS

Abstract Social skills deficits and excesses are defining characteristics of intellectual disability (ID). Despite this, there is an unfortunate lack of research on the patterns and profiles of social behavior, particularly with adults who are severely intellectually disabled. This paper provides an analysis of social skill patterns for adults living in residential programs in the southeastern United States using the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with sEvere Retardation (MESSIER) as the dependent variable. A diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was associated with more serious social disability. Items that were most commonly noted as problematic for individuals with ASD included preferring to be alone, avoiding eye contact, and exhibiting peculiar or odd mannerisms. Additionally, the presence of blindness and motoric impairment was associated with a higher degree of social skills impairment. The implications of these data for assessment, treatment, and future research are discussed.
A Hydraulically-Actuated Reconfigurable Tool for Flexible Fabrication: Implementation and Control

An automatically reconfigurable discrete tool (matrix of pins) has been developed and demonstrated for sheet metal part forming and composite part molding in the aerospace industry. A GUI-based control system positions each of the hydraulically-actuated pins according to a computer model of the intended tool surface. Open-loop position control of individual pins (timing the upward movement of each pin) is possible but accuracy and repeatability are inadequate for most sheet metal forming and composite molding applications. However, closed-loop position control is shown to provide sufficient accuracy and repeatability for these same applications. Once the pin matrix shape is set, it can be made into a rigid forming or molding tool by side clamping with a hydraulic ram. Since the pin ends are spherical in shape, the resulting dimpled tool surface is covered with an interpolating layer of material. The pins can be reset to their lowest position by either withdrawing hydraulic fluid or pushing them down with the setting platen.
Responsible-Eigenvalue Control for Creating Autonomy in Coupled Systems With Delays

A class of linear time-invariant (LTI) consensus system with multiple agents and identical communication delays among the agents is considered. For this type of system, we recently showed that a responsible eigenvalue (RE) exists determining the amount of delay (delay margin) that the system can withstand without losing stability. In this paper, we use RE to design controllers such that the delay margin of the system increases as the agents make autonomous decisions. This Responsible Eigenvalue-control enables real-time tuning of RE in a way that the system becomes robust against delays. A numerical example demonstrates intriguing results that connect for the first time in the literature the controller design, the features of the associated graph Laplacian, and RE concept.© 2011 ASME
Selection of Variables in Exploratory Factor Analysis: An Empirical Comparison of a Stepwise and Traditional Approach.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the performance of a stepwise variable selection algorithm to traditional exploratory factor analysis. The Monte Carlo study included six factors in the design; the number of common factors; the number of variables explained by the common factors; the magnitude of factor loadings; the number of variables not explained by the common factors; the type of anomaly evidenced by the poorly explained variables; and sample size. The performance of the methods was evaluated in terms of selection and pattern accuracy, and bias and root mean squared error of the structure coefficients. Results indicate that the stepwise algorithm was generally ineffective at excluding anomalous variables from the factor model. The poor selection accuracy of the stepwise approach suggests that it should be avoided.
Aquatic macroinvertebrates associated with Schoenoplectus litter in a constructed wetland in California (USA)

Culm processing characteristics were associated with differences in invertebrate density in a study of invertebrates and senesced culm packs in a constructed treatment wetland. Invertebrate abundance differed by location within the wetland and there were differences between the two study years that appeared to be related to water quality and condition of culm material. Open areas in the wetland appeared to be critical in providing dissolved oxygen (DO) and food (plankton) to the important invertebrate culm processor, Glyptotendipes. As culm packs aged, invertebrate assemblages became less diverse and eventually supported mostly tubificid worms and leeches. It appears from this study that wetland design is vital to processing of plant material and that designs that encourage production and maintenance of high DO's will encourage microbial and invertebrate processing of material.
Microwave frequency beating between monolithically integrated quantum-dot ring lasers

The fabrication of quantum-dot-based optoelectronic integrated circuits incorporating twin ring diode lasers, waveguides, directional couplers, a Y-junction mixer, and photodetectors, is reported. Microwave frequency beating between longitudinal modes from individual ring diode lasers as well as beat notes between integrated twin ring diode lasers are demonstrated.
Preschoolers continue to trust a more accurate informant 1 week after exposure to accuracy information

To determine whether children retain a preference for a previously accurate informant only in the short term or for long-term use, 3- and 4-year-old children were tested in two experiments. In both experiments, children were given accuracy information about two informants and were subsequently tested for their selective trust in the two informants (Experiment 1: immediately, 1 day and 1 week later; Experiment 2: immediately, 4 days and 1 week later). Both age groups preferred to trust the accurate informant not only immediately after receiving accuracy information but also at subsequent time-points. Children who were immediately able to explicitly identify the accurate informant were significantly more likely to seek and accept information from her 1 week later. However, even when they had not been asked to explicitly identify the accurate informant both age groups still maintained their preference for her. Thus, by 3 years of age, children spontaneously choose a previously accurate informant up to 1 week after exposure to information regarding her accuracy.
RNA isolation from mammalian cells using porous polymer monoliths: an approach for high-throughput automation.

The life science and healthcare communities have been redefining the importance of ribonucleic acid (RNA) through the study of small molecule RNA (in RNAi/siRNA technologies), micro RNA (in cancer research and stem cell research), and mRNA (gene expression analysis for biologic drug targets). Research in this field increasingly requires efficient and high-throughput isolation techniques for RNA. Currently, several commercial kits are available for isolating RNA from cells. Although the quality and quantity of RNA yielded from these kits is sufficiently good for many purposes, limitations exist in terms of extraction efficiency from small cell populations and the ability to automate the extraction process. Traditionally, automating a process decreases the cost and personnel time while simultaneously increasing the throughput and reproducibility. As the RNA field matures, new methods for automating its extraction, especially from low cell numbers and in high throughput, are needed to achieve these improveme...
The biochemistry of cestode mitochondria, i. aerobic metabolism of mitochoindria from Taenia taeniaeformis

Abstract 1. 1. The oxidative capacity of mitochondrial fractions isolated from larval and adult Taenia taeniaeformis was assayed polarographically in the presence of various substrates and inhibitors. α-Glycerophosphate was the substrate most readily oxidized. Malate and NADH were oxidized at substantially lower rates; other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, amino-acids, and fatty acids were either less effective or inert as substrates. 2. 2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate was the product of α-glycerophosphate oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide was not detected, but the presence of an active catalasc may have prevented its identification. 3. 3. α-Glycerophosphate oxidation in the mitochondrial fractions was not mediated by pyridine nucleotide, but was stimulated by vitamin Kj. The cytoplasm of the parasite contained an extramitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase that catalysed the oxidation of NADH in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This pair of enzymes provides the essential components of the a-glycerophosphate cycle. 4. 4. The activity of the mitochondrial a-glycerophosphate oxidase was inhibited by dicoumarol. Antimycin and cyanide were less effective, and there was little definitive evidence of a classic cytochrome system participating in the terminal electron transport. 5. 5. Oxidation of a-glycerophosphate was inhibited by several metal-chelating agents. These observations, together with the finding of substantial amounts of non-haem relative to haem iron in the mitochondrial preparations, suggest that non-haem iron has a functional role in the tapeworm respiratory chain. 6. 6. Both oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotide were found in these preparations, and inhibition of malate oxidation was demonstrated with rotenone or Amytal (amylobarbitone). 7. 7. The respiratory chain of T. taeniaeformis appears to contain the following components: flavoprotein dehydrogenases, non-haem iron, pyridine nucleotide, and a branched cytochrome system, one portion sensitive to cyanide and the other insensitive. 8. 8. The presence of high endogenous ATPase activity in the mitochondrial fractions may indicate that the organelles were functionally altered during isolation with respect to the coupled phosphorylation reactions, which were not demonstrable.
A study of sol-gel derived Sr2(AlTa)O6 by Raman spectroscopy

Among the dielectric materials of current interest the cubic ternary system Sr2(A1Ta)Q (SAT) is particularly attractive since it exhibits an excellent lattice and thermal expansion match with Y-123, Y-124, Bi2212, Bi-2223 and T1-1223 superconductors. Its low dielectric constant and low tan 5 favours its use in microwave device applications. Thin films of high To oxides deposited on SAT ceramics are chemically non-reactive at the interface between the films and the ceramic material. SAT ceramic samples were identified to have double cell cubic perovskite strucmre with lattice parameter a = 0.77805 nm and melting temperature 1900 °C [1]. Thin films of SAT and multilayers of SAT/YBCO (YBa;Cu3OT) were grown on (001) LaA103 and (001) MgO substrates by pulsed laser deposition [2]. SAT was first prepared by Brandle and Fratello [3] in a study of potential substrate materials for the growth of high temperature superconductor films. The growth of bulk single crystals has not yet been reported. In our recent work we grew single crystal fibres by a laser beam pedestal growth technique [4]. In comparison to other binary perovskite dielectrics the crystal structure of SAT is cubic. As a result, fibres having potential deleterious multiple growth orientations [1, 5, 6] are unlikely. Phase-pure Sr2(A1Ta)O6 (SAT) was prepared by the sol-gel route including Sr metal, A1 (tri-secbutoxide) and Ta(OC2H»)» as the starting organic precursors. Sol-gel processing of SAT can lead to highly phase-pm'e homogeneous powders, and these powders can offer significant advantages over conventionally processed powders. The SAT phase was formed at 1400 °C from a transparent xero-gel. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed the particle size to be sub-micrometre -0.1/~m. Raman analysis of SAT exhibited a sharp band at 791 cm -I due to well-defined molecular vibration. Complex alkoxides were prepared by reacting Sr metal, A1 (tri-sec-butoxide) and Ta2(OC2Hs)» organic precursors. First, B-site was formed by refluxing Al(tri-sec-butoxide) and Ta(OC2H»)5 organic precursors with 2-methoxyethanol (MOE; C3H802) at 125 °C for 6 h. Finally, the Sr metal was refluxed with C3H802 and later reacted with the double alkoxide mixture of A1-Ta precursor complex sol at 125 °C for 12 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature and the pH was found to be -4.0. Later the solution was hydrolysed with H20 and C3H80 in the ratio 1:4. The solution was placed in a 60 °C oven for 4-5 h to form the gel. The schematic reaction sequence for
Quality-of-life studies in marketing and management: An overview

Business in general is beginning to realize that its responsibility to people extends beyond meeting market demand and generating employment. Business's responsibility is also to contribute to the quality-of-life (QOL) of its employees, its consumers, and the community. That is, business is now expected to contribute to the social, as well as the economic, welfare of society (e.g., Davis and Blomstrom, 1975). Businesses cannot simply sell products and services they "happen" to make. They have to engage in research in order to understand human needs and wants, and to deliver goods and services that can satisfy important needs in such a way as to enhance the QOL of a certain consumer segment, while not debilitating the QOL of other publics. Similar expectations are building with respect to the public sector, i.e., government, schools, and other nonprofit organizations. The QOL movement has been clearly articulated in management thought by the classic works of McGregor (1960) and his followers. McGregor described two styles of management which he termed Theories X and Y. Theory X managers believe that workers in general are lazy, dislike responsibility, are self-centered, and are motivated strictly by extrinsic rewards (e.g., money). Hence, managers should allocate much energy toward directing and controlling people, and organizing the elements of productive enterprise. Theory Y managers, on the other hand, believe that workers are inherently not lazy and self-centered. Workers can enjoy responsibility and are motivated to the most extent by intrinsic rewards (e.g., self-esteem, belonginess, social recognition, and self-actualization). Managers who believe in the central tenets of Theory Y focus their efforts to arrange things so workers can achieve their individual goals while working toward organizational goals. The attention to the satisfaction of workers needs through organizational
TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF HOMOTRANSPLANTATION ANTIBODIES

Pregnant rabbits were sensitized to unrelated does by skin transplantation. The offspring of these sensitized animals rejected skin from the same donor in a markedly accelerated fashion. The transplacental passage of agents responsible for homograft rejection is therefore suggested. Since accelerated rejection rather than enhancement occurred, more than the usual humoral antibodies must have been thus transmitted. The presence of another antibody-like substance is postulated. This appears to be sessile in nature, usually fixed to lymphocytes, but transmissible without these cells under special circumstances, such as occur in micropore chambers or hemochorial placentae. These allow the prolonged dose contact of sensitized and non-sensitized lymphocytes, and thus may permit the transfer of this, usually sessile, but apparently non-fixed antibody.
Moderate levels of activation lead to forgetting in the think/no-think paradigm

Using the think/no-think paradigm (Anderson & Green, 2001), researchers have found that suppressing retrieval of a memory (in the presence of a strong retrieval cue) can make it harder to retrieve that memory on a subsequent test. This effect has been replicated numerous times, but the size of the effect is highly variable. Also, it is unclear from a neural mechanistic standpoint why preventing recall of a memory now should impair your ability to recall that memory later. Here, we address both of these puzzles using the idea, derived from computational modeling and studies of synaptic plasticity, that the function relating memory activation to learning is U-shaped, such that moderate levels of memory activation lead to weakening of the memory and higher levels of activation lead to strengthening. According to this view, forgetting effects in the think/no-think paradigm occur when the suppressed item activates moderately during the suppression attempt, leading to weakening; the effect is variable because sometimes the suppressed item activates strongly (leading to strengthening) and sometimes it does not activate at all (in which case no learning takes place). To test this hypothesis, we ran a think/no-think experiment where participants learned word-picture pairs; we used pattern classifiers, applied to fMRI data, to measure how strongly the picture associates were activating when participants were trying not to retrieve these associates, and we used a novel Bayesian curve-fitting procedure to relate this covert neural measure of retrieval to performance on a later memory test. In keeping with our hypothesis, the curve-fitting procedure revealed a nonmonotonic relationship between memory activation (as measured by the classifier) and subsequent memory, whereby moderate levels of activation of the to-be-suppressed item led to diminished performance on the final memory test, and higher levels of activation led to enhanced performance on the final test.
Congestion control using policy rollout

We consider the congestion-control problem in a communication network with multiple traffic sources, each modelled as a fully-controllable stream of fluid traffic and associated with a unique round-trip delay. The bandwidth available to the controlled sources is stochastic due to high-priority cross traffic, described by a Markov-modulated fluid. The goal is to maximize a linear combination of the throughput, delay, and traffic loss at the bottleneck node, while achieving fairness among controlled sources. The control problem is posed as a Markov decision process (MDP). We heuristically solve the MDP via a technique called policy rollout. Our empirical study demonstrates that the control scheme performs significantly better than conventional congestion controllers. We further find that employing different estimates of the "Q-value" in solving the MDP leads to comparable overall cumulative rewards, although the component contributions can be quite different.
Simulation of Nanoscale Polishing of Copper with Molecular Dynamics

We investigate the fundamental atomistic processes in chemical mechanical polishing of copper, by simulating the nanoscale polishing of a copper surface by a single abrasive particle. The atomistic mechanisms of an individual surface-polishing event are simulated with molecular dynamics using the embedded atom method. The nature of material removal, chip formation, material defects and frictional forces were investigated as a function of the cutting speed, depth of cut, and abrasive geometry. Nanometric cutting comprises of two steps: material removal as the tool machines the top surface, followed by relaxation of the work material to a low defect configuration, after the tool or abrasive particle has passed over the machined region. Chemical etching processes during planarization considerably improve the quality of the planarized surface and reduce defects in the bulk.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WHICH COMPARED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DESIGN METHODS

The influence of “method” on the design of services was investigated in three organizational settings. Models of “Systems,”“Behavioral,” and “Heuristic” design approaches were used to plan several service programs. These plans were compared using measures of their “quality,”“acceptance,” and “innovation.” Service plans designed by the Systems approach were found to have high quality (p < .05), and service plans designed by the Behavioral approach were found to be innovative (p < .05). These findings are employed to provide guides to select a Design Method and to suggest some research issues.
The Pipeline embolization device for treatment of intracranial aneurysms

Flow diversion is a new endovascular technique developed for treatment of intracranial aneurysms. It is based on stent-induced modification of blood flow within and around an aneurysm inflow zone, leading to gradual intra-aneurysmal thrombosis and subsequent atrophy, while preserving flow into the parent vessel and perforating branches. Flow-diversion technique is well-suited for the treatment of large, giant, wide-necked, and fusiform intracranial aneurysms because it does not rely on endosaccular packing with coils but rather on the strategy of placing a stent across the aneurysm "neck" or across the diseased segment of a vessel in case of a fusiform aneurysm. Over time, neointimal endothelium covers the flow diverter such that it becomes incorporated into the parent vessel wall and occludes the aneurysm from the circulation, effectively repairing the diseased parent vessel segment. This report describes in detail the Pipeline embolization device (ev3-Covidien, Irvine, California, USA), its mechanism of action and deployment technique, and reviews the pertinent literature regarding safety, efficacy and potential risks and complications associated with the use of this flow diverter.
Body size phenotypes are heritable and mediate fecundity but not fitness in the lepidopteran frugivore Cydia pomonella

The inheritance and functional roles of quantitative traits are central concerns of evolutionary ecology. We report two sets of experiments that investigated the heritability and reproductive consequences of body size phenotypes in a globally distributed lepidopteran frugivore, Cydia pomonella (L.). In our first set of experiments, we tested the hypotheses that (1) body size is heritable and (2) parental body size mediates egg production and offspring survival. Midparent–offspring regression analyses revealed that body mass is highly heritable for females and moderately heritable for males. The contribution of fathers to estimates of additive genetic variance was slightly greater than for mothers. Egg production increased with mean parental size, but offspring survival rates were equivalent. Based on this result, we tested two additional hypotheses in a second set of experiments: (3) male size moderates female egg production and egg fertility and (4) egg production, egg fertility, and offspring survival rate are influenced by female mating opportunities. Females paired with large males produced more eggs and a higher proportion of fertile eggs than females paired with small males. Females with multiple mating opportunities produced more fertile eggs than females paired with a single male. However, egg production and offspring survival rates were unaffected by the number of mating opportunities. Our experiments demonstrate that body mass is heritable in C. pomonella and that size phenotypes may mediate fecundity but not fitness. We conclude that male size can influence egg production and fertility, but female mate choice also plays a role in determining egg fertility.
Interferon-tau, a Type 1 interferon involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy.

Interferon-τ is a major product of ovine and bovine conceptuses during the period before the trophoblast makes firm attachment to the uterine wall and begins to form a placenta. Its primary function is in preventing a return to ovarian cyclicity and hence ensuring the pregnancy continues, although it undoubtedly has other roles in ensuring receptivity of the maternal endometrium. Despite having properties similar to those of other Type 1, IFN-τ is not virally inducible and functions in a constitutive process unrelated to pathogenesis. The genes for IFN-τ (IFNT), which are confined to ruminant ungulate species, would appear to be the most recently evolved mammalian Type 1 gene family and are primarily under the transcriptional control of Ets2 and signal transduction pathways that target that transcription factor. The IFNT provide an illustration of how a gene control region can be commandeered and then refined to provide a radically changed pattern of expression.
Rapid charging seed source with integrated fire set for flux compression generator applications

The design and testing of an integrated front-end power and control system for helical flux compression generators (HFCG) is presented. A current up to 12 kiloamps needs to be pushed into the 5.8 microhenry field coil of the HFCG to establish the necessary seed flux for generator operation. This current is created with the discharge of a 5 kilovolt, 50 microfarad metalized polypropylene film capacitor using a single-use semiconductor closing switch. Once peak current/flux is obtained in the seed coil an exploding bridge wire (EBW) detonator is initiated with a discharge from a 1 kilovolt, 500 millijoule capacitor array contained in the compact fire set. Both capacitances, seed and fire set, are charged using a rapid capacitor charger system. The rapid capacitor charger is a solid state step up converter supplied by lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) batteries. It provides the 5 kilovolts and 1 kilovolt dual output voltages required for the compact seed source and compact fire set, respectively. The rapid capacitor charger operates at an average output power of 3 kilowatts and charges both capacitances simultaneously in under 250 milliseconds. The rapid capacitor charger is reusable if protected from the explosive detonation. All components in the system are fiber-optically controlled by a battery powered microcontroller that is fully optically isolated from the system. This controller provides the precise timing required to maximize performance of the HFCG system. The entire front-end system including batteries, capacitors, power electronics and control circuitry but excluding the HFCG occupies a volume of less than 4 L and fits in a 15 cm diameter package.
Ethics of Treatment of Sexual Aggression in Geriatric Psychiatric Patients

required repeated transfers to the medical floor for complications due to anorexia and malnutrition. Mental Health Court considered a petition for involuntary PEG tube placement for Ms. H as part of her medication over objection order. Results: Though the precise etiology of Ms. H’s anorexia was unknown, she appeared to be making a voluntary decision not to eat and drink as a form of protest. Ms. H suffered a chronic relapsing course of paranoid schizophrenia and anorexic-restrictive eating. Conclusions: This case highlights medical and psychiatric aspects of food refusal, as well as the need for diagnostic awareness regarding eating disorders in the elderly chronically mentally ill.
INTERVIEWERS' VERBAL IDIOSYNCRASIES AS A SOURCE OF BIAS

Interviewer effects in recording can bias survey data in two ways: (i) unsystematically, by increasing random error; and (2) systematically, by suppressing natural respondent variability. Many studies have dealt with random error, but few with systematic error. This study investigates the problem of systematic bias from recording in survey data. Unsystematic error is typically related to "incompetence," or the interviewer's lack of the clerical and critical skills needed for recording. Guest and Nuckols, Sheatsley and others have identified certain personality and demographic correlates of competent recording (i.e., recording with relatively few clerical errors); e.g., intelligence, sex, marital status, education, and experience in interviewing appear to be good predictors.' These unsystematic effects are generally considered endemic to survey research. Random error is a calculated risk, taken as the better part of the implicit trade-off with unsatisfactory features of other datacollection methods. Generally, the hope is that instances of random error will balance out over many interviews. Systematic effects cannot be so hopefully dismissed. Typically, they result from consistent interviewer behaviors, or idiosyncrasies. These create less variability within one interviewer's production than between sets of schedules submitted by several different interviewers. By contrast, in the ideal situation where each interviewer's quota of respondents represents a random subsample, the between and within variances should be approximately the same. For example, an individual interviewer can be expected to use words in a systematic way. If she does not record her respondents' words verbatim, then neces-
Improving Multiprocessor Performance with Coarse-Grain Coherence Tracking

To main coherence in conventional shared-memory multiprocessor systems, processors first check other proessors' caches before obtaining data from memory. This coherence checking adds latency to memory requests and leads to large amounts of interconnect traffic in broadcast-based systems. Our results for a set of commercial, scientific and multiprogrammed workloads show that on average 67% (and up to 94%) of broadcasts are unnecessary. Coarse-Grain Coherence Tracking is a new technique that supplements a conventional coherence mechanism and optimizes the performance of coherence enforcement. The Coarse-Grain Coherence mechanism monitors the coherence status of large regions of memory, and uses that information to avoid unnecessary broadcasts. Coarse-Grain Coherence Tracking is shown to eliminate 55-97% of the unnecessary broadcasts, and improve performance by 8.8% on average (and up to 21.7%).
Change and continuity in neurobehavioral development: lessons from the study of neurobiology and neural plasticity

The goal of this paper is to discuss our current understanding of change and continuity in neurobehavioral development. After describing the basic elements of neurobiological development, attention is focused on the myriad of ways experience influences the developing and developed brain. This literature is used to illustrate the complexity of both brain and behavioral development in the context of change and continuity. The implications of considering brain/behavior relations in the context of development comprise the final section of the paper.
Learning a Metric for Code Readability

In this paper, we explore the concept of code readability and investigate its relation to software quality. With data collected from 120 human annotators, we derive associations between a simple set of local code features and human notions of readability. Using those features, we construct an automated readability measure and show that it can be 80 percent effective and better than a human, on average, at predicting readability judgments. Furthermore, we show that this metric correlates strongly with three measures of software quality: code changes, automated defect reports, and defect log messages. We measure these correlations on over 2.2 million lines of code, as well as longitudinally, over many releases of selected projects. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study on programming language design and engineering practice. For example, our data suggest that comments, in and of themselves, are less important than simple blank lines to local judgments of readability.
Silodosin for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and safety of silodosin, a recently approved α1A-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Data Sources:English-only articles obtained from MEDLINE (1966–October 2009) using the search terms silodosin and KMD-3213 were reviewed. In addition, a search of International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–October 2009) was conducted.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Available English-language articles were reviewed, as well as abstracts from available non-English articles.Data Synthesis:Silodosin reduces urinary symptoms associated with BPH in as little as 1 day after initiation. The largest clinical trial conducted to date demonstrated a decrease in International Prostate Symptom Score of –6.4 ± 6.63 points compared to –3.5 ± 5.84 in patients receiving placebo (p < 0.0001). Silodosin also improved urinary flow rates by approximately 2.8 ± 3.44 mL/sec, which is comparable to other α1-AR antagonists. The usu...
A Massive Overdose of Dalfampridine

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system. Dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in January 2010 for treatment of MS. Our patient was a 34-year-old male with a history of MS, who was brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive. His current medications were valacyclovir, temazepam, dalfampridine (4-AP) and a tysabri intravenous (IV) infusion. Fifteen minutes after arrival the patient seized. The seizures were refractory to benzodiazepines, barbiturates and phenytoin. The 4-AP level was 530ng/mL (25ng/mL and 49ng/mL). The patient stopped seizing on hospital day 3 and was discharged 14 days later with normal mental status and neurologic exam. 4-AP is a potassium channel blocker that blocks the potassium ion current of repolarization following an action potential. The blockade of the potassium channel at the level of the membrane widens the action potential and enhances the release of acetylcholine, thus increasing post-synaptic action potentials. The treatment of patients with 4-AP overdose is supportive. Animal data suggest that patients with toxic levels of 4-AP may respond to phenytoin. Our case illustrates the highest recorded level of 4-AP in an overdose. Our patient appeared to be refractory to a combination of high doses of anticonvulsants and only improved with time.
To study the trends of market arrivals and prices of rapeseed and mustard in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan

Rapeseed-mustard (Brassica species) is the major rabi oilseed crops of India. It occupies a prominent place next to groundnut both in area and production. Rajasthan has first position, which has 2.84 million ha. area and 3.50 million tonnes production in 2008-09 (Directorate of Economics and statistics, 2009-10). It is mainly growing in Sriganganagar, Bharatpur, Alwar and Kota districts of Rajasthan. Therefore a study was carried out to assess the trend in market arrivals and prices of Rapeseed-mustard in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. The primary and secondary data were collected from farmers and Mandi offices. a multi-stages random sampling method was used. The result was found that the higher indices for arrivals were recorded during the month of March to May (April) and lower from June to February (February). The price indices were the lowest in May and highest in February in Bharatpur market. Main factors responsible for more arrivals of rapeseed-mustard in Bharatpur market were the payment of on the same day, higher prices than other markets of the Bharatpur district, open auction method of sale, less market charges, than other market (Nadbai, Deeg, Kama etc.), store facilities for farmer's produce till the time of sale. Production and quantity sold per farm both in absolute and percentage terms increases with increase in farm size. There was positive relationship between farm size, total stock and previous stock.
An In Vitro System for Measuring the Transdermal Voltage and Molecular Flux Across the Skin in Real Time

In many in vitro transdermal drug delivery experiments, the skin is placed within a permeation chamber, and measurements are taken every hour or so. However, during skin electroporation, significant molecular transport can occur within the first few minutes (1).
SETD1A induced miRNA network suppresses the p53 gene expression module.

The p53-inducible anti-proliferative gene, BTG2, is suppressed in many cancers and its loss is associated with tumor progression.1 The absence of inactivating gene mutations in BTG2 suggests that e...
Tamoxifen mimics the effects of estradiol on food intake, body weight, and body composition in rats

Treatment of ovariectomized rats with the nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen mimicked the effects of estradiol and caused significant decreases in food intake and body weight. The decreases in body weight were reflected mainly in a decreased body fat content, although tamoxifen treatment did suppress linear growth too. Similar to the effects of estradiol, tamoxifen decreased parametrial white adipose tissue wet weight and lipoprotein lipase activity. When given concurrently with estradiol, tamoxifen showed no evidence of antiestrogenic activity on any of these measures. As reported previously, tamoxifen acted as a partial agonist/antagonist for uterine weight. The effective dose of tamoxifen for suppression of food intake, body weight, and body fat content fell between 10 and 50 micrograms/day. Therefore, tamoxifen behaves like other nonsteroidal antiestrogens and mimics but fails to antagonize the actions of estradiol on many aspects of physiological and behavioral regulation of energy balance.
Respirator Performance against Nanoparticles under Simulated Workplace Activities.

Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs) are commonly used by workers for protection against potentially hazardous particles, including engineered nanoparticles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of these types of respirators against 10-400 nm particles using human subjects exposed to NaCl aerosols under simulated workplace activities. Simulated workplace protection factors (SWPFs) were measured for eight combinations of respirator models (2 N95 FFRs, 2 P100 FFRs, 2 N95 EHRs, and 2 P100 EHRs) worn by 25 healthy test subjects (13 females and 12 males) with varying face sizes. Before beginning a SWPF test for a given respirator model, each subject had to pass a quantitative fit test. Each SWPF test was performed using a protocol of six exercises for 3 min each: (i) normal breathing, (ii) deep breathing, (iii) moving head side to side, (iv) moving head up and down, (v) bending at the waist, and (vi) a simulated laboratory-vessel cleaning motion. Two scanning mobility particle sizers were used simultaneously to measure the upstream (outside the respirator) and downstream (inside the respirator) test aerosol; SWPF was then calculated as a ratio of the upstream and downstream particle concentrations. In general, geometric mean SWPF (GM-SWPF) was highest for the P100 EHRs, followed by P100 FFRs, N95 EHRs, and N95 FFRs. This trend holds true for nanoparticles (10-100 nm), larger size particles (100-400 nm), and the 'all size' range (10-400 nm). All respirators provided better or similar performance levels for 10-100 nm particles as compared to larger 100-400 nm particles. This study found that class P100 respirators provided higher SWPFs compared to class N95 respirators (P 10) against all particle size ranges tested.
Understanding first-year L2 writing: A lexico-grammatical analysis across L1s, genres, and language ratings

Abstract Despite a large number of studies on L2 writing at the university level, few have systematically examined the writing produced by these students within the context of their writing classes ( Leki et al., 2008 , Silva, 1993 ). This paper investigates the language used in first-year writing across three L1s (English, Arabic, and Chinese) and two genres (Argumentative and Rhetorical Analysis) as well as its relationship to language ratings. We use a lexico-grammatical approach, identifying the vocabulary and grammar that student writers use (e.g., certain verbs that are used frequently with that complement clauses—I think that…) and connecting those patterns to particular functions within texts (e.g., stance and argumentation). The corpus is composed of 120 student papers evenly distributed across the three L1s and two genres. The essays were examined for eight lexico-grammatical features, including traditional measures such as type/token ratio and less typical measures (e.g., adjective-noun combinations). Experienced writing teachers rated the essays for language use in order to account for differences in language ability within the student group. Our results reveal important similarities in the use of lexico-grammatical resources across writers from the three L1 backgrounds, due to their status as developing writers. However, differences in patterns of use across the L1 groups point to variation in the expression of stance in relation to argumentation as well as methods of cohesion. Our findings also show the impact of genre on the lexico-grammatical choices of first-year writers. The results have implications for incorporating a lexico-grammatical approach to writing instruction for L2 writers.
LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE EXCLUSION IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED RISK OF STROKE

Surgical left atrial appendage exclusion (LAAE) is often performed with the intention of decreasing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are undergoing cardiac surgery; however its effect on stroke risk remains unclear with conflicting historical data. We tested the
Mechanism of MTO-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Diols to Alkenes Using Sacrificial Alcohols

Catalytic deoxydehydration (DODH) of vicinal diols is carried out employing methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) as the catalyst and a sacrificial alcohol as the reducing agent. The reaction kinetics feature an induction period when MTO is added last and show zero-order in [diol] and half-order dependence on [catalyst]. The rate-determining step involves reaction with alcohol, as evidenced by a KIE of 1.4 and a large negative entropy of activation (ΔS‡ = −154 ± 33 J mol–1 K–1). The active form of the catalyst is methyldioxorhenium(V) (MDO), which is formed by reduction of MTO by alcohol or via a novel C–C bond cleavage of an MTO-diolate complex. The majority of the MDO-diolate complex is present in dinuclear form, giving rise to the [Re]1/2 dependence. The MDO-diolate complex undergoes further reduction by alcohol in the rate-determining step to give rise to a putative rhenium(III) diolate. The latter is the active species in DODH extruding stereoselectively trans-stilbene from (R,R)-(+)-hydrobenzoin to regenerate M...