cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association between Intraseasonal Oscillations and Tropical Storms in the Atlantic Basin

Abstract Tropical intraseasonal variations in the Pacific are related to the tropical storm activity in the Atlantic basin using outgoing longwave radiation anomalies (OLRAs) and circulation anomalies from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. Tropical storms are most likely to develop and maintain in the Atlantic, when enhanced convection associated with the tropical intraseasonal oscillations (TIOs) is located over the Indian Ocean and convection in the Pacific is suppressed. Tropical storm activity decreases when the TIO shifts to the opposite phase. The dominant signal associated with the TIO is the Madden–Julian oscillation. The atmospheric response in the Tropics is a dipole pattern in the 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies just north of the equator. Positive OLRA propagates eastward from the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific. The dipole moves eastward in concert with OLRAs. When enhanced convection is located in the Indian Ocean and convection in the Pacific is suppressed, positive 200-hPa streamfunction anoma...
Analog Integrated Circuit Design Conceptualization

The electrical signals of the natural world behave in an essentially continuous manner. In contrast, the world of electronic design, which seeks to process these continuous or analog signals, is predominantly discrete or digital. Motivated and refined largely by the evolution of the digital computer, digital design affords the electronic design community a powerful structured and portable design methodology. Substantial improvements in the productivity of the digital designer have been realized over the past decade through the use of computer-based design automation tools which leverage the design methodology. The effectiveness of digital design and test methods and the comparative lack of same in the analog domain have made digital architectures the dominant choice of system designers. As the limits in signal power, dynamic range, signal precision, and signal bandwidth are expanded the use of continuous signal or analog design methods becomes essential. The complicated architectures of proposed mixed analog/digital circuits and the inherent complexity of the analog design process simply overwhelm the capabilities of conventional design automation methodologies.
“Chasing a passion”: first-generation college graduates at work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the college-to-work transition as experienced by first-generation college (FGC) graduates. First-generation graduates are often adjusting to workplaces that are significantly different from parents’ work environments. Design/methodology/approach – This phenomenological study explored the early-career learning experiences of six FGC graduates from the USA. All participants were working full-time and had graduated two to six years earlier. Findings – Three themes were identified: starting the job, being in the job, and releasing the past. Participants highlighted unanticipated aspects of their college-to-work transition, including dealing with workplace politics and family dynamics. They also described ambivalence between their current work and the desire to pursue a more compelling career or vocational passion. Research limitations/implications – All participants were white and from similar (rural) settings in one region of the USA. The qualitative nature ...
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis Does Not Provide Evidence to Support the Existence of Basic Emotions

Saarimaki et al. (2015) published a paper claiming to find the neural "fingerprints" for anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise using multivariate pattern analysis. There are 2 ways in which Saarimaki et al.'s interpretation mischaracterizes their actual findings. The first is statistical: a pattern that successfully distinguishes the members of one category from the members of another (with an accuracy greater than that which might be expected by chance) is not a "fingerprint" (i.e., an essence); it is an abstract, statistical summary of a variable population of instances. The second way in which Saarimaki et al.'s interpretation mischaracterizes their results is conceptual: their findings do not actually meet the specific criteria for basic emotion theory. Instead, their findings are more consistent with a theory of constructed emotion. In our view, Saarimaki et al. is elegant in method and important in that it demonstrates empirical support for a theory of emotion that relies on population thinking; it is also an example of how essentialism-the belief that all instances of a category possesses necessary features that define what is, and what is not, a category member-contributes to a fundamental misunderstanding of the neural basis of emotion.
Small strong solutions for time-dependent mean field games with local coupling

For mean field games with local coupling, existence results are typically for weak solutions rather than strong solutions. We identify conditions on the Hamiltonian and the coupling, which allow us to prove the existence of small, locally unique, strong solutions over any finite time interval in the case of local coupling; these conditions place us in the case of superquadratic Hamiltonians. For the regularity of solutions, we find that at each time in the interior of the time interval, the Fourier coefficients of the solutions decay exponentially. The method of proof is inspired by the work of Duchon and Robert on vortex sheets in incompressible fluids.
Friction and Wear Behavior of a Cobalt-Based Alloy Implanted with Ti or N

Dry sliding friction tests and relative abrasive wear measurements were used to investigate the effects of ion implantation on the tribology of a centrifugally cast Co-Cr-W-C alloy. Titanium implantation was found to significantly reduce the friction and wear of the alloy. Auger spectroscopy showed that vacuum carburization of the surface occurred during Ti implantation. Similar Ti and C profiles were seen in both carbide and (Co-rich) matrix phases. The abrasive wear resistance of the alloy decreased as a result of N-implantation. Nitrogen implantation did not reduce the friction during dry sliding, however, a change in the wear mode was observed.
A Review of Creep of Silicides and Composites

A review of creep behavior of molybdenum disilicides and their composites is presented. Creep rates of these silicides are compared with those of other high temperature materials such as superalloys, ceramic-ceramic composites, intermetallics including aluminides (nickel and titanium), berylides (vanadium and niobium), and refractory metals(molybdenum and tungsten). Creep rates of silicides are shown to be very sensitive to grain size even in the power-law creep regime with grain size exponent of the order of five and above. In addition, the results show that with increase in volume fraction of reinforcements there is a decrease in creep rates for volume percentages less than 25%. To achieve significant improvement in creep strength volume percentages of reinforcements greater than 25% are required. This weakening effect at low volume percentages is related to accompanying decrease in grain size with the addition of reinforcements. Addition of carbon to MoSi2 eliminated the silica present at grain boundaries and converted it to SiC. The SiC thus formed, inhibited grain growth during hot pressing. Thus although addition of carbon enhanced creep resistance, its effect is masked by the accompanying decrease in grain size. Thus, grain size plays a dominant role in the creep of molydisilicide composites. It is shown that among all the materials molybdenum disilicides possess very high creep resistance comparable to ceramic-ceramic composites.
Complications and Resource Use Associated With Surgery for Chiari Malformation Type 1 in Adults: A Population Perspective.

Background Outcomes research on Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) is impeded by a reliance on small, single-center cohorts. Objective To study the complications and resource use associated with adult CM-1 surgery using administrative data. Methods We used a recently validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code algorithm to retrospectively study adult CM-1 surgeries from 2004 to 2010 in California, Florida, and New York using State Inpatient Databases. Outcomes included complications and resource use within 30 and 90 days of treatment. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for morbidity and negative binomial models to determine risk-adjusted costs. Results We identified 1947 CM-1 operations. Surgical complications were more common than medical complications at both 30 days (14.3% vs 4.4%) and 90 days (18.7% vs 5.0%) postoperatively. Certain comorbidities were associated with increased morbidity; for example, hydrocephalus increased the risk for surgical (odds ratio [OR] = 4.51) and medical (OR = 3.98) complications. Medical but not surgical complications were also more common in older patients (OR = 5.57 for oldest vs youngest age category) and male patients (OR = 3.19). Risk-adjusted hospital costs were $22530 at 30 days and $24852 at 90 days postoperatively. Risk-adjusted 90-day costs were more than twice as high for patients experiencing surgical ($46264) or medical ($65679) complications than for patients without complications ($18880). Conclusion Complications after CM-1 surgery are common, and surgical complications are more frequent than medical complications. Certain comorbidities and demographic characteristics are associated with increased risk for complications. Beyond harming patients, complications are also associated with substantially higher hospital costs. These results may help guide patient management and inform decision making for patients considering surgery.
Design of the automatic control system in the integrated marine membrane sewage treatment plant

In accordance with discharge traits of the navy harbor sewage,and through proper selection of operating conditions and performance parameters,the programmable logic controller( PLC) was designed to realize automatic control of water inlet,aeration,sedimentation,discharge and dormancy. The prototype has been successfully applied in a certain navy harbor and won approval from the navy harbor authority and the expert team. It turns out that the design of the PLC was reasonable and it could meet practical requirements of the client.
Ca2+/Calmodulin-Sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase Activity Expressed in Chimeric Molecules between the Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase and the Na+/K+-ATPase α-Subunit

The plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+-ATPase belongs to a family of ion pumps (P-type ATPase) which undergoes a series of conformational changes including a phosphorylated intermediate during the course of ATP-catalysis and cation transport (10). It differs from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase in its subcellular localization, and consists of a single-type catalytic subunit in contrast to the multi-subunit H+/K+- and Na+/K+-ATPases. An additional distinct feature of the PM Ca2+-ATPase is that its function is regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin.
Impact of adjuvant trastuzumab on outcomes of HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with HER2-targeted therapy in the metastatic setting.

527 Background: Trastuzumab (T) was approved for the adjuvant treatment of women with early-stage, HER-2 overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancer in 2006. There are limited data outlining the outcomes ...
A practical high-dimensional Sparse Fourier Transform

As compared to the FFT, the recently introduced Sparse Fourier Transform (SFT) achieves substantial reduction in the complexity of detecting frequencies in signals that are sparse in the frequency domain. However, the SFT requires the significant frequencies to be on the grid and the exact sparsity of the signal to be known. In this paper, we propose a framework that overcomes these issues. Our method makes use of a pre-permutation window to confine the leakage within finite frequency bins and the Neyman-Pearson criterion to detect weak signals without knowing the exact signal sparsity. Various numerical experiments and an application to radar target detection demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Accuracy of a Simulation Algorithm for Modelling LV Contractility, Diastolic Capacitance, and Energetics Using Data Available From Common Hemodynamic Monitors and Echocardiography.

Objective To test the hypothesis that a simulation algorithm populated with data readily available from hemodynamic monitors and echocardiography can accurately model cardiac contractility, diastolic capacitance, and energetics. Design Bland-Altman analysis of paired data sets. Setting University laboratory. Participants Archived data previously recorded from 7 anesthetized swine. Measurements and Main Results Left ventricular pressure and volume (LVV) data that had been continuously recorded over a range of inotropic conditions were used as reference data. One investigator performed conventional analysis of measured pressure/volume loops during preload reduction to derive reference values for end-systolic elastance (Ees—a measure of contractility), the predicted LVV at an end-diastolic pressure of 30 mmHg (V30—an index of diastolic capacitance and chamber dilation), and pressure-volume area (PVA—a correlate of myocardial oxygen consumption). Other investigators blinded to these results entered pressure, cardiac output, and ejection fraction measurements into a simulator that predicts Ees, V30, and PVA. Analysis of simulated data was performed before and after correction of the estimated LVV at which pressure would be 0 mmHg (V0), which was initially fixed in the model. Before V0 correction, accuracy and precision of Ees, V30, and PVA tended to fall outside predefined limits for method interchangeability, but utility for qualitative assessment of acute changes was evident. After V0 correction, the accuracy and precision of simulated data were within the defined limits for method interchangeability. Conclusions These data support the potential for clinical utility of simulation models populated with data readily available at the bedside to characterize left ventricular mechanical performance and energetics.
Detecting the Determinants and Trajectories of Homicide Among Ransom Kidnappings: A Research Note:

Despite common media reports of death among kidnapped victims, little is known about the extent and factors that determine whether victims will be killed during the ransom process. Using data on 9,...
Population Regulation and a General Model

In the last chapter we discussed the general concept of density-dependent negative feedback and its effect on the individual rate of increase. As we were most interested in the basic feedback structure of the system, we did not concern ourselves unduly with the mechanisms involved, nor with a correct form for the negative feedback function. In this chapter, therefore, we will look at the biological processes involved in the regulation of population growth with an eye to developing a more general model of the population system.
Contributions of enzyme models

The recognition of enzymes is as old as our knowledge of catalysis. Quantitative studies of the actions of enzymes began in the latter part of the eighteenth century. In 1835 J. J. Berzelius included biological reactions as examples of reactions that occur under the influence of a new force which he called “catalytic”. After completing a long list of reactions of this type, Berzelius suggested, with amazing insight, that eventually it would be found that all the substances in living organisms are produced under the influence of this force.
Leptomeninges; Arachnoid and Pia

The leptomeninges, the inner layers of the meninges covering the brain, are essential in the maintenance and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid as well as providing a protective functionality. Understanding the relationship of these layers to the overlying calvarium (skull) and underlying brain is essential to understand the effects and manifestations of intracranial trauma, spread of infection, and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
Silver recovery as Ag0 nanoparticles from ion-exchange regenerant solution using electrolysis.

Abstract Many silver (Ag) containing consumer-products (e.g. textiles) release Ag into the environment, posing ecotoxicological risks. Ag recovery mitigates environmental hazards, recycles Ag, and leads to sustainability. In the present work, Ag has been recovered as Ag0 nanoparticles from the spent solution (thiourea (TU) ~ 0.5 mol/L pH ~ 1.1–1.2, and Ag ~ 550 mg/L) obtained from the regeneration of an Ag-loaded resin using a simple undivided electrolytic cell. The reclaimed regenerant solution has been recycled and reused in a closed-loop scheme over multiple cycles. The process parameters, i.e., current (0.05 A) and stirring speed (600 r/min), have been optimized for Ag recovery of ~ 94% and TU loss of ~ 2%. The reclaimed regenerant solution has been shown to regenerate Ag-loaded resin samples with > 90% regeneration efficiency over 4 cycles of consecutive extraction and regeneration. The recovered Ag0 nanoparticles are monodisperse, consistently spherical in shape, and have a mean diameter of ~ 6 nm with standard deviation of the Gaussian fit as ~ 2.66 nm.
The Use of Hydrazones for Biomedical Applications

The use of hydrazones presents an opportunity for enhancing drug delivery through site-specific drug release, including areas such as tumor tissue or thrombosis. Many researchers are experimenting on how to more efficiently form these hydrazones, specifically using heat and chemical catalysts. Hydrazones respond on the pH environment or are synthesized with particular functional groups of the hydrazone and are two of the many unique features that allow for their programmed drug release. Their flexibility allows them to be relevant in a diverse range of applications, from anti-inflammatory to anticancer to acting as a chelating agent. This review paper discusses efficient ways to optimize the properties of hydrazones and their utilization in various clinical applications, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, the prevention of platelet aggregation, and roles as chelating agents.
Objectivity in Moral Discourse

The idea that some realm of discourse, including moral discourse, is objective is the idea that there is a single set of basic truths that the discourse purports to be about. In order to determine whether moral discourse is indeed objective, we must first clarify the very idea of objectivity under consideration and then examine the various semantic, ontological, and epistemological features of moral discourse implicated in the idea of objectivity. Two models of objectivity have been prevalent in philosophical discussions of moral objectivity – a strong ‘ontological’ model and a somewhat weaker ‘methodological’ model. Thus, meta-ethical debates about the status of moral discourse revolve around whether moral discourse satisfies the requirements of either model of objectivity.
Introduction and Preliminary Concepts

Random Phenomena — Probability theory is concerned with the development of an orderly mathematical framework in which to treat random phenomena. These are phenomena which, under repeated observation, yield different outcomes which are not deterministically predictable. Instead the outcomes obey certain conditions of statistical regularity whereby the relative frequency of occurrence of the possible outcomes is approximately predictable. A classical example of such a random phenomenon is the tossing of an unbiased coin. In this case, two outcomes are possible — heads (H) and tails (T). Although it is not possible to predict whether a particular toss will yield a head or a tail, it can usually be expected that, in a long sequence of tosses, approximately half the outcomes will be “heads” and half will be “tails”. On such considerations we say that the “probability” of a head is one-half, as is the “probability” of a tail. However, as we shall see later, relative frequency of occurrence is more useful mathematically as an interpretation of probability rather than as a definition.
Nanosecond scanned x-ray sheet imaging for time-resolved luminescence tomography

Biomedical imaging techniques are often limited by the loss of resolution with depth due to light scattering in biological tissue. Beyond a few millimeters in depth, diffuse transport dominates and makes high resolution imaging impossible using conventional techniques. In this work, light sheet imaging using x-ray photons was developed with a keV x-ray source. This partially overcomes this scattering by generating light within tissue at depth. The light excites fluorescent probes that can be used for tumor tracking based upon molecular targeting. Most of the fluorescent probes have a lifetime in the nanosecond range. In this study, the use of a portable linear accelerator delivering 30-ns x-ray pulses was explored. Using x-ray excitable fluorophores, light was generated within a tissue phantom. Image stacks were acquired using an intensified camera (PiMAX4 – Princeton Instrument – USA) placed perpendicularly to the slicing direction of the sample. A solid-state silicon photomultiplier was used to gate acquisition. Although this delayed acquisition slightly, it improved the fluorescence signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A deconvolution algorithm counteracted the blurring effects of tissue, and image stacks were converted to 3D reconstructions. In summary, nanosecond x-ray pulses can be used to excite fluorophores through radioluminescence phenomenon. Combined with slice imaging, this approach shows promise for time-resolved x-ray luminescence.
Expectations and Concerns of Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment About Their Relationship With Medical Providers: A Call for Therapeutic Alliances:

We sought to understand the expectations and concerns of older adults with cognitive impairment with regard to their relationship with medical providers. In particular, we observed whether study participants were involved in therapeutic alliances. Medical providers and patients create therapeutic alliances when they agree on the goals of the treatment and share a personal bond. Whereas such alliances have been studied in cancer research, little is known about therapeutic alliances in dementia research. Data were gathered in a qualitative study of 27 older adults with cognitive impairment and analyzed with narrative analysis. We introduce four case studies that illustrate the effects of having or missing a therapeutic alliance. Whereas the participant in the first case benefited from a therapeutic alliance, the other cases are marked by different experiences of abandonment. Findings suggest that interventions should concentrate on ways to enhance the relationship between medical providers and patients with cognitive impairment.
Multivariate analysis of cooking pots from elite and “commoner” contexts at Yanshi Shangcheng: implications for the politics of daily life and development of ceramic technology in the early Bronze Age of northern China

In this study, we investigate how ceramics used in domestic contexts may have differed between elites and “commoners” at Yanshi Shangcheng, a walled settlement from the early Shang (Erligang) period of northern China. Marked social stratification is evident at the site, particularly in the form of differential architecture and the layout of the settlement, which had an inner “palace” district and an outer lower status area. We inquire into whether social difference infused the sphere of daily life and daily cuisine at this early Bronze Age settlement. We performed a suite of statistical tests on two types of grayware cooking pots, guan jars and li tripods, from elite and lower status contexts, including a permutation-based modified multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), univariate tests, and a test of the homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. We tested variables related to main stages in the pottery production sequence, including clay preparation, vessel construction, and vessel firing. Pottery data, such as characteristics of the fabric, measurements of thickness, rim diameter, color, and hardness, were recorded at the site visually and with the aid of a hand lens and various measurement devices. Results indicate significant aspects of heterogeneity related to thickness, hardness, pot size, surface texture, and color. Results also indicate little difference in variables related to clay preparation methods. Possible explanations for the differences are explored, including developments in firing conditions and selection of higher quality pieces for elites. The statistical techniques developed herein could be applied to a range of artifactual types to investigate questions of difference.
Fourier-physical space coherent structure in flame-vortex interactions relevant to flame-turbulence interactions using a new signal periodization procedure

The aim of the current study is to characterize key multidimensional relationships between coherent structures in physical vs Fourier/scale space representations of flame–turbulence interactions, as a basis for future analysis of the nonlinear couplings between key resolved scale (RS) and subfilter scale (SFS) motions in large-eddy simulation (LES) of premixed turbulent combustion. However, applying the bounded Fourier transform (FTF) in the nonperiodic flame-normal direction requires the removal of nonphysical Fourier content from the boundary discontinuities. To this end, we have developed a broadly applicable “discontinuity pollution removal” procedure for application to the FTF of multidimensional signals with a single nonperiodic direction. The procedure balances periodization of the signal near the boundaries with minimization of signal modification away from the boundaries. We applied the procedure in a physical–Fourier space analysis of the interactions between a flame and single-scale eddies modeled as the impact of a train of two-dimensional (2D) vortices on an initially planar premixed flame. We find that a specific spectrally broad localized coherent structure in Fourier space connects RS to SFS fluctuations in thermal energy and species concentration that, in physical space, are localized to the corrugations in the flame front in response to eddy–flame interactions. Within the RS fluctuations of energy and species concentration, the flame corrugation structure in physical space is found to be localized to sub-volumes within the RS region of 2D Fourier space. This new understanding of physical–Fourier space relationships categorizes classes of RS–SFS interactions relevant to SFS modeling in LES of premixed turbulent combustion.
Diagnosing muscle disease in a cohort of classic dermatomyositis patients seen at a rheumatologic dermatology outpatient clinic

Background Existing criteria to improve the probability of capturing dermatomyositis (DM) include muscle biopsy but little is known about whether less invasive diagnostic procedures may be just as useful. Objective We aimed to determine whether skin biopsy, electromyography, or magnetic resonance imaging of the involved muscle could be done in lieu of muscle biopsy. Methods Two hundred and seventy-five patients were reviewed to investigate the presence of cutaneous and muscle disease, their timing in relation to diagnosis, and results of skin biopsies, muscle biopsies, magnetic resonance imaging, and electromyography. Results Of the cases with findings consistent with DM on muscle biopsy, 65% were in agreement with diagnostic features on electromyography or magnetic resonance imaging. Results of skin and muscle biopsies supported DM in 67% of patients who underwent both procedures. Limitations A limited number of patients had muscle biopsies. Conclusion In the presence of DM-specific skin findings, less invasive procedures may be sufficient to diagnose DM and guide its management.
Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines

Must a state in which gay marriage is not legal recognize such a marriage performed in another state? The Constitution does not require recognition in all cases, but it does forbid states from nullifying family relationships based in other states, or from making themselves havens for people who are trying to escape obligations to their spouses and children. In this book, Andrew Koppelman offers workable legal solutions to the problems that arise when gay couples cross state borders. Drawing on historical precedents in which states held radically different moral views about marriage (for example, between kin, very young individuals, and interracial couples), Koppelman shows which state laws should govern in specific situations as gay couples travel or move from place to place. Americans are profoundly divided over same-sex marriage, and now that gay civil unions and marriages are legal in some states, the issue has become increasingly urgent. Koppelman offers a sensible approach that will appeal to the best instincts of both sides.
Predicting dangerous ocean waves with spaceborne synthetic aperture radar

It is pointed out that catastrophes, related to the occurrence of strong winds and large ocean waves, can consume more lives and property than most naval battles. The generation of waves by wind are considered, Pierson et al. (1955) have incorporated statistical concepts into a wave forecast model. The concept of an 'ocean wave spectrum' was introduced, with the wind acting independently on each Fourier component. However, even after 30 years of research and debate, the generation, propagation, and dissipation of the spectrum under arbitrary conditions continue to be controversial. It has now been found that spaceborne SAR has a surprising ability to precisely monitor spatially evolving wind and wave fields. Approaches to overcome certain weaknesses of the SAR method are discussed, taking into account the second Shuttle Imaging Radar experiment, and a possible long-term solution provided by Spectrasat. Spectrasat should be a low-altitude (200 to 250 km) satellite with active drag compensation.
Observations on pregnancy at altitude: I. The respiratory gases in maternal arterial and uterine venous blood

We have compared the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations of pregnant sheep and goats at sea level with those obtained in the same animal in an altitude chamber at 5,000, 10,000, and 15,000 feet. By using indwelling plastic catheters, the changes which occur in the uterine circulation (and in a single instance, in the umbilical circulation) have been observed under conditions shown to be compatible with a live fetus. The effect of altitude upon the transplacental oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure gradients has been estimated and the results discussed in terms of the physiologic adaptations of the pregnant animal to an acute reduction in oxygen tension.
Numerical simulation of spatially-evolving instability

A computational study of the spatial stability of plane Poiseuille flow is presented. The numerical scheme employs a time-splitting method to integrate the full Navier-Stokes equations using spectral collocation/finite-diiFerence discretization on a non-staggered mesh. The eigenvalue decomposition procedure is applied for the solution of the Poisson equations using the capacitance matrix technique. The buffer domain method is incorporated for the outflow boundary conditions. The input perturbation velocities are obtained by solving the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for the non-linear eigenvalue problem employing the companion matrix method. Computational results are compared with the linear theory for two-dimensional disturbances.
Hemangiomas of the small bowel in children

Summary A case of hemangiomas of the small intestine in a 5-year-old boy is presented. Historical, clinical, surgical, and pathologic features of the condition are discussed. The value of a repeat laparotomy is illustrated in delineation of the cause of persistent gastrointestinal bleeding in childhood.
Reactive Transport Modeling of Cap-Rock Integrity During Natural and Engineered CO 2 Storage

Long-term cap rock integrity represents the single most important constraint on the long-term isolation performance of natural and engineered CO{sub 2} storage sites. CO{sub 2} influx that forms natural accumulations and CO{sub 2} injection for EOR/sequestration or saline-aquifer disposal both lead to concomitant geochemical alteration and geomechanical deformation of the cap rock, enhancing or degrading its seal integrity depending on the relative effectiveness of these interdependent processes. Using our reactive transport simulator (NUFT), supporting geochemical databases and software (GEMBOCHS, SUPCRT92), and distinct-element geomechanical model (LDEC), we have shown that influx-triggered mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions within typical shale cap rocks continuously reduce microfracture apertures, while pressure and effective-stress evolution first rapidly increase then slowly constrict them. For a given shale composition, the extent of geochemical enhancement is nearly independent of key reservoir properties (permeability and lateral continuity) that distinguish EOR/sequestration and saline-aquifer settings and CO{sub 2} influx parameters (rate, focality, and duration) that distinguish engineered disposal sites and natural accumulations, because these characteristics and parameters have negligible (indirect) impact on mineral dissolution/precipitation rates. In contrast, the extent of geomechanical degradation is highly dependent on these reservoir properties and influx parameters because they effectively dictate magnitude of the pressure perturbation; specifically, initial geomechanicalmore » degradation has been shown inversely proportional to reservoir permeability and lateral continuity and proportional to influx rate. Hence, while the extent of geochemical alteration is nearly independent of filling mode, that of geomechanical deformation is significantly more pronounced during engineered injection. This distinction limits the extent to which naturally-occurring CO{sub 2} reservoirs and engineered storage sites can be considered analogous. In addition, the pressure increase associated with CO{sub 2} accumulation in any compartmentalized system invariably results in net geomechanical aperture widening of cap-rock microfractures. This suggests that ultimate restoration of pre-influx hydrodynamic seal integrity--in both EOR/sequestration and natural accumulation settings--hinges on ultimate geochemical counterbalancing of this geomechanical effect. To explore this hypothesis, we have introduced a new conceptual framework that depicts such counterbalancing as a function of effective diffusion distance and reaction progress. This framework reveals that ultimate counterbalancing of geochemical and geomechanical effects is feasible, which suggests that shale cap rocks may in fact evolve into effective seals in both natural and engineered storage sites.« less
Organization-Theoretic perspective for simulation modeling of agile software processes

Software development is a team effort that requires cooperation among individuals via task allocation, coordination of actions, and if necessary avoidance and/or management of conflicts among members of the organization. This perspective contrasts with the production focused view of software development. That is, interaction becomes the central activity, not a side-effect of a method's prescription. Understanding the principles and components of organizational behavior for inclusion in software process models improves the level of fidelity and credibility of existing process simulations. Furthermore, there are strong connections between the neo-information processing view of organizations and agile software development. This paper introduces the conceptual basis for an agent-based simulation modeling test-bed, Team-RUP, which is based on an organization-theoretic perspective for simulation modeling of agile software processes.
Effects of preliminary incubation of lymphocytes with serum on their cytotoxicity for colonic epithelial cells.

Experiments were carried out to assess the effect of preliminary incubation of normal lymphocytes or lymphocytes from subjects with active chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) or granulomatous colitis (GC) with their own sera, pooled normal human serum, or sera from other patients with CUC or GC, including sera obtained 10 days following colectomy, on their cytotoxicity for human colonic epithelial cells in vitro, Sera from a small number of patients with some gastrointestinal diseases other than inflammatory bowel diseases also were included in the study. It was shown that preliminary treatment for 4 days of lymphocytes from normal individuals with CUC or GC sera led to their demonstration of cytotoxic properties for colonic epithelium, but that this was not found if 10-day postoperative CUC sera, fetal calf serum, pooled normal human serum, or sera from patients with other diseases were used. The cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients with CUC or GC for colonic cells in vitro was decreased markedly by pretreatment with CUC or GC sera from other patients with these diseases, but not by similar treatment with their own serum or with 10-day postoperative CUC sera, fetal calf serum, pooled normal human serum, or sera from patients with diseases ther than CUC or GC.
Air-ingress analysis: Part 1. Theoretical approach

Abstract Idaho National Laboratory (INL), under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is performing research and development that focuses on key phenomena important during potential scenarios that may occur in very high temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTRs). Phenomena identification and ranking studies to date have ranked an air-ingress event, following on the heels of a VHTR depressurization, as important with regard to core safety. Consequently, the development of advanced air-ingress-related models and verification and validation data are a very high priority. Following a loss of coolant and system depressurization incident, air will enter the core of the VHTR through the break, possibly causing oxidation of the graphite core and reflector graphite structure. Simple core and plant models indicate that, under certain circumstances, the oxidation may proceed at an elevated rate with additional heat generated from the oxidation reaction itself. Under postulated conditions of fluid flow and temperature, excessive degradation of lower plenum graphite caused by graphite oxidation can lead to a loss of mechanical strength. Excessive oxidation of core graphite can also lead to a release of fission products into the confinement, which could be detrimental to reactor safety. Analytical models developed in this study will improve our understanding of this phenomenon. This paper presents two sets of analytical models for the qualitative assessment of the air-ingress phenomena. The results from the analytical models are compared with results of the computational fluid dynamic models (CFD) in the subsequent paper. The analytical models agree well with those CFD results.
Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in renal insufficiency and in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or high‐flux hemodialysis

Background Cidofovir is an antiviral agent used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Because cidofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys and because its main adverse effect is nephrotoxicity, an understanding of the pharmacokinetic disposition of cidofovir in patients with renal insufficiency is necessary. Methods Twenty-four subjects were enrolled into this study and were divided into 6 groups depending on their degree of renal dysfunction, including subjects receiving maintenance continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and high-flux hemodialysis. The creatinine clearance (CLCR) for subjects not receiving dialysis ranged from 12 to 164 mL/min. Each subject received a single 0.5 mg/kg intravenous dose of cidofovir over 1 hour. Subjects not receiving dialysis were given intravenous hydration with 1 L normal saline solution and concomitant oral probenecid. Serial serum and urine samples were collected to determine pharmacokinetic parameters with use of noncompartmental methods. Results Mean ± SD cidofovir clearance (CL) in control subjects (normal renal function; n = 5) was 1.7 ± 0.1 mL/min/kg, which decreased with declining renal function as indicated by the regression equation: CL (mL/min/kg) = 0.94 × CLCR (mL/min/kg) + 0.064 (r 2 = 0.91). Mean volume of distribution at steady state did not change significantly in subjects with kidney disease and cidofovir serum elimination half-life was significantly increased in subjects with severe renal impairment. Cidofovir was not significantly cleared during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, but high-flux hemodialysis resulted in the removal of 52% ± 11% of the dose administered. Conclusion The significant (P < .001) correlation observed between CLCR and CL in subjects with varying degrees of renal insufficiency indicates that aggressive dosage reduction of cidofovir would be necessary in subjects with kidney disease to ensure comparable drug exposure based on serum levels. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 65, 21–28; doi: 10.1038/cptclpt.1999.3
Integrating pollution prevention technology into public policy: The case of professional wet cleaning

This paper discusses opportunities to promote pollution prevention technologies through public policy, describing the case of dry cleaning. The crisis in dry cleaning is associated with the industry's reliance on perchloroethylene (PCE), the chemical cleaning solvent used by the vast majority of cleaners. The limits to the current pollution control or end-of-pipe system of laws and regulations and the search for nontoxic alternatives are analyzed in light of the environmental and occupational hazards associated with PCE use. Criteria to evaluate those alternatives are then described, including their application to professional wet cleaning, a commercially available pollution prevention alternative to PCE. The article concludes with an evaluation of several public policy instruments that could be used to promote the diffusion of professional wet cleaning as a potential solution to this regulatory crisis. These include environmental and occupational regulations designed to reduce or eliminate risk from exposure to toxic substances as well as incentive-based programs. Both barriers and opportunities for the use of each instrument are identified. This review reveals that, while the pollution control approach to public policy has deepened the regulatory crisis in the garment care industry, policy instruments are currently available to create an effective transition toward a pollution prevention outcome.
The Clinical Status of Low Energy Laser Therapy in 1989

Low energy laser therapy has gained varying acceptance as a treatment for a broad range of soft tissue, musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. A controversial, but surprisingly large body of research with cell cultures suggests that laser irradiation can nondestructively alter cellular processes. Unfortunately, animal and human studies are often contradictory and difficult to evaluate due to differing study designs. As a result, the clinical effectiveness of low energy laser therapy remains debatable. Nevertheless, the findings are intriguing and deserve further investigation.
The human trifunctional enzyme of de novo purine biosynthesis: heterologous expression, purification, and preliminary characterization.

Abstract The cDNA for the human trifunctional enzyme of de novo purine biosynthesis, which encodes glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide trans-formylase, has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and its protein product has been purified to homogeneity. The glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity, which constitutes the C-terminal domain of the trifunctional enzyme, has been characterized with respect to its kinetic constants, V max = 3.03 ± 0.15 μmol/min-mg and K m values for β-glycinamide ribonucleotide and 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate of 0.94 ± 0.21 and 1.58 ± 0.25 μM, respectively, and its kinetic mechanism, which is ordered-sequential with the folate substrate binding first. The correspondence of these data to those obtained for the glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity of the mammalian trifunctional enzyme indicates that the recombinant enzyme is fully functional.
Expressions for the coupling coefficient of a rectangular- waveguide directional coupler

More-accurate expressions are obtained for the coupling coefficient of the dielectric rectangular-waveguide directional coupler. The previous expressions may overestimate the coupling coefficient by as much as a factor of 2 in some cases of interest.
General quantum mechanical operators: An open-ended approach for one-electron integrals with Gaussian bases

Une technique de calcul universelle pour evaluer les integrales sur les fonctions de base gaussiennes d'operateurs generaux indiques est presentee. La realisation est ouverte aux extremites selon les types de fonctions de la base (s, p, d, f, g, h…) et selon les nombres entiers qui specifient l'operateur. Ces integrales a un electron comprennent des operateurs associes aux proprietes electriques et magnetiques des molecules et introduisent ceux utilises pour trouver les polarisabilites multipolaires, les susceptibilites multipolaires, les deplacements chimiques. Cette methode genere aussi les operateurs, cinetiques, d'attraction nucleaire et de recouvrement
Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda

This study illustrates how middle power states — such as Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway — have exercised leadership on the human security agenda, and thus challenges the realist view of middle powers as mere followers of great power leadership on global security issues. The hegemonic United States (US) is likely to counter any initiative that threatens its core national interest: the security of the American territory, institutions, and citizenry. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the US is more likely to oppose a middle power-led human security initiative if the initiative challenges the rights of American citizens protected under the US Constitution. A qualitative analysis of four human security initiatives provides support for the hypothesis. The US acquiesced to the formation of the Stand-by High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operations (SHIRBRIG) and the ban on antipersonnel landmines (APLs), which did not pose threats to any constitutional rights. But Washington opposed the est...
Co-Registered Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Probe with a Miniaturized Light Illumination Scheme for in vivo Ovarian Cancer Imaging

A novel illumination setup for compact pulse-echo/photoacoustic transvaginal probe is presented. Hemoglobin oxygen-saturation of mouse tumor was imaged in vivo. The results suggest that it has great potential for in vivo ovarian cancer imaging.
Deformation and fracture of polymer/metal composites subjected to cold rolling

Abstract Cold rolling of a sandwich composite with a metallic strip inclusion in a polymeric matrix can produce a range of outcomes, including deformation and fracture of the inclusion. Using different material combinations under the same processing parameters, the results ranged from minor deformation, to folding and/or loss of adhesion, and fracture of the inclusion, with fracture particles varying in size and shape. Comparisons are made between the resulting structures after cold rolling of the polymer/metal composite to geological formations. In particular, the fracture particles obtained resemble rock structures known as boudins. The phenomena of boudinage and folding encountered in the cold rolling of polymer/metal composites is similar to that seen in geology formations although the time and size scale of these events are several orders of magnitude apart. The experimental results reported show that cold rolling applied to a polymer/metal sandwiched composite induces deformation and fracture behaviors that depend on the mechanical properties of the constituents, deformation behavior of the polymeric matrices, interfacial adhesion, and process parameters such as rollers speed and nip-gap.