cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Much Gets You How Much? Monetary Incentives and Response Rates in Household Surveys

This meta-analysis quantifies the dose-response relationship between monetary incentives and response rates in household surveys. It updates and augments the existing meta-analyses on incentives by analyzing the latest experimental research, focusing specifically on general-population household surveys, and includes the three major data-collection modes (mail, telephone, and in-person) under the same analytic framework. Using hierarchical regression modeling and literature from the past 21 years, the analysis finds a strong, nonlinear effect of incentives. Survey mode and incentive delivery timing (prepaid or promised) also play important roles in the effectiveness of incentives. Prepaid incentives offered in mail surveys had the largest per-dollar impact on response. Incentive timing appears to play an important role in the effectiveness of incentives offered in telephone surveys but not in-person surveys. Our model estimates a null effect of promised incentives in mail surveys; however, given the dearth of experiments testing this type of incentive, we are unable to draw firm conclusions regarding their effectiveness. Survey burden and survey year both were negatively correlated with response overall. However, neither significantly impacted the dose-response relationship. Survey sponsorship affected neither response rate nor incentive effectiveness. The development and results of the model are discussed, and dose-response estimates specific to mode and incentive timing are presented.
The failure of personalities to generalize

IBM's adoption of operating system personalities was one of the most publicized issues in operating systems design. The basic premise of Workplace OS work was: (1) IBM would adopt and improve the CMU Mach 3.0 microkernel for use on PDAs, the desktop and massively parallel machines, and (2) that several operating system personalities would execute on the microkernel platform concurrently. This architecture would provide users with the best worlds as they switch between applications written for different operating systems. IBM would also benefit from significant cost savings by having one common platform for all product lines. IBM's plans for use of the microkernel and multiple-personalities, as a unifying mechanism for a widely diverse set of hardware products, have failed. We examine why IBM's microkernel and multipersonality system was not successful from a technical and business standpoint. We also discuss Power Personal systems, which were introduced during these radical software changes and then later abandoned.
An early detection system for foot ulceration in diabetic patients

Ulcer formation and proliferation in diabetic patients is a result of said patients' inability to sense the precursors of wound development in the extremities. This loss of a sensation is a result of peripheral neuropathy which is a complication of diabetes. This article presents the research, design, and testing protocol of a device intended to act as an early detection system for foot ulcer formation. The device monitors high-risk areas on the soles of the feet for symptoms indicating ulceration. Pressure and temperature sensors placed at the targeted high risk areas of an insole are used in conjunction with a data acquisition system to read the necessary data from the soles of patients' feet. Pressure values were taken from the big toe, the ball of plantar, and the heel of a 75kg healthy male while the subject was standing and walking. The data gathered indicates areas of the plantar that experience the most localized pressure and therefore are at the highest risk for ulceration.
Nucleoporin's Like Charge Regions Are Major Regulators of FG Coverage and Dynamics Inside the Nuclear Pore Complex

Nucleocytoplasmic transport has been the subject of a large body of research in the past few decades. Recently, the focus of investigations in this field has shifted from studies of the overall function of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to the examination of the role of different domains of phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporin (FG Nup) sequences on the NPC function. In our recent bioinformatics study, we showed that FG Nups have some evolutionarily conserved sequence-based features that might govern their physical behavior inside the NPC. We proposed the 'like charge regions' (LCRs), sequences of charged residues with only one type of charge, as one of the features that play a significant role in the formation of FG network inside the central channel. In this study, we further explore the role of LCRs in the distribution of FG Nups, using a recently developed coarse-grained molecular dynamics model. Our results demonstrate how LCRs affect the formation of two transport pathways. While some FG Nups locate their FG network at the center of the NPC forming a homogeneous meshwork of FG repeats, other FG Nups cover the space adjacent to the NPC wall. LCRs in the former group, i.e. FG Nups that form an FG domain at the center, tend to regulate the size of the highly dense, doughnut-shaped FG meshwork and leave a small low FG density area at the center of the pore for passive diffusion. On the other hand, LCRs in the latter group of FG Nups enable them to maximize their interactions and cover a larger space inside the NPC to increase its capability to transport numerous cargos at the same time. Finally, a new viewpoint is proposed that reconciles different models for the nuclear pore selective barrier function.
Structural insights into ubiquitin-like protein transfer cascades

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 SY16-4 There are over a dozen ubiquitin-like proteins in higher eukaryotes that function by covalently modifying myriad substrates. The best understood functional consequence of ubiqutin-like protein conjugation is ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. however, different ubiquitin-like proteins alter the functions of their targets in different ways, for example by changin the target’s subcellular localization, enzymatic activity or protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitin’s closest relative, NEDD8, does not direct its targets to the proteasome. Rather, NEDD8 is conjugated to the cullin subunits of SCF and related ubiquitin ligases to alter their activity. We have uncovered a role for an enzyme in the NEDD8 pathway in cell proliferation. The structural and mechanistic basis for specificity of NEDD8 and ubiquitin activation and conjugation will be discussed.
Molecular biology approaches to comparative study of Na(+)-glucose cotransport

The rabbit intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter has been cloned and sequenced. The cDNA encoding the cotransporter has been used in two general lines of research related to comparative aspects of Na(+)-glucose cotransport that are reviewed here. First, defined regions of the predicted amino acid sequence were used to raise antibodies, and the species distribution of epitopes recognized by those antibodies was investigated. Intestinal brush-border membranes from mammals, birds, an amphibian, and a reptile were all found to contain protein that were recognized by the antibodies in Western analysis. The cDNA encoding the rabbit intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter was also used directly to examine the species distribution of related mRNA in Northern studies and to isolate new cDNAs encoding other Na(+)-glucose cotransporters. Northern blots revealed the presence of related mRNAs in intestines of mammals and a fish, as well as rabbit kidney and gills of marine mussels. The cDNAs encoding mammalian Na(+)-glucose cotransporters and bacterial Na(+)-dependent cotransporters for proline and pantothenate share sequence homology. There has been evolutionary conservation of the structure and function of the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter, and there appears to be a gene family that codes for the Na(+)-coupled cotransporters.
High data rate transient sensing using dielectric micro-resonator

An approach to high-speed tracking of optical mode shifts of microresonators for wide-bandwidth sensing applications is presented. In the typical microresonator sensor, the whispering gallery optical modes (WGM) are excited by tangentially coupling tunable laser light into the resonator cavity, such as a microsphere. The light coupling is achieved by overlapping the evanescent field of the cavity with that of a prism or the tapered section of a single-mode optical fiber. The transmission spectrum through the fiber is observed to detect WGM shifts as the laser is tuned across a narrow wavelength range. High data rate transient-sensing applications require the tuning of the diode laser at high repetition rates and tracking of the WGM shifts. At high repetition rates, the thermal inertia prevents appropriate tuning of the laser, thus leading to smaller tuning ranges and waveform distortions. In the present paper, the laser is tuned using a harmonic (rather than ramp or triangular) waveform, and its output is calibrated at various input frequencies and amplitudes using a Fabry-Perot interferometer to account for the tuning range variations. The WGM shifts are tracked by performing a modified cross-correlation method on the transmission spectra. Force sensor experiments were performed using ramp and harmonic waveform tuning of the diode laser with rates up to 10 kHz. Results show that the harmonic tuning of the laser eliminates the high-speed transient thermal effects. The thermal model developed to predict the laser tuning agrees well the experiments.
Somatization and Hypochondriasis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the links of somatization and other somatoform disorders (hypochondriasis) to common psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Somatization refers to multiple physical complaints for which there are no medical explanations, and that may be related to coping mechanisms or psychopathological states. Somatization represents negative emotions and/or rather intense psychological conflicts that have been unconsciously converted into physical symptoms or somatic sensations. The exact mechanism mediating this conversion process is unknown, although there is extensive speculation about its psychological, social, and biological underpinnings. Nonetheless, the subjective experience of having a physical illness is a compelling reality for the somatizing patient that tends to persist despite reassurance from physicians that no medical explanation can be proffered for the patient's complaints. The somatizer vigorously resists any efforts that are made to reframe his or her distress as a consequence of psychiatric disorder.
Social Determinants of Immigrant Women’s Mental Health

Migration is a population movement with enormous challenges for immigrant women that influence their mental health. Mental health is a social issue and its determinants need to be recognized for health policy making. This paper reviews and consolidates findings from the existing literature on social determinants of immigrant women’s mental health within a socioecological framework. Findings of this review revealed that mental health of immigrant women is an outcome of several interacting determinants at social, cultural, and health care system levels and hence calls for many different ways to promote it. Recommendations for mental health promotion of immigrant women with respect to research, education, practice, and policy are explored.
Experiments with protoporphyrin.

Summary1. A simple method for the preparation of protoporphyrin from blood is described. 2. White rats were injected subcutaneously with protoporphyrin and were found to excrete greatly increased amounts of protoporphyrin in the feces. No urinary protoporphyrin nor increase of urinary coproporphyrin excretion following the injection was noted. Much of the injected protoporphyrin remained at the site of injection. There was no evidence that the rat is able to convert injected protoporphyrin to coproporphyrin. 3. Photosensitization experiments of protoporphyrin-injected white rats to carbon-arc and sunlight were unsuccessful.
Placement Opportunities for Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals in Industry, Government/Military and Consulting Positions

During the period from November 1997 through September 1998, the Placement Service of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society distributed announcements describing 249 new positions available for human factors engineers and ergonomics professionals. This paper describes placement opportunities for HFE and ergonomics professionals in industry, government /military and consulting positions (N=205). The attributes of the position descriptions examined include: degree requirements, industrial sector, areas of expertise, required work experience, salary, geographic location, job description and skills required. Sixty percent of the positions describe the masters degree as the minimum requirement. The area of expertise most frequently requested (67.8%) was HCI, with test and evaluation (specifically usability testing) being specified for 48.3% of the positions. Consulting, computer software, computer hardware and aviation/aerospace were the four leading industries offering positions. The geographical areas with...
Post-fertilization physiology and growth performance of loblolly pine clones

The physiological processes leading to enhanced growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) following fertilization are not clearly understood. Part of the debate revolves around the temporal response of net photosynthetic rate (A n ) to fertilization and whether the A n response is always positive. We measured light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A sat ), dark respiration rate, growth and crown silhouette area in eight clones of loblolly pine before and after nitrogen (N) fertilization (112 kg ha −1 ) to track the initial physiological changes prior to any changes in growth. Overall, there were positive photosynthetic and growth responses to fertilization; however, there were pronounced physiological and growth differences among clones, even among clones with the same parents. Clones 4, 6 and 7 showed large volume growth and A sat responses to fertilization. Clone 1 and Clone 8 (a full-sibling of Clone 7) mainly showed a volume growth response, whereas Clone 2 (full-sibling of Clone 1) showed an A sat response only. Clone 5 (full-sibling of Clone 6) showed little response to fertilization, whereas Clone 3 (full-sibling of Clone 4) showed a negative A sat response. Thus, within-family variation warrants further study to ensure that relatively expensive clonal material is used efficiently.
Analytical models of axisymmetric reaction–diffusion phenomena in composite media

Abstract Reaction–diffusion equations describe a number of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena, many of which occur in composite environments with piece-wise constant diffusion coefficients. We develop semi-analytical solutions of axisymmetric reaction–diffusion equations with first-order reaction kinetics and continuous transient boundary conditions. These solutions are directly applicable to heat conduction in composite media with transient boundary conditions and heat generation. The solutions lose their robustness in the long time regime, when the Laplace variable tends to zero. This limitation is overcome by the use of corresponding steady-state solutions.
Computing the Scattering From Slightly Deformed Spherical Shells

A sphere is often used as a target shape for various underwater scattering experiments. The scattering from a sphere is aspect independent (monostatically), and it can be efficiently modeled. Elastic-shelled spheres can have a complicated scattering response due to the various types of waves which can propagate within the shell. In practice, “spherical” targets are rarely perfectly spherical due to the manufacturing process. For example, the shell may be slightly thicker at the top and bottom of the sphere. In this paper, we present a straightforward numerical method to model the scattering from almost-spherical objects. It is assumed that the target is still azimuthally symmetric about the ${z}$ -axis, but the shell boundary profiles may vary as a function of polar angle. The effect that this angular dependence has on the backscattered spectra is examined for some simple examples.
Research and Development on Carbon Fiber Compound Core Trapezoidal Soft Aluminum Conductor

Combining with development and test of carbon fiber compound core trapezoidal soft aluminum conductors in China Electric Power Research Institute,the paper illustrates its production processes,prior on carbon fiber compound core,single trapezoidal soft aluminum drawing and conductor twist process,etc..By analysis of conductor property test the paper explains its advantages,including good self-damping characteristic,small arc sag,high electrical conductivity,big current carrying capacity and strong ice and snow proof capability etc..With the gradual maturation of home-made carbon fiber technology,carbon fiber trapezoidal soft aluminum conductor will have extensive application prospect.
Radiotherapy And Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review

AbstractSurvival of patients undergoing cystectomy for invasive carcinoma of the bladder has improved significantly in recent decades. Although this improved survival is credited widely to the use of preoperative radiation therapy review of the available data raises questions regarding the validity of such conclusions. Important disadvantages, including increased morbidity, are associated with long course (4,000 to 5,000 rad) preoperative radiation. Although these disadvantages are minimized with a short course regimen (1,600 to 2,000 rad) the case for its efficacy remains unconvincing.
Characteristics associated with the application of an ecological approach to preventing childhood obesity.

Objective Applying an ecological approach to childhood obesity prevention requires a new way of thinking and working for many community-based practitioners who are used to focusing on individual behaviour change. The present study investigated individual and organizational characteristics associated with the application of an ecological approach by practitioners 6 months post-training. Design Individual and organizational characteristics and outcomes of a 6-week online training course were assessed at pre-course, post-course and 6-month follow-up. The application of an ecological approach was measured by three outcomes (application of course content, implementation of an action plan and trying a different approach) and analysed using a generalized estimating equation model with a binomial distribution and logit link and linear mixed models. Setting An online course for participants in the USA and abroad. Subjects Public health nutrition and youth development educators and their community partners, and other community practitioners, who completed the course and all three surveys (n 240). Results One individual characteristic (networking utility) and three organizational characteristics (ecological approach within job scope, funding, course content applied to work) were positively and significantly associated with the application of an ecological approach (P<0·05). Individual characteristics that were negatively and significantly associated with the application of an ecological approach were being a registered dietitian and having ≥16 years of work experience (P<0·05). Conclusions Training of community practitioners and the scope and funding of their positions should explicitly emphasize the usefulness or utility of networking and the use of an ecological approach for preventing childhood obesity.
Alchian and Demsetz

As much as some spend a lifetime denying it, our heritage typically creates an indelible imprint on our nature, for better or for worse. Armen Albert Alchian’s life was formed in the wake of conflict and genocide. It is perhaps an interesting juxtaposition for a great mind who devoted a career to understanding how organizations can create symmetries and function as cohesive teams.
Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects.

The ability of animals to flexibly navigate through complex environments depends on the integration of sensory information with motor commands. The sensory modality most tightly linked to motor control is mechanosensation. Adaptive motor control depends critically on an animal’s ability to respond to mechanical forces generated both within and outside the body. The compact neural circuits of insects provide appealing systems to investigate how mechanical cues guide locomotion in rugged environments. Here, we review our current understanding of mechanosensation in insects and its role in adaptive motor control. We first examine the detection and encoding of mechanical forces by primary mechanoreceptor neurons. We then discuss how central circuits integrate and transform mechanosensory information to guide locomotion. Because most studies in this field have been performed in locusts, cockroaches, crickets, and stick insects, the examples we cite here are drawn mainly from these ‘big insects’. However, we also pay particular attention to the tiny fruit fly, Drosophila, where new tools are creating new opportunities, particularly for understanding central circuits. Our aim is to show how studies of big insects have yielded fundamental insights relevant to mechanosensation in all animals, and also to point out how the Drosophila toolkit can contribute to future progress in understanding mechanosensory processing.
Errata and comments for the “Basic Tracking” tutorials

This provides corrections and additional comments to the tutorials “Basic Tracking Using Nonlinear 3D Monostatic and Bistatic Measurements” and “Basic Tracking Using Nonlinear 3D Monostatic and Bistatic Measurements in Refractive Environments.”
The Lowdown on the Down Low: Why Some Bisexually Active Men Choose to Self-Identify as Straight

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on why these men who are behaviorally bisexual do not identify as gay or bisexual. Interviews with 33 African American men were conducted to further understanding of why these men choose to identify as straight. Participants typically defined gay in ways that excluded them, for example, gay is feminine; or playing the receptive role in sex; or dealing exclusively with the same sex. Surveys indicate that some men who identify as straight have sex with men “on the down low.” They did not choose bisexual identity because it was insufficiently distinguished from gay identity. This study probes what they mean when they identify as down low and argues that the erasure of bisexuality and the stigmatization of bisexuality, along with the lumping of bisexual identity with gay identity all contribute to a condition wherein men who are bisexually active are likely to hide their same-sex behavior and choose to identify as straight, even if it is an uneasy fit.
Large-scale frequency- and time-domain quantum entanglement over the optical frequency comb (Conference Presentation)

When it comes to practical quantum computing, the two main challenges are circumventing decoherence (devastating quantum errors due to interactions with the environmental bath) and achieving scalability (as many qubits as needed for a real-life, game-changing computation). We show that using, in lieu of qubits, the "qumodes" represented by the resonant fields of the quantum optical frequency comb of an optical parametric oscillator allows one to create bona fide, large scale quantum computing processors, pre-entangled in a cluster state. We detail our recent demonstration of 60-qumode entanglement (out of an estimated 3000) and present an extension to combining this frequency-tagged with time-tagged entanglement, in order to generate an arbitrarily large, universal quantum computing processor.
Modeling and Identification of Distributed Parameter Systems Using Jacobi Vectors

Abstract A technique is presented for modeling and identifying distributed parameter systems. The technique, which is generally applicable, differs from previous work in three significant respects: (1) The modeling and identification process need not be based on a detailed knowledge of system dynamics. The basis of model construction is an orthogonal vector space which is independent of the system, but can be tailored to the system to the extent dictated by prior knowledge. (2) The art of modeling is transferred from writing a partial differential equation, or a set of ordinary differential equations, to choosing an influence function for the system. A set of differential equations comes out of the modeling process somewhat automatically. However, the coefficients of the equations are directly related to the system influence function, which must be estimated. (3) The basis vectors of the space are derived from Jacobi polynomials. They offer accuracy and computational ease not obtained from other approximating methods.
Effect of Surface Passivation and Substrate on Proton Irradiated AlGaN/GaN HEMT Transport Properties

In this work, we fabricate Van der Pauw structures on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with both SiN and AlN passivation layers and both SiC and GaN substrates to study temperature dependent electron transport properties of 2 dimensional electron gases (2DEG) in as-fabricated and proton irradiated devices. We confirm that using a GaN substrate or AlN passivation layer enhances the mobility particularly at low temperatures, though this enhancement is greatly reduced upon irradiating the samples with high proton fluences. Our results suggest that the sheet density may be affected by Al diffusion in the sample creating electron donating impurities, which freeze out around 200 K and are more prominent in AlN passivated samples and minimized by using a GaN over a SiC substrate. Additionally, we show that a large dose of radiation forms traps in the AlGaN layer, which drop the sheet density at high proton fluences.
The Interrelations Between Sleep and Fear/Anxiety: Implications for Behavioral Treatment

Abstract: Rising rates of anxiety and sleep disturbances have resulted in renewed attempts to understand the complex interrelations between fear/anxiety and sleep disturbances. Basic, experimental, and prospective longitudinal studies show a bidirectional relationship between fear/anxiety and sleep. This chapter provides an overview of the research on fear/anxiety and sleep, presenting theoretical models and proposed mechanisms that may account for this relationship. Finally, the chapter discusses implications for behavioral interventions and future research on this increasingly common co-occurrence of symptoms.
PSelInv – A distributed memory parallel algorithm for selected inversion: The non-symmetric case

Abstract This paper generalizes the parallel selected inversion algorithm called PSelInv to sparse non-symmetric matrices. We assume a general sparse matrix A has been decomposed as P A Q = L U on a distributed memory parallel machine, where L, U are lower and upper triangular matrices, and P, Q are permutation matrices, respectively. The PSelInv method computes selected elements of A − 1 . The selection is confined by the sparsity pattern of the matrix AT. Our algorithm does not assume any symmetry properties of A, and our parallel implementation is memory efficient, in the sense that the computed elements of A − T overwrites the sparse matrix L + U in situ. PSelInv involves a large number of collective data communication activities within different processor groups of various sizes. In order to minimize idle time and improve load balancing, tree-based asynchronous communication is used to coordinate all such collective communication. Numerical results demonstrate that PSelInv can scale efficiently to 6,400 cores for a variety of matrices.
Update on neonatal septicemia

Septicemia is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in the equine neonate, superseded only by the problem of inadequate transfer of maternal antibodies. This article reviews the factors that may put a foal at high risk for developing sepsis, the diagnostic tools used to identify these animals, some of the sequelae of sepsis, and the therapeutic modalities available to the clinician.
Do Firms Manage Their Credit Ratings? Evidence from Rating-Based Contracts

SYNOPSIS This paper examines whether firms with rating-based performance-priced loan contracts (PPrating firms) manage cash flow from operations (CFO) and accruals to obtain better firm credit rati...
Demonstration of a Depletion-Mode SrSnO 3 n-Channel MESFET

The demonstration of SrSnO3 metal–semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) is reported. The device layer structure consists a 28-nm-thick n-type SrSnO3 film on top of an 11-nm-thick undoped SrSnO3 film grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy on a (110) GdScO3 substrate. The MESFETs utilize a Pt Schottky gate electrode and diffused Sc Ohmic contacts. A Schottky barrier height of 1.55 eV was extracted for Pt on SrSnO3 using capacitance-voltage measurements. Devices with a gate length of $3~\mu \text{m}$ and source–drain spacing of 9 $\mu \text{m}$ had a drive current of 36 mA/mm at ${V} _{\textsf {GS}} = +1$ V and ${V} _{\textsf {DS}} = +3.5$ V, and a peak extrinsic (intrinsic) transconductance of 17 mS/mm (35 mS/mm).
Perceived supports and evidence-based teaching in college STEM

Evidence-based teaching, such as active learning, is associated with increases in student learning and engagement. Although many faculty are beginning to adopt innovative practices, traditional lecture-based teaching tends to dominate college science education. What are the factors associated with faculty’s decision to incorporate evidence-based teaching? While there are known barriers that limit adoption of evidence-based practices in science classrooms (e.g., lack of time, student resistance), the present work reveals that instructors’ perceptions of supports (e.g., access to teaching resources, encouragement from colleagues) shows a stronger relationship to instructors’ use of evidence-based teaching. These results come from a uniquely large dataset of college science faculty and instructors from across the USA (n = 584), who received training in evidence-based teaching. Multiple linear regression analyses of the relationship among perceived supports, barriers, and reported implementation of evidence-based practices showed that instructors report greater implementation when they perceive more social, personal, and resource supports even when barriers are also indicated as present. Faculty’s perceived supports, not perceived barriers, are most strongly related to their reported implementation of evidence-based teaching. These findings suggest relevant stakeholders devote increased attention identifying and building the factors that promote evidence-based teaching in addition to reducing what inhibits it.
"I've had to bury a lot of kids over the years…": Violence prevention streetworkers' exposure to trauma.

AIMS Streetworkers are front-line workers employed to engage at-risk youth and prevent, intervene, and respond to incidents of community youth violence. Streetworkers are often exposed to violence and its aftermath, though little is known about the specific types of trauma to which streetworkers are exposed. METHODS This study seeks to explore this question via in-depth, semistructured interviews with 37 streetworkers from a large city in the United States. RESULTS The qualitative results revealed that the streetworkers in this sample experienced a range of types of trauma. Streetworkers were less likely to be directly exposed to traumatic events in the context of their jobs, yet were more likely to witness, learn about, or experience repeated exposure to aversive details of traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS Despite their exposure to trauma, very few participants described seeking psychological treatment, self-care, or new vocation. We discuss our findings and make recommendations to bolster support for streetworkers.
RNA in Degenerative Diseases, Aging, and Intoxication

In bringing together information about RNA in degeneration, aging, and intoxication of the nervous system, the predominant thought has been that changes in RNA must be of crucial importance to protein synthesis and other vital functions of the neuron and that, therefore, a lack of the proper type of RNA may be the cause of neurological diseases. Many investigators have established that changes in RNA do take place. One of the difficulties in comparing the results from different laboratories is that they have been obtained with different methods so that the data are not immediately commensurable.
Broke people, broken rules: Explaining welfare fraud investigators’ attributions:

There is a notable contrast between welfare clients’ and welfare fraud investigators’ accounts of rule breaking behaviors. Clients describe some actions (or inactions) that constitute rule violatio...
Mechanical properties and durability of cementitious composites reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets with different particle size and surface area

Despite being most widely used construction materials, cement-based composites are brittle materials with low tensile strength and susceptible to cracking, especially under harsh environments. Over the past three decades, numerous studies have been conducted to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious composites through the use of various nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). More recently, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) has emerged as an ideal 2D nano-reinforcement for composite materials due to their favorable mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, the effects of different dispersing agents and particle size and surface area of GNPs on the mechanical properties of cement-based composites needs to be further investigated. This paper explores the influence of GNP addition on the mechanical properties and durability of cement-based composites. Two types of GNPs with different lateral size (<2 μm and 25 μm) and specific surface area (300 m2/g and 120 m2/g) are used in this study. The GNP concentration is set to be 0.1% by weight of cement in all mixtures. In order to study the effect of dispersion agents, four different dispersion method are utilized to disperse and stabilize GNP particles in aqueous solution. Compressive strength and flexural strength tests are conducted to assess the mechanical properties, while sorptivity test and surface resistivity measurement are carried out to evaluate the durability. In order to explore the effect of GNPs on hydration process of cement mortar, mechanical properties tests are conducted at 7 day and 28 day curing ages and thermal gravimetric analyses are conducted.
A Multi-Criteria Assessment of Corporate Residual Claimants

Corporate law provides shareholders with key legal protections and rights – including voting and fiduciary duties – by virtue of their status as residual claimants of corporations. This status stems from the observation that shareholders are the parties who receive the residual profits of the corporation. This Article argues that this conventional view of residual claimancy is incomplete because it considers only one of the multiple criteria that should be relevant to the residual claimant analysis. The rationale behind residual claimant analysis is that it seeks to identify the party whose interests are aligned with the corporation’s collective interest, and collective interest should be understood to include not only shareholder profit but also other stakeholders’ interests. And indeed, a review of the history and development of residual claimant theory shows that the residual claimant theory originally contemplated a broad array of stakeholders being the residual claimants of corporations. Depending on which of the theories of rent, interest, wages, or profit was adopted, each of landlord, capitalist, laborer, and entrepreneur have been considered to be the residual claimants of the corporation over time. It was only rather recently that residual claimant analysis hardened into the shareholder primacy norm in corporate law, bolstered by the ascendancy of a single-criterion approach to residual claimancy that focuses only on residual profit. Both the history and the rationale of residual claimant analysis support a more diverse conception of the residual claimant, which strives not only for profit maximization, but also for the other goals underlying the recognition of residual claims, including rewarding effective monitors, preserving firm-specific investments, and protecting undiversified risk bearers. In this Article, I offer a multi-criteria assessment of the residual claimant that seeks to address and balance these broader goals. While this recognition of multiple residual claimant interests will necessarily increase the complexity of the analysis, it is expected to bring the allocation of key legal protections and rights more into line with the recent trend towards incorporating a broader understanding of corporate purpose. Furthermore, as greater emphasis is placed not only on investment capital but also information capital as the driver of corporate value, a more diverse conception of the residual claim which recognizes not only shareholders’ capital investments, but also other stakeholders’ contributions, notably of data, is more aligned with how value is created and sustained in today’s society.
Multimodal nonopioid pain protocol provides equivalent pain control versus opioids following arthroscopic shoulder labral surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Background This study aimed to compare postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing primary arthroscopic labral surgery managed with either a nonopioid alternative pain regimen or a traditional opioid pain regimen. Methods Sixty consecutive patients undergoing primary arthroscopic shoulder labral surgery were assessed for participation. In accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement, a prospective randomized controlled trial was performed. The 2 arms of the study were a multimodal nonopioid analgesic protocol as the experimental group and a standard opioid regimen as the control group. The primary outcome was postoperative pain scores (on a visual analog scale [VAS]) for the first 10 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction, patient-reported outcomes, and complications. Randomization was performed with a random number generator, and all data were collected by blinded observers. Patients were not blinded. Results Twelve patients did not meet the inclusion criteria or declined to participate. Thus, 48 patients were included in the final analysis: 24 in the nonopioid group and 24 in the opioid group. There was no significant difference in VAS or PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) scores between patients in the 2 cohorts on any postoperative day (P > .05). When we controlled for confounding factors with repeated-measures mixed models, the nonopioid cohort reported significantly lower VAS and PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Pain Interference scores (P .05). Conclusion This study found that a multimodal nonopioid pain regimen provided, at the minimum, equivalent pain control, an equivalent adverse reaction profile, and equivalent patient satisfaction when compared with a standard opioid-based regimen following arthroscopic shoulder labral surgery.
Utilization and reporting of bone densitometry: what can the musculoskeletal radiologist do to help, rather than to hurt?

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disease that predisposes patients to fragility fractures. These fractures carry serious risks, including increased mortality and the potential loss of functional independence. Effective treatments for osteoporosis are available, but these should be initiated before a fragility fracture actually occurs; to do so, osteoporosis must be diagnosed while it is still asymptomatic. The gold standard screening test used to detect low bone mass is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Despite its clinical importance, the DXA report is sometimes neglected by radiologists—as though it were somehow less significant in diagnosis than our other modalities. If musculoskeletal radiologists are to help, rather than to hurt, we must raise the profile of this critical test with evidence-based utilization and coherent reporting: detailed recommendations for doing so are available from professional organizations such as the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and the National Osteoporosis Foundation. This brief survey will seek to remind the radiologist that a good densitometry report requires more than just copying numbers from a scanner.
Discussion Methods and Criteria of Mammalian Cell Synchrony

The sequence of events occurring between one cell division and the next, i.e., during the cell generation cycle, and the relationship between these different events is of primary importance to our understanding of the proliferation process in cells and perhaps also to the distinctions between normal and malignant cells.
SCAR: Dynamic Adaptation for Person Detection and Persistence Analysis in Unconstrained Videos

In many forensic and data analytics applications there is a need to detect whether and for how long a specific person is present in a video. Frames in which the person cannot be recognized by state of the art engines are of particular importance. We describe a new framework for detection and persistence analysis in noisy and cluttered videos. It combines a new approach to tagging individuals with dynamic person-specific tags, occlusion resolution, and contact re-acquisition. To assure that the tagging is robust to occlusions and partial visibility the tags are built from small pieces of the face surface. To account for the wide and unpredictable ranges of pose and appearance variations and environmental and illumination clutter the tags are continuously and automatically updated by local incremental learning of the object’s background and foreground.
Max Wertheimer & Gestalt theory

The ideas of Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), a founder of Gestalt theory, are discussed in almost all general books on the history of psychology, and in most introductory textbooks on psychology. This intellectual biography of Wertheimer is the first book-length treatment of a scholar whose ideas are recognized as of central importance to fields as varied as social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, problem solving, art, and visual neuroscience. King and Wertheimer trace the origins of Gestalt thought, demonstrating its continuing importance in fifteen chapters and several supplements to these chapters. They begin by reviewing Wertheimer's ancestry, family, and childhood in central Europe, and his formal education. They elaborate on his activities during the period in which he began to develop the ideas that were later to become central to Gestalt psychology, documenting the formal emergence of this school of thought and tracing its development during World War I. The maturation of the Gestalt school at the University of Berlin during 1922-29 is discussed in detail. Wertheimer's everyday life in America during his last decade is well documented, based in part on his son's recollections. The early reception of Gestalt theory in the United States is examined, with extensive references to articles in professional journals and periodicals. Wertheimer's relationships and interaction with three prominent psychologists of the time, Edwin G. Boring, Clark L. Hull, and Alexander Luria, are discussed, based on unpublished correspondence. The final chapters discuss Wertheimer's essays on democracy, freedom, ethics, and truth, and detail personal challenges Wertheimer faced during his last years. His major work, published after his death, is Productive Thinking. Its reception is examined, and a concluding chapter considers the legacy of Max Wertheimer and Gestalt theory in the decades since his death. This intellectual biography will be of interest to psychologists and readers interested in science, modern European history, and the Holocaust.
Identification of three distinct tumor suppressor loci on the short arm of chromosome 9 in small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Deletion at 9p21 is frequent in many tumor types. A candidate tumor suppressor gene, p16ink41, was mapped to this region and is frequently inactivated by several different mechanisms in many tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer, but not in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). p16 functions as a cyclin/CDK inhibitor to prevent phosphorylation of pRB. It has been demonstrated that most SCLCs have lost pRB but retained p16, and the inactivation of pRB excludes the inactivation of p16 and vice versa. To determine the potential existence of other tumor suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 9 in SCLC, we tested 46 primary SCLCs by microsatellite analysis. We found that more than 89% of the tumors exhibited loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 9p with three distinct minimal deleted areas. Among those areas, LOH at 9p21 was most frequent (86%), with a peak at a marker 150 kb telomeric to p16ink4a. LOH was also observed in more than 50% of the tumors at two other regions, 9p22 and 9p13. Our data strongly suggest the presence of at least three novel tumor suppressor loci on 9p in SCLC, and further investigations to clone candidate tumor suppressor genes are warranted.
Integral Equation Methods for Free Boundaries

We outline a unified approach for treating free boundary problems arising in finance using integral equation methods. Starting with the partial differential equations (PDE) formulations of the free boundary problems, we show how to derive nonlinear integral equations for the free boundaries in a variety of finance applications. Methods to treat theoretical (existence, uniqueness) questions and analytical and numerical approximations are sketched in this integral equation context. Keywords: integral equations; free boundary problems; partial differential equations; American put option; mortgage prepayment option; default barrier; inverse first-crossing problem
Trenton Merricks’Truth and Ontology

One of the many remarkable things about Trenton Merricks’ Truth and Ontology is the incredibly wide range of issues discussed therein. I not only enjoyed (and profited from) thinking through the plentitude of always interesting and frequently convincing arguments made throughout the book, but I also discovered (in Fall 2009) that it’s an excellent book to assign for a high-powered class on contemporary metaphysics. My primary goal is to formulate and motivate what I hope to be some interesting questions to which Merricks will no doubt provide interesting answers in response. (Along the way, some arguments will be made.) To be honest, reading Merricks’ book was so stimulating that I barely know which questions I most want to ask. So I’ll simply plunge in.
ON THE FUNCTION OF VISUAL IMAGERY IN ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of notation-related imagery in mathematical problem solving. It explores the extent to which visual imagery penetrates into the structure of the problem solving process. The chapter presents work that is a mixture of subjective and objective methodologies. It discusses eight small empirical studies that constitute a tentative and incomplete exploration into the role of visual imagery in solving elementary mathematical problems. The investigation began with a protocol study in which people were asked to report on their use of visual imagery in the solution of elementary mathematical problems. Study 2 proved the striking spatial integration of image with stimulus reported by subjects in Study 1. Studies 3 and 4 were concerned with the temporal duration of images, Studies 5 and 6 with the relation of generated images to memory for specific visual formats, and Studies 7 and 8 with further spatial properties of generated images.