cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal cooperative advertising integration strategy for organizations adding a direct online channel

Since the advent of the Web, retailers who served consumers offline (ie in stores or via catalogue) have grappled with how to effectively integrate the Internet into their marketing strategies and tactics. Clearly, how a firm elects to integrate the Internet into its retailing process, and how it coordinates offline and online strategic decisions, can impact its performance. In this paper, we examine integration decisions from a cooperative advertising perspective to determine the profitability of various integration strategies. We find that profit is greater when using a ‘partial-integration’ strategy rather than a ‘separation’ strategy; moreover, we find that profit is yet greater when using a ‘full-integration’ strategy rather than a ‘partial-integration’ strategy.
Computers in Group Theory

Much of finite group theory is arithmetical in nature and thus lends itself to computer analysis. In this paper, we describe some computer related projects in group theory which have been done by undergraduates at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, during the past two years. We believe that projects of this kind provide valuable learning experiences for students. The projects we discuss concern two very important classes of finite groups Abelian groups and simple groups. A simple group is a nonabelian group whose only normal subgroups are the identity and the group itself. Thus, as far as the existence of normal subgroups is concerned, Abelian groups and simple groups are at opposite extremes since every subgroup of an Abelian group is normal, while no subgroup (excluding the two trivial cases) of a simple group is normal. Let's consider Abelian groups first. Utilizing the Fundamental Theorem of finite Abelian groups [13, Sec. 2.14] a program was written (all programs were written in Fortran) to determine the isomorphism classes of all Abelian groups of a given order. For example, for the integer 133128 the computer prints out the twelve isomorphism classes of groups of this order as direct products of cyclic groups such as:
The effect of high temperature pre-annealing on the electrical conductivity of polycrystalline nickel oxide at intermediate temperatures

Abstract The influence of the sample thermal history on the electrical properties of polycrystalline nickel oxide at intermediate temperatures has been studied in air and in an argon atmosphere. The samples were prepared by sintering in air at different temperatures from 850 to 1600°C, followed by quenching in air. The ac electrical conductivity at temperatures in the 490–850°C range is lower and the activation energy for conduction is larger for samples pre-annealed at higher temperatures. The electrical conductivity results obtained may be explained by taking into account the initial properties of the powder used for the sintered pellets, grain boundary conduction, and the structural changes occuring mainly in the surface and the grain boundaries during pre-annealing and cooling from high temperatures.
Evidence for large angular momentum induced deformations of 59Cu

Abstract The α -particle spectra observed in coincidence with evaporation residues of 59 Cu nuclei produced in the fusion of 214 MeV 32 S with 27 Al deviate at both high and low particle energies from the spectra calculated for spherical nuclei. The observed differences suggest large angular momentum induced deformations comparable to those predicted by rotating liquid drop model calculations.
Analysis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks via Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring

A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to assess the physical properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) through swelling experiments in ambient humidity and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The IPNs, based on acrylamide (AAm) and poly(ethylene glycol) (pEG), swell from thin, rigid films when dry (16.7 ± 5.2 nm on Si/SiO2) to expanded, viscoelastic films when hydrated (107 ± 24.2 nm on Si/SiO2). The dry IPNs could be analyzed using the Sauerbrey relationship, but for the hydrated films it was necessary to interpret QCM-D data with a Kelvin−Voigt viscoelastic model. A complex modulus |G*| of 116 ± 38.1 kPa for the swollen IPN surface on Si/SiO2 was defined by the model. The QCM-D was also employed to quantify the adsorption of human fibrinogen, a protein important in thrombus formation, onto the IPNs. Fibrinogen adsorption studies demonstrated the sensitivity of the QCM-D, as well as confirmed the nonfouling nature of the IPN surface, where less th...
The Relative Effects of a Supervisory Emphasis on Ethical Behavior Versus Political Responsiveness

This exploratory study examines the effects of a supervisory emphasis on ethical guidance versus political responsiveness in a sample of public finance employees. Supervisors can encourage employees to act both ethically and responsively, or they can emphasize political responsiveness without setting ethical limits. Employees' perceptions of the resulting balance affects their decision-making and their attitudes toward their job. Supervisors set the ethical tone in organizations.
Network evolution with incomplete information and learning

We analyze networks that feature reputational learning: how links are initially formed by agents under incomplete information, how agents learn about their neighbors through these links, and how links may ultimately become broken. We show that the type of information agents have access to, and the speed at which agents learn about each other, can have tremendous repercussions for the network evolution and the overall network social welfare. Specifically, faster learning can often be harmful for networks as a whole if agents are myopic, because agents fail to fully internalize the benefits of experimentation and break off links too quickly. As a result, preventing two agents from linking with each other can be socially beneficial, even if the two agents are initially believed to be of high quality. This is due to the fact that having fewer connections slows the rate of learning about these agents, which can be socially beneficial. Another method of solving the informational problem is to impose costs for breaking links, in order to incentivize agents to experiment more carefully.
Equivalence of Consequence Operations

This paper is based on Lectures 1, 2 and 4 in the series of ten lectures titled “Algebraic Structures for Logic” that Professor Blok and I presented at the Twenty Third Holiday Mathematics Symposium held at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico, January 8-12, 1999. These three lectures presented a new approach to the algebraization of deductive systems, and after the symposium we made plans to publish a joint paper, to be written by Blok, further developing these ideas. That project was still incomplete when Blok died. In fact, there is no indication that he had prepared a draft of the paper, and we do not know what new material he intended to include. I am therefore not in a position to complete the project as he had envisioned it. So, I have settled for the more limited objective of presenting the material from the three lectures, leaving to others the task of adapting the techniques used there to more general situations.
Patterns of anismus and the relation to biofeedback therapy

PURPOSE: A study was undertaken to assess physiologic characteristics and clinical significance of anismus. Specifically, we sought to assess patterns of anismus and the relation of these findings to the success of therapy. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients were found to have anismus based on history and diagnostic criteria including anismus by defecography and at least one of three additional tests: anorectal manometry, electromyography, or colonic transit time study. Interpretation of defecography was based on the consensus of at least three of four observers. Anal canal hypertonia (n=32) was defined when mean and maximum resting pressures were at least 1 standard deviation higher than those in 63 controls. There were two distinct defecographic patterns of anismus: Type A (n=26), a flattened anorectal angle without definitive puborectalis indentation but a closed anal canal; Type B (n=42), a clear puborectalis indentation, narrow anorectal angle, and closed anal canal. Outcomes of 57 patients who had electromyographybased biofeedback therapy were reported as either improved or unimproved at a mean follow-up of 23.7 (range, 6–62) months. These two types of anismus were compared with biofeedback outcome to assess clinical relevance. RESULTS: Patients with Type A anismus showed greater perineal descent at rest (mean, 5.1 vs. 3.5 cm;P < 0.01), greater dynamic descent between rest and evacuation (mean, 2.7 vs. 1.4 cm;P <0.01), greater difference of anorectal angle between rest and evacuation (mean, 14.6 vs. −3.1°;P <0.001), higher mean resting pressure (mean, 77.1 vs. 62.8 mmHg;P <0.05), lower mean squeeze pressure (58.8 vs. 80.7 mmHg;P <0.05), and a higher incidence of anal canal hypertonia (69.2 vs. 33.3 percent;P <0.01) than did patients with Type B anismus. Only 25 percent of patients who had Type A anismus with anal canal hypertonia were improved by biofeedback therapy. Conversely, 86 percent of patients with Type B anismus without anal canal hypertonia were successfully treated with biofeedback (P <0.001; Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: These two distinct physiologic patterns of anismus correlate with the success of biofeedback treatment. Therefore, knowledge of these patterns may help direct therapy.
Gene set analysis using principal components

We present a new method for identifying gene sets associated with labeled samples, where the labels can be case versus control, or genotype differences. Existing approaches to this problem assume that variations observed within a group are due primarily to noise and they, therefore, look for significant mean shifts between groups. Biological evidence suggests variations can also result from the coordination of genes. Our method attempts to identify and assess the significance of changes in gene-gene correlation patterns. We model gene-gene correlations using principal component analysis and compare their significance to a baseline of a linear models generated by random permutations of the sample labels. Simulation results show that our method detects changes that are undetectable by Hotelling's T2 method. Its performance on real data is comparable to existing methods with the additional capability of detecting changes in gene-interactions between sample groups.
Structure and selectivity of a monovalent cation binding site in cubic insulin crystals

Cubic insulin crystals contain a binding site for monovalent cations in a cavity of the crystal dyad in which the bound cation is ligated by protein atomic dipoles and water molecules. These types of interaction are analogous to interactions that occur in small cation-selective carrier and channel molecules. X-ray diffraction data collected from cubic insulin crystals containing Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Rb+, and Tl+ show that (i) the differences in cation size do not cause any large alteration in the protein structure around the cation, and (ii) the bound cation is co-ordinated by one or two water molecules, depending on its ionic radii. The relative binding affinities for cations at this dyad site were obtained from an x-ray diffraction analysis of competition experiments in which crystals were dialyzed in mixtures of Tl+ with Li+, Na+, NH4+, Rb+, or Cs+. These data show that this site provides very little discrimination between Na+, K+, Rb+, and Tl+, some selectivity against the small Li+ and the tetrahedrally shaped NH4+, and stronger selectivity against the larger Cs+. The capacity of this site to bind monovalent cations of different sizes may be accounted for by the small number of protein ligating groups and a change from two ligating waters with Li+ and Na+ to one ligating water with the larger cations.
Initial implementation of an electrodynamic ion funnel with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry has become a widely used method to study biopolymers. The method, in combination with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source has demonstrated the highest resolution and accuracy yet achieved for characterization of biomolecules and their noncovalent complexes. The most common design for the ESI interface includes a heated capillary inlet followed by a skimmer having a small orifice to limit gas conductance between a higher pressure (1 to 5 torr) source region and the lower pressure ion guide. The ion losses in the capillary—skimmer interface are large (estimated to be more than 90%) and thus reduce achievable sensitivity. In this work, we report on the initial implementation of a newly developed electrodynamic ion funnel in a 3.5 tesla ESI-FTICR mass spectrometer. The initial results show dramatically improved ion transmission as compared to the conventional capillary—skimmer arrangement. An estimated detection limit of 30 zeptomoles (∼18,000 molecules) has been achieved for the analysis of the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 8 to 20 kDa.
Spermine-induced phosphorylation of myotube histones by endogenous nuclear protein kinases.

Abstract The effects of spermine on phosphorylation of nuclear proteins in isolated nuclei from proliferation and myotube stage cells during differentiation of cultured chicken myoblasts have been investigated. Incorporation of phosphate from 32 P -γ- ATP was assessed by incubating nuclei with and without 2 mM spermine, which caused an approx. 1.5-fold increase in phosphorylation of total nuclear proteins in both cell types. Modification of individual proteins was assessed by extracting basic proteins in dilute acid, followed by SDS-electrophoresis on 18% acrylamide gels and radioautography. Results indicated that whereas most phosphoproteins in both cell types were increased 1.5–2.0-fold, phosphorylation of a 31 000 D band increased several-fold. Most strikingly, myotube nuclei displayed selective 3.5- and 9-fold increases in specific radioactivity of histones Hla and H3, respectively, which normally exhibit little, if any, phosphorylation.
Third molars and periodontal pathologic findings in middle-age and older Americans.

Purpose To assess the association between the visible presence of third molars and the severity of periodontal pathologic findings on teeth more anterior in the mouth. Patients and Methods The present analysis included dentate participants, 52 to 74 years old, from the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study who had undergone an oral examination that included periodontal probing depths (PDs) on all visible teeth, including any third molars. A PD of 4 mm or more and a clinical attachment level of 3 mm or greater were indicator variables for periodontal pathologic features. Explanatory variables were the presence or absence of visible third molars. The covariates included gender, ethnicity, age, income level, education, and smoking status. The outcome variables for periodontal pathologic features were the mean PD, extent (percentage of probing sites) of PDs of 4 mm or more, and the extent (percentage of probing sites) of a clinical attachment level of 3 mm or more. The outcomes between those with and without visible third molars were compared using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with significance set at P = .05. Multivariate modeling was performed using Statistical Analysis Systems SAS Proc GLM (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) to calculate the least squared means, adjusting for the study outcome variables and covariates. Results The Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study sample included 6,793 subjects; 80% were white and 19% were black. Most (53%) were 62 to 74 years old and female (54%). Of the 6,793 participants, 2,035 (30%) had at least 1 visible third molar. The presence of a visible third molar was significantly associated with male gender, black race, age younger than the mean of 62.4 years, greater income, and never smoking (all P < .01). A greater mean PD for the first and second molars, the extent of PD of 4 mm or more at the first and second molars, and the extent of a clinical attachment level of 3 mm or more at the first and second molars were all significantly associated with the presence of a visible third molar in the unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions In these middle-age and older Americans, the presence of a visible third molar was significantly associated with more severe periodontal disease on teeth more anterior in the mouth compared with those subjects with no visible third molars.
Shape Design From Exemplar Sketches Using Graph-Based Sketch Analysis

We describe a new technique that works from a set of concept sketches to support the exploration and engineering of products. Our approach allows the capture and reuse of geometric shape information contained in concept sketches, as a means to generate solutions that can concurrently satisfy aesthetic and functional requirements. At the heart of our approach is a graph-based representation of sketches that allows the determination of topological and geometric similarities in the input sketches. This analysis, when combined with a geometric deformation analysis, results in a design space from which new shapes can be synthesized, or a developing design can be optimized to satisfy prescribed objectives. Moreover, it facilitates a sketch-based, interactive editing of existing designs that preserves the shape characteristics captured in the design space. A key advantage of the proposed method is that shape features common to all sketches as well as those unique to each sketch can be separately identified, thus allowing a mixing of different sketches to generate a topologically and geometrically rich set of conceptual alternatives. We demonstrate our technique with 2D and 3D examples.
Scleral patch grafts in the management of uveal and ocular surface tumors.

Objective To evaluate the outcome of scleral patch grafts in a series of patients undergoing management for uveal and ocular surface tumors. Design Case series. Participants Ten patients underwent scleral patch grafting. Five patients had uveal melanoma with extrascleral extension, 2 patients had scleromalacia secondary to plaque radiotherapy for uveal melanoma, 2 patients had suspicious uveoscleral nevi, and 1 patient had invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma with scleral necrosis. Methods Retrospective, interventional, noncomparative chart review of patients undergoing treatment for ocular tumors followed by scleral grafts in a tertiary eye care center in the United States between September 2003 and January 2011. Sclera was reconstructed with allogenic scleral grafts. Clinical observations were performed after grafting. Main Outcome Measures Structural integrity, appearance, and stability of the grafts. Results Ten patients were reviewed. All melanoma cases received plaque radiotherapy with palladium 103. The cases with nevi and squamous cell carcinoma underwent local resection with cryotherapy as primary treatment. In 8 cases, scleral grafting was performed as part of the initial surgery. In all of these cases, satisfactory anatomic and functional outcomes were achieved. In 2 cases with scleromalacia secondary to radiotherapy for uveal melanoma, grafts were placed several years after the initial treatment. In these 2 cases, one showed signs of graft retraction, whereas another showed graft thinning. No patients experienced graft infection, rejection, or tumor recurrence. Conclusions In this series, scleral grafts were well accepted when placed as part of the primary tumor management despite synchronous radiotherapy, scleral resection, or cryotherapy. Grafting was less successful when performed as a late procedure for radiation-induced scleromalacia. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Some Ancillary Statistics and Their Properties

Abstract Two lists are given. The first is a list of properties of ancillary statistics; the second is a list of examples of ancillary statistics. It is then indicated which of the properties are satisfied by each example. Many of the models have the property that the parameter θ is a location parameter for the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) in every conditional distribution determined by a fixed value of the ancillary statistic. In certain other models the same state of affairs is achieved by parameter transformation. In either of these cases we call the ancillary an “exact precision index.” There exist irregular models in which the precision of estimation depends not only on the ancillary but on θ as well. Some comments are offered on approximate ancillarity and on the conditionality principle.
Constrained shared locks for increasing concurrency in databases

In this paper, we extend the traditional relationships between locks, i.e., shared and non-shared, to permit sharing in a constrained manner. The new relationship between locks enables us to develop a family of locking protocols, the least permissive of which is two phase locking while the most permissive accepts all order-preserving conflict serializable histories. The latter protocol also accepts all conflict serializable histories without reordering read and write operations. Instances of the family of protocols can cope with a variety of database recovery problems.
Mechanical behavior of fine filament Nb-Ti as a function of processing (composite superconductors)

Experimental data on the mechanical properties of Nb-Ti filaments during standard wire processing from first heat treatment size to final wire size are presented. The fiber characteristics examined include fiber geometry, hardness, Young's modulus and ultimate strength. The mechanical behavior of fine filament Nb-Ti was studied under two different processing treatments. This research is relevant to the mechanical modeling of the Cu/Nb-Ti composite system. >
β-Amyloid-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells and cortical neurons: exacerbation by selective inhibition of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors

Abstract Administration of β-amyloid fragment 25–35 (Aβ25–35) to cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) or cortical neurons caused cell death that was characterized by morphological and nuclear changes consistent with apoptosis. Inhibition of NMDA receptors produced a mild exacerbation of Aβ25–35 toxicity in cortical neurons; a similar effect was induced by AMPA/kainate receptor inhibition in CGC. Selective activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by dihyroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) had no effect on Aβ25–35-induced apoptosis in either cell type, and was unaffected by blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors. In contrast, selective inhibition of group I mGluR by (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA) exacerbated Aβ toxicity in cortical neurons, whereas this treatment was without effect on CGC. However, AIDA significantly increased Aβ-induced apoptosis in CGC in the presence of either NMDA or AMPA/kainate receptor inhibition; blockade of both ionotropic glutamate receptor classes further increased the exacerbation of apoptosis following treatment with AIDA. These findings suggest that Aβ25–35-induced neuronal injury leads to activation of group I mGluR, which attenuates the resulting apoptosis.
Optimization of quasi-conformal transformation optics lenses with an arbitrary GRIN-capable ray tracer

Quasi-conformal Transformation Optics (QCTO) has been proposed as a design technique for flattened or compressed optical and RF lenses. QCTO devices may be realized using all-dielectric gradient-index structures, which simplifies implementation and improves bandwidth for structures at optical wavelengths by avoiding the requirement for metamaterial design and fabrication. However, replacing one or more conventional homogeneous optical lenses by a QCTO equivalent is not as simple as a single-step design from performance specification to a drop-in replacement lens. Optimizations must be performed over the QCTO transformation in order to achieve equivalent optical performance under index and fabrication constraints. This abstract presents an optimization procedure for QCTO lenses that makes use of a ray tracing tool that supports arbitrary numerically-specified GRIN profiles for electrically large structures.
Parasites as biological tags

Abstract Parasites suffer from bad public relations. In The Goodness of Parasitism: A New Hypothesis , Lincicome proclaimed ‘Parasitism, one of life's great phenomena, possesses a quality of goodness that has largely been overlooked because man has been so possessed with the disease aspects of this association'. It has been twenty years since Lincicome led the call for parasites' acceptance as admirable organisms, apparently without much success. Here, Mike Moser offers a brief reminder of the virtues of parasites and the benefits of being parasitized.
Challenges in Addressing Graduate Student Impairment in Academic Professional Psychology Programs

Given the prevalence of emotional and psychological problems among professional psychologists, a primary concern to the field is impairment, or problems of professional competence. Graduate students, in particular, are an especially vulnerable subpopulation of mental health care professionals. Despite graduate students' heightened risk of impairment, relatively little attention has been paid in the literature to the handling of impairment in graduate students in academic training programs. Recommendations for a proactive approach to addressing impairment in trainees are discussed with respect to students, supervisors, and training programs. As graduate school is the first major milestone in a therapist's development, psychologists as gatekeepers of the field of psychology must accept an ethical responsibility to appropriately monitor, acknowledge, and manage impairment among trainees.
A note on Abel polynomials and rooted labeled forests

A special case of the Abel polynomials counts rooted labeled forests. This interpretation is used to obtain a combinatorial proof of the formula expressing x^n as a sum of these polynomials.
Handling hospital errors: is disclosure the best defense?

The risk management model discussed by Kraman and Hamm in this issue seems to be designed to maximize malpractice lawsuits, but instead it appears to have maximized only the number of patients who ...
Teaching economics differently by comparing contesting theories

Teaching economics differently summarises how we have taught introductory micro and macroeconomics and what we have learned from that teaching experience over the last 40 years. We explain why teaching both economic theories that celebrate and those that criticise capitalism – together in one introductory semester’s course as well as in subsequent courses – can and does get students interested in (and not infrequently passionate about) economics as a discipline. The article outlines our systematically comparative approach to learning economics and some of its more salient consequences including pedagogical effectiveness.
(Over)eating success: The health consequences of the restoration of capitalism in rural China

Abstract This paper reviews and evaluates some of the changes that have occured in the Chinese health care system during the reform era associated with Deng Xiaoping (1978–1993). The reforms have helped to enrich the long suffering peasants in the Chinese countryside, and in many areas the peasants have experienced a significant improvement in the quality of their lives, including greater access to health care facilities, and better diets. The paper also considers some of the potentially negative side effects of the reform era, including the increasing income inequality between urban and rural areas; the commodification of Chinese medicine; declining access to health care for peasants in the poorest regions; and a concern about the changing patterns of diet and nutrition in the newly enriched parts of the Chinese countryside.
Antitumor Agents. 274. A New Synthetic Strategy for E-Ring SAR Study of Antofine and Cryptopleurine Analogues

A new versatile synthetic methodology for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure natural phenanthroindolizidines and phenanthroquinolizidines has been established and described. Natural products R-antofine and R-cryptopleurine, as well as a novel E-ring expanded analogue 13c (E7), 12-oxo-S-antofine (17), and 12N-methyl-12-aza-S-antofine (18) were synthesized with the new method. This strategy will greatly facilitate future SAR studies on the natural alkaloids with E-ring variations.
Experimental demonstration of modulation bandwidth enhancement in distributed feedback lasers with external light injection

The frequency response of a semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) laser under optical injection locking has been studied experimentally. It is shown that strong injection locking is very effective at increasing the relaxation oscillation frequency of DFB lasers. Bandwidth enhancement as high as 3.7 times has been achieved for the first time.
UVA-induced ultrastructural changes in hairless mouse skin: A comparison to UVB-induced damage

Abstract In this ultrastructural study, albino hairless mice were irradiated with long-wavelength ultraviolet (UVA) (340–400 nm) thrice weekly for 32 weeks for a cumulative dose of 8000 J/cm 2 . Biopsies were taken from these mice, from age-matched unirradiated controls, and from mice irradiated with UVB for 20–30 weeks with a cumulative dose of ∼ 6–9 J/cm 2 . The most striking UVA-induced changes were 1) elastic fiber hyperplasia without evidence of fiber disintegration; 2) a large increase in randomly deposited microfibrils; 3) massive duplication of vascular basement membrane; 4) extensive endothelial cell damage; and 5) collagen fibers with smaller diameters but without apparent damage. By contrast, after UVB, the hyperplastic elastic fibers frequently appeared to be degraded. Microfibrils were only moderately increased and remained in an organized array. Also, unlike with UVA, the epidermal basement membrane was duplicated whereas that of the vessels was mainly spared. Collagen fibers showed evidence of dissolution. Thus, ultrastructural features provide further evidence that skin damage induced by UVA can be dissimilar to that induced by UVB.
Pyrite formation under conditions approximating those in anoxic sediments I. Pathway and morphology

Abstract Experiments were performed utilizing the silica gel technique to synthesize pyrite crystals in four different chemical systems, at room temperature (ca. 23 °C), for periods of up to 24 months. These systems were: FeS(1 − x) (mackinawite) + S(s) ° + H2S(aq), Fe3S4 (greigite) + H2S(aq). FeOOH(goethite) + H2S(aq) and Fe(aq)2 + + S4(aq)2 −. Results indicate that the rate of pyrite formation strongly depends on the nature of solid reactant and solution chemistry (pH and total sulfide concentration). The formation of pyrite is most rapid in the presence of greigite. The pyritization of metastable iron sulfide minerals follows a dissolution-precipitation pathway. Two mechanisms are proposed for the nucleation behavior of pyrite on metastable iron sulfide minerals. The first mechanism is heterogeneous nucleation. This is a result of epitaxial overgrowth of pyrite nuclei at defects on a precursor mineral's surface. A second possible mechanism is that pyrite clusters, smaller than the critical nucleus, are concentrated on the surface of precursor iron sulfide minerals under the influence of crystal molecular field. This forms a transition layer between the precursor sulfide mineral and the bulk solution where nucleation of pyrite is accelerated. SEM observations indicate that the morphology of pyrite crystals formed at room temperature is primarily controlled by the degree of supersaturation in the solution from which pyrite is precipitated. With the increasing supersaturation, pyrite morphology changes in the following order: cube → octahedron → spherulite. The influence of other parameters, such as relative abundance of Fe2 + and dissolved zero-valance sulfur, were not observed to be of major significance for morphology.
Resilience in Louisiana FEMA Parks: A Person-Centered, Fuzzy-Set Analysis

Despite living in difficult and socially disorganized conditions, some individuals displaced by disasters and living in FEMA parks can be remarkably resilient to depression. We conceptualize resilience as emerging from a combination of situational advantages that accrue for some residents but not for others. We assess whether situational advantages lead to resilience, either in isolation or in combination with one another, in two parts. First, we used a delimited person-centered analysis (PCA) to identify advantages present among the most resilient and absent among the least resilient FEMA park residents. Second, we used fuzzy-set analysis (FSA) to systematically uncover advantageous individual-level conditions that were consistent among resilient individuals using the full sample of FEMA park respondents. Implications for sociological theory and disaster mental health research are discussed.
Severity of cardiac conduction involvement and arrhythmias in myotonic dystrophy type 1 correlates with age and CTG repeat length.

Cardiac Involvement in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.Introduction: Cardiac myopathy manifesting with conduction disturbances and arrhythmias is common in the neurologic disease myotonic dystrophy. We studied whether the severity of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy correlates with the severity of the genetic abnormality cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) repeat expansion. Methods and Results: History, physical examination, ECG evaluation, and genetic testing were performed in patients with a clinical diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy. In 342 of 385 patients, the diagnosis was confirmed by CTG repeat expansion. In these patients, the muscular disability severity correlated with age and CTG repeat length (r = 0.44, P < 0.001). An arrhythmia diagnosis was present in 19 (5.6%) patients with a likelihood of diagnosis correlating with age (relative risk [RR] 2.2 per decade, 95% confidence intervals [CI]1.4 to 3.4, P = 0.001) and CTG repeat length (RR 2.9 per 500 repeats, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.4, P = 0.001). ECGs were abnormal in 222 (64.9%) of the patients. Age, CTG repeat length, and male gender were factors found to correlate with ECG conduction abnormalities quantitated by the PR interval (r = 0.43, P < 0.001) and QRS duration (r = 0.32, P < 0.001). A 24-hour ambulatory ECG was abnormal in 95 (29.6%) of 321 recordings. The presence of an abnormality correlated with age (RR 1.5 per decade, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9, P < 0.001) and CTG repeat length (RR 1.6 per 500 repeats, 95% confidence intervals 1.1 to 2.2, P = 0.01). Conclusion: The severity of skeletal and cardiac myopathy in myotonic dystrophy correlates with age and CTG repeat length, suggesting a similar mechanism causing a time-dependent degenerative process.
Triazolam-amphetamine interaction: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal

It is well-documented that benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotics produce robust dose-dependent memory-impairing effects. However, benzodiazepines also induce marked sedation, as reflected in changes in observer and subjective ratings of arousal and impaired psychomotor performance. Thus, it is possible that the observed amnestic effects are secondary to more global sedative effects, and do not reflect a specific, primary, benzodiazepine effect on memory mechanisms. This study was designed to use the non-specific stimulant d-amphetamine to dissociate the sedative and memory-impairing effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam. Across four sessions, 20 healthy adult volunteers received via oral capsule administration placebo, 0.25 mg/70 kg triazolam alone, 20 mg/70 kg d-amphetamine sulfate alone, and triazolam (0.25 mg/ 70 kg) and d-amphetamine (20 mg/70 kg) conjointly, in a double-blind, staggered dosing, cross-over design. d-Amphetamine significantly reversed the effects of triazolam on all participant rating and psychomotor performance-based measures of sedative effects, and selectively reversed the memory-impairing effects of triazolam on some measures (e.g. working memory assessed by a 2-back task, episodic memory assessed by free recall, metamemory), but not others (e.g. working memory assessed by a digit recall task, episodic memory assessed by recognition memory). Results suggest that benzodiazepines do have specific effects on memory that are not merely a by-product of the drugs' sedative effects, and that the degree to which sedative effects contribute to the amnestic effects may vary as a function of the particular memory process being assessed. In addition to enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms underlying benzodiazepine-induced amnesia, these results may also contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationship between specific memory processes and level of arousal.
White in all the wrong places: white rural poverty in the postbellum US South

Many examinations of whiteness have proceeded on an unacknowledged equation of whiteness with various forms of privilege. I suggest that when differences within whiteness are brought into considera...
A microprocessor-controlled door lock system

The detailed design of a microprocessor-based door lock system including the hardware design, software functional definitions, and diagnostics is presented. The system is designed in two modules: a door lock controller board, in which all functions necessary for keyless entry at a door are implemented, and a programming board. There is only one such board for the whole dwelling and it has additional hardware such as serial link interface circuitry and a display. The two modules are connected temporarily to perform keycode modification and diagnostic functions using a serial data link. The keycode is a four-character pattern. Authorized users of the dwelling are given this code and are required to enter this pattern via a keypad for entry. The number of integrated circuits used was kept to a minimum (seven are used for the door board). The system uses 2240 B of EPROM, 4 B of EEPROM, and 90 B of RAM. The lock solenoid driver circuitry was significantly reduced by using a solid-state relay, and the system uses 2.4576-MHz crystal. An internal divide-by-four circuit provides a bus speed of 614.4 kHz. This relatively low frequency reduces the system cost by allowing the slowest access memory parts to be used. This speed is adequate for the door lock system operation. >
Endogenous opioids and social behavior

Evidence for the hypothesis that brain-opioids mediate social affect and social attachments is summarized. Opiates and opioids are very effective in reducing social separation-induced distress vocalizations (DVs), in puppies, young guinea pigs and chicks, while opiate antagonists can increase DVs. In studies of specific social behaviors in rodents, morphine (at doses 1 mg/kg and below) decreases proximity maintenance time in socially housed animals, increased play, decreases maternal aggression but has no effect on pup retrieval. Naloxone reduces play and disrupts pup-retrieval, but has no consistent effect on proximity maintenance time of socially housed animals. In young rats tested in social learning situations, morphine delays and naloxone hasten extinction. These data are consistent with the proposition that brain opioids modulate social emotions and behaviors.
A Heritable Recombination System for Synthetic Darwinian Evolution in Yeast

Genetic recombination is central to the generation of molecular diversity and enhancement of evolutionary fitness in living systems. Methods such as DNA shuffling that recapitulate this diversity mechanism in vitro are powerful tools for engineering biomolecules with useful new functions by directed evolution. Synthetic biology now brings demand for analogous technologies that enable the controlled recombination of beneficial mutations in living cells. Thus, here we create a Heritable Recombination system centered around a library cassette plasmid that enables inducible mutagenesis via homologous recombination and subsequent combination of beneficial mutations through sexual reproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using repair of nonsense codons in auxotrophic markers as a model, Heritable Recombination was optimized to give mutagenesis efficiencies of up to 6% and to allow successive repair of different markers through two cycles of sexual reproduction and recombination. Finally, Heritable Recombination was employed to change the substrate specificity of a biosynthetic enzyme, with beneficial mutations in three different active site loops crossed over three continuous rounds of mutation and selection to cover a total sequence diversity of 10(13). Heritable Recombination, while at an early stage of development, breaks the transformation barrier to library size and can be immediately applied to combinatorial crossing of beneficial mutations for cell engineering, adding important features to the growing arsenal of next generation molecular biology tools for synthetic biology.
Our Criminal Law Should Only Be 200 Years Out of Date - and It Should Be Consolidated

In a modern democracy such as we have, it is essential that English law be up-to-date and relevant. However, much English law is out of date and obsolete. This is especially so in the field of criminal law. The purpose of this article is to argue for the repeal of many old pieces of English criminal legislation and for the consolidation of the remainder.
Some Practical Guidelines for Measuring Youth's Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

This short paper provides some guidelines to help researchers in child and adolescent development procure the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic information that will best determine how to assign youngsters to ethnic or SES groups. These guidelines are necessarily general. They will need to be adapted thoughtfully by each investigator because, as is generally true, how to define a measure depends intimately on the nature of the research problem. In preparing these guidelines, we have taken into account current practice at the Bureau of the Census, research traditions developed by sociologists who have mainly been concerned with adults, and challenges posed by the changing character of the U.S. population and its family forms. We are extremely grateful to the many social scientists listed below who have contributed so generously to our thinking, but especially to Robert Hauser. Naturally, any errors or opacities that remain are our responsibility.
Lifestyles, Residential Location Decisions, and Pedestrian and Transit Activity:

The idea of using land use patterns to influence people's behavior is popular in urban planning circles these days. Activity-based travel modeling has begun to make significant progress toward a more behavioral framework for simulating household travel behavior and understanding, in particular, pedestrian activity. A significant challenge remains in the need to address the interaction of pedestrian use with longer-term household choices of neighborhood choice, other activities, and overall travel. The choices often depend on one another and jointly define the lifestyle of an individual. This paper refines a framework to analyze household choices relating to three dimensions of lifestyle: travel patterns (including pedestrian activity), activity participation, and neighborhood characteristics. Cluster analysis on data from the Twin Cities metropolitan region in Minnesota uncovers seven classifications of lifestyle. These clusters demonstrate empirically how decisions about residential location reinforce an...
Energy shaping for vehicles with point mass actuators

This paper describes the application of the method of controlled Lagrangians to vehicles with moving point mass actuators. This class of systems includes certain spacecraft, atmospheric re-entry vehicles, and underwater vehicles. Two examples are presented. The first example is a spinning disk, a simplified, planar version of a spacecraft spin stabilization problem. The second example is an underwater vehicle moving in the horizontal plane.
A Practical Link Budget for I-UWB Systems

This paper proposes a practical alternative to the traditional link budget approach for impulse-based UWB systems (I-UWB), which is based on the Friis formula. The proposed link budget approach overcomes the narrowband limitations of the traditional link budget by proposing the use of an antenna-pulse coupling gain. This gain is specific for an antenna tx-rx pair and the I-UWB pulse used and can be easily determined by taking a frequency or a time domain measurement. The paper introduces the approach and then verifies its accuracy by presenting the results of several measurements at distances ranging from 1 to 20 m. Index Terms—UWB, Friis, link budget.
Word Order and Scope: Transparent Interfaces and the ¾ Signature

A recurring pattern of partial correlations between word order variation and scope possibilities (the ¾ signature) supports a particular view of economy constraints in syntax, with these properties: (1) There are economy conditions (soft constraints) that value a particular type of correspondence between LF and PF representations. (2) These constraints are unidirectional: LF (broadly construed) is calculated first and determines PF (surface word order). (3) Scope rigidity is a property not of languages but of specific configurations, and the distribution of rigidity effects is (largely) predictable from independent variation in the syntactic resources of various languages. We focus here on the interaction of these three assumptions and on the role of (2) in predicting the ¾ signature effect. We contrast our proposal with Reinhart’s (2005) Interface Economy model, in which economy conditions regulate a mapping that takes overt structure as its input and yields permissible interpretations.
Ion beam analysis for fusion energy research

Proposed next-step devices for development of fusion energy present a major increase in the energy content and duration of plasmas far beyond those encountered in existing machines. This increases the importance of controlling interactions between the fusion plasma and first-wall materials. These interactions change the wall materials and strongly affect the core plasma conditions. Two critical processes are the erosion of materials by the plasma, and the redeposition of eroded material along with hydrogen isotopes from the plasma. These impact reactor design through the lifetime of plasma-facing components and the inventory of tritium retained inside the vessel. Ion beam analysis has been widely used to investigate these complex plasma-material interactions in most of the large fusion plasma experiments. The design and choice of plasma-facing materials for next-step machines rely on knowledge obtained from these studies. This paper reviews the use of ion beam analysis for fusion energy research, and shows how these studies have helped to guide the design and selection of materials for a next-step machine.
Development, validation, and implementation of capillary gel electrophoresis as a replacement for SDS‐PAGE for purity analysis of IgG2 mAbs

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) methods with UV detection were developed for reduced and non-reduced mAb analysis. These methods can be used to evaluate mAb purity, offering more reproducible quantitation compared with that of traditional SDS-PAGE methods. These CGE methods have been utilized as platform technology for bioprocess development, formulation development, mAb characterization, drug substance/drug product release testing as well as a required methodology for stability testing. We have found these CGE methods to be applicable across a platform of mAbs in preclinical and clinical development, with the majority of mAbs requiring no modification to the method conditions. This methodology has been ICH validated and transferred to several supporting organizations. The data presented herein describes the development of CGE methodology, platform application to mAb purity analysis, ICH validation, reliability metrics, and considerations on technology enhancement for improved performance and throughput.