cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis: A perforating necrobiotic granuloma

Seventeen cases of clinically and histologically characteristic chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (CNCH) are presented. Thirteen histologic specimens revealed transepidermal elimination (TE) of necrobiotic material from the dermis. This elimination occurred through transepidermal channels, slits, or erosions overlying a dermal necrobiotic granuloma. The granuloma was surrounded by granulation tissue composed of histiocytes and lymphocytes. Telangiectasia and peripheral solar elastosis were common findings. The histologic features and clinical characteristics found predominantly in white men over 40 years of age suggest that CNCH etiologically and pathogenetically represents an actinically induced perforating necrobiotic granuloma.
CO2 outgassing and calcite precipitation in Falling Spring Creek, Virginia, U.S.A.

Abstract Chemical and physical observations are presented to explain the evolution of stream water chemistry along the flow path in Warm River Cave and Falling Spring Creek. Mixing of two chemically and thermally distinct waters in the cave defines the initial stream water chemistry. All along the flow path, the observed composition is influenced by outgassing of CO2. The water is supersaturated with respect to CO2 both in the subsurface and at the surface of the Earth, but outgassing is greatest in turbulent stretches of the stream above and at the waterfalls. The loss of CO2 drives the solution to high degrees of supersaturation with respect to calcite. Physical evidence for calcite precipitation exists in the rimstone dams observed inside the cave and in the travertine deposits above and below the falls along Falling Spring Creek. Travertine precipitation in the streambed consumes Ca2+ and HCO−3, with most of the precipitation occurring where the stream experiences the most rapid CO2 loss. The stream water maintains a significant level of supersaturation with respect to calcite over the entire length of the flow path studied.
Boundary integral equation method for linear porous‐elasticity with applications to fracture propagation

For the semi-infinite crack propagating quasi-statically in a porous-elastic medium, the boundary integral equation method (BIEM), based on a reciprocal principle, is formulated for the governing equations of the Biot model of linear porous-elasticity. The resulting numerical scheme is efficient since the discretization of the solution unknowns is required only along the axis of symmetry of a fracture. Fracture propagation criteria based on both elastic and plastic constitutive relations are investigated. Practical applications of the model are expected in the failure of overconsolidated clay, earthquake prediction and underground hydraulic fracturing for energy exploration.
Tracking energy balance in adolescents: Levels of compliance, energy flux, and learning.

Abstract Background/Objective Advancing knowledge about energy balance (EB) is important for helping to reverse the obesity epidemic in many modern societies. This study examined adolescents' experience and perception of using an objective self-monitoring tool (SenseWear armband; SWA) and a portable diet journal to track EB for 7 days. Methods Forty-five 6th grade students in a midwestern state of the United States [Caucasian: n = 34, 76%; age: 11.7 ± 1.8 years; body mass index (BMI): 20.84 ± 3.94] participated in the study. The SWA, diet journal, and semistructured individual interview were used to measure energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA), energy intake (EI), and perception of the experience, respectively. Mixed methods were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Results It was found that the participants were physically active over the week (moderate-to-vigorous PA: 218.06 ± 26.50 minutes per day). Both SWA (% of wearing time: 85 ± 5%) and diet journal (days of using: 5.58 ± 2.15 days), especially the latter, were found to be under-used. A conceptual model depicting the adolescents' experience and perception was established based on the results. Conclusion The study indicates that the majority of adolescents were able to effectively use the SWA and the diet journal to track EB over time. Qualitative observations revealed that tracking EI and EE with these tools provided a valuable, experiential way for youth to learn about EB. The findings support the continued exploration of self-monitoring EB for promoting knowledge and awareness about EB among adolescents.
Nuclear FAK promotes cell proliferation and survival through FERM-enhanced p53 degradation.

Summary FAK is known as an integrin- and growth factor-associated tyrosine kinase promoting cell motility. Here we show that, during mouse development, FAK inactivation results in p53- and p21-dependent mesodermal cell growth arrest. Reconstitution of primary FAK −/− p21 −/− fibroblasts revealed that FAK, in a kinase-independent manner, facilitates p53 turnover via enhanced Mdm2-dependent p53 ubiquitination. p53 inactivation by FAK required FAK FERM F1 lobe binding to p53, FERM F2 lobe-mediated nuclear localization, and FERM F3 lobe for connections to Mdm2 and proteasomal degradation. Staurosporine or loss of cell adhesion enhanced FERM-dependent FAK nuclear accumulation. In primary human cells, FAK knockdown raised p53-p21 levels and slowed cell proliferation but did not cause apoptosis. Notably, FAK knockdown plus cisplatin triggered p53-dependent cell apoptosis, which was rescued by either full-length FAK or FAK FERM re-expression. These studies define a scaffolding role for nuclear FAK in facilitating cell survival through enhanced p53 degradation under conditions of cellular stress.
Sorting Out the Structure of Single-Stranded DNA

The mechanical properties of single stranded nucleic acids play a vital role in such dynamic processes as DNA replication and RNA folding. While experiments have demonstrated that duplex DNA molecules behave as ideal worm-like chains with a persistence length that can be measured accurately, the unfolded single-stranded form of DNA (ssDNA) has been surprisingly recalcitrant: different biophysical techniques lead to different conclusions. Making matters worse, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of ssDNA do not agree with experiment. This has motivated new experimental and theoretical work. In recent force spectroscopy and computational studies, McIntosh, Stevens and Saleh propose models where excluded volume influences long-ranged structure, while specific ion interactions induce "wrinkles" at short length scales ("Single-stranded DNA is not a wormlike-chain", Biophys. J. 104, 28). However, direct structural evidence for these models is lacking. Thus, we perform detailed investigations of ssDNA homopolymers using x-ray scattering, single molecule FRET, and quantitative characterization of the ion atmosphere in mono- and di-valent salt. We develop a novel data-driven ensemble optimization technique that allows us to visualize the conformational adaptation of the DNA backbone to changes in the ion atmosphere, including the distinct effects of base stacking and ion valence. Correlation functions obtained from the structure ensembles, without reference to polymer or electrostatic theories, nonetheless show signatures of electrostatic excluded volume and strong ion effects at short distances. We discuss the implications for new polyelectrolyte theories of ssDNA and the biological role of electrostatics in these systems.
Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormal placentation (defined as the failure of physiologic transformation of spiral arteries) is present in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes who delivered a preterm neonate. Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the histopathologic findings in the placental bed and placenta of patients with preterm labor and intact membranes (n=27), preeclampsia (n=43), and healthy pregnant women at term (n=103). Immunohistochemistry studies with cytokeratin 7 and periodic acid–Schiff were used to detect trophoblast and fibrinoid, respectively, and diagnose the failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries. Results The mean percentage of spiral arteries with failure of physiologic transformation in the myometrium was significantly higher in patients with preterm labor and preeclampsia than in normal pregnant women at term ( P =.0004 and P P =.001 and P P =.17). Conclusion Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in the myometrial and decidual segments of the placental bed is frequent in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes.
Performance evaluation of multiple-rate mobile ad hoc networks

Existing wireless networks usually provide multiple data transmission rates. This paper presents a simulation study of the performance of multiple-rate mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), based on an evolved ns-2 simulator. At the physical layer, realistic models such as the Walfisch-Ikagami radio propagation model and lognormal fading are implemented. At the link layer, a link adaptation algorithm is implemented to select an appropriate data transmission rate based on the receiving signal-to-noise ratio. At the transport and application layers, different data traffics, including constant bit rate, TCP, voice over IP, and video, are generated. We study the network performance such as throughput, delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay when position-based routing is used. We also study how node mobility and position error affect the performance. In addition, we investigate the impact of the link distance, namely the geographic distance for a hop, on the end-to-end network throughput. This work is a comprehensive simulation study on the impact of various factors on the performance of MANETs. It also provides guidelines for future protocol and algorithm design.
Analysis of space closing springs in orthodontics

A basic procedure for the nonlinear stress analysis of space closing elastic springs is given. It is based on a straightforward yet powerful finite element method. The application of the method in the design and analysis of the space closing springs are illustrated by examples. Results are discussed in detail and recommendations for the design are given.
Sulfhydryl group activation for commercial β-lactoglobulin measured using κ-casein 2-thio, 5′nitrobenzoic acid

The process of activation converts protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups from the masked state to a free state with increased reactivity. Beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) SH group activation was measured, in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) using K-casein 2-thio, 5'-nitrobenzoic acid (Cn-Ellman), at 412 nm. Reaction transition state parameters from 25-55degreesC and 60-80degreesC were not significantly different. Present results were compared with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces for beta-Lg heat unfolding, temperature-reaction profiles for whey or beta-Lg heat aggregation, and also SH-activation in skim milk. The findings reveal that SH-group activation precedes heat unfolding and aggregation of beta-Lg. Further studies using protein disulfide reagents such. as Cn-Ellman will help to elucidate the mechanism of SH group activation for beta-Lg.
Management of the Hospitalized Diabetes Patient with an Insulin Pump

More than 375,000 Americans manage their diabetes with an insulin pump, and this number continues to increase. Many of these patients will want to remain on their insulin pump while hospitalized, so the nurse needs to know about how to care for the hospitalized patient wearing an insulin pump. This article discusses the benefits of intensive insulin therapy, how the insulin pump works, initial insulin-pump dosing, candidate selection, advantages and disadvantages of using an insulin pump, troubleshooting the pump, nursing care of the hospitalized patient wearing an insulin pump, and development of hospital protocols for the care of such patients.
Hydrothermal synthesis and properties of terbium- or praseodymium-doped Ce1−xSmxO2−x/2 solid solutions

Abstract The structure, thermal expansion coefficients and ionic conductivity of (Ce 0.83 Sm 0.17 ) 1− x (Tb/Pr) x O 1.915+δ ( x =0–0.10) solid electrolytes prepared hydrothermally were investigated. The uniformly small particle size (7–14 nm) of the hydrothermally prepared materials allows sintering of the samples into highly dense ceramic pellets at 1400°C, a significantly lower temperature, compared to that at 1600–1650°C required for samples prepared by solid state techniques. The maximum conductivity was found at x =0.10 for the Pr- and Tb-substituted ceria (σ 600°C =7.6×10 −3 S/cm, E a =0.55 eV and σ 600°C =10 −2 S/cm, E a =0.72 eV, respectively) with electronic contribution to the total conductivity around 20–30%. When the Tb or Pr substitution in Ce 0.83 Sm 0.17 O 1.915 is reduced, the conductivity becomes more ionic, and is purely ionic at 2% of Tb or Pr. However the conductivity at this lower level of doping is not significantly lower (e.g. σ 600°C =5.6×10 −3 S/cm for Tb). The thermal expansion coefficients, determined from high-temperature X-ray data, are 8.6×10 −6 K −1 for the Ce 0.83 Sm 0.17 O 1.915 and slowly increase with increasing Pr substitution and decrease with increasing Tb substitution.
Risk assessment of cartilaginous fish populations

Enric Cortes1*, Elizabeth N. Brooks2, and Kyle W. Shertzer3 Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408, USA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
A TESTABLE MODEL OF A 17 keV TAU NEUTRINO

We discuss an extension of the standard model with a local symmetry of Le−Lμ and a global symmetry of Lτ to incorporate a 17 keV Dirac tau neutrino. A massive neutral gauge boson (AX) and a majoron (J) are present by breaking the symmetries spontaneously. The tau neutrino, with a life-time of the order 10−3 s, will decay by emitting an electron and a majoron. Tau will also decay into an electron and a majoron with a branching ratio as large as 10−4. The breaking scale of Le−Lμ symmetry can be as low as 700 GeV. Hence, AX can be produced in LEP II in the near future.
Far I.R. determination of the transverse optic lattice mode in PbTe at low temperature

Abstract The TO lattice mode of PbTe has been observed at low temperatures in the far infrared. Bulk reflectance measurements give a value of ωTO = 18.0 ± 1.0 cm-1. This low value is confirmed by magnetoptical reflectivity and transmission measurements in fields up to 90 kG.
Understanding bladder regeneration: smooth muscle ontogeny.

AbstractPurpose: We determined the origin of smooth muscle cells in acellular bladder matrix grafts.Materials and Methods: A total of 15 female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent partial cystectomy and grafting with an acellular matrix derived from rat bladder. The grafts were examined 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after grafting by immunohistochemical studies for smooth muscle markers and by transmission electron microscopy for smooth muscle morphology. Bladder matrix and bladder epithelium recombinants were created and grafted subcutaneously and under the renal capsule in nude mice. Recombinants were examined 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks postoperatively by immunohistochemical studies for bladder epithelium and bladder smooth muscle.Results: Smooth muscle ingrowth into acellular matrix was initially seen at 2 weeks. The immunohistochemical and electron microscopic characteristics of the cells were similar to those of fetal smooth muscle 2 weeks and newborn smooth muscle 4 weeks after grafting. Matrix epithelium recombinants dis...
Rapid purification of polyamine oxidase from oat primary leaves

Abstract Polyamine oxidase (PAO) is localized in the cell walls of oat primary leaves. With the aid of an infiltration washing technique that selectively extrac
The influence of corporate social responsibility and customer–company identification on publics’ dialogic communication intentions

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of consumers’ perceptions of the company's corporate social responsibility on their intentions to engage in dialogic communications with a company (i.e., feedback), and to investigate the mediation role of their identification with the company in such effects. The findings indicated a significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and publics’ intentions to engage in dialogic communications. Also, customer–company identification was found to mediate such effects.
Analysis of a continuous finite element method for hyperbolic equations

A finite element method for hyperbolic equations is analyzed in the context of a first order linear problem in $R^2 $. The method is applicable over a triangulation of the domain, and produces a continuous piecewise polynomial approximation, which can be developed in an explicit fashion from triangle to triangle. In a sense, it extends the basic upwind difference scheme to higher order. The method is shown to be stable, and error estimates are obtained. For nth degree approximation, the errors in the approximate solution and its gradient are shown to be at least of order $h^{{{n + 1} / 4}} $ and $h^{{{n - 1} / 2}} $, respectively, assuming sufficient regularity in the solution.
Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and Emission Reductions

The electricity and transportation industries are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions on Earth. Renewable energy, mainly wind and solar, can reduce emission from the electricity industry (mainly from power plants). Likewise, next-generation plug-in vehicles, which include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) and EVs with vehicle-to-grid capability, referred to as “gridable vehicles” (GVs) by the authors, can reduce emission from the transportation industry. GVs can be used as loads, energy sources (small portable power plants), and energy storages in a smart grid integrated with renewable energy sources (RESs). Smart grid operation to reduce both cost and emission simultaneously is a very complex task considering smart charging and discharging of GVs in a distributed energy source and load environment. If a large number of GVs is connected to the electric grid randomly, peak load will be very high. The use of traditional thermal power plants will be economically and environmentally expensive to support the electrified transportation. The intelligent scheduling and control of GVs as loads and/or sources have great potential for evolving a sustainable integrated electricity and transportation infrastructure. Cost and emission reductions in a smart grid by maximum utilization of GVs and RESs are presented in this paper. Possible models for GV applications, including the smart grid model, are given, and results are presented. The smart grid model offers the best potential for maximum utilization of RESs to reduce cost and emission from the electricity industry.
Organic monoliths for high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

RPLC is the most common mode of LC. It is widely used for separations of both small and large molecules. Monolithic columns, which are currently under intensive study by many groups, have the potential of becoming attractive alternatives to particle-packed columns. They are generally easier and faster to fabricate, and they demonstrate a lower pressure drop, less nonspecific adsorption, and richer chemistry (in the case of organic polymer monoliths) for providing broad selectivity. Silica monoliths, as is also true for columns packed with silica particles, are best applied to small-molecule separations. Organic polymer monoliths, on the other hand, have shown advantages for large-molecule separations. Recently, improvements in organic monoliths have led to efficiencies for small molecules that are approaching and even surpassing 100 000 plates/m. While this performance is still far short of what is currently available using modern small particles and silica monoliths in RPLC, steady progress is being made. This review describes recent developments in the synthesis and performance of organic polymer RPLC monoliths, and identifies areas where additional work is needed to significantly improve their performance for both small- and large-molecule separations.
Remembering the hippocampus

The proposal that the hippocampus is important for the encoding of episodic information, but not familiarity-based recognition, is incompatible with the available data. An alternative way to think about functional specialization within the medial temporal lobe memory system is suggested, based on neuroanatomy.
Prevention and Management of Physical and Social Environment Risk Factors for Sports-Related Injuries

An understanding of the environmental factors that contribute to injury risk will allow for the optimization of athletic performance and minimize morbidity. The purpose of this review is to discuss the physical and social environments of sport that affect injury risk, and to review the strategies that sports medicine professionals (eg, clinicians, certified athletic trainers) can implement to prevent injury. Searches using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases were used to identify injury risk factors pertaining to the physical and social environment of athletics. Physical environmental risk factors identified include weather, air quality, playing surface, and the presence of sports medicine professionals. Social environmental factors include parents, teammates, coaches, media, policy/legislation, and sports medicine professionals. Sports medicine professionals seeking effective prevention and care strategies will benefit from (1) education about the physical and social environmental risk fac...
Macrolide-resistant Campylobacter: the meat of the matter

The use of macrolide antibiotics in food animals has the potential to select for macrolide-resistant strains of resident bacterial flora. This may include the animal pathogens that are the intended targets of macrolide antibiotic intervention and Campylobacter, common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of food animals that are zoonotic pathogens in man. Such Campylobacter strains are not only resistant to the macrolide antibiotics used in food animals, e.g. tylosin, tilmicosin and tulathromycin, but to the macrolide antibiotics used in human medicine, e.g. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin, as well. Retail meat is a possible source of Campylobacter and persons consuming the meat derived from macrolide-treated food animals could acquire infections due to macrolide-resistant strains of this organism. Erythromycin is sometimes used to treat human cases of campylobacteriosis and those infected with animal-derived macrolide-resistant Campylobacter may not respond to treatment. The actual risk to human health from the use of macrolide antibiotics in food animals has been difficult to determine because of a lack of information about the macrolide-resistant Campylobacter found on the farm and in the clinic. Recently, however, a plethora of new information has become available on this topic. This review discusses what is currently known about the selection of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter in food animals, the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter on retail meat, the prevalence of animal-derived macrolide-resistant Campylobacter in the clinic and the human health consequences associated with macrolide-resistant Campylobacter infection. This work will emphasize the comprehensive body of data generated in Denmark and the US as part of government-sponsored research studies over the last 10 years. These scientific findings may allow informed decisions to be made in the future about how macrolide antibiotics should be used in food animals while still safeguarding human health.
A low-current Ku-band GaAs monolithic image rejection down-converter

A single-chip image rejection downconverter has been designed, fabricated. and tested for broadcast satellite receivers operating in the 11.7- to 12.2-GHz range. The downconverter consists of an RF low-noise amplifier (LNA), a filter-type image rejection mixer (IRM), and an intermediate frequency amplifier (IFA). It receives 11.7- to 12.2-GHz RF signals and down converts to 1.0- to 1.5-GHz IF signals with an external local oscillator. Since the filter integrated on the downconverter produces an image rejection of more than 30 dB, the downconverter requires no off-chip circuits for the image rejection. A conversion gain of 37+or-1 dB and a noise figure of less than 3.5 dB have been achieved over the RF frequency range. The current dissipation is only 40 mA, and the chip size is 2.8 mm*2.8 mm*0.45 mm. >
Prospective evaluation of a new through-the-scope nasoduodenal enteral feeding tube

Background: With present techniques, transpyloric feeding tube placement is unreliable. This study evaluated a new nasoduodenal tube placed through a gastroscope. Methods : A therapeutic gastroscope was advanced into the distal duodenum, and through the 3.7-mm channel this feeding tube was advanced under direct vision into the small bowel. The tube/guidewire combination was then advanced with the concomitant equidistant retraction of the scope until the wire could be grasped at the lips and exchanged to the nose using a nasal transfer tube. The guidewire was removed, and a Y connector was then attached to the end of the tube. Results: Successful tube placement in all 21 patients (14M/ 7F) required an endoscopy time of 31 ± 3.3 min and the tubes were utilized for 9.24 ± 0.94 days. Tube tips were confirmed in the distal duodenum (10) or proximal jejunum (11) by radiographic contrast injection. Conclusion: This new through-the-scope tube can be placed in the distal duodenum quickly, safely, and consistently.
Epicardial Suction: A New Approach to Mechanical Testing of the Passive Ventricular Wall

The lack of an appropriate three-dimensional constitutive relation for stress in passive ventricular myocardium currently limits the utility of existing mathematical models for experimental and clinical applications. Previous experiments used to estimate parameters in three-dimensional constitutive relations, such as biaxial testing of excised myocardial sheets or passive inflation of the isolated arrested heart, have not included significant transverse shear deformation or in-plane compression. Therefore, a new approach has been developed in which suction is applied locally to the ventricular epicardium to introduce a complex deformation in the region of interest, with transmural variations in the magnitude and sign of nearly all six strain components. The resulting deformation is measured throughout the region of interest using magnetic resonance tagging. A nonlinear, three-dimensional, finite element model is used to predict these measurements at several suction pressures. Parameters defining the material properties of this model are optimized by comparing the measured and predicted myocardial deformations. We used this technique to estimate material parameters of the intact passive canine left ventricular free wall using an exponential, transversely isotropic constitutive relation. We tested two possible models of the heart wall: first, that it was homogeneous myocardium, and second, that the myocardium was covered with a thin epicardium with different material properties. For both models, in agreement with previous studies, we found that myocardium was nonlinear and anisotropic with greater stiffness in the fiber direction. We obtained closer agreement to previously published strain data from passive filling when the ventricular wall was modeled as having a separate, isotropic epicardium. These results suggest that epicardium may play a significant role in passive ventricular mechanics.
Humidity and Pressure Regulation in a PEM Fuel Cell Using a Gain-Scheduled Static Feedback Controller

In this paper, the pressure difference between the anode and cathode compartments of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack is regulated along with the anode and cathode humidities using an anode recirculation system. The pressure regulation requirement stems from membrane safety considerations. The regulation of average humidities in the two compartments is a necessary (although not a sufficient) requirement for stack water management. Two actuators in the anode recirculation system are considered, namely the dry hydrogen flow and the anode back pressure valve. These actuators are adjusted using a static output feedback controller that relies on pressure and humidity measurements on the anode side of the fuel cell stack. As the water mass dynamics and the characteristics of the water transport through the PEM are significantly different between subsaturated conditions (water is present only in vapor phase) and saturated conditions (liquid water along with water vapor), we show that the performance of the static output feedback controller with a fixed set of gains for subsaturated condition deteriorates significantly under a saturated condition. A gain-scheduled controller is therefore developed to compensate for a water-vapor saturated cathode condition. Analysis and simulation provide insights on some of the design and implementation issues for the gain-scheduled output feedback system.
Retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases: numerous diseases, genes, and inheritance patterns

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and allied diseases are heterogeneous clinically and genetically. Here we summarize the retinal cell types involved in these diseases, the large number of genes that cause them, and the variety of inheritance patterns that the affected families display. Special consideration is given to unusual inheritance patterns. The aggregate carrier frequency for recessive RP alleles may be as high as 10%.
Response of peripheral nerve to cyclic compression in a laboratory rat model

Repetitive cyclic loading of a nerve has been proposed as a pathogenic factor in the development of occupational compression neuropathies. Little is known about the basic response of peripheral nerve to cyclic compression. We investigated the hypothesis that cyclic compression is more detrimental to nerve function than constant compression. We measured the amplitudes and velocities of distally evoked action potentials in the presence of constant or cyclic compression of the tibial nerve in rats. Seven groups were subjected to constant or cyclic compression for 6 h by a computer controlled, hydraulically activated compression chamber. Nerves were compressed with 0 (control group), 30, 60, or 90 mm Hg of constant pressure or 0-30, 20-50, or 30-60 mm Hg of cyclic compression for approximately 20,000 compression cycles. Action potentials were recorded every 15 min. The effects of cyclic compression on nerve conduction were equivalent to the effects of constant compression at the average applied pressure. Cyclic loading itself does not appear to be an important pathogenic factor in the development of nerve conduction block.
Falls from ladders: age matters more than height

Background Falls from ladders account for a significant number of hospital visits. However, the epidemiology, injury pattern, and how age affects such falls are poorly described in the literature.
Seismicity in Idaho and Montana Triggered by the Denali Fault Earthquake: A Window into the Geologic Context for Seismic Triggering

We present a case study of dynamically triggered seismicity in Idaho and western Montana from the 2002 MW 7.9 Denali fault earthquake to investigate the relationship between measured geological discriminants and propensity for trig- gering. We first establish triggering. We find events that are not reported in the Advanced National Seismic System catalog in Idaho and Yellowstone following the Denali fault earthquake by filtering broadband waveforms. An ML 4.6 earthquake is discovered near New Meadows, Idaho, during the passage of the Rayleigh waves and another earthquake probably located near Yellowstone. We find that central western Idaho and Yellowstone have statistically significant seismicity increases by applying a b test to the cataloged events in the 48 hr after the Denali fault earthquake in Idaho and surrounding regions. We also find that Pine, Idaho, may have triggered events, but the measurement is not robust because of uncertainty in the background seismicity rate. Both central western Idaho and Yellowstone triggered previously during the 1992 Landers earthquake. We then try to determine the local geological conditions necessary for triggered seismicity to occur. Geothermal regions with high total dissolved solids and background seismicity appear to be favorable conditions to trigger earthquakes in the study.
Beyond Incrementalism? SCHIP And The Politics Of Health Reform

ABSTRACT: When Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in 1997, it was heralded as a model of bipartisan, incremental health policy. However, despite the program's ac...
Microstructure and properties of PbZr0.6Ti0.4O3 and PbZrO3 thin films deposited on template layers

Polycrystalline Pb(Zr{sub x}Ti{sub 1-x})O{sub 3} thin films with x = 0.6 and 1.0 were deposited at low temperatures (450-525 {sup o}C) on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO{sub 2}/Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electrical measurements. The texture of the films could be improved by using one of two template layers: PbTiO{sub 3} or TiO{sub 2}. Electrical properties, including dielectric constants, loss tangents, polarization, coercive field, and breakdown field, were also examined. PbZrO{sub 3} films on Pt/Ti/SiO{sub 2}/Si with a pseudocubic (110) orientation exhibited an electric-field-induced transformation from the antiferroelectric phase to the ferroelectric phase. The effect of varying processing conditions on the microstructure and electrical properties of the films is discussed.
The utility of PSMA and PSA immunohistochemistry in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma

The diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma frequently requires the use of immunohistochemical adjuncts. Immunohistochemistry for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used for this purpose but can be of limited utility. Recently, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been shown to be a promising marker for the identification of metastatic prostate carcinoma in surgical specimens. The utility of this marker has yet to be reported for cytology specimens. We sought to compare the sensitivities of PSMA and PSA immunohistochemistry and investigate the specificity of PSMA by utilizing cell block preparations from cytologic cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma (n = 19) and carcinomas of nonprostatic origin (n = 33). The sensitivity of PSMA immunohistochemistry was higher (16/19; 84%) in detecting metastatic prostate carcinomas than that of PSA immunohistochemistry (11/19; 58%). Strong, diffuse staining for PSMA was seen in 13 (81%) of 16 PSMA-positive cases whereas strong, diffuse staining for PSA was observed in six (55%) of 11 PSA-positive cases. Positivity for either PSMA or PSA was seen in 17 of 19 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma for a combined sensitivity of 89%. PSMA immunohistochemistry was completely negative in 32 of 33 cytology cases of nonprostatic carcinomas. Therefore, the specificity of this marker was 97% in this study. In conclusion, our results indicate that PSMA is a highly sensitive and specific immunomarker for the detection of metastatic prostate carcinoma in cytology specimens.
Sub-millimeter and far-infrared technology in the Herschel Space Observatory and beyond

The electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths longer than 50 microns (∼6 THz), contains approximately half the total power emitted in the Universe since the big bang. Additionally, the spectral region also contains the boundary between the dust being optically thick and optically thin, as well as numerous transitions of atoms and molecules which can be used to study the physical, chemical and structural details of the interstellar medium. The majority of this spectral region is completely obscured from the surface of the Earth, due to absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere. The space environment offers a unique opportunity to observe the far infrared sky without atmospheric opacity or excess thermal emission. The Herschel Space Observatory is the first major facility operating in the far infrared. The Herschel instruments and their technology and optimization are presented along with a brief outline of the future developments needed in far infrared space sensors for astrophysics.
PHYTOSTEROL STABILIZED EMULSIONS: CORRELATION BETWEEN RHEOLOGIC AND CALORIMETRIC STUDIES

AbstractMechanisms responsible for the stability of phytosterol stabilized emulsions have been determined. The emulsions were non-Newtonion in behavior with considerable degrees of thixotropy and with static yield values at low shear rates on the upcurves of the rheograms. Both of these properties signify the presence of a three-dimensional gel-like stabilizing network. The enthalpies determined by differential scanning calorimetry correlate linearly with the static yield values obtained by rheologic measurements. Relationships exist therefore between the energies required to fluidize the emulsions and the gel-like structures of the systems.
Impact of One Party Dictatorship in the Republic of Congo, A Synopsis to Development

The fight against colonialism in Africa was followed by the independence movement. However, colonialism brought within it its own plagues that caught the attention of the African elite. One such plagues has been the Balkanization of the African continent into multiple states without taking into account ethnic groups and the borders of the African states. In addition, colonization rather than developing the African states seems to have underdeveloped them because the colonizer has looted the African raw materials and violated the land of Africa. As people became divided and the African states underdeveloped, how the new African elite would deal with these issues became very challenging in a world of competition with the West that already implemented a coherent system of governance. In the attempt to deal with these challenges, the African leaders have decided to implement a single party state as a strategic tool to better unite their people and better contain the plagues of colonialism. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana was the first to introduce the single party state in Africa. Later on, most African states adopted the single party in their countries. The Republic of Congo was one them. However, the single party state became a serious threat to Africa as it turned into dictatorship and cult of personality of political leaders in Africa. Such was the case of the Republic of Congo. This article argues the effects of One Party Dictatorship in Africa with particular focus on the Republic of Congo.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as a clonal malignant expansion of B-cells that are trapped at distinct stages of B-cell differentiation. The development of high-resolution technologies allowing the assessment of genomic and transcriptional changes revealed the existence of multiple DLBCL subtypes characterized by distinct phenotypic features and clinical behavior. The identified molecular subgroups are associated with recurrent genetic lesions that target key signaling pathways in lymphoid maturation and differentiation, and may differentially influence treatment outcome. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the development of DLBCL, and describes how recent advances in the genomic characterization of these tumors have led to the identification of genetic lesions and cellular pathways that represent potential attractive targets for improved diagnosis and therapy.
Avifauna discard packages and bone damage resulting from human consumption processes

Abstract Few actualistic studies of the patterns resulting from human preparation and consumption of birds inform interpretations of archeological avifauna assemblages. This study focuses on developing new and adding to existing interpretive models. We examine differences in bone modifications produced by a culturally homogeneous group of eaters consuming medium-sized birds cooked using three cross-culturally common methods. We use the analytical concept of discard packages to capture variability in how groups of skeletal elements might be deposited into the archeological record. We also examine chop/cut marks, burn marks, and chew marks as these are variables that archeologists frequently use to identify and interpret anthropogenic avifaunal assemblages. We find that the creation of discard packages appears to be culturally motivated and varies little within our group of eaters, but the degree to which the associated elements are disaggregated during consumption is highly variable and depends on individual preference. Additionally, we find that while the presence and locations of chop marks are consistent across cooking methods and individual consumption preferences, the presence and locations of cut marks, burn marks, and chew marks are affected by cooking methods, individual preferences, or both.
Clio in the Courthouse: North Carolina's Local Records Program at Age Twenty-Five

Recent archival literature decrying the worsening condition of local government records offers little practical advice for the alleviation of the problem, which remains a fundamental responsibility of local governments themselves. State archival agencies, however, can and should develop programs in partnership with the counties and municipalities. North Carolina's local records program, which observed its silver anniversary in 1984, remains unique in the country. While it is not reviewed here as a model for emulation, this program does suggest that a state-financed local records program both feasibly and effectively conquers the paper mountains that have accumulated over the centuries.
Using Simulation in a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Doctoral Program.

The use and effectiveness of simulation with standardized patients in undergraduate and graduate nursing education programs is well documented. Simulation has been primarily used to develop health assessment skills. Evidence supports using simulation and standardized patients in psychiatric–mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) programs is useful in developing psychosocial assessment skills. These interactions provide individualized and instantaneous clinical feedback to the student from faculty, peers, and standardized patients. Incorporating simulation into advanced practice psychiatric–mental health nursing curriculum allows students to develop the necessary requisite skills and principles needed to safely and effectively provide care to patients. There are no documented standardized processes for using simulation throughout a doctor of nursing practice PMHNP curriculum. The purpose of this article is to describe a framework for using simulation with standardized patients in a PMHNP curriculum. Students report high levels of satisfaction with the simulation experience and believe that they are more prepared for clinical rotations. Faculty feedback indicates that simulated clinical scenarios are a method to ensure that each student experiences demonstrate a minimum standard of competency ahead of clinical rotations with live patients. Initial preceptor feedback indicates that students are more prepared for clinical practice and function more independently than students that did not experience this standardized clinical simulation framework.
Limited Circumstances: Creating a Better Understanding of Prehistoric Peoples Through the Reanalysis of Collections of Commingled Human Remains

Recent reanalysis of the curated Lewis Jones Cave Ossuary (1Sc42) assemblage of commingled human remains provides insight into the burial behavior and lived experiences of prehistoric peoples living in northern and central Alabama during the Middle Woodland period (A.D. 1–500). Salvage excavated from a natural cave site in St. Clair County, Alabama, the assemblage of human remains exemplifies Copena mortuary practices through the inclusion of copper and galena burial goods. Reanalysis of the assemblage involved the recording of age, sex, bone abnormalities, pathological indicators, and taphonomic features of nearly 1300 skeletal elements. Observation of the characteristics of each bone element, specifically the biological features, indicated a diverse population interred within the cave ossuary including individuals of both sexes, all ages, and with varying pathological conditions. Conducting a reanalysis of curated assemblages of commingled human remains, such as the Lewis Jones Cave Ossuary assemblage, provides another way of learning about the lived experiences of prehistoric communities.
Intraphagocytic Killing of Salmonella typhimurium by Liposome-Encapsulated Cephalothin

Multilamellar liposomes (lipid bilayer vesicles) composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (molar ratio, 6:3:1) were produced and then made to entrap an aqueous solution of cephalothin. Resident murine peritoneal macrophages were shown to be capable of interiorizing the liposome-antibiotic complex; this event resulted in a relatively high intracellular concentration of cephalothin. In macrophages infected in vitro with Salmonella typhimurium, intracellular killing of the bacteria was maximal at 60 min of incubation; at this time, 60% of the interiorized organisms had been killed. Treatment of infected macrophages with liposome-encapsulated cephalothin enhanced the intraphagocytic killing of S typhimurium over that by macrophages treated with free cephalothin. These results demonstrate the superiority of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics to free antibiotics in effecting the elimination of a facultative intracellular bacterium from its intracellular site. This type of complex may find application in the treatment of diseases caused by this group of microorganisms.
Chronic Inhalation Toxicology of Fibrous Glass in Rats and Monkeys

Abstract A long term inhalation study was conducted with 500 F344 rats and 60 Cynomolgus monkeys in 5 treatments, in 4 of which they were exposed to aerosolized glass fibres of varying geometry and mass. Exposures of 5 or 15 mg/m3 with long or short lengths, with and without binder were provided for 18 months to monkeys and for 21 months to rats which were subsequently held to 80% mortality. Biological responses evaluated include life table analysis, body weights, clinical signs, haematological testing, respiratory function, ophthalmological examinations, clinical biochemical analysis, and gross and microscopic pathological examinations. Both species demonstrated pulmonary macrophage aggregates and granulomata containing fibrous glass. Rats had grossly visible pleural plaques which were not seen in the monkeys. Fibrogenicity or carcinogenic responses were not seen except for a significantly increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukaemia in each fibre-exposed rat group.
Study with radioactive isotopes of excretion of calcium and strontium by way of the bile.

SummaryBetween 4 and 5% of an injected dose of labeled strontium or calcium is eliminated with the bile out of a total excretion of about 25% in bile fistula animals in a period of about 3 days.