cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artifacts in the Siegel-Fouraker Study of Bargaining and Group Decision Making

Siegel and Fouraker 1960 hypothesize and purport to show experimentally that players in bilateral monopoly will tend toward contracts at the Paretian optimum quantity P.O. under conditions of incomplete information players know only their own payoff functions, even though the theory implicitly assumes complete information both players know both functions. Their results contain artifacts which severely limit the generality of any inferences that might be drawn from them. The theory prediction that players will tend toward P.O. must be based on the explicit, not implicit, assumption of complete information. In this paper it is demonstrated that under conditions of incomplete information it is very likely that players will tend toward contracts at the P.O. only when it can be assumed that they meet the very restrictive condition of behaving like perfect competitors. Also, in an experiment measuring the degree to which players did in fact bid along their marginal functions, some 48% of the variance in behavior was explained by this model.
Chronic Cocaine Exposure Affects Stimulus-Induced But Not Spontaneous Behavior of the Near-Term Mouse Fetus

Pregnant female mice were injected subcutaneously with a 40-mg/kg dose of cocaine-HCl or physiological saline from day 1 through day 17 of gestation. On day 18 of gestation, dams were surgically prepared to allow the behavior of their fetuses to be observed. Spontaneous motor behavior was unaffected by cocaine exposure. Cocaine exposure potentiated motor responses of the fetuses to ammonia and to control injections of saline into the amniotic sac. Restriction of umbilical blood flow caused a specific stereotyped response in saline-injected fetuses, which is in agreement with studies of other species. This response was markedly potentiated in fetuses exposed to cocaine. The results suggest that the mouse may be a viable model for studies of the neurodevelopmental effects of gestational cocaine exposure and are discussed in relation to current models of the effects of long-term cocaine exposure on brain neurochemistry.
The biology of radioresistance: similarities, differences and interactions with drug resistance.

Cells and tissues have developed a variety of ways of responding to a hostile environment, be it from drugs (toxins) or radiation (summarized in Fig. 1). Three categories of radiation damage limitation are: (i) DNA repair (ii) changes in cellular metabolism (iii) changes in cell interaction (cell contact or tissue-based resistance; whole organism based resistance).
The D-Net diabetes self-management program: long-term implementation, outcomes, and generalization results

Abstract Background A prerequisite to translating research findings into practice is information on consistency of implementation, maintenance of results, and generalization of effects. This follow-up report is one of the few experimental studies to provide such information on Internet-based health education. Methods We present follow-up data 10 months following randomization on the “Diabetes Network (D-Net)” Internet-based self-management project, a randomized trial evaluating the incremental effects of adding (1) tailored self-management training or (2) peer support components to a basic Internet-based, information-focused comparison intervention. Participants were 320 adult type 2 diabetes patients from participating primary care offices, mean age 59 (SD = 9.2), who were relatively novice Internet users. Results All intervention components were consistently implemented by staff, but participant website usage decreased over time. All conditions were significantly improved from baseline on behavioral, psychosocial, and some biological outcomes; and there were few differences between conditions. Results were robust across on-line coaches, patient characteristics, and participating clinics. Conclusions The basic D-Net intervention was implemented well and improvements were observed across a variety of patients, interventionists, and clinics. There were, however, difficulties in maintaining usage over time and additions of tailored self-management and peer support components generally did not significantly improve results.
Parallel holographic generation of multiple Hough transform slices

Many uses for the Hough transform (HT) require only several θ slices, not the entire 2-D Hough space. A new holographic optical architecture is advanced to achieve this in parallel. The computer-generated holograms and holographic optical elements used are discussed, and laboratory results are provided. As a case study, we consider determining printing skew and other defects on cigarette packs. We also discuss how these holograms can produce the entire 2-D HT space.
Frequency of Broviac Catheter Infections in Pediatric Oncology Patients

Indwelling, right atrial catheters are important in the care of children with cancer, despite the risk of infection. We have reviewed the records of 64 pediatric oncology patients with 70 Broviac catheters. Fifty infections (17 exit site, 25 septic, and 8 combined) occurred during 17,581 catheter-days, a crude rate of 2.8 infections/1,000 catheter-days. The risk of infection correlated most strongly with age; for example, only children aged one through four years had multiple infections. Overall, 70% of infections were cured without removing the catheter, including 83% of septic infections. However, as compared with newly inserted catheters, the subsequent mean infection-free interval was greatly reduced for catheters associated with a previous, cured infection. Thus, although most Broviac catheter infections can be cured without catheter removal, insertion of a new catheter may nonetheless be necessary in patients who may need prolonged intravenous therapy.
Softening of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: A Structure/Property Study

Softening of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) in a simulated body environment (37 degrees C n-saline) was studied as a function of composition, structure and resultant morphology of these (AB)n type block copolymers. The structural variations were attempted by changing chemical composition and molecular weight of both hard A and soft B segments and their weight ratio in the polymer. In addition, the influence of bulk and/or surface modifiers, such as "reacted-in" polysiloxanes and fluorinated polyalkylether glycols, was also investigated. The degree of softening, expressed as a percentage decrease of the elastic modulus (5% tensile modulus) upon two hours exposure to the testing environment, is significant, reversible and depends on the ratio of hard to soft segment and the extent of microphase separation. Since these parameters can be selected during the polymer synthesis and processing into desirable shapes, the degree of softening can thus be controlled. This softening at body temperature represents one of the most notable performance advantages of these biomaterials.
Increased Abscess Formation and Defective Chemokine Regulation in CREB Transgenic Mice

Cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor implicated in growth factor-dependent cell proliferation and survival, glucose homeostasis, spermatogenesis, circadian rhythms, and synaptic plasticity associated with memory. To study the phenotype of CREB overexpression in vivo, we generated CREB transgenic (TG) mice in which a myeloid specific hMRP8 promoter drives CREB expression. CREB TG mice developed spontaneous skin abscesses more frequently than wild type (WT) mice. To understand the role of CREB in myeloid function and innate immunity, chemokine expression in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from CREB TG mice were compared with BMDMs from WT mice. Our results demonstrated decreased Keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) in CREB TG BMDMs but not TNFα protein production in response to lipid A (LPA). In addition, mRNA expression of KC and IL-1β (Interleukin)-1β was decreased in CREB TG BMDMs; however, there was no difference in the mRNA expression of TNFα, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-12p40. The mRNA expression of IL-1RA and IL-10 was decreased in response to LPA. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression and a subset of its target genes were upregulated in CREB TG mouse BMDMs. Although neutrophil migration was the same in both CREB TG and WT mice, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity was significantly increased in neutrophils from CREB TG mice. Taken together, CREB overexpression in myeloid cells results in increased abscess formation in vivo and aberrant cytokine and chemokine response, and neutrophil function in vitro.
A High-Efficiency Class F MMIC Power Amplifier at 4.0 GHz Using AlGaN/GaN HEMT Technology

A high-efficiency class F MMIC power amplifier designed at 4 GHz using AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology is presented. At VDS = 20 V the circuit produced 69 % PAE, 30.4 dBm of output power and gain of 11.4 dB. When the drain bias was increased to 35 V, the circuit produced 60% PAE, 34.3 dBm of output power and gain of 12.3 dBm, corresponding to a power density of 5.36 W/mm. The results show significant improvement in PAE compared to the previously published results for MMICs implemented using class E topologies.
Potential for improvement in radiation therapy

Abstract A successful strategy for improving the efficacy of radiation therapy has been to improve dose distribution, that is, reduce treatment volume toward target volume. This is so as the smaller treatment volume has permitted a higher dose to the target (hence a high tumor control probability) and a lesser volume of non-target tissues being irradiated (consequently a reduced frequency and severity of treatment related morbidity). There are in place several important means for further improvements in dose distributions. These include: (a) 3D graphic reconstruction of the affected part with definition of the position of the tumor vis-a-vis the adjacent normal structures; (b) explicit inclusion in the treatment plan of the uncertainty band around each isodose contour; (c) on-line contrast enhanced visual monitoring of the target tissue during the individual treatment session; (d) gating of treatment so as to reduce the impact of patient motion on the needed treatment volume; (e) use of computer control systems to execute the treatment; and (f) use of treatment methods which achieve a reduced treatment volume. In an examination for sites for which treatment volumes might be decreased by a substantial factor we have compared treatment volumes for radical surgical and radiation therapy. Results are presented for carcinomas of the cervix (Stage III), breast (Stage II), floor of mouth (Stage II). We describe a system developed here for on-line visual monitoring of the tissues covered by the treatment field. Brief descriptions are given of results of low LET charged particle radiation therapy and of intraoperative electron beam therapy. Also, the program developed here to use computer graphic techniques to display tumor and normal structures and isodose countours with uncertainty bands around each contour is mentioned.
Effect of nitrogen supply, Zn2+, and salt concentration on kojic acid and versicolorin biosynthesis byAspergillus parasiticus

Abstract We have compared the effects of variation of culture conditions on the biosynthesis of kojic acid and versicolorin A by Aspergillus parasiticus (ATCC 36537). Under permissive conditions, both of these secondary metabolites appear in the culture between 40 and 50 h after conidial inoculation. Kojic acid synthesis is maximal with 0.2% peptone and is depressed by additional peptone or ammonia, with 1% peptone or 50 m M NH 4 + almost completely eliminating synthesis. These concentrations of nitrogen source cause a much smaller depression of versicolorin synthesis. Versicolorin production is completely dependent on Zn 2+ whereas kojic acid synthesis is unaffected by changes in the concentration of Zn 2+ or Fe 3+ . Certain salts inhibit production of both kojic acid and versicolorin, with nearly complete inhibition by 0.8 M NaCl or by 0.05 M NaOAc.
Bis-spironaphthooxazine based photochromic polymer materials

The photochromism and guest binding of spiro-naphtho-oxazine dimer (SNOD) based materials were investigated. The specifically angled, conjugated dimer, SNOD, was covalently connected to α-methoxy-ω-amino-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and studied under UV irradiation. Results showed the specific effects of the polymer chain on their photochromic properties and relaxation kinetics. These new materials exhibited repeatable photo-switchability and little kinetics dependency on solvent polarity. The nanoscale micelles were prepared by self-assembly of amphiphilic SNOD–PEG conjugates in aqueous medium. A palladium catalyst as a guest agent was encapsulated in the micelle core, which reduced the thermal closing rate of the merocyanine isomer of the spirooxazine dimer. SNOD was also conjugated onto solid polymer beads and investigated for the binding affinity with dyes and catalysts. The stable binding affinity towards the palladium catalyst indicated potential applications for selective recognition, extraction, and controlled release.
The cultural politics of the agroecological transition

Scholarly attention to sustainability transitions is rapidly increasing. This article explores how cultural politics constrain agricultural change. Cultural politics, or conflicting values about appropriate types of agriculture, are an underexplored variable influencing whether or not farmers adopt agroecological methods. The research focuses on the environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms that influence cultural politics. It analyzes the intersection of mechanisms and cultural politics in an Amazonian agrarian reform settlement of the Brazilian Landless Workers’ Movement (MST). Insights into the factors confounding the agroecological transition are derived from an analysis of longitudinal spatial data derived from historic aerial photographs and remotely sensed images, and ethnographic data from participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Drawing on a political ecology of education perspective, the cultural politics surrounding the agroecological transition are traced to the confluence of the region’s historical usage for cattle ranching (environmental mechanisms), farmer’s conceptions of space (cognitive mechanisms) and the combination of agricultural extension and government credit (relational mechanisms). The MST’s agroecological education initiatives hold the promise to drive the sustainability transition, but are also constrained by these cultural politics and associated mechanisms.
Multiple outer-reef tracts along the south Florida bank margin: Outlier reefs, a new windward-margin model

High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles off the lower Florida Keys reveal a multiple outlier-reef tract system {approximately}0.5 to 1.5 km seaward of the bank margin. The system is characterized by a massive, outer main reef tract of high (28 m) unburied relief that parallels the margin and at least two narrower, discontinuous reef tracts of lower relief between the main tract and the shallow bank-margin reefs. The outer tract is {approximately}0.5 to 1 km wide and extends a distance of {approximately}57 km. A single pass divides the outer tract into two main reefs. The outlier reefs developed an antecedent, low-gradient to horizontal offbank surfaces, interpreted to be Pleistocene beaches that formed terracelike features. Radiocarbon dates of a coral core from the outer tract confirm a pre-Holocene age. These multiple outlier reefs represent a new windward-margin model that presents a significant, unique mechanism for progradation of carbonate platforms during periods of sea-level fluctuation. Infilling of the back-reef terrace basins would create new terraced promontories and would extend or step the platform seaward for hundreds of meters. Subsequent outlier-reef development would produce laterally accumulating sequences.
Properties of a mutant blocked in inducibility of messenger RNA for the galactose operon of Escherichia coli.

The gal 3 mutation maps in the epimerase structural gene but produces defectiveness in synthesis of all three enzymes of the gal operon of Escherichia coli —kinase, transferase and epimerase. We have investigated the effect of induction on gal messenger RNA in the gal 3 mutant and in gal + strains, using hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA with λ dg DNA to estimate the level of gal messenger RNA. The gal 3 mutation clearly leads to a loss of the normal increase of induction in gal messenger RNA level. The gal 3 mutation is therefore similar to the lac 2 extreme polar nonsense mutation in enzyme and messenger RNA phenotypes. The gal 3 mutation may, however, be different from lac 2 in molecular mechanism, because some revertants of gal 3 to gal + phenotype are constitutive for the gal enzymes, suggesting that the mutation may be in a genetic region normally involved in induction control of the rate of protein synthesis for the gal operon.
International Disaster Relief: The Haiti Experience

On January 12, 2010, a routine trip to Haiti for a pediatric tropical medicine elective with pediatric residents turned into a disaster response mission. I was accompanied by 6 pediatric residents and 1 nurse, and we were among the first nonmilitary physicians to enter Haiti after the earthquake. This article describes our experience upon arriving in Port-au-Prince, 80 hours after the earthquake. This experience solidified my belief that "children are not little adults" and that the needs of children in a disaster are different than those of adults. The presence of pediatricians in a disaster is vital to the survival of the children.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DIVALENT METAL ION-FULVIC ACID COMPLEXES

Abstract A semi-empirical model of Suwannee River fulvic acid based on experimental evidence has been used as a basis for determining the structural characteristics of divalent metal ion binding. Three low-energy configurations of fulvic acid which contain differing orientations of various functional groups are reported. The structures of 1:1 and 2:1 metal ion–fulvic acid complexes have been determined for Cd2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ bound to pairs of carboxylate groups in the three low energy configurations of fulvic acid. Standard enthalpies of formation are shown to be useful as indicators of metal ion–fulvic acid complex formation. A major characteristic of the phthalate model of Suwannee River fulvic acid is the locational flexibility of the carboxylic acid groups which accommodate ions of differing ionic radii.
Mechanism of enhanced cyclic AMP stimulation by isoproterenol in aged human fibroblasts

Abstract Human diploid lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were used to investigate the reported increase in β-adrenergic-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) levels in fibroblasts aged in culture. Under basal conditions cellular cAMP was 34.2 ± 5.6 and 38.4 ± 9.1 pmol/mg protein in early (PDL 22–24) and late (PDL 47–52) passage fibroblasts, respectively. Net release of cAMP from fibroblasts was 67.8 ± 8.6 and 18.5 ± 7.0 pmol/30 min/mg protein in early and late passage cultures, respectively. In confluent, early passage fibroblasts, cellular cAMP and net release of cAMP increased by 2.7-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively, after a 30 min incubation in 2 μM isoproterenol. In confluent late passage fibroblasts, isoproterenol incubation increased cellular cAMP and net release of cAMP by 7.8-fold and 26.1-fold, respectively. Adenosine failed to inhibit isoproterenol-induced stimulation of cAMP in early or late passage fibroblasts. There was no passage-related difference in basal, isoproterenol, or forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in crude fibroblast membrane preparations. The activity of cAMP-phosphodiesterase in sonicates of early and late passage IMR-90 was 9.61 ± 1.15 and 5.81 ± 1.11 pmol/min/mg protein respectively. Measurements of cAMP in subconfluent early passage fibroblasts indicated that mechanisms related to the reduced cell density in confluent late passage IMR-90 may, in part, account for the enhanced isoproterenol-induced cAMP levels observed in these cultures. The results suggest that the remainder of the enhanced cAMP response to isoproterenol of in vitro aged fibroblasts may be due to a lower cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in these cells.
How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality.

The current debate over racial inequal- ities in health is arguably the most important venue for advancing both scientific and public understanding of race, racism, and human biological variation. In the United States and elsewhere, there are well-defined inequalities between racially defined groups for a range of biological outcomes—cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, certain cancers, low birth weight, preterm deliv- ery, and others. Among biomedical researchers, these patterns are often taken as evidence of fundamental genetic differences between alleged races. However, a growing body of evidence establishes the primacy of social inequalities in the origin and persistence of racial health disparities. Here, I summarize this evidence and argue that the debate over racial inequalities in health presents an opportunity to refine the critique of race in three ways: 1) to reiterate why the race concept is incon- sistent with patterns of global human genetic diversity; 2) to refocus attention on the complex, environmental influences on human biology at multiple levels of analy- sis and across the lifecourse; and 3) to revise the claim that race is a cultural construct and expand research on the sociocultural reality of race and racism. Drawing on recent developments in neighboring disciplines, I present a model for explaining how racial inequality becomes embodied—literally—in the biological well-being of racialized groups and individuals. This model requires a shift in the way we articulate the critique of race as bad biology. Am J Phys Anthropol 139:47-57, 2009. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Men's Domestic Violence Treatment The Court Referral Component

A survey of 14 (all) men's domestic violence treatment (MDVT) programs in North Carolina revealed considerable variation in the court linkage component of the programs. While all programs had established such a linkage, they differed considerably in training and function of the court liaison, frequency of referrals, sentencing patterns, accountability to the court, and court-ordered fees. Program diversity was discussed in terms of laissez-faire program development and the use of discretion by court personnel. Recommendations for MDVT programs focused on community and court education, program evaluation, liaison training, and the need for data collection concerning sentencing patterns in spouse abuse cases.
Who Advocates? Determinants of Political Advocacy in Presidential Election Years

Political discussion research often focuses on general discussion without analyzing interesting subsets of interpersonal communication, such as political advocacy. Political advocacy is crucial to study because it is where citizens make clear statements of their beliefs when trying to influence others, which democratic theorists cite as valuable in spreading information in discussion networks. In this project, we test theoretically relevant determinants of political advocacy, focusing on campaign spending. Using multilevel logistic regression models of American National Election Study survey data from presidential elections between 1976 and 2008, we find that campaign spending correlates with an increase in the likelihood of advocating. We also find that the likelihood of being an advocate correlates with greater political discussion, television usage, interest in politics, partisanship, efficacy, and socioeconomic status. Additionally, we break these results down by party spending and party identificatio...
STOKES FLOW BETWEEN TWO CROSSED AND SINUSOIDALLY CORRUGATED PLATES

The flow space formed between two wavy surfaces when the wave directions are mutually orthogonal is a model for flow through a porous medium. The model allows for both tortuosity and connectivity of flow channels but contains surfaces that are described by simple continuous functions. Characteristics of the creeping motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in such a flow space are presented. Results from a boundary integral solution to the equations of motion compare well with those obtained from a perturbation expansion valid for a slowly varying distance between channel walls. It is found that under certain conditions one or more recirculation eddies exist in the cavities formed by wall corrugations transverse to the flow direction.
Memory effects in a superparamagnetic γ − Fe 2 O 3 system

The low-temperature dynamics of a noninteracting magnetic nanoparticle system ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-alginate composite with an average nanoparticle size of $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$) has been studied by superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements. Using different temperature and field protocols memory phenomena have been observed in the dc magnetization and magnetic relaxation of this nanoparticle system at temperatures below its blocking temperature ${T}_{B}=38\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Aging experiments show an absence of any waiting time dependence in the magnetization relaxation due to a field change after zero-field cooling and only a weak waiting time dependence after field cooling. This observation discriminates the dynamics of this system from the behavior of a classical spin glass, where frustration and disorder lead to an aging dependence of the system response. Moreover, the dynamics of this nanoparticle system is shown to be governed by a broad distribution of particle relaxation times arising from the distribution of particle sizes and sample inhomogeneities.
The Calcium Channel Blocker Nifedipine Attenuates Slow Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity

High concentrations of potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonists can trigger degeneration of cultured mouse cortical neurons after an exposure of only a few minutes; in contrast, selective non-NMDA agonists or low levels of NMDA agonists require exposures of several hours to induce comparable damage. The dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nifedipine was used to test whether this slow neurotoxicity is mediated by a calcium influx through voltage-gated channels. Nifedipine had little effect on the widespread neuronal degeneration induced by brief exposure to high concentrations of NMDA but substantially attenuated the neurotoxicity produced by 24-hour exposure to submaximal concentrations of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate, kainate, or quinolinate. Calcium ion influx through dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-dependent calcium channels may be an important step in the neuronal injury induced by the prolonged activation of NMDA or non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
Group selective reduction of acetals related to the ansa chain of the streptovaricins: Conformational and stereochemical analysis

Abstract The group selective reductive cleavage of benzylidene acetals derived from diols containing chains equipped with a central chirotopic, nonstereogenic carbon atom is reported. The stereochemistry that is obtained at the central carbon is suitable for application to the synthesis of members of the streptovaricin class of antibiotics.
A data acquisition system for scanning microbeam analysis

Abstract A computer controlled data acquisition and scanning system has been designed with specific emphasis on efficient collection of scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) and ion microtomography (IMT) data. The system has also been used for scanning proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), proton induced gamma emission (PIGE), and ion backscattering spectrometry (IBS). Scanning, data storage, and display functions are all performed under software control by a workstation, resulting in greater flexibility, speed and convenience than systems that are more hardware-based. A variety of scan formats and a choice of electrostatic or mechanical rastering are offered. Scanning arrays are nearly unlimited in size. Scan parameters and other information are conveniently entered and stored using a point-and-click menu system. Data can be collected simultaneously from one or more sources at rates exceeding 30000 events per second.
Constitutive over-expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in rat liver epithelial cells leads to increased cell cycling without transformation.

Over-expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) is consistently seen in spontaneous transformants of rat liver derived epithelial cells (RLE Φ13) and has been implicated in the transformation of other cultured cells. We have constitutively over-expressed TGF-α in RLE Φ13 cells, which are known to express epidermal growth factor receptors, to determine if TGF-α over-expression plays a role in transformation or differentiation, or both, of these cells. Early passage RLE Φ13 cells were infected with a replication-defective murine retrovirus that expresses both the full length coding sequence for human TGF-α and the neomycin-resistance gene. Integration of the transcriptionally active provirus and expression of TGF-α mRNA were confirmed. Neither morphologic transformation nor molecular evidence for differentiation was noted in TGF-α-producing clones. However, these clones did exhibit an accelerated growth rate, increased expression of several cell cycle related genes including mitotic cyclie B1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, c-myc, and p53 as well as increased expression of the preneoplastic marker enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase. This suggests that over-expression of TGF-α results in increased cell cycling, and that subsequent events must be necessary for cellular transformation or differentiation or both.
Affinity-Labeled Somatomedin-C Receptors and Binding Proteins from the Human Fetus

We investigated the ontogeny of the human placental membrane somatomedin-C (Sm-C)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor by affinity labeling with the cross-linking agent disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS). Specific Sm-C receptors, identified from as early as 6 weeks gestation, demonstrated no apparent structural changes through the course of gestation. Second trimester human fetal brain membranes crosslinked to [125I]Sm-C exhibited an identical pattern of receptor binding. These findings in both placenta and fetal brain membrane are consistent with the proposed heterotetrameric structure of the Sm-C/IGF-I receptor. Using a similar DSS cross-linking technique, we identified Sm-C-binding proteins in second trimester amniotic fluid [apparent molecular mass (Mr), 38,000 and 35,000] and term cord plasma (Mr, 41,000, 38,000, and 35,000). Identically sized binding components (Mr, 35,000–45,000) were also found in membrane reparations of preterm placenta and brain after crosslinking. Evidence that these bindin...
An Examination of Treatment Intensity with an Oral Reading Fluency Intervention: Do Intervention Duration and Student–Teacher Instructional Ratios Impact Intervention Effectiveness?

With an increasing percentage of schools moving toward approaches to data-based instructional problem-solving and early remediation of learning difficulties, the development and execution of intervention plans often warrants the pragmatic question: How intensive should an intervention be so that it is effective, while also feasible and time efficient to implement? In other words, educators must prudently balance treatment intensity, anticipated effectiveness, and available implementation resources. This study examined the effects of an evidence-based reading fluency intervention that included the same instructional components but was implemented with varying treatment durations and student–teacher ratios. Using an alternating-treatments design, four second-grade struggling readers received four treatment conditions (small group with ~14 min of intervention; small group with ~7 min of intervention; one on one with ~14 min of intervention; and one on one with ~7 min of intervention) and a no-intervention control condition. Using three data-analytic strategies and two dependent measures, overall findings suggested that all intervention conditions led to reading improvements but that (a) the longer intervention duration appeared more effective than the shorter duration, and (b) there was little difference in intervention effectiveness between the small-group and one-on-one conditions.
Diverticulum of the right ventricle associated with ventricular septal defect

A true diverticulum of the ventricle is a very rare congenital cardiac lesion which is characterized by a normal myocardial wall and active participation in the ventricular contractions. Diverticula of the right ventricle may originate from the apical or anterosuperior wall. We report three patients with an anterosuperior diverticulum of the right ventricle associated with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect, one of whom additionally had obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. These patients presented clinically with symptoms related only to their associated defects. The right ventricular diverticulum was diagnosed by angiography in all, but was also seen on cross-sectional echocardiography in one patient. The ventricular septal defect was repaired through an incision of the diverticulum, which was reduced in size at the same time. Complete resection appears necessary only if severe endocardial fibrosis is present within the diverticulum, because such a diverticulum does not contribute to right ventricular contraction, but rather is at risk of rupture.
A primary map of ten DNA markers and two serological markers for human chromosome 19

Abstract We have constructed a primary map of 10 DNA and 2 protein markers for chromosome 19. Three of the markers define loci with a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs); 3 define genes—insulin receptor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and apolipoprotein CII; and 2 are classical markers for blood group antigens (Lewis and Secretor). The estimated genetic distance covered by the map is 137 cM in males and 189 cM in females. In some regions of the chromosome we found significant differences in recombination frequencies according to sex. This set of markers will be efficient for linkage studies in families segregating genetic defects and will provide anchor points for a high-resolution map of chromosome 19.
Con: right-sided double-lumen endotracheal tubes should not be routinely used in thoracic surgery.

THERE IS AN ongoing debate as to whether a right-sided double-lumen tube (DLT) should be routinely used in thoracic surgery. The word routine is stressed to distinguish from special situations. The first design of the DLT in 1949 by Carlens1 was designated for left main bronchus intubation.2,3 The takeoff of the right upper lobe (RUL) near the carina made it impossible for the right mainstem bronchus to accommodate the tube without RUL occlusion. Several years later, a DLT was designed by White for right mainstem intubation. The Robertshaw4 design has a ventilating port for the RUL, and the right endobronchial cuff is S-shaped, allowing the RUL ventilation slot to ride over the RUL orifice. In the left main bronchus, the distance between the carina and takeoff of the left upper lobe orifice is adequate to accommodate the tip of the bronchial lumen without occluding the left upper lobe orifice. That distance varies between men and women and has been extensively described by Benumof et al.5 In their study, the distance was determined to be between 5 and 6 cm in women and between 6 and 8 cm in men. In the right main bronchus, the distance between the RUL orifice and the carina is short, and there is a narrow margin of safety. Although there is wide anatomic variation of the distance, most often it is between 1 and 2 cm from the carina. In some cases, the takeoff is adjacent to the orifices of the middle and lower lobes.6-8 In addition, the takeoff of the RUL orifice may often be at the level of the carina or at the trachea. Adequate ventilation requires proper positioning of the DLT with the ventilation slot opening directly into the RUL bronchial orifice. This positioning may be difficult and time-consuming to achieve and is prone to a high incidence of RUL occlusion. It often requires multiple manipulations and tube rotations until the right-sided DLT adequately aligns with the RUL orifice. Fiberoptic confirmation requires a skilled and experienced operator and does not guarantee the absence of intraoperative dislocation resulting from surgical manipulation or changes in patient position. Positioning of the RDL tube blindly, without the use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, is unacceptable.9-14 Clinical assessment of breath sounds of the RUL is difficult to appreciate, and it is not surprising that the right-sided DLT has low popularity among practicing anesthesiologists. To avoid the problems associated with right-sided DLTs, most clinicians select left-sided DLTs for procedures on the left and right sides. Fig 1 summarizes the issues of concern when a right-sided DLT is used and why, in the author’s opinion, it should not be routinely used during thoracic surgery.
Global energy issues affecting aeronautics: a reasoned conjecture

Abstract This paper is a reasoned conjecture of the future up to 2050 AD including estimates of energy supply and consumption, transport system developments and corresponding pollution effects. Results of the logistic substitution methods (Volterra–Lotka) are used in forecasting trends in innovation, transport and energy. Later work on normative forecasts is also included. The future of aeronautics cannot be isolated from events in other transport modes which together create the major problem of crude oil replacement during the next century. Natural gas will be the dominant energy source for the next 80 years and a major question is how best to use it for aviation. The work on which this paper is based was started in 1992 to answer the following questions: 1. Is the future oil shortfall sufficient to restrict aviation traffic and growth in the next 50 years? 2. If so, what is its substitute? 3. Can a substitute be obtained cheaply enough to free aviation from future kerosine shortages? 4. Is it paramount to change to liquid hydrogen fuel to avoid future fuel shortage in aeronautics, incidentally conferring possible environmental advantages? There was no adequate evidence available to answer these questions, hence a method was devised to bring together several sets of partial data that contributed to the solution. The essence is to use the mean annual growth rate of traffic or energy over a future period as a pseudo-independent variable. This allows the inclusion of alternative high and low estimates of all the important quantities involved.
Binary peak electrons from partially-stripped-ion-atom collisions

Abstract Binary peak electrons in ionizing collisions arise from a close interaction between the heavy-ion projectile and an electron initially bound to the target atom. In fact, energy and momentum conservation yield the result that the binary peak should be found near the ejected electron velocity υ e = 2 υ p cos θ , where υ p is the projectile velocity and θ is the scattering angle of the electron. Further, the conventional view of such collisions predicts that the magnitude of the binary peak should scale as the square of the projectile charge. However, recent experiments have indicated anomalous scaling of the binary peak magnitudes and positions in the case of partially-stripped-ion impact. Since the origin of this structure occurs in very close projectile-target-electron collisions, investigation of the binary peak provides a sensitive probe of the electronic structure of the projectile. In this paper, we review current measurements and calculations, and provide predictions of binary peak magnitudes for the Xe q + +H 2 system (1 ≤ q ≤ 54). We suggest that quantum interference effects in the elastic scattering of target electrons by the projectile play an important role in the formation of binary peaks for collisions by heavy, partially-stripped projectile ions.
Influence of boundary reflection and refraction on diffusive photon transport.

We report computer simulations which test the accuracy of the diffusion theories used in the analysis of multiple light scattering data. Explicitly including scattering anisotropy and boundary reflections, we find that the predicted probability for transmission through a slab is accurate to 1% if the slab thickness is greater than about 5 transport mean free paths. For strictly isotropic scattering and no boundary reflections, the exact diffusion theory prediction is accurate to this level for all thicknesses. In addition, we predict how the angular distribution of transmitted photons is affected by boundary reflectivity, both with and without refraction. Simulations show that, to a similar extent, corrections to diffusion theory from a more general transport theory are not needed here, either. Our results suggest an experimental means of measuring the so-called extrapolation length ratio which characterizes boundary effects, and thus have important implications for the analysis of static transmission and diffusing-wave spectroscopy data.
A psychophysical study of the perception of consonance and dissonance

The purpose of this study was to assess how the qualities of consonance and dissonance are perceived. The participants first completed a pretest, in which they compared consonant and dissonant intervals with a standard interval. Then they completed a pair-comparison procedure, in which they made judgments of a series of pairs of intervals in terms of which interval sounded “better.” The members of a pair were both consonant or both dissonant, or one was consonant and one was dissonant. Participants who had consistently identified intervals appropriately as either consonant or dissonant in the pretest perceived the consonant intervals as more or less equivalent. However, they perceived the dissonant intervals in terms of a dimension, with some such intervals being judged consistently as “better” than others. The order of subjects’ preferences among dissonant intervals corresponded roughly, although not precisely, to the theoretical order described in some musicology literature and to the order generated by psychological judgments of music experts.
Factors influencing the assimilation of arsenic in a deposit-feeding polychaete

Abstract We investigated mechanisms leading to the assimilation of particle-bound arsenic (As) ingested by the deposit-feeding polychaete Alitta succinea using a radiotracer approach. The release of As from different particle types into extracted gut fluid or bovine serum albumin (BSA), a gut fluid mimic, was measured. In addition, gut fluid proteins were analyzed by separating proteins via 2D gel electrophoresis, and protein peptide sequences were determined by mass spectrometry. Major ions in the gut fluid were measured by ion chromatography and metals by mass spectrometry. Percentages of particulate As release were related to As assimilation efficiencies (AEs) in polychaetes feeding on different particle types. AEs of As were highest from radiolabeled pure diatoms (72%) and radiolabeled diatoms added to sediment (51%), lower from radiolabeled sediment (10%), and lowest from a radiolabeled iron oxide mineral, goethite (2%). It appears that As release from particles is a necessary but not sufficient requirement of As assimilation. For example, 15% of As was released from goethite into the gut fluid but only 2% was assimilated by A. succinea. Our results suggest that the likelihood of As assimilation is higher when it is bound to an organic compound of nutritional value in the ingested particles.
Solid phase radioimmunoassay of human beta 1C globulin.

Abstract In all radioimmunoassay it is necessary to separate free radioactive antigen from that portion which becomes bound to antibody. If the antibody is fixed to a solid surface, partition of free and antibody-bound antigen can easily be accomplished by separation of liquid and solid phases. We have studied a method of solid phase radioimmunoassay first suggested by Catt and Tregear[4] which is based on adsorption of antibody to surfaces such as polystyrene test tubes. Three steps are required. The first, adsorption of specific antibody to a fixed area of polystyrene tube surface, occurs on equilibrium of protein solutions in tubes at room temperature and pH 7.4. Adsorption is much greater and more predictable from globulin fractions than from whole antiserum. The second step is prevention of non-specific adsorption of antigen to sites on the tube. This is done by coating antibody tubes with an inert protein that does not interfere with antigen-antibody interaction and by incorporating the same inert protein into antigen solutions. The last step is equilibration of antibody-coated tubes with solutions of labelled antigen and increasing amounts of unlabelled antigen. The solutions are then removed and radioactivity bound to the tube surface is measured to quantify inhibition of labelled antigen uptake by unlabelled antigen. Solid phase immunoassay presents problems because antibody sites are not saturated with antigen in the practical working range. This sets limits on assay sensitivity because of conflicting requirements of high antigen concentration to approach antibody saturation and low labelled antigen for maximal isotope dilution. The requirements can be met by equilibrating tubes with a minimal antigen solution volume. Detection of 7 ng of β 1C globulin has been achieved. We have shown that the immunoassay results can be predicted from isotope dilution of the antigen mixtures if account is taken of the increased antigen binding that occurs as antigen concentration rises.
Formal Oxidation States vs π-Effects in Isostructural Low-Symmetry [MoNO]3+ and [MoO]3+ Complexes: A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

He I gas-phase photoelectron spectra of LMo(E)(OR)2 [(L = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), (E = O, NO)] complexes show that the nitrosyl complexes (formally Mo(II)) are 0.8 eV more difficult to ionize than the oxo analogues (formally Mo(V)). This counterintuitive result is ascribed to the differing π-interactions of the nitrosyl and oxo ligands.
An Index of the Passages in the Biblical Manuscripts From the Judean Desert (Genesis-Kings)

Lists were considered a category of wisdom in antiquity.' This index, however, makes no claim to wisdom but aims rather at service. Its purpose is to offer, in two parts,2 a complete list of the biblical passages that occur in the biblical manuscripts from the Judean Desert. It is a mark of wisdom not to make excessive claims, and, in fact, this list does not fully achieve its purpose. It is not complete-the editions of the manuscripts from Masada, for example, have not been finalized, though a useful indication of their contents is included. The list is not a complete index of the biblical passages in all the scrolls, but only of those in the biblical scrolls; i.e., biblical citations in non-biblical scrolls (e.g., halakhic texts, pesharim, testimonia, florilegia, etc.) are not included. The category of "biblical scrolls" is also ambiguous: certain unidentified scrolls3 were categorized early as "biblical" perhaps because, though they were not clearly biblical, there was no category more appropriate. Also categorized as "biblical scrolls" were MSS which contain only biblical material but are now seen as liturgical scrolls containing