cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of glycerol on hydrogen isotope exchange in lysozyme

Hydrogen isotope exchange rates for lysozyme in glycerol cosolvent mixtures [D. G. Knox and A. Rosenberg (1980) Biopolymers19, 1049–1068] have been analyzed as functions of solvent viscosity and glycerol activity in an attempt to determine which solvent properties influence protein internal dynamics. The effect of glycerol on the fast- and slow-exchanging protons is different. Slow-exchanging protons [H(t) < 20] are slowed by ever-increasing amounts as H(t) decreases. However, comparison with data for the effect of glycerol on the thermal unfolding of lysozyme [K. Gekko (1982) J. Biochem.19, 1197–1204] indicates that the large decrease in exchange rates for the slow protons is not consistent with a local unfolding mechanism of exchange. These effects are also too large to be easily rationalized in terms of solvent viscosity. Instead, we suggest that the large effect of glycerol on exchange of the slow protons is due to a “compression” of the protein, as a result of thermodynamically unfavorable interactions of glycerol with the protein surface. This reduces the protein void volume, which in turn decreases the probability of conformational transitions required for exchange of the slowest protons. Present data do not allow a distinction to be made between thermodynamic (glycerol activity) and dynamic (solvent viscosity) influences on exchange rates for the fast-exchanging protons, although the effect of glycerol on these protons is also probably too large to be consistent with a local unfolding mechanism. In this case, glycerol decreases the rate of catalyst diffusion within the protein matrix, either by decreasing the probabilities or amplitudes of “gating” reactions that allow passage of the catalyst from the solvent to the exchange site, or by increasing the relaxation times for these conformational rearrangements.
Compartment-Specific Modulation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission by TRPV1 Channels in the Dentate Gyrus

The transient receptor potential TRPV1 or vanilloid receptor is a nonselective ligand-gated channel highly expressed in primary sensory neurons where it mediates nociception. TRPV1 is also expressed in the brain where its activation depresses excitatory synaptic transmission. Whether TRPV1 also regulates inhibitory synapses in the brain is unclear. Here, using a combination of pharmacology, electrophysiology, and an in vivo knockdown strategy, we report that TRPV1 activation by capsaicin or by the endocannabinoid anandamide depresses somatic, but not dendritic inhibitory transmission in both rat and mouse dentate gyrus. The effect on somatic inhibition was absent in TRPV1 knock-out mice and was also eliminated by two different TRPV1 shRNAs expressed in dentate granule cells, strongly supporting a functional role for TRPV1 in modulating GABAergic synaptic function. Moreover, TRPV1-mediated depression occurs independently of GABA release, requires postsynaptic Ca2+ rise and activation of calcineurin, and is likely due to clathrin-dependent internalization of GABA receptors. Altogether, these findings reveal a novel form of compartment-specific regulation whereby TRPV1 channels can modify synaptic function in the brain.
Developmental curves for the portable rod-and-frame test

Developmental curves for males and females between the ages of four and 13 were presented for the portable rod-and-frame test. The present findings extended the work of Witkin, Goodenough, and Karp (1967) and was generally supportive of their finding that increased field independence accompanies increases in age.
The temperature characteristics of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, nitrate reductase, and pyruvate kinase from seedlings of two spring wheat varieties

Summary The temperature characteristics of nitrate reductase, pyruvate kinase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from two spring wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum) of different frost tolerance were studied in seedlings grown at normal (20° C) or exposed to 48 hours of low (-1° C) temperature. No striking differences with respect to activation energy of the enzymes investigated could be detected between the two ecotypes The activation energy of ribulose-l,5-diphosphate carboxylase is unusually high (27 Kcal), but values for the two other enzymes are in the normal range (8 to 13 Kcal). Nitrate reductase is very sensitive to heat denaturation, with a temperature optimum near 25° C. Both, pyruvate kinase and ribulose-l,5-diphosphate carboxylase are susceptible to low temperature inactivation in vivo. Pyruvate kinase is inactivated in plants kept at -1° C for 48 hours, but the inactivation is reversible. After the same temperature stress treatment ribulose-l,5-diphosphate carboxylase partially loses its CO2 binding capability, as indicated by nonlinear Lineweaver-Burk plots for bicarbonate. The biochemical basis of these low-temperature inactivation effects and the physiological significance of the results are discussed.
On-the-surface photoconductive response of pelletized thin In2S3 nanosheets

Abstract In 2 S 3 nanosheets were synthesized using a low temperature tetraethyleneglycol (TEG) mediated polyol route and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent. Thin In 2 S 3 nanosheet of thickness of 8–10 nm was obtained under optimized PVP concentration of 0.5 g. The thin nanosheets were formed of 10 nm sized crystalline tetragonal-shaped In 2 S 3 nanocrystals assemblying into the nanosheet structures. The dimensions and the crystallinity of the nanosheets were dependent on the concentration of the PVP in the reaction medium. The nanosheets were cold-pressed into dense nanostructured pellets to measure their room temperature on-the-surface photoresponse characteristics. The nanostructured devices showed enhancement in conductivity under light as compared to that in the dark and demonstrated photoswitching behavior. Superior electrical conductivity (144% higher) and higher life time of free carriers (20.9 ± 2.5 s) observed from the optimized sample suggested its application as a low-cost photodetector.
The Internet as a Tool for Studying the Collective Unconscious

Abstract This article is a theoretical proposal to use the Internet to explore Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious. Recent findings in the field of sociology have shown that real-life social networks can have strong unconscious effects on the behavior of individuals comprising a group. Such complex interactions have led to the need for a new conception of the collective unconscious, one that incorporates such “group mind” phenomena and is better suited to explore the behavior of large groups of people who are accessible through today’s online networks. This article explores the properties of these networks and establishes a basis for the future exploration of the collective unconscious through such a framework.
Transition metal complexes of 1,3-bis(methylsulfinyl)propane, 1,4-bis(methylsulfinyl)butane and 1,2-bis(ethylsulfinyl)ethane

Abstract The tittle bidentate sulfoxides have been synthesized and employed as ligands toward Mn +2 , Co +2 , Ni +2 , Cu +2 and Zn +2 . The resulting complexes were characterized by analyses, magnetic measurements visible and infrared spectra. All metal ions are bound to the ligands via the oxygens of the sulfoxide groups and are 6-coordinate with the exception of Cu +2 , which is 4-coordinate. Crystal field calculations for the Ni +2 species indicate a slight decrease in filed strength with an increase in the number of CH 2 groups between the sulfoxide functions and also with increasing size of the substituent attached to the sulfur.
Aging of attention: Does the ability to divide decline?

Previous research has yielded conflicting results regarding the relationship between adult age and the ability to divide attention between two concurrent tasks. At least some of the inconsistency is probably attributable to methodological variations, such as the manner in which divided-attention ability has been assessed, how single-task performance has been considered, and the degree of control over relative emphasis placed on each task. Two experiments employing procedures sensitive to these concerns were conducted in which a speeded decision task was performed during the retention interval of a letter-memory task. The results of both experiments indicated that there were relatively few age-related influences on dual-task performance vis-a-vis those on single-task performance.
An empirically based approach for estimating uncertainty associated with modelling carbon sequestration in soils

Abstract Simulation modelling is used to estimate C sequestration associated with agricultural management for purposes of greenhouse gas mitigation. Models are not completely accurate or precise estimators of C pools, however, due to insufficient knowledge and imperfect conceptualizations about ecosystem processes, leading to uncertainty in the results. It can be difficult to quantify the uncertainty using traditional error propagation techniques, such as Monte Carlo Analyses, because of the structural complexity of simulation models. Empirically based methods provide an alternative to the error propagation techniques, and our objective was to apply this alternative approach. Specifically, we developed a linear mixed-effect model to quantify both bias and variance in modeled soil C stocks that were estimated using the Century ecosystem simulation model. The statistical analysis was based on measurements from 47 agricultural experiments. A significant relationship was found between model results and measurements although there were biases and imprecision in the modeled estimates. Century under-estimated soil C stocks for several management practices, including organic amendments, no-till adoption, and inclusion of hay or pasture in rotation with annual crops. Century also over-estimated the impact of N fertilization on soil C stocks. For lands set-aside from agricultural production, Century under-estimated soil C stocks on low carbon soils and over-estimated the stocks on high carbon soils. Using an empirically based approach allows for simulation model results to be adjusted for biases as well as quantify the variance associated with modeled estimates, according to the measured “reality” of management impacts from a network of experimental sites.
Critical behavior of the one-dimensional commensurate-incommensurate transition

Abstract We study the low-temperature critical behavior of one-dimensional charge-density-waves coupled to an underlying lattice, using the McMillan free energy. For weak coupling, the incommensurate CDW orders at T = 0 as a lattice of phase slip solutions with XY critical behavior. For strong coupling, the commensurate CDW orders at T = 0 with Ising critical behavior. Analytic expressions for the low-temperature inverse correlation length and average phase change are obtained for all values of the coupling to the lattice.
Cultural and Personal Obstacles to Economic Development in the Less Developed Areas

Perhaps the most significant development of our generation, transcending in its import even the control of nuclear energy, has been the emergence of an almost universal aspiration for higher levels of living, together with a diversity of programs for accelerating economic development in the less developed areas of the world. The efforts of the economically backward nations, many of which have only recently gained or regained their independence, to achieve these objectives hold forth what can be exciting opportunities for research into social change. One way to approach this general problem is suggested by the title of this paper. For an analysis of cultural and personal impediments to economic development constitutes one way of focusing on the cultural and personal aspects of the economically less developed societies to establish benchmarks against which change can be observed and analyzed.
Perception of Loudness and Musical Preference: Comparison of Musicians and Nonmusicians

To estimate the relationship between musical preference and perceived loudness, 25 subjects, musicians and nonmusicians, were asked to match the loudness of a neutral stimulus to a given musical selection. Ten different types of music were used; each was rated for likability by the subject. Over-all analysis of loudness ratings indicated that nonmusicians were more accurate in matching loudness of a neutral stimulus with the musical selections. This finding suggests differences in loudness perception between musicians and nonmusicians. Both groups were most accurate on the selection which could be inferred as most familiar.
ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are antihyperglycemic agents that lower blood glucose by delaying the digestion and absorption of complex carbohydrates. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzymes in the brush border of enterocytes that cleave eligosaccharides to monosaccharides. Their major action is to reduce the rise of postprandial plasma glucose. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients, these inhibitors decrease postprandial plasma glucose by 40 to 50 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1C by 0.5% to 1.0%.
Keratin 15-positive stem cells give rise to basal cell carcinomas in irradiated Ptch1(+/-) mice.

The cell of origin for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) remains controversial. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Wang et al. provide strong evidence that BCC arise from hair follicle stem cells.
Effects of radiation-induced carbon contamination on the performance of an EUV lithographic optic

Carbon deposition in EUVL is known to occur when optical surfaces in a hydrocarbon environment are exposed to EUV light. Carbon contamination on EUV optical elements affects both the absorption and phase of the reflected light. Because the carbon deposition alters the phase structure of the reflected EUV light it effectively alters the figure of these optics and, thus, the aberrations as well. Absorption by deposited carbon not only reduces throughput but also leads to apodisation of the pupil, which in turn affects imaging performance.
The weak link between world food markets and world food security.

Abstract This paper suggests that changing conditions in world grain markets are not directly linked to transitory food insecurity in poor countries. The explanation advanced for this disconnection is that the reliance of genuinely poor developing countries on grain imports is usually low, and generally lower today than it was several decades ago, even when food aid is taken into account. The most conspicuous non-market sources of food insecurity include violent internal conflict, non-accountable governments and natural disasters such as drought. Violent internal conflict is increasingly the most important of these three. Where violent conflict is absent, international food relief in the face of drought is possible and often successful. Where violent conflicts continue, food relief can become impossible and unsuccessful even in the absence of drought.
Improving public transit usability for blind and deaf-blind people by connecting a braille display to a smartphone

We conducted interviews with blind and deaf-blind people to understand how they use the public transit system. In this paper, we discuss key challenges our participants faced and present a tool we developed to alleviate these challenges. We built this tool on MoBraille, a novel framework that enables a Braille display to benefit from many features in an Android phone without knowledge of proprietary, device-specific protocols. We conducted participatory design with a deaf-blind person and describe the lessons learned about designing an interface for a deaf-blind person.
Toxic Trace Elements: Preferential Concentration in Respirable Particles

The toxic trace elements arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, selenium, and thallium were found to be most concentrated in the smallest respirable particles emitted from coal-fired power plants. These elements, or their compounds, are probably volatilized during combustion and preferentially adsorb or condense onto the small particles which can most easily pass through conventional control equipment.
Effect of x-rays on hemolysin plaque forming cells.

SummaryAll measured parameters of the primary antibody response of C57L × A/He mice injected with sheep red cells were uniformly depressed by 500 R of X-ray. With adequate X-ray doses, the production of antibody forming cells was radiosensitive, irrespective of the several time intervals employed between X-ray and antigenic stimulation. At lower X-ray doses the numbers of hemolysin plaque forming cells are clearly influenced by this time interval. A bi-phasic response to X-rays in the production of antibody forming cells was demonstrated, i.e., a relatively insensitive period in between two sensitive periods.
306. Imaging HSV-1 Viral Oncolysis of Colon Cancer Cells by microPET

Background: The destruction of cancer cells by replicating viruses (viral oncolysis) is evolving as a potentially effective treatment for cancer. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) mutant hrR3 has its genome altered by insertion of the b-galactosidase gene into the UL39 locus to generate a replication conditional oncolytic mutant. This mutant directs its cytotoxicity towards cancer cells by replicating preferentially in cancer cells rather than in normal cells. Oncolysis of colon cancer by hrR3 was studied by microPET using the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) as a reporter gene and [18F]FHBG as a reporter probe. Phosphorylated [18F]FHBG co-localizes with HSV- TK gene expression and can be imaged by microPET. We report imaging of hrR3 viral oncolysis in murine tumor by microPET.
Oxidation stability of Mo2C catalysts under fuel reforming conditions

Abstract The oxidation stability of a low surface area Mo 2 C catalyst has been studied in the presence of gases associated with the steam and dry (CO 2 ) reforming of methane, at temperatures up to 850 °C and pressures to 8 bar. The oxidation onset temperatures were found to be about 600 °C when the carbide was exposed to either steam or CO 2 . There appears to be two distinct mechanisms for Mo 2 C oxidation: direct oxidation at temperatures below 750 °C and thermal decomposition followed by oxidation of the Mo metal at temperatures above 750 °C. Although onset temperatures were similar, CO 2 was a stronger oxidant than steam at the higher temperatures. Both H 2 and CO were found to inhibit oxidation and the effect can be explained by their influence on the reactions governing carburization and oxidation. The water gas shift reaction readily occurred over the catalyst and it was found that a carburizing ratio, defined as the ratio of carburizing gases to oxidizing gases, was able to predict stability, with oxidation occurring at ratios of 0.8 or lower. The effect of pressure on the onset temperature of CO 2 oxidation of the carbide was found to be negligible, even when inhibited by CO.
The Relation Between Social Interdependence and Psychological Health on the 1980 U.S. Olympic Ice Hockey Team

ABSTRACT The relation between cooperative, competitive, and individualistic attitudes and psychological adjustment and health was examined in dedicated athletes. The respondents were 57 collegiate and semiprofessional ice hockey players who were trying out for the 1980 Olympic ice hockey team. The results indicated that the more cooperatively oriented the athletes, the greater their psychological adjustment and health; competitiveness was unrelated to indexes of psychological adjustment and health; and positive attitudes toward individualistic participation in athletics was correlated with psychological pathology and maladjustment.
On the electroplating of laminated chromium

A microprocessor-controlled flow plating process was developed to deposit laminated chromium consisting of alternating layers of low contraction (LC) and high contraction (HC) chromium. The automated plating system contains a large number of variable parameters designed to allow the use of multiple plating modes. The available modes include a combination of direct current, interrupted, periodic reverse, pulse and laminated chromium plating.
A method for spectra-color B-scan ultrasonography

A new technique which records color coded frequency information in B-scan ultrasonography is described. The frequency spectrum of a wide band transducer (6MHz-12MHz) is divided into three component bands each recorded as one of the three primary colors of light. The results of tissue model studies are presented.
Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in anaerobic sediment and a biomimetic system.

Because of the bioaccumulation of penta- and tetra-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in biota, the environmental biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is of interest. BDE-209 accounts for more than 80% by mass of PBDE production and is the dominant PBDE in sediments. Most sediments are anaerobic and reports of microbial reductive dehalogenation of hydrophobic persistent organohalogen pollutants are numerous. Reductive debromination of BDE-209 in the environment could provide a significant source of lesser-brominated PBDEs to biota. Moreover, a recent study showed that BDE-209 debrominates in sewage sludge, and another demonstrated that some halorespiring bacteria will debrominate BDE-209. To determine whether reductive debromination of BDE-209 occurs in sediments, parallel experiments were conducted using anaerobic sediment microcosms and a cosolvent-enhanced biomimetic system. In the biomimetic system, reductive debromination occurred at rates corresponding to bromine...
Efficiency Considerations in the Additive Hazards Model with Current Status Data

For current status data, LIN, OAKES and Ying (1998) proposed a procedure for estimation of the regression parameters in the additive hazards model that makes clever use of martingale theory. However, one of the outstanding problems posed in the paper was the issue of efficient estimation, as their estimators do not attain the semiparametric information bound. In this paper, we explore this issue and provide a characterization of the NPMLE. We conduct efficiency comparisons between the NPMLE and the procedure of LINet al. (1998) analytically and numerically through analysis of a dataset from a tumorigenicity experiment.
Social science and social practice

Science breaks new trails for technology but social science has yet to break new trails for social technology. Why is this? One hypothesis explains this with reference to the complexity of the social world and the still rudimentary nature of the social sciences. This paper argues for an alternative hypothesis, claiming that social science research is incapable of generating technologies not already part of the human repertoire. Drawing on a range of social science inquiry from economics to psychology, it shows that the ‘mechanisms’ posited to explain normal and puzzling human behavior depend on familiar facts about humans which future investigations cannot overturn. Finally, it is shown that even when these familiar facts are themselves explained, the generative mechanisms posited to account for them are no longer within the sphere of the social sciences.
Robust Minimum Power/Jerk Control of Maneuvering Structures

The focus of this paper is on the development of weighted minimum power /jerk control proe les for the restto-rest maneuver of a e exible structure. To account for modeling uncertainties, equations, which represent the sensitivity of the system states to model parameters, are derived. The original state-space model of the e exible structure is augmented with the sensitivity state equations with the constraint that the sensitivity state variables are forced to be zero at the end of the maneuver. This requirement attenuates the residual vibration at the end of the maneuver caused by errors in system parameters. A systematic procedure for the design of the controller is developed by representing the linear-time-invariant system in its Jordan form. This decouples the modes of the system permitting us to address smaller-order dynamical systems. The proposed technique is illustrated via a benchmark e oating oscillator problem.
Toward a Behavior Analysis of Complex Language for Children with Autism: Evaluating the Relationship between PEAK and the VB-MAPP

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between two behavioral language assessments that are currently used to evaluate the verbal repertoires of individuals with autism. The assessments include Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System (PEAK) and the Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP). Forty students with autism were administered each of the assessments. The results suggest that there was a strong correlation between PEAK total scores and the VB-MAPP (r = 0.8266, p < 0.0001), and that a logarithmic regression model provided a good fit for the data (R 2 = 0.9598). Also, a ceiling effect was observed for the VB-MAPP around a PEAK total score of 138 of 368, suggesting that PEAK may provide a more robust measure of advanced language skills in individuals with autism. The utility of these findings for behavioral clinicians and researchers are discussed.
Nanotube-based sensor arrays for clinical breath analysis

Instrumentation for clinical breath analysis is being developed using a variety of sensor technologies and information processing strategies. One type of instrumentation for clinical breath analysis uses an array of sensors for detection of volatile analytes in breath and pattern recognition and categorization algorithms able to learn and store information about the constant and variable components of human breath samples. This later approach is known as electronic olfaction. We present a new sensor technology for electronic olfaction that offers the potential to develop miniature sensor chips deploying hundreds of diverse and sensitive sensors based on DNA-decorated semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. We have made sensor devices sensitive to some components of human breath (organic acids, trimethylamine). Screening of further DNA oligomers for their ability to render DNA-coated nanotubes sensitive to additional volatile components of human breath is needed to fully exploit this new sensor technology for clinical breath analysis.
Influence of ambient flow around the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus on the distribution and orientation of selected epizoans

Cumulatively scored distributions of the slipper shell gastropodCrepidula sp., the sand-building polychaete wormSabellaria vulgaris, the calcareous meandering tubed polychaeteFilograna implexa, the barnacleSemibalanaus balanoides, and the lacy bryozoanSchizoporella sp. were mapped on a cm-square gridded silhouette of the prosoma, opisthosoma, and movable spines, and telson of the horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemus stranded on Reeds Beach, Cape May County, New Jersey in the Delaware Bay. Statistically tested and contoured epizoan frequencies for 81 males and 59 females revealed that slipper shells and agglutinated worm tubes are concentrated near the movable spines on the opisthosoma, but rare on recessed chilarial or opercular pleurites, the prosoma, and telson. Barnacles are disproportionately concentrated in entapophyseal pits on the opisthosoma and in the longitudinal furrows flanking the cardiac lobe of the prosoma. Bryozoans are concentrated near movable marginal spines of the opisthosoma, but also found on all areas of the prosoma, opisthosoma, and hinge area in between, as well as the telson. Different morphologic sites for their respective modal concentrations may result from competitive exclusion of bryozoans by barnacles. Genal angles have lower statistically predicted frequencies of bryozoans, barnacles, and sand worm tubes. Apertural openings of calcareous tubes are predominantly posteriorly oriented whereas the anterior magin of slipper shells are randomly oriented on the opisthosoma. Eschewing differential mortality, nonrandom distributions indicate possible: rugophilic (groove-seeking) larval settlement behavior for barnacles that preferred the recessed hinge area, longitudinal grooves, and pits; rheophilic (current-seeking) larval settlement behavior for the gastropods and tube-building polychaetes that filter feed in the eddies generated near the movable spines of the downcurrent-sloping opisthosoma; and geotactic (gravity-influenced) larval settlement or post-settlement migration to the vaulted crest (cardiac lobe). Deficiencies of protruding epizoic skeletons on the genal angles and anterior margin of the host may be due to removal by abrasion as the horseshoe crab plowed through sediment or shearing of the epizoans from the carapace substratum in strong currents or waves.
Selsyn Design and Application

IN the last few years, new developments of Selsyn principles and new applications of modified designs have opened a vast field of use, the emphasis of which is on the system, within which the Selsyns exert control. The many advantages of these new uses are not yet fully realized. Therefore an explanation of the fundamentals of design and application of Selsyns will give a firmer basis for present applications and increase the future usefulness of this highly versatile means of control.
The effect of genotype on methotrexate polyglutamate variability in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and association with drug response.

Objective The response to and toxicity of methotrexate (MTX) are unpredictable in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Intracellular polyglutamation of MTX, assessed by measuring concentrations of MTX polyglutamates (MTXGlu), has been demonstrated to be a promising predictor of drug response. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the genetic predictors of MTXGlu variability and associations between MTXGlu and drug response in JIA. Methods The study was designed as a single-center cross-sectional analysis of patients with JIA who were receiving stable doses of MTX at a tertiary care children's hospital. After informed consent was obtained from the 104 patients with JIA, blood was withdrawn during routine MTX-screening laboratory testing. Clinical data were collected by chart review. Genotyping for 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 genes within the MTX metabolic pathway was performed. An ion-pair chromatographic procedure with mass spectrometric detection was used to measure MTXGlu1–7. Results Analysis and genotyping of MTXGlu was completed in the 104 patients. K-means clustering resulted in 3 distinct patterns of MTX polyglutamation. Cluster 1 had low red blood cell (RBC) MTXGlu concentrations, cluster 2 had moderately high RBC MTXGlu1 + 2 concentrations, and cluster 3 had high concentrations of MTXGlu, specifically MTXGlu3–5. SNPs in the purine and pyrimidine synthesis pathways, as well as the adenosine pathway, were significantly associated with cluster subtype. The cluster with high concentrations of MTXGlu3–5 was associated with elevated liver enzyme levels on liver function tests (LFTs), and there were higher concentrations of MTXGlu3–5 in children who reported gastrointestinal side effects and had abnormal findings on LFTs. No association was noted between MTXGlu and active arthritis. Conclusion MTXGlu remains a potentially useful tool for determining outcomes in patients with JIA being treated with MTX. The genetic predictors of MTXGlu variability may also contribute to a better understanding of the intracellular biotransformation of MTX in these patients.
Assessing the value of antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia: the importance of evaluating and interpreting the clinical significance of individual service costs.

Schizophrenia is a serious and complex disorder, with treatment requiring a large number and wide range of health and social service resources. This paper addresses one challenge for assessing the direct costs of antipsychotic treatments — that of interpreting both cost and effectiveness implications of specific components of service use. Information collected on direct component costs has frequently been analysed and reported only in total. Results of several published studies provide evidence that the total direct medical costs associated with atypical antipsychotics appear to be at least equivalent to, and in some cases lower than, those associated with conventional agents. An important implication of this cost-equivalency finding is that treatment involving higher medication costs have led to offsets in certain medical service costs. Results from several studies demonstrate a shift of cost components, primarily from more expensive inpatient to less expensive outpatient care. Although the common inpatient versus outpatient dichotomy is useful, the complexities of schizophrenia and the heterogeneity of outpatient service provision are likely to warrant greater specificity. Published schizophrenia treatment guidelines can assist researchers to more fully understand and meaningfully interpret the possible relationship of antipsychotic effectiveness to the use of particular outpatient services. Because the disease requires comprehensive and continuous care, outpatient treatment costs may be better conceptualised as baseline or expectable costs necessary in the maintenance phase of treatment. Lack of expectable costs may represent poor patient outcomes and increased intangible costs. In contrast, reductions in acute outpatient service costs may provide important markers of treatment effectiveness. A small number of studies have examined the use of crisis services, but additional work is needed to differentiate treatments vis-a-vis the need for intensive (acute) interventions. The assessment and clinical interpretation of individual cost components may offer an important opportunity to build upon initial results focusing on total costs and tailor analyses to the complexities of the disorder and the treatment process. Research able to incorporate clinical acumen into cost analyses will enhance the ability of healthcare policy makers to make informed decisions regarding the value of different antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia.
A generalization of morita duality and the tilting theorem

(1989). A generalization of morita duality and the tilting theorem. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 1709-1722.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy in children.

Abstract This study examines and quantitates left ventricular (LV) short-axis 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms of 16 normal control subjects and 19 patients who presented with clinical features suggestive of myocarditis leading to severe myocardiopathy. Of the 19 patients, 8 died or had cardiac transplantation: 9 were studied in the chronic phase and 10 in the acute phase. The endocardial surface of the LV short-axis image was digitized at chordal level at end-diastole and end-systole. Digitized traces in systole and diastole were superimposed. The cavity area of systole and diastole was determined and expressed as the percent systolic area reduction ratio. In the control subjects, the left ventricles were round in systole and diastole, contracted concentrically, and had a mean percent systolic area reduction of 53% (range 43 to 67). The left ventricle was not round in systole in the patients with myocarditis, and in 15, only the ventricular septum contracted significantly. Three patients had nonconcentric contraction, and regional contraction was more difficult to judge. The systolic area reduction ratio for the patients was 11 % (range 1 to 33), with no overlap with control subjects (p
Hydration free energies calculated using the AMBER ff03 charge model for natural and unnatural amino acids and multiple water models

Abstract In this work, we assess calculated hydration free energies of natural and unnatural amino acids compared to experimental hydration free energies of corresponding side-chain analogs using the ff03 charge model. Fine-grid, explicit water thermodynamic integration calculations using two widely used explicit water models (TIP3P and TIP4P-Ew) were performed on 19 natural amino acids and compared with experimental hydration free energies of corresponding side-chain analogs to establish expected accuracy levels for this charge model. Next, parameters previously derived for 17 unnatural amino acids and several new parameters optimized in this work were assessed using the same methodology. We found that the ff03 charge model is correlated with experimental hydration free energies but underestimates the solubilities of several polar natural and unnatural amino acids. Comparisons are presented with other forcefields and water models recently presented in the literature for both natural and modified amino acids.
Sea Surface Temperatures from Nimbus-7 SMMR Radiances

Global displays of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are obtained with spatial sampling intervals as small as 50 km rather than the 150 km spacing normally used for such retrievals. An example is illustrated using a composite global SMMR data set for January 1979, a preliminary version of the SST retrieval algorithm, and a sampling interval of 100 km. The results were found to be in qualitative agreement with in situ and climatic data, insofar as such comparisons were attempted. In addition to the expected climatic patterns, the global oceanic isotherms contain oscillations that are clearly not instrumental but geophysical in nature.
Oxygen Requirements for Root Growth in Three Species of Desert Shrubs

Shrubs of Artemisia tridentata and Larrea tridentata have unusually high oxygen requirements for root growth. Roots of Franseria dumosa, like many economic plants, need lesser amounts of oxygen. An oxygen diffusion rate of about 0.30 mg cm(—2)min(—1) is required by Franseria to achieve a root growth rate that is 50% of maximum at the experimental temperatures. The corresponding figures for Artemisia and Larrea are about 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. It is concluded that the general exclusion of Larrea and Artemisia from fine—textured and poorly drained soils in the desert is a reflection of their relatively high oxygen requirements for root growth. See full-text article at JSTOR
Design of a Medication Therapy Management Program for Medicare Beneficiaries: Qualitative Findings From Patients and Physicians

Background The quality of pharmacologic care provided to older adults is less than optimal. Medication therapy management (MTM) programs delivered to older adults in the ambulatory care setting may improve the quality of medication use for these individuals.
Gravitational wave reception by a sphere

The reception of gravitational waves by an elastic self-gravitating spherical detector is studied in detail. The equations of motion of a detector driven by a gravitational wave are presented in the intuitively convenient coordinate system of Fermi. An exact analytic solution is given for the homogeneous isotropic sphere. Nonlinear effects of a massive self-gravitating system are computed for a body of mass equal to that of the earth, and are shown to be numerically important.
Images of Management for Learner-Centered Classrooms.

Abstract This essay seeks to identify images of classroom management that are compatible with current images of learning, using scenes from one learner-centered classroom as examples. The increased complexity of classrooms with learning orientations demands more complex views of classroom management, and broader definitions of what “good management” entails. While many tasks of managing work-oriented settings and learning-oriented settings overlap, teachers in learning-centered classrooms must place additional emphasis on examining the social and academic task demands they create, and their implications for definitions of learning. Examples from a writing class illustrate how a model of learning may guide management decisions, and how management decisions may contribute to a definition of learning that is constructed in a classroom over time.
Effects of energy expenditure and Ucp1 on photoperiod-induced weight gain in collard lemmings.

Objective: To determine the role of total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components in the ability of collared lemmings to increase weight in response to a decrease in photoperiod. Research Methods and Procedures: Energy expenditure was measured by 24-hour indirect calorimetry concurrent with food-intake studies. TEE and resting and nonresting energy expenditure (REE and NREE, respectively) were adjusted for body weight by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA levels from interscapular brown adipose tissue were determined by Northern blot. Results: TEE and REE of lemmings exposed to a short photoperiod for 10 days were significantly lower than that of lemmings exposed to a long photoperiod (p < 0.05), whereas NREE was not significantly different (p = 0.44). Ucp1 mRNA levels in interscapular brown adipose tissue were 50% lower in short- vs. long-photoperiod lemmings (p < 0.01). Ucp1 mRNA levels were positively related to REE (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.01). After adjustment of REE for differences in Ucp1 mRNA levels, there was no longer a significant difference attributable to photoperiod treatment (p = 0.54). Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the increase in body mass that occurs when collared lemmings are exposed to a short photoperiod may be primarily fueled by a decrease in REE and is correlated with a decrease in Ucp1 mRNA levels.
Construction of an economic index to measure the causes of economic insecurity

This paper is an updated study on the causes of economic insecurity in the United States. The authors have constructed an aggregate composite index that measures objectively the major causes of economic insecurity (CEI) in the United States. The CEI index consists of 11 variables that can cause economic insecurity. The time period under investigation is 1960 through 2001. A rising CEI index indicates that the causes of economic insecurity in the United States have increased in relative importance, which results in an increase in economic insecurity. Conversely, a falling CEI index indicates that the causes of economic insecurity have declined in relative importance, which results in a reduction of economic insecurity. However, despite substantial economic growth in the American economy from 1960 through 2001, the CEI index overall showed little improvement. The major conclusion is that the CEI index was 9 percent higher in 2001 than it was in 1960. This result was due largely to the increase in divorce, violent crime, rising out-of-pocket expenditures for health care, inflation, and unemployment. The results for subperiods are dramatically different, and we think more interesting, than the overall results. During the 1960s, there was a small decline in the CEI index. The 1970s showed a dramatic increase in the CEI index, which reflected both high unemployment rates and inflation rates during this period. The 1980s experienced fluctuating levels in the index but little overall change, and the 1990s experienced a sharp decline in the CEI index due largely to a robust economy. The CEI index has increased more recently, which reflects largely the recent 2001 business recession. The correlation coefficient of the CEI index with the University of Michigan's well-known Index of Consumer Sentiment is −676. This figure shows that as the CEI index rises, consumer sentiment about the American economy becomes pessimistic and negative.
Charles Dickens and the Victorian “Mormon Moment”

AbstractThe growth of Mormonism in England in the middle of the nineteenth century presented a number of challenges relating to the cultural status of the new religion and its followers. Charles Dickens’s “uncommercial traveller” sketch describing a group of 800 Mormon converts preparing to emigrate to the United States, “Bound for the Great Salt Lake,” represents the challenge effectively. While Mormons were quickly identified by their heresies and by those qualities that characterized cultural and religious otherness, they were also observed to possess traits of Englishness, reflecting the image of a healthy working class. This article considers the tensions among these contradictory qualities and traces them to a middle-class “secular gospel” that Dickens articulates in his novels. Dickens utilizes this “gospel”—an ethic that valorizes work and domestic order as bearing religious significance—to perceive the followers of the new religion.
Developmental sensitivity of associative learning to cholesterol synthesis inhibitors.

Abstract Patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with severe mental retardation, are unable to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. Treatment of rats with agents that block cholesterol synthesis produces a sterol profile reminiscent of Smith-Lemli-Opitz patients i.e., low levels of cholesterol accompanied by the appearance of its immediate precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol. In previous work, chronic inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in just-weaned rats impaired acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response. The present study had two primary goals—(1) to determine whether the learning impairment depended on the age in which treatment was initiated; and (2) to determine whether the deficit was associative or due to performance factors. Consistent with earlier work, acquisition of the eyeblink conditioned response was impaired when the 30-day treatment was initiated on postnatal day (PND) 21. Reactivity to acoustic stimuli and to eyelid stimulation were normal, suggesting that the learning impairment was associative in nature. The learning impairment was transitory; acquisition was normal when evaluated 30 days after the cessation of treatment. When treatment was initiated 30 days after weaning (PND 51), acquisition of the eyeblink response was normal. However, brain sterols of young adult rats were less affected than those of just-weaned rats. Thus, there is a developmental sensitivity to cholesterol synthesis blocking agents both in terms of their effects on brain sterols and new motor learning.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Latent Heat Release on a Synoptic-Scale Wave System

Abstract The primary goal of this paper is to diagnose, the “direct” and “indirect” effects of latent heat release on a synoptic-scale wave system containing an extratropical cyclone that developed over the eastern United States. To achieve this goal, comparisons are made between MOIST (full model physics) and DRY (latent heating removed) predictions of the wave system during the period 27–29 February 1984 using the National Meteorological Center's Limited-Area Fine Mesh (LFM) model. Both the MOIST and DRY models predict significant cyclone systems, suggesting that the background adiabatic forcing is quite important. However, the DRY model predict a weaker cyclone. The direct and indirect latent heating influences are diagnosed using eddy energy quantities and the extended height tendency equation. Direct effects are restricted to the diabatic generation of available potential energy and height tendencies forced by diabatic heating. Results show that latent heating exerts an important direct influence on ...