cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate Specificity of αvβ3Integrin-mediated Cell Migration and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway Activation

The αvβ3integrin has been shown to bind several ligands, including osteopontin and vitronectin. Its role in modulating cell migration and downstream signaling pathways in response to specific extracellular matrix ligands has been investigated in this study. Highly invasive prostate cancer PC3 cells that constitutively express αvβ3adhere and migrate on osteopontin and vitronectin in an αvβ3-dependent manner. However, exogenous expression of αvβ3 in noninvasive prostate cancer LNCaP (β3-LNCaP) cells mediates adhesion and migration on vitronectin but not on osteopontin. Activation of αvβ3 by epidermal growth factor stimulation is required to mediate adhesion to osteopontin but is not sufficient to support migration on this substrate. We show that αvβ3-mediated cell migration requires activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) pathway since wortmannin, a PI 3-kinase inhibitor, prevents PC3 cell migration on both osteopontin and vitronectin; furthermore, αvβ3 engagement by osteopontin and vitronectin activates the PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Migration of β3-LNCaP cells on vitronectin also occurs through activation of the PI 3-kinase pathway; however, AKT phosphorylation is not increased upon engagement by osteopontin. Furthermore, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), known to support cell migration in β3-LNCaP cells, is detected on both substrates. Thus, in PC3 cells, αvβ3mediates cell migration and PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway activation on vitronectin and osteopontin; in β3-LNCaP cells, αvβ3 mediates cell migration and PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway activation on vitronectin, whereas adhesion to osteopontin does not support αvβ3-mediated cell migration and PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway activation. We conclude therefore that αvβ3 exists in multiple functional states that can bind either selectively vitronectin or both vitronectin and osteopontin and that can differentially activate cell migration and intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-specific manner.
Explaining patrol officer drug arrest activity through expectancy theory

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of expectancy motivation theory to explain patrol officer drug arrest productivity, with the hope of identifying ways to influence patrol officer work outputs.Design/methodology/approach – According to expectancy motivational theory, the individual patrol officer's number of drug arrests should be explained by the expectation to make drug arrests, the capability to do so, the opportunity to do so, and the likelihood that these arrests will be rewarded. The present study used survey data from a sample of 401 municipal police officers representing 23 suburban police agencies in one metropolitan area in the Midwestern USA. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate correlations between the officers' perceived work environment characteristics and their individual drug offense arrest productivity.Findings – As predicted, officers who produced the most drug arrests were more likely to have perceived that drug arrests were rewarded by their agency, pe...
Public constraints on assassination as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy

(1994). Public constraints on assassination as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 97-109.
The Berkeley extreme ultraviolet calibration facility

The vacuum calibration facilities of the Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley are designed for the calibration and testing of EUV and FUV spaceborne instrumentation (spectral range 44-2500 A). The facility includes one large cylindrical vacuum chamber (3 x 5 m) containing two EUV collimators, and it is equipped with a 4-axis manipulator of angular-control resolution 1 arcsec for payloads weighing up to 500 kg. In addition, two smaller cylindrical chambers, each 0.9 x 1.2 m, are available for vacuum and thermal testing of UV detectors, filters, and space electronics hardware. All three chambers open into class-10,000 clean rooms, and all calibrations are referred to NBS secondary standards.
Understanding persulfate production at boron doped diamond film anodes

Abstract This research used molecular modeling and rotating disk electrode experiments (RDE) to investigate possible reaction pathways for persulfate production via electrolysis of sulfuric acid solutions using boron doped diamond (BDD) film anodes. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling indicated that uncatalyzed oxidation of SO 4 2− and HSO 4 − occurs at lower potentials than water oxidation, and that sulfate radical species (SO 4 −• and HSO 4 • ) may be produced via direct electron transfer, or via reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The RDE experiments indicated that rates of persulfate generation were strongly dependent of the condition of the electrode surface, and that aged electrode surfaces favored water oxidation over direct SO 4 2− and HSO 4 − oxidation. Combination of sulfate radical species in solution is the lowest energy pathway for persulfate production. Sulfate radical species may also react with radical sites on the electrode surface and produce chemisorbed intermediates that can stabilize sulfate radical species. Reaction of the chemisorbed intermediates with a bisulfate radical can produce persulfate via a surface catalyzed pathway. However, the activation barriers for this pathway are much higher than those for persulfate production via solution phase species.
A quantum chemical study of tertiary carbenium ions in acid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversions over phosphotungstic acid

Abstract The formation and transformation of adsorbed alkoxide intermediates to active carbenium-ion species over solid acid catalysts are essential steps that determine the rate and selectivity of many hydrocarbon conversion processes. Herein, density functional theory is used to examine these processes for a t -butyl species adsorbed to phosphotungstic acid, a Keggin structured polyoxometalate. The tertiary carbenium ion is found to be a meta-stable intermediate state. The conversion of a physisorbed, π-bound isobutene state to the t -butyl alkoxide state occurs in a two-step process through formation of this tertiary carbenium-ion intermediate. Both the intermediate and transition states contain a positive charge and are properly termed carbenium ions, and the interaction with the catalyst surface is mainly Coulombic. The dehydrogenation of isobutane and the dehydration of 2-methyl-2-propanol are also examined. Tertiary carbenium ions are found to be transition states for both of these processes as well.
The concentration dependence of CD diffusivity enhancement in dilute PBCD alloys

Solute diffusivity enhancement techniques were used to provide experimental evidence for the existence of interstitial-substitutional solute pairs. Diffusion of Cd in Pb--Cd alloys is thought to represent the substitutional extreme of the dissociative equilibrium.
THE AUTODIGESTION OF NORMAL SERUM THROUGH THE ACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL AGENTS. I.

1. By means of certain chemical reagents, normal guinea pig serum can be brought to autodigestion without the presence of any foreign substrate. There exists in normal sera a highly characteristic protease. 2. The serum ferment survives heating at 55°C. for 30 minutes, but is completely inactivated at 60°C. for the same length of time. 3. The autodigestion of serum requires a temperature of about 37°C., and no noticeable digestion takes place at a temperature of 16°C. or lower. 4. Autodigestion of the serum may be brought about by chloroform and various saturated monovalent ketones and alcohols of the lower series. 5. The ketones and alcohols have a certain narrow limit of concentration for activating serum, beyond which the ferment is destroyed, even at room temperature. 6. The ketones and alcohols in concentrations regulated to activate serum at room temperature destroy the ferment when allowed to act on serum at 37°C. for 30 minutes. The elimination of the concentrated reagents from serum by evaporation or dialysis protects the ferment from their destructive action. 7. A certain length of time is required for the chemical activators to complete their action. In this respect chloroform is much slower than acetone. 8. The chemical activators may be removed from the activated serum by means of vacuum, dialysis, or extraction with certain indifferent chemicals without causing a return of the serum to its original non-autolytic state. Once activated by these reagents, the serum remains in the activated state, in spite of the removal of the activators. 9. The ferment is highly sensitive to the reaction of the medium, being readily inactivated when the reaction exceeds a certain narrow limit towards acid or alkaline. The optimal digestion is obtained with a faintly alkaline or neutral reaction.
Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases - An assessment of their relative roles in global climate change

Many mechanisms, including variations in solar radiation and atmospheric aerosol concentrations, compete with anthropogenic greenhouse gases as causes of global climate change. Comparisons of available data show that solar variability will not counteract greenhouse warming and that future observations will need to be made to quantify the role of tropospheric aerosols, for example.
Hating to Wait: Managing the Final Service Encounter

Suggests that while businesses have made great efforts to reduce the length of time customers wait for service, little attention has been paid to the actual experience of waiting. Argues that the final service encounter is crucial for reinforcing customers′ performance expectations. Suggests that the expectations and perceptions of customers influence their actual experience of waiting at the point of sale. Offers hints on improving customers′ waiting experiences.
Computers and computer graphics in the teaching of field phenomena

The use of computers and computer graphics in the teaching of sophomore/junior level students majoring in electrical engineering and computer engineering is discussed. Any previous study of electromagnetic fields is presumed to have been limited to a brief exposure in freshman physics. The author has been using both instructor-written and student-written programs in teaching various topics in the fields area for many years. The major part of the discussion concerns static field phenomena, since the basic introductory concepts taught to these student begins with static phenomena and since the physical meaning of many field quantities can best be understood in terms of static fields. Some of the ways the author is implementing the use of computers and computer graphics in his electromagnetics classes are described. >
Estrogen and progesterone receptors, cell proliferation, and c-fos expression in the ovine uterus during early pregnancy

To evaluate uterine growth during pregnancy and the potential roles of estrogen and progesterone in regulating uterine cell proliferation and c-fos expression, ewes were assigned randomly to slaughter on day 12 after estrus (nonpregnant, NP), and on days 12, 18, 24, or 30 after mating (pregnant, P) in Exp 1 (n = 7 ewes/day) and on days 12 or 14 after estrus and on days 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, or 24 after mating in Exp 2 (n = 3-6 ewes/day). In Exp 1, endometrial expression of c-fos mRNA was evaluated, and labeling index was determined both in vitro (incorporation of 3H-thymidine) and in vivo (iv injection of bromodeoyxuridine [BrdU], a thymidine analog). Endometrial expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene was increased by approximately 10-fold on days 18, 24, and 30 P compared with day 12 NP or P. Labeling index (proportion of cells incorporating 3H-thymidine or BrdU, which provides an index of the rate of cell proliferation) of endometrial caruncular and intercaruncular tissues was low for day 12 NP or P, increased on day 18 P, and remained elevated on days 24 P and 30 P. On day 18 P, labeling index also was greater for gravid than nongravid horns for both caruncular and intercaruncular tissues. In Exp 2, estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and proliferating (BrdU-positive) cells were immunolocalized. The percentage of cells exhibiting specific staining for ER, PR, and BrdU was quantified morphometrically for epithelial, stromal, and glandular tissues within luminal and deep regions, as well as for myometrial tissues. For luminal epithelium and glands, the rate of cell proliferation increased dramatically by day 18 P, even though ER and PR levels were low in these compartments. Conversely, the rate of cell proliferation remained low throughout early pregnancy in deep glands, deep stroma, and myometrium, in association with sustained or transient increases in ER and PR levels. For luminal stroma, the rate of cell proliferation increased by day 21 P even though ER levels were low and PR levels remained high. Thus, during early pregnancy, c-fos expression increased concomitantly with increased endometrial cell proliferation. In addition, during early pregnancy, ER and PR levels were inversely related to the rate of cell proliferation in most of the uterine tissue compartments except luminal stroma, which exhibited increased cell proliferation even though ER levels were low and PR levels remained high.
A characterization of geometric ergodicity

A homogeneous Markov chain on a countable state space can be classified as ergodic, geometrically ergodic, or strongly ergodic. Ergodicity and strong ergodicity have been characterized using the δ-coefficient. In this paper the δ-coefficient is used to characterize geometric ergodicity.
The Galactic Center: Is It a Massive Black Hole?

Studies of active galactic nuclei constitute one of the major efforts in astronomy. Massive black holes are the most likely source for the enormous energy radiated from such nuclei. Observations reviewed here suggest unusual activity and the possible existence of a massive black hole in the nucleus of our galaxy. Because of its proximity to Earth, our galactic nucleus can be observed in unsurpassed detail and may serve as the Rosetta stone both for deciphering active galactic nuclei and for confirming the existence of a massive black hole.
Genetically Guided Statin Therapy on Statin Perceptions, Adherence, and Cholesterol Lowering: A Pilot Implementation Study in Primary Care Patients

Statin adherence is often limited by side effects. The SLCO1B1*5 variant is a risk factor for statin side effects and exhibits statin-specific effects: highest with simvastatin/atorvastatin and lowest with pravastatin/rosuvastatin. The effects of SLCO1B1*5 genotype guided statin therapy (GGST) are unknown. Primary care patients (n = 58) who were nonadherent to statins and their providers received SLCO1B1*5 genotyping and guided recommendations via the electronic medical record (EMR). The primary outcome was the change in Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire, which measured patients’ perceived needs for statins and concerns about adverse effects, measured before and after SLCO1B1*5 results. Concurrent controls (n = 59) were identified through the EMR to compare secondary outcomes: new statin prescriptions, statin utilization, and change in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c). GGST patients had trends (p = 0.2) towards improved statin necessity and concerns. The largest changes were the “need for statin to prevent sickness” (p < 0.001) and “concern for statin to disrupt life” (p = 0.006). GGST patients had more statin prescriptions (p < 0.001), higher statin use (p < 0.001), and greater decrease in LDL-c (p = 0.059) during follow-up. EMR delivery of SLCO1B1*5 results and recommendations is feasible in the primary care setting. This novel intervention may improve patients’ perceptions of statins and physician behaviors that promote higher statin adherence and lower LDL-c.
Recent Advances in Polymer and Silicon Nanophotonics

The article consists of a PowerPoint presentation on Polymer and silicon nanophotonics. The areas discussed include: silicon based micro- and nano-photonic devices; CMOS optical modulator; photonic crystal waveguide; electro-optical polymer modulator; directional coupler; holographic fabrication; hybrid silicon evanescent laser; and optical interconnection. The paper concludes that compatibility with silicon CMOS fabrication process is crucial to both hybrid and monolithic integration and silicon nano-photonics may play a significant role for on-chip interconnect where power consumption can be drastically reduced.
Pharmacology of volume regulation following hypotonicity-induced cell swelling in clonal N1E115 neuroblastoma cells.

When exposed to hypotonic solutions, clonal N1E115 neuroblastoma cells initially swell and later undergo a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). We studied the effects of a variety of transport inhibitors on the time course of cross-sectional area of N1E115 cells exposed to a solution of reduced osmolarity (pi = 186 mosm). Application to the bath of either: (i) blockers of net K efflux through K channels (e.g. isotonic KCl or 20 mM TEA); or (ii) blockers of net efflux through anion channels (e.g. isotonic methanesulfonate, 10 microM DIDS or 100 microM IAA-94) all prevent RVD. In contrast, ouabain (a Na+/K+ pump blocker), bumetanide (a Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter blocker) and SITS (a HCO3-/Cl- exchange blocker) do not. These data support the involvement of these channels over pumps or exchangers in solute exit during RVD. Only variable block of RVD was achieved using blockers of stretch activated non-selective cation C+ (SA) channels (i.e., amiloride and gadolinium, Gd3+) or a membrane permeant Ca chelator (BAPTA-AM) suggesting that neither the opening of C+ (SA) channels nor a global rise in cytosolic Ca2+ is critical for triggering RVD.
Phototrophs in high iron microbial mats: microstructure of mats in iron-depositing hot springs.

Chocolate Pots Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park are high in ferrous iron, silica and bicarbonate. The springs are contributing to the active development of an iron formation. The microstructure of photosynthetic microbial mats in these springs was studied with conventional optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The dominant mats at the highest temperatures (48–54°C) were composed of Synechococcus and Chloroflexus or Pseudanabaena and Mastigocladus. At lower temperatures (36–45°C), a narrow Oscillatoria dominated olive green cyanobacterial mats covering most of the iron deposit. Vertically oriented cyanobacterial filaments were abundant in the top 0.5 mm of the mats. Mineral deposits accumulated beneath this surface layer. The filamentous microstructure and gliding motility may contribute to binding the iron minerals. These activities and heavy mineral encrustation of cyanobacteria may contribute to the growth of the iron deposit. Chocolate Pots Hot Springs provide a model for studying the potential role of photosynthetic prokaryotes in the origin of Precambrian iron formations.
Development and manufacture of printable next-generation gel polymer ionic liquid electrolyte for Zn/MnO 2 batteries

While much energy storage research focuses on the performance of individual components, such as the electrolyte or a single electrode, few investigate the electrochemical system as a whole. This research reports on the design, composition, and performance of a Zn/MnO2 battery as affected by the manufacturing method and next-generation gel polymer electrolyte composed of the ionic liquid [BMIM][Otf], ZnOtf salt, and PVDF-HFP polymer binder. Materials and manufacturing tests are discussed with a focus on water concentration, surface features as produced by printing processes, and the effect of including a gel polymer phase. Cells produced for this research generated open circuit voltages from 1.0 to 1.3 V. A dry [BMIM][Otf] electrolyte was found to have 87.3 ppm of H2O, while an electrolyte produced in ambient conditions contained 12400 ppm of H2O. Cells produced in a dry, Ar environment had an average discharge capacity of 0.0137 mAh/cm2, while one produced in an ambient environment exhibited a discharge capacity at 0.05 mAh/cm2. Surface features varied significantly by printing method, where a doctor blade produced the most consistent features. The preliminary results herein suggest that water, surface roughness, and the gel polymer play important roles in affecting the performance of printed energy storage.
State of technology review : soil vapor extraction systems

Abstract Extracting vapor from soil is a cost-effective technique for the removal of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from contaminated soils. Among the advant Unfortunately, there are few guidelines for the optimal design, installation, and operation of soil vapor extraction systems. A large number of pilot- Soil vapor extraction can be effectively used for removing a wide range of volatile chemicals over a wide range of conditions. The design and Operation This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the research project tha
Understanding the role of business services and growth: issues in modeling regional patterns

Some urban regions have adapted well to the structural transition from manufacturing to services while others suffered significant drops in employment and income [Gatrell JD (1999) Soc Sci J 36(4):623–639; Kyung W (1994) Ph.D. dissertation, Portland State University]. Most studies of services have examined particular urban regions using survey and interview techniques [Harrington J (1995) Prof. Geogr 47:87–98; Beyers W (1991) Growth Change 22(4):27–51]. To better understand the important role played by business services in economic development, we developed a modeling framework analyzing regional pattern of business service changes. This study found the pattern of business service changes across urban regions sensitive to shifts in population, the effects of income, measures of corporate sales and manufacturing, controlling for inertia and regional location.
Photoresist thermal stability measurements using laser scatterometry

Thermal stability of photoresists has been measured using laser scatterometry. This new laser scatterometry technique is more rapid and more sensitive than scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Patterned resists are slowly heated while various diffraction order intensities are measured. Changes in the diffraction intensities correlate well with thermal stabilities measured by SEM methods.
Client Preferences for Therapist Gender

Abstract A key gender-related issue in the practice of psychotherapy involves client preferences for female versus male therapists. Previous research on this issue has typically used non-client college student participants who reported on the preferences they believed they would hold if they sought therapy. In the present study, 41 male and 75 female therapy clients completed a questionnaire assessing their preferences for therapist gender and their reasons for those preferences. Most female clients preferred a female therapist. Most male clients expressed no preference for therapist gender. Among the males who did voice preferences, most preferred a female therapist. Results of exploratory analyses of underlying reasons for client preferences are also presented. The implications of these findings for establishing a positive therapeutic alliance are discussed.
Compressed sensing in random access networks with applications to underwater monitoring

Abstract For networks that are deployed for long-term monitoring of environmental phenomena, it is of crucial importance to design an efficient data gathering scheme that prolongs the life-time of the network. To this end, we consider a Random Access Compressed Sensing (RACS) scheme that considerably reduces the power and bandwidth usage of a large network. Motivated by underwater applications, we propose a continuous-time RACS that eliminates the need for synchronization and scheduling which are difficult to achieve in a distributed acoustic network. We provide an analytical framework for system design that ensures fast recovery and power-efficiency. Through analysis and examples, we demonstrate that recovery of the field can be attained using only a fraction of the resources used by a conventional TDMA network, while employing a scheme which is simple to implement.
Adenovirus Infection in Pediatric Liver and Intestinal Transplant Recipients: Utility of DNA Detection by PCR

To evaluate the incidence of adenovirus (AdV) infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients, the records of patients with possible AdV infection were reviewed for demographic data, symptomatology, methods of diagnosis, treatment and outcome. To evaluate the impact of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and identification of AdV DNA as a diagnostic test, the incidence and outcome of AdV before and after the introduction of PCR were compared. Adenovirus infection was identified in 4.1% of liver recipients and 20.8% of intestinal transplant recipients. The overall incidence of AdV did not increase over time, even following the introduction of PCR for virus detection. The higher incidence of AdV in the pediatric intestinal transplant recipients may be attributed to the frequent application of PCR methodology to intestinal biopsy material. Detection of AdV by PCR was associated with reduced mortality compared with detection by culture, either because of earlier detection of invasive disease or because PCR detects the presence of latent as well as active AdV.
Modeling Descending Carbon Dioxide Injections in the Ocean

An integral double plume model is used to explore the fate of solid CO2 hydrate particles released continuously into a quiescent ocean for the purposes of CO2 sequestration. Such a release is desirable because hydrate particles are negatively buoyant and dissolution of CO2 enhances this negative buoyancy through the solute density effect. Plume depth and thickness are shown to increase with CO2 mass loading and initial hydrate particle diameter, and exceed the equivalent rise height and thickness associated with positively buoyant droplet releases. The depths also greatly exceed those associated with a single particle release, highlighting the importance of the “plume” effect. Plumes initially composed of multiple particle sizes produce greater maximum plume depth, but similar average plume depth and dilution compared with plumes composed of homogeneous particles, suggesting that adequate simulations can be made using a single particle size. Although the model is valid only for discharge to quiescent rece...
Microwave spectroscopy of high-L helium Rydberg states: 10H-10I, 10I-10K, and 10K-10L intervals.

Fine-structure intervals separating the 10H(L = 5), 10I(L = 6), 10K(L = 7), and 10L(L = 8) states of helium have been measured precisely, using a fast-beam microwave--laser resonance technique. The results: 10H-10I, 157.0508(26) MHz; 10I-10K, 60.8152(18) MHz; and 10K-10L, 27.1835(63) MHz agree well with theoretical predictions which include contributions due to ''retardation'' or ''Casimir'' forces.
A computer-assisted personal literature reference system.

Abstract The application of a small computer to the individual scientist's bibliographic problems is described. Journal references are entered into the computer, which then types back a reprint request (to be sent in a window envelope) and three file cards. The initial typing of the reference is thus reproduced (with typing errors corrected) four times by the computer, as well as being saved permanently on magnetic tape for future use. While everyday needs are handled by the file card system (using subject classifications created by the user), special searches can be made of the cumulative list of references on the computer tape. No subject classifications are included in the computer, so searches are based upon remembered fragments of the reference (What was that article on calcium in J. Physiol. last year? Search for CALCIUM and J. PHYSIOL.). Keywords may be appended to the citation itself at the time of original entry if desired, and included in the searched material. Because no scientific decisions are involved in the citation entry into the computer, it can be a secretarial job, with the user making scientific decisions when filing the 3 × 5 file cards (using his own personal system) and selecting topics for searches of the computerized cumulative reference list. Search strategy need not focus upon machine extraction of a single citation among thousands; rather, it attempts to define a subset which may be further sorted manually (by pressing the rubout key when an undesirable reference is displayed on the computer scope prior to typing). The system currently operates on a LINC-8 computer, but may be readily adapted to any small computer having a tape and a good text-editor.
Classification of hyperspectral images based on conditional random fields

A significant increase in the availability of high resolution hyperspectral images has led to the need for developing pertinent techniques in image analysis, such as classification. Hyperspectral images that are correlated spatially and spectrally provide ample information across the bands to benefit this purpose. Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are discriminative models that carry several advantages over conventional techniques: no requirement of the independence assumption for observations, flexibility in defining local and pairwise potentials, and an independence between the modules of feature selection and parameter leaning. In this paper we present a framework for classifying remotely sensed imagery based on CRFs. We apply a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to raw remotely sensed imagery data in order to generate more meaningful feature potentials to the CRFs model. This approach produces promising results when tested with publicly available AVIRIS Indian Pine imagery.
Paracrine Systems in the Cardioprotective Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Abstract After transient episodes of ischemia, benefits of thrombolytic or angioplastic therapy may be limited by reperfusion injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury, an effect mediated by kinins. We examined whether the protective effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion is due to kinin stimulation of prostaglandin and/or nitric oxide release. The left anterior descending coronary artery of Lewis inbred rats was occluded for 30 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Immediately before reperfusion rats were treated with vehicle, ramiprilat, or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. We tested whether pretreatment with the kinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin blocked the effect of ramiprilat on infarct size and reperfusion arrhythmias. In controls, infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was 79±3%; ramiprilat reduced this to 49±4% ( P P =NS). Pretreatment with Hoe 140, N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, or indomethacin abolished the beneficial effect of ramiprilat. Compared with the 30-minute ischemia/120-minute reperfusion group, nonreperfused hearts with 30 minutes of ischemia had significantly smaller infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk, whereas in the 150-minute ischemia group it was significantly larger. This suggests that reperfusion caused a significant part of the myocardial injury, but it also suggests that compared with prolonged ischemia, reperfusion salvaged some of the myocardium. Ventricular arrhythmias mirrored the changes in infarct size. Thus, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury and arrhythmias; these beneficial effects are mediated primarily by a kinin–prostaglandin–nitric oxide pathway, not inhibition of angiotensin II formation.
Influence of methadone on oxygen uptake and glycogenolysis of rat liver slices.

Summary1. Methadone (0.0005M) increases the oxygen uptake of liver slices rich in glycogen and depresses it in slices poor in glycogen. 2. The increased oxygen uptake is accompanied by an increased rate of glycogenolysis as demonstrated by biochemical and histologic methods. 3. A possible explanation for the findings is discussed.
Localization of AMPA-selective excitatory amino acid receptor subunits in identified populations of striatal neurons.

Abstract Two-color immunofluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in combination with retrograde tract-tracing techniques were used to examine the relationship of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA)-selective glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2/3/4c and GluR4) to identified populations of striatal projection neurons and interneurons. The majority of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons were double-labeled for GluR2/3/4c. These findings were confirmed using calbindin to label matrix projection neurons. In contrast, immunostaining of the GluR1 subunit was not observed to co-localize with any striatal projection neurons. Striatal interneurons immunostained for parvalbumin were also labeled by antibodies directed against the GluRl subunit. Approximately 50% of parvalbumin neurons also contained GluR2/3/4c. Somatostatin immunoreactivity did not co-localize with either the GluR1 or GluR2/3/4c subunits. GluR4-immunoreactive neurons were not observed in striatum. This study demonstrates that AMPA-selective glutamate receptors are differentially localized on subpopulations of striatal neurons and interneurons. These findings suggest that discrete striatal neuron populations may express different AMPA receptor subunit combinations which may account for their functional specificity.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia alters hypothalamic transcription of genes involved in metabolic regulation

Abstract Epidemiological studies show that the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is strongly associated with obesity, hypertension and diabetes, the three conditions characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. Since metabolic disorders usually involve altered homeostatic mechanisms both centrally and peripherally, it is likely that so it is in OSAS, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We used an established rodent model to test whether chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) similar to that experienced by OSAS patients leads to distinct and relevant for metabolic regulation transcriptional changes in the posterior hypothalamus. Using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, we found that rats exposed to CIH for 35 days (n = 9) had twice higher levels of the adrenergic α2A receptor mRNA than the rats simultaneously submitted to a matching sham treatment (n = 9). The mRNA levels of three members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5b, were also increased 2–4 times. The increases occurred only in the perifornical region, whereas no changes were detected in the ventromedial region comprising the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei or the dorsomedial region comprising the dorsomedial and paraventricular nuclei. These results show that, at least at the transcriptional level, CIH exerts a distinct and regionally selective central effect on the expression of selected mRNAs involved in metabolic regulation through adrenergic, leptinergic and inflammatory pathways.
Sliding versus till deformation in the fast motion of an ice stream over a viscous till

The partitioning between till deformation and sliding in the fast flow of ice streams with active basal melting is examined assuming no adhesion of the till to the ice base and incompressible viscous fluid behavior for the till. For deforming-till thickness of 10 m or less the predicted contribution to basal motion by sliding is larger than shearing in the till unless there is short-scale roughness with wavelengths less than order 0.1 m on the ice sole. At such short scales strain heating within the till and focused melting on the ice sole would quickly eliminate the roughness. Thus, fast flow over a till bed would be expected to be mostly by sliding over the subglacial till. More realistic continuum behavior of the till including non-linear and compressible deformation strengthens the conclusion. If sliding is not dominant, then there must be adhesion of the till to the ice base, some mechanism that continuously generates short-scale roughness on the ice-till interface, or very weak internal slip boundaries within the till.
Performance study of a DC-corona-based particle charger for charge conditioning

Abstract A new DC-corona-based charge conditioner for particles was developed for the processes in which electrical charges on particles are critical to successful operations. The prototype conditioner consists of an outer metal case and a corona discharge tube module capped with a metal screen at one end. A pointed tungsten needle was used in the tube module to produce ions via corona discharge. Ions produced in the tube module were driven into particle charging zone via the voltage difference between the module and conditioner cases. The particle charging zone of the conditioner was designed for quick particle exit once the particles are electrically charged, thus reducing the loss of charged particles. Two unique design features were included in the prototype conditioner, i.e., the implementation of parallel directions of electrical and aerosol flow fields, and variable control of ion concentration in the charging zone. Through the experimental evaluation, we found that the conditioner achieved its highest extrinsic charging efficiency, equivalent or higher than those of existed DC-corona-based particle chargers, when operated at the condition of a 3 lpm (liters per minute) aerosol flow rate, a 2 μA corona current and a 600 V ion-driving voltage. A tandem-DMA technique was utilized to characterize extrinsic charge distributions of particles with various sizes. Last, the birth-and-death charging model with the Fuchs limiting sphere theory for calculating the ion–particle combination coefficient was applied to obtain the charging ion concentration under the various operations of the prototype.
Ambient Storage Effects and Mounting Problems of Very Large Volume Ge LID Detectors

Ambient Storage Effects and Mounting Problems of Very Large Volume Ge LID Detectors, Guy Armantrout - In order to better understand the problems involved in mounting and handling a large volume Ge LID detector, a study was undertaken of the surface-setting procedure before mounting and the effect of diode storage for varying periods of time at the ambient temperature. The diode surface potential, diode capacitance, and diode V-I characteristics were taken as a function of different surface treatments before mounting. The results were correlated using an inversion layer model for the diode. Leakage currents less than 0.5 nA at 3 kV have thus far been obtained. The compensated region of Ge LID diodes is slightly supersaturated with lithium at room temperature. These diodes tend to revert back to the original P-type material because of lithium precipitation. The rate of precipitation was found for several diodes and was found to be a function of the effective lithium mobility.
PSI and Critical Thinking: Compatibility or Irreconcilable Differences?:

Critics argue that the personalized system of instruction (PSI) and other contingency managed methods of instruction are not suitable for teaching higher order skills. In this article, we argue that the criticism is erroneous in three ways. First, PSI is an instructional delivery system and, as such, is not responsible for course content. Second, PSI has been used successfully in courses considered to require the use of higher order skills. Third, research has demonstrated that students enrolled in PSI and other contingency managed courses improved higher order cognitive skills.
Spectroscopic and Computational Evaluation of the Structure of the High-Spin Fe(IV)-Oxo Intermediates in Taurine: α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase from Escherichia coli and Its His99Ala Ligand Variant

The Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenases activate O2 for cleavage of unactivated C−H bonds in their substrates. The key intermediate that abstracts hydrogen in the reaction of taurine:αKG dioxygenase (TauD), a member of this enzyme family, was recently characterized. The intermediate, denoted J, was shown to contain an iron(IV)-oxo unit. Other important structural features of J, such as the number, identity, and disposition of ligands in the Fe(IV) coordination sphere, are not yet understood. To probe these important structural features, a series of models for J with the Fe(IV) ion coordinated by the expected two imidazole (from His99 and His255), two carboxylate (succinate and Asp101), and oxo ligands have been generated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and spectroscopic parameters (Mossbauer isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, and asymmetry parameter, 57Fe hyperfine coupling tensor, and zero field splitting parameters, D and E/D) have been calculated for each model. T...
Mechanical behavior of gradient polymers

Gradient polymers are multicomponent networks which contain a spatial gradient in the concentration of the components in the blend. In this study, the properties of a system of gradient polymers consisting of a rubbery addition to a glassy matrix [poly(methyl methacrylate)] and a glassy addition to a rubbery matrix [poly(2-chloroethyl acrylate)] were investigated. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy was used to characterize the compatibility of the polymers. The PMMA matrix gradients were found to be incompatible, while the PCIEA matrix gradients and the interpenetrating network exhibited compatibility. The tensile properties and the fracture strength of the polymers were measured and interpreted in terms of the composition and the deformation mechanism of the materials.
Model theoretic semantics for Japanese floating quantifiers and their scope properties

A model theoretic and fully compositional treatment of floating quantifiers in Japanese is proposed employing a surface-based syntactic analysis. The present account not only overcomes a difficulty arising from the fact that a floating quantifier and its host are structurally independent of each other but is also capable of offering a principled account for scope ambiguity involving a floating quantifier and other quantificational elements.
Expression by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii of a chloroplast ATP synthase with polyhistidine-tagged beta subunits.

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism for the study of photosynthesis. The chloroplast ATP synthase is responsible for the synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis. Using genetic engineering and biolistic transformation, a string of eight histidine residues has been inserted into the amino-terminal end of the β subunit of this enzyme in C. reinhardtii. The incorporation of these amino acids did not impact the function of the ATP synthase either in vivo or in vitro and the resulting strain of C. reinhardtii showed normal growth. The addition of these amino acids can be seen through altered gel mobility of the β subunit and the binding of a polyhistidine-specific dye to the subunit. The purified histagged CF1 has normal Mg 2+ -ATPase activity, which can be stimulated by alcohol and detergents and the enzyme remains active while bound to a nickel-coated surface. Potential uses for this tagged enzyme as a biochemical tool are discussed. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Faraday effect for sodium anion in solution

Abstract The Faraday effect for sodium dissolved in EDA indicates a magentic moment of about one Bohr magneton for the excited state involved in the 650 nm absorption. Comparison with results for iodide ion suggest a structure for the 650 nm band. A simple connection between ellipticity and derivative of absorption is pointed out and used in analyzing the data.
Triple-Quantum-Filtered 23Na NMR Spectroscopy of Subcutaneously Implanted 9L Gliosarcoma in the Rat in the Presence of TmDOTP5−

Abstract The utility of triple-quantum (TQ)-filtered 23 Na NMR spectroscopy for discriminating between intra- and extracellular Na + (Na i + and Na e + , respectively) in a solid tumor in vivo was evaluated using TmDOTP 5− as a 23 Na shift reagent. Infusion of 80 mM TmDOTP 5− without added Ca 2+ produced baseline-resolved Na i + and Na e + peaks in both single-quantum (SQ) and TQ-filtered 23 Na spectra. The Na i + signal represented 22±4% of the SQ spectrum, but 59±10% of the TQ-filtered spectrum. Therefore, the Na i + contribution in TQ-filtered spectra is much higher than in SQ spectra. Both SQ and TQ-filtered Na i + signals increased by about 75% 1 h after sacrificing the animal. The TQ-filtered relaxation times did not change during this time, indicating that changes observed in TQ-filtered spectra collected with a preparation time of 3 ms represent changes in the concentration of sodium ions contributing to the TQ-filtered signal. Similar experiments were conducted without TmDOTP 5− to determine changes in the Na e + signal in the absence of the shift reagent. The changes in total SQ and TQ-filtered signals 1 h after sacrificing the animal showed that the SQ Na e + signal decreased by approximately 35%, while the TQ-filtered Na e + signal did not change significantly. This demonstrates that the TQ-filtered 23 Na signal is relatively insensitive to changes in Na e + content. To our knowledge, this work represents the first evaluation of multiple-quantum-filtered 23 Na spectroscopy to discriminate between intra- and extracellular Na + in a solid tumor in vivo .
Microcapsules as optical biosensors

Nanoengineered capsules hold promise as carriers for optical sensing reagents, providing a wall of separation between the environment and the encapsulated probes, while allowing access to small molecule analytes. Examples of prototype biosensors have demonstrated the potential to stably entrap macromolecular luminescent sensing components within polyelectrolyte microcapsules and observe reversible reactions with target species.
Force-range correction in the three-body problem: Application to three-nucleon systems.

A leading correction to the zero-range theory is considered for three-body systems. The correction is linear in the force range ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$. An explicit expression is obtained for this correction for the case of correlation between the three-body binding energy and the particle-pair scattering length, as well as for the practically interesting case of correlation between the triton binding energy and the neutron-deuteron doublet scattering length. The correction for the neutron-deuteron quartet scattering length is also found. Physics of the correction involves a modification of the effective long-range interaction 1/${\mathit{R}}^{2}$, which arises in the three-body systems under the conditions of the zero-range theory, by a singular correction ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$/${\mathit{R}}^{3}$.
Induction machine control systems with magnetic saturation

A new induction machine model that includes the effects of magnetic saturation is developed through magnetic circuit modeling. The new model has advantages for use in designing control systems, and is applied to the design of field-oriented control schemes for saturated machines. The control methods are extensions of standard field-oriented methods for linear-magnetics machines, but remove cross coupling between rotor flux control and torque control that are produced by magnetic saturation. An observer for estimating rotor flux is also discussed. Experimental results verifying operation of the proposed control method are presented. >