cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Plasma

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) is primarily ascribed as a source of neutralizing anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies However, the composition of other immune components in CCP and their potential roles remain largely unexplored This study aimed to describe the composition and concentrations of plasma cytokines and chemokines in eligible CCP donors METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 20 prepandemic healthy blood donors without SARS-CoV-2 infection and 140 eligible CCP donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection Electrochemiluminescence detection-based multiplexed sandwich immunoassays were used to quantify plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations (n = 35 analytes) A SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay was also performed Differences in the percentage of detection and distribution of cytokine and chemokine concentrations were examined by categorical groups using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, respectively RESULTS: Among CCP donors (n = 140), the median time since molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was 44 days (interquartile range = 38-50) and 9% (n = 12) were hospitalized due to COVID-19 Compared with healthy blood donor controls, CCP donors had significantly higher plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-15, IL-21, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1, but lower levels of IL-1RA, IL-8, IL-16, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (P < 0014) The distributions of plasma levels of IL-8, IL-15, and IFN-inducible protein-10 were significantly higher among CCP donors with high (≥160) versus low (<40) anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers (P < 0014) The median levels of IL-6 were significantly higher among CCP donors who were hospitalized versus nonhospitalized (P < 0014) CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneity in cytokine and chemokine composition of CCP suggests there is a different inflammatory state among the CCP donors compared with SARS-CoV-2 naive, healthy blood donors
Perceptions of risk and adherence to care in MS patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns for increased risk of infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and disrupted their routine MS care. The aim of this study is to characterize the extent of MS patients’ perceptions of risk and adherence to care during the pandemic. Methods A survey was emailed to patients from a large MS center in New York City during the local peak of the pandemic to assess perceptions of infection risk and adherence to MS care including appointments, laboratory studies, MRIs, and taking disease-modifying therapies (DMT). Results 529 patients from the MS center responded to the survey during two weeks in April 2020. Patients collectively showed concern about becoming infected with COVID-19 (88%) and perceived a higher infection risk due of having MS (70%) and taking DMTs (68%). Patients frequently postponed appointments (41%), laboratory studies (46%), and MRIs (41%). Noncompliance with DMTs was less common (13%). Decisions to alter usual recommendations for care were made by the patient more often than by the provider regarding adherence to appointments (68%), laboratory studies (70%), MRI (67%), and DMT (65%). Degree of concern for infection was associated with adherence to appointments (p=0.020) and laboratory studies (p=0.016) but not with adherence to MRI and DMTs. Thirty-five patients reported being tested for COVID-19, of whom fourteen reported a positive test. Conclusion Patients with MS were highly concerned about becoming infected during the local peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behaviors that deviated from originally recommended MS care were common and often self-initiated, but patients were overall compliant with continuing DMTs.
“Entanglement” and the Exploitation of Common Pool Resources: A Quantum Solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma

The overexploitation of common pool resources is frequently associated with open access regimes in which each resource user operates independently of all other resource users. The outcome is a Nash...
Medial sided articular impaction in tibial plateau fractures.

Abstract Introduction Tibial plateau fractures are a heterogenous group of injuries with a variable amount of articular injury and are commonly associated with lateral sided articular impaction. Previous work has focused on describing the morphology of tibial plateau fractures, but has neglected description of medial sided articular impaction. The aim of this investigation was to assess the morphology of medial sided articular impaction in tibial plateau fractures, with specific attention directed toward the frequency, location, size, and associated fracture patterns. Methods Skeletally mature patients presenting to a Level I trauma center from 2008-2018 with a tibial plateau fracture (AO/OTA 41B-C) were identified retrospectively. Fractures were classified by AO/OTA and Schatzker type. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed to identify and localize medial sided articular impaction. The location and surface area of impaction was characterized by creating frequency diagram heat maps from axial CT scans. Descriptive statistics were performed using standard measures. Results Of the 1032 tibial plateau fractures included, 82 (7.9%) were noted to have medial sided articular impaction. Rate of impaction varied by fracture type (p = 0.03): Schatzker II, 2% (7 of 381); Schatzker IV, 21% (19 of 96); and Schatzker VI, 11% (56 of 524). Average total surface area of impaction was 9% of the total and 19% of the medial plateau area. Area of impaction varied by fracture type (p = 0.004): Schatzker II, 6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4%−7%); Schatzker IV, 11% (95% CI, 9%−13%), and Schatzker VI, 9% (95% CI, 7%−11%). The area of impaction occurred primarily along the lateral aspect of the medial plateau in Schatzker II fractures, in the anteromedial quadrant of Schatzker IV fractures, and was evenly distributed across the medial plateau in Schatzker VI fractures. Conclusions Surgeons should be aware that medial articular impaction is present in approximately 8% of tibial plateau fractures. Schatzker IV fractures are most likely to have medial impaction and a larger proportion of the joint surface involved in these injuries.
Counseling and Behavioral Interventions for Healthy Weight and Weight Gain in Pregnancy: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Counseling and active behavioral interventions to limit excess gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy may improve health outcomes for women and infants. The 2009 National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine) recommendations for healthy GWG vary according to prepregnancy weight category. Objective To review and synthesize the evidence on benefits and harms of behavioral interventions to promote healthy weight gain during pregnancy to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Data Sources Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library to March 2020, with surveillance through February 2021. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials and nonrandomized controlled intervention studies focused on diet, exercise, and/or behavioral counseling interventions on GWG. Data Extraction and Synthesis Independent data abstraction and study quality rating with dual review. Main Outcomes and Measures Gestational weight–related outcomes; maternal and infant morbidity and mortality; harms. Results Sixty-eight studies (N = 25 789) were included. Sixty-seven studies evaluated interventions during pregnancy, and 1 evaluated an intervention prior to pregnancy. GWG interventions were associated with reductions in risk of gestational diabetes (43 trials, n = 19 752; relative risk [RR], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95]; absolute risk difference [ARD], −1.6%) and emergency cesarean delivery (14 trials, n = 7520; RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.74 to 0.96]; ARD, −2.4%). There was no significant association between GWG interventions and risk of gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery, or preeclampsia. GWG interventions were associated with decreased risk of macrosomia (25 trials, n = 13 990; RR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92]; ARD, −1.9%) and large for gestational age (26 trials, n = 13 000; RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99]; ARD, −1.3%) but were not associated with preterm birth. Intervention participants experienced reduced weight gain across all prepregnancy weight categories (55 trials, n = 20 090; pooled mean difference, −1.02 kg [95% CI, −1.30 to −0.75]) and demonstrated lower likelihood of GWG in excess of NAM recommendations (39 trials, n = 14 271; RR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.77 to 0.89]; ARD, −7.6%). GWG interventions were associated with reduced postpartum weight retention at 12 months (10 trials, n = 3957; mean difference, −0.63 kg [95% CI, −1.44 to −0.01]). Data on harms were limited. Conclusions and Relevance Counseling and active behavioral interventions to limit GWG were associated with decreased risk of gestational diabetes, emergency cesarean delivery, macrosomia, and large for gestational age. GWG interventions were also associated with modest reductions in mean GWG and decreased likelihood of exceeding NAM recommendations for GWG.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the 2020 Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellowship Application Cycle: A Survey of Applicants

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic created a situation with an urgent need to produce a virtual system for the 2019-2020 pediatric anesthesiology fellowship cycle. With fellowship interviews beginning in April 2020, there was minimal time for programs to adapt. Each program rapidly developed its own platform, expectations, materials, and process for interviews - all while under the stress of managing the unfolding patient care, financial, and leadership crises of the unfolding pandemic. AIMS: The aim of this survey-based study was to help identify changes compared to previous traditional cycles, obstacles encountered, and program director attitudes towards this, and possible future, virtual application cycles. We separately report the results of an applicant-based survey about the 2020 virtual interview cycle1 . METHODS: A 50-question survey was developed utilizing Qualtrics. An anonymous survey link was sent to all pediatric anesthesiology program directors with an invitation for one program leader (either the program director or assistant/associate program director but not both) from each program to complete the voluntary survey. RESULT: 30 respondents completed the survey, for a response rate of 50% based on the 60 ACGME-approved pediatric anesthesiology fellowships. Compared to previous traditional cycles, almost half of respondents (14/29, 48.3%) reported no increase in the number of applications received, and a majority of respondents (16/29, 55.2%) reported that they offered the same number of interview spots for the year. The virtual interview process appears to have gone smoothly, as a majority of programs reported they never or rarely had technical problems across a number of different domains. Importantly, the majority of respondents were either somewhat satisfied or extremely satisfied (21/28, 75%) with the overall virtual interview process. Given the choice of preferred interview format going forward, half of the respondents (14/28) would offer a combination of traditional and virtual interviews. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that virtual interviews are a viable alternative to traditional interviews and can be completed without many technological complications. PDs were overall satisfied with virtual interviews, despite not having appropriate time to plan and coordinate, and would be interested in continuing this option into the future. There are areas where improvements can be made and with appropriate planning could look to mitigate some of the areas where virtual interviews fall short of traditional interviews. In combination with our previously published survey of applicants1 , these data form a more complete picture of virtual interview best practices going forward.
Anomaly detection of core failures in die casting X-ray inspection images using a convolutional autoencoder

Core failure inspection is an important issue in die casting. The inspection process is often carried out by manually examining X-ray images. However, human visual inspection suffers from individual biases and eye fatigues. Computer-vision-based automatic inspection, if it can achieve equal to or better than human performance, is favored to assist the inspectors to achieve better quality control. Most existing works are heavily relied on the supervised methods, which require enormous labeling and cannot be deployed quickly and economically. This is particularly difficult for a die casting plant that has many different types of products. Labeling each type of product before applying automated inspection may not be feasible in practice. It is therefore necessary to investigate unsupervised methods for die casting products. In this research, an inspection framework built on top of convolutional autoencoder (CAE) is designed and developed to inspect core failures from real-world die casting X-ray images in an unsupervised manner. Identification of good and scrap product, and localization of the defect are achieved in a single network. The framework is designed to be easily generalized to other image inspection scenarios. The area of interest for inspection is first extracted automatically through the Hough transformation. Then the preprocessed image is inspected by CAE. The noises of the model are removed using edge detection. It achieved an impressive 97.45% classification accuracy on average, and precisely pinpointed the defect regions with a small training set of 30 images.
The Rational Animal: How Evolution Made Us Smarter Than We Think

This book review examines 'The rational animal: how evolution made us smarter than we think' by Douglas T. Kenrick and Vladas Griskevicius. A valuable contribution to the library of decision making and rationality, 'The rational animal' uses a solid scientific framework to address two issues of human behaviour: our apparent irrationality and our inconsistency. The book presents an alternative view of human nature that sees behaviour driven by occasions and circumstances, rather than by consistent traits. 'The rational animal' is not a to-do book, but it does offer helpful ideas for decision making and makes the reader reflect upon the fact that our desire for certain products or experiences is driven by deep evolutionary needs
1. PALESTINE AND THE LAW: GUIDELINES FOR THE RESOLUTION OF THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT

An examination of the international legal issues involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict from World War I to the present. It aims to offer a critique of the legal rights and wrongs in the dispute.
Entry Guidance Using Time-Scale Separation in Gliding Dynamics

Entry flight is a critical phase of space missions involving landing on the surface of a planet with atmosphere. The safety of the vehicle and crew (for a manned vehicle) and the success of such a mission rest in no small part on the performance and ability of the entry guidance system to respond to all possible conditions. Recently a numerical predictor-corrector entry guidance algorithm was developed that has the capability to effectively enforce common inequality trajectory constraints such as those on heating rate and g-load. 1 Because of their adaptive ability, flexibility, and wide applicability, numerical predictor-corrector entry guidance algorithms have in recent years become a primary choice for entry guidance. They have been extensively examined for skip entry missions, 2–6 and direct entry for capsule vehicles1, 7 and lifting-body vehicles,.1, 8–12 Their potential applications in aerobraking and aerocapture missions have also shown great promise.13–15 The predictive constraint-enforcement capability of the algorithm in Ref. 1, however, stands out as a first among the class of predictor-corrector entry guidance algorithms that can effectively control the trajectory to accurately satisfy inequality constraints without adversely affecting the guidance performance. In contrast, the reactive g-load limiter technique first developed in the Apollo entry guidance 16 is usually adopted by other predictor-corrector guidance algorithms, whenever a g-load limit needs to be enforced. In this approach the vehicle will fly full lift up whenever the g-load limit threshold is exceeded. The drawbacks of this reactive approach are that the effectiveness is not ensured, and it tends to interfere with the guidance precision if the g-load exceedance over the limit is substantial. The predictive approach in Ref. 1 looks ahead of the current condition, predicts whether the boundary of an inequality constraint will be reached in a finite horizon, and takes action, if necessary, to shape the trajectory before the constraint is violated. As a result, the trajectory will gently fly onto the boundary of the constraint if needed, and the guidance precision is maintained.
Cellular Nucleic Acid Binding Protein Regulates the CT Element of the Human c- myc Protooncogene

The CT element of the c- myc gene is required for promoter P1 usage and can drive expression of a heterologous promoter. Both double strand (Sp1) and single strand (hnRNP K) CT-binding proteins have been implicated as mediators of CT action. Although significant levels of CT activity persisted following Sp1 immunodepletion, EGTA totally abolished transactivation, thus implicating another metal requiring factor in CT element activity. As hnRNP K binds to one strand of the CT element, but has no metal requirement, the opposite (purine-rich strand) was examined as a target for a metal-dependent protein. A zinc-requiring purine strand binding activity was identified as cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP), a protein previously implicated in the regulation of sterol responsive genes. Two forms of CNBP differed in their relative binding to the CT- or sterol-response elements. CNBP was shown to be a bona fide regulator of the CT element by cotransfection of a CNBP expression vector that stimulated expression of a CT-driven but not an AP1-dependent reporter. These data suggest that hnRNP K and CNBP bind to opposite strands and co-regulate the CT element.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate and the dependent protein kinase regulate lymphatic contractility in rat thoracic duct.

Key points • Nitric oxide plays a principal role in the lymphatic endothelium/shear-dependent regulation of contractility in rat thoracic duct. • In this study we tested the hypothesis that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the dependent protein kinase (PKG) are central to the intrinsic and extrinsic flow-dependent modulation of lymphatic contractility. • Both PKG-Iα and -Iβ isoforms are found in the thoracic duct, with ∼10 times greater expression of the PKG-Iα protein compared with the aorta and vena cava. • Functional data demonstrate that cGMP is critical to the flow-dependent regulation of thoracic duct contractility. • These findings indicate an important role for PKG, especially PKG-Iα in these processes and identifies the PKG protein as a potential therapeutic target. Abstract We have previously demonstrated a principal role for nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium/shear-dependent regulation of contractility in rat thoracic duct (TD). In this study we tested the hypothesis that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the dependent protein kinase (PKG) are central to the intrinsic and extrinsic flow-dependent modulation of lymphatic contractility. Lymphatic diameters and indices of pumping in isolated, cannulated and pressurized segments of rat TD were measured. The influences of increased transmural pressure (1–5 cmH2O) and imposed flow (1–5 cm H2O transaxial pressure gradients) on lymphatic function were studied before and after: (1) inhibition of guanylate cyclase (GC) with and without a NO donor; (2) application of stable cGMP analogue; and (3) inhibition of the cGMP activation of PKG. Additionally, Western blotting and immunofluorescent tissue staining were used to analyse the PKG isoforms expressed in TD. We found that the GC inhibitor ODQ induced changes in TD contractility similar to NO synthase blockade and prevented the relaxation induced by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. The cGMP analogue, 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8pCPTcGMP), mimicked the extrinsic flow-induced relaxation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas treatment with the cGMP/PKG inhibitor, guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-, Rp-isomer, triethylammonium salt (Rp-8-Br-PETcGMPS), eliminated intrinsic flow-dependent relaxation, and largely inhibited extrinsic flow-dependent relaxation. Western blotting demonstrated that both PKG-Iα and -Iβ isoforms are found in TD, with ∼10 times greater expression of the PKG-Iα protein in TD compared with the aorta and vena cava. The PKG-Iβ isoform expressed equally in TD and vena cava, both being ∼2 times higher than that in the aorta. Immunofluorescent labelling of PKG-Iα protein in the wall of rat thoracic duct confirmed its localization inside TD muscle cells. These findings demonstrate that cGMP is critical to the flow-dependent regulation of TD contractility; they also indicate an important involvement of PKG, especially PKG-Iα in these processes and identifies PKG protein as a potential therapeutic target.
Placebo analgesia and reward processing: Integrating genetics, personality, and intrinsic brain activity

Our expectations about an event can strongly shape our subjective evaluation and actual experience of events. This ability, applied to the modulation of pain, has the potential to affect therapeutic analgesia substantially and constitutes a foundation for non-pharmacological pain relief. A typical example of such modulation is the placebo effect. Studies indicate that placebo may be regarded as a reward, and brain activity in the reward system is involved in this modulation process. In the present study, we combined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) measures, genotype at a functional COMT polymorphism (Val158Met), and personality measures in a model to predict the magnitude of placebo conditioning effect indicated by subjective pain rating reduction to calibrated noxious stimuli. We found that the regional homogeneity (ReHo), an index of local neural coherence, in the ventral striatum, was significantly associated with conditioning effects on pain rating changes. We also found that the number of Met alleles at the COMT polymorphism was linearly correlated to the suppression of pain. In a fitted regression model, we found the ReHo in the ventral striatum, COMT genotype, and Openness scores accounted for 59% of the variance in the change in pain ratings. The model was further tested using a separate data set from the same study. Our findings demonstrate the potential of combining resting-state connectivity, genetic information, and personality to predict placebo effect. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4583–4593, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Materials with Memory

The characteristic property of viscoelastic solids which distinguishes them from perfectly elastic solids is the fact that, if they are subjected to a deformation which varies with time, the stress measured at time t, say, depends not only on the instantaneous value of the deformation gradients, but also on the whole previous history of the deformation gradients. In a series of papers, Green and Rivlin1,2 and Green, Rivlin, and Spencer3 have developed constitutive equations for such materials, in which the stress is expressed in terms of the deformation in the form of series of multiple integrals. It is the object of this paper to recapitulate this development, with particular emphasis on the physical assumptions regarding the material which are implied by the mathematical assumptions made in the theory. Such a development is perhaps timely in view of the extensive attempts in recent years to represent the behavior of actual materials in the form given by the theory.
A Grace Period and European Patent Law: It's Time for Change

This article begins by discussing the first-to-file and first-to-invent approaches to inventions. Next, the article describes how each of the two systems defines “prior art” and argues that employing the first-to-invent approach has two problems: a lack of incentive to file early and difficulty in advising an inventor about what qualifies as prior art. In the United States, something counts as prior art “[i]f the publication date is more than one year before the actual filing date.” The article concludes that Europe would benefit from adding a grace period because it would make the system fairer and create more similarity between the European and American systems “without creating an unacceptable level of uncertainty.”
Approximate calculation of the high-frequency resistance matrix for multiple coupled lines

A relatively simple method for the calculation of the high-frequency resistance matrices of multiple coupled lines is presented. The method is based on a generalization of H. A. Wheeler's (1942) incremental inductance rule (IIR) for application to any number of coupled lines. Resistance-matrix results from the IIR method and LINPAR are shown to agree reasonably well for purposes of practical engineering. >
Object tracking using the Gabor wavelet transform and the golden section algorithm

This paper presents a new method for tracking an object in a video sequence which uses a 2D Gabor wavelet transform (GWT), a 2D mesh, and a 2D golden section algorithm. An object is modeled by local features from a number of the selected feature points, and the global placement of these feature points. The feature points are stochastically selected based on the energy of their GWT coefficients. Points with higher energy have a higher probability of being selected. The amplitudes of the GWT coefficients of a feature point are then used as the local feature. The global placement of the feature points is determined by a 2D mesh whose feature is the area of the triangles formed by the feature points. The overall similarity between two objects is a weighted sum of the local and global similarities. In order to find the corresponding object in the video sequence, the 2D golden section algorithm is employed, and this can be shown to be the fastest algorithm to find the maximum of a unimodal function. Our results show that the method is robust to object deformation and supports object tracking in noisy video sequences.
Disability Studies: Origins, Current Conflict, and Resolution

In this article, we identify the roots of disability studies in interdisciplinary intellectual traditions as the basis for its current creativity, as well as its challenges in serving multiple academic masters. Looking to the future, we suggest rethinking and teaching disability through an integrative, interactive framework of juncture/disjuncture.
Survey of physician fellows in adolescent medicine, 1979–1984

A national survey of physician fellows in adolescent medicine, a sequel to the 1974–1979 survey, was conducted in 1984. Fifty-one listed programs were identified; 48 directors responded. Two hundred twelve fellows were identified (111 one-year, 101 two-year); 151 (71%) returned the questionnaire. Eighty-six percent had a pediatric residency. Current or projected professional responsibilities were 36% full-time academic, 35% mixture of academic/private practice, and 29% private practice. Forty percent were spending 75–100% of their time in adolescent medicine. Recommended changes for their fellowship included more emphasis on research (34%), more inpatient care (18%), more experience in sports medicine/orthopedics (13%), more psychosocial training (12%), and more structured education (12%). Responses as to whether the objective was fully met in each of 18 different content areas showed 60–96% satisfaction in 12 areas but only 23–34% satisfaction in six (developing a research project, participating in a critical assessment of the literature, diagnosing/managing sports medicine, developmental disability, substance abuse problems, and managing pregnancy). Significant differences ( p
Spectroscopic and diffraction study of uranium speciation in contaminated vadose zone sediments from the Hanford site, Washington state.

Contamination of vadose zone sediments under tank BX-102 at the Hanford site, Washington, resulted from the accidental release of 7−8 metric tons of uranium dissolved in caustic aqueous sludge in 1951. We have applied synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to characterize the speciation of uranium in samples of these contaminated sediments. U LIII-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopic studies demonstrate that uranium occurs predominantly as a uranium(VI) silicate from the uranophane group of minerals. XAFS cannot distinguish between the members of this mineral group due to the near identical local coordination environments of uranium in these phases. However, these phases differ crystallographically, and can be distinguished using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. As the concentration of uranium was too low for conventional XRD to detect these phases, X-ray microdiffraction (μXRD) was used to collect diffraction patterns on ∼20 μm diameter areas of localized hi...
One Small Step for Man: Paul Krugman, the 2008 Nobel Laureate in Economics

Paul Krugman was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics ‘for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity’ (http://nobelprize.org). This article assesses the importance of Krugman's contributions to both the state of our knowledge and methodology as a profession. The focus of the article is on Krugman's contributions to trade theory beginning with Krugman (1979a). This article had a major direct impact on the direction of research on international trade while also containing the seeds of his work 12 years later on economic geography.
THE STATUS OF FACULTY SENATES IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES

Shared governance plays an important role in institutional decision making. The extent to which faculty are involved in governance, though, has largely been ignored within community colleges. The current study was designed to profile faculty governance units, such as senates, in community, junior, and technical colleges in order to initiate a constructive dialogue about how best to build structures that allow faculty input into decision making. An exploratory survey of faculty governance in community colleges was mailed to a apurposive national sample of community colleges to provide geographic representation. Findings reveal that governance bodies are less common that perhaps previously thought, and that these structures tend to be more informal than in their 4-year college counterparts.
Comparison of the Prophylactic Effects of 2-Deoxycytidine and Prednisolone for High-Dose Intravenous Cytarabine-Induced Keratitis

In a double-masked, randomized fashion, 11 patients with hematologic malignancies received 13 courses of high-dose cytarabine therapy, intravenously (3 g/m 2 every 12 hours for five to six days). Each patient received topical prednisolone phosphate 1% in one eye and 2-deoxycytidine 100 μM in the other eye every six hours. Topical therapy was initiated 12 hours before the first cytarabine dose and continued for up to ten days (until four to five days after completion of cytarabine therapy). Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed before therapy and then weekly for one month. 2-Deoxycytidine was equally as effective as the topical corticosteroid therapy in reducing photophobia and pain, microcysts, and punctate epithelial erosions, and each treatment gave results significantly better when compared historically to placebo-treated eyes.
Local thrombolysis in the treatment of arterial graft occlusions

Abstract Nineteen patients with 20 occluded arterial bypass grafts were treated with local infusion of streptokinase. Grafts treated included four aortofemoral graft limbs, 14 femoropopliteal or femorotibial grafts, one axillofemoral graft, and one transpubic femorofemoral graft. Complete lysis of thrombus was possible in 12 patients, partial lysis in five patients, and no lysis in two patients. Thrombolytic therapy was thought to be beneficial in the management of 14 patients. In two of these 14 only thrombolysis was required to restore and maintain graft patency, and in an additional two patients angioplasty was performed after thrombolytic therapy with no subsequent therapy necessary. In three patients who were initially poor operative risks, surgery could be postponed. Thrombolysis revealed the probable cause of thrombosis in 12 patients. Complications included four bleeding episodes, two of which were significant. There were no significant embolic complications. Unsuccessful thrombolytic therapy did not result in worsening of ischemia in any patient. Local infusion of thrombolytic agents is a useful adjunct in the management of occluded bypass grafts. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:103-12.)
Advances in Aerosol Direct-Write Technology for Fine Line Applications

Aerosol deposition tools including Aerosol Jet™ and Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct-Write (CAB-DW™) have been used to create fine metallic traces with line widths as thin as 5 μm by focusing and accelerating aerosol particles through a nozzle and onto a substrate. These tools excel at applications requiring a non-contact method of rapid prototyping. We developed the CAB-DW system after an understanding of the fluid-particle interactions inside the Aerosol Jet system was realized. CAB-DW offers both narrower line widths and reduced overspray due to its 3-component converging-diverging-converging nozzle system. The details behind how this system was designed, subsequent progress in aerosol focusing designs, and applications of aerosol deposition systems will be discussed. In addition, a comparison of these aerosol direct-write systems to other direct-write systems and the future prospects of these tools will be presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Foucault on Freedom and Capabilities

Within recent scholarship, a long-standing tendency to view Foucault as pessimistic about the possibilities of activism is now being reversed. For many contemporary commentators who emphasize the themes of personal agency, transgression and radical freedom in their assessment of his thought, Foucault offers new possibilities for political practice and for the pursuit of self-determination. However, an examination of Foucault’s work, particularly in the transitional period preceding his so-called ‘ethical’ writings, indicates his appreciation of basic human needs and functions that complicates the current understanding of Foucault as a philosopher of freedom. Particularly in his discussions of the ideas of ‘desubjectivation’ and ‘limit-experience’, Foucault’s work recognizes that prior conditions of psychological, economic and social ‘well-being’ are prerequisites for any subsequent performance of freedom. Examining this dimension of Foucault’s work reveals interesting points of convergence between his tho...
Health impacts of ultraviolet radiation in urban ecosystems: a review

This paper explores the literature on ultraviolet irradiance (UV) in urban ecosystems with respect to the likely effects on human health. The focus was the question of whether the health effects of UV radiation should be included in planning of landscape elements such as trees and shading structures. In examining the literature, special attention was given to seeking information on the question of whether it is important that shade be provided for elementary school play areas, and if so, how should it be accomplished? Before such practical questions could be dealt with, it became obvious that answers to several pertinent secondary questions had to be sought. Foremost of these was, what are the negative and positive health effects of UV exposure? Recent epidemiological findings of apparent benefits of sunlight because of vitamin-D photosynthesis and resulting anti-cancer effects make this highly relevant. Another basic question is that of trends in ozone depletion, which leads to interesting questions of long-term trends, short-term extremes, and urban influences on UV irradiance. A host of these and other pertinent questions, such as, "What is the relationship between climate of a location and dress," i.e., "How much exposure will people receive during time spent outdoors?" require much more study. Judging from current knowledge of typical spectra of solar radiation in tree shade and the difference between the action spectra for vitamin D synthesis and erythema in human skin, exposure to solar radiation in tree shade for a short period of time can be somewhat more beneficial for vitamin D synthesis and regulation than detrimental in producing sunburn.
Francis C. Usher, herniologist of the twentieth century

1999 is a fit time to belatedly recognize Francis Usher, who epitomizes the best of 20th Century herniology. This pioneer, in the '50s, had fabricated and developed Marlex mesh, an infection-proof prosthesis which today is the most widely used worldwide. Despite academic disdain, he made a number of technical advances, many of which were later credited to others. Thus, he replaced overlay reinforcement of sutured repairs with inlay tension-free bridging of hernial defects. In the groin, he introduced anterior preperitoneal prosthetic replacement of the transversalis fascial floor of the inguinal canal. His unsplit groin prostheses provided lateral, sutured, preperitoneal parietalization of the spermatic cord, thereby maintaining obliquity of the internal ring. Selvage techniques may, in the future, be used to prevent “buttonholing” after closure of laparotomies in those known to be at risk for incisional herniation. More than any other he, at long last, should receive the credit he deserved for his primary role in the greatest advance in herniology this century — control of recurrence after herniorrhaphy.
Missed opportunities in embryonic stem-cell research

The President's policy has severely curtailed opportunities for U.S. scientists to study the cell lines established since August 9, 2001. Dr. George Q. Daley writes that the number of embryonic stem-cell lines will continue to grow, creating ever more valuable tools that are out of reach for U.S. scientists.
Refining the Question: How Can Online Instruction Maximize Opportunities for All Students?

Although research on computer-assisted and online instruction abounds, researchers have expressed concern about the lack of theoretical frameworks for these studies (Timmerman & Kruepke, 2006). While ample research documents learning outcomes in individual courses, few attempts have been made to link computer-assisted or fully computer-mediated instruction with philosophical concerns pertinent to media, education, or cognition. Ironically, the same issue of the journal that contained this lament (Communication Education) included a major step toward its remedy. In the first of the series of essays published in this journal, called “Raising the Question,” Allen (2006, p. 122) asked whether online instruction is “setting our students up for failure” by depriving them of the social and intellectual stimulation present at the physical college campus. I seek to expand the discussion by going beyond the dichotomy of online versus on-campus instruction to probe when and why online instruction might be desirable. This essay addresses Allen's (2006) concerns about online instruction and student retention, extending the dialogue to examine how online coursework may reach students who might be bypassed by the traditional classroom instruction. The central issue for Allen (2006) and for me is how to offer online instruction according to the principles of effective pedagogy.
Aromatic Polyurea for High Temperature High Energy Density Capacitors

We investigate aromatic polyureas which can be fabricated in the form of thin films through CVD. It was found that the polymer possesses a flat dielectric response (k∼ 4.2 and loss 800MV/m), high energy density (>12J/cm3) and high efficiency suggest this polymer can be a good candidate material for high temperature energy storage capacitors. Breakdown strength was analyzed with Weibull model over a broad temperature range (25°C ∼180°C). Experimental results indicate that aromatic polyurea is more like a nonpolar linear dielectric material because of its highly cross-linked structures. The experiment results further show that this polymer maintains its high performance even at high temperatures.
Effective Use of Interpreters in General Physical Education

(2002). Effective Use of Interpreters in General Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 73, No. 8, pp. 45-50.
Impacts of viability and purification on the specific gravity of Cryptosporidium oocysts.

Abstract The specific gravity of unpurified and purified Cryptosporidium oocysts was measured using an isopycnic gradient centrifugation technique. Specific gravity varied depending on the viability of the oocysts, as defined by permeabilty to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI), the presence or absence of internal structures, and whether or not oocysts were purified. The modal range of densities for a population of 1.4-week-old unpurified oocysts, was 1070–1073 kg/m 3 . This range was higher than that determined for 14-week-old purified oocysts, 1067–1070 kg/m 3 . Eleven- and 12-week-old unpurified populations exhibited a bimodal distribution of densities, with densities most frequently in the 1005–1041 and in the 1077–1108 kg/m 3 range. In these populations, a high percentage of the oocysts having densities greater than 1077 kg/m 3 were viable, while oocysts in the 1005–1024 kg/m 3 range were predominately nonintact, and oocysts in the 1024–1041 kg/m 3 range were intact, but permeable to DAPI and PI (nonviable). This work demonstrates the importance of controlling factors that may impact the viability of oocysts when conducting studies that examine the transport of these microorganisms in the environment and through water treatment processes.
Cognitive performance on Piagetian tasks by Alzheimer's disease patients.

The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive abilities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients using Piaget's child developmental theory. Thirty elderly AD patients and 30 elderly control subjects were given two traditional Piagetian measures, the Infant Psychological Development Scale and the Concrete Operations Test. Half of the AD subjects (15) were in Piaget's sensorimotor or preoperational stages, while the remaining half of the AD subjects and all elderly control subjects were in Piaget's concrete operational stage, chi 2 [1, N = 60] = 17.42, p less than .001. If subsequent studies confirm that AD patients' cognitive characteristics are similar to Piaget's theoretical model, nursing care might be individualized based on mental competence, thus minimizing the commonly observed caregiver overestimation and underestimation of the AD patient's ability to understand and cooperate.
A Bayesian Shrinkage Model for Incomplete Longitudinal Binary Data with Application to the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.

We consider inference in randomized longitudinal studies with missing data that is generated by skipped clinic visits and loss to followup. In this setting, it is well known that full data estimands are not identified unless unverified assumptions are imposed. We assume a non-future dependence model for the drop-out mechanism and partial ignorability for the intermittent missingness. We posit an exponential tilt model that links nonidentifiable distributions and distributions identified under partial ignorability. This exponential tilt model is indexed by nonidentified parameters, which are assumed to have an informative prior distribution, elicited from subject-matter experts. Under this model, full data estimands are shown to be expressed as functionals of the distribution of the observed data. To avoid the curse of dimensionality, we model the distribution of the observed data using a Bayesian shrinkage model. In a simulation study, we compare our approach to a fully parametric and a fully saturated mo...
Effects of surface-anchoring mode and aggregation state on electron injection from chalcogenorhodamine dyes to titanium dioxide

Abstract We used transient absorption spectroscopy to characterize excited-state electron injection from a 2,7-bis(dimethylamino)-9-(5-phosphonothien-2-yl)selenoxanthylium dye (3-Se) into TiO2. Dye 3-Se adsorbed to TiO2 via the phosphonic acid group as a mixture of H-aggregates and monomers. Injection of electrons from photoexcited 3-Se into TiO2 yielded the dication radical (3-Se+) and an associated transient absorption at wavelengths shorter than 540 nm, the amplitude of which was proportional to the quantum yield of electron injection (ϕinj). Our data revealed that ϕinj from H-aggregated 3-Se was (2.0 ± 1.3)-fold greater than from monomeric 3-Se; therefore, H-aggregation increased the efficiencies of both light-harvesting and electron injection. Comparison with our reported data for the analogous carboxylic acid-functionalized dye (1-Se) revealed that ϕinj via the carboxylate linkage was (2.3 ± 1.1)-fold greater than via the phosphonate linkage. Thus, electron-injection reactivity is sensitive to both the aggregation state and the surface-anchoring mode of these chalcogenorhodamine dyes. The decrease of ϕinj for 3-Se is offset by its enhanced stability and persistence on TiO2, rendering the phosphonic acid-functionalized and H-aggregated dye a particularly attractive sensitizer.
Brominated poly (2,6 -diphenyl -1,4 -phenylene oxide) and its silica nanocomposite membranes for gas separation

Brominated poly(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPOdp) is synthesized as a new membrane material for gas separation. BPPOdp forms flexible membranes with higher CO2 permeability (PCO2 = 78 Barrer) and selectivity (αCO2/N2 = 30) than poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPOdm) membranes. BPPOdp also forms nanocomposite membranes with silica nanoparticles. The nanocomposite membranes have a greatly enhanced CO2 permeability while maintaining the CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of the pure BPPOdp membranes. The CO2 permeability increases as the silica content increases in the membrane. The 10-nm silica nanoparticles are more effective at increasing the CO2 permeability than the 30-nm silica nanoparticles. Mechanism studies show that the enhanced permeability results from the nanogaps between the silica nanoparticles and the polymer chains due to their incompatibility.