cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended octreotide suppression test to determine hormone responsiveness of multiple type I gastric carcinoid tumors.

A 70-year-old man was found to have at least 12 type I gastric carcinoids and microcarcinoidosis. We performed an extended octreotide suppression test to determine if the tumors were gastrin-dependent and would likely regress after antrectomy. He was given an octreotide infusion at 12.5–25 mcg/h for 86 hr followed by depot octreotide 20 mg intramuscularly every four weeks for eight months. Fasting serum gastrin and chromogranin A levels were measured, and endoscopy with biopsies was performed before and after the infusion and at five months and eight months. Total RNA was extracted for quantitation of histidine decarboxylase mRNA using real-time PCR. Fasting serum gastrin decreased from 306 pg/ml pretreatment to 31 pg/ml at the end of infusion and 115 pg/ml at eight months. Chromogranin A decreased from four to six times the upper limit of normal to normal. Tissue histidine decarboxylase mRNA decreased 50-fold. At eight months, only a few diminutive nodules were present on endoscopy. These results demonstrated that the carcinoid tumors in this patient were under neuroendocrine control and were expected to respond to antrectomy.
Core-aware memory access scheduling schemes

Multi-core processors have changed the conventional hardware structure and require a rethinking of system scheduling and resource management to utilize them efficiently. However, current multi-core systems are still using conventional single-core memory scheduling. In this study, we investigate and evaluate traditional memory access scheduling techniques, and propose a core-aware memory scheduling for multi-core environments. Since memory requests from the same source exhibit better locality, it is reasonable to schedule the requests by taking the source of the requests into consideration. Motivated from this principle of locality, we propose two core-aware policies based on traditional bank-first and row-first schemes. Simulation results show that the core-aware policies can effectively improve the performance. Compared with the bank-first and row-first policies, the proposed core-aware policies reduce the execution time of certain NAS Parallel Benchmarks by up to 20% in running the benchmarks separately, and by 11% in running them concurrently.
On computer viral infection and the effect of immunization

Viruses remain a significant threat to modern networked computer systems. Despite the best efforts of those who develop anti-virus systems, new viruses and new types of virus that are not dealt with by existing protection schemes appear regularly. In addition, the rate at which a virus can spread has risen dramatically with the increase in connectivity. Defenses against infections by known viruses rely at present on immunization yet, for a variety of reasons, immunization is often only effective on a subset of the nodes in a network and many nodes remain unprotected. Little is known about either the way in which a viral infection proceeds in general or the way that immunization affects the infection process. We present the results of a simulation study of the way in which virus infections propagate through certain types of network and of the effect that partial immunization has on the infection. The key result is that relatively low levels of immunization can slow an infection significantly.
Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the tongue

Solitary fibrous tumor is a generally benign spindle-cell neoplasm that has been predominantly described in the visceral pleura and other serosal sites and is extremely rare in the head and neck area. We report the first known case of malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the tongue in a 57-year-old female patient who experienced rapid growth of a longstanding right anterior tongue mass, with associated dysphagia and dysarthria. Magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of a low-flow vascular malformation not requiring preoperative embolization. The patient underwent partial peroral glossectomy for the excision of the tumor. Final pathology, however, was consistent with solitary fibrous tumor, characterized as malignant by histopathologic criteria, and the patient was returned for re-excision of the close surgical margins. The patient has experienced symptomatic improvement, and she remains free of recurrence 12 months later. All reports of solitary fibrous tumors of the oral cavity and 3 reports of the tongue tumors described in the literature to date represent benign lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the tongue. Presentation, differential diagnosis, criteria for malignancy, treatment, and possible prognostic implications of this rare entity are discussed.
Disciplining addictions: the bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States.

Biomedical understanding of methadone as a magic-bullet pharmacological block to the euphoric effects of heroin is inconsistent with epidemiological and clinical data. An ethnographic perspective on the ways street-based heroin addicts experience methadone reveals the quagmire of power relations that shape drug treatment in the United States. The phenomenon of the methadone clinic is an unhappy compromise between competing discourses: A criminalizing morality versus a medicalizing model of addiction- as-a-brain-disease. Treatment in this context becomes a hostile exercise in disciplining the unruly misuses of pleasure and in controlling economically unproductive bodies. Most of the biomedical and epidemiological research literature on methadone obscures these power dynamics by technocratically debating dosage titrations in a social vacuum. A fou- caultian critique of the interplay between power and knowledge might dismiss debates over the Swiss experiments with heroin prescription as merely one more version of biopower disciplining unworthy bodies. Foucault's ill-defined concept of the specific intellectual as someone who confronts power relations on a practical technical level, however, suggests there can be a role for political as well as theoretical engagement with debates in the field of applied substance abuse treatment. Meanwhile, too many heroin addicts who are prescribed methadone in the United States suffer negative side effects that range from an accentuated craving for polydrug abuse to a paralyzing sense of impotence and physical and emotional discomfort.
Account Space: How Accountability Requirements Shape Nonprofit Practice:

Improving nonprofit accountability is one of the most important issues facing the sector. Improving nonprofit accountability in ways that are attentive to what we might consider unique and valuable about how nonprofits address public problems is the challenge at hand. This article presents a framework for examining the consequences of accountability systems for nonprofit practice. Drawing on empirical findings from three case studies and early sociological work on accounts, the framework considers four questions (i.e., When do organizations give accounts? What is the purpose of the account? When are those accounts accepted or rejected by important stakeholders? And with what consequence?) but makes a distinction between a verification and explanatory accountability process. By making this distinction and clarifying the relationship between these two accountability processes, the proposed framework can be used to identify conflicts between accountability systems and nonprofit practice and to understand how...
Variance in Broad Reading Accounted for by Measures of Reading Speed Embedded within Maze and Comprehension Rate Measures.

Maze and reading comprehension rate measures are calculated by using measures of reading speed and measures of accuracy (i.e., correctly selected words or answers). In sixth- and seventh-grade samp...
Effects of direct social experience on trust decisions and neural reward circuitry

The human striatum is integral for reward-processing and supports learning by linking experienced outcomes with prior expectations. Recent endeavors implicate the striatum in processing outcomes of social interactions, such as social approval/rejection, as well as in learning reputations of others. Interestingly, social impressions often influence our behavior with others during interactions. Information about an interaction partner’s moral character acquired from biographical information hinders updating of expectations after interactions via top down modulation of reward circuitry. An outstanding question is whether initial impressions formed through experience similarly modulate the ability to update social impressions at the behavioral and neural level. We investigated the role of experienced social information on trust behavior and reward-related BOLD activity. Participants played a computerized ball tossing game with three fictional partners manipulated to be perceived as good, bad or neutral. Participants then played an iterated trust game as investors with these same partners while undergoing fMRI. Unbeknownst to participants, partner behavior in the trust game was random and unrelated to their ball-tossing behavior. Participants’ trust decisions were influenced by their prior experience in the ball tossing game, investing less often with the bad partner compared to the good and neutral. Reinforcement learning models revealed that participants were more sensitive to updating their beliefs about good and bad partners when experiencing outcomes consistent with initial experience. Increased striatal and anterior cingulate BOLD activity for positive versus negative trust game outcomes emerged, which further correlated with model-derived prediction-error (PE) learning signals. These results suggest that initial impressions formed from direct social experience can be continually shaped by consistent information through reward learning mechanisms.
Influence of Serum on the Prostate Assay of Luteinizing Hormone (LH, ICSH)1

The influence of rat serum, used as the vehicle for injection, on the potency of ovine, rat and human pituitary LH in the hypophysectomized rat prostate assay of Greep was examined. In all cases, rat serum augmented the prostatic response to LH. Rat serum was apparently effective in augmenting the prostatic response to ovine LH even when injected at a separate site. Human serum, used as the vehicle for injection, was effective in augmenting the prostatic response to rat LH and, to a slight but significant degree, human LH. The mere presence of rat serum was not sufficient to bring about the augmenting effect. Rather, a certain, undetermined, minimal volume of serum was necessary. Rat serum failed to augment the potency of ovine LH in the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow.
Spatial Point Pattern Analysis of Plants

Plants, especially terrestrial long-lived perennials such as trees, do not usually move once established. Spatial patterns of sessile organisms can suggest or reveal ecological processes affecting the population or community in the present or the past – dispersal, establishment, competition, mortality, facilitation, growth – and as such, patterns of plants motivated early developments in spatial statistics (Pielou, 1977; Diggle, 1983). Specifically, it is intuitive to treat individual plants (or other sessile organisms) as discrete events on a plane whose locations are known and generated by point pattern processes (Ripley, 1981; Diggle, 1983; Fortin and Dale, 2005). Second-order point pattern statistics are used to measure their spatial pattern. Arthur Getis (Getis and Franklin, 1987) introduced ecologists to the application of local spatial statistics, specifically neighborhood second-order point pattern analysis, to maps of organisms. As Wiegand and Moloney (2004) noted in their review paper, second-order global statistics based on the distribution of distances between pairs of points, especially Ripley’s K-function (Ripley, 1976, 1977) derived from distances between all pairs, have been widely used in plant ecology. However, their review does not mention neighborhood analysis or local measures of spatial association (Anselin, 1995) at all. This chapter revisits the impact of the Getis and Franklin paper on the practice of spatial point pattern analysis in plant ecology, and specifically aims to determine if local statistics are being used and how.
Dietary Dihydromethysticin Increases Glucuronidation of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol in A/J Mice, Potentially Enhancing Its Detoxification

Effective chemopreventive agents are needed against lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Results from our previous work showed that dietary dihydromethysticin (DHM) effectively blocked initiation of lung tumorigenesis by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in A/J mice, and it preferentially reduced 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)-derived DNA adducts in lung. This study explored the mechanism(s) responsible for DHM's differential effects on NNK/NNAL-derived DNA damage by quantifying their metabolites in A/J mice. The results showed that dietary DHM had no effect on NNK or NNAL abundance in vivo, indicating that DHM does not affect NNAL formation from NNK. DHM had a minimal effect on cytochrome P450 2A5 (CYP2A5, which catalyzes NNK and NNAL bioactivation in A/J mouse lung), suggesting that it does not inhibit NNAL bioactivation. Dietary DHM significantly increased O-glucuronidated NNAL (NNAL-O-gluc) in A/J mice. Lung and liver microsomes from dietary DHM-treated mice showed enhanced activities for NNAL O-glucuronidation. These results overall support the notion that dietary DHM treatment increases NNAL detoxification, potentially accounting for its chemopreventive efficacy against NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. The ratio of urinary NNAL-O-gluc and free NNAL may serve as a biomarker to facilitate the clinical evaluation of DHM-based lung cancer chemopreventive agents.
Why Do We Punish? Victim Mate Value Sways Criminal Punishment in Mock Trials

It is a thorn in the side of the law that judges and jurors are influenced by extra-legal factors, such as the attractiveness of the defendant or victim. In order to promote equal treatment, it may be helpful to understand why these biases occur and in what ways. Drawing on evolutionary considerations, the present study predicted that victims bearing cues of high theorized mate value - specifically high facial symmetry and sexual availability - will evoke more offender punishment by mock judges than do victims with lower mate value. This prediction was confirmed. We present evidence that this effect was not due to a general tendency to empathize with victims but instead was driven by a tendency to value the victim along socially-relevant dimensions. This finding suggests an adaptive basis for implicit punitive bias. A deeper understanding of such biases could help us to develop new approaches to combat them in courts of law.
One wiki, two groups: Dynamic interactions across ESL collaborative writing tasks

Abstract With the growing importance of Web 2.0 tools for communication and collaboration, small group writing using one such tool—the wiki—has been increasingly implemented in second language classes. A few researchers have examined group interactions during wiki-based collaborative writing, but little research has explored changes in interaction patterns that occur when students perform multiple wiki writing tasks. This study investigates two ESL groups’ interactions during two collaborative writing tasks that used a Wikispaces site in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course at an American university. We examined the dynamics of peer interaction across writing tasks for each group by inspecting (1) language functions performed during task negotiation, (2) writing change functions performed during text co-construction, (3) scaffolding strategies, and (4) changes in patterns of interaction across tasks. Data included wiki modules, interviews, and reflection papers. Our analyses show that two ESL groups working on identical tasks in the same wiki space enacted strikingly different patterns of interaction and that those patterns changed within each group across two tasks. We discuss these dynamics with reference to the fluidity of scaffolding occurring within small groups. This study fills a gap in computer-mediated collaborative writing research and also sheds new light on networked writing pedagogy.
IMPLANTATION-INDUCED CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS.

Ion implantation causes an increase by ~14 orders of magnitude in the electricalconductivity of normally insulating polymers such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(2,6 dimethyl phenylene-oxide) (PPO), and poly (pphenylene sulfide) (PPS), after ion implantation with Br at fluences of 3 × 10 15 ions/cm 2 . The temperature dependence of the dc conductivity was measured in the range 23 〈 T 〈 293 K and results show an exponential law σ ~ exp(−T o /T) a ) for PAN, PPO and PPS with α =1/2, suggesting a one-dimensional hopping mechanism. The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power (TEP) identifies the sign of the dominant carrier type. The TEP exhibits linear metallic behavior, with small magnitudes (~3μV/K), and shows Br implantation to yield p-type material in PPS and n-type material in PAN with extremely low values of mobility (〈 10 −3 cm 2 /V sec) and correspondingly very high values of the carrier concentration estimated to be 5 × 10 22 cm -3 . Results are also reported for the frequency dependence of the AC conductivity and of similarly implanted PPS and PAN samples.
Studies on 5-Ribosyluracil in Man.∗

SummaryA method described for estimation and isolation of 5-ribosyluracil in 24-hour specimens of normal human urine (7) has been used to study its excretion in patients suspected of abnormal RNA turnover. In accord with the previously demonstrated lack of catabolism of 5-ribosyluracil in man(7), there is support for the view that the amount of excreted 5-ribosyluracil may be indicative of the turnover of transfer RNA, intimately associated with protein biosynthesis. With the use of this method, several as yet unidentified components have been isolated from human urine and partially characterized.
Delta opioid peptide augments functional effects and intrastriatal graft survival of rat fetal ventral mesencephalic cells.

Abstract Delta enkephalin analogue [D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]enkephalin (DADLE) has been shown to protect dopamine transporters from methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we demonstrate that exposure of embryonic ventral mesencephalic cells to DADLE (0.01 g/ml), prior to intrastriatal transplantation, enhanced functional recovery and graft survival in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonian rats. At 6 and 8 weeks posttransplantation, animals that received DADLE-treated cell grafts exhibited significantly higher (near normal) spontaneous locomotor behaviors, as well as trends of greater reversal of motor asymmetrical behaviors compared with animals that received nontreated cell grafts. Histological examination revealed that animals transplanted with DADLE-treated cell grafts exhibited about twice the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive grafted neurons compared with those animals that received nontreated cell grafts. These results suggest that DADLE should be considered as an adjunctive agent for neural transplantation therapy in Parkinson's disease.
Presumed primary immune‐mediated neutropenia in 35 dogs: a retrospective study

Objectives To describe, in a cohort of dogs with presumed primary immune-mediated neutropenia, the presenting clinical characteristics, haematology results, bone marrow characteristics, therapies used (drugs and doses), clinical response to treatment, relapse and outcome at six months and one year. Methods Multi-institutional recruited retrospective descriptive case series with voluntary submissions. Presumed immune-mediated neutropenia was diagnosed based on a neutrophil concentration <1·5×109 cells/L on a minimum of two complete blood counts, exclusion of other causes of neutropenia based on a diagnostic bone marrow aspirate or biopsy, and exclusion of secondary immune-mediated neutropenia. Dogs meeting these diagnostic criteria between 2006 and 2013, and that had a haematocrit of ≥29% and minimum of two complete blood clounts performed after initiation of therapy, were included. Results Information on 35 dogs was included. Neutropenia was less than 0·5×109 cells/L in most cases (21 dogs), 0·5 to ·99×109 cells/L in 11, and 1.0 to 1·49×109 cells/L in three. Eight dogs had thrombocytopenia, which was severe (<49·9×109 cells/L) in three. [Correction added on 23 May 2017, after first online publication: the cell numbers were incorrect due to errors in the conversion of cell measurements to international units. The numbers have been corrected throughout the article and Table 2.] Twenty-three dogs had myeloid hyperplasia, 10 dogs had myeloid hypoplasia and two dogs had normal myelopoiesis. Neutropenia resolved in 32 of 33 dogs within two weeks of starting corticosteroid therapy and in all dogs within one month. Relapse of neutropenia occurred in 12 cases within one year. Clinical Significance Initial response of presumed primary immune-mediated neutropenia cases to corticosteroid therapy can be excellent. Long-term monitoring for relapse is warranted because 34% of cases relapsed during or after taper of immunosuppressive medications.
Bioethical Decisions, Substance Use and Addiction: The Clinical Context

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the various ethical issues that may confront the care provider in the context of providing care to patients who use substances, suffer from substance dependence, and/or are in need of prescription medication for pain. Informed consent to treatment requires that the individual giving his or her consent has sufficient information with which to make a decision, that the individual understands the information that is provided, that the consent is given voluntarily, and that he or she has the capacity to give consent. It is the existence of this last element that is often questioned in the case of individuals who are active substance users or substance-dependent. The civil and criminal laws raise significant issues for clinicians providing care to pregnant women. The principle of beneficence demands that the clinician act in the best interest of his or her patient, while the corollary principle of nonmaleficence demands that the clinician refrain from doing harm. The best interest of the patient and avoidance of harm, however, may be difficult to define, if it appears to the clinician that the interests of the mother and the unborn child are not congruent. There has also been considerable public and professional debate regarding the priority to be given to active substance users and substance-dependent persons in the allocation of organs for transplantation. A utilitarian approach to the ethical issue of allocation of this scarce resource would suggest that those patients who will derive the most medical benefit should receive priority for transplantation. However, research has not adequately identified or assessed all of the various psychosocial, genetic, and medical factors that could potentially be relevant to this determination.
Aviation Biofuel Standards and Airworthiness Approval

The chemical properties that control the performance of aviation fuel have evolved in parallel with the aircraft and engines that use these fuels. The initial focus was on improving piston engine fuels to meet the increasing performance demands of combat operations. This early experience established a precedent for the evolution of industry and military specifications used to control the properties of jet fuel used on today’s aircraft.
N-linked Glycans are Required on Epithelial Na+ Channel Subunits for Maturation and Surface Expression

Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits undergo N-linked glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum where they assemble into an αβγ complex. Six, 13, and 5 consensus sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) for N-glyc...
Applying Artificial Neural Network to Process Planning

Process planning is one of the most important and complex functions in manufacturing. Several schemes have been proposed and utilized in order to automate process planning. In this paper, the application of artificial neural networks to generate process plans in Computer Integrated Manufacturing workcells is studied. Two systems are developed to illustrate the possible advantages: a knowledge-based system, and an artificial neural network. The results obtained have shown that the generation of manufacturing sequences is possible using sequential networks and significant benefits could be achieved from further research.
Electronic structure and ferromagnetism of Mn-substituted CuAlS 2 , CuGaS 2 , CuInS 2 , CuGaSe 2 , and CuGaTe 2

The electronic and magnetic properties of Mn doping at either cation sites in the class of I--III--${\mathrm{VI}}_{2}$ chalcopyrites are studied by first-principles calculation. It is found that Mn doping at the III site provides holes and stabilizes the ferromagnetic interaction between neutral Mn defects; the neutral ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}^{0}$ also stabilizes the ferromagnetism, although it provides electrons to the conduction band, instead of holes. The ferromagnetic stability is generally weaker when the cation or the anion becomes heavier in these chalcopyrites, i.e., along the sequences ${\mathrm{CuAlS}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{CuGaS}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{CuInS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaS}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{CuGaTe}}_{2}.$ Interestingly, ${\mathrm{CuAlO}}_{2}$ in the chalcopyrite structure is predicted to have lower FM energy than ${\mathrm{CuAlS}}_{2}$ despite its lighter anion and shorter bonds. In general, III site substitution gives stabler ferromagnetism than Cu substitution. Thus, the preferred growth conditions are Cu-rich and III-poor, which maximize ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{III}}$ replacement. In n-type samples, when ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{III}}$ is negatively charged, the antiferromagnetic coupling is preferred. In p-type samples, the ground state of positively charged ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ is also antiferromagnetism. The main feature of the calculated electronic properties of Mn defect at either Cu or III site is explained using a simple picture of dangling bond hybride and crystal-field resonance.
Refrigeration plant and mine air conditioning systems

One of the earliest methods of temperature control in underground mines was the importation of naturally produced ice from the surface. Blocks of ice were transported in ore cars to cool miners in the Comstock Lode under Virginia City in Nevada, USA, during the 1860s. The vapour compression refrigeration cycle, currently the most widespread method of artificial cooling, appears to have first been used in mining during the 1920s. Examples included the famous Morro Velho Mine in Brazil (1923) and experimental work in British coal mines (Hancock, 1926). Air cooling techniques in mining gained further recognition in the 1930s including their utilization in the gold mines of South Africa and in the Kolar Goldfields of India. However, it was the 1960s that saw the the start of a real escalation of installed mine cooling capacity.
Hypervitaminosis A and Lysosomes

Increased emphasis on the beneficial effects of ingestion of retinoids and other vitamins has led to a growing practice of self-medication, over-prescription and over-consumption of these nutrients by a significant portion of the world’s population (Baurenfeind 1980, McLaren 1981, Farris and Erdman 1982). Numerous books and pamphlets are published each year that stress that proper nutrition entails not only consuming certain foods but also supplementing with vitamins, among them vitamin A. In some lesser developed countries where vitamin A intake is low and vitamin A deficiency symptoms are prevalent, massive doses of vitamin A are sometimes prescribed. While little is known about the changes that occur immediately following administration of large doses of vitamin A and after release of the vitamin to the body, acute toxicity can be produced by a single large dose or several narrowly spaced high doses of vitamin A (Bauernfeind 1980).
More on Gentzen Systems

In § 1 of this chapter, we discuss Gentzen’s Extended Hauptsatz. In § 2 we establish anew form of this extension which does not appeal to prenex normal form. In § 3 we consider some variants of Gentzen systems which will play a key role in all 3 subsequent chapters.
Association of Search Engine Queries for Chest Pain With Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology.

Importance Online search for symptoms is common and may be useful in early identification of patients experiencing coronary heart disease (CHD) and in epidemiologically studying the disease. Objective To investigate the correlation of online symptom search for chest pain with disease prevalence of CHD. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective study used Google Trends, a publicly available tool that provides relative search frequency for queried terms, to find searches for chest pain from January 2010 to June 2017 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. For the United States, results were obtained by state. These data were compared with publicly available prevalence data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of CHD hospitalizations by state for the same period. The same terms were used to evaluate seasonal and diurnal variation. Data were analyzed from July 2017 to October 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Correlation of search engine query for chest pain symptoms with temporal and geographic epidemiology. Results State-by-state comparisons with reported CHD hospitalization were correlated (R = 0.81; P < .001). Significant monthly variation was appreciated in all countries studied, with the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia showing an 11% to 39% increase in search frequency in winter months compared with summer months. Diurnal variation showed a morning peak for search between local time 6 am and 8 am, with a greater than 100% increase seen in peak searching hours, which was consistent among the 3 countries studied. Conclusions and Relevance Relative search frequency closely correlated with CHD epidemiology. This may have important implications for search engines as a resource for patients and a potential early-detection mechanism for physicians moving forward.
Programmable Atom Equivalents: Atomic Crystallization as a Framework for Synthesizing Nanoparticle Superlattices

Decades of research efforts into atomic crystallization phenomenon have led to a comprehensive understanding of the pathways through which atoms form different crystal structures. With the onset of nanotechnology, methods that use colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) as nanoscale "artificial atoms" to generate hierarchically ordered materials are being developed as an alternative strategy for materials synthesis. However, the assembly mechanisms of NP-based crystals are not always as well-understood as their atomic counterparts. The creation of a tunable nanoscale synthon whose assembly can be explained using the context of extensively examined atomic crystallization will therefore provide significant advancement in nanomaterials synthesis. DNA-grafted NPs have emerged as a strong candidate for such a "programmable atom equivalent" (PAE), because the predictable nature of DNA base-pairing allows for complex yet easily controlled assembly. This Review highlights the characteristics of these PAEs that enable controlled assembly behaviors analogous to atomic phenomena, which allows for rational material design well beyond what can be achieved with other crystallization techniques.
Sensing the Perfect Tomato: An Internet of Sensing Approach

Fresh? Juice? Paste? Canned? Stewed? Diced? Pureed? Sun Dried? Salsa? Sauce? Ketchup? Rare is the cuisine that does not make use of the tomato in some way, shape, or form, and the resulting culinary popularity of the tomato has led to its proliferation in fields and farms around the world. While some may still argue whether the tomato is a fruit or a vegetable, few would argue that tomato crops are highly lucrative, attractive to farmers in both developing and developed countries and on large and small farms alike. In fact, for those crops with significant global volume and market share, tomatoes are the highest valued among those crops that lack an affiliation to mind-altering drugs. But, the tomato can be a persnickety critter. The tomato doesn’t like it too hot, too chilly, too wet, too dry, or too fertile. Many don’t ripen at the same time. Most are easily bruised. And, the selective breeding that has yielded a larger, more attractive, and deep red tomato has also mercilessly drained much of the taste and flavor from a once sweet and delectable fruit. Enter the world of sensors and modern sensing technology. The Internet of Things (IOT), when using well chosen, well networked, and well aggregated sensors, has shown tremendous potential to support precision agriculture, providing a more detailed picture of crops than was previously possible using conventional crop monitoring techniques. But, the stringent resources and tight profit margins that are a fact of life among many tomato growing operations, large and small, mean that sensor technologies must be chosen and used carefully. There is no doubt that each sensor must earn its keep in producing the perfect tomato. With that in mind, this book explores key opportunities to marry the potential of sensors that are networked within the IOT to the needs of tomato production in ways that are economically fruitful, technologically robust, and sustainable overall.
A corpus perspective on the development of verb constructions in second language learners

Abstract This article reports initial findings from a study that uses written data from second language (L2) learners of English at different proficiency levels (CEFR A1 to C1) in a large-scale investigation of verb-argument construction (VAC) emergence. The findings provide insights into first VACs in L2 learner production, changes in the learners’ VAC repertoire from low to high proficiency levels, and changes in learners’ dominant verb-VAC associations from low to high proficiency levels. The article also addresses the question what role formulaic sequences play in the L2 acquisition of VACs. Data analyses indicate that, from lowest to highest proficiency levels, the VAC repertoire of L2 English learners shows an increase in VAC types, growth in VAC productivity and complexity, and a development from predominantly fixed sequences to more flexible and productive ones. The findings help to expand our understanding of the processes that underlie construction acquisition in an L2 context.
Time Resolved Near Field (TRNF) diagnostic four-frame nanosecond gated hybrid CMOS image sensor

Characterization data for the Icarus 2 hybrid-CMOS (hCMOS) imager using near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses is presented. The Icarus 2 hCMOS imagers are four-frame burst mode cameras, with a 1024 x 512 pixel array and 25μm spatial resolution. Designed and built by Sandia National Laboratory for the Ultra-Fast X-ray Imager (UXI) program where they have been used to capture X-ray images at LLNL’s National Ignition Facility and during HED physics experiments. Temporal and spatial characterization is performed using NIR, 1053nm and 1064nm, laser pulses ranging from 43-ps to 20ns. Specific results include gate response, internal reflections, off-gate sensitivity, side-to-side timing skew, and response to a characteristic NIF-like laser pulse. Comparisons between a commercial gated, intensified CCD camera and a commercial time-integrated CMOS camera are included when relevant.
Abstract 2634: Oral bacteria effects on oral cancer initiation and progression

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common site of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It is estimated to be diagnosed in 50,000 patients this year with an overall 5-year survival rate of 64%. The tumor microenvironment has been shown to play a role in the progression of many human cancers, including OSCC. Given the complexity of the oral microbiome, we hypothesize that OSCC and oral bacteria interact to affect the tumorigenic properties of OSCC. Methods: OSCC cells were cultured in the presence of oral pathogenic (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Enterococcus faecalis (Ef), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)) and non-pathogenic (Streptococcus parasanguinis (Sp)) bacteria. Human oral keratinocytes (HOK) and OSCC cells were treated with oral bacteria and assessed for changes in cell proliferation and gene expression. Results: HOK treated with Ef demonstrated significantly increased proliferation and increased expression of HES1, MMP11, and CDKN1A(p21). Of the five OSCC cell lines, Ef increased proliferation in the two cell lines that were human papilloma virus positive (HPV+) (2A3, SCC152) and in one of three cell lines that were HPV negative (HPV-, Cal27). Ef increased the expression of HES1, MMP2, CDKN1A, and GLI1 in SCC152 cell and HES1, MMP11, and CDKN1A in 2A3 cells. Ef also increased the invasion of SCC152 cells in a transwell experiment. In HPV- Cal27 cells, Ef increased MMP2 and GLI1 expression. Aa also increased proliferation in 2A3 HPV+ cells. Fn did not increase proliferation of OSCC cells, but it did increase the expression of HES1, CDKN1A, and GLI1 in SCC152 HPV+ cells. Conclusions: Oral bacteria have direct interactions with human oral keratinocytes and cancer cells. In particular, Ef may be involved in both the initiation and progression stages of oral cancer. Citation Format: Stefan Kovac, Tiara S. Napier, Jessica Scoffield, Hope M. Amm. Oral bacteria effects on oral cancer initiation and progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2634.
Do Tourists Tip More Than Local Consumers? Evidence of Taxi Rides in New York City

Given the resurgence of cities as consumer centers and the importance of amenities, we revisit the differences in tipping in taxis between tourists and locals in New York City. Taxi service is an endogenous amenity; however, taxis also contribute to the demand and provision of other amenities. Using data from the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, we find that tourists and theatergoers tip more than locals and non-theatergoers, and tourists who are theatergoers tip even more. These differences between tourists and locals may affect the allocation of taxis throughout the city, and hence the provision of other amenities.
Introduction, Early History, and Assuring PNT (PTA)

This chapter is intended to give full explanations of virtually all modern sources of position, navigation, and timing (PNT). The goal for most satellite‐based navigation systems (satnavs) users is assured PNT; providers recognize that combining dissimilar sources of basic PNT information leads to a much more robust positioning capability – that is, greater PNT assurance. For the user, Global Positioning System (GPS) is simply a technique to assure PNT; there are significant other ways to find location today, and more will become available in the near future. The chapter focuses on the early history and development of GPS. The Air Force generally did not support the GPS development, and the yearly budget was in constant jeopardy. To shore up support, Col. Parkinson had to spend many hours and trips back to Washington DC to avoid serious budget cuts, while at the same time directing the overall program and making key technical decisions.
The Kenyan Judiciary’s Accountability to Parliament and to Independent Commissions: 2010-2016

In many democracies, judicial independence is fundamental as a guarantor of both the separation of powers and the rule of law. International legal instruments recognize the importance of judicial independence. These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which both guarantee everyone the right to equality before the law and a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. The Kenyan Constitution guarantees judicial independence in no uncertain terms. However, it also provides that the judiciary is accountable to Parliament for expenditure of public funds. In addition, the Judiciary is also accountable to independent commissions like the Salaries and Remuneration Commission and the Commission on Administrative Justice as well as independent state officers such as the Controller of the Budget which have oversight responsibilities over certain aspects of the non-judicial administrative functioning of the judiciary. Notwithstanding this, the relationship between the judiciary, the legislature and other independent state organs is one of interdependence and mutual respect. Mutual respect is particularly relevant where the activities of the various government organs and responsibilities overlap or intersect. For example, the sub judice rule bars persons, including members of parliament, from discussing current court cases. This means that members of parliament cannot speak about current court cases during parliamentary debates. Rule 89 of the National Assembly Standing Orders also bars members from discussing matters that are sub judice. The sub judice rule is designed to give the judiciary a chance to determine cases with finality without interference from any person, including legislators. The emergence of an empowered judiciary in Kenya that has not been hesitant to assert its power of judicial review vis-a-vis the executive and the legislature and a parliament protective of its prerogatives has set the stage for a contentious relationship with other branches of government and independent constitutional commissions. The judiciary’s empowerment is undergirded by the transformative nature of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. This chapter discusses the balance between independence of the judiciary and the oversight responsibilities that parliament and independent bodies, such as the Salaries and Remuneration Commission and the Controller of Budget, have over the judiciary. In particular, it examines parliament’s oversight mandate over the judiciary’s finances and the reporting requirements that the judiciary has to parliament. In addition, the chapter examines the obligation of judicial institutions, including the Judicial Service Commission, to comply with the Constitution and in particular the Bill of Rights. It argues against the misuse of these accountability, reporting and monitoring functions by other branches of the government and by independent commissions as an avenue to undermine judicial independence.
Predictors of the importance of everyday preferences for older adults with cognitive impairment.

Objectives Among older people with cognitive impairment and mild dementia, relatively little is known about the factors that predict preferences for everyday living activities and experiences and that influence the relative importance of those activities and experiences. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Participants were recruited from the Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (MADRC) Clinical Core longitudinal cohort. Participants The sample included 62 community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating global score ≥ 0.5). Measurements We used the Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) to assess preferences for activities and lifestyle experiences among persons with cognitive impairment. Within-subjects analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences in the mean ratings of importance for four domains of the PELI ("autonomous choice," "social engagement," "personal growth," and "keeping a routine"). Multiple regression models were used to relate predictors, including neuropsychiatric symptoms, to importance ratings for each domain. Results Significant differences were noted in the mean importance ratings of the preferences domains: "social engagement" preferences were rated as most important, followed by "autonomous choice," "personal growth," and "keeping a routine." For the "social engagement" preferences domain, female sex was significantly associated with higher importance of "social engagement," while depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale-15 scores) were significantly associated with lower importance. Conclusions This study adds novel insight into the everyday preferences of community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment and highlights the impact of a number of factors, particularly level of depression, on how important various everyday experiences are perceived.
Settler Rural Imaginaries of MichFest

Thinking through scholarship at the intersections of anarcha-feminism, settler colonialism, and heteropatriarchy, this paper uses the Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival (MichFest) as a case study to examine how settler rural imaginaries are mobilized to reify settler and cis hierarchies. The two imaginaries of interest – “safety in the woods” and “Nature is [cis] female” – rely on settler legacies: the first is derived from the emptiness created by settler state violence and Indigenous displacement, and the second is a reproduction of settler sexuality. To understand how these imaginaries surfaced at MichFest, I analyze online media created around the time of MichFest’s closing. Given the blame of MichFest’s closing was often placed on the issue of trans-exclusion, blog posts and opinion pieces around this time serve as a small sample of the trans-exclusionary rhetoric found at MichFest that reproduced these imaginaries. Most of the texts address concerns about trans-inclusion leading to sexual assault, creating an implicit connection between women’s fears and cis fears. The discourse around this time reproduced the wilderness of MichFest as a cis women’s landscape, constructing the land as a cis woman. In using these two imaginaries, women at MichFest are producing a cis women’s landscape that relies on the exclusion of both Indigenous and trans people, reproducing settler and cis dominance.
Abstract IA02: New concepts in precision prevention

Traditional approaches to cancer prevention and early detection include population approaches that involve legislation, policy, and social change. These approaches have been extremely effective in many areas including limiting tobacco use, implementing cancer preventive vaccination, and population cancer-screening strategies. Despite their success, some cancers are not readily prevented or detected early by these strategies, and alternative approaches that complement population interventions should be considered. Like the advent of precision medicine, precision prevention and early detection can be developed that build on our substantial knowledge of carcinogenic mechanisms, genetic susceptibility, the effects of extreme environmental exposures, and the natural history of cancers from preneoplasia to invasive cancer. These precision strategies aim to identify groups that may experience optimal benefit from interventions with minimal toxicities. Numerous examples of precision prevention currently exist, including the use of preventive surgery in individuals who have inherited a high-penetrance mutation (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2, APC) or individuals who have been diagnosed with a preneoplastic lesion that may have a molecular profile that can be monitored over time to identify hallmarks of disease progression and provide opportunities for timely intervention. This presentation will provide an overview of precision prevention and early-detection principles as well as examples of targeted interventions that may minimize the cancer burden in defined high-risk groups. Citation Format: Timothy R. Rebbeck. New concepts in precision prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA02.