cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Pathways: VCAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target in metastasis

Interactions between disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and stromal cells in the microenvironment are critical for tumor colonization of distal organs. Recent studies have shown that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer cells and mediates pro-metastatic tumor-stromal interactions. Moreover, the usefulness of VCAM-1 to DTCs in two different organs -lung and bone- is based on distinct mechanisms. In the lungs, VCAM-1 on the surface of cancer cells binds to its counter-receptor, the α4β1 integrin (also known as very-late antigen, VLA-4), on metastasis-associated macrophages, triggering VCAM-1 mediated activation of the PI3K growth and survival pathway in the cancer cells. In the bone marrow, cancer cell VCAM-1 attracts and tethers α4 integrin-expressing osteoclast progenitors to facilitate their maturation into multinucleated osteoclasts that mediate osteolytic metastasis. These findings highlight the importance of direct interactions between DTCs and stromal cells during tumor dissemination and draw attention to the possibility of targeting the α4 integrin-VCAM-1 interactions in metastatic breast cancer. Anti-α4 integrin inhibitors have been developed to treat various diseases driven by massive leukocyte infiltrates and have gained FDA approval or are undergoing clinical trials. Testing these drugs against tumor-stromal leukocyte interactions may provide a new strategy to suppress lung and bone relapse of breast cancer.
Deletion of brain dystroglycan recapitulates aspects of congenital muscular dystrophy

Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and Walker-Warburg syndrome are congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated developmental brain defects. Mutations reported in genes of FCMD and MEB patients suggest that the genes may be involved in protein glycosylation. Dystroglycan is a highly glycosylated component of the muscle dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that is also expressed in brain, where its function is unknown. Here we show that brain-selective deletion of dystroglycan in mice is sufficient to cause CMD-like brain malformations, including disarray of cerebral cortical layering, fusion of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellar folia, and aberrant migration of granule cells. Dystroglycan-null brain loses its high-affinity binding to the extracellular matrix protein laminin, and shows discontinuities in the pial surface basal lamina (glia limitans) that probably underlie the neuronal migration errors. Furthermore, mutant mice have severely blunted hippocampal long-term potentiation with electrophysiologic characterization indicating that dystroglycan might have a postsynaptic role in learning and memory. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that defects in dystroglycan are central to the pathogenesis of structural and functional brain abnormalities seen in CMD.
Eggshell coloration reflects both yolk characteristics and dietary carotenoid history of female mallards

Summary Avian eggshell coloration has frequently been examined in a functional context (e.g. mimicry, camouflage), but in recent years, an interest has emerged in identifying the mechanisms that drive eggshell colour variation. Eggshell coloration is predominately caused by pigment deposition; one such pigment is the antioxidant biliverdin, and deposition of biliverdin into eggshells may be costly to mothers due to depletion of their antioxidant reserves. Previous work has shown that dietary supplementation during laying with another type of antioxidant – carotenoid pigments – induces females to produce more biliverdin-rich eggshells. However, the impact of pre-laying nutrition – including the developmental period early in life – on eggshell coloration has not been investigated. Here, we raised female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from hatching, supplemented their diets with carotenoids during early-, mid- or late-developmental periods, and at adulthood measured female circulating carotenoid levels, yolk carotenoid levels, and eggshell coloration. We found that carotenoid supplementation during the late stages of development (transitional period from juvenile to adult plumage) promoted the laying of eggs with more biliverdin-rich eggshells. Independent of developmental dietary treatment, females with higher circulating carotenoid levels at the time of egg laying produced more biliverdin-rich eggshells and more carotenoid-rich yolks. When controlling for female identity, we found that more biliverdin-rich eggshells were associated with more carotenoid-rich, but smaller, yolks. We also detected a laying order effect; later-laid eggs had larger, less carotenoid-rich yolks and less biliverdin-rich eggshells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that eggshell coloration reveals carotenoid status of both mothers and yolks and that diet quality more than 1 month prior to laying can affect eggshell coloration in a waterfowl species. As mallards are considered to be capital breeders in terms of lipid stores, our findings provide a new developmental perspective on the carryover of lipid-soluble and antioxidant nutrient reserves for breeding.
Biomaterials for CNS Injury

Given the complexity of the tissue environment after CNS injury, appropriate delivery and deployment of therapeutic agents (e.g. small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins and cells) are as critical as the identification of the therapeutic agents themselves. Biomaterials are non-viable materials devised to interact with biological systems. Taking a plethora of forms ranging from nanoparticles, microspheres, porous scaffolds and hydrogels, biomaterials can be designed to interact with the injured CNS on a molecular, cellular or even tissue level. They have naturally emerged as powerful tools that can navigate therapeutic agents through the spatial and temporal challenges of the ever-evolving milieu in the injured CNS. This chapter highlights the roles that biomaterials play in neuroprotection, repair and regeneration (by protecting molecules and targeting them toward the CNS, sustaining long-term release of drugs and providing structural support for endogenous/transplanted cells) and details the strategies they employ in each of these roles. Overall, the numerous applications of biomaterials in the injured CNS not only illustrate the state of the art but also reflect the trend of biomaterials becoming increasingly engaged in an intimate partnership with therapeutic agents to ultimately materialize effective treatment for CNS injury.
Pharmacy resident participation with a 24-hour multidisciplinary stroke response team.

Stroke is an increasingly common reason for emergency department (ED) visits in the United States, affecting over 700,000 patients per year.[1][1] It is estimated that 80% of all strokes are ischemic strokes. However, despite the frequency of strokes and their substantial morbidity and mortality,
Dominance, Epistasis and the Genetics of Postzygotic Isolation

The sterility and inviability of species hybrids can be explained by between-locus "Dobzhansky-Muller" incompatibilities: alleles that are fit on their "normal" genetic backgrounds sometimes lower fitness when brought together in hybrids. We present a model of two-locus incompatibilities that distinguishes among three types of hybrid interactions: those between heterozygous loci (H(0)), those between a heterozygous and a homozygous (or hemizygous) locus (H(1)), and those between homozygous loci (H(2)). We predict the relative fitnesses of hybrid genotypes by calculating the expected numbers of each type of incompatibility. We use this model to study Haldane's rule and the large effect of X chromosomes on postzygotic isolation. We show that the severity of H(0) vs. H(1) incompatibilities is key to understanding Haldane's rule, while the severity of H(1) vs. H(2) incompatibilities must also be considered to explain large X effects. Large X effects are not inevitable in backcross analyses but rather-like Haldane's rule-may often reflect the recessivity of alleles causing postzygotic isolation. We also consider incompatibilities involving the Y (or W) chromosome and maternal effects. Such incompatibilities are common in Drosophila species crosses, and their consequences in male- vs. female-heterogametic taxa may explain the pattern of exceptions to Haldane's rule.
Experimental Economics Applied in the Classroom: Engaging Students in Active Learning

Experimental economics was developed originally for research purposes, but was found to enhance the learning of students engaging in the experiments. This outcome is consistent with learning theory that suggests that active learning is more effective in achieving long-term cognitive gains. Two experiments that actively engage students are described. In the first experiment, students participate in a double oral auction. Each students is given a card directing him to buy or sell a fictional commodity at a price below a maximum for buyers or above a minimum for sellers. Students then interact in a simulated market seeking to complete a transaction. Deals are recorded and the data are used to construct demand, supply, and equilibrium price. Understanding of how markets work results. A second experiment focuses on the free-rider problem of public goods. Students allocate a given fund between a public good for which the return is equally divided and a private good in which all the return goes to the individual...
Pruning Network Coding Traffic by Network Coding—A New Class of Max-Flow Algorithms

This work explores new graph-theoretic and algebraic behaviors of network codes and provides a new class of coding-based, distributed max-flow algorithms. The proposed algorithm starts from broadcasting the coded packets, followed by continuously trimming the redundant traffic that does not constitute the maximum flow of the network information. The convergence speed of the proposed algorithms is no slower than that of the existing push-&-relabel max-flow algorithms. The algorithmic results in this work also possess several unique features that are especially suitable for practical network implementation with low control, communication, and complexity overhead.
Optimal Category Pricing with Endogenous Store Traffic

We propose a dynamic programming framework for retailers of frequently purchased consumer goods in which the prices affect both the profit per visit in the current period and the number of visitors (i.e., store traffic) in future periods. We show that optimal category prices in the infinite-horizon problem also maximize the closed form sum of a geometric series, allowing us to derive meaningful analytical results. Modeling the linkage between category prices and future store traffic fundamentally changes optimal pricing policy. Optimal pricing must balance current profits against future traffic; under general conditions, optimal long-run prices are uniformly lower across all categories than those that maximize current profits. This result explains the empirical generalization that category demand in grocery stores is inelastic. Parameterizing profit per visit and store traffic reveals that, as future traffic becomes more sensitive to price, retailers should increasingly lower current prices and sacrifice current profits. We also determine how the burden of drawing future traffic to the store should be distributed across categories; this is the foundation for a new taxonomy of category roles.
Comparison of gradient encoding schemes for diffusion-tensor MRI

The accuracy of single diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) measurements depends upon the encoding scheme used. In this study, the diffusion tensor accuracy of several strategies for DT-MRI encoding are compared. The encoding strategies are based upon heuristic, numerically optimized, and regular polyhedra schemes. The criteria for numerical optimization include the minimum tensor variance (MV), minimum force (MF), minimum potential energy (ME), and minimum condition number. The regular polyhedra scheme includes variations of the icosahedron. Analytical comparisons and Monte Carlo simulations show that the icosahedron scheme is optimum for six encoding directions. The MV, MF, and ME solutions for six directions are functionally equivalent to the icosahedron scheme. Two commonly used heuristic DT-MRI encoding schemes with six directions, which are based upon the geometric landmarks of a cube (vertices, edge centers, and face centers), are found to be suboptimal. For more than six encoding directions, many methods are able to generate a set of equivalent optimum encoding directions including the regular polyhedra, and the ME, MF and MV numerical optimization solutions. For seven directions, a previously described heuristic encoding scheme (tetrahedral plus x, y, z) was also found to be optimum. This study indicates that there is no significant advantage to using more than six encoding directions as long as an optimum encoding is used for six directions. Future DT-MRI studies are necessary to validate these observations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:769-780.
Making Sense of the Copyrightability of Plots: A Case Study in the Ontology of Art

ions where they are no longer protected, since otherwise the playwright could prevent the use of his "ideas," to which, apart from their expression, his prop erty is never extended_Nobody has ever been able to fix that boundary, and nobody ever can.13 This has become known as the "pattern test" or "abstraction test," and has been widely cited in subsequent copyright decisions.14 In essence, for Hand, there is a sliding scale: at one end are plots so impoverished in detail that they qualify only as ideas; at the other are plots detailed enough to qualify as expressions. The less developed a plot, the less likely that it may be protected by copy right because it will qualify only as an idea. Con versely, the more detailed it is, the more likely it will be found to be an original expression of the idea, and thus be protected by copyright.15 So, while an author might legitimately use the same idea as another author (say, the very simple plot of 'boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl'), he or she cannot copy the detailed way that the idea is expressed in the plot of, for example, Say Anything (Cameron Crowe, 1989). As such, while both Say Anything and Groundhog Day (Harold Ramis, 1993) will embody the same simple plot of 'boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl/ this plot is so simple only to qualify as an idea, and since each fills out the plot in different ways, the latter does not risk infringing the former. The is sue, Hand states, is that the point where the plot becomes detailed enough to qualify as an expres sion (and is therefore protected by copyright) may well be impossible to fix.
Microfluidic doublets in aqueous samples generated by microfabricated thermal probes

This paper describes an investigation of microfluidic actuation of doublet patterns in samples of water on blank substrates, using singular and arrayed microfabricated thermal probes. A doublet is a twodimensional flow pattern consisting of adjacent, opposing vortices with linear streamlines between them. In this work, each probe consists of a polyimide thin film cantilever with a metal heater near the tip which generates a temperature gradient up to 1 ◦C/m along its length. The probes are 360m long, 42–120m wide, and 3.5m thick, and the tips are typically <1 mm away from the liquid surface. The velocity of the doublet flow can be controlled by adjusting the temperature of the heat source or by controlling the gap or attack angle between the heat source and the liquid surface. Linear flow velocities exceeding 5 mm/s and rotational velocities exceeding 1200 rpm are reported.
The McNulty Family

The McNulty Family was known as the royal family of Irish entertainers. They were the hottest Irish entertainment act on the East Coast, and perhaps in all of North America, from the 1930s through the 1950s. Ann “Ma” McNulty was the leader; her son Peter played the violin and piano, sang, and danced; and her daughter Eileen sang and danced. They also acted and performed skits to accompany their songs and comedy routines. Their shows were a high-energy, fast-paced type of vaudeville event. Ann Burke was born in Kilteevan, County Roscommom, Ireland, in 1887 and emigrated to the United States in 1910. She married John McNulty in 1914 and was a widow by 1928. This emigrant, who played the melodeon, and her two talented children started to entertain people to make a living. At the height of their career in the early 1940s, in addition to appearing at several venues every week, they had two radio shows, wrote a weekly column for the Irish Advocate newspaper, and had released about eighty recordings. Their vaudeville style was an excellent compliment to their talents, where acting and dancing were part of the delivery of a song or comedy routine.
A Computational Approach to Conceptual Design

Design research has generated many computational tools to aid the designer over the years. Most of these tools are focused on either the preliminary steps of customer need gathering or the concluding steps of embodiment or detail design. The conceptual design phase has seen fewer computational tools even though well known methods are available such as brainstorming, intrinsic and extrinsic searches and morphological analysis. In this paper a generalized computational conceptual design tool is presented to aid designers at the conceptual design stage. It relies on storing and reusing existing design knowledge to create new concept variants. Concept variants are computed using matrix manipulations, essentially creating a mathematical morphological matrix. The concept generator produces quick concepts that can be used for concept selection or as a basis for generating additional concept variants through non-computational, creative techniques.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Urbach’s Rule

Urbach’s Rule states that the fundamental optical absorption edge exhibits an exponential shape: KA(ω) ∝ exp g(ħω-ħω0). The rule is valid for a variety of non-conducting materials, including semiconductors and alkali halides (with g=σ/kBT at high temperature, σ being nearly unity and weakly dependent on temperature). In the case of semiconductors, the origin of the Urbach edge is well established, largely as a result of a unification of early theoretical work by Redfield and by Dexter, and as a result of experiments by Redfield and Afromowitz and by Garrod and Bray. The semiconductor Urbach rule is attributable to ionization of the exciton by internal electric microfields. The extent to which the field-ionization mechanism is responsible for Urbach edges in all insulators is discussed with emphasis on recent experiments by Williams and Schnatterly. Finally it is suggested that in certain circumstances the shapes of multiphonon edges and Urbach edges should be related.
In This Issue: Through the Lens of a Clinician.

In this issue, an analysis of the primary care workforce predicts that the United States will need 52,000 more primary care physicians by 2025.[1][1] Population growth will be the single, most important driver, 10-fold more than expansion of insurance coverage—but insurance expansion will occur
Analysis of Ecology, Nesting Behavior, and Prey in North American, Central American, and Caribbean Tachysphex (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

Abstract An analysis of ecology, nesting behavior, and prey in 40 North American, Central American, and Caribbean species of the pompiliformis, terminates, brullii, obscuripennis, and julliani species groups is made. Nesting behavior, prey, and ecological components analyzed include number of generations per year, nesting site, aggregation and nest density, pre-existing burrow use, burrow excavation and leveling behavior, presence or absence of tumulus and temporary closure, orientation, hunting, prey capture, malaxation, mutilation, manner of transport, provisioning time, manner of nest entry, final nest closure, nest structure and dimensions, type and stage of prey, prey size, number of prey per fully provisioned cell, placement of prey in cell, wasp's egg, seasonal trends in nesting, cleptoparasitism, and adaptability.
Comparative suicide rates in different types of involuntary confinement.

In the past decade especially, a number of studies have appeared on suicide among court-involved persons, chiefly in jail and prison remand settings, and to a lesser degree among longer-term prisoners. Confinement is not everywhere equally suicidogenic, and the types of people who find themselves confined do not represent uniformly high risk groups. This article reports on rates of completed suicides over long periods of time in two very different US institutions operated by the Massachusetts Department of Correction: the Addiction Centre and its antecedent facilities (1886-1990); and the Defective Delinquent Department (1922-1971). For perspective, the paper compares suicide rates among its two populations to rates for other very distinctive institutions operated by the Massachusetts Department of Correction, the Bridgewater State Hospital and the Massachusetts Treatment Centre for Sexually Dangerous Persons. The results are remarkable for the rarity of suicide in three distinct populations--the Addiction Center, the Defective Delinquent Department and the Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Persons--but considerably higher rates in the State Hospital, a population often dismissed as 'criminally insane.' The possible significance of these results for debates about 'importation' versus 'deprivation' explanations of custodial suicide is discussed. Language: en
Stress Characterization of Sputtered PZT Films

In this work we show that stress in sputter deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films can be controlled by variation of both deposition and annealing temperatures. These films were deposited via reactive rf magnetron sputtering using a Pb 1.25 Zr. 52 Ti. 48 0 3 composite target and 0 2 as a reactive gas in an Ar ambient. Variation of stress as a function of deposition and annealing temperature was characterized. The deposited film composition was determined from x-ray fluorescence measurements. There is a strong correlation between film stress, composition, and crystallographic orientation. Stress was determined from the deflection of released SiO 2 /Pt cantilever beams. We show that films with a wide range of intrinsic stress can be deposited which still exhibit good piezoelectric properties, making the fabrication of reliable thin film piezoelectric actuators possible.
Ion Current, Energy Distribution, and Radical Species Detection in RF Plasmas by Cylindrical Mirror Analyzer Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy

Mass spectroscopy has been used to diagnose plasma processing atmospheres by detailing the flux of neutral and ion species and the energy distribution of ions impinging upon a substrate immersed in a glow discharge. The institution of a diagnostic tool to investigate the chemical (reactive neutral) and physical (ion) aspects involved in plasma processing is necessary to improve control and reliability in thin film materials processing. Research has focussed on ion-enhanced etching of tungsten thin films in NF3/O2 and the deposition of tungsten by the reaction of WF6 and H2 in rf glow discharge reactions.
Comprehensive Fuzzy Evaluation Model for Coordinated Development of Scientific and Technological Intermediary with Regional Innovation Subjects

The coordinated development level index of scientific and technological intermediary with regional innovation subjects is divided into four two-level indexes which include coordinated development of scientific and technological intermediary with government,enterprises,universities and scientific research institutions.An evaluation index system for the coordinated development of scientific and technological intermediary with regional innovation subjects is established,and a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model for coordinated development between scientific and technological intermediary and regional innovation subjects is proposed.
Equine Influenza Serological Methods

Serologic tests for equine influenza virus (EIV) antibodies are used for many purposes, including retrospective diagnosis, subtyping of virus isolates, antigenic comparison of different virus strains, and measurement of immune responses to EIV vaccines. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH), and serum micro-neutralization tests are the most widely used for these purposes and are described here. The presence of inhibitors of hemagglutination in equine serum complicates interpretation of HI assay results, and there are alternative protocols (receptor-destroying enzyme, periodate, trypsin-periodate) for their removal. With the EIV H3N8 strains in particular, equine antibody titers may be magnified by pretreating the HI test antigen with Tween-80 and ether. The SRH assay offers stronger correlations between serum antibody titers and protection from disease. Other tests are sometimes used for specialized purposes such as the neuraminidase-inhibition assay for subtyping, or ELISA for measuring different specific antibody isotypes, and are not described here.
Social Ecology of Supervised Communal Facilities for Mentally Disabled Adults: I. Introduction

This is the first of a series of papers in which we describe social relationships among mentally disabled adults who worked in four sheltered workshops. In this paper, procedures for observing and interviewing clients and for interviewing staff members were described, and data on reliability and general levels of social behavior were reported. Reliability of social behavior was significant across time and situations. Social-choice estimates were not very consistent across staff, clients, and observations. Clients spent about 40 percent of their time in informal socializing, primarily in conversation. In future papers in the series, we analyze predictors of social behavior and social choice in detail.
Cell surface A, B, or O(H) blood group antigens as an indicator of malignant potential in stage A bladder carcinoma.

AbstractThe major blood group antigens A, B or O(H) are present on normal bladder epithelium. The presence or absence of these antigens on the cell surface of bladder tumors has been determined in a retrospective longitudinal study using biopsy material from 322 patients who fit the following criteria: 1) the patient presented initially with a superficial bladder tumor, 2) the patient had followup examination for at least 5 years or until evidence of tumor invasion of bladder muscle and 3) the paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were still available. Of 80 patients with stage A tumors that subsequently became invasive 71 (88 per cent) showed deletion of A, B or H antigens from the original superficial tumor. On the other hand, of 146 patients who had no recurrence of superficial tumor for at least 5 years 127 (87 per cent) retained A, B or H antigens. Of 96 patients who had 1 or more superficial recurrences 87 (90 per cent) retained antigens on the initial and subsequent tumors. Analysis of transitional cel...
Informing People About the Risks of Biotechnology: A Review of Obstacles to Public Understanding and Effective Risk Communication

This paper reviews the literature on informing people about the risks of biotechnology. The paper focuses on the risks of environmental releases of genetically engineered organisms. The paper describes the principle obstacles to public understanding of biotechnology risks and concludes with a set of guidelines for effective risk communication.
PACAPergic Synaptic Signaling and Circuitry Mediating Mammalian Responses to Psychogenic and Systemic Stressors

This short review is focused on the central and peripheral functional neuroanatomy of PACAPergic circuitry mediating stress responses, which we define here as “circuits mediating catecholamine and corticosterone elevation in response to systemic and psychogenic stressors,” and the underlying cell signaling pathways, insofar as they are known, through which PACAP signaling in stress occurs. We will focus on the underlying neurobiology of PACAP signaling in stress derived from studies in rodents, and in human and rodent cells in culture, and consider their relevance to PACAPergic neurotransmission in human anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Numerical Methods for Constrained Optimum Design

Basic concepts related to algorithms for constrained optimization problems are presented. Concepts of constraint status at a design point, constraint normalization, descent function for step size calculation, and convergence requirements for an algorithm are presented. Linearization of a problem and sequential linear programming (SLP) are presented and discussed. Drawbacks of the SLP method are noted, and to overcome them, the concept of sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is introduced. This approach parallels the approach for the unconstrained optimization algorithms: calculate a search direction and a step size in that direction to determine the design change. A quadratic programming (QP) subproblem is defined for calculation of the search direction. Then a descent function, which is minimized to calculate a step size in the search direction, is defined. Based on this approach, an algorithm called the constrained steepest descent method (CSD) is given for constrained optimization problems. This is a first-order method that can be viewed as an analog of the steepest descent method for the constrained optimization problem.
Comparative Effectiveness of Treatment Choices for Graves' Hyperthyroidism: A Historical Cohort Study.

Background: The optimum therapy for Graves' disease (GD) is chosen following discussion between physician and patient regarding benefits, drawbacks, potential side effects, and logistics of the various treatment options, and it takes into account patient values and preferences. This cohort study aimed to provide useful information for this discussion regarding the usage, efficacy, and adverse-effect profile of radioactive iodine (RAI), antithyroid drugs (ATDs), and thyroidectomy in a tertiary healthcare facility. Methods: The cohort included consecutive adults diagnosed with GD from January 2002 to December 2008, who had complete follow-up after treatment at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Data on treatment modalities, disease relapses, and adverse effects were extracted manually and electronically from the electronic medical records. Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed to evaluate the association of treatments with relapse-free survival. Results: The cohort included 720 patients with a mean age o...
Reaction mechanisms in aromatic hydrocarbon formation involving the C5H5 cyclopentadienyl moiety

The quantum chemical BAC-MP4 and BAC-MP2 methods have been used to investigate the reaction mechanisms leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ring formation. In particular we have determined the elementary reaction steps in the conversion of two cyclopentadienyl radicals to naphthalene. This reaction mechanism is shown to be an extension of the mechanism occurring in the H atomassisted conversion of fulvene to benzene. The net reaction involves the formation of dihydrofulvalene, which eliminates a hydrogen atom and then rearranges to form naphthalene through a series of ring closures and openings. The importance of forming the -CR(·)-CHR-CR′=CR″- moiety, which can undergo rearrangement to form three-carbon atom ring structures, is illustrated with the C4H7 system. The ability of hydrogen atoms to migrate around the cyclopentadienyl moiety is illustrated both for methyl-cyclopentadiene, C5H5CH3, and dihydrofulvalene, C5H5C5H5, as well as for their radical species, C6H7 and C5H5C5H4. The mobility of hydrogen in the cyclopentadienyl moiety plays an important role both in providing resonance-stabilized radical products and in creating the -CR(·) CHR-CR′=CR″- moiety for ring formation. The results illustrate the radical pathway for converting five-membered rings to aromatic six-membered rings. Furthermore, the results indicate the important catalytic role of H atoms in the aromatic ring formation process.
Association of prior pelvic radiation with long-term oncologic outcomes following radical cystectomy.

308Background: Receipt of pelvic radiotherapy (PRT) prior to radical cystectomy (RC) has unclear association on oncologic outcomes. Methods: The Mayo Clinic Cystectomy Registry was queried to review 2139 patients undergoing RC for M0 bladder cancer between 1990 and 2010. We then identified patients receiving PRT prior to RC, and matched these cases to non-radiated controls (~1:2) on the basis of age, sex, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and pathologic T and N stages. Cancer-specific survival (CSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Results: Of 2139 patients undergoing RC, 104 (4.9%) had received PRT prior to surgery. These patients were matched to 191 non-radiated control patients (no PRT). Overall, patients were well-matched on disease and patient characteristics. Median follow-up was 9.6 years (IQR 6.0, 14.8). During this time, 108 patients experienced disease recurrence and 218 died, including 122 who died from bla...
Diagnosing Machine Learning Pipelines with Fine-grained Lineage

We present the Hippo system to enable the diagnosis of distributed machine learning (ML) pipelines by leveraging fine-grained data lineage. Hippo exposes a concise yet powerful API, derived from primitive lineage types, to capture fine-grained data lineage for each data transformation. It records the input datasets, the output datasets and the cell-level mapping between them. It also collects sufficient information that is needed to reproduce the computation. Hippo efficiently enables common ML diagnosis operations such as code debugging, result analysis, data anomaly removal, and computation replay. By exploiting the metadata separation and high-order function encoding strategies, we observe an O(10^3)x total improvement in lineage storage efficiency vs. the baseline of cell-wise mapping recording while maintaining the lineage integrity. Hippo can answer the real use case lineage queries within a few seconds, which is low enough to enable interactive diagnosis of ML pipelines.
Invention Versus Direct Instruction: For Some Content, It’s a Tie

An important, but as yet unresolved pedagogical question is whether discovery-oriented or direct instruction methods lead to greater learning and transfer. We address this issue in a study with 101 fourth and fifth grade students that contrasts two distinct instructional methods. One is a blend of discovery and direct instruction called Invent-then-Tell (IT), and the other is a version of direct instruction called Tell-then-Practice (TP). The relative effectiveness of these methods is compared in the context of learning a critical inquiry skill—the control-of-variables strategy. Previous research has demonstrated the success of IT over TP for teaching deep domain structures, while other research has demonstrated the superiority of direct instruction for teaching simple experimental design, a domain-general inquiry skill. In the present study, students in both conditions made equally large gains on an immediate assessment of their application and conceptual understanding of experimental design, and they also performed similarly on a test of far transfer. These results were fairly consistent across school populations with various levels of prior achievement and socioeconomic status. Findings suggest that broad claims about the relative effectiveness of these two distinct methods should be conditionalized by particular instructional contexts, such as the type of knowledge being taught.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities: Part I Cytogenetic Abnormalities

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal malignant neoplasm of myeloid cell lineage primarily involving the peripheral blood and bone marrow, although other tissue manifestations can be seen. AML subtyping is heavily dependent on an understanding of genetic alterations, specifically translocations and inversions. In recent years, advances in cutting-edge technologies, such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), have led to improvements in our understanding of the cytogenetic changes in AML and the pathobiology underlying these cytogenetic abnormalities. Herein, we review specific subtype defining gene rearrangements within the 2016 WHO category of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities [1, 2].
Patternable, Solution-Processed Ionogels for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Electrolytes

Summary Ionogels have recently attracted attention as pseudo-solid-state electrolytes based on their ability to confine an ionic liquid electrolyte within the mesoporous network of a sol-gel-derived inorganic matrix. Herein we report on the development of two important capabilities for ionogels. In one case, we incorporated spin-coated, 600-nm Li + -conducting ionogel films in electrochemical cells of LiFePO 4 /ionogel/Li. A key feature in this work is the ability to have the sol thoroughly penetrate the LiFePO 4 electrode prior to gelation. Devices operating at C/2 achieved capacities of 125 mAh/g for some 150 cycles with minimal capacity loss. In the second case, we developed a UV crosslinking synthesis method and demonstrated photo-patterning of the ionogel. The realization of a photo-patterned pseudo-solid-state electrolyte increases the versatility of ionogels and potentially enables new fabrication routes for electrochemical device architectures.
The art and science of data curation: Lessons learned from constructing a virtual collection

Abstract A digital, or virtual, collection is a value added service developed by libraries that curates information and resources around a topic, theme or organization. Adoption of the virtual collection concept as an Earth science data service improves the discoverability, accessibility and usability of data both within individual data centers but also across data centers and disciplines. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for systematically and rigorously curating Earth science data and information into a cohesive virtual collection. This methodology builds on the geocuration model of searching, selecting and synthesizing Earth science data, metadata and other information into a single and useful collection. We present our experiences curating a virtual collection for one of NASA's twelve Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs), the Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), and describe lessons learned as a result of this curation effort. We also provide recommendations and best practices for data centers and data providers who wish to curate virtual collections for the Earth sciences.
Natural Viral Communities in the Narragansett Bay Ecosystem

Viruses in marine environments are extremely abundant and diverse. In productive coastal waters, 10 to 10 viral particles per milliliter are commonly observed (Fuhrman, 1999; Wommack and Colwell, 2000; Weinbauer and Rassoulzadegan, 2004). In a metagenomic study of near-shore marine waters, an estimated 5,000 genotypes of viruses were detected in 200 l of seawater (Edwards and Rohwer, 2005). Many viruses that infect marine heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria have been isolated and characterized (Fuhrman, 1999; Suttle, 2000; Wommack and Colwell, 2000; Mann, 2003; Weinbauer, 2004). Marine viruses that infect eukaryotic phytoplankton have also been isolated (Brussaard, 2004). These include viruses that infect bloom-forming algae, such as Phaeocystis globosa (Brussaard et al., 2004; Baudoux and Brussaard, 2005), Aureococcus anophagefferens (Garry et al., 1998), Heterosigma akashiwo (Tarutani et al., 2000), and Emiliania huxleyi (Wilson et al., 2002). Recently, viruses that infect diatoms belonging to the genera Chaetoceros (Bettarel et al., 2005; Nagasaki et al., 2005) and Rhizosolenia (Nagasaki et al., 2004) have been described. It is likely that there is at least one virus type to infect each microbial species, making the diversity of viruses as high as or higher than the diversity of microbes (Weinbauer and Rassoulzadegan, 2004). While it has been difficult to obtain accurate in situ estimates of viralmediated host mortality (Suttle, 2005), many studies have found that viruses are responsible for 5 to 70% of daily mortality of marine bacteria and phytoplankton (Wommack and Colwell, 2000; Brussaard, 2004). In some cases, these rates are comparable to mortality rates due to zooplankton grazing (Suttle, 2005). Many viruses are host-specific, and therefore may affect the abundance, composition, and diversity of marine microbial species. A number of studies have shown that adding viruses to natural bacterial or phytoplankton communities can result in changes in the community compositions (Weinbauer and
FGFR1 rearranged hematological neoplasms - molecularly defined and clinically heterogeneous.

The 2016 iteration of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues has further consolidated the section of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms assoc...
A Neurosociology of Mental Health

As discussed in previous chapters, recent developments in neuroscience and cognitive science point towards the vital role that social interactions play in shaping the brain. In this chapter, I argue that understanding how social interactions shape the brain leads to significant and compelling alternative treatment options, and research, for mental illnesses such as ADHD, depression and Alzheimer’s. These treatment options have important implications for American social, legal, and health policies regarding the mentally ill. Specifically, I first highlight the how mental illness is defined and understood in the United States. I then identify and describe three key brain disorders in terms of their neurological basis, etiology, clinical criteria and diagnostic processes, standard treatment protocol and outcomes, and a neurosociological perspective. I then discuss alternative treatment options for these disorders, based on the few such programs in the United States as well as those found in other countries, which reflect a neurosociological sensibility. I conclude by highlighting the impact of a neurosociology of mental health for changing the way mental illness is addressed in the United States.
Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America.

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for (1) lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and (2) management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that (1) negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that (2) detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.
Neuroinflammation and oxidative injury in developmental neurotoxicity

Publisher Summary This chapter characterizes the processes of neuroinflammation and related oxidative injury and discusses alterations associated with developmental neurotoxicity. Neuroinflammation is characterized by a host of cellular and molecular changes within the brain. It investigates the effectiveness of drugs currently proposed to inhibit COX, and to suppress innate immune response and/or oxidative damage. The data furnished here imply that α-tocopherol offers broad protection in the cerebrum from oxidative damage. The increased state of neuroinflammation makes the aged brain more vulnerable to the disruptive effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as disease, infection, toxicants or stress. The exact pattern of cellular and molecular changes depends largely on the type and duration of the inflammatory challenge experienced by the organism. Neuroinflammation can result from classical injuries such as direct insult to the brain that occurs with trauma, encephalitis or ischemia, or from insults such as toxins or infection that follow exposure to bacteria. It is becoming increasingly evident that neuroinflammation and associated oxidative damage play a crucial role in the development and progression of brain diseases. Glia, and in particular microglia, are central to mediating the effects of neuroinflammation.
Microbial Degradation of Polychlorophenols

Polychlorophenols are major environmental pollutants, and their degradation by microorganisms has been extensively studied for the purpose of bioremediation. Three different metabolic pathways for aerobic degradation of polychlorophenols have been completely worked out, revealing the metabolic diversity for these structurally similar compounds. Substituted quinols, rather than catechols, are key metabolic intermediates of polychlorophenol biodegradation. Substituted quinols and quinones are also called as p–hydroquinones and p-benzoquinones, reflecting the reduced and oxidized forms. For example, tetrachloroquinol is the same as tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, and tetrachloroquinone is often referred as tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone. Characterization of individual enzymes has led to the discoveries of novel dechlorination mechanisms. The genes coding for the enzymes have been cloned and sequenced, and the gene organization and regulation suggest that recent gene recruitments have occurred for the degradation of some polychlorophenols.
Sustaining Suburbia through New Urbanism: Toward Growing, Green, and Just Suburbs?

This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors can address such constraints in the effort to create alternatives to suburban sprawl that integrate the pursuit of social justice with environmental protection and economic growth.