cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge-Coupled Device Pinning Technologies

For most thinned silicon CCDs, the photosensitive volume is bounded on top and bottom by layers of silicon dioxide. The frontside oxide is grown to serve as an insulator beneath the conductive gates of the parallel array while the backside oxide forms naturally as the initially bare silicon oxidizes. This paper describes the characteristics of the interface between these oxides and the photo-sensitive silicon and indicates the extent to which CCD performance (e.g. dark current, spectral response, charge collection efficiency, charge transfer efficiency, pixel-nonuniformity read noise full well capacity blooming residual image and vulnerability to ionizing radiation damage) depend* upon these interfacial characteristics. Techniques are described to achieve optimum passivation of these interfaces and to thereby obtain superior performance in the areas just listed. Specifically an implanted structure (the Multi-Pinned-Phase, MPP) is described which provides excellent frontside passivation and several techniques (backside charging, flash gate, the biased flash gate and ion-implantation) are presented for back surface passivation.
Neutron radius analysis in the trinucleon system from pion scattering

We have analyzed recent data for pion elastic scattering on the three-nucleon system to extract the relative neutron-proton radii in {sup 3}He and {sup 3}H. Using standard multiple-scattering analysis techniques we determine the difference between the odd radii with an uncertainty of {plus minus}0.007 fm and that between the even radii within {plus minus}0.010 fm from the existing data. Additional data and improvements in the scattering theory can be expected to lead to a more precise determination. To assess the significance of the extracted radius differences we compare them with radii determined from Faddeev calculations that include charge-symmetry-breaking forces.
Understanding and prediction of electronic-structure-driven physical behaviors in rare-earth compounds.

Rare-earth materials, due to their unique magnetic properties, are important for fundamental and technological applications such as advanced magnetic sensors, magnetic data storage, magnetic cooling and permanent magnets. For an understanding of the physical behaviors of these materials, first principles techniques are one of the best theoretical tools to explore the electronic structure and evaluate exchange interactions. However, first principles calculations of the crystal field splitting due to intra-site electron–electron correlations and the crystal environment in the presence of exchange splitting in rare-earth materials are rarely carried out despite the importance of these effects. Here we consider rare-earth dialuminides as model systems and show that the low temperature anomalies observed in these systems are due to the variation of both exchange and crystal field splitting leading to anomalous intra-site correlated-4f and itinerant-5d electronic states near the Fermi level. From calculations supported by experiments we uncover that HoAl2 is unique among rare-earth dialuminides, in that it undergoes a cubic to orthorhombic distortion leading to a spin reorientation. Calculations of a much more extended family of mixed rare-earth dialuminides reveal an additional degree of complexity: the effective quadrupolar moment of the lanthanides changes sign as a function of lanthanide concentration, leading to a change in the sign of the anisotropy constant. At this point the quadrupolar interactions are effectively reduced to zero, giving rise to lattice instability and leading to new phenomena. This study shows a clear picture that accurate evaluation of the exchange, crystal field splitting and shape of the charge densities allows one to understand, predict and control the physical behaviors of rare-earth materials.
Analysis of Tiphia parasitoids preovipositional behaviors and of their scarab host defensive responses

abstract Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and Tiphia popilliavora Rohwer were introduced as biocontrol agents against Jap-anese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) and oriental beetles (Anomala orientalis Waterhouse). Studieshave shown that under ﬁeld conditions, T. vernalis parasitize Japanese beetles more often than orientalbeetles. This study was done to understand how tiphiid wasps handle the two different host speciesand the inﬂuence of host defensive behaviors on the oviposition process of tiphiid wasps. The preovipo-sitional behaviors performed by Tiphia wasps included: stinging, examining, moving soil, kneading, host-feeding, and host scraping. The frequency, sequence, and total time spent on each behavior before ovipo-sition were scored and compared between two host species. The sequence and frequency of preoviposi-tional behaviors performed by both Tiphia wasps did not show a difference between the two host species.However, female T. vernalis spent signiﬁcantly longer time trying to sting oriental beetles than Japanesebeetles in order to paralyze them. The time T. popilliavora spent on prestinging behaviors did not show adifference between Japanese and oriental beetles. The defensive behaviors performed by Japanese andoriental beetle grubs included: vigorous movements, rubbing their abdomen or head against the wasp’sabdomen, and biting at the attacking wasp. The frequency and total time spent on each defensive behav-ior was scored and compared between two host species. Overwintered, third instar oriental beetle grubsspent signiﬁcantly longer time on defensive behaviors when they were attacked by T. vernalis whichlikely cause wasps to spend longer time trying to sting oriental beetle grubs. The active host resistancegained through behavioral defenses could make oriental beetle grubs less susceptible to T. vernalis attackthan Japanese beetle grubs, especially under ﬁeld conditions. Younger grubs attacked by T. popilliavoradid not exhibit these differences. 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Female × Male Interactions in Drosophila Sperm Competition

In several organisms, the success of a male's sperm in multiply inseminated females depends on the male's genotype. In Drosophila, the female also plays a role in determining which sperm are successful. Pairwise tests among six isogenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster were performed to determine whether there is a genotype-specific interaction in the success of sperm. The success of a particular male's sperm was found to depend on the genotype of the female with which he mates, providing evidence for an interaction with profound evolutionary consequences.
Inhibition of primary antibody response by E. coli asparaginase.

ASTALDI et al.1 reported that Escherichia coli L-asparaginase inhibited the blast transformation characteristic of cultures of lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, a finding which was promptly confirmed by the investigation of McElwain and Hayward2. In view of this observation and the known inhibition of protein synthesis3 by asparaginase, it seemed likely that this anti-tumour agent might also inhibit antibody formation during the primary immune response. To examine this possibility, mice receiving asparaginase were immunized with human erythrocytes (RBC), and their haemagglutinin titres were compared with those of untreated mice.
Liposome clearance from blood: different animal species have different mechanisms

The kinetics of blood clearance and the mechanisms of liposome uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) were compared in two animal species (mice and rats). By employing an in situ liver perfusion technique with selected liposome compositions (PC/Chol, PC/Cho/PS, PC/Chol/GM1 and PC/Chol/PEG5000-PE), we demonstrated that liposomes with same lipid composition exhibited different blood circulation half-lives in different animal species. Although liver is the major organ responsible for the clearance of liposomes from blood in both animal species, the specific mechanisms differ. In mice, liposome uptake by the liver did not involve specific serum opsonins. In contrast, liposome uptake by the rat liver was strongly dependent on serum opsonins. Further, the activity of serum opsonins for a given liposome composition differed among animal species. Human serum exhibited higher opsonin activities for PC/Chol and PC/Chol/GM1 liposomes than bovine sera, while rat serum displayed a high opsonizing activity for GM1 liposomes and none for liposomes composed of PC and Chol. The opsonin activity of human serum could be removed or decreased by treatment with EGTA/Mg2+, EDTA or cobra venom factor, suggesting that the activity is likely due to complement components. It is likely that C3 of the human complement system plays an important role in mediating the uptake of liposomes by the liver.
CORTICOSTEROID ACTIVITY OF A TRANSPLANT ABLE ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA IN OSBORNE-MENDEL RATS

An adrenocortical carcinoma, arising in an Osborne-Mendel rat, was tested by a standardized stress procedure, for its ability to secrete mineralocorticoids. The tumor was grown in adrenalectomized male rats and then stress was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 5 ml. of KC1 solution per 100 gm. body weight. The dosage of KC1 was regulated by changing the molality of the solution. This tumor offered complete protection to rats against 0.16 m. KC1, a dose lethal to comparable rats without tumor. This gives qualitative proof of corticoid secretion by the tumor.
A simplified fluorometric fluoride analyzer

Abstract A fluorometric fluoride analyzer previously described (Ivie et al ., 1965) has been redesigned and simplified to provide a more usable instrument. A single photomultiplier tube is used to receive alternate light pulses rather than the two tubes used formerly. Illumination of the sensitized tape is accomplished by two ultraviolet lamps. The electronic circuitry for tape illumination and carrying of signals to the recorder has been simplified. A light “piping” system improves light transmission and the bulk and weight of the overall equipment has been reduced to about one-half.
Oral Technologies: A Cornerstone of Ancient Civilizations?

Studies of oral traditions have demonstrated that complex and lengthy accounts of the past have been composed in oral form-without benefit of a written language. Most students of orality have concluded that an oral technology is not capable of retaining precise and accurate information. However, that conclusion may be a derivative of the fact that most studies of orality have focused on epics. Archaeological and historical data from ancient civilizations and ethnographic reports of knowledge retained in nonliterate societies are here examined. These data suggest that precise and accurate calendric, agricultural, and navigational information was retained in oral form. Oral technologies were probably one of the cornerstones of ancient nonliterate civilizations.
ON THE CHEMISTRY AND ORGANISATION OF NUCLEOLAR PROTEINS.

Abstract The nucleolar proteins were fractionated into three major groups on the basis of their solubility at various pH's. Thus proteins soluble at neutral pH and low ionic strength, basic and residual proteins have been characterized. The amino acid composition of these protein fractions was determined. The nucleolar basic proteins were shown to be heterogeneous and were fractionated into nucleolar histones and basic, non-histone proteins. The nucleolar proteins were shown to occur in four biochemically distinct subnucleolar components: the deoxycholate extractable, non-particulate proteins, the extractable ribonucleoprotein, the nucleolus “associated” chromatin and the residual ribonucleoprotein.
Neuropathic arthropathy of the digit: A case report

We present the case of a 60-year-old diabetic man who developed neuropathic arthropathy in the distal interphalangeal joint of the small finger. Neuropathic arthropathy is uncommon in the upper extremity, and only 2 cases of this condition occurring in the joints of the hand have been reported. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
Cationic Liposomes Loaded with Proapoptotic Peptide d-(KLAKLAK)2 and Bcl-2 Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy

The treatment of cancer using macromolecular therapeutics such as oligonucleotides or peptides requires efficient delivery systems capable of intracellular penetration and may also benefit from use of a combination of therapeutics with different mechanisms of action. With this possibility in mind, we constructed cationic liposome loaded with the proapoptotic peptide, d-(KLAKLAK)2 and the Bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, G3139, and determined whether the combination of the proapoptotic macromolecules in a single cationic liposome can enhance antitumor efficacy. Advantage was taken of alternating charge interaction to entrap macromolecules of opposite charge. The polycationic peptide d-(KLAKLAK)2 was first condensed with the polyanionic oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 to obtain overall negatively charged peptide/oligodeoxynucleotide complexes. The complexes were then entrapped into DOTAP/DOPE cationic liposomes (CL). This sequential charge interaction ensured efficient entrapment of d-(KLAKLAK)2 and G3139 w...
Magnamosis II: Magnetic compression anastomosis for minimally invasive gastrojejunostomy and jejunojejunostomy

Background Previously we demonstrated the safety and patency of a magnetic compression anastomosis (magnamosis). We present the further development of this technique, with specific focus on optimizing device design for minimally invasive magnamosis. Study Design The magnamosis device was designed to incorporate 3 features: 2 convex-concave radially symmetric halves that magnetically self-align, a central channel for immediate patency, and specially engineered radial topography of the mating surfaces to promote gradual remodeling. Each symmetrical half consists of a ring-shaped neodymium-iron-boron magnet encased in polycarbonate casing. Twenty-one young adult pigs underwent either magnetic gastrojejunostomy (n = 13) or jejunojejunostomy (n = 8). Animals were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after operation. Anastomoses were studied with contrast radiography, burst pressure, and histology. Results Gastrojejunostomy: In all animals with successful placement of magnets, anastomoses were patent by contrast fluoroscopy, well healed by histologic examination, and showed excellent burst strength. Jejunojejunostomy: All animals had uneventful clinical courses, indicating that the magnamosis with immediate patency functioned properly without device dislodgement. At sacrifice, all magnamoses were patent, well healed by histology, and had burst strengths that equaled or exceeded that of traditional stapled anastomoses. Conclusions Minimally invasive placement of a custom magnetic device in the stomach and jejunum allows intraluminal self-alignment and subsequent compression anastomosis over 3 to 10 days. The magnamosis is immediately patent and develops strength equal to or greater than that of hand-sewn or stapled anastomoses. Magnamosis is effective in the pig model, and may be a safe, effective, and minimally invasive alternative to current anastomotic strategies in humans.
Monkeys' solution of an ambiguous-cue problem.

In a WGTA situation 12 monkeys were trained on a 2-choice discrimination task involving 3 stimuli: P, the consistently rewarded stimulus; N, the consistently nonrewarded stimulus; and A, the stimulus ambiguously rewarded depending upon whether it was paired with either P or N on a particular trial. Trials were either of the PA or NA type, and 6 Ss received a random schedule of such trials throughout 12 sessions while 6 Ss received a schedule designed to gradually introduce the two types of trials. The results unambiguously demonstrated that regardless of training method Ss were correct more often on the PA trial. Confirming and extending previous research, these data were interpreted in terms of parallel development of excitatory and inhibitory processes.
Age-related phosphorylation and fragmentation events influence the distribution profiles of distinct tau isoforms in mouse brain.

Native tau isoforms were analyzed in adult mouse brain to determine whether they are differentially distributed and to identify molecular alterations that modify individual isoforms in an age-dependent manner. In general, the distribution profiles of 42-50 kDa tau were distinct from those of larger, hyperphosphorylated species of 55-69 kDa. The hippocampus and neocortex had concentrated levels of 55 kDa tau, and moderate amounts of 62-69 kDa isoforms. The latter species were similarly expressed in thalamic and hindbrain tissue; however, the noncortical regions were uniquely enriched in high molecular weight tau (97-110 kDa). When assessing hippocampal tau across age, increasing levels of 69 kDa tau were found to correlate with a gradual reduction in 42-50 kDa isoforms. Endogenous phosphatase activity induced an opposite correlation, thus supporting the idea that certain isoform conversions that occur with age stem from hyperphosphorylation. Age-related increases in 69 and 97 kDa tau also corresponded to enhanced levels of tau29, a putative tau fragment that exhibited an atypical localization (concentrated in olfactory bulb and hindbrain samples). These findings indicate that phosphorylation and fragmentation events influence tau distribution patterns, and that the former modification may promote the latter. They also raise the possibility that brain regions targeted by Alzheimer disease are distinguished by distinct tau profiles.
Man‐made turbidity currents in Lake Superior

The discharge of taconite tailings into Lake Superior at Silver Bay, Minnesota, produces turbidity current flow. The silty fine-sand tailings fraction transported to the deepest part of the lake has formed a small fan with valleys similar in gross morphology to a submarine fan. Current meters anchored 5 m above the lake floor over the wall and over the levee of a distributary valley on the fan recorded intermittent turbidity current flows during 30 weeks in 1972–73. At least twenty-five discrete periods of observation of turbidity current flow were obtained; single episodes lasted 4−328+ h. Only flows thick enough to overflow the eastern levee of the valley could be observed, and this accounts for the intermittent nature of our observations, as flow within the valleys is expected to be continuous as long as tailings are discharged. Flow velocities were higher near the valley axis where the flow is thicker. Velocities measured over the valley wall averaged 10.8 cm/s for eleven episodes; velocities measured over the levee, more than 1/2 km from the valley axis, only 3.3 cm/s. The maximum velocity during 1300 h of observation did not exceed 31 cm/s. This agrees reasonably well with velocities calculated from channel properties, as commonly done for turbidity currents on deep-sea fans. Current meters tethered above the bottom meters indicate that lake currents normally parallel the shore throughout the water column. With the onset of a turbidity current, currents higher in the water column remain unchanged but velocities near the bottom go to zero, currents then change azimuth by 90° to parallel the downslope (down-valley) direction of the fan, then increase in velocity. During a turbidity current episode, the direction of bottom flow stays relatively constant (± 20° of the down-valley trend) but the velocity oscillates (commonly with 10 cm/s amplitude), periods being of 1/2 h or less to several hours. Turbidity currents generated on Reserve Mining Company's delta are effective in carrying essentially all tailings discharged into the lake into deeper water, where they are deposited.
Transformation of the state of nitrogen in diamond

High temperature–high pressure annealing experiments on diamond transform type IB dispersed nitrogen into type IA aggregate nitrogen. The activation energy for the transformation is approximately 60 kcal mol−l (2.6 eV). An estimate is given for the diffusivity of nitrogen in diamond for this transformation
A new technique for making häutchen preparations of unfixed aortic endothelium

Summary Unfixed endothelium can be peeled off the inside of the aorta in a number of mammalian species with cellulose acetate paper.
Effect of medial meniscal release on tibial translation after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Objective— To evaluate the biomechanical effects of medial meniscal release (MMR) and medial, caudal pole hemimeniscectomy (MCH) on joint stability in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)-deficient canine stifle before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Thirty-one dogs. Methods— In experiment 1, 16 pairs of normal hindlimbs randomly assigned to an intact or transected CCL group were studied to determine the magnitude of tibial translation after MMR and MCH under 20% body weight load using radiographic imaging of radio-opaque markers. In experiment 2, 15 pairs of CCL-deficient hindlimbs were randomly assigned to a TPLO or sham TPLO group. The remainder of the experiment was performed as described for experiment 1. The effect of CCL transection, MMR, MCH and TPLO were analyzed using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA; P<.05 was considered significant. Results— We found a greater effect of MMR on tibial translation in transected CCL stifles than in intact stifles (P=.0016). We found no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05). We found a greater effect of MMR in sham TPLO than TPLO stifles (P=.0013) but no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05). Conclusions— By resisting tibial translation the medial meniscus might be at greater risk of tearing in CCL-deficient stifles. TPLO may spare the medial meniscus by neutralizing the tibial thrust and eliminating the wedge effect of the medial meniscus. Clinical Relevance— MMR may not be indicated in the CCL-deficient stifle stabilized by TPLO.
Output feedback stabilization of singularly perturbed systems

Output feedback control of linear time-invariant singularly perturbed systems is studied. The set of all compensators that stabilize a singularly perturbed system while preserving its two-time-scale structure is parametrized. The parametrization is used to show that any two-frequency-scale stabilizing compensator can be asymptotically approximated by a compensator designed via a sequential procedure. In this procedure, a fast (high-frequency) compensator is designed first to stabilize the fast model of the system. Then, a strictly proper slow (low-frequency) compensator is designed to stabilize a modified slow model. The parallel connection of the two compensators forms a two-frequency-scale stabilizing compensator for the singularly perturbed system.
Japan in the World: Opinion from Defeat to Success

Japanese public opinion on foreign and defense policy warrants longitudinal analysis as an extreme case of change and lack of interest in international diplomatic and military activism. Data for the post-Occupation period through 1984 are examined for the effects of age, generation, and situation; more recent aggregate poll data are used to check for recent changes. Little support appears for strong, ongoing shifts from international passivism to activism, alignment to equidistance, dependence to autonomy, military minimization to effort, or lack of guiding principles. Generational effects are very modest after the early 1970s; age-group differences have more continuing importance. Majority opinion is sceptical about the merits of departures from the status quo, buttressed by countervailing minorities that support opposed directions of change.
Development of NIRS models to predict composition of enzymatically processed sweetpotato

Abstract This study was conducted to develop calibration models to predict the major constituents (moisture, protein, fiber, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), and starch) of enzymatically processed sweetpotatoes using a non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. Prediction of these constituents is of interest since starch content can be used to estimate crop potential and efficiency of processing enzymes used to convert starch into valuable products needed for industrial applications. Wet chemistry procedures are expensive, laborious, and time consuming; however, NIRS is a reliable and fast tool that can be used to quantify components and identify composition changes occurring during sweetpotato processing. Freeze-dried samples of sweetpotato roots (clones: NC-413, DM02-180, and Covington) were scanned over the near infrared wavelengths at different stages of processing (unprocessed material, wet samples after liquefaction, and wet samples after saccharification) and chemically analyzed. Calibration models were established by Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis and developed to predict moisture, AIS, protein, fiber, and starch content. Spectral range and the number of MLR factors were examined in a stepwise manner that yielded the lowest standard error of calibration (SEC) and highest correlation coefficient of determination (R2). Calibration models based on all sweetpotato clones adequately predicted moisture, AIS, and starch compounds in unprocessed and processed treatments. Protein was successfully predicted with 99% confidence for unprocessed material and an approximate quantitative prediction in processed treatments (R2 = 0.69). Fiber was predicted with 85% confidence for Covington sweetpotato and with 65% for both NC-413 and DM02-180 sweetpotato clones. Starch was successfully predicted with 91% and 97% confidence for unprocessed and processed treatments, respectively. Our results indicated that NIRS technique is a tool able to rapidly predict with reasonable accuracy the composition of different constituents present in sweetpotato samples before and during its processing to value-added products.
Two-color laser ranging to a cooperative airborne target

An experiment was performed during the summer of 1992 to measure the changes in the roundtrip time of flight of laser light due to horizontal gradients in the atmosphere. Dual laser frequencies were used to range from a fixed telescope ground system to an array of corner cubes mounted on an aircraft. The aircraft flew circular paths at slant ranges of 20 to 25 kilometers around the ground facility. To maximize the number of two color returns from the aircraft, both an acquisition and a closed loop tracking scheme were developed. A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver placed onboard the aircraft relayed its position to the ground via a radio downlink; when this data was extrapolated in time, it gave telescope acquisition pointing angles to within 1 degree of truth. Closed loop tracking was then achieved by digitizing the image of a down-looking infra-red beacon which was viewed through a camera mounted on the telescope. The X-Y coordinates of the beacon in the camera field of view were sent to the telescope computer to continuously track the image. Stable tracking was achieved on each of the three experiment nights for over 90 minutes with tracking errors within the required 200 microradian limit. Enough two color waveform data was obtained to analyze the horizontal changes in the atmospheric delay.
A yeast gene (BEM1) necessary for cell polarization whose product contains two SH3 domains.

CELL polarization requires that a cellular axis or cell-surface site be chosen and that the cytoskeleton be organized with respect to it. Details of the link between the cytoskeleton and the chosen axis or site are not clear1. Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit cell polarization in two phases of their life cycle, during vegetative growth and during mating, which reflects responses to intracellular and extracellular signals, respectively. Here we describe the isolation of two mutants defective specifically in cell polarization in response to peptide mating pheromones. The mutants carry special alleles (denoted bem1-s) of the BEM1 gene required for cell polarization during vegetative growth2,3. Unlike other beml mutants, the bem1-s mutants are normal for vegetative growth. Complete deletion of BEM1 leads to the defect in polarization of vegetative cells seen in beml mutants23. The predicted sequence of the BEM1 protein (Bem1p) reveals two copies of a domain (denoted SH3) that is found in many proteins associated with the cortical cytoskeleton and which may mediate binding to actin or some other component of the cell cortex4,5. The sequence of Bemlp and the properties of mutants defective in this protein indicate that it may link the cytoskeleton to morphogenetic determinants on the cell surface.
Nuclear DNA contents of Pisum genotypes grown in vivo and in vitro.

The nuclear DNA content of prophase nuclei in root tips of two cultivars and two primitive lines of Pisum sativum and of Pisum fulvum have been determined, using a scanning microdensitometer. The nuclear DNA contents differed significantly between the genotypes investigated but there was no correlation with their supposed phylogenetic positions.
Tetracycline photolysis in natural waters: Loss of antibacterial activity

Previous work has shown that tetracycline undergoes direct photolysis in the presence of sunlight, with the decomposition rate highly dependent on conditions such as water hardness and pH. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential long-term significance of photoproducts formed when tetracycline undergoes photodegradation under a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Tetracycline was photolyzed in nine different natural and artificial water samples using simulated sunlight. The pH values of the samples ranged from 5 to 9. Total hardness values (combined Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) concentrations) varied from 30 to 450 ppm. Assays based on growth inhibition of two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli DH5α and Vibrio fischeri, were used to determine the antibacterial activity of tetracycline's photoproducts in these water samples. In all tested conditions, it was determined that the photoproducts retain no significant antibacterial activity; all observed growth inhibition was attributable to residual tetracycline. This suggests that tetracycline photoproducts formed under a wide range of pH and water hardness conditions will not contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environmental systems.
Theory on multichannel CPFSK lightwave network with laser phase noise immunity

A direct-detection, frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) lightwave network that is immune to the effects of both laser center frequency drift and phase noise without using complicated hardware is investigated. More users can be accommodated in this system because the effect of the laser phase noise is eliminated and the channels can be packed more closely than before. Signals with power beyond the threshold imposed by stimulated Brillouin scattering can be launched into single-mode fibers without deteriorating the system performance, since the system is independent of the laser linewidth that determines the power threshold under the scattering. As a result, more power can be distributed to each user, or more users can be supported for a given receiver sensitivity. >
THE REGULATORY EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON GROWTH HORMONE-BINDING PROTEIN IN HUMAN SERUM

To study the acute and long-term effect of GH on its down-stream axis, we measured serum GH-binding protein (GHBP) by ligand-mediated immunofunctional assay. Diurnal changes in serum GHBP were determined by every 20-min sampling for 24h in four normal short children. There weresmall or negligible fluctuations in serum GHBP levels, and no correlation with GH pulses was observed. The short-term effect of GH on GHBP levels was assessed in eight GH-deficient children by daily administration of GH (0.1U/kg) for 10 days. Serum GHBP levels did not significantly change, but IGF-I levels increased significantly. We also studied the long-term effect of GH administration on GHBP levels in seventeen patients with GH deficiency over six months. In twelve out of 17 patients, serum GHBP levels showed an increase when compared to the levels before treatment. In these patients, BMI was not largely changed during treatment, while it tended to decrease in patients whose GHBP levels did not increase. In conclusion, endogenous pulsatile GH secretion and short-term exogenous GH administration had no effect on serum GHBP levels. On the other hand, long-term GH administration increased GHBP levels in 70% of patients with GH deficiency. Changes in BMI may partly be attributed to this change. The direct long-term regulatory effect of GH on GHBP should be further studied.
A microprogrammed implementation of a block structured architecture

This paper reports our current progress at SUNY/Buffalo in building an emulator for a block structured architecture. We briefly describe the overall research effort and the architecture of the target machine. We next discuss the mapping of the emulator program onto the available resources and the logical structure of the emulator. Finally we describe the current and projected micro-level instrumentation of the emulator which forms the basis for future experimentation with the architecture.
Tree-Ring Dating Of Old-Growth Longleaf Pine (Pinus Palustris Mill.) Logs From An Exposed Timber Crib Dam, Hope Mills, North Carolina, U.S.A.

On 26 May 2003, intense rainfall from a series of thunderstorms in eastern North Carolina caused flooding that eventually destroyed the concrete dam in Hope Mills, draining Hope Mills Lake, and revealing a formerly submerged and buried structure that was identified as a timber crib dam. Inspection revealed these logs to be old-growth longleaf pines, which are now rare on the coastal plain landscape. Our primary objective was to develop a new multi-century longleaf pine tree-ring chronology by crossdating the tree rings from sections extracted from logs in the crib dam with an anchored tree-ring chronology created from nearby living longleaf pine trees. We also examined the climatic response in the longleaf pine trees to evaluate their potential for reconstructing climate. Using tree-ring measurements obtained from old-growth longleaf pines found at a nearby church, we were able to date the rings on 21 series representing 14 logs from the crib dam, spanning the years 1597 to 1825. Distorted sapwood in many of the logs prevented us from finding absolute cutting dates and lessened the strength of correlation during the period of overlap between the church series and crib dam series. Human disturbances, specifically related to the naval stores industry, likely influenced the growth-ring patterns of the crib dam pine samples, as well. Correlation analyses between the longleaf pine chronology and temperature, precipitation, Palmer Drought Severity Indices, and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures showed a significant response to cool and wet spring months.
Approximate Inference in Collective Graphical Models

We study the problem of approximate inference in collective graphical models (CGMs), which were recently introduced to model the problem of learning and inference with noisy aggregate observations. We first analyze the complexity of inference in CGMs: unlike inference in conventional graphical models, exact inference in CGMs is NP-hard even for tree-structured models. We then develop a tractable convex approximation to the NP-hard MAP inference problem in CGMs, and show how to use MAP inference for approximate marginal inference within the EM framework. We demonstrate empirically that these approximation techniques can reduce the computational cost of inference by two orders of magnitude and the cost of learning by at least an order of magnitude while providing solutions of equal or better quality.
Cognitive Neural Prosthetics

Research on neural prosthetics has focused largely on using activity related to hand trajectories recorded from motor cortical areas. An interesting question revolves around what other signals might be read out from the brain and used for neural prosthetic applications. Recent studies indicate that goals and expected value are among the high-level cognitive signals that can be used and will potentially enhance the ability of paralyzed patients to communicate with the outside world. Other new findings show that local field potentials provide an excellent source of information about the cognitive state of the subject and are much easier to record and maintain than spike activity. Finally, new movable probe technologies will enable recording electrodes to seek out automatically the best signals for decoding cognitive variables.
Alteration and restoration of K+ channel function by deletions at the N- and C-termini

Voltage-dependent ion channels are thought to consist of a highly conserved repeated core of six transmembrane segments, flanked by more variable cytoplasmic domains. Significant functional differences exist among related types of K+ channels. These differences have been attributed to the variable domains, most prominently the N- and C-termini. We have therefore investigated the functional importance of both termini for the delayed rectifier K+ channel from rat brain encoded by the drk1 gene. This channel has an unusually long C-terminus. Deletions in either terminus affected both activation and inactivation, in some cases profoundly. Unexpectedly, more extensive deletions in both termini restored gating. We could therefore define a core region only slightly longer than the six transmembrane segments that is sufficient for the formation of channels with the kinetics of a delayed rectifier.
Genetic analysis of the capsule polysaccharide (K antigen) and exopolysaccharide genes in pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6

Background Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus has undergone rapid changes in both K- and O-antigens, making detection of outbreaks more difficult. In order to understand these rapid changes, the genetic regions encoding these antigens must be examined. In Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, both O-antigen and capsular polysaccharides are encoded in a single region on the large chromosome; a similar arrangement in pandemic V. parahaemolyticus would help explain the rapid serotype changes. However, previous reports on "capsule" genes are controversial. Therefore, we set out to clarify and characterize these regions in pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 by gene deletion using a chitin based transformation strategy.
COMMODITY TRADE, CORPORATE OWNERSHIP AND URBAN GROWTH

Two sources of urban growth differentials that intimately stem from the interdependencies between cities are unequal gains from interurban commodity trade, and spatial differentials in corporate ownership. Each of these phenomena has the potential of redistributing the physical and monetary surplus accruing from production unevenly between cities. This study develops a theoretical model to examine these problems, taking as its starting point a Marxian model of reproduction, prices, profits and wages. An interurban model of production and trade for a capitalist society with production restricted to small enterprises is constructed. Some system-wide and local accounting relationships are formulated that reveal the flows of profits, investment income, and surplus value between cities as a result of the postulated trading patterns. These are used to demonstrate the difference between profit and surplus value movements among locations, and to mathematically formulate the classical problem of unequal exchange of labour values relative to monetary values.
Costume and the Perception of Identity and Role

This study was designed to examine college students' perceptions of themselves when wearing Halloween costumes. Students from two colleges were surveyed over a 5-yr. period (1978–1982). The sample ...
Treatment of Early Onset Hair Pulling as a Simple Habit

The authors evaluated the effects of response prevention, a treatment previously shown to be effective for routine thumb sucking and suggested to be effective for early onset trichotillomania, applied to hair pulling in a 2-year-old. Response prevention was used alone in two settings (bedtime and naptime) and combined with a brief time out in another (daytime). The authors also used a novel assessment, weight of hairs pulled, and the results indicated complete cessation of hair pulling. Corresponding photographic evidence indicated complete regrowth of hair lost to pulling. These results add to a growing literature suggesting early onset hair pulling may be more appropriately classified as a benignhabit thanas trichotillomania.
Inhibition of ERK Promotes Collagen Gel Compaction and Fibrillogenesis to Amplify the Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Three Dimensional, Collagen I Culture

Tissue morphogenesis remains one of the least understood problems in cell and developmental biology. There is a disconnect between the mechanisms that apply to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and those seen in vivo. Three-dimensional (3D) culture presents a complex stimulus triggering cellular responses that are only partially understood. We compared 2D and 3D cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, to determine the role of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) in collagen-induced differentiation. 3D collagen I culture enhanced and accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Contrary to 2D results, the addition of PD98059 induced a significant amplification of osteogenic gene expression and matrix mineralization in 3D cultures. The inhibition of ERK altered cell-mediated compaction, proliferation, and resulted in the development of distinct tissue microstructure. Therefore, we suggest that the ability to reorganize collagen in 3D is an important step in ERK-mediated osteogenic differentiation. This work aims to propose a correlation between osteogenic differentiation and hMSC-directed collagen I remodeling. We present a potential mechanistic link (ERK) through which the three dimensionality of an engineered tissue acts to differentially induce and maintain cellular phenotype during tissue development.
An online heuristic for data placement in computer systems with active disks

In this paper, an online heuristic is proposed and evaluated, for managing the dynamic memory in a computer system with active disks, by physically colocating in disk memory or main memory, the data pages being accessed by a computation slice. This enables a runtime system that can offload the corresponding computation slice to the appropriate processing unit at the disk memory or main memory. A modified version of SEQUITUR, an online compression algorithm, is used to identify the affinity among sets of pages in a virtual memory page reference stream, and a page allocation and replacement policy is presented. The sets of pages identified are shown to closely match the sets of pages referenced by computation slices, using a suite of data access kernels as benchmarks. The paging policy is evaluated with page traces of micro benchmarks and real applications. In memory constrained environments, with additional memory at the disk, most of the benchmarks see improved performance, due to fewer page faults. The paging heuristic can colocate 50% of the affinity sets on average and can offload up to 100% of the computation to disk.
EyePoint: practical pointing and selection using gaze and keyboard

We present a practical technique for pointing and selection using a combination of eye gaze and keyboard triggers. EyePoint uses a two-step progressive refinement process fluidly stitched together in a look-press-look-release action, which makes it possible to compensate for the accuracy limitations of the current state-of-the-art eye gaze trackers. While research in gaze-based pointing has traditionally focused on disabled users, EyePoint makes gaze-based pointing effective and simple enough for even able-bodied users to use for their everyday computing tasks. As the cost of eye gaze tracking devices decreases, it will become possible for such gaze-based techniques to be used as a viable alternative for users who choose not to use a mouse depending on their abilities, tasks and preferences.
Role of a Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein in α1-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Ca2+ Mobilization in DDT1 MF-2 Cells

In this study the mechanisms involved in ..cap alpha../sub 1/-adrenergic receptor-mediated Ca/sup 2 +/ mobilization at the level of the plasma membrane were investigated. Stimulation of /sup 45/Ca/sup 2 +/ efflux from saponin-permeabilized DDT/sub 1/ MF-2 cells was observed with the addition of either the ..cap alpha../sub 1/-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine and guanosine-5'-triphosphate or the nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotide guanylyl-imidodiphosphate. In the presence of (/sup 32/P) NAD, pertussis toxin was found to catalyze ADP-ribosylation of a M/sub r/ = 40,500 (n = 8) peptide in membranes prepared from DDT/sub 1/, MF-2 cells, possibly the ..cap alpha..-subunit of N/sub i/. However, stimulation of unidirectional /sup 45/Ca/sup 2 +/ efflux by phenylephrine was not affected by previous treatment of cells with 100 ng/ml pertussis toxin. These data suggest that the putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein which couples the ..cap alpha../sub 1/-adrenergic receptor to Ca/sup 2 +/ mobilization in DDT/sub 1/ MF-2 cells is not a pertussis toxin substrate and may possibly be an additional member of guanine nucleotide binding protein family.
AN ANALYSIS OF A COUNTERCURRENT ADSORBER

The steady-state behavior of an isothermal countercurrent moving bed adsorber is analysed with the assumption that only one component is appreciably adsorbed, and adsorption can be described by a Langmuir isotherm. The behavior of the system is observed to depend critically on the parameter a, which is the ratio of the flux of matter in the solid phase to that in the fluid when the two phases are at equilibrium at low concentrations. When 0< a< 1 the qualitative behavior of the system is the same as that of a fixed bed (σ = 0). It is when σ ≥ 1 that the true countercurrent nature of the adsorber comes into play. When the adsorption-desorption rate is finite the dimensionless length of the adsorber can be readily expressed in terms of an integral, whose evaluation is performed for physically meaningful conditions of the inlet streams. When adsorption-desorption equilibrium is instantaneously achieved the problem is overdetermined and one or more discontinuities have to be introduced in the concentration pr...
Diffuse pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent people (Hot tub lung)

The clinicopathologic spectrum of infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) includes cavitary disease, opportunistic infection, and nodular disease associated with bronchiectasis. We report a less well-described manifestation of NTM infection: 10 immunocompetent patients without preexisting bronchiectasis had radiographic evidence of diffuse infiltrative lung disease. The most common symptoms were dyspnea, cough, hypoxia, and fever. All 10 patients had used a hot tub. Histologic examination revealed exuberant nonnecrotizing, frequently bronchiolocentric, granulomatous inflammation in all cases. In 1 case, necrotizing granulomas were also noted. The inflammation often was associated with patchy chronic interstitial pneumonia and organization. Cultures revealed NTM in all cases (Mycobacterium avium complex in all but 1 case), but staining for acid-fast bacilli was positive in only 1 case. Four patients received corticosteroids alone for presumed hypersensitivity pneumonia, 4 were treated with antimycobacterial therapy, and 2 received both. All patients demonstrated significant improvement at the time of follow-up. These findings suggest that disease due to NTM may manifest as diffuse infiltrates in immunocompetent adults and that hot tub use may be an important risk factor for this disease pattern.