cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing for the Next Generation: Profiles of Millennial City Managers and Their Approach to the Job:

Millennials make up the largest share of the U.S. workforce; prioritize work–life balance, personal growth, and a sense of community; and may be well suited for a public service sector facing a wav...
A Qualitative Examination of Water Access and Related Coping Behaviors to Understand Its Link to Food Insecurity among Rural Households in the West Region in Cameroon

Food insecurity is a significant public health issue, since it causes malnutrition and engenders millions of deaths every year. A significant association is found between water and food insecurity. However, it remains unclear what are the pathways through which water shortage impacts food insecurity. Hence, a qualitative study was conducted in rural areas in Cameroon to (1) examine water access, its management, and its daily use and (2) investigate common behavior changes and coping strategies adults used in managing limited water availability in their households. Three rounds of focus group discussions and six key informant interviews were conducted with men and women. The results demonstrated that water access was limited, involving long walking distances and making several trips to the water sources. The household size, number of adults vs. children, and presence of storage containers affected water availability and its daily use. To manage limited water, coping behaviors included skipping drinking, changing cooking plans, and recycling water. In conclusion, limited water access increases food insecurity through several pathways. Governments, policy makers, and international organizations should recognize the interwoven link between water and food security. Joint actions and collaborative efforts are needed to improve success and reduce tradeoffs in achieving Sustainable Development Goals # 2 and # 6.
An approach to determine the experimental transmitter-receiver geometry for the reception of leaky Lamb waves

Often, either the swept frequency technique or a combination of swept frequency and geometric analysis is used to produce the experimental Lamb wave dispersion data. This paper describes an approach for constructing dispersion curves in solid plates using fourier analysis of received leaky Lamb wave signals. The Lamb waves are produced by pulsed ultrasound generated using two broad band transducers positioned in a pitch-catch orientation. The relative distances among the plate and the two transducers are set to specific values as per geometric calculations based on beam diffraction. The transducer defocus is used in conjunction with geometric calculation to determine the phase velocity of the Lamb wave mode being monitored. Subsequent to appropriate positioning of the transducers, the plate wave signals are Fourier transformed to obtain a magnitude versus frequency spectrum. Peaks in the spectrum indicate the presence of a Lamb wave root. The feasibility of this method, tested by successfully constructing dispersion curves for a steel plate, is compared with the null zone monitoring method of generation of the dispersion curves. The geometric positioning method is further applied to a metal matrix composite sample wherein the sensitivity of various experimentally generated Lamb wave modes is assessed to detect manymore » types of preprogrammed defects in different layers of the composite plate.« less
Potassium isotope anomalies in meteorites inherited from the protosolar molecular cloud

Potassium (K) and other moderately volatile elements are depleted in many solar system bodies relative to CI chondrites, which closely match the composition of the Sun. These depletions and associated isotopic fractionations were initially believed to result from thermal processing in the protoplanetary disk, but so far, no correlation between the K depletion and its isotopic composition has been found. Our new high-precision K isotope data correlate with other neutron-rich nuclides (e.g., 64Ni and 54Cr) and suggest that the observed 41K variations have a nucleosynthetic origin. We propose that K isotope anomalies are inherited from an isotopically heterogeneous protosolar molecular cloud, and were preserved in bulk primitive meteorites. Thus, the heterogeneous distribution of both refractory and moderately volatile elements in chondritic meteorites points to a limited radial mixing in the protoplanetary disk.
Implementation of an external female urinary catheter as an alternative to an indwelling urinary catheter.

Background Until recently, there has been a lack of viable alternative to an indwelling urinary catheter for female patients that require precise urine output measurements. With the introduction of external female urinary catheters, we can now substitute this type of device for an indwelling urinary catheter in many patients, decreasing their risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed the impact of a hospital-wide implementation of an external female urinary catheter at a large academic medical center. The study included female patients, greater than 18 years of age. We compared a 12-month period before and after device implementation to assess the impact on indwelling urinary catheter utilization and catheter-associated urinary tract infections rate. Results Data included over 220,000 patient days, over 10,000 external urinary catheter days and 33,000 indwelling urinary catheter days. We found a statistically significant decrease in indwelling urinary catheter utilization following the implementation of the external female urinary catheter, but only in intensive care units. Conclusions It is our recommendation that facilities first implement the device in ICUs as this level of care was where we observed the most significant impact.
Nitrogen-fertilizer recovery from urban sewage via gas permeable membrane: Process analysis, modeling, and intensification

Abstract Feasibility of recovering nitrogen (N)-fertilizers from sewage has gained attention recently due to concerns about the sustainability of the Haber-Bosch process in producing N-fertilizers and of the nitrification–denitrification processes in removing N from wastewaters. This study proposes a non-pressurized gas permeable membrane reactor (GPMR) with the potential to recover high-purity N-fertilizer at lower energy demand than current technologies. Performance of the GPMR in recovering N-fertilizer from the following two waste streams of sewage-origin is demonstrated: 1) centrate generated by anaerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludge; and 2) aqueous phase generated by hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage-grown algal biomass. A process model developed for the GPMR was calibrated using test results on a synthetic feed, and validated using results from the tests on the above two waste streams. Temporal ammoniacal-N concentrations predicted by the model agreed well with the measured values (r2 = 0.82; n = 70). Tests conducted on the two wastes at 24–25 °C indicated that feed-side pH of 10 and mild mixing of the feed maximized N-fertilizer recovery. The GPMR was able to recover 80–100% of ammoniacal-nitrogen from both waste streams, yielding 2–86 g of ammonium sulfate from 1 L of the feed. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and heavy metal analysis of ammonium sulfate recovered from both feeds confirmed compliance with the US Environmental Protection Agency limits for use as fertilizer. Confocal microscopic images of virgin and used membrane surfaces were examined to assess membrane fouling. A process intensification analysis was performed to relate the physical parameters to the performance of the GPMR and to identify areas for further studies.
Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparing Alternative Value Frameworks

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries to make difficult ethical choices, e.g., how to balance public health and socioeconomic activity and whom to prioritize in allocating vaccines or other scarce medical resources. We discuss the implications of benefit-cost analysis, utilitarianism, and prioritarianism in evaluating COVID-19-related policies. The relative regressivity of COVID-19 burdens and control policy costs determines whether increased sensitivity to distribution supports more or less aggressive control policies. Utilitarianism and prioritarianism, in that order, increasingly favor income redistribution mechanisms compared with benefit-cost analysis. The concern for the worse-off implies that prioritarianism is more likely than utilitarianism or benefit-cost analysis to target young and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals in the allocation of scarce vaccine doses.
Management of a spontaneous supra-aortic arterial dissection: a case report.

Acute DeBakey type I and type II aortic dissections are indications for emergent surgical repair; however, there are currently no standard protocols in the management of isolated supra-aortic dissections. Prompt diagnosis and management of an isolated innominate artery dissection are necessary to prevent distal malperfusion and thromboembolic sequelae. A 50-year-old Caucasian gentleman presented with chest pain radiating to his jaw and right arm. He had no recent history of trauma. On physical exam, he was neurologically intact and malignantly hypertensive. Computed tomographic angiography of the chest and neck confirmed a spontaneous isolated innominate artery dissection without ascending aorta involvement. Given the lack of evidence for rupture, distal emboli, and/or end-organ malperfusion, the decision was made for initial non-operative management—anti-impulse regimen, antiplatelet therapy, and close follow-up. Medical management of a spontaneous isolated innominate artery dissection is appropriate for short-term and potentially long-term therapy. This not only spares the patient from a potentially unnecessary surgical operation but also provides the surgeon and the patient the time to plan for a surgical approach if it becomes necessary.
Workplace experiences of physical educators with and without National Board Certification

Physical educators tend to be perceived as teachers of a non-core, ancillary subject, meaning that they often contend with marginalization. In previous research, physical education National Board C...
Guidance for establishing a factor VIII testing protocol for the myriad of factor VIII products.

INTRODUCTION Management of hemophilia A has changed significantly in the past few years with the expansion of new and/or modified products as treatment options. Unfortunately, many of the standard factor VIII assays do not always accurately measure all available treatment products; therefore, the laboratory must investigate various assay algorithms to ensure the reporting of the correct results. METHODS Requirements for factor testing, diagnosis and severity levels, product testing, factor VIII inhibitor detection and titers, are evaluated, and potential algorithms are created for optimal assessment of patients with hemophilia A. RESULTS The potential for inaccurate result reporting for patients with hemophilia A or those being treated with the myriad of products has left many laboratories uncertain as to which assay algorithm to implement to ensure reporting the correct results for all products used in their hemophilia program. Algorithms for using either One-stage Clotting assays or Chromogenic assays or a combination of both types of assays are presented for each laboratory to implement based on their clinical situation. CONCLUSIONS Several algorithms are considered based on the needs of the clinical providers and their patients. Each laboratory must select a testing algorithm that is cost-effective and within available resources, yet that encompasses the needs of their providers and patients. Laboratory personnel must consider all assay uses (factor VIII levels, different products, interfering products, and inhibitor titers) in determining the best algorithm for their laboratory. This paper is a starting guide for developing the best factor VIII testing assays and protocols for your laboratory.
The Fatigue of Compassionate Service-Learning: A Qualitative Case Study in Community Psychology

In service-learning university courses, it is often difficult to support an effective and healthy balance between performance in the field and students’ engagement in their community service. Based on the author’s teaching experience, this article presents a qualitative case study on the experiences of compassion, fatigue, responsibilization, and identification as they were reported by students and observed in the field. I conceptualize these experiences as linked to three main themes: the students’ first practical use of psychology-related knowledge, the social construction of their professional identity, and the perceived effectiveness of their field work. This study concludes with an argument to consider experiences of compassion as constructive although challenging components of service-learning courses. I suggest interpreting psychological and relational challenges as occasions for self-knowledge, engagement with the field, and understanding of the limits of power and responsibility in community service.
Active versus Passive Programming: A Critique of IEP Objectives for Students with the Most Severe Disabilities:

Students who have severe to profound mental retardation, sensory impairments, medical problems, and severe physical disabilities are often the recipients of passive programming and instruction. The...
Capillary isoelectric focusing : Effects of capillary geometry, voltage gradient and addition of linear polymer

Abstract Free-fluid focusing of both simple buffer and Ampholine systems in various capillaries of rectangular cross-sections was investigated by following the temporal behavior of the current under constant voltage and the transient double peak approach to equilibrium of colored test proteins. For systems comprising two and three buffer constituents the ratio of initial to final focusing current compares well with data obtained by computer simulation. Experiments have also been performed in the presence of linear, non-crosslinked polyacrylamide to assess its fluid stabilizing potential in capillaries. Good focusing and resolution are commensurate with a high initial to final current ratio, no substantial drifts after separation (attainment of steady state) and proper boundary conditions at both column ends. The production of turbulent protein foci at high-voltage gradients is discussed with the aid of electric field profiles monitored along the focusing column.
International Assignments: An Integration of Strategy, Research, and Practice

Contents: Foreword. Preface. Part I: Introduction. The Strategic Roles of International Assignments in Globalization. The Process of Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Part II: Before the Assignment. Selecting: Identifying Candidates With Global Leadership Potential. Training: Helping People to Do the Right Things. Part III: During the Assignment. Adjusting: Developing New Mental Road Maps and Cultural Skills. Integrating: Balancing Multiple Allegiances. Appraising: Determining if People are Doing the Right Things. Rewarding: Compensation and Pay. Part IV: After the Assignment. Repatriating: Helping People Readjust and Perform. Retaining: Utilizing the Experienced Global Manager. Managing the Entire Global Assignment Cycle: Establishing Best Practices.
Review of atmospheric neutrinos

In this talk I review measurements and calculations of the flux of neutrinos produced by interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere. The main reason for interest in this subject is the apparent anomaly between the predicted and the observed ratio of $\nu_e$ to $\nu_\mu$. With the advent of Super-Kamiokande, we are on the threshold of an order of magnitude increase in the amount of data available to study the problem. My goal in this talk is to describe the current status of the subject, both for contained events and for neutrino-induced upward muons.
CAMAC throughput of a new RISC-based data acquisition computer at the DIII-D tokamak

The amount of experimental data acquired per plasma discharge at DIII-D has continued to grow. The largest shot size in May 1991 was 49 Mbyte; in May 1992, 66 Mbyte; and in April 1993, 80 Mbyte. The increasing load has prompted the installation of a new Motorola 88100-based MODCOMP computer to supplement the existing core of three older MODCOMP data acquisition CPUs. New Kinetic Systems CAMAC serial highway driver hardware runs on the 88100 VME bus. The new operating system is MODCOMP REAL/IX version of ATT future plans call for installation of additional computers of this type for tokamak and neutral beam control functions. Experiences with the CAMAC hardware and software will be chronicled, including observation of data throughput. The Enhanced Serial Highway crate controller is advertised as twice as fast as the previous crate controller, and computer I/O speeds are expected to also increase data rates.
Mexicans as Model Minorities in the New Latino Diaspora

Rapid Mexican immigration has challenged host communities to make sense of immigrants' place in New Latino Diaspora towns. We describe one town in which residents often characterize Mexican immigrants as model minorities with respect to work and civic life but not with respect to education. We trace how this stereotype is deployed, accepted, and rejected both by long-standing residents and by Mexican newcomers themselves. [Mexican immigration, social identification, ethnic contrasts, minority students]
Mammalian peripheral nerve sheath has unique responses to chronic elevations of endoneurial fluid pressure

Abstract In acute experiments with fibroelastic tubes such as blood vessels there is a linear Δ P :Δ V relationship followed by a steeper Δ P :Δ V relationship for further increments of volume. Endoneurial fluid pressure (EEP) of peripheral nerve also increases with increases in endoneurial fluid volume. We monitored the effects of volume changes on ΔEFP during a protracted period of time (6 weeks to 1 year on 16 control and 16 experimental rats) to study if a similar relationship occurred in nerve. Nerves were rendered edematous using parenteral and oral galactose administration, EFP was monitored using an active servonull system, and endoneurial volume and subperineurial area (SPA) was measured on fixed tissue. Marked endoneurial edema was produced but EFP did not exceed 6 mm Hg at any time. There was a linear Δ P :Δ V relationship for a limited range of volumes followed by a reduced Δ P :Δ V slope. Because these changes evolved over a long time course we examined the response of ΔEFP ΔSPA as a function of time. There was an exponential reduction with time, thus underlying the importance of time-dependent processes in the production of a reduced Δ P :Δ V slope. We conclude that neuropathic changes are unlikely to be due to ischemia by compression of capillaries. Instead, in edematous states there is a very low shear modulus (i.e., a small ΔEFP produces a major volume change with time) and certain types of deformations appear very likely to cause demyelination.
The religious music of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

(1984). The religious music of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Religion: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 245-267.
Biosynthesis of paraffins in Brassica oleracea: Fatty acid elongation-decarboxylation as a plausible pathway

Abstract Incorporation of fatty acids of chain length C 2 to C 14 into the C 16 acid of Brassica oleracea was not inhibited by trichloroacetate at concentrations sufficient to inhibit their incorporation into paraffins almost completely. The sensitivity to trichloroacetate of incorporation of fatty acids into paraffins remained nearly the same when the chain length of the precursor fatty acid was increased from C 2 to C 16 , but incorporation of C 18 acid into paraffin was much less sensitive to trichloroacetate. Carbons 1 and 2 of stearic acid were incorporated into nonacosane at the same rate as the entire C 18 molecule, showing that C 18 acid does not undergo degradation of its carbon chain before being incorporated into the paraffin. These results support the hypothesis that the C 16 chain is elongated to a C 30 unit which on decarboxylation gives rise to the paraffin. Light and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU) affect incorporation of C 18 into neither paraffins nor very long fatty acids; trichloroacetate inhibits C 18 incorporation into paraffins and to a lesser degree into very long fatty acids, suggesting that the formation of such acids is related to paraffin synthesis. The time course of incorporation of C 18 acid into very long fatty acids and paraffins failed to show a precursor-product relationship, and the very long fatty acids were found to be esterified in the phospholipids and triglycerides of the particulate structures. On the basis of present knowledge it is proposed that C 16 acid becomes the substrate for an elongation-decarboxylation enzyme complex which is situated somewhere outside the chloroplasts. This enzyme complex elongates C 16 to C 30 , decarboxylates this C 30 unit, and releases the paraffin from the complex. During the elongation process dissociation of small amounts of fatty acids occurs at each stage. These are rapidly estfieried into phospholipids and triglycerides.
“Diversity,” immigration, and the new American multi-racial hierarchy

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the new multi-racial hierarchy in the USA. The authors propose that despite increasing diversity, a multi-racial hierarchy of privilege and disadvantage continues to exist. Due to the history of anti-Black discrimination and stereotyping in the USA, employers prefer native and immigrant non-Blacks to native and immigrant Blacks, and use non-Blacks to claim organizational diversity success. Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose that a multi-racial hierarchy, ordered as Whites, Non-White Non-Blacks, and Collective Blacks now exists, and use history, relevant theory, existing research, and government data to support their ideas. Findings – Evidence suggests that despite increased diversity, Whites remain most privileged, Blacks least privileged, and Asians and Hispanics tend to comprise the middle of the hierarchy. Even in organizations that are “diverse,” a multi-racial hierarchy results in different compensation, promotion, and layoff rates and differential ...
Directed reaction process producing single-phase superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O6.5+σ

Abstract A directed reaction process (DRP) based on physico-chemical principles has been used for producing single-phase 90 K “zero- resistance” superconducting compound YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5+σ . The reliability of the DRP has been well proved by the stability and reproducibility of results in resistance and a.c. magnetic susceptibility measurements of samples taken randomly from five consecutive batches of products. The products were identified by X-ray diffraction as single-phase polycrystalline material of orthorhombic structure with lattice parameters a = 3.89A, b = 3.82A and c = 11.65A. The nonstoichiometric fraction, value, was determined to be + 0.27.
Increased fatty acid synthase as a therapeutic target in androgen-independent prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND Fatty acid synthase (FAS) performs the anabolic conversion of dietary carbohydrate or protein to fat. FAS expression is low in most normal tissues, but is elevated in many human cancers, including androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemical evaluation of FAS expression was performed in human prostate cancer specimens under various states of androgen ablation. In vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models were evaluated for FAS expression and activity under androgenic and androgen-depleted conditions, and were tested for sensitivity to antimetabolite drugs that target fatty acid synthesis. RESULTS While FAS expression in the prostate was androgen responsive, it persisted or was reactivated in human prostate carcinoma after androgen ablation, and was high in 82% of lethal tumors examined at autopsy. Similar patterns of FAS expression and fatty acid synthesis were seen in cell culture and xenograft models of human prostate cancer. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAS resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of tumor growth in these models, including fourfold inhibition of an androgen-independent human prostate cancer xenograft with little associated toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that FAS expression/FA synthesis provides an important functional aspect of the malignant phenotype in prostate cancer, perhaps supporting cell growth or survival. FAS expression may be upregulated by alternate signaling pathways important for prostate cancer growth under androgen withdrawal. The re-emergence of FAS expression and activity during the development of androgen independence demonstrate that FAS may serve as a novel target for antimetabolite therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 47:102–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modern Integral Method Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layers

Heat transfer in turbulent boundary layers, with zero or adverse pressure gradients, is calculated using modern integral methods. Inner variables are used with the velocity profile taken to be Coles's combined law of the wall and wake. The temperature profile used is the thermal law of wall and wake with an equilibrium wake strength function. The modeling employed takes into approximate account the dependence of velocity wake strength and thermal wake strength on the momentum thickness Reynolds number and the enthalpy thickness Reynolds number, respectively. Also, an attempt is made to incorporate the dependence of turbulent Prandtl number on pressure gradient into the model. Calculations are started at the leading edge, or beginning, of the surface with very small boundary-layer thicknesses, rather than matching the measured values of Stanton number and skin-friction coefficient at the location of the first experimental data point. Predictions are compared to experimental data which include both constant flux and constant temperature surfaces, some of which may have unheated starting lengths. There is reasonably good agreement between them for all but the case of very severe adverse pressure gradient.
Hysteresis and avalanche phenomena of helium in nuclepore

We report on the hysteresis and avalanche behavior of4He capillary condensing into the nearly cylindrical pores of the porous membrane Nuclepore. Following capillary condensation, withdrawal of the4He results in distinct jumps or avalanches where 107 pores can be involved in a single avalanche. By using Nuclepore with 2000A and 300A pore diameters, we find that the avalanche distribution depends on details of the pore structure.
The Promise of Well-Being Interventions for Improving Health Risk Behaviors

Accumulating evidence suggests that positive psychological well-being (e.g., optimism, life satisfaction) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. One possible explanation for this association is that individuals with greater positive psychological well-being tend to engage in health behaviors that are relevant to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (e.g., exercising, eating a healthy diet, avoiding smoking). If positive psychological well-being actually precedes and induces healthy behaviors such that it is a true causal factor, then well-being may be a useful target for intervention. In this article, we briefly review evidence linking well-being with health behaviors. We also describe possible strategies to enhance well-being (e.g., expressing gratitude, mindfulness meditation) and evaluate how effective such strategies may be for fostering behavior change.
A cross-layer parallel handover optimization scheme for WiMAX networks

The handover performance plays a crucial role in guaranteeing the quality of real-time applications in WiMAX networks. In general, a handover process can be divided into four stages: i) cell reselection, ii) handover preparation, iii) link layer handover, and iv) IP layer handover. A cross-layer parallel handover optimization (CPHO) scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the handover signaling overhead and latency in each stage. The key idea of our proposed scheme is that uses the knowledge achieved from the backhaul inter-BS communications to reduce the HO control message load in wireless links and overlaps the executions of the link layer and the network layer handover process. Therefore the mean of the handover interruption time can be significantly reduced. The numerical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly enhances the handover performance.
Training Spatial Skills in Men and Women

Recent studies suggest that even short-term video game training may transfer to other cognitive tasks. With the popularity of the Nintendo Wii with women, more of them might be exposed to the games that will increase their mental rotation skills. Because performance on mental rotation tests (MRT) has been linked to math performance in women, and thus may ultimately contribute to the under representation of women in STEM fields, it is important to continue to explore ways to decrease or eliminate the robust sex difference in mental rotation. The present study of 30 men and 30 women provides additional evidence that women may benefit from short-term (1 hour) training on either a Nintendo Wii™ or GameCube console to increase their mental rotation skills. One hour of video game training not only increased women's MRT scores to a level similar to men's scores, but also produced greater average improvement for women, even when controlling for experiential factors such as spatial and masculine childhood activities that could contribute to the sex difference in spatial ability.
2141 A novel approach for screening atherosclerosis in diabetes: MRI of the superficial femoral artery

Introduction Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has a high prevalence (29%) in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events and morbidity. Current screening methods are inadequate. The superficial femoral artery (SFA) may be a relatively accessible target for screening of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) allows direct visualization of atherosclerotic plaque burden noninvasively. We sought to establish the prevalence of peripheral atherosclerosis in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease by CMR of the SFA.
Anemia in the rabbit during pregnancy and following treatment with water soluble ovarian extracts.

A NEMIA of pregnancy has been described in a number of widely diveri l gent species of mammals. In general it has been concluded that this phenomenon is due to a hemodilution (Bond, 1948; Houssay, 1951), although the etiologic factors responsible for the anemia remain unknown. Some investigators still feel that the anemia may be due to nutritional deficiencies. Forman (1950) has reported excellent results in pregnant women with a molybdenum iron complex, which caused an increase in the hemoglobin and prevented the anemia of pregnancy. However the work of Mitchell and Miller (1931), Beard and Myers (1931) and Van Donk, Feldraan and Steenback (1934) on the rat, would seem to indicate that this anemia is not due to a lack of nutritional factors. The ability of different hormones or the lack of these hormones to cause an anemia has been reported rather extensively. It has been shown that hypophysectomy
Hemolysis and transport by red blood cells from the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis

1. 1. 50% of Xenopus red blood cells hemolyse in a solution of 20.0 mM NaCl. 2. 2. Thiourea transport in Xenopus cells has a Q10 of 3.4 from 8° to 17°C and a Q10 of 2.0 from 17° to 40°C. 3. 3. Essentially 100% of intracellular potassium is retained by Xenopus cells after 96 hr incubation at 8°C. 4. 4. In a nonelectrolyte medium, Xenopus red cells retain 100% of intracellular potassium. 5. 5. Adaptation of Xenopus red cell membranes may resemble those from mammalian hibernators and from desert camels.
Extrahypothalamic neurohypophysical peptides in the rat central nervous system

Abstract Vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) have been identified in a number of extrahypothalamic areas, both by immunohistochemistry and by radioimmunoassay. Because of the incomplete nature of the data available, we have conducted a survey of the VP and OT concentrations in the rat central nervous system. VP and OT were readily detectable in all areas studied. With the exception of the amygdala, OT concentrations were generally 2–4 times those of VP. The physiological function of neurohypophysial hormones in these extrahypothalamic areas is essentially unknown.
Application of time reversal to thermoacoustic tomography

Reconstruction for thermoacoustic tomography in an arbitrary detection geometry is proposed by time-reversing the measured field back to the time when the thermoacoustic sources are excited. Time reversal of the field can be implemented efficiently by applying the delay-and-sum algorithm. The theoretical conclusions are supported by a numerical simulation of three-dimensional thermoacoustic tomography.
Cytodifferentiation in Cell Suspension Cultures of Solanum carolinense: Effects of 2,4-D and Kinetin

Summary The effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (KIN) on cell division and differentiation in suspension cultures of Solanum carolinense were examined. The highest proportion of tracheary elements (15% of the total number of cells in culture) was produced within 10 days when cultures were grown on medium containing a high ratio of 2,4-D to KIN (20:1). Increasing the concentration of KIN or decreasing the concentration of 2,4-D inhibited tracheary element formation. At least 25 % of the tracheary elements arose from single cells or cell pairs. In suspension, cells lost their ability to differentiate with prolonged subculture. Transfer experiments and the use of the auxin antagonist, triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), showed that xylogenic induction occurred within 2–6 days of inoculation and that 2,4-D is required for not only induction, but also for early stages of the cytodifferentiation sequence. The results of this study and previous work on this system suggest that 2,4-D and KIN play a direct role in xylogenesis but may not induce differentiation through the regulation of cell cycle activity.
Health status, infection and disease in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) studied using a canine microarray platform and machine-learning approaches.

Abstract Conservation biologists face many challenges in assessing health, immune status and infectious diseases in protected species. These challenges include unpredictable sample populations, diverse genetic and environmental backgrounds of the animals, as well as the practical, legal and ethical issues involved in experimentation. The use of whole genome scale transcriptomics with animal samples obtained in a minimally invasive manner is an approach that shows promise for health assessment. In this study we assessed the utility of a microarray to identify changes in gene expression predictive of health status by interrogating blood samples from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in rehabilitation. A custom microarray was developed from the commercially available dog microarray (Canis familiaris) by selecting probes that demonstrated reliable cross-hybridization with RNA in sea lion blood. This custom microarray was used for the analysis of RNA from 73 sea lion blood samples, from animals with a broad spectrum of health changes. Both traditional classifying techniques and newer artificial neural network approaches correctly classified sea lions with respect to health status, primarily distinguishing between leptospirosis infection and domoic acid exposure. Real time PCR validation for a small set of genes, followed by sequencing, showed good correlation with array results and high identity (96–98%) between the dog and sea lion sequences. This approach to health status classification shows promise for disease identification in a clinical setting, and assessment of health status of wildlife.
Magneto-optics of ferrofluids, using fiber optics

Abstract A technique has been developed whereby only a small amount of a magnetic fluid is needed for optical measurements of magnetically induced birefringence and other magneto-optic effects. The ac field dependence of magnetically induced birefringence in a water based magnetite magnetic fluid is reported.
Integrating pattern and context in spatial archaeology

Abstract Traditional approaches to intrasite spatial analysis in archaeology have concentrated on identifying associations among classes of artifacts over a site surface. This focus has tended to ignore the possible effects of contextual constraints on inter-class relationships, for example the “gravity effects” of hearth features on object deposition. Consequently, sets of co-occurring artifact classes defined in space are usually ascribed behavioural significance as “tool kits”, even though they may represent unrelated objects simply discarded into the same spatial location. This paper attempts to illustrate this problem through contextual integration of artifact and feature distributions. Quantitative methods are employed to carry out contextual spatial analysis of artifact distributions from the Upper Palaeolithic rockshelter site Le Flageolet I (Dordogne, France). Results indicate that associations among artifact classes in space might be constrained by feature locations at Le Flageolet I and that contextual interpretations are warranted for the observed inter-class relations.
Angioplasty of intracranial occlusion resistant to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.

Objective Thrombolysis has been demonstrated to improve revascularization and outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Many centers now apply thrombolytic therapy locally via intra-arterial infusion. One therapeutic benefit is the ability to cross soft clots with a guidewire and to perform mechanical thrombolysis. In some instances, reopened arteries reocclude as a result of either thrombosis or vasospasm. We report the use of balloon angioplasty during thrombolysis for acute stroke. Methods From June 1995 through June 1999, 49 patients underwent intra-arterial therapy for acute stroke. In this group, nine patients (seven men and two women) were treated with balloon angioplasty after inadequate recanalization with thrombolytic infusion. The mean age of these patients was 67.9 years. Nine matched control patients who underwent thrombolysis alone without angioplasty were chosen for comparison. Results In the group of nine patients who had angioplasty, the mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation was 21.8 +/- 5.4. Four patients had residual distal occlusion after angioplasty, and one patient had a hemorrhagic conversion. Of the five patients in which recanalization was successful, none had reocclusion of the balloon-dilated vessel. The mean score at 30 days for the five survivors was 12.6 +/- 14.9, for an improvement of 7.0 +/- 14.2. Among the nine control patients, the mean score at presentation was 20.3 +/- 5.2; the mean score at 30 days for the five survivors was 19.4 +/- 7.7, for an improvement of 4.2 +/- 7.8. Conclusion In our experience, balloon angioplasty is a safe, effective adjuvant therapy in patients who are resistant to intra-arterial thrombolysis. The use of balloon angioplasty may prevent reocclusion in a stenotic artery and permit distal infusion of thrombolytic agents.
Towards a general theory of property rights

The literature in the field of comparative economics contains only passing references to the role and importance of property-rights structures. This is not to say that the differences in property relations have not been appreciated by the economics profession at large. The point is that the fundamental role of the property-rights structures as a specification of the set of opportunity choices about resource uses has yet to be formally incorporated into the theory of economic systems. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the effects of various property-rights structures on the pattern of human behavior can be incorporated into traditional economic analysis and that in the process the scope of economic analysis is broadened1. The paper is intended to be a contribution to the pure theory of human behavior under various property-rights arrangements, which (property arrangements) are, it is asserted, a powerful and possibly necessary condition for the very existence of different economic systems. The study will concentrate on the problem of short-run adjustments in the rate of real income voluntarily diverted to gross investment under four different forms of ownership in capital goods.
Nonpolar and Short Side Chain Groups at C-11β of Estradiol Result in Antiestrogens

We have previously found that esters of 11β-estradiol carboxylates are transformed from an estrogen into an antiestrogen when the 11β-side chain is increased in length from four to five non-hydroge...
Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of secondary organic aerosol derived from gas-phase oxidation of toluene

The biological response to inhalation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was determined in rodents exposed to SOA derived from the oxidation of toluene, a precursor emitted from anthropogenic sources. SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 300 µg·m^(−3) of particulate matter (PM) plus accompanying gases. Whole-body exposures were conducted in mice to assess both pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. ApoE^(−/−) mice were exposed for 7 days and measurements of TBARS and gene expression of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were made in aorta. Pulmonary inflammatory responses in both species were measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts. No pulmonary inflammation was observed. A mild response was observed in mouse aorta for the upregulation of ET-1 and HO-1, with a trend for increased MMP-9 and TBARS, and. Overall, toluene-derived SOA revealed limited biological response compared with previous studies using this exposure protocol with other environmental pollutants.
The Rayleigh and Stokes problems with an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid

The Rayleigh problem or impulsive motion of a flat plate has been solved using a perturbation scheme when the surrounding fluid is representable by the constitutive equations of Oldroyd or Coleman and Noll. The shear stress and normal stress at the wall were expressed analytically for this unsteady motion. Further, an exact solution of the equations was found for a special case of the constitutive equations.
Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work

In four studies, we examine implicit voice theories—taken-for-granted beliefs about when and why speaking up at work is risky or inappropriate. In Study 1, interview data from a large corporation s...
Lorenz ordering of exponential order statistics

Abstract Lorenz order relationships among order statistics from exponential samples of possible different sizes are obtained.
DVD—a conceptual, clinical and surgical overview

Summary Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a slow, disconjugate hypertropic deviation of a nonfixating eye. It is usually bilateral, asymmetrical, and often associated with congenital esotropia. The deviating eye elevates, abducts, and excyclotorts. This type of strabismus is often variable, making measurement and clinical quantification difficult. Specific knowledge of the mechanisms and characteristics of the dissociated deviation are required for proper assessment and effective treatment. There is currently no consensus on the mechanisms and pathophysiology of DVD. In this workshop, participants discuss the characteristics and most current methods for assessing and quantifying the deviation and explore the potential etiologies, clinical characteristics, and indications for surgical intervention and nonsurgical management of DVD.
Diminished agonist-stimulated inositol trisphosphate generation blocks stimulus-secretion coupling in mouse pancreatic acini during diet-induced experimental pancreatitis.

Young female mice fed a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet rapidly develop acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. We have observed that pancreatic acini prepared from these mice are unable to secrete amylase in response to addition of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, although they retain the ability to secrete amylase in response to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The CDE diet does not alter the binding characteristics (Kd or the maximal number of binding sites) for muscarinic cholinergic receptors as tested using the antagonist (/sup 3/H)N-methylscopolamine nor the competition for this binding by carbachol. Addition of carbachol to acini prepared from mice fed the CDE diet does not result in as marked an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ levels as that noted in control samples (evaluated using quin2 fluorescence). These observations indicate that the CDE diet interferes with stimulus-secretion coupling in mouse pancreatic acini at a step subsequent to hormone-receptor binding and prior to Ca2+ release. This conclusion is confirmed by our finding that the hormone-stimulated generation of (/sup 3/H)inositol phosphates (inositol trisphosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol monophosphate) from acini labeled with (/sup 3/H)myoinositol is markedly reduced in acini prepared from mice fed the CDE diet. This reduction is not due to a decrease inmore » phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. This communication represents the first report of a system in which a blockade of inositol phosphate generation can be related to a physiologic defect and pathologic lesion.« less
A novel pathway by which the environmental toxin 4-Nonylphenol may promote an inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease

Background 4-Nonylphenol is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that is formed as a byproduct in the manufacturing and/or sewage treatment of regular household items. Previous work in our lab has implicated 4-NP in the progression of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease in which macrophages mistakenly attack the intestinal linings, causing chronic inflammation. Several key pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules have been shown to be involved in the manifestation of this disease, including IL-23A, COX-2, IL-8, TLR-4, and IL-10.
Comparative metabolism of zearalenone and transmission into bovine milk

Abstract The metabolism of zearalenone in the urine of the cow, the pig, the rabbit, the rat and man was studied. Both free and conjugated zearalenone (63%), α-zearalenol (32%) and β-zearalenol (5%) were present in the urine of the pig; α-zearalenol was the predominant metabolized species. In the cow, free and conjugated (glucuronic and sulphate) zearalenone (29%), α-zearalenol (20%) and β-zearalenol (51%) were found; in contrast to swine, β-zearalenol was the predominant species. In rat urine, the major species was free zearalenone, which constituted over 90% of the total zearalenone and metabolites. In the rabbit, 46% of the urinary metabolites took the form of zearalenone conjugates, 29% were conjugates of α-zearalenol and 25% were conjugates of β-zearalenol. The distribution of metabolites in the faeces was similar to that in the urine. In man, zearalenone and α-zearalenol were the major metabolites followed by β-zearalenol; all were in the glucuronide form. Free and conjugated forms of zearalenone and diastereomeric zearalenols were present in cows' milk. The total concentration of zearalenone and its metabolites was 1·3 ppm (after receiving 25 ppm dietary zearalenone for 7 days); zearalenone constituted 35%, α-zearalenol, 31% and β-zearalenol, 34% of the free metabolites. α-Zearalenol is three times more oestrogenic than zearalenone.