cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIMD Vectorization of Non-Two-Power Sized FFTs

SIMD (single instruction multiple data) vector instructions, such as Intel's SSE family, are available on most architectures, but are difficult to exploit for speed-up. In many cases, such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT), signal processing algorithms have to undergo major transformations to map efficiently. Using the Kronecker product formalism, we rigorously derive a novel variant of the general-radix Cooley-Tukey FFT that is structured to map efficiently for any vector length v and radix. Then, we include the new FFT into the program generator spiral to generate actual C implementations. Benchmarks on Intel's SSE show that the new algorithms perform better on practically all sizes than the best available libraries Intel's MKL and FFTW.
Microdermabrasion: A molecular analysis following a single treatment

Background Microdermabrasion is a popular method of superficial skin resurfacing. It is unclear if dermal remodeling actually occurs. Objective To rigorously investigate the molecular alterations observed following a single microdermabrasion treatment. Methods Forty-nine subjects received a single microdermabrasion treatment to buttock skin. Serial in vivo biochemical and immunohistological analyses were performed. Reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays were used to evaluate changes in transcription factors (AP-1, NF-κB), primary cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor–α), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9), barrier repair enzymes (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase), and type I procollagen. Results Elevation of transcription factors, primary cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases occurs rapidly after a single microdermabrasion treatment. Two of 11 subjects also demonstrated increased type I procollagen messenger RNA and protein levels 14 days after treatment. No alteration in stratum corneum thickness was detected. Conclusion Microdermabrasion activates a dermal remodeling/wound healing cascade with minimal epidermal disruption. Evidence now exists to further study manipulation of variables such as number and timing of microdermabrasion sessions.
Overcoming the Lack of Parallel Data in Sentence Compression

A major challenge in supervised sentence compression is making use of rich feature representations because of very scarce parallel data. We address this problem and present a method to automatically build a compression corpus with hundreds of thousands of instances on which deletion-based algorithms can be trained. In our corpus, the syntactic trees of the compressions are subtrees of their uncompressed counterparts, and hence supervised systems which require a structural alignment between the input and output can be successfully trained. We also extend an existing unsupervised compression method with a learning module. The new system uses structured prediction to learn from lexical, syntactic and other features. An evaluation with human raters shows that the presented data harvesting method indeed produces a parallel corpus of high quality. Also, the supervised system trained on this corpus gets high scores both from human raters and in an automatic evaluation setting, significantly outperforming a strong baseline.
Applications of an Advanced Time Domain BEM to 3-D Problems in Geomechanics

A class of challenging problems encountered in geomechanics pertains to the prediction of the transient response of elastic systems of infinite or semi-infinite extent subjected to time dependent loading and boundary conditions. The nature and complexity of such problems restrict the range of available closed form solutions to the ones of linear problems of highly simplified geometries and boundary conditions. Among the numerical techniques, the most popular and well established one is the Finite Element Method (FEM) which can routinely handle complex geometries, medium inhomogeneities, and material non-linearities, and is well suited for both frequency and time domain analysis. However, the FEM by nature encompasses the major disadvantage of modeling infinite, and semi-infinite domains by finite size meshes violating, thus, the radiation damping condition. The problem is confronted, to some extend, by the development of hybrid techniques, and transmitting boundaries, for frequency domain analysis. Yet, time domain FEM solutions involving unbounded 3-D solid media, if available at all, may increase the size of the problem to computationally prohibitive levels. An alternative to the FEM is the Boundary Element Method (BEM), which is based on integral equation formulations, developed in the beginning of the century. The first 3-D time domain BEM formulation, associated with soil-structure interaction problems, has been reported by Karabalis and Beskos [1]. In this formulation the Stokes fundamental solutions are developed on the basis of a step impulse forcing function.
Policy Anchors: Do Free Trade Agreements and WTO Accessions Serve as Vehicles for Developing-country Policy Reform?

The proliferation of bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements (FTAs1) in recent years has been widely noted. The World Trade Organization (WTO) received notifications of 167 FTAs which entered into force from the beginning of 1990 through July 1, 2005,2 and there may be others. A wide variety of agreements also provide for some integration between members but do not achieve complete free trade in merchandise. Some of these FTAs pair a large developed-country partner with a developing-country partner. Beginning in 2000, the U.S. has initiated FTA negotiations with 23 different countries in 12 separate agreements, and concluded negotiations with 13 of those countries. Similarly, in 2004 ten countries acceded to the EU, expanding its membership to 25. At the time of writing (November 2005), another eight countries are in the queue for EU Membership,3 and the EU has a wide variety of additional agreements, including FTAs with Chile, Mexico, and South Africa and various sorts of arrangements with its regional neighbors under the umbrellas of the “European Neighbourhood Policy” and “Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.”
Mother–child attachment styles and math and reading skills in middle childhood: The mediating role of children’s exploration and engagement

Abstract Research suggests that early mother–child attachment styles are predictive of cognitive skill development in middle childhood. Yet, little work has considered the differential associations of varying attachment styles on reading and math skills in middle childhood, and the mechanisms explaining those relationships across time. Using data from the first three phases of the National Institute of Child and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, this study examined associations between early mother–child attachment styles and math and reading skill development in middle childhood (i.e., ages 54 months to fifth grade). In addition, using a multilevel mediation approach, we considered children's task engagement and engagement/exploration in the classroom as mechanisms explaining gains in cognitive skills. Findings revealed that insecure/other attachment predicted lower average levels of reading and math skills in fifth grade, while ambivalent attachment was associated with lower average levels of math skills in fifth grade. Children's task engagement partially mediated associations between insecure/other attachment and reading skills, as well as associations between ambivalent attachment and math skills. Task engagement also partially mediated associations between insecure/other attachment and math skills in middle childhood. Implications for attachment theory and educational practice are discussed.
Role of argatroban during neurointerventional procedures in patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia

Background Currently, heparin is used routinely for anticoagulation during cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures. In patients with heparin sensitivity, however, heparin cannot be used. Therefore, an alternative method of anticoagulation is necessary to prevent clot formation during such procedures. Methods Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is used as an alternate to heparin for anticoagulation. It is indicated for treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia as well as for prophylaxis during percutaneous coronary intervention. There are no reports describing the protocols for its use during neurointerventional procedures. We report on a series of three patients where argatroban was used in a series of three patients who underwent endovascular interventional procedures. Results Argatroban was given in a loading dosage of 4 μg/kg/min for 10 min followed by an infusion of 1.0 μg/kg/min. During the procedure, no procedural complications were reported. Activated thrombin time was used to monitor anticoagulation. Conclusions We describe here the use of argatroban as an alternate anticoagulant during such procedures, as well as outline our protocol for its administration.
Design of vibratory energy harvesters under stochastic parametric uncertainty: a new optimization philosophy

Vibratory energy harvesters as potential replacements for conventional batteries are not as robust as batteries. Their performance can drastically deteriorate in the presence of uncertainty in their parameters. Parametric uncertainty is inevitable with any physical device mainly due to manufacturing tolerances, defects, and environmental effects such as temperature and humidity. Hence, uncertainty propagation analysis and optimization under uncertainty seem indispensable with any energy harvester design. Here we propose a new modeling philosophy for optimization under uncertainty; optimization for the worst-case scenario (minimum power) rather than for the ensemble expectation of the power. The proposed optimization philosophy is practically very useful when there is a minimum requirement on the harvested power. We formulate the problems of uncertainty propagation and optimization under uncertainty in a generic and architecture-independent fashion, and then apply them to a single-degree-of-freedom linear piezoelectric energy harvester with uncertainty in its different parameters. The simulation results show that there is a significant improvement in the worst-case power of the designed harvester compared to that of a naively optimized (deterministically optimized) harvester. For instance, for a 10% uncertainty in the natural frequency of the harvester (in terms of its standard deviation) this improvement is about 570%.
Resistance of lungs to streptococci as affected by ascorbic acid blood level or histamine administration.

Resistance of the respiratory tract is an extremely important factor in determining whether or not an individual falls victim to the numerous respiratory tract pathogens with which he daily comes in contact. It must be granted that heightened virulence of the pathogen for the human respiratory tract may be a peculiar and at present an unmeasurable property of certain strains of parasites. However, it seems probable from epidemiological evidence that virulence of the pathogen is not as significant as alterations in resistance of the
Dynamical systems, attractors, and neural circuits

Biology is the study of dynamical systems. Yet most of us working in biology have limited pedagogical training in the theory of dynamical systems, an unfortunate historical fact that can be remedied for future generations of life scientists. In my particular field of systems neuroscience, neural circuits are rife with nonlinearities at all levels of description, rendering simple methodologies and our own intuition unreliable. Therefore, our ideas are likely to be wrong unless informed by good models. These models should be based on the mathematical theories of dynamical systems since functioning neurons are dynamic—they change their membrane potential and firing rates with time. Thus, selecting the appropriate type of dynamical system upon which to base a model is an important first step in the modeling process. This step all too easily goes awry, in part because there are many frameworks to choose from, in part because the sparsely sampled data can be consistent with a variety of dynamical processes, and in part because each modeler has a preferred modeling approach that is difficult to move away from. This brief review summarizes some of the main dynamical paradigms that can arise in neural circuits, with comments on what they can achieve computationally and what signatures might reveal their presence within empirical data. I provide examples of different dynamical systems using simple circuits of two or three cells, emphasizing that any one connectivity pattern is compatible with multiple, diverse functions.
The Science and Art of Infertility

So wrote Bernfeld about scientific objectivity.1 The physician caring for the infertile couple should, whenever possible, utilize the latest that science has brought to the care of the infertile couple. In such areas as therapy for anovulation and endometriosis, and in the use of microsurgery, intrauterine insemination, and in vitro fertilization, there has been an accumulation of scientific data to provide appropriate guidelines.
Genome-Wide Mapping of the Binding Sites of Proteins That Interact with DNA

The coordinated regulation of the expression of a group of genes by a specific transcription factor frequently lies at the heart of the ability of a bacterium to respond to an environmental signal, or to progress through a developmental program. Thus, in many situations, it is of interest to identify all of the genes that are under the control of a particular regulatory protein. This chapter begins with a brief overview of some of the methods that have been used in attempts to identify some or all of the members of a regulon (i.e., those genes that are the targets for a transcriptional activator or repressor). Thereafter, the chapter will focus on one technique, chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) and some of its variants. Design considerations and some protocols for ChIP-chip experiments are provided, along with some considerations related to downstream data analysis. ChIP-chip is a method for the genome-wide localization of protein-binding sites. In a typical ChIP-chip protocol, proteins are cross-linked nonspecifically to DNA in vivo. Chromatin is extracted and sheared, and specific protein-DNA complexes are immunoprecipitated with a suitable antibody. After purification, the DNA is hybridized to a microarray (after an amplification step in some protocols), together with a differentially labeled reference sample. Features on the microarray that show an elevated fluorescence ratio reveal DNA sequences that were enriched by immunoprecipitation. The corresponding genomic locations are those that were enriched, and are therefore close to sites of binding. The use of high-density tiled microarrays allows for binding site localization with quite high resolution. It is likely that ChIP-chip will soon be superseded by ChIP-seq, in which the immunoprecipitated DNA is analyzed directly by next-generation sequencing technologies. ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq applications are not confined to regulatory proteins, since they can be used with any protein that binds to DNA, either directly, or indirectly via an interaction with another protein. Thus, ChIP-chip has been used successfully to map binding sites for nucleoid proteins, and proteins involved in DNA replication.
If the past devours the future, why study? Piketty, social movements, and future directions for education

AbstractIn 2014, Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century rocked the economic and political world, with its argument that inequality is destined to increase; in the field of education, however, this book has been almost entirely ignored. I argue that Piketty’s treatise is relevant to educational theories for three reasons: his rejection of meritocracy contributes to theories of social mobility; his critique of human capital theory provides fodder for debates about educational purpose; and his interdisciplinary analysis supports the political economy tradition in education. However, I also argue that it is necessary to move beyond the economic determinism in Piketty’s arguments, to explore the transformative potential of education as a consciousness-raising process, the agency of communities, the production process, and alternative solutions to inequality. I argue that education scholars should use the renewed interest in inequality generated by Piketty’s book to shift the dominant discourses a...
Transcriptionally Active High-Risk Human Papillomavirus is Not a Common Etiologic Agent in the Malignant Transformation of Inverted Schneiderian Papillomas

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiologic and transformational agent in inverted Schneiderian papilloma (ISP) is unclear. Indeed, reported detection rates of HPV in ISPs range from 0 to 100%. The true incidence has been confounded by a tendency to conflate high- and low-risk HPV types and by the inability to discern biologically relevant from irrelevant HPV infections. The recent development of RNA in situ hybridization for high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA now allows the direct visualization of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in ISP, providing an opportunity to more definitively assess its role in the development and progression of ISPs. We performed p16 immunohistochemistry and high-risk HPV RNA in situ hybridization on 30 benign ISPs, 7 ISPs with dysplasia, 16 ISPs with carcinomatous transformation, and 7 non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) with inverted growth that were unassociated with ISP. Transcriptionally active HPV was not detected in any of the 52 ISPs including those that had undergone carcinomatous transformation, but it was detected in two of seven (29%) non-keratinizing SCCs that showed inverted growth. There was a strong correlation between high-risk HPV RNA in situ hybridization and p16 immunohistochemistry (97%; p < 0.01). These results indicate that transcriptionally active high-risk HPV does not play a common role in either the development of ISP or in its transformation into carcinoma.
Serotonin Deficiency and Alcohol Use Disorders

Abstract Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are thought to result from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, but the exact neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders have been difficult to establish. Although there is ample evidence documenting serotonergic dysfunction in AUD patients, whether the serotonergic abnormalities observed in AUD populations are the cause of excessive alcohol consumption or the result of chronic alcohol abuse remains controversial. This chapter reviews the preclinical and clinical data suggesting that low levels of brain serotonin could contribute to high levels of alcohol consumption along with impulsive and/or aggressive behavior, which are hallmarks of Cloninger's Type 2 alcoholic subtype. The potential of further subtyping AUD populations as a means to facilitate the identification of underlying pathophysiological processes and to improve treatment selection is also discussed.
Neonatal Lethargy, Seizures, and Asphyxiation.

1. Lindsay Eilers, MD* 2. John W. Harrington, MD* 1. *Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA 1. 1. Volpe JJ Neonatal Seizures. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:203–237 2. 1. Volpe JJ Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Clinical Aspects. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:400–465 3. 1. Tekgul H, 2. Gauvreau K, 3. Soul J, 4. et al The Current Etiologic Profile and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Seizures in Term Newborn Infants. Tekgul H, Gauvreau K, Soul J, et al. Pediatrics. 2006;117;1270–1280 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] 4. Guidelines on Neonatal Seizures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011 Neonatal lethargy and seizures in newborns are problems encountered in the NICU yet can also present once neonates have been discharged. Prompt recognition of the symptoms and understanding the possible differential diagnoses are essential to guide early evaluation and therapy. A lethargic infant typically presents with feeding difficulty, a poor suck reflex, and hypotonia and may be difficult to arouse The differential diagnosis for lethargy includes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), infection/sepsis, asphyxiation, inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and hyperbilirubinemia. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy occurs when there is diminished blood supply and hypoxemia to the brain and may be due to antepartum, intrapartum, or postnatal factors, although intrapartum events seem to be the most common cause. Sepsis occurs in approximately 1 to 5 per 1,000 live births, with a higher incidence in low birthweight infants. Poor feeding and lethargy are the earliest signs, requiring prompt physical examination and laboratory evaluation, even if fever is not present. Intrapartum asphyxiation presents with lethargy soon after birth if the ischemic … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.aulast%253DTekgul%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D117%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D1270%26rft.epage%253D1280%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BCurrent%2BEtiologic%2BProfile%2Band%2BNeurodevelopmental%2BOutcome%2Bof%2BSeizures%2Bin%2BTerm%2BNewborn%2BInfants%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.2005-1178%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16585324%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=117/4/1270&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F38%2F6%2F290.atom
Affine relaxations for the solutions of constrained parametric ordinary differential equations

Summary This work presents a numerical method for evaluating affine relaxations of the solutions of parametric ordinary differential equations. This method is derived from a general theory for the construction of a polyhedral outer approximation of the reachable set (“polyhedral bounds”) of a constrained dynamic system subject to uncertain time-varying inputs and initial conditions. This theory is an extension of differential inequality-based comparison theorems. The new affine relaxation method is capable of incorporating information from simultaneously constructed interval bounds as well as other constraints on the states; not only does this improve the quality of the relaxations but it also yields numerical advantages that speed up the computation of the relaxations. Examples demonstrate that tight affine relaxations can be computed efficiently with this method.
Important statistical considerations in the evaluation of post-market studies to assess whether opioids with abuse-deterrent properties result in reduced abuse in the community.

Purpose Abuse, misuse, addiction, overdose, and death associated with non-medical use of prescription opioids have become a serious public health concern. Reformulation of these products with abuse-deterrent properties is one approach for addressing this problem. FDA has approved several extended-release opioid analgesics with abuse-deterrent labeling, the bases of which come from pre-market studies. As all opioid analgesics must be capable of delivering the opioid in order to reduce pain, abuse-deterrent properties do not prevent abuse, nor do pre-market evaluations ensure that there will be reduced abuse in the community. Utilizing data from various surveillance systems, some recent post-market studies suggest a decline in abuse of extended-release oxycodone after reformulation with abuse-deterrent properties. We discuss challenges stemming from the use of such data. Methods We quantify the relationship between the sample, the population, and the underlying sampling mechanism and identify the necessary conditions if valid statements about the population are to be made. The presence of other interventions in the community necessitates the use of comparators. We discuss the principles under which the use of comparators can be meaningful. Conclusions Results based on surveillance data need to be interpreted with caution as the underlying sampling mechanisms can bias the results in unpredictable ways. The use of comparators has the potential to disentangle the effect due to the abuse-deterrence properties from those due to other interventions. However, identifying a comparator that is meaningful can be very difficult.
Stress Relief for Transportation Employees

Providing transportation for a city the The stress within a large service or size of Detroit requires a complex organization is intensified by other issues ganization of over two thousand staff such as conflict among different age members functioning in many roles. groups, sexism, favoritism, high com The most visible employee in the community unemployment, and the cur munity is the bus driver. He or she rent pressure for expanding public symbolizes the entire service and is, as transportation. Given the complexity of a result, the target of abuse and praise, the transportation system, job-related He or she is heaped with blame for stress inevitably has an impact on all faulty service and must make decisions transportation employees in Detroit. for an untold number of crises that the
A new species of Frontodendroidopsis (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae) from China, with a key to males of the three species

Frontodendroidopsis pennyi , a new species of fire-colored beetle, is described from two males taken along the South Fork of Yamu He, 1.3 km east of Lao Shibali, northwestern Yunnan Province, China at an elevation of 2250 meters. This is the third described Frontodendroidopsis , the others being F. gibbiceps Young, also from China and the Japanese F. ocularis (Lewis). A similar cranial modification, large compound eyes, and strongly pectinate antennae place the new species in Frontodendroidopsis , although the antennal pedicel is shorter. Unlike F. gibbiceps the antennal insertions are not swollen and the frons is not carinate. The conspicuously emarginate fifth ventrite exhibited by males F. pennyi and F. gibbiceps distinguishes both of these species from F. ocularis.
Social Media: Support for Survivors and Young Adults With Cancer

Social media use is ubiquitous among young adults. Young adults with cancer must make important decisions about where, what, and how to share information on social media. Oncology nurses are in a unique position to start conversations about the risks and benefits of social media use. This column aims to review a variety of social media platforms that may be used by young adults with cancer and provide guidance to nurses on initiating open dialogue with young adults about social media usage. .
Emergence of dynamically reconfigurable hippocampal responses by learning to perform probabilistic spatial reasoning

Navigation in natural environments is computationally difficult: Location errors from motion estimation noise accumulate over time, while landmarks can be spatially extended and often look alike, thus providing ambiguous data. The brain contains a number of spatially tuned neurons coding for various navigational variables, but current models do not explain how these circuits could implement navigational computations that involve non-trivial spatial reasoning. We show, using a function-first approach, that neural circuits trained to efficiently solve spatial reasoning problems with performance on par with sequential probabilistic strategies reproduce some key properties of hippocampal coding, including heterogeneous tuning, conjunctive tuning, and low-dimensional dynamics. In addition, the models predict the emergence of tuning to key latent variables that are neither present in the input data nor trained as the end result of the task, and exhibit a spontaneous dynamical reconfiguration of tuning across time during a task as the computational demands evolve, reminiscent of some of the more complex dynamics observed in the hippocampus including a switch between location and displacement coding modes. These results provide a new functional framework for understanding the rich phenomenology and potential capabilities of navigation codes in the hippocampus and associated brain areas.
Differentiating breast carcinoma with signet ring features from gastrointestinal signet ring carcinoma: assessment of immunohistochemical markers

Signet ring morphology is recognized throughout the gastrointestinal tract. However, this pattern may be observed in other primary sites giving rise to diagnostic challenges in the work-up of metastases. Relatively newer immunohistochemical markers have not been evaluated in this context. We assessed expression patterns of several common immunohistochemical markers in tumors with Signet ring morphology to delineate a pragmatic approach to this differential diagnosis. Primary breast and gastrointestinal carcinomas showing Signet ring features were reviewed. Non-mammary and non-gastrointestinal tumors with this morphology were included for comparison. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), E-cadherin, CK7, CK20, GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, CDX2, GATA-3, and HepPar-1 immunohistochemistry was performed. Expression patterns were compared between breast and gastrointestinal tumors as well as lobular breast and gastric tumors. Ninety-three cases were identified: 33 breast carcinomas including 13 lobular, 50 gastrointestinal tumors including 23 gastric, and 10 from other sites. ER (sensitivity=81.8%, specificity=100%, positive predictive value (PPV)=100%, negative predictive value (NPV)=89.3%) and GATA-3 (sensitivity=100%, specificity=98%, PPV=96.8%, NPV=100%) expression were associated with breast origin. CK20 (sensitivity=66.7%, specificity=93.3%, PPV=94.1%, NPV=63.6%) and CDX2 (sensitivity=72%, specificity=100%, PPV=100%, NPV=68.9%) demonstrated the strongest discriminatory value for gastrointestinal origin. These markers exhibited similar discriminatory characteristics when comparing lobular and gastric signet ring carcinomas. In a limited trial on metastatic breast and gastric cases, these markers successfully discriminated between breast and gastric primary sites in 15 of 16 cases. ER and GATA-3 are most supportive of mammary origin and constitute an effective panel for distinguishing primary breast from primary gastrointestinal Signet ring tumors when combined with CK20 and CDX2 immunohistochemistry.
Trans10,cis12 conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by inducing ER stress, autophagy, and modulation of Src

The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Trans10,cis12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12 CLA). MTT assays and QCM™ chemotaxis 96-wells were used to test the effect of t10,c12 CLA on the proliferation and migration and invasion of cancer cells. qPCR and Western Blotting were used to determine the expression of specific factors. RNA sequencing was conducted using the Illumina platform and apoptosis was measured using a flow cytometry assay. t10,c12 CLA (IC50, 7 μM) inhibited proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV-3 and A2780. c9,t11 CLA did not attenuate the proliferation of these cells. Transcription of 165 genes was significantly repressed and 28 genes were elevated. Genes related to ER stress, ATF4, CHOP, and GADD34 were overexpressed whereas EDEM2 and Hsp90, genes required for proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins, were downregulated upon treatment. While apoptosis was not detected, t10,c12 CLA treatment led to 9-fold increase in autophagolysosomes and higher levels of LC3-II. G1 cell cycle arrest in treated cells was correlated with phosphorylation of GSK3β and loss of β-catenin. microRNA miR184 and miR215 were upregulated. miR184 likely contributed to G1 arrest by downregulating E2F1. miR215 upregulation was correlated with increased expression of p27/Kip-1. t10,c12 CLA—mediated inhibition of invasion and migration correlated with decreased expression of PTP1b and decreased Src activation by inhibiting phosphorylation at Tyr416. Due to its ability to inhibit proliferation and migration, t10,c12 CLA should be considered for treatment of ovarian cancer.
Synthesis of MoAlB Particulates and Their Porous Derivatives by Selective Deintercalation of Al from MoAlB

This paper reports for the first time the synthesis of deintercalated MoAlB particulates which belongs to a family of novel ternary borides called MAB phases by selected etching of Al from these particulates by treating them with a solution of LiF and HCl. The FESEM analysis showed that these particulates had a stacked 2D-particles like morphology reminiscent of multilayered MXenes, but unlike MXenes, the 2D layers were interconnected with anisotropic porosity between them with an average length and width of pores being 257 ± 126 nm and 35 ± 10 nm, respectively. The EDS analysis of particulates showed that a typical particulate had a chemistry of (Mo0.67Al0.33)B{O0.19F0.02} which indicate partial deintercalation of Al from the particulates. These novel particulates were also referred to as MABenes due to their microstructural similarity with multilayered MXenes.
Funding and the Change Process in Family Service Agencies

As the programs of family agencies in the past have been shaped by their sources of funding, agencies today are confronted by problems because of lack of money. This analysis of the process of chan...
Structure and kinetics of synthetic, lipid-based nucleic acid carriers: Lipoplexes

Abstract Nucleic acid–based therapies use DNA or siRNA to treat genetic disorders caused by gene abnormality, such as hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease, beta-thalassemia), cystic fibrosis, or some types of cancer. Complexes between nucleic acids and cationic phospholipids, lipoplexes, are a promising, synthetic gene carrier for both in vitro and in vivo applications. However, optimization of the complex performance requires better understanding and control of lipoplex properties. Lipoplex structure is characterized on two lengths. On the local scale, namely, 10–50 nm, the lipid and nucleic acid arrangement is set by thermodynamic equilibrium and is directly linked to the molecular properties of the lipids and concentration of nucleic acid. On larger scales, in the order 100 nm–1 μm, lipoplex characteristics are set by the kinetics of the synthesis process, following a three-step process: (1) an initial stage (on timescales of less than 1 min) where the nucleic acid adsorbs onto the lipid assembly; (2) a growth stage, where complexes flocculate, characterized by a broad range of timescales from minutes to hours, depending on system parameters; and (3) internal equilibration stage where the outer lipoplex structure remains constant, which may take hours or more.
An autoethnographic exploration of radical subjectivity as pedagogy

ABSTRACTEmploying an autoethnographic approach, the two authors explore what it means to have a marginalized body as educators in the classroom. Both authors identify as doctoral students of color who are passionate about critical forms of pedagogy, having had multiple experiences in teaching undergraduate courses focused on issues of power and privilege. This study utilizes the concept of radical subjectivity and considers what it means to use one's self as a pedagogical tool, allowing students to learn from instructors’ personal experiences with oppression. Findings suggest a “double-binded nature of vulnerability.” Although breathing life into course texts allows students the opportunity to understand class material in enriched ways, results also reveal the costs that come with accepting one's body as subject. Thus, the final study result stresses the need for restorative communities when using radical subjectivity as pedagogy. Implications highlight the importance of self-reflection and systems of sup...
Histochemistry of Nucleic Acids

VI. Summary Qualitative analysis for the intracellular localization of nucleic acids may be performed with reasonable assurance by staining techniques, and confirmed by the use of specific nucleolytic enzymes on fixed tissues. Ultraviolet microscopy serves similarly, but can contribute little, if any, further information in this sphere. The newer methods of X-ray absorption, infrared microscopy, etc., at present find greater application in aspects of histochemistry other than nucleic acid analysis. Quantitative analysis is beset with errors because of uncertainties about specificity, stoichiometry, diffusion, and optical factors. Reproducibility has been demonstrated for a number of quantitative procedures. Although essential, it is not in itself an adequate test of the reliability of the method. Thus, repeated analysis of nuclei of the same tissue, fixed in the same manner, hydrolyzed at constant temperature and constant time, and otherwise treated identically in the Feulgen procedure may be expected to give reproducible absorption values. Nevertheless, one may not conclude that extension of the procedure to other nuclei will give results which may be validly compared (see discussion of effect of heterogeneity above). It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the multitude of quantitative data in the literature with an awareness of the possible errors. It is our opinion that for a procedure to qualify as a quantitative method it must be possible to state the results in absolute values so that they may be tested (in suitable material) by independent methods (such as macrochemical analysis). This has been done for ultraviolet analysis of nucleic acid in whole thymus nuclei (Kurnick and Thorell in Kurnick, 1950b; Leuchtenberger et al., 1952). We have also carried out such studies for methyl green staining in a number of tissues. However a wider variety of tissues should probably be studied before the method is extended to tissues in which confirmation of the result by chemical means is not feasible. The potential error in the assumptions as to uniformity in degree of polymerization and absence of competing substances (as proteins bound to phosphoric acid groups and not extracted by dilute HCl) must be borne in mind in attempting to extend the observations on ultraviolet absorption and methyl green staining. It is hoped that independent tests of other quantitative histochemical methods will be reported to assist in the evaluation of a large and increasing bulk of quantitative histochemical analyses by methods not yet adequately examined. Until this has been done, histochemical analyses for nucleic acids should be regarded as primarily qualitative, and interpretations based upon quantitation must be viewed with caution.
Rhetoric, the Emotions, and Political Morality: Cicero’s Superiority over Aristotle

Notwithstanding the widespread assumption that Aristotle forges a better relationship among rhetoric, the emotions, and political morality than Cicero, I contend that Cicero, not Aristotle, offers a more relevant account of the relationship among these terms. Closer analysis of Aristotle, I argue, shows that his account of the emotions in rhetoric is neither morally grounded nor evades the moral problems originating in emotional manipulation. Grounding emotion in cognition does not indicate that the belief, on which the emotion is based, is true. Rational but false arguments can also be used to induce emotions in an audience. Moreover, Aristotle’s approach to emotional appeals in politics is, compared to Cicero’s, static, unable to adapt to new political circumstances. I suggest that Cicero’s approach to the rhetorical emotions, if given a fair hearing, will be more acceptable to a modern audience than Aristotle’s because it is ethically based while also responsive to political realities. Cicero accommodates emotional appeals to circumstance based on his belief in decorum as a moral principle. The flexibility of the Ciceronian path allows it to be adapted to our present political state of affairs, as opposed to the Aristotelian approach, which cannot. Further, I show that emotional manipulation in Cicero is not as problematical as it initially appears.
Pressures for Change in Environmental Auditing and in the Role of the Internal Auditor

The emerging set of standards know collectively as ISO 14000 has generated a great deal of interest in industry and amongst the public agencies responsible for insuring their environmental performance. Industry and government alike seem to be embracing the standards as soon as they are released. In particular, both groups are looking to the standards as a key component of a new paradigm for cooperation between regulators and industry. This paper discusses some of the opportunities as well as potential pitfalls which environmental policy makers should consider while formulating their strategies for including ISO 14000 and other EMS standards in technical assistance, compliance and regulatory programs. It also will address the necessity for ISO 14000 and a globally standardized set of environmental principles, its history and its future.
The image of the smart city: surveillance protocols and social inequality

Under the banner of “smart cities,” regional governments around the world are embracing distributed sensor networks, video surveillance, and predictive analytics in hopes of solving a wide range of urban problems. Rather than view such developments as neutral, this chapter probes their underlying politics and ask what kinds of worlds are being created in the name of efficiency, economic growth, or security. Whereas in Kevin Lynch’s classic book The Image of the City, he collected mental maps from city residents to use as a resource for crafting design protocols for more livable spaces, the image of the smart city is being dictated almost entirely by technology companies either responding to previously identified problems or selecting problems based upon fit with their preferred high-tech solutions. Through such removed, rationalized plans, hidden technological protocols threaten to further normalize neoliberal arrangements and exacerbate social inequalities.
Children’s Coordination of Linguistic and Numeric Units in Mathematical Argumentative Writing

Mathematical argumentation and proof has long been identified with algebraization. Much literature discusses the relationship between the two, but with little specificity on how particular semiotic features in argumentation relate to coordination in early algebra. Further, there is a particular lack of research on this topic in the elementary/primary years of schooling. The present study examines how children’s unit coordination in early algebra (particularly the concepts of equivalence and multiplicative reasoning) co-occurs with their coordination of grammatical information units. Coordination of information units was examined through reference use via the semiotic tool of detailing. Results suggest that second and third grade students who coordinate reference chains to support a mathematical claim in their argumentative writing tend to have higher multiplicative reasoning and conception of equivalence scores on several tasks. However, features of certain tasks may influence whether and how such unit coordination interacts with reference use.
Chapter 24 Lipid Metabolism

Lipids are an immensely diverse group of compounds, technically including all biomolecules that dissolve more readily in non-polar solvents than in water. This review will emphasisze two prominent groups of lipids: the acyl lipids, whose hydrophobic units are derived from fatty acids, and the isoprenoids, made up of five-carbon isopentene units. Acyl lipids, in the form of the triacylglycerols stored as energy reserves, underpin the vegetable oil industry. In addition, acyl lipids that dominate the bilayers of plant membranes, are indispensable for the protective layers that prevent plant desiccation and pathogen attack, and include several signalling molecules. Isoprenoids are even more diverse than acyl lipids, with more than 25,000known. Two prominent groups are the sterols, which are important membrane constituents, and the carotenoids, which collect light for photosynthesis, protect plants from excessive light, attract pollinators and fruit dispersal agents, and provide vitamin A precursors for consumers. Biotechnology has provided both a tool for understanding plant lipid metabolism, and a means of altering quality and quantity of these constituents to better serve the needs of industry and human nutrition better. Keywords: fatty acid; diversity; synthesis; glycerolipid; catabolism; lipoxygenase; oxylipins; aldehydes; cutin; wax; suberin; sphingolipids; isoperenoids
Challenges and contributors to self-efficacy for caregivers of toddlers with autism:

In this qualitative study, 11 mothers of toddlers with autism participated in interviews to investigate how they perceived their roles and their competency to support toddlers’ social learning in t...
Integrated Hydrologic Modeling to Untangle the Impacts of Water Management During Drought.

Over the past century, groundwater levels in California's San Joaquin Valley have dropped by more than 30 m in some areas mostly due to excessive groundwater extraction used to irrigate agricultural lands and sustain a growing population. Between 2012 and 2015, California experienced the worst drought in its recorded history, depleting surface water supplies and further exacerbating groundwater depletion in the region. Due to a lack of groundwater regulation, exact quantities of extracted groundwater in California are unknown and hard to quantify. Recent adoption of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act has intensified efforts to identify sustainable groundwater use. However, understanding sustainable use in a highly productive agricultural system with an extremely complex surface water allocation system, variable groundwater use, and spatially extensive and diverse irrigation practices is no easy task. Using an integrated hydrologic model coupled with a land surface model, we evaluated how water management activities, specifically a suite of irrigation and groundwater pumping scenarios, impact surface water-groundwater fluxes and storage components and how those activities and the relationships between them change during drought. Results showed that groundwater pumping volume had the most significant impact on long-term water storage changes. A comparison with total water storage anomaly (TWSA) estimates from NASA's Gravity Recover and Climate Experiment (GRACE) provided some insight regarding which combinations of pumping and irrigation matched the GRACE TWSA estimates, lending credibility to these scenarios. In addition, the majority of long-term water storage changes during the recent drought occurred in groundwater storage in the deeper subsurface.