cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power Electronics Implementation of Dynamic Thermal Inertia to Offset Stochastic Solar Resources in Low-Energy Buildings

This paper studies the use of power electronic drives to implement dynamic thermal inertia control in low-energy buildings. Dynamic management of energy components is used to offset the variability of stochastic solar resources. Emphasis is on power electronic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) drives that can act as an effective electric swing bus to mitigate the solar power variability. In doing so, grid power flows become substantially more constant, reducing the need for fast grid resources or dedicated energy storage such as batteries. The concept is equivalent to using the building thermal energy as a virtual dynamic storage in support of power grid operation. This paper defines a bandwidth over which such HVAC drives can operate. To test the methods, 18 months of solar data have been collected on submillisecond timescales as a basis to evaluate the efficacy, determine the solar frequency-domain content, and analyze the mitigation of variability. A practical bandpass filter is realized with a lower frequency bound such that the building maintains a consistent temperature, and an upper frequency bound to ensure that the commanded HVAC fan speeds do not update arbitrarily fast, avoid acoustic discomfort to occupants, and prevent undue hardware wear and tear. The combination is illustrated in simulation and with experimental results based on various update rates of a variable frequency fan drive over the stochastic solar data. Building electrical and thermal energy systems modeling is addressed, including solar and HVAC systems as well as batteries and large-scale thermal storages. A full-scale multiple-day case study provides insight into potential grid-side and storage-related benefits.
An Enhanced fractional Motion Estimation algorithm for HD video

Motion estimation (ME) consumes the major part of time and power in both video compression standards - HEVC and H.264. This paper evaluates the impact of fractional motion estimation (FME) for HD videos if applied along with Signature Based FME algorithm, which targets Full Search quality. The paper compares the quality of results of Fractional FME (FFME) vs Enhanced FME (EFME) assuming they have similar computation complexity, hence power consumption. The main purpose is improving the image quality for the same power consumption or equivalently reducing cost and power for the same quality in handheld devices performing Motion Estimation. The algorithms used are an extension to one of the most efficient algorithms - HMDS.
The impact of a multi-component physical activity programme in low-income elementary schools

Objective:To identify the effects of a structured and multifaceted physical activity and recess intervention on student and adult behaviour in school.Design:Mixed-methods and community-based participatory approach.Setting:Large, urban, low-income school district in the USA.Methods:Data were collected at three time points over a 1-year period. Sources included recess observations at four elementary schools, in-class behavioural observations of fifth-grade students (n = 21) and focus groups with fourth- and fifth-grade students (n = 75).Results:Results suggested an increased amount of positive interactions between adults and students and a decreased amount of conflict in the playground post intervention. Results also suggested that a peer-leadership training programme had beneficial effects on students’ classroom behaviour.Conclusion:Results from this study provide evidence that school recess can be used to teach social–emotional competencies that can impact student behaviour during recess and in the classroom.
A Counter-Archaeology of Labor and Leisure in Setauket, New York

ABSTRACTSetauket, New York, a small village on Long Island, has a historical narrative connecting it to the fabric of colonial and early America. Historic sites and structures in Setauket provide the setting for this narrative and support its tourist industry. Additionally, an important minority community comprised of the descendants of colonized Native Americans and enslaved Africans has concrete connections to Setauket’s past. Despite their documented and physical presence, Native Americans and African Americans have been almost entirely left out of local history. The descendant community actively countered their historical marginalization by collaborating with archaeologists to recover aspects of their heritage in the village. This research has developed a counter-narrative that not only returns non-whites to historic white spaces, but explains how non-whites were removed from these spaces through a process of segregation tied to the creation of a leisure economy.
Technological interventions to detect, communicate and deter sexual assault

Every 98 seconds an American is sexually assaulted. Our work explores the use of on-body sensors to detect, communicate and prevent sexual assault. We present a stick-on clothing sensor which responds to initial signs of sexual assault such as disrobing to deter sexual abuse. The smart clothing operates in two modes: an active mode for instances when the victim is unconscious, and a passive mode where the victim can self-actuate the safety mechanism. Both modes alert the victim's friends and family, actuate an auditory alarm, activate odor-emitting capsules to create an immediate repulsion effect, and call emergency services. Our design is based on input from sexual assault survivors and college students who evaluated the clothing for aesthetic appeal, functionality, cultural sensitivity and their sense of personal safety. We show the practicality of our unobtrusive design with two user studies to demonstrate that our techno-social approach can help improve user safety and prevent sexual assault.
A Multi-Level Examination of the Relationship Between Student-Centered Faculty Teaching Culture and Spiritual Development in College

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which faculty culture pertaining to student-centered pedagogy, student–faculty interactions, and faculty goals of enhancing spirituality is associated with spirituality in college students. While individual interactions with faculty have been the focus of spirituality research in recent years, few have examined how exposure to institutional culture fostered by the faculty plays a role in students’ spiritual growth and development. We utilize hierarchical linear modeling to examine the role of faculty culture in spiritual development to fill this gap.
Adolescent Risk-Taking Behaviors: When Do Student Counselors Break Confidentiality?

Confidentiality is integral to counseling relationships, particularly for adolescent clients. The presence of “serious and foreseeable harm” (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2014, p. 5) may ...
Coordinating pain control in newly diagnosed head/neck cancer: From a case report to a multi-disciplinary approach

Abstract Over 1.6 million individuals will receive a new diagnosis of some form of cancer this year. Approximately 2.2% of these cancers will be related to the head and neck, and the vast majority (85%) of patients will present with initial symptoms of pain. Pain is one of the most feared symptoms of cancer, and up to 85% of patients report poorly controlled pain. This case describes the approach, treatment methods, and outcomes of a patient with newly diagnosed cancer, and how a multi-disciplinary model can be used and improved upon in order to successfully treat reported levels of pain. We concluded that the involvement of multiple medical professionals can be used to manage pain, and that communication, roles and feedback are key to successful therapy.
Detecting Microsurgical Complications with ViOptix Tissue Oximetry in a Pediatric Myocutaneous Free Flap: Case Presentation and Literature Review

Background Microvascular compromise from arterial or venous occlusion is a common cause of free flap failure. The salvage rate following a microvascular compromise is dependent on detecting the problem early and intervening quickly. Methods The ViOptix tissue oximeter measures tissue oxygen saturation using the near-infrared spectroscopy technology. The ViOptix device has an alarm capability to warn of potential compromise to tissue perfusion. The tissue oximetry readings are visible on the bedside monitor and are relayed to a webpage link, which is accessible on a personal computer or mobile device, allowing real-time monitoring. This article presents a case where real-time monitoring allowed almost immediate detection of inadvertent pedicle compromise allowing flap salvage by repositioning without surgical intervention. Results In the case presented, the patient's nurse inadvertently positioned a pillow under the location of the vascular pedicle likely causing microvascular compression. The ViOptix reading dropped and for this reason the nurse contacted the Plastic Surgery team. The drop was confirmed remotely and the flap was urgently evaluated in person. Once the pillow was removed, the ViOptix readings normalized and Doppler signals strengthened in the flap. Discussion While tissue oximetry monitoring does not by itself ensure flap survival, it provides critical information than conventional flap monitoring would allow giving the microsurgeon the opportunity to make a quicker decision. ViOptix tissue oximeters are able to detect vascular compromise even before conventional clinical symptoms are present. Alas in several cases by the time clinical symptoms develop the flap may be beyond salvage.
Experimental Results for the sine-Gordon Equation in Arrays of Coupled Torsion Pendula

The pendulum chain with torsional spring coupling represents a physical system that is described exactly by the spatially discrete sG equation. In order to study its solutions experimentally, however, we have to drive the system to counteract the inevitable dissipation we face in experiments. In fact, it is important to model the main sources of energy dissipation realistically; here we find that both on-site and intersite contributions to dissipation are relevant. We show that lattice solitons, also known as discrete breathers (DB) or intrinsic localized modes (ILMs), can be produced and stabilized in this system in the presence of driving (forcing) and damping. One way to do this is by exploiting the modulational instability of the uniform mode. Once a discrete soliton has been phase-locked to the driver, it persists indefinitely, and its properties can be studied, as can the range of its stability in parameter space and the types of instability outside of it. We also explore in some detail the interesting effect of which there exists no analogue in continuous media: the existence of two types of discrete solitons of different symmetry—the one-site centered and the two-site centered ILM. Furthermore, we find an exchange of stability between those two breather types as certain system parameters are varied. Comparison to analytical work based on realistic model parameters will be discussed as well.
Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs

In the previous chapter, we began our observation of verbs as a class. In this chapter, we will be examining how English verbs function to express the time of an event (tense) and information regarding the duration or completion of an event (aspect). The chapter is divided into five sections. Section 6.1 reviews verb inflections one more time and introduces the concept of time, tense, and aspect. Sections 6.2–6.5 delve into the different English verb tenses: Sect. 6.2 looks at the present; Sect. 6.3 the past; Sect. 6.4 the future; and Sect. 6.5 the perfect.
The Flat Cover Conjecture and Its Solution

We will give a brief history of the developments that led to the flat cover conjecture and its positive solution.
Modeling Cell Migration in a Simulated Bioelectrical Signaling Network for Anatomical Regeneration

A key question in developmental biology and regenerative medicine concerns the physiological mechanisms by which cells coordinate their behaviors toward the construction and repair of complex anato...
Land and water use changes in the US-Mexico border region, 1992-2011

The linkages between land and water use are often neglected when considering resource management. Here, we examined regional changes in land and water use along the US–Mexico border in the decades following the North American Free Trade Agreement, using bi-national land cover maps from 1992–2011, a process-based hydrology and irrigation model driven with long-term meteorological data, and agricultural production and urban water demand statistics. During the study period, land and water use in the region partially re-oriented around the needs of US cities, leading to crop to urban conversions and water savings in the US, while agricultural and urban expansion in Mexico resulted in local aquifer exploitation and reduced river flows. We identified that land uses with lower rates of water consumption (urban in US and agriculture in Mexico) expanded more than those with higher demands (irrigated agriculture in US and urban in Mexico) due to the water scarcity in the region. This resulted in divergent trends in the US and Mexico that in aggregate has led to an unsustainable trajectory in land and water resources.
Constrained VCG Auction With Multi-Level Channel Valuations for Spatial Spectrum Reuse in Non-Symmetric Networks

Spatial spectrum reuse enables better utilization of limited spectral resources to achieve higher system throughput. However, improving the system throughput or spectrum efficiency does not necessarily translate to the satisfaction of more secondary users (SUs) according to their demands. To improve user satisfaction, user characteristics involving the supply and demand relationship need to be considered and thus enable heterogeneous channel valuations in spatial spectrum reuse. In this paper, we design a channel transaction mechanism for non-symmetric networks and maximize user satisfaction in consideration of multi-level flexible channel valuations of the SUs. Specifically, we introduce a Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) auction, in which the participants are limited to the allowable user crowds. To facilitate the bid formation, we transform the constrained VCG auction to a step-by-step decision process. Meanwhile, the SUs in a coalition play a coalitional game with transferable utilities. We use the Shapley value to realize fair payoff distribution among the SUs in a coalition. Furthermore, we approach the optimal channel allocation via finding the longest path in a directed acyclic graph, a greedy algorithm, and batch allocation. In our simulation, we compare the low-complexity algorithms and demonstrate the efficiency of the channel transaction mechanism.
Dissociation of immunoregulatory function of blood monocytes from maturational state and expression of interleukin-1 in humans chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract We investigated the immunoregulatory function and properties of monocytes in 54 S. mansoni infected Egyptians (40–3,840 S. mansoni eggs excreted per gram of stool) 13–35 years of age. Adherent cell-mediated suppression was found in 11 of 36 patients. Cytochemical studies and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies directed at differentiation markers failed to show alterations in the distribution or maturation of monocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these individuals produced lower levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcus albus stimulation as compared to the other S. mansoni infected individuals. Overall, IL-1 production by PBMC stimulated with LPS or Staphylococcus albus was higher in infected individuals compared to uninfected controls and correlated with intensity of infection (r = 0.41, P = 0.002 for LPS; r = 0.45, P = 0.006 for S. albus). IL-1 expression by monocytes from individuals with heavy S. mansoni infection exceeded that of subjects with light infection. The intensity-related increase in IL-1 expression did not correlate with the maturational state or the immunoregulatory properties of the monocytes.
Sequencing in an appointment system with deterministic arrivals and non-identical exponential service times

Abstract This paper investigates an appointment system with deterministic arrival times and non-identical exponential service times with the objective of minimizing the expected costs of customer-waiting and server-idle times (WIT). For two customers, this paper shows analytically that the smallest-variance-first-rule (SV) and, equivalently, the smallest-mean-first-rule (SM) minimize WIT when the second customer arrives at either optimal or arbitrary arrival time. For three customers, this paper shows analytically that either SV or SM minimize WIT, assuming that each customer arrives at the cumulative sum of expected service times of prior customers. Based on numerical evaluation, this paper recommends that the exponential distribution parameter, which determines either SV or SM sequences, be used for a general number of customers.
Vimentin is Required for Tumor Progression and Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, is highly expressed in aggressive epithelial cancers and is associated with increased rates of metastasis. We show that vimentin is causally required for lung cancer metastasis using a genetic mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (LSL-KrasG12D;Tp53fl/fl, termed KPV+/+) crossed with vimentin-null mice (thereby creating KPV−/− mice). Both KPV+/+ and KPV−/− mice developed lung tumors, yet KPV−/− mice had delayed tumorigenesis and prolonged survival. KPV+/+ cells implanted in the flank metastasized to the lung while KPV−/− cells did not, providing additional evidence that vimentin is required for metastasis. Differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data demonstrated that KPV−/− cells had suppressed expression of genes that drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion, processes that are critical to the metastatic cascade. Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed altered glutaminolysis, with KPV−/− cells accumulating glutathione, leading to impaired cell motility in response to oxidative stress. Together, these results show that loss of vimentin impairs epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and regulation of the oxidative stress response, resulting in decreased metastasis in murine lung adenocarcinoma.
Fourteen-Core Systematic Biopsy That Includes Two Anterior Cores in Men With PI-RADS Lesion ≥ 3 is Comparable With Magnetic Resonance Imaging-ultrasound Fusion Biopsy in Detecting Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: A Single-institution Experience.

Abstract Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion targeted prostate biopsy (FB) has been advocated by many experts as a replacement for the standard template biopsy. Herein, we compared pathology results and cancer detection rates of FB with our standard 14-core systematic prostate biopsy (SB) that includes 2 anterior cores. Materials and Methods One hundred two men with elevated prostate-specific antigen and suspicious lesions on multiparametric MRI, Prostate Imaging Reporting And Data System (PI-RADS) v2 score ≥ 3, underwent FB. Each target lesion was biopsied 3 times; our SB was performed concurrently. Biopsy results were compared for overall and clinically significant (cs), defined as Gleason score ≥ 7, cancer detection. Results Fifty-two percent of patients had positive biopsy results, and of those, 44 had cs prostate cancer (PCa). The overall detection rates for FB and SB were 39% and 50%, respectively, and there was no statistical difference in the detection rate of csPCa detection rate (P = .42). Of 17 patients diagnosed with a high-risk PCa, defined as Gleason score ≥ 8, SB identified 15, whereas FB identified 10. Within the SB group, 21 had positive anterior core biopsies, of which 11 were cs. Conclusion Expanding the standard template prostate biopsies to include 2 anterior horn sampling may be just as effective as FB in men with PI-RADS lesion ≥ 3, thereby mitigating the increased cost associated with FB.
Nationalist International Commercial Arbitration?: The Supreme Court and State Law Equitable Estoppel in GE v/ Outokumpu

A unanimous Supreme Court decided on June 1, 2020 in an opinion written by Justice Clarence Thomas the question of whether the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, June 10, 1958 (hereinafter the “New York Convention”) conflicts with domestic equitable estoppel doctrines that permit the enforcement of arbitration agreements by nonsignatories concluding that it does not. As the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that the New York Convention prohibits enforcement by nonsignatories, the Court reversed the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals and remanded the case for further proceedings. In that regard the questions of whether GE could enforce the arbitration clauses under principles of equitable estoppel or which body of law governs that determination were left to the 11th Circuit to decide in the remand. In a concurrence Justice Sonia Sotomayor - while agreeing with the court that the New York Convention does not categorically prohibit the application of domestic doctrines, such as equitable estoppel, that may permit nonsignatories to enforce arbitration agreements - noted that the application of such domestic doctrines is subject to an important limitation: any applicable domestic doctrines must be rooted in the principle of consent to arbitrate. From the point of view of separability doctrine, contract interpretation, treaty law it possibly brings into the arena of international commercial arbitration a particularly nationalist form of American approach to international trade. If that is the case, the New York Convention may be so twisted by domestic FAA Chapter 1 jurisprudence, that its efficacy for international contracts with American parties may be compromised. So we may have to again open the door to another international commercial arbitration convention being prepared.
Optimal Deterrence When Shareholders Desire Fraud

This article presents an economic model of corporate fraud arising from shareholder incentives. First, the model shows that a firm’s current shareholders have a preference for higher reported values. Current shareholders are, in expectation, net sellers of the firm’s shares; a higher reported value of the firm increases current shareholder returns in expectation. Second, these preferences for inflationary misreporting translate into equilibrium misreporting behavior, which generates inefficiencies due to asymmetric information among secondary market traders. Informed traders undertake inefficient research costs, noise traders demand a discount in order to trade, and selling shareholders face deadweight illiquidity costs. Third, in general, some ex post penalty for misreporting can eliminate misreporting incentives and result in a unique truth-telling (i.e., separating) equilibrium. This improves social welfare. With joint-welfare maximization among the firm’s initial stakeholders and unlimited liability, it does not matter on whom the penalty is placed. Finally, the specific mechanism of firm-level (or “vicarious”) fines has desirable qualities from the perspective of administrative feasibility: the optimal fine is a simple function of observable market data. Compensation does not affect this formulation, yet compensation may be desirable in the event of incomplete deterrence because it reduces asymmetric information liquidity costs. The same liability formula applies for alternative targets of liability, such as the manager, and the approximate magnitude of the optimal fine remains the same; however, judgment-proofness and limited liability may militate toward firm-level fines.
Tetranucleosome Interactions Drive Chromatin Folding

The multiscale organizational structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells is instrumental to DNA transcription, replication, and repair. At mesoscopic length scales, nucleosomes pack in a manner that serves to regulate gene expression through condensation and expansion of the genome. The particular structures that arise and their respective thermodynamic stabilities, however, have yet to be fully resolved. In this study, we combine molecular modeling using the 1CPN mesoscale model of chromatin with nonlinear manifold learning to identify and characterize the structure and free energy of metastable states of short chromatin segments comprising between 4- and 16-nucleosomes. Our results reveal the formation of two previously characterized tetranucleosomal conformations, the "α-tetrahedron" and the "β-rhombus", which have been suggested to play an important role in the accessibility of DNA and, respectively, induce local chromatin compaction or elongation. The spontaneous formation of these motifs is potentially responsible for the slow nucleosome dynamics observed in experimental studies. Increases of the nucleosome repeat length are accompanied by more pronounced structural irregularity and flexibility and, ultimately, a dynamic liquid-like behavior that allows for frequent structural reorganization. Our findings indicate that tetranucleosome motifs are intrinsically stable structural states, driven by local internucleosomal interactions, and support a mechanistic picture of chromatin packing, dynamics, and accessibility that is strongly influenced by emergent local mesoscale structure.
Should Vitamin A Injections to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Be Reserved for High-Risk Infants? Reanalysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Randomized Trial.

Objective To determine whether infants at higher risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death benefit more from vitamin A therapy than those at lower risk. Study design We conducted a post hoc reanalysis of a landmark phase III randomized controlled trial conducted from January 1996 to July 1997 at 14 university-affiliated neonatal intensive care units in the US. Data analysis was performed from October 2019 to October 2020. Infants born weighing 401-1000 g and receiving respiratory support at 24 hours of age were assigned to intramuscular vitamin A 5000 IU or sham procedure 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was BPD, defined as use of supplemental oxygen, or death at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. An externally validated model for predicting BPD or death was used to estimate the risk of these outcomes for each infant. Results As previously reported, 222 of 405 infants (54.8%) assigned vitamin A therapy and 248 of 402 infants (61.7%) in the control group developed BPD or died (relative risk [RR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.80-0.99]; risk difference [RD], −6.9% [95% CI, −13.0 to −0.7]). The predicted individual risks of BPD or death ranged from 7.1% to 98.6% (median, 61.5%; mean, 60.9%). The effect of vitamin A therapy on BPD or death depended on infants’ risk of the primary outcome (P = .03 for interaction): for example, a RR of 0.73 (RD, −14.5%) for infants with a 25% predicted risk and a RR of 0.96 (RD, −1.0%) for infants with a 75% risk. There was no difference in the decrease in vitamin A deficiency across risk groups. Conclusions Contrary to expectations, the effect of vitamin A therapy on BPD or death was greater for lower risk than higher risk infants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01203488 .
Bootstrapping Simple QM Systems

We test the bootstrap approach for determining the spectrum of one dimensional Hamiltonians, following the approach of Han, Hartnoll, and Kruthoff. We focus on comparing the bootstrap method data to known analytical predictions for the hydrogen atom and the harmonic oscillator. We resolve many energy levels for each, and more levels are resolved as the size of the matrices used to solve the problem increases. Using the bootstrap approach we find the spectrum of the Coulomb and harmonic potentials converge exponentially fast.
3D Specimen Mapping Expedites Frozen Section Diagnosis of Non-Palpable Ground Glass Opacities.

Abstract Background Pulmonary ground glass opacities (GGOs) are early-stage adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions that are not easily palpable. Challenges in localizing GGOs during intraoperative pathology can lead to imprecise diagnoses and additional time under anesthesia. To improve localization of GGOs during frozen section diagnosis, we evaluated a novel technique, three-dimensional near-infrared specimen mapping (3D-NSM). Methods Fifty-five patients with a cT1 GGO were enrolled and received a fluorescent tracer preoperatively. After resection, specimens were inspected to identify lesions. Palpable and non-palpable nodules underwent 3D-NSM and the area of highest fluorescence was marked with a suture. Time for 3D-NSM, time for frozen section diagnosis, and number of tissue sections examined were recorded. To compare 3D-NSM to standard-of-care techniques, a control cohort of twenty subjects with identical inclusion criteria were enrolled. Specimens did not undergo 3D-NSM and were sent directly to pathology. Results 3D-NSM localized 54/55 lesions with one false negative. All 41 palpable lesions were identified by 3D-NSM. Thirteen of 14 non-palpable lesions (92.8%) were located by 3D-NSM. Time to diagnosis for the 3D-NSM cohort was 23.5 minutes, compared to 26.0 minutes in the control cohort (p=0.04). 3D-NSM did not affect time to diagnosis of palpable lesions (23.2 min vs. 21.4 minutes, p=0.10). 3D-NSM significantly reduced time to diagnosis for non-palpable lesions (t=23.3 min vs. 34.4 minutes, p Conclusions 3D-NSM accurately localizes GGOs and expedites intraoperative diagnosis by reducing the number of tissue sections analyzed for non-palpable GGOs.
The Human Factors of Work

Two studies were carried out based upon earlier research that suggested four broad categories of work tasks—physical, procedural, social, and cognitive. In the first, students made various judgments about 50 occupations. Factor analysis of the inter correlations among judgments showed a cognitive vs. physical, and a social vs. procedural dimension. Various “prestige” aspects of the occupations fell in the cognitive-social quadrant. In the second study, human factors specialists made judgments about tasks. An “automation” factor included simple tasks, and a “humanness” factor covered complex tasks. Physical and procedural occupations and simple tasks were judged to be most subject to automation. Implications for the field of human factors are suggested.
Stability Characteristics of a Conical Aerospace Plane Concept

Data on stability characteristics of a conical aerospace plane concept were collected for a number of model geometry variations and test conditions, using several NASA-Langley wind tunnels spanning Mach range 0.1-6. The baseline configuration of this plane concept incorporated a 5-deg cone forebody, a 75.96-deg delta wing, a 16-deg leading-edge sweep deployable canard, and a centerline vertical tail. The key results pertinent to stability considerations about all three axes of the model are presented together with data on the effect of the canard on pitch stability, the effect of vertical tail on lateral-directional stability, and the effect of forebody geometry on yaw asymmetries. The experimental stability data are compared with the results from an engineering predictive code.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Aortic stenosis is a common disease with a prevalence of approximately 5 % in elderly patients. The population of people in the United States older than 65 is expected to increase from 40 million in 2010 to nearly 80 million by 2050. With this demographic shift, the burden of valvular heart disease will increase as well. Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has long been the standard of care for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis. Multiple studies however, have documented that nearly 40 % of elderly patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis do not undergo surgery; mainly because of advanced age and comorbidities. This unmet clinical need was the impetus for the development of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Since Cribier treated the first patient in 2002, great strides have been made in the technology and TAVR has become the standard of care for appropriately selected inoperable patients and it is an alternative to surgery for high-risk patients.
Influence of the geometry and distribution of root systems on coppice regeneration and growth of hybrid poplars

Of six selected clones compared in the greenhouse, clone 5328 had the highest leaf surface area and dry matter production after coppicing. Initial stump volume appeared important to coppice growth. In field studies of four clones, after coppicing, root growth increased in both horizontal and vertical directions in clone 5377 and in a vertical direction in 5323 and 5326.
An inverse relationship between aggregate northern hemisphere tropical cyclone activity and subsequent winter climate

Our understanding of the climate role of tropical cyclones (TCs) remains incomplete despite increasing efforts to quantify it. TCs cool the sea surface over a large area, transport heat vertically and meridionally, and dry the tropical atmosphere. Following an anomalous TC season, when TCs have done an anomalous share of energy transport, there may be alterations of other climate mechanisms. Accordingly, a robust inverse relationship between northern hemisphere (NH) TC activity and NH winter climate is explored here. Specifically, aggregate power dissipation index for NH Pacific recurving TCs is the current optimal predictor (r = −0.57; p < 0.01) of NH winter stationary meridional temperature flux. TC-winter climate causality would not only argue for an elevated climate role of TCs, but would present an autumn predictability barrier given the limited skill in forecasting seasonal TC activity details. A proxy relationship would suggest undiagnosed coupled climate mechanisms that have control over both the tropics and extratropics.
Basic properties and models of solar prominences

Prominences are relatively cool (10,000 K) and dense plasma clouds which may persist for 100 days or more in the midst of the much hotter (1 million K) and more tenuous (10 exp 9/cu cm) corona. Many observations imply that the magnetic field in and around prominences is responsible both for isolating prominences from the corona and for supporting them against gravity. It is not at all obvious how the magnetic field can do both these tasks, but the limited theoretical models that are available suggest that a magnetic-flux rope is involved. Using a new analytical model, it is argued that the flux rope could also play a key role in the eruption of a prominence by supplying the magnetic energy necessary to drive the prominence outwards.
Utilization of phosphorus and certain other minerals from swine waste and broiler litter.

Two trials were conducted with 15 wethers surgically equipped with duodenal and ileal cannulas to study the utilization of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn from swine waste and broiler litter. For each trial, animals were fed a low-P basal diet until serum inorganic P averaged 5.5 mg/dl; then they were allotted at random to the following 50% DM ensiled diets: low-P basal, basal + swine waste, basal + broiler litter, basal + dicalcium phosphate and basal + soybean meal. Each trial consisted of a 7-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of feces and urine and 6-d sampling of duodenal and ileal digesta and feces. Apparent P absorption was not different (P greater than .05) between sheep fed waste-supplemented diets (37%) and those fed the conventionally supplemented diets (28%). Phosphorus absorption, calculated by difference, tended (P less than .1) to be higher from the waste supplements (59%) than from dicalcium phosphate and soybean meal (37%). Less (P less than .05) Ca was absorbed from the waste diets (.62 g/d) than from the conventional diets (1.28 g/d). More (P less than .05) Cu (mg/d) was absorbed from the waste diets, but no difference was found when absorption was expressed as percentage of intake. Broiler litter and swine waste were good sources of available P and Mg for ruminants.
Zinc-induced cortical neuronal death: contribution of energy failure attributable to loss of NAD(+) and inhibition of glycolysis.

Excessive zinc influx may contribute to neuronal death after certain insults, including transient global ischemia. In light of evidence that levels of intracellular free Zn 2+ associated with neurotoxicity may be sufficient to inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), experiments were performed looking for reduced glycolysis and energy failure in cultured mouse cortical neurons subjected to lethal Zn 2+ exposure. As predicted, cultures exposed for 3–22 hr to 40 μm Zn 2+ developed an early increase in levels of dihydroxy-acetone phosphate (DHAP) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and a progressive loss of ATP levels, followed by neuronal cell death; furthermore, addition of the downstream glycolytic substrate pyruvate to the bathing medium attenuated the fall in ATP and neuronal death. However, an alternative to direct Zn 2+ inhibition of GAPDH was raised by the observation that Zn 2+ exposure also induced an early decrease in nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels, an event itself capable of inhibiting GAPDH. Favoring this indirect mechanism of GAPDH inhibition, the neuroprotective effects of pyruvate addition were associated with normalization of cellular levels of NAD + , DHAP, and FBP. Zn 2+ -induced neuronal death was also attenuated by addition of the energy substrate oxaloacetate, the activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dichloroacetate, or the inhibitors of NAD + catabolism, niacinamide or benzamide. Acetyl carnitine, α-keto butyrate, lactate, and β-hydroxy-butyrate did not attenuate Zn 2+ -induced neurotoxicity, perhaps because they could not regenerate NAD + or be used for energy production in the presence of glucose.
SUN Brewing (B)

SUN Brewing is the second largest beer company in Russia, which was founded in 1992 by Shiv Khemka, his father, Nand, and his brother, Uday, as an entrepreneurial outgrowth of the Indian family's global business group. The case describes the company's unusual origins and rocky growth through a difficult and unstable business environment. The case is set in March 1999, when SUN Brewing faces a major crisis. A few months earlier, the Khemkas had been planning a $200-$400 million equity and debt offering for the company on the New York Stock Exchange, to finance major investments in the face of increased competition from international beer companies in the Russian market. However, a massive devaluation of the rouble in August 1998 has led to a 90% decline in the stock price of SUN Brewing, which is still majority-owned and managed by the Khemka family but is publicly listed on the Luxembourg stock exchange. As a result, the proposed NYSE listings have been cancelled and there is a $40 million bridge loan outstanding that now needs to be repaid. The family is debating the merits of two main alternatives: (a) to bring in a major global beer company as a strategic partner, or (b) to stay on as controlling owners, injecting millions of dollars into the company from other parts of the family business group, and weather the storm until better terms can be expected from any outside capital provider. The case illustrates the risks of entrepreneurship in emerging markets, and can be used to highlight the role that family business groups can play as internal capital markets, particularly in emerging economies, where external capital markets are inefficient. The case provides financial forecasts that students can use to estimate the company's funding needs, and to perform a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation of the company. The valuation can be used as an input for the decision that the Khemka family needs to make. Students also need to factor into the analysis a number of qualitative issues related to the opportunities and risks that the beer market in Russia presents for the Khemka family and for any potential partner. The case is therefore a good fit for courses about family business, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial finance, or international finance. The case can be complemented with its sequel, SUN Brewing (B) (HBS 207-039), which narrates the next stage in the company's life and illustrates a very different set of issues.
An experimental approach to analog fault models

A comprehensive approach to model faults in analog circuits and systems based on experimental statistics of manufacturing defects is presented. A case study based on a simple sample-and-hold circuit is discussed with specific results. It is shown that the digital fault models are applicable to analog and mixed-signal circuits but they account only for catastrophic faults. Out-of-specification faults occur as often as catastrophic faults and must be addressed in any DFT (discrete Fourier transform) technique or test generation algorithm. >
Interconnect material and CMP process change effects on local interconnect planarity

With finer geometries and multiple metal levels, CMP planarity demands have increased at the lower device levels. Interconnect material changes (metals such as W, Ti, TiN and dielectrics such as BP-TEOS, HDP, and F-HDP) and CMP process changes (such as pads and tool sets) were explored to improve the post-polish planarity at the local interconnect level. The pad hardness was found to offer the best avenue, with up to a tenfold decrease in the post-CMP interlevel dielectric thickness range.
Cutaneous Hemangiosarcoma in 25 Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Hemangiosarcomas confined to the skin and underlying muscle were surgically excised in 25 dogs. Tumors were staged based on their histological location (ie, dermal, hypodermal, and deep). Dermal (stage I) hemangiosarcomas were small, most commonly ventral-abdominal or prepucial in location, and were associated with prolonged survival times (median survival, 780 days). Tumors with hypodermal (stage II) and underlying muscular involvement (stage III) were grouped together because of their larger size, bruise-like appearance, lack of anatomic predilection, biological behavior, and shorter survival times (median survival of 172 and 307 days for dogs with stages II and III, respectively). We conclude that dermal hemangiosarcomas may be effectively treated with surgery alone, whereas hemangiosarcomas located within the hypodermal tissues bear a poor prognosis and warrant wide surgical excision with adjuvant chemotherapy.
The crystallization and growth of AlB2 single crystal flakes in aluminum

An in situ high temperature heat treatment was used to investigate the crystallization and growth behavior of AlB2 flakes in aluminum. Aluminum samples containing 1.8% boron were heated above the liquidus and then rapidly cooled through the Al(L) + AlB12 region to avoid the formation of AlB12 crystals. Subsequently, a homogeneous distribution of high aspect ratio AlB2 flakes crystallized upon holding below the peritectic transition temperature. Growth rate in the (a) and (c) dimensions increased during elevated hold temperatures below the peritectic transition temperature. Surprisingly, faster cooling rates from above the liquidus to room temperature resulted in thinner, wider flakes. Similar to graphite this phenomenon is believed to result from a need to accommodate a changing misfit strain energy between the solidifying aluminum and the growing AlB2 flakes.
Response to fesoterodine in patients with an overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence is independent of the urodynamic finding of detrusor overactivity.

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVE To determine whether the presence of detrusor overactivity (DO) in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) is a predictor of the response to treatment with fesoterodine. PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase 2 randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial consisted of a 1-week placebo run-in phase followed by an 8-week double-blind period. Eligible for the study were men and women aged 18–78 years with symptoms or signs of OAB with UUI; they were stratified into two balanced strata depending on the outcome of a baseline urodynamic assessment. By using this particular study design it was possible to investigate whether there were differences between the strata. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 8 in mean voids/24 h. Secondary endpoints were the changes in UUI episodes/week, and for those patients with DO at baseline, the mean changes in volume at first involuntary contraction associated with a feeling of urgency, first desire to void, and strong desire to void, and change in maximum cystometric capacity. Because there were few patients the secondary analyses were considered exploratory. RESULTS Overall, there were linear dose-response relationships for placebo and the fesoterodine groups for the reduction in the number of voids/24 h and UUI episodes/week. Compared with the placebo group, the least squares mean changes from baseline to week 8 in both variables were significantly improved in patients receiving fesoterodine 4 mg (P = 0.045 and 0.040, respectively), 8 mg (P < 0.001 for both), and 12 mg (P < 0.001 for both). There were no significant differences in treatment responses, as measured by both variables between patients with and without DO. For patients with DO, the mean volume at the first desire to void improved in all fesoterodine treatment groups and worsened in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the presence of DO, the response to fesoterodine treatment was dose-proportional and associated with significant improvements in OAB symptoms, indicating that the response to OAB pharmacotherapy in patients with UUI was independent of the urodynamic diagnosis of DO.
Simulation of Liquid Amides Using a Polarizable Intermolecular Potential Function

We have developed a polarizable intermolecular potential function (PIPF) for simulation of liquid amides. The PIPF potential includes a pairwise additive component, consisting of the familiar Lenna...
Physicochemical properties of diesel particulate matter

Abstract Some physicochemical properties of Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) generated by two different engines have been measured and compared with those of a graphitized carbon black. A volumetric method of measuring adsorption isotherms was used to determine BET surface areas and heats of adsorption as a function of surface coverage of selected adsorbates. The effect of various outgassing, or “activation”, conditions on the measured properties was investigated. Bulk and true densities of the solids were determined and electron microscopy was used to measure mean particle diameters and external surface areas. Results indicate some similar surface characteristics between carbon black and DPM due to common carbon/hydrogen structures. Significant differences, most notably in adsorption energies, are postulated to be the results of a more heterogeneous surface associated with DPM and the presence of presorbed material.
Comparing Team Performance of the English Premier League, Serie A, and La Liga for the 2008-2009 Season

Three of the most celebrated football leagues in the world include the English Premier League (EPL), Italys Serie A, and Spains La Liga. To date, little football research has been conducted that attempts to determine why these leagues are so successful. What is it that the EPL, La Liga, and Serie A do that fosters such a high caliber of play, and what pitch factors, if any, either (1) contrast or (2) connect these prestigious leagues? The paucity of rigorous inquiry has not deterred popular speculationcommon folklore has not waited for hard data. Experts rush to characterize the perceived performance characteristics of these leagues with little hesitation. And these assumptions have, to some degree, taken on a life of their own: footballs answer to urban legend.This paper searches for key similarities and differences between these leagues that are bolstered by statistically significant findings as well as evidence to identify the key pitch factors that are associated with a teams ultimate success within its respective league.