cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Childhood Conditions and Mortality: Evidence from Japanese American Internment

Using War Relocation Authority records linked to the Social Security Death Index, I investigate whether the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII affected the life spans of male internees who were incarcerated during early childhood. Using un-interned Japanese Hawaiians as a control group, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that internees incarcerated within the first four years of life died approximately two years earlier. Furthermore, the internees from low socioeconomic status families and internees incarcerated in cold climates drive almost the entire effect. Additionally, NCHS cause-of-death data suggest that early childhood incarceration increased the incidence of circulatory diseases by 7 percentage points. Data on Chinese Americans suggest that the identifying assumption is satisfied.
The problem of guaranteeing robust disturbance rejection in linear multivariable feedback systems

Abstract This paper considers a linear time invariant lumped multivariable feedback system consisting of a plant, which is subjected to perturbations, a precompensator and a feedback compensator. Given that, the nominal feedback system is exponentially stable and achieves considerable disturbance rejection, this paper establishes necessary and sufficient conditions on the nominal feedback system so that, over the prescribed class of additive/multiplicative perturbations, all perturbed feedback systems preserve stability and considerable disturbance rejection. The generalization to distributed systems and the extension to discrete systems are indicated.
The α2β1 integrin: A novel collectin/C1q receptor

Abstract Our laboratory focuses on the α 2 β 1 integrin, a receptor for a number of matrix and non-matrix ligands, including collagens, laminins, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), endorepellin, and several viruses. The α 2 β 1 integrin is expressed on numerous different cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic elements, including platelets and specific subsets of leukocytes. Although α 2 β 1 integrin expression is widespread, it is not ubiquitous. Rather, it is expressed in a differentiation-dependent and activation-dependent manner. Interactions between the α 2 β 1 integrin and extracellular matrix ligands have been implicated in important biological processes including inflammation and immunity. Studies from a number of laboratories have demonstrated a role for the α 2 β 1 integrin during the immune response. Our laboratory generated an α 2 β 1 integrin-deficient mouse to define the role of the α 2 β 1 integrin in vivo. Our studies demonstrated that the α 2-null mice have a profound defect in the innate immune response. We have recently reported the identification of a novel family of ligands for the α 2 β 1 integrin, which include C1q and the collectins. The goal of this article is to review the important role that the interaction between the α 2 β 1 integrin and C1q plays in the innate immune response. The identification of C1q and the collectins as ligands for the α 2 β 1 integrin suggests that the integrin may play important roles in a number of immunological responses.
Rocky Core Solubility in Jupiter and Giant Exoplanets

Gas giants are believed to form by the accretion of hydrogen-helium gas around an initial protocore of rock and ice. The question of whether the rocky parts of the core dissolve into the fluid H-He layers following formation has significant implications for planetary structure and evolution. Here we use ab initio calculations to study rock solubility in fluid hydrogen, choosing MgO as a representative example of planetary rocky materials, and find MgO to be highly soluble in H for temperatures in excess of approximately 10 000 K, implying the potential for significant redistribution of rocky core material in Jupiter and larger exoplanets.
Diffusing with Stefan and Maxwell

In most chemical engineering problems, diffusion is treated as an add-on to forced advection, and the boundary conditions are the Danckwerts conditions in order to maintain conservation. If we treat problems in which there is no applied advection or chemical reaction for a steady-state situation and with an ideal gas, it is an equi-molar process. Because it is considered the natural movement of molecules moving down a concentration gradient, this requires the Stefan-Maxwell equations. In the standard 1-D two-component boundary value problem, analogous to the Dirichlet problem, the solution is direct and is probably the only one there is. In a ternary system, the solution is already not direct and can only be obtained by numerical means, which is not severe. In a quaternary system, it does not appear feasible to obtain a simple procedure like that obtained for the ternary system. A different numerical scheme developed is robust with rapid convergence and works well with an arbitrary number of components, 60 having been used in one problem. As the number of components increases, the solution profiles tend to become linear and the dependence on particular diffusivities is less important. This manifests itself when using diffusivities from a random collection. The problem using a continuous distribution of components is solved, and computationally and theoretically the profiles are probably linear and with a single pairwise diffusion coefficient.
Origin and fate of erythropoietin in human milk.

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a normal constituent of human milk, but the origin and fate of this cytokine in milk are not known. Regarding its origin, we hypothesized that cells of the mammary gland secrete Epo into milk actively and, therefore, that concentrations in milk do not correlate with concentrations in serum. Regarding its fate, we hypothesized that Epo concentrations in milk change with time postpartum and that Epo in milk is protected from digestion in the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. To address these issues, we measured Epo concentrations in 103 milk samples (ELISA), 55 of which were paired with serum. Mammary duct epithelial cells were evaluated as a source of Epo by breast tissue immunohistochemistry and by cell culture. Circulating and milk Epo were compared by Western analysis to detect size differences, possibly reflecting differences in processing. Epo stability in simulated conditions of digestion was evaluated. We observed that milk Epo concentrations increase as a function of duration of breast-feeding and have a negative correlation with serum Epo or milk protein concentration. Mammary duct epithelial cells from breast biopsies of lactating women had marked immunoreactivity to Epo, but such activity was minimal to absent in nonlactating breast tissue. Further evidence that mammary duct epithelia produce Epo was obtained by observing Epo mRNA and protein expression in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. The molecular size of Epo in milk and serum is identical. Recombinant Epo added to human milk or commercial infant formulas was relatively stable in conditions that simulate gastric and small intestinal conditions of newborn infants; however, recombinant Epo added to D5W was not protected from digestion. We conclude that Epo concentrations in milk increase as a function of the duration of breast feeding, that Epo is actively secreted into human milk by mammary duct epithelia, and that the Epo within milk is largely protected from digestion.
Compact imaging spectrograph for broadband spectral simultaneity.

We report on the design of a small spectrograph that is capable of imaging several thousand angstroms simultaneously at a moderate spectral resolution. The prototype instrument included a number of developmental items that were used to assess their utility in this and other applications. Some we would recommend using again, some we would not. In the configuration that was built and tested, the instantaneous wavelength range was chosen to be 3700–11,700 A. However, the wavelength range could be selected for a lower wavelength, as low as ~1200 A. The spectral imaging was achieved with an intensified-CCD focal-plane detector. The broad wavelength coverage was achieved with a matrix of four diffraction gratings and a custom-designed photocathode system. The photocathode was specially built to provide a response over the chosen broad wavelength range by use of a single image intensifier. The theoretical spectral resolution of the instrument varied from 12 to 20 A depending on wavelength segment. A higher spectral resolution can be selected at the expense of total wavelength coverage. The optical system was designed to be moderately fast (f/6) when considered at the level of each of the four optical subchannels and suitable for use on relatively weak airglow signals. The instrument was designed to be readily portable, weighing 15 kg, with an envelope of 37 cm × 37 cm × 48 cm. The advantages and weaknesses of such an instrument are discussed, and improvements are suggested for specific applications. This study represents a stepping stone in the evolution of electronic spectrographs and leads to later designs that are currently being evaluated.
RING finger protein 4 (RNF4) derepresses gene expression from DNA methylation

RNF4 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase originally identified as a transcription co-activator. The mechanism by which RNF4 promotes transcription remains unclear. In this study, I found that RNF4 antagonizes transcriptional repression mediated by DNA methylation. RNF4 does not promote DNA demethylation, but mediates the ubiquitination of MeCP2, a methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) protein. Removal of MeCP2 from gene promoters activates transcription. This study thus not only uncovers how RNF4 functions as a transcription activator, but also reveals the mechanism by which MeCP2 protein stability is regulated.
DEGENERATE FREQUENCY MIXING IN SATURABLE AMPLIFIERS

We have studied phase conjugation by degenerate frequency mixing in saturable amplifiers for various interaction geometries and polarization combinations. Theoretical results are compared with measurements in a XeCl amplifier. Experimental reflectivities as high as 100 are observed.
Cyclic voltammetry studies of bilayer lipid membranes deposited on platinum by self assembly

Abstract Dioleoylglycerol bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) were deposited on the freshly exposed surface of a platinum wire by the self assembly method. Using this lipid membrane-modified Pt wire as the working electrode, the membrane properties were studied by the cyclic voltammetric method. Results for the membrane-modified electrode were compared to those for a bare electrode. The potential use of the new type of BLMs as biosensors in analytical studies and in studies of membrane phenomena is discussed.
Oliver C. Cox and the Chicago School of Sociology Its Influence on His Education, Marginalization, and Contemporary Effect

Oliver C. Cox did a study on the marital trends of Negroes (African Americans) in 1938 and found that the sex ratio and male employment status of a given area could predict the marriage rates for said area. His findings are very similar to present sociological literature on African American marital trends. He is not, however, credited for his foundational role in the genesis of the theory of the marriageable male. He was a student in the Chicago School of Sociology during the tenure of many of the school’s most prominent faculty. Many of these leading faculty members were also his instructors in addition to presiding as president of the American Sociological Association at some point in their careers. Despite his connection to these powerful sociologists, Cox was relegated to the margins of his discipline. He has been successfully hidden from the cannon of marriageable male research.
γ-Ray Absorption for a Beam Model of NP0532

THE possibility of γ-ray absorption near the Crab Nebula pulsar NP0532 was pointed out by McBreen1. Recently Pollack et al.2 have shown that the critical energy Ec above which absorption is observed to take place can in principle be used to determine the size of the emitting region in γ-ray sources such as pulsars, quasars and supernovae explosions. Neither of these authors, however, attempted to take account of beaming in pulsars such as NP0532 which has the effect of significantly raising the value of Ec. Without taking account of beaming, there would seem to be a conflict between surface emission models such as that of Chiu et al.3 and recent reports of the detection of pulsed γ-ray emission from the Crab Nebula4–6. These observations seem to rule out any model involving emission from the surface of the pulsar according to he calculations of Pollack et al. because those calculations indicate that γ-radiation with energy greater than 1 MeV originating at the surface of the pulsar would be strongly attenuated.
Construction of exactly soluble double-well potentials.

Solving the tunneling problem in a double-well potential requires knowing the wave function not just of the ground state, but also of the first excited state. A method is described that allows one to construct potentials together with these two wave functions. No approximations are made. To illustrate the method several examples are given. These include potentials that either diverge for large \ensuremath{\Vert}x\ensuremath{\Vert} or become asymptotically flat, with one or two wells, which may be symmetric or asymmetric.
Stability of a spinning body containing elastic parts via Liapunov's direct method

A general and rigorous method for the stability analysis of a spinning body which is part rigid and part elastic is presented. The motion of the body is described by a "hybrid" system of equations, namely a system consisting of both ordinary and partial differential equations. The stability analysis is based on the Liapunov direct method and it works directly with the hybrid set of equations in contrast with the common practice of replacing the partial differential equations with ordinary differential equations by means of modal truncation or spatial discretization. This new approach permits a more rigorous analysis which not only produces sharper stability criteria but also avoids questions as to the effect of the truncation and discretization processes on the results. The general formulation can be used to test the stability of orbiting satellites with various types of elastic members and should also be applicable to the stability analysis of hybrid systems encountered in other areas.
First Report of Basal Stem Rot and Foliar Blight Caused by Pythium sylvaticum on Miscanthus sinensis in Illinois

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., a perennial grass, is native to eastern Asia. It has been widely grown as an ornamental in temperate regions of the world, including the United States, and recently has become an important component of public and private sector bioenergy feedstock Miscanthus selection programs. In August 2008, stem rot and blight was observed on M. sinensis plants in two irregular patches, ~2 to 2.5 × 1 to 1.5 m each in a trial plot that was preceded by corn, at the University of Illinois Energy Farm near Urbana, IL. At the time of the observation, most plants were dead and the wilted tillers had black, soft rotted basal stems. A few plants were stunted and the crowns of the tillers had black-to-brown soft rot. Some tillers' leaves were dead and others had turned light brown. Sample tissue fragments were surface disinfested in 0.5% NaOCl and plated on 1% water agar (WA). After 3 days of incubation in the dark at 23°C, colonies were transferred to corn meal agar (CMA), potato dextrose agar (PD...
Effects of aging on microvascular oxygen pressures in rat skeletal muscle

Aging alters skeletal muscle vascular geometry and control such that the dynamics of muscular blood flow (Q) and O2 delivery (Q(O2)) may be impaired across the rest-exercise transition. If, at the onset of muscle contractions, Q dynamics are slowed disproportionately to those of muscle O2 uptake (V(O2), microvascular PO2 (PO2m) would be reduced and blood-tissue O2 transfer compromised. This investigation determined the effects of aging on PO2m (a direct reflection of the Q(O2)-to-V(O2) ratio), at rest and across the rest-contractions transition in the spinotrapezius of young (approximately 6 months, n = 9) and old (>24 months, n = 10) male Fisher 344/Brown Norway hybrid rats. Phosphorescence quenching techniques were used to quantify PO2m, and test the hypothesis that, across the rest-contractions (twitch, 1 Hz; 4-6 V, 240 s) transition, aging would transiently reduce the Q(O2)-to-V(O2) ratio causing a biphasic profile in which PO2m fell below steady-state contracting values. Old rats had a lower pre-contraction baseline PO2m than young (27.1+/-1.9 versus 33.8+/-1.6 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively). In addition, in old rats PO2m demonstrated a pronounced difference between the absolute nadir and end-contracting values (2.5+/-0.9 mmHg), which was absent in young rats. In conclusion, unlike their young counterparts, old rats exhibited a transiently reduced PO2m across the rest-contractions transition that may impair blood-tissue O2 exchange and elevate the O2 deficit, thereby contributing to premature fatigue.
New Sources of Chemical Diversity Inspired by Biosynthesis: Rational Design of a Potent Epothilone Analogue

A concise total synthesis of (S)-14-methoxyepothilone D has been accomplished. (S)-14-Methoxyepothilone D represents a conceptually novel example of polyketide analogue design based on an alternative biogenetic pattern of extender units. The significant biological activity observed for this compound provides a foundation to support studies designed to prepare derivatives of this type through fermentation of genetically engineered organisms expressing the epothilone PKS gene cluster.
Springtime Visibility in the Arctic

Abstract Since the Ptarmigan flights in the 1950s, the springtime visibility reduction in the Arctic has been identified with pollution aerosol. However, observed values of the dry aerosol extinction coefficient are too small to explain the observed visibility reductions. Water uptake by the aerosol appears to be an important component of the Arctic turbidity. Furthermore, the presence of lower-tropospheric ice crystals may have a dominant effect on the visibility in the Arctic. Data obtained from a series of meteorological, chemical, and cloud microphysical measurements made by the University of Washington research aircraft during April 1983 and 1986 are used as input for a visibility model. The model calculates the water uptake by the dry aerosols as a function of relative humidity and determines the single-scattering properties of the aerosols and the ice crystals. Path radiances are calculated using an extension to the delta-Eddington approximation introduced by Hering. Modeled visual ranges indicate ...
Image Access, the Semantic Gap, and Social Tagging as a Paradigm Shift

The recent phenomenon of “social tagging” or “distributed indexing” raises a number of questions regarding long-held beliefs and practices of the classification and indexing community. This workshop paper covers several of these issues, such as locus of authority, control, and meaning, and suggests we may be observing the emergence of a new paradigm of knowledge organization. The Semantic Gap The “semantic gap” is mentioned frequently in the literature of image access. The term originated in computer science (Smeulders et al., 2000) and is still used in the CS literature today to refer to the difference between two descriptions of an object using different languages, specifically the difference between a human-readable description and a computational representation. In a computational representation, a simple image of an object moves from the level of individual pixels to assemblages of image primitives such as color, shape/region, and texture, to the assemblage and recognition of an object, at least at the level of a simple “basic object.” Object recognition necessitates a level of “understanding” of what is being represented; this is achieved by inferring what different combinations of primitives may represent, e.g. black spots or black stripes on an orangetan background and an assemblage of potential “leg,” “body,” “tail,” and “head” shapes, perhaps combined with “nature colors,” could be interpreted as a leopard or tiger. The process is fraught with stumbling blocks such as occlusion, angle of view, scale, shadow, and lack of uniqueness, to mention a few. However, it is at the level of object recognition that human image description often begins. With the development of automated methods of content-based image retrieval the term “semantic gap” has come to refer to the larger issue of the gap between these image primitives, or low-level features, and the context-sensitive meanings human beings associate with these. This brings us beyond object recognition and understanding into more abstract levels of semantic meaning, and the meanings or emotions associated with even one image can be many, and can vary across time and place. For a human, recognition of familiar objects is instantaneous, and an image of a tiger, once recognized, can represent multiple concepts such power, ferocity, freedom (or a lack thereof, as in a caged tiger), or even endangered species. These concepts form a gestalt of the object, gestalt being a German word roughly translated as a complete pattern or configuration. There are three parts to a definition of gestalt: a thing, its context or environment, and the relationship between them (Wymore 2002). Studies in cognitive science suggest that this gestalt may have equal importance with sensory stimuli in the process of actual recognition of the object.
Auxin-stimulated NADH oxidase (semidehydroascorbate reductase) of soybean plasma membrane: Role in acidification of cytoplasm?

Purified plasma membrane vesicles isolated both by aqueous twoPhase methods and by free-flow electrophoresis from homogenates prepared in the presence of 10 mM ascorbate, oxidized external NADH at rates of about 15 nanomoles/min/mg protein. The rate in the isolated vesicles was accelerated, without perceptible lag, 1.5-to 2-fold by 1 to 10 μM auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or indole-3-acetic acid). The reaction would be expected to result in acidification of the vesicle interiors and is proposed as a mechanism to account for auxin-induced acidification of cytoplasmin vitro.
Chaos in an effective four-neuron neural network

Abstract A four-effective-neutron system was constructed and its dynamics analyzed. Chaotic behavior and strange attractors were observed. Lyapunov spectra are presented for these attractors.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the α-melanotropin[4,10] fragment analogue (Melanotan-II) in rat plasma

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the quantification of Melanotan-II (MT-II), a cyclic heptapeptide which promotes rapid tanning of the skin, in rat plasma. The method involves precipitation of plasma proteins followed by direct-injection HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Calibration curves were linear over the range 100–1000 ng/ml for rat plasma. The method is reproducible and reliable with a detection limit of 50 ng/ml in plasma. Within- and between-day precision and accuracy reported as coefficient of variation and relative error, respectively, were < 7%. The application of the assay was successfully demonstrated by quantifying the concentration of MT-II in rat plasma samples following an intravenous dose of 0.3 mg/kg.
Reduced methylmercury accumulation in a methylmercury-resistant rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line

Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell sublines with increasing resistance to methylmercury (MeHg) were isolated by exposure to MeHg in two sequential steps. The strongest resistance (PC12/TM) among the clones obtained by the first cloning was characterized. PC12/TM cells exhibited about an 8- to 10-fold increase in resistance compared with parent PC12 cells on the bases of the concentration required for 50% inhibition of growth and colony-forming activity. PC12/TM cells accumulated smaller amounts of MeHg (one-half to one-fifth) than parent PC12 cells. This reduced MeHg accumulation in PC12/TM cells resulted from the slow uptake and rapid efflux. A close correlation between reduced MeHg accumulation and MeHg resistance was found among seven sublines of PC12 cells with different sensitivity to MeHg. The reduced retention of MeHg in PC12 sublines was also well correlated with the sensitivity to MeHg. Phenol-3,6-dibromophthalein disulfonate inhibited MeHg efflux from PC12/TM cells and increased its accumulation. These results suggest that efflux of MeHg from PC12/TM cells is associated with glutathione.
A Central Role for SSB in Escherichia coli RecQ DNA Helicase Function

Abstract RecQ DNA helicases are critical components of DNA replication, recombination, and repair machinery in all eukaryotes and bacteria. Eukaryotic RecQ helicases are known to associate with numerous genome maintenance proteins that modulate their cellular functions, but there is little information regarding protein complexes involving the prototypical bacterial RecQ proteins. Here we use an affinity purification scheme to identify three heterologous proteins that associate with Escherichia coli RecQ: SSB (single-stranded DNA-binding protein), exonuclease I, and RecJ exonuclease. The RecQ-SSB interaction is direct and is mediated by the RecQ winged helix subdomain and the C terminus of SSB. Interaction with SSB has important functional consequences for RecQ. SSB stimulates RecQ-mediated DNA unwinding, whereas deletion of the C-terminal RecQ-binding site from SSB produces a variant that blocks RecQ DNA binding and unwinding activities, suggesting that RecQ recognizes both the SSB C terminus and DNA in SSB·DNA nucleoprotein complexes. These findings, together with the noted interactions between human RecQ proteins and Replication Protein A, identify SSB as a broadly conserved RecQ-binding protein. These results also provide a simple model that explains RecQ integration into genome maintenance processes in E. coli through its association with SSB.
Race and sex in black and white: Essence and ideology in the spike lee discourse

Contemporary popular and academic commentators have criticized mainstream media for its negative depictions of African Americans and women, and have begun to consider the same phenomenon in the works of communicators of color. This article analyzes the critical consideration of race and gender in the films of Spike Lee that feature depictions of women and interracial relationships. It argues that Lee's films subscribe to essentialist conceptions of race and gender that reify the same ideological and epistemological assumptions and practices that undermine both the representation of race and gender in mainstream media, and the emancipatory potential of Afro‐centric and oppositional discourses.
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A Activates β-Catenin Signaling in Epithelial Cells

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) functions to maintain latency in EBV-infected B lymphocytes. Although LMP2A is nonessential for the immortalization of B lymphocytes by EBV, its expression in B lymphocytes prevents viral reactivation by blocking B-cell receptor activation and signaling. LMP2A also provides an antiapoptotic signal in transgenic mice that express LMP2A in B lymphocytes. LMP2A activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the serine/threonine kinase Akt in lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Here we show that EBV LMP2A activates the PI3K and β-catenin signaling pathways in telomerase-immortalized human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK). LMP2A activated Akt in a PI3K-dependent manner, and the downstream Akt targets glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and the Forkhead transcription factor FKHR were phosphorylated and inactivated in LMP2A-expressing HFK cells. GSK3β is a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, and inactivation of GSK3β by LMP2A signaling led to stabilization of β-catenin, the central oncoprotein of Wnt signaling. In LMP2A-expressing cells, β-catenin accumulated in the cytoplasm and translocated into the nucleus via a two-step mechanism. The cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin downstream of LMP2A was independent of PI3K signaling, whereas its nuclear translocation was dependent on PI3K signaling. In the nucleus, β-catenin activated a reporter responsive to T-cell factor, and this activation was augmented by LMP2A coexpression. The Wnt pathway is inappropriately activated in 90% of colon cancers and is dysregulated in several other cancers, and these data suggest that activation of this pathway by LMP2A may contribute to the generation of EBV-associated cancers.
Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of air dried casein micelles from bovine milk.

SUMMARY Secretory proteins (casein micelles) were air dried prior to elemental analysis either without treatment, following glutaraldehyde fixation and dialysis, or following dialysis against distilled water. Samples were then examined by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Untreated samples and samples dialysed against distilled water retain colloidal (bound) elements as compared to glutaraldehyde treated samples. Contamination of air dried casein micelles by ionic constituents in the non-protein aqueous phase was observed in the untreated sample and in the glutaraldehyde treated sample. Dialysis of casein micelles against distilled water reduced contamination from the aqueous phase without diminishing the apparent concentrations of colloidal elements.
Predominance of multielectron processes contributing to the intrinsic spectra of low-energy Auger transitions in copper and gold

Positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) was used to obtain Cu and Au Auger spectra that are free of primary-beam-induced backgrounds by impinging the positrons at an energy below the secondary-electron-emission threshold. The removal of the core electron via annihilation in the PAES process resulted in the elimination of postcollision effects. The spectra indicate that there is an intense low-energy tail (LET) associated with the Auger peak that extends all the way to 0 eV. The LET is interpreted as indicative of processes in which filling of the core hole by a valence electron results in the ejection of two or more valence electrons which share the energy of the conventional core-valence-valence Auger electron.
Pulmonary fine needle aspiration biopsy. Assessing the negative diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE To assess the significance of the "negative for malignancy" category when applied to pulmonary transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). STUDY DESIGN Transthoracic lung FNABs diagnosed as "negative for malignancy" were identified from the files of Barnes-Jewish Hospital's South and North Campus over a period of five and nine years, respectively. Histologic correlation and clinical follow-up were obtained. RESULTS Of the 1,181 lung FNABs performed during the study period, 108 cases (9%) had a negative cytologic diagnosis. Histologic correlation was available in 46 cases (43%), of which 23 cases had benign histologic findings, and 19 cases were malignant. Thirty-five of the 62 cases without histologic correlation had clinical follow-up consistent with a benign process. CONCLUSION Based on the histologic correlation and clinical data available, the negative predictive value was 77%. Inadequate sampling was responsible for all false negative cytologic diagnoses in this series.
The Core of a Module over a Two-Dimensional Regular Local Ring

Abstract This paper explicitly determines the core of a torsion-free, integrally closed module over a two-dimensional regular local ring. It is analogous to a result of Huneke and Swanson which determines the core of an integrally closed ideal. The main result asserts that the core of a finitely generated, torsion-free, integrally closed module over a two-dimensional regular local ring is the product of the module and a certain Fitting ideal of the module. The technical tools used are quadratic transforms and Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity.
A novel methodology for triple/multiple-patterning layout decomposition

Double patterning (DP) in a litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) process is an attractive technique to scale the K 1 factor below 0.25. For dense bidirectional layers such as the first metal layer (M1), however, density scaling with LELE suffers from poor tip-to-tip (T2T) and tip-to-side (T2S) spacing. As a result, triple-patterning (TP) in a LELELE process has emerged as a strong alternative. Because of the use of a third exposure/etch, LELELE can achieve good T2T and T2S scaling as well as improved pitch scaling over LELE in case further scaling is needed. TP layout decomposition, a.k.a. TP coloring, is much more challenging than DP layout decomposition. One of the biggest complexities of TP decomposition is that a stitch can be between different two-mask combinations (i.e. first/second, first/third, second/third) and, consequently, stitches are color-dependent and candidate stitch locations can be determined only during/after coloring. In this paper, we offer a novel methodology for TP layout decomposition. Rather than simplifying the TP stitching problem by using DP candidate stitches only (as in previous works), the methodology leverages TP stitching capability by considering additional candidate stitch locations to give coloring higher flexibility to resolve decomposition conflicts. To deal with TP coloring complexity, the methodology employs multiple DP coloring steps, which leverages existing infrastructure developed for DP layout decomposition. The method was used to decompose bidirectional M1 and M2 layouts at 45nm, 32nm, 22nm, and 14nm nodes. For reasonably dense layouts, the method achieves coloring solutions with no conflicts (or a reasonable number of conflicts solvable with manual legalization). For very dense and irregular M1 layouts, however, the method was unable to reach a conflict-free solution and a large number of conflicts was observed. Hence, layout simplifications for the M1 layer may be unavoidable to enable TP for the M1 layer. Although we apply the method for TP, the method is more general and can be applied for multiple patterning with any number of masks.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An apparent progressive and recurrent evolutionary restriction in tissue expression of a gene, the lactate dehydrogenase-C gene, within a family of bony fish (Salmoniformes: Umbridae)

Unexpectedly large differences in the tissue patterns of lactate dehydrogenase-C (Ldh-C) gene regulation were observed among species of fish within the family Umbridae (Salmoniformes). Normally, all the species within a family or order of advanced fishes exhibit the same, tissue-restricted pattern ofl-latate dehydrogenase C4 isozyme synthesis—either eye- or liver-restricted expression, but not both. However, within the Umbridae the more anciently derived species had a more generalized (primitive) tissue expression, whereas the more recently derived species had a more tissue-restricted expression, predominating in the eye. Given the relative divergence times among the species estimated by genetic distance (using 51 protein-coding loci), divergence from the presumed primitive expression of the Ldh-C gene appears to have been proceeding more rapidly in some species lineages than others. This narrowing of Ldh-C gene tissue regulatory specificity within the family Umbridae is similar to the general trend observed over much greater evolutionary times within the class of bony fishes. The results support the hypothesis of repeated evolutionary canalizations of Ldh-C gene regulation from the generalized tissue expression in more primitive species to a predictable tissue-restricted expression (in either eye or liver) in advanced species. Furthermore, in the Umbridae, this progressive restriction of tissue expression of isozymes has taken place during the evolution of both the Ldh-C and Ldh-B genes. These evolutionary trends in the regulation of isozyme-locus tissue expression in the bony fishes are consistent with either an intrinsically conditioned trend of change in gene regulation or with a response to natural selection.
Empathy and Locus of Control in Child Abusers

Empathy and locus of control were studied in a group of abusing and non-abusing parents. Two groups of thirty-two abusing and non-abusing mothers were given the Hogan Empathy and Nowicki Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scales. Abusers reflected significantly less empathic ability and an external locus of control orientation as compared to non-abusers. The data suggest that empathy and locus of control may be significant variables upon which social workers might focus their interventions with abusive parents.
Optimal Nonlocal and Asymmetric Structural Damping using Regenerative Force Actuation Networks

A regenerative force actuation (RFA) network consists of multiple electromechanical forcing devices distributed throughout a structural system and actuated in such a way as to reduce the response of the structure when it is subjected to an excitation. The associated electronics of the devices are connected together such that they are capable of sharing electrical power with each other. This makes it possible for some devices to extract mechanical energy from the structure while others reinject a portion of that energy back into the structure at other locations. The forcing capability of an RFA network is constrained by the requirement that the total network must always dissipate energy. As such, it differs from fully active control devices in that its operation requires only a small amount of external power. Furthermore, its power-sharing capability gives it a forcing versatility beyond that attainable with semiactive and traditional passive damping systems. In this paper, RFA networks are analyzed in the context of their ability to apply supplemental linear structural damping, taking into account dissipation due to electrical resistances and viscous damping associated with the actuators. It is shown that these systems can be used to produce nonlocal damping (i.e., damping forces between distant degrees of freedom) and asymmetric damping matrices. By comparison, semiactive and passive devices can only impose local damping forces. The more generalized linear damping capabilities of RFA networks are shown to yield significant improvements in linear-quadratic optimal performance in stationary response. Examples are given in which a RFA network is used in various configurations to reduce the stationary response of the three-story shear structure to stochastic base excitation.
Comment on “Is the D/H ratio in the comet coma equal to the D/H ratio in the comet nucleus?” by M. Podolak, Y. Mekler, and D. Prialnik

Abstract In a recent Icarus note, Podolak et al. (2002, Icarus 160, 208–211) proposed a model, which results in a significant enrichment in the D/H ratio in the coma relative to that in the comet nucleus. This conclusion contradicts to the typical HDO/H 2 O ice-vapor fractionation, with a smaller or equal D/H in the vapor. It is based on an error in the relationship for sublimation flux, which adversely affects all conclusions of Podolak et al. (2002, Icarus 160, 208–211). Due to the very low diffusion in the H 2 O ice, the HDO/H 2 O ratio in the coma should closely match this ratio in the nucleus.
Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children.

The primary index of reflection- impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and “acting-out” behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children.
Cholangiopancreatoscopy for Targeted Biopsies of the Bile and Pancreatic Ducts

Establishing a tissue diagnosis in patients with suspected pancreaticobiliary malignancies remains challenging. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based sampling methods have been reviewed in a previous issue of this journal but, unfortunately, the diagnostic yield continues to be inadequate in a significant minority of patients. The availability and image quality of cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy have advanced in the last few years and our ability to make a diagnosis on imaging alone is improving. However, a definitive diagnosis requires tissue; cholangiopancreatoscopy allows targeted biopsies of the epithelium of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. This article reviews the evidence that cholangioscopy- and pancreatoscopy-guided biopsies improves diagnostic yield over ERCP-based tissue sampling techniques.
Sharp Estimates in Ruelle Theorems for Matrix Transfer Operators

A matrix coefficient transfer operator \(\), \(\) on the space of \(\)-sections of an m-dimensional vector bundle over n-dimensional compact manifold is considered. The spectral radius of \(\) is estimated by\para;\(\) and the essential spectral radius by $$$$ Here \(\) is the set of ergodic f-invariant measures, and for \(\) is the measure-theoretic entropy of f, \(\) is the largest Lyapunov exponent of the cocycle over f generated by \(\), and \(\) is the smallest Lyapunov exponent of the differential of f.
Correspondence of executive function related functional and anatomical alterations in aging brain

Neurocognitive aging studies have focused on age-related changes in neural activity or neural structure but few studies have focused on relationships between the two. The present study quantitatively reviewed 24 studies of age-related changes in fMRI activation across a broad spectrum of executive function tasks using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) and 22 separate studies of age-related changes in gray matter using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Conjunction analyses between functional and structural alteration maps were constructed. Overlaps were only observed in the conjunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) gray matter reduction and functional hyperactivation but not hypoactivation. It was not evident that the conjunctions between gray matter and activation were related to task performance. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Calculated spin-orbit splitting of all diamondlike and zinc-blende semiconductors: Effects of p 1 ∕ 2 local orbitals and chemical trends

We have calculated the spin-orbit $(\mathrm{SO})$ splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}=ϵ({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8v})\ensuremath{-}ϵ({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7v})$ for all diamondlike group IV and zinc-blende group III-V, II-VI, and I-VII semiconductors using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the local density approximation. The $\mathrm{SO}$ coupling is included using the second-variation procedure, including the ${p}_{1∕2}$ local orbitals. The calculated $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings are in very good agreement with available experimental data. The corrections due to the inclusion of the ${p}_{1∕2}$ local orbital are negligible for lighter atoms, but can be as large as $\ensuremath{\sim}250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ for $6p$ anions. We find that (i) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings increase monotonically when anion atomic number increases; (ii) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings increase with the cation atomic number when the compound is more covalent such as in most III-V compounds; (iii) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings decrease with the cation atomic number when the compound is more ionic, such as in II-VI and the III-nitride compounds; (iv) the common-anion rule, which states that the variation of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}$ is small for common-anion systems, is usually obeyed, especially for ionic systems, but can break down if the compounds contain second-row elements such as $\mathrm{BSb}$; $(\mathrm{v})$ for IB-VII compounds, the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}$ is small and in many cases negative and it does not follow the rules discussed above. These trends are explained in terms of atomic $\mathrm{SO}$ splitting, volume deformation-induced charge renormalization, and cation-anion $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ couplings.
A new venous thrombectomy technique.

This paper describes a new technique whereby a specially designed thrombectomy catheter can be passed distally in the venous tract without trauma to or hindrance by the venous valves. The catheter is advanced distally on the end of a guide-wire which has been threaded proximally along the vein to be thrombectomized. The technique enlarges the scope of surgery in relation to deep-vein thrombosis. A possible use in arterial thrombo-embolectomy is discussed.
The yin and yang of neurotrophin action

Neurotrophins have diverse functions in the CNS. Initially synthesized as precursors (proneurotrophins), they are cleaved to produce mature proteins, which promote neuronal survival and enhance synaptic plasticity by activating Trk receptor tyrosine kinases. Recent studies indicate that proneurotrophins serve as signalling molecules by interacting with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Interestingly, proneurotrophins often have biological effects that oppose those of mature neurotrophins. Therefore, the proteolytic cleavage of proneurotrophins represents a mechanism that controls the direction of action of neurotrophins. New insights into the 'yin and yang' of neurotrophin activity have profound implications for our understanding of the role of neurotrophins in a wide range of cellular processes.
Proliferation of canine intervertebral disk chondrocytes in three-dimensional alginate microsphere culture.

Proliferation of chondrocytes from nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF) was confirmed in three-dimensional culture using alginate microspheres. Cells isolated from NP and AF were incorporated in microspheres and cultured for 14 days. Round mononuclear cells of 20-25 μm in diameter proliferated and formed aggregates. At day 14, alcian blue positive matrix surrounded the proliferating cells. The cells had cytoplasmic vacuoles stained positively by toluidine blue. On electron microscopy, the cells contained proteoglycan vacuoles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and synthesized collagen fibrils and electron dense granules surrounding the cell. These features of the cells were characteristic for chondrocytes. This culture system should be useful to further investigate metabolic activities of intervertebral disk chondrocytes.
Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice

Transgenic mice that overproduce the hepatitis B virus large envelope polypeptide and accumulate toxic quantities of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) within the hepatocyte develop severe, prolonged hepatocellular injury that initiates a programmed response within the liver, characterized by inflammation, regenerative hyperplasia, transcriptional deregulation, and aneuploidy. This response inexorably progresses to neoplasia. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in this model corresponds to the frequency, severity, and age of onset of liver cell injury, which itself corresponds to the intrahepatic concentration of HBsAg and is influenced by genetic background and sex. Thus, the inappropriate expression of a single structural viral gene is sufficient to cause malignant transformation in this model. These results suggest that severe, prolonged cellular injury induces a preneoplastic proliferative response that fosters secondary genetic events that program the cell for unrestrained growth.