cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Symptom Validity in Psychological Injury Evaluations Using the MMPI-2-RF and the PAI: an Updated Review

Among the most pressing considerations in psychological injury litigation is potential overreporting of symptoms or impairments by the plaintiff. It is thus imperative for psychological injury evaluators to possess a working understanding of the conceptual and empirical foundations of symptom validity tests (SVTs). This literature review first covers foundational knowledge to guide evaluators in the careful interpretation of SVTs. It then focuses on two of the most well-established SVTs, i.e., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Each instrument is reviewed for its overreporting scales, including scale development strategies, standard cutoff values, and research support, with particular attention afforded to psychological injury litigation considerations. Findings from this narrative review suggest that both the MMPI-2-RF and the PAI are sound SVTs with growing bodies of empirical support. However, they must be interpreted with special caution in the unique context of psychological injury evaluations, where there runs a greater risk of false-positive identification of overreporting. The strengths of each measure are contrasted, revealing general themes. Notably, the MMPI-2-RF excels in its accumulation of research support and civil litigant-specific norms, whereas the PAI leads SVT research in innovation and advanced detection techniques. Both measures are better equipped to detect feigned psychopathology than cognitive or medical impairments. Recommendations for forensic evaluators and areas for future research are presented accordingly.
Cheers together, but not alone: Peer drinking moderates alcohol consumption following interpersonal stress:

In view of the importance of the need to belong in motivating behavior, we examined whether interpersonal and academic stress differentially influence social and solitary alcohol consumption and wh...
John Lydgate, Stephen Hawes, and the Making of Henry VIII

Lancastrian and Tudor poets imagine authorship as a model for monarchy. They express this imagining through the figure of the poet-king whose ideal is established by John Lydgate in The Siege of Th...
Jet Production at CDF

The Run 2 at Tevatron will define a new level of precision for QCD studies in hadron collisions. Both collider experiments, CDF and DO, expect to collect up to 15 fb¯1 of data in this new run period. The increase in instantaneous luminosity, center-of-mass energy (from 1.8 TeV to 2 TeV) and the improved acceptance of the detectors will allow stringent tests of the Standard Model (SM) predictions in extended regions of jet transverse energy, and jet pseudorapidity, ηjet.
The American Open Self: Exploring Voegelin's Experiences with Peircian Philosophy

My paper explores the American pragmatic tradition that inspired Voegelin's socio-historical theories as represented in his "On the Form of the American Mind." I explore, primarily, Voegelin's conception of the American "open self" and how forms of this conception were manifest in C.S. Peirce's semiotics and phenomenology, in William James's pscyhology and in John Dewey's pedagogy and social psychology.
Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae)

The monotypic genus Tanganikallabes, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, is a poorly known member of the family Clariidae. Examination of 142 specimens housed in museum collections has revealed the presence of at least two additional species in this genus. Tanganikallabes alboperca sp. nov. is distinguished from all congeners by the length of its pelvic fins, the presence of a depigmented vertical bar on the opercular margin, and a combination of additional morphometric (pectoral spine length, preanal length, body depth at anus) and meristic (dorsal and anal fin ray counts) characters. Tanganikallabes stewarti sp. nov. is distinguished from other Tanganikallabes species by having a relatively shorter, incomplete lateral line, and shallow body depth at the anus, as well as shorter prepelvic and preanal lengths, and a longer anal fin with a higher number of fin rays. Several morphological characters, as well as genetic data from cytochrome b (mitochondrial DNA) and 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2–28S (ribosomal DNA), indicate that Tanganikallabes constitutes a monophyletic group within the Clariidae and support the recognition of additional species diversity. The monophyly of Tanganikallabes, coupled with the geographical isolation of this group to a single lake satisfy the requirements for its classification as a true species flock, the latest to be described from Lake Tanganyika. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 121–142.
On the regularity of optimal controls

We outline some recent results on the regularity of optimal controls. We formulate the general regularity problem for open-loop and closed-loop controls, and explain how results for the open-loop case have implications for the closed-loop case as well. We then describe a number of results on the regularity of open-loop controls.
Abstract T P39: Serial Alberta Stroke Program Early Ct Score (aspects) Is A Superior Predictor Of Outcomes With Iv Rtpa

Background and purpose: The Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score (ASPECTS) on baseline imaging is known predictor of outcomes for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. We looked at the change in ASPECTS at the baseline CT and 24hr CT in AIS patients treated with IV rTPA to determine if it can help predict 3 month functional outcomes. Methods: Consecutive AIS patients receiving IV-tPA within 4.5 hours of symptom-onset during 2010-2013 and underwent pre-treatment and day-2 CT were included ASPECTS at the baseline CT and 24hr CT were independently scored in all anterior circulation stroke patients who underwent IV rTPA within 4.5 hours of onset. ASPECTS at baseline, 24hrs and the serial change were analyzed. Results: 210 consecutive AIS patients were included. ROC curves for ASPECTS on the initial CT scan for MRS 0-1 was AUC 0.613, 95% CI 0.536-0.690, p=0.005, while ROC curves for ASPECTS on the 24hr CT scan for MRS0-1 was AUC 0.763 95% CI 0.699 - 0.828, p <0.001. ASPECTS on the 24hr CT was...
Chromosomal mapping of beta-globin and albino loci in the domestic cat A conserved mammalian chromosome group

Siamese cats are homozygous for the recessive cs allele of the color (albino) locus. The c locus is shown here by backcross analysis to be linked to the beta-hemoglobin (HBB) locus in the cat at a distance of approximately eight centiMorgans. The HBB locus and, by inference, the c locus were assigned to feline chromosome D1, by analysis of genomic DNAs from a panel of rodent X cat somatic cell hybrids with a molecular clone of the human beta-globin locus. Evolutionary conservation of the synthetic homology of feline chromosome D1 and human chromosome 11 is extensive. Comparison of high resolution G-trypsin-banded preparations of the two chromosomes permitted cytological alignment of the long arm of the conserved chromosomes providing that a minimum of one paracentric inversion is hypothesized. The placement of the albino locus on conserved syntenic groups of several markers (HBB, HRAS, LDHA) in both cat and mouse strongly indicates the conservative placement of the as yet unmapped human albino locus in the homologous syntenic group on human chromosome 11p.
Family Therapy and Twelve-Step Programs: A Complementary Process

Summary This paper will illustrate ways in which the basic principles of twelve-step programs and rehabilitation programs for chemical dependency can be combined with systems theory in a complementary way to facilitate the recovery of the members of chemically dependent families. Family systems therapy offers no magic, but the theory provides a different way for conceptualizing the problem, offering a number of approaches for working with “wet” systems and assisting with new ways to regulate distance and closeness when alcohol or drugs are no longer the major organizing principle (Bowen, 1978).
Onset and development of functional interneuronal connections in explants of rat spinal cord-ganglia during maturation in culture

During the first 2–3 days in culture, explants of 14- to 15-day fetal rat spinal cord generate only simple spike potentials in response to electric stimuli. By 3–4 days in vitro, complex long lasting afterdischarges may be triggered with brief tetanic stimulation, and facilitation can be demonstrated with paired stimuli at long test intervals. The complex responses in 4-day explants can be often be enhanced with strychnine, as in older cultures. The onset of complex bioelectric activity in these immature fetal rat cord explants after about 3 days in vitro correlates closely with the earliest time at which clear-cut synaptic profiles are regularly seen in electron micrographs of the cultured tissues. During the next few days in vitro, the afterdischarges increase in amplitude and complexity, and can be elicited, at lower thresholds, with fewer stimuli. By 6 days after explantation, tetanic stimulation of an attached dorsal root ganglion begins to evoke widespread, complex cord activity after long latencies. During the following week in culture, cord afterdischarges become more readily evoked by DRG stimuli, so that paired as well as tetanic stimuli are effective. By 3 weeks in vitro cord after-discharges can be elicited by single stimuli to either DRG or ventral roots. These later developments in function correlate with a marked increase in the abundance of synapses, as the explants mature in culture, and concomitant increase in complexity of the synaptic ultrastructure.
Experimental soil warming effects on CO2 and CH4 flux from a low elevation spruce–fir forest soil in Maine, USA

The effect of soil warming on CO2 and CH4 flux from a spruce–fir forest soil was evaluated at the Howland Integrated Forest Study site in Maine, USA from 1993 to 1995. Elevated soil temperatures (∼5 °C) were maintained during the snow-free season (May – November) in replicated 15 × 15-m plots using electric cables buried 1–2 cm below the soil surface; replicated unheated plots served as the control. CO2 evolution from the soil surface and soil air CO2 concentrations both showed clear seasonal trends and significant (P < 0.0001) positive exponential relationships with soil temperature. Soil warming caused a 25–40% increase in CO2 flux from the heated plots compared to the controls. No significant differences were observed between heated and control plot soil air CO2 concentrations which we attribute to rapid equilibration with the atmosphere in the O horizon and minimal treatment effects in the B horizon. Methane fluxes were highly variable and showed no consistent trends with treatment.
Taking the numb out of numbers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights and commentary into issues encountered in maintaining and assessing library technologies and technology-based services with limited budgets and with limited personnel. Design/methodology/approach – Uses real-world experiences, data and examples gleaned from the evolution of baseball metrics to propose alternative methods of assessing library resources and services. Findings – Traditional methods of measuring success in baseball proved to be insufficient in telling the entire story behind the numbers. The same is true of libraries where librarians have been very good at gathering numbers, but very poor at using these data to the greatest advantage. Originality/value – This paper examines the parallels between the baseball and library worlds. It uses anecdotes gleaned from popular media to illustrate the similarities in the number-driven aspects of these institutions. It suggests that libraries take a path similar to that of baseball in developing new measures to paint a more accurate picture of their value and return on investment.
A preliminary study of cortisol reactivity and behavior problems in young children born premature.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between cortisol reactivity and comorbid internalizing and externalizing behavior problems among children born premature. Children between the ages of 18 and 60 months who were born < 37 weeks gestation and presented with clinically significant externalizing behavior problems were included. Children were categorized based on those who mounted a cortisol response to a stressor and those who did not mount a cortisol response. Children demonstrating the cortisol response were reported to have more problems with attention, emotional reactivity, anxiety, and depression based on maternal report and displayed higher rates of negative verbalizations during a mother-child interaction than children without a cortisol response. These results extend the findings of the relation between cortisol reactivity and comorbid internalizing and externalizing behavior problems to a sample of children born premature.
Evaluation of a superactivated charcoal paste and detergent and water in prevention of T-2 toxin-induced local cutaneous effects in topically exposed swine

T-2 toxin (6 mg) dissolved in 90% DMSO was topically applied to nine 9-cm2 sites on the dorsum of each of nine young, crossbred, specific pathogen-free, female pigs, 20.6 +/- 1.9 kg in weight. A superactive charcoal paste (SAC) and/or a soap-and-water wash (SOAP) was applied to eight of the T-2-exposed sites on each animal. These treatments were applied at various times postexposure ranging from 5 to 65 min. The site that received T-2 alone served as a positive control. DMSO was applied to a tenth site on each pig as a negative control. Animals were killed 1, 3, or 6 days after treatment. Skin lesions were examined and graded grossly and histologically. No adverse systemic clinical signs were observed in any of the animals. Marked reddening and slight swelling of the T-2 toxin-treated positive control sites were present throughout the study. Ulceration of this site was first noted on Day 3. All therapeutic regimens effectively reduced lesion severity resulting from T-2 toxin application. Significant differences in relative effectiveness were also seen between treatments. In each significant pair, the ordering of mean lesion severity was SAC/SOAP less than SAC or SOAP and SOAP less than SAC. As a single treatment, SOAP appears to be more effective than SAC in reducing lesion severity. These results failed to provide unequivocal evidence of an additive therapeutic effect when SAC and SOAP were used sequentially on the same site.
Paradoxical activation of major platelet receptors in the methadone-maintained patients after single pill of aspirin.

Background: Chronic drug abuse is an established cause of acute coronary events and sudden death. The association between use of narcotics and platelet abnormalities is well described. However, it is still not clear, how aspirin affects expression of major platelet receptors in chronic drug users with coronary artery disease, especially those recovering in the methadone clinic maintenance program. We sought to compare how a single pill of non-enteric coated aspirin (325-mg) affects human platelets in patients with coronary artery disease dependent on methadone use. Methods: Data from 30 subjects were analyzed, eight of them were the chronic drug addicts, and participated in a methadone recovery program. Platelets were assessed twice at baseline (pre-aspirin), and after 3-24 hours (post-aspirin). The expression of platelet receptors was determined by using the following monoclonal antibodies: CD31 (PECAM-1), CD41 (GPIIb), CD42b (GPIb), CD51/CD61 (vitronectin receptor), CD62p (P-selectin), CD63 (LIMP or LAMP-3), CD107a (LAMP-1), CD151 (PETA-3), and PAC-1 for fibrinogen-platelet binding determination (PharMingen, San Diego, CA). Platelet-leukocyte interactions were assessed by using dual antibodies for a pan-platelet marker (CD151), together with CD14, a monocyte/macrophage marker. Results: In a drug free group, digestion of a single tablet of aspirin resulted in a significantly (p<0.05) diminished expression of PECAM-1, GP IIb, fibrinogen binding with PAC-1 antibody, GP Ib, P-selectin, and CD151. In contrast, patients receiving methadone exhibited opposite trends, resultant in a paradoxical activation of major platelet receptors after digestion of aspirin. These differences reached statistical significance (p<0.05) for PECAM-1, GPIIb, and P-selectin expression. Conclusion: There are some fundamental differences in the responsiveness to aspirin in chronic methadone users when compared with drug-free patients. Suspecting narcotics abuse may be critical in patients with limited aspirin efficacy, or those who developed an aspirin resistance. Unexpected platelet activation may indeed represent a missing link between use of narcotics and enhanced incidence of vascular death in this high-risk population.
Delayed hypovolemic hypotension exacerbates the hemodynamic and histopathologic consequences of thromboembolic stroke in rats

Abnormalities in cerebrovascular reactivity or hemodynamic reserve are risk factors for stroke. The authors determined whether hemodynamic reserve is reduced in an experimental model of thromboembolic stroke. Nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) was produced in rats by a rose bengal-mediated photochemical insult, and moderate hypotension (60 mm Hg/30 min) was induced 1 hour later by hemorrhage. Alterations in local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) were assessed immediately after the hypotensive period by 14C-iodoantipyrine“ autoradiography, and histopathologic outcome was determined 3 days after CCAT. Compared to normotensive CCAT rats (n = 5), induced hypotension after CCAT (n = 7) led to enlarged regions of severe ischemia (i.e., mean lCBF < 0.24 mL/g/min) in the ipsilateral hemisphere. For example, induced hypotension increased the volume of severely ischemic sites from 16 ±4 mm3 (mean ± SD) to 126 ± 99 mm3 (P < 0.05). Histopathologic data also showed a larger volume of ischemic damage with s...
Massively Multiplayer Online Video Gaming as Participation in a Discourse

This article has two primary goals: (a) to illustrate how a closer analysis of language can lead to fruitful insights into the activities that it helps constitute, and (b) to demonstrate the complexity of the practices that make up Massively Multiplayer Online Gaming (MMOGaming) through just such an analysis. The first goal is in response to the way we sometimes treat language in studies of activity, despite calls for more nuanced analyses (e.g., Wells, 2002), as a mere conduit for information in which its other (social, identity) functions are overlooked. The second goal is in response to the diatribes against video games in the media and their frequent dismissal as barren play. In this article, I use functional linguistics to unpack how a seemingly inconsequential turn of talk within the game Lineage reveals important aspects of the activity in which it is situated as well as the broader "forms of life" enacted in the game through which members display their allegiance and identity.
A heuristic algorithm for the just-in-time single machine scheduling problem with setups: a comparison with simulated annealing

This paper addresses the single machine early/tardy problem with unrestricted common due date and sequence-dependent setup times. Two algorithms are introduced to reach near-optimum solutions: the SAPT, a heuristic tailored for the problem, and a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. It will be shown that SA provides solutions with slightly better quality; however, SAPT requires much less computational time. SAPT-SA is a hybrid heuristic that combines both approaches to obtain high quality solutions with low computational cost. Solutions provided by the three algorithms were compared to optimal solutions for problems with up to 25 jobs and to each other for larger problems.
The metabolism of estriol in rabbits.

Abstract Rabbits have been shown to excrete 6, 7-3H-estriol, its conjugates and metabolites preponderantly in the bile during the initial 4 hours following the I.V. injection of the labeled steroid. The amount of radioactivity excreted in the urine was 1 3 of that in the bile. Since in intact rabbits most of the injected radioactivity of 3H-estriol is excreted in the urine over a period of days (and very little in the feces), it appears that estriol and its conjugates and metabolites are involved in an efficient enterohepatic. circulation. In the bile, the preponderant metabolite of 3H-estriol was the 3-glucosiduronate. Even though the latter constituted a substantial part of the urinary metabolites, other conjugates and metabolites of estriol were present in considerable amounts. It is possible that the latter have resulted from gastro-intestinal and/or renal metabolism. Incubation of rabbit liver with estriol led to 75% conjugation with glucuronic acid in the 3-position.
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO SAFETY REGULATION : THE CASE OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET-WEARING LEGISLATION

The effectiveness of safety regulation can be enhanced or offset by various forms of behavioral feedback. This study provides estimates of the effectiveness of motorcycle helmet laws in reducing fatalities based on pooled time-series and cross-sectional data for the United States during the years 1975 to 1984. Estimates from the model suggest that the presence of a helmet-wearing law induces a 12 to 22 percent decline in the motorcycle mortality problem. The results are consistent with the view that helmet laws are an effective public health policy, at least in the short run. However, there is also some evidence of gradual “risk-compensation” behavior: The immediate rise in fatalities following repeal of helmet laws appears to dissipate gradually at a rate of roughly 2.5 percent per year. This result suggests that future studies of safety regulation should consider longrun as well shortrun behavioral responses.
Precise determination of the zero-gravity surface figure of a mirror without gravity-sag modeling

The zero-gravity surface figure of optics used in spaceborne astronomical instruments must be known to high accuracy, but earthbound metrology is typically corrupted by gravity sag. Generally, inference of the zero-gravity surface figure from a measurement made under normal gravity requires finite-element analysis (FEA), and for accurate results the mount forces must be well characterized. We describe how to infer the zero-gravity surface figure very precisely using the alternative classical technique of averaging pairs of measurements made with the direction of gravity reversed. We show that mount forces as well as gravity must be reversed between the two measurements and discuss how the St. Venant principle determines when a reversed mount force may be considered to be applied at the same place in the two orientations. Our approach requires no finite-element modeling and no detailed knowledge of mount forces other than the fact that they reverse and are applied at the same point in each orientation. If mount schemes are suitably chosen, zero-gravity optical surfaces may be inferred much more simply and more accurately than with FEA.
AIDS: time to turn to basic science

Success in controlling the AIDS epidemic is as likely to arise from unrelated areas of research as from AIDS-directed programmes.
FIVE NEW SPECIES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS1,2

SUMMARY Five new species of Chlamydomonas, C. isabeliensis, C. pallidostigmatica, C. fottii, C. pseudomicrosphaera, and C. texensis are described. Supplementary attributes of these organisms are considered as possible taxonomic aids.
Oligomerization of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Is Dependent upon Caveolins 1 and 2

Evidence from multiple studies suggests that Clostridium perfringens e-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. In a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (CAV2). In this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its interaction partner, caveolin-1 (CAV1), in e-toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Using CAV2-specific shRNA in a toxin-sensitive human kidney cell line, ACHN, we confirmed that cells deficient in CAV2 exhibit increased resistance to e-toxin. Similarly, using CAV1-specific shRNA, we demonstrate that cells deficient in CAV1 also exhibit increased resistance to the toxin. Immunoprecipitation of CAV1 and CAV2 from e-toxin-treated ACHN cells demonstrated interaction of both CAV1 and -2 with the toxin. Furthermore, blue-native PAGE indicated that the toxin and caveolins were components of a 670 kDa protein complex. Although e-toxin binding was only slightly perturbed in caveolin-deficient cells, oligomerization of the toxin was dramatically reduced in both CAV1- and CAV2-deficient cells. These results indicate that CAV1 and -2 potentiate e-toxin induced cytotoxicity by promoting toxin oligomerization – an event which is requisite for pore formation and, by extension, cell death.
Dentin bonding systems: the latest generation.

SUMMARY Several points should be kept in mind regarding the content of this paper. First, laboratory data may not be an accurate predictor of clinical success, particularly with regard to dentin bonding agents. Methods to evaluate bond strength and bond integrity through marginal leakage studies are not conducted on comparable models. Bond strength is measured on a one-dimensional model, whereas leakage is assessed on a three-dimensional model. A system may show creditable bond strength values, but may allow leakage. The problem does not necessarily lie in the model, but in the current resin formulations. It has been shown that shrinkage of the resin during polymerization may not disrupt the dentin-resin bond in a one dimensional physical test model, but may be of significant magnitude to do so in a three-dimensional one. The latter is similar to that encountered in the clinical situation and may help to explain the lack of clinical success with earlier systems. These systems showed creditable bond strength data, but all exhibited gap formation and leakage when three-dimensional preparations were evaluated. Insufficient data are available in the area to draw any conclusions regarding the latest generation of bonding agents, which produce greater bond strengths and may resist disruption from polymerization shrinkage. The second point to be made is that laboratory investigations have seldom taken into account the physiologic status of dentin encountered clinically. This tissue together with the pulp are morphologically and physiologically inseparable. Of special interest is the role of dentinal fluid and the hydration state of dentin. Only recently have models been developed to study the influence of dentinal fluid flow on adhesion to dentin. The hydration state of collagen significantly affects its cohesive strength. Such influences may have been underestimated. It may be particularly pertinent with this latest generation of bonding agents since pretreatment opens tubules and would consequently increase fluid flow. The third point relates to the integrity of the dentin-resin bond and, indeed, the integrity of the hard- and soft-tissue tooth complexes as a whole. Laboratory tests may involve thermal cycling to stress the integrity of a bond, but very seldom has cyclical physical stress been introduced. Class V erosion lesions may provide the ultimate challenge to a bonded restoration for the lesion itself is believed to be the result of tissue degradation through localized stress concentration. More research is needed in this important area. The dental tissues deform microscopically under load, a property important to their survival, for example, cusps flex. It may seem a noble idea to bond a bulk of resin to enamel and dentin in order to strengthen the anatomic unit, but it must be remembered that the physical properties of current restorative materials do not match those of dentin and enamel, which differ even between themselves. There is much research, both laboratory and clinical, yet to be done.
Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments

Abstract Biofilm protein removal by a variety of chemical treatments was investigated. Binary population biofilms of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were grown in continuous flow annular reactors for 7–9 days prior to a 1-h treatment period. Treatments that caused removal of more than 25% of the biomass (as total protein) included NaCl and CaCl 2 , two chelating agents (EDTA and Dequest 2006), surfactants (SDS, Tween 20, and Triton X-100), a pH increase, lysozyme, hypochlorite, monochloramine, and concentrated urea. Treatments that caused little removal (less than 25%) included a control, MgCl 2 , sucrose, nutrient upshifts and downshifts, and a pH decrease. The amount of biofilm protein removal and the reduction in viable cell numbers in the biofilm were not correlated. Some treatments caused significant killing but not much removal while other treatments caused removal with little killing. These results underscore the fact that biofilm removal and killing are distinct processes. The chemical diversity of agents that bring about biofilm removal suggests that multiple interactive forces contribute to biofilm cohesion. No pattern of differential removal of the two microbial species could be discerned.
Forecasting of foreign exchange rate by normal mixture models

Develops a method of forecasting foreign exchange rate by normal mixture model (NMM). Initially establishes a set of exchange rate models and switches from one model to another probabilistically, depending on supply shocks or government policy changes. By assuming that the population distribution of foreign exchange rate is a mixture of normal distributions, these models can then be estimated simultaneously. Uses the estimated parameters of the model to forecast foreign exchange rate, and then four foreign exchange rate models are used to estimate the NMM. The out‐of‐sample forecasting results obtained show that we can decrease the mean squared error (MSE) of forecast error dramatically by using the NMM, compared with the MSE of the best forecast of each separate model.
Finding Legitimacy for Case Study Knowledge: Introduction to a Trialogue in 4 Rounds

With renewed interest in and support of the scholarly, theoretical, practical, and clinical value of case study knowledge (as illustrated in a wealth of recent writings reflecting a wide diversity of conceptual perspectives), questions have arisen as to the proper epistemology for philosophically grounding such knowledge. For example, how scientifically objective is case-based knowledge, how generalizable is it, and can it validly uncover causal mechanisms? And what are the implications for these questions when a psychological intervention project like psychotherapy is viewed as an intrinsically moral enterprise focusing on human agency, moral choice, and the alleviation of suffering? The present series of articles by Barbara Held, Ronald B. Miller, and myself offers different perspectives on these issues in the form of a trialogue. This introduction briefly outlines the structure of the arguments of Held, Miller, and myself as these sequentially emerged over the four rounds of our discussion.
Reversal of supersensitive striatal dopamine D1 receptor signaling and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity in dopamine-deficient mice.

Abstract Lesions of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons cause supersensitivity to dopamine in the striatum. Previous work has shown that such supersensitivity, an important aspect of rodent models of Parkinson’s disease, is associated with anatomically abnormal patterns in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. After lesions of dopaminergic neurons, dopamine D 1 -receptor agonists activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the dorsal striatum, something not observed in intact animals. Here we used a more selective method of dopamine depletion. Dopamine-deficient mice, in which the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is specifically inactivated in dopaminergic neurons, were used to investigate dopamine D 1 -receptor-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In wild-type mice, acute treatment with a dopamine D 1 -receptor agonist results in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the nucleus accumbens without activation in the dorsal striatum. In contrast, in dopamine-deficient mice, dopamine D 1 -receptor-agonist treatment results in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase not only in the nucleus accumbens, but also throughout most of the dorsal striatum. Chronic replacement of dopamine by repeated injection of l -DOPA for 36 h reverses this supersensitive extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. This reversal displays a dorsal to ventral progression such that, by 36 h, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation is virtually restricted to the nucleus accumbens, as in wild-type mice. The reversal of dopamine D 1 -receptor activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in dopamine-deficient mice following chronic l -DOPA treatment shows that the lack of dopamine, rather than absence of other factors secreted from dopaminergic neurons, is responsible for dopamine supersensitivity.
A microprogrammed satellite graphics system

A coordinated research effort in the area of interactive computer graphics using a host-satellite configuration is described. Central to the project is the use of a high-level programming language and two microprogrammable processors. The system as a whole is discussed, as well as the areas of interaction between the design of the satellite's instruction sets and the design of its operating system and the compiler.
Patterning and characterization of model phospholipid membranes

Phospholipid, which is a building block of biological membranes, plays an important role in compartmentalization of cellular reaction environment and control of the physicochemical conditions inside the reaction environment. Phospholipid bilayer membrane has been proposed as a natural biocompatible platform for attaching biological molecules like proteins for biosensing related application. Due to the enormous potential applications of biomimetic model biomembranes, various techniques for depositions and patterning of these membranes onto solid supports and their possible biotechnological applications have been reported by different groups. In this work, patterning of phospholipid thin-films is accomplished by interferometric lithography as well as using lithographic masks in liquid phase. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force microscopy are used to characterize the model phospholipid membrane and the patterning technique. We describe an easy and reproducible technique for direct patterning of azo-dye (NBD)-labeled phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) in aqueous medium using a low-intensity 488 nm Ar+ laser and various kinds of lithographic masks.
Share price and mortality: An empirical evaluation of newly listed Nasdaq stocks

Abstract We examine a sample of 5896 stocks listed on Nasdaq between 1974 and 1988 to see whether the price per share has significant statistical power in forecasting subsequent returns and attrition rates. Consistent with anecdotal evidence, we document a higher mortality rate for lower-priced stocks than for higher-priced issues. Surprisingly, mortality is not related to market capitalization. Our results also hold for subsamples partitioned by industry and issue year. On average, investors are not adequately compensated for this additional mortality risk, earning lower risk-adjusted rates of return on portfolios of lower-priced shares than on portfolios of higher-priced shares.
A Newly Identified Methyl-branched Chain Fatty Acid Synthesizing Enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis BCG *

Abstract Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a variety of methyl-branched fatty acids. They include C28 to C32 mycocerosic acids esterified to phthiocerol and phenolphthiocerol and the shorter (C22 to C26) mycocerosic acids esterified to phthiocerol. A mycocerosic acid synthase gene-disrupted mutant was still able to produce the shorter mycocerosic acids. The enzyme short chain mycocerosic acid synthase (SMAS), that catalyzes the synthesis of such acids, was purified using anion exchange and red-agarose chromatography. Gel filtration showed the native enzyme to be a 537-kDa protein. Since SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed a 280-, 170-, and 100-kDa protein and they cross-reacted with antibodies prepared against the 280- or 100-kDa protein, this enzyme is composed of the three subunits or two 280-kDa monomers with an unusual susceptibility to a proteolytic nick. SMAS utilizes methylmalonyl-CoA with C12 to C20 acyl-CoA as primers and with either NADH or NADPH as the reductant to synthesize the short mycocerosic acids. TheK m values for NADH and NADPH were 93 and 90 μm, respectively. Antibodies raised against either the 280- or 100-kDa protein inhibited the incorporation of methylmalonyl-CoA into fatty acids by SMAS. The enzyme is not immunologically closely related to mycocerosic acid synthase or fatty acid synthase.
Generalized random utility model

Abstract Researchers have long been focused on enriching Random Utility Models (RUMs) for a variety of reasons, including to better understand behavior, to improve the accuracy of forecasts, and to test the validity of simpler model structures. While numerous useful enhancements exist, they tend to be discussed and applied independently from one another. This paper presents a practical, generalized model that integrates many enhancements that have been made to RUM. In the generalized model, RUM forms the core, and then extensions are added that relax simplifying assumptions and enrich the capabilities of the basic model. The extensions that are included are: • Flexible Disturbances in order to allow for a rich covariance structure and enable estimation of unobserved heterogeneity through, for example, random parameters; • Latent Variables in order to provide a richer explanation of behavior by explicitly representing the formation and effects of latent constructs such as attitudes and perceptions; • Latent Classes in order to capture latent segmentation in terms of, for example, taste parameters, choice sets, and decision protocols; and • Combining Revealed Preferences and Stated Preferences in order to draw on the advantages of the two types of data, thereby reducing bias and improving efficiency of the parameter estimates. The paper presents a unified framework that encompasses all models, describes each enhancement, and shows relationships between models including how they can be integrated. These models often result in functional forms composed of complex multidimensional integrals. Therefore, an estimation method consisting of Simulated Maximum Likelihood Estimation with a kernel smooth simulator is reviewed, which provides for practical estimation. Finally, the practicality and usefulness of the generalized model and estimation technique is demonstrated by applying it to a case study.
Robotic Patient Transfer and Rehabilitation Device for Patient Care Facilities or the Home

This paper describes a novel Home Lift, Position and Rehabilitation (HLPR) Chair, designed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, to provide independent patient mobility for indoor ...
An Active Role for the Z-Band during Contraction and Relaxation

In striated muscle, the Z-band transmits force between contracting sarcomeres; however, it is not merely a static anchor for actin filaments cross-linked by alpha-actinin. Shimamoto observed a coordinated yielding of adjacent sarcomeres in response to stretch, and its disruption by an alpha-actinin antibody [1], indicating an active Z-band function and communication between adjacent sarcomeres. We hypothesized the inter-sarcomeric communication must involve a previously observed but poorly understood, reversible transition between two Z-band structures descriptively called small-square and basketweave [2], implying that alpha-actinin antibody must shift the equilibrium between the two states. Using EM, we imaged Z-bands of chemically-skinned relaxed rabbit soleus fibers and found that alpha-actinin antibody induces complete conversion to the basketweave form of the Z-band, whereas control fibers without antibody show the expected small square form. Since the small-square form was previously associated with relaxed fibers and basketweave with contracted fibers [2], our results suggest that the basketweave Z-band may store elastic energy, which can then favor or drive sarcomere relaxation when the Z-band reverts to the small-square structure. By locking the Z-band in the basketweave form, the antibody prevents the relaxation and concomitant yielding of adjacent sarcomeres previously observed [1]. In parallel mechanics experiments, we found antibody treatment did not interfere with maximal calcium-activated isometric contraction and relaxation; however isometric force and stretch-activation force during sub-maximal activation by ADP were both reduced after antibody treatment. Thus, the alteration of Z-band form by antibody only affects the muscle's dynamic response to stretch during partial activation.1. Shimamoto, Y, et al. Inter-sarcomere coordination in muscle revealed through individual sarcomere response to quick stretch. PNAS, 2009. 106(29):11954-9.2. Goldstein, MA, et al. The Z-band lattice in skeletal muscle before, during and after tetanic contraction. J Muscle Res, 1986. 7(6):527-36.
The possible role of meridional flows in suppressing magnetic buoyancy

The equation of motion for a toroidal flux ring in a stellar convective envelope is derived, and the equilibrium of such a ring is considered. Necessary conditions for the stability of toroidal flux rings are derived, and results of stability calculations for a particular model of the meridional flow are presented. The motions of the flux rings when the rings are far from their equilibrium position or when equilibrium does not exist are considered. The results confirm the linear stability analysis, and show that in the absence of stable equilibrium, the rings move toward the solar surface along a trajectory which is parallel to the rotation axis. It is expected that viscosity will tend to reduce the rotational velocity difference between the flux ring and its surroundings, thus reducing the Coriolis force and altering the equilibrium. The storage time of toroidal flux rings is estimated, and some implications for the sun are discussed.
Controlled 3D Buckling of Silicon Nanowires for Stretchable Electronics

Silicon (Si) nanowire (NW) coils were fabricated on elastomeric substrates by a controlled buckling process. Si NWs were first transferred onto prestrained and ultraviolet/ozone (UVO)-treated poly(...
Identity in customer service chat interaction: Implications for virtual reference

This article discusses the construction and representation of identity in an online dyadic customer service chat setting, using a data set of more than 6000 session transcriptions. The analysis explores the use of names and other markers of identity in chat interactions; assumptions about generic, group, and individual identities; authentication and verification activities; and problems related to identity construction, representation, and authentication. The article concludes that providing a satisfactory virtual reference experience requires focusing on identity representation. Users will benefit when providers balance the expediency of virtual reference with persistent identity markers, establishing a sense of rapport between the user and information provider.
Gateway cloning is compatible with protein secretion from Pichia pastoris

Secretion of a recombinant protein from the yeast Pichia pastoris requires the presence of a signal peptide at the amino terminus. Maintaining the full amino acid sequence of the signal peptide is thought to be important for proper signal processing and protein secretion. We show that at least for one protein, a synthetic human interferon, the presence of a Gateway recombination site within the signal peptide is fully compatible with high levels of protein secretion. The amino termini of the secreted interferon proteins cloned with Gateway and cloned with restriction enzymes and ligase are identical, and the proteins were highly active in biological assays. Compatibility with Gateway cloning simplifies construction of plasmids directing secretion of recombinant proteins from P. pastoris.
Time for Me to Fly: Predicting Director Exit at Large Firms

One of the great unanswered questions in governance research is, Why do directors serve on boards? Drawing on self-determination theory, a theory of total motivation that combines both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, we find that the prestige associated with being a director, the ability to have influence, and identification with the director role make directors less likely to exit; however, demotivating factors related to the time commitment required, such as holding other board appointments or serving as a CEO at another company, increase the likelihood of director exits. Finally, we find that the value of being on the board of a prestigious firm diminishes when the firm experiences events that tarnish its prestige, although these same events decrease the likelihood of director exit when firm prestige is lacking.
HIGHLY STRUCTURED SEARCHES WITH QUANTUM COMPUTERS

A quantum algorithm for a class of highly structured combinatorial search problems is introduced. This algorithm finds a solution in a single step, contrasting with the linear growth in the number of steps required by the best classical algorithms as the problem size increases, and the exponential growth required by classical and quantum methods that ignore the problem structure. In some cases, the algorithm can also guarantee that insoluble problems, in fact, have no solutions, unlike previously proposed quantum search algorithms.
Design for testability and diagnosis in a VLSI CMOS System/370 processor

This paper describes the design for testability and diagnosis in an IBM System/370 processor based on VLSI CMOS technology. The design incorporates built-in pseudorandom-pattern self-test and the boundary-scan technique. This technique permits the migration of tests generated for component-level to higher-level packages such as printed circuit boards and the system. Consequently, the expense for testing of higher-level packages can be reduced, and the test equipment for the processor can be simplified. The design also offers economical diagnostic capability.
Anion binding to oxidized type 2 depleted and native laccase: A spectroscopically effective model for exogenous ligand binding to the type 3 - type 2 active site

Abstract Chemical and spectroscopic comparison of anion binding to the oxidized type 3 sites in type 2 depleted and native Rhus vernicifera laccase demonstrates that the type 3 - type 2 active site of laccase has an especially high affinity for exogenous ligands. N 3 − , O 2 2− and F− binding and competition, and resonance Raman studies, indicate that this high affinity is not due to strong, equatorial type 2 ligation, but rather to a structurally non-specific role of the type 2 copper in stabilizing anion binding at the type 3 binuclear cupric site. These studies, combined with previous results on half met type 2 depleted laccase, generate a spectroscopically effective model for peroxide birding to the type 3 - type 2 active site.