cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared calibration for climate: a perspective on present and future high-spectral resolution instruments

The new era of high spectral resolution infrared instruments for atmospheric sounding offers great opportunities for climate change applications. A major issue with most of our existing IR observations from space is spectral sampling uncertainty and the lack of standardization in spectral sampling. The new ultra resolution observing capabilities from the AIRS grating spectrometer on the NASA Aqua platform and from new operational FTS instruments (IASI on Metop, CrIS for NPP/NPOESS, and the GIFTS for a GOES demonstration) will go a long way toward improving this situation. These new observations offer the following improvements: 1. Absolute accuracy, moving from issues of order 1 K to <0.2-0.4 K brightness temperature, 2. More complete spectral coverage, with Nyquist sampling for scale standardization, and 3. Capabilities for unifying IR calibration among different instruments and platforms. However, more needs to be done to meet the immediate needs for climate and to effectively leverage these new operational weather systems, including 1. Place special emphasis on making new instruments as accurate as they can be to realize the potential of technological investments already made, 2. Maintain a careful validation program for establishing the best possible direct radiance check of long-term accuracy--specifically, continuing to use aircraft-or balloon-borne instruments that are periodically checked directly with NIST, and 3. Commit to a simple, new IR mission that will provide an ongoing backbone for the climate observing system. The new mission would make use of Fourier Transform Spectrometer measurements to fill in spectral and diurnal sampling gaps of the operational systems and provide a benchmark with better than 0.1K 3-sigma accuracy based on standards that are verifiable in-flight.
Extended Kalman Filtering for Robot Joint Angle Estimation Using MEMS Inertial Sensors

Abstract The possibility of utilizing low-cost MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes for accurate joint position estimation of the robot manipulator is investigated in this paper. Cascade Kalman filtering formulation is derived from the robot forward kinematics and the stochastic models of the joint motion sensors. We validate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm via experimentation. We also discuss the effect of the nonlinearity in the kinematic model on two approximation methods - the first-order linearization and the unscented transform.
Serious occupational burn injuries treated at a regional burn center.

This article will present the epidemiology of occupational burn injuries among patients admitted to a regional burn center. Patients admitted to University of Alabama at Birmingham University Hospital Burn Center between November 1994 and December 1999 for occupational burn injuries were studied. Descriptive statistics were generated for demographic, clinical, and outcome characteristics. Approximately one-quarter of all burn center admissions had sustained occupational burn injuries. The most common burns were flame, electrical, and scald burns. The most heavily represented occupations were "manufacturing" (19.1%), "electrician" (16.2%), and "laborer" (16.2%). Burn type varied with occupation. Over $16 million in hospital charges was accrued by patients sustaining occupational burn injuries. Understanding the epidemiology of serious burn injuries in the workplace is crucial to directing prevention efforts toward worker groups at highest risk. Language: en
The hard-spheroid model for gas-surface interactions

Abstract A new model for gas—surface interactions is presented. It derives from the hard-cube model but incorporates surface structure by letting the surface atoms have spherical caps. Analytical expressions are given for energy transfer and momentum transfer parallel to the surface. The model describes well results from several experiments.
Phasic and Tonic Alertness in Alzheimer's Disease

Phasic alertness (the rapid mobilization of resources to process an expected stimulus) was examined in Alzheimer patients and normals by a choice RT task in which the stimulus was usually preceded by a warning signal. The time subjects needed to attain maximal phasic alertness was determined by varying the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between the warning and the stimulus. In comparison to trials without any warning, presentation of a warning signal reduced the RT of Alzheimer patients as much as it did that of normals. Similarly, the SOA necessary for maximal alertness was the same in Alzheimer patients and in normals. Maintenance of tonic alertness was investigated by examining how RT changed across a long period of continuous testing. Alzheimer patients and normals showed a similar rise in RT with increasing time on task. These results suggest that phasic and tonic alertness are relatively unimpaired by Alzheimer's disease.
Revegetation of serpentine substrates: Response to phosphate application

Revegetation was studied on stockpiled serpentine substrate. The native vegetation surrounding the revegetation site is annual grassland. The seed mixture applied to both subsoil and topsoil plots was largely ineffective for revegetation. No growth occurred in the subsoil plots and most of the growth in the topsoil plots was from indigenous seed. Phosphate application (100 kg P ha−1 as NaH2PO4 · H2O) to the topsoil plots resulted in a significant increase in total above-ground productivity. Annual legumes (mostlyLotus subpinnatus Lag.) and, to a lesser degree,Plantago erecta Morris responded to the added phosphate with an increased above-ground productivity. Other annual forbs and annual grasses showed no significant response. The legumes also increased in abundance. Mycorrhizal root colonization forPlantago was not significantly affected by phosphate application, but was lower in this disturbed serpentine site compared to other undisturbed serpentine annual grassland sites nearby.
Progressive mixing of isotopic reservoirs during magma genesis at the Sierrita porphyry copper deposit, Arizona: Inverse solutions

Abstract Trace-element and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions have been determined for a suite of calc-alkaline rocks from southeastern Arizona. The suite consists of andesitic and rhyolitic rocks (67 m.y. old) intruded by granodiorite and granite (58–62 m.y. old). It is situated within Proterozoic basement of 1.7 to 1.65 Ga age. Isotopic composition and chemical evolution are well correlated throughout the suite. The andesite has the least negative ϵNd (tigneous) = −4.3) and smallest 87 Sr 86 Sr 0 (0.7069). It is also the oldest and chemically most primitive, having the lowest concentrations of Rb, SiO2, and highest concentrations of the transition elements. These parameters change through the system to the youngest unit (granite) which has the most negative ϵNd (−8.5), the greatest 87 Sr 86 Sr 0 (0.7092), and is most chemically evolved. We interpret these trends as resulting from a continuous process of progressive assimilation in which mafic magmas invade and incorporate continental crust. The assimilated continental crust was probably intermediate to mafic in composition and of amphibolite grade. Phase relations among minerals indicate that it was hydrous and oxidizing. Also, if the granite is in isotopic equilibrium with the basement, its ϵNd of −8.5 implies a 147 Sm 144 Nd of 0.13 to 0.14 for the assimilant, characteristic of intermediate to mafic rather than felsic rocks. Inverse methods have been applied to equations for assimilation and fractional crystallization whose use assumes periodic tapping of a single magma body. Such modelling yields insight into the size and chemistry of the magma system.
Fast, purely growing collisionless reconnection as an eigenfunction problem related to but not involving linear whistler waves

If either finite electron inertia or finite resistivity is included in 2D magnetic reconnection, the two-fluid equations become a pair of second-order differential equations coupling the out-of-plane magnetic field and vector potential to each other to form a fourth-order system. The coupling at an X-point is such that out-of-plane even-parity electric and odd-parity magnetic fields feed off each other to produce instability if the scale length on which the equilibrium magnetic field changes is less than the ion skin depth. The instability growth rate is given by an eigenvalue of the fourth-order system determined by boundary and symmetry conditions. The instability is a purely growing mode, not a wave, and has growth rate of the order of the whistler frequency. The spatial profile of both the out-of-plane electric and magnetic eigenfunctions consists of an inner concave region having extent of the order of the electron skin depth, an intermediate convex region having extent of the order of the equilibrium magnetic field scale length, and a concave outer exponentially decaying region. If finite electron inertia and resistivity are not included, the inner concave region does not exist and the coupled pair of equations reduces to a second-order differential equation having non-physical solutions at an X-point.
Gonadotrophic activity of granule fractions obtained from anterior pituitary glands of castrate rats.

DATA collected during recent years show that succinoxidase, cytochrome oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase are associated with the large granule fraction isolated by differential centrifugation of rat liver homogenates. Only a few enzymes are associated with the small granules, but these particles contain a large part of the pentosenucleic acid of the tissue. The granules remain morphologically intact in sucrose solutions of the proper concentration and this makes these solutions preferable to water, isotonic sodium or potassium chloride solutions for isolation purposes (Schneider, 1946; Hogeboom, Claude and Hotchkiss, 1946; Hogeboom, Schneider and Pallade, 1948; and Schneider, Claude and Hogeboom, 1948). The work in this field is summarized in a review by Schneider and Hogeboom (1951). Preliminary results have also been reported on the fractionation of sucrose homogenates of rat pituitary glands by differential centrifugation, the gonadotrophic hormone content and the succinoxidase activity of these fra...
Systems cost and performance analysis for a spherical torus-based volume neutron source

A cost and performance analysis of a spherical torus-based volume neutron source (ST-VNS) is performed using the SUPERCODE systems code. An ST-VNS, proposed as a reduced-cost option for testing the nuclear technologies necessary for tokamak power reactors, will cost about 25% of the construction cost of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Engineering Design Activities (ITER-EDA) when it is operating in an initial test phase with 0.5 MW m 2 wall load. Advanced operation at 5 MW m -2 wall load is possible with surface elongation κ = 3, safety factor q 95 = 10, confinement enhancement factor H = 2.3, and Troyon beta limit β N = 5%, at a direct cost of about 30% that of the ITER-EDA. There is a narrow region β N and H space which is useful for attaining high neutron wall loads.
A Host–Guest Relationship in Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-II Defines Specificity in Ligand–Receptor Recognition

One of the most intriguing questions confronting the bone morphogenetic protein family is the mechanism of ligand recognition, because there are more ligands than receptors. Crystal structures of two type II receptors, ActR-II and BMPR-II, are essentially identical, and a loop structure (A-loop) has been suggested to play a role in determining ligand specificity. A solution biophysical study showed mutations of several A-loop residues in these two receptors exert different ligand binding effects. Thus, the issues of mechanism of ligand recognition and specificity remain unresolved. We examined effects of mutations of residues Y40, G47, and S107 in BMPR-II. These residues are not identified as being in contact with the ligand in the BMP-7–BMPR-II complex but are found mutated in genetic diseases. They are likely to be useful in identifying their roles in differentiating the various BMP ligands. Spectroscopic probing revealed little mutation-induced structural change in BMPR-II. Ligand binding studies revea...
Inclusions with constant eigenstress

The Eshelby conjecture, stating that the only inclusions of constant eigenstrain that may sustain constant eigenstress are ellipsoidal shaped, is being considered by a geometric approach. It is established that the class of shapes that may sustain constant eigenstresses form a 9-dimensional manifold embedded in the space of all possible shapes. In particular, it is shown that the only infinitesimal perturbations of an ellipsoidal inclusion that preserve the constancy of eigenstresses are those that perturb the ellipsoid into another ellipsoid.
SSRL development — Recent and planned

Abstract Recent developments at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory include the addition of six VUV/soft X-ray branch lines, including the multiundulator line and a lithography line as well as three X-ray insertion device lines, of which two are undulator/wiggler lines on PEP. A new 3-GeV booster synchrotron injector for SPEAR is anticipated, which will also allow routine operation in SPEAR's low emittance (127 nm rad) mode through the addition of a third kicker. PEP has been operated in a low emittance (
Wrap around field plate technique for GaN Schottky barrier diodes

In this paper, we propose a wrap around field termination technique for a vertical Schottky barrier diode fabricated on a free standing GaN substrate. Unlike conventional field plate designs, in the wrap around structure the field plate surrounds the active device area. This allows for better control of the electric field distribution, and reduces field-crowding. 2D finite element simulations using ATLAS show a uniform field distribution across the device. Calculations show that the Ron increases relative to the conventional field plate. A break down voltage of 1300V was predicted for a 5um thick epilayer.
Research on Potential Control Flotation of Molybdenite

In this paper, potential control flotation of molybdenite has been investigated which focus on the effect of pulp potential on flotation performance. Optimum flotation conditions of molybdenite are determined through tests: optimum pulp potential is 190mv~300mv, dosage of sodium sulfide is 6kg/t.The potential control flotation does not use sodium silicate which solved the problem of tailing settlement difficulties. The mechanism of potential control flotation shows that S0 is the main factor that achieves potential control flotation of molybdenite.
Carcinogens show comedogenic activity: a potential animal screen for tumorigenic substances.

Abstract Formation of a comedo, an impaction of horny cells in sebaceous follicles, entails a metaplastic change in the differentiation patterns of the follicular epithelium. Since metaplasia is a requisite early stage in carcinogenesis, we postulated that carcinogens might be comedogenic. The rabbit ear was used to assay the comedogenic potentialities of an array of known tumorigens. Complete carcinogens and some tumor promotors were invariably strongly comedogenic at concentrations of 1.0% and below. Comedogenic chemicals commonly found in skin care products usually required concentrations of 40% and greater to induce comedones which were small in comparison to carcinogen induced comedones. We suggest that the rabbit ear model might be an easy and reliable way to screen for carcinogenicity
The Fate of Book Chambers and National Bibliographies in Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova Since 1991

National book chambers in post-Soviet Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova have essentially retained the Soviet model of bibliographic control. Although arguments were advanced after 1991 that book chambers should merge with their respective national libraries, many national book chambers have survived and continue to compile their national bibliographies. The number of bibliographic publications has increased substantially over the last decade and a half. The chambers in Belarus and Ukraine have made substantial electronic access to their national bibliographies available online. The important work of the national book chambers makes a compelling case for their continued institutional independence.
An exploratory analysis of liver element relationships in a case series of common loons (Gavia immer)

Abstract To examine the relationships among liver element concentrations, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on data from a case series of 54 common loons collected in Michigan during the period from July 1988 to February 1993. Data available for each bird included season and district of collection, age, sex, necropsy findings, and liver concentrations of twelve elements as determined by spectrophotometry. The first three principal components (PC) accounted for 86% of the total variability of the data, which made possible a substantial reduction in dimensionality. Within PC1–PC3, calcium, iron, mercury and lead were the most influential elements in accounting for variation. The possibility of a competitive interaction between mercury and lead for selenium is suggested, with consideration given to possible alterations in bioavailability due to environmental acidification. PCA can generate hypotheses that subsequently can be investigated under conditions which allow causal inference and better control of confounding factors. Consequently, sparse field data can be used efficiently to generate information on risk factors for environmental diseases, and to provide bases for intervention strategies.
Differential response to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) in non-small cell lung cancer cells with distinct oncogene mutations

We previously demonstrated that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and primary human lung tumors aberrantly express the vitamin D3-catabolizing enzyme, CYP24, and that CYP24 restricts transcriptional regulation and growth control by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in NSCLC cells. To ascertain the basis for CYP24 dysregulation, we assembled a panel of cell lines that represent distinct molecular classes of lung cancer: cell lines were selected which harbored mutually exclusive mutations in either the K-ras or the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) genes. We observed that K-ras mutant lines displayed a basal vitamin D receptor (VDR)(low)CYP24(high) phenotype, whereas EGFR mutant lines had a VDR(high)CYP24(low) phenotype. A mutation-associated difference in CYP24 expression was also observed in clinical specimens. Specifically, K-ras mutation was associated with a median 4.2-fold increase in CYP24 mRNA expression (p=4.8×10(-7)) compared to EGFR mutation in a series of 147 primary lung adenocarcinoma cases. Because of their differential basal expression of VDR and CYP24, we hypothesized that NSCLC cells with an EGFR mutation would be more responsive to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment than those with a K-ras mutation. To test this, we measured the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to increase reporter gene activity, induce transcription of endogenous target genes, and suppress colony formation. In each assay, the extent of 1,25(OH)2D3 response was greater in EGFR mutation-positive HCC827 and H1975 cells than in K-ras mutation-positive A549 and 128.88T cells. We subsequently examined the effect of combining 1,25(OH)2D3 with erlotinib, which is used clinically in the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. 1,25(OH)2D3/erlotinib combination resulted in significantly greater growth inhibition than either single agent in both the erlotinib-sensitive HCC827 cell line and the erlotinib-resistant H1975 cell line. These data are the first to suggest that EGFR mutations may identify a lung cancer subset which remains responsive to and is likely to benefit from 1,25(OH)2D3 administration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
Spatial and Microphysical Characteristics of Low-Ceiling, Temperature-Inverted Clouds in Warm Overrunning and Freezing-Rain Conditions: A Case Study

AbstractIn-flight microphysical measurements in classical freezing-rain conditions were used to study the vertical and horizontal characteristics of the precipitation and associated low-ceiling, stratiform clouds, which are usually present as overcast in freezing-rain conditions. The low overcast is usually based in the surface cold layer but may extend up into the inversion, or transition layer, between the overrunning warm air and the surface cold layer. This gives the cloud an unusual temperature-inverted structure—supercooled in the lower half and warmer than freezing in the upper half. The low cloud is also subject to wind shear and turbulence that is due to the warm overrunning. The apparent effects of this are 1) increased cloud droplet concentrations in clusters up to a few hundred meters wide that occur sporadically in the cloud layer, 2) possible forcing of cloudy air upward from lower levels against the resistance of the temperature inversion and into the transition layer, and 3) highly variabl...
National Estimates of Racial Segregation in Rural and Small-Town America

The objective of this paper is to provide, for the first time, comparative estimates of racial residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan places in 1990 and 2000. Analyses are based on block data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. decennial censuses. The results reveal a singularly important and perhaps surprising central conclusion: levels and trends in recent patterns of racial segregation in America’s small towns are remarkably similar to patterns observed in larger metropolitan cities. Like their big-city counterparts, nonmetropolitan blacks are America’s most highly segregated racial minority—roughly 30% to 40% higher than the indices observed for Hispanics and Native Americans. Finally, baseline ecological models of spatial patterns of rural segregation reveal estimates that largely support the conclusions reached in previous metropolitan studies. Racial residential segregation in rural places increases with growing minority percentage shares and is typically lower in “new” places (as measured by growth in the housing stock), while racially selective annexation and the implied “racial threat” at the periphery exacerbate racial segregation in rural places. Our study reinforces the need to broaden the spatial scale of segregation beyond its traditional focus on metropolitan cities or suburban places, especially as America’s population shifts down the urban hierarchy into exurban places and small towns.
Predators of Greater Sage-Grouse nests identified by video monitoring

Nest predation is the primary cause of nest failure for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), but the identity of their nest predators is often uncertain. Confirming the identity of these predators may be useful in enhancing management strategies designed to increase nest success. From 2002 to 2005, we monitored 87 Greater Sage-Grouse nests (camera, N = 55; no camera, N = 32) in northeastern Nevada and south-central Idaho and identified predators at 17 nests, with Common Ravens (Corvus corax) preying on eggs at 10 nests and American badgers (Taxidea taxis) at seven. Rodents were frequently observed at grouse nests, but did not prey on grouse eggs. Because sign left by ravens and badgers was often indistinguishable following nest predation, identifying nest predators based on egg removal, the presence of egg shells, or other sign was not possible. Most predation occurred when females were on nests. Active nest defense by grouse was rare and always unsuccessful. Continuous video monitoring of Sage-Grouse nests permitted unambiguous identification of nest predators. Additional monitoring studies could help improve our understanding of the causes of Sage-Grouse nest failure in the face of land-use changes in the Intermountain West. SINOPSIS. Depredadores de nidos del Centrocercus urophasianus identificados durante monitoreos con c´ amaras de video La depredaci´ on de nidos es la principal causa del fracaso de las nidadas del Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pero la identidad de los predadores de los nidos es usualmente incierta. Confirmar la identidad de estos depredadores puede serpara el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo disepara incrementar el ´ de las nidadas. Entre el 2002 y el 2005, monitoreamos 87 nidos del Greater Sage-Grouse (c´
Effective Bloch equations for semiconductor lasers and amplifiers

A set of effective Bloch equations is established for semiconductor bulk or quantum-well media. The model includes the nonlinear carrier-density dependence of the gain and refractive index and their respective dispersions (frequency dependences). A comparative study is performed between the full microscopic semiconductor Bloch equations and this effective model for pulse propagation to show the range of validity of the present model. The results show that this model agrees well with the microscopic model provided carrier depletion is the dominant saturation mechanism relative to the plasma heating. The effective Bloch equations provide an accurate and practical model for modeling amplifiers with pulses of duration greater than a few picoseconds. By capturing the large bandwidth and the carrier density dependence of the gain, it also provides a reliable model for studying the complex spatiotemporal multilongitudinal and transverse mode dynamics of a variety of wide-aperture high-power semiconductor lasers. The model goes beyond the traditional rate equations and is computationally much more efficient to simulate than the full model.
Accounting for the “Down Syndrome Advantage”

Abstract The authors examined factors that could explain the higher levels of psychosocial well being observed in past research in mothers of individuals with Down syndrome compared with mothers of individuals with other types of intellectual disabilities. The authors studied 155 mothers of adults with Down syndrome, contrasting factors that might validly account for the “Down syndrome advantage” (behavioral phenotype) with those that have been portrayed in past research as artifactual (maternal age, social supports). The behavioral phenotype predicted less pessimism, more life satisfaction, and a better quality of the mother–child relationship. However, younger maternal age and fewer social supports, as well as the behavioral phenotype, predicted higher levels of caregiving burden. Implications for future research on families of individuals with Down syndrome are discussed.
Earnings Announcement Timing and Analyst Following

Using a large sample of firms in the post–Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) era, we examine the cross-sectional association between earnings announcement timing and analyst following that precede...
Accent on Teaching Materials

Abstract In this section The American Statistician publishes announcements and selected reviews of teaching materials of general use to the statistical field. These may include (but will not necessarily be restricted to) curriculum material, collections of teaching examples or case studies, modular instructional material, transparency sets, films, filmstrips, videotapes, probability devices, audiotapes, slides, and data deck sets (with complete documentation). Authors, producers, or distributors wishing to have such materials announced or reviewed should submit a single, complete copy of the product (three copies of printed material double-spaced) to Section Editor Harry O. Posten, Statistics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268. A statement of intention that the material will be available to all requesters for a minimum of a two-year period should be provided, along with information on the cost (including postage) and special features of the material. Information on classroom experienc...
Angioplasty in Donor Artery Complication After Renal Transplant

Hypertension following renal transplantation may be caused by narrowing of either native or donor arteries or their anastomosis. A case is presented of attempted percutaneous angioplasty of a severely stenotic donor renal artery which resulted in total occlusion necessitating emergency reparative surgery. While short segments of narrowing of the native artery or anastomosis are lesions manageable by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, lesions involv ing a donor artery should be approached with care, particularly if the segment of narrowing is longer, resembling the lesions of fibromuscular dysplasia.
Flutter Phenomenon in Aeroelasticity and Its Mathematical Analysis

The present paper is the last part of a three-part survey paper, in which I give a review of several research directions in the area of mathematical analysis of flutter phenomenon. Flutter is known as a structural dynamical instability, which occurs in a solid elastic structure interacting with a flow of gas or fluid and consists of violent vibrations of the structure with rapidly increasing amplitudes. The focus of this paper is a collection of models of fluid-structure interaction, for which precise mathematical formulations are available. My main interest is in the analytical results on such models: the results that can be used to explain flutter and its qualitative and even quantitative treatments. This study does not pretend to be a comprehensive review of an enormous engineering literature on analytical, computational, and experimental aspects of the flutter problem. I present a brief exposition of the results obtained in several selected papers or groups of papers. In this paper, I concentrate on t...
X-RAY SPECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM IN CLAY MINERALS*

An X-ray spectrochemical method is compared with the flame photometer determination of potassium in a series of sixty-five soil clay fractions. Two methods of preparing the clay samples for the X-ray determination were used. In one case a 20 mg sample of clay in suspension was dried onto a plastic disc as a thin film. Potassium was determined by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the unknown with a sample of known composition which was prepared for analysis by the same technique. For the second method a 100 mg sample of dried clay was pressed into a pellet using methyl cellulose as a backing. In this case a National Bureau of Standards sample (NBS-98) was prepared in an identical manner and used as a standard for determining the potassium in the unknown. The results for both techniques were highly significantly correlated with the values as determined by flame photometric analysis. The pellet technique gave a more accurate measure of the potassium content. With the thin films the same sample may be used for X-ray diffraction analysis. In either case the X-ray spectrochemical technique provides a fairly rapid and simple procedure that can be useful for handling large numbers of samples.
Radioactive beams with the HHIRF accelerators

It is pointed out that the two accelerators of the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility (HHIRF) provide a unique opportunity to quickly and economically develop an interim proton-rich, medium-intensity, ISOL-type, RIB (radioactive ion beam) facility. This extension of the HHIRF would provide for research and development until the much larger facility can be realized in the late 1990s. Presently, the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC) serves as an energy booster for heavy ions from the 25-MW tandem accelerator. To produce RIBs, this process could simply be reversed. The tandem accelerator would be injected with heavy ions produced by ORIC. In this case, the two accelerators will be coupled by a thick target, ion source, mass separator, and charge exchange canal, all mounted on a 300-kV high-voltage platform in an existing shielded room. Light ions from ORIC, with an internal ion source, would produce radioactive heavy ions for tandem injection. Moreover, the UNISOR on-line isotope separator allows the timely development of the target-ion source hardware and chemistry. A central feature of this plan is that most of the main components already exist. >
1983 Federal Funding

Presidential science advisor George A. Keyworth, II, promised scientists that the general health of basic scientific research would not be imperiled in President Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal, due out next week. ‘I assure you that although the Administration is aggressively seeking solutions to our nation's economic and industrial malaise we intend in no way to compromise our future health by jeopardizing the basic research that serves as the foundation for our science and technology,’ he said in the January 3 keynote address to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Accessing Services: State Procedures for Identifying and Determining Eligibility of Young Children with Visual Impairments.

The purpose of this article is to present state eligibility criteria for access to early intervention services by young children, ages birth to 5 years, with visual impairments. The article examine...
Neuronal activity in human lateral temporal cortex during serial retrieval from short-term memory

Neuronal activity was recorded extracellularly from 20 populations in the lateral cortex of the left anterior temporal lobe of 11 patients undergoing awake craniotomy for epilepsy, during an input-distraction-retrieval measure of recent verbal memory that also included two later successive retrievals of the same information after additional distracting tasks. Changes in activity were determined for each 1 sec epoch in three major comparisons: (1) the same visual cues used for naming an input to recent memory, naming without a memory component, and a spatial matching task; (2) memory input (MI), distraction (S), and initial cued retrieval (R1) from memory, where object naming was the input to memory and naming of other objects the distractors; (3) initial retrieval (R1) and the two subsequent serial retrievals of the same information (R2, R3). Control comparisons were also made with serial naming and viewing of blank slides, and repeated naming of the same objects. In comparison 1, 13 of the 20 populations showed consistently increased activity during memory input ("memory units"); two others showed changes during language measures. In comparison 2, a significant proportion of all 20 populations, and the 13 memory units considered alone showed increased activity in initial epochs of MI and R1, confirming earlier findings of increased lateral temporal neuronal activity at memory entry and initial retrieval. In comparison 3, a significant proportion of the memory units showed increased activity in early epochs of R1 and decreased activity in late epochs of R3. This decrease in populations with increased activity at R1 was also evident when R1 was compared to R2 or R2 to R3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Application of Robert Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction to the Teaching of Website Localization:

Website localization is an important part of international technical communication. However, at present, few technical communication programs offer courses in localization. This article provides an overview of a course devised to familiarize students with ideas and approaches related to website localization. The course was based upon Robert Gagne's nine events of instruction—an approach that allowed students to move from the learning of abstract ideas to the application of knowledge to the website localization process.
Naltrexone and nalmefene: any meaningful difference?

I n this issue of Biological Psychiatry, Mann and colleagues (1) report the results of a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of 598 alcohol-dependent participants drinking at a moderate or greater alcohol risk level according to the World Health Organization criteria for alcohol risk. The study used a somewhat different design in that the medication (20 mg nalmefene or placebo) was taken in a targeted or “as-needed fashion,” that is, on days when participants perceived that they were at high risk for drinking. All participants received BRENDA, a psychosocial therapy designed to enhance medication adherence and to provide psychological support during treatment. In this article, I discuss the study findings in light of what is known about opioid antagonists and alcohol dependence and compare and contrast the medication used in this study, nalmefene, with the better known and more widely used opioid antagonist naltrexone. Opioid neurotransmitter systems are important mediators of alcohol consumption. Mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid agonists have been demonstrated to affect alcohol consumption in animals and, to some extent, in humans. In particular, opioid antagonists, including naltrexone and nalmefene are believed to reduce alcohol consumption in humans by reducing the pleasurable and positive reinforcing properties of alcohol and enhancing the sedative and dysphoric properties of alcohol. Mu opioid antagonists also reduce craving for alcohol in response to alcohol cues and may act on frontal cortical-limbic circuits to reduce impulsivity that promotes alcohol drinking and other risky behaviors. Most clinical research on opioid antagonists and alcohol in humans has been conducted with naltrexone, a long-acting, orally active antagonist at mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid receptors. Naltrexone has been available in the United States since 1984, when it was approved as an agent for the treatment of opioid dependence by the Food and Drug Administration; it was approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence in 1994. It is also approved for treatment of alcoholism in much of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Australia. Meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials of naltrexone in alcohol dependence treatment show modest effect sizes for efficacy (0.15–0.2) in reducing heavy drinking (2). Nalmefene is a mu-opioid antagonist that was originally used as a parenteral agent to reverse the opioid agonist effects of opioid anesthesia or in opioid overdose. Nalmefene has many similarities with naltrexone, but also some differences. The molecules are similar in structure, in that naltrexone has a ketone group at the sixth carbon, whereas nalmefene has a methylene group (Figure 1). Although nalmefene has a longer pharmacokinetic half-life than
A Compton Telescope for Remote Location and Identification of Radioactive Material

The spare detectors from NASA's Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory COMPTEL instrument have been reconfigured to demonstrate the capability at ground level to remotely locate and identify sources of gamma radiation. The Gamma-Ray Experimental Telescope Assembly (GRETA) employs two 28 cm diameter scintillation detectors separated by 81 cm: one 8.5 cm thick liquid scintillator detector and one 7.5 cm thick Nal(Tl) detector. The assembly electronics and real-time data acquisition system measures the energy deposits and time-of-flight for each coincident detection and compiles histograms of total energy and incident angle as computed using the kinematics of Compton scattering. GRETA's field of view is a cone with full angle approximately 120deg. The sensitive energy range is 0.3 to 2.6 MeV. Energy resolution is ~10% FWHM. The angular resolution, ~15deg in the simplified configuration tested, will improve to better than 5deg with well-defined enhancements to the data acquisition hardware and data analysis routines. We conducted a series of laboratory demonstrations to characterize the performance of the GRETA detector. Following detector characterization, we demonstrate GRETA 's ability to locate and identify an unknown source and position within its field of view. In this scenario, the location and isotope-identifying energy spectrum of an 800 muCi137 Cs source 10 meters from the instrument with two intervening walls was determined in less than one minute. We will present further details of the instrument design and the measurements.
Accurately predicting the cutoff wavelength of cabled single-mode fiber

A less conservative and more accurate prediction of the cabled-fiber cutoff wavelength was achieved by considering cabling-induced curvature effects (macrobend). Maximum cutoff wavelength shifts of 22 nm (depressed) and 50 nm (matched) were observed for common loose tube cable designs. A comparison between the simulated and measured cable cutoff wavelength (FOTP-170) shows good correlation. >
Set theoretic naturalism

My aim in this paper is to propose what seems to me a distinctive approach to set theoretic methodology. By ‘methodology’ I mean the study of the actual methods used by practitioners, the study of how these methods might be justified or reformed or extended. So, for example, when the intuitionist's philosophical analysis recommends a wholesale revision of the methods of proof used in classical mathematics, this is a piece of reformist methodology. In contrast with the intuitionist, I will focus more narrowly on the methods of contemporary set theory, and, more importantly, I will certainly recommend no sweeping reforms. Rather, I begin from the assumption that the methodologist's job is to account for set theory as it is practiced, not as some philosophy would have it be. This credo lies at the very heart of the so-called ‘naturalism’ to be described here.A philosopher looking at set theoretic practice from the outside, so to speak, might notice any number of interesting methodological questions, beginning with the intuitionist's ‘why use classical logic?’, but this sort of question is not a live issue for most practicing set theorists. One central question on which the philosopher's and the practitioner's interests converge is this: what is the status of independent statements like the continuum hypothesis (CH)? A number of large questions arise in its wake: what criteria should guide the search for new axioms? For that matter, what reasons support our adoption of the old axioms?
Cold induction of Arabidopsis CBF genes involves multiple ICE (inducer of CBF expression) promoter elements and a cold-regulatory circuit that is desensitized by low temperature.

The Arabidopsis CBF1, 2, and 3 genes (also known as DREB1b, c, and a, respectively) encode transcriptional activators that have a central role in cold tolerance. CBF1-3 are rapidly induced upon exposing plants to low temperature, followed by expression of CBF-targeted genes, the CBF regulon, resulting in an increase in plant freezing tolerance. At present, little is known about the cold-sensing mechanism that controls CBF expression. Results presented here indicate that this mechanism does not require a cold shock to bring about the accumulation of CBF transcripts, but instead, absolute temperature is monitored with a greater degree of input, i.e. lower temperature, resulting in a greater output, i.e. higher levels of CBF transcripts. Temperature-shift experiments also indicate that the cold-sensing mechanism becomes desensitized to a given low temperature, such as 4°C, and that resensitization to that temperature requires between 8 and 24 h at warm temperature. Gene fusion experiments identified a 125-bp section of the CBF2 promoter that is sufficient to impart cold-responsive gene expression. Mutational analysis of this cold-responsive region identified two promoter segments that work in concert to impart robust cold-regulated gene expression. These sequences, designated ICEr1 and ICEr2 (induction of CBF expression region 1 or 2), were also shown to stimulate transcription in response to mechanical agitation and the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.
Lagrangian quadratic programming approach for linear model predictive control

A Lagrangian approach to the solution of the quadratic programming problem resulting from the open-loop, optimal control law for linear model predictive control is presented. The Lagrangian is formed from the quadratic objective function, linear model, and constraint equations. By substituting the relationships determined from implicit differentiation of the model equations, the Lagrange multipliers for each of the linear model equality constraints are eliminated from the linear system obtained from partial differentiation of the Lagrangian. This technique results in a reduction in the dimension of the resulting linear system that must be solved.
An Analysis of the Reading Strategies Used by Adult and Student Deaf Readers

The purpose of this study was to identify and examine effective reading strategies used by adult deaf readers compared with student deaf readers. There were a total of 11 participants: 5 deaf adults ranging from 27 to 36 years and 6 deaf students ranging from 16 to 20 years. Assessment methods included interview and think-aloud procedures in which individuals were interrupted 3 times during the reading of a text to answer questions about their internal cognitive processes. It was found that both student and adult groups had highly skilled readers who demonstrated higher level reading strategies and less skilled readers who demonstrated lower level strategies, and only the highest skilled reader demonstrated both breadth and depth of strategies in all three categories: "constructing meaning," "monitoring and improving comprehension," and "evaluating comprehension." The study contributes evidence toward two identified gaps in the existing body of research: (a) the lack of investigation into the reading strategies utilized by deaf readers in text comprehension and (b) the overemphasis of most research on studying less skilled deaf readers while overlooking highly proficient deaf readers.
Bacillus thuringiensis Resistance Influences European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larval Behavior After Exposure to Cry1Ab

The behavior of pests targeted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops has been recognized as an important factor to define resistance management plans. However, most data do not include the possible impact resistance may have on the behavior of pests. To examine whether resistance influences behavior of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), neonates after exposure to dietary Bt, the responses of Cry1Ab-resistant, -susceptible, and hybrid (F1) lines from two populations were compared in laboratory tests by using artificial diet mixed with 10–50% Cry1Ab or non-Bt isoline corn, Zea mays L., tissue. In no-choice tests, resistant (and usually hybrid) lines were less likely to be irritated (i.e., to move away after physical contact with diet containing Cry1Ab) than susceptible larvae after exposure to diets containing 10–50% Cry1Ab leaf tissue. Early in the no-choice tests (8 h), neonate O. nubilalis also were more likely to move off of diets that contained 10% non-Bt tissue compared with diets with 25 or 50% non-Bt tissue. In agreement with results from no-choice tests, choice tests with 10 or 25% tissue indicated that resistant (and sometimes hybrid) larvae were more likely than susceptible neonates to be found on diet with Cry1Ab. For choice tests, differences among lines seemed dependent on the amount of Cry1Ab tissue incorporated into diets. Results suggest differences in behavior are a result of reduced physiological susceptibility to Cry1Ab and are not an independent behavioral component to resistance.
PSYCHIATRIC INTERVENTIONS IN THE MEDICALLY ILL Outcome and Effectiveness Research

This article reviews the current status and emerging trends of outcome data from research studies of psychiatric and psychosocial interventions for mental disorders in patients in the general medical sector. Although data from such studies have had limited success to date in influencing health policy, legislators and administrators are increasingly likely to turn to outcome data to inform their decisions. The impact of psychiatric disorders, the recognition and treatment or referral of psychiatric-disordered patients by general medical practitioners, and the outcome results of psychiatric intervention programs are examined for both the inpatient and outpatient general medical sectors.