cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Stability of the Boundary-Layer Flow of a Liquid over a Curved Surface

THE STABILITY of the isothermal laminar boundary layer over curved surfaces was first considered by Gortler. He found tha t , for concave curvature, instability occurs with respect to a class of threedimensional disturbances corresponding to vortices with axes parallel to the principal flow direction. He also obtained the impor tant result t ha t this type of instability, in contrast to t ha t for the two-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves, is relatively insensitive to the shape of the basic velocity profile—i.e., to freestream pressure gradient—when the relevant parameters are expressed in terms of boundary-layer momentum thickness. Later work on the same problem by other authors" has been concerned mainly with the procedure for solving the eigenvalue problem. In the present investigation the theory is extended to the case of a heated or cooled wall. For simplicity, the results are restricted to liquids, so t h a t viscous dissipation and variations in density can be neglected. Detailed numerical calculations for the boundarylayer flow of water over a curved wall show that , just as for pressure gradient, the influence of heating and cooling is also small, a t least for liquids, in spite
Family and Labor Market Policies in Germany: The Well-Being of Working Women

In Germany, women’s participation in the labor market has historically differed from that of men. Despite recent efforts on the part of the federal government to support policies that encourage labor force participation for women, large gender gaps in employment remain. This chapter explores the way historical and cultural trends have led to the differences in labor market status for women in Germany and discusses recent policies that have influenced women’s participation in the labor market. The German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) is used to examine the trends in women’s labor force participation in relationship to their well-being. Different measures of global satisfaction including: life, work, child care, and health are examined. Results show that women have become much more likely to participate in the labor market, but also reveal that these effects are not the same for all women. Rather, policies that have encouraged labor market participation have differed between women who have experienced more privilege within the labor market compared to those who are less privileged. Implications for women’s labor market connection and well-being is discussed.
Getting the Most from Your Interactive Whiteboard Investment: Three Guiding Principles for Designing Effective Professional Development.

Abstract The adoption of interactive whiteboards (IWB) in many schools outpaced the delivery of adequate professional development on their use. Many teachers receive IWBs without adequate training on methods to use the technology to improve their instruction. Consequently, IWBs remain an underutilized resource in many classrooms. Teachers who are given IWBs require purposeful, scaffolded, and sustained professional development to maximize the IWB's potential. This article identifies three promising professional development practices for teaching educators how to use IWBs effectively. The literature describing effective technology professional development suggests it should (1) build efficacy by scaffolding the instruction of new tasks, (2) establish long-term collaborative partnerships among teachers, and (3) include positive supervision that encourages teacher self-reflection and measures student engagement with digital media using the IWB. Professional-development designers can increase the effectivenes...
On the relation between the fracture statistics of volume distributed and surface distributed cracks

A weakest link theory for failure of brittle materials containing randomly oriented cracks uniformly distributed throughout the volume is compared with an analogous theory for surface distributed cracks. In the latter theory all crack planes are assumed to be normal to the surface in which they are located. In both theories failure is assumed to occur when the component of stress normal to a crack plane exceeds the strength of the crack.
Growth factor production by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cell lines.

Abstract Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a progressive dementia of humans, is caused by an infectious agent that is closely related to the scrapie agent of sheep. Although the molecular nature of these "unconventional" agents is still a matter of speculation and controversy, even less is known concerning the mechanism(s) of their effects on the central nervous system. To gain insight into the cellular effects of these agents, we have examined a series of cell lines derived directly from CJD-infected hamster brain or produced from nontransformed rodent lines by exposure to CJD infectious fractions in vitro. These cell lines appear transformed by a variety of criteria and secrete growth factors into the culture medium. All CJD lines produce a factor that is like alpha-transforming growth factor (alpha-TGF). Conditioned medium from these CJD lines also stimulates the synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein in normal astrocytic cells in vitro. This effect is mimicked by purified alpha-TGF and platelet-derived growth factors. Further study of CJD-induced growth factor production may elucidate fundamental properties of these unconventional agents.
Advanced Nursing Practice in Rural Areas: Connectedness versus Disconnectedness

Scarcity of health care providers leads to reduced access to health care for rural residents. Better understanding of constraints confronting nurses in rural practice is needed. Our program prepares Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) to work in rural areas. Using interpretive phenomenology we studied program terminal outcomes as practiced by our APN graduates. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with graduates who had been in practice for at least one year. This paper describes one theme – rural connectedness versus disconnectedness– that was uncovered in the larger study. Elements leading to rural connectedness included development of support networks, relationships with urban health care centers, connections with local communities, and support through electronic means. Rural disconnectedness resulted from lack of relationships with other health care providers, lack of mentors and support staff, and the absence of electronic support. Implications for education for rural advanced practice are discussed.
What Role Does it Play in Patient Safety

Many nurses today are likely to be caring for a culturally diverse group of patients. Professional nursing practice must adapt to the changing values and beliefs of the population it serves (American Nurses Association, 2003), and as part of that commitment, nurses are required to assure that all patients are safe, regardless of their cultural background. Language variations and other unknown barriers can put some patients at risk for having a negative health care experience. The purpose of this article is to promote achievement of safe and quality outcomes of care for all populations.
A 45 bp inverted repeat is required for cell cycle regulation of the Escherichia coli nrd operon

Expression of beta-galactosidase from a nrd-lacZ fusion was used to determine the role in nrd regulation of an inverted sequence upstream of the promoter. Removal or replacement of a 45bp inverted repeat with an altered sequence including a 48bp perfect inverted repeat resulted in a mutant phenotype that was low in nrd expression in an exponentially growing culture and that did not increase during DNA synthesis inhibition. Changing the 22 bp in the upstream half of the inverted repeat resulted in the same phenotype, whereas changing the 22 bp in the downstream half of the inverted repeat decreased nrd expression to a lesser extent in an exponentially growing culture and had only a smaller effect on nrd expression during DNA synthesis inhibition. As other mutants with the phenotype of the upstream inverted repeat mutant were found to lack cell cycle regulation, expression of nrd-lac mRNA produced from a plasmid with this mutation in the nrd-lacZ fusion gene was compared with nrd mRNA produced from the chromosomal nrd gene in a synchronized culture. The results indicated that the upstream half of the nrd inverted repeat contains a cis-acting element essential for nrd cell cycle regulation.
Evidence for long-range glycosyl transfer reactions in the gas phase

A long-range glycosyl transfer reaction was observed in the collision-induced dissociation Fourier transform (CID FT) mass spectra of benzylamine-labeled and 9-aminofluorene-labeled lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I) and lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH I). The transfer reaction was observed for the protonated molecules but not for the sodiated molecules. The long-range glycosyl transfer reaction involved preferentially one of the two L-fucose units in labeled LNDFH I. CID experiments with labeled LNFP I and labeled LNFP II determined the fucose with the greatest propensity for migration. Further experiments were performed to determine the final destination of the migrating fucose. Molecular modeling supported the experiments and reaction mechanisms are proposed.
Power processor fed induction motor for simulation of internal combustion engine

A high performance electric drive system was developed to simulate the operating characteristics of automotive internal combust1on eng1nes. The torque-speed profiles of various types of automotive engines are stored on a printed circu1t card, thus allowing a particular engine to be selected simply by pushing a button. Th1s system has been used for both production testing and engineering analysis of automatic transmissions. The method of generating the torque-speed curves and the basic feedback control system are described.
Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury of Skeletal Muscle: Mechanisms, Morphology, Treatment Strategies, and Clinical Applications

Background: Any surgical manoeuvre that involves cessation of blood supply to an organ with subsequent re-establishment of blood flow can result in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The consequences of such injury are local and remote tissue destruction.
Rapid versus standard testing for prenatal HIV screening in a predominantly Hispanic population.

Rapid versus standard testing for prenatal HIV screening in a predominantly Hispanic population
CITY MANAGEMENT AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

Abstract Cities are complex and dynamic entities. They are also nodes in spatial economic, social and political geographical networks. They are focal points for many of the concerns that underlay current debates about sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to focus on the local environmental effects of urbanization and to consider ways in which they may be effectively treated within the confines of an isolated city context and more generally when urban areas are seen as part of a wider economic system. Particular attention is focused on information systems of all types and on feedback mechanisms (including automatic mechanisms) which help, in particular, the integration of economic and environmental considerations at the urban level. The underlying question being posed is that of deciding on the role that urban indicators (both economic and environmental) can play in assisting to improve the management of cities. The points made are general and conceptual rather than being of a quantitative and empirical nature. There is no effort to try and provide comment on the existing indicators which various urban actors use in their efforts to manage urban affairs.
Symmetric functions, generalized blocks, and permutations with restricted cycle structure

We present various techniques to count proportions of permutations with restricted cycle structure in finite permutation groups. For example, we show how a generalized block theory for symmetric groups, developed by Kulshammer, Olsson, and Robinson, can be used for such calculations. The paper includes improvements of recurrence relations of Glasby, results on average numbers of fixed points in certain permutations, and a remark on a conjecture of Robinson related to the so-called k(GV)-problem of representation theory. We extend and give alternative proofs for previous results of Erdos and Turan; Glasby; and Beals, Leedham-Green, Niemeyer, Praeger and Seress.
Energy-weighted sum rules, y-scaling and duality

The phenomena of scaling and Bloom-Gilman duality are examined in the context of simple nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum-mechanical models. These models are shown to scale and to show the qualitative features of Bloom-Gilman duality. This suggests that these phenomena do not necessarily require the properties of QCD.
Five-Year Postoperative Results of First 500 Patients with Blalock-Taussig Anastomosis for Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia

The evaluation of surgical corrective procedures depends to an important degree on the long-term benefits derived from the operation. Three hundred and eighty-nine of the first 500 patients with a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis for pulmonary stenosis or atresia survived 6 months or longer. Detailed information is now available on 244 of these patients, who were originally improved by operation and who have been followed for 5 years or longer. The results obtained on patients with tetralogy of Fallot are compared with those with other malformations. The alteration of the size of the heart over a period of years has been studied. A comparison between the preoperative and postoperative hemograms and arterial oxygen saturations is presented. The optimum age for operation, the causes of late deaths, and the incidence of bacterial endocarditis are discussed.
Time-dependent resonance-fluorescence spectrum of two-level atoms: Sensitivity to the functional form of the strong laser pumping fields.

The responses of the time-dependent resonance fluorescence spectra of two-level atoms in the presence of (a) strong cw laser fields and (b) short pulsed laser fields to functional disturbances in these fields have been studied by the use of functional-sensitivity-analysis techniques. For the cw case, the transient and steady-state response regions are explored separately. It is found that the response to the field disturbance occurring during the earlier transient period is most prominent at the positions of the well-known three peaks of the corresponding spectrum. In contrast, the response to a disturbance taking place in or near the steady-state region tends to increase the separation between the peaks and lower the intensity of the line center, in exact agreement with the direct calculation of the perturbed spectrum. For the pulsed case, the response to the disturbance is most visible at the line center and at the accompanying multiple peaks caused by the population oscillation of the upper atomic level. The response strongly depends on the magnitude of the pulse area, thus giving rise to distinct asymptotic behavior for (2n+1)\ensuremath{\pi} and 2n\ensuremath{\pi} pulses. As the pulse area becomes large enough to cause significant population oscillation of the upper atomic level, the response of the spectrum shows a resemblance to that of the cw case.
Managing demand and supply uncertainties to achieve mass customization ability

Purpose – Managing demand and supply uncertainties is critical for all manufacturers, but it has added importance for companies that intend to achieve mass customization (MC) ability because these uncertainties are an intrinsic characteristic of MC. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how managing uncertainties in a firm's demand and supply affects its MC ability.Design/methodology/approach – Regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are conducted on data collected from 189 manufacturing plants to empirically test two hypotheses.Findings – Both demand and supply uncertainty management have a positive impact on a company's MC ability. However, managing either demand or supply uncertainties independently of the other is not enough to achieve MC ability; instead, a company needs to concurrently manage both demand and supply uncertainties to achieve MC ability.Originality/value – The current literature lacks a sound theoretical basis to link demand and supply uncertainty management with MC ...
Gene expression analysis in the ventral prostate of rats exposed to vinclozolin or procymidone.

Abstract Vinclozolin and procymidone are antiandrogens that are thought to share a common androgen receptor (AR) mediated mechanism of action. This assessment is based primarily on morphological, AR binding, and in vitro transcriptional activation studies. Studies designed to evaluate the gene expression profiles induced by these compounds have the potential to provide further information to test this hypothesis. We have used targeted gene arrays to examine gene expression in the ventral prostate (VP) of 100-day old Sprague Dawley male rats exposed to either vinclozolin or procymidone. Animals were castrated and administered silastic implants with or without testosterone. A subset of testosterone treated animals was then dosed with 200 mg/kg of either fungicide in corn oil. Four treatment groups were used: castrated (C), testosterone (T), testosterone + vinclozolin (V), and testosterone + procymidone (P). Tissue from the VP was collected from six animals per group (3 animals per block × 2 blocks) at 20 h and at 4 days after the start of treatment. Total RNA was then isolated and gene expression analyzed using Clontech Atlas Rat 1.2 Toxicology arrays. When compared to group T, similar changes in gene expression were observed in groups C, P and V at both the 20 h and 4 day time points. After 20 h of treatment, 20 genes were similarly affected across these three treatment groups. Down-regulated genes included various molecular chaperones, the 11-kDa diazepam binding inhibitor, cyclin D1, and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Genes such as the androgen receptor, PTEN, and ERK2 were up-regulated. Three of the down-regulated genes, GRP78 (BiP), Dad1, and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase have been previously shown to be directly androgen regulated. Fifty-four genes were affected at 20 h, whereas, 311 genes were altered 4 days after the start of treatment. These observations, in part, may reflect regression of the VP at the later time point. These results support the hypothesis that procymidone and vinclozolin share a common mechanism or mode of action, a critical step in a cumulative risk assessment.
Providing care for underserved patients: periodontists' and periodontal residents' educational experiences, attitudes, and behaviors.

Background: Patients with special health care needs (SHCNs) and patients from underrepresented minority and/or low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have problems accessing oral health care services. The objectives of this study are: 1) to explore how well the dental education of periodontists prepared them to treat these underserved patients, 2) to assess related professional attitudes and confidence when treating these patients as well as professional behaviors, and 3) whether educational experiences are related with attitudes, confidence, and behaviors in this context.Methods: Survey data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 291 members of the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and 64 periodontal residents.Results: Overall, large percentages of residents agreed that their predoctoral and graduate dental educations had prepared them well to treat patients with special needs (predoctoral education: 58%; clinical graduate education: 45%; and classroom-based graduate education...
Investigation of time-varying internal model based control for camless engine valve actuation

This research focuses on the tracking control design for a camless engine valve actuator during engine speed transients. The cyclic but aperiodic valve reference signal to be tracked can be modeled using two different methods, i.e., as a combination of frequency varying sinusoids in the time domain or as a repetitive (periodic) signal in the rotational angle domain. The recently developed time-varying internal model based controller is ideally suited for both the approaches. Investigation of the continuous time and discrete domain implementations uncovers some unique characteristics resulting from the time-varying nature of the system which favor working in the discrete domain. A quantitative analysis comparing various performance metrics for the different approaches of modeling the reference signal helps highlight the relative advantages of each method. Finally, experimental results from a prototype camless engine valve actuation system help validate the overall effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Natural killing and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity in specific‐pathogen‐free miniature swine and germ‐free piglets. II. Ontogenic development of NK and ADCC

The ontogenic development of natural killing (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in germ-free and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) miniature swine were compared. Activities of NK and ADCC were tested by a short-term (2.5 to 4 h) 51Cr-labelled human myeloid cell line K562 and TNP-conjugated human B-cell line SB as target cells for NK and ADCC, respectively. Animals obtained by aseptic hysterectomy 3–5 days prior to term showed ADCC activities similar to adult levels but lacked NK activity. Hysterectomy-derived piglets which were colostrum-deprived and maintained in germ-free isolators developed NK activity at 3–4 weeks of age. In comparison, naturally-farrowed, colostrum-fed piglets maintained in our SPF facility developed NK activity at 2–3 weeks of age. Thereafter, there was no significant difference in the levels of either NK or ADCC between germ-free and SPF animals. This suggests that microbial flora and environment do not affect the development of effector cells for ADCC but do play some role in the maturation of NK cells during ontogeny. The differences in ontogeny of NK and ADCC further support our previous suggestion that the effector cells for NK and ADCC in swine are distinct subpopulations.
Neuronal dopamine transporter activity, density and methamphetamine inhibition are differentially altered in the nucleus accumbens and striatum with no changes in glycosylation in rats behaviorally sensitized to methamphetamine

Animals sensitized to methamphetamine (METH) have altered dopaminergic systems, including dopamine transporter (DAT) activity. We investigated the effects induced by a sensitizing dose (5 mg/kg, i.p. per day for 5 days) of METH on rat behavior, DA transport by the DAT, DAT density, and inhibition of DA transport by METH in both the nucleus accumbens and striatum. We further investigated possible changes to glycosylation of the DAT after METH sensitization. The dosing paradigm caused an increased stereotyped response in rats treated with METH compared with saline controls. In animals treated with METH, DA transport velocities were increased by 6.4% in the nucleus accumbens and decreased by 21% in the striatum. Western blots demonstrated that DAT density was unchanged in the nucleus accumbens of METH-treated animals, but striatal DAT density was decreased by 20%. Further studies investigating METH inhibition of DA transport found that in the nucleus accumbens of METH-treated animals, the IC50 was shifted to a larger value (from 0.81 to 1.45 μM). In the striatum, the IC50 was decreased by 19% (from 1.00 to 0.81 μM) in METH-treated animals. Studies using glycosidase treatments and Western blots revealed that glycosylation was effectively removed by N-glycanase and neuraminidase, but not O-glycosidase or α-mannosidase. These studies also suggest that glycosylation was not altered in METH-treated animals. This study demonstrates that in animals sensitized to METH, the DAT is differentially regulated in different areas of the brain important for drug abuse, and that DA transport changes induced by METH are not due to DAT density, but to changes in the kinetics of the DAT. Additionally, this study suggests that glycosylation may not play a role in DAT activity changes after METH exposure. Synapse 62:736–745, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrospinning hollow and core/sheath nanofibers using hydrodynamic fluid focusing

Hollow poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) + TiO2 and polypyrrole (core)/PVP (sheath) nanofibers were successfully electrospun using hydrodynamic fluid focusing. Utilizing a two-dimensional fluid focusing technique previously applied to aqueous solutions, intersecting microchannels cast in (poly)dimethylsiloxane were utilized to dynamically center core fluids in immiscible sheath fluids prior to electrospinning at the channel outlet. Advantages of using microfluidic channel networks for the electrospinning of composite nanofibers include spatiotemporal control over input reagents, ease of fabrication and the ability to focus the core stream into sheath layer without the need of complex co-annular nozzles.
Cost Analysis of a Distance Education MSW Program.

The use of technology to facilitate education and the provision of an entire higher education degree has exploded in the last two decades. Social work educators have been a part of that trend and have started to utilize distance education (DE) technologies. There is a growing literature regarding the efficacy of DE instruction in social work, and scholars are actively developing best practices. However, there is little research in general to support the cost of DE, no cost studies in social work, and none comparing costs of DE delivery to costs associated with a face-to-face program. This study hopes to fill this gap by providing an analysis of the direct costs of an MSW DE program in comparison to similar costs of a face-to-face program.
Hierarchical longitudinal models of relationships in social networks

Motivated by the need to understand the dynamics of relationship formation and dissolution over time in real-world social networks we develop a new longitudinal model for transitions in the relationship status of pairs of individuals ("dyads"). We first specify a model for the relationship status of a single dyad and then extend it to account for important inter-dyad dependencies (e.g., transitivity - "a friend of a friend is a friend") and heterogeneity. Model parameters are estimated using Bayesian analysis implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo. We use the model to perform novel analyses of two diverse longitudinal friendship networks: an excerpt of the Teenage Friends and Lifestyle Study (a moderately sized network) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (a large network).
Nuclear Science and the New Standard Model

Abstract I discuss future opportunities in nuclear physics for discovering key ingredients in the new standard model of fundamental interactions. I focus in particular on searches for neutrinoless double beta decay and permanent electric dipole moments and their implications for the nature of the neutrino, the possible violation of lepton number and CP conservation, and the origin of baryonic matter.
Downsizing US Department of Energy facilities: evaluating alternatives for the region surrounding the Savannah River nuclear weapons site region

Abstract The economic impacts of reduced spending by the US Department of Energy (DOE) are estimated for the period 2000–2035 for the region surrounding the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site in South Carolina and for the states of South Carolina and Georgia. The detrimental economic impact, which reaches more than 20% of jobs, and personal income in the multi-county area immediately surrounding the site, can be reduced by on- and off-site investments. The impacts of building an accelerator to produce tritium and to destroy extremely dangerous nuclear wastes, and of investing in the region’s educational system and infrastructure are explored as illustrations. The findings imply a need for considerable thought about what kinds of investments should be made in the region by an interdepartmental group of federal, state and local officials and other local leaders rather than relying solely on the DOE.
Adult weight change and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer

Overweight and obesity are inversely related to the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. We assessed the association between adult weight change since age 18 years with the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women to explore whether weight gain was associated with a decrease in risk and weight loss was associated with an increase in risk. A total of 56,223 premenopausal participants in the Nurses' Health Study and 109,385 premenopausal participants in the Nurses' Health Study II were prospectively followed for up to 32 years and 18 years, respectively, and weight change since age 18 years was assessed biennially. The incidence of invasive breast cancer was assessed throughout follow-up. Weight loss of 5 kg or more since age 18, maintained for at least 4 years, was related to lower incidence of premenopausal breast cancer, compared to maintaining a stable weight, but this relation was of borderline statistical significance (covariate-adjusted HR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.52-1.09). Weight gain since age 18 years was also inversely related to breast cancer incidence among premenopausal women (covariate-adjusted p for trend = 0.01), but the association weakened after controlling for weight at age 18 and did not reach statistical significance (p for trend = 0.08). Although obesity and breast cancer among premenopausal women are inversely related, weight loss since age 18 years did not increase and weight gain did not significantly decrease the risk of premenopausal breast cancer among participants in the large prospective cohorts of NHS and NHS II.
Emulsification Of Eutectic Salt Mixtures In Fluid Vehicles

High-internal-phase-volume emulsions of 75 volt 3/18/79 potassium iodide/sodium iodide/ urea model eutectic salt mixture in 83.5/16.5 Sartomer R-45HT hydroxy-terminated polybutadi-ene/Nujol mineral oil binder mixture were prepared at 60°C using water-in-oil emulsifiers and cured with isophorone diisocyanate or Desmodur N-100. The Nujol mineral oil enhanced the emulsification with a negligible reduction in the tensile properties of the cured elastomer. The average emulsion droplet sizes were ca. 200 nm initially, but increased slowly during curing to 500-1000 nm. The coalescence of the emulsion droplets followed the second-order dependence predicted by the von Smoluchowski diffusion-controlled flocculation; the rate constants were 1.05x10-18 and 9.58x10-18 cc/droplet-sec for dirnethyldioctadecylammonium bromide and Span 85 sorbitan trioleate, respectively. The isophorone diisocyanate reacted with emulsifiers containing primary hydroxyl or amine groups, to give unstable emulsions or no emulsions at all. Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide with no primary hydroxyl or amine groups, however, did not react with isocyanates and gave stable emulsions. The reaction of the R-45HT hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene with isophorone diisocyanate followed the expec-ted second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 3.42x10-4 liters/mole-sec at 60°C. The tensile properties of the cured elastomers and emulsions generally increased with increasing NCO/OH ratio up to 1.6/1.0. With increasing volume fraction of dispersed phase, the maximum stress (tensile strength) decreased, the maximum strain (percent elongation) increased, and the initial modulus (tensile modulus) decreased, in contrast to the behavior of conventional filled polymer systems; however, the maximum stresses were in accord with theoretical values for a filled polymer in which the filler particles bear no load, the initial moduli were in accord with the predictions of an isostrain model, and the maximum strain increased with in-creasing volume fraction of dispersed phase; these unusual variations, which were attributed to the liquid nature of the emulsion droplets, were used to estimate the elastomer proper-ties required to give the desired properties: 60-100 psi maximum stress, 80-150% maximum strain, and 500-2000 psi initial modulus for an 88/12 eutectic salt/crosslinked polybutadi-ene composite containing 20% aluminum particles. The addition of 20% aluminum particles gave a modest improvement in tensile properties, and the addition of 2.5% or 3.5% submicroscopic carbon black particles gave a greater improvement; however, the tensile properties were still slightly short of the desired properties.
Comparative concentrations of selected trace metals in human and marmoset saliva

Abstract Fasting stimulated human and marmoset whole saliva has been analyzed for 14 different tracemetals. The assays were performed on samples collected from 30 human adults by paraffin and pilocarpine stimulation and from 30 adult cotton-top marmosets ( Saguinus oedipus ) by pilocarpine and mecholyl stimulation. Test trace-metal partitions in each specimen were determined simultaneously by emission spectrometry and both interspecies and intraspecies comparisons made. The mean number of detectable test trace metals increased in ascending order from human-paraffin through human-pilocarpine, marmoset-pilocarpine and marmoset-mecholyl induced salivas. Marmoset saliva contained significantly higher mean concentrations of all but 2 of the trace minerals than human saliva when pilocarpine was used as a common sialogogue. Iron was the only trace element found in every sample of human and marmoset saliva. The findings indicate that the trace metal composition of both human and marmoset saliva is influenced, in part, by the nature and the intensity of the agent used to provoke secretion.
Microstructure Sensitive Design for Performance Optimization

Abstract The accelerating rate at which new materials are appearing, and transforming the engineering world, only serves to emphasize the vast potential for novel material structure, and related performance. Microstructure-sensitive design (MSD) aims at providing inverse design methodologies that facilitate design of material internal structure for performance optimization. Spectral methods are applied across the structure, property and processing design spaces in order to compress the computational requirements for linkages between the spaces and enable inverse design. Research has focused mainly on anisotropic, polycrystalline materials, where control of local crystal orientation can result in a broad range of property combinations. This review presents the MSD framework in the context of both the engineering advances that have led to its creation, and those that complement or provide alternative methods for design of materials (meaning ‘optimization of material structure’ in this context). A variety of definitions for the structure of materials are presented, with an emphasis on correlation functions; and spectral methods are introduced for compact descriptions and efficient computations. The microstructure hull is defined as the design space for structure in the spectral framework. Reconstruction methods provide invertible links between statistical descriptions of structure, and deterministic instantiations. Subsequently, structure–property relations are reviewed, and again subjected to representation via spectral methods. The concept of a property closure is introduced as the design space for performance optimization, and methods for moving between the closures and hulls are presented as the basis for the subsequent discussion on microstructure design. Finally, the spectral framework is applied to deformation processes, and methodologies that facilitate process design are reviewed.
The Mutual-Aid Co-operatives and the Animal Products Trade in Mongolia, 1913-1928

From the first decade of Mongolian independence after 1911, nationalist publicists and officials denounced the dominance of foreign merchants and capital in the Mongolian economy. Officials and historians declared co-operatives to be the road for simultaneous improving the peoples' living standards and also strengthening national independence. Yet examination of statistics and the vigorous debates at the early party congresses and Great Khural meetings from 1924 to 1927 shows that the co-operatives were neither effective in their mandate nor popular with the herders they were intended to help. From the beginning, the co-operatives appear to have answered the needs of the new state more than those of the herding populace.
Forward Compton Scattering from Hydrogen and Deuterium at 8 and 16 GeV.

Compton-scattering cross sections from hydrogen ($\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}p$) and from deuterium have been measured at four-momentum transfer $t$ in the range $0.014l~\ensuremath{-}tl~0.17$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and photon energies of 8 and 16 GeV. Fits to our proton data of the form $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}={\mathrm{Ae}}^{\mathrm{Bt}}$ give $B\ensuremath{\approx}7.8$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and an intercept $A$ which is in agreement with the optical point. Both coherent scattering from deuterons and incoherent scattering from neutrons and protons are seen from deuterium. A small difference between the neutron and proton cross sections is seen, indicating the presence of about a 3% isovector $t$-channel exchange amplitude in addition to the predominant isoscalar amplitude. The vector-dominance model predicts lower cross sections (by at least 20%) for both the hydrogen and deuterium cases.
Topiramate reduces the harm of excessive drinking: implications for public health and primary care.

Aims Having demonstrated previously the efficacy of topiramate—a sulfamate-substituted fructopyranose derivative—as pharmacotherapy for treating alcohol dependence, promoting abstinence and reducing the harmful psychosocial consequences of drinking, we investigated whether topiramate also promoted ‘safe’ levels of drinking: ≤ 1 and ≤ 2 standard drinks/day for women and men, respectively, among alcohol-dependent individuals. Design, setting and participants In a double-blind, randomized, controlled, 12-week clinical trial conducted in San Antonio, Texas, 75 alcohol-dependent adults received topiramate and 75 received placebo as an adjunct to weekly standardized medication compliance management. Measurements For this secondary analysis of data from that trial, we calculated, based on self-reports, specific intervals of up to 30 days of continuous ‘safe’ drinking for each subject. Findings The average longest ‘safe’ drinking period was 16.7 days for topiramate recipients versus 8.9 days for placebo recipients. By day 50 of treatment, 44% versus 26.4% had achieved ≥ 7 and 30.8% versus 10% had achieved ≥ 14 continuous ‘safe’ drinking days. Similarly, topiramate increased the relative likelihood of continuous ‘safe’ drinking from 77% for ≥ 7 days [relative risk (RR) for achieving continuous ‘safe’ drinking = 1.77] to threefold for ≥ 14 days (RR = 3.37) and fourfold for ≥ 28 days (RR = 4.07). Thus, participants who received topiramate were more likely to achieve longer periods of ‘safe’ drinking compared with those who received placebo. Conclusions For alcohol-dependent individuals who drank within an abstinence-oriented treatment program, topiramate promoted ‘safe’ drinking. Topiramate’s potential to decrease the public health consequences of hazardous drinking needs to be established in future long-term studies.
« Étude diachronique du /ɔ/ devant R et L en français cadien dans le parler de quatre générations de femmes cadiennes »

Dans cet article, nous examinons la variation phonetique du son hl devant R et L en francais cadien dans le parler de femmes nees entre 1890 et 1949 et originaires de quatre paroisses dans le sud de la Louisiane. Construit a partir de deux bases de donnees, notre echantillon comporte 29 locutrices cadiennes reparties sur quatre generations. Nous discuterons des sources latines de la variation phonetique, de l'evolution diachronique de la variable en France jusqu'au 20e siecle, et de son emploi en Acadie, au Canada. Nous presenterons ensuite l'usage intergenerationnel des deux variantes [O] et [o] par les locutrices cadiennes. Les ainees et les cadettes semblent instaurer un changement linguistique compare aux generations precedentes, qui font un usage variable mais stable des deux variantes. Puisque l'hypothese d'un changement linguistique en cours ne nous satisfait point, nous examinons la variation stylistique dans deux entrevues differentes.
Evidence for Shock Precursors in Tycho's Supernova Remnant

We report optical spectroscopy and imaging of Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR) which suggest that two different precursors are associated with the blast wave. In long-slit spectra of the eastern rim, we find diffuse Hα emission extending 1' ahead of Knot g, a bright nonradiative shock propagating at velocity ~2000 km s-1. In addition to the hydrogen lines, the diffuse spectrum also exhibits [S II] λλ6716, 6731; [N II] λ6583; and weak [O III] λ5007 emission. Narrowband imagery of Tycho's SNR shows that the diffuse emission extends ahead of most of the Balmer-dominated optical filaments and drops sharply in the remnant interior, suggesting that the diffuse gas is overrun by the supernova shock. The line ratios of the diffuse gas are compared with predictions from a simple He II λ304 photoionization precursor model. The models predict that the radiative transfer of He II λ304 photons in the precursor produces spatially distinct ionization layers of H0, He0-He+, N0-N++, O0-O++, and S+-S+3 ahead of the shock. The models suggest that the diffuse emission arises from collisional excitation in mostly neutral gas which has been heated to a temperature ~12,000 K. In high-resolution echelle spectra of Knot g, we find that the narrow Hα component is broadened to 44 ± 4 km s-1, suggesting that the upstream gas may be further heated before it crosses the shock, perhaps by a fast neutral or cosmic-ray precursor. High-resolution spectroscopy of the Hα line in both the diffuse region and Knot g will be required to definitively establish the existence of a second precursor.
The use of AC potentials in electrospraying and electrospinning processes

Abstract The use of AC potentials in electrospraying and electrospinning processes was demonstrated. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was electrosprayed onto semiconducting and insulating substrates using both DC and AC potentials. On the semiconducting substrate, both AC and DC methods were capable of producing significant CMC coverage. However, only the AC potential was capable of producing significant coverage on the insulating substrate, possibly due to a reduction in the amount of surface charging. In the electrospinning investigation, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibers were spun into mats using both DC and AC driving potentials. The AC potential resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of fiber ‘whipping’ and the resulting mats exhibited a higher degree of fiber alignment but were observed to contain more residual solvent. The average fiber diameter for both DC and AC-spun mats exhibited a strong dependence on solution concentration.
Service Learning in Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Higher Exam Scores and Increased Empathy

This article describes research conducted to evaluate the impact of service learning on exam scores and emotional empathy in a life-span development course. Service learning was 1 of 3 project options offered in the course; others included an interview project and a research paper. With the exception of the first exam, scores were significantly higher for the servicelearning students compared to those who completed other projects. In addition, only the service-learning group demonstrated a significant increase in emotional empathy as measured by the Emotional Empathetic Tendency Scale (EETS; Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972). I discuss the results in terms of the relations among practical experience, reflection, and emotional empathy.
Behavior of a Subsonic Turbulent Slot Jet in Crossflow

References 1 Heyson, H.H., "Linearized Theory of Wind Tunnel JetBoundary Corrections and the Ground Effect for VTOL-STOL Aircraft," NASATRR-124, 1962. 2 Sullivan, M.C., "An Investigation of a Ground Vortex Formed by the Interaction of a Rotor Wake With Free Air in the Presence of a Groundplane," M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Aero, and Astro., University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., 1972. South, P., "Measurements of Flow Breakdown in Rectangular Wind Tunnel Working Sections," National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, LR513, 1968. Turner, T., "A Moving-Belt Ground Plane for Wind Tunnel Ground Simulation and Results for 2 Jet-Flap Configurations," NASATND-4228, 1967.
Human and murine tumours: changes in cell surface structures coded by the major histocompatibility complex region.

Summary Serological and structural changes of surface markers involved in immune reactions may occur in human and murine tumour systems. Thus nine out of twenty-one human tumour cell lines and SV40-transformed fibroblasts differed from autologous lymphoblastoid cells or fibroblasts in their reactivity with HLA allonatisera. H-2 antigens isolated from the murine tumour cells 6C3HED and TP 1422, undergo structural changes. An alien HLA-B7 was detected in sera from two melanoma patients. The serologic activity on H-2 antigens was significantly increased in the serum and ascites fluid of tumour bearing mice. Additionally, human SV40-transformed fibroblatsts acquire receptors for monkey red blood cells and the murine lymphosarcoma cells 6C3HED express receptors for sheep red blood cells.
Interactive macromolecular sites. I. Basic theory.

A general theory of the evolution of interactive surfaces or sites on cell macromolecules is presented based on the assumption that all macromolecules present in cells are covered with reactive groups to which counter sites can theoretically be made. Initially such potentially reactive sites are considered to exist in pairs. Once one member of a pair is incorporated into a cell, its opposite number is forbidden except where it may be employed to advantage for structure formation. As more and more potentially interactive sites appeared in cells during evolution, a limit was approached where one member of each pair was present. Such a limit has been termed a perfect set, and would both define a “self” and recognize foreignness. The role of perfect sets in the development of the immune system, in differentiation, and in so-called random fixation of amino acid sequences is reviewed.
Nonlinear Photonic Circuits on Hybrid Silicon Substrates

We demonstrate the integration of novel III-nitride materials on silicon substrate for achieving active nonlinear optical functions that are not permitted in crystalline silicon, including x(2) optical nonlinearity and Pockels’ effect for electro-optic modulation.
Structural and Electrical Properties of Oriented Ferroelectric CaBi2Nb2O9 Thin Films Deposited on n+‐Si(100) by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We report the successful deposition of highly oriented CaBi 2 Nb 2 O 9 (CBN) thin films directly on n + -Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The CBN thin films exhibited good structural, dielectric, and CBN/Si interface characteristics. The electrical measurements were conducted on CBN thin films in metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor (MFS) capacitor configuration. The typical measured small signal dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 100 kHz were 76.5 and 0.003, respectively, and were relatively unchanged with increasing frequency up to 1 MHz. The leakage current density was lower than 10 -7 A/cm 2 at an applied electric field of 100 kV/cm. The remanent polarization and the coercive field values were 3.6 μC/cm 2 and 80 kV/cm, respectively, at an applied electric field of 460 kV/cm. No significant fatigue was observed at least up to 10 10 switching cycles.