cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent Component Analysis Based on Mutual Dependence Measures

We apply both distance-based and kernel-based mutual dependence measures to independent component analysis (ICA), and generalize dCovICA to MDMICA, minimizing empirical dependence measures as an objective function in both deflation and parallel manners. Solving this minimization problem, we introduce Latin hypercube sampling (LHS), and a global optimization method, Bayesian optimization (BO) to improve the initialization of the Newton-type local optimization method. The performance of MDMICA is evaluated in various simulation studies and an image data example. When the ICA model is correct, MDMICA achieves competitive results compared to existing approaches. When the ICA model is misspecified, the estimated independent components are less mutually dependent than the observed components using MDMICA, while the estimated independent components are prone to be even more mutually dependent than the observed components using other approaches.
The Health and Safety of Latinx Farmworkers in the Eastern United States: A Renewed Focus on Social Justice

This chapter provides the fundamental argument of why the health and safety of farmworkers in the eastern United States (US) is a matter of social justice. It also argues that changes over the past decade in farm work, the characteristics of Latinx farmworkers, and the scientific literature require a revised volume addressing these issues. The organization of the chapters in the volume is outlined, and definitions of common terms (e.g., social justice, eastern US) and conventions (e.g., use of the term Latinx) are presented. We provide an overview of each chapter. Finally, we acknowledge the support we received in completing this revised volume.
Systematic evaluation of parameterization for genome-scale metabolic models of cultured mammalian cells

Genome-scale metabolic models describe cellular metabolism with mechanistic detail. Given their high complexity, such models need to be parameterized correctly to yield accurate predictions and avoid overfitting. Effective parameterization has been well-studied for microbial models, but it remains unclear for higher eukaryotes, including mammalian cells. To address this, we enumerated model parameters that describe key features of cultured mammalian cells - including cellular composition, bioprocess performance metrics, mammalian-specific pathways, and biological assumptions behind model formulation approaches. We tested these parameters by building thousands of metabolic models and evaluating their ability to predict the growth rates of a panel of phenotypically diverse Chinese Hamster Ovary cell clones. We found the following considerations to be most critical for accurate parameterization: (1) cells limit metabolic activity to maintain homeostasis, (2) cell morphology and viability change dynamically during a growth curve, and (3) cellular biomass has a particular macromolecular composition. Depending on parameterization, models predicted different metabolic phenotypes, including contrasting mechanisms of nutrient utilization and energy generation, leading to varying accuracies of growth rate predictions. Notably, accurate parameter values broadly agreed with experimental measurements. These insights will guide future investigations of mammalian metabolism.
The Dynamics of Competitive Coinage: Evidence from Private Mints in the American Gold Rushes

Some economists have argued theoretically that the private minting of circulating precious metal coins would be inefficient: Due to information asymmetry, money-users would be chronically victimized by low-quality or underweight coins. An examination of experience with private mints during gold rushes in the United States 1830-61, drawing on contemporary accounts and numismatic literature, finds otherwise. While some private gold mints produced underweight coins, from incompetence or fraudulent intent, such mints did not last long. Informed by newspapers about the findings of assays, money-users quickly and systematically abandoned underweight coins in favor of full-weight coins. Only honest mints survived.
Chapter 8 Exact small sample theory in the simultaneous equations model

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a general framework for the distribution problem and details formulae that are frequently useful in the derivation of sampling distributions and moments. It also provides an account of the genesis of the Edgeworth, Nagar, and saddlepoint approximations. The chapter discusses the Wishart distribution and some related issues that are central to modem multivariate analysis and on which much of the present development of exact small-sample theory depends. The chapter discusses the exact theory of single-equation estimators, commencing with a general discussion on the standardizing transformations that provide research economy in the derivation of exact distribution theory in this context and simplify the presentation of final results without loss of generality. The current information on the exact small-sample behavior of structural variance estimators, test statistics, systems methods, reduced-form coefficient estimators, and estimation under misspecification are also discussed in the chapter.
Landsat 8 monitoring of multi-depth suspended sediment concentrations in Lake Erie's Maumee River using machine learning

Satellite remote sensing has been widely used to map suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in waterbodies. However, due to the complexity of sediment-water interactions, it has been difficult to d...
Vascularization strategies in tissue engineering approaches for soft tissue repair

Insufficient vascularization during tissue repair is often associated with poor clinical outcomes. This is a concern especially when patients have critical-sized injuries, where the size of the defect restricts vascularity, or even in small defects that have to be treated under special conditions, such as after radiation therapy (relevant to tumor resection) that hinders vascularity. In fact, poor vascularization is one of the major obstacles for clinical application of tissue engineering methods in soft tissue repair. As a key issue, lack of graft integration, caused by inadequate vascularization after implantation, can lead to graft failure. Moreover, poor vascularization compromises the viability of cells seeded in deep portions of scaffolds/graft materials, due to hypoxia and insufficient nutrient supply. In this article we aim to review vascularization strategies employed in tissue engineering techniques to repair soft tissues. For this purpose, we start by providing a brief overview of the main events during the physiological wound healing process in soft tissues. Then, we discuss how tissue repair can be achieved through tissue engineering, and considerations with regards to the choice of scaffold materials, culture conditions, and vascularization techniques. Next, we highlight the importance of vascularization, along with strategies and methods of prevascularization of soft tissue equivalents, particularly cell-based prevascularization. Lastly, we present a summary of commonly used in vitro methods during the vascularization of tissue-engineered soft tissue constructs.
'Tribune of the People': Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Activist and Radical

Described by Franklin W. Knight as “a typical turn-of-the-century Anglophone Caribbean product,” Barbados-born Richard B. Moore’s activism can be deemed a kind of bureaucratic, grassroots organizing — highly structured, hierarchical, and centralized, using various mediums such as written memorandums, personal correspondence, and articles. Moore often provided the intellectual basis for his activist networks and committees in his work in his usual position as secretary or leader, often writing long opinions or responses on his organizations’ behalf based on his understandings of the principles behind their respective causes. Although the causes Moore supported varied — the Communist Party, the Caribbean federation movement, and immigration reform — his attempts to reinterpret the history of peoples of African descent through his publishing press and written works were the clearest indication of the principles underlying Moore’s activism. In short, his activism was grounded in the belief of the shared histories and oppressions faced by peoples of African descent throughout the world, which transcended the idea of political border. Although the relationship between Caribbean and American racial identities is complex and fraught, and some Caribbean intellectuals may have “emphasized the more ‘acceptable’ aspects of their immigrant identities in contrast with American-born black culture,” Moore did no such thing. In fact, Moore embraced an all-encompassing understanding of African descent as a unifying identity, which acted as a source of strength.
Dynamics of dissolved reactive phosphorus loss from phosphorus source and sink soils in tile-drained systems

Understanding the processes controlling dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loss in tile-drained systems is essential to better define critical source areas and inform nutrient and conservation practice recommendations. Concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationships have been used to infer solute sources, reactivity, proximity, and transport mechanisms governing solute fluxes. In this study, we compare DRP loads and flow-weighted mean DRP (FDRP) concentrations from P source and sink soils at an annual and event scale, and use power law analysis coupled with index-based approaches in order to identify the predominant DRP C-Q behavior in these soils at a daily and event scale. Results indicate that, in general, P source soils consistently lost higher DRP loads and exhibited greater FDRP concentrations when compared to P sink soils when examined at both annual and event scales. At the daily scale, C-Q patterns were linked to the soil P status whereby a chemostatic (b = 1) and dilution (b
St. Janet’s Mask: Sex and the Performing Female

Women performers who use sex and obscenity in their material usually have to contend with the society and its social mores in a way men do not. St. Janet’s, a popular cabaret singer, offers a way of understanding how a woman can simultaneously perform obscenity and respectability. For a female performer who has to not only negotiate the business aspects of performance acts, but also navigate a (pseudo) religious public and postcolonial cultural traditions that try to stifle women’s expression of sexual agency, the idea of “Saint” in St. Janet is a way of deflecting the scopophilic gaze on her female body. The sainthood is not the only way she disrupts the line of vision that would have been fixed on her body as a woman performing vulgarity.
Hemispheric alpha asymmetries during an electromyographic biofeedback procedure for stuttering

Abstract A single-subject “double-reversal” experimental design was used to investigate the use of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback on the dysfluent behaviors of a right-handed male stutterer. A systematic decrease in EMG amplitude accompanied a progressive approximation of increased verbal complexity resulting in increased fluent behavior. Electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha data (8–12 Hz) gathered during baseline and pre- and post- treatment sessions appeared to co-vary with changes in fluency with right hemispheric suppression associated with greater dysfluencies and left hemispheric alpha suppression with decreased dysfluencies. The results are discussed relative to stutterer's adoption of differing behavioral production strategies for fluent speech that are associated with hemispheric information processing strategies.
An american validation study of the Newcastle Scale. III: Course during index hospitalization and six-month prospective follow-up

One hundred and fifty-two depressed inpatients were classified endogenous or neurotic according to the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale. Endogenous depressives were significantly more likely than neurotic depressives to be treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Newcastle subtyping was not associated with response to ECT; however, neurotic depressives not treated with ECT were more symptomatic at hospital discharge than endogenous depressives not treated with ECT. A prospective 6 month follow-up interview was completed with 85% of the patients. There was no association between Newcastle subtyping and follow-up outcome.
Exploring Institution-Based Mobility: Which Universities Attract Athletes from Distant and Diverse Locales?

Institutions are powerful forces in modern society -- they affect human mobility, and are constantly pushing and pulling individuals across geographic space. Institution data is rarely including in studies of mobility, although we find these data to be a rich source of information on human mobility. We visit over 1000 U.S. University athletics web pages from 78 universities, 20 different types of sports, to produce a 90,000+ record dataset of U.S. And international student athletes and their hometowns. This new agent-based origin-destination data set has not been previously gathered into one file for public use. For each university, we measure its "pull power", i.e. Its ability to attract students from many different, and distant hometowns. From these data, we explore the mobility of students from different universities and find witch institutions are catalyzing human migration and movement to 'powerful' extents.
On the genus Solenopezia (Fungi, Lachnaceae): Peziza solenia and ICBN Art. 58 a sleeping dog bites back

De Candolle described Peziza solenia in 1805, erroneously believing his fungus to be an Ascomycete, but it is a Basidiomycete. Peziza solenia DC. was later treated as a synonym of Solenia fasciculata Pers. It has been sleeping in that synonymy ever since. In 1873 Peck described a true Discomycete, Peziza solenia Peck. The name is a later homonym, validly published but illegitimate. Under Article 58 of the current International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) epithets of such illegitimate names are available for transfer to another genus, but the new name takes new authorship and dates from the transfer. Peziza solenia Peck has been transferred into four other genera, all belonging to the Hyaloscyphaceae or Lachnaceae. The first author to transfer Peck’s species was Saccardo, who placed it in a new genus, Solenopezia Sacc. Several authors proposed S. solenia as the «type species» of the genus, but of these the only acceptable lectotypification was that by Raitviir in 1973. The authorities for all four combinations need to be changed to agree with Article 58 of the ICBN with Peck’s name and date deleted and Saccardo’s name and date substituted. An alternative solution using the ex formulation is advocated here
Occurrence of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci in Cheddar Cheese

Samples (13) from several lots of cheddar cheese incriminated in staphylococcal food poisoning and 343 samples of cheddar cheese purchased over a 3-year period in retail markets were examined quantitatively for coagulase-positive staphylococci with the smear plate technique. Of the food-poisoning samples, 11 contained coagulase-positive staphylococci in numbers that ranged from 50 to several million per g. Of the 343 market cheese samples, 20% contained coagulase-positive staphylococci in concentrations ranging from less than 50 to more than 200,000 per g. The phage patterns of 64 of 89 cultures isolated from the food-poisoning samples placed them in the miscellaneous phage group (44A) or in phage group IV and the miscellaneous group (42D/44A); 14 had phage patterns that involved group III, the group with which food poisoning has usually been associated. In contrast, over 50% of 104 cultures from the market cheese, which were typed at 100 times the critical test dilution, had phage patterns that involved group III. Of nine selected cultures isolated from the food-poisoning cheese, three (all in phage group III) were positive for enterotoxin by intravenous injection test of cats.
Thinking and deciding

Beginning with its first edition and through subsequent editions, Thinking and Deciding has established itself as the required text and important reference work for students and scholars of human cognition and rationality. In this fourth edition, first published in 2007, Jonathan Baron retains the comprehensive attention to the key questions addressed in the previous editions - how should we think? What, if anything, keeps us from thinking that way? How can we improve our thinking and decision making? - and his expanded treatment of topics such as risk, utilitarianism, Baye's theorem, and moral thinking. With the student in mind, the fourth edition emphasises the development of an understanding of the fundamental concepts in judgement and decision making. This book is essential reading for students and scholars in judgement and decision making and related fields, including psychology, economics, law, medicine, and business.
The Multifaceted Clinical Readouts of Platelet Inhibition by Low-Dose Aspirin

Inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 by low-dose aspirin leads to long-lasting suppression of thromboxane (TX) A2 production and TXA2-mediated platelet activation and aggregation. This effect is necessary and sufficient to explain aspirin's unique (among other COX-1 inhibitors) effectiveness in preventing atherothrombosis, as well as its shared (with other antiplatelet agents) bleeding liability. However, different mechanisms of action have been suggested to explain other beneficial effects of aspirin, such as prevention of venous thromboembolism, chemoprevention of colorectal (and other) cancers, and reduced risk of dementia. These mechanisms include acetylation of other proteins in blood coagulation, inhibition of COX-2 activity, and other COX-independent mechanisms. The intent of this review is to develop the concept that the multifaceted therapeutic effects of low-dose aspirin may reflect pleiotropic consequences of platelet inhibition on pathophysiological tissue repair processes. Furthermore, the clinical implications of this concept will be discussed in terms of current clinical practice and future research.
Understanding Animals-Becoming-Meat: Embracing a Disturbing Education

In dominant consumerist societies, eating animals has become one the most hegemonic and atrocious forms of human-nonhuman interaction. In this article, I show how meat eating is a forceful educational issue that warrants critical analysis. I argue that understanding, and especially watching, animals-becoming-meat—that is, the processes through which animals are subjugated, confined, and killed in order to become edible food—is necessary to become aware of the nonhuman suffering implicated in the exploitive practices of industrial animal agriculture and slaughtering. I locate the educative significance of animals-becoming-meat within a pedagogy of visual disturbance. Given the great extent that corporate agriculture goes to conceal the brutality behind its walls, I believe we must be unsettled with disturbing visuals of animals-becoming meat in order to begin to think critically. We ought to see, for ourselves, how whole animal bodies become edible “pieces of meat.”
The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in antiviral T cell-independent IgG responses.

Polyomavirus (PyV) infection elicits protective T cell-independent (TI) IgG responses in T cell-deficient mice. The question addressed in this report is whether CD40 signaling plays a role in this TI antiviral IgG response. Because CD40 ligand (CD40L) can be expressed on numerous cell types in addition to activated T cells, it is possible that cells other than T cells provide CD40L to signal through CD40 on B cells and hence positively influence the antiviral TI IgG responses. In this study we show, by blocking CD40-CD40L interactions in vivo with anti-CD40L Ab treatment in TCR β×δ−/− mice and by using SCID mice reconstituted with CD40−/− B cells, that the lack of CD40 signaling in B cells results in a 50% decrease in TI IgG secreted in response to PyV. SCID mice reconstituted with CD40L−/− B cells also responded to PyV infection with diminished IgG secretion compared with that of SCID mice reconstituted with wild-type B cells. This finding suggests that B cells may provide the CD40L for CD40 signaling in the absence of T cell help during acute virus infection. Our studies demonstrate that, although about half of the TI IgG responses to PyV are independent of CD40-CD40L interactions, these interactions occur in T cell-deficient mice and enhance antiviral TI Ab responses.
Tissue interactions and cell differentiation: neurone-sensory cell interaction during otic development.

Statoacoustic ganglion neurones (SAG) are produced by the same group of cells (otic placode) that produce all of the receptor cells that populate the sensory areas of the inner ear. The observation that ingrowth of SAG neurites to presumptive sensory areas of the inner ear preceded cytodifferentiation of those receptor cells suggested a causal relationship. Results from in vivo, in ovo and in vitro studies do not support a causal relationship. These studies support the hypothesis that the programme for labyrinthine sensory cell differentiation is intrinsic and does not require the extrinsic stimulus of neuronal interaction to trigger its expression. In contrast, developing statoacoustic ganglion neurones appear to require a trophic influence that is supplied by either their peripheral or central target tissues for their survival and maturation in vitro. A mechanism for the ingrowth of SAG dendrites to their appropriate target sites within the inner ear proposes that attractant fields produced by areas of differentiating sensory cells act to guide the nerve growth cones of ingrowing SAG neurites to the appropriate tissues. Preliminary results from a hcterochronic series of SAG implants to common age otocysts suggest that these SAG neurones are capable of responding to the attractant fields which are produced by presumptive labyrinthine sensory epithelium over an extended period of otic development. Both in ovo and in vitro studies suggest that spatiotemporal patterns of extracellular matrix molecules may be important components of the attractant fields which are produced by the sensory areas of the developing inner ear and may ultimately result in the specificity of their neuronal connections.
Minimizing absolute parallax in a stereo image

We assume a left handed coordinate system with interocular distance e and viewer distance to the stereo window d < 0. Using the standard off-axis perspective projection to compute homologous points, the horizontal parallax of a point with coordinates (x, y, z) becomes ez/(z - d). Given a finite set of points D equals {(xj, yj, zj), 1 j in a z-buffer after applying hidden surface elimination. In the first case the solution is based on the root of a quadratic equation. In the second case we approximate the translated parallax function zj + v)/(zj + v - d) by the first term in its series expansion, (zj + v)/d , and use it to analyze the behavior of the sum near the minimum. If we suitably restrict the distance between the closet point and furthest point from the viewer, we argue that the minimum occurs to the right of max {d-zi} and at a root -zj of a parallax function. The root can be located by determining the index i where the function changes sign and evaluating the absolute parallax sum at values -zj where j is close to i.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The electrical characteristics of nZnSe—pGe heterodiodes†

The forward and reverse current-voltage characteristics and reverse-biased capacitance are described for the nZnSo-p+ Ge emitter-base diodes of heterojunction transistors. The forward diode current flow involves essentially electron injection into the Go together with loss-mechanisms of recombination of injected electrons through interface states and, probably, electron capture into ZnSo traps followed by tunnelling into interface states. In the junctions that have been fabricated, the current-voltage characteristics are dominated by the high resistivity bulk ZnSo in series with the junction, resulting in space-charge-limited flow. The reverse junction characteristics demonstrate semi-saturation, avalanche multiplication, and negative resistance. The junction capacitance is strongly frequency dependent duo to the presence of relatively deep traps, and both abrupt and linearly graded junctions have boon observed, depending on the growth technique.
Incorporating preference information into multi-objective scheduling

Abstract Multi-criteria scheduling problems have typically been formulated with an objective of identifying the entire set of schedules efficient with respect to the performance measures of interest. This paper focuses on multi-objective scheduling situations where information concerning the relative importance of the criteria is available through interaction with a given decision maker. In addition to providing a means for directly determining the most-preferred schedule for that individual, this preference information can also be exploited to enhance the computational efficiency of the solution process. To demonstrate the latter advantage, three forms of managerial interaction are considered, consistent with situations where (i) no preference information is available, (ii) preferences are completely represented by an additive objective function, and (iii) no explicit objective is given, but a decision maker can precisely provide local trade-off (marginal rates of substitution) information. A general tree-based solution framework is proposed for the three cases, with dominance results and bounds obtained from the available preference information used to simplify the search for the most-preferred schedule. The computational performance of the solution approaches is then experimentally compared to determine the efficiencies that result from the incorporation of preference information.
On the Fourier series of a stationary process. II

Let C n =C n (T) be the Fourier coefficients of a continuous weakly stationary process over (−1/2T,1/2T). We make some corrections of the results on the magnitude of $$\sum\limits_{\left| n \right| > N} {E\left| {C_n } \right|^2 } {\text{ }}(N \to \infty ),$$ , in the author's previous work. We discuss in this connection about the periodicity and non-periodicity properties of weakly stationary processes. We also discuss the approximate Fourier series which approximates the given weakly stationary process and using some results on it we give a sufficient condition for the sample continuity of a weakly stationary process which is an improvement of a result of Cramer and Leadbetter.
Distinct Regulation of Osmoprotective Genes in Yeast and Mammals: ALDOSE REDUCTASE OSMOTIC RESPONSE ELEMENT IS INDUCED INDEPENDENT OF p38 AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE/Jun N-TERMINAL KINASE IN RABBIT KIDNEY CELLS *

Abstract In yeast glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 is essential for synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycerol and is osmotically regulated via the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG1) kinase pathway. Homologous protein kinases, p38, and stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) are hyperosmotically activated in some mammalian cell lines and complement HOG1 in yeast. In the present study we asked whether p38 or SAPK/JNK signal synthesis of the osmoprotectant sorbitol in rabbit renal medullary cells (PAP-HT25), analogous to the glycerol system in yeast. Sorbitol synthesis is catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR). Hyperosmolality increasesAR transcription through an osmotic response element (ORE) in the 5′-flanking region of the AR gene, resulting in elevated sorbitol. We tested if AR-ORE is targeted by p38 or SAPK/JNK pathways in PAP-HT25 cells. Hyperosmolality (adding 150 mmNaCl) strongly induces phosphorylation of p38 and of c-Jun, a specific target of SAPK/JNK. Transient lipofection of a dominant negative mutant of SAPK kinase, SEK1-AL, into PAP-HT25 cells specifically inhibits hyperosmotically induced c-Jun phosphorylation. Transient lipofection of a dominant negative p38 kinase mutant, MKK3-AL, into PAP-HT25 cells specifically suppresses hyperosmotic induction of p38 phosphorylation. We cotransfected either one of these mutants or their empty vector with an AR-ORE luciferase reporter construct and compared the hyperosmotically induced increase in luciferase activity with that in cells lipofected with only the AR-ORE luciferase construct. Hyperosmolality increased luciferase activity equally (5–7-fold) under all conditions. We conclude that hyperosmolality induces p38 and SAPK/JNK cascades in mammalian renal cells, analogous to inducing the HOG1 cascade in yeast. However, activation of p38 or SAPK/JNK pathways is not necessary for transcriptional regulation of ARthrough the ORE. This finding stands in contrast to the requirement for the HOG1 pathway for hyperosmotically induced activation of yeastGPD1.
Mechanism of Glyoxalase Activation by Glutathione

WE have investigated the specific co-glyoxalase action of glutathione, discovered by Lohmann1. Giraviius and Heyfetz2 have shown that the spontaneous combination of glutathione and methyl glyoxal in aqueous solution leads to a state of equilibrium; formation and dissociation of the compound proceed, in not too acid solution, with great rapidity. The dependence of the velocity of the enzymic reaction on the initial concentrations of glutathione and methyl glyoxal (Platt and Schroeder3) and of their compound (unpublished work of ours) leads to the conclusion that of the three substances—free glutathione, free methyl glyoxal, and the compound— it is the latter that is the true substrate of glyoxalase action (though one of the other two may also be playing a part).
Cooperative Advocacy: An Approach for Integrating Diverse Perspectives in Anomaly Response

This paper contrasts cooperative work in two cases of distributed anomaly response, both from space shuttle mission control, to learn about the factors that make anomaly response robust. In one case (STS-76), flight controllers in mission control recognized an anomaly that began during the ascent phase of a space shuttle mission, analyzed the implications of the failure for mission plans, and made adjustments to plans (the flight ended safely). In this case, a Cooperative Advocacy approach facilitated a process in which diverse perspectives were orchestrated to provide broadening and cross-checks that reduced the risk of premature narrowing. In the second case (the Columbia space shuttle accident--STS-107), mission management treated a debris strike during launch as a side issue rather than a safety of flight concern and was unable to recognize the dangers of this event for the flight which ended in tragedy. In this case, broadening and cross-checks were missing due to fragmentation over the groups involved in the anomaly response process. The comparison of these cases points to critical requirements for designing collaboration over multiple groups in anomaly response situations.
A thermodynamic treatment of dilute solutions of gases in liquids

A rigorous, compact, somewhat unconventional, thermodynamic analysis is presented for the treatment of very precise data on the solubilities of gases in liquids. Relationships among the chemical potentials, fugacities, fugacity coefficients, activity coefficients, molar volumes, and mole fractions, and the standard states involved, are carefully delineated. Both the symmetrical and asymmetrical choices for the activity coefficients are discussed, together with the connections between them. The symmetrical activity coefficient at infinite dilution, γ2°(T,p), is shown to be a very useful parameter for generalizing the ideal solubility concept of Hildebrand and Scott, and to be the factor which links corresponding concepts in the symmetrical and asymmetrical standard states. Arguments are presented for adopting $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{{\text{as }}x_2 \to 0} {\text{ [}}f_2^{\text{L}} (T,p,x_2 )/x_2 {\text{] = }}k_2 (T,p)$$
Simulating Motion Elements of General-Purpose Robot Arms

Robot arm displacement curves are constructed, assuming that all links in the arm are rigid. This can be accomplished by using familiar, cam-motion profile techniques whenever possible. The benefits of these considerations can help achieve smoother motion while minimizing wear on and effort by the robot actuators. A set of motion primitives within the General Robot Arm Simulation Program (GRASP) are presented as examples.
Discovery and Development of the Monobactams

A novel procedure designed to detect naturally occurring beta-lactam-containing molecules led to isolation of the monobactams - structurally unique, bacterially produced, monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics. Although none of these monobactams exhibited impressive antimicrobial activity, side-chain variation - as with the penicillins and cephalosporins - resulted in potently active compounds. Aztreonam was chosen from hundreds of compounds for extended laboratory studies. In addition to a unique chemical structure, aztreonam has biologic properties that are unique in comparison with those of the classical penicillins and cephalosporins. Aztreonam is relatively inactive against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes but is extremely effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The drug is highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-lactamases, particularly those known to be mediated by R plasmids, and is a poor inducer of chromosomal beta-lactamases. In the majority of drug combinations tested, aztreonam exhibits additive or synergistic activity. In a series of animal-model infections, the drug showed a high degree of efficacy that was consistent with findings in studies in vitro. In a hamster model for Clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis, aztreonam did not induce any significant changes.
An open letter to a community college freshman . . . and his parents

(1968). An open letter to a community college freshman . . . and his parents. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 205-208.
Medicare and HMOs--the search for accountability.

Twenty-five years after the introduction of HMOs, the promise of these private plans remains largely unfulfilled. Richard Kronick writes that part of the difficulty is that the federal government pays these plans too much.
Clinical utility of the Background Interference Procedure for the Bender-Gestalt test.

Reviewed evidence for the validity of the Background Interference Procedure (BIP) version of the Bender-Gestalt test as a screening test for organic brain dysfunction. Low reliability and shortcomings in BIP validation studies suggest that the diagnostic validity of the BIP is lower than previously reported. A study was conducted in which the BIP was used to determine the presence or absence of brain dysfunction in groups of 45 brain-damaged and 39 nonimpaired male inpatients who were equated for age and education. Both the hit rate (61%) and relative accuracy of the BIP, compared with the EEG and neuroradiological procedures, were lower than in most earlier reports. The results are seen as limiting the usefulness of the BIP as a screening test for brain damage. A potential role for the BIP as a measure of constructional praxis is discussed.
An integrating multiscanning field ionization mass spectrometer

Abstract A mass spectrometer comprising a field ionization source and a modified Wien filter is described. This instrument has been developed for analytical applications in the mass range 100 ≦ M ≦ 400 a.m.u., which is scanned repeatedly by varying the E field of the velocity filter synchronously with an integrating multichannel analyzer. The magnetic field is held constant. A linear relationship between mass number and channel number is achieved electronically. Ion optics and electronic circuitry are described. Performance is exemplified by unfragmented molecular ion spectra of mineral oils.
Splenic infarction: A new thrombotic manifestation of the circulating lupus anticoagulant

Thrombotic events are occasionally associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant and may take a variety of clinical forms. The authors report a thrombotic manifestation, spontaneous isolated splenic infarction that occurred in a young man with circulating lupus anticoagulant.
Mesencephalic lesions resulting in normophagia, reduced weight and altered metabolism

The effects of bilateral lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNA) were studied in male rats. In contrast to data reported by others, hyperphagia and obesity were not observed following VNA lesions. Indeed, except for a depression during the first three postoperative days, food intake (FI) of the VNA lesioned animals (VNAL) was normal. Interestingly, the body weight (BW) of the VNAL was significantly reduced compared to the controls, and a pair feeding study indicated that this depression of BW was not due to their FI. Computation of FI per metabolic size showed that the VNAL actually had a significantly increased FI compared to the controls. After a two day fast the VNAL lost more metabolic size than controls and upon refeeding they defended their pre-fast BW. The VNAL rats showed normal body composition and circulating glucose, insulin and prolactin. They had reduced free fatty acids, triglycerides, growth hormone and body length. The data suggest that the mesencephalon influences BW set point, some metabolites and possibly overall metabolism.
The minimum bandwidths of auroral kilometric radiation

The bandwidths of the discrete spectral components of the auroral kilometric radiation can sometimes be as narrow as 5 Hz. Since this would imply an apparent source thickness of substantially less than the wavelength, it is inconsistent with the previous explanation for such discrete components based simply upon vertical localization of a cyclotron source. Instead, such narrow bandwidths can only be explained by radio lasing.
Mechanism of Action Potential Prolongation by RP 58866 and Its Active Enantiomer, Terikalant Block of the Rapidly Activating Delayed Rectifier K+ Current, IKr

Background The class III antiarrhythmic agent RP 58866 and its active enantiomer, terikalant, are reported to selectively block the inward rectifier K+ current, IK1. These drugs have demonstrated efficacy in animal models of cardiac arrhythmias, suggesting that block of IK1 may be a useful antiarrhythmic mechanism. The symmetrical action potential (AP)–prolonging and bradycardic effects of these drugs, however, are inconsistent with a sole effect on IK1. Methods and Results We studied the effects of RP 58866 and terikalant on AP and outward K+ currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. RP 58866 and terikalant potently blocked the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current, IKr, with IC50s of 22 and 31 nmol/L, respectively. Block of IK1 was ≈250-fold less potent; IC50s were 8 and 6 μmol/L, respectively. No significant block of the slowly activating delayed rectifier, IKs, was observed at ≤10 μmol/L. The phenotypical IKr currents in mouse AT-1 cells and Xenopus oocytes expressing HERG were also block...
Recreation Specialization and Related Concepts in Leisure Research

More than 40 years have passed since Shafer (1969) challenged the existence of the “average camper.” Recognizing that participants in recreation activities are heterogeneous in their commitments and interests, researchers have emphasized the importance of differentiating users into meaningful homogeneous subgroups. In his seminal article, Bryan (1977) coined the concept of recreation specialization as one approach for identifying, describing, and planning for these subgroups of recreationists. He defined specialization as “a continuum of behavior from the general to the particular, reflected by equipment and skills used in the sport and activity setting preferences” (Bryan, 1977, p. 175). At one end of this continuum are novices or infrequent participants who do not consider the given activity to be a central life interest or show strong preferences for equipment or technique. The other end of this continuum includes more avid participants who are committed to the given activity and use more sophisticated approaches. Recreationists have been thought to progress to higher stages along this continuum reflected by increasing skill, equipment, participation, and commitment (Bryan, 1977), although this assumption has come under some scrutiny (e.g., Kuentzel & Heberlein, 2008). Since Bryan’s (1977) original work, more than three decades of empirical research examining recreation specialization has improved the understanding of diversity within
The Oldest Shrimp (Devonian: Famennian) and Remarkable Preservation of Soft Tissue

Abstract Discovery of a single specimen of a shrimp fossil from the Devonian Woodford Shale in the Ryan Quarry, near Ada, Oklahoma, documents the oldest occurrence of a penaeoid decapod crustacean, Aciculopoda mapesi n. gen., n. sp. within the Aciculopodidae n. fam. The specimen lacks any diagnostic features of the primitive Paleozoic eumalacostracans, including caudal furca, but possesses the characteristic form and preservational style of the Superorder Eucarida, particularly the Superfamily Penaeoidea. The shrimp specimen is remarkably preserved; it has been phosphatized, and the muscles of the pleon have been preserved completely enough that discrete muscle bands are discernable. The cuticle of the cephalothorax is shattered into small fragments, whereas that of the pleon is absent except for the telson. Confirmation that this specimen represents a Devonian decapod documents only the second decapod taxon known from the Devonian and the third from the Paleozoic. It is the earliest known shrimp and one ...
Sertoli cell transplants: their use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease

The efficacy of treating neurodegenerative diseases with the transplantation of fetal tissue has been demonstrated in animal models of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and stroke. In the clinical setting, neural transplantation as a treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease has shown promising results. However, for this treatment method to be effective neuronal survival needs to be improved through either trophic support or localized immunoprotection. Co-transplanting Sertoli cells, which express many nutritive, regulatory, trophic and immunosuppressive factors, with fetal neural cells could provide both of these requirements. Such a strategy could enhance the recovery benefits associated with transplantation and decrease the need for, and the risks associated with, long-term systemic immunosuppression.
Prostatic acid phosphatase is expressed in peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons of mice and rats.

Thiamine monophosphatase (TMPase, also known as Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase or FRAP) is a classic histochemical marker of small- to medium-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and has primarily been studied in the rat. Previously, we found that TMPase was molecularly identical to Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using mice. In addition, PAP was expressed in a majority of nonpeptidergic, isolectin B4-binding (IB4+) nociceptive neurons and a subset of peptidergic, calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing (CGRP+) nociceptive neurons. At the time, we were unable to determine if PAP was present in rat DRG neurons because the antibody we used did not cross-react with PAP in rat tissues. In our present study, we generated a chicken polyclonal antibody against the secretory isoform of mouse PAP. This antibody detects mouse, rat and human PAP protein on western blots. Additionally, this antibody detects PAP in mouse and rat small- to medium-diameter DRG neurons and axon terminals in lamina II of spinal cord. In the rat, 92.5% of all PAP+ cells bind the nonpeptidergic marker IB4 and 31.8% of all PAP+ cells contain the peptidergic marker CGRP. Although PAP is found in peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons of mice and rats, the percentage of PAP+ neurons that express these markers differs between species. Moreover, PAP+ axon terminals in the rat partially overlap with Protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ+) interneurons in dorsal spinal cord whereas PAP+ axon terminals in the mouse terminate dorsal to PKCγ+ interneurons. Collectively, our studies highlight similarities and differences in PAP localization within nociceptive neurons of mice and rats.
Optimal pre-stressing the surface of a component by superfinish hard turning for maximum fatigue life in rolling contact

Abstract The current method of finishing hardened steel components requires the application of abrasive-based processes, such as grinding, superfinishing etc., all using randomly oriented abrasives for metal removal. The surface integrity of these components are ‘born’ inconsistent, varying from one spot to another, and are difficult and costly to control. Since many sequential processes are required, the production is very inefficient. Therefore, it is most desirable that the needs for grinding and superfinishing can be satisfied by single-point machining, a deterministic process. It has been recently shown [C.R. Liu, S. Mittal, Single-step superfinishing using hard turning resulting in superior surface integrity. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 14 (2) (1995) 124–133] that the feasibility of eliminating grinding and superfinishing by a single-step hard turning on hardened steel, of 64 Rc, to an Ra of 2 μ-in. The integrity of the surface, when machined in selected conditions, can be without thermal damage, and is superior to the surface ground. The most exciting new opportunity of ‘superfinish hard turning’ is with its capability of producing compressive residual stress, in wide range with sufficient magnitude and depth, unavailable from the conventional abrasive-based processes. The capability enables desired pre-stressing, through residual stress generated by turning parameters, in the machined surface for off-setting a given maximum service load, thus increasing fatigue life. Experimental data gas been reported, in literature, to show the fatigue life of hard turned surfaces are better than that of ground. However, our recent analytical prediction [S. Mittal, Feasibility of single-step superfinish hard machining and its effect on surface integrity, PhD thesis, Purdue University, August 1996] has shown that the ‘best’ turning parameters can result in as high as 47 times better fatigue life of the machined surface than that resulted from the ‘worst’ turning parameters, both with the same surface finish machined by sharp tools. Therefore, the method of selecting hard turning parameters is extremely important for gaining the incredible benefit of hard turning in fatigue life. A new methodology is presented in this paper that constrains the selection of machining parameters based on the service conditions that the machine component is expected to encounter. The primary objective of the criteria is to maximize the rolling contact fatigue life by inducing a favorable residual stress profile. Maximization of material removal rate is a secondary objective. Surface roughness is treated as a constraint.