cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐688: Software to Evaluate the Effect of Applicator Translations and Rotations On HDR Plans

Purpose: The rotation and translation of the catheters used in High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy can potentially change the dosimetric outcome of the intended treatment plan. Geometric verification performed before each fraction are not adequate. Tools and techniques should be developed that evaluates the change in dose distribution for possible rotations and translation of the catheters before each treatment. Methods: A software program was developed that imports the treatment planning systems dicom files, rotates and translates the device based on the values provided by the user, and recalculates the dose distribution in the patients structures. A TG‐43 formalism was used to calculate the dose distribution. The program evaluates the dose to selected critical structures to determine if re‐planning is necessary. A variety of clinical cases including strut‐adjusted volume implant (SAVI), MammoSite, Cantura, Tandom and Ovoids, Cylinder, and skin applicators were studied. Results: SAVI cases appeared to be the most sensitive to rotations depending on the distance of the chest wall or the skin from the closest dwell position and also to the dwell times. For SAVI cases where the skin or chest wall are at a distance larger than ∼1.5 cm from the closest dwell position, the effect of any degree of rotation results in a dosimetric deviation of less than 5%. On the other hand for the cases where the skin is closer than ∼1.5 cm from the closest dwell position, a small rotation of 10 degree in some cases results in over dosing as large as 50% to the skin. Conclusion: The complexity of the plans in SAVI cases leads to a nonlinear dependence of the dosimetric outcome versus amount of rotation and/or translation.
Microwave-induced plasma coupled to a tantalum-strip vaporization assembly for trace element analysis

This report describes a tantalum-strip assembly coupled to a microwave-induced plasma. Detection limits obtained for several elements by using the apparatus are given. A procedure using bomb decomposition and chelate extraction in conjunction with the tantalum-strip assembly/microwave-induced plasma system for the determination of trace elements in samples with complex matrices is also described. Recoveries from spiked standards are given.
Significance and correlations of molecular analysis results in patients with philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Purpose Several investigators have documented a rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region ( bcr ) in selected patients with a morphologic diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) but no abnormality of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) by cytogenetic studies. Our intention was to systematically investigate the incidence of the bcr rearrangement in such patients, and to correlate the findings with patient characteristics, response to therapy (especially alpha interferon treatment), and overall prognosis. Patients and methods Molecular analysis studies were performed in 40 patients with Ph-negative CML (23 patients) and myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML; 17 patients). Results Rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region ( bcr ) was detected in 11 of the 23 patients with Ph-negative CML (48 percent), indicating the presence of the abnormal molecular events in Ph-positive CML without documentation of the Ph cytogenetic abnormality. None of the 17 patients with CMML had the bcr rearrangement. Patients with Ph-negative CML and the bcr rearrangement had characteristics similar to those of patients with Ph-positive disease. These included a younger age, higher white blood cell counts, a higher incidence of thrombocytosis and basophilia, and a lower occurrence of thrombocytopenia. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score was not a helpful distinguishing feature. Among 21 patients receiving alpha interferon-based regimens, response to therapy was significantly better among patients with Ph-negative disease and the bcr rearrangement (seven of seven, 100 percent), compared with those without the bcr rearrangement (one of six, 17 percent), or patients with CMML (two of eight, 25 percent) (p bcr rearrangement had died from complications of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, compared with three deaths among the 12 patients with Ph-negative CML and no bcr rearrangement, and 11 deaths among the 19 patients with CMML. Conclusion We conclude that molecular studies help in better understanding the nosology of Ph-negative CML, and define a subgroup of patients with clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic correlations similar to those of patients with Ph-positive CML.
Seasonal influence of calcium magnesium acetate on microbial processes in 10 northern Californian lakes

Abstract Conventional road salt has long been responsible for corrosive effects on cars and highway structures, as well as some undesirable impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This has resulted in investigations of a variety of alternative deicing compounds. Early studies in northern California demonstrated the formation of a salt-stabilized chemocline in Putt's Lake along Interstate 80 in the Sierra Nevada. Current studies on natural populations of algae and bacteria indicate that calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) appears to be a good alternative to sodium chloride. Bioassays of 10 northern Californian lakes were conducted in situ with various concentrations of CMA. During the summer, eight out of the 10 lakes showed no significant response in algal biomass with the CMA concentrations. Bioassays done during the late spring and early winter showed only slight deviations from these results. Temperature, prevailing weather conditions, and standing stock of microbial populations appear to be the dominant factors in determining whether or not an algal response was evident in these seasonal CMA bioassays. In a series of laboratory bioassays with natural microbial communities from Castle Lake, CMA had no significant effects on primary production or the uptake of acetate by bacteria. A significant increase in phosphorus uptake by the “algal” fraction (> 3 μ m) in lakewater occurred at CMA concentrations of 10 ppm. This increase in P-uptake was attributed to bacteria that were associated with detrital particles in the water. At the same time we observed a significant decrease in algal biomass. Within the scope of this investigation, CMA appeared to have minimal effects on phytoplankton biomass other than the observed stimulation of P-uptake which may be due to competition between the natural bacterial and algal populations.
Integrated control-path design and error recovery in the synthesis of digital microfluidic lab-on-chip

Recent advances in digital microfluidics have led to tremendous interest in miniaturized lab-on-chip devices for biochemical analysis. Synthesis tools have also emerged for the automated design of lab-on-chip from the specifications of laboratory protocols. However, none of these tools consider control flow or address the problem of recovering from fluidic errors that can occur during on-chip bioassay execution. We present a synthesis method that incorporates control paths and an error-recovery mechanism in the design of a digital microfluidic lab-on-chip. Based on error-propagation estimates, we determine the best locations for fluidic checkpoints during biochip synthesis. A microcontroller coordinates the implementation of the control-flow-based bioassay by intercepting the synthesis results that are mapped to the software programs. Real-life bioassay applications are used as case studies to evaluate the proposed design method. For a representative protein assay, compared to a baseline chip design, the biochip with a control path can reduce the completion time by 30p when errors occur during the implementation of the bioassay.
Leading for innovation: Conclusions, issues, and directions

Abstract The need for innovation in organizations has resulted in a new focus on the role of leaders in shaping the nature and success of creative efforts. The various articles prepared for these special issues of The Leadership Quarterly on Leading for Innovation all, in one way or another, underscored the impact of leadership on the nature and success of creative efforts. These articles, however, also indicate that the leadership of creative efforts is an unusually complex activity. In the present article, the key conclusions emerging from the various articles presented in this two-part special issue are examined with respect to the nature of the leader, the leader's interactions with followers, the effective direction of followers' activities, and the leader's interactions with the organization. Directions for future research, along with certain metatheoretical issues, are discussed.
Degeneration of taste buds and lateral line organs in the salamander treated with cholinolytic drugs

Abstract Taste buds and lateral line organs of the larval salamander degenerated after chronic administration of the cholinolytic drug, hemicholinium-3, Treatment with another cholinolytic agent, triethylcholine, also induced degeneration of the taste buds but not the lateral line structures. These findings indicate that drugs which inhibit acetycholine synthesis interfere with the trophic function of gustatory and lateral line nerves.
Heat of formation of CH3OCH2 radical

Abstract The heats of formation of dimethyl ether and dimethyl ether radical have been investigated via ab initio methodology. The heat of formation of dimethyl ether was found to agree with experimental values of both 0 and 298 K (−39.8 and −44.0 kcal mol−1, respectively). The heat of formation of dimethyl ether radical was determined to be 0.9 kcal mol−1 at 298 K. Corresponding literature values range rom −1.3 to −6.9 kcal mol−1, thus demonstrating considerable disagreement. The heat of formation of dimethyl ether radical was determined to be 4.2 kcal mol−1 at 0 K.
Interannual Variability of Deep-Layer Hydrologic Memory and Mechanisms of Its Influence on Surface Energy Fluxes

The characteristics of deep-layer terrestrial memory are explored using observed soil moisture data and simulated soil temperature from the Illinois Climate Network stations. Both soil moisture and soil temperature are characterized by exponential decay in amplitude, linear lag in phase, and increasing persistence with depth. Using spectral analysis, four dominant low-frequency modes are identified in the soil moisture variability. These signals have periods of about 12, 17, 34, and 60 months, which correspond to annual cycle, (4/3) ENSO, quasi-biennial (QB) ENSO, and quasi-quadrennial (QQ) ENSO signals, respectively. For deep layers, the interannual modes are dominant over the annual cycle, and vice versa for the near-surface layer. There are inherently two mechanisms by which deep-layer moisture impacts the surface fluxes. First, its temporal variability sets the lower boundary condition for the transfer of moisture and heat fluxes from the surface. Second, this temporal variability influences the uptake of moisture by plant roots, resulting in the variability of the transpiration and, therefore, the entire energy balance. Initial results suggest that this second mechanism may be more predominant.
Intelligent and defensive framework for decision-making systems-of-systems with applications to healthcare

As technology becomes more prevalent in everyday life, the need to build highly complex systems grows. With this increase in complexity, there is also an increase in the importance of assisting the decision-making of these systems. In this paper, we propose a framework that can assist a system or even series of systems according to user-provided or computer-generated intelligence. Instances of the framework can be deployed on several different machines, possibly in parallel, with the ability to communicate to one another. The framework itself is a system of systems, made up of several modules to read, store, and analyze functionality or data of any type towards making intelligent decisions. We start by introducing the general overview of our framework, followed by a detailed description of its components, and we conclude with providing a potential improvement to a healthcare system of systems.
Procaine amide compared with quinidine as a therapy for arrhythmias.

Abstract In a previous report 1 it was shown that procaine amide is clinically effective in the treatment of auricular arrhythmias. The present report attempts to answer two questions: 1. 1. What is the clinical value of procaine amide in the treatment of arrhythmias? Until now quinidine has been the drug of choice. How does procaine amide compare with it clinically? 2. 2. Does procaine amide have a preferential effect on ventricular arrhythmias as compared to auricular? This has been inferred by those 2 who claim that it is clinically effective only in patients with ventricular and not in patients with auricular arrhythmias. This study attempts to ascertain any preferential effect. This can be done by comparing it quantitatively with quinidine in both types of cases. It is reasonable to assume that quinidine acts equally well on both types of arrhythmias. If procaine amide is more effective in the ventricular variety, then the ratio, effective dose of procaine amide/ effective dose of quinidine, should be smaller in a case of ventricular extrasystoles or tachycardia than in a case of auricular extrasystoles or fibrillation. If there is no preferential action, then the ratio should be the same for both types of cases. The effect of different doses of the two drugs was measured in two patients with a ventricular arrhythmia and in one patient with an auricular arrhythmia. The above ratio was estimated for each case. The results fail to show any preferential effectiveness on the ventricular variety.
Feasibility of using impedance‐based damage assessment for pipeline structures

This paper presents the feasibility of using an impedance-based health monitoring technique in monitoring a critical civil facility. The objective of this research is to utilize the capability of the impedance method in identifying structural damage in those areas where a very quick condition monitoring is urgently needed, such as in a post-earthquake analysis of a pipeline system. The basic principle behind this technique is to utilize high-frequency structural excitation (typically greater than 30 kHz) through surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors/actuators to detect changes in structural point impedance due to the presence of damage. Real-time damage detection in pipes connected by bolted joints was investigated, and the capability of the impedance method in tracking and monitoring the integrity of the typical civil facility has been demonstrated. Data collected from the tests illustrates the capability of this technology to detect imminent damage under normal operating conditions and immediately after a natural disaster. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon dioxide in the surface water of the ice-covered bering sea.

DETERMINATION of the equilibrium concentration of CO2 in the ocean surface with respect to air is necessary in order to understand the interaction of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. The concentration of CO2 in water depends on its physical, chemical and biological properties. The oceans, therefore, act as both sources and sinks for CO2 in the air. Keeling1 reported that high concentrations of CO2 in the ocean appeared near the equator and were lower in the sub-tropics of all oceans. Areas along the west coasts of continents where upwelling occurs have high CO2 concentrations. In the polar regions, patterns are more complicated primarily because of a lack of seasonal data. Measurements of the equilibrium concentration of CO2 with respect to air in the surface waters of the Kara and Barents Seas during the late summer showed that the surface waters were supersaturated with CO2 near the mouths of the Ob and Yenisey Rivers and undersaturated in the Barents Sea2. The present study was undertaken to measure the actual distribution of CO2 between the atmosphere and the sea over open leads and polynyi in the ice-covered Bering Sea. Previous measurements of CO2 in ice-covered seas were made by Kelley3 in the water under the Arctic Ocean pack ice near Ice Island T-3.
Intra-articular 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in antigen-induced arthritis: effect of timing on response.

Abstract An experimental antigen-induced arthritis has been described which closely resembles human rheumatoid arthritis. The effectiveness of intra-articular 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combatting the initial stages of this reaction has been confirmed. These studies also indicate that there is no necessity for pretreatment or immediate treatment, so long as the drug is administered relatively early in the course of the disease. Although further animal experimentation is required to establish the mechanisms of action and to determine the long term effects of 5-FU, its possible role in the management of human rheumatoid arthritis might be given further consideration.
Fertility Desires Among HIV-Infected Men and Women in Los Angeles County: Client Needs and Provider Perspectives

Combination antiretroviral therapy for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) has extended life expectancy, and enabled PLHA to live productive lives that can include having children. Despite calls to address childbearing for PLHA there has been limited attention to developing safe conception programs. This research sought to assess the childbearing desires of PLHA and the experiences of health care providers serving this population. Research entailed a brief cross-sectional client survey given to HIV-infected men and women over age 18 at two Los Angeles County clinics administered over an 8-week period. Focus group discussions were conducted with providers at each clinic site. Although 39 % of the 93 clients surveyed reported a desire to have children, two-thirds of clients had not discussed their desires, or methods of safe conception, with providers. Providers reported challenges in providing safe conception services in resource poor settings where clients cannot afford assisted fertility services and in the absence of national, state, or county guidelines for safe conception. They noted complex and varied client circumstances and a critical need for provider training in safe conception. Guidelines that focus on safe conception and harm reduction strategies as well as the legal ramifications of counseling on these practices are needed. HIV providers need training and patients need educational tools and workshops informing them of the risks, challenges, and options available to them and their partners to safely conceive and bear an HIV-negative child.
Prospects for Higgs boson searches at the Large Hadron Collider

These proceedings summarize the sensitivity for the CMS and ATLAS experiments at the LHC to discover a Standard Model Higgs boson with relatively low integrated luminosity per experiment. The most relevant discovery modes are dealt with. A brief discussion on the expected performance from these experiments in searches for one or more of the Higgs bosons from the minimal version of the supersymmetric theories is also included.
Psychology: Pure and Applied

(1938). Psychology: Pure and Applied. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 437-438.
Production and spectroscopy of the neutron-rich nucleus 166 Dy

Yrast states up to spin $16\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$ in ${}^{166}\mathrm{Dy}$ were observed, for the first time, using a quasielastic neutron-transfer reaction in the bombardment of ${}^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$ with ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}$ at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=790$ MeV. The ratio of the ${}^{166}\mathrm{Dy}$ production cross section relative to the inelastic cross section, integrated over the c.m. scattering angle range $110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to $140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, is $\ensuremath{\approx}0.0027$. This experiment demonstrates that the improved sensitivity, provided by the new generation of highly segmented $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray arrays coupled to a $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ heavy-ion detector array, makes subbarrier heavy-ion-induced nucleon-transfer reactions a powerful probe of the structure of neutron-rich nuclei at moderately high spin. A comparison with the production of ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}$ in the reaction between ${}^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ is made.
Design and production of novel tetravalent bispecific antibodies

We have produced novel bispecific antibodies by fusing the DNA encoding a single chain antibody (ScFv) after the C terminus (CH3-ScFv) or after the hinge (Hinge-ScFv) with an antibody of a different specificity. The fusion protein is expressed by gene transfection in the context of a murine variable region. Transfectomas secrete a homogeneous population of the recombinant antibody with two different specificities, one at the N terminus (anti-dextran) and one at the C terminus (anti-dansyl). The CH3-ScFv antibody, which maintains the constant region of human IgG3, has some of the associated effector functions such as long half-life and Fc receptor binding. The Hinge-ScFv antibody which lacks the CH2 and CH3 domains has no known effector functions.
Changes in the Cell Membranes of the Bullfrog Gastric Mucosa with Acid Secretion

The effective area, resistance, and configuration of the apical and basolateral cell membranes of the bullfrog gastric mucosa were studied as a function of acid secretion rate, by alternating-current impedance methods. The drop in transepithelial resistance with acid secretion is attributed to the great increase in apical membrane area (hence conductance) associated with tubulovesicles. There is no evidence of a change in basolateral membrane resistance or of apical membrane premeability per unit area.
Safety and immunogenicity of two octavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in American Indian infants

We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of two octavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) conjugated to either diphtheria toxoid (PncD) or tetanus protein (PncT) among White Mountain Apache and Gila River Indian Community infants. This was a prospective, non-randomized, open label, comparative pilot study of PncD and PncT. Since this was a pilot study, a small sample size of 60 infants was enrolled. Enrolled healthy infants received either PncD or PncT at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Antibody concentrations were measured by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) prior to each dose and 1 month after the last dose. Local reaction rates were similar between PncD and PncT groups. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were significantly higher for PncD than PncT for serotype 3 whereas GMCs were significantly higher for PncT for serotype 4. For this pilot study, both vaccines appeared to be safe and immunogenic in this group of American Indian infants.
Investigations of the selective population of hydrogen subsurface sites on Pd(110) using He diffraction and thermal-desorption spectroscopy

Surface-structure models for the 2×1 and 1×2 hydrogen chemisorption phases formed on Pd(110) at 100 K have been derived from He-diffraction data. The respective coverages correspond to 1 and 1.5 monolayers (ML). Upon heating to 200 K, the 1×2 saturation phase transforms back into the 2×1, and 0.5 ML hydrogen moves subsurface. Based on structural arguments, we suggest that only the first available subsurface sites, i.e., the octahedral interstitials between topmost and second layers are populated by thermal activation. The subsurface movement is eased since H-chemisorption sites on top of the second Pd layer can be occupied in the 1×2 owing to substrate reconstruction. Structural considerations also explain that exactly 1 ML H can be accommodated subsurface by thermal cycling. New TDS measurements corroborate these notions: only the α2 desorption state, probably associated with Hin subsurface sites between first and second Pdlayers, is selectively filled by the thermal-cycling processes. The α1 state remains empty upon thermal cycling, and is very likely connected with hydrogen deeper in the bulk.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 97

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 97 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to May 1973. Information from approximately 140 papers and communications has been included in the present compilation.
Familial Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris

Background: Familial pityriasis rubra pilaris is a rare autosomal dominant skin disorder. Four individuals from one family are described who demonstrate clinical features compatible with a diagnosis of familial pityriasis rubra pilaris. Results of light and electron microscopic, immunocytochemical, and biochemical analysis of skin biopsy specimens from three of these four individuals are presented. Observations: All affected individuals demonstrated erythematous scaly skin with follicular prominence and islands of sparing. Inheritance was consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. Light and electron microscopic findings were compatible with those reported in sporadic cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris. Immunocytochem- istry showed suprabasal staining with monoclonal antibody AE1. Immunoblot analysis revealed abnormal keratins with K6/16 expression, the possibility of an abnormal K14 or K16, and a 45-kd acidic keratin not normally expressed in epidermis. Because similar biochemical analyses have not been reported previously in other cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris (familial or sporadic), comparisons cannot be made. Conclusions: The observations suggest that the cutaneous abnormality in this family extends beyond clinical and morphological alterations to abnormalities in biochemical markers of epidermal differentiation. (Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:448-453)
Deforestation and Carbon Emissions at Tropical Frontiers: A Case Study from the Peruvian Amazon

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of national development policy on land cover change and associated carbon fluxes at a Peruvian Amazon frontier. Remote sensing and field transects reveal changes in forest carbon stocks and accumulation rates. Deforestation was most rapid along the Interoceanic Highway during 1986–91 when credit and guaranteed markets were available, resulting in emissions of 708,000 Mg C yr −1 , of which 14% was offset by secondary regrowth. Despite continued population growth, deforestation slowed during 1991–97 when fiscal austerity measures were imposed, resulting in emissions of 389,000 Mg C yr −1 , of which 41% was offset by regrowth. Strategies to conserve frontier forests are compared in terms of carbon, biodiversity and economic costs and benefits.
Wide angle colonoscopy with a prototype instrument: Impact on miss rates and efficiency as determined by back-to-back colonoscopies

Wide angle colonoscopy with a prototype instrument: impact on miss rates and efficiency as determined by back-to-back colonoscopies
A Psychodynamic Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Closet Narcissism

The purpose of this article was to increase awareness of an alternative presentation of narcissistic personality disorder, offer treatment strategies specifically geared toward such patients, and demonstrate how an understanding of object relations and defense mechanisms can guide interventions and improve diagnostic refinement. A case study was presented to illustrate this approach. This case study draws mainly from James Masterson’s developmental, self, and object relations approach to the treatment of closet narcissism. Additional psychodynamic theories were also incorporated to provide a more comprehensive conceptualization of the client. Treatment consisted of psychodynamic therapy in which therapeutic neutrality, and analysis of the transference were core features.
D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning

d-Cycloserine (DCS) may facilitate fear extinction learning, but the behavioral consequences and mechanisms behind this effect are not well understood at present. In this paper, we re-analyze data from previously reported null result experiments and find that rats showing above-median extinction learning during DCS treatment benefited from the drug, whereas rats showing below-median (and in this case little) extinction learning did not. Two additional experiments found that DCS facilitated extinction learning when specifically combined with a moderate, but not a small, number of extinction trials. DCS thus facilitates extinction learning only if the behavioral procedure first engages the extinction learning process. The benefits of the drug, however, were specific to the context in which extinction was learned—i.e., DCS did not prevent or influence the renewal of fear observed when the extinguished cue was tested in the original conditioning context.
Shoulder adaptive changes in youth baseball players.

Shoulder adaptive changes in response to overhand throwing have been observed in adults, but the age of onset and progression of these adaptive changes have not been established. Two-hundred ninety-eight youth baseball players (8- to 28-year-olds) were studied to determine whether shoulder range of motion and laxity differences between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders exist between different age groups. The subjects were separated into 3 different age groups of 100 8- to 12-year-olds (Group 1), 100 13- to-14 year-olds (Group 2), and 98 15- to 28-year-olds (Group 3). For dominant shoulder external rotation with the humerus in abduction, all groups were significantly different from each other, with Group 2 having the greatest range and Group 1 having the smallest range ( P P P P P
A global trend in belowground carbon allocation : Comment

Gower et al. (1996) have questioned the validity of using a global-scale relationship between litterfall and belowground carbon (C) allocation (Raich and Nadelhoffer 1989) at stand and regional scales. We encourage attempts to understand better the controls on C allocation to roots in forests, including efforts to evaluate the potentials and limitations of C budgets for this purpose. However, the tests of our C-balance model that were presented by Gower et al. use inappropriate comparisons and the conclusions they drew are unwarranted. In addition, they misinterpret and misapply our C-budgeting models and their conceptual bases. Therefore, we clarify our approach to estimating belowground C allocation (Raich and Nadelhoffer 1989, Nadelhoffer and Raich 1992) and highlight problems with the tests of our models as conducted by Gower et al. The issue in question is whether simplified soil C budgets can be used to estimate total root carbon allocation (TRCA, the annual rate at which assimilated C is allocated to producing and maintaining roots and mycorrhizae) in forest ecosystems. The conceptual model underlying the statistical model we used to predict TRCA at global scales (Raich and Nadelhoffer 1989) is based on the First Law of Thermodynamics (i.e., conservation of mass) and can be expressed as
A high aspect ratio Si-fin FinFET fabricated with 193nm scanner photolithography and thermal oxide hard mask etching techniques

A vertical double gate (FinFET) devices with a high Si-fin aspect ratio of height/width (H/W) = 87nm/11nm have been successfully fabricated on SOI wafers. Firstly, a 50nm-thick capping oxide layer was thermally grown upon the SOI crystalline silicon layer. Secondly, both 105nm-thick BARC and 265nm-thick photoresist were coated and a 193nm scanner lithography tool was used for the Si-fin layout patterning under high ASML exposure energy. Then, a deep sub-micron plasma etcher was used for an aggressive photoresist and BARC trimming down processing and the Si-fin capping oxide layer was subsequently plasma etched in another etching chamber without breaking the plasma etcher's loadlock vacuum. Continuously, the photoresist and BARC were removed with a plasma ashing and a RCA cleaning. Also, the patterned Si-fin capping oxide can be further trimmed down with an additional DHF cleaning and the remained ~22nm-thick capping oxide was still thick enough to act as a robust hard mask for the subsequent Si-fin plasma etching. Finally, an ultra thin Si-fin width 11nm and Si-fin height of 87nm can be successfully fabricated through the last silcon plasma etching.
Vortex dynamics in patterned nanomagnets

Magnetic vortices in restricted geometries, characterized by a circulating in-plane magnetization and an out-of-plane vortex core, exhibit a rich excitation spectrum, of which the fundamental mode is a non-degenerate translational excitation that corresponds to circular motion of its core at a characteristic frequency. Recently there has been considerable interest in the unique dynamics of these vortices, motivated in part by the potential applications of field- and current-driven core polarization reversals. Here we investigate the dynamics of magnetic vortices confined in lithographically defined, micron-sized Permalloy disks with circular and elliptical symmetry. The resonance frequencies are detected experimentally using a microwave reflection technique where an r.f. current in a coplanar waveguide generates an oscillating magnetic field that is absorbed preferentially at the eigenfrequencies of the magnetic disks patterned on its central strip. The eigenfrequency of a single vortex depends primarily on the magnetostatic energy profile and, consequently, can be tuned by varying the geometry of the disk or through effective confinement by shifting the vortex to an energetically distinct position using a static magnetic field [1], with frequencies typically in the range of 50 MHz to 1 GHz. In single vortex systems the out-of-plane magnetic core defines the direction that the core circulates around its equilibrium position. For dynamically interacting vortex pairs, the relative polarizations of the two cores leads to four modes with distinct eigenfrequencies and motion patterns, three of which can be excited by a spatially uniform magnetic field [2]. For small amplitude perturbations the energy profile is harmonic in form but for larger perturbations, micromagnetic simulations show that higher order terms are necessary to describe the energy profile, suggesting that nonlinearities in the excitation mode should emerge. Experimentally we find that as the amplitude of the r.f. driving field is increased, the translational-mode peak first takes on a distorted shape and then splits into two well-defined peaks that differ in frequency by up to 25 % as the field is increased [3]. Although the translational mode frequency increases substantially as a function of an in-plane dc field H applied along the ellipse minor axis, the critical driving field and the magnitude of the splitting change little with H. The thickness and field dependence of this mode-splitting phenomenon are examined via measurements of lithographically patterned micron-sized Permalloy ellipses with thicknesses of 20, 40, and 60 nm. The experimental results compare well with numerical calculations that incorporate a critical velocity parameter, providing new insight into the origin of the observed vortex dynamic mode splitting.
Stereotypes of mental illness: A comparison with ethnic stereotypes

This paper draws on empirical and theoretical studies to argue that popular and professional conceptions of mental illness share specific traits with ethnic stereotypes: (1) they are exaggerated and serve to erect a qualitative boundary where none objectively exists: (2) they are maintained through selective perception, rationalization, and sanctions; (3) they help to erect the “thresholds,” i.e., the criteria, for crossing or recrossing the boundary; (4) they serve to define relations, including those of power, between groups; (5) because they perform these important cognitive and conative functions, they persist despite a flow of personnel across them and despite repeated demonstrations of their inaccuracy. They cannot be expected to change until the actual relations between groups change.
An Experimental Study of the Electrical Conductivity of Disperse Systems. I. Cream

Conductivity of suspensions of cream in its skimmed milk.---The well known formula for the conductivity of a suspension of non-conducting spheres is $\frac{({k}_{1}\ensuremath{-}k)}{(2{k}_{1}+k)}=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rho}$, where $k$ and ${k}_{1}$ are the specific conductivities of the suspension and of the suspending medium and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the volume concentration of the disperse phase. This formula was experimentally verified within about 0.5 per cent for values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ up to 62 per cent, by comparing the values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ given by the formula with the values obtained directly from the known dilutions. Since the conductivity was found to change with the age, due to incipient souring, measurements were made quickly. Stirring was used instead of shaking to avoid introducing finely divided air, and was effected by using a special cell in which a bead rolled back and forth as the cell was rocked. After stirring was stopped there was a rapid increase of resistance due, perhaps, to the particles taking up an ordered arrangement. The temperature coefficient was found to be the same for the cream as for the skimmed milk, decreasing from 2.65 per cent at 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 2.12 per cent at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The variation with frequency was a 2 per cent decrease of conductivity as frequency was increased from 1600 to 200,000. These results indicate that the measurement of conductivity furnishes a practical method of determining the butter fat in milk and cream, which is as accurate as those now used.
Electrical, Optical, and Structural Properties of Fluorine-Doped CdO

We have investigated the effects of fluorine doping and deposition temperature on CdO grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Fluorine doping increases the carrier concentration of the films by about one order of magnitude at a deposition temperature of 300°C. The increased carrier concentration increases the optical bandgap from 2.4 eV to 2.85 eV. On the other hand, the higher deposition temperatures enabled by fluorine doping improve the crystal structure of the films. Therefore a higher mobility has been reached. The polycrystalline thin film CdO deposited at 450°C has the Hall mobility of 262 cm2/V-s and a carrier concentration of 3.8×1019/cm3.
PedMine—a simulated annealing algorithm to identify maximally unrelated individuals in population isolates

Summary: In family-based genetic studies, it is often useful to identify a subset of unrelated individuals. When such studies are conducted in population isolates, however, most if not all individuals are often detectably related to each other. To identify a set of maximally unrelated (or equivalently, minimally related) individuals, we have implemented simulated annealing, a general-purpose algorithm for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems. We illustrate our method on data from a genetic study in the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a population isolate derived from a modest number of founders. Given one or more pedigrees, our program automatically and rapidly extracts a fixed number of maximally unrelated individuals. Availability: http://www.hg.med.umich.edu/labs/douglaslab/software.html (version 1.0.0) Contact: jddoug@umich.edu
Myeloid-Derived Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Promotes Macrophage Motility through FAK, Rac1, and NF-κB Pathways

Macrophage accumulation is one of the hallmarks of progressive kidney disease. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is known to promote macrophage infiltration and renal inflammation during chronic kidney injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. We examined the role of tPA in macrophage motility in vivo by tracking fluorescence-labeled bone marrow–derived macrophages, and found that tPA-deficient mice had markedly fewer infiltrating fluorescence-labeled macrophages than the wild-type (WT) mice. Experiments in bone marrow chimeric mice further demonstrated that myeloid cells are the main source of endogenous tPA that promotes macrophage migration. In vitro studies showed that tPA promoted macrophage motility through its CD11b-mediated protease-independent function; and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Rac-1, and NF-κB were indispensable to tPA-induced macrophage migration as either infection of FAK dominant-negative adenovirus or treatment with a Rac-1–specific inhibitor or NF-κB inhibitor abolished the effect of tPA. Moreover, ectopic FAK mimicked tPA and induced macrophage motility. tPA also activated migratory signaling in vivo . The accumulation of phospho-FAK–positive CD11b macrophages in the obstructed kidneys from WT mice was clearly attenuated in tPA knockout mice, which also displayed lower Rac-1 activity than their WT counterparts. Therefore, our results indicate that myeloid-derived tPA promotes macrophage migration through a novel signaling cascade involving FAK, Rac-1, and NF-κB.
The archive and the processor: The internal logic of Web 2.0

In Web 2.0, there is a social dichotomy at work based upon and reflecting the underlying Von Neumann Architecture of computers. In the hegemonic Web 2.0 business model, users are encouraged to process digital ephemera by sharing content, making connections, ranking cultural artifacts, and producing digital content, a mode of computing I call ‘affective processing.’ The Web 2.0 business model imagines users to be a potential superprocessor. In contrast, the memory possibilities of computers are typically commanded by Web 2.0 site owners. They seek to surveil every user action, store the resulting data, protect that data via intellectual property, and mine it for profit. Users are less likely to wield control over these archives. These archives are comprised of the products of affective processing; they are archives of affect, sites of decontextualized data which can be rearranged by the site owners to construct knowledge about Web 2.0 users.
Changes in Smoking Prevalence and Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day Following the Implementation of a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Plan in New York City

The New York City (NYC) Health Department has implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan since 2002, and there was a 27% decline in adult smoking prevalence in NYC from 2002 to 2008. There are conflicting reports in the literature on whether residual smoker populations have a larger or smaller share of “hardcore” smokers. Changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence, common components used to define hardcore smokers, were evaluated in the context of the smoking prevalence decline. Using the NYC Community Health Survey, an annual random digit dial, cross-sectional survey that samples approximately 10,000 adults, the prevalence of current heavy daily, light daily, and nondaily smokers among NYC adults was compared between 2002 and 2008. A five-level categorical cigarettes per day (CPD) variable was also used to compare the population of smokers between the 2 years. From 2002 to 2008, significant declines were seen in the prevalence of daily smoking, heavy daily smoking, and nondaily smoking. Among daily smokers, there is also evidence of population declines in all but the lowest smoking category (one to five CPD). The mean CPD among daily smokers declined significantly, from 14.6 to 12.5. After an overall decline in smoking since 2002, the remaining smokers may be less nicotine dependent, based on changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence. These findings suggest the need to increase media and cessation efforts targeted towards lighter smokers.
A Fault Tolerance Protocol with Fast Fault Recovery

Fault tolerance is an important issue for large machines with tens or hundreds of thousands of processors. Checkpoint-based methods, currently used on most machines, rollback all processors to previous checkpoints after a crash. This wastes a significant amount of computation as all processors have to redo all the computation from that checkpoint onwards. In addition, recovery time is bound by the time between the last checkpoint and the crash. Protocols based on message logging avoid the problem of rolling back all processors to their earlier state. However, the recovery time of existing message logging protocols is no smaller than the time between the last checkpoint and crash. We present a fault tolerance protocol, in this paper, that provides fast restarts by using the ideas of message logging and object-based processor virtualization. We evaluate our implementation of the protocol in the Charm++/adaptive MPI runtime system. We show that our protocol provides fast restarts and, for many applications, has low fault-free overhead.
The effects of actuator selection on non-volitional postural responses to torso-based vibrotactile stimulation

Torso-based vibrotactile feedback may significantly reduce postural sway in balance-compromised adults during quiet standing or in response to perturbations. However, natural non-volitional postural responses to vibrotactile stimulation applied to the torso remain unknown. The primary goal of this study was to determine, for two types of actuators (tactors) and in the absence of instruction, whether vibrotactile stimulation induces a directional postural shift as a function of stimulation location. Eleven healthy young adults (20 – 29 years old) were asked to maintain an upright erect posture with feet hip-width apart and eyes closed. Two types of tactors, Tactaid and C2, which differ in design and stimulation strength, were placed on the skin over the right and left external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles in a horizontal plane corresponding approximately to the L4/L5 level. Each tactor of the same type was activated twice randomly for each individual location and twice simultaneously for all locations at a frequency of 250 Hz for a period of 5 s. Vibration applied over the internal oblique and erector spinae muscle locations induced a postural shift in the direction of the stimulation regardless of the tactor type. For the aforementioned four locations, the root-mean-square (RMS) and power spectral density (PSD) of the body sway in both the A/P and M/L directions were also significantly greater during the vibration than before or after, and were greater for the C2 tactors than for the Tactaid tactors. However, simultaneous activation of all tactors or those over the external oblique muscle locations did not produce significant postural responses regardless of the tactor type. The results suggest that the use of a torso-based vibrotactile sensory augmentation display should carefully consider the tactor type as well as the instruction of corrective movements. Attractive instructional cues (“move in the direction of the vibration”) are compatible with the observed non-volitional response to stimulation and may facilitate postural adjustments during vibrotactile biofeedback balance applications.
Social transition and adolescent development

When investigating the impact of social transition on deprived and nondeprived adolescents, one should consider the abruptness of the change, other simultaneous transitions, and the availability of at least one unchanging arena of comfort. More research is needed on the short- and long-term effects of impersonality in the social context and on the effects of the proximate environment.