cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE‐E‐BRB‐03: Extracting Energy Fluence Distributions of X‐Rays Produced by Megavoltage Electron Beams Stopping in Thick Targets from Lateral Profiles Measured Using Ionization Chambers

Purpose: To develop a method of extracting energy fluence distributions of x‐rays produced by megavoltage electron beams stopping in thick targets from lateral profiles measured using ionization chambers. Methods: High accuracy x‐ray lateral profiles measured using various ionization chambers with a set of build‐up caps for a number of target materials were recently reported. It was possible to extract energy fluence distributions from these profiles by using Monte Carlo calculations. The conversion factor was calculated as the ratio between the MC calculated energy fluence (using FLURZnrc) and the MC calculated absorbed dose in the air cavity of the ionization chamber (using “cavity”) at each position. The “measured” energy fluence lateral distribution was then obtained by multiplying the measured absorbed dose with these coefficients point by point, for each build‐up cap. The geometry, beam and material properties were simulated with BEAMnrc. The “cavity” user code was used to score the absorbed dose in the ionization chamber air cavity per incident electron up to angles of 25°. The energy fluence calculations were performed using the EGSnrc user code FLURZnrc. Results: The conversion factors for the PMMA build‐up caps were different by up to 40 % from those for the hevimet caps. However, when converting to energy fluence, for all targets the agreement between the energy fluence distributions obtained with each of the six build‐up caps was better than 1 %. The final energy fluence distribution for a particular target was obtained by averaging the distributions obtained for all six build‐up caps. Conclusions: The present study showed that it is possible to extract energy fluence distributions from x‐ray lateral in‐air profiles measured using commonly used Farmer type ionization chambers with various build‐up caps. The uncertainty on the distributions was better than 1 %. Partial support from NIH R01 CA104777‐01A2.
Responses of temporal distribution of gastropods to individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition in annual grassland

Abstract Terrestrial gastropods have been shown to exert major impacts on the plant structure and species composition of temperate grasslands and other terrestrial plant communities. In order to develop predictions of plant community responses to changing environments, it is critical to understand how factors structuring plant communities will be influenced by global changes. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential for the size and abundance of gastropods to be altered by the individual and combined effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and increased deposition of N. Previous work suggests that responses of herbivore abundance to these global changes seem likely to depend, in part, upon the changes in the quantity of plant biomass available for consumption, and changes in the nutritional quality of this plant material for gastropod survival, development, and reproduction. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of elevated CO 2 and increased N deposition on gastropod size and abundance, as well as the effects on plant community production and N status. Elevated CO 2 depressed the size of gastropods early in the growing season by 29% to 42%, increased mid-season gastropod abundance by 38% to 43%, and depressed abundance late in the growing season by 21% to 29%. These changes in gastropod size and abundance were due largely to the modification of plant tissue quality and quantity. Increased N deposition, in contrast, influenced neither gastropod abundance nor per capita biomass during any part of the growing season. Neither elevated CO 2 nor increased N deposition disrupted the temporal synchrony between plant production and slug abundance.
Outcomes after repair of the intrathoracic stomach: objective follow-up of up to 5 years.

Laparoscopic surgery is a viable treatment option for intrathoracic stomach (ITS); however, doubts have been raised regarding its efficacy. Routine use of mesh has been advocated. The aim of this study is to look at long-term objective and symptomatic outcomes after repair of ITS with selective use of mesh and fundoplication. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed for patients who underwent surgical treatment of ITS from January 2004 to April 2009. ITS was defined as herniation of greater than 75% of the stomach into the chest on barium swallow. A standardized foregut symptom questionnaire was administered along with contrast study at 1, 3, and 5 years post surgery. Seventy-three patients with intrathoracic stomach were included in the study. Mean age was 70.6 ± 10.4 (44–88) years, and two-thirds were females. There were 7 transthoracic and 66 transabdominal repairs (64 laparoscopic, 1 open, and 1 laparoscopic to open conversion). There was one intraoperative death, due to bleeding. Antireflux surgery was performed in 43 patients (20 Nissen, 18 Toupet, 1 Dor, and 4 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB)). Ten patients had Collis gastroplasty for short esophagus. Mesh was used in ten (13.7%) patients for crus reinforcement. Objective follow-up was available for 88%, 78%, and 92% patients at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. There were 5% (3/61), 11% (4/36), and 17% (2/12) radiological failures at these intervals. There was no significant difference in mean symptom and satisfaction scores or use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) between patients with and without antireflux surgery. Mean satisfaction scores were 9.1, 9.0, and 9.0 at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Laparoscopic repair of ITS with selective use of mesh and fundoplication is feasible, safe, and durable, resulting in a high degree of patient satisfaction.
Dependence of 50‐keV upstream ion events at IMP 7&8 upon magnetic field bow shock geometry

Results are presented for a statistical study of four years (1972-1976) of IMP 7 and 8 observations at approximately 40 R(E) of 50-200 keV upstream ion events measured with the Energetic Particle Experiment. A monotonic increase in the probability of observing upstream particle events is found with a decrease in the angle (theta-Bn) between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the local shock normal at the point where the IMF intersects the bow shock, independent of the length of time of bow shock connections exceeding approximately 10 min. Approximately equal probabilities are found for observing an event above a given flux from any portion of the bow shock with the same value of theta-Bn, a growth time of the 50-200 keV events of approximately 10 min, a maximum attainable flux of approximately 25,000/sq cm s sr, and a positive correlation between the probability of exceeding a given flux and the 3 hr Kp index. It is concluded that the local structure of the bow shock in the immediate vicinity of the field line connection is the dominant influence in the generation process of energetic upstream particle events and that wave-particle interactions produce a self-throttling mechanism that limits the maximum flux of ions escaping the upstream foreshock.
Oxygen evolution as a critical test of mechanism in the ferric‐ion catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

The stoichiometry of O2 evolution in the Fe3 catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 in dilute HClO4 at high [Fe3+]/[H2O2] ratios is 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 with no deficiency indicating accumulation of an intermediate complex. This and the observed kinetics are shown to be consistent with a “redox chain” but not a “complex” mechanism for the reaction.
A Comparison of Individual- Versus Practice-Level Measures of the Medical Home

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between a widely used individual-level assessment of the medical home derived from parental perception and practice-level assessment of the medical home. METHODS: Thirty parents at each of 6 Boston-area community health centers (CHCs) were administered the 19-question medical home measure of the 2011 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). Each CHC was scored in accordance with the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) 2011 Patient-Centered Medical Home Standards and Guidelines. Bivariate analysis of the independent variables against the dependent variable (the NCQA measure, assessed as both a continuous score and a categorical tier) was performed. Linear and logistical regression models accounting for the cluster design were then constructed, with the NSCH measure as the primary predictor. RESULTS: Of the 180 parents, 52% had a medical home according to the NSCH criteria. Of the 6 CHCs, 5 were a medical home according to the NCQA Standards (2 at Tier 3, 3 at Tier 2). Regression modeling demonstrated nonsignificant associations between both the continuous and categorical (tier) NCQA scores and the NSCH assessment of the medical home, with a β of −2.80 (95% confidence interval, −7.75 to 13.35) and an adjusted odds ratio of 2.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 5.74), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association between the individual-level and practice-level assessments of the medical home. Given this discrepancy, our results suggest that we may need to temper our expectations that the medical home transformation currently being implemented at the practice level will lead to the child health and health care utilization outcomes extensively demonstrated in the literature.
An empirical study of the motivations and consumption behaviors of Civil War re-enactors: implications for re-enactment tourism

ABSTRACT The study of Civil War re-enacting is important because participation in this leisure time activity is exhibiting significant growth in the U.S., yet little is known about the motivations and consumption behaviors of participants. This research explores the phenomenon of Civil War re-enacting from two perspectives: (1) filmed interviews with a Confederate unit operating in the Pacific Northwest, and (2) survey data from Civil War re-enactors (both Union and Confederate members) across the U.S. The findings provide useful implications for those interested in developing a heritage tourism program for their state or community, and confirm the growing importance of experiential consumption and the experience economy (Pine & Gilmore, 1999; Popcorn, 2003).
Estradiol after Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is Neuroprotective and Mediated through Estrogen Receptor-β

We evaluated long-term administration of estrogen after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) on neurohistopathological and behavioral outcome. We also examined the effect of estrogen receptor (ER) stimulation using ER-alpha agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and ER-beta agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) on neuronal survival after CA/CPR to determine whether possible neuroprotective effects of estrogen are ER-mediated. Male C57Bl/6 mice underwent 10 mins of CA/CPR and 3-day survival. In protocol 1, intravenous injection of vehicle (NaCl 0.9%) and 0.5 or 2.5 microg 17beta-estradiol (E2 loading dose) was performed followed by subcutaneous implants containing vehicle (oil) or E2 (12.6 microg), according to a treatment group. In experimental protocol 2, mice were injected (intravenously) with the ER-alpha agonist PPT or ER-beta agonist DPN followed by Alzet pump implants (subcutaneously) containing PPT (200 microg) or DPN (800 microg). Long-term E2 administration reduced neuronal injury in the striatum after administration of either loading dose (41%+/-19%, 35%+/-26% of injured neurons), as compared with vehicle (68%+/-7%, P<0.01), with no effect in the hippocampal CA1 field. In protocol 2, treatment with ER-beta agonist DPN reduced neuronal injury in the striatum (51%+/-13% injured neurons) as compared with ER-alpha agonist PPT (68%+/-10%) and vehicle (69%+/-11%; P<0.01). Estrogen receptor-beta agonist DPN reduced neuronal injury in the hippocampal CA1 field (29%+/-22% injured neurons) as compared with ER-alpha agonist PPT treatment (62%+/-33%; P<0.05). Injury was not different in hippocampal CA1 between vehicle and ER-alpha agonist-treated animals. We conclude that long-term E2 administration after CA/CPR is neuroprotective and that this effect is most likely mediated via ER-beta.
New insights: does heat shock protein 70 mediate exercise-induced cardioprotection?

across several mammalian species, moderate to high intensity aerobic-type exercise consistently protects against experimental ischemia-reperfusion (IR) insults by mitigating IR-induced ventricular arrhythmias, pump dysfunction, and tissue death [see review ([8][1])]. Collective understanding of
A deep226Ra maximum in the Northeast Pacific

Seven vertical profiles of226Ra have been measured along an east-west traverse at about 30°N from San Diego to northwest of Hawaii. These profiles show that there is a distinct core of Ra maximum spreading westward as a tongue in the northeast Pacific deep water. This core starts in the east with 21.1 Ra units (1Ra unit= 10−14g/kg) at 3.9 km depth at about 130°W, and deepens westward to 4.1 km with its Ra reduced to 18.3 units at 150°W. A similar core with some uncertainty due to possible sampling errors extends westward near the bottom at 5.2 km depth from 19.4 Ra units at 150°W to 15.9 units at about 180° longitude. In addition, these profiles appear to be correlated with each other in structure above the cores of Ra maximum. These cores indicate that the Ra input depends locally on the type and composition of sediments and so the flux varies over the ocean bottom. On the basis of a one-dimensional diffusion-decay model, a horizontal diffusion coefficient of 106 cm2/sec has been computed along these cores. Although this value appears to be slightly lower, it is not inconsistent with those derived from other physical methods.
Analysis of the fitness effect of compensatory mutations

This paper extends previous work on the Darwinian evolutionary fitness effect of the fixation of deleterious mutations by incorporating compensatory mutations, which are mutations (deleterious by themselves) that ameliorate other deleterious mutations, thus reducing the genetic load of populations. Since having compensatory mutations essentially changes the distributional shapes of deleterious mutations, the effect of compensatory mutations is studied by comparing distributions of deleterious mutations without compensatory mutations to those with compensatory mutations. The effect of effective population size (Ne), fitness distributional shape, and mutation rate on population fitness reduction is studied. Results indicate that, first, the smaller a population’s Ne, the larger the effect of compensatory mutations on fitness recovery, and the compensatory effect increases sharply with decreasing Ne. Second, the larger the squared coefficient of variation in the fitness effect of deleterious mutations, the larger the effect of compensatory mutations. Third, for fixed Ne, the higher the rate of deleterious mutations, the more effective compensatory mutation is in fitness recovery, and this effect is more pronounced for smaller Ne.
Hall effect B-H loop recorder for thin magnetic films

An instrument for recording B-H loops of evaporated magnetic films is described. A Hall effect probe is used to measure the normal component of magnetic field at the film surface along an edge of the film. The instrument is arranged also to record a map of the normal field over the area of the film in isometric projection form. The field maps indicate the uniformity of the domain structure when the film is in a partially switched state.
Orthogonal interlocking tandem clipping technique for the reconstruction of complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Complex aneurysms arising at the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation frequently present a microsurgical challenge to effectively obliterate while maintaining patency of the distal MCA branches. These aneurysms are often multilobed, with their long axis aligned with the long axis of the M1 trunk, placing the dome of the aneurysm in the surgeons' line of sight, preventing an unobstructed view of the entire bifurcation and proximal M1 segment. MCA aneurysms often have a broad neck, splaying the bifurcation. An orthogonal interlocking tandem clipping technique, maximizing the use of fenestrated aneurysm clips, is presented as a means to completely obliterate the aneurysm and simultaneously "reconstruct" the MCA bifurcation. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS AND INTERVENTION: Fifteen complex MCA aneurysms were treated using an interlocking tandem clipping technique. In its simplest application, the blades of the initial aneurysm clip are incorporated into the fenestration of the second clip. Obliteration of the residual aneurysm is achieved with the blades of the second, fenestrated clip. RESULTS: Satisfactory aneurysm obliteration and reconstruction of the MCA bifurcation was achieved in all cases using this technique, with excellent neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Morphologically complex multilobed MCA aneurysms can be effectively clipped with "reconstruction" of the normal vascular anatomy using a tandem interlocking clipping technique. A fenestrated clip is used to incorporate the blades of the initial clip, while obliterating the remainder of the aneurysm.
Composite Laminates in Plane Stress: Constitutive Modeling and Stress Redistribution due to Matrix Cracking

Plane-stress constitutive relations for laminate composites undergoing matrix cracking are developed that can be fit to data from uniaxial tests. The constitutive equations are specialized to brittle-matrix composites in the form of cross-plies and quasi-isotropic laminates. The effect of nonlinear stress-strain behavior on stress redistribution around holes and notches in laminate plates is illustrated.
Foreign Direct Investment and Territorial Disputes

This study evaluates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and interstate conflict, focusing on four prominent causal mechanisms: the declining benefits of territorial conquest, ...
Enhanced Resolution Jitter Testing Using Jitter Expansion

This paper presents a hardware jitter expansion technique to enable high-resolution jitter measurement of multi-GHz digital signals. To realize high-resolution timing analysis, the jitter is reconstructed on a low-speed signal and jitter measurements are made on this signal instead of the original high-speed signal. The reconstructed jitter on the low-speed signal occurs on a proportionately larger time-scale as opposed to the original jitter on the high-speed signal. Consequently, the jitter on the low-speed signal can be measured easily using conventional jitter measurement techniques and mapped back to its corresponding value relative to the high-speed signal. The approach allows one or two orders of magnitude smaller jitter values to be measured than standard jitter measurement techniques available today. The proposed hardware is easily implemented as a front-end to any existing jitter measurement system. Simulation data and hardware measurements are presented to prove the viability of the proposed scheme.
Topoisomerase IIα expression correlates with diminished disease-free survival in invasive breast cancer

Purpose: Topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) plays a role in DNA replication and is the molecular target for anthracyline-based chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Topo IIα expression and survival in patients with invasive breast cancer. Methods and Materials: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 24 women with invasive breast cancer were stained for Topo IIα expression. All women underwent mastectomy. Radiotherapy was given at the University of Utah Department of Radiation Oncology. Of the patients, 23 (96%) received chemotherapy. The level of Topo IIα expression within tumor cells was compared with clinical factors and overall survival. Results: The median percentage of tumor cells expressing Topo IIα was 70%. Increased Topo IIα tumor expression significantly correlated with diminished disease-free survival. Five-year disease-free survival was 100% for patients with p = 0.008). The level of Topo IIα expression within tumor cells correlated with T stage ( p = 0.008) but not with other pathologic factors. Conclusions: Increased Topo IIα expression significantly correlated with diminished disease-free survival in patients with invasive breast cancer. These findings may indicate a role for Topo IIα expression as a prognostic factor in breast cancer.
Towards Reliable Computation of Large-Scale Market-Based Optimal Power Flow

The deregulated electricity market calls for robust OPF tools that can provide deterministic convergence, accurate computation of a variety of nodal prices, support of continuous costs as well as discrete bids and offers, full active and reactive power flow modeling of large-scale systems, and satisfactory worst-case performance that meets the real-time dispatching requirement. For historical reasons, most prior research on OPF has focused on performance issues, without much treatment of requirements. This paper discusses these new challenges and presents two new algorithms for reliable computation of large-scale market-based OPF: trust-region based augmented Lagrangian method (TRALM) and step-controlled primal-dual interior point method (SCIPM). The former is more theoretically rigid while the latter is more effective in practice. The new algorithms, along with several existing ones, are tested and compared using large-scale power system models
Second generation tetrahydroquinoline-based protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors as antimalarials

Substituted tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) have been previously identified as inhibitors of mammalian protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). Previously we showed that blocking PFT in the malaria parasite led to cell death and that THQ-based inhibitors are the most potent among several structural classes of PFT inhibitors (PFTIs). We have prepared 266 THQ-based PFTIs and discovered several compounds that inhibit the malarial enzyme in the sub- to low-nanomolar range and that block the growth of the parasite (P. falciparum) in the low-nanomolar range. This body of structure-activity data can be rationalized in most cases by consideration of the X-ray structure of one of the THQs bound to mammalian PFT together with a homology structural model of the malarial enzyme. The results of this study provide the basis for selection of antimalarial PFTIs for further evaluation in preclinical drug discovery assays.
Near-far resistance of multicarrier CDMA systems

Multicarrier (MC) CDMA systems have been developed and rapidly gained popularity as they capitalize on both the resilience of MCM (multicarrier modulation) to MUI and the robustness of direct-sequence (DS) CDMA against frequency selectivity to mitigate both MUI and the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by time dispersive channels. However, the well-known near-far problem in a multiuser setting still places fundamental limitations on the performance of MC-CDMA communication systems, and this issue has been considered by very few papers. We derive the theoretical near-far resistance of the MMSE detector in the MC-CDMA uplink (with and without cyclic prefix, CP). It turns out that the near-far resistance of MC-CDMA without CP has the same form as that of DS-CDMA, except that the user codes are IFFT transformed. Our formulation for near-far resistance is applied to either blind or non-blind MMSE detectors. Computer simulations confirm our theoretical findings.
Text processing for speech synthesis using parallel distributed models

A parallel distributed model is developed for the text-to-speech synthesis problem. This model includes a procedure which marks those incoming letters which are soundless, but which modify the pronunciation of their neighbors. Neural-network simulation results are presented, and it is shown that the larger the network the faster the learning rate, but also the greater the computational requirements. >
Defect tolerance and the effect of structural inhomogeneity in plasmonic DNA-nanoparticle superlattices

Bottom-up assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles exhibit unique optical effects such as tunable reflection, optical cavity modes, and tunable photonic resonances. Here, we compare detailed simulations with experiment to explore the effect of structural inhomogeneity on the optical response in DNA-gold nanoparticle superlattices. In particular, we explore the effect of background environment, nanoparticle polydispersity (>10%), and variation in nanoparticle placement (∼5%). At volume fractions less than 20% Au, the optical response is insensitive to particle size, defects, and inhomogeneity in the superlattice. At elevated volume fractions (20% and 25%), structures incorporating different sized nanoparticles (10-, 20-, and 40-nm diameter) each exhibit distinct far-field extinction and near-field properties. These optical properties are most pronounced in lattices with larger particles, which at fixed volume fraction have greater plasmonic coupling than those with smaller particles. Moreover, the incorporation of experimentally informed inhomogeneity leads to variation in far-field extinction and inconsistent electric-field intensities throughout the lattice, demonstrating that volume fraction is not sufficient to describe the optical properties of such structures. These data have important implications for understanding the role of particle and lattice inhomogeneity in determining the properties of plasmonic nanoparticle lattices with deliberately designed optical properties.
Dissociating Spatial Attention and Awareness in Emotion-Induced Blindness

Emotional stimuli attract spatial attention, sometimes improving perception at their location. But they also can disrupt awareness of targets at their location, a phenomenon known as emotion-induced blindness. Such discrepant findings might reflect the impact of emotional stimuli on different perception mechanisms. We dissociated spatial attention and awareness by investigating the spatial distribution of emotion-induced blindness. Participants searched for a target within two simultaneous rapid streams of pictures, one of which could also contain a preceding emotional distractor. When targets were followed by additional stream items, emotion-induced blindness occurred only at the location of the distractor. However, when no items appeared after the target, so that it could persist in iconic memory and its temporal position was easily discernible, emotional disruption of target perception was more robust away from the distractor's location than at the distractor's location. The results suggest that although emotional distractors attract spatial attention, they inhibit identification of competing items potentially linked to the same spatiotemporal position.
Hybridization of particle swarm optimization with the K-Means algorithm for image classification

The K-means algorithm is one of the widely used clustering algorithms in the image classification systems. However, the K-Means algorithm is easily trapped into the local optimal solutions. Several optimization techniques have been proposed to solve this problem such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and swarm intelligence. In this paper, we develop hybrid techniques using different particle swarm optimization (PSO) heuristics to optimize the K-Means algorithm and examine the reliability of parametric values for different variants of PSO and K-means algorithms. These PSO heuristics include linear inertia reduction, constriction factor, and dynamic inertia and maximum velocity reduction. The performance of these hybridization of PSO and the K-means algorithms was tested on the image segmentation. These PSO heuristics can make the K-means algorithm more stable for finding better solutions and less dependent on the initial cluster centers based on the preliminary experimental results.
Synthesis of Heat Shock/Stress Proteins during Cellular Injury

Several conclusions can be drawn from available data on the expression of stress proteins in brain with respect to their utility as markers of cellular injury. First, it is evident that all cell types in brain are capable of expressing stress proteins, although there is striking specificity in the population responding to a given insult. The apparent hierarchy of responsiveness indicated by hsp72 expression correlates well with the relative vulnerability of specific cell populations in a given model. With increasing severity of injury there can be an attenuation of the translational component of the stress response, in that hsp72 immunoreactivity fails to accumulate even though its mRNA is abundantly expressed. For this reason, hsp72 immunoreactivity provides an index of cell populations that have responded to an insult with a functional stress response. Such a response is not sufficient to guarantee survival, since many CA1 neurons that show significant hsp72 staining are eventually lost after global ischemia in the rat. However, brief insults that result in expression of hsp72 and other proteins encoded by induced mRNAs do result in tolerance to subsequent insults. Future studies may be expected to reveal the contributions of specific gene products to the tolerant state. Meanwhile, complementary evaluations of hsp72 mRNA and protein expression provide practical means of identifying cell populations responding to diverse injuries.
Collaborative recall in face-to-face and electronic groups

When people remember shared experiences, the amount they recall as a collaborating group is less than the amount obtained by pooling their individual memories. We tested the hypothesis that reduced group productivity can be attributed, at least in part, to content filtering, where information is omitted from group products either because individuals fail to retrieve it or choose to withhold it (self-filtering), or because groups reject or fail to incorporate it (group-filtering). Three-person groups viewed a movie clip together and recalled it, first individually, then in face-to-face or electronic groups, and finally individually again. Although both kinds of groups recalled equal amounts, group-filtering occurred more often face-to-face, while self-filtering occurred more often electronically. This suggests that reduced group productivity is due not only to intrapersonal factors stemming from cognitive interference, but also to interpersonal costs of coordinating the group product. Finally, face-to-face group interaction facilitated subsequent individual recall.
Identification of responsive cells in the developing somite supports a role for β‐catenin‐dependent Wnt signaling in maintaining the DML myogenic progenitor pool

Somitic b-catenin is involved in both maintaining a stem cell population and controlling myogenic differentiation. It is unclear how b-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling accomplishes these disparate roles. The present study shows that only dorsal cells in the early somite respond to b-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling and as the somites compartmentalize to form the dermomyotome and myotome, responding cells are detected primarily in the dorsomedial lip (DML). Forced activation of Wnt target genes in DML cells prevents their progeny from entering the myotome, while blocking activation allows myotomal entry. This suggests a role for b-catenin-dependent/Wnt signaling in maintaining progenitor cells in the DML and that if b-catenin-dependent/Wnt signaling is required to induce myogenesis, the response is transitory and rapidly down-regulated. Developmental Dynamics 239:222–236, 2010. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids

A study was made of the evaporation from single drops containing solids. By means of a specially designed sensitive balance, drops were suspended over a hot-air stream and their drying behavior was observed. Weight changes were measured during evaporation. Experimental data are presented on the time of appearance of the first solid phase and the formation of a solid crust for a wide range of drying conditions and materials. A theory is advanced for predicting the formation of a solid phase in drying a droplet containing a dissolved solid. This theory shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. A tentative proposal for the application of the results to spray-dryer performance is suggested.
Benefits of hospitalization: the adolescent's perspective.

The purpose of this study was to identify what adolescents consider beneficial about hospitalization for surgery and to examine the congruency between anticipated and actual benefits. Fifty-nine adolescents were interviewed prior to and following surgery. Four categories of benefits were described. The highest proportion of adolescents in the study either anticipated or reported expanding their social network as the most beneficial part of hospitalization.
Exceptions to recognition failure as a function of the encoded association between cue and target.

The relation of the recognition failure of recallable words to overall recognition rates is largely invariant across conditions that influence both recall and recognition separately. In two experiments, the influence of the integration of the members of A-B word pairs on this relation was investigated, In Experiment 1, it was found that deviations of observed recognition failure from predictions of the Tulving-Wiseman function (Tulving & Wiseman, 1975) were produced by shallow, nonsemantic encoding. In Experiment 2, the association of category-to-instance pairs was varied. It was found that weak associates caused larger deviations of observed recognition failure from predicted recognition failure than did strong associates. Such results suggest that a strongly encoded association between cue and target elements of A-B pairs is a necessary condition for the adherence of data to the Tulving-Wiseman function. The implications of these findings for general models of memory are discussed.
Dentin dysplasia, type IIReport of 2 new families and review of the literature☆☆☆

Dentin dysplasia, type II, is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder in which primary teeth are amber and translucent, with pulp chambers obliterated by abnormal dentin. The permanent teeth have a normal coronal morphologic character and coloration but exhibit "thistle tube"-shaped pulp chambers as well as numerous pulpal calcifications. The disorder has traditionally been thought to be somewhat rare; however, this article presents 2 new families in which several generations with the disorder were reported to the authors within a 1-year period. It also includes a review of the literature documenting a total of 17 previously reported families.
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS FAIL TO SUPPORT PRESENT SUBSPECIFIC DESIGNATIONS

The eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, is a broadly distributed polytypic species. We surveyed allozyme variation with the goal of generating an intraspecific phylogeny to evaluate the current classification of the species. We electrophoretically assayed 24 loci from 12 populations of S. undulatus, which comprised 6 of the 11 recognized subspecies, 3 additional species of Sceloporus (S. occidentalis, S. virgatus, and S. woodi), and an outgroup taxon, S. clarki. Out of the 24 loci, 14 loci were variable. Phylogenetic analyses using distance, likelihood, and parsimony resulted in trees that were inconsistent with current subspecific designations. Three species of Sceloporus (S. occidentalis, S. virgatus, and S. woodi) arose within S. undulatus. Two major lineages of populations of S. undulatus were identified: (1) a midwestern grasslands group that includes the population from Missouri, and (2) various populations from the eastern woodlands and western canyonlands. The subspecies S. u. hyacithinus ...
Mutations in TP53 and associated genomic abnormalities are dependent on breast cancer estrogen receptor status and patient age

2962 About 20% of breast cancers possess somatic mutations within the evolutionarily conserved core DNA-binding domain encoded by exons 5-8 of the tumor suppressor gene, TP53. Collectively, these breast cancer mutations are associated with increased genomic instability, altered chemotherapy responsiveness and poor patient prognosis. Observed age-associated differences in breast cancer TP53 status (p53mut, p53wt) and genome instability (assessed by array CGH) may be confounded by their correlation with breast cancer estrogen receptor status (ERneg, ERpos), which is strongly age dependent. To better define the relationship between patient age-at-diagnosis, breast cancer ER and TP53 status and array CGH determined genomic abnormalities, DNA samples were analyzed from 509 primary breast cancers (103 ERneg, 342 ERpos) diagnosed in 140 younger (Y, 69y) age patients. Overall, 13% (64/509) of samples were p53mut: 27% in exon 5, 17% in exon 6, 28% in exon 7, and 28% in exon 8. The p53mut frequency varied significantly (3- to 9-fold) according to patient age and breast cancer ER status, with the greatest difference observed within the O age group in which 35% of ERneg tumors and only 4% of ERpos tumors were p53mut (p
Online Stress Corrosion Crack Monitoring in Nuclear Reactor Components Using Active Ultrasonic Sensor Networks and Nonlinear System Identification: Data Fusion Based Big Data Analytics Approach

The current state of the art nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques used in nuclear reactor structural inspection are manual labor intensive, time consuming, and only used when the reactor has been shut down. Also, despite periodic inspection of plant components, a failure mode such as stress corrosion crack can initiate in between two scheduled inspections and can become critical before the next scheduled inspection. In this context, real time monitoring of nuclear reactor components is necessary for continuous and autonomous monitoring of component structural health. In this research, an active ultrasonic based on-line monitoring (OLM) framework is developed which can be used for real-time monitoring of degradation of nuclear power plant systems, structures, and components. Nonlinear system identification technique such as Bayesian Gaussian Process technique method is investigated to estimate the structural degradation in real-time. Active broadband ultrasound input is used for damage interrogation and a multi-sensor configuration is implemented to improve spatial resolution of state estimation. The damage index at any particular time is computed using nonlinear techniques such as Gaussian Process probabilistic modeling and the necessity of sensor data fusion is evaluated. The framework was demonstrated through the monitoring of an anomaly trend in a nuclear reactor steam generator tube undergoing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Structure of the eukaryotic replicative CMG helicase suggests a pumpjack motion for translocation.

The CMG helicase is composed of Cdc45, Mcm2-7 and GINS. Here we report the structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CMG, determined by cryo-EM at a resolution of 3.7-4.8 A. The structure reveals that GINS and Cdc45 scaffold the N tier of the helicase while enabling motion of the AAA+ C tier. CMG exists in two alternating conformations, compact and extended, thus suggesting that the helicase moves like an inchworm. The N-terminal regions of Mcm2-7, braced by Cdc45-GINS, form a rigid platform upon which the AAA+ C domains make longitudinal motions, nodding up and down like an oil-rig pumpjack attached to a stable platform. The Mcm ring is remodeled in CMG relative to the inactive Mcm2-7 double hexamer. The Mcm5 winged-helix domain is inserted into the central channel, thus blocking entry of double-stranded DNA and supporting a steric-exclusion DNA-unwinding model.
Can Parents Lose Custody Simply Because They are Disabled

Overview of the current state of rights for parents with disabilities and advice for attorneys.
Engineering curvature in graphene ribbons using ultrathin polymer films.

We propose a method to induce curvature in graphene nanoribbons in a controlled manner using an ultrathin thermoset polymer in a bimaterial strip setup and test it via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Continuum mechanics shows that curvature develops to release the residual stress caused by the chemical and thermal shrinkage of the polymer during processing and that this curvature increases with decreasing film thickness; however, significant deformation is only achieved for ultrathin polymer films. Quite surprisingly, explicit MD simulations of the curing and annealing processes show that the predicted trend not just continues down to film thicknesses of 1–2 nm but that the curvature development is enhanced significantly in such ultrathin films due to surface tension effects. This combination of effects leads to very large curvatures of over 0.14 nm–1 that can be tuned via film thickness. This provides a new avenue to engineer curvature and, thus, electromagnetic properties of graphene.
The effect of field data integrity on failure reproduction and fault isolation

Failure reproduction and fault isolation are key activities in the post-release phase. As we develop techniques to exploit field data to accelerate and improve these activities, we must be aware of the impact of field data integrity. This work scopes and provides details about a study we are conducting to quantify the impact of users’ contribution and filtering processes in the integrity of field data, and their effect on failure reproduction and fault isolation techniques.
The genetic penetrance of the activated neu oncogene for the induction of mammary cancer in vivo.

Carcinogeneis is most often viewed as a multistage disease process. An exception to this was suggested for neu transformation of mammary cells in a transgenic model (Muller et al., 1988); however, this interpretation is controversial (Bouchard et al., 1989). In order to better define neu mammary transformation in vivo, we directly measured the genetic penetrance of the neu oncogene. Mammary cells in situ were infected with replication-defective retroviral vectors carrying the activated neu oncogene (pJRneu). A limiting dilution in vivo transplantation assay was used to measure the percentage of mammary clonogenic (stem-like) cells that stably and functionally integrated this vector. Based on this, the percentage of clonogens integrating and expressing neu that could progress to mammary carcinomas was quantified to estimate the penetrance of this gene in mammary carcinogenesis. The genetic penetrance of neu was 3.6% (95% confidence interval 2.2% – 5.8%). This high degree of genetic penetrance is compatible with the observations that certain neu-transgenic mice develop a very great number of mammary carcinomas (Muller et al., 1988). However, whether these data are compatible with a single-step transformation model (100% penetrance) is uncertain and is discussed.
Donaldson–Thomas theory and resolutions of toric A -singularities

We prove the crepant resolution conjecture for Donaldson–Thomas invariants of toric Calabi–Yau 3-orbifolds with transverse A-singularities.
13.5 Developments in Marketing Research : New Directions in Marketing Research

The present study examines trends in the number of authors, articles, pages, and various combinations (e.g., pages per article) in JAMS, JCR, JM, and JMR over the last twenty years. In addition to some overall trends, the results revealed differences in trends between the journals. The study and results are discussed from a social exchange perspective.
Unnatural practices, unspeakable actions: A study of delayed auditory feedback in schizophrenia

Objective: It has been suggested that auditory hallucinations and delusions of control in persons with schizophrenia could involve a disconnection between an “intention center” and a “monitoring center.” Method: To test this model directly, the authors used a delayed auditory feedback paradigm in which the subject hears his or her own speech delayed electronically by a fraction of a second. In normal subjects this produces dysfluency, which is thought to occur because an expectancy about the perceptual arrival of speech, formed in a monitoring center on the basis of corollary discharge from an intention center, is violated. If, however, a disconnection were present in schizophrenia, such an expectancy would not be formed; hence, less dysfluency should occur. Fifteen patients with chronic schizophrenia (10 of whom experienced auditory hallucinations and/or delusions of control) and 19 normal subjects were studied. Results: Rather than exhibiting less dysfluency than the normal subjects, patients with delusions and/or hallucinations exhibited significantly more dysfluency. Conclusions: These results do not support a cognitive model of disconnection. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:858‐860)
The preliminary study on magnetic resonance imaging and uitrastructure of pericontusion penumbra zone in cat

Objective To investigate the time-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and ultrastructural changes of pericontusion penumbra zone in cat following brain trauma.Methods Brain contusion model was established as Feeney's model.About 1 hours after injure,all cats were examined by MRI to locate the Penumbra zone,and changes of pathology together with the ultrastructure was observed in the Penumbra zone.Results There are hypo-pefusion area around the contusion core,The hypo-pefusion area in DWI is less than in PWI,the mismatch zone is penumbra zone.Neurons,astrocytes and brain blood barrier was destroyed more and more severely depending on time and position.Apoptosis occurred. Conclusions The present findings confirm the existence of traumatic penumbra zone,we should emphasize on further study and treatment of traumatic penumbra zone.
Writing trash Truth and the sexual outlaw’s reinvention of lesbian identity

This article focuses on Dorothy Allison’s novel Trashto map how truth functions in the so-called ‘sexual outlaw’s’ efforts to establish a legitimate subject position within lesbian feminism. It sug...
Multi-task clustering using constrained symmetric non-negative matrix factorization

Researchers have attempted to improve the quality of clustering solutions through various mechanisms. A promising new approach to improve clustering quality is to combine data from multiple related datasets (tasks) and apply multi-task clustering. In this paper, we present a novel framework that can simultaneously cluster multiple tasks through balanced Intra-Task (within-task) and Inter-Task (between-task) knowledge sharing. We propose an effective and flexible geometric affine transformation (contraction or expansion) of the distances between Inter-Task and Intra-Task instances. This transformation allows for an improved Intra-Task clustering without overwhelming the individual tasks with the bias accumulated from other tasks. A constrained low-rank decomposition of this multi-task transformation will allow us to maintain the class distribution of the clusters within each individual task. We impose an Intra-Task soft orthogonality constraint to a Symmetric Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) based formulation to generate basis vectors that are near orthogonal within each task. Inducing orthogonal basis vectors within each task imposes the prior knowledge that a task should have orthogonal (independent) clusters. Using several real-world experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed framework produces improves clustering quality compared to the state-of-the-art methods proposed in literature.