cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in school-age pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes in the USA: 26 states, 2000-2014.

Background Despite substantial progress, motor vehicle crashes remain a leading killer of US children. Previously, we documented significant positive impacts of Safe Routes to School interventions on school-age pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes. Objective To expand our analysis of US trends in motor vehicle crashes involving school-age pedestrians and pedalcyclists, exploring heterogeneity by age and geography. Methods We obtained recent police-reported crash data from 26 states, calculating population rates of pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes, crash fatality rates and pedestrian commuter-adjusted crash rates (‘pedestrian danger index’) for school-age children as compared with other age groups. We estimated national and statewide trends by age, injury status, day and travel hour using hierarchical linear modeling. Results School-age children accounted for nearly one in three pedestrians and one in two pedalcyclists struck in motor vehicle crashes from 2000 to 2014. Yet, the rates of these crashes declined 40% and 53%, respectively, over that time, on average, even as adult rates rose. Average crash rates varied geographically from 24.4 to 100.8 pedestrians and 15.6 to 56.7 pedalcyclists struck per 100 000 youth. Crash rates and fatality rates were inversely correlated. Conclusions Despite recent increases in adult pedestrian crashes, school-age and younger pedestrians experienced ongoing declines in motor vehicle crashes through 2014 across the USA. There was no evidence of displacement in crash severity; declines were observed in all outcomes. The growing body of state crash data resources can present analytic challenges but also provides unique insights into national and local pedestrian crash trends for all crash outcomes.
Relativistic many-body calculations of

Relativistic many-body perturbation theory is applied to determine energies of [2${\mathit{p}}^{5}$3s] excited states of neonlike ions with nuclear charges in the range Z=10--92. These calculations start with a ${\mathit{V}}^{(\mathit{N}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1)}$ Hartree-Fock potential and include correlation corrections. Core-hole corrections are treated to all orders in perturbation theory while the core-core, valence-core, and valence-hole corrections are treated to second order only. The Breit interaction is also included to second order, but the dominant correlation corrections to the Breit interaction are identified and iterated to all orders. Frequency-dependent corrections to the Breit interaction and mass-polarization corrections are treated to first order only. Lowest-order radiative corrections are included by evaluatng the electron self-energy and vacuum polarization in a local potential that approximates the Hartree-Fock potential. Detailed comparisons are made with measurements and with other calculations.
'Known and Feeling Sorrows': Disabled Knowledge and King Lear

This essay argues that King Lear presents a version of disability determined not by bodily authenticity but by bodily knowledge. By staging multiple forms and experi­ences of disability, the play defies the drive to authenticate and control non-standard bodies that flourished in early modern England. King Lear’s insistence on embodied knowledge both recognizes the unique perspective afforded to disability and resists disability exceptionalism through its attention to populations made vulnerable to impairment. King Lear specifically dramatizes the way disabled knowledge extended to precarious populations by granting Edgar disabled knowledge even though his dis­ability is fraudulent.
Adherence of US Insurance Payer Policies to the American Society of Radiation Oncology Stereotactic Radiosurgery Model Policy

Abstract Purpose The medical necessity of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is nonuniform across insurance policies. The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) created a model policy based on the consensus of the radiation oncology community to communicate medically necessary indications for SRS. We compared the current insurance policies for SRS with those of the ASTRO model policy. Methods and Materials We identified 58 insurance payers and 3 national benefits managers with SRS policies. Among these, 7 insurance payers were excluded for policies that were not reviewed after 2015 and for not detailing individual medically necessary indications. For each of the indications listed in ASTRO’s model policy, we determined the proportion of payers that considered SRS medically necessary. We compared these proportions for national versus regional payers and policies updated in the last 12 months versus those updated less often using Fisher exact and χ2 tests. Results All insurance policies reviewed considered SRS as medically necessary for brain metastases, medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia, and arteriovenous malformations. Compared with national payers, regional payers were less likely to deem other schwannomas, and a boost for large cranial or spinal lesions medically necessary (P Conclusions Significant discrepancy remains among insurance policies for several indications in ASTRO’s model policy for SRS; however, national payers and those with recent policy updates have a greater concordance with the ASTRO model policy.
Roomba+Clips Cam: Exploring Unpredictable Autonomy in Everyday Smart Systems

We present a novel prototype to explore themes of unpredictable autonomy in everyday smart products. We construct an interactive prototype that combines two autonomous everyday consumer products: an autonomous vacuum cleaner that cleans where it decides, and an autonomous camera that takes photos when it decides. Through this process we reflect upon the value and risks associated with everyday unpredictable autonomy, and the need to introduce guardrails and overrides. This demo will allow conference participants to interact with variations of the prototype in order to experience unpredictable autonomy with everyday smart systems.
Mining Big Data to Transform Electricity

Energy is the largest industry in the world and power grids are among the world’s largest machines. In a number of countries, those machines are now undergoing the most significant modernization in a century. The advent of a “smart grid”—the overlay of advanced sensing, communications, and controls on the electric network—is transforming utilities and other power sector players into IT companies. As information technologies are embedded across the entire system—from power plants through transmission lines, substations, distribution circuits, meters, and every device with a plug—utilities’ operational and information models will increasingly resemble those of telecom, Internet, or financial trading companies. This will require a fundamentally new approach to interoperability, speed, most challenging and most promising, and managing and making sense of vast new floods of data.
Chain tourism in post-disaster recovery:

Post-disaster research relating to tourism tends to focus on broad economic measures that can miss local-scale actors and contemporaneous impressions by tourists and tourism-based business owners i...
From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory:

A central assumption in industrial relations theory is that conflict is rooted in an enduring difference between the interests of labor and management. In recent years, the reality of work has chan...
Far-infrared dust properties of highly dust-obscured active galactic nuclei from the AKARI and WISE all-sky surveys

Author(s): Lam, Anson; Malkan, Matthew; Wright, Edward | Abstract: The combination of the AKARI and WISE infrared all-sky surveys provides an unique opportunity to identify and characterize the most highly dust obscured AGNs in the universe. Dust-obscured AGNs are not easily detectable and potentially underrepresented in extragalactic surveys due to their high optical extinction, but are readily found in the WISE catalog due to their extremely red mid-IR colors. Combining these surveys with photometry from Pan-STARRS and Herschel, we use SED modeling to characterize the extinction and dust properties of these AGNs. From mid-IR WISE colors, we are able to compute bolometric corrections to AGN luminosities. Using AKARI's far-IR wavelength photometry and broadband AGN/galaxy spectral templates, we estimate AGN dust mass and temperature using simple analytic models with 3-4 parameters. Even without spectroscopic data, we can determine a number of AGN dust properties only using SED analysis. These methods, combined with the abundance of archival photometric data publically available, will be valuable for large-scale studies of dusty, IR-luminous AGNs.
Multiparametric MRI-ultrasound fusion prostate biopsy in patients without prior diagnosis of prostate cancer: beyond centers of excellence.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-ultrasound (US) fusion prostate biopsy (FBx) has demonstrated increased accuracy for prostate cancer detection at designated centers of excellence...
Multiplexed and High-Throughput Label-Free Detection of RNA/Spike Protein/IgG/IgM Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Utilizing Nanoplasmonic Biosensors.

To tackle the COVID-19 outbreak, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is an unmet need for highly accurate diagnostic tests at all stages of infection with rapid results and high specificity. Here, we present a label-free nanoplasmonic biosensor-based, multiplex screening test for COVID-19 that can quantitatively detect 10 different biomarkers (6 viral nucleic acid genes, 2 spike protein subunits, and 2 antibodies) with a limit of detection in the aM range, all within one biosensor platform. Our newly developed nanoplasmonic biosensors demonstrate high specificity, which is of the upmost importance to avoid false responses. As a proof of concept, we show that our detection approach has the potential to quantify both IgG and IgM antibodies directly from COVID-19-positive patient plasma samples in a single instrument run, demonstrating the high-throughput capability of our detection approach. Most importantly, our assay provides receiving operating characteristics, areas under the curve of 0.997 and 0.999 for IgG and IgM, respectively. The calculated p-value determined through the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test is 96% (77/80), a positive predictive value of 98% at 5% prevalence, and a negative predictive value of 100% at 5% prevalence. We believe that our very sensitive, multiplex, high-throughput testing approach has potential applications in COVID-19 diagnostics, particularly in determining virus progression and infection severity for clinicians for an appropriate treatment, and will also prove to be a very effective diagnostic test when applied to diseases beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Introduction to Psychological Science: Integrating Behavioral, Neuroscience and Evolutionary Perspectives

Introduction to Psychological Science provides students with an accessible, comprehensive, and engaging overview of the field of scientific psychology. It expertly incorporates a variety of perspectives ranging from neuroscience to cultural perspectives at an introductory level. Ray brings together cutting-edge research from traditional psychological literature to modern, evolving perspectives, and creates a unified approach by focusing on three core themes: Behavior and Experience: an analysis of behavior and experiences observed across a variety of everyday life situations. Neuroscience: an examination of psychological experiences through neuroscience lens ranging from genetic/epigenetic to cortical networks as related to psychology. Evolutionary/Human Origins: an exploration of broader scientific questions by examining psychological processes from the perspective of human and cultural history. Through these themes, the book delves into topics like social processes, psychopathology, stress and health, motivation and emotion, developmental sequences, and cognitive functions such as memory, learning, problem solving, and language. Throughout it helps students to understand the nature of psychological science by addressing common myths and misconceptions in psychology, showing how psychological science can be applied to everyday life and how new research can be created. Additionally, this student-friendly book is packed with pedagogical features, including "concept checks" to test reader knowledge, "extensions" features which show how to apply knowledge, and a comprehensive glossary. Reflecting the latest APA Guidelines concerning the essential elements of an introductory psychology course, this text is core reading for all undergraduate introductory psychology students.
Does a Rising Median Income Lift All Birth Weights? County Median Income Changes and Low Birth Weight Rates Among Births to Black and White Mothers.

Policy Points Policies that increase county income levels, particularly for middle-income households, may reduce low birth weight rates and shrink disparities between Black and White infants. Given the role of aggregate maternal characteristics in predicting low birth weight rates, policies that increase human capital investments (e.g., funding for higher education, job training) could lead to higher income levels while improving population birth outcomes. The association between county income levels and racial disparities in low birth weight is independent of disparities in maternal risks, and thus a broad set of policies aimed at increasing income levels (e.g., income supplements, labor protections) may be warranted. CONTEXT Low birth weight (LBW; <2,500 grams) and infant mortality rates vary among place and racial group in the United States, with economic resources being a likely fundamental contributor to these disparities. The goals of this study were to examine time-varying county median income as a predictor of LBW rates and Black-White LBW disparities and to test county prevalence and racial disparities in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors as mediators. METHODS Using national birth records for 1992-2014 from the National Center for Health Statistics, a total of approximately 27.4 million singleton births to non-Hispanic Black and White mothers were included. Data were aggregated in three-year county-period observations for 868 US counties meeting eligibility requirements (n = 3,723 observations). Sociodemographic factors included rates of low maternal education, nonmarital childbearing, teenage pregnancy, and advanced-age pregnancy; and health factors included rates of smoking during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care. Among other covariates, linear models included county and period fixed effects and unemployment, poverty, and income inequality. FINDINGS An increase of $10,000 in county median income was associated with 0.34 fewer LBW cases per 100 live births and smaller Black-White LBW disparities of 0.58 per 100 births. Time-varying county rates of maternal sociodemographic and health risks mediated the association between median income and LBW, accounting for 65% and 25% of this estimate, respectively, but racial disparities in risk factors did not mediate the income association with Black-White LBW disparities. Similarly, county median income was associated with very low birth weight rates and related Black-White disparities. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to increase income levels-for example, through investing in human capital, enacting labor union protections, or attracting well-paying employment-have broad potential to influence population reproductive health. Higher income levels may reduce LBW rates and lead to more equitable outcomes between Black and White mothers.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Park Visitation Measured by Social Media

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic recession have negatively affected many people’s physical, social, and psychological health. Parks and green-spaces may have ameliorated the negative effects of the pandemic by creating opportunities for outdoor recreation and nature exposure, while other public activities and gatherings were restricted due to risk of disease transmissions. Using park visitation estimates derived from 140K Instagram images shared in four US metropolitan areas, this study investigates trends in park use over the span of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that while COVID-related stay-at-home orders are associated with shifts in park visitation, the cities that we analysed do not follow uniform trends. Our analyses suggest that future research may be able to explain variability in park visitation based on local factors such as park location and the socio-demographics of visitors. However, the research community does not currently have access to the volume and resolution of data that is necessary to study the issue. There is an urgent need for the CSCW community and social computing researchers to address this data gap if we are to understand the impacts of the pandemic, plan for urban resiliency, and ensure equitable access to parks and other shared resources.
The Identification of Methoxy- N -Methylamphetamines

Thirteen mono, di, and trimethoxy-N-methylamphetamines have been synthesized and characterized. Gas liquid chromatographic data and ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectra are presented. The specificity of each technique for the identification of methoxy-N-methylamphetamines is discussed.
A P2P cooperative proxy cache system for wireless base stations

In this paper, a cooperative proxy cache system for wireless base stations is designed and implemented, based on a novel P2P cooperative caching scheme. Besides the proxy server architecture, other important implementation aspects, including system components, data search mechanism, caching strategy, and message routing protocols are discussed in details. To select a suitable cache replacement algorithm for the proposed wireless P2P cooperative cache system, three different cache replacement policies, LRU, LFU and SIZE, are evaluated using Web trace based performance studies on the implemented proxy cache system. The experimental results show that LRU is the best cache replacement policy for our wireless P2P cooperative proxy cache system.
A Seated Burial and Associated Boatstone from Northwestern Kansas

The skeletal remains of an adult male individual from the 14TO301 site was analyzed to the extent allowed by the condition of the bony skeleton. In addition to the skeleton, one cultural object, a boatstone, is described and utilized in order to provide a rough date for the skeletal material. The cultural material is identified as Woodland and is compared with other Woodland material in the region. The results of the skeletal analysis compare favorably with other single male variables in the same or near region of roughly the same time period. The material also, however, corresponds favorably with earlier archaic material from Colorado. The analysis of the skeletal and cultural material expands our knowledge of the distribution of the Woodland period in the high plains. Non-metric analysis is included in the analysis of the skeletal material.
On the stability of the pseudo-inverse method for reconfigurable control systems

The stability properties of the pseudoinverse method in reconfigurable control are analyzed. To guarantee stability, the reconfigurable control problem is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. A modified pseudoinverse method is proposed which guarantees the stability of the reconfigured system for the class of single-input multioutput systems; a closed-form solution is derived in this case. For general multi-input multioutput systems, the problem is formulated as a minimization problem subject to simple bounds, for which many numerical methods are available in the literature of optimization theory. >
Implementation of Biotechnology Projects of Different Inquiry Level to Promote Career Success of Non-Science Majors

Wentworth Institute of Technology is an undergraduate teaching institution that emphasizes experiential learning and career success by implementing Externally-collaborative, Project-based, Interdis...
Pulmonary edema: Complication in the management of sickle cell pain crisis

Over a 12-month period, there were 51 admissions for sickle cell pain crisis. Of these, the course of four patients (two with hemoglobin SS, one with hemoglobin SC, and one with hemoglobin S-Thal) was complicated by the development of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema complicating the management of sickle cell pain crisis has not previously been described. Vigorous fluid replacement with hypotonic saline and parenteral narcotic analgesics are conventional modalities of therapy, but may contribute to the development of pulmonary edema. Narcotic analgesics causing increased permeability are well established. In pulmonary vascular beds predisposed to injury, hypotonic saline administration causing an increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure may further compound pulmonary edema development. On the basis of the experience in this study, a conservative approach to the use of fluid administration and narcotic analgesics is advised.
GOOS regional alliances and the development of the coastal module of GOOS

Coastal nations worldwide are experiencing changes in their coastal marine and estuarine systems that jeopardize sustainable development, human health and safety, and the capacity of marine ecosystems to support products and services valued by society. Because these changes and their causes frequently transcend national borders, concerns over their impacts have led to numerous international agreements that require sustained, timely, routine and reliable assessments of the condition of coastal marine and estuarine systems and predictions of the effects of natural hazards, climate change and human activities on them. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is being implemented to provide the required data and information in a routine and continuous manor. Implementation of the coastal module of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) will provide data and information required to achieve these objectives. To these ends, the IOC-WMO-UNEP Coastal Ocean Observation Panel completed An Implementation Strategy for the Coastal Module of GOOS that presents recommendations for the phased development of a Global Coastal Network (GCN) through the establishment and networking of GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs) that are governance bodies for GOOS activities extending throughout a nation or group of nations. The Implementation Strategy presents over 50 recommendations for phased development of the coastal module in seven related areas: (1) implementing mechanisms, (2) measurements, (3) data communications and management, (4) analysis and modeling, (5) capacity building, (6) pilot projects, and (7) system performance. This presentation summarizes recommended high priority actions for implementing the GCN, pilot projects critical to establishing the GCN, and recent actions taken by the WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commisssion for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology and the Group on Earth Observations to begin the process of implementation. The full implementation strategy can be found at the following URL: .
Precision Measurement of the Ground State Lamb Shift in Hydrogen and Deuterium

The measurement of the 2S1/2 state Lamb shift in hydrogen was one of the main stimuli for the development of quantum electrodynamics. Since the first experiment by W. E. LAMB and R. C. RETHERFORD [1] the Lamb shift has been measured for a great many hydrogenic states, and such measurements are among the most precise tests of QED [2]. One measurement which was conspicuously missing from this list, however, was the Lamb shift of the hydrogen ground state. This has only been measured in the past few years [3,4] and the experiment described here is a continuation of those measurements to higher precision by the use of several technical innovations. We have also made an improved measurement of the Lyman-α hydrogen-deuterium isotope shift sufficiently precise to give the first experimental confirmation of the predicted relativistic nuclear recoil correction. The technical improvements mentioned are the development of a highly sensitive new form of Doppler-free spectroscopy, polarization spectroscopy, and the use of a single frequency cw dye laser at 4860A with a high power pulsed amplifier system.
PRODUCTION AND DECAY OF HEAVY TOP QUARKS

Experimental evidence indicates that the top quark exists and has a mass between 50 and 200 GeV/c{sup 2}. The decays of a top quark with a mass in this range are studied with emphasis placed on the mass region near the threshold for production of real W bosons. Topics discussed are: (1) possible enhancement of strange quark production when M{sub W} + m{sub s} < m{sub t} < M{sub W} + m{sub b}; (2) exclusive decays of T mesons to B and B{asterisk} mesons using the non-relativistic quark model; (3) polarization of intermediate W's in top quark decay as a source of information on the top quark mass. The production of heavy top quarks in an e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} collider with a center-of-mass energy of 2 TeV is studied. The effective-boson approximation for photons, Z{sup 0}'s and W's is reviewed and an analogous approximation for interfaces between photons and Z{sup 0}'s is developed. The cross sections for top quark pair production from photon-photon, photon-Z{sup 0}, Z{sup 0}Z{sup 0}, and W{sup +}W{sup {minus}} fusion are calculated using the effective-boson approximation. Production of top quarks along with anti-bottom quarks via {gamma}W{sup +} and Z{sup 0}W{sup +} fusion is studied. An exact calculationmore » of {gamma}e{sup +} {yields} {bar {nu}}t{bar b} is made and compared with the effective-W approximation. 31 refs., 46 figs.« less
Increased Lead Absorption in Inner City Children: Where Does the Lead Come From?

Pica for lead-containing paint has been questioned as the principal mechanism for the widespread moderately elevated blood lead levels (30 to 80 microgram/100 ml) in inner city children. This study explored the hypothesis that lead-contaminated household dust is a major source of lead for these children; hand contamination and repetitive mouthing is the proposed mechanism of ingestion. Forty-nine inner city children with blood lead 40 to 70 microgram/100 ml were matched with 50 children with blood lead less than or equal to 29 microgram/100 ml from the same inner city environment. House dust lead and lead on hands were found in significantly greater quantity among experimental subjects. Other factors differed between groups; lead content of peeling paint, soil lead, and pica affected more experimental than control children, but did not account for more than 50% of experimental cases. The cause of moderate blood lead elevation is multifactoral: no single source accounted for all children with elevated levels. However, lead contamination of house dust and hands appears to be a major factor in this condition.
Grade 4 radiation dermatitis presenting with full-thickness ulcerations of the groin after radiation therapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): An example of the "bolus effect" of radiation therapy.

Modern radiotherapy techniques for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anus have led to a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of skin toxicity.1 However, grade 4 radiation dermatitis remains a difficult complication of radiation therapy for malignancies located in skin folds, a phenomenon known as the “bolus effect.” We describe a case of grade 4 radiation dermatitis in an HIV-positive patient after intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for SCC of the anus, along with the management of these lesions.
Oxalate Formation From Glyoxal in Erythrocytes

Objective To determine whether glyoxal can be converted to oxalate in human erythrocytes. Glyoxal synthesis is elevated in diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases with significant oxidative stress. Erythrocytes are a good model system for such studies as they lack intracellular organelles and have a simplified metabolism. Materials and Methods Erythrocytes were isolated from healthy volunteers and incubated with varying concentrations of glyoxal for different amounts of time. Metabolic inhibitors were used to help characterize metabolic steps. The conversion of glyoxal to glycolate and oxalate in the incubation medium was determined by chromatographic techniques. Results The bulk of the glyoxal was converted to glycolate, but ~1% was converted to oxalate. Inclusion of the pro-oxidant, menadione, in the medium increased oxalate synthesis, and the inclusion of disulfiram, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, decreased oxalate synthesis. Conclusion The glyoxalase system, which utilizes glutathione as a cofactor, converts the majority of the glyoxal taken up by erythrocytes to glycolate, but a small portion is converted to oxalate. A reduction in intracellular glutathione increases oxalate synthesis and a decrease in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity lowers oxalate synthesis and suggests that glyoxylate is an intermediate. Thus, oxidative stress in tissues could potentially increase oxalate synthesis.
Temporal Multisensory Processing and its Relationship to Autistic Functioning

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) form a continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in communication and reciprocal social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. Sensory disturbances are also frequently reported in clinical and autobiographical accounts. However, few empirical studies have characterized the fundamental features of sensory and multisensory processing in ASD. Recently published studies have shown that children with ASD are able to integrate low-level multisensory stimuli, but do so over an enlarged temporal window when compared with typically developing (TD) children. The current study sought to expand upon these previous findings by examining differences in the temporal processing of low-level multisensory stimuli in high-functioning (HFA) and low-functioning (LFA) children with ASD in the context of a simple reaction time task. Contrary to these previous findings, children with both HFA and LFA showed smaller gains in performance under multisen...
An asymmetry in transmodal perceptual learning

Transmodal perceptual learning was examined in a canonicalsame/different paradigm. Subjects native to vibrotactile stimulation and unfamiliar with the task were asked to discriminate sequentially presented shapes moving laterally across an aperture. On all trials, the shapes were presented either visually and then vibrotactually or in the opposite modality order, and on all trials the shapes moved in opposite directions. Analyses of the data revealed that although perceptual learning was evident in both groups, the rate of the learning was more rapid in the visual-vibrotactile group. This interaction of modality order and practice was significant and was considered in terms of E. J. Gibson’s theory of perceptual learning and in terms of the constructs, suggested by J. J. Gibson, of available and accessible information-in-stimulation and the education of attention.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN FILAMENT ERUPTIONS, FLARES, AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

We present a statistical study of 106 filament eruptions, which were automatically detected by a pattern recognition program implemented at Big Bear Solar Observatory using Hα full-disk data from 1999 to 2003. We compare these events with Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite soft X-ray time profiles, solar-geophysical data (SGD) solar event reports, Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms, and Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) data to determine the relationship between filament eruptions and other phenomena of solar activity. (1) Excluding eight events with no corresponding LASCO data, 55% or 56% of 98 events were associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). (2) Active region filament eruptions have a considerably higher flare association rate of 95% compared to quiescent filament eruptions with 27%, but a comparable CME association rate, namely, 43% for active region filament eruptions and 54% for quiescent filament eruptions. (3) 54% or 68% of 80 disk events were associated with new flux emergence. In addition, we derived the sign of magnetic helicity and the orientation of the magnetic field associated with seven halo CMEs and demonstrated that the geoeffectiveness of a halo CME can be predicted by these two parameters.
Technology and Oliver Williamson's transaction cost economics

Abstract Oliver Williamson has greatly contributed to refining neoclassical economics by incorporating transaction costs and internal organization; yet, his new institutional economics too easily dismisses the role of technology. In doing so, he has replaced the determinism of technological production efficiencies with the determinism of transaction cost efficiencies. A review shows that Williamson's new institutionalism has evolved through three stages in terms of the focus of his analysis and his views of transactions. Throughout this evolution, however, his proposed solutions to organizational failures have actually continued to rely heavily upon technology.
Diaprepes abbreviatus: control on citrus foliage with carbaryl.

Two tests with carbaryl were made in Puerto Rico in 1972 and 1973 for control of adult Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) on citrus foliage. Carbaryl at 1 lb AI or more/acre plus pinolene or in the Sevin®-4-oil formulation gave at least 92% control for 22 days after treatment.
Efflux perturbation in slow viscoelastic flow through tubes

It is shown that in flow slow enough to be close toNewtonian flow, the deviation of the volume rate of flow from theNewtonian value can be evaluated directly from theNewtonian solution, without solving any new equation. The efflux formula involves a characteristic number depending on the cross-sectional shape. This number is evaluated for several simple shapes and is found to be relatively insensitive to the precise form of the cross-section.
Percutaneous chemolysis of renal calculi

Certain types of pyeloureteral calculi can be treated by chemolytic drug irrigation through a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter. Struvite, apatite, and carbonate stones can be dissolved with an acidic solution (hemiacidrin, Suby solution G). An alkaline agent (Tham-E, acetylcysteine) will dissolve cystine calculi. While most uric acid stones are managed by oral alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate, there are occasions (cardiac, metabolic conditions) where treatment via percutaneous nephrostomy is preferable. Successful nonoperative management of symptomatic calculi has been obtained in 85% of cases with chemolysis of more than 150 stones.
Salting-in behavior of isotropic and anisotropic aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose solutions

Salts with large polarizable ions are capable of salting-in complex aqueous polymer solutions exhibiting microstructure, thereby inducing changes in the phase behavior and properties of the solutions. In this work, the dynamic rheological properties of isotropic and mesomorphic hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) in aqueous media have been investigated in the presence of one such salt, guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN). Addition of this salt to isotropic aqueous HPC solutions is found to induce an increase in the magnitude of the elastic shear modulus (G′). At HPC concentrations above the isotropic → mesophase transition, however, addition of GuSCN results in a substantial reduction in G′ due to microstructural changes in the chiral nematic HPC mesophase. This reduction in G′ indicates that the microstructure of a water-soluble polymer exhibiting supramolecular organization can be tailored through salting-in, and is likewise expected to facilitate the commercial processing of HPC at high solids concentrations.
Plasmonic photoanodes for solar water splitting with visible light.

We report a plasmonic water splitting cell in which 95% of the effective charge carriers derive from surface plasmon decay to hot electrons, as evidenced by fuel production efficiencies up to 20-fold higher at visible, as compared to UV, wavelengths. The cell functions by illuminating a dense array of aligned gold nanorods capped with TiO2, forming a Schottky metal/semiconductor interface which collects and conducts the hot electrons to an unilluminated platinum counter-electrode where hydrogen gas evolves. The resultant positive charges in the Au nanorods function as holes and are extracted by an oxidation catalyst which electrocatalytically oxidizes water to oxygen gas.
Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: Its role in the diagnois of myocarditis

Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy currently remains the procedure of choice for identifying patients with symptomatic heart failure due to myocarditis from the larger population with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Despite its specificity, the sensitivity of right ventricular biopsy remains uncertain because of the focal or multifocal nature of the disease. Because myocyte necrosis is an obligate component of myocarditis, the use of indium-111 antimyosin imaging was evaluated in 82 patients with suspected myocarditis. Seventy-four patients had dilated cardiomyopathy of less than 1 year's duration (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.30 +/- 0.02); eight patients had normal left ventricular function (mean ejection fraction 0.59 +/- 0.03). Symptoms at presentation included congestive heart failure (92%), chest pain mimicking myocardial infarction (6%) and life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (2%). All patients underwent planar and single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) cardiac imaging after injection of indium-111-labeled antimyosin antibody fragments and right ventricular biopsy within 48 h of imaging. Antimyosin images were interpreted as either abnormal or normal and correlated with biopsy results. On the basis of the right ventricular histologic examination, the sensitivity of antimyosin imaging was 83%, specificity 53% and predictive value of a normal scan 92%. Improvement in left ventricular function occurred within 6 months of treatment in 54% of patients with an abnormal antimyosin scan compared with 18% of those with a normal scan (p less than 0.01). Antimyosin cardiac imaging may be useful for the initial evaluation of patients with dilated and nondilated cardiomyopathy and clinically suspected myocarditis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Controlling the freezing process: A robotic device for rapidly freezing biological tissues with millisecond time resolution☆

Abstract A robotic cryogenic device was developed which allows freezing of thick biological tissues with millisecond time resolution. The device consists of two horizontally oriented hammers (pre-cooled with liquid N 2 ) driven by two linear servo-motors. The tissue sample is bathed in Ringers contained in a chamber which drops rapidly out of the way just as the hammers approach. A third linear motor is vertically oriented, and permits the rapidly dropping chamber to smoothly decelerate. All movements were performed by the three motors and four solenoids controlled by a PC. Mechanical adjustments, that change the size of the gap between the hammers at the end position, permit the final thickness of the frozen tissue to be varied. Here we show that the freezing time increased with the square of the final thickness of the frozen bundle. However, when bundles of different original thicknesses (up to at least 1 mm) were compressed to the same final thickness (e.g., 0.2 mm), they exhibited nearly equal freezing times. Hence, by being able to adjust the final thickness of the frozen bundles, the device not only speeds the rate of freezing, but standardizes the freezing time for different diameter samples. This permits the use of freezing for accurate determination of the kinetics of cellular processes in biological tissue.
Mathematical network model for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality assessment

The bone fractures can appear in a patient as a result of an exceeding stress level at a specific anatomic site, depending the failure on fatigue phenomena, high loads or on a low value of bone density. Indeed, independently from physiological conditions or specific pathologies such as osteoporotic ones, bone mineral density (BMD) constitutes the main responsible of the strength of a selected bone region. In this respect, the standard and routine approach for the diagnosis of osteoporosis is to assess BMD shown to be a possible indicator of fracture risk. However, a major limitation of BMD is that it incompletely reflects variation in bone strength. Other factors like bone microarchitecture contribute substantially to bone strength and their evaluation can improve determination of bone quality and strength; yet, structural assessment has not been implemented in clinical routine because of the lack of a mathematical model for analyzing bone structure.In this paper, we develop a mathematical network model for bone microstructure which is capable of quantitative assessment of bone mineral density and bone micro-architecture. First, we design a bone continuum model by analyzing bone image profile of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Next, we introduce a mathematical network model of bone microstructure which allows us to calculate BMDmodel as well as the density distribution of bone microstructure for patients. Last, we present realizations of the mathematical network model based on DXA scan images of two different patients as a representative example of bone network model. Our study provides an initial framework of mathematical network bone model along with BMDmodel that can enhance the diagnosis ability of bone disease such as osteoporosis. Eventually, it would be useful for a theoretical testing framework of bone remodeling dynamics to leverage new drug development for future treatments.
Further Study on Pure Shear

It is known that the Cauchy stress tensor T is a pure shear when trT = 0. An elementary derivation is given for a coordinate system such that, when referred to this coordinate system, the diagonal elements of T vanish while the off-diagonal elements τ 1, τ 2, τ 3, are the pure shears. The structure of τ i (i = 1, 2, 3) depends on one non-dimensional parameter q = 54(detT)2 / [tr(T 2)]3, 0 ≤ q ≤ 1. When q = 0, one of the three τ i vanishes. A coordinate system can be chosen such that the remaining two have the same magnitude or one of the remaining two also vanishes. When q = 1, all three τ i have the same magnitude. However, there is a one-parameter family of coordinate systems that gives the same three τ i . For q ≠ 0 or 1, none of the three τ i vanishes and the three τ i in general have different magnitudes. Nevertheless, a coordinate system can be chosen such that two of the three τ i have the same magnitude.
The effect of mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) burrowing activity on sediment oxygen demand in western Lake Erie

ABSTRACT Previous studies support the hypothesis that large numbers of infaunal burrow-irrigating organisms in the western basin of Lake Erie may increase significantly the sediment oxygen demand, thus enhancing the rate of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. We conducted laboratory experiments to quantify burrow oxygen dynamics and increased oxygen demand resulting from burrow irrigation using two different year classes of Hexagenia spp. nymphs from western Lake Erie during summer, 2006. Using oxygen microelectrodes and hot film anemometry, we simultaneously determined oxygen concentrations and burrow water flow velocities. Burrow oxygen depletion rates ranged from 21.7 mg/nymph/mo for 15 mm nymphs at 23 °C to 240.7 mg/ nymph/mo for 23 mm nymphs at 13 'C. Sealed microcosm experiments demonstrated that mayflies increase the rate of oxygen depletion by 2–5 times that of controls, depending on size of nymph and water temperature, with colder waters having greater impact. At natural population densities, nymph pu...
Oxidation of Lecithin and Sphingomyelin by Tissue Preparations.

SummaryLiver mitochondria and spleen were found to contain dehydrogenases which attacked lecithin and sphingomyelin and required ATP. Muscle and intestinal mucosa had dehydrogenase activity with lecithin or sphingomyelin if DPN was present whereas under the same conditions homogenates of spleen were active only with sphingomyelin. The dehydrogenase systems were obtained in soluble form from acetone powders of liver mitochondria or intestinal mucosa.
Sigma and opioid receptors in human brain tumors

Human brain tumors (obtained as surgical specimens) and nude mouse-borne human neuroblastomas and gliomas were analyzed for sigma and opioid receptor content. Sigma binding was assessed using [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), whereas opoid receptor subtypes were measured with tritiated forms of the following: mu, [D-ala2,mePhe4,gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAMGE); kappa, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) or U69,593; delta, [D-pen2,D-pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) or [D-ala2,D-leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) with mu suppressor present. Binding parameters were estimated by homologous displacement assays followed by analysis using the LIGAND program. Sigma binding was detected in 15 of 16 tumors examined with very high levels (pmol/mg protein) found in a brain metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of lung and a human neuroblastoma (SK-N-MC) passaged in nude mice. kappa opioid receptor binding was detected in 4 of 4 glioblastoma multiforme specimens and 2 of 2 human astrocytoma cell lines tested but not in the other brain tumors analyzed.
OCLC and Innovative Interfaces, Inc.: a Passport connection

Outlines a workflow change made in processing the list of headings used for the first time in a library′s catalog. The change utilizes the Internet connectivity features of Passport software. Benefits of the new workflow are a significant increase in headings reviewed, while secondary benefits noted are decreases in the use of staff time, wear on machinery and consumption of printer resources.
Early development of plant community in a created mitigation wetland as affected by introduced hydrologic design elements

The goal of this study was to investigate early plant community development in two sites (i.e., higher and lower elevation sites—LC1 and LC2, respectively) of the Loudoun County (LC) mitigation wetland created in the Virginia Piedmont. The effects of hydrologic design elements incorporated during the construction (i.e., disking-induced microtopography—MT and site level elevation difference) on vegetative and hydrologic attributes (e.g., species richness, biodiversity, plant cover, floristic quality assessment index, wetland indicator status, soil moisture content, and water table depths) were investigated. The study was conducted at the end of two growing seasons in 2008 and 2009 (i.e., second and third growing seasons). Drought conditions that persisted into the second growing season resulted in the abundance of a seeded cover grass, Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), intentionally planted during initial seeding for erosion control. L. multiflorum was subsequently phased out and replaced by facultative wet and obligate wetland species by the third growing season when above-average precipitation occurred, leading to a decrease in total percent cover. Prevalence index changed in both LC1 and LC2, dropping from overall facultative status in 2008 to obligate status in 2009 when obligate species such as Bidens cernua, Carex frankii, and Juncus effusus thrived and expanded with the change of hydrologic regime in 2009. Microtopographic treatment (i.e., disked or undisked) positively influenced vegetation development for LC1 site in 2008, but the positive influence was not consistent for LC2, which experienced an additional month of standing water conditions in the same year, nor for either site in 2009 when above-average precipitation occurred. The site differences in elevation, and thus hydrologic regime, seemed to overwhelm the effects on vegetation of disking-induced microtopography in each site when precipitation was at or above average range. Although shown on short spatial and temporal scales in this study, incorporation of micro- and macrotopographic design elements in creating a mitigation wetland can be beneficial to the early development of diverse vegetation communities wetland under varying climate conditions.