cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INCREASED ANTIBODY LEVELS TO COW'S MILK PROTEINS IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

The liver plays a major role in elimination of intestinal antigens by the immune system. In various liver diseases, such defense mechanisms may be affected and may lead to an increased uptake of dietary antigens which might stimulate the host immune response. Serum antibodies (IgG, M and A) to α casein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), α lactalbumin, β lactoglobulin A (βLGA) and B (βLGB) were studied in 16 children with different liver diseases using ELISA. The antibody activity was expressed as the OD at 400 nM in serum dilution of 1:32. Results are presented as "liver diseases vs age matched controls". Below 1 year: IgA to αcasein (0.68±0.36 vs 0.29±0.4). 1-5 years: IgA to α casein (1.01±0.47 vs 0.12±0.11), IgG to BSA (1.2±0.62 vs 0.4±0.49) to βLGA (1.23±0.39 vs 0.4±0.46) and to βLGB (1.33±0.42 vs 0.37±0.49). 5-11 years: IgM to α casein (1.1±0.46 vs 0.49±0.4) IgA to α casein (0.71±0.5 vs 0.13±0.11), IgM to BSA (0.97±0.39 vs 0.52±0.25). 11-20 years: IgG to BSA (1.14±0.28 vs 0.35±0.42). In liver disease, αcasein invoked mainly IgA response. BSA, βLGA and βLGB induce an increase of predominantly IgG levels. These data indicate that in chronic liver disease in children, there is a high level of specific antibodies to cow's milk proteins. It is possible that the failure of the hepatic reticulo endothelial system to clear the serum of these antigens and/or an IgA deficient bile that allows increased uptake of enteric antigens may explain the above observations.
Fluidization and mixing of nanoparticle agglomerates assisted via magnetic impaction

Mixing of nanopowders in an environmentally benign magnetically assisted fluidized bed (MAFB) system was studied. Examination of fluidization behavior of agglomerate particulate fluidization (APF; silica R974 or R972) and agglomerate bubbling fluidization (ABF; alumina or titania) nano-powders in un-assisted and MAFB systems confirmed previous results on decreased minimum fluidization velocity and increased bed expansion of APF and ABF powders due to magnetic assistance. APF and ABF powder mixtures behaved like APF powders with the bed expansions in between those of individual constituents. Unlike previous MAFB studies, fluidization as a function of time was studied to examine its influence on nano-mixing. With time, the bed expansion reduced, and reduction was faster as magnet-to-powder ratio increased from 0:1 to 5:1, although fluidization was sustained, confirmed via the pressure drop measurements. Reduction in bed expansion was attributed to change in the nature of nanoagglomerates, which showed increased density as a function of processing time, ruling out electrostatics or elutriation as major factors. Mixtures of silica (APF) and alumina (ABF), processed at various magnet-to-powder ratios, were characterized via statistical analysis from energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy using field emission scanning electron microscope to compute homogeneity of mixing (HoM). Magnetic assistance improved the HoM as a function of time, and was strongly related to the product of number of magnets and time, similar to previous results in magnetically assisted impaction mixing (MAIM). The best achievable HoM was significantly better than unassisted fluidization and comparable to previous results for rapid expansion of high-pressure suspensions and MAIM.
Effect of the cannabinoid receptor SPECT agent, AM 281, on hippocampal acetylcholine release from rat brain slices

The SPECT ligand AM 281, a less lipophilic analog of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A, robustly potentiated electrically-evoked release of acetylcholine from superfused hippocampal slices and prevented the inhibition of acetylcholine release by the cannabimimetic drug WIN 55212-2. These results, similar to earlier observations with SR 141716A, indicate that AM 281 is either a cannabinoid receptor antagonist or inverse agonist. Despite showing lower affinity than SR 141716A in hippocampal membrane binding experiments, AM 281 had slightly greater potency than SR 141716A in the hippocampal slice experiments, perhaps because of reduced drug absorption to slice membranes and to the apparatus.
Evaluation of bilirubin in the newborn nursery.

The clinical trials were completed in a community hospital nursery by nursing personnel. All 35 nurses involved in the experiment were instructed in the use of the bilirubinometer according to the instruction manual. Laboratory comparisons were performed in the hospital laboratory by one technician receiving the same training instructions. Standard bilirubin solutions were prepared 5 by dispersing 20 mg of commercial crystalline bilirubin in 1.0 ml of dimethylsulfone followed by the addition of 2.0 ml of 0.1M Na2CO~. A clear solution was obtained to which was added 95 ml of pooled cord serum. The pH was adjusted to 7.3 to 7.4 by adding approximately 2 ml of 0.1 M HC1. The solution was diluted to final concentration with cord serum (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/dl) under subdued light. Solutions were stored at --20~ each of two stock solutions four samples were prepared at these concentrations. No less than 15 determinations were made on each sample. Pediatric versatol was reconstituted with distilled water and then diluted to final concentrations by several laboratory personnel. Specimens were refrigerated at approximately 4~ and were used within 72 hours of reconstitution.
Principles of Sampling

Abstract * This paper will constitute Appendix G of Cochran, Mosteller, and Tukey, Statistical Problems of the Kinsey Report, to be published by the American Statistical Association later this year as a monograph. The main body of this monograph was published in the Journal last December (Vol. 48 (1953), pp. 673–716).
Planar multijunction high voltage solar cell chip

A new innovative planar multijunction solar cell chip for concentrated sunlight applications is proposed. The chip consists of many voltage-generating regions, called unit cells, which are connected in series within a single silicon wafer, thereby providing a high open-circuit voltage at multiple sun illumination levels. The unit cells are fabricated on 75 micron thick p-type single crystal silicon substrate. Each chip consists of 1.42 x 9.63 mm n(+)/p collecting junctions on the back of the wafer, while the illuminated front surface area is divided into 0.3 micron deep n(+) regions. The fabrication sequence includes standard degreasing and cleaning procedures, double-sided alignment photomasking, introduction of boron and phosphorus impurities, and photolithography. The open circuit voltage of the chip increased rapidly with illumination up to about 4 AM1 suns, and then began to saturate at the sum of the individual unit cell voltages of 3.5 above 4 AM1 suns. A short circuit density per unit cell of 300 mA/sq cm at 20 AM1 suns was observed.
Stochastic Blockmodel with Cluster Overlap, Relevance Selection, and Similarity-Based Smoothing

Stochastic block models provide a rich, probabilistic framework for modeling relational data by expressing the objects being modeled in terms of a latent vector representation. This representation can be a latent indicator vector denoting the cluster membership (hard clustering), a vector of cluster membership probabilities (soft clustering), or more generally a real-valued vector (latent space representation). Recently, a new class of overlapping stochastic block models has been proposed where the idea is to allow the objects to have hard memberships in multiple clusters (in form of a latent binary vector). This aspect captures the properties of many real-world networks in domains such as biology and social networks where objects can simultaneously have memberships in multiple clusters owing to the multiple roles they may have. In this paper, we improve upon this model in three key ways: (1) we extend the overlapping stochastic block model to the bipartite graph case which enables us to simultaneously learn the overlapping clustering of two different sets of objects in the graph, the unipartite graph is just a special case of our model, (2) we allow objects (in either set) to not have membership in any cluster by using a relevant object selection mechanism, and (3) we make use of additionally available object features (or a kernel matrix of pair wise object similarities) to further improve the overlapping clustering performance. We do this by explicitly encouraging similar objects to have similar cluster membership vectors. Moreover, using nonparametric Bayesian prior distributions on the key model parameters, we side-step the model selection issues such as selecting the number of clusters a priori. Our model is quite general and can be applied for both overlapping clustering and link prediction tasks in unipartite and bipartite networks (directed/undirected), or for overlapping co-clustering of general binary-valued data. Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets from biology and social networks demonstrate that our model outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.
Instrument deployment testbed: For planetary surface geophysical exploration

This paper describes a high fidelity mission concept systems testbed at JPL that was used to support the InSight (Interior Exploration Using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport) mission concept study. The InSight mission would conduct geophysical exploration of Mars' interior using three instruments 1. SEIS seismometer monitors seismic activity and tidal displacements; 2. RISE X-band radio Doppler tracking experiment measures rotational variations; and 3. HP3: Heat-flow and Physical Properties Probe determines the geothermal heat flux. CNES contributes SEIS and DLR contributes HP3. The measurements from these instruments would yield information about processes that occurred during the initial accretion of the planet, the formation and differentiation of its core, crust, and mantle, and subsequent evolution of its interior. The SEIS and HP3 instruments will be deployed to the surface of Mars using a robotic arm similar to the robotic arm used on the Mars Phoenix Lander mission and operational experience inherited from Phoenix and MER. The SEIS and HP3 will be monitored every three hours for one Mars year, with no ground-in-the-loop interaction required. InSight was one of three proposed missions selected by NASA Discovery Program in May 2011 for funding to conduct preliminary design studies and analyses. InSight was selected in August 2012 as the 12th mission in the NASA Discovery Program.
Disability in Geriatric Depression

The authors examined impairment in self-maintenance skills and in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among 211 older patients with unipolar major depression. In regression models, self-maintenance impairment was associated with older age, less reported depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and severe chronic medical illness. IADL deficit was associated with older age, greater severity of depression, less guilt, more apathy, weight loss, greater cognitive impairment, more severe chronic medical illness, less social interaction, lower subjective social support, and greater instrumental support. The authors conclude that efforts to remediate basic skills deficits in depressed older adults should focus on treating comorbid medical conditions; impaired IADL skills in geriatric depressed patients should improve with treatment of depression and medical illness. Clinicians should be aware that substantial IADL impairment may accompany mild cognitive impairment associated with depression in older patients.
Trans-ACPD-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and modulation of hippocampal pyramidal cell excitability do not undergo parallel developmental regulation.

The selective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis and elicits a number of electrophysiological responses in the hippocampus. If these effects are mediated by the same receptor subtype, they should undergo parallel developmental regulation. Therefore, we compared the phosphoinositide hydrolysis response and the electrophysiological responses to trans-ACPD at two different developmental stages. Trans-ACPD-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis was significantly greater in hippocampal slices from immature (6–11-day-old) rats than from adults. In contrast, trans-ACPD elicited decreases in spike frequency adaptation and in the amplitude of the slow afterhyperpolarization in roughly equal percentages of immature and adult CA1 pyramidal cells. Similar results were obtained using the putative endogenous agonist, glutamate. These data support the hypothesis that certain electrophysiological effects of trans-ACPD are mediated by a metabotropic glutamate receptor that is distinct from the phosphoinositide hydrolysis-linked glutamate receptor.
Using the behavior markup language for human-robot interaction

This paper describes a Behavior Markup Language (BML) realizer that we developed for use in our research on human-robot interaction. Existing BML realizers used with virtual agents are based on fixed-timing algorithms and because of that are not suitable for robotic applications. Our realizer uses an event-driven architecture, based on Petri nets, to guarantee the specified synchronization constraints in the presence of unpredictable variability in robot control systems. Our implementation is robot independent, open source and uses the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Response of selected horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) populations to glyphosate.

Horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) seed was collected in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio to determine susceptibility of different horseweed biotypes to glyphosate. Horseweed resistant to glyphosate was found in Mississippi, Ohio, and western Tennessee. In a separate experiment examining Tennessee biotypes, a dose response curve demonstrated that four times as much glyphosate was needed to achieve a 50% fresh weight reduction (GR50) in resistant biotypes when compared to a susceptible biotype. Resistant biotypes from Tennessee displayed a GR50 of 1.6 kg/ha as compared to a GR50 of 0.4 kg/ha in a susceptible horseweed population. Although growth was reduced, the resistant plants did not completely die and could potentially produce seed. Variation in glyphosate resistance was found among the populations tested. Keywords: Glyphosate; glyphosate resistance; horseweed; Conyza canadensis; horseweed distribution
Preparation and Properties of Trifluoromethylated Aryl Derivatives of Germanium, Tin, and Lead. High-Yield Syntheses of Trifluoromethylbenzene

Ligand exchange reactions of Cd(CF3)2·glyme with a number of aryl-containing Pb, Sn, and Ge halides, acetates, and thioethers were examined in THF or CHCl3. With an excess of trifluoromethylating agent and relatively lengthy reaction times, complete displacement of the halides or halide equivalents from the group 14 centers was observed, and the new compounds PbPh(CF3)3, 51%, PbPh2(CF3)2, 61%, PbPh3CF3, 81%, SnPh2(CF3)2, 55%, SnPh3CF3, 80%, and GePh3CF3, 72%, were isolated and characterized. With shorter reaction times and/or with the trifluoromethylating agent as the limiting reactant, partial substitution predominated, and the new species PbPh2(Cl)CF3, 78%, PbPh2(O2CCH3)CF3, 89%, PbPh(O2CCH3)2CF3, 63%, and PbPh(O2CCH3)(CF3)2, 64%, were separated. In addition, two preliminary studies of the reactivity of aryl−group-IVA compounds were carried out. In the first, ligand exchanges of PbPh3CF3 with a representative main group and transition metal complex were probed; Sb(CF3)3, 61%, and Pd(PEt3)2(Cl)CF3, 62%, ...
The Collapse of Civility in Russia: The Young and Aged in a Failed Society

Employing Edward Shils’ paradigm of center–periphery, the successful functioning of which produces high levels of civility in a society, an analysis of the aged and the young subsystems in the former Soviet Union and present–day Russia is provided. Specifically, the center–periphery relationship and its deterioration is traced up to and through the collapse of the former Soviet Union. The negative consequences of this deterioration for the young and old, and the resulting loss of civility are also documented.
Modifying Exposure-Based CBT for Cambodian Refugees with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Cambodian refugees represent a severely traumatized population living in the United States. In this paper, we describe the modification of a cognitive-behavior therapy program to facilitate delivery of an exposure-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder while addressing some of the challenges brought by differences in language and culture between providers and patients. Our treatment modifications include the use of metaphors and culturally relevant examples to aid the communication of core concepts by interpreters, an emphasis on teaching the “process” of exposure therapy rather than relying on specific exposure practice in the group setting, a focus on interoceptive exposure to allow more effective group practice and to address culturally specific symptom interpretations, attention to the way in which treatment procedures interacted with culturally specific beliefs, and efforts to integrate treatment services within the community. Although data are limited, results to date suggest that this modified treatment was acceptable to patients and offered benefits on the order of large effect sizes.
Facing change: forms and foundations of contemporary adaptation to biotic invasions

Ongoing adaptation in native populations to anthropogenic change both facilitates and challenges ecologically appropriate and sustainable management. Human disturbance promotes adaptive responses at the genomic, individual and population levels. Traits vary widely in whether adaptation occurs through plasticity or evolution, and these modes interact within and among traits. For example, plasticity in one trait may be adaptive because it permits homeostasis and lessens the intensity of selection in another. Both opportunity and catastrophe generate adaptive responses. Recently evolved adaptations characterize the responses of many native species to biotic invasions. Several well-known examples involve native phytophagous insects colonizing introduced plants. For example, our studies of North American and Australian soapberry bugs on nonindigenous plants demonstrate both diversifying and homogenizing contemporary evolution. Modes of adaptation differ among traits and populations and as a function of the host on which they develop. The genetic architecture of the evolving adaptations involves a substantial degree of nonadditive genetic variation. One important consequence of contemporary adaptation may be an enhanced capacity of native communities to provide adaptive biological control of invasive species. Conservation scientists may manipulate adaptation to achieve conservation goals, but must also decide how deeply they wish to attempt to control the phenotypes and genotypes of other species.
Sliding along a Chord through a Rotating Earth

(2006). Sliding along a Chord through a Rotating Earth. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 10, pp. 922-928.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of stress-graphitized pyrolytic carbon following reactor irradiation at 77°K

Abstract Stress-graphitized pyrolytic carbon specimens were subjected to reactor irradiation (~ 1015 nvt - fast) while their temperature was maintained near 77°K. The specimen temperature was subsequently held near 77°K while the specimens were transferred into a testing apparatus where the dynamic mechanical properties (DMP) were obtained as a function of temperature from 80° to 750°K. First DMP tests after irradiation between 100° and 300°K revealed an inverse annealing effect in the dynamic elastic modulus with an inflection near 160°K. Internal friction peaks at 180° and 240°K were also observed in this temperature region. Following annealing of the specimens to 300°K, results for both the internal friction and the elastic modulus changed, compared to the first post-irradiation run. The dynamic mechanical behavior from 100° to 750°K, as determined by the latter tests, appeared to be similar to results previously reported by Taylor, Kline and Walker for room temperature irradiations. This included a large inverse annealing peak in the elastic modulus centered slightly above 500°K.
Inhibition of Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Editing by Short Inhibitory RNA-Mediated Knockdown of ADAR1 but Not ADAR2 Expression

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) requires host RNA editing at the viral RNA amber/W site. Of the two host genes responsible for RNA editing via deamination of adenosines in double-stranded RNAs, short inhibitory RNA-mediated knockdown of host ADAR1 expression but not that of ADAR2 led to decreased HDV amber/W editing and virus production. Despite substantial sequence and structural variation among the amber/W sites of the three HDV genotypes, ADAR1a was primarily responsible for editing all three. We conclude that ADAR1 is primarily responsible for editing HDV RNA at the amber/W site during HDV infection.
"Spiral asters" and cytoplasmic rotation in sea urchin eggs: induction in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs by elevated temperature.

"Spiral asters" composed of swirls of subcortical microtubules were recently described in fertilized eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In our study, these structures did not occur at culture temperatures below 16 degrees C. When the culture temperature was elevated, however, "spiral asters" routinely appeared during a susceptible period before mitotic prophase when the sperm aster-diaster normally exists. A massive and protracted rotation of the cytoplasm (excluding an immobile cortex and perinuclear region) began within 1 min of exposure to elevated temperature. Fibrils of the "spiral aster" could be seen within this rotating mass even by bright-field microscopy. The identity of microtubules in these structures was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. A mechanistic association between "spiral aster" formation and cytoplasmic rotation was indicated by the simultaneous inhibitory effects of microtubule and dynein poisons. Inhibitors of microfilaments, however, had no effect. We infer that elevated temperature induces unique changes in the microtubules of the pre-prophase sperm aster-diaster, resulting in cytoplasmic rotation and the spiral configuration of microtubules. Comparative cytological evidence supports the idea that "spiral asters" do not normally occur in fertilized sea urchin eggs. Biogeographic evidence for S. purpuratus indicates that fertilization and development naturally occur below 15 degrees C, hence "spiral asters" in eggs of this species should be regarded as abnormalities induced in the laboratory by unnaturally elevated temperatures.
Trade unions and the defence of the European social model

Taking as its point of departure the challenges faced by the European social model and the role of trade unions therein, this article identifies aspects of the defensive orientation adopted by trade unionists in Europe and points to an emerging contradiction between the support of trade unionists for European integration and the increasingly neoliberal character of policies intended to ‘modernise’ the European economy. Examination of trade union policy innovations intended to reverse recent declines in membership and influence reveals the breadth of such policies, but also demonstrates that to date they have proved insufficient to reverse decline.
Highly stereoselective couplings of carbohydrate lactones with terpene ketones promoted by SmI2

Abstract Lactone 3-deoxycarbohydrates were reacted with samarium diiodide (SmI 2 ) in THF/HMPA and the terpene ketones, (−)-menthone or (+)-dihydrocarvone; a serial reductive deoxygenation and an attendant carbonyl addition reaction afforded C 2 branched sugars with high diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1).
Comparison of DNA in the core component from Schmidt-Ruppin RSV transforming virus and non-transforming virus.

Abstract Viral core fractions from transforming Schmidt-Ruppin sarcoma virus (SR-RSV-t) and its transformation-defective derivative (SR-RSV-td) were examined for DNA. The transforming virus contained DNA that was easily detected, but the transformation-defective virus had little or no DNA associated with the core fraction. The buoyant density of the DNA from SR-RSV-t in CsC1 was 1.715 g/cm3.
The Incidence of Benefits from U.S. Soybean Productivity Gains in a Context of World Trade

A new procedure for measuring the "K-shift" in the supply function from new technology is introduced. This procedure is used to show that U.S. soybean total factor productivity increased by 1.6% per year between 1974 and 1983. Brazilian and Argentine soybean productivity increased 2.4% per year during this period. Total economic surplus in the U.S and the rest of the world increased between $1.7 and $3.2 billion. Of this total, U.S. resource owners received between $1.3 and $1.5 billion and U.S. consumers received between a $0.1 and $0.2 billion increase in income from increased soybean productivity.
A content based approach for discovering missing anchor text for web search

Although anchor text provides very useful information for web search, a large portion of web pages have few or no incoming hyperlinks (anchors), which is known as the anchor text sparsity problem. In this paper, we propose a language modeling based technique for overcoming anchor text sparsity by discovering a web page's plausible missing anchor text from its similar web pages' in-link anchor text. We design experiments with two publicly available TREC web corpora (GOV2 and ClueWeb09) to evaluate different approaches for discovering missing anchor text. Experimental results show that our approach can effectively discover plausible missing anchor terms. We then use the web named page finding task in the TREC Terabyte track to explore the utility of missing anchor text information discovered by our approach for helping retrieval. Experimental results show that our approach can statistically significantly improve retrieval performance, compared with several approaches that only use anchor text aggregated over the web graph.
BEYOND EMU: THE PROBLEM OF SUSTAINABILITY

A common currency, as envisioned in the Maastricht treaty, is thought to be the surest way to “lock in” commitments to monetary cooperation among sovereign states. But historical evidence suggests otherwise. Comparative analysis of six currency unions demonstrates that while economic and organizational factors are influential in determining the sustainability of monetary cooperation, interstate politics matters most. Compliance with commitments is greatest in the presence of either a locally dominant state, willing and able to use its influence to sustain monetary cooperation, or a broad network of institutional linkages sufficient to make the loss of monetary autonomy tolerable to each partner.
Effective distribution of emulsified edible oil for enhanced anaerobic bioremediation.

Abstract Recent laboratory and field studies have shown that injection of emulsified edible oils can provide an effective, low-cost alternative for stimulating anaerobic biodegradation processes. A pilot-scale permeable reactive bio-barrier (PRBB) was installed at a perchlorate and chlorinated solvent impacted site by injecting 380 L of commercially available emulsion (EOS ® ) containing emulsified soybean oil, food-grade surfactants, lactate, and yeast extract through ten direct push injection wells over a two day period. Soil cores collected six months after emulsion injection indicate the oil was distributed up to 5 m downgradient of the injection wells. A previously developed emulsion transport model was used to simulate emulsion transport and retention using independently estimated model parameters. While there was considerable variability in the soil sampling results, the model simulations generally agreed with the observed oil distribution at the field site. Model sensitivity analyses indicate that increasing the injection flow rate or diluting the oil with more water will have little effect on final oil distribution in the aquifer. The only effective approach for enhancing the spread of emulsified oil away from the injection well appears to be injecting a greater mass of oil.
Space-time code design for three-transmit-antenna systems

Fully diverse constellations, i.e., a set of unitary matrices whose pairwise differences are nonsingular, are useful in multi-antenna communications especially in multi-antenna differential modulation, since they have good pairwise error properties. Recently, group theoretic ideals, especially fixed-point-free (fpf) groups, have been used to design fully diverse constellations of unitary matrices. Here we give a systematic method to design space-time codes which are appropriate for three-transmit-antenna differential modulation. The structure of the code is motivated by the Lie group SU(3). The code has a fast decoding algorithm using sphere decode. The diversity product of the code can be easily calculated and simulated performance shows that the code is better than the group-based codes especially at high rates and is as good as the elaborately-designed nongroup code.
College student web use, perceptions of information credibility, and verification behavior

Concerns about the potentially dubious nature of online information and users' ability to evaluate it appropriately prompted this research on college students' use of Web-based information, their perceptions of information credibility, and their online verification behaviors. Two studies were conducted to address these issues. Results of the first study show that college students rely very heavily on the Web for both general and academic information, and that they expect this usage to increase over time. Results of the second study indicate that students find information to be more credible than do those from a more general adult population, across several media and considering many different types of information. Nonetheless, students verify the information they find online significantly less. Implications are discussed in light of current efforts of educators to improve Internet literacy.
Web object retrieval

The primary function of current Web search engines is essentially relevance ranking at the document level. However, myriad structured information about real-world objects is embedded in static Web pages and online Web databases. Document-level information retrieval can unfortunately lead to highly inaccurate relevance ranking in answering object-oriented queries. In this paper, we propose a paradigm shift to enable searching at the object level. In traditional information retrieval models, documents are taken as the retrieval units and the content of a document is considered reliable. However, this reliability assumption is no longer valid in the object retrieval context when multiple copies of information about the same object typically exist. These copies may be inconsistent because of diversity of Web site qualities and the limited performance of current information extraction techniques. If we simply combine the noisy and inaccurate attribute information extracted from different sources, we may not be able to achieve satisfactory retrieval performance. In this paper, we propose several language models for Web object retrieval, namely an unstructured object retrieval model, a structured object retrieval model, and a hybrid model with both structured and unstructured retrieval features. We test these models on a paper search engine and compare their performances. We conclude that the hybrid model is the superior by taking into account the extraction errors at varying levels.
Electrochemical Model of the Fe/V Redox Flow Battery

This paper presents a mathematical model for the new Fe/V redox flow battery chemistry. The model is designed to be useful for stack development and cost analysis purposes.
Antibiotic Drug Levels

In the past, efficacy, as defined by controlled clinical trials, was the primary factor in the selection of a particular antibiotic regimen. Today, as the number of antimicrobial agents approved for clinical use has grown almost exponentially, efficacy rarely is emphasized in published clinical trials. More commonly they demonstrate therapeutic equivalence rather than superiority of new compounds to previously accepted regimens. For this reason, the two criteria that now factor most prominently into the selection of equally effective antibiotics are relative toxicity and cost. Three major classes of antibiotics used throughout the world in the treatment of serious pediatric infectious diseases are chloramphenicol (CAP) and its derivatives, aminoglycosides (AGs), and vancomycin and related glycopeptides.
Techniques for FPGA Implementation of Video Compression Systems

Real-time video compression is a challenging subject for FPGA implementation because it typically has a large computational complexity and requires high data throughput. Previous implementations have used parallel banks of FPGAs or DSPs to meet these requirements. Using design techniques that maximize FPGA utilization, we have implemented two video compression systems, each of which uses a single FPGA. In this first system, algorithmic optimizations are made to create a low-complexity implementation that exploits the in-system programmability of the FPGA. This low-complexity implementation performs well, but is limited to a single compression algorithm. In the second system, the FPGA is augmented with an external, low-complexity, video signal processor (VSP) This combination of ASIC and FPGA is flexible enough to implement four common compression algorithms, and powerful enough to execute them in real time.
Cliques, Galois lattices, and the structure of human social groups☆

The mathematical definition of clique has never been entirely satisfactory when it comes to providing a procedure for defining human social groups. This paper shows how the Galois structure of containment among cliques and actors can be used to produce an intuitively appealing characterization of groups--one that is consistent with ethnographic descriptions. Two examples, using 'classical' social network data sets, are provided.
Kiss-and-Coat and Compartment Mixing: Coupling Exocytosis to Signal Generation and Local Actin Assembly

Regulated exocytosis is thought to occur either by "full fusion," where the secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane (PM) via a fusion pore that then dilates until the secretory vesicle collapses into the PM; or by "kiss-and-run," where the fusion pore does not dilate and instead rapidly reseals such that the secretory vesicle is retrieved almost fully intact. Here, we describe growing evidence for a third form of exocytosis, dubbed "kiss-and-coat," which is characteristic of a broad variety of cell types that undergo regulated exocytosis. Kiss-and-coat exocytosis entails prolonged maintenance of a dilated fusion pore and assembly of actin filament (F-actin) coats around the exocytosing secretory vesicles followed by direct retrieval of some fraction of the emptied vesicle membrane. We propose that assembly of the actin coats results from the union of the secretory vesicle membrane and PM and that this compartment mixing represents a general mechanism for generating local signals via directed membrane fusion.
High bandwidth low power operational amplifier design and compensation techniques

The need for high bandwidth operational amplifiers (op amp) exists for numerous applications. This need requires research in the area of Op Amp bandwidth extension. The exploited method in this thesis uses a class of compensation called Indirect Feedback Frequency Compensation in which the compensation current is fed back indirectly from the output to an internal high impedance node, to extend the bandwidth of an Op Amp. Among various compensation methods for operational amplifiers, indirect compensation offers potentially large benefits in regards to power to speed trade-off. The indirect compensated Op Amps can exhibit significant improvements in speed over traditional Miller compensated Op Amps and result in much smaller layout size and lower power consumption. However the technique has not been widely used in practice due to a lack of clear design procedure. This thesis develops an analytical description of how indirect compensation works and derives key trade off equations among various specifications. These results provide the insight needed for practically designing operational amplifiers with this technique. Based on the results, a step-by-step design procedure is proposed for an operational amplifier using indirect compensation. To demonstrate the proposed design procedure, a two stage Op Amp is designed. The Op Amp achieved a 2 MHz gain-bandwidth product (GBW) driving a large capacitive load (100 pF). The GBW of the Op Amp was improved by a factor of 10 times compared to the miller compensation scheme. The amplifier documented in this thesis achieved a higher simulated figures-of-merit (FoMs) compared to the state-of-art and can be directly used in integrated systems to achieve higher performance.
Synthesis and characterization of 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-labeled fluorescent opioids

Alkylation of sarcosine with 4-chloro-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-chloride) furnished a fluorescent tag that was coupled with a tetrahydrothebaine derivative and beta-naltrexamine, respectively, to yield the fluorescent opioids 7 alpha-(1R)-1-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propyl]-6,14- endoethenotetrahydrothebaine NBD-sarcosinate (ASM-5-10) and N-cyclopropylmethyl-3-hydroxy-14 beta-hydroxy-6 beta-(NBD sarcosinyl)-amino-epoxymorphinan (ASM-5-67). The fluorescence intensity of the novel opioids allowed their detection at subnanomolar concentrations, and was dependent on the polarity of the solvent. Maximum quantum yield was obtained in ethyl acetate and ethanol, and minimal fluorescence in heptane and water. Compounds ASM-5-10 and ASM-5-67 displaced the opioid receptor binding of [3H]Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol in monkey brain membranes with IC50 values of 8.4 and 1.5 nM, respectively. Whereas ASM-5-67 bound to mu, delta, and kappa receptors with comparable affinities, ASM-5-10 was mu-selective, with selectivity indices (ratio of respective IC50 values) of 0.04 for both mu/delta and mu/kappa. The sodium response ratio in binding revealed a pronounced agonist property of ASM-5-10. Both opioids were lipophilic, with octanol-water partition coefficients (log Papp) of 2.8 (ASM-5-10) and 1.0 (ASM-5-67). ASM-5-10 exhibited particularly strong membrane retention that was not reversible by four washes. Their favorable characteristics in fluorescence, receptor binding, and membrane interaction make these newly developed ligands useful molecular probes to study opioid receptor mechanisms.
Multimodal Analysis and Modeling of Nonverbal Behaviors during Tutoring

Detecting learning-centered affective states is difficult, yet crucial for adapting most effectively to users. Within tutoring in particular, the combined context of student task actions and tutorial dialogue shape the student's affective experience. As we move toward detecting affect, we may also supplement the task and dialogue streams with rich sensor data. In studies of introductory computer programming tutoring, human tutors communicated with students through text-based interfaces. Manual and automated approaches were leveraged to annotate dialogue, task actions, facial movements, postural positions, and hand-to-face gestures. Prior investigations in this line of doctoral research identified associations between nonverbal behavior and learning-centered affect, such as engagement and frustration. Additionally, preliminary work used hidden Markov models to analyze sequences of affective tutorial interaction. Further work will address the sequential nature of the multimodal data. This line of research is expected to improve automated understanding of learning-centered affect, with particular insights into how affect unfolds from moment to moment during tutoring. This may result in systems that treat student affect not as transient states, but instead as interconnected links in a student's path toward learning.
A Corpus Study of Canned Letters: Mining the Latent Rhetorical Proficiencies Marketed to Writers-in-a-Hurry and Non-Writers

Corpus studies are revolutionizing the study of language practice, including professional communication, by substituting actual examples of practice for prescriptive intuition. Corpora are often put together by researchers who exert much care in what goes into a corpus. Yet professional communicators also experience corpora as commodities in the marketplace, bundles of "writing models" for sale that cross genres of professional and personal communication. When writers purchase these bundles, what are the latent rhetorical strategies they are purchasing? A corpus study of 728 canned letters across 15 genres taken from a best-selling trade book was undertaken. The texts were tagged for rhetorical features and factor analyzed for latent rhetorical dimensions of proficiency. The study concludes that the latent rhetorical proficiencies brought into evidence are heavily weighted on skills of collecting or raising money. While this study requires replication over a wider sample, it illustrates how corpus approaches can help us rigorously retrieve latent rhetorical skills across a collection of rhetorically diverse texts. It further helps us see how corpus studies allow one to maintain close ties between the avowed standards of communication practice and the close description of the practices themselves
Age-related changes in drug handling in man.

Abstract Persons older than 65 years constitute 10% of the U.S. population but require approximately one-third of its health care services. A significant proportion of their disease states is related to adverse reactions to prescribed drugs. The origins of this disturbingly high Incidence of untoward consequences from drug therapy are multiple and complex. They include: (1) alterations In expected patterns of drug handling associated with physiologic changes of the aging process Itself, (2) alterations in responsiveness to specific types of drugs and (3) frequent occurrence of chronic and acute diseases. The data documenting pharmacoklnelc changes in aging subjects are rudimentary, and the physician is commonly aware only of pharmacokinetlc profiles derived from studies In healthy, young subjects. Without a firm basis on which to rest pharmacologic therapy, the clinical approach to drug treatment in the elderly patient must be cautious and conservative.
On pseudo-rigid bodies

The concept of the pseudo-rigid body, a model of hypothetical bodies constrained to deform homogeneously, is discussed critically. An analysis is given of a recent attempt, published in this journa...
Orthostatic tremor Clinical, electrophysiologic, and treatment findings in 184 patients

Objective: To evaluate the clinical, electrophysiologic, and treatment outcome features of orthostatic tremor (OT) in a large case series. Methods: We performed medical record review of 184 patients who met clinical and electrodiagnostic criteria for OT from 1976 to 2013 at the Mayo Clinic. Demographic, clinical, electrophysiologic, and treatment data were extracted. Results: The majority of OT cases were female (63.6%) and mean age at onset was 59.3 years (range 13–85 years). Diagnosis was delayed by a mean of 7.2 years (range 0–44 years). The average tremor frequency was 15.7 Hz (range 12.5–20 Hz), and transmitted to the arms on weight-bearing (95.5%). Patients reported a spectrum of progressive orthostatic leg symptoms, relieved by sitting or leaning. Falls were reported in 24.1%. Coexistent neurologic disorders included essential tremor (22.8%), other tremor (4.9%), and parkinsonism (8.7%). Family history of OT was noted in 4.9%. Of 46 medications trialed, 24 failed to provide any benefit. Benzodiazepines provided at least mild benefit in 55.9%, and moderate to marked benefit in 31.5%; β-blockers (31.0%) and anticonvulsants (25.0%) provided mild benefit, and the remainder were largely ineffective. Medication benefit waned over time. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was effective in 2 cases. Conclusion: OT predominantly affects female seniors, and the diagnosis should be considered with any orthostatic-induced leg symptoms, and confirmed by surface EMG. Benzodiazepines are the most efficacious treatment, followed by β-blockers and anticonvulsants. DBS should be further explored for treatment.
Genomic characterisation of two cancers of unknown primary cases supports a kidney cancer origin

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) comprises of 3-5% of new cancer diagnoses in the USA. Diagnostic work up typically includes CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and histopathological review of tissue specimens. These measures are neither sensitive nor specific in determining tissue of origin (ToO) of primary tumours and, therefore, are unable to guide therapy. We present two cases of CUP for which we utilised ultra-deep genomic sequencing to identify the candidate ToO and to propose treatment. Patient 1 presented with metastases involving the lung, lymph nodes and bone. Patient 2 presented with an acute pathological fracture of the T7 vertebral body and metastases involving the bone, lymph nodes and soft tissue. No primary renal mass was found. Sequencing revealed SETD2 and NF2 mutations, and heterozygous loss of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p). Mutations in conjunction with clinicopathological features strongly support a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Both patients initially responded to mTORC1 inhibition therapy.
Abstract 175: Lack of Macrophage GLUT1-Mediated Glucose Metabolism Increases Atherosclerotic Lesion Instability

Macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Metabolic programs powered by glucose or lipid enable macrophages to elicit pro- or anti-inflammatory responses, respectively. Although the chronic inflammatory feature of atherosclerosis has been well-established, the role of macrophage substrate metabolism in atherogenesis remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that macrophages with elevated GLUT1-mediated glucose metabolism have an increased inflammatory response. Therefore, we created a novel macrophage GLUT1-deficient murine model by crossing GLUT1 floxed to LysM-Cre mice. Recent work suggests that lack of GLUT1 reduces the pro-inflammatory response and the ability for GLUT1-/- macrophages to polarize to the classically activated state in vitro. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine how macrophage metabolic reprogramming affects the development of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that macrophages with restricted glucose metabolism due to lack of glucose transporter GLUT1 will have reduced pro-inflammatory activation during atherogenesis. We transplanted bone marrow from Glut1MΦfl/fl or Glut1MΦ-/- mice into Ldlr-/- mice and fed mice a Western diet for 12 weeks. Glut1MΦfl/fl Ldlr-/- or Glut1MΦ-/- Ldlr-/- chimeric mice did not exhibit significant differences in body weight, body composition, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, or triacylglycerol and LDL and HDL cholesterol. Digital histology analysis of Oil Red O stained slides indicated that deleting macrophage GLUT1 did not affect total lesion area in aortic root; however, mice with blunted glucose metabolism displayed more and larger necrotic cores. Ongoing studies are investigating apoptosis and phagocytic capacity of macrophages with and without GLUT1 to elucidate the roles of macrophage glucose metabolism on the morphology of atherosclerotic lesion. In summary, we observed that mice lacking macrophage GLUT1 developed increased necrotic cores in lesions of the aorta root relative to mice with wild type macrophage GLUT1 which suggests that maintenance of atherosclerotic lesion stability may be regulated by glucose-dependent mechanisms.