cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strauss's discussion of hobbes in what is political philosophy?

Abstract Strauss regarded the study of Hobbes as essential to an adequate understanding of modernity and to his effort to reopen the quarrel between the ancients and the moderns. In his discussion of Hobbes in chapter seven of What Is Political Philosophy?, Strauss takes up the question of the relationship between Hobbes's political science and his natural science. Although he argues that Hobbes's political science should not be understood as derivative from his natural science, Strauss suggests that there is a relationship between the two. This essay examines Strauss's intentionally incomplete answers to the question of what that relationship is.
Prostaglandin biosynthesis can be triggered by lipid peroxides.

Studies of ferriheme cyclooxygenase, using two different assay systems, show that a variety of peroxides can trigger a rapid acceleration of cyclooxygenase activity to produce prostaglandins. Lipid hydroperoxides formed by lipoxygenase were the most potent activators tested, followed by prostaglandin Gz, which was slightly less potent. Peroxides nonspecifically generated during arachidonate autoxidation were as potent as the enzymatically formed lipid peroxides. These findings have important implications for cell function since any process which generates peroxides may activate the cyclooxygenase. Thus the balance between formation and removal of cellular lipid peroxides sets a peroxide tone that can regulate the rate of prostaglandin formation in cells.
Surfactant-associated glycoproteins accumulate in alveolar cells and secretions during reparative stage of hyaline membrane disease

Surfactant-associated (SA) glycoproteins are lung-specific proteins produced in the human lung by alveolar type II cells and Clara cells. The distribution of these proteins was studied immunohistochemically in lung tissue obtained postmortem from 12 stillborn fetuses and 49 infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). By 21 weeks of gestation, SA glycoproteins were detected in the fetal alveolar epithelium and within Clara cells. The staining increased in intensity and extent with advancing gestational age. Infants with HMD who survived less than 48 hours did not generally exhibit stainable material either within type II cells or secretions, but staining was often noted in Clara cells as well as focally beneath hyaline membranes. In infants surviving more than 48 hours, intense staining of hyaline membranes, alveolar secretions, proliferating alveolar type II cells, and Clara cells was evident. Immunoreactivity was intense in hypertrophic type II cells that formed a continuous alveolar epithelial lining in lungs with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Included in the population of infants with HMD were 15 infants with pulmonary hypoplasia. The lungs of these infants showed minimal staining for SA glycoproteins regardless of postnatal survival time. The results provide an immunomorphologic basis for defining normal and abnormal lung maturation. They also indicate that enhanced SA glycoprotein production is a sustained response of regenerating and hypertrophic type II cells in premature infants.
MEDICAL DIAGNOSES IN ONE THOUSAND DOMICILED VETERANS.

This report concerns 1,000 veterans domiciled in the Veterans Administration Facility at Biloxi, Mississippi. Domiciliary facilities provide care for veterans who are disabled and in need of attention, and represent neither a custodial “old soldiers' home” nor a hospital for acute treatment. A series of research studies by the staff of the Psychology Service (1, 2) has shown the relationships of factors like alcoholism and previous education to various aspects of this domiciliary situation. The present study attempts to correlate the medical diagnoses with the type of patients involved, and to evaluate the resulting implications.
Sex-related differences in the insulin resistance syndrome

In the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, sex-specific differences have been reported. First, hypertension more often correlates with hyperinsulinemia in women than in men with the IR syndrome. In addition, salt sensitivity of blood pressure appears to be independent of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in women, whereas in men there is a strong correlation between the two variables. Secondly, the dyslipidemia found in women with the IR syndrome is characterized by less postprandial plasma insulin, triglycerides, and fatty acid response to a standardized meal. However, this sex difference in lipids disappears after correction for visceral fat mass. Fat physiology and biochemistry differ between the two sexes. In women, adipose cells express less glucocorticoid receptors and less 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In women visceral fat accumulation appears to be a constant feature of the IR syndrome but in men the syndrome can be present without central obesity. Lastly, during the reproductive years of women, the IR syndrome, such as in pre-eclampsia, may cause fetal growth retardation that has been proposed together with maternal malnutrition to be at the origin of the increased risk for impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension in adult life. This gives yet another dimension to this disease in women since in essence they may ultimately transmit this syndrome to both sexes.
On the influence of Si-Ge additions on the aging response of Al-Cu

Al−Cu−Si−Ge alloys display a unique combination of ultrarapid aging response, high peak hardness, and extended-aging microstructural stability. The purpose of this work is to explain these properties in terms of the role that the Si−Ge additions have on modifying the conventional Al−Cu aging sequence. In both AlCu and AlCuSiGe, the room-temperature microstructure consists of both Guinier-Preston (GP) zones and ϕ″ precipitates. Upon aging at 190°C, Al−Cu displays the well-known precipitation sequence: the slow dissolution of GP zones and ϕ″ and the gradual formation of ϕ′. In the quaternary alloy, Si−Ge particles quickly nucleate and grow during elevated-temperature aging (they are detected after as little as 30 minutes at 190 °C). The Si−Ge particles then act as nucleation sites for ϕ′ precipitates, resulting in a peak-aged microstructure consisting of a dense distribution of ϕ′ attached to Si−Ge.
Internal topography of major nerves of the forearm and hand: A current view

Fresh cadaver nerves were examined by serial cross-sections and microdissection with the operating microscope. The findings are compared with those of previous authors, primarily Sydney Sunderland. Our study confirms and amplifies Sunderland's findings: although it is true that funicular plexus formation and interchange takes place in the nerves of the human forearm, these connections are not of such a degree as to preclude operative procedures such as intraneural neurolysis, fascicular nerve repair, and interfascicular nerve grafting. Individual branches and bundles can be identified and traced within the main nerve trunk for considerable distances without significant trauma to conducting fibers. This arrangement lends itself to the application of modern microneurosurgical techniques. Clinical applications of these findings in the repair, lysis, and grafting of the major nerves of the forearm are described. The possibility of using such branches as the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve (if irreparably damaged) as a donor nerve for grafting is noted.
Osteoarthritis year 2011 in review: biology

This review is focused on advances in understanding the biology of joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis mechanisms that have led to proof of concept studies on new therapeutic approaches. The three selected topics include angiogenesis in joint tissues, biomechanics and joint lubrication and mitochondrial dysfunction. This new information represents progress in the integration of mechanisms that control multiple aspects of OA pathophysiology.
The purchasing power parity puzzle is worse than you think

The ‘‘purchasing power parity puzzle’’ is the difficulty of reconciling very high short-term volatility of real exchange rates with very slow rates of mean reversion. The strongest evidence of slow mean reversion comes from least squares estimates of first-order autoregressive models of the long-horizon dollar-sterling real exchange rate. Using median-unbiased estimation methods, we show that these methods underestimate the half-lives of PPP deviations, and thus overestimate the speed of mean reversion. When the specification is amended to allow for serial correlation, the speed of mean reversion falls even further. This makes resolution of the purchasing power parity puzzle more problematic.
The Space Between: Making Room for the Unique Voices of Mental Health Consumers within a Standardized Measure of Mental Health Recovery

While standardized outcome measurement is increasingly common in the administration and delivery of mental health services, little is known about how mental health consumers experience and utilize such measures. Understanding and incorporating consumer perceptions and uses of standardized measures allows for a treatment feedback process that is useful and meaningful to both consumers and providers. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study (n = 17) is to describe adult consumers’ experiences completing a standardized self-report measure of mental health recovery. Findings suggest oral administration, recognition of “buried dialogues”, and incorporation of a temporal narrative component may increase standardized measure utility for consumers.
Nazi science--the Dachau hypothermia experiments.

IT is widely recognized that the experiments performed on prisoners in German concentration camps during the Second World War were in fact brutal crimes committed under the guise of medical research. There is controversy, however, about the use of the results obtained from those studies. Among the approximately 30 known projects, the controversy has focused most intensely on the experiments involving hypothermia in humans that were performed at the Dachau concentration camp.1 The debate among scientists and ethicists has spread to the public through the print and broadcast media.2 3 4 5 6 Positions range from a total ban to advocacy of the uninhibited . . .
Expression of green fluorescent protein from a recoded gene inserted into Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA

Abstract To generate a visible reporter of mitochondrial gene expression, we have synthesized a DNA fragment that specifies an enhanced variant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial genetic code. This reporter gene, GFPm-3, was inserted into mtDNA at the eighth codon of the COX3 gene. Mitochondria containing this mtDNA could be detected by fluorescence microscopy. Mitochondrially encoded GFP accumulated as soluble matrix protein, whose level could be measured both immunologically and fluorometrically. Quantitation of relative fluorescence by flow cytometry confirmed that cox3∷GFPm-3 expression was affected by carbon source and dependent upon COX3 mRNA-specific translational activation. GFPm-3 will be a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial gene regulation and the intracellular fates of mitochondrially synthesized proteins.
YASFIIRE: yet another system for IIR evaluation

We present a system that supports Interactive Information Retrieval user studies on the Web. Our system provides support for user and task management, for processing web-based task specific interfaces and for Web-event logging. It also offers functionality useful to IIR studies that capture eye-movement on Web page elements. The system complements logging functionality offered by a typical usability/eye-tracking software packages and is designed to act in concert with such software.
Show Me Again What I Can Do: Documentation and Self-Determination for Students with Social Challenges.

This article describes the use of documentation by teachers and their children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) to develop skills of self-determination. Visual feedback, such as photos and video, help teachers plan and children evaluate their performance in social situations, such as finding a friend to play with at recess. This documentation serves as a tool to create a narrative with both the child and the teacher. This narrative evolves with new iterations as documentation is regularly collected and we find that it helps the child to interpret challenging social situations. Highlighting two teachers and their students, this article describes how documentation helped draw the child into making meaning of frustrating or confusing social situations, thus allowing teachers to guide the child to reflect and reevaluate his behavior. Documentation was used to point to positive social interactions that were affirming for the child.
Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease.

Study objectives Health-related quality of life associated with interstitial lung disease has received little attention in clinical studies because there have been no validated methods for directly measuring it. We have assessed the validity of several generic and respiratory-specific quality-of-life instruments in patients with interstitial lung disease. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient pulmonary clinic at a university referral center. Patients Fifty patients with interstitial disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and asbestosis. Interventions Patients were administered four quality-of-life questionnaires, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), the Quality of Well-being scale (QWB), the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Patients concomitantly underwent pulmonary function testing and performed a 6-min walk. Measurements and results Validation of these instruments was based on testing an a priori hypothesis that worse quality-of-life scores should correlate with more severe physiologic impairment demonstrated by pulmonary function tests, exercise tolerance on the 6-min walk, and dyspnea scores. Our patients, on average, had a moderate degree of physiologic impairment and demonstrated moderately decreased quality-of-life scores. Scores from all four quality-of-life questionnaires correlated significantly with 6-min walk distance and dyspnea score. Scores from the SF-36, QWB, and SGRQ showed significant correlation with FVC, FEV 1 , and diffusing capacity as well. The SF-36 and SGRQ consistently showed the strongest correlation with physical impairment. Conclusions Our findings indicate that preexisting quality-of-life instruments can be applied to patients with interstitial lung disease and suggest that the SF-36 and the SGRQ, in particular, are sensitive tools for assessing quality of life in these patients. Future intervention studies of patients with interstitial lung disease should consider using these measures.
On the specificity of a possibility distribution

Abstract The specificity of a possibility distribution measures the degree to which the distribution allows one and only one element as its manifestation. As such it is a measure of amount of uncertainty or information. We investigate a number of issues related to specificity measures. We discuss the connection between the specificity of a possibility distribution and the entropy of a probability distribution. We describe unifying view for constructing specificity measures. We look at the relationship of the specificity of a distribution and its negation. We consider the case where the base set is continuous.
Expression of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factors 4E and 2α Correlates with the Progression of Thyroid Carcinoma

Cell growth and proliferation depend on protein synthesis that is regulated, in part, by two eukaryotic translation initiation factors, eIF-4E and eIF-2α. These factors are transiently increased as...
DIFFERENTIAL MODULATION OF CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY AND DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF 12-O-TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL 13-ACETATE

AbstractEar/footpad swelling following sensitization and challenge with 2,4-dinitrofluoro-benzene (DNFB)/allogenic splenocytes (AS) were used to monitor the effects of 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) reactions, respectively. Topical treatment of dorsal or ventral SENCAR mouse skin 4x with 2 μg of TPA prior to sensitization of dorsal skin with DNFB suppressed attempts to induce CHS by susequent challenge with DNFB. the adoptive transfer of splenocytes isolated from mice pretreated on the dorsum with TPA prior to dorsal sensitization with DNFB inhibited the development of CHS to DNFB in recipient mice. Conversely, topical treatment with TPA prior to s.c. sensitization with AS neither suppressed subsequent attempts to induce DHS, nor resulted in the generation of a splenocyte population capable of suppressing DHS reactions in adoptive transfer studies. Thus, promoting doses of topically applied TPA has differential effects on CHS...
Large vocabulary recognition using linked predictive neural networks

A large-vocabulary isolated word recognition system based on linked predictive neural networks (LPNNs) is presented. In this system, neural networks are used as predictors of speech frames, enabling a pool of such networks to serve as phoneme models. Higher-level algorithms are used to organize these networks, linking them into sequences corresponding to the phonetic spellings of words, and to train and evaluate the networks for word recognition. By virtue of linking phonemic networks, the LPNN is vocabulary independent and can be applied to large-vocabulary recognition. Recognition rates of 94% for a 234-word Japanese vocabulary of acoustically similar words and 90% for a larger vocabulary of 924 words are obtained. >
Involvement of VAT-1 in Phosphatidylserine Transfer from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Mitochondria

Mitochondria receive phosphatidylserine (PS) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but how PS is moved from the ER to mitochondria is unclear. Current models postulate a physical link between the organelles, but no involvement of cytosolic proteins. Here, we have reconstituted PS transport from the ER to mitochondria in vitro using Xenopus egg components. Transport is independent of ER proteins, but is dependent on a cytosolic factor that has a preferential affinity for PS. Crosslinking with a photoactivatable PS analog identified VAT-1 as a candidate for a cytosolic PS transport protein. Recombinant, purified VAT-1 stimulated PS transport into mitochondria and depletion of VAT-1 from Xenopus cytosol with specific antibodies led to a reduction of transport. Our results suggest that cytosolic factors have a role in PS transport from the ER to mitochondria, implicate VAT-1 in the transport process, and indicate that physical contact between the organelles is not essential.
Caveolin-1-Deficient Mice Show Defects in Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Immune Response during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection†

A number of studies have shown an association of pathogens with caveolae. To this date, however, there are no studies showing a role for caveolin-1 in modulating immune responses against pathogens. Interestingly, expression of caveolin-1 has been shown to occur in a regulated manner in immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we sought to determine the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression in Salmonella pathogenesis. Cav-1(-/-) mice displayed a significant decrease in survival when challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Spleen and tissue burdens were significantly higher in Cav-1(-/-) mice. However, infection of Cav-1(-/-) macrophages with serovar Typhimurium did not result in differences in bacterial invasion. In addition, Cav-1(-/-) mice displayed increased production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide. Regardless of this, Cav-1(-/-) mice were unable to control the systemic infection of Salmonella. The increased chemokine production in Cav-1(-/-) mice resulted in greater infiltration of neutrophils into granulomas but did not alter the number of granulomas present. This was accompanied by increased necrosis in the liver. However, Cav-1(-/-) macrophages displayed increased inflammatory responses and increased nitric oxide production in vitro in response to Salmonella LPS. These results show that caveolin-1 plays a key role in regulating anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased production of toxic mediators from macrophages lacking caveolin-1 is likely to be responsible for the marked susceptibility of caveolin-1-deficient mice to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Patient-centered decision making: empowering women to make informed choices--experience in the United States.

Promoting patient-centered decision making has the potential to dramatically improve quality of care and satisfaction with the care delivery process. A number of important efforts are advancing this process. The goal of my presentation is to substantiate the claim that patient involvement can improve quality and to introduce the key areas of activity in the U.S. health care delivery system. I will use two common women’s health treatment decisions as illustrations: the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) decision for menopausal women and the surgical treatment decision for women with early-stage breast cancer. My comments will touch on four topics. First, I will describe variation in the treatment of menopausal women and women with early-stage breast cancer and develop the case for promoting patient-centered decision making as a way to improve the quality of decision making. I will then summarize the literature on the value of decision-support-tools and provide some examples of current tools for promoting patient-centered decision making. From there, I will review the National Committee for Quality Assurance’s (NCQA) new measurement initiative that has been designed to encourage health plans to develop counseling programs for menopausal women. Finally, I will describe some of the health plan initiatives that have been developed in response to the NCQA’s new measurement efforts.
Lakes and society: The contribution of lakes to sustainable societies

Lake management is typically approached from a biophysical perspective. Lake managers ask how lakes can be managed to sustain their ecological functions. The social value of lakes is usually given less attention. The present paper begins the analysis at the other end of the lake and society connection by posing the question: what social needs must be met to sustain society? The primary social needs of sustainable societies are outlined and then the contribution of lakes to each need is discussed. Lakes can only provide optimal social benefits if management decisions recognize the full set of potential contributions lakes can make to society and those management decisions are integrated to provided balanced attention to all values that lakes provide. The present paper expands the domain of values beyond the traditional environmental and recreational contributions of lake management to also include aesthetics, education, economic opportunity, emotional security, cultural opportunity, individual freedom and spirituality. Citizen involvement is essential in broadening the conceptualization of the lake values and in implementing integrated management plans.
Crystallization and preliminary analysis of neurolysin

Neuropeptidases inactivate or modify the activity of peptide neurotransmitters and neurohormones. The neuropeptidase neurolysin acts only on short peptides and accepts a variety of cleavage-site sequences. Structures of the enzyme and enzyme–substrate complexes will help to determine the mechanisms of substrate selectivity used by this enzyme. Crystals of recombinant neurolysin have been grown in the orthorhombic space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 157.8, b = 88.0, c = 58.4 A. Data have been collected to 2.3 A at 110 K with observed diffraction to 1.8 A. Circular dichroism measurements suggest that the enzyme is primarily α-helical, with little β-strand secondary structure. Sequence-based secondary-structure prediction supports this ­conclusion.
Categorical versus dimensional models of eating disorders: An examination of the evidence

Objective Eating disorders have been conceptualized as discrete syndromes or categories and as dimensions that differ in degree among individuals. Until recently, researchers have not directly addressed which of these models, categorical versus dimensional, is most valid. Methods The primary objective of this review was to examine the evidence related to the validity of dimensional versus categorical models of eating disorders. Results Findings from a series of taxometric studies have suggested that a conceptual representation of eating disorders may involve a latent taxon, related to binge eating (and possibly purging), and one or more dimensions. These studies found that binge eating was identified as a factor that does not occur on a continuum with anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype. Restricting subtype anorexia is continuous with normalcy, however. Discussion These findings should be viewed as preliminary evidence that may have implications for the etiology, assessment, prevention, and treatment of eating disorders. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Domestic violence and difference

The four monographs reviewed here signal both a critical shift and the value of diversity in domestic violence studies. The authors of the works consider the meaning and policing of, as well as resistance to, domestic violence within specific historical and cultural contexts, of rurality, of immigration, and of the cultural and political economy of colonialism. These ethnographic and historical works document women's experiences of battering and how the state distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable levels of violence within marriage.
The Role for Ethics in Bush's New World Order

The end of the Cold War and the reduction of tensions between East and West have generated talk of a “new world order” in which greater cooperation between states might be possible. These developments also raise the possibility that state behavior might be constrained more than ever before by shared moral standards, contributing further to the reduction in international tensions. Brinkoetter investigates the potential role that shared moral standards - and international ethics in general - may play in this new world order. The role that one finds for international ethics in the new world order depends upon whose version of it is being evaluated - in this case George Bush's.
Changes in Students' Use of Lifelong Learning Skills During a Problem‐based Learning Project

ABSTRACT In a climate of continual change and innovation, lifelong learning is a critical professional development objective which has a direct impact on organizations' effectiveness and ability to compete and innovate. To help learners continually upgrade their skills and knowledge so they can effectively address emerging organizational and professional needs and opportunities, educators must prepare learners for their professions using teaching methodologies that develop learners' capacity for and disposition toward lifelong learning. Problem-based learning (PBL) is one such method. PBL uses professional problems of practice as a starting point, stimulus, and focus for student activity, and one of PBL's stated educational outcomes is students' use of lifelong learning skills. This study examined the changes in students' use of lifelong learning skills while participating in a PBL project. Twenty-six undergraduate university computer science students completed a 15-week C++ programming course. Using guided reflective journal responses as process data, students were observed to increase their application of lifelong learning skills during their PBL experience. Design and research recommendations are shared.
Does Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit Patients With Right Bundle Branch Block Left Ventricular Free Wall Pacing: Seldom Right for Right Bundle Branch Block

In the United States, ≥5 million have heart failure (HF),1 ≥500 000 are diagnosed each year,2 and 2.5 million are hospitalized for their disease.3 In addition, ≈300 000 patients die from HF every year in the United States,2 and the 5-year survival in the Framingham study in men and women was determined to be 28% and 35%, respectively. These outcomes are known to be modified by QRS duration from the surface ECG. For example, the 3-year mortality rate in patients with HF and QRS duration >160 ms was reported to be 58% in 1 study, which represented nearly a 3-fold increase when compared with patients having a QRS duration under 120 ms.4 The Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure has reported increased 1-year rates of sudden death and overall mortality in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB),5 and RBBB has also been found to predict increased mortality in 7073 patients referred for nuclear exercise testing.6 Response by Auricchio et al on p 10 During the past decade, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implemented as either a pacemaker only or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD; CRT-D) has emerged as an common treatment for patients with HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%, severe HF (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III–IV status), and intraventricular conduction delays, including both LBBB and RBBB. In particular, the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial7 demonstrated improved survival with CRT-D and a borderline improvement in survival for CRT pacemaker device ( P =0.056) in patients with a QRS duration of ≥120 ms. The subgroup analysis from the main article also noted a greater improvement in survival with LBBB versus RBBB. The Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure Study (CARE-HF)8 also enrolled patients with …
Do faculty salaries rise with job seniority

Abstract Previous research suggests that academic salaries fall with greater job seniority. Using a 1988 national survey, we find that the return to seniority is positive over a lengthy employment period. Tenure status and academic rank also affect the return to seniority
Demand-based document dissemination to reduce traffic and balance load in distributed information systems

Research on replication techniques to reduce traffic and minimize the latency of information retrieval in a distributed system has concentrated on client-based caching, whereby recently/frequently accessed information is cached at a client (or at a proxy thereof) in anticipation of future accesses. We believe that such myopic solutions-focussing exclusively on a particular client or set of clients-are likely to have a limited impact. Instead, we offer a solution that allows the replication of information to be done on a global supply/demand basis. We propose a hierarchical demand-based replication strategy that optimally disseminates information from its producer to servers that are closer to its consumers. The level of dissemination depends on the relative popularity of documents, and on the expected reduction in traffic that results from such dissemination. We used extensive HTTP logs to validate an analytical model of server popularity and file access profiles. Using that model we show that by disseminating the most popular documents on servers closer to clients, network traffic could be reduced considerably, while servers are load-balanced. We argue that this process could be generalized to provide for an automated server-based information dissemination protocol that will be more effective in reducing both network bandwidth and document retrieval times than client-based caching protocols.
A high sucrose, high linoleic acid diet potentiates hypertension in the Dahl salt sensitive rat.

Insulin resistance can be induced by diets high in simple carbohydrates or fatty acids. To determine whether these nutrients also affect arterial pressure in genetic models of salt sensitive and salt resistant hypertension, Dahl salt sensitive (S) and salt resistant (R) rats were each fed the following isocaloric diets containing 3% NaCl for 4 weeks (10 rats/group): 1) control; 2) high sucrose (60%); 3) high linoleic acid (LA, provided as 10% safflower oil); and 4) high sucrose plus high LA. Tail systolic blood pressures (SBP) were measured weekly, and at 4 weeks, direct mean arterial pressures (MBP) were measured in conscious animals. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by in vitro uptake of tritiated glucose by adipocytes in response to graded doses of insulin. Weight gain did not differ among groups. High sucrose alone and high LA alone did not affect blood pressure in either strain. However, SBP and MBP were increased (P < .05) by the high sucrose plus high LA diet in Dahl-S but not in Dahl-R rats. Sucrose alone and LA alone decreased (P < .05) insulin sensitivity in Dahl-S and Dahl-R rats. In both strains, sucrose plus LA decreased insulin sensitivity to a greater extent (P < .05) than sucrose alone or LA alone. Thus, the sucrose plus LA diet decreased insulin sensitivity in both Dahl-S and Dahl-R rats, whereas blood pressure was increased only in Dahl-S rats. The phenotype of elevated arterial pressure is influenced both by a genetic-nutrient interaction and by an interaction among specific nutrients resulting in insulin resistance.
Use of dressings and bandages in equine wound management

The use and aims of various wound dressings are discussed. Application and indications in the horse vary according to the type and location of the wound as well as the nature and availability of the dressing material. Coaptation and immobilization are essential to promote healing in certain locations. Techniques used for bandage application in horses are described, with special emphasis on problem areas.
Approximate nearest neighbors and the fast Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform

We introduce a new low-distortion embedding of l2d into lpO(log n) (p=1,2), called the Fast-Johnson-Linden-strauss-Transform. The FJLT is faster than standard random projections and just as easy to implement. It is based upon the preconditioning of a sparse projection matrix with a randomized Fourier transform. Sparse random projections are unsuitable for low-distortion embeddings. We overcome this handicap by exploiting the "Heisenberg principle" of the Fourier transform, ie, its local-global duality. The FJLT can be used to speed up search algorithms based on low-distortion embeddings in l1 and l2. We consider the case of approximate nearest neighbors in l2d. We provide a faster algorithm using classical projections, which we then further speed up by plugging in the FJLT. We also give a faster algorithm for searching over the hypercube.
Medialization laryngoplasty for odynophonia.

Importance Medialization laryngoplasty (ML) remains the gold standard for the long-term treatment of hoarseness related to glottal insufficiency. Odynophonia is a less common manifestation of glottal insufficiency related to vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI), and ML is hypothesized to relieve pain associated with this condition. Objective To evaluate whether patients with VFMI and a chief complaint of odynophonia may achieve pain relief with ML, regardless of the degree of vocal impairment. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a retrospective review of medical records for 8 patients with VFMI and a chief complaint of odynophonia who were treated at 2 tertiary care laryngology centers over a 2-year period. Interventions All patients underwent ML. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient-reported relief of pain, preoperative and postoperative Voice Handicap Index 10 (VHI-10) scores, and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) scores were obtained. Results All eight patients (5 women and 3 men; mean age, 42 years) had durable relief of their discomfort postoperatively (average follow-up, 14 months). Mean VHI-10 scores improved significantly from 17.9 preoperatively to 6.3 postoperatively ( P = .001), while perceptual voice parameters as measured by CAPE-V were unchanged. There were no complications. Conclusions and Relevance In select cases of VFMI, ML can relieve pain related to voice use, even in the absence of significant hoarseness.
The Oyster Industry

It may be difficult now to imagine that the oyster was the chief fishery product of the United States less than a hundred years ago. Landings in 1982 were about 54 million pounds of meats worth about 76 million dollars, which was less than one percent by weight and about three percent by value of all fishery products landed in the United States. In 1880 the value of oysters alone was about 35 percent of all fishery products landed. By value, in 1880, New Jersey ranked first, Maryland second, New York third, Virginia fourth, and Connecticut fifth. Together, these five states produced about 81 percent of the oysters grown in the United States.
Polychromatic flow cytometry in evaluating rheumatic disease patients

B cells are central players in multiple autoimmune rheumatic diseases as a result of the imbalance between pathogenic and protective B-cell functions, which are presumably mediated by distinct populations. Yet the functional role of different B-cell populations and the contribution of specific subsets to disease pathogenesis remain to be fully understood owing to a large extent to the use of pauci-color flow cytometry. Despite its limitations, this approach has been instrumental in providing a global picture of multiple B-cell abnormalities in multiple human rheumatic diseases, more prominently systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren’s syndrome. Accordingly, these studies represent the focus of this review. In addition, we also discuss the added value of tapping into the potential of polychromatic flow cytometry to unravel a higher level of B-cell heterogeneity, provide a more nuanced view of B-cell abnormalities in disease and create the foundation for a precise understanding of functional division of labor among the different phenotypic subsets. State-of-the-art polychromatic flow cytometry and novel multidimensional analytical approaches hold tremendous promise for our understanding of disease pathogenesis, the generation of disease biomarkers, patient stratification and personalized therapeutic approaches.
Homeostatic Consequences of Gastric Water, Acid, and Electrolyte Secretion in the Dog

Summary In a group of 10 dogs (average wt 23 kg) secreting in response to continuous histamine infusion at doses from 2 to 125 μtg per kg per hr, gastric juice losses of from 36 to 924 ml per 4.5 hr were found. Blood changes included a 20% increase in hematocrit, a fall in plasma Cl - and K + proportional to the amounts lost by secretion, and a rise of up to 16.6 mOsmoles per kg in plasma osmolality. The evidence for dehydration indicated that, although gastric juice is hypertonic, the entry into the body of one HCO 3 - - for each H + secreted effectively makes the process of gastric secretion a loss of hypotonic fluid from the body. Calculation of total changes in ECF water and electrolyte content indicated that gastric juice, water, Cl - , and K + all ultimately derived from the ECF, and that an amount of Na + about equal to the amount of H + secreted left the ECF to enter cells with about two-thirds of the HCO 3 - produced by the process of H + secretion. The secondary effects of these body fluid changes on the gastric juice in elude rising concentrations of H + , Na + , and Cl - and decreasing K + and osmotic gradient. The decreasing volume output may be in part a result of these homeostatic consequences of secretion.
Metabolism of testosterone by virilizing Krukenberg tumor of the ovary

The metabolism of testosterone by a virilizing tumor was studied. A prominent coversion of testosterone to androstenedione was noted. The significance of this interrelationship was considered in terms of normal and abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis.
Individuals with incident accelerated knee osteoarthritis have greater pain than those with common knee osteoarthritis progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

We evaluated whether accelerated knee osteoarthritis (AKOA) was associated with greater pain and other outcomes and if outcomes varied over time differently among those with incident AKOA or common knee osteoarthritis (KOA), which we defined as a gradual onset of disease. We conducted longitudinal analyses among participants in the Osteoarthritis Initiative who had no radiographic KOA at baseline (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] 3). We explored 11 other secondary outcome measures. We performed an ordinal logistic regression or linear models with generalized estimating equations. The predictors were group (AKOA or common KOA), time (seven visits), and a group-by-time interaction. Overall, individuals with AKOA (n = 54) had greater pain, functional disability, and global rating scale as well as slower chair-stand and walking pace compared with those with common KOA (n = 187). There was no significant interaction between group and time for knee pain; however, there was for chair-stand pace and global rating scale. In conclusion, AKOA may be a painful and disabling phenotype that warrants more attention by clinicians and researchers.
Graaskamp: A Holistic Perspective

Dr. James A. Graaskamp (1933–1988) had a tremendous and enduring impact on the real estate industry. This article explores his contributions from a holistic perspective, using a comprehensive approach to highlight his key intellectual underpinnings, explore his pedagogical practices, and summarize his industry activities. Of particular note is the discussion of his multidimensional approach to the real estate asset class. The discussion explores the theoretical areas he drew on, including urban land economics, behavioralism, decision making, social responsibility, and risk management. A brief review of some “Graaskampianisms”—selected definitions, sayings, and concepts he coined—pre- cedes a profile of his academic contributions. He straddled both industry and the academy and envisioned real estate as a multidiscip Unary field and real estate education as belonging in a university setting. His industry activities are reviewed, along with the various approaches he used to promote change and innovation. Special attention is paid to his contributions to appraisal, feasibility, institutional investment analysis, and the development process. Throughout the chapter, his strong social consciousness and the challenges he posed for the academic and professional communities are noted.
Review of Preferential Flow—Stokes Approach to Infiltration and Drainage

Peter Germann. Geographica Bernensia 88. University of Bern, Institute of Geography, Bern, Switzerland. 2014. 199 pp. ISBN 978-3-90583534-2. This book encompasses Germann’s multidecade pursuit of a more realistic representation of water flow in soils than generally accepted theory provides. It is
The Former Marxist Leninist Parties in Africa after the End of the Cold War

The development of the formerly dominant communist parties in Africa provides an interesting set of cases to help refine the current literature on communist successor party adaptation. This paper first reiterates a theoretical framework derived from existing work on party development generally and the communist successor parties in post-communist Eastern European politics in particular. Using an interpretive technique I examine the evolution of five former Marxist Leninist parties in Africa: the Popular Movement for the liberation of Angola (Movimiento Popular para la Liberacion de Angola — MPLA), the Peoples’ Revolutionary Party of Benin (Parti du Revolutionare Popular du Benin — PRPB), the Congolese Labor Party (Parti Congolais du Travail — PCT), Frelimo (Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique), and the Workers’ Party of Ethiopia (Ye Ityopia Seratepnotch Parti — WPE).
Is Aliran Still Available? A Study on the Relationship between Party Support and Socioeconomic Backgrounds in Indonesia

By using multinomial logistic regression, this study tries to identify the socio-economic factors and cleavages which affect political preference of Indonesian electorates. It focuses on the largest four parties i.e. Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat, PD), Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan, PDI-P), Golkar Party (Partai Golkar, Golkar), and Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, PKS). Based on the statistical results, I argue for two points. First, I find that although the religious cleavage or aliran still exists in Indonesian party politics, contrary to conventional wisdom, aliran does not function as differentiating Islamic parties from secular parties. Instead, it divides between the secular parties. This finding implies that existing party classifications assuming an ideological difference between secular and Islamic parties should be reconsidered or adjusted. Second, whereas the religious cleavage has weakened, socioeconomic factors such as age, region, ethnicity, and the level of education have had a significant influence. In particular, the exclusive support of the highly educated voters for the PKS provides an implication on the relation between the emergence of the middle class and the moderate Islamic party.
Elective induction vs. spontaneous labor associations and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors and outcomes associated with elective medical induction of labor as compared with spontaneous labor in low-risk women. STUDY DESIGN: Using a birth certificate database including 11,849 low-risk, laboring women, univariate and multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate demographic and obstetric factors associated with elective labor induction. Low risk was defined as singleton, vertex, 37-41 weeks'gestation, no prior cesarean section, and no presenting medical/obstetric diagnoses considered indications for cesarean or induction. Adverse neonatal outcome was defined as 1- or 5-minute Apgar score < 7, neonatal intensive care unit admission or respiratory distress. Spontaneously laboring women (n = 10,608) were compared with women who underwent induced labor for no apparent medical/obstetric reason (n = 1,241). Interventions and outcomes during and after labor induction were adjusted for relevant associated variables. RESULTS: Odds ratios for epidural anesthesia, cesarean delivery and diagnoses of nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns were independently increased following elective induction; odds ratios for cephalopelvic disproportion, instrumental delivery and adverse neonatal outcome were not. Maternal length of stay was 0.34 days longer with induction than with spontaneous labor (p < 0.0001). Slightly more induced labors ended before midnight. CONCLUSION: As compared with spontaneous labor, elective labor induction is independently associated with more intrapartum interventions, more cesarean deliveries and longer maternal length of stay. Neonatal outcome is unaffected.
Oxymetazoline Metered Dose Spray: Factors Affecting Delivery Volume

OBJECTIVES: The current study compared the amount of oxymetazoline delivered by various anesthesia providers when holding the bottle in the upright and inverted position. Additionally, the amount d...