cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology Associated with the Rosette Agent, A Systemic Protist Infecting Salmonid Fishes

Abstract Mortality and morbidity were observed among 1–5-year-old captive broodstock of Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that had been reared in seawater and were infected with the systemic protist termed the “rosette agent.” Two types of lesions were found in naturally occurring infections. The first was disseminated and was characterized by systemic dispersion of parasites accompanied by minimal host inflammatory cell response, whereas the second was limited and nodular with parasites restricted to granulomas in the kidney, spleen, and liver. In the disseminated form of the disease, the parasite was detected within hematopoietic, epithelial, and mesenchymal cell types. Aggregates of the organism and associated cellular debris were found in the kidney, liver, spleen, heart, gill, brain, ovary, testis, and hindgut. Renal tubular necrosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, necrotizing interstitial nephritis, multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, and necrotizing vasculitis were...
Conservative Therapy of Esophageal Perforation With Neck Abscess in a Child

Conservative management of complicated esophageal perforations has gained favor in recent years. However, there are limited data concerning the applicability of this approach in the pediatric population. We describe the care and outcome of a 14-year-old girl who sustained an esophageal perforation after accidental ingestion of a shard of glass. The patient was treated using ultrasound-guided drainage catheter placement with simultaneous esophagoscopy and postoperative antibiotics. She was discharged within 1 week of presentation and enjoyed an uncomplicated recovery. We believe that selected cases of pediatric esophageal perforation may be safely and effectively treated using a conservative approach.
MAP: A Pascal macro preprocessor for large program development

The programming language Pascal was originally designed for teaching introductory programming. Currently, however, production systems use it as the primary implementation language. This paper describes extensions of Pascal intended to aid the large program developer. The extensions are implemented in a macro preprocessor MAP, which supports constant expression evaluation, source file inclusion, conditional compilation and macro substitution. While each of these features can be used independently, they are all implemented with a simple, uniform syntax. Furthermore, in keeping with the spirit of Pascal, an attempt has been made to make the facilities straightforward and simple. The design and implementation details are discussed.
Insertions of palindromic DNA sequences into the J-F intercistronic region of bacteriophage φX174 interfere with normal phage growth☆

Abstract The effect of hairpin (cruciform) size on the regulation of gene expression was investigated by cloning a series of palindromic sequences into the non-essential J-F intercistronic region of the bacteriophage φX174 ins6 genome. Genetic stability of the insert sequence and its effect on the growth efficiency of the phage was used as an initial measure of the biological consequence of hairpin insertions. Multimers of increasing size of the BamHI linker sequence C-C-G-G-A-T-C-C-G-G were inserted into the PvuII site of the parental strain ins6. The largest hairpin that could be constructed and maintained in the φX174 genome had a stem length of 22 base-pairs and a loop size of four nucleotides (linker tetramer). However, this structure proved to be disadvantageous to the phage and was rapidly deleted from its genome. Trimer inserts were more stable, but were eventually deleted also. Monomer and dimer inserts, though genetically stable, decreased the growth efficiency of the phage as judged by competitive growth experiments and measurements of burst size. The physical formation of these hairpins was shown by restriction digests of single-stranded DNA with BamHI and HpaII. We argue that these secondary structures form in vivo, at least in the single-stranded genome and the polycistronic mRNAs, and were responsible for the observed growth defects.
Cell surface-dependent generation of angiostatin4.5.

Angiostatin4.5 (AS4.5) is a naturally occurring human angiostatin isoform, consisting of plasminogen kringles 1–4 plus 85% of kringle 5 (amino acids Lys78 to Arg529). Prior studies indicate that plasminogen is converted to AS4.5 in a two-step reaction. First, plasminogen is activated to plasmin. Then plasmin undergoes autoproteolysis within the inner loop of kringle 5, which can be induced by a free sulfhydryl donor or an alkaline pH. We now demonstrate that plasminogen can be converted to AS4.5 in a cell membrane-dependent reaction. Actin was shown previously to be a surface receptor for plasmin(ogen). We now show that β-actin is present on the extracellular membranes of cancer cells (PC-3, HT1080, and MDA-MB231), and β-actin can mediate plasmin binding to the cell surface and autoproteolysis to AS4.5. In the presence of β-actin, no small molecule-free sulfhydryl donor is needed for generation of AS4.5. Antibodies to actin reduced membrane-dependent generation of AS4.5 by 70%. In a cell-free system, addition of actin to in vitro -generated plasmin resulted in stoichiometric conversion to AS4.5. Annexin II and α-enolase have been reported to be plasminogen receptors, but we did not demonstrate a role for these proteins in conversion of plasminogen to AS4.5. Our data indicate that membrane-associated β-actin, documented previously as a plasminogen receptor, is a key cell membrane receptor capable of mediating conversion of plasmin to AS4.5. This conversion may serve an important role in regulating tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, and surface β-actin may also serve as a prognostic marker to predict tumor behavior.
Development and Pathophysiological Basis of Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction Part II. 1977-1980 The Pathogenetic Role of Thrombus Is Established by the Goettingen Pilot Studies of Mechanical Interventions and Intracoronary Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Between 1977 and 1980, our group performed immediate coronary angiography in 158 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (MI) at the University of Goettinger, Germany. From June 1978 to May 1979, our pioneering study of mechanical transcatheter recanalization of acute total coronary artery occlusions using guidewires and tapered catheters was performed. Restoration of antegrade flow in 7 of 13 patients was associated with an improvement in left ventricular function not seen in historical controls. From June 1979 to December 1980, the pathogenetic role of thrombus and spasm in acute coronary syndromes was explored in our pioneering study of intracoronary streptokinase infusion. Following injection of nitroglycerin, streptokinase was selectively infused at a rate of 2000 U/minute for 50–95 minutes. Only four of the initial 22 infarct patients showed improvement of antegrade flow following intracoronary nitroglycerin alone. Reopening of the completely obstructed vessel or increase in lumen diameter at the site of subtotal occlusion occurred in 22 of 29 infarct patients within 15–90 minutes of streptokinase infusion but in none of the five patients with unstable angina. Chest pain was alleviated and left ventricular function was improved significantly after successful lysis. The first presentation of both our mechanical and pharmacological interventions in acute MI to a large international audience at the annual American Heart Association meeting in 1979 convinced clinicians of the etiologic role of fibrin-rich coronary thrombus in acute MI. The demonstration of rapid restoration of antegrade flow initiated a worldwide renaissance in the application of thrombolytic therapy and paved the way for primary angioplasty in acute MI.
A test for cancellation errors in quasi-Newton methods

It has recently been shown that cancellation errors in a quasi-Newton method can increase without bound as the method converges. A simple test is presented to determine when cancellation errors could lead to significant contamination of the approximating matrix.
Elevated IGG and IGM anticardiolipin antibodies in a subgroup of medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients.

We have previously reported that between 20% and 25% of schizopmenic patients have im~ ~ abr~Tmfities similar to those found in autoimmune diseases (Ganguli et al 1989). Antibodies that are directed against brain tissue have also been reported, but differences between patients and controls are most likely to be in the antigens against which the antibody is directed (Ganguli et al 1989). It is thus logical to look for antibodies against functionally significant antigens. Though alterations in membrane phospholipids in erydm3cytes and platelets have been reported for some time (Rolrosen and Wolkin 1987), it is only recently that merebrahe phospholipid abnormalities were repotted in the frontal lobe of drag-naive, first episode
Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santería

Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santeria. Katherine Hagedorn. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. viii. 296 pp., figures, CD, glossary, discography, filmography, references, index.
Australian External Policy, Federalism, and the States

For various constitutional, political and other reasons arising out of its federal character, Australia's external policies have been noticeably constrained. The problem became more acute during the Whitlam Governments, owing to Labor's centralist proclivities, venturesome external policies, and the lack of party-political congruence between the federal Government and most state governments. Opportunities for the realisation of federal external policy objectives have recently been broadened by a major ruling of the High Court. All the same, there is every indication of continuing state impact on the conduct and content of external policy.
Measuring State Welfare Policy Changes: Why Don't They Explain Caseload and Employment Outcomes?*

Objectives. Since the implementation of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, many analysts have attempted to measure the effects of new state welfare policies, particularly work requirements, sanctions, and time limits, on the Act's key goals—reducing cash assistance caseloads and increasing employment among single mothers. De Jong et al. present new measures of state policy variations, but they do not attempt to evaluate the relationships between these measures and welfare reform outcomes. For their analysis to be meaningful, it should contribute to a better understanding of cross-state variations in caseload declines and increased employment among single mothers. Methods. We first raise conceptual questions about the extent to which their measures are meaningful in a policy sense. We then present analyses of Current Population Survey data. Results. We find that differences in the De Jong et al. stringency measures (factor scores) are not significantly correlated with differences in welfare reform outcomes by state.
Event-Related Attributes Affecting Donation Intention of Special Event Attendees: A Case Study Event-Related Attributes Affecting Donation

© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The practice of increasing donations through special events has significant financial implications for charitable organizations. However, little is known about how such events can be organized to increase individuals' donation intention beyond their event attendance. In this case study, a post-event survey was conducted with attendees of a professional golf tournament operating as a special event to identify event-related attributes that affected their intention to donate to the cause supported by the event. The results indicate that attendees' donation intention was positively associated with their event satisfaction, perceived contributions of the event to the cause, and sense of camaraderie at the event. Furthermore, the effects of event satisfaction and camaraderie were stronger for attendees whose primary motivation for attending the event was unrelated to cause support. These results support hypotheses drawn from social exchange theory and provide implications for charitable organizations engaging in special events.
Effect of time from diagnosis to start of radiotherapy on children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Background Children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) continue to have poor outcomes, and radiotherapy (RT) is the only temporarily effective treatment. In this retrospective analysis, we studied the effect of time from diagnosis to start of RT on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in children with DIPG. Methods Records of children (n = 95) with DIPG treated with RT at a single institution between April 1999 and September 2009 were analyzed. RT was delivered at doses of 54.0–55.8 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction, and children were followed prospectively. The effect of gender, race, interruption during treatment course, age at diagnosis, duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, use of protocol-based chemotherapy, and time from diagnosis to initiation of RT on EFS and OS was assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Time as a continuous variable from diagnosis to start of RT did not affect outcome. Time dichotomized to ≤14 days significantly affected OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.70, P = 0.014) and race other than white or black affected EFS (HR = 2.32, P = 0.017). The 95 patients had a 6-month EFS and OS of 60 ± 5% and 94.7 ± 2.3%, respectively, and a 12-month EFS and OS of 11.6 ± 3.1% and 49.5 ± 5%, respectively. Conclusions Time as a continuous variable did not affect OS or EFS in our cohort; however, children treated within 2 weeks of diagnosis had poor outcomes. Although rapid initiation of RT is desirable, our findings do not support intensive efforts aimed at shortening delays from diagnosis to start of RT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1180–1183. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MR imaging evidence of reversal of uterine ischemia after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata.

UTERINE necrosis has been reported as a rare complication of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for uterine leiomyomas (1–3). Herein we report a case of reversible uterine ischemia after UAE for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroid tumors as verified by serial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and clinical follow-up. Our institution does not require institutional review board approval for case reports such as this.
Role of gene and chromosomal mutations in cell transformation.

To understand the role of mutagenesis in carcinogenesis fully, we must consider all types of mutations including gene, chromosomal, and gene-number mutations and all changes involved in the progressive development of neoplastic cells. We have found that certain known human carcinogens (i.e., DES and asbestos), which were classified as epigenetic carcinogens based on gene-mutation assays, have mutational activity at the chromosomal level that correlates with their ability to induce cell transformation. This should caution against classification of chemicals as genotoxic or epigenetic without a complete understanding of their mechanism of action. Furthermore, our studies indicate that more than gene-mutation assays is needed for carcinogen testing. In particular, chromosomal changes induced by chemicals, both aberrations and aneuploidy, need to be carefully assessed. In addition, the role of all types of mutation in the overall process of neoplastic transformation needs to be determined. This can only be examined by studying each individual change involved in neoplastic progression. Thus, any attempt to assess a chemical's carcinogenic potential should consider not only all types of mutational changes but both early and late changes involved in neoplastic transformation.
Dynamic Efiects of Permanent and Temporary Dividend Tax Policies on Corporate Investment and Financial Policies

We develop a neoclassical partial equilibrium model to analyze the dynamic efiects of permanent and temporary dividend tax policies on corporate investment and flnancing decisions. Facing a tax system with corporate and personal income taxes, dividend tax and capital gains tax, a flrm decides how much to invest and how to flnance investment by equity or debt subject to collateral constraints and capital adjustment costs. We characterize steady state and simulate transitional dynamics following tax policy changes. We flnd the following novel results: First, both temporary and permanent dividend tax changes do not have long-run efiects on a flrm’s capital formation, but have short-run efiects on its investment and flnancial policies. Second, an anticipated temporary dividend tax cut has a short-run efiect of lowering investment, similar to an anticipated permanent dividend tax increase. Third, a flrm responds asymmetrically to an anticipated permanent dividend tax increase versus an anticipated permanent dividend tax cut due to the collateral constraint. Finally, in anticipation of future tax changes, the flrm engages in tax arbitrage by borrowing or saving in order to transfer corporate earnings across time so as to reduce shareholder’s tax burden.
The fractal property of the Lorenz attractor

In a 1963 paper, Lorenz inferred that the Lorenz attractor must be an infinite complex of surfaces. We investigate this fractal property of the Lorenz attractor in two ways. Firstly, we obtain explicit plots of the fractal structure of the Lorenz attractor using symbolic dynamics and multiple precision computations of periodic orbits. The method we derive for multiple precision computation is based on iterative refinement and can compute even highly unstable periodic orbits with long symbol sequences with as many as 100 digits of accuracy. Ordinary numerical integrations are much too crude to show even the coarsest splitting of surfaces, and there appear to be no other explicit computations of the fractal structure in the extensive literature about the Lorenz attractor. Secondly, we apply a well known formula that gives the Hausdorff dimension of the Lorenz attractor in terms of the characteristic multipliers of its unstable periodic orbits. The formula converges impressively and the Hausdorff dimension of the Lorenz attractor appears to be 2.0627160. We use comparison with explicit computations of the fractal structure and discuss the accuracy of this formula and its applicability to the Lorenz equations. Additionally, we apply periodic orbit theory to the Lorenz attractor and exhibit its spectral determinant and compute its Lyapunov exponent.
Cocaine: Pathophysiology and clinical toxicology

Abstract PURPOSE: To review the medical complications of cocaine abuse and the mechanisms of action of cocaine that contribute to medical complications. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent articles identified through a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from 1985 to 1996 and through a manual search of bibliographies of all identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: All articles describing complications of cocaine use including case reports, small reported series, and review articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: A qualitative description of reported complications. RESULTS: Since the introduction of freebase and crack cocaine, multiple medical complications have been observed, and all major body organ systems have been affected. Cocaine can cause acute strokes, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysrhythmias, pulmonary edema, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure. CONCLUSION: Adverse reactions to cocaine should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute ischemic events that occur in young adults. General awareness of the significant complications of cocaine will facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
CMOS magnetic sensor arrays

The design of a monolithic 64*64-element array of magnetic sensors, which is implemented in a standard 3- mu m CMOS process, is described. The individual magnetic field sensors are split-drain MAGFETS. A split-drain MAGFET is a field-effect transistor that has one source, one gate, and two drains. When current is flowing in the FET in the absence of a magnetic field, both drains receive an equal current. If a magnetic field is present with a component perpendicular to the direction of current flow, the current flow is deflected towards one drain and away from the other, resulting in a current differential between the two drains. The current differential is proportional to the applied magnetic field component perpendicular to the current flow in the MAGFETs. The MAGFETs in the array are scanned in a raster-scan fashion. Experimental results are presented that show the array's sensitivity. >
Is the Week over yet? Insight for Educators about Social Network Support among Cyber Mothers Raising Children with ASD

This study examined the motivation to participate in social networks maintained by mothers who blog and raise children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The qualitative data analyzed in this study originated from a larger project that examined the perceptions, experiences, and meanings among mothers who maintained public blogs while parenting a child with ASD. This analysis included only statements that explained why the mothers blogged. The researchers developed classifications of statements that expressed why they blogged into common themes and developing an emerging theory based on these patterns. Parallels were drawn to the social network and social support framework to amplify the role of support in this virtual network. The findings indicate that these mothers find blogs help them develop unique virtual networks marked by emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support. The implications include suggestions for strengthening home – school relations.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF FICUS BENGHALENSIS LINN SEED

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus benghalensis seed locally prescribed as a diet for peptic ulcer. Methods: Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of the plant was assessed against DPPH, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assay using standard protocols. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavones, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, quinones, terpenoids and coumarins. The total tannin content of the ethanolic seed extract was high (127.121.508 TEg), followed by phenolics (80.461.868 GEg) and flavonoids (39.231.205 QEg). The activities of plant extract against DPPH, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of 446.9, 596.0 and 557.0 µg respectively. The reducing ability of F. benghalensis was found to be 418.34 at 1000 μg. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that the crude extract of Ficus benghalensis is a potential source of natural antioxidants, and this justifies its use in folkloric medicine.
Adrenergic antagonists, and a possible link between the increase in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and DNA synthesis during liver regeneration.

The cyclic-AMP concentration in the liver remnant after 70% hepatectomy increases in a biphasic manner with peak values at 3 and 12 hours, and DNA synthesis begins at 18 hours. Propranolol (dl) injected at 30 minutes after surgery stopped the first wave of cyclic-AMP accumulation, but did not affect the second accumulation or the initiation of DNA synthesis. However, dl, propranolol injected at eight hours equally delayed (by 6 to 8 hours) the second wave of cyclic-AMP accumulation and the initiation of DNA synthesis. Propranolol (dl) did not affect DNA replication per se, since it was totally ineffective after the second wave of cyclic-AMP accumulation had passed and DNA synthesis had been initiated. Propranolol (dl) action was not due to a blockade of β-adrenergic receptors, since its d or l isomers were separately without effect, as were unrelated β-adrenergic blockers (Ku 1313 and M&B 17-803A). On the other hand, an activation of α-adrenergic receptors may be involved in the induction of hepatocyte proliferation, since α-adrenergic antagonists, such as phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine, both delayed and considerably reduced the second wave of cyclic-AMP accumulation and the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the second wave of cyclic-AMP accumulation is somehow associated with the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Drive for thinness is not the same as drive to be thin: On the motivation for dieting in normal weight restrained eaters and bulimic individuals

Drive for thinness has been implicated as an etiological factor for the development of disordered eating. However, existing measures of this construct, such as the EDI-2 Drive for Thinness scale (DFT), appear to measure a desire to be thinner, but not the radical dieting mentality thought to contribute to the development of disordered eating. This study developed a Drive to be Thin (DTBT) scale to assess desire to be objectively thin (15% below ideal BMI); it excluded items regarding fear of fatness or avoidance of weight gain. DTBT items were judged for suitability by eating disorder experts and a Cronbach’s alpha was calculated (∞=.947).The association between DTBT, DFT, and fear of fatness (GFFS) as motivations for dieting was investigated in 64 unrestrained and restrained eaters (RE&URE) identified by the Herman and Polivy Restraint Scale and 22 females with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) or EDNOS-BN. A mixed model ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between group and motivation to diet.DFT and GFFS were significantly greater in REs compared to UREs, while DTBT was low in both. The traditional assumption that normal weight REs drive for thinness reflects an unhealthy need to be skinny appears to be incorrect. Instead, they appear to be motivated to diet mostly by a fear of fatness. This is consistent with a predisposition toward weight gain in REs and our previously proposed hypothesis that restraint represents a proxy risk factor for weight gain.On DTBT, BN had significantly higher scores than REs. Both GFFS and DTBT were elevated in BN, suggesting that bulimic individuals are highly motivated by both a fear of fatness and a drive to be thin, unlike REs who are only motivated by a fear of fatness. For BN, both a fear of fatness and a drive to be thin may motivate unhealthy dieting and eating disordered behavior.%%%%Ph.D., Psychology – Drexel University, 2008
Inequality and the Directionality of History.

abstract: I argue that history is genealogy and succession in an economic context of interactions among participants. Inequality is a ubiquitous property of economic interaction among responsive, metabolizing entities. The prevailing party tends to be larger, to have a higher productivity or metabolism, to engage in a larger number of interactions, and to perform more functions at a higher level. The crucial economic consequence of inequality is that prevailing entities and the conditions they create disproportionately influence the economy as a whole. This leads to a pervasive increase in energy flux, both globally and per capita, among economic dominants, observable in the history of life as well as in the development of the human economy. Unpredictable disturbances such as mass extinctions temporarily reverse this trend. Comparative studies of the biotas of islands and of large land masses point to limitations on the evolution of energy‐intensive dominants. Because entities with a large economic domain...
Brain edema and blood-brain barrier opening after photothrombotic ischemia in rat.

We have examined the time course of brain edema and the blood–brain barrier opening in rat after basal ganglia ischemia induced by photothrombotic occlusion of the small vessels within the caudate–putamen. Male SD rats were anesthetized, and Rose Bengal dye was intravenously injected. The left caudo-putamen was exposed to cold white light for 5–10 min via a stereotaxically implanted optic fiber. Ischemic brain edema and the blood–brain barrier, as well as the histological changes, were assessed at various times during the following 6 weeks. Local cerebral blood flow was measured 90 min after photothrombosis by quantitative autoradiography. A round infarct with thrombosed parenchymal vessels surrounded by a layer of selective neuronal death was formed within the caudo-putamen. The ischemic lesion turned into a lacune over a period of 6 weeks. A central zone of markedly reduced blood flow and a surrounding oligemic zone were observed 90 min after light exposure. Early blood–brain barrier opening with edema was observed as early as 4 h after photothrombosis, peaked at day 1, and disappeared at 7 days after photothrombosis. In a model of lacunar infarction, we observed an early and transient brain edema and blood–brain opening after onset of ischemia.
A Coordination Game in Scale-Free Networks

We study a coordination game in a network that indicates who plays with whom. A player chooses a strategy by logit choice. We show that in typical scale-free networks, one strategy always prevails by the neighborhood effect regardless of the values of parameters, while in regular networks, it prevails if and only if some condition is satisfied. In a scale-free network, people tend to choose the same strategy. We demonstrate that only a small number of players determine the strategy that prevails in this network. A model in a scale-free network is realistic because many real social networks are scale-free.
Three Equitable Taxpayer-Friendly Reforms of Estate and Gift Taxation

The author calls for three major changes in the federal estate and gift tax. First, he proposes that a surviving spouse be allowed to claim a deduction on his or her estate tax return for the unused amount of the previously deceased spouses's applicable exclusion amount. This will save married taxpayers with disparate wealth holding patterns considerable sums presently spent on estate tax planning. Second, he notes that although Congress, more than a decade ago, provided for inflation adjustments to both the rate structure, the personal deduction and the standard deduction in the income tax, it has failed to provide similar relief for the rate structure and the basic exemption of the estate tax. He calls for retuoactive inflation adjustments of these items in the estate tax. Third, he calls for repeal of the estate tax credit for state death taxes and proposes that it be replaced by a deduction for such taxes coupled with a revenue neutral lowering of the estate tax rate structure.
Approaches to Synthesis Based on Non-Covalent Bonds

Two self-assembling systems — SAMs (self-assembled monolayers) and aggregates based on CA•M (cyanuric acid•melamine lattice) — are not unique in noncovalent synthesis, but they illustrate many of the ideas of non-covalent synthesis, and suggest the ways in which this area differs in its philosophy and objectives from covalent synthesis.
The Prize: Who’s in Charge of America’s Schools? by Dale Russakoff

In The Prize: Who’s in Charge of America’s Schools? Washington Post reporter, Dale Russakoff, chronicles the story of Mark Zuckerberg’s $100 million matching grant to transform Newark’s failing pub...
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF A CAPRELLID AMPHIPOD

The reproductive sequence of Caprella laeviuscula Mayer consisted of pair formation, female molting, copulation, pair disengagement, and egg laying. The male held the female with the fifth pereiopods during precopula and removed the exoskeleton of the female prior to copulation. The number of eggs carried by the female was a function of female size, and the number of juveniles carried was significantly lower than the number of eggs carried by similarly sized females. Some of the eggs may have functioned as nurse eggs. Cephalon length was determined to be the best character for analysis of sexual dimorphism in this species. Among sexually mature specimens, males had more rapid differential growth of pereionites 1 and 2, while female pereionites 3-7 grew more rapidly. In addition to exhibited growth rates, sexual dimorphism was evident in the brood pouch of females, and in the point of insertion of gnathopod 2. The differences could not be related to male-female reproduction, and sexual dimorphism of males probably is a response to the male-male aggressive interactions during precopulation.
Use of data sampling, surrogate models, and numerical optimization in engineering design

An engineering design study was performed using computational simulation software coupled with the DAKOTA (Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications) software package. This study made use of the data sampling methods in DAKOTA, which included grid-based parameter studies and Latin hypercube sampling. Multidimensional surface fitting methods such as quadratic polynomial regression were used to smooth out numerical noise generated by the computational simulation software. This enabled the application of a surrogatebased optimization algorithm to solve the design problem. These results serve as a case study that demonstrates the utility of employing a combination of statistical methods and optimization methods in engineering design.
Structural Features of Binding of Lipopolysaccharides to Murine Lymphocytes

A sensitive hapten-sandwich immunofluorescence technique was used to examine binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the single-cell level. The structural features governing such binding to murine lymphocytes were investigated by evaluating LPS binding in the presence of a variety of charged molecules and after different target-cell treatments. Polymyxin B, the positively charged proteins egg-white lysozyme and protamine chloride, and the polyanion dextran sulfate inhibited LPS binding to murine lymphocytes. Pretreatment with the proteolytic enzyme pronase and the cross-linking agent paraformaldehyde abolished the capacity of lymphocytes to bind LPS. Inhibition by polymyxin B was less effective when added 30 min after initiation of incubation of LPS with cells at 0 C or when added at the initiation of incubation at 37 C. These results suggest that the interaction between LPS and lymphocytes is a two-stage process, the first of which is dependent on a positively charged membrane protein. The second stage is postulated to be an irreversible hydrophobic interaction between LPS and membrane lipids. The question of whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binds to target B cell lymphocytes via a specific membrane receptor or simply by intercalation of lipid A into the lipid bilayer has intrigued cellular immunologists for some time. The latter mecha
Culture-Based Leadership.

AbstractThe field of educational leadership is beset with a barrage of different ‘leadership theories’. There are so many differently named theories and models of leadership that the student and practitioner have difficulty understanding them as anything other than an automat of alternatives. To confuse matters even more, nearly all of these alternatives claim to work in the interest of transformation and social justice and against the status quo. Unfortunately, the dominant textbooks available in educational administration and leadership favour certain traditional approaches to leadership while all but ignoring the most cogent of the contemporary critical alternatives. This essay argues that one reason for the absence of critical voices in the dominant textbooks and practices in the field results from the failure to recognize a commonality among certain critical stances on educational leadership that distinguish them from more traditional approaches. It suggests the field would benefit from recognizing t...
Application Analysis of Compressed Air Powered on Armored Vehicle Used for Underground Detection

Aiming at problem that armored vehicle used in detection of environmental parameters and rescue cannot meet the demand for explosion proof standards in environment of catastrophe underground coal mine. According to the functional requirements and design concept of whole vehicle,this paper proposes a design idea that a kind of compressed air cylinder and air powered engine used as the scheme of power source, and its application analysis can be finished on the basis of calculation of dynamic parameters to lay the foundation for manufacturing the prototype.
Accuracy of Estimated Blood Loss in Predicting Need for Transfusion after Delivery.

Objective The definition of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) was developed more than 50 years ago. Since then, the obstetric population has changed dramatically. We sought to determine how well we estimated blood loss (EBL) and find thresholds predicting need for transfusion. Study Design We performed a prospective cohort study from 2010 to 2012, comparing those who needed transfusion postpartum and those who did not. EBL, calculated EBL (cEBL), and change in hematocrit were calculated for patients who did not receive transfusion, and EBL was calculated for those who did receive transfusion, stratified by delivery type. Receiver operator curves were created and optimal thresholds of EBL to predict transfusion were estimated. Results Among 4,804 patients, transfusion was required for 0.65% of vaginal and 8.7% of cesarean deliveries. Median EBL was higher in women requiring transfusion. A weak correlation was noted between EBL and cEBL for all deliveries. Thresholds of 500 mL blood loss for vaginal delivery and 1,000 mL for cesarean had the best predictive ability for transfusion. Conclusion In this modern obstetric, cohort EBL is weakly correlated with cEBL, suggesting that accuracy of clinical estimates of blood loss is modest. However, EBL predicts need for transfusion, with optimal thresholds of 500 mL for a vaginal delivery and 1,000 mL in a cesarean. This validates the traditional definitions of PPH in our modern population.
The FISC's Stealth Administrative Law

This book chapter explores the relationship between Fourth Amendment law and administrative procedure in the governance of intelligence programs. It brings to the surface and analyzes an emergent dynamic in the recent case law from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (“FISC”): the role of administrative procedure inside Fourth Amendment law. Administrative rules today put meat on the bones of Fourth Amendment reasonableness. This development is in many respects salutary. Administrative rules enable a more systemic, dynamic, and grounded approach to intelligence oversight than traditional Fourth Amendment review would permit. But the type of administrative law that the FISC has created in the intelligence space is anemic at best. Elsewhere in the administrative state, we have long worried about agencies pushing on the legal bounds of their authorities or adopting policies out of step with their political overseers and the public. Administrative law has developed a set of structural and procedural safeguards in response to those threats. The administrative law of intelligence is different; it is devoid of these safeguards. We are relying on administrative rules to do crucial work to give content to Fourth Amendment reasonableness, but without the conditions that have come to legitimate administrative rulemaking elsewhere in the regulatory state. This chapter illuminates the FISC’s emergent “administrative Fourth Amendment law” and begins to explore avenues for reform.
Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century History

Calls and successful practice to eliminate restraint can be documented as far back as the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Individuals who attempted to reduce or eliminate restraint included Chiarugi, Pinel, Tuke, Hill, Prichard, and, most notably, John Connolly. Moral treatment was a broad system of management that in part sought to reduce or eliminate restraint through programs of active treatment, careful staff selection and training, and optimism concerning treatment of mental illness. Connolly’s report of elimination of restraint in psychiatric institutions was carefully documented. It included a broad system to measure and track restraint use, take actions to eliminate its use, and provide motivation to continue to do so by public documentation of restraint use. Connolly’s work was publicized and highly cited over many years and provided a model for many others who modeled their own efforts at restraint elimination after Connolly’s work. His work, however, met with mixed reactions from professional colleagues. Others documented extensive restraint use in community services in the nineteenth century which provided motivation to set up humane institutions. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a decline in interest in restraint reduction reflecting the increase in the size of services, the changing function of institutions from habilitation to containment, and growing pessimism regarding habilitation.
Spectral-Hole Burning and Carrier Heating Nonlinearities in Active Waveguides

Studies of active waveguides with short optical pulses provide information about fundamental carrier dynamics and nonlinear processes relevant to high speed modulation and optical communication. We investigate these dynamics in AlGaAs amplifiers around 0.8 μm and InGaAsP amplifiers around 1.5 μm using optical pulses approximately 100 fs in duration. Novel measurement techniques are employed to elucidate contributions to both gain and refractive index nonlinearities. By identifying a delay in the onset of carrier heating, we are able to observe an ultrafast dynamic we attribute to spectral-hole burning.
Early recognition is important when multiple magnets masquerade as a single chain after foreign body ingestion

Abstract Ingestions of multiple magnets can lead to serious damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, these foreign bodies can take deceptive shapes such as single chains which may mislead clinicians. We report the case of a ten-year-old boy who swallowed 33 magnets, the most yet reported, which took on the appearance of a single loop in the stomach, while actually being located in the stomach, small bowel, and colon. Early recognition and prompt intervention are necessary to avoid complications of this foreign body misadventure.
A Tractable Method for Robust Downlink Beamforming in Wireless Communications

In downlink beamforming in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication system, we design beamformers that minimize the power subject to guaranteeing given signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) threshold levels for the users, assuming that the channel responses between the base station and the users are known exactly. In robust downlink beamforming, we take into account uncertainties in the channel vectors, by designing beamformers that minimize the power subject to guaranteeing given SINR threshold levels over the given set of possible channel vectors. When the uncertainties in channel vectors are described by complex uncertainty ellipsoids, we show that the associated worst-case robust beamforming problem can be solved efficiently using an iterative method. The method uses an alternating sequence of optimization and worst- case analysis steps, where at each step we solve a convex optimization problem using efficient interior-point methods. Typically, the method provides a fairly robust beamformer design within 5-10 iterations. The robust downlink beamforming method is demonstrated with a numerical example.
Formative Work to Develop a Tailored HIV Testing Smartphone App for Diverse, At-Risk, HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Focus Group Study

Background: Although gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, few test for HIV at regular intervals. Smartphone apps may be an ideal tool to increase regular testing among MSM. However, the success of apps to encourage regular testing among MSM will depend on how frequently the apps are downloaded, whether they continue to be used over months or years, and the degree to which such apps are tailored to the needs of this population. Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to answer the following questions. (1) What features and functions of smartphone apps do MSM believe are associated with downloading apps to their mobile phones? (2) What features and functions of smartphone apps are most likely to influence MSM’s sustained use of apps over time? (3) What features and functions do MSM prefer in an HIV testing smartphone app? Methods: We conducted focus groups (n=7, with a total of 34 participants) with a racially and ethnically diverse group of sexually active HIV-negative MSM (mean age 32 years; 11/34 men, 33%, tested for HIV ≥10 months ago) in the United States in Miami, Florida and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Focus groups were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and deidentified for analysis. We used a constant comparison method (ie, grounded theory coding) to examine and reexamine the themes that emerged from the focus groups. Results: Men reported cost, security, and efficiency as their primary reasons influencing whether they download an app. Usefulness and perceived necessity, as well as peer and posted reviews, affected whether they downloaded and used the app over time. Factors that influenced whether they keep and continue to use an app over time included reliability, ease of use, and frequency of updates. Poor performance and functionality and lack of use were the primary reasons why men would delete an app from their phone. Participants also shared their preferences for an app to encourage regular HIV testing by providing feedback on test reminders, tailored testing interval recommendations, HIV test locator, and monitoring of personal sexual behaviors. Conclusions: Mobile apps for HIV prevention have proliferated, despite relatively little formative research to understand best practices for their development and implementation. The findings of this study suggest key design characteristics that should be used to guide development of an HIV testing app to promote regular HIV testing for MSM. The features and functions identified in this and prior research, as well as existing theories of behavior change, should be used to guide mobile app development in this critical area. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2016;4(4):e128]
Stability of Polymer Grafted Nanoparticle Monolayers: Impact of Architecture and Polymer–Substrate Interactions on Dewetting

The stability of polymer thin films is crucial to a broad range of technologies, including sensors, energy storage, filtration, and lithography. Recently, the demonstration of rapid deposition on solid substrates of ordered monolayers of polymer grafted nanoparticles (PGN) has increased potential for inks to additively manufacture such components. Herein, enhanced stability against dewetting of these self-assembled PGN films (gold nanoparticle functionalized with polystyrene (AuNP-PS)) is discussed in context to linear polystyrene (PS) analogues using high throughput surface gradients: surface energy (20–45 mN/m) and temperature (90–160 °C). PGNs exhibit a lower surface (γp) and interfacial (γsp) energy relative to linear polymers, which results in increased thermal and energetic stability by 10–25 °C and 5–15 mN/m, respectively. This enhanced wetting–dewetting transition is qualitatively consistent with the behavior of star macromolecules and depends on the architecture of the polymer canopy. Increased f...