cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Does Not Mean Better: Prenatal Visits and Pregnancy Outcome in the Hispanic Population

Early and consistent prenatal care (PNC) is thought to play an important role in the reduction of low birthweight (LBW) in the United States. It has been reported that LBW and delayed PNC are common to the Hispanic woman. In California, this cultural group comprises approximately 26% of the population, and much debate concerning health care reform has been targeted at this problem. A comparative study was conducted in California to examine the number of prenatal visits and the outcomes of Mexico-born Hispanics and U.S.-born Hispanics. Obstetric and medical record review for 783 women was done. The results show that more prenatal visits did not improve the outcome during pregnancy, labor, or the postpartum period. Because a large portion of PNC is now delivered by the advanced practice nurse, implications for practice include exploring alternatives for the delivery of culturally relevant care, addressing the barriers to caring for this population, and finding alternative models of care that have the potential to produce positive outcomes.
Behavior of heavy particles in an acoustically forced confined shear flow

Unsteady flow into a central dump ramjet combustor is computed by solving the compressible, time-dependent, conservative equations for mass, momentum,and energy in an axisymmetric geometry using a conservative, monotonic algorithm with fourth-order phase accuracy, the flux-corrected transport algorithm.
Attraction to physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived competence and physical activity in youth.

(2004). Attraction to Physical Activity Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Competence and Physical Activity in Youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 107-111.
chapter 5 Cutting Through the “Data‐Driven” Mantra: Different Conceptions of Data‐Driven Decision Making

The authors investigate the different ways in which educators understand the concept of data-driven decisionmaking (DDDM), the factors that enable or constrain DDDM, and associated implications for policy and practice.
Spectroscopic evidence for donor-induced formation of nitrosonium in acidified solutions of alkyl nitrites

The “donor-induced” generation of nitrosonium cation in acidified solutions of alkyl nitrites in dichloromethane is demonstrated spectroscopically. Electron-rich organic molecules, including polymethylbenzenes and thioethers, affect the donor-induced release of nitrosonium as the corresponding electron donor–acceptor complex [donor, NO+]. These complexes are spectrally identified using a combination of UV–vis and IR spectroscopy. The almost quantitative formation of the [donor, NO+] EDA complex with hexamethylbenzene and butyl sulfide as donors is verified with UV–vis spectroscopy.
Juvenile Delinquency in Japan

ABSTRACT Even though urbanization, crowding, industrialization, and a high-tech ‘work ethic’ exist in Japan, the country still has one of the lowest delinquency rates among the nations of the western world. However, in this family-centred and somewhat tradition-bound culture, rapid social change in the last two decades has created the potential for increasing ‘secularization’ of various institutional spheres—economic, political, religious, and scientific. This could manifest a decline in community based measures of social control that has restrained the growth of delinquency, while demonstrating that the industrialization experience does not necessarily support the norms that would sustain consensus and a homogeneous culture.
The purification of human serum α1-antitrypsin by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A

α1-Antitrypsin (α1-AT) has been isolated from human serum by a two-step procedure which involves chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex followed by affinity chromatography on insolubilized concanavalin A. This protein appeared to be homogeneous when examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and double immunodiffusion; minor contaminants, however, were detected by gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. This procedure is readily adaptable to the large-scale purification of α1-AT and should facilitate further studies on the physicochemical and biological properties of α1-AT and its genetic variants.
Visual perception of direction when voluntary saccades occur: II. Relation of visual direction of a fixation target extinguished before a saccade to a subsequent test flash presented before the saccade

Previously reported experiments demonstrated changes in the relation of visual direction to retinal locus for stimulation during voluntary saccades as compared to this relation before saccade initiation. The quantitative features of these results led to the prediction, confirmed in the present experiments, that there are shifts in visual direction for stimulation presented before the saccade itself. In the present report, monotonically increasing shifts were mapped with stimuli presented as early as 240 msec before the saccade up to the saccade itself. Such shifts cannot be accounted for readily by “inflowing” processes, and while “outflowing” processes seem to be implicated, their quantitative characteristics would need to be considerably different from those required by classical outflow theories.
Is lipstick associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Lipstick use has been hypothesized to be a risk factor of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The objective of this study was to investigate the association between lipstick use and risk of SLE. We performed an Internet-based case–control study of SLE with Google™ users searching on medical key terms as the source population. Cases were diagnosed within 5 years and met ≥4 ACR criteria for SLE by medical record review. Controls were matched to cases on age, gender, race, ethnicity, region of residence, reference year, education, and income using propensity score. Demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were collected using an online questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression models were used for the analyses with smoking, alcohol consumption, permanent hair dye use, and chemical hair straightener use adjusted. The analysis included 124 cases and 248 matched controls of whom 96% were females and 81% were whites. The median of disease duration was 2 years (range 0–4 years). Using lipstick at least 3 days/week was significantly associated with increased risk of SLE (adjusted OR = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.04–2.82). There was a trend of greater risk with earlier age of initiation of lipstick use (<16 years vs. never use; OR = 1.95, 95%CI = 1.01–3.76, p trend = 0.02) and with increased frequency of use (7 days/week vs. never use; OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 0.89–3.44, p trend = 0.07). Biologic effects of chemicals present in lipsticks absorbed across the buccal mucosa and confounding from unmeasured lifestyle factors could be the explanation of this association. Epidemiologic studies of SLE should include this exposure in exploring its environmental triggers.
Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense

Plant defense in response to microbial attack is regulated through a complex network of signaling pathways that involve three signaling molecules: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene. The SA and JA signaling pathways are mutually antagonistic. This regulatory cross talk may have evolved to allow plants to fine-tune the induction of their defenses in response to different plant pathogens.
STIMULATION OF ACTIVE SODIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS THE ISOLATED TOAD BLADDER AFTER INJECTION OF ALDOSTERONE TO THE ANIMAL12

Active sodium transport by the isolated urinary bladder of Bufo marinus was studied by means of the short-circuit current technique of Ussing and Zcrahn. Sodium transport by this preparation was found to be greater when toads had been maintained in distilled water rather than in saline. This increase was associated with a higher concentration of circulating aldosterone. This hormone was shown to be produced by toad adrenal tissue. Injection of aldosterone d, 1 21-monoacetate to the animals the day prior to sacrifice resulted in a stimulation of sodium transport by the isolated bladder, whether the toads had been kept in saline or in distilled water. But after administration of aldosterone for 5 days, the activity of sodium transport was the same, regardless of environment. The effect of habitat or aldosterone injections on active sodium transport by the isolated toad bladder did not influence the responsiveness of the preparation to the stimulation of sodium transport by vasopressin. Bladder tissue water,...
Barrier Bar Sedimentation in Upper Cretaceous Facies Sequence, Southeastern USA: ABSTRACT

Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) clastic strata in eastern Alabama indicate deposition in a shallow-marine littoral environment. Fluctuations of strand in a predominantly regressive cycle have produced at least 4 heteropic facies, one of which includes sediments of barrier-bar origin. Interpretation is based on detailed studies of sedimentary petrology supported by paleontological evidence. Distinguishing characteristics of the facies sequence recognized from top to bottom are: (1) barrier bar (regressive)--moderately sorted, medium-grained sand; Ophiomorpha; low-angle crossbedding; lag concentrates; channels; (2) offshore clay (transgressive)--calcareous, sandy clay grading upward to clayey fine sand; high planktonic to benthonic ratio; (3) marginal shelf sands (transgressive)--fine- to medium-grained, calcareous, glauconitic sand; distinct burrows; high faunal diversity; and (4) delta front (regressive)--very poorly sorted, sandy, carbonaceous silt; bioturbate; low faunal diversity; low planktonic to benthonic ratio. The delta-front deposits accumulated as part of a clastic wedge which was built out into eastern Alabama. Sediment source was the Appalachian Mountains and the Piedmont Plateau. A reduction in supply of detritus allowed transgression which reworked the delta-front sediments and resulted in the development of marginal-shelf sands and/or offshore clays. Sand transported from the east by longshore currents became concentrated as barrier bars wherever waves, tidal currents, and longshore currents attained a balance with available sand. The filled channels, large-scale crossbedding, and lag concentrates suggest that some of these clean sandstone bodies of the barrier-bar facies may be complex shoal deposits or inlet channel fillings resulting from destruction and reworking of barrier islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 343------------
Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

We analyze the effect of varying East Asian (EA) sulfur emissions on sulfate concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, using a global coupled oxidant-aerosol model (MOZART-2). We conduct a base and five sensitivity simulations, in which sulfur emissions from each continent are tagged, to establish the source-receptor (S-R) relationship between EA sulfur emissions and sulfate concentrations over source and downwind regions. We find that from west to east across the North Pacific, EA sulfate contributes approximately 80%–20% of sulfate at the surface, but at least 50% at 500 hPa. Surface sulfate concentrations are dominated by local anthropogenic sources. Of the sulfate produced from sources other than local anthropogenic emissions (defined here as "background" sulfate), EA sources account for approximately 30%–50% (over the Western US) and 10%–20% (over the Eastern US). The surface concentrations of sulfate from EA sources over the Western US are highest in MAM (up to 0.15 μg/m 3 ), and lowest in DJF (less than 0.06 μg/m 3 ). Reducing EA SO 2 emissions will significantly decrease the spatial extent of the EA sulfate influence (represented by the areas where at least 0.1 μg m −3 of sulfate originates from EA) over the North Pacific both at the surface and at 500 hPa in all seasons, but the extent of influence is insensitive to emission increases, particularly in DJF and JJA. We find that EA sulfate concentrations over most downwind regions respond nearly linearly to changes in EA SO 2 emissions, but sulfate concentrations over the EA source region increase more slowly than SO 2 emissions, particularly at the surface and in winter, due to limited availability of oxidants (in particular of H 2 O 2 , which oxidizes SO 2 to sulfate in the aqueous phase). We find that similar estimates of the S-R relationship for trans-Pacific transport of EA sulfate would be obtained using either sensitivity (i.e., varying emissions from a region to examine the effects on downwind concentrations) or tagging techniques. Our findings suggest that future changes in EA sulfur emissions may cause little change in the sulfate-induced health impact over downwind continents. However, SO 2 emission reductions may significantly reduce the sulfate concentrations and the resulting negative radiative forcing over the North Pacific and the United States, thus providing a warming tendency.
Regional patterns of mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Newfoundland.

The Spanish Influenza pandemic reached the island of Newfoundland in the summer of 1918 and by the time it disappeared, nearly 2000 of its 250,000 residents died. The pandemic spread in several waves, including a mild outbreak during the summer of 1918 (Wave I), a major, deadly outbreak in the succeeding fall and spring (Wave II), and a small echo wave in 1920. All parts of the island experienced the epidemic, but the effects varied across districts, both in timing and in severity. Overall P&I mortality rates across districts during the entire epidemic (1918–1920) ranged from 28.6 to 109.3 deaths per 10,000 population, with the island as a whole experiencing a mortality rate of 74.5 per 10,000. This island-wide mortality rate was 4.5 times higher than the P&I mortality rate for the 3 years immediately preceding the epidemic. Estimates of the reproduction number, R, range from 1.2 to 2.4 for Wave I and from 2.4 to 9.3 for Wave II. The pandemic experience on Newfoundland illustrates the high degree of regional variability in incidence and severity that epidemics can exhibit. In addition, compared to other world regions, the island's pandemic peaked relatively late and exhibited an unusual bimodal peak during Wave II, emphasizing that local and regional conditions can have major influences on timing, location, and rate of spread. This suggests the need to for greater understanding of how local factors influence epidemic spread so that more effective control strategies can be developed for populations experiencing future influenza pandemics.
Ligand exchange in tris(diorganodithiocarbomato)iron(III) complexes

Abstract The reported preparations of mixed ligand spincrossover iron(III) dithiocarbamates have been reexamined. Reaction products of NaS 2 CNR′ 2 with either Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 3 , Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 2 Cl or Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 2 NCS and between Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 3 and Fe(S 2 CNR′ 2 ) 3 in solution were studied by 1 H NMR and infrared spectrometry and elemental analysis. The results indicate the Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 3 is not substitution inert and the product is determined by the relative stabilities and solubilities of the complexes undergoing metathesis. The reported preparations of Fe(S 2 CNR 2 ) 2 ) 2 (S 2 CNR′ 2 ) are apparently in error.
Significance of a decline in bone mineral density while receiving oral bisphosphonate treatment.

Abstract Background: Oral bisphosphonates are routinely prescribed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In clinical trials, oral bisphosphonates have been found to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and decrease fracture risk in the majority of the treated population. However, in both clinical trials and clinical practice, not all patients experience significant increases in BMD. In clinical trials, nonresponse is often defined as a BMD change of ≤0%. In clinical practice, a decrease in BMD greater than the calculated least significant change (LSC) is considered nonresponse to therapy. It is important to discern whether patients with a decline in BMD may still benefit from oral bisphosphonate therapy, that is, have a reduced risk for fracture, despite having a suboptimal BMD response. Objectives: The objectives of this review were to determine whether meaningful BMD nonresponder rates exist with all oral bisphosphonates and to examine the relationship between BMD nonresponder status and fracture risk. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of BMD nonresponse for patients in clinical practice. Methods: Publications on BMD response and bone loss during treatment with bisphosphonates were identified by searches of MEDLINE (1990-October 2007) and ISI Web of Science (1997-October 2007). Search terms included nonresponse, responder, osteoporosis, bone mineral density, bisphosphonate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, bone loss , and fracture . Results: In clinical trials of alendronate, risedronate, and ibandronate, the percentages of patients with a change in BMD ≤0% at the lumbar spine after 2 years of treatment ranged from 8% to 25%. Results from post hoc analyses of clinical trial data from studies of alendronate and risedronate that have examined fracture risk among BMD responders, BMD nonresponders, and patients receiving placebo suggest that patients who experienced an increase in BMD have reduced vertebral fracture risk relative to those with a decline in BMD (range, 38%-50%). Additional analyses suggest that patients who experience a decline in BMD while receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy still appear to receive some benefit (fracture risk reduction, 38%-60%) from treatment compared with patients receiving placebo. Conclusions: Results from post hoc analyses of clinical trial data suggest that patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy who experience a decline in BMD have a higher risk for fracture compared with patients whose BMD increases, but may have a reduced fracture risk compared with patients receiving placebo. Further investigation is needed to determine how these results impact patients in clinical practice whose BMD loss exceeds the LSC.
In Vitro Effects of Growth Hormone on the Number and Activity of Ribosomes Engaged in Protein Synthesis in the Isolated Rat Diaphragm

The following study was performed to determine if the in vitro stimulatory effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis in the rat diaphragm involves an increase in the number or activity of functional ribosomes in the cells. Isolated diaphragms of hypophysectomized rats were preincubated with bovine growth hormone at 37 C to activate the protein synthetic mechanism. Then they were incubated with 3Hpuromycin, which forms a peptide bond with nascent peptides on the functional ribosomes. Incubation with 3H-puromycin was carried out either in the presence of 1 mM emetine or at 2 C in order to prevent the formation of new nascent peptides during the course of the puromycin reaction. In the presence of emetine, the labeling of nascent peptides with the antibiotic proceeded in a curvilinear fashion and reached completion within 4–6 hr. The rate of labeling at 2 C was much slower. When diaphragms were preincubated for 1 hr with growth hormone and then incubated with 3H-puromycin in the presence of emetine for 6...
Physiologic and environmental factors influencing the calcium-to-tissue ratio in populations of three species of freshwater pulmonate snails.

A study of three species of freshwater pulmonate snails, Physa gyrina (11 populations), Physa integra (17 populations), and Helisoma anceps (18 populations) was carried out from 1973 to 1976, primarily in Michigan. The ratio of whole animal calcium content to tissue dry weight (Ca: tissue ratio) changes with age, but these changes are largely restricted to early growth and do not significantly affect individuals over 40 mg total dry weight, regardless of species. Parasitization by larval trematodes was found to have no significant effect on the Ca: tissue ratio in the populations examined regardless of species. Ca: tissue ratio of P. gyrina did not vary greatly between populations and showed a narrow range over a wide range of environmental calcium concentrations. Shell mass in P. gyrina is therefore either physiologically regulated in all populations (at a species specific ‘constant’ level) or interpopulation variation is minimized by moderately high levels of gene flow between populations. There was no relationship between Ca: tissue ratio and environmental calcium for either P. integra or H. anceps over a wide range of snail and environmental calcium values. In both of the foregoing species, shell calcium content varied greatly between populations. This variation did not conform to any apparent geographic cline. In 7 of the population sites studied, P. integra and H. anceps coexist, and when these sites are listed from highest to lowest Ca: tissue ratios, the rank orders for the two species are nearly identical. This suggests that there is some environmental factor (possibly trophic conditions) at these localities that influences shell mass. In 8 other species of pulmonates briefly examined, differences in Ca: tissue ratio between populations of the same species were often as great as or greater than differences between species. While the patterns of shell mass and environmental calcium for these species are not unlike those previously reported, the proposed causal factors for these patterns are clearly distinct from those suggested for other freshwater pulmonates.
Initial State of the Drosophila Eye before Dorsoventral Specification is Equivalent to Ventral

Dorsoventral (DV) patterning is crucial for eye development in invertebrates and higher animals. DV lineage restriction is the primary event in undifferentiated early eye primordia of Drosophila . In Drosophila eye disc, a dorsal-specific GATA family transcription factor pannier ( pnr ) controls Iroquois-Complex ( Iro-C ) genes to establish the dorsal eye fate whereas Lobe ( L ), which is involved in controlling a Notch ligand Serrate ( Ser ), is specifically required for ventral growth. However, fate of eye disc cells before the onset of dorsal expression of pnr and Iro-C is not known. We show that L/Ser are expressed in entire early eye disc before the expression of pnr and Iro-C is initiated in late first instar dorsal eye margin cells. Our evidence suggests that during embryogenesis pnr activity is not essential for eye development. We present evidence that loss of L or Ser function prior to initiation of pnr expression results in elimination of the entire eye, whereas after the onset of pnr expression it results only in preferential loss of ventral half of eye. We demonstrate that dorsal eye disc cells also become L or Ser dependent when they are ventralized by removal of pnr or Iro-C gene function. Therefore, we propose that early state of the eye prior to DV lineage restriction is equivalent to ventral and requires L and Ser gene function.
Integrated ecological models: simulation of socio-cultural constraints on ecological dynamics

Abstract We suggest that general systems theory provides a common philosophical basis for dialog between ecological and social scientists interested in studying the reciprocal interactions of humans and their environment. We (1) provide a synopsis of the `systems approach' as viewed from the biological and social sciences, respectively; (2) develop a conceptual framework for the explicit linking of ecological and social variables, and (3) draw upon game theoretic results of the Prisoner's Dilemma to represent human decision-making quantitatively in a model that simulates the tragedy of the commons. The model consists of 5 submodels that represent the `observers world' and each of 4 `participant's worlds.' The observer's-world represents the decision processes, either Optimize or Tit-for-Tat, by which each of 2 users decides to add or remove animals. The 4 perceived worlds represent hypothetical situations in which (1) persons A and B both add an animal; (2) A adds and B does not; (3) B adds and A does not, and (4) neither A nor B add an animal. Simulation results indicate that net worth of the community and of each person individually under Tit-for-Tat is more than double the net worth attained under Optimize. Replacement of the static payoff matrix assumed in game theory with a dynamic quantitative model illustrates how `norm-based' approaches to ecosystem management can outperform optimizing approaches based on predicted outcomes. Although `soft systems' techniques may better help decision-makers reach norm-based agreements on ecosystem management, quantitative models have more explanatory value, and if developed sufficiently such models could incorporate complex social dimensions that would enhance further their explanatory value.
Modifying Tunnel Test Sections For Optical Applications

Many conventional experimental tunnel test sections are enclosed by metallic cylinders. For optical applications, a relatively inexpensive approach is to replace the metallic test section of the cylinder with a plastic or glass tube. This paper describes several ways to neutralize the cylindrical optical power, and hence the astigmatism, of these transparent tubes. One approach is to enclose the test section in a rectangular tank filled with the tunnel fluid. The outer radius of curvature of the tank neutralizes the residual cylindrical power. Another approach is to use an external cylindrical lens without the tank surface modifications. Finally, an external lens can be employed when the tube-fluid combination is used in air without the tank.
Lack of efficacy of xeromammography in preoperatively detecting lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast

The medical records of fourteen patients with LCIS were reviewed to correlate the clinical, xeromammographic, and pathologic findings. The patients' xeromammograms were negative for findings associated with LCIS in 81% of the breasts that yielded biopsies positive for LCIS. Xeromammography does not appear to have improved our ability to identify patients with LCIS.
Proteomic identification of mammalian cell surface derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins through selective glycan enrichment

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are an important class of glycoproteins that are tethered to the surface of mammalian cells via the lipid GPI. GPI-APs have been implicated in many important cellular functions including cell adhesion, cell signaling, and immune regulation. Proteomic identification of mammalian GPI-APs en masse has been limited technically by poor sensitivity for these low abundance proteins and the use of methods that destroy cell integrity. Here, we present methodology that permits identification of GPI-APs liberated directly from the surface of intact mammalian cells through exploitation of their appended glycans to enrich for these proteins ahead of LC-MS/MS analyses. We validate our approach in HeLa cells, identifying a greater number of GPI-APs from intact cells than has been previously identified from isolated HeLa membranes and a lipid raft preparation. We further apply our approach to define the cohort of endogenous GPI-APs that populate the distinct apical and basolateral membrane surfaces of polarized epithelial cell monolayers. Our approach provides a new method to achieve greater sensitivity in the identification of low abundance GPI-APs from the surface of live cells and the nondestructive nature of the method provides new opportunities for the temporal or spatial analysis of cellular GPI-AP expression and dynamics.
Molecular Mediators for Raft-dependent Endocytosis of Syndecan-1, a Highly Conserved, Multifunctional Receptor

Endocytosis via rafts has attracted considerable recent interest, but the molecular mediators remain incompletely characterized. Here, we focused on the syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a highly conserved, multifunctional receptor that we previously showed to undergo raft-dependent endocytosis upon clustering. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of three to five consecutive cytoplasmic residues at a time revealed that a conserved juxtamembrane motif, MKKK, was the only region required for efficient endocytosis after clustering. Endocytosis of clustered syndecan-1 occurs in two phases, each requiring a kinase and a corresponding cytoskeletal partner. In the initial phase, ligands trigger rapid MKKK-dependent activation of ERK and the localization of syndecan-1 into rafts. Activation of ERK drives the dissociation of syndecan-1 from α-tubulin, a molecule that may act as an anchor for syndecan-1 at the plasma membrane in the basal state. In the second phase, Src family kinases phosphorylate tyrosyl residues within the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of syndecan-1, a process that also requires MKKK. Tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1 triggers the robust recruitment of cortactin, which we found to be an essential mediator of efficient actin-dependent endocytosis. These findings represent the first detailed characterization of the molecular events that drive endocytosis of a raft-dependent receptor and identify a novel endocytic motif, MKKK. Moreover, the results provide new tools to study syndecan function and regulation during uptake of its biologically and medically important ligands, such as HIV-1, atherogenic postprandial remnant lipoproteins, and molecules implicated in Alzheimer disease.
Regionalizing the State: Japanese Administrative and Financial Guidance for Asia

In the face of mounting pressure to reduce state intervention in the marketplace, Japanese bureaucrats have managed to preserve threatened government institutions such as administrative and financial 'guidance'. They have done so by promoting the regionalization, or Asianization, of Japanese industry dispensing advice and capital both to domestic manufacturers investing in the region and to host states in Asia that regulate
Put the Buffer to Use

Currently the M300 Workstation has a 20‐character buffer, in which you can “type ahead” and stack commands, or any keystrokes that will fit in the alloted 20 spaces. (A 20‐character buffer is also present in the IBM PC but the two are in separate programs and cannot be combined for a 40‐character total.) OCLC Retrospective Conversion staff utilize this buffer to speed input by reducing the time the computer spends waiting for human interaction. Local retrospective conversion projects could put the same techniques to use to reduce input time by increments—with the potential for saving substantial time over the life of the project.
A Cytochrome c Oxidase Model Catalyzes Oxygen to Water Reduction Under Rate-Limiting Electron Flux

We studied the selectivity of a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase's active site that mimics the coordination environment and relative locations of Fea3, CuB, and Tyr244. To control electron flux, we covalently attached this model and analogs lacking copper and phenol onto self-assembled monolayer–coated gold electrodes. When the electron transfer rate was made rate limiting, both copper and phenol were required to enhance selective reduction of oxygen to water. This finding supports the hypothesis that, during steady-state turnover, the primary role of these redox centers is to rapidly provide all the electrons needed to reduce oxygen by four electrons, thus preventing the release of toxic partially reduced oxygen species.
Identification of modal parameters in vibrating structures

Abstract A method is presented for the identification of the eigensolution associated with vibrating structures. The identification can be performed in the presence of periodic external excitations and noisy measurements. It is assumed that the mass properties of the structure are known, and that the stiffness properties are not known. Linear combinations of the eigensolution obtained with an estimate of the stiffness properties are taken by using unitary transformation matrices to identify the actual eigensolution. The criterion for rotation is based on the number and magnitude of peaks in the frequency spectra of the response of the postulated modal co-ordinates.
Mössbauer study of gadol in ium-doped and lanthanum-doped europium selenide

Abstract Mossbauer measurements of Eu 151 in Gd-doped and La-doped europium selenide have yielded a large (45 ± 5 kOe) change in the saturation hyperfine field between the zero applied field magnetic structure of EuSe and the ferromagnetic structure in the doped samples. Isomer shift data indicates the conduction electrons contributed by the tripositive rare earth are to be found predominantly in a d-band.
VAMPS: a website for visualization and analysis of microbial population structures

The advent of next-generation DNA sequencing platforms has revolutionized molecular microbial ecology by making the detailed analysis of complex communities over time and space a tractable research pursuit for small research groups. However, the ability to generate 105–108 reads with relative ease brings with it many downstream complications. Beyond the computational resources and skills needed to process and analyze data, it is difficult to compare datasets in an intuitive and interactive manner that leads to hypothesis generation and testing. We developed the free web service VAMPS (Visualization and Analysis of Microbial Population Structures, http://vamps.mbl.edu ) to address these challenges and to facilitate research by individuals or collaborating groups working on projects with large-scale sequencing data. Users can upload marker gene sequences and associated metadata; reads are quality filtered and assigned to both taxonomic structures and to taxonomy-independent clusters. A simple point-and-click interface allows users to select for analysis any combination of their own or their collaborators’ private data and data from public projects, filter these by their choice of taxonomic and/or abundance criteria, and then explore these data using a wide range of analytic methods and visualizations. Each result is extensively hyperlinked to other analysis and visualization options, promoting data exploration and leading to a greater understanding of data relationships. VAMPS allows researchers using marker gene sequence data to analyze the diversity of microbial communities and the relationships between communities, to explore these analyses in an intuitive visual context, and to download data, results, and images for publication. VAMPS obviates the need for individual research groups to make the considerable investment in computational infrastructure and bioinformatic support otherwise necessary to process, analyze, and interpret massive amounts of next-generation sequence data. Any web-capable device can be used to upload, process, explore, and extract data and results from VAMPS. VAMPS encourages researchers to share sequence and metadata, and fosters collaboration between researchers of disparate biomes who recognize common patterns in shared data.
Analyzing Parallel Programs with Pin

Software instrumentation provides the means to collect information on and efficiently analyze parallel programs. Using Pin, developers can build tools to detect and examine dynamic behavior including data races, memory system behavior, and parallelizable loops. Pin is a software system that performs runtime binary instrumentation of Linux and Microsoft Windows applications. Pin's aim is to provide an instrumentation platform for building a wide variety of program analysis tools, called pintools. By performing the instrumentation on the binary at runtime, Pin eliminates the need to modify or recompile the application's source and supports the instrumentation of programs that dynamically generate code.
The feeling-striving process

(1957). The feeling-striving process. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 54-59.
Elevation of Cardiac Output and Oxygen Delivery Improves Outcome in Septic Shock

Septic shock is characterized by hypoperfusion and tissue energy defects. We prospectively evaluated the therapeutic benefit of augmenting cardiac output and therefore oxygen delivery (Do 2 ) on mortality in patients with septic shock. Twenty-five patients were randomized to a normal treatment (NT) group and 26 patients were randomized to an optimal treatment (OT) group. All patients had a clinically evident site of infection, sepsis as defined by a systemic response to the infection, and shock indicated by systemic hypoperfusion. Patients were treated during the initial 72 h by an algorithm differing only in the end point of resuscitation. The cardiac index (CI) was increased to 3.0 L/min/m 2 in the NT group and to 6 L/min/m 2 in the OT group. There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory parameters in the NT and OT groups on entrance into the study. During treatment, CI averaged 3.6 ± 0.2 L/min/m 2 and Do 2 averaged 8.6 ± 0.8 ml/min/kg in the NT group and CI averaged 5.1 ± 0.2 L/min/m 2 and Do 2 averaged 12.2 ± 0.7 ml/min/kg in the OT group (p 2 and survival was observed. Seventy-two percent of the OT patients died vs 50 percent of the NT patients (p = 0.14). Surviving NT patients stayed 13.7 ± 3 days in the ICU vs 7.4 ± 0.6 days (p 2 . The NT 1 and Do 2 of 10.9 ± 1.0 ml/min/kg while the OT group >4.5 L/min/m 2 had a CI of 5.7 ± 0.2 L/min/m 2 and a Do 2 of 13.8 ± 0.7 ml/min/kg (p 4.5 group (p (Chest 1992; 102:216–20)
Why Do Informal Proofs Conform to Formal Norms

Kant discovered a philosophical problem with mathematical proof. Despite being a priori, its methodology involves more than analytic truth. But what else is involved? This problem is widely taken to have been solved by Frege’s extension of logic beyond its restricted (and largely Aristotelian) form. Nevertheless, a successor problem remains: both traditional and contemporary (classical) mathematical proofs, although conforming to the norms of contemporary (classical) logic, never were, and still aren’t, executed by mathematicians in a way that transparently reveals why these proofs—written in the vernacular to this very day—succeed in conforming to those norms.
Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane receptors for cytochalasins in Ehrlich tumor cells

Abstract Treatment of purified Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membranes either with [3H]cytochalasin B or [ 3 H ]19-O- acetylchaetoglobosin A under photolytic conditions produced several radioactive polypeptides which were characterized by SDS-PAGE analyses. The major proteins so photolabeled were in the 60 000–80 000 Da range, with less labeling found in polypeptides smaller than 43 000 and greater than 90 000 Da. Immunofluorescent staining failed to identify the major photolabeled component as actin. It is concluded, in keeping with prior investigations using other cell types, that the predominant proteins photolabeled by cytochalasins are affiliated with the glucose-transport system.
Demonstration of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal banding in neurologic diseases by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation

Abstract Demonstration of an oligoclonal immunoglobulin pattern in cerebrospinal fluid by a commercial agarose gel electrophoresis system and immunofixation were evaluated in the service clinical laboratory of a university hospital. In 303 patients, 45 with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and 209 with other neurologic diseases, the sensitivity of oligoclonal banding for multiple sclerosis was 71%, and the specificity, 83%. Oligoclonal banding was frequent in inflammatory disease, tumor/pseudotumor or vascular diseases of the central nervous system (35%, 36% and 26%, respectively) and less frequent in degenerative central nervous system disease and peripheral neuropathy (5.2 % and 15%). No patient with non-neurologic disease had oligoclonal banding. The addition of an immunochemical step (immunofixation) did not increase sensitivity and only minimally increased specificity. It did permit distinction in selected cases between immunoglobulin and other molecules with identical electrophoretic mobility.
Study protocol: effects of school gardens on children’s physical activity

Childhood obesity is an epidemic. Strategies are needed to promote children’s healthy habits related to diet and physical activity. School gardens have the potential to bolster children’s physical activity and reduce time spent in sedentary activity; however little research has examined the effect of gardens on children’s physical activity. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) examines the effect of school gardens on children’s overall physical activity and sedentary behavior; and on children’s physical activity during the school day. In addition, physical activity levels and postures are compared using direct observation, outdoors, in the garden and indoors, in the classroom. Twelve New York State schools are randomly assigned to receive the school garden intervention or to serve in the wait-list control group that receives gardens and lessons at the end of the study. The intervention consists of a raised bed garden; access to a curriculum focused on nutrition, horticulture, and plant science and including activities and snack suggestions; resources for the school including information about food safety in the garden and related topics; a garden implementation guide provided guidance regarding planning, planting and maintaining the garden throughout the year; gardening during the summer; engaging volunteers; building community capacity, and sustaining the program. Data are collected at baseline and 3 post-intervention follow-up waves at 6, 12, and 18 months. Physical activity (PA) “usually” and “yesterday” is measured using surveys at each wave. In addition, at-school PA is measured using accelerometry for 3 days at each wave. Direct observation (PARAGON) is used to compare PA during an indoor classroom lesson versus outdoor, garden-based lesson. Results of this study will provide insight regarding the potential for school gardens to increase children’s physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviors. Clinicaltrial.gov # NCT02148315
TGFβ-Mediated Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Skin and Head-and-Neck Cancer

In human skin and head and neck cancers, cancer cells frequently overexpress TGFβ but decrease expression of TGFβ signaling components. We generated several genetically engineered mouse models to investigate how these changes affect cancer progression. Overexpression of TGFβl in the skin or head and neck epithelia rapidly induced inflammation, suggesting that inflammation is a direct effect of TGFβl overexpression. Given the importance of inflammation in cancer development, our data suggest that in certain tissue types, TGFβ1-induced inflammation may override its tumor suppressive effect, even at early stages of carcinogenesis. This notion is further supported by our finding that deletion of TGFβ type II receptor (TGFβ RII) in head and neck epithelia resulted in an elevated endogenous TGFβl, which was correlated with severe inflammation and angiogenesis in head and neck tissue. In combination with an activated Ras oncogene in TGFβRII null epithelial cells, these mice developed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Considering that most late-stage HNSCC cells are resistant to TGFβl-mediated growth inhibition via loss of TGFβRII or other molecular alterations, our study suggests that inhibition of the effect of TGFβ1 on tumor stroma in combination with therapy targeting cancer epithelia may provide an effective therapeutic stragegy for HNSCC. Our study also revealed that dominant negative TGFβRII blocks TGFβl-mediated EMT but not metastasis. Consistent with this finding, deletion of a common TGFβ signaling mediator, Smad4, in keratinocytes resulted in SCC formation but not EMT-type tumors. This result suggests that Smad4 loss abrogates TGFβ-mediated EMT, but not TGFβ-mediated invasion, the latter of which may be mediated by Smad3. This notion is further supported by our findings that Smad3 knockout mice are resistant to experimental skin carcinogenesis, and that Smad3 is rarely lost in SCCs. Taken together, our study suggests that SCCs that have both increased TGFβl, and reduced TGFβRII or Smad4 in tumor epithelia will have a poorer prognosis than those with TGFβl overexpression alone or loss of TGFβRII/Smad4 alone.
Epitaxial growth of AlN by plasma-assisted, gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

Monocrystalline AlN(0001) films with few defects were deposited on vicinal α(6H)–SiC(0001) wafers via plasma-assisted, gas-source molecular beam epitaxy within the temperature range of 1050–1200 °C. The Al was thermally evaporated from an effusion cell. An electron cyclotron resonance plasma source was used to produce activated nitrogen species. Growth on vicinal Si(100) at 900–1050 °C resulted in smooth, highly oriented AlN(0001) films.
Data Aggregation and Analysis for Cancer Statistics - A Visual Analytics Approach

The disparity between data collected in rural and urban counties is often detrimental in the appropriate analysis of cancer care statistics. Low counts drastically affect the incidence and mortality rates of the data, leading to skewed statistics. In order to more accurately report the data, various levels of aggregation have been used (grouping counties by population, age percentages, etc.); however, such data aggregation methods have often been ad hoc and/or time consuming. Such groupings are performed on a user defined basis; however, grouping based purely on population demographics does not take into account the spatial relationships between data. Furthermore, researchers want to search for spatiotemporal correlations within their data domain. In this work, we introduce a visual analytics system for exploring cancer care statistics in a series of linked views and interactive user interface queries. We also apply the AMOEBA algorithm [1] for clustering counties based on population demographics in a visual analytics environment. Users select the population demographics field on which they wish to cluster, and these county clusters then form the basis for the data aggregation. Such a system allows the user to group their data by fields (age, gender, income) while maintaining spatial structure and provides and interactive mapping system in which to compare and explore such groupings. By utilizing such geographical groupings, we hope to better enhance the underlying structure of the data and help alleviate reporting problems associated with small area statistics.
Mathematical Model of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Abstract : A one dimensional (1-D), isothermal model for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is presented. This model accounts for the kinetics of the multi-step methanol oxidation reaction at the anode. Diffusion and crossover of methanol are modeled and the mixed potential of the oxygen cathode due to methanol crossover is included. Kinetic and diffusional parameters are estimated by comparing the model to data from a 25 cm2 DMFC. This semi-analytical model can be solved rapidly so that it is suitable for inclusion in real-time system level DMFC simulations.