cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Phase Changes

Reviewing the thermodynamics of the phase changes that occur in water, especially over curved phase boundaries, will help us appreciate the phenomena associated with the formation of snow in the atmosphere and the changes that occur in a snowpack [1].
Pulmonary Physiology of Exercise

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on pulmonary physiology of exercise. The pulmonary system is a vital part of the body's integrated physiological response to exercise. The lungs serve as the site of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide excretion. Oxygen is transported to the peripheral tissues by the cardiovascular system, and carbon dioxide is similarly transported back from the tissues to the lung. The skeletal muscle utilizes the increased supply of oxygen to generate adenosine triphosphate for energy production at the mitochondrial level. Carbon dioxide is produced as a by-product of substrate metabolism. With increasing muscular work, there is a parallel increase in oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production. The normal pulmonary response to muscular exercise is a precise integration of changes necessary to satisfy increased demands. When viewed in relation to the cardiovascular aspects of oxygen transport and the muscular phase of exercise, the lungs do not normally limit work capacity. Rather, the circulation—both systemic and local—appears to set the limit in the healthy individual. The mechanisms of respiratory control during exercise are the subject of intensive investigation.
Dermatopathology – the link between ancillary techniques and clinical lesions

Background Histopathology has been essential in advancing our knowledge in veterinary dermatology. However, morphological features and histological patterns cannot always reveal an aetiological diagnosis. Objectives Several ancillary techniques can assist in achieving an aetiological diagnosis. Some of these techniques have found their way into routine diagnostic dermatopathology, whereas others are still mainly used in research. This review discusses the utility, strengths, advantages/disadvantages and challenges associated with each technique. Methods Digital microscopy, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, salt-split skin, Western blots, electron microscopy, PCR, in situ hybridization, tissue microarrays, next-generation sequencing, DNA microarrays and laser microdissection are discussed. Conclusions It is crucial to understand the limitations of each technique and to correlate the results both with pathological findings and the clinical presentation. As such, dermatopathology will remain the important link between benchtop science, available results from ancillary techniques and clinical veterinary dermatology.
A Comparison of Displays and Associated Workload on Nuclear Power Plants Tasks

Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operators complete a variety of tasks to ensure the NPP is running safely and efficiently. However, the levels and types of workload associated with the different task typ...
A stochastic averaging-based optimal control method for nonlinear systems: Application to a building with soil-structure interactions

Abstract This paper presents a nonlinear stochastic optimal control algorithm based on an enhanced stochastic averaging method of energy envelope to mitigate the response of nonlinear hysteretic systems. The enhanced stochastic averaging strategy for non-integrable hysteretic systems addresses some of the shortcomings of conventional methods including consideration of a collective contribution of damping terms and the assumption of the independence of stochastic excitations. Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is used to formulate the optimization problem with a cost function that incorporates high order terms of the energy of the system in order to optimize the dynamic response. Unlike other techniques, this strategy considers the stochastic nonlinear behavior of the system in the optimization process of the control design. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated for a one-story building on a nonlinear foundation under white noise and historic ground motions. The results are compared with those for the uncontrolled structure and the structure controlled using a linear quadratic regulator algorithm designed using stochastic linearization (SLQR). The proposed method is shown to provide considerable improvements over other control cases. In particular under Kobe ground motion, 14% and 21% reductions are observed for the maximum relative displacement and foundation displacement, respectively compared to the SLQR with similar maximum control force levels.
Point-of-care ultrasonography as a training milestone for internal medicine residents: the time is now.

Point-of-care (POC) ultrasonography is considered fundamental in emergency medicine training and recently has become a milestone in critical care fellowship programs as well. Currently, there is no such standard requirement for internal medicine residency programs in the United States. We present a new case and briefly review another case at our institution – a community hospital – in which internal medicine house staff trained in ultrasonography were able to uncover unexpected and critical diagnoses that significantly changed patient care and outcomes. We also review the growing evidence of the application of ultrasound in the diagnosis of a myriad of conditions encountered in general internal medicine as well as the mounting data on the ability of internal medicine residents to apply this technology accurately at the bedside. We advocate that the literature has sufficiently established the role of POC ultrasonography in general internal medicine that there should no longer be any delay in giving this an official place in the development of internal medicine trainees. This may be particularly useful in the community hospital setting where 24-h echocardiography or other sonography may not be readily available. Keywords: ultrasonography; internal medicine; residents; point-of-care; medical education (Published: 26 October 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 33094 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.33094
Novel Generic Asymmetric and Symmetric Equivalent Circuits of 90° Coupled Transmission-Line Sections Applicable to Marchand Baluns

Three different equivalent circuits (asymmetric, symmetric, and mixed) of the 90° coupled transmission-line sections are proposed for Marchand baluns, including the accurate modeling of the effect of the connecting segment. The asymmetric one consists of one set of coupled transmission-line sections and two identical uncoupled transmission-line sections. Due to the asymmetry and a four-port circuit configuration, it seems to be difficult to derive the design formulas for the asymmetric equivalent circuit, thus leading to their indirect derivation by adding two identical transmission-line sections with effectively “negative” electrical lengths to the original 90° coupled transmission-line sections. The symmetric one may be obtained by combining the even- and odd-mode equivalent circuits, while the mixed equivalent circuit is combining the asymmetric and the symmetric ones. As a proof-of-concept, a symmetric and an asymmetric equivalent circuits along with a Marchand balun with a connecting section were implemented at 2 GHz, demonstrating a very good agreement between the simulated and the experimental values.
Towards Measuring and Inferring User Interest from Gaze

How can we reliably infer web users' interest and evaluate the content relevance when lacking active user interaction such as click behavior? In this paper, we investigate the relationship between mobile users' implicit interest inferred from attention metrics, such as eye gaze or viewport time, and explicit interest expressed by users. We present the first quantitative gaze tracking study using front-facing camera of mobile devices instead of specialized, expensive eye-tracking devices. We focus on multi-column digital media pages in Google Play Store that display 30+ items per page belonging to diverse categories. In such pages, we find significantly different distribution of gaze metrics on items that users rate as interesting vs. not. We leverage this insight by building a prediction model that is able to infer a user's interest ratings from the the non-click actions of the user. Our model is able to attain AUC of 90.32% in predicting user interest at an individual item level. In addition, our experiments on collection item re-ranking show how user gaze and viewport signals can be used to personalize item ranking on the collection page. Beyond understanding users' attention behavior in novel contexts such as multi-column digital media pages in Google Play Store, the findings in this study have implications for the design of a novel personalization and recommendation mechanism by (1) prioritizing items that are most likely of interest to users based on historical attention signals, and (2) prioritizing positions receiving significant portion of gaze attention.
Conditions for Intrusion Atheroma in Coronary Artery

Data on aorta in Chapter Three indicate that intimai fibroplasia may precede and dispose to intrusion by atheroma. Evidence in this chapter points to excessive matrix per SMC as the main impulse toward fatty degenerations, both fatty streak elements and atheroma. Furthermore, the evidence argues that the augmenting of fibroplasia is how aging acts to prepare for atheroma.
Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding

Abstract Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is an option for the treatment of severe obesity. Few US studies have reported long-term outcomes. We aimed to present long-term outcomes with LAGB. Methods Retrospective study of patients who underwent LAGB at an academic medical center in the US from 1/2005 to 2/2012. Outcomes included weight loss, complications, re-operations, and LAGB failure. Results 208 patients underwent LAGB. Mean BMI was 45.4 ± 6.4 kg/m2. Mean follow-up was 5.6 (0.5–10.7) years. Complete follow-up was available for 90% at one year (186/207), 80% at five years (136/171), and 71% at ten years (10/14). Percentage of excess weight loss at one, five, and ten years was 29.9, 30, and 16.9, respectively. Forty-eight patients (23.1%) required a reoperation. LAGB failure occurred in 118 (57%) and higher baseline BMI was the only independently associated factor (OR 1.1; 95%CI 1.0–1.1; p = 0.016). Conclusion LAGB was associated with poor short and long-term weight loss outcomes and a high failure rate. With the increased safety profile and greater efficacy of other surgical techniques, LAGB utilization should be discouraged.
The Seventeenth Century: “Collaboration, Co-Authorship, and the Death of the Author(s)”

Using the debate over the “collaborative” process of early modern authors and actors offered up by G.E. Bentley, Jeffrey Masten, Brian Vickers, and others, Chap. 3, “Collaboration, Co-Authorship and the Death of the Author(s),” considers how this artistic tension impacted both Shakespeare and Marlowe, not only in their own works, but also in the references made to them by the anonymous author(s) of the “Parnassus Trilogy,” as well as by Michael Drayton and Ben Jonson. I also consider the self-positioning of the latter critics in relation to Marlowe and Shakespeare as “Authors,” as well as their rhetorical structuring of the Marlowe/Shakespeare relationship in order to articulate and validate their own critical positions.
Contrasting drivers and trends of coniferous and deciduous tree growth in interior Alaska

The boreal biome represents approximately one third of the world's forested area and plays an important role in global biogeochemical and energy cycles. Numerous studies in boreal Alaska have concluded that growth of black and white spruce is declining as a result of temperature-induced drought stress. The combined evidence of declining spruce growth and changes in the fire regime that favor establishment of deciduous tree species has led some investigators to suggest the region may be transitioning from dominance by spruce to dominance by deciduous forests and/or grasslands. Although spruce growth trends have been extensively investigated, few studies have evaluated long-term radial growth trends of the dominant deciduous species (Alaska paper birch and trembling aspen) and their sensitivity to moisture availability. We used a large and spatially extensive sample of tree cores from interior Alaska to compare long-term growth trends among contrasting tree species (white and black spruce vs. birch and aspen). All species showed a growth peak in the mid-1940s, although growth following the peak varied strongly across species. Following an initial decline from the peak, growth of white spruce showed little evidence of a trend, while black spruce and birch growth showed slight growth declines from ~1970 to present. Aspen growth was much more variable than the other species and showed a steep decline from ~1970 to present. Growth of birch, black and white spruce was sensitive to moisture availability throughout most of the tree-ring chronologies, as evidenced by negative correlations with air temperature and positive correlations with precipitation. However, a positive correlation between previous July precipitation and aspen growth disappeared in recent decades, corresponding with a rise in the population of the aspen leaf miner (Phyllocnistis populiella), an herbivorous moth, which may have driven growth to a level not seen since the early 20th century. Our results provide important historical context for recent growth and raise questions regarding competitive interactions among the dominant tree species and exchanges of carbon and energy in the warming climate of interior Alaska.
Early prognosis in anoxic coma. Reliability and rationale.

A critical overview of the major studies of coma prognosis and a theoretical analysis of the inherent limitations of even a methodologically ideal study lead to the conclusion that no existing or realistic future study can generate early predictors of poor outcome with a sufficiently low risk of falsepositive error to justify withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Early prognostic criteria can, however, serve a variety of other useful purposes.
Realistic modeling of deep brain stimulation implants for electromagnetic MRI safety studies

We propose a framework for electromagnetic (EM) simulation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) patients in radiofrequency (RF) coils. We generated a model of a DBS patient using post-operative head and neck computed tomography (CT) images stitched together into a 'virtual CT' image covering the entire length of the implant. The body was modeled as homogeneous. The implant path extracted from the CT data contained self-intersections, which we corrected automatically using an optimization procedure. Using the CT-derived DBS path, we built a model of the implant including electrodes, helicoidal internal conductor wires, loops, extension cables, and the implanted pulse generator. We also built four simplified models with straight wires, no extension cables and no loops to assess the impact of these simplifications on safety predictions. We simulated EM fields induced by the RF birdcage body coil in the body model, including at the DBS lead tip at both 1.5 Tesla (64 MHz) and 3 Tesla (123 MHz). We also assessed the robustness of our simulation results by systematically varying the EM properties of the body model and the position and length of the DBS implant (sensitivity analysis). The topology correction algorithm corrected all self-intersection and curvature violations of the initial path while introducing minimal deformations (open-source code available at http://ptx.martinos.org/index.php/Main_Page). The unaveraged lead-tip peak SAR predicted by the five DBS models (0.1 mm resolution grid) ranged from 12.8 kW kg-1 (full model, helicoidal conductors) to 43.6 kW kg-1 (no loops, straight conductors) at 1.5 T (3.4-fold variation) and 18.6 kW kg-1 (full model, straight conductors) to 73.8 kW kg-1 (no loops, straight conductors) at 3 T (4.0-fold variation). At 1.5 T and 3 T, the variability of lead-tip peak SAR with respect to the conductivity ranged between 18% and 30%. Variability with respect to the position and length of the DBS implant ranged between 9.5% and 27.6%.
Fast magnetic resonance fingerprinting for dynamic contrast‐enhanced studies in mice

Purpose The goal of this study was to develop a fast MR fingerprinting (MRF) method for simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping in DCE-MRI studies in mice. Methods The MRF sequences based on balanced SSFP and fast imaging with steady-state precession were implemented and evaluated on a 7T preclinical scanner. The readout used a zeroth-moment-compensated variable-density spiral trajectory that fully sampled the entire k-space and the inner 10 × 10 k-space with 48 and 4 interleaves, respectively. In vitro and in vivo studies of mouse brain were performed to evaluate the accuracy of MRF measurements with both fully sampled and undersampled data. The application of MRF to dynamic T1 and T2 mapping in DCE-MRI studies were demonstrated in a mouse model of heterotopic glioblastoma using gadolinium-based and dysprosium-based contrast agents. Results The T1 and T2 measurements in phantom showed strong agreement between the MRF and the conventional methods. The MRF with spiral encoding allowed up to 8-fold undersampling without loss of measurement accuracy. This enabled simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping with 2-minute temporal resolution in DCE-MRI studies. Conclusion Magnetic resonance fingerprinting provides the opportunity for dynamic quantification of contrast agent distribution in preclinical tumor models on high-field MRI scanners.
In-Group Advantage and Other-Group Bias in Facial Emotion Recognition

This chapter summarizes the body of work about cultural differences in emotion recognition based on the match versus mismatch of the cultural group expressing the emotion and the cultural group perceiving the emotion. Two major perspectives have arisen to explain the well-replicated empirical finding that there tends to be better recognition of facial expressions where there is a match. The first is the notion of in-group advantage, which is an information-based explanation, arguing that individuals are more accurate judging emotional expressions from their own cultural group versus foreign groups due to better information about culturally specific elements of emotional expression. The finding of systematic in-group advantage has led to the development of a recent dialect theory of emotion, which uses a linguistic metaphor to argue emotion is a universal language with subtly different dialects. Just as it is more challenging to understand someone speaking a different dialect in verbal language, it can be more challenging to recognize emotions that are expressed in a different dialect. This dialect theory has been the subject of controversy due to its implications for dominant theories about cross-cultural differences in emotion. A second perspective is the notion of out-group bias, which is a motivation-based explanation. Individuals may use decoding rules to understand out-group emotional expressions differently, or they may be less motivated to recognize the emotions of other individuals who are members of foreign cultures, even when they are merely lead to believe falsely that expressions originate elsewhere. Both of these theoretical mechanisms can act singly or simultaneously.
Rape Myth Acceptance in College Students: How Far Have We Come?

Researchers have emphasized the significant roleof rape myth acceptance in individuals' predispositionto engage in sexually aggressive behavior, includingrape. The purpose of this study was to examine the current state of rape myth acceptance incollege students and the factors which differentiatedacceptance vs nonacceptance of rape myths. One hundredfifty-eightprimarily Caucasian respondents were provided with two measures of attitudes towardrape and asked the degree to which they agreed ordisagreed with each statement. Results indicated thatcollege students reported disagreement with rape myth statements. However, variations in the degreeof disagreement emerged; men and individuals who had notattended a rape awareness workshop expressed weakerdisagreement with rape myths than women and individuals who had attended a rape awareness workshop.Discriminant analysis of these variables successfullyidentified a core set of rape myths which differentiatedindividuals in terms of the degree to which they subscribed to rape-supportive attitudes.Conclusions were drawn regarding rape myth acceptanceand the need for further research.
1.16 – Dislocation Dynamics

Neutron irradiation of structural materials results in the production of a variety of atomic-size defects, which generally increases the strength but can severely reduce ductility. Defect-induced strengthening, or radiation hardening, is also associated in many cases with inhomogeneous plastic deformation, manifesting as dislocation channels, where shear strains of a few hundred percent can accumulate while most of the volume in between such channels is virtually undeformed. Because of these unique features of plasticity in irradiated materials, the method of dislocation dynamics has been developed for the description of microscale plastic deformation. We first review the mathematical and computational methods employed in understanding dislocation interactions with irradiation-induced defects and the collective behavior of dislocation ensembles. We present results for dislocation interaction with self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters and with stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs), followed by quantitative modeling of radiation hardening and dislocation channel formation as a result of these defects. We then describe a model for analyzing the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in ferritic steels under neutron irradiation, and show quantitative comparisons with experiments.
Abstract B80: A new inherited gastric cancer form caused by mutations in homologous recombination genes

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and its risk is partially mediated by inherited factors. The majority of GC heritability, however, remains to be discovered. To identify novel GC genes, we undertook a multistaged approach of whole-exome sequencing (WES), followed by targeted sequencing and genotyping in germline DNA samples from hereditary diffuse GC (HDGC) and isolated GC cases recruited in Europe and Latin America. We also performed WES in 4 available tumor samples to analyze loss of heterozygosity and somatic mutation signature. Our study identified eleven cases with mutations in homologous recombination repair (HR) genes, including seven with PALB2 mutations, three with BRCA1 mutations, and one with a RAD51C mutation. Out of 361 total unrelated GC cases analyzed, 6.45% of the HDGC cases (2 out of 31) and 2.7% (9 out of 330) of isolated/non-HDGC cases had mutations in PALB2, BRCA1, or RAD51C. Most of these mutations are known as pathogenic in other cancer types and three were shared by multiple Hispanic and European cases. None of these mutations were present in 1,170 population-matched controls (P=5.75x10-7). Tumor samples from four mutation carriers exhibited mutational signature indicative of defects in HR pathway. Our results suggest that mutations in HR genes are likely involved in GC susceptibility. Our findings have potential clinical implications as these cases and their families could benefit from risk-reducing surveillance and possibly benefit from platinum or PARP inhibitor-based therapies. Citation Format: Luis G. Carvajal Carmona, International Gastric Cancer Genetics Collaboration. A new inherited gastric cancer form caused by mutations in homologous recombination genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B80.
Unexpected high binding energy of CO2 on CH3NH3PbI3 lead-halide organic–inorganic perovskites via bicarbonate formation

The adsorption kinetics of CO2 was experimentally characterized in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). Unexpectedly, high desorption temperatures (640 K, 170 kJ mol−1) were seen. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest the stabilization mechanism: bicarbonate formation in the defected perovskite film due to CO2 and H2O coadsorption.
Further evidence for the role of WNT10A, WNT10B and GREM2 as candidate genes for isolated tooth agenesis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of single nucleotide variants in the candidate genes WNT10A, WNT10B and GREM2 with isolated tooth agenesis. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION A total of 435 Caucasian individuals (88 cases with isolated tooth agenesis and 347 unrelated controls) were ascertained at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry. Clinical and radiographic examination by orthodontists confirmed the diagnosis of tooth agenesis. Genetic evaluation excluded syndromic forms of tooth agenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva samples were collected as source of genomic DNA. Fourteen variants in/nearby WNT10A, WNT10B and GREM2 were genotyped to test for association with tooth agenesis. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan chemistry in a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Allelic and haplotype frequencies were compared among cases and controls using chi-square tests as implemented in PLINK v.1.06. Bonferroni correction was used and P ≤ 0.004 indicates statistical differences between groups. RESULTS Significant associations were found between individual SNPs and SNP combinations in WNT10A, WNT10B and GREM2 SNPs with isolated tooth agenesis (P < 0.004). CONCLUSION Our findings further support a role for variants in WNT10A, WNT10B and GREM2 genes in the aetiology of isolated tooth agenesis. Functional studies are necessary to investigate the biological effects of these gene variants in tooth agenesis phenotypes.
Comparing the Effects of Signal Noise on Pattern Recognition and Linear Regression-Based Myoelectric Controllers

Myoelectric pattern recognition using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers has been a wellestablished control method for upper limb prostheses for many years. More recently, linear regression (LR) controllers have been proposed as an alternative solution due to their ability to control multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to compare the online performance of LDA and LR control systems under three electromyographic (EMG) signal conditions: baseline, noise in all channels, and noise in a single channel. To simulate the last two conditions, different levels of Gaussian noise were added to the EMG signals. Completion rate, path efficiency, dwelling time, and completion time were computed after virtual Fitts' Law tasks. While both controllers were significantly affected by the lowest noise levels, we found no significant differences between the controllers under the baseline and all-channel noise conditions. However, the LDA controller outperformed the LR controller in the single-channel noise condition. Therefore, while both controllers are comparable in most cases, the added complexity of simultaneous control affects an LR controller's performance under certain noise conditions. Based on these results, neither control system should be dismissed in future developments.
Using novel real-time tracking to monitor postoperative recovery in a comprehensive cancer center.

250Background: Early mobilization is thought to be a key component of postoperative care following surgery. However, the benefit of early ambulation is not well studied. Normal and abnormal ambulat...
Propagation of toughness-dominated fluid-driven fractures in reactive porous media

Abstract Fluid-driven open-mode fractures in porous media are the result of multiple physical processes governed by fluid properties, porous media properties, geometrical fracture properties, and fluid injection parameters. For example, a propagating open-mode fracture in which most work is spent on creating new fracture surface rather than on moving fluid through the fracture is said to be in a “toughness-dominated” regime. However, other multiphysical phenomena such as thermal dilation and mineral-dissolution can also affect fracture propagation. This study focuses on the facilitation of fracture propagation in toughness-dominated regime by weakening of the rock at the fracture tip by injection of a reactive fluid that causes mineral dissolution. We explore this coupled problem through numerical simulation using a finite element method (FEM) formulation based on the phase-field approach in order to solve equations for fluid flow, poroelasticity, linear elastic fracture mechanics and reactive transport. We couple mechanics and reactive fluid flow by assuming that fracture toughness decreases due to increases in rock porosity caused by mineral dissolution. The numerical simulation results show that acid injection and mineral dissolution (1) lower fracture breakdown pressure and (2) can bridge a transition from toughness-dominated to viscosity-dominated fracture propagation at constant injection pressure. Our results demonstrate that acid injection can change fracture propagation regimes and enable new phenomena that are not possible in unreactive porous media. The understanding of fracture propagation patterns and geometry manipulation is critical for safe and effective use of reactive fluids in the subsurface, such as in hydraulic fracturing, harnessing of deep geothermal energy, and carbon geological sequestration applications.
Chapter 11 – Applications of Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations

Publisher Summary Electrical circuits can be modeled with ordinary differential equations. This chapter illustrates how a circuit involving loops can be described as a system of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. This derivation is based on these principles: (1) Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law. In determining the drops in voltage around the circuit, the voltages are added consistently in the clockwise direction. The positive direction is directed from the negative symbol toward the positive symbol associated with the voltage source. In summing the voltage drops encountered in the circuit, a drop across a component is added to the sum if the positive direction through the component agrees with the clockwise direction. Otherwise, this drop is subtracted. In the case of the L-R-C circuit with one loop involving each type of component, the current is equal around the circuit by Kirchhoff's Current Law. Derivation of the modeling differential equation becomes more complicated as the number of loops in the circuit is increased. In this case, the current through the capacitor is equivalent to i1–i2. The chapter also discusses the circuit made up of three loops. It analyzes the problems involving the determination of the diffusion of a material in a medium lead to first-order systems of linear ordinary differential equations. The motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring can be modeled with a second-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients. This situation can be expressed as a system of first-order ordinary differential equations as well. Population problems based on the simple principle that the rate at which a population grows or decays is proportional to the number present in the population at any time t can be extended to other examples involving more than one population that lead to systems of ordinary differential equations.
System Hardware Installation

Several types of eye trackers are available, ranging from scleral coils, EOG, to video-based corneal reflection eye trackers. While each has its benefits and drawbacks (e.g., accuracy vs. sampling rate), for graphical or interactive applications the video-based corneal reflection tracker is arguably the most practical device. These devices work by capturing video images of the eye (illuminated by an infra-red light source), processing the video frames (at video frame rates) and outputting the eye’s x- and y-coordinates relative to the screen being viewed. The x- and y-coordinates are typically either stored by the eye tracker itself, or can be sent to the graphics host via serial cable. The advantage of the video-based eye tracker over other devices is that it is relatively noninvasive, fairly accurate (to about 1° visual angle over a 30° viewing range), and, for the most part, not difficult to integrate with the graphics system. The video-based tracker’s chief limitation is its sampling frequency, typically limited by the video frame rate, 60Hz. Hence, one can usually expect to receive eye movement samples at least every 16ms (typically a greater latency should be expected since the eye tracker needs time to process each video frame, and the graphics host needs time to update its display).
Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of RAW264.7 cells is a model for identifying novel clients of Hsc70

Heat shock cognate protein 71 kDa (Hsc70, Hspa8, Hspa10, Hsp73) is a member of the heat shock protein 70 kDa family of molecular chaperones. These chaperones function to aid the correct folding of client proteins using an ATP-dependent mechanism. Though Hsc70 is accepted to be a constitutively expressed protein, it has a well-documented function in modulating the induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα by the LPS/TLR4 pathway. In this work we attempt to identify protein clients of Hsc70 to gain insight into those which may be responsible for this regulatory effect. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the absence or presence of 1 μg/mL LPS for 0 to 24 hours. Herein we describe of a large number of newly-categorized Hsc70 clients using immunoprecipitation and nanoLC-MS/MS and we validate several novel Hsc70/client interactions using co-immunoprecipitation. After performing immunoprecipitation using a commercially available antibody, eluted fractions were proteolytically digested either immediately after immunoprecipitation or after separation by SDS-PAGE and sequence analyzed using nanoLC-MS/MS with a Q-Exactive Plus triple-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometer. Using these methods, 292 total unique protein hits were identified with high confidence; 34 of which were only detected in LPS-treated cells.
Insomnia, Health, and Health-related Quality of Life in an Urban Clinic Sample of People Living with HIV/AIDS.

Insomnia is a prevalent and interfering comorbidity of HIV infection. Nearly 70% of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) experience symptoms of insomnia and associated distress. The current study ex...
Evaluation of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability variations with depth from surface voltage measurements

Measurements of alternating current potential drop at the surface of a conductor can be predicted based on knowledge of the electromagnetic material properties of the conductor and their variation ...
A revised representation of ruminal pH and digestive reparameterization of the Molly cow model

Ruminal pH is a critical factor to regulate nutrient degradation and fermentation. However, it has been poorly predicted in the Molly cow model, and recent improvements in the representation of nitrogen cycling across the rumen wall altered some of the modeled responses to feed nutrients, resulting in some model bias. The objectives of this study were to further improve the representation of pH and to refit parameters related to ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion in the model to resolve this bias, and to use the improved model to estimate nitrogen and energy fluxes with varying rumen-degradable protein (RDP; 40 vs. 60%) and ruminally degraded starch (RDSt; 50 vs. 75%). A meta data set containing 284 peer reviewed studies with 1,223 treatment means was used to derive parameter estimates for ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestions. Refitting the parameters significantly improved the accuracy and precision of the model predictions for ruminal nutrient outflow [acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total N, microbial N, nonammonia N, and nonammonia nonmicrobial N], ammonia and blood urea concentrations, and fecal nutrient outflow (protein, ADF, and NDF). The prediction error for body weight was decreased from 19.3 to 6.2% with decreased mean bias (from 76.0 to 11.5%) and slope bias (from 17.2 to 7.7%), primarily due to improved representations of ruminal dry matter and liquid pool size. Adding ammonia concentration as a driver to the pH equation increased the precision of predicted ruminal pH and, thereby, the precision of predicted volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, due to improved representation of pH regulation of VFA production rates. Although minor mean and slope bias were observed for ruminal pH and VFA concentrations, the concordance correlation coefficients indicated that much of the observed variation in these variables remains unexplained. Overall, the biological functions of nutrient degradation and digestion appear to be represented without bias. Simulated results indicated that decreasing RDP and RDSt proportions in an isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet can slightly improve N efficiency, and increasing RDSt proportions can increase energy efficiency.
Examining perceptual luminance uniformity of simulated luminaire patterns

Luminaire luminance uniformity is an important aspect that can affect perceived lighting quality, discomfort glare, and efficacy. While several metrics have been proposed to characterize luminance uniformity, previous studies have shown that current metrics such as Max:Min or Avg:Min luminance ratios can be insensitive to important differences in luminance gradient that may affect perceived uniformity. In an attempt to resolve this issue, previous studies incorporated a contrast sensitivity function for the human eye based on spatial frequency, such as in the recently proposed UHVS metric; however, this metric has not been comprehensively studied in relation to perceived uniformity ratings. The study presented in this paper aimed to examine the relationship between UHVS and perceived uniformity ratings. Specifically, simulated luminance patterns were presented, and participants were asked to assess uniformity using a twoalternative forced-choice procedure. The results of 94 participants’ evaluations showed a significant correlation between UHVS and perceived uniformity. However, comparisons between patterns that had similar UHVS sometimes resulted in statistically different ratings and comparisons between patterns that had larger differences in UHVS sometimes did not result in a statistically significant difference in ratings. These results suggest that UHVS might be used for general guidance but may warrant further studies to better understand its sensitivity and improve its alignment with perceived uniformity ratings.
Prior-Independent Auctions for the Demand Side of Federated Learning

Federated learning (FL) is a paradigm that allows distributed clients to learn a shared machine learning model without sharing their sensitive training data. While largely decentralized, FL requires resources to fund a central orchestrator or to reimburse contributors of datasets to incentivize participation. Inspired by insights from prior-independent auction design, we propose a mechanism, FIPIA (Federated Incentive Payments via Prior-Independent Auctions), to collect monetary contributions from self-interested clients. The mechanism operates in the semi-honest trust model and works even if clients have a heterogeneous interest in receiving high-quality models, and the server does not know the clients' level of interest. We run experiments on the MNIST, FashionMNIST, and CIFAR-10 datasets to test clients' model quality under FIPIA and FIPIA's incentive properties.
Few-Shot Learning for Image Classification of Common Flora.

The use of meta-learning and transfer learning in the task of few-shot image classification is a well researched area with many papers showcasing the advantages of transfer learning over meta-learning in cases where data is plentiful and there is no major limitations to computational resources. In this paper we will showcase our experimental results from testing various state-of-the-art transfer learning weights and architectures versus similar state-of-the-art works in the meta-learning field for image classification utilizing Model-Agnostic Meta Learning (MAML). Our results show that both practices provide adequate performance when the dataset is sufficiently large, but that they both also struggle when data sparsity is introduced to maintain sufficient performance. This problem is moderately reduced with the use of image augmentation and the fine-tuning of hyperparameters. In this paper we will discuss: (1) our process of developing a robust multi-class convolutional neural network (CNN) for the task of few-shot image classification, (2) demonstrate that transfer learning is the superior method of helping create an image classification model when the dataset is large and (3) that MAML outperforms transfer learning in the case where data is very limited. The code is available here: this http URL
Class A scavenger receptor-1/2 facilitates the uptake of bovine milk exosomes in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and C57BL/6J mice.

Bovine milk exosomes (BMEs) are being explored in drug delivery despite their rapid elimination by macrophages. We aimed at identifying the BME transporter in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages...
A Geospatial La Sfera: Navigating the Renaissance in the Mediterranean

This paper presents the current status and challenges of the La Sfera Project, a collaborative effort to transcribe, translate, and create a digital interface for Gregorio Dati's early 15th century treatise La sfera (The Globe). The treatise's survival in over 150 manuscript copies, many of them illustrated, provides a rich corpus for spatial analysis, but also presents numerous challenges, among them: how can we create a nimble digital interface showcasing the work's unique combination of text, maps, and images? How can digital techniques document vague, anachronistic, or imaginary places? How can we make the interface user-friendly while respecting each manuscript's idiosyncrasies of labeling, orthography, and visual representation? While researchers are increasingly interested in understanding how geographical knowledge and cartography developed in and around the Mediterranean in the 14th and 15th centuries, few reference resources exist which summarize that knowledge or help scholars identify toponym variants. Dati's treatise is unique in how it spans the practical world of cartography (specifically, the history of portolan charts) and the more impressionistic world of travel literature (such as the works of Marco Polo or Ibn Battutah). The La Sfera Project will thus create a multifunction, multimedia interface that can be used both for reference purposes and for teaching---presenting Dati's integrated world of cosmology, geography, and cartography using visual, textual, and spatial data.
Co-occurring mental disorders in treatment admissions for substance use disorders in Maryland

Background Although the association between mental health and substance use is well documented, the recent mandate by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to better integrate prevention, treatment, and recovery efforts for both conditions challenges state governments to identify and utilize data to evaluate individuals with co-occurring conditions. At the individual level, it is imperative to understand if either or both disorders exist, as the symptoms of one influence the other. Additionally, treatment approaches vary depending upon the co-existence of substance use and mental health conditions. Population-level understanding of the prevalence of substance use and mental health conditions facilitates the best prioritization, development, and implementation of meaningful prevention and treatment initiatives. This study assesses the utility of Maryland’s substance use treatment admissions data to examine prevalence and trends of co-occurring mental disorders among individuals treated for substance use disorders.
Fatigue and Stress Effects in NbTi and Nb3Sn Multifilamentary Superconductors

Recent measurements have indicated a degradation of the critical current of NbTi [1] and Nb3Sn [2–6] multifilamentary composites under static tensile stress. In this paper these static stress results are summarized and preliminary measurements of the effects of cyclic stress on the critical current, mechanical strength, and stability of these superconductors are reported.
Neural network based estimation of power electronic waves

Artificial neural network techniques are indicating a lot of promise for application in power electronic systems. So far, these applications are mainly confined in the control identification and diagnostic problems, but the application in estimation is fairly new. The paper explores the application of neural network for estimation of power electronic waveforms. The distorted line current waves in single-phase thyristor AC controller and three-phase diode rectifier that feeds an inverter-machine load have been taken into consideration and neural networks have been trained to estimate the total RMS current, fundamental RMS current, displacement factor and power factor. The performance of the neural network based estimators has been compared with the actual values, and indicate excellent performance. Neural network based estimation has the usual advantages of very fast and simultaneous response of all the outputs, noise and fault-tolerant performance, and can be easily implemented in dedicated analog or digital hardware chips which can co-exist with DSP and/or ASIC chips. The estimation techniques can be extended to more complex waveforms in power electronics.
Perceptions of cancer patients and their physicians involved in phase I trials.

PURPOSEIn an attempt to understand some of the complex issues related to the participation of cancer patients in phase I trials, and the perceptions of patients toward these trials, we conducted a pilot survey study of 30 cancer patients who had given informed consent to participate in a phase I trial at our institution. Concurrently, the oncologists identified by the surveyed patients as responsible for their care were surveyed as well.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty-seven of 30 consecutive patients agreed to and completed the survey. Patients were surveyed before they received any investigational agents. Eighteen oncologists participated in this survey study.RESULTSEighty-five percent of patients decided to participate in a phase I trial for reasons of possible therapeutic benefit, 11% because of advice/trust of physicians, and 4% because of family pressures. Ninety-three percent said that they understood all (33%) or most (60%) of the information provided about the trials in which they had decided to partic...