cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CULTURE STUDIES ON THE MARINE GREEN ALGA HALICYSTIS PARVULA—DERBESIA TENUISSIMA. II. SYNCHRONY AND PERIODICITY IN GAMETE FORMATION AND RELEASE

A B S T R A C T Unialgal cultures of the macroscopic, vesicular, coenocytic gametophyte (Halicystis parvula Schmitz) of Derbesia tenuissima (DeNotaris) Crouan fr. were grown under various environmental regimes to elucidate the cytology of gamete formation and the factors controlling synchronous gamete formation and release. No synchrony of nuclear division was observed in vegetative plants or during the early stages of gamete formation. In the later stages of gamete formation in plants in a light-dark cycle, nuclear divisions within any gametangium were synchronous, and the stages of gamete formation were synchronous for the population. This synchrony was not as great for plants in continuous light. Gametes of plants in a light-dark cycle were released explosively immediately following the dark-to-light transition. Release was random and much less forceful for plants in continuous light. After a certain stage of gamete formation, gamete release was timed to occur after a particular interval of darkness, but release could be triggered by light during the last portion of this interval. The length of the dark interval was shorter for male plants than for females, but the period of light sensitivity was longer for females. Formation of gametangia by series of isolated plants was also synchronous and sometimes periodic under certain conditions. Intervals between gametangia on the same plant varied from 2 to 14 days but were usually 4 or 5 days (unlike plants in nature, which show a bi- or tri-weekly periodicity). Male and female plants did not differ in synchrony or periodicity. Different media affected the number of gametangia formed over a period of time but not the synchrony of formation. Under some conditions changing the medium had a stimulating or synchronizing effect. Non-repeated temperature changes also synchronized gamete formation. Optimum temperature for continued gamete formation was about 21 C. Regular daily light and temperature variation together maintained synchronous and periodic gamete formation in populations of isolated plants. Reproduction diminished and became less synchronous at constant temperature either in continuous light or under a light-dark schedule, although in the light-dark regime steps in the formation of any given gametangium remained synchronous with the light-dark cycle. Length of times between gametangial formation on individual plants showed a tendency to occur in multiples of the usual period lengths; e.g., plants sometimes tend to "skip" intervals, thus maintaining the synchrony of the population. These results suggest that interaction between daily environmental cycles and an endogenous physiological cycle may maintain periolic reproduction.
Self-archiving and the Copyright Transfer Agreements of ISI-ranked library and information science journals

A study of Thomson-Scientific ISI ranked Library and Information Science (LIS) journals (n = 52) is reported. The study examined the stances of publishers as expressed in the Copyright Transfer Agreements (CTAs) of the journals toward self-archiving, the practice of depositing digital copies of one's works in an Open Archives Initiative (OAI)-compliant open access repository. Sixty-two percent (32) do not make their CTAs available on the open Web; 38p (20) do. Of the 38p that do make CTAs available, two are open access journals. Of the 62p that do not have a publicly available CTA, 40p are silent about self-archiving. Even among the 20 journal CTAs publicly available there is a high level of ambiguity. Closer examination augmented by publisher policy documents on copyright, self-archiving, and instructions to authors reveals that only five, 10p of the ISI-ranked LIS journals in the study, actually prohibit self-archiving by publisher rule. Copyright is a moving target, but publishers appear to be acknowledging that copyright and open access can co-exist in scholarly journal publishing. The ambivalence of LIS journal publishers provides unique opportunities to members of the community. Authors can self-archive in open access archives. A society-led, global scholarly communication consortium can engage in the strategic building of the LIS information commons. Aggregating OAI-compliant archives and developing disciplinary-specific library services for an LIS commons has the potential to increase the field's research impact and visibility. It may also ameliorate its own scholarly communication and publishing systems and serve as a model for others. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stacked Si MOSFET strategies for microwave and Mm-wave power amplifiers

In order to increase voltage handling capability of Si digital FETs in power amplifier circuits, an increasingly popular strategy is to use series connections of multiple devices which share the same drain current. This approach has led to amplifiers at cell-phone frequencies that achieve watt-level output powers with good efficiency, linearity and extended bandwidth. It has also been shown to work effectively at mm-wave frequencies up to 90GHz, and in wideband amplifiers with bandwidths up to 50GHz. This presentation reviews progress and challenges of the stacked MOSFET approach. Issues associated with maintaining proper alignment of current and voltage as one moves up through the stack are highlighted.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism for Child Neurology Residents

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are individually rare, but collectively common, and impose a burden on affected individuals, their families and society that is disproportionate to their individual incidence and prevalence. Child neurologists should be able to recognize the possibility of an IEM as the cause of their patients' symptoms and signs, and utilize online and print resources to initiate an appropriate work up and referrals. The foundation of this knowledge is an understanding of the mechanisms of IEMs, coupled with a practical classification of the relevant diseases, and knowledge of the resources available to make diagnoses and devise treatment plans. They should also be prepared to manage affected children as part of a multidisciplinary team that draws on the skills of other professionals and community organizations. Because of rapid advances in diagnostic technology and the improving survival of children with IEMs, all child neurologists should anticipate caring for children and families with IEMs, and must acquire the ability to diagnose and manage these disorders as part of their residency training, recognizing that maintenance of this competence requires a commitment to life-long learning.
Stature estimated from knee height in elderly Japanese Americans.

Objective: To validate the use of knee-height-to-stature formulas established on Caucasian subjects to estimate height of Japanese-Americans, ages 60 to 90 years. Design: Survey by measurement of a convenience sample. Subjects: Japanese-American men and women patients, aged 60 years or older, at The Queen's Medical Center during March and April 1992. Measurements: Each subject's height (without shoes) was measured in inches by standard height scale and then converted to centimeters. Each subject's knee height was measured using the tool and procedure described by Chumlea et al (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985; 33:116–120). Results: Statures of Japanese-American men and women predicted by the regression models developed on the Hawaii sample were significantly different (P < 0.0001) from the heights predicted by the Caucasian regression model developed by Chumlea and associates (1985). Conclusions: The statistical models specific to elderly Japanese Americans predicted more precise height approximation than models developed on Caucasians.
Damped EMI Filters for Switching Regulators

The phenomenon of open-loop instability between the powerline EMI filter and the switching-regulator power supply is investigated [1]. As a first step to the filter-design problem, simple modifications are made to the filter chosen from EMI considerations alone to assure stability as well.
A method for quantitative determination of phosphonate phosphorus in the presence of organic anc inorganic phosphates.

Abstract A method for quantitative estimation of the phosphate present in compounds containing a carbon-phosphorus bond is described. Two phosphorus assays are employed. One assay is for total phosphate, which can be determined by digesting with perchloric acid or ashing with Mg (NO 3 ) 2 . The other assay is for total nonphosphonate phosphorus, which can be determined by controlled digestion in H 2 SO 4 . The difference between total phosphate and the phosphate determined by controlled H 2 SO 4 hydrolysis represents the amount of phosphorus present in a carbon-phosphorus linkage.
Simulation of contaminant flow in a laboratory-scale porous system

The microscopic movement of contaminants in a porous medium has been simulated in an experiment. The approach has been to study the microscale transport processes using a novel nonintrusive fluorescence imaging technique developed in our laboratories. The system studied consists of a packed porous column with a refractive index-matched fluid seeded with fluorescent tracer particles (for flow measurements) or an organic dye (for contaminant concentration measurements). Microscopic measurements of contaminant concentration, contaminant velocity, and pore geometry were obtained in a full three-dimensional volume of the test section at a good accuracy and a high resolution. Three dimensional plots of these measurements show the complex geometry of the porous medium. It is also seen that near the contaminant front there is a significant correlation between the flow and the contaminant concentration. The goal is to use these and future results toward better understanding of contaminant flow and transport through natural porous media.
Synaptic Organization of the Frog Retina: An Electron Microscopic Analysis Comparing the Retinas of Frogs and Primates

The synaptic contacts in the inner and outer plexiform layers of the frog retina have been identified and studied by electron microscopy. In the inner plexiform layer, two types of synaptic contact were recognized. One type, believed to be the synaptic contact of the bipolar terminals, is characterized by a synaptic ribbon in the presynaptic cytoplasm. At such ribbon contacts, there are ordinarily two postsynaptic elements, both of which usually contain numerous synaptic vesicles and appear morphologically identical. The second type of synaptic contact in the inner plexiform layer has a more conventional morphology and is observed very much more frequently than are the ribbon contacts. It is characterized by a dense aggregation of synaptic vesicles clustered close to the presynaptic membrane and is thought to be the synaptic contact of the amacrine processes. The conventional synapses are presynaptic to ribbon-containing processes, ganglion cell dendrites, and other amacrine cell processes. Reciprocal contacts between processes making ribbon synapses, and processes making conventional synapses are often observed. Serial synapses between morphologically identical processes, presumably amacrine processes, are frequently seen; and up to four synapses in series between five adjacent processes have been observed. These findings suggest that in the inner plexiform layer of the frog: (1) bipolar terminals synapse primarily with amacrine processes; (2) amacrine processes synapse extensively with the processes of other amacrine cells; and (3) ganglion cells are driven primarily by the amacrine cells. In the outer plexiform layer, processes penetrate into invaginations in the bases of the receptor terminals and lie in close proximity to the synaptic ribbons of the terminals, where the processes presumably receive synaptic input from the receptors. Elsewhere in the outer plexiform layer, knob-like processes, probably from horizontal cells, make conventional synaptic contacts with other horizontal cell processes and probably with bipolar dendrites.
Full information and full control in a behavioral setting

Abstract In this paper, the concepts of Full Information and Full Control which arise in standard H ∞ and H 2 control theory are extended to the behavioral framework. It is shown that the behavioral definitions are more fundamental than those given for the standard input/output case; in particular, the concept of state is not required and no a priori partition of the system variables into inputs and outputs needs to be performed. The interpretation of Full Information is to be able to reconstruct the error and disturbance variables from the control variables. The interpretation of Full Control is to be able to fully affect all the equations involving the error and the disturbance variables.
Quantitative analysis of physostigmine-induced changes in behavior

This paper reports the use of an RF capacitance field transducer and spectral analysis to examine the effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine on the behavior of unrestrained rats. The technique is shown to permit simultaneous quantification of changes in a variety of motor behaviors. Physostigmine induced a dose-related increase in high-frequency movements and reduced low-frequency movements, but had no effect upon habituation of five to ten Hz movements which occurred with continuous exposure to the testing apparatus.
Deep Ocean Measurements of Gravity

A group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in partnership with industrial sponsors (primarily StatoilHydro), has developed instrumentation over the past decade that provides new capabilities for deep ocean gravity measurements. The instrument is based on the commercially available Scintrex CG5 quartz spring sensor. We have packaged that sensor in a compact gimbal frame and housed it in a deep ocean pressure case. We have deployed the sensor in two different modes. In the first, we make repeated campaign observations at stationary positions on the seafloor with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to monitor changes with time in reservoir density associated with production. In the second, we mount the instrument in an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to facilitate exploratory surveys in the deep ocean, closer to the source than could be experienced with ocean surface observations. The stationary time-lapse surveys have been underway for several years now and we have achieved a precision of about 3 microGal (3 × 10 m/s). In a recent experiment we tested the AUV concept for the first time. Initial results are promising and we expect that with continued effort we should achieve sub-milliGal precision in AUV gravity surveys.
Cd2+ as a Ca2+ Surrogate in Protein–Membrane Interactions: Isostructural but Not Isofunctional

Due to its favorable spectroscopic properties, Cd(2+) is frequently used as a probe of Ca(2+) sites in proteins. We investigate the ability of Cd(2+) to act as a structural and functional surrogate of Ca(2+) in protein-membrane interactions. C2 domain from protein kinase Cα (C2α) was chosen as a paradigm for the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatidylserine-binding peripheral membrane domains. We identified the Cd(2+)-binding sites of C2α using NMR spectroscopy, determined the 1.6 A crystal structure of Cd(2+)-bound C2α, and characterized metal-ion-dependent interactions between C2α and phospholipid membranes using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation experiments. We show that Cd(2+) forms a tight complex with the membrane-binding loops of C2α but is unable to support its membrane-binding function. This is in sharp contrast with Pb(2+), which is almost as effective as Ca(2+) in driving the C2α-membrane association process. Our results provide the first direct evidence for the specific role of divalent metal ions in mediating protein-membrane interactions, have important implications for metal substitution studies in proteins, and illustrate the potential diversity of functional responses caused by toxic metal ions.
APOGEE: automated project grading and instant feedback system for web based computing

Providing consistent, instant, and detailed feedback to students has been a great challenge in teaching Web based computing. We present the prototype of an automated grading system called ProtoAPOGEE for enriching students' learning experience and elevating faculty productivity. Unlike other automated graders used in introductory programming classes, ProtoAPOGEE emphasizes the examination of quality attributes of student project submissions, in addition to the basic functionality requirements. The tool is able to generate step by step play-back guidance for failed test cases, hence providing informative feedback to help students make reflective and iterative improvements in learning.
Democratisation and Ethnic Conflict: The Kin Connection

. This article posits that individuation is a determining factor in making democratisation efforts workable or, where it is absent, ethnic conflict likely. Somalia serves as a case study. Since the Somali state has not been able to secure individuals' social welfare or their futures, citizens use genealogies, which chart trustworthiness, to construct social welfare safety-nets. There is also a moral dimension to genealogy. This is quite different from what occurs in the democratic West, where the state has guaranteed individuals a significant measure of social welfare security over time, and where identity can be considered situational. I argue that under conditions of uncertainty, such as have existed in Somalia, identity is not at all situational, but is fixed and fixes individuals in ethnic groups. The push to democratise can then lead to armed ethnic conflict.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND TIME COURSE OF MITOSIS IN THE FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM

Mitosis in Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. was studied by light and electron microscopy. The average times required for the stages of mitosis, as determined from measurements made on living nuclei, were as follows: prophase, 70 sec; metaphase, 120 sec; anaphase, 13 sec; and telophase, 125 sec, for a total of 5.5 min. New postfixation procedures were developed specifically to preserve the fine-structure of the mitotic apparatus. Electron microscopy of mitotic nuclei revealed a fibrillo-granular, extranuclear Spindle Pole Body (SPB) at each pole of the intranuclear, microtubular spindles. Metaphase chromosomes were attached to spindle microtubules via kinetochores, which were found near the spindle poles at telophase. The still-intact, original nuclear envelope constricted around the incipient daughter nuclei during telophase.
Growth changes in internal and craniofacial flexion measurements.

Growth changes in both internal and craniofacial flexion angles are presented for Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and modern humans. The internal flexion angle (IFA) was measured from lateral radiographs, and the craniofacial flexion angle (CFA) was calculated from coordinate data. Stage of dental development is used as a baseline for examination of growth changes and nonparametric correlations between flexion angles and dental development stage are tested for significance. In Gorilla, the IFA increases during growth. The IFA is relatively stable in Pan and modern humans. Pan and Gorilla display an increase in the CFA. However, this angle decreases during growth in modern humans. Flexion angles were derived from coordinate data collected for several early hominid crania. Measurements for two robust australopithecine crania indicate strong internal flexion. It has been suggested that cerebellar expansion in this group may relate to derived features of the posterior cranial base. In general, australopithecine crania exhibit craniofacial flexion intermediate between great apes and modern humans. The "archaic" Homo sapiens specimen from Kabwe is most similar to modern humans.
MFG-E8 Regulates Microglial Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neurons

Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism for clearance of pathogens, dying cells, and other unwanted debris in order to maintain tissue health in the body. Macrophages execute this process in the peripheral immune system but in the brain microglia act as resident macrophages to accomplish this function. In the peripheral immune system, macrophages secrete Milk Fat Globule Factor-E8 (MFG-E8) that recognizes phosphatidylserine “eat me” signals expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells. MFG-E8 then acts as a tether to attach the apoptotic cell to the macrophage and trigger a signaling cascade that stimulates the phagocyte development, allowing the macrophage to engulf the dying cell. When this process becomes disrupted, inflammation and autoimmunity can result. MFG-E8 resides in the brain as well as in the periphery, and microglia express MFG-E8. However, the function of MFG-E8 in the brain has not been elucidated. We measured MFG-E8 production in the BV-2 microglial cell line and the role of this protein in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. BV-2 cells produced and released MFG-E8, which apoptotic SY5Y cells and the chemokine fractalkine further stimulated. Furthermore, MFG-E8 increased phagocytosis of apoptotic SY5Y cells, and a dominant negative form of MFG-E8 inhibited phagocytosis by BV-2 cells. Finally, brain MFG-E8 levels were altered in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Our data suggest that MFG-E8 acts in the brain via microglia to aid in clearance of apoptotic neurons, and we hypothesize that a dysregulation of this process may be involved in neurodegenerative disease.
The relationship between ATP and an electrogenic pump in the plasma membrane of Neurospora crassa

Sudden respiratory blockade has been used to study rapid changes of the resting membrane potential, of intracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) levels, and of pyridine nucleotide reduction inNeurospora crassa. Membrane depolarization occurs with a first-order rate constant of 0.167 sec−1, following a lag period of about 4 sec, at 24°C (ambient temperature). This depolarization is several-fold too slow to be directly linked to electron transfer, as judged from the rate of pyridine nucleotide reduction, but has essentially the same rate constant as the decay of ATP. The latter process, however, shows no lag period after the respiratory inhibitor is introduced. Plots of membrane potential versus the intracellular ATP concentration yield saturation curves which are readily fitted by a Michaelis equation, to which is added a constant term representing the diffusion component of membrane potential. Parameters obtained from such fits indicate the maximal voltage which the pump can develop at high ATP levels to be 300 to 350 mV, with an apparentK 1/2 of 2.0mm. The data strongly suggest that an electrogenic ion pump in the plasma membrane ofNeurospora is fueled by ATP; comparison of the measured membrane potentials with the energy available from hydrolysis of ATP indicates that two ions could be pumped for each molecule of ATP split.
High blood pressure: the leading global burden of disease risk factor and the need for worldwide prevention programs.

It has been long recognized that hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality.(1) Traditionally, a high burden of hypertension and its adverse consequences has been mistakenly thought to be an affliction of only economically developed countries.(2) However, studies over the past two decades have reported the majority of people in many economically developing countries have blood pressure above the levels considered optimal with a high prevalence of hypertension present.(3–5) Although a high prevalence of hypertension in all world regions has been previously reported, a recent publication from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study has placed a renewed focus on the heavy toll high blood pressure is having in all regions of the world.(6,7)
Evaporation induced self assembly and rheology change during sol-gel coating

Thin films with self-assembled nanostructures are important in applications such as catalysis and biosensor technology. A major technique used to prepare such films is sol-gel processing. This technique involves depositing a complex fluid on a substrate by dip, spin, or spray coating, followed by allowing the film to evaporate and form self-assembled nanostructures. Since the composition of the film during coating is central to understanding how changing chemical and physical conditions affect the properties and microstructures of the films, we investigate the rheological properties of the entrained fluid film and its subsequent impact on the steady state film thickness during the evaporation-induced self-assembly process. We perform systematic experiments to measure the meniscus shape and film thickness during sol-gel dip coating. We observe that the experimental data of film thickness lie way below the Landau-Levich-Derjaguin prediction from the classic film-coating results. To explain this discrepancy, we present a thin film model based on the lubrication approximation with an evaporation effect. Our results show that evaporation-induced self-assembly leads to rheological variations in the entrained film and, consequently, alters the film thickness. The predicted film thickness based on the evaporation-induced rheology variation model compares well with the experiments.
Brief paper: Decentralized cooperative control of multiple nonholonomic dynamic systems with uncertainty

This paper considers feedback control of a group of nonholonomic dynamic systems with uncertainty. Decentralized cooperative controllers are proposed with the aid of Lyapunov techniques, results of graph theory, and backstepping techniques. Robustness of the control laws with respect to communication delays is analyzed. An application of the proposed results is discussed. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
Effects of Ageing and Physical Training on the Peripheral Sweat Production of the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland

Epidemiological studies suggest that thermoregulatory function declines with ageing. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to examine the effects of physical training and ageing on the peripheral sweat rate of the human sweat gland. Maximum oxygen uptake and peripheral sweat rate (pilocarpine iontophoresis) were determined in 40 male volunteers (10 sedentary younger men, 10 endurance-trained younger men, 10 sedentary older men, and 10 endurance-trained older men). Maximum oxygen uptake and peripheral sweat rate were significantly (p less than 0.05) greater in the two endurance-trained groups compared to their sedentary counterparts. Furthermore, when matched for maximum oxygen uptake, younger and older men had similar mean peripheral sweat rate values. These results suggest that participation in lifelong aerobic exercise may retard the decrease in peripheral sweat production usually associated with ageing. Further work is needed, however, to determine if such changes can improve overall thermoregulatory function in elderly people.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities of the fetal and mature human cerebral cortex.

Summary: Phosphodiesterase activities were examined in the supernatant and pellet fractions of a 30,000 × g preparation of brain tissues from human fetuses and young adults. Differences in total activity and distribution of the high and low Km activity enzymes for adenosine and guanosinc 3‘,5’-monophosphate (cyclic AMP and cyclic GIMP, respectively) were found. The mature cortex had 10 times more activity than the fetal brain for cyclic AMP hydrolysis and 15–20 times more activity for cyclic GIMP hydrolysis. In the fetus, more activity for both nucleotides at both high and low concentrations is associated with the supernatant fraction. With maturity, a shift in localization of high Km activity for cyclic GMP and low Km activities for both nucleotides to the particulate fraction is observed. Michaelis constants for both mature and immature brains are similar. The Km values for cyclic AMP are 10-4 and 10-5 M and 10-4 and 10-6 M for cyclic GMP. The Vmax values differed by a factor of 10 between the high Km and the low Km forms for each substrate. Differences were observed betweeen the fetus and the adult when the hydrolysis of one nucleotide. in the presence of either nucleotide stimulated the hydrolysis of Low concentrations of either nucleotide was measured in the presence of varying amounts of the other nucleotide. Low concentrations of the other in the adult whereas, in the fetus, low concentrations of cyclic AMP inhibited cyclic GMP hydrolysis At higher concentrations of either nucleotide, the addition of the other over a wide range of concentrations resulted in inhibition which was exaggerated in fetus. Speculations: Differences in responsiveness to modulators observed between fetal and adult enzymes suggest the possiblity that these enzymes occur as isozymes. Substantiation of this possibility will require the separation of these enzymes in pure form.
Learning Through Collaboration and Competition: Incorporating Problem-Based Learning and Competition-Based Learning in a Capstone Course

This article discusses an innovative capstone course to prepare students to be more business-ready upon graduation. By combining aspects of problem-based learning (PBL) and competition-based learning (CBL), a new undergraduate course allows students to gain practical experience while applying classroom knowledge to real business problems. Students are organized into teams of three to five and act as “consultants” to local businesses. Student consultants then develop and present competing recommendations (similar to the television show The Apprentice) to high-level managers within the organizations. Benefits from this course accrue not only to students, but also to faculty members, area businesses, and the college. Details are provided to enable the course to be adopted in other undergraduate programs.
Hydrolysis of Soil Nitrogen by Strong Acids

NUMEROUS tests have been proposed for determining the “available” nitrogen in soils, but although they have proved successful under some conditions, they have not generally been reliable for predicting field crop response1–3. Most of these methods are based on the estimation of nitrogen which can be readily hydrolysed by dilute acids1 or mineralized by incubation over short periods of time3. It seems quite probable that nitrogen left in more resistant fractions of soil organic matter may also play a supporting part in supplying nitrogen that can be used by plants. Recent research at this Station indicates that more vigorous acid hydrolysis and extraction of soil releases considerable nitrogen from resistant organic complexes.
Kinetics of phage-mediated biocontrol of bacteria.

Abstract Bacteriophages (phages) are the viruses of bacteria. One subset of phages, those that can be described as obligately lytic, can effect an active phage therapy because their population growth occurs at the expense of bacterial survival. That is, phages can be employed to reduce bacterial loads—such as in animals preslaughter, in foods postharvest, or in humans postinfection—and in the process can actually increase what in pharmacological terms would be their antibacterial dose. This self-amplification may provide advantages if either antibacterial dosing or penetration to target bacteria is otherwise constrained. One situation in which these kinetic aspects of drug delivery may be constrained is in preslaughter treatment of food animals toward control of zoonotic pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle). In such treatment, the self-amplifying nature of phages may be harnessed, though potentially under time constraints. In this discursive I cover three areas. The first is semantic, wher...
Characterizing multi-click search behavior and the risks and opportunities of changing results during use

Although searchers often click on more than one result following a query, little is known about how they interact with search results after their first click. Using large scale query log analysis, we characterize what people do when they return to a result page after having visited an initial result. We find that the initial click provides insight into the searcher's subsequent behavior, with short initial dwell times suggesting more future interaction and later clicks occurring close in rank to the first. Although users think of a search result list as static, when people return to a result list following a click there is the opportunity for the list to change, potentially providing additional relevant content. Such change, however, can be confusing, leading to increased abandonment and slower subsequent clicks. We explore the risks and opportunities of changing search results during use, observing, for example, that when results change above a user's initial click that user is less likely to find new content, whereas changes below correlate with increased subsequent interaction. Our results can be used to improve people's search experience during the course of a single query by seamlessly providing new, more relevant content as the user interacts with a search result page, helping them find what they are looking for without having to issue a new query.
Examination of judgments of drunkenness, binge drinking, and drunk-driving tendencies in teens with and without a family history of alcohol abuse.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined judgment processes of individuals with and without a family history of alcohol abuse. Despite the alarming statistics involving alcohol-related consequences in this population, very little is known about what judgment processes they use or how beneficial these processes are at preventing intoxication and alcohol-related consequences. METHODS: Participants were 270 individuals, 16-18 years old, screened on the basis of the history of family alcohol abuse. Individuals were asked to (1) make judgments of drunkenness in relation to the legal limits in response to factorially manipulated external cues on number of drinks, time taken to consume, and type of beverage, using the methodology of Jaccard and Turrisi (1987), and (2) answer several questions regarding their alcohol-related behaviors. RESULTS: Our results indicated that individuals with a positive family history of alcohol abuse were more likely to make judgmental errors and underestimate their drunkenness relative to individuals without a positive family history of alcohol abuse. Moreover, the errors in judgments were more pronounced in situations involving moderate to heavy alcohol consumption. Finally, family history was found to moderate the relationship between underestimation errors and drinking, and drinking and driving tendencies. For individuals with a positive family history of alcohol abuse, the more they tended to underestimate their drunkenness, the more likely they were to binge drink and drive after drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that judgmental errors tend to be an important process variable in the relationship between family history and alcohol-related behavioral tendencies. The findings are discussed with respect to potential behavioral antecedents (e.g., student binge drinking) and development of prevention programs geared toward training students to make more accurate judgments, using external cues.
Volume current method for modeling light scattering by inhomogeneously perturbed spheres

A volume current method (VCM) for calculating the optical scattering by inhomogeneous spheres is presented. The method is applicable to spheres having small refractive-index perturbations. In this method the internal and scattered fields are approximated with a separation-of-variables solution, in which each mode has its own effective-average refractive index. These fields generate an additional volume polarization current in the regions where the refractive index differs from the average refractive index of the sphere. The fields radiated by these polarization currents are then added to the approximate fields radiated by the unperturbed sphere. When they are tested with off-centered layered spheres, the fields calculated with the VCM compare well with those found with separation of variables so long as the changes in the refractive index are small. When the host sphere is near resonance and the perturbation is in a region where the resonant fields are large, the perturbations must be smaller than when the sphere is off resonance.
Significant effect of size on the in vivo biodistribution of gold composite nanodevices in mouse tumor models.

Abstract There is growing interest in developing tissue-specific multifunctional drug delivery systems with the ability to diagnose or treat several diseases. One class of such agents, composite nanodevices (CNDs), is multifunctional nanomaterials with several potential medical uses, including cancer imaging and therapy. Nanosized metal-dendrimer CNDs consist of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (in various sizes, surface substituents, and net charges) and inorganic nanoparticles, properties of both of which can be individually modified and optimized. In this study we examine effects of size and surface charge on the behavior of Au-dendrimer CNDs in mouse tumor models. Quantitative biodistribution and excretion analyses including 5-nm and 22-nm positive surface, 5-nm and 11-nm negative surface, and a 5-nm neutral surface CNDs were carried out in the B16 mouse melanoma tumor model system. Results seen with the 22-nm CND in the B16 melanoma model were corroborated in a prostate cancer mouse tumor model system. Quantitative in vivo studies confirm the importance of charge and show for the first time the importance of size in affecting CND biodistribution and excretion. Interestingly, CNDs of different size and/or surface charge had high levels of uptake (“selective targeting”) to certain organs without specific targeting moieties placed on their surfaces. We conclude that size and charge greatly affect biodistribution of CNDs. These findings have significance for the design of all particle-based nanodevices for medical uses. The observed organ selectivity may make these nanodevices exciting for several targeted medical applications.
Energy scaling in multi-tiered sensing systems through compressive sensing

High functional complexity is leading us towards new architectures for sensing systems. Multi-tiered design is one among the many emerging alternatives. Such architectures bring new opportunities for effective system-level power management. For instance, varying one/more tier-level parameters can provide substantial end-to-end energy scaling. In this paper, we review an existing approach that shows how one such parameter, namely data compression, can help us scale energy at the cost of algorithmic accuracy. The methodology is driven by a case study of inferring the onset of seizure events directly from compressively-sensed electroencephalograms. Results from an integrated circuit implementation have shown tier-level computational energy scaling in the range 1.2-214 μJ depending on the amount of compression (2-24×) and inference accuracy (sensitivity, latency, and specificity of 91-96%, 4.7-5.3 sec., and 0.17-0.30 false-alarms/hr., respectively). The projections we make in this paper show that for similar systems, compressive sensing, through this approach, has the potential to prolong battery lives of all tiers by up to 5×.
Reduced Rates of Skeletal Remodeling Are Associated with Increased Bone Mineral Density During the Development of Peak Skeletal Mass

Two related studies were conducted to assess the associations between markers of skeletal modeling and remodeling in healthy children. Members of monozygotic twin pairs, aged 6-14, enrolled in a clinical trial of calcium supplementation, were studied at the end of the period of supplementation and for 3 years thereafter. Supplemented children had significantly higher rates of gain in bone mineral density (BMD) (+3% on average) during the period of supplementation accompanied by significantly lower concentrations of serum osteocalcin (OC, -15%). During postsupplement follow-up, both differences in BMD and OC disappeared. Black females, age matched to the baseline ages of the white children, had significantly lower serum concentrations of both OC and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) at all ages and higher BMDs. When stratified on serum TRAP concentrations, regardless of race, children with lower concentrations had significantly higher BMDs, and no racial differences were apparent. In regression models accounting for 70-80% of the variability in BMD in children, body size and TRAP, but not race, remained significantly associated with BMD. The skeletal advantages seen with calcium supplementation and black race appear to be associated with reduced rates of skeletal turnover. Given that markers of turnover during growth reflect both skeletal modeling and remodeling, and there is no apparent advantage to reduced skeletal modeling, it seems probable that reduced remodeling is the factor that accounts for the increases in bone mass.
A low frequency mosaicism for monosomy 21 in a live born female.

Monosomy 21, whether homogeneous or as a mosaicism, is very uncommon. We report here a 3-month-old white female with a low degree of monosomy 21 in the blood karyotype (6.5%, 110 cells counted) but not in the skin fibroblasts, which contained only the normal chromosome complement.
The Ohio Hospital for Epileptics—The first “epilepsy colony” in America

This review examines the planning, development, and course of the first established colony for epilepsy in the United States—The Ohio Hospital for Epileptics. The events leading to the development of the colony, its early course, and the people who were instrumental in its establishment and maintenance are reviewed. At approximately the same time as the development of the Ohio Hospital for Epileptics, eugenics was gaining momentum in America, which affected epilepsy deeply. How this movement influenced thinking and practice at the Ohio Hospital is also reviewed.
The Oceanic Ethnography of Margaret Mead

Margaret Mead did fieldwork in seven Oceanic societies: Samoa, Manus, Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli, Bali, and Iatmul. Several major concerns that characterize all of her ethnographic work are examined: her conviction that data must be useful; her experimentation with, and desire to improve, methods of ethnographic reportage; her focus on process and system; the importance of comparison; and the interplay between data and theory. Brief descriptions of each body of ethnographic material are provided, and special highlights of each are indicated. [Oceania, ethnography, Margaret Mead]
ASPIRIN INDUCED INHIBITION OF PLATELET LIPID PEROXIDATION

Platelet aggregation is accompanied by lipid peroxidation (LP) when agents such as N-ethyl malimide (NEM), thrombin or epinephrine are employed as aggregating agents. We have found that aspirin (ASA) inhibits lipid peroxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid, both in vitro and in vivo. Eight subjects were studied for 10 days after ingestion of 600 mg of ASA. Results of LP (μmoles malonaldehyde/109 platelets) were: Results demonstrate that LP was significantly reduced post ASA ingestion, and gradually returned to normal in 10 days. Concomitant platelet aggregation studies returned to normal after 4 days with epinephrine and by day 8 with thrombin. The inhibitory effect of ASA on platelet LP parallels its effect on aggregation but is a more sensitive index of the “aspirin defect” as it remains present for the entire life-span of the platelet. These findings suggest an interaction between ASA and platelet membrane sulhydryl groups in the mechanism of aggregation.
Magnesium activation of natural actomyosin atpase from horseshoe crab

Abstract 1. 1. Magnesium activates purified natural actomyosin ATPase from Limulus with two optima of activation: one in the μM range (1–5 μM Mg 2+ ) and the other in the mM range (5–10 mM Mg 2+ ). The two optima are apparent only when the KCl concentration is kept at 60 mM KCl or below; above this only the dilute solutions (μM) of Mg 2+ activate. 2. 2. Calcium also activates this system but only in the mM range (5–10 mM Ca 2+ ). Calcium activation is suppressed by Mg 2+ at all magnesium concentrations above 1 μM which were tested while calcium seems to suppress the activation by μM concentrations of Mg 2+ .
Biomaterials: Stable antifouling surfaces

Interfaces are central to the structures and processes that support life. Molecular assembly provides new capabilities for controlling biomolecular interactions at materials surfaces.
The Product of Two Reflections

Every isometry is a product of at most three reflections (Theorem 5.6). So each isometry is of the form σl, σmσl or σrσmσl. In this section the case σmσl is examined. Since a reflection is an involution, we know σlσl = l for any line l. Thus we are concerned with the product of two reflections in distinct lines l and m. There are two cases: either l and m are parallel or else l and m intersect at a unique point. We shall show first that if l and m are parallel lines then the product σmσl is the translation through twice the directed distance from l to m.
DNA damage response is suppressed by the high cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity in mitotic mammalian cells.

DNA damage response (DDR) is vital for genomic stability, and its deficiency is linked to tumorigenesis. Extensive studies in interphase (G1-S-G2) mammalian cells have revealed the mechanisms of DDR in great detail; however, how mitotic cells respond to DNA damage remains less defined. We report here that a full DDR is suppressed in mitotic mammalian cells until telophase/cytokinesis. Although early DDR markers such as the phosphorylations of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and histone H2A.x (H2AX) can be readily detected, the ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF) formation of late DDR markers such as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) are absent until the telophase/cytokinesis stage. We further showed that the IR-induced ubiquitination cascade around DNA damage sites did not occur in mitotic cells, which explains, at least in part, why BRCA1 and 53BP1 cannot be recruited to the damaged sites. These observations indicate that DDR is suppressed in mitotic cells after the step of γH2AX formation. Not surprisingly, we found that the absence of a full DDR in mitotic cells was associated with the high cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activities. More 53BP1 IRIF could be detected when the irradiated mitotic cells were treated with a CDK1 inhibitor. Further, the activation of CDK5 in interphase cells impedes the formation of 53BP1 IRIF. Together, these results suggest that the DDR is suppressed by the high CDK1 activity in mitotic mammalian cells.
Blogs Are Echo Chambers: Blogs Are Echo Chambers

In the last decade, blogs have exploded in number, popularity and scope. However, many commentators and researchers speculate that blogs isolate readers in echo chambers, cutting them off from dissenting opinions. Our empirical paper tests this hypothesis. Using a hand-coded sample of over 1,000 comments from 33 of the worlds top blogs, we (nd that agreement outnumbers disagreement in blog comments by more than 3 to 1. However, this ratio depends heavily on a blogs genre, varying between 2 to 1 and 9 to 1. Using these hand-coded blog comments as input, we also show that natural language processing techniques can identify the linguistic markers of agreement. We conclude by applying our empirical and algorithmic (ndings to practical implications for blogs, and discuss the many questions raised by our work.