cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in hemolysates of human erythrocytes.

The synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate in hemolysates of erythrocytes previously depleted by 50% of the ester was dependent on substrates and regulators of the phosphoglycerate cycle. Glyceraldehyde-3-P, NAD+ and P1 stimulated synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate. 3-P-glycerate increased synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate by stimulating diphosphoglycerate mutase (EC 2.7.5.4) and not by reaction with phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3), as physiological levels of ATP (1 mM) did not increase diphosphoglycerate synthesis. Pyruvate and bicarbonate also stimulated synthesis. The pH optimum for synthesis from glyceraldehyde-3-P was 8.2. ADP and AMP reduced the synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate from glyceraldehyde-3-P and produced quantities of lactate equivalent to he change in 2,3-P2-glycerate. Diphosphoglycerate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.13) was inactive in the hemolysates but could be activated with NaHSO3. The enzyme was weakly active in fresh erythrocytes and did not become activated during storage of erythrocytes for 2 weeks at 4°. Simultaneously, the rate of synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate fell progressively to 50%. Extracts of stored erythrocytes in which ADP and AMP increased with storage time increasingly inhibited the synthesis of 2,3-P2-glycerate by hemolysates of fresh erythrocytes. The data suggest that the decline in amounts of 2,3-P2-glycerate in erythrocytes stored at 4° is due to a significant extent to a reduction in rate of synthesis. This is due in part to an accumulation of adenine nucleotides.
Cojectivity and the human sciences

In the following pages, and hopefully as a contribution to the philosophy ofperson, I shall try to: (1) explore the notions of object and subject, and show briefly how these have been presupposed by, and have been articulated through, certain theories ofperson; (2) suggest an argument for the overlap of object and subject as the ground for a discussion of feeling and experiencing; (3) offer a neologism,coject, and its derivatives,cojective andcojectivity, as a new and fertile ground for the reconstruction of the present social sciences as human sciences. These steps are taken in the main attempt to lay a further basis for the exploration, investigation, description, and analysis ofperson through the methods of the human sciences.
Stability and Activation of Glutamate Apodecarboxylase from Pig Brain

The stability and activation of glutamate apodecarboxylase was studied with three forms of the enzyme from pig brain (referred to as the alpha, beta, and gamma forms). Apoenzyme was prepared by incubating the holoenzyme with aspartate followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. Apoenzyme was much less stable than holoenzyme to inactivation by heat (for beta-glutamate decarboxylase (beta-GAD) at 30 degrees C, t1/2 values of apo- and holoenzyme were 17 and greater than 100 min). ATP protected holoenzyme and apoenzyme against heat inactivation. The kinetics of reactivation of apoenzyme by pyridoxal-P was consistent with a two-step mechanism comprised of a rapid, reversible association of the cofactor with apoenzyme followed by a slow conversion of the complex to active holoenzyme. The reactivation rate constant (kr) and apparent dissociation constant (KD) for the binding of pyridoxal-P to apoenzyme differed substantially among the forms (for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-GAD, kr = 0.032, 0.17, and 0.27 min-1, and KD = 0.014, 0.018, and 0.04 microM). ATP was a strong competitive inhibitor of activation (Ki = 0.45, 0.18, and 0.39 microM for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-GAD). In contrast, Pi stimulated activation at 1-5 mM but inhibited at much higher concentrations. The results suggest that ATP is important in stabilizing the apoenzyme in brain and that ATP, Pi, and other compounds regulate its activation.
Spin-glass nature of tweed precursors in martensitic transformations.

Many displacive solid-solid transformations, despite being first order, show pronounced precursor effects, such as the mesoscopic, micron-scale, ``tweed'' pattern seen in shape-memory alloys. We model this tweed theoretically using a nonlinear, nonlocal elastic free energy, and argue that quenched concentration inhomogeneities drive the local tweed modulations. We report (1) the construction of a model for {11}/〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}〉 shear transformations in square systems, (2) a simulation including concentration inhomogeneities, and (3) a mapping of the disordered 2D martensite onto an infinite-range spin model, identifying tweed with the spin-glass phase.
Color pattern recognition using multiple phase-shifted reference joint transform correlation

Optical joint transform correlation (JTC) technique has been proposed to be an efficient pattern recognition system. Color pattern recognition techniques utilize color of the target objects as additional feature to the spatial characteristics. A new optical JTC technique is developed for color pattern recognition employing the same reference image but with four different amounts of phase shift. A fringe-adjusted filter is also designed to enhance the discrimination between target and non-target objects. The proposed technique yields a very distinctive correlation output for color target detection. The simple architecture can easily be implemented using optical devices, which will provide a real-time pattern recognition decision. Performance of the proposed technique is investigated using computer simulation involving binary as well as gray images.
Documenting Lifestyle Medicine Activities

The release of the new practice guidelines for blood cholesterol in 2013 has placed an increased emphasis on the importance of lifestyle medicine to reduce cardiovascular risk. This may lead more patients and health care professions toward the adoption of lifestyle medicine practices. Documenting lifestyle medicine practices will soon emerge as an important component of the success of lifestyle medicine practices and ultimately patient outcomes. This article briefly discusses lifestyle medicine vital signs, charting lifestyle medicine, and the importance of electronic medical records in the communication of lifestyle medicine practices.
Reliability analysis of a single warm-standby system subject to repairable and nonrepairable failures

Abstract An n-unit system provisioned with a single warm standby is investigated. The individual units are subject to repairable failures, while the entire system is subject to a nonrepairable failure at some finite but random time in the future. System performance measures for systems observed over a time interval of random duration are introduced. Two models to compute these system performance measures, one employing a policy of block replacement, and the other without a block replacement policy, are developed. Distributional assumptions involving distributions of phase type introduce matrix Laplace transformations into the calculations of the performance measures. It is shown that these measures are easily carried out on a laptop computer using Microsoft Excel. A simple economic model is used to illustrate how the performance measures may be used to determine optimal economic design specifications for the warm standby.
Single-phase active power filters for multiple nonlinear loads

This paper presents active power filters for single-phase power systems which are comprised of multiple nonlinear loads. The paper provides background on the operation of the filter, the details of the power circuit, the details of the control design, representative waveforms, and spectral performance for a filter which supports a 384 W AC controller and a 900 W uncontrolled bridge rectifier. Experimental data indicate that the active filter typically consumes 3% or less of the average load power, suggesting that a parallel filter is an efficient compensation approach. The spectral performance shows that the active filter brings the system into compliance with IEC-555 for decision frequencies in excess of 30 kHz. A discussion is presented outlining an alternative single-phase active filter which uses two controllable switches and is based on a half-bridge topology. >
Proteomics in the chicken: tools for understanding immune responses to avian diseases

The entire chicken genome sequence will be available by the time this review is in press. Chickens will be the first production animal species to enter the "postgenomic era." This fundamental structural genomics achievement allows, for the first time, complete functional genomics approaches for understanding the molecular basis of chicken normo- and pathophysiology. The functional genomics paradigm, which contrasts with classical functional genetic investigations of one gene (or few) in isolation, is the systematic holistic genetic analyses of biological systems in defined contexts. Context-dependent gene interactions are the fundamental mechanics of all life. Functional genomics uses high-throughput large-scale experimental methods combined with statistical and computational analyses. Projects with expressed sequence tags in chickens have already allowed the creation of cDNA microarrays for large-scale context-dependant mRNA analysis (transcriptomics). However, proteins are the functional units of almost all biological processes, and protein expression very often bears no correlation to mRNA expression. Proteomics, a discipline within functional genomics, is the context-defined analysis of complete complements of proteins. Proteomics bridges the "sequence-to-phenotype gap;" it complements structural and other functional genomics approaches. Proteomics requires high capital investment but has ubiquitous biological applications. Although currently the fastest-growing human biomedical discipline, new paradigms may need to be established for production animal proteomics research. The prospective promise and potential pitfalls of using proteomics approaches to improve poultry pathogen control will be specifically highlighted. The first stage of our recently established proteomics program is global protein profiling to identify differentially expressed proteins in the context of the commercially important pathogens. Our trials and tribulations in establishing our proteomics program, as well some of our initial data to understand chicken immune system function, will be discussed.
Murine neuroblastoma clones with varying degrees of C-type virus expression.

Three tissue culture clones of neuroblastoma cells derived from the C-1300 tumor in strain A/J mice were found to contain type-C virus-specific gs antigen. None of the clones spontaneously released mousetropic type-C viruses although one clone, N-4, spontaneously released a xenotropic virus. Two clones, NB-2A and N-4, could be induced by treatment with 5-iododeoxyuridine and dexamethasone phosphate to produce B-tropic type-C virus, but clone N-18 failed to release either ecotropic or xenotropic virus under several different induction conditions. Karyotype analysis did not reveal specific chromosome deletions in clone N-18. Variations De L'expression Des Virus De Type C Dans Des Clones De Neuroblastome Murin Trois clones de cellules de neuroblastome provenant de la tumeur C-1300 des souris A/J maintenus en culture de tissu contenaient l'antigene gs specifique des virus de type C. Aucun d'eux ne liberait spontanement de virus de type C murinotropiques, mais le clone N-4 liberait spontanement un virus xenotropique. Apres un traitement a la 5-iododesoxyuridine et au phosphate de dexamethasone, deux clones, NB-2A et N-4, ont produit des virus B-tropiques, mais le clone N-18 n'a libere ni virus ecotropique ni virus xenotropique dans diverses conditions d'induction. L'analyse caryotypique n'a revele aucune deletion chromosomique specifique dans le clone N-18.
Knowledge of Health Insurance Terminology and Details Among the Uninsured

By 2014, uninsured adults will be eligible for health insurance through exchanges with multiple plan options. Choosing health insurance is challenging even for those who have engaged in the process previously. We examined 51 uninsured adults' health insurance knowledge and preferences through semistructured qualitative interviews. Our sample was predominantly low-income and African American. Most had little or no experience with health insurance terminology. Those with limited health literacy skills understood less than those with higher health literacy. Many confused related insurance concepts. Non-health contexts (e.g., car insurance) aided understanding. Premiums, fixed costs, and specific coverage were rated very important to insurance decisions. Our study was one of the first to examine uninsured individuals' health insurance knowledge and preferences. Uninsured individuals may have different information needs and preferences than those studied in previous research. Clear information and familiar non-health contexts can be important strategies when communicating about the exchanges.
The Coercivity - Remanence Tradeoff in Nanocrystalline Permanent Magnets

Abstract : The energy product (BH)(sub max) is a figure of merit quantifying the maximum amount of useful work that can be performed by the magnet. The energy product is determined by the magnetic remanence and the coercivity which, as extrinsic properties, are determined by the magnets' microstructure. Thus, in principle, magnetic material microstructures may be tailored to obtain defined parameters to produce optimal permanent magnets. However, as asserted by the eponymous Murphy, Nature favors the hidden flaw'. While there is still much undeveloped potential in nanomagnetic materials, with relevant length scales on the order of 100 A, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that maximum remanence and maximum coercivity are mutually exclusive in nanocrystalline magnetic materials. Diverse experimental and computational results obtained from nanocrystalline Nd2Fe14B-based magnets produced by melt-spinning techniques and subjected to various degrees of thermomechanical deformation confirm this conclusion. Recent results obtained from temperature-dependent magnetic measurement, magnetic force microscopy and simple micromagnetic modeling will be reviewed and summarized. The results, while somewhat discouraging, do hint at possible materials design routes to sidestep the inherent performance limitations of the magnetic nanostructures.
I'll Go and Do More: Annie Dodge Wauneka, Navajo Leader and Activist

"I'll Go and Do More" is the story of Annie Dodge Wauneka (1918-97), one of the best-known Navajos of all time. A daughter of the popular Navajo leader Chee Dodge, Wauneka spent most of her early years herding sheep and raising nine children. After her father's death, she entered politics and was often the only woman on the Navajo Tribal Council during the quarter century that she served. Wauneka became a forceful and articulate advocate for Indian health care, education, and other issues, working both on the reservation and in the halls of Congress to improve the lives of the Navajos. Carolyn Niethammer draws on interviews with family and friends, speeches, and correspondence to offer an arresting and readable portrait of this complex Navajo woman. Wauneka's professional and personal triumphs and challenges - her temper was legendary - are rendered vividly, enabling readers to better appreciate the enduring accomplishments of the Navajos' Legendary Mother. Carolyn Niethammer is the author of "American Indian Cooking: Recipes from the Southwest" (Nebraska 1999) and "Daughters of the Earth: The Lives and Legends of American Indian Women".
A Rare Case of Papillary Bladder Neoplasm Detected by Sonography in a Young Male: A Case Report

Bladder tumors are extremely rare in young adults and are usually linked to tobacco abuse, chronic infections, or occupational exposure to carcinogens. We present a case of a papillary urothelial n...
The Current Economic Crisis and Lessons for Economic Theory

These are exciting times: the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, the first global recession in the new era of globalization, and a new President committed to restructuring national priorities, reforming our education, health, and energy sectors, eliminating some long standing distortions arising from corporate welfare, and restructuring our tax code. For economists who have fought long for many of these ideas, the President’s budget was a moment of celebration. The final recognition that the atmosphere is a global public good, that we have failed to price one of the most scarce economic resources, and that going forward we would do so, was music to an economist’s ear. There will be political battles ahead. Special interests will try to block many of the reforms. The future of our nation will depend in no small measure on the outcome of those battles. Today, however, I do not want to dwell on these great initiatives. I want to address two issues. The first is a matter of immediacy: what should we do about our failed banks? The second is a matter of reflection: what role did we, the economics profession, or more precisely, what role did some of the ideas that had become fashionable, even dominant, play in causing this crisis? What lessons will or should we take away? How should it affect what we teach, what we advise governments to do, and what our research agenda is? THE CRISIS Turning first to the crisis. We have at long last emerged from the paralysis, from the period of denial, from the notion that recovery was around the corner. For years, it has been clear that America’s growth was not sustainable. It was based on a real estate bubble, which sustained a consumption boom. America was living beyond its means. Alan Greenspan may have been right that you could not be sure that there was a bubble until after it broke, but policy-makers are supposed to make decisions based on the analysis of risk. The likelihood that there was a bubble was increasingly clear; and the more housing prices grew, the greater the likelihood that the eventual crash would be disastrous. How could prices continue to grow, especially for housing for lower and middle-income individuals, as incomes stagnated? One doesn’t have to have a Ph.D. to know that you can’t spend more than 100 percent of your income on housing. Over inflated housing prices allowed Americans to take out hundreds of billions of dollars in mortgage equity withdrawals, in 1 year alone an estimated US$900 billion. It has also long been clear what was required: a stimulus package, a program to deal with the housing market, and a program to deal with the financial sector.
Troponin I levels in asymptomatic patients on haemodialysis using a high-sensitivity assay

Background. Troponin I (TnI) is an effective marker for detecting myocardial injury, but the interpretation of levels in the setting of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is still unclear. TnI levels have been noted to be increased in 5–18% of asymptomatic haemodialysis (HD) patients with standard assays, but newer-generation, high-sensitivity assays have not been examined. In addition, there is limited data on the variability of TnI levels in patients over time as well as the effect of HD on TnI levels. The aim of this study was to prospectively explore the incidence of TnI with a highsensitivity assay, the variability of TnI levels over time and the effect of HD on levels. Methods. We enrolled 51 asymptomatic HD patients and checked TnI levels using a high-sensitivity assay. Levels were drawn pre-HD monthly for three consecutive months. As per manufacturer guidelines, levels were considered normal up to 0.034 ng/mL, indeterminate elevation (IE) if between 0.035 and 0.120 ng/mL and consistent with myocardial infarction (MI) if >0.120 ng/mL. In the third month, post-HD TnI was also drawn to determine change with dialysis. Results. At baseline, median TnI level was 0.025 ng/mL (range, 0–0.461 ng/mL). Baseline TnI levels were normal in 63% and elevated (≥0.035 ng/mL) in 37%. Of those with elevations, 79% were in the IE range and 21% in the acute myocardial infarction range. Higher TnI levels at baseline were associated with a history of coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, lower cardiac ejection fraction and higher serum phosphate levels. Average incidence of elevated TnI was 41% over the 3 months. Thirty-six patients had stable levels without a change in classification over 3 months. Twelve varied over time. Forty-five (94%) had no change in classification pre- and post-HD. Conclusion. Using a new-generation, high-sensitivity assay, over a third of asymptomatic ESRD patients have an elevated TnI. The significance of these low-level elevations is unclear at this time. TnI levels remain stable over a 3-month period in most patients. HD treatment does not appear to affect the TnI level.
TRAVEL WITH INFANTS AND CHILDREN

International travel offers children life-enhancing experiences that broaden them educationally, socially, and culturally. Indeed, millions of children travel to and from North America each year, and families are increasingly traveling with children to foreign destinations. Although travel builds experiences that are usually beneficial, children, even more so than adults, are at risk for serious health problems associated with international travel. Anecdotal experience and the travel medicine literature provide ample evidence that travelers do not adequately comply with good travel health recommendations. 25 In part, this noncompliance seems to be caused by inadequate information being given by physicians. 24 Similar to other areas of pediatrics, the care of traveling children should proactively focus on the identification of risk and the prevention of illness and injury. This is accomplished best when families are provided with information that empowers them to implement specific risk-avoiding and health-promoting behaviors. Although travel medicine advisors are not able to provide guarantees of healthy trips, they can promote life-saving action. Most of this action is implemented by informed and empowered families; some will involve specific health interventions, such as immunization and medication. Likewise, returning travelers may be evaluated for travel-related health problems and then reintegrated into comprehensive health care supervision. Some data are specifically available about health care of traveling children, but, in many instances, guidelines for pediatric care must be extrapolated from adult studies.
The Reference Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Then and Now

The genome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first completely sequenced from a eukaryote. It was released in 1996 as the work of a worldwide effort of hundreds of researchers. In the time since, the yeast genome has been intensively studied by geneticists, molecular biologists, and computational scientists all over the world. Maintenance and annotation of the genome sequence have long been provided by the Saccharomyces Genome Database, one of the original model organism databases. To deepen our understanding of the eukaryotic genome, the S. cerevisiae strain S288C reference genome sequence was updated recently in its first major update since 1996. The new version, called “S288C 2010,” was determined from a single yeast colony using modern sequencing technologies and serves as the anchor for further innovations in yeast genomic science.
Body Size, Body Composition, and Metabolic Profile Explain Higher Energy Expenditure in Overweight Children

Lower relative rates of energy expenditure (EE), increased energetic efficiency, and altered fuel utilization purportedly associated with obesity have not been demonstrated indisputably in overweight children. We hypothesized that differences in energy metabolism between nonoverweight and overweight children are attributable to differences in body size and composition, circulating thyroid hormones, sympathetic nervous system, and adrenomedullary activity. A total of 836 Hispanic children, 5-19 y old, participated in 24-h calorimetry, anthropometric, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements. Biochemistries were determined by standard techniques. Absolute total EE (TEE) and its components (sleep EE, basal EE, sedentary EE, cycling EE, walking EE, activity EE, nonexercising activity thermogenesis) were higher in overweight children (P = 0.001). Net mechanical energetic efficiency of cycling was lower in overweight children (P = 0.001). Adjusting for body size and composition accounted for differences in TEE, its components, and energetic efficiency. Net carbohydrate and fat utilization did not differ between groups. TEE was independently influenced by sex, Tanner stage, fat free mass, fat mass (FM), fasting serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and 24-h urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine. Fat utilization was independently associated with age2, sex, FM, fasting serum NEFA, triacylglycerol, adiponectin, leptin, total thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine. Higher EE in overweight children was largely explained by differences in body size and composition, with minor contributions of thyroid and sympathoadrenal systems. Alterations in EE, energetic efficiency, and substrate utilization were not evident in the overweight children.
Non-invasive measurement of heartbeat with a hydraulic bed sensor Progress, challenges, and opportunities

A hydraulic bed sensor has been developed to non-invasively measure heartbeat during sleep. The motivation for this work is to enable early detection of physiological and behavioral change, thereby allowing effective interventions prior to an acute event. The transducer configuration and signal processing strategies have progressed to provide a low-cost, effective solution to eldercare monitoring needs. This sensor is now being deployed into the homes of elders in two locations, integrating into existing ambient sensor networks to generate clinician alerts and provide an improved quality of care. Challenges and opportunities remain, and this paper reports on the current progress and development of the system.
Effects of droperidol dosage on postoperative emetic symptoms following pediatric strabismus surgery

Abstract Study objective To compare the frequency of postoperative emetic symptoms and side effects in pediatric strabismus surgery using four doses of droperidol. Design Randomized, blinded study. Setting University eye institute. Patients 82 ASA physical status I and II pediatric patients, aged 1 to 16 years, undergoing outpatient strabismus surgery. Interventions Patients were assigned to one of four doses of droperidol (10, 20, 40, or 80 μg · kg -1 ) (Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). All patients received the same anesthetic management, with droperidol administered intravenously immediately after induction of anesthesia. Measurements and main results Postoperatively, patients were evaluated for emetic symptoms (nausea, retching, and/or vomiting) and side effects (postoperative sedation or extrapyramidal symptoms). There was a dose-dependent reduction of emetic symptoms seen with increasing droperidol dose. Predischarge emetic symptoms were 50%, 15%, 15%, and 5% in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively ( p p p Conclusions Prophylactic administration of droperidol 80 μg · kg -1 is most effective in reducing postoperative emetic symptoms without increasing time to discharge. In those patients with emetic symptoms who also received prophylactic droperidol, time to discharge was significantly delayed.
An almost linear biped

We discuss the nonlinear control of a novel biped robot with three-degrees-of-freedom and two control inputs, whose dynamics are linear apart from the gravitational torque and the impact equations. We show that the equations of motion are locally feedback linearizable by nonlinear change of coordinates and nonlinear feedback in a region that includes all walking gaits of interest. We combine the feedback linearization control with control of the resulting linear system and the nonlinear impact equations to generate a stable walking gait.
Letter by Brandler and Sharma Regarding Article, “Does Use of the Recognition of Stroke In the Emergency Room Stroke Assessment Tool Enhance Stroke Recognition by Ambulance Clinicians?”

We read with great interest the article by Fothergill et al1 that address the concern about prehospital identification of stroke. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines on the early management of adults with ischemic stroke highlight the role of emergency medical services (EMS) and find EMS use to be strongly associated with decreased time to initial physician examination, initial computed tomography imaging, and neurological evaluation.2 Therefore, the stroke chain of survival relies heavily on the accuracy with which EMS providers can identify strokes. The study by Fothergill et al is the first one to validate the use of Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale for EMS providers. They compared ROSIER with Face Arm Speech Test (FAST), an another widely used prehospital stroke scale. Even though ROSIER has …
Random Networks and Mixing Laws

Random networks are investigated as models of heterogeneous media. A general approximate structure is used where the networks are described as a system of embedded networks, and the critical behavior and averaging behavior of such networks are developed. These results are applied to a study of the electrical conductivity of porous media, with special attention to an Archie9s law behavior. It appears that the wide range of crack and pore widths in rocks makes the resulting conductivity relatively insensitive to the topology of their interconnections and allows one to make reasonable predictions of rock conductivities, given the distribution of crack and pore widths. It also appears that with low porosity rocks the conductivity is controlled by the microcrack population which only accounts for a fraction of the total porosity. It would seem, therefore, that Archie9s law is a feature of some general trend between porosity and crack and pore width distributions rather than a fundamental property of porous media. The law of the geometric mean is an accurate predictor of the physical properties of a mixture of different materials. This mixing law can result from an equal balance of series and parallel arrangements which can be produced by an appropriate distribution of shapes. A brief look is given to problems of anisotropic distributions for the conductivity problem and it is shown how the averaging process greatly dilutes the microscopic anisotropy in producing the macroscopic properties.
Does the kramers equation provide potential surface information

Abstract Condensed-phase cis—trans isomerization is treated using a periodic potential function. Derived rate expressions allow an analysis of experimental or molecular dynamics data. Such analysis suggests order-of-magnitude inconsistencies among the fitting parameters.
Exploiting Friends-and-Neighbors to Estimate Coattail Effects

Federalist democracies often hold concurrent elections for multiple offices. A potential consequence of simultaneously voting for multiple offices that vary with respect to scope and scale is that the personal appeal of candidates in a high-profile race may affect electoral outcomes in less salient races. In this article I estimate the magnitude of such coattail effects from governors onto other concurrently elected statewide executive officers using a unique dataset of county election returns for all statewide executive office elections in the United States from 1987 to 2010. I exploit the disproportionate support that candidates receive from geographically proximate voters, which is often referred to as the friends-and-neighbors vote, to isolate variation in the personal appeal of candidates. I find that a one-percentage-point increase in the personal vote received by a gubernatorial candidate increases the vote share of their party's secretary of state and attorney general candidates by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points. In contrast, personal votes for a secretary of state or attorney general candidate have no effect on the performance of their party's gubernatorial candidate or other down-ballot candidates.
Geoengineering as a design problem

Abstract. Understanding the climate impacts of solar geoengineering is essential for evaluating its benefits and risks. Most previous simulations have prescribed a particular strategy and evaluated its modeled effects. Here we turn this approach around by first choosing example climate objectives and then designing a strategy to meet those objectives in climate models. There are four essential criteria for designing a strategy: (i) an explicit specification of the objectives, (ii) defining what climate forcing agents to modify so the objectives are met, (iii) a method for managing uncertainties, and (iv) independent verification of the strategy in an evaluation model. We demonstrate this design perspective through two multi-objective examples. First, changes in Arctic temperature and the position of tropical precipitation due to CO2 increases are offset by adjusting high-latitude insolation in each hemisphere independently. Second, three different latitude-dependent patterns of insolation are modified to offset CO2-induced changes in global mean temperature, interhemispheric temperature asymmetry, and the Equator-to-pole temperature gradient. In both examples, the "design" and "evaluation" models are state-of-the-art fully coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models.
Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought

[1] The Sahel region of Africa underwent a pronounced interdecadal drying trend in the latter half of the 20th century. In order to investigate this drying trend, several ensembles of numerical experiments are conducted using a recently developed atmospheric general circulation model (AM2, developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory). When the model is forced with the time series of observed SSTs and sea ice from 1950 to 2000, it successfully reproduces the observed interdecadal variability of Sahelian rainfall. Additional experiments are used to estimate the separate contributions to Sahel drought from SST anomalies in various ocean basins. In these, SST anomalies are applied only in the tropics, or only in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans separately. Forcing from the tropical oceans is dominant in driving the Sahelian rainfall trend. The response of Sahel rainfall to a general warming of the tropical oceans suggests a possible link to greenhouse gas-induced climate change.
Influence of adjuvants on disease development by Pleospora papaveracea on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

Abstract Adjuvant effects on disease severity caused by the bioherbicide P. papaveracea on opium poppy were evaluated. Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-100, Tactic, CelGard, and Keltrol inhibited appressorium formation but not conidial germination on detached leaves. The disease severity varied from 11 to 83% necrosis in field experiments involving eight adjuvants at various concentrations plus 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 or minus pathogen. The three best-performing adjuvants when combined with pathogen, Tactic (1%, v/v), Bond (1%, v/v), and Tween 20 (1%, v/v), were included along with Tween 20 (0.001%, v/v) in field experiments in 1998. Tween 20 (1%, v/v) plus pathogen (1 × 106 conidia ml−1) caused the most severe disease, averaging 68% necrosis within 2 wk of treatment. Overall, plots treated with adjuvant plus P. papaveracea had a 22% reduction in capsule weight per plot as compared to plots treated with the adjuvant alone. Tactic (1%, v/v), Silwet-L77 (0.1%, v/v), Tween 20 (1%, v/v), and Tween 20 (0.001%, v/v) w...
The uncertainty of errors: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with error-related brain activity

Errors are unpredictable events that have the potential to cause harm. The error-related negativity (ERN) is the electrophysiological index of errors and has been posited to reflect sensitivity to threat. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to perceive uncertain events as threatening. In the present study, 61 participants completed a self-report measure of IU and a flanker task designed to elicit the ERN. Results indicated that IU subscales were associated with the ERN in opposite directions. Cognitive distress in the face of uncertainty (Prospective IU) was associated with a larger ERN and slower reaction time. Inhibition in response to uncertainty (Inhibitory IU) was associated with a smaller ERN and faster reaction time. This study suggests that sensitivity to the uncertainty of errors contributes to the magnitude of the ERN. Furthermore, these findings highlight the importance of considering the heterogeneity of anxiety phenotypes in relation to measures of threat sensitivity.
Statistics, Structure, and Style in Music

This essay begins by reviewing issues in psychological measurement that motivated some of the research summarized in Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch (Krumhansl, 1990). These were challenges to geometrical models of similarity, asymmetrical measures of similarity, and contextual effects. It then considers the impact that statistical learning has had on research and theory about music cognition, suggesting this emphasis may have underestimated the importance of other psychological processes contributing to the experience of music. Finally, it discusses three problems with traditional analyses using unidimensional, sequential statistics. The first is that music is hierarchical, with important relationships between non-adjacent events. The second is that the dimensions of music, specifically, pitch and time, interact. The third is the assumption that probabilities remain constant throughout a composition. Rather, music contains artful deviations from normative probabilities contributing to the experience of tension and release.
Towards Real-Time Detection of Freezing of Gait Using Wavelet Transform on Wireless Accelerometer Data.

Injuries associated with fall incidences continue to pose a significant burden to persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) both in terms of human suffering and economic loss. Freezing of gait (FOG), which is one of the symptoms of PD, is a common cause of falls in this population. Although a significant amount of work has been performed to characterize/detect FOG using both qualitative and quantitative methods, there remains paucity of data regarding real-time detection of FOG, such as the requirements for minimum sensor nodes, sensor placement locations, and appropriate sampling period and update time. Here, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is employed to define an index for correctly identifying FOG. Since the CWT method uses both time and frequency components of a waveform in comparison to other methods utilizing only the frequency component, we hypothesized that using this method could lead to a significant improvement in the accuracy of FOG detection. We tested the proposed index on the data of 10 PD patients who experience FOG. Two hundred and thirty seven (237) FOG events were identified by the physiotherapists. The results show that the index could discriminate FOG in the anterior–posterior axis better than other two axes, and is robust to the update time variability. These results suggest that real time detection of FOG may be realized by using CWT of a single shank sensor with window size of 2 s and update time of 1 s (82.1% and 77.1% for the sensitivity and specificity, respectively). Although implicated, future studies should examine the utility of this method in real-time detection of FOG.
An Alternating Current Electroosmotic Pump Based on Conical Nanopore Membranes

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is used to pump solutions through microfluidic devices and capillary electrophoresis columns. We describe here an EOF pump based on membrane EOF rectification, an electrokinetic phenomenon we recently described. EOF rectification requires membranes with asymmetrically shaped pores, and conical pores in a polymeric membrane were used here. We show here that solution flow through the membrane can be achieved by applying a symmetrical sinusoidal voltage waveform across the membrane. This is possible because the alternating current (AC) carried by ions through the pore is rectified, and we previously showed that rectified currents yield EOF rectification. We have investigated the effect of both the magnitude and frequency of the voltage waveform on flow rate through the membrane, and we have measured the maximum operating pressure. Finally, we show that operating in AC mode offers potential advantages relative to conventional DC-mode EOF pumps.
Ab initio investigation on stability and properties of XYCO... HZ complexes. II: Post hartree-fock studies on H2CO... HF

Ab initio MP2 level of theory in conjunction with three basis sets of a triple-zeta quality was applied to study the molecular geometry and stability of the H2CO... HF complex. An interaction energy predicted for this system at the highest, MP4(SDTQ)/6-311 + +G(2df, 2pd)//MP2/6-311 + +G(2df, 2pd), level corrected for the BSSE and ZPE contributions amounts to -4.85 kcal/ mol. BSSE contributes significantly to the interaction energies at all applied levels. Reliable MP2/ 6-311 + +G(2df, 2pd) level harmonic vibrational frequencies, IR intensities, and the predicted isotopic shifts upon deuteration and18O substitution are presented in order to facilitate experimental studies on the IR spectrum of the title complex.
Clinical and Biological Relevance of Visible and Infrared Radiation

Visible and infrared radiation spectra have numerous biological and clinical effects on the skin. Visible spectrum radiation can induce transient erythema and persistent pigmentation and can also induce free radical production along with DNA damage. Visible light also plays a role in the pathogenesis of solar urticarial, chronic actinic dermatitis, and porphyrias and is used in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia and acne vulgaris. Infrared radiation is capable of inducing erythema, thermal pain, and photoaging in addition to cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Infrared radiation can also cause erythema ab igne and plays a role in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Lasers in the visible and infrared spectrum have been widely used in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions such as vascular and pigmented lesions and keloids. Photoprotection from visible and infrared radiation and diagnostic imaging using visible and infrared radiation are important topics that have recently been explored.
Biomarker Levels of Toxic Metals among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011-2012.

Introduction:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently found that Asians have considerably higher biomarker levels of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic than whites, blacks, Me...
Coloring the Biological World

One enzyme has arguably caused more human strife than any other, the enzyme tyrosinase. The one shown here is from bacteria, but the one in our cells is similar but is bound to membranes. It performs an interesting reaction: it oxidizes the amino acid tyrosine, which then forms huge aggregates called melanin which strongly absorb light, looking dark brown or black. Cells in our skin have special compartments that make this melanin to help protect us from the dangerous effects of sunlight. Therein lies the problem. Human populations around the world have evolved cells that make different amounts and types of melanin, driven largely by their historical exposure to sunlight. This has yielded a beautiful diversity in skin color, ranging from clear white to darkest black and everything in between. Similar molecules give hair its shades of blonde, red, brown, and black. Unfortunately, human society has never been good with differences, and this highly visible consequence of a single enzyme has helped to fuel many of our current societal challenges.
Pathology of Miscellaneous and Unusual Cancers of the Thyroid

These rare neoplasms are solid masses, often less than 3 cm in diameter, and are well circumscribed (usually encapsulated). The cut surfaces are light colored, and vessels and small foci of fibrosis may be visible. Microscopically, the tumors consist of trabeculae and lobules of elongated, oval, or polygonal cells, usually medium sized and with poorly defined borders. The groups of cells are surrounded by capillaries and variable amounts of eosinophilic, hyalinized material, which consists of clumps of type IV collagen and laminin. The numerous cytoplasmic microfilaments (presumably keratin) present in many of the epithelial cells also contribute to the eosinophilic zones.
A theoretical method to relate the relative permittivity and thermal conductivity of sands

A theoretical method to relate the electrical relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and thermal conductivity of sands is presented. Extensive previous work has been done to relate the physical state (void ratio, water content, and saturation percent) of sandy soils to the bulk thermal conductivity and bulk relative permittivity respectively. These parameters have always been observed isolated from each other. However, both the bulk thermal conductivity and bulk relative permittivity are primarily dependent on the same physical characteristics. Therefore, it should be possible to estimate the thermal conductivity of a soil based on the relative permittivity measured (or vice versa). The objective of this research is to show that this estimation is possible based on actual laboratory measurements. Thermal conductivity and relative permittivity measurements were conducted on prepared bench scale specimens of dry Ottawa Sand at varying density. Thermal conductivity was measured using a thermal needle technique and relative permittivity was measured using a Dynamax TH2O probe. Based on the data collected, there appears to be a linear relationship between the two properties. A correlation is proposed based on the data collected that allows for one to calculate thermal conductivity directly from the relative permittivity measurement. Based on the data collected it appears that the theory that these properties could be estimated from each other is valid for dry sand.
The hidden labor of repayment: Women, credit, and strategies of microenterprise in northern Honduras

Microlending programs, commonly directed at women and presented as a solution to global poverty, provide borrowers credit to support small, informal income-generating activities. These initiatives have garnered much attention from anthropologists, who have long been interested in the social life of credit and debt. Despite numerous anthropological studies critiquing the social and economic consequences of such lending practices, they continue, bolstered by the affective dimensions of philanthropic marketing and the current embeddedness of microloans in local economies. This contradiction has led to more recent ethnographic work demonstrating the interaction of microloans with other forms of debt and credit in the social economy of borrowers. Building on this recent work, this article draws on ethnographic data from microloan borrowers in northern Honduras and the Bay Islands and contends that the activities associated with microlending participation and repayment may be understood as a form of productive, though hidden, labor. The article suggests further avenues of inquiry into the long-term economic and cultural transformations that microlending has precipitated.