cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscaling: Why Larger Anemones Have Longer Cnidae

Scaling analysis provides a quantitative method for describing and comparing how qualities of organisms vary as a function of body size. However, cell level phe- nomena have been notoriously hard to analyze because animal cells and organelles have such irregular shapes. The intracellular cnidae make good models of scaling at the cell level because they are durable and easy to image and measure. The mean length of unfired tentacle cnidae (spi- rocysts) varies continuously, and reversibly, with body size for three macrophagous anemone species. Significant dif- ferences in spirocyst shape and size relative to body mass are related to differences in tissue functions and species ecologies, strongly suggesting that cnida size, shape, and scaling patterns respond to natural selection. Cnida scaling patterns can be treated as features of cnidarian life histories. Spirocyst scaling exponents (slopes of log cnida dimension vs. log body weight) are similar to each other (0.05-0.09) and to reported values for animal somatic cells (0.017- 0.17), but are much smaller than reported values for anem- one basal diameters (0.30-0.38). I propose, here, a general, mechanical explanation for microscaling of structural secre- tory cells and their secretions, including the cnidae. Larger bodies require thicker, pliant sheets of sluggishly respiring extracellular support materials such as mesoglea and base- ment membrane. Thicker mesoglea can support larger, taller epithelial cells, which in turn provide additional mainte- nance services for these progressively thicker acellular lay- ers. Ultimately, larger, taller cells can secrete and support larger, longer cnidae.
Phase-lock control considerations for coherently combined lasers

Fundamental performance limitations of a phase-lock control loop used to coherently combine the output of two lasers are presented. The phase-lock loop is designed to lock the differential phase (frequency and phase) between the two lasers to a specified reference phase. An optical heterodyne configuration is used to determine the differential phase of the laser pair, which in turn is compared with the reference phase to create an error voltage. The error voltage is filtered and used to frequency modulate one of the lasers in an attempt to null the error. An integro-differential loop equation, valid for the linear operating range, is derived in terms of the reference phase, the heterodyne measurement noise, and the various laser phase instabilities. The solution of the equation results in an expression for the phase error variance in terms of the closed-loop noise equivalent bandwidth W(H). An expression for the value of W(H) which minimizes the phase error variance is developed. In addition to the noise effects, the steady-state and dynamic performance of the loop is examined for different loop filters and modulation formats. A design example pairing a CO(2) waveguide and conventional laser is presented. Implications for coherent laser arrays are discussed.
IDP: automating the CAD/CAM link by reasoning about shape

A method and the components of an implemented system (IDP-Integrated Design and Planning) for integrating design and manufacturing processes are presented. AI techniques like cooperative reasoning and combining geometric evidence are used in a graph-based hypothesis. This generate-eliminate approach automatically extracts the shape primitives of a designed part and determines the relationships between these shape primitives from the boundary representation CAD data, thus producing the higher-level semantic information necessary to manufacture the part. TOLTEC, a case-based planner, uses the information produced by the shape description system to construct a conceptual plan for machining the part. The shape description system, the process planner, and the interfaces are developed in Lisp. Examples are given of how IDP finds the shape primitives, analyzes their descriptions, and generates a machining process plan for two parts which posed difficulties for previous systems using feature extraction methodology. >
An Efficient System-Level to RTL Verification Framework for Computation-Intensive Applications

In this paper, a new framework for formal verification is presented. The new framework called EVRM (efficient verification based on Mathematica) can be used for the property verification of a register transfer level implementation using a system level description as the golden model. EVRM is based on word level techniques and uses the Mathematica tool for the satisfiability procedure. Results show that it can be orders of magnitude faster than CBMC (Clarke et al., 2003) in proving property correctness or providing a counterexample for computation-intensive applications. For certain applications CBMC requires more than 5 hours to provide an answer, while EVRM provides an answer in less than 10 minutes
The Genus Trachyscelis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in North America: Synonymy, Origin, Distribution, and Decline

Abstract Trachyscelis flavipes Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), described from North America in 1846, has been found to be an introduced species, probably from Europe. It is synonymized under T. aphodioides Latreille (new synonymy) described from France in 1809. Using literature and museum collection data, the distributional history of the beetle is reviewed and a new record for South America (Brazil) is reported.
Integrated Computational Considerations for Large Scale Structural Design Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization

In this paper, integrated computational considerations for large scale structural design sensitivity analysis and optimization are addressed. Aiming at giving the designer better control of the design process, a workstation oriented four-step interactive design approach is proposed in this paper as a viable alternative to a more monolithic and highly automated design optimization process. To free design sensitivity software from the particular finite element code used for analysis, unified data storage in a local data base is suggested. The impact of emerging computer architectures, parallel processors, and networks of workstations on structural simulation and design optimization computations is also discussed.
Dissipation of Diazinon Residues in Wheat

Diazinon was applied to wheat as an emulsion from 0.25 to 2.0 lb/1000 bushels, and the treated grain then stored in open containers for 130 days. Grain samples were removed at intervals to determine the external and internal diazinon residues on the grain, as well as the distribution in 3 milled fractions: bran, shorts, and flour. Diazinon was found to penetrate to the interior of the grain with a stable level reached at about 45 days. Residue dissipation beyond this period was extremely slow. Distribution of diazinon in the milled fractions showed more than half of the insecticide in the bran at 24 hours (57%), while the shorts contained 26%, and the flour the least amount (17%). At the longer posttreatment intervals diazinon residues decreased in the bran with a corresponding rise in the shorts and flour. Averages of all treatment rates indicated that about 70% of the theoretical application adhered to the grain and that cleaning, tempering, and milling processes appear to dissipate approximately half of the residue.
SEED PRODUCTION AND POLLEN VECTORS IN SEVERAL NECTARLESS PLANTS.

Different species of Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) have different breeding systems and exploit a variety of pollen vectors. The diversity of breeding systems ranges from dioecious, wind-pollinated systems to hermaphroditic, autogamous systems. No one has yet developed a comprehensive explanation for the evolution of this diversity. Kaplan and Mulcahy (1971) surveyed floral characteristics and chromosome numbers in the genus and concluded that Thalictrum evolved from a hermaphroditic, insect-pollinated ancestor. Furthermore, because many dioecious Thalictrum species are wind-pollinated, they argued that wind-pollination evolved in association with dioecy. However, wind-pollinated hermaphrodites are present in the genus, e.g., T. minus and T. alpinum (Muller, 1883; Holden, 1952). Therefore, it is conceivable that wind-pollination evolved prior to dioecy and that dioecy may have evolved as a response to wind-pollination. In this paper we compare seed production in species of Thalictrum having different breeding systems. A closely related species, Isopyrum biternatum, a primitive, insect-pollinated hermaphrodite, is included in this study. None of these species produces nectar. Data from comparisons of seed production are used to analyze the relative success of the different pollen vectors in accomplishing seed production. Comparisons of habitat utilization and biomass allocation are also made in order to elucidate further possible adaptations of the different pollination systems. The result of these comparisons is the development of an explanation for the evolution of wind-pollination and autogamy in Thalictrum that does not involve dioecy as an intermediate step. The basic argument made is that wind-pollination and autogamy both evolved as responses to the limited availability of pollen vectors serving an insect-pollinated, hermaphroditic ancestral species.
Abortion Screening and Counseling: A Brief Guideline for Physicians

Comprehensive and compassionate treatment of the candidate for abortion includes medical, legal and sociopsychologic screening and counseling with both the patient and involved persons. The physician should inform the patient of the possible alternatives to abortion and of the community services available for each. If the patient decides to terminate the pregnancy, appropriate referral and follow-up are essential.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease

Regulation of stem cells in adult tissues is a key determinant of how well an organism can respond to the stresses of physiological challenge and disease. This is particularly true of the hematopoietic system, where demands on host defenses can call for an acute increase in cell production. Hematopoietic stem cells receive the regulatory signals for cell production in adult mammals in the bone marrow, a tissue with higher-order architectural and functional organization than previously appreciated. Here, we review the data defining particular structural components and heterologous cells in the bone marrow that participate in hematopoietic stem cell function. Further, we explore the case for stromal-hematopoietic cell interactions contributing to neoplastic myeloid disease. As the hematopoietic regulatory networks in the bone marrow are revealed, it is anticipated that strategies will emerge for how to enhance or inhibit production of specific blood cells. In that way, the control of hematopoiesis will enter the domain of therapies to modulate broad aspects of hematopoiesis, both normal and malignant.
Necessary Conditions of Line Congestions in Uncertainty Accommodation

In this letter, a set of general necessary conditions for line congestions are established during ramping delivery, i.e., the redispatch process for uncertainty accommodation. Mathematically, the consideration of all line flow constraints may cause the intractability of the max-min problem in robust security-constrained unit commitment and dispatch. Without solving time-consuming linear programming (LP) problems, the lines that will not be congested can be quickly identified based on the necessary conditions and corresponding line flow constraints can be removed from the max-min subproblem in robust approaches. A promising application of the conditions is presented via the preprocessed max-min problem with high computational performance.
Properties of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease from sea urchin eggs ofArbacia punctulata

Eine Endodesoxyribonuclease wurde aus den Eiern des SeeigelsArbacia punctulata isoliert. Das Enzym braucht sowohl Ca2+ als auch Mg2+ um maximale Aktivitat mitTris-HCl bei pH 8. 5 zu erreichen. Die Matrizenaktivitat von Samenchromatin fur DNA-Synthese konnte durch Ei-Endonuclease stimuliert werden.
Multiscale Laminated Composite Materials

Multiscale laminated composite materials are formed by adding carbon nanotube (CNT) materials to microfiber laminated composites. CNTs reinforce the weak failure modes of laminated composites. Laminated composite materials provide high specific strength and high performance but have low interlaminar shear modulus and shear strength due to the lack of fiber in the transverse or out-of-plane direction. The weak interlaminar property may lead to premature failure of composite structures. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce polymeric laminated composites in the transverse direction. CNT materials have excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties and are integrated into polymeric composites as reinforcement. These composite laminates using CNT materials are called multiscale composites. In this research, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays are integrated between the carbon fabric plies of laminated composites and work as a bridge to interlock adjacent carbon fabric plies together. The MWCNT arrays are arranged within the laminated composite so that the laminate interfaces have higher interlaminar properties. The mechanical response of these composite materials under quasi-static loading including interlaminar shear is described in this chapter.
BidPacket: trading bandwidth in public spaces

Smart devices such as smartphones and tablets are used extensively in public spaces for the transmission and reception of content in the form of text, photos and streaming videos. Since the bandwidth provided for wireless access is limited in public areas, it becomes an issue for users to gain access to the bandwidth they need at the right times. While an omniscient controller could assign bandwidth to each device on the basis of their needs and overall availability, imperfect information about the instantaneous state of the wifi access patterns and needs of users make for a very inefficient allocation of such bandwidth. This paper provides a solution for bandwidth allocation by creating a market among users of smart devices so that they can bid for extra bandwidth when they need it and sell it when they don't. They do so by using a virtual currency that is conserved so that each device owner maximizes his own utility. This utility function is composed of both the benefit accrued from accessing bandwidth and the loss of the currency incurred in bidding for such bandwidth. Extensive simulations show that this market-based method outperforms an omniscient model when demand is uncertain, while minimizing bandwidth consumption.
The Ghost in the Touchscreen: Social Scaffolds Promote Learning by Toddlers.

This study examined the effect of a “ghost” demonstration on toddlers’ imitation. In the ghost condition, virtual pieces moved to make a fish or boat puzzle. Fifty-two 2.5- and 3-year-olds were tested on a touchscreen (no transfer) or with 3D pieces (transfer); children tested with 3D pieces scored above a no demonstration baseline, but children tested on the touchscreen did not. Practice on the touchscreen (n = 23) by 2.5- and 3-year-olds prior to the ghost demonstration did not improve performance. Finally, children who learned the puzzle task via a social demonstration and were tested on the touchscreen (n = 26) performed better than the ghost conditions. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that social demonstrations enhance learning from novel touchscreen tools during early childhood.
Acoustic Separation of Nanoparticles in Continuous Flow

The separation of nanoscale particles based on their differences in size is an essential technique to the nanoscience and nanotechnology community. Here, nanoparticles are successfully separated in a continuous flow by using tilted-angle standing surface acoustic waves. The acoustic field deflects nanoparticles based on volume, and the fractionation of nanoparticles is optimized by tuning the cutoff parameters. The continuous separation of nanoparticlesis demonstrated with a ≈90% recovery rate. The acoustic nanoparticle separation method is versatile, non-invasive, and simple.
Is dual language marketing socially responsible

Abstract This article helps close two voids in the literature dealing with dual language (bilingual) marketing. First, it adds to the discussion about whether dual language (specifically English/Spanish) marketing that targets Hispanic consumers living in the U.S. is socially responsible. Second, it discusses how U.S. Hispanics feel about learning English and why some react negatively to bilingual marketing efforts. To determine whether dual language marketing is socially responsible, the corporate governance theories of Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman are used. The first conclusion is that, from Friedman’s shareholder perspective, bilingual marketing may be much less profitable than expected, if at all. From Freeman’s stakeholder perspective, dual language marketing is socially responsible if the focus is on perceived short-term needs of Hispanic consumers; however, from a broader, long-term societal approach, it is not. The second conclusion is that non-Hispanic Americans do not favor bilingual marketing. Recommendations for socially responsible ways of targeting this group are discussed.
The Same, but Different: Indigenous Knowledge Retention, Erosion, and Innovation in the Brazilian Amazon

This study explores how indigenous knowledge (IK) might be retained and/or changed among contemporary indigenous peoples. Through semi-structured interviews and quantitative analyses of long-term changes in artistic knowledge among three geographically displaced Kaiabi (Kawaiwete) we found an association between language proficiency and gender with greater IK retention, and formal schooling with IK erosion. Six mechanisms of innovation in knowledge of basketry and textiles among men and women were documented. A mixed mode of collaborative learning and knowledge transmission involving diverse actors emerged from community workshops and group forums. Innovative mechanisms for cultural transmission have taken advantage of media, technology, and non-indigenous support organizations to expand weaving knowledge of basketry designs. Our results illustrate how indigenous peoples actively shape cultural transmission and change, as well as the role that public policies and academic research may play in these processes.
The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics. By SeanWilentz. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2016. Pp. 344. $28.95.) : Book Review

Many now see the current state of American politics in a state of disarray and confusion. Political parties seem more polarized than in recent memory and the problems of economic division and inequ...
The Role of NOD Mice in Type 1 Diabetes Research: Lessons from the Past and Recommendations for the Future.

For more than 35 years the NOD mouse has been the primary animal model for studying autoimmune diabetes. During this time, striking similarities to the human disease have been uncovered. In both species, unusual polymorphisms in an MHC class II molecule confer the most disease risk, disease is caused by perturbations by the same genes or different genes in the same biological pathways and that diabetes onset is preceded by the presence of circulating autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies that recognize many of the same islet antigens. However, the relevance of the NOD model is frequently challenged due to past failures translating therapies from NOD mice to humans and because the appearance of insulitis in mice and some patients is different. Nevertheless, the NOD mouse remains a pillar of autoimmune diabetes research for its usefulness as a preclinical model and because it provides access to invasive procedures as well as tissues that are rarely procured from patients or controls. The current article is focused on approaches to improve the NOD mouse by addressing reasons why immune therapies have failed to translate from mice to humans. We also propose new strategies for mixing and editing the NOD genome to improve the model in ways that will better advance our understanding of human diabetes. As proof of concept, we report that diabetes is completely suppressed in a knock-in NOD strain with a serine to aspartic acid substitution at position 57 in the MHC class II Aβ. This supports that similar non-aspartic acid
The functions and regulation of the PTEN tumour suppressor: new modes and prospects

PTEN is a potent tumour suppressor, and its loss of function is frequently observed in both heritable and sporadic cancers. PTEN has phosphatase-dependent and phosphatase-independent (scaffold) activities in the cell and governs a variety of biological processes, including maintenance of genomic stability, cell survival, migration, proliferation and metabolism. Even a subtle decrease in PTEN levels and activity results in cancer susceptibility and favours tumour progression. Regulation of PTEN has therefore emerged as a subject of intense research in tumour biology. Recent discoveries, including the existence of distinct PTEN isoforms and the ability of PTEN to form dimers, have brought to light new modes of PTEN function and regulation. These milestone findings have in turn opened new therapeutic avenues for cancer prevention and treatment through restoration of PTEN tumour suppressor activity.
Geological Survey of Historical Cemeteries, Jamestown, Rhode Island, 1693–1900

Studies of historical burial practices may be hindered by the effects of weathering on gravemarkers. A survey of nine historical-period cemeteries on Conanicut Island, Jamestown, Rhode Island, examined the variety of stone types used in gravestone construction between the 17th and 19th centuries. The focus of this study is the date, rock type, and graphic design of the headstone markers, in order to develop a pattern of stone use on the island. The results of the cemetery survey illustrate the shift from slate to marble gravestones during the 19th century. A combination of rock type and design attributes is applied to give rough dates to historical-cemetery headstones that have become illegible due to weathering.
The North Carolina Child Care Corps: Building a Successful University and Community Partnership Through the Americorps National ServiceProgram

In 1993 President Clinton signed into law the national service program, AmeriCorps. The AmeriCorps program, not unlike its predecessors, VISTA and the Civil Conservation Corps, was created to provide an opportunity for Americans of all ages and backgrounds to assist in solving problems that exist within American communities. AmeriCorps adopted a four part mission statement, consistent with the philosophy of encouraging and rewarding service in our country: 1) Getting things done in communities by working to meet their educational, public safety, and human and environmental needs; 2) encouraging responsibility in individuals for themselves, their families, and their communities; 3) strengthening communities by bringing individuals together to get things done; and 4) expanding opportunity by providing volunteers with specialized training, job experience, life skills, and an educational voucher. The AmeriCorps mission statement was at the forefront of formulating this university and community partnership designed to improve the quality of infant, toddler, and preschool child care in North Carolina.
Inferring the network topology of interconnected nonlinear units with diffusive couplings

In this paper we study the problem of real-time topology identification of networks with diffusive couplings and unknown linear terms. Inspired by adaptive observer theory, we propose two different strategies based on full or partial measurements of each node activity. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing convergence to the precise value of coupling weights are derived using appropriate Lyapunov functions, Barbalat's Lemma, and the persistent excitation condition. Our theoretical results are illustrated via numerical simulations using a network of chaotic oscillators.
Pharmacological stress impairs working memory performance and attenuates dorsolateral prefrontal cortex glutamate modulation.

Abstract Working memory processes are associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Prior research using proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H fMRS) observed significant dlPFC glutamate modulation during letter 2-back performance, indicative of working memory-driven increase in excitatory neural activity. Acute stress has been shown to impair working memory performance. Herein, we quantified dlPFC glutamate modulation during working memory under placebo (oral lactose) and acute stress conditions (oral yohimbine 54 mg + hydrocortisone 10 mg). Using a double-blind, randomized crossover design, participants (N = 19) completed a letter 2-back task during left dlPFC 1H fMRS acquisition (Brodmann areas 45/46; 4.5 cm3). An automated fitting procedure integrated with LCModel was used to quantify glutamate levels. Working memory-induced glutamate modulation was calculated as percentage change in glutamate levels from passive visual fixation to 2-back levels. Results indicated acute stress significantly attenuated working memory-induced glutamate modulation and impaired 2-back response accuracy, relative to placebo levels. Follow-up analyses indicated 2-back performance significantly modulated glutamate levels relative to passive visual fixation during placebo but not acute stress. Biomarkers, including blood pressure and saliva cortisol, confirmed that yohimbine + hydrocortisone dosing elicited a significant physiological stress response. These findings support a priori hypotheses and demonstrate that acute stress impairs dlPFC function and excitatory activity. This study highlights a neurobiological mechanism through which acute stress may contribute to psychiatric dysfunction and derail treatment progress. Future research is needed to isolate noradrenaline vs. cortisol effects and evaluate anti-stress medications and/or behavioral interventions.
1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments for the bromodomain of the histone acetyltransferase P/CAF.

Bromodomains are modules of about 110 amino acid residues that are found in a large number of chromatin-associated proteins, many of which are involved in transcriptional activation (Haynes et al., 1992; Brownell and Davis, 1996a). Particularly, the bromodomains are present in nearly all known histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated transcriptional coactivators, which play a central role in the regulation of nucleosome remodeling and gene activation via histone acetylation (Brownell et al., 1996b; Jeanmougin et al., 1997). It has been suggested on the basis of its modular nature that bromodomain may be involved in protein–protein interactions (Jeanmougin et al., 1997). However, no conformational studies and binding partners of the bromodomain family are available. We have recently initiated structural studies of a bromodomain from the human HAT coactivator P/CAF (p300/CBP-associated factor), using heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy techniques. Here, we report the nearly complete sequencespecific backbone and side-chain 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments of the P/CAF bromodomain.
Cost-Effectiveness of Water Promotion Strategies in Schools for Preventing Childhood Obesity and Increasing Water Intake

Objective This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness and impact on childhood obesity of installation of chilled water dispensers ("water jets") on school lunch lines and to compare water jets' cost, reach, and impact on water consumption with three additional strategies. Methods The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost Effectiveness Study(CHOICES) microsimulation model estimated the cost-effectiveness of water jets on US childhood obesity cases prevented in 2025. Also estimated were the cost, number of children reached, and impact on water consumption of the installation of water jets and three other strategies. Results Installing water jets on school lunch lines was projected to reach 29.6 million children (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 29.4 million-29.8 million), cost $4.25 (95% UI: $2.74-$5.69) per child, prevent 179,550 cases of childhood obesity in 2025 (95% UI: 101,970-257,870), and save $0.31 in health care costs per dollar invested (95% UI: $0.15-$0.55). In the secondary analysis, installing cup dispensers next to existing water fountains was the least costly but also had the lowest population reach. Conclusions Installating water jet dispensers on school lunch lines could also save almost half of the dollars needed for implementation via a reduction in obesity-related health care costs. School-based interventions to promote drinking water may be relatively inexpensive strategies for improving child health.
Upper mantle tomography beneath the Pacific Northwest interior

Abstract The Pacific Northwest has undergone extensive tectonic and magmatic construction in the Cenozoic, and many clues to its history are in a well-resolved upper mantle structure. We present new P, S, and V P / V S models that benefit from improved algorithms and additional data from recently deployed flexible array experiments in the region of the Columbia River Basalts, western Snake River Plain, and Idaho Batholith. We refine the geometries of previously imaged structures and identify new anomalies beneath the Pacific Northwest. A clear separation is resolved between the Wallowa and Idaho structures that extends from the base of the crust to the depth extent of these structures. The separation follows the Precambrian margin of North America, possibly indicating separate tectonic histories for the two structures. A shallow fast anomaly beneath Idaho Batholith may be responsible for the observed curvature of the Yellowstone track around this batholith. And a strong and unusually deep (180–250 km) slow anomaly is present east of the apparent Juan de Fuca slab gap. Resolving these structures well is important in understanding the origin of the lithospheric fragments in the mantle, and key to any reconstruction of the evolution of the Pacific Northwest-Farallon-Kula-Juan de Fuca tectonic system. Of most relevance, understanding the origin of the imaged high-velocity mantle structures provides strong constraint on their density, that otherwise would be largely unknown, which controls the evolution of vertical and horizontal stresses acting at the base of the lithosphere and hence the evolution of topography. Also, resolving the volumes of partially molten upper mantle shapes our understanding on the origin of the abundant volcanism in the Pacific Northwest interior.
Designing with Static Capabilities and Effects: Use, Mention, and Invariants

Capabilities (whether object or reference capabilities) are fundamentally tools to restrict effects. Thus static capabilities (object or reference) and effect systems take different technical machinery to the same core problem of statically restricting or reasoning about effects in programs. Any time two approaches can in principle address the same sets of problems, it becomes important to understand the trade-offs between the approaches, how these trade-offs might interact with the problem at hand. Experts who have worked in these areas tend to find the trade-offs somewhat obvious, having considered them in context before. However, this kind of design discussion is often written down only implicitly as comparison between two approaches for a specific program reasoning problem, rather than as a discussion of general trade-offs between general classes of techniques. As a result, it is not uncommon to set out to solve a problem with one technique, only to find the other better-suited. We discuss the trade-offs between static capabilities (specifically reference capabilities) and effect systems, articulating the challenges each approach tends to have in isolation, and how these are sometimes mitigated. We also put our discussion in context, by appealing to examples of how these trade-offs were considered in the course of developing prior systems in the area. Along the way, we highlight how seemingly-minor aspects of type systems -- weakening/framing and the mere existence of type contexts -- play a subtle role in the efficacy of these systems.
Liver resection for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Case report and literature review.

Liver resection for metastatic cancer has become the standard of care for specific groups of patients, including noncolorectal non-neuroendocrine liver metastases (NCNNELM). Liver metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma is considered rare, with an approximated frequency of 0.5%. We present a case of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to the liver and literature review. Herein, we report a 72-year-old male that underwent formal left hepatectomy for 4.4 cm metastatic PTC generating left bile duct obstruction. Two months after, presented with multiple small lesions within the hepatic parenchyma and diffuse ductal dilatation of the right biliary system. Therefore, treated with a percutaneous biliary drain placement without complications. In a patient diagnosed with initial Stage II PTC, undergoing total thyroidectomy 10 years before presenting to the clinic. Bearing over a decade of treatments for local and distal recurrences. We believe approaching strategies for this specific disease should be developed to establish standard management.
Systemic effects of missense mutations on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein stability and receptor-binding affinity

The spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the binding to the permissive cells. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein directly interacts with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell membrane. In this study, we used computational saturation mutagenesis approaches, including structure-based energy calculations and sequence-based pathogenicity predictions, to quantify the systemic effects of missense mutations on SARS-CoV-2 S protein structure and function. A total of 18 354 mutations in S protein were analyzed, and we discovered that most of these mutations could destabilize the entire S protein and its RBD. Specifically, residues G431 and S514 in SARS-CoV-2 RBD are important for S protein stability. We analyzed 384 experimentally verified S missense variations and revealed that the dominant pandemic form, D614G, can stabilize the entire S protein. Moreover, many mutations in N-linked glycosylation sites can increase the stability of the S protein. In addition, we investigated 3705 mutations in SARS-CoV-2 RBD and 11 324 mutations in human ACE2 and found that SARS-CoV-2 neighbor residues G496 and F497 and ACE2 residues D355 and Y41 are critical for the RBD-ACE2 interaction. The findings comprehensively provide potential target sites in the development of drugs and vaccines against COVID-19.
Twenty-five years of the National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research.

Over its 25 years, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) has played a significant role in a number of behavioral and social science research advances that improve health.
Perfectly Irresistible: Developer Liability for Internet Addiction Disorders

Can companies who design software programs for public consumption be held liable to customers who develop internet addiction disorders? IAD exacts terrifying costs on its victims, and unfortunately, addicts cannot escape the internet without opting out of modern society. And yet, companies continue to add, intentionally, features that make their products addictive. While they build stronger magnets to attract more users, they pull vulnerable users even closer: in some cases, creating addiction. This Paper examines the question of whether companies should face liability for their ever-strengthening magnet, and if so, under what theory? The Working Paper draws on suits against casinos to estimate whether developers might be held liable for negligence.
Association of use of remote patient monitoring (RPM) with reduced hospitalizations in cancer patients with COVID-19

1503Background: Patients with cancer and COVID-19 are at risk for poor clinical outcomes. An established multi-site remote patient monitoring (RPM) service was rapidly adapted to support a novel, i...
Demographics of transition discs in Ophiuchus and Taurus

Transition disc systems are young stars that appear to be on the verge of dispersing their protoplanetary discs. We explore the nature of these systems by comparing the stellar accretion rates u Mand disc masses Md of transition discs and normal T Tauri stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus. After controlling for the known dependencies of u M� and Md on age, u Mon stellar mass, and Md on the presence of stellar or sub-stellar companions, we find that the normal T Tauri stars show a trend of u Mincreasing with Md. The transition discs tend to have higher average disc masses than normal T Tauri stars as well as lower accretion rates than normal T Tauri stars of the same disc mass. These results are most consistent with the interpretation that the transition discs have formed objects massive enough to alter the accretion flow, i.e., single or multiple giant planets. Several Ophiuchus T Tauri stars that are not known transition disc systems also have very low accretion rates for their disc masses. We speculate on the possible nature of these sources.
The effect of a cyclonic storm on the energy fluxes at the urban interface — A preliminary experiment

The spatial and temporal variations of the energy and moisture budgets of a megalopolis (Los Angeles basin) were examined during a frontal passage February 23, 1969) and during an extremely clear day (March 4, 1969) in order to determine the existing continuum of possible extremes during that season. The distributional aspects of solar radiation (direct and diffuse), reflected solar radiation, net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and heat flux in or out of the urban interface were examined. Budgets of input and output of the storm study were contrasted with those of the clear day study. Also measured and compared were actual surface temperatures, terrain radiant temperatures, radiant sky temperatures, and dry and wet-bulb temperatures. Especially in the case of the clear day investigation, a series of empirical and physical-theoretical models were tested and proved to be rather realistic in comparison with actual observations in the field. Such models were less successful during the storm when the city surface received extremely low amounts of energy. Especially striking were the multitude of energy processes and their probable causes during the storm. The frontal passage caused a reduction of 92% of the absorbed solar radiation as compared to the clear day. Infrared components of the budget were much less affected.
Epigenetic Mechanisms and their Toxicological Significance

Epigenetic mechanisms are processes that exert control over gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These mechanisms essentially work as genetic switches, turning gene expression levels on and off in response to various stimuli. Currently, DNA methylation and histone modifications (particularly histone acetylation and methylation) are the best characterized and most commonly recognized epigenetic mechanisms, although in recent years attention has turned to additional epigenetic processes such as microRNAs. Together, these mechanisms form the epigenome, a dynamic, reversible construct necessary for differentiation, tissue-specific functions, development and neurological function in eutherian mammals. However, aberrant epigenetic function may lead to untoward effects and can be a contributing factor to a variety of diseases including cancer and developmental/neurological disorders. This chapter summarizes major epigenetic mechanisms and their relevance to toxicologists, including their role in normal biological functions vs. disease-associated processes, as well as how nutrition and xenobiotic stimuli influence the epigenome. An enhanced understanding of factors that affect the epigenome can assist in both predicting undesirable toxic outcomes and in designing therapeutic strategies. Keywords: epigenetics and toxicology; DNA methylation; histone modifications
Longitudinal in vivo two-photon fluorescence imaging.

Fluorescence microscopy is an essential technique for the basic sciences, especially biomedical research. Since the invention of laser scanning confocal microscopy in 1980s, that enabled imaging both fixed and living biological tissue with three-dimensional precision, high-resolution fluorescence imaging has revolutionized biological research. Confocal microscopy, by its very nature, has one fundamental limitation. Due to the confocal pinhole, deep tissue fluorescence imaging is not practical. In contrast (no pun intended), two-photon fluorescence microscopy allows, in principle, the collection of all emitted photons from fluorophores in the imaged voxel, dramatically extending our ability to see deep into living tissue. Since the development of transgenic mice with genetically encoded fluorescent protein in neocortical cells in 2000, two-photon imaging has enabled the dynamics of individual synapses to be followed for up to two years. Since the initial landmark contributions to this field in 2002, the technique has been used to understand how neuronal structure are changed by experience, learning and memory and various diseases. Here we provide a basic summary of the crucial elements that are required for such studies, and discuss many applications of longitudinal two-photon fluorescence microscopy that have appeared since 2002.
Occupational sleep medicine: practice and promise.

Occupational sleep medicine is a new field within sleep medicine. Occupational sleep medicine applies (1) the science of sleep, frequently as instantiated into mathematical modeling; (2) the tactics, techniques, and procedures of sleep and performance measurement in the operational environment; and (3) the clinical practice of sleep medicine to reduce the risks of poor performance, lost productivity, and error, incident, and accident in the workplace.
Coupled Transmission Lines

Two transmission lines whose electromagnetic fields are coupled induce signals from one line into another. This coupling is either intentional as in directional couplers or unintentional, producing unwanted responses in the other line, which is referred to as crosstalk. This discussion of coupled transmission lines will concentrate on the analysis of coupled lines and can be used to design intentional coupling or to assess unintentional coupling as in crosstalk. Keywords: crosstalk; transmission lines; coupling; time-domain solution; frequency-domain solution
The truth about validity

The chapters in Advancing Validity in Outcome Evaluation: Theory and Practice, like the literature on validity in general, are extremely diverse. They range from a narrow focus on particular criticisms of validity in one recent work in the Campbell tradition to very broad overviews of methods for improving the generalizability of evaluation results. The author reviews and comments on each chapter, and discusses some general themes prompted by this issue of New Directions for Evaluation. Those themes include the ambivalent treatment of randomized experiments within the American Evaluation Association (AEA), the need for fresh ideas about outcome evaluations from outside the AEA community, and the desirability of an empirical program of evaluation theory in which data play a central role in our validity recommendations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
J. Willard Gibbs' vector analysis in structural geology, part 2

A vector system is established in a finite hemisphere, and certain pertinent relationships are derived for lines located in the same plane. An example for the solution of field problems with the application of the vector system is given.
Community pharmacy-based hypertension disease-management program in a Latino/Hispanic-American population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the community, pharmacy-based hypertension disease-management (DM) program significantly improved patient's clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a Latino/Hispanic-American community. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental time-series study. SETTINGS: The study was implemented at two primary-care clinics in health maintenance organizations and two community pharmacy settings located in South Florida. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who have a long-term history of uncontrolled hypertension were identified and referred by their primary care physicians. INTERVENTION: A nine-month, community pharmacy-based hypertension disease-management program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HRQOL was assessed via SF-12 questionnaire and analyzed by norm-based scoring methods. Wilcoxon signed rank tests with 0.05 alpha levels were used to compare the differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP), medication compliance, and frequency of BP screenings between baseline and endpoint of the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients (50.5%) completed the program. SBP/DBP significantly declined from 150.5/95.5 mmHg to 133.8/83.3 mmHg on the second month and remained consistent throughout the study period. Quality of life and mental component summary/physical component summary scores slightly increased from 48.58/46.68 to 50.39/51.51. The number of patients monitoring BP at home and medication compliance also significantly increased after nine months of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The key factor in accomplishing this DM program is meeting the health care needs of a unique population-the Hispanic-American community. Clinicians, administrators, and public health officials should note that understanding the broad parameters of a culture is essential to providing quality care to individuals, families, and communities.
Effect of the photodeposition of tin on the consolidation of porous Vycor glass

Abstract UV photolysis of (CH) 3 SnI adsorbed onto porous Vycor glass yields changes in refractive index similar to those obtained with other organometallic precursors, but subsequent annealing of the samples fails to encapsulate the structure within a consolidated glass. The glass remains porous and structures extending 2–4 μm above the surface of the glass appear in the exposed regions. UV photolysis of adsorbed (CH) 3 SnI yields (CH) 3 Sn–OHSi which is oxidized to SnO and SnO 2 during the subsequent annealing. Sn(IV) displaces boron from the glass matrix, which diffuses to the surface of the glass, where it reacts with moisture to form crystalline H 3 BO 3 extending above the surface of the glass. Loss of boron from the regions exposed to UV light changes the viscosity of the glass and its rate of consolidation thereby creating porous regions within an otherwise consolidated glass. These regions extend 6–8 μm into the glass, and adsorption of luminescent dyes suggests these porous regions possess a microenvironment essentially equivalent to that of the original porous glass.
A morning peak in acidity during phase II crassulacean acid metabolism in Opuntia erinacea, echinocereus echinocereus and Mammillaria vivipara

Abstract Previous investigations of metabolic activity in species utilizing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have revealed a peak in the rate of CO 2 uptake following a brief decrease during the early morning period (Phase II). The present study demonstrates the existence of a similar peak in acid concentration for a native population of Opuntia erinacea (Cactaceae). Laboratory investigations of this phenomenon in O. erinacea, Echinocereus viridiflorus and Mammillaria vivipara indicate that Phase II acid concentration peaks within a maximum of 15–20 min after CO 2 uptake has peaked. The timing of these phenomena indicates a complexity of carboxylation and decarboxylation processes during CAM Phase II.