cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting community structure for floating-point precision tuning

Floating-point types are notorious for their intricate representation. The effective use of mixed precision, i.e., using various precisions in different computations, is critical to achieve a good balance between accuracy and performance. Unfortunately, reasoning about mixed precision is difficult even for numerical experts. Techniques have been proposed to systematically search over floating-point variables and/or program instructions to find a faster, mixed-precision version of a given program. These techniques, however, are characterized by their black box nature, and face scalability limitations due to the large search space. In this paper, we exploit the community structure of floating-point variables to devise a scalable hierarchical search for precision tuning. Specifically, we perform dependence analysis and edge profiling to create a weighted dependence graph that presents a network of floating-point variables. We then formulate hierarchy construction on the network as a community detection problem, and present a hierarchical search algorithm that iteratively lowers precision with regard to communities. We implement our algorithm in the tool HiFPTuner, and show that it exhibits higher search efficiency over the state of the art for 75.9% of the experiments taking 59.6% less search time on average. Moreover, HiFPTuner finds more profitable configurations for 51.7% of the experiments, with one known to be as good as the global optimum found through exhaustive search.
Chlamydiae (Erreger der Psittakose-LGV-TRIC-Gruppe)

Die Erreger der Psittakose, des Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), des Trachom und der Einschlus-Conjunctivitis (TRIC), sind eine grose Gruppe nicht beweglicher, gramnegativer, obligat intracellularer Parasiten, die ahnlich strukturiert sind und ein gemeinsames Gruppenantigen besitzen. Die Erreger durchlaufen im Cytoplasma ihrer Wirtszellen einen charakteristischen Entwicklungscyclus. In dieser Gruppe befinden sich Krankheitserreger von Mensch und Tieren, die eine erhebliche medizinische Bedeutung besitzen. Im Interesse einer kurzen Darstellung wird der Begriff „Chlamydiae“ zur Bezeichnung dieser Gruppe der Psittakose-LGV-TRIC-Erreger verwendet; fruher wurden sie als „Bedsoniae“ bezeichnet.
The SWAC: The National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characteristics of the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC). The SWAC had its beginning at October 19, 1948, meeting of the Applied Mathematics Executive Council held at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Washington, D.C. The SWAC was small in size as compared to most of the computers of its time. The units were mounted in three connected cabinets, which were made to order by a local manufacturer. The memory and control were on one side and back-to-back with it was the arithmetic unit. The project of development was divided into three major parts: memory, arithmetic, and control. The SWAC used eight basic instructions: add, subtract, and multiply rounded, product (two-word answers), compare, extract, input, and output. There was a variation of the compare instruction, which compared absolute values. SWAC was used in a research computing environment and, therefore, the problems run on it tended to be quite large. Solution times as high as 453 hours were reported during its early operation.
Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis

Clinical experiences with functional bracing of diaphyseal humeral fractures have been gratifying in the majority of instances. The results are quite predictable and usually very satisfactory. The technology required is simple and the follow-up protocol is uncomplicated and easy to adhere to.
Progress Toward a Malaria Vaccine

In initial human trials, synthetic vaccines have induced humoral immunity sufficient to prevent clinical infection in some cases and delay it in others. Progress in induction of cellular immunity is also noteworthy with identification of determinants recognized by T cells. Antigenic variation and consequent blunting of immunogenicity may not be as troublesome as feared.
Protein hyperproduction in fungi by design

The secretion of enzymes used by fungi to digest their environment has been exploited by humans for centuries for food and beverage production. More than a century after the first biotechnology patent, we know that the enzyme cocktails secreted by these amazing organisms have tremendous use across a number of industrial processes. Secreting the maximum titer of enzymes is critical to the economic feasibility of these processes. Traditional mutagenesis and screening approaches have generated the vast majority of strains used by industry for the production of enzymes. Until the emergence of economical next generation DNA sequencing platforms, the majority of the genes mutated in these screens remained uncharacterized at the sequence level. In addition, mutagenesis comes with a cost to an organism’s fitness, making tractable rational strain design approaches an attractive alternative. As an alternative to traditional mutagenesis and screening, controlled manipulation of multiple genes involved in processes that impact the ability of a fungus to sense its environment, regulate transcription of enzyme-encoding genes, and efficiently secrete these proteins will allow for rational design of improved fungal protein production strains.
Building an Online Astronomy Research Student Team at Stanford Online High School

For high-school students that have never met in person and that never expect to meet in person, some unique considerations arise in building a research team. Thoughtful strengthening of team member relationships is both more challenging and more vital than it is for an in-person collaboration. Furthermore, team members must possess a deeper understanding of the scientific process than typical students. The Stanford Online High School (SOHS) science curriculum fosters both the technical savvy and the scientific awareness that are advantageous in structuring an effective online collaborative research experience. This article describes an Stanford Online High School (SOHS) instructor’s experience in cultivating the type of student for whom an online student research team experience is well-suited, and outlines some applications in the context of the Astronomy Research Seminar’s broadening scope.
Harnessing the power of phylogenomics to disentangle the directionality and signatures of interkingdom host jumping in the parasitic fungal genus Tolypocladium.

Host specialization is common among parasitic fungi; however, there are examples when transitions in host specificity between disparately related hosts have occurred. Here, we examine the interking...
Psychological stress, immunity, and asthma: developing a paradigm for effective therapy and prevention

Asthma is increasing in incidence and prevalence worldwide in an alarming fashion. Accompanying this increase in asthma incidence and disease activity is living in an increasingly stressful, sedentary, polluted environment, all of which may be contributing to the immune imbalances associated with asthma. All individuals experience stress in their lives which, in measured amounts, is actually necessary and healthy. However, in excess amounts, intensity, duration or even character, stress can alter multiple physiological systems including emotional perceptions, neuroendocrine pathways and immune networks to produce either exhaustion, dysregulation or both. The altered immune networks may result in an under expression of immune function manifest as increased susceptibility to infections. If the immune target is primarily regulatory then the result may be an over expression of immune function manifest as increased incidence of new and/or worsening of existing inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Managing stress as a therapeutic goal for asthma patients is being increasingly explored in our current society. Approaches include reducing stress exposure where possible or mitigating the adverse impact of excessive stress when reducing is not possible or practical. Approaches to stress management can be physical (i.e. exercise-based), pharmacological or psychological. Efforts to manage psychological components of stress can come from cognitive interventions, mindfulness approaches or traditional relaxation based therapies such as meditation, yoga, tai chi and others. Future efforts should include identifying individual stress susceptibilities, factors that may modify such susceptibilities and reliable biomarkers that can be utilized to assess effectiveness of a personalized intervention strategy.
Policy Storms at the Central Office: Conflicting Narratives of Racial Equity and Segregation at School Committee Meetings

This article reports findings from a multiyear critical ethnography that examined race talk dilemmas of school leaders at the central office at a small urban school district to understand why racialized educational policies and practices still persist against African American students. This study takes a structural approach to investigating the impact that race talk has on educational policymaking at the local district level. The guiding research question in this paper examines how we can understand educational reform and policy implementation and the unintended consequences of those interventions through the local from a historical context.
Instruction Matters: Pedagogical Approaches to Increase Engagement in a Juvenile Detention Center.

Researchers have documented that high engagement in learning is linked to high academic achievement, and that low engagement is linked to low academic achievement, student alienation, and withdrawi...
Detection of functional communities in networks of randomly coupled oscillators using the dynamic-mode decomposition.

Dynamic-mode decomposition (DMD) is a versatile framework for model-free analysis of time series that are generated by dynamical systems. We develop a DMD-based algorithm to investigate the formation of functional communities in networks of coupled, heterogeneous Kuramoto oscillators. In these functional communities, the oscillators in a network have similar dynamics. We consider two common random-graph models (Watts--Strogatz networks and Barab\'asi--Albert networks) with different amounts of heterogeneities among the oscillators. In our computations, we find that membership in a functional community reflects the extent to which there is establishment and sustainment of locking between oscillators. We construct forest graphs that illustrate the complex ways in which the heterogeneous oscillators associate and disassociate with each other.
Investigating the effects of nitrogen deposition and substrates on the microbiome and mycobiome of the millipede Cherokia georgiana georgiana (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)

Abstract Millipedes are ubiquitous soil invertebrates that play major roles in physical and chemical processes in soil. Despite their importance to soil ecology and their presumed interactions with soil microorganisms, little is known about how millipedes influence and are influenced by soil microbes. Furthermore, it is not fully understood how these millipede-microbe interactions are influenced by available soil nitrogen, which is predicted to increase over the foreseeable future with increased anthropogenic production. Here, using the millipede Cherokia georgiana georgiana as a model and using a manipulative mesocosm and metabarcoding approach, we examine (1) the impacts of millipedes on soil microbial communities (fungi and bacteria) with varying nitrogen addition levels, and (2) the temporal impacts of nitrogen on millipede fecal communities (fungi and bacteria). This research demonstrates that millipede presence strongly alters soil communities and that alterations in nitrogen levels do not impact millipede gut communities. This work also provides the first evidence suggesting that millipede gut communities are predominantly derived from soils rather than leaf litter, though both contribute to gut composition. This work advances our current poor understanding of millipede-soil interactions and provides a framework for further investigations to disentangle the interactive effects of substrate, nitrogen, and time to better understand ecological impacts of these interactions.
Nonlinear Control of Spatially-Distributed Aerosol Processes

Aerosol processes are increasingly being used for the large scale production of nano- and micron-sized particles. These processes have largely replaced other processes which involve multiple steps of wet chemistry, due to the direct gas phase chemical reaction of precursor vapor and the ease of separation of the particulate products from the gas. Aerosol products, such as T i O 2, B 4 C, find widespread use as pigments, reinforcing agents, ceramic powders, optical fibers, carbon blacks and semiconductor materials. Numerous experimental studies have suggested that aerosol growth occurs in stages, beginning with the gas phase chemical reaction of the reactants to produce monomers or molecules of the condensable species (Friedlander, 1977; Friedlander, 1983). The monomers form unstable clusters, which grow further by monomer condensation. Beyond a critical cluster size, nucleation of stable aerosol particles occurs. These particles grow further, mainly by coagulation (condensation and surface reaction are some other growth mechanisms). The coagulation rate, which is affected additively by Brownian and turbulent shear forces, has a strong effect on particle size and morphology.
A Note on the Gini Measure for Discrete Distributions

In abstract mathematics the Gini coefficient of concentration is one of several diverse measures of the degree of the concentration of a purely mathematical, or uninterpreted, distribution function. Camilo Dagum has provided a thoughtful perspective on analyzing the Gini that is unique among modern economists due to his personal relationship with Gini. Camilo does not have to “guess” what Gini meant in interpreting the Gini in a given context, because he actually worked side by side with Gini. A review of Camilo’s Bibliography (at the beginning of this set of essays written in his honor) reveals the richness, diversity and dept of Camilo’s work on that subject matter. We are pleased to present this essay on the Gini in Camilo’s honor.
Shear Stiffness of Concrete by Finite Elements

A mathematical model for the shear transfer across cracks in reinforced concrete is reviewed and used as a guide to identify the main parameters involved in the shear transfer phenomenon. The mathematical model is used as the basis for the statistical analysis of the available experimental data. This statistical analysis provides a simple expression for the prediction of the shear slip along a penetrating crack caused by the transfer of the shear force in the presence of a known normal force and of an initial crack width. This expression is utilized within the context of nonlinear finite element analysis to modify the shear rigidity terms of the constitutive law of concrete upon cracking, on an integration point basis. Verification analyses conducted demonstrate the capability of the proposed finite element model to reproduce experimental results. The proposed approach is applicable to loading conditions that do not cause failure by shear.
A Cross-Cultural Test of Uncertainty Reduction Theory; Comparisons of Acquaintances, Friends, and Dating Relationships in Japan, Korea, and the United States.

A model of uncertainty reduction theory was tested that was derived from Berger and Calabrese's (1975) theory of initial interactions and recent extensions of the theory (e.g., Berger, 1979; Berger & Bradac, 1982) across three relationships (acquaintances, friends, and dates) in three cultures: Japan, Korea, and the United States. The model was tested using LISREL and found to be a reasonable fit to the data for all three relationships in all three cultures. The percentage of variance explained in attributional confidence was found to be lower for friends than for dates and acquaintances. For the United States data more variance was explained in attributional confidence in acquaintances than dates; however, the findings were reverse for the Japanese and Korean data. These findings were discussed in light of previous research on uncertainty reduction theory and relationship development. Shortcomings of the model also were pointed out based on early critiques of the theory (e.g., Bochner, 1978) and a recent elaboration that examined the context in which romantic relationships develop (Parks & Adelman, 1983).
Change detection with an unknown sensor subset: More information is not always better

Vie study the problem of detecting changes in the environment based on observations taken by multiple sensors under the setting in which the change affects an unknown subset of the sensors. We explore different approaches to this problem and relate different stopping rules for change detection with multiple sensors in a single framework. We introduce four new different stopping rules: T MAP , T SOFT-MAP , T ML and T Order . While the first three rules rely on the information contained in the posterior probability of the sensor being affected by the change and on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator of the sensor being affected, respectively, the last one is based on the order statistic of the local likelihood ratios at the sensors. We show that: i) T ML , which is based on the "scan statistic", is equivalent to the Bayesian stopping rule T 3 (p 0 = 1) that was recently introduced by Xie and Siegmund; ii) T Order , is the counterpart of T ML when the cardinality of the affected sensors is known. Surprisingly, the additional information about the cardinality does not always lead to better detection performance. A derivation of an upper bound for the false alarm rate for T Order , is given and a comparative numerical analysis of the different stopping rules is provided in order to relate their performances.
Legal Implications of Open-Source Software

This article examines some legal and economic aspects of software produced under licenses that provide for distribution of source code and allow downstream users to copy, modify, and redistribute code. The article focuses in particular on the General Public License (GPL), which grants permission to engage in such activities on the condition that downstream users make their own works available on the same terms on which they received the code. Production under this model is informal compared to production in conventional firms. Persons who work on projects utilizing these licenses do not receive wages from those who initiate or maintain the projects. This model therefore poses questions about traditional assumptions of agent behavior that characterize the Theory of the Firm literature. This article first analyzes the agency question and contends that classifying software by license terms provides an incomplete understanding of this form of production. The social structures necessary to sustain production vary depending upon the complexity, and therefore cost, of different projects; the market position of different projects is relevant as well. Production of simple, low-cost projects may require little if any coordination and therefore little if any hierarchy. Production of complex projects, such as the GNU/Linux operating system, require coordination and are in fact characterized by hierarchy. The article discusses the social factors that have thus far supported these hierarchies. The article also analyzes the reciprocal licensing model of the GPL, and discusses various issues relevant to its enforceability under existing copyright and contract law.
Socratic Moral Psychology

Introduction Acknowledgements 1. Apology of Socratic studies 2. Motivational intellectualism 3. The 'prudential paradox' 4. Wrongdoing and damage to the soul 5. Educating the appetites and passions 6. Virtue intellectualism 7. Socrates and his intellectual heirs: Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics Appendix. Is Plato's Gorgias consistent with the other early or Socratic dialogues? Bibliography of works cited Index of passages General index.
Postoperative analgesia in dogs receiving epidural morphine and medetomidine.

Analgesia was assessed in 12 dogs (seven males, five females; mean ± SEM age = 79.1 ± 8.9 months and weight = 38.2 ± 2.2 kg) undergoing repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. All dogs were given acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1 IM) and atropine (0.04 mg kg−1 IM), induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Prior to surgery, dogs randomly received either preservative-free morphine (0.1 mg kg−1) or morphine (0.1 mg kg−1) with medetomidine (MEDET), 5 µg kg−1, via lumbosacral epidural injection. Total volume of epidural injection was 0.2 mL kg−1. Respiratory character and rate, heart rate, body temperature and video of each dog were recorded prior to premedication (PREMED) and at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours after epidural injection. Plasma morphine concentration ([MOR]) of blood sampled from the cephalic vein was determined at the above times and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours after epidural injection. Numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores, posture, vocalization, and facial expression were evaluated from review of video by three blinded observers. NRS scores ranged from 0 to 10 with 0 = no pain and 10 = intense pain. Data were analyzed by repeated measures anova (p < 0.05). Induction doses of propofol and time from epidural injection to extubation were similar for both groups: 4.1 ± 0.5 mg kg−1 and 3.2 ± 0.3 hours for dogs receiving morphine and 4.8 ± 0.7 mg kg−1 and 3.8 ± 0.2 hours for dogs receiving morphine with MEDET. The pooled mean ± SEM NRS score for the morphine group (1.5 ± 0.1) was significantly higher than that of the morphine/MEDET group (1.1 ± 0.1). Mean NRS scores were significantly increased at three and four hours (2.1 ± 0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.3, respectively) compared to PREMED values (0.5 ± 0.1) only in the morphine group. Compared to PREMED values, mean [MOR] for the morphine/MEDET group was significantly increased at 0.5, 1, 12, 18, and 24 hours (range of means ± SEM = 4.7 ± 2.0–7.7 ± 2.8 ng mL−1). Mean [MOR] was not significantly different between treatments or over time within the morphine group. No significant differences were determined between groups for other measured variables. In conclusion, epidurally administered morphine combined with MEDET was associated with analgesic benefits compared to morphine alone. Peak plasma [MOR] may occur > 24 hours after epidural morphine/MEDET injection.
There is No Norm of Intervention or Non-Intervention in International Law

Comments on Prof. Jianming Shen’s position that humanitarian intervention is unlawful under international law and that there is a principle of non-intervention in international law that is so powerful that it amounts to a jus cogens prohibition.
An alternative non-tyrosine protein kinase product of the c-src gene in chicken skeletal muscle

Abstract While the c-src locus is expressed as a 4.0-kilobase (kb) mRNA coding for pp60c-src in various chicken tissues, including embryonic muscle, it is expressed as a novel 3.0-kb mRNA in adult skeletal muscle. We have analyzed the primary structure of this alternatively transcribed and spliced c-src mRNA. The sequence revealed three open reading frames, with the previously defined c-src exons 1 through 5 or 6 comprising the third, on the 3' untranslated region of this 3-kb mRNA. The exons coding for the tyrosine kinase domain of pp60c-src were excluded. On the 5' side, 2 kb of sequence upstream from the previously defined exon 1 of the c-src gene was included in this mRNA. The start site for the 3-kb mRNA probably lies downstream of that for the 4-kb mRNA. The first reading frame of the 3.0-kb mRNA, called sur (for src upstream region), encoded a 24-kilodalton (kDa) protein product rich in cysteine and proline residues. In vitro analysis indicated that the 24-kDa sur protein was membrane associated. Antibodies to sur protein detected in vivo a 24-kDa muscle-specific protein which was developmentally regulated and corresponded to the switch from the 4-kb to the 3-kb c-src mRNA. A striking kinetic pattern of appearance of sur protein and disappearance of pp60c-src suggests that the expression of these two proteins is inversely related.
Nothing 'gainst Time's Scythe Can Make Defense...

Designing vaccines against viruses or tumor cells that elicit CD8 T cell responses depends on understanding how viral and tumor antigens initiate activation of nai?½ve CD8 T cells. In his Perspective, [Ploegh][1] explores several studies published here ([ Norbury et al .][2], [ Wolkers et al .][3]) and elsewhere that reveal the pathway from viral or tumor antigens to long-lived peptides that are capable of priming CD8 T cells. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5675/1262 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5675/1318 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5675/1314
Radiographic Imaging of Human Papillomavirus Related Carcinomas of the Oropharynx

Imaging, especially contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for anatomy and positron emission tomography (PET) with labeled 18F fluorodeoxyglucose for physiologic detail, is critical for staging carcinomas of the oropharynx. As the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related carcinomas of the tonsil and base of tongue (BOT) increases, experience with CECT and PET for staging HPV+ tumors is growing. No imaging modality, however, can determine whether the tumor is HPV+. There are some unique challenges posed by HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In most locations of the head and neck, a malignancy enhances more than surrounding normal structures, which facilitates tumor mapping. Unfortunately, normal lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx, in the BOT and palatine tonsillar fossa, enhances on CECT and gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a manner similar to SCC. The primary tumor may be small or even occult at presentation, and easily over-looked on CECT. PET coupled with CECT has made a true “unknown primary” very rare, as the metabolically active tumor is almost always detectable on PET. The nodal metastases, so common with HPV+ SCC, can be truly cystic; and as such, can be misdiagnosed as a second branchial cleft cyst, a congenital benign lesion. These pitfalls, coupled with the complex anatomy of the upper aerodigestive tract, make staging these tumors difficult. In this monograph we describe the anatomy of the oropharynx and review the imaging modalities available for staging. Figures highlight the points raised in the text.
Maternal-fetal urea concentration difference in man: Metabolic significance

TtIERE ~ A S ~,~EN considerable confusion within fetal physiology regarding the difference in concentrations of urea in maternal and fetal plasmas. In man, Plass and Matthew 1 reported equal concentrations of urea in maternal and fetal plasma. More recently, McGaughey and associates 2 reported similar findings of an equal concentration of urea in maternal and fetal blood. They suggested that the placenta was not required for excretion of urea of fetal origin. In contrast, Rubaltelli and Formentin, s studying normal full-term infants, reported consistently higher urea concentrations in cord blood than in maternal blood? The direction of a positive concentration difference for urea across the placenta is important, not only qualitatively in determining the pathway for excretion of urea produced by the fetus, but also quantitatively. Recent studies have provided information on the placental clearance rate of urea in sheep ~ and subhuman pri-
Measurement of the population density of the (2)E levels of Cr+(3) in ruby via excited state absorption.

Absorption of 6328-A radiation by Cr+3 ions in the 2E level is used to determine the population density of this level in a ruby crystal under optical pumping. This method allows a much more accurate and simple determination of the excited state population than has been available previously.
INVESTIGATION OF CRACKING IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS AT EARLY AGES

The loads, construction procedures, and material behavior influence the performance of the bridge deck as well as its structural integrity. This paper includes a thorough investigation to identify the probable causes of cracking in reinforced concrete bridge decks, particularly at early ages. The objectives of the study were addressed through a literature review process and a comprehensive nationwide survey. Experiments were performed to establish the magnitude of the modulus of elasticity of concrete at early ages as well as the curvature it can withstand without cracking. A computer program was developed to take into account the loads due to sequence of pours. A compendium was developed to categorize the various causes of cracking to identify appropriate procedures that may control this cracking. The parameters considered in the investigation were age of concrete, stage and sequence of pours, curing procedures, heat of hydration, strength gain, thermal changes, and construction type. Results of the literature review and survey indicated that in most cases, cracking of concrete may be attributed to the high evaporation rate and high magnitude of shrinkage. Other factors include the use of high slump concrete, excessive water in the concrete, insufficient top reinforcement cover, insufficient vibration of the concrete, inadequate reinforcing details of the joint between the new and old deck, sequence of pour, and weight and deflection of the forms. The calculated curvatures for the selected bridges were smaller than the curvatures needed to crack dynamically loaded fresh concrete in a laboratory environment.
Regulation of the tRNA methyltransferases in normal and neoplastic tissues

Abstract The tRNA methyltransferases are under the control of several regulatory systems. The known mechanisms are hormonal, an unrelated enzyme system glycine methyltransferase, which competes for SAM, and natural inhibitors. The glycine methyltransferase is either absent or its activity is profoundly lowered in embryonic and tumor tissue. Novel tRNAs which are qualitatively different from those in normal tissue have been found in every tumor examined.
A Mathematical Foundation for the Analysis of Cladistic Character Compatibility

Using formal algebraic definitions of “cladistic character” and “character compatibility”, the concept of “binary factors of a cladistic character” is formalized and used to describe and justify an algorithm for checking the compatibility of a set of characters. The algorithm lends itself to the selection of maximal compatible subsets when compatibility fails.
Hemispheric factors and scanning dynamics in the processing of briefly exposed stimuli by human subjects: bibliography.

268 journal articles on hemispheric factors and scanning dynamics involved in the encoding of briefly exposed stimuli by human Ss are grouped into the categories of experiments with normal Ss, expe...
Reference ranges for circulating white blood cells and platelets in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (VLBW). 1301

Reference ranges for circulating white blood cells and platelets in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (VLBW). 1301
Large internal structures of micelles of triblock copolymers with small insoluble molecules in their cores

This Monte Carlo study on a simple cubic lattice investigates ternary mixtures of triblock copolymer−solvent−solubilizate systems consisting of solvent molecules, singly dispersed copolymer molecul...
Coagulation method for preparing single‐walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites and their modulus, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability

A coagulation method providing a better dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a polymer matrix was used to produce SWNT/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed an improved dispersion of SWNTs in the PMMA matrix, a key factor in composite performance. Aligned and unaligned composites were made with purified SWNTs with different SWNT loadings (0.1–7 wt %). Comprehensive testing showed improved elastic modulus, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability with the addition of SWNTs. The electrical conductivity of a 2 wt % SWNT composite decreased significantly (>105) when the SWNTs were aligned, and this result was examined in terms of percolation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 3333–3338, 2003
Keratinocyte growth factor decreases total parenteral nutrition-induced apoptosis in mouse intestinal epithelium via Bcl-2.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) increases EC-growth; however, little is known of its effect on apoptosis. This study aims to determine if mRNA expression of Bcl-2 proteins (major mediators of epithelial cell apoptosis) is altered with TPN, and if KGF-administration influences Bcl-2 family expression. Methods: C57BL/6J mice (n = 6 per group) received oral feeding (control), TPN (TPN), or TPN plus intravenous KGF daily (TPN + KGF). After 7 days, intestine was harvested and EC isolated. Apoptosis was identified using flow cytometry. EC mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family members was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Bcl-2 protein level was measured by immunoblot analysis. Results: EC apoptotic rates were: control, 14.4% ± 5.1%; TPN, 29.4% ± 11.3%; KGF, 17.2% ± 5.6%. Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins changed minimally with TPN or KGF; however, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 changed significantly: control, 0.78 ± 0.24; TPN, 0.10 ± 0.13; KGF, 0.76 ± 0.36. EC Bcl-2 protein levels were: control, 0.16 ± 0.13; TPN 0.18 ± 0.16; and TPN + KGF 0.47 ± 0.19. Conclusions: TPN-induced apoptosis decreased Bcl-2 mRNA expression. KGF decreased EC apoptosis and increased Bcl-2 expression. Modalities to increase endogenous KGF, or KGF-administration may have benefit in patients on TPN. J Pediatr Surg 38:92-96. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Laparoscopic improves perioperative outcomes of antireflux surgery at US academic centers

Abstract Background Open and laparoscopic antireflux surgeries are standard for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The in-hospital outcomes of laparoscopic and open antireflux procedures were analyzed and compared at US academic medical centers. Methods Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for 5,737 patients with GERD that underwent open (n = 1,377) or laparoscopic (n = 4,360) antireflux surgery were identified from the University Health-System Consortium Database over a 3-year period (2004–2007). Demographic and outcome data measured included length of stay, overall complications, in-hospital mortality, observed-to-expected mortality ratio (risk-adjusted mortality), and hospital costs. Results Laparoscopic antireflux procedures offered significantly lower mean length of stay, in-hospital morbidity, and hospital costs. Both procedures had a low observed to expected in-hospital mortality. Open surgery was associated with significantly higher procedure-related and pulmonary complications. Conclusions In the context of US academic centers, approximately three quarters of antireflux procedures are being performed using the laparoscopic approach. These data suggest that laparoscopy has improved in-hospital outcomes when compared with open surgery and is preferred for the surgical treatment of GERD.
Lung MK 351A Uptake after Hypoxia Adaptation and Subsequent Hyperoxia Exposure

This study investigated the effects of hypoxia adaptation (10% O2 for 4 days) on rat lung angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) content before and after hyperoxia exposure (>95% O2 for 2 days). The rationale for this investigation was that hyperoxia exposure decreases lung ACE, while hypoxia adaptation produces tolerance (improved survival) to oxygen toxicity in rats. Rats were exposed to air, hypoxia, hyperoxia alone, or hypoxia followed immediately by hyperoxia. The lungs were then excised and perfused in vitro at 12 ml/min with buffer. Lung ACE content was quantitated by measuring the single-pass binding of an iodinated ACE inhibitor,125I-MK 351A, a derivative of lisinopril. We showed previously that125I-MK 351A binding correlates quantitatively with ACE activity in lung homogenates and isolated, perfused lungs. Lung internal surface area was estimated by measuring the mean alveolar diameter of 5µm hematoxylin and eosin sections from lungs fixed in inflation (25 cmH2O transpulmonary pressure). Hypoxia adaptation per se had no effect on125I-MK 351A binding or estimated alveolar surface area, while hyperoxia exposure caused a significant decrease in both125I-MK 351A binding and alveolar surface area. These hyperoxia-induced decreases were prevented partially by hypoxia adaptation, indicating a protective effect on both ACE content and surface area.125I-MK 351A binding in isolated perfused lungs changed in parallel with histologically estimated surface area. These results indicate that hypoxia preadaptation minimizes the oxygen-induced decrease in lung microvascular ACE content.
Expression and sequence analysis of gene 7 of the IDIR agent (group B rotavirus): similarity with NS53 of group A rotavirus.

Abstract The seventh genomic segment of the IDIR strain of group B rotavirus was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in vitro in order to evaluate the gene coding assignment by comparison with group A rotaviruses (GAR). Viral genomic RNA for these reactions was obtained directly from fecal specimens of infected infant rats. IDIR virus gene 7 (IDIRg7) contained 1276 bp. Both 5′ and 3′ termini resembled those reported for other IDIR virus genomic segments. Two open reading frames (ORF) were predicted from the gene sequence; a long ORF from bases 258-1217 and a short ORF from bases 41-385. The first AUG of the long ORF was flanked by sequences associated with highly efficient translation, but less efficient translation was predicted for the short ORF. In vitro transcription and translation of IDIRg7 demonstrated a product consistent with polypeptide synthesis from the long ORE but not the short ORF. Convalescent rat antibody directed against the IDIR agent specifically immunoprecipitated the IDIRg7 protein end indicated that the in vitro translation product was indeed encoded by the virus genome. Thus, the untranslated 5′ region of IDIRg7 was longer than that previously described for any major rotavirus product. Comparison of the IDIRg7 sequence indicated 51% similarity and 18% identity with the amino acid residues of NS53 of the SA11 strain of GAR. However, the sequence of IDIRg7 did not share the putative zinc binding region postulated for NS53 of rotavirus groups A and C. It will be of interest in future experiments to evaluate the function of the IDIRg7 product following large-scale synthesis by alternative expression systems such as vaccinia or baculovirus.
Surface‐enhanced Raman analysis of vitamin B complex: Quantitative detection of p‐aminobenzoic acid

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of vitamin B complex extracted in ethanol were analyzed using a silver-coated alumina substrate. The SERS effect appears to enhance selectively the spectrum of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) from among the complex constituents of the vitamin B complex tablet. A calibration graph of SERS signal intensity versus concentration of PABA was constructed for quantitative analysis. With such a graph it is possible to detect PABA down to low parts per million levels. The potential of the SERS technique in other analytical and biomedical areas is discussed.
Chemotherapy of experimental tuberculosis with quinoline derivatives.

Summary1. Nineteen quinoline derivatives, including eleven 3-amiinoquinolme derivatives, were evaluated for tuberculostatic action upon M. tuberculosis H37Rv. 2. Seven quinoline derivatives were tested in vivo in experimentally induced tuberculosis in guinea pigs. 3. The relationship between chemical structure and tuberculostatic action was discussed.
A new method to quantify phagocytosis and intracellular degradation using green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli: Comparison of cord blood macrophages and peripheral blood macrophages of healthy adults †

Interactions between innate and adaptive immune functions in neonatal macrophages (MPhi) are still unclear. We therefore established a method to quantify bacterial phagocytosis and intracellular degradation, using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Escherichia coli in combination with phenotypic analysis. The kinetics of the proportion of phagocyting MPhi, phagocytosed bacteria per MPhi, and bacterial degradation were comparable for cord blood MPhi of term neonates and MPhi of healthy adults. Phenotyping revealed CD14 and CD16 to be down-modulated within minutes. GFP-labeled E. coli may be useful tools to further study MPhi subpopulations and determinants of phagocytosis in cord blood MPhi.
The Naval Research Laboratory’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)

Abstract The three-dimensional Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. COAMPS consists of an atmospheric data assimilation system comprising data quality control, analysis, initialization, and nonhydrostatic forecast model components, as well as a hydrostatic ocean model. The models can be integrated simultaneously so that the surface fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture are exchanged across the air–water interface every time step. Optionally, either the atmospheric or ocean model can be used as a stand-alone system. The atmospheric component of COAMPS was used for operational support for the America3 team in the 1995 America’s Cup races. Results of these forecasts indicated the necessity of data assimilation to reduce model spinup in the first 6 h of the forecast. Accurate forecasts of the low-level wind in the coastal race area was accomplished by utilizing triply nested grids to attain the necessary high resolution to resolve ...
Recent subsegmental splenic infarction: hypervascular appearance on angiography.

The authors describe a case of a focal splenic infarction with a hypervascular appearance on selective splenic arteriography. This appearance of splenic in farction has never before been reported. Angiographers should be aware of this unusual presentation of splenic infarction when they encounter an unexplained focal hypervascular area.
An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule

Most governance arrangements involve spatial units with highly unequal powers, for example, a feudal monarchy and its principalities, an empire and its colonies, a formal empire and an informal empire (or sphere of influence), a national government and its subnational entities, or a regional government and its local entities. In this situation, the dominant unit ( A ) usually enjoys some discretion about how to institutionalize its authority over the subordinate unit ( B ). An important element of this decision concerns how much authority should be delegated to the weaker unit. The authors simplify this dimension of governance along a continuum of “direct” and “indirect” styles of rule. Why, in some cases, does one find a relatively direct (centralized) system of rule and in others a relatively indirect (decentralized) system of rule? While many factors impinge on this decision, the authors argue that an important and highly persistent factor is the prior level of centralization existing within the subordinate unit. Greater centralization in B is likely to lead to a more indirect form of rule between A and B , all other things being equal. The authors refer to this as an institutional theory of direct/indirect rule. Empirical analyses of this hypothesis are applied to patterns of direct and indirect rule (1) during the age of imperialism and (2) across contemporary nation-states. The article concludes by discussing applications of the theory in a variety of additional settings.
Detection of emboli after surgery for intracerebral aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Neurological change after surgery for cerebral aneurysm caused by embolic events is commonly suspected, but direct detection of emboli has not been possible in the past. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is able to detect emboli, and large numbers of emboli detected in TCD studies have been associated with radiological changes and clinical deterioration. METHODS: During a 2-year period, 11 patients were observed to have emboli during routine TCD studies after aneurysm surgery. The computed tomographic (CT) scans of these patients were reviewed for low-density areas, suggesting ischemia. All patients studied during a 1-year interval (July 1995-July 1996) served as a control group and were reviewed for similar CT findings, and the two groups were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Nine of the 11 patients (82%) observed to have emboli developed low-density areas on their CT scans, whereas 30 of the 123 (24%) patients without emboli developed low-density areas on their CT scans. The difference was significant (P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Credible sources for emboli were readily identified in each of the 11 patients. CONCLUSION: TCD allows detection of emboli after aneurysm surgery, and this detection is strongly associated with CT evidence of ischemia. Although detection of emboli was relatively rare in this study, rates of emboli occurrence may increase if systematic monitoring is used.
Dickinson's the Parasol is the Umbrella's Daughter

(1996). Dickinson's the Parasol is the Umbrella's Daughter. The Explicator: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 84-87.
Patterns of force in robbery

This study uses offender interviews and the comparative analysis of cases to examine the conditions under which different modes of force are used by an offender to exact compliance from a target in robbery. The mode of force employed is constrained by two contingencies: the strength of the offender's coercive resources and the meaning of the target to the robbery. The greater the punitive strength of the offender's coercive resources, the more likely the offender will use limited force to exact compliance. The lesser the punitive strength of the offender's resources, the more likely the offender will use massive force to generate compliance. When the target is deemed pivotal to the offender's goal achievement, the offender is confined to the use of limited force, regardless of the punitive strength of his or her resources. When the target is not considered necessary, the offender will use either limited or massive force, depending on the strength of his or her resources.
Chiral (gauge) symmetry and regularizations

Abstract We show that the lack of the (global or local) chiral symmetry at the quantum level produces (1) a linearly divergent quark mass for massless QCD or (2) a quadratically divergent gauge boson mass for a chiral gauge theory by using lattice and Pauli-Villars regularizations, contrary to the usual claim that both are absent because of the chiral symmetry. We point out that the dimensional regularization, which is used to get the usual claim, fails to reproduce such dimensionful divergences, though the gauge invariance of the gauge boson propagator is broken by the dimensionless finite term. We conclude that dimensional regularization should not be used to discuss the divergent structure of some theory.
Landau Phenomenological Theory of One and Two Component Phospholipid Bilayers

Abstract A simple phenomenological model for the excess water phospholipid bilayer main phase transition is developed. The dependence of transition temperature and latent heat on chain length is calculated. Phase diagrams for binary mixtures with components differing in chain length by 2, 4 and 6 carbons are determined. It is found that there is phase separation in the gel state for a chain length difference of 6 carbons. Comparison of theory and experiment is discussed.