cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing non-critically ill COVID-19 survivors with and without in-hospital rehabilitation.

This study investigated pre-COVID-19 admission dependency, discharge assistive equipment, discharge medical follow-up recommendation, and functional status at hospital discharge of non-critically ill COVID-19 survivors, stratified by those with (N = 155) and without (N = 162) in-hospital rehabilitation. “Mental Status”, intensive-care-unit (ICU) Mobility, and modified Barthel Index scores were assessed at hospital discharge. Relative to the non-rehabilitation patients, rehabilitation patients were older, had more comorbidities, worse pre-admission dependency, were discharged with more assistive equipment and supplemental oxygen, spent more days in the hospital, and had more hospital-acquired acute kidney injury, acute respiratory failure, and more follow-up referrals (p < 0.05 for all). Cardiology, vascular medicine, urology, and endocrinology were amongst the top referrals. Functional scores of many non-critically ill COVID-19 survivors were abnormal at discharge (p < 0.05) and were associated with pre-admission dependency (p < 0.05). Some functional scores were negatively correlated with age, hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, psychiatric disease, anemia, and neurological disorders (p < 0.05). In-hospital rehabilitation providing restorative therapies and assisting discharge planning were challenging in COVID-19 circumstances. Knowledge of the functional status, discharge assistive equipment, and follow-up medical recommendations at discharge could enable appropriate and timely post-discharge care. Follow-up studies of COVID-19 survivors are warranted as many will likely have significant post-acute COVID-19 sequela.
European Union Law in the Member State Courts: A Comparative View

Both the European Union and the United States are federal systems. Both divide law-making authority between the central government and the member states. Each has a dual judicial system, consisting of member state courts and central government courts. But the EU and the U.S. approaches to federalism diverge in two important ways. First, unlike the U.S., the EU has no system of lower federal courts. Second, in the U.S., the Supreme Court may review state court rulings that turn on issues of federal law. The European Court of Justice has no power of appellate review over the Member State courts. It resolves issues of EU law by way of “preliminary references,” a procedure by which Member State courts seek answers to specific questions. “Preliminary reference” roughly resembles federal court “certification” to the state courts in the U.S., except that the referral is from state to federal court in the EU version. This article compares the U.S. and EU approaches to interpretation and enforcement of central government law, in order to make three points. First, the article argues that the preliminary reference approach does not adequately assure the uniformity and effectiveness of EU law. Second, the article draws on the history of judicial federalism in the U.S. to argue against setting up a network of lower EU courts. Third, the article draws on that history to argue that effective enforcement of EU law, as well as the interests of the Member States, would be better served by amending the Eu treaties to authorize ECJ appellate review of Member State court rulings
Handbook of Ototoxicity

Published in 1985: This publication will serve as a useful guide to all those involved in Otology either in a clinical or research environment.
Modeling Commuter Express Bus System

This paper presents a procedure for routing buses on an express basis between commuter stations and specific locations of high worker density. The use of two integer programming models based on a set of predetermined alternative routes is explored to develop efficient routings when characteristics such as distance, cost, and time span must be considered. When one of these models was used to develop routes for a possible additional express bus system in Chicago, the computer-based optimization resulted in routes somewhat better than an original set of routes derived manually. Although the relatively minor improvement (3.7%) achieved by the computer-based process might not always be worth the additional expense such effort always entails, the use of mathematical programming models enables extensive sensitivity analysis to be undertaken relatively painlessly and enables a wide variety of alternatives to be examined.
Did Roe v. Wade Pass the Arbitrary and Capricious Test

Justice Blackmun sat on 3,653 cases during his twenty-four terms on the Supreme Court, yet he will surely be best remembered for his role in one case, Roe v. Wade. Seldom has a judicial decision been more controversial. True, many opinions are harshly criticized. But the criticisms of Roe were distinctive. According to critics, Roe was not merely bad law, in some sense it was not law at all. One particularly outspoken critic recently calls Roe “perhaps the most indefensible ‘constitutional’ decision ever reached by this Court to date” as well as “manifestly and atrociously contrary to the Constitution.” The Roe dissenters were the first to charge that Roe was an arbitrary fiat rather than a legitimate, if misguided, decision. In dissent, Justice White accused the Court of lawlessness:
Cortical Membrane Potential Signature of Optimal States for Sensory Signal Detection

Summary The neural correlates of optimal states for signal detection task performance are largely unknown. One hypothesis holds that optimal states exhibit tonically depolarized cortical neurons with enhanced spiking activity, such as occur during movement. We recorded membrane potentials of auditory cortical neurons in mice trained on a challenging tone-in-noise detection task while assessing arousal with simultaneous pupillometry and hippocampal recordings. Arousal measures accurately predicted multiple modes of membrane potential activity, including rhythmic slow oscillations at low arousal, stable hyperpolarization at intermediate arousal, and depolarization during phasic or tonic periods of hyper-arousal. Walking always occurred during hyper-arousal. Optimal signal detection behavior and sound-evoked responses, at both sub-threshold and spiking levels, occurred at intermediate arousal when pre-decision membrane potentials were stably hyperpolarized. These results reveal a cortical physiological signature of the classically observed inverted-U relationship between task performance and arousal and that optimal detection exhibits enhanced sensory-evoked responses and reduced background synaptic activity. Video Abstract
Memory in Oral Traditions: The Cognitive Psychology of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-out Rhymes

This book applies the methods and theories of cognitive psychology to the study of oral traditions. Rubin elaborates on three structural devices that appear in oral traditions: those consisting of meaning, those using imagery, and those in which sound pattern is predominant. Next, the way in which these and other constraints fit together is examined. The processes of transmission and recall are then considered. Three genres are considered as different applications of the principles outlined in the book. For two of these - counting-out rhymes and ballads - original studies are reported. For the third - epic - new analyses of existing data are reported.
4-Nitrocatechol as a probe of a Mn(II)-dependent extradiol-cleaving catechol dioxygenase (MndD): comparison with relevant Fe(II) and Mn(II) model complexes

Mn(II)-dependent 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase (MndD) is an extradiol-cleaving catechol dioxygenase from Arthrobacter globiformis that has 82% sequence identity to and cleaves the same substrate (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) as Fe(II)-dependent 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) from Brevibacterium fuscum. We have observed that MndD binds the chromophoric 4-nitrocatechol (4-NCH(2)) substrate as a dianion and cleaves it extremely slowly, in contrast to the Fe(II)-dependent enzymes which bind 4-NCH(2) mostly as a monoanion and cleave 4-NCH(2) 4-5 orders of magnitude faster. These results suggest that the monoanionic binding state of 4-NC is essential for extradiol cleavage. In order to address the differences in 4-NCH(2) binding to these enzymes, we synthesized and characterized the first mononuclear monoanionic and dianionic Mn(II)-(4-NC) model complexes as well as their Fe(II)-(4-NC) analogs. The structures of [(6-Me(2)-bpmcn)Fe(II)(4-NCH)](+), [(6-Me(3)-TPA)Mn(II)(DBCH)](+), and [(6-Me(2)-bpmcn)Mn(II)(4-NCH)](+) reveal that the monoanionic catecholate is bound in an asymmetric fashion (Delta r(metal-O(catecholate))=0.25-0.35 A), as found in the crystal structures of the E(.)S complexes of extradiol-cleaving catechol dioxygenases. Acid-base titrations of [(L)M(II)(4-NCH)](+) complexes in aprotic solvents show that the p K(a) of the second catecholate proton of 4-NCH bound to the metal center is half a p K(a) unit higher for the Mn(II) complexes than for the Fe(II) complexes. These results are in line with the Lewis acidities of the two divalent metal ions but are the opposite of the trend observed for 4-NCH(2) binding to the Mn(II)- and Fe(II)-catechol dioxygenases. These results suggest that the MndD active site decreases the second p K(a) of the bound 4-NCH(2) relative to the HPCD active site.
The Importance of Models in Making Complex Systems Comprehensible

Abstract Reality is not user-friendly. To cope with, model, and comprehend a complex reality requires complex systems. Complex systems offer power, but they are not without problems. In our research, high functionality computer systems serve as prototypical examples for complex systems and are used to instantiate our framework of cooperative problem solving in joint human-computer systems. Models play a crucial role in the creation and use of these systems and help to increase their comprehensibility. Three different types of models are discussed in this paper: the designers' models of users, the users' models of systems, and the systems' models of users. Innovative system designs supporting human problem-domain communication and providing design environments illustrate the relevance of these models in making complex systems comprehensible.
Going wireless: the emergence of wireless networks in education

This paper focuses on the emerging technology of wireless networks, and their use in education. This paper discusses some advantages of wireless networks, as well as some concerns that need to be addressed before implementing a wireless network. Wireless networks are being implemented in both K-12 institutions and post-secondary institutions, though it has been found that they are being used in a different manner. In K-12 settings they are being used primarily to integrate technology and its use into the classroom setting, replacing the standard computer lab that is located outside the classroom. At the university level, the wireless network is utilized more as a means of convenience. The students and teachers are able to access resources for learning regardless of their location. They can use laptops and PDA's to expand their learning capabilities to any location, not just the classroom. The ideal wireless network needs to bring more technology into the classroom and in turn enhance the learning experience, as well as provide the opportunity for students to access resources outside the classroom, which would provide those who are interested a way to obtain knowledge any time they are willing and able.
Materials Challenges in Space Exploration

United States civil space program administered by National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a new strategic direction to explore the solar system. This new 'vision for space exploration' encompasses a broad range of human and robotic missions, including the Moon. Mars and destinations beyond. These missions require advanced systems and capabilities that will accelerate the development of many critical technologies, including advanced materials and structural concepts. Specifically, it is planned to develop high-performance materials for vehicle structures, propulsion systems, and space suits; structural concepts for modular assembly for space infrastructure: lightweight deployable and inflatable structures for large space systems and crew habitats; and highly integrated structural systems and advanced thermal management systems for reducing launch mass and volume. This paper will present several materials challenges in advanced space systems-high performance structural and thermal materials, space durable materials, radiation protection materials, and nano-structural materials. Finally, the paper will take a look at the possibility of utilizing materials in situ, i.e., processing materials on the surface of the Moon and Mars.
The Institutional Basis of Intercommunal Order: Evidence from Indonesia's Democratic Transition

When authoritarian regimes break down, why does communal violence spike and why are some locations more prone to violence than others? To understand violence during transitions, it is necessary to understand what sustains order when regimes are stable. While existing theories attribute order to formal or informal security institutions on their own, I argue that intercommunal order obtains when formal and informal security institutions are aligned. During authoritarian breakdowns, the state's coercive grip loosens, exposing mismatches between formal and informal institutions and raising the risk of communal violence. Formal-informal mismatches emerge in communities accustomed to heavy state intervention since they will have developed more state-dependent informal security institutions. I apply an instrumental variables approach on a nationwide dataset of village-level data to show that prior exposure to military intervention, proxied by the distance to security outposts, led to Indonesia's spike in violence during its recent democratic transition.
Currently recognized genes for schizophrenia: High‐resolution chromosome ideogram representation

A large body of genetic data from schizophrenia-related research has identified an assortment of genes and disturbed pathways supporting involvement of complex genetic components for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Advances in genetic technology and expanding studies with searchable genomic databases have led to multiple published reports, allowing us to compile a master list of known, clinically relevant, or susceptibility genes contributing to schizophrenia. We searched key words related to schizophrenia and genetics from peer-reviewed medical literature sources, authoritative public access psychiatric websites and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery and characterization of schizophrenia. Our list of 560 genes were arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms. Genome wide pathway analysis using GeneAnalytics was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess the underlying genetic architecture for schizophrenia. Recognized genes of clinical relevance, susceptibility or causation impact a broad range of biological pathways and mechanisms including ion channels (e.g., CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1H), metabolism (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6), multiple targets of neurotransmitter pathways impacting dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin function, brain development (e.g., NRG1, RELN), signaling peptides (e.g., PIK3CA, PIK4CA) and immune function (e.g., HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1) and interleukins (e.g., IL1A, IL10, IL6). This summary will enable clinical and laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and other clinicians to access convenient pictorial images of the distribution and location of contributing genes to inform diagnosis and gene-based treatment as well as provide risk estimates for genetic counseling of families with affected relatives.
The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection

Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic (for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources. We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel, as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery. Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system. Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.
Pregnant patients suspected of having acute appendicitis: effect of MR imaging on negative laparotomy rate and appendiceal perforation rate.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on the negative laparotomy rate (NLR) and the perforation rate (PR) in pregnant patients suspected of having acute appendicitis (AA) and to assess the need for computed tomography (CT) in this setting. Materials and Methods: The data of 148 consecutive pregnant patients (mean age, 29 years; age range, 15–42 years; mean gestational age, 20 weeks; gestational age range, 4–37 weeks) who were clinically suspected of having AA and examined with MR imaging between March 2002 and August 2007 were retrospectively analyzed in an institutional review board–approved HIPAA-compliant protocol. One hundred forty patients underwent ultrasonography (US) before MR imaging. The clinical and laboratory data and the findings of the initial US and MR image interpretations were recorded and analyzed at Student t and Fisher exact testing. The NLR and PR were calculated. Results: Fourteen (10%) patients had AA, and perforation occurred in three (21%) of them. ...
Contemporary techniques in inferior turbinate reduction: survey results of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.

Background: Nasal airway obstruction is a frequently-encountered problem, often secondary to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Medical treatment can be beneficial but is inadequate for many individuals. For these refractory cases, surgical intervention plays a key role in management. Objective: The authors evaluate the current trends in surgical management of inferior turbinate hypertrophy and review the senior author’s (SS) preferred technique. Methods: A questionnaire was devised and sent to members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) to determine their preferred methods for assessment and treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Results: One hundred and twenty-seven physicians responded to the survey, with 85% of surveys completed fully. Of the responses, 117 (92%) respondents were trained solely in plastic surgery and 108 (86.4%) were in private practice. Roughly 81.6% of respondents employ a clinical exam alone to evaluate for airway issues. The most commonly-preferred techniques to treat inferior turbinate hypertrophy were a limited turbinate excision (61.9%) and turbinate outfracture (35.2%). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it appears that limited turbinate excision and turbinate outfracture are the most commonly-used techniques in private practice by plastic surgeons. Newer techniques such as radiofrequency coblation have yet to become prevalent in terms of application, despite their current prevalence within the medical literature. The optimal method of management for inferior turbinate reduction should take into consideration the surgeon’s skill and preference, access to surgical instruments, mode of anesthesia, and the current literature.
Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism

Abstract Scholars have suggested that small-scale sports events may be a sustainable form of tourism development for communities (e.g., Higham, 1999 ). The purpose of this study was to examine six small-scale sports events and the work of a local sports commission in the context of the three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. Small-scale sports events are largely competitor or parent-as-spectator based, often annual, and attract little media attention. The six events were: a marathon, Senior Games, archery, soccer, softball, and swimming. The participants or spectators of the six events were surveyed onsite or online over an 18-month period and additional data from the sports commission, where relevant, were included. Sample sizes ranged from n = 68 to n = 447. The results suggest that a small-scale sports event portfolio consistent with a community's infrastructure and human and cultural capital may be a viable form of sustainable tourism development.
The eruption of a quiescent prominence as observed in UV lines

Observations of an eruptive and a quiescent prominence are compared in order to understand better the energetic processes in an eruptive prominence. Several differences are pointed out which suggest that the activation consists not only of a mechanical movement of material, but also changes in the temperature of the prominence plasma. Some prominence material that does not seem to participate in the large-scale prominence motion is heated during the eruptive event. Most of this material is heated to transition zone temperatures with almost no cool 'core'. The behavior indicates that there are structures that are first cool and then heat up to transition zone temperatures, apparently remaining stable for some time at these temperatures.
Choline chloride effects on memory in the elderly

Choline chloride (2 g QID) and placebo were administered to 10 subjects over age 60 in a placebo-drug placebo design. Subjects first took placebo for 7 days, followed by choline for 21 days and finally took placebo for another 21 days. Memory tests were given at the end of both placebo periods and twice during choline administration. Choline did not significantly affect performance on a test of memory storage, a test of retrieval from memory or on the digit span test. In addition, a correlational analysis showed that the difference between memory performance during choline administration and during placebo administration was not significantly related to baseline memory performance. These results, together with results of previous studies indicate that choline is not an effective agent for improving memory in nondemented elderly patients.
Binding of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene and 6-ace-toxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene to DNA

Summary The carcinogenic hydrocarbons 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[ a ]pyrene (6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P) and 6-acetoxym8thylbenzo[ a ]pyrene (6-AcOCH 2 -B[ a ]P) were examined for their ability to bind to rat and calf thymus DNA. The data indicate there are no appreciable differences in the amount of binding to the two types of DNA. Non-enzymatic binding of 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P was low (5 μmol hydrocarbon/mol DNA P) but 6-AcOCH 2 -B[ a ]P was bound to a considerable extent (88.42¯-97.3 μmol hydrocarbon/mol DNA P). Non-enzymatic binding of 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P was greatly increased in the presence of ATP. Binding of 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P in the presence of liver microsomes from untreated rats or from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) never exceeded 5 jumol hydrocarbon/mol DNA P. Binding of 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P in the presence of a PAPS generating system was less than non-enzymatic binding mediated by ATP and was dependent on the presence of ATP rather than ATP and sulfate. Binding was reduced by 50% when ADP was employed in the non-enzymatic reaction and was negligible in the presence of AMP or adenosine, indicating that a diphosphate group is necessary. Incubation of 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P with DNA in the presence of ATP, CTP, GTP, or UTP showed that ATP was the most effective mediator of the binding reaction. These observations suggest that 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P is converted to a phosphate ester which, like 6-AcOCH 2 -B[ a ]P, is much more reactive than 6-HOCH 2 -B[ a ]P itself.
Comparison of Volatile Compounds from Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) and Deerberry (V. stamineum) during Maturation

ABSTRACT Volatile concentrates were prepared concurrently from Rabbiteye blueberry, cv. Tifblue, and deerberry at three stages of maturity by continuous vacuum steam distillation-hexane extraction, and were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Six major components were identified in blueberries and ten compounds in the deerberry extract. Linalool levels increased, whereas α-terpineol and β-caryophyllene decreased during blueberry maturation. In contrast, levels of most deerberry volatile compounds decreased, except for three esters which increased during maturation.
Transcriptional regulation of a second flavodoxin gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Abstract A second flavodoxin gene, distinct from the nifF gene encoding nitrogenase flavodoxin, has been isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae. This flavodoxin gene is a homologue of the E. coli fldA gene and is located 286 bp upstream of the K. pneumoniae fur gene. Primer extension analysis revealed an unusual promoter region upstream of the K. pneumoniae fldA gene that does not match the −35/−10 consensus sequence. Transcriptional analyses using a Fur titration assay and fldA gene fusions demonstrated that, unlike E. coli fldA, the K. pneumoniae fldA gene is not constitutively expressed. Rather, the fldA gene of K. pneumoniae is repressed in high iron conditions by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein. Expression of K. pneumoniae fldA is also induced by heat shock but not by salt stress.
Transforming growth factor activity of bovine brain-derived growth factor

Summary Bovine brain-derived growth factor (BDGF), whose biochemical properties resemble those of endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) and brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor (acidic FGF), is able to promote colony formation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK cells) in soft agar. As in the case of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), EGF potentiates the anchorage-independent growth promoting activity of BDGF. In the presence of EGF (5 ng/ml), the optimal concentration of BDGF for stimulation of anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells is ∼0.5 ng/ml. At higher concentrations, BDGF becomes inhibitory. The anchorage-independent cell growth promoting activity of BDGF differs from that of TGFβ in acid and reducing agent stability.
The Spectral-Line Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases Model for H2O/CO2 Mixtures

The weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model, first introduced by Hottel and Sarofim for expressing total gas emissivities and in the context of the zone method, has recently been extended to the general form of the radiative transfer equation (RTE). The fundamental radiative property of the model is the locally defined absorption coefficient, which permits the use of arbitrary solution methods of the RTE. Denison and Webb developed a spectral line-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model by constructing a histogram representation of the high-resolution spectra of H{sub 2}O. Subsequently, a novel absorption-line black body distribution function was developed that easily allows the black body weights a{sub j} of any desired number of gray gases to be determined by simple differencing rather than accessing detailed spectral line information. The distribution function also provides the means of incorporating a spatial dependence of the gray gas absorption cross sections on temperature, pressure, and species mole in nonisothermal, nonhomogeneous problems. 15 refs., 3 figs.
Robust control in ultracold alkali metals using a single linearly chirped pulse

We theoretically investigate the population dynamics of the valence electron of elements of the alkali series induced by nanosecond linearly chirped (LC) pulses having kW cm−2 beam intensity and examine two different shapes of the pulse envelope. We demonstrate the possibility of controllable population transfer between hyperfine (HpF) levels of the S orbital through Raman transitions. We assume that the atoms are in the state of an ultracold vapor and Doppler free. Detuning slightly below the one-photon resonance condition with the lowest of the HpF states of the corresponding P orbital avoids interaction of the pulse with the other HpF levels of the P orbital and allows us to enter the adiabatic region of population transfer at very low field intensities, such that the corresponding Rabi frequencies are on the order of the hyperfine splitting of the S orbital. This methodology provides a robust way to create a specially designed superposition state in such atoms in the basis of the HpF levels and perfor...
THE MYTH OF 'THE MYTH OF HYPERCOMPUTATION'

A myth has unfortunately arisen in connection with Martin Davis's rather aggressively titled paper "The Myth of Hypercomputation." The myth is that Davis is profoundly and decisively right therein, and that hypercomputation is indeed therefore a myth. We show herein that Davis is wrong: i.e., that it's a myth that hypercomputation is a myth. We begin by pointing out and putting to use an obvious fact about the adjective 'mythic.' (E.g., if it's a myth that ϕ (= if ϕ is mythic), where ϕ is some declarative statement, then ϕ is false.) These facts allow us to quickly prove that some of the propositions Davis can be charitably read as advancing are provably false, that some are vacuously true, and that the remainder are indeterminate. Since all that he advances falls into one of these categories, his project is an utter failure.
O chamado às armas: o abolicionismo radical de Nabuco em 1885-1886

O papel de Nabuco no movimento abolicionista tem sido caracterizado de diferentes maneiras, em relacao tanto as suas proprias visoes politicas quanto ao seu significado no processo que levou ao fim da escravidao em 1888. Pesquisas sugerem que tanto as visoes de Nabuco quanto o seu significado mudaram no contexto contingente da trajetoria historica do movimento. Uma das conjunturas mais criticas que demonstraram isso foi o ano transformador de 1885, em que o artigo se concentra. Conforme se demonstrara, a campanha abolicionista de pressao publica, iniciada por Nabuco e seus aliados naquele ano, mobilizaram um movimento nas ruas e nos campos que, por sua vez, remontariam a imprensa e ao parlamento para reverter a politica da Coroa e forcar um fim legal a escravidao.
Comments on glucose profiles in the rabbit cornea.

Lattimorr, etudiant le glucose dans la cornee du lapin, a mis en evidence un gradient stromal du glucose de l'endothelium vers l'epithelium. Il a mis en evidence des taux eleves de glucose dans toute la cornee apres irradiation UV. Ces quantites de glucose determinees du Lattimorr dans la cornee normale du lapin sont 10 3 fois superieures a celles rapportees par des chercheurs anterieurs. On discute ici cette divergence apparente
Chemical Classification of Iron Meteorites: XII. New Members of the Magmatic Groups

Abstract Data are reported for thirty iron meteorites that are members of the magmatic groups, for three main group pallasites, one anomalous mesosiderite, and for three ungrouped irons and an ungrouped pallasite that are similar to IIIAB irons in their Ni, Ga, and Ge contents. The set includes four observed falls (11% of iron falls) Ban Rong Du, Chisenga, Nyaung and Sterlitamak, and Zaisho, one of two known pallasite falls. Two of the ungrouped irons (Ban Rong Du and Mount Howe 88403) and the ungrouped pallasite Yamato 8451, although having Ni, Ga, and Ge contents in the same general range as IIIAB, have very different contents of Co and exhibit significant differences for several other elements; they are clearly not related to IIIAB or to its little sister, group IIIE. A fourth ungrouped iron, Tres Castillos, chiefly differs from IIIAB in terms of its low Ga and high Ge contents; its Ga/Ge ratio is 35% higher than that of any other IIIAB iron. We report data on four new IIAB irons, all falling within established fields; the Bilibino iron is somewhat unusual, having a low Ir content (0.12 μg/g) and a structure altered by reheating. The IVA irons are also typical. One, Albion, may be a mislabeled specimen of Gibeon; another, Page City, exhibits large cracks (up to 3 cm). The Chaunskij anomalous mesosiderite has exceptionally high Ni and very low Ir concentrations. Two of three new main group pallasites are anomalous; Pecora Escarpment 91004 has an Ir content above the normal range, and Zaisho has an exceptionally high Fa content in the olivine.
Changing plans: neural correlates of executive control in monkey and human frontal cortex

Changing plans depends on executive control, the orchestration of behavior based on knowledge of both goal and context. Dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices are clearly involved in these processes. Intracranial recordings in these regions were obtained from a monkey performing an executive control-challenging task that is widely used in clinic and laboratory to assess the integrity of cognitive function, the AX version of the continuous performance task (AX-CPT), and directly compared to scalp-recorded evoked potentials in humans. In this task the subject presses a button when detecting a frequent cue–target probe sequence in a stream of letters presented on a computer screen, and withholds response following incorrect sequences. Thus correct performance requires correct encoding of cue and probe instruction and inhibitory control. Intracranial recordings showed that DLPFC in the monkey was primarily activated by conditions that required inhibition of imminent action, as had been shown in human event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Different subregions of monkey ACC were activated primarily by either initiating or inhibiting action, whereas human ERP had shown ACC activation in both situations. We suggest that simultaneous activation of both types of subregions in conflict conditions may account the ubiquitous ACC activation observed with fMRI and ERP in those conditions.
Computing With Nonequilibrium Ratchets

Electronic ratchets transduce local spatial asymmetries into directed currents in the absence of a global drain bias by rectifying temporal signals that reside far from the thermal equilibrium. We show that the absence of a drain bias can provide distinct energy advantages for computation, specifically, reducing static dissipation in a logic circuit. Since the ratchet functions as a gate voltage-controlled current source, it also potentially reduces the dynamic dissipation associated with charging/discharging capacitors. In addition, the unique charging mechanism eliminates timing-related constraints on logic inputs, in principle allowing for adiabatic charging. We calculate the ratchet currents in classical and quantum limits, and show how a sequence of ratchets can be cascaded to realize universal Boolean logic.
A transducer model for contrast perceptio

Multiple channel models of visual function proposed to date have been either threshold models or suprathreshold models. The transition between detection and perception of contrast which involves the gradual disappearance of spatial response pooling has not been addressed. We propose a model that allows us to simulate contrast detection, contrast perception and the gradual disappearance of spatial response pooling with contrast. The model successfully predicts thresholds and perceived contrast functions for several multiple component stimuli.
Long-term results following thoracotomy for metastatic bladder cancer

Six patients, who had been treated for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and had no residual disease in the bladder or other evidence of malignancy, underwent thoracotomy and wedge resection for a solitary pulmonary metastasis. Five patients remain alive without disease at one, five, five, seven, and sixteen years, respectively. The median length of survival of these patients (five years), when contrasted to the median survival time of all patients with metastasis from bladder cancer (three months), emphasizes the importance of individualizing assessment and treatment.
The CIP method embedded in finite element discretizations of incompressible fluid flows

Quite effective low-order finite element and finite volume methods for incompressible fluid flows have been established and are widely used. However, higher-order finite element methods that are stable, have high accuracy and are computationally efficient are still sought. Such discretization schemes could be particularly useful to establish error estimates in numerical solutions of fluid flows. The objective of this paper is to report on a study in which the cubic interpolated polynomial (CIP) method is embedded into 4-node and 9-node finite element discretizations of 2D flows in order to stabilize the convective terms. To illustrate the capabilities of the formulations, the results obtained in the solution of the driven flow square cavity problem are given.
Single and multiple CH (calponin homology) domain containing multidomain proteins in Arabidopsis and Saccharomyces: an inventory.

Genes for individual domains such as CH, lim, ankyrin, PH and RhoGAP, IQ motif, Ig_FLMN, spectrin, and EF hand probably existed in early evolution before there were plants, fungi or animals so that when we examine multidomain proteins in Arabidopsis, Saccharomyces, Dictyostelium or Homo Sapiens we encounter various combinations of such domains. While all of these four species express Fimbrin and EB1, the lists of CH containing multidomain proteins, however, differ in number and in type for each of them. There was no further great increase in the number of new single domain proteins. Still many new multidomain genes evolved—but far more so in metazoans—than in plants or fungi. In both plants and fungi only singlet CH domains but no doublets (other than those forming the Fimbrin quadruplet) were incorporated. That is in these two branches one finds no alpha actinin, dystrophin or filamin even though the individual building blocks (i.e. domains such as spectrin or IG-FLMN) were available in Arabidopsis. Possibly transposons create new chimeric multidomain genes by mixing and matching genes or gene fragments.
Abelian gauge structure and anomalous spin and statistics of solitons in non-linear sigma models

Abstract We show that the inclusion of topological lagrangians in non-linear sigma models introduces certain topological non-trivial abelian background fields in the configuration space of these theories. In particular, the Hopf and the Wess-Zumino terms lead, respectively, to a vortex and a monopole in the corresponding configuration space for 2+1 and 3+1 dimensional theories. That topological solitons acquire anomalous spin and statistics through the inclusion of these lagrangians can be considered as the generalization of the situation for anyons and dyons in ordinary space to functional space.
Co2+ spin-lattice relaxation narrowing of 19F NMR in KCoF3

Abstract The temperature dependence of the 19F NMR linewidth ΔH in KCoF3 has been measured over the entire paramagnetic solid state region. The dramatic decrease in the hyperfine-broadened, exchange narrowed ΔH that occurs above 200 K is interpreted as arising from fast Co2+ single-ion, spin-lattice relaxation. A model theory of the temperature dependence of ΔH is given which incorporates the interplay of exchange and spin lattice relaxation effects on the decay of the spin autocorrelation function.
Comparison of semilunar cycles of spawning activity in Fundulus grandis and F. heteroclitus held under constant laboratory conditions

Two closely related killifish, Fundulus grandis of the Gulf coast and F. heteroclitus of the Atlantic coast, were held under standard laboratory conditions and monitored for spawning activity. Daily egg collections for 4–5 months during summer revealed semilunar cycles of spawning activity in both F. grandis (three aquaria) and F. heteroclitus (five of six aquaria). The mean periods were near 13.7 days for F. grandis and near 14.8 days for F. heteroclitus. The shorter duration in F. grandis closely approximates the tidal cycle in the Gulf of Mexico, which is an expression of the declinational cycle of the moon (tropical month: 27.3 days). The longer duration in F. heteroclitus closely approximates the tidal cycle along the Atlantic coast, which, along with the moonlight cycle, is an expression of the synodic month (29.5 days). Unless the fish respond to subtle exogenous cues that can influence spawning under isolated laboratory conditions, these results indicate that both killifish have endogenous cycles with very precise periods. These cycles free run for several months in specific phase relationships with tidal (F. grandis) and tidal/moonlight cycles (F. heteroclitus) present in their respective natural habitats.
A practical statistical quality control scheme for the industrial hygiene chemistry laboratory

A computerized statistical quality control system has been developed for use in the industrial hygiene chemistry laboratory. The system is practical and sufficiently flexible to allow for multiple analytes, concentrations, replicate sizes and sample types. The computerized system provides an immediate evaluation of the quality of analytical results and produces automatically simple but informative accuracy and precision quality control charts.
Possible evidence for overcoordination at semiconductor grain boundaries

The structure of a near coincidence Ge tilt grain boundary, containing a step, has been derived from a high resolution electron micrograph. There are two possible interpretations of portions of this interface, one of which is the existence of a sheet of fivefold coordinated atoms between the Σ = 19 and Σ = 27 coincidence misorientations. This finding may represent the first experimental evidence that overcoordinated atoms are present at semiconductor grain boundaries free of a screw dislocation.
Heterogeneous Expression of the Core Circadian Clock Proteins among Neuronal Cell Types in Mouse Retina

Circadian rhythms in metabolism, physiology, and behavior originate from cell-autonomous circadian clocks located in many organs and structures throughout the body and that share a common molecular mechanism based on the clock genes and their protein products. In the mammalian neural retina, despite evidence supporting the presence of several circadian clocks regulating many facets of retinal physiology and function, the exact cellular location and genetic signature of the retinal clock cells remain largely unknown. Here we examined the expression of the core circadian clock proteins CLOCK, BMAL1, NPAS2, PERIOD 1(PER1), PERIOD 2 (PER2), and CRYPTOCHROME2 (CRY2) in identified neurons of the mouse retina during daily and circadian cycles. We found concurrent clock protein expression in most retinal neurons, including cone photoreceptors, dopaminergic amacrine cells, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells. Remarkably, diurnal and circadian rhythms of expression of all clock proteins were observed in the cones whereas only CRY2 expression was found to be rhythmic in the dopaminergic amacrine cells. Only a low level of expression of the clock proteins was detected in the rods at any time of the daily or circadian cycle. Our observations provide evidence that cones and not rods are cell-autonomous circadian clocks and reveal an important disparity in the expression of the core clock components among neuronal cell types. We propose that the overall temporal architecture of the mammalian retina does not result from the synchronous activity of pervasive identical clocks but rather reflects the cellular and regional heterogeneity in clock function within retinal tissue.
More telltale signs: What attention to representation reveals about scientific explanation

This essay explores the connection between representation and explanation in the sciences. I suggest that scientific representation schemes be viewed as pragmatic tools for acquiring the sort of articulated awareness that is the hallmark of nontrivial knowledge. Crystal field theory in chemistry illustrates this perspective. Certain representations achieve the status of being paradigmatically explanatory, thereby shaping models of intelligibility. In turn, these explanatory preferences serve largely to define and differentiate disciplinary communities by implicitly endorsing particular epistemic aims and values. In this way, the pragmatic nature of explanatory discourse effectively grants its intellectual utility.
Monoclonal antibodies - tools to dissect the nervous system.

With monoclonal antibodies it is now possible to describe the morphological features and physiological events of the nervous system in molecular terms.
Approximating Clique and Biclique Problems

We present here 2-approximation algorithms for several node deletion and edge deletion biclique problems and for an edge deletion clique problem. The biclique problem is to find a node induced subgraph that is bipartite and complete. The objective is to minimize the total weight of nodes or edges deleted so that the remaining subgraph is bipartite complete. Several variants of the biclique problem are studied here, where the problem is defined on bipartite graph or on general graphs with or without the requirement that each side of the bipartition forms an independent set. The maximum clique problem is formulated as maximizing the number (or weight) of edges in the complete subgraph. A 2-approximation algorithm is given for the minimum edge deletion version of this problem. The approximation algorithms given here are derived as a special case of an approximation technique devised for a class of formulations introduced by Hochbaum. All approximation algorithms described (and the polynomial algorithms for two versions of the node biclique problem) involve calls to a minimum cut algorithm. One conclusion of our analysis of the NP-hard problems here is that all of these problems are MAX SNP-hard and at least as difficult to approximate as the vertex cover problem. Another conclusion is that the problem of finding the minimum node cut-set, the removal of which leaves two cliques in the graph, is NP-hard and 2-approximable.