cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replication Fork Arrest and rDNA Silencing Are Two Independent and Separable Functions of the Replication Terminator Protein Fob1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The replication terminator protein Fob1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is multifunctional, and it not only promotes polar replication fork arrest at the tandem Ter sites located in the intergenic spacer region of rDNA but also loads the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2 at Ter sites via a protein complex called RENT (regulator of nucleolar silencing and telophase exit). Sir2 is a component of the RENT complex, and its loading not only silences intrachromatid recombination in rDNA but also RNA polymerase II-catalyzed transcription. Here, we present three lines of evidence showing that the two aforementioned activities of Fob1 are independent of each other as well as functionally separable. First, a Fob1 ortholog of Saccharomyces bayanus expressed in a fob1Δ strain of S. cerevisiae restored polar fork arrest at Ter but not rDNA silencing. Second, a mutant form (I407T) of S. cerevisiae Fob1 retained normal fork arresting activity but was partially defective in rDNA silencing. We further show that the silencing defect of S. bayanus Fob1 and the Ι407Τ mutant of S. cerevisiae Fob1 were caused by the failure of the proteins to interact with two members of the S. cerevisiae RENT complex, namely S. cerevisiae Sir2 and S. cerevisiae Net1. Third, deletions of the intra-S phase checkpoint proteins Tof1 and Csm3 abolished fork arrest by Fob1 at Ter without causing loss of silencing. Taken together, the data support the conclusion that unlike some other functions of Fob1, rDNA silencing at Ter is independent of fork arrest.
Adarand v. pena: turning challenges into opportunities

This article provides a historical and legal overview of preference and set-aside programs. Further, the barriers and driving forces that have influenced preference programs are discussed. Finally, the processes, strategies, programs, and criteria employed at the Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority and Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, to meet the test of strict scrutiny in Adarand, will be explored and analyzed as alternatives for preference programs.
Patient Self-Management Support: Novel Strategies in Hypertension and Heart Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading cause of death and disability in most countries in the world. This article addresses how patient self-management is a crucial component of effective high-quality health care for hypertension and CVD. The patient must be a collaborator in this process, and methods of improving patients' ability and confidence for self-management are needed. Successful self-management programs have often supplemented the traditional patient-physician encounter by using nonphysician providers, remote patient encounters (telephone or Internet), group settings, and peer support for promoting self-management. Several factors need to be considered in self-management. Given the health care system's inability to achieve several quality indicators using traditional office-based physician visits, further consideration is needed to determine the degree to which these interventions and programs can be integrated into primary care, their effectiveness in different groups, and their sustainability for improving chronic disease care.
Discrete breathers at the interface between a diatomic and a monoatomic granular chain.

In the present work, we develop a systematic examination of the existence, stability, and dynamical properties of a discrete breather at the interface between a diatomic and a monoatomic granular chain. We remarkably find that such an “interface breather” is more robust than its bulk diatomic counterpart throughout the gap of the linear spectrum. The latter linear spectral gap needs to exist for the breather state to arise and the relevant spectral conditions are discussed. We illustrate the minimal excitation conditions under which such an interface breather can be “nucleated” and analyze its apparently weak interaction with regular highly nonlinear solitary waveforms.
PRESENTATION CONTEXT AND PERCEPTION OF CAUSAL RELATEDNESS

Szr~nmary.-In the present experiment, we investigated the extent to which the presentation context influenced the perception of the causal relatedness of sentence pairs. 60 participants were randomly assigned to one of two presentation conditions. Participants in the Blocked condition received sets of sentence pairs, with each set consisting of four possible causes for a given outcome. Participants in the Distributed condition received sets consisting of four unrelated outcomes each paired with a sentence describing a ~ossible cause. Presentation condition had essentially no effect on the perception of causal relatedness.
Anconeus interposition arthroplasty: mid- to long-term results.

Background Radiocapitellar arthritis and/or proximal radioulnar impingement can be difficult to treat. Interposition of the anconeus muscle has been described in the past as an alternative option in managing arthritis, but there are little published data about relief of pain and restoration of function over the long term in patients treated with this approach.
Remarks on Some Central Problems of Norwegian Syntax. A Review Article

This article is a review of Thorstein Fretheim (ed.), Sentrale problemer i norsk syntaks, Universitetsforlaget 1997. The review groups together the papers by Even Hovdhaugen, Jan Engh and Thorstein Fretheim. It argues that these three papers largely fail to support the authors' claims because post-Aspects developments in transformational, generrative grammer are ignored. Also, specific analyses based on TG are proposed as alternatives to some analyses based on analogy. Finally, lars Hellan's contribution is examined in a rather detailed manner, and some counterproposals are sketched.
Cooperative effects of ethanol and protein kinase C activators on phospholipase-D-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

Abstract In a previous study, ethanol was shown to enhance the stimulatory effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a prominent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), on phospholipase-D (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (Kiss et al. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 197, 785–790). Here, the mechanism and possible significance of ethanol-stimulated PtdEtn hydrolysis was further studied. In [ 14 C]ethanolamine-labeled NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, 10 mM ethanol enhanced PMA-induced hydrolysis of PtdEtn 1.5–2.0-fold during a 2.5–15-min incubation period. Other alcohols, including glycerol, methanol, and 1-propanol, also enhanced PMA-induced PtdEtn hydrolysis. Of the other PLD activators tested, ethanol potentiated the PKC-dependent stimulatory effect of bombesin but failed to alter the apparently PKC-independent stimulatory effect of serum. Pretreatment of [ 14 C]ethanolamine-labeled fibroblasts with 200 mM ethanol for 20 min resulted in increased (approx. 2-fold) hydrolysis of [ 14 C]PtdEtn in isolated membranes. In membranes from ethanol-treated, but not from untreated, cells, PMA further enhanced (approx. 1.5-fold) the production of [ 14 C]ethanolamine. Ethanol exerted none of the above stimulatory effects on phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. These results suggest that the specific stimulatory action of ethanol on PLD-mediated PtdEtn hydrolysis can occur in vivo and may involve increased binding of a regulatory PKC-isoform to membranes.
Is dialysis modality a factor in survival of patients with ESRD and HIV-associated nephropathy?

Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), characterized by a fulminant form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, has become the third leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in young African Americans. There is a theoretical possibility that hemodialysis (HD) therapy in these patients may enhance HIV replication through the activation of white blood cells and release of such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, which have been found to increase HIV replication in vitro. We therefore determined whether dialysis modality is a factor in the survival of patients with HIVAN and ESRD. Methods: Information regarding dialysis modality was available for 6,053 of 6,166 patients with ESRD and HIVAN who started dialysis therapy in the United States from December 1995 to December 1999 by using the US Renal Data System database. Results: Eighty-nine percent were black. Eighty-eight percent underwent HD, and 12%, peritoneal dialysis (PD). On Cox-proportional hazard analysis, after adjusting for demographic variables and year of dialysis therapy initiation, there was no difference in survival between the different modalities (PD versus HD: hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.13). In addition, on censoring patients at the time of first dialysis modality switch, no difference in survival was found between PD and HD. Conclusion: We conclude that patients with HIVAN and ESRD should be given an option to choose dialysis modality because it is not a factor in predicting survival.
Trust in design

We argue that trust is an important aspect in how people make use of computers, and that designing interfaces which take trust into account and reason using trust will result in more effective, comfortable interactions for the user. One method that may provide results is the encouragement of anthropomorphism on the part of the user. Trust and anthropomorphism will play a large role in many areas, including notably e-commerce and home entertainment.
Bilayers at the air—water interface?

FILMS of octadecanol and the corresponding C18 acid (stearic acid) appear to occupy 10° A2 per molecule at the air–water interface when spread from ethanol or acetone, as opposed to 20 A°2 per molecule when spread from a (non-polar) solvent such as hexane or benzene. Ries1 has proposed that in a polar or non-polar spreading solvent the amphipathic molecules adopt a bimolecular configuration with the hydrophilic groups pointing, respectively, outward and inward. It was further postulated that when spread at an air–water interface, only the latter could be ‘unzippered’ by the substrate to form a monolayer. Spreading from a polar solvent would thus result in bilayer formation and explain the apparent loss of half the film molecules. In view of the upsurge of interest in membrane and model membrane systems, the possibility of forming a lipid bilayer at the air–water interface was certainly exciting and clearly warranted further investigation.
The static electric quadrupole moment of the first excited state of 148Sm

Abstract From measurements of Coulomb excitation of the 551 keV first excited state of 148 Sm using helium and oxygen ions, it has been possible to obtain a value for the static quadrupole moment of this state. The data yield two solutions corresponding to the choice of sign for the interference term due to virtual excitation of the second 2 + excited state at 1454 keV. These results are: B (E2; 0 + → 2 + ) = 0.706 ± 0.024 ( e . b) 2 and Q (2 + ) = +0.28 ± 0.28 e . b assuming a negative interference term, and B (E2) = 0.705 ± 0.025 ( e . b) 2 and Q (2 + ) = −0.24 ± 0.28 e . b assuming a positive interference term. A comparison with previously published results for this isotope and for neighboring nuclei suggests that the positive interference term is the more likely choice.
Dinitrogen, oxygen, and nutrient fluxes at the sediment-water interface and bottom water physical mixing on the eastern Chukchi Sea shelf

Abstract We measured fluxes of net dissolved N2 and O2, NO 3 − , and PO 4 − 3 at the sediment–water interface in whole cores in relation to bottom water temperature and salinity in late summer 2010 on the shelf of the eastern Chukchi Sea. Cold (−1.68 °C) and high-salinity (33.72) bottom water, characteristic of Pacific winter water, overlaid the sediment over the northeastern region of the shelf while relatively warmer (8.33 °C) and less saline (29.88) water with properties of Alaska Coastal Water covered the seabed in the southeastern region. Latitudinal variability of gas fluxes was not linked to differences in temperature or salinity. Relatively higher N2 efflux was measured for sediment located at the water mixing front between cold and warm bottom waters. Benthic O2 consumption in the southeastern region was relatively intense as were NO 3 − and PO 4 − 3 effluxes from the sediments into the water column. Overall, sediments in the Chukchi Sea are sites of intense denitrification but these losses appear compensated by benthic NO 3 − regeneration, as NO 3 − efflux from sediments into the overlying water exceed those of N2. Exposure of sediment cores to incoming light did not affect benthic fluxes significantly compared to dark conditions.
Vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome presenting as rapidly progressive multiple arterial aneurysms and dissections†

Life expectancy in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is shortened due to spontaneous rupture of arteries, the colon and the gravid uterus. Two adolescent males with vascular EDS illustrate rapid progression of arterial aneurysms, dissections, and rupture. Radiologic imaging played an important role in initially diagnosing and monitoring the evolution of arterial involvement. Both prophylactic and emergency management remain largely ineffective in this connective tissue disorder; however, noninvasive imaging may provide important prognostic information.
Number and phase uncertainties of the q-analog quantized field

The q-analog coherent states \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{q}}$ are used to identify some of the canonical physical properties of the single-mode q-analog quantized radiation field in the \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{q}}$ ``classical limit'' where \ensuremath{\Vert}z\ensuremath{\Vert} is large. In this quantum-optics-like limit, the fractional uncertainties of most physical quantities (momentum, position, amplitude, phase) which characterize the quantum field are shown to be O(1), and only vanish as O(1/\ensuremath{\Vert}z\ensuremath{\Vert}) when q=1. In contrast to this more-quantum-like behavior for q\ensuremath{\ne}1, the fractional uncertainties do still approach zero for the usual number operator, N, and the N-Hamiltonian ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{N}}$\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}(N+1/2) which describes a free q-boson gas. An empirical signature for q-boson counting statistics is that (\ensuremath{\Delta}N${)}^{2}$/〈N〉\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 as \ensuremath{\Vert}z\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. Properties of the q-analog generalizations of the phase operators of Susskind and Glogower (SG) and of the phase operator \ensuremath{\varphi}${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{q}}$ of Pegg and Barnett are investigated. In contrast to the manifest q deformed properties of SG operators for moderate \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{2}$, the ``Hermitian'' phase operator \ensuremath{\varphi}${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{q}}$ still exhibits almost normal classical behavior in the \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{q}}$ basis. In particular, the conventional (approximate) number-phase uncertainty relation \ensuremath{\Delta}N\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{q}}$\ensuremath{\ge}1/2 and approximate commutation relation [N,\ensuremath{\varphi}${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{q}}$]=i are found to follow for the single-mode q-analog quantized field. So N and \ensuremath{\varphi}${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{q}}$ are almost canonically conjugate operators in the \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{q}}$ classical limit. The \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{q}}$ coherent states minimize this uncertainty relation for moderate \ensuremath{\Vert}z${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{2}$. q-analog generalizations of the P, Q, and W phase-space representations are treated in the Appendix.
Determination of Si2p electron attenuation lengths in SiO2

Abstract Si2p electron attenuation lengths in SiO2 were measured at 1150 and 1380 eV using SiO2 films prepared by dry oxidation of 〈100〉 Si wafers. SiO2 thicknesses were determined using both ellipsometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/channeling. Thicknesses determined by the two methods were within 3% for all but one sample. Electron attenuation lengths were calculated using three different methods, resulting in values of 3.0 nm for 1150 eV and 3.5 nm for 1380 eV.
Indications for Metal-support Interactions: The Case of CO2Adsorption on Cu/ZnO(0001)

Molecular beam scattering has been combined with TDS to provide consistent evidence for metal-support interactions (MSI). CO2 adsorbs on the Cu cluster and populated the perimeter of the clusters. The Cu-free areas of the support remain essentially clean. Hence, a synergistic effect such as MSI is present.
Comparison of digital Wiener-spectrum calculation methods for screen-film evaluation

Based on theoretical considerations and simulations of correlated stochastic noise-like fluctuations Shaw and Rabanni have predicted that the calculation of noise power spectra via the physical autocorrelation function may offer significant signal to noise ratio advantage over more conventional methods. In this paper noise power spectra of actual film-screen systems calculated by the standard direct Fourier transform method are compared with those obtained via the autocorrection function. We confirm that noise power spectra derived from the autocorrelation function are less sensitive to non-stochastic perturbations in the data and thus provide a more accurate representation of the noise characteristics of film-screen systems. This is of great importance when attempting to relate measurements to mechanistic models of the screen and film imaging parameters.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Brane Stabilization and Regionality of Extra Dimensions

Extra dimensions are a common feature of beyond the Standard Model physics. In a braneworld scenario, local physics on the brane can depend strongly on the brane's location within the bulk. Generically, the relevant properties of the bulk manifold for the physics on/of the brane are neither local nor global, but depend on the structure of finite regions of the bulk, even for locally homogeneous and isotropic bulk geometries. In a recent work, various mechanisms (in a braneworld context) were considered to stabilize the location of a brane within bulk spaces of non-trivial topology. In this work we elaborate on and generalize that work by considering additional bulk and brane dimensionalities as well as different boundary conditions on the bulk scalar field that provides a Casimir force on the brane, providing further insight on this effect. In D=2+1 (D=5+1) we consider both local and global contributions to the effective potential of a 1-brane (4-brane) wrapped around both the 2-dimensional hyperbolic horn and Euclidean cone, which are used as toy models of an extra-dimensional manifold. We calculate the total energy due to brane tension and elastic energy (extrinsic curvature) as well as that due to the Casimir energy of a bulk scalar satisfying both Dirchlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the brane. In some cases stable minima of the potential are found that result from the competition of at least two of the contributions. Generically, any one of these effects may be sufficient when the bulk space has less symmetry than the manifolds considered here. We highlight the importance of the Casimir effect for the purpose of brane stabilization.
A model for demographic mobility analysis under patterns of efficient employment

The primary objective of this paper has been to provide a broadened framework for combining economic and demographic planning in a way which is also consistent with planning and accounting models developed and employed by both demographers and economists. In addition we also want to have this same framework available for extension to other types of multi-dimensional social-economic planning possibilities. One set of such examples may be found in the work by Stone [28], Wilson and Rees [34] and the United Nations' current program for developing systems of social and demographic accounts for possible use in new and improved approaches to country development planning. Another example, which, though broader, is also somewhat more theoretical may be found in [25] where explixit use is made of the E matrix for linking economic and demographic dimensions in planning applications.
Competition, regulation and bribery: A further note

In this note we extend the analysis of Beck and Maher (1989) concerning the effects of discriminatory anti-bribery regulation. We argue that their approaches are challengeable due to an additional assumption that is most likely inconsistent with the benchmark model. Upon discarding the controversial assumption, we have an asymmetric bribery game. The corresponding Bayesian Nash equilibrium is nonetheless possessed with the properties described in Beck and Maher, despite the fact that their approaches may be incorrect.
Strained Active Regions in GaAs-based Quantum Cascade Lasers

This paper explores the effects of low indium concentration in deep-well AlGaAs/GaAs quantum cascade laser structures. Photon emission from these strained active regions involves nonlinear optical processes, which reduce the emission wavelength. Designs that incorporate strain in one and two wells of the active region, respectively, on (111) GaAs are compared. Results demonstrate wavelength extendibility in compressively strained deep-well GaAs-based devices.
A case history of whirling disease in a drainage system: Battle Creek drainage of the upper Sacramento River basin, California, USA

. Whirling disease was diagnosed in steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, during 1985 at Coleman National Fish Hatchery in the Battle Creek drainage of the upper Sacramento River basin, California, USA. Early confirmation of the aetiologic agent, Myxobolus cerebralis Hofer, 1903, was difficult. However, later investigation confirmed the identity of the agent and led to a management decision to destroy the 1985 brood year of steelhead trout at the hatchery. Sentinel fish and collections of feral trout were used to survey Battle Creek watershed to determine the source of infectivity. Feral rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from South Fork Battle Creek were found to be infected with M. cerebralis and other infected trout were later found at two commercial rainbow trout hatcheries. No reinfection with M. cerebralis has been detected at the Coleman hatchery since ozonation was begun in early 1986.
Migration of activated lymphocytes when adoptively transferred into cannulated rat brain.

Abstract Migration of fluorescent DNA-labeled or 111Indium-labeled activated lymphocytes was studied in normal rat brain bearing surgically implanted cannulas. The migration of allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), derived from the DA rat (DA anti Fischer CTL), and of syngeneic concanavalin A (ConA)-activated lymphocytes (Fischer Con A blasts), was determined in Fischer rats between 2 h and 7 days post instillation into parietal brain. Whole body nuclear imaging indicated that the majority of the radiolabeled lymphocytes, either syngeneic or allogeneic, were present in the brain at 2 and at 18 h. Autoradiography of brain slices demonstrated that label was located throughout the brain and in both hemispheres at all time points. By direct tissue radioassay, approximately 60% of the injected dose was present between 2 and 18 h; this decreased to 18% by day 7. By fluorescence microscopy, large numbers of lymphocytes were visible up to 3–4 days. The lymphocytes traveled from the instillation site into both cerebral hemispheres primarily following white matter tracts. Preferential localization of fluorescently labeled lymphocytes was seen in the corpus callosum, internal and external capsules, anterior commissures, lateral olfactory tracts, white matter connections in the caudate and putamen, mammillothalamic and optic tracts. Overall, gray matter contained fewere cells although perivascular spaces within it had high concentrations of cells, indicating these spaces may act as points of egress.
Work-related eye injuries treated in hospital emergency departments in the US.

Background Eye injuries account for 3.3% of all occupational injuries resulting in lost workdays in private industry in the United States. Work-related eye injuries among individuals 15 years of age and older treated in hospital emergency departments (EDs) in the United States in 1999 were investigated in this study. Methods Work-related eye injuries treated in hospital EDs in the US were identified from the Work-Related Injury Statistics Query System (Work-RISQS). National estimates of the numbers and rates per 10,000 full-time worker equivalents (FTE) of work-related eye injuries were determined by gender and age. The characteristics of these injuries were described, including the injury event, the main source of injury, injury diagnosis, and the disposition of the injured patient. Results In 1999, there were approximately 280,000 (95% confidence interval (CIs) ± 66,400) work-related eye injuries treated in hospital EDs, with individuals 20–34 years of age at highest risk for work-related eye injury. Foreign-bodies in the eye and chemical burns were among the most common types of work-related eye injuries. Conclusions The findings of this study underscore the need for use of appropriate eye protection and implementation, and enforcement of eye protection policies in the workplace to prevent work-related eye injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:57–62, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Minimally invasive eyelid care in dermatology: Medical, laser, and cosmetic therapies

There is a high demand for facial aesthetic enhancement, and the periorbital region is one of the first areas to show signs of aging. Many nonsurgical therapies exist to tackle these problems. These therapies are becoming more efficacious while reducing postprocedural recovery time. The goal is to restore the natural youthful appearance rather than to create an effect that differs from the patient's appearance earlier in life. Eyelid care, and cosmetic dermatology in general, intends to restore balance and symmetry. We discuss the initial consultation, relevant anatomy for the dermatologist, and medical, laser and cosmetic therapies.
Studies of acid mucopolysaccharide metabolism in connective tissues.

Abstract Recent advances in tissue culture methods and acid mucopolysaccharide and collagen chemistry should provide powerful tools for the study of the metabolism of the dental pulp. Although the pulp is a connective tissue with similarities to other connective tissues of the body, it also behaves differently because of its specific nature and function. Therefore, quantitative metabolic studies of the pulp in the normal and diseased states should provide a sound basis on which to design proper treatment by giving a better understanding of the metabolic requirements of the different cell types.
Drug Samples: A Conflict of Interest?

Providing drug samples is only one way that drug companies interact with dermatologists. Selling drugs is the primary goal of the drug industry. When pharmaceutical companies use drug sampling to encourage specific drug prescribing by dermatologists, the quality of patient care may be lessened. In the essay, Doctors and the Drug Makers , Rawlins notes, "No drug company gives away its shareholders money in an act of disinterested generosity". 1 In order to accumulate drug samples, dermatologists must meet and listen to drug representatives (reps). In this new age of medical commerce, these "reps" are armed with sophisticated marketing and educational techniques. When a physician's education in drug usage comes from drug reps, can a patient's interests be threatened? This subject is highly controversial. I give drug samples to my patients. I would, however, ask my colleagues whether we are really serving our patients' best interests when we serve as the
High n++ doped germanium: Dopant in-diffusion and modeling

We present an active carrier concentration of 3 × 1019 cm−3 in epitaxial Ge-on-Si for light emitting devices by dopant enhanced in-diffusion of phosphorus from a high-level dopant reservoir.
Ethical Issues in the Use of Prayer in Social Work: Implications for Professional Practice and Education

One of the most controversial issues related to the use of spiritually-based social work interventions is the use of prayer by practitioners. The current study explores prayer-related activities an...
Association of a nonmuscle myosin II with axoplasmic organelles.

Association of motor proteins with organelles is required for the motors to mediate transport. Because axoplasmic organelles move on actin filaments, they must have associated actin-based motors, most likely members of the myosin superfamily. To gain a better understanding of the roles of myosins in the axon we used the giant axon of the squid, a powerful model for studies of axonal physiology. First, a ∼220 kDa protein was purified from squid optic lobe, using a biochemical protocol designed to isolate myosins. Peptide sequence analysis, followed by cloning and sequencing of the full-length cDNA, identified this ∼220 kDa protein as a nonmuscle myosin II. This myosin is also present in axoplasm, as determined by two independent criteria. First, RT-PCR using sequence-specific primers detected the transcript in the stellate ganglion, which contains the cell bodies that give rise to the giant axon. Second, Western blot analysis using nonmuscle myosin II isotype-specific antibodies detected a single ∼220 kDa band in axoplasm. Axoplasm was fractionated through a four-step sucrose gradient after 0.6 M KI treatment, which separates organelles from cytoskeletal components. Of the total nonmuscle myosin II in axoplasm, 43.2% copurified with organelles in the 15% sucrose fraction, while the remainder (56.8%) was soluble and found in the supernatant. This myosin decorates the cytoplasmic surface of 21% of the axoplasmic organelles, as demonstrated by immunogold electron-microscopy. Thus, nonmuscle myosin II is synthesized in the cell bodies of the giant axon, is present in the axon, and is associated with isolated axoplasmic organelles. Therefore, in addition to myosin V, this myosin is likely to be an axoplasmic organelle motor.
Development of a questionnaire to assess worker knowledge, attitudes and perceptions underlying dermal exposure.

Objectives Workers’ behavior is identified as an important determinant of dermal exposure and is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions. Because behavior may be a significant predictor of exposure, its assessment provides a means for examining exposure and designing strategies and incentives that encourage worker protective behavior. Currently, there are no psychosocial instruments examining worker knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions with respect to dermal hazards. Accordingly, a questionnaire was developed and tested to provide an instrument for measuring worker knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions. Methods The questionnaire was developed on the basis of a literature review and expert consultation. Scales were constructed based on standard methods. Two worker focus groups were used to evaluate worker understanding and content validity of the KAP (knowledge, attitudes, perceptions) questionnaire. The resulting 115-item questionnaire that included scales for knowledge (N=13), attitudes (N=27), perceptions (N=15), behavior (N=8), behavioral intentions (N=15), barriers (N=13), and facilitators (N=5) was tested on 89 workers from 19 facilities. Results The concepts identified in the focus groups included worker perception of higher risk due to a poor fit and replacement frequency for personal protective equipment and cross-contamination by workers moving into work zones. Field testing of the questionnaire (N=89) yielded Cronbach’s alpha reliability scores ranging from 0.87 for the self-efficacy personal protective equipment scale to 0.92 for the overall belief scale, indicating high internal reliability. Conclusions Although further testing and refinement is needed, this survey instrument provides an initial and conceptually unique means for evaluating behavioral determinants of worker dermal exposure.
Optimization of SNDR for amplitude-limited nonlinearities

Many components used in communication systems are nonlinear and have a peak power or peak amplitude constraint. Nonlinearity generates distortions and thus signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) is an appropriate performance measure. In this paper, we are interested in finding the nonlinear mapping that maximizes the SNDR subject to the peak amplitude constraint. The answer is a soft limiter with gain calculated based on the noise power and the probability density function of the input amplitude. We also investigate a bounding relationship between the SNDR and capacity of the nonlinear channel. The results of this paper can be applied for efficient transmission of high peak-to-average power ratio signals or for optimal linearization of nonlinear devices.
Atmospheric CO 2 monitoring from space

A spectroscopic method of monitoring the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio vertical profile from space is described. An experimental design is presented for a solar occultation mode with the O2A band in the visible region to retrieve pressure and temperature profiles first, and then several CO2 bands in the infrared region at 4.3, 2.7, and 2.0 µm to obtain CO2 mixing ratio profiles. Instrument techniques considered are low resolution Fourier transform spectrometry and radiometry of various bandwidths. Simulations indicate that the precision of the pressure, temperature, and CO2 mixing ratio measurements for an altitude region 30–10 km are less than 1%, 1 K, and 1%, respectively, for the case of the Fourier transform spectrometer and approximately 1%, 1 K, and 2% for the case of the radiometer. With careful experimental design, measurements can be made with better precision and also can extend below 10 km. This inferred precision of CO2 may be considered to be good enough for investigating atmospheric dynamics when CO2 is used as a tracer and also for measuring spatial and temporal variations of CO2 mixing ratios in the range of 0.5–6.5% of 350 parts per million by volume in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere.
Polymer optical fibers integrated directly into 3D orthogonal woven composites for sensing

This study demonstrates that standard polymer optical fibers (POF) can be directly integrated into composites from 3D orthogonal woven preforms during the weaving process and then serve as in-situ sensors to detect damage due to bending or impact loads. Different composite samples with embedded POF were fabricated of 3D orthogonal woven composites with different parameters namely number of y-/x-layers and x-yarn density. The signal of POF was not affected significantly by the preform structure. During application of resin using VARTM technique, significant drop in backscattering level was observed due to pressure caused by vacuum on the embedded POF. Measurements of POF signal while in the final composites after resin cure indicated that the backscattering level almost returned to the original level of un-embedded POF. The POF responded to application of bending and impact loads to the composite with a reduction in the backscattering level. The backscattering level almost returned back to its original level after removing the bending load until damage was present in the composite. Similar behavior occurred due to impact events. As the POF itself is used as the sensor and can be integrated throughout the composite, large sections of future 3D woven composite structures could be monitored without the need for specialized sensors or complex instrumentation.
GENETIC CORRELATION OF A MOUSE LIGHT CHAIN VARIABLE REGION MARKER WITH A THYMOCYTE SURFACE ANTIGEN

The inbred and congenic strain distribution of the IH-peptide marker in the variable region of mouse immunoglobulin light chains has been compared with other known genetic markers. A positive correlation was noted between the IH-peptide marker and expression of the Ly-3.1 thymocyte cell surface antigen. This suggests that the locus responsible for IH-peptide expression is genetically linked to the Ly-2 and Ly-3 loci in linkage group XI on chromsome 6 of the mouse.
Cage Brooding Followed by Floor Grow-Out: A Technique for Rearing Broilers

Abstract Broiler chicks were maintained in Petersime brooding batteries for three weeks and then transferred to floor pens in a conventional broiler facility for five additional weeks. Hatchmates were reared in floor pens for eight weeks. Comparisons of growth, feed efficiency, carcass quality, and a survey of physiological fitness of both treatment groups were made. The battery brooded birds exhibited lower final body weights and lower feed conversion ratios than the floor reared birds. Differences in mortality, general product quality, and physiological fitness were not found. However, humoral immune responsiveness, as indicated by increased anti-SRBC antibody levels, was better in the floor reared birds. This management technique is suggested as a possible method for the commercial rearing of broilers.
Differential Effects of Likelihood Alarm Technology and False-Alarm vs. Miss Prone Automation on Decision Making

Past research concerning decision support tools has primarily focused on either false-alarm prone (FP) or miss-prone (MP) automation. Some studies have explored performance disparities of binary versus likelihood alarm technology (BAT vs. LAT) but only in FP automation. The goal of this study was to explore differential effects of alarm technology and FP vs. MP automation on human decision-making accuracy. One-hundred university students performed a low-fidelity uninhabited aerial vehicle flight simulation, composed of two primary flight tasks and an automation-aided secondary weapon-deployment task. As expected, participants' decision-making accuracy was highest when using LAT, specifically with FP prone automation. These findings provide support for incorporating LAT into FP prone automation to enhance human decision-making accuracy.
Highly selective extraction of the uranyl ion with hydrophobic amidoxime-functionalized ionic liquids via η2 coordination

Hydrophobic, amidoxime-functionalized ionic liquids selectively extract UO22+ from aqueous solution via η2 coordination as demonstrated here with extraction, spectroscopic, and crystallographic studies which prove the amidoxime-uranyl coordination mode and extraction mechanism.
Predicting the human epigenome from DNA motifs

The analysis pipeline Epigram finds DNA motifs predictive of histone modifications and regions that lack DNA methylation.
Four-Manifolds without Einstein Metrics

It is shown that there are infinitely many compact simply con- nected smooth 4-manifolds which do not admit Einstein metrics, but nev- ertheless satisfy the strict Hitchin-Thorpe inequality 2 !> 3|" |. The exam- ples in question arise as non-minimal complex algebraic surfaces of general type, and the method of proof stems from Seiberg-Witten theory.
Switching Potentials and Conductivity of Polypyrrole Films Prepared in the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate

Polypyrrole (ppy) and poly(N-methylpyrrole) (pmpy) films were prepared galvanostatically at the ring of a rotating ring-disk electrode from the corresponding monomers dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF 6 ) Rotating ring-disk voltammetry was used to determine switching potentials and conductivity of the films while immersed in bmitnPF 6 . Switching potentials of 0.63 ± 0.04 and 1.07 ± 0.03 V vs. the cobaltocenium/cobaltocene couple, [CoCp 2 ] +/0 , were determined for the ppy and pmpy films, respectively, from negative potential scan voltammograms. Positive potential scan voltammetry was used to obtain the potential-dependent conductivity of the films as the films switched from their insulating (at potentials more negative than switching potential) to a quasi-metallic state. Two different computational models (nonlinear vs. linear conductance gradients) and two different redox probes ([CoCp 2 ] +/0 and decamethylferrocenium/ decamethylferrocene) were used in the calculation of the film conductivity. The conductivity of the ppy films increased by an order of magnitude for every 72 ± 8 mV change in the applied potential. At potentials less than the switching potential, the conductivity of the pmpy films increased tenfold for every 110 ± 15 mV change in the applied potential. At potentials greater than the of teh pmpy films the pmpy films required a 200 mV change to induce the same degree of change in film conductivity.
Physician Views on Practicing Professionalism in the Corporate Age

Arnold Relman argues that medical education does not prepare students and residents to practice their profession in today’s corporate health care system. Corporate health care administrators agree: Physicians enter the workforce unskilled in contract negotiation, evidence-based medicine, navigating bureaucratic systems, and so forth. What about practicing physicians? Do they agree as well? According to this study, they do. Feeling like decentered double agents and unprepared, physicians find themselves professionally lost, struggling to balance issues of cost and care and expressing lots of negativity toward the cultures of medicine and managed care. However, physicians are resilient. A group of physicians, who may be called proactive, are meeting the professional demands of corporate health care by becoming sophisticated about its bureaucratic organization and the ways in which their professional and personal commitments fit within the system. Following the lead of proactive physicians, the authors suppo...
Dorsal Laminectomy in the Horse II. Evaluation in the Normal Horse

Subtotal dorsal cervical laminectomy was performed on nine normal horses to evaluate positioning, refine the surgical technique, and assess the immediate and long-term effects of this procedure in the horse. Funkquist type B laminectomies were performed at various levels from C3-C4 to C6-C7. Absorbable gelatin sponge or autogenous nuchal fat was placed over the exposed dura mater. Surgery times varied from 2 to 3 hours, and all horses recovered without complication. Rapid primary intention wound healing occurred, with two horses showing neck pain. All remained neurologically normal. The horses were euthanized 6 weeks, 3 months, or 6 months postoperatively. Myelograms performed just prior to euthanasia demonstrated normal or expanded dye column widths. Necropsy revealed that all surgical sites had healed well. The laminectomy membrane was soft and pliable and could be easily separated from the underlying dura mater when fat was used as interpositional material. When gelatin sponge was used, the laminectomy membrane was firmly bonded to the dura. Spinal cords at the level of laminectomy appeared normal and moved freely within the vertebral canal. Histological evaluation of the laminectomy sites and associated spinal cord revealed no abnormalities attributable to the surgery. It was concluded that dorsal cervical laminectomy can be performed in horses without untoward sequelae. The procedure may be useful for the treatment of equine cervical compressive myelopathies.
Late-Stage Polyribitol Phosphate Wall Teichoic Acid Biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus

Wall teichoic acids are cell wall polymers that maintain the integrity of the cellular envelope and contribute to the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Despite the central role of wall teichoic acid in S. aureus virulence, details concerning the biosynthetic pathway of the predominant wall teichoic acid polymer are lacking, and workers have relied on a presumed similarity to the putative polyribitol phosphate wall teichoic acid pathway in Bacillus subtilis. Using high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysis of wall teichoic acid extracted from gene deletion mutants, a revised assembly pathway for the late-stage ribitol phosphate-utilizing enzymes is proposed. Complementation studies show that a putative ribitol phosphate polymerase, TarL, catalyzes both the addition of the priming ribitol phosphate onto the linkage unit and the subsequent polymerization of the polyribitol chain. It is known that the putative ribitol primase, TarK, is also a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both ribitol phosphate priming and polymerization. TarK directs the synthesis of a second, electrophoretically distinct polyribitol-containing teichoic acid that we designate K-WTA. The biosynthesis of K-WTA in S. aureus strain NCTC8325 is repressed by the accessory gene regulator (agr) system. The demonstration of regulated wall teichoic acid biosynthesis has implications for cell envelope remodeling in relation to S. aureus adhesion and pathogenesis.
Caregiving for Patients With Heart Failure: Impact on Patients’ Families

Background Factors that affect the impact of caregiving on patients' family members who provide care to patients with heart failure have not been adequately addressed. In addition, social support and positive aspects of caregiving have received little attention. Objective To identify factors associated with the impact of caregiving. Methods Self-report data were collected from 76 dyads of patients with heart failure and their family caregivers. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. Results A sense of less family support for caregiving was associated with a higher New York Heart Association class of heart failure, being a nonspousal caregiver, lower caregivers' perceived control, and less social support. More disruption of caregivers' schedules was associated with higher class of heart failure, more care tasks, and less social support. Greater impact of caregiving on caregivers' health was related to more recent patient hospitalization, lower caregivers' perceived control, and less social support. Nonwhite caregivers and caregivers whose family member had fewer emergency department visits felt more positive about caregiving than did other caregivers. Social support had a moderating effect on the relationship between patients' comorbid conditions and positive aspects of caregiving. Conclusions Caregiving has both positive and negative effects on family caregivers of patients with heart failure. The findings suggest the need for interventions to increase caregivers' sense of control and social support. Family caregivers may need additional support immediately after patient hospitalizations to minimize the negative impact of caregiving.
Grain size limits for pseudosingle domain behavior in magnetite: Implications for paleomagnetism

A theoretical model of grain size dependence of domain transitions in magnetite is presented. This domain model is used to predict the grain size range for pseudosingle domain (PSD) behavior in magnetite. For cubic magnetite particles, the single domain (SD) to two-domain (TD) transition occurs at ∼800 ± 200 A, the TD-three-domain transition occurs at ∼ 1500 A, and the PSD-"true" multidomain (MD) transition occurs at \sim 8\mu m. These results are in fair agreement with experimental results within a factor of 2. Our results indicate that the grain size range for the canonical case of a PSD grain (a TD grain with a single 180° wall) or "PSARK" (subdomain magnetic moment) ranges from ∼700 A for cubic particles of magnetite to \sim3.2 \mu m for a length: width ratio of 5:1. Comparison with grain size distributions of magnetite grains in igneous rocks suggest that the PSARK can be the major contributor to the remanence of these grains.