cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversity and Disparities in Health and Health Care: Why it Matters to Anesthesiology

The American Society of Anesthesiologists is an educational, research and scientific association of physicians organized to raise and maintain the standards of the medical practice of anesthesiology and improve the care of the patient. Since its founding in 1905, the society’s achievements have made it an important voice in American medicine and the foremost advocate for all patients who require anesthesia or relief from pain. As physicians, anesthesiologists are responsible for administering anesthesia to relieve pain and for managing vital life functions, including breathing, heart rhythm and blood pressure, during surgery. After surgery, they maintain the patient in a comfortable state during the recovery, and are involved in the provision of critical care medicine in the intensive care unit. ASA mission statement The United States is rapidly becoming an increasingly diverse nation with more minorities and women than ever seen in the world [1–3]. Throughout United States history, sociodemographic factors (eg, race, ethnicity, and gender) played a significant role in determining overall health status and quality of life and quality of care [4–6]. More specifically, the literature provides ample evidence for differences in health and health care based on these sociodemographic factors [7–12]. These factors influenced the ability to access many careers in the health professions, including becoming a medical doctor [13,14]. Most anesthesiologists do not consciously consider the importance of sociodemographic factors when evaluating their patients, however. For instance, women make up more than 50% of the population, but little consideration is given to the unique implications that gender has on assessment, management, and outcomes. By 2030, non-white racial and ethnic groups
Compact collection optics with a spatial filter for molecular beam spectroscopy

We describe a compact, movable system to collect and spatially filter fluorescence excited by laser in a molecular beam. The filter reduces the volume viewed by the detector which enables measuring fluorescence arising from constricted regions, such as from small gaps between electrodes or magnetic pole pieces, and reducing the Doppler width in divergent molecular beams. Indeed, we demonstrate that Doppler widths of 100 MHz can be attained for an unskimmed supersonic beam a few cm downstream from the nozzle where the high molecular density further enhances the fluorescence signal.
Carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

IN 1945 we (1) presented a nine-year study of the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in goiter at the Illinois Research Hospital and found that in 192 patients with nontoxic nodular goiter having thyroidectomy, the incidence of carcinoma was 17.1 per cent. This figure appeared unusually high because, prior to this time, investigators were reporting the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in all types of goiter without breaking down the figures to show the incidence in the different types of goiter. The present study, including all patients observed during the past seventeen years (1936–1952 inclusive), is presented to re-evaluate and compare the trends between our original report, 1936 to 1944 inclusive, and the subsequent period, 1944 to 1952 inclusive. During the seventeen years between 1936 and 1952 inclusive, 1,429 thyroidectonry operations for all types of goiter have been performed at the Illinois Research Hospital (Table 1). Seventy-five cases of carcinoma have been encountered—an incidence of 5.2 per cent ...
Genomic analysis and marker development for the Tsn1 locus in wheat using bin-mapped ESTs and flanking BAC contigs

The wheat Tsn1 gene confers sensitivity to the host-selective toxin Ptr ToxA produced by the tan spot fungus (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). The long-term goal of this research is to isolate Tsn1 using a positional cloning approach. Here, we evaluated 54 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) physically mapped to deletion bin 5BL 0.75–0.76, which is a gene-rich region containing Tsn1. Twenty-three EST loci were mapped as either PCR-based single-stranded conformational polymorphism or RFLP markers in a low-resolution wheat population. The genetic map corresponding to the 5BL 0.75–0.76 deletion bin spans 18.5 cM and contains 37 markers for a density of 2 markers/cM. The EST-based genetic map will be useful for tagging other genes, establishing colinearity with rice, and anchoring sequence ready BAC contigs of the 5BL 0.75–0.76 deletion bin. High-resolution mapping showed that EST-derived markers together with previously developed AFLP-derived markers delineated Tsn1 to a 0.8 cM interval. Flanking markers were used to screen the Langdon durum BAC library and contigs of 205 and 228 kb flanking Tsn1 were assembled, sequenced, and anchored to the genetic map. Recombination frequency averaged 760 kb/cM across the 228 kb contig, but no recombination was observed across the 205 kb contig resulting in an expected recombination frequency of more than 10 Mb/cM. Therefore, chromosome walking within the Tsn1 region may be difficult. However, the sequenced BACs allowed the identification of one microsatellite in each contig for which markers were developed and shown to be highly suitable for marker-assisted selection of Tsn1.
Metastatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a pleural effusion: diagnosis by cytology.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) is a vascular neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. We report a 22-yr-old female with a primary malignant EH of the iliac bone with adjacent soft tissue involvement which, during its metastatic course, presented as a pleural effusion. The effusion was cellular with tumor cells present both singly and in clusters. Distinguishing cytologic features included cytoplasmic vacuolization consistent with primitive intracytoplasmic lumen formation, variability in cell size, biphasic cytoplasmic staining with Diff-Quik stain, multinucleation, cell in cell engulfment, and multiple prominent nucleoli. Differential diagnosis based on morphology included malignant mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical stains on the neoplastic cells were positive for Ulex Europaeus, Factor VIII-related antigen, and CD34, reflecting vascular differentiation and confirming the diagnosis of metastatic EH to the pleural cavity. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;11:64–67. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1 .
Can the “New Forms of Investment” Substitute for the “Old Forms?” A Transaction Costs Perspective

This paper uses transaction costs theory is used to explain the features of the new contractual alternatives to foreign direct investment (the “new forms”), to assess their efficiency, and to forecast their future development.
Vibrational relaxation dynamics of I35Cl(B, v') induced by low-temperature collisions with He atoms.

Using laser-induced fluorescence and two-laser, pump–probe spectroscopy, collision-induced vibrational relaxation is observed to compete with the dissociation of electronically excited ICl in a helium carrier gas expansion. By thoroughly characterizing the expansion properties, we observe that collisions of ICl(B, v′ = 3) molecules with He atoms in the expansion induce vibrational relaxation of the initially prepared dihalogen down to rotor states in the next lower ICl(B,v′ = 2) level on timescales that compete with the rate for non-adiabatic transfer from the B state to the Z1 state. The resulting ICl(B,v′ = 2,j′) product rotational distribution, along with the analogous ICl(B,v′ = 1,j′) distribution formed by collisional relaxation of molecules in the long-lived ICl(B,v′ = 2) level are compared to ICl(B,v′ = 2,j′) products formed by vibrational predissociation of He⋯ICl complexes prepared in different intermolecular vibrational levels within the He + ICl(B,v′ = 3) potential. No evidence is observed for resonance-enhanced collisional cross sections, even at the low temperatures achieved, T < 1.0 K.
Relationship of general medical burden, duration of illness and age in patients with bipolar I disorder.

Abstract Objective This study was aimed at evaluating general medical burden in a group of 111 patients with bipolar I disorder. Methods Data were drawn from participants entering the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians (BDCP) protocol. General medical burden was assessed by completing the Cumulative Illness Rating Score (CIRS) from chart review. Results The mean age of the sample was 42.1 (11.5), mean CIRS total score was 4.7 (2.9), and mean number of categories endorsed was 3.4 (1.7). Medical burden showed a positive relationship with increasing age and with duration of illness. CIRS scores and number of organ/system categories endorsed were significantly higher in patients with more than 21 years of illness than in patients with 0–9 years of illness ( p p Conclusions Patients with bipolar disorder carry a substantial burden of general medical conditions, related to age and duration of illness. These results suggest that the development and testing of specific interventions that target medical risk factors and medical burden in patients with bipolar disorder are urgently needed, especially early in the course of the illness, when patients appear to accumulate medical comorbidity at a rapid rate.
Colorimetric Determination of Penicillins and Related Compounds in Intravenous Solutions by Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Hydroxamic Acid Formation

Solutions of ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, and cephalothin in 5% dextrose were analyzed by nickel(II)-catalyzed hydroxylaminolysis. The reactions of these antibiotics were complete within 20 min at room temperature. Under the analytical conditions, molar absorptivities of the ferric-hydroxamate complexes ranged from 830 to 1005 liters/mole/cm. Coefficients of variation for the analysis of these antibiotics in 5% dextrose were typically <3% at concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Oxacillin was analyzed by the same method in normal saline and/or lactated Ringer solutions. The method also was applied to the analysis of chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions. Only ampicillin showed a significant decrease in concentration in 48 hr.
Stimulus differentiation versus stimulus complexity as factors affecting turnout in two-candidate and multicandidate races

Rational incentives and psychological involvement are hypothetical alternative motives for voting participation. The relationship of these alternative motives to turnout is explored in the presidential elections held between 1952 and 1976. Rational incentives as such are not more productive of turnout than other stimuli to psychological involvement in the electoral situation.
“Revolutionary art is a tool for liberation'’: Emory Douglas and protest aesthetics at the black panther

Abstract From its emergence in 1966, the Black Panther Party for Self‐Defense deliberately projected an image of black power and revolutionary martyrdom that hinged on potent black masculinity and patriarchal authority. If that image was embodied in the Black Panthers’ paramilitary physical and public presence, it was also visualized in numerous posters and drawings designed for The Black Panther, the Party's newspaper and chief means of political dissemination. Emory Douglas, the primary artist at The Black Panther during the Party's peak from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, produced hundreds of pictures promoting the Panthers’ mixed agenda of armed militance and community welfare. Challenging long‐standing assumptions about race and racism, Douglas crafted a visual strategy of cultural resistance which aimed at convincing audiences of the efficacy of black power by offering alternative images of a forceful black masculinity.
Inherited Fungal and Bacterial Endosymbionts of a Parasitic Wasp and Its Cockroach Host

Bacterial endosymbionts of insects are increasingly being recognized as common, diverse, and integral to the biology of their hosts. Inherited fungal symbionts have been largely overlooked, however, even though insect guts appear to be a key habitat for an incredible array of fungal diversity. Like bacteria, fungal symbionts also likely play important roles in the ecology and evolution of their insect associates. The objective of this study was to lay the foundations for understanding the roles of the vertically transmitted fungal and bacterial associates of both the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, and its parasitic wasp, Comperia merceti. We used culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular methods and phylogenetic analyses in order to identify the symbionts. Two fungal associates of brownbanded cockroaches were found. To our knowledge, this is the first record of vertically transmitted fungal symbionts in the order Blattaria. The wasp was found to house a close relative of one of the cockroach fungi but no bacterial symbionts. Finally, the brownbanded cockroaches also harbored three lineages of bacterial symbionts: Blattabacterium and two lineages of Wolbachia, indicating the number of vertically transmitted symbionts in this insect may be as many as five.
Ion/ion chemistry as a top-down approach for protein analysis.

Developing methodology for analyzing complex protein mixtures in a rapid fashion is one of the most challenging problems facing analytical biochemists today. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins (i.e. the top-down approach) show great promise for rapid protein identification. The ion/ion chemistry approach for the detection and identification of target proteins in complex matrices, determination of fragmentation channels as a function of precursor ion charge state, and post-translational modification characterization are discussed with particular emphasis on tandem mass spectrometry of intact proteins.
Numerical study of helicopter blade-vortex mechanism of interaction using large-eddy simulation

A novel approach, large-eddy simulation, is proposed for the numerical investigation of helicopter blade-vortex mechanism of interaction. The novel approach overcomes all the issues, posed by the other CFD approaches, associated with the vortex dissipation due to the turbulence modeling (RANS, URANS) and computational limitations of DNS. The influence of vertical miss distance and vortex core size on the helicopter blade-vortex mechanism of interaction is subject of investigation. It was observed that the magnitude of the aerodynamic coefficients decreases with the increase of vertical miss distance and the decrease of vortex core size.
Safe work practices

Over the past years, electrical safety, which regards hazards of electricity has been a forefront of conversation and topic at many safety conferences. This article attempts to take the next step and define implementation of an electrical safety inside an industrial facility.
AAEM minimonograph #16: instrumentation and measurement in electrodiagnostic medicine--Part II.

Technical and instrumentation factors play an important role in obtaining reliable information during electrodiagnostic studies. With contemporary electrodiagnostic equipment, neurophysiologic potentials are detected using a variety of electrodes and undergo differential amplification, filtering, conversion to digital form, and finally, analysis and display. Understanding the signal processing principles, limitations, and sources of errors that can occur during this multistep process can improve the technical quality of studies, minimize preventable errors, and improve clinical interpretation. Part I of this minimonograph reviews the basic principles of action potential generation and overviews electrodiagnostic instrumentation. The concept of waveform frequency content is related to the role of filters in suppressing noise while preserving waveform latency, amplitude, and morphology. The electrical characteristics of various surface and needle electrodes influence instrument design and the nature of the potentials recorded. This is especially important in understanding the differences in motor unit characteristics obtained from monopolar and concentric needle electrodes. © 1995 Andrew J. Gitter, MD, and Walter C. Stolov, MD. Published by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Measuring Dreaming as a beyond Waking Experience in Rogers's Conceptual Model:

This article describes the development of an instrument, the Assessment of Dream Experience. This instrument was developed within the context of Rogers's conceptual model, the science of unitary human beings, and was designed to measure dreaming as a beyond waking experience. A detailed description of the instrument and its psychometric properties is presented. Recommendations for future use are provided.
Politicos, Apoliticals, and the Processing of Political Information:

While such concepts as "belief systems" and "levels of conceptualization" have played a central role in research on "issue voting" and other important questions, political scientists have paid rela...
The relation of vergence effort to report of visual fatigue following prolonged near work

Two experiments examined the link between vergence effort and subjective reports of visual fatigue following prolonged near work. In Experiment 1, dark vergence and reports of visual fatigue symptoms associated with computer use were measured in 104 persons. Dark vergence was significantly correlated with four of six symptoms of visual fatigue. In Experiment 2, 16 subjects who exhibited clear "Heuer effects" (systematic gaze-related changes in dark vergence) read from a video display terminal (VDT) at a distance of 20 cm for 60 min under two gaze elevation conditions: 20 deg above and 20 deg below a baseline gaze elevation. This manipulation was designed to vary the amount of vergence effort required to fixate the VDT. Results indicate a positive relation between vergence effort and visual fatigue both within and between subjects, and that prolonged near work leads to decreased vergence accuracy at far distances. Implications for VDT workstation design are discussed. Language: en
Observations and analysis of uncorrelated rain

Abstract Most microphysical models in precipitation physics and radar meteorology assume (at least implicitly) that raindrops are completely uncorrelated in space and time. Yet, several recent studies have indicated that raindrop arrivals are often temporally and spatially correlated. Resolution of this conflict must begin with observations of perfectly uncorrelated rainfall, should such “perfectly steady rain” exist at all. Indeed, it does. Using data with high temporal precision from a two-dimensional video disdrometer and the pair-correlation function, a scale-localized statistical tool, several ∼10–20-min rain episodes have been uncovered where no clustering among droplet arrival times is found. This implies that (i) rain events exist where current microphysical models can be tested in an optimal manner and (ii) not all rain can be properly described using fractals.
Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

Approximately 60 million adults in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)1. The histologic spectrum of NAFLD spans from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and fibrosis that can eventually progress to cirrhosis2,3.. Until recently, no therapy had been definitely proven beneficial for patients with NASH. A recent study showed some benefits of therapy with vitamin E in a proportion of patients with NASH4, however, there is still a need for additional and more effective therapies for patients with NASH. Multiple factors and pathways are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD and NASH. Imbalances in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are some of the proposed mechanisms involved in NASH pathogenesis and progression5–8. Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)9,10, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory cytokine9, are believed to play an important role in hepatocellular damage, inflammation and fibrogenesis in NASH11. In mice, fatty liver disease is improved by inhibition of hepatic TNF-alpha production12 and by infusion of anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody13,14. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative known to increase red blood cell flexibility, reduce blood viscosity, and decrease platelet aggregation15,16. There is evidence supportive of a potential role for PTX in NASH. PTX inhibits a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF alpha17–19. In addition, PTX may have hepatoprotective effects17,20. It increases hepatic glutathione levels in mice with steatohepatitis induced by a methionine choline deficient diet17 and reduces the production of oxygen radicals induced by prolonged ischemia time in rat livers21. Potential antifibrogenic effects of PTX have been suggested by in vitro studies on hepatic stellate cells22,23, and in a rat model of biliary duct occlusion24. Therefore, PTX has a number of mechanisms that may provide therapeutic benefit to NASH patients. Pilot studies of PTX in patients with NASH have been conducted and their results have suggested possible benefits of PTX in NASH25,26. However, to date, published studies have had significant limitations, predominantly uncontrolled design, small sample sizes, and lack of histological follow up evaluation. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of PTX over one year with placebo in patients with NASH. The primary outcome measure was defined as an improvement of 2 or more points in the NAFLD activity score (NAS)27. Other aims were to compare the effects of PTX compared to placebo on serum transaminases; to assess the effect of PTX on insulin sensitivity; to assess the effect of PTX on hepatocyte apoptosis; and to assess the effect of therapy with PTX on serum levels of TNF alpha and adiponectin. We also aimed to compare the rate of adverse events in patients with NASH receiving PTX compared with placebo.
On the Inheritance of Pendulous Crop in Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo)

Abstract PENDULOUS crop has been defined by Hinshaw and Asmundson (1936) as an abnormality of the ingluvies characterized by a temporary or permanent distention with stagnant liquid or semi-liquid contents. Hinshaw and Asmundson reported that heredity was the most important factor determining the incidence of pendulous crop among turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis. The environment, particularly temperature, was also recognized as an important factor on the basis of reported cases in commercial flocks. This paper presents additional data on the inheritance of pendulous crop and the influence of climate on its expression. Cline (1933) has suggested that the amount of protein in the ration fed to turkeys may be a factor in determining the incidence of pendulous crop cases. Were this the case, it would be expected that a higher proportion of birds would develop the abnormality when fed a low protein diet than when fed . . .
Middle-tier database caching for e-business

While scaling up to the enormous and growing Internet population with unpredictable usage patterns, E-commerce applications face severe challenges in cost and manageability, especially for database servers that are deployed as those applications' backends in a multi-tier configuration. Middle-tier database caching is one solution to this problem. In this paper, we present a simple extension to the existing federated features in DB2 UDB, which enables a regular DB2 instance to become a DBCache without any application modification. On deployment of a DBCache at an application server, arbitrary SQL statements generated from the unchanged application that are intended for a backend database server, can be answered: at the cache, at the backend database server, or at both locations in a distributed manner. The factors that determine the distribution of workload include the SQL statement type, the cache content, the application requirement on data freshness, and cost-based optimization at the cache. We have developed a research prototype of DBCache, and conducted an extensive set of experiments with an E-Commerce benchmark to show the benefits of this approach and illustrate tradeoffs in caching considerations.
Experiments concerning the cleavage furrow in invertebrate eggs

Dividing eggs of Echinarachnius parma, Hydractinia echinata, Cerebratulus fuscus and Mytilus edulis were subjected to experiments designed to yield additional information concerning the cytoplasm in the cleavage plane. Answers to the following questions were sought: (1) Will the base of the furrow cut itself upon a needle placed in its path at right angles to the cleavage plane? (2) What part of the surface is responsible for the constricted shape of the partly divided egg? (3) Does completion of furrowing depend upon a specific subsurface cytoplasmic arrangement? It was found that in no case could the base of the furrow cut itself upon a needle. The constricted shape of the partly divided Echinarachnius egg depends on the integrity of the surface at the base of the furrow. The eggs of all four species completed division despite drastic stirring and mixture of subsurface cytoplasm which was begun during early stages of furrowing and continued until the blastomeres were separated.
Spouses of patients with cancer have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease: what do we know about this link?

The article by Ji, Zoller, Sundquist, and Sundquist1 found that, after a cancer diagnosis in husbands or wives, the risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke were each significantly increased in affected versus nonaffected spouses. This analysis used several Swedish national data registries, including the Swedish Cancer Registry, the Swedish National Population and Housing Census, and the Swedish Multi-Generation Registry, which cover close to 100% of the population and include substantial individual-level information. Such a comprehensive and integrative system made it possible systematically and objectively to assess the association between being a cancer caregiver and the elevation in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, the study found that the spousal caregivers of patients with cancer in comparison with a matched reference group, experienced an excess risk of coronary heart disease and stroke of 13% to 29% when assessed for up to 20 years after their spouse's cancer diagnosis. Article see p 1742 An important contribution provided by Ji and colleagues in their analysis is that they were able to provide insight into the relative contribution to excess cardiovascular risk attributable to preexisting lifestyle factors versus possible stress-related psychosocial variables affecting the spousal caregiver following the diagnosis of cancer.1 However, the extent to which the …
Two Armored Dinoflagellates from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: A New Species of Protoperidinium and a First Record and Redescription for Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid1

This paper describes a new armored dinoflagellate, Protoperidinium dolichoporum, and updates the description of Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911, both from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The distinguishing characteristics of P. dolichoporum are the following: the globular-pentagonal shape, a pore plate extending onto the dorsal surface, a second anterior intercalary five-sided plate in contact with the fourth and fifth precingular plates, and an unusual body sculpture of irregular rounded papillae with 1–3 pores on the top of each. Although in general similar, this new species differs in a significant number of details from other members of the Avellana group. The original thecal formula of G. alaskensis given by Kofoid in 1911 is revised with respect to the epithecal plate pattern and the sulcal region is now described in detail. This is the first record of G. alaskensis in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Supplemental Substances Derived from Foods as Adjunctive Therapeutic Agents for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Disorders

Neurodegenerative disorders and diseases (NDDs) that are either chronically acquired or triggered by a singular detrimental event are a rapidly growing cause of disability and/or death. In recent times, there have been major advancements in our understanding of various neurodegenerative disease states that have revealed common pathologic features or mechanisms. The many mechanistic parallels discovered between various neurodegenerative diseases suggest that a single therapeutic approach may be used to treat multiple disease conditions. Of late, natural compounds and supplemental substances have become an increasingly attractive option to treat NDDs because there is growing evidence that these nutritional constituents have potential adjunctive therapeutic effects (be it protective or restorative) on various neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review relevant experimental and clinical data on supplemental substances (i.e., curcuminoids, rosmarinic acid, resveratrol, acetyl-l-carnitine, and ω-3 (n–3) polyunsaturated fatty acids) that have demonstrated encouraging therapeutic effects on chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and neurodegeneration resulting from acute adverse events, such as traumatic brain injury.
Tobacco specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone suppresses a newly identified anti-tumor IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3R system in lung cancer cells

IGFBP-3 is a tumor suppressor whose expression is frequently suppressed in lung cancer. NNK, the most potent tobacco carcinogen, enhanced cell proliferation of BEAS-2B normal lung epithelial cells and concomitantly suppressed IGFBP-3 expression through DNA methylation. Decreased IGFBP-3 expression and elevated levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-p65-NF-κB, and cyclin D1 were detected in tobacco carcinogen-induced tumorigenic derivatives of BEAS-2B. Overexpression of IGFBP-3 in NNKA, one of the derivatives, suppressed NF-κB activity and induced apoptosis, which was hindered by knocking-down of endogenous IGFBP-3R, an IGFBP-3 specific receptor. These results suggest that NNK inhibits IGFBP-3 expression to abrogate anti-tumor actions of the IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3R system in smoking-induced lung cancer.
How to acquire a concept

In this paper, I develop a novel account of concept acquisition for an atomistic theory of concepts. Conceptual atomism is rarely explored in cognitive science because of the feeling that atomistic treatments of concepts are inherently nativistic. My model illustrates, on the contrary, that atomism does not preclude the learning of a concept.
A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Reading Prosody as a Dimension of Oral Reading Fluency in Early Elementary School Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of reading prosody and its impact on later reading skills. Suprasegmental features of oral reading were measured for 92 children at the end of grades 1 and 2 and oral reading fluency and reading comprehension assessments at the end of the third-grade school year. Tests were carried out to determine (a) the manner in which the key features of oral reading prosody unfold with development and (b) the extent to which the development of reading prosody is predictive of later oral reading fluency and comprehension outcomes beyond word reading skills alone. Path model tests found a relationship between the presence of fewer pausal intrusions during oral reading in first grade and subsequent development of an adult-like intonation contour in second grade. Outcome model tests indicated that the intonation contour was a significant predictor of later fluency once word reading skills were taken into account. Decreases in the number of pausal intrusions between the first and second grades and early acquisition of an adult-like intonation contour predicted better comprehension later. Thus, prosodic oral reading might signal that children have achieved fluency and are more capable of understanding what they read. Results of this study support the inclusion of prosody in formal definitions of oral reading fluency.
a-Si:H TFT phosphorescent OLED active matrix pixels fabricated on polymeric substrates

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays fabricated on polymeric substrates would be lightweight, flexible, rugged, and potentially less expensive to manufacture. Several passive matrix OLED displays fabricated on polymeric substrates have been demonstrated. For high information content displays, active-matrix pixel addressing provides improved display performance and reduced power consumption. To date, all active matrix OLED displays have been fabricated on rigid substrates and most used polysilicon thin film transistors (TFTs) as the active elements because they can provide sufficient current at low voltages and acceptable device dimensions. However, improvements in the efficiency of OLEDs allows lower mobility TFTs, such as those based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) or even organic semiconductors, to be used as OLED drive devices (M.A. Baldo et al, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, pp. 4-6, 1999). The lower processing temperatures of a-Si:H and organic TFTs may permit the use of polymeric substrates. In this work, 1 mm/sup 2/ a-Si:H TFT phosphorescent OLED active matrix pixels and pixel arrays were fabricated on 50 /spl mu/m thick polyimide substrates.
Phosphatidate Phosphatase Plays Role in Zinc-mediated Regulation of Phospholipid Synthesis in Yeast

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the synthesis of phospholipids is coordinately regulated by mechanisms that control the homeostasis of the essential mineral zinc (Carman, G.M., and Han, G. S. (2007) Regulation of phospholipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by zinc depletion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771, 322–330; Eide, D. J. (2009) Homeostatic and adaptive responses to zinc deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 18565–18569). The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is balanced by the repression of CDP-diacylglycerol pathway enzymes and the induction of Kennedy pathway enzymes. PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase catalyzes the penultimate step in triacylglycerol synthesis, and the diacylglycerol generated in the reaction may also be used for phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway. In this work, we showed that the expression of PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase was induced by zinc deficiency through a mechanism that involved interaction of the Zap1p zinc-responsive transcription factor with putative upstream activating sequence zinc-responsive elements in the PAH1 promoter. The pah1Δ mutation resulted in the derepression of the CHO1-encoded phosphatidylserine synthase (CDP-diacylglycerol pathway enzyme) and loss of the zinc-mediated regulation of the enzyme. Loss of phosphatidate phosphatase also resulted in the derepression of the CKI1-encoded choline kinase (Kennedy pathway enzyme) but decreased the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine when cells were deficient of zinc. This result confirmed the role phosphatidate phosphatase plays in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway.
Depression, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia: An Update

AbstractCenters for Disease Control criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) specifically recognize that patients can have both CFS and depression. The clinician's challenge is to judge for each individual patient whether the complaint of fatigue is primarily depression, physical illness, such as CFS, or a combination of both.This review differentiates CFS and fibromyalgia, discussed as “chronic fatigue syndrome and related immune deficiency syndromes” (CFIDS), from depression in terms of physical signs, symptoms, biological parameters, brain imaging, immunology, and treatment. The review focuses on practical applications of research findings with a further focus on future ability to show clear biologic separation and specific treatment.When depressive symptoms exist with those of CFS, accurate differentiation can usually be accomplished by focusing on diagnostic criteria. Presence of multiple physical signs and symptoms of CFIDS may be of great value. In terms of laboratory testing, a single helpful t...
Control of multiplication of uninfected rat cells and rat cells converted by murine sarcoma virus.

The rate of multiplication of rat embryo fibroblasts in monolayer culture depends upon the amount of multiplication-stimulating activity in the culture medium, as well as the efficiency of stimulation by and utilization of this activity. Multiplication-stimulating activity is defined by its capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in stationary populations of cells. Usually, multiplication stimulating activity is supplied as serum in cell culture media, but rat cells also produce it. A comparison of multiplication of uninfected and Murine Sarcoma virus-converted rat cells showed that converted cells multiplied at a greater rate than did uninfected cells, with the use of less or the same amount of multiplication-stimulating activity; the converted cells produced cells produced an inhibitor of multiplication-stimulating activity, and the efficiency of stimulation of DNA synthesis was similar for uninfected and converted cells. It appears that in the presence of serum the efficiency of utilization of multiplication-stimulating activity is greater for converted cells than for uninfected rat cells.
Sociologic factors in the spread of epidemic hepatitis in a rural school district.

An epidemic of epidemic hepatitis occurred in the district of a rural Central School in Yates and Ontario Counties of Central New York. The epidemic comprised 176 cases of which 135 were jaundiced, and extended from September 1949 to May 1950, with most cases in March 1950.No common source could be demonstrated and the transmission was believed to be due to human contact alone.The overall morbidity rate was about 5%, attack rate among school children 22%, and among the adults and pre-school family contacts of infected school children the attack rate was 18%, with no significant age difference in attack rate.Differences in attack rate in the various school grades were explained by higher number of siblings of children in certain grades.Household attack rates among non-school persons were related to number of sick school children, family size, and hygienic standard of the home. The first of these factors seemed most important.More jaundiced cases occurred in families where the exposure was heaviest.
Low-Complexity Echo and NEXT Cancellers for High-Speed Ethernet Transceivers

Gigabit and multigigabit transceivers require very long adaptive filters for echo and near-end crosstalk (NEXT) cancellation. Implementation of these filters not only occupies large silicon area but also consumes significant power. These problems become even worse when the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) technique is used in applications such as 10-Gigabit Ethernet over Copper (10 GBASE-T) as the input to the echo and NEXT cancellers is no longer a simple PAM-M signal. To reduce the complexity of these cancellers, in this paper, a novel method based on word-length reduction technique is proposed. The proposed design is derived by replacing the original input to the echo and NEXT cancellers with a finite-level signal, which is the sum of the input to the TH precoder and a finite-level compensation signal. Then, this modified input signal is recoded to have shorter word-length compared with the original input. Hence, the overall complexity can be reduced by using the proposed method. To further reduce the complexity of these cancellers, an improved design is proposed by exploiting the property of the compensation signal. Compared with the traditional design, the proposed echo and NEXT cancellers have exact input and do not suffer from the quantization problem, and thus they are more suitable for VLSI implementation. The proposed method can also be applied to design adaptive echo and NEXT cancellers with little modification. The performance evaluation is performed by simulations to verify the proposed design. It is shown that, by applying the proposed method to a 10 GBASE-T Ethernet system, the hardware complexity of echo and NEXT cancellers can be reduced by about 10.82% without performance loss, compared with the traditional design.
Children's and adults' recall of sex-stereotyped toy pictures: Effects of presentation and memory task

Gender schema theories predict a memory bias toward sex-congruent information. The present study examined how presentation of stimuli and encoding conditions influence gender schematic processing in children and adults. One hundred and sixty 5- to 13-year olds and adult males and females viewed 36 sex-stereotyped toy pictures that were presented in a static and dynamical way. Half of the participants were asked to memorize the pictures (intentional memory) and half were not told that they would be expected to later recall the pictures (incidental memory). Weak gender schematic processing was observed only during the incidental memory task. Children and adults recalled more static than dynamic gender-stereotyped pictures, and performance was superior in the intentional than in the incidental memory condition. Gender schematic processing was similar across the age groups. In addition, participants were more likely to recall male-stereotyped toys. Implications for gender schema theories and education are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
K-Na EXCHANGE ACCOMPANYING THE PROLYTIC LOSS OF K FROM HUMAN RED CELLS.

In systems containing human red cells and sodium taurocholate as a lysin, or distearyl lecithin as a sphering agent, the prolytic loss of K at 25 degrees C. is accompanied by a gain of Na by the cell, the gain being somewhat greater than the K loss. A small volume increase accompanies the exchange. The kinetics of the K loss and the Na gain are similar to those already described; i.e., the changes are rapid at first, and slow down so that after 12 to 20 hours it appears that a new steady state is being approached. Similar, but smaller, losses of K and gains of Na occur when the cells stand in isotonic NaCl at 25 degrees C. without the addition of a lysin or sphering agent. On these and other experimental grounds, it is impossible to retain the idea that the mammalian red cell in general is impermeable to cations. The cells nevertheless seem to be in a steady state with respect to their environment, their ionic composition changing as the composition of the environment is changed. The possible processes by means of which one steady state can be exchanged for another-changes in the permeability of a surface membrane, changes in the velocity of an active ion transfer process dependent on red cell metabolism, and changes in the activity of the ions in the red cell interior as a result of changes in an orderly internal structure-are discussed.
Extending Lustre with Timeout Automata

This paper describes an extension to Lustre to support the analysis of globally asynchronous, locally synchronous (GALS) architectures. This extension consists of constructs for directly specifying the timeout automata used to describe asynchronous communication between processes represented by Lustre nodes. It is implemented using an extensible language framework based on attribute grammars that allows such extensions to be modularly defined so that they may be more easily composed with other language extensions.
Trapping of magma at midcrustal density discontinuities

Seismic anomalies which are interpreted as midcrustal magma bodies are present in several areas in the Basin and Range province of the western United States. In general, the upper boundaries of these inferred magma bodies coincide in depth with prominent midcrustal increases in P-wave velocity. Crustal density profiles calculated from measured P-wave velocity profiles indicate that near-liquidus basalts should be less dense than the crust below the midcrustal velocity increases, and more dense above them. This implies that rising mafic magmas are trapped where they lose buoyancy at midcrustal density discontinuities. Buoyant trapping may generate large silicic magma systems by focussing ascending mafic magmas into a small depth interval in the crust.
Chemical and microbiological studies of sulfide‐mediated manganese reduction 1

Abstract Laboratory studies of manganese reduction by naturally occurring reduced inorganic compounds were undertaken, both to study further possible in situ mechanisms of manganese reduction and to examine how manganese redox reactions might be coupled to other biogeochemical processes. Chemical manganese reduction by sulfide (in the presence of excess manganese oxide) was found to be rapid and complete, with all sulfide being oxidized within 5–10 min. The reduction of δMnO2 by sulfide involves a two‐electron transfer, with S° the predominant oxidized sulfur product. Using a marine sulfate‐reducing bacterium (Desulfovibrio sp.), the kinetics of sulfide‐dependent, bacterially mediated manganese reduction were studied; the rate‐limiting step was bacterial sulfide production. These findings suggest that in stratified marine environments (such as the Black Sea, Saanich Inlet, or certain coastal sediments) manganese reduction should occur just below the oxic‐anoxic (O2/H2S) interface or redox boundary as a re...
A cyst nematode effector binds to diverse plant proteins, increases nematode susceptibility and affects root morphology

Cyst nematodes are plant-parasitic roundworms that are of significance in many cropping systems around the world. Cyst nematode infection is facilitated by effector proteins secreted from the nematode into the plant host. The cDNAs of the 25A01-like effector family are novel sequences that were isolated from the oesophageal gland cells of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). To aid functional characterization, we identified an orthologous member of this protein family (Hs25A01) from the closely related sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, which infects Arabidopsis. Constitutive expression of the Hs25A01 CDS in Arabidopsis plants caused a small increase in root length, accompanied by up to a 22% increase in susceptibility to H. schachtii. A plant-expressed RNA interference (RNAi) construct targeting Hs25A01 transcripts in invading nematodes significantly reduced host susceptibility to H. schachtii. These data document that Hs25A01 has physiological functions in planta and a role in cyst nematode parasitism. In vivo and in vitro binding assays confirmed the specific interactions of Hs25A01 with an Arabidopsis F-box-containing protein, a chalcone synthase and the translation initiation factor eIF-2 β subunit (eIF-2bs), making these proteins probable candidates for involvement in the observed changes in plant growth and parasitism. A role of eIF-2bs in the mediation of Hs25A01 virulence function is further supported by the observation that two independent eIF-2bs Arabidopsis knock-out lines were significantly more susceptible to H. schachtii.
CHAPTER 27 – Dendritic cells in the spleen and lymph nodes

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), which give rise to cells of myeloid lineages, including granulocytes and macrophages, can give rise to Langerhans cells (LCs) and myeloid-related dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid tissue. In mice and in humans, the myeloid DC lineage is subdivided into the Langerhans and interstitial DC pathways. In vitro cultures of human CD34 + HPCs yield precursors of two DC populations—Langerhans cells and interstitial DCs. In mice and in humans, thymic DCs are mainly located in the medulla and at the cortico-medullary junction. Thymic DCs are intimately associated with T cells, as observed with the interdigitating DCs of the spleen and lymph nodes. Pathogen products, such as LPS can trigger the release of TNFα or IL-1, which mediate DC maturation and migration from the peripheral tissues to the secondary lymphoid organs. These inflammatory mediators inhibit the responsiveness of immature DCs in the tissues to MIP3α, by downregulating CCR6, which is a receptor for MIP3α.