cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding factors contributing to geographic variations in end-of-life expenditures.

10008Background: Health care spending at the end of life varies across geographic areas and yet is not associated with improved outcomes. The factors underlying these variations are poorly understo...
Pushing subjects beyond rationality with more alternatives in experimental auctions

The use of experimental economics in valuation of market and nonmarket goods has grown over the past few years. The ability of experimental auctions (EUs) to reveal consumer preferences and their malleability has been praised in previous literature. Because of the high cost of conducting EUs, researchers usually present multiple products to participants, determining how many products to present has no clear guideline. The results of this study show that subjects do not value products the same way across different number of options offered to them. The main indicator is the increasing variance in responses for a benchmark product when more products are available. With an econometric specification allowing for heteroscedasticity as a function of the number of product offerings, the results indicate that the number of goods available for bidding is not to be taken as a trivial task in experimental design for value elicitation.
Toward a framework for best practices and research guidelines for perinatal depression research

This review article highlights the current state of perinatal depression (PND) research including established standards of care and innovative research in progress. PND can have a significant adverse impact on mother, child, and family; however, to date, wide-scale identification, prevention, and treatment have been limited. PND is heterogenous in presentation with likely multifactorial etiologies for each woman. Challenges in PND research are discussed including a need for universal tools, standardized measures, benchmarks, and best practices. Current examples are reviewed that highlight approaches to novel treatment paradigms and interventions. This includes reviewing epidemiologic studies in PND research, examining the biological underpinnings of PND, and discussing examples from this field and other fields currently developing translational research that spans from bench to bedside. Current and future challenges and opportunities in developing best practices for the treatment of PND are outlined. We also discuss the use of the NIMH Research Domain Criteria approach for PND research and provide recommendations for future directions in PND research collaboration. In conclusion, greater precision in perinatal psychiatry can be possible in the future with the development of guidelines and best practices that build on current work and apply innovative and collaborative approaches of scientists, providers, patients, community members, and government officials.
II Zentrale Voraussetzungen für ein erfolgreiches CRM und der Faktor Mitarbeiter

Dieses Kapitel ist als Bindeglied zwischen dem theoretischen Teil (vgl. Teil I), der das CRM-Konzept an sich naher abgrenzt und dem, der der Kernthematik dieser Arbeit gewidmet ist - der Mitarbeiter im CRM (vgl. Teil III, IV, V) - zu verstehen.
Enhancement of the Axion Decay Constant in Inflation and the Weak Gravity Conjecture

Models of axion inflation based on a single cosine potential require the axion decay constant $f$ to be super-Planckian in size. However, $f > M_{Pl}$ is disfavored by the Weak Gravity Conjecture (WGC). It is then pertinent to ask if one can construct axion inflation models in conformity with WGC. In this work we assume that WGC holds for the microscopic Lagrangian so that $f < M_{Pl}$. However, inflation is controlled by an effective Lagrangian much below the Planck scale where the inflaton is an effective axionic field associated with an effective decay constant $f_e$ which could be very different from $f$. In this work we propose a Coherent Enhancement Mechanism (CEM) for slow roll inflation controlled by flat potentials which can produce $f_e \gg M_{Pl}$ while $f < M_{Pl}$. In the analysis we consider a landscape of chiral fields charged under a $U\left(1\right)$ global shift symmetry and consider breaking of the $U\left(1\right)$ symmetry by instanton type symmetry breaking terms. In the broken phase there is one light pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone-Boson (pNGB) which acts as the inflaton. We show that with an appropriate choice of symmetry breaking terms the inflaton potential is a superposition of many cosines and the condition that they produce a flat potential allows one to enhance $f_e$ so that $f_e / M_{Pl} \gg 1$. We discuss the utility of this mechanism for a variety of inflaton models originating in supersymmetry and supergravity. The Coherent Enhancement Mechanism allows one to reduce an inflation model with an arbitrary potential to an effective model of natural inflation, i.e. with a single cosine, by expanding the potential near a field point where horizon exit occurs, and matching the expansion coefficients to those of natural inflation.
Master sintering curves of nickel-titanium and nickel-titanium open-cell foams fabricated by spark plasma sintering

Master sintering curves (MSCs) were developed for monolithic nickel-titanium (NiTi) and composite NiTi-copper specimens densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS) to efficiently establish the density–process parameter relationship. NiTi-copper specimens simulated the porogen (a.k.a. space holder) replication technique used to fabricate NiTi open-cell foams. The effect of copper porogens on the densification behavior of NiTi powder was examined through the comparison of the generated MSCs. Several additional monolithic NiTi specimens and a NiTi open-cell foam specimen were sintered isothermally to verify the accuracy of the generated MSCs. The experimental data indicated the copper porogens had little-to-no effect on the densification behavior of NiTi powder. Using an apparent activation energy of 201 kJ mol-1, both MSCs were able to predict the final density of the validation specimens within 1.2%. The current study demonstrated the successful application of the MSC concept to the SPS of monolithic NiTi and composite NiTi-copper specimens enabling accurate predictions of final specimen density based on any arbitrary time–temperature sintering profile. This efficient mapping of the density–process parameter space has eliminated the trial-and-error methodology typically used and has resulted in significant savings of time, energy, and raw materials.
Spatiotemporal Properties of Sub‐Rayleigh and Supershear Ruptures Inferred From Full‐Field Dynamic Imaging of Laboratory Experiments

Many earthquakes propagate at sub‐Rayleigh speeds. Earthquakes propagating at supershear speeds, though less common, are by far more destructive. Hence, it is important to quantify the motion characteristics associated with both types of earthquake ruptures. Here we report on the spatiotemporal properties of dynamic ruptures measured in our laboratory experiments using the dynamic digital image correlation technique. Earthquakes are mimicked by the frictional rupture propagating along the interface of two Homalite plates. Digital images of the propagating ruptures are captured by an ultrahigh‐speed camera and processed with digital image correlation in order to produce sequences of evolving displacement and velocity maps. Our measurements reveal the full‐field structure of the velocity components, bridge the gap between previous spatially sparse velocimeter measurements available only at two to three locations, and enable us to quantify the attenuation patterns away from the interface.
Tuning the Energy Landscape of Soft Robots for Fast and Strong Motion

Soft robots demonstrate great potential compared with traditional rigid robots owing to their inherently soft body structures. Although researchers have made tremendous progress in recent years, existing soft robots are in general plagued by a main issue: slow speeds and small forces. In this work, we aim to address this issue by actively designing the energy landscape of the soft body: the total strain energy with respect to the robot’s deformation. With such a strategy, a soft robot’s dynamics can be tuned to have fast and strong motion. We introduce the general design principle using a soft module with two stable states that can rapidly switch from one state to the other under external forces. We characterize the required triggering (switching) force with respect to design parameters (e.g., the initial shape of the module). We then apply the soft bistable module to develop fast and strong soft robots, whose triggering forces are generated by a soft actuator – twisted-and-coiled actuator (TCA). We demonstrate a soft gripper that can hold weights more than 8 times its own weight, and a soft jumping robot that can jump more than 5 times its body height. We envision our strategies will overcome the weakness of soft robots to unleash their potential for diverse applications.
Les brèches diaphragmatiques

Une breche dans la barriere entre la cavite thoracique et abdominale est une situation potentiellement mortelle chez le nouveau-ne. A l’âge adulte, seule la qualite de vie est reduite, mais une operation peut etre indiquee.
Utilization trends of an ophthalmology-specific emergency department: the Massachusetts Eye and Ear experience

Purpose To describe the utilization trends of a dedicated ophthalmology emergency department (ED) in Boston, Massachusetts. Methods The medical records of 500 randomly selected patients who presented at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear (MEE) Emergency Department (ED) from January 2015 to March 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Data were analyzed using the Pearson χ2 test and multiple logistic regression. The primary study outcome measure was whether a patient's visit was emergent or nonemergent. Emergent or nonemergent conditions were classified based on the diagnosis and treatment required at follow-up appointments. Nonemergent diagnoses were classified as conditions that could have been seen as an outpatient without negative consequences for vision. Results Of the 500 cases, 252 were males and 248 were females. The median age was 45 years (range, 2-101 years). The most common diagnoses were posterior vitreous detachment (8.6%), corneal abrasion (8.4%), dry eye syndrome (7%), and viral conjunctivitis (5.4%). Of the total, 92.6% of patients originated from within Massachusetts. The majority of patients were self-referred (78.6%) or referred from another hospital (12.8%). Nonemergent visits accounted for 49.4% of patients seen. Compared to patients who presented with duration of symptoms for ≥1 week, patients who presented with symptoms of <1 week were more likely to present with an emergent condition (8.8% vs 41.8%). Referrals from an outside ophthalmologist or hospital were predictive of emergent patient visits (OR, resp., 1.971 [95% CI, 0.478-3.462; P = 0.01]; 1.040 [95% CI, 0.462-1.616; P < 0.001]). Conclusions In our study, nonemergent patient visits comprised nearly half of all ophthalmology ED visits. Emergent visits were associated with acute symptoms and referrals from outside healthcare providers.
Initial Margin Requirements and Market Efficiency

We examine the association between margin requirements and the market’s efficiency in incorporating firm-specific and market-level public news. Combining the Fed’s 22 changes in margin requirements with a hand-collected sample of earnings announcements between 1934-1975, we show that higher margin requirements induce greater delay in incorporating earnings information into prices. We draw similar conclusions when we analyze the Hou and Moskowitz (2005) price delay measure, as well as indirect measures of leverage constraints over recent years. Further tests suggest that, despite the Fed’s expressed intent to curtail excess speculation, higher margin requirements restrict trading by arbitrageurs more than noise traders.
Association of Weight Status With the Types and Quantities of Foods Consumed at Snacking Occasions Among US Adolescents

Objectives US adolescents with overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) consume larger and more frequent snacks (i.e., foods consumed between meals) than adolescents with normal weight (NW); but, the food group sources of these snacks by body weight status remains largely unknown. This research aimed to evaluate snack food group composition by weight status among US adolescents.
Multilevel small area estimation for county-level prevalence of colorectal cancer screening test use in the United States using 2018 data

Abstract Purpose— National screening estimates mask county-level variations. We aimed to generate county-level colorectal cancer (CRC) screening prevalence estimates for 2018 among adults aged 50-75 years and identify counties with low screening prevalence. Methods— We combined individual-level county data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (n=204,947) with the 2018 American Community Survey county poverty data as a covariate, and the 2018 U.S. Census county population count data to generate county-level prevalence estimates for being current with any CRC screening test, colonoscopy, and home stool blood test. Because BRFSS is a state-based survey, and because some counties did not have samples for analysis, we used correlation coefficients to test internal consistency between model-based and BRFSS state estimates. Results— Correlation coefficients tests were ≥0.97. Model-based national prevalence for any test was 69.9% (95% CI, 69.5%-70.4%) suggesting 30% are not current with screening test use. State mean estimates ranged from 62.1% in Alaska and Wyoming to 76.6% in Maine and Massachusetts. County mean estimates ranged from 42.2% in Alaska to 80.0% in Florida and Rhode Island. Most tests were performed with colonoscopy. Conclusions— Estimates across all U.S. counties showed large variations. Estimates may be informative for planning by states and local screening programs.
Methods in Molecular Pathology

All nucleated cells contain DNA and RNA. Common sources of DNA obtained for clinical use include blood, bone marrow, and tissue samples such as biopsies and tissues removed during surgical resections. Buccal scrapings and hair roots may also be used. In forensic applications, semen and vaginal fluids are common sources of DNA.
A Non-Parametric Microsimulation Approach to Assess Changes in Inequality and Poverty

This paper presents a non-parametric microsimulation methodology for assessing the determinants of changes in income inequality and poverty. One great advantage of this method over alternatives is that it is not very demanding in terms of modelling labour supply and household behaviour while still providing a plausible link between changes in overall labour market conditions and the full household income distribution. The paper also shows how the method can be adapted to assess the poverty and inequality effects of changes in non-labour incomes (such as through a government transfer programme) and how it can be combined with economy-wide models.
Suicidal imagery, history of suicidality, and acquired capability in young adults

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of suicide-related mental imagery in suicidal behavior. It was hypothesized that greater frequency and vividness of suicide-related imagery would be associated with more suicidal behaviors, and acquired capability for suicide was expected to mediate this relationship. Hypotheses were tested by surveying 237 undergraduate students (59 percent female; mean age=20) who completed self-report measures that assessed suicidal cognitions, acquired capability for suicide, and history of self-harm behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were tested by surveying 237 undergraduate students (59 percent female; mean age=20) who completed self-report measures that assessed suicidal cognitions, acquired capability for suicide, and history of self-harm behaviors. Findings – Results suggested that frequency and vividness of suicide-related imagery were positively correlated with suicidality. Acquired capability was not related to study variables; thus a...
Modeling TCP in a multi-rate multi-user CDMA system

Modern CDMA wireless channels support multiple transmission rates, which can be dynamically assigned to users based on traffic demand. However, in practice, assignment of high rate channels comes with the penalty of increased power as well as smaller orthogonal codes, which constrains their assignment to only a subset of active users. This motivates the need to carefully control high rate channel assignments so as to minimize power and achieve fairness among users. In this work, we propose a simple class of channel allocation policies to achieve this goal for TCP sessions. We develop an analytical model that explicitly captures both TCP dynamics and the impact of multiple users contending for a shared resource to evaluate the performance of the allocation policy. The model is shown to be accurate by comparing against ns-2 simulations and its utility demonstrated in computing the minimum number of required high rate channels to minimize contention.
Quantum cryptography with coherent-state light: demonstration of a secure data encryption scheme operating at 100 kb/s

Summary form only given. In this work, we present a free-space implementation of quantum cryptography, in which we use secret keys (a short key K appropriately expanded into K' by use of another encryption mechanism such as a stream cipher) to set the polarization bases between a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter uses the secret key to randomly choose a polarization basis from a set of M/2 uniformly spanning a great circle on the Poincare sphere.
What Can Observations of Giants and Supergiant Stars Tell Us About Chromospheric and Coronal Heating

We discuss chromospheric and coronal activities in specific yellow and red giant and supergiant stars. Implications for heating mechanisms are described. Our list includes 31 Comae, α Aquarii, α Bootis, ζ Aurigae, α Ononis, and ο Ceti. We note that coronal yellow giant stars, which are rapid rotators, are most likely dominated by heating due to dynamo generated magnetic fields. The heating in noncoronal yellow giant stars, on the other hand, is probably dominated by the dissipation of acoustic waves. These stars have slow rotation rates and show no major chromospheric activities with the remarkable exception of the highly variable He I λ10830 line. However, short-period acoustic waves cannot explain the observed mass loss in these stars. Other types of outer atmospheric activity include pulsation and semiregular variabilities, present in Mira-type stars and red supergiants, respectively. We discuss potential observations available with the Hubble Space Telescope and with ROSAT and their relevance for our topic. We also emphasize the need for precise magnetic field measurements and new ab-initio models for stellar photospheres, chromospheres and coronae.
Symmetric Multicycle Rapid Thermal Annealing: Enhanced Activation of Implanted Dopants in GaN

Selectively activated p-type regions are necessary for many electronic devices that require planar processing. The standard process of implanting p-type dopants, such as Mg, in GaN is notoriously more difficult than in other material systems, as the extremely high temperatures required to activate the implanted Mg also damage the GaN surface. In this research, a novel annealing technique is introduced for this purpose – symmetric multicycle rapid thermal annealing (SMRTA). It is shown that SMRTA is superior to the earlier developed multicycle rapid thermal annealing (MRTA) in terms of improvement of the crystalline quality of implanted GaN. The SMRTA technique was applied to Mg-implanted GaN to realize a rectifying junction. The annealing process detailed in this research will be a key enabling step for future GaN-based devices that require planar processing with selective area implants. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0191509jss] All rights reserved.
Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America

The question of whether democratization is an elite-led process from above or a popular triumph from below continues to be an area of contention among political scientists. Examining the experiences of countries which have provided the main empirical base for recent theorizing, namely, Western Europe and South America in the 19th and early 20th centuries and again in the 1970s and 1980s, this book delineates a more complex and varied set of patterns. The volume explores the politics of democratization through a comparative analysis that examines the role of labor in relation to elite strategies in both contemporary and historical perspectives. In her detailed analysis, Professor Collier also describes multiple patterns within each historical period, challenges conventional understandings of these events, and recaptures a role for unions and labor-based parties in contemporary processes of democratization.
Tangent bifurcations to Chaos in stellar pulsations

Abstract The radial pulsations of state-of-the-art population II Cepheid models are studied with a numerical hydrodynamical code. It is shown (a) that they can undergo a targent bifurcation which manifests itself as an abrupt change from periodical to irregular variability as a control parameter, Teff, is varied and (b) that the chaotic attractor seems to be embedded in a three-dimensional subspace of the 180-dimensional phase-space of the computations.
Treatment outcome among children with externalizing disorder who terminate prematurely versus those who complete psychotherapy

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the clinical dysfunction at the end of treatment of children who dropped out of therapy prematurely (dropouts) versus those who completed treatment (completers). We predicted that (1) children who terminated prematurely would show greater impairment at the end of treatment than would children who completed treatment, and (2) the differences at posttreatment would result from subject selection variables and severity of child dysfunction at pretreatment rather than from termination of treatment, per se. Method Children ( N = 75, aged 4 to 13 years) referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior formed three groups: dropouts, completers, and completers matched to dropouts on subject and demographic variables and severity of child dysfunction. Results At the end of treatment children who terminated prematurely showed greater impairment at home, at school, and in the community, compared with children who completed treatment. Outcome differences were less evident between dropouts and completers when pretreatment child severity of dysfunction was controlled. Conclusions The findings suggest that selection factors and severity of impairment may relate both to attrition and limited responsiveness among patients who continue.
Comparing the electronic properties of the low-spin cyano-ferric [Fe(N 4)(Cys)] active sites of superoxide reductase and P450cam using ENDOR spectroscopy and DFT calculations

Superoxide reductase (SOR) and P450 enzymes contain similar [Fe(N)4(SCys)] active sites and, although they catalyze very different reactions, are proposed to involve analogous low-spin (hydro)perox...
Kinematic Properties of Wave Amplitude Vacillation in a Thermally Driven Rotating Fluid

Abstract Empirical evidence is presented to the effect that amplitude vacillation in a thermally driven rotating annulus of fluid is due primarily to the interference of two modes with the same azimuthal wavenumber and different vertical structures and phase speeds. Higher order details of the amplitude vacillation cycle are attributable to one or two additional modes that are generated by the interaction of the primary pair with the mean zonal flow (i.e., wave-mean flow interactions). Wave-wave interactions appear to play a negligible role in accounting for amplitude vacillations observed in laboratory experiments. Sufficient theoretical evidence is available in the published literature to suggest that the two fundamental modes responsible for amplitude vacillation arise through the destabilization of neutral Eady modes by one or more critical layers in the fluid.
Synthesis and characterization of flame resistant poly(arylene ether)s

Hydrolytically stable phosphorus-containing monomers, such as 4,4'-bis(fluorophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BFPMPO), 4,4'-bis(hydroxyphenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BOHPMPO), and 4,4-bis(hydroxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide (BOHPPO), were synthesized and used in nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation to prepare poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide) engineering thermoplastics. The synthesis and characterization of these novel polymers are described. It was determined that by incorporating the phosphine oxide moiety into the polymer backbone, certain properties of the resulting poly(arylene ether) were substantially improved, such as an increase in T g , thermal stability in air, modulus, and char yield compared with control poly(arylene ether sulfone)s. The high char yields obtained for these polymers in air along with observed intumescence indicates that these materials have improved fire resistance. Preliminary cone calorimetry measurements support this conclusion.
Surface roughness and optical contact characterization of transparent prisms using frustrated total internal reflection tunneling ellipsometry

Abstract Optical tunneling of collimated monochromatic light of wavelength λ through an air gap of thickness d(x,y) between two stress-free transparent prisms of the same refractive index N at an angle of incidence ϕ > the critical angle is accompanied by spatially variable transmission differential phase shift Δt(x,y) that can be measured by a straight-through imaging ellipsometer with suitable polarizing and analyzing optics and two-dimensional array detector. Operation under the condition of equal tunneling for the p and s polarizations at ϕ e = arcsin 2 / N 2 + 1 leads to an analytical solution for d(x,y) in terms of Δt(x,y).
Deuterium transport through 304 and 304L stainless steel at low driving pressures and 15 KeV deuteron bombardment

Abstract Analysis of permeation rates of D 2 gas at 10 −4 to 10 −1 Pa through 304 and 304L stainless steel membranes (51 μm and 127 μm thick) at 650 to 1050 K revealed that the chemisorption rate constant, κ 1 , permeability and diffusion coefficient were 5.0 × 10 15 + 2.2 × 10 26 exp (−2.1 × 10 4 T −1 K ) molecules D 2 · cm −2 · sec −1 . Pa −1 , 1.4 × 10 16 exp(−7700T −1 K) molecules D 2 · cm −2 · sec −1 · Pa −1 2 , and 3.5 × 10 −4 exp -(−5100 T −1 K ) cm 2 s −1 , respectively. The value of κ 1 indicates two chemisorption sites (one unactivated). The scaling laws and the transition between the high and low pressure asymptotes were clarified by developing a dimensionless form of permeation equation applicable for low D 2 activities. Following gas permeation experiments, permeation rates resulting from bombardment with 10 μA, 15 keV deuteron beams were measured. A high transient permeation rate was observed which was attributed to a surface impedance to reemission which decreased under bombardment.
Current wind tunnel capability and planned improvements at Lewis Research Center

As the propulsion and power generation center of NASA, Lewis has designed its wind tunnels for propulsion research. Therefore, the 8 by 6 Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel and the 10 by 10 Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel provide the capability to test operating propulsion systems from Mach 0.4 to 3.5. The 9 by 15 Foot Wind Tunnel can investigate propulsion installation problems at the lower takeoff and landing speeds and provides an excellent anechoic environment to measure propeller and fan noise. The Lewis Central Air System provides steady air supplies to 450 psi, and exhaust to 3 in. of mercury absolute, which are available to the wind tunnels for simulation of jets and engine induced flows. The Lewis Icing Research Tunnel is the largest in the free world that can produce icing conditions throughout the year. Rehabilitation of the Altitude Wind Tunnel at Lewis would allow testing of propulsion systems in the upper left hand corner which would be a unique capability. Also, in a mothballed state at Lewis, the Hypersonic Tunnel Facility could provide the best simulation of nonvitiated Mach 5-7 test conditions available. Studies are currently being made of the Lewis facilities to identify enhancements of their research potential for the 1990's and beyond.
Hybrid Redox Polyethers: Molecular Melts of Metalloporphyrins

Attachment of four oligomeric (MW 550) ethylene glycol chains to tetraphenylporphyrin results in a highly viscous, room temperature melta hybrid redox polyetherthat is highly concentrated in porphy...
Gang of 3 in aggressive CLL

In this issue of Blood, Redondo-Munoz and colleagues demonstrate that VLA-4 and the 190-kDa isoform of CD44v constitute docking molecules on the surface of CLL B cells for MMP-9. The attachment of MMP-9 to the surface of CLL B cells appears to alter their migration.
Mitogenic activity of neu differentiation factor/heregulin mimics that of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I in human mammary epithelial cells

Recently, a family of growth factors has been described that activates erbB-2 receptors. These factors, known as the neu differentiation factors (NDF) or heregulins (HRG), induce tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB-2 receptors as a result of their direct interaction with either erbB-3 or erbB-4 receptors. Although it is known that expression of erbB-2 receptors has relevance in human breast cancer progression, how erbB-2, -3 and -4 receptors regulate mammary epithelial cell proliferation is not known. Therefore, experiments were carried out to study the mitogenic activity of NDF/HRG on the human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A which can be cultured continuously under serum-free conditions. MCF-10A cells, like primary cultures of normal human mammary epithelial cells, express an absolute requirement for exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) for growth. The results of these experiments indicate that NDF/HRG can induce tyrosine phosphorylation of p185erbB-2 in MCF-10A cells and is mitogenic for these cells. This is consistent with the coexpression of erbB-2 and erbB-3 mRNA that we have observed in MCF-10A cells. In addition, we found that NDF/HRG can substitute for either EGF or IGF-I to stimulate proliferation of these cells. The ability to substitute for both EGF and IGF-I is a unique property of NDF/HRG and is not shared by other members of the EGF or IGF family of growth factors, nor by other factors that we have studied. A striking isoform specificity was also observed which indicated that the beta-isoforms of NDF/HRG were greater than ten times more mitogenic than the alpha-isoforms. We also examined the mitogenic activity of NDF/HRG on MCF-10A cells that overexpress the erbB-2 receptor as a result of infection with a retroviral vector containing the human c-erbB-2 gene (MCF-10AerbB-2 cells). These studies indicated that MCF-10AerbB-2 cells have increased sensitivity to the mitogenic effects of NDF/HRG and that these cells are responsive to the alpha-isoforms of NDF/HRG at physiological concentrations. Thus, NDF/HRG is a dual specificity growth factor for human mammary epithelial cells, and the responsiveness of the cells to NDF/HRG is influenced by the level of expression of erbB-2 receptors.
Landscape and urban planning at 100: Looking back moving forward

This issue completes the 100th volume of Landscape and Urban Planning, a benchmark that spans 37 years of publication during which more than 2500 research papers, review articles, and editorials have appeared in the journal and its predecessors, Landscape Planning and Urban Ecology. In commemoration of this achievement we have prepared this Special Issue, inviting current and former journal board members and other distinguished scholars to share their thoughts in short, perspective essays.
Misunderstandings Concerning Genetics Among Patients Confronting Genetic Disease

Critical questions arise about misunderstandings of genetics. We interviewed for 2 h each, 64 individuals who had or were at risk for Huntington’s disease (HD), breast cancer or Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. These individuals revealed various misunderstandings that can affect coping, and testing, treatment and reproductive decisions. A therapeutic misconception about testing appeared: that testing would be helpful in and of itself. Many believed they could control genetic disorders (even HD), yet these beliefs were often incorrect, and could impede coping, testing, and treatment. Misunderstandings about statistics and genetics often fueled each other, and reflected denial, and desires for hope and control. Emotional needs can thus outweigh understandings of genetics and statistics, and providers’ input. Individuals often maintained non-scientific beliefs, though embarrassed by these. These data have implications for care, and public and professional education. Misunderstandings’ persistence, despite realization of their inaccuracy, suggests that providers need to address not just cognitive facts, but underlying emotional issues.
Fe(II) sorption on hematite: new insights based on spectroscopic measurements.

We collected Mossbauer spectra of 57Fe(II) interacting with 56hematite (α-Fe2O3) over a range of Fe(II) concentrations and pH values to explore whether a sorbed Fe(II) species would form. Several models of Fe(II) sorption (e.g., surface complexation models) assume that stable, sorbed Fe(II) species form on ligand binding sites of Fe(III) oxides and other minerals. Model predictions of changes in both speciation and concentration of sorbed Fe(II) species are often invoked to explain Fe(II) sorption patterns, as well as rates of contaminant reduction and microbial respiration of Fe(III) oxides. Here we demonstrate that, at low Fe(II) concentrations, sorbed Fe(II) species are transient and quickly undergo interfacial electron transfer with structural Fe(III) in hematite. At higher Fe(II) concentrations, however, we observe the formation of a stable, sorbed Fe(II) phase on hematite that we believe to be the first spectroscopic confirmation for a sorbed Fe(II) phase forming on an iron oxide. Low-temperature Mo...
Graded recruitment in a ponerine ant

(1) The giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata, exhibits graded recruitment responses, depending on the type, quantity, and quality of a food source. More ants are initially recruited to a large prey or scavenge item than to a large quantity of sugar water. (2) Individual ants encountering prey items gauge the size and/or unwieldiness of the item, regardless of the weight, when determining whether to recruit. (3) The trail pheromone of this species is often used as an orientation device by individual ants, independent of recruitment of nestmates. (4) It is proposed that the foraging behavior of P. clavata represents one of the evolutionary transitions from the independent foraging activities of the primitive ants to the highly coordinated cooperative foraging activities of many “higher” ants.
The osmotic and activity coefficients of tetrasodium and tetrapotassium adenosine-5′-triphosphate

Abstract Osmotic and activity coefficients are reported for solutions of tetrasodium adenosine-5′-triphosphate and tetrapotassium adenosine-5′-triphosphate. Rather rapid hydrolysis prevents the use of the isopiestic technique for measuring colligative properties of solutions of the disodium or dipotassium salts or of the parent acid. Coefficients of the potassium salt are significantly larger than those of the sodium salt at any molality.
Moderator poison design and burn-up calculations at the SNS

The spallation neutron source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was commissioned in April 2006. At the nominal operating power (1.4 MW), it will have thermal neutron fluxes approximately an order of magnitude greater than any existing pulsed spallation source. It thus brings a serious challenge to the lifetime of the moderator poison sheets. The SNS moderators are integrated with the inner reflector plug (IRP) at a cost of ∼$2 million a piece. A replacement of the inner reflector plug presents a significant drawback to the facility due to the activation and the operation cost. Although there are a lot of factors limiting the lifetime of the inner reflector plug, like radiation damage to the structural material and helium production of beryllium, the bottle-neck is the lifetime of the moderator poison sheets. Increasing the thickness of the poison sheet extends the lifetime but would sacrifice the neutronic performance of the moderators. A compromise is accepted at the current SNS target system which uses thick Gd poison sheets at a projected lifetime of 6 MW-years of operation. The calculations in this paper reveal that Cd may be a better poison material from the perspective of lifetime and neutronic performance. In replacing Gd, the inner reflector plug could reach a lifetime of 8 MW-years with ∼5% higher peak neutron fluxes at almost no loss of energy resolution.
Radiation therapy in the management of carcinoma of the prostate

Summary Radiation therapy is an effective method in the eradication of prostatic carcinoma at the primary site and in the regional pelvic lymph nodes. Radiation therapy is also effective in the relief of pain or other symptoms associated with extensive pelvic disease or distant metastases.
Mass Media Orientations among Hispanic Youth

This five-city survey of southwestern Mexican American youth focuses on media behaviors, functions and preferences, comparing media orientations of Hispanic boys and girls in the 5th and 10th grades. Both Spanish and English-language media orientations are assessed. Access to media, media use, and media content preferences for television, radio, records and tapes, newspapers, magazines, comic books and movies are detailed, as well as television and newspaper functions. The pattern of findings among these youngsters seems to parallel major external findings regarding boy-girl and age group mass media experience comparisons. The amount of media experience cumulates to about nine hours each school day Spanish-language media are little liked and seldom used.
The role of immunoglobulins in immunity to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Abstract The effects of IgM and IgG antibody molecules were compared on a weight basis by both agglutination and in vitro protection tests. It was shown that IgM is a better agglutinating antibody and in the presence of complement is also a better neutralizing antibody. However, when IgM and IgG were tested for their ability to passively protect infected animals, it was noted that the IgG fraction appeared to give greater protection. Based on differences in diffusion coefficients (and size) of the molecules, it is hypothesized that IgM is the antibody class responsible for the relapse phenomena observed in the blood, while, it is the IgG antibody molecule which is more active in extravascular locations.
The Many Faces of El Supremo: Historians, History, and Dr. Francia

Dr. Jose Gaspar de Francia, the first great dictator of Paraguay (1814–1840), has been an object of interest since the early 1800s. In an effort to preserve the independence of his nation, he isolated Paraguay politically from the outside world. Internally, he crushed the power of the Spanish merchant class, brought the old colonial elite to obedience, and subordinated the Church to his will. The state directed both the internal economy and the limited external trade. The dictator allowed no political liberty, but during his long regime Dr. Francia created a nation out of a people. Until the mid-twentieth century historians relied on the few available contemporary accounts of Dr. Francia's Paraguay. Polemics too often replaced objective analysis of his dictatorship. At various times, he was portrayed as a bloodthirsty tyrant, the denier of liberal progress, the defender of national sovereignty, the personification of Rousseau's “Popular Will,” and the progenitor of dictatorships that have cursed Paraguayan history. Even after archival research brought El Supremo (as he became known) into greater focus, controversy surrounded historical interpretations of Francia and his Paraguay. In the latter part of the twentieth century, it was proposed that he was a “leveler” of the colonial class society, a popular revolutionary, and a defender of traditional Paraguayan values. This article analyzes the various historical interpretations of Dr. Francia over the past two centuries and their origins in the political environment of the times. It concludes with suggestions for future research upon El Supremo and his Paraguay.
Optimal thresholding—a new approach

Abstract Finding the optimal threshold(s) for an image with a multimodal histogram is described in well-known literature as a problem in fitting a sum of Gaussians to the histogram. This fitting problem is shown experimentally to be a nonlinear minimization with local minima. A new minimization technique, tree annealing, is presented which finds the global minimum. Experimental results for histograms with two and three modes are presented.
A Video System to Demonstrate Interactions of Near-Infrared Radiation with Plant Leaves

Abstract A video system has been developed that displays results of interactions of near-infrared radiation in the 0.78 to 1.1 μm waveband with plant leaves. The system has a video camera, video monitor, cassette player, and cassette recorder. Three examples from the literature that have been shown to affect light reflectance were demonstrated successfully with the video system: leaf water infiltration, leaf maturation, and leaf stacking. The video system has potential use to facilitate teaching, research, and applied remote sensing.
Suppressed humoral immunity in chicks fed diets deficient in sodium, chloride, or both sodium and chloride.

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Na and Cl on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). In the first two experiments, Na and Cl were supplemented in the diet together as NaCl at levels from 0 to .75%. In two additional experiments, Na and Cl were supplemented independently; levels varied from .04 to .24% total dietary Na and from .07 to .36% total dietary Cl. Results of the first two experiments indicated that dietary Na and Cl levels above that found in a corn-soybean diet improved the antibody response to SRBC. Additional studies showed that the humoral immunity was significantly suppressed when chicks consumed diets with less than .14% Na and .17% Cl. Increasing dietary Cl from .17 to .27% when dietary Na was .04% suppressed the antibody response. Also, increasing dietary Cl from .21 to .36% when dietary Na was .14 or .24% suppressed the antibody response. The immunosuppression of the humoral response of chicks was determined to be not related to the decreased feed intake resulting from inadequate Na and Cl in the diet.
How Effective is Perimetry in Current Practice

A recent study that sampled the performance of nonphysician perimetrists in community ophthalmic practices revealed that the detection rate for any defect averaged only 69%. Nasal steps were correctly identified more often (77%) than were hemianopic defects (44%). If this relatively low identification rate for hemianopias is representative, then patients with unexplained visual loss should all have CT scans regardless of the result of the visual field examination. Greater accuracy in perimetry may be achieved by improved teaching, by optimizing exploration strategies, and perhaps by automated devices.
Interaction of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) with phenolic cosolutes

Complexes between poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and phenolic materials can be important in such drug applications as slow-release formulations, reduced physiological shock, and detoxification. Hydroquinone serves as a model compound for the phenobarbital type of drug. The interaction of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) with hydroquinone is manifested by a turbidity which develops in aqueous solutions at low concentrations. Also, the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer is reduced by the addition of hydroquinone and other phenols. Near the turbidity point, the behaviour is similar to that in a 0-solvent. Crosslinked polymer in equilibrium with an aqueous hydroquinone solution lowers the concentration in a manner correlated by the Langmuir equation. The interaction by all criteria is much weaker in isopropyl alcohol than in water, and too small to be measured in dimethyl sulphoxide.
Computer modeling of the structure and vibrations of amorphous silica

Abstract We have constructed models of amorphous SiO2 by using a periodic, realistic, continuous random network model. A modified Keating potential which includes only short range interactions was used. Comparison of the structure factor with recent elastic neutron scattering experiments shows very good agreement. The vibrational density of states also shows fairly good agreement with experiments. It is noteworthy that the double maximum observed at high frequencies of the spectrum is also found in the simulation, using only short range forces. Some of the normal modes are found to be highly localized.
Myo-inositol transport through the blood-brain barrier

The unidirectional transport of [3H]myo-inositol across cerebral capillaries, the anatomical locus of the blood-brain barrier, was measured using an in situ rat brain perfusion technique. Myo-inositol was transported across the blood-brain barrier by a low capacity, saturable system with a one-half saturation concentration of approximately 0.1 mM. The permeability surface-area product was 6.2 x 10(-5) S-1 with a myo-inositol concentration of 0.02 mM in the perfusate. The myo-inositol stereoisomer scyllo-inositol but not (+)-chiro-inositol (both 1 mM) inhibited myo-inositol transfer through the blood-brain barrier. These observations provide evidence that myo-inositol is transferred through the blood-brain barrier by simple diffusion and a stereospecific, saturable transport system.
The Bonds of Development: An Attachment-Caregiving Model of Supervision

In this paper we introduce the Attachment-Caregiving Model of Supervision (ACMS) and its normative functioning. This framework emphasizes the caregiving and attachment processes in the supervisor-trainee relationship and their link to learning. We provide a brief overview of attachment theory, describe the ACMS process, illustrate concepts with a case scenario, note relevant individual differences, and conclude by clarifying the model's contributions and limitations.
The Relationship Between Temperament and Social Adjustment to Peers.

In recent years, evidence has accumulated indicating that peer relations constitute an essential component of child development. Although investigators have explored a number of factors that affect peer relations, few have considered the impact of temperament. The present study investigated whether temperament is related to a child's initial reactions to peers in a preschool setting and to changes in social behavior over time. The central hypotheses were confirmed: temperament was related to initial and later social behavior with peers. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.