cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introducing Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

This Element surveys the place of the Critique of Pure Reason in Kant's overall philosophical project and describes and analyzes the main arguments of the work. It also surveys the developments in Kant's thought that led to the first critique, and provides an account of the genesis of the book during the 'silent decade' of its composition in the 1770s based on Kant's handwritten notes from the period.
Recursion Theory on Matroids II

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recursion theory on matroids II. The recursion theory is developed on vector spaces, on algebraically closed fields, and on a common generalization of vectors spaces and algebraically closed fields. This is the theory of abstract transitive dependence relations or matroids. These are fully equivalent languages for dealing with notions of independence. The chapter discusses a paper based on the assumption called “ regularity for the underlying world.”The assumption is that no enclosed set is the union of two proper closed subsets. Although regularity in this sense holds for vector space and algebraically closed field matroids, it fails for most matroids of combinatorial theory. In the chapter, there are seven theorems—each producing a recursion theoretic phenomenon in a recursively presented matroid from a weak algebraic assumption about the matroid.
2 – Thermodynamic and Statistical Aspects of Intermolecular Forces

This chapter introduces a number of simple but important thermodynamic relations and then illustrates how these thermodynamic relations, when taken together with the strengths of intermolecular forces, determine the properties of a system of molecules. Intermolecular forces can be categorized in a variety of ways. Some forces are purely electrostatic in origin, arising from the Coulomb force between charges. The interactions among charges, ions, permanent dipoles, quadrupoles, and so forth fall into this category. Electrostatic forces include polarization interactions that arise from the dipole moments induced in atoms and molecules by the electric fields of nearby charges and permanent dipoles. All electrostatic interactions in a solvent medium involve polarization effects. The electrostatic forces between electroneutral molecules or assemblies that are free to mutually orient are generally attractive, and they occur even at zero temperature. This chapter addresses the thermodynamic implications arising from the existence of interaction potentials. The chapter proceeds with a discussion of the role of intermolecular interactions in determining equations of state, starting with an analysis of vapor-liquid equilibrium. The chapter discusses the distribution of molecules and particles in systems at equilibrium. The criterion of the thermal energy for gauging the strength of an interaction is also explored in this chapter.
Corruption, Capitalists, and the Crime-State Nexus: Criminal Infiltration of the Russian Economy and Implications for the Future

This paper examines the evolution of organized crime and corruption in relation to the Russian economy, focusing on examples from the banking, energy, and mineral-industrial sectors. An historical perspective of Russian organized crime's economic role during the Soviet Union is provided, followed by an examination of the factors which enabled unprecedented economic infiltration during the transition period and privatization. Next this paper provides an assessment of organized criminal influence in three crucial sectors of the Russian economy: banking, mineral-industrial, and energy. Finally, this paper examines current polices and their shortcomings, and provides a series of policy recommendations for lessening the economic influence of organized crime and ensuring the development of a properly functioning market economy in the Russian Federation and a successful integration with the global economy.
A link between maze learning and hippocampal expression of neuroleukin and its receptor gp78

Neuroleukin (NLK) is a multifunctional protein involved in neuronal growth and survival, cell motility and differentiation, and glucose metabolism. We report herein that hippocampal expression of NLK and its receptor gp78 is associated with maze learning in rats. First, mRNA levels of NLK and gp78 were significantly increased in hippocampi of male Fischer-344 rats following training in the Stone T-maze and the Morris water maze. Second, a parallel increase was found in hippocampal NLK and gp78 proteins after maze learning. Third, NLK and gp78 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus was reduced in a group of aged rats that showed more errors during the acquisition of the Stone maze task as compared with young rats. Finally, application of recombinant NLK to hippocampal neurons significantly enhanced glutamate-induced ion currents, functional molecular changes that have been correlated with learning in vivo. Taken together, our results identify a novel association of hippocampal expression of NLK and its receptor gp78 with rat maze learning. Interaction of NLK with gp78 and subsequent signaling may strengthen synaptic mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation.
Occupational and Environmental Associations with Antinuclear Antibodies in a General Population Sample

Antinuclear antibodies are a hallmark feature of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, and can occur many years before onset of symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine the association between exposures and high-titer antinuclear antibodies in the general population (i.e., people who do not have lupus or other systemic autoimmune diseases). Serum was collected from 266 population-based controls who had been frequency-matched to the age and gender distribution of lupus cases in a 60-county study area in the southeastern United States. A detailed occupational history was collected using a structured interview; information was also collected on hair dye use. Antinuclear antibodies were assayed using HEp-2 cells as substrate. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) as a measure of association between exposures and high-titer antinuclear antibody levels, adjusting for age, gender, and race. High-titer antinuclear antibodies (> or =1:160) were observed in 21 subjects (8%). A twofold increased prevalence of high-titer antinuclear antibodies was seen with some occupational exposures (silica dust, pesticides, and sunlight), although none of these individual estimates were statistically significant. The association seen with use of hair dyes was weaker (OR 1.4). There was a suggestion of a dose response with a combined measure based on the summation of exposures (ORs of 1.7, 2.1, and 5.9 for 1, 2, and > or = 3 exposures). These data suggest that occupational exposures may influence the expression of antinuclear antibodies. Larger studies addressing these exposures may provide insights into the mechanisms by which various environmental factors affect the development of autoantibodies and the progression to clinical disease.
Re-evaluating the extractive foraging hypothesis

Abstract In his seminal 1992 paper, Dunbar examined three hypotheses advanced to explain primate intelligence, arguing that whereas his social group size hypothesis was supported, neither of two ecological hypotheses, the extractive foraging and frugivory hypotheses, were supported. Following this, and Dunbar's subsequently elaborated argument, many investigators concluded that primate intelligence arose as social rather than ecological adaptations. This paper questions Dunbar's characterization of extractive foraging and social intelligence as alternative hypotheses, raises sampling issues about Dunbar's brain data, species choice, and measurement of extractive foraging. It summarizes the extractive foraging hypothesis, and counters its critics. It reexamines the hypothesis in light of recent behavioral and brain data, new methodology for quantifying extractive foraging, and a new phylogeny of primate intelligence. It concludes that the extractive foraging hypothesis is now supported by several converging lines of evidence.
Allergy to storage mites.

Summary. There is now much evidence of sensitization to storage mites in urban populations as well as in the well-documented rural populations. Sensitization is therefore not restricted only to those with occupational exposure. There appears to be a limited allergenic crossreactivity between storage mites and house dust mites, although both species also possess their own unique allergens. More research on identification and characterization of storage mite allergens and their crossreactivity is needed to understand their complexity. Such studies are necessary to obtain high quality extracts for diagnosis and possible immunotherapy. Development of immunoassays employing MoAbs will allow measurement of storage mite concentrations in workplaces and houses and the study of exposure-response relationships.
Porcelain shoulder adaptation using direct refractory dies

Abstract Eleven direct refractory dies were made from separate polysulfide rubber impressions of two Dentoform teeth which had been prepared for porcelain-fused-to-gold veneer crowns with labial porcelain shoulders. Porcelain veneer crowns were built and fired directly on the dies, following the manufacturer's instructions and using a common laboratory technique. The finished crowns were seated on the Dentoform teeth, and the porcelain-tooth adaptation was measured with a micrometer eyepiece in a dissecting microscope. In general, the study indicated that by use of a direct refractory die, the porcelain adaptation of an average porcelain shoulder veneer crown could be made to fall within the tolerances of a clinically acceptable gold margin (39 μ). 21 The crown could likewise be made to adapt closer than the normal thickness of cement film may allow (20 to 40 μ). 22 However the adaptation of many crowns was more uneven than the above statements would tend to indicate. The study also showed that with great care and a limited number of firings, margins of a lesser thickness than a piece of 0.001 inch (25.4 μ) platinum foil could be attained. There appears to be promise in the use of a direct refractory die material. However, more studies are needed to overcome some of the problems in the technique described.
Behavior of Concrete Panels Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers, Mild Steel, and GFRP Composites Subjected to Blasts

The paper presents experimental data generated for calibrating finite element models to predict the performance of reinforced concrete panels with a wide range of construction details under blast loading. The specimens were 1.2 m square panels constructed using Normal Weight Concrete (NWC) or Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC). FRC consisted of macro-synthetic fibers dispersed in NWC. Five types of panels were tested: NWC panels with steel bars; FRC panels without additional reinforcement; FRC panels with steel bars; NWC panels with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars; and NWC panels reinforced with steel bars and external GFRP laminates on both faces. Each panel type was constructed with three thicknesses: 152 mm, 254 mm, and 356 mm. FRC panels with steel bars had the best performance for new construction. NWC panels reinforced with steel bars and external GFRP laminates on both faces had the best performance for strengthening or rehabilitation of existing structures. The performance of NWC panels with GFRP bars was strongly influenced by the bar spacing. The behavior of the panels is classified in terms of damage using immediate occupancy, life safety, and near collapse performance levels. Preliminary dynamic simulations are compared to the experimental results.
Trends in Multinational Business and Global Environments: A Perspective

This article reviews and synthesizes the emergence and growth of U.S., Western European, and Japanese MNCs in the postwar environment, the growing role of state enterprises, and the recent emergence of Third World MNCs. While U.S. foreign direct investments have expanded and continue to be highly significant, some important recent developments are the more rapid growth of Western European and Japanese MNCs, the increased role of the U.S. as a host country for investments, the emergence of multibusiness by MNCs, the more numerous actors involved in global business, and the dramatic, more rapid changes in the world environment. This article explores developments in host- and home-country policies, some of the other major actors in international business, “newer” forms of international participation along with some hypotheses, and concludes by analyzing a few major changes in global environments and multinational management.
Field Applications of Steam Foam for Mobility Improvement and Profile Control

Foams are used to control and improve the injection profile in secondary or tertiary gas-injection processes and reduce gas mobility far from the injectors. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the complex foam processes in porous rocks. The goal of this paper is to review consistently, albeit somewhat subjectively, several important field tests of foams, compare their performance, and critically evaluate the economic benefits from foal injection. It is shown that early, transient, and usually small oil production responses to surfactant injection are real, and depend critically on the reservoir architecture and gas flood implementation. These early production responses are related to the improvements of gas-injection profile by foam and are often quite profitable. The delayed, but bigger oil production responses are caused by foam propagation into the reservoir and could be very profitable, depending on the injection policy. An outline of an ideal future foam pilot is presented, and important advances in rigorous modeling of foam processes are discussed.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Differential Levels of Drive and Effortfulness of Response

Sumnzary.-Rats were trained on a crf schedule for bar-pressing requiring different amounrs of force to activate the food delivery mechanism. Ss were given 480 reinforced trials under either low, medium, or high food deprivation. Extinction data showed a significant effect of food deprivation; however, neither effortfulness of responses nor its interaction with deprivation was significant.
Sufficient conditions for a discrete maximum principle for high order collocation methods

Abstract The purpose of this work is to extend earlier results concerning a discrete maximum principle for collocation methods to higher order piecewise polynomial approximations. The techniques of this paper use a different set of basis elements for the piecewise polynomial space than that employed in the earlier work for the cubic and quartic cases.
Unintentional Militarism: Over-reliance on Military Methods and Mindsets in US National Security and its Consequences

(2010). Unintentional Militarism: Over-reliance on Military Methods and Mindsets in US National Security and its Consequences. Defense & Security Analysis: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 371-385.
Computations of Viking Lander Capsule Hypersonic Aerodynamics with Comparisons to Ground and Flight Data

Comparisons are made between the LAURA Navier-Stokes code and Viking Lander Capsule hypersonic aerodynamics data from ground and flight measurements. Wind tunnel data are available for a 3.48 percent scale model at Mach 6 and a 2.75 percent scale model at Mach 10.35, both under perfect gas air conditions. Viking Lander 1 aerodynamics flight data also exist from on-board instrumentation for velocities between 2900 and 4400 m/sec (Mach 14 to 23.3). LAURA flowfield solutions are obtained for the geometry as tested or flown, including sting effects at tunnel conditions and finite-rate chemistry effects in flight. Using the flight vehicle center-of-gravity location (trim angle approx. equals -11.1 deg), the computed trim angle at tunnel conditions is within 0.31 degrees of the angle derived from Mach 6 data and 0.13 degrees from the Mach 10.35 trim angle. LAURA Mach 6 trim lift and drag force coefficients are within 2 percent of measured data, and computed trim lift-to-drag ratio is within 4 percent of the data. Computed trim lift and drag force coefficients at Mach 10.35 are within 5 percent and 3 percent, respectively, of wind tunnel data. Computed trim lift-to-drag ratio is within 2 percent of the Mach 10.35 data. Using the nominal density profile and center-of-gravity location, LAURA trim angle at flight conditions is within 0.5 degrees of the total angle measured from on-board instrumentation. LAURA trim lift and drag force coefficients at flight conditions are within 7 and 5 percent, respectively, of the flight data. Computed trim lift-to-drag ratio is within 4 percent of the data. Computed aerodynamics sensitivities to center-of-gravity location, atmospheric density, and grid refinement are generally small. The results will enable a better estimate of aerodynamics uncertainties for future Mars entry vehicles where non-zero angle-of-attack is required.
Test scores examined with the lexis ratio

The Lexis Ratio is discussed in its application to distributions of test scores where the items of the test can be assumed to be of equal difficulty. The ratio indicates the extent to which inter-individual variation operates as a source of the variance. The concept is related to the Lexis, Bernoulli, and Poisson distributions and illustrated by urn schemata. The Ratio is applied to the scores of 560 university freshmen on theRobinson Reading Test. The relation of the Lexis Ratio to the Kuder-Richardson estimation of reliability is also discussed and the latter authors' case IV is rewritten explicitly in terms of the Ratio.
Dual wavelength gain guided broad area semiconductor lasers

A monolithically integrated dual wavelength semiconductor laser for optical heterodyning is presented. We present a novel laser design which employs surface etched DBR gratings in order to obtain lasing at very narrow line widths.
Chalcogenide-bridged ditungsten (M–M) complexes: an experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structure and bonding in W2(μ-E)(μ-OCH2tBu)2(OCH2tBu)6, where E = O, S, Se or Te

The series of compounds W2(μ-E)(μ-OCH2tBu)2(OCH2tBu)6, where E = O, S, Se, or Te, has been isolated from the reactions between [W2(OCH2tBu)8]n and pyridine N-oxide, elemental sulfur, elemental selenium and tri-n-butylphosphine telluride. The reactions were carried out in hexane or toluene solutions, and the new compounds were isolated as crystalline products by recrystallization from hexanes at low temperatures (E = O, S, Se) or from hot toluene (E = Te). Each compound displays temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectra indicative of bridge ⇌ terminal alkoxide group exchange which is frozen out at ca. −65 °C. The low-temperature spectra are consistent with the observed molecular structures in the solid state as determined by single-crystal X-ray studies. There is a central O3M(μ-O)2(μ-E)MO3 skeleton having virtual C2ν symmetry. The W–W internuclear distances range from 2.55 to 2.66 A and gradually increase along the series O → S → Se → Te. The compounds are colored (E = O: violet; E = S: blue; E = Se: blue-green; and E = Te: dark yellow/amber) as a result of absorptions in the visible region of the spectrum. The electronic structures of these compounds have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) by examining the model compounds W2(μ-E)(μ-OCH3)2(OCH3)6 (E = O, S, Se, or Te). These B3LYP(SDD,6-31G*) calculations reveal that the HOMO is a M–M σ-type molecular orbital, and with increasing mass of E, the orbital energies of the Epπ lone-pair orbitals approach this level. A tentative assignment of the electronic absorption spectra is made on the basis of time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations.
Radiations from decay of bismuth-203, bismuth-204, lead-204m, and bismuth-205☆

A study has been made of the radiations from the neutron-deficient isotopes Bi/sup 203/, Bi/sup 204/, Bi/sup 205/, and Pb/sup 204 m/, principally by conversion electron spectroscopy with four 180 deg electron spectrographs of the permanent magnet type. The decay schemes of the bismuth isotopes are found to be very complex, and in spite of highresolution studies and some coincidence work, unique level schemes cannot be given in any case. A new transition in the decay of the 1 hr Pb/sup 204/ isomer has been identified at 289.5 kev, and this is interpreted as arising from a 41 state of Pb/sup 204/ at 1563 kev. A comparison is given of the results of the present study of Bi/sup 205/ decay with those of other recent spectroscopic studies of the Pb/sup 205/ levels. (auth)
High-Latitude, Ground-Based Observations of ULF Plasma Waves in the Magnetosphere

summary. Recent theoretical work has clarified the spatial characteristics of ULF (1–20 mHz) plasma waves in the magnetosphere, and the magnetic perturbations that these waves cause at the Earth's surface. This paper uses ground-based observations from seven, three-component, flux-gate magnetometers ranging in latitude from 58.7 to 77.7° N corrected geomagnetic latitude in order to evaluate the relevance of these theories. During the day, the sense of polarization and direction of the major axis of the pulsations in the horizontal plane follow the trend predicted by recent theories proposing a Kelvin—Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause as a source for these pulsations. The H component shows a distinct trend for the power to peak at lower latitudes as the frequency of the pulsation train increases. This feature is consistent with recent theoretical work which predicts pronounced latitudinal resonances in the D component in the magnetosphere, which are then rotated to the H direction on passing through the ionosphere to the ground. The experiment shows that at the ground the latitudinal resonance is most clearly marked by sharp peaks in the H and Z components, and by pronounced latitudinal phase shifts in the H and Z components. These phase shifts are not always accompanied by a latitudinal reversal in the sense of polarization in the horizontal plane.
Amorphous-to-quasicrystalline transformation in the solid state.

${\mathrm{Al}}_{84}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{16}$ multilayer films have been amorphized by room-temperature ion-beam irradiation. The amorphous phase was transformed into the quasicrystalline state through two routes: thermal and ion-beam-assisted thermal. The intensity of the quasicrystalline electron diffraction increases continuously with annealing between 270 and 350 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Ion irradiation of the amorphous phase produces a more complete set of icosahedral diffraction lines than thermal annealing.
Negative ionic cross diffusion coefficients in electrolytic solutions.

All existing experimental examples of oscillating homogeneous chemical reactions and dissipative structures involve ionic systems. The linear stability analysis is applied to electrolytic solutions by including diffusion potential and ionic migration effects. It is shown that negative off-diagonal diffusion coefficients can exist in electrolytic solutions, since ions diffuse interactively even in dilute solutions and are influenced by the resulting diffusion potential. The inclusion of negative off-diagonal diffusion co-efficients can increase the possibility of oscillations and spatial structures.
Person, Kenosis and Abuse: Hans Urs von Balthasar and Feminist Theologies in Conversation

This essay engages in the debate in feminist theology over the adequacy of the category of kenosis for interpreting women's experience. It does so by looking at a particular exchange between two British theologians, Daphne Hampson and Sarah Coakley. The paper expands on Coakley's understanding of kenosis as “power–in–vulnerability”, through an analysis of the trinitarian theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar. Von Balthasar's trinitarian understanding of kenotic personhood is then correlated to situations of abuse in order to illustrate the adequacy of such an understanding toward accounting for the healing in abused victims. The final section will argue that feminist interests in otherness, specificity, diversity, uniqueness, relationality and embodiment require a trinitarian notion of kenosis as self–giving and receptivity.
Fracture mechanisms in preformed polyphenylene oxide particle‐modified bismaleimide resins

Fracture toughness and failure mechanisms in preformed poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) particle-modified bismaleimide (BMI) systems are investigated. The fracture toughness of BMI can be significantly improved by incorporating preformed PPO particles without causing significant deterioration in other mechanical and thermal properties. The fracture mechanisms in BMI/PPO appear to be dominated by craze-like damage. Further investigation of the craze-like damage zone using transmission electron microscopy reveals that crazes are formed inside the PPO particle phase and dilatation bands, which appear to be triggered by the crazes inside the PPO particle, are formed in the BMI matrix. Particle bridging is also found to contribute to the toughening of BMI/PPO. The benefits of using preformed PPO particles to toughen BMI and other brittle thermosets for composite and adhesive applications are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2539–2545, 1999
Integral repeats and a continuous coiled coil are required for binding of striated muscle tropomyosin to the regulated actin filament.

Tropomyosin is a coiled-coil protein that binds along the length of filamentous actin and contains sequence repeats that correspond to actin monomers in the filament. Analysis of striated muscle α-tropomyosin mutants in which internal sequence has been deleted or replaced with non-tropomyosin sequence showed that the following parameters are important for high affinity, cooperative binding of tropomyosin-troponin to actin. 1) Tropomyosin must be a coiled coil along its entire length. 2) An integral number of repeats corresponding to the actin monomers along its length is more important than the total number. 3) In comparison, the actin affinity is relatively insensitive to changes in the sequence of the internal regions of tropomyosin. The results suggest that the internal sequence repeats function as weakly interacting spacers to allow proper alignment of the ends on the regulated actin filament.
African plum and benign prostatic hypertrophy.

(2004). African Plum and Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 41-46.
Parenting Styles and Conceptions of Parental Authority during Adolescence

Reports of parenting styles were assessed in 110 primarily white, middle-class sixth, eighth, and tenth graders (M = 11.98, 13.84, and 16.18 years of age) and their parents (108 mothers and 92 fathers). Parents judged the legitimacy of parental authority and rated family conflict and rules regarding 24 hypothetical moral, conventional, personal, multifaceted (containing conventional and personal components), prudential, and friendship issues. Adolescents viewed their parents as more permissive and more authoritarian than parents viewed themselves, whereas parents viewed themselves as more authoritative than did adolescents. Parents' parenting styles differentiated their conceptions of parental authority, but adolescents' perceptions did not. Differences were primarily over the boundaries of adolescents' personal jurisdiction. Furthermore, conceptions of parental authority and parenting styles both contributed significantly to emotional autonomy and adolescent-parent conflict. The implications of the findings for typological models of parenting and distinct domain views of social-cognitive development are discussed.
Simplicial with truncated Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition for nonlinear multicommodity network flow problems with side constraints

The simplicial decomposition (SD) subproblem for a nonlinear multicommodity network flow problem is simply its linear approximation. Instead of solving the subproblem optimally, this paper demonstrates that performing one iteration of Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition is generally sufficient for SD to efficiently converge to an optimal solution.
CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND EMPIRICAL TEST OF JOB DESIGN AND COMPENSATION RELATIONSHIPS

A conceptual integration of job design and compensation draws on interdisciplinary job design, job evaluation, and labor economic theory. It is argued that job design influences the number and level of skills required and the degree to which jobs are physically aversive or hazardous. External labor markets also respond to skill and physical requirements. Job evaluation links job design and market forces by analyzing jobs’compensable factors that reflect these requirements, and then relating them to the market through wage surveys across firms. An empirical examination presents relationships between job design and pay or job evaluation measures. Strongly supportive results replicate in two separate samples (total n = 213 jobs) which differ in industries, job types, skill levels, job design measures, job evaluation measures, and labor markets. Motivational job design had higher job evaluation measures reflecting higher skill requirements, and mechanistic and perceptual/motor design had lower evaluation measures reflecting lower skill requirements. Biological design had lower evaluation measures reflecting physical requirements.
Relation between charge on free electrodes and the response of electrostatic MEMS actuators and sensors

ABSTRACT Stability is an important factor in the study of electrostatic MEMS switches and sensors. Their response issigni cantly improved by either applying a large dc bias or by depositing a prescribed value of charge on theoating electrodes. This charge is related to the pull-in voltages. Measurement of charge without causingloading is recommended; so instead of incorporating any eld operated transistor circuitry for this purpose,methods are developed to relate the charge magnitude to the dynamical response of the actuators. Elata et al.developed ecient and reliable ways of charge monitoring without causing loading to the device. These methodsrely on energy of the system instead of performing integration in the time domain. Based on their work, thispaper examines the alterations in the dynamic response of actuators. The positive and negative pull-in voltagesin the voltage displacement plane are symmetrically located with respect to charge on the oating electrode.This fact is exploited to carry out indirect charge measurement from the average of the two pull-in values. Aregression scheme is proposed that predicts the charge from the voltage shift based on limited measurements ofcapacitance of the actuator.Keywords: MEMS, Electrostatic actuators, Pull-in voltage, Floating electrode charge
Azide inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport II. Spectral changes induced by azide

Abstract Azide inhibition of coupled mitochondrial transport is accompanied by spectral changes which indicate that the cytochrome a3 is oxidized and cytochrome a reduced. The cytochrome a α absorption band is shifted to shorter wavelengths in the azideinhibited system. This shift in the α absorption band can be reversed by conditions leading to reduction of cytochrome a3 such as uncouplers and anaerobiosis, or terminal inhibitors such as sulfide, cyanide or CO. Titrations of the azide-induced spectral changes indicate the binding of one azide molecule in the complex, and that the dissociation constant is experimentally indistinguishable from the uncompetitive inhibitor constants for inhibition of State 3 respiration. The azide inhibition is postulated to involve the formation of a reduced cytochrome a azide compound which is unstable in the presence of reduced cytochrome a3.
Origin of enhanced magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers: Spin-dependent scattering from magnetic interface states.

The origin of giant magnetoresistance exhibited by ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic multilayered structures is examined by inserting thin layers of a second ferromagnetic material at the interfaces in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic/ferromagnetic sandwiches. It is generally observed, for many different combinations of metals, that the magnetoresistance depends exponentially on the thickness of the interface layer, with a characteristic length, \ensuremath{\xi}. \ensuremath{\xi} is extremely short and is typically just \ensuremath{\simeq}1.5 to 3 \AA{} at room temperature. At lower temperatures \ensuremath{\xi} becomes even shorter. The giant magnetoresistance effect is thus clearly shown to be determined by the character of the ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic interfaces.
Dual and triple sequence equations involving orthogonal polynomials

Abstract We extend certain results of Richard Askey concerning dual sequence equations involving Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials to dual and triple sequence equations involving general orthogonal polynomials. We approach the problem via the polynomial expansions of Fields and Wimp, and Fields and Ismail.
Randomized, Blinded Comparison of Epinephrine and Vasopressin for Treatment of Naturally Occurring Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Dogs

Background Administration of epinephrine during CPR is recommended for treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in dogs. Administration of epinephrine during CPR might be associated with deleterious adverse effects. Vasopressin has been studied for use in CPR as an alternative. Hypothesis That administration of vasopressin instead of epinephrine with standard CPR techniques will result in improved outcome. Animals Seventy-seven client-owned dogs identified in the ER/ICU with CPA were eligible for inclusion. Methods Randomized, prospective clinical study. Dogs were randomized to receive epinephrine (0.01–0.02mg/kg) or vasopressin (0.5–1 U/kg) in a blinded fashion. Attending veterinarians were asked to adhere to standardized CPR protocol for the 1st 6 minutes of CPR, during which time doses of the study drug were administered at 3-minute intervals. Results A total of 60 dogs completed this study with 31 receiving epinephrine and 29 receiving vasopressin. Overall rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 60% (36/60), 32% (19/60) of dogs survived to 20 minutes, 18% (11/60) survived to 1 hour. No difference was seen in rates of ROSC between the 2 groups (P = .20). Dogs receiving epinephrine were more likely to survive to 1 hour (odds ratio 5.86; 95% CI: 1.19–28.95) than those receiving vasopressin (P = .027). Conclusions and Clinical Importance ROSC was similar in dogs receiving epinephrine or vasopressin. In this study, a survival advantage at 1 hour was seen in those animals receiving epinephrine. No advantage of routine use of vasopressin over epinephrine was detected. Further studies are required to examine subgroups of dogs that might benefit from specific interventions.
Classification of steady-state and dynamic behavior of a well-mixed heterogeneous reactor model

Singularity theory is combined with the continuation technique to classify the steady-state and dynamic behavior of a well-mixed two-phase (catalytic) adiabatic reactor model. Due to the presence of boundary limit sets (corresponding to ignition or extinction of the particles at zero residence time) and boundary Hopf sets (corresponding to oscillatory behavior of the catalyst particles), the steady-state and dynamic behavior of the heterogeneous model is found to be profoundly different from that of the pseudohomogeneous model. It is observed that the values of the particle Lewis number, Lep (ratio of interphase heat to mass transfer coefficients), and the particle Damkohler number, Dap, determine the regions where the pseudohomogeneous model predictions break down. For Lep ≥ 1, the maximum temperature in both the solid and fluid phases is the adiabatic temperature rise. However, for Lep 1, both high- and low-temperature oscillations are likely to occur for practical values of the parameters.
Residual effect of calcium silicate on Ph, phosphorus, and aluminum in a tropical soil profile

Abstract The distribution of soil pH, extractable soil P, and AI was studied during 5 years of cropping in the soil profiles of a gibbsihumox soil at one P level (280 kg P/ha), three Si levels (0,830, and 1.660 kg Si/ha), and three pH levels (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5). The effect of residual Si on increased P availability was evident only in the surface layer. There was no indication of P movement below 15-cm depth as very little P was detected in the 15- to 30-cm soil layers. The differential in the observed soil pH due to initially adjusted pH values was persistent during the length of experiment as the soil pH values were higher at pH 6.5 treatment than that at pH 5.5 or 6.0 to a depth of 90 cm. The soil pH values were lower in the 15- to 30-cm soil depth than that in the 0- to 15-cm depth. This phenomenon was observed at all pH treatments at the 27-, 40-, and 56-month sampling and demonstrated that more of the liming material reacted with the surface soil and less moved to subsurface layer. The high A1 conce...
The effect of hybridoma antibody administration upon neutrophil kinetics during experimental type III group B streptococcal sepsis

The Effect of Hybridoma Antibody Administration upon Neutrophil Kinetics during Experimental Type III Group B Streptococcal Sepsis
Bortezomib use in a pediatric cardiac transplant center.

Data are limited on the efficacy and safety of bortezomib for the treatment of AMR following OHT for pediatric acquired or CHD. Retrospective chart review identified patients who received bortezomib for acute (n = 3, within two wk of diagnosis) and chronic (n = 1, three months after diagnosis) AMR or as part of a desensitization regimen (n = 1). Bortezomib was associated with a 3-66% reduction in class I DSA and a 7-82% reduction in class II DSA. Two of the three acute AMR cases resolved by the first follow-up biopsy. Two patients with AMR resolution are currently well. One patient developed a second episode of AMR, which was unresponsive to bortezomib therapy and required retransplantation for progressive coronary allograft vasculopathy. One patient died shortly after the third cycle from multi-organ failure. The desensitization patient showed transient HLA reduction with two cycles, but died five months after transplant from sepsis. Complications included infection (3/5), peripheral neuropathy (2/5), AKI (2/5), and thrombocytopenia (3/5). Adverse events appear more common in critically ill patients. Bortezomib therapy resulted in variable DSA reduction and AMR resolution in AMR in OHT secondary to pediatric acquired or CHD.
Functional magnetic stimulation for restoring cough in patients with tetraplegia

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) as a noninvasive method for assisting cough in patients with tetraplegia. Design: A prospective before-after trial. Setting: The functional magnetic stimulation laboratory of a spinal cord injury (SCI) service. Participants: Thirteen male SCI patients, with injury levels between C4 and C7. Intervention: A commercially available magnetic stimulator with a round magnetic coil (MC) was used. Expiratory muscle activation was achieved by placing the MC along the lower thoracic spine. Main Outcome Measure: The planned major outcome measures were the maximal expired pressure (MEP), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and forced expiratory flow rate (FEF) by FMS compared with voluntary maximal efforts. Another outcome was the optimal MC placement and stimulation intensity that would result in highest expired pressure. Results: The mean (±SEM) MEP, ERV, and FEF generated by FMS were 66.40 ± 6.69cmH 2 0, .77 ± .14L, and 5.28 ± .42L/sec, respectively. They were 118%, 169%, and 110% of voluntary maximum efforts. MC placement at the T10 to T11 spinous process and stimulation intensity at 80% produced the highest MEP and FEE Conclusion: FMS of the expiratory muscles produced significant expired pressures, volumes, and flow rates when compared with voluntary maximum efforts; therefore, FMS can be used as an effective method to restore cough in tetraplegic patients.
FLASH modelling for wearleveling algorithms

The recent trend in the storage industry is the use of flash based solid state disks (SSD) as compared to the power hungry mechanical disks. The endurance of Flash based SSD is still (important area of research) a major challenge. However improvement can be made by considering the design of FTL (flash translation layer) and time it takes to access or erase the data. Improvements can be made in all the major functions of FTL, which includes implementation of wear leveling and address translation. Developing fast and reliable algorithms for wear leveling will not only increase the life time of the flash devices but will also ensure faster erase and write operations. This paper presents a test development environment for modeling the flash storage which is used for the wear leveling algorithm testing using Matlab. Cost Age Times (CAT) algorithm is analyzed using the test-bed environment and enhancement is proposed which has improved erasure count by 25%.
Abstract 2669: Predicting glioblastoma recurrence using novel analysis of perfusion MRI.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in humans. Patients diagnosed with GBM have a poor prognosis, with less than 25% of patients surviving more than two years. Despite intensive, multimodality treatment with extensive surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, recurrence of GBM is inevitable. Thus far GBM research has focused mainly on classification of tumor subtypes, segmentation of enhancing and non-enhancing tumor tissue on MRI, and distinguishing treatment-related effects from recurrence. The purpose of this research is to utilize MR perfusion imaging along with advanced image analysis methods to predict specific areas of future recurrence in GBM. Forty patients with glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV), who subsequently experience recurrence, were utilized for this study. T1, T1CE, T2, FLAIR, and perfusion images were co-registered and regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn for each subject on imaging obtained prior to surgery in white matter, gray matter, CSF, edema, enhancing tumor, non-enhancing tumor and necrosis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then employed to extract the uncorrelated variables that reflect the temporal dynamics of perfusion. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used when building the PCA model from a training set and testing it on new patients. The results demonstrate marked separation between edematous peritumoral regions and peritumoral regions that later recurred. Hence, this study indicates that imaging biomarkers predictive of tumor recurrence can be constructed using advanced imaging and analysis methods, potentially leading to the creation of a novel, and important, clinical tool. Citation Format: Luke Macyszyn, Hamed Akbari, Xiao Da, Ragini Verma, Ronald Wolf, Michel Bilello, Elias Melhem, Donald O'Rourke, Christos Davatzikos. Predicting glioblastoma recurrence using novel analysis of perfusion MRI. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2669. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2669 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Comparison of Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Conventional Fields (CF) in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx

Results: Overall local control (LC) and LC for Stages T2/T3 and T4 were 49%, 63%, and 43% at 5 years, respectively. Five-year LC forpatientstreatedwith RTpreoperatively, postoperatively,and with RTalonewere61%,65%,and37%,respectively. Overall 5-year LC, neckcontrol,andlocal-regionalcontrolinitiallyand aftersalvage of failureswere 49%,82%,45%and 51%,87%,50%, respectively.Overallandcause-specificprobabilitiesof survivalat5yearswere 30%and 41%,respectively.The5-yearprobability of distant metastasis-freesurvivalwas71%.Therate of severe(GradeIII or GradeIV)complications was33%,most ofwhich were ocular. There were 2 neck failures (9%) in 22 clinical N0 patients not receiving ENI, and 1 neck failure (4%) in 23 clinical N0 patients who received ENI. Conclusions: SCCa of the maxillary sinus typically presents with advanced-stage disease. In resectable patients, we recommend surgical resection followed by postoperative RT to doses between 64.8 and 74.4 Gy at 1.2 Gy per fraction twice daily. RT alone to 74.4 Gy at 1.2 Gy twice daily and concomitant weekly cisplatin is recommended in patients with unresectable disease. Unilateral ENI is recommended in patients with T3/T4 primaries, and bilateral ENI in patients with large or recurrent primaries, or primaries that cross the midline.
Divergent effects of putative anxiolytics on stress-induced fos expression in the mesoprefrontal system of the rat.

Previously, we reported that R(+)HA-966, a weak partial agonist for the glycine/NMDA receptor, and guanfacine, a noradrenergic alpha2 agonist, have anxiolytic-like actions on the biochemical activation of the mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons and fear-induced behaviors. Here, we examined these two putative anxiolytic agents, both with primary actions independent of GABAergic systems, for their ability to alter stress-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the mesoprefrontal cortex and in tyrosine hydroxylase-stained, presumed dopaminergic, neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The benzodiazepine agonist, lorazepam, and partial agonist, bretazenil, were also tested in this footshock paradigm [10 x 0.5 sec, 0.8 mA paired with a 5-sec tone]. In saline-treated rats, footshock resulted in an increase in Fos-li in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices and tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled cells in the ventral tegmental area. Treatment with lorazepam or bretazenil prevented the stress-induced activation in Fos-li nuclei in all regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and in dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. In contrast, the actions of the novel anxiolytic-like agents on stress-induced Fos-li were different than those observed with benzodiazepine agonists. Both putative anxiolytics, R(+)HA-966 and guanfacine, did not reduce, but significantly enhanced the stress-induced Fos-li in the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, treatment with R(+)HA-966 completely blocked, while guanfacine attenuated, the stress-induced increase in the number of Fos-li, TH-li cells in the ventral tegmental area. These results indicate that the putative anxiolytics, R(+)HA-966 and guanfacine, have actions on the stress-sensitive mesoprefrontal system which appear distinct from those of traditional anxiolytics.
Low-Energy Theorem for Graviton Scattering

A low-energy theorem for the scattering of gravitons from spin-0 particles is derived. We use the dispersion-theoretic method, recently utilized by Abarbanel and Goldberger to derive low-energy theorems for the Compton scattering of photons, to write unsubtracted dispersion relations for physical helicity amplitudes. The scattering amplitude at fixed angle is shown to be given by the Born approximation up to fourth-order terms in the graviton energy.