cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating 32nm BEOL technology development by advanced wafer inspection methodology

In the early development stage of 32nm processes, identifying a nd isolating systematic defects is critical to understanding the issues related to design and process interactions. Conventional inspection methodologies using random review sa mpling on large defect popul ations do not provide the information required to take accurate and qu ick corrective action. This paper demonstrates the successful identification and isolation of systematic defects using a novel methodology that combines Design Based Binning (DBB) and inline Defect Organizer (iDO). This new method of integrating design and defect data produced actionable inspection data, resulting in fewer mask revisions and reduced device development time. 2. INTRODUCTION Engineers must balance design margins and process windows, while achieving fast development times. In the early development stage, identifying systematic defects accurately and quickly is critical in order to minimize cost and shorten the development cycle. Bright field inspectors are often used to help identify integration defects, but high sensitivity inspections can produce very large defect populations that contain both random a nd systematic defect types. Limited review sampling on these high defect counts prevents the effective separati on of design or process-related defects from non-relevant defect types. Thus, these conventional inspection methods produce an incomplete picture of issues related to proces s and design interactions, making it difficult, if not impossible, for engineers to take effective correctiv e action. DBB is a new t echnology that classifies defects into groups based on design background [1,2]. In addition, defect critical index (DCI) can be extracted to describe what the impact of defect is [3], while iDO uses design and defect attributes to identify and separate different cla sses of defects. Using these technol ogies, systematic defects can be identified and separated from the overall defect population, resulting in improved yield relevance and faster solution of production integration issues. For example, the defect population can be
Improving the accuracy of collocation solutions of volterra integral equations of the first kind by local interpolation

We study the numerical solution of Volterra integral equations of the first kind by collocation methods using piecewise polynomials of degreep. We show that when superconvergence occurs, the error in the collocation solution at the node points alternates in sign, independent from the kernel or the exact solution. Evaluation at certain points of interpolating polynomials of degreep+2 annihilates, the leading term in the asymptotic expansion of the error, thus yielding convergence of orderp+3. The derivation of the asymptotic expansion of the error for the general equation is reduced to the special case of numerical differentiation by the use of an asymptotic continuity result for the projectors associated with the collocation method under compact perturbations. We present some numerical results on the improved order of convergence forp=2 and 3.
Derivation and validation of a search algorithm to retrospectively identify mechanical ventilation initiation in the intensive care unit.

Background: The development and validation of automated electronic medical record (EMR) search strategies are important for establishing the timing of mechanical ventilation initiation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, we sought to develop and validate an automated EMR search algorithm (strategy) for time zero, the moment of mechanical ventilation initiation in the critically ill patient. Methods: The EMR search algorithm was developed on the basis of several mechanical ventilation parameters, with the final parameter being positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and was applied to a comprehensive institutional EMR database. The search algorithm was derived from a secondary retrospective analysis of a subset of 450 patients from a cohort of 2,684 patients admitted to a medical ICU and a surgical ICU from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2011. It was then validated in an independent subset of 450 patients from the same period. The overall percent of agreement between our search algorithm and a comprehensive manual medical record review in the derivation and validation subsets, using peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) as the reference standard, was compared to assess timing of mechanical ventilation initiation. Results: In the derivation subset, the automated electronic search strategy achieved an 87% (κ= 0.87) perfect agreement, with 94% agreement to within one minute. In validating this search algorithm, perfect agreement was found in 92% (κ= 0.92) of patients, with 99% agreement occurring within one minute. Conclusions: The use of an electronic search strategy resulted in highly accurate extraction of mechanical ventilation initiation in the ICU. The search algorithm of mechanical ventilation initiation is highly efficient and reliable and can facilitate both clinical research and patient care management in a timely manner.
Structural characterization of a doubly-bonded diniobium compound, bis-(1,2-bis-diphenylphosphinoethane)hexachlorodiniobium(III)

Abstract The compound Nb 2 Cl 6 (Ph 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 ) 2 has been prepared by a literature method and obtained in the form of crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. These crystals, which also contain toluene and CH 2 Cl 2 molecules, are triclinic (space group P 1 ) with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 15.733(3) A , b = 19.489(4) A ; c = 11.683(3) A , α = 100.21(2)°; β = 110.25(2)°; γ = 95.99(2)°; V = 3253(3) A 3 , Z = 2. The dinuclear molecules have a structure very similar to that previously found for Ta 2 Cl 6 (Me 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PMe 2 ) 2 , in which two octahedral TaCl 4 (dmpe) units are united by two bridging Cl atoms with all P atoms trans to these bridges. The Nb 2 Cl 6 P 4 set of atoms thus has approximate D 2h symmetry. The following bond lengths and angles were found: Nb-Nb: 2.721(2) A . 2.738(3) A . NbCl t (av): 2.397[3] A . NbCl b (av): 2.450[6] A . NbP(av): 2.678[11] A . NbCl b Nb(av): 67.7[1]°. Cl b NbCl b (av): 112.3[1]°. There are two crystallographically independent molecules, each residing on an inversion center.
Swelling equations for confined homogeneous and heterogeneous polymeric networks: Calculation of M̄c in swellable two‐phase systems

Swelling equations were derived for polymeric networks that consist of two swellable but distinct phases. These equations can be used to describe the equilibrium swelling behavior of certain two-phase network systems. Using physicochemical measurements of the equilibrium polymer volume fraction, it was possible to calculate the number-average molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc, using these equations. The influence of several structural parameters on Mc was investigated. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design and operation of a hard x-ray transmissive single-shot spectrometer at LCLS

We describe the design and operation of a transmissive single-shot spectrometer for the measurement of hard x-ray free electron laser (FEL) source spectrum at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The spectrometer was built around a 10 μm thick near-perfect silicon single crystal that was cylindrically bent. Its energy range covered the full FEL bandwidth while its resolution was sufficient for resolving single spectral spikes characteristics of the FELs. Its application will not only greatly facilitate the understanding and optimization of the x-ray FEL sources, but can also serve as an invaluable inline diagnostic tool for experiments where the spectral content of the source plays an important role in data interpretation.
Slums and Squatter Areas as Entrepots for Rural-Urban Migrants in a Less Developed Society

The author criticizes the conception that the majority of rural-urban migrants in developing countries are likely to settle in low-income neighborhoods immediatley on their arrival in the city. Data from the Philippines are used to show that "migrants are neither heavily segregated in certain districts of the city nor particularly likely to settle in a slum community with these findings persisting even when the sample was restricted to lower-status rural-urban migrants. These patterns are chiefly attributable to heavy rates of inmigration among young married persons (especially females) many of whom reside in nonslum neighborhoods as servants lodgers or extended relatives." (EXCERPT)
Transpulmonary hypothermia: A novel method of rapid brain cooling through augmented heat extraction from the lungs

Abstract Aim Delay in instituting neuroprotective measures after cardiac arrest increases death and decreases neuronal recovery. Current hypothermia methods are slow, ineffective, unreliable, or highly invasive. We report the feasibility of rapid hypothermia induction in swine through augmented heat extraction from the lungs. Methods Twenty-four domestic crossbred pigs (weight, 50–55kg) were ventilated with room air. Intraparenchymal brain temperature and core temperatures from pulmonary artery, lower esophagus, bladder, rectum, nasopharynx, and tympanum were recorded. In eight animals, ventilation was switched to cooled helium–oxygen mixture (heliox) and perfluorocarbon (PFC) aerosol and continued for 90min or until target brain temperature of 32°C was reached. Eight animals received body-surface cooling with water-circulating blankets; eight control animals continued to be ventilated with room air. Results Brain and core temperatures declined rapidly with cooled heliox–PFC ventilation. The brain reached target temperature within the study period (mean [SD], 66 [7.6]min) in only the transpulmonary cooling group. Cardiopulmonary functions and poststudy histopathological examination of the lungs were normal. Conclusion Transpulmonary cooling is novel, rapid, minimally invasive, and an effective technique to induce therapeutic hypothermia. High thermal conductivity of helium and vaporization of PFC produces rapid cooling of alveolar gases. The thinness and large surface area of alveolar membrane facilitate rapid cooling of the pulmonary circulation. Because of differences in thermogenesis, blood flow, insulation, and exposure to the external environment, the brain cools at a different rate than other organs. Transpulmonary hypothermia was significantly faster than body surface cooling in reaching target brain temperature.
FORMALIZING CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN POLICY MAKING

Conflict and its resolution in the context of policy making is formalized. A conflict is a problem which, as initially defined by a dynamical system, has no feasible solution. Conflict resolution involves redefinition of the system so that for the redefined system there is a solution. The system delivers operational goals to players who exercise controls. The goals are operational expressions of underlying values desired by the players. A goals/values referral process which facilitates redefinition of a system in conflict is formalized. Two applications of conflict resolution are considered. †Work undertaken while author was visiting professor, University of Paris-Dauphine. The author wishes to thank the following members of trie Dauphine-N.Y.U., systems research group for their helpful comments: Alan Checroun, Vidal Cohen and Gerard Levy.
Habitat fragmentation and large‐scale conservation: what do we know for sure?

We review the ecological effects of habitat fragmentation, comparing the theoretical approaches that have been taken to understanding it with the existing evidence from empirical studies. Theory has emphasized the spatial aspects of fragmentation and the role of dispersal among patches, and has generated interesting predictions such as a nonlinear relationship between the amount of remaining habitat and the probability of species persistence. However, while the few available large-scale empirical studies of fragmentation all tend to show that it has major effects, these documented effects tend to be relatively simple ones such as the degradation of habitat quality within fragments. There is good reason to be cautious of any claim that corridors or the spatial configuration of remaining habitat can compensate for the overall loss of habitat. This is an invited Minireview on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Nordic Ecological Society Oikos.
Release of hypothalamic catecholamines during activity and rest (newborn kitten).

Abstract 1. 1. Release of catecholamines and their metabolites during activity and rest have been studied. Only small amounts of catecholamines (and metabolites) were released during rest. 2. 2. Catecholamine release and catabolism increased during hypothalamic activity. 3. 3. Adult cats released and catabolized more catecholamines than newborns, probably because of immaturity of enzyme systems. 6-OH-dopamine, reserpine or pargyline affected catecholamine release and catabolism in a comparable manner in both adult and newborn kittens, without basically affecting the relative differences due to age. 4. 4. The results seem to suggest that extraneuronal catabolic processes prevail in the newborn.
Pretraining with Adolescents in Group Psychotherapy: A Special Case of Therapist Iatrogenic Effects

The effects of pretraining adolescents for group psychotherapy were investigated. Twenty-one adolescents from a residential treatment facility participated. Pretraining addressed the processes of risk taking, self-disclosure, and giving and receiving feedback through verbal, video, and/or experiential instruction and were compared with a control condition. Pretraining was not found to be beneficial when measured on satisfaction, therapeutic factors, and peer relation factors. However, a potential confounding variable was the exposure to a “psychonoxious” therapist who was found to have a significantly negative impact on group satisfaction ratings. The implications of group pretraining for adolescents are considered, as are the iatrogenic effects of therapists and the “therapeutic milieu.”
NABTIT—a computer program for non-aqueous acid—base titration

Abstract A program NABTIT written in BASIC has been developed for the treatment of data (ml/mV) obtained from potentiometric acid—base titrations in non-aqueous solvents. No preliminary information on equilibrium constants is required for the input. The treatment of the data is based on known equations and uses least-squares procedures. The essence of the method is to determine the equivalence volume (Ve) accurately, and to use the data acquired by adding titrant after Ve for the pH*-calibration of the non-aqueous potentiometric cell. As a by-product or the calculations, the pK* value of the substance titrated is also obtained, and in some cases the autoprotolysis constant of the medium (pK*s). Good agreement between experiment and theory was found in the treatment of data obtained for water and methanol—water mixtures.
Diffusional mechanism of γ′-phase particles coalescence in single crystals of nickel-base superalloys

The diffusional mechanism of gamma-prime-phase particle coalescence in microvolumes of a single-crystal SC-83 superalloy with 001-line axial orientation was investigated using X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS). The procedure for heat treatment of the alloy included homogenization at 1300 C for 4.5 hrs, air cooling, annealing at 1050 C for 10 hrs, aging at 850 C for 20 hrs, and air cooling. Microdistribution of alloying elements around gamma-prime-phase particles was observed after creep tests at 900 C and 600 MPa. Results of XEDS show that the gamma-prime-phase particle coalescence is controlled by diffusional transport of alloying elements in the gamma-solid solution interlayers. In this process, the gamma-prime forming elements Al and Ta diffuse from horizontal interlayers, relative to the applied load, into vertical ones, and the gamma-stabilizing elements Cr and Mo diffuse in the opposite direction. 13 refs.
Fama e rEputação: the Provincial Portuguese Nobility, the Challenges of the Restoration Era, and Imperial Service in the Estado Da India, Ca. 1661-1683

Based on extensive archival research in Lisbon and Goa, this article examines the symbiotic relationship between the newly independent Portuguese Crown and the rising provincial nobility in Portugal during the late seventeenth century. The provincial nobility had been a prime supporter of Joao, duke of Braganza, in his revolution against Habsburg Spain in 1640. Thereafter, the new dynasty and the provincial nobility assisted each other in meeting the political, military, economic, and imperial challenges of the post-1640 period. By examining the careers of roughly a dozen nobles originally from the pre-1640 provincial nobility, the article shows that this relationship proved to be mutually beneficial and advantageous. The house of Braganza preserved its independence and was able to overcome many daunting challenges, in particular stabilizing the precarious position of the Asian empire, the Estado da India, during these years. At the same time, the members of the provincial nobility, through their serice to the Crown at home and in the empire, were able to rise in the social hierarchy, sometimes entering the lofty ranks of the titulares or "titled ones" in the process.
How the development of new biological agents may help minimize immunosuppression in kidney transplantation: the impact of belatacept

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss the use of belatacept as part of an immunosuppression regimen in renal transplant recipients to avoid the renal and nonrenal toxicities associated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs).Recent findingsCurrent immunosuppression protocols utilize C
Prehispanic Adaptation in the Ixtapalapa Region, Mexico

Data accumulated during an intensive survey of Prehispanic settlements in the Ixtapalapa Peninsula region enables me to formulate hypotheses regarding the nature of sociocultural change and adaptation during the Prehispanic period. A summary of these hypotheses follows. The Early and Middle Formative period was a time of low population, when most communities were located on or near the agriculturally productive lakeshore plain zone. During the subsequent period, attendant upon the development in the central highlands of more productive varieties of maize, population increased, and for the first time the agriculturally marginal piedmont zone was colonized. This process may have resulted in the enhancement of status differentiation in these societies because some communities maintained access to the preferred land along the lakeshore plain zone. Also, occupation of a variety of environmental zones may have encouraged symbiosis, which could have further enhanced status differentiation as some individuals or groups became the focuses of exchange networks. During the Late Formative period, developments along this line proceeded throughout the Valley of Mexico, but later, during the Terminal Formative period, some groups prospered more than others because they were favorably situated for the construction of large-scale irrigation systems. The foremost example of the latter is Teotihuacan, which eventually dominated the population of the Ixtapalapa Peninsula region, as well as the remainder of the Valley of Mexico and probably adjacent groups in the central highlands. From A.D. 0 to A.D. 700, the region was dominated by Teotihuacan. This was a period of low population and apparently rural settlement patterns. A similar situation existed during the Late Toltec period as Tula dominated the region. I suggest that Teotihuacan and Tula had similar relationships with their rural peripheries; specifically, they were largely extractive and so dominated rural populations that they were the only important focuses of exchange and craft specialization. Population declined in the rural areas in part because they were too far from the urban centers to participate effectively in the exchange networks. In contrast, the Aztec period was characterized by the presence of a number of urban centers scattered widely over the valley; these centers served as the focuses of exchange and specialization. A similar situation may have characterized the Early Toltec period. During the Aztec period, the combination of intensive local and valleywide symbiosis plus the introduction of chinampas allowed the population to reach the greatest density of the Prehispanic period.
A New Triac Trigger to Optimize Consumer Phase Controls

The phase control methods of regulating ac power to consumer products is quite common. Households contain these circuits in diverse places from wall lamp dimmers to dad's variable speed electric drill and mom's electric blender. Common to all these controls is the triac, semiconductor ac switch, and the associated trigger circuit which provides the ``brains'' of the control. The trigger, or ``brain'', portion of the phase control circuit commonly utilizes a resistor capacitor network which, in combination with a voltage thresholds switch device, provides a time delay between the beginning of each half-cycle and the time the triac is triggered, i.e., shortens the portion of time power is supplied the appliance. This time delay is programmed by the resistor value, lower resistor values allowing the capacitor to charge faster, and reach the voltage threshold faster, which triggers the triac earlier in the half-cycle and applies power to the appliance for a greater portion of the half-cycle.
A Content Analysis of Popular Smartphone Apps for Smoking Cessation

Background Smartphone applications (apps) are increasingly available for smoking cessation. Purpose This study examined the content of popular apps for smoking cessation for both iPhone and Android operating systems in February 2012. Methods A total of 252 smoking-cessation apps were identified for the iPhone and 148 for the Android. Across both operating systems, the most popular apps were identified ( n =47 for the iPhone and n =51 for the Android) and analyzed for their (1) approach to smoking cessation and (2) adherence to an index based on the U.S. Public Health Service's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Where available, apps were coded for frequency of downloads. The analysis took place in 2012. Results Overall, popular apps have low levels of adherence, with an average score of 12.9 of a possible 42 on the Adherence Index. No apps recommended calling a quitline, and only a handful of apps recommended using approved medications (4.1%). Android apps in the sample were downloaded worldwide between 310,800 and 1,248,000 times per month. For both the iPhone and Android, user ratings were positively associated with scores on the Adherence Index. For the iPhone, display order was also positively associated with scores on the Adherence Index. Conclusions Apps could be improved by better integration with the Clinical Practice Guidelines and other evidence-based practices.
Quantitative estimations of the contribution of different bile acid pathways to total bile acid synthesis in the rat.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cholesterol degradation to bile acids occurs via "classic" or "alternative" bile acid biosynthetic pathways. The aim of this study was to assess the contributions of these two pathways to total bile acid synthesis in vivo. METHODS: Rats with biliary fistulas were infused with squalestatin for 24 and 48 hours; specific activities of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (C7 alpha H) and sterol 27- hydroxylase (S27H) and rates of bile acid synthesis were determined. RESULTS: Continuous squalestatin infusion (15 micrograms/h) decreased C7 alpha H specific activities to 4% and 12% of paired biliary fistula controls at 24 and 48 hours, respectively (P < 0.05) without any changes in S27H specific activities (82% and 95% of controls). At 24 hours, bile acid synthesis decreased to 43% (P < 0.05) but returned to 87% at 48 hours (P = NS). Cholic acid synthesis decreased at 24 hours but returned to control levels at 48 hours. Similar changes in C7 alpha H, S27H, and bile acid synthesis were observed in primary rat hepatocytes after addition of squalestatin (1.0 mumol/L). CONCLUSIONS: In the face of persistent suppression of C7 alpha H and the classic pathway, an alternative pathway becomes a main pathway of bile acid synthesis capable of generating cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. The observed induction of bile acid synthesis via an alternative pathway or pathways represents an important mechanism for maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in the rat. (Gastroenterology 1997 Dec;113(6):1949-57)
Sorption of copper by suspended particulate matter

The sorption of copper by suspended particulate matter from river water was investigated as a function of pH and solids concentration. Water was collected from the Delaware River and particulate matter was concentrated using Tangential-Flow Filtration (TFF). The adsorption of copper increased with increasing pH until pH 9.0. A decrease in copper adsorption was found for higher pH values. The adsorption of copper was greater for the samples with added copper than for the suspension for which no metal was added. An increase of copper adsorption proportional to particulate matter concentration was also observed. At both pH 6.0 and 7.0, there was a decrease in the adsorption of copper with increasing copper concentration.
Document allocation policies for selective searching of distributed indexes

Indexes for large collections are often divided into shards that are distributed across multiple computers and searched in parallel to provide rapid interactive search. Typically, all index shards are searched for each query. For organizations with modest computational resources the high query processing cost incurred in this exhaustive search setup can be a deterrent to working with large collections. This paper investigates document allocation policies that permit searching only a few shards for each query (selective search) without sacrificing search accuracy. Random, source-based and topic-based document-to-shard allocation policies are studied in the context of selective search. A thorough study of the tradeoff between search cost and search accuracy in a sharded index environment is performed using three large TREC collections. The experimental results demonstrate that selective search using topic-based shards cuts the search cost to less than 1/5th of that of the exhaustive search without reducing search accuracy across all the three datasets. Stability analysis shows that 90% of the queries do as well or improve with selective search. An overlap-based evaluation with an additional 1000 queries for each dataset tests and confirms the conclusions drawn using the smaller TREC query sets.
Coordination of wind and pumped-storage hydro units for managing transmission security

This paper proposes a coordination methodology for wind and pumped-storage hydro (PS) units in the day-ahead operation planning of power systems. The proposed coordination is incorporated into the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). The results which include the intahour variability of real-time wind speed show the applicability of the proposed wind-PS coordination approach to the short-term power system operation.
In situ infrared measurements during hot filament CVD of diamond in a rotating substrate reactor

Abstract We describe the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques for in situ measurements of the gas phase composition and temperature during the growth of diamond films. The reactor consists of two hot filaments suspended above a rotating substrate; the reactor vessel is a short quartz tube with a small volume to minimize the residence time. The axisymmetric shape of the tube also simplifies the gas flow fields and numerical modeling of the reactor. To understand the effect of pressure on the quality and growth rate, we have performed a series of in situ FTIR measurements directly through the quartz tube at various positions in the reactor. Transmission measurements yield an apparent fractional conversion of CH 4 as a function of position and pressure. Simultaneous emission measurements yield values of the average temperature of the gas and the quartz wall temperature. These results are compared with a numerical model of the fluid flow.
Smoothing Lung Segmentation Surfaces in Three-dimensional X-ray CT Images Using Anatomic Guidance1

Rationale and Objectives Automatic lung segmentation in volumetric computed tomography (CT) images has been extensively investigated, and several methods have been proposed. Most methods distinguish the lung parenchyma from the surrounding anatomy based on the difference in CT attenuation values. This leads to an irregular and inconsistent lung boundary for the regions near the mediastinum, which can cause inconsistent boundaries both across subjects and within subjects scanned at different intervals of time. Processes like lung image registration and lung atlas construction can be affected by such inconsistencies. Therefore there is a need for a more consistent lung surface near the mediastinum. Materials and Methods This paper presents a fully automatic method for the three-dimensional smoothing of the lung boundary using information from the segmented human airway tree. First, using the segmented airway tree, we define a bounding box around the mediastinum for each lung, within which all operations are performed. We then define all generations of the airway tree distal to the right and left main stem bronchi to be part of the respective lungs and exclude all other segments. Finally, we perform a fast morphological closing with an ellipsoidal kernel to smooth the surface of the lung. Results This method has been tested by processing the segmented lungs from eight normal datasets. The mean value of the magnitude of curvedness of the lung contours, averaged over all the datasets, is 0.13 postsmoothing, compared with 4.91 before smoothing. The accuracy of the lung contours after smoothing is assessed by comparing the automatic results to manually traced smooth lung borders by a human analyst. Averaged over all volumes, the root mean square difference between human and computer borders is 0.8691 mm after smoothing, compared with 1.3012 mm before smoothing. The mean similarity index, which is an area overlap measure based on the κ statistic, is 0.9958 (SD 0.0032), after smoothing. Conclusions We have described a novel scheme for smoothing the lung contour around the mediastinum. The method is based on using anatomic information from the segmented airway tree. The validation results show that there is good agreement between manual and computer results. Because there are no accepted criteria for defining the lung boundary near the mediastinum, we believe our method of defining the boundary based on the structure of the airway tree provides a good basis for three-dimensional smoothing.
The paradigm of retailing revisited: directions for theory and research development

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine critically the current paradigm of retailing, and to present a direction for retail theory and strategy development. Views of retailing are explored through a review of the textbooks currently used in retailing courses and a survey of the outputs of various journals. The generally accepted paradigms for retailing are found to be incomplete in their consideration of several major elements. First, channel environment is frequently neglected in retailing. Second, retail scholarship has failed to address retailers as innovators. Finally, a comprehensive framework of retail strategy is not fully developed. Retail thinking needs to address these new areas of interest, to guide both research endeavours and practical rules of thumb.
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes is associated with asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation and smaller placentas

Abstract Objective: To show that infants delivered prematurely because of preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) show a tendency for asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). At the same time, to demonstrate that these pregnancies exhibit nutritional deprivation by the presence of correspondingly smaller placentas, as demonstrated by the placental-fetal ratio. Study Design: A prospective study was performed over 2 years comparing the tendency for IUGR in infants born of pregnancies with PPROM (N = 86), as compared to normal term controls (N = 351). The tendency for growth restriction in the neonate was determined using the ponderal index at birth. Exclusion criteria included pregnancies complicated by diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, multiple gestations, genetic, and other recognized causes of IUGR. Four controls were selected for each study patient who delivered the same day. The mean ponderal index (PIm) was compared, as were the mean placental-fetal weight ratios (PWt/PI)m, for both groups. A comparison of the PIm and (PWt/PI)m for infants delivered prematurely with and without rupture of membranes was also noted. Analysis was by the paired Student’s t test and χ2 test. Results: The newborn PI was found to be independent of maternal age, gravidy, and parity. The number of male and female infants were not significantly different in the control and study groups. The PIm for the PPROM group (PIm = 2.33, SD = 0.29) was significantly smaller than that for the controls (PIm = 2.52, SD = 0.23) (P Conclusions: Using the ponderal index to detect IUGR, a significant association of IUGR is noted in infants delivered subsequent to PPROM. This growth impairment is accompanied by significantly smaller placentas.
Intestinal 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors: Hormone-dependent uptake and saturability of nuclear components in vitro

Abstract An in vitro system has been designed to study the interaction between intestinal cytoplasmic 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors and highly purified homologous nuclei. Cytosolic receptors, labeled with 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, specifically associate with intestinal nuclei as ternary chromatin complexes, an event which proceeds in the absence of a demonstrable change in sedimentation coefficient. This interaction is a saturable process with a dissociation constant of 2.2 × 10−10 M at 0° C, and is specific for the 3.3S cytoplasmic receptor since neither the 4.1S nor the 6S vitamin D binding proteins associate in a similar fashion. In addition, the interaction is hormone-dependent, since free receptors also do not bind. The development and characterization of an in vitro system such as this is the beginning in an attempt to assess the molecular action of these receptors on intestinal nuclei.
Teacher Beliefs About Training in Testing and Measurement

Teachers spend approximately one third of their time in assessment activities, yet most states do not require a course in tests and measurement for certification. Three hundred ninety-seven teachers completed a survey of their formal measurement training, their beliefs about the ade quacy and importance of their training, influences on their measurement knowledge, and their perceived abilities in measurement. Forty-seven percent of the teachers reported that their mea surement training was somewhat or very inadequate. Most reported that they learned about testing and measurement by trial and error in their classes. Teachers who had taken less than one course in tests and measurement during their undergraduate course work were less likely to acquire measurement skills through graduate courses or inservice work than teachers who took one or more courses. Regardless of the amount of their measurement training, teachers reported that measurement skills were very important and that they considered their own ab...
Modeling of U-shaped and plugged emitter resistance of high speed SiGe HBTs

In this paper, we investigate the emitter resistance R e in SiGe HBTs with speeds up to 280GHz, using a U-shaped polysilicon emitter. We observed that R e increased with lateral scaling, thereby degrading f T . Although a negligible component in the past, in this experiment R e * C cb transit time delay is playing a more significant role in limiting f T . R e was modeled to explain the increase due to lateral scaling, and was shown to result from the plugging of the emitter opening by the emitter polysilicon. Furthermore, process experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of emitter polysilicon thickness, sidewall height, and emitter i-layer thickness.
Selective inhibition of the metabolism of diazinon and diazoxon in vitro by piperonyl butoxide, NIA 16824, and 1-(2-isopropylphenyl)imidazole☆

Abstract Several pesticide synergists known to be mixed-function oxidase inhibitors were found to inhibit the in vitro metabolism of diazinon by mouse liver microsomes. Piperonyl butoxide and NIA 16824 ( O -isobutyl- O -propargyl phenylphosphonate) inhibit all oxidative reactions of diazinon to the same extent. In contrast, 1-(2-isopropylphenyl)imidazole selectively inhibits oxidative dearylation and thiophosphate to phosphate conversion without significant effect on ring side chain hydroxylation. This selectivity suggests that two different mechanisms of oxidative detoxification may be operating, mechanisms which may involve either two cytochrome P-450s or two different binding sites on the same cytochrome.
Sample design for discrete choice analysis of travel behavior: The state of the art

Abstract A review of the state of the art in designing samples for discrete choice analysis of traveller behavior is presented. The basic discrete choice analysis framework is reviewed. It is assumed that any sample used is drawn by a process termed stratified sampling, in which the analyst partitions the population based on attributes and choices made, and then selects the fraction of observations taken within each stratum and the total sample size. Observations within strata are drawn at random. Two related problems, determining the distribution of the attributes in the population and estimating the choice probabilities condititional on the attributes, are explored. Various procedures for solving both these problems are detailed. The role of experimentation in extending the range of attributes in the population is explored.
New approach to cosmological bulk viscosity

We examine the cosmological consequences of an alternative to the standard expression for bulk viscosity, one which was proposed to avoid the propagation of superluminal signals without the necessity of extending the space of variables of the theory. The Friedmann equation is derived for this case, along with an expression for the effective pressure. We find solutions for the evolution of the density of a viscous component, which differs markedly from the case of conventional Eckart theory; our model evolves toward late-time phantomlike behavior with a future singularity. Entropy production is addressed, and some similarities and differences to approaches based on the Mueller-Israel-Stewart theory are discussed.
In search of the profit-maximizing actor: motivations and definitions of success from nascent academic entrepreneurs

Scholars have traditionally assumed the establishment and management of university spinoffs are guided by growth and the pursuit of profit. However, few studies have examined the motivations and post-establishment success definitions of entrepreneurs themselves. This paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of the mediating factors of academic entrepreneurship through an in-depth interview-based study of 74 nascent academic entrepreneurs. The results show that academic entrepreneurs define success in a number of complex, interrelated ways including technology diffusion, technology development, financial gain, public service and peer motivations, among others. Furthermore, a large percentage of the respondents have little immediate interest in growth and have instead established their firms to pursue other sources of development funding.
Chromium(VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1.

The robust induction of metallothionein-I and II (MT-I and MT-II) genes by several heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium requires the specific transcription factor metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF1). Chromium (VI), a major environmental carcinogen, not only failed to activate these genes but also inhibited their induction by Zn2+ or Cd2+. The heavy metal-induced expression of another MTF1 target gene, zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), was also down-regulated by Cr6+. By contrast, the expression of two MTF1-independent Cd2+-inducible genes, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and HSP-70, was not sensitive to Cr6+. Cr6+ did not also affect the expression of housekeeping genes such as GAPDH or β-actin. Stable cell lines overexpressing variable levels of MTF1, the key transactivator of the MT genes, demonstrated differential resistance toward the inhibitory effect of Cr6+, indicating MTF1 as a target of chromium toxicity. The basal and inducible binding of MTF1 to metal response elements was not affected by treatment of cells with Cr6+. Transient transfection studies showed that the ability of MTF1 to transactivate the MT-I promoter was significantly compromised by Cr6+. The fusion protein consisting of a Gal-4 DNA binding domain and one or more of the three transactivation domains of MTF1, namely the acidic domain, proline-rich domain, and serine-threonine rich domain, activated the GAL-4-driven luciferase gene to different degrees, but all were sensitive to Cr6+. MTF1 null cells were prone to apoptosis after exposure to Zn2+ or Cd2+ that was augmented in presence Cr6+, whereas the onset of apoptosis was significantly delayed in cells overexpressing MTF1.
A comparison of lost pattern casting processes

Abstract Commercial casting processes in which the pattern is consumed in the process have recently seen the addition of the evaporative (or foam) pattern process, and hybrid processes which combine features from both lost wax and foam pattern. The technical and economic constraints which apply to each process are compared and the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of each are discussed.
Androgen uptake and binding in rat epididymal nuclei, in vivo.

Abstract Androgen binding in epididymis was studied in mature rats eviscerated and functionally hepatectomized 18 h after castration. 1,2,6,7- 3 H-testosterone injected iv was recovered in 105,000 g supernatant and nuclear fractions largely as labeled dihydrotestosterone ( 3 H-DHT) bound to macromolecules. On sucrose density gradients, both epididymal supernatant and nuclear binding components had sedimentation coefficients of 3–4S. Similar nuclear binding components were found in ventral prostate and seminal vesicle but not in kidney or lung. The temporal relationship between binding in epididymal supernatant and nuclear fractions was consistent with the transfer of 3 H-DHT-macromolecular complexes from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
Telomeres, p21 and the cancer-aging hypothesis

Telomere dysfunction suppresses cancer through the p53 tumor suppressor pathway but also contributes to aging. A new study suggests that these effects of dysfunctional telomeres may be separable, such that aging—but not cancer suppression—depends on the p21 cell cycle inhibitor.
Emerging intra-articular drug delivery systems for the temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases that cause progressive joint degeneration leading to chronic pain and reduced quality of life. Both effective pain reduction and restoration of TMJ function remain unmet challenges. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid are currently used to treat chronic pain, but these methods require multiple injections that increase the risk of iatrogenic joint damage and other complications. The small and emerging field of TMJ tissue engineering aims to reduce pain and disability through novel strategies that induce joint tissue regeneration. Development of methods for sustained, intra-articular release of growth factors and other pro-regenerative signals will be critical for the success of TMJ tissue engineering strategies. This review discusses methods of intra-articular drug delivery to the TMJ, as well as emerging injectable controlled release systems with potential to improve TMJ drug delivery, to encourage further research in the development of sustained release systems for both long-term pain management and to enhance tissue engineering strategies for TMJ regeneration.
Critical Components of a Summer Enrichment Program for Urban Low-Income Gifted Students:

Effective program models are needed for low-income youth. This article describes one successful summer enrichment program, University for Young People’s Project Promise, and outlines three key comp...
The relationship of daily mood and stressful events to symptoms in juvenile rheumatic disease.

Objectives The purpose of this study was 3-fold: 1) to assess the feasibility of a daily diary for use with children with juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD), 2) to describe daily variation in mood, stressful events, and symptoms in children with JRD, and 3) to examine the extent to which daily mood and daily stressful events predict daily symptoms in children with JRD. Methods Twelve children with JRD completed a daily booklet for 7 days. The daily booklet included measures of daily mood, daily stressful events, daily symptoms, and daily function. The children also completed a visual analog scale for pain and the Children's Depression Inventory. Results Subjects showed good compliance with scheduled completion and return of the daily diaries. Results indicated that children with JRD showed variability in daily mood, frequency of daily stressful events, and daily symptoms across days. Multilevel fixed effects models showed that more negative daily mood and more daily stressful events significantly predicted increased reports of fatigue, stiffness, and cutting back on daily activities. Negative daily mood also correlated with increases in daily reported pain. Conclusions These results indicate that daily diary research is both feasible and potentially informative in children with JRD. Our data emphasize the need for further investigation into the role of daily mood and daily stressful events on disease course in JRD.
Bis 2,6-difluorophenoxide Dimeric Complexes of Zinc and Cadmium and Their Phosphine Adducts: Lessons Learned Relative to Carbon Dioxide/Cyclohexene Oxide Alternating Copolymerization Processes Catalyzed by Zinc Phenoxides

Dimeric phenoxide derivatives of zinc and cadmium have been synthesized from the reaction of the corresponding metal bistrimethylsilylamide and two equivalents of 2,6-F2C6H3OH in tetrahydrofuran. The zinc analogue, [Zn(O-2,6-F2C6H3)2·THF]2 (1), has been characterized in the solid state via X-ray crystallography, where the zinc centers are shown to possess distorted tetrahedral geometry containing two bridging phenoxides and a terminal phenoxide and THF ligand. The distance between the metal centers (Zn···Zn) was found to be 3.059 A, and the THF ligands lie on opposite sides of the plane formed by the two zinc atoms and two bridging phenoxide ligands' oxygen atoms. There are several Zn···F nonbonding distances involving the bridging phenoxide ligands that are less than the van der Waals internuclear distance. In addition, both the zinc and cadmium dimeric derivatives have been prepared such that the labile THF ligands are replaced by the sterically encumbering basic phosphine, PCy3. The solid-state structu...