cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-Phase Total Oxidation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes Using Shape-Selective Manganese Oxide and Copper Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be the major source of direct and indirect air pollution. Here, cryptomelane-type octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) manganese oxide, amorphous manganese oxide (AMO), and mixed copper manganese oxide (CuO/Mn2O3) nanomaterials were synthesized and, together with commercial MnO2, characterized by various techniques. These catalysts were investigated for gas-phase total oxidation of six VOCs under air atmosphere. Using OMS-2 at 250 °C, the average conversions for toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene were 75%, 61%, 45%, 23%, 13%, and 8%, respectively, whereas using CuO/Mn2O3, 72%, 44%, 37%, 29%, 27%, and 26%, respectively, were obtained. Generally, the conversion of VOCs to CO2 using the synthesized catalysts increased in the order: o-xylene ≈ m-xylene < p-xylene < ethylbenzene < benzene < toluene. However, using commercial MnO2, benzene (44% conversion) was more reactive than toluene (37%), and the xylenes showed similar reactivities (...
Analog signal processing for low-power sensor systems

We present the potential of using Programmable Analog Signal processing techniques for impacting low-power portable applications like imaging, audio processing, and speech recognition. The range of analog signal processing functions available results in many potential opportunities to incorporate these analog signal processing systems with digital signal processing systems for improved overall system performance. We describes our programmable analog technology based around floating-gate transistors that allow for non-volitile storage as well as computation through the same device. We describe the basic concepts for floating-gate devices, capacitor-based circuits, and the basic charge modification mechanisms that makes this analog technology programmable. We describes the techniques to extend these techniques to program an array of floating-gate devices. We show experimental evidence for the factor of 1000 to 10,000 power efficiency improvement for programmable analog signal processing compared to custom digital implementations in Vector Matrix Multipliers (VMM), CMOS imagers with computation on the pixel plane with high fill factors, and Large-Scale Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA), among others.
Refractory metal silicon device technology

Abstract Films 2000–5000 A thick of Mo or W deposited over thin films of thermally grown SiO 2 are shown to be effective high temperature diffusion masks against both phosphorous and boron. These metal films may be precisely patterned and their diffusion masking properties can be used to define the source and drain regions of MOSFETs. In this manner, self-registered MOSFETs can be fabricated with a portion of the diffusion masking metal film acting as the gate electrode. Using P or B doped deposited glasses as diffusion sources, n or p channel enhancement mode MOSFETs were made by diffusion through the exposed thin SiO 2 film into p and n type Si to form source and drain junctions. Contact was subsequently made by etching holes through the oxide layers to the source and drain regions and to the refractory metal gate electrode buried within the oxide layers. These devices exhibit channel mobilities between 200 and 300 cm 2 /V-sec at gate voltages about 10 V above threshold. The stability of MOS structures processed in a similar manner has been measured. After being stressed at ±6 × 10 5 V / cm and 250°C for 15 hr, these devices exhibited shifts in their CV characteristics less than 200 mV.
An Analysis of the Cross Section of Returns for EREITs Using a Varying-Risk Beta Model

A dual-beta asset pricing model is employed to examine the cross-section of realized equity real estate investment trust (EREIT) returns over bull and bear markets. No significant relationship is found between EREIT returns and a constant beta. However, beta explains cross-sectional returns when betas are allowed to vary across bull markets. This positive relationship exists for both January and non-January months. During bear-market months, no significant relationship is found between REIT betas and returns. But, during such months, size and book-to-market ratio are found to be negatively related to returns.
Functional Impairment in Latino Children with ADHD: Implications for Culturally Appropriate Conceptualization and Measurement

Conceptualizing and measuring functional impairment related to childhood ADHD, particularly within the rapidly growing, yet underserved, Latino population, is an important area of research that is in its infancy in the field of psychology. The functional impairments related to academic achievement, social competence, and familial relations experienced by children with ADHD lead to long-lasting and debilitating difficulties that adversely affect the individuals themselves, their families, and society. In addition, limited available research suggests that Latino children are at a great or greater risk for developing ADHD, although they are much less likely to be identified by their parents as displaying problematic behavior and subsequently are less likely to receive proper assessment and treatment due to several practical and cultural factors. Fortunately, initial evidence suggests that the construct of functional impairment may be a more universal notion than the potentially culturally biased measurement of symptomatology. Therefore, in order to provide the best possible outcomes for all children with ADHD, research needs to be expanded to include examination of functional impairment related to ADHD, particularly when working with Latino children and their families. Thus, the primary aim of the current review is to examine and critique how the field of psychology has understood and measured functional impairment in school-aged Latino children with ADHD to date. Based on information reviewed, suggestions for moving toward a culturally modified assessment of functional impairment related to ADHD in Latino children will be proposed. This work is a necessary step toward providing culturally appropriate services for a currently underserved, yet rapidly growing, Latino population in our country.
Sex ratio regulation in Coccygomimus turionella Linnaeus(Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae)and its ecological implications.

. 1. Sex regulation and its relevance to the ecology of a k-selected pupal parasitoid was investigated in Coccygomimus turionellae. 2. The ratio varied with host size, females predominating in large hosts. 3. Egg transfer experiments and comparative mortality rates among the progeny of virgin and inseminated females demonstrated that the phenomenon was due to parental behaviour. 4. The study of the mechanism confirmed Aubert's hypothesis of host size estimation with the addition that the host had to be exposed from the poles and had to contain the proper host kairomones. 5. Host size was highly correlated to parasitoid fecundity via influences on size and longevity but not the number of ovarioles per female or daily egg production. 6. Host encounters are more limiting than egg production and host size had no effect on host acceptance. 7. Sex regulation allows a maximal host encounter rate at the same time that it maximizes the reproductive potential of female progeny. 8. Low host density increased the production of female progeny resulting in more offspring searching for the limited resource. Concealed hosts and a high host density resulted in a shift towards a Fisher 1:1 sex ratio.
Disturbance of Endogenous Circadian Rhythm in Aging and Alzheimer Disease

Objective Normal sleep–wake regulation is dependent upon an oscillatory circadian rhythm promoting alertness and sleep at appropriate times of day. Circadian rhythms have been noted to be disturbed as a consequence of both normal aging and age-associated pathologies like Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the relationship between the consequences of normal versus pathological aging upon circadian regulation remains unclear. The authors evaluated the similarities and differences between the consequences of aging and AD on endogenous circadian rhythm. Methods Authors measured locomotor activity and, with a constant routine protocol, core body temperature, examining differences and similarities in circadian disturbances in groups of normal elderly and patients with probable AD (pAD), as compared with a comparison group of young, normal volunteers, measuring endogenous circadian amplitude (ECA) and endogenous circadian phase (ECP) of core body temperature, and made parametric and nonparametric assessments of locomotor activity rhythms. Results The ECP of core body temperature was delayed in patients with pAD versus both normal young and normal elderly subjects, whereas the ECA was reduced both in normal elderly and pAD subjects compared with a comparison group of young subjects. There was also disassociation of the activity and core body temperature rhythms in both age groups versus the young subjects. Conclusions Authors observed changes in endogenous circadian rhythm in pAD that were consonant with those seen in normal aging (amplitude reduction; loss of phase coordination) and also observed changes that were apparently discrete from those seen in normal aging (phase delay).
The Mouse Parotid Gland Preparation: An in vivo Pharmacological Tool

The effects of several autonomic agents on total protein, amylase, RNase, calcium, potassium, and sodium levels and also on flow rate of mouse parotid saliva were investigated during the process of evaluating the in vivo mouse parotid gland preparation as a pharmacological tool. Acetylcholine and pilocarpine were used as secretagogues and produced different sequential patterns of sodium and enzyme levels secreted in mouse parotid saliva. Additionally, propranolol treatment was able to alter amylase and sodium levels produced by pilocarpine stimulation significantly, as well as alter calcium levels produced by both acetylcholine and pilocarpine stimulation. Phentolamine treatment resulted in higher amylase levels with both acetylcholine and pilocarpine stimulation. The use of acetylcholine as a secretagogue allows one to perform in vivo anticholinergic experiments which alter flow rates without significantly altering protein or ion levels secreted in mouse parotid saliva.
Nutritional Value of Almond Hulls for Dairy Cows

Abstract Commercial, Nonpareil, and Neplus almond hulls containing 31.5 and 13.2, 27.5 and 11.7, and 27.6 and 9.8% acid detergent fiber and lignin were fed in two digestion studies. Digestibilities of control, 20 and 40% commercial almond hull, 20 and 40% Nonpareil, and 20 and 40% Neplus diets for dry matter were: 70.4; 67.3, 65.4; 68.7, 66.3; 69.9, and 66.4%; and for energy were 70.1; 65.8, 63.9; 68.6, 64.7; 69.6, and 63.5%. Percent digestibilities of dry matter and energy calculated by regression were 56.7 and 51.0 for commercial, 62.4 and 58.7 for nonpareil, and 63.1 and 57.5 for Neplus almond hulls. Digestibilities of hulls were correlated with acid detergent fiber content. Diets with 0 (control), 12.5, and 25% commercial almond hulls were fed to 24 lactating Holstein cows for 4-wk periods in a 3 × 3 Latin square with 8 cows per cell. Feed dry matter intake (kg/day), milk yield (kg/day), and percent milk fat were 21.8, 24.9, and 3.20 for control, 23.0, 25.2, and 3.20 for 12.5% almond hulls, and 22.7, 24.7, and 3.23 for 25% almond hulls. Performances were similar for substitution of almond hulls for alfalfa. Exposure to more than 2.5 cm of rain increased loss of soluble sugars with a concurrent increase in percent acid detergent fiber up to 7.6 cm of rain. The loss amounted to about 25% of the energy of the hulls.
Fine mapping and candidate gene analyses of pulmonary adenoma resistance 1, a major genetic determinant of mouse lung adenoma resistance.

Pulmonary adenoma resistance 1 ( Par1 ) is a major genetic determinant of mouse lung adenoma resistance. Although Par1 was previously mapped to mouse chromosome 11 by conventional linkage analyses, its candidate region was broad and undefined. In our present study, we generated Par1 congenic mice using two mouse strains A/J ( Par1/− ) and Mus spretus ( Par1/+ ). Analyzing these congenic mice enabled us to fine map the Par1 quantitative trait loci (QTL) into a 2.0-cM (2.2 Mb) chromosomal region between genetic marker D11Mit70 and the gene Hoxb9 . We then conducted systematic candidate gene screening through nucleotide polymorphism and expression analyses. Genes showing differential lung tissue expression or carrying nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified and discussed. In particular, we evaluated tumor suppressor gene Tob1 for its Par1 candidacy. Our findings have narrowed the Par1 QTL region and will greatly facilitate the identification of the major genetic determinant of mouse lung adenoma resistance. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2508–16]
A determination of the refractive index of liquid deuterium using the Čerenkov effect

Abstract We have found the refractive index of liquid orthodeuterium at 24.2 K and 3200 A to be 1.1321 ± 0.0025. This is in agreement with the value calculated from the Lorentz-Lorenz relation, the Lorentz theory of the dielectric constant, and the measured dispersion of deuterium gas. Our measurements also yield a rough value for the difference in molecular polarizabilities of deuterium and hydrogen, Δαα = (2.3 ± 1.9)%. The measurement was a coincidental result of a particle-physics experiment in which Cerenkov counters were used with either liquid hydrogen or liquid deuterium as a radiating medium. The ratio of the refractive indices of the two substances was determined from the change in response of the counters when the radiating medium was changed.
Diagnosis and treatment of gout

Gout is an ancient disease that has caused pain and suffering over many centuries. The tragedy is that today we have excellent medication for the prevention of chronic gout, yet many people continue to be plagued by gout attacks and develop chronic arthritis. The incidence of gout is increasing worldwide. This is related to ageing and lifestyle changes. Gout is increased in people with the metabolic syndrome, obesity, use of diuretics and intake of beer and sugared drinks. This video and associated Powerpoint presentations should help anyone who manages patients with gout to understand how to elicit a good history, examine them and generate …
Securing Control Systems from the Inside: A Case for Mediating Physical Behaviors

Attackers can leverage security vulnerabilities in computerized control systems to cause real, physical harm. Despite efforts to fix control system security flaws, the advantage remains with attackers due to the increasing complexity and connectivity of modern control systems. A complementary approach to closing security holes is to directly mediate the physical behavior of control systems, thus preventing dangerous actions even when systems are under adversary influence. Behavioral mediation is a promising direction for control system security, but it presents many challenges to becoming a practical reality.
Morphology and Surface Areas of Thin Ice Films

Thin ice films formed by deposition from the vapor phase in a fast flow-tube reactor have been used to simulate polar stratospheric cloud surfaces in order to obtain laboratory data on uptake and heterogeneous reaction rates.
Face recognition in the SWIR band when using single sensor multi-wavelength imaging systems

In this paper, we study the problem of Face Recognition (FR) when using Single Sensor Multi-Wavelength (SSMW) imaging systems that operate in the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) band. The contributions of our work are four fold: First, a SWIR database is collected when using our developed SSMW system under the following scenarios, i.e. Multi-Wavelength (MW) multi-pose images were captured when the camera was focused at either 1150, 1350 or 1550nm. Second, an automated quality-based score level fusion scheme is proposed for the classification of input MW images. Third, a weighted quality-based score level fusion scheme is proposed for the automated classification of full frontal (FF) vs. nonfrontal (NFF) face images. Fourth, a set of experiments is performed indicating that our proposed algorithms, for the classification of (i) multiwavelength images and (ii) FF vs. NFF face images, are beneficial when designing different steps of multi-spectral face recognition (FR) systems, including face detection, eye detection and face recognition. We also determined that when our SWIR-based system is focused at 1350nm, the identification performance increases compared to focusing the camera at any of the other SWIR wavelengths available. This outcome is particularly important for unconstrained FR scenarios, where imaging at 1550nm, at long distances and when operating at night time environments, is preferable over different SWIR wavelengths. Developed SSMW system in SWIR band can acquire a series of images in short duration.Proposed an automated quality score fusion scheme for classification of MW images.Proposed an automated method for classification of frontal vs non frontal face images.Proposed algorithms are beneficial when designing face recognition systems.
A ridge-like method for simultaneous estimation of simultaneous equations

Abstract In the context of full information estimation in a linear simultaneous equations model, this paper considers a ridge-like modification of the 3SLS estimator. The proposed method is particularly desirable where the square matrix of the 3SLS normal equationsis singular (or near-singular) leading to non-existence (or poor performance) of the estimator. Furthermore, the type of solution suggested here does seem to result in the existence of the finite sample moments of the estimator even when the degrees of over identification are as low as zero (just identified models). This paper considers only a simple scalar form of the ‘ridge-matrix” with a relatively simple choice of the modifying scalar that preserves the asymptotic properties of the 3SLS estimator. A value of this scalar is derived which minimizes an appropriatequadratic risk criterion. The approximate quadratic risk function is based upon the asymptotic approximation of the relevant moments in the manner of Nagar (1959). A range of risk reducing values of the ‘ridge-scalar” is also given.
A norbornenyl derivative with through-space ketone π-interaction

The title compound, endo,exo-12-oxotetra­cyclo­[6.2.1.13,6.02,7]­dodeca-9-en-anti-11-yl p-bromo­benzoate, C19H17BrO3, con­sists of norbornene with an anti-p-bromo­benzoate substituent at the methano bridge and an exo-fused norbornanone unit bonded to the ethano bridge. The spatially proximate ketone and alkene interact through space and the ketone C atom is substantially pyramidalized. Through-space ketone π-inter­action is probably responsible for the low solvolysis rate of the anti-11-chloride derivative.
The Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase USP15 Regulates Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Protein Stability

Proteomic identification of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6-interacting proteins revealed several proteins involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In addition to the well-characterized E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase, a second HECT domain protein (HERC2) and a deubiquitylating enzyme (USP15) were identified by tandem affinity purification of HPV16 E6-associated proteins. This study focuses on the functional consequences of the interaction of E6 with USP15. Overexpression of USP15 resulted in increased levels of the E6 protein, and the small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of USP15 decreased E6 protein levels. These results implicate USP15 directly in the regulation of E6 protein stability and suggest that ubiquitylated E6 could be a substrate for USP15 ubiquitin peptidase activity. It remains possible that E6 could affect the activity of USP15 on specific cellular substrates, a hypothesis that can be tested as more is learned about the substrates and pathways controlled by USP15.
Immune responses of splenectomized trauma patients to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at 1 versus 7 versus 14 days after splenectomy.

Objectives: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is given after emergency splenectomy for trauma to lessen the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis This study was undertaken to determine optimal timing of vaccine administration as determined by serum type-specific polysaccharide antibody concentration titer and functional activity of the resulting antibodies. Methods: Fifty-nine consecutive patients undergoing splenectomy after trauma were randomized to receive pneumococcal vaccine postoperatively at 1, 7, or 14 days. Immunoglobulin G serum antibody concentrations against serogroup 4 and serotypes 6B, 19F, and 23F were measured before vaccination and 4 weeks postvaccination. Antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and functional antibody by opsonophagocytosis. Results were compared with a normal adult control group (n = 12). Results: Postvaccination enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin G antibody concentrations for all serogroups and serotypes studied were not significantly different in splenectomized patients and control subjects. Postvaccination functional antibody activity was significantly reduced in early vaccination groups (serotype 6B excepted). However, with the exception of 19F, all titers for the 14-day group approached those of the control subjects (p > 0.05). Fold-increases of opsonophagocytic titers for serogroup 4 and serotypes 6B and 19F showed progressive increases with delay in vaccination. Except for serotype 23F, the number of postsplenectomy patients with opsonophagocytic titers <64 significantly decreased with a delay in vaccination (14 days). Conclusions: Postvaccination immunoglobulin G serum antibody concentrations were not significantly different from normal control subjects regardless of the time of vaccination (1, 7, or 14 days). Although concentrations approach normal, functional antibody activity was significantly lower. Better functional antibody responses against the serogroup and serotypes studied seemed to occur with delayed (14-day) vaccination.
Characterization of a Hall Effect Thruster Using Thermal Imaging

Abstract : A Hall thruster uses ionized xenon as a propellant for space propulsion applications. The heat produced by thruster components and the xenon plasma transfers to space and the spacecraft, impacting thruster and spacecraft design, as well as thruster efficiency and lifetime. Therefore, thermal information was gathered and analyzed in order to better understand the thermal characteristics of an operating thruster and to provide data applicable to improving the thruster efficiency and lifetime. This paper contains analysis of thruster temperatures obtained using a commercially available FLIR A40M thermographic imager in order to characterize a Busek Inc. 200W Hall Effect Thruster operating in Chamber 6 at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB, CA. This method is non-intrusive in that the thruster is viewed from outside the chamber through a zinc selenide window and provides temperature data on the entire visible area of the thruster for output to a computer for further processing. Maximum temperatures observed were above 773 K on the alumina plasma sprayed portion of the cathode, the anode, and on the thruster body near the exit plane. Magnet core winding temperature varied from 620 K near the exit plane to 475 K near the rear of the thruster. If these temperatures are near the magnet core temperature, it suggests they are not near the Curie temperature for iron of 1043 K or the Curie temperature of 858 K of iron alloyed with nickel. Initial heating rates of up to 138 K/min and initial cooling rates of up to 218 K/min were observed. The steady state temperature images and the heating data indicated a possible interaction between xenon and the thruster components.
T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
A phylogenetic analysis of the Arecoid Line of palms based on plastid DNA sequence data

A phylogenetic analysis of the Arecoid Line (sensu Moore) of palms was conducted using 7 kb of coding and noncoding plastid DNA sequence data. Recovered maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood phylogenies support monophyly for the Arecoid Line relative to the rest of the family but paraphyly for subfamily Arecoideae and polyphyly for subfamily Ceroxyloideae (sensu Dransfield and Uhl). Tribes Cocoeae, Geonomeae, Hyophorbeae, and Iriarteae and subfamily Phytelephantoideae were identified as monophyletic as were subfamily Phytelephantoideae + Ravenea (tribe Ceroxyleae of Ceroxyloideae), Podococcus (tribe Podococceae of Arecoideae) + Pseudophoenix (tribe Cyclospatheae of Ceroxyloideae), Reinhardtia (tribe Malortieinae) + tribe Cocoeae (both of Arecoideae), and a clade containing all IndoPacific pseudomonomerous genera of tribe Areceae (Arecoideae). A few taxa show spurious resolution with noncoding plastid DNA data but noncoding data are generally congruent with protein-coding data. Biogeographic interpretation suggests a Gondwanan origin for the Arecoid Line with several lineages found on more than one fragment of the former supercontinent and primary diversification in these groups possibly due to continental breakup vicariance. Three groups involving Cocos, Orania, and the IndoPacific clade demonstrate independent dispersals into the IndoPacific region from a Gondwanan origin.
Mechanisms of Sympathetic Activation and Blood Pressure Elevation by Intermittent Hypoxia

Sleep disordered breathing with recurrent apneas is one of the most frequently encountered breathing disorder in adult humans and preterm infants. Recurrent apnea patients exhibit several co-morbidities including hypertension and persistent sympathetic activation. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) resulting from apneas appears to be the primary stimulus for evoking autonomic changes. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the effects of IH on chemo- and baro-reflexes and circulating vasoactive hormones and their contribution to sympathetic activation and blood pressures. Sleep apnea patients and IH-treated rodents exhibit exaggerated arterial chemo-reflex. Studies on rodent models demonstrated that IH leads to hyperactive carotid body response to hypoxia. On the other hand, baro-reflex function is attenuated in patients with sleep apnea and in IH-treated rodents. Circulating vasoactive hormone levels are elevated in sleep apnea patients and in rodent models of IH. Thus, persistent sympathetic activation and hypertension associated with sleep apneas seems to be due to a combination of altered chemo- and baro-reflexes resulting in sympathetic activation and action of elevated circulating levels of vasoactive hormones on vasculature.
Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children.

We examined the hypothesis that elementary school-age children will be more physically active while attending school in a novel, activity-permissive school environment compared to their traditional school environment. Twenty-four children were monitored with a single-triaxial accelerometer worn on the thigh. The students attended school in three different environments: traditional school with chairs and desks, an activity-permissive environment, and finally their traditional school with desks which encouraged standing. Data from the school children were compared with another group of age-matched children (n = 16) whose physical activity was monitored during summer vacation. When children attended school in their traditional environment, they moved an average (mean ± s.d.) of 71 ± 0.4 m/s2. When the children attended school in the activity-permissive environment, they moved an average of 115 ± 3 m/s2. The children moved 71 ± 0.7 m/s2 while attending the traditional school with standing desks. Children moved significantly more while attending school in the activity-permissive environment compared to the amount that they moved in either of the traditional school environments (P < 0.0001 for both). Comparing children's activity while they were on summer vacation (113 ± 8 m/s2) to school-bound children in their traditional environment showed significantly more activity for the children on summer vacation (P < 0.0001). The school children in the activity-permissive environment were as active as children on summer vacation. Children will move more in an activity-permissive environment. Strategies to increase the activity of school children may involve re-designing the school itself.
The dependence of UMOSFET characteristics and reliability on geometry and processing

We have examined the impact of trench processing and trench and device cell geometries on the characteristics of a single n-channel U-shaped trench metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor (n-UMOSFET) and a device cell comprising several n-UMOSFETs. The geometrical parameters investigated included the trench depth and width, the trench cross-section and the device cell pitch. We have found out that the geometry does not affect the electron mobility in the channel; however, the effects of the geometry on the characteristics of the isolated device or device cell are manifested on the spreading resistance of the drain end. Trench processing, in the form of trench etching, trench cleaning and subsequent gate-oxide growth, is observed to primarily influence the n-UMOSFET's immunity to electrical stress, which is studied using charge pumping current and gate-oxide breakdown measurements. It is shown that the gate-oxide edge adjacent to the drain and the oxide/silicon interface overlapping the drain are the regions most susceptible to degradation by Fowler-Nordheim stress. These observations coupled with results from scanning electron microscopy suggest that the gate-oxide growth non-uniformity as well as its condition at the trench corners are the key factors in determining the n-UMOSFET's reliability.
Assessing burn severity and comparing soil water repellency, Hayman Fire, Colorado

An important element of evaluating a large wildfire is to assess its effects on the soil in order to predict the potential watershed response. After the 55 000 ha Hayman Fire on the Colorado Front Range, 24 soil and vegetation variables were measured to determine the key variables that could be used for a rapid field assessment of burn severity. The percentage of exposed mineral soil and litter cover proved to be the best predictors of burn severity in this environment. Two burn severity classifications, one from a statistical classification tree and the other a Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) burn severity map, were compared with measured ‘ground truth’ burn severity at 183 plots and were 56% and 69% accurate, respectively. This study also compared water repellency measurements made with the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and a mini-disk infiltrometer (MDI) test. At the soil surface, the moderate and highly burned sites had the strongest water repellency, yet were not significantly different from each other. Areas burned at moderate severity had 1·5 times more plots that were strongly water repellent at the surface than the areas burned at high severity. However, the high severity plots most likely had a deeper water repellent layer that was not detected with our surface tests. The WDPT and MDI values had an overall correlation of r = −0·64(p < 0·0001) and appeared to be compatible methods for assessing soil water repellency in the field. Both tests represent point measurements of a soil characteristic that has large spatial variability; hence, results from both tests reflect that variability, accounting for much of the remaining variance. The MDI is easier to use, takes about 1 min to assess a strongly water repellent soil and provides two indicators of water repellency: the time to start of infiltration and a relative infiltration rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Invisible Prevalence of Citizen Science in Global Research: Migratory Birds and Climate Change

Citizen science is a research practice that relies on public contributions of data. The strong recognition of its educational value combined with the need for novel methods to handle subsequent large and complex data sets raises the question: Is citizen science effective at science? A quantitative assessment of the contributions of citizen science for its core purpose – scientific research – is lacking. We examined the contribution of citizen science to a review paper by ornithologists in which they formulated ten central claims about the impact of climate change on avian migration. Citizen science was never explicitly mentioned in the review article. For each of the claims, these ornithologists scored their opinions about the amount of research effort invested in each claim and how strongly the claim was supported by evidence. This allowed us to also determine whether their trust in claims was, unwittingly or not, related to the degree to which the claims relied primarily on data generated by citizen scientists. We found that papers based on citizen science constituted between 24 and 77% of the references backing each claim, with no evidence of a mistrust of claims that relied heavily on citizen-science data. We reveal that many of these papers may not easily be recognized as drawing upon volunteer contributions, as the search terms “citizen science” and “volunteer” would have overlooked the majority of the studies that back the ten claims about birds and climate change. Our results suggest that the significance of citizen science to global research, an endeavor that is reliant on long-term information at large spatial scales, might be far greater than is readily perceived. To better understand and track the contributions of citizen science in the future, we urge researchers to use the keyword “citizen science” in papers that draw on efforts of non-professionals.
New Views of Cell and Tissue Cytoarchitecture: Embedment-Free Electron Microscopy and Biochemical Analysis

Our perception of the cell interior is undergoing a fundamental change. What once appeared to be formless plasms are now seen to contain highly organized structural scaffolds. Even the soluble proteins, those not a part of skeletal structures, are no longer considered free, but associated with the skeletal framework. The implications of these studies of cell structure are beginning to emerge. The end result will likely be a change in many of the paradigms of our science. As with most changes in paradigm, progress is halting and not without conflict.
Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3II

Natural witherite (Ba0.99Sr0.01CO3) has been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the diamond anvil cell at eight pressures up to 8 GPa. At ambient pressure, cell dimensions are a = 5.3164(12) A, b = 8.8921(19) A, c = 6.4279(16) A, and the structure was refined in space group Pmcn to R(F) = 0.020 from 2972 intensity data. The unit cell and atom position parameters for the orthorhombic cell were refined at pressures of 1.2, 2.0, 2.9, 3.9, 4.6, 5.5, 6.2, and 7.0 GPa. The volume-pressure data are used to calculate equation of state parameters KT0 = 50.4(12) GPa and K′ = 1.9(4). At approximately 7.2 GPa, a first-order transformation to space group P3¯1c was observed. Cell dimensions of the high-pressure phase at 7.2 GPa are a = 5.258(6) A, c = 5.64(1) A. The high pressure structure was determined and refined to R(F) = 0.06 using 83 intensity data, of which 15 were unique. This high-pressure phase appears to be more compressible than the orthorhombic phase with an estimated initial bulk modulus (K7.2GPa) of 10 GPa.
Improving a recombinant Zymomonas mobilis strain 8b through continuous adaptation on dilute acid pretreated corn stover hydrolysate

Complete conversion of the major sugars of biomass including both the C5 and C6 sugars is critical for biofuel production processes. Several inhibitory compounds like acetate, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural are produced from the biomass pretreatment process leading to ‘hydrolysate toxicity,’ a major problem for microorganisms to achieve complete sugar utilization. Therefore, development of more robust microorganisms to utilize the sugars released from biomass under toxic environment is critical. In this study, we use continuous culture methodologies to evolve and adapt the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis to improve its ethanol productivity using corn stover hydrolysate. A turbidostat was used to adapt the Z. mobilis strain 8b in the pretreated corn stover liquor. The adaptation was initiated using pure sugar (glucose and xylose) followed by feeding neutralized liquor at different dilution rates. Once the turbidostat reached 60% liquor content, the cells began washing out and the adaptation was stopped. Several ‘sub-strains’ were isolated, and one of them, SS3 (sub-strain 3), had 59% higher xylose utilization than the parent strain 8b when evaluated on 55% neutralized PCS (pretreated corn stover) liquor. Using saccharified PCS slurry generated by enzymatic hydrolysis from 25% solids loading, SS3 generated an ethanol yield of 75.5% compared to 64% for parent strain 8b. Furthermore, the total xylose utilization was 57.7% for SS3 versus 27.4% for strain 8b. To determine the underlying genotypes in these new sub-strains, we conducted genomic resequencing and identified numerous single-nucleotide mutations (SNPs) that had arisen in SS3. We further performed quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) on genes potentially affected by these SNPs and identified significant down-regulation of two genes, ZMO0153 and ZMO0776, in SS3 suggesting potential genetic mechanisms behind SS3’s improved performance. We have adapted/evolved Z. mobilis strain 8b for enhanced tolerance to the toxic compounds present in corn stover hydrolysates. The adapted strain SS3 has higher xylose utilization rate and produce more ethanol than the parent strain. We have identified transcriptional changes which may be responsible for these phenotypes, providing foundations for future research directions in improving Z. mobilis as biocatalysts for the production of ethanol or other fuel precursors.
High-energy Transversely Pumped Alkali Vapor Laser

We report on the results from our transversely pumped alkali laser. This system uses an Alexandrite laser to pump a stainless steel laser head. The system uses methane and helium as buffer gasses. Using rubidium, the system produced up to 40 mJ of output energy when pumped with 63 mJ. Slope efficiency was 75%. Using potassium as the lasing species the system produced 32 mJ and a 53% slope efficiency.
A Case of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a genetic syndrome that includes a typical facial appearance, mental retardation, growth delay, seizures, and congenital cardiac defects. A deletion of the terminal band of the short arm of chromosome 4, with a breakpoint at the 4p15 to 4p16 region, is the most common genetic mutation causing WHS. Congenital heart disease associated with WHS typically includes atrial and ventricular septal defects, though there are a few case reports of associated complex congenital heart disease. Here we report a case of an infant with a large 4p deletion, with a breakpoint at the 4p12 region, and hypoplasic left heart syndrome. We discuss a possible link between the size of the chromosomal deletion in WHS and the severity of the cardiac defect.
Progesterone Receptor–Cyclin D1 Complexes Induce Cell Cycle–Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Breast Cancer Cells

The progesterone receptor (PR) and its coactivators are direct targets of activated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in response to peptide growth factors, progesterone, and deregulation of cell cycle inhibitors. Herein, using the T47D breast cancer model, we probed mechanisms of cell cycle-dependent PR action. In the absence of exogenous progestin, the PR is specifically phosphorylated during the G2/M phase. Accordingly, numerous PR target genes are cell cycle regulated, including HSPB8, a heat-shock protein whose high expression is associated with tamoxifen resistance. Progestin-induced HSPB8 expression required cyclin D1 and was insensitive to antiestrogens but blocked by antiprogestins or inhibition of specificity factor 1 (SP1). HSPB8 expression increased with or without ligand when cells were G2/M synchronized or contained high levels of cyclin D1. Knockdown of PRs abrogated ligand-independent HSPB8 expression in synchronized cells. Notably, PRs and cyclin D1 copurified in whole-cell lysates of transiently transfected COS-1 cells and in PR-positive T47D breast cancer cells expressing endogenous cyclin D1. PRs, cyclin D1, and SP1 were recruited to the HSPB8 promoter in progestin-treated T47D breast cancer cells. Mutation of PR Ser345 to Ala (S345A) or inhibition of CDK2 activity using roscovitine disrupted PR/cyclin D1 interactions with DNA and blocked HSPB8 mRNA expression. Interaction of phosphorylated PRs with SP1 and cyclin D1 provides a mechanism for targeting transcriptionally active PRs to selected gene promoters relevant to breast cancer progression. Understanding the functional linkage between PRs and cell cycle regulatory proteins will provide keys to targeting novel PR/cyclin D1 cross talk in both hormone-responsive disease and HSPB8-high refractory disease with high HSPB8 expression.
From a high-tech to a low-tech writing classroom: “You can't go home again”

Abstract This article describes one teacher's study of the effects of changes in teaching environments upon the teacher. The author-subject moves from a computer-equipped classroom, where he has become accustomed to teaching first-year writing, to a conventional classroom. He finds that he must change his teaching radically in this new-old environment. He finds himself unable to make these changes, at least in a single semester, and understands that we can't expect teachers to adapt easily or rapidly to new teaching environments.
The Rehnquist Court and Federal Preemption: In Search of a Theory

In the 1980s, the U.S. Supreme Court was expectedto become more solicitous of "states' rights " and to reconsider doctrines offederalpreemption ofstate and local laws. Those expectations were built on the Court's ruling in National League of Cities v. Usery and reinforced by the Reagan administration's rhetoric and Court appointments. The recordofthe Rehnquist Court, however, demonstrates that it has backed away from vigorously enforcing the Tenth Amendment and has erected only minor constitutional barriers, as in New York v. United States, to the Congress 'power over the states. Moreover, the Court has not retreated from finding implied statutory preemptions or from imposing its own dormantcommerce clause power on the states. The article concludes by considering a number of explanations for the Court's record and rulings on federal preemption.
Videotex: anatomy of a failure

Abstract Considerable excitement has been generated in Europe and North America in videotex - namely, the concept of electronic access in the home to centrally - located computerized databases containing vast amounts of data. However, the public offering of such services has thus far been unsuccessful in achieving significant penetrations in the residential market. Videotex is examined in this paper to illuminate possible reasons for its failure thus far in the residential marketplace. Comparisons are made with somewhat similar on-line systems for accessing computerized data-bases and for performing transactions and transmitting messages to other people. The final conclusion is that most consumers simply do not have a need nor a desire to access vast computerized data-bases of general information. Videotex or any other similar system that attempts to satisfy consumer needs for information in such a fashion will surely fail.
Influence of Substrate Stiffness and Thickness and Anisotropic Cell Traction Forces on Cell Behavior

It is well known that various cell types can sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. Specifically, cells have been known to spread more when cultured on stiff substrates and are able to match their internal stiffness to that of the substrate. It has also been recently reported that even though some cells were cultured on soft but thin coatings attached to stiff supports, they can perceive an effective stiffness that is much larger than that of the bulk coating itself and consequently spread as if they were cultured on stiff substrates. Earlier models have estimated the effect of finite thickness by assuming isotropic traction forces [1] and that the internal stiffness of cells is independent of substrate stiffness [2]. We generalize these models [1, 2] to show that anisotropic traction forces exerted by cells on substrates can lead to both anisotropic spreading and anisotropic internal stiffening of cells. Our methods could lead to a better understanding of the difference between substrate thickness estimated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes and substrate thickness estimated through changes in cell traction.
Two-Photon-Excited Phase-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy

We have constructed a new two-photon phase-resolved fluorimeter that can be used to selectively record analyte emission spectra from optically challenging samples (soft drinks, juices, and urine) without sample pretreatment. We demonstrate the use of two-photon-excited phase-resolved fluorescence (TPEPRF) by minimizing hyper-Rayleigh scatter and autofluorescence in real samples. When compared to steady-state two-photon-excited fluorescence, TPEPRF offers an improvement in signal-to-background of one to two orders of magnitude.
MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR PARAMETRIC RECEIVING ARRAYS

Experiments have been conducted on the parametric receiving array using amplitude and phase demodulators for signal processing. Theoretical expressions were derived by finding the sum and difference frequency sideband components using the second-order wave equation originated by Westervelt. The sum and difference frequency components were added to the carrier and then expressed in terms of modulation components of the carrier. Experiments were conducted using a 15 m parametric receiving array operating at 90 kHz. Signal frequencies in the renge from 3 to 6 kHz were used. The hydrophone input signals were bandpass filtrered and then clipped to ensure that no amplitude modulation was left on the signal. A phase detector was used to observe the phase modulation of the signal. Beam patterns measured at the phase detector output were unchanged when either the pump or the hydrophone in the array was misaligned. On the other hand, the amplitude modulation components changed dramatically when the pump or the hydrophone was misaligned. This result agreed well with the theoretical expressions. The theory and the experiment clearly demonstrate that the modulation of a high frequency sound wave by a low frequency sound wave is primarily a phase modulation.