cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mixed-penalty biphasic finite element formulation incorporating viscous fluids and material interfaces.

The fluid viscosity term of the fluid phase constitutive equation and the interface boundary conditions between biphasic, solid and fluid domains have been incorporated into a mixed-penalty finite element formulation of the linear biphasic theory for hydrated soft tissue. The finite element code can now model a single-phase viscous incompressible fluid, or a single-phase elastic solid, as limiting cases of a biphasic material. Interface boundary conditions allow the solution of problems involving combinations of biphasic, fluid and solid regions. To incorporate these conditions, the volume-weighted mixture velocity is introduced as a degree of freedom at interface nodes so that the kinematic continuity conditions are satisfied by conventional finite element assembly techniques. Results comparing our numerical method with an independent, analytic solution for the problem of Couette flow over rigid and deformable porous biphasic layers show that the finite element code accurately predicts the viscous fluid flows and deformation in the porous biphasic region. Thus, the analysis can be used to model the interface between synovial fluid and articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints. This is an important step toward modeling and understanding the mechanisms of joint lubrication and another step toward fully modeling the in vivo behavior of a diarthrodial joint. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Tt, 8380Lz, 8719Rr, 0270Dh, 8710+e
Quantitation of flavor-related alkenylbenzenes in tobacco smoke particulate by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Little is known about the possible health effects associated with inhaling alkenylbenzenes through cigarette smoking, even though these flavor-related compounds have known toxic effects in animals. We developed a rapid and sensitive solid-phase extraction (SPE) method to quantify seven alkenylbenzenes and piperonal in mainstream cigarette smoke particulate. The smoke particulate fraction of a single cigarette was collected on Cambridge filter pads, solvent extracted, concentrated, purified with SPE, and analyzed by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We positively identified and quantified five alkenylbenzenes compounds (eugenol, isoeugenol, methyleugenol myristicin, and elemicin) and piperonal in the smoke particulate from eight U.S. brands with mean levels (measured in triplicate) ranging from 6.6 to 4210 ng per cigarette. Additionally, complete blocking of nearly invisible ventilation holes in the cigarette filter increased 2- to 7-fold the percent transfer of alkenylbenzenes from tobacco to the particulate fraction of mainstream smoke.
Iron absorption by wheat roots as a function of distance from the root tip

The apex of the root has been proposed as the site of maximum nutrient uptake, a view based on the accumulation of some ions in the cells of apical meristem4. In this study, intact roots were grown across a thin agar sheet containing a radioisotope of iron. Uptake was then measured quantitatively by autoradiography of the dried agar once the root had been removed. Uptake patterns were not observed to occur around the roots of plants that had been supplied with sufficient iron. Around the roots of plants showing severe irondeficiency symptoms, patterns consistently showed depletion of iron in the agar starting at 3.5 cm behind the tip and continuing to the point of complete suberization of the endodermis. No uptake was observed around the apical 3.5 cm of the root, although the highest concentrations within the root have centered on the apex.
Self-Assembly of Linear Arrays of Semiconductor Nanoparticles on Carbon Single-Walled Nanotubes†

Ligand-stabilized nanocrystals (NCs) were strongly bound to the nanotube surfaces by simple van der Waals forces. Linear arrays of CdSe and InP quantum dots were formed by self-assembly using the grooves in bundles of carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) as a one-dimensional template. A simple geometrical model explains the ordering in terms of the anisotropic properties of the nanotube surface. CdSe quantum rods were also observed to self-organize onto SWNTs with their long axis parallel to the nanotube axis. This approach offers a route to the formation of ordered NC/SWNT architectures that avoids problems associated with surface derivatization.
Growth, differentiation and ribonucleic acid content of the fetal rat spinal ganglion cells in culture.

Observations were made on 324 cultures of spinal ganglia which were excised from fetal rats between the tenth and eighteenth day of gestation. The cultures were maintained up to 81 days in vitro. As a control sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats from two litters were sacrificed at different ages. RNA content of the cell bodies in both normal and cultured spinal ganglia was determined by the Edstrom method. The volume of the cell bodies was determined by the optical reconstruction method of Micklewright. Spinal ganglion cells in culture develop at a much slower pace than in situ, but show the normal sequential order of cytodifferentiation. A few days after explantation, the cells increase rapidly in size and a large fibrillogenous zone becomes apparent around the centrosome. All of the neurofibrillar network of the cell and the axon seem to derive from this zone. At this stage the Nissl material is found mainly at the periphery of the cell body since the fibrillogenous zone is essentially free from Nissl granules. The initial development of the zone in culture is accompanied by no or a very small increase in the cellular RNA content present at the time of explantation though the cell volume increases greatly. In later stages, the fibrillogenous zone disappears slowly as a separate entity while the Nissl bodies invade the entire soma of the cell. When this is accomplished the neurofibrillar network becomes complex, the Nissl bodies form distinct patterns, the growing fibers start to myelinate. The cells increase only slowly in size. After four to ten weeks in culture the typical spinal ganglion cell is a monopolar neuron which is morphologically advanced to various degrees. However, some less common morphological forms can be seen occasionally in culture as is also the case in normal material. Our cytochemical determinations suggest that a growth-curve relationship exists in normal material between the RNA content of the cell and the age of the animal up to about eighth to eleventh day after birth. The largest increase in RNA content in normal material occurs in the second week after birth when nearly adult values are reached. In culture, a similar relationship exists between the age of the culture and the RNA content of the cells though the data points are scattered considerably. In sharp contrast to the normal material, however, the slope of the growth-curve is very much less steep and no plateau is apparent up to 81 days in vitro. Since the initial increase in cell volume in culture is due to a formation of the fibrillogenous zone and is not accompanied by a proportional increase in RNA it seems likely that the increase in RNA content of the cell during normal development is primarily due to the formation and differentiation of Nissl material.
The elastic sphere under nonsymmetric loading

Existing solutions to boundary value problems arising from an elastic sphere subjected to a body force have been primarily restricted to axisymmetric, conservative loading. In this paper, a method for solving the displacement equations governing the static equilibrium of an elastic sphere subjected to an arbitrary body force and surface displacement is presented. The solutions are obtained in terms of three vector spherical harmonics and expressions for the displacement and stress fields are presented. Additionally, a short discussion indicating extension of these solutions to dynamic problems is included.
Navigating Tensions Between Conceptual and Metaconceptual Goals in the Use of Models

Science education involves learning about phenomena at three levels: concrete (facts and generalizations), conceptual (concepts and theories), and metaconceptual (epistemology) (Snir et al. in J Sci Educ Technol 2(2):373–388, 1993). Models are key components in science, can help build conceptual understanding, and may also build metaconceptual understanding. Technology can transform teaching and learning by turning models into interactive simulations that learners can investigate. This paper identifies four characteristics of models and simulations that support conceptual learning but misconstrue models and science at a metaconceptual level. Ahistorical models combine the characteristics of several historical models; they conveniently compile ideas but misrepresent the history of science (Gilbert in Int J Sci Math Educ 2(2):115–130, 2004). Teleological models explain behavior in terms of a final cause; they can lead to useful heuristics but imply purpose in processes driven by chance and probability (Talanquer in Int J Sci Educ 29(7):853–870, 2007). Epistemological overreach occurs when models or simulations imply greater certainty and knowledge about phenomena than warranted; conceptualizing nature as being well known (e.g., having a mathematical structure) poses the danger of conflating model and reality or data and theory. Finally, models are inevitably ontologically impoverished. Real-world deviations and many variables are left out of models, as models’ role is to simplify. Models and simulations also lose much of the sensory data present in phenomena. Teachers, designers, and professional development designers and facilitators must thus navigate the tension between conceptual and metaconceptual learning when using models and simulations. For each characteristic, examples are provided, along with recommendations for instruction and design. Prompts for explicit reflective activities around models are provided for each characteristic
A study of the crystallization of γ-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate using differential scanning calorimetry

The crystallization ofγ-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate, crystallized over a wide range of temperatures, has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the difference between theAvrami exponents for the low temperature and pre-melt crystallization processes was not as pronounced as it was for the unirradiated polymer. The superposability of the low temperature crystallization isotherms along the log time axis and the inability of the pre-melt isotherms to do this suggest that the crystallization mechanisms are different. The rates of crystallization and the crystallinity are affected by irradiation, the former being first retarded and then speeded-up with dosage increase, whilst the latter is a minimum at 2 mrad. The differing rates and crystallinities are discussed with respect to chain scission and crosslinking. The relationship between the crystalline melting points and the crystallization temperatures for the premelt process is as predicted by theory. The melting points of the low temperature crystallization process are higher than those predicted by theory, annealing or further recrystallization being thought to have occurred.
Mid-trimester abortion with 15 (S) methyl prostaglandin F2α

Abstract A Prostaglandin analog 15 Methyl PG F2α administered intra-muscularly was used to induce mid-trimester abortion in 16 patients. The average dose given was 789 ± 60 ugm, and this resulted in only 9 successful abortions. The incidence of side effects was thought to be prohibitive. PG appears to produce two types of action on the myometrium, a membrane effect, and a more fundamental intracellular regulatory effect.
High throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for mercapturic acids of acrolein and crotonaldehyde in cigarette smokers’ urine

Abstract 3-Hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA) and 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (HMPMA) are urinary metabolites of the toxicants acrolein and crotonaldehyde, respectively. Virtually all human urine samples contain these metabolites, resulting from the action of glutathione-S-transferases on acrolein and crotonaldehyde, which are lipid peroxidation products, environmental and dietary contaminants, and constituents of cigarette smoke. We have developed a high throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of 3-HPMA and HMPMA in large numbers of small urine samples, as would be required in molecular epidemiology and clinical studies relating levels of these metabolites to cancer risk. Solid-phase extraction on mixed mode reverse phase-anion exchange 96-well plates provided sufficient purification for LC–MS/MS analysis, which was performed by auto-injection using a 96-well format, and resulted in clean, readily interpretable chromatograms, with detection limits of 4.5 pmol/mL urine for 3-HPMA and 3.5 pmol/mL urine for HMPMA. Accuracy was 92% for 3-HPMA and 97% for HMPMA while inter-day precision was 9.1% (coefficient of variation) for 3-HPMA and 11.0% for HMPMA. The method was applied to more than 2600 urine samples from smokers; mean levels of 3-HPMA and HMPMA were 4800 ± 5358 (S.D.) pmol/mL and 3302 ± 3341 pmol/mL, respectively.
Performance Measurements and Analysis of M/M/c Queuing Model Based SIP Proxy Servers in Local and Wide Area Networks

In recent years, Internet Protocol (IP) telephony is becoming popular because it offers more flexibility in the implementation of new features and services. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a peer-to-peer, multimedia signaling protocol standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) plays a vital role in providing services to IP telephony. SIP is ASCII-based, resembling HTTP, and reuses existing IP protocols such as Domain Name Service (DNS), Real Time Protocol (RTP), Session Description Protocol (SDP) etc. to provide media setup and teardown. The SIP Proxy Server (SPS) is a software application that provides call routing services for the SIP based IP telephony network. The efficiency of this process can create large scale, highly reliable packet voice networks for service providers and enterprises. We established that the efficient design and implementation of the SPS architecture can enhance the performance characteristics of a SPS significantly. In this paper, we studied the SPS performance that can be characterized by its transaction states of each SIP session of a $M/M/c$ based SIP proxy server performance model in Local and Wide Area Networks.
Next Gen PCFG Password Cracking

Passwords continue to remain an important authentication technique. The probabilistic context-free grammar-based password cracking system of Weir et al. was an important addition to dictionary-based password cracking approaches. In this paper, we show how to substantially improve upon this system by systematically adding keyboard patterns and multiword patterns (two or more words in the alphabetic part of a password) to the context-free grammars used in the probabilistic password cracking. Our results on cracking multiple data sets show that by learning these new classes of patterns, we can achieve up to 22% improvement over the original system. In this paper, we also define metrics to help analyze and improve attack dictionaries. Using our approach to improving the dictionary, we achieve an additional improvement of $\sim 33$ % by increasing the coverage of a standard attack dictionary. Combining both approaches, we can achieve a 55% improvement over the previous system. Our tests were done over fairly long password guessing sessions (up to 85 billion) and thus show the uniform effectiveness of our techniques for long cracking sessions.
Processes and kinetics of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand

The rate of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand was characterized by two reaction steps, with the first step reaching completion in 24 hours. The second step proceeded at a slow and nearly constant rate for at least seven days. The first step includes a fast adsorption reaction which is followed by diffusive transport into either a disordered surface film of hydrated calcium carbonate or into pore spaces. After 24 hours the rate of Cd2+ sorption was constant and controlled by the rate of surface coprecipitation, as a solid solution of CdCO3 in CaCO3 formed in recrystallizing material. Desorption of Cd2+ from the sand was slow. Clean grains of primary minerals, e.g. quartz and aluminosilicates. sorbed much less Cd2+ than grains which had surface patches of secondary minerals, e.g. carbonates, iron and manganese oxides. Calcite grains sorbed the greatest amount of Cd2+ on a weight-normalized basis despite the greater abundance of quartz. A method is illustrated for determining empirical binding constants for trace metals at in situ pH values without introducing the experimental problem of supersaturation. The binding constants are useful for solute transport models which include a computation of aqueous speciation.
Boards of directors and the checks and (Im)balances of corporate governance

Idalene F. Kesner is assistant professor of business administration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dan R. Dalton is associate professor of business administration at Indiana University. Their "Antitakeover Tactics: Managernent 42, Stockholders 0' appeared in Business Horizons in September-October 1985. This study was funded in part by the Business Foundation of North Carolina, Inc. What would happen if the President of the U.S. were also Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? And half the remaining justices were members of the President's staff? Our system of checks and balances would obviously be dealt a death blow. But isn't an analogous, unsettling scenario being played out in some public corporations?
What do U.S. students know about climate change

Ask introductory-level undergraduate students about climate change science, and you are likely to get some eyebrow-raising responses. For example, you may hear, “The greenhouse effect is caused by the hole in the ozone layer, which allows in more sunlight,” “The melting of floating sea ice will result in catastrophic flooding of our coastal areas,” or “Humans are not the main cause of climate change.” While students are clearly concerned about climate change (83% of students polled by Theissen [2008] were), recent work suggests that many have significant misconceptions about the fundamental science behind it. Considering the urgent nature of the issue and the important role that students will play as informed citizens and decision makers, geoscientists and educators may want to consider using strategies that better ensure students' climate literacy.
Interaction antigens detected by cytotoxic t cells with the major histocompatibility complex as modifier.

THE most exciting aspect of immunology at the moment is the way in which the major histocompatibility complex regulates certain functions of the immune system. Understanding the basis of this will revolutionise our thinking about T cell responsiveness and perhaps explain the puzzling degree of genetic polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex. Most rewarding also will be the clinical applications, since susceptibility to many diseases is linked to HL-A (refs 1 and 2). Genes which control the response of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes to certain antigens map in the major histocompatibility complex1; 1–10% of T lymphocytes respond in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture, or graft-versus-host reaction, against non-self major histocompatibility antigens3–5; cytotoxic T cells derived from mixed lymphocyte cultures seem to be directed against the classical serologically defined antigens coded in this region6,7. The work described here derives from another recently reported link between murine T cell function and the major histocompatibility complex. It has now been demonstrated that T-cell mediated lysis of virus infected target cells is restricted by H-2 (refs 8–10). Lysis of TNP modified targets is similarly restricted in another system11. I have now shown that cytotoxic T cells derived from mice immunised with cells from an allogeneic strain which carries the same H-2 region will lyse only targets which share the same H-2 as the immunising strain.
The Preschool Assessment of Attachment: construct validity in a sample of depressed and nondepressed families.

Construct validity of the newly developed Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) was examined in a sample of depressed and nondepressed mothers and their preschoolers, focusing on attachment related differences in children's general caregiving environments, maternal psychosocial functioning, and child behavior during interactions with mother. Mothers of secure children were more emotionally and verbally responsive to their children than were mothers of insecure children, and secure children were emotionally more positive to their mothers than were insecure children. Mothers of secure children also reported higher levels of social supports than did mothers of insecure children. Finally, dyads with children who lacked unitary, coherent attachment strategies (i.e., anxious depressed, defended/coercive, and insecure other) showed the worst functioning in all domains relative to all other attachment groups. Similar but slightly less robust findings were obtained with socioeconomic variables statistically controlled. These results lend support to the PAA as a valid system for the conceptualization and measurement of quality of attachment among preschoolers. Future research applications with the PAA are discussed.
Nondestructive readout and transient erasure of photon-gated hole-burning holograms

Summary form only given. We present results on organic hole-burning material that we apply for recording of image holograms with picosecond pulses. We show that such holographic images can be read out repeatedly and with high doses of illumination. Furthermore, it is possible to use an intense readout laser beam to saturate the absorption of the material at the resonance frequency where the hologram is recorded, without actually destroying the stored information.
Moisture Sorption Kinetics for Water-Soluble Substances IV: Studies with Mixtures of Solids

This paper extends earlier work from this laboratory concerning the sorption kinetics of water vapor on deliquescent water-soluble substances to mixtures of these solids. A theoretical model, based on heat transport control, excellently predicted a priori the rate of water uptake by a variety of binary mixtures of alkali halides and sugars. The rates for mixtures containing highly water-soluble quatemary ammonium salts, as either one or both of the components, were less successfully predicted as the combined water solubilities of the two components increased. It is concluded that water-soluble deliquescent substances, normally encountered in pharmaceutical dosage forms, rapidly form saturated aqueous solutions in the aqueous film formed as water vapor uptake proceeds, and that the water uptake rate can be predicted a priori from known and experimentally determinable parameters using the heat transport model.
Results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left main coronary artery

Abstract Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) carries relatively high rates of immediate and long-term morbidity and mortality. 1 Patients with LMCA stenosis can be divided into 2 groups: protected (defined as the existence of at least 1 patent bypass graft to the left anterior descending or circumflex artery), and unprotected. A recent report by an American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force regards PTCA of unprotected LMCA absolutely contraindicated. 2 Yet, for critically ill patients whose operative risk is prohibitive, PTCA of unprotected LMCA may be a "last resort" option. We report our immediate and long-term follow-up results.
What has globalization done to developing countries' public libraries?

The goal of this article is to highlight the major trends in the establishment of public libraries in developing countries under conditions of globalization. Based on a review of research from libr...
Problems and Proposals for Interview Data in Epidemiological Research

We assessed the reliability of epidemiological data obtained by interview of 120 patients in a case-control study. The collected data, which were obtained by interview on two separate occasions, included such clinical and pharmaceutical features as history of lactation, hysterectomy, diabetes, type of menopause, and whether a woman had ever used exogenous oestrogens. Although we found generally high rates of agreement between interviews, errors in collecting and classifying data did occur, and were especially common for complicated clinical events, such as whether an oophorectomy accompanied the surgical removal of the uterus. Patients were also likely to disagree with previous responses when asked to recall a drug exposure occurring many years before. We identified seven sources of this variability, five in collecting the data, and two in coding. As a result of these findings, strategies are proposed for improving the quality of interview data obtained in epidemiological research.
Novel genetic mutations in a sporadic port-wine stain.

IMPORTANCE Port-wine stains (PWSs) are common congenital cutaneous capillary malformations. A somatic GNAQ mutation was recently identified in patients with sporadic PWSs and Sturge-Weber syndrome. However, subsequent studies to confirm or extend this observation are lacking. OBSERVATIONS We report a long-standing, unilateral facial PWS of a man in his early 70s confirmed by histopathological analysis. Staged surgical excision of the vascular malformation was performed, and genomic DNA was extracted from the vascular malformation specimen and normal skin. Targeted next-generation sequencing of the coding sequence of 275 known cancer genes including GNAQ was performed in both specimens. A single-nucleotide variant (c.548G>A, p.Arg183Gln) in GNAQ was identified in the PWS-affected tissue but not in the normal skin sample. In addition, this sequencing approach uncovered several additional novel somatic mutations in the genes SMARCA4, EPHA3, MYB, PDGFR-β, and PIK3CA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings confirm the presence of somatic mutations in GNAQ in the affected skin of a patient with congenital PWS, as well as alterations in several other novel genes of possible importance in the pathogenesis of PWS that may also offer substantial therapeutic targets.
Performance comparisons of MIMO techniques with application to WCDMA systems

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication techniques have received great attention and gained significant development in recent years. In this paper, we analyze and compare the performances of different MIMO techniques. In particular, we compare the performance of three MIMO methods, namely, BLAST, STBC, and linear precoding/decoding. We provide both an analytical performance analysis in terms of the average receiver SNR and simulation results in terms of the BER. Moreover, the applications of MIMO techniques in WCDMA systems are also considered in this study. Specifically, a subspace tracking algorithm and a quantized feedback scheme are introduced into the system to simplify implementation of the beamforming scheme. It is seen that the BLAST scheme can achieve the best performance in the high data rate transmission scenario; the beamforming scheme has better performance than the STBC strategies in the diversity transmission scenario; and the beamforming scheme can be effectively realized in WCDMA systems employing the subspace tracking and the quantized feedback approach.
Problems in the Design of Cryogenic Target Facilities for Electron Scattering Experiments

This paper describes a proposed target facility for use in a program of electron scattering experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory electron linear accelerator on inelastic electron scattering experiments on low atomic number elements as H1, H2, H3, He3 and He4, all of which in the liquid or solid state provide compact, high density, well localized, targets of pure elements. Problems discussed are: (a) electron energy dissipation in cryogenic targets by continuous electron beams of 5-60 MeV energy, (b) target design dimensions such as target diameter to beam diameter ratios, permitting maximum incident beam current, (c) treatment of pulsed electron beams using "instantaneous line source theory" in estimation of maximum permissible current densities, (d) vapor production and mechanical shock in targets based in part on bubble chamber theory, and (e) thermal radiation into the target shields from the scattering chamber wall.
Fine structure of extracellular polysaccharide of Erwinia amylovora.

Virulent E(9) and avirulent E(8) strains of Erwinia amylovora were shown by means of light, transmission, and scanning microscopy to be, respectively, encapsulated and unencapsulated. Difficulty was encountered in stabilizing the fibrillar-appearing capsular extracellular polysaccharide. We suggest that the ephemeral nature of extracellular polysaccharide is due to the collapse of its extended structure upon dehydration. This occurs when bacteria are prepared for either transmission or scanning electron microscopy. The electron micrographs support our previous biochemical and immunological studies contending that the capsule is composed of tightly bound and loosely held components. The preparation of bacteria in freeze-dried colonies has permitted us to observe and explain the fluidity of the encapsulated strain. We suggest that this fluidity is a reflection of the loosely held extracellular polysaccharide or slime.
Functional Analysis of Regulatory Elements in the Gene Promoter for an Abscission-Specific Cellulase from Bean and Isolation, Expression, and Binding Affinity of Three TGA-Type Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify cis-acting elements that control hormonal and abscission-specific expression of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) abscission cellulase (BAC) promoter. Auxin inhibition of BAC promoter expression is at least in part controlled by a negatively regulated element and ethylene induction by a positively regulated element. One of a series of 15 different 10-bp mutations created in a 2.9-kb BAC promoter reduced reporter gene expression by 60%. The native sequence for this 10-bp mutation includes a TGA-type basic leucine zipper (bZIP) motif. Tandem ligation of three 18-bp BAC elements (Z-BAC), which includes the bZIP motif to a minimal −50 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, enhanced expression in abscission zones (AZs) 13-fold over that of the minimal promoter alone. The native forward orientation of the Z-BAC elements was essential for high expression levels. Expression of the Z-BAC minimal construct was 3-fold greater in AZ than stems when compared with the expression levels of an internal control with an enhanced 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify three TGA-type bZIP transcription factors in an AZ cDNA library. One of these factors was of the class I type and two of the class II type. RNA-blot analysis was completed for these genes and electrophoretic mobility shift assays used to confirm their binding to the Z-BAC element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay-binding affinity was greatest for the class I TGA-type bZIP factor. The results indicate a complex interaction of negative and positive regulating transcription factors that control BAC gene expression.
APIC guidelines for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings

The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. (APIC) Board of Directors and Guidelines Committee are pleased to present the ‘‘APIC’’ Guideline for Hand Washing and Hand Antisepsis in Health Care Settings.’’ Elaine Larson, RN, PhD, FAAN, CIC, was selected to revise the previously published ‘‘APIC Guideline for Use of Topical Antimicrobial Agents’’ because of her recognized expertise in infection control and extensive research in hand washing and hand disinfection. Initial drafts received review by the APIC Guidelines Committee, key individuals, and professional organizations before publication of the Draft in the October 1994 issue of the Journal, soliciting further comment. All written comments were reviewed by the APIC Guidelines Committee and revisions were made. The Guideline was finalized by the Committee in February 1995 and approved by the APIC Board of Directors in March 1995. The APIC Board of Directors and the APIC Guidelines Committee express our sincere gratitude to the author and to all who provided assistance in the guideline development and review process.
LSM Protective Coatings on Stainless Steel as Interconnects for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

One of the major barriers to the adoption of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is the short lifetime of the fuel cell stacks. A stack consists of a number of cells in series separated by an interconnect. Due to the high temperatures necessary for SOFCs, typical commercial interconnects are ceramic. Great attention has been paid to decreasing the operating temperature of SOFCs in order to extend the life and decrease the cost of the stack. As operating temperatures decrease below 1000°C, alternative interconnect materials become viable. Stainless steel interconnects are more cost effective than ceramic interconnects but the high temperatures and the oxidizing environment of the cathode leads to the formation of a chromium oxide scale that increases the stack resistance. Chromium from the stainless steel can also enter the vapor phase and redeposit on the cathode thereby blocking the electrochemically active sites. One method to neutralize these effects is to coat the metallic interconnect in a ceramic such as La.8Sr.2MnO3 (LSM). The coating acts as a diffusion barrier both against chromium diffusing into the cathode and oxygen diffusing into the interconnect. In this study LSM has been deposited using plasma spray and tested in a dual atmosphere setup using impedance spectroscopy to analyze the performance of the coatings at various temperatures. The area specific resistance and chemical composition of the scale was examined in order to determine the affect of the LSM coating.
Chitosan Biopolymer-Silica Hybrid Aerogels

Aerogels containing biopolymers or bioderived polymers and silica are discussed. The preparation and characterization of chitosan-silica aerogels, both with and without metal ions, are presented. Reactions of these materials to form modified aerogels and new hybrid phases also are described.
Analysis of the saturation properties of polysilicon emitter transistor for the BiCMOS VLSI design

The saturation behavior of the polysilicon emitter transistor has been studied through the analysis of a single most fundamental parameter, the saturation time constant, and correlated with the physical structure. It is shown that the current transport in the polysilicon emitter transistor is significantly affected by the polysilicon-monosilicon interface of the emitter and n-n/sup +/ interface of the collector region in comparison to the conventional transistor structure. The effect of the polysilicon-monosilicon interface becomes crucial for the transistor behavior at shallower emitter junction depths. The interface leads to a significant amount of charge storage in the emitter region and is apart from charge storage in the collector region bounded by n-n/sup +/ interface recombination velocity. It is noted that the increase in saturation time constant due to charge storage in the emitter and collector region should be taken into consideration in the design of BiCMOS VLSI circuits. >
Sample-path solution of stochastic variational inequalities, with applications to option pricing

This paper shows how to apply a variant of sample path optimization to solve stochastic variational in equalities, including as a special case finding a zero of a gradient. We give a new set of sufficient conditions for almost-sure convergence of the method, and exhibit bounds on the error of the resulting approximate solution. We also illustrate the application of this method by using it to price an American call option on a dividend-paying stock.
Microbial Population Changes and Fermentation Characteristics of Ensiled Bovine Manure-Blended Rations

Abstract Manure from beef steers confined on concrete was blended with a basal ration at 20, 40, and 60% and ensiled at 25C. The moisture content of the rations increased with manure added. The rations with higher moisture developed a lower pH and higher lactic acid during the 10-day ensiling. Coliform bacteria were not detected in rations with 40% and 60% manure after 5 days ensiling and after 10 days in the 20% manure-blended ration. Coliform count of the basal ration (no manure) remained constant at about 10 4 /g. When pH dropped to 4.4 to 4.7, coliforms died in all manure-blended rations. Salmonellae were isolated twice from 66 samples of the manure-blended rations and ration constituents (basal ration and manure) prior to ensiling. Salmonellae were not recovered from the salmonellae positive manure-blended rations after 3-days ensiling. The total bacterial count, numbers of acid-producing bacteria, and numbers of yeasts and molds decreased in the manure-blended rations after 10 days ensiling. Sporeform-ing bacteria survived but did not proliferate in the ensiled rations. The predominant acid-producing bacterium in the manure-blended rations prior to ensiling was Streptococcus faecalis . After 10 days ensiling Lactobacillus plantarum was the predominant type.
Mechanisms of impaired acute insulin release in adult onset diabetes: studies with isoproterenol and secretin.

Previous work has suggested that impaired islet glucose recognition occurs in patients with adult onset diabetes, as acute insulin release is absent after iv glucose but present after β adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol (Iso). However, insulin responses to Iso were variably reduced as compared to normal in the diabetics. In order to evaluate the importance of the so dose, dose-response studies were performed in 9 iabetics (fasting plasma glucose >150 mg/dl) and 10 age-matched controls. In both control subjects and diabetics, 0.5 fig Iso produced no insulin response; 2 fig Iso produced an intermediate response; and 8 and 12 jug Iso produced a higher response. The insulin responses to the larger doses of Iso were lower in diabetics than control subjects (8 µg, 20 ± 5 vs. 39 ± 6 (P 2 SD below the control mean, while others had responses that spanned the entire range of nor...
Implementing latency-insensitive dataflow blocks

To simplify the implementation of dataflow systems in hardware, we present a technique for designing latency- insensitive dataflow blocks. We provide buffering with backpressure, resulting in blocks that compose into deep, high-speed pipelines without introducing long combinational paths. Our input and output buffers are easy to assemble into simple unit- rate dataflow blocks, arbiters, and blocks for Kahn networks. We prove the correctness of our buffers, illustrate how they can be used to assemble arbitrary dataflow blocks, discuss pitfalls, and present experimental results that suggest our pipelines can operate at a high clock rate independent of length.
Emergency Redesign of Silver Jack Spillway

A massive landslide destroyed the nearly completed spillway stilling basin at Silver Jack Dam in Colorado. Geologic conditions at the site, the extent of the slide, subsequent damage, and the emergency redesign of the spillway are described. Also described are the hydraulic model studies performed to assure satisfactory flow conditions and with unsymmetrical approach flow resulting from a circular curve in the approach conduit. A deflector vane was installed in the crown of the tunnel downstream from the curve to prevent the flow crossing over the top and sealing the portal. Vanes were developed for the stilling basin approach chute to improve flow distribution in the basin. Unique baffle blocks were developed to provide good energy distribution in a basin that had insufficient tailwater depth to form a conventional hydraulic jump. Pressure measurements were made on the conduit bend, conduit vane, chute vanes, and baffle blocks.
De Dame Folie à Madame Sapience: Stratégies rhétoriques de la satire «morosophique» de l'Éloge de la folie au Moyen de parvenir

Critics have long considered Rabelais as the “last of the French Erasmians”. However, a rereading of Francois Beroalde de Verville9s Moyen de parvenir (1614–1617) brings to light numerous rhetorical strategies reminiscent of the discourse of morosophy, or foolish-wisdom used by the character of Folly in Erasmus9 Encomium Moriae . The identification of these rhetorical devices enable us to retrace the profound and complex influence of the Rotterdam humanist9s writings in France at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Resuscitating the exercise stress test.

By incorporating additional data, clinicians can transform the exercise stress test from a poor diagnostic test to a good prognostic one. These additional data include indices of how the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure respond to exercise. Computerized measures of electrocardiographic ST-segment changes that adjust for heart rate also show promise.
The IPS Learning Community: A Longitudinal Study of Sustainment, Quality, and Outcome.

Objective:Implementations of evidence-based mental health practices often disappear quickly, and few studies have examined sustainment. Since 2001, the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) learning community has promoted dissemination, implementation, sustainment, and expansion of IPS by using multiple strategies: online training, in-person training and technical assistance, technical assistance teleconferences, annual meetings, stakeholder conference calls, fidelity assessments, and transparency of outcomes. This study examined sustainment of IPS over a two-year period among programs in the learning community in the United States.Methods:The authors interviewed IPS team leaders in 129 programs actively participating in the learning community in 2012 and 2014. The structured interview addressed questions about program status, funding, and quality improvement activities. Simultaneously, the learning community tracked program-level data on IPS fidelity and employment rates. The study examined two-year pro...
Peroral Infection with Group B Coxsackievirus in the Newborn Mouse: A Model for Human Neonatal Infection

coxsackievirus (B5) was compared with susceptibility to parenteral infection with this agent. The occurrence, replication, and persistence of virus in various tissues following such infections were also determined. Values for 50% lethal and 50% infectious doses were similar for the two routes of infection. Titer and persistence of virus and pathologic findings were also generally similar. These data indicate that the gut of the newborn mouse does not provide an effective barrier against peroral infection with coxsackievirus B. The newborn mouse perorally infected with group B coxsackievirus appears to provide an excellent model for infection with these agents in the newborn human.
Characterization of Pine Pellet and Peanut Hull Pyrolysis Bio-oils by Negative-Ion Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

Pyrolysis of solid biomass, in this case pine pellets and peanut hulls, generates a hydrocarbon-rich liquid product (bio-oil) consisting of oily and aqueous phases. Here, each phase is characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) to yield unique elemental compositions for thousands of compounds. Bio-oils are dominated by Ox species: few oxygens per molecule for the oily phase and many more oxygens per molecules for the aqueous phase. Thus, the increased oxygen content per molecule accounts for its water solubility. Peanut hull bio-oil is much more compositionally complex and contains more nitrogen-containing compounds than pine pellet bio-oil. Bulk C, H, N, O, and S measurements confirm the increased levels of nitrogen-containing species identified in the peanut hull pyrolysis oil by FT-ICR MS. The ability of FT-ICR MS to identify and assign unique elemental compositions to compositionally complex bio-oils based on ultrah...
Antibody Response Against Newcastle Disease in Commercial Broilers Fed Different Dietary Protein Levels

A factorial experiment was conducted with two levels of dietary protein (17.5 and 26%) and three vaccination regimens (inactivated oil-emulsion, live LaSota strain, and unvaccinated) against Newcastle disease at 10 days of age. There were two trials with 3 pens of 15 male broiler chicks each per cell. Birds fed the high protein diet grew significantly better (P less than .05) in the second trial (1731 g at 6 weeks vs. 1622 g) but not in the first (1304 vs. 1244 g); no growth differences were noted due to vaccine. At 3 weeks of age, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers from the live vaccine were significantly (P less than .01) higher than from the inactivated vaccine. At 3 weeks of age, antibody titers from the inactivated vaccine were elevated (P less than .05) in birds fed the low protein diet in the second trial. At 6 weeks of age, antibody titers were affected by vaccine (P less than .05) but not by dietary protein. Antibody titer levels were higher from the inactivated vaccine than from the live vaccine in the first trial; these results were reversed in the second trial. Postchallenge results with the Texas GB strain of Newcastle did not reveal any significant differences due to dietary protein content, trial, or type of vaccine.
The Role of Religion in International Terrorism

L'A. montre que la religion n'est pas en soi une cause de terrorisme, mais qu'elle est utilisee comme une ideologie, a l'instar du communisme ou du nationalisme, pour justifier et rationaliser des comportements supposes apporter des reponses a des problemes d'ordre politique. Ainsi, la religion peut etre instrumentalisee pour mobiliser des populations et polariser l'action vers la violence politique