cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote: Security Engineering: Developments and Directions

Security Engineering is a critical component of systems engineering. When complex and large systems are put together, one needs to ensure that the systems are secure. Security engineering methodologies include gathering the security requirements, specifying the security policies, designing the security model, identifying the security critical components of the system design, security verification and validation and security testing. Before installation, one needs to develop a concept of operation (CONOPS) as well as carry out certification and accreditation. Much of the previous work in security engineering has focused on end to end security. That is, the organization needs to ensure that the applications, database systems, operating systems and networks have to be secure. In addition, one needs to ensure security when the subsystems are composed to form a larger system. More recently with open systems and the Web, secure system development is taking a whole new direction. The Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense in the United States (Information and Identity Assurance) has stated that "the Department of Defense's (DoD) policy, planning, and war fighting capabilities are heavily dependent on the information technology foundation provided by the Global Information Grid (GIG). However, the GIG was built for business efficiency instead of mission assurance against sophisticated adversaries who have demonstrated intent and proven their ability to use cyberspace as a tool for espionage and criminal theft of data. GIG mission assurance works to ensure the DoD is able to accomplish its critical missions when networks, services, or information are unavailable, degraded, or distrusted." To meet the needs of mission assurance challenges, President's (George W. Bush) cyber plan (CNCI) has listed the area of developing multipronged approaches to supply chain risk management as one of the priorities. CNCI states that the reality of global supply chains presents - significant challenges in thwarting counterfeit, or maliciously designed hardware and software products. To overcome such challenges and support successful mission assurance we need to design flexible and secure systems whose components may be untrusted or faulty. We need to achieve the secure operation of mission critical systems constructed from untrusted, semitrusted and fully trusted components for successful mission assurance. This keynote address will discuss the developments in security engineering from requirements, to policy to model to design to verification to testing as well as developing CONOPS and conducting certification and accreditation. System evaluation, usability and metrics related issues will also be discussed. Finally we will discuss the changes that have to be made to security engineering to support the next generation of secure systems for mission critical applications.
Cell fate specification in the inner ear

From its origin as a single ectodermal patch, the inner ear becomes a labyrinth of chambers housing six to eight sensory organs. Along the way, specific cell fates are realized. The secrets underlying these cell fate specifications are beginning to be revealed through the application of several molecular-genetic approaches. Recent papers describing such approaches have included gene expression studies in the early otic epithelium and inner ear sensory epithelia. large-scale screens of zebrafish mutants to identify ear defects, and targeted gene perturbations of neurotrophins. of their receptors or of the Brn-3.1 transcription factor in mice.
Bonded Hydrogen in Silicon Oxide Thin Films Deposited By Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

We have deposited a range of silicon oxides by the Remote Plasma Enhanced CVD method. By varying gas mixtures and/or substrate temperature, it is possible to deposit films that are essentially stoichiometric SiO_, Si-deficient oxides which have OH groups but no SiH and Si-rich oxides which have SiH groups and no OH. This paper addresses three issues : (1) the nature of the infrared vibrations associated with the SiH and SiOH groups; (2) the use of D for H substitutions to study the vibrations in (1); and (3) the chemical origin of the SiOH group in the Si-deficient films.
A bacterium that inhibits the growth of Pfiesteria piscicida and other dinoflagellates

Toxic dinoflagellate blooms have increased in estuaries of the east coast of the United States in recent years, and the discovery of Pfiesteria piscicida has brought renewed attention to the problem of harmful algal blooms (HAB) in general. Many bacteria and viruses have been isolated that have algicidal or algistatic effects on phytoplankton, including HAB species. Twenty-two bacterial isolates from the Delaware Inland Bays were screened for algicidal activity. One isolate (Shewanella IRI-160) had a growth-inhibiting effect on all three dinoflagellate species tested, including P. piscicida (potentially toxic zoospores), Prorocentrum minimum, and Gyrodinium uncatenum. This bacterium did not have a negative effect on the growth of any of the other four common estuarine non-dinoflagellate species tested, and in fact had a slight stimulatory effect on a diatom, a prasinophyte, a cryptophyte, and a raphidophyte. Shewanella IRI-160 is the first non-microzooplankton example of a microbe with the ability to control and inhibit the growth of P. piscicida, suggesting that bacteria in the natural environment could play a role in controlling the growth and abundance of P. piscicida and other dinoflagellates. Such bacteria could also potentially be used as management tools to prevent the proliferation of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in estuaries and coastal waters.
When Can Politicians Scare Citizens Into Supporting Bad Policies

Many people claim that politicians use fear to manipulate citizens. Using a model, we examine how select attributes of fear affect a politician's ability to scare citizens into supporting policies that they would otherwise reject. In the model, the politician can alert citizens to the presence of a threat. But his claim need not be true. How citizens respond to this claim differs from most game-theoretic models. Our representation of this response follows from research in psychology, has distinct conscious and subconscious components, and does not presume efficient processing (i.e., Bayesian updating). Our conclusions counter popular claims about when politicians will use fear to manipulate citizens. They also highlight issues (abstract, distant) and leaders (secretive) for which recent empirical findings about how fear affects politics will—and will not—generalize to other cases.
Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of University Students

P p .86 multivariate analysis, a report of a new sex partner during the prior 0–4 (hazards ratio [HR], 2.0 [95% CI, 1.3– 3.0]) and 5–8 (HR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.2–2.7]) months and a history of smoking (HR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1–2.4]) were associated with an elevated risk of HPV acquisition. Conclusion. Genital HPV infection is common and multifocal in young men, and its incidence is higher than that reported for similar cohorts of young women. The high rates of HPV infection in men should be considered when strategies for the prevention of HPV infection in female adolescents and young women are being developed.
Effect of hydrolytic enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on gonadotropin receptors in bovine corpus luteum cell membranes

Preincubation of membranes with various concentrations of pronase, trypsin, lipase, phospholipase A from Vipera russelli and from Crotalus durissus terrificus, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus and from Clostridium welchii, acetic anhydride, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and tetranitromethane resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of 125I-labeled human choriogonadotropin binding. At the submaximal concentrations of enzymes and at both submaximal and maximal concentrations of protein-modifying reagents, the losses were always greater with 125I-labeled human choriogonadotropin than with 125I-labeled human lutropin. The inhibition of binding was a consequence of changes in the membranes rather than changes in the hormone caused by the agents being carried over to the final incubation. Inhibition of binding was non-competitive and irreversible. In untreated membranes, the 125I-labeled human choriogonadotropin binding was homogenous (Kd = 1.7 · 10−10 M; N = 60 fmol/mg protein). Treatment of membranes with various enzymes and protein-modifying reagents except tetranitromethane resulted in heterogeneous binding. The number of available high affinity receptors was greatly reduced in every case. However, the affinity of these sites were either unchangedd (trypsin, lipase, phospholipase A from V. russelli, dinitrofluorobenzene and the tetranitromethane) or decreased (pronase and acetic anhydride). the newly appeared second receptor site had a Kd which varied from 3.2 · 10−10 to 7.1 · 10−9d M depending on the agent used, and the receptor numbers were low in all cases except acetic anhydride. Receptor occupancy conferred the receptors with marked protection against various hydrolytic enzymes, dinitrofluorobenzene and tetranitromethane. These data suggest the inhibition of binding by the above agents was primarily a consequence of changes in the receptor molecules themselves.
TLR4 activation induces IL-1β release via an IPAF dependent but caspase 1/11/8 independent pathway in the lung

The IL-1 family of cytokines is known to play an important role in inflammation therefore understanding the mechanism by which they are produced is paramount. Despite the recent plethora of publications dedicated to the study of these cytokines, the mechanism by which they are produced in the airway following endotoxin, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), exposure is currently unclear. The aim was to determine the mechanism by which the IL-1 cytokines are produced after LPS inhaled challenge. Mice were challenged with aerosolised LPS, and lung tissue and bronchiolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected. Targets were measured at the mRNA and protein level; caspase activity was determined using specific assays. BALF IL-1b/IL-18, but not IL-1a, was dependent on Ice Protease-Activating Factor (IPAF), and to a lesser extent Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). Interestingly, although we measured an increase in mRNA expression for caspase 1 and 11, we could not detect an increase in lung enzyme activity or a role for them in IL-1a/b production. Further investigations showed that whilst we could detect an increase in caspase 8 activity at later points in the time course (during resolution of inflammation), it appeared to play no role in the production of IL-1 cytokines in this model system. TLR4 activation increases levels of BALF IL-1b/IL-18 via an IPAF dependent and caspase 1/11/8 independent pathway. Furthermore, it would appear that the presence of IL-1a in the BALF is independent of these pathways. This novel data sheds light on innate signalling pathways in the lung that control the production of these key inflammatory cytokines.
Red Mountain Unit, Piceance Basin, Colorado: Field Laboratory for Research and Development in Coal Bed Methane Production: ABSTRACT

The coal bed methane resource of the Piceance basin has been estimated to exceed 60 tcf. Two wells have been drilled in Red Mountain unit, Mesa County, Colorado, to develop and improve the technology required to produce gas from deeply buried coal seams via vertical wells. The objective at Red Mountain is the Cameo coal member, Williams Fork Formation, Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, at depths of about 5,500 ft. The 1 Deep Seam was drilled with the objective of coring and evaluating reservoir properties of both the coal and bounding sandstones. A continuous section of more than 200 ft of 3-in. core was recovered. Pressure transient tests were conducted in the 20-ft thick coal seam and in the overlying sandstone unit. The 2 Deep Seam was drilled underbalanced with an air foam mixture, resulting in minimal formation damage and excellent recovery of coal cuttings. Extensive reservoir and production testing has been performed for the purpose of designing artificial stimulation procedures. Subsequent drilling and production testing at Red Mountain may require five additional years and may include as many as 20 additional wells. End_of_Article - Last_Page 317------------
Jigs and Lures: Associating Web Queries with Structured Entities

We propose methods for estimating the probability that an entity from an entity database is associated with a web search query. Association is modeled using a query entity click graph, blending general query click logs with vertical query click logs. Smoothing techniques are proposed to address the inherent data sparsity in such graphs, including interpolation using a query synonymy model. A large-scale empirical analysis of the smoothing techniques, over a 2-year click graph collected from a commercial search engine, shows significant reductions in modeling error. The association models are then applied to the task of recommending products to web queries, by annotating queries with products from a large catalog and then mining query-product associations through web search session analysis. Experimental analysis shows that our smoothing techniques improve coverage while keeping precision stable, and overall, that our top-performing model affects 9% of general web queries with 94% precision.
HUGO: the Hawaii Undersea Geo-Observatory

The Hawaii Undersea Geo-Observatory, HUGO, was installed with the intent of supplying infrastructure for researchers interested in studies of undersea volcanism and associated phenomena at Loihi, the newest volcano of the Hawaiian chain. Much like an astronomical observatory, HUGO is a facility where scientists can perform experiments while sharing resources with others. The main components of HUGO are the shore station, supplying power to the observatory and recording data; the main cable-an electro-optical cable connecting the shore station to the summit of Loihi; the Junction box-the power distribution and data collection center on Loihi; multiplexing (mux) nodes-secondary distribution points; and experiments supplied by scientists. HUGO can potentially supply electrical power, command capability and real-time data service to more than 100 instruments connected and removed on the ocean floor by submersible or ROV. HUGO was installed on October 11, 1997, but the main cable developed an electrical short circuit to sea water on April 26, 1998, and a new cable must be obtained and installed before routine operations can continue. Despite the failure, several important tasks have been accomplished, including: 1) the successful small-ship lay of the 47-km electro-optical cable from the Island of Hawaii to the summit of Loihi submarine volcano; 2) installation and servicing of the Junction box; 3) successful operation of electro-optical connectors on the ocean floor by submersible; 4) installation and removal of experiments on the ocean floor; 5) transmission of power and commands from shore to experiments installed at HUGO; 6) transmission of high-rate, high-fidelity data from the summit of Loihi to shore in real time; and 7) recording of volcanic, earthquake, biological, ocean wave and ship noises for a period of three months. This paper provides a general description of the HUGO system and its history of operation.
Dyslexia and Visual Spatial Talents: Are they Connected?

Although it has been claimed that with dyslexia comes visual-spatial gifts, the evidence relevant to this claim is mixed. Whereas individuals with visual-spatial gifts have a disproportionate incidence of reading deficits, including dyslexia, individuals with dyslexia do not consistently show superior visual-spatial abilities. Depending on the task and the study, individuals with reading disorders have been shown to perform at below average, average, and superior levels. The inconsistency in findings is likely due to the use of very different measures of visual-spatial ability. Recent studies from our lab suggest that when global (holistic) visual-spatial tasks are used, individuals with dyslexia excel. Future research is called for to test the hypothesis that dyslexia is associated with talent in global visual-spatial ability.
The niobium (columbium)-platinum constitution diagram

The Nb-Pt system was investigated over the entire composition range by metallography and X-ray diffraction analysis. The solubility limits of terminal and intermediate phases and solidus temperatures were determined. α-Nb dissolves ≈12 at. pct Pt at 2040 °C and ≈5 at. pct Pt at 1150 °C; α-Pt dissolves ≈20 at. pct Nb at 2000 °C and ≈ 18 at. pct Nb at temperatures below 1700 °C. The presence of six intermediate phases, Nb3Pt (Cr3O, A15 or β-W type), σ(≈Nb2Pt, β-U type), Nb1−xPt1+x (AuCd type), α′-Pt (undetermined structure), NbPt2 (MoPt2 type), α-NbPt3 (TiCu3 type), and β-NbPt3 (β-NbPt3 type) was confirmed. The phase NbPt3 melts congruently at ≈2040 °C, and σ forms peritectically at ≈1800 °C. By analogy with related systems, the high-temperature phase α′-Pt is probably an extension of and isomorphous with α-Pt solid solution. Eight three-phase reactions are described, the mean atomic volumes are given, and crystal chemical relationships among the six homologous T5-T10 systems (T5 = V, Nb, Ta; T6 = Pd, Pt) are discussed.
Legal Regulation of the Changing Contract of Employment

This article was the Keynote Speech in the JLPP Symposium on Change at Work: Implications for Labor Law. The author describes the change from long-term employment relationships to episodic relationships in which employees move around and manage their own careers in a boundaryless workplace. She argues that our existing labor and employment laws are based on the model of long-term attachment between employees and firm, so that many of the institutions and laws that govern the employment relationship no longer fit the reality of the workplace. In particular, she claims that we need to rethink the law of employment discrimination, collective representation, employee benefits, post-employment restraints, and the ownership of human capital.
Near-infrared Ge Photodetectors Fabricated on Si Substrates with CMOS Technology

We have fabricated the first CMOS process compatible high-responsivity Ge p-i-n diodes for 1.55 μm wavelengths. The thermal expansion mismatch between Ge epilayers and Si substrates was used to engineer tensile strain upon cooling from the growth temperature. This 0.2% tensile strain results in a lowering of the direct transition energy in Ge by 30 meV and extends the responsivity curve to near 1.6μm.
A Kinder, Gentler America: Melancholia and the Mythical 1950s

A Kinder, Gentler America: Melancholia and the Mythical 1950s. By Mary Caputi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. 232p. $58.50 cloth, $19.50 paper. Given the controversies that have plagued the present administration, it is little wonder that critiques of neoconservatives have been produced by scholars from all perspectives. Even Francis Fukuyama, widely reputed to be one of the great neoconservative thinkers, has released a trenchant critique of neoconservatives' ideas and policies ( America at the Crossroads, 2006). In her contribution to this growing chorus, Mary Caputi argues that neoconservatives have used and abused history in creating a mythical image of America's past, an idealized narrative about American life in “the fifties” that she contrasts with the complex historical strata of the chronological 1950s. She argues that the neoconservatives have cultivated, popularized, and exploited a misleading and incomplete image of a “kinder, gentler America” to generate a peculiarly powerful melancholia that haunts us with the memory of what we (supposedly) were and what we might (erroneously wish to) be again. Only by seeing through this idealized vision of that decade can we “understand that America's true identity is not located in some mythological register of time” and thus “let go of the worries and sadness that drive the need for foundations” and moral certainties (p. 27).
Dubious Value of Affirmative Action, with Emphasis on Making up for past Discrimination

Summary.-A report by Woody, et al. (1996) raises the issue of making up for past discrimination by granting special treatment to women now. The ideological basis of this view is analyzed. It is a feminist argument based on (1) assumptions of affirmative action for "protected" groups, (2) an argument for "group rights" instead of equal opportunity "individual rights," and (3) the idendcation by the person with the "victim's" role. These points question the value of affirmative action and the claim for group rights especially when based on past discrimination. Ln their response to my critique (Eisenman, 1995b) of their earlier report (Baird, Bensko, Bell, Viney, & Woody, 1995), Woody, Viney, Bell, and Bensko (1996) bring up the feminist argument for past discrimination against women as a justification for special treatment now. I wish to point out the ideological basis of this argument and to question it. First, although Woody, et a/. (1996) do not mention the affirmative action concept, making up for past discrimination is a standard argument for affirmative action, used to justify special treatment not only for women but for other "protected" groups as well: African-Americans, Hispanic persons, etc. Some groups who have faced great &scrimination in the United States, but who tend to perform better than average on tests and in work achievement, are not officially protected by the U.S. government: Asians and Jews, so it is necessary to specify the "protected groups." Second, this is an argument for "group rights" as opposed to "individual rights." The concept of "equal opportunity" would afford all rights to any individual, but "affirmative action" goes further and glves rights to all members of a protected group. Thus, women or African-Americans or any protected group member receive special privileges even if they have not, personally, suffered discrimination. Third, this approach puts an emphasis on the person seeing himself as a "victim." The problem in idenufication as a victim is that it tends to lead the person to focus on how bad things are, an irrational belief for failure. This belief works against achievement. The person who assumes a victim's role tends to think "I can't be successfd because of all the barriers and &scrimination."
Microbiology experience in collection of human tissue.

With the increasing use of human tissue as a clinical tool as well as a research resource, more knowledge about its basic biologic characterization is needed. The use of skin, bone, cartilage, fascia, dura, eyes, blood, and whole organs (i.e., kidney transplantation) are all relatively standard medical practices. Investigators are using human tissue in enzymology, biochemistry, immunology, genetics, virology, and carcinogenesis, as well as many other disciplines. Most of these applications require tissues free from bacterial contamination, not simply tissue obtained from donors free of clinical infection. In the past, surgical procedures have provided the bulk of this material. The recent development of sterile autopsy technics has made the cadaver a source of abundant supply. •" • This report presents the microbiologic experience gleaned from collecting the tissue of 475 surgical and autopsy patients in the Human Tissue Procurement Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
Overview of community-acquired pneumonia. Prognosis and clinical features.

Despite the introduction of newer antibiotics, vaccinations, and better supportive care, CAP remains a common, frequently fatal disease. Age and coexisting illness influence which infectious agents are most likely to cause infection. Severity of illness and clinical features are influenced by various host factors and by the virulence of the infectious agent. Mortality and morbidity are reduced by the rapid institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Because of the limitations of presently available diagnostic tests, many patients are begun on empiric regimens, and in up to half of these individuals, a cause is not identified. Although there are a number of potential pathogens, it is possible to identify likely pathogens based on easily identifiable clinical factors (age, presence of coexisting disease, severity of illness at presentation, and the need for hospitalization). Using this approach, CAP in immunocompetent adults may be divided into four categories. Once empiric therapy has been initiated, therapy should be continued for at least 72 hours unless clinical deterioration is noted. Within 4 days, fever and leukocytosis should return to baseline, but abnormal physical findings (i.e., crackles) require longer to resolve, especially with coexisting illness, and chest radiographic findings are the last to return to baseline and are especially delayed if the patient is bacteremic or has structural lung disease. Not all patients respond to initial empiric therapy. Reasons for this include antimicrobial resistance, the presence of nonbacterial pathogens (respiratory viruses), unusual bacterial pathogens, noninfectious causes that may mimic CAP, infectious complications (i.e., empyema), and pneumonia occurring in patients with unrecognized severe immunosuppression. Failure to improve after 72 hours and development of deterioration are indications for repeat diagnostic workup and consideration of alternative diagnoses. More invasive diagnostic tests are appropriate in severely ill patients and in those whose condition is deteriorating rapidly.
Genetic Effects of Main Quality Traits in Aromatic Soft Rice Germplasm Resources

The genetic effects of 11 quality traits were analyzed by the genetic model and analyzing method of cereal crop seeds quantitative traits in incomplete diallel cross(NCII) design experiment.A total of 30 crosses were derived from 5 aromatic soft landraces from germplasm resources in Yunnan as female parents and 6 own-breeding aromatic soft maintenance lines as male parents.The results showed that percentage of brown rice,percentage of milled rice and gelatinization temperature were controlled by seed direct additive effect,seed direct dominance effect,cytoplasm effect,maternal additive effect and maternal dominance effect.Percentage of head rice was controlled by seed direct additive effect and seed direct dominance effect.Milled length,milled width,length/breadth ratio,percentage of chalky grain,gel consistency,amylose content were controlled by seed direct additive effect and seed direct dominance effect.Chalkiness degree was affected by seed additive effect.The seed direct heritability of 11 quality traits was predominant.The potential breeding of parental lines were discussed according to predicted values of genetic effects.
Endocrinology Telehealth Consultation Improved Glycemic Control Similar to Face-to-Face Visits in Veterans

Background:Rates of diabetes for veterans who receive health care through the Veterans Health Administration are higher than rates in the general population. Furthermore, many veterans live in rural locations, far from Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, thus limiting their ability to readily seek face-to-face endocrinology care for diabetes. Telehealth (TH) technologies present an opportunity to improve access to specialty diabetes care for such patients; however, there is a lack of evidence regarding the ability of TH to improve glycemic control in comparison to traditional face-to-face consultations.Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study of all new endocrinology diabetes consultations at the Denver VA Medical Center over a 1-year period.Results:A total of 189 patients were included in the analysis. In all, 85 patients had received face-to-face (FTF) endocrinology consultation for diabetes and 104 patients had received TH consultation. Subjects were mostly males (94.7%) and the mean age was 62.8 ± 1...
ANALYSIS ON BURST OF WATERWALL TUBE FOR A 240T/H BOILER

The composition of scales on the internal surface of waterwall tubes,the quality of water and steam(including the on-line monitoring),the microstructure of the burst tube were analyzed.An accordant conclusion was obtained through chemical analysis and metallographic analysis that the burst of waterwall tubes was induced by acidic corrosion.Corresponding proposals were given to prevent acid corrosion.The proposals have been proved to be effective.
What's in a Match? Disentangling the Significance of Teacher Race/Ethnicity

A growing body of literature documents that black and Hispanic students benefit from teachers who share their racial/ethnic background. Despite this evidence, data limitations have prevented researchers from analyzing how students’ actual experiences in the classroom vary by teacher race/ethnicity. The current study addresses this gap. Using over 56,000 new student surveys, I provide the first large-scale evidence on the specific ways in which matched teachers affect student experience. Comparing students within the same school, I find that matched black and Hispanic students report significantly better experiences than their non-matched peers. This relative advantage does not appear to be driven by difficulties reported with non-matched teachers and emerges primarily in middle school English Language Arts classrooms.
Yeast Bioinformatics and Strain Engineering Resources

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's or budding yeast, is an attractive organism for design-based engineering because it is an industrially important organism with a well-annotated genome sequence and an extensive collection of resources for molecular analyses. This chapter describes the utility of Saccharomyces Genome Database for analysis of S. cerevisiae genes and identification of homologs, strategies for integration and analysis of gene expression data, and the genetic resources available for doing experiments using S. cerevisiae.
Japan and the Two Koreas

The Korean peninsula is the only region in the world where Japan’s geopolitical interests seem to exceed its geoeconomic interests. Often described as a ‘dagger pointing to the heart of Japan’, the Korean peninsula is the most obvious launch-pad for any ambitious continental invader. Perceptions and reality, of course, are often quite different — the only time the peninsula actually served such a purpose was in the thirteenth century when the Mongols twice attempted to invade Japan from Korea. At the turn of the nineteenth century Tokyo used the excuse of potential Chinese and Russian threats to Korea to declare war on both countries, defeat them and incorporate the peninsula into the Japanese empire. In 1945 a potential threat from the Korean peninsula emerged again with Japan’s devastating defeat and the liberation of its colonies, the Soviet Union’s spread across Eastern Europe, the imposition of a communist regime in North Korea and the threat of successful communist revolutions in China and Vietnam.
Medication adherence as a learning process: insights from cognitive psychology

Non-adherence to medications is one of the largest contributors to sub-optimal health outcomes. Many theories of adherence include a 'value-expectancy' component in which a patient decides to take a medication partly based on expectations about whether it is effective, necessary, and tolerable. We propose reconceptualising this common theme as a kind of 'causal learning' - the patient learns whether a medication is effective, necessary, and tolerable, from experience with the medication. We apply cognitive psychology theories of how people learn cause-effect relations to elaborate this causal-learning challenge. First, expectations and impressions about a medication and beliefs about how a medication works, such as delay of onset, can shape a patient's perceived experience with the medication. Second, beliefs about medications propagate both 'top-down' and 'bottom-up', from experiences with specific medications to general beliefs about medications and vice versa. Third, non-adherence can interfere with learning about a medication, because beliefs, adherence, and experience with a medication are connected in a cyclic learning problem. We propose that by conceptualising non-adherence as a causal-learning process, clinicians can more effectively address a patient's misconceptions and biases, helping the patient develop more accurate impressions of the medication.
Synthesis of Trinuclear Tin(II), Germanium(II), and Aluminum(III) Cyclophane Complexes

The synthesis and characterization of trinuclear GeII and SnII chlorides and a trialuminum complex supported by a trinucleating tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane ligand (L3–) are reported. The in situ deprotonation of H3L with benzylpotassium and subsequent reaction with GeCl2·dioxane or SnCl2 afforded (GeCl)3L (1) and (SnCl)3L (2) in 42 and 60% yields, respectively. Each GeII and SnII atom is three-coordinate and exhibit pseudotrigonal pyramidal geometry as anticipated for three-coordinate divalent group 14 cations. UV/visible spectra collected on THF solutions of 1 and 2 display a bathochromic shift in the absorption from 1 to 2 (from 361 to 375 nm). Addition of AlMe3 to toluene solutions of H3L resulted in the formation of (AlMe2)2AlMe3HL (3), which possesses two NCCCN chelated AlMe2 moieties. The third β-diketimine arm remains protonated and adopts an atypical trans conformation with an AlMe3 coordinated to the solvent exposed imine N atom.
Conclusion: What Can We Learn From East Asia?

This chapter concludes the book by comparing the United States and East Asia in terms of the political and economic systems and culture, and, based on the comparison, discussing whether and how the United States can learn from East Asia to better compete globally. In particular, it identifies two advantages East Asia has: the hard-working culture and government effectiveness, and suggests ways in which the United States and other old economies may improve in these two aspects.
Critical speeding up of nonequilibrium electronic relaxation near nematic phase transition in unstrained Ba( Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2

The origin of the anisotropic, paramagnetic phase associated with electronic nematicity in the iron pnictides is yet to be resolved. Furthermore, the detwinning technique used to study the nematic order in single crystals is known to introduce extra anisotropy into the sample, which can smear out the transition and even modify intrinsic characteristics associated with ``spontaneous'' Ising, ${Z}_{2}$, symmetry breaking. Here we use a strain- and stress-free twinned sample to show that there is a significant reduction in the energy relaxation times of the hot electrons following nonequilibrium femtosecond laser excitation on both the high- and low-temperature sides of the nematic phase transition. This femtosecond critical speeding-up behavior provides an alternative way to study complex, electronically driven nematicity, neither invoking external strain nor measuring a small anisotropy in twinned crystals. Particularly, a detailed analysis of the observed ultrafast decay time and the amplitude associated with an initial electronic relaxation provides compelling implications on the physical origin of nematicity in iron pnictides: (1) nematic fluctuations strongly influence the dynamics of electron cooling, and (2) spin fluctuations determine the part of amplitude arising from the nematicity. Finally, we discuss ultrafast coherent phonon generation which may contribute to the measured transition temperature in our ultrafast measurements.
High performance top-gated multilayer WSe2 field effect transistors

In this paper, high performance top-gated WSe2 field effect transistor (FET) devices are demonstrated via a two-step remote plasma assisted ALD process. High-quality, low-leakage aluminum oxide (Al2O3) gate dielectric layers are deposited onto the WSe2 channel using a remote plasma assisted ALD process with an ultrathin (~1 nm) titanium buffer layer. The first few nanometers (~2 nm) of the Al2O3 dielectric film is deposited at relatively low temperature (i.e. 50 ?C) and remainder of the film is deposited at 150 ?C to ensure the conformal coating of Al2O3 on the WSe2 surface. Additionally, an ultra-thin titanium buffer layer is introduced at the WSe2 channel surface prior to ALD process to mitigate oxygen plasma induced doping effects. Excellent device characteristics with current on?off ratio in excess of 106 and a field effect mobility as high as 70.1 cm2 V?1 s?1 are achieved in a few-layer WSe2 FET device with a 30 nm Al2O3 top-gate dielectric. With further investigation and careful optimization, this method can play an important role for the realization of high performance top gated FETs for future optoelectronic device applications.
A QuIC possibility for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

α-Synuclein seeding activity can be measured quickly and might prove useful for the diagnosis of α-synucleinopathies.
Tree-Ring Dated Landslide Movements and Seismic Events in Southwestern Montana, USA

Because many tree species can live for several centuries or longer (Brown 1996), tree-ring analysis can be a valuable tool to date geomorphic events such as landslides, earthquakes, and avalanches in regions lacking long historical records. Typically, a catastrophic landslide will destroy all trees on the landslide, but trees on slower moving landslides may survive. For example, the Slumgullion earthflow, in southwestern Colorado, moves 0.5–5.5 m annually, yet is covered by aspen (Populus tremuloides) and conifers (Baum and Fleming 1996). Trees that survive such movements undoubtedly suffer damage, such as topping, tilting, impact, or root breakage. This damage is commonly recorded in the tree-ring record and analysis of this record can be used to reconstruct past landslide activity.
Using Former Farmland for Biomass Crops: Massachusetts Landowner Motivations and Willingness to Plant

Producing biomass energy requires extensive land resources. In western Massachusetts, where almost 90 percent of former farmland is no longer in commercial use, we study factors that motivate landowners to grow biomass energy crops. A geographic information system model identiϐies a landowner population, and a contingent valuation survey reveals payments landowners are willing to accept (WTA) for growing biomass crops. The median WTA estimate is $321 per hectare per year, which is high compared to regional land rental rates. Nonpecuniary factors appear to be as important in landowner acceptance as proϐit opportunities, especially for nonfarmer landowners. Replacing fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic climate change represents one of the great challenges of our time. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) estimates that keeping the global mean temperature increase to 2 degrees Centigrade will require reducing world carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions 50 percent to 85 percent relative to emissions in 2000 (IPCC 2007), implying an almost complete replacement of fossil energy. Biomass energy is
Acoustic emission monitoring of marble specimens under uniaxial compression. Precursor phenomena in the near-failure phase

Abstract In the present study Acoustic Emission (AE) indices are used to characterize the damage process in marble rock specimen that is subjected to axial compressive stress. The Ib-value which depends on the amplitude distribution of the AE hits, shows a consistent trend of decreasing from the level of 70% of the ultimate compressive strength. A steep decrease is observed when the stress exceeds the 95% of the ultimate strength reaching a value near 1, a fact that can be considered as a warning of the coming event of fracture. Additionally, the average frequency of the AE hits shows a severe shift to lower values by about 200 kHz when the dominant failure mechanism is related to shear type of failure. Similarly, RA which is defined as the ratio of the waveform Rise Time over the Amplitude in μs/V, shows strong peaks at the moments near the fracture, indicating shear action.
Racial differences between Black parents' and White teachers' perceptions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder behavior

Previous research suggests there may be racial differences in how adults rate children’s ADHD behavior. Differences in perceptions of Black parents and White teachers could have implications for ADHD diagnosis of Black children. This study compared ADHD ratings of Black parents to White teachers, and examined factors that may explain racial differences. Participants included 71 Black parents (65 women, 6 men; Mage = 33.92) and 60 White teachers (41 women, 19 men; Mage = 33.60), as well as a comparison group of 65 White parents (49 women, 16 men; Mage = 36.83). Participants watched video clips of children in classrooms and rated ADHD behaviors and ADHD likelihood. They then completed questionnaires regarding beliefs about ADHD stigma, verve (movement expressiveness), experiences with racial discrimination, and racial attitudes. White teachers rated Black boys’ ADHD behaviors and their likelihood of having ADHD higher than Black parents. White teachers with more negative racial attitudes toward African Americans gave higher ADHD behavior and likelihood ratings to Black boys than did teachers with less negative racial attitudes. Across all participants, ADHD stigma beliefs and verve were not related to ratings of Black boys. Black parents with more experiences with racial discrimination gave higher ratings to Black boys’ ADHD behaviors. Research is necessary to further explain the mechanisms by which discrepancies in ratings of Black boys’ ADHD behaviors exist between Black and White adults to inform culturally sensitive assessment and diagnosis of ADHD in Black children.
Secondary neutropenia (SN) after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in patients (pts) with lymphoma.

6552 Background: Plerixafor for mobilization of autologous stem cells (ASC) has increased the yield of transplanted ASC and is evolving as an important option for mobilization. A prior study report...
Decepticon: A Hidden Markov Model Approach to Counter Advanced Persistent Threats

Deception has been proposed in the literature as an effective defense mechanism to address Advanced Persistent Threats (APT). However, administering deception in a cost-effective manner requires a good understanding of the attack landscape. The attacks mounted by APT groups are highly diverse and sophisticated in nature and can render traditional signature based intrusion detection systems useless. This necessitates the development of behavior oriented defense mechanisms. In this paper, we develop Decepticon (Deception-based countermeasure) a Hidden Markov Model based framework where the indicators of compromise (IoC) are used as the observable features to aid in detection. This framework would help in selecting an appropriate deception script when faced with APTs or other similar malware and trigger an appropriate defensive response. The effectiveness of the model and the associated framework is demonstrated by considering ransomware as the offending APT in a networked system.
Comparison of damage and ablation dynamics of multilayer dielectric films initiated by few-cycle pulses versus longer femtosecond pulses

The importance of high intensity few- to single-cycle laser pulses for applications such as intense isolated attosecond pulse generation is constantly growing, and with the breakdown of the monochromatic approximation in field ionization models, the few-cycle pulse (FCP) interaction with solids near the damage threshold has ushered a new paradigm of nonperturbative light–matter interaction. In this Letter, we systematically study and contrast how femtosecond laser-induced damage and ablation behaviors of SiO2/HfO2-based reflective multilayer dielectric thin film systems vary between FCP and 110 fs pulses. With time-resolved surface microscopy and ex situ analysis, we show that there are distinct differences in the interaction depending on the pulse duration, specifically in the “blister” morphology formation at lower fluences (damage) as well as in the dynamics of debris formation at higher fluences (ablation).
Research for Further Improvements

The ultimate improvement for leaders of the disciplines of clinical medicine to help bring about is the transition from universally quasi-scientific medicine to universally scientific medicine. This requires cultivation of clinical research that truly is relevant for the advancement of the knowledge-base of practice in the discipline at issue – by virtue of the form of the objects of study. Contemporary clinical research remains seriously wanting in this critical respect, as was evinced by review of a number of eminent examples chosen by the students in this course.
Lithium Iron Aluminum Nickelate, LiNixFeyAlzO2—New Sustainable Cathodes for Next-Generation Cobalt-Free Li-Ion Batteries

In recent years, cobalt has become a critical constraint on the supply chain of the Li-ion battery industry. With the ever-increasing projections for electric vehicles, the dependency of current Li-ion batteries on the ever-fluctuating cobalt prices poses serious environmental and sustainability issues. To address these challenges, a new class of cobalt-free materials with general formula of LiNix Fey Alz O2 (x + y + z = 1), termed as the lithium iron aluminum nickelate (NFA) class of cathodes, is introduced. These cobalt-free materials are synthesized using the sol-gel process to explore their compositional landscape by varying aluminum and iron. These NFA variants are characterized using electron microscopy, neutron and X-ray diffraction, and Mossbauer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate their morphological, physical, and crystal-structure properties. Operando experiments by X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and galvanostatic intermittent titration have been also used to study the crystallographic transitions, electrochemical activity, and Li-ion diffusivity upon lithium removal and uptake in the NFA cathodes. NFA compositions yield specific capacities of ≈200 mAh g-1 , demonstrating reasonable rate capability and cycling stability with ≈80% capacity retention after 100 charge/discharge cycles. While this is an early stage of research, the potential that these cathodes could have as viable candidates in next-generation cobalt-free lithium-ion batteries is highlighted here.
Instruction on Metaphors During a Study-Abroad Program: Students' Perceptions and Understandings

It has been observed that language learners struggle to gain access to the metaphorical structures that are part of the target language and culture. In this study, six Spanish L2 learners and nine Spanish heritage speakers from the United States completed a study abroad program in Spain in which language instruction was supplemented with a module on the subject of metaphors. This article seeks to describe this module and present learners’ perceptions of its implementation and of the learnings resulting from it, as reflected in learners’ weekly reflections and exit questionnaire. The analysis of these data indicated that most participants became aware of metaphors in every-day language. However, they were not fully able to produce metaphors themselves. Pedagogical implications of this experience include differentiated metaphor instruction for heritage speakers and L2 learners, and fostering not just metaphor awareness but competence.