cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On The Use Of Writing Assignments In Intermediate Microeconomic Theory

A typical writing assignment in upper level required courses is a term paper. However many economics majors, particularly those in business schools, need to develop skill at writing shorter pieces. In this paper I describe numerous examples of shorter writing assignments that I have incorporated into an Intermediate Microeconomic Theory course. The assignments include such activities as comparison of competing theories; non-traditional applications of theory; book reviews; and explorations of the nuances of the standard consumer choice model. In addition to describing the details of the various assignments, the paper presents both student and instructor assessment of them.
Autonomy and the Politics of Food Choice: From Individuals to Communities

Individuals use their capacity for autonomy to express preferences regarding food choices. Food choices are fundamental, universal, and reflect a diversity of interests and cultural preferences. Traditionally, autonomy is cast in only epistemic terms, and the social and political dimension of it, where autonomy obstruction tends to arise, is omitted. This reflects problematic limits in the Cartesian notion of the individual. Because this notion ignores context and embodiment, the external and internal constraints on autonomy that extend from social location are not considered. Therefore, reconceptions of the individual and autonomy which emphasize social location and relational interdependency are needed. To combat autonomy obstruction, individuals can appeal to community and community autonomy as a social mechanism. Communities are social groups characterized by people living in places with shared goals. Recognizing their interdependency, individuals can organize as communities in order to accomplish objectives that they cannot on their own. While community autonomy is valuable unto itself, it can also enhance individual autonomy.
“She chose us to be your parents” Exploring the content and process of adoption entrance narratives told in families formed through open adoption

Guided by narrative theorizing, the current study investigated the content and process of telling adoption entrance narratives (AENs)—or the story of how the child was born, placed for adoption, and integrated into their family—in open adoptive families. Thematic analysis of 165 adoptive parents’ (mostly mothers) AENs revealed six emergent themes: birth parents as family, chosen parents, forever, rescue, fate, and adoption makes us family. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that adoptive mothers’ relational satisfaction with the birth parent relates to birth parent storytelling which in turn relates to adoptee–birth parent relational closeness. Findings illuminate the ways adoptive mothers incorporate birth parents into their conceptualization of family in light of cultural assumptions of “family” and become gatekeepers of family relationships.
SYSTEMATICS AND POPULATION GENETICS OF FIRE ANTS (SOLENOPSIS SAEVISSIMA COMPLEX) FROM ARGENTINA.

Specimens of seven fire ant species collected from their native ranges in Argentina were studied by protein electrophoresis and morphological analysis. Concordance between the genetic and morphological character sets is strong (96% agreement on identifications), suggesting that recognition of reproductively isolated populations and partitioning of intra- and interspecific variation can in most cases be achieved using appropriate characters of either type in this taxonomically difficult group. Genetic differentiation between native (Argentina) and introduced (USA) conspecific populations of two species, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, is rather typical of the differentiation existing between conspecific populations found within either country. Furthermore, there appears to have been little reduction of variability (heterozygosity) at enzyme loci following colonization by either species of the United States, although some rare alleles have been lost in the introduced populations. Hybridization is rare between S. invicta and S. richteri where their native ranges overlap in central Argentina, in contrast to the extensive hybridization of these species in the United States, suggesting that prezygotic barriers to gene flow have been compromised in introduced populations. Phylogenetic analysis of the seven species indicates that S. invicta and S. richteri are relatively distantly related within the S. saevissima complex. Given that hybrids between these species in the United States suffer little apparent loss of fitness, genomic incompatibilities generally may be insufficient to create effective postzygotic barriers to interspecific gene flow in this group of ants.
Effect of phlebotomy on coronary blood flow in calves with brisket disease.

SummaryThe effect of phlebotomy (average volume 1700 ml) on coronary hemodynamics was evaluated in 11 calves with BD or pulmonary hypertensive heart disease of cattle. CBF was measured by the 133Xenon technique. In the control period the characteristic findings of BD were present: low CO, severe pulmonary hypertension, marked elevation of right ventricular diastolic and moderate elevation of left ventricular diastolic pressures. Following phlebotomy there was a significant increase in CBF, heart rate, CO, RVSW, and CPP accompanied by a significant decrease in CSP, Cavo2, LVEDP and SAP. There was no significant change in MVo2- The rise in CBF can be explained by the increase in myocardial perfusion pressure whereas the absence of significant change in MVo2 may be related to a balance of the determinants of MVo2- The changes in CBF and MVo2 must be interpreted by our inability to separate these variables into the contribution from each ventricle.
Incomplete recovery of ecosystem processes after two decades of riparian forest restoration

Restoration of ecosystem processes such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling may lag behind the restoration of structural attributes of ecosystems, such as species richness and biomass. We used a replicated chronosequence of reforested sites on the Sacramento River floodplain to ask if ecosystem processes had reached functional equivalence with nearby remnant forest patches. We found that live and dead biomass pools had mostly recovered to remnant forest levels within two decades of replanting, but soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, rates of CO2 efflux, N availability, and nutrient-use efficiency still differed significantly between restored and remnant forests. Reforested sites are thus still functionally distinct from remnants despite similarities of vegetation structure.
WATER MODEL STUDY ON REMOVING INCLUSIONS IN A LADLE WITH ARGON INJECTED THROUGH NOZZLE AND POROUS PLUG

The effects of time and gas flowrate on inclusion removal in a ladle with eccentric bottom gas injected through nozzle and porous plug were investigated by choosing emulsion drops simulated as inclusions in a water model. The results show that most of the inclusions can be removed in eight minutes with smaller flowrates, while sixteen minutes needed with larger flowrates. All the inclusions which have the possibility to be removed almost disappeared from the system in twenty-eight minutes. With gas blowing through nozzle, there was a gas flowrate to be the best for inclusions removal. With gas injected through porous plug, smaller gas flowrates seemed to be more efficient for inclusions removal. And within a range of gas flowrates, gas injected through porous plug seemed to be more efficient for inclusions removal than gas blowing through nozzle.
[Evaluation on the risks of H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza infections in Guangzhou: using data from the 2006-2012 avian influenza surveillance program].

Objective To analyze the results of avian influenza surveillance program in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2012 and to evaluate the risk of infections with H5,H7 and H9 subtypes avian influenza viruses.Methods Avian influenza surveillance system in Guangzhou consisted five components:serum surveillance on occupational population,environmental specimen surveillance of avian influenza virus,avian flu emergency surveillance,influenza viruses surveillance on ILI patient and surveillance on pneumonia of unknown causes.Hemagglutination inhibition test was conducted to detect the antibodies against H5,H7 and H9 while RT-PCR was used to test the nucleic acid of H5,H7 and H9 viruses.Results From 2006 to 2012,4103 serum specimens were collected from occupational populations and the overall positive rate of H5/H7/H9 antibodies was 3.82％.The antibody positive rates for H5,H7 and H9 were 0.22％,0.00％ and 3.70％ respectively.4 serum specimens for H5 and H9 simultaneously showed antibody positive.The positive rate of H9 among occupational populations (4.21％) appeared higher than that from the control population (2.16％).2028 specimens were collected from poultry sites and 55 samples found positive for H5 nucleic acid (positive rate:2.71％),14 samples positive for H9 nucleic acid (positive rate:0.69％),5 specimens simultaneously positive for H5 and H9 nucleic acids.However,none of the samples showing H7 nucleic acid positive.From 2006 to 2012,all the tested H5/H7/H9 virus were negative from the respiratory/serum specimens among those close contacts of patients or high risk groups through the avian flu emergency surveillance program,ILI patient influenza virus surveillance programs or pneumonia of unknown causes surveillance program.Conclusion Contamination of H5/H9 avian influenza virus did exist in the poultry sites in Guangzhou,especially in the wet Markets.The H5/H9 avian influenza virus caused asymptomatic infection was proved to be existed within the population exposed to the poultry,suggesting that the poultry occupational population in Guangzhou was under the risk of avian influenza virus infection. Key words: Avian influenza, H5/H7/H9 subtypes; Surveillance; Risk evaluation
Theories: Orthodoxy and Dissent

When economists turned their attention in the 1940s to economic growth, or more accurately, its paucity, in Africa and Asia, they were at once confronted by a curious inversion between orthodox theory and some hard facts about trade and growth.
MOM RESURFACING WEAR PATTERNS AND THE EFFECT OF LIMITED ROM

Metal-on-metal (MOM) retrieval studies have demonstrated that CoCr bearings used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and resurfacing (RSA) featured stripe wear damage on heads, likely created by rim impact with CoCr cups. 1-3 Such subluxation damage may release quantities of large CoCr particles that would provoke aggressive 3 rd -body wear. With RSA, the natural femoral neck reduces the head-neck ratio but avoids risk of metal-to-metal impingement (Fig. 1). 4 For this study, twelve retrieved RSA were compared to 12 THA (Table 1), evaluating, (i) patterns of habitual wear, (ii) stripe-wear damage and (iii) 3 rd -body abrasive scratches. Considering RSA have head/neck ratios much lower than large-diameter THA, any impingement damage should be uniquely positioned on the heads. Twelve RSA and THA retrievals were selected with respect to similar diameter range and vendors with follow-up ranging typically 1–6 years (Table 1). Patterns of habitual wear were mapped to determine position in vivo. Stripe damage was mapped at three sites: polar, equatorial and basal. Wear patterns were examined using SEM and white light interferometry (WLI). Graphical models characterized the complex geometry of the natural femoral neck in coronal and sagittal planes and provided RSA head-neck ratios. 4 Normal area patterns of habitual wear were similar on RSA and THA bearings. The wear patterns showing cup rim-breakout proved larger for RSA cups than THA. Polar stripes presented in juxtaposition to the polar axis in both RSA and THA (Fig. 1). As anticipated, basal stripes on RSA occurred at steeper cup-impingement angles (CIA) than THA. The micro-topography of stripe damage was similar on both RSA and THA heads. Some scratches were illustrative of 3 rd -body wear featuring raised lips, punctuated terminuses, and crater-like depressions (Fig. 2). Neck narrowing observed following RSA procedures may be a consequence of impingement and subluxation due to the small head-neck ratios. However, lacking a metal femoral neck, such RSA impingement would not result in metal debris being released. Nevertheless it has been suggested that cup-to-head impingement produced large CoCr particles and also cup “edge wear” as the head orbits the cup rim. 4 Our study showed that impingement had occurred as evidenced by the polar stripes and 3 rd -body wear by large hard particles as evidenced by the wide scratches with raised lips. We can therefore agree with the prior study, that 2-body and 3rd-body wear mechanisms were present in both RSA and THA retrievals.
A method to the martyrdom: Employee exemplification as an impression management strategy

Employees have an enduring concern with how they appear to others, and will seek to claim certain attributions to strengthen their workplace image. In this research, a model of exemplification is p...
IL-15-deficient mice develop enhanced allergic responses to airway allergen exposure.

Background Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is critical for the development and survival of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Mice lacking IL-15 have selective defects in populations of several pro-allergic immune cells including natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and memory CD8+T cells. We therefore hypothesized that IL-15-/- mice will have reduced inflammatory responses during the development of allergic airway disease (AAD). Objective To determine whether IL-15-/- mice have attenuated allergic responses in a mouse model of AAD. Methods C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-15-/- mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and the development of AAD was ascertained by examining changes in airway inflammatory responses, Th2 responses, and lung histopathology. Results Here we report that IL-15-/- mice developed enhanced allergic responses in an OVA-induced model of AAD. In the absence of IL-15, OVA-challenged mice exhibited enhanced bronchial eosinophilic inflammation, elevated IL-13 production, and severe lung histopathology in comparison with WT mice. In addition, increased numbers of CD4+T and B cells in the spleens and broncholaveolar lavage (BAL) were also observed. Examination of OVA-challenged IL-15Rα-/- animals revealed a similar phenotype resulting in enhanced airway eosinophilia compared to WT mice. Adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+T cells from OVA-sensitized WT mice suppressed the enhancement of eosinophilia in IL-15-/- animals to levels observed in WT mice, but had no further effects. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance These data demonstrate that mice with an endogenous IL-15 deficiency are susceptible to the development of severe, enhanced Th2-mediated AAD, which can be regulated by CD8+T cells. Furthermore, the development of disease as well as allergen-specific Th2 responses occurs despite deficiencies in several IL-15-dependent cell types including NK, NKT, and γδ T cells, suggesting that these cells or their subsets are dispensable for the induction of AAD in IL-15-deficient mice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Characterization of Tissue Growth into Pellets and Partial Sections of Porous Porcelain and Titania Implanted in Bone

Porous titania and porous porcelain were selected for this investigation* because of their chemical inertness and ease of fabrication. Titanium metal implants have demonstrated a high degree of tissue tolerance1,2; these are certain to have maintained some oxide layer on the surface. Also, porcelain was shown to be non-toxic when implanted intramuscularly in rabbits3.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) in the surgical wound is necessary for the resolution of postoperative pain in mice

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) and its substrates (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] and p38) play an important role in pathophysiological mechanisms of acute postoperative and chronic neuropathic pain in the spinal cord. This study aimed to understand the role of MKP-3 and its target MAPKs at the site of surgical incision in nociceptive behavior. Wild-type (WT) and MKP-3 knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral plantar hind paw incision. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by using von Frey filaments. Peripheral ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation were measured by Western blot. Cell infiltration was determined using hematoxylin and eosin histological staining. Peripheral phosphorylated ERK-1/2 (p-ERK-1/2) inhibition was performed in MKP-3 KO mice. In WT mice, mechanical hypersensitivity was observed on postoperative day 1 (0.69±0.17 g baseline vs 0.13±0.08 g day 1), which resolved normally by postoperative day 12 (0.46±0.08 g, N=6). In MKP-3 KO mice, this hypersensitivity persisted at least 12 days after surgery (0.19±0.06 g; N=6). KO mice displayed higher numbers of infiltrating cells (51.4±6 cells/0.1 mm2) than WT mice (8.7±1.2 cells/0.1 mm2) on postoperative day 1 (vs 5-6 cells/0.1 mm2 at baseline) that returned to baseline 12 days after surgery (10-12 cells/0.1 mm2). In WT mice, peripheral p-p38 and p-ERK-1/2 expression increased (5- and 3-fold, respectively) on postoperative days 1 and 5, and returned to basal levels 7-12 days after surgery (N=3 per group). Peripheral p-p38 levels in MKP-3 KO mice followed a similar expression pattern as WT mice. Peripheral p-ERK-1/2 levels in MKP-3 KO mice remained elevated 12 days after surgery (2.5-fold, N=3 per group). Administration of PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, N=8, vehicle N=9) reduced p-ERK-1/2 expression in the incised tissue and blocked hypersensitivity in MKP-3 KO mice (N=6). The findings of this study suggest that MKP-3 is pivotal for normal resolution of acute postoperative allodynia, through the regulation of peripheral p-ERK-1/2.
Spawning, Embryology, and Larval Development of the Milletseed Butterflyfish Chaetodon miliaris in the Laboratory

AbstractAs part of the Rising Tide Conservation effort to advance marine ornamental aquaculture the Milletseed Butterflyfish Chaetodon miliaris (also known as Millet Butterflyfish) was chosen as a candidate species for developing butterflyfish aquaculture methodologies. Thirty-five mature Milletseed Butterflyfish were imported to University of Florida’s Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory in Ruskin, Florida, from The Rainbow Reef exhibit at Aulani, a Disney Resort and Spa in Ko Olina, Hawaii, for evaluation. Spawning behavior was documented through personal and video observation five times. Eggs were collected immediately after spawning and checked for fertilization, and a sample of 100 ± 10 eggs were photographed every hour until hatching to document embryological development. Larval development was monitored through multiple rearing trials. Larvae were stocked into 128-L, cylindrical, rearing tanks at 15–20 larvae/L and fed nauplii of the copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris, and the microalgae, Tisochrysis ...
On survivability of asymmetric wave-energy converters in extreme waves

Abstract To provide guidance for improving the survivability of asymmetrical wave-energy converters (AWECs), the forces experienced by them in breaking-waves condition were analyzed and reported. “The Berkeley Wedge” (TBW), a highly efficient wave-energy converter and floating breakwater, was used as a canonical study. The forces were obtained by computation using the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method and by model-scale experiments. Breaking waves were first generated upstream for both physical and computational modeling by developing appropriate time histories of a wavemaker. Plunging breakers and wave forces from the computational model were verified by experiments for different drafts. To increase the survivability, while retaining the same operational draft of TBW, pressure-relief channel (PRC), a novel scheme that allowed water to flow through TBW was modeled and its effectiveness in extreme-waves was demonstrated computationally. A design was proposed to operate the PRCs so as to increase the survivability of such AWECs.
Childhood Abuse, Intrapersonal Strength, and Suicide Resilience in African American Females who Attempted Suicide

There is a significant association between childhood abuse and suicidal behavior in low-income African American women with a recent suicide attempt. Increasingly, empirical focus is shifting toward including suicide resilience, which mitigates against suicidal behavior. This cross-sectional study examines childhood abuse, intrapersonal strengths, and suicide resilience in 121 African American women, average age of 36.07 years (SD = 11.03) with recent exposure to intimate partner violence and a suicide attempt. To address the hypothesis that childhood abuse will be negatively related to suicide resilience and that this effect will be mediated by intrapersonal strengths that serve as protective factors, structural equation modeling examined the relations among three latent variables: childhood abuse (measured via physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), intrapersonal strengths (assessed by self-efficacy and spiritual well-being), and suicide resilience (operationalized via the three components of suicide resilience—internal protective, external protective, and emotional stability). The initial measurement model and the structural model both indicated excellent fit. Results indicated that childhood abuse was negatively associated with intrapersonal strengths and suicide resilience, intrapersonal strengths were positively associated with suicide resilience, and intrapersonal strengths fully mediated the association between childhood abuse and suicide resilience. Thus, the results suggest a positive and protective influence of intrapersonal strengths on suicide resilience in the face of childhood abuse in suicidal African American women. The clinical implications and directions for future research that emerge from these findings are discussed.
Revised interpretations of stable C and O patterns in carbonate rocks resulting from meteoric diagenesis

Abstract A positive correlation between the δ13C and δ18O values of carbonate rocks is a screening tool widely used to identify the overprint of meteoric diagenesis on the original isotopic composition of a sample. In particular, it has been suggested that systematic change from negative to positive δ13C and δ18O values with increasing depth in the core is an indicator of alteration within the zone of mixing between meteoric and marine waters. In this paper, we propose that such covariance is not generated within the traditionally defined mixing zone, and that positive correlations between δ13C and δ18O values in marine carbonates are not necessarily indicators of meteoric alteration. This new interpretation is based on data collected from the shallow sub-surface of the Bahamas, a region unequivocally influenced by meteoric waters to depths of at least 200 m below the current sediment-water interface. The classic interpretation of the diagenetic environments, based on changes in the δ13C and δ18O values, would suggest the maximum penetration of freshwater occurs between 65 and 100 m below seafloor. Below these depths, a strong positive covariation between the δ13C and δ18O values exists, and would traditionally be defined as the mixing zone. However, based upon known changes in sea level, the penetration of the freshwater lens extends significantly below this limit. We contend that the zone showing covariance of δ13C and δ18O values is actually altered within the freshwater lens, and not the mixing zone as previously proposed. The co-varying trend in δ13C and δ18O values is the result of diagenetic processes occurring at the interface between vadose and phreatic zones. Significantly greater rates of recrystallization and neomorphism are driven by the increased rates of oxidation of organic matter at this transition with progressively less alteration occurring with increasing depth. As sea level oscillates, the position of this interface moves through the deposit, causing cumulative alteration throughout the section. Hence, we propose that the covariation between δ13C and δ18O values is a consequence of varying degrees of alteration, rather than the result of diagenesis occurring within the zone where marine and freshwater fluids mix. Furthermore, within the pervasively altered vadose zone, there is little correlation between δ13C and δ18O values, and therefore covariation between δ13C and δ18O values is not an unequivocal indicator of meteoric diagenesis.
Visible Aquaphotomics Spectrophotometry for Aquaculture Systems

The water quality is an important question for the environment as well as for the aquaculture and it does not matter which system you are using. It can be water treatment systems, water supply systems, pond treatment system or aquaponics system. For various purposes from simple water monitoring in maintenance, regulation, control and optimization to behavior models in biometrics, biomonitoring, biophysics and bioinformatics, it is necessary to observe wide field of variables. This article discusses and describes a method of biomonitoring, which is called Aquaphotomics. Aquaphotomics is a term introduced to define the application of spectrophotometry in the near infrared region (NIR) in order to understand the influence of water on the structure and function of biological systems. Currently aquaphotomics is focused on the NIR part of light spectrum, while we want to broaden this investigation to also include the visible part.
Marketing art museums using social networking services: An identity salience model

Marketing art museums is crucial in promoting the art and history of textiles whereby may indirectly support the research and conservation of textile arts, since many art museums possess historic textile collections. With the growth of social networking services (SNS) marketing, it seemed intuitive for art museums or other nonprofit organizations to adopt SNS as one of communication channels.
Panobinostat in combination with rituximab in heavily pretreated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Results of a phase II study

This is a phase II study of panobinostat, an oral pan-HDAC inhibitor, combined with rituximab in patients with relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Panobinostat was administered orally 3 times a week every other week on a 28-day cycle. Rituximab was administered weekly during the first cycle, then on Day 1 of cycles 2 to 6. Patients without disease progression after 6 cycles continued panobinostat monotherapy for up to 6 additional cycles in the absence of disease progression. Eighteen eligible subjects were enrolled, and 18 were evaluable for response. The overall response rate was 11% (90% CI [2%-34%]) with 2 subjects having a partial response. The duration of response in these subjects was 51 and 60 days. Five additional subjects had stable disease with 3 subjects having tumor reduction between 27 and 44%, not meeting criteria for partial response. One subject with stable disease remained on therapy a total of 12 cycles. The most common toxicities while on study were thrombocytopenia (14 patients, 78%); fatigue (11, 61%); anemia (10, 56%); diarrhea (8, 44%); and nausea, lymphopenia, anorexia, and hypophosphatemia (5 each, 28% of patients), the majority of which was grade 2 or less. These data indicate that the combination of panobinostat with rituximab is able to induce responses in a limited number of subjects with relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Biomarkers of Exposure, Effect, and Susceptibility

Epidemiological research fundamentally involves the identification of relationships between previous exposures to putative causative agents and subsequent adverse biological effects in study populations. Molecular epidemiology encompasses the use of biomarkers in epidemiological research through the incorporation of molecular, cellular, organ system, and other biochemical and physiological measurements into studies of association, etiology, prevention, and control of health risks encountered by human populations. Application of validated biomarkers to traditional epidemiological studies helps to delineate the continuum of events between an exposure and resulting disease, to identify smaller exposures to specific xenobiotics, to indicate earlier events in the natural history of diseases and reduce misclassification of dependent and independent variables, to enhance individual and group risk monitoring and assessments, and to reveal toxicological mechanisms by which an exposure and a disease are related. This field of research has been most extensively explored in cancer, but in recent years, the use of molecular biomarkers reflecting the progression pathways in cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders has been rapidly increasing. Thus, methods to more accurately and sensitively characterize exposure, effects, and susceptibility are needed in research involving environmental agents. Collectively, these data also help to inform the risk assessment process, where regulations can be tested against biological measurements of exposure to determine the efficacy of the regulations, and most recently, these tools have been applied to the problems of assessing cumulative risk.
A Good Divorce Is Better Than a Bad Marriage

A methodological-historical analysis of three epistemological issues in the history of psychology—the subject matter of psychology, the criterion of psychological truth, and ethical principles that govern the application of psychological knowledge—concludes that psychology is a multidisciplinary field with different segments employing irreconcilable orientations. The observational foundation of psychology can either be the intrasubjecfive examination of consciousness or the intersubjective report of behavior, with the kind of knowledge emerging from one being presently incommensurable with the other. Four forms of understanding—deductive explanation, behavioral control, interpretive consistency, and intuitive knowing—have been employed, with the former two meeting the standards of natural science whereas the latter two are consistent with a human science orientation. An acceptance of a natural science sense of understanding implies the rejection of a human science criterion and vice versa. Psychologists can assume either a prescriptive or descriptive stance when applying psychological knowledge, with each position being opposed to the other. In conclusion, a divorce among irreconcilable segments of psychology is suggested as not only desirable but imperative.
Overcoming Sexual Inadequacy

Sex therapy is often described as nothing more than a set of behavioral procedures and techniques. Lazarus points out in this article that just the use of such procedures alone is often not enough to produce change. The need for assertion training and behavioral rehearsal as well as deconditioning of anxiety responses in men with erectile failure is an example of the need for a broad-spectrum approach to the treatment of sexual problems.
ON GENERALIZED MULTIVARIATE GAMMA TYPE DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN RELIABILITY

Abstract. In this paper, the author considers the joint distributions of the linear combinations of correlated gamma variables and their applications in reliability theory. Asymptotic expressions for these distributions are given in terms of the linear combinations of the multivariate normal densities and the derivatives of these densities.
A Perspective in Quantum-Structure Development

In 1969, research on quantum structures was initiated with a proposal of an “engineered” semiconductor superlattice by Esaki and Tsu (1) (2). In anticipation of advancement in epitaxy, we envisioned two types of superlattices with alternating ultrathin layers: doping and compositional, as shown at the top and bottom of Figure 1, respectively.
Types of Supplementary Aids and Services for Students With Significant Support Needs

Supplementary aids and services (SAS) have been a provision in special education law since PL 94-142, however, almost no guidance has been provided to help teams make decisions about their appropri...
The Impacts of Temperature, Precipitation, and Growing Degree-Days on First Egg Dates of Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) and Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) in Ohio

Avian nesting behavior has been correlated with environmental variables and many birds appear to be breeding earlier in response to warming spring temperatures. A primary concern associated with changes in nesting phenology is the potential for ecological asynchrony, whereby avian lifecycle events become out of sync with food resources, potentially leading to avian population declines and decreased opportunities for some birds to suppress pests in agroecosystems. Studies assessing changes in nesting phenology have been conducted at multiple scales and, in many cases, regional assessments allow researchers to pinpoint particular climate variables that impact first egg dates. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of temperature, precipitation, and growing degree-days (GDD) on first egg dates of Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) across a latitudinal gradient in Ohio. In total we assessed 6535 nesting records submitted through the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's NestWatch Project from 2000-2015. Eastern Bluebirds and Tree Swallows generally nested earlier in areas of lower latitude, although bluebirds in southwest Ohio nested later than birds in central Ohio. Eastern Bluebird first egg dates were earlier in warmer spring (P < 0.001) and both Eastern Bluebird and Tree Swallow first egg dates were later in wetter springs (P < 0.001). Spring temperature did not impact the first egg dates of Tree Swallows (P = 0.89). Tree Swallows first egg dates coincided with greater GDD accumulations than first egg dates of Eastern Bluebirds, and both overlapped key control windows for common insect pests in Ohio. Given climate change predictions in this region in the next century, our results suggest temperature-related first-egg-date advancements may be moderated by nesting delays associated with increased precipitation. Our results also demonstrate a mechanism for using GDD to identify overlaps between the nesting dates of birds and important pest emergence windows in Ohio, which could inform efforts to biologically suppress insect pests.
Therapist-Guided, Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety.

Therapist-guided, Internet-delivered CBT can be used as an effective treatment for anxiety in adults and is similar in effectiveness to face-to-face CBT.
Direct Observation Assessment of Ultrasound Competency Using a Mobile Standardized Direct Observation Tool Application With Comparison to Asynchronous Quality Assurance Evaluation.

Objectives Competency assessment is a key component of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training. The purpose of this study was to design a smartphone-based standardized direct observation tool (SDOT) and to compare a faculty-observed competency assessment at the bedside with a blinded reference standard assessment in the quality assurance (QA) review of ultrasound images. Methods In this prospective, observational study, an SDOT was created using SurveyMonkey containing specific scoring and evaluation items based on the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency-Academy of Emergency Ultrasound: Consensus Document for the Emergency Ultrasound Milestone Project. Ultrasound faculty used the mobile phone-based data collection tool as an SDOT at the bedside when students, residents, and fellows were performing one of eight core POCUS examinations. Data recorded included demographic data, examination-specific data, and overall quality measures (on a scale of 1-5, with 3 and above being defined as adequate for clinical decision making), as well as interpretation and clinical knowledge. The POCUS examination itself was recorded and uploaded to QPath, a HIPAA-compliant ultrasound archive. Each examination was later reviewed by another faculty blinded to the result of the bedside evaluation. The agreement of examinations scored adequate (3 and above) in the two evaluation methods was the primary outcome. Results A total of 163 direct observation evaluations were collected from 23 EM residents (93 SDOTs [57%]), 14 students (51 SDOTs [31%]), and four fellows (19 SDOTs [12%]). The trainees were evaluated on completing cardiac (54 [33%]), focused assessment with sonography for trauma (34 [21%]), biliary (25 [15%]), aorta (18 [11%]), renal (12 [7%]), pelvis (eight [5%]), deep vein thrombosis (seven [4%]), and lung scan (5 [3%]). Overall, the number of observed agreements between bedside and QA assessments was 81 (87.1% of the observations) for evaluating the quality of images (scores 1 and 2 vs. scores 3, 4, and 5). The strength of agreement is considered to be "fair" (κ = 0.251 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.48). Further agreement assessment demonstrated a fair agreement for images taken by residents and students and a "perfect" agreement in images taken by fellows. Overall, a "moderate" inter-rater agreement was found in 79.1% for the accuracy of interpretation of POCUS scan (e.g., true positive, false negative) during QA and bedside evaluation (κ = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.34-0.63). Faculty at the bedside and QA assessment reached a moderate agreement on interpretations noted by residents and students and a "good" agreement on fellows' scans. Conclusion Using a bedside SDOT through a mobile SurveyMonkey platform facilitates assessment of competency in emergency ultrasound learners and correlates well with traditional competency evaluation by asynchronous weekly image review QA.
Comparing the anomalous Hall effect and the magneto-optical Kerr effect through antiferromagnetic phase transitions in Mn3Sn

In the non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn, we compare simultaneous measurements of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) through two magnetic phase transitions: the high-temperature paramagnetic/antiferromagnetic (AF) phase transition at the Neel temperature (TN ≈ 420 K) and a lower-temperature incommensurate magnetic ordering at T1 ≈ 270 K. While both the AHE and MOKE are sensitive to the same underlying symmetries of the AF non-collinear spin order, we find that the transition temperatures measured by these two techniques unexpectedly differ by approximately 10 K. Moreover, the applied magnetic field at which the AF order reverses is significantly larger when measured by MOKE than when measured by AHE. These results point to a difference between the bulk and surface magnetic properties of Mn3Sn.
Life-Long AAV-Mediated CRISPR Genome Editing in Dystrophic Heart Improves Cardiomyopathy without Causing Serious Lesions in mdx Mice.

Previous studies from others and us have demonstrated that CRISPR genome editing could offer a promising therapeutic strategy to restore dystrophin expression and function in the skeletal muscle and heart of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mouse models. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of CRISPR genome-editing therapy for DMD has not been well established. We packaged both SaCas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) together into one AAVrh.74 vector, injected two such vectors (targeting intron 20 and intron 23, respectively) into mdx pups at day 3 and evaluated the mice at 19 months. We found that AAVrh.74-mediated life-long CRISPR genome editing in mdx mice restored dystrophin expression and improved cardiac function without inducing serious adverse effects. PCR analysis and targeted deep sequencing showed that the DSBs were mainly repaired by the precise ligation of the two cut sites. Serological and histological examination of major vital organs did not reveal any signs of tumor development or other deleterious defects arising from CRISPR genome editing. These results support that in vivo CRISPR genome editing could be developed as a safe therapeutic treatment for DMD and potentially other diseases.
Primary cilia dysfunction as a novel pathogenic mechanism of prenatal alcohol-induced birth defects

Abstract Neurulation-stage alcohol exposure (NAE; embryonic day [E] 8-10) is associated with midline craniofacial and CNS defects that likely arise from disruption of morphogen pathways, such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Notably, midline anomalies are also a hallmark of genetic ciliopathies such as Joubert syndrome. We tested whether NAE alters Shh pathway signaling and the number and function of primary cilia, organelles critical for Shh pathway transduction. Female C57BL/6J mice were administered two doses of alcohol (2.9 g/kg/dose) or vehicle on E9. Embryos were collected 6, 12, or 24 hr later, and changes to Shh, cell cycle genes, and primary cilia were measured in the rostroventral neural tube (RVNT). Within the first 24 hours post-NAE, reductions in Shh pathway and cell cycle gene expression and the ratio of Gli3 forms in the full-length activator state were observed. RVNT volume and cell layer width were reduced at 12 hr. In addition, expression of multiple cilia-related genes were observed at 6 hr post-NAE. As a further test of cilia gene-ethanol interaction, mice heterozygous for Kif3a exhibited perturbed behavior during adolescence following NAE compared to vehicle-treated mice, and Kif3a heterozygosity exacerbated the hyperactive effects of NAE on exploratory activity. These data demonstrate that NAE downregulates the Shh pathway in a region of the neural tube that gives rise to alcohol-sensitive brain structures and identifies disruption of primary cilia function, or a “transient ciliopathy”, as a possible cellular mechanism of prenatal alcohol pathogenesis.
A Counterintuitive Tool for Connected Care.

The authors of this article ask if we can imagine a future in which the electronic medical record allows clinicians to spend more time with their patients while providing more effective care. How i...
A multicomponent intervention to improve adherence to opioid prescribing and monitoring guidelines in primary care.

Objective: Guidelines for appropriate management of chronic opioid therapy are underutilized by primary care physicians (PCPs). The authors hypothesized that developing a multicomponent, team-based opioid management system with electronic health record (EHR) support would allow our clinicians to improve adherence to chronic opioid prescribing and monitoring guidelines. Design: This was a retrospective pre-post study. Setting: The authors performed this intervention at our large, urban, academic primary care practice. Patients, participants: All patients with the diagnosis of “chronic pain, opioid requiring (ICD-10 F11.20)” on their primary care EHR problem lists were included in this study. Intervention: The authors implemented a five-pronged strategy to improve our system of opioid prescribing, including (1) a patient registry with regular dissemination of reports to PCPs; (2) standardization of policies regarding opioid prescribing and monitoring; (3) development of a risk-assessment algorithm and risk-stratified monitoring guidelines; (4) a team-based approach to care with physician assistant care managers; and (5) an EHR innovation to facilitate communication and guideline adherence. Main outcome measures: The authors measured percent adherence to opioid prescribing guidelines, including annual patient-provider agreements, biannual urine drug screens (UDSs), and prescription monitoring program (PMP) verification. Results: Between September 2015 and September 2016, the percentage of patients on chronic opioid therapy with a signed controlled substances agreement within the preceding year increased from 46 to 76 percent (p < 0.0001), while the percentage of patients with a UDS done within the past 6 months rose from 23 to 79 percent (p < 0.0001). The percentage of patients whose state PMPs profile had been checked by a primary care team member in the past year rose from 45 to 97 percent (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: A comprehensive strategy to standardize chronic opioid prescribing in our primary care practice coincided with an increase in adherence to opioid management guidelines.
Contingency factors explaining policy adoption: body-worn camera policy across US states

Policy researchers suggest that governments respond to societal problems with public policy. However, empirical evidence is mixed regarding the effect of problem severity on state policy adoption in diverse policy areas. One possible cause of these inconsistencies may be attributable to the fact that states’ other internal characteristics can affect the way problem severity influences state policy adoption. In this paper, I apply Mohr’s (1969) organizational innovation theory to the case of state body-worn camera (BWC) legislation. I examine how the interaction of problem severity with factors representing states’ obstacles against innovation and resources supporting innovation explains states’ adoption of BWC legislation. The results of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis support the importance of considering this interactive effect. Specifically, results suggest that the problem of police use of deadly force against minority residents has led to the adoption of BWC legislation only when strong resistance from police unions is absent, political or socioeconomic resources are present, or both. This study also discusses implications for scholars and policymakers about the important role of police unions in shaping policy related to police practice.
Diagnostic utility of CT for suspected immune checkpoint inhibitor enterocolitis.

Background and aims Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) enterocolitis is a common immune-related adverse event and can be fatal, especially when not diagnosed and treated promptly. The current gold standard for diagnosis is endoscopy with biopsy, but CT scan is a possible alternative. The primary objective of this study is to identify the diagnostic performance of CT in the evaluation of ICI enterocolitis. Methods With institutional review board approval, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who received ICI therapy between 2015 and 2019 across a healthcare system. Patients were included if they underwent both abdominal CT and endoscopy with biopsy within 3 days. The radiological and pathological diagnoses, as well as clinical characteristics, were extracted from the electronic medical record. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CT for diagnosing ICI enterocolitis when compared with tissue diagnosis. Results Of the 4474 patients screened, 138 met inclusion criteria. Most common tumor types were melanoma (37%) and lung cancer (19%). Seventy-four per cent were treated with antiprogrammed cell death (PD-1)/PD-L1 therapy. Thirty-nine per cent had signs of enterocolitis on CT scan and 58% had biopsy-proven ICI enterocolitis. Sensitivity and specificity of CT were 50% and 74%, respectively. PPV was 73% and NPV was 52%. Of those with confirmed ICI enterocolitis, 70% had grade 3 or higher symptoms, 91% received steroids and 40% received infliximab. Conclusion The performance of CT scan for diagnosis of ICI enterocolitis is moderate to poor and does not replace endoscopy with biopsy.
Takotsubo's syndrome presenting as cardiogenic shock in patients with COVID-19: A case-series and review of current literature.

Takotsubo's syndrome (TTS) is a form of stress cardiomyopathy with a relatively benign long-term course, but may lead to arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock in the acute setting. Despite a recent rise in suspected stress-induced cardiomyopathy, the relationship between the novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and TTS is not fully understood. Early recognition of TTS in these patients is important to guide management and treatment. We present 2 cases of TTS arising in the setting of COVID-19 with rapid progression to biventricular heart failure and cardiogenic shock.