cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Every local ring is dominated by a one-dimensional local ring

Let (R, m) be a local (Noetherian) ring. The main result of this paper asserts the existence of a local extension ring S of R such that (i) S dominates R, (ii) the residue field of S is a finite purely transcendental extension of R/m, (iii) every associated prime of (0) in S contracts in R to an associated prime of (0), and (iv) dim(S) < 1. In addition, it is shown that S can be obtained so that either mS is the maximal ideal of S or S is a localization of a finitely generated R-algebra.
Blink reflex in patients with hemispheric cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Blink reflex in CVA

Abstract A blink reflex consists of an early unilateral component, R 1 , and a late bilateral component, R 2 . During an acute phase of hemispheric cerebrovascular accident, R 1 and R 2 were abnormal in 30 and 50 of 66 patients, respectively. Paired stimuli usually corrected R 1 but not R 2 , which was profoundly suppressed. The discrepancy between polysynaptic R 2 and oligosynaptic R 1 indicates a greater disfacilitation at the level of interneurons than at the motoneuron, which serves as the final common path. Abnormality of R 2 occurred bilaterally with stimulation on the affected side of face and contralaterally after stimulation on the normal side in 31 patients. This finding suggests a diffuse loss of internuncial excitability, contralateral to the hemispheric lesion. Changes of R 2 implicated the brainstem pathways forming the afferent and efferent arc of the reflex in 7 and 8 patients, respectively. The remaining 4 comatose patients had no R 2 irrespective of stimulus sites. Clinical localization of the hemispheric lesion showed no consistent correlation with the type of blink reflex abnormalities. The CT scans revealed widely scattered changes in 29 patients with abnormal blink reflex but with a tendency to overlap in the inferior Rolandic area. This contrasted with conspicuous sparing of the inferior postcentral region in 10 patients with normal blink reflex. These findings suggest the presence of crossed facilitation to this reflex from wide areas of the cortex but most prominently from the sensory representation of the face.
The permutable POMDP: fast solutions to POMDPs for preference elicitation

The ability for an agent to reason under uncertainty is crucial for many planning applications, since an agent rarely has access to complete, error-free information about its environment. Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are a desirable framework in these planning domains because the resulting policies allow the agent to reason about its own uncertainty. In domains with hidden state and noisy observations, POMDPs optimally trade between actions that increase an agent's knowledge and actions that increase an agent's reward.Unfortunately, for many real world problems, even approximating good POMDP solutions is computationally intractable without leveraging structure in the problem domain. We show that the structure of many preference elicitation problems---in which the agent must discover some hidden preference or desire from another (usually human) agent---allows the POMDP solution to be solved with exponentially fewer belief points than standard point-based approximations while retaining the quality of the solution.
Theory and algorithms for the generation and validation of speculative loop optimizations

Translation validation is a technique that verifies the results of every run of a translator such as a compiler, instead of the translator itself. Previous papers by the authors and others have described translation validation for compilers that perform loop optimizations (such as interchange, tiling, fusion, etc), using a proof rule that treats loop optimizations as permutations. In this paper we describe an improved permutation proof rule which considers the initial conditions and invariant conditions of the loop. This new proof rule not only improves the validation process for compile-time optimizations, it can also be used to ensure the correctness of speculative loop optimizations, the aggressive optimizations which are only correct under certain conditions that cannot be known at compile time. Based on the new permutation rule, with the help of an automatic theorem prover CVC Lite, an algorithm is proposed for validating loop optimizations. The same permutation proof rule can also be used (within a compiler for example) to generate the runtime tests necessary to support speculative optimizations.
Birds of a feather lek together

A lek looks like a winner-takes-all competition between males to attract females. But appearances could be deceptive, and the males might be a family group cooperating to their mutual evolutionary advantage.
The global nitrogen cycle

Once upon a time, nitrogen did not exist. Today, it does. In the intervening time, the universe was formed, nitrogen (N) was created, the Earth came into existence, and its atmosphere and oceans were formed! In this analysis of the Earth's N cycle, the author starts with an overview of these important events relative to N and then move on to the more traditional analysis of the N cycle itself and the role of humans in its alteration. This chapter examines the biogeochemical reactions of reactive nitrogen (Nr), the distribution of Nr in Earth's reservoirs, and the exchanges between the reservoirs. It then discusses Nr creation by natural and anthropogenic processes and N budgets for the global land mass and for continents and oceans. It also presents an overview of the consequences of Nr accumulation in the environment and then concludes with estimates of minima and maxima Nr creation rates in 2050.
Genetic Variation and RNA Binding Proteins: Tools and Techniques to Detect Functional Polymorphisms

At its most fundamental level the goal of genetics is to connect genotype to phenotype. This question is asked at a basic level evaluating the role of genes and pathways in genetic model organism. Increasingly, this question is being asked in the clinic. Genomes of individuals and populations are being sequenced and compared. The challenge often comes at the stage of analysis. The variant positions are analyzed with the hope of understanding human disease. However after a genome or exome has been sequenced, the researcher is often deluged with hundreds of potentially relevant variations. Traditionally, amino-acid changing mutations were considered the tractable class of disease-causing mutations; however, mutations that disrupt noncoding elements are the subject of growing interest. These noncoding changes are a major avenue of disease (e.g., one in three hereditary disease alleles are predicted to affect splicing). Here, we review some current practices of medical genetics, the basic theory behind biochemical binding and functional assays, and then explore technical advances in how variations that alter RNA protein recognition events are detected and studied. These advances are advances in scale—high-throughput implementations of traditional biochemical assays that are feasible to perform in any molecular biology laboratory. This chapter utilizes a case study approach to illustrate some methods for analyzing polymorphisms. The first characterizes a functional intronic SNP that deletes a high affinity PTB site using traditional low-throughput biochemical and functional assays. From here we demonstrate the utility of high-throughput splicing and spliceosome assembly assays for screening large sets of SNPs and disease alleles for allelic differences in gene expression. Finally we perform three pilot drug screens with small molecules (G418, tetracycline, and valproic acid) that illustrate how compounds that rescue specific instances of differential pre-mRNA processing can be discovered.
Air-to-Fuel Ratio Switching Frequency Control for Gasoline Engines

Modern gasoline internal combustion engines use a variety of technologies to enhance the efficiency of fresh air induction. These technologies, which include variable valve timing and variable intake geometry systems, also make it more difficult to predict the mass of fresh air that is trapped during the induction stroke of the engine because they not only affect the residual gas fraction of the trapped air charge, but also the wave dynamics of the system. As the number of controllable actuators increases, this estimation problem becomes even more difficult. As these technologies continue to develop, the importance of robustness in air-to-fuel ratio control continues to grow. This paper presents an air-to-fuel ratio control algorithm based on a switching frequency regulator that has favorable robust stability properties in the presence of both input and model errors. Instead of modeling the air path system with a simplified model, this control architecture considers the air estimate as a control input. As a result, air estimation errors behave like input errors, not modeling errors. By using the rich-to-lean and lean-to-rich air-to-fuel ratio switching frequencies of the pre-catalyst exhaust gas oxygen sensor as the primary feedback signal, the control laws are completely independent of the parameters of the plant model. The performance of this controller is demonstrated both with a robust stability analysis and through a vehicle-based experimental validation.
Atomistic model of gallium

A modified embedded atom model of gallium has been developed. This simple atomic level model is able to reproduce the unusual behavior of this complex element. The calculated energetics and volumes of many allotropic phases of gallium are found to be in close agreement with first principles calculations and experiment. Calculated thermodynamic and elastic properties are also in reasonable agreement with the available experimental and first principles data. The model also reproduces the low melting point of gallium.
Secretion of Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Female Rats Made Persistently Estrous or Diestrous by Hypothalamic Deafferentation

Serum LH and FSH levels and pituitary LH concentration and total content were determined by radioimmunoassay in cycling adult female rats and rats which had been made persistent- estrous by extended anterior deafferentation (AC) or constant-diestrous by complete deafferentation (CC) of the medial basal hypothalamus. Both types of cut drastically altered LH and FSH secretion from their cyclic patterns by blocking the “proestrous surge” of these two hormones. Serum LH titers were somewhat elevated in anterior- deafferented rats, values ranging between levels seen on the afternoons of diestrus and proestrus; FSH values were similar to those seen on the afternoon of estrus. The pituitaries were enlarged in AC rats but the mean concentration of pituitary LH was lower than that of cycling rats with the result that the total pituitary LH content was similar to levels seen on the afternoon of proestrus. In completely-deafferented rats, serum LH was very low but FSH values were only slightly depressed when compare...
Caustic surfaces in a Keplerian two-lens beam shaper

The refractive, aspheric beam shaper in its Keplerian configuration has a focus between the two lenses and near that focal point are caustic surfaces on which the optical intensity, in the geometrical optics approximation, is infinite. We use the intensity law of geometrical optics to find the caustic surfaces and the irradiance everywhere in the caustic region. The theoretical results are in good agreement with measurements on an aspheric beam shaping lens using a CCD camera.
Impact of sleep, screen time, depression and stress on weight change in the intensive weight loss phase of the LIFE study

The LIFE study is a two-phase randomized clinical trial comparing two approaches to maintaining weight loss following guided weight loss. Phase I provided a nonrandomized intensive 6-month behavioral weight loss intervention to 472 obese (body mass index 30–50) adult participants. Phase II is the randomized weight loss maintenance portion of the study. This paper focuses on Phase I measures of sleep, screen time, depression and stress. The Phase I intervention consisted of 22 group sessions led over 26 weeks by behavioral counselors. Recommendations included reducing dietary intake by 500 calories per day, adopting the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern and increasing physical exercise to at least 180 min per week. Measures reported here are sleep time, insomnia, screen time, depression and stress at entry and post-weight loss intervention follow-up. The mean weight loss for all participants over the intensive Phase I weight loss intervention was 6.3 kg (s.d. 7.1). Sixty percent (N=285) of participants lost at least 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and were randomized into Phase II. Participants (N=472) attended a mean of 73.1% (s.d. 26.7) of sessions, completed 5.1 (s.d. 1.9) daily food records/week, and reported 195.1 min (s.d. 123.1) of exercise per week. Using logistic regression, sleep time (quadratic trend, P=0.030) and lower stress (P=0.024) at entry predicted success in the weight loss program, and lower stress predicted greater weight loss during Phase I (P=0.021). In addition, weight loss was significantly correlated with declines in stress (P=0.048) and depression (P=0.035). Results suggest that clinicians and investigators might consider targeting sleep, depression and stress as part of a behavioral weight loss intervention.
SYK-dependent tonic B-cell receptor signaling is a rational treatment target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The role of B-cell receptor (BCR)–mediated survival signals in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains undefined. Ligand-induced BCR signaling induces receptor oligomerization, Igα/β immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) phosphorylation, and activation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which initiates downstream events and amplifies the initial BCR signal. BCRs also transmit low-level tonic survival signals in the absence of receptor engagement. Herein, we assess the role of SYK-dependent tonic BCR survival signals in DLBCL cell lines and primary tumors and evaluate the efficacy of an ATP-competitive inhibitor of SYK, R406, in vitro. R406 induced apoptosis of the majority of examined DLBCL cell lines. In R406-sensitive DLBCL cell lines, R406 specifically inhibited both tonic- and ligand-induced BCR signaling (autophosphorylation of SYK525/526 and SYK-dependent phosphorylation of the B-cell linker protein [BLNK]). The majority of examined primary DLBCLs also exhibited tonic- and ligand-induced BCR signaling; in these primary tumors, BCR signaling was also inhibited by R406. Of note, BCR-dependent and R406-sensitive DLBCL cell lines were independently identified as “BCR-type” tumors by transcriptional profiling. Therefore, SYK-dependent tonic BCR signaling is an important and potentially targetable survival pathway in some, but not all, DLBCLs. In addition, R406-sensitive DLBCLs can be identified by their transcriptional profiles.
Mutant induction through adventitious buds of Kohleria

Freshly cut leaves of Kohleria eriantha and K. x ‘Longwood’ were exposed to a wide range of gamma irradiation doses and allowed to root and form adventitious buds. K. Eriantha could not be successfully propagated from leaf half cuttings. ‘Longwood’ produced a small number of adventitious plantlets as compared to other Gesneriads. Colchicine treatments reduced leaf half survival in ‘Longwood’ by more than 50%. Leaf halves exposed to low and moderate doses of gamma irradiation showed increased overall plantlet production compared to nonirradiated leaf halves.
Optical echoes generated by standing-wave fields: Observations in atomic vapors

Abstract We discuss some general features of optical echoes generated in standing-wave (SW) fields. Three types of SW echos - transverse, longitudinal, and stimulated - which we call TSW, LSW and SSW echoes, respectively, are distinguished. We report the first observation of three successive TSW echoes and compare their relative amplitude with theory. We also report the first observation of SSW echoes.
An overview of the rationale for qualitative research methods in social health

Qualitative research is a primary way to understand the context of diabetes in a person's life, beyond the medical outcomes. Identifying the qualitative issues such as patients' knowledge about diabetes, their beliefs and attitudes, and their relationship with health care professionals can serve as data to determine the obstacles and, in turn, resolutions to those issues in diabetes management. Characteristics of qualitative and quantitative methods are described, with the discussion that both methods are complementary, not conflicting, to further the field of diabetes research.
Die Herstellung von DNA‐Chips

Die Entwicklung von Mikroarrays gehort derzeit zu den aktuellsten Gebieten der biologischen Forschung. Sie werden meistens fur die Analyse von Nucleinsauren eingesetzt, insbesondere um zu beurteilen, welche Gene in welcher Menge exprimiert werden. Da die ersten Mikroarrays durch photolithographische Verfahren hergestellt wurden, die sonst zur Fertigung integrierter Schaltkreise („Computerchips“) genutzt werden, findet man haufig auch den Begriff „DNA-Chip“. Die Entschlusselung der Genomsequenzen von Menschen und vielen anderen Organismen erfordert als nachsten wichtigen Schritt, um die Rolle der DNA bei den Vorgangen des Lebens zu verstehen, die Erforschung der Wirkungsweise von Genen. Hierfur sind DNA-Mikroarrays ein ausgezeichnetes Hilfsmittel, denn ihre zahlreichen Sondenorte ermoglichen es, viele Gene gleichzeitig zu analysieren. Aufgrund der guten Erfahrungen mit dieser ersten Verwendung werden weitere Anwendungen fur Mikroarrays entwickelt, darunter die Genotypisierung in der Forschung und die genetische Diagnose in der Medizin. Die DNA-Mikroarrays haben das Leistungsvermogen der Parallelitat in der biologischen Analyse eindeutig belegt, sodass das Interesse an anderen Mikroarrays (kleine Molekule, Proteine) wachst. Zahlreiche Anwendungen fur DNA-Mikroarrays wurden bereits entwickelt, und durch die Kreativitat der Wissenschaftler, die sie nutzen, werden es zweifellos noch viel mehr werden. Fur die ersten Untersuchungen stellten die Anwender ihre Mikroarrays selbst her. Das offensichtliche Leistungsvermogen von Mikroarrays erforderte aber verbesserte Herstellungsmethoden, und nun werden Methoden aus der Physik und dem Ingenieurwesen auf DNA-Chips angewandt. Fur die Entwicklung weiterer, verbesserter Methoden konnen viele Gebiete der Chemie beitragen: von der Synthesechemie, die zur Anknupfung oder Herstellung von DNA eingesetzt wird, uber die physikalische Chemie von Oberflachen bis zur analytischen Chemie, um Reaktionen an Oberflachen zu beurteilen.
Cuerpos y voces de cautivos: Los espacios discursivos en un corpus argentino

(1999). Cuerpos y voces de cautivos: Los espacios discursivos en un corpus argentino. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 112-123.
Characteristics of a commercially available silicon-on-insulator MEMS material

Design of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) requires an understanding of the material characteristics inherent to the specific processing technologies. In this study, several design-critical characteristics of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS fabrication technology (SOIMUMPs) have been examined and compared to a surface micromachined MEMS fabrication technology (polyMUMPs), both produced by MEMSCAP, Inc. Diagnostic structures were utilized to evaluate material characteristics including: minimum achievable feature size, deviation of feature size from nominal design dimensions, through-thickness residual strain gradient, in-plane residual strain, resistivity, surface roughness, and fracture strength. In general, most of the measured characteristics were similar for SOIMUMPs and polyMUMPs, in spite of their very different fundamental process constraints. For example, the characteristic fracture strength was 1.97 and 1.43 GPa, with associated Weibull moduli of 8.9 and 14.0, respectively. These values are similar given the very different sources of silicon: mechanically thinned single crystal silicon wafers versus low-pressure chemical vapor deposition for polycrystalline films. Fractography suggests that fracture strength for the both technologies is controlled by surface topography features: individual sidewall etching defects drive SOIMUMPs failures whereas top-surface grain boundary crevices drive polyMUMPs failures. Discussion focuses on the ramifications of the process-controlled material characteristics in SOIMUMPS and polyMUMPs to the design of MEMS components.
The 48Ti(p, t)46Ti reaction

Abstract The 48 Ti(p, t) reaction at a proton energy of 51 MeV has been used to study the level structure of 46 Ti. Angular distributions fitted with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations were used to determine angular momentum transfers. Spin and parity assignments for levels up to 5.0 MeV excitation energy in 46 Ti were determined or confirmed and enhancement factors extracted.
Best collection development articles

In December 1988, a questionnaire was mailed to approximately 200 collection development officers throughout the country. Each had been a registered participant in an RTSD Preconference on “Collection Development in the Electronic Age,” held at ALA-New Orleans on 8 July 1988. Enrollment in the preconference was interpreted as an indication that these individuals were motivated to develop themselves professionally through continuing education; and, as another aspect of continuing education is familiarity with developments in the literature, the assumption was made that these individuals-primarily from the academic and public library sectors-would have read an ample selection of pertinent articles throughout the year. The assumption was also made that they were competent to judge the quality of what they had read. The survey instrument was quite simple: an open-ended question asking participants to identify and provide citations for 5-7 items (articles, essays, books, etc.) which they considered to be noteworthy and among the best literature on collection development published in 1988. The response rate was approximately 20%; and among those responding, many included citations to items published outside the requested time frame. Those citations have not been included here. Others ranked their responses in order of noteworthiness-in some cases, with annotations and rationale. The listing below represents a composite of all responses received. Many of the citations were provided by more than one respondent. These are not, however, distinguished from those citations provided by a single respondent, As a result, and because the author has made no attempt to exclude any valid response, the composite listing should be viewed as a listing of resource literature to be approached and used solely on the basis of peer opinion regarding the best literature on collection development for the time period specified.
The locus coeruleus: its possible role in memory consolidation.

Abstract Three experiments were done looking at the effects on memory of discrete electrolytic lesions in the locus coeruleus of mice. In Experiment 1 mice received electrolytic lesions of the locus coeruleus immediately following training on the 1 trial inhibitory avoidance step-through task. Retention of this response, measured 48 hr later was normal, suggesting that locus coeruleus lesions per se do not interfere with the performance of this rather simple response. In Experiments 2 and 3 mice were treated exactly as in Experiment 1 except that a transcorneal ECS was administered 40 hr or 7 days after initial training and locus coeruleus lesions. Mice with locus coeruleus lesions were amnesic following a 40 hr delayed ECS treatment when tested either 8 hr or 24 hr after ECS. Mice with locus coeruleus lesions were not amnesic following a 7 day delayed ECS. These data are interpreted to suggest that the locus coeruleus is normally involved in the temporal delineation of the susceptibility period of newly formed memory. A malfunction of the locus coeruleus can result in a profound extension of the normal susceptibility period of newly formed memory to ECS produced amnesia.
Formation of surface magnetite nanoparticles from iron-exchanged zeolite using microwave radiation

Microwave radiation simplifies synthesis methods by reducing reaction times, requiring fewer materials, and also controlling reaction processes. We have successfully synthesized nanoparticles of iron oxide and zinc oxide coated on zeolite A using microwaves. The radiation assisted in displacing either ferrous or zinc ions from the pre-loaded zeolite network and increasing reaction speed with solution at the interface. Products were characterized by TEM, XRD, VSM, ICP-AES, and fluorescence. We demonstrate the ability of using cation-exchanged zeolites as microreactors to bias reactions onto the zeolite surface. Efficient structure-directed surface reactions are a potential route to making unique supported nanomaterials for applications such as sensors, environmental remediation, and chemical catalysis.
Reaction-Diffusion Equations and Learning

A system of coupled differential equations that learns priors for modeling “preattentive” textures is formulated. Learning is driven by the feature residuals computed from the observed values and the values calculated by the system from a synthesized image that is generated by means of a reaction?diffusion equation.
Effect of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on secondary hypersplenism

Background Portal hypertension is frequently associated with secondary hypersplenism, two common clinical manifestations of which are leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Surgical portosystemic shunts alleviate portal hypertension but their effect on hypersplenism remains unpredictable. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a minimally invasive procedure for portal decompression. From current reports it is not clear if TIPS improves hypersplenism in patients with portal hypertension. We present a retrospective review of our experience with TIPS to determine the effect on hypersplenism. Patients and Methods Sixty-five patients who had a TIPS procedure between December 1991 and June 1994 were evaluated retrospectively. The records were specifically reviewed for platelet and white blood cell counts performed before the procedure, within a week after the procedure, and then again within the subsequent 3 weeks. Hypersplenism was defined as thrombocytopenia (platelet count of Results Thrombocytopenia alone was present in 33 patients and leukopenia alone in 4 patients before TIPS was performed. Both leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were present in 12 individuals. At least one of these indices of hypersplenism was present in 49 patients. Leukocyte count improved in 11 of 16 patients (69%) whereas platelet count improved in 34 of 45 patients (75%) within a week of the procedure. In the subsequent 3 weeks, leukopenia was relieved in 5 of 10 patients (50%) and thrombocytopenia in 21 of 28 patients (75%), respectively. Of the 12 patients who had both leukopenia and thrombocytopenia before TIPS, the indices improved in 4 patients (33%) within a week of the procedure. Thrombocytopenia was more consistently corrected as opposed to leukopenia, albeit in the short term. Conclusion The TIPS procedure is a promising, minimally invasive method of portal decompression that is effective in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension including secondary hypersplenism.
The irritant effects of dilute solutions of dibenzoxazepine (CR) on the eye and tongue.

Median threshold concentrations for the sensory irritant material dibenz(b.f)-1:4-oxazepine (CR) to produce blepharospasm were found to be 7.9 × 10-5 M for the rabbit, 3.5 × 10-5 M for the guinea pig and 8.6 × 10-7 M for man. The threshold concentration to produce sensation on the human eye was 4.9 × 10-7 M. Extrapolation of log-probit plots for sensation on the human eye suggests that 3.3 × 10-6 M would be incapacitating. The median threshold concentration of CR required to produce sensation on the human tongue was 2.1 × 10-6 M; a concentration 4.3 times that required to produce sensation on the eye. These values have been compared with those previously estimated for the sensory irritant material o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Species variation in responses and the problems of predicting comparative irritancy in man from animal studies are discussed.
Public access to the beach: a selective bibliography

The public’s traditional right to enjoy the shore was unchallenged until the twentieth century. The population shift to coastal areas and the subsequent development of coastal lands by private parties has brought both public and private interests into bitter conflict over this prime real estate. The US Federal Government has encouraged public access but has left its implementation to the states. In turn, lack of funds and staff has forced the states to rely heavily on individuals and citizen action groups to find, open, maintain and publicize access. This bibliography identifies sources that can help interested individuals and action groups increase public coastal access while preserving the rights of private property owners.
Effective moduli of granular and layered composites with piezoelectric constituents

The effective elastic and dielectric moduli of a composite made from piezoelectric materials are examined, with particular emphasis on applications to unpoled piezoelectric ceramics and layered materials. Explicit formulae for the effective moduli and coupling of a layered material are derived. A self-consistent estimate of the moduli of an isotropic polycrystal is obtained through an effective medium approximation (EMA), which takes into account the interaction between each individual grain and the surrounding composite. This estimate shows that the grains behave as uncoupled grains with electric and elastic constants modified by the behavior of surrounding grains. A similar effect is also observed in bounds (established via classical variational principles) on the moduli of a statistically isotropic polycrystal. Numerical implementation of the EMA and bounds show good agreement with data for unpoled barium titanate ceramic. For a general composite with piezoelectric constituents, it is shown that the effective electromechanical coupling can be bounded by the largest coupling factor of the components.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lutzomyia Ignacioi, A New Species of Phlebotomine Sand Fly from Venezuela (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The male and female of Lutzomyia ignacioi n. sp. are described from Merida State, Venezuela (elev. 2270 m). This species appears to be most closely related to L. cruciata (Coq.) and L. gomezi (Nitz.).
Novel T-Lymphocyte Population in Combined Immunodeficiency with Features of Graft-versus-Host Disease

THE diverse functions of T lymphocytes in the defense of the host are mediated by multiple subpopulations that are often classified by the pattern in which they express surface structures. Most mat...
Intratectal targeting by optic fibers in goldfish under impulse blockade

Regenerating optic fibers in goldfish were tested for their capacity to grow from an inappropriate region of the tectum to their appropriate part of the tectum when silenced by periodic intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin. For this, fibers normally innervating the lateral posterior quadrant of one tectum were surgically redirected into the medial anterior end of the opposite host tectum. This starting position corresponds to the path normally taken by fibers to innervate the medial tectum. For comparison, fibers normally innervating the medial posterior quadrant of the opposite tectum were surgically redirected into this same position in the host tectum. To prevent cueing with resident optic fibers, host fibers were eliminated by removing the eye supplying the host tectum. The innervation by these deflected fibers was determined autoradiographically using quantitative microdensitometry. Electrically silent fibers were found to navigate toward their appropriate region just as well as fibers with impulse activity. Thus, the capacity of fibers to read positional tectal cues and to bypass foreign tectal regions was not detectably regulated by impulse activity.
Terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification without second strand synthesis

Terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification was developed originally to reproducibly and inexpensively amplify RNA. The TC RNA amplification method has been improved further by obviating second strand DNA synthesis, a cost-effective protocol that takes less time to perform with fewer manipulations required for RNA amplification. Results demonstrate that TC RNA amplification without second strand synthesis does not differ from the original protocol using RNA harvested from mouse brain and from hippocampal neurons obtained via laser capture microdissection from postmortem human brains. The modified TC RNA amplification method can discriminate single cell gene expression profiles between normal control and Alzheimer's disease hippocampal neurons indistinguishable from the original protocol. Thus, TC RNA amplification without second strand synthesis is a reproducible, time- and cost-effective method for RNA amplification from minute amounts of input RNA, and is compatible with microaspiration strategies and subsequent microarray analysis as well as quantitative real-time PCR.
A simple design for joint channel estimation and data detection in an Alamouti OFDM system

To obtain full benefits of the Alamouti space-time code design on a time-varying acoustic channel, the channel variation is decoupled into two parts: the gain, which is assumed to be constant over an Alamouti pair (two consecutive OFDM blocks), and the phase, which is not restricted in this manner, but allowed to vary from one block to another in a piecewise linear fashion. Under this model, the receiver assumes a simplified structure in which conventional Alamouti data detection and channel estimation are aided by Doppler tracking. System performance is demonstrated using experimental data transmitted over a 1 km shallow water channel in the 8–18 kHz acoustic band, using QPSK modulation and a varying number of carriers (up to 1024). The proposed design shows a gain of up to 2 dB as compared to the reference single-transmitter case.
ATPases in the axon-rich membrane preparation from the retinal nerve of the squid, Loligo pealei☆

1. 1. Various ATPases present in an axon-rich, membrane preparation from the retinal nerves of the squid, Loligo pealei were studied. 2. 2. In each case, the activity specific to each enzyme can be recognized by the different levels of activity in the presence and absence (i.e. basal values) of specific ion(s). 3. 3. Other criteria used in classifying these ATPases are: appropriate ATP substrate concentrations, temperature dependence, protein concentration, and the effect of inhibitors such as ouabain, CN−, EGTA, EDTA, ruthenium red and lanthanum. 4. 4. As a result five distinctly recognizable ATPase systems have been found; (1) ouabain insensitive Na+-K+ ATPase, (2) ouabain sensitive Na+-K+ ATPase, (3) Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase, (4) ecto-Ca2+ ATPase and (5) a nerve myosin.
Verbal rehearsal and selective attention in children with learning disabilities: A developmental lag

Abstract To investigate the development of verbal rehearsal strategies and selective attention in learning disabled children, Hagen's Central-Incidental task was administered to younger learning disabled (M CA = 8.68 years) and normal (M CA = 8.62 years) boys in Experiment 1 and to intermediate (M CA = 10.18 years) and older (M CA = 13.48 years) learning disabled boys in Experiment 2. Also, in Experiment 2, an experimentally induced verbal rehearsal condition was included to determine its effects on serial recall and selective attention performance. In Experiment 1, the serial postion curve of the normals revealed both a primacy and a recency effect, whereas that of the learning disabled revealed a recency effect only. In Experiment 2, both the intermediate and the older learning disabled exhibited both primacy and recency effects under both standard and rehearsal conditions. A developmental analysis of central recall for the three learning disabled groups revealed constant age-related increases in overall central recall and in primacy recall. That the normals recalled more central, but not more incidental, information than the learning disabled in Experiment 1 suggests that the learning disabled are deficient in selective attention. Correlational findings suggest that the selective attention of the learning disabled improves with age. The results were interpreted as support for the hypothesis of a developmental lag in the learning disabled population.
The Effect of Cooperative Listening Exercises on the Critical Listening Skills of College Music-Appreciation Students:

The authors investigated the effectiveness of cooperative listening exercises in developing critical music-listening skills in nonmusic majors. Subjects were college freshmen and sophomores enrolle...
A structure-based approach to a synthetic vaccine for HIV-1.

The generation of neutralizing antibodies by peptide immunization is dependent on achieving conformational compatibility between antibodies and native protein. Consequently, approaches are needed for developing conformational mimics of protein neutralization sites. We replace putative main-chain hydrogen bonds (NH → OCRNH) with a hydrazone link (N−NCH−CH2CH2) and scan constrained peptides for fit with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). To explore this approach, a V3 MAb 58.2 that potently neutralizes T-cell lab-adapted HIV-1MN was used to identify a cyclic peptide, [JHIGPGR(Aib)F(d-Ala)GZ]G-NH2 (loop 5), that binds with >1000-fold higher affinity than the unconstrained peptide. NMR structural studies suggested that loop 5 stabilized β-turns at GPGR and R(Aib)F(d-Ala) in aqueous solvent implying considerable conformational mimicry of a Fab 58.2 bound V3 peptide determined by X-ray crystallography [Stanfield, R. L. et al. (1999) Structure 142, 131−142]. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) generated ...
THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON COLOR CENTERS IN ALKALI HALIDE CRYSTALS

Abstract The absorption spectra of both X-irradiated and additively colored alkali halides have been studied under pressure up to 50,000 atm. These experiments were conducted at room temperature and, with a few exceptions, only those bands occurring in or near the visible region of the spectrum were studied. Frequency shifts and bleaching effects, the latter induced both by radiation and by plastic deformation, were observed. An apparently new band, intimately related to the F center and appearing at the expense of the F band, has been studied. Several related experiments were run at 1 atm. It has been shown that atmospheric oxidation is one of the mechanisms responsible for the bleaching of plastically deformed crystals.
In Exile from the Self: National Belonging and Psychoanalysis in Buenos Aires

It has been estimated that Buenos Aires has more psychoanalysts per capita than any other city in the world. Middle-class porteos (as inhabitants of Buenos Aires are known) typically do not associate involvement with psychoanalytic therapy with depression or mental illness but, rather, often view it as a type of healthy self-exploration. This article explores how painful issues surrounding national belonging and Argentine identity often emerge as central topics of discussion during psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the consulting room. Additionally, this article also examines some of the historical, social, and cultural conditions since the 1950s that have promoted the massive popularization of psychoanalysis among middle-class portenos. I argue that psychoanalysis has been a particularly attractive practice and ideology for many porteos who have maintained a European transnational identity and particularly for those during the 1960s and 1970s who were alienated from Argentina's growing political authoritarianism.
Is sleep quality related to cognition in individuals with heart failure

Abstract Objective To examine how self-reported sleep quality and daytime symptoms are associated with selected domains of cognitive function among individuals with heart failure (HF). Background HF patients suffer from poor sleep quality and cognitive decline. The relationship between sleep and cognition has not been well documented among individuals with HF. Methods In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 68 individuals with HF (male: 63%, mean age = 72 years, SD = 11) completed sleep questionnaires and a neuropsychological battery. Results Participant had mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of 5.04 (SD = 2.8). Regression analyses demonstrated neither sleep quality or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) were related to cognitive function, but daytime dysfunction was related to lower letter fluency and attention index. Conclusion Contrary to some earlier reports, subjective sleep and EDS in this group of individuals was not associated with cognitive decline.
Thermodynamics of SiO2–H2O fluid near the upper critical end point from quartz solubility measurements at 10 kbar

Abstract Quartz solubility in SiO 2 –H 2 O fluid was measured at 10 kbar and 750–1130 °C in a piston-cylinder apparatus. At ≤ 1035 °C, solubility was determined by weight loss of single crystals equilibrated with H 2 O-rich fluid; at higher temperature ( T ), the fluid phase coexisting with quartz quenched to a glass, and solubility was determined by phase-assemblage bracketing (quartz present or absent with glass in quenched charges). At 700 to 1000 °C, quartz solubility increases at an accelerating rate from 1.2 mol% to 8.9 mol% SiO 2 . Above 1000 °C, there is a sharp increase to nearly equimolar fluids in equilibrium with quartz at 1080 °C. At T > 1080 °C, SiO 2 concentration increases less strongly. The data confirm the existence of a critical end point on the hydrous melting curve of quartz, and imply it lies at 1080 °C and 9.5–10 kbar. Two independent approaches to calculating SiO 2 activity at 1080 °C — from a mixing model for aqueous SiO 2 extrapolated from lower temperatures, and from depression of the melting temperature of quartz by H 2 O — indicate nearly constant values over the wide compositional range of 20–60 mol% SiO 2 . The activity of H 2 O ( a h ) at the same conditions, calculated by integration of the Gibbs–Duhem relation, shows a plateau of very high a h (∼ 0.93) in the same broad composition range. At ≥ 60 mol%, there is an abrupt change in H 2 O dissolution mechanism, as SiO 2 activity becomes proportional to its mole fraction at high silica concentration. The activity-concentration relations at 1080 °C and 10 kbar were fitted to a subregular solution model, giving interchange energies for SiO 2 and H 2 O of respectively 25.3 and 14.3 kJ/mol. Roughly constant SiO 2 activity of the near-critical fluid despite a factor of 3 increase in X H2O can be explained by progressively greater amounts of hydrogen bonding of H 2 O molecules to polymerized silica units, so that the effective concentration of these units remains nearly constant as H 2 O increases. The sudden onset of critical phenomena in the system SiO 2 –H 2 O as temperature and pressure increase over narrow intervals approaching 1080 °C and 10 kbar is thus explained as mainly a convergent or cooperative compositional effect, in which polymerization and hydrogen bonding both play important roles.
Synthesis of redox derivatives of lysine and their use in solid-phase synthesis of a light-harvesting peptide

Redox-active amino acids were synthesized for incorporation into peptide assemblies to study photoinitiated electron or energy transfer. 4′-Methyl-2,2′-bipyridine-4-carboxylic acid was obtained in 72% yield by consecutive SeO2 and Ag2O oxidation without isolation of intermediates. The side chain e-amino group of Boc-l-lysine methyl ester or γ-carboxyl group of Boc-l-glutamic acid α-methyl ester was coupled to a redox moiety (transition-metal chromophore, electron donor, electron acceptor, metal ligand, or triplet-energy transmitter) using 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, (1-benzotriazoleoxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, N-methylmorpholine, and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Use of one equivalent of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine provided the amide coupling product in 80–97% isolated yield. Selective hydrolysis of the methyl esters with lithium hydroxide provided the redox Boc-amino acids in 70–98% yield. These redox modules are suitable for solid-phase assembly of light-harvesting peptides, as illustrated by the synthesis of the partially α-helical 11-residue redox triad that contains a phenothiazine electron donor, a ruthenium(II)tris(bipyridine) chromophore, and an anthraquinone electron acceptor. Upon laser excitation at 420 nm, the peptide triad underwent photoinduced electron transfer to create a charge-separated state with a lifetime of 53 ns and decayed with a first-order rate constant of 1.9 × 108 s−1.
Some limits on the uses of reorganization

Though reorganization may be one of the first administrative impulses, it is of limited effect as a means of achieving changes in organization processes or of challenging entrenched interests. Comparative research on eight state reorganization efforts examines the assumptions which link reorganization to changes in process, particularly improved coordination.
Stability of Vacuum Cook‐in‐Bag Turkey Breast Rolls during Refrigerated Storage

Vacuum packaged, uncured turkey breast rolls prepared commercially in two plants by the cook-in-bag process were evaluated for physicochemical and microbiological stability during 87 days storage at 4°C. Total product weight, drained weight, pH, nonprotein nitrogen and tensile strength of turkey were not significantly affected by storage. Shear strength decreased while thiobarbituric acid numbers increased slightly in the turkey rolls. Hunter aL color values of turkey slices varied inconsistently during storage. No psychrotrophic aerobic colony forming units were detected. Mesophilic anaerobe counts were higher in the meat core than on the surface, thus precautions should be taken to insure vacuum cook-in-bag poultry products are not temperature abused.
Status report: specifying javascript with ML

The Ecma TC39-TG1 working group is using ML as the specification language for the next generation of JavaScript, the popular programming language for browser-based web applications. This "definitional interpreter" serves many purposes: a high-level and readable specification language, an executable and testable specification, a reference implementation, and an aid in driving the design process. We describe the design and specification of JavaScript and our experience so far using Standard ML for this purpose.