cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightweight thermal storage for solar heated buildings

Abstract A new building element is introduced that greatly improves the thermal and architectural peformance of passively heated structures. Insolated ceiling tiles charged with thin layers of phase change material are used to stabilize room temperatures and store large quantities of heat without using weighty materials which are expensive to support in multiple story structures. Experimental and analytical results are presented which detail the tile performance.
Fullerenes and PAH in low-pressure premixed benzene/oxygen flames

The formation of fullerenes is though to be a molecular weight growth process similar to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and soot in flames, although little is known about the specific mechanisms involved. The goal of this study is to investigate possible fullerences formation pathways. This work measures for the First time concentration profiles of fullerences C 60 , C 70 , C 76 , C 78 , and C 84 , PAHs (up to 300 amu), and unidentified PAHs in the mass range between PAHs and soot in a heavily fullerene-forming premixed benzene/oxygen flame operated at the following conditions: fuel equivalence ratio, 2.4 (atomic C/O ratio, 0.96): cold gas velocity, 25 cm/s: pressure, 5.33 kPa: and fraction of argon in fuel mixture, 10 mol%. Two regions of fullerenes formation are identified in this flame. The First formation region occurs early in the flame simultaneously with PAH consumption. The rate of PAH consumption is more than large enough to account for the obsered rate of fullerenes formation, so this formation region may involve reactions of PAH. The Second region, which accounts for most of the fullerenes mass produced in the flame, occurs later in the flame and is more consistent with stepwise acetylene addtion to fullerene precursors. In both regions, fullerenes consumption that may involve reactions between fullerenes and soot is observed. In addition, measurements indicate that the different PAHs grow roughly simultaneously, reach a peak concentration, and decay together in a consumption process that occurs at the same time as a rapid rise in soot mass concentration early in the flame. This behavior is consistent with the major soot formation being from PAH and occurring along with the minor fullerenes formation in this flame.
EPA Effectiveness at Reducing the Duration of Plant-Level Noncompliance

Abstract This paper looks at the effectiveness of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in reducing the time that manufacturing plants spend in a state of noncompliance. Plants that are found in violation of EPA standards may remain in violation for a number of time periods. The EPA's policy of making a timely and appropriate response to noncompliance implies returning violators to compliance as quickly as possible. The effectiveness of the timely and appropriate response policy is tested by estimating parametric survival models for the pulp and paper industry. The results indicate that the EPA is effective at reducing the time plants spend violating standards. A 10% increase in EPA monitoring activity leads to a 0.6–4.2% reduction in violation time. The same increase in enforcement activity results in a 4–4.7% reduction in violation time.
Deuterated protein folds obtained directly from unassigned nuclear overhauser effect data.

We demonstrate the feasibility of determining the global fold of a highly deuterated protein from unassigned experimental NMR nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data only. The method relies on the calculation of a spatial configuration of covalently unconnected protons-a "cloud"-directly from unassigned distance restraints derived from 13 C- and 15 N-edited NOESY spectra. Each proton in the cloud, labeled by its chemical shift and that of the directly bound 13 C or 15 N, is subsequently mapped to specific atoms in the protein. This is achieved via graph-theoretical protocols that search for connectivities in graphs that encode the structural information within the cloud. The peptidyl H N chain is traced by seeking for all possible routes and selecting the one that yields the minimal sum of sequential distances. Complete proton identification in the cloud is achieved by linking the side-chain protons to proximal main-chain H N S via bipartite graph matching. The identified protons automatically yield the NOE assignments, which in turn are used for structure calculation with RosettaNMR, a protocol that incorporates structural bias derived from protein databases. The method, named Sparse-Constraint CLOUDS, was applied to experimental NOESY data on the 58-residue Z domain of staphylococcal protein A. The generated structures are of similar accuracy to those previously reported, which were derived via a conventional approach involving a larger NMR data set. Additional tests were performed on seven reported protein structures of various folds, using restraint lists simulated from the known atomic coordinates.
Impacts of land-use change on hydrologic responses in the Great Lakes region.

Summary Human activities have historically affected hydrology in the upper Midwestern United States, specifically through the conversion of forests and prairie grasslands to agricultural uses. The hydrologic impacts of land-use change due to settlement on the water balance of three Great Lakes states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were analyzed using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) large-scale hydrology model, and changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation types were studied. Point model simulations demonstrated that the VIC model simulated changes in average annual and monthly evapotranspiration (ET) and total runoff response were in the same direction and had similar magnitudes to values from other published land-use change studies. At regional scales, simulated changes resulting from land-use modifications varied spatially and seasonally, but were strongly correlated to the type of vegetation conversion and the geographic location of the land-use type centroid. Deforestation was most dramatic in the central part of the study domain where five million hectares of deciduous forest have been converted to wooded grasslands and row crop agriculture, which resulted in a 5–15% decrease in ET and a 10–30% increase in total runoff. Northern areas, where land-use change was primarily from majority evergreen to majority deciduous forest, experienced decreases of 5–10% in ET and increases of 20–40% in total runoff. The southern and western parts of the study domain were dominated by a conversion from prairie grasslands to row agriculture crop, resulting in a 10–15% increase in ET and a 20–30% decrease in total runoff.
Monsel's solution: a kinder, gentler hemostatic.

Monsel's solution is a chemical styptic agent useful for obtaining hemostasis of anorectal wounds.
Strengthening Collegiate Faculty Rewards for Continuing Education.

Continuing Education will never be a central university mission until integrated into the primary faculty reward system.
Prospective evaluation of patients with early-/intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with disease progression following arterial locoregional therapy: candidacy for systemic treatment or clinical trials.

Abstract Purpose During the course of cancer treatment, patients whose disease progresses despite therapy are offered alternative options. Similarly, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whose disease progresses following arterial locoregional therapies (LRTs) cross over to undergo systemic therapies or participate in clinical trials. Per current guidelines, patients must meet inclusion criteria (most importantly Child–Pugh class A status) to qualify for systemic options. The present study analyzed the candidacy for systemic agents or clinical trials of patients whose disease progresses despite LRTs. Materials and Methods A total of 245 patients with HCC were treated with LRTs (chemoembolization, n=123; yttrium-90 [ 90 Y] radioembolization, n=122) as part of a previously published comparative effectiveness study; 96 patients exhibiting disease progression were followed prospectively. Modes of progression (cancer stage, Child–Pugh class) were analyzed to determine candidacy for systemic therapy or clinical trials, as well as assess ultimate treatment(s) received. Results Among the 96 patients with disease progression, 52% and 48% had Child–Pugh class A and class B/C disease, respectively, thereby substantially limiting the latter group's eligibility for systemic therapy and/or clinical trials. Of those whose disease progressed who had advanced-stage HCC, 63% had Child–Pugh class B/C disease. By size and necrosis criteria, the local disease progression rate was higher with chemoembolization than with 90 Y radioembolization ( P = .006 and P = .016, respectively). Of the 96 patients with disease progression, only 13 (13%) ultimately received systemic agents or entered clinical trials. Conclusions Most patients with advanced HCC that progresses following LRTs were not candidates for clinical trials or systemic agents. There is a need for future research efforts directed at treatment options or novel trial designs that will permit inclusion of patients with progressive liver disease and suboptimal liver function.
Electrophoretic analysis of proteins synthesized by preimplantation mouse embryos.

Proteins synthesized during the preimplantation period of mouse embryogenesis were labeled with radioactive tyrosine and lysine and fractionated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide disc gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. For interstage comparisons and comparisons of the incorporation of different amino acids at the same developmental stages, the embryos were incubated with either 3H- or 14C-labeled amino acids. The embryos were then combined, and the proteins were isolated and electrophoresed simultaneously. The data were analyzed with a dual isotope computer program and expressed in the form of 14C3H ratios. Approximately 20–25 labeled protein components of apparent molecular weights between 25,000 and 115,000 can be defined, and 5 are most significant quantitatively. Of the latter, there are developmental increases in the rates of synthesis of 3 (with apparent molecular weights of 35,000 to 37,000, 37,000 to 41,000, and 66,000 to 70,000), a decrease in the rate of synthesis of another (53,000 to 57,000), and little change in the last (46,000 to 49,000). Developmental changes in the rates of synthesis of several other components are also demonstrated by the 14C3H incorporation ratios. The relative amounts of the different proteins synthesized by day 3 (early blastocyst) embryos over an 8-hr period remain constant, as does the relative labeling by lysine and tyrosine at each developmental stage examined. Similarly, there is no change in the pattern of the radioactive proteins when day 2 (8–16 cell) embryos are labeled for 2 hr and then incubated for an additional 24 hr. The greatest change in the overall pattern of protein synthesis occurs quite early, between day 1 (2 cell) and day 2, and lesser changes occur at later stages. These findings are in contrast to the major change in the rate of protein synthesis which occurs after day 2.
Whole-body rehabilitation in long-term ventilation

Advances in critical care and mechanical ventilation have improved long-term survival of critically ill patients, some of whom develop the need for prolonged mechanical ventilator assistance. The rehabilitation of these individuals is aimed at restoring function, facilitating independence from mechanical ventilation, and in some cases returning them to the community. To accomplish these goals, rehabilitation programs require a multidisciplinary approach that includes physicians, respiratory therapists, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, nutrionists, speech therapists, and social services workers in a concerted effort. Chronic mechanical ventilation patients are often complicated by multiple comorbidities and by complex physiologic and psychological interactions. A careful selection and an individualized assessment are therefore paramount in identifying and achieving long-term goals. Special attention has to be paid to aggressive respiratory and nonrespiratory muscle rehabilitation, early ambulation, nutritional repletion, and psychological support. Careful evaluation and treatment by members of a multidisciplinary team may foster the patients' independence and ability to tolerate spontaneous ventilation, ultimately resulting in an improvement in their quality of life.
A phase II trial of imatinib mesylate monotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Background. Imatinib mesylate is a potent inhibitor of Abl, KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. Breast cancer has variable expression of KIT and PDGFR therefore we conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of imatinib in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and methods. Eligible patients had measurable and progressive MBC, with no limits on prior chemo- or hormonal therapy. Imatinib was initially administered at a dose of 400 mg orally twice a day with provisions for dose reductions based on toxicities. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit based on RECIST criteria. Tumor specimens were tested for expression of KIT and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. Results. Sixteen patients were enrolled and treated. Median age was 55 years (range: 35–73); median number of prior chemotherapy regimens for MBC was 4 (range 1–8). The main non-hematologic toxicities were (Grades 1/2; Grade 3): fatigue (56%; 6%), edema (38%; 19%), nausea (31%; 19%), vomiting (38%; 0%), anorexia (38%; 0%), diarrhea (19%; 6%), and rash (25%; 6%). Grade 3/4 hematologic and biochemical abnormalities were minimal. There was no evidence of clinical benefit. The median duration of therapy on trial was 28 days (range 2–71). Of the 13 testable cases: 1 was KIT positive and 4 were PDGFR positive. Conclusion. Imatinib therapy at doses of 800 mg/day was associated with significant toxicity in patients with heavily pre-treated MBC. Our results do not indicate activity for imatinib monotherapy in these unselected patients.
Analysis of unsteady supersonic two-phase flows by the particle-in-cell method

Abstract A procedure for analyzing the unsteady flow of gas-particle suspensions, based on the Particle-In-Cell ( PIC ) method, is presented. Interactions between the phases are incorporated in the Lagrangian portion of the PIC calculation, while discrete ‘mass points’ are used to represent each of the phases of the suspension during the material transport. Test calculations presented to demonstrate the properties of the PIC method as applied to suspension flows include studies of an impulsively accelerated solid boundary moving with constant velocity into a suspension initially at rest, and of suspension flows in shock tubes. Shock tube calculations are also used to demonstrate the need for a fine mesh in order to resolve details of the relaxation zone behind the shock, and to investigate instabilities arising from too large a time increment.
In-flight particle surface temperature measurement: Influence of the plasma light scattered by the particles

The application of optical pyrometry to low- melting- point plasma- sprayed particles can be limited by the plasma light scattered by the particles themselves. From spectroscopic measurements of the plasma between 650 and 1050 nm and using the Mie scattering theory, the intensity of scattered light has been determined in the case of nickel particles sprayed using an Ar/He plasma. The results show that, even in spectral regions between the atomic lines of the plasma gas, the scattered light can be important compared to the thermal emission of the particles. This scattered light leads to values of measured temperatures, which are all the more overestimated because the particle temperature is low and the particle/torch distance short. For a 50- Μm nickel particle at 1550 ‡C, located 10 cm from the torch, the measurement error made with a double wavelength pyrometer is estimated at 100 ‡C.
Graft-Free surgical retroperitoneal vascular access as bail-out technique for failed percutaneous approach to transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Abstract Background Surgical retroperitoneal access to the iliac artery may provide an alternative route for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in patients with aortic stenosis and prohibitively small common femoral arteries. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing TAVR via the femoral approach were divided into two groups; standard percutaneous access (n=103) and surgical retroperitoneal access (n=15) for patients in whom dilators could not be advanced without resistance. For retroperitoneal access, proximal groin vessels were exposed surgically and direct puncture was performed. The sheath was tunneled from the level of the initial inguinal puncture site in order to achieve coaxial entry of the sheath into the vessel. Results Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Procedural characteristics were insignificantly different between groups; although, procedure time was longer (34min), while fluoroscopy time and contrast utilization were lower in the retroperitoneal access group. There was no outcome difference between groups. Conclusions Surgical retroperitoneal access is a reasonable alternative for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis who have poor percutaneous access options due to peripheral vascular disease.
Evaluating template bias when synthesizing population averages

Establishing the average shape and spatial variability for a set of similar anatomical objects is important for detecting and discriminating morphological differences between populations. This may be done using deformable templates to synthesize a 3D CT/MRI image of the average anatomy from a set of CT/MRI images collected from a population of similar anatomical objects. This paper investigates the error associated with the choice of template selected from the population used to synthesize the average population shape. Population averages were synthesized for a population of five infant skulls with sagittal synostosis and a population of six normal adult brains using a consistent linear-elastic image registration algorithm. Each data set from the populations was used as the template to synthesize a population average. This resulted in five different population averages for the skull population and six different population averages for the brain population. The displacement variance distance from a skull within the population to the other skulls in the population ranged from 5.5 to 9.9 mm 2 while the displacement variance distance from the synthesized average skulls to the population ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 mm 2 . The displacement variance distance from a brain within the population to the other brains in the population ranged from 9.3 to 14.2 mm 2 while the displacement variance distance from the synthesized average brains to the population ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 mm 2 . These results suggest that there was no significant difference between the choice of template with respect to the shape of the synthesized average data set for these two populations.
The effect of bacterial challenge on ferritin regulation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Secreted ferritin is the major iron storage and transport protein in insects. Here, we characterize the message and protein expression profiles of yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) ferritin heavy chain homologue (HCH) and light chain homologue (LCH) subunits in response to iron and bacterial challenge. In vivo experiments demonstrated tissue-specific regulation of HCH and LCH expression over time post-blood meal (PBM). Transcriptional regulation of HCH and LCH was treatment specific, with differences in regulation for naive versus mosquitoes challenged with heat-killed bacteria (HKB). Translational regulation by iron regulatory protein (IRP) binding activity for the iron-responsive element (IRE) was tissue-specific and time-dependent PBM. However, mosquitoes challenged with HKB showed little change in IRP/IRE binding activity compared to naive animals. The changes in ferritin regulation and expression in vivo were confirmed with in vitro studies. We challenged mosquitoes with HKB followed by a blood meal to determine the effects on ferritin expression, and demonstrate a synergistic, time-dependent regulation of expression for HCH and LCH.
Microstructure Estimates of Turbulent Salinity Flux and the Dissipation Spectrum of Salinity

Direct determination of the irreversible turbulent flux of salinity in the ocean has not been possible because of the complexity of measuring salinity on the smallest scales over which it mixes. Presented is an analysis of turbulent salinity microstructure from measurements using a combined fast-conductivity/temperature probe on a slowly falling vertical microstructure profiler. Four hundred patches of ocean turbulence were selected for the analysis. Highly resolved spectra of salinity gradient C exhibit an approximate k11 dependence in the viscous‐ Sz convective subrange, followed by a roll-off in the viscous‐diffusive subrange, as suggested by Batchelor, and permit the dissipation rate of salinity variance xS to be determined. Estimates of irreversible salinity flux from measurements of the dissipation scales (from xS, following Osborn and Cox) are compared to those from the correlation method (^w9S9&), from TKE dissipation measurements (following Osborn), and to the turbulent heat flux. It is found that the ratio of haline to thermal turbulent diffusivities, dx 5 KS/KT 5 xS/xT(dT/dS) 2 is 0.6 , dx , 1.1.
Periodization and Historiography: Studying American Political Development in the Progressive Era, 1890s–1916

In keeping with the social character of the advancement of knowledge, and in spite of a strong competitive impulse among scholars to magnify small differences into warring schools of thought, the leading historical writings in the past four decades have yielded substantial agreement on the identification of critical trends that were transforming United States society in the period of the 1890s to 1916. Implicitly, at least, they may well have been anticipating the way to resolving some latest of these small differences before they get too far out of hand, such as that between “social history” and “political history” and, in a variation upon the theme, that between “society-centered” (or “movement-centered” or “interest-centered”) and “state-centered” history. The common acknowledgment of critical trends has served newcomers and veterans alike, including partisans on either side of these differences, and historians in the various genres, in the selection of authoritative frameworks of continuing research into the period. In this respect, the historical discipline shares with other disciplines, including those in the physical sciences, attributes held to be common to a “normal science.”
QoS routing computation with path caching: a framework and network performance

We present a framework for QoS routing computation with path caching. The framework has three phases to allow different levels of information to be processed at different timescales to effectively meet QoS requirement of a newly arrived flow. Path caching is introduced in the first phase to allow selection and filtering in subsequent phases. We describe several routing schemes that can fit into this framework. Through simulation results, we show where and how the benefit of path caching can be exploited depending on the number of paths cached, and when to invoke other controls. Our results show that QoS routing by itself cannot improve the network and/or service performance unless controls such as trunk reservation and source-based admission control are also activated. The invocation of these functions can also allow maximum benefit from the path caching framework.
Oversampled gain-boosting

A dynamic gain-enhancement technique suitable for low-voltage low-power oversampling circuits, particularly sigma-delta converters, is presented. This method makes use of a discrete-time integrator to improve gradually the output resistance of the main amplifier over successive clocks.
Simulations of frequency-resolved optical gating for measuring very complex pulses

Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) and its variations are the only techniques available for measuring complex pulses without a well-characterized reference pulse. We study the performance of the FROG generalized-projections (GP) algorithm for retrieving the intensity and phase of very complex ultrashort laser pulses (with time-bandwidth products of up to 100) in the presence of noise. We compare the performance of three versions of FROG: second-harmonic-generation (SHG) FROG, polarization-gate (PG) FROG, and cross-correlation FROG (XFROG).
hairy mediates dominant repression in the Drosophila embryo

hairy encodes a bHLH repressor that regulates several developmental processes in Drosophila, including embryonic segmentation and neurogenesis. Segmentation repressors such as Kruppel and knirps have been shown to function over short distances, less than 50-100 bp, to inhibit or quench closely linked upstream activators. This mode of repression permits multiple enhancers to work independently of one another within a modular promoter. Here, we employ a transgenic embryo assay to present evidence that hairy acts as a dominant repressor, which can function over long distances to block multiple enhancers. hairy is shown to repress a heterologous enhancer, the rhomboid NEE, when bound 1 kb from the nearest upstream activator. Moreover, the binding of hairy to a modified NEE leads to the repression of both the NEE and a distantly linked mesoderm-specific enhancer within a synthetic modular promoter. Additional evidence that hairy is distinct from previously characterized embryonic repressors stems from the analysis of the gypsy insulator DNA. This insulator selectively blocks the hairy repressor, but not the linked activators, within a modified NEE. We compare hairy with previously characterized repressors and discuss the consequences of short-range and long-range repression in development.
Suicide in Texas: A Cohort Analysis of Trends in Suicide Rates, 1945–1980

Recent clusters of teenage suicides in Texas suburban communities have focused national attention on the rise in teenage suicidal behavior. This study sought to clarify the teenage suicide phenomenon by using a cohort method of data analysis. Beginning with suicide rates for white males aged 15-19 in 1945, suicide rates were calculated and plotted for each 5-year age cohort entering the late teenage years, when suicide risk factors dramatically increase. Our analysis of these cohort patterns confirmed the ever-rising risk factor associated with the ages of 15-19. This trend is consistent with many studies suggesting that teenage suicide is a function of socioeconomic and psychological factors operating across community and national boundaries. In addition, our study revealed that as white males 15-19 years of age in 1945 aged, their suicide rates also increased, confirming earlier findings that the suicide risk factor increases with age. In fact, Texas data for 1980 revealed that older persons, not teenagers, had the highest suicide rates-a finding that confirms other studies' results. Finally, Texas cohort patterns for suicide revealed the recent curvilinearity tendencies of older adult male suicide rates. By 1980 Texas data revealed a bimodal distribution of high suicide risk, with white males in their late 20s and ages 55 and over having the highest rates.
Investigation of a method for determining stress accumulation at depth

Abstract The second of two seismic field experiments designed to study the precision with which the arrival of compressional body waves could be timed over paths up to 42 km in length was performed seven months after the first at the same location in the Gabilan Range near Salinas, California. Results of the second experiment show that the timing of the compressional waves could be carried out to the same order of precision as in the first experiment, i.e., to ±1 msec. In addition, the travel times over certain path lengths increased by about 6 msec within the intervening period. This observation is discussed in terms of the possible release of stress at depth in the region adjacent to the San Andreas Fault.
Progress in Dodecafluoropentane Emulsion as a Neuroprotective Agent in a Rabbit Stroke Model

Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) in 250 nm nanodroplets seems to swell modestly to accept and carry large amounts of oxygen in the body at >29 °C. Small particle size allows oxygen delivery even into hypoxic tissue unreachable by erythrocytes. Using permanent cerebral embolic occlusion in rabbits, we assessed DDFPe dose response as a neuroprotectant at 7 and 24 h post-embolization without lysis of arterial obstructions and investigated blood pharmacokinetics. New Zealand White rabbits (N = 56) received cerebral angiography and embolic spheres (diameter = 700–900 μm) occluded middle and/or anterior cerebral arteries. Intravenous DDFPe dosing (2 % w/v emulsion) began at 60 min and repeated every 90 min until sacrifice at 7 or 24 h post-embolization. Seven-hour groups: (1) control (embolized without treatment, N = 6), and DDFPe treatment: (2) 0.1 ml/kg (N = 7), (3) 0.3 ml/kg (N = 9), (4) 0.6 ml/kg (N = 8). Twenty-four-hour groups: (5) control (N = 16), and DDFPe treatment: (6) 0.1 ml/kg (N = 10). Infarcts as percent of total brain volume were determined using vital stains on brain sections. Other alert normal rabbits (N = 8) received IV doses followed by rapid arterial blood sampling and GC-MS analysis. Percent infarct volume means significantly decreased for all DDFPe-treated groups compared with controls, p = 90 min, suggests multiple compartments. Lowest effective dose and maximum effective therapy duration are not yet defined. Rapid development is warranted.
On load frequency control in a deregulated environment

The paper addresses the design of robust load frequency controllers for electric power systems in a deregulated environment. The system is modeled as a collection of independent distribution companies supplied by generation companies either directly or trough transmission companies. The distribution companies are responsible for tracking the load and hence they are in charge of the load frequency control problem. The problem is cast into a robust H/sub /spl infin// control design problem. Connections between distribution companies and the rest of the system are taken as disturbances. An example is given to illustrate the proposed approach.
Study on mean-standard deviation shortest path problem in stochastic and time-dependent networks: A stochastic dominance based approach

This paper studies a mean-standard deviation shortest path model, also called travel time budget (TTB) model. A route’s TTB is defined as this route’s mean travel time plus a travel time margin, which is the route travel time’s standard deviation multiplied with a factor. The TTB model violates the Bellman’s Principle of Optimality (BPO), making it difficult to solve it in any large stochastic and time-dependent network. Moreover, it is found that if path travel time distributions are skewed, the conventional TTB model cannot reflect travelers’ heterogeneous risk-taking behavior in route choice. This paper proposes to use the upper or lower semi-standard deviation to replace the standard deviation in the conventional TTB model (the new models are called derived TTB models), because these derived TTB models can well capture such heterogeneous risk-taking behavior when the path travel time distributions are skewed. More importantly, this paper shows that the optimal solutions of these two derived TTB models must be non-dominated paths under some specific stochastic dominance (SD) rules. These finding opens the door to solve these derived TTB models efficiently in large stochastic and time-dependent networks. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these findings.
Toward A Client-Centered Benchmark for Self-Sufficiency: Evaluating the ‘Process’ of Becoming Job Ready

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how service providers, clients, and graduates of a job-training program define the term self-sufficiency (SS). This community-engaged, mixed-method study qualitatively analyzes focus group data from each group and quantitatively examines survey data obtained from participants of the program. Findings reveal that psychological transformation, as a process, represents the emic definition of SS—psychological SS—but each dimension of the concept is reflected in varying degrees by group. Provider and participant views are vastly different from the outcome-driven policy and funder definitions. Implications for benchmarking psychological SS as an empowerment-based process measure of job readiness in workforce development evaluation are discussed.
Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory Muscles

This review examines approaches to evaluation of the respiratory muscles and describes new techniques that may be more quantitative, less effort dependent, and less invasive than conventional methods. To evaluate strength of the respiratory muscles, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures remain useful measures. Potential methodologic errors, however, necessitate careful technique. Evaluation of the twitch response to direct phrenic nerve stimulation may ultimately prove more quantitative and less effort dependent than measurements of maximum pressure. Many techniques are also available to measure endurance of respiratory muscles, but most are less than satisfactory outside the research environment because of poor reproducibility and other procedural difficulties. The maximum incremental resistive loading test, however, has proven to be practical and well tolerated. There is little substitute for careful clinical observation of respiratory muscle coordination and movement, particularly in the patient with suspected respiratory muscle weakness or chest wall distortion. In conclusion, though the respiratory muscles are difficult to evaluate, techniques are available that can be quite helpful for assessment, particularly in response to interventions such as rehabilitation.
Altered responsiveness to cortisol, epinephrine, and glucagon in insulin-infused juvenile-onset diabetics. A mechanism for diabetic instability.

To evaluate the mechanism of rebound and stress hyperglycemia in diabetes, cortisol, epinephrine, and glucagon were infused into normal and juvenile-onset diabetic subjects for 5–6 h in doses designed to simulate the increments observed in insulin hypoglycemia or severe stress. Plasma glucose and glucose kinetics were normalized in the diabetics before each experiment by infusion of insulin (0.25–1.0 U/h) for 4–6 h, which was then continued during anti-insulin hormone administration. Infusion of cortisol and epinephrine produced comparable elevations in plasma cortisol (35–45 /μg/dl) and plasma epinephrine (350–450 pg/ml) in normal and diabetic subjects. However, the increment in plasma glucose in diabetics after cortisol (86 ± 15 mg/dl) and epinephrine (129 ± 12 mg/dl) infusion was fivefold to sevenfold greater than it was in normals ( P P P It is concluded that (1) the hyperglycemic effect of each of the anti-insulin hormones is increased in diabetics, in spite of prior normalization of plasma glucose concentration, by continuous insulin infusion and (2) hyperglycemia is particularly exaggerated by elevations of cortisol and epinephrine in diabetes as a consequence of an altered response of the liver to these hormones.
THE MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE

(1977). THE MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE. The Review of Education: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 435-445.
Role for the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate–Dependent Rac Exchanger 1 in Platelet Secretion and Aggregation

Objective— Recent studies have shown a role for Rac1 in regulating platelet functions, but how Rac1 is activated in platelets remains unclear. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate–dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) was originally identified in neutrophils that regulates phagocyte functions. We sought to examine whether P-Rex1 plays a role in platelet activation. Methods and Results— Western blotting showed P-Rex1 expression in mouse and human platelets. Mice lacking P-Rex1 exhibited prolonged bleeding time and increased rebleeding. When challenged with low doses of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists U46619 and thrombin, P-Rex1−/− platelets displayed significantly reduced secretion and aggregation compared with wild-type platelets. Increasing the concentration of these agonists could overcome the defect. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, a non-GPCR agonist, was also compromised in the absence of P-Rex1. Along with these phenotypic changes were impaired Rac1 activation; reduced ATP secretion; and decreased phosphorylation of Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in P-Rex1−/− platelets on agonist stimulation. Conclusion— These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of P-Rex1 in platelets as well as its role in platelet secretion and aggregation induced by low-dose agonists for GPCR and by collagen.
A multi-standard OFDM-MIMO transceiver for WLAN applications

IEEE 802.11a/b/g are widely used standards for the WLAN applications operating at 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz frequencies and can support data rates up to 54 Mbps using OFDM and 64-bit QAM. The new standard, currently being developed, IEEE 802.11n allows data rates in excess of 600 Mbps and is based on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architecture. In this paper, we discuss various features of this new technology and analyze the design issues pertaining to the radio front-end of the transceiver using link budget analysis for a 2times2 MIMO transceiver
Comparison of isometric and load moving length-tension models of two bicompartmental muscles

The length-tension relations of two bicompartmental muscles, including parallel and pennated fibers, were experimentally determined for isometric and load moving contractions. Comparison of the isometric and constant mass load length-tension curves obtained from the same preparations demonstrated significant reductions in force, a shift of the optimal length and increased elongation range for shortening contractions under constant mass load. Pennated muscle demonstrated a larger reduction in force and greater shift in the optimal length relative to the changes in a muscle with parallel fibers. A bicompartmental model was fitted to the experimental data to provide quantitative insight to the changes described above, and for use in mathematical models of other bicompartmental muscles, and for design of optimal electrical stimulation system for restoration of function in spinal cord injury patients. >
Evolution of ethics using blended learning

Students in Computing Science have an ethical obligation to use their skills for good. How can we convey this obligation to them in a way that is not boring or preachy? We have to involve students in their discovery of 'good' and 'evil' Rochester Institute of Technology's 'Ethics in Information Technology' class uses active classroom learning via role-plays, mock trials, debates and interruption skits, in addition to the anonymity and freedom of a distance learning class. This class has evolved from a traditional model, to a Blended model, using various technologies to reach the students. Varying kinds of courseware were used. Weblogs have captured the interest of students, providing opportunity to remain anonymous to classmates (but known to the teacher), which has resulted in more dynamic and intense discussions. This paper describes the evolution of Ethics in Information Technology as a course intended to engage students in understanding and practicing ethical behavior in Computing and Information Sciences, which will hopefully guide their professional lives.
Genetically engineered self-destruction: an alternative to herbicides for cover crop systems

Abstract The use of winter cover crops is beneficial to agriculture. We have tried to design a cover crop that self-destructs in response to an environmental cue, thereby eliminating the use of herbicides and tillage to remove the cover crop in late spring. Here, this novel concept is tested in a model system. The onset of summer brings with it elevated temperatures. Using this as the environmental cue, a self-destruction cassette was designed and tested in tobacco. A heat-shock–responsive promoter was used to direct expression of the ribonuclease Barnase. Because Barnase is extremely toxic to cells, it was necessary to coexpress its inhibitor, Barstar, whose expression was under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The wild-type and two mutated Barnase genes, one missense and one translation attenuated, were tested. Our results indicated that the translation-attenuated version of the Barnase gene was most effective in causing heat-shock–regulated plant death. Analysis of the T2 progeny of a transgenic p...
Affine Connections and Loopuscular Structures

A. Tangent affine connections of loopuscular structures 8.1. Recall that a partial left loopuscular algebra M = 〈M, L〉 is said to be left (p, k)-canonical if, for any a ∈ M, its left loop M.a = 〈M,, a〉, where xy = L(x,a, y),has, near a, Cp-smooth (p≥1) left fundamental vector fields 131-1 defined by see Definitions 3.27, 3.31. Instead of ‘left (1, k)-canonical’ we usually say ‘left canonical’.
The Yellow Pages Engagement

This case focuses on the creation of a work plan for a consulting engagement. Excerpt UVA-BP-0396 THE YELLOW PAGES ENGAGEMENT Jolted awake by the grinding of the Boeing 767's wheels as they hit the tarmac, Nick Brown was both exhausted and exhilarated. What had started as a relaxing Sunday in his Upper East Side apartment had ended up in back-to-back “red-eyes” and the sale of a 12-week engagement at the Yellow Pages offices on the West Coast. Although Brown had logged numerous frequent-flier miles in his four years at a major strategy-consulting firm, New York to the West Coast and back in 24 hours set a new record. But landing the Yellow Pages account made it all worthwhile. Now, Brown had less than three hours to prepare for his debriefing with John Carpenter, a partner and the head of the telecom area at his firm. Before signing any contract, Carpenter would want to review Brown's work plan for the new engagement and, more important, feel confident that Brown's analytical approach would address the most important strategic questions for Yellow Pages in the time allotted. Sunday Afternoon in New York Enjoying a leisurely mid-December afternoon in his cozy apartment, Brown had been reading the Sunday paper when his phone rang. It was Carpenter, calling to ask Brown to catch the red-eye to the West Coast for a 10:00 a.m. meeting with Stacia White, a prospective client from Yellow Pages. Carpenter explained that White had just been appointed director of the Yellow Pages division of a large regional telephone company. With 20% growth objectives for the division, White wanted help in identifying revenue-enhancement opportunities for Yellow Pages' business. Over the phone, Carpenter described Yellow Pages' historical contribution to the phone company's profitability and its advertising focus: . . .
Chemical uptake into human stratum corneum in vivo from volatile and non-volatile solvents.

Purpose. Simple, safe and quick in vivo methods for estimating chemical uptake into the stratum corneum (SC) from volatile and non-volatile solvents are invaluable to health risk assessors. This study compares the human in vivo SC uptake of a model compound (4-cyanophenol) from water and acetone using quantitative attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.
Plume Development Using a Lagrangian Marker Method

Currents as a function of wind were calculated by a depth integrated model of Lake Superior. Using the calculated currents, the development of large turbidity plume was numerically simulated. Good agreement between the simulated plume, remote sensing, and ground truth data provided verification of calculated current patterns and much insight into the ultimate fate of pollutants in western Lake Superior as a function of wind. The long range transport of a conservative pollutant from the Duluth-Superior harbor was simulated for westerly winds and for variable winds. For westerly winds, the model predicted that the contaminant would be transported along the Wisconsin shore away from the harbor area. For variable winds, the pollutant remained trapped in the southwest corner of the lake.
Computer Algebra Systems as Tools for Chemical Education

In recent years a number of exciting developments have emerged in the area of scientific computational tools for classroom use. Computer Algebra Systems (CASs), for example, Maple, are at the forefront of this arena. Such tools have been long sought by teachers of physical chemistry, inherently a mathematics intensive subject. With a CAS at hand, students can look forward to taking college science courses, like physical chemistry, without the usual mathematics anxiety. These tools can be used to do numerical and symbolic mathematics including calculus and linear algebra. In addition, they have wonderful graphics capabilities that include three-dimensional plots, contour plots, and animations. This paper describes the implementation of Maple in two junior-level physical chemistry courses. The materials used for beginning workshops are presented here and additional examples of Maple’s graphic and algebraic capabilities are described.
Characteristics of Separated Flow Surface Pressure Fluctuations on an Axisymmetric Bump

Surface pressure fluctuations are measured for the separated flow over an axisymmetric bump with an approach turbulent boundary layer of momentum thickness Reynolds number, Re θ = 7300. Its thickness, δ δ δ δ is the half of bump height. The flows make a featu re of highly unsteady saddle-focus separations on the lee side curved surface. The magnitude of surface pressure fluctuation is higher on the leesi de than the windward side. The power spectral levels of pressure fluctuations are high i n the low frequency region and they contribute dominantly to the resulting surface pres sure fluctuation on the leeside. In the separated region, large-scaled eddy structures asso ciated with the stream-wise vortices emanated from three-dimensional separations are major source for the pressure fluctuation generation and the rapid spectral decay is observed . From the approximate analysis, the asymmetric negative skewed histogram of surface pressure fluctuations appears in the separated region.