cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A temporally regularized buffer domain for flow-through simulations

Abstract For numerical simulations of inflow-outflow problems, the outflow condition is virtually always non-physical and often problematic. For such problems it is customary to append a “buffer domain” (“buffer zone” or “sponge layer”) to the computational domain. Within the buffer domain, the flow is modified in some non-physical way to minimize upstream influence. Here we propose a new type of buffer domain in which temporal regularization is exploited to rapidly attenuate traveling waves of all frequencies. Conditions appropriate for laminar flow can then be imposed at the outflow boundary. The method, whose computational overhead is minimal, may stand alone or potentially enhance other buffer-domain methodologies. The method is demonstrated both for the first-order wave equation and for two-dimensional free-shear flow.
Salt-finger convection under reduced gravity

Salt-finger convection in a double-diffusive system is a motion driven by the release of gravitational potential due to differential diffusion rates. Because of the fact that the destabilizing effect of the concentration gradient is amplified by the Lewis number (the ratio of thermal diffusivity to solute diffusivity) salt-finger convection can be generated at very much reduced gravity levels. This effect may be of importance in the directional solidification of binary alloys carried out in space. The transport of solute and heat by salt-finger convection at microgravity conditions is considered; instability arising from surface tension gradients, the Marangoni instability, is discussed, and the possible consequences of combined salt-finger and Marangoni instability are considered.
In appreciation of the leadership and stewardship of Drs Thomas J. Garite and Moon H. Kim

Ingrid E. Nygaard Roberto Romero D Moon H. Kim, Editorsin-Chief of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (AJOG) for the last 10 years (2003-2013), have led the Journal to continue to be a valuable resource for women’s health, as it has been for nearly 150 years. During their tenure, AJOG implemented an innovative business model and format. To ensure that all US obstetrician-gynecologists have access to AJOG’s valuable content, the print version of the journal has been provided at no charge. The online version became the “official” version of the Journal, and short summaries were provided in print so that information would be presented in an efficient manner to busy clinicians. AJOG continues to be a premier academic journal in obstetrics and gynecology. Under the leadership of Drs Garite and Kim, the impact factor of the Journal increased and the submission to review and publication times shortened dramatically; the circulation of AJOG is approximately 45,000. Innovative new series have been launched successfully including the widely regarded Patient Safety, the creation of “Reports of Major Impact,” an “Imaging” section in Obstetrics and in Gynecology, and Journal Club, among others. Drs Garite and Kim have also contributed by implementing the policy of AJOG to protect the integrity of the medical science that is published in the Journal and by sharing their perspectives in the form of editorials, perspectives on topical issues, and their own important original work. With AJOG’s publisher, Elsevier, Drs Garite and Kim have spearheaded many changes in the delivery of information to serve readers with an updated website and a mobile app for
Conduction-band and surface-state critical points in SI: An inverse-photoemission study.

From measurements of the dispersion of the lowest two conduction bands in silicon by $k$-resolved inverse photoemission the energies of the ${L}_{1}^{c}$ and ${L}_{3}^{c}$ critical points were determined as 2.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 and 4.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 eV relative to the valence-band edge, respectively. A comparison with energies derived from photoemission and optical data reveals a large excitonic lowering of the ${E}_{1}$ transition by 0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 eV. The lowest unoccupied surface state on the Si(111) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface at $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ is identified at 1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV.
Influence of chelate substituents on the structure and spin state of unsaturated [N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2]Ru-X.

Density functional theory calculations on the conformational preferences in the two fused five-membered rings of anionic N(SiR2CH2PR‘2)2 chelated to RuX+ are compared to several experimental structures (X = halide). The calculations consider the structures of both singlet and triplet states and reveal that both the four tBu groups and the crowded juncture (N(SiMe2)2) of the two rings must be included computationally to understand the observed structures. Computational experiments with different substituents R and R‘ show the reality of N → Ru π donation. The cases where X = H and CH3 are also studied.
N ε-Methanesulfonyl-lysine as a non-hydrolyzable functional surrogate for Nε-acetyl-lysine

Through parallel studies on peptides containing Ne-methanesulfonyl-lysine or Ne-acetyl-lysine, Ne-methanesulfonyl-lysine as a replacement for Ne-acetyl-lysine was shown i) not to compromise the binding affinity for a bromodomain, ii) to confer resistance to human HDAC8 and SIRT1 (two distinct protein deacetylases), and iii) to confer only weak inhibition against human HDAC8 and SIRT1. These results suggested Ne-methanesulfonyl-lysine as a non-hydrolyzable functional surrogate for Ne-acetyl-lysine.
Preparation of nanocomposite materials containing ws2, δ-wn, fe3o4, or fe9s10 in a silica aerogel host

Nanocomposite materials based on silica aerogel hosts have been produced using chemical vapour infiltration/decomposition methods and characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Amorphous tungsten in SiO2 aerogel was formed by the decomposition of W(CO)6 at 250 °C. Alternatively, reaction of this material with sulphur at 700 °C produced needle-shaped WS2 crystals with lengths ranging from 25–230 nm. Reaction of the W/SiO2 composite with anhydrous NH3 formed crystals of δ-WN with diameters of 1–5 nm. Fe(CO)5 is readily absorbed into the silica aerogel, forming an amorphous iron oxide/SiO2 composite after slow oxidation in air. Treatment of this material with additional Fe(CO)5 produced an Fe3O4/SiO2 aerogel composite. Fe3O4 particle sizes were 20–55 nm. After additional heat treatment, this composite exhibited soft ferromagnetic behaviour with a coercivity of ∼170 Oe. Fe9S10 crystals with diameters of 30–90 nm were formed by the reaction of the amorphous iron oxide/SiO2 composite with H2S at 900 °C.
Moving Targets: A Developmental Framework for Understanding Children's Changes following Disasters.

This paper proposes a developmental framework for disaster studies with children that allows researchers to explore the interaction between developmental change (defined as change that is extended, self-regulated, qualitative, and progressive) and cataclysmic change. It outlines three levels of analysis related to disasters: 1) observing the harm of disasters in the context of age-related changes in children, 2) demonstrating how children are restored to age-typical developmental trajectories following disasters, and 3) investigating how specific disaster experiences are integrated over time with children's ongoing developmental processes, such as their understanding of self and their views of the world. The paper identifies existing studies at each level of the framework, outlines how these levels of analysis can be used in constructing developmental models of disaster response, and offers suggestions for expanding disaster research into additional developmental areas.
Validation of a preemployment MMPI index correlated with disciplinary suspension days of police officers

Abstract Following the judicial principles of good faith and rationality, an MMPI index (F + Pd + Ma) was selected for attempted validation in a law enforcement job context. Disciplinary suspension days after three year careers provided a criterion of job misperformance for 107 officers hired consecutively into a police department. Preemployment MMPIs were scored for the index, which has previously been proposed in a clinical psychology context as a measure of aggression. Each component of the index had been found to be related to some aspect of job misperformance in other studies. A statistically significant correlation of .223 was found. Analysis with a Receiver Operator Characteristic procedure located an optimal cutoff score of 192. A statistically significant Wilcoxon Statistic of .654 describes the effectiveness of the cutoff in differentiating the most extreme 10% of the officers from the remaining pool. Sensitivity of the index at 192 is .455; specificity is .854. Further construct validation is n...
Ketorolac after free tissue transfer: a comparative effectiveness study.

Objective:We sought to compare postoperative pain and complications in patients undergoing free tissue transfer for reconstruction of head and neck defects with and without ketorolac.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients who underwent head and neck free tissue transfer procedures at the University of Iowa between July 2010 and December 2012. A subset of patients received ketorolac as an anti-platelet agent. Main outcome measures include postoperative analgesic use, pain scores, and bleeding complications.Results:We identified 138 free tissue transfers, with 42 procedures in the ketorolac cohort. In the first 7 postoperative days, patients in the ketorolac and non-ketorolac cohorts received equivalent narcotic doses (morphine equivalents, 48.9 mg/day vs 46.6 mg/day, P = .72). The ketorolac group reported higher mean pain scores (3.1 vs 2.4, P = .004). Ketorolac use was not associated with need for transfusion (P = .86) or number of days with neck drains (P = .79).Conclusion:Ket...
Spatial Planning Leadership by Infrastructure: An American View

Savvy planners around the globe have always used infrastructure as a key tool in their box. Today in the USA, the strategic use of infrastructure is being revived, and offers a new opportunity for the planning profession and academy. This essay assesses links between infrastructure and city planning. The aim is to show how infrastructure provision can improve by being in the hands of planners, and how planning can improve by employing infrastructure strategically. It suggests that infrastructure services and the cities and activities that they support benefit greatly if planned, designed, and financed comprehensively, using a life cycle approach, with the form, function, and sustainability of the city in mind. Building on this insight, infrastructure provides a basis for an invigorated planning practice that is strategic and visionary, yet grounded and pragmatic — a combination suited for effective planning leadership.
The first supramolecular peptidic hydrogelator containing taurine

The conjugation of taurine with a dipeptide derivative affords a cell compatible, small molecular hydrogelator to form hydrogels that exhibit rich phase transition behaviors in response to sonication and the change of pH or temperature.
Effects of A:T base pairs on the B–Z conformational transitions of DNA

Effects of A:T base pairs on the propensity of B to Z conformational transitions have been investigated by the CD salt titrations on d(CG)5' d(GC)5' terminal or central A:T replaced decamers, and terminal A:T appended dodecamers. The presence of A:T at the center greatly inhibits the B to Z transition of both G:C decamers. Moderate Z inhibitions are shown by terminal A:T replacements and additions to d(CG)5' with the former exhibiting a stronger effect. In contrast, the addition and replacement with A:T at the terminals of d(GC)5 facilitate the B to Z conversion, with the replacement exhibiting a somewhat more pronounced effect. These results may be rationalized in terms of the number of contigous CG sequences present in an oligomer and the relative inhibitory effects of other dinucleotide sequences. Our results also suggest that some short oligomers with purine at the 5'-end, such as d[A(CG)nT] with n greater than or equal to 2, may likely crystallize as Z conformations.
DURATION OF ATTENTION AND NEED FOR AFFILIATION

Summary.-Ss classified as having a low or high need for affiliation by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule viewed photographs rated as low affiliative, high affiliative, or neutral for as long as they wished. It was predicted that there would be a tendency for Ss to look longer at pictures congruent with their personality scores. No support was found; however, the resulcs indicated that Ss with a high need for affiliation looked longer at all stimuli than Ss with a low need for affiliation. This finding was explained in terms of the highaffiliation Ss attempting to "please" E by looking longer at all stimuli. Evidence was also found suggesting that (a) the degree to which S believes E's instructions that the experiment is not a memory test and (b) Ss' self-ratings of nervousness are not related to looking time or the need for a€filiation. Interest racings and their relation to looking time may depend on Ss' personaliry. One crucial problem in the area of attentional behavior is to determine the factors influencing the duration of attention. A growing number of studies indicate that the duration of attenrion is dependent upon subject, environmental, and stimulus variables (e.g., Bakan & Leckart, 1966; Berlyne, 1957, 1958; Brown & Farha, 1966; Christiansen, 1961; Leckart, 1966; Leckart & Bakan, 1965; Leckart, Keeling, 8: Bakan, 1966a, 1966b; Marcin, 1964; McReynolds, 1963; Zamansky, 1956,1958). The importance of personality as a determinant of attention duration has been emphasized by Bakan and Leckart (1966). Their Ss, classified as extravercs, ambiverts or introverts on the Maudsley Personality Inventory, viewed photographs rated as extravert, ambivert, or introvert for as long as they wished. Their results indicated that extraverts looked longer at extravert pictures than at introvert pictures and that incroverts looked longer at introvert pictures than at extravert pictures. They interpreted their results as evidence for a "congruence hypothesis" which proposes that the d~~racion of attention is directly related to the congruence between the stimuliis viewed and Ss' personality. According to this position, when stimulus-personality congruence is high the duration of attenrion will be longer than when stimulus-personality congruence is low. The present sci~dy was designed to evaluate the congruence hypothesis as it applies to the need for affiliation as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS; Edwards, 1959). Predicting from the congruence hypothesis it was expected that Ss with a high need for affiliation would spend more time attending to high-affiliative stimuli (pictures of people engaged in highly affiliative interactions) than low-affiliative stimuli (pictures of people engaged in low-affiliative interactions). Similarly it was expected that Ss with a low need for affiliation would spend more time artending co the low-affiliative
In college: Teaching the wrong things?

Instead of stressing good job prospects, which often fail to materialize automatically and promptly after graduation, colleges should hue more closely to their liberal arts roots. Hard sell though it might be, given prevailing attitudes lately, stress to young people that learning per se, not immediate employment at a fabulous salary, is what true education is really all about. Done seriously, good results of such a “holistic” approach could be almost guaranteed. Frustration and disillusionment would be reduced. Morale and productivity would increase. Social responsibility could be argued more convincingly. As an “institutional fringe benefit,” the overall image of postsecondary education would improve.
Creating the infrastructure for graduate education and research at a new research university

Building undergraduate and graduate programs simultaneously highlighted the tensions between disciplinary-based undergraduate programs and interdisciplinary graduate programs.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli viability by external guide sequences complementary to two essential genes

Abstract Narrow spectrum antimicrobial activity has been designed to reduce the expression of two essential genes, one coding for the protein subunit of RNase P (C5 protein) and one for gyrase (gyrase A). In both cases, external guide sequences (EGS) have been designed to complex with either mRNA. Using the EGS technology, the level of microbial viability is reduced to less than 10% of the wild-type strain. The EGSs are additive when used together and depend on the number of nucleotides paired when attacking gyrase A mRNA. In the case of gyrase A, three nucleotides unpaired out of a 15-mer EGS still favor complete inhibition by the EGS but five unpaired nucleotides do not.
In Defense of My Lazy and Entitled Generation: An Open Letter to My Elders

“What was the best year of your life?” I was recently asked. That’s easy: 2001. My freshman year of college. I spent that year discussing religion and politics over eggs in diners at 2 AM. I found freedom in the simplicity of dorm life, comfort in the company of friends, and happiness in the occasional beverage. I learned to use a charcoal grill and to hit a Wiffle ball, with great reliability, all the way over the bike path to the Tome Science Building. I developed a close personal relationship with the lyrical stylings of Jimmy Buffett, learned that Eric Clapton’s “Tears in Heaven” is the greatest acoustical guitar song ever, and I remember the weather was sunny that entire year. Man, those were my glory days. I did forget, however, about that really bad breakup I had early in the year that left me in a moderate-sized pool of depression and self-pity for several months. And I did get called into my advisor’s office because my grades were so low that I could never be a doctor. I fought with my roommate a lot and was rejected by an alarming number of girls. The Philadelphia Flyers lost in a terrible playoff series. Plus, there was organic chemistry. And I just looked it up: my college town of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, received almost 2 feet of rain that year. Now, as I conclude my freshmen year as a faculty member, I listen to similar stories from my medical elders about the glory days of medicine when doctors were doctors and patient care was all that mattered and everyone loved the hard work and nobody ever complained. I’m told that my generation has a poor work ethic, cares too little, expects too much, and is too lazy to read …
Epidemiology and prevention of stroke, now and in the future.

Studies of the epidemiology of stroke have greatly improved over the past 20 years because of 1) the development of new technology that improved classification of specific types of stroke (1), 2) better therapies that have reduced case fatality (1), 3) prevention of stroke (i.e., antihypertensive drug therapy) (1), and 4) health insurance, especially Medicare. Stroke cases can now be classified in epidemiology studies by type. For example, in the Framingham Study, for men aged 55-84 years, 45 percent of strokes were classified as atherosclerotic, 19 percent as cerebral embolism, 5 percent as intracerebral hemorrhage, 4 percent as subarachnoid hemorrhage, 19 percent as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and 2 percent as other (2). Stroke cases can also be classified by whether the vascular disease is extracerebral, intercranial, or intracerebral.
Spontaneous pneumothorax in an allogeneic cell transplant recipient with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and antecedent RSV pneumonitis

We report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) following respiratory syncytial virus infection in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipient with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Delayed diagnosis of IPA resulted in the development of a pneumothorax, a rare consequence of fungal pneumonia. Respiratory virus infections are often harbingers of other infective organisms in HSCT recipients, and more aggressive diagnostic investigations such as computed tomography scans of the thorax and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage should be considered early in any HCT patient presenting with respiratory virus pneumonia, particularly if atypical features are present or delayed recovery occurs.
Narrow versus broad judicial decisions

A central debate among judges and legal scholars concerns the appropriate scope of judicial opinions: should decisions be narrow, and stick to the facts at hand, or should they be broad, and provide guidance in related contexts? A central argument for judicial ‘minimalism’ holds that judges should rule narrowly because they lack the knowledge required to make general rules to govern unknown future circumstances. In this paper, we challenge this argument. Our argument focuses on the fact that, by shaping the legal landscape, judicial decisions affect the policies that are adopted, and that may therefore subsequently be challenged before the court. Using a simple model, we demonstrate that in such a dynamic setting, in which current decisions shape future cases, judges with limited knowledge confront incentives to rule broadly precisely because they are ignorant.
Exhaustive prediction of disease susceptibility to coding base changes in the human genome

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant form of genomic variation and can cause phenotypic differences between individuals, including diseases. Bases are subject to various levels of selection pressure, reflected in their inter-species conservation. We propose a method that is not dependant on transcription information to score each coding base in the human genome reflecting the disease probability associated with its mutation. Twelve factors likely to be associated with disease alleles were chosen as the input for a support vector machine prediction algorithm. The analysis yielded 83% sensitivity and 84% specificity in segregating disease like alleles as found in the Human Gene Mutation Database from non-disease like alleles as found in the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. This algorithm was subsequently applied to each base within all known human genes, exhaustively confirming that interspecies conservation is the strongest factor for disease association. For each gene, the length normalized average disease potential score was calculated. Out of the 30 genes with the highest scores, 21 are directly associated with a disease. In contrast, out of the 30 genes with the lowest scores, only one is associated with a disease as found in published literature. The results strongly suggest that the highest scoring genes are enriched for those that might contribute to disease, if mutated. This method provides valuable information to researchers to identify sensitive positions in genes that have a high disease probability, enabling them to optimize experimental designs and interpret data emerging from genetic and epidemiological studies.
Migration and Credit Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Vietnam

The new economics of labor migration (NELM) frequently emphasizes the importance of migration as a way for rural households to overcome credit constraints. If this hypothesis is correct, then the credit constraint is a motivation for migration (a relaxation of this constraint would encourage less migration). Conventionally, it is believed that migration is costly and has to be financed with borrowed capital, so the credit constraint is a deterrent of migration (a relaxation of this constraint would encourage more migration). In this paper, an agricultural household model is developed to study whether the credit constraint is a motivation for or a deterrent to migration. The model’s result confirms the NELM’s hypothesis: for households with high demand for agricultural investments and high net migration return, migration is used as a way to finance capital investments. Using data from four provinces in Vietnam, preliminary evidence is found supporting this hypothesis.
An accurate scheme for mixed‐mode fracture analysis of functionally graded materials using the interaction integral and micromechanics models

SUMMARY The interaction integral is a conservation integral that relies on two admissible mechanical states for evaluating mixed-mode stress intensity factors (SIFs). The present paper extends this integral to functionally graded materials in which the material properties are determined by means of either continuum functions (e.g. exponentially graded materials) or micromechanics models (e.g. self-consistent, Mori–Tanaka, or three-phase model). In the latter case, there is no closed-form expression for the material-property variation, and thus several quantities, such as the explicit derivative of the strain energy density, need to be evaluated numerically (this leads to several implications in the numerical implementation). The SIFs are determined using conservation integrals involving known auxiliary solutions. The choice of such auxil
Evaluating the Critical Care Family Satisfaction Survey for Chronic Critical Illness

Recognition of the family as a component of patient-centered critical care has shifted our attention to the assessment of family satisfaction in the intensive care unit (ICU). To date, there are no established measures of satisfaction with ICU care for family members of the chronically critically ill (CCI). This study evaluated psychometric properties of the Critical Care Family Satisfaction Survey (CCFSS) in 326 family members of the CCI using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). From the exploratory factor analysis, two unique structural models emerged, each with alpha coefficients of .72 to .91 and discriminant validity among factors (r < .70). The CFA confirmed the best-fitting structural model was a 14-item, three-factor solution (χ2 = 354, df = 148, p < .001, Tucker Lewis Index = .88, Comparative Fit Index = .90, root mean square error of approximation = .06). Thus, the modified 14-item version of the CCFSS is reliable and valid in family members of CCI patients.
Towards wide area context-aware environments

In the vision of ubiquitous computing, there are billions of context sources that continuously publish their contextual information, and even more user agents that search for and consume such information. These context producers and consumers form a large-scale, wide-area, context-aware network which is both dynamic and heterogeneous. Existing service discovery mechanisms do not address the unique challenges imposed by such environments. In this paper we identify these challenges and propose a large scale context service discovery infrastructure for context-aware computing. We describe an approach for context service discovery and description that addresses these challenges.
Children Trust a Consensus Composed of Outgroup Members—But Do Not Retain That Trust

Children prefer to learn from informants in consensus with one another. However, no research has examined whether this preference exists across cultures, and whether the race of the informants impacts that preference. In 2 studies, one hundred thirty-six 4- to 7-year-old European American and Taiwanese children demonstrated a systematic preference for a consensus. Nevertheless, the initial strength and persistence of that preference depended on the racial composition of the consensus. Children's preference for consensus members belonging to the same race as themselves persisted even when only one consensus member remained to provide information. When the consensus consisted of different-race informants, preference for the consensus was initially apparent but lost when only one member from the consensus remained with the dissenting informant.
Hepatomegaly in neuroblastoma stage 4s : Criteria for treatment of the vulnerable neonate

Infants with neuroblastoma (NBL) frequently present as stage 4s and overall, such patients have a good prognosis. However, not all survive, and neonates with hepatomegaly are particularly at risk. We therefore reviewed our 4s experience, the objective being to identify lethal patterns of disease progression. The specific aims of this work were (1) to develop a semiquantitative scoring system based on the severity of signs and symptoms that alone or in combination presaged a fatal outcome, and (2) to determine if early intervention could reverse life-threatening disease. Thirty-five patients were seen over a period of 50 years. The signs and symptoms of organ distress caused by hepatomegaly occurred in the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract (GI), the inferior vena cava (IVC), and the liver. A scoring scale reflecting organ compromise was developed, the scores ranging from 0 (0 compromise) to 10 (all 5 systems showing evidence of impairment). Scores were derived for 32 of 35 patients; 13 were 4 weeks old or under (neonates) when first seen, and 19 were aged 1-12 months (infants). Neonates were more likely than infants to develop increasing symptomatology (50% versus 25%) and were more likely to die when a score of 2 or more developed. None of the 6 neonates who did so survived despite treatment, compared with three of four infants. Early intervention is recommended: (1) for 4s neonates who develop a score of 1 and (2) for older infants with a score > or = 2.
A Study of the Relationship between Pupils' Aural Vocabulary and Their Ability to Apply Syllabication Rules or to Recognize Phonogram Patterns to Decode Multiple Syllable Words

Is the presence of a multiple syllable word in a pupil's listening vocabulary a prerequisite condition for the effective utilization of syllabication rules or phonogram patterns to decode the word? Pretest and posttest decoding scores of 105 pupils from an earlier study were compared with their scores on a listening vocabulary test to determine if the apparent ineffectiveness of syllabication instruction and phonogram pattern recognition strategies could be explained by the absence of the stimulus words in the listening vocabularies of the pupils tested. The data indicated that although the pupils defined over half of the thirty stimulus words, they decoded less than twenty percent of those words. Differences among the treatment conditions were negligible, suggesting that knowledge of word meaning was not sufficient to permit successful application of syllabication rules or identification of phonogram patterns to decode multiple syllable words.
Anatomy of a Web service

One of the newest innovations for the use of the Internet is Web services. Web services allow applications and Internet-enabled devices to easily communicate with one another and combine their functionality to provide services to each other, independent of platform or language. Web services are characterized by SOAP messages used to talk to a Web service, WSDL files that describe a Web service, and the UDDI used to find Web services. Conceptually, Web services are very understandable. They eliminate many of the complexities that have been required when there is a need for computer applications to interact with each other. The question then becomes, is the development of Web services substantially less complex than the prior options available for creating interoperable components? That question is assessed in this paper through the development and annotation of a basic Web service. Software applications like Visual Studio .NET have greatly simplified the creation of Web service and consequently Web services are the future.
A nonparametric general linear model.

Abstract A matrix formulation of the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance is presented. This formulation illustrates the parallel nature of the parametric general linear model and the Kruskal-Wallis model. Using the matrix formulation, it is shown that the Kruskal-Wallis method can be implemented on a digital computer as a special case of a general linear model program where hypotheses are expressed with contrasts among the model parameters.
Political Parties and Representation of the Poor in the American States

Motivated by recent work suggesting that low-income citizens are virtually ignored in the American policymaking process, this article asks whether a similar bias shapes the policy positions adopted by political parties much earlier in the policymaking process. While the normative hope is that parties serve as linkage institutions enhancing representation of those with fewer resources to organize, the resource-dependent campaign environment in which parties operate provides incentives to appeal to citizens with the greatest resources. Using newly developed measures of state party positions, we examine whether low-income preferences get incorporated in parties’ campaign appeals at this early stage in the policymaking process—finding little evidence that they do. This differential responsiveness was most pronounced for Democratic parties in states with greater income inequality; it was least evident for Republicans’ social policy platforms. We discuss the implications of these findings for representation in this era of growing economic inequality.
Three structurally related, highly potent, peptides from the venom of Parabuthus transvaalicus possess divergent biological activity

The venom of South African scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus contains a novel group of peptide toxins. These peptides resemble the long chain neurotoxins (LCN) of 60–70 residues with four disulfide bridges; however they are 58 residues long and have only three disulfide bridges constituting a new family of peptide toxins. Here we report the isolation and characterization of three new members of this mammal specific group of toxins. Dortoxin is a lethal peptide, bestoxin causes writhing in mice and altitoxin is a highly depressant peptide. Binding ability of these peptides to rat brain synaptosomes is tested. While the crude venom of P. transvaalicus enhances the binding of [ 3 H] BTX to rat brain synaptosomes none of these individual toxins had a positive effect on binding. Although the primary structures of these toxins are very similar to birtoxin, their 3D models indicate significant differences. Dortoxin, bestoxin and altitoxin cumulatively constitute at least 20% of the peptide contained in the venom of P. transvaalicus and contribute very significantly to the toxicity of the venom of this medically important scorpion species. Therefore the amino acid sequences presented here can be used to make more specific and effective antivenins. Possible approaches to a systematic nomenclature of toxins are suggested. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hypothesis: A Possible Relationship Between Blood Clotting and the Recognition by the Body of Foreign Particles

The ability of cells to recognize other cells or particles is a general and fundamental problem in biology. It is basic to the survival of protozoa which must differentiate food from non-food and equally basic to the multicellular animal whose integrity depends upon the ability of its component cells to recognize and respond to cells of a similar or dissimilar type (1,2). Almost without exception when foreign particles enter the mammalian blood stream they are recognized and ultimately ingested by phagocytic cells. This is true whether the particles are parasites which enter the body accidentally, or vaccines or test materials which are introduced deliberately. The ability to distinguish aged, damaged or effete isologous cells from normal cells and the ability to recognize, or not, normal as opposed to neoplastic cells is undoubtedly part of the same phenomenon.
Speaking is hard work

A collection of minilessons about ambiguity cliches, gobbledygook, idioms, jargon, and slang, showing the consequences of poor communication. >
Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Preweanling and Adult Rats

Abstract The ability of morphine to support a conditioned place preference (CPP) in preweanling (18–22-day-old) and adult (70–90-day-old) rats was assessed. Prior to a 15-min compartment preference test, subjects received a saline-paired, 30-min exposure to a distinct compartment 2 h prior to receiving an injection of 1 or 5 mg/kg of morphine or saline, paired with a 30-min exposure to an alternate compartment for 4 consecutive days. Although overall activity levels differed substantially across age, preweanling and adult rats displayed similar patterns of activity during conditioning. Moreover, only adults exhibited a significant sex difference; females were more active than were males following an injection of 5 mg/kg of morphine. Both doses of morphine supported a comparable CPP in preweanlings and adults, and both ages exhibited relatively low activity levels while in the morphine-paired compartment. These similarities across age suggest that the CPP procedure may prove to be useful in elucidating the ontogeny of learning, memory, and stimulus selection in rats.
The Bounded Polity: The Limits to Mexican Emigrant Political Participation

International migration yields pervasive cross-border social engagements, yet homeland political involvements are modest to minimal. This contrast reflects the ways in which the distinctive characteristics of expatriate political life impede participation in the polity that emigrants have left behind. As polities are bounded, moving to the territory of a different state yields political detachment: diminishing awareness of home country political matters and weakened ties to the home state’s electoral institutions. To assess this argument, we use a representative survey of the Mexican-born population in the United States to analyze two critical conditions for participation in expatriate elections: emigrants’ ability to demonstrate eligibility to vote and their knowledge about voting procedures. We find clear signs of detachment. Most Mexican emigrants are not in a position to participate in homeland politics. Social ties, while pervasive, are associated with more knowledge only for the very small segment of the most engaged.
Media actors: characters in search of an author

Interactive experiences benefit from natural interactions, compelling communication, and ease of implementation. We show how, according to these principles, interactive media architectures can be categorized as scripted, responsive, learning, or behavioral, and give examples of applications in each category. We then propose the perceptive architecture based on media actors. We endow media objects-expressive text, photographs, movie clips, audio, and sound clips-with coordinated perceptual intelligence, behaviors and personality. Such media actors are able to engage the public in an encounter with a virtual character which expresses itself through one or more of these agents. The result is a novel method for interactive media modeling which finds applications in multimedia, electronic art, interactive performance and entertainment.
Health insurance coverage after welfare.

ABSTRACT: This DataWatch examines the health insurance coverage of former welfare recipients who left welfare between January 1995 and mid-1997, using data from the 1997 National Survey of America's Families. Although the majority of women who left welfare were working, only 33 percent of these women obtained health coverage through their jobs. Rates of uninsurance increase with the number of months since leaving welfare and with declines in Medicaid coverage. A year or more after leaving welfare, 49 percent of women and 30 percent of children were uninsured.
Admission control and resource allocation for DS-CDMA networks with multiple traffic classes

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for resource allocation and admission control in a DS-CDMA system in which there are several traffic classes with different rates and quality of service requirements. We focus on uplink (mobile to base) transmission, in which the transmissions from different mobiles are uncoordinated. For special cases of two traffic classes, we show that, for large systems, a Gaussian approximation for the interference yields that the boundary of the admission control region is approximately a straight line and the optimal power ratio P/sub 2//P/sub 1/ is roughly the same throughout the boundary of the admission control region.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve early forest-tree establishment

Beneficial association of seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is thought to improve early tree establishment through increased uptake of immobile soil nutrients such as phosphorus (P). Seedlings of Acacia koa (koa), a valuable hardwood that is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, was grown in the nursery with and without inoculation by the AMF Glomus aggregatum. Koa seedlings (with and without AMF) were planted in a former pasture unamended or amended with 4500 mg triple superphosphate per kg soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with five replicates per treatment. At 84 d after planting, AMF colonisation of roots was significantly greater if seedlings were inoculated with AMF. Between 84 to 134d after planting, total P content of pinnules was significantly greater in trees inoculated with AMF relative to uninoculated trees. At harvest, dry weight of stems was significantly increased by P fertilization or AMF inoculation. Dry weight of leaves also were significantly increased by inoculation. The results demonstrate that AMF inoculation of koa seedlings in the nursery could have significant beneficial effects on early tree establishment in the field.
Cry1Ab Protein Does Not Persist in Soil After 3 Years of Sustained Bt Corn Use

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the persistence and accumulation of the Cry1Ab protein in soil as a result of sustained planting of genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn hybrids. Soil samples were collected from agricultural fields in five corn-growing regions of the United States where Bt corn hybrids (MON 810 or Bt11) had been planted for at least 3 consecutive yr. At each site, soil samples were collected during the corn-growing period (postanthesis) and again within 6 wk after harvest. Multiple soil specimens from matched Bt cornfields and nearby, non-Bt control fields were analyzed by diet-incorporation insect bioassay, using growth inhibition (GI) of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) as the toxicity endpoint. Positive control soil samples containing Cry1Ab protein at the GI50 level (0.05 μg/g soil) were analyzed in tandem with test and control samples to verify that the bioassay was able to detect low levels of Cry1Ab protein. The limit of detection for Cr...
Fatal complications after stereotactic body radiation therapy for central lung tumors abutting the proximal bronchial tree.

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is associated with excess toxicity following treatment of central lung tumors. Risk-adapted fractionation appears to have mitigated this risk, but it remains unclear whether SBRT is safe for all tumors within the central lung zone, especially those abutting the proximal bronchial tree (PBT). We investigated the dependence of toxicity on tumor proximity to PBT and whether tumors abutting the PBT had greater toxicity than other central lung tumors after SBRT. Materials and methods A total of 108 patients receiving SBRT for central lung tumors were reviewed. Patients were classified based on closest distance from tumor to PBT. Primary endpoint was SBRT-related death. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, local control, and grade 3+ pulmonary adverse events. We compared tumors abutting the PBT to nonabutting and those ≤1 cm and >1 cm from PBT. Results Median follow-up was 22.7 months. Median distance from tumor to PBT was 1.78 cm. Eighty-eight tumors were primary lung and 20 were recurrent or metastatic; 23% of tumors were adenocarcinoma and 71% squamous cell. Median age was 77.5 years. Median dose was 4500 cGy in 5 fractions prescribed to the 100% isodose line. Eighteen patients had tumors abutting the PBT, 4 of whom experienced SBRT-related death. No other patients experienced death attributed to SBRT. Risk of SBRT-related death was significantly higher for tumors abutting the PBT compared with nonabutting tumors (P 1cm from PBT (P = .014). Conclusions Even with risk-adapted fractionation, tumors abutting PBT are associated with a significant and differential risk of SBRT-related toxicity and death. SBRT should be used with particular caution in central-abutting tumors, especially in the context of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
Calcium Channels in Vertebrate Cells

Article de synthese a propos des caracteristiques des canaux calciques voltage-sensibles de type L, N ou T dans les muscles squelettiques, le cœur ou les neurones des vertebres
2015 Texas Estates Code with Commentary

This document contains the Texas Estates Code showing all changes made by the 2015 Texas Legislature. The changes, most of which take effect on September 1, 2015, are shown in red-lined format for easy comparison of the prior and new versions of the statutes. I have included commentary entitled Statutes in Context to many sections. These annotations provide background information, explanations, and citations to key cases which should assist you in identifying the significance of the statutes and how they operate.
Thermal-Hydraulic Challenges in Fast Reactor Design

Thermal-hydraulic challenges in the design of the following four Generation IV fast reactor concepts are presented: sodium [sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR)), lead [lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR)], gas [gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR)], and liquid salt [liquid salt-cooled fast reactor (LSFR)). The supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle in indirect mode is the candidate power cycle for all coolants except gas, which is direct cycle. Thermal-hydraulic considerations must be closely integrated with neutronic analysis to properly control reactivity feedbacks, particularly that of the coolant density coefficient. The thermal-hydraulic performance of all reactors is compared to the sodium concept, which has superior performance because of the inherent properties of sodium. The chemical incompatibility of sodium with water and air remains a concern, should a steam generator tube or other sodium line leak. Challenges in steady-state operation, transient performance, shutdown heat removal, and loss-of-coolant-accident design accommodation in gas reactors are reviewed.
Inborn Errors of Long-Chain Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Link Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal to Autism

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) occur with high incidence in human populations. Especially prevalent among these are inborn deficiencies in fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), which are clinically associated with developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism. We now report that neural stem cell (NSC)-autonomous insufficiencies in the activity of TMLHE (an autism risk factor that supports long-chain FAO by catalyzing carnitine biosynthesis), of CPT1A (an enzyme required for long-chain FAO transport into mitochondria), or of fatty acid mobilization from lipid droplets reduced NSC pools in the mouse embryonic neocortex. Lineage tracing experiments demonstrated that reduced flux through the FAO pathway potentiated NSC symmetric differentiating divisions at the expense of self-renewing stem cell division modes. The collective data reveal a key role for FAO in controlling NSC-to-IPC transition in the mammalian embryonic brain and suggest NSC self renewal as a cellular mechanism underlying the association between IEMs and autism.