cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The (Mis)Framing of Social Justice: Why Ideologies of Depoliticization and Meritocracy Hinder Engineers’ Ability to Think About Social Injustices

Engineers will incorporate considerations of social justice issues into their work only to the extent that they see such issues as relevant to the practice of their profession. This chapter argues that two prominent ideologies within the culture of engineering—depoliticization and meritocracy—frame social justice issues in such a way that they seem irrelevant to engineering practice. Depoliticization is the belief that engineering is a “technical” space where “social” or “political” issues such as inequality are tangential to engineers’ work. The meritocratic ideology—the belief that inequalities are the result of a properly-functioning social system that rewards the most talented and hard-working—legitimates social injustices and undermines the motivation to rectify such inequalities. These ideologies are built into engineering culture and are deeply embedded in the professional socialization of engineering students. I argue that it is not enough for engineering educators to introduce social justice topics into the classroom; they must also directly confront ideologies of meritocracy and depoliticization. In other words, cultural space must be made before students, faculty and practitioners can begin to think deeply about the role of their profession in the promotion of social justice.
Private Equity in Latin America: The Mexican Case

Mexico is carefully reviewed in this article as a possible focus for private equity investing, both to buy out existing businesses and as venture capital for start-up or early-stage businesses. This article looks at all major aspects of an investment in Mexico, such as: recent economic history; the judicial framework; enforcement of the rule of law; -corruption; existence of accounting standards; concentration of ownership; role of commercial banks; the stock exchange; and the role of business groups. A forecast of the equity market is discussed along with highlights of Mexico9s financial history.
The Relation between Classical and Cooperative Models for Drug Action

It is not my purpose to advocate any particular model for drug action as being the truth. And, a fortiori the particular values of parameters used here in numerical examples are chosen for illustration only, though they are chosen to be not grossly incompatible with experimental results (see p. 163). My intention is merely to discuss the extent to which some new observations are compatible with the substantial body of quantitative evidence that is consistent with the classical ideas about drug action. These new observations suggest that some form of cooperative step is involved in the response to certain agonists, whereas no cooperativity was postulated in the classical ideas about drug action.
Resource Deflation: A New Approach For Transient Resource Reclamation

Data centers and clouds are increasingly offering low-cost computational resources in the form of transient virtual machines. Whenever demand for computational resources exceeds their availability, transient resources can reclaimed by preempting the transient VMs. Conventionally, these transient VMs are used by low-priority applications that can tolerate the disruption caused by preemptions. In this paper we propose an alternative approach for reclaiming resources, called resource deflation. Resource deflation allows applications to dynamically shrink (and expand) in response to resource pressure, instead of being preempted outright. Deflatable VMs allow applications to continue running even under resource pressure, and increase the utility of low-priority transient resources. Deflation uses a dynamic, multi-level cascading reclamation technique that allows applications, operating systems, and hypervisors to implement their own policies for handling resource pressure. For distributed data processing, machine learning, and deep neural network training, our multi-level approach reduces the performance degradation by up to 2x compared to existing preemption-based approaches. When deflatable VMs are deployed on a cluster, our policies allow up to 1.6x utilization without the risk of preemption.
Some selection theorems and problems

Let I be the closed unit interval, [0,i]. Let B be a Borel subset of I×I such that for each X,Bx=~Y:(x,y) EB}~ ~. Using the axiom of choice, we find that the Borel set B contains a uniformization (= the graph of some function f mapping I onto I). The question was raised concerning how nice or describable the function f is in the famous letters exchanged among Baire, Borel, Hadamard and Lebesgue [I]. Novikov gave the first example of a Borel subset of I×I which does not possess a Borel uniformization [2]. Kondo proved that every such Borel set B possesses a uniformization which is coanalytic [3]. Yankov [4] and von Neumann [5] proved that B contains the graph of a function f which is measurable with respect to the ~-algebra generated by the analytic subsets of I. In fact, they proved this result assuming only that B is an analytic set. Whether every Borel set B possesses a uniformization which is the difference of two coanalytic sets seems to be an unsolved problem.
Hierarchical shape construction and complexity for slidable polyominoes under uniform external forces

Advances in technology have given us the ability to create and manipulate robots for numerous applications at the molecular scale. At this size, fabrication tool limitations motivate the use of simple robots. The individual control of these simple objects can be infeasible. We investigate a model of robot motion planning, based on global external signals, known as the tilt model. Given a board and initial placement of polyominoes, the board may be tilted in any of the 4 cardinal directions, causing all slidable polyominoes to move maximally in the specified direction until blocked. We propose a new hierarchy of shapes and design a single configuration that is strongly universal for any w × h bounded shape within this hierarchy (it can be reconfigured to construct any w × h bounded shape in the hierarchy). This class of shapes constitutes the most general set of buildable shapes in the literature, with most previous work consisting of just the first-level of our hierarchy. We accompany this result with a O(n4 log n)-time algorithm for deciding if a given hole-free shape is a member of the hierarchy. For our second result, we resolve a long-standing open problem within the field: We show that deciding if a given position may be covered by a tile for a given initial board configuration is PSPACE-complete, even when all movable pieces are 1 × 1 tiles with no glues. We achieve this result by a reduction from Non-deterministic Constraint Logic for a one-player unbounded game.
To be or to appear to be: Evidence that authentic people seek to appear authentic rather than be authentic

Abstract Self-presentation theory suggests that all people strategically self-present, so it struggles to account for self-proclaimed “authentic” people who are apparently unaware or unconcerned with the impressions they make. But, we addressed whether self-proclaimed authentic people create authentic identities via strategic displays that communicate authentic images but are inconsistent with the self's objective experiences. Participants (N = 240) completed a (bogus) color-gazing task under the presumption that authentic people see colors become more (more-intense condition) or less intense (less-intense condition) while gazing at them. Participants reported perceiving color as more intense in the more-intense condition, but this biased responding—consistent with appearing authentic—was enhanced by trait-authenticity indicators. This biased responding was not open to awareness. Also, participants higher in trait-authenticity indicators reported possessing more authentic characteristics, and mediation evidence traced these reports to their more biased responding on the task. Self-presentation is fundamental to human nature, and this includes “authentic” people.
Evaluation of progression from first to second stage sacral neuromodulation and unplanned device removal.

Objective Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an advanced treatment option for patients with refractory overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, urinary retention, and bowel disorders; it is usually performed in 2 separate procedures. This study aims to determine a cohort's progression rate from stage 1 to 2 and predict factors for progression and unplanned device removal or revision. Material and methods A retrospective review was conducted in patients who underwent SNM at a single institution between June 2012 and May 2019. Progression rates from stage 1 to 2, patient characteristics, and indications for unplanned SNM removal or revision were recorded. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Results A total of 128 patients underwent SNM for 1 or more of the following diagnoses: OAB (n=103), urinary retention (n=15), neurogenic bladder dysfunction (n=4), fecal incontinence (n=2), and constipation (n=4). The progression rate to stage 2 was 92.2% (118/128). Patients who failed to progress to stage 2 had additional diagnoses other than OAB, such as urinary retention or bowel disorders (p=0.007). Fifteen patients (12.7%) required SNM removal or revision within 4 years of surgery. Among these patients, the body mass index was significantly lower (p=0.036). Conclusion Most patients (92.2%) progressed to stage 2. Patients with only OAB symptoms had a higher progression rate to stage 2. Single full-stage procedures may be considered in select patients to reduce morbidity, time, and costs.
Aldehyde Oxidase Contributes to All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis in Human Liver.

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a critical endogenous signaling molecule. atRA is predominantly synthesized from retinaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), but aldehyde oxidase (AOX) may also contribute to atRA biosynthesis. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that AOX contributes significantly to atRA formation in human liver. Human recombinant AOX formed atRA from retinaldehyde (Km ∼1.5 ± 0.4 µM; kcat ∼3.6 ± 2.0 minute-1). In human liver S9 fractions (HLS9), atRA formation was observed in the absence of NAD+, suggesting AOX contribution to atRA formation. In the presence of NAD+, Eadie-Hofstee plots of atRA formation in HLS9 indicated that two enzymes contributed to atRA formation. The two enzymes were identified as AOX and ALDH1A1 based on inhibition of atRA formation by AOX inhibitor hydralazine (20%-50% inhibition) and ALDH1A1 inhibitor WIN18,446 (50%-80%inhibition). The expression of AOX in HLS9 was 9.4-24 pmol mg-1 S9 protein, whereas ALDH1A1 expression was 156-285 pmol mg-1 S9 protein measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification of signature peptides. The formation velocity of atRA in the presence of NAD+ correlated significantly with the expression of ALDH1A1 and AOX protein. Taken together, the data show that both AOX and ALDH1A1 contribute to atRA biosynthesis in the human liver, with ALDH1A1 being the high-affinity, low-capacity enzyme and AOX being the low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. The results suggest that in the case of ALDH1A dysfunction or excess vitamin A, AOX may play an important role in regulating hepatic vitamin A homeostasis and that inhibition of AOX may alter atRA biosynthesis and signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides direct evidence to show that human AOX converts retinaldehyde to atRA and contributes to hepatic atRA biosynthesis. The finding that AOX may be responsible for 20%-50% of overall hepatic atRA formation suggests that alterations in AOX activity via drug-drug interactions, genetic polymorphisms, or disease states may impact hepatic atRA concentrations and signaling and alter vitamin A homeostasis.
Progress and challenges of EUV patterning material design

The development of EUV lithography has been enabled by the resist material design which had initially adapted of known concepts from DUV lithography. But with the low number of photon counts in EUV has brought stochastics defects as a significant concern to enable yield. This paper will review the development on resist concepts that have targeted limiting variations in resist design to mitigate stochastic defects. The limits of this trade-off between improving stochastics-related defects with a higher dose will also be discussed. How strongly does the resist formulation itself contribute to stochastics, or is it a purely dose-driven effect? Along with the resist the patterning stack has a more significant effect in EUV patterning Due to the thickness decrease in the resist and the underlying stack, the interfacial effects of the resist and hardmask films play a dominant factor in the material stochastics. This offers an opportunity to think differently about underlayer design for sub-32nm pitch patterning. The choice of hardmask can be used to modulate post-litho defectivity to mitigate the stochastics effects and enable more efficient pattern transfer. This paper will address multiple approaches to improving the materials stochastics through resist component optimization and hardmask film development. It will also demonstrate how the methodology of defectivity at post-exposure and post-etch are correlated to electrical yield to validate material evaluations
F-18 FDG PET/CT, breast MRI and mammography: Can breast cancer be reliably detected?

1642 Objectives: F-18 FDG PET/CT is a powerful imaging modality for cancer diagnosis, staging and establishing response to therapy, including breast cancer (BC). Breast MRI (BMRI) is gaining a major role in the management of high risk BC patients, adding information when mammography findings are equivocal. The role of PET/CT in addition to mammography and BMRI in BC diagnosis is not completely elucidated. Therefore, we were prompted to review our experience with mammography, BMRI and PET/CT in BC. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 101 women with BC, 30-82 years-old (average: 56.1±12.1), who had F-18 FDG PET/CT at our institution from Jan 2003 to Jun 2005. Of these, 27 patients also had mammography and BMRI. Reinterpretation of the studies for accuracy and data analysis from medical records were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a 2 x 2 table with pathology results (84.1% of the patients) or clinical follow-up (15.9% of the cases) as the gold standard. Results: The tumor types in the 85 patients with available pathology reports were: 68 ductal (41 infiltrative, 22 invasive, 5 in situ), 11 lobular (5 infiltrative, 6 invasive), 4 adenocarcinomas and 2 mucinous carcinomas. Tumor size at cancer presentation ranged 0.8-10.0 cm (average: 2.8±1.9) for all the patients and 1.9-9.0 cm (average: 3.72±1.8) for the patients that had PET/CT at initial presentation. PET/CT sensitivity was 79.2 % (95% CI: 59.5-90.7) for breast disease, 68.2% (95% CI: 47.3-83.6) for axilla and 94.1% (95% CI: 80.9-93.3) for distant metastases. Specificities were 98.7% (95% CI: 93-99.8), 100% (95% CI: 95.3-100) and 91% (95% CI: 81.8-95.8), respectively. For the 27 patients with all 3 exams, sensitivities and specificities for BC detection were 69.2% (95% CI: 42.3-87.3) and 77.8% (95% CI: 45.3-93.7) for mammography, 80% (95% CI: 54.8-92.9) and 91.7% (95% CI: 64.6-98.5) for BMRI, and 71.4% (95% CI: 45.3-88.3) and 92.3% (95% CI: 66.7-98.6) for PET/CT. Conclusions: Our results suggest a good performance for PET/CT in identification of BC and distant metastases in this patient population. However, the sensitivity of PET/CT for axillary staging is limited, despite excellent specificity. BMRI appears more sensitive than PET/CT and mammography in the detection of breast lesions, probably due to higher resolution. The specificities of BMRI and PET/CT are similar, outperforming mammography. In addition, PET/CT as a whole body examination detected axillary and distant metastases in 9 (33.3%) of the 27 patients. Thus, PET/CT should be used as a complimentary imaging tool in the evaluation of patients with locally advanced BC, since a whole body staging can be achieved in a single exam.
Prefiltration enhances performance of sterile filtration for glycoconjugate vaccines

Recent studies have reported very low capacity during sterile filtration of glyconconjugate vaccines due to rapid fouling of the filter. The objective of this study was to explore the potential for significantly increasing the capacity of the sterile filter through the use of an appropriate prefilter. Data were obtained using prefilters with different pore size and chemistry, with the sterile filtration performed at constant filtrate flux using 0.22 μm Durapore® polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Prefiltration through 5 μm pore size Durapore® or Nylon prefilters nearly eliminated the fouling of the sterile filter, leading to more than a 100-fold reduction in the rate of pressure increase for the sterile filter. This dramatic improvement in sterile filter performance was due to the removal of large components (greater than one micron in size) as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. These results demonstrate the potential of using large pore size prefilters to significantly enhance the performance of the sterile filtration process for the production of important glycoconjugate vaccines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Metamodeling in Emulating Quantitative Models

It is often prohibitively time-consuming to do sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and optimization with complex state-based quantitative models because each model execution or solution takes so long to complete, and many such executions are necessary to complete the analysis. One way to approach this problem is to use metamodels that emulate the behavior of the base model but run much faster. These metamodels may be automatically constructed using machine learning techniques, and then the relevant analysis may be conducted on the fast-running metamodel in place of the slow-running model.
Tuning physical, mechanical and barrier properties of cellulose nanofibril films through film drying techniques coupled with thermal compression

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have already been proved to be a potential candidate as one of the next-generation renewable and sustainable packaging materials. However, the mechanical and barrier properties of CNF films are not yet up to the mark for certain applications, especially at higher relative humidity. Those properties can be controlled by the degree of fibrillation of fibers and drying methods of films. Here we prepared CNF films from CNF suspensions with two different degrees of fibrillation- standard CNF (90% fine) and high-fine CNF (97% fine) by casting and filtration. These were dried in four different ways (air, oven, heat gun, and hot press drying) to better understand how these methods affect the physical, mechanical as well as oil, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the films. The CNF films made by hot press drying showed the highest tensile strength (98.82 MPa) and lowest water vapor permeability (13.91 g.mm/m2 day kPa). Hot press compaction on the dried films further improved the tensile strength by 13.1% and reduced the water vapor and oxygen permeability by 22.3% and 43%, respectively. The average value of oxygen permeability after hot press compaction was found to be 403.2 cc µm/m2 day atm, which can be considered as high oxygen barrier at 80% relative humidity. All prepared films showed maximum oil resistance value with kit number ‘12’, regardless of their preparation techniques. The result of folding a representative CNF film showed that the CNF film retained its oxygen barrier properties after a single line folding, but failed after two crossline folding.
Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass: Technique and Outcomes

The laparoscopic gastric bypass was once considered to be one of the most challenging minimally invasive operations. It is now the most common foregut operation and, despite its complexity and learning curve, has been shown to be safer and more cost-effective than its open predecessor. The operation has evolved to include a variety of anastomotic techniques and trocar placements, giving individual surgeons the latitude to adopt or modify the procedure based on their own preference and experience.
Historia Memoria: la construcción de las tradiciones dinásticas andinas

This article describes the practice of «positional inheritance» at the curacazgo and imperial levels as a form of dynastic succession. In a wider context, it argues that the process of converting oral traditions and myths into a historical narrative commonly accepted in a colonial setting was deficient and must be de-centered.
“Don’t Be Too Careful of Your Silks and Rags”: Domesticity and Race in 19th-Century American Literature

An ideal domesticity of the mid-19th century advocated a role for white women in civilizing and defending the American family home from cultural incursions. Black (and other non-White, non-Anglo-Saxon Protestant) women, omitted from dominant representations of domesticity, provided their own literary interventions to appropriate and adapt the ideology. Short scenes of mundane domestic labor show authors reworking the relationship of domesticity to race and class. Textile work such as sewing (depicted in the works of Harriet Jacobs, Harriet Wilson, Fanny Fern, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper) becomes the focal point for social change, enabling an appropriation of domesticity by individuals usually excluded. Current material culture studies investigate the interaction of human subjects and material objects in specific contexts that enact cultural meaning. Applying these studies to fictional and non-fictional narratives reveals how authors used their lived experiences with objects to query the racial and ethnic foundations of domestic womanhood in varied narrative contexts.
Natural Language Understanding and Prediction: from Formal Grammars to Large Scale Machine Learning

Scientists have long dreamed of creating machines humans could interact with by voice. Although one no longer believes Turing's prophecy that machines will be able to converse like humans in the near future, real progress has been made in the voice and text-based human-machine interaction. This paper is a light introduction and survey of some deployed natural language systems and technologies and their historical evolution. We review two fundamental problems involving natural language: the language prediction problem and the language understanding problem. While describing in detail all these technologies is beyond our scope, we do comment on some aspects less discussed in the literature such as language prediction using huge models and semantic labeling using Marcus contextual grammars.
Attribute-Based authentication model for dynamic mobile environments

Rich, context-aware applications are emerging for mobile computing environments that provide new and innovative services to consumers. Security is critical for the successful realization of this vision. We propose a new method for authentication that utilizes contextual information to overcome the limitations inherent in traditional approaches. We have defined a model that uses contextual attributes to achieve an approach to authentication that is better suited for dynamic, mobile computing environments. We examine the use of trusted platforms to provide assurances for these contextual attributes. Our model promotes the adoption of many revolutionary mobile applications by providing a seamless and flexible user experience that can protect privacy and reduce administrative overhead.
Automatic Knowledge Base Tuning

A concept of an automatic knowledge base tuning in complex systems is outlined. In real life systems although the system is successfully controlled by a human expert, some information may be lost in translating the expert's knowledge to linguistic rules. On the other hand, the information gathered by sensor measurements from past experiences is not enough for a successful design, because the past performances, in general, would not cover all the possible situations we may encounter in future operations. We focus on tuning the already existing knowledge data base, as that should provide us with a successful control of complex processes. An application to the Wright Patterson Air Force Base incendiary projectile data is presented to corroborate the theory.
Physical Education Teacher Role Identification Instrument

Abstract A teacher competency questionnaire consisting of 89 statements was designed to elicit responses on the degree of importance assigned to various professional competencies that a female teacher of high school physical education might be expected to possess. The questionnaire's content validity was established by a detailed review of the appropriateness and inclusiveness of the statements in light of related literature and by an examination of the instrument by a panel of competent judges. Test-retest reliability was determined by field-testing the instrument on a group of subjects that included both undergraduate physical education major students and their faculty. Pearson product moment correlations of test-retest scores for each subject yielded a reliability coefficient of .99. The questionnaire may prove useful in identifying the role of the female high school physical education teacher and in determining the role expectations held for her by various groups of university and public school person...
Vapor Inhalation of Alcohol in Rats

Alcohol dependence constitutes a neuroadaptive state critical for understanding alcoholism, and various methods have been utilized to induce alcohol dependence in animals, one of which is alcohol vapor exposure. Alcohol vapor inhalation provides certain advantages over other chronic alcohol exposure procedures that share the ultimate goal of producing alcohol dependence in rats. Chronic alcohol vapor inhalation allows the experimenter to control the dose, duration, and pattern of alcohol exposure. Also, this procedure facilitates testing of somatic and motivational aspects of alcohol dependence. Chronic exposure to alcohol vapor produces increases in alcohol-drinking behavior, increases in anxiety-like behavior, and reward deficits in rats. Alcohol vapor inhalation as a laboratory protocol is flexible, and the parameters of this procedure can be adjusted to accommodate the specific aims of different experiments. This unit describes the options available to investigators using this procedure for dependence induction, when different options are more or less appropriate, and the implications of each.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and mitotic activity in rectal cancer: predictor of response to preoperative irradiation.

PURPOSEThis study examines the association between the pathologic response of rectal cancer after irradiation and its pretreatment proliferative state as assayed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and mitotic activity.PATIENTS AND METHODSNinety patients with clinical stage T3 and T4 rectal cancer received preoperative irradiation followed by surgery. Pretreatment tumor biopsies were scored for PCNA activity (number of tumor cells staining immunohistochemically with an anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody) and the number of mitoses per 10 high-powered fields (hpf). Postirradiation surgical specimens were examined for extent of residual disease.RESULTSThe tumors of 33 of 90 patients (37%) exhibited marked pathologic downstaging (no residual tumor or cancer confined to the rectal wall) after preoperative irradiation. Two features were independently associated with the likelihood of marked pathologic regression after preoperative irradiation: lesion size and PCNA/mitotic activity. When stratified by tumor ...
Construction and characterization of a herpes simplex virus type I recombinant expressing green fluorescent protein: Acute phase replication and reactivation in mice

A recombinant HSV-1 virus expressing EGFP from the HCMV major immediate early promoter (KOS-CMVGFP) was constructed to monitor viral replication and spread in vitro and in mice. KOS-CMVGFP replicated as efficiently as wild-type virus, strain KOS, in single cycle growth experiments in Vero cells indicating that the recombinant virus has no significant growth defects in vitro. Following ocular inoculation of mice, KOS-CMVGFP exhibited slight but statistically significant reductions in mouse tear film titers relative to wild-type virus. Progression of virus infection of the eyes, periocular tissue, and snout was readily followed by fluorescence microscopy. Insertion of the EGFP expression cassette into the KOS genome had no effect on the efficiency of establishment of latency as determined by quantitative competitive PCR of viral genomes in latently infected TG. KOS-CMVGFP reactivated with wild-type kinetics and efficiency by explant cocultivation, but exhibited a significant delay in the kinetics and a modest reduction in the efficiency of reactivation compared to KOS in the more sensitive TG cell culture model. Notably, EGFP expression preceded the detection of infectious virus by greater than 24 h in both ex vivo models and thus is a useful marker of the early stages in the induction of reactivation.
A new approach for combined freeway Variable Speed Limits and Coordinated Ramp Metering

Freeway corridor traffic flow is limited by bottleneck flow. A possible approach for maximizing recurrent bottleneck flow is to create a discharge section immediately upstream of the bottleneck. This paper proposes a control strategy for combining Variable Speed Limits (VSL) and Coordinated Ramp Metering (CRM) design to achieve this objective when the bottleneck can be modeled as a lane drop (or virtual lane drop) and/or weaving section. The control design strategy is to design VSL first and then use Finite Time Horizon Model Predictive Control to design Coordinated Ramp Metering. Microscopic simulation results showed that the control strategy could improve traffic throughput significantly.
The permanent dentition and phylogenetic position of Victoriapithecus from Maboko Island, Kenya

Abstract More than 800 cercopithecoid permanent teeth collected since 1973 at Maboko Island are described. The 15 million-year-old fossils are attributed to a single paleospecies Victoriapithecus macinnesi. Criteria previously used to separate the 59 Victoriapithecus teeth known from Maboko before 1973 into two species, one with colobine and the other with cercopithecine affinities, are shown to be invalid. V. macinnesi differs from extant cercopithecoids in having M1-M3 cristae obliquae and M1/M2 hypoconulids that are differentially expressed across the molar row, being more common on mesial than distal teeth. The species is similar to extant Macaca in having a high degree of M3 size variation that may be related to sexual dimorphism. In contrast, I1-M2 size variation is similar to that observed for most extant cercopithecoid species. Phylogenetic comparison of Victoriapithecus and Prohylobates indicates that although the two genera are distinct, they share a unique combination of primitive catarrhine and derived cercopithecoid dental traits. Colobinae and Cercopithecinae share at least three and probably five traits that are derived relative to the Miocene cercopithecoids. It is concluded that the Miocene and more recent Old World monkeys represent mutual sister-groups with Prohylobates and Victoriapithecus belonging to the family Victoriapithecidae and Colobinae and Cercopithecinae to the family Cercopithecidae.
Reaction path modeling of enhanced in situ CO2 mineralization for carbon sequestration in the peridotite of the Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman

The peridotite section of the Samail Ophiolite in the Sultanate of Oman offers insight into the feasibility of mineral carbonation for engineered, in situ geological CO2 storage in mantle peridotites. Naturally occurring CO2 sequestration via mineral carbonation is well-developed in the peridotite; however, the natural process captures and sequesters CO2 too slowly to significantly impact the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. A reaction path model was developed to simulate in situ CO2 mineralization through carbonation of fresh peridotite, with its composition based on that of mantle peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite and including dissolution kinetics for primary minerals. The model employs a two-stage technique, beginning with an open system and progressing to three different closed system scenarios- a natural system at 30 °C, an engineered CO2 injection scenario at 30 °C, and an engineered CO2 injection scenario at 90 °C. The natural system model reproduces measured aqueous solute concentrations in the target water, signifying the model is a close approximation of the natural process. Natural system model results suggest that the open system achieves steady state within a few decades, while the closed system may take up to 6,500 years to reach observed fluid compositions. The model also identifies the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon as the limiting factor for natural CO2 mineralization in the deep subsurface. Engineered system models indicate that injecting CO2 at depth could enhance the rate of CO2 mineralization by a factor of over 16,000. CO2 injection could also increase mineralization efficiency – kilograms of CO2 sequestered per kilogram of peridotite – by a factor of over 350. These model estimates do not include the effects of precipitation kinetics or changes in permeability and reactive surface area due to secondary mineral precipitation. Nonetheless, the faster rate of mineralization in the CO2 injection models implies that enhanced in situ peridotite carbonation could be a significant sink for atmospheric CO2.
Myofibroblast induction with transforming growth factor-β1 and -β3 in cutaneous fetal excisional wounds☆☆☆

Abstract Background/Purpose: In a noncontractile fetal rabbit model, the authors recently have shown the induction of excisional wound contraction with sustained-release cellulose implants formulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the excisional wound contraction in this model is associated with the induction of myofibroblasts in the surrounding dermis, demonstrated by the presence of α-smooth muscle actin. Methods: Cellulose discs were formulated with either 1.0 μg of TGF-β 1 (n = 6); 1.0 μg of TGF-β 3 (n = 9); 10 μg of TGF-β 3 (n = 6); or their carrier protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA; n=9), for sustained-release over 5 days. Each disc was implanted into a subcutaneous pocket on the back of a fetal New Zealand White rabbit in utero on day 24 of gestation (term, 31 days). A full-thickness, 3-mm excisional wound (7.4 mm 2 ) was then made next to the implanted cellulose disc. All fetuses were harvested at 3 days. The amount of α-smooth muscle (SM) actin in the dermis around the implants and wounds was determined using immunohistochemical techniques. Results: Excisional wounds exposed to 1.0 μg of TGF-β 1 (5.6 ± 2.0 mm 2 ), 1.0 μg of TGF-β 3 (6.9 ± 1.0 mm 2 ), and 10 μg of TGF-β 3 (2.7 ± 1.0 mm 2 ) were significantly smaller when compared with the BSA control group (12.8 ± 1.1 mm 2 ; P 1 (1.8 ± 0.5) and 10 μg TGF-β 3 (2.8 ± 0.2) groups in comparison with the scant staining in the BSA control group (0.5 ± 0.2; P Conclusions: TGF-β 1 and -β 3 induce α-SM actin and contraction of cutaneous excisional wounds in a fetal noncontractile model. This model of inducible cutaneous excisional wound contraction may be useful in further determining the role of the myofibroblast in wound contraction and the physiology underlying this poorly understood aspect of wound healing. J Pediatr Surg 35:183-188. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
EphrinB1 Interacts with CNK1 and Promotes Cell Migration through c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Activation

The Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, play important roles in various biological processes such as cell adhesion and movement. The transmembrane ephrinBs transduce reverse signaling in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent or -independent, as well as PDZ-dependent manner. Here, we show that ephrinB1 interacts with Connector Enhancer of KSR1 (CNK1) in an EphB receptor-independent manner. In cultured cells, cotransfection of ephrinB1 with CNK1 increases JNK phosphorylation. EphrinB1/CNK1-mediated JNK activation is reduced by overexpression of dominant-negative RhoA. Overexpression of CNK1 alone is sufficient for activation of RhoA; however, both ephrinB1 and CNK1 are required for JNK phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation data showed that ephrinB1 and CNK1 act as scaffold proteins that connect RhoA and JNK signaling components, such as p115RhoGEF and MKK4. Furthermore, adhesion to fibronectin or active Src overexpression increases ephrinB1/CNK1 binding, whereas blocking Src activity by a pharmacological inhibitor decreases not only ephrinB1/CNK1 binding, but also JNK activation. EphrinB1 overexpression increases cell motility, however, CNK1 depletion by siRNA abrogates ephrinB1-mediated cell migration and JNK activation. Moreover, Rho kinase inhibitor or JNK inhibitor treatment suppresses ephrinB1-mediated cell migration. Taken together, our findings suggest that CNK1 is required for ephrinB1-induced JNK activation and cell migration.
The effect of surgical intervention for head and neck cancer on whole salivary flow: A pilot study

For many patients, rehabilitation and quality of life after treatment of head and neck cancer are issues that confront both them and their physicians. Various levels of xerostomia are often reported as one of the side effects of treatment. This study evaluated the effects of surgical intervention (alone) that involve major salivary glands on whole salivary flow. Five subjects with head and neck cancer who lost a submandibular gland at surgery were evaluated before and after treatment to determine resting and stimulated whole salivary flow rates. Three subjects demonstrated a decrease in resting and three a decrease in stimulated flow rates compared with pretreatment levels. Two subjects rebounded to near or above presurgery flow rates. Although a trend was identified for a decrease in resting and stimulated flow rates, the sample size was too small to statistically validate this trend. The decreases in flow rates recorded at the last test were of insufficient magnitude to elicit a complaint of xerostomia.
The university of toledo beam foil facility

Abstract The facility for experimental work in beam foil spectroscopy being developed at The University of Toledo involves several novel features which will be described here. These include: 1. 1. Provisions for optically scanning the ion beam and automatically recording the data so obtained in a multichannel analyzer. Scanning is accomplished by moving a collimating lens and mirror parallel to the beam with constant velocity. The collimated beam is subsequently focused on the entrance slit of a Perkin Elmer f/4.5 grating monochromator. Single photons are detected and pulses are recorded in a multiscaler synchronized with the beam scanner. 2. 2. A facility for making charge state identification of spectral lines using a technique which is compatible with the geometry employed for mean life measurements is being constructed. A set of parallel electric field plates can be raised in the observation chamber to beam level through vacuum feed-throughs and a transverse electric field applied. Light from the beam is observed through a slit located a distance L downstream along the plate and spectral wavelengths are determined for both directions of the applied electric field E. The net transverse Doppler shift induced can easily be seen to be Δλ/λ=Z·2eEL/(2mc 2 T) 1 2 , where T and mc2 are the kinetic and rest energies of the ion beam respectively. Introduction of representative parameters shows that a shift of 2 A/unit charge is easily attainable. 3. 3. Use of nanosecond pulsed beam time of flight techniques to measure the energy of the ion beam after it emerges from the foil. This technique has been in routine use in this laboratory in nuclear physics experiments and its extension to these applications will be described.
Purification and Characterization of a Polysome-associated Endoribonuclease That Degrades c-myc mRNA in Vitro

The regulation of mRNA half-lives is determined by multiple factors, including the activity of the messenger RNases (mRNases) responsible for destroying mRNA molecules. Previously, we used cell-free mRNA decay assays to identify a polysome-associated endonuclease that cleaves c-mycmRNA within the coding region. A similar activity has been solubilized and partially purified from a high salt extract of adult rat liver polysomes. Based on a correlation between protein and enzyme activity, the endonuclease is tentatively identified as a ∼39-kDa protein. It cleaves the coding region stability determinant of c-myc mRNA with considerable specificity. Cleavages occur predominantly in an A-rich segment of the RNA. The endonuclease is resistant to RNase A inhibitors, sensitive to vanadyl ribonucleoside complex, and dependent on magnesium. In these and other respects, the soluble enzyme we have purified resembles the polysome-associated c-myc mRNase.
Legalistic organizational responses to catastrophic illness: The effect of stigmatization on reactions to HIV/AIDS

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has focused increased attention on catastrophic illnesses in the workplace, and because of the stigmas associated with HIV/AIDS, it raises three primary concerns for organizations: (1) organizational avoidance of legal sanctions and litigation; (2) the maintenance of organizational legitimacy; and (3) organizational protection of employee rights. Although many organizations adopt legalistic responses to cope with these concerns, the analysis presented in this article suggests that while legalistic approaches function well to protect organizational interests in terms of both legal liability and legitimacy, the are only partially able to protect employee rights. Drawing upon the limited literature on HIV/AIDS in the workplace, this article presents an agenda for future research on organizational responses to HIV/AIDS.
Imine Insertion into a Late Metal−Carbon Bond To Form a Stable Amido Complex

An arylrhodium(I) complex containing a labile dative ligand was prepared, and its reactivity toward aryl imines was investigated. The arylrhodium(I) complex (DPPE)Rh(C5H5N)(p-tol), 2, was isolated in 65% yield from [(DPPE)Rh(μ-Cl)]2, pyridine, and p-tolyllithium. Reaction of 2 with the aldimine (p-tol)CHN(C6H4-p-CO2Me) (3a-Tol) gave the Rh amide insertion product 4 in 88% isolated yield. The solid-state structure of 4 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of 2 with the electron-neutral and electron-rich aldimines (Ph)CHNPh (3b) and (p-tol)CHN(C6H4-p-OMe) (3c) also appeared to involve insertion, but the amido complexes formed from these insertions were not stable. Thus, reaction of 2 with 3b, followed by addition of Et3NHCl, gave the amine and ketimine products (Ph)(p-tol)CH−NHPh, 5, and (p-tol)(Ph)CN(Ph), 6, in 25% and 50% yields. Several lines of data indicate that these products are formed by a sequence of transformations involving insertion of imine to give a Rh amide interme...
Solid state fermentation—An overview

Abstract Since ancient times many solid state fermentations have utilized fungi and bacteria, almost always in mixed culture. The discovery and development of penicillin led to extensive use of liquid fermentations using actinomycetes and fungi and to subsequent neglect of research on solid state fermentations and the use of mixed cultures. This paper reviews the types of solid state fermentations, equipment used, products made, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of solid state fermentations. Products resulting from old and new solid and liquid substrate fermentations are enumerated.
Total synthesis of ent-cholesterol via a steroid C,D-ring side-chain synthon.

For the first time, one of the two enantiomers of cholesterol (ent-cholesterol) has been synthesized by a synthetic route that starts from a precursor containing the D-ring and entire side chain of cholesterol. As part of the reported synthetic route, a method of general utility for the large scale (>10 g) preparation of each enantiomer of [1α(R*),7aα]-1-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexahydro-7a-methyl-5H-inden-5-one, C,D ring-side chain synthons that can be used for the synthesis of enantiomers of vitamin D3, cholesterol, and their analogues was also developed. Using the enantiomer of the C,D-ring side-chain synthon that leads to ent-cholesterol, the A- and B-rings were elaborated from a linear fragment that is sequentially cyclized to form the steroid B- and A-rings. Using this route, ent-cholesterol was prepared in 23 steps from the methyl ester of (1α,5α,6α)−(±)-6-methyl-2-oxo-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxylic acid in a total yield of 2.6%.
Competition and Social Influence: The Diffusion of the Sixth‐Generation Processor in the Global Computer Industry1

When is a social actor most strongly influenced by its peers? This article addresses this question by clarifying when computer firms were most strongly affected by the choices of their structurally equivalent rivals to adopt a well‐known technology: Intel’s sixth‐generation processor. The core hypothesis is that the effect of adoptions by structurally equivalent firms increases with the competitive pressure that a focal firm faces in its market position. The results show that a chosen firm is most strongly influenced by comparable others when it faces scale‐based competition and is diversified. The implications of this study are twofold: a social actor’s sensitivity to the conduct of others may depend not only on its place in a hierarchy but also on the nature of its ties to an external audience; and a contingent theory of social influence may be necessary to characterize diffusion processes correctly, particularly when external and time‐varying nonnetwork factors have significant effects.
Continuous and shutterless hologram movie

This paper presents a unique approach to the production and display of a hologram movie. Motion was provided by rotating a 3D object in steps between exposures. Strip holograms were made on 70 mm AGFA 8E75 Holotest roll film. Each hologram was about 11 mm high and 55 mm wide. The object was rotated two degrees, while the film was advanced, between successive exposures. A complete rotation of the object was recorded on 180 holograms using the lensless Fourier-transform construction. The ends of the developed film were spliced together to produce a continuous loop. Although the film moves continuously on playback and there is no shutter, there is no flicker or image displacement because of the Fourier-transform hologram construction. The movie can be viewed for as long a time as desired because the object motion is cyclical and the film is continuous. The film is wide enough such that comfortable viewing with both eyes is possible, enhancing the 3D experience. Viewers can stand comfortably away from the film since no viewing slit or aperture is necessary. Several people can view the movie at the same time. Speckle is reduced due to the film motion.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.