cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal scale anatomy of a dying supervolcano: an isotope and geochronology study of individual phenocrysts from voluminous rhyolites of the Yellowstone caldera

A voluminous (>600 km3) and long-lived (~520–75 ka) phase of rhyolitic eruptions followed collapse of the Yellowstone caldera 640 ka. Whether these eruptions represent a dying cycle, or the growth of a new magma chamber, remains an important question. We use new U–Th zircon ages and δ18O values determined by ion microprobe, and sanidine Pb isotope ratios determined by laser ablation, to investigate the genesis of voluminous post-caldera rhyolites. The oldest post-caldera rhyolites, erupted between ~520 and 470 ka, exhibit extreme age and oxygen isotopic heterogeneity, requiring derivation from individual parcels of low-δ18O melts. We find a progressive increase in zircon homogeneity for rhyolite eruptions from ~260 to 75 ka, with homogeneous low-δ18O zircon values of 2.7–2.8‰ that are in equilibrium with low-δ18O host melts for the majority of the youngest eruptions. New sanidine Pb isotope data define separate arrays for post-caldera rhyolites and the caldera-forming tuffs that preceded them, indicating that they were not sourced from a mushy Lava Creek Tuff batholith that remained after caldera collapse. Rather, our new age and isotopic data indicate that the post-caldera rhyolites were generated by remelting of a variety of intracaldera source rocks, consisting of pre-Lava Creek Tuff volcanic and plutonic rocks and earlier erupted post-Lava Creek Tuff rhyolites. Batch assembly of low-δ18O melts starting at ~260 ka resulted in progressive homogenization, followed by differentiation and cooling up until the last rhyolite eruption ~75 ka, a trend that we interpret to be characteristic of a dying magma reservoir beneath the Yellowstone caldera.
Experience with a pilot‐scale electro‐organic synthesis process

A description is given of the preparation of 4,4′-dihydroxyhydrobenzoin from p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde by electrohydrodimerisation in both bench and pilot-scale cells. The irreproducible performance of a cadmium cathode was avoided by using mercury in a simple and reliable cell.
Spontaneous Disappearance of a Calcified Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Two patients are presented who had spontaneous disappearance of a calcified solitary pulmonary nodule. The mechanism of this uncommon event is unknown, but various theories are discussed.
Admission chest CT complements fiberoptic bronchoscopy in prediction of adverse outcomes in thermally injured patients.

Abstract : In burned patients, inhalation injury can result in progressive pulmonary dysfunction, infection, and death. Although bronchoscopy is the standard for diagnosis, it only assesses the proximal airway and does not provide a comprehensive analysis of pulmonary insult. Chest radiographs have not been proven helpful in diagnosis of inhalation injury. Our hypothesis is that a CT scan alone or in conjunction with bronchoscopy can be used as a prognostic tool for critically ill burn patients, especially those with inhalation injury. The authors performed a retrospective study of all patients admitted to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center between 2002 and 2008 with chest CT within 24 hours of admission. They divided subjects into two groups, those with evidence of inhalation injury on bronchoscopy and those without. They used a radiologist s score to assess the degree of damage to the pulmonary parenchyma. The primary endpoint was a composite of pneumonia, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. The inhalation injury group consisted of 25 patients and the noninhalation injury group of 19 patients. Groups were not different in age, TBSA burned, and percentage full-thickness burn. By multiple logistic regression, detection of inhalation injury on bronchoscopy was associated with an 8.3-fold increase in the composite endpoint. The combination of inhalation injury on bronchoscopy and a high radiologist s score was associated with a 12.7-fold increase in the incidence of the composite endpoint. Admission CT assists in predicting future lung dysfunction in burn patients.
Connection Between Percolation and Lattice Animals

An $n$-state Potts lattice gas Hamiltonian is constructed whose partition function is shown to reproduce in the limit $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ the generating function for the statistics of either lattice animals or percolating clusters for appropriate choices of potentials. This model treats an ensemble of single clusters terminated by weighted perimeter bonds rather than clusters distributed uniformly throughout the lattice. The model is studied within mean-field theory as well as via the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion. In general, cluster statistics are described by the lattice animal's fixed point. The percolation fixed point appears as a multicritical point in a space of potentials not obviously related to that of the usual one-state Potts model.
Accretionary Growth of Western North America: Examples from Alaska: ABSTRACT

It is now recognized that much of the Cordillera of western North America was assembled during Mesozoic time by accretion of allochthonous terranes. These terranes include: oceanic island arcs, scraps of ocean basins with ophiolitic basement, and fragments of continental margins, some with Precambrian basement, as well as composite terranes composed of two or more unlike elements joined together before accretion. Approximately 200 separate terranes have now been recognized in the Cordillera, each of which contains a distinctive stratigraphic record that differs strongly from that of its neighbor. Combined geologic, paleontologic, and physical (paleomagnetic) data substantiate that some of these terranes have been displaced thousands of kilometers northward from low paleol titudes. As a result of these movements, paleobiogeographic provinces have been disrupted, and nonindigenous faunal elements transported to North America. A similar pattern of accretionary terranes characterizes much of the circum-Pacific margin, including China, eastern Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Antarctica. The great number and diversity of the displaced terranes found throughout this region suggest that the paleogeography of Panthalassa was extremely complex. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2156------------
Disassociation of the plasma insulin response from the blood glucose concentration during glucose infusions in normal dogs

Abstract Twenty-two anesthetized dogs were given a constant glucose infusion (14 mg/kg/min) for 360 min, while blood glucose concentration was continuously monitored. Plasma insulin concentration was measured every 30 min. The blood glucose peaked at 60 min and then steadily fell (mean fall, 56 mg 100 ml ), while plasma insulin continuously rose (mean rise, 65 μU/ml). This suggests that blood glucose concentratiion was not the primary stimulus for insulin secretion. In a second series of experiments, five dogs received glucose infusions as described above. One week later, each dog was reinfused with a larger total glucose load, regulated by continuous blood glucose monitoring to exactly reproduce the blood glucose response observed during the first infusion. Plasma insulin concentrations during the high load infusions were significantly higher than during the low load infusions. Thus, changes in glucose load produced changes in plasma insulin concentration, even though blood glucose levels were held constant. Thus, using two different approaches, we have demonstrated that plasma insulin levels can be dissociated from the coexisting blood glucose concentration. These results suggest that the level of blood glucose may not be the primary determinant of the insulin response to glucose during the chronic phase of insulin secretion.
Predicting discrimination of formant frequencies in vowels with a computational model of the auditory midbrain

Neural information for encoding and processing temporal information in speech sounds occurs over different time-courses. We are interested in temporal mechanisms for neural coding of both pitch and formant frequencies of voiced sounds such as vowels. In particular, in this study we will describe a strategy for quantifying the ability to discriminate changes in spectral peaks, or formant frequencies, based on the responses of neural models. Previous studies have explored this question based on responses of computational models for the auditory periphery, that is, responses of the population of auditory-nerve (AN) fibers (e.g. [1]–[2]). In this study we quantify formant-frequency discrimination based on the responses of models for auditory midbrain neurons at the level of the inferior colliculus (IC). These neurons are tuned to both audio frequency and to low-frequency amplitude modulations, such as those associated with pitch.
Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Neodymium-Ion Doped Nanostructured Titania Thin Films

Abstract : Nd doped TiO2 nanostructured thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique on quartz and Si substrates using TiCl4 precursor. As-deposited amorphous films were annealed to form anatase phase in the thin films. The film grain size increased with annealing temperature. Above 800 deg C, rutile began to segregate and the grain size decreased slightly. The photodegradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) was studied. Doping TiO2 with Nd(+3) reduced the photodegradation time. The difference in the ionic radii of Nd(+3) and Ti(+4) and the oxygen affinities of Nd and Ti were responsible for this effect. These differences help promote electron trapping, thereby increasing the lifetime of the holes which are responsible for the oxidation of 2-CP.
Quartzite terrains, geologic controls, and basin denudation by debris flows: their role in long-term landscape evolution in the central Appalachians

A large storm in 1995 that impacted the central Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia triggered over a thousand debris flows, which deeply incised stream channels in zero-, first-, and second-order basins underlain primarily by granite, metabasalt, and quartzite. This event provided an opportunity to gain insight into geologic controls on debris-flow initiation and rates of basin denudation. Intensive investigations in quartzite terrain indicated that well-developed joints provide for rapid infiltration of rainwater and thus affected debris-flow initiation. Possible mechanisms of slope failure include (1) elevated rates of fracture recharge in steep valleys and/or (2) bedrock bedding planes. Fracture recharge may serve to substantially increase rock pore pressure during high intensity rainfall, especially when coupled with antecedent moisture. The quartzite bedrock tends to break into orthogonal blocks due to jointing. Statistical analysis shows the presence of a minimum of two joint populations that serve as bedrock controls on lateral erosion. Resistant bedding planes, parallel to slope, control vertical erosion below a finer-grained layer of saprolite. The combination of increased recharge and joint orientations in quartzite basins are likely the main factors resulting in the highest measured values of basin denudation from debris flows, relative to other lithologies, in the central Appalachians. Additionally, these joint and bedding planes produce a topographic signature at all scales and, therefore, are an important factor controlling long-term landscape evolution.
Leashed ferrocenes at clay surfaces: potential applications for environmental catalysis

The surfaces of clays are highly reactive and are known to catalyze a range of reactions. Clay surface catalysis has been implicated in the in situ remediation of many organic compounds in the environment. The exact mechanism for catalysis is not yet well understood but crystal lattice iron redox reactions have been implicated. Understanding the reduction of clay crystal lattice iron depends upon the ability to reproducibly and reversibly deliver charge to the interlayer sites of the clay. This study uses ferrocene surfactants as a means to deliver charge to the interlayer of well ordered clay films. Ferrocenyl surfactants are shown to deliver charge to crystal lattice iron dependent upon the chain length of the surfactant. Nanocomposites formed from ferrocenyl surfactants and clay exhibit increased capacitance, also dependent upon the chain length of the surfactant.
Iatrogenic Retinal Breaks Complicating Pars Plana Vitrectomy

To determine the current incidence and outcome of iatrogenic retinal breaks occurring during pars plana vitrectomy, the authors reviewed 404 consecutive operations done on eyes without preexisting retinal breaks. Thirteen eyes had 14 iatrogenic peripheral retinal breaks. Three other eyes had both peripheral breaks and posterior breaks. Twenty-five eyes had 43 posterior breaks. The incidence of peripheral breaks was 4% and of posterior breaks was 6%. Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy had a higher incidence of iatrogenic retinal breaks than those with other diagnoses. Peripheral breaks occurred most commonly just posterior to the site of insertion of the vitrectomy probe. Although six eyes required reoperation, 33 of 38 eyes had a successful anatomic outcome.
Sociodemographic and health status characteristics associated with prostate cancer screening in a national cohort of middle-aged male veterans

Abstract Objectives. To characterize variables associated with obtaining prostate cancer screening in a nonclinical, nationally distributed, middle-aged male population. Methods. Telephone interviews were administered to 2652 individual members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry in 1992 and 1995. Dependent variables were self-report measures of having had a digital rectal examination (DRE) and/or a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test in the past 5 years. Independent variables were current measures of age, household income, education, race, insurance, source of care, and lifetime measures of physical condition, psychiatric illness, and alcohol and nicotine dependence. Results. Thirty-five percent of the sample reported having had a PSA and DRE within the past 5 years. Prevalence of obtaining either a PSA or DRE varied with age, income, education, and race. Subjects with a regular source of care, a regular physician, and health insurance reported higher rates of having had a DRE or PSA and DRE. Persons with a physical or psychiatric illness reported more screening. A multiple regression model revealed that having a regular source of care, having a regular physician, physical illness, psychiatric illness, minority status, higher income, and age predicted having had some form of screening. Conclusions. A substantial portion of middle-aged men have had both a PSA and DRE performed at least once in the preceding 5 years. It may be possible to further improve prostate cancer screening participation by directing educational programs at men who are not in contact with the healthcare system. If the PSA and DRE screening guidelines that are finally adopted discourage screening among low-risk men younger than age 50, educational programs that emphasize age screening criteria may be warranted.
Linear System Description Using Wigner Distribution Functions

The Wigner Distribution Function (WDF) is a time-frequency descriptor capable of tracking the time-varying second order statistics in a signal. In this paper, we characterize linear systems in terms of the WDFs of the inputs and outputs. These input/output relations are provided for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. An application of these results for the identification of a random, time-varying system is suggested.
Abrupt change from propranolol to verapamil. Safety and feasibility in stable angina pectoris.

• To study the safety and feasibility of abruptly changing antianginal therapy from propranolol hydrochloride to verapamil, we gave propranolol to ten patients with stable angina and coronary artery disease for 14 days, then, on day 15, we began verapamil therapy, which continued for 14 more days. Anginal frequency and nitroglycerin use were similar throughout the study. No patient had symptomatic bradycardia or atrioventricular block. Such crossover therapy is effective when propranolol is replaced by verapamil abruptly. ( Arch Intern Med 1986;146:795)
Effects of Humor on Presence and Recall of Persuasive Messages

This investigation examined how exposure to a humorous persuasive message affects antecedents of presence (i.e., the sensation of being “in” a mediated environment) facilitating message recall. Participants in an experimental study viewed either a humorous or non-humorous version of an alcohol public service announcement and then completed measures of positive emotion, perceived credibility, psychological reactance, presence, and message recall. As predicted, positive emotion was related to an increase in perceived credibility and a decrease in reactance. Increased perceived credibility was associated with greater feelings of presence, negatively affecting recognition memory. These findings suggest that presence may sometimes impede persuasive message recall, although not necessarily to the detriment of attitude change.
ATM burst traffic generator

The Markov modulated process is widely used to model ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) traffic sources because it can emulate the bursty and correlated traffic arrival. We propose a hardware sample generator emulating the bursty behavior of the Markov process and develop circuits for a 2-state Markov modulated process and an N-state homogeneous Markov modulated process. The generator can produce traffic imitating cell arrival of various voice and video sources. Our test circuit can be fitted into a moderate-sized FPGA chip and can generate up to 20M cell arrivals per second.
Lung deflation and oxygen pulse in COPD: results from the NETT randomized trial.

Summary Background In COPD patients, hyperinflation impairs cardiac function. We examined whether lung deflation improves oxygen pulse, a surrogate marker of stroke volume. Methods In 129 NETT patients with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and arterial blood gases (ABG substudy), hyperinflation was assessed with residual volume to total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC), and cardiac function with oxygen pulse (O 2 pulse=VO 2 /HR) at baseline and 6 months. Medical and surgical patients were divided into "deflators" and "non-deflators" based on change in RV/TLC from baseline (∆RV/TLC). We defined deflation as the ∆RV/TLC experienced by 75% of surgical patients. We examined changes in O 2 pulse at peak and similar (iso-work) exercise. Findings were validated in 718 patients who underwent CPET without ABGs. Results In the ABG substudy, surgical and medical deflators improved their RV/TLC and peak O 2 pulse (median ∆RV/TLC −18.0% vs. −9.3%, p =0.0003; median ∆O 2 pulse 13.6% vs. 1.8%, p =0.12). Surgical deflators also improved iso-work O 2 pulse (0.53mL/beat, p =0.04 at 20W). In the validation cohort, surgical deflators experienced a greater improvement in peak O 2 pulse than medical deflators (mean 18.9% vs. 1.1%). In surgical deflators improvements in O 2 pulse at rest and during unloaded pedaling (0.32mL/beat, p p 2 . On multivariate analysis, deflators were 88% more likely than non-deflators to have an improvement in O 2 pulse (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.30–2.72, p =0.0008). Conclusion In COPD, decreased hyperinflation through lung volume reduction is associated with improved O 2 pulse.
Repair of atrial septal defect through a right posterolateral thoracotomy: a cosmetic approach for female patients

Abstract Background . Because the operation for atrial septal defect is considered a low-risk procedure, the cosmetic result has become an important issue. Principally for cosmetic reasons, anterolateral thoracotomy is frequently used for closure of atrial septal defect in young female patients. However, in anterolateral thoracotomy, the skin incision frequently crosses the future breast line, which may cause breast and pectoral muscle maldevelopment. Methods . We review the long-term results of a consecutive series of 126 patients in whom the atrial septal defect was closed through a right posterolateral thoracotomy. The mean age at operation was 7.1 years (range, 1 to 15 years), and the mean body weight was 23.9 kg (range, 6.9 to 56 kg). Defects repaired included 121 ostium secundum (central type), 3 sinus venosus, and 2 ostium secundum without inferior margin. Results . The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 65 minutes (range, 37 to 130 minutes), with an average fibrillation time of 41 minutes (range, 23 to 70 minutes). There was no operative or late mortality. A majority of patients were pleased with their cosmetic results. There were no other late complications. Conclusions . Atrial septal defect can be safely repaired through a right posterolateral thoracotomy approach. This approach offers the benefit of a total absence of scarring and cosmetic disfigurement of the anterior chest wall.
Developing a Social Enterprise as a Social Worker

The author founded a nonprofit bakery that provided employment services for people with disabilities—a social enterprise. This description of the steps in the development of a social enterprise as a social worker is critical, because the current economy demands that social workers have knowledge of social enterprises.
The role of claudin in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis.

Calcium nephrolithiasis is a common condition. Family-based genetic linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have uncovered a run of important candidate genes involved in renal Ca++ disorders and kidney stone diseases. The susceptible genes include NKCC2, ROMK and ClCkb/Barttin that underlie renal salt excretion; claudin-14, -16 and -19 that underlie renal Ca++ excretion; and CaSR that provides a sensing mechanism for the kidney to regulate salt, water and Ca++ homeostasis. Biological and physiological analyses have revealed the cellular mechanism for transepithelial Ca++ transport in the kidney that depends on the concerted action of these gene products. Although the individual pathogenic weight of the susceptible genes in nephrolithiasis remains unclear, perturbation of their expression or function compromises the different steps within the integrated pathway for Ca++ reabsorption, providing a physiological basis for diagnosing and managing kidney stone diseases.
Software is discrete mathematics

A three-year study collected information bearing on the question of whether studying mathematics improves programming skills. An analysis of the data revealed significant differences in the programming effectiveness of two populations of students: (1) those who studied discrete mathematics through examples focused on reasoning about software and (2) those who studied the same mathematical topics illustrated with more traditional examples. Functional programming played a central role in the study because it provides a straightforward framework for the presentation of concepts such as predicate logic and proof by induction. Such topics can be covered in depth, staying almost entirely within the context of reasoning about software. The intricate complexities in logic that mutable variables carry with them need not arise, early on, to confuse novices struggling to understand new ideas. In addition, because functional languages provide useful and compact ways to express mathematical concepts, and because the choice of notation in mathematics courses is often at the discretion of the instructor (in contrast to the notational restrictions often fiercely guarded by the faculty in programming courses), discrete mathematics courses, as they are found in most computer science programs, provide an easy opportunity to enhance the education of students by exposing them to functional programming concepts.
A consumer report on BDD packages

BDD packages have matured to a state where they are often considered a commodity. Does this mean that all (publicly and commercially) available packages are equally good? Does this preclude any new developments? In this paper we will present a consumer report on 13 BDD packages and thereby try to answer these questions. We will argue that there is a substantial spectrum in quality as measured by various metrics and we found that even the better packages do not always deploy the latest technology. We will show how various design decisions underlying the studied packages exhibit themselves at the programming interface level, and we claim that this allows us to predict performance to a certain extent.
TSH- or LATS-Stimulated Thyroid Hormone Release Is Inhibited by Iodide

The inhibitory effect of iodide on thyroid release of 125I-iodine was examined using McKenzie's bioassay method. Iodide did not inhibit the action of TSH or LATS when injected simultaneously with or just before injection of TSH or LATS. A significant inhibitory effect on hormone release was observed if the animals were treated with KI for 24 hr before TSH or LATS was administered. The ratio of 127I-PBI to 127I-TI (total iodine) was decreased in the groups receiving KI. The ratio of 125I-PBI to 125I-TI was not changed. From calculations of the specific activity of thyroid PBI (ratio of 125I-PBI/127I-PBI), any dilution effect of newly bound 127I in the thyroid was found to be negligible. Excess iodide directly blocks the release of thyroid hormone caused by TSH or LATS. (Endocrinology 84: 1305, 1969)
Enterprise Imaging: Planning and Business Justification

To evaluate financial performance, academic radiology departments most often measure examination volume and general technical and professional expenses. Although these metrics are not standardized, their frequency of use reflects that productivity and financial health are high priorities for academic radiology departments across the United States. In this article, we discuss both of these topics, in the context of projects to expand services, particularly those with an information technology (IT) component. First, we discuss several informatics innovations that increase productivity or expand service. Second, we explain core financial analysis concepts applicable to radiology departments. Third, we discuss the unique challenge of evaluating a potential IT project for an academic radiology department, when intangible benefits are difficult to quantify. Financial models are only one of several components used for guidance in strategic decisions, but are crucial to building a business case that justifies the initial or capital investment as well as startup and ongoing operational expenses.
Accelerating chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI by combining compressed sensing and sensitivity encoding techniques

PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of accelerated chemical-exchange-saturation-transfer (CEST) imaging using a combination of compressed sensing (CS) and sensitivity encoding (SENSE) at 3 Tesla. THEORY AND METHODS Two healthy volunteers and six high-grade glioma patients were recruited. Raw CEST image k-space data were acquired (with varied radiofrequency saturation power levels for the healthy volunteer study), and a sequential CS and SENSE reconstruction (CS-SENSE) was assessed. The MTRasym (3.5 ppm) signals were compared with varied CS-SENSE acceleration factors. RESULTS In the healthy volunteer study, a CS-SENSE acceleration factor of R = 2 × 2 (CS × SENSE) was achieved without compromising the reconstructed MTRasym (3.5 ppm) image quality. The MTRasym (3.5 ppm) signals obtained from the CS-SENSE reconstruction with R = 2 × 2 were well preserved compared with the reference image (R = 2 for only SENSE). In the glioma patient study, the MTRasym (3.5 ppm) signals were significantly higher in the tumor region (Gd-enhancing tumor core) than in the normal-appearing white matter (P < 0.001). There was no significant MTRasym (3.5 ppm) difference between the reference image and CS-SENSE-reconstructed image in the acceleration factor of R = 2 × 2. CONCLUSION Combining the SENSE technique with CS (R = 2 × 2) enables considerable acceleration of CEST image acquisition and potentially has a wide range of clinical applications. Magn Reson Med 77:779-786, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Extracting genetic alteration information for personalized cancer therapy from ClinicalTrials.gov

Objective: Clinical trials investigating drugs that target specific genetic alterations in tumors are important for promoting personalized cancer therapy. The goal of this project is to create a knowledge base of cancer treatment trials with annotations about genetic alterations from ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: We developed a semi-automatic framework that combines advanced text-processing techniques with manual review to curate genetic alteration information in cancer trials. The framework consists of a document classification system to identify cancer treatment trials from ClinicalTrials.gov and an information extraction system to extract gene and alteration pairs from the Title and Eligibility Criteria sections of clinical trials. By applying the framework to trials at ClinicalTrials.gov, we created a knowledge base of cancer treatment trials with genetic alteration annotations. We then evaluated each component of the framework against manually reviewed sets of clinical trials and generated descriptive statistics of the knowledge base. Results and Discussion: The automated cancer treatment trial identification system achieved a high precision of 0.9944. Together with the manual review process, it identified 20 193 cancer treatment trials from ClinicalTrials.gov. The automated gene-alteration extraction system achieved a precision of 0.8300 and a recall of 0.6803. After validation by manual review, we generated a knowledge base of 2024 cancer trials that are labeled with specific genetic alteration information. Analysis of the knowledge base revealed the trend of increased use of targeted therapy for cancer, as well as top frequent gene-alteration pairs of interest. We expect this knowledge base to be a valuable resource for physicians and patients who are seeking information about personalized cancer therapy.
Convenience Food Packaging and the Perception of Product Quality

PACKAGING often plays a critical role in a firm's marketing mix. A negative packaging attribute can sometimes enhance product quality. As part of the product and distribution mix, it performs the functions of protection and containment. Perhaps more importantly, packaging serves as a vehicle for promotion. In today's self-service economy, packaging provides the manufacturer with the final opportunity to persuade prospective buyers prior to brand selection. Shoppers, as they pass down the aisles, are "exposed" to packages just as they are to print media or other forms of promotion.
Analysis on sanitary quality of swimming pool water in Taizhou city,2010-2013

Objective To investigate the sanitary quality of swimming pool water in Taizhou city. To prevent the spread of water-borne diseases and protect the health of swimmers. Methods GB/T 17220-1998 was applied to collect the water samples of swimming pools from June to August during 2010 to 2013. The water quality was tested according to GB/T 18204-2000 and GB/T5750-2006. The results were evaluated according to GB/T 9667-1996. Results 93 water samples were tested, and 35 samples were qualified(the rate was 37.6%). The unqualified items were the free residua chlorine, followed by urea, total bacterial count, coliform group and p H value. The qualified rate of the hotel swimming pool water is higher than the public swimming pool. The qualified rate of routine bacteria increased significantly along with the rise of free residual chlorine value. Conclusion The sanitary condition of swimming pool water in Taizhou needs to be improved. The health administrative departments should increase strength of supervision to ensure the water quality and urge owners do well on water quality of management work.
Economic Growth and Consumer Behavior in a General Equilibrium Model

We mainly analyze a general equilibrium economy with homogeneous agents who have habit formation preferences.We find that under this model both consumers' consumption behaviors and the convergence style of the economy have been changed.Especially when there only exists external habit formation,an increase in the growth of the economy has a positive effect on saving rate.Besides,habit formation will induce the negative external effect of consumption.
The First White House Library: A History and Annotated Catalogue. Edited by Catherine M. Parisian. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. xvi, 398p. ISBN 978-0271037134. $55.00

It might be easy to assume that the White House has always included a library. The first two presidents to reside there, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, were both well known for their extensive libraries and, as noted in the opening paragraph of the first essay in this book, either of them “would seem to make more sense” (Wilentz, p. 1) as the founder of the library. But in fact, the White House was without a permanent library for its first fifty years, as early presidents brought their personal collections with them to the mansion and returned home with them . . .
Has the pediatrician a future

The article is concerned with the problem of the education of pediatricians. The main controversial developments are overspecialization and lack of understanding the psychodynamics of the patient and his environment in the education of young pediatricians. Solutions of this dilemma are proposed, for which a change of medical attitude seems necessary and to acknowledge the subjective reality of the patient.
Duopatellar total knee replacement: the Brigham experience.

SUMMARY Over the past 25 years at the Brigham Hospital we have seen prosthetic knee arthroplasty evolve from metal interpositional hemi-arthroplasty to the current generation of metal-to-plastic total knee replacements. Surely this evolutionary process will continue for many more years. Time will help us answer many of the questions and controversies that exist regarding posterior cruciate retention, patellar resurfacing, and unicompartmental replacement. We have yet to establish the optimal tibial stem length and shape and whether metal backing is truely beneficial. It is still to be determined whether the standard condylar femoral component should have condylar lugs to enhance fixation or an intramedullary stem with no condylar lugs. In the meantime, we have the use of a graduated system of prostheses that can be tailored to the individual needs of each patient and can predictably relieve pain and improve function in well over 90 per cent of cases. Late complications requiring revision surgery (most often patellar problems or tibial loosening) are occurring at a rate of 1 per cent per year of follow-up, and we hope these will be minimized by the recent advances we have discussed.
Human phylogeography and diversity

Homo sapiens phylogeography begins with the species' origin nearly 200 kya in Africa. First signs of the species outside Africa (in Arabia) are from 125 kya. Earliest dates elsewhere are now 100 kya in China, 45 kya in Australia and southern Europe (maybe even 60 kya in Australia), 32 kya in northeast Siberia, and maybe 20 kya in the Americas. Humans reached arctic regions and oceanic islands last-arctic North America about 5 kya, mid- and eastern Pacific islands about 2-1 kya, and New Zealand about 700 y ago. Initial routes along coasts seem the most likely given abundant and easily harvested shellfish there as indicated by huge ancient oyster shell middens on all continents. Nevertheless, the effect of geographic barriers-mountains and oceans-is clear. The phylogeographic pattern of diasporas from several single origins-northeast Africa to Eurasia, southeast Eurasia to Australia, and northeast Siberia to the Americas-allows the equivalent of a repeat experiment on the relation between geography and phylogenetic and cultural diversity. On all continents, cultural diversity is high in productive low latitudes, presumably because such regions can support populations of sustainable size in a small area, therefore allowing a high density of cultures. Of course, other factors operate. South America has an unusually low density of cultures in its tropical latitudes. A likely factor is the phylogeographic movement of peoples from the Old World bringing novel and hence, lethal diseases to the New World, a foretaste, perhaps, of present day global transport of tropical diseases.
Heavy-Atom Isotope Effects in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Various methods are used for studies of enzyme mechanisms. Heavy-atom isotope effects are unique among kinetic methods in the extent to which they provide specific information about the rate-determining step* and other relatively slow steps in the mechanism. Because of this specificity, they are complementary to the usual steady-state and rapid-kinetics techniques.
Chapter 4: Assimilation and Appropriation: Contest and Collaboration in Global Suburbia

As vividly illustrated by Richard Nixon’s 1959 “Kitchen Debate” with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the suburb has become the physical manifestation of the American Dream and a demonstration of exceptionalism for the rest of the world. Some immigrants and ethnic groups traditionally excluded from the American community see suburbia as a means to achieving their American Dream. This chapter traces this dynamic in American / Pastoral by Philip Roth, The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, and Mona in the Promised Land by Gish Jen. By rejecting the notion of a monolithic American character, these stories reaffirm the potential for ethics in suburbia, positioning it as a space for not only cosmopolitan contact, but also the conflicts and interrupts essential to subjectivity.
Functionality and molecular weight distribution of red oak lignin before and after pyrolysis and hydrogenation

Three red oak derived lignin samples: 1. lignin extracted from red oak chips using γ-valerolactone (GVL lignin), 2. lignin extracted from the pyrolysis oil of red oak chips by fractionation and water extraction (pyrolytic lignin) and 3. pyrolytic lignin hydrogenated over Ru/C (hydrogenated pyrolytic lignin), were analyzed by FT-ICR MS, NMR, and GPC. More than 1100 distinct molecular weights were observed by FT-ICR MS of the lignin streams while changes in the O/C and H/C ratios suggested the dehydration of hydroxylated sidechains from pyrolysis and partial saturation of the compounds from hydrogenation. The relative average molecular weight of the lignin determined by GPC decreased five-fold after pyrolysis. Quantitative 13C, HSQC, and HMBC NMR revealed a decrease in the C–O aliphatics from pyrolysis potentially forming alkane, alkene, and carbonyl functionalities. The aldehydes and ketones were highly reactive during hydrogenation and may potentially be responsible for coke formation.
Empirical validation of a modern genetics progression web for college biology students

Research in learning progressions (LPs) has been essential towards building understanding of how students’ ideas change over time. There has been little work, however, into how ideas between separate but related constructs within a multi-faceted LP relate. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the idea of progression webs to model connections within and between related constructs simultaneously, and to explain and demonstrate the efficacy of path analysis towards validating a hypothesised progression web for understanding of modern genetics. Specifically, we evaluate strength of evidence for a progression web based upon multiple related constructs within a multi-faceted LP describing undergraduate biology students’ understanding of genetics. We then utilise the progression web to generalise theory around how undergraduate students understand relationships between related genetics concepts, and how they use simpler concepts to scaffold those which are more complex.
The Impact of Prison Programming on Recidivism

Prison programming is expensive. From 2009-2011, Iowa spent more than $24 million on prison programming with many of those programs directly designed to reduce recidivism. Unfortunately, understand...
Edaphic history over seedling characters predicts integration and plasticity of integration across geologically variable populations of Arabidopsis thaliana.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Studies on phenotypic plasticity and plasticity of integration have uncovered functionally linked modules of aboveground traits and seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana, but we lack details about belowground variation in adult plants. Functional modules can be comprised of additional suites of traits that respond to environmental variation. We assessed whether shoot and root responses to nutrient environments in adult A. thaliana were predictable from seedling traits or population-specific geologic soil characteristics at the site of origin. METHODS We compared 17 natural accessions from across the native range of A. thaliana using 14-day-old seedlings grown on agar or sand and plants grown to maturity across nutrient treatments in sand. We measured aboveground size, reproduction, timing traits, root length, and root diameter. Edaphic characteristics were obtained from a global-scale dataset and related to field data. KEY RESULTS We detected significant among-population variation in root traits of seedlings and adults and in plasticity in aboveground and belowground traits of adult plants. Phenotypic integration of roots and shoots varied by population and environment. Relative integration was greater in roots than in shoots, and integration was predicted by edaphic soil history, particularly organic carbon content, whereas seedling traits did not predict later ontogenetic stages. CONCLUSIONS Soil environment of origin has significant effects on phenotypic plasticity in response to nutrients, and on phenotypic integration of root modules and shoot modules. Root traits varied among populations in reproductively mature individuals, indicating potential for adaptive and integrated functional responses of root systems in annuals.
Bounds on M Z 1.2 in Any SU(2) L ⊗ SU(2) R ⊗ U(1) B-L Gauge Model

If the known fermions transform under $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L} \ensuremath{\bigotimes} \mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{R} \ensuremath{\bigotimes} \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{B\ensuremath{-}L}$, then the two neutral vector gauge bosons must satisfy the bounds $83 \mathrm{GeV}l{M}_{{Z}_{1}}l116 \mathrm{GeV}$ and ${M}_{{Z}_{2}}g200$ GeV. In addition, if mixing is negligible for the two charged vector gauge bosons, then $75 \mathrm{GeV}l{M}_{{W}_{1}}l97 \mathrm{GeV}$. These results come directly from analyzing existing experimental data and do not depend on any further theoretical assumptions, such as the value of $\frac{{g}_{L}}{{g}_{R}}$ or the choice of Higgs-boson representations.
Design and construction of recombinant inbred lines

Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) are a collection of strains that can be used to map quantitative trait loci. Parent strains are crossed to create recombinants that are then inbred to isogenicity, resulting in a permanent resource for trait mapping and analysis. Here I describe the process of designing and constructing RILs. This consists of the following steps. Parent strains are selected based on phenotype, marker availability, and compatibility, and they may be genetically engineered to remove unwanted variation or to introduce reporters. A construction design scheme is determined, including the target population size, if and how advanced intercrossing will be done, and the number of generations of inbreeding. Parent crosses and F1 crosses are performed to create an F2 population. Depending on design, advanced intercrossing may be implemented to increase mapping resolution through the accumulation of additional meiotic crossover events. Finally, lines are inbred to create genetically stable recombinant lines. I discuss tips and techniques for maximizing mapping power and resolution and minimizing resource investment for each stage of the process.
Weight Stigma and Educators' Perceptions of Children's Psychological Symptoms

To investigate whether weight stigma influences educators' judgments about psychological symptoms in children. Experimental study manipulating the weight status of children with school problems and examining implicit and explicit anti-fat attitudes as potential moderators of stigmatizing judgments. 188 pre-service educators. Attributions of laziness as primary dependent variable plus measures of implicit and explicit anti-fat attitudes as potential moderators. Educators were more likely to attribute laziness to overweight children with school problems. Implicit anti-fat attitudes moderated this effect. Spontaneous anti-fat attitudes were importantly related to educators' biases in understanding the psychological problems of obese children at school. Educators with more negative implicit anti-fat attitudes were more likely to attribute the school-relevant psychological symptoms of obese children to laziness. Explicit anti-fat attitudes did not moderate these attributions.
Responsive behavior of a branched-chain polymer network: a molecular dynamics study.

Smart polymer hydrogels, which can undergo structural and volume phase transitions in response to external stimuli, have gained much attention for their widespread technological applications. Compared to linear polymers, branched chains offer more extensive opportunities to rationally design functional materials, since they permit more extensive structural tunability—for instance by adjusting the balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic units, the grafting fraction of backbone monomers, or the side chain length, topology, and solubility. Here we conduct coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to assess how well generic physical principles capture this complex interplay of tuning parameters, specifically when building networks from complex branched chains with a hydrophobic backbone. Swollen chains collapse upon reducing side chain solubility, length, and grafting density, but neither the sharpness of this transition nor its dynamic range, if measured via chain extension, depends monotonically on these parameters. Networks comprising such chains are more swollen and exhibit even sharper transitions, but their higher responsiveness goes along with a swelling ratio that falls behind that of single chains.
Laminar Necrosis, Membrane Chorionic Microcysts and Chorion Nodosum

Three grossly inapparent lesions, membrane laminar necrosis (LN), membrane chorionic microcysts (MCM) and chorion nodosum (ChN), may be microscopically seen in placental membranes. LN is a relatively common and nonspecific acute hypoxic membrane lesion (membrane infarction) that may be seen in in utero hypoxia of various origins. It features laminar coagulative necrosis of the decidual layer, trophoblastic layer or both at the choriodecidual interphase of placental membranes. MCM is a chronic hypoxic membrane placental lesion associated with shallow placental implantation and increased amount of extravillous trophoblastic cells in placental membranes and chorionic disc. It features small pseudocysts, frequently confluent, in the invasive trophoblastic layer. MCM are typically seen in preeclampsia, maternal diabetes mellitus and fetal growth restriction. ChN is a placental lesion formed in the chorionic mesenchyme of membranes denuded of amnion in the extraamniotic pregnancy and the limb-body wall complex.