cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamorphic Waters from the Pacific Tectonic Belt of the West Coast of the United States

Waters unusually rich in ammonia, boron, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons are found in more than 100 localities along the Pacific coast of the United States. The waters are believed to be products of low-grade metamorphism of marine sediments. The marine sedimentary rocks would have to be tectonically emplaced below crystalline rocks in many places. Mercury ore deposits are probably also products of the low-grade metamorphism.
DNA damage levels and biochemical repair capacities associated with XRCC1 deficiency.

Base excision repair (BER) is the major corrective pathway for most spontaneous, oxidative, and alkylation DNA base and sugar damage. X-ray cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) has been suggested to function at nearly every step of this repair process, primarily through direct protein−protein interactions. Using whole cell extract (WCE) repair assays and DNA damage measurement techniques, we examined systematically the quantitative contribution of XRCC1 to specific biochemical steps of BER and single-strand break repair (SSBR). Our studies reveal that XRCC1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary WCEs exhibit normal base excision activity for 8-oxoguanine (8-OH-dG), 5-hydroxycytosine, ethenoadenine, and uracil lesions. Moreover, XRCC1 mutant EM9 cells possess steady-state levels of endogenous 8-OH-dG base damage similar to those of their wild-type counterparts. Abasic site incision activity was found to be normal in XRCC1-deficient cell extracts, as were the levels of abasic sites in isolated chromosomal DNA from mutant...
Changing Institutional Rules The Evolution of Corporate Philanthropy, 1883-1953

Corporate philanthropy is considered to be an integral part of corporate social performance; however, this was not always the case. At one time, the use of corporate funds for philanthropy was illegal. This article uses institutional theory to examine the evolution of corporate philanthropy from its illegal status to the time when it became both legal and expected behavior on the part of business firms. Because institutional rules rarely change as dramatically as did those governing corporate philanthropy, an examination of these changes provides a unique opportunity to begin development of more generalized theory concerning change in the institutional structure of business.
Extracardiac conduit obstruction: Initial experience in the use of Doppler echocardiography for noninvasive estimation of pressure gradient

Extracardiac valved conduits are often employed in the repair of certain complex congenital heart defects; late obstruction is a well recognized problem that usually requires catheterization for definitive diagnosis. A reliable noninvasive method for detecting conduit stenosis would be clinically useful in identifying the small proportion of patients who develop this problem. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography has been used successfully to estimate cardiac valvular obstructive lesions noninvasively. Twenty-three patients with prior extracardiac conduit placement for complex congenital heart disease underwent echocardiographic and continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic examinations to determine the presence and severity of conduit stenosis. In 20 of the 23 patients, an adequate conduit flow velocity profile was obtained, and in 10 an abnormally increased conduit flow velocity was present. All but one patient had significant obstruction proven at surgery and in one patient, surgery was planned. In three patients, an adequate conduit flow velocity profile could not be obtained but obstruction was still suspected based on high velocity tricuspid regurgitant Doppler signals. In these three patients, subsequent surgery also proved that conduit stenosis was present. Doppler-predicted gradients and right ventricular pressures showed an overall good correlation (r = 0.90) with measurements at subsequent cardiac catheterization. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography appears to be a useful noninvasive tool for the detection and semiquantitation of extracardiac conduit stenosis.
Background factors extent of sex knowledge and source of information

To determine extent of sex knowledge and sources of information a survey was conducted among 365 male and 528 female freshman at the University of British Columbia. Only two religious groups were considered in the analysis (77% Protestant 12% Catholic). Regardless of their community background respondents mentioned printed matter as the most frequent source of information and parents as the least frequent source. Females from small cities and small towns and males from the suburbs maintained the highest parent percentages while rural students listed parents less than all other groups. More than one half of the students felt that they had received sex education too late and in many instances the delay had produced feelings of fear and anxiety about puberty changes about asking questions of parents teachers and friends and about displaying normal emotions around members of the opposite sex. Lack of contraceptive information had resulted in a fair number of forced marriages. For only 1/10 of the respondents did parents provide information at the best time and 2/3 displayed inadequate knowledge of the physiology of sex. Longitudinal studies begun in early childhood and completed in college could provide more accurate information on effective methods of sex education.
Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photosurgery

Intraocular carbon dioxide laser has been used for photocautery and photo-incision as an adjunct to vitrectomy. This utilizes a new fluid-tissue interface application for the 10.6 micrometer wavelength infrared radiation. The use of an intraocular probe with an infrared transmitting window through a pars plana incision allows the placement of infrared energy in a fluid medium. The results of animal experimentation and of preliminary clinical trials in human patients are reported. The carbon dioxide laser appears to be a safe and reliable means of intraocular photocautery and photoincision.
Nearly transform-limited sub-20-fs pulses at 1065 nm and >10 nJ enabled by a flat field ultrafast pulse shaper

Using a low-nonlinearity fiber and pulses from a nonlinear fiber amplifier seeded by a modelocked Yb-doped fiber oscillator, we generate 19-fs pulses centered at 1065 nm with 11.5 nJ of pulse energy (700 mW average power). The short (<15 cm) 10-μm core, polarization maintaining fiber minimizes deleterious nonlinear effects and eliminates fiber damage, while still producing pulse bandwidths well beyond the Yb gain bandwidth limit. A flat-field pulse shaper, utilizing a Plossl lens, compresses the pulse to within 92% of the transform-limited peak power. The total power transmission efficiency is as high as 67%, including fiber coupling losses and pulse shaper transmission, due to the novel pulse shaper design allowing the incorporation of a high-efficiency transmission grating.
Remote‐sensing of F‐region ion drifts and ion temperatures at Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland using Doppler measurements of the O+(²P) state

Ground-based observations of Doppler line profiles from the F-Region O+(²P) state, made with the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland have been analyzed to provide measurements of the ion convection velocity and ion temperature. The FPI line-of-sight (LOS) ion drift and temperature measurements have been compared with simultaneous incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements; the results from the two techniques are in good agreement.
Binge‐Pattern Ethanol Exposure During Adolescence, but Not Adulthood, Causes Persistent Changes in GABAA Receptor‐Mediated Tonic Inhibition in Dentate Granule Cells

Background In recent years, it has become clear that acute ethanol (EtOH) affects various neurobiological and behavioral functions differently in adolescent animals than in adults. However, less is known about the long-term neural consequences of chronic EtOH exposure during adolescence, and most importantly whether adolescence represents a developmental period of enhanced vulnerability to such effects. Methods We made whole-cell recordings of GABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibitory currents from dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) in hippocampal slices from adult rats that had been treated with chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) or saline during adolescence, young adulthood, or adulthood. Results CIE reduced baseline tonic current amplitude in DGGCs from animals pretreated with EtOH during adolescence, but not in GCs from those pretreated with EtOH during young adulthood or adulthood. Similarly, the enhancement of tonic currents by acute EtOH exposure ex vivo was increased in GCs from animals pretreated with EtOH during adolescence, but not in those from animals pretreated during either of the other 2 developmental periods. Conclusions These findings underscore our recent report that CIE during adolescence results in enduring alterations in tonic current and its acute EtOH sensitivity and establish that adolescence is a developmental period during which the hippocampal formation is distinctively vulnerable to long-term alteration by chronic EtOH exposure.
ReWINS: a distributed multi-RF sensor control network for industrial automation

Remote "Monitor and Control" systems are being increasingly used in various areas including security, transportation, manufacturing, supply chain, healthcare, biomedical, etc. A unit system with hardware and software components, sans network support, for providing limited monitoring and control for industrial automation was proposed in our earlier work. In this paper, we extend that architecture to address the issues faced by large-scale wireless industrial automation-networking, communication architecture, modularity, extendibility and fault tolerance. The RF link of the wireless interface is reconfigurable to accommodate different RF modules (Bluetooth, 802.11, Zig-bee, RFID) providing over-the-air (OTA) plug-n-play capability. The application integration platform maintains a component level description of the system and is interfaced to a spatio-temporal visualization tool, imparting flexibility for implementing complex systems, where nodes can be addressed individually or on a group/cluster basis. Experimental results of the reconfigurable wireless interface and simulation results of network organization and healing are presented.
The natural history of mammary carcinoma

The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer is assessed. Although considerable efforts have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of mammary carcinoma the rates of incidence and mortality have not been appreciably altered. Many reports on the surgical treatment of breast cancer lack significance because of small sample size and inadequate statistical validation. It has been estimated recently that 75% of the duration of breast cancer occurs in the preclinical prediagnosable phase. The preclinical interval in a breast lesion of average growth is about 8 years while that of the clinical phase is about 2 years. The available data do not support the notion of "early" diagnosis. Nonetheless classical radical mastectomy remains useful in curing the curable and ameliorating the incurable.
Low-loss slow light inside high contrast grating waveguide

We propose a novel hollow-core slow light waveguide using high contrast grating (HCG). Light propagates in air along a path bounded by two HCG layers. A strong interaction between the light and the HCG leads to a large group index, and thus the slow light effect. Waveguide loss and group index can be optimized separately by tuning the HCG and waveguide parameters. High performance slow light is obtained with 120 group index and >120 GHz bandwidth.
Cyclic nucleotides and production of prostanoids in human varicose veins.

Abstract Objective: Experiments were designed to determine the production of prostacyclin and thromboxane and the activation of cyclic nucleotides in human varicose and nonvaricose veins and to determine whether these second messenger pathways were differentially activated by the venotropic extract of Ruscus aculeatus . Methods: The experiments were designed to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotides and the production of prostaglandins in human varicose and nonvaricose veins. Segments of the greater saphenous veins and the adjacent tributaries were obtained from patients who underwent vein stripping and excision of primary varicose veins. The saphenous veins from the patients who underwent peripheral arterial bypass grafting were used as controls. The segments of veins were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution in the presence of venotropic extract of Ruscus aculeatus (10 –3 g/mL) or in water-miscible organic solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, 10 –3 g/mL), for 1, 5, and 10 minutes at 37°C. The nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 10 –4 g/mL) was used to block cyclic nucleotide degradation in some samples. Tissue and media samples were collected. Tissue concentrations of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cAMP and cGMP, respectively) and media concentrations of 6-ketoprostaglandin-F 1 α (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin) and thromboxane B 2 (the stable metabolite of thromboxane A 2 ) were measured by means of radioimmunoassay. Cyclooxygenase 2 was measured with Western blot analysis. Results: The varicose veins showed greater levels of cAMP but not of cGMP at all time points as compared with the control veins. Prostanoid production was not significantly altered in the varicose veins. Stimulation with Ruscus aculeatus increased the cAMP concentration in the varicose veins but did not affect the cGMP levels. The ratio between 6-ketoprostaglandin-F 1 α and thromboxane B 2 was two-fold greater in the varicose veins as compared with the control veins. In the presence of the extract, the ratio of 6-ketoprostaglandin-F 1 α and thromboxane B 2 was identical in both types of veins. Cyclooxygenase 2 was not present in either the control or the varicose veins. Conclusion: These results suggest that cAMP levels are elevated in varicose veins and that they can be altered with drug treatment in varicose veins. This chemical pathway may be considered as a modulatory target to affect contraction with venotropic drugs. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:876-84.)
Needs (Murray, 1938) and State-Variables (Skinner, 1938):

Skinner's concept of drive as a state-variable and his powerful rationale for introducing it agree closely with Murray's treatment of need. Operant behaviorists' usual deprecation of motivation in favor of stimulus control arises partly from features of parameters, insufficiently explored in some regions, of Skinner box research. For human adults on rich reinforcement schedules, response selection is chiefly controlled by the regnant motive. Skinner's life-long interest in inner events and translating psychodynamic concepts into behaviorese was obscured by his metalanguage philosophy of science (behaviorism).
Depression and Rehospitalization Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background—Elevated scores on depression symptom questionnaires predict rehospitalization after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whether the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, depressive disorders predict rehospitalization after AMI is unknown. Methods and Results—Participants (n=766) in an Enhancing Recovery and Coronary Heart Disease ancillary study were classified by diagnostic interview as having no depression, minor depression, or major depression after AMI. Cardiac rehospitalizations were tracked for up to 42 months. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the effect of depressive disorder on time to first cardiac rehospitalization, controlling for mortality risk factors. Logistic regression was used to compare the accuracy with which rehospitalization could be predicted by depression diagnosis or by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Secondary analyses examined the effects of depression on the cumulative number of all-cause rehospitalizations, l...
Fetal plasma prolactin levels.

Prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in umbilical cord plasma from fetuses, in capillary plasma from neonates, and in venous plasma from adults. The concentrations of prolactin in cord plasma from fetuses having gestational ages of 16 to 19 weeks, 20 to 34 weeks, and 35 to 42 weeks were 53 ± 16 (mean and SE), 233 ± 30 and 371 ± 7 ng/ml, respectively. The prolactin levels decreased to 218 ± 35 ng/ml during the first neonatal week. The similarity of the patterns of prolactin levels, reported gestational estrogen levels and adrenal weights, as well as the known biological properties of prolactin, estrogen, and ACTH is consistent with the view that these three factors may be involved in the growth of the fetal adrenal cortex and its involution in the newborn.
The Motivation–Cognition Interface in Learning and Decision Making

In this article we discuss how incentive motivations and task demands affect performance. We present a three-factor framework that suggests that performance is determined from the interaction of global incentives, local incentives, and the psychological processes needed to achieve optimal task performance. We review work that examines the implications of the motivation–cognition interface in classification and choice and on phenomena such as stereotype threat and performance pressure. We show that, under some conditions, stereotype threat and pressure accentuate performance. We discuss the implications of this work for neuropsychological assessment and outline a number of challenges for future research.
An introduction to the use of evidence-centered design in test development

The purpose of this article is to describe what Evidence-Centered Design (ECD) is and to explain why and how ECD is used in the design and development of tests. The article will be most useful for readers who have some knowledge of traditional test development practices, but who are unfamiliar with ECD. The article begins with descriptions of the major characteristics of ECD, adds a brief note on the origins of ECD, and discusses the relationship of ECD to traditional test development. Next, the article lists the important advantages of using ECD with an emphasis on the validity of the inferences made about test takers on the basis of their scores. The article explains the nature and purpose of the “layers” or stages of the ECD test design and development process: 1) domain analysis; 2) domain modeling; 3) conceptual assessment framework; 4) assessment implementation; and 5) assessment delivery. Some observations about my experience with the early application of ECD for those who plan to begin using ECD, a brief conclusion, and some recommendations for further reading end the article.
Cortical architectures on a GPGPU

As the number of devices available per chip continues to increase, the computational potential of future computer architectures grows likewise. While this is a clear benefit for future computing devices, future chips will also likely suffer from more faulty devices and increased power consumption. It is also likely that these chips will be difficult to program if the current trend of adding more parallel cores continues to follow in the future. However, recent advances in neuroscientific understanding make parallel computing devices modeled after the human neocortex a plausible, attractive, fault-tolerant, and energy-efficient possibility.In this paper we describe a GPGPU extension to an intelligent model based on the mammalian neocortex. The GPGPU is a readily-available architecture that fits well with the parallel cortical architecture inspired by the basic building blocks of the human brain. Using NVIDIA's CUDA framework, we have achieved up to 273x speedup over our unoptimized C++ serial implementation. We also consider two inefficiencies inherent to our initial design: multiple kernel-launch overhead and poor utilization of GPGPU resources. We propose using a software work-queue structure to solve the former, and pipelining the cortical architecture during training phase for the latter. Additionally, from our success in extending our model to the GPU, we speculate the necessary hardware requirements for simulating the computational abilities of mammalian brains.
Escherichia coli: Development of Carbapenem Resistance During Therapy

A 76-year-old woman had recurrent urosepsis due to extended-spectrum beta -lactamase-positive Escherichia coli. Imipenem resistance was detected after long-term imipenem-meropenem therapy. The carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzyme gene was identified as blaKPC-3. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case in which carbapenem-resistant E. coli emerged during therapy with imipenem and meropenem, and the first identification of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzyme in E. coli isolates.
ENVIRONMENTAL FORCING AND THE COMPETITIVE DYNAMICS OF A GUILD OF CACTUS-TENDING ANT MUTUALISTS

In generalized, multispecies mutualisms, competition among members of one guild can influence the net benefits that each species in the other guild receives. Hence seasonal factors that affect the dynamics of competition can also affect net benefits, especially if the benefit or cost of mutualism also varies seasonally. In the Sonoran Desert, two common species of generalist ants compete for access to extrafloral nectaries on the fishhook barrel cactus Ferocactus wislizeni, but their relative abundances vary seasonally; one ant dominates more cacti in winter/spring, and the other in summer/autumn. Recently, a third ant species, which also varies in abundance seasonally, has appeared at our study sites and is competing with resident ants for access to cactus nectaries. This empirical system motivated us to examine a metapopulation model of competition for patches in an open system with periodic forcing. We use the model to: (1) illustrate three ways in which competing species may differ in their sensitivities to environmental conditions that are consistent with seasonally displaced patterns of abundance; (2) ask under what conditions the invasion of a third competitor into a two-species system could alter the sensitivity of the system to environmental forcing at low vs. high frequency; and (3) show how differences among competitors in the pattern of seasonal forcing alone can dramatically alter the outcome of a competitor invasion. We discuss implications of these results for the ways in which seasonal variation among competing mutualists, and the benefits and costs of mutualism, may affect the functioning of generalized, facultative mutualisms.
Is self-reported height or arm span a more accurate alternative measure of height?

The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-reported height or arm span is the more accurate alternative measure of height. A sample of 409 people between the ages of 19 and 67 (M = 35.0) participated in this anthropometric study. Height, self-reported height, and arm span were measured by 82 nursing research students. Mean differences from criterion measures were 0.17 cm for the measuring rules, 0.47 cm for arm span, and 0.85 cm and 0.87 cm for heights. Test-retest reliability was r = .997 for both height and arm span. The relationships of height to self-reported height and arm span were r = .97 and .90, respectively. Mean absolute differences were 1.80 cm and 4.29 cm, respectively. These findings support the practice of using self-reported height as an alternative measure of measured height in clinical settings, but arm span is an accurate alternative when neither measured height nor self-reported height is obtainable.
The User Interface and Implementation of an IC Layout Editor

This paper describes several novel aspects of Caesar, a layout editor for Manhattan-style integrated circuits. The program's user interface is similar to painting. By hiding many irrelevant details, the painting mechanism provides a powerful yet simple user interface. Its implementation using horizontal strips is efficient in both time and space. To handle large circuits efficiently, Caesar represents them hierarchically and capitalizes on their hierarchical structure to avoid excess computation and I/O. Mask information is rendered on color displays with a novel combination of transparent and opaque layers that clarifies layer interactions even in the presence of a large number of mask layers.
Contributions of magno- and parvocellular channels to conscious and non-conscious vision

The dorsal and ventral cortical pathways, driven predominantly by magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) inputs, respectively, assume leading roles in models of visual information processing. Although in prior proposals, the dorsal and ventral pathways support non-conscious and conscious vision, respectively, recent modelling and empirical developments indicate that each pathway plays important roles in both non-conscious and conscious vision. In these models, the ventral P-pathway consists of one subpathway processing an object's contour features, e.g. curvature, the other processing its surface attributes, e.g. colour. Masked priming studies have shown that feed-forward activity in the ventral P-pathway on its own supports non-conscious processing of contour and surface features. The dorsal M-pathway activity contributes directly to conscious vision of motion and indirectly to object vision by projecting to prefrontal cortex, which in turn injects top-down neural activity into the ventral P-pathway and there ‘ignites’ feed-forward–re-entrant loops deemed necessary for conscious vision. Moreover, an object's shape or contour remains invisible without the prior conscious registration of its surface properties, which for that reason are taken to comprise fundamental visual qualia. Besides suggesting avenues for future research, these developments bear on several recent and past philosophical issues.
A description and characterization of student activity in an open, online, mathematics help forum

Free, open, online, calculus forums are websites where students from around the world can post course-related queries that may be viewed and responded to by anonymous others. These sites are an emergent resource for students seeking help and have become a part of many students’ mathematical experience. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and describe the forums to the research community as a computer-mediated form of help seeking, and to briefly characterize the forms of student activity in one popular calculus help forum. Two hundred exchanges on limit and related rates were collected and examined for evidence that students are contributing ideas and proposals for action when they initiate the exchange and following intervention. The findings justify the need for further research since students are using the forums in a variety of ways and sometimes participate meaningfully. The forums have potential for testing student responses to pedagogical approaches.
Affective Reactivity to Daily Stressors and Long-Term Risk of Reporting a Chronic Physical Health Condition

Background Daily stressors, such as an argument with a spouse or an impending deadline, are associated with short-term changes in physical health symptoms. Whether these minor hassles have long-term physical health ramifications, however, is largely unknown.
Prevention of Transient Voltage in Windings

This paper relates to windings such as are used in transformers, reactors and the like, with particular reference to the characteristics which determine internal distributions of suddenly impressed voltages or sudden voltage changes, and the resulting internal oscillations. Ordinary lightning arresters, which limit the maximum voltages reaching the winding terminals, but cause rather than prevent the occurrence of sudden voltage changes, certainly give no protection against excessive voltages between turns or between coils. After describing the production of these transient voltages in ordinary windings, and pointing out that the treatment of symptoms by the addition of extra insulation tends to defeat itself by augmenting the cause, this paper explains these phenomena as due to faulty arrangements of inherent capacitance with the inductance of the winding. A fundamental principle is evolved indicating the constitutional remedy, which, if perfectly applied, would give only uniform internal voltage distributions, however abrupt or frequent the voltage changes at the terminals might be. Methods of application are described for the ordinary windings, by supplementing the faulty arrangements of inherent capacitance with auxiliary capacitances or condensers. Methods are given, also, for the construction of windings with the ideal distribution of inherent capacitance called for by the principle. Two alternative statements of the fundatmental principle upon which the ideal distribution of capacitance is based are emphasized in the paper, and the application of the principle is adequately illustrated in the figures, of which Fig.
Implementation of balanced linear cost share equilibrium solution in Nash and strong Nash equilibria

Abstract This paper considers the incentive aspect of the Balanced Linear Cost Share Equilibrium (BLCSE), which yields an endogenous theory of profit distribution for public goods economies with convex production technologies. We do so by presenting an incentive compatible mechanism which doubly implements the BLCSE solution in Nash and strong Nash equilibria so that Nash allocations and strong Nash allocations coincide with BLCSE allocations. The mechanism presented here allows not only preferences and initial endowments, but also coalition patterns to be privately observed. In addition, it works not only for three or more agents, but also for two-agent economies.
NO3 Photolysis Product Channels: Quantum Yields from Observed Energy Thresholds

The absorption of visible light by NO3 leads to three products: NO + O2, NO2 + O, and fluorescence. We report a new method for obtaining quantum yields for the NO3 molecule, using measured energy thresholds separating NO3 and its product channels. The assumptions of this model are the following: (i) NO3 internal energy (photon plus vibrations plus rotations) gives the necessary and sufficient condition to select each of the three product channels, as justified by the observed large differences in reaction times for the three products. (ii) The unresolved complexities of ground-state NO3 spectra and quantum states are approximated by standard separable ro-vibrational expressions for statistical mechanical probability functions. These results may be of interest to both physical chemists and atmospheric chemists. The NO3* vibronic precursors of the three product channels are identified. We evaluate and plot vibrational state-specific absolute quantum yields as a function of wavelength Φvib(λ) for each prod...
Toward an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Place: Lessons for Environmental Education

Sense of place is lauded as critical to developing an environmentally conscious and responsive citizenry. Calls for place-based education have often arisen from an emotional plea to reconnect to the land, become rooted, and conserve natural places. However, in reality, sense of place encompasses a multidimensional array that is not only biophysical, but also psychological, sociocultural, political, and economic. This paper reviews the sense-of-place literature and argues for an integrated, holistic view of place, particularly as it applies to environmental education. Recognizing these interconnected dimensions encourages environmental education that more effectively, practically, and honestly integrates sense of place with realworld issues of environmental learning, involvement, action, and community-based conservation. Resume On louange la notion d’espace en tant qu’element critique au developpement d’une conscience ecologique et au declenchement d’une bonne reaction de la part de l’ensemble des habitants. Les considerations d’education basee sur l’espace ont souvent resulte d’un plaidoyer emotif en vue de se lier de nouveau a la terre, pour s’enraciner et preserver les endroits naturels. Cependant, en realite, la notion d’espace comprend un etalage multidimensionnel qui est non seulement biophysique, mais aussi psychologique, socioculturel, politique et economique. Le present texte examine la documentation sur la notion d’espace et plaide en faveur d’une conception integree et holistique de l’espace, particulierement dans ses applications a l’education ecologique. Reconnaitre ces dimensions intimement liees encourage une education ecologique qui integre plus efficacement, pratiquement et honnetement la notion d’espace, au moyen de questions provenant du monde reel sur l’apprentissage ecologique, la participation, l’action et la defense de l’environnement axee sur la collectivite.
The Impact Of HIV/AIDS On International Human Resource Management

Economies of global scope afford businesses a competitive advantage. One way to utilize this advantage is to coordinate the leveraging of resources – especially labor. Businesses have attempted to minimize labor costs and risks in an effort to maintain or increase competitive advantage. There is a risk to the global workforce: HIV/AIDS. This disease is striking at the heart of low cost labor pools. The impact on business is being felt now and will be felt for years to come. How large the impact is depends on the level of involvement of multinational businesses in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Multinational businesses must develop policies and procedures to combat this illness, as it is devastating labor pools in various parts of the world.
Pediatric Trauma Support Program: Supporting Children and Families in Emotional Crisis

During a traumatic situation, families often are unable to gather the strength and resources they need to cope. Family roles change, and the ability of individuals to deal with daily problems often diminishes. By helping children feel comfortable with the concept of death, one can work toward a greater understanding of death throughout society. This article explores appropriate, family-oriented support to provide to those enduring trauma, and support for staff members who must deal repeatedly with these emotional experiences.
Spontaneous Mutation as a Risk Factor

AbstractFrom various estimates of the mutation rate per nucleotide per generation, centering around 1–2 × 10−8 and the number of nucleotide pairs, 3 × 109 per genome, the number of new mutations in a human zygote is very large, in the order of 100. The mutation rate is an order of magnitude higher in males than females, due presumably to the greater number of cell divisions in the male germ line, and increases more than linearly with paternal age. It is likely that a large fraction of these mutations are in unimportant ‘junk’ DNA, but if even 2% of the mutations are selected, this means two new deleterious mutations per generation. It is suggested that quasi-truncation selection is the most likely way in which this large number of mutations can be eliminated from the population without an excessive burden of reduced viability and fertility.
Application of Colicin E1 as a Prefabrication Intervention Strategy

Colicin E1 (ColE1) is a bacteriocin produced by and effective against Escherichia coli and related species. The current study examined ColE1 as a potential intervention strategy for controlling E. coli O157:H7 contamination on beef carcasses. Untrimmed beef round roasts were cut into sample sizes of 5.08 by 2.52 by 5.08 cm, with an adipose layer covering an entire surface of lean beef. Samples were placed on sterile metal hooks and inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 at a level of 5 log CFU/ml in sterile tryptic soy broth. After inoculum attachment, ColE1 in doses of 0, 100 μg, 500 μg, and 1 mg/ml of 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, was sprayed on the samples for a period of 10 min. Samples were evaluated at 0 and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post-spraying at 10°C for E. coli O157:H7 inhibition. Treating samples with 500 μg and 1 mg of ColE1 effectively inhibited E. coli O157:H7 growth. When these doses were applied to samples inoculated with E. coli WS 3331, E. coli contamination was reduced by 4 and 7 log CFU/cm2, res...
Effects of “Typical Neurotic” and “After Therapy” Sets on Personal Orientation Inventory Scores

The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) is composed of 150 two-choice (paired opposites) items purporting to measure self-actualization ( 2 ) . Scores may be obtained on Time Incompetence, Time Competence, Other Directed, Inner Directed, Self-actualizing Value, Existencialicy, Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Self-regard, Self-acceptance, Nature of Man: Constructive, Synergy, Acceptance of Aggression, and Capacity for Intimate Concact. Persons nominated as being non-self-actualized have been shown to obtain significantly less favorable scores on 13 of these 14 scales than do those nominated as self-actualized ( 2 ) . Similar resulrs have been obtained with "highs" vs "lows" on the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (1) and with beginning therapy patients and patients who had been in therapy for 2 yr. (3) . In the present study, 15 students in a social psychology class took the POI under instructions to answer as would a "typical neurotic" and then immediately thereafter under instruccions to answer as this same hypothetical person would after 2 yr. of therapy. In the order in which the scales are listed above, the means for the "typical neurotic" set were 15.00, 7.87, 75.93, 48.13, 11.53, 9.73, 10.87, 6.20, 5.67, 8.60, 5.80, 3.27, 10.87, and 10.20, with SDs of 3.29, 3.21, 13.77, 12.39, 2.08, 5.50, 3.88, 2.71, 3.13, 3.36, 1.80, 0.92, 3.15, and 5.02. Corresponding means for the "after therapy" set were 3.67, 19.27, 35.07, 91.67, 19.07, 22.67, 16.87, 13.20, 12.40, 20.07, 12.60, 7.00, 18.00, and 20.53, with SDs of 2.29, 2.44, 9.92, 10.15, 1.88, 4.42, 2.25, 2.64, 2.36, 3.44, 1.31, 1.09, 2.99, and 3.24. For each of the 14 scales, t tests based on correlated data indicated that the difference becween the means produced by the two instructional sers was significant ( p < .001). It will be noted that for each scale, the mean indicating greater self-actualization resulted from the "after therapy" set. The differences between means were consistently of substantial magnitude. As Ss were able to manipulate their scores so readily, [he POI is highly transparent and should be used with caution in situations where persons may be motivated to make a good impression.
Risk Factors for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

The various clinical and neuroradiological presentations, frequency of associated prothrombotic risk factors, and predictors of outcome were studied in 42 consecutive children (ages 3 weeks to 13 years) with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) seen at 5 European pediatric neurology centers and from stroke registries.
Can gelatinous zooplankton influence the fate of crude oil in marine environments

Gelatinous zooplankton are known for their capacity to excrete copious amounts of mucus that can be utilized by other organisms. The release of mucus is exacerbated by stressful conditions. Despite the recognized importance of cnidarian mucus to production and material flux in marine ecosystems, the role of gelatinous zooplankton in influencing the fate of oil spills is unknown. In this study we used laboratory experiments to observe the influence of mucus from the moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) on the aggregation and degradation of crude oil. The results show that jellyfish swimming in a dispersed solution of oil droplets produced copious amounts of mucus and the mucus aggregates that were shed by the animals contained 26 times more oil than the surrounding water. Incubation experiments showed that hydrocarbon degrading bacteria cell densities more than doubled in the presence of mucus and after 14 days, resulted in a significant increase in oil degradation. These results suggest that jellyfish can aggregate dispersed oil droplets and embed them within a matrix that favors hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. While this study lends support to the hypothesis that the presence of gelatinous zooplankton can impact oil spills large scale mesocosm studies will be needed to fully quantify the influence on a natural system.
“Respect for Persons,” Not “Respect for Citizens”

Imagine for a moment that this case were about a medically and socioeconomically identical American citizen. He has limited English proficiency and requires an interpreter. He has siblings in the U...
Development of Business Process Outsourcing in the Philippines

The Philippine BPO industry is considered as a “sunrise industry,” a leading source of economic growth and improvement in the overall standard of living. The BPO industry is often cited for creating jobs and for bringing substantial revenues into the country. It also supports the expansion of economic development in areas outside of the National Capital Region (NCR). At the same time, however, the BPO industry leads to the evolution of a new working class with unique challenges and opportunities. This chapter will present the state of the BPO industry and examine whether the Philippine BPO industry, in its present form, can bring about shared growth. It presents a more micro perspective of this sector. A more macro perspective will be presented in the next chapter.
The Effects of Cell Phone Use and Emotion-regulation Style on College Students' Learning

Summary Cell phones are becoming an inevitable part of the classroom, but extant research suggests that using cell phones in the classroom impairs academic performance. The present study examined the impact of different cell phone policies on learning and emotion-regulation style. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: cell phone usage allowed, cell phone possession allowed but without usage, cell phones removed, and a no-instruction control group. All participants watched a 20-minute lecture and were sent text messages to mimic classroom distractions. Afterward, participants took a multiple-choice test and filled out questionnaires assessing their level of obsessiveness, nomophobia, and mindfulness. Participants who had their cell phone taken away performed best on the test with no other differences. None of the emotional-regulation measures moderated the results. These findings provide important insight as to how cell phone policies can optimize learning in the classroom.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The costs of depression : Direct and indirect; treatment versus nontreatment

Depression is one of the most costly illnesses in the United States today. While managed care often focuses on the costs of treatment, the costs of nontreatment are usually ignored. We have potent treatments that are highly successful, but depression is often undetected or undertreated where it appears most commonly-in the primary care setting. When comorbid with other medical problems, especially cardiovascular disease, depression greatly increases mortality, morbidity, and expense. Sophisticated pharmacoeconomic analyses can guide our cost/benefit studies, but the real cost savings and highest quality care will come by investing in educating primary care physicians regarding the recognition and treatment of psychiatric illness as it presents in their clinical practices.
Marco conceptual para el análisis del impacto socio espacial de la peatonalización de la carrera séptima

Este articulo se presenta como avance de la investigacion “Impacto socio espacial de la peatonalizacion de la carrera septima entre calle 26 y avenida 19”. Busca dar continuidad al articulo anterior en el cual se expusieron los componentes historicos que han acompanado el proceso de construccion espacial de la carrera septima en el tramo de estudio. Esta segunda etapa pretende observar desde un marco conceptual nuevas alternativas al analisis, al diseno y a la comprension de la ciudad y de su espacio publico. Se busca con este acercamiento crear un soporte conceptual que desde diversas variables analice y proponga soluciones al impacto que ha tenido la peatonalizacion de la carrera septima. Como marco conceptual considera necesario atender las miradas que otras disciplinas presentan ante conceptos indispensables como: el individuo, la cultura, el habitat y el territorio, entre otros, para poder combinarlas con las miradas disciplinares y asi proponer un nuevo esquema de relaciones que pueda servir tanto para el analisis de la carrera septima en su proceso de peatonalizacion como presentarse como una guia para futuros analisis y propuestas urbanas de zonas consolidadas urbanas.
Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Reach a Turning Point.

If there is one widely consumed comestible whose nutritional benefits approach zero and whose damaging potential is well-documented (1–3), it is the sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB)2. This category includes a litany of drinks, beginning with the traditional (cane sugar- or corn syrup-sweetened) soda, and it expands to feature sport drinks, sweetened teas, fruit punches and lemonades, and beverages bearing misleading names such as “Vitamin Water.” What they have in common is few or no nutrients and an abundance of sugar. The documented harm of SSBs on human health, particularly among children and adolescents, ranges from dental caries to obesity, hyperactivity, and diabetes (2–4). Yet their low price and nearly addictive nature, coupled with heavy, clever marketing campaigns, has made the consumption of these beverages ubiquitous. Thus was born the notion of a tax on SSBs, which is being considered by more and more countries around the world that are confronting the global obesity epidemic as a fiscal measure to discourage consumption. The goal (either explicitly stated or otherwise) is twofold: one, by raising their prices, to lower their consumption, and two, by garnering tax revenue, potentially toward funding local public health and education efforts. In the US, even though most states already impose sales tax on SSBs, levying a higher tax of …
An implicit algorithm for compressible three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic calculations

An efficient algorithm for the solution of compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations in a three-dimensional geometry is presented. Compressional Alfven waves are treated implicitly, thus greatly increasing the stable time step of the calculation and making it possible to study magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomenon on resistive time scales.