cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive compensation

The reproductive compensation hypothesis says that individuals constrained by ecological or social forces to reproduce with partners they do not prefer compensate for likely offspring viability deficits. The reproductive compensation hypothesis assumes that (i) pathogens and parasites evolve more rapidly than their hosts, (ii) mate preferences predict variation in health and viability of offspring, (iii) social and ecological factors keep some individuals from mating with their preferred partners (some are constrained to mate with partners they do not prefer), (iv) all individuals may be induced to compensate, so that (v) variation in compensation is due to environmental and developmental factors affecting between-individual abilities to express compensatory mechanisms. Selection favouring compensation may act through variation in prezygotic physiological mechanisms, zygotic mechanisms, or parental care to eggs or young that enhance offspring health, increasing the likelihood that some offspring survive to reproductive age, often at a survival cost to the parents. Compensation may be through increased number of eggs laid or offspring born, a compensatory effort working during a single reproductive bout that sometimes will match the number of offspring surviving to reproductive age produced by unconstrained parents during the same bout. The reproductive compensation hypothesis therefore predicts trade-offs in components of fitness for breeders, such that parents constrained to mating with a nonpreferred partner, but who compensate sometimes match their current productivity (number of offspring at reproductive age) to unconstrained parents (those breeding with their preferred partners), and, when all else is equal, die faster than unconstrained parents. The reproductive compensation hypothesis emphasizes that reproductive competition is not just between constrained and unconstrained individuals, but also among constrained individuals who do and do not compensate. The reproductive compensation hypothesis may thus explain previously unexplained between-population and within-population, between-individual variation in reproductive success, survival, physiology and behaviour.
COVID-19 Vaccine Scarcity and Prioritization

Over the initial months of the vaccine rollout, demand for COVID-19 vaccines exceeded supply. Although the CDC issued data-based guidance for how to prioritize access to the vaccines, it was non-binding, and many state and local governments set different priorities. This Article documents the different prioritizations set by the 64 different local health authorities – or “jurisdictions” – that received COVID-19 vaccines through the CDC’s program. These jurisdictions consisted of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, five large cities (Chicago, Houston, New York City, Philadelphia, and San Antonio), along with American Samoa, Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Marina Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. Many of these jurisdictions changed their vaccine prioritizations mid-course. The following tables reflect those changes and show how the COVID-19 vaccine was distributed to individuals aged 16 and older in each jurisdiction.
Subsurface structure of a maar-diatreme and associated tuff ring from a high-resolution geophysical survey, Rattlesnake Crater, Arizona

Abstract Geophysical survey techniques including gravity, magnetics, and ground penetrating radar were utilized to study the diatreme and tuff ring at Rattlesnake Crater, a maar in the San Francisco Volcanic Field of northern Arizona. Significant magnetic anomalies (+ 1600 nT) and a positive gravity anomaly (+ 1.4 mGal) are associated with the maar. Joint modeling of magnetic and gravity data indicate that the diatreme that underlies Rattlesnake Crater has volume of 0.8–1 km 3 , and extends to at least 800 m depth. The modeled diatreme comprises at least two zones of variable density and magnetization, including a low density, highly magnetized unit near the center of the diatreme, interpreted to be a pyroclastic unit emplaced at sufficiently high temperature and containing sufficient juvenile fraction to acquire thermal remanent magnetization. Magnetic anomalies and ground penetrating radar (GPR) imaging demonstrate that the bedded pyroclastic deposits of the tuff ring also carry high magnetization, likely produced by energetic emplacement of hot pyroclastic density currents. GPR profiles on the tuff ring reveal long (~ 100 m) wavelength undulations in bedding planes. Elsewhere, comparable bedforms have been interpreted as base surge deposits inflated by air entrainment from eruption column collapse. Interpretation of these geophysical data suggests that Rattlesnake Crater produced highly energetic phreatomagmatic activity that gave way to less explosive activity as the eruption progressed. The positive gravity anomaly associated with the maar crater is interpreted to be caused by coherent bodies within the diatreme and possibly lava ponding on the crater floor. These dense magnetized bodies have excess mass of 2–4 × 10 10 kg, and occupy approximately 5% of the diatreme by volume. Magnetic anomalies on the crater floor are elongate NW–SE, suggesting that the eruption may have been triggered by the interaction of ascending magma with water in fractures of this orientation. GPR imaging of the tuff ring also suggests that substantial land-slip may have occurred on the western rim, perhaps causing part of the tuff ring to collapse into the crater. Strong radar reflections indicative of well-developed weathering horizons are present as well. The techniques employed at Rattlesnake Crater demonstrate the value of combining multiple geophysical techniques in areas where exposures are limited and invasive exploration is not an option.
Studies on the Role of Vitamin B6 Derivatives in Regulating Tyrosine α-Ketoglutarate Transaminase Activity in Vitro and in Vivo

Abstract The role of pyridoxine and its coenzymically active derivatives in determining the stability of rat liver tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminase in vitro and in vivo was studied. Incubation of crude or purified holoenzyme preparations with cysteine and other amino acids causes removal of the coenzyme and subsequent inactivation of the inherently unstable apoenzyme; under these conditions the relatively stable glutamic-pyruvic transaminase retains its coenzyme and remains active. Inactivation of tyrosine transaminase is prevented by small amounts of 5'-phosphate derivatives of pyridoxine; the enzyme is also stabilized in solutions of high ionic strength. Evidence is presented that protection by coenzyme involves its reaction with enzymically active sites. The induction of tyrosine transaminase by pyridoxine administration does not reflect stabilization in vivo. Induction involves an increased rate of transaminase synthesis, determined immunochemically, and is inhibited by actinomycin D, and is thus similar to the inductions of this enzyme brought about by hydrocortisone and other hormones.
Caregiving and Gender Roles

This entry examines caregiving and gender roles. It first looks at what caregiving actually is, and then discusses the caregiver burden. It then turns to gender roles and examines men's and women's caregiving. Keywords: age; caregiving; dementia; sociology of aging
Experiences with Bed Sills in Stream Stabilization

BED SILLS HAVE PROVEN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING STREAM CHANNEL DEGRADATION RESULTING FROM MEANDER LOOP CUTOFF. DESIGN OF BED SILLS HORIZONTAL SPACING AND VERTICAL DROP DISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY: (1) THE WATER SURFACE PROFILE, (2) LONGITUDINAL VARIATION OF THE EROSIVE FORCES, AND (3) RESISTIVE CAPABILITIES OF CHANNEL MATERIAL. LOCATION OF MAXIMUM SCOUR DOES NOT COINCIDE WITH THE LOCATION OF MAXIMUM BED SHEAR STRESS. THE RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM TO MINIMUM BED SHEAR IS EQUAL TO THE TWO-THIRDS POWER OF THE RATIO OF BED SLOPES. SPACING OF SILLS FOR SUBCRITICAL FLOW IS NONUNIFORM IF LOCAL SCOUR DROP IS TO BE CONSTANT. FOR A BED SLOPE RATIO K = 2 THE MAXIMUM EROSIVE ABILITY OF THE FLOW IN THE CUTOFF IS APPROXIMATELY 3-1/2 TIMES THE INITIAL VALUE. /ASCE/
Gender and Hegemony in Fashion Magazines: Women's Interpretations of Fashion Photographs

Women's responses in the context of focus groups to fashion photographs and clothing advertisements in Vogue magazine and to a brief questionnaire eliciting their attitudes toward clothing and fashion are used to examine the nature and extent of hegemonic influences in fashion. Participants' sources of information about fashion suggest that the authority of the fashion press is limited. The magazine's conceptions of women's roles as expressed in its fashion photography fit a model of “conflicted” hegemony characteristic of American media and popular culture in general. Empowered by the cultural context of conflicted hegemony, women were generally critical of fashion photographs. Their responses to photographs were influenced by their acceptance of traditional norms of feminine demeanor but varied by age and race. They rejected the magazine's orientation toward the use of fashionable clothing for postmodernist roleplaying in favor of a modernist outlook.
Social Relationships and Mortality

Social relationships benefit not only mental health but also physical health. This review addresses the following questions: (1) What is the overall magnitude of the effect of social relationships on risk for premature death? (2) How generalized is the effect and are there factors known to influence this association? (3) What are the likely pathways by which social relationships influence longevity? The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for potential interventions aimed at reducing risk for mortality.
Human Ecological Complexity; Epistemological Implications of Social Networking and Emerging Curriculum Theories

Online courseware and social networking have dramatically changed the way students and educators learn and think about learning and scholarly communication. With a transdisciplinary ecological focus on educational research, this article incorporates research in chaos and complexity theories, sociology, and philosophy to address research questions in relation to social networks and human ecological complexity. This article subsequently contends that curriculum theory is deeply impacted by social networks--which draw attention to human ecological complexity in teaching and learning—and that curriculum theory is in a unique position to integrate chaos and complexity theories which help to recreate the ontological and epistemological frameworks needed to respond to social networks.
Combining Induction, Deduction, and Structure for Verification and Synthesis

Even with impressive advances in formal methods, certain major challenges remain. Chief among these are environment modeling, incompleteness in specifications, and the hardness of underlying decision problems. In this paper, we characterize two trends that show great promise in meeting these challenges. The first trend is to perform verification by reduction to synthesis. The second is to solve the resulting synthesis problem by integrating traditional, deductive methods with inductive inference (learning from examples) using hypotheses about system structure. We present a formalization of such an integration, show how it can tackle hard problems in verification and synthesis, and outline directions for future work.
Punch Card Records: Precursors of Electronic Records

Section 2 of the 1939 Federal Records Act defines the meaning of records to preface regulations related to records disposal and explicitly includes punch cards among the record types. The definition of records from the 1939 act and from its subsequent revisions have been used traditionally and statutorily as the definition of records applied to archives.The appearance of punch cards in a list of types of records at such an early point in the history of the U.S. National Archives suggests enlightened consensus on the record nature of this then-new form of documentary material. Punch card records emerged as a by-product of the introduction of information technology in the U.S. federal government in the early twentieth century, yet the U.S. National Archives accessioned only a very few collections of punch card records.The history of punch card records offers perspective on the manner in which records creators and archivists responded to the unprecedented challenge of punch cards as a form of documentary mat...
The Student's Introduction to MATHEMATICA ®: A Handbook for Precalculus, Calculus, and Linear Algebra

The unique feature of this compact student's introduction is that it presents concepts in an order that closely follows a standard mathematics curriculum, rather than structure the book along features of the software. As a result, the book provides a brief introduction to those aspects of the Mathematica software program most useful to students. The second edition of this well loved book is completely rewritten for Mathematica 6 including coverage of the new dynamic interface elements, several hundred exercises and a new chapter on programming. This book can be used in a variety of courses, from precalculus to linear algebra. Used as a supplementary text it will aid in bridging the gap between the mathematics in the course and Mathematica. In addition to its course use, this book will serve as an excellent tutorial for those wishing to learn Mathematica and brush up on their mathematics at the same time.
Defect in translation of poliovirus RNA at the restrictive temperature.

Abstract Translation of the RNA of LSc type 1 poliovirus was examined in vivo at the restrictive temperature (39 °C). During the first two hours of infection at 39 °C the levels of viral polyribosomes were 50% lower than at 35 °C (permissive temperature). During the third hour of infection at 39 °C, only 4 to 10% of the control levels of polyribosomes were observed. Three experiments indicate that the elongation of viral peptides was not occurring properly at 39 °C. First, cultures incubated at 39 °C during the third hour of infection with both [35S]methionine and [3H]uridine exhibit a fourfold increase in the ratio of viral protein/viral RNA in the polyribosome region of sucrose gradients in comparison to controls kept at 35 °C. However, at both temperatures the relative size distribution of polyribosomes was similar. Second, the ratios of released protein/nascent protein after 90-second and 5-minute pulses with [35S]methionine indicate that elongation of peptide chains was inhibited at 39 °C. Third, when initiation of synthesis of viral protein was blocked with 150 m M -NaCl, the polyribosomes disaggregated four to five times more rapidly at 35 °C than at 39 °C. The data indicate that translation of viral RNA is inhibited at the restrictive temperature because of a reduced rate of elongation of viral proteins. The reduced rate of peptide chain elongation at 39 °C was fully reversible when cultures were shifted to 35 °C in the presence of 150 m m -NaCl. The latter finding indicates a conformational change in viral protein at 39 °C.
Assistive technologies in spatial environments

Spatial Cognition is concerned with the acquisition, organization, utilization and revision of knowledge about spatial environments, be it real or abstract, human or machine. For persons with cognitive disabilities, spatial cognition is frequently challenged. For developers, addressing spatial cognition as a component of the design process is critical. This session will focus on research and development of new cognitive technologies designed to facilitate spatial cognition and ameliorate barriers to activity and participation for persons with cognitive disabilities. Research and engineering projects under design and development within the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Advancing Cognitive Technologies (RERC-ACT) will be highlighted.
Batch scheduling to minimize total completion time

We address single and multiple machine versions of the batch scheduling problem which arises when there are job families and setup requirements between these families; our aim is to minimize the total of the completion or weighted completion times. The observations provided by us extend past results.
Diagnostic survey of edentulous patients

Abstract It is readily apparent that the great variability in edentulous mouths, in patients, and in patient backgrounds does present many problem factors in denture treatments. It is equally apparent that the need for knowledge, skill, and experience correspondingly vary with the case, and that in some instances the operator possesses a marked deficiency. The operator who does not recognize this personal deficiency will later sacrifice some of his professional reputation on the altar of ignorance and faulty procedure. The examining routine is, therefore, a double-edged procedure of evaluating the problems to be met and the possession of the abilities to successfully cope with them. This procedure is a protection to both parties concerned. It takes courage and a high degree of integrity to admit one is unequal to the need, and thus refer the patient to an operator who is more qualified. The needed "know how" to treat difficult cases successfully is gained only through experience, for schools can give only a limited clinical training and try to indoctrinate an acceptable over-all procedure routine. Private practice calls for an ability to handle correctly the many small variations in form, condition, habit patterns, and human reactions to denture substitutes. LaDue 11 feels that success resides more in this ability to note and compensate for the many small variations than in the strict application of a learned basic routine. There is no one other step in a denture treatment routine which better focuses the operator's attention on normal conditions and their slight variations than this diagnostic survey step. It is difficult to reason why dentists so neglect this one most important step in a denture treatment routine. There seems no logical reason why the same fee should apply for all denture patients, for the conditions create variable demands on the operator and make each denture an individualized substitute of great value to an edentulous patient. Artificial dentures are perhaps of greater value than other substitutes for human parts if one considers their special abilities to impart a quality of aliveness and beauty, in addition to their remedial and restorative qualities. The editorial by C. N. Johnson 12 excellently projects these qualities of artificial dentures, and it is recommended to all dentists for reading.
Functional outcomes of older adults with traumatic brain injury: A prospective, multicenter analysis☆

Abstract Objective: To investigate improvement rates and medical services costs in older brain injured adults relative to younger patients. Design: Descriptive statistics were computed in a prospective comparative study of 50 patients 55 years and older and 50 patients 18 to 54 years old matched for gender and injury severity (number of days in coma, admission Glasgow Coma Score, intracranial pressure). Independent t tests were performed to examine differences between the two samples on specific variables. Setting: Five medical centers in the federally sponsored Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Project that provide emergency medical services, intensive and acute medical care, inpatient rehabilitation, and a spectrum of community rehabilitation services. Participants: Patients were selected from a national database of 531 rehabilitation inpatients admitted to acute care within 8 hours of traumatic brain injury between 1989 and 1994. Main Outcome Measures: Disability Rating Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale, length of stay, acute care and rehabilitation charges, and discharge disposition. Results: Older persons averaged a significantly longer rehabilitation length of stay, higher total rehabilitation charges, and a lower rate of change on functional measures. No significant differences between groups were found for acute care length of stay, daily rehabilitation charges, acute care charges (daily or total), or discharge disposition. Conclusions: Although older persons demonstrated functional changes, the cost of change was substantially higher than for younger patients, coincident with longer lengths of stay. These higher overall charges and slower rates of change may effect changes in referral and management patterns.
Imaging of Biliary Tract Inflammation: An Update

OBJECTIVE. The concepts of biliary tract inflammation are changing. Some previously common entities are now rare. New autoimmune conditions are being recognized, and imaging has continued to advance, resulting in better and in many areas less-invasive techniques for examination of the biliary tract.CONCLUSION. Radiologists should be aware of the etiologic factors of biliary tract inflammation being proposed. They should also understand new approaches to imaging of the biliary tract.
Elasto-Viscoplastic Wave Thermometry for Single Crystalline Silicon Processing

Laser-induced stress wave thermometry (LISWT) is a non-contact thermal diagnostic technique for the rapid thermal processing (RTP) of silicon wafers using laser-generated, ultrasonic, dispersive stress waves. The required knowledge base for establishing LISWT as a viable alternative to current pyrometric technology for temperature measurement up to 1000°C with ±1°C resolution is presented. A 3D elasto-viscoplastic wave model is developed for describing wave behaviors from being elastic to viscoplastic subject to the RTP annealing temperature ranging from room temperature to exceeding 1000°C. The model is a system of nine coupled first-order hyperbolic equations formulated based on the kinematics of elasto-plastic deformation, conversion of linear momentum and a temperature-dependent viscoplastic constitutive law for single crystalline silicon derived from the material models developed by Hassen–Sumino and Tsai. The group velocity of the wave propagating in silicon wafer is a nonlinear function of temperature. As nonlinearity becomes prominent at high temperature for high frequency components, low frequency components are preferably exploited to achieve the desired thermal resolution at high temperature.
Impact of Pharmacists’ Directive Guidance Behaviors on Patient Satisfaction

Objective To determine the impact of directive guidance (DG) behaviors by pharmacists on patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services. DG behaviors are social support behaviors and include such activities as supplying information about medications and providing encouragement and feedback regarding drug therapy. Design Cross-sectional observational study using a self-administered survey. Setting Two university-affiliated ambulatory care clinics, two chain pharmacies, and one independent pharmacy. Patients One hundred sixty patients with a chronic disease (e.g., asthma, hypertension, diabetes). Main Outcome Measure Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services. Results A total of 160 completed questionnaires were collected from patients at 5 sites. Overall, patients patronizing ambulatory care clinics perceived higher rates of DG behaviors and were more satisfied with pharmaceutical care services, compared with patients in community pharmacies ( P F 13,112 = 4.9091, P (P Conclusion Higher rates of DG behaviors by pharmacists are associated with greater patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services.
Protein and antigen variability among strains of Mycoplasma arthritidis.

Summary Six strains of Mycoplasma arthritidis isolated from different host tissues were examined for differences in their proteins and antigens by using one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques as well as immunoblotting. One-dimensional electrophoresis revealed differences in concentrations of individual bands, but not differences in the overall banding pattern. By two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis, 25 proteins were identified as strain-variable whereas the majority of protein spots was strain-constant (about 195 after IEF-2D-PAGE and 145 after NEPHGE-2D-PAGE). Immunoblot analysis using an antiserum against the type-strain of Mycoplasma arthritidis (PG 6) revealed size-heterogeneity of antigens of all six strains. An epitopic relationship between these size-variant antigens could be demonstrated by using monospecific antibodies produced against some of these antigens of Mycoplasma arthritidis. Furthermore, we describe a highly variable antigen of Mycoplasma arthritidis similar to that shown previously in Mycoplasma pulmonis.
The Achievement of Students in Low-Ses Settings: An Investigation of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Field Dependence

"Fate control" and cognitive field dependence both seem to affect the academic performance of low-SES pupils.
Strain energy release rate calculation for a moving delamination front of arbitrary shape based on the virtual crack closure technique. Part II: Sensitivity study on modeling details

The interface element and VCCT process described in Part I of this two-part paper, developed to compute strain energy release rates of an arbitrary delamination front using non-orthogonal finite element meshes, are further investigated in this paper for robustness and ease of use in tracking delamination growth. Standard 3-D elements are used in conjunction with the interface elements. No special singularity elements are required. Stationary meshes that are independent of the shape of the delamination front can be used. Three cases having different initial delamination shapes are examined. The process is shown to be insensitive to the values used for the interfacial spring stiffness, the orientation of the interface element, or even the mesh pattern if the mesh has a reasonable degree of refinement. Therefore, the method can be used with ease and confidence in general-purpose delamination growth analysis for engineering applications.
Aid, Density, and Urban Form: Anticipating Dakar

International aid to cities over the past 40 years has been based largely on a simple, demographically driven model of demand for and supply of housing and urban infrastructure services. The demographic projections have been generated by the United Nations Population Division, country demographic and statistical offices, housing and public works ministries, and, more recently, analyses by major research institutions such as the US National Academy of Sciences (2003). Governments and aid agencies have noted the projections of continued rapid urban population growth in developing countries, especially the conclusion that there will be an additional 2 billion urban residents in these countries by 2025. These projections have been taken as the starting point in assessing the demand for investment in housing and urban infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, electricity, and solid waste management.
Evaluation of the sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyser in the treatment of overdose of paracetamol and phenobarbitone.

— Poisoning with paracetamol (acetaminophen) and phenobarbitone is a common occurrence in the United States and Europe. The removal efficiency of these drugs by a sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyser (SSRD) has been investigated. The SSRD is a parallel plate dialyser with a reciprocating blood flow and free mobile sorbent suspension composed of charcoal and zeolites. This arrangement provided a system with minimal sorbent saturation. High performance liquid chromatography was used for the quantification of the drugs in aqueous and serum fluids. The in-vitro removal efficiency of the dialyser was studied by dialysing a large volume of the drug in solution for 12 to 16 h. The removal efficiency remained relatively constant up to 10 h of dialysis. The in-vivo dialysis studies were performed using normal dogs. Large doses of the drugs were administered orally or intravenously to achieve high blood levels. The clearance values obtained from these studies were comparable with, or in excess of, the values reported in the literature for conventional dialysers. The major advantage of the SSRD is the ability of the unit to be used for prolonged dialysis and to provide a system with minimal sorbent saturation due to mixing and interchange of sorbent granules next to the membrane surface.
Iron Acquisition by Parasitic Protozoa

The efficient uptake of iron by microorganisms is essential for their survival. Mammalian hosts possess elaborate means of sequestering their iron stores to protect themselves against invading pathogens. In this review, Mary Wilson and Bradley Britigan summarize mechanisms by which bacteria and protozoa effectively scavenge iron from their hosts during infection, as well as the potential and proven effects of these mechanisms on microbial virulence.
The Frankaus of London: A Study in Radical Assimilation, 1837-1967

The disappearance of entire families from Jewish communal life was not an uncommon occurrence in Western and Central Europe between the Enlightenment and World War II. Intermarriage and conversion removed the names of thousands of families from the rosters of religious, cultUral, and philanthropic organizations. In recent years there has been renewed interest in this kind of radical assimilation, sparked perhaps by contemporary anxiety about the future of diaspora communities in demographic decline) Historians who have written on the subject, myself included, have found that there are serious obstacles, largely inherent in the nature of the evidence that survives, to gaining a clear picture of both the scope and the character of defection from the Jewish community.
Concentrations of metals in water, sediment, biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Boulder River watershed, Montana, and the role of colloids in metal uptake.

To characterize the partitioning of metals in a stream ecosystem, concentrations of trace metals including As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured in water, colloids, sediment, biofilm (also referred to as aufwuchs), macroinvertebrates, and fish collected from the Boulder River watershed, Montana. Median concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in water throughout the watershed exceeded the U.S. EPA acute and chronic criteria for protection of aquatic life. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment were sufficient in the tributaries to cause invertebrate toxicity. The concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in invertebrates from lower Cataract Creek (63, 339, 59, 34, and 2,410 μg/g dry wt, respectively) were greater than the concentrations in invertebrates from the Clark Fork River watershed, Montana (19, 174, 2.3, 15, and 648 μg/g, respectively), that were associated with reduced survival, growth, and health of cutthroat trout fed diets composed of those invertebrates. Colloids and biofilm seem to play a critical role in the pathway of metals into the food chain and concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in these two components are significantly correlated. We suggest that transfer of metals associated with Fe colloids to biological components of biofilm is an important pathway where metals associated with abiotic components are first available to biotic components. The significant correlations suggest that Cd, Cu, and Zn may move independently to biota (biofilm, invertebrates, or fish tissues) from water and sediment. The possibility exists that Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations increase in fish tissues as a result of direct contact with water and sediment and indirect exposure through the food chain. However, uptake through the food chain to fish may be more important for As. Although As concentrations in colloids and biofilm were significantly correlated with As water concentrations, As concentrations in fish tissues were not correlated with water. The pathway for Pb into biological components seems to begin with sediment because concentrations of Pb in water were not significantly correlated with any other component and because concentrations of Pb in the water were often below detection limits.
Picoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Narrow-Bore Chemically Etched Emitters

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) at flow rates below ~10 nL/min has been only sporadically explored because of difficulty in reproducibly fabricating emitters that can operate at lower flow rates. Here we demonstrate narrow orifice chemically etched emitters for stable electrospray at flow rates as low as 400 pL/min. Depending on the analyte concentration, we observe two types of MS signal response as a function of flow rate. At low concentrations, an optimum flow rate is observed slightly above 1 nL/min, whereas the signal decreases monotonically with decreasing flow rates at higher concentrations. For example, consumption of 500 zmol of sample yielded signal-to-noise ratios ~10 for some peptides. In spite of lower MS signal, the ion utilization efficiency increases exponentially with decreasing flow rate in all cases. Significant variations in ionization efficiency were observed within this flow rate range for an equimolar mixture of peptide, indicating that ionization efficiency is an analyte-dependent characteristic for the present experimental conditions. Mass-limited samples benefit strongly from the use of low flow rates and avoiding unnecessary sample dilution. These findings have important implications for the analysis of trace biological samples.
Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects up to 2.5% of the population of the course of a lifetime and produces substantial morbidity. Approximately 70% of patients can experience significant symptomatic relief with appropriate pharmacotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment. These drugs are typically used at higher doses and for longer periods than in depression. Proven second-line treatments include the tricyclic clomipramine and the addition of low-dose neuroleptic medications. OCD refractory to available treatments remains a profound clinical challenge.
Application of the finite-element method to a linear diffusion problem with reversible trapping and an eroding boundary

Abstract The finite-element technique (FEM) is applied to a mass diffusion problem in slab geometry with an eroding boundary and subject to reversible trapping, general extraneous source distribution and Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Numerical results show excellent agreement with those obtained by a generalized integral-transform technique (ITT). Computation time is significantly shorter than for the ITT solution and the FEM is able to solve the problem in regions where the ITT solution develops inaccuracies.
Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats with peptide 68-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein.

The highly encephalitogenic guinea pig peptide 68-88 has been used to develop an effective and reproducible model of protection in the Lewis rat. Doses as low as 0.1 nmol of peptide protected 70% of rats when injected intraperitoneally six and four weeks prior to challenge with 0.05 nmol of the peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant. Fragments derived from guinea pig peptide 68-88 by selective enzyme cleavage were then tested for their capacity to provide protection in this model system. These fragments had previously been well characterized both biochemically and immunologically. The protection provided by each fragment closely paralleled its capacity to induce disease. This suggests that the region of peptide 68-88 required for protection is similar to that needed for induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the other T-cell functions of the peptide. B-cells did not appear to participate; peptide 68-85, which has no capacity to produce antibody against peptide 68-88, gave full protection, while peptide 79-88, which contains the major B-cell determinant of the peptide, afforded no protection. Rat peptide 68-88 did not protect against challenge with the guinea pig peptide, demonstrating a critical role for serine 79. These studies support the concept that nonencephlaitogenic agents do not protect against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis at doses comparable to those of encephalitogenic agents.
RNA synthesized during late sporulation is required for germ tube formation inBlastocladiella emersonii

Abstract Inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D as late as 210 min (T210) afterBlastocladiella emersonii is induced to sporulate results in complete blockage of germ tube formation in the next generation. In agreement with other reports, actinomycin D added during germination did not block germ tube formation. Protein synthesis during germination is reduced by approximately one-half when actinomycin D is added atT210 but remains at virtually control levels when actinomycin D is added during germination. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analyses of the abundant proteins synthesizedin vivo during the first hour of germination revealed no qualitative differences in the proteins which accumulate when control cells are compared to cells treated with actinomycin D atT210. Comparison of proteins synthesized from 20 to 40 min germination vs 40 to 60 min germination demonstrated that actinomycin D alters the temporal pattern of accumulation of some abundant proteins. The RNA synthesized afterT210 is associated with polysomes, suggesting that an mRNA fraction made in late sporulation is required for a germ tube. The available data do not exclude the possibility that a regulatory RNA synthesized during late sporulation is required for germ tube formation.
Special issue of the international thermal science seminar ITSS II

This special issue is dedicated to the ASME-ZSIS International Thermal Science Seminar (ITSS) II held in Bled, Slovenia, 13–16 June 2004, which included 128 peer reviewed paper presentations from 36 countries. This seminar offered a truly international scientific exchange of thermal science research and emerging technologies. The formal and informal sessions at ITSS II provided ample opportunities for discussing individual papers and general issues facing the thermal sciences. The technical program included presentations on the following topics: Fundamentals, Energy systems, Electronics cooling and thermal management, Equipment, Environmental, Measurement techniques, Micro and nano scale thermal phenomenon, Numerical heat transfer and heat transfer enhancement. The 11 papers published in this special issue were preselected by ITSS II chairs and were peer reviewed for publication in Heat and Mass Transfer. In addition, four of the papers correspond to keynote speeches. These papers reflect a spectrum of topics of current interest in heat and mass transfer applied to manufacturing and desalination processes, two phase flows and boiling, electronics systems and refrigeration. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support provided by Professor Dieter Mewes, editor-in-chief of the prestigious Heat and Mass Transfer Research Journal, and the diligence of Mr. Tobias Rausch. I thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue, and the reviewers of the manuscripts for their invaluable input, responsiveness and for making the timely publication of this special issue possible. I deeply appreciate the contribution of the co-organizers of the ITSS II, Professors Arthur Bergles, Adrian Bejan, and Iztok Golobic. Cristina H. Amon, Special Issue Editor, HMT Editorial Board, February 2005
Analyzing Historical Contingency with Formal Methods The Case of the “Relief Explosion” and 1968

Historical sociologists have been properly critical of the tendency within the social sciences to ignore temporality and, consequently, historical contingency in social processes. These critical as...
Separability of amplitude, phase and polarization information in the Jones calculus

Abstract The two-component Jones vector is cast in a form that achieves the separation of the information on the polarization ellipse from that on the amplitude and phase of the light wave. The shape, sense of rotation and orientation of the elliptic vibration of the electric field are described by the complex polarization variable χ while the amplitude a (size) and temporal phase ∅ of that vibration are described by the complex amplitude A = aexp(i∅). The transformation of the complex amplitude of the wave A after passing through an optical system leads to a complex-amplitude transfer function (CATF) which is a nonanalytic function of the complex polarization variable χ. The CATF is, in turn, separable into polarization-dependent (real) amplitude and phase transfer functions (ATF and PHTF). Together with the polarization transfer function PTF (the transformation of χ), the ATF and PHTF provide a useful set of tools that complement the well-known Jones calculus.
Diagnosis of disease of the common carotid artery bifurcation: CT angiography vs catheter angiography.

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare CT angiography with conventional catheter angiography for imaging the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in patients with signs and symptoms of atherosclerotic disease.Ten symptomatic patients (20 bifurcations of the common carotid artery) underwent contrast-enhanced spiral CT of the neck. The images were preprocessed and postprocessed by using a commercially available volume-rendering technique and a maximum-intensity-projection algorithm. All patients subsequently underwent conventional catheter angiography.CT angiographic findings matched those on conventional angiograms in only 50% of cases. Two nearly occluded internal carotid arteries were missed with CT angiography. Four internal carotid arteries were interpreted as occluded on the basis of CT angiograms but were shown as patent on catheter angiograms. Of five severe stenoses shown by CT angiography, only two were confirmed by conventional angiography.The results indicate that CT angiograph...
A Methodology for Investigating Heat Stress Selectivity Effects on Mental Performance

This paper outlines a methodology that can be used to investigate the selectivity patterns of heat stress effects. The adopted view is that heat stress causes performance to deteriorate because it depletes attentional resources. The term “selectivity” refers to the extent to which certain individual resource pools (the existence of which is postulated by multiple resource theories) are more susceptible to heat stress effects than others. The methodology consists of plotting performance of two time-shared tasks over time on the Performance Operating Characteristic (POC) space. Manipulating the difficulties of the paired tasks under the same environmental conditions (i.e., temperature level and exposure duration) produces a predictable change of the POC path. In particular, if the heat stress effects are non-selective, the POC path will rotate either clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on the task whose difficulty is increased. On the contrary, if the heat stress effects are selective, increasing the d...
Whose bank is it anyway? The importance of unemployment and the stock market for monetary policy:

Prior research suggests that the Fed has consistently targeted unemployment rates, and, during the 1990s, stock prices. This paper uses a vector autoregression to test the importance of unemployment and the stock market in determining monetary policy, and to study the impact of monetary policy on unemployment and the stock market. The results show a shift in both the determinants and the impact of monetary policy in the 1990s from unemployment to the stock market.
Increased congregational support for parents of children with cystic fibrosis.

Positive health outcomes are related to adults’ religious congregational participation. For parents of children with chronic disease, structured daily care routines and/or strict infection control precautions may limit participation. For this exploratory study, we examined the relationship between congregational support and religious coping by parents of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to parents for whom child health issues were not significant stressors. CF parents reported higher levels of emotional support from congregation members and use of religious coping. Within-group differences were found for CF parents by denominational affiliation. Congregational support for parents dealing with child chronic disease is important.
Comparative studies of methyl-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate-tolerant and sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea and other fungi

The mycelial growth of sixteen sensitive isolates of B. cinerea was strongly inhibited by less than 1·0 μ /ml of methyl-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (MBC); ED 50 values for these isolates were between 0·06 and 0·19 μ /ml MBC. Twenty-six ‘fully tolerant’ isolates of B. cinerea grew well on agar media containing 10000 μ g/ml MBC, although their production of sclerotia was delayed and in some cases reduced by high concentrations of MBC. A further four ‘partially-tolerant’ isolates showed an intermediate level of tolerance to MBC with ED 50 values between 1·3 and 6·3 μ /ml. Isolates of other fungi tested were also clearly separable into sensitive and fully tolerant groups. Germination of conidia of sensitive isolates of B. cinerea was insensitive to MBC concentrations which completely inhibited mycelial growth, but germ-tubes were abnormal and did not develop further. Sensitive and tolerant isolates of B. cinerea were not morphologically distinguishable. Attempts to induce adaptation of sensitive isolates of B. cinerea to increased levels of MBC-tolerance were unsuccessful. Tolerant isolates showed a similar stability in their reaction to the fungicide.
Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy is an independent risk factor for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) for acute ischemic stroke are proven therapies; however, the safety of CEA in stroke patients who recently received IV-tPA has not been established. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of CEA in stroke patients who recently received IV-tPA. METHODS A retrospective review of patients who underwent CEA for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis was performed. The primary end point was postoperative symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). A univariate analysis of potential risk factors for sICH, including IV-tPA therapy, timing of CEA, degree of stenosis, and stroke severity, was performed. Factors with a value of P < .1 on univariate analysis were tested further. RESULTS Among 142 patients, 3 suffered sICH after CEA: 2 of 11 patients treated with IV-tPA (18.2%) and 1 of 131 patients not treated with IV-tPA (0.8%). Both IV-tPA patients suffering sICH underwent CEA within 3 days of tPA administration. On univariate analysis, IV-tPA (P = .02), female sex (P = .09), shorter time between ischemic event and CEA (P = .06), and lower mean arterial pressure during the first 48 hours of admission (P = .08) were identified as risk factors for sICH. On multivariate analysis, IV-tPA was the only significant risk factor (P = .002 by stepwise logistic regression; P = .03 by nominal logistic regression). CONCLUSION This study indicates that IV-tPA is an independent risk factor for sICH after CEA. This suggests that CEA should be pursued cautiously in patients who recently received IV-tPA. Early surgery may be associated with an increased risk for sICH. ABBREVIATIONS CEA, carotid endarterectomyIV-tPA, intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activatorMAP, mean arterial pressureNASCET, North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy TrialNIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke ScaleNINDS, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokesICH, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhageTIA, transient ischemic attack.