cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impeachment of Samuel Chase: Redefining Judicial Independence

This article hopes to make the following contributions to the existing academic scholarship: First, some legal scholars have ignored how the impeachment contributed to the modern apolitical judiciary or have construed its contribution too narrowly. This article provides a fuller explanation of the impeachment’s contributions to our modern understanding of judicial independence and what properly constitutes an impeachable offense. Second, the article touches upon the contribution the debates over Chase’s impeachment made to more peripheral subjects, such as the debates over jury nullification and judicial review. Third, this article fills a void in the academic literature, as there are almost no articles fully addressing the “story” of Chase’s impeachment and even fewer which analyze the importance of the debates in the House of Representatives and the examination of the trial witnesses. Given the increasing attention devoted to judicial activism and persistent calls for the impeachment of federal judges, the lessons of the Chase impeachment are perhaps more relevant today than ever before. By addressing the issues mentioned above, this article endeavors to draw greater attention to a major event in American legal history and to give a turning point in the history of impeachment and the judicial branch the attention it deserves.
Erdheim-chester disease with extensive intraaxial brain stem lesions presenting as a progressive cerebellar syndrome

We report a rare case of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) presenting as a progressive cerebellar syndrome and diabetes insipidus. On magnetic resonance imaging, a 7-mm extraaxial, enhancing mass was seen enveloping the right vertebral artery and was confirmed at autopsy to represent an adventitial xanthoma with lipid-laden, foamy histiocytes. The cerebellar syndrome most likely resulted from extensive histiocytic infiltration of the pons, particularly the basis pontis and middle cerebellar peduncles.
Biologic effects of dental materials. 5. Effect of cavity liners on hela cells in vitro.

Abstract The cytotoxicity of cavity liners and varnishes was studied by means of an in vitro tissue culture cell system. The cytotoxicity of the liners was found to be greater than the composite materials for which they are intended as liners. While all the liners were toxic, the 3M liner was found to be the least damaging to the tissue culture cells.
Associations of marital violence with different forms of contraception: Cross-sectional findings from South Asia

Abstract Objective To assess associations between marital violence and type of contraception among women in South Asia. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using marital violence data collected during the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys from Bangladesh (n = 3665), India (n = 56 357), and Nepal (n = 3037). Data were pooled to assess associations of marital violence (physical or sexual) with modern contraception use (current spacing or sterilization). Results Sexual marital violence was associated with both modern spacing contraception (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–1.49) and sterilization (AOR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70–0.88). Sexual violence was reported more often by pill users (9.8% vs 5.5% for non-users) but less often by condom users (4.5% vs 5.8% for non-users). Conclusion Sexual marital violence might increase use of contraception that need not require husband involvement (pill) but decrease use of methods that require his cooperation (condom) or support for mobility, funds, or time (sterilization).
Evidence for parent of origin effect in late-onset Alzheimer disease.

Evidence for a parent of origin effect in Alzheimer disease was obtained from a sample of 148 sibships on which affection status of the parents was sought using family history interviews. The parent study recruited families with two or more affected sibs for late onset AD utilizing rigorous diagnostic criteria. In 74 families, there was evidence of an affected parent, 49 maternal and 25 paternal. Genome scan data were analyzed for the sample as a whole and for the maternal and paternal families separately, using Genehunter-ASM. Seven regions with Z(lr) scores >or=2 were identified, four in maternal families (chr. 10,12,19,20) and three in paternal families (chr. 1,7,13). With the exception of the chromosome 10 finding, analysis by parent of origin greatly increased evidence of linkage in areas showing no linkage in the overall analyses. For example, a chr. 12 region reached a LOD = 2.29 among maternal families whereas the same region showed a LOD = 0.3 when all families were analyzed together. The strongest findings among maternal families (chr. 10 and 12) were followed up with fine mapping that resulted in an increase in maximum LOD scores from 2.7-3.2 on chr. 10, and 2.29-2.42 on chr. 12. These analyses highlight the importance of parent of origin effects in late-onset AD families and identify several genomic regions that may include genes linked to late-onset AD specific to disease transmission from the mother and require further investigation.
Root distribution in relation to soil nitrogen availability in field-grown tomatoes

Tomato root growth and distribution were related to inorganic nitrogen (N) availability and turnover to determine 1) if roots were located in soil zones where N supply was highest, and 2) whether roots effectively depleted soil N so that losses of inorganic N were minimized. Tomatoes were direct-seeded in an unfertilized field in Central California. A trench profile/monolith sampling method was used. Concentrations of nitrate (NO3 -) exceeded those of ammonium (NH4 +) several fold, and differences were greater at the soil surface (0–15 cm) than at lower depths (45–60 cm or 90–120 cm). Ammonium and NO3 - levels peaked in April before planting, as did mineralizable N and nitrification potential. Soon afterwards, NO3 - concentrations decreased, especially in the lower part of the profile, most likely as a result of leaching after application of irrigation water. Nitrogen pool sizes and rates of microbial processes declined gradually through the summer. Tomato plants utilized only a small percentage of the inorganic N available in the large volume of soil explored by their deep root systems; maximum daily uptake was approximately 3% of the soil pool. Root distribution, except for the zone around the taproot, was uniformly sparse (ca. 0.15 mg dry wt g-1 soil or 0.5 cm g-1 soil) throughout the soil profile regardless of depth, distance from the plant stem, or distance from the irrigation furrow. It bore no relation to N availability. Poor root development, especially in the N-rich top layer of soil, could explain low fertilizer N use by tomatoes.
From The Life of Wu Xun to the career of Song Jingshi — Crisis and adaptation of private studio film-making legacy: 1951–1956

ABSTRACTCurrent literary studies frequently assume that early PRC cinema is monolithic and univocal. Historical research has started to reveal the complex and shifting divisions in both the cultural leadership and film-making ranks in early PRC, but offer little in-depth textual analysis to expand our understanding of the films beyond the prevailing assumption that all of them are identical. This study seeks to introduce a fluid understanding that departs from the conventional homogenization of this cinema. It calls for a turn to user-centered study of discursive cases, and analyzes the film Song Jingshi (1957) as a key case showing how conflicts and compromises among multiple agendas rendered early PRC films ambivalent and polysemous. The film Song Jingshi was meant to be a coherent part of the campaign against The Life of Wu Xun (1951) and other private studio productions. But because various groups had high, competing stakes in the outcomes of this production, the film was forced into a long and painfu...
Microsomal cytochrome P-450 “Handprints”: Five fractions from anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography provide a rapid preliminary screen for selectivity in the induction and destruction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 subpopulations

Abstract Anion-exchange HPLC was used to monitor changes in rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 fractions resulting from animal exposure to several inducing and hepatotoxic agents. The column eluant was divided into five fractions and the cytochrome P-450 content in each was determined. Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 following 2,5-hexanedione and SKF 525-A pretreatment of animals showed an induction pattern in the five-fraction “handprint” similar to that produced by phenobarbital. The patterns of induction following β-naphthoflavone, clofibrate, and isosafrole pretreatments were unique in comparison to each other and also compared to that of phenobarbital. The pattern of cytochrome P-450 loss after allyl alcohol was similar to that seen after cobalt chloride treatment, but differed from that seen following acetaminophen administration. Five-fraction quantitation of the eluant from anion-exchange HPLC of microsomes appears to be a useful technique to screen for and convey the effects of previously uncharacterized inducers and the effects of hepatotoxic agents or heme synthesis inhibitors on rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 subpopulations.
Maximal versus submaximal intensity stimulation with variable patterns

It is essential to determine optimal parameters of stimulation to maintain muscle force during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Protocols that increase in frequency and include doublets can prolong force output over time. However, stimulation intensity level could differentially affect muscle force output during variable-frequency NMES. We compared three intermittent stimulation patterns at maximal and submaximal intensities of stimulation of the median nerve: (1) a constant 20-HZ pattern; (2) 90 s at 20 HZ followed by a 90-s increase from 20 to 40 HZ; and (3) 90 s at 20 HZ followed by 90 s of doublets at 20 HZ. At submaximal intensities, the doublet pattern produced the highest overall force-time integral (FTI). At maximal intensities, the doublet pattern produced the lowest FTI and the increasing frequency pattern produced the least amount of fatigue. Thus, double-pulse stimulation was more effective during submaximal than maximal intensity NMES. These data demonstrate that intensity level must be taken into consideration when programming frequency patterns for NMES devices.
BEC-BCS Crossover in ``Magnetized'' Feshbach-Resonantly Paired Superfluids

We map out the detuning-magnetization phase diagram for a magnetized (unequal number of atoms in two pairing hyperfine states) gas of fermionic atoms interacting via an s-wave Feshbach resonance (FR). The phase diagram is dominated by the coexistence of a magnetized normal gas and a singlet-paired superfluid with the latter exhibiting a BCS-Bose Einstein condensate crossover with reduced FR detuning. On the BCS side of strongly overlapping Cooper pairs, a sliver of finite-momentum paired Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov magnetized phase intervenes between the phase-separated and normal states. In contrast, for large negative detuning a uniform, polarized superfluid, that is, a coherent mixture of singlet Bose-Einstein-condensed molecules and fully magnetized single-species Fermi sea, is a stable ground state.
Nonlinear field dependence of the mobility of a charge subjected to a superposition of dichotomous stochastic potentials

A general prescription is presented to address a large variety of forms of the nonlinear dependence of the static charge mobility on the applied electric field. The system consists of a classical charge subjected to an arbitrarily strong steady state electric field and to a stochastic potential consisting of a linear superposition of an unlimited number of dichotomous potentials in one-dimensional space. It is shown that the nonlinear mobility can be calculated for arbitrary forms of the density function of the individual dichotomous components of the stochastic potential. Specific cases of physical interest are analyzed. One of them provides a curious possibility for an explanation of the universally observed square root field dependence of the logarithm of the mobility of photoinjected charge carriers in molecularly doped polymers.
A submucosal mass in the floor of the mouth

tiple specimens were obtained from the mass. The lesion was firm, with minimal bleeding on incision. A sensation of grittiness was noted during incision of the mass. The wound was closed, with further treatment delayed until a definitive diagnosis could be provided.
The Effects of Children's Language Comprehension Level on Adults' Child-Directed Talk

The present study attempted to test quasi-experimentally the hypothesis that children's language comprehension level is the major determinant of the modifications characteristic of child-directed talk (CDT). Language comprehension level was varied by selecting four-year-old, language-impaired children with two levels of comprehension. Data on 21 measures of structural and pragmatic aspects of CDT were obtained from videotapes of 20 half-hour, freeplay sessions in which each of ten adults talked individually with one child from each level. A t test for paired samples generated four significant differences (p < 0.05). Language addressed to the high comprehending children contained (1) more frequent use of the semantic category state, (2) greater lexical diversity, (3) more frequent reference to nonpresent objects, persons, and events, and (4) less frequent nonverbal cueing. Variation in the children's comprehension strategies appears to provide a better explanation for these differences than variation in th...
Effect of repetitive brief episodes of cardiac ischemia on 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the cat

Angina is characterized by brief periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion; the cumulative effect of these episodes on energetics of the myocardium has not been fully elucidated. This study used an in vivo feline model for the assessment of high-energy phosphate compounds during brief sequential periods of ischemia and reperfusion. Nine adult, open-chest, anesthetized cats were prepared with a reversible occluder around the proximal left anterior descending artery and a 1.2-cm-inside diameter coil sutured on the myocardial surface in the distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Levels of PCr, Pi, and ATP (beta-phosphate signal) were measured by 31P MRS in a GE CSI 2-T NMR spectrometer/imager. Measurements were obtained during a control period and during three successive occlusion-deocclusion periods of roughly 12 and 20 min' duration, respectively. The last deocclusion period was observed for 60 min. Electron microscopy was performed in two animals. PCr declined (P less than 0.01) rapidly following each occlusion to 51 +/- 5.2% (occlusion 1), 53 +/- 5.8% (occlusion 2), and 48 +/- 5.7% (occlusion 3) of the control value by 6 min. Pi rose (P less than 0.01) with the three sequential occlusions to 253 +/- 46, 288 +/- 57, and 277 +/- 46%, respectively. PCr and Pi returned to baseline promptly with reperfusion, while ATP showed a gradual decline throughout the experiment, decreasing to 77 +/- 7.2% of control at the end of the last reperfusion (P less than 0.05). Although PCr returned to baseline during reperfusion, ATP did not, suggesting a reduction in the nucleotide pool. These findings indicate that the repeated episodes of ischemia, which are insufficient to produce necrosis, can have an effect on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism as evidenced by mild depletion of ATP.
The Sound of Musicals

The Sound of Musicals STEVEN COHAN (Ed.) London, British Film Institute/Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 viii+217 pp., illus., index, £50.00 (cloth), £16.99 (paper) Are musicals incompatible with today's f...
Induction of catalase, alpha, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase in CYP2E1 overexpressing HepG2 cells and protection against short-term oxidative stress

Induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be one of the mechanisms by which ethanol is hepatotoxic. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase detoxify H(2)O(2). Glutathione S-transferases (GST) provide protection from membrane lipid peroxidation, have GSH peroxidase activity, and reduce lipid hydroperoxides. Previous studies showed an up-regulation of GSH synthesis in CYP2E1 expressing HepG2 cells; this finding prompted an evaluation of the levels of other antioxidant exzymes. In CYP2E1 expressing cells, the alpha and microsomal GST messenger RNA (mRNA) are increased by 4- and 2-fold, respectively, and catalase protein and mRNA is increased by 2-fold. The increase in alpha and microsomal GST mRNA correlates with increased total enzymatic activity and is caused by increased transcription as evidenced by run-on transcription assays. In HepG2 cells transfected to express a different cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, there was an increase in alpha GST. However, in contrast to the CYP2E1 expressing cells, neither microsomal GST nor catalase were induced, suggesting some specificity for CYP2E1. In agreement with an increased antioxidant defense system, the sensitivity to added prooxidants such as menadione, antimycin A, H(2)O(2), and 4-hydroxynonenal was lower in the CYP2E1 expressing cells as compared with control cells. In conclusion, overexpression of CYP2E1 in HepG2 cells, besides elevating total GSH levels, also induces expression of catalase and alpha and microsomal GST. This induction confers resistance to the cells against several prooxidants and is suggested to reflect an adaptive response by the cells against CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress.
CT appearance of antibiotic-induced colitis

Eleven abdominal computed tomographic (CT) examinations were performed in 10 patients with antibiotic-induced colitis. The clinical, endoscopic, and CT findings are presented. The most common CT findings were colonic dilatation and bowel wall thickening. However, small bowel dilatation was commonly seen. Intramural gas and ascites were less frequent findings. The diagnosis of antibiotic-induced colitis was rarely made before CT examination. Consequently, attentiveness to these CT abnormalities can expedite specific treatment. When these findings are noted on CT they represent the equivalent of toxic megacolon and administration of rectal contrast is contraindicated.
Inheritable genetic modification and a brave new world. Did Huxley have it wrong

What makes inheritable genetic modification attractive is not its ability to treat disease, but its capacity, someday, to enhance human traits beyond what mere good health requires. But, these discoveries will not be imposed on us by government, as Huxley thought. If they take over our lives, it will be because they were sold to us on the open market, as commodities we cannot do without.
Nanoplasmonic couplers and splitters

In this paper, we present novel designs and analysis of ultra-compact couplers and 1 x 2 splitters based on plasmonic waveguides. Numerical simulation shows coupling efficiency up to 88% for the former one and 45% for each branch for the latter one. The proposed coupler design has the advantages of improving the alignment tolerance of the plasmonic waveguide with respect to the dielectric waveguide and broadening the spectrum response of the splitter.
Positive solutions for elliptic equations involving nonlinearities with falling zeroes

Abstract We study classes of boundary value problems involving the p -Laplacian operator and nonlinearities which have falling zeroes. We analyze the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions when a parameter is large. We use the method of sub–supersolutions to establish our results.
Adaptive heterogeneous language support within a cloud runtime

Cloud runtimes are an effective method of distributing computations, but can force developers to use the runtime's native language for all computations. We have extended the Granules cloud runtime with a bridge framework that allows computations to be written in C, C++, C#, Python, and R. We have additionally developed a diagnostics system which is capable of gathering information on system state, as well as modifying the underlying bridge framework in response to system load. Given the dynamic nature of Granules computations, which can be characterized as long-running with intermittent CPU bursts that allow a state to build up during successive rounds of execution, these bridges need to be bidirectional and the underlying communication mechanisms decoupled, robust and configurable. Granules bridges handle a number of different programming languages and support multiple methods of communication such as named pipes, unnamed pipes, and sockets. This choice of underlying communication mechanisms allows limited resources, such as sockets, to remain available for use by the runtime.
New results on the old k-opt algorithm for the TSP

Local search with k change neighborhoods is perhaps the oldest and most widely used heuristic method for the traveling salesman problem yet almost no theoretical performance guarantees for it were previously known This paper develops several results some worst case and some probabilistic on the performance of and k opt local search for the TSP with respect to both the quality of the solution and the speed with which it is obtained
Tortillas to Riches: Ninfa Laurenzo, Houston, and the Business of Food and Culture, 1973–98

AbstractThis article presents the business strategies of restaurateur Ninfa Laurenzo, the first female entrepreneur of Mexican origin to become a millionaire in Houston, Texas. “Mama Ninfa,” as Houston's public came to call her affectionately, redefined the Mexican restaurant scene both in Houston and throughout the state of Texas in the 1970s and 1980s. By offering new options to diners who had grown tired of traditional Tex-Mex food, Ninfa Laurenzo contributed to the ethnic diversification of America's dinner table. This article examines how one widowed middle-aged businesswoman carefully crafted a public persona that projected culinary inventiveness, professionalism and family values. It also explores Ninfa's success in selling supposedly authentic Mexican dishes to an Anglo clientele that, until then, had shunned food establishments located in the predominantly Mexican neighborhoods of Houston. Ninfa Laurenzo and her chain of “Ninfa's” eateries revolutionized the Mexican restaurant scene in Houston an...
Developing a systems-level understanding of gene expression

A report on the meeting 'Systems Biology: Global Regulation of Gene Expression' at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, USA, 28 March-1 April 2007.
Systemic antibiotics for communitywide trachoma control.

New England Journal of Medicine Mass Treatment With Single-Dose Azithromycin for Trachoma Anthony W. Solomon, MB, BS, PhD; Martin J. Holland, PhD; Neal D. E. Alexander, PhD; Patrick A. Massae, DCEH; Aura Aguirre, PhD; Angels Natividad-Sancho, MSc; Sandra Molina, MSc; Salesia Safari, MD; John F. Shao, MD, PhD; Paul Courtright, DrPH; Rosanna W. Peeling, PhD; Sheila K. West, PhD; Robin L. Bailey, FRCP, PhD; Allen Foster, FRCS, FRCOphth; David C. W. Mabey, DM, FRCP Background: Trachoma, caused by repeated ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis , is an important cause of blindness. Current recommended dosing intervals for mass azithromycin treatment for trachoma are based on a mathematical model. Methods: We collected conjunctival swabs for quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay of C. trachomatis before and 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after mass treatment with azithromycin in a Tanzanian community in which trachoma was endemic. For ethical reasons, at 6, 12, and 18 months, we gave tetracycline eye ointment to residents who had clinically active trachoma. Results: At baseline, 956 of 978 residents (97.8 percent) received either one oral dose of azithromycin or (if azithromycin was contraindicated) a course of tetracycline eye ointment. The prevalence of infection fell from 9.5 percent before mass treatment to 2.1 percent at 2 months and 0.1 percent at 24 months. The quantitative burden of ocular C. trachomatis infection in the community was 13.9 percent of the pretreatment level at 2 months and 0.8 percent at 24 months. At each time point after baseline, over 90 percent of the total community burden of C. trachomatis infection was found among subjects who had been positive the previous time they were tested. Conclusions: The prevalence and intensity of infection fell dramatically and remained low for two years after treatment. One round of very-high-coverage mass treatment with azithromycin, perhaps aided by subsequent periodic use of tetracycline eye ointment for persons with active disease, can interrupt the transmission of ocular C. trachomatis infection. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1962-1971.
Lack of Effect of Aminoglutethimide and Hydrocortisone Added to High-Dose Bicalutamide for Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

Objectives: To determine whether hormones derived from the adrenal gland affected the progression of androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer for patients already receiving treatment with high-dose bicalutamide. This was accomplished by using a sequential trial design in which medically or surgically castrated patients with AI prostate cancer whose cancers were progressing while receiving bicalutamide were treated with adrenolytic therapy in the form of aminoglutethimide (AM) and hydrocortisone (HC). Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients with AI prostate cancer were enrolled into this trial. All patients had metastatic disease in the bone, and two patients had additional metastases at other sites. Using prostate specific antigen (PSA) level as an indicator of disease activity, patients initially received bicalutamide therapy, then AM and HC were added to the regimen, and then bicalutamide therapy was discontinued, with each documented PSA level increase (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Clinical Trial Study Design: Patients were treated with sequential hormonal interventions according to the scheme depicted above. Download figure to PowerPoint Results: Four (25%) patients demonstrated PSA level reductions of at least 50% after the initiation of bicalutamide, 150 mg/day. No patient demonstrated a PSA or obvious clinical response to the addition of AM and HC to the regimen. This includes the four patients who were initially sensitive to bicalutamide. Therapy with AM and HC was associated with fatigue and skin rashes. These side effects persisted after the withdrawal of bicalutamide therapy and were therefore attributed to AM and HC therapy. Conclusions: Bicalutamide at high doses seems to effectively block the androgen receptor (AR) from the growth stimulation derived from adrenal hormones. Therefore, the inhibition of adrenal hormone production by AM is not a useful therapeutic maneuver in this setting and is associated with moderate side effects. The activation of the AR pathway in these patients may occur by a mechanism other than stimulation by the androgens derived from the testes or adrenal gland.
Calculating the h‐index and other bibliometric and scientometric indicators from Google Scholar with the Publish or Perish software

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to is to discuss the results of recent experiments in calculating the h‐index and other bibliometric and scientometric indicators from Google Scholar with the Publish or Perish software.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the Publish or Perish (PoP) software and finds that is a swift and elegant tool to provide the essential output features that Google Scholar does not offer.Findings – It is found that PoP allows the user to edit the result lists presented in a compact, efficient grid‐format. It facilitates the identification and removal of duplicate entries by offering dynamic sorting of the set by eight metadata elements, un‐checking items and instant recalculation of the indicators.Originality/value – Some changes are recommended to enhance this useful utility by allowing users to clean and edit the erroneous entries in the result set, and then back‐load it to PoP for the recalculation of the indicators. It is also suggested that the option to upload...
Soluble and membrane-bound factors together account for target dependence of cultured parasympathetic neurons.

Abstract The survival of avian ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons in culture depends upon an exogenous supply of trophic factor(s). Skeletal muscle, a normal ganglionic target tissue, is a well documented provider of survival-promoting activity, although the molecular basis for this ability to foster neuronal survival has not been thoroughly investigated. To identify the source of skeletal muscle support, dissociated neurons were plated into microwells containing either: a basal, trophically deficient medium; live pectoral muscle myotubes; medium conditioned by myotubes; membrane remnants of osmotically lysed myotubes; or, membrane remnants and conditioned medium. Neurons remaining in culture were counted after 1, 2, 5, and 7 days. The results reveal that neuronal survival is supported by both muscle conditioned medium and the membrane remnants of cultured myotubes. Each of these alone provides for only partial survival, while both combine to equal the activity of live myotubes. Treatment of the lysed membranes with either 1.5 M NaCI and/or 15 U heparin removed only 50–60% of the activity, suggesting that multiple factors are involved in the neuronal support obtained from lysed myotubes. This is in contrast to fibroblast remnants, which support some neuronal survival, but whose activity is wholly removed by NaCI. Conditioned medium also contains a heparin binding component which accounts for approximately 60% of its activity. These results indicate that full trophic support from the cultured target tissue requires at least two distinct active agents. The experiments further suggest that the target-derived factors responsible for neuronal survival in culture, and perhaps in vivo, are both soluble and membrane-associated molecules.
Efficient Intranode Communication in GPU-Accelerated Systems

Current implementations of MPI are unaware of accelerator memory (i.e., GPU device memory) and require programmers to explicitly move data between memory spaces. This approach is inefficient, especially for intranode communication where it can result in several extra copy operations. In this work, we integrate GPU-awareness into a popular MPI runtime system and develop techniques to significantly reduce the cost of intranode communication involving one or more GPUs. Experiment results show an up to 2x increase in bandwidth, resulting in an average of 4.3% improvement to the total execution time of a halo exchange benchmark.
Quaternary derivatives from 2-aminobenzimidazole and 2-phenylethyl- and phenyloxymethyl halides

2-Aminobenzimidazole has been reacted with phenylethyl bromides and phenyloxymethyl chlorides to prepare a number of novel 1,3-bis-substituted quaternary derivatives.
Normal Shock Waves Structured by Nonequilibrium Radiative and Collisional Ionization

Normal shock waves structured by nonequilibrium radiative and collisional ionization are solved analytically on the basis of a generalized radiation model. Just downstream of the interior embedded discontinuity, it is assumed and justified a posteriori that electron-atom collisional ionization to local thermodynamic equilibrium occurs over a length that is sufficiently small compared with the relevant one-step photon path. It is discovered that the appropriate emission-convection ratio is also a rather small quantity. Both small quantities lead to iterations studied to second approximation. The resulting shock morphology consists of a strong precursor, the embedded discontinuity, an inner collisional tail, and an outer radiative tail. Relevant calculations for helium are presented for a downstream degree of ionization of 0.8, an upstream temperature of 300 deg K, and upstream pressures of 10−3 , 10−4 , and 10−5 atm.
Conjugate Distributed Arithmetic Adaptive FIR Filters and their Hardware Implementation

Adaptive filtering constitutes an important class of DSP algorithms employed in several hand held mobile devices for applications such as echo cancellation, signal de-noising, and channel equalization. In this paper, a new hardware architecture using conjugate distributed arithmetic (CDA) which is suitable for high throughput hardware implementations of LMS adaptive filters is presented. Unlike a traditional distributed arithmetic (DA) implementation where all possible combination sums of the filter coefficients are stored in a look-up-table (LUT), in the CDA architecture, all possible combination sums of the input signal samples are stored in the LUT and updated at the arrival of every sample using an efficient update procedure. We describe the design of CDA adaptive filters and show that practical implementations of CDA adaptive filters have very high throughput relative to multiply and accumulate architectures. We also show that CDA adaptive filters have a potential area and power consumption advantage over DSP microprocessor architectures for a given throughput.
Averaging schemes for variational inequalities and systems of equations

We study averaging methods for solving variational inequalities whose underlying maps are nonexpansive and for solving systems of asymmetric equations. Our goal is to establish global convergence results using weaker assumptions than are traditional in the literature. We examine averaging schemes for relaxation algorithms and for their specialization as projection and linearization methods and as Cohen's auxiliary framework. For solving systems of equations, we consider averaging for a general class of methods that includes, as a special case, a generalized steepest descent method. We also develop a new interpretation of a norm condition typically used for establishing convergence of relaxation schemes, by associating it with a strong-f-monotonicity condition.
Iron Metabolism in Eukaryotes—Mars and Venus at It Again

Iron and copper are cofactors for many enzymes and are stored, transported, and sequestered by cells, but the complexities of their metabolism are not completely understood. Two new papers, one in this week9s Science and one in the Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (vol. 1, no. 1, p. 15), push our understanding of iron metabolism forward on two fronts. Stearman et al. (p. 1552) have described a protein in yeast that transports iron across cell membranes, and Zaitseva and co-workers present the structure of the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. In their Perspective, Kaplan and O9Halloran discuss iron metabolism and how these results advance the field.
The use of oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolic events in an ED

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a disease spectrum that ranges from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to pulmonary embolism (PE). Rapid diagnosis and treatment of VTE by emergency care providers are critical for decreasing patient mortality, morbidity, and the incidence of recurrent events. Recent American College of Chest Physicians guidelines recommend initial treatment with unfractionated heparin, low-molecular weight heparin, or fondaparinux overlapped with warfarin for a minimum of 5 days for the treatment of VTE in most cases. Warfarin monotherapy is thereafter continued for 3, 6, or 12 months. These guidelines were published before the approval of target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs), and they have yet to be updated to reflect these new treatment options. For some patients, TSOACs, which act by directly inhibiting factor IIa or factor Xa, may provide safer, more convenient alternatives to warfarin. Their advantages include ease of use, reduced monitoring requirements, and lower bleeding risk than traditional therapy. Additionally, clinical trials have established noninferiority of TSOACs to warfarin for the prevention of recurrent VTE. These trials have demonstrated that TSOACs exhibit similar or lower bleeding rates, particularly intracranial bleeding rates compared with warfarin. Anticoagulation therapy with TSOACs may allow early discharge or outpatient management options for low-risk patients with DVT and PE. This review addresses the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of VTE, outcomes of VTE risk assessment, key efficacy and safety data from phase 3 clinical trials for the various TSOACs for the treatment of DVT and PE, and the corresponding considerations for clinical practice.
Descriptive metadata, iconclass, and digitized emblem literature

Early Modern emblems combined text and image. Though there were many variants, the archetypical emblem literary form (mid-sixteenth through mid-eighteenth centuries) consisted of an image (the pictura), a text inscription (the inscriptio), and a text epigram (the subscriptio), the last usually in verse. Digitized emblem literature poses interesting challenges as regards content and metadata granularity, the use of interdisciplinary controlled vocabularies, and the need to present digitized primary sources in a complex network of associated sources, derivatives, and contemporaneous context. In this paper, we describe a digital library Web application designed to better support the ways emblem scholars search for and use digitized emblem books, focusing on metadata design, issues of resource granularity and identification, and the use of Linked Data Web services for Iconclass, a multilingual classification system for cultural heritage art and images. Outcomes to date, achieved by emblem scholars and librarians working in collaboration, provide a case study for multi-faceted, interactive approaches to curating mixed text-image digital resources and the use of Linked Data vocabulary services. Lessons learned highlight the value of librarian-scholar collaboration and help to illustrate why digital libraries need to move beyond merely disseminating digitized book surrogates.
Status of understanding of the hybridization-mediated anisotropic magnetic behavior of PuSb

In our previous work a successful theory was developed, on the basis of hybridization-mediated anisotropic interactions, for the unusual magnetic properties of PuSb. The phase transitions and variation of ordered moment size with temperature for PuSb were explained. Calculated energies and dispersion shapes of magnetic excitations from that theory agree very well with subsequent experiments. However, there are remaining significant discrepancies between theory and experiment for the excitation behavior, and these are addressed in the present paper. Motivation for, and consequences of, including a weak quadrupole interaction are presented. Inadequacies of our earlier approximation for the intermediate-coupled ground state of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{3+}$(${\mathrm{f}}^{5}$) are discussed, and the need to use the exact intermediate-coupled ground state is demonstrated. We also discuss the choice of selection rule used to pick out the scattering processes used to calculate the scattering amplitudes which determine the angular dependence of the anisotropic interaction between a pair of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{3+}$ ions.
Biotin content of human arterial and venous tissue.

Summary Determinations were made of the biotin concentration in various types of human blood vessels. The analyses were performed after liberation of protein-bound biotin through treatment of tissue homogenates with recrystallized trypsin; the measure-ments were made microbiologically by the Lactobacillus plantarum procedure. A total of 445 vascular samples was included in the study. The mean biotin values observed for intima-media layers of normal tissue portions expressed as m μ g/g of wet tissue were: ascending aorta, 4.41; descending thoracic aorta, 5.02; abdominal aorta, 5.96; pulmonary artery, 4.76; coronary artery, 4.97; and inferior vena cava, 3.30. Analyses of atherosclerotic tissue portions consisting mainly of lipid deposits showed signifi-cantly higher biotin levels than in the normal tissue, whereas no great changes were recorded for fibrous atherosclerotic plaques.
Applying TLP bonding to the joining of structural intermetallic compounds

Transient-liquid-phase bonding provides a method of joining nonweldable materials intended for elevated temperature service. This paper discusses the mechanisms of transient-liquid-phase bonding as a reactive liquid process for the joining of structural intermetallic compounds. The importance of alloying reactions for successful wetting of the substrates by the liquid interlayer is stressed, and the roles of dissolution, isothermal solidification, and homogenization processes in microstructural development are discussed.
Resolution of prorennin and rennin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract The heterogenity of prorennin and rennin was investigated with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A discontinuous imidazole buffer system at pH 7.1 was developed which, in conjunction with efficient refrigeration of the gel, was compatible with the stability of prorennin and rennin. This technique separated rennin and prorennin and demonstrated that both the enzyme and zymogen were heterogeneous. Rennin was resolved into four components in 6.5% polyacrylamide gels, while prorennin was shown to consist of three electrophoretically distinct bands. Electrophoretic analysis of the autocatalytic activation of prorennin at pH 5.0 demonstrated the conversion to rennin and indicated that each zymogen component gave rise to a separate rennin.
Process integration and testing of TSV Si interposers for 3D integration applications

Two 3D Si interposer demonstration vehicles containing through-Si vias (TSVs) were successfully fabricated using integration of two different TSV formation and multilevel metallization (MLM) process modules. The first Si interposer vehicles were made with a dual damascene frontside MLM (5 levels), backside TSV (unfilled, vias-last), and backside metallization (2 levels) process sequence on standard thickness 6” wafers. The front-side MLM was comprised of 4 metal routing layers (2 μm Cu with 2 μm oxide interlayer dielectric) and 1 metal pad layer. Electrical yield as high as 100% was obtained on contact chain test structures containing 26,400 vias between the front-side MLM layers, while the average contact resistance between the dual damascene levels was 100MΩ/via at 3.3V) for the target application. Functional testing of two die (4 cm × 3.7 cm die size) showed that 99% of the functional circuit path nets had acceptable continuity and isolation. The second Si interposer vehicles were fabricated using a vias-first TSV (filled, blind vias), wafer-level packaging (WLP) front-side MLM (2 levels), wafer thinning (via reveal), and WLP-MLM (1 level) process sequence on stock 6” wafers. Via dimensions for the viasfirst interposers were 50 μm diameter × 315 μm depth or 80 μm diameter × 315 μm depth (6:1 or 4:1 aspect ratios). The front and backside MLM was formed with a 2 μm Cu routing layer and one of two spin-on dielectrics (polyimide or ALX) for evaluation of polymer dielectric process compatibility with Cu-filled TSVs and thinned wafer processing. Details of the process modules and process integration required to realize the TSV Si interposers are described.
Health knowledge acquisition by rural women with chronic health conditions: a tale of two Web approaches.

Objectives: To determine the differences in health knowledge acquisition and the perceived impact on self-management of chronic illness provided by two approaches to providing Web-based information. Design: Repeated-measure questionnaire administered at four time points: baseline, 11, 23 and 53 weeks; a post-computer intervention survey. Setting and participants: One hundred and seventy-six chronically ill women (aged 32–68 years) living in rural areas. Main outcome measures: Scores on knowledge questions within repeated measures; participant ratings on perceptions of abilities to self-manage. Intervention: The 22-week computer-based intervention provided online support and health information. Women were randomly assigned to an intense intervention (n = 54), less-intense intervention (n = 58) or control group (n = 64). Results: Both computer intervention groups gained significantly in health knowledge with little differential effect at intervention conclusion or after 6 months, when there was a drop-off in health knowledge retention of about one-third (intense – baseline mean = 0.54, week 23 = 0.69, week 53 = 0.65; less intense – 0.58, 0.68, 0.65). Control remained about the same (0.51, 0.51, 0.53). Using an anova analysis, there was no appreciable difference between intervention groups in perceptions of ability to self-manage illness (intense – mean = 4.02 (on a scale of 1–6), standard deviation = 0.99); less intense – (mean = 3.85, standard deviation = 1.00), t(107) = 0.90, P = 0.37). Conclusions: A less-intense intervention can be as effective as a more complex, labour-intensive and costly intervention in assisting chronically ill rural women to acquire health knowledge they consider to be moderately helpful in managing their chronic conditions.
Goal selection vs. process control in non-invasive brain-computer interface

Today's brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) record the electrical signal from the cortex and use that signal to control an external device, such as a computer cursor, wheelchair, or neuroprosthetic. Two control strategies used by BCIs, process control and goal selection, differ in the amount of assistance the BCI system provides the user. This paper looks at non-invasive studies that directly compare goal selection to process control. In these studies, the assistance provided by a BCI using goal selection 1) increased the user's performance with the BCI and 2) resulted in an EEG signal that was more conducive to good performance.
Clinical and laboratory effects of discontinuation of lithium prophylaxis.

Twelve patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for a history of bipolar affective disorder gave informed consent for open discontinuation of lithium therapy for 3 weeks. There was no significant change after lithium discontinuation in the number of depressive or manic symptoms, in mood score, in total Zung Depression score, or in any of the 20 items found in the Zung Depression scale. There were significant reductions in total severity of side effects, and improvement in the three side effects reflecting renal function: polydipsia, polyuria, and nocturia. These changes were reflected in the significant increase in urine specific gravity, Significant changes in side effects did not take place until at least 2 weeks after lithium was discontinued. Other significant relationships were found between increases in serum thyroid hormone levels and in urine specific gravity, and decreases in Vmax, of platelet serotonin uptake and increases in degree of clonidine-induced hypotension.