cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PPE Misuse and its Effect on Infectious Disease Among EMS in Saudi Arabia

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) responders provide medical services in diverse, unique and dangerous environments. EMS provides care to diverse and mobile populations who are likely to contract infectious diseases. In addition to responding to the emergency situations, the EMS are also attending to the homeless, trauma victims and nursing home patients in addition to critically ill patients with diverse diseases and infections. Like most healthcare professionals, EMS responders are faced with increased exposure to infectious conditions. As a result, they are concerned with their safety and preventive measures against any infection. The aim of this study is to assess whether EMS follows the standard guidelines provided by the Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) to avoid being infected. Using the standard SRCA observational tool, EMS Red Crescent workers in various stations, EMS station 1 (17 paramedics), EMS station 2 (11 paramedics) and EMS station 3 (16 paramedics), were observed on whether they follow the provided standard Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) guidelines to avoid being infected whether by MERS or other diseases. The results indicate that most of the EMS staff did not implement the PPE standard procedure or failed to demonstrate the skills on the application of the standards. Failure to follow the safety standards and guidelines is the main cause of infections among the EMS staff (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018). Therefore, there is need to provide comprehensive training on the standard guidelines and safety measures to prevent the occurrences of infections among the EMS workforce.
Laparoscopic Excision of Transmural Rectal Endometriosis

In this video, Jon Einarsson, MD, PhD MPH, discusses his work to develop a less invasive technique for removal of the transmural bowel nodules.
srlearn: A Python Library for Gradient-Boosted Statistical Relational Models.

We present srlearn, a Python library for boosted statistical relational models. We adapt the scikit-learn interface to this setting and provide examples for how this can be used to express learning and inference problems.
Bodies that matter, bodies that don’t: selective disembodiment in the early Wired magazine (1993–1997)

This article investigates the relationship between disembodiment and cyberspace in early internet culture by analysing how bodies are represented in Wired magazine. Using a multi-stage qualitative ...
Correction of Incremental Sheet Forming Using a Data-Driven Iterative Learning Controller

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is a flexible sheet manufacturing technology. While not viable for large scale production applications, SPIF excels in the small batch size and rapid prototyping environments, since geometry-specific tooling is not required. However, due to the lack of in-process support, SPIF typically results in parts with poor geometric tolerances when compared to more traditional part forming techniques such as stamping and deep drawing. For this reason, SPIF has yet to be widely adopted in the industry. In this work, a method of constructing a data-driven model for use with norm-optimal Iterative Learning Controller (ILC) is developed to improve the accuracy of a SPIF process. Using in-process measurements of the sheet along with knowledge of the input, a data-driven model is constructed to optimize the input by predicting the resulting geometry from a change in tool depth. This Iterative Learning Controller was tested on a truncated pyramid geometry, and the results showed that the controller was able to effectively reduce the process error from an MAE of 4.053 mm to 0.912 mm after five iterations.
Directional Thermal Emitter Simulation

The development of renewable energy sources has attracted increasing interest because of negative externalities associated with fossil fuel use. Thermophotovoltaics is a promising technology, in which a thermal emitter radiates photons which are directly converted into electricity using a photovoltaic diode. However, blackbody emission includes a broad range of wavelengths, but only higher energy photons can be converted into electricity. Thus, tailoring the selectivity of thermal emission is needed to improve the efficiency of TPV. A physics-based simulation tool is needed to understand the fundamental nature of thermal radiation, and the extent to which it may be controlled. The goal is to simulate directional thermal emission that results from coupling of Surface Plasmon Polaritons on lamellar metallic gratings into radiation modes. A rigorous coupled wave analysis in S4 can calculate absorption or emission versus angle. In the absorption mode, light is launched from air, and total absorption is calculated, including specular and diffracted modes. In the emission mode, a number of obliquely incident plane waves at different angles are launched from the metal side to simulate thermal emission. Highly selective emission is observed around angles that satisfy the diffraction law. For one experimental test case, the simulation results have been shown to match the angle and angular width of emission to good accuracy. Hence, our simulation will allow researchers to find an optimum geometric design of the metallic structure at which the emission characteristics best match their particular application. This will help in designing a selective emitter for higher-efficiency TPV.
VLA and Optical Mapping of the Quasar PKS 0812+020

Observations are reported of the remarkable object PKS 0812+020, the first quasar found to have optical emission in one of its radio lobes. A distinct radio jet is also seen, and there is radio and optical evidence that the quasar is near the center of a galaxy cluster.
Complex Dimensions of Self-Similar Fractal Strings

An important class of examples of ordinary fractal strings is provided by the so-called self-similar strings, which we will use throughout this book to illustrate our theory. These are constructed in the usual way with the aid of contraction mappings. In this chapter, we give a detailed analysis of the structure of the complex dimensions of such fractal strings.
Toms and Avhrr Observations of Drifting Volcanic Clouds from the August 1991 Eruptions of Cerro Hudson

Clouds of fine volcanic ash (1-15 μm) and sulfur dioxide gas from Cerro Hudson 5 three August 1991 eruptions were measured with the infrared advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the ultraviolet total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). TOMS data show that the first eruption released 700 kT SO 2 on August 8, a second eruption on August 12 produced about 600 kT, and the third on August 15 released about 2700 kT SO 2 . Following the third eruption, the SO 2 and ash appear to have separated, with the ash residing at lower levels near the tropopause and losing 90% of its mass within a few days, while the SO 2 was stratospheric, losing only two-thirds of its mass over the first week. A fragment of the volcanic cloud drifted across Australia on August 19-20 where it was characterized by both TOMS and AVHRR; because this cloud was a significant concern to aviation, it offers a successful test of long-term cloud detection by satellites.
Cervicofacial abscess by actinomyces: report of a case.

Abstract The findings in one case of cervicofacial abscess by actinomyces have been presented, along with a discussion of pathogenesis and treatment. Its occurrence following periodontal therapy is, in our opinion, only coincidental.
Observed and modeled thermosphere and ionosphere response to superstorms

[1] Observations and numerical simulations of the response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to “superstorms” illustrate that multiple processes are operating. The initial response at high latitude is thermospheric heating, thermal expansion, high-velocity winds, wave surges, the initiation of a new global circulation, and the start of neutral composition changes. At low latitude, the initial response is driven by the penetration of magnetospheric electric fields, moving the equatorial ionization anomaly poleward, and enhancing both F region plasma densities and the total electron content at midlatitudes and low latitudes. Electron content also increases dramatically at the higher altitudes. In the later stages of the response, plasma densities begin to respond to the changing circulation; the transport of composition changes to midlatitudes and low latitudes; and the generation of disturbance dynamo effects, which either compete or combine with penetration fields. The observations and modeling indicate that all the processes have a significant impact at some time and place during the storm.
Precipitation Mechanisms in a Shallow Convective Cloud Model

Abstract Precipitation mechanisms in shallow convective clouds are studied using an axisymmetric cloud model. Clouds are classified into continental and maritime clouds, and further subdivided into warm and cool clouds. Different microphysical factors were selected in the model to represent these different cloud systems. In maritime clouds condensation and collection processes are sufficient to develop precipitation, while in continental clouds graupel formation appears to be a necessary step. In the latter case recirculation of ice crystals is required to initiate riming so that it takes a longer time for rainfall initiation than in the maritime case. In maritime clouds inclusion of the ice phase does not change the rainfall pattern, although both raindrops and graupel contribute equally to precipitation. The possibility of cloud modification is studied by. increasing the ice nuclei concentration. In continental clouds an increase in ice nuclei concentration of 100 times more than the natural ice nuclei ...
Chapter 6.3 Oldest Rocks of the Wyoming Craton

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of the oldest rocks of the Wyoming Craton. The Wyoming Craton has long been considered one of the oldest cratons, largely on the basis of Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of widespread Meso- to Neoarchean plutonic and metasedimentary rocks, which have been interpreted to reflect Paleoarchean and Eoarchean sources. Archean basement rocks of the Wyoming Craton are exposed primarily in the cores of Cretaceous uplifts in Wyoming and southwestern Montana. The older core of the craton abuts Proterozoic orogens in the northwest, southeast, and east. The Hellroaring plateau area of the eastern Beartooth Mountains has the highest abundance of Eoarchean detrital zircons identified so far in the Wyoming Craton. Although the dominant detrital zircon ages are between 3.2 and 3.4 Ga, six of eight quartzites studied contain Eoarchean grains, including two samples in which approximately 25% of the grains are >3.6 Ga. The Granite Mountains of south-central Wyoming expose a large tract of 3.1 to 3.3 Ga granitic and tonalitic orthogneiss. The isotopic evidence of ancient crust in meso- to neoarchean plutons and sedimentary rocks is also elaborated in the chapter.
Role Blurring and the Hospital Social Worker's Search for a Clear Domain

Hospital social workers strive to define their professional domain to avoid blurring their roles with those of other health care professionals. Hospital social workers are concerned with gaining and retaining recognition by patients, families, and colleagues of their distinct professional contribution. This article reviews the evolution of social workers' roles and functions in hospitals and reflects on the frequently noted discrepancy between self-ascribed roles and those conceded to social workers by other health care professionals. Issues of collaboration in the context of interdisciplinary activity are considered, and the impact of overlapping roles on social work practice is assessed. The value and drawbacks of role ambiguity are discussed, and strategies for role clarification and development of a better-defined domain for social workers in hospitals are recommended.
Characterizing evaporative duct properties and their impact on electromagnetic propagation

Evaporative duct (ED) results in abnormal electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere. Because of the difficulty in directly measuring the evaporative duct properties, surface layer models have been used to derive ED properties using input of temperature, humidity, wind, and sea surface temperature from a single level. Yet it is always desirable to relate the ED properties, such as evaporative duct height (EDH) and strength (EDS), to variable space directly describing surface layer thermodynamic and wind conditions. Most commonly used quantities as independent variables include air-sea temperature difference (ASTD) for thermal stability, relative humidity (RH) for water vapor amount, and wind speed. In previous studies, these variables are allowed to vary within their reasonable ranges. The EDH and EDS are hence examined as a joint function of ASTD and RH at a given wind speed. Two issues exist in this approach. One is the adequacy of the ASTD, RH, and wind speed used to describe the EDH and EDS dependence. Some of the currently used variables, e.g., RH, may not be the most appropriate quantity to relate to ED properties. The use of ASTD is also questionable since it does not directly relate to the dynamic stability of the surface layer turbulence. Another issue is whether the choices of surface layer conditions are realistic representations of the atmosphere. Some of the extreme values of the model diagnosed ED properties may be a result of unphysical combination of the input quantities to the ED models.
Keeping Organizational Secrets: Protective Institutional Mechanisms and their Costs

The notion that firms generate rents from proprietary knowledge is widely accepted. However, the mechanisms that firms, as institutions, can differentially deploy to protect their knowledge form appropriation by rivals are not well understood. This paper examines three broad classes of 'protective mechanisms' that firms coon deploy to keep their knowledge secret: rules, compensation schemes, and structural isolation. The paper concludes that keeping organizational secrets through the deployment of protective mechanisms is both difficult and costly. Economizing considerations can therefore be expected to bear strongly on this aspect of firm organization. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Health and Well-Being in the Workplace: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature

Health and well-being in the workplace have become common topics in the mainstream media, in practitioner-oriented magazines and journals and, increasingly, in scholarly research journals. In this article, we first review the literature that serves to define health and well-being. We then discuss the primary factors associated with health and well-being, the consequences of low levels of health and well-being, and common methods for improving health and well-being in the workplace. Finally, we highlight important future directions for future theory, research, and practice regarding health and well-being from an organizational perspective.
Mixed application MMIC technologies: progress in combining RF, digital, and photonic circuits

Approaches for future 'mixed application' monolithic integrated circuits (ICs) employing optical receive/transmit, RF amplification and modulation and digital control functions are discussed. We focus on compatibility of the photonic component fabrication with conventional RF and digital IC technologies. Recent progress at Honeywell in integrating several parts of the desired RF/digital/photonic circuit integration suite required for construction of a future millimeter-wave optically-controlled phased-array element are illustrated.
RNA editing involves indiscriminate U changes throughout precisely defined editing domains

RNA editing is the specific posttranscriptional insertion/deletion of U residues within trypanosomatid mitochondrial transcripts. We used a novel cDNA cloning scheme and analyzed partially edited COIII and CYb RNAs. Our major unanticipated findings are: First, editing appears strikingly indiscriminate within editing domains, inserting and deleting variable numbers of U residues at all sites, both those requiring editing and those that do not. Second, this incomplete editing occurs in precise domains, not in adjacent regions unedited in mature mRNA. Third, editing appears to commence prior to polyadenylation. We propose that within a region being edited, there are cycles of indiscriminate cleavage, U addition or deletion, and religation; sites that become correctly edited would be protected from further modification by duplexing with short RNAs complementary to the edited sequence.
Crystal and molecular structure of brianthein X

The structure and absolute configuration of brianthein X, C24O9H31Cl, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Space groupP61,a=10.539(1),c=36.397(6) A. The structure was solved from 2455 diffractometer data taken at −135°C, and refined to anR value of 0.037. The structure and stereochemistry is compared with similar compounds fromBriareum species.
Mixed infections may promote diversification of mutualistic symbionts: why are there ineffective rhizobia?

While strategy variation is a key feature of symbiotic mutualisms, little work focuses on the origin of this diversity. Rhizobia strategies range from mutualistic nitrogen fixers to parasitic nonfixers that hoard plant resources to increase their own survival in soil. Host plants reward beneficial rhizobia with higher nodule growth rates, generating a trade-off between reproduction in nodules and subsequent survival in soil. However, hosts might not discriminate between strains in mixed infections, allowing nonfixing strains to escape sanctions. We construct an adaptive dynamics model of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation and find general situations where symbionts undergo adaptive diversification, but in most situations complete nonfixers do not evolve. Social conflict in mixed infections when symbionts face a survival–reproduction trade-off can drive the origin of some coexisting symbiont strategies, where less mutualistic strains exploit benefits generated by better mutualists.
Resting single-breath diffusing capacity as a screening test for exercise-induced hypoxemia

Recent reports in selected patients have suggested that a reduced resting single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity may be associated with a fall in arterial oxygen saturation during exercise. To determine if the diffusing capacity could serve as a screening test for changes in oxygen saturation in an unselected population, results of exercise studies were examined in 106 patients consecutively referred to an exercise laboratory. Nearly half of the patients underwent exercise testing to evaluate interstitial disease whereas the remainder were referred for unexplained dyspnea or for disability evaluations. Arterial desaturation was seen within all patient subgroups and was closely associated with reduced diffusing capacity. For detecting changes of 4 percent or more in oxygen saturation, a diffusing capacity of less than 50 percent of predicted gave the best combination of sensitivity (89 percent) and specificity (93 percent), whereas a diffusing capacity of 60 percent or less of predicted was 100 percent sensitive and 64 percent specific. For detecting lesser degrees of desaturation, sensitivities were slightly reduced but specificities were preserved. Thus, a diffusing capacity of less than 50 percent of predicted was associated with substantial arterial desaturation during exercise, whereas patients with a diffusing capacity of more than 60 percent of predicted had no desaturation during exercise. These results suggest that the resting diffusing capacity can serve as a screening test for exercise-induced hypoxemia in an unselected population.
Synthesis of (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-4-indolyl)propanoic acid, a novel tryptophan analog for structural modification of bioactive peptides

Abstract A convenient, multigram synthesis of a novel α-amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-4-indolyl)propanoic acid (1a), is reported. An Fmoc–t-Boc derivative of this novel regioisomer of the natural aromatic amino acid tryptophan could be readily incorporated into bioactive synthetic peptides using standard solid phase synthesis. The synthesis featured the use of Schollkopf chiral auxiliary reagents for chirality induction during a key step.
Seven-coordinate mixed-ligand tungsten(II) chelates containing carbonyls, triphenylphosphine, and 8-quinolinolato, picolinato or a quadridentate schiff-base

Abstract The complexes W(CO)2(PPh3)(q)2, W(CO)2(PPh3)(pic)2 and W(CO)2(PPh3)(dsp) (where Ph = C6H5, q− = 8-quinolinolato, pic− = picolinato, and dsp2− = the anion of the Schiff-base N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylene-diamine) have been synthesized. The physical properties of these complexes are indicative of seven-coordinate mixed-ligand tungsten(II) chelates. W(CO)2(PPh3)(pic)2 is the most photochemically reactive and W(CO)2(PPh3)(q)2 is the most thermally reactive. Evidence that the steric effects of the quadriadentate dsp2− ligand cause a change in the overall seven-coordinate sterochemistry is presented.
Passive oil collection device

A novel, efficient, economical oil collection device, which recovers oils from surface waters using physical principles has been demonstrated. This method has never been used in oil skimmers. The device contains a water-filled vessel open at one end that is positioned above the spilled oil so that the oil entrance opening is leveled with the oil layer on the water surface. The oil moves upward into the vessel displacing the water due to the lower density of the oil. The device has no moving parts. Torricelli’s discovery and Pascal’s law govern containment of the liquid in the vessel above the water level, while Archimedes’ buoyancy force moves oil in the vessel. A collection of thick and thin oil layers on calm water has been shown. This device is very durable, environmentally friendly, recovers pure oil, emits no noise, no pollution, and capable of producing a broad economic impact in the oil clean-up industry by protecting health, life, and the environment.
Experimenting with Transmutation: Darwin, the Beagle , and Evolution

Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).
Ethanol uses cAMP-independent signal transduction mechanisms to activate proenkephalin promoter activity in rat C6 glioma cells.

Background: Previous in vivo studies show that acute ethanol exposure sequentially increases protein kinase A (PKA) activity, the phosphorylation of the adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) dependent transcription factor, CREB, and finally proenkephalin gene expression. The present study was conducted to determine if ethanol could activate directly the adenylyl cyclase pathway and thus enhance proenkephalin promoter activity. Methods: Cultured rat C6 glioma cells stably transfected with a segment of the five prime flanking region of rat proenkephalin promoter (nucleotide -2700 + 53) ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene were employed to study the effects of ethanol on proenkephalin promoter activity. This region of proenkephalin promoter contains two cAMP response elements (CRE-1 and CRE-2) and one AP2 site located in the region upstream of the TATA box. Cultures were exposed to ethanol, isoproterenol, and phorbol-12, myristate 13-acetate (PMA) alone and in combination, in the presence and absence of PKA and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. Results: Ethanol and isoproterenol increased proenkephalin promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Ethanol had an additive effect on maximal isoproterenol-stimulated proenkephalin promoter activity, which suggested that ethanol used a cAMP-independent signai transduction pathway to increase proenkephalin promoter activation. In contrast with isoproterenol, ethanol exposure did not increase cAMP accumulation, PKA activity, or the phosphorylated form of CREB. However, ethanol exposure modestly increased PKC activity. The PKA-specific inhibitor, Rp-cAMP, dampened isoproterenol-induced activation of CAT activity but did not alter ethanol's ability to increase CAT activity. However, the PKC inhibitors, chelerthyrine and G07874, abrogated ethanol's effect of CAT activity but did not alter isoproterenol's effects. Conclusions: Ethanol enhanced proenkephalin promoter activity and potentiated isoproterenol stimulated promoter activity through a cAMP-independent pathway.
In Silico Whole Genome Association Scan for Murine Prepulse Inhibition

Background The complex trait of prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a sensory gating measure related to schizophrenia and can be measured in mice. Large-scale public repositories of inbred mouse strain genotypes and phenotypes such as PPI can be used to detect Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in silico. However, the method has been criticized for issues including insufficient number of strains, not controlling for false discoveries, the complex haplotype structure of inbred mice, and failing to account for genotypic and phenotypic subgroups. Methodology/Principal Findings We have implemented a method that addresses these issues by incorporating phylogenetic analyses, multilevel regression with mixed effects, and false discovery rate (FDR) control. A genome-wide scan for PPI was conducted using over 17,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 strains phenotyped. Eighty-nine SNPs were significant at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%. After accounting for long-range linkage disequilibrium, we found 3 independent QTLs located on murine chromosomes 1 and 13. One of the PPI positives corresponds to a region of human chromosome 6p which includes DTNBP1, a gene implicated in schizophrenia. Another region includes the gene Tsn which alters PPI when knocked out. These genes also appear to have correlated expression with PPI. Conclusions/Significance These results support the usefulness of using an improved in silico mapping method to identify QTLs for complex traits such as PPI which can be then be used for to help identify loci influencing schizophrenia in humans.
Women's mammography experience and its impact on screening adherence

Objectives: Although rates for first-time and recent mammography screening have increased for women in the US in the past decade, rates for repeat mammography remain low. This study aimed to conduct an analysis of women's mammography experience, to examine the rates of repeat mammography and to identify the significant predictors of repeat mammography within 12 and 18 months of the index mammogram. Methods: Participants were 397 women obtaining a screening mammogram (i.e. index) at three university-affiliated radiology clinics. Following the index mammogram, women completed the measures assessing demographic background, health history, breast cancer knowledge, risk, and screening history, and aspects of the mammography experience. Eighteen months following the index mammogram, 296 women were contacted via telephone to assess repeat mammography behavior. Results: Factor analysis of a mammography experience survey yielded four major components including satisfaction with clinic services, physical experience, psychological experience, and communication with clinic staff. Twelve-month and 18-month repeat mammography rates were 37 and 68%, respectively. Logistic regression models found lifetime number of mammograms to predict repeat mammography at 12 and 18 months. In addition, the number of clinical breast exams obtained in the past 5 years predicted repeat mammography at 12 months, while having scheduled a mammography appointment predicted repeat mammography at 18 months. Conclusions: Based on these findings, strategies to increase mammography adherence include implementing a formal reminder system that prompts patients (e.g. postcard, automated telephone call) to schedule an annual mammogram or training clinic staff to automatically schedule an annual mammogram at the time of the current screening appointment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IR-MALDI of low molecular weight compounds using a free electron laser

Initial experiments on infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (IR-MALDI) using a free electron laser in the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds are reported. Mass spectra from samples of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and a phosphate salt were obtained. Low molecular weight (LMW) compounds are of similar mass as the molecular weight of the matrix compound and interference between matrix and analyte ions can degrade MALDI sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, however, we find little interference and that often the analyte signal exceeds the matrix signal, a result also observed in UV-MALDI of these compounds. In the IR-MALDI of EDTA near 3.0 μm the FEL results are similar to those obtained using a fixed frequency 2.94 μm Er:YAG laser of 200 ns pulse duration. However, the tunable FEL laser can selectively excite particular vibrational modes of the matrix (e.g., an OH or CO stretch) or of residual water contained within the crystalline MALDI sample. This capability was used to explore possible vaporization and ionization mechanisms of IR-MALDI for EDTA.
Characterization of cutaneous antigen presentation in partially inbred miniature swine

MHC class I and II-defined, partially inbred miniature swine have recently become available as a large animal model in transplantation immunology. To investigate cutaneous immunocompetence in this model, cutaneous antigen presenting cell (APC) function was assessed. For morphologic analysis, punch biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. By this technique, epidermal Langerhans cells bearing typical Birbeck granules could be detected. For functional studies, epidermal cell (EC) suspensions were prepared from split thickness skin specimens. Using FACS analysis, freshly prepared epidermal cell suspensions contained 1.8-4.7% MHC class II-positive cells. These EC potently stimulated allogeneic nylon wool-enriched peripheral blood T cells in the primary mixed EC-lymphocyte reaction. For in vivo assessment of cutaneous APC function, EC suspensions enriched for or depleted of class II-positive EC were generated by panning of class II-positive EC using mouse anti-MHC class II antibodies and anti-mouse IgG-coated petri dishes. EC were then coupled to the hapten trinitrophenol (TNP) and injected s.c. into autologous or MHC-mismatched pigs twice at a one week interval. One week later, pigs were challenged by s.c.-injection of 0.5-1 x 10(7) TNP-coupled or uncoupled EC. Autologous unseparated EC as well as EC enriched for MHC class II-positive cells were able to sensitize naive animals against TNP, whereas neither TNP-coupled EC depleted of class II-positive APC, MHC-mismatched EC coupled to TNP, nor uncoupled EC induced immunity to TNP. Our data indicate that inbred miniature swine possess competent cutaneous APC which are able to induce cutaneous APC which are able to induce cutaneous immunity in a matter similar to Langerhans cells in murine or human skin.
Self-exciting dynamos and geomagnetic polarity changes

Cosmical magnetic fields are produced and maintained against the effects of ohmic decay by inductive interactions with fluid motions. But neither a steady nor a non-steady magnetic field can be supported by this so-called ‘self-exciting homogeneous dynamo’ process if the field possesses an axis of symmetry. This suggests that palaeomagnetic and archaeomagnetic data might be expected to show evidence that departures from axial symmetry are systematically less during the decay phase of a geomagnetic polarity ‘reversal’ or ‘excursion’ than during the growth or recovery phase. The recent proof that neither fluid compressibility nor thermoelectric effects of the Nernst–Ettinghausen type can prevent the ohmic decay of axisymmetric magnetic fields is also discussed here.
Semantic Graph Based Document-Indexing Strategy for MEDLINE

The indexing vocabulary is an important determinant of success in text retrieval. Researchers have compared the effectiveness of indexing strategies using free-text and controlled vocabularies in a variety of text contexts. This paper introduces a new approach in creating indices for medical literature using the Semantic Graph (SG) derived from both UMLS Metathesaurus and WordNet. Our performance studies indicate that using the Semantic Graph based strategy results in an increase in 11pt-average precision over traditional free-text and MeSH indexed strategies.
Anterior cervical microforaminotomx: Disc preservation technique

Abstract Ideal surgical treatment for a cervical disc herniation would be complete removal of ruptured disc fragments or spondylotic bony spurs although the remaining intervertebral disc would be preserved to maintain the motion segment. Conventional surgical treatment for a cervical disc herniation has been either an anterior discectomy with or without bone graft fusion or a posterior foraminotomy. Neither of the conventional surgical treatments are ideal because the anterior discectomy technique sacrifices a motion segment completely, and the posterior foraminotomy technique provides limited access to compressive lesions. An anterior cervical foraminotomy technique was developed to achieve those ideal goals by Dr Jho. Jho's anterior foraminotomy is approached in a way that is very similar to the conventional anterior cervical discectomy. However, instead of complete removal of the intervertebral disc, a small anterior foraminotomy hole is made at the unilteral uncovertebral joint. Only herniated disc fragments or compressing bony spurs are removed via a 5-mm anterior foraminotomy hole under the operating microscope. The nerve root is decompressed under direct vision along the segment from its origin at the spinal cord to the exit site behind the vertebral artery. The remaining intervertebral disc is preserved to maintain the functioning motion unit. Jho's anterior cervical foraminotomy technique is described in this report along with the experience of more than 100 patients.
Endocervical reactive atypia: a histologic-cytologic study.

Of 1,500 cervical tissue specimens, 27 cases showed histologic changes of reactive glandular atypia which we defined as endocervical cells with large hyperchromatic, often irregular nuclei, which did not fulfill the criteria for endocervical adenocarcinoma. Eighteen of these 27 cases had preceding or concurrent cervico-vaginal smears. Six of these showed cells which were similar to those seen in histologic sections. The cytologic characteristics of these cells are defined. To determine if atypia is related to inflammatory-regenerative changes, 29 cases of endocervical polyps were examined, of which 11 showed histologic changes of endocervical reactive atypia; 4 showed these changes cytologically as well. Twenty-eight cases of routine hysterectomy specimens were examined, of which 2 cases showed endocervical reactive atypia, which indicated that the atypical changes were indeed reactive. Nine out of 27 cases were associated with hormonal usage. Fourteen cases were associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions or evidence of human papilloma virus. Follow-up of our 27 index cases revealed no progression to adenocarcinoma. These findings indicate that atypia, as we define it, of the endocervix can be due to inflammatory-reparative changes or possibly related to hormonal usage, and permit its separation from precursor lesions of endocervical adenocarcinoma.
Foundation for a temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior and criminal justice system involvement

Abstract Background Temperament has been shown to be associated with behavior for millennia but has not been explicitly used in a theory of crime. Methods This state-of-the-art review incorporates theory and research from over 300 studies from developmental psychology, psychiatry, genetics, neuroscience, and criminology to introduce a temperament-based theory of antisocial conduct with criminal justice system implications. Findings Two temperamental constructs—effortful control and negative emotionality—are significantly predictive of self-regulation deficits and behavioral problems in infancy, in toddlerhood, in childhood, in adolescence, and across adulthood. Conclusion Unlike other theories that focus merely on explaining problem behaviors, our temperament approach also explains negative and aversive interactions with criminal justice system practitioners and associated maladjustment or noncompliance with the criminal justice system. A program of research is also offered to examine and test the theory.
Temporal variability of hydrodynamics, sediment concentration and sediment settling velocity in a tidal creek

Abstract Measurements of flow, turbulence and suspended sediment concentration were carried out in a tidal creek that acts as a conduit for water and sediment to an intertidal salt marsh. A laser diffraction system (LISST), optical backscatter sensors (OBS) and acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADV) were used to measure suspended sediment concentration and particle settling velocity variability throughout various tidal cycles for spring and neap conditions. Results suggest that ADV is a very useful system capable of measuring both sediment concentration and settling velocities. During neap tides, sediment in the tidal creeks is primarily in the form of flocs with a settling velocity ranging between 0.02 and 0.20 mm/s and a mean particle size of 25–75 μm. This population of sediment is enriched by both larger flocs and larger individual grain particles, during spring tides. The results indicate that in the tidal creek, erosion can occur only during the ebb stage of the spring tides, while during the flood tides the tidal creeks do not experience any significant erosion. On the contrary, they might act as temporary depositories for the small flocs. Sedimentation on the marsh surface occurs predominantly in the form of flocs, which seems to have the same settling velocities (0.24 mm/s) both during neap–spring tides. This indicates that the neap–spring tidal cycle is controlling marsh sedimentation through sediment availability for deposition and inundation time. Spring tides provide more sediment and more time for the flocs to be deposited and thus contribute more to marsh accumulation.
Review of stereo vision algorithms and their suitability for resource-limited systems

A significant amount of research in the field of stereo vision has been published in the past decade. Considerable progress has been made in improving accuracy of results as well as achieving real-time performance in obtaining those results. This work provides a comprehensive review of stereo vision algorithms with specific emphasis on real-time performance to identify those suitable for resource-limited systems. An attempt has been made to compile and present accuracy and runtime performance data for all stereo vision algorithms developed in the past decade. Algorithms are grouped into three categories: (1) those that have published results of real-time or near real-time performance on standard processors, (2) those that have real-time performance on specialized hardware (i.e. GPU, FPGA, DSP, ASIC), and (3) those that have not been shown to obtain near real-time performance. This review is intended to aid those seeking algorithms suitable for real-time implementation on resource-limited systems, and to encourage further research and development of the same by providing a snapshot of the status quo.
Study of resolution for a large array of drift chambers

Abstract Three drift chambers arranged to represent the cross section of the LEP L3 muon detector were used for track measurements. Displacing the middle chamber by 3.8 mm, corresponding to the sagitta of a 45 GeV muon in 5.1 kG, measurements with UV laser tracks 3 m long yield an equivalent momentum resolution of 1.5%.
Towards Direct Detection of WIMPs with the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) is carrying out a direct detection search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), one of the favored candidates for dark matter. Our latest data has placed some of the most stringent limits on the WIMP‐nucleon spin‐independent cross section of 6.6×10−44 cm2 for 60 GeV WIMPs at the 90% confidence level. This paper describes our experiment and our latest results; the status of SuperCDMS Soudan, a new expriment at the Soudan mine in Minnesota that will achieve a sensitivity of 5×10−45 cm2 our plans for SuperCDMS SNOLAB, a 100 kg experiment with a projected sensitivity of 3×10−46 cm2; and GEODM, a ton‐scale experiment at DUSEL with a projected sensitivity of 2×10−47 cm2.
Franchising and real estate brokerage

This paper examines the value of franchise affiliation to real estate brokerage firms. It uses a national sample to estimate models of brokerage firm sales and revenues. The results suggest that franchisees sell more properties than nonaffiliates, but that the average franchise sale results in less revenue. The net benefit of franchise affiliation is a 9.0 percent increase in net revenue to the average firm. We compare the initial cost of affiliation with the benefits and find that the up-front fees charged by franchisors are substantially lower than the present value of the stream of incremental profits generated by franchise affiliation.
Survivorship Care Plans: Prevalence and Barriers to Use

Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are intended to educate survivors and providers about survivors’ transition from cancer treatment to follow-up care. Using a survey of 23 cancer programs in the South Atlantic United States, we (1) describe the prevalence and barriers to SCP use and (2) assess relationships between SCP use and (a) barriers and (b) cancer program characteristics. Most cancer programs (86 %) reported some SCP use; however, less than a quarter of cancer programs’ providers had ever used an SCP. The majority (61 %) began using SCPs because of professional societies’ recommendations. Key barriers to SCP use were insufficient organizational resources (75 %) and systems for SCP use. We found patterns in SCP use across location, program type, and professional society membership. Most cancer programs have adopted SCPs, but use remains inconsistent. Efforts to promote SCP use should address barriers, particularly in cancer programs that are susceptible to barriers to SCP use.
Involvement of Sulfhydryl Groups in the β-Galactosidase of Streptococcus lactis

Sulfhydryl oxidants and stabilizers caused changes demonstrating the sulfhydryl content of beta-galactosidase for Streptococcus lactis 7962. Ammonium sulfate (0.85 m) rendered the enzyme insensitive to the oxidants. Titrations revealed 11.5 moles of sulfhydryl per mole of enzyme.
Does co-administration of a non-selective opiate antagonist enhance acceleration of transit by a 5-HT4 agonist in constipation- predominant irritable bowel syndrome? A randomized controlled trial

Opioid neurons exhibit tonic restraint on intestinal motility; opioid antagonists stimulate peristalsis and increase transit. In vitro, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) agonists combined with selective opioid antagonists significantly increased colonic propulsion relative to a 5-HT4 agonist alone. We hypothesized that the combination of 5-HT4 agonist and non-selective opioid antagonist enhances intestinal transit more than either treatment alone in female constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS) patients. Our aim was to examine the effect of tegaserod 6 mg b.i.d. alone and combined with naltrexone 50 mg on intestinal transit and stool characteristics in females with C-IBS. Forty-eight patients were randomized to tegaserod alone, naltrexone alone or in combination with tegaserod or placebo for 6 days. Small bowel, ascending colon half-life (in pharmacokinetics) (t1/2), and colonic geometric centre (8, 24, 48 h) were assessed by scintigraphy. Tegaserod increased small bowel (P < 0.01) and colon transit (P < 0.01). Naltrexone did not accelerate colonic transit relative to placebo. Combination treatment did not significantly accelerate transit relative to tegaserod alone. Tegaserod and tegaserod with naltrexone resulted in looser stool form (P < 0.01). In female C-IBS patients, tegaserod accelerates small bowel and colon transit and contributed to looser stool consistency. Use of naltrexone, 50 mg, does not support the hypothesis that combination of 5-HT4 agonist and non-selective opioid antagonist enhances intestinal transit.
ON THE FORMATION OF POLAR SPOTS IN SUN-LIKE STARS

We simulate the photospheric magnetic field on very active cool stars using a flux injection and surface distribution model with strictly solar parameters, including an 11 yr sunspot cycle and associated butterfly pattern. The only free parameter is the magnitude of the cycle. We demonstrate that the combination of supergranulation-driven dispersal and meridional advection of the field on a very active Sun-like star leads to a strong polar cap field. The polar caps contain so much flux that in comparable environments on the Sun convection is suppressed; it appears inevitable that this leads to the formation of (clusters of) starspots within large unipolar areas that form at high latitudes. The model exhibits a peak total flux in the polar cap regions that is roughly proportional to the cycle amplitude for active regions, 0, whereas the total absolute flux covering the stellar surface has a significantly weaker than linear dependence on 0. We find, for example, that for a star with a rotation period of P ~ 6 days, the total absolute flux on the star is ~10 times that characteristic of the active Sun, while the peak polar cap flux is stronger by a factor of ~30. Within the polar caps of such active stars, flux concentrations coagulate to form relatively large clusters. The tendency for larger flux concentrations to disperse more slowly causes the polar cap flux to be concentrated in a more restricted latitude range with increasing activity; the corresponding longitudinally averaged flux density in the polar caps of the simulated star with P ~ 6 days reaches ~300-500 Mx cm-2. The polar cap field in these simulations displays a ring of one polarity at high latitudes around a polar patch of the opposite polarity during much of the spot cycle. This bipolar pattern forms a persistent flux reservoir, so that the cycle modulation of the polar cap flux of an active star is relatively weak, consistent with observations of polar cap spot coverage on active cool stars. Based on these model results, we propose that polar spots are consistent with a dynamo like that of the Sun for a sufficiently enhanced emergence frequency of active regions.