cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dust Particle Orientation on Particle Size Determined by Microscopic Techniques

Abstract Narrow forward angle transmission of a monochromatic light beam through an aqueous suspension of dust particles during and after settling was used to obtain particle projected area. Measurements were alternately made in two mutually perpendicular directions, i.e., horizontal and vertical. Random orientation was characterized by equal particle projected areas in these two directions. Narrow size range samples of suspensions of quartz, bituminous coal, anthracite coal and diamond were evaluated. The apparatus is briefly described and results are discussed in terms of commonly employed particle sizing procedures.
Termination of Reentrant Cardiac Action Potential Propagation Using Far-Field Electrical Pacing

Several different types of rapid cardiac rhythm disorders, including atrial and ventricular fibrillation, are likely caused by multiple, rapidly rotating, action potential (AP) waves. Thus, an electrical pacing therapy, whose effectiveness is based on being delivered with a particular timing relative to one of these waves, is unlikely to be useful in terminating the remaining waves. Here, we develop pacing protocols that are designed to terminate rotating waves independently of when the sequences of stimuli are imposed or where each wave is in its rotation at the time the sequences are initiated. These protocols are delivered as far-field stimuli, and therefore are capable of simultaneously influencing all the waves present. The pacing intervals for these protocols are, in general, of unequal duration and are determined through examination of the dynamics of AP propagation in a 1-D ring model. Series of two or three stimuli with interstimulus intervals chosen in this way are shown to be effective in terminating these waves over a wide range of ring circumferences and AP dynamical parameters. Stimulus sequences of this type may form the basis for developing new defibrillation protocols to test in experiments or more realistic models of the electrical heart.
Stability and drift of underwater vehicle dynamics: mechanical systems with rigid motion symmetry

This paper develops the stability theory of relative equilibria for mechanical systems with symmetry. It is especially concerned with systems that have a noncompact symmetry group, such as the group of Euclidean motions, and with relative equilibria for such symmetry groups. For these systems with rigid motion symmetry, one gets stability but possibly with drift in certain rotational as well as translational directions. Motivated by questions on stability of underwater vehicle dynamics, it is of particular interest that, in some cases, we can allow the relative equilibria to have nongeneric values of their momentum. The results are proved by combining theorems of Patrick with the technique of reduction by stages. This theory is then applied to underwater vehicle dynamics. The stability of specific relative equilibria for the underwater vehicle is studied. For example, we find conditions for Liapunov stability of the steadily rising and possibly spinning, bottom-heavy vehicle, which corresponds to a relative equilibrium with nongeneric momentum. The results of this paper should prove useful for the control of underwater vehicles.
Accurate Confidence Interval Estimation of Small Area Parameters Under the Fay–Herriot Model

Small area estimation has long been a popular and important research topic due to its growing demand in public and private sectors. We consider here the basic area level model, popularly known as the Fay–Herriot model. Although much of current research is predominantly focused on second order unbiased estimation of mean squared prediction errors, we concentrate on developing confidence intervals (CIs) for the small area means that are second order correct. The corrected CI can be readily implemented, because it only requires quantities that are already estimated as part of the mean squared error estimation. We extend the approach to a CI for the difference of two small area means. The findings are illustrated with a simulation study.
Interaction of fat availability and sex on postprandial satiety and cholecystokinin after mixed-food meals

Background: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is associated with fatinduced satiety. Objective: The primary objective of the present study was to determine, in an acute meal setting, whether the availability of dietary fat foralimentaryprocessing,andhencethestimulationofCCK,affects the postmeal satiety response in men and women. Design: In a within-subjects design, subjects (8 men, 7 women) consumed 1 of 3 isoenergetic mixed-food test meals 1 wk apart in random order. The test meals contained 30% of energy from fat, of which more than two-thirds was derived from whole almonds, almondoil,oramixofsafflowerandcornoils.Visualanaloguescales wereusedtoassessindexesofsatietyatdefinedtimepointsupto6h after meal consumption. Blood was sampled at corresponding time points for measurement of CCK, glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol. Subsequent food intake was also assessed. Results: All meals suppressed hunger and induced a pattern of satiety that was sex-specific and corresponded with the CCK response. Women had higher plasma CCK concentrations and experienced greater satiety after the almond oil and control meals (fat as oil) than after the whole almond meal (fat in whole food structure). Men showed no differential response among meals for CCK and satiety.Plasmatriacylglyceroldifferedbytimeamongmealsbutnot by sex, and no significant differences in glucose and insulin were found. Conclusions: The satiety response to dietary fat provided in oil or whole food form is influenced by sex and is dependent on the availability of fat to stimulate CCK release in women but not in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1207–14.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Induced Transcriptional Activity of the Skeletal α-Actin Gene Is Regulated by Signaling Mechanisms Linked to Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels during Myoblast Differentiation

IGF-I activates signaling pathways that increase the expression of muscle-specific genes in differentiating myoblasts. Induction of skeletal α-actin expression occurs during differentiation through unknown mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the mechanisms that IGF-I uses to induce skeletal α-actin gene expression in C2C12 myoblasts. IGF-I increased skeletal α-actin promoter activity by 107% compared with the control condition. Ni+ [T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) inhibitor] reduced basal-induced activation of the skeletal α-actin promoter by approximately 84%, and nifedipine (L-type VGCC inhibitor) inhibited IGF-I-induced activation of the skeletal α-actin promoter by 29–48%. IGF-I failed to increase skeletal α-actin promoter activity in differentiating dysgenic (lack functional L-type VGCC) myoblasts; 30 mm K+ and 30 mm K++IGF-I increased skeletal α-actin promoter activity by 162% and 76% compared with non-IGF-I or IGF-I-only conditions, respectively. IGF-I increased ca...
A scale-space chip

Scale-space is a representation for detecting and organising intensity changes that occur at various scales in an image. A single-chip VLSI design is proposed for scale-space computation in one and two dimensions. The architecture of the chip is based on an algorithm that can provide speeds that are an order of magnitude higher than the speeds obtainable from the other systems proposed in the literature. The design uses the principles of modularity, expandability and parallelism, and fully utilizes the three properties of the Gaussian: symmetry, separability, and scaling. The proposed algorithm and the hardware architecture use a very high degree of pipelining and parallelism. The chip can be implemented in either nMOS or CMOS technology. >
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Activators Inhibit IFN-γ-Induced Expression of the T Cell-Active CXC Chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC in Human Endothelial Cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily originally shown to play an important role in adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis, is now known to regulate inflammatory responses. Given the importance of endothelial cell (EC)-derived chemokines in regulating leukocyte function and trafficking, we studied the effects of PPARγ ligands on the expression of chemokines induced in ECs by the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. Treatment of ECs with PPARγ activators significantly inhibited IFN-γ-induced mRNA and protein expression of the CXC chemokines IFN-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), monokine induced by IFN-γ (Mig), and IFN-inducible T-cell α-chemoattractant (I-TAC), whereas expression of the CC chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was not altered. PPARγ activators decreased IFN-inducible protein of 10 kDa promoter activity and inhibited protein binding to the two NF-κB sites but not to the IFN-stimulated response element ISRE site. Furthermore, PPARγ ligands inhibited the release of chemotactic activity for CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-transfected lymphocytes from IFN-γ-stimulated ECs. These data suggest that anti-diabetic PPARγ activators might attenuate the recruitment of activated T cells at sites of Th1-mediated inflammation.
Scaling eCGA model building via data-intensive computing

This paper shows how the extended compact genetic algorithm can be scaled using data-intensive computing techniques such as MapReduce. Two different frameworks (Hadoop and MongoDB) are used to deploy MapReduce implementations of the compact and extended compact genetic algorithms. Results show that both are good choices to deal with large-scale problems as they can scale with the number of commodity machines, as opposed to previous efforts with other techniques that either required specialized high-performance hardware or shared memory environments.
Disposal of Nuclear Waste by In-situ Incorporation in Deep Molten Silicate Rock

A method for disposing of nuclear-reactor wastes by in-situ incorporation in molten silicate rock involves injecting liquid wastes into a deep underground chimney and allowing them to self-boil. The resulting steam is processed at the ground surface and recycled into a closed system. When waste addition is terminated, the chimney is allowed to boil dry, thereby solidifying the waste. The heat generated by the radioactive waste then melts the surrounding rock, which dissolves the waste. Finally, the rock resolidifies, trapping the radioactivity in an insoluble rock matrix deep underground. This method has significant environmental and economic advantages over previously proposed methods.
Enhanced Raman scattering from cesium suboxides on silver particles and the structure of S‐1 photocathodes

Recent enhanced Raman scattering studies of cesium suboxides in S‐1 photocathodes have indicated the presence of Cs11O3 but not Cs2O. The reason for the discrepancy between the currently accepted model of the S‐1 and this recent result is discussed.
Identification and estimation of survivor average causal effects

In longitudinal studies, outcomes ascertained at follow-up are typically undefined for individuals who die prior to the follow-up visit. In such settings, outcomes are said to be truncated by death and inference about the effects of a point treatment or exposure, restricted to individuals alive at the follow-up visit, could be biased even if as in experimental studies, treatment assignment were randomized. To account for truncation by death, the survivor average causal effect (SACE) defines the effect of treatment on the outcome for the subset of individuals who would have survived regardless of exposure status. In this paper, the author nonparametrically identifies SACE by leveraging post-exposure longitudinal correlates of survival and outcome that may also mediate the exposure effects on survival and outcome. Nonparametric identification is achieved by supposing that the longitudinal data arise from a certain nonparametric structural equations model and by making the monotonicity assumption that the effect of exposure on survival agrees in its direction across individuals. A novel weighted analysis involving a consistent estimate of the survival process is shown to produce consistent estimates of SACE. A data illustration is given, and the methods are extended to the context of time-varying exposures. We discuss a sensitivity analysis framework that relaxes assumptions about independent errors in the nonparametric structural equations model and may be used to assess the extent to which inference may be altered by a violation of key identifying assumptions. © 2014 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dietary acetazolamide on plasma electrolytes, bone mass, and renal mineral contents in rats.

SummaryAcetazolamide sodium, when incorporated in the diet at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2% and pair-fed to female Car-worth rats for 20 days, had no significant effects on plasma Ca, Na, and K levels, the defatted dry weights of the humerus, or the renal Ca, Mg, K, Zn, and P levels. Growth rate was moderately and progressively inhibited with increasing dosage. At the 0.5% level, which other studies have shown to prevent the development of disuse osteoporosis in rats, only two parameters, plasma Ca and renal Ca, were affected. Plasma Ca was increased from 9.7 to 10.6 mg/100 ml (p < .001); renal Ca content was increased from 0.31 to 0.58 mg/g of dry weight of kidney (p < .025). It is concluded that acetazolamide fed to female rats for a 3-week period has no major toxicity related to mineral metabolism at dietary levels equal to and below that level which has been shown to prevent disuse osteoporosis in rats. These findings further enhance the potential of acetazolamide as an orally effective therapeutic ...
Clinical Assessment of Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Placement Using the O-Arm Multidimensional Surgical Imaging System

BACKGROUND Increasing popularity of minimally invasive surgery for lumbar fusion has led to dependence upon intraoperative fluoroscopy for pedicle screw placement, because limited muscle dissection does not expose the bony anatomy necessary for traditional, freehand techniques nor for registration steps in image-guidance techniques. This has raised concerns about cumulative radiation exposure for both surgeon and operating room staff. The recent introduction of the O-arm Multidimensional Surgical Imaging System allows for percutaneous placement of pedicle screws, but there is limited clinical experience with the technique and data examining its accuracy. OBJECTIVE We present the first large clinical series of percutaneous screw placement using navigation of O-arm imaging and compare the results with the fluoroscopy-guided method. METHODS A retrospective review of a 24-month period identified patients undergoing minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion. The O-arm was introduced in the middle of this period and was used for all subsequent patients. Accuracy of screw placement was assessed by examination of axial computed tomography or O-arm scans. RESULTS The fluoroscopy group included 141 screws in 42 patients, and the O-arm group included 205 screws in 52 patients. The perforation rate was 12.8% in the fluoroscopy group and 3% in the O-arm group (P < .001). Single-level O-arm procedures took a mean 200 (153-241) minutes, whereas fluoroscopy took 221 (178-302) minutes (P < .03). CONCLUSION Percutaneous pedicle screw placement with the O-arm Multidimensional Intraoperative Imaging System is a safe and effective technique and provided improved overall accuracy and reduced operative time compared with conventional fluoroscopic techniques.
Photometric Techniques for Exploring Multiple Populations in Clusters

The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the development of new photometric algorithms that take advantage of its stable observing platform above the atmosphere have allowed us to study the populations in globular clusters with very high precision.
Biochemical thermodynamics and rapid-equilibrium enzyme kinetics

Biochemical thermodynamics is based on the chemical thermodynamics of aqueous solutions, but it is quite different because pH is used as an independent variable. A transformed Gibbs energy G′ is used, and that leads to transformed enthalpies H′ and transformed entropies S′. Equilibrium constants for enzyme-catalyzed reactions are referred to as apparent equilibrium constants K′ to indicate that they are functions of pH in addition to temperature and ionic strength. Despite this, the most useful way to store basic thermodynamic data on enzyme-catalyzed reactions is to give standard Gibbs energies of formation, standard enthalpies of formation, electric charges, and numbers of hydrogen atoms in species of biochemical reactants like ATP. This makes it possible to calculate standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation, standard transformed enthalpies of formation of reactants (sums of species), and apparent equilibrium constants at desired temperatures, pHs, and ionic strengths. These calculations are com...
Strain measurements of SiGeC heteroepitaxial layers on Si(100) using ion beam analysis

The strain in SiGeC heteroepitaxial films grown on Si(100) substrates has been quantified using ion channeling. The films were grown both by combined ion beam and molecular beam epitaxy (CIMD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to quantify the Ge concentration as well as the film thickness, nuclear resonance elastic ion scattering was used to quantify the carbon concentration, and ion channeling was utilized to measure film quality. Channeling angular scans across an off normal major axis were used to quantify the strain. Part of the film was removed by using a solution of HF, HN03 and CH3COOH in order to obtain a reliable scan in the substrate. The results indicate that C may be compensating for the strain introduced by Ge.
A Method to Quantitatively Classify Residential Urban Landscapes in a Desert Environment

The apparent heterogeneity of human-generated materials in residential urban landscapes sustains concerns that the quantitative classification of urban residential landscapes is impossible. The objective of this research was to develop a method to quantitatively classify urban residential landscapes in a desert environment. Using a purposive sampling procedure, we studied the landscapable area around each of 54 residential homes in Las Cruces, NM. All materials in the landscape were identified, measured, and categorized. Using 30% as the cutoff to indicate that a material was dominant in the landscape, we classified 93% of all landscapes into nine common landscape types. Mulch-dominant landscapes were the most common, and landscape types differed between frontand backyards. Shrubs did not feature prominently in any of the common landscape types. Our classification method clearly identifies multiple landscape types, and for the first time, provides quantitative evidence that landscape types are distributed differently in frontand backyard landscapes in the desert environment of Las Cruces. Information on common landscape types will be valuable to landscape horticulturists wanting to craft water conservation plans that are landscape specific if the common landscape type can be linked to a landscape water budget.
Benign Joint Hypermobility is not Benign

This issue of WJMP contains two articles (1,2) that address the problem of hypermobility syndrome (1,2): one article, Inter- and Intra-rater Reliability of the Beighton Score Compared to the Contom...
Circular muscle electromyogram in the cat colon: local effect of sodium ricinoleate.

The colon electromyogram was recorded in vitro from the proximal colon during exposure to sodium ricinoleate and sodium oleate at 5 × 10 −9 to 10 −5 M. Records were read for the proportion of time of congruence of slow waves, for slow wave frequency, for slow wave velocity, and for the incidence of spike potentials. Also, the electrical activity of the circular muscle was recorded in the sucrose gap during exposure to sodium ricinoleate, seeking effects of the agents on slow wave amplitude. Ricinoleate, but not oleate, reduced the proportion of time when slow waves were congruent. This dose-related effect represents the excitation of ectopic pacemakers. Frequency and velocity were not affected. Ricinoleate slightly reduced amplitude at very high concentrations. The effect on congruence is like that seen previously in association with spontaneous and castor oil-induced diarrhea in cats.
Fracture of the Femur Following Prosthetic Arthroplasty of the Hip: Report Of Nine Cases

1. Nine cases of fracture of the femur after prosthetic arthroplasty are presented. 2. These fractures occurred in the trochanteric area, and in the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the femoral shaft. 3. Methods of treatment for fractures in each of these four locations are discussed. 4. A method of intramedullary nailing for fractures of the upper and middle portions of the shaft is presented in which the prosthesis is not disturbed.
The Harvard Automated Phone Task: new performance-based activities of daily living tests for early Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND Impairment in activities of daily living is a major burden for Alzheimer's disease dementia patients and caregivers. Multiple subjective scales and a few performance-based instruments have been validated and proven to be reliable in measuring instrumental activities of daily living in Alzheimer's disease dementia but less so in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To validate the Harvard Automated Phone Task, a new performance-based activities of daily living test for early Alzheimer's disease, which assesses high level tasks that challenge seniors in daily life. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, the Harvard Automated Phone Task was associated with demographics and cognitive measures through univariate and multivariate analyses; ability to discriminate across diagnostic groups was assessed; test-retest reliability with the same and alternate versions was assessed in a subset of participants; and the relationship with regional cortical thickness was assessed in a subset of participants. SETTING Academic clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and eighty two participants were recruited from the community (127 clinically normal elderly and 45 young normal participants) and memory disorders clinics at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital (10 participants with mild cognitive impairment). MEASUREMENTS As part of the Harvard Automated Phone Task, participants navigated an interactive voice response system to refill a prescription (APT-Script), select a new primary care physician (APT-PCP), and make a bank account transfer and payment (APT-Bank). The 3 tasks were scored based on time, errors, and repetitions from which composite z-scores were derived, as well as a separate report of correct completion of the task. RESULTS We found that the Harvard Automated Phone Task discriminated well between diagnostic groups (APT-Script: p=0.002; APT-PCP: p<0.001; APT-Bank: p=0.02), had an incremental level of difficulty, and had excellent test-retest reliability (Cronbach's α values of 0.81 to 0.87). Within the clinically normal elderly, there were significant associations in multivariate models between performance on the Harvard Automated Phone Task and executive function (APT-PCP: p<0.001), processing speed (APT-Script: p=0.005), and regional cortical atrophy (APT-PCP: p=0.001; no significant association with APT-Script) independent of hearing acuity, motor speed, age, race, education, and premorbid intelligence. CONCLUSIONS Our initial experience with the Harvard Automated Phone Task, which consists of ecologically valid, easily-administered measures of daily activities, suggests that these tasks could be useful for screening and tracking the earliest functional alterations in preclinical and early prodromal AD.
Costs and benefits of insecticide and foliar nutrient applications to huanglongbing-infected citrus trees.

BACKGROUND The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vectors Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes huanglongbing (HLB). In Florida, HLB incidence is approaching 100% statewide. Yields have decreased and production costs have increased since 2005. Despite this, some growers are maintaining a level of production and attribute this in part to aggressive psyllid control and foliar nutrition sprays. However, the value of these practices is debated. A replicated field study was initiated in 2008 in a commercial block of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees to evaluate individual and combined effects of foliar nutrition and ACP control. Results from 2012–2016 are presented. RESULTS Insecticides consistently reduced ACP populations. However, neither insecticide nor nutrition applications significantly influenced HLB incidence or PCR copy number in mature trees. In reset trees, infection continued to build and reached 100% in all treatments. Greatest yields (kg fruit ha−1) and production (kg solids ha−1) were obtained from trees receiving both insecticides and foliar nutrition. CONCLUSION All treatments resulted in production and financial gains relative to controls. However, material and application costs associated with the nutrition component offset these gains, resulting in lesser benefits than insecticides applied alone. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantum “violation” of Dirichlet boundary condition

Abstract Dirichlet boundary conditions have been widely used in general relativity. They seem at odds with the holographic property of gravity simply because a boundary configuration can be varying and dynamic instead of dying out as required by the conditions. In this work we report what should be a tension between the Dirichlet boundary conditions and quantum gravitational effects, and show that a quantum-corrected black hole solution of the 1PI action no longer obeys, in the naive manner one may expect, the Dirichlet boundary conditions imposed at the classical level. We attribute the ‘violation’ of the Dirichlet boundary conditions to a certain mechanism of the information storage on the boundary.
International Perspectives on History Education

Joined Up History: New Directions in History Education Research, edited by Arthur Chapman and Arie Wilschut, is comprised of 14 research studies from a number of countries in Europe as well as Cana...
Photon results from CDF

We present results of the cross section measurement for photon production associated with bottomand charm-quark production and of the cross section measurement for diphoton production. The measurements use the full CDF data sample and they are compared with state-of-the-art calculations. The comparisons show that subprocesses of order higher than next-to-leading in the coupling parameter of the strong interaction are important to describe the data accurately.
Bestiario fronterizo: chupacabras, zonkeys, vampiros y las representaciones de los miedos del norte

El ensayo estudia los bestiarios politicos que se han generado en la frontera entre Mexico y Estados Unidos, como el chupacabras, los vampiros fronterizos, el zonkey show y la bestia o el tren que acarrea migrantes al norte. Estas bestias de la modernidad ilustran los miedos del norte impuestos a los habitantes del sur como una estrategia fantasmatica para demonizarlos y alejarlos del centro global y los cotos del poder economico. Sin embargo, en estos monstruos puede residir tambien la fuerza para ejercer el espanto con profesionalismo y para reconfigurar las representaciones simbolicas de lo fronterizo como la zona ignota de lo prohibido e ilegal.
Chemisorption of Water on the Surface of Silicon Microparticles Measured by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced NMR

We use dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at liquid helium temperatures to directly detect hydrogen attached to the surface of silicon microparticles. The proton NMR spectrum from a dry sample of polycrystalline silicon powder (1–5 μm) shows a distinctively narrow Lorentzian-shaped resonance with a width of 6.2 kHz, indicative of a very sparse distribution of protons attached to the silicon surface. These protons are within a few atomic monolayers of the silicon surface. The high-sensitivity NMR detection of surface protons from low surface area (0.26–1.3 m2/g) particles is enabled by an overall signal enhancement of 4150 over the room-temperature NMR signal at the same field. When the particles were suspended in a solvent with 80% H2O and 20% D2O, the narrow peak was observed to grow in intensity over time, indicating growth of the sparse surface proton layer. However, when the particles were suspended in a solvent with 20% H2O and 80% D2O, the narrow bound proto...
Winsight™ Assessment System: Preliminary Theory of Action

The Winsight™ Assessment System integrates summative, interim (including both benchmark assessments and testlets), and formative assessment components initially focused on mathematics and English language arts (ELA) in Grades 3–8 and high school. This report provides a preliminary theory of action for the Winsight Assessment System. A theory of action illustrates the claims made about a program through a logic model (a diagram that links program components to intermediate and long-term outcomes for various stakeholders) and a review of supporting literature for those claims. We first briefly describe the assessment and professional support components of the system, and then we identify 5 principles that undergird the theory of action and the logic model. We then present the logic model diagram and set of claims in the logic model that are ultimately intended to lead to improved student outcomes in the educational system. The report ends with a summary of logical, theoretical, and empirical evidence that supports these claims.
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation - XIX on the Presences of Gastrochaena (Spengleria) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

The Gastrochaenid subgenus Spengleria Tryon, 1862, is known, according to the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (1969, p. N699), only from the Recent faunas of the East and the West Indies. It was, therefore, unexpected to find it represented in the collections by a single valve from each of three localities in the Chipola Formation of Calhoun County, Florida. Subsequently, during the preparation of the present paper, it was noted that a Paleocene species described by G. D. Harris as Gastrochaena cimitariopsis from the "uppermost layers of the Midway limestone as exposed on the Chattahootchee river at Fort Gaines... Georgia" (1896, p. 70 [ 184], pl. 6 [ 16], fig. 13) had been questionably referred to Spengleria by Dall (1898, p. 824). Examination of Harris' original illustration appears to confirm Dall's conclusion. Harris gave no dimensions for his specimen other than to state that the figure was "twice natural size"; measurement would suggest a specimen about 7.5 mm long and 4.0 mm high. Accordingly it seems probable that Spengleria may range throughout the Tertiary of eastern North America.
Biomechanically determined hand force limits protecting the low back during occupational pushing and pulling tasks

Though biomechanically determined guidelines exist for lifting, existing recommendations for pushing and pulling were developed using a psychophysical approach. The current study aimed to establish objective hand force limits based on the results of a biomechanical assessment of the forces on the lumbar spine during occupational pushing and pulling activities. Sixty-two subjects performed pushing and pulling tasks in a laboratory setting. An electromyography-assisted biomechanical model estimated spinal loads, while hand force and turning torque were measured via hand transducers. Mixed modelling techniques correlated spinal load with hand force or torque throughout a wide range of exposures in order to develop biomechanically determined hand force and torque limits. Exertion type, exertion direction, handle height and their interactions significantly influenced dependent measures of spinal load, hand force and turning torque. The biomechanically determined guidelines presented herein are up to 30% lower than comparable psychophysically derived limits and particularly more protective for straight pushing. Practitioner Summary: This study utilises a biomechanical model to develop objective biomechanically determined push/pull risk limits assessed via hand forces and turning torque. These limits can be up to 30% lower than existing psychophysically determined pushing and pulling recommendations. Practitioners should consider implementing these guidelines in both risk assessment and workplace design moving forward.
The High Altitude Environment

This chapter describes the outstanding properties of high altitude environment, with particular reference to insect life. Considerable emphasis is laid on the fundamental differences between the high altitude and lowland environments. The high altitude environment is also differentiated from the arctic environment, with which it has been compared by earlier workers.
Care and Gender

Care consists of the physical, emotional, and intellectual processes that enable humans to maintain their lives and activities; such activities are usually distinguished from economic production. Since most activities of care have historically belonged properly in the same sphere as the family and been the activity of women, slaves, servants, and working-class people, care has been until recently beneath the concern of most social theorists and scientists. Changes in the roles of family and public institutions for care, as well as feminist scholars' impetus to study the concerns of women's lives, have led to the emergence of a robust field of study that explores the physical, social, political, economic, and philosophical implications of care. As a perspective on human life, care challenges basic assumptions within Western thinking. With its emphasis on human beings as vulnerable and interdependent, care changes the theoretical centrality of humans as primarily rational and autonomous. Care activities, especially in the contemporary world, belie any simple distinctions between public and private life. Concerns about care will increasingly become a central framework for social, political, and policy analysis in the decades to come.
ACL tibial spine avulsion: Mid-term outcomes and rehabilitation

Tibial spine fractures are characterized by fractures at the insertion site of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on the tibia and were first classified into 3 types. For displaced (type II/III) fractures, surgical treatment has included fixation with screws, sutures, or wires performed through either open or arthroscopic approaches. Optimal treatment methods remain controversial and are varied by classification type, surgeon preference, and patient age. We retrospectively studied the outcome of 22 surgically treated patients with tibial spine fractures. We analyzed factors such as age, skeletal maturity, fixation device, surgical approach, presence of comminution, loss of reduction, and rehabilitation protocol against the development of arthrofibrosis and clinical and functional outcomes. We found that age older than 18 years was a statistically significant factor for lower outcome scores. Two factors trended toward significance including; those with comminution had lower Tegner scores, and those with early range of motion returned to previous activity level more frequently. Factors found to be insignificant included surgical approach, fixation device, weight bearing, skeletal maturity, postoperative immobilization, and loss of reduction. Those with screw fixation had a higher reoperation rate due to symptomatic hardware removal. Age was the only factor that negatively impacted final functional scores.
10 – Use of Nonexperimental Studies to Evaluate Surgical Procedures and Other Interventions: The Challenge of Risk Adjustment

This chapter describes the dimensions of risk that are related to a variety of outcomes—age; gender; race and ethnicity; acute clinical stability; severity of principal diagnosis; extent and severity of comorbidities; physical functional status; psychological, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning; socioeconomic status; and health status and quality of life. In any practical situation, it is unlikely that adequate measures for all dimensions of risk will be available. Despite the acknowledged value of randomized controlled trials, much of what one can infer about the clinical effectiveness of surgical interventions and procedures will come from nonexperimental studies. A major problem in such studies is that patient characteristics that are strongly related to treatment outcomes are often different for those receiving the intervention versus those not. It is important to both measure and adjust for these differences in risk factors when assessing effectiveness.
Settlements between brand and generic pharmaceutical companies: a reasonable antitrust analysis of reverse payments.

Imagine that CureCo, Inc., is the exclusive seller of a patented product that yields hundreds of millions of dollars per year in revenues. CopyCo International announces its intention to market the product and compete with CureCo. CureCo promptly sues CopyCo for patent infringement. A federal court holds that the patent is invalid, appearing to clear the way for CopyCo to enter the market; however, CureCo appeals the decision. Before the appeal is concluded, the parties enter into a settlement agreement in which CureCo, the plaintiff, pays CopyCo, the defendant, twenty-one million dollars to refrain from marketing the product until the expiration of the invalid patent, preserving CureCo’s exclusive hold on the market. Now imagine that the product is a life-saving chemotherapy drug. Over the vehement objections of consumers, public interest groups, and antitrust enforcers, the settlement is deemed legal by a federal district court, whose decision is affirmed by the court of appeals. These are the facts of a recent case1 that took place amid growing criticism of the pharmaceutical industry.2 Rising drug costs,3 doubts about drug safety,4 aggressive advertising to consumers,5 and questionable
A novel picornavirus-like genome from transcriptome sequencing of sugar beet cyst nematode represents a new putative genus

Analysis of transcriptome sequence data from eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) of sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN, Heterodera schachtii) identified the full-length genome of a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, provisionally named sugar beet cyst nematode virus 1 (SBCNV1). The SBCNV1 sequence was detected in both eggs and J2s, indicating its possible vertical transmission. The 9503-nucleotide genome sequence contains a single long open reading frame, which was predicted to encode a polyprotein with conserved domains for picornaviral structural proteins proximal to its amino terminus and RNA helicase, cysteine proteinase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) conserved domains proximal to its carboxyl terminus, hallmarks of viruses belonging to the order Picornavirales. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted SBCNV1 RdRp amino acid sequence indicated that the SBCNV1 sequence is most closely related to members of the family Secoviridae, which includes genera of nematode-transmitted plant-infecting viruses. SBCNV1 represents the first fully sequenced viral genome from SBCN.
Risk of gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with everolimus: A meta- analysis of phase 3 randomized controlled trials.

e22215Background: The introduction of everolimus (E), an mTOR inhibitor, was shown to improve clinical benefit in endocrine and trastuzumab resistant advanced breast cancer by mediating via the PI3...
Practical Methods for Reasoning About Java 8’s Functional Programming Features

We describe new capabilities added to the Java Modeling Language and the OpenJML deductive program verification tool to support functional programming features introduced in Java 8. We also report on the application of the extensions to a secure streaming protocol library developed by Amazon Web Services and used as a foundation by services it provides. We found that the application under study used a small set of functional programming idioms; methods using these idioms could be verified by techniques that used only first-order logic and did not need all the features that might be required for full generality of functional programming.
Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism

Drawing data from multiple sources, Un argues that following the 1993 United Nations intervention to promote democracy, the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) perpetuated a patronage state weak in administrative capacity but strong in coercive capacity. This enabled them to maintain the presence of electoral authoritarianism, but increased political awareness among the public, the rise in political activism among community-based organizations and a united opposition led to the emergence of a counter-movement. Sensing that this counter-movement might be unstoppable, the CPP has returned Cambodia to authoritarianism, a move made possible in part by China's pivot to Cambodia.
A quantum-classical duality and emergent space-time

We consider the quantum partition function for a system of quantum spinors and then derive an equivalent (or dual) classical partition function for some scalar degrees of freedom. The coupling between scalars is non-trivial (e.g. a model on 2-sphere configuration space), but the locality structure of the dual system is preserved, in contrast to the imaginary time formalism. We also show that the measure of integration in the classical partition function can be formally expressed through relativistic Green's functions which suggests a possible mechanism for the emergence of a classical space-time from anti-commutativity of quantum operators.
Mathematical Explanatory Strategies Employed by Prospective Secondary Teachers

This study proposes a framework for examining ways in which prospective teachers integrate mathematical knowledge acquired in advanced topics courses into explanatory knowledge for school teaching. Participants, all of whom had recently completed coursework in abstract algebra, were asked to explain concepts connected to the school mathematics curriculum, such as division by zero and even numbers. The analysis shows that students used three distinct explanatory strategies: Abstract Mathematical Argument, Analogy, and Rules. Students experienced competition among and within strategies. Moreover, students often derived different conclusions using different strategies. When faced with this conflict, they felt compelled to choose a strategy and to draw a conclusion derived from applying that strategy, regardless of sense-making. Students’ ability to integrate explanatory strategies appeared to depend on their possession of coherent mathematical meanings, suggesting that strategy integration is indicative of students’ having a key developmental understanding of the underlying mathematical ideas.
Evaluating Cross-resistance Between Vip and Cry Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionized control of some major pests. Some recently introduced Bt crops make Vip3Aa, a vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip), which reportedly does not share binding sites or structural homology with the crystalline (Cry) proteins of Bt used widely in transgenic crops for more than two decades. Field-evolved resistance to Bt crops with practical consequences for pest control includes 21 cases that collectively reduce the efficacy of nine Cry proteins, but such practical resistance has not been reported yet for any Vip. Here, we review previously published data to evaluate cross-resistance between Vip and Cry toxins. We analyzed 31 cases based on 48 observations, with each case based on one to five observations assessing cross-resistance from pairwise comparisons between 21 resistant strains and 13 related susceptible strains of eight species of lepidopteran pests. Confirming results from previous analyses of smaller data sets, we found weak, statistically significant cross-resistance between Vip3 and Cry1 toxins, with a mean of 1.5-fold cross-resistance in 21 cases (range: 0.30-4.6-fold). Conversely, we did not detect significant positive cross-resistance between Vip3 toxins and Cry2Ab. Distinguishing between weak, significant cross-resistance, and no cross-resistance may be useful for better understanding mechanisms of resistance and effectively managing pest resistance to Bt crops.
Exploring Variation in Student Academic Performance: Can Achievement in an Immersive Case Study Project Predict Exam Score in an Introductory Accounting Course?

In modern university education, quantitative analytical skills seem best acquired through deep learning of complex, multi-faceted problems. Our quasi-experimental design tested whether student achievement in an immersive classroom case study might affect subsequent academic performance, presumably reflecting deeper learning of fundamental principles in an accounting course. We analyzed exam scores of three behavior-based student groups: (a) “OOP,” who Opted Out of the immersive case study Project, (b) “BMP,” who earned Below Median marks on the Project, and (c) “AMP,” who scored At least the Median on the Project. Results indicate that student academic performance declined at effectively equal rates among the three student groups in any given semester. Surprisingly, students’ self-reported deep strategy more strongly predicted their academic performance, accounting for more than 30% of exam score variation; group membership explained only 1.93% of exam score variation. These results underscore the need to document student learning approaches explicitly in order to complement observations of student classroom behaviors and academic performance.