cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbit Properties Relevant to Phase Selection in the MSU K500 Cyclotron

In cyclotrons the traditional method of removing undesired starting phases from the beam is a pair of slits located at the same angle but at different radii. The compact nature of the K500 cyclotron and the small turn separation makes such a system unpractical so instead we are currently constructing a system which uses two thin blades located 120° apart but at the same radius. In this system the blades act as the inverse of a slit with each blade affecting the turns on both sides of it; thus with a ?r close to 1.0 the effect on the two turns together is the same as a slit acting on a single turn. In this paper we will present the orbit conditions which will allow this system to select starting phases.
Information Literacy and the Business Schools.

Abstract In today's “information society,” the amount of information to which we are exposed each day—in addition to that we could access if we knew it existed —is astounding. Yet with a few exceptions, today's business school graduate is not being adequately prepared to function in an information-literate fashion in a world of knowledge workers. In this article, I examine the topics of information, the information society, overload, and the concept of information literacy and establish a rationale for why universities—and business schools in particular—should be teaching the skills that form the foundation of an information-literate person. A review of what business schools are currently doing in this area (based on a literature review) concludes that not enough is being done, perhaps because of a lack of serious attention to this issue by the business school accreditation organizations.
Attributions about the marital discord/depression link and therapy outcome†

Our previously reported between-groups treatment outcome analyses indicated that depressed, maritally discordant women became significantly less depressed following either cognitive therapy for depression or marital therapy. However, only marital therapy significantly increased marital satisfaction. Judgments of these depressed women about whether one problem, depression or marital discord, preceded or caused the other were unrelated to their final post-treatment depression scores for both cognitive and marital therapy. However, in the cognitive therapy group, there were significant relationships between both time precedence judgments and attribution about the cause of depression and post treatment marital discord. Women in cognitive therapy who believed that their marital discord preceded or was the primary cause of their depression were more likely to be maritally discordant at posttreatment than women who did not believe that marital discord preceded or caused their depression.
Reliability of psychophysiological assessment

Abstract In order to assess the reliability of psychophysiological recording, 15 subjects were assessed on multiple response measures (forehead EMG and forearm flexor EMG, heart rate, skin resistance level, hand surface temperature and cephalic vasomotor response), under multiple stimulus conditions (baseline, self-control, cognitive and physical Stressors), on multiple occasions (Days 1, 2, 8 and 28). Three forms of reliability coefficients were computed for each response measure: coefficients on absolute scores, coefficients on change scores from baseline to stressful conditions and coefficients on percent change from baseline. Only frontal EMG appeared to have consistently high absolute reliability coefficients, with hand surface temperature having high reliability if sessions are repeated within 1 week. Heart rate was less consistently reliable. Treating the responses as relative measures did not increase their reliability; indeed, hand surface temperature was completely unreliable when examined in this fashion. Implications of this study for behavioral medicine, biofeedback and anxiety-based disorders research, as well as Lang's tripartite response system model of fear and emotion, are discussed.
The implications of “zeroing” for enforcement of US antidumping laws

The United States enforces its antidumping laws differently from other countries. The United States, but not other countries, uses “zeroing” to determine whether imports are being sold in the US at less than “normal” value. Rather than simply comparing the “normal” value with the average sale price in the US, the US truncates the observations of US sales transactions, so that transactions at prices above “normal” value are counted as if they occurred at the “normal” value. This procedure, which has been challenged at least six times by the World Trade Organization, may cost the US $46–112 million/year.
The Effect of Groundwater Flow on Release Rate Behavior of Borosilicate Glass

A simple open-system model is used to evaluate the effect of groundwater flow on borosilicate glass dissolution. With appropriate assumptions, the mass balance equation is: dc/dt = R - k/sub f/; R = k(c/sub s/ - c), where c is the concentration of dissolved species i, t is time, k/sub f/ is the flushing frequency (i.e., volumetric flow rate divided by fixed pore volume), and R is the normalized rate of dissolution. A first-order dependence of R on departure of c from the saturation concentration, c/sub s/, is also assumed. Results from steady-state (dc/dt = 0; c = c/sub ss/ = constant) static and dynamic flow tests on a borosilicate glass at 90/sup 0/C were used to calculate R and the dissolution rate constant, k, as a function of flow rate. The calculated results of the model are in good agreement with independent measurements. There are three important conclusions. Firstly, even the slowest flow rate used (0.1 ml/hr) corresponds to a high flow rate with respect to the intrinsic dissolution rate of the glass and expected repository flow conditions. Secondly, previous release models that scale radionuclide release rate directly to solubility concentration may overestimate release at high flow rates. Thismore » is because previous models fail to account for the pronounced decrease in steady-state solution concentration at the solid interface with increasing flow rate. Thirdly, increased flow rate accelerates the glass dissolution rate without changing the reaction mechanism. This effect is attributable to constant replenishment of undersaturated solution at the glass surface and an apparent decrease in the dissolution rate constant with increasing flow rate.« less
Constance “Connie” Hanf (1917–2002): The Mentor and the Model

Abstract This article provides an account of the impact of Constance Hanf, Ph.D., developer of the well-known two-stage parent training model that bears her name. Past colleagues, interns, postdoctoral students, and undergraduate trainees reflect on their experiences with Dr. Hanf and comment on her influence on their careers, as well as the impact of the model on child behavior therapy. The paper first briefly describes child therapy as it existed before the advent of behavioral parent training, and subsequently describes Dr. Hanf's parent training model and career. Finally, we attempt to elucidate the personal side and professional impact of this very important figure in contemporary empirically based work with families.
Transcriptional autorepression of Msx1 gene is mediated by interactions of Msx1 protein with a multi-protein transcriptional complex containing TATA-binding protein, Sp1 and cAMP-response-element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP/p300)

The TATA-less murine Msx1 promoter contains two Msx1-binding motifs, located at -568 to -573 and +25 to +30, and is subject to potent autorepression [Takahashi, Guron, Shetty, Matsui and Raghow (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22667-22678]. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which Msx1 represses the activity of its own promoter, we transfected C2C12 myoblasts with Msx1-promoter-luciferase constructs and assessed reporter gene activity, with and without the exogenous expression of Msx1. We demonstrate that Msx1-mediated autorepression remained unaffected, regardless of the presence or absence of the Msx1 recognition motifs on the promoter. Furthermore, graded exogenous expression of TATA-binding protein (TBP), Sp1 or cAMP-response-element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP/p300) could counteract the autoinhibitory activity of Msx1. Finally, we demonstrate that Msx1 protein can be immunoprecipitated in a multiprotein complex containing TBP, Sp1 and CBP/p300. We hypothesize that the interaction of Msx1 protein with one or more ubiquitous or tissue-restricted transcription factors mediates transcriptional autorepression of the Msx1 gene.
Thermally reversible, covalently crosslinked polyphosphazenes

The concept of thermally reversible crosslinking was investigated by using poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazenes] with different percentages of cyclopentadienylethoxy and dicyclopentadienyldiethoxy substituent groups. The resultant structures of these polymers are discussed and the phenomenon of reversible crosslinking is demonstrated by means of a DSC study and solubility behavior.
Microwave diagnosis of a plasma generated in a reactor and its use as a reactor power monitor

Abstract The plasma produced in a gas filled microwave cavity has been studied by subjecting the cavity to the intense gamma fields present during pulsing operation of a TRIGA nuclear reactor. The cavity studied was designed to serve as an in-core power monitor for extreme power transients and to fulfill the need for a detector of essentially unlimited life. The influence of varying gas pressure and impurity concentration and the effect on sensitivity has been evaluated. High impurity concentrations have been found to greatly influence the cavity performance, reducing free electron densities but improving the response time of the device as a reactor power transient monitor. A prototype device measured gamma ray dose rates from 2 × 10 8 to 2 × 10 10 R/h using natural helium contained in an aluminum cavity. The results are within reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions considering the necessary extrapolation of plasma data.
The biogeochemical cycling of manganese in San Francisco Bay: Temporal and spatial variations in surface water concentrations

Abstract Pronounced variations in the distribution of dissolved manganese within the San Francisco Bay in 1995/96 reflect spatial and temporal variations in its biogeochemical and hydraulic regimes. In the northern reach of the system (North Bay) dissolved Mn concentrations ranged from 12–210 nM at the freshwater interface, from 35–756 nM at intermediate salinities, and from 86–435 nM at the oceanic interface. At intermediate salinities in the southern reach (South Bay), the range in dissolved Mn concentrations (22–242 nM) was comparable to that of the northern reach. Dissolved Mn concentrations in the extreme South Bay, however, were one to two orders of magnitude higher (2800 nM) during the winter and even greater (5400 nM) during the summer. These high concentrations appear to be due to the relatively intense episodic diagenetic remobilization of Mn from benthic sediments. This proposed diagenetic remobilization of dissolved Mn followed a period of low dissolved Mn concentrations that occurred immediately after the spring bloom, which was attributed to the sorption of Mn onto phytoplankton, bloom-derived flocculent organic detritus, and associated bacteria.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dentigerous cyst in a 16-month-old girl.

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dentigerous cyst is a rare lesion with distinct histopathology and stringent criteria for diagnosis.1,2 During the past century, <60 cases have been reported.3 Of the previously documented cases, all have occurred in adults. We present the case of a squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dentigerous cyst in a 16-month-old girl. This case poses interesting questions regarding the pathophysiology of these tumors and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion regardless of age when evaluating cystic lesions of the mandible and maxilla.
Measuring The Contribution Of S4 Charges On Gating Currents Of A Sodium Channel

Upon membrane depolarization, conformational changes in the S4 voltage sensors results in the opening of the voltage-gated sodium channel. The movement of the positively charged residues on the four distinct voltage-sensors in the membrane electric field generates a measurable transient current referred to as the gating current. The ON gating currents of the Na+ channel has two kinetic components and the fast component correlates well with the kinetics of fluorescence changes of probes attached to the voltage sensors of domains I, II, and III. The slow component of the gating current, however, matches with the fluorescence kinetics of probes on domain IV voltage-sensor (Chanda and Bezanilla JGP 2002 120; 629-45). In an attempt to specify the molecular origin of the slow and fast components of the gating current, we neutralized the first three charged residues (Q3 mutants) in each of the four voltage-sensing segments of the sodium channel. Our data supports the hypothesis that the voltage-sensor of domain IV primarily contributes to the slow component of the gating current and provides support to the notion that the movement of this voltage sensor is slower than the opening of the pore.
DNA binding to protein-gold nanocrystal conjugates.

The E. coli DNA binding protein lac repressor (LacI) and a derivative with a designed thiol (T334C) were developed as gold nanocrystal conjugates to assess the effects of conjugation on DNA binding function. The designed derivative was engineered with a solvent-accessible thiol to promote oriented conjugation, avoiding obstruction of the DNA-binding domain by the nanocrystal. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AU) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were used to evaluate the ability of conjugated repressors to bind the natural operator DNA sequence O1. The results show that LacI does not retain significant DNA binding function when conjugated to gold nanocrystals, presumably because the basic DNA-binding domain is the site for nonspecific conjugation. T334C, with the potential for both directed and nonspecific conjugation, shows enhanced interaction with O1 when conjugated. Interestingly, the order of component addition is a key factor in producing functional lac repressor conjugates.
Psychopathology in Epilepsy: Prevalence, Phenomenology and Management

Epilepsy is associated with interictal behavioral disturbances. The pattern of specific psychopathology differs from that of other chronic diseases because of the higher incidence of psychosis and characterological disorders. Approximately 7 percent of epileptics develop a chronic atypical psychosis with paranoid and affective features, and this may be more common in patients with a definite temporal lobe focus. Brief psychotic episodes occur and are more directly related to cerebral dysrhythmia. A subgroup of epileptics develop specific personality traits, aggressive behaviors under certain circumstances, and hyposexuality. Affective illness and suicide are also prevalent. There are special issues in the management of psychopathology in the setting of epilepsy such as the relative seizure threshold lowering effects of psychotropic drugs and the behavioral effects of altering the seizure control. This article discusses both diagnostic and management aspects of the interictal psychopathology of epilepsy.
Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms.

One class of pharmaceutical compounds identified in U.S. and European waters are the B-adrenergic receptor blocking compounds (B-blockers). However, little information is available on the potential aquatic toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Oryias latipes (Japanese medaka) were exposed to metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol to determine potential toxicity. Average 48-h LC(50) for propranolol to H. azteca was 29.8 mg/L. The no-observed-effects concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effects concentration (LOEC) for propranolol affecting reproduction of H. azteca were 0.001 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. The average propranolol and metoprolol 48-h LC(50)s for D. magna were 1.6 and 63.9 mg/L, respectively. C. dubia 48-h LC(50)s were 0.85 and 8.8 mg/L for propranolol and metoprolol, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC of propranolol affecting reproduction in C. dubia were 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. In O. latipes, the propranolol 48-h LC(50) was 24.3 mg/L. Medaka growth was decreased at 0.5 mg/L propranolol. A 2-week medaka reproductive study indicated significant changes in plasma steroid levels; however, no changes in the average number of eggs produced or number of viable eggs which hatched was observed. In a 4-week follow-up propranolol exposure, the total number of eggs produced by medaka and the number of viable eggs that hatched were decreased at concentrations as low as 0.5 microg/L. Based on this study and the expected aqueous environmental exposure levels, adverse effects of propranolol to invertebrate populations is unlikely; however, further reproductive studies are need to elucidate the risk to teleosts.
Thermal and UV stability of β-carotene dissolved in peppermint oil microemulsified by sunflower lecithin and Tween 20 blend.

Abstract Microemulsions are suitable for simultaneous delivery of flavour oils and lipophilic bioactive compounds in transparent beverages. In the present study, the feasibility of delivering β-carotene in microemulsions formulated with peppermint oil and a blend of Tween® 20 and various amounts of sunflower lecithin was investigated. The poorly water- and oil-soluble β-carotene was dissolved in the transparent microemulsions that had particles smaller than 10 nm and were stable during ambient storage for 65 d. The inclusion of β-carotene did not change the flow-behaviour and Newtonian viscosity. The degradation of β-carotene in microemulsions during ambient storage, ultraviolet radiation, and thermal treatments at 60 and 80 °C followed first order kinetics and was greatly suppressed when compared to the solution control. The antioxidant potential of peppermint oil and a greater content of lecithin in microemulsions enabled the better protection of β-carotene. The studied microemulsions may find various applications in manufacturing transparent beverages.
LAKE EFFECT: Tales of Large Lakes, Arctic Winds, and Recurrent Snows

LAKE EFFECT: Tales of Large Lakes, Arctic Winds, and Recurrent Snows. By Mark Monmonier. 272 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., bibliog., index. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2012. $24.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780815610045. Lake Effect is an easy and pleasurable book for anybody interested in Great Lakes snow, whether the reader is simply a resident of the Northeast U.S. or a professional meteorologist. The book consists of seven chapters, encompassing descriptions of the general nature of Northeast U.S. lake-effect snowfalls through a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives of the social sciences, physical sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Mark Monmonier, whose reputation proceeds him for his research on cartography, map design, and data visualization, here demonstrates that he is just as skilled as an interdisciplinary geographical climatologist. Monmonier opens with a chapter entitled "Recipe," in which he describes the basics of lake-effect snows adjacent to the Great Lakes region of the Northeast, while introducing the reader to the importance of fetch, wind direction, and how lake-effect feedbacks work. His elegant language, such as the "Lake Flake Scale," and his references to The Weather Channel and popular websites such as theweatherprediction.com gives the book wide appeal to a general audience. "Discovery" is a historical overview dating back to the early nineteenth century on meteorological thinking regarding lake-effect snows. Monmonier describes how the theories, scientific thinking, and changing geographic images --some myth and some reality--of the Snow Belt evolved. He presents highlights of historical meteorology, ranging from the U.S. Army Surgeon General, the Smithsonian, the General Land Office, and the New York State Academy, as well as incorporating important meteorological work accomplished during the century. Monmonier even carried out new analyses of historical data concerning wind patterns and snow to clarify some important concepts. This chapter could have been expanded, if desired, by considering the region's weather as described in primary data, including newspapers, personal diaries, and ship logbooks. "Prediction" is another historical chapter, focusing on the progress of forecasting lake-effect snows since the early twentieth century. Monmonier considers the role of increased technology, including the growth of NEXRAD (radar), better understanding of meteorological processes, and better mapping of snow patterns. Prominent geographical scholarship of the period on lake-effect snows in the Northeast and Great Lakes is presented in a personal tone that gives a particular clarity to the understanding of climate. A discussion of related to computer-model simulations for forecasting and general concepts of weather-frontal theory could have made this chapter even stronger. …
Instrumental Aggression and Abusive Supervision: A Test of Theory

In a time where public sectors are trying to do more with less, supervisors may resort to abusive tactics in a calculated effort to extract maximum production. To examine the difference between hos...
Towards a general theory of topological maps

We present a general theory of topological maps whereby sensory input, topological and local metrical information are combined to define the topological maps explaining such information. Topological maps correspond to the minimal models of an axiomatic theory describing the relationships between the different sources of information explained by a map. We use a circumscriptive theory to specify the minimal models associated with this representation.The theory here proposed is independent of the exploration strategy the agent follows when building a map. We provide an algorithm to calculate the models of the theory. This algorithm supports different exploration strategies and facilitates map disambiguation when perceptual aliasing arises.
Energy and B-spline interproximation

In this paper, we study B-spline curve interproximation with different energy forms and parametrization techniques, and present an interproximation scheme for B-spline surfaces. It shows that the energy form has a much bigger impact on the generated curve than the parametrization technique. With the same energy form, different parametrization techniques generate relatively small difference on the corresponding curves. With the same parametrization technique, however, different energy forms make significant difference on the shape and smoothness of the resulting curves. Furthermore, interproximating B-spline curves generated by minimizing approximated energy forms are far from being good approximations to the optimal curves. They tend to generate flatter regions and sharper turns than curves generated by minimizing the exact energy form. The interproximation scheme for surfaces is aimed at generating a smooth surface to interpolate a grid of data which could either be a point or a region. This is achieved by minimizing a strain energy based on squared principal curvatures for bicubic B-spline surfaces. The surface interproximation process is also studied with different energy forms and parametrization techniques. The test results of the surface interproximation process also show the same conclusion as the curve interproximation process.
MO‐D‐201B‐01: Carbon Nanotube X‐Ray: Promises and Challenges

Purpose: To develop a carbon nanotube based field emission x‐ray technology for medical imaging and radiation therapyMethod and Materials:Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are used as the field emission “cold cathode”. The x‐ray tube current is generated by applying an external electrical field to extract the electrons from the CNTs. By varying the extraction electrical field, x‐ray radiation with programmable waveforms can be readily generated and gated with physiological signals. Spatially distributed x‐ray source arrays with one‐ and two‐ dimensionally distributed focal spots are constructed by using matrix addressable multi‐pixel CNT cathode. Switching, scanning, and regulating the x‐ray beams are achieved by specially designed gate control electronics. Results: Programmable and spatially distributed field emission x‐ray source arrays have been developed. After substantial R&D efforts these x‐ray sources are now capable of delivering the spatial resolution, the x‐ray flux, and the energy required for medical imaging applications. Utilizing the rapid programmable capability of the CNTfield emissionsource, a prospective respiratory and cardiac gated micro‐CT scanner has been developed that is capable of high‐resolution in vivo imaging of free‐breathing small animals. A proof‐of‐concept stationary digital breast tomosynthesis scanner with a distributed multi‐beam x‐ray source array has been demonstrated which collects project images without mechanical motion and has the potential to substantially reduce the scanning time and therefore motion blurs. Utilizing the capability of distributing the x‐ray power over a large focusing track instead of small spot on the anode, a compact high dose and dose rate microbeam radiation therapy system is currently under development at UNC. Conclusion: The distributed field emission x‐ray source array technology offers unique capabilities that are attractive for tomography imaging and potentially for radiotherapy. The flexibility in source configuration opens up new possibilities in system design. As a brand new sourcetechnology, issues such as reliable and long term stability which are critical for commercial products need further investigation and improvement. Conflict of Interest: Zhou is a board director of XinRay Systems which develops and commercializes the CNT X‐Ray sourcetechnology.
Second conserved domain of gp120 is important for HIV infectivity and antibody neutralization

Rabbit antisera were raised against three overlapping synthetic peptides with sequence homology to the second conserved domain of the external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All of the antisera immunoprecipitated the envelope glycoprotein. In particular, an antiserum directed against amino acids 254 to 274 of env was efficient in neutralizing three different isolates of HIV in vitro, without affecting the binding of the virus to CD4-positive cells. Therefore, this conserved region of gp120 appears to be critical in a postbinding event during virus penetration and may represent a target for antibody neutralization of HIV. These findings may be applicable in the design of a vaccine for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Spiral Density Wave Theory, Corotation Resonance, and the Velocity Field of NGC 4321

We extend the exposition of a new kinematic method (exploiting geometric phase) for determining the corotation resonance radius of a grand-design spiral. We present an explicit formulation, in terms of first-order linear spiral density wave theory, for fitting to the velocity field of a grand-design spiral galaxy. We test the new formulation on the velocity field of the ionized gas in the grand-design spiral NGC 4321 in the Virgo Cluster using Fabry-Perot Hα data. The kinematic method as currently implemented is useful specifically for determining an upper bound for the corotation resonance radius. We illustrate the kinematic evidence for the corotation resonance in the disk of NGC 4321.
Risk and Insurance in a Rural Credit Market: An Empirical Investigation in Northern Nigeria

Credit contracts play a direct role in pooling risk between households in northern Nigeria. Repayments owed by borrowers depend on realizations of random shocks by both borrowers and lenders. The paper develops two models of state-contingent loans. The first is a competitive equilibrium in perfectly enforceable contracts. The second permits imperfect information and equilibrium default. Estimates of both models indicate that quantitatively important state-contingent payments are embedded in these loan transactions, but that a fully efficient risk-pooling equilibrium is not achieved. The research is based on a year-long survey in Zaria, Nigeria conducted by the author.
Pitfalls in teaching development and testing of concurrent programs and how to overcome them

This lecture captures industrial and academic experience in teaching concurrent programming for several years. While the statement of a concurrent protocol is typically small taking only a few pages to complete, the statement implicitly introduces an exponential or possibly infinite space of possible interleavings. The novice is not aware of this, and as a result sometimes does not understand the lecture. To overcome this pitfall, exploration of the protocol interleaving is practiced from day one. A classical example being how many results does 100 threads executing i++ have?Separation of concerns is used to minimize the interleaving space at design time. Specifically, abstract primitives, such as atomic block and a conditional atomic block are introduced as a design tool. They are typically not to be found in practical programming languages. This reduces the space of interleavings to be considered at design time and facilitate verification and review of the protocol. On the other hand, the approach introduces pitfalls encountered in the translation/implementation stage.Once the abstract design is verified and/or tested, it needs to be translated to a commercial language where the synchronization primitives, for performance reasons, are weaker. For example, an atomic block is implemented using a lock unlock pair. But now atomicity needs to be ensured by the protocol implementer---a typical pitfall being the confusion of a lock/unlock code segment with an atomic block. Locations in the code that access the protected shared resources should be identified and access needs to follow the lock/unlock protocol. Exceptions and signals needs to be handled appropriately and adhere to the lock/unlock protocol. To avoid translation pitfalls, bug patterns are taught and precise understanding of the synchronization primitives is emphasized.Testing of the implemented protocol is taught. Testing should be aggressive, at unit test, and attempt to cover the interleaving space instead of common practice of testing concurrency at system test in a round about way through stress.Tools like ConTest or CHESS can be applied to this end.
Essential Role for Cathepsin S in MHC Class II–Associated Invariant Chain Processing and Peptide Loading

Destruction of li by proteolysis is required for MHC class II molecules to bind antigenic peptides, and for transport of the resulting complexes to the cell surface. The cysteine protease cathepsin S is highly expressed in spleen, lymphocytes, monocytes, and other class II-positive cells, and is inducible with interferon-gamma. Specific inhibition of cathepsin S in B lymphoblastoid cells prevented complete proteolysis of li, resulting in accumulation of a class II-associated 13 kDa li fragment in vivo. Consequently, the formation of SDS-stable complexes was markedly reduced. Purified cathepsin S, but not cathepsin B, H, or D, specifically digested li from alpha beta li trimers, generating alpha beta-CLIP complexes capable of binding exogenously added peptide in vitro. Thus, cathepsin S is essential in B cells for effective li proteolysis necessary to render class II molecules competent for binding peptides.
Fertilizability of ova ovulated and recovered from rabbit ovaries perfused in vitro

Ovaries removed from New Zealand White rabbits were perfused and exposed to gonadotropin in vitro. The ova ovulated in vitro (N = 56) were recovered and cultured and then transferred to the oviducts of six previously mated Dutch Belted hosts. Twelve of the resulting 36 offspring (33.3 percent) were white. In control matings between 12 Dutch Belted females (six randomly selected and the six hosts) and New Zealand White males, only one of 80 (1.2 percent) offspring was white. These data indicate that ova ovulated in vitro can be transferred to the oviduct of a host rabbit where they may be fertilized and after implantation may develop into viable embryos.
The Moral Significance of Claims of Conscience in Healthcare

Lawrence and Curlin (2007) argue that a major source of disagreement about the proper role of conscientious objection in medicine is traceable to differing definitions of “the conscience.” To suppo...
Correction of human mucolipidosis II enzyme abnormalities in somatic cell hybrids

THE mouse genome has been used to correct the abnormal enzyme phenotype of a human neurodegenerative disorder and to provide information on the nature of the molecular defect. This has been demonstrated in man–mouse somatic cell hybrids using human cells derived from an individual with mucolipidosis II. Mucolipidosis II (ML II) or I-cell disease is a rare fatal childhood storage disease which is associated with deficiencies and electrophoretic abnormalities of several lysosomal hydrolases1–4. Somatic cell hybridisation provides a methodology for examining the expression of mutant genes and for identifying and mapping genes associated with human enzyme abnormalities. We have examined the isozyme patterns of six enzymes altered in this disorder in man–mouse hybrids formed with fibroblasts from an ML II patient. These altered enzymes showed corrected patterns of expression in cell hybrids. Since several human enzymes are corrected, a defect in the post-translational processing of lysosomal enzymes is suggested. Previous studies fusing human lysosomal storage disease cells with rodent cell lines have failed to demonstrate correction of the enzyme deficiencies by the rodent genome5–8. We present here the first example of the correction of an abnormal enzyme phenotype associated with a human lysosomal storage disease by fusing human and mouse genomes.
Morbidity and mortality of C2 fractures in the elderly: surgery and conservative treatment.

Background Closed C2 fractures commonly occur after falls or other trauma in the elderly and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controversy exists as to best treatment practices for these patients. Objective To compare outcomes for elderly patients with closed C2 fractures by treatment modality. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 28 surgically and 28 nonsurgically treated cases of closed C2 fractures without spinal cord injury in patients aged 65 years of age or older treated at Stanford Hospital between January 2000 and July 2010. Comorbidities, fracture characteristics, and treatment details were recorded; primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and complication rates; secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay and long-term survival. Results Surgically treated patients tended to have more severe fractures with larger displacement. Charlson comorbidity scores were similar in both groups. Thirty-day mortality was 3.6% in the surgical group and 7.1% in the nonsurgical group, and the 30-day complication rates were 17.9% and 25.0%, respectively; these differences were not statistically significant. Surgical patients had significantly longer lengths of hospital stay than nonsurgical patients (11.8 days vs 4.4 days). Long-term median survival was not significantly different between groups. Conclusion The 30-day mortality and complication rates in surgically and nonsurgically treated patients were comparable. Elderly patients faced relatively high morbidity and mortality regardless of treatment modality; thus, age alone does not appear to be a contraindication to surgical fixation of C2 fractures.
Momentum transfer to the target in peripheral collisions of relativistic heavy ions

The angular correlations between coincident fission fragments emitted in the reactions of /sup 197/Au with 5-GeV protons, 1.25-GeV/nucleon /sup 4/He, and 0.25--2.10-GeV/nucleon /sup 20/Ne were measured. The longitudinal momentum transfer to the target calculated from these correlations increased with increasing mass loss from the target and was inversely proportional to the projectile velocity, independent of projectile mass. These observations are shown to be consistent with simple two-body models of peripheral reactions.
Mapping of the SLA complex class III region by pulsed field gel electrophoresis

The fine order of genes in the class III region of the swine major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the SLA complex, was examined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Southern blot analysis. Four genes, C2, HSP70, TNFα, and CYP21, were analyzed. The CYP21, C2, and HSP70 genes were all located within a 200-kb NotI fragment. The C2, HSP70, and TNFα genes cohybridized to a 420-kb SalI fragment. The TNFα gene is linked to the class I region by a 390-kb NotI fragment. Combined with a previous study from our lab, the order of genes in the SLA complex is class II-class III [(CYP21/C4)-(Bf/C2/HSP70)-TNFα]-class I. The size of the class III region from CYP21 to TNFα is estimated to be 500 kb. This size and the order of the genes in the swine class III region are similar to those of human, mouse, goat, and rabbit, which confirms the high conservation of class III gene organization across species.
Collaborative virtual environment to study aircraft evacuation for training and education

Numerous studies have explored the process of learning and its effectiveness in training and education. Collaborative virtual environment for studying aircraft evacuations in virtual reality environment can be used as an education and training tool. We believe that people learn best through real life experiences and that a sense of presence is developed in a virtual environment that can provide real world knowledge and experience. Our proposed multiuser environment consists of aircrafts, an airport, runways, and a control tower. Virtual reality experiments with virtual evacuation drills are necessary to study human behavior under panic or stressful situations that cannot be evaluated in the real world. The use of collaborative virtual environments to run virtual evacuation drills for an emergency evacuation eliminates risk of injury to participants and allows for the testing of scenarios that could not be tested in real life due to legal issues and possible health risks to participants. Our contribution lies in our approach to combine computer simulated agents and user controlled autonomous agents in a collaborative virtual environment to perform virtual evacuation drills. Results from this study can be used to measure the effectiveness of current procedures, protocols, and the effectiveness of training for airline and security personals.
Tire/Road Stick-Slip Interactions: Analysis and Experiments

Tire/road interactions are critical for vehicles’ safe operation and efficient mobility design. In this paper, we report the analytical and experimental development for understanding stick-slip interactions between a stationary tire and the ground. We first propose a semi-analytical model to predict normal force distribution on the tire contact patch. A hybrid beam-spring modeling approach is then used to model and compute the stress and deformation evolutions during stick-slip transition. A new pressure-sensitive, electric conductive rubber sensor is embedded in the tire rubber to measure the three-dimensional force distributions. The embedded sensor measurements also validate the beam-spring-based tire contact models. The understanding and modeling development of the stick-slip interactions for stationary tires will provide a knowledge foundation for studying dynamic tire/road interactions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Improved Conversion and Selectivity of a Diels-Alder Cycloaddition by Use of Emulsions of Carbon Dioxide and Water

Water and liquid carbon dioxide are mixed by power ultrasound to promote the Diels−Alder cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene and methyl vinyl ketone. Performing the reaction in emulsions of water and carbon dioxide leads to the high endo/exo selectivity and conversion that are characteristic of water but specific production rates that are greater than when either solvent is used alone. The maximum selectivity measured in this study was 16:1, which compares favorably to that obtained for the same reaction in pure water (21:1) or for a similar Diels−Alder reaction (cyclopentadiene + butyl acrylate) in supercritical carbon dioxide in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 (24:1). To interpret our results, we present a simple mathematical model in which the carbon dioxide phase acts as a carrier for water-insoluble reactants and the reaction occurs primarily in the water phase. The standoff distance between the sonic horn and the carbon dioxide/water interface is a key variable and has an optimum value of about 2.0 cm. O...
When Service Members With Traumatic Brain Injury Become Students: Methods to Advance Learning

The purpose of this paper is to explain which evidence-based interventions in study strategies have been successful in helping soldiers and veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) return to the classroom. Military leaders have specifically identified TBI as one of the signature injuries of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq with over a quarter of a million service members diagnosed with a TBI from 2000 to 2012. From the perspective of developmental education practitioners, this narrative examination reviews available research and government documentation to offer an understanding of TBI, effects of TBI on learning, and recommended approaches to provide these students the most beneficial learning experiences. The incorporation of effective learning strategies and appropriate instructional methods are critical in maximizing the learning outcomes of students with this kind of injury. Despite the attention that must be paid to each individual case, it may be beneficial to incorporate methods that have been proven successful, such as the use of graphic organizers and direct instruction. Language: en
Ectopic intrathyroidal thymus in children: Two case reports and review of the literature

Thymic vestiges remaining at certain locations during embryologic thymic descent may result in ectopic thymus formation. Ectopic thymus most commonly occurs in the cervical area or mediastinum, whereas ectopic intrathyroidal thymic tissue is a rare occurrence. This report describes a 26-month-old male patient and a 52-month-old female patient, both of whom presented with an asymptomatic left intrathyroidal mass. The imaging findings were nonspecific and preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies were lack, so preoperative diagnosis was difficult. After surgical resection, biopsy showed ectopic intrathyroidal thymic tissue. Differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules or neck masses should include ectopic thymus. Correct diagnosis of ectopic thymus must rely on the histopathologic results, and FNA biopsy may be a feasible way.
Positive Feedback and Path Dependence Using the Law of Large Numbers

Abstract Economists have become interested in the behavior of random processes with positive feedback but have sometimes found it difficult to introduce students to this research. Simulation of the law of large numbers with increasing amounts of feedback provides a convenient framework for such discussion and facilitates a nontechnical introduction to recent work on path dependence.
Ankle Injuries During Excessive External Foot Rotation May Depend on Foot Constraint: Development of a Computational Model

Numerous studies on the mechanisms of ankle injury deal with injuries to the syndesmosis and anterior ligamentous structures, but previous sectioning and clinical studies also describe the important role of the posterior talofibular ligament (PTaFL) in the ankle’s resistance to external rotation of the foot. Foot constraint may influence subtalar motion and the movement of the bones in the foot, thereby influencing the mode of injury during external rotation [1]. Stiehl et al. [2] constrain the foot with fiberglass cast tape, externally rotate the foot 90°, and produce injury to the deltoid ligament and anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL) with bone fracture. In contrast, Stormont et al. [3] fix the foot in a potting alloy and conclude the primary ligamentous restraints to external rotation are the PTaFL and calcaneofibular ligament (CaFL).Copyright © 2010 by ASME
THE EFFECT OF HOMOGRAFT ANTIGEN STRENGTH ON THE EMERGENCE OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT, IMMUNE COMPETENT CELLS

Summary o 1. The morphologic response of the lymphoid system of mice was studied in serial sequence following a “strong” homograft antigen stimulus (C3HA to C57BL 1 ) and a “weak” homograft antigen stimulus (C57BL 1 female). A parallel group was studied in the same sequence in which the homograft recipients received 40 kg./day of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). The response in both experimental groups was compared as to the morphology of lymph nodes and spleen. 2. It was found that the response as judged by spleen weight, hemocytoblast proliferation, degree of pyroninophilia and general morphology was of shorter duration and of a lesser degree in the animals receiving the weaker antigenic stimulus. When the antigenic stimulus is stronger, the morphologic responses in mice may reach their peak after the graft has been rejected, and persist long after the source of antigen has been removed. 3. Relatively large doses of 6-MP given daily produced no significant alteration in homograft rejection time in mice. Two morphologic patterns emerged in the treated animals depending on the strength of the antigenic stimulus. The stronger H2 antigen difference resulted in a slightly delayed proliferative response with a more active decay period. The weaker sex-linked histocompatibility antigen difference resulted in a normal graft rejection time despite a severe depopulation of lymphoid cells and suppression of hemocytoblasts. 4. These data are discussed in terms of the relative necessity of the hemocytoblast proliferation in the rejection of homografts in mice. 5. The findings would support the contention that suppression of lymphoid proliferation by 6-MP is more effective when antigen strength between donor and host is minimized.
TCP startup performance in large bandwidth networks

Next generation networks with large bandwidth and long delay pose a major challenge to TCP performance, especially during the startup period. We evaluate the performance of TCP Reno/Newreno, Vegas and Hoe's modification in large bandwidth delay networks. We propose a modified slow-start mechanism, called adaptive start (Astart), to improve the startup performance in such networks. When a connection initially begins or re-starts after a coarse timeout, Astart adaptively and repeatedly resets the slow-start threshold (ssthresh) based on an eligible sending rate estimation mechanism proposed in TCP Westwood. By adapting to network conditions during the startup phase, a sender is able to grow the congestion window (cwnd) fast without incurring risk of buffer overflow and multiple losses. Simulation experiments show that Astart can significantly improve the link utilization under various bandwidth, buffer size and round-trip propagation times. The method avoids both under-utilization due to premature slow-start termination, as well as multiple losses due to initially setting ssthresh too high, or increasing cwnd too fast. Experiments also show that Astart achieves good fairness and friendliness toward TCP New Reno. Lab measurements using a Free BSD Astart implementation are also reported in this paper, providing further evidence of the gains achievable via Astart.