cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyper-individualism and ultrasociality in a Veblenian framework

Abstract In a series of articles Gowdy and Krall (2013, 2016a, 2016b) framed the process of cumulative social change as a codevelopment of hyper-individualism and ultrasociality. They argue that at the macro level the ‘global economic system’ behaves as a superorganism which has co-opted human beings' cooperative propensity in order to continuously expand its surplus value, appropriating an ever-larger share of natural resources. At the micro level, the neoliberal era has legitimized increased competition among individuals and has led to a hyper focus on the maximization of individual consumption. In their social context individuals appear to be largely oblivious or dismissive of the growing superorganism as is evidenced by public unwillingness to address situations of global environmental stress. In the context of Veblen's evolutionary thinking, this paper comments on Gowdy and Krall's articles by discussing two potential venues to ‘tame’ the superorganism: de-growth and post-nationalism. It is argued that the former may be a solution only as a result of a severe (ecological) collapse scenario. Thus if the social desire to modify the superorganism exists it will have a greater chance to succeed as a post-national project that would provide a structural scaffolding to place the superorganism within human control.
The combination of MLN2238 (ixazomib) with interferon-alpha results in enhanced cell death in melanoma.

// Lorena P. Suarez-Kelly 1, * , Gregory M. Kemper 1, * , Megan C. Duggan 1, 2 , Andrew Stiff 1, 2 , Tiffany C. Noel 1 , Joseph Markowitz 1, 3 , Eric A. Luedke 1, 4 , Vedat O. Yildiz 5 , Lianbo Yu 5 , Alena Cristina Jaime-Ramirez 1 , Volodymyr Karpa 1 , Xiaoli Zhang 5 , William E. Carson III 1, 4 1 The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 2 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus OH, USA 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 5 Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: William E. Carson III, email: william.carson@osumc.edu Keywords: MLN2238, ixazomib, melanoma, proteasome inhibitor, interferon-alpha Received: December 23, 2015 Accepted: October 10, 2016 Published: October 21, 2016 ABSTRACT The ubiquitin-proteasome signaling pathway is critical for cell cycle regulation and neoplastic growth. Proteasome inhibition can activate apoptotic pathways. Bortezomib, a selective proteasome inhibitor, has anti-melanoma activity. MLN2238 (ixazomib), an oral proteasome inhibitor, has improved pharmacotherapeutic parameters compared to bortezomib. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), an immune boosting agent, is FDA-approved for treatment of melanoma. In this study in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antitumor potential of ixazomib and combination treatments with ixazomib and IFN-α were performed. Apoptosis induced by ixazomib was first observed at 12 hours and was maximal at 48 hours with similar levels of cell death compared to bortezomib. IFN-α alone had little effect on cell viability in vitro . However, the combination of ixazomib with IFN-α significantly enhanced ixazomib’s ability to induce apoptotic cell death in BRAF V600E mutant and BRAF wild-type human melanoma tumor cells. The combination of ixazomib and IFN-α also enhanced inhibition of cell proliferation in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma tumor cells; however, this was not seen in BRAF wild-type cells. Ixazomib-induced apoptosis was associated with processing of the pro-apoptotic proteins procaspase-3, -7, -8, and -9, and cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). In an in vivo xenograft model of human melanoma, combination treatment with IFN-α-2b and ixazomib demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor volume when compared to vehicle (p = 0.005) and single therapy ixazomib (p = 0.017) and IFN-α-2b (p = 0.036). These pre-clinical results support further evaluation of combination treatment with ixazomib and IFN-α for the treatment of advanced BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
Neuraxial Versus General Anesthesia in a Patient with Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis

A 72-year-old gentleman with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) presents for right hip replacement after a fall at home. He was diagnosed with severe AS months before due to a murmur on physical examination, leading to an echocardiogram showing an aortic valve area of 0.9 cm2 with a mean gradient of 40 mm Hg and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 55 %. He is fully functional in his activities of daily living and denies dyspnea on exertion, angina, or syncopal episodes. He has no risk factors for a difficult airway on physical examination. You are asked to devise a safe anesthetic plan for his hip replacement, weighing the risks and benefits of neuraxial versus general anesthesia in light of his cardiac condition.
Diversity as Opportunity: Insights from 600 Million Years of AHR Evolution

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was for many years of interest only to pharmacologists and toxicologists. However, this protein has fundamental roles in biology that are being revealed through studies in diverse animal species. The AHR is an ancient protein. AHR homologs exist in most major groups of modern bilaterian animals, including deuterostomes (chordates, hemichordates, echinoderms) and the two major clades of protostome invertebrates [ecdysozoans (e.g. arthropods and nematodes) and lophotrochozoans (e.g. molluscs and annelids)]. AHR homologs also have been identified in cnidarians such as the sea anemone Nematostella and in the genome of Trichoplax, a placozoan. Bilaterians, cnidarians, and placozoans form the clade Eumetazoa, whose last common ancestor lived approximately 600 million years ago (MYA). The presence of AHR homologs in modern representatives of all these groups indicates that the original eumetazoan animal possessed an AHR homolog. Studies in invertebrates and vertebrates reveal parallel functions of AHR in the development and function of sensory neural systems, suggesting that these may be ancestral roles. Vertebrate animals are characterized by the expansion and diversification of AHRs, via gene and genome duplications, from the ancestral protoAHR into at least five classes of AHR-like proteins: AHR, AHR1, AHR2, AHR3, and AHRR. The evolution of multiple AHRs in vertebrates coincided with the acquisition of high-affinity binding of halogenated and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and the emergence of adaptive functions involving regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and roles in adaptive immunity. The existence of multiple AHRs may have facilitated subfunction partitioning and specialization of specific AHR types in some taxa. Additional research in diverse model and non-model species will continue to enrich our understanding of AHR and its pleiotropic roles in biology and toxicology.
Case Concerning Application of International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

In early August 2008, armed conflict broke out between the Russian Federation and its former province of Georgia in the region of Ossetia. This conflict caused Georgia to institute proceedings against the Russian Federation at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on August 12, 2008, alleging that Russia violated its obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). This introductory note analyzes the ICJ's order regarding Georgia's request for provisional measures. It also raises some interesting issues regarding the scope and application of CERD that the ICJ may have its first opportunity to address.
Robust convergence analysis of distributed optimization algorithms

We present a unified framework for analyzing the convergence of distributed optimization algorithms by formulating a semidefinite program (SDP) which can be efficiently solved to bound the linear rate of convergence. Two different SDP formulations are considered. First, we formulate an SDP that depends explicitly on the gossip matrix of the network graph. This result provides bounds that depend explicitly on the graph topology, but the SDP dimension scales with the size of the graph. Second, we formulate an SDP that depends implicitly on the gossip matrix via its spectral gap. This result provides coarser bounds, but yields a small SDP that is independent of graph size. Our approach improves upon existing bounds for the algorithms we analyzed, and numerical simulations reveal that our bounds are likely tight. The efficient and automated nature of our analysis makes it a powerful tool for algorithm selection and tuning, and for the discovery of new algorithms as well.
Spatial pyramid alignment for sparse coding based object classification

The bag of visual words (BOW) model is widely used for image representation and classification. Spatial pyramid based feature pooling utilizes the BOW model and is the most popular approach to capture the spatial distribution (layout) of local image features. It makes the assumption that the center of an object is aligned with the center of an image, which can lead to misalignment and degradation in performance. In this paper, we propose a method to utilize max pooled features to estimate objects centers and align the spatial pyramid accordingly. We also propose an image representation descriptor robust to misalignments and objects deformations. The experimental results demonstrate that our spatial pyramid alignment method is simple yet efficient in handling misalignments and achieves high object classification accuracy.
Zero-Based Arts Education: An Introduction to ARTS PROPEL

(1989). Zero-Based Arts Education: An Introduction to ARTS PROPEL. Studies in Art Education: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 71-83.
Cruel intentions: affect theory in the age of Trump*

Following the work of scholars like Sarah Ahmed,1 Lauren Berlant,2 and Ann Stoler,3 who have theorized affect as an essential component of social and political life, this special commentary section...
Some Grammars and Recognizers for Formal and Natural Languages

Language as an instrument of communication and carrier of information is a very complex phenomenon. It is a psychophysical entity, because the performance of a language is surely as much dependent on its physical environment as on the mental nuances of its users. Historical factors, emotions, and all other elements which constitute the complex structure and workings of the human mind and human institutions have significant roles in the usage and development of languages.
Knowledge and Attitudes About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities

Abstract Purpose Evidence suggests that young adults experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at elevated risk of HIV compared to housed youth. Given the limited research on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness among YEH, this study examined their PrEP knowledge and attitudes. Methods Data from a cross-sectional survey among YEH (ages 18–26) (n = 1,427) in seven U.S. cities were used to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding PrEP to inform HIV prevention efforts. Results Participants were primarily male youth of color. The mean age was 20.9years. While 66% felt at risk for HIV, only 14% strongly agreed that they try to protect themselves from getting infected with HIV. Most (84%) were eligible for PrEP based on risk, yet only 29% had knowledge of PrEP. Despite this, 59% reported they were likely/extremely likely to take PrEP. Access to free PrEP (55%), HIV testing (72%), healthcare (68%), and one-on-one (62%), and text messaging support (57%) were rated as very/extremely important for PrEP uptake and adherence. Conclusions The results of this study suggest missed opportunities to prevent new HIV infections among YEH. Efforts to increase PrEP uptake among this population should consider provider- and system-level interventions to increase PrEP awareness, decrease PrEP-associated healthcare costs, improve access to PrEP providers, and provide in-person and text messaging support.
The DC Bus Voltage Control Based on Virtual Inertia for SST

Three-stage solid state transformer adopts three independent control units, so when the system power changes, the regulation of DC bus voltage stabilization is important. A DC bus voltage control Strategy based on virtual inertia is proposed for AC/DC converter in this paper. On the basis of traditional voltage/current double closed-loop controller, the virtual inertia control loop and the DC current feed-forward loop are introduced. In order to effectively suppress the voltage fluctuation of the DC bus in the case of the fluctuation of the system power, the inertia of the DC bus is enhanced by adding virtual capacitance. In order to reduce the influence on the DC voltage caused by load current changing, the voltage stability of the DC bus is enhanced by adding the DC current feed-forward link. Single phase shift control of load current feed-forward is adopted for DAB, which decreases the fluctuation of the DC bus voltage and increases the dynamic response time of the DC bus voltage. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Knowledge Bases Enrichment with Temporal Reasoning Using Hyperknowledge

There are several methods and models for structuring knowledge information. However, how to properly model dynamic information that changes over time still is an open issue. Most modern knowledge bases are unable to represent relationships that are valid only during a given time interval. They usually rely on RDF, whose subject-predicate-object data model hinders the specification of temporal aspect of facts. In this work, we approach this issue by using the hyperknowledge model. We discuss our proposal of using this model for representing relationships that hold only during specific temporal intervals. By using this approach, one can enrich knowledge bases with temporal information, promoting the specification of dynamic information.
Individual-level Drivers of Reputation Formation in Evolving Technology Fields

While work on reputation in evolving fields has suggested that factors such as media exposure and educational activities by stakeholders influence the reputation of the field, this work broadly has...
Norm transformation and the institutionalization of targeted killing in the US

This article explains the emergence and institutionalization of the US’s targeted killing practices as a case of norm transformation. I argue that international and domestic US prohibitions on assa...
Limited utility of surveillance imaging for detection of relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

8557 Background: Surveillance imaging with computerized tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography with CT (PET/CT) scans during follow-up after first-line therapies in patients with non-Hodg...
Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs.

Abstract Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections are a major cause of economic losses for the swine industry. The vast genetic and antigenic diversity often results in mismatch between the vaccine and field strains, necessitating frequent updates of vaccines. Inactivated IAV-S vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Intra-nasally administered live vaccines are more effective but are associated with safety concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a first-generation vaccine which combines the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated vaccines respectively. The approach targeted fragmentation of viral nucleic acids while preserving structure. Hence, cultures of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 were exposed to 44 °C for 10 min. to reversibly denature the capsid, followed by RNase treatment to digest the genomic RNA and then refolded at lower temperatures. As targeted, treated virions retained an intact structure and were not detected in the first passage in infected cells. To improve intra-nasal delivery of the vaccine antigen, the vaccine antigen was delivered in porcine lung surfactant. Both the treated vaccine alone or vaccine in combination with the surfactant elicited strong anti-HA and virus neutralizing antibodies, protection against viral shedding and lung lesions in 3-week-old piglets. There were no significant differences between the groups. Vaccine viral replication was not detected in the vaccinated pigs. The described approach can advance current immunization practices against swine influenza viruses due to the relative simplicity, high efficacy and safety and ease of adaptation to newly emerging field strains.
Against Anti-Democratic Shortcuts: A Few Replies to Critics

In this essay I address several questions and challenges brought about by the contributors to the special issue on my book Democracy without Shortcuts. In particular, I address some implications of my critique of deep pluralism; distinguish between three senses of ‘blind deference’: political, reflective, and informational; draw a critical parallelism between the populist conception of representation as ‘embodiment’ and the conception of ‘citizen-representatives’ often ascribed to participants in deliberative minipublics; defend the democratic attractiveness of participatory uses over empowered uses of deliberative minipublics; clarify why accepting public reason constraints does not imply limiting deliberation to questions about constitutional rights; and argue that overcoming a state-centric conception of democracy does not require replacing the ‘all subjected’ principle with the ‘all affected’ principle.
Role of Multiparametric Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging before Confirmatory Biopsy in Assessing the Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression during Active Surveillance

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) before confirmatory prostate biopsy in patients under active surveillance (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 170 patients with Gleason grade 6 prostate cancer initially enrolled in an AS program between 2011 and 2019. Prostate mpMRI was performed using a 1.5 tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging system with a 16-channel phased-array body coil. The protocol included T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging sequences. Uroradiology reports generated by a specialist were based on prostate imaging-reporting and data system (PI-RADS) version 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed based on regression models. RESULTS The reclassification rate at confirmatory biopsy was higher in patients with suspicious lesions on mpMRI (PI-RADS score ≥ 3) (n = 47) than in patients with non-suspicious mpMRIs (n = 61) and who did not undergo mpMRIs (n = 62) (66%, 26.2%, and 24.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, presence of a suspicious mpMRI finding (PI-RADS score ≥ 3) was associated (adjusted odds ratio: 4.72) with the risk of reclassification at confirmatory biopsy after adjusting for the main variables (age, prostate-specific antigen density, number of positive cores, number of previous biopsies, and clinical stage). Presence of a suspicious mpMRI finding (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.62) was also associated with the risk of progression to active treatment during the follow-up. CONCLUSION Inclusion of mpMRI before the confirmatory biopsy is useful to stratify the risk of reclassification during the biopsy as well as to evaluate the risk of progression to active treatment during follow-up.
Spirulina breath test indicates differences in gastric emptying based on age, gender, and BMI.

Background Measurements of gastric emptying (GE) by scintigraphy in the pediatric population are based on adult standards. Due to radiation exposure, scintigraphy cannot be performed on healthy children to establish norms of GE in the pediatric population. Stable isotope breath tests (GEBTs) pose no such health risk to children. This study sought to determine the feasibility of a GEBT in children and to investigate whether GE may differ by age, gender, or body mass index (BMI). Methods Fifty healthy children 6 to 18 years underwent a 13 C-Spirulina platensis GEBT. Breath samples were obtained at baseline, every 15 min for 1 h, and at 30-min intervals for 3 h thereafter. Seventeen similarly aged patients with dyspeptic symptoms concurrently underwent scintigraphy and the GEBT. Key results Forty-six healthy subjects were included in the final analysis. Females had an overall slower rate of GE than did males. At nearly all timepoints, children with a BMI >85th percentile had slower GE than normally weighted children. The GE rate of children aged 6-9 reached a maximum later than did the rate of older children. Thirteen patients undergoing scintigraphy were included in the comparative analysis. The agreement between scintigraphic and GEBT half-times as measured by the concordance correlation coefficient was 0.383 (95% CI: 0.02-0.65). Conclusions and inferences GEBT was easily accomplished in healthy children. Differences of GE rates by age, gender, and BMI support the need for establishing pediatric standards of GE. One way to establish such standards may be through the use of a GEBT.
Investigation of work–life integration on burnout symptoms in women physician runners: a cross-sectional survey study

Objective To investigate which factors, from demographics to work–life integration, are associated with burnout symptoms among self-declared active women physicians practising in the USA. Methods Cross-sectional study of those actively engaged in a social media group for women physician runners. Electronically surveyed using 60 questions covering demographics, compensation, debt and domestic responsibilities with burnout assessed by the Mini-Z Burnout Survey. Results Of the 369 women meeting inclusion criteria as attending physicians practising in the USA, the majority reported being White (74.5%) and at least 6 years out from training (85.9%). There was a significant association of increased burnout level with working more hours per week and being responsible for a greater percentage of domestic duties (p Conclusion By exploring burnout in the physically active, we are better able to investigate contributors to burnout despite healthy exercise habits. Increased burnout was significantly associated with greater domestic responsibility and hours working. These findings in women physician runners suggest that exercise alone may not control burnout. Poor work–life integration deserves attention as a burnout contributor in women physicians, potentially serving as a target for burnout prevention strategies.
Egocentrism, Human versus Algorithmic Information Processing, and Selection of Disclosure Medium

Recent literature demonstrates that expectations of how investors will process information can affect the nature of the information that reaches investors in the first place. However, it does not yet deeply explore the mechanisms by which managers’ expectations form. In two laboratory experiments and a survey, this study examines how one systematic bias can affect the formation of managers’ expectations, and can cause unintentional distortion in managers’ selection of disclosure mediums by which to release information. Results from the first experiment indicate participants’ utilization of more sensory (video) disclosure mediums is reduced in response to expectations of algorithm-based information processing. Yet results from the second experiment indicate that participants’ trust in assessments of sensory information in video disclosure mediums is greater in response to algorithm-based information processing. Each of these findings is influenced by participants’ formation of inconsistent beliefs about the information processing abilities of individuals and algorithms when their perspectives are flipped from issuing disclosures to processing disclosures. This finding is consistent with an egocentric focus in perspective taking bias that extends prior psychology literature on the Spotlight Effect and the Illusion of Transparency. This bias can be represented through a two-stage psychological mechanism involving (1) the formation of a setting-specific egocentric default perspective and (2) insufficient adjustment away from this perspective for more similar vs. less similar others. This study contributes to existing literature on financial disclosure, and introduces the role of cognitive biases in influencing managers’ formation of information processing expectations.
Age-Volume Associations in Cerebellar Regions by Sex and Reproductive Stage

Introduction: The cerebellum has established associations with motor function and a well-recognized role in cognition. In advanced age, cognitive and motor impairments contribute to reduced quality of life and are more common. Regional cerebellar volume is associated with performance across these domains and sex hormones may influence this volume. Examining sex differences in regional cerebellar volume in conjunction with age, and in the context of reproductive stage stands to improve our understanding of cerebellar aging and pathology. Methods: Data from 530 healthy adults (ages 18-88; 49% female) from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience database were used here. CERES was utilized to assess lobular volume in T1-weighted images. We examined sex differences in adjusted regional cerebellar volume while controlling for age. A subgroup (n = 354, 50% female) was used to assess group differences in female reproductive stages as compared to age-matched males. Results: Sex differences in adjusted volume were seen across most anterior and posterior cerebellar lobules. The majority of cerebellar regions had significant linear relationships with age in males and females. However, there were no interactions between sex and reproductive stage groups (i.e., female reproductive stage did not display a relationship with regional cerebellar volume). Discussion: We found sex differences in volume across much of the cerebellum, linear associations with age, and did not find an effect of female reproductive stage on regional cerebellar volume. Longitudinal investigation into hormonal influences on cerebellar structure and function is warranted as hormonal changes with menopause may impact structure over time.
Triethyl Tin-Induced Cerebral Edema: Implications for Determination of Cerebral Blood Flow in Edematous Tissue

The interrelationships between cerebral edema, intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were studied in acute and chronic triethyl tin sulfate-treated rats. Prior to pentobarbital anesthesia behavioral observations were made. ICP and rCBF were measured under steady-state conditions and brain water content was determined by vacuum drying of the right cerebral hemisphere. Control and chronic animals were neurologically normal and had normal brain electrical activity. There were two distinct acute groups: acute low pressure (ALP) alert but tetraparetic; and acute high pressure (AHP) deeply stuporous, minimal pain response, gross EEG slowing. ICP was significantly elevated only in AHP animals. Hemispheric CBF was significantly reduced in AHP and in chronic animals. The interaction of increased pressure and edema (AHP) produced the greatest decrease in CBF, although deep white flows were significantly affected in all experimental groups. Chronic animals had significantly lower flow in four of seven regions compared to ALP animals despite no significant difference in ICP. Water content was significantly increased in all experimental groups with the greatest increase in the chronic animals. The marked increase in brain water content produced by triethyl tin intoxication can reduce CBF independent of ICP. However, CBF is not reduced below the critical level of O2 required by the brain, and function remains normal, until a significant increase in ICP occurs. Therefore, triethyl tin cerebral edema does not disturb brain function as long as CBF is adequate to supply the brain’s nutrient needs. Our studies also suggest that in white matter edema the measured reduction in CBF may reflect only an increase in white matter volume without any real interference with CBF in the microcirculation. If this conclusion is correct, then the actual flow through a vascular bed in edematous brain using any diffusable isotope can be determined only if the volume increase in the tissue supplied by that vascular bed can be calculated.
RESPONSE TO REGULATORY STRINGENCY: THE CASE OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION USE IN NURSING HOMES

SUMMARY This paper studies the impact of regulatory stringency, as measured by the statewide deficiency citation rate over the past year, on the quality of care provided in a national sample of nursing homes from 2000 to 2005. The quality measure used is the proportion of residents who are using antipsychotic medication. Although the changing case-mix of nursing home residents accounts for some of the increase in the use of antipsychotics, we find that the use of antipsychotics by nursing homes is responsive to state regulatory enforcement in a manner consistent with the multitasking incentive problem. Specifically, the effect of the regulations is dependent on the degree of complementarity between the regulatory deficiency and the use of antipsychotics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic considerations relevant to intracranial hemorrhage and brain arteriovenous malformations.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) cause intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), especially in young adults. Molecular characterization of lesional tissue provides evidence for involvement of both angiogenic and inflammatory pathways, but the pathogenesis remains obscure and medical therapy is lacking. Abnormal expression patterns have been observed for proteins related to angiogenesis (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9), and inflammation (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6] and myeloperoxidase). Macrophage and neutrophil invasion have also been observed in the absence of prior ICH. Candidate gene association studies have identified a number of germline variants associated with clinical ICH course and AVM susceptibility. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK-1) is associated with AVM susceptibility, and SNPs in IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and apolipoprotein-E (APOE) are associated with AVM rupture. These observations suggest that even without a complete understanding of the determinants of AVM development, the recent discoveries of downstream derangements in vascular function and integrity may offer potential targets for therapy development. Further, biomarkers can now be established for assessing ICH risk. These data will generate hypotheses that can be tested mechanistically in model systems, including surrogate phenotypes, such as vascular dys-plasia and/or models recapitulating the clinical syndrome of recurrent spontaneous ICH.
Pitting binding against selection--electrophysiological measures of feature-based attention are attenuated by Gestalt object grouping.

Humans have limited cognitive resources to process the nearly limitless information available in the environment. Endogenous, or ‘top-down’, selective attention to basic visual features such as color or motion is a common strategy for biasing resources in favor of the most relevant information sources in a given context. Opposing this top-down separation of features is a ‘bottom-up’ tendency to integrate, or bind, the various features that constitute objects. We pitted these two processes against each other in an electrophysiological experiment to test if top-down selective attention can overcome constitutive binding processes. Our results demonstrate that bottom-up binding processes can dominate top-down feature-based attention even when explicitly detrimental to task performance.
Kimberly K. Emmons, Black Dogs and Blue Words: Depression and Gender in the Age of Self-Care

Beginning with the now-familiar (though still evocative) figures of depression— Churchill’s ‘‘black dog’’ and the ephemeral ‘‘blues’’—Kimberly Emmons’ 2009 text on depression and gender seeks to remind us that, after all, words matter. On one hand, no one would argue with the premise. Of course words matter. Many a schoolchild can testify to the fact that words can even hurt you, all sticks and stones aside. What is most shocking in Emmons’ narrative, therefore, is the revelation that even in this extraordinarily textual age, an age in which words are texted, IMed, posted on Facebook, and literally surrounding us in constant if transient digital strokes, we can still forget their formative (as well as informative) power. By exploring the language patterns that ‘‘constitute the discourse of depression,’’ and by delineating the difference between self-doctoring and self-care, Emmons presents the persuasive power of depression as a rhetorical illness—that is, a real and tangible condition that is both constructed and made recognizable by language. This language itself has constitutive powers; the words of patients, clinicians and pharmaceutical commercials do more than reveal illness—they construct ‘‘new, typically gendered, illness identities’’ that affect strategies of diagnosis and intervention (p. 7). Obviously, terming an illness rhetorical in nature requires explanation. Aware of the usually negative connotations rhetoric implies (as manipulative discourse), Emmons spends a lengthy first chapter describing not only depression’s linguistic resources but also the concept of rhetorical illness more generally. Repeatedly referring to a ‘‘discourse of depression,’’ Emmons situates language as a cultural phenomenon in need of deciphering, and rhetorical analysis as a useful tool offering strategies for maintaining ‘‘complex, situationally sensitive knowledge of health and illness’’ (p. 14). Depression, in Emmons formulation, is a rhetorical phenomenon that is (1) saturated by language through cycles of storytelling, (2) revealed by
Role of genetic recombination in DNA replication of bacteriophage lambda. I. Genetic characterization of the delta gene.

Abstract We describe the isolation and genetic characterization of point mutations in gene delta, including a temperature-sensitive mutation (del206). Genetic methods enable the extraction of a delta mutation from the triple mutant (del,red,gam) and the construction of new genotypes, including del,red and del,gam double mutants. Tests of plating efficiency indicate gene delta is essential for normal phase growth on the polA host. The possible association of delta in a system involving alpha, beta, and gamma is considered.
Bi-objective optimal control modification adaptive control for systems with input uncertainty

This paper presents a new model-reference adaptive control method based on a bi-objective optimal control formulation for systems with input uncertainty. A parallel predictor model is constructed to relate the predictor error to the estimation error of the control effectiveness matrix. In this work, we develop an optimal control modification adaptive control approach that seeks to minimize a bi-objective linear quadratic cost function of both the tracking error norm and the predictor error norm simultaneously. The resulting adaptive laws for the parametric uncertainty and control effectiveness uncertainty are dependent on both the tracking error and the predictor error, while the adaptive laws for the feedback gain and command feedforward gain are only dependent on the tracking error. The optimal control modification term provides robustness to the adaptive laws naturally from the optimal control framework. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control approach.
Quantifying sources of increasing zinc from acid rock drainage in an alpine catchment under a changing hydrologic regime

A major water quality concern in the Rocky Mountains is acid rock drainage (ARD), which causes acidic conditions and high metal concentrations in streams. The 30-year water quality record for the upper Snake River in Colorado, USA, shows that summer low-flow zinc concentrations have increased four- to sixfold concurrently with increases in mean annual and summer temperatures and a two- to three-week advancement in spring snowmelt. We found that the main source of zinc and other metal loads to the upper Snake River was a tributary draining an alpine area rich in disseminated pyrite. By conducting a tracer experiment in this tributary of interest, we demonstrated that 30% of the trace metal loading entered in an upper steep, rocky reach where the tributary of interest is fed by an alpine spring. Another increase in flow and metal loading occurred where the tributary of interest flows through a gently sloped wetland area. Analysis of the tracer experiment indicated a significant increase in hyporheic exchange along this wetland reach, from which metals appear to be mobilized. Several potential explanations are presented that might explain this phenomenon: decreasing pH in the tributary of interest may result in mobilization of metals from the wetland and hyporheic zone; the geochemistry of groundwater inflows to the wetland may be changing; and, wetland soils may be drying out with longer, warmer summers. This study illustrates how changes in hydrologic regime may cause changes in biogeochemical processes that exacerbate the danger to aquatic ecosystems associated with ARD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oyster Reef Restoration in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Effect of Artificial Substrate and Age on Nekton and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Use

In the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), reefs built by eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, provide critical habitat within shallow estuaries, and recent efforts have focused on restoring reefs to benefit nekton and benthic macroinvertebrates. We compared nekton and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages at historic, newly created ( 6 years) shell and rock substrate reefs. Using crab traps, gill-nets, otter trawls, cast nets, and benthic macroinvertebrate collectors, 20 shallow reefs (<5 m) in the northern GOM were sampled throughout the summer of 2011. We compared nekton and benthic assemblage abundance, diversity and composition across reef types. Except for benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, which was significantly higher on old rock reefs as compared to historic reefs, all reefs were similar to historic reefs, suggesting created reefs provide similar support of nekton and benthic assemblages as historic reefs. To determine refuge value of oyster structure for benthic macroinvertebrates compared to bare bottom, we tested preferences of juvenile crabs across depth and refuge complexity in the presence and absence of adult blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Juveniles were more likely to use deep water with predators present only when provided oyster structure. Provision of structural material to support and sustain development of benthic and mobile reef communities may be the most important factor in determining reef value to these assemblages, with biophysical characteristics related to reef location influencing assemblage patterns in areas with structure; if so, appropriately locating created reefs is critical.
Differences in Capacity Requirements, Line Flows and System Operability under Alternative Deregulated Market Structures: Simulations Derived from Experimental Trials

How line flows, capacity requirements and system design might be altered under deregulated market structures is explored through simulations of experimentally-obtained loads and generator dispatches under alternative market structures, including a regulated base-case dispatch. Eight generators were located on the Power Web 30 bus simulated transmission network, and the 19 buyers were randomly allocated over thirty different trials to busses on the network. Line flows were estimated using a DC optimal power flow routine. Unambiguously, the sum of maximum flows over all lines is lower (by from one to ten percent) under a real-time pricing (RTP) regime, as compared to a simulation of the former regulated regime with fixed price (FP). Furthermore, a demand response program (DRP) is shown to perform nearly as well, resulting in lower maximum line flows in all but one of the allocations. RTP also restores line flow predictability close to operation under regulation.
Stability of lithium niobate on irradiation at elevated temperature

In contrast to results obtained for neutron irradiation in a thermal reactor near room temperature, lithium niobate plates irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) did not become metamict. This is attributed to the elevated temperature of the EBR-II. Ion bombardment experiments indicate that to avoid disordering of lithium niobate on irradiation, its temperature should be maintained above 673 K. Evidence for ionic conductivity was found at 873 K, indicating that it would be inadvisable to permit the temperature to rise that high, particularly with voltage across the plate. In reactor application as a microphone transducer, it is tentatively recommended that the lithium niobate be maintained in the middle of this temperature range for a major portion of reactor operating time.
Highlighting the archives perspective in the personal digital archiving discussion

Purpose – The topic of personal archives has mainly been discussed by two research traditions in information science: archives and records management, and personal information management. The purpose of this paper is to compare a corpus of the archival literature written by the archival community with the concepts and challenges posed by Catherine Marshall, who exemplifies the personal information management approach. Many of the personal digital archiving challenges that Marshall identifies are related to discussions within the archival community.Design/methodology/approach – In order to demonstrate the similarities between Marshall's work with the archival discussion about personal archiving, Marshall's challenges, tasks and attributes of personal digital archiving were compared with a total of 33 articles from two library and information science databases.Findings – Many of the personal digital archiving challenges that Marshall identifies are related to discussions in the archival community. The autho...
On the Intrinsic Dynamics of Premixed Flames

A brief account of the structure and dynamics of freely propagating premixed gas flames in the regime of spontaneous flame instability is given. Recent theoretical studies providing a reduction of the pertinent free-boundary problem to a single evolution equation for the flame interface are discussed. The striking feature of the premixed flame is described. The flame, being an entirely deterministic system, proves capable of displaying irregular spatio-temporal behaviour similar to that known in hydrodynamic turbulence.
Ixabepilone, first in a new class of antineoplastic agents: the natural epothilones and their analogues.

Abstract Although targeted therapies are becoming increasingly important in oncology, cytotoxic agents are likely to remain a valuable element in the treatment paradigm of cancer. However, resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer. Therefore, there is a need for novel antineoplastic agents that are able to overcome mechanisms of tumor resistance. Drugs that target microtubules, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, are among the most commonly prescribed anticancer therapies. However, the utility of taxane-based therapies is limited by difficulties with formulation, administration, and resistance induced by P-glycoprotein. The epothilones and their analogues are a novel class of antimicrotubule agents that has demonstrated antitumor activity in the setting of resistance. These antimicrotubule agents are structurally unrelated to the taxanes, with a distinct β-tubulin–binding mode. Ixabepilone is a rationally designed, semisynthetic analogue of natural epothilone B, which displays reduced susceptibility to a range of common tumor resistance mechanisms. Promising phase II activity and a manageable safety profile with ixabepilone have been seen in a wide range of tumor types, including heavily pretreated/resistant and early-stage breast cancer. Moreover, encouraging phase III results with ixabepilone and capecitabine for patients with breast cancer have recently been presented. Clinical trials are also planned for ixabepilone in combination with targeted agents, such as trastuzumab and bevacizumab. Ixabepilone is likely to be the first available drug in its class, with the potential to bring clinical benefit to patients with a wide range of malignancies.
People with schizophrenia are more likely to have a mother who smoked during pregnancy than people without the condition.

Commentary on: Stathopoulou A, Beratis I, Beratis S. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, risk of schizophrenia, and severity of positive/negative symptoms. Schizophr Res 2013;148:103–10.[OpenUrl][1] Tobacco is one of the most common substances used during pregnancy.1 Gestational smoking exposure is associated with obstetric abnormalities and low birthweight,2 which may lead to developmental disorders in childhood,3 as well as later risk factors for psychiatric disorders. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors may play a role in the aetiology of psychotic … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DSchizophr%2BRes%26rft.volume%253D148%26rft.spage%253D103%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Using statistical sampling for query optimization in heterogeneous library information systems

Query optimization in heterogeneous database systems is not always possible since the component DBMS may not have the ability to transmit necessary information. However, these systems need query optimization because the cost of transmitting large quantities of data across diverse databases is very high. We propose a query strategy which uses hypothesis testing to determine which of two sets of data are larger. Our experiments show that this strategy is very likely to select the smaller set when the sampling results fall outside a region of uncertainty we call the “grey zone.” This provides query optimization without transmission of database statistics.
Measurement of the analyzing power for n-p radiative capture.

A beam of polarized neutrons has been used to measure the analyzing power for n-p radiative capture at a lab angle of 90/sup 0/ and neutron energies of 6.0 and 13.43 MeV. Both reaction products were detected with good energy resolution, and time-of-flight techniques were used to remove unwanted background. The measured analyzing powers are consistent with the results of deuteron photodisintegration experiments in which the polarization of the outgoing neutron is measured. The results are somewhat less negative than currently available theoretical calculations which include meson-exchange currents.