cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Europium Tetrakis Dibenzoylmethide Triethylammonium: Synthesis, Additives, and Applications

There are a number of techniques currently being used for damage detection and monitoring of civil, aerospace, and military structures and aircraft. However, the major drawbacks of the current techniques are that they do not provide in situ and distributed sensing. Wiedemann and Schmidt defined triboluminescence (TL) as the emission of light produced by mechanical action. In recent years, triboluminescent materials have been proposed for use as the active element in smart structural sensors. To sense damage, these materials would be embedded into the structure. If damage occurs to this structure, the embedded triboluminescent material would give off visible light. This light could be transferred by lightweight fiber optics or wireless detector to a computer-based detection system to warn occupants in real time that a significant impact event has occurred. In addition, the triboluminescent based sensor could allow for real-time monitoring of both the magnitude and location of damage to the host structure. One of the brightest triboluminescent materials currently known is europium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). This research delved into the feasibility of enhancing the properties of EuD4TEA by (a) modifying the synthesis process and (b) determining the reproducibility of the synthetic procedure by measuring the batch variation error. Further, the study evaluated the possible techniques that can be incorporated in to the synthesis technique to enhance the TL by (a) introducing various inorganic and organic dopants; (b) optimizing dopant concentration; (c) studying solvents effects on TL; and (d) evaluating the effects of ionizing radiation on TL. In addition, the research discusses in depth the experimental development of a simple apparatus for the measurement of TL in the laboratory by using a twofold technique consisting of measuring the triboluminecent intensity and/or spectral characterization. This enabled for the determination of a unique decay time for a particular compound. In addition, impact studies have been conducted to correlate the impact energy (velocity) with triboluminescent emission, thus allowing a system to detect and evaluate the magnitude of the impacts. The spectra of these compounds have been analyzed in detail to investigate the cause of luminescence and designate the transitional energy levels for each of the peaks. Finally in order to study the feasibility for structural and/or sensor application, the effect of introducing EuD4TEA into poly(methyl methacrylate) and its impact on the TL emission spectra are determined.
Hard Corrections in Precision QCD for LHC and FCC Physics: A New Approach

With an eye toward the usual unphysical divergence of hard fixed-order corrections in predictions for the processes probed in high energy colliding hadron beam devices as one approaches the soft limit, we present a new approach to the realization of such corrections, with some emphasis on the LHC and the future FCC devices. We show that the respective divergence is removed in our approach. This means that we would render the standard results to be closer to the observed exclusive distributions. While we stress that the approach has general applicability, we use the single Z and virtual gamma production and decay to lepton pairs as our prototypical example. Accordingly, our work opens another part of the way to rigorous baselines for the determination of the theoretical precision tags for LHC physics, with an attendant generalization to the future FCC.
Northwestern University School of Law's Two Year Work Requirement and its Possible Effects on Women: Another Tile in the Glass Ceiling?

Introduction 70 I. The Two Year Work Requirement and the Strategic Plan 76 A. Northwestern Law Figures Compared with Other Schools’ Figures 80 B. Northwestern Law Figures Compared with National Figures....82 Table 1 ABA Applicants By Time Since Bachelor’s Degree Was Granted 85 II. Not Choice, But Discrimination 85 III. The Wage Gap is a Result of Having Children and Taking Care of Children 93 IV. Other Effects of the Two Year Work Requirement 99 V. The Survey of Northwestern Law Alumnae 112 A. Method 112 B. Background Information 112 Table 2. Ages of women who were interviewed 113 C. Education Information 113 Table 3. Law school graduation years for respondents .....114
Early diabetes screening in obese women.

Objective: To describe maternal characteristics related to early screening for diabetes in obese women and evaluate the benefits of early diabetes screening and diagnosis.Study design: Retrospectiv...
Solution Chemistry in Supercritical Water: Spectroscopy and Simulation

The Interest in understanding chemical phenomena in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures and pressures has grown significantly during the last decade[1–9] Practical applications include hydrothermal oxidation of organic wastes, hydrothermal growth of crystals, spraying of ceramics, and hydrothermal synthesis reactions, e.g., the commercial hydrolysis of chlorobenzene to produce phenol and dibenzofuran. Because water at high temperatures is highly compressible, small changes in temperature and pressure lead to large changes in the density and the dielectric constant which produce large variations in ion solvation and acid-base equilibria. Fundamental chemical properties, which are well-known in aqueous chemistry at 298 K, are much less available for supercritical water (SCW) (T c = 647.13 K, p c = 0.322 g/cm3, P c = 220.55 bar) solutions. Examples of such properties include ion solvation and acid-base equilibria, which play a central role in solvent effects on chemical reaction rate and equilibrium constants, phase equilibria, and corrosion. In this article these properties are discussed on the basis of in-situ spectroscopic measurement and computer simulation of ion solvation and chemical equilibria. The structure of water about ions is also discussed elsewhere in this book [10].
Babies Living Safe & Smokefree: randomized controlled trial of a multilevel multimodal behavioral intervention to reduce low-income children's tobacco smoke exposure.

Addressing children’s tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) remains a public health priority. However, there is low uptake and ineffectiveness of treatment, particularly in low-income populations that face numerous challenges to smoking behavior change. A multilevel intervention combining system-level health messaging and advice about TSE delivered at community clinics that disseminate the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), combined with nicotine replacement and intensive multimodal, individual-level behavioral intervention may improve TSE control efforts in such high-risk populations. This trial uses a randomized two-group design with three measurement points: baseline, 3-month and 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome is bioverified child TSE; the secondary outcome is bioverified maternal quit status. Smoking mothers of children less than 6 years old are recruited from WIC clinics. All participants receive WIC system-level intervention based on the “Ask, Advise, Refer (AAR)” best practices guidelines for pediatrics clinics. It includes training all WIC staff about the importance of maternal tobacco control; and detailing clinics with AAR intervention prompts in routine work flow to remind WIC nutrition counselors to ask all mothers about child TSE, advise about TSE harms and benefits of protection, and refer smokers to cessation services. After receiving the system intervention, mothers are randomized to receive 3 months of additional treatment or an attention control intervention: (1) The multimodal behavioral intervention (MBI) treatment includes telephone counseling sessions about child TSE reduction and smoking cessation, provision of nicotine replacement therapy, a mobile app to support cessation efforts, and multimedia text messages about TSE and smoking cessation; (2) The attention control intervention offers equivalent contact as the MBI and includes nutrition-focused telephone counseling, mobile app, and multimedia text messages about improving nutrition. The control condition also receives a referral to the state smoking cessation quitline. This study tests an innovative community-based, multilevel and integrated multimodal approach to reducing child TSE in a vulnerable, low-income population. The approach is sustainable and has potential for wide reach because WIC can integrate the tobacco intervention prompts into routine workflow and refer smokers to free evidence-based behavioral counseling interventions, such as state quitlines. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02602288 . Registered 9 November 2015.
Small Businesses and the Growth of Good US Jobs

This chapter investigates the effects of business size, with an emphasis on operations with fewer than ten employees, on the economic development of states and US metropolitan areas. Gabe shows that the share of small businesses (as a percentage of all establishments) in a region supports the growth of good jobs, but the positive impacts attributed to these establishments mostly “go away” when the analysis accounts for the types of industries present in the state or metropolitan area. The share of large companies in a region, as of 1990, is associated with lower levels of economic development from that time to the near present. The transition of small businesses into larger firms, however, helps the growth of good jobs in a region.
Localized Plastic Flow in Single Crystals: A Nonlocal Analysis

Plane strain tension of a single crystal is analyzed numerically. The crystal geometry is idealized in terms of a planar double slip model and the material is characterized by the nonlocal crystal plasticity theory of Acharya and Bassani [1]. This nonlocal theory preserves the classical structure of boundary value problems. Hence, implementation into a conventional single crystal finite element code is straightforward. The plane strain tension boundary value problem is formulated accounting for finite strains and rotations, and material rate sensitivity. The implications of a particular characterization of the gradient hardening for the growth of diffuse necking modes and for the development of localized plastic flow are explored.
Mechanics of electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesting

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that an electrochemical cell can be mechanically activated and convert mechanical energy to chemical energy, thereby enabling a new class of electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesters. Here we present a general mechanics framework to elucidate the stress–composition coupling and evaluate the performance of such mechanical energy harvesters. We obtained the functional dependence of the chemical potential of charge carriers on the chemical composition and mechanical deformation, which infers the capacity and open-circuit voltage. For a thin-film based electrochemical cell under bending, our analyses show that its capacity and open-circuit voltage depend on a set of design parameters, including applied curvature, initial composition, and the types of charge carriers (sodium versus lithium ions). We further developed a kinetic model with which we simulated the dynamic evolution of stress and composition in the thin-film cell. Our results provide fundamental guidance to optimize the performance of the mechanical energy harvesters.
Prescriptive Teaching Linked to a Learning and Tutorial Center.

A learning center at San Bernardino Valley College was established to diagnose and correct reading deficiencies in their students. The learning center focuses on specific reading skills and uses prescriptive teaching to tailor the method and materials to the individual students. Test scores indicate the rlarticular reading problems the student has, and tutoring or autoinstructional progzams are prescribed according to the student's reading level. Areas of instruction include word attack, vocabulary, comprehension, speed and flexibility, and application of reading skills to content subjects. Materials used in the program include reading kits, audio tapes and corresponding books and filmstrips, programed spelling materials, graded reading materials, textbooks, flashcards, pacing devices, study guides, and video te.es. The program is designed to cover a semester and the learning centers can accommodate about 300 students. (AL)
Gyrokinetic particle simulations of the effects of compressional magnetic perturbations on drift-Alfvenic instabilities in tokamaks

The compressional component of magnetic perturbation δ B ∥ can play an important role in drift-Alfvenic instabilities in tokamaks, especially as the plasma β increases (β is the ratio of kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure). In this work, we have formulated a gyrokinetic particle simulation model incorporating δ B ∥ , and verified the model in kinetic Alfven wave simulations using the Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code in slab geometry. Simulations of drift-Alfvenic instabilities in tokamak geometry shows that the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) growth rate decreases more than 20% when δ B ∥ is neglected for β e = 0.02 , and that δ B ∥ has stabilizing effects on the ion temperature gradient instability, but negligible effects on the collisionless trapped electron mode. The KBM growth rate decreases about 15% when equilibrium current is neglected.
The future perspective of PARP inhibitors

The protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in DNA base excision repair and repair of DNA single-strand breaks [ 1 ] and might also be involved in DNA double-strand break repair [ 2 ] . For tumor cells with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), such as ovarian cancer cells with BRCA1/2 mutations, interfering with PARP activity leads to unrepaired single-strand DNA breaks and subsequent formation of double- strand breaks. This results in synthetic lethality of cancer cells with HRD. In 2005, the antitumor effect of inhibiting the PARP enzyme in BRCA1/2-mutated cancer cells was first demonstrated in preclinical tumor xenografts [ 3 , 4 ] . After a decade of developing drugs targeting PARP for clinical use in patients with BRCA- mutated cancer, in recent years several PARP inhibitors have finally been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Some highlights in the development of algebraic analysis

The term “algebraic analysis” has had, and continues to have, various meanings reflecting several different areas of study and approaches for over 200 years. The current definition, as given by Professor Przeworska-Rolewicz [1988], is: algebraic analysis is the theory of right invertible operators in linear spaces, in general without topology. As she points out in her encyclopedia article [1997], an essential distinction between algebraic analysis and operational calculus is that in the former, the notion of convolution is not necessary, there is no need for a field structure, and right inverses and initial operators are not commutative. Here, the discussion will be very wide-ranging, in order to include many meanings of the term algebraic analysis. In addition to work which actually uses the term, we will briefly consider what it should, or might, mean. That is, algebraic analysis will be taken to mean the study of analysis using algebraic methods either exclusively, or at least, predominantly. This paper is to be viewed as a work mainly of synthesis, rather than of new exploration. The work of many historians of mathematics will be cited. Of special note are the works of Bottazzini [1986], Deakin [1981, 1982], Grabiner [1981, 1990], Grattan-Guinness [1994], and Lutzen [1979]; also, Davis [1936], although not a historical work, has much historical information.
Determination of Osmium Concentration and Isotope Composition at Ultra-low Level in Polar Ice and Snow

Here we use two chemical separation procedures to determine exceptionally low Os concentrations (∼10–15 g g–1) and Os isotopic composition in polar snow/ice. Approximately 50 g of meltwater is spiked with 190Os tracer solution and frozen at −20 °C in quartz-glass ampules. A mixture of H2O2 and HNO3 is then added, and the sample is heated to 300 °C at 100 bar. This allows tracer Os to be equilibrated with the sample as all Os species are oxidized to OsO4. The resulting OsO4 is separated using either distillation (Method-I) or solvent-extraction (Method-II), purified, and measured using negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS). A new technique is presented that minimizes Re and Os blanks of the Pt filaments used in N-TIMS. We analyze snow collected from Summit, Greenland during 2009, 2014, and 2017. We find that the average Os concentration of the snow is 0.459 ± 0.018 (95% C.I.) fg g–1 corresponding to an Os flux of 0.0579 ± 0.0023 (95% C.I.) fmol cm–2 yr–1. The average R(187Os/188Os) ratio o...
A dependency-sharing tool for global software engineering

This project explores the design of a tool to facilitate a common task that software engineers find difficult --- the identification and management of dependencies between the many heterogeneous entities created in the course of a software development project. The focus of this tool is the value it might have during the maintenance phase. Maintenance engineers learn and understand the project differently from the original authors of the artifacts. Typically, they come to understand the project by investigating dependencies between entities- a task that can be very difficult and time-consuming. To deal with these differences, the Global Software Traceability (GST) Tool was designed and prototyped to explore improvements in the usability of maintaining dependency links after the project has been deployed. The GST Tool is a proof-of-concept design prototype used to investigate how to make such a tool both useful and usable. The tool was successful in creating an environment whose overhead was low enough to make it likely that it would be used despite the severe time constraints found in software maintenance.
The “Dharma-Theory” of Causation: Phenomenalism in Hīnayāna Buddhist Thought

This chapter is not primarily meant to offer a detailed exposition of Hīnayāna pluralism and phenomenalism. As already stated, we purport only to prepare the reader in an understanding of the basic presuppositions which underlie the developments of totalistic Buddhism. The present exposition is therefore confined to the essential notions of causality in Hīnayāna and more specifically in the Sarvāstivāda conception of existence.
Amniotic fluid phospholipids and fetal lung maturity: I. Assessment of various methods of determining lecithin and sphingomyelin

The measurement of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal lung maturity has been a controversial and much-discussed topic since the initial report of this procedure appeared in the literature in 1971. Our laboratory has investigated several methods of measuring phospholipid components of amniotic fluid and compared relative reproducibility and accuracy. Correlation of these phospholipid determinations with the clinical presence or absence and relative severity of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome forms the basis of this report. Our findings indicate that careful attention to the biochemical basis of this test results in the ability to predict with great accuracy developmental respiratory distress syndrome. This presentation describes our method of determining lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid, compares our results with ather tests for determining fetal maturity, and assesses the value of this procedure in clinical situations.
Impact of Information Loss and Information Error on Network-enabled Decision-making

Abstract : This report describes a preliminary Virtual Experiment (VE) utilizing multi-agent simulation that explores how information loss and information error impact decision accuracy in organizations. Results indicate that information loss and error exert interactive influences on decision accuracy. Moreover, the pattern of interaction suggests that information loss due to break-downs in communication networks does not adversely affect decision-making accuracy in situations characterized by moderate degrees of error in information networks. The results of our VE and the trends observed in our exploratory analyses imply that a line of research concerned with controlling access to information in a manner that depends on its veracity can potentially improve organizational decision-making. Put differently, given estimates of information error, communication networks and socio-cognitive network topology can potentially be used as ?throttles? to control access in a manner that improves organizational performance. Along these lines, we include an appendix that describes our initial approach to the representation and measurement of error in communication and information networks.
The Mysterious Food-Entrainable Oscillator: Insights from Mutant and Engineered Mouse Models

The food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) is a mysterious circadian clock because its anatomical location(s) and molecular timekeeping mechanism are unknown. Food anticipatory activity (FAA), which is defined as the output of the FEO, emerges during temporally restricted feeding. FAA disappears immediately during ad libitum feeding and reappears during subsequent fasting. A free-running FAA rhythm has been observed only in rare circumstances when food was provided with a period outside the range of entrainment. Therefore, it is difficult to study the circadian properties of the FEO. Numerous studies have attempted to identify the critical molecular components of the FEO using mutant and genetically engineered mouse models. Herein we critically review the experimental protocols and findings of these studies in mouse models. Several themes emerge from these studies. First, there is little consistency in restricted feeding protocols between studies. Moreover, the protocols were sometimes not optimal, resulting in erroneous conclusions that FAA was absent in some mouse models. Second, circadian genes are not necessary for FEO timekeeping. Thus, another noncanonical timekeeping mechanism must exist in the FEO. Third, studies of mouse models have shown that signaling pathways involved in circadian timekeeping, reward (dopaminergic), and feeding and energy homeostasis can modulate, but are not necessary for, the expression of FAA. In sum, the approaches to date have been largely unsuccessful in discovering the timekeeping mechanism of the FEO. Moving forward, we propose the use of standardized and optimized experimental protocols that focus on identifying genes that alter the period of FAA in mutant and engineered mouse models. This approach is likely to permit discovery of molecular components of the FEO timekeeping mechanism.
Clinical implications of the T790M mutation in disease characteristics and treatment response in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

9031Background: The secondary T790M mutation accounts for more than 50% of acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant NSCLC patients. Rece...
Potato lipoxygenase genes: their role in tuber formation and defense responses against pathogens

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is involved in the synthesis of jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate. traumatin, and C-6 volatile compounds that serve hormone-like regulatory and defense-related roles in plants. To study possible lipoxygenase involvement in potato tuberization and defense responses against pests, we have isolated, sequenced, and characterized three lipoxygenase cDNA clones that represent distinct LOX genes. Two of these genes, designated POTLX-I and POTLX-2, have been isolated from an early tuber cDNA library. Northern hybridization studies indicated that accumulation of POTLX-I and POTLX-2 mRNA was specific to developing tubers and roots and correlated positively with tuber growth. Hormonal treatment, pathogen infection, or wounding did not induce POTLX-I and POTLX2 mRNA accumulation in leaves. In situ hybridization showed that POTLX-I transcripts accumulated in the apical and subapical regions of the new tuber and in the vascular tissue of the most actively growing part of the developing tuber. Thus, POTLX-I transcripts were localized within the sites of the most active cell division that occurs during tuber initiation. Our results indicate that POTLX-I and/or POTLX-2 may have an important function in controlling tuber initiation and growth. The third lipoxygenase cDNA clone, designated POTLX-3, was isolated from an ABA-induced potato leaf cDNA library. This is a novel potato LOX gene as it shares relatively low sequence identity with other classes of potato LOX genes. POTLX-3 transcript accumulation was not detected in untreated, healthy potato organs, but it was induced in leaves treated with ethylene or methyl jasmonate. Neither wounding nor treatment of leaves with ABA, cytokinin, auxin, or gibberellic acid induced POTLX-3 transcript accumulation. However, POTLX-3 mRNA accumulation was induced in potato leaves infected with virulent or avirulent strains of Phytophthora infestans. During the resistance response, POTLX-3 mRNA was induced within 6 h and continued to accumulate for a week postinoculation. During the compatible interaction. mRNA accumulation was
Does bilateral inferior turbinate reduction affect long-term quality-of-life outcomes in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery?

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of bilateral inferior turbinate reduction (BITR) on patient-reported quality of life (QOL) following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. Patients with CRS, who were recruited from 10 different otolaryngologic practices between 2011 and 2014, completed the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), and EuroQol 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) survey at baseline, and at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after ESS. A total of 113 patients who underwent ESS with BITR were compared to 788 patients who underwent ESS without BITR. RESULTS Significant demographic and comorbid differences between BITR and non-BITR cohorts included age (41 vs 49 years, p < 0.0001), presence of asthma (19% vs 36%, p < 0.0001), prior sinus surgery (22% vs 53%, p < 0.0001), and concurrent septoplasty (80% vs 53%, p < 0.0001), respectively. On univariate analysis, patients who underwent ESS with or without BITR were found to have statistically significant improvement in disease-specific (SNOT-22 and CSS) and general (EQ-5D) QOL scores at years 1 through 4 (p < 0.05). On multivariate regression, however, the performance of BITR was not associated with any improvements in these outcome measures. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing ESS achieve similar long-term improvement in both disease-specific and general QOL regardless of the performance of concurrent BITR.
Abstract LB-236: Genomic characterization of circulating tumor cells in de novo metastatic prostate cancer

Background: The absence of biomarkers that identify clinically meaningful biological subsets of prostate cancer results in the homogeneous application of systemic therapies to a heterogeneous disease and hampers therapy development. This heterogeneity may become more evident at the molecular level under the pressure of androgen withdrawal. Here, we longitudinally characterized peripheral blood circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with de novo metastatic prostate cancer to examine the phenotypic and genomic changes induced by androgen suppression. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected at MD Anderson Cancer Center from a cohort of DNM1PCa patients under clinical trial NCT01751438. Timepoints of collection includes baseline (BSL, before treatment) and 6 months (6mo, after 6 months of systemic therapy). We used the High-Definition Single Cell Assay (HD-SCA) workflow for CTC enumeration, morphology (nuclear size, DAPI intensity, cytokeratin (CK), androgen receptor (AR) intensity and genomics (whole-genome copy number aberration analysis) evaluation. This workflow utilizes an enrichment-free fluorescence based (DAPI/ CK/ CD45/ AR) CTC identification system and single-cell genomic sequencing. Results: Twenty-nine of the 58 available blood samples contained CTCs: 15 of the 28 (53.6%) collected at BSL (median 2.00 CTCs/mL, range 0.84-74.15) and 14 of the 30 (46.7%) collected at 6mo (median 2.43 CTCs/mL, range 0.96-13.85). However, at the 6mo timepoint, the CTCs had undergone a significant morphological shift in nuclear area local ratio (BSL vs 6mo: 1.036 vs 1.165, p=0.039), DAPI intensity (0.199 vs 1.030, p=0.036), CK intensity (18.978 vs 15.651, p=0.006), AR intensity (0.681 vs -0.468, p=0.037) and AR+ percentage (36.25% vs 15.38%, p=0.020). Further, genomic analysis of two patients at BSL indicated copy number aberrations including PTEN, TP53, RB1 and BRCA2 loss and MYC gain. Discussion: This study aims at characterizing changes induced by systemic therapies in CTC potential biomarkers that identify distinct subsets of disease biology. The changes observed in patient subsets may serve as clinically relevant biomarkers to optimize treatment and improve prognosis. Citation Format: Shoujie Chai, Paymaneh D. Malihi, Ana M. Apariciop, Brian F. Chapin, Matthew Lin, Ryan Storgard, Carmen Ruiz Velasco, Anand Kolatkar, James Hicks, Peter Kuhn. Genomic characterization of circulating tumor cells in de novo metastatic prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-236.
Twisted multi-color optical self-focusing in a nonlinear medium

We study the propagation of intense multi-frequency optical beams under the effect of Kerr nonlinearity. Soliton solutions with mixed topological charges were obtained numerically for certain frequency ratios in both resonant and non-resonant regimes. These findings lead to a better understanding of critical power for self-similar multi-color collapse and could lead to novel types of filament propagation.
A Goal-directed Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce Opioid Prescriptions After Orthopaedic Procedures.

Orthopaedic surgeons are increasingly aware of deleterious effects of the opioid epidemic and the association between overprescription and diversion toward nonmedical opioid use or substance abuse. Opiate prescriptions at the time of hospital discharge have been identified as target for intervention. This study describes the successful outcome of a goal-directed intervention aimed at decreasing opioid overprescription by providing routine feedback to providers regarding their prescribing patterns. Methods The amount of opioid medications, quantified as oral morphine equivalents (OMEs), provided to opioid-naive adult patients on discharge after orthopaedic surgery was prospectively collected. As part of an institutional quality improvement initiative, medical providers received reports every 2 months detailing median discharge OMEs prescribed, trended over time. After 6 months, a retrospective comparison was done between preintervention and intervention patient cohorts. Results There were 401 patients in the preintervention cohort and 429 patients in the intervention cohort. Both groups were similar in regard to age, sex, rates of depression, surgical time, length of stay, orthopaedic subspecialty, and inpatient opioid requirement before discharge. Patients in the intervention cohort were prescribed markedly fewer opioid medications by 25%, equivalent to 20 tablets of 5-mg oxycodone IR (450 versus 600 OMEs, P < 0.001). Despite these opioid medications, opioid refill rates during the first 90 days after discharge did not markedly change between groups. Discussion It is critical to judiciously treat postoperative pain while avoiding opioid overprescription. This study demonstrated the outcome of a goal-directed initiative to decrease overprescription of opioid medications. The initiative reduced discharge opioid prescriptions yet did not increase the risk of requiring a prescription refill in the postoperative period. This indicates that such an approach can result in opioid reduction, while still providing appropriate care and pain control for patients.
Spontaneous Formation of >90% Optically Transmissive, Electrochemically Active CoP Films for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution.

Earth-abundant catalysts for the hydrogen-evolution reaction require increased mass loadings, relative to Pt films, to achieve comparable activity and stability in acidic electrolytes. We report he...
Bump-on-tail instability across coupling and interaction-range regimes

The authors study the bump-on tail instability using molecular dynamics to explore the roles of collisionality, correlations and the effective interparticle force law across wide ranges of plasma temperatures, densities and charge states, and show that, even with a small number of point particles, the results are robust.
Faculty perceptions of student incivility in dental hygiene education.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Conflict and discourtesy between college students and faculty have become increasingly common in higher education. Fallout from uncivil student encounters can have numerous effects on educators' overall health and has been shown to negatively impact learning environments. This research assessed the severity and frequency of student incivility in dental hygiene education and explored the relationship uncivil behavior has on faculty feelings of confidence, career satisfaction, and longevity. METHODS Cross-sectional survey research was conducted among dental hygiene educators (n = 601) in the United States and Canada using purposive and snowball sampling. The survey (47-item) was developed based on the literature and validated prior to administration. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between variables and mean item category scores and thematic analysis was used to identify themes for open-ended questions. RESULTS Survey completion rate was 78% (n = 469). Behaviors ranked mildly uncivil, such as eating/drinking in class, occurred more frequently, and incivility had less impact on faculty confidence with increased age (r = -.19; P ≤ 0.01). The level of severity of behaviors did not impact educators; however, how often certain behaviors occurred had some effect. Contemptuous behaviors, such as using a disrespectful/sarcastic tone (r = .34, .32, .31; P ≤ 0.01), had the most impact. CONCLUSION This study determined student incivility exists within dental hygiene education. Day-to-day, minor uncivil behaviors seemingly take a greater emotional toll than occasional, highly uncivil encounter. Understanding how faculty perceive these behaviors may influence development of management strategies, fostering a sense of career satisfaction for educators.
Updates on Pediatric Sleep Disorders

Pediatric sleep medicine is a developing field with recent advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and/or management of circadian rhythm disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and parasomnias. This article aims to provide a review and highlight recent updates in these specific sleep disorders. Our understanding of circadian rhythms and melatonin profiling is becoming clearer, which opens up new diagnostic possibilities and treatment refinement. In obstructive sleep apnea, symptoms do not clearly correlate with the apnea-hypopnea index, and other sleep measures need to be studied in order to understand how treatments may provide benefit to patients. There has been the first clinical treatment trial in pediatric narcolepsy and promising drugs are on the horizon. While parasomnia treatment has not advanced much, our understanding of its pathophysiology and associated diagnostic features is growing. Advancements across a number of areas of pediatric sleep medicine offers exciting avenues for more accurate and timely diagnoses and evidence-based management to improve patient care.
Federal Prosecution for the 21st Century

This new report from the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law proposes modernizing one key aspect of the criminal justice system: federal prosecutors. Prosecutors are in a uniquely powerful position to bring change, since they make decisions about when and whether to bring criminal charges, and make recommendations for sentencing. The report proposes reorienting the way prosecutors' "success" is measured around three core goals: Reducing violent and serious crime, reducing prison populations, and reducing recidivism. The mechanism for change would be a shift in how attorneys' performance is assessed, to give prosecutors incentives to focus on how their practices reduce crime in and improve the communities they serve, instead of making their "success" simply a measure of how many individuals they convict and send to prison.
Real-time indoor PM2.5 monitoring in an urban cohort: Implications for exposure disparities and source control.

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations are highly variable indoors, with evidence for exposure disparities. Real-time monitoring coupled with novel statistical approaches can better characterize drivers of elevated PM2.5 indoors. We collected real-time PM2.5 data in 71 homes in an urban community of Greater Boston, Massachusetts using Alphasense OPC-N2 monitors. We estimated indoor PM2.5 concentrations of non-ambient origin using mass balance principles, and investigated their associations with indoor source activities at the 0.50 to 0.95 exposure quantiles using mixed effects quantile regressions, overall and by homeownership. On average, the majority of indoor PM2.5 concentrations were of non-ambient origin (≥77%), with a higher proportion at increasing quantiles of the exposure distribution. Major source predictors of non-ambient PM2.5 concentrations at the upper quantile (0.95) were cooking (1.4–23 μg/m3) and smoking (15 μg/m3, only among renters), with concentrations also increasing with range hood use (3.6 μg/m3) and during the heating season (5.6 μg/m3). Across quantiles, renters in multifamily housing experienced a higher proportion of PM2.5 concentrations from non-ambient sources than homeowners in single- and multifamily housing. Renters also more frequently reported cooking, smoking, spray air freshener use, and second-hand smoke exposure, and lived in units with higher air exchange rate and building density. Accounting for these factors explained observed PM2.5 exposure disparities by homeownership, particularly in the upper exposure quantiles. Our results suggest that renters in multifamily housing may experience higher PM2.5 exposures due to a combination of behavioral and building factors that are amenable to intervention.
An Action Plan for Artistic Identity and Career Development

This article presents career development concepts, tools, and exercises used in courses I teach to college dance majors. The focus is to introduce sustainable practices that withstand the inevitabl...
Early versus late patient discussions in multidisciplinary tumor boards: Quality time for quality care.

e13539Background: Multi-disciplinary tumor boards (MTB) are a way to generate quality patient care by allowing different specialties to provide insight into patient care. While the vast majority of...
Understanding and interpreting mosquito blood feeding studies: the case of Aedes albopictus.

Blood feeding is a fundamental mosquito behavior with consequences for pathogen transmission and control. Feeding behavior can be studied through two lenses – patterns and preference. Feeding patterns are assessed via blood meal analyses, reflecting mosquito–host associations influenced by environmental and biological parameters. Bias can profoundly impact results, and we provide recommendations for mitigating these effects. We also outline design choices for host preference research, which can take many forms, and highlight their respective (dis)advantages for preference measurement. Finally, Aedes albopictus serves as a case study for how to apply these lessons to interpret data and understand feeding biology. We illustrate how assumptions and incomplete evidence can lead to inconsistent interpretations by reviewing Ae. albopictus feeding studies alongside prevalent narratives about perceived behavior.
Digital Modulation and Coding

1. An Overview. 2. Fundamentals of Probability and Information Theory. 3. Modulation and Detection. 4. Channel Coding and Its Potential. 5. Block Coding. 6. Trellis Coding. Appendix 6A1. Numerical Evaluation of Transfer Function Bounds. Bibliography. Exercises. Index.
Operating frequency selection for low-power magnetic induction-based wireless underground sensor networks

The possibility of employing sensor nodes that wireless communicate under the ground, through concrete, or under-the-debris (disaster scenario) has been recently highlighted at the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) literature. Nonetheless, the best operating frequency for such systems is still an open research aspect. In this work, we address this question for mid-range distances (e.g., 15‥30m) by proposing a soil path attenuation model for an underground magnetic induction (MI)-based system involving a pair of nodes. The model is empirically validated and based on simulation results it is possible to conclude that for mid-range MI systems it is strategic to adopt a dynamic frequency selection scheme where audio frequencies are chosen whenever high soil moisture levels are detected.
Murine autoimmune cholangitis requires two hits: cytotoxic KLRG1+ CD8 effector cells and defective T regulatory cells (BA13P.122)

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an enigmatic disease mediated by autoimmune destruction of cholangiocytes in hepatic bile ducts. Early immunological events in PBC are poorly understood; clinical signs of disease occur very late in the pathological process. We have used our unique murine model of PBC in dominant-negative TGF-β receptor type II transgenic mice to delineate critical early immunopathological pathways, and previously showed that dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells alone transfer biliary disease. Herein we report significantly increased numbers of hepatic terminally differentiated (KLRG1+) CD8 T cells in dnTGFβRII compared to B6; these cells are the major cytotoxic CD8 subset. Unexpectedly, the disease is not simply CD8 T cell intrinsic since mixed bone marrow chimeric mice were protected from biliary disease. Adoptive transfer studies showed that co-transfer of B6 but not dnTGFβRII Tregs prevented dnTGFβRII CD8 T cell mediated cholangitis; the protection was associated with decreased numbers of hepatic KLRG1+ CD8 T cells and with elimination of hepatic dnTGFβRII CD8 mediated cholangiocyte cytotoxicity. DnTGFβRII Treg cells were inferior in suppressing effector CD8 T cells in vitro compared to wild type B6 Tregs. In conclusion, these results emphasize that autoimmune cholangitis requires defects in both the T effector and regulatory compartments, which has important implications for understanding the early pathogenesis of human PBC.
Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated With Premature Senescence? A Review of the Literature

Objective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has major public health significance. Evidence that PTSD may be associated with premature senescence (early or accelerated aging) would have major implications for quality of life and healthcare policy. We conducted a comprehensive review of published empirical studies relevant to early aging in PTSD. Method Our search included the PubMed, PsycINFO, and PILOTS databases for empirical reports published since the year 2000 relevant to early senescence and PTSD, including: 1) biomarkers of senescence (leukocyte telomere length [LTL] and pro-inflammatory markers), 2) prevalence of senescence-associated medical conditions, and 3) mortality rates. Results All six studies examining LTL indicated reduced LTL in PTSD (pooled Cohen's d = 0.76). We also found consistent evidence of increased pro-inflammatory markers in PTSD (mean Cohen's ds), including C-reactive protein = 0.18, Interleukin-1 beta = 0.44, Interleukin-6 = 0.78, and tumor necrosis factor alpha = 0.81. The majority of reviewed studies also indicated increased medical comorbidity among several targeted conditions known to be associated with normal aging, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal ulcer disease, and dementia. We also found seven of 10 studies indicated PTSD to be associated with earlier mortality (average hazard ratio: 1.29). Conclusion In short, evidence from multiple lines of investigation suggests that PTSD may be associated with a phenotype of accelerated senescence. Further research is critical to understand the nature of this association. There may be a need to re-conceptualize PTSD beyond the boundaries of mental illness, and instead as a full systemic disorder.
Computational Models for Turbulent Reacting Flows

This book presents the current state of the art in computational models for turbulent reacting flows, and analyzes carefully the strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques described. The focus is on formulation of practical models as opposed to numerical issues arising from their solution. A theoretical framework based on the one-point, one-time joint probability density function (PDF) is developed. It is shown that all commonly employed models for turbulent reacting flows can be formulated in terms of the joint PDF of the chemical species and enthalpy. Models based on direct closures for the chemical source term as well as transported PDF methods are covered in detail. An introduction to the theory of turbulent and turbulent scalar transport is provided for completeness. The book is aimed at chemical, mechanical, and aerospace engineers in academia and industry, as well as developers of computational fluid dynamics codes for reacting flows.
Old New Nitrogen

During the last glacial period, both nitrogen fixation and denitrification rates are likely to have been much lower than they are today.
Biotechnology and animal welfare

Biotechnology is a huge field. This discussion will be limited to processes which require the manipulation of genetic material to produce a substance which is administered to a farm animal or manipulation of the animal's own genetic material. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all animal related biotechnology research but rather a brief outline of both the detrimental and positive effects of biotechnology on animal welfare. In the last section of the paper ethical questions will be discussed from the viewpoint of the author who has had years of experience in making practical improvements in animal handling and slaughter practices.1,2 The use of biotechnology with farm animals can be divided into seven basic categories. The first category is the use of substances produced by biotechnology methods to improve the productivity of farm animals. One example is growth hormone injections. The second category is transgenic animals where a gene from another species is incorporated into an animal. An example is the insertion of human growth hormone genes into pigs. The third category is transgenic animals used as animal models in biomedical research and the fourth category is creating mosaic animals which are combinations of two species which normally do not interbreed. The fifth use of biotechnology is inserting genes into animals which will enable them to make medically valuable substances in their milk. The sixth area is deleting or adding genes to study basic principles of gene expression or replacing faulty genes to correct a genetic defect. The last category is an indirect use of biotechnology. Examples would be diagnostic tests and DNA fingerprinting.
X Polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities

This Chapter presents and discusses recent achievements towards determining and interpreting the polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of atoms, molecules, clusters, supramolecular assemblies, polymers, and aggregates. It evidences the intense activities in the field as well as their dual chara...