cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synoptic Environments Associated with the Training of Convective Cells

Abstract Many studies have been done on synoptically forced systems and heavy rainfall, but little research has gone into the forecasting of training convective storms specifically in a synoptically forced environment. Training convective storms are recognized as the propagation of convective cells repeatedly over the same location. The research in this paper examines 38 separate synoptically forced convective extreme precipitation training (SCEPT) events to find trends and consistencies in their synoptic environments. Three separate cases were found in which a SCEPT event occurred: closed upper-level trough (CULL), upper-level trough (ULT), and 850-hPa trough–low (850TL). Each event occurred in areas of precipitable water greater than 36.42 mm (1.43 in.), near maximums of 850-hPa moisture convergence and 700-hPa upward vertical velocities, under the 850-hPa jet, and in the warm sector of a midlatitude cyclone. CULL and ULT events occurred in strongly forced synoptic environments where 500- and 300-hPa tr...
Using a structured design approach to reduce risks in end user spreadsheet development

Abstract Computations performed using end-user developed spreadsheets have resulted in serious errors and represent a major control risk to organizations. Literature suggests that factors contributing to spreadsheet errors include developer inexperience, poor design approaches, application types, problem complexity, time pressure, and presence or absence of review procedures. We explore the impact of using a structured design approach for spreadsheet development. We used two field experiments and found that subjects using the design approach showed a significant reduction in the number of ‘linking errors,’ i.e., mistakes in creating links between values that must connect one area of the spreadsheet to another or from one worksheet to another in a common workbook. Our results provide evidence that design approaches that explicitly identify potential error factors may improve end-user application reliability. We also observed that factors such as gender, application expertise, and workgroup configuration also influenced spreadsheet error rates.
Bacteroides fragilis transfer factor Tn5520: the smallest bacterial mobilizable transposon containing single integrase and mobilization genes that function in Escherichia coli.

Many bacterial genera, including Bacteroides spp., harbor mobilizable transposons, a class of transfer factors that carry genes for conjugal DNA transfer and, in some cases, antibiotic resistance. Mobilizable transposons are capable of inserting into and mobilizing other, nontransferable plasmids and are implicated in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This paper presents the isolation and characterization of Tn5520, a new mobilizable transposon from Bacteroides fragilis LV23. At 4,692 bp, it is the smallest mobilizable transposon reported from any bacterial genus. Tn5520 was captured from B. fragilis LV23 by using the transfer-deficient shuttle vector pGAT400ΔBglII. The termini of Tn5520 contain a 22-bp imperfect inverted repeat, and transposition does not result in a target site repeat. Tn5520 also demonstrates insertion site sequence preferences characterized by A-T-rich nucleotide sequences. Tn5520 has been sequenced in its entirety, and two large open reading frames whose predicted protein products exhibit strong sequence similarity to recombinase-integrase enzymes and mobilization proteins, respectively, have been identified. The transfer, mobilization, and transposition properties of Tn5520 have been studied, revealing that Tn5520 mobilizes plasmids in both B. fragilis and Escherichia coli at high frequency and also transposes in E. coli.
Estimation of predictive loss distributions by particle filtering

We model an observed time series of stock market returns by a stochastic volatility model with unknown parameters. We are interested in exploiting the model for sequential estimation of the predictive distributions of returns, or more precisely, the predictive distributions of losses. The obtained distributions allow for computation of various risk-metrics including quantiles and conditional moments. For estimation of the desired distributions, we apply particle filtering. Simultaneously, we may use the particle filtering method for assessing the applied models. We demonstrate the proposed approach using univariate returns of the S&P500 stock index over a large swath of history.
Bulk and intergranular fracture behaviour of NiAl

Abstract We present atomistic simulations of the crack tip configuration in single crystals and bicrystals of B2 NiAl. The simulations were carried out using molecular statics and embedded-atom potentials. The cracks are stabilized near a Griffith condition and the process of dislocation emission from the crack tip was studied. The behaviour of a semi-infinite crack was studied under mode I loading for different crack tip geometries. While [001](110) and [110](110) mode I cracks cleave near the Griffith value of loading, dislocation emission is observed from [010](100) and [011](100) crack tips. Dislocations emitted from the [011](100) crack are observed to move far away from the tip. However, the dislocations emitted from the [010](100) crack are observed to be considerably less mobile and they remain in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip after emission. The results indicate that for some orientations the fracture process in NiAl has dislocation emission characteristics typical of ductile fracture. ...
Crewman's associate: interfacing to the digitized battlefield

Joint Vision 2010 is the conceptual template for how the United States Department of Defense will leverage technological opportunities to achieve new levels of effectiveness in joint warfightmg. Battlefield digitization is a key component of this vision. In the Crewman's Associate Advanced Technology Demonstration (AiD), crewstations for ground combat vehicles were developed that allow the soldier to use digitization to maximize weapon system performance. Keywords: crewstation, digitization, human-computer interface, simulation
A comparison of electricity and natural gas markets and regulation in the USA

Abstract This paper reviews and analyses the regulation of electric power and natural gas in the USA to 1991, particularly at the Federal level: its longterm development, its relationship to the physical and economic structures of the industries, its potential for enhancing or degrading efficiency, and the implications of regulatory perestroika in the gas industry in the 1980s. The recently issued Order No 636 further restructuring the gas industry, is not considered here. The paper finally draws conclusions based on these analyses about the relative value of competition, regulation and other forms of government intervention in different circumstances.
Interaction of the GTP-binding and GTPase-activating Domains of ARD1 Involves the Effector Region of the ADP-ribosylation Factor Domain

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of ∼20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and members of the Ras superfamily, originally identified and purified by their ability to enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and more recently recognized as critical participants in vesicular trafficking pathways and phospholipase D activation. ARD1 is a 64-kDa protein with an 18-kDa carboxyl-terminal ARF domain (p3) and a 46-kDa amino-terminal extension (p5) that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. Using recombinant proteins, we showed that p5, the amino-terminal domain of ARD1, stimulates the GTPase activity of p3, the ARF domain, and appears to be the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) component of this bifunctional protein, whereas in other members of the Ras superfamily a separate GAP molecule interacts with the effector region of the GTP-binding protein. p5 stimulated the GTPase activity of p3 but not of ARF1, which differs from p3 in several amino acids in the effector domain. After substitution of 7 amino acids from p3 in the appropriate position in ARF1, the chimeric protein ARF1(39-45p3) bound to p5, which increased its GTPase activity. Specifically, after Gly40 and Thr45 in the putative effector domain of ARF1 were replaced with the equivalent Asp and Pro, respectively, from p3, functional interaction of the chimeric ARF1 with p5 was increased. Thus, Asp25 and Pro30 of the ARF domain (p3) of ARD1 are involved in its functional and physical interaction with the GTPase-activating (p5) domain of ARD1. After deletion of the amino-terminal 15 amino acids from ARF1(39-45p3), its interaction with p5 was essentially equivalent to that of p3, suggesting that the amino terminus of ARF1(39-45p3) may interfere with binding to p5. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the GAP domain of ARD1 interacts with the effector region of the ARF domain and thereby stimulates GTP hydrolysis.
Improved acoustic coupling of air-coupled micromachined ultrasonic transducers

Phased array imaging with micromachined ultrasound transducer (MUT) arrays is widely used in applications such as ranging, medical imaging, and gesture recognition. In a phased array, the maximum spacing between elements must be less than half of the wavelength to avoid large sidelobes. This places a limit on the maximum transducer size which is not attractive since the acoustic coupling drops rapidly for MUT diameters less than a wavelength. Here, we present a new approach to increase the acoustic coupling of small radius MUTs using an impedance matching resonant tube etched beneath the MUT. Impedance, laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), and acoustic burst measurements confirm a 350% increase in SPL and 8x higher bandwidth compared to transducers without the impedance matching tube, enabling compact arrays with high fill-factor and efficiency.
Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction.

To understand the disorders of bowel motility, it is important to know the range of bowel patterns in the general population. We have devised a brief selfadministered questionnaire which, when used among a group of 789 students and hospital employees, disclosed that 94.2% had stool frequencies between three per day and three per week, and that 17.1% had bowel dysfunction. When compared with the remaining sample, the bowel dysfunction group was predominantly female. This group also reported more often that stress influenced their bowel function, and more often used laxatives and visited physicians for bowel complaints. Further medical evaluation to characterize this subgroup is needed. We believe that selection, for psychologic and physiologic study, of subjects with bowel dysfunction not seeking health care will provide a needed comparison group in our understanding of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Activation of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells using Boronate Estrone Derivatives

Keeping the boron out of the ER: A genetic switch was engineered that activates gene expression in the presence of H(2)O(2). The use of a boronate group on an estrone molecule allows for activation of gene expression through binding of the estrogen receptor only when the boron group is oxidized by H(2)O(2). This sensor is highly sensitive and specific for H(2)O(2).
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of the Lambda Holin

Holins are small phage-encoded cytoplasmic membrane proteins, remarkable for their ability to make membranes permeable in a temporally regulated manner. The purification of S105, the l holin, and one of the two products of gene S is described. Because the wild-type S105 holin could be only partially purified from membrane extracts by ion-exchange chromatography, an oligohistidine tag was added internally to the S105 sequence for use in immobilized metal affinity chromatography. An acceptable site for the tag was found between residues 94 and 95 in the highly charged C-terminal domain of S. This allele, designated S105H94, had normal lysis timing under physiological expression conditions. The S105H94 protein was overproduced, purified, and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy, which revealed approximately 40% alpha-helix conformation, consistent with the presence of two transmembrane helices. The purified protein was then used to achieve release of fluorescent dye loaded in liposomes in vitro, whereas protein from an isogenic construct carrying an S mutation known to abolish hole formation was inactive in this assay. These results suggest that S is a bitopic membrane protein capable of forming aqueous holes in bilayers.
Rare-earth-doped selenide glass optical sources

We have discussed the applicability of rare-earth-doped selenide glasses for mid-IR laser, superfluorescent, and fiber sources. The feasibility of these glasses as phosphor sources for chemical sensing has been demonstrated.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Brecanavir, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor, following Repeat Administration with and without Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Subjects

Brecanavir (BCV) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor in development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection with low nM in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) against many multiprotease inhibitor resistant viruses. This study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled repeat-dose escalation to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BCV, with or without ritonavir (RTV), in 68 healthy subjects. Seven sequential cohorts (n = 10) received BCV (50 to 600 mg) in combination with 100 mg RTV (every 12 h [q12h] or q24h) or alone at 800 mg q12h for 15 days. BCV alone or in combination with RTV was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. The most common drug-related adverse event was headache. BCV was readily absorbed with median time to maximum concentration of drug in serum values ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 h postdose following single- and repeat-dose administration of BCV alone and BCV with RTV 100 mg. Geometric mean BCV accumulation ratios ranged from 1.4 to 1.56 following BCV-RTV q24h regimens and from 1.84 to 4.93 following BCV q12h regimens. BCV steady state was generally achieved by day 13 in all groups. All day 15 BCV-RTV trough concentration values in q12h regimens reached or surpassed the estimated protein-binding corrected in vitro IC50 target BCV concentration of 28 ng/ml for highly resistant isolates. The pharmacokinetic and safety profile of BCV-RTV supports continued investigation in HIV-1-infected subjects.
The role and clinical significance of DNA damage response and repair pathways in primary brain tumors

Primary brain tumors, in particular, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), continue to have dismal survivability despite advances in treating other neoplasms. The goal of new anti-glioma therapy development is to increase their therapeutic ratios by enhancing tumor control and/or decreasing the severity and incidence of side effects. Because radiotherapy and most chemotherapy agents rely on DNA damage, the cell’s DNA damage repair and response (DRR) pathways may hold the key to new therapeutic strategies. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents are the most lethal form of damage, and are repaired via either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. Understanding and exploitation of the differences in the use of these repair pathways between tumor and normal brain cells will allow for an increase in tumor cell killing and decreased normal tissue damage. A literature review and discussion on new strategies which can improve the anti-glioma therapeutic ratio by differentially targeting HR and NHEJ function in tumor and normal neuronal tissues is the focus of this article.
Tools for Digital Humanities: Enabling Access to the Old Occitan Romance of Flamenca

Accessing historical texts is often a challenge because readers either do not know the historical language, or they are challenged by the technological hurdle when such texts are available digitally. Merging corpus linguistic methods and digital technology can provide novel ways of representing historical texts digitally and providing a simpler access. In this paper, we describe a multi-dimensional parallel Old Occitan-English corpus, in which word alignment serves as the basis for search capabilities as well as for the transfer of annotations. We show how parallel alignment can help overcome some challenges of historical manuscripts. Furthermore, we apply a resource-light method of building an emotion annotation via parallel alignment, thus showing that such annotations are possible without speaking the historical language. Finally, using visualization tools, such as ANNIS and GoogleViz, we demonstrate how the emotion analysis can be queried and visualized dynamically in our parallel corpus, thus showing that such information can be made accessible with low technological barriers.
Negotiating Death: ADR and End of Life Decision-making

This Article centers on understanding the current state of end of life decision-making in America and how Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques can help to improve it. In this Article, which was awarded a 2003 Center for Public Resources (CPR) Award of Excellence, I aim to make three contributions: First, using the recent well-publicized case of Terry Schiavo in Florida I examine evidence of the failures of the judicial system in dealing with end of life treatment disputes. After reviewing the major decisions at the federal and state levels, I show that what underlies this failure is a binary assumption that courts must either fully adjudicate end of life decision-making disputes or leave it entirely in the hands of private decision-makers. I trace this assumption to concerns over the institutional legitimacy of the judicial branch in extremely personal decisions like the cessation of treatment. With this diagnosis in hand, I develop a case for ADR as an intermediate path in dealing with these disputes. I review the benefits of ADR in this context (speed, reducing undue influence of physicians, enabling patients to take a more active role, offer of better emotional resolution, etc) and overcome certain threshold objections to implementing ADR in this context: primarily concerns over due process protection, the role of courts for norm-articulation in a public rights model, and the underlying assumption that there is no room for compromise in these disputes. Finally, I turn from theory to practice and describe in detail the design for an end of life treatment ADR system to be implemented in hospitals. I develop a five step model which includes consultation and development of ADR guidelines, negotiation training for doctors and other health professionals, the selection and training of bioethical mediators and the involvement of a hospital's Ethics Committee in the process, as well as the barriers to implementation.
National and International Standards and Calibration of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Systems

Radiation protection for radiation workers, the public, and the environment is of international concern. The use of thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) is an acceptable method for dose recording in most countries. For reasons of consistency and data gathering (research) it is important that a Sievert (Sv) in one part of the world equals an Sv on the other side of the globe. To this end, much work has gone into the development of standards and calibration practices for TLD systems so that they compare not only with similar systems, but also with other forms of radiation measurement. While most national laboratories provide calibration services for these systems some, as in the United States, depend on services of secondary calibration laboratories that are traceable to the national laboratories through accreditation programmes. The purpose of this paper is to explain how TLD measurements are traceable to their respective national standards for both personnel and environmental dosimetry.
Calibration of ring-current effects in proteins and nucleic acids

Density functional chemical shielding calculations are reported for methane molecules placed in a variety of positions near aromatic rings of the type found in proteins and nucleic acids. The results are compared to empirical formulas that relate these intermolecular shielding effects to magnetic anisotropy (‘ring-current’) effects and to electrostatic polarization of the C−H bonds. Good agreement is found between the empirical formulas and the quantum chemistry results, allowing a reassessment of the ring-current intensity factors for aromatic amino acids and nucleic acid bases. Electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to the computed chemical shift dispersion. Prospects for using this information in the analysis of chemical shifts in proteins and nucleic acids are discussed.
Inhibition of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade potentiates cell killing by low dose ionizing radiation in A431 human squamous carcinoma cells

The molecular mechanism(s) by which tumor cells survive after exposure to ionizing radiation are not fully understood. Exposure of A431 cells to low doses of radiation (1 Gy) caused prolonged activations of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and stress activated protein (SAP) kinase pathways, and induced p21(Cip-1/WAF1) via a MAP kinase dependent mechanism. In contrast, higher doses of radiation (6 Gy) caused a much weaker activation of the MAP kinase cascade, but a similar degree of SAP kinase cascade activation. In the presence of MAP kinase blockade by the specific MEK1 inhibitor (PD98059) the basal activity of the SAP kinase pathway was enhanced twofold, and the ability of a 1 Gy radiation exposure to activate the SAP kinase pathway was increased approximately sixfold 60 min after irradiation. In the presence of MAP kinase blockade by PD98059 the ability of a single 1 Gy exposure to cause double stranded DNA breaks (TUNEL assay) was enhanced at least threefold over the following 24-48 h. The increase in DNA damage within 48 h was also mirrored by a similar decrease in A431 cell growth as judged by MTT assays over the next 4-8 days following radiation exposure. This report demonstrates that the MAP kinase cascade is a key cytoprotective pathway in A431 human squamous carcinoma cells which is activated in response to clinically used doses of ionizing radiation. Inhibition of this pathway potentiates the ability of low dose radiation exposure to induce cell death in vitro.
Implementation Challenges and Performance of Forced Harmonic Oscillator Model in Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

The forced harmonic oscillator (FHO) model is an attractive choice for implementation into DSMC due to its higher accuracy over the LarsenBorgnakke (L-B) model, and the fact that it is still an analytic expression. The higher accuracy comes with higher complexity, and several factors which may adversely affect DSMC simulations in particular must be addressed. Detailed balance, round-off errors, and anharmonic oscillator energy limitations, all require some slight modification or cut-off values in the case of the errors in order to ensure its accuracy within DSMC simulations. In addition, quantum jump restrictions to ±5 is shown to reduce the computational time required by as much as 13% while only decreasing accuracy by less than 0.2%. Assessment of the computational resources required for the FHO model in comparison to the commonly used L-B model is performed.
Filling in the holes of the semi-Fredholm domain

We study the following problem: given a set of holes in the semi-Fredholm domain of an operator, is there an invariant subspace of the operator such that the spectrum of the restriction is equal to the spectrum of the operator together with the set of holes?
Closer caregiver and care-recipient relationships predict lower informal costs of dementia care: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study.

Abstract Introduction Identifying factors associated with lower dementia care costs is essential. We examined whether two caregiver factors were associated with lower costs of informal care. Methods A total of 271 care dyads of the Cache County Dementia Study were included. Estimates of informal costs were based on caregiver reports of time spent in care-related activities and inflation-adjusted 2012 Utah median hourly wages. Caregiver coping and emotional closeness with the care-recipient were assessed using the Ways of Coping Checklist–Revised and Relationship Closeness Scale, respectively. Results Higher closeness was associated with 24% lower costs (expβ = 0.763 [95% confidence interval: 0.583–0.999]) in linear mixed models controlling for demographics and baseline dementia severity and duration. Problem-focused coping was not associated with informal costs ( P = .354). Discussion Caregiver closeness, a potentially modifiable factor, predicted lower dementia informal care costs over time. Future studies examining the care environment in closer dyads may identify specific care-related behaviors or strategies that are associated with lower costs.
Distribution of Work Functions in Hospital Food Systems1

The ultimate food system has not yet been created. To achieve this objective, food service administrators have the prerogative and responsibility to evaluate different systems. In this study, the researchers examined work function activities of food service personnel in hospitals using convenience food systems.
Mass spectrometric analysis of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein-protein interactions (PPIs).

Of the 25,000–30,000 human genes, about 2 % code for proteins. However, there are about one to two million protein entities. This is primarily due to alternative splicing and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Identifying all these modifications in one proteome at a particular time point during development or during the transition from normal to cancerous cells is a great challenge to scientists. In addition, identifying the biological significance of all these modifications, as well as their nature, such as stable versus transient modifications, is an even more challenging. Furthermore, interaction of proteins and protein isoforms that have one or more stable or transient PTMs with other proteins and protein isoforms makes the study of proteins daunting and complex. Here we review some of the strategies to study proteins, protein isoforms, protein PTMs, and protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Our goal is to provide a thorough understanding of these proteins and their isoforms, PTMs and PPIs and to shed light on the biological significance of these factors.
Pungent and Non-Pungent General Anesthetics Interact with TRPA1 via Distinct Binding Pocket in the Pore Domain Region

General anesthetics (GAs) suppress CNS activity by modulating the function of membrane ion channels, in particular, by enhancing activity of GABAA receptors. In contrast, several volatile and intravenous GAs can excite peripheral sensory nerves to cause pain and irritation upon administration. Noxious GAs activate Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin repeat 1 (TRPA1), a major nociceptive ion channel, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that in addition to activation by pungent GAs, a broad variety of noxious and non-noxious anesthetics inhibit agonist-evoked activation of mammalian but not drosophila TRPA1. Analysis of chimeric drosophila and mouse TRPA1 channels reveal that the 5th transmembrane domain (S5) is critical for anesthetic sensitivity. We identify two amino acids at the N-terminal S5 domain required for the inhibitory effects of GAs and introduction of these residues into dTRPA1 confers GA-induced block in these channels. Further, we show that activation by noxious GAs requires several amino acids in the S5, S6 and the first pore helix previously implicated in binding of the high-affinity antagonist, A-967079. Notably, isoflurane relieves A-967079-mediated inhibition consistent with a competitive interaction and in silico modeling predicts that pungent GAs occupy the A-967079 binding pocket. Thus inhibition and activation by GAs are governed by distinct amino acids in the pore domain region. These data reveal the mechanism by which TRPA1 discriminates between pungent and non-pungent GAs, and provide structural requirements for designing antagonists to counter the noxious properties of GAs.
Anabolic Steroid Effects on Bone in Women

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the effects of anabolic steroids on bones in women. The evidence available to date suggests that androgens have a beneficial effect on the female skeleton, and may increase bone mass both before and after menopause. Anabolic steroids are androgenic compounds that produce both anabolic effects and promote virilization in men and women. Anabolic steroids modulate a variety of body functions, such as muscle mass and strength, and have been used to treat many conditions, including anemia, protein deficiency, psychiatric disorders, and reproductive dysfunctions. Their beneficial effect in anemia results from stimulation of erythropoiesis via increased erythropoietin production in the kidney and hemoglobin synthesis in erythroblasts. Their marked effect on muscle mass and strength has led to abuse of these compounds in athletes. Genetic support for the role of AR on bone mass was demonstrated in women with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) caused by androgen receptor abnormalities, rendering them partially or completely refractory to androgen. Anabolic steroids, such as methandrostenolone or stanozolol were shown to increase bone mass in postmenopausal women. Another anabolic steroid, stanozolol, was shown by histomorphometric analysis of transiliac bone biopsies to increase bone formation rates significantly without changing the osteoclast surface. Another agent with androgenic activity reported to produce beneficial effects on bone is danazol, which also has anti-estrogenic activity and is used in the treatment of endometriosis.
DYNAMICS OF AN ANNULAR DISK ROLLING ON ITS INNER RIM ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

ABSTRACT General dynamics equations for an annular disk, “rolling” on its inner edge on a circular cylinder, are developed. It is found that kinematic constraint equations, caused by the “rolling” stipulation, require that of three kinetic equations only two are simultaneously valid. These constraint equations thus determine the allowable motions of the disk, and this leads to the application of the governing equations to three specific configurations for which there is respectively no roll, no pitch, and no yaw. In the first two cases, pendulum equations emerge, and in the third case, an equation describing the motion of the “hula hoop” toy is presented.
Policy Enactments and Critical Policy Analysis: How Institutional Talk Constructs Administrative Logics, Marginalization, and Agency

In this chapter, we move toward a framework for Critical Policy Analysis (CPA) grounded in linguistic foundations constructing and maintaining institutional logics. The framework is built on the Institutional Logics Perspective (Thornton et al, The institutional logics perspective: a new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012), and Searle’s (Making the social world: the structure of human civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995; The construction of social reality. Free Press, New York, 2009) linguistic theory of social institutions. The chapter first provides a general overview of the framework, and then further illustrates it in a discussion of three cases in which actors exert their agency by resisting marginalizing professional logics of school administration. We hope to show ways in which the linguistic foundations of institutional logics play a role in policy enactments and the micropolitical struggles between school administrators and members of school communities.
Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus by Butylated Hydroxyanisole and the Propyl Ester of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid.

Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in Trypticase Soy Broth by the propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (propyl paraben, 0 to 500 ppm) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 0 to 400 ppm) alone and in combination was studied. A concentration of 200 ppm of BHA was bactericidal to S. aureus , while up to 400 ppm of BHA was only restrictive to the growth of S. typhimurium . A gradual decline in viable cell numbers of S. aureus was noted with addition of 500 ppm of propylparaben while an initial reduction of S. typhimurium and subsequent growth occurred at a level of 300 ppm of propylparaben. A combination of 50 ppm of BHA-propylparaben was needed to produce a gradual reduction in viable cells of S. aureus and 150 ppm of each additive caused S. typhimurium to exhibit an apparent decrease in cell numbers and then limited growth.
Hot topics, urgent priorities, and ensuring success for racial/ethnic minority young investigators in academic pediatrics

The number of racial/ethnic minority children will exceed the number of white children in the USA by 2018. Although 38% of Americans are minorities, only 12% of pediatricians, 5% of medical-school faculty, and 3% of medical-school professors are minorities. Furthermore, only 5% of all R01 applications for National Institutes of Health grants are from African-American, Latino, and American Indian investigators. Prompted by the persistent lack of diversity in the pediatric and biomedical research workforces, the Academic Pediatric Association Research in Academic Pediatrics Initiative on Diversity (RAPID) was initiated in 2012. RAPID targets applicants who are members of an underrepresented minority group (URM), disabled, or from a socially, culturally, economically, or educationally disadvantaged background. The program, which consists of both a research project and career and leadership development activities, includes an annual career-development and leadership conference which is open to any resident, fellow, or junior faculty member from an URM, disabled, or disadvantaged background who is interested in a career in academic general pediatrics. As part of the annual RAPID conference, a Hot Topic Session is held in which the young investigators spend several hours developing a list of hot topics on the most useful faculty and career-development issues. These hot topics are then posed in the form of six “burning questions” to the RAPID National Advisory Committee (comprised of accomplished, nationally recognized senior investigators who are seasoned mentors), the RAPID Director and Co-Director, and the keynote speaker. The six compelling questions posed by the 10 young investigators—along with the responses of the senior conference leadership—provide a unique resource and “survival guide” for ensuring the academic success and optimal career development of young investigators in academic pediatrics from diverse backgrounds. A rich conversation ensued on the topics addressed, consisting of negotiating for protected research time, career trajectories as academic institutions move away from an emphasis on tenure-track positions, how “non-academic” products fit into career development, racism and discrimination in academic medicine and how to address them, coping with isolation as a minority faculty member, and how best to mentor the next generation of academic physicians.
A Novel Dimeric Inhibitor That Targets Dimeric ß2GPI In ß2GPI/Anti-ß2GPI Antibody Complexes.

Abstract 1142 s2GPI is a major antigen for autoantibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Only the dimeric form of s2GPI generated by anti-s2GPI antibodies is pathologically important, in contrast to monomeric s2GPI which is abundant in plasma. Several cell-surface molecules including anionic phospholipids and ApoER2, a member of the lipoprotein receptor family, are implicated in the pathology of antiphospholipid syndrome. We created a dimeric inhibitor, A1-A1, to selectively target s2GPI in s2GPI/antibody complexes. This inhibitor consists of two ligand-binding A1 modules from ApoER2 connected by a flexible linker. A1-A1 disrupts the binding of s2GPI/antibody complexes with anionic phospholipids and lipoprotein receptors. We compared the potency of A1-A1 to monomeric A1 for inhibition of the binding of s2GPI/antibody complexes to anionic phospholipids. We tested the inhibition of s2GPI present in human serum, s2GPI purified from human plasma and domain V of s2GPI. We demonstrated that when s2GPI/antibody complexes are formed, A1-A1 is more effective than A1 in inhibition of the s2GPI binding to cardiolipin, regardless of the source of s2GPI. Half maximum inhibition of s2GPI in human serum in the presence of anti-s2GPI antibodies was achieved at 9 μM of A1-A1 and 218 μM of A1. Similarly, s2GPI purified from plasma was inhibited to 50% by 26 μM of A1-A1 and 191 μM of A1. Also, A1-A1 strongly inhibited the binding of dimerized domain V of s2GPI to cardiolipin compared to monomeric A1. Concentration of A1-A1 and A1 at half maximum inhibition of the binding of s2GPI domain V to cardiolipin in the presence of dimerization antibodies was 29 μM and 204 μM, respectively. In the absence of anti-s2GPI antibodies, A1-A1 and A1 were equally inefficient in the inhibition of the binding of monomeric s2GPI to cardiolipin. The concentration of inhibitor at half-maximum inhibition of the binding of s2GPI in human serum to cardiolipin was 189 μM for A1-A1 and 176 μM for A1. A novel inhibitor A1-A1 may be a starting point in the development of an effective therapeutic for antiphospholipid syndrome. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Collaboration across vertical boundaries: lessons learned from the US DOE's SPI programme

The US Department of Energy has launched three vertically–integrated alliances to promote the development of high–temperature superconductivity (HTS) energy products. These alliances, part of the Superconductivity Partnership Initiative (SPI) programme, are novel to the US in that they integrate R&D, manufacturing and marketing. Each SPI arrangement focuses on a specific HTS–related product (fault current limiter, generator and motor, respectively) with assistance from DOE laboratories. These arrangements present unique challenges to managers and offer insights into collaboration and commercialization of publicly–developed energy technology.
Anticipating emerging arboviruses: What comes after Zika?

New vector-borne diseases have emerged on multiple occasions over the last several decades, raising fears that they may become established within the United States. Here, we provide a ‘watchlist’ of flaviviruses with high potential to emerge in the US, identified using new statistical techniques for mining the associations in partially observed data, to allow the public health community to better target surveillance.
Perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy

Reports of surgical outcomes after robotic partial cystectomy are limited. The objective of this study is to review surgical outcomes after robotic partial cystectomy at a large tertiary referral center and compare outcomes with patients undergoing open partial cystectomy. Patients undergoing robotic partial cystectomy between 2003 and 2014 were identified. Patients were matched 2:1 based on gender, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Score with patients undergoing open partial cystectomy during the same time period. Patient charts were reviewed for surgical outcomes. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for matching was used to compare outcomes. At our institution, 11 patients underwent robotic partial cystectomy between 2003 and 2014. Median operative time was significantly longer in the robotic group, 214 (IQR 93, 230) minutes, than the open group, 93 (IQR 58, 143) minutes (p = 0.01). There was no difference in median estimated blood loss (p = 0.1). No patient required transfusion. There were no intraoperative complications. Median hospital stay was significantly shorter in the robotic partial cystectomy group, 1 (IQR 1, 2) day, than the open partial cystectomy group, 2 (IQR 2, 4) days (p = 0.01). Median duration of catheterization and complications within 30 days of surgery were not statistically different between the two groups. Median follow-up was 15.5 (IQR 8.6, 19.7) months for the robotic partial cystectomy group and 40.7 (IQR 6.5, 69.4) months for the open partial cystectomy group. Robotic partial cystectomy is safe, effective, and is associated with minimal morbidity when performed in properly selected patients for benign and malignant indications. When compared with open partial cystectomy, robotic partial cystectomy is associated with a longer operative time, but results in a shorter postoperative hospital stay.
Effect of teriflunomide on cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus (CxBGTh) circuit glutamatergic dysregulation in the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Pathology of gray matter is associated with development of physical and cognitive disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. In particular, glutamatergic dysregulation in the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus (CxBGTh) circuit could be associated with decline in these behaviors. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of an immunomodulatory therapy (teriflunomide, Aubagio®) on changes of the CxBGTh loop in the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus, (TMEV) mouse model of MS. METHODS Forty-eight (48) mice were infected with TMEV, treated with teriflunomide (24) or control vehicle (24) and followed for 39 weeks. Mice were examined with MRS and volumetric MRI scans (0, 8, 26, and 39 weeks) in the cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus, using a 9.4T scanner, and with behavioral tests (0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 26, and 39 weeks). Within conditions, MRI measures were compared between two time points by paired samples t-test and across multiple time points by repeated measures ANOVA (rmANOVA), and between conditions by independent samples t-test and rmANOVA, respectively. Data were considered as significant at the p<0.01 level and as a trend at p<0.05 level. RESULTS In the thalamus, the teriflunomide arm exhibited trends toward decreased glutamate levels at 8 and 26 weeks compared to the control arm (p = 0.039 and p = 0.026), while the control arm exhibited a trend toward increased glutamate between 0 to 8 weeks (p = 0.045). In the basal ganglia, the teriflunomide arm exhibited a trend toward decreased glutamate earlier than the control arm, from 0 to 8 weeks (p = 0.011), resulting in decreased glutamate compared to the control arm at 8 weeks (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Teriflunomide may reduce possible excitotoxicity in the thalamus and basal ganglia by lowering glutamate levels.
Lack of POS as a Neutralizer of the LMX – Adaptive Performance Relationship

The quality of the relationship between a supervisor and subordinate (i.e. Leader-member Exchange (LMX)) can have a significant impact on employee outcomes, including performance, satisfaction, and...
Euclidean Path Integrals

Besides Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum mechanics (and extended formulations of quantum electrodynamics and other areas, as mentioned earlier), his path integral formulation of statistical mechanics has also proved to be a very useful development. The latter theory however involves Euclidean path integrals or Wiener type integrals, which rest on a more steady mathematical foundation. Compare remarks in Section 14.2 of the next chapter, for example, and also in Section 16.1 of Chapter 16.
Psychological Stressors, Overview

A wide variety of circumstances and conditions can be subsumed within the general class of psychological stressors. Historical perspectives and conceptual considerations are reviewed, along with important and challenging issues for defining and assessing psychological stressors. Characteristics of psychological stressors and individual differences in susceptibility to psychological stressors are also discussed.
Energy Conservation and Fuel-Vehicle Optimization

A recent study done by Exxon Company, U.S.A. and Exxon Research and Engineering Company has attempted to define the relationships between unleaded octane levels, compression ratio, and fuel economy. This paper will review this work which indicated a net conservation of crude oil for octane levels as high as 87 Motor Octane under certain conditions. It also tries to show that under today’s or the foreseeable future’s capital constraints, this is not an attractive route to energy independence.
Age-related changes in the absorption characteristics of the primate lens.

PURPOSE. To quantitate aging of the primate lens by changes in the absorption characteristics that are related to the yellowing of lens protein. METHODS. The lenses of lower primates and humans were sectioned anterior to posterior every 0.25 mm, and the UV-visible spectrum of each section was measured to determine the cumulative spectra along the visual axis. The ratio of the absorbance at 320 nm (formed with aging) to the absorbance at 365 nm (present in the young lens) was correlated with the age of the lens. RESULTS. In the young primate UV-B is transmitted to the retina, and UV-A is transmitted to the nucleus of the lens. By puberty, changes in the absorption characteristics of the lens that are associated with the yellowing of lens protein prevented most of the UV-B from reaching the retina and by the eighth decade, the transmittances at 320 and 365 nm to the nucleus of the lens were approximately 40% and 79%, respectively. A linear relationship between the ratio of absorbance at 320 to 365 nm and age was found for both lower primates and humans to the age of 80 years. This is surprising, because the maximum life span of the lower primate is approximately 35 years, whereas humans may live 100 years. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that the observed spectral changes associated with the yellowing of the lens are the result of a chronological process, such as chemical or photochemical modifications, not biological aging. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1454 ‐1459)
CCK/Gastrin and Receptors

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed neuropeptides and is an important hormone in the periphery. Gastrin is highly homologous to CCK and is found mainly in the stomach. CCK and gastrin exert their actions by binding to two receptors. In this article the distribution and characteristics of these peptides and their receptors are detailed, as are the intracellular pathways that they activate following receptor binding. The biological activity of brain CCK is also described.