cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
10μm Ag flip-chip by solid-state bonding at 250°C

In this paper, 10μm Ag flip-chip interconnect joints by solid-state bonding was demonstrated between Si chips and Cu substrates. In experiments, an array of 125×125 Ag columns that had 10μm in diameter, 20μm in pitch and 10μm in height was fabricated in one chip region of Si wafers that were first metalized with Cr/Au. The process was performed using solid-state atomic bonding at 250°C with a static pressure of 800 psi (5.5 MPa) for 10 minutes in 0.1 torr vacuum. The corresponding load for each column was 0.044 gm. Cross section SEM images of one row of joints show that the Ag flip-chip joints were bonded to the Cu substrate without voids or breakage. Despite significant coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between Si and Cu, the Si chips did not break from Cu. There are several advantages compared to the popular Sn based Pb-free flip-chip technology: high electrical and thermal conductivities, no IMCs and related issues, no flux issue, high ductility for managing CTE mismatch between chips and packages, high operation temperature, and the possibility for high aspect ratio interconnect.
Controls on large landslide distribution and implications for the geomorphic evolution of the southern interior Columbia River basin

Large landslides (>0.1 km 2 ) are important agents of geomorphic change. While most common in rugged mountain ranges, large landslides can also be widespread in relatively low-relief (several 100 m) terrain, where their distribution has been relatively little studied. A fuller understanding of the role of large landslides in landscape evolution requires addressing this gap, since the distribution of large landslides may affect broad regions through interactions with channel processes, and since the dominant controls on landslide distribution might be expected to vary with tectonic setting. We documented >400 landslides between 0.1 and ∼40 km 2 across ∼140,000 km 2 of eastern Oregon, in the semiarid, southern interior Columbia River basin. The mapped landslides cluster in a NW-SE–trending band that is 50–100 km wide. Landslides predominantly occur where even modest local relief (∼100 m) exists near key contacts between weak sedimentary or volcaniclastic rock and coherent cap rock. Fault density exerts no control on landslide distribution, while ∼10% of mapped landslides cluster within 3–10 km of mapped fold axes. Landslide occurrence is curtailed to the NE by thick packages of coherent basalt and to the SW by limited local relief. Our results suggest that future mass movements will localize in areas stratigraphically preconditioned for landsliding by a geologic history of fluviolacustrine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and episodic capping by coherent lava flows. In such areas, episodic landsliding may persist for hundreds of thousands of years or more, producing valley wall slopes of ∼7°–13° and impacting local channels with an evolving array of mass movement styles.
Depressed RNA synthesis in the brains and livers of thyroidectomized, normal and hormone injected rats.

Abstract Depression of rat brain and liver RNA synthesis was seen at 22 and 90 days subsequent to neonatal radiothyroidectomy. Cerebral RNA synthesis (per unit DNA) was depressed by 16% (P Chronic daily administration in vivo of l -thyroxine (10 μg/100 g body weight) restored the depressed cerebral synthesis of RNA to normal levels while daily administration of bovine growth hormone (100 μg per rat) did not.
Dynamic Photophysical Properties of Conformationally Distorted Nickel Porphyrins. 1. Nickel(II) Dodecaphenylporphyrin

Transient absorption measurements with subpicosecond resolution have been performed on nickel(II) dodecaphenylporphyrin (NiDPP), a highly nonplanar tetrapyrrole. Following photoexcitation, NiDPP deactivates by the pathway (π,π*) → (d,d) → ground state, the route proposed previously for planar analogues. However, the (π,π*) state has now been spectrally and kinetically resolved, and evidence is presented that the deactivation proceeds mainly in the singlet manifold. The lifetime of the 1(π,π*) state of NiDPP is about 0.7 ps in all solvents investigated and increases only slightly as the temperature is reduced. The (d,d) state exhibits complex spectral evolution over the following 20 ps or more, which is interpreted in terms of vibrational relaxation and cooling, together with changes in the conformation of the porphyrin macrocycle. The ligand-field excited state decays with a lifetime of about 120 ps in toluene, but this decay time, like the vibrational and conformational dynamics in the (d,d) state, slows...
Fungal chlamydospores from the Pennsylvanian of North America

Abstract Clusters of spherical—globose spores found predominantly in the cortical tissues of underground plant parts appear nearly identical to the chlamydospores produced by the zygomycete fungal family Endogonaceae. The thick-walled spores range from approximately 100–400 μm in diameter and possess a multilayered wall. The hyphal attachment may be simple or funnel-shaped, and in some associated with a septum. A few hyphal strands are associated with the chlamydospores. The fossil spores are compared to the chlamydospores of the vesicular—arbuscular endomycorrhiza Glomus .
NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES OF CHICKENS AND TURKEYS.

Neurohypophysial extracts from young male chickens and male and female turkeys were subjected to ion exchange chromatography on CMC columns. Fractions obtained by gradient elution were examined pharmacologically. Oxytocin and arginine vasotocin, the 2 previously described avian hormones, were consistently present. At no time could arginine vasopressin be demonstrated in these extracts. Possible reasons for the discrepancies between our findings and those of others are discussed. (Endocrinology 75: 104, 1964)
Rupture of Left Ventricle from Blunt Cardiac Trauma: Report of a Survivor and Review of the Literature

Abstract Few patients survive rupture of the heart from direct or indirect blunt trauma. Death from cardiac tamponade or hemorrhagic shock usually occurs before the patient reaches the hospital. Fourteen patients surviving after operative repair of cardiac chamber rupture are reported in the English literature. Five of these had rupture of the left atrium, 7 of the right atrium, and 2 of the right ventricle. Successful repair of a left ventricle rupture with pericardial and inferior vena caval lacerations is reported, clinical features in the patients who survived are reviewed, and management is discussed.
Toward color image segmentation in analog VLSI: algorithm and hardware

Standard techniques for segmenting color images are based on finding normalized RGB discontinuities, color histogramming, or clustering techniques in RGB or CIE color spaces. The use of the psychophysical variable hue in HSI space has not been popular due to its numerical instability at low saturations. In this article, we propose the use of a simplified hue description suitable for implementation in analog VLSI. We demonstrate that if theintegrated white condition holds, hue is invariant to certain types of highlights, shading, and shadows. This is due to theadditive/shift invariance property, a property that other color variables lack. The more restrictive uniformly varying lighting model associated with themultiplicative/scale invariance property shared by both hue and normalized RGB allows invariance to transparencies, and to simple models of shading and shadows. Using binary hue discontinuities in conjunction with first-order type of surface interpolation, we demonstrate these invariant properties and compare them against the performance of RGB, normalized RGB, and CIE color spaces. We argue that working in HSI space offers an effective method for segmenting scenes in the presence of confounding cues due to shading, transparency, highlights, and shadows. Based on this work, we designed and fabricated for the first time an analog CMOS VLSI circuit with on-board phototransistor input that computes normalized color and hue.
A framework for cluster availability specification and evaluation

Cluster Computing is becoming cost effective and popular for its enormous computational power. High availability features need to be included to ensure that cluster computing environments can provide continuous services. A typical availability modeling method is based on the analytical formalisms such as fault tree, Markov chains, Stochastic Petri Net (SPN), etc. However, people in system design and development may not be familiar with the analytical modeling techniques. This inevitably creates a gap between system designers and reliability engineers. Moreover, the analytical models are still primitive. As a consequence, Markov chain and Petri Net models are often large when the modeled systems are complicated. These large models may be out of the intuitive of modelers, lose the view of the system, and be error prone. We propose a framework that models cluster computing systems' availability based on UML design notations, and evaluates system availability by transforming the UML availability model into corresponding analytical models. The UML-based availability modeling framework is to bridge the gap between the two communities. With our approach, the availability analysis of cluster computing systems can be done at the design stage with ease.
Terminal Box Minimum Airflow Optimization of Single Duct Air Handling Units

Terminal boxes control space conditions in variable air volume (VAV) air-handling unit (AHU) systems. Terminal boxes either modulate airflow with a control damper or adjust discharge air temperature with a reheat coil. Terminal boxes will have a significant amount of simultaneous heating and cooling and AHUs will consume more fan power if the minimum airflow is higher than required. On the other hand, conditioned space will have indoor air quality (IAQ) problems with less air circulation if the minimum airflow is less than required. The objective of this study is to optimize the minimum airflow ratio to improve thermal environment and save energy consumption. In this study, the problem of current fixed minimum airflow ratio of terminal box is analyzed and variable minimum airflow ratio as an alternative is suggested. The results of this study show that variable minimum airflow ratio can stably maintain the set room air temperature and reduce energy consumption for varying heating loads compared to the conventional fixed minimum airflow ratio.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Identification of two distinct structural regions in a human porcine endogenous retrovirus receptor, HuPAR2, contributing to function for viral entry

Background Of the three subclasses of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV), PERV-A is able to infect human cells via one of two receptors, HuPAR1 or HuPAR2. Characterizing the structure-function relationships of the two HuPAR receptors in PERV-A binding and entry is important in understanding receptor-mediated gammaretroviral entry and contributes to evaluating the risk of zoonosis in xenotransplantation.
Biliary strictures in pancreatic disease

Pancreatic disease commonly involves the distal common bile duct. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis are the commonest pancreatic processes resulting in a bile duct stricture. Management of distal common bile duct strictures requires proper diagnosis and appropriate use of both endoscopy and surgery. This article reviews the differential diagnosis and endoscopic managment of biliary strictures in pancreatic disease.
Multi-dimensional Recursive Linear System Synthesis

A systematic procedure for synthesizing a linear recursive system of multi-dimensional whose unit-impulse response closely approximates a given linear nonrecursive unit-impulse response is herein developed. The basic concepts to be utilized are first presented for the one-dimensional case in which the data to be processedx(n) is a function of one integer index variable. These concepts are then extended in a straightforward manner to treat the two-dimensional case in which the data to be processedx(m,n) is a function of two integer index variables. An extension to the higher dimensional data case can then be obtained in a straightforward fashion.
Unilateral naris closure in adult mice: atrophy of the deprived-side olfactory bulbs.

Abstract The effects of unilateral naris closure, for 1–6 months, on the olfactory bulbs of adult mice were investigated in 3 experiments. The bulbs on the closed, or deprived, sides were smaller in a total of 68 out of 73 mice. Experiment 1 revealed a significant overall difference in cross-sectional areas of the open and closed-side bulbs of 6-, 8- or 12-week naris closure mice. In Expt. 2, in the 1-month naris closure group the difference in weights between the open and closed-side bulbs was a marginally significant 17% ( P P P P > 0.05). This indicates that the smaller size of the closed-side bulbs is attributable to atrophy rather than arrested growth during the closure period. These data provide evidence that for olfaction, unlike other sensory systems, there may be no critical period during growth and development in which deprivation must occur in order to cause gross morphological changes in the CNS sensory structures. Thus the olfactory receptor neurons of adults appear to have a unique trophic relationship with their CNS target tissue, the olfactory bulbs.
An evaluation of the acquisition of sexual information through a sex education class

Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to examine the acquisition of information about sexuality by 182 ninth‐grade students enrolled in a sex education course. An additional 197 ninth‐grade students in the same school served as a control group. Approximately half the subjects in each group were pretested. Following completion of the course, all subjects were posttested. The major results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the experimental group scored higher on the posttest than the control group both for the total set of items (N = 24) and for several subscores measuring learning of sex education material. The pretest and posttest scores did not differ for control group subjects. The results indicated: (a) sex education courses can provide important information about sexuality which is not gained in other ways by ninth‐graders; (b) peers may not be important sources of sexual information when alternatives (sex education courses) to peer information are available.
Michaelis-Menten absorption kinetics in drugs: - examples and implications.

It is shown that the absorption of phenylbutazone, naproxen, and chlorthiazide is governed by a dose limiting mechanism. This dose dependency may be explained by a saturation absorption process mathematically obeying Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. Observed dose relationships for tetracycline, fenclozic acid and related compounds, phenytoin, and possibly digoxin and digitoxin may be explained if a saturable process in absorption is postulated. This behavior may be produced by insolubility of the drug compound, a limited “window of absorption” in the gastrointestinal tract, or a capacity limited absorption because of the carrier or the transport mechanism involved. The need for suitably designed dose response studies with new drug compounds is discussed.
Use of Specialty Care Versus Standard Retail Pharmacies for Treatment of Hepatitis C

Background:Treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with significant adverse events. Improved adherence increases the probability of achieving sustained virologic response (SVR). Despite a lack of supporting literature, the use of specialty care pharmacies has increased in recent years in an attempt to improve HCV treatment outcomes.Objective:To compare specialty care versus standard retail pharmacies in HCV treatment outcomes, utilization of office resources, and the use of supplemental medications.Methods:A retrospective chart review was performed at a single academic institution for adults with HCV infection treated between 2001 and 2006. SVR was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included therapy completion rates, HCV treatment dose reductions, additional phone calls and clinic visits, and the use of supplemental medications.Results:One hundred ninety-seven patients were identified (102 standard and 95 specialty care pharmacy). There were no differences in baseline demographics betwe...
The AMPK Inhibitor Compound C Is a Potent AMPK-Independent Antiglioma Agent

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved energy sensor important for cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolic regulation. Active AMPK inhibits biosynthetic enzymes like mTOR and acetyl CoA carboxylase (required for protein and lipid synthesis, respectively) to ensure that cells maintain essential nutrients and energy during metabolic crisis. Despite our knowledge about this incredibly important kinase, no specific chemical inhibitors are available to examine its function. However, one small molecule known as compound C (also called dorsomorphin) has been widely used in cell-based, biochemical, and in vivo assays as a selective AMPK inhibitor. In nearly all these reports including a recent study in glioma, the biochemical and cellular effects of compound C have been attributed to its inhibitory action toward AMPK. While examining the status of AMPK activation in human gliomas, we observed that glioblastomas express copious amount of active AMPK. Compound C effectively reduced glioma viability in vitro both by inhibiting proliferation and inducing cell death. As expected, compound C inhibited AMPK; however, all the antiproliferative effects of this compound were AMPK independent. Instead, compound C killed glioma cells by multiple mechanisms, including activation of the calpain/cathepsin pathway, inhibition of AKT, mTORC1/C2, cell-cycle block at G2-M, and induction of necroptosis and autophagy. Importantly, normal astrocytes were significantly less susceptible to compound C. In summary, compound C is an extremely potent antiglioma agent but we suggest that caution should be taken in interpreting results when this compound is used as an AMPK inhibitor.
Primary Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium from the Morphogenetic Standpoint

This review compiles the current knowledge of normal and abnormal myocardial morphogenesis to facilitate an unambiguous diagnosis of primary myocardial noncompaction. During the early stages of development, the formation of trabeculae with the resulting increase in myocardial surface is a adaptation of the rapidly growing heart to improve nourishment by exchange diffusion from the cardiac lumen. Once the coronary vasculature has developed, the switch to cardiac nutrient supply through active circulation from the subepicardial space is paralleled by gradual compaction of the myocardial trabeculae. This results in a decrease of the inner, trabeculated myocardial layer with a parallel increase in thickness of the outer, compact myocardial layer. Similar to the direction of coronary arterial development, this process proceeds from the epicardium toward the endocardium and from the base of the heart to the apex. Based on developmental data, congenital myocardial noncompaction represents a failure of normal embryonic myocardial maturation. The time of arrest of this process will determine the extension of myocardial noncompaction within the ventricle. Whereas disturbances of myocardial microcirculation are frequent in these hearts, direct communications between the myocardial cavity and the coronary arteries (sinusoids) do not belong to this morphogenetic entity.
Cancellation of chemical backgrounds with generalized Fisher's linear discriminants

This article presents a signal-processing technique capable of canceling the effect of background chemicals from the multivariate response of a sensor array. We propose a generalization of the Fishers eigenvalue solution that minimizes the discrimination between undesirable chemicals and a neutral reference. The proposed technique is a generalization of an earlier model that was limited to the removal of single volatiles. A reformulation of class memberships allows the new model to cancel the effect of both single and mixture backgrounds. The model is validated on experimental data from an array of temperature-modulated metal-oxide sensors exposed to binary and ternary mixtures.
Extracellular finger domain modulates the response of the epithelial sodium channel to shear stress.

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is regulated by multiple extracellular stimuli, including shear stress. Previous studies suggest that the extracellular finger domains of ENaC α and γ subunits contain allosteric regulatory modules. However, the role of the finger domain in the shear stress response is unknown. We examined whether mutations of specific residues in the finger domain of the α subunit altered the response of channels to shear stress. We observed that Trp substitutions at multiple sites within the tract αLys-250–αLeu-290 altered the magnitude or kinetics of channel activation by shear stress. Consistent with these findings, deletion of two predicted peripheral β strands (αIle-251–αTyr-268) led to slower channel activation by shear stress, suggesting that these structures participate in the shear stress response. The effects of mutations on the shear stress response did not correlate with their effects on allosteric Na+ inhibition (i.e. Na+ self-inhibition), indicating a divergence within the finger domain regarding mechanisms by which the channel responds to these two external stimuli. This result contrasts with well correlated effects we previously observed at sites near the extracellular mouth of the pore, suggesting mechanistic convergence in proximity to the pore. Our results suggest that the finger domain has an important role in the modulation of channel activity in response to shear stress.
Prenatal programming of adult thyroid function by alcohol and thyroid hormones.

Increasing evidence associates environmental challenges early in life with permanent alterations of physiological functions in adulthood. These changes in fetal environment can trigger physiologica...
Transport of a cathodic arc plasma in a straight, magnetized duct

Measurements are presented of the transport of a supersonic, cathodic-arc plasma through a straight, magnetized duct. These measurements are compared to previous work on curved ducts, in order to illuminate the effect of duct curvature on the transport. The axial ion flux through the straight duct decays as ions are lost to the walls. This decay is exponential, with a scale length of seven duct radii; this is two to three times longer than in most experiments on curved ducts. The scale length is independent of the magnetic field strength for fields from 5-40 mT. (For this range of magnetic fields, the electron Larmor radius varies from 0.03-0.003 duct radii; while the ion Larmor radius varies from 4-0.5 duct radii.) This differs from previous experiments with curved ducts, where the attenuation length generally increases with magnetic field. Also in contrast to experiments on curved ducts, biasing the duct wall to positive voltages similar to the ion energy produces only a slight decrease in the ion losses to the wall. The observed scale length for ion loss and its independence from the magnetic field strength are in quantitative agreement with a plasma fluid simulation. Differences in plasma transport through straight and curved ducts are discussed.
Chronic methamphetamine use heightens concurrent risk of functional dependence in persons living with HIV infection

Author(s): Blackstone, Kaitlin; Iudicello, JE; Morgan, EE; Weber, E; Moore, DJ; Ellis, RJ; Grant, I; Woods, SP
Predictive Ability of 2-Day Measurement of Active Range of Motion on 3-Mo Upper-Extremity Motor Function in People With Poststroke Hemiparesis

OBJECTIVE. We determined (1) whether active range of motion (AROM) of shoulder flexion and wrist extension measured at the initial therapy evaluation in the acute hospital predicted upper-extremity (UE) motor function 3 mo after stroke and (2) whether the presence of nonmotor impairments influenced this prediction. METHOD. We collected AROM data from 50 people with stroke during their initial acute hospital therapy evaluation and UE motor function data 3 mo later. Multiple regression techniques determined the predictive ability of initial AROM on later UE motor function. RESULTS. Initial AROM explained 28% of the variance in UE motor function 3 mo poststroke. Nonmotor deficits did not contribute to the variance. CONCLUSION. Compared with later AROM measurements, initial values did not adequately predict UE motor function 3 mo after stroke. Clinicians should use caution when informing clients of UE functional prognosis in the early days after stroke.
A nuclear reactor simulator for teaching purposes

The nuclear power reactor furnishes an excellent illustration of many of the principles and problems involved in the field of nuclear engineering. The design and operation of a portable electronic reactor simulator suitable for teaching purposes are discussed.
The Influence of Compressor Blade Row Interaction Modeling on Performance Estimates From Time-Accurate, Multistage, Navier–Stokes Simulations

The time-accurate, multi-stage, Navier-Stokes, turbomachinery solver TURBO was used to calculate the aero performance of a 2 1/2 stage, highly-loaded, high-speed, axial compressor. The goals of the research project were to demonstrate completion times for multi-stage, time-accurate simulations that are consistent with inclusion in the design process, and to assess the influence of differing approaches to modeling the effects of blade row interactions on aero performance estimates. Three different simulation setups were used to model blade row interactions: 1.) single passage per blade row with phase lag boundaries, 2.) multiple passages per blade row with phase lag boundaries, and 3.) a periodic sector (1/2 annulus sector). The simulations used identical inlet and exit boundary conditions and identical meshes. To add more blade passages to the domain, the single passage meshes were copied and rotated. This removed any issues of differing mesh topology or mesh density from the following results. The 1/2 annulus simulation utilizing periodic boundary conditions required an order of magnitude less iterations to converge when all three simulations were converged to the same level as assessed by monitoring changes in overall adiabatic efficiency. When using phase lag boundary conditions the need to converge the time history information necessitates more iterations to obtain the same convergence level. In addition to convergence differences, the three simulations gave different overall performance estimates where the 1/2 annulus case was 1.0 point lower in adiabatic efficiency than the single passage phase lag case. The interaction between blade rows in the same frame of reference set up spatial variations of properties in the circumferential direction which are stationary in that reference frame. The phase lag boundary condition formulation will not capture this effect because the blade rows are not moving relative to each other. Thus for simulations of more than two blade rows and strong interactions, a periodic simulation is necessary to estimate the correct aero performance. [Keywords: blade row interaction, numerical modeling, multi-stage compressor]
Experimental consistency in parton distribution fitting

The recently developed ``data set diagonalization'' method is applied to measure compatibility of the data sets that are used to determine parton distribution functions. Discrepancies among the experiments are found to be somewhat larger than is predicted by propagating the published experimental errors according to Gaussian statistics. The results support a tolerance criterion of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\approx}10$ to estimate the 90% confidence range for parton distribution function uncertainties. No basis is found in the data sets for the larger $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ values that are in current use, though it may be necessary to retain those larger values until improved methods can be developed to take account of systematic errors in applying the theory, including the effect of parametrization dependence. The data set diagonalization method also measures how much influence each experiment has on the global fit and identifies experiments that show significant tension with respect to the others. The method is used to explore the contribution from muon scattering experiments, which are found to exhibit the largest discrepancies in the current fit.
Long-Term Spectro-Temporal and Static Harmonic Features for Voice Activity Detection

Accurate voice activity detection (VAD) is important for robust automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. This paper proposes a statistical-model-based noise-robust VAD algorithm using long-term temporal information and harmonic-structure-based features in speech. Long-term temporal information has recently become an ASR focus, but has not yet been deeply investigated for VAD. In this paper, we first consider the temporal features in a cepstral domain calculated over the average phoneme duration. In contrast, the harmonic structures are well-known bearers of acoustic information in human voices, but that information is difficult to exploit statistically. This paper further describes a new method to exploit the harmonic structure information with statistical models, providing additional noise robustness. The proposed method including both the long-term temporal and the static harmonic features led to considerable improvements under low SNR conditions, with 77.7% error reduction on average as compared with the ETSI AFE-VAD in our VAD testing. In addition, the word error rate was reduced by 29.1% in a test that included a full ASR system.
Closing Comments on ‘Leading for Innovation’ We’ve Only Just Begun

The Problem: Insights and recommendations on developing leaders of creative efforts have been offered from various scholars and practitioners in this issue. However, we felt it would best serve the...
Starvation Enhances Hepatic Free Radical Release Following Endotoxemia

Although it is well known that malnourished patients who become septic have an increased risk of organ failure and death compared to normally nourished individuals, the pathological processe(s) underlying this observation are unknown. To evaluate one possible explanation for this finding, we tested the hypothesis that malnutrition depresses hepatic antioxidant stores and accelerates hepatic release of oxygen free radicals in an animal model of sepsis. Male rats were either fasted (n = 14) or fed (n = 14) for 3 days prior to receiving lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 17 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Animals were weighed daily and then sacrificed 6 and 24 hr after LPS administration to determine hepatic superoxide anion (an oxygen free radical) release and liver glutathione (GSH, an antioxidant) content. Fasted rats were severely malnourished as indicated by a 23% decrease in body weight compared to fed rats, which gained 11% (P < 0.05). Liver GSH was depressed by 30% (P < 0.05) and 20% (P = 0.066) in the fasted compared to fed animals 6 and 24 hr after LPS administration. In addition, hepatic superoxide anion release was 210 and 75% higher in the fasted animals 6 and 24 hr after LPS injection (P < 0.05 at both time points). Liver superoxide anion release and GSH content were negatively correlated (P < 0.001, R = - 0.73) indicating that superoxide anion release increased as GSH content fell. Malnutrition leads to depletion of liver antioxidant stores with accelerated release of hepatic oxygen free radicals. Oxidant-mediated organ damage may be one cause of increased morbidity and mortality in malnourished, systemically infected patients.
Ultrastructure of the chlamydospore growth phase of Aspergillus parasiticus associated with higher production of aflatoxins.

Summary: The ultrastructure of the chlamydospore growth phase of Aspergillus parasiticus associated with higher production of aflatoxin is fully described. The growth was obtained by growing the fungus on a synthetic liquid medium for 72 hours at 28° C under constant shaking. Zusammenfassung: Die Ultrastruktur der Chlamydosporen-Wachstumsphase von Aspergillus parasiticus, die mit hoherer Produktion von Aflatoxin einhergeht, wird beschrieben. Diese Wuchsform war durch Zuchtung des Pilzes auf einem synthetischen flussigen Nahrboden fur 72 Stunden bei 28°C unter standigem Schutteln erzeugt worden.
Association Between Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment for Scope of Treatment and In-Hospital Death in Oregon

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) for Scope of Treatment and setting of care at time of death. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Oregon in 2010 and 2011. PARTICIPANTS: People who died of natural causes. MEASUREMENTS: Oregon death records containing cause and location of death were matched with POLST orders for people with a POLST form in the Oregon POLST registry. Logistic regression was used to measure the association between POLST orders and location of death. RESULTS: Of 58,000 decedents, 17,902 (30.9%) had a POLST form in the registry. Their orders for Scope of Treatment were comfort measure only, 11,836 (66.1%); limited interventions, 4,787 (26.7%); and full treatment, 1,153 (6.4%). Comfort measures only (CMO) orders advise avoiding hospitalization unless comfort cannot be achieved in the current setting; 6.4% of participants with POLST CMO orders died in the hospital, compared with 44.2% of those with orders for full treatment and 34.2% for those with no POLST form in the registry. In the logistic regression, the odds of dying in the hospital of those with an order for limited interventions was 3.97 times as great (95% CI = 3.59–4.39) as of those with a CMO order, and the odds of those with an order for full treatment was 9.66 times as great (95% CI = 8.39–11.13). CONCLUSIONS: The association with numbers of deaths in the hospital suggests that end-of-life preferences of people who wish to avoid hospitalization as documented in POLST orders are honored. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014.
Ecological Worldviews: A Missing Perspective to Advance Global Sustainability Leadership

Since the corporate sustainability movement emerged more than 20 years ago, much has been written about how multinational corporations must play an important role in solving the planet’s ecological challenges. However, while corporate sustainability research has focused extensively on environmental impacts, strategies, and best practices at the organizational level, not enough attention has been paid to sustainability leadership at the individual level. As a result, little is known about the psychological motivations of corporate sustainability executives and how this may relate to their behavior as change agents. Based on insights from social science disciplines, including ecopsychology, integral ecology, and developmental psychology, this article presents findings from a large sample study of the ecological worldviews of global sustainability leaders. Specific findings include five experiences that shape ecological worldviews over the lives of the participants and five ways that ecocentric worldviews are expressed. Based on the findings, the author proposes that participants in the study have developed advanced ecological worldviews that underlie their motivation and capacity for effective sustainability leadership, and makes specific recommendations for education and practice.
Fast real-time convolution algorithm for microwave multiport networks with nonlinear terminations

This work presents an efficient convolution algorithm for frequency domain data in the presence of nonlinear terminations. By combining the conventional convolution and fast Fourier transform technique, the cost for real-time convolution is reduced from O(N/sup 2/) to O(Nlog/sup 2/N). This algorithm can be easily incorporated into multiple-input-multiple-out linear circuit systems with descriptions by impedance, admittance, or scattering matrix which is measured or precomputed in the frequency domain. Optimal number of points for conventional convolution in this algorithm can also be theoretically determined to give the best computational efficiency. A nonlinearly terminated eight-port circuit, characterized by scattering matrix, with multiple excitations is employed to demonstrate the efficiency of this algorithm.
Scientists’ sense making when hypothesizing about disease mechanisms from expression data and their needs for visualization support

A common class of biomedical analysis is to explore expression data from high throughput experiments for the purpose of uncovering functional relationships that can lead to a hypothesis about mechanisms of a disease. We call this analysis expression driven, -omics hypothesizing. In it, scientists use interactive data visualizations and read deeply in the research literature. Little is known, however, about the actual flow of reasoning and behaviors (sense making) that scientists enact in this analysis, end-to-end. Understanding this flow is important because if bioinformatics tools are to be truly useful they must support it. Sense making models of visual analytics in other domains have been developed and used to inform the design of useful and usable tools. We believe they would be helpful in bioinformatics. To characterize the sense making involved in expression-driven, -omics hypothesizing, we conducted an in-depth observational study of one scientist as she engaged in this analysis over six months. From findings, we abstracted a preliminary sense making model. Here we describe its stages and suggest guidelines for developing visualization tools that we derived from this case. A single case cannot be generalized. But we offer our findings, sense making model and case-based tool guidelines as a first step toward increasing interest and further research in the bioinformatics field on scientists’ analytical workflows and their implications for tool design.
Licensure in professional and technical occupations: A test of the Davis‐Moore theory of stratification

The Davis and Moore functional theory of stratification has been examined most often by focusing on occupational positions. However, few studies have investigated any other form of occupational reward except prestige or income. In contrast, this paper considered licensure as a type of recognition and reward for professional and technical occupations. Partial support for the Davis and Moore theory was found with the length of training and the complexity of working with people predicting licensure positively.
Update on Molecular Biology of Lung Development—Transcriptomics

This article highlights some of the significant advances in our understanding of lung developmental biology made over the last few years, which challenge existing paradigms and are relevant to a fundamental understanding of this process. Additional comments address how these new insights may be informative for chronic lung diseases that occur, or initiate, in the neonatal period. This is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the molecular biology of lung development. For a more comprehensive, contemporary review of the cellular and molecular aspects of lung development, readers can refer to recent reviews by others.
Steps towards photonic antennas

Summary form only given. Photonics are basically replacing conventional components, such as the coaxial lead that would have interconnected the antenna and electronics. In the replacement stage, the design of the electronics is largely, if not completely, unaffected by the photonics. A second step in the evolution, of which we are beginning to see signs already, is the integration of photonics with antennas. It is important to note that the term "integration" is being used here to refer to both physical as well as functional integration of the two technologies. By conveying a lower frequency IF over the photonic link, it is possible to remote 60 GHz antennas over tens of kilometers of distance. A defining feature of this stage is that it introduces new capabilities that were not possible in stage one. The third step in the evolution is a photonic antenna. In this stage the photonics performs the sensing of the electromagnetic field, thereby replacing conventional antennas. One or two examples of antenna designs along this direction have been reported at the Photonic Systems for Antenna Applications (PSAA) conference. At this stage, entirely new types of antennas would be possible, since photonics would permit sensing as well as remoting the RF field without any electrically conductive elements to interfere with the antenna pattern. This paper presents examples and status of work in each of the three areas discussed above.
The Structure and Biogenesis of Yeast Ribosomes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent progress in studies of the biogenesis and structure of yeast ribosomes, emphasizing results derived from experiments using classical and molecular genetics. Studies of the biosynthesis of the yeast ribosome offer an opportunity to investigate the coordinate expression of a moderately large set of genes that respond to the growth rate of the cell. To understand ribosome biosynthesis, one must concern the mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of ribosomal proteins in balance with each other and with rRNAs. The chapter also focuses on the structure and expression of ribosomal protein genes. The mechanisms of rRNA processing and ribosome assembly and the role of nucleolar molecules in these processes are only at their stage to be explored in eukaryotes. The signals that coordinate the transcription of these genes with all the three RNA polymerases have not been identified. By analogy to studies of mRNA processing, it should be possible to make effective use of rRNA-processing mutants or nucleolar protein or RNA mutants—in concern with a cell-free system—to define the pathway of processing in more detail and to determine the functions of trans-acting factors in this pathway.
Screening, brief intervention and referral of emergency department patients with unhealthy drug use: efficacious or not?

ABSTRACT FROM: Bogenschutz MP, Donovan DM, Mandler RN, et al . Brief intervention for patients with problematic drug use presenting in emergency departments: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1736–45. There is evidence that emergency department (ED) screening, followed by brief intervention and referral to treatment can reduce high-risk behaviours such as unhealthy alcohol and tobacco use.1 The evidence supporting the efficacy of Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for drug use in ED settings is limited, yet promising.2 This is a clinical trial of ED patients 18 years or older who screened in for problematic drug use measured by a score of ≥3 on the 10-item drug abuse screening test. Patients were randomised to: (1) brief intervention with up to two telephone boosters within 7–30 days of the ED visit (BI-B): n=427; (2) screening and assessment with referral to treatment if dependent as measured by ASSIST scores ≥ 27 (SAR): n=427; (3) minimal screening only (MSO) with information pamphlet: n=431. The study was conducted at six US hospital from October 2010 to February …
Campaign Learning and the Fundamentals Reconsidered

The contrast between the predictability of presidential elections and the variability of early polls has come to be viewed as evidence of campaign learning. We argue that unmotivated survey respondents offering minimally acceptable answers (i.e., satisficing) offers an additional explanation for the classic conundrum of why the polls vary when the election outcome is predictable. The analysis relies on data from the National Annenberg Election Survey, a natural experiment that results from California's election laws, and the 2000 ANES survey mode experiment. The results support the claim that respondents' motivation to engage the survey question, not the information provided by the campaign, is the most important determinant of whether vote intentions reflect the "correctly" weighted fundamentals. We conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for both survey-based and experimental studies of campaign effects.
Cultural Characteristics of Pityrosporum ovale—A Lipophylic Fungus. Nutrient and Growth Requirements

ConclusionsThe Pityrosporum ovale grows in the presence of inorganic salts, glucose and oleic acid. The addition of asparagin accelerates growth and increases the final yield.Thiamin and pyridoxin accelerate development but are not essential to the growth of this fungus under the conditions studied.
Penile polsters: functional structures or atherosclerotic changes?

AbstractThe distribution of blood flow within the penis during erection and detumescence is thought to be controlled by polsters, columns of smooth muscle cells within the intima of penile arteries and veins. We have examined penile tissue from 4 men and 2 children, and have been unable to find incontrovertible evidence of polsters as classically described. Occasional structures superficially resembling polsters were encountered not only in penile tissue but also in vessels in the spermatic cord in patients undergoing vasectomy. In each instance these structures were recognizable as either branching points of vessels, intimai smooth muscle cell cushions or atherosclerotic lesions at various stages of development. Our findings strongly refute the hypothesis that polsters contribute to the normal physiology of erection.
Symmetry: The Concept

In this chapter we start our conceptual study of the general theory of symmetry in science, which is continued in the following two chapters. The conceptual approach to symmetry, in contrast to the symmetry formalism developed in Chapters 4–7, is the best approach for understanding the concepts involved in symmetry and the significance of symmetry in science.
IGMS: An Integrated ISO-to-Appliance Scale Grid Modeling System

This paper describes the integrated grid modeling system (IGMS), a novel electric power system modeling platform for integrated transmission-distribution analysis that co-simulates off-the-shelf tools on high performance computing platforms to offer unprecedented resolution from independent system operator (ISO) markets down to appliances and other end uses. Specifically, the system simultaneously models hundreds or thousands of distribution systems in co-simulation with detailed ISO markets and automatic generator control-level reserve deployment. IGMS uses a new message passing interface-based hierarchical co-simulation framework to connect existing sub-domain models. Our initial efforts integrate open-source tools for wholesale markets, bulk ac power flow, and full-featured distribution systems including physics-based end-use and distributed generation models (many instances of GridLAB-D). The modular IGMS framework enables tool substitution and additions for multi-domain analyses. This paper describes the IGMS tool, characterizes its performance, and demonstrates the impacts of the coupled simulations for analyzing high-penetration solar photovoltaic and price responsive load scenarios.