cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TCDD-induced hyperplasia of the ureteral epithelium produces hydronephrosis in murine fetuses.

TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) has been recognized as a kidney and palate teratogen for many years. The etiology of the kidney abnormality has not been revealed, and there is some confusion about the exact nature of the defect. This study examines C57BL/6N fetal mouse kidneys from day 14 of gestation through day 17. Pregnant females received a single dose of 0 or 12 micrograms TCDD/kg by gavage on day 10 pregnancy. Fetal urinary systems were examined on days 14, 15, 16 (a.m.), 16 (p.m.), and 17 (p.m.). The patency of the ureteric lumen was examined by injection of dye into the bladder. TCDD treatment did not delay or prevent breakdown of the ureteric membrane between days 15 and 16. On days 16 through 17, the ureteric lumina of TCDD-exposed fetuses were narrow and tortuous when compared to the control lumens. Sections of ureter were observed by light microscopy. On day 15 the lumina of TCDD-exposed ureters were occluded by epithelial cells. As a result of hyperplasia of the ureteric luminal epithelium, hydroureter and hydronephrosis became pronounced by day 17. We conclude that the kidney abnormality induced by TCDD is true hydronephrosis, which is defined as the accumulation of urine in the kidney due to obstructed outflow.
Partial Purification of a Toxin Found in Hamsters with Antibiotic-Associated Colitis:Reversible Binding of the Toxin by Cholestyramine

A toxin with cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities was isolated from cecal contents of hamsters receiving lincomycin. The toxin was partially purified by ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and gel filtration. Cytotoxic activity, assayed on monolayers of HeLa cells, was restricted to material that eluted in the molecular weight range of 107,000 +/- 6,000 daltons. Cytotoxicity of crude AAC toxin could be demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.04 microgram/ml. The toxin was heat labile (55 degrees-60 degrees C for 0.5 hr) and sensitive to trypsinization, acidification at pH 3, or alkalinization at pH 9. Cytotoxic activity was inhibited by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Enterotoxic activity of the crude toxin and the cytotoxic fraction from gel filtration was demonstrated by fluid secretion in ligated rabbit ileal loops. Studies were done in vitro with cholestyramine resin, vancomycin, or gentamicin to determine if the toxin was bound or denatured by these drugs. It was demonstrated that cholestyramine bound the toxin, significantly reducing its cytotoxicity. Reversible binding of the cytotoxic material was demonstrated by salt gradient elution. Neither vancomycin nor gentamicin had any effect on the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the toxin.
Treating Teen Depression in Primary Care

I recently had an adolescent patient who presented with a chief complaint of depression. He had classic symptoms of difficulty sleeping, dysthymia, and anhedonia (loss of interest in things that used to bring him joy). He was a very smart and self-aware 17-year-old, and was able to describe his symptoms easily. There were no concerns for manic episodes or psychosis, and he met diagnostic criteria for unipolar major depressive disorder. He denied suicidal ideation, and was already seeing a therapist weekly for the last several months. He had a strong family history of depression, with his father, aunts, and grandmother who also carried a diagnosis of depression. He presented with the support of his mother, asking about next steps, and specifically, pharmacotherapy. This patient is a perfect example of an adolescent who is a good candidate for initiation of antidepressant medication. Primary care pediatricians should feel comfortable with first-line agents for major depressive disorder in certain adolescents with depression, but many feel hesitant and rely on child and adolescent psychiatry colleagues for prescriptions.
Impacts of hydraulic fracturing development on macroinvertebrate biodiversity and gill morphology of net-spinning caddisfly (Hydropsychidae, Diplectrona) in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) poses significant threats to freshwater resources and stream ecosystems. Little research exists to quantify the ecological impact and in Pennsylvania alone over 10,000 wells have been permitted. This study aimed to determine if hydraulic fracturing is having any impacts on stream ecosystem health by measuring stream pH and temperature, macroinvertebrate index of biological integrity (IBI), and the gill morphology of individuals in the Hydropsychidae Diplectrona taxa. Six streams in northwestern Pennsylvania were selected as study sites (three with fracking occurring in their watershed and three without fracking). IBI scores were significantly higher at non-fracked sites and were also correlated with stream pH. Macroinvertebrate gill width did not vary between fracked and non-fracked sites but was correlated with percent hydric soils, suggesting that hydric soils may be a good long-term indicator of stream dissolved oxygen. While our results did not indicate differences in H...
Should Predatory Pricing Rules Immunize Exclusionary Discounts

The purpose of this commentary is to analyze some of the empirical issues that help lay the foundation for the policy conclusions in the excellent and provocative article by Professor Herbert Hovenkamp, Discounts and Exclusion.This Article argues that, because there is no support for these empirical assertions, policymakers should reject the policy suggestions that follow. Finally,some policy alternatives are proposed for consideration by the antitrust community.
Systems of Systems Verification

To perform new science and exploration, NASA is proposing missions using multispacecraft where each spacecraft can act independently to perform a part of a mission but cannot complete it by itself. These missions are utilizing the concept of “System of Systems” that are being used to develop large systems made up of interacting components, each of which is a system in its own right. To develop these systems with a high level of assurance, new verification methods will be needed to address the added complexity resulting from the nondeterminate nature of these systems as well as emergent behavior. To support the level of assurance that NASA missions require, formal specification techniques and formal verification will play vital roles in the future development of NASA space exploration missions. The role of formal methods will be in the specification and analysis of forthcoming missions, enabling software assurance and proof of correctness of the system of systems behavior, whether or not this behavior is emergent. Formal models derived may also be used as the basis for automating the generation of much of the code for the mission to further reduce the cost and probability of adding new errors during coding.
A Generalized Polarization Identity

(1963). A Generalized Polarization Identity. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 277-281.
Detection and evaluation of elevated lead release from service lines: a field study.

Comparative stagnation sampling conducted in 32 homes in Chicago, Illinois with lead service lines demonstrated that the existing regulatory sampling protocol under the U.S. Lead and Copper Rule systematically misses the high lead levels and potential human exposure. Lead levels measured with sequential sampling were highest within the lead service lines, with maximum values more than four times higher than Chicago’s regulatory compliance results using a first-draw sampling protocol. There was significant variability in lead values from different points within individual lead service lines and among different lead service line sites across the city. Although other factors could also influence lead levels, the highest lead results most often were associated with sites having known disturbances to the lead service lines. This study underscores the importance and interdependence of sample site selection, sampling protocol, and other factors in assessing lead levels in a public water system.
THE SYRINGE NITROXIDE FREE RADICAL - PART II

Some plastic syringes introduce a nitroxide free radical into the fluids they contain. The EPR spectrum shows a triplet with aN = 17.0 ± 0.1 G in plasma. We report here that this nitroxide/hydroxylamine couple serves as an antioxidant system, whose redox potential appears to be between that of vitamin C and vitamin E. This adventitious antioxidant can alter the course of free radical processes.
Workup of the newly discovered hypertensive patient.

Newly discovered hypertensives should be evaluated to determine type of hypertension, to identify coexisting conditions that may alter therapy, and to search for correctable underlying causes. Work...
Countercurrent distribution of inositol lipids of plant seeds

The inositol lipids of plant seeds consist of phosphatidyl inositol, the phytoglycolipids, and a previously uncharacterized ceramide-phosphate-polysaccharide. These three species have been separated from each other and from the common glycerophosphatides by a series of simple countercurrent distributions, first as the naturally occurring Ca-Mg salts and subsequently in the Na salt form. The new ceramide-phosphate-polysaccharide is present in each of the four plant phosphatides examined (corn, soybean, flax, safflower). It is devoid of glucosamine but contains the other carbohydrate components commonly found in the phytoglycolipids. The basic structural unit of the new glycolipid consists of a ceramide-phosphate-inositol-hexuronic acid moiety to which the other sugars (galactose, mannose, arabinose) are attached. Flax ceramide-phosphate-polysaccharide has fucose in addition to the other sugars.
Vascular distal ureteral obstruction.

AbstractThe diagnosis, treatment and results of 6 patients with 7 obstructed distal ureters secondary to vascular compression are presented. Three ureters were treated by transection of the offending vessels and the remaining 4 required additional ureteroneocystostomy.
Liquid chromatographic determination and liquid chromatographic-thermospray mass spectrometric confirmation of nicarbazin in chicken tissues: interlaboratory study.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration sponsored an interlaboratory study of a liquid chromatographic determination with ultraviolet detection of nicarbazin in chicken liver and muscle tissues. The method determined the 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) portion of nicarbazin. The interlaboratory study of the determinative method was successful for nicarbazin at the 4 ppm level. Results showed good reproducibility for the fortified liver and muscle samples. Mean interlaboratory recoveries and percent coefficients of variation at about 4 ppm were 87.1 and 10.9%, respectively, for muscle and 87.4 and 7.5%, respectively, for liver. The interlaboratory analyses of the dosed liver and muscle tissues produced concentration levels similar to those obtained by the sponsor. The confirmatory procedure, which identified DNC in purified tissue extracts, used liquid chromatography-thermospray/mass spectrometry. The confirmatory procedure was successfully evaluated by one FDA laboratory.
The extremum condition in aϕ4 theory with imaginary mass

We consider the extremum condition for the effective potential in the one-loop approximation for a single-component scalarϕ4 theory with imaginary mass near 4 space-time dimensions. It is shown the results for the extremum condition differ qualitatively depending on the renormalization procedure and the method of regularization.
The Economics of Gasoline Retailing: Petroleum Distribution and Retailing Issues in the U. S.

Gasoline retailing practices in the United States continue to be controversial. This controversy, largely over zone pricing and non-price vertical restraints, occurs in part because integrated refiners use a variety of distribution methods to move their gasoline to the consumer. These different methods can conflict with each other. The use of different retail provisions allows refiners to offer retail outlets across as many markets as possible. Such provisions have been the subjects of antitrust scrutiny, but have not resulted in successful litigation. The reason for the lack of success for antitrust plaintiffs is clear: these actions are not likely to harm consumers.
Effect of Condensed Tannin Profile on Wheat Flour Dough Rheology

Proanthocyanidins (PA) cross-link proteins and could expand wheat gluten functionality; however, how the PA MW or gluten profile affect these interactions is unknown. Effect of PA MW profile (sorghum versus grape seed PA) on dough rheology of high versus low insoluble polymeric protein (IPP) wheat flour was evaluated using mixograph, large (TA.XT2i) and small (HAAKE Rheostress 6000) deformation rheometry. Sorghum PA (93% polymeric) more effectively (p < 0.05) strengthened both glutens than grape seed PA (45% polymeric), without reducing gluten extensibility. These effects were higher in low IPP (weak gluten) flour, e.g., sorghum PA doubled IPP, increased mix time by 75%, dough elasticity by 82%, and peak angle by 17° versus control. Grape seed PA increased IPP by 75% and elasticity by 36%, but reduced peak angle by 15°, indicating reduced mixing tolerance. Sorghum PA, but not grape seed PA, increased (p < 0.05) all above parameters in high IPP dough. Polymeric PA more effectively strengthened gluten than ...
Sub-pixel position resolution in pixelated semiconductor detectors

Experimental data collected from an 18x18x11 mm3-dimensional mercuric iodide detector demonstrate methods of measuring sub-pixel gamma-interaction position within a single anode pixel volume. Present work focuses on algorithms that make use of charge induced on non-collecting adjacent pixels. These estimations of sub-pixel position in the x and y directions are based on ratios of opposing neighbor pixel signals. Digital signal processing, including digital filter functions and filter variables optimized to measure the shape of transient signals, allow accurate measurements of information needed to estimate sub-pixel position. An edge collimator is used to block different areas of a collecting pixel to demonstrate the proposed methods.
Interstitial Techniques for Hyperthermia

In recent years there has been a tremendous effort to design noninvasive hyperthermia systems that will bring the entire tumor volume to therapeutic temperatures without overheating normal tissues. This objective is quite difficult, and there are fundamental reasons associated with the physics of such devices that make it appear as if such an objective may not be achieved for many tumor sites. As a result there are a number of groups that have been considering interstitial techniques for hyperthermia. In this modality small implants about a millimeter in diameter are inserted in some type of array in the tumor volume, either percutaneously or at the time of surgery. Since brachytherapy (interstitial radiation therapy) is commonly used for treating both superficial and deep-seated tumors, interstitial hyperthermia can be given as an adjuvant treatment to the radiation therapy.
Lower limb cellulitis and its mimics: Part II. Conditions that simulate lower limb cellulitis

Several common conditions can mimic cellulitis, creating a potential for misdiagnosis and incorrect management. The most common disorders mistaken for lower limb cellulitis include venous eczema, lipodermatosclerosis, irritant dermatitis, and lymphedema. The dermatologist is often consulted when a patient has failed to respond to therapy, and a thorough knowledge of the differential diagnosis is essential. This article focuses on entities that can mimic cellulitis, with an emphasis of elements of the history and physical examination that can help to distinguish between lower limb cellulitis and its simulators.
Chemical Features Important for Activity in a Class of Inhibitors Targeting the Wip1 Flap Subdomain.

The wild-type p53 induced phosphatase 1, Wip1 (PP2Cδ), is a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family serine/threonine phosphatase that negatively regulates the function of the tumor suppressor p53 and several of its positive regulators such as ATM, Chk1, Chk2, Mdm2, and p38 MAPK. Wip1 dephosphorylates and inactivates its protein targets, which are critical for cellular stress responses. Additionally, Wip1 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in several human cancer types. Because of its negative role in regulating the function of tumor suppressor proteins, Wip1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in various types of cancers. Based on a recently reported Wip1 inhibitor (G-1), we performed an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. This led us to interesting findings in SAR trends and to the discovery of new chemical analogues with good specificity and bioavailability.
A resilient donor arrival policy for blood

Abstract This study introduces a new methodology for calling blood donors by integrating perishability and dual sourcing. It is shown that the proposed donor-arrival policy could replace the current procedure, which requires frequent adjustments to the number of calls. We show that both donor-arrival (current and proposed) policies could decrease shortages and wastages of blood, while only the proposed policy allows a longer lead-time for arrivals and planning operations, and could significantly increase the blood center’s resilience to errors made in forecasting. The proposed policy is also shown to be more effective than existing blood substitution policies in reducing wastages and shortages (with nearly zero shortages for any given admissible safety inventory). The proposed policy is designed and validated using real-life data from a large blood center in New York State.
A method to perform prognostics in electro-hydraulic machines: the case of an independent metering controlled hydraulic crane

Remaining useful life (RUL) estimation is a topic that has gained more and more attention in the field of fluid power systems, thanks to the tremendous potentials shown for improving safety and reduced production losses. However, many challenges related to RUL estimation are not solved yet, mainly connected to the definition of the health status of each component. A prognostic method based on a data-driven methodology for hydraulic systems is here proposed to estimate the percentage of life already spent by the monitored components. The potentials of the methodology are shown considering the case of a truck-mounted hydraulic crane, for which a simulation model was available. An artificial neural network is designed along with a fuzzy logic system to attain the estimation goal on supply pump and hydraulic control valve. The simulation results show how this method could be used as reference for developing prognostic methods applicable to hydraulic machines.
Nature and nurture shape the microbiome

Host and microbial tryptophan metabolism work together to regulate gut mucosal barrier function and metabolic disease.
When are psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy combinations the treatment of choice for major depressive disorder

Treating major depressive disorder with the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is highly valued by both psychiatrists and their patients. However, results of most systematic research studies suggest that this approach may be overvalued: evidence of additive benefits (in relation to the respective component therapies, alone) is meager. In this paper it is argued that the advantage of combined treatment may be limited to treatment of patients with more complex depressive disorders, including characteristics such as comorbidity, chronicity, treatment resistance, episodicity, and severity. Said another way, milder acute depressions, especially initial or sporadic episodes, probably do not warrant the routine use of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. By focusing attention on the patient subgroups most likely to show a true additive response to combined treatment, it may be possible to obtain maximum benefits from dwindling resources.
Opinion Polarity Identification of Movie Reviews

One approach to the assessment of overall opinion polarity (OvOP) of reviews, a concept defined in this paper, is the use of supervised machine learning mechanisms. In this paper, the impact of lexical feature selection and feature generalization, applied to reviews, on the precision of two probabilistic classifiers (Naive Bayes and Markov Model) with respect to OvOP identification is observed. Feature generalization based on hypernymy as provided by WordNet, and feature selection based on part-ofspeech (POS) tags are evaluated. A ranking criterion is introduced, based on a function of the probability of having positive or negative polarity, which makes it possible to achieve 100% precision with 10% recall. Movie reviews are used for training and testing the probabilistic classifiers, which achieve 80% precision.
The Effect of Mobile Phone Adoption on Economic Output

Mobile phones have had profound economic benefits for people across the globe who may not otherwise have had access to information and communication technologies (ICTs). Surprisingly little research has been done to understand the effect of mobile phones on economic growth, although prior studies have investigated economic impacts of general ICT investments. We examine the extent that mobile phones have led to economic growth through four major industry sectors: Agriculture, financial services, general services, and manufacturing. Using a country-level fixed effects model, we find that mobile phone diffusion has a positive and significant effect on economic output, beyond the effects of general ICT investment classes, mediated by its impact on the four primary industry sectors.
Bonding in a High-Risk and a General Sample of Children:Comparison of Measures of Attachment and Their Relationship to Smoking and Drinking

Bonding in parent, peer, and school domains were compared in a general sample of children and a sample of children of methadone-treated parents. Bivariate comparisons revealed that children of methadone-treated parents had lower SES, and were significantly more likely to smoke cigarettes but not more likely to drink alcohol. Several measures of attachment were significantly different between the two samples across parent, peer, and school domains. Multivariate analyses indicated that the children of methadone-treated parents were more likely to smoke, even after accounting for the effects of demographic and attachment variables. For drinking, sample membership was not found to be significant. Attachment to school decreased the odds of both smoking and drinking in both samples. Peer attachment had no effect on the odds of smoking initiation; however,loyalty to best friend did predict increased odds of drinking initiation.
Alcohol-HCV Interactions in Transgenic Mice Expressing Viral Proteins in the Liver

Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that alcohol consumption can exacerbate the clinical course of chronic hepatitis C. The mechanisms of synergistic hepatotoxicity are unknown; however, oxidative stress appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of both alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to determine whether hepatitic C virus (HCV) protein expression by itself alters alcohol-induced liver injury. Mice voluntarily consumed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with or without ethanol for 3 weeks (female mice) or 5 weeks (male mice). In male mice, ethanol induced steatosis independent of their transgenic status. In female mice exposed to alcohol, HCV transgenic mice (TgM) had a slightly greater degree of steatosis than non-TgM, but these differences were not significant. When fed a liquid control diet, both HCV TgM and nontransgenic male mice had similar total amounts of lipid peroxidation products. When fed alcohol for 5 weeks, male TgM had higher amounts of lipid peroxidation products than nonTgM. In female mice, lipid peroxidation products were high under all conditions. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values did not differ significantly between these groups. HCV transgenic mice are a model in which HCV-alcohol interactions can be studied. Both viral protein expression and alcohol can cause elevated lipid peroxidation in the livers of male mice. This synergy of these two potential causes of mitochondrial injury could contribute to the accelerated liver injury in chronic hepatitis C patients who consume alcohol.
Dietary Restriction of Specific Amino Acids Modulates Tumor and Host Interactions

Nutrients modulate host metabolism that lead to changes in biological and molecular responses. Thus, it is not surprising that tumor cells also are affected by changes in host nutrition. Because tumors have altered or mutated genes, they often respond differently to metabolic changes than the host. Many tumors have altered or specific requirements for amino acids, and restriction often can curtail growth/cell death, invasion, and/or metastasis of tumor cells without detrimental effects on the host. This chapter reviews the effects that various specific amino acid restriction has on tumor cells themselves and the effects on interaction between the host stromal components. The cell signalling pathways that modulate attachment, motility and invasion are discussed. Also included are in vivo studies encompasing the interactions between the host immune response and B16BL6 melanoma during dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine. Lastly, the potential for amino acid restriction as one element of adjuvant therapy to control cancer progression is discussed.
The effects of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and the gut microbiome on load-induced osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective Metabolic syndrome is characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Metabolic syndrome is associated with osteoarthritis (OA), but it is unclear if the association is attributable to increased mechanical loading on joints caused by obesity or other aspects of metabolic syndrome. Here we examined the effects of altered metabolism, obesity, and the gut microbiome on load-induced OA. Design Cartilage damage was induced through cyclic compressive loading in four groups of adult male mice: Toll-like receptor-5 deficient (TLR5KO) mice that develop metabolic syndrome due to alterations in the gut microbiome, TLR5KO mice submitted to chronic antibiotics to prevent metabolic syndrome (TLR5KOΔMicrobiota), C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet to cause obesity (HFD), and untreated C57BL/6J mice (WT). Loading was applied for 2 weeks (n = 10–11/group) or 6 weeks (n = 10–11/group). Results After 2 weeks of loading, cartilage damage (OARSI score) was not different among groups. After 6 weeks of loading, HFD mice had increased load-induced cartilage damage, while TLR5KO mice had cartilage damage comparable to WT mice. TLR5KOΔMicrobiota mice had less cartilage damage than other groups. HFD mice had elevated serum inflammatory markers. Each group had a distinct gut microbiome composition. Conclusions Severe obesity increased load-induced cartilage damage, while milder changes in adiposity/metabolic syndrome seen in TLR5KO mice did not. Furthermore, the effects of systemic inflammation/obesity on cartilage damage depend on the duration of mechanical loading. Lastly, reduced cartilage damage in the TLR5KOΔMicrobiota mice suggests that the gut microbiome may influence cartilage pathology.
Nature or nurture? Factors that influence physical activity behavior: Editor: Kirk E. Mathias

Many factors influence physical activity behavior. Because of their age, developmental stage, and reliance on others, the factors that influence the physical activity behaviors of preschool childre...
ELS: An Efficient Entity Linking System

WISE 2013 Challenge T1 is to label entities within plain texts based on a given set of entities. The set of entities used for labeling is extracted from the Wikilinks dataset. For the given test corpus (in English) and a list of entities, the challenge will automatically label the mentioned entities or concrete concepts within the given test corpus. In this report, we present ELS, which is an efficient entity linking system that can detect the entities effectively. Firstly,we convert each file into a list of tokens. In order to make sure the labeled concepts are concrete,the windows model is designed to extend the tokens. As the same entity may be linked by different URLs,we select the optimal linking via edit distance. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to verify the efficiency of our proposed ELS.
17 Planum/Tuberculum Sella Meningiomas

Planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sella meningiomas are challenging lesions that can be managed with endoscopic and open approaches. Appropriate patient selection for endoscopic versus open approaches is important for ensuring the best patient outcome. In 17.2, we focus on the indications, technique, and outcomes from open surgical approaches to these lesions. We discuss variables that dictate the choice of an open or endoscopic approach and provide several case examples for illustrative purposes. Specific surgical approach selection is also discussed, including bifrontal craniotomy, and pterional craniotomy with or without orbitotomy modifications. Finally, we provide a review of outcomes for open surgical approaches to these lesions, including our own case series. The eyebrow supraorbital keyhole approach (covered in 17.3) is a minimally invasive approach selected for patients with clinoidal, tuberculum sellae, and planum sphenoidale meningiomas. This approach, with use of the operative microscope and endoscopic assistance, offers direct access to anterior skull base lesions through a small eyebrow skin incision, keyhole craniotomy, and minimal brain retraction with reduced complications, morbidity, and hospitalization. Patient selection, surgical technique, outcomes, and complication avoidance are discussed with a review of the literature for this approach. The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach has evolved as an option for dealing with anterior cranial base tumors such as planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sella meningiomas. Improvement in surgical technique and instrumentation has led to clinical outcomes comparable to transcranial series. In 17.4, we describe our nuances in surgical technique, as well as the selection process for the indication of the endoscopic endonasal approach for these types of meningiomas. Additionally, we provide a description of pre- and postoperative management and, finally, a review of the current literature regarding clinical outcome.
Marching with Dr. King: Ralph Helstein and the United Packinghouse Workers of America

Review of: "Marching With Dr. King: Ralph Helstein and the United Packinghouse Workers of America," by Cyril Robinson.
Temporomandibular Joint Condyle-Disc Morphometric Sexual Dimorphisms Independent of Skull Scaling.

Purpose Approximately 2 to 4% of the US population have been estimated to seek treatment for temporomandibular symptoms, predominately women. The study purpose was to determine whether sex-specific differences in temporomandibular morphometry result from scaling with sex differences in skull size and shape or intrinsic sex-specific differences. Materials and Methods A total of 22 (11 male [aged 74.5 ± 9.1 years]; 11 female [aged 73.6 ± 12.8 years]) human cadaveric heads with no history of temporomandibular disc derangement underwent cone beam computed tomography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scanning to determine 3-dimensional cephalometric parameters and temporomandibular morphometric outcomes. Regression models between morphometric outcomes and cephalometric parameters were developed, and intrinsic sex-specific differences in temporomandibular morphometry normalized by cephalometric parameters were determined. Subject-specific finite element (FE) models of the extreme male and extreme female conditions were developed to predict variations in articular disc stress–strain under the same joint loading. Results In some cases, sex differences in temporomandibular morphometric parameters could be explained by linear scaling with skull size and shape; however, scaling alone could not fully account for some differences between sexes, indicating intrinsic sex-specific differences. The intrinsic sex-specific differences in temporomandibular morphometry included an increased condylar medial length and mediolateral disc lengths in men and a longer anteroposterior disc length in women. Considering the extreme male and female temporomandibular morphometry observed in the present study, subject-specific FE models resulted in sex differences, with the extreme male joint having a broadly distributed stress field and peak stress of 5.28 MPa. The extreme female joint had a concentrated stress field and peak stress of 7.37 MPa. Conclusions Intrinsic sex-specific differences independent of scaling with donor skull size were identified in temporomandibular morphometry. Understanding intrinsic sex-specific morphometric differences is critical to determining the temporomandibular biomechanics given the effect of anatomy on joint contact mechanics and stress–strain distributions and requires further study as one potential factor for the increased predisposition of women to temporomandibular disc derangement.
Analysis of early mortality in randomized clinical trials evaluating anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies: A systematic analysis by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

2516Background: Many studies exhibit what seems to be dis-proportionately higher early mortality (EM) in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 containing arms (IO) when compared to active control arms (AC), resulting in...
Hypoxia induces cancer cell-specific chromatin interactions and increases MALAT1 expression in breast cancer cells

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a long noncoding RNA overexpressed in various cancers that promotes cell growth and metastasis. Although hypoxia has been shown to up-regulate MALAT1, only hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have been implicated in activation of the MALAT1 promoter in specific cell types and other molecular mechanisms associated with hypoxia-mediated MALAT1 up-regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia induces cancer cell-specific chromatin–chromatin interactions between newly identified enhancer-like cis-regulatory elements present at the MALAT1 locus. We show that hypoxia-mediated up-regulation of MALAT1 as well as its antisense strand TALAM1 occurs in breast cancer cells, but not in nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells. Our analyses on the MALAT1 genomic locus discovered three novel putative enhancers that are located upstream and downstream of the MALAT1 gene body. We found that parts of these putative enhancers are epigenetically modified to a more open chromatin state under hypoxia in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, our chromosome conformation capture experiment demonstrated that noncancerous cells and breast cancer cells exhibit different interaction profiles under both normoxia and hypoxia, and only breast cancer cells gain specific chromatin interactions under hypoxia. Although the HIF-2α protein can enhance the interaction between the promoter and the putative 3′ enhancer, the gain of chromatin interactions associated with other upstream elements, such as putative −7 and −20 kb enhancers, were HIF-independent events. Collectively, our study demonstrates that cancer cell-specific chromatin–chromatin interactions are formed at the MALAT1 locus under hypoxia, implicating a novel mechanism of MALAT1 regulation in cancer.
FRI0683 DEFINING THE GUT MICROBIOME IN PATIENTS WITH ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS

Background Although a link between gut microbiome and autoimmune diseases has been suggested, there is a gap in the understanding of the gut microbiome in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Objectives This study evaluated the gut microbiome in AAV (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) compared to healthy controls. Methods Using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the gut microbiome was compared among patients with i) newly-diagnosed AAV (active and remission); ii) chronic AAV (active and remission), and iii) healthy controls. Fecal samples were collected using standardized methods and analyzed by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V1-V2 region). Taxa with mean abundance >1% were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test, correcting for multiple comparisons. Disease severity was assessed with the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener’s Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG). Effects of medications were studied using mixed effects models. Results 63 fecal samples were studied: 29 active AAV (15 new diagnosis/14 chronic), 20 in remission, and 14 healthy controls. Compared to controls, patients with active AAV had a different microbial composition (p=0.01). There was no statistical difference between the gut microbial composition of controls and patients in remission (p=0.16). The relative abundance of the taxa Dialister and Prevotella were different between active and remission AAV. The relative abundance of the genera Faecalibacterium and Sutterella were different between active and remission newly-diagnosed AAV (Figure 1A). The relative abundance of Dialister was significant in patients with high BVAS/WG compared to patients with low BVAS/WG (p Conclusion Active AAV is associated with an altered gut microbial composition. Patients in clinical remission have microbial composition similar to healthy controls. Immunosuppressive agents, glucocorticoids, and antibiotics may re-establish a healthy gut microbiome. Severe disease activity is associated with worsening gut dysbiosis suggesting a potential role of gut bacteria in the pathogenesis of AAV. References [1] Jennette J.C., et al., 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum, 2013. 65(1): p. 1-11. [2] Merkel P.A., et al., Identification of functional and expression polymorphisms associated with risk for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum, 2017. 69(5): p. 1054-1066. [3] Scher J.U., et al., Microbiome in Inflammatory arthritis and human rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum, 2016. 68: p.35-45. [4] Scher J.U. Intestinal dysbiosis and potential consequences of microbiome-altering antibiotic use in the pathogenesis of human rheumatic disease. The Journal of Rheum,2015. 42: p.355-357. [5] Scher J.U., et al., Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes an altered gut microbiota in psoriatic arthritis and resembles dysbiosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis and Rheum, 2015. 67(1): p.128-139 Disclosure of Interests None declared
Vector bin-and-cancel for MIMO distributed full-duplex

In a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) full-duplex network, where an in-band full-duplex infrastructure node communicates with two half-duplex mobiles supporting simultaneous up- and downlink flows, the inter-mobile interference between the up- and downlink mobiles limits the system performance. We study the impact of leveraging an out-of-band side channel between mobiles in such network under different channel models. For time-invariant channels, we aim to characterize the generalized degrees-of-freedom (GDoF) of the side-channel-assisted MIMO full-duplex network. For slow-fading channels, we focus on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of the system with various assumptions as to the availability of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). The key to the optimal performance is a vector bin-and-cancel strategy leveraging Han-Kobayashi message splitting, which is shown to achieve the system capacity region to within a constant bit. We quantify how the side channel improve the GDoF and DMT compared to a system without the extra orthogonal spectrum. The insights gained from our analysis reveal (i) the tradeoff between spatial resources from multiple antennas at different nodes and spectral resources of the side channel and (ii) the interplay between the channel uncertainty at the transmitter and use of the side channel.
Coherent phase decomposition in the Pd – H system

We have used molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods to simulate the structure and phase stability of a Pd crystal in thermodynamic equilibrium with molecular hydrogen gas at temperature T and pressure $$ P_{g}^{H2} $$. The pressure–composition–temperature (PCT) curves were deduced under the extreme conditions of an open system (Pd crystal in equilibrium with a large-volume H2 gas reservoir) and a closed system (Pd crystal in equilibrium with H2 gas reservoir of infinitesimal volume). The PCT curves from the open simulations reproduce the experimental observations, including the ubiquitous hysteresis. The PCT curves from the closed-system simulations are continuous curves. Below a tri-critical point, the Pd–H system decomposes into two coherent phases. We find excellent agreement between the present simulation results and the predictions of the Schwarz–Khachaturyan theory for the decomposition of a Pd–H alloy into two coherent hydride phases.
Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Thermal Effects on a Typical Cross-Laminated Timber Bracket Shear Connection

AbstractConnections in mass timber structural systems are critical for transferring lateral forces from mass timber elements such as shear walls and diaphragms. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a pr...
Introduction: Action! On Reframing Postcolonial Patrimony

This introductory essay begins with the premise that, in postcolonial studies, the matter of patrimony has figured only implicitly or peripherally. What happens, then, when it moves to the center of postcolonial critique and activism? How does the task of reframing postcolonial studies become synonymous with intergenerational exchange? And why does the notion of future take on a new valence in this process? Before offering a summary of the subsequent chapters, the essay explains how consequential this emergent framework is for taking a fresh look at foundational concepts, hybrid methodologies, and scholarly activisms in the field. It also outlines how the volume contributes to the latest sea change in postcolonial studies.
Test Compaction by Backward and Forward Extension of Multicycle Tests

Multicycle tests are useful for test compaction even when full scan allows single- or two-cycle tests to be used. To avoid sequential test generation, multicycle tests can use the test data (scan-in states and primary input vectors) from a single- or two-cycle test set, possibly modified to make it more suitable for multicycle tests. However, the modification process requires repeated fault simulation to prevent a loss of fault coverage. This brief observes that the need to modify test data results from the fact that tests are only extended forward to increase their numbers of clock cycles starting from their (modified) scan-in states. The brief observes further that extending tests backward is a more computationally efficient way of obtaining multicycle tests with modified test data. The brief defines a new type of multicycle test to increase the effectiveness of backward extension and describes a test compaction procedure based on backward and forward extension. It presents experimental results for gate-exhaustive faults, requiring large numbers of tests, in benchmark circuits.
The impact of the emergence of COVID-19 on women's prenatal genetic testing decisions.

Objective We conducted a study to examine the impact of COVID on patients' access and utilization of prenatal genetic screens and diagnostic tests at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Methods We conducted telephone interviews with 40 patients to examine how the pandemic affected prenatal genetic screening and diagnostic testing decisions during the initial months of the pandemic in the U.S. An interview guide queried experiences with the ability to access information about prenatal genetic testing options and to utilize the tests when desired. Audio-recordings were transcribed and coded using NVivo 12. Analysis was conducted using Grounded Theory. Results The pandemic did not alter most participants' decisions to undergo prenatal genetic testing. Yet, it did impact how participants viewed the risks and benefits of testing and timing of testing. There was heightened anxiety among those who underwent testing, stemming from the risk of viral exposure and the fear of being alone if pregnancy loss or fetal abnormality was identified at the time of an ultrasound-based procedure. Conclusion The pandemic may impact patients' access and utilization of prenatal genetic tests. More research is needed to determine how best to meet pregnant patients' decision-making needs during this time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Contribution of the basal forebrain to corticocortical network interactions

Basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons provide the cerebral cortex with acetylcholine. Despite the long-established involvement of these cells in sensory processing, attention, and memory, the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling regulates cognitive processes remain elusive. In this study, we recorded spiking and local field potential data simultaneously from several locations in the BF, and sites in the orbitofrontal and visual cortex in transgenic ChAT-Cre rats performing a visual discrimination task. We observed distinct differences in the fine spatial distributions of gamma coherence values between specific basalo-cortical and cortico-cortical sites that shifted across task phases. Additionally, cholinergic firing induced spatial changes in cortical gamma power, and optogenetic activation of BF increased coherence between specific cortico-cortical sites, suggesting that the cholinergic system contributes to selective modulation of cortico-cortical circuits. Furthermore, the results suggest that cells in specific BF locations are dynamically recruited across behavioral epochs to coordinate interregional cortical processes underlying cognition.
Plant-based milk alternatives in the USDA Branded Food Products Database would benefit from nutrient density standards

Many plant-based beverages (PBBs) in the US Department of Agriculture Branded Food Products Database serve as milk alternatives or replacements. Their collective nutrient content and fortification patterns need to be evaluated more fully. Listed ingredients for 641 PBBs were machine-searched for added vitamins, minerals, sugar and salt. The Nutrient Rich Food index NRF5.3 measured nutrient density. Except for soy milks, there was little consistency in nutrient density and micronutrient content across and within PBB product types. Industry-wide voluntary nutrient standards are one mechanism to bring more consistency to the expanding PBB category. Analysis of nutrient density and micronutrient content across plant-based milk alternatives shows inconsistencies pertinent to the definition of these products as a single food group.