cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity Perceptions among Chinese Americans

AbstractThe objective of this qualitative research was to examine the interface of traditional Chinese and American values related to perceptions of obesity among Chinese Americans. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with forty Chinese American adults (twenty-four females; sixteen males) in the New York City metropolitan area. The interview protocol was derived from tenets of major social psychological theories. Common themes were identified, coded, and compared using NVivo computer software. The participants described pressures to overeat due to traditional Chinese influences, along with the plethora of mainstream American fast food characterized by large portion sizes. Social norms related to desirable body weight and gender effects were evident. Nutrition professionals need to be culturally competent, and understand the traditional values and beliefs of Chinese Americans regarding obesity prevention. Public policy and support for healthier social environments are mandated to encourage individual...
Reduced-intensity conditioning using fludarabine with either antithymocyte globulin and BU, or low-dose TBI allowing allogeneic hematopoietic SCT

In a single-center study, we analyzed the outcomes of 66 patients with advanced hematological malignancies receiving two reduced-intensity conditioning regimens for allogeneic transplantation: fludarabine and low-dose TBI (flu/TBI, n=25), or fludarabine, antithymocyte globulin and BU (flu/ATG/BU, n=41). The selection criteria were based on the hypothesis that flu/TBI patients were expected to achieve autologous recovery in the event of non-engraftment. Sixty-three patients (95%) engrafted. Regimen-related mortality at day 100 and 1 year was 6 and 15%, respectively. With median follow-up of 50.4 months, survival did not differ by regimen. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the type of regimen did not affect relapse. In patients achieving full donor chimerism by day 30, those conditioned with flu/TBI showed greater overall survival (P=0.02). Engraftment failure occurred in two patients (3%), both of whom received flu/TBI. We conclude that conditioning with flu/TBI or flu/ATG/BU yields comparable survival and remission outcomes. By contrast to our hypothesis, patients receiving flu/TBI who subsequently failed engraftment did not achieve autologous recovery. Yet, rapid attainment of full donor chimerism after flu/TBI is associated with greater survival than after flu/ATG/BU. Further, larger prospective randomized studies are required to define the advantage of one regimen over the other.
An individual with blepharophimosis–ptosis–epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and additional features expands the phenotype associated with mutations in KAT6B

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in FOXL2. We identified an individual with BPES and additional phenotypic features who did not have a FOXL2 mutation. We used whole exome sequencing to identify a de novo mutation in KAT6B (lysine acetyltransferase 6B) in this individual. The mutation was a 2-bp insertion leading to a frameshift which resulted in a premature stop codon. The resulting truncated protein does not have the C-terminal serine/methionine transcription activation domain necessary for interaction with other transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. This mutation likely has a dominant-negative or gain-of-function effect, similar to those observed in other genetic disorders resulting from KAT6B mutations, including Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson (SBBYSS) and genitopatellar syndrome (GTPTS). Thus, our subject's phenotype broadens the spectrum of clinical findings associated with mutations in KAT6B. Furthermore, our results suggest that individuals with BPES without a FOXL2 mutation should be tested for KAT6B mutations. The transcriptional and epigenetic regulation mediated by KAT6B appears crucial to early developmental processes, which when perturbed can lead to a wide spectrum of phenotypic outcomes.
Protein Kinase D Inhibitors Uncouple Phosphorylation from Activity by Promoting Agonist-Dependent Activation Loop Phosphorylation

Protein kinase D (PKD) is acutely activated by two tightly coupled events: binding to the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) followed by novel protein kinase C (nPKC) phosphorylation at the activation loop and autophosphorylation at the C terminus. Thus, phosphorylation serves as a widely accepted measure of PKD activity. Here we show that treatment of cells with PKD inhibitors paradoxically promotes agonist-dependent activation loop phosphorylation, thus uncoupling phosphorylation from activation. This inhibitor-induced enhancement of phosphorylation differs mechanistically from that previously reported for PKC and Akt, for which active-site inhibitors stabilize a phosphatase-resistant conformation. Rather, a conformational reporter reveals that inhibitor binding induces a conformational change, resulting in relocalization of PKD to basal DAG pools, where it is more readily phosphorylated by nPKCs. These findings illustrate the diverse conformational effects that small molecules exert on their target proteins, underscoring the importance of using caution when interpreting kinase activity from phosphorylation state.
A Study on Arc Instability Phenomena of an Axial Injection Cathode Plasma Torch

Axial injection in plasma gun through the cathode has clear benefit of longer particle residence time and optimum particle trajectory in the plume; however, accelerated wear of the cathode seem to be the major issue in this approach. This study investigates the arc instability phenomena in an axially injecting single cathode plasma torch design. Gun voltage measurements were used to evaluate the arc behavior. For comparison purpose, arc fluctuations with a standard solid cathode torch design under identical operating parameters have also been studied. A comparison of different internal hardware configurations is also done to understand and establish the important factors in the design of the axial injection and solid cathode systems. Further, this study presents the influence of plume elongation and accelerated gas velocities on the arc behavior in different configurations under low pressure environment.
Hydration changes for DNA intercalation reactions.

The hydration changes that accompany the DNA binding of five intercalators (ethidium, propidium, proflavine, daunomycin, and 7-aminoactinomycin D) were measured by the osmotic stress method with use of the osmolytes betaine, sucrose, and triethylene glycol. Water uptake was found to accompany complex formation for all intercalators except ethidium. The difference in the number of bound water molecules between the complex and the free reactants (Δnw) was different for each intercalator. The values found for Δnw were the following: propidium, +6; daunomycin, +18; proflavine, +30; and 7-aminoactinomycin D, +32. For ethidium binding to DNA a value of Δnw = +0.25(±0.3) was found, indicating that within experimental error no water was released or taken up upon complex formation. Intercalation association constants measured in D2O were found to increase relative to values measured in H2O for all compounds except ethidium. A positive correlation between the ratio of binding constants (KD2O/KH2O) and Δnw was foun...
First results from an all-reflection spatial heterodyne spectrometer with broad spectral coverage

Operation of an all-reflection, broadband, spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) is reported. This Mark 2 SHS is constructed using a custom diffraction grating and other standard optical components. The custom grating is coarse (18 grooves/mm), with a symmetric blaze that allows its simultaneous use as dispersing element and beam splitter and combiner. The grating is combined with a plane mirror and a roof mirror to form a very stable ring interferometer which has been used successfully in earlier narrowband SHS designs. Fringes from the extra grating orders in the main blaze envelope are unexpectedly found to combine constructively with the desired primary fringes of the interferometer. Elimination of ambiguity between wavelengths above and below blaze in a given order, and order separation are demonstrated using a small tilt of the plane mirror about an axis in the plane of the figure. Coverage of a factor of four in wavelength in a single CCD frame is demonstrated.
University Faculty Tolerance of NS and NNS Writing Errors: A Comparison.

Abstract University faculty tolerance of NNS writing errors is an issue that has been well researched. However, the question of how a university faculty's tolerance of NNS errors compares to its tolerance of similar errors committed by NS writers is one that has not been systematically addressed. This issue is significant in light of the growing trend within academia toward setting more rigorous standards of literacy, especially as more and more institutions are requiring candidates for graduation to demonstrate writing competency on a standardized writing exam. This article describes a study in which university faculty were asked to rate 24 sentences containing errors commonly committed by NNS writers on a 6-point scale of tolerance. Half the faculty were told they were rating NNS errors, whereas the other half rated errors that were identified as NS in origin. Results, although mixed, indicated that faculty were generally more tolerant of NNS errors than they were of errors they perceived as being made by NS students. These results raise the possibility that NNS university students may not be held to the same classroom standards of writing competence as their NS counterparts, and so may be placed at a disadvantage when obliged to take a writing competency exam.
Chicory Effects on Lamb Weight Gain and Rate of In Vitro Organic Matter and Fiber Disappearance

In modern forage systems, there is increased emphasis on use of nontraditional forages to supply nutrients to livestock. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the utility and nutritive value of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.; CHIC) as a component of hill-land pastures in Appalachia. In 1995, lamb (Ovis aries) gain was 56.1 kg ha -1 on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.; OG), while those grazing OG + CHIC lost 24.2 kg ha 1 during the 44-d midsummer grazing period (P 0.10), total lamb production per hectare was 14% less on OG + CHIC (258 kg ha -1 ) than on OG only (300 kg ha 1 ) for the 79-d grazing period. In 1997, total weight gained for the season was not different (P>0.10); lambs grazed OG or OG + CHIC for 110 d and production was 362 and 351 kg ha 1 , respectively. Laboratory mixtures of 40:60 or 60:40 OG:CHIC had higher (P < 0.05) in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD ), compared with 100% OG or 100% CHIC. There was a synergism in mixtures with orchardgrass that increased IVOMD relative to pure samples. Another laboratory experiment suggested that as total N increased in chicory herbage, rate of in vitro neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance decreased. More information on the influence of soil type and management on chicory growth in pure stands and mixtures with other plant species is needed to optimize productivity of systems that include chicory.
VIII nerve response to click stimuli in normal and pathological cochleas.

Abstract A flat 30–50 dB hearing loss was established in chinchillas following a 5 day exposure to an octave band of noise (354–708 Hz, 95 dB SPL). After exposure, single auditory nerve fiber recordings were obtained using click and tone burst stimuli. The thresholds of units from the noise-treated animals were elevated 30–70 dB and the tuning curves were abnormally broad. At the threshold for click stimulation, the fiber latencies were shorter in the noise-treated animals than those in normal animals. However, the latencies for the two groups were similar when stimulated at the same intensities. As indicated by the number of peaks in the PST histograms obtained with clicks, the units from the noise-treated animals showed considerably more damping in the neural response than those from normal units. The temporal spacing between the peaks in the histograms for units of similar CF was the same in the normal and noise-treated groups, although this cannot be taken to infer that an individual unit PST histogram would remain the same after noise exposure as before. These limited neural data therefore show changes in the same direction as those in the transient mechanical response of the basilar membrane reported by Robles et al. ∗
Dialogical components in theory‐building: contributions of Hilgard, Orne and Spanos

Taken together, the abundant contributions of three recently deceased members of the hypnosis research community constitute a deferred dialogue. The dialogical format is that of advancing a claim that is answered by a counter claim supported by research and/or logical argument. Central to the dialogue is the degree of credibility to assign to subjects' self reports of their experience during hypnotically-induced analgesia, amnesia, and hallucinations. The epistemological subtext of the dialogue centers on whether the counterexpectational behaviours of hypnosis subjects are to be construed as happenings or as doings. An analysis of the dialogue suggests that future researchers take as their point of departure the construction that the hypnosis interaction is a conversation. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Leadership role in making effective use of KM

Purpose – The challenge facing knowledge management (KM) professionals is how to leverage knowledge for improving organizational performance. From a management perspective, it is important to utilize KM systems for improving communication, and collaboration to enhance employee skills with a focus on improving productivity. From a leadership perspective, it is critical to ensure that KM investments result in promoting collaborative culture both at individual and organizational levels to encourage knowledge sharing for better decision making and innovation. Ultimately, the purpose of KM is to leverage knowledge in order to improve organizational performance internally and externally. This paper aims to address these challenges from leadership perspective.Design/methodology/approach – This research addressed the following questions: how does an organization manage knowledge resources to gain and sustain competitive advantage? What is the role of KM leadership in making effective use of KM? A literature revie...
Implied tax rates and the valuation of discount bonds

Abstract Discount bonds afford the investor the opportunity for capital gains. If for tax reasons the market is segmented on the demand side, investors in lower and lower tax brackets must be attracted when interest rates rise and the supply of discount bonds increases. Changes in the differential tax on capital gains and interest income also should affect relative demand. Testing these hypotheses with U.S. Treasury bond data, the implied tax rate is found to vary over time in a manner consistent with market segmentation and tax law changes.
MULTI-REGGE BARYON EXCHANGE AND CENTRAL INTERACTIONS.

We find that the double differential cross section for $\mathrm{pp}$ inelastic collisions at high energy can be well reproduced over a range of two decades by a simple version of the multi-Regge model, in which baryon exchange is responsible for large momentum transfers to the final proton. The model is an asymptotic one, and we show predictions at 70 and 200 GeV/c.
Complete Genome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Myophage Marshall.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a food-borne pathogen that causes salmonellosis in the United States. Bacteriophages are emerging as viable biocontrol agents against this pathogen. Here, we present the complete annotated genome sequence of Salmonella Enteritidis T4-like myophage Marshall, which has potential as a phage therapy agent.
Multistrand, Fast Reaction, Shape Memory Alloy System for Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Flight Control

This paper details an investigation of shape memory alloy (SMA) filaments which are used to drive a flight control system with precision control in a real flight environment. An antagonistic SMA actuator was developed with an integrated demodulator circuit from a JR NES 911 subscale UAV actuator. Most SMA actuator studies concentrate on modeling the open-loop characteristics of such a system with full actuator performance modeling. This paper is a bit different in that it is very practically oriented and centered on development of a flight-capable system which solves the most tricky, practical problems associated with using SMA filaments for aircraft flight control. By using well-tuned feedback loops, it is shown that intermediate SMA performance prediction is not appropriate for flight control system (FCS) design. Rather, capturing the peak behavior is far more important, along with appropriate feedback loop design. To prove the system, an SMA actuator was designed and installed in the fuselage of a 2 m uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) and used to control the rudder through slips and coordinated turns. The actuator was capable of 20 degrees of positive and negative deflection and was capable of 7.5 in-oz (5.29 N cm) of torque at a bandwidth of 2.8 Hz.
C3 shrub expansion in a C4 grassland: positive post-fire responses in resources and shoot growth

Changes in land management and reductions in fire frequency have enabled woody species to increase in grasslands worldwide. Nevertheless, fire is rarely eliminated from grasslands, and for shrubs to survive, they must be able cope with fire and replace aboveground structures. Because new shoots may have more available solar radiation, greater root : shoot ratios, and thus more resources available belowground after fire compared to undisturbed shrub communities, we hypothesized that carbon, nutrient, and water relations may be enhanced in stems compared to those in an undisturbed grassland. However, this same post-fire resource pulse stimulates the grasses and may intensify competitive interactions between shrubs and grasses. To test these predictions, we measured seasonal patterns in net photosynthesis (A), predawn xylem pressure potentials (XPP), leaf nitrogen (N) content, and productivity of Cornus drummondii shoots from shrub patches (islands) of different sizes in mesic grasslands burned annually, burned infrequently, and protected from fire. Seasonal average A was 20% higher (P = 0.016) in burned than in unburned shrubs, regardless of island size. Shrubs in burned sites also produced shoots with higher leaf N than unburned shrubs, and N content was higher in leaves from small islands compared to large islands (P < 0.0001). Burning caused a decrease in late summer predawn XPP in small islands (-3.1 MPa), whereas burned large islands did not differ from unburned shrubs. Post-fire productivity of new shoots was significantly greater compared to shoots in unburned sites. These results indicate that a transient period of high resource availability after fire allows for increased growth and rapid recovery of grassland shrubs. Thus, although fire has a negative effect on aboveground biomass of shrubs, the post-fire increases in resource availability, which enhance growth in the dominant grasses, are also important for recovery of woody species.
Generalizability of dietary patterns associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Reduced rank regression (RRR) has been used to derive dietary pattern scores that predict linear combinations of disease biomarkers. The generalizability of these patterns to independent populations remains unknown. Objective: The goal was to examine the generalizability of dietary patterns from the following prior studies using RRR to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Germany (EPIC), and Whitehall II Study (WS). Design: The relative weights of food groups of each dietary pattern were used to generate each dietary pattern score in the Framingham Offspring Study (n = 2879). Each of the external scores (confirmatory scores) was examined to determine whether it could predict incident T2DM during 7 y of follow-up as well as scores developed internally in the Framingham Offspring Study using a Cox-proportional hazard model adjusted for T2DM risk factors. Results: Intakes of meat products, refined grains, and soft drinks (caloric and noncaloric) were found to be common predictive components of all confirmatory scores, but fried foods, eggs, and alcoholic beverages were predictive in some, but not in all, confirmatory scores. On the basis of a continuous increase in the score by 1 SD, the NHS-based confirmatory score predicted T2DM risk (hazard ratio: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.66). However, T2DM risk was only weakly predicted by the EPIC-based score (hazard ratio: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.32) and the WS-based score (hazard ratio: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35). Conclusions: The study suggested that dietary patterns that predict T2DM risk in different populations may not be generalizable to different populations. Additional dietary pattern studies should be conducted with regard to generalizability.
Weight Control Behaviors of Low-Income, African American Women

Obesity is extremely common among African American women, and many women express interest in losing weight. To better understand current weight management practices in this population, this study measured behaviors and attitudes believed important to successful weight management. Data were obtained via telephone survey. The study involved 155 low-income African American women aged 30 to 69 identified through an urban primary care clinic. Results were compared between those women currently trying to lose weight (n = 80) and those who were not (n = 75). Those women trying to lose weight were more likely to engage in goal setting and dieting strategies categorized as planning and preparation, communication about diet, and cognitive strategies. Among those currently trying to lose weight, considerable room for improvement in the degree to which the women used the various strategies remained. Public health communications and health care provider interactions may need to deliver a broader, stronger message about healthy and successful weight management for this population.
The Charge Transfer Photochemistry of Coordination Complexes in Aqueous Solution

Irradiation of charge transfer absorption bands of coordination complexes can result in net oxidation reduction or ligand exchange reactions. The photoredox processes generally involve the formation of reactive radicals in the primary photochemical act. The identification of these primary radicals is essential to the specification of the primary photochemical act since radical reactions with substrate, other radicals, etc. can make the net products and yields appear vastly different from the nature of the primary act. For example, in a few documented cases, the metal ion fragment formed in a photoredox process has characteristics of a radical and can couple with ligand radicals giving rise to a net photochemical process which appears to be ligand exchange rather than photoredox. A variety of radicals, organic as well as inorganic, can be generated and studied in aqueous solution. Some information has also been obtained concerning the nature of the photochemical precursors to the radicals formed in photoredox processes.
Methyl Ketone Formation by Penicillium camemberti in Model Systems

Abstract Penicillium camemberti incubated in a model system containing milk lipids (45m M ) caused hydrolysis of the lipids with subsequent oxidation of the free fatty acids to carbonyl compounds of which approximately 60% was composed of methyl ketones, mainly of 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone. The addition of lipase greatly enhanced carbonyl production by the mycelium. Incubation in the presence of sodium laurate (45m M ) reduced mycelium growth, but extensive synthesis of undecanone occurred. The mycelium was more tolerant to exogenous oleic acid and produced mostly heptanone and nonanone.
Immunohistochemical characterization of human olfactory tissue

Objectives/Hypothesis: The pathophysiology underlying human olfactory disorders is poorly understood because biopsying the olfactory epithelium (OE) can be unrepresentative and extensive immunohistochemical analysis is lacking. Autopsy tissue enriches our grasp of normal and abnormal olfactory immunohistology and guides the sampling of the OE by biopsy. Furthermore, a comparison of the molecular phenotype of olfactory epithelial cells between rodents and humans will improve our ability to correlate human histopathology with olfactory dysfunction. Study Design: An immunohistochemical analysis of human olfactory tissue using a comprehensive battery of proven antibodies. Methods: Human olfactory mucosa obtained from 21 autopsy specimens was analyzed with immunohistochemistry. The position and extent of olfactory mucosa was assayed by staining whole mounts (WMs) with neuronal markers. Sections of the OE were analyzed with an extensive group of antibodies directed against cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors, as were surgical specimens from an esthesioneuroblastoma. Results: Neuron-rich epithelium is always found inferior to the cribriform plate, even at advanced age, despite the interruptions in the neuroepithelial sheet caused by patchy respiratory metaplasia. The pattern of immunostaining with our antibody panel identifies two distinct types of basal cell progenitors in human OE similar to rodents. The panel also clarifies the complex composition of esthesioneuroblastoma. Conclusions: The extent of human olfactory mucosa at autopsy can easily be delineated as a function of age and neurologic disease. The similarities in human versus rodent OE will enable us to translate knowledge from experimental animals to humans and will extend our understanding of human olfactory pathophysiology.
Vitamin D3 upregulates plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase expression and potentiates apico-basal Ca2+ flux in MDCK cells

Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCAs) are a ubiquitous system for the expulsion of Ca2+ from eukaryotic cells. In tight monolayers of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells representing a distal kidney tubule model, PMCAs are responsible for about one-third of the vectorial Ca2+ transport under resting conditions, with the remainder being provided by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Vitamin D3 (VitD) is known to increase PMCA expression and activity in Ca2+-transporting tissues such as the intestine, as well as in osteoblasts and Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cells. We found that VitD upregulated the expression of the PMCAs (mainly PMCA4b) in MDCK cell lysates at the RNA and protein level in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, VitD caused a decrease of the PMCAs in the apical plasma membrane fraction and a concomitant increase of the pumps in the basolateral membrane. Functional studies demonstrated that transcellular 45Ca2+ flux from the apical-to-basolateral compartment was significantly enhanced by VitD. These findings demonstrate that VitD is a positive regulator of the PMCAs in MDCK epithelial cells. The correlation of decreased apical/increased basolateral expression of the PMCAs with an increase in transcellular Ca2+ flux from the apical (urine) toward the basolateral (blood) compartment indicates the physiological relevance of VitD function in kidney tubular Ca2+ reabsorption.
Dynamic Documents: Mobile Wireless Access to the WWW

We propose dynamic documents as an approach to extending and customizing the WWW/Mosaic for mobile computing platforms. Dynamic documents are programs executed on a mobile platform to generate a document; they are implemented as Tcl scripts. We have modified the NCSA Mosaic web client to run the dynamic documents it retrieves through a modified Tcl interpreter. The interpreter is designed to execute only commands that do not violate safety. To hide the latencies of slow links we have modified the Mosaic client to perform caching and prefetching. The policies for caching and prefetching can be under control of dynamic documents, allowing the strategies to be document specific. Using dynamic documents, we have built an adaptive E mail browser that employs application specific caching and prefetching strategies. Both the browser and the displayed E mail messages are dynamically customized to the mobile computing environment in which they run.
The effect of survey measurement on respondent behaviour

SUMMARY Although it is well known that measures obtained from surveyed samples may not perfectly match the true values in the population, surveys are generally thought to reflect but not to change opinion or subsequent behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to review a new, growing stream of research that demonstrates that merely responding to a marketing research survey alters subsequent behaviour. The papers in this stream of research compare the behaviour of an experimental group where individuals respond to a marketing research survey to a control group where individuals do not complete a survey. The results show that measuring intentions or satisfaction in a marketing research survey, changes the behaviour of respondents in the experimental group. For positively viewed products, overall, respondents in the experimental group have higher purchase incidence, buy more quickly, and are more profitable customers than those in the control group. Further, the results in some cases persist over time. Although research to determine why this mere measurement effect occurs is ongoing, to date, results suggest that measurement increases the accessibility of attitudes toward the product, which in turn makes the resulting behaviour more consistent with those attitudes than when measurement does not occur. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fuzzy control of a variable speed power generating system with doubly excited reluctance machine

Fuzzy control methods are developed for a highly efficient variable speed constant frequency power generating system, with wind power generation as an example. In slip power recovery configuration, the system is composed of a doubly excited brushless reluctance-machine and a reduced rating power electronic converter unit linking the stator secondary circuit with the power line. The doubly excited brushless reluctance machine has high efficiency, high reliability and rugged construction. Under fuzzy logic control which enables superior dynamic performance, the operational speed is controlled to track the optimal power-speed profile of the wind turbine. Reactive power is independently controllable. Active and reactive power capacities of the system are also discussed. >
Node and mesh analysis by inspection

This paper shows how to write node or mesh analysis linear circuit equations by inspection of the circuit schematic diagram and obtains two different matrix solutions of these equations. The linear circuit can have resistances or impedances, controlled sources, ideal operational amplifiers, or mutually coupled coils. The first matrix solution finds the node-voltage or mesh-current vector in terms of matrix operations with the inspection matrices. Also, this method gives a matrix solution for any arbitrary output vector in terms of the node-voltage or mesh-current solution vector, the independent-source vector, and the inspection matrices. The second matrix solution method finds the solution for a vector consisting of all node voltages or mesh currents, dependent sources, controlling variables, and any output variable(s) using a single matrix equation. Matrix methods of circuit analysis are now appropriate for student use because of the existence of calculators capable of solving large matrices and the availability of inexpensive math programs for personal computers. >
Pharmacy Involvement With Positron-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals:

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging process that relies on positron-emitting nuclides with very short physical half-lives (ranging from seconds to minutes). Exceptional resolution in PET imaging enables studies of the CNS (eg, highlighting deviant cell metabolism), and cardiovascular system (eg, identifying areas of reduced blood flow before coronary artery bypass surgery), among others. Increasing in popularity, PET radiopharmaceuticals pose a unique challenge to the nuclear pharmacist relative to product synthesis and quality control testing. Establishment of process validation programs with emphasis on quality, purity, and safety is all important. Various elements of process validation and quality control testing are discussed as they pertain to PET radiopharmaceuticals and the professional role of the nuclear pharmacist.
ATP stimulates chemically sensitive and sensitizes mechanically sensitive afferents

We examined whether ATP stimulation of P2X purinoceptors would raise blood pressure in decerebrate cats. Femoral arterial injection of the P2X receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP into the blood supp...
Critical velocity: a predictor of 2000-m rowing ergometer performance in NCAA D1 female collegiate rowers.

Abstract The aims of this study were to examine the use of the critical velocity test as a means of predicting 2000-m rowing ergometer performance in female collegiate rowers, and to study the relationship of selected physiological variables on performance times. Thirty-five female collegiate rowers (mean ± s: age 19.3 ± 1.3 years; height 1.70 ± 0.06 m; weight 69.5 ± 7.2 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Rowers were divided into two categories based on rowing experience: varsity (more than 1 year collegiate experience) and novice (less than 1 year collegiate experience). All rowers performed two continuous graded maximal oxygen consumption tests (familiarization and baseline) to establish maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max), peak power output, and power output at ventilatory threshold. Rowers then completed a critical velocity test, consisting of four time-trials at various distances (400 m, 600 m, 800 m, and 1000 m) on two separate days, with 15 min rest between trials. Following the critical ...
Middle Tertiary Basin Development, San Joaquin Valley, California

An analysis was made of the foraminiferal paleoecology of the middle Tertiary in wells of the San Joaquin Valley, California. This province, which represents the southern half of the Great Valley of California, is bounded on the east by the Sierra Nevada, on the south by the Tehachapi Mountains, on the west by the Coast Ranges, and on the north it joins the Sacramento Valley near Stockton. The marine basin of this study is known as the San Joaquin Basin, and it is located in the southern half of the San Joaquin Valley. Thirteen biofacies are established for the recognition of thirteen paleobathymetric zones between depths of 0 and more than 6000 feet. In the Oligocene and lower Miocene, maximum water depths of the marine basin were abyssal, in excess of 6000 feet; basin filling brought about a decrease to lower bathyal depths during the middle Miocene; rapid sedimentation during the later Miocene resulted in shoaling of the basin to neritic depths in latest Miocene and Pliocene. Most of the better zonal index species are bathyal or lower neritic types; those with the longest stratigraphic ranges appear to be the abyssal and upper neritic assemblages. The primary deep-water connection between the San Joaquin Basin and oceanic waters to the west was consistently at the southwestern corner of the basin across the San Andreas fault. Evidence for this is the continuous dominance of deep-water facies in the southern part of the basin extending westward to the San Andreas fault. Further support is to be seen in the restriction of planktonic foraminiferal facies and radiolarians to the southern areas. Frequencies of planktonic foraminiferans are generally greatest in the southern area near the San Andreas fault, showing decreasing values away from the San Andreas fault around the southern part of the basin in a counterclockwise direction. This pattern indicates that the principal oceanic current entered the basin across the San Andreas fault and moved in a counterclockwise pattern during most of the middle Tertiary. Biofacies to the west of the San Andreas fault do not generally indicate a continuation of deep-water conditions there; right-lateral movements on the San Andreas fault have probably moved the western continuation of these deep-water basin facies far to the north. A comparison of subsidence and sedimentation rates shows about subequal rates at first in the Oligocene, somewhat greater rates of deposition than subsidence during most of the Miocene, and far greater rates of deposition than subsidence in the later Miocene. Throughout the middle Tertiary various tectonic blocks within the San Joaquin Basin apparently moved independently and continuously. More than 5000 cubic miles of rock represent the marine sediment deposited in the San Joaquin Basin during the middle Tertiary stages. Of this amount, more than 4000 cubic miles were deposited in depths of water greater than 300 feet, and most of the oil produced in the basin comes from these strata.
Age- and diet-associated metabolome remodeling characterizes the aging process driven by damage accumulation

Aging is thought to be associated with increased molecular damage, but representative markers vary across conditions and organisms, making it difficult to assess properties of cumulative damage throughout lifespan. We used nontargeted metabolite profiling to follow age-associated trajectories of >15,000 metabolites in Drosophila subjected to control and lifespan-extending diets. We find that aging is associated with increased metabolite diversity and low-abundance molecules, suggesting they include cumulative damage. Remarkably, the number of detected compounds leveled-off in late-life, and this pattern associated with survivorship. Fourteen percent of metabolites showed age-associated changes, which decelerated in late-life and long-lived flies. In contrast, known metabolites changed in abundance similarly to nontargeted metabolites and transcripts, but did not increase in diversity. Targeted profiling also revealed slower metabolism and accumulation of lifespan-limiting molecules. Thus, aging is characterized by gradual metabolome remodeling, and condition- and advanced age-associated deceleration of this remodeling is linked to mortality and molecular damage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02077.001.
Outcomes of treating hypertension in the elderly: a short commentary on current issues.

Because treating hypertension in the elderly so effectively reduces major cardiovascular events, it is vital to diagnose this very common condition early. Much of the hypertension that occurs with aging results from stiffening of the major capacitance arteries, typically marked by high systolic and low diastolic blood pressures. Pulse pressure, derived by subtracting diastolic from systolic values, is a useful index of stiffness, but new noninvasive techniques for measurement of arterial compliance have shown that blood pressures cannot reliably predict the state of the arteries in older people. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) and the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial demonstrated that treating hypertension in the elderly with diuretics or calcium channel blockers reduces strokes and cardiac events; these results are also clearly evident in high-risk groups like diabetics. Further analysis of Syst-Eur has suggested that a calcium channel blocker reduces new-onset dementia, while follow-up data from SHEP indicate that a diuretic provides survival and stroke benefits in obese or overweight elderly hypertensives, but not in the lean. In general, comparisons of antihypertensive agents, including diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers have found similar clinical end point effects. But recently, the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study, performed in patients (average age, 67) with left ventricular hypertrophy and predominant systolic hypertension, showed that the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan was significantly more effective than the beta blocker atenolol in reducing such key outcomes as strokes and new-onset diabetes. Even so, careful but effective control of blood pressure in elderly patients, including those over age 80, still remains a critical factor in preventing major cardiovascular events.
Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide

Empirical studies and some high-profile anecdotal cases have demonstrated a link between suicidal ideation and experiences with bullying victimization or offending. The current study examines the extent to which a nontraditional form of peer aggression--cyberbullying--is also related to suicidal ideation among adolescents. In 2007, a random sample of 1,963 middle-schoolers from one of the largest school districts in the United States completed a survey of Internet use and experiences. Youth who experienced traditional bullying or cyberbullying, as either an offender or a victim, had more suicidal thoughts and were more likely to attempt suicide than those who had not experienced such forms of peer aggression. Also, victimization was more strongly related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors than offending. The findings provide further evidence that adolescent peer aggression must be taken seriously both at school and at home, and suggest that a suicide prevention and intervention component is essential within comprehensive bullying response programs implemented in schools.
EVALUATION OF VERTICAL COLLISION AVOIDANCE MANEUVERS FOR PARALLEL APPROACH

Two candidate evasion maneuvers were evaluated for use with a collision alerting system for independent closelyspaced parallel approaches in instrument conditions. The two maneuvers were a wings-level climb and a climbing turn away from parallel traffic. .Pairs of aircraft on parallel approach were simulated using pre-recorded trajectories covering a range of normal approach and blunder scenarios. Each scenario was repeated twice, with the endangered aircraft responding to alerts with either the climb-only or the climbing-turn evasion. The climb-only maneuver is shown to result in 38-times as many collisions as the climbing-turn for nominal alert threshold settings. It is possible to reduce the collision rate by adjusting threshold parameters, but the false alarm rate increases. The climb-only maneuver is shown to be uniformly less safe than the climbing-turn for all parameter combinations. Results are illustrated using System Operating Characteristic curves.
Specificity of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure

A current issue in alcohol research is whether a "neurobehavioral profile" can be identified for prenatal alcohol exposure, even when dysmorphic features are not present, or whether comparable neurobehavioral deficits are detected when damage is incurred by numerous neurotoxicants to which the fetus is exposed during a common developmental period. Failure to detect such differences may, in part, be an artifact of the global developmental tests used to assess outcome. Cognitive effects of prenatal exposure to three different teratogens [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), alcohol, and cocaine] are examined to determine whether exposure to each substance results in a common or different pattern of impairment on the same set of newer, more narrow band infant tests. Comparison of findings from three independent cohorts indicate that PCB exposure was related to poorer recognition memory on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) in Michigan infants exposed prenatally to PCB-contaminated fish, whereas prenatal alcohol exposure was unrelated to recognition memory but to slower processing speed on a new FTII measure and slower reaction time on Haith's Visual Expectancy Paradigm (VExP) in our Detroit alcohol-exposed infants. Preliminary findings from a new study of infants recently born to Taiwanese women accidentally contaminated with sizable amounts of PCBs indicate recognition memory deficits, confirming our Michigan findings, but no processing speed effects on the FTII. Recent findings from our Detroit cohort suggest that heavy prenatal cocaine exposure is related to poorer recognition memory on the FTII, but faster reaction times on the VExP, a pattern different from that seen for either PCBs or alcohol.
Language limits the experience of emotions Comment on "The quartet theory of human emotions: An integrative and neurofunctional model" by S. Koelsch et al.

Emotions are phylogenetically ancient and involve complex interactions of neural, behavioral, and physiological processes. A complete theory of emotions must incorporate, or at least be informed by, current knowledge from neurobiology and comparative psychology [1]. The Quartet Theory of Human Emotions by Koelsch and colleagues [2] is therefore a welcome step towards a more integrative affective science. A notable feature of the Quartet Theory is the clear proposed relationship between language and emotion systems, which diverges from current trends in affective science. Many theories of emotion that specify a role for language in affective processes suggest that language and concepts either create, differentiate, facilitate awareness of, and/or express emotional states [e.g., 3–5]. These theories are based in part on the assumption that emotion words can accurately and precisely encapsulate internal feeling states. Some even suggest that verbally categorizing diffuse affective states coheres them into what we then experience as discrete and differentiated emotions [4,5]. In contrast, the Quartet Theory suggests that linguistic categorization of emotion percepts—the summed “felt” components of affect—is neither an automatic nor essential step in an emotion experience. Language facilitates regulation (e.g., through reappraisal), and sometimes, expression of emotions. However, the authors argue that translating a pre-verbal emotion percept into language results in the loss of important diagnostic information [6], which is problematic (as the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein argued) because speakers cannot be confident that their understanding of an emotion word is the same as another person’s.1 Thus it is unlikely that language and concepts play a fundamental role in the emotion itself because categorizing an emotion percept reconfigures it. We agree that emotion percepts are pre-verbal internal states and emotion labels therefore do a poor job of communicating them. We also agree that language is a powerful tool for conscious emotion regulation. We would like to push the argument even further and suggest that the simple act of labeling an ongoing emotion percept automatically
DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL FORCES IN HUMAN HAND

Three-dimensional force analysis of finger tendons and joints in isometric hand functions was formulated as a statically indeterminate problem. This problem was solved adjunctly by the permutation-combination technique and the method of linear programming. Optimal solutions were compared with those produced by the permutation-combination technique and justified based on clinical and physiologic assessments. The results obtained are within the expected range and the muscle force distribution coincides with the data established in previous EMG studies and muscle volume analyses. The validity of the technique used and its potential applications to force analysis of the entire human hand in various functional configurations were considered.
Embedded and External Brokers: The Distinct Roles of Intermediaries in Workplace Inequality

Immigration scholars have made great strides in documenting the role of labor agents in connecting immigrant workers with jobs, though less attention has centered on whether such brokerage exacerba...