cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Step Syntheses of Photocurable Polyesters Based on a Renewable Resource

The facile design of polyester biomaterials has emerged as an important aspect of polymer synthesis. As opposed to thermoplastics, thermosets are especially attractive for applications in the biomedical fields because they retain their geometry and experience a linear loss of both mass and mechanical properties during degradation. Herein, we report the design of several polyester thermosets based on photocurable prepolymers composed of itaconic acid and various polyols. Itaconic acid is a renewable resource and a component of known biomaterials that is demonstrated to be compatible with thermal polyesterification. This polymerization strategy results in photocurable branched polyester prepolymers in a single and facile step. The cross-linking density and, therefore, the rigidity of the photocured thermosets can be controlled by the addition of a comonomer, such as adipic acid or succinic acid. Additionally, dimethyl itaconate is an ideal monomer for enzymatic polymerization, as demonstrated by the synthes...
Daily Treatment Time and Functional Gains of Stroke Patients During Inpatient Rehabilitation

Objective To study the effects of daily treatment time on functional gain of patients who have had a stroke. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting An inpatient rehabilitation hospital (IRH) in northern California. Participants Three hundred sixty patients who had a stroke and were discharged from the IRH in 2007. Interventions Average minutes of rehabilitation therapy per day, including physical therapy, occupation therapy, speech and language therapy, and total treatment. Main Outcome Measures Functional gain measured by the Functional Independence Measure, including activities of daily living, mobility, cognition, and the total of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores. Results The study sample had a mean age of 64.8 years; 57.4% were men and 61.4% were white. The mean total daily therapy time was 190.3 minutes, and the mean total functional gain was 26.0. A longer daily therapeutic duration was significantly associated with total functional gain ( r = .23, P = .0094). Patients who received a total therapy time of Conclusions The study demonstrated a significant relationship between daily therapeutic duration and functional gain during IRH stay and showed treatment time thresholds for optimal functional outcomes for patients in inpatient rehabilitation who had a stroke.
Activation of DNA Cleavage by Oligomerization of DNA Bound SgrAI

SgrAI is a type II restriction endonuclease that cuts an unusually long recognition sequence and exhibits allosteric self-modulation of DNA activity and sequence specificity. Precleaved primary site DNA has been shown to be an allosteric effector [Hingorani-Varma, K., and Bitinaite, J. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 40392-40399], stimulating cleavage of both primary (CR|CCGGYG, where the vertical bar indicates a cut site, R denotes A or G, and Y denotes C or T) and secondary [CR|CCGGY(A/C/T) and CR|CCGGGG] site DNA sequences. The fact that DNA is the allosteric effector of this endonuclease suggests at least two DNA binding sites on the functional SgrAI molecule, yet crystal structures of SgrAI [Dunten, P. W., et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 5405-5416] show only one DNA duplex bound to one dimer of SgrAI. We show that SgrAI forms species larger than dimers or tetramers [high-molecular weight species (HMWS)] in the presence of sufficient concentrations of SgrAI and its primary site DNA sequence that are dependent on the concentration of the DNA-bound SgrAI dimer. Analytical ultracentrifugation indicates that the HMWS is heterogeneous, has sedimentation coefficients of 15-20 s, and is composed of possibly 4-12 DNA-bound SgrAI dimers. SgrAI bound to secondary site DNA will not form HMWS itself but can bind to HMWS formed with primary site DNA and SgrAI. Uncleaved, as well as precleaved, primary site DNA is capable of stimulating HMWS formation. Stimulation of DNA cleavage by SgrAI, at primary as well as secondary sites, is also dependent on the concentration of primary site DNA (cleaved or uncleaved) bound SgrAI dimers. SgrAI bound to secondary site DNA does not have significant stimulatory activity. We propose that the oligomers of DNA-bound SgrAI (i.e., HMWS) are the activated, or activatable, forms of the enzyme.
Non-foster techniques for designing broadband electrically-small antennas and biomimetic antenna arrays

The input impedance of a typical electrically small antenna has a small resistive and a large frequency-varying reactive component. Therefore, conventional matching techniques based on passive lumped elements result in a very narrow impedance bandwidth. To overcome this issue, non-foster matching circuits, i.e. circuits that violate Foster's reactance theorem, have been proposed, which cancel the reactive part of the antenna input impedance over a wide frequency band, thereby increasing the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. Non-foster matching circuits typically use negative impedance converters that often employ positive feedback. Therefore, they can potentially cause stability issues. In this presentation, we propose a new technique for the implementation of a non-foster matching network. In this technique, the current at the input terminals of the antenna is sensed and amplified using a precision low-noise instrumentation amplifier and used to implement a nonfoster element in series with the antenna. Compared to current transistor based implementations of non-foster matching networks, the proposed technique potentially offers a wider bandwidth and is less sensitive to component tolerances and temperature variation. Moreover, it is less susceptible to oscillation.
Eukaryal and archaeal diversity in a submerged sinkhole ecosystem influenced by sulfur-rich, hypoxic groundwater

Middle Island sinkhole (23 m depth) is an underwater karst feature in Lake Huron (MI, USA) inundated with hypoxic, high-conductivity groundwater. Here, microbial mats composed of purple-pigmented filamentous cyanobacteria cover carbon-rich sediments. To study the species diversity of Archaea and Eukarya in this habitat, we constructed clone libraries and sequenced the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from sediment cores sectioned into five visually distinct layers: the surface cyanobacterial mat (0–0.2 cm), an underlying white crystalline layer (0.2–0.5 cm), and three sub-sections of black organic-rich sediment chosen from distinct layers in the cores (0.5–2.0 cm, 7.5–9.5 cm, and 24.5–28.5 cm). Clone libraries from the cyanobacterial mat were dominated by eukaryal 18S rRNA gene sequences such as nematodes (Tobrilus gracilis), ciliates (Frontonia vernalis), and tardigrades (Isohypsibius granulifer). Shallow organic-rich sediments shared clones with the overlying mat but also included seed shrimp (Cyprididae sp.) and copepods (Leptodiaptomus spp.). Clone libraries from the deepest sediments were dominated by archaeal sequences similar to known methanogens (Methanosphaerula and Methanosaeta) and uncultivated Archaea, including non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota. Phylogenetic trees revealed representation in diverse eukaryotic and archaeal lineages. By chronicling the species composition of freshwater sinkholes, this study expands our knowledge of microbial communities in habitats influenced by hypoxic, sulfur-rich groundwater.
Janus: A novel use of Formal Verification for targeted behavioral equivalence

We present a novel way of using a formal verification (FV) framework to establish targeted behavioral equivalence between two similar designs. The new verification framework is generic and can be applied to a wide range of behavioral equivalence problems, such as ensuring late logic changes preserve earlier design intent and do not introduce new flaws. The new framework analyzes two similar designs that may have significant microarchitectural, implementation, or behavioral differences between them. If there is a targeted set of behaviors that are required to be preserved between these two designs, then the verification framework can be used to establish the behavioral equivalence. The new framework combines the strengths of FV and the formal equivalence verification (FEV) flows in a fully automated method to establish the behavioral equivalence. This method was used on one of the next generation Intelreg microprocessor to verify that design changes for a new microarchitecture feature did not create flaws or unintended behaviors (no-harm) in other parts of the design when that feature was disabled. Three complex design flaws (bugs) were found during the process. After the framework was developed, the verification effort took less than two weeks to complete which was dramatically less effort than if we had used traditional validation methods.
Robust stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses following vaccination with antigen-loaded beta-glucan particles.

Glucan particles (GPs) are purified Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls treated so that they are primarily 1,3-D- glucans and free of mannans and proteins. GPs are phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DCs) via the Dectin-1 receptor, and this in- teraction stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion by DCs. As the hollow, porous GP structure allows for high antigen loading, we hypothesized that antigen-loaded GPs could be exploited as a receptor-targeted vaccine delivery system. Ovalbumin (OVA) was electrostatically complexed inside the hollow GP shells (GP-OVA). Incubation of C57BL/6J mouse bone marrow- derived DCs with GP-OVA resulted in phagocytosis, upregulation of maturation markers, and rapid proteolysis of OVA. Com- pared with free OVA, GP-OVA was >100-fold more potent at stimulating the proliferation of OVA-reactive transgenic CD8 OT-I and CD4 OT-II T cells, as measured by in vitro ( 3 H)thymidine incorporation using DCs as antigen-presenting cells. Next,
Regulation of Cadherin Adhesive Activity

Adhesive interactions between cells are dynamic and regulated during tissue development and homeostasis. Cadherins are major cell–cell adhesion molecules involved in the development and maintenance of all solid tissues ([Takeichi 1991][1]; [Gumbiner 1996][2]). Therefore, regulation of cadherin-
Ebf1 and c-Myb repress Rag transcription downstream of Stat5 during early B cell development

The temporal control of RAG (Rag) expression in developing lymphocytes prevents DNA breaks during periods of proliferation that could threaten genomic integrity. In developing B cells, the IL-7R and precursor B cell Ag receptor (pre-BCR) synergize to induce proliferation and the repression of Rag at the protein and mRNA levels for a brief period following successful Ig H chain gene rearrangement. Whereas the mechanism of RAG2 protein downregulation is well defined, little is known about the pathways and transcription factors that mediate transcriptional repression of Rag. Using Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed B cells to model this stage of development, we identified early B cell factor 1 (Ebf1) as a strong repressor of Rag transcription. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of either Ebf1 or its downstream target c-Myb was sufficient to induce Rag transcription in these highly proliferative cells. Ebf1 and c-Myb antagonize Rag transcription by negatively regulating the binding of Foxo1 to the Rag locus. Ebf1 accomplishes this through both direct negative regulation of Foxo1 expression and direct positive regulation of Gfi1b expression. Ebf1 expression is driven by the IL-7R downstream effector Stat5, providing a link between the negative regulation of Rag transcription by IL-7 and a novel repressive pathway involving Ebf1 and c-Myb.
Tissue Lipid Analysis with Enzymatic Reagents

Featured Article: Carr TP, Andresen CJ, Rudel LL. Enzymatic determination of triglyceride, free cholesterol, and total cholesterol in tissue lipid extracts. Clin Biochem 1993;26:39–42.1 The need to measure serum or plasma cholesterol prompted the development of enzyme-based colorimetric assays during the 1970s. These assays eventually replaced the traditional chemical methods. The advantages of the enzymatic procedures were speed and simplicity. On the other hand, because the enzymes naturally work in aqueous environments, the procedures were applicable only to aqueous samples. Enzymatic quantification was not possible for tissue or cellular lipids extracted into organic solvents. Our 1993 report provided several important improvements in this regard. First, we described a procedure for solubilizing tissue lipids in water with the aid of detergent while optimizing enzyme activity. Second, our procedure allowed quantification of all major lipid classes in a single sample preparation. Third, we adapted the procedure to microplates, substantially reducing the volume and expense of enzymatic reagents. Fourth, the microscale approach allowed quantification …
pH-dependent localization of Btn1p in the yeast model for Batten disease

Btn1p the yeast homolog of human CLN3, which is associated with juvenile Batten disease has been implicated in several cellular pathways. Yeast cells lacking BTN1 are unable to couple ATP hydrolysis and proton pumping activities by the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). In this work, we demonstrate that changes in extracellular pH result in altered transcription of BTN1, as well as a change in the glycosylation state and localization of Btn1p. At high pH, Btn1p expression was increased and the protein was mainly located in vacuolar membranes. However, low pH decreased Btn1p expression and changed its location to undefined punctate membranes. Moreover, our results suggest that differential Btn1p localization may be regulated by its glycosylation state. Underlying pathogenic implications for Batten disease of altered cellular distribution of CLN3 are discussed.
Testing and evaluation of an integrated GPS/INS system for small AUV navigation

A Small Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Navigation System (SANS) is being developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. The SANS is an integrated Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) navigation system composed of low-cost and small-size components. It is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using a low-cost strap-down inertial measurement unit (IMU) to navigate between intermittent GPS fixes. The present hardware consists of a GPS/DGPS receiver, IMU, compass, water speed sensor, water depth sensor, and a data processing computer. The software is based on a 12-state complementary filter that combines measurement data from all sensors to derive a vehicle position/orientation estimate. This paper describes hardware and software design and testing results of the SANS. It is shown that results from tilt table testing and bench testing provide an effective means for tuning filter gains. Ground vehicle testing verifies the overall functioning of the SANS and exhibits an encouraging degree of accuracy.
Absolute orientation-dependent anisotropic TiN(111) island step energies and stiffnesses from shape fluctuation analyses

In situ high-temperature (1165--1248 K) scanning-tunneling microscopy was used to measure temporal fluctuations about the anisotropic equilibrium shape of two-dimensional TiN(111) adatom and vacancy islands on atomically smooth TiN(111) terraces. The equilibrium island shape was found to be a truncated hexagon bounded by alternating 〈110〉 steps, which form [100] and [110] nanofacets with the terrace. Relative step energies \ensuremath{\beta} as a function of step orientation \ensuremath{\varphi} were obtained from the inverse Legendre transformation of the equilibrium island shape to within an orientation-independent scale factor \ensuremath{\lambda}, the equilibrium chemical potential of the island per unit TiN area. We find that for alternating ${S}_{1}$ and ${S}_{2}$ 〈110〉 steps, the ratio ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}/{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}=0.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02.$ The parameter \ensuremath{\lambda} and, hence, absolute orientation-dependent values of \ensuremath{\beta}(\ensuremath{\varphi}) and step stiffnesses $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ were extracted from quantitative shape fluctuation data using an exact theoretical approach valid for anisotropic islands. For the two 〈110〉 steps, we obtain ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}=0.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ and ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{1}=1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1\mathrm{eV}/\AA{}$ with ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}=0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ and ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{2}=0.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\mathrm{eV}/\AA{}$ over the observed temperature range. Due to the correspondingly high kink energies, TiN(111) step energies exhibit only a very weak temperature dependence between 0 K and the maximum measurement temperature 1248 K.
A multi-beamlet injector for heavy ion fusion: Experiments and modeling

We have performed experiments and modeling to evaluate a proposed merging beamlet approach for use in a compact high-brightness Heavy Ion Fusion injector. We used an rf plasma source to produce the initial beamlets. An extraction current density of 100 mA/cm2 was achieved, and the thermal temperature of the ions was below 1 eV. An array of converging beamlets was used to produce a beam with the envelope radius, convergence, and ellipticity matched to an electrostatic quadrupole channel. Experimental results were in good quantitative agreement with computer simulations and have demonstrated the feasibility of this concept. The size of a driver-scale injector system using this approach will be several times smaller than one designed using traditional single large-aperture beams. The success of this experiment has possible significant economical and technical impacts on the architecture of HIF drivers.
The Robinson---Schensted correspondence and $$A_2$$A2-web bases

We study natural bases for two constructions of the irreducible representation of the symmetric group corresponding to $$[n,n,n]$$[n,n,n]: the reduced web basis associated to Kuperberg's combinatorial description of the spider category; and the left cell basis for the left cell construction of Kazhdan and Lusztig. In the case of $$[n,n]$$[n,n], the spider category is the Temperley---Lieb category; reduced webs correspond to planar matchings, which are equivalent to left cell bases. This paper compares the image of these bases under classical maps: the Robinson---Schensted algorithm between permutations and Young tableaux and Khovanov---Kuperberg's bijection between Young tableaux and reduced webs. One main result uses Vogan's generalized $$\tau $$?-invariant to uncover a close structural relationship between the web basis and the left cell basis. Intuitively, generalized $$\tau $$?-invariants refine the data of the inversion set of a permutation. We define generalized $$\tau $$?-invariants intrinsically for Kazhdan---Lusztig left cell basis elements and for webs. We then show that the generalized $$\tau $$?-invariant is preserved by these classical maps. Thus, our result allows one to interpret Khovanov---Kuperberg's bijection as an analogue of the Robinson---Schensted correspondence. Despite all of this, our second main result proves that the reduced web and left cell bases are inequivalent; that is, these bijections are not $$S_{3n}$$S3n-equivariant maps.
Differences in Commercial Database Reported Earnings: Implications for Empirical Research

Prominent properties of distributions of differences in earnings reported by forecast data providers (FDPs), i.e., I/B/E/S, Zacks, and First Call, and Compustat drive statistical inferences drawn in extant research concerning the relative information content and value relevance of alternative reported earnings numbers (e.g., "Street" or pro forma versus GAAP earnings). These properties include, 1) the existence of an extreme negative tail in such distributions (representing cases in which Compustat earnings is below FDPs' earnings by extreme amounts), 2) a higher frequency of cases in which Compustat earnings exceed FDP earnings by small amounts than cases in which FDP earnings exceed Compustat earnings by small amounts accompanied by a high concentration of zero earnings differences, 3) systematic changes in the shape of such distributions over time attributable to the application of stable formulae for excluding items from reported earnings by the FDPs while recognition of these items by firms in the cross-section changes. Relying on knowledge of these properties we show that many statistical inferences and interpretations concerning market reliance/fixation on FDP (Street or pro forma) earnings versus Compustat (GAAP) earnings in the cross section and over time are driven by a small number of extreme negative tail observations and a regime shift in the mean earnings differences in 1990, respectively. These properties have similar impacts on inferences in the value relevance literature. Our findings highlight the value of understanding the properties of distributions of earnings differences and the composition of earnings related to these properties for identifying potential factors that can confound inferences, and for uncovering evidence that generates new lines of investigation and improves test designs.
VLSI architectures for SISO-APP decoders

Very large scale integration (VLSI) design methodology and implementation complexities of high-speed, low-power soft-input soft-output (SISO) a posteriori probability (APP) decoders are considered. These decoders are used in iterative algorithms based on turbo codes and related concatenated codes and have shown significant advantage in error correction capability compared to conventional maximum likelihood decoders. This advantage, however, comes at the expense of increased computational complexity, decoding delay, and substantial memory overhead, all of which hinge primarily on the well-known recursion bottleneck of the SISO-APP algorithm. This paper provides a rigorous analysis of the requirements for computational hardware and memory at the architectural level based on a tile-graph approach that models the resource-time scheduling of the recursions of the algorithm. The problem of constructing the decoder architecture and optimizing it for high speed and low power is formulated in terms of the individual recursion patterns which together form a tile graph according to a tiling scheme. Using the tile-graph approach, optimized architectures are derived for the various forms of the sliding-window and parallel-window algorithms known in the literature. A proposed tiling scheme of the recursion patterns, called hybrid tiling, is shown to be particularly effective in reducing memory overhead of high-speed SISO-APP architectures. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves savings in area and power in the range of 4.2%-53.1% over state of the art.
Spontaneous jejunal intussusception after open radical nephrectomy.

i dult bowel intussusception is distinctly uncommon and most often due to a primary abnorality of the bowel serving as the nidus.1 We illusrate a case of spontaneous jejunal intussusception eveloping shortly after transperitoneal nephrecomy, highlighting the importance of considering his rare etiology in the urologic patient.2–5 Uncomplicated right radical nephrectomy and evel II caval thrombectomy was performed hrough an abdominal incision. Examination of he bowel did not reveal extrinsic abnormalities or erniations. His diet was advanced after flatus day 5). However, he had sporadic emesis and raiographic findings consistent with ileus. Suspiion of an obstructive cause of persistent nausea ed to computed tomography (Fig. 1). Observation as continued (10 days) with minimal abdominal ain and flatus, but occasional emesis. Owing to a ack of clinical or radiographic resolution, he unerwent laparotomy and resection of the intussuseption (Fig. 2). Limited data are available regarding the optimal anagement of idiopathic adult intussusception. raditionally, the likely presence of an underlying tiology (eg, lipoma, tumor), potential for bowel schemia, and mortality (up to 29%) argued for arly surgery. Unenhanced computed tomography
Appetitive nature of drug cues re-confirmed with physiological measures and the potential role of stage of change

Rationale Smokers report pleasant reactions to viewing cigarettes, suggesting that smoking cues may be appetitive in nature. Two studies have investigated this hypothesis through physiological assessment. The first study found that smoking cues were physiologically appetitive in nature, with dampened startle response to smoking pictures in comparison to neutral pictures. The second found that smoking pictures did not modulate the startle response, suggesting such cues may not be physiologically appetitive.
Aligned assembly of nano and microscale polystyrene tubes with controlled morphology

Abstract Polymer tubes with control on tube thickness and surface morphology are highly desirable for a wide range of applications in energy storage and transport as well as in tissue engineering and drug delivery. In this work, using the non-electrospinning Spinneret based Tunable Engineered Parameters (STEP) platform, we demonstrate fabrication of long (mm-cm) aligned polystyrene (PS) nano and microscale tubes in single and multiple layers. The tube outer diameters (0.3–3.6 μm), surface morphologies (pore size distribution: 20–200 nm) and tube wall thickness (50–500 nm) are controlled through tuning of the relative humidity, solvent type, and solution concentration ( C / C *∼12). We experimentally show that incorporating MWCNTs into the tube structure significantly increases their ultimate strength and elongation. The tubes are also capable of sustaining high compressive radial pressures (0.2–0.6 MPa). When used as absorbents for oil cleaning, crisscross layers of porous PS tubes demonstrate higher absorption capacity compared with solid PS fibres (20–30% enhancement) and polypropylene (PP) fibres (90–110% enhancement).
Effect of Barrier Type on Injury Severity in Motorcycle-to-Barrier Collisions in North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey:

Motorcycle collisions with barriers have been shown to be much more severe than other vehicle collisions with barriers. The impact of barrier type on injury severity for motorcyclists has been greatly debated. There is growing concern about the risk associated with motorcycles colliding with cable barriers, although to date no definitive evidence has shown that cable barriers are indeed more harmful to motorcyclists than other barrier types. This study analyzed 951 motorcycle-barrier crashes involving 1,047 riders from 2003 to 2008 in North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey to determine the effect of barrier type on injury severity in crashes. Barrier types were determined by using photographs of the reported crash site. There were 546 W-beam guardrail collisions, 358 concrete barrier collisions, and 47 cable barrier collisions observed. Of the people involved in W-beam collisions with known injury severity, 40.1% were fatally or severely injured. Likewise, 40.3% of people involved in cable barrier collisio...
A study of psychiatric emergencies. I. Demographic data

Psychiatric emergency evaluation and treatment are an increasingly important part of current psychiatric practice. Psychiatry residency training has been affected accordingly. Of particular importance has been the need to characterize the emergency population seen and to describe the changes in this population over time. At University Hospitals of Cleveland over the past nine years the psychiatric emergency population has doubled. There has also been a shift to a younger age group, evidence of better motivation, reduced incidence of hospitalization, and increased use of medications. At this hospital, Negro females constituted the largest group and contained the highest percentage of patients receiving medications. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
Biobehavioral outcomes following psychological interventions for cancer patients.

Psychological interventions for adult cancer patients have primarily focused on reducing stress and enhancing quality of life. However, there has been expanded focus on biobehavioral outcomes— health behaviors, compliance, biologic responses, and disease outcomes— consistent with the Biobehavioral Model of cancer stress and disease course. The author reviewed this expanded focus in quasiexperimental and experimental studies of psychological interventions, provided methodologic detail, summarized findings, and highlighted novel contributions. A final section discussed methodologic issues, research directions, and challenges for the coming decade. Cancer remains a significant national problem, with over 1 million Americans diagnosed each year. The adjustment process for cancer survivors may be burdensome and lengthy, and deteriorations in quality of life are underscored if they also have adverse health effects. A previous review noted the significant quality-oflife gains that can be achieved with psychological interventions (Andersen, 1992), a conclusion echoed here. In this review, I look more broadly and include biobehavioral responses and disease outcomes as areas important for intervention efforts. Although there are proportionately fewer studies that have included the latter, multimodal interventions and assessment of psychological, behavioral, and biologic mechanisms are the pathways for future research. The Biobehavioral Model of cancer stress and disease course (Andersen, Kiecolt-Glaser, & Glaser, 1994) provides the organizational framework for the discussion. Represented in Figure 1, the model includes psychological (e.g., stress and quality of life), behavioral (e.g., health behaviors and compliance), and biologic (e.g., neuroendocrine and immune) components and specifies the pathways by which health outcomes (e.g., disease endpoints— recurrence, disease free interval) might be affected. A complete discussion of the model is available elsewhere (Andersen et al., 1994), as only brief summaries are provided prior to each section. Studies conducted since 1992 with adult cancer patients are reviewed; selected investigations prior to that period are included because of their importance, novelty, or absence from the earlier article focusing on quality of life (Andersen, 1992). Each component of the model is considered as an outcome following psychological interventions. Prior to each, I review descriptive findings and highlight prominent correlational investigations. For all experimental studies, accrual and retention rates and patient characteristics are provided, as these areas are in need of methodologic attention, as discussed later in the article. Although tedious at times, specific techniques of interventions are provided to enable the reader to distinguish among those with similar labels. Quasi-experimental designs are included for emerging areas. With few exceptions, all studies included psychological outcomes, but in the first section, I focus on studies with only these endpoints.
The objects of selection

One of the most basic questions of evolutionary biology is what objects are being selected in the process of natural selection? Lloyd (1) found nearly 200 references to books and papers by biologists and philosophers, beginning with Darwin, that treated this question, “and these represent just a fraction of the literature on the topic,” she reports. Indeed in the recent literature the answer to this question has been argued each year by at least a half dozen authors. [This analysis is not a review paper. The listing of the literature is therefore reduced to a minimum. All relevant titles can be found in the works of Lloyd (1) and Brandon (2).] An analysis of this literature has convinced me that some basic conceptual differences, as well as the opponents’ failure to adhere to a rigorous definition of the terms, are the major causes of the confusion. Evidently a new approach that attempts a careful critique of the arguments of the opposing parties is needed. This is what I am attempting here.
Evaluation of Hemlock (Tsuga) Species and Hybrids for Resistance to Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Using Artificial Infestation

Hemlock (Tsuga) species and hybrids were evaluated for resistance to the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). The adelgid was accidentally introduced from Asia to the eastern United States, where it is causing widespread mortality of the native hemlocks, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere and Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. These two native species plus the Asian species Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) E. Pritz and T. dumosa (D.Don) Eichler and Tsuga sieboldii Carriere, and the hybrids T. chinensis x T. caroliniana and T. chinensis x T. sieboldii, were artificially infested with the crawler stage of A. tsugae in the early spring 2006 and 2007. After 8 or 9 wk-when the spring (progrediens) generation would be mature--counts were made of the adelgid. In both years, the density of A. tsugae was highest on T. canadensis, T. caroliniana, and T. sieboldii; lowest on T. chinensis; and intermediate on the hybrids. On T. chinensis and the T. chinensis hybrids, fewer adelgids settled, fewer of the settled adelgids survived, and the surviving adelgids grew slower. Thus, the nature of the host resistance is both nonpreference (antixenosis) and adverse effects on biology (antibiosis). Tree growth (height) was associated with resistance, but no association was found between time of budbreak and resistance that was independent of the taxa. Many of the hybrids grow well, have attractive form, and are promising as resistant landscape alternatives for the native hemlocks.
Vapor Validation of Monitoring Systems for Detection of Trace Levels of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air

U.S. Army facilities for elimination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) include instrumentation for monitoring trace-levels of CWA in air. Protocols for calibration and quality control assessment of air-monitoring systems use solutions of agent standards in solvent; however, agent potentially detected in the facility would be in gaseous form. The Army is conducting vapor validation studies in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). These studies assess performance of instrumentation to monitor for CWA vapor at temperature and humidity conditions encountered at CWA destruction facilities. Vapor validation studies on monitoring methods for lewisite (L) [dichloro-(2-chlorovinyl)arsine] are of interest because the CWA is difficult to sample and must be derivitized for analysis. Vapor validation efforts have resulted in recommendations for changes to equipment configuration to enhance monitoring of CWA vapor.
Transferring Water Uses in the West

This article discusses the growing need to enable some of the water historically used for one purpose to become available for other uses in the western United States.
Female stress urinary incontinence: standard techniques revisited and critical evaluation of innovative techniques

Objectives: The treatment of female urinary incontinence (UI) is a growing health care concern in our aging society. Publications of recent innovations and modifications are creating expectations. This brief review provides some insight and structure regarding indications and expected outcomes for the different approaches. Materials: Data extraction is part of a Medline data base search, which was performed for "female stress incontinence" from 1960 until 2000. Additional literature search was performed to cover 2001 and 2002. Outcome data were extracted. Results: (1) INJECTION OF BULKING AGENTS (collagen, synthetic agents): The indication for mucosal coaptation was more clearly defined and in the majority of articles limited to ISD. (2) OPEN COLPOSUSPENSION (Burch, MMK): Best long-term results of all operative procedures, to date considered the gold standard. (3) LAPAROSCOPIC COLPOSUSPENSION (different modifications): Long-term success rates appear dependent on operator skills. There are few long-term data. (4) NEEDLE SUSPENSION: (Stamey, Pareyra and modifications): Initial results were equal to Burch with less morbidity, but long-term success rates are worse. (5) SLING PROCEDURES (autologous, synthetic, allogenic graft materials, different modes of support and anchoring, free tapes): The suburethral sling has traditionally been considered a procedure for those in whom suspension had failed and for those with severe ISD. The most current trend shows its use as a primary procedure for SUI. Long-term data beyond 5 years are insufficient. (6) EXTERNAL OCCLUSIVE DEVICES (vaginal sponges and pessaries, urethral insert): Both vaginal and urethral insert devices can be effective in selected patients. (7) IMPLANTABLE ARTEFICIAL URETHRAL SPHINCTERS: Modifications and improvements of the devices resulted in improved clinical results regarding durability and efficacy. CONCLUSION: (1) The Burch colposuspension is still considered the gold standard in the treatment of female genuine SUI. There is a trend for the suburethral sling to be used as the primary procedure for this indication. Early outcome data are encouraging. New concepts such as use of metalic bone anchors and allograft material as well as the Tension free Vaginal Tape are under investigation. (2) Standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is prerequisite for any meaningful research. Randomized controlled prospective studies are essential to provide objectives regarding risks and benefits of new procedures and materials.
Single-Microchannel, Multistep Assay Reports Protein Size and Immunoaffinity

We introduce a fully integrated multistep protein assay that reports both protein identity and size. To report these two properties, a microfluidic design strategy integrates pore limit electrophoresis (PLE) with a heterogeneous immunoassay in a single microchannel (PLE-IA). PLE-IA was applied in a study of follistatin, a 31.5 kDa glycoprotein regulating mammalian cell proliferation and differentiation. In a single-channel multistage assay approach, an antibody to follistatin was first immobilized in a polyacrylamide PLE gradient gel, near the origin of the separation axis. Immobilization relies on pore-limit exclusion of the antibody and not on chemical functionalization of either the sieving matrix or the antibody, making assay customization by an end-user straightforward. Subsequently, target and ladder protein species were electrophoretically introduced into the antibody-patterned PLE channel. Species having an affinity for the immobilized antibody were detected via heterogeneous immunoassay. Noninter...
Adolescents' use of the emergency department: does source of primary care make a difference?

Background: Many of the 18 million emergency department visits by adolescents annually in the United States are for nonurgent problems that might be addressed in a primary care setting. Methods: As part of a larger randomized controlled intervention, 1023 adolescents aged 12 to 21 years registering in an urban pediatric emergency department (PED) were tracked over the subsequent 365 days to record all visits to the PED. Adolescents identifying an adolescent medicine service (AMS) as the primary care source were compared with adolescents receiving primary care elsewhere in an integrated urban medical system (non-AMS) to determine how often after the index PED visit they revisited the PED, returned to primary care (PC), visited a subspecialist (SS), or were hospitalized. Mean values and odds ratios of each type of visit were compared between AMS and non-AMS patients using multivariate logistic and ordinary least squares regressions to control for covariates. Results: AMS patients (n = 124, 12%), compared to...
136 CLINICAL FEATURES AND OUTCOME OF CHILDHOOD HODGKIN LYMPHOMA IN RECIFE, BRAZIL, ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL, AND OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY.

Purpose In high-income countries, childhood Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is cured in over 80% of cases. However, in low-income countries (LIC) the cure rate is often much lower. This research compares the outcome of children treated for HL in a HIC versus a LIC and may be useful in guiding future therapeutic trials. Methods We compared the event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients between 1 and 22 years old diagnosed with HL from 1990 to 2004 at St. Jude Children9s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), and the Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco (IMIP). The latter is a pediatric oncology center in Recife, Brazil, where the mean annual per capita income is US$1049. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis Kaplan-Meier analysiswas used to compare 5-year EFSevent-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS)OS. Results There were 303, 68, and 62 eligible patients from SJCRH, OHSU, and IMIP, respectively. The proportion of patients withfavorable and unfavorable disease (stage III/IV, “B” symptoms, and/or large mediastinal mass) was equivalent (57, 51, and 55% at SJCRH, OHSU, and IMIP, respectively). Patients with favorable disease at IMIP have comparable outcomes to those at the US centers (5-year 96.4%OS,100% at IMIP, 98% at the US centers; 5-year EFS and OS, respectively). For patients with unfavorable disease, there was a trend for a difference inthe 5-year EFS (77.5%,at IMIP is 587.7%, versus; 78% at the US centers vs. IMIP; logrank(p = 0.056). Among patients who relapsed, adjusting for age, gender, histology, and risk group, there was an increased risk of death at IMIP compared to the U.S. centers combined (OR 5.6 [1.8-16.9]).survival at 5 years after relapse is 25% at IMIP versus 61% at US centers (p = .08). Because of the higher relapse rate and lower salvage rate among unfavorable patients in Recife, the 5-year OS is 70% at IMIP versus 90% at the US centers (p = .008). Conclusions Patients at IMIP with favorable HL have an excellent outcome with current risk-adapted therapy. However, More aggressive frontline therapy for patients with unfavorable disease in this LICshould be investigated LIC have a survival disadvantage compared to those in the US and may benefit from more aggressive therapy, with adequate supportive care, to prevent relapse since the salvage rate after relapse is low.Because the salvage rate after relapse is low, attempts to reduce the intensity of therapy are not warranted.
Knowledge,behavior and attitude of AIDS among STD outpatients in Gongshu District

Objective To get an insight into the STD outpatients′AIDS-related knowledge,attitudes and behavioral characteristics,so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of STD and AIDS.Methods During a certain period of time,each outpatient who made the first visit to the STD clinics was asked to answer a questionnaire,and then the survey results were analyzed.Results STD outpatients had some basic knowledge of AIDS,and AIDS-related knowledge awareness rate of them was above 80%,but they had poor knowledge of ways that didn't transmit AIDS.The rate was closely related with educational background(P0.01),and with profession.33.3% of STD outpatients who had some commercial sexual partners had never used condoms,while 30.2% of STD outpatients who had temporary sexual partners had never used condoms.Conclusion The results show that enhancing health education in high risk population,popularizing the knowledge of STD and AIDS,providing more extensive and more comprehensive range of services are key measures in AIDS control and prevention.
Abnormal X chromosome inactivation and sex-specific gene dysregulation after ablation of FBXL10.

Background Almost all CpG-rich promoters in the mammalian genome are bound by the multidomain FBXL10 protein (also known as KDM2B, JHDM1B, CXXC2, and NDY1). FBXL10 is expressed as two isoforms: FBXL10-1, a longer form that contains an N-terminal histone demethylase domain with C-terminal F-box, CXXC, PHD, RING, and leucine-rich repeat domains, and FBXL10-2, a shorter form that initiates at an alternative internal exon and which lacks the histone demethylase domain but retains all other annotated domains. Selective deletion of Fbxl10-1 had been reported to produce a low penetrance and variable phenotype; most of the mutant animals were essentially normal. We constructed mutant mouse strains that were either null for Fbxl10-2 but wild type for Fbxl10-1 or null for both Fbxl10-1 and Fbxl10-2.
Factors Governing Utilization of Hospital Services

Given the increasing emphasis on cost containment in medicine and the major contribution of hospitalization to the increasing expense of health care, it becomes critical to analyze patterns of hospital utilization. Such an analysis has been undertaken in northern New England and reveals significant differences in physician practices from area to area and from locality to locality.
Critical discourse analysis of synchronic and diachronic variation in institutional turn-allocation

Critical discourse analysis of synchronic and diachronic variation in institutional turn-allocation
An Approach for the Automatic Adaptation of Domain-Specific Modeling Languages for Model-Driven Mobile Application Development

The use of domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) is a common approach to support cross-platform development of mobile applications. However, most DSML-based approaches suffer from a number of limitations such as poor performance. Furthermore, DSMLs that are written ab initio are not able to access the entire range of capabilities supported by the native mobile platforms. This paper presents a novel approach of using an adaptive domain-specific modeling language (ADSML) to support the model-driven development of cross-platform mobile applications emphasizing the Android and iOS platforms. We will discuss the techniques in the design of an ADSML including meta-model extraction, meta-model elevation, and meta-model alignment. We discuss how these techniques can be incorporated into an automated process where a common, platform-independent DSML is dynamically synthesized from the native APIs of multiple target mobile platforms. Our approach is capable of generating high performance native applications; is able to access the full capabilities of the target native platforms; and is adaptable to the rapid evolutions of those platforms.
Determination of GLUT1 Oligomerization Parameters using Bioluminescent Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

The facilitated glucose transporter GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is an important mediator of glucose homeostasis in humans. Though it is found in most cell types to some extent, the level of GLUT1 expression across different cell types can vary dramatically. Prior studies in erythrocytes—which express particularly high levels of GLUT1—have suggested that GLUT1 is able to form tetrameric complexes with enhanced transport activity. Whether dynamic aggregation of GLUT1 also occurs in cell types with more modest expression of GLUT1, however, is unclear. To address this question, we developed a genetically encoded bioluminescent Forster resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay using the luminescent donor Nanoluciferase and fluorescent acceptor mCherry. By tethering these proteins to the N-terminus of GLUT1 and performing saturation BRET analysis, we were able to demonstrate the formation of multimeric complexes in live cells. Parallel use of flow cytometry and immunoblotting further enabled us to estimate the density of GLUT1 proteins required for spontaneous oligomerization. These data provide new insights into the physiological relevance of GLUT1 multimerization as well as a new variant of BRET assay that is useful for measuring the interactions among other cell membrane proteins in live cells.
Molecular chaperones and cancer immunotherapy

As one of the most abundant and evolutionally conserved intracellular proteins, heat shock proteins, also known as stress proteins or molecular chaperones, perform critical functions in maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological as well as stress conditions. Certain chaperones in extracellular milieu are also capable of modulating innate and adaptive immunity due to their ability to chaperone polypeptides and to interact with the host’s immune system, particularly professional antigen-presenting cells. The immunomodulating properties of chaperones have been exploited for cancer immunotherapy. Clinical trials using chaperone-based vaccines to treat various malignancies are ongoing.