cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting metamorphic relations for testing scientific software: a machine learning approach using graph kernels

Comprehensive, automated software testing requires an oracle to check whether the output produced by a test case matches the expected behaviour of the programme. But the challenges in creating suitable oracles limit the ability to perform automated testing in some programmes, and especially in scientific software. Metamorphic testing is a method for automating the testing process for programmes without test oracles. This technique operates by checking whether the programme behaves according to properties called metamorphic relations. A metamorphic relation describes the change in output when the input is changed in a prescribed way. Unfortunately, finding the metamorphic relations satisfied by a programme or function remains a labour-intensive task, which is generally performed by a domain expert or a programmer. In this work, we propose a machine learning approach for predicting metamorphic relations that uses a graph-based representation of a programme to represent control flow and data dependency information. In earlier work, we found that simple features derived from such graphs provide good performance. An analysis of the features used in this earlier work led us to explore the effectiveness of several representations of those graphs using the machine learning framework of graph kernels, which provide various ways of measuring similarity between graphs. Our results show that a graph kernel that evaluates the contribution of all paths in the graph has the best accuracy and that control flow information is more useful than data dependency information. The data used in this study are available for download at http://www.cs.colostate.edu/saxs/MRpred/functions.tar.gz to help researchers in further development of metamorphic relation prediction methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality and gender differences in global perspective

Men's and women's personalities appear to differ in several respects. Social role theories of development assume gender differences result primarily from perceived gender roles, gender socialization and sociostructural power differentials. As a consequence, social role theorists expect gender differences in personality to be smaller in cultures with more gender egalitarianism. Several large cross-cultural studies have generated sufficient data for evaluating these global personality predictions. Empirically, evidence suggests gender differences in most aspects of personality-Big Five traits, Dark Triad traits, self-esteem, subjective well-being, depression and values-are conspicuously larger in cultures with more egalitarian gender roles, gender socialization and sociopolitical gender equity. Similar patterns are evident when examining objectively measured attributes such as tested cognitive abilities and physical traits such as height and blood pressure. Social role theory appears inadequate for explaining some of the observed cultural variations in men's and women's personalities. Evolutionary theories regarding ecologically-evoked gender differences are described that may prove more useful in explaining global variation in human personality.
Identification of the strongest bonds in chemistry.

Increasing the effective electronegativity of two atoms forming a triple bond can increase the strength of the latter. The strongest bonds found in chemistry involve protonated species of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and dinitrogen. CCSD(T)/CBS (complete basis set) and G4 calculations reveal that bond dissociation energies are misleading strength descriptors. The strength of the bond is assessed via the local stretching force constants, which suggest relative bond strength orders (RBSO) between 2.9 and 3.4 for heavy atom bonding (relative to the CO bond strength in methanol (RBSO = 1) and formaldehyde (RBSO = 2)) in [HCNH]+(1Σ+), [HCO]+(1Σ+), [HNN]+(1Σ+), and [HNNH]2+(1Σg+). The increase in strength is caused by protonation, which increases the electronegativity of the heavy atom and thereby decreases the energy of the bonding AB orbitals (A, B: C, N, O). A similar effect can be achieved by ionization of a nonbonding or antibonding electron in CO or NO. The strongest bond with a RBSO value of 3.38 i...
THE TOLERANT POPULISTS AND THE LEGACY OF WALTER NUGENT

Published in 1963 and with a second edition in 2013, Walter Nugent's The Tolerant Populists challenged and overturned an interpretation of the American Populist movement, largely associated with Richard Hofstadter's The Age of Reform, which portrayed the People's Party as backward looking, reactionary, irrational, antisemitic, and nativist. The Tolerant Populists demonstrated the Populist movement to be forward looking in its advocacy of statist economic reforms later adopted by progressives. In addition to this particular intervention in the literature, The Tolerant Populists, as it marked a turn in the 1960s to writing history from the bottom up, also more generally shaped the historiography of Populism by emphasizing the local social, cultural, and political roots of the movement; the movement's appeal to marginalized Americans in the 1890s; and the reasonableness of its policy measures to ease economic suffering. Moreover, the new edition critiques the continued use in popular media of lower-case “populism” to describe modern anti-statist movements that bear no resemblance to the movement of the 1890s. Finally, Walter Nugent forwarded the historiographical emphases in The Tolerant Populists to influence, in his later scholarship, the wider history of monetary policy, American demographic and social history, immigration, the American West, and American empire building.
Aryl-bridged polysilsesquioxanes--new microporous materials

The first representatives of a new family of microporous, aryl-bridged polysilsesquioxanes have been prepared by sol-gel processing of bis-1,4-(triethoxysilyl)benzene la, bis-4,4′- (triethoxysilyl)biphenyl 2a, bis-4,4′-(triethoxysilyl)terphenyl 3a, and bis-9,10-triethoxysilyl anthracene 4a. The bis(trichlorosilyl) analogs of la and 2a (lb and 2b, respectively) were also examined. The materials produced by hydrolysis and condensation of the monomers provide an opportunity to fully condense to a network with rigid-rod organic spacers interspaced at regular intervals in the silicate-like framework. The xerogels produced upon subsesquent processing of the gels have extremely high surface areas (256–1100 m2/g; BET) with porosities confined to the micropore domain (< 200 nm). Solid state (CP MAS) 13C and 29Si NMR were used to evaluate the extent of hydrolysis and degree of condensation in the xerogels. The porosity and thermal stability of the aryl bridged polysilsesquioxanes may lead to applications as chromatographic absorbents. The transparent materials may also have optical applications arising from both the gels′ high refractive indices and the covalent incorporation of ultraviolet chromophores.
Effect of Parasitoids on Lepidopterous Pests in Insecticide-Treated and Untreated Tomatoes in Western North Carolina

Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to identify the parastoid complex of lepidopterous pests of tomatoes in western North Carolina, and to assess the compatibility of various insecticides with natural control of these pests. Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto & Platner) and T. pretiosum (Riley) were the primary egg parasitoids of Heltcoverpa (=He ltothts) zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. in 1988, whereas T. exiguum was the predominant species collected from H. zea and Trtchoplusia nt (Hubner) in 1989. Parasitization of H. zea eggs on plants treated with endosulfan, methomyl, and Bacillus thurtngtensis Berliner var. kurstakt did not differ significantly from the untreated control. However, egg densities were higher in synthetic insecticide treatments presumably because of disruption of predators in these treatments. Despite the low toxicity of esfenvalerate to Trtchogramma spp. In laboratory bioassays, parasitization of H. zea and Heltothis vtrescens (F.) eggs in the field was significantly reduced on esfenvalerate-treated tomatoes. This decreased level of parasitization was attributed to an avoidance by Trtchogramma spp. to pyrethroid insecticides, which was previously reported. Under the relatively low-density lepidopterous populations observed in these studies, the efficacy of specific insecticides against H. zea and T. nt was more important in preventing damage than the level of parasitization of these pests, because the treatment with the lowest level of parasitization (esfenvalerate + B. thurtngtensts ) had the lowest levels of fruit damage in both years.
Probabilistic fatigue life prediction methods for small and large fatigue cracks

Probabilistic fatigue life prediction methods based on the growth of both small and large cracks are being developed. These methods are intended to reflect some genuine understanding of the physical sources of uncertainty in fatigue crack growth, while retaining suficient mathematical simplicity to permit their practical use in engineering contexts. In this paper, various potential sources of uncertainty in FCG are discussed, rtith special attention to small crack behavior and microstructural influences. 7 b o steps necessary to the development of probabilistic fatigue life methods are examined: ( a ) the derivation of an appropriate stochastic FCC model, and ( b ) the selection of a robust, eficient, and accurate probabilistic method. Several simple example problems are posed and solved to illustrate various physical and mathematical issues.
“Going up?” A sport psychology consultant's guide to the elevator speech

ABSTRACTProfessionals should be able to give a clear and concise summary of their work irrespective of their occupation. As sport psychology is still a growing field, consultants need to be able to educate potential clients (e.g., athletes, coaches, and parents) about their work as well as develop methods to promote the use of their services. One strategy that SPCs can use to educate and promote the benefits of sport psychology services is the elevator speech. The term elevator speech originates from the business world and refers to a short 30–60 sec persuasive speech (Daum, 2013). Popular media outlets have provided numerous suggestions on how to construct an effective elevator speech, but these suggestions are not tailored to the field of sport psychology. Thus, the purpose of the present article is to propose different methods of constructing elevator speeches to educate and engage three possible clientele groups for sport psychology consultants: (a) athletes, (b) coaches, and (c) parents.
Qazaqlïq, or ambitious brigandage, and the formation of the Qazaqs: state and identity in Post-Mongol Eurasia

In this ambitious work, Joo-Yup Lee gives the most satisfying analysis of the formation of the Kazakhs yet available in English. His argument is straightforward, though supported by a labyrinth of ...
Landscape and travel: an introduction

Travel, whatever may be its purpose, always involves an exposure to landscape: from the flattened and standardized to the point of characterlessness, as in the case of landing in a modern airport, ...
Application of critical path analysis for permeability prediction in natural porous media

Abstract Critical path analysis (CPA), originally developed to describe electrical conductance in semiconductors, has been shown recently to hold some promise in describing transport properties of porous media. I applied some previously developed concepts in CPA and percolation theory to predict permeability in a suite of sandstone, carbonate, and clay-rich samples. I assumed that the pore sizes in my samples exhibited fractal scaling and expressed the electrical formation factor as a function of porosity using universal scaling from percolation theory. The resulting CPA permeability predictions match the measured values very well. In addition, I show how considering the scale-dependence of the percolation threshold yields two characteristic length scales for transport properties: the critical pore size, and the sample size. This work suggests that the CPA framework is appropriate for describing transport properties of natural porous media, and provides a theoretical basis for understanding the permeability of tight rocks like shale in which laboratory permeability measurements are difficult.
Intracellularly biorecognizable derivatives of 5-fluorouracil: Implications for site-specific delivery in the human condition☆

Abstract The release of 5-fluorouracil from polymer-based conjugates can be influenced by the type of linkages used to bind the drug to the polymer carrier. The use of specific oligopeptide sequences designed to be biorecognizable by intracellular enzymes is a promising approach for increasing the site-specific release of 5-fluorouracil from polymer-based conjugates. In this study, we investigated the biorecognizability of specific oligopeptide sequences linking 5-fluorouracil to a water-soluble copolymer carrier based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide by human cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1), cathepsin H (EC 3.4.22.6), and a homogenate of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line SW 480. The cathepsins were chosen based on the hypothesis that they were two principal lysosomal enzymes responsible for the release of 5-fluorouracil from these conjugates. Our results support this hypothesis; however, these two enzymes may not be the only lysosomal enzymes responsible for the release kinetics observed. While the results for cathepsin B corresponded well to our hypothesis, the cleavage via cathepsin H was lower than predicted, suggesting the presence of additional lysosomal enzymes with catalytic activity toward these 5-fluorouracil derivatives.
Team science as interprofessional collaborative research practice: a systematic review of the science of team science literature.

The National Institute of Health9s concept of team science is a means of addressing complex clinical problems by applying conceptual and methodological approaches from multiple disciplines and health professions. The ultimate goal is the improved quality of care of patients with an emphasis on better population health outcomes. Collaborative research practice occurs when researchers from >1 health-related profession engage in scientific inquiry to jointly create and disseminate new knowledge to clinical and research health professionals in order to provide the highest quality of patient care to improve population health outcomes. Training of clinicians and researchers is necessary to produce clinically relevant evidence upon which to base patient care for disease management and empirically guided team-based patient care. In this study, we hypothesized that team science is an example of effective and impactful interprofessional collaborative research practice. To assess this hypothesis, we examined the contemporary literature on the science of team science (SciTS) produced in the past 10 years (2005–2015) and related the SciTS to the overall field of interprofessional collaborative practice, of which collaborative research practice is a subset. A modified preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) approach was employed to analyze the SciTS literature in light of the general question: Is team science an example of interprofessional collaborative research practice? After completing a systematic review of the SciTS literature, the posed hypothesis was accepted, concluding that team science is a dimension of interprofessional collaborative practice.
HoBi-Like Virus RNA Detected in Foetuses Following Challenge of Pregnant Cows that had Previously Given Birth to Calves Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus.

The ability of ruminant pestivirus including bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and the related emerging pestivirus, HoBi-like virus, to establish persistent infection (PI) following foetal infection is central to keeping these viruses in circulation. Non-PI dams carrying BVDV PI calves develop high levels of immunity due constantly viral exposure. A study to determine whether the immunity developed following the generation of a BVDV PI is enough to prevent HoBi-like virus infection of a subsequent foetus was performed. This study consisted of nine pregnant cows, four had birthed BVDV-1 PI calves in a previous pregnancy, three cows had birthed BVDV-2 PIs and two had birthed pestivirus negative calves. From this, six pregnant cows were challenged with HoBi-like virus about day 85 of gestation (four BVDV-1 and two BVDV-2 cows) and three non-challenged cows (negative control). At the day of challenge, the serum neutralizing titres against the homologous BVDV strains of the first inoculation ranged from 1148 to 5793. At day 6 post-challenge, HoBi-like RNA was detected in the serum of all four BVDV-1 cows but not in the two BVDV-2 cows. The foetuses harvested from five of the exposed dams (three BVDV-1 and two BVDV-2 cows) at day 30 post-challenge were positive for HoBi-like virus RNA. The sixth cow, BVDV-1 cow #541, while pregnant at the time of exposure, had no foetus 30 days after exposure. Foetuses from HoBi-like virus exposed dams were significantly smaller and lighter than control foetuses. HoBi-like RNA was detected in samples of all challenged foetuses. The identification of viral RNA in the serum of 4 cows at day 6 post-challenge, as well viral RNA detection in all foetuses 30 days post-inoculation, indicates that the foetuses of dams with high antibodies titres against BVDV-1 or BVDV-2 would not be protected from challenge with a HoBi-like virus.
Relationship between the two-dimensional psi-barpsipsi-barpsi model and Yukawa-type models

We show to all orders in mean-field perturbation theory that a two-dimensional scalar four-fermion interaction ${(\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi})}^{2}$ has renormalized Green's functions which are structurally identical to an infinite class of theories having fundamental Yukawa-type couplings with a scalar field $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and additional scalar self-interactions of the form $F(\ensuremath{\sigma})$. For a particular choice of renormalized parameters of the Yukawa-type theories which occurs as ${{Z}^{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ the renormalized Green's functions are numerically equal to those of the four-fermion theory.
The SIRT2 Deacetylase Stabilizes Slug to Control Malignancy of Basal-like Breast Cancer

Overabundance of Slug protein is common in human cancer and represents an important determinant underlying the aggressiveness of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). Despite its importance, this transcription factor is rarely mutated in BLBC, and the mechanism of its deregulation in cancer remains unknown. Here, we report that Slug undergoes acetylation-dependent protein degradation and identify the deacetylase SIRT2 as a key mediator of this post-translational mechanism. SIRT2 inhibition rapidly destabilizes Slug, whereas SIRT2 overexpression extends Slug stability. We show that SIRT2 deacetylates Slug protein at lysine residue K116 to prevent Slug degradation. Interestingly, SIRT2 is frequently amplified and highly expressed in BLBC. Genetic depletion and pharmacological inactivation of SIRT2 in BLBC cells reverse Slug stabilization, cause the loss of clinically relevant pathological features of BLBC, and inhibit tumor growth. Our results suggest that targeting SIRT2 may be a rational strategy for diminishing Slug abundance and its associated malignant traits in BLBC.
Automated on-line inspection for glass fiber forming

Glass fiber forming is a complicated process in which many factors could affect the measuring accuracy of fiber diameters. In the forming machine there are many tubes close to each other, which results in improper lighting and unwanted video signals. This paper presents the employment of a new filter called anti-causal zero-phase was to remove noise without distortion. In this work, the unwanted video signals constantly moved from one place to another, which created a major problem in image analysis. This paper presents a technique to identify the unwanted signals by developing a model for an object, and training the modeled experimental data using a neural network to classify patterns. Only the patterns that met the expectation were used for fiber diameter measurement. The entire inspection process was automated with the aid of a PLC (programmable logic controller). The results for noise removal and pattern classification are included.
Examination of Three Different ACOPF Formulations With Generator Capability Curves

This paper examines three different formulations of AC optimal power flow problem and compares performance of well-established general-purpose optimization algorithms for each, over different initial conditions. Polar power–voltage, rectangular power–voltage, and rectangular current–voltage are formulated to evaluate ACOPF solution characteristic. The formulation here maintains line flows as explicit variables and employs summations of these quantities to impose conservation conditions at each node. Two representations of line thermal limits are considered, one using real power (to allow comparisons to dc power flow approximations), and a more physically based ampacity limit using current magnitude. Nonlinear generator capability curves are represented (“D-curves”), including options to allow active and reactive limits dependent on generator voltage. A uniform objective function is used throughout, that of minimizing quadratic generator operating cost curves. Numerical performance case studies are performed for these formulations over six different classes of initial conditions, evaluating computational time and also robustness of convergence.
Experiencia vital y tragedia en una familia de inmigrantes: Panorama desde el puente de Arthur Miller

Este articulo presenta una lectura de Panorama desde el puente, de Arthur Miller, enfocada en las formas en que la obra retrata la vida personal y familiar del inmigrante. La lectura se desarrolla de lo particular a lo universal, es decir, de las experiencias de una familia italiana en el Brooklyn del siglo XX, como ejemplar de las vivencias de familias de inmigrantes en particular, a vivencias y conflictos que atanen a la condicion humana en general. La primera parte provee una descripcion fenomenologica de experiencia personal del inmigrante como experiencia de transformacion a nivel (i) de sus afectos, (ii) de sus relaciones con lugares, personas y comunidades y (iii) de los fines que concibe y persigue para su vida. La segunda aborda la relacion entre la ley, la justicia y las costumbres morales de una comunidad y como esta relacion afecta la vida de los personajes. La tercera, a modo de conclusion, discute como esta relacion contribuye a provocar una tragedia familiar que refleja la tragedia de muchos inmigrantes en el mundo actual. El analisis se apoya en la puesta en escena de la obra dirigida por Tatiana de la Ossa y coproducida por la Compania Nacional de Teatro y el Teatro Universitario de Costa Rica en 2016.
On-Chip Microplasmas for the Detection of Radioactive Cesium Contamination in Seawater

On-chip microplasmas have previously been used in designing a compact and portable device for identifying pollutants in a water sample. By exciting a liquid sample with a high energy microdischarge and recording the spectral wavelengths emitted, the individual elements in the liquid are distinguishable. In particular, this study focuses on cesium, a contaminant from nuclear incidents such as the collapse of the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan. This article shows that not only can the presence of cesium be clearly determined at concentrations as low as 10 ppb, but the relative concentration contained in the sample can be determined through the discharges’ relative spectral intensity.
Creole Tense–Mood–Aspect Systems

Research on creole tense–mood–aspect (TMA) systems began in earnest as a response to Bickerton's claim that there was a prototypical system shaped by a language bioprogram. This article presents an overview of such research, as well as a comparison of TMA systems across creoles of different lexical affiliations. A growing body of research in the last 20 years has employed typological and semantic frameworks to demonstrate the diversity and complexity of creole TMA systems. Creoles employ rich inventories of temporal and modal categories whose core meanings interact with the discourse context to produce different interpretations. The syntax of creole TMA also closely follows the universal hierarchy of functional heads proposed by Cinque. The emergence and development of the TMA categories themselves follow general principles of internally and externally motivated change.
Ratiometric fluorescence detection of hydroxyl radical using cyanine-based binary nanoGUMBOS

Abstract Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results in oxidative stress, which is closely associated with pathogenesis of many diseases. Visualized detection of ROS in situ enables deeper insight into the mechanisms that underlie such pathological and physiological processes. Among reactive species, selective detection of hydroxyl radical is the most challenging, due to high aggression and short life time of this specie. In this regard, we have developed a sensitive and selective ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe for detection of hydroxyl radical. This probe is based on use of GUMBOS (a Group of Uniform Materials Based on Organic Salts) that are derived from 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine iodide and 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-carbocyanine iodide. Each GUMBOS exhibit different reactivity towards reactive species. Without any chemical linkage, these two GUMBOS were combined into a single nanomaterial to produce a ratiometric fluorescent sensing profile through Forster resonance energy transfer. This cyanine-based ratiometric nanoprobe exhibited high selectivity for the hydroxyl radical in comparison to other ROS, including superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. Furthermore, detection of hydroxyl radical was successfully demonstrated by use of these binary nanoGUMBOS in vitro using hormone-independent human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231).
Proximal Aberrant Crypt Foci Associate with Synchronous Neoplasia and Are Primed for Neoplastic Progression

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are the earliest morphologically identifiable lesion found within the human colon. Despite their relatively high frequency in the distal colon, few studies have examined the molecular characteristics of ACF within the proximal colon. In the following study, clinical participants (n = 184) were screened for ACF using high-definition chromoendoscopy with contrast dye-spray. Following pathologic confirmation, ACF biopsies were subjected to laser capture microdissection (LCM), and epithelial cells were evaluated for somatic mutations with a customized colorectal cancer mutation panel using DNA-mass spectrometry. Samples were further characterized for microsatellite instability (MSI). Logistic models were used to associate proximal ACF with synchronous (detected during the same procedure) neoplasia. Thirty-nine percent of participants had at least one histologically confirmed proximal ACF. Individuals with a proximal ACF were significantly more likely to present with a synchronous neoplasm (P = 0.001), and specifically, a proximal, tubular, or tubulovillous adenoma (multivariable OR = 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.47; P = 0.027). Proximal ACF were more likely to be dysplastic (52%) compared with distal ACF (13%; P < 0.0001). Somatic mutations to APC, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and ERBB2 were detected in 37% of proximal ACF. Hyperplastic ACF were more often MSI-high, but there were no differences in MSI status observed by colonic location. In summary, ACF are identified in the proximal colons of approximately 40% of individuals undergoing chromoendoscopy and more often in patients with synchronous proximal adenomas.Implications: This study provides the most complete set of data, to date, that ACF represent the earliest step in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence but remain below the detection limit of conventional endoscopy.Visual Overview: http//mcr.accrjournals.org/content/molcanres/16/3/486/F1.large.jpg Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 486-95. ©2017 AACR.
MR Imaging and Cochlear Implants with Retained Internal Magnets: Reducing Artifacts near Highly Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields.

Prepared with specific strategies, the radiologist and imaging team can customize an MR imaging examination to more effectively evaluate critical anatomy of the head and neck for patients with cochlear implants, reducing both subtle and prominent artifacts created by the retained internal magnet and shortening the duration of potential patient discomfort at the site of the implant.
Estimation of the Spatial Chromatin Structure Based on a Multiresolution Bead-Chain Model

We present a method to infer 3D chromatin configurations from Chromosome Conformation Capture data. Quite a few methods have been proposed to estimate the structure of the nuclear dna in homogeneous populations of cells from this kind of data. Many of them transform contact frequencies into euclidean distances between pairs of chromatin fragments, and then reconstruct the structure by solving a distance-to-geometry problem. To avoid inconsistencies, our method is based on a score function that does not require any frequency-to-distance translation. We propose a multiscale chromatin model where the chromatin fiber is suitably partitioned at each scale. The partial structures are estimated independently, and connected to rebuild the whole fiber. Our score function consists of a data-fit part and a penalty part, balanced automatically at each scale and each subchain. The penalty part enforces soft geometric constraints. As many different structures can fit the data, our sampling strategy produces a set of solutions with similar scores. The procedure contains a few parameters, independent of both the scale and the genomic segment treated. The partition of the fiber, along with intrinsically parallel parts, make this method computationally efficient. Results from human genome data support the biological plausibility of our solutions.
Fructose uptake-based rapid detection of breast cancer

Rapid detection of carcinogenesis is the holy grail in timely cancer detection and point-of-care applications. Realization of these applications has been hampered by lack of specificity and/or selectivity of biomarkers and the low concentrations at which the biomarkers are available. A majority of the detection technologies rely on cell-receptor interactions, activation of specific receptors, gene identification and fluorescent tagging. All these techniques are time consuming and often require specialized equipment. Here we present a method to use the enhanced metabolism in breast cancer that relies on fructose for nutrition. Using fluorescent-labeled fructose analogs as reporter probes, we have demonstrated that cancer cells can be optically identified in a very short time due to the efficient internalization of the probe by cancer cells through the fructose-specific transporter. In our trials using breast cancer and normal cells, we were able to show an eight-times higher fluorescence in cancer cells compared to basal uptake in normal within 10 minutes. The cancer cells were distinguishable from normal cells by monitoring the accumulation of the coumarin-induced fluorescence using a conventional microscope and simple image processing.
The Changing Age of Individuals Seeking Presymptomatic Genetic Testing for Huntington Disease.

Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Presymptomatic genetic testing allows at-risk individuals to clarify their risk status. Understanding the characteristics and motivations of individuals seeking HD presymptomatic genetic testing better equips genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive and personalized care. The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether the average age when individuals seek presymptomatic HD genetic testing has decreased over time, (2) assess motivations for seeking testing, (3) explore whether there is a relationship between age and motivations, and (4) explore genetic counselors’ perceptions of the shift in age. Data from the US HD testing centers (N = 4) were analyzed. A small but statistically significant decrease in age of individuals seeking presymptomatic testing was observed (p = 0.045). HD community members (N = 77) were surveyed regarding presymptomatic testing motivations. Younger individuals were more likely than older individuals to cite “To learn whether or not you would develop HD” and “To make choices about further education or a career” compared to older individuals (p < 0.05). Conversely, older individuals more frequently cited “To give children a better idea of their risk” (p < 0.002). Sixteen percent of genetic counselors surveyed (6/37) perceived a change in age of testing. All of these respondents had provided HD testing for ten or more years and anecdotally believed the age at testing has decreased over time. Study results help providers personalize counseling based on patient’s age and serve as a starting point for more research into the relationship between age at testing and motivations for testing.
Addressing violence against educators through measurement and research

Abstract Violence against educators is a significant understudied phenomenon that has been largely ignored by policy makers and funders. The primary goal of this paper is to advance measurement and research on educator safety and victimization. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the extant literature (1988 to 2016). Although the number of studies has increased dramatically over the past decade, this review revealed only 37 studies in 28 journals (49,581 educators and 91,099 students). On the basis of this review, we highlight key findings, propose a conceptual framework for measurement development, outline key variables for the design of educator safety registries, and identify research priorities. Multidimensional teacher safety assessment systems and registries for educator safety and victimization are crucial to the advancement of the field and the safety of our schools.
In Praise of Narrow Minds: The Frame Problem

If you have a taste for realist doctrines, suppose that the mind is a store of real, efficacious beliefs, desires and propositional attitudes generally. Why should anyone agree that propositional attitudes exist? For much the same reasons that lead us to endorse other scientifically reputable entities. Our behavior is largely explicable by reference to the propositional attitudes we have, variation in behavior devolving from variation in propositional attitudes. This leads to two questions. First, how is it that if behavior is driven by propositional attitudes, it is typically appropriate to the circumstances of its production? And second, if variation in behavior falls to variation in propositional attitudes, what accounts for variation among propositional attitudes?
Effects of mill type and particle size uniformity on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs.

The effects of particle size uniformity and mill type used to grind corn were determined in three experiments. In Exp. 1, 120 pigs (47.8 kg initial BW) were used. Treatments were 1) a 40:60 blend of coarsely rolled (in a roller mill) and finely ground (in a hammermill) corn with a large standard deviation (sgw) of particle size (sgw of 2.7), 2) hammermilled corn with an sgw of 2.3, and 3) roller-milled corn with an sgw of 2.0. Mean particle size of the corn was approximately 850 microns for all treatments. Growth performance was not affected (P > .11); but, stomach keratinization tended to be less severe (P .40), but pigs fed corn ground in the roller mill had greater apparent nutrient digestibilities (P < .008). In Exp. 3, 128 pigs (67.3 kg initial BW) were used. Treatments were corn ground to 400 microns in a hammermill and a roller mill fed in meal and pelleted forms. Pigs fed pelleted diets had greater ADG (P < .003) and gain/feed (P < .03) but also had greater incidence of ulcers (P < .04). Pigs fed roller-milled corn were more efficient (P < .05) and had a lower incidence of ulcers (P < .04), but diets with hammermilled corn had lower sgw and greater apparent digestibilities of nutrients (P < .02). Our results suggest that mill type had inconsistent effects on growth performance, but more uniform particle sizes consistently gave greater nutrient digestibilities.
Mortality at long-term follow-up of patients with no, nonobstructive, and revascularized 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel obstructive coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND To investigate the 5-year survival of patients with coronary angiographic evidence of no coronary artery disease (CAD), nonobstructive CAD, and revascularized 1-vessel, 2-vessel, and 3-vessel obstructive CAD. MATERIAL/METHODS Coronary angiography was performed in 2,057 unselected patients, mean age 69 years (57% men and 43% women), with an acute coronary syndrome (50%) or anginal chest pain.(50%). RESULTS Of 2,057 patients, 760 (37%) had obstructive CAD with >50% obstruction of at least 1 major coronary artery (left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary) and were revascularized, 695 (34%) had nonobstructive CAD (<50% obstruction), and 602 (29%) had normal coronary arteries. At 60+/-16-month follow-up, all-cause mortality occurred in 41 of 602 patients (7%) with no CAD (group 1), in 80 of 695 patients (12%) with nonobstructive CAD (group 2), in 50 of 302 patients (17%) with revascularized 1-vessel obstructive CAD (group 3), in 47 of 201 patients (23%) with 2-vessel revascularized obstructive CAD (group 4), and in 72 of 257 patients (28%) with 3-vessel revascularized obstructive CAD (group 4). Log-rank tests to compare survival curves among the 5 groups showed p=0.004 for groups 1 versus 2; p<0.0001 for groups 1 versus 3, 1 versus 4, 1 versus 5, 2 versus 4, and 2 versus 5; and p=0.007 for groups 3 versus 5. CONCLUSIONS Patients with nonobstructive CAD had a worse survival than those with no CAD, a nonsignificant difference in survival than those with revascularized 1-vessel obstructive CAD, and a better survival than those with revascularized 2-vessel or 3-vessel obstructive CAD.
ESR Relaxation and Lineshapes from the Generalized Cumulant and Relaxation Matrix Viewpoint

We start with the time rate of change of the spin density matrix for a single spin system: $$\dot \sigma \left( {\rm{t}} \right) = - {\rm{i}}\left[ {H,\sigma } \right] \equiv - {\rm{i}}{H^ \times }\sigma $$ (1) where H = H 0 + H 1 (t), and we use the Kubo2,3 notation for super-operators: A×, such that A×B = [A, B]. We define an interaction representation by: $${\sigma ^\ddag }\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{i}}H_0^ \times {\rm{t}}}}\sigma = {{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{i}}{H_0}{\rm{t}}}}\sigma {{\rm{e}}^{ - {\rm{i}}{H_0}{\rm{t}}}}$$ (3) and $$H_1^\ddag \left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{i}}H_0^ \times {{\rm{t}}_{{H_1}}}}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{i}}{H_0}{{\rm{t}}_{{H_1}}}}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right){{\rm{e}}^{ - {\rm{i}}{H_0}{\rm{t}}}}.$$ (4)
The Impact of The Calculus of Consent

Clark and Lee consider the impact of The Calculus of Consent and public choice more generally. There is no doubt that Buchanan and Tullock made an important contribution to the economic and political science literature in their classic book. But our attempt to examine its impact on economic education, scholarship, and the political process leads to mixed conclusions. Public choice has had less impact on the teaching of basic economics than one might think. Though mentioned in almost all economic principle texts, it is done mostly in passing, with a primary contribution of The Calculus of Consent, systematic government failure, largely ignored. While market failure is prominently discussed, government failure receives almost no consideration, if it receives any at all. The Calculus has received a large number of scholarly citations and spawned a remarkable amount of research by some impressive economists and political scientists. But this research has not spread as widely through the academy as one would have predicted, given the interest people have in government and politics. And new fields in economics have developed with almost no consideration of public choice despite its relevance to those fields, with behavior economics being the example discussed. It is also difficult to detect any change in the political process that could be seen as the result of public choice. This is not surprising given the large number of factors that impact on politics and the fact that much of Buchanan’s and Tullock’s classic work suggests that it will not have much, if any, impact on how political decisions are made. We conclude our chapter, however, by arguing that political process is subject to long-run influences that can improve the political process, and, if this happens, The Calculus of Consent and the public choice scholarship that followed will deserve some of the credit.
Two Dimensional Theory of Cavitation Flows Under Ship Bottoms

The two dimensional theory of cavity flows under ship bottoms is based on the linear theory of wave motions of ideal incompressible fluid. The cases of high speed and displacement ships are considered. In the case of high speed ship the problem of planing hull with step and cavity at free fixing of trim angle and draft, unknown shape and length of cavity and wetted borders of hull is solved. The possibilities of modeling of ship hydrodynamic characteristics changing with the help of cavity pressure control are shown. A reduction of the wave resistance can be a result of such changes. In the case of displacement ship the cavitation flow model behind wedge under solid wall is considered. It is shown that the gravity waves with decreasing amplitude on cavity boundary are generated if the cavity on the horizontal wall is closed. In theoretical model, the existence of countable number of cavity lengths is possible. The characteristics of cavity shapes at negative cavitation numbers are determined.
The Sex Composition of Groups and Youths’ Delinquency: A Comparison of Gang and Nongang Peer Groups

Sex composition of gangs has been shown in prior research to be related to the delinquent involvement of their members, such that the delinquency of girls in sex-balanced gangs is suppressed by boys in those gangs, who seek to maintain their dominant standing by excluding females from the activities that confer status in the gang. Meanwhile, girls in majority-male gangs, because of their small numbers, pose little threat to boys’ status and are, therefore, free to deviate, resulting in delinquency levels that are similar to males in those gangs and greater than those of girls in other gangs. To the extent that gender dynamics of the gang mirror those of larger society, we might expect to see these same patterns replicated in nongang peer groups. It has also been argued, though, that both gender oppression and posturing for status are amplified in the gang setting. Using self-report data from a multisite longitudinal study of 3,820 youths in the USA, this study examines the extent to which youths in gang and nongang peer groups exhibit the same or different patterns of delinquency by group sex composition. Findings from this study contribute to the body of knowledge about what does or does not differentiate youth gangs from other groups.
Business Opportunity: The Potential-Entrepreneur/Potential Customer Nexus

Despite significant scholarly effort to expand what we know about business opportunity, empirical results have been ambiguous which has essentially stalled research progress in this field. We argue...
Longitudinal effects of permanent supportive housing on insomnia for homeless adults.

Abstract Objectives To examine the longitudinal change in insomnia as adults transition from homelessness to permanent supportive housing (PSH) and whether additional factors may moderate this relationship. Methods Standardized interviews were conducted with 331 homeless participants in Los Angeles prior to moving into PSH. Outcomes were measured 3, 6, and 12 months after move-in. Insomnia was assessed using the Sleep Condition Indicator, which is a 2-item validated short-form inventory that is intended to be used in clinical settings as a brief screening instrument for insomnia. Mixed-effects models were used to examine insomnia across all 4 measurement points and to test for interactions between time and covariates. Results Participants were on average approximately 55 years old and had spent an average of 5.6 years homeless in their lifetime, with approximately 70% identifying as male. Sixty-two percent of the sample screened positive for insomnia disorder at baseline. There was a significantly reduced likelihood of insomnia at each measurement period compared to baseline, but no differences were found between 3, 6, and 12 months. Mental health symptoms, physical health comorbidities, tobacco consumption, and female gender were associated with an increased likelihood of insomnia. Conclusion Findings indicate a significant decrease in insomnia after moving into PSH, regardless of time spent homeless.
Repurposing Eukaryotic Kinase Inhibitors as Colistin Adjuvants in Gram-Negative Bacteria

Kinase inhibitors comprise a diverse cohort of chemical scaffolds that are active in multiple biological systems. Currently, thousands of eukaryotic kinase inhibitors are commercially available, have well-characterized targets, and often carry pharmaceutically favorable toxicity profiles. Recently, our group disclosed that derivatives of the natural product meridianin D, a known inhibitor of eukaryotic kinases, modulated behaviors of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, we expand our exploration of kinase inhibitors in Gram-negative bacilli utilizing three commercially available kinase inhibitor libraries and, ultimately, identify two chemical structures that potentiate colistin (polymyxin E) in multiple strains. We report IMD-0354, an inhibitor of IKK-β, as a markedly effective adjuvant in colistin-resistant bacteria and also describe AR-12 (OSU-03012), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK-1), as a potentiator in colistin-sensitive strains. This report comprises the first description of the novel cross-reactivity of these molecules.
PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETERIZATION VIA FEMORAL ARTERY ACCESS

Unoperated pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a complex cyanotic congenital heart disease rarely compatible with survival to adulthood. A 34-year-old Palestinian female with a reported history of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) presents with worsening fatigue. Vital signs are
Pipelay Contractors and Business Profiles

Pipelay contractors typically own and operate diverse vessel fleets in one or more regions across the world. The industry has seen varying degrees of consolidation over the years, and the largest companies are vertically integrated and diversified outside the upstream oil and gas sector. One of the primary objectives of contractors is to utilize their fleet to generate revenue to satisfy their debt obligations and provide a suitable return to their investors. In this chapter, a snapshot of the business profiles of offshore pipeline contractors are described c.2020 by reporting segments, vessel fleets, degree of integration and diversification, market position, and capitalization. The contractors and business strategies encountered in the offshore pipeline construction market is dynamic and changes over time, of course, and a clear understanding of market fundamentals are required to understand the sector. The chapter concludes with examples illustrating the way pipeline projects are awarded and the nature of competition in the sector.