cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynes and Proudhon

Since the beginning of the world-wide depression of the 1930's thewritings of J. M. Keynes have furnished the chief stimulus for serious discussion of economic policy and economic theory. There is implicit in the Keynesian position an interpretation of capitalism strikingly similar to that of P. J. Proudhon, the French socialist of the nineteenth century. Yet whatever similarities there are between the economic ideas of Keynes and Proudhon must be explained by time-separated reaction to more or less comparable problems. The only formal linkage between the two theorists would be their relations to Silvio Gesell, the stamped-money reformer. Keynes expresses admiration for the fundamentals of Gesell's work, and Gesell in turn avows himself a disciple of Proudhon. Keynes's agreement with Gesell is not confined to matters of technical theory, but extends also to the social premises of the work of that “strange, unduly neglected prophet…whose work contains flashes of deep insight and who only just failed to reach down to the essence of the matter.”He characterizes Gesell's work as “anti-Marxian socialism,” asserting that “the future will learn more from the spirit of Gesell than from that of Marx.” Since Marx made a bitter attack on Proudhon, and since Gesell declares himself a disciple of Proudhon, Keynes's references to the superiority of Gesell over Marx suggest important relations between Proudhon and Keynes.
Zero tolerance for pragmatics

The proposition expressed by a sentence is relative to a context. But what determines the content of the context? Many theorists would include among these determinants aspects of the speaker’s intention in speaking. My thesis is that, on the contrary, the determinants of the context never include the speaker’s intention. My argument for this thesis turns on a consideration of the role that the concept of proposition expressed in context is supposed to play in a theory of linguistic communication. To illustrate an alternative approach, I present an original theory of the reference of demonstratives according to which the referent of a demonstrative is the object that adequately and best satisfies certain accessibility criteria. Although I call my thesis zero tolerance for pragmatics, it is not an expression of intolerance for everything that might be called “pragmatics.”
Place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by dissociable cognitive systems in mice

A lost navigator must identify its current location and recover its facing direction to restore its bearings. We tested the idea that these two tasks—place recognition and heading retrieval—might be mediated by distinct cognitive systems in mice. Previous work has shown that numerous species, including young children and rodents, use the geometric shape of local space to regain their sense of direction after disorientation, often ignoring nongeometric cues even when they are informative. Notably, these experiments have almost always been performed in single-chamber environments in which there is no ambiguity about place identity. We examined the navigational behavior of mice in a two-chamber paradigm in which animals had to both recognize the chamber in which they were located (place recognition) and recover their facing direction within that chamber (heading retrieval). In two experiments, we found that mice used nongeometric features for place recognition, but simultaneously failed to use these same features for heading retrieval, instead relying exclusively on spatial geometry. These results suggest the existence of separate systems for place recognition and heading retrieval in mice that are differentially sensitive to geometric and nongeometric cues. We speculate that a similar cognitive architecture may underlie human navigational behavior.
Pediatric robotic assisted laparoscopic nephropexy: case study

We describe pediatric robotic assisted laparoscopic left nephropexy in a 12-year-old female for symptomatic nephroptosis after partial nephroureterectomy.
Real-Time Rendering of Realistic Trees in Mixed Reality

Mixed reality applications put very high demands on both the visual realism and the rendering times of computer graphics elements that are to be perceived as part of the physical scene. This paper presents novel techniques to render photorealistic trees in real-time mixed reality. Animation of the tree branches leads to a realistic effect of the tree swaying in the wind. To enhance the effect of blending the tree into a video texture, we present three levels of real-time filtering of the tree and its shadow, which has a great impact on the perceived realism.
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR DURATION OF AN INSTAR IN CLADOCERANS.

1. The temperature characteristics for the rate of development during a well defined instar were determined for three species of Cladocera, and found to be of the same general magnitudes as those obtained for rates of development and of O2 consumption in other arthropods. 2. Critical temperatures were found to occur at points most frequently critical in quite diverse vital phenomena as determined by abrupt changes in the relationship between rate and temperature. 3. A suggestion is made that, since the values of µ and the positions of critical temperatures obtained for the different species are not the same, some relation may exist between the occurrence of these forms in nature and their relative rates of development as controlled by temperatures.
Brief paper: Detection and estimation for abruptly changing systems

The problem of state estimation and system structure detection for discrete stochastic dynamical systems with parameters which may switch among a finite set of values is considered. The switchings are modelled by a Markov chain with known transition probabilities. A brief survey and a unified treatment of the existing suboptimal algorithms are provided. The optimal algorithms require exponentially increasing memory and computations with time. Simulation results comparing the various suboptimal algorithms are presented.
Transfer Learning using Kolmogorov Complexity: Basic Theory and Empirical Evaluations

In transfer learning we aim to solve new problems using fewer examples using information gained from solving related problems. Transfer learning has been successful in practice, and extensive PAC analysis of these methods has been developed. However it is not yet clear how to define relatedness between tasks. This is considered as a major problem as it is conceptually troubling and it makes it unclear how much information to transfer and when and how to transfer it. In this paper we propose to measure the amount of information one task contains about another using conditional Kolmogorov complexity between the tasks. We show how existing theory neatly solves the problem of measuring relatedness and transferring the 'right' amount of information in sequential transfer learning in a Bayesian setting. The theory also suggests that, in a very formal and precise sense, no other reasonable transfer method can do much better than our Kolmogorov Complexity theoretic transfer method, and that sequential transfer is always justified. We also develop a practical approximation to the method and use it to transfer information between 8 arbitrarily chosen databases from the UCI ML repository.
Linkage in Autotetraploid Maize.

bivalent and, since four potential gametes result from each meiosis, these strands pass to different gametes and may, genetically, be dealt with separately. The only concern, therefore, is with the proportioris of each type of strand resulting from crossing-over and their possible combinations in the zygotes. Allopolyploids, such as wheat, show the same general type of genetical behavior since multivalent formation is rare. In autopolyploids, on the other hand, more than four chromatids are concerned in the formation of the various configurations which occur at the first division of meiosis, and, since there are still only four gametes formed, each gamete receives more than one strand from each configuration. Hence with autopolyploids there is the additional consideration of the ways in which the chromatids may be combined in the gametes themselves. This leads to a number of complications in the analysis of linkage in autopolyploids. MULLER (1914) calculated the monofactorial segregations to be expected from autotetraploids if the two chromatids of each chromosome acted as one at the first meiotic division, and HALDANE (1930) extended the work to include several higher autopolyploids. This mode of inheritance is called chromosome segregation. HALDANE (1930) also established the segregations to be expected if the two chromatids from each chromosome acted entirely independently of one another. Random chromatid segregation is the term applied to this method. SOMME (1930) reported some linkage studies in autotetraploid Primula sinensis and DE WINTON and HALDANE (1931) in a more comprehensive investigation of the subject, using the same plant, gave the linkage formulae applicable to the chromosome type of segregation. SANSOME (1933), working with the tomato, presented the corresponding linkage formulae on the basis of random chromatid segregation. In addition to these cases of linkage studies in autopolyploid plants, investigations on crossing-over in triploid Drosophila melanogaster have been reported by BRIDGES and ANDERSON (1925) and REDFIELD (1930, 1932). Later workers ( MATHER 1936) have recognized that these segregation and linkage expectations are in the nature of limiting types, and that the true segregations to be expected TF irst division of meiosis four chromatids take part in the formation of each
Salvation and the Pursuit of Social Justice

To what extent, if any, is it our duty, as humans, to strive towards social justice? This is an important enough contemporary question in its own right. What makes it specially so in the context of “religions of salvation” is the plausible supposition that they cannot pay more than lip service, if even that, to the pursuit of social justice on earth, here and now. And since Indian religions are, almost without exception, religions of salvation (mokṣa, nirvāṇa, kaivalya, etc.), it would seem to be desirable to explore whether they can be said to require, encourage, tolerate or forbid individual effort directed towards procuring social justice for all. That is the question I wish to explore here. The crux of the problem, to put it very briefly at first, is this. If human destiny ultimately lies in transcending the world and worldly processes, and if this is a goal which, by and large, each one of us must achieve for ourselves individually, then social action, or even any action whatsoever, which is not instrumental to salvation, should either be shunned altogether, or, at best, considered optional. So there are at least two important, but separate, aspects to this problem: (1) why act at all; and (2) why act altruistically?
The Archivist and Collecting: A Review Essay

About the author: Richard J. Cox is an Associate Professor, Archival Studies, at the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences. In addition to being a member of the Society of American Archivist's governing Council from 1986 through 1989, Cox served as Editor of the American Archivist from 1991 through 1995. He has written extensively on archival and records management professional issues, publishing articles in many journals, and is the author of four books on these subjects as well.
Operational Amplifiers II: AC Model and Applications

Chapter 7 describes a dc model for an op amp and gives examples of dc resistive circuit design based on the model. Such a treatment is instructive but unrealistic for all but simple circuits operating at relatively low frequencies. In almost all practical applications of op amps, the frequency responses of surrounding circuitry and of op amps themselves must be considered.
A HEMODYNAMIC MODEL REPRESENTATION OF THE DOG LUNG

The published morphometric data from human, cat, and dog lungs suggest that the power-law relationships between the numbers (Na and Nv) and diameters (Da and Dv) of arteries and veins and between the lengths (La and Lv) and diameters of the arteries and veins could be used as scaling rules for assigning dimensions and numbers to the intrapulmonary vessels of the arterial and venous trees of the dog lung. These rules, along with the dimensions of the extrapulmonary arteries and capillary sheet and the distensibility coefficients of the vessels obtained from the literature, were used to construct a steady-state hemodynamic model of the dog lung vascular bed. The model can be characterized approximately by 15 orders of arteries with Na approximately 2.07 Da-2.58 and 13 orders of veins with Nv approximately 2.53 Dv-2.61. For the intrapulmonary vessels (orders 1-12), La approximately 4.85 Da1.01, and Lv approximately 6.02 Da1.07. The average ratio of the numbers of vessels in consecutive orders is approximately 3.2 for the arteries and veins. These arterial and venous trees are connected by the capillary sheet with an undistended thickness of approximately 3.5 microns and an area of 33 m2. The average distensibility (% increase in diameter over the undistended diameter/Torr increase in transmural pressure) for the model arteries and veins is approximately 2.4%/Torr, and the distensibility of the capillary sheet (% increase in thickness over the undistended thickness/Torr increase in transmural pressure) is approximately 3.6%/Torr. The calculated arterial-capillary-venous volumes and compliances of the model agree well with experimental estimates of these variables in dogs. In addition, the model appears consistent with certain aspects of the pressure-flow relationships measured in dog lungs. The model appears to be a useful summary of some of the available data on pulmonary morphometry and vessel properties. It is anticipated that the model will provide the basis for dynamic modeling of the dog lung in the future.
Study on the Inter-electrode Process of Aluminum Electrolysis

The voltage distribution between carbon anode and aluminum cathode in cryolite electrolyte saturated with alumina was determined using a scanning reference electrode to investigate the inter-electrode process during aluminum electrolysis. The results showed that the anode–cathode-distance (ACD) is consisted of three parts: a relatively stable cathode boundary layer, bubble-free electrolyte layer, and gas–liquid layer near the anode. The aluminum diffusion layer with high electronic conductivity as well as the crystallization of cryolite was observed at the cathode boundary layer. The thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer varied with current density, which further determined the critical ACD. The thickness, coverage, and releasing frequency of the bubbles on both laboratory and industrial prebaked cells were derived, and it is found that the average bubble coverage decreases with current density, and the average coverage at 0.8 A cm−2 is approximately 50 pct.
Distribution of Dengue Virus Types 1 and 4 in Blood Components from Infected Blood Donors from Puerto Rico.

Background Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the four dengue viruses (DENV-1 to 4) that can also be transmitted by blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The distribution of DENV in the components of blood from infected donors is poorly understood. Methods We used an in-house TaqMan qRT-PCR assay to test residual samples of plasma, cellular components of whole blood (CCWB), serum and clot specimens from the same collection from blood donors who were DENV-RNA-reactive in a parallel blood safety study. To assess whether DENV RNA detected by TaqMan was associated with infectious virus, DENV infectivity in available samples was determined by culture in mosquito cells. Results DENV RNA was detected by TaqMan in all tested blood components, albeit more consistently in the cellular components; 78.8% of CCWB, 73.3% of clots, 86.7% of sera and 41.8% of plasma samples. DENV-1 was detected in 48 plasma and 97 CCWB samples while DENV-4 was detected in 21 plasma and 31 CCWB samples. In mosquito cell cultures, 29/111 (26.1%) plasma and 32/97 (32.7%) CCWB samples were infectious. A subset of samples from 29 donors was separately analyzed to compare DENV viral loads in the available blood components. DENV viral loads did not differ significantly between components and ranged from 3–8 log10 PCR-detectable units/ml. Conclusions DENV was present in all tested components from most donors, and viral RNA was not preferentially distributed in any of the tested components. Infectious DENV was also present in similar proportions in cultured plasma, clot and CCWB samples, indicating that these components may serve as a resource when sample sizes are limited. However, these results suggest that the sensitivity of the nucleic acid tests (NAT) for these viruses would not be improved by testing whole blood or components other than plasma.
Consolidation of cubic and hexagonal boron nitride composites

Abstract Consolidating cubic boron nitride (cBN) typically requires either a matrix of metal bearing materials that are undesirable for certain applications, or very high pressures within the cBN phase stability field that are prohibitive to manufacturing size and cost. We present new methodology for consolidating high stiffness cBN composites within a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) matrix (15–25 vol%) with the aid of a binder phase (0–6 vol%) at moderate pressures (0.5–1.0 GPa) and temperatures (900–1300 °C). The composites are demonstrated to be highly tailorable with a range of compositions and resulting physical/mechanical properties. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that in some cases these composites have elastic mechanical properties that exceed those of the highest strength steel alloys. Two methods were identified to prevent phase transformation of the metastable cBN phase into hBN during consolidation: 1. removal of hydrocarbons, and 2. increased cBN particle size. Lithium tetraborate worked better as a binder than boron oxide, aiding consolidation without enhancing cBN to hBN phase transformation kinetics. These powder mixtures consolidated within error of their full theoretical mass densities at 1 GPa, and had only slightly lower densities at 0.5 GPa. This shows potential for consolidation of these composites into larger parts, in a variety of shapes, at even lower pressures using more conventional manufacturing methods, such as hot-pressing.
The Mouse as a Subject in the Study of Neural Mechanisms of Reward

Mice have several properties which make them ideal subjects for studying the effect of drugs on the reward process. They are compact, inexpensive, and available in strains which vary in number of dopamine receptors, opiate receptors, or sensitivity to alcohol. Mice can be lightly restrained by taping their tails to the floor thereby allowing electrical or chemical stimulation of the brain without the use of swivel connectors or commutators. Intravenous injections can be made through a lateral tail vein while the animal is restrained and is free to emit operants. This chapter describes these techniques and suggests some pitfalls to avoid.
Thermal Desorption from Heterogeneous Surfaces

When a given gas can adsorb onto a surface with multiple binding energies, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra may become relatively more complicated to analyze, making more difficult the extraction of energy and kinetic parameters from the experimental results. Here we present results from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations used to investigate gas desorption from external surfaces of carbon nanotube bundles. By varying the initially adsorbed coverage and keeping track of the particles as they desorb and diffuse across the surface, we identify specific features on the TPD spectra originated by the effects of the surface heterogeneity on the desorption kinetics.
Distribution of the Pine Seedworm, Laspeyresia anaranjada, with Notes on the Occurrence of Laspeyresia ingens

Adults of two pine seedworms, Laspeyresia anaranjada Miller and L. ingens Heinrich, were reared from mature cones of typical slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm., and its south Florida variety, P. elliottii var. densa Little and Dorman. The cones were collected from 35 well-distributed sampling points throughout the natural range of slash pine, including the south Florida variety. L. anaranjada was found throughout the ranges of both varieties of slash pine, and was reared in greater numbers, overall, than L. ingots. L. ingens was also distributed over the range of typical slash pine but did not occur in south Florida slash pine cones; it was reared more commonly from cones collected in areas where longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill., formed a high proportion of the forest type.
"Race" and the difficulties of language.

"Race," a construct created by scientists, is deeply ingrained in everyday discourses. Using postmodern theories to help us think through the complexities of language in relation to race, we come to understand that truths about race are changing, contingent, and contested products of cultural construction. It is impossible to understand or represent race as an object of study such that it can be known, yet untouched, by language. Health effects are one important consequence of race, particularly related to quality, access, marginalization, and privilege. Analyzing the effects of race bring it visibly into being, and makes evident how language shapes our understandings of the world and its human inhabitants.
Ferroelastic Bubbles and Periodic Gratings in Neodymium Pentaphosphate

Tunable periodic ferroelastic domain wall gratings in neodymium pentaphosphate (NPP) are presented. These arrays have excellent diffraction patterns and may be tuned from periods of 100 microns to 0.5 microns. A free energy theory is presented which predicts the stability of the periodic arrays and their eventual collapse at very short periods. Photographs of ferroelastic bubbles are shown. These elastic bubbles are a newly-discovered domain structure and are the analog to ferromagnetic bubbles. A method of optically nucleating planar domain walls in NPP is presented. This technique may eventually lead to an optical ferroelastic domain wall memory.
Ecosystem Engineering of Harvester Ants: Effects on Vegetation in a Sagebrush-Steppe Ecosystem

Abstract. Harvester ants are influential in many ecosystems because they distribute and consume seeds, remove vegetation, and redistribute soil particles and nutrients. Understanding the interaction between harvester ants and plant communities is important for management and restoration efforts, particularly in systems altered by fire and invasive species such as the sagebrush-steppe. Our objective was to evaluate how vegetation cover changed as a function of distance from Owyhee harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex salinus) nests within a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. We sampled 105 harvester ant nests within southern Idaho, USA, that occurred in different habitats: annual grassland, perennial grassland, and native shrubland. The influence of Owyhee harvester ants on vegetation was larger at the edge of ant nests, but the relationship was inconsistent among plant species. Percent cover was positively associated with distance from harvester ant nests for plant species that were considered undesirable food sources an...
Trend of diabetes mortality among residents in Jiangsu Province

Objective To describe the mortality and trend of diabetes among the residents in Jiangsu Province.Methods Data were collected from three National Death Retrospective Surveys(1973-1975,1990-1992,2003-2005) as well as Death Registration System in Jiangsu(2010-2011).Crude mortality and age-standarized mortality(ASR) were calculated for trend analysis.Results The crude mortality rate of diabetes during 2010 to 2011 was 14.08/100 000,which was 5.4 times higher than that during 1973-1975(2.21 /100 000).The ASR of diabetes in 2010-2011was 4.43 /100 000 and was 1.45 times higher than that in 1970s(1.80 /100 000).Diabetes mortality increased with age,and was high among females than that of males.Sigificant increase was found among people over 55 years old.Moreover,mortality rapidly increased in both urban and rural residents,but the mortality of urban areas was higher than that of rural areas.Conclusions Diabetes mortality has significantly increased in Jiangsu in the past decades.More attention should be paid to strengthen the prevention activities to reduce morbidity and mortality of diabetes,including health education,behavior intervention as well as disease management.
L-Predictive PID Algorithm in Gasifier Control system

The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle(IGCC) technology,a development orientation of power generation,is highly concerned for its characterization of both high efficiency and environment friendly.Gasifier is the key technology of the IGCC.The mechanism of the selected gasifier is analyzed and the corresponding mechanism model is established according to the dynamic characteristics of nonlinear,highly coupled and large delay.Then the L-Predictive PID algorithm is applied to gasifier control system.Simulation of the system is processed based on matlab simulink.The result shows that L-Predictive PID control has characteristics of good robustness,fast response and better control.
Fast face detection based on the AdaBoost algorithm

This paper presents the theory of the AdaBoost algorithm,and analyzes the causes for the decrease of its accuracy. By using Gaussian Mixture Model( GMM) to simulate the skin color model,separating the region of the possible human face from the whole image and scanning this region by using the AdaBoost algorithm,the experimental results show that this approach can improve the detection speed and accuracy of the system.
Research on Scheme of Optical Multi Meter for Realizing Bidirectional Data Transmission

The multi-functional optical multi meter is the main tool of fiber link field test.In the field test,in order to make the fiber test time shorter,the instrument less,the method more convenient.On the basis of the traditional optical multi meter,this paper increases the function of return loss(RL) test and insertion loss(IL) test,realizes the bidirectional transmission of the test data by the wavelength division multiplexing technology,and obtains the measured value of fiber length in the same test process.Finally,through the parameters of actual prototype,this paper proves that the meter could make the bidirectional testing in optical fiber connecting.Then discusses its future development and provides the ideas and suggestions of its future application.
Geometry of defects at shape-complementary soft interfaces

Abstract Shape complementarity can be used to enhance adhesion selectively between elastomeric surfaces. Complementary arrays of surface structures, such as 1D ridges or fibrils arranged in a 2D lattice, can inter-digitate to achieve adhesion enhancement controlled by shape recognition. It has been shown that relative misorientation is accommodated by defects that are meso-scale screw dislocations. The arrangement of such dislocations plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of the interface. Here we study the geometric properties of one-dimensional (ridge/channel) and two-dimensional (arrays of pillars) shape-complementary interfaces in the presence of relative misorientation (twist) and difference in lattice spacing. Relative misorientation without difference in lattice spacing is accommodated by arrays of screw dislocations. Difference in lattice spacing without misorientation is accommodated by arrays of edge dislocations. In general, we observe arrays of dislocations with mixed screw and edge character. The spacing and orientation of these arrays can be predicted accurately using the geometry of Moire patterns. More broadly, we show that soft materials with shape-complementary patterns can be used to generate meso-scale dislocations of arbitrary edge and screw character at the length scale of tens of microns. Because these are easily observed optically, this system can be used to study dislocations and their interaction with each other.
RANTES chemokine expression in transplant-associated accelerated atherosclerosis.

Background : The pathogenesis of transplantation-associated accelerated atherosclerosis is poorly understood, but it is likely to be an alloimmune response involving infiltration of the vessel wall by T lymphocytes and monocytes leading to smooth muscle cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. RANTES is a chemokine that selectively chemoattracts T lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, and eosinophils. The expression of RANTES in accelerated atherosclerosis was investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Methods : Coronary arteries from six patients undergoing accelerated atherosclerosis were obtained at the time of retransplantation. Normal coronary arteries from two patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were used as controls. Messenger RNA for RANTES was localized with digoxigenin-labeled complementary DNA probes. RANTES protein was detected by use of a monoclonal antibody and a three-step horseradish peroxidase method. Results : RANTES mRNA and protein were detected in the lymphocytes, macrophages, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells of arteries undergoing accelerated atherosclerosis but not in normal coronary arteries. Conclusions : In view of its in vitro biologic activity and in vivo expression pattern, RANTES may be a pivotal mediator of the cellular infiltrate seen in graft atherosclerosis. This information may help in the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this increasingly important disease process.
Mobilizing Poor Voters: A Comparative Perspective

More than forty years ago, James Scott identified poverty as “perhaps the most fundamental quality shared by the mass clientele of machines” (1969: 1150). As poverty persists in many developed and developing countries, clientelistic candidates who can solve poor voters’ problems are likely to succeed in gaining their political support. Hence, most of the descriptive and analytical findings presented in this book should apply to many developing and developed countries that experience poverty. Specifically, I expect to find similar unintended consequences from the logic of perverse incentives in countries, regions, provinces, states, and neighborhoods where candidates have the capacities and preferences to use clientelistic strategies to mobilize poor voters, and where using these strategies enables – or at least does not inhibit – the candidates’ political promotions. The practice of paying poor voters to show support at party rallies is not unique to the Argentine case. In both Mexico and Peru, clientelistic strategies are so commonplace that unique vocabulary has emerged to describe its participants. In Peru, voters who are paid in exchange for turning out at rallies receive the creative and descriptive name of the portable people ( portatiles ), and in Mexico they are referred as the hauled people ( acarreados ). This chapter studies strategies of political mobilization in Peru and Mexico to examine the scope conditions of the theory advanced in this book. Additionally, this chapter seeks to illustrate how the logic of perverse incentives could be effectively used to explain the consolidation of clientelism and its unintended consequences in other new democracies. In contrast to Argentina, Peru is a democracy without parties (Levitsky and Cameron 2003; Tanaka 2005) and a “party non-system” (Sanchez 2009). Partisan networks that can target and deliver particularistic goods to voters in exchange for their support and that can monitor their political behavior do not exist in Peru. As such, studying the case of Peru enables me to provide further support for the logic of perverse incentives in a context that lacks the institutionalized political parties and partisan networks found in Argentina. I did field research in Lima spanning six months before, during, and after the presidential election of 2006. I conducted more than 40 in-depth interviews with party candidates, operatives, mayors, councilors, and political brokers.
History and Uses

“He insisted that staff and students should understand orders of magnitude. They must know about how big physical quantitites are ... Not only did he know instinctively how big things are, he was very good indeed at mental arithmetic. No one else I ever knew could copy a dozen numbers down wrongly, add them up wrongly, and then come up with the right answer. It wasn’t really fair. He had furthermore an unrivaled ability to put himself in the place of an alpha-particle in a piece of apparatus and decide just what he would do in the circumstance.”
A Rare Case of Necrotizing Myopathy and Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia with Anti-EJ Antisynthetase Syndrome and SSA Antibodies.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are autoimmune disorders that can involve the skin, joints, muscles, and lungs. The most common of these disorders are dermatomyositis, polymyositis, overlap syndrome, and inclusion body myositis. Necrotizing autoimmune myopathy is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that is rarely associated with Sjogren's syndrome. The most common lung findings associated with anti-EJ antisynthetase syndrome are nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia; this condition is rarely associated with fibrinous and organizing pneumonia. CASE REPORT Here, we present a rare case of necrotizing myopathy and fibrinous and organizing pneumonia in a 34-year-old African American man with Sjogren's syndrome and anti-EJ antibodies. The patient's presenting symptoms were cough and proximal muscle weakness of the extremities. He had elevated serum creatine kinase level, aldolase level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Myositis panel was positive for anti-EJ antibodies. Chest radiography was consistent with bilateral interstitial infiltrates. CT chest showed patchy bilateral infiltrates. Quadriceps muscle biopsy revealed widespread necrotic fibers and lung biopsy showed fibrinous and organizing pneumonia. The patient responded well to immunoglobulin therapy, mycophenolate, and prednisone, which resulted in complete resolution of bilateral infiltrates and improved muscle pain and weakness. CONCLUSIONS Myopathies are characterized by myalgia and muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction and are associated with autoimmune diseases. Histopathological features may differ in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. It is important to recognize the rare association of anti-EJ autoantibodies with necrotizing myopathy and interstitial lung disease, which responds well to methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin.
Osteuropäisch-jüdische Literaturen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert: Identität und Poetik/Eastern European Jewish Literature of the 20th and 21st Centuries: Identity and Poetics (Die Welt der Slaven Sammelbände, vol. 52)

The 25 contributions in this volume originated in a symposium held in April 2012 in Greifswald, Germany. The original idea of the conference was to explore the nexus between identity and poetics in...
Wound Dehiscence After Intrathecal Pump Implantation for Cancer Pain

Intrathecal drug delivery devices offer a unique method of pain control from malignancy when more conservative methods fail. Such devices are also used to administer intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of spasticity and dystonia refractory to oral therapy. Unique challenges in wound healing exist in each patient. For patients with malignant pain, these challenges include malnourishment and infection secondary to immunosuppression from chemotherapy, both potentially increasing the risk of postoperative wound infection and impairing healing. Wound infection in intrathecal drug delivery most commonly occurs at the reservoir insertion site. Those infections are treated with long-term intravenous antibiotics or device revision or removal. Untreated, death may result from meningitis and sepsis. To prevent postoperative wound infection after intrathecal pump implantation, selection of patients, technique, insertion site, and wound care postoperatively must be reviewed carefully.
The Two Basic Administrative Hierarchies

To be in charge requires spending time in supporting staff positions and in learning the ropes.
The Corruption of Political Freedom: The Modern State as Civil Prince

The connection between the development of historical consciousness and the metaphorical transposition of concepts borrowed from biology to politics is a well-established feature of the history of historiography. Describing how “the naturally derived ‘historically immanent’ concept of time” is formulated prior to the rise of philosophies of history in the eighteenth century, Koselleck remarks that the “naturalistic determinants that penetrate all histories,” and therefore every conception of historical change, are all connected to the metaphorics of the political body. But Koselleck does not provide specific illustrations of the way in which “historical motion is first recognizable as such” in political discourses that employ “natural, organic categories.”1 In this chapter I endeavor to give just such a specific illustration.2 So far, my interpretation of the Discourses on Livy has centered on the dissolution of the classical ideal of ethical substance in the vision of modern politics put forward by Machiavelli. In what follows I show the ways in which modern political life is thoroughly traversed by historical becoming in the sense that political form emerges as the resultant of two antithetical processes of political change. Relying on Machiavelli’ s constant use of the term “political life” (vivere politico), and on the common derivation of the terms for political revolution (metabole politeion) and for the process constitutive of organic life-forms (“metabolism”), I shall call these “revolutionary” political processes of state-formation and state-dissolution the two “metabolisms” of modern political life.
Wasting the World Away.

Learning Goal: The aim of this lesson is to explore effective methods that students can use to dispose of wastes around them in their communities.Guiding Question: What are possible solutions to in...
The Bane of "Boilerplate" Language in Research Consent Forms: Ensuring Consent Forms Promote Autonomous Authorization.

“Boilerplate” language in consent forms is commonly understood to mean text that does not vary from one study to the next and is routinely inserted into an institution’s consent forms. This contras...
Testing for positive quadrant dependence.

We develop an empirical likelihood (EL) approach to test independence of two univariate random variables X and Y versus the alternative that X and Y are strictly positive quadrant dependent (PQD). ...
Polymer nanoparticles to decrease thermal conductivity of phase change materials

Microparticles including paraffin are currently used for textiles coating in order to deaden thermal shocks. We will show that polymer nanoparticles embedded in those microsized capsules allow for decreasing the thermal conductivity of the coating and enhance the protection in the stationary regime. A reasonable volume fraction of polymer nanoparticles reduces the conductivity more than predicted by Maxwell mixing rules. Besides, measurements prove that the polymer nanoparticles do not affect the latent heat and even improve the phase change behaviour as well as the mechanical properties.
Pentothal Protection for Delay Cerebral Revascularization

Thiopentone (20 mg/kg/bolus and 20 mg/kg/three hours) was effective in preventing infarction in five dogs with six hours of middle cerebral occlusion. Nine control animals sustained massive to large infarctions. Utilizing this regime therapeutic blood levels were rapidly attained for over 12 hours without side effects.
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a novel technique that aims en bloc removal of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. It consists of basic steps of injection and lifting the mucosa from the submucosa, incision and dissection of the lesion, and snare removal. It allows for a complete sample to be removed with negative margins that is suitable for accurate histopathological diagnosis. This newer advanced endoscopic technique will be explained in detail along with key points in this chapter.
Combining Learning and Model Based Control: Case Study for Single-Input Lotka-Volterra System

A hybrid control architecture for nonlinear dynamical systems is described which combines the advantages of model based control with those of real-time learning. The basic idea is to generate input-output data from an error system involving the plant and a proposed model. A discretized Chen-Fliess functional series is then identified from this data and used in conjunction with the model for predictive control. This method builds on the authors' previous work on model-free control of a single-input, single-output Lotka-Volterra system. The problem is revisited here, but now with the introduction of a model for the dynamics. The single-input, multiple-output version of the problem is also investigated as a way to enhance closed-loop performance.
Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics

There is today what Richard Seymour aptly calls a “crisis of globalization” – a crisis that a resurgent Far Right has used to make political capital in de-industrialized regions. They are taking ad...
Dynamic fragmentation of boron carbide using laser-driven flyers

Abstract Laser-driven micro-flyer plates exhibit high planarity within the first 500 µm of travel, but deform into curved impactors due to loss of flight-driving plasma at the edges of the plate and interaction of the plate with the atmosphere [1, 2]. This time-of-flight based tunability of impactor geometry offers adjustable loading conditions in stress space. Here we explore the dynamic fracture of Boron Carbide under loading at 1100–1200 m/s impact velocities (strain rates up to 107 s − 1 ) from two impactor geometries: (1) a nominally flat aluminum micro-flyer and (2) an Al micro-flyer with a radius of curvature. We compare these results to prior ballistic experiments with a spherical projectile impacting at 930 m/s. In-situ high-speed imaging at 10 million frames-per-second enables characterization of the flyer geometry and identification of active failure mechanisms in the target. Photon Doppler velocimetry provides the target free surface velocity history and allows estimates of the internal stress state during failure. Optical microscopy of the as-received microstructure and generated fragments suggests a link between the microstructure and fragmentation behavior. Statistics from laser-driven fragmentation are similar to ballistic fragmentation experiments, demonstrating the utility of the laser-driven apparatus in fragmentation studies.
Role of 3 Tesla MR Neurography and CT-guided Injections for Pudendal Neuralgia: Analysis of Pain Response.

Background Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) has an increasing role in the diagnosis and management of pudendal neuralgia, a neurogenic cause of chronic pelvic pain. Objective The objective of this research was to determine the role of MRN in predicting improved pain outcomes following computed tomography (CT)-guided perineural injections in patients with pudendal neuralgia. Study design This study used a retrospective cross-sectional study design. Setting The research was conducted at a large academic hospital. Methods Patients: Ninety-one patients (139 injections) who received MRN and CT-guided pudendal blocks were analyzed. Intervention A 3Tesla (T) scanner was used to evaluate the lumbosacral plexus for pudendal neuropathy. Prior to receiving a CT-guided pudendal perineural injection, patients were given pain logs and asked to record pain on a visual analog scale. Measurement MRN findings for pudendal neuropathy were compared to the results of the CT-guided pudendal nerve blocks. Injection pain responses were categorized into 3 groups - positive block, possible positive block, and negative block.Statistical Tests: A chi-square test was used to test any association, and a Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to test any trend. Significance level was set at .05. All analyses were done in SAS Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results Ninety-one patients (139 injections) who received MRN were analyzed. Of these 139 injections, 41 were considered positive (29.5%), 52 of 139 were possible positives (37.4%), and 46 of 139 were negative blocks (33.1%). Of the patients who had a positive pudendal block, no significant difference was found between the MRN result and the pudendal perineural injection response (P = .57). Women had better overall response to pudendal blocks, but this response was not associated with MRN findings (P = .34). However, positive MRN results were associated with better pain response in men (P = .005). Patients who reported bowel dysfunction also had a better response to pudendal perineural injection (P = .02). Limitations Some limitations include subjectivity of pain reporting, reporting consistency, absence of a control group, and the retrospective nature of the chart review. Conclusion Pudendal perineural injections improve pain in patients with pudendal neuralgia and positive MRN results are associated with better response in men. Key words MRI, MRN, CT injection, pudendal neuralgia, pudendal nerve, pelvic pain, chronic pelvic pain, pudendal neuropathy.
Relentless Predation on Gunnison's Prairie Dogs (Cynomys Gunnisoni) by a Single American Badger (Taxidea Taxus)

Predation affects the demography and population dynamics of prey species. Because predators commonly stalk prey from concealed routes, attack quickly, and frequently avoid areas with human observers, documenting predation under natural conditions is often difficult. An adult female American badger (Taxidea taxus) with offspring moved into a colony of Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) living under natural conditions at Valles Caldera National Preserve in New Mexico, United States, and provided an excellent opportunity to record predations over a period of 33 consecutive days in June–July 2018. Badgers are commonly nocturnal, but the badger at our study area captured a total of 100 Gunnison's prairie dogs during daylight hours. Sixty-two of the victims were adults (≥1 year old), 32 were juveniles (≤3 months since birth), and 6 were of unknown age. Most predations occurred in mid-morning and early afternoon. Our results, which do not account for nighttime predations and therefore underestimate numbers of successful attacks, suggest that a single predatory individual can have a sudden, devastating effect on a prey species.
The heterogeneity of persistent slip band nucleation and evolution in metals at the micrometer scale

Fatigue damage in metals manifests itself as irreversible dislocation motion followed by crack initiation and propagation. Characterizing the transition from a crack-free to a cracked metal remains one of the most challenging problems in fatigue. Persistent slip bands (PSBs) form in metals during cyclic loading and are one of the most important aspects of this transition. We used in situ microfatigue experiments to investigate PSB formation and evolution mechanisms, and we discovered that PSBs are prevalent at the micrometer scale. Dislocation accumulation rates at this scale are smaller than those in bulk samples, which delays PSB nucleation. Our results suggest the need to refine PSB and crack-initiation models in metals to account for gradual and heterogeneous evolution. These findings also connect micrometer-scale deformation mechanisms with fatigue failure at the bulk scale in metals.