cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of gamma interferon mRNA induced by attenuated and virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pig cells after Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination.

To determine whether Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination would alter gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in guinea pig cells exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we cloned a cDNA encoding guinea pig IFN-γ from a spleen cell cDNA library. The cDNA is composed of 1,110 bp, with an open reading frame encoding a 166-amino-acid protein which shows 56 and 41% amino acid sequence homology to human and mouse IFN-γ, respectively. Spleen or lymph node cells from naive and BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or M. tuberculosis H37Ra or H37Rv, and the total RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis with a 32P-labeled probe derived from the cDNA clone. Compared to the IFN-γ mRNA expression in cells of naive animals, that in spleen and lymph node cells exposed to various stimuli was enhanced after BCG vaccination. However, there was a significant reduction in IFN-γ mRNA levels when cells were stimulated with a multiplicity of infection of greater than 1 virulent M. tuberculosis bacterium per 10 cells. The enhanced IFN-γ mRNA response in BCG-vaccinated animals was associated with an increase in the proportions of CD4+ T cells in the spleens, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Furthermore, the nonadherent population in the spleens enriched either by panning with anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin G-coated plates or by purification on nylon wool columns produced more IFN-γ mRNA than whole spleen cells following stimulation with concanavalin A or PPD. This indicates that T cells are principally responsible for the upregulation of IFN-γ mRNA expression following BCG vaccination. The mechanism by which virulent mycobacteria suppress IFN-γ mRNA accumulation is currently under investigation.
Towards tracking a row of discrete targets with AUVs using Markov Decision Processes and probabilistic techniques

While complete searches of an area are the standard method currently used by the U.S. Navy for detecting and determining the extent of a field of discrete underwater targets of interest, there are situations where time constraints or mission objectives prohibit a complete search. Furthermore, in many situations it is unnecessary to detect all targets within a field of targets of interest, but is sufficient to determine the area over which the field extends. In this paper we present a novel search procedure for determining the extent of a line of targets within an area for use with AUVs. This method uses a Markov decision process coupled with belief propagation. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that this algorithm out-performs the standard search techniques for determining the endpoints of a line of targets when the metric is time.
Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy of surfaces

A brief overview of transmission electron microscopy as it applies specifically to obtaining surface crystallographic information is presented. This review will encompass many of the practical aspects of obtaining surface crystal information from a transmission electron microscope, including equipment requirements, experimental techniques, sample preparation methods, data extraction and image processing, and complimentary techniques.
The effect of power supply noise on ring oscillator phase noise

Low phase noise monolithic oscillators are in high demand in this age of wireless communications. Although LC oscillators generally have better phase noise performance, there is motivation to design ring oscillators with comparable phase noise compared to LC oscillators. The advantages of ring oscillators include significantly less die area and generally wider tuning range. Ring oscillator phase noise analysis and simulation, however, often ignore power supply noise, which is a major and possibly dominant contributor of phase noise. This paper presents a method of determining a given oscillator's sensitivity to both intrinsic and power supply noise sources and provides a means for comparing different oscillator architectures based on this information.
A walnut-enriched diet reduces the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice

It was investigated whether a standard mouse diet (AIN-76A) supplemented with walnuts reduced the establishment and growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in nude (nu/nu) mice. The walnut-enriched diet reduced the number of tumors and the growth of the LNCaP xenografts; 3 of 16 (18.7%) of the walnut-fed mice developed tumors; conversely, 14 of 32 mice (44.0%) of the control diet-fed animals developed tumors. Similarly, the xenografts in the walnut-fed animals grew more slowly than those in the control diet mice. The final average tumor size in the walnut-diet animals was roughly one-fourth the average size of the prostate tumors in the mice that ate the control diet.
REST and Web Services: In Theory and in Practice

There are two competing architectural styles employed for building Web services: RESTful services and services based on the WS– ∗ standards (also known as “SOAP Web services”). These two styles have separate follower bases, but many differences between them are ideological rather than factual. In order to promote the healthy growth of Web services research and practice, it is important to distinguish arguments for implementation practices over abstract concepts represented by these styles, carefully evaluating the respective advantages of RESTful and WS– ∗ Web services. Understanding these distinctions is especially critical for the development of enterprise systems, because in this domain, tool vendors have preferred WS– ∗ services to the neglect of RESTful solutions. This chapter evaluates some of the key questions regarding the real and perceived distinctions between these two styles of Web services. It analyzes how the current tools for building RESTful Web services embody the principles of REST. Finally, it presents select open research questions to further the growth of RESTful Web services.
Partitioning sources of soil-respired CO2 and their seasonal variation using a unique radiocarbon tracer

Soil respiration is derived from heterotrophic (decomposition of soil organic matter) and autotrophic (root/rhizosphere respiration) sources, but there is considerable uncertainty about what factors control variations in their relative contributions in space and time. We took advantage of a unique whole-ecosystem radiocarbon label in a temperate forest to partition soil respiration into three sources: (1) recently photosynthesized carbon (C), which dominates root and rhizosphere respiration; (2) leaf litter decomposition and (3) decomposition of root litter and soil organic matter >1–2 years old. Heterotrophic sources and specifically leaf litter decomposition were large contributors to total soil respiration during the growing season. Relative contributions from leaf litter decomposition ranged from a low of ∼1±3% of total soil respiration (6± 3 mg C m−2 h−1) when leaf litter was extremely dry, to a high of 42±16% (96± 38 mg C m−2 h−1). Total soil respiration fluxes varied with the strength of the leaf litter decomposition source, indicating that moisture-dependent changes in litter decomposition drive variability in total soil respiration fluxes. In the surface mineral soil layer, decomposition of C fixed in the original labeling event (3–5 years earlier) dominated the isotopic signature of heterotrophic respiration. Root/rhizosphere respiration accounted for 16±10% to 64±22% of total soil respiration, with highest relative contributions coinciding with low overall soil respiration fluxes. In contrast to leaf litter decomposition, root respiration fluxes did not exhibit marked temporal variation ranging from 34±14 to 40±16 mg C m−2 h−1 at different times in the growing season with a single exception (88±35 mg C m−2 h−1). Radiocarbon signatures of root respired CO2 changed markedly between early and late spring (March vs. May), suggesting a switch from stored nonstructural carbohydrate sources to more recent photosynthetic products.
SPECTRAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE AND ITS ENTROPIC EFFECT ON EARTH'S CLIMATE

Abstract. The high-resolution measurements of the spectral solar irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite suggest significant deviation of solar radiation from the commonly assumed blackbody radiation. Here, we use these spectral irradiance measurements to estimate the Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux, and examine the importance of a proper estimation approach. The Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux estimated by directly applying the observed spectral solar irradiance into the most accurate Planck expression is compared with that estimated with a conventional approach that uses the Sun's brightness temperature under the assumption of a blackbody Sun. The globally averaged non-blackbody incident solar radiation entropy flux at the top of the Earth's atmosphere equals 0.31 W m−2 K−1. This value is about 4 times larger than that estimated from the conventional blackbody approach, with the difference comparable to the typical value of the entropy production rate associated with atmospheric latent heat process. Further analysis reveals that the decrease of spectral solar radiation entropy flux with radiation traveling distance, unlike the decrease of spectral solar radiation energy flux with radiation traveling distance, is wavelength dependent, and that the difference between the two estimates can be attributed to the fact that the conventional approach ignores the influence of radiation traveling distance on the spectral solar radiation entropy flux. Moreover, sensitivity study further shows that the distribution of top-of-atmosphere spectral solar irradiance could significantly impact the magnitude of the estimated Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux. These results together suggest that the spectral distribution of incident solar radiation is critical for determining the Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux, and thus the Earth's climate.
First-principles derivation of structural anomalies in hcp Zn and hcp Fe under pressure

A procedure for finding the equilibrium states of a hcp structure under pressure from minima of the Gibbs free energy using first-principles electronic theory has confirmed the existence of structural anomalies in hcp Zn and hcp Fe. Calculations of elastic constants as functions of pressure then show that the anomalies are large effects which cover a substantial range of pressure. These calculations permit reinterpretation of the experimental data to show that the structural anomaly, although small, can be seen in the data. These calculations contradict a recent first-principles calculation that found that the structural anomaly in hcp Zn disappeared when a large number of k-points were used in the Brillouin zone integrations.
Sleep apnea and Q-T interval prolongation--a particularly lethal combination.

Abstract We have discovered a 20-day-old infant who possessed anatomic evidence of chronic hypoxemia with right ventricular hypertrophy and who died in hypoxic hypoxemia with a postmortem PO 2 of 4 mm. Hg. Subsequently, and ECG was discovered which had been obtained at one day of age and showed Q-T interval prolongation along with T-wave alternation. We believe this case to be one of the first to substantiate the mechanism for SIDS as proposed by Schwartz, 26 with hypoxia acting synergistically with a prolonged Q-T interval causing sudden unexpected death in this infant-providing a link between cardiac and respiratory mechanisms of death.
Volumetric shadows using splatting

This paper describes an efficient algorithm to model the light attenuation due to a participating media with low albedo. The light attenuation is modeled using splatting volume renderer for both the viewer and the light source. During the rendering, a 2D shadow buffer attenuates the light for each pixel. When the contribution of a footprint is added to the image buffer, as seen from the eye, we add the contribution to the shadow buffer, as seen from the light source. We have generated shadows for point lights and parallel lights using this algorithm. The shadow algorithm has been extended to deal with multiple light sources and projective textured lights.
The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women's Entrepreneurial Intentions

The primary goal of this study was to examine the role of proactive personality in moderating the influence of the widely-held `masculine' stereotype about entrepreneurs on intentions to become an entrepreneur. Manipulating stereotype threat, results from eighty young women indicated that women with more proactive personality were more significantly affected by exposure to the commonly known stereotype about entrepreneurs and had a significant decrease in entrepreneurial intentions compared to women with less proactive personality. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and practical relevance.
“Dark Tactics”: Black Politics in the 1887 Texas Prohibition Campaign

Dostoevski, Shakespeare"?10 In "Seymour: An Introduction" (1959) a far more likeable character than Lane depreciates Flaubert and suggests that while writing, one should follow one's heart: "Please follow your heart, win or lose."11 The suggestion is that too much of "style," especially if it is at the cost of the heart, is not a good thing, and this accords well with the issue involved in Lane's clumsy offensive against Flaubert. If this were taken to be Salinger's own position, then it is possible that he is all too aware of the Flaubertian streak in himself but hates it all the same. Self-reflexivity thus becomes a means of expressing one of two feelings : the author's anxiety over his devotion to style and all that this devotion implies ; or his belief that he can be both a latter-day Flaubert and a latter-day Tolstoy, Dostoevsky or Shakespeare. The way Salinger teases us with such contradictory signals sounds clever rather than inspired or profound. This is only an opinion. But should it be tenable, at once the authorial self-reflexivity of the Flaubert references in "Franny" would start clamouring to be linked to other self-reflexive details contrasting a poem and intellectual, syntaxy droppings, inspired productions and competent ones, beauty and ingenuity, genius and cleverness.
On the structure of optimal controls for a mathematical model of tumor anti-angiogenic therapy with linear pharmacokinetics

A mathematical model for tumor anti-angiogenesis that was formulated and biologically validated by Hahnfeldt et al. [13] is considered as an optimal control problem. In earlier research, the optimal scheduling of anti-angiogenic agents has been analyzed under the simplifying assumption that dosage and concentration were identified. In this case, there exists an optimal singular arc of order 1 that forms the centerpiece of a synthesis of optimal controlled trajectories. Here we consider the same model with standard pharmacokinetic equations added that define the concentration as the state of a firstorder linear system driven by the dosage. The singular arc and its optimality status are preserved under this modelling extension and an explicit feedback formula that defines the optimal singular control in the simplified model now becomes the singular concentration for the extended system. Optimal controls track this concentration of inhibitors along the singular arc. However, the order of the singular arc increases from 1 to 2 and the overall concatenation structure in the synthesis of optimal trajectories changes. Now optimal transitions to and from the singular arc can only occur through chattering arcs.
Manufacturing Scheduling of Collaborative Factories for Energy Cost Reduction

Increasing energy cost and environmental concerns have led to research interests in energy-efficient manufacturing scheduling. Current efforts on optimizing manufacturing schedules under fixed or time- varying electricity prices for reduced energy cost, peak demand, and carbon footprint are largely focusing on a single facility or shop floor. In this paper, scheduling of multiple factories under two time-varying pricing schemes, i.e., time-of-use (TOU) tariff and combined TOU with two-level inclining block rates (IBR) are investigated using mixed integer programming (MIP). Under TOU, the factories do not have incentives to collaborate and each factory optimizes its own schedule for minimal electricity cost independently. However, this leads to the shift of grid peak load from one time period to another. In this paper, TOU-IBR is proposed to address the peak shifting issue. A system consisting of three factories that operate flow shops is used to demonstrate this approach. Two optimization problems will be studied: each factory optimizes manufacturing schedule to minimize its own electricity cost (1) under TOU pricing; and (2) under hybrid TOU-IBR pricing. The result shows that: (1) under TOU pricing, the electricity cost of each factory has been minimized, while the total electricity consumption at the 2nd hour is 6.25% beyond the threshold; and (2) under hybrid TOU-IBR pricing, factories collaborate with each other to achieve energy cost saving, and meanwhile the power consumption at each hour is not over the threshold.
Motor Function and the Physical Properties of the Operant: Applications to Screening and Advanced Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter covers some of the possible influences of the expression of motor function. The chapter focuses on applications of behavioral principles to the general problem of detecting and characterizing motor deficits. The chapter also describes some ways in which principles derived from the experimental analysis of behavior, and of chemical interactions with behavior, can contribute to the characterization and understanding of motor dysfunction. The potential role of reinforcement loss or increased effort per reinforcer could bring a large body of research on behavioral tolerance to bear on the problem of adjustment to impairment. Behavioral principles could also unify phenomena in cases where similar effects have been studied under different names. This chapter also addresses some issues that must be considered when designing screening strategies, including the selection of tests that tap each of the motor systems likely to be affected, proper attention to measurement and the inference that derives from the measures taken, and caution when drawing conclusions on the basis of screens alone. This chapter presents a case for investigating behavioral mechanisms of disruption and recovery, and identifies some of the ways in which an understanding of behavior can contribute to the synthesis of a response for the study of dysfunction.
Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Cells : Silicon and Beyond

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Diagnostics and Prognostics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

This paper investigates recent research on battery diagnostics and prognostics especially for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Battery diagnostics focuses on battery models and diagnosis algorithms for battery state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation. Battery prognostics elaborates data-driven prognosis algorithms for predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of battery SOC and SOH. Readers will learn not only basics but also very recent research developments on battery diagnostics and prognostics.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Medical support for law enforcement-extended operations incidents.

Objective: As the complexity and frequency of law enforcement-extended operations incidents continue to increase, so do the opportunities for adverse health and well-being impacts on the responding officers. These types of clinical encounters have not been well characterized nor have the medical response strategies which have been developed to effectively manage these encounters been well described. The purpose of this article is to provide a descriptive epidemiology of the clinical encounters reported during extended law enforcement operations, as well as to describe a best practices approach for their effective management. Design: This study retrospectively examined the clinical encounters of the Maryland State Police (MSP) Tactical Medical Unit (TMU) during law enforcement-extended operations incidents lasting 8 or more hours. In addition, a qualitative analysis was performed on clinical data collected by federal law enforcement agencies during their extended operations. Results: Forty-four percent of missions (455 / 1,047) supported by the MSP TMU lasted 8 or more hours. Twenty-six percent of these missions (117 / 455) resulted in at least one patient encounter. Nineteen percent of patient chief complaints (45 / 238) were related to heat illness / dehydration. Fifteen percent of encounters (36 / 238) were for musculoskeletal injury / pain. Eight percent of patients (19 / 238) had nonspecific sick call (minor illness) complaints. The next most common occurring complaints were cold-related injuries, headache, sinus congestion, and wound / laceration, each of which accounted for 7 percent of patients (16 / 238), respectively. Analysis of federal law enforcement agencies’ response to such events yielded similar clinical encounters. Conclusions: A wide range of health problems are reported by extended law enforcement operations personnel. Timely and effective treatment of these problems can help ensure that the broader operations mission is not compromised. An appropriate operational strategy for managing health complaints reported during extended operations involves the deployment of a well-trained medical support team using the core concepts of tactical emergency medical support.
Numerical Simulation of Dross Formation Inside a Zinc Pot

The location of zinc dross forming was predicted based on FLUENT which is a kind of computational fluid dynamics software. The way of enhancing the temperature of ingots when they were sent to the zinc pot was given to reduce the dross formation. The results show that this way can reduce formatted dross effectively, and increase the temperaturing of ingots will not do harm to the mechanical properties of steel strip.
Hemodynamic Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition and its prevalence is increasing.1,2 Likewise, the number of patients reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continues to rise. In the United Sta...
Knowledge about nicotine among HIV-positive smokers: Implications for tobacco regulatory science policy.

Abstract The present paper describes the general knowledge of smoking and nicotine among a sample of current smokers living with HIV ( n = 271) who were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Descriptive statistics were used to report sociodemographic and smoking characteristics, as well as knowledge about smoking and nicotine. The sample was comprised of relatively light smokers, both in terms of cigarettes per day ( M = 8.1, SD = 9.7) and dependence (67.5% had low dependence according to the Heaviness of Smoking Index). The majority of participants correctly identified smoking as being a potential cause of various smoking-related conditions and correctly identified constituents in cigarette smoke. However, a majority of participants also misattributed nicotine as being a potential cause of smoking-related illness. Accurate knowledge about nicotine was low. These misperceptions are of particular concern for vulnerable populations, such as persons living with HIV, who are disproportionately burdened by the prevalence of smoking and associated morbidities and mortality. These misperceptions could have unintended consequences in the wake of a potential nicotine reduction policy, such that reduced nicotine content products are perceived as safer than normal nicotine content products currently available for sale. Additionally, incorrect knowledge about nicotine has implications for the uptake and continued use of nicotine replacement therapy.
Evaluation of new materials for D.C. motors and generators

The large number of insulation materials now available and the increasing rate at which new materials are being introduced make it more and more difficult for an insulation engineer to stay abreast of his field. The overly enthusiastic and optimistic claims made by some manufacturers and vendors, many of whom are applying classifications and designations to materials and systems where tests to establish such designations have not yet even been formulated, make it essential that screening and evaluation tests be an integral part of any acceptance or use proposal.
Disrupting Colonial Narratives in the Curriculum.

Within the field of critical education studies, scholars argue that social studies curriculum should address colonialism. This article presents a single case study of an eighth grade social studies...
Hydrocolloid dressings in paediatric wound care

An overview of the use of hydrocolloid dressings in the care of children's acute and chronic wounds.
FDG-PET imaging in the management of patients with mantle cell lymphoma

1678 Objectives: Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive type of Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma with a tendency for extra nodal spread. The role of FDG-PET imaging in the management of patients with the more common types of lymphoma has been well studied. However there is limited information on the utility of PET imaging in Mantle cell lymphoma. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FDG PET imaging in mantle cell lymphoma. Methods: FDG-PET images of 23 cases of Mantle cell lymphoma ( age 33-74, males 15, females 8) that presented to our center for evaluation were reviewed. The PET findings were compared with the findings on CT/MRI. The image findings were correlated with histopathology and clinical follow up. All cases had their PET and conventional scans performed in close proximity within an interval 2-4 weeks. 16 patients had both pre and post therapy PET and CT scans available. Results: Of the 23 cases PET detected lesions in 21 (91%). CT/MRI findings were available in 22 cases of which 20 were positive (90%). Among the 22 cases that had both PET and CT/MRI, PET detected nodal involvement in 17 where as CT/MRI in only 13 cases. PET also detected more cases that had nodal involvement on both sides of diaphragm (8 v/s 6) compared to CT. With respect to extra nodal involvement PET detected more cases of spleen involvement than CT/MRI (7 v/s 3). Bowel involvement was detected by PET in 5 cases v/s 6 in case of conventional imaging. PET also detected 3 cases of marrow involvement where biopsy was negative. With respect to post therapy outcome, 8 cases showed complete resolution, 5 partial resolution and 3 no resolution on post therapy PET where as only 5 showed complete resolution and 8 showed partial resolution on post therapy CT. Patients with complete resolution on post therapy PET had a median disease free survival of 24 months. Conclusions: FDG-PET Imaging is comparable to CT/ MR in diagnostic sensitivity in patients with Mantle cell lymphoma. However PET detected more cases of spleen and marrow involvement. Complete resolution of uptake in post therapy PET is predictive of favorable disease free survival in these patients.
Recursive non-local means filter for video denoising with Poisson-Gaussian noise

In this paper, we describe a new recursive Non-Local means (RNLM) algorithm for video denoising that has been developed by the current authors. Furthermore, we extend this work by incorporating a Poisson-Gaussian noise model. Our new RNLM method provides a computationally efficient means for video denoising, and yields improved performance compared with the single frame NLM and BM3D benchmarks methods. Non-Local means (NLM) based methods of denoising have been applied successfully in various image and video sequence denoising applications. However, direct extension of this method from 2D to 3D for video processing can be computationally demanding. The RNLM approach takes advantage of recursion for computational savings, and spatio-temporal correlations for improved performance. In our approach, the first frame is processed with single frame NLM. Subsequent frames are estimated using a weighted combination of the current frame NLM, and the previous frame estimate. Block matching registration with the prior estimate is done for each current pixel estimate to maximize the temporal correlation. To address the Poisson-Gaussian noise model, we make use of the Anscombe transformation prior to filtering to stabilize the noise variance. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. We show that the new method outperforms single frame NLM and BM3D.
IP-Intensive Manufacturing Industries: Driving U.S. Economic Growth

Recent R&D and economic data across industries once again confirm the crucial role of innovation on long-term economic productivity and growth. IP-intensive industries outperformed non-IP intensive industries across key economic measures. Workers in innovative industries disproportionately create more economic value and earn higher wages than their counterparts in other manufacturing industries. IP-intensive industries cut less jobs during the economic downturn and added more jobs during the economic recovery than their counterparts non-IP-intensive industries. Given intellectual property (IP) rights and protections foster innovation, public policies should focus on ensuring robust IP rights and protections.
Genetic Variation in MAP3K1 Associates with Ventilator-Free Days in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) regulates numerous intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. We hypothesized that genetic variation in MAP3K...
Non-equilibrium pair interactions in colloidal dispersions

We study non-equilibrium pair interactions between microscopic particles moving through a model shear-thinning fluid. Prior efforts to model pair interactions in non-Newtonian fluids have largely focused on constitutive models derived from polymer-chain kinetic theories focusing on conformational degrees of freedom, but neglecting the details of microstructural evolution beyond a single polymer length scale. To elucidate the role of strong structural distortion in mediating pair interactions in Brownian suspensions, we formulate and solve a Smoluchowski equation describing the detailed evolution of the particle configuration between and around a pair of microscopic probes driven at fixed velocity by an external force through a colloidal dispersion. To facilitate analysis, we choose a model system of Brownian hard spheres that do not interact hydrodynamically; while simple, this ‘freely draining’ model permits insight into connections between microstructure and rheology. The flow induces a non-equilibrium particle density gradient that gives rise to both viscous drag and an interactive force between the probes. The drag force acts to slow the centre-of-mass velocity of the pair, while the interactive force arising from osmotic pressure gradients can lead to attraction or repulsion, as well as deterministic reorientation of the probes relative to the external force. The degree to which the microstructure is distorted, and the shape of that distortion, depend on the arrangement of the probes relative to one another and their orientation to the driving force. It also depends on the magnitude of probe velocity relative to the Brownian velocity of the suspension. When only thermal fluctuations set probe velocity, the equilibrium depletion attraction is recovered. For weak forcing, long-ranged interactions mediated via the bath-particle flux give rise to entropic forces on the probes. The linear response is a viscous drag that slows forward motion; only the weakly nonlinear response can produce relative motion–attraction, repulsion or reorientation of the probes. We derive entropic coupling tensors, similar in ethos to pair hydrodynamic tensors, to describe this behaviour. The structural symmetry that permits this analogy is lost when forcing becomes strong, revealing instabilities in system behaviour. Far from equilibrium, the interactive force depends explicitly on the initial probe separation, orientation and strength of forcing; widely spaced probes interact through the distorted microstructure, whereas the behaviour of closely spaced probes is largely set by excluded-volume effects. In this regime, a pair of closely spaced probes sedimenting side-by-side tend to attract and reorient to permit alignment of their line-of-centres with the flow, while widely spaced probes fall without reorienting. Our results show qualitative agreement with experimental observations and provide a potential connection to the observed column instability in shear-thinning fluids.
Giving predators a wide berth: quantifying behavioral predator shadows in colonizing aquatic beetles

The perceived quality of habitat patches in complex landscapes is highly context dependent. Characteristics of neighboring patches in such complex landscapes can influence perceived habitat quality, altering colonization dynamics and community structure. Spatial contagion of predation risk across patches has been observed over smaller spatial scales in aquatic systems. Naturally colonizing aquatic beetles were used to examine the spatial dynamics of risk contagion by quantifying the size of predator shadows around fish patches across spatial scales potentially involving numerous patches in natural landscapes. These consisted of fish free, replicate experimental mesocosm arrays radiating from larger central mesocosms containing fish, and allowed examination of the effect of distance to fish on beetle abundance, rarified species richness, and variation in species responses. Overall, beetles avoided pools closer to fish, but species varied in colonization pattern, resulting in species-specific predator shadows and potential behavioral species sorting. The spatial and phylogenetic extent of contagion and other context-dependent effects has implications for the role of complex behavior in the dynamics of communities and metacommunities.
Complex gastroschisis: Clinical spectrum and neonatal outcomes at a referral center.

Abstract Aim of the study To evaluate the outcomes of neonates with complex gastroschisis (GC), and correlate outcomes with each type of complication. Methods Retrospective review of patients with complex GC owing to prenatal and/or postnatal abdominal complications; 2008–2016. Primary outcomes: time to discontinue parenteral nutrition (off-PN), length of stay (LOS) and neonatal survival. Main results We treated 58 patients with complex gastroschisis owing to abdominal complications, which were: intestinal necrosis at birth (n=9), intestinal atresia (n=16), medical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (n=15), surgical NEC (n=1), in utero volvulus (n=1), vanishing gastroschisis (n=2), severe intestinal dysmotility (n=1), delayed abdominal closure (n=3), abdominal compartment syndrome (n=2) and hiatal hernia/severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; n=11). The off-PN time and LOS of the whole group were 92 (35–255) and 119 (42–282) days, significantly longer than those of a demographically equivalent contemporaneous series of 125 patients with uncomplicated gastroschisis (off-PN 32 [12–105] days [ p p Conclusion Gastroschisis can be complicated by a wide variety of prenatal and postnatal events. The most severe outcomes occur in patients with bowel necrosis at birth, intestinal atresias, or vanishing gastroschisis. Complications, however, did not affect neonatal survival in our experience. Level of evidence III.
Experiments on Swept-Wing Boundary Layers

Three-dimensional boundary-layer experiments are currently being conducted on a 45° swept wing in the Arizona State University Unsteady Wind Tunnel. Crossflow-dominated transition is produced via a model with contoured end liners to simulate infinite swept-wing flow. Fixed-wavelength stationary and travelling crossflow vortices are observed. The stationary vortex wavelengths vary with Reynolds number as predicted by linear-stability theory but with observed wavelengths which are about 25 percent smaller than theoretically predicted. The frequencies of the most amplified moving waves are in agreement with linear-stability theory; however, travelling waves at higher frequencies than predicted are also observed. These higher-frequency waves may be harmonics of the primary crossflow waves generated by a parametric resonance phenomena. Boundary-layer profiles measured at several spanwise locations show streamwise disturbance profiles characteristic of the crossflow instability. Near the transition location severe distortions of the laminar boundary-layer profiles are observed. Both mean and disturbance-profile measurements are compared to theoretical predictions.
Using categories to provide context for full-text retrieval results

We address some issues relating to display of results of passage retrieval from full-text collections. We claim that displaying query results in terms of inter-document similarity is inappropriate with long texts, and suggest instead assigning categories that correspond to documents' main topics. We argue that main topics of long texts should be represented by multiple categories, since in many cases one category cannot adequately classify a text. We describe a new automatic categorization algorithm that does not require pre-labeled texts and a prototype browsing interface that presents a simple mechanism for displaying multi-dimensional information.
Logistical, technical and clinical aspects of remote PET/CT interpretation

2374 Objectives 1. To present all the elements indispensable to make the remote PET/CT interpretation fully operational, 2. To present the end-results of this enterprise, and 3. To highlight the positives points, hurdles and limitations of such a system so improvement could be made for future similar efforts. Methods F-18 FDG PET/CT is crucial for the oncologic staging, re-staging and post-therapeutic monitoring. The remote interpretation of this functional imaging modality aims to provide a timely expert-quality diagnosis of a tertiary medical center to a remote institution with its own cancer patients being able to avoid time-consuming travelling hassle and still benefit from familiar local care environment. This exhibit presents the Mayo Clinic Arizona 20-month experience of remote PET/CT interpretation of more than 800 exams for a medical center located about 170 miles away. All the logistical, technical and interpretative aspects of this service are reviewed with critical analysis of the end-results, advantages and hurdles for the protagonists of such an enterprise. Results Comparing to prior delayed results from local services, the majority of the PET/CT exams were read by Mayo Clinic experts and their reports faxed to the receiving center on the same day of the imaging. All selected pertinent PET/CT findings were captured on images and sent back to the receiving center PACS system on the same day. All urgent findings with potential impact on the patient’s care were timely communicated and discussed with the referring clinicians. Conclusions The remote medical center, its referring clinicians and patients benefit from this at-distance enterprise due to rapid expert interpretation and timely communication of the results
Neuronal Ion Channels

Effects of ethanol on ion channels were last reviewed in this series in 1987; since that time our understanding of ion channel function has advanced markedly and this explosion of knowledge has also strongly influenced studies of ethanol actions. In particular, it is now clear that there are many subtypes of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels and that the ethanol sensitivity of these channels is subtype dependent. Among the ligand-gated ion channels, the glutamate-activated channels, particularly the NMDA subtypes, are inhibited by low concentrations of ethanol. In contrast, function of 5-HT3- and some GABA-activated channels is enhanced by acute ethanol exposure. In addition, certain voltage-dependent calcium channels are potently inhibited by ethanol. With chronic exposure, there are often compensatory changes in ion channel function that may play a role in tolerance or dependence. Genetic approaches, both classical and molecular, have proven powerful in understanding the role of ion channels in ethanol actions and are likely to figure prominently in future research in this area.
Selection of Fitting Model and Arterial Input Function for Repeatability in Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Prostate MRI.

Rationale and Objectives Analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging is notable for the variability of calculated parameters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of measurement variability and error/variability due to modeling in DCE magnetic resonance imaging parameters. Materials and Methods Two prostate DCE scans were performed on 11 treatment-naive patients with suspected or confirmed prostate peripheral zone cancer within an interval of less than two weeks. Tumor-suspicious and normal-appearing regions of interest (ROI) in the prostate peripheral zone were segmented. Different Tofts-Kety based models and different arterial input functions, with and without bolus arrival time (BAT) correction, were used to extract pharmacokinetic parameters. The percent repeatability coefficient (%RC) of fitted model parameters Ktrans, ve, and kep was calculated. Paired t-tests comparing parameters in tumor-suspicious ROIs and in normal-appearing tissue evaluated each parameter's sensitivity to pathology. Results Although goodness-of-fit criteria favored the four-parameter extended Tofts-Kety model with the BAT correction included, the simplest two-parameter Tofts-Kety model overall yielded the best repeatability scores. The best %RC in the tumor-suspicious ROI was 63% for kep, 28% for ve, and 83% for Ktrans . The best p values for discrimination between tissues were p Conclusion The parameter kep, using an arterial input functions directly measured from blood signals, was more repeatable than Ktrans. Both Ktrans and kep values were highly discriminatory between healthy and diseased tissues in all cases. The parameter ve had high repeatability but could not distinguish the two tissue types.
Loss of amyloid precursor protein exacerbates early inflammation in Niemann-Pick disease type C.

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that results in early fatality. NPC is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern from mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 genes. The etiology of NPC is poorly defined. In that regard, neuroinflammation occurs early in the disease and we have recently unveiled an atypical pattern of interferon signaling in pre-symptomatic Npc1−/− mice, with microglial activation, anti-viral response, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and activation and chemotaxis of T lymphocytes as the key affected pathologic pathways. Furthermore, IP-10/CXCL10, a potent IFN-γ-responsive cytokine, was identified as the potential mediator of these early inflammatory abnormalities. Here, we asked whether this aberrant signaling may be exacerbated by the loss of amyloid precursor protein (APP) function, a loss known to shorten lifespan and accelerate neurodegeneration in Npc1−/− mice. We carried out genome-wide comparative transcriptome analyses of pre-symptomatic Npc1+/+/App+/+, Npc1−/−/App+/+, Npc1+/+/App−/−, and Npc1−/−/App−/− mouse cerebella to identify biological pathways in the NPC brain further affected by the loss of APP. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis were utilized for molecular mapping and functional upstream pathway analyses of highly differentially expressed genes. We simultaneously measured the expression of 32 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cerebella from these mice, including those identified in our genome-wide analyses. Finally, we used immunohistochemistry to measure T cell infiltration in the cerebellum. Expression of IFN-γ- and IFN-α-responsive genes in pre-symptomatic Npc1−/−/App−/− cerebella is upregulated compared with Npc1−/−/App+/+ mice, compounding the dysregulation of microglial activation, anti-viral response, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and T-lymphocyte activation and chemotaxis pathways present in the NPC brain. Multiplex protein analysis further showed elevated expression of IP-10/CXCL10, a potent downstream effector of IFN-γ, as well as RANTES/CCL5, eotaxin/CCL11 and IL-10, prior to symptomatic onset in Npc1−/−/App−/− cerebella, compared with Npc1−/−/App+/+mice. In the terminal disease stage, loss of APP caused pleiotropic differential expression of the vast majority of cytokines evaluated. Finally, we present evidence of T cell infiltration in Npc1−/−/App−/− cerebella. Loss of APP exacerbates the pathogenic neuroinflammation that occurs prior to symptomatic onset in the NPC brain. These findings shed new light on the function of APP as a cytoprotective modulator in the CNS, offering potential evidence-based therapies against NPC.
Transportation professionals' visions of transit sexual assault: The problem of deproblematizing beliefs

Abstract This study examines planners’ views of transit sexual assault in two transit systems where sexual assault is widespread, but little action has been taken: TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Bogota and Soacha, Colombia and informal transit in El Alto, Bolivia. In both cases, many planners lack information about transit sexual assault in their city, and the agencies do not systematically measure its frequency. Additionally, planners’ views of transit sexual assault are shaped by five widespread deproblematizing beliefs: (1) victims of sexual assault on transit are often mistaken or lying; (2) groping and sexual rubbing do not seriously harm victims; (3) victims brought the attack on themselves; (4) assault is natural and unchangeable; and (5) planners should not be responsible for addressing sexual assault because they did not create the problem. These beliefs, which were more common among male planners, pose a significant barrier to action because they support an attitude that sexual assault on transit is not a problem to which planners should devote resources; either there is no problem to solve or attempting to solve it is so difficult as to be futile. Additionally, deproblematizing beliefs reduce openness to new data about transit sexual assault. The belief that women are likely to mistake innocent actions for sexual assault renders some planners dismissive of survey data based on the self reports of (ostensibly) unreliable narrators. The results indicate that in the long term, a gender mainstreaming approach that includes training for planners is needed. In the short term, one critical task is to convince reluctant reformers that transit sexual assault is a problem on which planners can and should take action.