cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of carp metmyoglobin unfolding.

Abstract 1. 1. The conformational free energy of carp lateral muscle metmyoglobin at 25°C pH 8 is 9.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol as estimated from isothermal unfolding by both urea and guanidinium chloride. 2. 2. A novel procedure for the simultaneous analysis of acid and guanidinium chloride unfolding data is described. 3. 3. Acid denaturation data suggest that binding of five protons to histidyl residues occurs on unfolding. 4. 4. Correlation of sequences and conformational stabilities of several myoglobins according to the tertiary structure of sperm whale myoglobin suggests an evolutionary turnover of side chain-side chain interactions.
Non-RF wireless helmet-mounted display and two-way audio connectivity using covert free-space optical communications

Providing the warfighter with Head or Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs) while in tracked vehicles provides a means to visually maintain access to systems information while in a high vibration environment. The high vibration and unique environment of military tracked and turreted vehicles impact the ability to distinctly see certain information on an HMD, especially small font size or graphics and information that requires long fixation (staring), rather than a brief or peripheral glance. The military and commercial use of HMDs was compiled from market research, market trends, and user feedback. Lessons learned from previous military and commercial use of HMD products were derived to determine the feasibility of HMDs use in the high vibration and the unique environments of tracked vehicles. The results are summarized into factors that determine HMD features which must be specified for successful implementation.
Medicine's symbolic reality

Modern socio‐cultural studies of medicine demonstrate the symbolic character of much of medical reality. This symbolic reality can be appreciated as mediating the traditional division of medicine into biophysical and human sciences. Comparative studies of medical systems offer a general model for medicine as a human science. These studies document that medicine, from an historical and cross‐cultural perspective, is constituted as a cultural system in which symbolic meanings take an active part in disease formation, the classification and cognitive management of illness, and in therapy. Medicine's symbolic reality also forms a bridge between cultural and psychophysiological phenomena; the basis for psychosomatic and socioso‐matic pathology and therapy. This in turn becomes a central problem for medical theory and for a philosophical reinvestigation of medicine.
Liquid helium-II counterflow in a tube packed with angular particles and application as a superfluid pump

Abstract Observations are reported on the operation of a recirculating superfluid 4 He pump capable of driving a stable superfluid flow from subcritical continuously through a wide range of chemical potential head, ranging from very small to moderately large. The pump consists of a superfluid path shunting a thermal counterflow tube. The latter is packed with coarse angular particles, which generate quantized vorticity at a low and reproducible superfluid velocity in the tube, and so improve control of the superfluid flux in the shunt. We have made a limited study of the tube characteristic for conditions other than pure counterflow as a basis for analyzing the pump operation. Applied to a study of the onset of dissipation in an external sample, this pump has proved convinient and free of long relaxation times. Some precautions must be taken in matching the counterflow tube to the sample, to avoid regions of possible instability.
Overview of monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance.

Summary Among the B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the humoral counterpart to monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. This review introduces the papers from the section devoted to MGUS at the International Workshop entitled ‘Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: environmental and genetic risk factors.’
Formation, stability, and mobility of self-trapped excitations in NaI and NaI 1-x Tl x from first principles

We study the formation, mobility, and stability of self-trapped excitons (STE) and self-trapped holes and electrons in NaI and NaI(Tl) using embedded cluster hybrid density functional theory calculations. This method employs an array of classical charges to provide an environment simulating the interior of an ionic solid in which the electronic structure of a modestly sized quantum-mechanical cluster is computed including nonlocal exchange effects which are necessary to describe localized excitations in NaI. In contrast with previous models, we find that both carriers in pure NaI have similar mobilities, with an activation energy of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2$ eV. We propose an alternate interpretation including a new migration mechanism for the STE. In Tl-doped material excitons preferentially trap at dopants, inducing off-center distortions that have a structure unlike an STE and provide a mechanism for light emission at multiple wavelengths.
Development and evaluation of antithrombogenic centrifugal pump : the Baylor C-Gyro Pump eccentric inlet port model

The Baylor C-Gyro Pump Eccentric Inlet Port Models (C1E) have been developed aiming for a long-term centrifugal ventricular assist device (VAD) as well as a cardiopulmonary bypass pump. The eccentric inlet port models are characterized by their unique inlet port and secondary impeller vanes. An inlet female pivot bearing, which was fixed to a supporting bar in the prototype model, is directly embedded into the ceiling of the pump casing. An inlet port is then placed off-center to avoid the bearing area, and it is angled between 0 to 90 degrees from the upright position. In addition, small secondary vanes were incorporated into the impeller bottom to accelerate the washout flow behind the impeller. These features attained design objectives proposed for higher antithrombogenicity: a seal-less pump chamber, no stationary parts in the blood path, and acceleration of the secondary flow behind the impeller. The first in vivo experiment using C1E pumps showed excellent antithrombogenicity for up to 18 days when the experiment ceased due to severe infection in the calf.
Plate-clearing technique to screen mixed microbial populations for protein degraders.

Abstract A plate-clearing assay was developed to screen for protein-degrading microorganisms from soil and activated sludge. An insoluble protein, with a substrate-bound dye (Azocoll ® ) was incorporated into a nutrient agar medium. Microbial enzymatic attack on the substrate produced zones of clearing around colonies with proteolytic capability.
Solute distribution around a coherent precipitate in a multicomponent alloy

The open system elastic constants for a multicomponent alloy are derived and used to determine the equilibrium solute concentration profile surrounding an isolated coherent M2C carbide precipitate with a transformation strain with three unequal eigenstrains in an elastically anisotropic AF1410 steel. The open system bulk modulus was found to vary with stress in this alloy, indicating that the chemical thermodynamics of AF1410 in an open system can result in the material becoming nonlinearly elastic. However, the open system shear moduli are identical to their usual constant composition values as a result of the cubic symmetry of the solute expansion tensor. We find that the nonuniform stress field surrounding the misfitting precipitate will induce significant nonuniformities in the concentration of the chemical components in this alloy. At certain positions in the matrix, the change in the concentration of Cr and Mo due to the elastic stresses, relative to their average concentrations in the alloy, can be as large as 100 to 250 pct. Although the solute redistribution reduces the matrix effective bulk modulus by 12 pct, the coherent carbide elastic self-energy is reduced by only 0.45 pct, reflecting a large contribution of shear distortions to the elastic self-energy, which are relatively unaffected by the dilating solutes.
The Clinician's Perspective on Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema

Respondents at an interactive symposium on pleural space infections (n = 339) at the 1991 American College of Chest Physicians Annual Scientific Assembly recorded their personal management preferences for hypothetical patients with empyema. The group's preference was to treat pleural sepsis from an anaerobic multiloculated empyema by pleural decortication (49 percent); however, open thoracotomy with directed chest tube placement (22 percent), chest tube placement with intrapleural streptokinase (14 percent), placement of a single chest tube into the largest pleural loculus (8 percent), and placement of multiple small-bore catheters with computed tomographic guidance (7 percent) all had proponents. In the case of a multiloculated empyema not completely drained by a first chest tube in a nontoxic patient, the preference was drainage by a second chest tube, either a small-bore (42 percent) or a large-bore (36 percent) tube. The heterogeneity of responses suggests that prospective trials comparing treatment modalities are needed.
Misiones del racionalismo: Rosario de Acuña en la prensa librepensadora

Rosario de Acuna’s articles and essays in the freethinking press illustrate her radical and heterodox writing and criticism of Catholicism. The writer supported the free-thinking cause and stressed that women should actively participate in the debate. The gender perspective connects the two main intellectual concerns of this writer who believed that the emancipation of women and religious liberty were the two burning issues of the age. Acuna wrote numerous essays and articles that actively defended the need to remove barriers between sexes in order to aspire to an ideal of equality and fraternity.
Hepatic Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity Is Decreased by Ethanol and Increased by Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase participates in the synthesis of membrane phosphatidylcholine. Its activity was reported to be decreased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, but it is not known whether this is a consequence of the cirrhosis or precedes it. This question was studied in a baboon model of alcohol-induced fibrosis. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity was measured in sequential percutaneous needle liver biopsies by the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, using radioactive S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. Chronic alcohol consumption (1–6 years) significantly decreased hepatic phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine levels and reduced phosphatidyl-ethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity even before the development of fibrosis. These effects were prevented or attenuated by supplementing the diet with 2.8 g/1000 kcal of a preparation rich in dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, a highly bioavailable phosphatidylcholine species. There were significant (p < 0.001) correlations between phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity and both hepatic phosphatidylcholine (r= 0.678) and total phospholipid (r= 0.662). Conclusions: 1 Alcohol consumption diminishes phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity prior to the development of cirrhosis and decreases the hepatic content of its product, namely phosphatidylcholine, a key component of cell membranes. This may promote hepatic injury and possibly trigger fibrosis. 2 Phosphatidylcholine administration ameliorates the ethanol-induced decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity and corrects phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine depletions, thereby possibly contributing to the protection against alcoholic liver injury.
Diazepam-induced NaCl solution intake: Independence from renal factors1

Rehydrating rats injected with diazepam (8 mg/kg, SC) increased their intake of 2.0% NaCl solution. Neither bilateral nephrectomy nor bilateral ureter ligation interfered with the increased NaCl solution ingestion produced by diazepam. It is concluded that the increased intake of the NaCl solution is not secondary to renal water-electrolyte losses nor dependent upon intact renal benzodiazepine receptors.
0436 Is the future in epigenetics

Objectives Is the future in epigenetics? Epigenetics investigates heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, can change genome function under exogenous influence. Results obtained from animal models indicate that in utero or early-life environmental exposures produce effects that can be inherited transgenerationally and are accompanied by epigenetic alterations. The search for human equivalents of the epigenetic mechanisms identified in animal models is in progress. I will present evidence from human environmental and occupational studies indicating that epigenetic alterations may mediate effects caused by toxic exposures. In these investigations, we have shown that exposures, including air pollution, lead, arsenic, nickel, and PAHs, are associated with altered methylation of human repetitive elements or genes. In recent preliminary studies, we have shown alterations of histone modifications and miRNAs in subjects exposed to metal-rich airborne particles. I will present original data demonstrating that altered DNA methylation in blood and other tissues is associated with potentially related disease, such as cardiovascular disease and asthma. On the basis of current evidence, I will propose possible models for the interplay between toxicants and the human epigenome. Method Please see above. Results Please see above. Conclusions Please see above.
Psychological birth trauma in adolescents experiencing an early birth.

PURPOSE To explore and compare associations among demographics, childbirth-related stressors, depressive symptoms, gestational age, and psychological birth trauma (PBT) among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : This cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative study compared two groups of adolescents for PBT. From a larger study dataset, we identified all adolescents delivering prior to 38 weeks (n = 30) and randomly selected 30 adolescents delivering between 38 and 42 weeks gestation for comparison. PBT was defined via birth appraisal, assessed by a one-item rating scale, and trauma impact, assessed via the Impact of Event Scale. Surveys, including the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, were completed within 72 hours of birth. We used frequencies and percentages to describe the sample and Chi square, Spearman Rank-Order Correlation, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation to determine relationships between variables. Chi square and ANOVA statistical tests determined group differences. RESULTS Adolescents were primarily Latina, single, primigravidas, and over 16 years of age. Adolescents delivering before 38 weeks experiencing cesarean births reported symptoms of depression and were highest risk for PBT. Additionally adolescents delivering before 38 weeks reported lack of pain control and unsupportive caregivers in labor. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Healthcare professionals cognizant of the potential risk factors for PBT can help vulnerable adolescents through caregiver support, adequate pain control in labor, education, and screening and treatment of depressive symptoms. Follow-up postdischarge, especially for high-risk adolescents, should be arranged to monitor for continued, delayed, or remitting symptoms of depression and PBT.
Induction of metallothionein in rat tissues following subchronic exposure to mercury shown by radioimmunoassay.

Although the analysis of metallothionein (MT) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) is not a common technique, its use is preferred over other methods since it offers the advantages of sensitivity and specificity. In this paper we present data on the basal levels of MT in rat tissues and physiological fluids of female Sprague-Dawley rats. The mean basal MT concentrations of the following organs and fluids were determined by RIA to be: liver (9.8 μg/g), kidney (68 μ/g), brain (0.8 μg/g), spleen (1.0 μg/g), heart (5.4 μg/g), plasma (11 ng/ml), and urine (200–300 μg/g creatinine). Following subcutaneous exposure to inorganic mercury (0.2 μmol/kg/d, 5 d a week for up to 4 wk), the metal accumulated primarily in the kidney. There was also a simultaneous accumulation of zinc in the liver and of zinc and copper in the kidney. Induction of MT did take place in liver, kidney, brain, and spleen. No increases in the MT contents of blood and urine were noted. The excess zinc and copper in the kidney of exposed animals were found to be associated predominantly with MT. No overt signs of mercury toxicity were noted in these animals and the incidence of proteinurea was nil. The data are discussed with reference to methods of MT determination in animal tissues and in relation to mercury metabolism and toxicity.
Effects of watershed-scale land use change on stream nitrate concentrations.

The Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project was conducted from 1995 through 2005 to evaluate the response of stream nitrate concentrations to changing land use patterns in paired 5000-ha Iowa watersheds. A large portion of the Walnut Creek watershed is being converted from row crop agriculture to native prairie and savanna by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR). Before restoration, land use in both Walnut Creek (treatment) and Squaw Creek (control) watersheds consisted of 70% row crops. Between 1990 and 2005, row crop area decreased 25.4% in Walnut Creek due to prairie restoration but increased 9.2% in Squaw Creek due to Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland conversion back to row crop. Nitrate concentrations ranged between <0.5 to 14 mg L -1 at the Walnut Creek outlet and 2.1 to 15 mg L -1 at the downstream Squaw Creek outlet. Nitrate concentrations decreased 1.2 mg L -1 over 10 yr in the Walnut Creek watershed but increased 1.9 mg L -1 over 10 yr in Squaw Creek. Changes in nitrate were easier to detect and more pronounced in monitored subbasins, decreasing 1.2 to 3.4 mg L -1 in three Walnut Creek subbasins, but increasing up to 8.0 and 11.6 mg L -1 in 10 yr in two Squaw Creek subbasins. Converting row crop lands to grass reduced stream nitrate levels over time in Walnut Creek, but stream nitrate rapidly increased in Squaw Creek when CRP grasslands were converted back to row crop. Study results highlight the close association of stream nitrate to land use change and emphasize that grasslands or other perennial vegetation placed in agricultural settings should be part of a long-term solution to water quality problems.
Calcium-rich brines and other hydrothermal fluids in fluid inclusions from plutonic rocks, Oceanographer Transform, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Fluid inclusions in metagabbro, plagiogranite, and epidosite from the Oceanographer Transform, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, were investigated using microthermometric measurements and laser Raman spectroscopy. Inclusions in quartz reveal the presence of a high-salinity (average 40 wt% NaCl + CaCl 2 ), high-temperature (>340°C), calcium-rich (Na:Ca about 1, by weight) fluid in metagabbro and plagiogranite. At room temperature these fluids bear a halite daughter crystal, and may also contain small crystals of calcite, titanite, and hematite. A low-density, vapor-rich fluid bearing a small amount of CO 2 is closely associated with the briney fluids in one sample. All samples contain a population of high-temperature (150 to 400°C) aqueous liquid-dominated fluid inclusions, commonly of secondary origin, having seawaterlike salinity (3 to 8 wt% NaCl equivalent). We conclude that the calcium-rich brines are produced by a combination of two processes: fluid phase separation and segregation of brines from vapor prior to trapping to generate the high salinities, and extensive fluid-mafic rock interaction at low water:rock ratio to promote the calcium enrichment. Later introduction along microfractures of low-salinity, modified seawater at high water:rock ratio is recorded by the secondary fluid inclusions. The chemical complexity and association with CO 2 may indicate that there is a magmatic component to the brines in addition to a seawater source. Differences between the Oceanographer Transform brines and those reported in previous studies of oceanic and ophiolite samples are attributed to variations in the degree of water:rock interaction, the host rock lithology, and the influence of a magmatic fluid component.
Observability analysis of systems containing phasor measurements

Classical observability analysis methods that are based on decoupled network equations cannot be directly applied to systems containing voltage and current phasor measurements, since the equations can no longer be decoupled when current phasor measurements are present. Moreover, conventional voltage magnitude measurements are commonly disregarded in conventional observability analysis methods. This paper proposes a method to incorporate phasor measurements as well as voltage magnitude measurements in observability analysis.
Neuropsychological sequelae of carbon monoxide toxicity at eleven-year follow-up

Abstract This is a case study of a man who experienced accidental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and who developed neurological sequelae which led to his psychiatric hospitalization 4 years later. Skull x-rays, EEG, brain scan, and CT scan were all within normal limits at the time of hospitalization, but the patient demonstrated moderate intellectual impairment, including marked visual/spatial deficits, as well as other neuropsychological difficulties. A follow-up evaluation 11 years after the poisoning indicated moderate improvement, however, the visual/spatial deficits were relatively unimproved. The authors concluded that it is important to evaluate the cognitive impairment of CO victims over time: that the apparent diffuse neurological impairment of these patients may, in reality, be a stable and discrete pattern of neurological impairment; and that CO victims who appear to have “totally recovered”; may, to the contrary, have lingering neurological impairments which are not immediately obvious without...
Electrical characterization of LiTaO3:P(VDF–TrFE) composites

Composites of pyroelectric ceramics and polymers are very important as their unique features and properties can be easily tailored for various specific applications. Lithium tantalatum oxide (LiTaO3, LT), the pyroelectric ceramic powder has been incorporated into a polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene [P(VDF–TrFE) 70/30 mol%] copolymer matrix to form 0–3 composites. The composite films were prepared using ‘solvent casting’ (SC) method to disperse the ceramic powder homogeneously in the P(VDF–TrFE) copolymer matrix with various wt% of LT powder. In order to derive high pyroelectric performance, the samples were poled. Electric properties, such as the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and pyroelectric coefficient, have been measured as a function of temperature and frequency. In addition, material figures-of-merit, very important factors for assessing many sensor applications have also been calculated. The results show that the fabricated lead free lithium tantalite: P(VDF–TrFE) composite materials have a good potential for pyroelectric infrared sensor applications.
Enhancing the Oral Bioavailability of the Poorly Soluble Drug Dicumarol with a Bioadhesive Polymer

This article investigates the effect of particle size and the incorporation of a bioadhesive polymer, poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride p(FA:SA), on the relative bioavailability of dicumarol. A novel method was used to reduce particle size of the drug, and encapsulated formulations were fabricated using a phase inversion technique to produce nanospheres and microspheres with varying size. Groups of Yorkshire swine were catheterized and gavaged after fasting for 12 h with each formulation in a 50 mg/mL suspension. Blood was collected at different time points, from 0 to 96 h, and pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that formulations incorporating the smaller drug particles showed the highest bioavailability: micronized drug with 7% p(FA:SA) 17:83 polymer had 190% relative bioavailability, and phase inverted p(FA:SA) 17:83 microspheres with 31% (w/w) loading had 198% relative bioavailability to spray dried formulation. Formulations with larger drug particles achieved 71% relative bioavailability. A nonadhesive formulation, fabricated with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), showed 91% relative bioavailability. Both particle size and polymer composition play a role in oral absorption of dicumarol.
Tensor biometrics for changes in cranial shape.

SummaryD'Arcy Thompson's method of Cartesian transformations can be adapted to the biometric study of group differences and trends in shape. The key to this extension is the symmetric tensor, a mathematical representation of the linear deformation taking one triangle onto another. These tensors may easily be computed from data that come in the form of Cartesian coordinates of homologous landmarks, such as are customary in roentgenographic cephalometrics. This article shows how the tensors make possible the rigorous statistical analysis of populations of shapes without requiring the specification of particular shape measures in advance. Instead, the findings of a study include the extraction of particular shape measures most clearly manifesting the group difference or treatment effect under study. Only conventional multivariate statistical techniques, such as Hotelling's T2, are involved. Configurations of many landmarks can be analysed via the display of their mean difference as a biorthogonal grid pair, ...
Highly versatile fiber-based optical Fabry-Pérot gas sensor.

We develop a versatile, compact, and sensitive fiber-based optical Fabry-Perot (FP) gas sensor. The sensor probe is composed of a silver layer and a vapor-sensitive polymer layer that are sequentially deposited on the cleaved fiber endface, thus forming an FP cavity. The interference spectrum resulting from the reflected light at the silver-polymer and polymer-air interfaces changes when the polymer is exposed to gas analytes. This structure enables using any polymer regardless of the polymer refractive index (RI), which significantly enhances the sensor versatility. In experiments, we use polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 (RI=1.465-1.469) and Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) 81 (RI=1.53-1.56) as the gas sensing polymer and show drastically different sensor response to hexanol, methanol, and acetone. The estimated sensitivity for methanol vapor is 3.5 pm/ppm and 0.1 pm/ppm for PEG 400 and NOA 81, respectively, with a detection limit on the order of 1–10 ppm. Gas sensing for the analytes delivered in both continuous flow mode and pulsed mode is demonstrated.
State employee bargaining legislation

The authors test competing hypotheses drawn from the public versus private interest theories of regulation to determine the status of bargaining rights of state employees. N-chotomous probit is employed to predict legislation which is characterized as an ordinal scale ranging from prohibition to prescribed bargaining. The presence of voter coalitions rather than intent to remedy monopsonistic production inefficiency explains liberal legislation.
Report of Committee on Glaciers, 1937-38

During the past year the Committee lost by resignation one member, R. H. Sargent, but gained another, Professor Wm. S. Cooper of the University of Minnesota, whose ecologic studies of the vegetation in Glacier Bay, southeastern Alaska, have shed new and valuable light on the past fluctuations of the vast glaciers of that unique area. The Committee continues to be represented on the International Glacier Commission by the Chairman, who is titular member for the United States, and by Professor Wm. H. Hobbs, who is associate member. Both are also members of the International Commission of Snow, of which Professor J. E. Church is President.
An experimental survey of the low energy electron scattering spectrum of nitrogen

Electron energy loss spectrum of nitrogen, suggesting atmospheric auroral nitrogen emissions compatibility with low energy electron impact excitation mechanisms
Varieties of Positivism in Western European Political Thought, c. 1945–1970: An Introduction

Summary This article introduces a set of essays examining the state of political thought in the Western European democracies of Britain, France, West Germany, Italy and Sweden in the post-war period between 1945 and 1970. In particular, as well as simply filling a gap, they seek to demonstrate that political theory in this period was more vibrant than has traditionally been maintained. A key part of this argument is that the discipline was less adversely affected by the ascendancy of positivism than historians and political theorists have normally argued, not least because ‘positivism’ was in fact a more diverse and varied phenomenon than is usually recognised. For while some positivists drew on either behaviourist social science of linguistic philosophy to justify their denial that moral and political values could be discussed rationally with reference to theoretical arguments, others argued that it was the perceived success of post-war welfare states or the alleged failure of political ideologies that h...
Seaport development versus environmental preservation: The case of Sears Island, Maine, USA☆

Abstract The expansion or construction of a seaport is often proposed as a means of spurring economic growth in an area, in addition to providing quality facilities for importers and exporters. When there are underlying environmental considerations, the speculative nature of anticipated benefits may invite determined opposition from preservationist groups, or reinforce their objections. This paper examines such a conflict, over the proposed development of a dry cargo and container terminal at Sears Island, in upper Penobscot Bay, Maine, USA.
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE B(e) PHENOMENON. I. DEFINITION OF THE GALACTIC FS CMa STARS

The B[e] phenomenon is defined as the simultaneous presence of low-excitation forbidden line emission and strong infrared excess in the spectra of early-type stars. It was discovered in our Galaxy 30 years ago in the course of the early exploration of the infrared sky and initially identified in 65 Galactic objects, of which nearly half remained unclassified. The phenomenon is associated with objects at different evolutionary stages, ranging from the preYmainsequence to the planetary nebula stage. We review the studies of both the original 65 and subsequently identified Galactic stars with the B[e] phenomenon. A new classification is proposed for stars with the B[e] phenomenon based on the time of dust formation in their environments. Properties of the unclassified Galactic B[e] stars are analyzed. We propose that these objects are binary systems that are currently undergoing or have recently undergone a phase of rapid mass exchange, associated with a strong mass loss and dust formation. A new name, FS CMa stars, and classification criteria are proposed for the unclassified B[e] stars. Subject headingg circumstellar matter — stars: early-type — stars: emission-line, Be
High Rate of Binge-Eating Among Young Adolescents

Abstract The incidence of binge-eating is increasing in the US, with an age of onset often cited as 12-20 years. This study reports the binging practices of 110 adolescents, ages 10-15 years, as related to age, sex, race, self-reported body build, and satisfaction with body build. These data come from a larger study on selected wellness practices of adolescents, using a researcher-generated questionnaire. The sample consists of students from a local school district, with 66% Whites, 23% Blacks, 11% other races/ethnicities, 57% females and 43% males. Fifty-six of the 110 (51%) reported binging at least once in the seven days prior to data collection, representing 54% of the females, and 47% of the males. While the overall rate and the rates by sex are higher than those found in the literature, the particularly high rate for the males is noteworthy. Binging was reported in all age groups, with 86% of the ten-year-olds showing the highest rate, followed by the 11-year-olds with a rate of 65%. Age was statistically negatively correlated with binging (P=.0255). Chi-square analysis of race as a determinant of binging was statistically significant (P=.018), with 73% of Blacks and 44% of Whites reporting the practice. Of those who reported binging, 29% reported a "thin" body build, 55% reported an "average" body build, and 16% reported a "fat" body build. Regarding satisfaction with body build, 55% were satisfied, and 21% were dissatisfied with their body build. While the sample size is small, the results show an alarmingly high rate of binging among this group of adolescents, which is a much higher rate than reported in most studies. Furthermore, the very young age at which the practice is reported is cause for concern. These heuristic findings, particularly for 10 and 11-year-olds, have widespread implications for identification of, intervention in, and prevention of disordered eating in this younger age group.
Micro‐FFF: Theoretical and practical aspects of reducing the dimensions of field‐flow fractionation channels

The value of miniaturizing field-flow fractionation (FFF) channels is examined based on theoretical and experimental evidence. While FFF and chromatography are dynamically similar, the dimension analogous to capillary or particle diameter in chromatography is the Brownian excursion distance (l), a "soft" dimension controlled by field strength and thus subject to significant reduction by increasing the field strength. Optimization of the “hard” channel dimensions (length, breadth, thickness) is a more complex matter involving diverse factors including sample dilution and detectability, clog-free operation, edge effects, relaxation time, compatibility with pump and detector systems, and only in some cases the influence of these dimensions on the achievable l.
Relative growth, survival and harvestability of bighead carp, silver carp, and their reciprocal hybrids

Abstract Growth and survival in the primary rearing phase (42 days) for bighead carp, silver carp, bighead × silver carp (BHC × SC), and silver × bighead carp (SC × BHC) in ponds and concrete tanks stocked at 370 500 fry/ha were studied. Mean survival for fishes in ponds was 93%, that in tanks was 73%. Yields among all fishes averaged 338 kg/ha. The growth rates of fishes in ponds were similar; in tanks, silver carp grew faster than the bighead carp. Growth, survival, and harvestability by seine during the secondary rearing phase (60-day duration) for the same groups of fish were studied. Fingerlings (0.9 g mean weight) were stocked in earthen ponds at 49 400 fish/ha and 98 800 fish/ha. Mean survival of fishes at low stocking rate was 77%, similar to that (71%) for the high stocking rate. Fish yields were similar at the low stocking rate. At the high rate, the BHC × SC yield (846 kg/ha) was greater than the SC × BHC yield (582 kg/ha). The BHC × SC and SC × BHC had greater mean weights at low stocking rate than at high stocking rate. The mean weights for bighead carp were similar at both rates. Bighead carp and the reciprocal hybrids were more easily harvested by seine than silver carp.
Electronic structure and electron dynamics at molecule?metal interfaces: implications for molecule-based electronics

Abstract It is now generally recognized that the contact between a metal electrode and a single, a small group, or a thin film of molecules can play a critical, if not dominant, role in the performance of molecule-based electronics. The central issue is: how does an electron cross a metal–molecule interface? From a theoretical perspective, a quantitative answer to this question consists of three components: energetic alignment, electronic coupling, and dynamic localization due to polarization in nuclear coordinates. These three concepts are not unique to molecular electronics but have long been at the center of chemisorption studies. This account takes an experimentalist's view and discusses concepts of electron transfer/transport at metal–molecule interfaces and their intimate relationships to adsorption and non-adiabatic surface dynamics. Particular attention will be paid to photoemission measurements, including time-resolved two-photon photoemission, in probing energetic alignment, electronic coupling, and dynamic localization at molecule–metal interfaces.
Thermal Tracking-A Rational Approach to Motor Protection

Motors of modern design have less tolerance to overloads than their predecessors. In addition, present-day applications tend to utilize the maximum capability of motors. Induction -motor stator insulation or rotor bars may be severely damaged by over temperature due to repeated starts, locked rotors, cyclic loads and other conditions for which existing overload devices do not provide adequate protection.
The crossed phrenic phenomenon and recovery of function following spinal cord injury

This review will focus on neural plasticity and recovery of respiratory function after spinal cord injury and feature the "crossed phrenic phenomenon" (CPP) as a model for demonstrating such plasticity and recovery. A very brief summary of the earlier literature on the CPP will be followed by a more detailed review of the more recent studies. Two aspects of plasticity associated with the CPP that have been introduced in the literature recently have been spontaneous recovery of ipsilateral hemidiaphragmatic function following chronic spinal cord injury and drug-induced persistent recovery of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm lasting long after animals have been weaned from drug treatment. The underlying mechanisms for this plasticity and resultant recovery will be discussed in this review. Moreover, two new models involving the CPP have been introduced: a mouse model which now provides for an opportunity to study CPP plasticity at a molecular level using a genetic approach and light-stimulated induction of the CPP accomplished by transfecting mammalian cells with channelrhodopsin. Both models provide an opportunity to sort out the intracellular signaling cascades that may be involved in motor recovery in the respiratory system after spinal cord injury. Finally, the review will examine developmental plasticity of the CPP and discuss how the expression of the CPP changes in neonatal rats as they mature to adults. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the spontaneous expression of the crossed phrenic pathway either in the developing animal or after chronic spinal cord injury in the adult animal may provide clues to initiating respiratory recovery sooner to alleviate human suffering and eventually eliminate the leading cause of death in human cases of spinal cord injury.
Explicit constraint approximation forms in structural optimization. Part 2: Numerical experiences

Abstract A numerical study of explicit constraint approximation forms as applied to structural design is presented. Simple forms (SLA, SIA and SHA) and generalized power approximation forms (GPA and GHA) are tested on a set of seven structural problems. A total of 13 test cases is considered to study the effects of different problem parameters (initial designs, linking relationships, etc.) on the design procedure. The effect of tuning parameters on the accuracy and conservativeness of constraints for various approximation forms (GPA and GHA) is also investigated. Results on numerical efficiency are presented as a function of the number of iterations (NOI) required to obtain optimum designs.
Swallowing-Induced Supraventricular Tachycardia

A rare form of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), associated with swallowing solid food, is described. Repeated triggering of the arrhythmia during esophagoscopy was produced by mechanical stimulation of the anterior esophageal wan, 30 cm from the incisors. Treatment with verapamil abolished this tachycardia. Esophagoscopic examination, the first of its kind in flus setting, aided the investigation.
A5: Automated Analysis of Adversarial Android Applications

Mobile malware is growing - both in overall volume and in number of existing variants - at a pace rapid enough that systematic manual, human analysis is becoming increasingly difficult. As a result, there is a pressing need for techniques and tools that provide automated analysis of mobile malware samples. We present A5, an open source automated system to process Android malware. A5 is a hybrid system combining static and dynamic malware analysis techniques. Android's architecture permits many different paths for malware to react to system events, any of which may result in malicious behavior. Key innovations in A5 consist of novel methods of interacting with mobile malware to better coerce malicious behavior, and in combining both virtual and physical pools of Android platforms to capture behavior that could otherwise be missed. The primary output of A5 is a set of network threat indicators and intrusion detection system signatures that can be used to detect and prevent malicious network activity. We detail A5's distributed design and demonstrate applicability of our interaction techniques using examples from real malware. Additionally, we compare A5 with other automated systems and provide performance measurements of an implementation, using a published dataset of 1,260 unique malware samples, showing that A5 can quickly process large amounts of malware. We provide a public web interface to our implementation of A5 that allows third parties to use A5 as a web service.
Fast high-level power estimation for control-flow intensive designs

In this paper, we present a power estimation technique for control-flow intensive designs that is tailored towards driving iterative high-level synthesis systems, where hundreds of architectural trade-offs are explored and compared. Our method is fast and relatively accurate. The algorithm utilizes the behavioral information to extract branch probabilities, and uses these in conjunction with switching activity and circuit capacitance information, to estimate the power consumption of a given architecture. We test our algorithm using a series of experiments, each geared towards measuring a different indicator. The first set of experiments measures the algorithms accuracy when compared to the actual circuit power. The second set of experiments measures the average tracking index, and tracking index fidelity for a series of architectures. This index measures how well the algorithm makes decisions when comparing the relative power consumption of two architectures contending as low-power candidates. Results indicate that our algorithm achieved an average estimation error of 11.8% and an average tracking index of 0.95 over all examples.
Complete fractionation of bacteriochlorophyll and its degradation products.

Abstract 1. 1. With small amounts (approx. 100 mg) of Rhodospirillum rubrum two rapid methods for complete separation of the bacteriochlorophyll and its degradation products are described. 2. 2. Absorption coefficients of the bacteriochlorophyll fractions were calculated from an accurate and sensitive fluorometric analysis of Mg and the physical values were compared with those previously published. 3. 3. Fluorescence, phase test, and HCl numbers studied with each component are presented. 4. 4. After chemical and photo-oxidation, several bands of green pigments and other degradation products were produced. The physical data obtained from the four green pigments were quite similar. The possible sequence of production of these oxidized products is described. The mechanism of oxidation and the chemical structures of the individual products are not known. 5. 5. The fast-migrating gray-green fraction showed a distinguishing γ-band at 280 mμ with less prominent Soret and red bands.
The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs--I. The binding characteristics of immunoglobulins to monoclonal and polyclonal capture antibodies adsorbed on plastic and their detection by symmetrical and asymmetrical antibody-enzyme conjugates.

Radiolabelled bovine IgG1, IgG2, SIgA and IgM and heavy-chain specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to these isotypes were employed as models to investigate immunochemical aspects of sandwich enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs). The titration plots obtained by measuring enzyme activity paralleled those obtained when the binding of radiolabelled immunoglobulins to solid-phase capture antibodies was quantitated. As predicted from the Mass Law, the percentage of labelled immunoglobulin which was bound remained constant over the range in which the sandwich ELISA titration was linear on a log-log plot. Also as predicted from the Mass Law, increasing the solid-phase concn of polyclonal antibodies by affinity purification increased the linear region of the log-log ELISA plot and the corresponding region over which a constant percentage of immunoglobulin binding was observed. When used as capture antibodies adsorbed on plastic at equal concns, the best monoclonal antibodies were 1/8- less than 1/16 as effective as their polyclonal counterparts in binding iodinated bovine immunoglobulins; these differences can be directly interpreted to result from an 8 and greater than 16-fold higher functional, relative affinity of the polyclonal reagents. Steric hindrance was shown to occur when symmetrical sandwich ELISAs, i.e. capture and detection antibody are both heavy-chain specific, are used to measure monomeric but not IgM immunoglobulins. The use of an asymmetrical configuration, i.e. anti-Fab antibody-enzyme conjugates, avoids this problem. Symmetrical conjugates based on the avidin-biotin system, horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase, were less effective than their asymmetrical (anti-Fab) counterparts. Evidence that the lower activity of symmetrical conjugates was due to steric hindrance was illustrated using horseradish peroxidase-antibody conjugates of different sizes. Sandwich assays using affinity-purified, polyclonal solid-phase antibodies and an asymmetrical conjugate were judged to be immunochemically and economically optimal. Using an asymmetrical configuration, the non-linear nature of sandwich ELISA titration plots is the predictable result of changing antibody to antigen ratios in an antibody-limiting system, and not the result of steric hindrance of the detection system.
Federico Garcia Lorca's Yerma: The use of a vitalizing fantasy self-object to survive trauma

Abstract Federico Garcia Lorca, one of the 20th century's greatest playwrights, wrote his masterpiece, Yerma, shortly after feeling betrayed and abandoned by his closest friend Salvador Dali. At the same time, he also wrote a poem entitled “When I was Ten” that captured the pain and loneliness he experienced when his family moved from the country, where he was happy and surrounded by loving and admiring friends and family, to the city, where he was lonely and ridiculed in school for his effeminate manner. This temporal association suggests that Lorca was struggling with the same painful affects in adulthood as he had as a child and that he was employing the same coping mechanism he had developed early in his life, that of creating a fantasy that served as a secondary self-object to repair self-fragmentation caused by a rupture in a crucial primary self-object relationship. Through the creation of a play in which different characters give expression to the wide range of conflicting emotions that resulted f...
Disorder-driven collapse of the mobility gap and transition to an insulator in the fractional quantum Hall effect.

We study the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$ quantum Hall state in the presence of random disorder. We calculate the topologically invariant Chern number, which is the only quantity known at present to distinguish unambiguously between insulating and current carrying states in an interacting system. The mobility gap can be determined numerically this way and is found to agree with experimental value semiquantitatively. As the disorder strength increases towards a critical value, both the mobility gap and plateau width narrow continuously and ultimately collapse, leading to an insulating phase.