cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism-based chemopreventive strategies against etoposide-induced acute myeloid leukemia: free radical/antioxidant approach.

Etoposide (VP-16) is extensively used to treat cancer, yet its efficacy is calamitously associated with an increased risk of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia. The mechanisms for the extremely high susceptibility of myeloid stem cells to the leukemogenic effects of etoposide have not been elucidated. We propose a mechanism to account for the etoposide-induced secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and nutritional strategies to prevent this complication of etoposide therapy. We hypothesize that etoposide phenoxyl radicals (etoposide-O(.)) formed from etoposide by myeloperoxidase are responsible for its genotoxic effects in bone marrow progenitor cells, which contain constitutively high myeloperoxidase activity. Here, we used purified human myeloperoxidase, as well as human leukemia HL60 cells with high myeloperoxidase activity and provide evidence of the following. 1) Etoposide undergoes one-electron oxidation to etoposide-O(.) catalyzed by both purified myeloperoxidase and myeloperoxidase activity in HL60 cells; formation of etoposide-O(.)radicals is completely blocked by myeloperoxidase inhibitors, cyanide and azide. 2) Intracellular reductants, GSH and protein sulfhydryls (but not phospholipids), are involved in myeloperoxidase-catalyzed etoposide redox-cycling that oxidizes endogenous thiols; pretreatment of HL60 cells with a maleimide thiol reagent, ThioGlo1, prevents redox-cycling of etoposide-O(.) radicals and permits their direct electron paramagnetic resonance detection in cell homogenates. VP-16 redox-cycling by purified myeloperoxidase (in the presence of GSH) or by myeloperoxidase activity in HL60 cells is accompanied by generation of thiyl radicals, GS(.), determined by HPLC assay of 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline glytathionyl N-oxide glytathionyl nitrone adducts. 3) Ascorbate directly reduces etoposide-O(.), thus competitively inhibiting etoposide-O(.)-induced thiol oxidation. Ascorbate also diminishes etoposide-induced topo II-DNA complex formation in myeloperoxidase-rich HL60 cells (but not in HL60 cells with myeloperoxidase activity depleted by pretreatment with succinyl acetone). 4) A vitamin E homolog, 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychromane, a hindered phenolic compound whose phenoxyl radicals do not oxidize endogenous thiols, effectively competes with etoposide as a substrate for myeloperoxidase, thus preventing etoposide-O(.)-induced redox-cycling. We conclude that nutritional antioxidant strategies can be targeted at minimizing etoposide conversion to etoposide-O(.), thus minimizing the genotoxic effects of the radicals in bone marrow myelogenous progenitor cells, i.e., chemoprevention of etoposide-induced acute myelogenous leukemia.
Geometric Swimming at Low and High Reynolds Numbers

Several efforts have recently been made to relate the displacement of swimming three-link systems over strokes to geometric quantities of the strokes. In doing so, they provide powerful, intuitive representations of the bounds on a system's locomotion capabilities and the forms of its optimal strokes or gaits. While this approach has been successful for finding net rotations, noncommutativity concerns have prevented it from working for net translations. Our recent results on other locomoting systems have shown that the degree of this noncommutativity is dependent on the coordinates used to describe the problem and that it can be greatly mitigated by an optimal choice of coordinates. Here, we extend the benefits of this optimal-coordinate approach to the analysis of swimming at the extremes of low and high Reynolds numbers.
Ops/Intel interface lessons learned: the integrator's perspective

This paper describes our experiences in integrating and fielding the Operations/Intelligence (Ops/Intel) Interface. The Ops/Intel Interface integrates secure commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology with untrusted applications to produce a trusted Ops/Intel workstation. The Ops/Intel Interface enables the intelligence analyst to bridge the gap between the Sensitive Compartmented Information and Secret environments, and provide more active intelligence support to the warfighter. This paper presents the lessons learned from our integration and fielding of the Ops/Intel Interface for a joint military exercise at the United States Atlantic Command. >
Suppressibility of plasma adrenocorticotropin by hydrocortisone: potential usefulness in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease.

Repeatedly normal cortisol suppressibility by dexamethasone in 2 patients with Cushing's disease led to the present study of the prevalence of this phenomenon in 58 patients with otherwise incontrovertible evidence of Cushing's disease. Because as many as 23% of these patients manifested this phenomenon, we investigated the suppressibility of plasma ACTH: 1) during i.v. infusion of hydrocortisone, after a priming dose (7 mg), at 3 mg/h in 8 patients and 8 normal controls; and 2) for 2 h, after oral hydrocortisone, 0.25 mg/kg, in 13 patients and 16 controls. The data showed invariable suppression of plasma ACTH to < or = 10 pg/mL (< or = 2.2 pmol/L) after 120 min of the infusion or at 90 min after oral hydrocortisone in 16 fasting normal subjects given oral hydrocortisone between 0800 and 0830 h. Plasma ACTH exceeded 10 pg/mL (2.2 pmol/L) at the same times in 14/14 patients with active Cushing's disease, including 3 patients whose cortisol suppressibility by dexamethasone had been misleadingly normal and in 4/7 patients with intermittent hypercortisolism. Occasional variations in plasma cortisol elevations after the oral dose require that plasma cortisol concentration be monitored at 60 min after the oral hydrocortisone dose, because the present evidence supports the validity of the conclusion that a plasma ACTH concentration below 10 pg/mL excludes Cushing's disease only when plasma cortisol concentration at 60 min lies between 16 and 38 microg/dL. Further evaluation of ACTH suppressibility by cortisol would be worthwhile, to confirm its potential value in facilitating positive diagnosis of Cushing's disease when dexamethasone suppressibility seems misleading.
Floral determination and expression of floral regulatory genes in Arabidopsis

The expression of the floral regulators LEAFY, APETALA1 and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 was examined during light treatments that induced flowering in Arabidopsis, and was compared to time points at which floral determination occurred. Extension of an 8-hour day by either continuous red- or far-red-enriched light induced LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 expression within 4 hours. The 4 hours of additional light was sufficient for floral determination only in the far-red-enriched conditions, while 12-16 hours of additional light was required for floral determination in the red-enriched conditions. These results indicate that the induction of floral regulatory genes and induction of flower formation can be uncoupled under certain circumstances. Expression of LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 in the shoot apex at the time of floral determination is also consistent with genetic data indicating that these genes are involved in the first steps of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. In contrast to LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8, APETALA1 expression was first observed 16 hours after the start of photoinduction. Since this time point was always after floral determination, APETALA1 is an indicator of floral determination.
Detecting Cognitive States from fMRI Images by Machine Learning and Multivariate Classification

The major obstacle in building classifiers that robustly detect a particular cognitive state across different subjects using fMRI images has been the high inter-subject functional variability in brain activation patterns. To overcome this obstacle, firstly, the brain regions that are relevant to the problem under study are determined from the training data; then, statistical information of each brain region is extracted to form regional features, which are robust to inter-subject functional variations within the brain region; finally, the regional feature statistical variations across different samples are further alleviated by a PCA technique. To improve the generalization ability and efficiency of the classification, from the extracted regional features, a hybrid feature selection method is utilized to select the most discriminative features, which are used to train a SVM classifier for decoding brain states from fMRI images. The performance of this method is validated in a deception fMRI study. The proposed method yielded better results compared to other commonly used fMRI image classification methods.
The 4-Parameter Lognormal (SB) Model of Human Exposure

This paper explores the 4-parameter lognormal distribution (or Johnson SB distribution) as a model for occupational exposures to airborne contaminants. This model can incorporate extreme values when they are known a priori, or alternatively, they can be estimated from the data. This additional flexibility may be of value in estimating background and/or maximum exposures, as well as improving the fitting process and subsequent estimation of mean exposures. In addition, the model is physically consistent with the definition of concentration and provides a basis for linking stochastic and deterministic exposure modeling approaches. There is some additional computational burden in estimating the mean and variance of exposure relative to the usual 2-parameter lognormal model.
A fast boundary cloud method for exterior 2D electrostatic analysis

An accelerated boundary cloud method (BCM) for boundary-only analysis of exterior electrostatic problems is presented in this paper. The BCM uses scattered points instead of the classical boundary elements to discretize the surface of the conductors. The dense linear system of equations generated by the BCM are solved by a GMRES iterative solver combined with a singular value decomposition based rapid matrix–vector multiplication technique. The accelerated technique takes advantage of the fact that the integral equation kernel (2D Green's function in our case) is locally smooth and, therefore, can be dramatically compressed by using a singular value decomposition technique. The acceleration technique greatly speeds up the solution phase of the linear system by accelerating the computation of the dense matrix–vector product and reducing the storage required by the BCM. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of dominant negative G-protein α subunits

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of membrane proteins and are the targets of 25-50% of drugs currently on the market. Dominant negative mutant Galpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins have been extensively utilized to delineate G-protein signaling pathways and represent a promising new tool to study GPCR-dependent signaling in the CNS. There are different regions in various types of Galpha subunits in which mutations can give rise to a dominant negative phenotype. Such a mutant Galpha would compete with wild-type Galpha for binding to other proteins involved in the G-protein cycle and either block or reduce the response caused by wild-type Galpha. To date, there are three different mechanisms described for dominant negative Galpha subunits: sequestration of the Gbetagamma subunits, sequestration of the activated GPCR by the heterotrimeric complex, and sequestration of the activated GPCR by nucleotide-free Galpha. This review focuses on the development of dominant negative Galpha subunits, the different mechanisms used by various mutant Galpha subunits, and potential structural changes underlying the dominant negative effects.
A Market Evaluation of Colorado's High-performance Commercial Buildings

Colorado's real estate industry leaders remain skeptical about the financial benefits of high-performance commercial buildings. A survey and index were developed to understand the industry's perspectives on public policies, programs, and market mechanisms. Additionally, a secondary data analysis was conducted to determine if these buildings command financial benefits for the industry. While national studies reveal financial benefits, the results from Colorado are parallel with the market perception: the financial benefits for high-performance commercial buildings in Colorado are unverifiable at this time, primarily due to limited data sets from existing programs and industry databases. Policy recommendations to improve data availability are included.
Simulated Aeromedical Evacuation Exacerbates Experimental Brain Injury.

Abstract Aeromedical evacuation, an important component in the care of many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly in war zones, exposes them to prolonged periods of hypobaria. The effects of such exposure on pathophysiological changes and outcome after TBI are largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate whether prolonged hypobaria in rats subjected to TBI alters behavioral and histological outcomes. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent fluid percussion induced injury at 1.5–1.9 atmospheres of pressure. The effects of hypobaric exposure (6 h duration; equivalent to 0.75 atmospheres) at 6, 24, and 72 h, or 7 days after TBI were evaluated with regard to sensorimotor, cognitive, and histological changes. Additional groups were evaluated to determine the effects of two hypobaric exposures after TBI, representing primary simulated aeromedical evacuation (6 h duration at 24 h after injury) and secondary evacuation (10 h duration at 72 h after injury), as well as the ...
New Directions in Spinal Surgery

Evolving technological sophistication has resulted in ongoing modifications of traditional surgical approaches to correct disorders of the spinal axis. Advances in instrumentation and pre- and intraoperative imaging have fueled a move toward minimally invasive, minimal access spine surgery (1), by which the same surgical goals of conventional open techniques are met through a smaller access corridor. An early and now well-accepted example is the surgical approach to a herniated paracentral lumbar disc, originally performed via complete laminectomy and now performed by microsurgical discectomy thorough a 15–25-mm incision and hemilaminectomy.
Analysis of the Medical Use of Marijuana and its Societal Implications

Objective To review the pharmacology, therapeutics, adverse effects, and societal implications of the medical use of marijuana. Data Sources MEDLINE and manual searches of English-language marijuana literature, supplemented with interviews of scientists currently conducting cannabinoid research. Search terms included pain OR palliative care AND cannabis or ALL marijuana ; cachexia OR appetite OR appetite stimulants ; muscle spasticity OR spasm ; immune system and cannabis ; nausea and vomiting and cancer and cannabis . MEDLINE search terms: cannabis OR marijuana smoking OR marijuana abuse ; all glaucoma ; multiple sclerosis AND ( cannabis OR marijuana smoking OR marijuana abuse . Study Selection Studies on pharmacology, risks, and medical potential of 1 marijuana. Data Extraction Not applicable. Data Synthesis The most prominent effects of marijuana are mediated by receptors in the brain. Acute intoxication is characterized by euphoria, loss of short-term memory, stimulation of the senses, and impaired linear thinking. Depersonalization and panic attacks are adverse effects. Increased heart rate and reddened conjunctivae are common physical effects. Chronic, high doses may cause subtle impairment of cognitive abilities that are appear to be long-term, but of unknown duration. Marijuana may be a risk factor for individuals with underlying mental illness. It causes dependence, but compared with cocaine, alcohol, heroin, and nicotine, marijuana has little addictive power and produces only mild withdrawal symptoms. Marijuana shows clinical promise for glaucoma, nausea and vomiting, analgesia, spasticity, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS wasting syndrome. Conclusion As a recreational drug, marijuana poses dangers, particularly to social and emotional development during adolescence and young adulthood. As a medical drug, marijuana should be available for patients who do not adequately respond to currently available therapies.
Exploration of Identity Theory to Explain the Development of Personal Values

This paper functions as the preliminary literature review to explore social and personal development theory to investigate the value systems in people to investigate the foundation of knowledge for future research in this area. This objective will be achieved through the exploration and analysis of Erickson’s Psychosocial Developmental Stages and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory respectively. In addition, cultural identity development theory and gender theory will also be explored to create a theoretical basis for this project. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory will explain the development of personality, and review the psychosexual stages of development. It will also give evidence of negative aspects of the theory and discuss terms such as unconscious, conscious, transference, and repression and how they influence identity development. The rationale for identify development will establish at what stage do individuals identify values. The social relevance of this study is to attempt to gauge at that stage people began to value education. Future studies will offer the subsequent research to explore how the values of education impact academic achievement. The conclusion of this report will offer recommendations for additional studies and research that address this preliminary literature review.
Mesoscopic aspects of phase transitions in a solvent extraction system.

In liquid–liquid extraction, organic phase splitting arises when high concentrations of polar solutes (acids/metal ions) are extracted. Herein, we investigate the mesoscopic roots that underpin pha...
Is Four Twice as Nice as Two? A Natural Experiment on the Electoral Effects of Legislative Term Length

In Illinois and Texas, senate elections return members to serve terms of different length. Because term length schedules are randomized, these states provide a natural experiment. Cross-sectional comparison of chambers requires statistical controls for myriad factors that distinguish cases (chambers or periods). These two chambers, by contrast, produce direct evidence of term length’s impact on electoral behavior. We test hypotheses about term length’s impact on candidacies, campaign expenditures, and voter participation with data from 1968 to 2010. Surprisingly, there is little evidence of any significant differences between contests for two-year and four-year terms.
Economic Threat and Authoritarianism in Television Programs: 1950–1974

1761 prime-time television programs aired on the three major networks during the first week in October for each of the years from 1950 to 1974 were judged as either authoritarian or nonauthoritarian. As predicted, the proportion of authoritarian programs in a given year correlated positively with the annual unemployment rate, for that year, the change in the consumer price index from the previous year, and the proportion of Gallup Poll respondents who mentioned economic problems as most important in the U. S. A.
Instructional Chains as a Method for Examining the Teaching and Learning of Argumentative Writing in Classrooms

We propose “instructional chaining” as an analytic method for capturing and describing key instructional episodes enacted by expert writing teachers to foster the recontextualization over time of the social practices of argumentative writing through process-oriented instructional approaches. The article locates instructional chaining within a sociocultural framework and argues for conceptualizing learning to write as the recontextualization of social practices of writing in classroom settings. To illustrate the use of instructional chaining to study the effects of teaching on learning argumentative writing, we describe the processes employed to construct an instructional chain for a unit of literary argumentation in a 12th grade English language arts classroom. We conclude with a discussion of two potential uses of instructional chains as units of analysis for both quantitative and qualitative analyses to study patterns of teaching and learning across many classrooms.
Impact of wildfires on some greenhouse gases over continental USA: A study based on satellite data

Abstract Wildfire episodes are becoming more rampant with global warming and climate change. Every year it causes lot of damage in terms of burnt acres and also impacts the air quality and climate through emission of various trace greenhouse gases. As emissions from large fires increase with time, it is essential to monitor the extent and spatial distribution of such changes that can have both short term and long-term implications in terms of human health and feedback on global radiative forcing. In this paper we have used the vertical profile distributions of some of the key trace gases, from AQUA-AIRS sensor to better understand the impact of wildfires in terms of magnitude, spatial and seasonal distribution. Our study shows the impact of season on fire emission in the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere and also highlights areas in the continental United States (CONUS) where different trace gas emissions are more preponderant. Overall it successfully demonstrates the applicability of satellite-based sensors for regular monitoring of fire related trace gas emissions.
Transplant genetics and genomics

Ever since the discovery of the major histocompatibility complex, scientific and clinical understanding in the field of transplantation has been advanced through genetic and genomic studies. Candidate-gene approaches and recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled a deeper understanding of the complex interplay of the donor-recipient interactions that lead to transplant tolerance or rejection. Genetic analysis in transplantation, when linked to demographic and clinical outcomes, has the potential to drive personalized medicine by enabling individualized risk stratification and immunosuppression through the identification of variants associated with immune-mediated complications, post-transplant disease or alterations in drug-metabolizing genes.
Outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in HIV patients in HAART era.

7030 Background: Prior studies have shown that outcomes of HSCT in HIV patients are similar to non-HIV patients since effective implementation of HAART by 1998; but they are limited by small sample...
Small Business Management: An It-Based Approach.

In the constantly changing environment of the 1990s and beyond, businesses large and small need to have a well-thought-out strategy that is based upon the best-of-breed products or services with excellent support to compete in the market. In this paper, we propose a five-step model for small business IT management based on a small business story of John Dryden. The modeling process includes: 1) developing business competition strategy; 2) developing operations strategy, 3) developing technology strategy, 4) implementing systems integration, and 5) conducting facility management. The associated enabling and/or emerging Web-based commerce technologies for small businesses are illustrated and recommended.
Demo: Enabling Dynamic Gesture Mapping with UI Events

We demonstrate Gesto, a dynamic gesture mapping tool. It provides users to map any gesture to a certain UI event that the users need. Also, the mapping can be easily changed by users.
Inhibition of triggered activities in pulmonary veins: do statins have a direct and clinically relevant antiarrhythmic effect?

Statins, also known as HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors, are the world's most widely prescribed medications. Approximately 24 million people take statins, with >200 million prescriptions filled in 2009 in the U.S. alone. Rapidly accumulating basic and clinical
Ergebnisse des Fragebogens in Kap. 3

In diesem Kapitel stelle ich den Inhalt eines an die Studierenden ausgegebenen Informationsblatts vor, das ich nach Auswertung der Antworten auf den Einfuhrungs-Fragebogen in der allerersten Vorlesung zusammengestellt habe. Der Fragebogen ist in Abb. 3.1 gezeigt. Die Antworten sind charakteristisch und sie unterscheiden sich von Einsatz zu Einsatz nur wenig. Das Informationsblatt verteile ich ublicherweise in der zweiten Vorlesung und ich diskutiere die Antworten kurz. Dabei betone ich besonders die Rolle der Vorlesung und des (verbindlich vorgeschriebenen) Lehrbuchs.
Dynamic, spatial models of parasite transmission in wildlife: Their structure, applications and remaining challenges

Individual differences in contact rate can arise from host, group and landscape heterogeneity and can result in different patterns of spatial spread for diseases in wildlife populations with concomitant implications for disease control in wildlife of conservation concern, livestock and humans. While dynamic disease models can provide a better understanding of the drivers of spatial spread, the effects of landscape heterogeneity have only been modelled in a few well-studied wildlife systems such as rabies and bovine tuberculosis. Such spatial models tend to be either purely theoretical with intrinsic limiting assumptions or individual-based models that are often highly species- and system-specific, limiting the breadth of their utility. Our goal was to review studies that have utilized dynamic, spatial models to answer questions about pathogen transmission in wildlife and identify key gaps in the literature. We begin by providing an overview of the main types of dynamic, spatial models (e.g., metapopulation, network, lattice, cellular automata, individual-based and continuous-space) and their relation to each other. We investigate different types of ecological questions that these models have been used to explore: pathogen invasion dynamics and range expansion, spatial heterogeneity and pathogen persistence, the implications of management and intervention strategies and the role of evolution in host-pathogen dynamics. We reviewed 168 studies that consider pathogen transmission in free-ranging wildlife and classify them by the model type employed, the focal host-pathogen system, and their overall research themes and motivation. We observed a significant focus on mammalian hosts, a few well-studied or purely theoretical pathogen systems, and a lack of studies occurring at the wildlife-public health or wildlife-livestock interfaces. Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions in the context of unprecedented human-mediated environmental change. Spatial models may provide new insights into understanding, for example, how global warming and habitat disturbance contribute to disease maintenance and emergence. Moving forward, better integration of dynamic, spatial disease models with approaches from movement ecology, landscape genetics/genomics and ecoimmunology may provide new avenues for investigation and aid in the control of zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases.
What Government Policy Makers Need to Know About School-Based Counseling

Rationale and processes for adopting or adapting a government or agency sponsored model for school-based counseling are presented. Essential elements for favorable conditions for expanding a government- or agency-based model for school-based counseling are identified. A case study of a more than 20-year initiative in one state in the USA for implementing a highly successful model for school-based school counseling is presented. Conclusions include: It was essential to have a written state model of school-based counseling that promoted common understanding of the work of school-based counselors across the state and local levels. It was essential for the State Department of Education to pay careful attention to fostering favorable conditions for the development and expansion of school-based school counseling, and it was essential for the State Department of Education to use program evaluation to identify the tangible benefits of school-based counseling to the public good in order to leverage political and fiscal support from the legislature.
Iconicity, Sign Language

From Plato to Saussure, the question of the relation between the signifier and the signified has been at the heart of language study. An arbitrary rather than an iconic relation was believed by many to be a basic property of human language, but linguists have had to reevaluate this position in light of data from signed languages, in which iconicity is much more prevalent. This article briefly traces the history of views concerning the nature of iconicity and arbitrariness, examines the impact on the field of signed language linguistics, and discusses research on iconicity in signed languages, with an emphasis on describing how different theoretical frameworks account for iconicity.
Heinrich Hertz’s Experiments and Experimental Apparatus: His Discovery of Radio Waves and His Delineation of Their Properties

At the Heinrich Hertz Conference at the University of South Carolina in March 1994, I gave demonstrations of several replicas of Hertz’s experimental apparatus; described my search for and discovery of three identifying photographs, and a set of exact replicas; and gave some of my interpretations of Hertz’s work in electromagnetics.
Undergraduate students demonstrate common false scientific reasoning strategies

Abstract American education is failing to fill the growing demand for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates. The lack of critical reasoning skills may be a causal factor in student attrition from STEM majors. Our objective in this study was to discover and describe common false strategies used by undergraduate students during the scientific reasoning process. Each of these false strategies is described, with accompanying examples from student responses, to illustrate the thinking patterns. We defined targeted areas for instruction that can lead to better performance, greater academic self-confidence, and increased retention in STEM degrees. Understanding how students think through problems and where they are making mistakes facilitates the creation of specialized programs to correct these false reasoning strategies and increase the scientific reasoning ability of students.
Becoming the MTBoS: Predicting sense of belonging for a grassroots blogging network

This study examines a previously identified grassroots blogging network made up of mathematics and science teachers. The network was identified using data collected in 2011. A follow up was conducted with the same bloggers in 2013. Between 2011 and 2013, many of the bloggers in the original study began using the phrase 'math twitter blogosphere' (MTBoS) to refer to themselves and others in the network. The purpose of this study was to determine what social network features were related to a sense of belonging in the MTBoS two years after the original data collection. Sense of belonging is one of the constructs related to a sense of community. Sense of community is important because it has been shown to be positively related to learning within a community of practice perspective.
Transverse Abdominal Plane, Pectoral and Serratus Plane, and Quadratus Lumborum Blocks

In this chapter, we review several new truncal block techniques. We discuss TAP plane block, quadratus lumborum plane block, and serratus plane block. Each technique could be used in different scenarios, depending on patient’s clinical condition and pain focus. We discuss history of the plane blocks, anatomy, and useful techniques.
Sports Medicine Staff Size Influences Exertional Heat Illness Policies in High School Football

All high schools should implement exertional heat illness (EHI) safety strategies. We determined if there were differences in the implementation of EHI safety strategies between schools with and without additional paid athletic trainers (ATs) or a team physician present at preseason football practices. High schools with multiple ATs or a team physician implemented more EHI prevention and management strategies than schools with only a single AT, including training staff in EHI recognition and treatment and having an emergency action plan. However, schools with a paid team physician were more likely to have double practices in the first week of football practice. Schools with additional medical personnel at football preseason practices were more likely to implement EHI safety strategies.
The Notion of Politics in Marx's Early Writings

This paper deals mainly with Marx's conception of politics. My contention is that in Marx's works two basic and opposed conceptions of politics coexist. On the one hand we find a negative, instrumental and realist conception that sees politics as nothing but domination of one class over another and the State as the main instrument of that domination. On the other, we find a positive conception that understands politics as community self-rule. I trace the conceptual origins of these two conceptions to three basic concepts: "alienation", "emancipation" and "species-being". These notions provide the foundations of Marx's conception of politics and enable us to understand its shortcomings. It is basically a contradictory and utopian conception which seriously disregards both the positive traits of actual politics and individual freedoms.
The digestive system of Mytilus californianus Conrad

No evidence of a definitely pathological nature was found during the course of these studies, although certain findings indicate that there are factors which may be considered as characteristic of mussels, and other similar bivalves, which are highly toxic. The quantities of poison present in the digestive diverticula of a single mussel were so small that its demonstration by histo-chemical methods was impossible. The observations have shown, also, that the mussels are not affected physiologically by the ingestion of this poisonous substance which is so highly toxic to warm blooded animals. However, these findings are taken from observations which have been made in a restricted area, and may be considerably in error if applied to another. Therefore, further studies must be carried on elsewhere and the results compared with these before conclusions may be drawn with any degree of certainty. A direct relationship between the quantity and nature of the stored food material in the digestive diverticula and the seasonal variations in the plankton has been definitely established.
Ranked search over structured and semi-structured data

Traditionally, relational database systems have been designed for precise queries over structured data, while information retrieval systems have been designed for more flexible ranked keyword search queries over unstructured (text) data. However, many new and emerging applications require data management capabilities that combine the benefits of database and information retrieval systems, e.g., e-commerce and content management applications. In this dissertation, we have proposed and initiated steps toward the larger goal of integrating relational database and information retrieval systems. First, we consider the problem of ranked text search in relational databases, where the traditional ranking paradigms and techniques developed for stand-alone unstructured documents are not directly applicable. We thus propose a new ranking paradigm that uses structured data values to score the results of text search queries. Our experimental results on real and synthetic data sets show that we can support the new ranking paradigm efficiently in relational databases. Second, we explore a novel problem of discovering rich relationships in databases based on user queries with text search and structural query conditions. Toward this end, we have introduced the notion of data, topology and developed efficient algorithms for computing ranked topologies based on user queries. We have evaluated our algorithms using a real biological database, the Biozon database (http://www.biozon.org). Third, we consider the problem of efficiently producing results for keyword search queries over semi-structured XML documents. We present the XRANK system that is built to address the novel challenges for effective XML keyword search as apposed to HTML keyword search. Our experimental results show that XRANK offers both space and performance benefits when compared with existing approaches.
Plasmonic Hot-Carrier-Mediated Tunable Photochemical Reactions.

Hot-carrier generation from surface plasmon decay has found applications in many branches of physics, chemistry, materials science, and energy science. Recent reports demonstrated that the hot carriers generated from plasmon decay in nanoparticles can transfer to attached molecules and drive photochemistry which was thought impossible previously. In this work, we have computationally explored the atomic-scale mechanism of a plasmonic hot-carrier-mediated chemical process, H2 dissociation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that, after photoexcitation, hot carriers transfer to the antibonding state of the H2 molecule from the nanoparticle, resulting in a repulsive-potential-energy surface and H2 dissociation. This process occurs when the molecule is close to a single nanoparticle. However, if the molecule is located at the center of the gap in a plasmonic dimer, dissociation is suppressed due to sequential charge transfer, which efficiently reduces occupation in the antibonding state and, in turn, reduces d...
Combinatorial Prediction Markets: An Experimental Study

Prediction markets produce crowdsourced probabilistic forecasts through a market mechanism in which forecasters buy and sell securities that pay off when events occur. Prices in a prediction market can be interpreted as consensus probabilities for the corresponding events. There is strong empirical evidence that aggregate forecasts tend to be more accurate than individual forecasts, and that prediction markets are among the most accurate aggregation methods. Combinatorial prediction markets allow forecasts not only on base events, but also on conditional events (e.g., “A if B”) and/or Boolean combinations of events. Economic theory suggests that the greater expressivity of combinatorial prediction markets should improve accuracy by capturing dependencies among related questions. This paper describes the DAGGRE combinatorial prediction market and reports on an experimental study to compare combinatorial and traditional prediction markets. The experiment challenged participants to solve a “whodunit” murder mystery by using a prediction market to arrive at group consensus probabilities for characteristics of the murderer, and to update these consensus probabilities as clues were revealed. A Bayesian network was used to generate the “ground truth” scenario and to provide “gold standard" probabilistic predictions. The experiment compared predictions using an ordinary flat prediction market with predictions using a combinatorial market. Evaluation metrics include accuracy of participants’ predictions and the magnitude of market updates. The murder mystery scenario provided a more concrete, realistic, intuitive, believable, and dynamic environment than previous empirical work on combinatorial prediction markets.
“Righteous” Anger and Revenge in the Workplace: The Fantasies, the Feuds, the Forgiveness

Revenge is part of the social fabric of organizational life. For many, revenge is typically viewed as an irrational, if not evil, response, to events in the workplace. However, there is an emerging scholarly view of revenge that departs from that conventional wisdom. This view is what we refer to as “revenge as justice.” In this chapter, we review a growing body of research across academic disciplines that finds the motivation for revenge is, more often than not, grounded in a perception that one has been the victim of undeserved harm and feelings of injustice. Drawing on empirical findings, we argue that revenge is not motivated by mere anger grounded in frustration, but a righteous anger, an emotional response to correct and prevent injustice. As such, revenge is central to the process of justice in organizations. While righteous anger is core variable in our analysis, we illustrate how cognitive mistakes and biases can shape the emotion of righteous anger and the act of revenge. Finally, we argue that there is a rationality and morality to revenge, which must be understood through emotional lens of righteous anger.
Evaluation of Safe Streets Treatment Option to Reduce Recidivism Among Repeat Drunk Driving Offenders

Drinking and driving poses a significant issue in the United States. Repeat offenders are especially problematic as they are responsible for a high proportion of all drunk driving offenses and are more likely to continue in their drinking and driving behaviors. This study examines the effectiveness of the Safe Streets Treatment Options Program (SSTOP) in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, to reduce recidivism among repeat offenders. The results indicate that participants of SSTOP had significantly fewer convictions, fewer subsequent sentences to incarceration, were sentenced to fewer days incarcerated in jail for subsequent offenses, and were less likely to receive another Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) conviction than those in the comparison group. Policy implications and directions for future research also are discussed.
Incidence and comparative outcomes of periampullary cancer: A population-based analysis demonstrating improved outcomes and increased use of adjuvant therapy from 2004 to 2012.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Periampullary adenocarcinoma (PAC) is stratified anatomically: ampullary adenocarcinoma (AA), distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC), duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We aimed to determine differences in incidence, prognosis, and treatment in stage-matched PAC patients in a longitudinal study. METHODS PAC patients were identified in The National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2012. Clinicopathological variables were compared between subtypes. Covariate-adjusted treatment use and OS were compared. RESULTS The 116 705 patients with PAC were identified: 1320 (9%) AA, 3732 (3%) DCC, 7142 (6%) DA, and 95 511 (82%) PDAC. DA, DCC, and PDAC were associated with worse survival compared with AA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.1-1.1; HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.4-1.6, and HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.8-1.9). Among resected patients, DA was associated with improved survival compared with AA (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67-0.75); DCC and PDAC were associated with worse survival (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.31-1.53 and HR, 2.041; 95% CI, 1.07-2.12). Resected AA, PDAC, and DA, but not DCC, demonstrated significantly improved survival over the studied period. While all patients had increased adjuvant therapy (AT) receipt over time (P < 0.001), only patients with PDAC had increased neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) receipt ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Resected PDAC, AA, and DA were associated with clinically significant improved survival over time, mirroring a concurrent associated increased receipt of AT.
Research on detection system for 10kV distribution switcher of both Primary and secondary technology

The both primary and secondary technology of power distribution equipment is the development direction of the distribution network in the future, and the both primary and secondary equipment will become an important part of the power distribution system. This paper first introduces the development status of the both primary and secondary technology and the limitations of existing detection equipment. According to the relevant detection requirements and technical standards of the both primary and secondary technology, a special detection system for the both primary and secondary equipment is proposed and the overall system solution is determined. In the following, in the research process of the scheme, the implementation process of key design schemes such as hardware part and software part in the detection system was analyzed. Then the feasibility and practicability of the detection system are verified by field test of On-column circuit breaker of the both primary and secondary. Finally, the research work of this testing system is summarized.
Topical antibiotic therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis: an update.

Background Topical antibiotic therapies have been investigated for their use in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, society guidelines and evidence-based medicine reviews have recommended against the use of topical antibiotic therapy based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The purpose of this article is to review recent clinical research published since the aforementioned guidelines were published. Methods A structured literature review was performed on clinical studies published in the last 5 years investigating the use of topical antibiotic therapies. Results One double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (DB-RCT) supported the use of tobramycin using a vibrating aerosolizer; 1 non-blinded non-randomized controlled prospective trial lent support to use of topical ofloxacin for its anti-biofilm properties; and 1 meta-analysis found mupirocin irrigations to be beneficial in the short term. One Cochrane Review was unable to make a recommendation as no trial met the inclusion criteria. An additional systematic review found limited evidence to support the use of topical antibiotics with the exception of mupirocin irrigations that may be considered in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Two retrospective studies found that topical antibiotics change bacterial cultures of the sinuses. Conclusion There is additional evidence to support continuing investigation of topical antibiotic therapies. Further, larger RCTs are required to establish the efficacy of topical antibiotic therapies.
From Pregnancy to Childhood and Adulthood: The Trajectory of Hypertension

This chapter highlights the seminal observations of Barker that led to the concept of developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). Early life environment with a focus on maternal malnutrition and its association with future cardiovascular disease are discussed. The association of birth weight with blood pressure (BP) is considered, and the importance of childhood obesity as a modifier is highlighted. The role of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain and other risk factors with childhood BP are discussed. Finally, data observing differences between individuals for changes in adiposity and BP over their lifetime are discussed from trajectory studies. A key message is that the development of BP through lifetime remains complex with several risk factors and modifiers identifiable through pregnancy, infancy, childhood and subsequently. Large life-course studies of parent-child pairs offer an opportunity to improve our understanding of the development of hypertension.