cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculated relationships between activity of alumina and phase assemblages of silica-saturated igneous rocks: Petrogenetic implications of magmatic cordierite, garnet and aluminosilicate

Abstract Many peraluminous igneous rocks are characterized by the presence of Al-rich minerals such as cordierite, garnet and aluminosilicate polymorphs. Clearly, one of the important thermodynamic intensive variables controlling the stability of these minerals, relative to Al-poor phases such as ortho- and clinopyroxene, must be the activity of Al 2 O 3 ( a Al 2 O 3 ) in the melt. Calculated phase relationships of anhydrous mineral assemblages in equilibrium with quartz-saturated liquids show that, at crustal pressures (less than about 10 kbar), garnet, cordierite, and aluminosilicate are only likely to crystallize from melts in which a Al 2 O 3 is up to one order of magnitude higher than that required for orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene crystallization. In spite of this, peraluminous granitoid liquids saturated with orthopyroxene+garnet or orthopyroxene+cordierite do not ordinarily contain significantly larger amounts of excess Al (= Al in excess of that required to form feldspars) than peraluminous liquids saturated with orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene. These observations indicate that there must be profound compositional controls on the activity coefficient of Al in silicic melts, and the strongest of such controls appears to be the total alkali content of the melt. The activity coefficient of Al in silicic melts varies directly with total alkali oxide content, so that alkali-poor melts can become markedly peraluminous without ever becoming saturated in aluminous phases, whereas alkali-rich melts of similar normative corundum content can crystallize garnet, cordierite or even aluminosilicate. Because activity of alumina in a silicic melt is not a simple function of excess Al content, classification schemes for silicic igneous rocks based on model mineralogical assemblages, which reflect the value of the thermodynamic effective concentration of Al during crystallization, convey more petrologic information than those based on chemical parameters such as normative corundum content or alumina saturation index.
The selective marking of past tense : Insights from Indian learners of ESL

This study examines the selective marking of past tense in the narrative prose of low intermediate-level Indian learners of English as a second language who use Hindi or Urdu as their first languag ...
1425 NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IMPROVE SURVIVAL IN GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL SEPSIS

The mortality for newborns with early onset group B beta hemolytic streptococcal sepsis (GBSS) remains high (50-80%) despite specific antibiotic and pressor therapy. The four-to-five day old newborn rat model was used to evaluate two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the therapy of GBSS. We compared intraperitoneal (IP) indomethacin 3 mg/kg (INDO) and ibuprofen 4 mg/kg (IBUP) to sterile water controls in rats that had been injected subcutaneously (SQ) with two strains (GBS 1,GBS 2) of Type III group B strep grown to log-phase in Todd-Hewitt broth. The therapies (0.05cc IP) and micro-organisms (0.05cc SQ) were injected simultaneously. Per cent survival (% S) at 24 hours was recorded and lethal doses (LD) for controls were calculated: In the neonatal rat model, INDO significantly improved 24 hour survival in both the LD33 and LD85 groups. At an LD90, INDO failed to improve survival while IBUP did. This data suggests that after further studies INDO and IBUP--both prostaglandin inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents--may become useful adjuvants to present treatment of early onset GBSS.
Proposal for a classification of acute myeloid leukaemia based on plastic-embedded bone marrow biopsy sections

Abstract Traditional approaches to haematological diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) include microscopic examination of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) cells studied in Romanowsky-stained, dry film smears. The routine evaluation of BM aspirates, however, may be disappointing in accurately assessing marrow activity because of the sampling error inherent in the BM aspiration technique, and occassionally may fail to provide a precise diagnosis because BM aspirates cannot be obtained due to packed or fibrotic marrows. Because of the advantages it offers over the conventional method of diagnosis, we have studied Romanowsky-stained, thin sections of plastic-embedded BM biopsies from 87 newly diagnosed AML patients. Based on our study, the patients were broadly grouped into four categories: (1) those with hypocellular marrow (haemopoietic cellularity less than 50%), hypoplastic AML ; (2) those with some degree of marrow fibrosis, AML with marrow fibrosis ; (3) those with homogeneous infiltration of marrow with blast cells; and (4) those with inhomogenous infiltration of marrow with blast cells. Our results show that the proposed classification of AML based on the evaluation of plastic-embedded BM biopsy sections may offer benefits over those afforded by conventional morphologic smear techniques. This may provide significant prognostic information and may have a major impact on patient management. It may also provide a meaningful stratification of the patient population when comparing treatment protocols for newly diagnosed AML patients.
Bias in conceptual priming

In recent years, Ratcliff, McKoon, and colleagues have argued that priming in perceptual implicit memory tests is the result of biases in information processing. Three experiments are presented that extend this framework to the conceptual implicit memory domain. Participants studied a list of words before receiving a set of general knowledge questions. For some questions, participants studied the correct answer; for others, they studied a similar but incorrect answer. Although study of a correct answer facilitated performance, study of the similar alternative hurt performance. Costs and benefits of previous study were observed in both production and forced-choice tasks. However, there was no benefit of previous study when participants studied both the correct answer and the similar but incorrect alternative. The pattern of results indicates that participants were biased to respond with previously studied words on the conceptual implicit memory test. This pattern is concordant with the biased information-processing approach to priming.
Debating Darija: Telquel and language politics in modern Morocco

This article examines the role of Darija, or Moroccan Arabic, in relation to ongoing debates about Moroccan identity and citizenship in an era of increased global connectivity. In particular, I focus on debates surrounding language and identity in a prominent francophone news magazine called Telquel. Through a thematic textual analysis of Telquel, I examine how language has emerged as a key structuring factor in shaping Moroccan identity and politics. Situated in relation to broader transitions in Moroccan society and culture over the past decade as well as recent socio-political movements across the Middle East–North Africa region, this study shows how Telquel became a crucial site of cultural production wherein discussions of language, identity, and political priorities were played out, particularly in the Arab Spring moment. I argue that Telquel attempts to provoke discussion by constantly testing the boundaries of free expression, taking on taboo topics such as the monarchy, declaring them open for co...
Neuropsychological Dissociation Between Recognition Familiarity and Perceptual Priming in Visual Long-Term Memory

The present study examined whether the same brain region mediates visual-perceptual repetition priming and a familiarity component of visual recognition memory. In two experiments, familiarity-based recognition was measured in an individual (M.S.) with impaired visual repetition priming due to a lesion of right occipital cortex. In both experiments, M.S. demonstrated intact recognition familiarity despite his visual nondeclarative memory impairment. These results converge with other behavioral results to indicate that recognition familiarity does not depend on the same memory system that mediates perceptual priming.
Freight energy use disaggregated by commodity : Comparisons and discussion

The analysis of energy consumption in freight transportation is almost always approached by disaggregating overall energy consumption by mode, which then provides a basis for understanding trends and underlying factors that influence them and for developing conservation policies. Another important approach is to disaggregate by commodity, because it is commodity flows that generate the modal vehicle flows and hence the modal energy consumption in transportation. Thus changes in energy use by commodity are important factors in understanding trends in energy consumption and may provide a basis for energy conservation policies centered on industries using transportation. Total freight energy consumption is estimated for a range of commodity groups using an activitybased approach to energy consumption, where total freight activity is decomposed into components by mode and by commodity group, and then each component is multiplied by an intensity estimate to calculate total energy use for that commodity group. ...
Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry: metal complexes and surface-bound species. What relationships?

Syntheses, studies of bonding and structures of carbon dioxide complexes have been well- developed in recent years as has the synthesis and characterization of metal formate complexes because of their perceived relationships to intermediates in the catalytic activation of carbon dioxide. Vibrational spectroscopy, usually infrared spectroscopy, has played a key role in the development of this chemistry. Surface scientists studying the reactions of CO2 and its reduction by hydrogen are now able to use powerful techniques for acquiring vibrational data in the infrared region which help to identify surface-bound species. As more results emerge from these groups, it is apparent that there are many similarities in the spectral properties and reactions of the coordination compounds of CO2 and their surface-bound analogs.
Turbulent winds and pressure effects around a rough cylinder at high Reynolds number

Abstract Time histories of the fluctuating wind pressure differential across the shell of a full-scale cooling tower were measured in 1974 by Princeton University personnel. Data were recorded around a single level, at the throat, at a height of ∼100 m. A set of simultaneous three-minute records from these data is examined statistically in the present paper. The methods employed include spectral and correlation analyses, plus parametric time-series characterization of the data. Aside from its direct engineering interest as an aid in defining dynamic wind-loading conditions, the fluctuating flow activity around the tower throat may be interpreted as a fair example of turbulent flow about a rough circular cylinder at a Reynolds number approaching 10 8 . This aspect is emphasized in the present paper. In this situation the relation of the spectrum of the incident wind to pressure spectra about the cylindrical section may be of interest in connection with theories of the deformation of turbulence by bluff bodies. Further, the spatial distribution of the “parsimonious” parameters obtained from an autoregressive time-series analysis of the data reveals strong correlations with clearly identifiable flow phenomena around the perimeter, such as key points of the pressure distribution, flow separation, etc. The study, although limited to a single wind record, sixteen peripherally spaced pressure records, and only three minutes of selected time-history data, develops a coherent picture of a turbulent flow phenomenon at high Reynolds number.
Evolution of stress echocardiography.

Interest in stress echocardiography began with M-mode recordings of the left ventricle. Kraunz and Kennedyz0 looked at left ventricular wall motion at rest and with exercise in 1970. This study involved normally contracting chambers. Shortly thereafter investigators began noticing that abnormal wall motion could be detected with M-mode echocardiography. Jacobs et all5 noted detection of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities with M-mode echocardiography in 1973. Other papers continued to document the ability of M-mode echocardiography to identify regional left ventricular dysfunc
Geosynchronous communication satellite reliability: statistical data analysis and modeling

Reliability is a critical design attribute for systems operating in remote or inhospitable environments, such as spacecraft or sub-sea installations. Surprisingly however, limited empirical data and statistical analysis of satellite reliability exist in the technical literature. In this paper, we fill this gap by collecting and analyzing life data of over four hundred geosynchronous communication satellites successfully launched between 1990 and 2008. First, we conduct a nonparametric reliability analysis of our sample using the Kaplan-Meier estimator (given the censored nature of our data). Second, we derive confidence intervals for our nonparametric reliability results. Finally, we conduct a parametric analysis and discuss the need for finite mixture distributions to properly capture the nonparametric failure behavior of the communication satellites in our sample. The results here provided should prove useful to satellite manufacturers and operators, for example in providing an empirical basis for reliability growth programs, or better gauging investment risks in space systems. (6 pages)
A positive sum from summability theory

Abstract New proofs are given for an inequality of Lorentz and Zeller which is shown to imply other inequalities which may be useful in summability theory.
Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction

Drugs of abuse have very different acute mechanisms of action but converge on the brain's reward pathways by producing a series of common functional effects after both acute and chronic administration. Some similar actions occur for natural rewards as well. Researchers are making progress in understanding the molecular and cellular basis of these common effects. A major goal for future research is to determine whether such common underpinnings of addiction can be exploited for the development of more effective treatments for a wide range of addictive disorders.
Nuclear equilibrium shapes nearA=100

Nuclear equilibrium shapes in the regionA=100 are studied in the context of the cranked shell model. Many nuclides with large equilibrium ground state deformations are found. Equilibrium deformations atI=20 are typically found to be substantially reduced.
Fundamental properties of helium inductively coupled plasmas measured by high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometry

Abstract Intensities and widths of atomic spectral lines of He, H, and Fe, excited in an atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasma (He ICP) were measured with a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer. These data along with measured intensities of rotational bands, such as B 2 Σ + u → X 2 Σ + g of N + 2 and A 2 Σ + → X 2 Π i of OH, were used to estimate excitation, rotational, and Doppler temperatures, and electron number densities. Similar to an Ar ICP, the widths of Fe lines ranged from 3 to 4 pm. The line widths of H and He lines in the spectra from a dry He ICP generally were larger than those observed from a wet plasma. The line-width data for H were used to evaluate electron number densities in wet and dry He ICP discharges. The excitation temperature of He ICP was dependent upon the energy levels of the selected thermometric species. The rotational temperatures measured from OH (3000 K) and N + 2 (2200 K) were substantially different from those of an Ar ICP. The presence of water in the aerosol resulted in an increase in the excitation temperature of the He ICP, similar to the trend observed earlier for the Ar ICP. The implications of these results in He ICP spectrochemical analysis are discussed
Thermal polymerization of unsaturated fatty esters normal methyl linoleate

1. Debromination methyl linoleate has been polymerized at 290° and 300° for varying periods, and analysis has been made for monomer, dimer, trimer, normal, and conjugated linoleate. 2. The disappearance of normal linoleate follows a first order reaction rate with values of K=0.10 hr.−1 at 300° and 0.05 hr.−1 at 290°. 3. Polymerization of mixtures of normal and conjugated linoleate indicate that dimer may be formed by their reaction with each other. 4. The value for K, the first order reaction velocity constant for disappearance of normal linoleate, decreases to a limiting value on dilution with methyl stearate. This limiting value is about one-fourth that obtained on undiluted linoleate. 5. The above facts are qualitatively explained by assuming that the mechanism of dimerization of normal linoleate is extensively: N»C relatively slow N+C→D relatively rapid.
Isotope effects for Lewis acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions. The experimental transition state

Abstract 2 H and 13 C kinetic isotope effects were determined for all positions on isoprene in its reactions with methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl acrylate, and acrolein catalyzed by Et 2 AlCl. The results are taken as supporting a highly asynchronous concerted [4+2] cycloaddition. Comparison of the experimental isotope effects with calculated values supports this conclusion and the accuracy of the calculated transition structure.
PTEN Hamartoma of Soft Tissue: A Distinctive Lesion in PTEN Syndromes

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) presents in a spectrum that encompasses the eponymous disorders Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba. Herein, we delineate the distinctive histopathology of a predominantly intramuscular lesion in PHTS, often called "arteriovenous malformation," because of certain imaging and histopathologic features. Cases were identified by review of lesions resected from patients with PHTS registered at our Vascular Anomalies Center and of unusual intramuscular vascular anomalies in our pathology database from 1985 to 2008. Thirty-four patients with this lesion were identified: 20 had a clinical diagnosis of, or were suspected to have, PHTS (genetically confirmed in 16). In 4 patients without clinical manifestations of PHTS, 2 had PTEN mutations, 1 did not, and in 1 the mutation was intronic. In the remaining 10, there was insufficient clinical information to fully assess whether they had manifestations of PHTS. Lesions manifested by 15 years of age, normally with pain and swelling, and were most often located in the lower extremity. The major mass was usually intramuscular, but often there were fascial and subcutaneous components and not infrequently a cutaneous vascular stain. Magnetic resonance imaging generally showed an infiltrative soft tissue lesion involving the muscle, fascia, and subcutis with frequently enlarged, serpiginous vessels, small arteriovenous fistulae with disproportionately dilated draining veins, and a prominent adipocytic component. Some lesions involved contiguous muscles, and 20% were multifocal. Resected specimens ranged in size from 1.2 to 25 cm; in 1 patient, amputation was necessary. Histopathologically, these unencapsulated masses, often with a nodular appearance at scanning magnification, consisted of: (1) a variable admixture of mature adipocytic and dense and/or myxoid fibrous tissues (50% to 90% of surface area); (2) a vascular component (10% to 50% of surface area) with: (a) clusters of venous channels, some with excessively and irregularly muscularized complex walls and lumens, and others with thin walls resembling pulmonary alveoli, (b) tortuous, thick-walled arteries with concentric muscular hyperplasia and relatively small lumens, (c) numerous small vessels (arteries, veins, and indeterminate channels), and (d) occasional arteriovenous communications; (3) lymphoid follicles (50%); (4) foci of bone (20%); and (5) hypertrophic nerves with "onion bulb" proliferation of periaxonal spindled cells (9%). We designate this disorganized overgrowth of essentially mesenchymal elements as PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue. It differs from other vascular and connective tissue lesions that occur in patients with PHTS. PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue is histopathologically distinctive, and its identification should prompt a thorough investigation for PHTS.
An efficient data-subspace inversion method for 2-D magnetotelluric data

There are currently three types of algorithms in use for regularized 2-D inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data. All seek to minimize some functional which penalizes data misfit and model structure. With the most straight‐forward approach (exemplified by OCCAM), the minimization is accomplished using some variant on a linearized Gauss‐Newton approach. A second approach is to use a descent method [e.g., nonlinear conjugate gradients (NLCG)] to avoid the expense of constructing large matrices (e.g., the sensitivity matrix). Finally, approximate methods [e.g., rapid relaxation inversion (RRI)] have been developed which use cheaply computed approximations to the sensitivity matrix to search for a minimum of the penalty functional. Approximate approaches can be very fast, but in practice often fail to converge without significant expert user intervention. On the other hand, the more straightforward methods can be prohibitively expensive to use for even moderate‐size data sets. Here, we present a new and much m...
Measurements of wind friction speeds over lava surfaces and assessment of sediment transport

Wind velocity profiles were obtained over alluvial plains, lava flows, and a cinder cone in the Mojave Desert to determine the wind shear and the potential for particle transport. It was found that aerodynamic roughness for winds increases nearly a factor of 5 as flow crosses from the alluvium to the lava surface, resulting in wind shear that is 21 percent greater. Thus, wind erosion and sand flux may be substantially enhanced over the lava field. Moreover, wind flow turbulence is enhanced in the wake of the cinder cone, which also increases erosion and sediment transportation by the wind.
Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder

International norms change over time, but we do not fully understand how and why they evolve as they do. In this article, I explore a general model of international norm change. The model builds on two foundations. First, normative systems themselves generate tensions that lead to change. Those tensions are of two major types: (1) conflicts between the generality of rules and the specificity of concrete experience; and (2) conflicts between separate bodies of rules. Second, specific disputes push these normative conflicts to the fore and provoke arguments about the meaning and application of rules. The outcomes of those arguments necessarily modify the rules. The process of normative change is thus a cycle, linking rules to actions to arguments, which in turn reshape the rules. In order to explore the empirical utility of the model, the article assesses the evolution of the rules of war with respect to the plundering of artistic and cultural treasures. Relying on both secondary and archival materials, the...
Expression and localization of dystrophin in human cardiac Purkinje fibers.

BACKGROUND Mutations in the dystrophin gene produce clinical manifestations of disease in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle in patients with Duchenne and Beckers muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). Conduction disturbances and heart block contribute to cardiac decompensation in these patients, which suggests an important role for dystrophia in the cardiac conduction system. We therefore examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein localization of dystrophin in normal human cardiac Purkinje fibers. METHODS AND RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction amplification of isolated Purkinje fiber complementary DNA identified several alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts encoding for carboxy-terminal isoforms of the dystrophin protein. The predominant mRNA transcript detected was a splice form previously detected in the brain. Antipeptide antibodies specific for a carboxy-terminal dystrophin sequence were used for Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical localization. These antisera detect approximately 400,000-d immunoreactive band or bands on Western blot in normal heart and Purkinje fibers but not in DMD heart. Immunocytochemical staining showed that dystrophin was localized to the membrane surface of the Purkinje fiber. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dystrophin may be an important molecule for membrane function in the Purkinje conduction system of the heart and support the hypothesis that defective dystrophin expression contributes to the cardiac conduction disturbances seen in DMD/BMD:
Criticizing and Reforming Segregated Facilities for Persons with Disabilities

In this paper, we critically appraise institutions for people with disabilities, from residential facilities to outpatient clinics to social organizations. While recognizing that a just and inclusive society would reject virtually all segregated institutional arrangements, we argue that in contemporary American society, some people with disabilities may have needs that at this time can best be met by institutional arrangements. We propose ways of reforming institutions to make them less isolating, coercive, and stigmatizing, and to provide forms of social support the larger society denies many people with disabilities. Although these reforms far fall far short of abolition, they draw heavily on the work of disability scholars and advocates who call for the complete replacement of institutional arrangements with systems of supported living. The consideration of non-ideal-solutions is useful not only in reforming existing institutional arrangements, but in bringing disability scholarship and advocacy to bear on bioethics, which has paid little attention to institutions for people with disabilities. We intend this paper to redress the neglect within mainstream bioethics of the complex ethical problems posed by institutions.
Rayleigh measurements of species concentration in a complex turbulent flow

Fig. 3 Jet centerline velocity decay. x/do Conclusion It is shown that the PER scheme, based on a parabolic computation of the upstream boundary condition for an elliptic flow, leads to notable improvements in the prediction of confined jets. The additional computational effort is minimal and no arbitrary adjustments are required. A simple mixing length model may be adequate for this purpose. The results presented here encourage the application of this scheme to other flows presenting similar difficulties.
Reduced Metabolic Rates in Fishes as a Result of Induced Schooling

Abstract Respiratory metabolism data on 15 species of fish representing six families indicate that individuals in a school experienced a reduction in metabolic rate when compared to the same individuals tested in isolation. The reduction in O2 consumption appears to be the result of an interaction of a “calming effect” and a possible hydrodynamic advantage. Schooling and nonschooling species both exhibit this decreased metabolic rate in the grouped individuals. Between isolated and grouped individuals under laboratory conditions, there is no statistical difference in the regression slopes of respiratory metabolism on size.
Nicotine: Effect on the Sleep Cycle of the Cat

Small doses of nicotine (0.005 to 0.01 milligram per kilogram of body weight) given intravenously to sleeping cats with indwelling brain electrodes produce (i) initial electroen-cephalographic activation which was accompanied by behavioral arousal; (ii) a few minutes later, slow-wave sleep; and (iii) within 15 to 30 minutes, fast-wave sleep. Although peripheral afferent stimulation, release of epinephrine, and arginine vasopressin contribute to the initial arousal effects, the primary action of nicotine appears to be on the central nervous system.
Structure-activity relationship study of novel NR2B-selective antagonists with arylamides to avoid reactive metabolites formation.

Abstract A novel potent NMDA-NR2B selective antagonist (5b) without the reactive metabolites formation issue was identified. Through this study, a close correlation between reactive metabolites formation and calculated HOMO energies of parent compounds was found.
Enthalpy of solution of carbohydrates using a modified differential scanning calorimeter

A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was modified for the determination of enthalpies of solution. The measurements were performed on aqueous solutions of the deoxy- and fluoro-deoxy derivatives of D-glucopyranose (Glu) where the OH group on the C1, C2, C3, and C6 is replaced by H (1HGlu, 2HGlu, 3HGlu, and 6HGlu) and by F (1FGlu, 2FGlu, 3FGlu, and 6FGlu), 4-deoxy 4-fluoro-α-D-glucopyranoside (4FGlu), 1-methoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside (αMeOGlu), 1-phenoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside (αPheOGlu), D-mannopyranose (Man), and 3-methoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside (3MeOGlu), at 15.1, 25.0, 35.0, and 45.1°C. The enthalpies of solution ΔsH0(T) ranged from 1.00±0.25 kJ-mol−1 for 6HGlu at 15.1°C to 20.4±1.4 for αPhOGlu at 45.1°C and were in good agreement with literature values for Man, αGlu, αMeOGlu, and 3MeOGlu at 25.0 and 35.0°C and for αMeOMan and 2HGlu at 35.0°C. ΔsH0(T) for the derivatives were then extrapolated up to the melting temperature Tm and compared with their enthalpies of fusion, ΔfH also determined from DSC measurements. If the agreement between ΔsH0(Tm) and ΔfH was within the 95% confidence level, then it was concluded that intermolecular interactions between the carbohydrate molecules in the liquid phase were the same as between the carbohydrate and water molecules in the solution phase. This agreement was observed for aqueous solutions of Man, αGlu, αMeOGlu, 3HGlu, 3FGlu, and 6FGlu.
Online Reviews: The Impact of Power and Incidental Similarity

With the large amount of information shared on the Internet, customers are more likely to be influenced by other customers today. This research examines the impact of shared incidental similarity with an online reviewer on the focal customers’ attitudes and purchase intentions. In addition, the present study argues that such a positive relationship between incidental similarity and customers’ responses can be moderated by individuals’ psychological states of power. The results of the current study show that participants in the powerful condition exhibited similar level of responses toward a restaurant after reading a set of online reviews regardless of the presence or absence of incidental similarity cues (e.g., same name initials). However, under the condition of powerlessness, participants’ responses are positively driven by shared incidental similarity with the reviewer.
Student Presentations of the Life and Work of Prominent Social Psychologists

In this article I describe a social psychology class assignment in which groups of students delivered a 15- to 20-min presentation on the life and work of a prominent social psychologist. This assignment is designed to foster a richer understanding of-and better memory for-concepts, theories, and experiments in social psychology. Students read primary literature in social psychology, become more familiar with the shapers of the field, and gain insight into the development and progress of research ideas and programs. Students responded favorably to this assignment and found value both in listening to other presentations as well as working on their presentations.
Erythrocytapheresis limits iron accumulation in chronically transfused sickle cell patients

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) as a complication of sickle cell disease occur most frequently in childhood. Life-long transfusion prevents recurrent stroke, but inevitably leads to iron overload. Although effective chelation exists, many patients are not compliant. Erythrocytapheresis, an automated method of red blood cell exchange, was evaluated as an alternative to control transfusion-related iron load. Eleven patients with sickle cell anemia and a history of stroke were converted from simple transfusion to pheresis. Total time on pheresis for the group averaged 19 months (range 4-36 months). No significant complications occurred with a mean pre-pheresis hemoglobin S (Hb S) level of 44%. Blood utilization increased by an average of 50%. The effect of pheresis on serum ferritin depended on the patient's pre-pheresis ferritin level and chelation regimen. Ferritin levels remained stable for chelated patients with ferritin levels > or = 5,000 ng/ml, but decreased in a chelated patient with a pre-pheresis ferritin level of 4,000 ng/ml. For non-chelated patients with significant pre-pheresis iron load, ferritin levels remained stable. No patient on chelation prior to pheresis was able to discontinue deferoxamine. However, one patient with pre-pheresis ferritin of 500 ng/ml maintained serum ferritin levels < 200 ng/ml for 36 months of pheresis without chelation. Pheresis is more expensive than simple transfusion unless the cost of chelation and organ damage from iron overload are considered. Erythrocytapheresis is a safe method of controlling Hb S levels and limiting or preventing iron load in chronically transfused sickle cell patients.
Long-Term Stability of Aqueous Solutions of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Assessed by an In Vitro Bioassay and Liquid Chromatography

The stability of aqueous solutions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) after extended storage at various temperatures was investigated using a newly developed HPLC assay and an in vitro dispersed pituitary cell culture bioassay. Good correlations were obtained between the potency obtained by HPLC and bioassay in samples stored at 37°C or subjected to different stress conditions. No significant decrease in activity of LHRH was observed in aqueous solutions stored at 37°C for up to 10 weeks, at 4°C for 2 years, or subjected to repeated freezing and thawing for 5 d. Heating to 60°C in sterile pH 9.0 buffer up to 11 d and storage at ambient temperature in nonsterile solution for 4 months produced well-distinguished degradation products and a decrease in potency. It is concluded that sterile aqueous solutions of LHRH are stable for at least 10 weeks at 37°C and, thus, could be reliably used for chronic administration when long-term stability at body temperature is important.
Types of Sleep Problems in Adults Living with HIV/AIDS

Objective:To characterize specific types of sleep problems experienced by adults with HIV.Method:The design was cross-sectional involving sleep questionnaires, diaries, and wrist actigraphy. The co...
Influence of Positive Affect upon Creative Thinking and Problem Solving in Children

A study was designed to assess whether positive affect may promote creativity and facilitate problem solving of children. The task used to measure creativity involved word generation. Subjects were...
Large-scale PACS implementation strategies: image data acquisition and distribution services

In this paper we discuss the desired PACS system metrics and the large-scale PACS implementation strategy for data acquisition and distribution based on the specification of these PACS system metrics. We also describe a prototype PACS acquisition subsystem in terms of its architecture, implementation, reliability, efficiency and manageability.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Equations of state for ideal elastomeric gels

Submerged in a solvent-containing environment and subject to applied forces, a covalent polymer network absorbs the solvent and deforms, forming an elastomeric gel. The equations of state are derived under two assumptions. First, the amount of the solvent in the gel varies when the gel changes volume, but remains constant when the gel changes shape. Second, the Helmholtz free energy of the gel is separable into the contribution due to stretching the network and that due to mixing the polymer and the solvent. We demonstrate that these equations of state fit several sets of experimental data in the literature remarkably well.
Zinc perchlorate: enthalpies of dilution with water and some enthalpies of mixing with perchloric acid

Relative apparent molar enthalpies of aqueous zinc perchlorate were measured at 298.15 K over the molality range 0.001 to 4.2 mol kg−1. The values were smoothed and extrapolated to infinite dilution with guidance from Debye-Huckel functions. The effect of changing the ratio of acid to zinc perchlorate on the enthalpy of zinc perchloric acid was measured. The mole ratio r = n(HClO4)n“Zn(ClO4)2’ varied from 58 to 1.1 with the final zinc perchlorate molality in the range 0.018 to 0.023 mol kg−1. The standard enthalpy of solution of Zn(ClO4)2 · 6H2O was calculated.
LOCALIZATION OF THE CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE, CALCINEURIN, IN THE HINDBRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF THE RAT

The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin was localized at the light microscopic level in the rat hindbrain and spinal cord by using an antibody against the alpha-isoform of the catalytic subunit. Calcineurin was highly concentrated in axons, dendrites, and cell bodies of a subpopulation of alpha-motoneurons in hindbrain motor nuclei and the lateral motor column along the length of the spinal cord. These calcineurin-positive alpha-motoneurons appeared to be randomly distributed and represented approximately 25% of the total alpha-motoneuron pool in the motor trigeminal nucleus and the spinal cord lateral motor column. Within the facial nucleus, calcineurin-containing motoneurons were present in the medial and dorsal subdivision but not in the lateral and intermediate subdivision. In addition to the enrichment in motoneurons, calcineurin was enriched in cells of the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn and its extension into the medulla, the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. Axonal staining in the white matter of the spinal cord was generally weak, except in the dorsolateral funiculus, where strongly calcineurin-positive axons formed a putative ascending tract that appeared to terminate uncrossed in the caudal lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla. This tract may originate from calcineurin-positive cells in the dorsolateral funiculus. We also compared the distribution of calcineurin with calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II in the spinal cord and found that the kinase is more widely expressed. Thus, calcineurin is highly restricted to a few locations in the hindbrain and spinal cord. Selective staining in facial subnuclei that innervate phasically active muscles suggests that calcineurin-positive motoneurons represent a subset of alpha-motoneurons innervating a metabolic subtype of muscle fibers, possibly fast-twitch fibers.
A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits

In the control and protective circuits of complex electrical systems it is frequently necessary to make intricate interconnections of relay contacts and switches. Examples of these circuits occur in automatic telephone exchanges, industrial motor-control equipment, and in almost any circuits designed to perform complex operations automatically. In this article a mathematical analysis of certain of the properties of such networks will be made. Particular attention will be given to the problem of network synthesis. Given certain characteristics, it is required to find a circuit incorporating these characteristics. The solution of this type of problem is not unique and methods of finding those particular circuits requiring the least number of relay contacts and switch blades will be studied. Methods will also be described for finding any number of circuits equivalent to a given circuit in all operating characteristics. It will be shown that several of the well-known theorems on impedance networks have roughly analogous theorems in relay circuits. Notable among these are the delta-wye (δ-Y) and star-mesh transformations, and the duality theorem.
Modification of carboplatin by Jurkat cells

Using [1H,15N] heteronuclear single quantum coherance (HSQC) NMR and 15N-labeled carboplatin, 1, we show that Jurkat cells affect the rate of disappearance of the HSQC NMR peak in culture medium for this Pt2+ anticancer drug. The decay or disappearance rate constant for 1 in culture medium containing cells is k1=kc[CO32-]+km+kuN, where kc is the rate constant for reaction of 1 with carbonate in the medium, km is the rate constant for reaction of 1 with all other components of the medium, and ku is the rate constant for reaction of 1 with cells having a number density N in the medium. Since Jurkat cells only take up a small amount of the platinum present in the medium (<1%), the observed disappearance of the HSQC NMR peak for 1 cannot be due to uptake of carboplatin by the cells.
Intermediates and kinetics of membrane fusion.

Recently, it has become clear that the influenza virus fusion protein, hemagglutinin (HA), produces membrane destabilization and fusion by a multistep process, which involves the aggregation of the HAs to form a fusion site. While the details of this process are under debate, it is important to recognize that proposing any sequence of "microscopic" fusion intermediates encumbers general "macroscopic" kinetic consequences, i.e., with respect to membrane mixing rates. Using a kinetic scheme which incorporates the essential elements of several recently proposed models, some of these measurable properties have been elucidated. First, a rigorous mathematical relationship between fusion intermediates and the fusion event itself is defined. Second, it is shown that what is measured as the macroscopic "fusion rate constant" is a simple function of all of the rate constants governing the transitions between intermediates, whether or not one of the microscopic steps is rate limiting. Third, while this kinetic scheme predicts a delay (or lag) time for fusion, as has been observed, it will be very difficult to extract reliable microscopic information from these data. Furthermore, it is predicted that the delay time can depend upon HA surface density even when the HA aggregation step is very rapid compared with fusion, i.e., the delay time need not be due to HA aggregation. Fourth, the inactivation process observed for influenza virions at low pH can be described within this kinetic scheme simply, yet rigorously, via the loss of the fusion intermediates. Fifth, predicted Arrhenius plots of fusion rates can be linear for this multistep scheme, even though there is no single rate-determining step and even when a branched step is introduced, i.e., where one pathway predominates at low temperature and the other pathway predominates at high temperature. Furthermore, the apparent activation energies obtained from these plots bear little or no quantitative resemblance to the microscopic activation energies used to simulate the data. Overall, these results clearly show that the intermediates of protein mediated fusion can be studied only by using assays sensitive to the formation of each proposed intermediate.
Oxidative activation of guanylate cyclase by prostaglandin endoperoxides and fatty acid hydroperoxides

Purified prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) and hydroperoxides (15-OOH-PGE2) as well as fatty acid hydroperoxides (12-OOH-20∶4, 15-OOH-20∶4, and 13-OOH-18∶2) were examined as effectors of soluble splenic cell guanylate cyclase activity. The procedures employed for the preparation and purification of these components circumvented the use of diethyl ether which obscured effects of lipid effectors because of contaminants presumed to be ether peroxides which were stimulatory to the cyclase. Addition of prostaglandin endoperoxides or fatty acid hydroperoxides to the reaction mixture led to a time-dependent activation of guanylate cyclase activity; 2.5-to 5-fold stimulation was seen during the first 6 min. The degree of stimulation and rate of activation were dependent on the concentration of the fatty acid effector; when initial velocities (6 min) were assessed, half maximal stimulation was achieved in the range of 2 to 3 μM. However, by extending the incubation time to 90 min, similar maximal increases in specific activity could be achieved with 3 or 10 μM PGG2 or PGH2. Activation of guanylate cyclase upon addition of prostaglandin endoperoxides or fatty acid hydroperoxides was prevented or reversed by the thiol reductants dithiothreitol (3 to 5 mM) or gluthathione (10 to 15 mM). Na2S2O4, not known as an effective reducing agent of disulfieds, prevented but was relatively ineffective in reversing activation after it had been induced by PGG2. Pretreatment of the enzyme preparation with increasing concentrations of N-ethyl-maleimide in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 mM prevented activation by PGG2 without effecting basal guanylate cyclase activity. These observations indicate that fatty acid hydroperoxides and prostaglandin endoperoxides promote activation of the cyclase by oxidation of enzyme-related thiol functions. In contrast, PGE2, PGF2α, hydroxy fatty acids (13-OH-18∶2, 12-OH-20∶4) as well as saturated (18∶0), monoenoic (18∶1), dienoic (18∶2), and tetraenoic (20∶4) fatty acids were ineffective in promoting cyclase activation in the range of 1 to 10 μM. Studies to identify the species of the rapidly metabolized prostaglandin endoperoxides that serve as effectors of the cyclase indicated that PGG2 but not 15-OOH-PGE2 (the major buffer-rearrangement product of PGG2) is most likely an activator. In the case of PGH2 a rapidly generated (30 sec) metabolite of PGH2 was found which contained a hydroperoxy or endoperoxy functional group and was equally as effective as PGH2 as an apparent activator of the enzyme. The combined effects of PGG2 and dehydroascorbic acid, another class of activator, exhibited additivity with respect to the rate at which the time-dependent activation was induced. These results suggest that activation of soluble guanylate cyclase from splenic cells can be achieved by the oxidation of sulfhydryls that may be associated with specific hydrophobic sites of the enzyme or a related regulatory component.
Vibrational assignment and rotational isomerism of 2-chloro-1-butene and 2-bromo-1-butene

Abstract Infrared spectra were obtained for 2-chloro-l-butene and 2-bromo-l-butene that show the presence of trans and gauche rotamers in both compounds. Vibrational assignments were made with the aid of normal coordinate calculations that utilized a thirty-eight parameter valence force field.
Ratio scaling of pain perception with the submaximum effort tourniquet technique

The submaximum effort tourniquet technique (SETT) is becoming more widely used as part of the clinical assessment of chronic pain patients despite little information about the scaling of this technique. Ratio scaling procedures resulted in a linear function, presumed to underlie clinical application of the SETT, for only 11% of the subjects. Therefore, current clinical use of the tourniquet ratio score should be questioned. Normals also obtained significantly more negatively accelerated power functions than pain patients with no difference in tolerances. Differences in these growth curves are discussed with reference to the concept of pain endurance. Continued needs for standardized pain evaluation techniques suggest that this type of psychophysical scaling procedure may improve the precision of some clinical pain assessments.