cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Product Development Under FDA’s Animal Rule: Understanding FDA’s Expectations and Potential Implications for Traditional Development Programs

In 2002 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established a regulatory pathway for drug and biological products targeting indications for which human efficacy studies are not feasible or ethical. These regulations (21 CFR 314.600 for drugs and 21 CFR 601.90 for biologics), commonly referred to as the "Animal Rule," were the result of many years of thinking about how to make such products available to people who might need them. A handful of products have been approved under the Animal Rule, and several others are in development. This article reviews how different products met the requirements for licensure under the Animal Rule, based on information publicly available on FDA's website. The primary aim of this manuscript is to offer an understanding of FDA's interpretation of relevant regulations and guidances in the context of this licensure pathway. Some of the methods used for Animal Rule approvals may also have potential application in more traditional development programs. Thus, this article may also offer insight into methods for accelerating product development in general.
Abstract 2144: RasGRP1 induces autophagy in primary human epidermal keratinocytes resembling fail-safe mechanisms triggered by oncogenic Ras

RasGRP1 is a guanyl nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that is abundantly expressed in lymphocytes, regulating their maturation and activation. Its aberrant expression has been associated to transformation in various cell types, although the role in human cancer remains largely unexplored. Our lab has previously demonstrated expression of RasGRP1 in epidermal keratinocytes, followed by studies that showed a critical role in skin carcinogenesis in mouse models of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through its ability to increase the dosage of active Ras. To explore whether RasGRP1 could contribute to transformation of human keratinocytes, we utilized primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) isolated from neonatal foreskin. In a model of tissue reconstruct, or 3-D culture, HEK manipulated to overexpress RasGRP1 (RasGRP1+) failed at generating a stratified epithelium. In fact, the RasGRP1 + cells underwent changes resembling autophagy and cell death in culture, with vacuolated cytoplasm as well as rounded bodies. Autophagy was confirmed at the molecular level by measuring increases in the LC3-II species by Western blot and the formation of a LC3 punctate pattern by immunofluorescence. Surprisingly, there was no caspase-3 activation in the RasGRP1+ HEK despite the morphological signs of apoptosis, although we noticed an increase in the expression of the BH3-only protein NOXA as early as 48 hours post RasGRP1 overexpression. Since oncogenic signals are known to induce fail-safe mechanisms that restrict cell expansion, we presumed that the changes observed in the HEK cell overexpressing RasGRP1 were due to Ras hyperactivation (oncogenic)-induced cell death. As predicted, levels of active Ras-GTP were 3 times higher in the RasGRP1+ cells compared to the wild type HEK, with a preponderance of the H-Ras isoform being activated. In line with these observations, enforced expression of an oncogenic version of the H-Ras isoform (H-RasQ61L) also resulted in cytoplasmatic vacuolization of HEK and increases in LC3-II levels. In contrast to the RasGRP1+ cells, H-RasQ61L caused activation of caspase-3 while increases in NOXA were delayed compared to those caused by RasGRP1. While RasGRP1 and oncogenic H-RasQ61L differ in some aspect of their downstream molecular pathways, probably as a result of the magnitude of Ras activation, the present findings reveal a novel RasGRP1-Ras axis that can lead to oncogenic signals in human keratinocytes. This warrants further investigation into the potential participation of RasGRP1 in keratinocyte transformation, particularly contributing to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2144. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2144
YouTube vloggers' influence on consumer luxury brand perceptions and intentions

Abstract This study examines how video blogs (vlogs) influence consumer perceptions of luxury brands. Using para-social interaction (PSI) and social comparison theory, this study proposes a model that assesses the influence of physical attractiveness, social attractiveness, and attitude homophily of video blogger (vlogger) on PSI; and PSI effects on luxury brand perceptions (i.e., brand luxury, luxury brand value, and brand-user-imagery fit) and luxury brand purchase intentions. Study 1 tests the hypothesized model using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results supported the proposed model. Using within-subject design by comparing pre- and post-luxury perceptions, Study 2 finds luxury brand perceptions were significantly increased after watching vlog and increases were moderated by PSI with the vlogger. Study 3 investigated vlog effects on luxury brand perceptions and purchase intentions using between-subject design. Results show that luxury brand perceptions and purchase intentions for the experimental groups, who watched vlogs reviewing luxury products, were higher than control group, who did not watch vlog. Overall, the findings generally support for PSI as a brand management tool and the use of YouTube for positive perceptions of luxury brands.
The knee and cerebral palsy.

Summary Common knee problems in cerebral palsy are flexion, recurvatum, high patella and chondromalacia, and valgus. Most are preventable or correctable by judicious soft tissue surgery. Successful results demand prevention of recurrence with night support and appropriate exercises during the growing period.
Diabetic comas: the overlap concept.

Hypoglycemia is the most common and most easily treated cause of coma in the diabetic, but the four metabolic causes are not uncommon. In isolation, the symptoms and management of each are quite different, but clinical overlap is usual and often confusing.
Pulsed EPR Studies of the Manganese Center of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

The pulsed EPR technique of Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) is used to measure the nuclear transition frequencies of paramagnetic nuclei magnetically coupled to unpaired electron spins.1 We have employed this technique to study the Mn center of the Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex. ESEEM measurements were performed on the “multiline” Mn EPR signal associated with the S 2 state of the Kok cycle.
CHAPTER 20 – Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage

Monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM) represents the dendritic cells (DCs) maturation stimulus currently used most widely in clinical application. It is obtained by culturing lymphocyte-depleted PBMCs in tissue culture dishes coated with immunoglobulin for 24 hours. DC maturation can be affected by many of the cytokines secreted by monocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF can be produced by macrophages as well as T cells, fibroblasts, and endothelium and is an essential cytokine for the in vitro generation of myeloid DCs from either CD34 precursors or peripheral blood monocytes. IL-4 is produced by T cells, mast cells, and some bone marrow stromal cells and is used alongside GM-CSF in generating DCs from peripheral blood monocytes. GM-CSF does not appear to be critical for DC development in vivo . Although GM-CSF transgenic mice exhibit an increase in the number of DCs isolated from lymphoid organs, GM-CSF, or GM-CSF receptor null mice exhibit approximately normal numbers of DCs, suggesting that other cytokines are also important in DC development.
The Ambitions of William Henry

HISTORIANS HAVE TRAPPED William Henry of Lancaster (1729–86) in the identity of gunsmith. Though meant as a com-pliment—most accounts portray Henry as the most important gunsmith in the “rifle-making hub of colonial America,” Lancaster County—this confinement is ironic, since Henry escaped this occupation as soon as he was able. The term gunsmith, then as now, could describe men who repaired guns, who produced specialized gun parts (such as bar-rels or locks), who created an entire gun from scratch (lock, stock, and barrel), or who ran a factory that employed other men. Henry seems not to have engaged in any of these activities after 1760. By the last decade of his life, Henry had achieved a level of financial security (and apparently embodied the virtuous independence thought to derive from it) that led his peers to entrust him with positions of responsibility and that left Henry free to accept them. He served first in local and state governments and was later appointed an administrator and financier for the Continental army and elected twice to the Continental Congress. We have failed to register the shape of his career, the magnitude of his trans-formation; instead, historians have imagined that during all these varied activities, Henry continued to work as a gunsmith. Indeed, the belief that Henry “was engaged in the manufacture of firearms for over thirty years,” that he produced the rifles or muskets carried by soldiers from the French and Indian War through the Revolution, has been central to stories about him.
An Adaptive Machine Translator for Multilingual Communication

Machine translation (MT) between natural languages is an infamously difficult problem in Natural Language Processing that is still very much being researched. This research study explores the efficacy of developing an adaptive translator using Lexical Functional Grammars. The main research objective is building a machine translator generator for multilingual communication, i.e. developing a system whose inputs are linguistic descriptions of a desired source and target language and whose output is a program that translates between the two natural languages. A bidirectional machine translator between English and Hungarian, developed as a proof-of-concept case study, is discussed. The benefits and drawbacks of this approach as generalized to MT systems are also discussed, along with possible areas of future work.
Exploring Heterosexual Adults’ Endorsement of the Sexual Double Standard among Initiators of Consensually Nonmonogamous Relationship Behaviors

Although the traditional sexual double standard (SDS) has been well documented, recent research has produced inconsistencies. Some scholars argue that the SDS may only exist for less traditional sexual behaviors, reflecting society’s progression toward equality. Thus, the current study examined the SDS when evaluating individuals initiating a variety of forms of consensual nonmonogamy (CNM; i.e., romantic relationships that are sexually and/or emotionally nonexclusive). Using a between-subject experimental paradigm, 793 heterosexual U.S. adults (338 men, 455 women) read one of eight vignettes depicting an individual initiating one of five behaviors with their romantic partner (polyamory, swinging, open relationships, group sex, role-playing) and subsequently judged the initiator using three judgments of interest (cognitive abilities, morality, and relationship satisfaction). The results indicated that women initiators were judged more favorably than were men initiators and that role-playing initiators were judged more favorably than were CNM initiators. Among CNM behaviors, those initiating swinging and group sex were judged more favorably than were those initiating polyamory and open relationships. These results are consistent with research highlighting inconsistencies in the SDS in contemporary society and demonstrate the endorsement of a relationship double standard. Implications regarding gender equality as well as the promotion of inclusive sexual education are discussed.
Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.-Associated Disease in Free-Ranging Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and Description of ITS1 Region Genotypes.

SUMMARY During an outbreak of Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV) in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts, several birds were diagnosed with trichomonosis consisting of multiple trichomonad species. Six birds were examined, with trichomonads found in ceca in four birds and associated typhlitis in three of these four birds. PCR and DNA sequencing utilizing trichomonad-specific primers targeting the ITS1 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) revealed the presence of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in the gastrointestinal tracts of five birds and Trichomonas spp. in the livers of two birds, one of which had a dual Te. gallinarum-Trichomonas gallinae infection. Sequence analysis revealed no variation between Te. gallinarum sequences whereas the ITS1 sequences obtained from the other Trichomonas spp. demonstrated the presence of multiple genotypes. One sequence had 100% identity to a Trichomonas sp. previously isolated from a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and the other sequence w...
First 400G 8-Channel CWDM Silicon Photonic Integrated Transmitter

We demonstrate an 8-channel 400G CWDM silicon photonics transmitter leveraging Intel's highly integrated wafer-scale photonics manufacturing platform. The transmitter consists of integrated lasers, high-bandwidth carrier-depletion modulators, and a passive integrated silicon wavelength multiplexer on a single chip.
A National Survey on Interhospital Transport of Children in Cardiac Arrest.

OBJECTIVES To describe the U.S. experience with interhospital transport of children in cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. DESIGN Self-administered electronic survey. SETTING Pediatric transport teams listed with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Transport Medicine. SUBJECTS Leaders of U.S. pediatric transport teams. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sixty of the 88 teams surveyed (68%) responded. Nineteen teams (32%) from 13 states transport children undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation between hospitals. The most common reasons for transfer of children in cardiac arrest are higher level-of-care (70%), extracorporeal life support (60%), and advanced trauma resuscitation (35%). Eligibility is typically decided on a case-by-case basis (85%) and sometimes involves a short interhospital distance (35%), or prompt institution of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (20%). Of the 19 teams that transport with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 42% report no special staff safety features, 42% have guidelines or protocols, 37% train staff on resuscitation during transport, 11% brace with another provider, and 5% use mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices for patients less than 18 years. In the past 5 years, 18 teams report having done such cardiopulmonary resuscitation transports: 22% did greater than five transports, 44% did two to five transports, 6% did one transport, and the remaining 28% did not recall the number of transports. Seventy-eight percent recall having transported by ambulance, 44% by helicopter, and 22% by fixed-wing. Although patient outcomes were varied, eight teams (44%) reported survivors to ICU and/or hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS A minority of U.S. teams perform interhospital transport of children in cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eligibility criteria, transport logistics, and patient outcomes are heterogeneous. Importantly, there is a paucity of established safety protocols for the staff performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in transport.
Globalizando a História do Trabalho: o caso da revista Internacional Labor and Working-Class History

O presente artigo segue a trajetoria da revista International Labor and Working-Class History (ILWCH) ao longo das ultimas duas decadas, delineando sua transicao de uma revista com um enfoque quase exclusivamente na historia da Europa para uma publicacao com uma perspectiva mais global. Embora houvesse nas paginas da ILWCH um interesse na globalizacao como fenomeno comecando nos anos 1990, um importante artigo sobre este tema escrito por Charles Tilly em 1995 ainda refletia uma abordagem altamente eurocentrica. Mas na decada seguinte, a composicao da comissao editorial comecou a mudar, e uma serie de artigos – varios deles autorizados pelo historiador social holandes Marcel van der Linden – foram publicados na revista montando argumentos em favor de uma nova e verdadeiramente globalizada historia do trabalho. Entre as implicacoes dessa nova Global Labor History vem a necessidade de repensar a categoria historica de trabalho e de trabalhador/a e a relacao entre o trabalho precario ou nao livre a historia do capitalismo. Ao mesmo tempo, outros historiadores, geralmente trabalhando nas regioes do “Sul Global”, tem questionado os pressupostos da Global Labor History , especialmente a tendencia de fazer avancar um tipo de “narrativa de convergencia” que continua privilegiando as experiencias historicas do capitalismo nos paises do “Norte Global”.
Venomous Bites to the External Genitalia: An Unusual Cause of Acute Scrotum

The acute scrotum generates a long list of differential diagnoses. An unusual etiology includes insect envenomation, which typically is an acute process with rapid onset of symptomatologies. Two patients with genital envenomation are reported. We review the reported cases at our institution with all types of bites and stings. Symptoms of pain and pruritus, and signs of ecchymosis and edema preceding exfoliating dermatitis were evident in both cases. Mild analgesics and antihistamines promoted resolution in each instance.
Efficient and Safe Network Updates with Suffix Causal Consistency

Though centrally managed by a controller, a software-defined network (SDN) can still encounter routing inconsistencies among its switches due to the non-atomic updates to their forwarding tables. In this paper, we propose a new method to rectify these inconsistencies that is inspired by causal consistency, a consistency model for shared-memory systems. Applied to SDNs, causal consistency would imply that once a packet is matched to ("reads") a forwarding rule in a switch, it can be matched in downstream switches only to rules that are equally or more up-to-date. We propose and analyze a relaxed but functionally equivalent version of this property called suffix causal consistency (SCC) and evaluate an implementation of SCC in Open vSwitch and P4 switches, in conjunction with the Ryu and P4Runtime controllers. Our results show that SCC provides greater efficiency than competing consistent-update alternatives while offering consistency that is strong enough to ensure high-level routing properties (black-hole freedom, bounded looping, etc.).
Cost of benign versus oncologic colon resection among fee-for-service Medicare enrollees.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Reimbursement for colonic pathology by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are grouped in the Medicare Severity-Diagnosis Related Groups (MS-DRG). With limited available data, we sought to compare the relative impact of malignant vs benign colonic pathology on reimbursement under the MS-DRG system. METHODS We used 5% national Medicare data from 2011 to 2014. Patients were classified as having benign disease or malignancy. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate the surgical approach and health resource utilization. RESULTS Of 10 928 patients, most were Non-Hispanic White women. The majority underwent open colectomy in both cohorts (P < .001). Colectomy for benign disease was associated with higher total charges (P < .001) and a longer length of stay (P = .0002). Despite higher charges, payments were not significantly different between the cohorts (P = .434). Both inpatient mortality and discharge to a rehab facility were higher in the oncologic group (P < .001). CONCLUSION Payment methodology for colectomy under the CMS MS-DRG system does not appear to accurately reflect the episode cost of care. The data suggest that inpatient costs are not fully compensated. A transition to value-based payments with expanded episode duration will require a better understanding of unique costs before adoption.
Adoption of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis in Clinical Practice.

This study uses administrative claims from an insurance database to examine adoption of digital breast tomosynthesis for cancer screening and describe regional patterns and sociodemographic characteristics associated with its use.
Colloquium: Order and quantum phase transitions in the cuprate superconductors

It is now widely accepted that the cuprate superconductors are characterized by a long-range order similar to that present in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, that associated with the condensation of Cooper pairs. The author argues that many physical properties of the cuprates require interplay with additional order parameters associated with a proximate Mott insulator. A classification of Mott insulators in two dimensions is proposed. Experimental evidence so far shows that the class appropriate to the cuprates has collinear spin correlations, bond order, and confinement of neutral, spin $S=1/2$ excitations. Proximity to second-order quantum phase transitions associated with these orders, and with the pairing order of BCS, has led to systematic predictions for many physical properties. In this context the author reviews the results of recent neutron scattering, fluxoid detection, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments.
Rose Bengal Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy for Patients With Progressive Infectious Keratitis: A Pilot Clinical Study.

Purpose To report clinical outcomes of rose bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (RB-PDAT) as an adjunct treatment for severe, progressive infectious keratitis. Design Consecutive interventional case series. Methods Patients with progressive infectious keratitis unresponsive to standard medical therapy underwent RB-PDAT at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 2016 through March 2018. RB-PDAT was performed by applying a solution of rose bengal (0.1% or 0.2% RB in balanced salt solution) to the de-epithelialized cornea for 30 minutes, followed by irradiation with a 6 mW/cm2 custom-made green LED source for 15 minutes (5.4 J/cm2). Results The current study included 18 patients (7 male and 11 female) ranging from 17 to 83 years old. Acanthamoeba was the most frequent microbe (10/17; 59%), followed by Fusarium spp. (4/17; 24%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/17; 12%), and Curvularia spp. (1/17; 6%); 1 patient had no confirmed microbiologic diagnosis. Main clinical risk factor for keratitis included contact lens wear (79%). The average area of epithelial defect prior to first RB-PDAT was 32 ± 27 mm2 and average stromal depth hyperreflectivity measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography was 269 ± 75 μm. Successful RB-PDAT (avoidance of therapeutic keratoplasty) was achieved in 72% of the cases, with an average time to clinical resolution (decreased pain and inflammation with re-epithelialization and infiltrate resolution) of 46.9 ± 26.4 days after RB-PDAT. Time of follow-up after RB-PDAT was 13.3 ± 5.7 months. Conclusion RB-PDAT can be considered as an adjunct therapy for cases of severe, progressive infectious keratitis before performing a therapeutic keratoplasty.
Small land snails from Northern Australia, II: Species of Westracystis Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata, Helicarionidae)

Summary Dissection of two small helicarionid land snail species from the Kimberley and near Katherine, Northern Territory show that the genus Westracyst is lredale, 1939 belongs to the subfamily Helicarioninae. One species, Westracystis lissus (E. A. Smith 1894) and its subjective synonym Westracystis tentus Iredale, 1939, is widely distributed in the Kimberley, with records from the Harding and Napier Ranges, north and east of Derby, respectively, to Kalumburu and then west to the Lawford and Laidlaw Ranges on th south-east fringes, finally across the border of the Northern Territory to the Sorby Hills and Keep River in the north with a single record along the Victoria Highway, 25 km east of Timber Creek Police Station. The second species, Westracystis fredaslini, new species, is known from the vicinity of Katherine south to Elsie Station on the Roper River, Northern Territory. Discussion of anatomical differences, aestivation strategies, annual growth differences, and ecology help to explain the wide di...
Investigation of Reduced Kinetics Mechanisms for Accurate LES and Scaling of the Dynamics of Premixed Swirling Oxy-Fuel Combustion

In this paper, we examine the role of reduced chemical kinetics mechanisms in predicting the flow structure using multi-dimensional large-eddy simulations in complex geometries. We investigate the ...
Comparison of Three Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Scores With and Without Coronary Calcium for Predicting Revascularization and Major Adverse Coronary Events in Symptomatic Patients Undergoing Positron Emission Tomography-Stress Testing.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality nationally and internationally. Improving ASCVD risk prediction is a high clinical priority. We sought to determine which of 3 ASCVD risk scores best predicts the need for revascularization and incident major adverse coronary events (MACE) in symptomatic patients at low-to-intermediate primary ASCVD risk referred for regadenoson-stress positron emission tomography (PET). Risk scores included the standard ASCVD pooled cohort equation (PCE), the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) risk equation, and the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), obtained by PET. All qualifying patients in our institution at primary ASCVD risk referred for PET-stress tests in whom PCE, MESA, and CAC scores could be calculated were studied. CACS categories were: 0, 1 to 10, 11 to 299, 300 to 999, and 1000+. MESA and PCE scores were divided into quartiles. Logistic regression modeling was used to predict clinical/PET-driven early revascularization (within 90 days) and 1-year MACE (death, myocardial infarction, or any-time revascularization). A total of 981 patients (54% men, age 67 ± 10 years) qualified and were studied. Scores including CAC (MESA, CACS) performed better than PCE for predicting overall 1-year MACE (MESA p
Decreased Length of Postoperative Drain Use, Parenteral Opioids, Length of Stay, and Complication Rates in Patients Receiving Meshed versus Unmeshed Acellular Dermal Matrix in 194 Submuscular Tissue Expander-Based Breast Reconstructions: A Single-Surgeon Cohort Study.

Background Studies have cited possible complications and increased fluid accumulation in implant-based breast reconstruction using acellular dermal matrix. The authors propose a novel approach, manually meshing acellular dermal matrix using a skin graft mesher before use in expander-based breast reconstruction. The authors investigated postoperative drain time, complication rates, pain, and length of hospital stay in meshed versus unmeshed acellular dermal matrix cohorts. Methods One hundred fourteen patients and 194 reconstructed breasts were included overall. Of these, 99 patients were included in the pain and postoperative length of hospital stay analysis. Independent t test and chi-square analyses were used for bivariate comparisons. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to further delineate impact of meshing acellular dermal matrix on drain time, postoperative parenteral narcotic requirements, and length of stay between the two cohorts. Results The meshed acellular dermal matrix cohort had lower overall complication rates compared with the unmeshed cohort. Multiple linear regression analyses showed meshing the acellular dermal matrix alone decreased drain time by 7.3 days, and decreased postoperative parenteral narcotic requirements by 77 percent (20 mg morphine). Furthermore, it was the only significant predictor for a decrease in length of stay. Conclusions Meshing acellular dermal matrix significantly decreased the time needed for postoperative drains. Statistical analysis showed significantly decreased overall and minor complication rates in the meshed cohort. Meshing significantly decreased parenteral narcotic requirements and, importantly, also decreased length of stay. All of these factors have important implications regarding cost and quality of care in expander-based breast reconstruction. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Asymmetric Catalyses by Cyclodextrins

The most simple usage of the chiral properties of cyclodextrins is selective precipitation of D,L compounds. D,L-isomers of most substrates have similar binding constants with cyclodextrins [108, 266]. However, D,L-isomers of certain substrates have appreciably different binding constants with cyclodextrins. Cyclodextrins can (partially) separate one enantiomer of these substrates from the other. That is, inclusion complexes, which are precipitated by addition of racemic substrates (in excess) to an aqueous cyclodextrin solution, contain more of one enantiomer than the other. Decomposition of the resulting inclusion complexes gives substrates which are rich in one enantiomer. By this method, chiral carboxylic acid esters [267], sulfoxides [268], O-alkyl alkylphosphinates [269], and O-alkyl alkylsulfinates [270] were resolved. The maximum optical purities, obtained after repeated precipitation with cyclodextrins followed by fractional crystallization, were 71.5, 84, and 70.2% for sulfoxides, phos-phinates, and sulfmates, respectively.
Weakly stable hyperbolic boundary problems with large oscillatory coefficients: Simple cascades

We prove energy estimates for exact solutions to a class of linear, weakly stable, first-order hyperbolic boundary problems with “large”, oscillatory, zeroth-order coefficients, that is, coefficien...
Financial Hardship, Healthcare Utilization, and Health Among U.S. Cancer Survivors.

Introduction This study examined associations of both medical and nonmedical financial hardships with healthcare utilization and self-rated health among cancer survivors. Methods The National Health Interview Survey (2013–2017) was used to identify cancer survivors (aged 18–64 years: n=4,939; aged ≥65 years: n=6,972). A total of 4 levels of medical financial hardship intensities were created with measures from material, psychological, and behavioral domains. A total of 5 levels of nonmedical financial hardship intensities were created with measures in food insecurity and worry about other economic needs (e.g., housing expenses). Generalized ordinal logistic regression examined associations between medical and nonmedical financial hardship intensities and emergency department visits, use of preventive services and cancer screenings, and self-rated health. All analyses were performed in 2019. Results In adjusted analyses, cancer survivors with higher medical financial hardship intensity (Level 4 vs Level 1; aged 18–64 years: 42% vs 26.2%, p Conclusions Higher medical and nonmedical financial hardships are independently associated with more emergency department visits, lower receipt of some preventive services, and worse self-rated health in cancer survivors. With growing healthcare costs, unmet medical and nonmedical financial needs may worsen health disparities among cancer survivors.
A Wireless Power Transfer System (WPTS) Using Misalignment Resilient, On-Fabric Resonators for Wearable Applications

In this paper, we demonstrate a fabric-integrated, near-zone wireless power transfer system, which uses a newly developed misalignment resilient antenna element for inductive power transfer in wearable applications. The antenna consists of an anchor-shaped geometry, which uses a combination of electric and magnetic field couplings in the near field to achieve high power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 85% even under lateral misalignment. Improvement in PTE for lateral and angular misalignment cases is demonstrated which facilitates the near-zone power transfer for practical usecases. For fabric integration, the proposed antenna and rectifier system were fabricated on a textile substrate by using conductive thread embroidery. We report the PTE of the developed antennas variation with different types of misalignment cases. For lateral misalignment, the proposed antenna exhibited an average PTE of 85% for lateral movements of 1 to 10 cm, Furthermore, the antennas exhibited an average PTE of 70 % for elevation and 60 % for azimuthal misalignment cases. These results are compared with circular loop resonator illustrating the improvements in the PTE. Using this antenna element, power harvesting system and its resilience to misalignment are also demonstrated.
Naloxegol for Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Background: Opioid-induced constipation may cause significant morbidity in critically ill children. While constipation in this population is often multi-factorial, ubiquitous opioid usage in the PICU provides the opportunity for targeted therapy, especially in cases refractory to standard therapies. Naloxegol is an oral FDA-approved peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist for chronic opioid-induced constipation use in adults, but data on its use in children is lacking. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of children who received naloxegol from January 2018 - December 2019 was performed. Study included patients that were …
Motivation to study calculus: measuring student performance expectation, utility value and interest

Motivation to learn attracts many researchers in educational contexts. In this study, we propose an instrument tailored towards specifically measuring student motivation in calculus courses at high...
Emergencia de variante Delta- B.1.617.2. Su impacto potencial en la evolución de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2

Se describe hasta la fecha de hoy, 4 de julio del 2021, la evidencia existente sobre la variante Delta del SARS-CoV-2, su impacto en la trasmision, en la severidad de la infeccion y su probable evasion a la respuesta inmune.
Wag the Dog: A Digital Literacies Narrative

In the spring of 2020, schools across the country and world closed. COVID-19 reached pandemic proportions. Were schools prepared? Was there a research base available to help schools prepare student...
Double brooding of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in southeast Tennessee

Double brooding, a second breeding attempt following the successful fledging of a previous brood, has the potential to substantially increase annual reproductive success of a given bird species. Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) have a wide breeding distribution, which makes them suitable subjects for looking at effects of environmental variation on their breeding biology. One aspect of Tree Swallow breeding that is not well studied is double brooding. During this study, double brooding was frequent, ranging from 37% to 57% each year. Single broods and first broods did not differ from each other, however second broods had smaller clutches, fewer fledglings, and reduced hatching success. Double brooded females had a median date of first egg laying that was 5 d earlier than single brooded females. Based on other studies of double brooding in Tree Swallows, the observed differences may be attributable to factors such as reduced food supplies later in the season, female age, breeding experience, and/or nesting date. The results demonstrate the necessity for studying this species over a broader portion of its range to better understand its population dynamics and reproductive potential.
IPMC-Actuated Robotic Fish

Excellent swimmers, such as tuna, rays, and goldfish, take advantage of their flexible fins, compliant bodies, and swimming bladders to achieve fast, highly maneuverable, and energy-efficient locomotion. Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) present attractive opportunities for implementation in flexible underwater propulsion systems due to their intrinsic compliancy and underwater actuation capability. IPMCs can also perform as lightweight and compact catalysts for water electrolysis, which can be used to generate gas for buoyancy control. In this chapter, the potential of IPMCs in underwater propulsion is explored, including caudal fin propulsion, pectoral fin propulsion, and buoyancy control. Enabling technologies, including fabrication methods, modeling and control strategies, and design approaches, are developed for creating bio-inspired robots using IPMC as artificial muscle and buoyancy engine. Three types of underwater robots have been developed to evaluate their performance. First, a robotic fish propelled by an IPMC caudal fin is developed to evaluate its caudal fin propulsion. Second, a bio-inspired robotic cownose ray propelled by two IPMC actuated pectoral fins is demonstrated to evaluate its pectoral fin propulsion. Third, a buoyancy control device enabled by IPMC-enhanced electrolysis is developed to explore its buoyancy control performance.
Sense and avoid for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles using ADS-B

We present the design and implementation of an aircraft collision avoidance algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is used to detect aircraft. The UAV needs to fly through pre-assigned waypoints while avoiding collisions with other aircraft. The aircraft are indifferent to the UAV. A collision with aircraft are detected by simulating the UAV's trajectory along the path of assigned waypoints using its closed-loop dynamics. A sampling based algorithm is used for collision avoidance path planning. A second collision check is performed on the generated path with the updated UAV and aircraft's states. The path will be re-planned if it leads to a collision. The algorithm was validated in Software-In-the-Loop Simulation (SITL). ADS-B data obtained from commercial aircraft flying over the Phoenix Skyharbor airport were used for simulating the collisions. The paper shows that the algorithm enables the UAV to avoid multiple aircraft with different approaching angles and speeds.
The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597-610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water-management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower-value to higher-value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.
Evidence of hypoxic foraging forays by yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) and potential consequences for prey consumption

Summary 1. Previous studies in a variety of ecosystems have shown that ecologically and economically important benthic and bentho-pelagic fishes avoid hypoxic (<2 mg O2 L−1) habitats by moving vertically or horizontally to more oxygenated areas. While avoidance of hypoxic conditions generally leads to a complete shift away from preferred benthic prey, some individual fish continue to consume benthic prey items in spite of bottom hypoxia, suggesting complex habitat utilisation and foraging patterns. For example, Lake Erie yellow perch (Perca flavescens) continue to consume benthic prey, despite being displaced vertically and horizontally by hypolimnetic hypoxia. 2. We hypothesised that hypolimnetic hypoxia can negatively affect yellow perch by altering their distribution and inducing energetically expensive foraging behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we used drifting hydroacoustics and trawl sampling to quantify water column distribution, sub-daily vertical movement and foraging behaviour of yellow perch within hypoxic and normoxic habitats of Lake Erie’s central basin during August-September 2007. We also investigated the effects of rapid changes in ambient oxygen conditions on yellow perch consumption potential by exposing yellow perch to various static and fluctuating oxygen conditions in a controlled laboratory experiment. 3. Our results indicate that, while yellow perch in general avoid hypoxic conditions, some individuals undertake foraging forays into hypoxic habitats where they experience greater fluctuations in abiotic conditions (pressure, temperature and oxygen concentration) than at normoxic sites. However, laboratory results suggest short-term exposure to low oxygen conditions did not negatively impact consumption potential of yellow perch. 4. Detailed understanding of sub-daily individual behaviours may be crucial for determining interactive individual- and ecosystem-level effects of stressors such as hypoxia.
Synthetic Food Colors and Hyperactivity in Children: A Double-Blind Challenge Experiment

Nine hyperactive male subjects, selected on the basis of showing a favorable "response" to the Feingold diet in an earlier study, were maintained on a strict elimination (Feingold) diet for 11 weeks, and were given multiple trials of placebo and challenge food materials. Parental and teacher ratings, classroom behavior observations, and neuropsychological test scores obtained during baseline, placebo, and challenge conditions, in general, were not found to be adversely affected by the artificial color challenge materials. As expected, comparable data gathered on a matched control group showed them to receive substantially better ratings than the hyperactive subjects on the majority of the comparison measures employed. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the dramatic clinical-anecdotal reports that have been given and the much more equivocal findings from formal experimental projects are presented.
Snowballing Effects in Preferential Attachment: The Impact of the Initial Links

This paper studies the node degree snowballing effects (i.e., degree growth effects) in the age-sensitive preferential attachment model, where nodes are iteratively added one by one to a growing network. Upon entering the network, each new node connects to a suitably chosen set of existing nodes, while the attachment probability for an existing node to get connected depends on both its node degree and age difference. We are interested in accelerating the node degree snowballing effects through the impact of the initial links. If a new node enters the growing network with more initial links (a larger degree), it could attract many more links from the later nodes, and thus, its degree snowballs faster. We find that the initial links are only impactful when neither the node degree nor the age difference dominates the attachment probability. In that case, the relationship between the ratio of the additional initial link and the gain ratio of the eventual node degree is shown to include two stages (linear stage and diminishing return stage). Applications of our work involve citation networks and online social networks. For example, in citation networks, we answer the question that whether an author can attract additional citations through self-citations. Finally, real data-driven experiments verify the accuracies of our results, which cast some new light in real-world growing networks.
Teaching & the Nature of Science

Teaching the Nature of Science: Perspectives & Resources . By Douglas Allchin. 2013. SHiPS Education Press. (ISBN 9780989252409). 310 pp. $40.00. In his recent book Teaching the Nature of Science: Perspectives & Resources , Douglas Allchin presents a compelling pedagogical approach for using episodes from the history of science toward improving students’ understanding of aspects of the nature of science (NOS). The text admirably synthesizes Allchin’s expertise in both the philosophy and history of science, including his understanding of recent research in education that strives to both capture and improve students’ NOS conceptions. Allchin admits in the opening pages that the majority of the text can be found elsewhere as separate works, and while this is the case, two notable features of this book make it particularly worthwhile. First, Allchin has admirably synthesized the separate works and included additional chapters to create a rather comprehensive argument for why and how teachers should use history of science as a tool toward helping students learn NOS. Second, while the individual chapters stand alone in helping the reader …
Reconstruction of a hypopharyngeal defect with a palatal mucoperiosteal free graft

(Editorial Comment: The authors describe the placement of a free mucoperiosteal graft into the hypopharynx using a transhyoid approach to relieve hypopharyngeal stenosis.) Stenosis of the pharynx is a complex problem that presents the surgeon with serious challenges. The numerous reconstructive methods described attest to the considerable failure rate that occurs in attempting to entirely eradicate the stenotic lesion. Not infrequently, the dysphagia experienced by the patient after reconstruction is complicated by varying degrees of aspiration, voice alterations, and pharyngocutaneous fistulae.
In Vitro Iron Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Raisins

Iron bioavailabilityes and antioxidant activiales of 3 generic raisla types-Golden Thompson, Dipped Thompson, and Sun-dried Thompson-were qunatified and compared, Iron bioavailability was assessed with an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model using cell ferritre focatation as an index of from bioavailability. Antodsidant activity was determined using the total exyradical-scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Ferricin formation in Caco-2 cells was low for all 3 raisin types, indicating low from bioavailability. Erhylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) enhanced Iron bioavallability from raisins but raislas but ascordbic, citaic, and tarinric ralsins but assorblk, electric acids showed no effect, Antioridora activity was significantly higher in Golden Thompson than Dipped Thompson and Son-dried Thompson, soggesting that enzymatic browaing negatively affected antioxidant activity.
TWIN SQUAREFUL NUMBERS

A number is squareful if the exponent of every prime in its prime factorization is at least two. In this paper, we give, for a fixed is less than a given quantity.
A dynamic debugger for asynchronous distributed algorithms

LPdbx is a distributed runtime debugger for loosely coupled parallel processors with an iconic interface. When a program suspends, users can insert additional breakpoints and examine global variables, structures, and pointer references. It has been used to debug banking and transportation applications and is available for distribution. >