cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Environmental Justice Good for White Folks? Industrial Air Toxics Exposure in Urban America

Objectives The study examines spatial variation in exposure to toxic air pollution from industrial facilities in urban areas of the United States in relation to the local distribution of the pollution burden. Methods We conducted between- and within-city analysis of geographic microdata from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators project and data from the 2000 U.S. Census. Results Average exposure in an urban area is positively correlated with the extent of racial and ethnic disparity in the distribution of the exposure burden. Average exposures also tend to be higher for all population subgroups, including whites, in urban areas with higher minority pollution-exposure discrepancies. Conclusions The correlations could arise from causal linkages in either or both directions: the ability to displace pollution onto minorities may lower the effective cost of pollution for industrial firms; and higher average pollution burdens may induce whites to invest more political capital in efforts to influence firms’ siting decisions. The analysis suggests that improvement in environmental justice could benefit not only minorities but also whites.
A Place against Time: Land and Environment in the Papua New Guinea Highlands

Place against Time: Land and Environment in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Paul Sillitoe. London: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996. 438 pp.
Beaver: Engineering an Efficient SMT Solver for Bit-Vector Arithmetic

We present the key ideas in the design and implementation of Beaver, an SMT solver for quantifier-free finite-precision bit-vector logic (QF_BV). Beaver uses an eager approach, encoding the original SMT problem into a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem using a series of word-level and bit-level transformations. In this paper, we describe the most effective transformations, such as propagating constants and equalities at the word-level, and using and-inverter graph rewriting techniques at the bit-level. We highlight implementation details of these transformations that distinguishes Beaver from other solvers. We present an experimental analysis of the effectiveness of Beaver's techniques on both hardware and software benchmarks with a selection of back-end SAT solvers. Beaver is an open-source tool implemented in Ocaml, usable with any back-end SAT engine, and has a well-documented extensible code base that can be used to experiment with new algorithms and techniques.
Highlighting Intermolecular Contacts and Spectral Properties in a New Organic Donor–Acceptor Complex: Synthesis, Structure and Infrared Spectroscopy of MT-TCNB (MT = bis(methylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene)

Herein we present the synthesis, single crystal X-ray structure and spectroscopic properties for the 1:1 donor–acceptor complex MT-TCNB. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space groupv P $$\bar1 $$ with a = 7.4625(11) A, b = 8.0080(12) A, c = 9.8586(15) A, α = 97.397(7)°, β = 102.611(7)°, and γ = 114.077(8)°. Bond distances for the central C=C bond and four ancillary C–S bonds in BMDT-TTF (MT) as well as the cyanide groups in TCNB were compared to those in their free analogues and suggest that both constituent molecules within the complex are neutral. Additionally, infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements were conducted in order to assess the evolution of the cyanide and C–H vibrational frequencies for the TCNB acceptor in both its free and complexed states. Like the structural data, the latter also supports the conclusion that the complex’s constituent molecules remained neutral. Herein we present the structure and infrared spectroscopic properties of the 1:1 donor–acceptor complex MT-TCNB, which combines the TTF derivative BMDT-TTF (BMDT-TTF = bis(methylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene or MT) with the organocyanide acceptor TCNB (TCNB = 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene).
Calculation of a simulated 3-D high speed inlet using the Navier-Stokes equations

A hybrid numerical algorithm, developed to solve the full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, is applied to the computation of the flowfield in a simulated three-dimensional high speed aircraft inlet at a Mach number of 2.5 and Reynolds number of 1.4 x 10 to the 7th based on inlet length. The numerical algorithm incorporates a coordinate transformation in order to handle general flow geometries, and utilizes the algebraic turbulent eddy viscosity model of Baldwin and Lomax. The hybrid algorithm has been vectorized on the CDC CYBER 203 computer using the SL/1 vector programming language developed at NASA Langley. The computed results are compared with experimental measurements of the ramp and cowl static pressures, and boundary layer pitot profiles. The results are also compared with a previous two-dimensional Navier-Stokes computation of the same configuration. The agreement with the experimental data is generally good; however, additional improvements in turbulence modeling are needed.
The Nutritional Merits of Pelleting Calf Starters

Summary Forty-five new-born dairy calves were raised to 72 days of age on a limited milk-hay-starter system to study the nutritional merits of pelleting a calf starter. The starters were prepared in three forms: all meal, all pellet, and part meal and part pellet. When the calves were limited to just one type of starter, it was found that the physical texture of the starters had no significant effect on the average daily gain, skeletal growth, incidence of scours, the consumption of hay or starter, or the efficiency of feed utilization of the calves. However, the calves consumed slightly more of the starters that were pelleted than of the other starter. When the calves could choose any one of the three starters, they consumed significantly more of the all-pelleted starter than either of the two other starters. Also, the consumption of the part-meal and part-pellet starter was significantly greater than that of the all-meal starter. Under the conditions of this experiment no nutritional advantages were found for the pelleting of calf starters.
Effect of hexachlorobenzene on growth and survival of various microorganisms

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has been used as a fungicide for control of smut infestation in barley, oat, and wheat seed. Most HCB was found as a by-product in the waste from manufacture of vinyl chloride, chlorine, and chlorinated solvents. Findings suggest that HCB has entered and contaminated our environment and thus demonstrates potential for accumulation in biological systems. As an environmental contaminant, HCB has been reported as resistant to both photodecomposition and biodegradation by soil microbes. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to examine the effect of HCB on growth, survival, and uptake, by selected microorganisms, and its use as sole source of carbon and energy by these bacteria. Efforts were also made to remove HCB from waste water by chemosorption on charcoal.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER TRIAL OF DEPOT LEUPROLIDE ACETATE FOR CENTRAL PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

GnRH analogs are now preferred therapy for central precocious puberty (CPP). Although short term trials of the depot preparation of leuprolide acetate (TAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) have been reported, results from large series of patients are unavailable. We report the results of GnRH stimulation tests in 127 patients in screening for CPP at 9 centers over a 20 month period. Fifty-three patients (49 F, mean age 7.0 yr) with peak stimulated LH >10 IU/L (DELFIA) and bone age (BA) advancement >1 yr were enrolled in a protocol initiating 300 ug/kg IM q4wk (7.5-15 mg) before age 9 yr in females and 10 yr in males. Follow-up GnRH stimulation tests were performed at 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, and every 24 weeks thereafter; BA was evaluated q24wk. Comparing baseline and 24wk serum levels (mean±SE), estradiol fell from 19.5±4.9 to 5 pg/ml) during therapy, but 3/4 males had transient delectable testosterone (>10 ng/dl). 86% of subjects showed regression or no change in Tanner breast (or genital) stage. Height velocity diminished from 11.5±0.8 to 6.5±0.7 cm/yr, but BA/CA was unchanged in the first 6 mo. There were no local injection reactions. We conclude that depot leuprolide is immediately effective in suppression of pubertal progression and gonadotropin and sex steroid production, but bone age advancement continues in the initial treatment period. Further data will assess the effect of long term therapy upon predicted and final heights.
A comparison of crack-tip field parameters for large and small fatigue cracks

A comparison of the elastic-plastic crack-tip fields of large and small fatigue cracks has been made using the ΔJ-integral approach. Using experimental strain and displacement range measurements obtained by means of the stereoimaging technique, the ΔJ-integral has been computed for an aluminum alloy containing either large or small fatigue cracks, by performing line-contour integration along a variety of rectangular paths around the crack tip. These calculations reveal that for both large and small cracks the ΔJ-integral is path-dependent, and that the value of ΔJ increases with decreasing distance from the crack tip. Using an average local ΔJ or one estimated from the CTOD, the enhanced crack growth rates associated with small fatigue cracks can be explained on the basis of the large average ΔJ-integral within the cyclic plastic zone. The effect of crack closure on the computed local ΔJ (or ΔK) and crack growth is discussed.
NONPROPORTIONAL LOADING EFFECTS ON ELASTIC-PLASTIC BEHAVIOR BASED ON STRESS RESULTANTS FOR THIN PLATES OF STRAIN HARDENING MATERIALS

Ahstraet-A stress resultant constitutive law in rate form is constructed for power-law hardening materials. The change of plate thickness is considered in the constitutive law. The elastic-plastic behavior of a plate element based on the stress resultant constitutive law under uniaxial combined tension and bending is determined under a limited number of nonproportional and unloading paths. The results based on the stress resultant constitutive law and the through-thethickness integration method are compared within the context of both the small-strain and finite deformation approaches. The results indicate that the selection of the normalized equivalent stress resultant and the corresponding work-conjugate normalized equivalent generalized strain is appropriate for describing the hardening behavior in the stress resultant space. However, the hardening rule in a power law form must be modified for low hardening materials at large plastic deformation when finite deformation effects are considered.
Prostate-specific antigen obtained under optimal conditions determines extracapsular adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Objective To assess the relationship of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) obtained under optimal conditions with the presence or absence of organ-confined prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy. Patients and methods The medical records of 300 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety-three patients were excluded who had a pre-operative PSA level potentially altered by various factors (prostate infection, manipulation or instrumentation). Results A pre-operative PSA value 10 ng/mL. One of the 53 patients with a PSA > 15 ng/mL had organ-confined disease at surgery. Conclusion These data demonstrate that optimal serum PSA values correlate well with pathological stage.
Time, space, and short-term memory.

This article describes a linear timekeeping system that can account for four main results from the human time-production literature: (1) Variability of interresponse intervals (IRIs) in repetitive finger-tapping tasks increases with mean IRI; (2) The difference between mean and required IRI is a roughly sinusoidal function of required IRI (the "oscillator signature"); (3) The function relating standard deviation of IRI to relative phase, phi, in bimanual tapping has minima at relative phases of 0, 0.5, and 1, and maxima close to 0.5 (the "seagull" effect); (4) In the production of polyrhythms, the ratios that can be produced get "simpler" as response frequency increases. It is shown that all these phenomena can be accounted for with a linear timekeeper model. The model is rendered spatially with delay lines whose lengths provide a basis for varying time intervals. The model makes new predictions about timing, provides an account of time perception and time production, and predicts the existence of short-term memory.
High performance liquid chromatography of prostaglandins: Biological applications

Two procedures are described for separation and purification of prostaglandins by high performance liquid chromatography. Both systems show excellent resolution of PGA2, PGE2 and PGF2a. Peak definition on the micro-particle silicic acid system is particularly good with the PGs appearing in 2-3 ml of organs effluent. Studies on reproducibility showed that PGE2 and PGE2a could be recovered with a retention volume of 54.2+/-0.76 ml and 64+/-0.6 ml, respectively (n=7, mean +/-50) with good recovery. The column can be run in about one hour and can be regenerated indefinitely (greater than 200 times). The degree of purification is compatible with analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Examples showing the application of this chromatographic method to human seminal fluid, human renal tissue, platelet rich plasma and human urine samples indicate that it makes possible analysis of these samples even at low levels.
Acyl coenzyme a inhibition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: A comparison of the TPN and DPN linked reactions

Abstract The inhibitory effects of ATP, coenzyme A, and acetyl, malonyl, and oleyl derivatives of coenzyme A on the TPN and DPN dependent activities of Leuconostoc glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are compared. At pH 7.8, 24°, saturating levels of DPN or TPN, and inhibitor concentrations of 2–4 mM only ATP has an appreciable effect on the TPN dependent reaction, but all were potent inhibitors of the DPN dependent reaction. Oleyl coenzyme A was the most effective (K i ∼ 0.15 mM against glucose-6-phosphate) while acetyl coenzyme A was least effective (K i ∼ 1.0 mM). A possible regulatory role of this inhibition in fatty acid synthesis is suggested.
Ultra-wideband Cueing Receiver based on Spatial-Spectral Holographic Rainbow Spectrometer

A spatial-spectral holographic channelizer and cueing receiver capable of operating 1-110 GHz with sub-MHz resolution, high dynamic range, and 1000 variably programmable channels is presented, along with initial test results in the 10-20 GHz band.
Uniqueness of the Stationary Wave for the Extended Fisher-Kolmogorov Equation

Abstract The extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation, ut=−βuxxxx+uxx+u−u3, β>0, models a binary system near the Lifshitz critical point and is known to exhibit a stationary heteroclinic solution joining the equilibria ±1. For the classical case, β=0, the heteroclinic is u(x)=tanh(x/ 2 ) and is unique up to the obvious symmetries. We prove the conjecture that the uniqueness persists all the way to β=1/8, where the onset of spatial chaos associated with the loss of monotonicity of the stationary wave is known to occur. Our methods are non-perturbative and employ a global cross-section to the Hamiltonian flow of the stationary fourth order equation on the energy level of ±1. We also prove uniform a priori bounds on all bounded stationary solutions, valid for any β>0.
Clean Demarcation of Cartilage Tissue 23Na by Inversion Recovery

Monitoring the sodium concentration in vivo using 23Na MRI can be an important tool for assessing the onset of tissue disorders. Practical clinical 23Na MRI methods furthermore often do not allow one to use sufficiently small voxel sizes such that only the tissue of interest is seen, but a large signal contamination can arise from sodium in synovial fluid. Here we demonstrate that applying an inversion recovery (IR) technique allows one to distinctly select either the cartilage-bound or the free sodium for visualization in an image. The results are validated both ex vivo and in vivo.
Direct detection of S-nitrosothiols using planar amperometric nitric oxide sensor modified with polymeric films containing catalytic copper species.

The direct amperometric detection of S-nitrosothiol species (RSNOs) is realized by modifying a previously reported amperometric nitric oxide gas sensor with thin hydrophilic polyurethane films containing catalytic Cu(II)/(I) sites. Catalytic Cu(II)/(I)-mediated decomposition of S-nitrosothiols generates NO(g) in the thin polymeric film at the distal tip of the NO sensor. Three different species are examined to create the catalytic layer: (1) a lipophilic Cu(II)−ligand complex; (2) Cu(II)−phosphate salt; and (3) small (3-μm) metallic Cu0 particles. All three catalytic layers yield reversible amperometric response in proportion to the concentration of S-nitrosothiols (e.g., nitrosocysteine, nitrosoglutathione, S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine, S-nitrosoalbumin) present in the aqueous test solution. Sensitivity toward the different RSNO species is dependent on the respective catalytic rates of decomposition of the RSNO species by reactive Cu(I), accessibility of the species into the polyurethane layer containing ...
Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit

The current evidence indicates that acutely ill patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) suffer sleep disturbances that include sleep deprivation (SD), sleep disruption, and, more specifically, decreased or absent slow-wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Quantifying sleep quality and duration in ICU patients is problematic because subjective and objective sleep measures have inherent weaknesses, and minimal thresholds for sleep have not been established. Sedation and analgesia are often implemented for patient comfort and to provide tolerance to medical interventions and mechanical ventilation. Secondarily, these drugs induce a sleep-like state. However, increased sedation results in disrupted sleep architecture that may impede the normal restorative functions of sleep. Therefore, other interventions should be implemented for critically ill, ICU patients so that restorative sleep can occur.
DEREGULATION OF PARAPROFESSIONALS AND HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT: THE CASE OF DENTISTRY

The author argues that the development of satisfactory market models in dentistry and other health care areas is crucial to a realistic examination of various deregulation proposals. He argues that such examinations cannot rely on the logic of economics alone, but must be rooted in empirical analyses well-founded in theory. Using expanded function dental auxiliaries as an example, the author demonstrates the complexities of the issues involved and the relevance of political economy models.
Estimating fetal weight in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes

Abstract Fetal weight estimation was performed in 58 women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes within 4 days of delivery. Of twelve formulas evaluated, only two met the requirements for clinical use (i.e., they had a small mean percent error and a high correlation). However, both had high random error, which may be attributable to the very low birth weights studied. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1150-4.)
Induction of tumours by polyoma in adult hamsters.

THE relative non-susceptibility of adult versus new-born or very young animals to tumour induction by certain viruses has been interpreted as the expression of either of two possibilities : (1) presence in the young animal of cells intrinsically more susceptible to the virus infection and to the proliferative response ; (2) lack in the young animal of an adequate immunological response.
Effects of atropine sulfate on single alternation in hippocampectomized rats

Abstract Hippocampectomized and partially neodecorticated rats were trained on single alternation until similar baselines were obtained. The same doses of atropine sulfate were administered to each group and a comparison made of the dose-response curves. The partially neodecorticate, like normal animals, showed an increase in alternation errors with increasing doses of atropine sulfate. In contrast, the hippocampectomized animals showed little increase in errors with any dose. This flattening of the dose-response curve, in conjunction with other evidence, was consistent with the hypothesis that an alternative, noncholinergic system mediated response inhibition in hippocampectomized animals.
Postmenopausal plasma sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk over 20 years of follow-up

Plasma estrogen and androgen levels are positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk, but how long a single blood measurement can predict risk and whether the associations vary by tumor hormone receptor status remain unclear. We conducted nested case–control analyses within the Nurses’ Health Study. Blood samples were collected in 1989–1990 and again in 2000–2002. Among postmenopausal women not using postmenopausal hormones at blood collection, 707 cases were diagnosed through June 2010, with two matched controls per case. We used unconditional logistic regression analyses to estimate the relative risks controlling for other breast cancer risk factors. The intra-class correlation coefficients for two blood measurements collected 10 years apart ranged from 0.54 (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, DHEAS) to 0.74 (sex hormone-binding globulin, SHBG). Overall, women in the top (vs. bottom) 25 % of levels of estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEAS were at a 50–110 % higher risk of breast cancer (p trend < 0.001). SHBG was inversely associated with risk (p trend = 0.004). RRs were similar when comparing cases diagnosed 1–10 versus 11–20 years (or 16–20 years) after blood collection (p interaction > 0.2). Except for DHEAS, the associations varied significantly by hormone receptor status (p heterogeneity ≤ 0.02). For example, the RRs (95 % CIs) comparing the highest versus lowest quartile were 2.8 (2.0–4.0; p trend < 0.001) for ER +/PR + tumors versus 1.1 (0.6–2.1; p trend = 0.98) for ER−/PR− tumors for estradiol, and 1.8 (1.3–2.5; p trend < 0.001) versus 0.6 (0.3–1.2; p trend = 0.35) for testosterone. One measure of circulating sex hormones in postmenopausal women can predict risk of hormone receptor positive breast cancer for up to 16–20 years.
Interval estimation of gamma for anR×S table

When the underlying responses are on an ordinal scale, gamma is one of the most frequently used indices to measure the strength of association between two ordered variables. However, except for a brief mention on the use of the traditional interval estimator based on Wald's statistic, discussion of interval estimation of the gamma is limited. Because it is well known that an interval estimator using Wald's statistic is generally not likely to perform well especially when the sample size is small, the goal of this paper is to find ways to improve the finite-sample performance of this estimator. This paper develops five asymptotic interval estimators of the gamma by employing various methods that are commonly used to improve the normal approximation of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Using Monte Carlo simulation, this paper notes that the coverage probability of the interval estimator using Wald's statistic can be much less than the desired confidence level, especially when the underlying gamma is large. Further, except for the extreme case, in which the underlying gamma is large and the sample size is small, the interval estimator using a logarithmic transformation together with a monotonic function proposed here not only performs well with respect to the coverage probability, but is also more efficient than all the other estimators considered here. Finally, this paper notes that applying an ad hoc adjustment procedure—whenever any observed frequency equals 0, we add 0.5 to all cells in calculation of the cell proportions—can substantially improve the traditional interval estimator. This paper includes two examples to illustrate the practical use of interval estimators considered here.
Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study

Thirteen male gymnasts were given a standard questionnaire and interviewed during the final trials for the U.S. Olympic team. Particular attention was given to psychological factors and cognitive strategies in their training and competition. Using their final competitive grouping as the primary dependent variable, correlations were performed to assess the relationship between these factors and superior athletic performance. Data from this exploratory study suggested that varying patterns of cognition may be strongly correlated with successful and superior gymnastic performance. Specifically, dream frequency, self-verbalizations, and certain forms of mental imagery seemed to differentiate the best gymnasts from those who failed to make the Olympic team. These two groups also appeared to show different anxiety patterns and different methods of coping with competitive stress. The implications of these results for sport psychology are briefly discussed.
Venovenous bypass as an adjunct for the management of a retrohepatic venous injury in a child.

We report the successful utilization of venovenous bypass in the case of an 8-year-old boy who suffered a major hepatic injury with a retrohepatic venous injury after a kick by a horse. Initial nonoperative management was successful, but a delayed hemorrhage required operation. Vascular access was obtained via the peripheral circulation, and venovenous bypass was performed without systemic heparinization. Venovenous by pass improved vascular control and allowed the repairs to be performed in a relatively bloodless field, while not compromising venous return.
Anti-Impressment Riots and the Origins of the Age of Revolution*

This essay details the relationship between anti-impressment collective actions, the American Revolution, and the age of revolution. Naval impressment represented the forcible coercion of laborers into extended periods of military service. Workers in North American coastal communities militantly, even violently, resisted British naval impressment. A combination of Leveller-inspired ideals and practical experience encouraged this resistance. In turn, resistance from below inspired colonial elites to resist British authority by contributing to the elaboration of a political discourse on legitimate authority, liberty, and freedom. Maritime laborers stood on the front lines in the struggle for freedom, and their radical collective actions helped give meaning to wider struggles around the Atlantic world.
The Long-term Incidence of Urinary Tract Infection After Endoscopic Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Objective To evaluate the long-term urinary tract infection (UTI) rates after endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux and the possible risk factors for urinary infection. Materials and Methods A retrospective study of patients who underwent endoscopic management of vesicoureteral reflux at a single institution from 2001 to 2011 was performed. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year. Voiding cystourethrograms were completed 3 months postoperatively. UTI questionnaire pertaining to the patient's UTI history before and after the surgery was mailed to each patient. Data were first evaluated looking only at culture-confirmed UTIs, and a second analysis included all patient-reported and culture-confirmed urinary infections. Factors considered in the analysis included sex, age, preoperative dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan, reflux on postoperative voiding cystourethrogram, voiding dysfunction, and preoperative reflux grade. Results Data on 175 patients for a minimum of 1 year were collected. There were 34 of 175 confirmed UTIs after endoscopic management, and 11 confirmed febrile UTIs. There were no significant predictors of febrile or afebrile UTIs in this group. Fifty-three of 175 patients (30%) experienced any UTI, 19 of which were febrile (10%). In this group, recurrent reflux was the only significant predictor of UTI ( P = .03) and febrile UTIs ( P = .04). Patients with more UTIs preoperatively were more likely to have a postoperative febrile UTI. Conclusion Rates of UTI and febrile UTI in endoscopic management are similar and no better than those for open ureteral reimplantation. Longer follow-up suggests an association of recurrent reflux and preoperative UTI rates as predictors of postoperative febrile UTIs. These patients benefit from closer postoperative observation.
Stock returns in emerging markets: a common trend analysis

An empirical investigation is offered of the number of common trends in stock returns in seven Asian emerging markets. There is evidence of a single common trend. Following Kasa (Kasa, K., 1992, Common stochastic trends in international stock markets, Journal of Monetary Economics, 29, 95–124) a measure is obtained of common trend and graphic evidence is provided in favour of market interdependence.
Legal Issues Related to Sovereignty over Dokdo and Its Maritime Boundary

This article examines the historical events relevant to the claims of sovereignty by Japan and Korea over Dokdo, the legal doctrines that have been applied by international tribunals to other disputes over remote and uninhabited territories, and the principles governing maritime boundary delimitation that are relevant to the ocean space around Dokdo. The applicable decisions of the International Court of Justice and other tribunals are examined in detail. Among the topics addressed are the methods of acquiring sovereignty over territory, the relevance of contiguity to such claims, the requirements of effective protests, and the activities and omissions that constitute acquiescence. Attention is also given to the status of this matter as a “dispute” and how closure might be brought to it.
Development of Environmental Education Programs for Protected Areas in Madagascar

Environmental education programs for schools in the peripheral zone of protected areas in Madagascar are still needed in numerous locations. My research investigated the status of environmental education and communication (EE&C) programs at Masoala National Park, Madagascar, as well as the attitudes of local residents toward the park and park staff. The multi-year qualitative research methods included individual and focus group interviews, participant observation, archival research, an EE&C workshop for park staff, and pilot testing of environmental education activities. Research identified that EE&C activities conducted by park agents had been minimal and that park staff were inadequately prepared to conduct these programs. Research results indicated that additional public awareness and education activities were needed. As an outcome of the research, a conservation education curriculum guide was developed for the schools on the periphery of Masoala National Park and distributed to all teachers in the are...
A Transcriptional Map of the Renal Tubule: Linking Structure to Function

Differentiated organ function is critically dependent on the coordinated expression of a specific set of genes. Nephron segment–specific genes define the key functional characteristics of the kidney. Manual microdissection of the kidney into distinct tubular segments has provided unique insights
Lead Extraction Using Three Soil Fertility Tests and Environmental Protection Agency Method 3050

Identifying soils that contain high lead (Pb) concentrations is an important step in protecting public health from Pb poisoning. To determine if soil fertility tests (SFT) can be utilized to predict United States Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste USEPA SW846‐3050a (EPA3050) levels of Pb in soil, the EPA3050 test and three SFT: Mehlich‐1 (M1), Mehlich‐3 (M3) and Modified Morgan (MM), were performed on 96 soil samples from New Jersey and Delaware. Samples were collected from roadsides, urban gardens, alongside of old, painted buildings, farm fields and lawns, and one trapshoot site. Lead content ranged from 3 to 21,000 mg EPA3050 Pb/ kg soil (median: 180 mg/kg). Site of sample collection was a general predictor of contamination. Percent soil organic matter (SOM) was negatively correlated to relative amount of Pb (compared to EPA3050) extracted, for all three SFT. Soil pH was negatively correlated to relative amount extracted by M1 and MM, but not for M3. Soil fertility tests generally extracted le...
Why CO2 does not dissociate on Rh at low temperature

Abstract The detailed energetics embodied in the interaction of CO 2 and Rh are quantified using thermodynamic and kinetic information which were measured on initially clean Rh surfaces together with the principle of microscopic reversibility. At low pressures (of order 10 −6 Torr) and at room temperature, the probability of dissociative adsorption of CO 2 is shown to be on the order of 10 −15 , i.e. approximately 14 orders of magnitude lower than that reported recently in the literature. However, it is shown also that at a pressure of one atmosphere. CO 2 does begin to dissociate at a sensibly rapid rate on Rh at temperatures near 500 K. The methodologies outlined here have utility beyond the particular example of the interaction of CO 2 with Rh.
The A and B forms of the chicken progesterone receptor arise by alternate initiation of translation of a unique mRNA.

Abstract In order to establish the origin of the A and B proteins of the chicken progesterone receptor we have expressed its cDNA in vivo in heterologous cells and in vitro in reticulocyte cell lysates. The A and B proteins were expressed from a single cDNA both in heterologous receptor negative cells and in a cell-free system. Both proteins bind progesterone and are indistinguishable from chick oviduct authentic A and B proteins in terms of size, immunoreactivity and hormone binding properties. Truncated mRNA's which lack the receptor B protein translation signal are capable of generating the receptor A protein by initiation of translation at a second internal start site. We conclude from these data that the chicken progesterone receptor A and B proteins arise most likely by alternate initiation of translation from a single mRNA transcript.
The intravenous glucose tolerance test in chemical diabetes

Abstract Intravenous glucose with glucagon caused a marked stimulation of glucose clearance in 11 normal children and in most of 48 chemical diabetics. It caused little or no stimulation in children with definite or late chemical diabetes or in overt diabetics. Insulin response also was decreased in the latter two groups. The i.v. tests may be of value in the longitudinal study of individuals and groups. The i.v. tests are not as sensitive as the oral glucose tolerance test for screening or detection. The diagnosis of chemical diabetes, therefore, should be made by oral tests, but the i.v. tests provide additional data for metabolic studies of children found to have abnormal oral tests. Only by longitudinal studies will we be able to determine the meaning of the different responses and the cause of the disease. We must then reinterpret our data as we go along, especially with the minor or early changes to determine which changes are significant and which are not.
Real-time unmanned aircraft systems surveillance video mosaicking using GPU

Digital video mosaicking from Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is being used for many military and civilian applications, including surveillance, target recognition, border protection, forest fire monitoring, traffic control on highways, monitoring of transmission lines, among others. Additionally, NASA is using digital video mosaicking to explore the moon and planets such as Mars. In order to compute a "good" mosaic from video captured by a UAS, the algorithm must deal with motion blur, frame-to-frame jitter associated with an imperfectly stabilized platform, perspective changes as the camera tilts in flight, as well as a number of other factors. The most suitable algorithms use SIFT (Scale-Invariant Feature Transform) to detect the features consistent between video frames. Utilizing these features, the next step is to estimate the homography between two consecutives video frames, perform warping to properly register the image data, and finally blend the video frames resulting in a seamless video mosaick. All this processing takes a great deal of resources of resources from the CPU, so it is almost impossible to compute a real time video mosaic on a single processor. Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) offer computational performance that far exceeds current CPU technology, allowing for real-time operation. This paper presents the development of a GPU-accelerated digital video mosaicking implementation and compares it with CPU performance. Our tests are based on two sets of real video captured by a small UAS aircraft; one video comes from Infrared (IR) and Electro-Optical (EO) cameras. Our results show that we can obtain a speed-up of more than 50 times using GPU technology, so real-time operation at a video capture of 30 frames per second is feasible.
The Inverse Problem of Continuous-Time Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control With Application to Biological Systems Analysis

In this paper, we demonstrate two methods for solving the inverse problem of continuous-time LQG control. This problem can be defined as: given a known LTI system with feedback controller K and Kalman gain L, can we find the weighting matrices Q, R (for state and input, respectively) and estimated noise intensities W, V (for process and measurement noise, respectively) such that the LQG control synthesis problem using these weights generates K and L? We formulate a regularized version of this problem as a minimization problem subject to a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). If feasible, a unique exact solution to the inverse LQR problem exists. If the LMIs are infeasible, we show a gradient descent algorithm that will find Q, R, W, and V to minimize the error in the recovered gain matrices K and L. We demonstrate these techniques through several numerical examples and formulate a human postural control case study to which we intend to apply our proposed techniques.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans

The whole-genome sequence of a human associated with the earliest widespread culture in North America confirms the Asian ancestry of the Clovis people and their relatedness to present-day Native Americans. See Letter p.225
Oligomers of β-amyloid are sequestered into and seed new plaques in the brains of an AD mouse model

Abstract Amyloid plaque deposition in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, but recent evidence indicates that the disease may be primarily caused by soluble amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ) oligomers or Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs). ADDLs induce cognitive deficits in animal models and are thought to assemble in vitro by a mechanism apart from plaque formation. To investigate the in vivo relationship of ADDLs and plaques, biotin-labeled ADDLs (bADDLs) or amylin oligomers (bAMs) were injected into the hippocampus of hAPP overexpressing mice. The brains were collected 1 or 5 weeks after the last treatment and were processed for immunohistochemistry. Staining of tissue 1 week post-treatment showed bADDLs had diffused throughout the tissue and incorporated into plaques. Additionally, small deposits of thioflavin S-negative bADDLs were observed. At 5 weeks post-treatment, thioflavin S-positive material continued to accumulate around plaques containing bADDLs. Thioflavin S-positive material also accrued around bADDL deposits, implying that bADDLs were capable of seeding new plaques. In contrast, bAMs cleared from the brain and did not accumulate in plaques. Together, these data indicate that ADDLs are able to contribute to in vivo plaque formation in a peptide-specific manner.
Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound for sentinel lymph node detection: Ready for prime time?

249 with down-staging of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and who frequently show fibrosis in treated SLNs. Finally, contrastenhanced ultrasound may allow SLNs to be identified without radiation exposure to the patient, surgeon, and support personnel. Gray-scale and power Doppler axillary ultrasound are established diagnostic tools for evaluating the axilla by measuring anatomic features and observing blood flow noninvasively but are unable to show SLNs. Current limitations of in vivo gray-scale ultrasound of the axilla include spatial resolution and ultrasonic resolution in vivo, which pose challenges for imaging deep (20–30 mm) SLNs. The technology of microbubbles as an ultrasound contrast agent is based on the concept of encapsulated gas bubbles that are smaller than RBCs, circulate freely in the body, and are thus labeled blood pool agents. First-generation high-mechanical-index contrast agents that were based on air-filled microbubbles were limited by the short transit time of the signal. Second-generation contrast agents that are detected by gray-scale harmonic imaging techniques allow real-time highresolution imaging of both the arterial and parenchymal phases and allow visualization of diffuse and partial alterations of nodal perfusion in lymph nodes that are subcentimeter in size. This technique provides intriguing information on nodal perfusion. There are currently no methods of targeting SLNs using IV administration of microbubbles. Microbubbles are taken up by lymph nodes when injected directly into tissues, including subareolar injection in the breast cancer patient. In the United States, there are several ultrasound contrast agents that have been approved for cardiac use. None have been approved for noncardiac use to date. However, at the present time, there is a Food and Drug Administration–approved phase 3 study under way in the United States to evaluate the Microbubble Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Sentinel Lymph Node Detection: Ready for Prime Time?
“Know thyself”: Stressful life changes and the ameliorative effect of private self-consciousness

Abstract The present study was conducted to examine how private self-consciousness may ameliorate the effects of stressful life events on physical health. Subjects completed the Self-Consciousness inventory, and also answered questions about life changes and illnesses that occurred to them in the preceding 3 weeks. Subjects then returned 3 weeks later to report again on life changes and illnesses. With the use of Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation Analysis and multiple regression analysis we examined the moderating effects of private self-consciousness. The results indicated that the health of persons high in private self-consciousness was unaffected by the incidence of undesirable uncontrollable life events, but persons low in private self-consciousness became more susceptible to illness subsequent to the accumulation of such events. It is suggested that individuals high in private self-consciousness are more likely to notice their psychological and somatic reactions to stressful situations and take instrumental actions which ameliorate their reactions to stressors. Suggestions for future research and implications for prescriptive recommendations made by health practitioners are discussed.
The myeloproliferative syndrome in children.

Summary The clinical history and autopsy findings are presented in 2 children with disease of bone marrow and spleen. In one, there was myelofibrosis of the bone marrow with myeloid metaplasia of the spleen. The second patient had a change from hyperplasia of the bone marrow to hypoplasia. In each instance there was a prominence of megakaryocytes. Death was associated with disseminated agranulocytic abscesses. It is proposed that these individualsrepresent phases in the development of myelofibrosis in which bone marrow progresses from hyperplasia to fibrosis and myeloid metaplasia occurs in the spleen under the influence of unknown forces. Eight other instances of this syndrome in infants and children are tabulated.
Timing of antiretroviral therapy. Use of Markov modeling and decision analysis to evaluate the long-term implications of therapy

Background The timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy is controversial. Current guidelines are heavily based on the principle of 'hit early, hit hard', although the long-term implications of this approach are unknown. Methods Using Markov modeling and decision analysis we modeled the virologic outcomes over 10 years in a hypothetical population of 10 000 HIV-infected patients in which therapy (with the possibility of three sequential regimens before the development of multidrug-resistant virus) is started immediately versus starting progressively at rates of 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30% of the original population each year. The model used inputs from available clinical trial data: virologic success rate and durability of the response of the first and subsequent regimens. We performed one-way and two-way sensitivity analysis to evaluate changes in the input variables. Results If therapy is started immediately in all patients, by 10 years 57% would be undetectable, but 38% would have detectable multidrug-resistant virus. In contrast, the population as a whole would have had better virologic outcomes if one waited before starting treatment at any progression rate; for example, initiating therapy in 10% of the subjects per year results in 64% of patients being undetectable and 24% with multidrug-resistant virus. Two-way sensitivity analysis demonstrates that immediate initiation should be at least 15 to 20% better than delayed antiretroviral therapy to justify immediate initiation of therapy over a wide range of success rates of the delayed start. Conclusion Our analysis, utilizing optimistic outcomes based on short-term clinical trials, provides a theoretical basis for questioning the current aggressive early use of therapy and should help prompt studies that look at when and how to start antiretroviral therapy.
Inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli results in declustering of plasmid RK2

Multi-copy plasmids in Escherichia coli are not randomly distributed throughout the cell but are present as clusters of plasmid molecules that are localized at preferred cellular locations. A plasmid RK2 derivative (pZZ15) that can be tagged with a green fluorescent protein-LacI fusion protein normally exists as clusters that are localized at the mid- and quarter-cell positions. In this study the effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor, chloramphenicol, and the RNA synthesis inhibitor, rifampicin, on RK2 clustering and localization was examined. The addition of either inhibitor to exponentially growing E. coli cells carrying pZZ15 results in a displacement of the position and a declustering of this multi-copy plasmid indicating that continued protein synthesis and RNA synthesis are required for clustering and localization of this plasmid. It is likely that it is not just the process of transcription or translation that is important for clustering but rather some host or plasmid encoded factor(s) that is required.
Mitotic Response of Normal and Psoriatic Keratinocytes in Vitro to Compounds Known to Affect Intracellular Cyclic Amp

Keratinocytes from normal human skin and psoriasis lesions were propagated in vitro. Several substances known to increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP were added to the in vitro system. These caused a decrease in mitosis by blocking cells in the G 2 portion of the cell cycle. For both normal and psoriatic cells, the mitotic response was qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The results support other studies in which it has not been possible to demonstrate significant qualitative differences between normal and psoriatic keratinocytes in vitro.