cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the vertical electron affinities of cyanogen and 2,4-hexadiyne

Abstract Electron transmission spectroscopy is employed to determine the vertical electron affinities of cyanogen and 2,4-hexadiyne. The splittings between the π and between the π* orbitals of cyanogen and 2,4-hexadiyne are compared with those of butadiene. The implications of the present results for dissociative attachment in cyanogen are discussed.
Scalable performance analysis of exascale MPI programs through signature-based clustering algorithms

Extreme-scale computing poses a number of challenges to application performance. Developers need to study application behavior by collecting detailed information with the help of tracing toolsets to determine shortcomings. But not only applications are "scalability challenged", current tracing toolsets also fall short of exascale requirements for low background overhead since trace collection for each execution entity is becoming infeasible. One effective solution is to cluster processes with the same behavior into groups. Instead of collecting performance information from each individual node, this information can be collected from just a set of representative nodes. This work contributes a fast, scalable, signature-based clustering algorithm that clusters processes exhibiting similar execution behavior. Instead of prior work based on statistical clustering, our approach produces precise results nearly without loss of events or accuracy. The proposed algorithm combines low overhead at the clustering level with log(P) time complexity, and it splits the merge process to make tracing suitable for extreme-scale computing. Overall, this multi-level precise clustering based on signatures further generalizes to a novel multi-metric clustering technique with unprecedented low overhead.
A GaAs MESFET IC for optical multiprocessor networks

A GaAs, enhanced/depletion mode, self-aligned, refractory-gate, MESFET chip process and circuit family have been developed for the integration of fiber-optic data link functions (e.g. photodetection, amplification, clock recovery, and deserialization) on a single chip. These authors describe the process and present results on integrating a complete optical receiver, including the photodiode and clock recovery circuits, on one chip. The chip functions use over 2000 devices, and perform at 1-GB/s, while dissipating less than 300 mW of heat. This chip is the most complex high-performance optoelectronic integrated circuit reported to date. >
Current Recommendations and Future Prospects in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma infection is highly prevalent throughout the world and causes disease in diverse populations. Effective treatment regimens are available for each clinical entity of toxoplasma, but problems of incomplete clinical efficacy, drug potency, drug safety, and length of treatment remain. No well-controlled clinical trials in humans have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment.
Characterizing IR dynamic response for foliage backgrounds

This paper discusses the measurement and characterization of foliage dynamic response and the effect that the response has on scene variability under variable solar loading. A simple model for predicting transient thermal response under dynamic solar loading conditions is presented. The accuracy of the model is experimentally validated using both imaging and nonimaging IR sensors. Image maps and histograms of the parameter distributions are presented and physical interpretations of the parameters are given.
Comet Bowell at record heliocentric distance

New observations of Comet Bowell at the record distance of 13.6 AU are presented. An extended coma is present, the size of which is consistent with the same slow expansion rate of roughly 1 m/s detected around perihelion. The cross-section of the solid grains within the central 10 arcsec of the coma has decreased by over an order of magnitude since 1980-84, which indicates that the coma production is declining. The decline began near R of roughly 10 AU, the same distance at which production began on the preperihelion leg. The coma at R of 10 AU or less may be formed by sublimation of CO2 or an ice of similar volatility from the nucleus.
Streptostyly and muscle function in lizards

Retraction of the quadrate during jaw closure in lizards increases the moment arm and thereby the mechanical advantage at which the jaw adductors work on the lower jaw.
Layer rigidity effects on dynamical properties of mixed ion pillared clays

Abstract We have discussed a peculiar composition dependent torsional mode frequency shift for mixed ion pillared vermiculite compounds in terms of the phenomenological contact interaction. We have also constructed a plot of the normalized basal spacing versus normalized torsional mode frequency for two vermiculite intercalation compounds, Cs x Rb 1- x - Vm and [( CH 3 ) 4 N + ] x [( CH 3 ) 3 NH + ] 1- x - Vm . This plot shows a striking “scaling-like” behavior for the two different mixed-ion systems. An attempt to understand this behavior based on the virtual crystal approximation has been made. This model calculation reveals a very close relationship between the basal spacing and the gallery ion-oxygen interaction.
Aggressive Outcomes and Videogame Play: The Role of Length of Play and the Mechanisms at Work

Recent meta-analytic findings (Sherry, 2007) suggest that the effect of violent video games on aggression tends to decrease the longer participants play. Therefore, it is likely that different mechanisms may be at work depending on the length of play. In this study, we employed a 4 (length of game play) × 2 (sex) design to examine the effect of length of video game play on aggressive outcomes. Findings suggest that length of play may be curvilinearly related to verbal and physical aggression, and that arousal may mediate this response. Implications for our current understanding of the relationship between video games and aggression are discussed, along with directions for further research.
Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing.

Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing. M. S. Schanfield, Eugene Giles and H. Gershowitz, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Immunoglobulin allotyping was carried out on 680 serum samples from inhabitants of the Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea (seven villages speaking the same Melanesian [MN] language and a single Papuan [PAP] speaking village). Family and population data verified the presence of Gmag, and Gmafb among the MN speakers and Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb among the PAP speakers. The frequency of Gmag was between 0.048 and 0.235, while the frequency of Gmab was between 0.427 and 0.627 and the frequency of Gmafb ranged between 0.261 and 0.424 among the seven MN villages; the single PAP village had frequencies of 0.568, 0.160, 0.213 and 0.059 for Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb respectively. The frequency of Inv1 ranged between 0.034 and 0.095 in the MN villages and 0.014 in the PAP village. The rare occurrence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) could be studied in three families. In an MN family the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the presence of a Gmaxfb haplotype, while in two PAP families the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the abnormally weak expression of Gm(g) in a Gmaxg haplotype. A total of 654 sera were typed for Gc, with the seven MN villages ranging between 0.350 and 0.650 for Gc1, 0.312 and 0.575 for Gc2 and between 0.017 and 0.112 for GcAb; the single PAP village had a value of 0.627 for Gc1, 0.165 for Gc2 and 0.208 for GcAb. A total of 693 sera were tested for ceruloplasmin type. All showed the common Cp(b) phenotype.
The quasi-equilibrium phase in nonlinear 1D systems

Abstract We consider 1D systems of masses, which can transfer energy via harmonic and/or anharmonic interactions of the form V ( x i , i +1 )∼ x i , i +1 β , where β >2, and where the potential energy is physically meaningful. The systems are placed within boundaries or satisfy periodic boundary conditions. Any velocity perturbation in these (non-integrable) systems is found to travel as discrete solitary waves. These solitary waves very nearly preserve themselves and make tiny secondary solitary waves when they collide or reach a boundary. As time t →∞, these systems cascade to an equilibrium-like state, with Boltzmann-like velocity distributions, yet with no equipartitioning of energy, which we refer to and briefly describe as the “quasi-equilibrium” state.
Power, purity and pollution: aspects of the caste system reconsidered

La place et la signification du pouvoir dans la societe hindoue, a partir d'une critique du travail de L. Dumont qui constitue la premiere analyse structurale du systeme des castes en Inde. Les concepts de sacre et de seculier existent-ils dans la societe indienne? Le concept hindou de dharma. Pouvoir et theorie des Varnas (castes), et fondement de leur hierarchie. Regles de comportement concernant la purete et la pollution et leur rapport aux notions de statut et de pouvoir.
Postmillennial breast cancer photo-narratives: Technologized terrain

Postmillennial photographic narratives that represent women's lived experience of breast cancer and its technologized terrain provide the focus of this essay, which offers a critical analysis of Catherine Lord's The Summer of Her Baldness (2004) and Lynn Kohlman's Lynn Front to Back (2005). The essay examines ways in which narrators and audiences construct multiple meanings regarding the somatic and symbolic contours of this disease, and it explores the following questions: What distinctive contributions to readers’ and viewers’ understandings of women's material and technologized bodies do twenty-first breast cancer photo-narratives offer? How might feminist theories of illness, autobiography, and embodiment and postmodern constructions of narrative subjectivity enhance analysis and interpretation of breast cancer's textual and visual representations? What discursive tropes and personae, visual and rhetorical strategies, ethical and aesthetic debates, and opportunities for discursive resistance and audie...
Two-compartment model interacting with proliferating regulatory factor

In this short work, by combining the total cell evolution curve and the two-compartment model, the evolution of one of the subpopulations is simulated while the system interacts with a proliferating regulatory factor.
Influence of Particle Erosion on the Microstructural Changes in Metals and Alloys

The microstructural changes that occur in metals and alloys exposed to pneumatic particle erosion conditions are determined through microhardness measurements performed on the cross-section of the target material. In particular, the hardness gradient in an inward direction normal to the eroded surface is determined for pure Cu, AISI 304 stainless steel, and for AISI 1020 steel having various degrees of cold-work. The elevated temperature erosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V as a function of the elevated temperature surface microhardness and ductility clearly shows significant differences when evaluated above and below about one-half of the absolute melting temperature of this alloy.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Anatomy of the First Septal Perforating Artery: A Study With Implications for Ablation Therapy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

• Objective: To determine the variability in the size and distribution of the first septal perforating artery (FSPA). • Material and Methods: In this pilot study, 10 fresh autopsy hearts from patients who did not have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or clinical evidence of coronary artery disease were evaluated for the variability in the size of the FSPA. The size of the FSPA was also measured during coronary angiography in 8 patients with HCM who were undergoing alcohol septal ablation. • Results: Of the 10 autopsy hearts, 2 had a large FSPA (≥1.0 mm in maximal diameter) with prominent septal myocardial distribution, 2 had a medium-sized FSPA (0.50.9 mm), 2 had a small FSPA (0.1-0.4 mm), 3 had a tiny FSPA (<0.1 mm), and 1 had an indiscernible ostium. In 2 patients the FSPA supplied the right ventricular free wall. In 4 patients the basal ventricular septum was incompletely supplied by the FSPA. Of the 8 patients with HCM, the FSPA was larger than 2 mm in diameter in 2 patients, 1 to 2 mm in 4, and smaller than 1 mm in 2. The distance between the left anterior descending coronary artery ostium and the origin of the FSPA ranged between 13.1 and 37.4 mm, indicating a large variation in the size and distribution of the FSPA. • Conclusions: Variability in the size and distribution of the FSPA in patients without HCM was substantial. Areas of the heart other than the basal septum were supplied in some patients by the FSPA. In other patients the FSPA did not supply the entire basal septum. Similar findings were noted in patients with HCM. A detailed evaluation of the distribution of the FSPA may be necessary in all patients with HCM who are undergoing alcohol septal ablation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:799-802
Uptake of α-thioethyl D-glucopyranoside by Saccharomyces cerevisiae I. The genetic control of facilitated diffusion and active transport

Abstract α-Thioethyl D -glucopyranoside has been shown to enter Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two mechanisms, facilitated diffusion and active transport, both controlled by the MG 2 gene. Only facilitated diffusion was observed in glucose-grown strains whereas in cells induced by α-thioethyl D -glucopyranoside or α-methyl glucoside, α-thioethyl D -glucopyranoside was accumulated against a concentration gradient. The induction of the active transport system was completely inhibited by 0.1 M acetate. The K m value of α-thioethyl D -glucopyranoside for facilitated diffusion was calculated as 50 mM.
Degradation of ribosomal RNA during chicken lens development

Abstract During the development of the vertebrate lens it acquires a low RNA content. Evidence indicates the persistence of a low molecular weight RNA while rRNA is depleted. This low molecular weight RNA has been characterized by chromatography, centrifugation and electrophoresis. Data indicate that it is primarily tRNA with small amounts of 5-S RNA. The persistence of the low molecular weight component is shown to be due to the selective retention of tRNA and not the accumulation of rRNA breakdown products. The degradation of rRNA is shown to occur on sedimentable ribonucleoprotein particles.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in lung transplant patients: The cleveland clinic experience

PTLD is a well-recognized complication of organ transplantation. Large series of heart, renal, and liver transplants have been examined for the incidence and behavior of PTLD. However, reports of the incidence and characteristics of PTLDs in lung transplant (LTx) patients are few. We report our experience with PTLDs in a large series of LTx recipients at a single institution and compare them to other solid organ transplant recipient PTLDs seen at our institution. Twenty-eight patients were found to have PTLD, of whom 8 were lung transplant recipients. We evaluated nine PTLD specimens from these 8 patients for their histology, immunophenotype (CD20, CD3, EBV-LMP1), EBER status by in situ hybridization, and clinical features. The incidence of PTLD was 3.3% (8/244 patients). The time to development of PTLD, after transplant, was short (median time, 7 mo). All were of B-cell lineage. Overall, EBV was demonstrated in 77.7% (7 of 9 specimens) of PTLDs. All specimens tested for clonality were found to be monoclonal. Five patients died, with a median time to death of only 4.6 months. PTLDs in LTx patients are EBV-associated B-cell, predominantly monoclonal lymphoid lesions similar to other solid organ transplant PTLDs. Compared with other solid organ transplant recipients with PTLD at our institution, PTLDs in LTx patients have a propensity to involve the transplanted organ (P =.001, Fisher's exact test), occur earlier after transplant (P =.003, Wilcoxon test), and have a shorter survival (P =.002, log rank test). Reasons for this may include the relatively higher level of immunosuppression required in these patients and limited options in decreasing it. Although the incidence is low, careful early monitoring of lung transplantation patients is warranted because of the poor prognosis of patients developing this complication.
Development of dyslexic subgroups

There is a consensus that dyslexia is on a continuum with normal reading skill and that dyslexics fall at the low end of the normal range in phonological skills. However, there is still substantial variability in phonological skill among dyslexic children. Recent studies have focused on the high end of the continuum of phonological skills in dyslexics, identifying a “surface” dyslexic, or “delayed” profile in which phonological skills are not out of line with other aspects of word recognition. The present study extended this work to a longitudinal context, and explored differences among subgroups of dyslexics on a battery of component reading skills. Third grade dyslexics (n=72) were classified into two subgroups, phonological dyslexics and delayed dyslexics, based on comparisons to younger normal readers at the same reading level (RL group). The children were tested at two points (in third and fourth grade). The results revealed that the classification of dyslexics produced reliable, stable, and valid groups. About 82 percent of the children remained in the same subgroup category when retested a year later. Phonological dyslexics were lower in phoneme awareness and expressive language. Delayed dyslexics tended to be slower at processing printed letters and words but not at rapid automatic naming of letters, and relied more heavily on phonological recoding in reading for meaning than did phonological dyslexics. A subset of the delayed dyslexics with the traditional “surface dyslexic” pattern (relatively high pseudoword and low exception word reading) was also identified. The surface subgroup resembled the RL group on most measures and was not very stable over one year. The results are discussed in light of current models of dyslexia and recent subgrouping schemes, including the Double-Deficit Hypothesis.
State-level Drought Planning in the United States: Factors Influencing Plan Development

ABSTRACT Drought is a recurrent feature of the American landscape. Almost without exception, the occurrence of widespread severe drought in the United States has illustrated the low level of drought preparedness that has existed in federal and state governments. Many state governments, however: have developed formal drought contingency plans since 1982. The primary purpose of this article is to explore some factors that may have influenced the drought planning process at the state level in the United States during the past decade. First, an overview of state drought planning is presented, followed by an exploration of the possible policy influence of a specific set of factors in prompting state drought plan development. This will help to demonstrate that the development of state drought plans is not solely contingent on recent drought experiences. The authors suggest that, in some instances, social, political, and institutional influences on state drought planning since the early 1980s may be as important...
Effects of positive-pressure ventilatory frequency on hepatic blood flow and performance

Abstract The liver metabolizes several mediators of sepsis-related acute lung injury, but is frequently dysfunctional during intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). With IPPV, increases in intrathoracic pressure (ITP) phasically increase the effective hepatic back pressure owing to compression by the diaphragm and retrograde propagation of swings in right atrial pressure. If intrahepatic flow distribution or the time constant of hepatic outflow are accordingly altered by ventilatory frequency (f), then hepatic performance may be compromised beyond a critical f threshold. In two canine models, we characterized at constant mean ITP the effects of ITP pulses on hepatic blood flow partitioning and performance over a f spectrum (0.4, 1.67, and 2.5 Hz) during IPPV and high-frequency jet ventilation. Portal venous flow (Qpv) and hepatic arterial flow (Qha) were measured by electromagnetic flow probes and performance by the pharmacokinetics of infused indocyanine green (0.25 mg/kg). To assess pressure wave transmission to the portal vein, cardiac cycle-specific (CCS) ITP pulses were used to alter the hepatic venous pressure (Phv) waveform. Measurements were made during control conditions, after graded acute hypovolemia (group 1, n = 7,20 mL/kg bleed; group 2, n = 6, bled to a mean aortic pressure of 45 mm Hg) to change the hepatic critical pressure balance, and after blood reinfusion. Despite decreases in peak-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure with increasing f, phasic reductions in Qpv and the transmural portal venous pressure (Ppv) to Phv gradient were similar at all f. The inspiratory Ppv waveform reflected changes in abdominal pressure, and was not altered by differential swings in Phv with CCS ITP pulses regardless of hypovolemia. We conclude that at f ≤ 2.5 Hz, phasic increases in ITP modulate the hepatic outflow pressure in a post-sinusoidal flow-limiting segment in which diaphragmatic compression increases resistance to Qpv in a f-dependent manner. However, the pharmacokinetics of substances having similar hepatic extraction will primarily vary with inflow over this f spectrum.
Evidence for polyclonal B cell activation as the mechanism for LCMV-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

A docile substrain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) causes a persistent infection in adult C3HeB mice and induces a severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) which is maximal around three weeks post infection (PI). Evaluations of serum immunoglobulin levels of these mice demonstrated grossly elevated IgG2a levels along with increased IgG1 and IgG2b levels, suggesting that these animals also develop polyclonal B cell activation (PBA). Interestingly, LCMV-infected B10.BR mice did not demonstrate a marked hypogammaglobulinemia nor did they experience a severe hemolytic anemia. Although evaluations of the hematocrits indicated that these animals endure a mild anemia 21 days PI, a below normal reticulocyte count until day 18 PI suggests that there was a prolonged suppression in hematopoiesis. It is clear from RBC survival studies that there is not an accelerated rate of RBC elimination, as seen in infected C3H mice, demonstrating that the anemia in B10.BR mice is not due to a hemolytic process. These results imply a correlation between the development of PBA and AIHA, suggesting a cause and effect relationship.
Construction of a simple spike counter for analysis of electrophysiological recording data.

Abstract A method for constructing a simple spike counter from a conventional calculator by taking advantage of the “adding display to memory” function [(M+) key] is described. The modification involves connecting the (M+) key to a dissecting pin and to a metallic notebook binder which is taped on to a transparent plastic sheet. The plastic sheet can then be placed on top of a polygraph record. After entering “1” into the calculator, a spike can be counted by making a single contact between the pin and the metal fastener. The total number of spikes counted can be displayed on the calculator by pressing the key for memory recall. The spike counter described herein is suitable for counting extracellular action potentials recorded on chart paper as well as other biological signals such as the rate of contraction of muscle.
Modeling most likely pathways for smuggling radioactive and special nuclear materials on a worldwide multimodal transportation network

Nuclear weapons proliferation is an existing and growing worldwide problem. To help with devising strategies and supporting decisions to interdict the transport of nuclear material, we developed the Pathway Analysis, Threat Response and Interdiction Options Tool (PATRIOT) that provides an analytical approach for evaluating the probability that an adversary smuggling radioactive or special nuclear material will be detected during transit. We incorporate a global, multi-modal transportation network, explicit representation of designed and serendipitous detection opportunities, and multiple threat devices, material types, and shielding levels. This paper presents the general structure of PATRIOT, and focuses on the theoretical framework used to model the reliabilities of all network components that are used to predict the most likely pathways to the target.
Epistemics for Forensics

Forensic science error rates are needlessly high. Applying the perspective of veritistic social epistemology to forensic science could produce new institutional designs that would lower forensic error rates. We make such an application through experiments in the laboratory with human subjects. Redundancy is the key to error prevention, discovery, and elimination. In the "monopoly epistemics" characterizing forensics today, one privileged actor is asked to identify the truth. In "democratic epistemics," several independent parties are asked. In an experiment contrasting them, democratic epistemics reduced the rate at which biased observers obscured the truth by two-thirds. These results highlight, first, the potential of "epistemic systems design," which employs the techniques of economic systems design to address issues of veracity rather than efficiency, and second, the value of "experimental epistemology," which employs experimental techniques in the study of science.
A Generalized Conceptual Development for the Analysis and Flow of Information.

A generalized framework for developing analytical and conceptual relationships involving the flow of information has previously been suggested. This paper provides further refinement, rigor, and extension for some of the earlier relationships suggested. In particular, a measure of the amount of information is defined as the difference of the value of the decision state of the decision-maker after and before receipt of the message. This measure is universally applicable for all information that is concerned with the effectiveness of the message upon the recipient. It is accordingly called pragmatic information. The definition is a direct consequence of the interdependence between information and decision-making and of the definition that information is data of value in decision-making. In order to evaluate this measure of information, it is convenient to use a generalized information system model which has previously been proposed and which has virtually universal applicability. The use of this model permits the evaluation of the measure of information in terms of the reduction of uncertainty to a decision maker. Six different types of uncertainty are identified. Specifically, a type of uncertainty which is generally overlooked in the decision-making literature is found to be important. This is called executional uncertainty. It is pointed out that the information science aspects of decision theory must cover comprehensively those decision-makers who not only are expert but those decision-makers who may be mediocre or even rather poor. Although any decision rule may be utilized in terms of the framework outlined, a suggested rule which is convenient and reasonable is proposed for evaluating the decision state of a decision-maker at any point in time. The measure of information suggested is situation, time, and decision-maker dependent. The framework and relationships developed are an important step toward the development of a true theory of information science. It is further suggested that each data set or document might have some average (over time) amount of information content for a decision-maker of any given “effectiveness”. The relationship of this average amount of information as a function of the decision-maker effectiveness is suggested as an important functional relationship that exists for every document. It is called an information profile of that document or data set. A typical information profile is suggested.
Theoretical simulation on dynamics of macrophase separation in styrene-block-butadiene copolymer driven by thermooxidative reactions

A theoretical model has been introduced to elucidate the structure evolution and growth dynamics of macrophase separation in the styrene-block-butadiene (SB) diblock copolymer induced by thermooxid...
Magnetic-monopole solution of non-Abelian gauge theory in curved spacetime

A magnetic-monopole solution of a non-Abelian gauge theory as proposed by 't Hooft is studied in curved spacetime. Einstein's equations are solved for the case of a magnetic point charge yielding a metric identical to the Reissner-Nordstr\"om metric, except that a nonvanishing cosmological constant is invoked.
Design and Development Review of the T64 Turboprop/Turboshaft Engine

The T64 is a turboshaft/turboprop aircraft engine under development by the Small Aircraft Engine Department of the author’s company for the U. S. Navy Bureau of Weapons. A summary is given of the basic design criteria for the engine as well as a brief description of the engine configuration and highlights of engine development experience. A summary of the engine configuration is given in Table 1.Copyright © 1961 by ASME
LMFBR system analysis: Impact of heat transport system on core thermal-hydraulics

Abstract In discussing LMFBR thermal-hydraulic analysis, this paper focuses on the heat transport system and its impact on the predicted core behavior, particularly during off-normal or protected accident transients. Following a brief background of related work in the area of system simulation for both loop and pool-type LMFBR designs, modeling considerations for individual components such as reactor core, piping, pumps, heat exchangers and check valves, together with the overall integrated approach to system simulation, are discussed. The need for, and current approaches to, modeling pool stratification are also examined. The role of buoyancy forces in the system is clarified, with particular emphasis on its increasing influence during flow decay. Sample results are presented to illustrate the influence of system modeling details, and selection of component parameters and operational mode, on predicted core thermal-hydraulic response during protected loss-of-flow transients. From a systematic study of the effect of pump inertia for a flow coastdown to natural circulation event in a loop-type design, it is found that certain combinations of primary and secondary pump inertias can lead to core flow reversal for a sustained period, and eventual boiling in the hot fuel channel. This effect, based on its impact on core flow, is even more pronounced in pool-type designs.
Hydrologic balance for a subtropical treatment wetland constructed for nutrient removal

Abstract This paper reports on an analysis of a water budget for the Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) Project in South Florida, USA, for the first 2 years of operation. Estimates of nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) based on average monthly values are compared with HRT obtained from steady-state two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, and show good agreement. Statistical analysis is performed to develop stage- and depth-duration curves for the ENR Project. The ENR Project was constructed south of Lake Okeechobee by the South Florida Water Management District to begin the process of removing nutrients (especially phosphorus) from agricultural drainage and stormwater run-off before entering the Everglades. The State of Florida's Everglades Forever Act of 1994 mandates, among other things, completion of stormwater treatment areas (STAs), and research to optimize phosphorus retention capacity, and to define threshold phosphorus concentrations that lead to an imbalance of biota. The ENR Project, a 1544-ha wetland, was designed and constructed as a pilot project to gain experience on design, construction, and operation of the STAs. It began operation in August 1994. For the 732 days analyzed (19 August 1994–19 August 1996), the average water inputs into the project were as follows: 86.2% from the inflow pumps, 11.2% from rainfall, and 2.6% as emerging measured and estimated seepage from an adjacent area with higher stages (Water Conservation Area 1). The average water outputs from the project consisted of 85.1% from the outflow pumps, 8.9% as evapotranspiration, and 6.0% as a net seepage and groundwater component. This net component accounts for elements of the surface/subsurface water interaction, either entering or leaving the project, which are unknown at this time. Considering monthly average values, there were only 3 months within the study period with positive values of this net component. These months were June 1995, and March and July 1996. The two most important elements included in the net seepage and groundwater component are expected to be the surficial aquifer recharge (outflow), and the unmeasured seepage (inflow) from Water Conservation Area 1 (subsurface seepage). The unmeasured subsurface seepage has recently been determined from computer model simulations.
Improvement by propranolol of regional myocardial dysfunction and abnormal coronary flow pattern in conscious dogs with coronary narrowing.

Abstract The effects of propranolol on regional myocardial function and the pattern of coronary blood flow velocity were studied during partial coronary arterial constriction in conscious resting dogs. Miniature ultrasonic crystals were implanted subendocardially in the left ventricle for measurement of segment length in control and ischemic areas. Coronary blood flow was limited by inflation of an hydraulic-cuff around the left circumflex coronary artery to produce stable hypofunction in the ischemic segment. With coronary stenosis, which reduced mean flow by an average of 31 percent of the control value, the heart rate increased by 17 beats from 78 ± 4 beats/min (mean ± standard error of the mean) and the flow pattern changed from a dominant diastotic to a dominant systolic pattern (peak velocity ratio of systole to diastole, 0.35 ± 0.06 to 1.06 ± 0.09) without change in left ventricular systolic pressure. After administration of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg Intravenously), heart rate decreased to 72 ± 4 from 95 ± 4 beats/min and contraction in the Ischemic segment increased markedly, as did left ventricular wall thickening. Simultaneously, coronary flow returned to a normal velocity pattern. These favorable effects were only partially diminished by cardiac pacing to increase the heart rate to that before treatment with propranolol. This study provides evidence for a substantial beneficial effect of propranolol when myocardial dysfunction results from transient coronary arterial stenosis, and it suggests several mechanisms that may be operative under these conditions.
T-modification of sternotomy to accommodate a low-lying tracheostomy.

Abstract A low-lying tracheostomy can complicate a sternotomy for coronary artery bypass grafting. A modified "T" exposure, transecting the manubrium at the first intercostal space, can be utilized to maintain sternoclavicular architecture and avoid injury to the tracheostomy at the sternal notch.
The Tower of London and neuropsychological assessment of ADHD in adults

Abstract Executive function refers to a variety of behaviors and abilities related to planning and strategy use, as well as the maintenance of attention and behavior in the pursuit of some goal; these behaviors are generally deficient in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Tower of London (TOL) is one task used in the assessment of executive function. For adults with ADHD, there is minimal research on the extent to which they demonstrate impaired performance on tower tasks. With a sample of 102 individuals between the ages of 16 and 33 years, the extent to which performance on the TOL–Drexel Edition (TOLDX) was related to performance on other measures of executive function and diagnostic grouping was investigated. Results indicated that TOLDX variables are not correlated significantly with age or Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Of the TOLDX variables, only Rule Violations correlated with multiple other executive function variables. Rule Violations correlated minimally, but significantly, with cognitive ability, perceptual skills, Matrix Reasoning, Processing Speed, and immediate memory. As might be expected, Processing Speed also significantly correlated with Total Time and Time Violations. Notably, scores on the TOLDX did not correlate significantly with behavioral self-report; no between-group (ADHD, Clinical Control, No Diagnosis) differences emerged for any of the TOLDX variables. Further, with this sample, mean scores across the TOLDX variables were well within the average range. Taken together, these results suggest that while the TOLDX measures aspects of ability not tapped by other measures, and may therefore provide additional information on individual functioning, results should not be interpreted as indicative of the presence or absence of a disorder.
Gotta catch 'em all!: innoculous: enabling epidemiology of computer viruses in the developing world

Computer users in the developing world are faced with myriad challenges, from limited bandwidth to higher costs of usage and ownership. However, among the most pernicious problems is the prevalence of computer viruses, which have immediate and unexpected economic costs, often to those who are least able to bear the burden of such costs.While statistics are available for virus infection rates, these rates only reflect reports from legally purchased copies of antivirus software run on internet-connected machine, and not the preponderance of software in the developing world, which is illegally obtained, out of its license period, or operated offline and therefore not updated. Anecdotal evidence on the ground indicates infection rates an order of magnitude higher, indicating a dearth of accurate information.In this paper I present Innoculous, a system consisting of a specially crafted USB key, software, and an incentivization strategy aimed towards disinfecting infected machines, creating revenue streams for small businesses and individuals in the developing world, and obtaining rich information about computer virus infections in the environment in question.
Microbial characteristics of ectomycorrhizal mat communities in Oregon and California

Specialized ectomycorrhizal fungi form dense mats in forest soils that have different enzyme levels, higher respiration rates, more biomass, different soil fauna, and different soil chemistry compared with adjacent soils not obviously colonized by these mats. In this study, mats formed by two genera of fungi collected in three locations were compared with a wide range of measurements. Per cent moisture, pH, chloroform fumigation-flush C, anaerobic N mineralization, exchangeable ammonium, and respiration, N2 fixation, and denitrification rates were compared between soils or litter colonized by ectomycorrhizal mat-forming fungi and adjacent non-mat material. Significant differences were observed between the two genera of mat-forming fungi and also between mats formed primarily in mineral soil and those formed in litter. These differences suggest that different mat-forming fungi perform different functions in forest soils and that these fungi function differently in mineral soil compared with litter.
Achievement and measurement of the ORIC magnetic field

The magnetic field for ORIC is achieved by means of conventional main coils requiring 1 MW at maximum energy and internal coils with a power capability of another megawatt. The internal coils include ten pairs of circular trimming coils for shaping the radial gradient, a pair of valley coils in each of three sectors for changing the flutter, and three pairs of harmonic coils in each sector for cancelling the first harmonic. All internal coils are sealed in stainless steel containers. The objective of the measuring program was to obtain sufficient information on the effects of currents in all 21 magnet circuits so that current settings for these coils could be computed for any given particle and energy. A half million 5-digit field values were measured and recorded. Nine levels of main field excitation were measured both with and without each of the auxiliary coils. The difference between a composite azimuthally average field calculated from individual coil measurements and a measured field obtained with these same coil current values varied from one to eight gauss in about 14 500 gauss.
Direct revelation of multiple conformations in RNA by femtosecond dynamics.

RNA structures are intrinsically dynamic, and the dynamics are important for interactions and recognition. We developed a strategy using femtosecond dynamics to quantitatively investigate the heterogeneous nature of RNA structures. The different conformations that exist in an RNA molecule are resolved based on their distinct temporal behaviors of the fluorescent decays for the incorporated fluorophore on ultrafast time scales. Using this strategy, we have probed the GNRA tetraloop motif and revealed alternative structures that have not been directly observed by other techniques. A model is proposed for the coexisting multiple conformations and the conformational dynamics for this motif.
EXTENSION OF COHERENT ANALYTIC SUBSHEAVES

THEOREM. Suppose 5 is a coherent analytic sheaf on a Stein space (X, C) in the sense of Grauert [2, ?1] and 8 is a coherent analytic subsheaf of 3 j U for some open neighborhood U of the boundary c9X of X. If for every xz U, &x, as a 3Cr-submodule of c3, has no associated prime ideal of dimension < 1, then there exists a coherent analytic subsheaf S* of c on (X, SC) such that S* agrees with 8 on some open neighborhood of ax.
Properties of the tongue help to define vowel categories: hypotheses based on physiologically-oriented modeling

Abstract Results from physiological modeling of the behavior of the tongue are used to motivate hypotheses about articulatory contributions to the definition of targets for the point vowels. Quantal (non-linear) relations between articulation and vowel formant frequencies predict acoustic stability over some range of variation in constrictionlocationfor /a/, /i/, and /u/ (Stevens, 1972; 1989; Badin, Perrier, Bo e & Abry, 1990), but not for constrictiondegree.In agreement with this prediction, data are reviewed that show more precise positioning of the tongue body in a dorsal-ventral direction than in a direction parallel to the vocal-tract midline. It is hypothesized that for the vowels /i/ and /a/, which are each produced with one narrow constriction, overall acoustic stability is achieved by virtue of a quantal acoustically-based relation between constrictionlocationand vowel formants, in combination with a physiologically-based, quantal relation between motor commands and thedegreeof constriction (a mechanical “saturation effect ” —Fujimura & Kakita, 1979). For /u/, with two narrow constrictions, there is a similar quantal acoustic relation between the tongue-body constriction location and the vowel formants. The tongue-body constriction produced by contraction of the styloglossus muscle is in the acoustically-stable constriction location. There may not be a non-linear mechanism to help stabilizedegreeof constriction for /u/, but that lack might be compensated for by a trading relation between the acoustic effects of lip rounding and tongue-body raising. To exploit this trading relation, speakers would learn a low-level “motor equivalence control strategy ”, which they employ to help constrain acoustic variability.
Induction of immune tolerance to facilitate β cell regeneration in type 1 diabetes

A definitive cure for type 1 diabetes is currently being pursued with enormous effort by the scientific community. Different strategies are followed to restore physiologic production of insulin in diabetic patients. Restoration of self-tolerance remains the milestone that must be reached in order to move a step further and recover a cell source capable of independent and functional insulin production. Multiple strategies aimed at modulation of both central and peripheral immunity must be considered. Promising results now show that the immune system can be modulated in a way that acquisition of a "diabetes-suppressive" phenotype is possible. Once self-tolerance is achieved, reversal of the disease may be obtained by simply allowing physiologic rescue and/or regeneration of the beta cells to take place. Given that these outcomes have already been confirmed in humans, refinement of existing protocols along with novel methods adapted to T1DM reversal will allow translation into clinical trials.
Spatial contiguity optimization in land acquisition

Spatial contiguity is of great importance for land acquisition in many planning situations, such as industrial site selection, forest management and reserve design. Because large, contiguous land is often difficult to acquire in an urban region, numerous land acquisition models have been proposed to select land parcels with a high degree of contiguity. However, a recognized drawback of existing models is that optimal contiguity is not necessarily guaranteed. This is because proxy measures of contiguity are relied upon. Recently, a measure of relative contiguity has been developed, overcoming measurement issues and shape bias. In this paper a new multi-objective land acquisition model incorporating relative contiguity explicitly is presented. A modified greedy interchange heuristic is designed to solve this model. Example applications are utilized to demonstrate the capabilities of this new model, as well as provide comparison with existing approaches.
Reversible Ligand Pairing and Sorting Processes Leading to Heteroligated Palladium(II) Complexes with Hemilabile Ligands

Halide-induced ligand pairing and sorting processes have been observed in the context of Pd(II) complexes with hemilabile P,S and P,O ligands. Mixing of the ligands Ph2PCH2CH2SMe (7) and Ph2PCH2CH2SPh (8) with a Pd(II) precursor in CH2Cl2 results in a mixture of [(7)2ClPd]Cl, [(8)2Cl2Pd], and [(7)(8)ClPd]Cl complexes at 20 °C. This equilibrium can be driven toward the heteroligated structure [(7)(8)ClPd]Cl by (1) cooling the mixture or (2) precipitation with hexanes, leading to the exclusive formation of semiopen heteroligated complex cis-[κ2-(7)-κ1-(8)ClPd]Cl (9a), as confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and solid state CPMAS 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Dissolution of 9a in CH2Cl2 leads to the original mixture of complexes, which illustrates the reversible nature of this ligand pairing and sorting process. Similar processes occur when a combination of P,S and P,O ligands is used. The semiopen heteroligated complexes can be chemically manipulated in a reversible fashion to form closed compl...
Distribution and abundance of elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, and prevalence of white-band disease at Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix, US Virgin islands

In the 1970s and 1980s elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, declined dramatically throughout the Caribbean primarily due to white-band disease (WBD). In 2005, elkhorn coral was proposed for listing as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. WBD was first documented at Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM). Together with hurricanes WBD reduced live elkhorn coral coverage by probably over 90%. In the past decade some recovery has been observed at BIRNM. This study assessed the distribution and abundance of elkhorn coral and estimated the prevalence of WBD at the monument. Within an area of 795 ha, we estimated 97,232–134,371 (95% confidence limits) elkhorn coral colonies with any dimension of connected live tissue greater than one meter, about 3% of which were infected by WBD. Despite some recovery, the elkhorn coral density remains low and WBD may continue to present a threat to the elkhorn coral population.