cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerial Image Based Die-to-Model Inspections of Advanced Technology Masks

Die-to-Model (D2M) inspection is an innovative approach to running inspection based on a mask design layout data. The D2M concept takes inspection from the traditional domain of mask pattern to the preferred domain of the wafer aerial image. To achieve this, D2M transforms the mask layout database into a resist plane aerial image, which in turn is compared to the aerial image of the mask, captured by the inspection optics. D2M detection algorithms work similarly to an Aerial D2D (die-to-die) inspection, but instead of comparing a die to another die it is compared to the aerial image model. D2M is used whenever D2D inspection is not practical (e.g., single die) or when a validation of mask conformity to design is needed, i.e., for printed pattern fidelity. D2M is of particular importance for inspection of logic single die masks, where no simplifying assumption of pattern periodicity may be done. The application can tailor the sensitivity to meet the needs at different locations, such as device area, scribe lines and periphery. In this paper we present first test results of the D2M mask inspection application at a mask shop. We describe the methodology of using D2M, and review the practical aspects of the D2M mask inspection.
Genome-wide signatures of transcription factor activity: connecting transcription factors, disease, and small molecules.

Identifying transcription factors (TF) involved in producing a genome-wide transcriptional profile is an essential step in building mechanistic model that can explain observed gene expression data. We developed a statistical framework for constructing genome-wide signatures of TF activity, and for using such signatures in the analysis of gene expression data produced by complex transcriptional regulatory programs. Our framework integrates ChIP-seq data and appropriately matched gene expression profiles to identify True REGulatory (TREG) TF-gene interactions. It provides genome-wide quantification of the likelihood of regulatory TF-gene interaction that can be used to either identify regulated genes, or as genome-wide signature of TF activity. To effectively use ChIP-seq data, we introduce a novel statistical model that integrates information from all binding “peaks” within 2 Mb window around a gene's transcription start site (TSS), and provides gene-level binding scores and probabilities of regulatory interaction. In the second step we integrate these binding scores and regulatory probabilities with gene expression data to assess the likelihood of True REGulatory (TREG) TF-gene interactions. We demonstrate the advantages of TREG framework in identifying genes regulated by two TFs with widely different distribution of functional binding events (ERα and E2f1). We also show that TREG signatures of TF activity vastly improve our ability to detect involvement of ERα in producing complex diseases-related transcriptional profiles. Through a large study of disease-related transcriptional signatures and transcriptional signatures of drug activity, we demonstrate that increase in statistical power associated with the use of TREG signatures makes the crucial difference in identifying key targets for treatment, and drugs to use for treatment. All methods are implemented in an open-source R package treg. The package also contains all data used in the analysis including 494 TREG binding profiles based on ENCODE ChIP-seq data. The treg package can be downloaded at http://GenomicsPortals.org.
Total knee arthroplasty in the obese patient: Tips and quips

Abstract As defined by body mass index, 1 of every 3 Americans is overweight . The excuses and reasons for this situation are genetic, dietary, cultural, and physiologic. Scandinavian literature has shown a higher incidence of gonarthrosis in obese patients and some indication of decremental surgical results. Patient selection requires identification of the distribution of the obesity and its implications for knee surgery. Anesthetic techniques should stress regional approaches, oxygenation, and modified postoperative regimens. Surgical incisions should be midline, should be longer than normal, and should involve eversion of the patella within its fat envelope. Increased tourniquet length and width are mandatory. Although wound complications are more common, the overall statistics from total knee arthroplasty in obese patients are not discouraging. Greater pressure is placed on the surgeon to achieve perfect alignment and balance because the patient's weight could unmask the imperfections of the arthroplasty. Only 18% of obese people lose weight after joint replacement. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
EVALUATION OF A CHANGE IN TEACHING PSYCHIATRY TO MEDICAL STUDENTS

A comparison of the efficacy of the lecture and seminar-case-study methods of teaching psychiatry to medical students was attempted in this study. Little difference was found between the methods with respect to the amount of information acquired by students. The paper describes some of the formidable problems encountered in attempts to measure changes in the students' attitudes, in their sensitivity to the nuances of interpersonal relatonships and in other non-cognitive elements.
Chemical Constituents of Skeletal Muscle from Normal Subjects and Patients with Rheumatic and Non-Rheumatic Diseases.

Summary1. Gastrocnemius muscle samples from 13 normal individuals and 27 patients with arthritis and a number of miscellaneous diseases were analyzed for total protein, non-protein nitrogen, collagen, myosin, adenosinetriphosphatase and water. The chemical data were correlated with the results of histological examination of the muscle samples analyzed. 2. In muscle from 13 volunteers, myosin constituted 21.1 per cent of the total protein and 3.99 per cent of the wet weight. Significantly lower values were found, however, in all groups of patients, as well as in 3 normal volunteers in whom lymphocytic infiltrates were demonstrated microscopically. 3. The collagen fraction of the total protein did not depart significantly from the normal in any of the diseases studied, and did not change significantly in the presence of atrophy. The per cent of collagen based on wet weight, however, was significantly reduced in the group of 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 3 patients with degenerative joint disease....
Carbazochrome salicylate and its role in aspirin-induced gastric irritation in rats.

Carbazochrome salicylate (CS) (Adrenosem®, S.E. Messengill Co., Bristol, Tennessee) was tried in aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats because of the manufacturer's claim that it stops bleeding by its action on capillary permeability. Adrenosem could not stop this injury to rat stomach mucosa; on the contrary it enhanced the aspirin-induced injury significantly (P<0.0005).
Clustered arrangement of immunoglobulin lambda constant region genes in man.

The immunoglobulin λ light chain locus of man contains six λ-like genes arranged tandemly on a 50-kilobase segment of chromosomal DNA. The sequences of three of these genes correspond to three known non-allelic λ chain isotypes: Mcg, Ke−Oz− and Ke−Oz+. They surround a highly polymorphic and evidently unstable region that is repeatedly deleted when cloned in Escherichia coli. Three additional, but as yet unlinked, λ-like sequences have also been cloned, suggesting that the λ genes form an unexpectedly large family within the human genome.
The E3-11.6K protein of adenovirus is an asn-glycosylated integral membrane protein that localizes to the nuclear membrane

Abstract The 11,600 MW (101 amino acids; 11.6K) protein of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) is a protein of unknown function which is synthesized in low amounts during early stages of infection but in very high amounts at late stages. The 11.6K protein migrates as three major groupings of diffuse bands of ca. 14K, 21 K, and 31 K on SDS-PAGE, indicating that 11.6K undergoes post-translational modification. We show here that 11.6K is Asn-glycosylated with complex (endo H-resistant) oligosaccharides and that 11.6K is an integral membrane protein. Immunofluorescence indicated that 11.6K initially is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and that it ultimately localizes to the nuclear membrane. The 11.6K protein is predicted to have a single signal-anchor sequence at residues 41–62 and only one potential Asn-linked glycosylation site at residue 14; thus, 11.6K must be oriented in the membranes with its NH 2 -terminus in the lumen and its COOH-terminus in the cytoplasm. The signal-anchor and glycosylation features of 11.6K are preserved in Ad2 and Ad5 (group C), and in Ad3 and Ad7 (group B), but the sequence of 11.6K is more diverged among these serotypes than is the sequence of most other adenovirus proteins.
Hormonal influences on histones and template activity in the rat uterus.

Uterine chromatin or nuclei was extracted from ovariectomized rats which had been either untreated (U), treated with estradiol (E) or with estradiol plus progesterone (EP). Their abilities to incorporate 3H-UMP into RNA were compared following preincubation at 0, 37 and 37 C in the presence of trypsin. All incorporations after treatment at 0 C were relatively low. Preincubation at 37 C caused little increase with the material from the U- or E-rats. However, the EP rat chromatin or nuclei responded with an impressive increase in template activity. Conversely, further increase by preincubation with trypsin at 37 C was least for the EP rat. Uterine histone profiles were examined. Preincubation at 37 C produced little change in the uterine acrylamide gel histone profiles of the U- or E-rat. However, extensive degradation of the lysine-rich histones, coupled with other changes were observed in the EP rat uterine histone profiles. Pregnant rat (17–19 days gestation) uterine nuclei behaved like the EP rat with r...
Streamer and zonal flow generation from envelope modulations in drift wave turbulence

Abstract The origin of anisotropic secondary flows, such as zonal flows and streamers, in drift wave turbulence is examined. A unified description including diffraction effects is given for zonal flow and streamer generation via envelope modulation of drift-wave packet. Stability boundaries, nonlinear growth rates and typical structure scales are determined for both streamer and zonal flow. A novel result is the determination of the characteristic width of those structures, which is found to depend on intrinsically nonlinear processes.
Footpad dermatitis severity on turkey flocks and correlations with locomotion, litter conditions, and body weight at market age

Abstract Footpad dermatitis (FPD) and walking ability are both parameters used on poultry welfare audits. One survey was conducted to determine the correlation between FPD severity, gait score (GS), BW, and litter condition on turkeys at market age. A total of 41 commercial tom flocks of 16 to 19 wk of age were evaluated. On each visit, 50 toms were selected, weighed, and evaluated for GS and FPD. Litter score (LS) was also recorded according to moisture content and caking. Data analyses consisted of pairwise correlations and 3 separate multiple linear regression models using FPD, GS, and BW as response variables. Fixed effects included LS, season, FPD, GS, and BW. Based on pairwise correlations, FPD was correlated with LS, BW, GS, and age. Gait score was correlated with LS, BW, and age. Body weight was correlated with LS. With multiple linear regression analysis it was observed that LS and BW were the parameters that were associated the most with FPD severity and GS. As litter condition worsened and BW increased, FPD and GS worsened. Moreover, a seasonal effect was observed on both FPD and GS. Colder seasons, winter and autumn, were associated with increased FPD severity and GS. A negative effect of FPD and GS was observed on BW. In conclusion, FPD and GS are correlated with BW at market age and litter condition is a major factor in FPD development and walking ability in turkeys.
The maximum likelihood approach to the identification of neuronal firing systems.

The concern of this work is the identification of the (nonlinear) system of a neuron firing under the influence of a continuous input in one case, and firing under the influence of two other neurons in a second case. In the first case, suppose that the data consist of sample values Xt, Yt, t = 0, +/- 1, +/- 2,... with Yt = 1 if the neuron fires in the time interval t to t + 1 and Yt = 0 otherwise, and with Xt denoting the (sampled) noise value at time t. Suppose that Ht denotes the history of the process to time t. Then, in this case the model fit has the form Prob[Yt = 1/Ht] = phi(Ut-theta) where (formula; see text) where gamma t denotes the time elapsed since the neuron last fired and phi denotes the normal cumulative. This model corresponds to quadratic summation of the stimulus followed by a random threshold device. In the second case, a network of three neurons is studied and it is supposed that (formula; see text) with Xt and Zt zero-one series corresponding to the firing times of the two other neurons. The models are fit by the method of maximum likelihood to Aplysia californica data collected in the laboratory of Professor J.P. Segundo. The paper also contains some general comments of the advantages of the maximum likelihood method for the identification of nonlinear systems.
A New Constitutive Model in the Theory of Plasticity—Part II: Examples

This part of the paper presents several examples to further demonstrate the hardening model proposed in the first part of the paper. Closed-form solutions are achieved for a thin-walled tube subjected to linear, rectangular, and circular loading paths, and the corresponding yield center loci and plastic strain trajectories are illustrated. The features of this model are further discussed.
Growth of High Quality Lwir Films by Liquid Phase Epitaxy

Growth of long wavelength infra-red mercury cadmium telluride films by liquid phase epitaxy has usually yielded films of inferior electrical properties as evidenced by Hall mobilities lower than theoretical values by factors of 5 or more at 77°K. In addition the Hall behavior over the entire temperature range did not follow classical patterns. A systematic series of investigations was conducted to improve the electrical performance of these films by four methods: i) growth of HgCdZnTe films, where a portion of the cadmium was replaced by zinc, ii) growth at temperatures > 550°C, iii) growth at a slow rate on a CdZnTe substrate following ‘cleaning’ in the melt of the substrate surface and iv) doping the film by controlled levels of indium. The first method did not lead to any improvements in the Hall behavior. In addition, the films grown displayed varying dislocation densities. The second method led to a small but definite increase in the yield of non-anomalous or classical films (5%). The third method yielded films with classical or non-anomalous Hall behavior about 20% of the time. The last method consistently led to films with classical Hall behavior. This was accomplished with indium doping levels at 1.5×1014/cm3. Preliminary data indicate that it will be possible to go to still lower doping levels while maintaining classical Hall behavior. The improvement in electrical properties of these epifilms can be attributed to the reduction or elimination of type inhomogeneities known to degrade Hall mobilities in films grown by liquid phase epitaxy.
Comparing search strategies for finding global optima on energy landscapes

We provide some tests of the convex global underestimator (CGU) algorithm, which aims to find global minima on funnel-shaped energy landscapes. We use two different potential functions—the reduced Lennard–Jones cluster potential, and the modified Sun protein folding potential, to compare the CGU algorithm with the simplest versions of the traditional trajectory-based search methods, simulated annealing (SA), and Monte Carlo (MC). For both potentials, the CGU reaches energies lower on the landscapes than both SA and MC, even when SA and MC are given the same number of starting points as in a full CGU run or when all methods are given the same amount of computer time. The CGU consistently finds the global minima of the Lennard–Jones potential for all cases with up to at least n=30 degrees of freedom. Finding the global or near-global minimum in the CGU method requires polynomial time [scaling between O(n3) and O(n4)], on average. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 1527–1532, 1999
The production of antibodies which recognize opiate receptors on murine leukocytes.

Abstract An antibody has been developed which recognizes opiate receptors on cells of the immune system. This antibody blocks specific binding of the radiolabeled opiate receptor ligand, 3H-dihydromorphine, to receptors on murine splenocytes. Additionally, the anti-receptor antibody competes with β-endorphin, met-enkephalin, and naloxone for the same binding site on the leukocytes. Moreover, the anti-receptor antibody possesses agonist activity similar to β-endorphin in suppressing cAMP production by lymphocytes. These results suggest the development of an antibody which recognizes classical opiate receptors on cells of the immune system.
Banking efficiency and competition in low income countries: the case of Uganda

There is a concern that the state dominated, inefficient and fragile banking systems in many low-income countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, are a major hindrance to economic growth. In this context, this article systematically analyses the impact of the far-reaching banking sector reforms undertaken in Uganda on banking sector competition and efficiency. Using models of banking competition and efficiency that have been predominantly estimated in industrial countries, we find that the level of competition has significantly increased and has been associated with a rise in efficiency of the sector. Moreover, on average, larger banks and foreign-owned banks are more efficient than others while smaller banks have fallen back in efficiency with the increase in competitive pressures.
Training Health and Safety Committees to Use Control Banding: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for the United States

Control banding (CB) is a control-focused risk management model that has received international attention. CB strategies are designed to control workplace chemical exposures after the completion of a qualitative risk assessment. Connecticut was one of the first states to provide training on how to use this control-focused tool. Joint labor/management teams and individuals from 34 workplaces attended a control banding workshop and learned how to use one CB model, the United Kingdom (UK) Health and Safety Executive's Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essentials Toolkit. After the initial training program the investigators used follow-up workshops, questionnaires, site visit data, and case studies to evaluate the training curriculum and assess the utility and effectiveness of this CB strategy. We found that the model is easily learned, although several areas for improvement were identified. Participants from 10 workplaces used COSHH Essentials to evaluate at least one task. The training curri...
Determination of diffusivity of sodium in liquid tin using Na-ß″ alumina

Diffusivity of sodium in molten tin was determined using an electrochemical cell of the type Na/Na-β″-Al2O3/(Na)Sn where Na-β″-Al2O3, which is a sodium-ion conductor, was the solid electrolyte. Using the above cell in which a small amount of sodium dissolved in tin was transported through β″-Al2O3 upon application of an external voltage, and using a known solution to Fick's second law for appropriate boundary conditions, the diffusivity was determined to be $$D{\text{ = 4}}{\text{.4 }}\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\text{ + 1}}{\text{.0}}} \\ {{\text{ - 0}}{\text{.5}}} \\ \end{array} } \right){\text{ x 10}}^{{\text{ - 4}}} {\text{ exp }}\left( {{\text{ - }}\frac{Q}{{RT}}} \right){\text{ cm}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ sec}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} $$ withQ = 16320 J mol−1 over a range of temperatures from 240 to 440° C. From the solution to Fick's second law, it was shown that first term approximations, which have often been used in the past, lead to an estimate of diffusivity which is about a factor of 2 too high indicating that more terms should be considered. The diffusivity was also determined using a transient technique in which the decay in voltage upon removal of externally applied voltage was recorded as a function of time. The diffusivity so determined, in which it was assumed that the only polarization was the concentration polarization, was higher than the previous method. The difference between the two diffusivities became smaller with increasing temperature. These experiments thus suggested that interfacial or activation polarization must also be present.
Correcting indefinite mass matrices due to substructure uncoupling

Abstract The transmission simulator method of experimental dynamic substructuring captures the interface forces and motions through a fixture called a transmission simulator. The transmission simulator method avoids the need to measure connection point rotations, facilitates substructuring for systems with continuous connections and enriches the modal basis of the substructure model. To use this approach, one first attaches the transmission simulator to the experimental substructure and then measures the free modes of the assembly. A finite element model of the transmission simulator is then used to subtract the transmission simulator and to couple the experimental substructure to the assembly of interest. Unfortunately, in several cases the process of subtracting the transmission simulator has caused the mass matrix for the experimental substructure to become indefinite, making the substructure model difficult or impossible to use and potentially leading to erroneous results. The authors previously developed metrics that could be used to identify which modes of the experimental model led to the indefinite mass matrix. This work presents a method that utilizes those metrics with a sensitivity analysis to adjust the transmission simulator mass matrix so that the subtraction does not produce an indefinite mass matrix. A second method is presented in which the mass matrix is made positive definite by coupling additional mass to the substructure. The methods are evaluated using both numerical and experimental test cases, showing promising results.
Changes at the ATVB Journal

The new cover of ATVB provides an indication of the changes to the Journal. One major change occurred in July 2012 when the new editorial team started managing the peer review responsibilities. This team was assembled to provide expert editorial decisions on the complete range of science published within ATVB . Membership of the group encompasses highly qualified individuals from the countries that are major contributors to the Journal. The range of the scientific expertise of these editors and their research profiles can be explored in depth on the Journal Web site: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/site/misc/meettheeditors.xhtml. This page also includes information on the Journal’s excellent editorial staff. Although the editors of ATVB are spread across the globe, they are in regular contact through the contemporary availability of communications that includes the new ATVB Web site. This has facilitated development of a process for reviewing manuscripts …
THE MECHANISM OF DELAYED LIGHT PRODUCTION BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS AND A NEW EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELDS ON CHLOROPLASTS

— Green plants, after illumination, emit light at times far too long to be fluorescence. This delayed light is closely connected with the process of photosynthesis and seems to be one of the few ways of studying the first steps in that process. In this paper we argue that there are at least 3 or maybe 4 mechanisms producing delayed light. (1) The delayed light in the range of 1–100 msec seems to come from the recombination of electrons and holes. The photosynthetic unit must absorb 2 quanta for this process. (2) At longer times the delayed light can come from thermal fluctuations lifting an electron from the level of ferredoxin to that of chlorophyll. The unit need only absorb 1 light quantum for this kind of delayed light. (3) Similarly, a part of the long-time delayed light comes from the untrapping of holes. (4) A part of the delayed light emitted at times longer than a few minutes seems to involve molecular oxygen. Finally, we shall describe a new phenomenon involving the effect of electric fields on chloroplasts, that we feel will be helpful in understanding the untrapping mechanisms of delayed light production.
Calculation of stress intensity factors for an interfacial notch of a bi-material joint using photoelasticity

Article history: Received March 20, 2013 Received in Revised form September, 14, 2013 Accepted 22 September 2013 Available online 23 September 2013 In this paper, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) for an interfacial notch in a bi-material joint have been calculated using the experimental method of photoelasticity. A bi-material Brazilian disc specimen with a central interface notch was employed to determine the SIFs for different mode mixities. In this approach, SIFs were calculated experimentally for an Al/Polycarbonate bi-material Brazilian disc specimen and two different loading angles (i.e. modes I and II dominated loading conditions). The results of experimental approach were then compared with the numerical values of finite element method. Experimental results were in good consistency with the numerical values. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Concurrent infections and the community ecology of helminth parasites.

In the early 1960s, John Holmes published 3 papers from his doctoral dissertation research, started at Rice University under the incisive supervision of Asa Chandler and completed under the equally incisive, if somewhat ornery, eyes of Clark P. Read. The first of these papers (Holmes, 1961; reprinted herein), established conclusively that 2 species of parasites interacted with one another in their common environment, such interaction being prerequisite to application of the ‘‘community’’ concept. This paper thus marks the beginning of modern community ecology as applied to parasitic helminths. The second paper (Holmes, 1962a) further defined the nature of interactions between Hymenolepis diminutaand Moniliformis dubius( 5 moniliformis). But if Holmes (1961, 1962a) established helminth community ecology as a rich, legitimate, and useful subdiscipline of parasitology, then Holmes (1962b) cast an intriguing shadow over his own results, for the 2 parasites did not interact with one another in the hamster as they did in the rat. Thus, the 1962 papers told us that the secrets of symbiont interspecific relationships would not be easily revealed and, more importantly, that system-specific effects could easily be the rule rather than the exception. After all, only 2 species of rodents were involved and only 2 species of helminth parasites; who could predict what might happen when similar studies were done with a hundred species of each? One can imagine Clark Read sitting in an easy chair late at night, smiling under his dark mustache, smoking with Hollywood type-cast ease, and completing his first reading of the draft dissertation. This stack of paper is indeed a seminal work, he probably concluded; thus, the smile. But the hamster section is really interesting, he might well have thought; thus, the eyes narrowed, Read-like crinkles forming at their corners, his smile widening, and the fire flaring as he took a deep drag.
Minimum uncertainty robot navigation using information-guided POMDP planning

A ubiquitous problem in robotics is determining policies that move robots with uncertain process and observation models (partially-observed state systems) to a goal configuration while avoiding collision. We propose a new method to solve this minimum uncertainty navigation problem. We use a continuous partially-observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model and optimize an objective function that considers both probability of collision and uncertainty at the goal position. By using information-theoretic heuristics, we are able to find policies that are effective for both minimizing collisions and stopping near the goal configuration. We additionally introduce a filtering algorithm that tracks collision free trajectories and estimates the probability of collision.
Failure to thrive: a consequence of undernutrition.

1. Sheila Gahagan, MD, MPH 1. *Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; Assistant Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize three common presentations in the physician’s office of failure to thrive. 2. Identify three principal mechanisms that lead to a mismatch between caloric intake and caloric expenditure. 3. Understand the complex interaction between psychosocial and biomedical risks that may lead to failure to thrive. 4. Review the diagnostic approach based on three different growth presentations. 5. Discuss the role of the physician in identifying psychosocial factors in failure to thrive and in referring families to mental health professionals. Failure to thrive (FTT) is not a disease, but a sign that is better thought of as a final common pathway of many medical, psychosocial, and environmental processes that lead to poor growth in a young child. Although FTT once was conceptualized as either organic or nonorganic, it now is understood to be the result of interaction between the environment and the child’s health, development, and behavior. The evaluation of a young infant who is growing slowly, or not at all, is truly the ultimate test of the pediatrician’s ability to evaluate simultaneously biomedical and psychosocial information obtained from the medical history and the physical examination. The stakes are high during the diagnostic phase because the child could have a life-threatening disease or be in a life-threatening psychosocial environment. Fortunately, these dire scenarios are exceedingly rare. Most cases of FTT are due to inadequate nutrition that results from biologic and environmental factors that intersect in such a way as to preclude adequate nourishment of the child. It is essential to take a developmental approach to poor growth because the causes of this condition change with development. Two case histories are presented to illustrate examples of medical and psychosocial conditions leading to inadequate growth. Management must be tailored to the child, taking into account medical, psychological, family …
Special population: HIV/AIDS among the deaf and hard of hearing.

In America, 1 out of 10 people are deaf or hard of hearing (D&HH). The size of the D&HH population is estimated to be approximately 20 million persons according to the National Center for Health Statistics (Holt & Hotto, 1994). Deafness can be defined as a communication disability and as a minority culture. The community shares a common language (American Sign Language [ASL]) and life experiences and is maintained by specific social norms (Kennedy & Buchholz, 1995). Thus, there are linguistic and cultural distinctions that separate the deaf community from the hearing majority. Subgroups exist within the deaf community based on one’s linguistic ability. AIDS Education/Services for the Deaf (AESD) defines subgroups within the deaf community based on the frequently most used mode of communication: (a) verbal, (b) ASL, (c) manual English, or (d) gestures and body-expressive language. Those in the subgroup that predominantly uses verbal language refer to themselves as hearing impaired rather than deaf and frequently do not identify themselves as part of the deaf community. Kennedy and Buchholz (1995) identify several special aspects of the deaf community. It is a close-knit, homogenous group. There is a networking system or deaf grapevine used to share information among the members. They are more likely to learn information from each other via this communication route rather than from formal information sources. A danger of this mode of communication is that myths, fallacies, and misinformation may be construed and shared as truth and facts. HIV/AIDS Among the Deaf
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the safety and efficacy of cultured and expanded autologous fibroblast injections for the treatment of interdental papillary insufficiency associated with the papilla priming procedure.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of using autologous fibroblast injections following a minimally invasive papilla priming procedure to augment open interproximal spaces.Methods: Twenty-one patients with open interproximal spaces were enrolled in this study, with 20 patients retained to study completion. Two primary sites were selected and randomized to receive autologous fibroblast injections or placebo injections beginning 1 week following the papilla priming procedure; two additional injections were performed 7 to 14 days following the initial injections. Up to seven additional sites could be treated per patient, and the analyses were conducted for the primary and secondary sites. The primary efficacy parameter was the percentage change in papillary height of the primary treatment areas from baseline to the 4-month visit, as measured by a periodontal probe from the base of the contact area to the tip of the interproximal papilla. Digital image analysis and diagnost...
Quantitation of regional ventilation during the washout phase of lung scintigraphy: measurement in patients with severe COPD before and after bilateral lung volume reduction surgery.

Study objectives We sought to investigate the effectof lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) on regional lungventilation. Design Retrospective analysis ofroutinely acquired data before and after LVRS. Setting Large, urban, university medical center. Patients Twenty-nine patients with severe emphysema. Intervention Bilateral LVRS. Measurements and results 133 Xe washout curves during lungscintigraphy exhibit a biphasic pattern (the first component of thewashout curve [m r ] corresponds to an initial rapidphase in washout that reflects larger airways emptying, and the secondcomponent [m s ] reflects a slower phase of washout that isattributed to gas elimination via smaller airways). We analyzed sixstandardized regions of the lung (upper, mid, and lower zones of theright and left lung), and calculated m r and m s for each lung region. The mean (± SE) baseline FEV 1 was0.69 ± 0.04 L, total lung capacity (TLC) was 139 ± 4% predicted, and the residual volume (RV)/TLC ratio was 65 ± 2%. The meanimprovement in FEV 1 3 months post-LVRS was 38%. Post-LVRS,m r and m s increased in 79 and 74 lung regions, respectively, and there was no relationship with respect to lungregions that had or had not been operated on. The increase inm s , however, significantly correlated with the increase in, FEV 1 ( r = 0.66; p r = −0.67; p s also correlated with a decrease in, Pa co 2 ( r = −0.39;p = 0.03), but m r showed no relationship with anyparameter. Conclusions Small airways ventilation inlung regions that had and had not been operated on is associated with agreater improvement in lung mechanics following, LVRS.
The inhibition of the fatty acid oxygenase of sheep vesicular gland by antioxidants.

Abstract Antioxidants inhibit the fatty acid oxygenase of sheep vesicular gland and soybean lipoxygenase in an instantaneous, reversible manner. Their inhibitory effectiveness was not related to their traditional antioxidant potencies but seemed to depend on the nature of the enzyme. The destructive effect ofeicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid, a substrate analog, on vesicular gland oxygenase could be prevented in the presence of either α-naphthol or 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (Santoquin).
General conditions for the decomposition of state holding elements

A fundamental problem in the design of speed-independent asynchronous circuits is the decomposition or splitting up of high-fanin operators into two or more lower-fanin operators. In this paper, we develop general techniques to decided whether a particular decomposition of an arbitrary state-holding or combinational element into two elements with an belated internal signal is correct. These techniques are extended to determine efficiently all legal decompositions in a parameterized family.
Filling in the pieces of the sleep apnea-hypertension puzzle.

BSTRUCTIVESLEEPAPNEA(OSA)ISACOMMONBUT underdiagnosed disorder that is associated with excessive sleepiness, poor quality of life, neurocognitivedeficits,metabolicdysfunction,cardiovascular disease, and early mortality. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy efficaciously ameliorates obstructed breathing events. 1 Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that CPAP therapy reduces sleepiness and improvesqualityoflifeinpatientswithmoderateandsevereOSA. 2 A number of difficulties have complicated the assessment of thecausallinkbetweenOSAandhypertension,includingmultiplesharedriskfactors,differentialsusceptibilityofsubgroups to the deleterious effects of OSA, and the challenges of conducting definitive RCTs. Despite these barriers, a significant evidencebasehasdevelopedtosupporttheidentificationand treatment of OSA in patients with hypertension. Multiple hypertensionguidelinesrecognizeOSAasasecondarycause ofhypertensionandspecificallyadviseassessmentandtreatment of OSA in patients with refractory hypertension. 3-5 DatalargelysupportacausallinkbetweenOSAandhypertension, with causation supported by the Bradford-Hill criteriaof(1)biologicalplausibility;(2)associationstrength,consistency,temporality,anddoseresponse;and(3)reversibility. It is biologically plausible that OSA may cause hypertension, becauseintermittenthypoxiaandsleepdisruption(asinOSA) stimulatesympatheticexcitationandhypertensionacutely,and alter vascular resistance, increase blood pressure, and produce endothelial dysfunction chronically. 6 Evidence of association from longitudinal epidemiologic studies complementsthebiologicaldata.TheWisconsinSleepCohortStudy of middle-aged adults found a strong dose-response relationship between baseline OSA severity and incident hypertension 4 years later. 7 The Sleep Heart Health Study analysis of older adults without hypertension also found a doseresponse relationship between baseline OSA severity and incident hypertension, but the association was not statistically significantinthefullyadjustedanalysis 8 ;however,morethan 50% of the original cohort was excluded because of baseline hypertension. Together, these findings are consistent with a modest association between OSA and incident hypertension
Responses of microbial community functional structures to pilot-scale uranium in situ bioremediation

A pilot-scale field test system with an inner loop nested within an outer loop was constructed for in situ U(VI) bioremediation at a US Department of Energy site, Oak Ridge, TN. The outer loop was used for hydrological protection of the inner loop where ethanol was injected for biostimulation of microorganisms for U(VI) reduction/immobilization. After 2 years of biostimulation with ethanol, U(VI) levels were reduced to below drinking water standard (o30lgl � 1 ) in the inner loop monitoring wells. To elucidate the microbial community structure and functions under in situ uranium bioremediation conditions, we used a comprehensive functional gene array (GeoChip) to examine the microbial functional gene composition of the sediment samples collected from both inner and outer loop wells. Our study results showed that distinct microbial communities were established in the inner loop wells. Also, higher microbial functional gene number, diversity and abundance were observed in the inner loop wells than the outer loop wells. In addition, metal-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter and Shewanella, and other bacteria, for example, Rhodopseudomonas and Pseudomonas, are highly abundant in the inner loop wells. Finally, the richness and abundance of microbial functional genes were highly correlated with the mean travel time of groundwater from the inner loop injection well, pH and sulfate concentration in groundwater. These results suggest that the indigenous microbial communities can be successfully stimulated for U bioremediation in the groundwater ecosystem, and their structure and performance can be
The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in plants.

L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are aromatic amino acids (AAAs) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and that in plants also serve as precursors of numerous natural products, such as pigments, alkaloids, hormones, and cell wall components. All three AAAs are derived from the shikimate pathway, to which ≥30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is directed in vascular plants. Because their biosynthetic pathways have been lost in animal lineages, the AAAs are essential components of the diets of humans, and the enzymes required for their synthesis have been targeted for the development of herbicides. This review highlights recent molecular identification of enzymes of the pathway and summarizes the pathway organization and the transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation of the AAA biosynthetic network. It also identifies the current limited knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization and the metabolite transport involved in the plant AAA pathways and discusses metabolic engineering efforts aimed at improving production of the AAA-derived plant natural products.
Design and Prototyping of a Walking Quadrotor

The design and experimental prototype of a hybrid robot capable of both aerial and terrestrial locomotion is presented in this paper. A unique compliant mechanism design makes it possible to use a single actuator set for both walking and flying. This is advantageous because it reduces both the total weight of the system and the control system complexity. The basic structure is similar to a quadrotor aerial vehicle, i.e. four brushless DC motors provide the required thrust for flying. The desired leg motion is derived from two separate linear movements. Horizontal motion of the legs is achieved by driving the main actuators in reverse. A second linear actuation unit, which is set into motion by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, enables vertical movement of the leg during terrestrial locomotion.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A temporal analysis of urban forest carbon storage using remote sensing

Quantifying the carbon storage, distribution, and change of urban trees is vital to understanding the role of vegetation in the urban environment. At present, this is mostly achieved through ground study. This paper presents a method based on the satellite image time series, which can save time and money and greatly speed the process of urban forest carbon storage mapping, and possibly of regional forest mapping. Satellite imagery collected in different decades was used to develop a regression equation to predict the urban forest carbon storage from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) computed from a time sequence (1985–1999) of Landsat image data. This regression was developed from the 1999 field-based model estimates of carbon storage in Syracuse, NY. The total carbon storage estimates based on the NDVI data agree closely with the field-based model estimates. Changes in total carbon storage by trees in Syracuse were estimated using the image data from 1985, 1992, and 1999. Radiometric correction was accomplished by normalizing the imagery to the 1999 image data. After the radiometric image correction, the carbon storage by urban trees in Syracuse was estimated to be 146,800 tons, 149,430 tons, and 148,660 tons of carbon for 1985, 1992, and 1999, respectively. The results demonstrate the rapid and cost-effective capability of remote sensing-based quantitative change detection in monitoring the carbon storage change and the impact of urban forest management over wide areas.
Daytime plasma drifts in the equatorial lower ionosphere

We have used extensive radar measurements from the Jicamarca Observatory during low solar flux periods to study the quiet time variability and altitudinal dependence of equatorial daytime vertical and zonal plasma drifts. The daytime vertical drifts are upward and have largest values during September–October. The day-to-day variability of these drifts does not change with height between 150 and 600 km, but the bimonthly variability is much larger in the F region than below about 200 km. These drifts vary linearly with height generally increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. The zonal drifts are westward during the day and have largest values during July–October. The 150 km region zonal drifts have much larger day-to-day, but much smaller bimonthly variability than the F region drifts. The daytime zonal drifts strongly increase with height up to about 300 km from March through October, and more weakly at higher altitudes. The December solstice zonal drifts have generally weaker altitudinal dependence, except perhaps below 200 km. Current theoretical and general circulation models do not reproduce the observed altitudinal variation of the daytime equatorial zonal drifts.
Multi-level acoustic segmentation of continuous speech

As part of the goal to better understand the relationship between the speech signal and the underlying phonemic representation, the authors have developed a procedure that describes the acoustic structure of the signal. Acoustic events are embedded in a multi-level structure in which information ranging from coarse to fine is represented in an organized fashion. An analysis of the acoustic structure, using 500 utterances from 100 different talkers, show that it captures over 96% of the acoustic-phonetic events of interest with an insertion rate of less than 5%. The signal representation, and the algorithms for determining the acoustic segments and the multi-level structure are described. Performance results and a comparison with scale-space filtering is also included. Possible use of this segmental description for automatic speech recognition is discussed. >
Could dopamine be a silent killer

Journal club critique Could dopamine be a silent killer? Nick Azarov, Eric B. Milbrandt, and Michael R. Pinsky 1 Clinical Fellow, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 3 Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Stability of n-order state space digital filters with integer arithmetic

Abstract The stability of n -order state space digital filters with integer arithmetic is studied. For systems with zero input a sufficient condition for global asymptotic stability is established. For general systems with non-zero input bounded-input, bounded-output stability is proven. Also, conditions are determined for the stability and for the existence of limit cycles for some special classes of digital filters with integer arithmetic.