cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO‐F‐CAMPUS‐I‐02: Stability Investigation of a Gamma Fitting Algorithm for Angiographic Parametric Imaging at Low X‐Ray Exposures Using a Patient Specific Neurovascular Phantom

Purpose: To analyze the stability of a Gamma fitting algorithm based on digital subtraction angiography sequences, at different exposure, hence noise levels. Methods: Starting with a patient CT volume, we built a 3D printed neurovascular phantom which contained a complete Circle of Willis with major arteries and five aneurysms. We placed the phantom in a 15 cm water bath and connected it to a flow loop containing a peristaltic pump which simulated physiological relevant flow conditions. We injected 10 ml contrast boluses using an automatic contrast injector at a rate of 10 ml/sec. Digital Subtraction Angiography images were acquired at 30 frames/sec and processed with a gamma fitting based algorithm, to yield parametric maps of: Mean transit time (MTT), Time-to-Peak (TTP), Bolus Arrival Time (BAT). Starting with the optimal exposure parameters selected by the x-ray system automatic exposure control, while keeping the same kV, we lowered the mA and exposure per frame in four steps until we reached the minimum value allowed by the system. We analyzed the variation of the MTT, TTP and BAT for various artery signal to noise ratios using four ROIs. Results: The peak (maximum opacification) SNRs for full dose and minimum dose were: 35 and 13 for 4 mm arteries and 18 and 7 for 2 mm arteries. The parameters standard deviation expressed as a percent fraction of the value measured at the full dose value, were: MTT=2.4%, BAT=0.5% and TTP=1.9% for 4 mm vessels and MTT=3.7%, BAT=5.4% and TTP=6.3% for 2 mm vessels. Conclusion: Despite a significant decrease of the peak SNR the algorithm performed very well displaying variations less than 6.3% of the ideal conditions. Partial Support: NIH grant R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corp. Partial Support: NIH grant R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corp.
Thoracic Thymus, Exclusive No Longer

T cell production in mice occurs in the chest thymus. A similar second thymus in the neck has now been shown to also make T cells, raising questions about earlier experiments.
On optimal quantization and its effect on anomaly detection and image classification

This thesis presents the use of density estimation for performing data classification in different applications such as stream processing as well as image classification. The first half of this thesis presents a system that can process and analyze streaming data and extract the time frames that contain potential events of interest or anomalies without requiring any prior domain knowledge. The proposed method performs real time monitoring and mining of streaming data at multiple temporal scales simultaneously to maximize the probability of detection of anomalous events that span different lengths of time. The method does not assume the data segments containing anomalies belong to any particular distribution and therefore does not require prior domain knowledge. The system learns the evolution of normal behavior in streaming data and builds a model over time and uses it to determine whether the new incoming data fits that model. When analyzing streaming data, it is important for the algorithm to be fast with low computational complexity and therefore such aspects as well as the detection accuracy are studied and the results are presented. The algorithm is general and can be used for any type of streaming data. In the second half of this thesis, the feasibility of using density estimation in higher dimensions and in particular for visual descriptors is presented. A method for classifying images is proposed which uses density estimation to optimally quantize the feature space to generate a codebook used by a bag-of-features (BoF) image classifier. This thesis shows that the optimal smoothing calculation in density estimation can be used to systematically quantize the feature space to generate codebooks that can be used in image classification.
Chapter 3 Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly

Abstract Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFEs), known as board and care homes, are licensed in California and many other states for non-medical care in the community. RCFEs are examined here to provide illustrative issues in the definition of types of long-term residential care. The research examines physical functioning, social supports, and course of residential placement for 109 RCFE residents (mean age 84 years). A significant portion of the residents had personal assistance needs not usually provided at the RCFE level (75% assistance with medication, 52% used walking aids, 29% assistance in bathing). Additionally, a third of the residents had restricted social supports and social activity. Residents report declines in functioning and support as reasons for moving to residential care. Length of residence in the facility (range less than a year to 15 years) was not related to physical functioning or social activity. These findings do not support “aging in place,” within the facility, as t...
Narratives of Sexual Consent and Coercion: Forced Prostitution Trials in Progressive-Era New York City

This article analyzes testimony about forced prostitution voiced in New York City's Court of General Sessions from 1908 to 1915. During these years, the problem of coercive prostitution—commonly called “white slavery”—received an unprecedented amount of attention from journalists, politicians, and antivice activists. Drawing from verbatim transcripts of compulsory-prostitution trials, our research examines the relationship between cultural narratives and courtroom storytelling. We show how the white slavery narrative in popular culture oriented prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and jurors in prostitution trials. Extending the account of social control in the sociological literature on antivice activism, our analysis shows that the prosecution of forced prostitution was not simply a top-down exercise of juridical power. Using insights from conversation analysis and cultural history, an examination of compulsory-prostitution cases reveals a quadripartite storytelling process where judges and jurors—with different orientations to the white slavery narrative—played a constitutive role in how the defense and prosecution argued their cases.
The clinical impact of inpatient hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is common in hospitalized patients and is associated with poor outcomes, including increased mortality. Older individuals and those with comorbidities are more likely to suffer the adverse consequences of inpatient hypoglycemia. Observational studies have shown that spontaneous inpatient hypoglycemia is a greater risk factor for death than iatrogenic hypoglycemia, suggesting that hypoglycemia acts as a marker for more severe illness, and may not directly cause death. Initial randomized controlled trials of intensive insulin therapy in intensive care units demonstrated improvements in mortality with tight glycemic control, despite high rates of hypoglycemia. However, follow-up studies have not confirmed these initial findings, and the largest NICE-SUGAR study showed an increase in mortality in the tight control group. Despite these recent findings, a causal link between hypoglycemia and mortality has not been clearly established. Nonetheless, there is potential for harm from inpatient hypoglycemia, so evidence-based strategies to treat hyperglycemia, while preventing hypoglycemia should be instituted, in accordance with current practice guidelines.
Thermal models for basaltic volcanism on Io

We present a new model for the thermal emissions from active basaltic eruptions on Io. While our methodology shares many similarities with previous work, it is significantly different in that (1) it uses a field tested cooling model and (2) the model is more applicable to pahoehoe flows and lava lakes than fountain-fed, channelized, 'a'a flows. This model demonstrates the large effect lava porosity has on the surface cooling rate (with denser flows cooling more slowly) and provides a preliminary tool for examining some of the hot spots on Io. The model infrared signature of a basaltic eruption is largely controlled by a single parameter, τ, the average survival time for a lava surface. During an active eruption surfaces are quickly covered or otherwise destroyed and typical values of τ for a basaltic eruption are expected to be on the order of 10 seconds to 10 minutes. Our model suggests that the Galileo SSI eclipse data are consistent with moderately active to quiescent basaltic lava lakes but are not diagnostic of such activity.
Random Response Analysis of Curvilinearly Stiffened Plates Using Element-Free Galerkin Method

An Element Free Galerkin (EFG) formulation is presented for studying the random response of curvilinearly-stiffened plates. The structure is subjected to stationary random stochastic loading. The random loads are assumed as stationary in time but can be nonhomogeneous in space. The spectral density of the nodal force vector is formulated using the displacement shape functions. The direct complex matrix inversion method and modal superposition method are used to obtain the random response of structure. The spectral density of displacement for un-stiffened plate under white noise and plate with straight stiffeners subjected to jet noise are compared with those available in the literature. The power spectral density of displacement of curvilinearly-stiffened plate under white noise is also verified using the commercial finite element software ANSYS. Excellent agreement is seen in all cases. The effect of stiffener stiffness and curvature and in-plane load on spectral density of deflection of curvilinearly-stiffened plate is also investigated.
Fragility Functions for Modern Reinforced-Concrete Beam-Column Joints

Abstract Fragility functions are developed to predict the method of repair required for modern reinforced-concrete beam-column building joints subjected to earthquake loading. These fragility functions, in combination with similar fragility functions developed previously for older joints, are used to compare damage progression in older versus modern joints. To develop fragility functions for modern joints, the results of previous experimental investigations are used to generate empirical relationships between damage and earthquake demand, damage states are linked deterministically with commonly employed methods of repair, and the empirical data are modeled using a standard probability distribution. The demand parameters, damage states, methods of repair, and probability distribution used in the current study are chosen to facilitate comparison with results from the previous study. The results of this study are a family of fragility functions that can be used to predict the method of repair required for a ...
Quality changes of minimally processed honeydew melons stored in air or controlled atmosphere

Pieces (1835 mm cylinders) were prepared from sanitized fruits of four honeydew melon varieties (Green Flesh, Morning Ice, Rico, RML 2704) harvested at typical commercial maturity. Pieces were stored in air or controlled atmosphere (CAair15% CO2) at 5°C and evaluated for sensory quality, firmness, color and soluble solids concentration (SSC) after 0, 6 and 12 days. Significant variation was found among varieties in SSC (9.9‐12.2%), firmness (14.0‐19.9 N), and chroma (10.4‐19.0), hue angle (115‐113) and L* (63.7‐66.8) color values of pieces on day 0. Pieces from the four varieties averaged 10 N firmness loss from day 0 to 12 and CA reduced loss significantly in only one variety. During air storage color saturation decreased only in pieces from varieties with high initial chroma (C) values. Average DC between days 0 and 12 was 3.7 for air-stored vs 1.0 for CA-stored pieces. Average DL* was 5.8 and 1.4 for the same conditions, respectively. SSC were maintained during storage in air or CA. Pieces stored in 15% CO2 had higher visual quality scores than those stored in air. In addition, CA storage greatly reduced development of macroscopic decay, translucency and off-odors. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Structure and crystal chemistry of perovskite-type MgSiO 3

Synthetic clinoenstatite (MgSiO3) has been converted to a single phase with the perovskite structure in complete reactions at approx. 300 kbar in experiments that utilize the laser-heated diamond-anvil pressure apparatus. The structure of this phase after quenching was determined by powder X-ray diffraction intensity measurement to be similar to that of the distorted rare-earth, orthoferrite-type, orthorhombic perovskites, but it is suggested that such distortion from ideal cubic perovskite would diminish at high pressure. The unit cell dimensions and density of perovskite-type MgSiO3 at ambient conditions (1 bar, 25°C) are a=4.780(1) A, b=4.933(1) A, c=6.902(1) A, V=162.75 A3, and ρ=4.098(1) g/cm3. This phase is 3.1% denser than the isochemical oxide mixture [periclase (MgO)+stishovite (SiO2)]. The small crystal-field stabilization energy of the cation site in the perovskite structure may play an important role in limiting the high-pressure stability field of perovskites that contain transition metal cations. Approximate calculations of the crystal-field effects indicate that perovskite of pure FeSiO3 composition may become stable at 400–600 kbar; pressures greater than 800 kbar would be required to stabilize CoSiO3 or NiSiO3 perovskite.
From Shattered Assumptions to Weakened Worldviews: Trauma Symptoms Signal Anxiety Buffer Disruption.

The fundamental assertion of worldview-based models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is that trauma symptoms result when traumatic experiences cannot be readily assimilated into previously held worldviews. In two studies, we test the anxiety buffer disruption hypothesis, which states that trauma symptoms result from the disruption of normal death anxiety–buffering functions of worldviews. In Study 1, participants with trauma symptoms greater than the cutoff for PTSD evinced greater death thought accessibility than those with subclinical or negligible symptoms after a reminder of death. In Study 2, participants with clinically significant trauma symptoms showed no evidence of worldview defense though death thoughts were accessible. These results support the anxiety buffer disruption hypothesis and suggest an entirely new approach to experimental PTSD research.
A simple, combined diffractometer and scanning microdensitometer.

SUMMARY A simple device for densitometering electron micrographs or other transparencies by one-dimensional scanning is described. Micrographs of crystalline materials are oriented by means of their optical diffraction patterns displayed with a slightly modified microscope.
WHAT LOTTERY PROBLEM FOR RELIABILISM

It can often be heard in the hallways, and occasionally read in print, that reliabilism runs into special trouble regarding lottery cases. My main aim in this paper is to argue that this is not so. Nevertheless, lottery cases do force us to pay close attention to the relation between justification and probability.
Size and folding of the messenger for phage T4 lysozyme.

The existence of non-random base pairing in T4-specific mRNA is supported by the nuclease digestion patterns of the messenger for phage T4 lysozyme. Under conditions which denature RNA, the nuclease nicked lysozyme mRNA recovers its activity. This behaviour can be explained by a model in which secondary structure controls initiation at existing ribosomal attachment sites.
Regional brain energy metabolism after complete versus incomplete ischemia in the rat in the absence of severe lactic acidosis.

Levels of energy metabolites were measured in forebrain regions in fasted rats subjected to 4-h recirculation after 1 h of either incomplete or complete ischemia. Both models of ischemia were produ...
Strain Relaxation in Si1-xGex Thin Films on Si (100) Substrates: Modeling and Comparisons with Experiments

Strained semiconductor thin films grown epitaxially on semiconductor substrates of different composition, such as Si1-xGex/Si, are becoming increasingly important in modern microelectronic technologies. In this paper, we report a hierarchical computational approach for analysis of dislocation formation, glide motion, multiplication, and annihilation in Si1-xGex epitaxial thin films on Si substrates. Specifically, a condition is developed for determining the critical film thickness with respect to misfit dislocation generation as a function of overall film composition, film compositional grading, and (compliant) substrate thickness. In addition, the kinetics of strain relaxation in the epitaxial film during growth or thermal annealing (including post-implantation annealing) is analyzed using a properly parameterized dislocation mean-field theoretical model, which describes plastic deformation dynamics due to threading dislocation propagation. The theoretical results for Si1-xGex epitaxial thin films grown on Si (100) substrates are compared with experimental measurements and are used to discuss film growth and thermal processing protocols toward optimizing the mechanical response of the epitaxial film.
Sexually selected signals are not similar to sports handicaps

The handicap principle is a simple but powerful metaphor that has had a major impact on how biologists study and understand sexual selection. Here, I show that its application to signalling in sexual selection is not a valid generalization from its roots in economics. Although some signalling systems, with additive costs and benefits, have solutions that resemble sports handicaps, the signalling in sexual selection has multiplicative costs and benefits, and solutions that do not resemble sports handicaps. The sports analogy is technically incorrect, metaphorically misleading and a poor guide for empirical research on the signalling in sexual selection. The evolution of sexually selected signals is not a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle; it is an integral piece of the process of evolution by natural selection, and it should be approached with the same tools that we bring to bear on the evolution of other correlated traits involved in social interactions.
Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion in Mice

Studies of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in genetically manipulated mice have been impeded by the technical challenges of instrumenting small animals ( 500 bpm). To address these problems, 4 C57BL/6 mice (28 to 30 g) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and intubated for surgical instrumentation of the major left coronary artery with pneumatically controlled balloon occluders. The distal end of the tubing from the balloon occluder was exteriorized at the back of the neck. One week later, each mouse was anesthetized with …
Malignant mesothelioma: A metastasis to the face

Malignant mesothelioma can be a confusing disease, resembling either carcinoma or sarcoma. Although it usually causes death rapidly by local and regional spread, distant metastases may be seen more frequently as more effective therapy controls local disease and prolongs life. Our patient's local and then regional mesothelioma was controlled by aggressive treatment, which allowed him nearly two years of productive life before a metastasis to the right infraorbital region occurred. He died shortly thereafter with widesspread metastases. This is the first reported case of mesothelioma metastatic to the face. This case also emphasizes the association of malignant mesothelioma with asbestos exposure, and points out advances in pathologic techniques that aid in the diagnosis of the disease.
Excitation of surface polaritons by end-fire coupling.

We calculate the efficiency with which a surface polariton at a metal–dielectric interface is excited when a p-polarized volume electromagnetic wave is incident upon the end face of the metal–dielectric system that is normal to the interface. We find generation efficiencies of approximately 90%.
Portrait of an exceptional colleague

Over the last seven years I have had the privilege of being on the Intermediate NICU rotation with Phil Sunshine. When I follow him on service I always enter the NICU with many certainties. I am certain that many of the parents will tell me how much they miss Dr S, even though he set the stage for my coming. I am also certain, that no matter how complex the patient and how long the length of stay, Phil has gone well beyond the transfer summary and carefully identified and tied up any loose ends. And I am also certain that the handoffs will be informative and complete. But with Phil, there is always the unexpected … story…diagnostic insight…and…. One Labor Day weekend I began my on service on the holiday Monday. We were at our usual full census, with only a few feeder/growers and a lot of complex care ahead of me and the nurse practitioner. As I looked up from examining my first patient, I saw Phil across the room, scrubbed and in action. ‘Hey Phil I’m on service this month’. To which he replied ‘I know you’re on service. But I know these patients pretty well and figured that if I gave you a hand you would be able to spend some of the holiday with your family’. One of Phil's strong suits is caring, caring not only for his patients but also for the folks that he works with.
Semantic-syntax-directed translation

This paper examines the role which “semantics” can play in language translation. When formally defined at all, the meanings of sentences have been used in the past only to prove properties about translators (usually “correctness”). A new family of semantic-syntax-directed translators is presented here which “actively” use semantic information at translation time to help induce the translation. The family members display properties quite distinct from those of purely syntax-directed translators, with some semantic-syntax-directed translators enumerating every “correct” translation of a source sentence. Translations are defined between a general form of “phrase-structure language” which has both an underlying context-free grammar and a function-theoretic semantics based on Knuth's attributed grammar and Buttelmann's phrase-structure semantics. “Semantic deviance” is applied to syntax-directed methods for the first time. Both strings and their parses may be deviant; i.e., meaningless. The translators “filter” deviant strings and parse trees form entering or leaving the tree transducer of the translator. A second form of semantic-syntax-directed translator maps parse trees of source sentences to parse trees of sentences in the target language as a function of both the syntactic structure of the source parse tree and the values of attributes of its nodes.
The mineralogy and petrology of the Luna 20 soil sample.

The lithologic types found in the soil at the Luna site are characterized, and their mineralogical and petrological significance is discussed. Chemically, the Luna 20 and Apollo 16 soil samples are similar, but the Luna 20 soil is slightly depleted in aluminum and calcium and enriched in iron and magnesium relative to the Apollo 16 soils. This slight difference may be a result of the presence of a minor amount of mare material in the Luna 20 soil and its apparent absence in the Apollo 16 soils.
Plasmon Mechanism for the Energy Loss, Dissociation, and Orientation of Fast Ions Excited by Surface-Grazing Collisions

An interaction mechanism is proposed for the inelastic, grazing-incidence scattering of fast ions by metal surfaces which involves coupling of the ion multipoles with surface plasmons. The monopole-plasmon coupling governs the energy-loss spectrum, whereas the higher-multipole interactions raise the ion into electronic excited states. The proposed mechanism is very efficient in dissociating unstable excited molecular ions and in producing atomic excited states with a high degree of orientation.
Une représentation galoisienne universelle attachée aux formes modulaires modulo 2

Resume Soit A lʼalgebre des operateurs de Hecke agissant sur les formes modulaires paraboliques modulo 2 de niveau 1 et de tous poids. Nicolas et Serre ont determine la structure de A : on a A ≃ F 2 〚 x , y 〛 . Soit G Q , 2 le groupe de Galois de lʼextension maximale de Q non-ramifiee hors de 2 et lʼinfini, et G son plus grand pro-2-quotient. On construit une representation galoisienne continue r : G → SL 2 ( A ) telle que tr r ( Frob p ) = T p pour tout p premier impair. On montre aussi son unicite et on etudie ses proprietes de reductibilite.
High-stability ionic liquids. A new class of stationary phases for gas chromatography.

Room-temperature ionic liquids are a class of nonmolecular ionic solvents with low melting points. Their properties have the potential to be especially useful as stationary phases in gas−liquid chromatography (GLC). A series of common ionic liquids were evaluated as GLC stationary phases. It was found that many of these ionic liquids suffer from low thermal stability and possess unfavorable retention behavior for some classes of molecules. Two new ionic liquids were engineered and synthesized to overcome these drawbacks. The two new ionic liquids (1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate) are based on “bulky” imidazolium cations with trifluoromethanesulfonate anions. Their solvation characteristics were evaluated using the Abraham solvation parameter model and correlations made between the structure of the cation and the degree to which the ionic liquids retain certain analytes. The new ionic liquids have good thermal stab...
Discourse on democratisation by Russian and Chinese political elites

This article seeks to examine and compare the parameters of discourse of contemporary Russian and Chinese political elites regarding democracy. It focuses on the question of the extent to which Russian and Chinese political elites have acknowledged the validity of constructs of Western liberal democracy. I argue that democracy is conceived instrumentally as a means to economic modernisation. The central dilemma facing both leaderships has been how to adapt elements of the liberal democratic model, while ensuring the maintenance of vertical political controls.
Analysis of residual stress in optical fiber

Residual stress in an optical fiber impacts several fiber properties, including reliability and geometry. The residual stress profile arises from a thermal expansion mismatch of the constituent materials, the tension applied during fiber forming, and the thermal profile experienced by the fiber during formation. The thermal profile of the fiber is determined by measuring the intensities of the two `defect' bands in the silica cladding of the fiber using Raman spectroscopy. Other studies have shown that the intensities of these bands increase with increasing fictive temperature and that these changes can be used to map changes in fictive temperatures across the fiber diameter. Optical birefringence is used to measure the residual stress profile of the fiber. The relationship between fictive temperature and fiber residual stress is explored for both straight fibers and fibers with a natural radius of curvature (curled fibers).© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new approach to continuous crystal sheet growth

Abstract A new approach to the production of crystal ribbon from bulk silicon is presented. The method takes advantage of the changes in the physical properties of silicon as it passes through the solid-liquid phase change. A silicon ribbon is used as the seed and a small melt zone is produced within the seed by the introduction of electrical currents gradients. A stable, nearly planar growth interface is developed which makes a small angle with the plane of the ribbon. Replenishment of the melt may be introduced in the liquid phase. During the growth process the heat of fusion is removed from the solid-liquid interface in a direction perpendicular to the pulling direction. The analysis of the heat flow indicates that a stable melt zone with the desirable configuration may be formed and that it may be maintained with low RF power. The small angle that the solid-liquid interface makes with the pulling direction permits a high pulling speed with a slow growth rate. A very small temperature gradient can be maintained along the ribbon length well beyond the solid-liquid interface. This low gradient coupled with the slow controlled growth rate and the stable growth interface is expected to eliminate unwanted dendritic growth and permit wide ribbons at high pull rates to be grown.
Distributional issues in the context of the economic crisis in Europe

This article takes a step back from the debate on the precise causes of the crisis and the detailed steps needed to resolve it. It focuses on distributional issues and discusses the ways in which widening income inequality in most European countries has been linked to factors that lie behind the crisis. It then considers distributional effects of current efforts to resolve the crisis and explains why crisis-resolution policies need to address distributional concerns. Finally it proposes measures, many of which require coordination at least at the European level, to address the distributional crisis that otherwise awaits us in coming years and that will ultimately help to establish a new, more economically and socially balanced growth model.
A cost-benefit approach to recommending conflict resolution for parallel software development

Merging parallel versions of source code is a common and essential activity during the lifespan of large-scale software systems. When a non-trivial number of conflicts is detected, there is a need to support the maintainer in investigating and resolving these conflicts. In this paper, we contribute a cost-benefit approach to ranking the conflicting software entities by leveraging both structural and semantic information of the source code. We present a study by applying our approach to a legacy system developed by computational scientists. The study not only demonstrates the feasibility of our approach, but also sheds light on the future development of conflict resolution recommenders.
SMutant: a tool for type-sensitive mutation testing in a dynamic language

A mutation testing tool takes as input a system under test and a test suite and produces as output the mutation score of the test suite. The tool systematically creates mutants by making small syntactic changes to the system under test and executes the test suite to determine which mutants give different results from the original system. Almost all mutation testing tools have been developed for statically typed languages. The lack of tools for dynamically typed languages may be rooted in additional challenges that are caused by the lack of precise type information until the program is executed. Existing tools for dynamically typed languages mostly focus on mutation of literals because the type of literals are known statically.This paper presents SMutant, the first mutation testing tool for Smalltalk programs. In addition to literal replacement, SMutant supports many mutation operators that are commonly seen in tools for statically typed languages, such as operator replacement. Instead of applying mutations statically, SMutant postpones mutating until execution and applies mutations dynamically, when the types are available. Also, SMutant enables the user to define new mutation operators by sending a single message. The tool automatically generates code to support new mutation operators.
Medicine—Molecular, Monetary, or More Than Both?

CAN medicine be reduced to molecular biology? Or, to paraphrase Calvin Coolidge, is the business of US medicine business? Or, could Francis Peabody, 1 chief of medicine at Boston City Hospital in the 1920s, have been right when he insisted that an essential quality of the clinician "is interest in humanity, for the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient"? The Human Genome Project 2 has set the goal of cloning all the genes in the 46 human chromosomes. We are told by its proponents that, with a little bit of luck, in 5 or 10 or 20 years (the precise date depending on the bounty of Congress), molecular biologists will have deciphered the human genome. Then, we have been promised, the nature of man will be laid bare before us. Medicine will have become applied molecular genetics. The term evokes images of precision,
NEUTRON STARS. II. NEUTRINO-COOLING AND OBSERVABILITY

Calculations of the rates of the cooling reactions n+n→n+p+e-+νe and n+π-→n+e-+νe are presented; the rates of the closely related muon-producing reactions and the four inverse processes are also given. Several different arguments are used to obtain estimates of the relavant matrix elements. The nucleons are assumed to form a normal Fermi fluid with a continuous excitation spectrum. The calculated cooling rates indicate that a neutron star containing quasifree pions would cool within a few days to a temperature so low that the star would be unobservable. The surface of a star that does not contain quasifree pions would cool to 107 °K in a few months and would reach 4×10^6 °K in about 100 years. The calculated cooling rates strongly indicate that the discrete x-ray sources located in the direction of the galactic center are not neutron stars.
Prolonged Treatments With Antiresorptive Agents and PTH Have Different Effects on Bone Strength and the Degree of Mineralization in Old Estrogen-Deficient Osteoporotic Rats

Current approved medical treatments for osteoporosis reduce fracture risk to a greater degree than predicted from change in BMD in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. We hypothesize that bone active agents improve bone strength in osteoporotic bone by altering different material properties of the bone. Eighteen-month-old female Fischer rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated and left untreated for 60 days to induce osteopenia before they were treated with single doses of either risedronate (500 microg/kg, IV), zoledronic acid (100 microg/kg, IV), raloxifene (2 mg/kg, PO, three times per week), hPTH(1-34) (25 microg/kg, SC, three times per week), or vehicle (NS; 1 ml/kg, three times per week). Groups of animals were killed after days 60 and 180 of treatment, and either the proximal tibial metaphysis or lumbar vertebral body were studied. Bone volume and architecture were assessed by muCT and histomorphometry. Measurements of bone quality included the degree of bone mineralization (DBM), localized elastic modulus, bone turnover by histomorphometry, compression testing of the LVB, and three-point bending testing of the femur. The trabecular bone volume, DBM, elastic modulus, and compressive bone strength were all significantly lower at day 60 post-OVX (pretreatment, day 0 study) than at baseline. After 60 days of all of the bone active treatments, bone mass and material measurements agent were restored. However, after 180 days of treatment, the OVX + PTH group further increased BV/TV (+30% from day 60, p < 0.05 within group and between groups). In addition, after 180 days of treatment, there was more highly mineralized cortical and trabecular bone and increased cortical bone size and whole bone strength in OVX + PTH compared with other OVX + antiresorptives. Treatment of estrogen-deficient aged rats with either antiresorptive agents or PTH rapidly improved many aspects of bone quality including microarchitecture, bone mineralization, turnover, and bone strength. However, prolonged treatment for 180 days with PTH resulted in additional gains in bone quality and bone strength, suggesting that the maximal gains in bone strength in cortical and trabecular bone sites may require a longer treatment period with PTH.
A comparison of neon versus helium ion beam induced deposition via Monte Carlo simulations

The ion beam induced nanoscale synthesis of PtCx (where x ~ 5) using the trimethyl (methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtIVMe3) precursor is investigated by performing Monte Carlo simulations of helium and neon ions. The helium beam leads to more lateral growth relative to the neon beam because of its larger interaction volume. The lateral growth of the nanopillars is dominated by molecules deposited via secondary electrons in both the simulations. Notably, the helium pillars are dominated by SE-I electrons whereas the neon pillars are dominated by SE-II electrons. Using a low precursor residence time of 70 μs, resulting in an equilibrium coverage of ~4%, the neon simulation has a lower deposition efficiency (3.5%) compared to that of the helium simulation (6.5%). At larger residence time (10 ms) and consequently larger equilibrium coverage (85%) the deposition efficiencies of helium and neon increased to 49% and 21%, respectively; which is dominated by increased lateral growth rates leading to broader pillars. The nanoscale growth is further studied by varying the ion beam diameter at 10 ms precursor residence time. The study shows that total SE yield decreases with increasing beam diameters for both the ion types. However, helium has the larger SE yield as compared to that of neon in both the low and high precursor residence time, and thus pillars are wider in all the simulations studied.
Elevated PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer are associated with early recurrence and non-Caucasian ethnicity

African American and Hispanic women develop more triple negative breast cancer at younger ages than Caucasian women. The frequently observed association between race and socioeconomic status (SES) has confounded our understanding of the outcomes disparities seen in these groups. Given the association between inflammatory cells and high-grade, triple negative tumors, we sought to investigate whether differences in the presence of these cells varies by race. We evaluated breast tumor specimens for the presence PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in consecutive cases from a county hospital serving primarily un- or under-insured patients. All patients in this cohort had elevated PCNA + TAM levels. Higher PCNA + TAM counts were associated with hormone receptor (HR) negative tumors and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Hispanic women specifically had significantly higher PCNA + TAM counts than Caucasian patients and shorter disease-free survival. These findings implicate immune function in the development of aggressive breast cancer and suggest a possible link between SES and the inflammatory response.
Schmoller's Political Economy: Self‐interest versus the Higher Law

Schmoller reserves his admiration for those entrepreneurs who succeeded in the acquisition of wealth but whose primary goal was the promotion of the public interest. Such individuals as List, Steiner, Geibel, Abbe and von Mevissen are of this sort. Schmoller is lavish in his praise of them. Schmoller is critical of the natural economy of Adam Smith where each individual is activated by his own self‐interest. Schmoller sees in the higher law a guide to human behaviour. Moneymakers are not necessarily men of great talent. For this reason Schmoller prefers the man who is driven by the pursuit of idealistic goals. Schmoller′s historical approach to the political economy, one shared by some in the Western world, is to be contrasted with the view that the best type of social order permits the individual to pursue his self‐interest and that such a pursuit is in keeping with the social interest.
Transistorized ground-fault interrupter reduces shock hazard

The ground-fault interrupter is the most successful device for eliminating the hazard from low-voltage electric shocks in the home, on the farm, and in industry. It is the newest of four recognized means?isolation, insulation, grounding, and shock interruption?for reducing the danger from electric shock and it is, by far, the most radical.
Kinetic measurements of the gas phase HO2+CH3O2 cross-disproportionation reaction at 298 K

Abstract Flash photolysis kinetic absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the gas phase reaction between hydroperoxy (HO 2 ) and methylperoxy (CH 3 O 2 ) radicals at 298 K. Due to the large difference between the self-reactivities of the two radicals, first- or second-order kinetic conditions could not be maintained for either species. Thus, the rate constant for the cross reaction was determined from computer-modeled fits of the radical absorption decay curves, at wavelengths between 215 and 280 nm. This procedure yielded k = 2.9 × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 independent of total pressure (using N 2 ) between 25 and 600 Torr, and of the partial pressure of water vapor (up to 11.6 Torr). There was also no effect of water vapor on the rate constant for the self-reaction of methylperoxy radicals.
Freeze-drying of biologicals: a simple alternative to a shelf-freeze dryer.

Abstract With a small-manifold freeze dryer, several hundred vials of a biological can be dried by placing prefrozen vials in vacuum flasks for drying as a simple alternative to a shelf-freeze dryer. The disadvantage of not being sealed automatically under vacuum was overcome by using long-stem ampules and reevacuating before flame sealing. Drying is complete in 24 hr.
A comparison of adaptive psychometric procedures based on the theory of optimal experiments and Bayesian techniques: Implications for cochlear implant testing

Numerous previous studies have focused on the development of quick and efficient adaptive psychometric procedures. In psychophysics, there is often a model of the psychometric function supported by previous studies for the task of interest. The theory of optimal experiments provides a framework for utilizing a model of the process to develop quick and efficient sequential-testing strategies for estimating model parameters, making it appropriate for developing adaptive psychophysical-testing methods. In this study, we investigated the application of sequential parameter search strategies based on the theory of optimal experiments and Bayesian adaptive procedures for measuring psychophysical variables. The results presented in this article suggest that more sophisticated psychometric procedures can expedite the measurement of psychophysical variables. Such techniques for quickly collecting psychophysical data may be particularly useful in cochlear implant research, where a large set of psychophysical variables are useful for characterizing the performance of an implanted device. It is to be hoped that further development of these techniques will make psychophysical measurements available to clinicians for tuning and optimizing the speech processors of individual cochlear implant patients.
Identification of inhibin-like activity in ovarian venous plasma of rats during the estrous cycle.

These studies determined whether ovarian venous plasma (OVP) contains nonsteroidal material which has FSH-inhibiting activity (FSH-IA) and, if so, whether such activity varies inversely with plasma FSH concentrations during the 4-day rat estrous cycle. Ovarian venous blood was collected for a 10-min period from cyclic rats at 0900 and 1600 h on diestrous days 1 and 2 (Dl and D2); on proestrus (Pr) at 0900, 1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 h; and on estrus (E) at 0900, 1200, and 1600 h. A peripheral plasma sample from the abdominal aorta was taken after the ovarian vein collections. Peripheral and ovarian venous plasma were radioimmunoassayed for concentrations of 17β- estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), LH, and FSH. FSH-IA was assessed in terms of its ability to suppress the 24-h secretion of FSH in a dispersed pituitary cell culture system. The addition of untreated OVP obtained from rats at 0900 and 1600 h on Dl and D2 and at 0900, 1200, and 1400 h Pr produced a 43–56% suppression of 24-h FSH secretion by cultu...
Skull base metastases causing acute bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy

Acute bilateral tongue palsy is a rare clinical presentation. We report one such case caused by skull base metastases from prostate cancer. There were no other cranial nerves involved or associated neurological deficit. Mild improvement was seen following radiation therapy. We review the anatomy of the nerve and differential diagnosis of its disfunction.
Evidence for a Tumor‐associated Factor Active in the Promotion of Crown‐gall Tumor Growth on Primary Pinto Bean Leaves

The growth of crown-gall tumors on primary pinto bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. “Pinto”) between day 3 and day 6 after inoculation was found to be proportional to the number of tumors on the leaves. Similar differences observed in the growth of tumors induced by adenine, methionine and asparagine requiring mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Town.) Conn appear to be due to the same phenomenon. Tumors induced by these auxotrophs thus show no obvious growth differences from those induced by the prototrophic strain despite the lower specific infectivity and the existence of a mutational lesion in these bacteria. A diffusible growth factor(s) produced by the tumor tissue is proposed to account for the relation between tumor number and early tumor growth.
Molecular genetics and strain characteristics of BSE

Abstract Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first recognised in the UK in 1986 as a neurodegenerative disease of cattle similar to scrapie in sheep. Its transmissibility was first demonstrated by the production of neurological disease in mice following inoculation with brain material derived from affected bovine brain. Subsequently the causative agent has been shown to cause disease following experimental transmission to several mammalian species. Since different strains of scrapie agents can be characterised on the basis of the detailed course of the disease they cause following inoculation into genetically defined strains of mice, BSE-affected brain homogenates were inoculated into a panel of mice strains. The BSE agent has been biologically “typed” by characterising disease incubation times and neuropathological lesions following inoculation of a panel of 5 genetically defined strains of mice. The results show that the BSE agent is clearly a “scrapie-like” agent but its detailed biological properties indicate that it is distinguishable from previously known strains and a current isolate of scrapie. The results of these and other experiments on the genetic polymorphisms in the bovine PrP gene conducted within the Institute for Animal Health are presented and discussed.
Influence of cations, alkane chain length, and substrate on molecular order of Langmuir-Blodgett films

Atomic force microscope images of Langmuir-Blodgett films show that manganese arachidate (MnA 2 ) monolayers are short-range ordered and lead stearate (PbSt 2 ) monolayers are long-range ordered on crystalline mica substrates but disordered on amorphous oxidized silicon substrates. The lattice structures of PbSt 2 and MnA 2 monolayers on mica were previously unknown and have larger lattice parameters and molecular areas than do multilayer films of the same materials, indicating the strong interactions with the larger mica lattice