cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional advancement, performance, and injury characteristics of baseball players entering the Major League Baseball draft after treatment for shoulder injuries.

Background How shoulder injuries treated before the Major League Baseball (MLB) draft affect the player's performance over their career is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior shoulder injuries were associated with a difference in the level of performance and advancement of MLB draftees. Methods Before entering the draft, 119 professional baseball players from 2004 to 2010 were treated for a shoulder injury (73% treated surgically) as an amateur. A 3:1 matched case-control was performed to players without prior shoulder injuries by age, position, round selected, and signing bonus. Follow-up data were collected in 2016, and professional advancement, disabled list time, and in-game performance statistics for pitchers were analyzed and compared. Results Players with a prior shoulder injury had a statistically higher chance to be assigned to the disabled list then controls (P = .03), but there was no difference in disabled list time or professional advancement. Pitchers with a prior shoulder injury pitched a statistically lower number of innings per game than controls (P = .04). All other in-game performance statistics were not statistically different. The type of treatment did not have any effect on future performance or advancement. Conclusions Professional baseball players treated for prior shoulder injuries at the amateur level were more likely to sustain future disability than their matched controls, but it did not affect professional advancement.
Integrated Epigenetic Mapping of Human and Mouse Salivary Gene Regulation

Significant effort has been applied to identify the genome-wide gene expression profiles associated with salivary gland development and pathophysiology. However, relatively little is known about the regulators that control salivary gland gene expression. We integrated data from DNase1 digital genomic footprinting, RNA-seq, and gene expression microarrays to comprehensively characterize the cis- and trans-regulatory components controlling gene expression of the healthy submandibular salivary gland. Analysis of 32 human tissues and 87 mouse tissues was performed to identify the highly expressed and tissue-enriched transcription factors driving salivary gland gene expression. Following RNA analysis, protein expression levels and subcellular localization of 39 salivary transcription factors were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These expression analyses revealed that the salivary gland highly expresses transcription factors associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 expression, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. DNase1 digital genomic footprinting to a depth of 333,426,353 reads was performed and utilized to generate a salivary gland gene regulatory network describing the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding of the salivary gland at a single-nucleotide resolution. Analysis of the DNase1 gene regulatory network identified dense interconnectivity among PLAG1, MYB, and 13 other transcription factors associated with balanced chromosomal translocations and salivary gland tumors. Collectively, these analyses provide a comprehensive atlas of the cis- and trans-regulators of the salivary gland and highlight known aberrantly regulated pathways of diseases affecting the salivary glands.
Clinical and demographic correlates of apathy in Parkinson’s disease

To better understand the demographic, neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and motor predictors of apathy in Parkinson’s disease (PD). 112 participants (Mage = 68.53 years; Mdisease duration = 6.17 years) were administered the Apathy Scale (AS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Trail Making Test (TMT), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Matrix Reasoning subtest, letter (F-A-S) and category (Animals) fluency, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. Psychosis was assessed. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the ability of demographic factors and clinical assessments to predict nonapathetic (AS ≤ 13) versus apathetic (AS > 13) group membership. The regression analysis yielded a robust model in which older age, less education, elevated BDI-II, current psychosis, higher MDS-UPDRS Part III (motor score), and slower TMT-B performance predicted membership in the apathetic group, with a correct classification rate of 77.5% (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.48, p < .001). Depression (OR = 9.20, p < .001) and education (OR = 0.66, p = 0.002) contributed significantly to the overall model. A linear regression with AS score as the outcome variable was similar, but TMT-B additionally contributed significantly (p = 0.02) to the overall model, F(6, 86) = 12.02, p < .001, adjusted R2 = 0.42. Of the factors examined, depression, education, and executive functioning were the strongest correlates of apathy in PD. These results support the idea that common underlying frontosubcortical disruptions in this population contribute to apathy, depression, and executive dysfunction.
L-carnitine does not ameliorate asparaginase-associated hepatotoxicity in a C57BL6 mouse model.

Asparaginase-associated hepatotoxicity (AAH) is common in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), usually manifested as hyperbilirubinemia, transaminitis, and steatosis, and prolon...
Achieving Effective Communication between Diverse Disciplines in Small Teams

This ”Full Paper” in the ”Innovative Practice Category” describes a 3 year study of communication and collaboration within small teams composed of CS and Communication students developing citizen science applications for sponsoring scientists. To evaluate the communication within the teams, an end of the semester survey asked students to rate the quality of their communication within their own discipline and with the other discipline. Our goal is that students should rate the quality of communication equally. Our method for improving the collaboration uses a variety of ethnographic techniques to discover the likely influences and barriers to team collaboration and communication. We then modify the collaboration of the classes to mollify the barriers. After three years of collaboration, we learned that classes meeting at the same time in adjacent classrooms, so as to create time and place for teams to meet, were not sufficient to improve communication. For the collaboration within the team and the communication quality to reach parity between the disciplines, the instructors need to clearly demonstrate shared goals for the courses and create a common language by giving multiple joint lectures.
Pregnancy and Parenthood During Medical School.

Purpose The stress of pregnancy and parenthood during the intense educational experience of medical school could increase the risk of student burnout. Because 9.2 percent of U.S. medical students are parents by graduation, it would seem prudent to include this topic in wellness programs and policies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pregnancy and parenthood on medical students. Method This was a cross-sectional, internet survey distributed to all four classes of medical students at the University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine during the 2016-2017 academic year. The survey determined self-reported pregnancy and parenthood information, knowledge of a medical school pregnancy policy, and policy recommendations. Results More than 85 percent of the 194 respondents recommended that the following elements be included in an institutional policy: process for arranging parental leave, how leave time might affect graduation, how missed requirements could be made up, and how to request special accommodation or leave. Twenty-nine of the respondents (15 percent) were parents or currently pregnant. Eight pregnancies during medical school were associated with complications, including three miscarriages. Of the 18 students who reported maternity or paternity leave, 13 (72 percent) and 10 (56 percent) would have extended their leave time if it did not delay graduation or only reduced their number of elective rotations, respectively. No student would choose to extend leave if it would delay graduation. Conclusions This survey is the first of its kind investigating pregnancy and parenthood in medical students attending a U.S. medical school. Students want schools to provide clear, well-defined guidelines, scheduling flexibility and administrators who are approachable and understanding of their individual circumstances.
An Unusual Presentation of Baker's Cyst Rupture in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient.

When evaluating a patient with acute onset unilateral leg pain and concurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), keeping a broad differential diagnosis will allow for prompt diagnosis and management. The patient described in this case report is a 32-year-old male with inflammatory ileocolonic Crohn’s disease (CD) status after ileocecectomy with perianal involvement and known Type 1 arthropathy. He presented with a three-day history of unilateral leg swelling and tenderness. Initial evaluation focused on possible thrombosis given the development of erythema and systemic symptoms. Final diagnosis was ruptured Baker’s (popliteal) cyst. This pathology is not well described in existing literature, but should be considered in IBD patients given their chronic inflammatory state and common associated intra-articular pathology.
Imaging PD-L1 expression with immunoPET

1137 Objectives: Hgh sensitivity imaging tools could provide a more holistic view of target antigen expression to improve the prospective identification of patients who might benefit from cancer immunotherapy. We developed for immunoPET a novel recombinant human IgG (termed C4) that potently binds an extracellular epitope on human and mouse PD-L1 and radiolabeled the antibody with zirconium-89. Small animal PET studies showed that 89Zr-C4 detected antigen levels on a patient derived xenograft (PDX) established from a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient before an 8 month response to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 therapy. Importantly, this concentration is beneath the detection limit of previously developed anti-PD-L1 radiotracers, including radiolabeled atezolizumab. We also show that 89Zr-C4 can specifically detect its antigen in human NSCLC and prostate cancer models endogenously expressing a broad range of PD-L1. 89Zr-C4 detects mouse PD-L1 expression changes in immunocompetent mice, suggesting that endogenous PD-1 will not confound human imaging. Lastly, we found that 89Zr-C4 could detect acute changes in tumor expression of PD-L1 due to standard of care chemotherapies. In summary, we show evidence that low levels of PD-L1 can imaged with immunoPET using a novel human antibody.
Fighting for Abortion Rights in Latin America: Social Movements, State Allies and Institutions

Although they share similar socio-economic and cultural characteristics as well as their recent political histories, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay differ radically in their abortion policies. In this book, Cora Fernandez Anderson examines the role social movements play in abortion reform to show how different interaction patterns with state actors have led to three different policy outcomes: comprehensive abortion reform in Uruguay; moderate abortion reform in Chile; and no legal abortion reform in Argentina. Synthesizing a broad range of literature and drawing on in-depth field and archival research, she analyzes the strength of the campaigns for abortion reform, their relationships with leftist parties in power and the context of Church–state relations to explain this diverging trajectory in policy reform. A masterly analysis of how social movements, the power of institutions and Executive preferences have strong explanatory power, Fighting for Abortion Rights in Latin America is a perfect supplement for classes on gender and global politics.
Overlooking Issues and Prospective Resolutions Behind the Prosperity of Three-Dimensional Porous Carbon Supercapacitor Electrodes

The past decade has witnessed the boom of porous carbon materials, especially three-dimensional (3D) ones, as supercapacitor electrode materials. Their large surface areas, tunable pore volumes, adjustable degrees of pore interconnectivity, and the potential to possess hierarchical porous networks have enabled them to achieve simultaneously high capacitance and excellent rate capability. This feature is challenging for non-3D counterparts but favorable for supercapacitors. However, behind the prosperity come the problems, and unfortunately, most of the issues are left unacknowledged and unaddressed in the literature available. This perspective aims to identify these problems, discuss the reasons for overlooking, and provide possible solutions to address these issues. The author wishes this article will draw the attention of researchers in electrochemical energy storage to tackle these roadblocks in the future development of 3D porous carbon electrodes in supercapacitors.
Visual Demo of Discrete Stratified Morse Theory (Media Exposition)

Discrete stratified Morse theory, first introduced by Knudson and Wang, works toward a discrete analogue of Goresky and MacPherson’s stratified Morse theory. It is inspired by the works of Forman on discrete Morse theory by generalizing stratified Morse theory to finite simplicial complexes. The class of discrete stratified Morse functions is much larger than that of discrete Morse functions. Any arbitrary real-valued function defined on a finite simplicial complex can be made into a discrete stratified Morse function with the proper stratification of the underlying complex. An algorithm is given by Knudson and Wang that constructs a discrete stratified Morse function on any finite simplicial complex equipped with an arbitrary real-valued function. Our media contribution is an open-sourced visualization tool that implements such an algorithm for 2-complexes embedded in the plane, and provides an interactive demo for users to explore the algorithmic process and to perform homotopy-preserving simplification of the resulting stratified complex.
Battling Incivility: Increasing Willingness to Voice Through Amplification

Employees regularly face incivility, or disrespectful, low-intensity behaviors with ambiguous intent to harm (Andersson & Pearson, 1999), at work. Incivility has been linked to numerous negative ou...
“New” greek food solidarities (AllileggiÍ): Communalism vis-à-vis food in crisis Greece

In this paper I extend the anthropological analyses of “new” solidarity (allileggii) networks or movements in Greece to rural regions and agricultural life as well as new groups of people. Food networks such as the “potato movement”, which facilitates the direct sales of agricultural produce, reveals rural aspects of networks that are thought to be simply urban phenomena. “Social kitchens” are revealed to be humanistic as well as nationalistic, bringing refugees, economic migrants, and Greeks together in arguably unprecedented ways. Through a review of such food solidarity movements – their rural or urban boundaries as well as their egalitarian or multicultural tenets – I consider whether they are thus more than mere extensions of earlier patterns of social solidarity identified in the anthropological record.
Major Decisions and Career Attractiveness among Criminal Justice Students

Criminal justice programs have grown dramatically in recent decades. Yet, relatively little is known about what motivates students to choose criminal justice as a major and what their career goals ...
Robustness and universality in organelle size control

One of the grand challenges in quantitative cell biology is understanding the precision with which cells assemble and maintain subcellular organelles. A critical property that governs organelle function is its size. Organelle sizes must be flexible enough to allow cells to grow or shrink them as environments demand, yet be maintained within homeostatic limits. Despite identification of numerous molecular factors that regulate organelle sizes we lack insight into the quantitative principles underlying organelle size control. Here we examine organelle sizes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human iPS cells with mathematical theory to show that cells can robustly control average fluctuations in organelle size. By demonstrating that organelle sizes obey a universal scaling relationship we predict theoretically, our framework suggests that organelles grow in random bursts from a limited pool of building blocks. Burst-like growth provides a general biophysical mechanism by which cells can maintain on average reliable yet plastic organelle sizes.
Education and Learning Theory

In this chapter, we review the individual learning theories that support why and how we teach with simulation. Learning is an active process by which knowledge is gained through personal experience. As a form of active learning, simulation stimulates the application of knowledge in situations that mimic real life performance. Metacognition refers to the actual types of knowledge the learner is seeking to acquire (e.g. facts, concepts, psychomotor skills, strategies) which can inform the design of simulations. Unlike traditional learning theories which attempt to describe universal tenets of how we learn, expert theory pragmatically defines specific levels of performance, ranging from novice to expert, with an emphasis on using increasing degrees of task and instructional complexity to drive learning. An important aspect of simulation learning is fidelity – how realistic the exercise is relative to real life. The three basic categories of fidelity relate to the simulation environment (e.g. sights and sounds), the learner’s experience of the environment (e.g. their interpretation of the environment as realistic), and the learner’s emotional reaction to the environment. Ideally, a learner is emotionally activated and cognitively challenged to a point just outside of their comfort zone to promote practice with focused feedback in a stepwise fashion to improve performance.
Cranberry Proanthocyanidins and Dietary Oligosaccharides Synergistically Modulate Lactobacillus plantarum Physiology

Plant-based foods contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols that resist digestion and potentially benefit the host through interactions with their resident microbiota. Based on previous observations, we hypothesized that the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum interacts with cranberry polyphenols and dietary oligosaccharides to synergistically impact its physiology. In this study, L. plantarum ATCC BAA-793 was grown on dietary oligosaccharides, including cranberry xyloglucans, fructooligosaccharides, and human milk oligosaccharides, in conjunction with proanthocyanidins (PACs) extracted from cranberries. As a result, L. plantarum exhibits a differential physiological response to cranberry PACs dependent on the carbohydrate source and polyphenol fraction introduced. Of the two PAC extracts evaluated, the PAC1 fraction contains higher concentrations of PACs and increased growth regardless of the oligosaccharide, whereas PAC2 positively modulates its growth during xyloglucan metabolism. Interestingly, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are efficiently utilized in the presence of PAC1, as this L. plantarum strain does not utilize this substrate typically. Relative to glucose, oligosaccharide metabolism increases the ratio of secreted acetic acid to lactic acid. The PAC2 fraction differentially increases this ratio during cranberry xyloglucan fermentation compared with PAC1. The global transcriptome links the expression of putative polyphenol degradation genes and networks and metabolic phenotypes.
When Traditional Research is Delayed: Bridging the Gap between K-12 and the University through LAZARUS

LAZARUS is the Lab for the Analysis of Zombie Activity and Research into Undead Simulations. LAZARUS began in 2014 through a [UNIVERSITY] and [ISD] partnership, aimed at engaging K-12 students in rigorous research in a unique way. This partnership was the initial driving force in the conceptualization and creation of a super-computer known as the Schoenberg Cluster. With hopes of immediately being assembled and used as a high-power supercomputer, the Schoenberg Cluster took time to build because of delays in design, coding, and building. During this delay, LAZARUS became a community engagement and outreach tool expanded to K-12 districts across the state. LAZARUS has been used to engage primarily Hispanic, rural, and underserved students in STEM fields, through use of technology and ideas which are usually inaccessible for these students and districts. Using the LAZARUS project as a guide, additional best practices will be given to replicate and utilize similar approaches for future traditional research to be expanded to engage the community.
So many mechanisms, so little action: The case for 3rd party supply chain coordination

Abstract Supply chain coordination (SCC) has been an area of intense interest for a while from multiple perspectives. Some focus on coordination models and mechanisms while others concentrate on collaboration methodology and practitioner experience. Little research has attempted to bridge these separate streams of research in a meaningful way. A proposal is made to use an independent and neutral third party coordinator to address the reported low application rates of the many coordination techniques available in the literature. A model is developed and payment options explored. A numerical example is presented.
Introduction to Section VII

The remarkable achievements in our understanding of the organization of the dorsal horn are mainly a consequence of technical advances over the last two decades. New behavioral methods have provided information on the sensory discriminative capacities of nociceptive neurons including those in the dorsal horn. The refinement of single unit recording techniques has led to definitive studies of the nociceptive properties of neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. The utilization of horseradish peroxidase histochemistry has resulted in new observations on the morphology of cell types and on the origin and destination of projection neurons in the dorsal horn. Immunological and pharmacological methodology including radioimmuniassays, immunocytochemistry and microiontophoresis have increased our knowledge of the neurochemical mediators involved in dorsal horn function. Electron microscopy has provided insights into structural organization. Biochemical studies have revealed an array of receptor-mediated second messenger systems that influence dorsal horn activity. Finally, recent advances in molecular biology indicate that changes in gene expression in the dorsal horn are associated with peripheral tissue damage and nerve injury.
Sol-gel processing of lithium disilicate

Lithium silicate powders were prepared by several sol-gel routes. Starting solutions contained equimolar amounts of lithium and silicon, but single-phase lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) formed only when local stoichiometry was maintained through gelation and drying. Gels prepared from solutions containing LiNO3, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), water and ethanol were visibly homogeneous, but on drying the local stoichiometry was upset by the recrystallization of LiNO3. Consequently, a lithium-rich phase (Li2SiO3) was the first to crystallize on heating with a lesser amount of Li2Si2O5 forming at a higher temperature. Solutions containing TEOS and lithium methoxide formed a precipitate when combined with a water/ethanol hydrolysis solution. The precipitate dissolved before gelation, but the resulting powders crystallized into a mixture of Li2SiO3 and Li2Si2O5. The relative amount of Li2Si2O5 could be increased by adding HNO3 to the hydrolysis solution and using lower water contents. Precipitation was avoided by partially hydrolysing TEOS before adding the lithium alkoxide; these powders crystallized directly into Li2Si2O5 after heating at 550 °C. Gel-derived powders prepared using an Li-Si methoxyethoxide solution also crystallized directly into Li2Si2O5.
The Voices of Victims: Surviving Child Sexual Abuse

This exploratory project had two goals: (1) to ask child and adolescent sexual abuse victims/survivors what they believed counseling and/or therapy designed to help them should entail; and (2) to learn from survivors how others (e.g., parents, social service workers, law enforcement, siblings, etc.) may have helped them deal with the negative impact of child sexual abuse victimization. A focus group methodology, using thematic analysis, was used to learn about how child and adolescent sexual abuse survivors saw these matters and to evaluate the usefulness of focus groups with this population.
Asthma knowledge among primary and secondary school teachers in rural northern Costa Rica

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is very common among children and is a major cause for emergency room visits and missed school days. Costa Rica has one of the highest rates of childhood asthma in the world; so it is important for teachers to know how to prevent and treat asthma attacks in the classroom. Since schools in rural Costa Rica had not yet been studied, teachers were sampled from six schools in Venecia and Aguas Zarcas, San Carlos. During March and April 2014, 185 asthma questionnaires were collected. Among these teachers, 51% were aware of asthmatic students in their classes, and 19% recalled witnessing an asthma attack in the classroom. Interest in asthma training was high among 85% of the teachers, and the preferred format was a lecture or workshop. Greater asthma knowledge was significantly related to living with an asthmatic person (p=0,014), but not with being asthmatic, having asthmatic students, witnessing an asthma attack in the classroom, sex, age, education level, or teaching experience. Greater interest in asthma training was related to awareness of asthmatic students (p=0,031), prior experience with an asthma attack in the classroom (p=0,033), and greater asthma knowledge (p=0,022). Primary school teachers were more likely to be aware of asthmatic students in their classes compared to secondary school teachers (p=0,002)
High frequency broadband communications

The 60 GHz band has emerged as an international spectrum opportunity for short-range wireless communication networks. In this paper, technology trends that can impact the commercial deployment of systems utilizing millimeter-wave frequency bands are discussed. Millimeter-wave frequency bands have historically been costly to utilize and traditionally used almost exclusively for government and non-consumer products. Recent and ongoing advances in semiconductor technology and low cost high frequency packaging can be leveraged for low cost solutions that enable widespread deployment. An example of such a system operating in the millimeter-wave spectrum where bandwidths of ~3 GHz have been achieved. Multi-gigabit data transmission and reception over significant distances has also been realized to demonstrate the potential throughput of such a broadband wireless system.
The motivations and experiences of students enrolled in online science courses at the community college

An important question in online learning involves how to effectively motivate and retain students in science online courses. There is a dearth of research and knowledge about the experiences of students enrolled in online science courses in community colleges which has impeded the proper development and implementation of online courses and retention of students in the online environment. This study sought to provide an understanding of the relationships among each of the following variables: self-efficacy, task value, negative-achievement emotions, self-regulation learning strategies (metacognition), learning strategy (elaboration), and course satisfaction to student's performance (course final grade). Bandura's social-cognitive theory was used as a framework to describe the relationships among students' motivational beliefs (perceived task value, self-efficacy, and self-regulation) and emotions (frustration and boredom) with the dependent variables (elaboration and overall course satisfaction). A mixed-method design was used with a survey instrumentation and student interviews. A variety of science online courses in biology, genetics, astronomy, nutrition, and chemistry were surveyed in two community colleges. Community colleges students (N = 107) completed a questionnaire during enrollment in a variety of online science online courses. Upon course completion, 12 respondents were randomly selected for follow-up in-depth interviews. Multiple regression results from the study indicate perceived task value and self-regulatory learning strategies (metacognition) were as important predictors for students' use of elaboration, while self-efficacy and the number of prior online courses was not significant predictors for students' elaboration when all four predictors were included. Frustration was a significant negative predictor of overall course satisfaction, and boredom unexpectedly emerged as a positive predictor when frustration was also in the model. In addition, the correlations indicated that elaboration and overall course satisfaction were not significantly related to participants' course grade (performance). Furthermore, five major themes emerged from the students' experiences: the role of personal dispositions, academic challenge, self-regulated learning, student communication, and the negative emotions that shaped student experiences. In particular, negative emotions most experienced by students were found to be anxiety, stress, frustration and confusion. In total, results from this study implicate an important role of emotions such as frustration in students' overall course satisfaction and the importance of task value. Students' career aspirations and direct use of the course content were more likely to report greater use of elaboration strategies. Finally, this research also found that students self-regulated their learning in the online environment on a variety of levels.
Models for Endocrine Cancer: Uterine Carcinoma as an Example

First page of article Keywords: endometrial cancer; environmental endocrine disruptors; diethylstilboestrol (DES); tamoxifen; poycystic ovaries; stein–leventhal syndrome
The Anthrobiogeomorphic Machine: Stalking the Zone of Cinema

This article proposes an ecophilosophy of the cinema. It builds on Martin Heideggerâ€™s articulation of art as â€˜world-disclosing,â€™ and on a Whiteheadian and Deleuzian understanding of the universe as a lively and eventful place in which subjects and objects are persistently coming into being, jointly constituted in the process of their becoming. Accordingly, it proposes that cinema be considered a machine that produces or discloses worlds. These worlds are, at once, anthropomorphic, geomorphic, and biomorphic, with each of these registers mapping onto the â€˜three ecologies,â€™ in Felix Guattariâ€™s terms, that make up the relational ontology of the world: the social, the material, and the mental or perceptual. Through an analysis of Andrei Tarkovskyâ€™sÂ Stalker (1979), I suggest that cinema â€˜stalksâ€™ the world, and that our appreciation of its potentials should similarly involve a kind of â€˜stalkingâ€™ of its effects in the material, social, and perceptual dimensions of the world from which cinema emerges and to which it returns.
GLOBALISATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY CHANGES

Virtually, all institutions of higher education almost everywhere in the world have been influenced by the concept of globalisation. The resulting policy changes in each nation-state have, of course, reflected the degree of impact of globalisation on the country, hence the changes in higher education. This chapter critically examines policy changes in higher education based on the effects of globalisation. The chapter is divided into four major areas, viz: (a) key elements and analysis of neoliberal ideas about globalisation; (b) purpose of higher education prior to the late 1970s onward; (c) policy changes in higher education and its impact on students, demands for private universities, funding and the issue of quality; (d) future trends and recommendations. The research on which this chapter is based was conducted partially in West Africa in 2000-2001 and partially in the USA in the 2002-2003 academic year. The chapter is not country-specific; rather, examples where appropriate, are drawn from all over the world.
Neurotrophic factors as potential therapeutic agents in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Publisher Summary Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are polypeptides that support the growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. A number of NTFs are discovered and their actions in the peripheral and central nervous system are characterized in the chapter. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the prototypic member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, the first-discovered and best-characterized NTF. The discovery of NGF was instrumental to the formulation of the neurotrophic factor hypothesis. Neurotrophins and other NTFs act by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Activated receptors initiate intracellular signaling events, leading to induction of gene expression, and changes in neuronal morphology and function. The signaling endosome hypothesis argues that retrograde transport of NGF marks the retrograde NGF signal. If so, the findings indicate that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) in partial-trisomy 65Dn mice receive less NGF signaling from the target and are thereby trophically deprived. In view of the important role for NGF in the growth and maintenance of BFCNs, failed NGF signaling could explain the dysfunction and death of these neurons. The effect of 7 days of treatment is compared by intracerebroventricular infusion with 2μg/day insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle in aged control and mnd animals on interneuronal number in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation. It is remarkable that just 1 week of IGF-1 treatment was effective in partially restoring interneuronal number and reducing hypertrophy in some subhippocampal subregions. The emergence of NTFs as potential therapies for neurological disorders are exciting, but not without certain problems, as the technicalities of appropriate and targeted delivery remains unsolved. Systematic study may yet reveal the true potential of NTFs as therapeutic agents to treat neurological disorders including the NCLs.
Increasing Integration Between the United States and Other International Stock Markets? : A Recursive Cointegration Analysis

This paper examines whether long-run integration between the United States and many international stock markets has strengthened over time, with special attention paid to the impact of the abolition of capital control in these markets and the 1987 international stock market crash. The results show that during most of the thirty-two-year sample period (January 1970-December 2001), there exists no long-run relationship between most of these markets and the United States. However, there is evidence of recent increasing integration between many smaller markets and the United States while no such pattern emerges for larger markets including Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany, which suggests long-run benefits to U.S. investors of diversifying into these larger markets. Moreover, there is no marked change in the degree of integration between any of these stock markets and the United States that can be apparently associated with the abolition of capital control or the 1987 international stock market crash.
An architecture for asynchronous FPGAs

We present an architecture for a quasi delay-insensitive asynchronous field-programmable gate array. The logic cell is a complete asynchronous pipeline stage, and the interconnects are entirely delay insensitive, eliminating all timing issues from the place-and-route procedure.
Factors associated with surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus

OBJECTIVE • Venous tumour thrombus is common in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Although surgical morbidity has decreased with time, nephrectomy with caval thrombectomy remains a high-risk procedure and may not be performed in all patients with this condition. Little is known about the factors influencing the decision to pursue surgery versus conservative management in patients with RCC and venous tumour thrombus. MATERIALS AND METHODS • The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify study patients with RCC and venous tumour thrombus. • Multiple clinical, pathological and sociodemographic variables were assessed. • Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with surgery. RESULTS • We identified 24,396 patients with RCC, of which 2265 (9.3%) had venous tumour thrombus. • Distant metastases (odds ratio [OR] 0.1, 95% CI 0.0-0.1), clinical stage T3c (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.6), lymph node involvement (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.6), being single (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.7), and the age categories 61-70 years (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8, P = 0.01), 71-80 years (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.3, P < 0.001), and ≥ 80 years (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.0-0.1, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with non-surgical management. CONCLUSIONS • In this population-based study, over 80% of patients with RCC and venous tumour thrombus underwent surgical management. • Although age and TNM stage were strongly associated with the decision to undergo surgery, marital status was also associated with treatment choice. • It is unclear whether marital status affects oncological outcomes or complication rates so the reasons behind this association deserve further investigation.
Public justification versus public deliberation: the case for divorce

I drive a wedge between public deliberation and public justification, concepts tightly associated in public reason liberalism. Properly understood, the ideal of public justification imposes no restraint on citizen deliberation but requires that those who have a substantial impact on the use of coercive power, political officials, advance proposals each person has sufficient reason to accept. I formulate this idea as the Principle of Convergent Restraint and apply it to legislators to illustrate the general reorientation I propose for the public reason project.
How has our interest in the airway changed over 100 years

Since the beginning of our specialty, our understanding of the link between function and facial growth and development has progressively improved. Today, we know that children with sleep-related breathing problems will often develop distinctive facial characteristics. In adults, sleep apnea can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Orthodontists can ask sleep-related questions in the health history to help identify sleep breathing disorders. Treating these patients presents unique opportunities for orthodontists to collaborate with other medical specialties to improve a patient's health and treatment outcome. Research presented in our Journal in the next century may shed new light that will help us better identify the problem and aid the specialty in developing more effective evidence-based treatment. Additional efforts are needed to understand the physiology, neurology, and genetics of sleep breathing disorders.
A Novel Role for IL-27 in Mediating the Survival of Activated Mouse CD4 T Lymphocytes

IL-27, an IL-12 family cytokine, has pleiotropic functions in the differentiation and expansion of CD4(+) T cell subsets. In this study, we discovered a novel function of IL-27. CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells from mice deficient for the α-chain of IL-27 receptor failed to induce colitis in Rag(-/-) recipients, because of an inability of activated donor cells to survive. Interestingly, IL-27 was indispensable for the prevention of colitis by regulatory T cells, also because of a defect in long-term cell survival. IL-27 affected the survival of activated T lymphocytes, rather than promoting cell proliferation, by inhibiting Fas-mediated activation-induced T cell death, acting through the STAT3 signaling pathway. The addition of IL-27 during activation resulted in an increased cell number, which was correlated with decreased activation of both caspases 3 and 8. This prosurvival effect was attributed to downregulation of FasL and to the induction of the antiapoptotic protein cFLIP. Although activation induced cell death is an important mechanism for the maintenance of immunological homeostasis, protection of lymphocytes from excessive cell death is essential for effective immunity. Our data indicate that IL-27 has a crucial role in the inhibition of activation-induced cell death, thereby permitting Ag-driven T cell expansion.
An Integrative Model for Holistic Community Health Nursing

Health and nursing are shifting from acute care to community settings, causing confusion for clients and professionals. Although the holistic nursing perspective has improved care to human beings in interaction with their environment and has moved nursing away from pathology-focused care, the community as the focus of care has not been addressed. This article presents an integrated model of community health that expands holistic nursing to the community as client. The model clarifies nursing care for the individual, family, aggregate, and community. One can focus on any one level, with the awareness that each is part of a unified whole. Holistic community nursing completes the circle of care by moving beyond the particular part to focus on the greatest health for the community. The intent is to help nurses describe their unique areas of expertise within the complex community system and to establish a basis for collaboration and partnership.
The Brains Behind Alcohol Relapse

“Hello, my name is Bill W. and I am an alcoholic. I have been sober for 34 days…” These are words spoken often at Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, but what predicts whether an alcoholic will stay sober or relapse? Recidivism is a pervasive problem for the 18 million Americans who suffer with alcoholism. Studies have shown that external factors such as stress, alcohol-related environmental cues, or even a taste of alcohol can increase the risk of relapse to alcohol abuse. Behavioral strategies aim to diminishing these factors, yet markers identifying who may be at highest risk for relapse are lacking, impeding targeted individual prevention and treatment. In a forward-thinking recent study, Seo et al . set out to identify neural markers that may predict relapse to alcohol use. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the authors examined neural responses to guided-imagery of personal stressful, relaxing, and alcohol-cue–related conditions of 45 recovering alcoholics who had completed a 12-step in-patient alcohol-treatment program and compared them with neural responses of healthy nonalcoholic subjects. The recovering alcoholics were subsequently followed for 3 months and assessed for recidivism. When exposed to alcohol-related cues or stressful conditions, alcoholics, as compared with nonalcoholics, had less brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—brain regions that are important for decision-making, suggesting that recovering alcoholics may be less able to determine the best course of action in response to a given stressful or alcohol-enticing stimulus. Conversely, during exposure to relaxing cues, recovering alcoholics had increased activity in the PFC/ACC as well as motivation-reward brain regions; in fact, the greater the activation, the greater the risk of relapse. The authors’ findings suggest that in recovering alcoholics, the decision-making areas of the brain may not be functioning properly: quiet when they should be active, and active—along with motivation-reward brain regions—when they should be calm. Importantly, this study provides the first neural markers that may be predictive of relapse to alcohol use in humans and suggests regional brain targets for behavioral and pharmacologic interventions to reduce recidivism. Perhaps at future AA meetings we may hear, “… I have been sober for 34 days. According to my brain scan, I am at high risk for relapse, so my doctor prescribed a new medication to help my brain work appropriately, diminish my cravings, and decrease my risk for relapse.” D. Seo et al. , Disrupted ventromedial prefrontal function, alcohol craving, and subsequent relapse risk. JAMA Psychiatry , published online 1 May 2013 (10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.762). [[Full text ]][1] [1]: http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1684869
Submicron deformation field measurements: Part 3. Demonstration of deformation determinations

This is the third and last paper is a sequence devoted to an experimental investigation of deformation mechanisms at the submicron scale through the use of a specially designed scanning tunneling microscope. Its application, when used jointly with digital image correlation, as a tool for strain and deformation determinations is explored by way of two demonstrations. First, deformations in a uniaxially stressed, unplasticized (poly)vinylchloride sample are analyzed to yield the three-dimensional surface displacement field over a 10 μm×10μm area. Homogeneous deformations occur at the micrometer and large size scales. However, at the 100-nm scale, inhomogeneous deformations embedded in a homogeneous deformation field appear. The second example addresses the deformation field in the vicinity of an interface between a carbon fiber and the surrounding matrix under shear stresses along the fiber. This loading leads to shearing a sheath from the carbon fiber that is about half a micron thick.
Maximum entropy characterizations of the multivariate Liouville distributions

A random vector X = (X1, X2,...,Xn) with positive components has a Liouville distribution with parameter θ = (θ1, θ2,...,θn) if its joint probability density function is proportional to h(Σi=1n xi) Φi=1n xiθi-1, θi > 0 [R.D. Gupta, D.S.P. Richards, Multivariate Liouville distributions, J. Multivariate Anal. 23 (1987) 233-256]. Examples include correlated gamma variables, Dirichlet and inverted Dirichlet distributions. We derive appropriate constraints which establish the maximum entropy characterization of the Liouville distributions among all multivariate distributions. Matrix analogs of the Liouville distributions are considered. Some interesting results related to I-projection from a Liouville distribution are presented.
The inhibition of protein synthesis in meiotic cells and its effect on chromosome behavior.

Autoradiographs show that tritiated leucine is incorporated into protein continually at an almost linear rate during meiotic prophase of lily microsporocytes in in vitro culture. Although label is mostly in the cytoplasm for the first hour, it becomes almost evenly distributed throughout the cell after a few hours. The amount of label decreases slightly, if at all, during a chase period extending through the rest of the prophase — a period of 3 to 4 days. — The incorporation of label was blocked by 95% by the protein inhibitor, cycloheximide, at a concentration of 3.5 × 10-6 M. In the presence of this inhibitor, meiosis was arrested at all stages through metaphase I and even later. After temporary inhibition, however, or in low drug concentrations, characteristic cytological abnormalities subsequently developed, depending on the meiotic stage at which the inhibition occurred. One important observation was that the formation of chiasmata between homologs could be blocked if the inhibition was applied during the late zygotene or early pachytene stages.