cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of nonfiber carbohydrate level and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on intake, digestion, and milk production in lactating dairy cows.

Eight multiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 40 d in milk and 575 kg BW at the start of trial were in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square arrangement (28-d periods) to determine the effects of dietary nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) level and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AO) on intake, milk production, and nutrient digestibility. Treatments were 42 or 35% NFC and 0 or 3 g of AO per day arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Diets formulated to contain 21% NDF from alfalfa silage (48.4% of ration DM) and 18.5% CP were fed as total mixed rations twice daily. Alteration of dietary NFC level was by partial replacement of shelled corn and soybean meal with wheat middlings and brewers dried grains. Intake of NDF was higher (1.49 vs 1.22% of BW) for 35 than for 42% NFC diets, but DMI was lower (24.1 vs 24.9 kg/d). Milkfat percentage, ruminal pH, ammonia, acetate (moles/100 moles), and total tract digestibility of fiber were higher for 35% NFC diets; however, ruminal disappearance of DM, CP, and NDF from Dacron bags containing alfalfa hay was not affected (P > .10) by NFC level. Supplementation with AO did not affect (P > .10) DMI, milk yield, or nutrient digestion. Partial replacement of corn with high-fiber byproducts to lower dietary NFC level and correspondingly increase NDF level increased NDF intake but effected only a small change in DMI. Reducing dietary NFC level improved ruminal fermentation and milkfat percentage without significantly affecting milk yield.
Effects of thymidine and hydroxyurea on the metabolism and cytotoxicity of 1-B-D arabinofuranosylcytosine in highly resistant human leukemia cells.

We have examined the effect of the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors thymidine (dThd) and hydroxyurea (HU) on the metabolism and cytotoxicity of high concentrations (10 to 100 mumol/L) of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in a deoxycytidine kinase-deficient, highly Ara-C- resistant human promyelocytic leukemic cell subline (HL-60/Ara-C). Administration of dThd or HU (0.5 to 3 mmol/L) in conjunction with high concentrations of Ara-C either sequentially or simultaneously lead to enhanced (and in some cases a supra-additive) inhibition of HL-60/Ara-C suspension culture growth and soft agar colony formation. In addition, exposure of cells to 0.5 mmol/L dThd or HU for 48 hours significantly increased the percentage of HL-60/Ara-C in S-phase. In contrast to previous studies involving low-dose Ara-C administration, we were unable to detect dThd- or HU-mediated increments in Ara-CTP formation in HL-60/Ara-C cells treated with high-dose Ara-C despite reductions in intracellular dCTP pools as great as 65%. However, dThd or HU did increase Ara-C incorporation into newly synthesized DNA. These studies show that administration of dThd or HU in conjunction with high concentrations of Ara-C results in an enhanced antiproliferative effect of Ara-C against Ara-C-resistant leukemic cells deficient in deoxycytidine kinase.
Effects of Effluents from a Fossil Fuel Powered Generating Plant on the Health of Beef Cattle

Abstract Effluent waters from a coal-fueled electricity generating plant were sprinkle-irrigated on forage crops which were grazed or harvested for winter feed for cattle. The waters were higher than normal in total dissolved salts and fluorides. The cattle sometimes had access to this water for drinking. Analyses have shown no consistent abnormalities in hematology, clinical chemistries, or heavy metal concentrations in blood, selected soft tissues or bones. Fluorine content of bone and some urine samples were slightly elevated. Teeth that have formed and mineralized while the cattle were on the farm have moderate to marked lesions of dental fluorosis. Independently, neither the effluent water, nor forage sprinkle-irrigated with that water have a high enough fluorine content to induce the severity of dental lesions observed, but the combined sources have induced chronic fluoride toxicosis in the cattle.
Inventing Tradition in Thessalonica: The Appropriation of the Past in 1 Thessalonians 2:14–16

The socio-ethnic constitution of the Thessalonian ekklesia is notoriously difficult to pin down, but one consistently argued position is that the group was comprised largely of Gentiles. The only passage that presents a problem for this theory is 1 Thessalonians 2:14–16. Rather than focus on philological and theological issues to identify whether this passage is “Pauline” or not, this article treats 1 Thessalonians 2:14–16 as an “invented tradition” (a la Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger) whic links the social experience of the Thessalonians to the nascent ekklesia in Judaea. Instead of acting as a mouthpiece for Paul's theology concerning Jews, the point of this passage may instead be to invent a coherent “past” for the Thessalonians, who may have had few other social features in common upon which to base their group identity. By appropriating an “already in place” framework for identity (Deuteronomistic theology) and by connecting the Thessalonians' experience to both the ekklesia in Jerusalem, as well ...
Therapy-Related Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (t-ALL).

Abstract Introduction: Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia are recognized and well characterized complications of cancer therapy. Much less is known about t-ALL, but an increasing number of cases are being reported. Materials and Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE search to identify patients with ALL diagnosed after exposure to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Data extracted included: latency period, radiation and type of chemotherapy drug exposure, phenotype, cytogenetics and survival. Results: 74 patients were identified with a median age at the time of t-ALL of 33 years, (range 2 to 90; 16 cases age ≤ 10 and 9 cases age ≥60). History of a prior malignancy, including solid tumors in 45 (sarcomas 12, breast cancer 11, others 22) and hematological malignancies in 25 (Hodgkin's lymphoma 17, others 8), was documeted in all patients with the exception of 4, who received chemotherapy or radiation for a non-malignant disorder. Exposure to radiotherapy was documented in 65% of patients (4 cases had exposure only to radiotherapy), 64% had recieved topoisomerase II inhibitors and 84% other chemotherapy drugs. Median time to t-ALL was 38 months. Follow up data was available in 56/74 (75.6%), 20 were reported alive (27%), 3 to 132 months from t-ALL diagnosis. Twelve patients received stem cell transplants, 7 of them were survivors (8 to 79 months). Based on phenotype and/or cytogenetics, 5 subsets of patients were identified. Group A: 32 patients (43%) with 11q23 translocations and/or MLL rearrangements: 23 of these patients (72%) presented with pro-B cell phenotype (CD19+, CD10−)(2 pre-B cell, 2 T cell, 5 unknown); 90% had history of exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors; median time to t-ALL was 21 months in Group A, significanlty shorter (p Conclusions: Various subsets of t-ALL can be recognized, resembling the pattern seen in patients with de novo ALL. However, high-risk subtypes such as 11q23/MLL + cases are overrepresented. Patients with t-ALL not identified by 11q23 or t(9;22) abnormalities, L3/Burkitt's or T cell phenotype (Group E) appear to have a better prognosis: survival at 5 years 45% compared to 24% for all other patients.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Antiproliferative Action of Retinoids Using Retinoid-Resistant Melanoma Cell Mutants

An increasing number of reports, over the past few years, on the ability of retinoids (vitamin A analogs) to modulate cell transformation, proliferation, and differentiation has highlighted the importance of this group of compounds for prevention and suppression of malignancy (1–3). Although the mechanism(s) by which retinoids modify such fundamental processes is not clear, there are strong indications that these compounds can alter gene expression (1–7) and cell membrane glycoprotein synthesis and structure (1,3,8–14). Consequently, the two most likely cellular targets for retinoid action are the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
Finite data-rate stabilization of a switched linear system with unknown disturbance*

Abstract: We study the stabilization of a switched linear system with unknown disturbance using sampled and quantized state feedback. The switching is slow in the sense of combined dwell-time and average dwell-time, while the active mode is unknown except at sampling times. Each mode of the switched system is stabilizable, and the disturbance admits an unknown bound. A communication and control strategy is designed to achieve practical stability and exponential convergence w.r.t. the initial state with a nonlinear gain on the disturbance, provided the data-rate meets given lower bounds. Compared with previous results, a more involved algorithm is developed to handle effects of the unknown disturbance based on employing an iteratively updated estimate of the disturbance bound and expanding the over-approximations of reachable sets over sampling intervals from the case without disturbance.
Medeiros, Paulo de. Pessoa’s Geometry of the Abyss: Modernity and the Book of Disquiet . Oxford: Legenda, 2013. Print.

The title of Paulo de Medeiros’s book cryptically points to a reconsideration of traditional interpretations of the work of Fernando Pessoa. Beyond this, it urges the international academic and lectoral community to update the transnational modernist canon with Pessoa’s work, namely with Bernardo Soares’s Book of Disquiet —for Medeiros, “still one of the least studied works of Pessoa” (4).
Starting Cattle on Feed

Publisher Summary A recommended program for handling newly purchased feeder cattle upon their arrival at their new feedlot home is presented. However, it is quite a workable program when followed in principle. Isolate the new cattle so that they are not adjacent to cattle which are already “adjusted.” Clean dry quarters should be available where the new cattle may rest. Cattle should not be crowded. It is best to have shed-type shelter. Treatments for external parasites may be handled by spraying, dipping, pour-ons, or injection. Even though the cattle should have been injected with vitamin A in the “shots” step, it is a good practice to feed 50,000 IU of vitamin A per head, daily, during the adjustment period. Starting new cattle on feed is a major problem facing cattle feeders. Starting new cattle on silage include: the value of adding hay to corn silage, hay plus grain versus corn silage, the value of corn added to corn silage and mineral programs for new cattle. Feeding regimens for new feeder cattle includes hay program, corn silage program, hay as a rumen regulator, soybean meal versus urea as sources of protein in the receiving diet, protein level effect on new feedlot cattle, preconditioning feeder cattle, preconditioned calves, and backgrounding feeder cattle.
Application and implementation of computational electromagnetics in radio-frequency integrated-circuit design

Use of computational electromagnetics (EM) in the design of radio-frequency integrated-circuit (RFIC) is presented. Computational EM is not only essential, but also inevitable, for RFIC design without it, it is simply not possible to accurately design (or even design) RFICs effectively and timely. Several examples including RFIC band-pass filter and power amplifier designed based on computational EM are presented to demonstrate the application and essence of computational EM, showing that computational EM successfully predicts the performance close to the measured results. The results of EM simulations on RFICs matching well with those measured are valuable for the research and development of theoretical computational EM methods as applications are one of the main drives of the development.
Using a Bayesian framework to account for advection in seven years of snowpack CO2 fluxes in a mortality-impacted subalpine forest

Abstract In subalpine forests where snowpacks can persist for 50% of the year or longer, wintertime subnivean soil respiration constitutes a significant, but poorly understood, portion of the carbon (C) cycle. The temporal and seasonal dynamics of this flux are difficult to measure compared to snow-free respiration. This makes it challenging to fully address key knowledge gaps in high-elevation forests, including effects of tree mortality on ecosystem C fluxes. Our paper attempts to overcome these challenges by developing a new method for estimating wintertime CO2 flux from soil underneath winter snowpack based on CO2 profiles in the snow and using this to examine potential effects of a tree mortality event on wintertime respiration. The chief problem for estimates based on snow CO2 measurements is that during strong winds, vertical CO2 profiles can depart significantly from linearity, resulting in CO2 fluxes that are not steady-state diffusive fluxes. Consequently, these fluxes include an advective component induced by wind and atmospheric pressure, resulting in above-snowpack fluxes that may be temporally decoupled from biological flux production in the soil. These advective fluxes lead to errors in estimates of the total amount of CO2 produced from the soil surface during the winter, and may complicate the detection of significant seasonal and interannual trends in snowpack CO2 fluxes. Our goal was twofold: first, to improve methods for estimating wintertime subnivean soil respiration; and second, to use this new method to examine potential effects of forest mortality on respiration. We develop a Bayesian-based model of CO2 snowpack profiles and accounts for CO2 storage flux within the snowpack to calculate diffusive and advective fluxes from both the bottom and the top of the snowpack. We apply this model to hourly snowpack CO2 profile data collected over 7 years at an AmeriFlux eddy covariance (EC) site in a Wyoming subalpine forest that had recently experienced a mass tree mortality event. Hourly advective fluxes from the snowpack surface are less variable over time than hourly EC fluxes. Nonetheless, on a daily time scale, the two methods agree well with each other. We found that soil biological CO2 production entering the bottom of snowpack peaked 3 years after the onset of the bark beetle outbreak and 1-year after dead trees dropped their needles, presenting the first evidence of a short-term increase in respiration following bark beetle mortality. Our findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the role of wind-driven advection in wintertime respiration and suggest that tree mortality may nearly double wintertime respiration in the first few years.
“To Amuse Intelligently and Cleverly”: Carolyn Wells and Literary Parody

Despite the recent revival of interest in earlier American women’s comic writing, Carolyn Wells remains a neglected and undervalued figure, and is the topic of this chapter. While specializing in comic verse in a variety of forms, and while addressing subjects as diverse as women’s fashionable dress and the eccentric habits of bibliophiles (she was an important collector of books herself), Wells often focused her wit on her fellow writers and wrote poems of literary parody. Her targets were frequently male poets and, especially, their representations of women. That Wells did so with works by canonical male authors (especially those from the revered British tradition) ranging from Milton and Shelley to contemporaries such as Swinburne and Kipling attests to her fearlessness in transgressing the boundaries for women, as she asserted her right to “amuse intelligently and cleverly” by poking fun.
Relationship between triboelectric charge and contact force for two triboelectric layers

Abstract A relationship between triboelectric charge and contact force for two triboelectric layers is presented, by combining the theories of insulator contact charging and contact mechanics. Experimental verification has been successfully performed using contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in two cases: (a) under varying contact forces while keeping the surface roughness profile constant, and (b) under varying surface roughness profiles while keeping the contact force constant. The theory presented here can serve as an important guide in the design of triboelectric systems, particularly of a contact-mode TENG structure for specific applications and self-powered systems.
Surface Spectroscopic Signatures of Mechanical Deformation in High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE).

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been extensively studied, both as a model for semi-crystalline polymers and because of its own industrial utility. During cold drawing, crystalline regions of H...
Theoretical Approaches to System Analysis and the Institutional Framework

Until recently the analysis of economic systems has concentrated mainly on comparisons of different economic systems and explanations of economic processes within a particular system. The comparative approach was essentially static and hardly any attempts were made to make the analysis dynamic. Events in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and the subsequent economic transitions from the centrally planned economies into free market economies require the application of dynamic theoretical models to the transformation of economic structures, explaining their origins and developing an analysis of implications of the implementation of particular economic frameworks.
Combinational Collaborative Filtering, Considering Personalization

For the purpose of multimodal fusion, collaborative filtering can be regarded as a process of finding relevant information or patterns using techniques involving collaboration among multiple views or data sources. In this chapter,\(^\dagger\) we present a collaborative filtering method, combinational collaborative filtering (CCF), to perform recommendations by considering multiple types of co-occurrences from different information sources. CCF differs from the approaches presented in Chaps. 6 and 7 by constructing a latent layer in between the recommended objects and multimodal descriptions of these objects. We use community recommendation throughout this chapter as an example to illustrate critical design points. We first depict a community by two modalities: a collection of documents and a collection of users, respectively. CCF fuses these two modalities through a latent layer. We show how the latent layer is constructed, how multiple modalities are fused, and how the learning algorithm can be both effective and efficient in handling massive amount of data. CCF can be used to perform virtually any multimedia-data recommendation tasks such as recommending labels to images (annotation), recommending images to images (clustering), and images to users (personalized search).
Elements of Personal Financial Planning and the Wealth Management Process

Academic studies have shown that following a financial plan will help you build wealth more rapidly than is possible without one. This is because a financial plan enforces self-discipline, the key to any future accumulation of wealth. People earning between $50,000 and $100,000 per year who follow a financial plan typically have up to twice as much savings as those in the same income bracket who have no financial plan. For those earning more than $100,000 per year and following a financial plan, the savings rate is some 60 percent greater than that of their peers. Clearly, people who adhere to some form of a financial plan—either in writing or informally by matching their savings practice to a predetermined set of financial goals—have a significant advantage. Bottom line: you have to convince yourself of reasons to save, or you will probably not do it. One of the purposes of this book is to provide you with those reasons.
Synergizing disparate component-level energy resources into a single whole building tool to support energy conservation action in small commercial buildings

Abstract Small commercial buildings represent 94% of U.S. commercial buildings by number and consume approximately 9% of national total primary energy. However, advancements in building efficiency technologies have focused on large commercial building systems, while these buildings also have the financial support and personnel resources to invest in implementing improvements. Pragmatic and easy to use tools to assist small commercial building stakeholders in making informed and effective energy decisions are scarcely available. One approach is to synergize existing research and resources into a single package. This research presents the development of a building energy assessment resource (BEAR) and implementation in thirteen buildings. BEAR performed similarly and favorably in estimating tenants’ total energy consumption across all three enterprise types: food service, retail and office. Results reveal a weighted average absolute difference between BEAR and utility bills of 4.7% for electricity and 13.3% for natural gas estimation. Potential factors impacting BEAR's accuracy include assumptions made for modal parameters, e.g. power and time in mode, in addition to fuel flow rate controls in commercial cooking equipment. Discussions on the broader implications of the developed energy resource include applicability across small commercial enterprise sectors and future advancements directed towards policy makers and energy service providers.
EFFECT OF THE PSYCHO-EMOTIVE DIMENSION OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR PARASTATALS IN KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the moral and psycho-emotive dimensions of ethical leadership on employee commitment among senior managers in the transport sector parastatals in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted positivist philosophy and descriptive correlational research design. The target population was 253 senior managers in the transport sector parastatals. A sample of 153 senior managers was selected from the target population using the stratified random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: Correlation analysis found a positive and significant relationship between the moral dimension and employee commitment, r(111) = .68, p < .05, and also between the psycho-emotive dimension and employee commitment r(111) = .79, p < .05. Results of multiple linear regression indicated that 55% of the variance in employee commitment were caused by the moral dimension, R2 = .55, F(1,111) = 137.93, p < .05; β = .72, p < .05, while 62% of the variance in employee commitment were caused by the psycho-emotive dimension, R2 = .62, F(1,111) = 179.95, p < .05; β = .77, p < .05. Ethical climate was found to significantly moderate the relationship between the moral and psycho-emotive dimensions of ethical leadership and employee commitment, R2 = .67, F(7,105) = 30.56, p < .05; β = .24, p < .05.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Previous studies on ethical leadership have focused on the ethical characteristics of the leader and behavioral traits in the Western settings. This study has provided an in-depth examination of ethical leadership and its effect on employee commitment in the African context.
Antibody drug conjugates under investigation in phase I and phase II clinical trials for gastrointestinal cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a developing class of anticancer therapeutics which are designed to selectively deliver a cytotoxic payload to tumors, while limiting...
Meaning and Power in Organizational Symbols: Employees’ Reactions to their Organizations’ Logos

Organizational symbols, specifically logos, have been previously examined for their potential influence on external audiences, especially customers. The present study, however, examined responses of internal audiences, members of the organization, to the organizational logo. A pilot qualitative study done in India was conducted in which six themes regarding the relationship of employees with their organizations’ logos were developed inductively. Based on the results of the pilot study and drawing on mere exposure, response-competition, and social categorization theories, the main study, a quantitative study in U.S., was conducted. The frequency and duration of employees’ exposure to their organization’s logo predicted their affective organizational commitment and organizational self-concept, especially when in an out-group context, thus contributing to employee positive attitudes and collective identity. In addition, exposure to the logo was more strongly related to employees’ reactions to the organizatio...
Bioprocessing and technoeconomic feasibility analysis of simultaneous production of d-psicose and ethanol using engineered yeast strain KAM-2GD.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the processing and technoeconomic feasibility of coproduction of d -psicose and ethanol in a modified dry grind ethanol process. The yeast strain was constructed by expressing d -psicose 3-epimerases (DPE) in Sachharomyces cerevisiae. The strain was capable of converting d -fructose to d -psicose at 55 °C with a conversion efficiency of 26.6%. A comprehensive process model for modified dry grind ethanol plant with 396,000 MT/yr corn processing capacity was developed using SuperPro Designer. Predicted ethanol and d -psicose yields were 390.4 L and 75.3 kg per MT of corn, with total annual production of 154.6 million L and 29,835 MT respectively. The capital investment for the plant was estimated as 150.3 million USD with total operating cost of 85.2 million USD/yr. The unit production cost and minimum selling price of d -psicose with an internal rate of return of 15% were calculated as $0.43/kg and $1.29/kg respectively.
On the strength of Fraïssé’s conjecture

We show that Fraisse’s conjecture that the class of linear orderings is well-quasiordered under embedability is proof theoretically strong. Indeed, even special cases of its restriction to wellorderings implies ATR0: If the class of wellorderings has no infinite antichains or no infinite descending chains then ATR0. is provable in RCA0. These results answer questions of Clote, Friedman and Hirst.
Screen printed electrostatic concentrator with origami-inspired design for low-cost radon detection

There is an increasing awareness of the dangers posed by elevated radon concentration in indoor spaces. This has led to demand for improved measurement solutions which enable low-cost, accurate, and practical measurement of radon concentration. In this work, the use of screen printing to fabricate an electrostatic concentrator for radon detection is demonstrated. An origami-inspired design enables the use of printed electronics as a manufacturing technology with a resulting reduction in component cost and weight. A new metric for such electrostatic concentrators known as the "active volume" was defined, taking into account the time of flight to the sensor and residence time of the radon progeny. This metric was utilised in a genetic algorithm in order to optimise the concentrator design, resulting in a 62% improvement in radon progeny concentration, enabling more rapid and accurate understanding of radon risk.
Using the theory of planned behavior to predict food safety behavioral intention: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Approximately 61% of foodborne outbreaks in the United States are traced to food handler behavior. The literature suggests that food safety knowledge does not always translate into improved behaviors. Thus, multiple researchers have recommended an examination of the gap between knowledge and behavioral intentions. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the ability of the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict food safety intentions. A total of 1550 studies were screened against the inclusion criteria, leaving 46 study records. The overall random effect size (r) was 0.282 (p
Effects of ozone and salicylic acid on post-harvest quality of parsley during storage

The present study investigated the effects of ozone and salicylic acid (SA) on storage life and quality of parsley. Parsley bunches were subjected to three treatments: immersion in SA solutions (1 ...
Return to golf after adult degenerative and deformity spine surgery: a preliminary case series of how surgery impacts golf play and performance

Background Golf is a commonly played sport among older adults, and degenerative and/or deformity spine pathology can severely impact older individuals' ability to play golf. In a cohort of self-identified, avid golfers undergoing degenerative or deformity spine surgery, we report their: (I) presentation, (II) operative treatment, and (III) return-to-play (RTP) process. Methods A retrospective case series of self-identified, avid golfers undergoing spine surgery at a single institution from 2015-2019 was undertaken. Demographic, presenting, operative, RTP data, along with numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores were collected. The first and full RTP time postoperatively, in addition to the following golf metrics: 18-hole rounds per month, handicap, and self-perceived effort/performance were obtained. Results A total of 6 golfers were included, 3 undergoing each degenerative and deformity operations. Mean age was 60 years, and 5 of 6 (83%) patients were female. All patients were self-identified, avid golfers with a mean experience of 31 years. Mean preoperative NRS back/neck pain was 9.7, which decreased to 0.8 postoperatively (P<0.001). Players undergoing smaller operations (lumbar fusion/cervical laminoplasty) returned to golf sooner than patients undergoing larger deformity corrections, with a mean first RTP of 4.3 months for degenerative patients vs. 9.7 months among deformity patients. All patients played either the same or more rounds of golf after surgery once they reached full RTP. The handicap of all players improved after surgery to better than before surgery, except for one high-level golfer with a handicap of 9 preoperatively that went to 15 postoperatively following an extensive revision deformity reconstruction. Conclusions All patients returned to playing golf at or more frequently than their preoperative status. Degenerative patients returned to play sooner than deformity patients. All patients performed at a higher level after surgery, except for one high-level golfer whose handicap worsened slightly. These data provide baseline information for future prospective studies of golfers undergoing spine surgery.
Computation-Cost-Invariant Universal Space-Vector Pulse-width Modulation for Multilevel Inverters

This paper proposes a new universal space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) scheme with invariant computation cost for multilevel inverters. In the proposed SVPWM, the modulation triangle in Sector 1 is quickly identified in a 120° coordinate system transformed from the $\alpha-\beta$ coordinate system. Then, the switching states and duty cycles of the three vertices of the modulation triangle are determined by simple computations. The switching states in the other five sectors are obtained according to their simple relationships with those in Sector 1. The proposed SVPWM is independent of the voltage level of the inverter and does not require any prestored lookup table or iterative operation. Therefore, neither the execution time, nor the memory usage of the proposed SVPWM increases as the inverter level increases. Moreover, the proposed SVPWM is universal and can be applied to any multilevel inverters with the PWM controls based on space vector diagrams. The proposed SVPWM is validated by hardware tests on a three-level, neutral-point-clamped inverter; its computation cost invariance is validated by implementations in a digital signal processor for three-phase inverters with voltage levels up to 201; and its superiority is demonstrated by a comprehensive comparison with existing SVPWM schemes.
Population dynamics and spatial distribution of Columbia lance nematode in cotton

Abstract Hoplolaimus columbus, Columbia lance nematode (CLN), can cause severe stunting and considerable yield losses in cotton. A three-year field study was conducted in South Carolina with the purpose of examining the population dynamics and spatial distribution patterns of CLN as influenced by soil texture, the presence of Rotylenchulus reniformis, reniform nematode (RN), and a cotton–corn–soybean rotation scheme. Four plots with different soil textures inferred by soil electrical conductivity were sampled at plant and at harvest for each crop. Population densities of CLN were aggregated and the host plant did not affect the pattern of spatial distribution. Columbia lance nematode and RN were found in spatially distinct areas in the field influenced by differences in soil texture. Columbia lance nematode was mainly found in areas with high sand content (above 75%) and RN in areas with 60–65% sand content. Therefore, depending on the sand content, whenever there are concomitant infestations of CLN and RN in a field, only one species is likely to be the key pest. Knowledge of the distribution patterns of CLN is essential for selecting sampling strategies and for site-specific management.
The Impact of More Accurate Requested Runtimes on Production Job Scheduling Performance

The question of whether more accurate requested runtimes can significantly improve production parallel system performance has previously been studied for the FCFS-backfill scheduler, using a limited set of system performance measures. This paper examines the question for higher performance backfill policies, heavier system loads as are observed in current leading edge production systems such as the large Origin 2000 system at NCSA, and a broader range of system performance measures. The new results show that more accurate requested runtimes can improve system performance much more significantly than suggested in previous results. For example, average slowdown decreases by a factor of two to six, depending on system load and the fraction of jobs that have the more accurate requests. The new results also show that (a) nearly all of the performance improvement is realized even if the more accurate runtime requests are a factor of two higher than the actual runtimes, (b) most of the performance improvement is achieved when test runs are used to obtain more accurate runtime requests, and (c) in systems where only a fraction (e.g., 60%) of the jobs provide approximately accurate runtime requests, the users that provide the approximately accurate requests achieve even greater improvements in performance, such as an order of magnitude improvement in average slowdown for jobs that have runtime up to fifty hours.
Analyzing Indeterminacies in a Real Business Cycle Model with Money

My purpose in wnting the paper "Money in a Real Business Cycle Model" was to explore the idea that the monetary transmission mechanism may be explained in an equilibrium model in which preferences, endowments, and technology are, on their own, insufficient to pin down a unique equilibnum. By the "monetary transmission mechanism" I mean the time series properties of money, interest rates, pnces, and output in data from Europe and the United States. According to a common interpretation of these data, a change in the money supply has real effects on output in the short run but it is neutral in the long run. I had also hoped that an explanation of the monetary transmission mechanism that relies on indeterminacy might rest solely on the idea that money is useful as a medium of exchange. I am indebted to Kirill Sossounov for pointing out a sign error in the computations in my 1997 article and for rescuing the message of the paper with minimal alterations to the basic framework. We have several examples of calibrated models of real economies in which the theoretical structure permits the existence of multiple stationary equilibria and I have argued elsewhere (Farmer 1993) that models of this class can be completed by specifying a rule by which agents form beliefs. These models suggest the possibility that "animal spirits" or ''self-fulEllling prophecies" may have an independent role in propagating business cycles and that this possibility is fully consistent with the hypothesis of rational expectations and market clearing. We also have examples of monetary models in which multiple equilibria may play a role in the transmission of monetary shocks.l But to date, none of these models has been calibrated with the same degree of attention to the explanation of data as has become typical in the real business cycle literature. My 1997 paper, with Sossounov's amendments, goes some way toward filling this gap. From an argument onginally advanced by Negishi in 1960, it is known, if one imposes standard assumptions of convexity of preferences and technology, that infinite horizon economies with a finite number of agents typically contain a finite odd number of equilibna. From this fact, it follows that steady-state equilibna are locally determinate and that multiplicities that are exploited in models of self-fulfilling prophecies cannot occur.
Rational Irrationality and the Political Process of Repeal: The Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform and the 21st Amendment

Summary The theory of rational irrationality suggests that voters are biased and do not face sufficient incentives to choose rationally; instead they vote for various private reasons. As a result, socially and economically destructive policies can receive widespread public support. Furthermore, because there is no private benefit of learning from experience, such policies can persist over time. We argue here that despite this otherwise dismal outlook on public policy, the theory of rational irrationality leaves two avenues for economically sensible reform: First, when the ex post costs of irrationality are higher than expected, rationally irrational voters will reduce their consumption of irrationality and demand more rational policies. Second, rationally irrational voters can be convinced to rationally update their policy preferences through the use of appealing rhetoric and persuasion by experts. We discuss these two avenues for reform using the example of the repeal of the 18th amendment, which, as we will show, relied on both updating as well as persuasive campaigning.
Digitization, Coded Character Sets, and Optical Character Recognition for Multi-script Information Resources: The Case of the Letopis' Zhurnal'nykh Statei

Multi-lingual information resources that consist of texts in more scripts than can be represented by a single 8-bit encoding scheme can currently be best represented by use of the Unicode multi-byte character-encoding scheme. However use of Unicode could lead to a decrease in the accuracy of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software because of the similarity of glyphs between certain scripts. This decrease in OCR accuracy can dramatically increase the amount of time needed to proofread the resulting electronic texts. An Indiana University - Digital Library Program project for digitizing a 20-year portion of the Letopis' Zhurnal'nykh Statei is presented as an example of a digital library project dealing with a multi-script information resource for which Unicode has been used.
A wideband GaN low noise amplifier for a frequency sensing system

A broadband low noise amplifier (LNA), which is introduced for a frequency sensing system to detect the white space bands, is proposed. It has a distributed amplifier configuration with an active gate terminator and is fabricated using a 0.25-µm gallium nitride (GaN) foundry. The LNA achieves broad frequency range, low noise performance, and high 1 dB gain compression point (P 1dB ) simultaneously. Its gain is more than 10 dB, noise figure is below 4 dB, and input P 1dB is more than 10 dBm at 600 MHz up to 6GHz. The chip size is 3.0 mm × 3.4 mm.
Increasing Complexity of Ras Signal Transduction: Involvement of Rho Family Proteins

Publisher Summary The chapter illustrates current understanding of Ras signal transduction, with emphasis on the involvement of Rho family proteins and on how Rho family proteins contribute to Ras function. A remarkable convergence of experimental observations from genetic analyses of Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Caenorhabditis eleguns, as well as biochemical and biological studies in mammalian cells, together define a clear role for Ras in signal transduction. This remarkable achievement appreciates how the aberrant function of Ras proteins contribute to the malignant growth properties of the cancer cell. Ras signaling involves a complex array of signaling pathways, in which cross-talk, feedback loops, branch points, and multicomponent signaling complexes are recurring themes. The chapter summarizes two major emerging themes that refocus the perceptions of how Ras functions in signal transduction. First, it has become clear that the Raf-1 serine/threonine kinase is not the sole downstream effector of Ras. Second, the functions of certain Ras-related proteins that constitute part of the Rho family proteins are shown to be important for Ras transformation. This, together with evidence implicating these small guanosine triphosphates (GTPases) downstream of Ras, has prompted considerable effort in understanding how the function of Rho family proteins contribute to Ras signaling and transformation.
Saccharide Composition of Carbohydrates Consumed during an Ultra-endurance Triathlon.

Objective: Ingesting a mix of glucose and fructose during exercise increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation while minimizing gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Several studies have suggested that a glucose-to-fructose ratio of 1.2:1 to 1:1 is optimal. No studies have quantified saccharides consumed during a nonsimulated endurance event. The aim of this investigation was to quantify saccharide sources used during an ultra-endurance triathlon and provide a resource for athletes desiring to manipulate the saccharide content of carbohydrate consumed during training and competition.Methods: Participant self-report and direct measurement were used to assess foods and beverages consumed during an ultra-endurance (70.3-mile) triathlon. Manufacturer-supplied information, high-performance liquid chromatography, and the US Department of Agriculture Food Database were used to quantify saccharide profiles of foods and beverages. Participants reported GI distress during the run on a 0–10 scale. A subanalysis examined as...
Response to Nonharmonic Forces

The response of damped and undamped single degree of freedom systems to harmonic forcing functions was discussed in the preceding chapter. It was shown that the steady state response of the system to such excitations is also harmonic, with a phase difference between the force and the displacement which depends on the amount of damping. The analysis presented and the concepts introduced in the preceding chapter are fundamental to the study of the theory of vibration, and the use of these concepts and methods of vibration analysis was demonstrated by several applications.
Agonist-sensitive calcium pool in the pancreatic acinar cell. II. Characterization of reloading

45Ca2+ fluxes and free cytosolic Ca2+ measurements in guinea pig pancreatic acini indicated that after agonist stimulation and the release of Ca2+ from the agonist-sensitive pool at least part of the Ca2+ is extruded from the cell, resulting in 45Ca2+ efflux. In the continued presence of agonist, the pool remains permeable to Ca2+ but partially refills with Ca2+. This reloading is dependent on the concentration of extracellular Ca2+. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the pool is completely depleted of Ca2+. However, with increasing concentrations of CaCl2 in the incubation solution (from 0.5 to 2.0 mM) there is increasing repletion of the pool with Ca2+ during agonist stimulation. With termination of agonist stimulation, the Ca2+ permeability of the agonist-sensitive pool is rapidly reduced to that measured in the unstimulated cell. As a result, the Ca2+ incorporated into the pool during the stimulation period is rapidly trapped within the pool and exchanges poorly with medium Ca2+. Subsequently, the pool completely refills with Ca2+. The rate of Ca2+ reloading at the termination of agonist stimulation is slower than the conversion of the pool to the impermeable state. In incubation media containing 1.3 mM CaCl2, the half-time for reloading at the termination of stimulation is 5 min. These observations demonstrate the characteristics of Ca2+ reloading of the agonist-sensitive pool both during stimulation and at the termination of stimulation.
Protein Metabolism in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes are in a catabolic state without insulin replacement. The mechanism of insulin's anticatabolic effect has been investigated in whole-body and regional tracer kinetic studies. Whole-body studies have demonstrated that there are increases in both protein breakdown and protein synthesis during insulin deprivation. Because the magnitude of the increase in protein breakdown is greater than the magnitude of the increase in protein synthesis, there is a net protein loss during insulin deprivation. Regional studies have shown that insulin replacement inhibits protein breakdown and synthesis in splanchnic tissue but only inhibits protein breakdown in skeletal muscle. Because the increase in protein synthesis in splanchnic tissues is greater than the increase in protein breakdown, insulin deprivation results in a net accretion of protein in the splanchnic bed. In contrast, in skeletal muscle, there is a net increase in protein breakdown during insulin deprivation, resulting in a net release of amino acids. There are no human data concerning the site of protein accretion in the splanchnic bed or the specific protein whose synthesis is increased during insulin deprivation. It appears that insulin exerts its overall anticatabolic effect in insulin-dependent diabetes mainly through the inhibition of muscle protein breakdown.
The effect of ballet dance attire on body and self-perceptions of female dancers

Body and self-perceptions of female ballet dancers (N = 38) were assessed in a repeated measures design experiment investigating the effects of dance attire. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a ballet class dressed in a black leotard with pink tights or dressed in their choice of loose-fitting clothing referred to by dancers as "junk." The next day, participants completed a ballet class in the other clothing condition. After completing the ballet class each day, dancers completed surveys regarding self-perceived body image and performance level. Results revealed that participants reported significantly lower self- and body-perception ratings in the leotard with tights attire condition compared to the loose-fitting clothing condition. These results have implications for the effects of required dance attire on female dancer perceptions.
Endogenous Policy Determination: the Case of the Brazilian Beef Sector

An econometric model is used to examine the dynamics of beef supply and demand response in Brazil over the period 1947–71. The model attempts to quantify the behaviour of successive Brazilian Governments who intervened with a wide variety of policies to influence the domestic price of beef. This endogenous policy formulation appears to capture most of the variation in public policy intervention and is sufficiently encouraging to warrant further applications. The study concludes with an evaluation of the welfare costs associated with Brazilian beef policy intervention in the past. Un modele econometrique a ete employe pour etudier le comportement dynamique de l'offre et la reaction de la demande de boeuf au Bresil au cours de la periode 1947–71. Le modele tente de quantifier le comportement des differents gouvemements qui se sont succede au Bresil depuis 1947 pour influencer le prix interieur du boeuf, a l'aide d'une grande variete de politiques. En endogeneisant de cette maniere l'attitude des differents gouvemements, le modele semble expliquer la presque totalite des changements dus a l'intervention publique dans ce secteur, et fournit des resultats encourageants pour justifier l'emploi de cette approche en d'autres occasions. L'etude se termine par une evaluation des couts sociaux associes a 1'intervention passee de l'Etat bresilien dans le secteur du boeuf.