cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Long-Range Selection and Timing Analysis System for Facility Location: Implementation

This paper describes the application of a mixed-integer program to the problem of providing strategic decisions for the selection and timing of a set of proposed facilities to serve distinct geographic regions. Solutions to this selection-timing process are obtained by the system presented so as to maximize the ratio of total net revenues to total assets. In addition, a series of optimal integer solutions to a large-scale problem is included with discussion and analysis.
Effect of Associated Salts on the Polymerization of Butadiene by Organosodium Reagents

Abstract The alfin catalyst is a combination of sodium salts which causes butadiene to polymerize at extreme rapidity in such a fashion that a greater difference exists between sodium and alfin polymerization than between sodium and emulsion polymerization. Hitherto the combination has been assumed to be binary—allylsodium and sodium isopropoxide—but a new method of preparation has revealed that a halide or pseudohalide salt is essential. Chloride, bromide, and iodide salts of sodium and potassium can be used as the halide component, but fluoride and lithium salts, as a rule, cannot be so employed unless the small size of each ion is compensated by a large cation or anion, respectively, as found in cesium fluoride or lithium iodide. The sodium cation is required for the catalyst. The potassium ion can be tolerated in the alkoxide or halide, but not simultaneousely in both. The lithium ion is in general unsuitable. Alfin polybutadiene is differentiated from sodium-polymerized butadiene by a high proportion...
THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DISPENSABLE PROTEINS IN PLANTS

Summary Plants produce many different kinds of proteins. Enzymes, ribosomal proteins and storage proteins have clearly defined, ubiquitous, physiological roles and are indispensable for normal plant growth. Other proteins, such as urease, β-amylase, lectins, proteinase inhibitors and some proteinases, have a varied distribution and no clear physiological role. These proteins are dispensable in that some plant species manage without them, or with only extremely low levels, whereas other species accumulate significant quantities of the proteins. Dispensable proteins all have defined biological activities, but in most cases these activities do not explain their physiological role. Urease is able to degrade urea, but many seeds contain little or no urea. Beta-amaylase only attacks gelatinized starch, not intact starch granules. Lectins agglutinate red blood cells. Trypsin inhibitors specifically inhibit a proteolytic enzyme from animals. These proteins may fulfill a non-specific role as part of the cellular protein complement and therefore could presumably be replaced by other proteins in other species. The production of dispensable proteins may also be another aspect of general plant secondary metabolism which already encompasses the biosynthesis of amino acids, amines, lipids and carbohydrates. Because they are dispensable, these proteins possibly could be manipulated through plant breeding or epigenetic procedures, without accompanying deleterious side effects. The presence of large quantities of these proteins or their absence appears to have little phenotypic effect on a particular species.
SOS1 mutations are rare in human malignancies: Implications for Noonan syndrome patients

Germ line gain-of-function mutations in several members of the RAS/ERK pathway, including PTPN11, KRAS, and RAF1, cause the autosomal dominant genetic disorder Noonan Syndrome (NS). NS patients are at increased risk of leukemia/myeloproliferative disease and possibly some solid tumors, such as neuroblastoma. Recently, SOS1 gain of function mutations have also been shown to cause NS. Somatic PTPN11, KRAS, and RAF1 mutations occur (although at different frequencies) in a variety of sporadic neoplasms, but whether SOS1 mutations are associated with human cancer has not been evaluated. We sequenced DNA from a total of 810 primary malignancies, including pancreatic, lung, breast, and colon carcinomas, and acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as several neuroblastoma cell lines. From this large, diverse series, missense SOS1 mutations were identified in a single pancreatic tumor, one lung adenocarcinoma, and a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Our findings suggest that SOS1 is not a significant human oncogene in most cancers. Furthermore, NS patients with SOS1 mutations may not be at increased risk of developing cancer.
Free amino acids in the carcasses of various animals.

Abstract 1. 1. Glycine, alanine, glutamine and glutamic acid are the predominant free amino acids of most animal carcasses. 2. 2. Within a given species the ratio of each amino acid to the total is remarkably constant. 3. 3. The pattern of free amino acids in one species resembles those of related species. 4. 4. In some cases the patterns may be used to identify a species, in others only the family or genus may be identified.
Effect of Micelles on Oxygen-Quenching Processes of Triplet-State Para-Substituted Tetraphenylporphyrin Photosensitizers

Development of clinically valuable porphyrin drugs for use in photodynamic therapy requires characterization of membrane effects on porphyrin excited-state dynamics and bimolecular quenching with o...
Opportunity and Risks in Emerging Family Policy: An Analysis of Family Preservation Legislation.

Abstract The Family Preservation and Support Services legislation present both opportunity and risks for the emerging family policy. The opportunity is in the funding for the States to conduct needs assessments and thorough plans to address the problems facing families. The risks are due to lack of strong specific guidelines for establishing family preservation programs. This article gives a brief overview of the legislation, analyzes the legislation and provides suggestions.
Confraternities and popular conservatism on the frontier: Mexico’s Sierra del Nayarit in the nineteenth century

I’ve passed two frightful years due to this same gang, and was even robbed by them,” wrote the priest Damaso Martinez on September 29, 1857. “I suffered all of this, but did not think my own life was in danger. Today, this is not the case. … I believe the Indians have sold my life to them. During the nine months prior to the writing of this report to the Guadalajara See, the parishioners of Santa Maria del Oro had presented a series of demands for money in the priest’s possession. Some 400 pesos had been gained from the forced sale of their lay brotherhood’s property, and they wanted the money so they could buy back the land. By August 1857, however, the parishioners’ attempts at legitimate reclamation, through both ecclesiastical and civil channels, had ended in disappointment. Rumors had long circulated that these Indian parishioners were allied with a prominent gang leader in the region, Manuel Lozada. Thus it likely came as little surprise when Martinez found himself huddled in his church in late September as Lozada’s gang ringed the town, accompanied by the town’s prominent Indians, and demanded that the priest and the local magistrate come out and surrender. Martinez was rescued only by the intervention of state troops, who scattered Lozada’s gang and allowed the priest to flee.
The parathyroid control of serum calcium independent of renal mediation.

There appears to be no general agreement with respect to the efficacyof the parathyroid hormone in the absence of the kidneys. The indications of the inessentiality of the kidneys in the parathyroid control of serum calcium (Ellsworth and Futcher, 1935; Stoerk, 1943; Monahan and Freeman, 1944) have not been fully confirmed (Tweedy et al., 1937; Neufeld and Collip, 1942). On the other hand, Albright and Reifenstein (1948) are of the opinion that “the main action of the parathyroid hormone is to increase phosphate excretion in the urine.” Greep (1948) in his comprehensive review has probably summed up the situation correctly and concisely in his statement that “a true hypercalcemia has never been produced in such an animal” (i.e., in a nephrectomized animal) although he emphasized the adverse biochemical changes resulting from such an operative procedure. Implicit in his statement is the uncertainty regarding the extent of the response elicited by the hormone in the absence of the kidneys.
Food Security and Russia's 2010 Drought

An American specialist on Russia's agricultural sector examines the progression and impact of that country's 2010 drought (the worst in a half-century), leading to a grain harvest one-third smaller than originally forecast. A particular focus is on the country's grain reserves and the government's response to drought in such areas as grain export policy and maintaining the size of the domestic livestock herd, responses which the author argues are conditioned by the drive for food security, a concept that has dominated the political discourse in tandem with resurgent economic nationalism during the post-Soviet period.
Constitutive magnification by the Ybb− chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster

Ybb- is an rDNA-deficient chromosome of Drosophila that has often been used in magnification experiments to induce high-frequency reversion of bobbed (bb) chromosomes. We observed previously that Ybb- causes ring chromosome loss even when the rings are bb+, suggesting that Ybb- induces magnifying sister chromatid exchanges in bb+ rings. Here we show that the Ybb- chromosome causes low levels of bb magnification in bb+ flies. We refer to the ability of Ybb- to bypass the rDNA deficiency requirement for magnification as 'constitutive' magnification. We have magnified the ribosomal genes on the Ybb- chromosome and analysed the revertant chromosomes using genetic and molecular methods. We find that magnified Ybb- chromosomes also exhibit constitutive magnifier activity. Molecular analysis shows that both type 1 and type 2 intron+ ribosomal gene repeats are associated with magnified Ybb- chromosomes. Type 2 introns have been described previously in the rDNA of both X and Y chromosomes. However, type 1 intervening sequences are thought to be present only in X, but not Y, ribosomal genes. Some of the Ybb- type 1 insertions differ from those present in the rDNA of X chromosomes in that they contain an EcoRI site, and some may be present in tandem arrays. The constitutive magnifier activity of Ybb- may reside either in the structurally unusual ribosomal gene intervening sequences associated with the chromosome, or in the locus on YL that is required for magnification to occur.
On boundary conditions and plastic strain-gradient discontinuity in lower-order gradient plasticity

Through linearized analysis and computation, we show that lower-order gradient plasticity is compatible with boundary conditions, thus expanding its predictive capability. A physically motivated gradient modification of the conventional Voce hardening law is shown to lead to a convective stabilizing effect in 1-D, rate-independent plasticity. The partial differential equation is genuinely nonlinear and does not arise as a conservation law, thus making the task of inferring plausible boundary conditions a delicate matter. Implications of wave-type behavior in rate-independent plastic response (under conditions of static equilibrium) are analyzed with a discussion of an appropriate numerical algorithm. Example problems are solved numerically, showing the robustness and simplicity of physically motivated lower-order gradient plasticity. The 3-D case and rate-dependent constitutive assumptions are also discussed.
Endothelial lesions in the aorta of egg yolk-fed miniature swine: A study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Evidence has been accumulating which suggests that atherosclerotic lesions are preceded by endothelial cell damage. Ten miniature swine (FDA, Beltsville, Md.) were maintained on an egg yolk diet (six animals) or on a control diet (four animals) beginning at 5 weeks of age. All animals were sacrificed at 52 weeks of age by intracardiac perfusion of glutaraldehyde. Segments of the aortae were excised and prepared for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM examination of the aortae of egg yolk-fed animals revealed crater-like defects in the endothelial surface associated with marked cellular deformation and disruption. With TEM there were areas of focal disruption of the luminal plasma membrane and exposure of subendothelial tissues. These alterations were found most commonly on or near the leading or following lip or lateral to branch orifices. Similar endothelial lesions (crater-like defects) have been found in monkey and rabbit arteries following ischemia and in rabbit arteries following cholesterol feeding, epinephrine injection, mechanical trauma, and delayed fixation. It is believed that these alterations are a nonspecific reaction of endothelial cells to injury and may represent the initial morphological abnormality in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
The segregated city in British and French colonial Africa

A number of different techniques and rationales were used by the French and British colonial authorities to racially segregate cities in Africa - from the use of planning by-laws requiring European building materials, to the requiring of fluency in European languages in specific areas of towns. Here, the ways in which town planning policies were used to segregate cities in Madagascar, Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Nigeria are considered.
Plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) damage to first-crop alfalfa in South Dakota.

Populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the pale legume bug, Lygus elisus Van Duzee, and the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphacoris lineolatus (Goeze), on first-crop alfalfa influenced hay quality and yields over two growing seasons at Brookings, S.D. Significant suppression of these species of plant bugs increased hay yields, total digestible nutrients, and digestible protein yields per ha in these tests.
The effects of unconditioned stimulus intensity on conditioned alpha blocking

The relationship between US intensity and conditioned alpha blocking was investigated in a between-group design employing 24 human subjects. In all cases, one of three different light intensities was paired with the same tone stimulus. The light intensities used were.602, 1.342, and 2.065 log fL. The three groups of eight subjects each received the same random sequence and number of stimulus trials in pseudoconditioning, conditioning, and extinction. In pseudoconditioning and extinction, there were 36 unpaired tone and light trials, and in conditioning there were 30 paired tone and light trials. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between light intensity and conditioned alpha blocking. The results were interpreted by extending Pavlov’s concept of ultramaximal inhibition.
Usability Testing: A Case Study

Usability testing is a technique for identifying difficulty that individuals may have using a product. Usability tests of the Washington State University (WSU) Libraries’ online public access catalog (OPAC), Article Indexes, Full Text, More, and Other Library Catalogs sections revealed problem areas. A task force used test findings to recommend solutions that led to the participation of the working group involved in designing search screens, the libraries’ User Education Department, and Innovative Interfaces Inc., the OPAC vendor. Solutions are currently being implemented.
Synthesis of high surface area vanadium nitride

Abstract Fine vanadium nitride powders (particle size 11 nm) have been prepared by temperature programmed reduction and nitridation of V 2 O 5 by gaseous ammonia. The reaction was followed by monitoring gas phase reaction products by on-line mass spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis were used to identify various solid-state reaction intermediates, V 6 O 13 , V 2 O 4 , VO 2 , V 2 O 3 , and VO, and to establish that the final reaction step was the nitridation of VO to VN. Heating rate had a substantial effect on product specific surface area and a rate of 0.083 K sec −1 resulted in an optimal value of 90 m 2 g −1 . The activation energy for nitridation was not constant, but rose from 203 to 243 kJ mol −1 as the extent of reaction increased from 0.25 to 0.75. The transformation was limited by the bulk diffusion of oxygen and nitrogen and not by a surface process.
Optimal bovine pericardial tissue selection sites: II. Cartographic analysis

In Part I of this work we used small-angle light scattering (SALS) to quantify the fiber architecture of 20 bovine pericardial sacs, along with corresponding tissue-thickness measurements, to determine optimal material selection sites. In order to determine the anatomic consistency of these sites, the fiber architecture and thickness data from all 20 sacs were averaged together using a cartographic analysis method that took advantage of the geometry of the prolate spheroid mold used to process the sacs. Optimal selection sites were determined based on a local criteria where all fiber preferred directions within a 2.54-cm circular area were within +/- 10 degrees. The largest contiguous area (LCA) for the entire BP sac was 20.54 cm2, located in the vicinity of the left ventricle of the heart. The LCA tissue thicknesses were also relatively uniform, further supporting the use of these areas. However, even within these optimal areas there was a +/- 20 degrees standard deviation in local fiber preferred directions, resulting in at best a 40 degrees spread in local preferred directions. The observed structural variability may be due to regionally heterogeneous physiologic loadings induced by the ligamentous attachments. These attachments may alter the regional fiber preferred orientation to support local mechanical loadings. Overall, given the inherent structural variability of the BP sac, we conclude that use of anatomic location alone will not consistently guarantee the selection of tissue specimens with a highly homogeneous and predictable fibrous structure. It is thus suggested that a direct fiber measurement presorting method be employed when selecting BP specimens for bioprosthetic applications where tissue structural homogeneity and uniformity is critical.
Identification of Age Anomalous Components of Food Commodities by Radiocarbon (14C) Analyses

“Post-maximum-bomb” 14C activities (1964 to the present) provide a natural isotopic signature to obtain information on biomass source age in contemporary food preparations. An analysis of the 14C content in frozen orange juice-containing products purchased in 1996 suggested, in one case, an inferred growth period between 1992 and 1994 for oranges used in the preparation of this commodity. In another case, the 14C analysis indicated an inferred average growth period of 1988−90 for the organics in a “frozen concentrated enriched citrus beverage”. The presence of significant amounts of chemical additives obtained or synthesized from fossil carbon sources can also be documented by measuring 14C content. Keywords: Radiocarbon; carbon isotopes; orange juice; component age
Factors affecting the seating and fit of complete crowns: A computer simulation study

E ffective cementation is crucial to the successful placement of a complete crown, and poor seating results in inadequate marginal adaptation. Furthermore, an incompletely seated crown or fixed partial denture (FPD) compromises function.ls4 American Dental Association (ADA) specification No. 8 states that cement film thickness should not exceed 25 pm, but studies have demonstrated that the film thickness is frequently greater.5-” Burnishing subgingival crown margins to improve the marginal seal, particularly with ceramometal restorations, is impractical or impossible. I2 Therefore, the coping, the materials, and the crown cementation determine the quality of the seal. The effects of modifying technical and clinical procedures on seating have been repeatedly measured.5-‘4 However, clinical research is often limited by the experimental design, the technical difficulties of reproducing the unique orientation and fit of the coping to the die, or the consistency of the cement.*5,‘6 To overcome these problems, investigators have devised theoretical approaches to demonstrate fundamentals that influence the fit of crowns or crown cementation.17”9 A computer model was developed to combine the benefits of precision theoretical analysis and clinically applicable experimental design to reproduce several experimental studies.*, “r “3 21 This investigation applied the computer model in simulation of crown cementation under various clinical conditions.
Relation between the Airborne Diameters of Respiratory Droplets and the Diameter of the Stains left after Recovery

SEVERAL workers have investigated the numbers and sizes of droplets expelled during expiratory manoeuvres such as coughing or sneezing. When droplets are recovered by settling, by impaction or by some form of air sampler, it is necessary to calculate the airborne diameter of the original droplet from the diameter of the stain left after recovery. Duguid1 repeated the experiments of Strauss2 in which large droplets of saliva (1–3 mm in diameter) were measured with a micrometer eyepiece, first while they hung from fine glass capillaries and then again after they had fallen, flattened and evaporated on a slide. When a glass slide was used, the diameters of the original droplets were about half those of the stain marks. Buckland and Tyrrell3, using glass slides, calculated the airborne diameter of droplets as 1/2.5 of the diameter of the stain marks left after impaction. May4 described the use of glass slides coated with magnesium oxide in estimating the airborne diameter of droplets; droplets landing on this surface will penetrate the magnesium oxide crust like stones falling into snow, and the diameter of the entry-hole is related to the airborne diameter of the droplet. He investigated this relationship for droplets with airborne diameters ranging from 20µ to 250µ, determining the airborne diameter by an “absolute method” which involved trapping the droplet in oil, and measuring it microscopically5. He concluded that the airborne diameter averaged 0.858 times the magnesium oxide entry-hole diameter, and that this relationship was independent of the speed of impaction and, within the range investigated, of the diameter of the droplet involved.
Fluorophore-quencher distance correlation functions from single-molecule photon arrival trajectories.

We generalize and simplify the method of Yang and Xie (J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 10965) to obtain distance correlation functions from photon arrival trajectories of single fluorophores whose lifetime, [k(r)]-1, depends on the distance to a quencher. It is assumed that this distance does not change during the fluorescence lifetime. The experimental trajectory is first transformed by replacing the delay time (i.e., the interval between the photon arrival and the nearest laser pulse) by a certain function of this delay time. This function is the inverse Laplace transform of r(k), which is the solution of k(r) = 1. The correlation function of the transformed data then directly gives the distance correlation function. Illustrative examples include Forster energy transfer and quenching due to electron transfer.
Electrochemical characterization of high-power lithium ion batteries using triangular voltage and current excitation sources

Abstract We derive and implement analytic solutions for the description of batteries subject to cyclic voltage and current sources of varying amplitudes, consistent with vehicle drive events. An equivalent circuit comprising a resistor in series with a parallel resistor–capacitor combination is employed. The method we develop is applied to a high-power lithium ion cell, thereby allowing us to obtain parameters and overall characteristics useful for (1) representing the battery in system (e.g., vehicle) models and (2) providing a quantitative means of comparing and classifying battery systems. Closed-form analytic solutions derived using Fourier series are compared with experimental data.
Combining Super-Resolution Imaging and Single Particle Tracking in Living Cells to Probe Interactions Between Actin and Plasma Membrane Proteins

Cortical actin is a complex meshwork essential for the dynamic organization and localization of plasma membrane proteins. In order to characterize dynamics of the cytoskeleton of living mammalian cells with resolution beyond the diffraction limit, we used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). We transfected ND7/23 and HEK 293 cells to express Dendra2 labeled actin. The cells were imaged in a custom-built total internal reflection microscope maintaining the cells under physiological conditions for prolonged periods of time. Dynamic PALM images of the actin cytoskeleton were reconstructed in a 5-second sliding time window. A resolution of 50 nm was achieved.By combining dynamic super-resolution actin images and single particle tracking in the plasma membrane, we studied the actin cytoskeleton's role in the organization of Kv2.1 channels into segregated microdomains. Kv2.1 forms stable clusters in hippocampal neurons and transfected HEK cells, but the mechanism by which the clusters are formed is not well understood. By labeling Kv2.1 channels with quantum dots which are spectrally well separated from Dendra2, two-color images were obtained which revealed complex interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and Kv2.1 channels. This work demonstrates that PALM combined with single particle tracking is an effective technique to probe the dynamic interactions between cortical actin and membrane proteins.
Efficient, non-data-aided chromatic dispersion estimation via generalized, FFT-based sweep

We propose a method that eliminates the 2 samples/symbol requirement on FFT-based CD estimation, and generalizes this highly-efficient, non-data-aided, frequency-domain CD estimation approach to systems with η samples/symbol where 1<;η ≤2.
Induction of acetylcholine receptor synthesis and aggregation: Partial purification of low-molecular-weight activity

Abstract We have studied the effect of saline and acid extracts of chick brain on the total number of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors and the number of receptor clusters in cultured chick muscle cells. Myotubes in 7-day cultures responded more rapidly to brain extract than did myotubes in 4-day cultures, so the older cells were used in subsequent bioassays. A large percentage of the receptor inducing activity was soluble in 2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and this material appeared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography to be about 1000 daltons in size. Activity was retained on octadecasilyl silica and was further purified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography using a TFA-acetonitrile gradient system. Material that eluted between 35 and 40% acetonitrile, termed C4018, was 500- to 1000-fold more potent than saline extract. The receptor accumulation induced by C4018 was associated with an increased rate of receptor incorporation, presumably receptor synthesis, rather than to a decrease in receptor degradation. An increase in incorporation was detected as early as 3 hr after C4018 was added to 7-day cultures and the effect was maximal after 10 hr. C4018 also promoted the aggregation of receptors that were already incorporated in the surface membrane at the time to addition. It is not yet known if aggregation of “old” receptors and increased receptor synthesis are related or if the two phenomena are mediated by the same molecule.
Deriving global virtual time algorithms from conservative simulation protocols

Abstract In distributed discrete-event simulation, there are strong similarities between protocols to ensure correctness in conservative simulation and global virtual time (GVT) protocols in optimistic simulation. We exploit this similarity to develop two new GVT algorithms, one of which appears to be competitive with the best known algorithms.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome complicating percutaneous nephrolithotripsy

In an otherwise healthy thirty-six-year-old man adult respiratory distress syndrome developed following percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Absorption of a large volume of irrigating solution occurred during the procedure and resulted in respiratory compromise, neither of which was appreciated intraoperatively. Close intraoperative monitoring of irrigation fluid input and output is necessary, and if a significant discrepancy develops, we believe the procedure should be terminated and diuresis instituted. In a difficult procedure, consideration should be given to establishing a maximum operating time and shortened if patient risk factors so warrant.
Children's one-hand catching as a function of age, gender, and ball location.

Abstract A sizable body of literature exists on the product characteristics and developmental sequence for two-hand catching, but to date there is no description of the developmental characteristics of simple one-hand catching in young children. This study investigated the influence of age, gender, and ball location on children's one-hand catching. Boys and girls (N = 240) ranging in age from 5 to 12 years attempted to catch a total of 24 tennis balls, tossed from a 9-ft distance. Tosses were directed to four locations: (a) WAIST, (b) SHOULDER, (c) ABOVE-THE-HEAD, and (d) OUT-TO-THE-SIDE. Descriptive data consisted of the percentage of successful catches at each ball location, and the hand–arm orientation selected by the child as a function of ball location. Results revealed that catching performance improved with age, boys caught more balls than girls, ball location influenced catching success, and, in general, the location of the toss constrained the child's selection of an appropriate hand–arm orientat...
Polar coordinate quantizers that minimize mean-squared error

A quantizer for complex data is defined by a partition of the complex plane and a representation point associated with each cell of the partition. A polar coordinate quantizer independently quantizes the magnitude and phase angle of complex data. The authors derive design equations for minimum mean-squared error polar coordinate quantizers and report some interesting theoretical results on their performance, including performance limits for " phase-only" representations. The results provide a concrete example of a biased estimator whose mean-squared error is smaller than that of any unbiased estimator. Quantizer design examples show the relative importance of magnitude and phase encoding. >
A Journey through the Wilderness: An Autoethnographic Study of the ERP System Implementation Process As Created by IT Project Managers and Team Members

Autoethnography has emerged as a relatively new methodological approach within the fields of project management, information technology, organizational behavioral studies, and more broadly within the social sciences. As a reflexive methodology it offers the beginning and experienced researcher a means of critically exploring the social forces that shapes ones involvement in the information technology project implementation process and subsequent the project management experience. In this article the authors discuss the significance of autoethnography as it was utilized to research the experiences of project managers in the enterprise resource planning systems implementation process. The process involved recollecting, writing and re-reading experiences in light of social capital and organizational theories that explore the socio-psychological and cultural aspects within the implementation period of an enterprise resources planning system. The autoethnographic approach used in this article contributes to the emergent methodological literature that embraces the textual or narrative turn within qualitative studies of information technology and project management.
Electrical Resistivity of Metallic Lithium Vapor

The electrical resistivity of Li vapor in the metallic phase is calculated using hard-sphere ion-ion interactions and an electron-ion scattering amplitude obtained using the pseudopotential technique. An upper limit on the density at which the transition from the metallic state is expected to take place is estimated to be 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{22}$ atoms/cc.
Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy of cells

Applications of fluorescence microscopy in biology range from macromolecular to multicellular, with living specimens in particular placing severe constraints on the resolution, precision, speed, and optical efficiency of the image-forming instrumentation. In most cases, a high-resolution optical system will produce images in which the axial position of a feature in the specimen is encoded through sharpness of focus, leading to inherently 3D data. Even in the case where quantitative analysis of only one particular plane of focus within the specimen is to be made, fluorescence from that stratum must be isolated from out-of-focus contributions. At the present time, (1) confocal scanning and (2) direct imaging used with computational deconvolution are the main methods by which object structure is extracted from serial-focus fluorescence image sets. In addition, fluorescence microscopes utilizing interferometric illumination, multi-photon excitation, composite apertures and image interferometry have been introduced specifically to improve 3D resolution. In this report, we look specifically at the constraints imposed by biological specimens on instrumentation used for 3D fluorescence imaging.
Global Political Geography beyond Geopolitics

Resisting the Bomb. A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1954–1970. Vol. 2 of The Struggle Against the Bomb, Lawrence S. Wittner (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997). 641 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-2918-2), $65.00; paper (ISBN: 0-8047-3169-1), $24.95. Domestic Society and International Cooperation: The Impact of Protest on U.S. Arms Control Policy, Jeffrey W. Knopf (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 287 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-5216-2240-9), $59.95; paper (ISBN: 0-5216-2691-9), $19.95. Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940, Stephen I. Schwartz, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998). 680 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-8157-7774-4), $59.95; paper (ISBN: 0-8157-7773-6), $24.95. Global political geography is undergoing a revival of scholarly interest after years of relative neglect. The three books under review provide a good cross-section of recent thinking, addressing three of its primary concerns: the role of geographical scale (local, regional, national, global, etc.) in establishing political identities; geopolitical practice as a form of power/knowledge; and shifts in the “mix” of geographical scales at which the world economy and, increasingly, world politics are organized. Herb and Kaplan claim that political identities can no longer be equated with fixed or stable national ones. AŇ Tuathail argues that geopolitical content is implicit in the very practice of foreign policy. Scott suggests that the world is in a period of transition from a political geography based primarily on a mosaic of state territories to one organized with reference to an emerging network of global city-regions. Each book offers an approach to contemporary international studies that scholars largely ignorant of the revival of political geography may find interesting and useful. Books reviewed in this article: Herb, Guntram H. and Kaplan, David H. (eds.) Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale Tuathail, Gearoid O. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space Scott, Allen J. Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition, and Political Order
Hypomorphic MGAT5 polymorphisms promote multiple sclerosis cooperatively with MGAT1 and interleukin-2 and 7 receptor variants

Deficiency of the Golgi N-glycan branching enzyme Mgat5 in mice promotes T cell hyperactivity, endocytosis of CTLA-4 and autoimmunity, including a spontaneous multiple sclerosis (MS)-like disease. Multiple genetic and environmental MS risk factors lower N-glycan branching in T cells. These include variants in interleukin-2 receptor-α (IL2RA), interleukin-7 receptor-α (IL7RA), and MGAT1, a Golgi branching enzyme upstream of MGAT5, as well as vitamin D3 deficiency and Golgi substrate metabolism. Here we describe linked intronic variants of MGAT5 that are associated with reduced N-glycan branching, CTLA-4 surface expression and MS (p=5.79×10(-9), n=7,741), the latter additive with the MGAT1, IL2RA and IL7RA MS risk variants (p=1.76×10(-9), OR=0.67-1.83, n=3,518).
A new geothermal anomaly in Nicaragua

Abstract The information acquired during reconnaissance surface exploration in Nicaragua suggests a large geothermal reservoir in the region of Masaya—Nandaime. The exploration programme included geological, geophysical, geochemical, as well as hydrogeological investigations. Integration of the results from various disciplines permitted postulation of a conceptual model of the reservoir and of the thermal regime within the zone immediately above and around the reservoir. The reservoir with a temperature in excess of 200°C is emplaced at a depth between 2 and 4 km in a predominantly graywacke formation. It is sealed off by a silica cap and camouflaged by the flow of groundwater in a thick phreatic aquifer, that intercepts and redistributes anomalous heat flow from above the reservoir.
Remarks on the global sobolev inequalities in the minkowski space Rn+1

On demontre des inegalites de Sobolev globales sur l'espace de Minkowski R n+1 . Le theoreme principal est valable sur des tranches a temps fixe
Topical Review: The Emerging Field of Epigenetics: Informing Models of Pediatric Trauma and Physical Health

OBJECTIVE : Trauma experienced during childhood and adolescence has been linked to a number of chronic medical concerns. We highlight major findings from the pediatric trauma literature to provide a model for understanding this association. METHODS : Studies examining the effects of trauma were systematically reviewed and synthesized into a model proposing a central role for epigenetics in the ways that childhood experiences can affect health. RESULTS : Early hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response may impact initial trauma experience, with downstream effects on posttrauma adjustment reflected in posttrauma neurobiology, psychological health, and physical health. CONCLUSIONS : Prospective research with children and adolescents exposed to trauma is needed to better characterize the genetic and epigenetic influences on the course of HPA and immune processes as related to posttrauma psychological and physical health outcomes. Language: en
Unsupervised Detection of Regions of Interest Using Iterative Link Analysis

This paper proposes a fast and scalable alternating optimization technique to detect regions of interest (ROIs) in cluttered Web images without labels. The proposed approach discovers highly probable regions of object instances by iteratively repeating the following two functions: (1) choose the exemplar set (i.e. a small number of highly ranked reference ROIs) across the dataset and (2) refine the ROIs of each image with respect to the exemplar set. These two subproblems are formulated as ranking in two different similarity networks of ROI hypotheses by link analysis. The experiments with the PASCAL 06 dataset show that our unsupervised localization performance is better than one of state-of-the-art techniques and comparable to supervised methods. Also, we test the scalability of our approach with five objects in Flickr dataset consisting of more than 200K images.
A METHOD FOR COMBINING OCCURRENCE AND NONOCCURRENCE INTEROBSERVER AGREEMENT SCORES

Various statistics have been proposed as standard methods for calculating and reporting interobserver agreement scores. The advantages and disadvantages of each have been discussed in this journal recently but without resolution. A formula is presented that combines separate measures of occurrence and nonoccurrence percentages of agreement, with weight assigned to each measure, varying according to the observed rate of behavior. This formula, which is a modification of a formula proposed by Clement (1976), appears to reduce distortions due to “chance” agreement encountered with very high or low observed rates of behavior while maintaining the mathematical and conceptual simplicity of the conventional method for calculating occurrence and nonoccurrence agreement.
An improved method for susceptibility and radius quantification of cylindrical objects from MRI

A new method is developed to measure the magnetic susceptibilities and radii of small cylinder-like objects at arbitrary orientations accurately. This method for most biological substances only requires a standard gradient echo sequence with one or two echo times, depending on the orientation of an object relative to the main magnetic field. For objects oriented at the magic angle, however, this method is not applicable. As a byproduct of this method, the cross-sectional area as well as signals inside and outside the object can be determined. The uncertainty of each measurement is estimated from the error propagation method. Partial volume, dephasing, and phase aliasing effects are naturally included in the equations of this method. A number of simulations, phantom, and pilot in-vivo human studies are carried out to validate the theory. When the maximal phase value at the boundary of a given cylindrical object is larger than 3 radians, and the phase inside the object is more than 1 radian, the susceptibility can be accurately quantified within 15%. The radius of the object can be determined to subpixel accuracy. This is the case when the signal-to-noise ratio inside the object is about 6:1 or higher and the radius of the object is about one pixel or larger. These conditions are realistic when considering medullary and pial veins for example.
Impact of Attachment Style and Self-Monitoring on Individuals' Responses to Accommodative Dilemmas Across Relationship Types

This study examines the impact of attachment style (i.e., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful-avoidant) on individuals' responses to accommodative dilemmas (i.e., exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect) across a variety of relationship types (n = 90 individuals). Contrary to hypotheses, prior to including: (a) constructiveness (constructive versus destructive), (b) activeness (active versus passive), and (c) relationship type (relationships with romantic partners, parents, and friends) as within-subject factors, and prior to controlling statistically for self-monitoring (or, more correctly, other-directedness), attachment style was not significant as a between-subjects factor. Also, contrary to predictions, after including constructiveness, activeness, and relationship type as within-subject factors, and after controlling statistically for other-directedness, the two-way interaction effect between attachment style and constructiveness was nonsignificant. However, a significant four-way interaction eff...
What is the price paid for superimposed training in OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission with superimposed training is considered in this paper. The superimposed training scheme is promoted for its high bandwidth efficiency, low computational complexity, and possibly improved power amplifier (PA) efficiency. Channel equalization is also straightforward thanks to the OFDM structure. By analyzing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of the superimposed OFDM signal and utilizing a peak power constraint, we demonstrate that it is possible to lose a little in the information signal power, but gain a lot in the power that is devoted to channel sounding.
Role of TNF-α signaling in regeneration of cardiotoxin-injured muscle

Recent data suggest a physiological role for the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism is not understood. In the present study, we analyz...
Plant litter chemistry and mycorrhizal roots promote a nitrogen feedback in a temperate forest.

Summary 1. Relationships between mycorrhizal plants and soil nitrogen (N) have led to the speculation that the chemistry of plant litter and the saprotrophy of mycorrhizal symbionts can function together to closely couple the N cycle between plants and soils. We hypothesized that a tannin-rich, ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) plant promotes the retention of protein‐tannin N in soil, and that this N source is accessible to saprotrophic ERM symbionts and their hosts, but remains less available to co-occurring ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbionts and their hosts. 2. We tested this feedback hypothesis in a southern Appalachian forest community composed of two microsites: a hardwood microsite with ECM and AM trees in the overstorey and understorey, and an AM herb layer; and a rhododendron microsite where the understorey and herb layer are replaced by ERM rhododendron. We synthesized 15 N-enriched protein‐tannin complexes from leaf litter extracts representing each forest microsite and examined the fate of 15 N in soil volumes 3 months and 1 year after the complexes were placed in the field. 3. Protein‐tannin complexes derived from the rhododendron microsite led to a higher retention of 15 N in soil organic matter and a lower recovery in dissolved N pools than those from the hardwood microsite, supporting the hypothesis that rhododendron tannins create stable complexes that increase organic N retention in soils. 4. Rhododendron complexes led to greater 15 N-enrichment in ERM roots than in AM and ECM roots, supporting the hypothesis that rhododendron can better access the N complexed by its own litter tannins than can co-occurring forest trees and plants. Our results suggest that both fungal saprotrophy and a high specific root length contribute to the ability of ERM roots to acquire N from complex organic sources. 5. Synthesis. This study provides evidence of an intricate N feedback where plant litter chemistry influences the cycle of N to maximize N acquisition by the host’s mycorrhizal roots, while hindering N acquisition by mycorrhizal roots of co-occurring plants. Feedback processes such as these have the potential to drive patterns in nitrogen cycling and productivity in many terrestrial ecosystems.
Promise and problems in relating cellular senescence in vitro to aging in vivo

According to the 'Hayflick limit', human fetal fibroblasts have a uniform, limited replicative lifespan of about 50 population doublings in cell culture. This concept was extrapolated to diverse cells in the body. It seemed to decrease with the age of the cell donor and, as a form of cell senescence, was thought to underlie the aging process. More discriminating analysis, however, showed that the fibroblasts decayed in a stochastic manner from the time of their explantation, at a rate that increased with the number of population doublings in culture. There was no consistent relation to the age of the donor. Despite the contradictory evidence, the original version of the Hayflick limit retained its general acceptance. Cell senescence was attributed to the absence of telomerase in the fibroblasts, which resulted in shortening of telomeres at each division until they fell below a critical length needed for further division. However, it is well established that stem cells in renewing tissues undergo many more than 50 divisions in a lifetime, without apparent senescence. Contrary to early findings of no telomerase in most tissues, their stem cells retain telomerase and presumably telomere length despite many divisions in vivo. Massive accumulation of lipofuscin granules occurs under stress in long term crowded cultures, but the granules dissipate on subculture or neoplastic transformation. The overall results indicate a critical disjunction between cell senescence in vitro and aging in vivo. By contrast, cell culture has been useful in showing a need for telomere capping in maintaining cell stability and viability. It may also provide information about the biochemical mechanism of lipofuscin production.