cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast, high energy, wideband wavelength conversion via continuous intra-pulse and discrete intermodal Raman scattering

We demonstrate energetic (∼30nJ) ultrashort pulse wavelength conversion from ∼1045-1600nm with ∼38% overall efficiency, achieved by a combination of intra-pulse Raman soliton shifting and discrete, cascaded intermodal Raman scattering in a step-index multimode fiber.
Persistent Coxsackievirus Infection : Enterovirus Persistence in Chronic Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Enteroviral infection of the heart has been noted in a significant proportion of cases of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. The presence of enterovirus RNA at stages of disease after acute infection and correlation of enterovirus replication with worse clinical outcome suggests continued replication of the virus is involved in the progression of the disease. This finding is mirrored by the murine model of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis, in which virus persists through the evolution of the virus to a terminally deleted defective form which persists in the myocardium. Studies of the mechanism of induction of myocarditis by coxsackievirus B3 require assessment of the effects of alterations of the immune response upon virus persistence in this form. As expression of viral proteins in the heart have been shown to generate significant impairment of cardiomyocyte function and promote generation of dilated cardiomyopathy, the role of virus persistence is likely to include direct effects of viral replication as well as induction of inflammation in the heart. Factors that control the extent of cardiac infection with terminally deleted enteroviruses and the relative roles of continued immune response of the virus vs viral modification of cardiac function need to be measured to find effective therapies for the human disease.
Orbital vascular malformations: a consensus statement on terminology and its clinical implications. Orbital Society.

○ PURPOSE: Orbital venous anomalies and lymphangiomas have been generally classified on morphologic grounds. However, conflicting concepts of these lesions have hampered scientific dialogue and confused clinicians, with occasionally serious consequences for patients. As a step toward uniform nomenclature and better communication, a consensus on the terminology of orbital vascular malformations was sought among the members of the Orbital Society. ○ METHODS: A classification of orbital vascular malformations based on their hemodynamic relationships, as revealed by clinical and imaging features, was presented, discussed, and adopted at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the Orbital Society. A consensus statement was drafted and distributed to all members. The statement was then modified in accordance with members' responses, which included minor stylistic recommendations but no substantive dissent. ○ RESULTS: Orbital vascular malformations may be classified according to their hemodynamic relationships as no flow, venous flow, and arterial flow lesions. Assignment to each group is based on pertinent clinical and imaging criteria. Mixed forms with both venous and no flow components are grouped within the venous flow category to emphasize the clinical importance of that relationship. ○ CONCLUSIONS: A hemodynamic classification of orbital vascular malformations emphasizes features most germane to their management. It should reduce the clinical confusion resulting from purely morphologic differentiation. Widely accepted definitions may allow a better comparison of therapeutic protocols for these troublesome lesions.
Graphene Carrier Transport Theory

This chapter describes the theory of carrier transport in two-dimensional graphene sheets. At high carrier density, the conductivity of graphene depends on carrier density, the dielectric constant of the substrate, and the properties of the impurity potential, which all can be treated using the Boltzmann transport formalism. At low carrier density, disorder causes the local random fluctuations in carrier density to exceed the average density. As a consequence, the carrier transport at the Dirac point is highly inhomogeneous. The ensemble-averaged properties of these puddles of electrons and holes are described by a self-consistent theory, and the conductivity of this inhomogeneous medium is given by an effective medium theory. Comparing this transport theory with the results of representative experiments rigorously tests it validity and accuracy.
(284) Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension after a Dive into a Waterfall: A Case Presentation

A 25-year-old female presented to our clinic with one-year history of retro-orbital orthostatic headaches associated with nausea, vomiting and rare binocular diplopia exacerbated by valsalva, work, and exercise and relieved by lying down. She denied headache upon awakening, photophobia and phonophobia. Her headaches started after returning from a trip to Haiti where she participated in a 30-foot waterfall dive. While there she also developed E. coli diarrheal illness. Two weeks after returning she started having daily headaches which was subsequently evaluated by an otolaryngologist, family medicine practitioner and neurologist. Their differential diagnosis included allergies, stress or migraines yet she subsequently failed trial of steroids, sumatriptan, NSAID's, caffeine, and sumatriptan. She was referred to our pain management center and a brain MRI was ordered. Based on results, a cervicothoracic MRI, cisternogram and CT myelogram were obtained. Notable findings were presence of tonsillar descent suggestive of an acquired Chiari malformation, pachymeningeal enhancement, multiple nerve root sleeve diverticula in the thoracic spine, extravasation of contrast at multiple levels on the CT myelogram and contrast collection at various cervical levels. She underwent four epidural blood patch (EBP) procedures under fluoroscopic guidance, two lumbar and two thoracic (15-20cc). The maximum benefit was from mid-thoracic approach. Following EBP procedure, her headaches improved significantly. Finally, she was referred to neurosurgery and neuroradiology. CT-guided epidural blood and fibrin patches were performed at multiple levels based on locations of maximal epidural dye collection on CT myelogram. Patient remains asymptomatic at 3-month follow up.
TCTAP C-065 Malignant Right Coronary Artery: Early Intervention or Observation

### Patient Initials or Identifier Number CD ### Relevant Clinical History and Physical Exam A 55-year-old lady with no known medical illness referred to the outpatient clinic for occasional chest pain. Electrocardiography (ECG) was normal and an echocardiogram showing ejection fraction of 68%
The voices of therapists and children regarding the inclusion of children in family therapy : A systematic research synthesis

In 1970, Nathan Ackerman challenged the field of marriage and family therapy to actively involve young children in the family therapy process. How has the field of marriage and family therapy responded to his challenge? Using a systematic research synthesis to review and critique the non-empirical and empirical literature in the area of children in family therapy, the author discovered that the field of marriage and family therapy has not responded to Ackerman's challenge in the way he may have hoped for nearly three decades ago. A summary of the literature's findings is provided and recommendations for future research, as well as implications, for the field of marriage and family therapy are discussed.
13.21 – Cognitive Function

Neurotoxicity in humans involves chemical-induced alterations in motor, sensory, emotional, personality, and cognitive functions. Alterations in cognitive function include changes in learning, mathematical abilities, categorization, coding, concept shifting, distractibility, memory, pattern recognition, reading, spatial relations, sustained and selective attention, vocabulary, and intelligence. Considerable effort has been made to characterize effects of chemicals on cognitive functions using animal models. Information from these models has been used to develop strategies to identify chemicals that are likely to affect these functions in humans, to determine the cellular targets of centrally acting neurotoxicants, to characterize pathways by which effects at these targets lead to cognitive dysfunction, and thereby to improve our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of cognition. This chapter (a) provides working definitions of cognitive functions, such as learning, memory, and attention; (b) presents an overview of some of the procedures commonly used in behavioral toxicology to assess the effects of chemicals on cognitive function in animals; and (c) discusses some critical experimental and conceptual variables that are important for studies on chemical-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Pest insects and natural enemies in transitional organic cotton in Georgia.

This research was conducted in experimental plots in Georgia from 2004 through 2006 and assessed the prospects for transitioning to a totally organic management system for cotton. The seasonal abundance of insect pests and their natural enemies over the 3-yr transitional period are reported herein. The heliothines, Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and stink bugs, mainly Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), and Euschistus quadrator (Rolston), were the 2 groups of insect pests found on cotton. Heliothine larvae were observed each year of the study but, in general, infestations of heliothines were higher in 2004 than in the other 2 yrs. Stink bugs were observed in relatively high numbers, and the percent of cotton bolls damaged by these pests was high only during year 2 of the study. Over the 3-yr period, the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, various spiders, including Oxyopes scalaris Hentz and Peucetia viridans (Hentz), the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), and the pirate bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), were the most abundant predators of the heliothines and stink bugs. The endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps Viereck and an ascovirus also contributed to larval mortality of H. virescens. The endoparasitoid Trichopoda pennipes (F.) parasitized adults of N. viridula.
The (un)structural biology of biomolecular liquid-liquid phase separation using NMR spectroscopy

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins and nucleic acids is a phenomenon that underlies membraneless compartmentalization of the cell. The underlying molecular interactions that underpin biomolecular LLPS have been of increased interest due to the importance of membraneless organelles in facilitating various biological processes and the disease association of several of the proteins that mediate LLPS. Proteins that are able to undergo LLPS often contain intrinsically disordered regions and remain dynamic in solution. Solution-state NMR spectroscopy has emerged as a leading structural technique to characterize protein LLPS due to the variety and specificity of information that can be obtained about intrinsically disordered sequences. This review discusses practical aspects of studying LLPS by NMR, summarizes recent work on the molecular aspects of LLPS of various protein systems, and discusses future opportunities for characterizing the molecular details of LLPS to modulate phase separation.
Multi-model Hydroclimate Projections for the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin in the Southeastern United States.

This study uses a high-resolution, process-based modeling framework to assess the impacts of changing climate on water resources for the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin in the southeastern United States. A 33-member ensemble of hydrologic projections was generated using 3 distributed hydrologic models (Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, Variable Infiltration Capacity, and Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model) of different complexity. These hydrologic models were driven by dynamically downscaled and bias-corrected future climate simulations from 11 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 global climate models under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 emission scenario, with 40 years each in baseline (1966–2005) and future (2011–2050) periods. The hydroclimate response, in general, projects an increase in mean seasonal precipitation, runoff, and streamflow. The high and low flows are projected to increase and decrease, respectively, in general, suggesting increased likelihood of extreme rainfall events and intensification of the hydrologic cycle. The uncertainty associated with the ensemble hydroclimate response, analyzed through an analysis of variance technique, suggests that the choice of climate model is more critical than the choice of hydrologic model for the studied region. This study provides in-depth insights of hydroclimate response and associated uncertainties to support informed decisions by water resource managers.
Black in America: the paradox of the color line: by Enobong Hannah Branch and Christina Jackson, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2020, viii+214pp, £19.99(paperback), ISBN 978-1509531394

Black in America: The Paradox of the Color Line provides a lens through which to view, with critical eyes, the pitfalls and contradictions of the American project. As an explication of ‘the problem...
ASSETS: Building a Model to Support Transfer Students in Engineering –Work in Progress

This Research to Practice work in progress paper presents a model to bridge the gap in community college engineering students successfully transferring to 4-year institutions. In 2015, the state of Tennessee (TN) launched TN Promise, a scholarship and mentoring program that enables tuition-free attendance at two-year community colleges for eligible Tennessee high school graduates. With over 18,000 students already enrolled in TN Promise, the number of students who may choose to transfer to four-year institutions is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years. To prepare for the expected influx of transfer students, and to address known barriers transfer students face, we have designed the Academic Intervention, Social Supports and Scholarships for Engineering Transfer Students program (ASSETS). While transfer students are ready for college, they often face institutional barriers to success that need addressing, particularly in Engineering.The ASSETS program is a comprehensive support ecosystem designed to improve retention and reduce time to graduation for engineering transfer students. In the second year of operation, with 23 enrolled ASSETS scholars, the program has implemented and begun studying the effectiveness of evidence-based strategies to reduce these institutional barriers to success, improve retention rates, and reduce time to graduation among engineering transfer students.This paper presents the initial findings and outcomes of the ASSETS program to enhance opportunities and success of transfer students.
Clinical efficacy of EMDR in unipolar depression: Changes in theta cordance.

Abstract Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has demonstrated efficacy in treating major depressive disorder. EMDR increases cerebral perfusion in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Activity in the ACC and dlPFC can be measured by theta cordance (TC) but has not been examined in EMDR. Ten participants (3 men, 7 women, M age = 42.31 ± 15.03) received ten 75 ± 15 minute EMDR sessions over 6.5 ± .5 weeks. Results indicated that PHQ-9 depression scores reduced from T1 (M = 13.9 ± 3.31) to T11 (M = 6.30 ± 3.23) with EMDR (SMD = 2.30), and that fTC but not pfTC was significantly related to this change. Depression declined as fTC declined. EMDR may engage the dlPFC or ACC that modulates depression and aid in reducing fTC and thus depression levels.
An intrapersonal, intertemporal solution to an interpersonal dilemma

It is commonly accepted that what we ought to do collectively does not imply anything about what each of us ought to do individually. According to this line of reasoning, if cooperating will make no difference to an outcome, then you are not morally required to do it. And if cooperating will be personally costly to you as well, this is an even stronger reason to not do it. However, this reasoning results in a self-defeating, yet entirely predictable outcome. If everyone is rational, no one will cooperate, resulting in an aggregate outcome that is devastating for everyone. This dismal analysis explains why climate change and other collective action problems are so difficult to ameliorate. The goal of this paper is to provide a different, exploratory framework for thinking about individual reasons for action in collective action problems. I argue that the concept of commitment gives us a new perspective on collective action problems. Once we take the structure of commitment into account, this activates requirements of diachronic rationality that give individuals instrumental reasons to cooperate in collective action problems.
Health, Neighborhoods, and School Readiness from the Parent Perspective: A Qualitative Study of Contextual and Socio-Emotional Factors

The objective of this qualitative study was to address existing gaps in the literature by gathering parent perspectives on both health and school readiness in regard to neighborhood context, specifically parents' perceived level of neighborhood safety and support, on physical health and the behavioral and cognitive domains of school readiness. Focus groups were conducted with a total of 28 parents or caregivers whose children attended Early Head Start/Head Start Centers or who received Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services in New Orleans, Louisiana during fall 2015. Parents discussed concepts of school readiness, neighborhood, the intersection between the two, and parental stress; however, few expressed a clear connection between their concerns about safety, their own stress, and their child's readiness for school. Disparities in both health and school readiness exist between both racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States, and this study offers a unique and enhanced understanding of the impact of non-academic factors on the well-being and development of young children.
Distributivity strengthens reciprocity, collectivity weakens it

In this paper we examine interactions of the reciprocal with distributive and collective operators, which are encoded by prefixes on verbs expressing the reciprocal relation: namely, the Czech distributive po and the collectivizing na-. The theoretical import of this study is two-fold. First, it contributes to our knowledge of how word-internal operators interact with phrasal syntax/semantics. Second, the prefixes po and na generate (a range of) readings of reciprocal sentences for which the Strongest Meaning Hypothesis (SMH) proposed by Dalrymple et al. (1998) does not make the right predictions. The distributive prefix po prefers the Strong Reciprocity reading, although the SMH predicts that a weakening should take place, while with the prefix na we find cases where weaker reciprocal readings are preferable to the stronger ones predicted by the SMH. This behavior of po and na is, we propose, due to the way in which they modulate two factors that are crucial in the interpretation of reciprocal sentences: (i) the relevant subpluralities in the group denoted by the reciprocal's antecedent, and (ii) the strength of reciprocal relations. We provide a detailed analysis of the semantics of the prefixes po and na and their contribution to the meaning of reciprocal sentences within the general framework of event semantics with lattice structures.
Atomic Many Body Theory of Giant Resonances

During the past decade there has been great interest in the subject of photoionization, both by experimenters1 and by theorists.2, 3 Much of the interest has centered on the large resonance structures which are observed in many cross sections. In particular, the rare gases show evidence of broad resonance-like structures, both for the outer (np)6 subshells and also for the inner (4d)10 subshell in the case of xenon. Similar structure has been also observed in other atoms with large filled subshells such as the 4d10 subshell in atomic barium which has been studied extensively.4–13 It is now generally believed2 that calculations of these cross sections by different theoretical methods which take electron correlations into account give good agreement with experiment. However, a very recent photoemission experiment by Becker et al.14 for the 4d10 subshell of xenon indicates that the many-body calculations are not in close agreement with the photoemission results but are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results for total absorption which includes multiple excitations, i. e., satellite structure. Preliminary photoemission results15 for 4d10 subshell of barium also indicate a similar situation. It is important for our understanding of the photoionization process that we be able to calculate accurately such cross sections as those for the 4d10 subshells of xenon and barium.
EDUCATION NEW PEDIATRICIANS: NEW PEDIATRICS

ALL OF US who are concerned with training pediatricians for the practice of pediatrics must agree that the time has come to say with Browning9s Rabbi, "Something is wrong: there needeth a change. But what? Or where? At the last or first?" The answer is: at both first and last. I write with whatever authority may have been conferred by 35 years in the private practice of pediatrics, plus a fair amount of part-time clinical teaching. As I retire from private practice (but not yet from clinic and ward work) I lay down my telephone and say, "For this relief much thanks." Thirty-five years of night-and-day pediatrics, with the endless raucous obbligato of the telephone, have led inevitably to reflections upon certain obvious trends in pediatric education as well as in pediatric practice, reflections based upon happy association with young pediatricians in and out of hospital training.
How crack porosity and shape control seismic velocities in the upper oceanic crust: Modeling downhole logs from Holes 504B and 1256D

Mounting evidence from Holes 504B and 1256D suggests that porosity is the principal factor affecting velocities in the upper oceanic crust. Spheroidal inclusion and asperity compression models based on reprocessed sonic velocity logs and apparent fractional porosities estimated from deep resistivity logs reveal how both porosity and the geometry of the pore space affect seismic velocities in Layer 2. Models that best match the data indicate the following: First, there are three populations of cracks in Hole 504B; most of the transition zone and the dike section are populated by low concentrations of weak cracks, while the upper part of the transition zone and the extrusive pile contain a higher concentration of stiffer cracks. Similarly, the deepest part of the dike section in Hole 1256D can be modeled by a dilute concentration of thin or weak cracks, while the overlying dikes, the transition zone, and the extrusive pile contain a higher concentration of stiffer cracks. Second, in a striking confirmation that porosity controls velocities throughout Layer 2, 90% or more of the variance of sonic velocities logged at both sites is explained by porosity in these models, while third, the effect of pressure on the variation of sonic velocity is essentially negligible. Fourth, while there is no direct correlation between crack populations and igneous lithostratigraphy, some changes of crack population do correspond to metamorphic transitions, and fifth, velocities typical of Layer 3 are reached when the porosity falls to low values (0.2% in Hole 1256D and 0.6% in Hole 504B).
Normal Biliary Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Gallstones

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States. Widespread variability in biliary anatomy can make this procedure quite challenging. These anatomic variations result from the complex nature of biliary system development. This chapter focuses on biliary system embryology, anatomy of the liver, gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts, normal physiology of bile production and metabolism, and the natural history of gallstone formation.
Torture after Nuremburg: US Law and Practice

In this essay I will argue that the signature methods of interrogation used by CIA and military interrogators in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) – “torture lite” techniques such as hypothermia and stress positions – may constitute torture, but that the question of their legality under U.S, and international law is not as straightforward as some critics of the Bush Administration maintained. I will take up only one thread in the complex discussion of GWOT interrogation practices and law, that of the boundary between torture and lesser cruelty.
Molecular phylogenetics of Kosteletzkya (Malvaceae, Hibisceae) reveals multiple independent and successive polyploid speciation events

Kosteletzkya s.s. is a genus of 17 species (excluding the endemic species of Madagascar), found in the New World, continental Africa, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia. Recent chromosome counts revealed diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species. To estimate the history of the genus, we sequenced nuclear and plastid loci for nearly all Kosteletzkya spp., in the majority of cases, with multiple accessions per species. The African species form a paraphyletic grade relative to a New World clade. Polyploidy has occurred only in some African species, resulting in the relatively ancient formation of one putative autotetraploid species (K. semota), one recent allotetraploid species (K. borkouana), two relatively ancient allotetraploid species (K. begoniifolia and K. rotundalata) and one recent allohexaploid species (K. racemosa). Our inferences regarding the hypothesized parentage of the polyploids mostly corroborate previous work based on chromosome-pairing patterns in artificial hybrids, highlighting the utility of these complementary data sources. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179, 421–435.
Statistical Tests for Hormesis and Effective Dosages in Herbicide Dose Response

The log-logistic model is a popular candidate for modeling dose response in agronomy. One of its limitations is monotonicity: the response is either continuously increasing or decreasing with changes in dosage. In herbicide dose response investigations, authors have previously noted an increase in biomass or growth for subinhibitory dosages. This hormetic effect, if ignored, can lead to substantial bias in estimates of effective dosages and can distort inferences about the differential effects of experimental treatments. We present an extension of a model capable of modeling hormetic effects that allows inference about effective dosages. Furthermore, the model can be used to compare effective dosages among different treatments if hormetic effects are present for some and absent for others and provides appropriate estimates of rates of change. In a designed experiment where velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medikus) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] were treated with glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at various rates, hormetic effects were found for barnyardgrass treated with glyphosate but not with glufosinate. Procedures for a valid comparison of effective dosages between the two herbicides are presented. Software code to perform the analyses is given in an appendix.
The relationship of light and plant geometry to self-thinning of an aquatic annual herb, Murdannia keisak (Commelinaceae).

SUMMARY Self-thinning was examined in shaded and unshaded populations of Murdannia keisak (Hask.) Hand.-Mazz. (Commelinaceae). Four mathematical descriptions of self-thinning were compared: (1) the traditional – 3/2 thinning rule in which mean plant biomass is regressed on density; (2) principal components regression of mean plant biomass and density; (3) total stand biomass regressed on density, and (4) principal components regression of total stand biomass and density. Most slopes conform to the expected ones; however, confidence intervals reported here and in the literature are wide which may reduce the ecological value of the thinning line per se. In addition, plants grown in full sun form significantly fewer branches than those in shade. This difference in geometry results in differences in mean plant volume, in plant packing, and thus, in different thinning trajectories.
Membrane capacitance and correction of end-plate potentials for bonlinear summation of quantal units

Abstract The question of effect of muscle membrane capacitance on Martin's correction of end-plate potential amplitudes for nonlinear summation of unit potentials was examined. By addition of capacitance to the membrane circuit model which serves as the basis for the correction, it is demonstrated through use of the appropriate circuit equations that the correction is unaffected by capacitance.
Optical fiber refractometer for measuring the dispersion of turbid fluids

An optical fiber with a section of its cladless core immersed in a fluid uses a refractive index (RI), n, matching method to measure n and (delta) n/(delta) (lambda) (dispersion) of the fluid. Current methods of measuring n and (delta) n/(delta) (lambda) often require light transmission through the fluid; thus turbidity, which diffuses and attenuates the light, restricts RI analysis. This device, which senses the minimum light remaining within the fiber core, is immune to such limitations. Temperature, a factor in any precise measurement of n, is the only accurate measurement needed; no critical system calibration is required. Tests were performed on clear and turbid edible oil samples, and the method matched the +/- .0001 RI unit accuracy of the Abbe refractometer. A tunable laser was used to measure the oil RI within the wavelength range of 543 to 633 nm, and the data fitted to Cauchy's dispersion equation. Calculations, using (lambda) equals 589.3 nm, agree with Abbe measurements of the oil samples.
Acidic conditions ameliorate both adenosine triphosphate depletion and the development of hyperpermeability in cultured Caco-2BBe enterocytic monolayers subjected to metabolic inhibition.

Abstract Background . We recently reported that moderate degrees of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion induced by chronic glycolytic inhibition or hypoxia increase the permeability of Caco-2 BBe enterocytic monolayers. Interestingly, the development of lactic acidosis induced by anaerobic glycolysis ameliorates the development of hyperpermeability caused by chronic ATP depletion. We sought to further elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the apparent protection against epithelial hyperpermeability afforded by mild acidosis under conditions of metabolic inhibition. Methods . Caco-2 BBe monolayers growing on permeable supports in bicameral chambers were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) in a glucose-free (Glu-) environment to inhibit glycolysis. Permeability was determined by measuring the transepithelial flux of fluorescein sulfonic acid. Concentrations of intracellular calcium [Ca 2+ ] i were determined fluorometrically by using fura-2. Results . When extracellular pH (pH 0 ) was maintained at 7.4 or 5.5, incubation of monolayers for 24 hours with Glu-/2DOG increased permeability and depleted intracellular ATP levels. However, keeping pH 0 at 7.0 to 6.0 ameliorated both the development of hyperpermeability and the depletion of ATP induced by Glu-/2DOG. These protective effects were observed under acidic conditions created either by addition to the medium of HCl or by incubation under an atmosphere containing 20% CO 2 . Incubation with Glu-/2DOG caused bulging of the apical membranes of cells (electron microscopy) and derangements in the perijunctional distribution of actin (fluorescence microscopy); however, these structural changes were ameliorated by mild acidosis. Acute chemical hypoxia at pH 0 7.4 induced by Glu-/2DOG plus antimycin A decreased cellular ATP levels and elevated [Ca 2+ ] i . Lowering pH 0 to 6.8 ameliorated both the depletion of ATP and the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i induced by Glu-/2DOG + antimycin A. Conclusions . Moderate decreases in pH ameliorate the hyperpermeability induced by metabolic inhibition, possibly by diminishing ATP depletion and blunting increases in [Ca 2+ ] i .
Comparing survival of responders and nonresponders after treatment: A potential source of confusion in interpreting cancer clinical trials

The comparison of survival distributions between patients who respond to therapy and those who do not can present methodologic and interpretational difficulties. Since assignment of patients to the responder or nonresponder groups is not random, statistical procedures that test the equality of survival distributions only demonstrate association between response and survival, not cause and effect. This association may have no relevance to the efficacy of treatment. The assignment of patients to response categories also represents a methodologic problem. Variability in the definition of a nonresponder and the handling of early deaths can both lead to varying conclusions concerning survival. In spite of these problems, statistical comparisons of survival distributions of responders and nonresponders are reported in approximately 20% of phase II and phase III clinical trials. Descriptive statistics may be more useful than inferential statistics in this situation.
The dispersion and matching characteristics of the helical resonator plasma source

The dispersion characteristics and the fields of a helical resonator are obtained. The coil is approximated by a helical current layer with infinite conductivity along the current direction (a "sheath helix"). The plasma column is modeled as a cylindrical dielectric in which the dielectric losses can be neglected in determining the propagation properties of the resonator. Assuming the plasma losses are known, the model can be used to study the matching of the helical resonator to an external power source which is connected to the helix by a tap. The resonator is modeled as a parallel connection of two transmission line segments on each side of the tap position. We determine the efficiency of power transfer to the resonator as a function of the tap position driving frequency, and plasma loading. We find that whereas for a small plasma loading it is possible to achieve perfect matching, there exists a critical value of plasma loading beyond which a perfect match is no longer possible. >
Impact of phase of respiration on central venous catheter tip position.

PurposeTo determine the impact of the phase of respiration on CVC tip position using cross-sectional imaging.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 24 consecutive patients (eight men and 16 women, mean age 56.3 years, range 18-79) who underwent a CT scan protocol that includes both imaging of the thorax in inspiration and expiration. Only patients with a central venous catheter and absence of any substantial pulmonary pathology that might affect lung volumes were included. Measurements of the catheter tip location and central venous structures were obtained from inspiratory and expiratory phase images in each patient and compared using the paired t test.ResultsThe length of the SVC and superior mediastinum were significantly longer during inspiration compared to expiration (9 mm and 7 mm respectively, P<0.001 for both). The distance between the superior and inferior cavo-atrial junction did not change significantly with respiration. The catheter tip location moved on average 9 mm (range 0-25 m...
Anesthetic Management of Patients with Obesity and Sleep Apnea

An increasing number of obese patients in the operating room is inevitable due to the well-known associated chronic health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, arthritis and cancer. Further, bariatric surgery is also likely to be increasingly performed. This article discusses the intraoperative issues in the care of patients with obesity, including airway management, pharmacokinetics, perioperative positioning, regional anesthesia, the intensity of monitoring required, laparoscopy, and minimizing hypoxia during anesthesia.
Decreasing Errors in Reading-Related Matching to Sample Using a Delayed-Sample Procedure.

Two men with intellectual disabilities initially demonstrated intermediate accuracy in two-choice matching-to-sample (MTS) procedures. A printed-letter identity MTS procedure was used with 1 participant, and a spoken-to-printed-word MTS procedure was used with the other participant. Errors decreased substantially under a delayed-sample procedure, in which the choice stimuli were presented first and the sample was presented only after 5 s without a response to the choice stimuli.
Complexity and Varieties for Infinite Groups, I☆

This two-part paper generalizes the usual notion of complexity and varieties for modules over the group algebra of a finite group, to a large class of infinite groups. The context is modules of typeFP∞ for groups in Kropholler's classLHF. One of the main results is that the category of such modules is generated in a suitable sense by modules induced from finite elementary abelian subgroups. This implies that an element of complete cohomology of such a module is nilpotent if and only if its restriction to every finite elementary abelian subgroup is nilpotent. It also implies that the complexity of a module of typeFP∞ is finite, and that the variety is supported on some finite collection of finite elementary abelian subgroups. An example is given which shows that the complexity does not determine the rate of growth of the number of generators in a projective resolution, in the way it does for finite groups.
Parents’ object labeling: Possible links to conventionality of word meaning?

Parents’ potential contributions to children’s developing understanding of conventionality in word meanings were investigated by examining how parents label objects for their children (12-, 18-, an...
Labor supply, uncertainty, and efficient taxation

Abstract We analyze the structure of an optimal linear income tax when workers are uncertain about their wages at the time they choose their labor supplies. Background for the normative analysis is provided by an outline of the positive theory of wage taxation and labor supply under uncertainty. It is then shown that given imperfect information about wages, lump-sum taxation is not necessarily efficient. Because a wage tax reduces the riskiness of wage income, some combination of a lump-sum tax and a wage tax generally will minimize excess burden.
Acquisition of mycoplasmata and T-strains during infancy.

Mycoplasma species can frequently be isolated from the oropharynx and genital tract of man [1]. The organisms found most frequently in the oropharynx are Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma pharyngis (orale type 1). Mycoplasma orale type 2, M. orale type 3, and Mycoplasma hominis are less frequent isolates. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a proven pathogen and is isolated from the respiratory tract in association with current or recent infection.
A closer look at the induced drag of crescent-shaped wings

Recent interest in the induced drag characteristics of crescent-shaped wings has led to a closer look at the methods used for determination of induced drag from computational aerodynamic methods. Induced drag may be computed by integration of surface pressure, or by evaluation of a contour integral in the Trefftz plane. A high-order panel method was used to study the induced drag of crescent and elliptical wings using both techniques. Induced drag computations using surface-pressure integration were strongly affected by panel density and angle of attack. Accurate drag computations for the crescent wing were obtained only when the spanwise as well as chordwise panel density was extremely high. Trefftz-plane results for the two wing planforms do not show this sensitivity to panel density or angle of attack. Span efficiencies of 0.994 for the crescent wing and 0.987 for the elliptical wing were computed by the Trefftz-plane technique. Substitution of a force-free, rolled-up wake geometry on the crescent wing did not change the pressure-integrated drag significantly. The slightly higher span efficiency of the crescent wing is attributed to a more nearly elliptical spanwise lift distribution. The chord distribution of the elliptical wing was modified to produce an elliptical span-loading on a wing with an unswept quarter-chord line. This wing demonstrated a span efficiency equal to that of the crescent wing.
Remembering words and how often they occurred in memory-impaired patients.

The recent memory impairments in Korsakoff’s (KD), Huntington’s (HD), and Alzheimer’s (SDAT) diseases are qualitatively different from one another. All three of these clinical groups demonstrate dysfunctions in memory-learning processes that normally can be, accomplished automatically. The effort-demanding memory performance of KD and HD patients, but not of SDAT patients, reflects how often an event occurred in a manner similar to that of normal age-matched controls. Defining the structure of memory and its impairment requires an opportunity to contrast the effects on memory of different forms of cognitive dysfunctions and of distinct cognitive operations.
1‐μm bubble permalloy ’’contiguous‐disk’’ devices

Gapless bubble propagation circuits based on a complementary permalloy contiguous‐disk structure present an interesting alternative to the ion‐implanted bubble devices currently being developed. This new approach combines the attractive lithographic tolerances inherent in the ion‐implanted structure with the better established permalloy fabrication techniques. Successful propagation of 1 μm diameter bubbles has been demonstrated over bias field margins greater than 10% in circuits with a cell size of 15 μm2. The stepped structure was formed using an SiO2 lift‐off method. The minimum lithographic feature was 1 μm and the operating drive field was approximately 50 Oe. Device tolerance to processing variations in terms of the required spacer thicknesses is shown to be adequate.
Increasing the Pool of Minority Providers

The University of Arkansas has trained African-American medical students for 46 years. Today the school continues to place a high premium on recruiting and retaining minority medical students. Recruitment efforts involve comprehensive programs to target junior high schools in African-American communities throughout Arkansas, and initiatives to attract African-American faculty and residents. Through such retention-oriented activities as lenient first-year grade requirements, study groups, and a board-preparation course, African-American students have scored above the national average on Part I of the National Medical Board Examination despite matriculating in medical school with below-average scores on the Medical College Admission Test.
Differential expression of interleukin 1α by Thy‐1+ and Thy‐1− lung fibroblast subpopulations: Enhancement of interleukin 1α production by tumor necrosis factor‐α

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether subpopulations of murine lung fibroblasts produced interleukin 1 (IL 1). We previously identified two major populations of pulmonary fibroblasts based on the presence or absence of Thy-1. Thy-1+ and Thy-1- subsets synthesize fibronectin and type I and III collagen, but only the Thy-1- population displays class II major histocompatibility complex antigens after stimulation with interferon-gamma and presents antigen to T helper clones. Interestingly, in the current study we determined that only Thy-1- fibroblast lines and clones synthesized IL 1. Although constitutive production was low, tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulated 5-20-fold increases in IL 1 production in Thy-1- fibroblasts. The Thy-1+ fibroblasts did not produce IL 1 even after TNF-alpha treatment. Northern blot analysis of TNF-alpha treated cells revealed that in the Thy-1- subset increased mRNA levels for IL 1 alpha were detected, while IL 1 beta mRNA was not detected. Furthermore, IL 1 activity from TNF-alpha-treated Thy-1- fibroblast membranes and supernatants was completely neutralized by IL 1 alpha-specific antibodies. These observations support the hypothesis that the antigen-presenting Thy-1- subset is important for promoting the inflammation associated with pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, the existence of functional subsets of lung fibroblasts is further substantiated by differential expression of IL 1.
PATIENT-SPECIFIC SIMULATION OF RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT CONDUIT BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY USING CARDIAC MRI-DERIVED 3D VIRTUAL MODELS TO ASSESS THE RISK OF CORONARY ARTERY COMPRESSION DURING TRANSCATHETER PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) with the Melody™ valve is frequently considered in patients with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit obstruction. TPVR carries a risk of coronary artery (CA) compression. This risk is evaluated by CA angiography and simultaneous balloon
Publishing in Discipline-Specific Open Access Journals: Opportunities and Outreach for Librarians

Abstract Open access (OA) journals promote the opportunity for peer-reviewed journal articles to be freely accessible. In recent years, the number of OA journals has exploded in all disciplines. Previous studies have identified print-based pedagogical discipline-specific journals outside the field of Library and Information Science (LIS) for librarians to consider as vehicles for publishing articles related to subject-based Information Literacy (IL). The present study explores the presence of discipline-specific pedagogical journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and presents a table of OA journals with their acceptance rates and review times. Pedagogical OA journals are highlighted as a potential opportunity for librarians to pro-actively reach out to faculty within a discipline and contribute towards the OA movement.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE MODELS PACKAGE

This paper describes the results, to date, of an effort to integrate a land use model with a transportation network model for the purpose of analyzing the interrelationships of transportation facility development and land development. In the system which has been developed each model provides input to, and receives feedbacks from, each other model. To the author's knowledge, the effort described here represents the first successful attempt to develop and test an integrated model package involving these reciprocal relationships. The results obtained from preliminary runs of this package should be of considerable interest to both transportation planners and land use planners. With this integrated system it has been possible to observe the interrelationships, and in particular the feedbacks, between land use and levels of traffic on the networks. Preliminary results indicate that congested networks produce tendencies toward metropolitan centralization. Attempts to relieve congestion seem to produce metropolitan decentralization and increased travel which lead, in turn, to metropolitan sprawl and increased spread of congestion.