cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggressive chemotherapy, organ-preserving surgery, and high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in infants and young children.

Background. External beam radiation therapy often is avoided in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in young children because of the long-term sequelae. Conventional brachytherapy can reduce these problems, but its use is limited in young children because of radiation exposure to parents and care-givers. This is the first reported use of high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy (HDR) to treat RMS in young children. Methods. Seven young children with RMS were treated from January 1990 through September 1991 with multiagent chemotherapy, organ preserving surgery, and HDR. The primary tumor sites included the tongue, buccal mucosa, chest wall, vagina, and clitoris. A minimum peripheral dose of 36 Gy HDR was administered in 12 fractions (twice a day) at 3 Gy per fraction for a period of 8 days. The treatment was given on an outpatient basis without requiring prolonged patient sedation or immobilization. Each treatment lasted 2–5 minutes. Results. All seven children are alive and without evidence of tumor with a median follow-up of 30 months (range, 18–35 months) from diagnosis. The treatments have been reasonably well tolerated with some acute skin toxicity. There has been relatively good organ growth and function during this short follow-up period. Conclusion. The use of HDR radiation in these patients eliminated radiation exposure to care-givers and permitted constant nursing care and interaction among the parents, nursing personnel, and child. Treatments can be given on an outpatient basis, without requiring prolonged patient sedation or immobilization. Local control of tumor with preservation of organ function was achieved. HDR in young children should be restricted to controlled clinical trials until long-term morbidity and efficacy results are obtained from pilot studies.
A simulation laboratory for statistics

In this paper, we describe a general purpose data simulator, Datasim, which is useful for anyone conducting computer-based laboratory assignments in statistics. Simulations illustrating sampling distributions, the central limit theorem, Type I and Type II decision errors, the power of a test, the effects of violating assumptions, and the distinction between orthogonal and non-orthogonal contrasts are discussed. Simulations illustrating other statistical concepts—partial correlation, regression to the mean, heteroscedasticity, the partitioning of error terms in splitplot designs, and so on—can be developed easily. Simulations can be assigned as laboratory exercises, or the instructor can execute the simulations during class, integrate the results into an ongoing lecture, and use the results to initiate class discussion of the relevant statistical concepts.
The epichloae: alkaloid diversity and roles in symbiosis with grasses

Epichloae (Epichloe and Neotyphodium species; Clavicipitaceae) are fungi that live in systemic symbioses with cool-season grasses, and many produce alkaloids that are deterrent or toxic to herbivores. The epichloae colonize much of the aerial plant tissues, and most benignly colonize host seeds to transmit vertically. Of their four chemical classes of alkaloids, the ergot alkaloids and indole-diterpenes are active against mammals and insects, whereas peramine and lolines specifically affect insects. Comparative genomic analysis of Clavicipitaceae reveals a distinctive feature of the epichloae, namely, large repeat blocks in their alkaloid biosynthesis gene loci. Such repeat blocks can facilitate gene losses, mutations, and duplications, thus enhancing diversity of alkaloid structures within each class. We suggest that alkaloid diversification is selected especially in the vertically transmissible epichloae.
Two-Dimensional Crystal Growth from Undersaturated Solutions

The solubility of a substance is commonly understood as the minimum concentration necessary for the condensation of a solid phase from solution. Here we report the nucleation and growth of ionic compounds from aqueous concentrations on the order of 0.1 times the solubility. The condensation is catalyzed by a foreign substrate, and the new phase grows as a crystalline monolayer. Undersaturated growth is observed only in cases where the dissolved compound is isomorphic with the substrate and the interaction strength between a dissolved-ion/substrate-ion pair exceeds that between the two dissolved ions. These results are consistent with a simple model in which favorable ion-surface interactions lead to ion enrichment and supersaturation in the two-dimensional interfacial zone.
MECHANISMS FOR THE T = 1/2 AND T = 3/2 RECURRENCES

The conjecture that inelastic states containing an $f$ meson should provide a natural-recurrence mechanism is investigated. We first treat coupled $N\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${N}_{R}f$ channels where, in seeking a recurrence, ${N}_{R}$ denotes the previous recurrence. We establish that the attraction is always maximal for angular momentum and parity corresponding to the recurrence state. We concentrate on the ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}(T=\frac{3}{2})$ and ${\frac{9}{2}}^{+}(T=\frac{1}{2})$ states, and find that the attraction is strong enough to produce resonances, in fact, as we have computed it, excessively so. We then consider coupled ${N}_{R}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${N}_{R}f$ states, and look for these resonances to occur in ${N}_{R}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering. The resonance positions determined by taking this point of view are vastly improved. In particular, if we invoke a static version of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ symmetry we obtain a ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}(T=\frac{3}{2})$ resonant state in good agreement with observation.
The hobgoblin of consistency: algorithmic judgment strategies underlie inflated self-assessments of performance.

People often hold inflated views of their performance on intellectual tasks, with poor performers exhibiting the most inflation. What leads to such excessive confidence? We suggest that the more people approach such tasks in a "rational" (i.e., consistent, algorithmic) manner, relative to those who use more variable or ad hoc approaches, the more confident they become, irrespective of whether they are reaching correct judgments. In 6 studies, participants completed tests involving logical reasoning, intuitive physics, or financial investment. Those more consistent in their approach to the task rated their performances more positively, including those consistently pursuing the wrong rule. Indeed, completely consistent but wrong participants thought almost as highly of their performance as did completely consistent and correct participants. Participants were largely aware of the rules they followed and became more confident in their performance when induced to be more systematic in their approach, no matter how misguided that approach was. In part, the link between decision consistency and (over)confidence was mediated by a neglect of alternative solutions as participants followed a more uniform approach to a task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
The ability and inability of ATP to stop aluminum from reducing the sodium efflux in unpoisoned barnacle muscle fibers.

Abstract A study has been made in single barnacle muscle fibers with the object of determining whether ATP is able to protect the resting Na efflux from the effects of injected aluminum (Al) and whether Al is able to reduce or abolish the stimulatory action of ATP on the efflux. The results of the experiments show that neither ATPMg nor ATPNa 2 preinjection stops Al from reducing the basal Na efflux in unpoisoned fibers which undergo a large fall (hypersensitive fibers). Preinjection of Al into such fibers reduces or abolishes the stimulatory response of the Na efflux to ATP injection. In less hypersensitive fibers, however, ATPMg is protective. This is also true of ATPNa 2 preinjection in both classes of fibers showing stimulation. Injection of a mixture of AlCl 3 -ATPNa 2 into unpoisoned fibers causes less inhibition than AlCl 3 injection. The hypothesis that both ATPMg and ATPNa 2 are protective is also supported by the results obtained with ouabain-poisoned fibers: (i) Al injection after ATP fails to reverse the stimulatory response to ATP, while ATP injection afer Al exerts only a small or no effect. (ii) Mg 2+ injection fails to reverse the stimulatory response to Al injection in poisoned fibers. And (iii) Anti-proteolysis agents e.g. leupeptin and pepstatin, upon preinjection, do not alter the kinetic results obtained by injecting Al into unpoisoned and ouabain-poisoned fibers.
Twist-Induced Defects of the P-SSP7 Genome Revealed by Modeling the Cryo-EM Density

We consider the consequences of assuming that DNA inside of phages can be approximated as a strongly nonlinear persistence length polymer. Recent cryo-EM experiments find a hole in the density map of P-SSP7 phage, located in the DNA segment filling the portal channel of the phage. We use experimentally derived structural constraints with coarse-grained simulation techniques to consider contrasting model interpretations of reconstructed density in the portal channel. The coarse-grained DNA models used are designed to capture the effects of torsional strain and electrostatic environment. Our simulation results are consistent with the interpretation that the vacancy or hole in the experimental density map is due to DNA strain leading to strand separation. We further demonstrate that a moderate negative twisting strain is able to account for the strand separation. This effect of nonlinear persistence length may be important in other aspects of phage DNA packing.
Factors Impacting Counselor Competency with Sexual Minority Intimate Partner Violence Victims

Grounded theory procedures were combined with a queer theory perspective to examine what factors promote counselor competency with sexual minority intimate partner violence victims. Ten counselors participated in two rounds of individual interviews. Results indicated that counselor competency building for work with this population occurred during and after graduate counseling programs. Analysis of the data identified specific desirable counselor traits, and useful training activities were identified to assist with developing counselor competency. The authors also discuss implications for clinical practice, counseling supervision, professional associations, service seminars, and counselor educators.
The Local-Time Variation of the Quiet Plasmasphere: Geosynchronous Observations and Kinetic Theory

Abstract. The quiet-time structure of the plasmaspheric density was investigated using observations of the Los Alamos geosynchronous satellites, and these observations were compared with theoretical predictions of the quasi-static local-time variation by a kinetic model. It was found that the coupling to the ionosphere (via the local-time variation of the exobase) played a key role in determining the density structure at 6.6 RE . The kinetic model predicts that most of the local-time variation at geosynchronous orbit is due to the variation of the exobase parameters. During quiet times, when the convection electric field is dominated by the corotation field, the effects due to flux-tube convection are less prominent than those due to the exobase variation. In addition, the kinetic model predicts that the geosynchronous plasmaspheric density level is at most only 25% of saturation density, even when geomagnetic activity is low. The low night-time densities of the ionospheric footpoints, and the subsequent long trapping time scales, prevent the equatorial densities from reaching saturation. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; plasma convection; plasmasphere)
A view from Riggs: treatment resistance and patient authority - introduction to paper III: "What is psychodynamic psychopharmacology? An approach to pharmacologic treatment resistance", by David Mintz and Barri Belnap.

As our field has moved inexorably toward a biologically reductionistic medical model for understanding mental disorders, with a concomitant preference for “evidence-based” treatments, the problem of treatment resistance has emerged as a prominent one. As we have noted throughout this evolving series of articles, efforts to approach the problem of treatment resistance generally focus on the development of biological treatment algorithms, with little attention to psychosocial factors or to meaning. I often think our field is in much the same place physics was nearly a century ago. At that time Newtonian physics was preeminent, and seemed able to explain nearly everything. Among other things, it was quite clear that light was a wave, and not a particle. The focus on light as a wave allowed tremendous advances, including an understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the development of lenses that enhanced vision, advanced our understanding of cells and bacteria, and allowed us to deepen our understanding of our solar system and the universe, to name only a few. In much the same way, mental illness is currently seen by most as caused by disordered biology—the Newtonian stance of “Light is a wave” of our profession in this time. Einstein was a visionary who looked beyond light as a wave. He refused to be limited by Newtonian physics, threw aside conventional ideas, and came to the recognition that light was also a particle—not a particle instead of a wave, but a particle in addition to a wave. Recognition that light had qualities of a particle as well as of a wave, though it initially seemed counterintuitive to most, allowed the further elabora-
Prospective Observational Study of Military Personnel With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Changes in Symptoms of Service Related Illnesses and IGF-1 Expression

PURPOSE: Military personnel are diagnosed with the service-related illnesses of depression, traumatic brain injury (TBI), pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These illnesses are associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA results in cognitive impairment and low levels of IGF-1. IGF-1 regulates glucose utilization in the brain and has a role in dendritic growth. Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves the physiologic derangements of OSA, improves sleep quality and cognitive function. We assessed changes in sleep, service-related illnesses and IGF-1 levels in relation to CPAP compliance.METHODS: Military personnel diagnosed with OSA underwent baseline and follow-up assessments at 90 days with validated questionnaires for depression, TBI, pain, PTSD, sleep and blood draws for IGF-1. Participants received standard clinical care with CPAP with compliance assessed by CPAP download at 30 days post-treatment. They were classified as compliant if they used CPAP > 4 hours/night 70% of nights. IGF-1 concentrations were determined by a commercially available kit that was reliable and valid.RESULTS: There were 59 participants, all males, mean age 35.9±7.8, BMI 31.4±3.7, AHI 19.1±19.0, ESS 13.8±5.3. The most frequent comorbid illnesses were insomnia in 64.4% and depression in 50.8%. There were no clinical differences between the CPAP compliant and non-compliant groups. CPAP compliance was achieved in 23 (39%); their usage of 5.9±0.8 hours was elevated compared to non-compliant patients at 2.4±2.1 hours (p= 0.001). Compliance was associated with improvements in sleepiness (p=0.001), sleep quality (p Language: en
Characterization of the yeast SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 genes, which encode a global activator of transcription

The yeast SWI1, SWI2 (SNF2), and SWI3 genes are required for transcription of HO and INO1 genes. We show that they are also required for transcription of ADH1, ADH2, SUC2, GAL1, and GAL10 and for function of simple UAS elements with binding sites for yeast GAL4 or Drosophila ftz proteins. SWI3 encodes a 99 kd nuclear protein containing a large, highly acidic N-terminal domain. SWI1 is identical to ADR6, which encodes a positive regulator of ADH1 and ADH2. Transcription of HO also requires SNF5 and SNF6. These and other observations suggest that SWI1, SWI2, SWI3, SNF5, and SNF6 may be components of a large multi-subunit complex. We propose that these products perform a general role in transcription by assisting gene-specific regulatory proteins.
Solvent extraction of metals by alkyl-substituted β-diketones

Abstract The extractions of Pd 2+ , Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ and Cd 2+ by solutions of dipropionylmethane, diisobutyrylmethane, pivaloylacetylmethane and dipivaloylmethane in benzene, have been studied in relation to the pH values for extraction. The extraction constants and two-phase stability constants of the β-diketonates were calculated. These can be used to establish the optimum conditions for the separation of the metals.
A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover.

The present study combined meta-analysis with structural equations modeling (SEM) to validate Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth's (1978) turnover theory as well as alternative structural networks proposed by Dalessio, Silverman, and Schuck (1986), Hom, Griffeth, and Sellaro (1984), and Bannister and Griffeth (1986). We aggregated correlations from 17 studies (N = 5,013 employees), correcting for unreliability and sampling error. Then we used SEM to assess the models, comparing their relative fits to data
Regulating assisted reproductive technologies: an ethical framework.

R ecent revelations of abuses at The University of California at Irvine's fertility clinic have sparked calls for increased control over the largely unregulated assisted reproduction industry. But criticism of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) is nothing new. Assisted reproduction has been assailed by groups as diverse as conservative Catholics and radical feminists on grounds that it confuses genetic lineage, technologizes reproduction, and commodities women and children. More mundane, though terribly important, issues such as safety, effectiveness, and informed consent continue to be pressing concerns, while certain practices, such as surrogate motherhood or the cloning or genetic manipulation of embryos, remain controversial. Should the state restrict or even ban some forms of assisted reproduction and, if so, which ones? Or do state-imposed restrictions violate the reproductive rights of infertile people? We need a framework for thinking about these issues---one that will balance the reproductive interests of infertile people against the myriad concerns voiced by the critics of the ARTs. John Robertson's recent book, Children of Choice, 1 provides an excellent starting place. Robertson's basic premise--that individuals have a fundamental moral and legal right to make their own decisions regarding reproduction-is one that I, and probably most of you, support. Nevertheless, I think that his theory of procreative liberty, as expressed in Children of Choice, has some implausible and unacceptable implications. First I will outline Robertson's theory and then show where and why it goes wrong. I will suggest that we need not depart from the basic premises of his theory in order to create a better framework for discussing limits on assisted reproduction. Finally, I will discuss some implications for regulation. According to Robertson, procreative liberty is an important value because "whether one reproduces or not is central to personal identity, to dignity, and to the meaning of one's life" (p. 24). A corollary to this principle is that procreative decisions, whether to reproduce or to refrain from reproducing, should be left to the individuals whose procreative desires are most directly involved. A second important principle is that the right to reproduce belongs to fertile and infertile people alike. The mere physiological fact of infertility should not deprive people of the right to reproduce, any more than the fact of blindness should deprive people of the right to read. Indeed, the principle of © 1996 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1049-3867/96/$15.00 PII $1049-3867(96)00009-6
Recurrence-free chronic subdural hematomas: a retrospective analysis of the instillation of tissue plasminogen activator in addition to twist drill or burr hole drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas.

Objective To evaluate whether increasing the volume drained from chronic subdural hematomas (SDHs) via either twist drill drainage (TDD) or burr hole drainage (BHD) followed by instillation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is more efficacious than simple drainage alone. Methods Patients admitted over the course of 42 months (2007–2010) to a single institution for treatment of chronic SDH were retrospectively evaluated. Results There were 139 patients treated for chronic SDH; 54 patients were treated with BHD alone, 3 were treated with tPA after BHD, 85 were treated with TDD alone, and 12 were treated with tPA after TDD. Follow-up examinations were performed 1 month after treatment in 13 of 15 patients treated with tPA and 93 of 124 patients treated without tPA. Patients treated with tPA had a significantly lower rate of recurrence than patients treated without tPA ( P = 0.041). Patients treated with BHD had a recurrence rate of 11.8%, whereas patients treated with BHD and tPA had 0% recurrence. Patients treated with TDD had a recurrence rate of 30%, whereas patients treated with TDD and tPA had 0% recurrence. Without tPA, BHD was found to be a significantly better treatment than TDD ( P = 0.016). Mean drainage for TDD with tPA was 427.33 mL. There were no complications related to the administration of tPA. Conclusions This study adds another therapeutic option for patients with chronic SDH requiring treatment. In this retrospective study, the addition of tPA increased the volume of hematoma drained and significantly reduced the incidence of recurrence requiring further intervention regardless of cranial access route. No complications occurred related directly or indirectly to the administration of tPA. Further study of this technique is warranted.
Quantifying the availability and the stability of trace cationic elements in fly ash

For adsorption–desorption controlled leaching processes, the total leachable mass and the adsorption constant are parameters representing the availability and the stability of trace elements in solid media. With these parameters, one can predict the leaching behavior of trace elements from solids under various pH and solid-to-liquid ratio conditions. An approach was developed in this paper to determine these parameters for model elements Cu(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) in fly ash. This approach consists of a batch equilibrium titration, a batch equilibrium leaching with and without target element addition, and mathematical modeling. Results indicated that the adsorption constant of a trace element can be determined by modeling the adsorption ratio of the added element to the system as a function of pH. Results also indicated that the trace element originally present in fly ash had similar adsorption–desorption behavior as that added externally. By modeling the batch leaching data with and without external element addition, the total leachable mass and adsorption constant of the target element can be determined simultaneously. The total leachable mass is in agreement with experimental data from 50 mM EDTA extraction.
Hygrothermal studies on syntactic foams and compressive strength determination

Syntactic foams are commonly used as core materials in composite sandwich structures for weight sensitive applications such as aircraft and spacecraft structures and boat hulls. Moisture absorption is highly undesirable in these applications. The present study evaluates the hygrothermal properties of two types of syntactic foams. Distribution of outer diameter of cenospheres (hollow particles) incorporated in both types of syntactic foams is the same but there is variation in the internal diameter causing difference in the density of syntactic foams. Epoxy resin is used as matrix material and the volume fractions of matrix and cenospheres are kept at 0.35 and 0.65 by volume, respectively. Moisture absorption experiments are conducted at two different temperatures, 25 and 70 °C and in deionized and salt waters. Non-destructive ultrasonic imaging technique is used to find the extent of moisture penetration and damage to the specimens. Syntactic foam samples are tested for compressive strength after moisture absorption and the results are compared with the compression test results of dry syntactic foam samples.
Decoupling method for dynamical mean-field theory calculations

In this paper we explore the use of an equation of motion decoupling method as an impurity solver to be used in conjunction with the dynamical mean field self-consistency condition for the solution of lattice models. We benchmark the impurity solver against exact diagonalization, and apply the method to study the infinite $U$ Hubbard model, the periodic Anderson model and the $pd$ model. This simple and numerically efficient approach yields the spectra expected for strongly correlated materials, with a quasiparticle peak and a Hubbard band. It works in a large range of parameters, and therefore can be used for the exploration of real materials using LDA+DMFT.
The mei.41 Gene of D. melanogaster Is a Structural and Functional Homolog of the Human Ataxia Telangiectasia Gene

Abstract The D. melanogaster mei-41 gene is required for DNA repair, mitotic chromosome stability, and normal levels of meiotic recombination in oocytes. Here we show that the predicted mei-41 protein is similar in sequence to the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia) protein from humans and to the yeast rad3 and Mecip proteins. There is also extensive functional overlap between mei-41 and ATM. Like ATM-deficient cells, mei-41 cells are exquisitely sensitive to ionizing radiation and display high levels of mitotic chromosome instability. We also demonstrate that mei-41 cells, like ATM-deficient cells, fail to show an irradiation-induced delay in the entry into mitosis that is characteristic of normal cells. Thus, the mei-41 gene of Drosophila may be considered to be a functional homolog of the human ATM gene.
Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah

Abstract. On the night of 2 June 2002, the sodium lidar in Fort Collins, CO (40.6 N, 105 W) measured an extremely strong sporadic sodium layer lasting from 03:30 to 05:00 UT with several weaker layers later in the night at 06:00 and 09:00 UT. There is a double layer structure with peaks at 101 and 104 km. The peak sodium density was 21 000 atoms/cm3 with a column abundance of up to twice that of the normal sodium layer. The peak density was 500 times greater than the typical density at that altitude. The sporadic layer abundance and strength factor were higher than any reported in the literature. The two lidar beams, separated by 70 km at this altitude, both measured 0.6 h periodicities in the abundance, but out of phase with each other by 0.3 h. There is also evidence for strong wave activity in the lidar temperatures and winds. The NOAA ionosonde in Boulder, CO (40.0 N, 105 W) measured a critical frequency (foEs) of 14.3 MHz at 03:00 UT on this night, the highest value anytime during 2002. The high values of total ion density inferred means that Na+ fraction must have been only a few percent to explain the neutral Na layer abundances. The Bear Lake, Utah (41.9 N, 111.4 W) dynasonde also measured intense Es between 02:00 and 05:00 UT and again from 06:00 to 08:00 UT about 700 km west of the lidar, with most of the ionograms during these intervals measuring Es up to 12 MHz, the limit of the ionosonde sweep. Other ionosondes around North America on the NGDC database measured normal foEs values that night, so it was a localized event within North America. The peak of Es activity observed in Europe during the summer of 2002 occurred on 4 June. The observations are consistent with the current theories where a combination of wind shears and long period waves form and push downward a concentrated layer of ions, which then chemically react and form a narrow layer of sodium atoms.
Demonstration of a cell-free factor involved in cell interactions during mating in Tetrahymena.

CELL interactions play a major part in the development of a metazoan organism. An ideal system for studying cell interactions is one in which two and only two homogenous cell populations are involved. This condition is met in unicellular systems in which cells of two differing mating types may be induced to enter the sexual phase of their life cycle and conjugate. Conjugation in Tetrahymena is characterised by an association of cells of complementary mating types into pairs joined at their anterior tips. Pairing does not begin until ∼1 h after mixing starved cells of complementary mating types (Fig. 1). It has recently been shown that a cell interaction called costimulation occupies this 1-h period; costimulation is required for and distinct from cell pairing1,2. A block at the level of costimulation necessarily blocks pairing. Therefore, the absence of pair formation may arise from conditions which affect costimulation, or pairing, or both. We demonstrate here, for the first time, a requirement for an extracellular factor during the costimulation interaction and show that the factor behaves neither like a gamone nor like an agglutinin. Its properties suggest a role in mediating a direct interaction between cells, and involving physical proximity or contact between participating cells.
Pedestrian level wind studies at the Wright brothers facility

Abstract The methods and techniques used to measure pedestrian wind speeds at the Wright Brothers Facility are reviewed. A careful reexamination of the work of Hunt, et al. [5] and Murakami, et al. [8] shows that by changing the originally proposed constants used in calculating the ‘Equivalent Average’ in [3], use of the ‘Equivalent Average’ with a criteria like Melbourne's [7] can be made consistant with the results of Hunt and Murakami. The use of a hot-wire, Irwin's probe [6], and the erosion of particles for measuring pedestrian level winds in a wind tunnel are reviewed. A new particle for use in erosion tests is proposed.
LAMINAR FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL 90° BIFURCATION

Laminar forced convective heat transfer in a two-dimensional 90° bifurcation is studied numerically. The governing elliptic equations are solved by a finite-difference numerical scheme utilizing primitive dependent variables. A wide range of Reynolds numbers and dividing flow rates is studied with air at constant properties as the working fluid, which is heated by the constant-temperature walls of the bifurcation. The locations of the separation and reattachment points corresponding to the two recirculatian zones that form in the bifurcation are quantified as a function of the Reynolds number and dividing flow rate. For a given dividing flaw rate, the sizes of the two recirculation zones increase as the inlet Reynolds number is increased. On the other hand, for a given Reynolds number, the sizes of the two recirculation zones increase as the dividing flow rate increases, but they reach maxima after which a higher dividing flow rate results in smaller recirculation zones. The variation of the local Nusselt...
Sex Ratio Variation Between Ejaculates Within Sire Evaluated by Polymerase Chain Reaction, Calving, and Farrowing Records

Abstract Ejaculates from sires were examined by polymerase chain reaction to determine percentage of sperm bearing the Y chromosome. Results were verified by examining the percentage of male calves per ejaculate used in artificial insemination (AI) and the percentage of male piglets per litter from a controlled mating program. Spermatozoal DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for the Y chromosome. Image analysis measured the fluorescent intensity of the 194-bp band. Ejaculates were compared with a pooled standard of spermatozoal DNA equated to a 50% Y-bearing sperm ejaculate. Calving data were obtained from information collected for the National Association of Animal Breeders for dystocia evaluation of cows bred to AI bulls. Breeding data were obtained from AI technician receipts. Calving and breeding data were merged on cow, sire, calving date, and breeding date. The percentage of males was calculated per sire, ejaculate, and herd combination. Farrowing data were evaluated for the percentage of male piglets per litter. Ejaculates within bulls contributed to variation (24 ± 9.8% to 84 ± 9.8%) in the percentage of sperm bearing the Y chromosome. Ejaculates from the same bull contributed to variation in the percentage of male calves (16.1 to 72.3%). Ejaculates from the same boar contributed to variation in the percentage of male piglets that ranged from 7.8 to 94.7%. These percentages and the results obtained by polymerase chain reaction analysis of ejaculates suggested that spermatozoa bearing X and Y chromosomes were unequally represented in ejaculates. The use of ejaculates screened by polymerase chain reaction could enhance production of the desired sex of calf.
Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium imaging

Fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging enables large-scale recordings of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (∼0.38 mm(2) each), either nearby or distal, using microendoscopes. Concurrent Ca(2+) imaging of ∼100-300 neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and lateromedial (LM) visual area in behaving mice revealed that the variability in LM neurons' visual responses was strongly dependent on that in V1, suggesting that fluctuations in sensory responses propagate through extended cortical networks.
Organizational and Political Transformation of a Social Movement: A Study of the 30th of May Movement in Curacao

There is considerable variation among social movements in the degree to which they are organized and Integrated. Usually, however, integration and coordination are problematsic for social movements as they tend to be marked by considerable dissensus. As Rillian has noted: "Many movements are comprised of diverse segments, each with its own structure, loosely united only by their allegiance to the central, explicit values and by the tendancy of outsiders to view them as parts of a single who1e." In many cases, there is no overall formal organlzation or structure which wields such diverse elements together. In fact, the interaction between the various components of a social movement is often characterized by conflict. There are points in the life history of some social movements, however, when the disintegrative tendencies are cancelled out, or are temporarily neutralized. Such periods are characterized by a growing consensus among the various components of a movement regarding such matters as goals and tactics, and a heightened sense of in-group consciousness. Under these circumstances, greater coordination and integration may emerge among the diverse segments of a movement, thus enabling it to have a profound affect upon its environment. In this paper, we will present a case study of a movement, more specifically the labor movement in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, which underwent such a transformation beginning in May, 1969, hence the designation of this transformation as the "May Movement." Prior to this period, the labor movement in Curacao was highly fragmented, lacking the basis for sustained coordinated action. Among other things, the dissensus within the movement involved ideological and political considerations. The transformation of the labor movement assured several forms, the most dramatic being a riot during which there was loss of life and many injuries, and mlllions of dollars in property damage. In the discussion to follow, we will describe and offer an explanation for the various forms the transformation of the labor movement took beginning in May, 1969. Also, we will more briefly consider some of the consequences that the transformation of the labor movement had for its environment.
A Fundamental Comparison of Canard and Conventional Configurations

This paper examines the relative efficiency of canard, tandem, and aft-tailed aircraft configurations through analysis of an elementary lifting system. Stability and trim requirements are imposed upon the system and its C sub L(max), drag, and structural weight are studied as its geometry varies over a wide range of possible configurations. During the course of the analysis, two general solutions emerge for minimum induced drag as a function of the geometry and the division of lift between the surfaces of such a system - one for fixed span and the other for fixed weight. The conclusion is that the pre-eminence of the conventional aft-tailed configuration has a sound fundamental basis, but that there may be some room for improvement.
Correlation of bitter pit on northern soy apples with bitter pit-like symptoms induced by Mg2+ salt infiltration

Abstract Induction of bitter pit-like symptoms (Mg2+ induced pits [MgIP]) on Northern Spy apples (Malus domestica borkh.) by infiltrating Mg2+ salt solutions into the fruits was positively correlated with bitter pit that developed naturally during storage. Fruits at harvest were infiltrated with 0.1 M MgCl2 in 0.3 M sorbitol with 0.1% Tween 20 and placed at 20°C for 10 days (d) after which the number of MgIP was determined on individual fruits. A parallel sample of fruits from each orchard was stored at 5°C in air (both years) and at 3°C in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage in the second year. MgIP was positively correlated with bitter pit development in storage for fruits harvested 20 d and 10 d before and at optimal maturity for long-term storage. The endogenous (native) fruit Ca2+ concentration was inversely related to the number of pits induced by Mg2+ and to bitter pit development following storage.
Well-Being and the Capability of Health

In this paper, I argue that health plays a special role in the promotion of well-being within the capabilities approach framework. I do this by first presenting a scenario involving two individuals, both of whom lack access to only one capability. The first cannot secure the capability of bodily health due to an unhealthy lifestyle, whilst the second lacks access to bodily integrity due to a life of celibacy. Second, I explore these scenarios by assessing the nature of disadvantage suffered in both instances. I suggest that corrosive disadvantage (or the type of disadvantage that adversely impacts one’s ability to secure other valuable things) is what leads us to conclude that health is of special moral importance in the promotion of justice and the endorsing of well-being.
Differences between pick disease and Alzheimer disease in clinical appearance and rate of cognitive decline

Objectives To define the cognitive characteristics of Pick disease (PcD), and to determine which features distinguish PcD from Alzheimer disease (AD), in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Methods The participants were 44 patients with PcD (10 pathologically verified), 121 patients with AD (14 pathologically verified), and 60 normal control subjects. We obtained information regarding the initial symptom of dementia from each patient's caregiver, estimated global dementia severity by the Blessed Dementia Scale and the Activities of Daily Living Scale, and assessed specific cognitive domains by administering 10 tests of memory, language, visuospatial, and reasoning abilities and selective attention. Results Among initial symptoms reported by caregivers, personality change and language impairment were significantly more common in PcD than AD; deficits in memory were common in both groups but more prevalent in AD (P Conclusions There is a characteristic cognitive profile and course of dementia in PcD. Nonetheless, cognitive test performance does not clearly distinguish PcD from AD.
Equations linking different sets of optical properties for nonmagnetic materials.

Pour caracteriser les proprietes optiques des materiaux on utilise: l'indice de refraction complexe, la fonction dielectrique complexe, l'impedance complexe normalisee et la conductivite complexe. On presente les relations entre ces quatre quantites dans le modele de Drude pour les metaux
Joint spatial/spatial-frequency representation

Abstract In this paper, we first consider the motivations for current interest in the application of conjoint signal representations to problems in visual processing and form representation. The issue of conjoint resolution is then discussed, especially as it pertains to joint energy and pseudo-energy signal representations. Particular joint representations of importance to vision are reviewed and these are cast into a common analytical framework, previously introduced by Cohen (1966), which permits one to quantitatively describe the relationship between conjoint bilinear signal representations. The paper closes with a discussion of the comparative capacities of these representations to provide high conjoint resolution.
Effects of Instream Structures on Salmonid Habitat and Populations in Tobe Creek, Oregon

Abstract Tobe Creek, Oregon, was studied in 1982 and 1983 to compare physical and biological differences between a young-alder stream section logged and cleaned of large debris 20 years ago and a mature mixed-conifer section unlogged and containing large amounts of large woody debris. Stream enhancement techniques were used in 1982 to simulate large woody debris in the logged alder section to try to increase salmonid use. Large woody debris in the channel caused the development of secondary channels, meanders, pools, and undercut banks in the unlogged, mature-conifers, stream section. These elements were noticeably missing in the young-alder section. The mature-conifer section had more than twice as many pools and 10 times the amount of spawning gravel compared to the young-alder section. Salmonid biomass was significantly greater in the mature-conifer than the young-alder section prior to stream enhancement; after enhancement, no significant difference was found. Prior to enhancement, three times as many...
Claire makes machine translation bleu no more

We introduce CLAIRE, a mathematically principled model for inferring ranks and scores for arbitrary items based on forced-choice binary comparisons, and show how to apply this technique to statistical models to take advantage of problem-specific assistance from non-experts. We apply this technique to two language processing problems: parsing and machine translation. This leads to an analysis which casts doubts on modern evaluation methods for machine translation systems, and an application of CLAIRE as a new technique for evaluating machine translation systems which is inexpensive, has theoretical guarantees, and correlates strongly in practice with more expensive human judgments of system quality. Our analysis reverses several major tenants of the mainstream machine translation research agenda, suggesting in particular that the use of linguistic models should be reexamined. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Protein kinase G type-I phosphorylates c-Src at serine-17 and promotes cell survival, proliferation and attachment in human mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer cells

Background Previously, we demonstrated that protein kinase G type-Ia (PKG-Ia) plays an important role in promoting cell survival in neural cells (N1E-115 neuroblastoma and NG10815 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells) and significantly contributes to the serine-155 phosphorylation of BAD, an apoptosis-regulating protein [1]. We also found that PKGIa promotes cell survival and proliferation in mouse OP9 bone marrow stromal cells [2] and human ovarian cancer cells [3] [determined by using both pharmacological inhibitors (ODQ, DT-2 and DT-3) and gene knockdown (siRNA) to reduce PKG-Ia/b activity]. In the case of ovarian cancer cells, which predominantly express the PKG-Ia isoform, the pro-growth and pro-survival effects involved a novel interaction between PKG-Ia and the oncogenic protein c-Src [3]. For example, intracellular activation of PKG-Ia, assessed by VASP serine-239 phosphorylation, was dependent on c-Src-catalyzed tyrosine phosphorylation of PKG-Ia (i.e. VASP phosphorylation was blocked by Src inhibitors, SKI-1 or SU6656) and the intracellular activation of c-Src was (somehow) dependent on the kinase activity and expression levels of PKG-Ia (i.e. c-Src activation was decreased by DT-2 or siRNA-induced knockdown of PKG-Ia).
The Replisome Pausing Factor Timeless Is Required for Episomal Maintenance of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is maintained as an extrachromosomal episome during latent infection of B lymphocytes. Episomal maintenance is conferred by the interaction of the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) with a tandem array of high-affinity binding sites, referred to as the family of repeats (FR), located within the viral origin of plasmid replication (OriP). How this nucleoprotein array confers episomal maintenance is not completely understood. Previous studies have shown that DNA replication forks pause and terminate with high frequency at OriP. We now show that cellular DNA replication fork pausing and protection factors Timeless (Tim) and Tipin (Timeless-interacting protein) accumulate at OriP during S phase of the cell cycle. Depletion of Tim inhibits OriP-dependent DNA replication and causes a complete loss of the closed-circular form of EBV episomes in latently infected B lymphocytes. Tim depletion also led to the accumulation of double-strand breaks at the OriP region. These findings demonstrate that Tim is essential for sustaining the episomal forms of EBV DNA in latently infected cells and suggest that DNA replication fork protection is integrally linked to the mechanism of plasmid maintenance.
Low-complexity blind synchronization and demodulation for (ultra-)wideband multi-user ad hoc access

Synchronization is a performance-critical factor in most communication systems: from classical narrowband and emerging (ultra) wideband (UWB) point-to-point links to cooperative or ad hoc networking, where access must deal with multi-user interference (MUI) and possibly severe intersymbol interference (ISI). For universal applicability to all these scenarios, we develop a blind synchronization and demodulation scheme which relies on intermittent transmission of nonzero mean symbols. These enable MUI- and ISI-resilient timing acquisition via energy detection and low-complexity demodulation by matching to a synchronized aggregate template (SAT). The resultant SAT receiver offers distinct advantages over RAKE, has low-complexity and lends itself naturally to decision-directed enhancements. Its blind operation nicely fits the requirements of multi-user ad hoc access and its ability to handle ISI is particularly attractive for UWB communications. Analytical performance evaluation and simulations testing our novel scheme in UWB settings confirm its high potential for deployment
The Scattering of Gas Molecules from Metal Surfaces

The physical process of energy and momentum exchange between inert gas molecules and clean metal surfaces in the range between 0.05 eV and several eV is described and computed accommodation coefficient and scattering pattern shifts are compared to measurements. Several features of time of flight measurement techniques are described.
The Producer Services Sector and Development within the Deindustrializing Urban Community

Cet article examine le developpement des etablissements de «services de production» dans deux communautes urbaines en processus de desindustrialisation : Cleveland et Akron, Ohio. S'adressant aux firmes commerciales ou aux agences gouvernementales, ces etablissements tendent a etre dependants des affaires locales mais engagent egalement un commerce developpant l'integration interurbaine au profit de grands centres interurbains, et ce, principalement avec d'autres industries de service. Leur developpement semble donc fiable, car il ne repose pas sur une industrie manufacturiere en declin