cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carving Nature at Its Joints: The Entity Concept in an Entangled Society

ABSTRACT: Parsing the dividing lines between financial reporting entities and individual elements poses significant professional challenges. In contrast, FASB/IASB exposure drafts on The Reporting Entity describe the boundaries of reporting entities as self-evident and objectively determinable. This paper argues that the entity problem in accounting is much broader than merely a question of determining what activities to include in general purpose financial statements. The history of the accounting entity concept and Scott's (1931) monograph, The Cultural Significance of Accounts, are revisited to explain the weak philosophical basis for modern accounting practice. The paper argues that the FASB/IASB conceptual frameworks exhibit a cultural bias of finite objectivism grounded in philosophical pragmatism and an Aristotelian logic of “natural kinds” sorted into disjoint categories. Alternative conceptualizations from outside the accounting literature depict reality as intertwined, unbounded, and not easily ...
Collaborating for Competency-A Model for Single Electronic Health Record Onboarding for Medical Students Rotating among Separate Health Systems

Background Use of the electronic health record (EHR) is widespread in academic medical centers, and hands-on EHR experience in medical school is essential for new residents to be able to meaningfully contribute to patient care. As system-specific EHR training is not portable across institutions—even when the same EHR platform is used—students rotating across health systems are often required to spend time away from clinical training to complete each system's, often duplicative, EHR training regardless of their competency within the EHR. Methods We aimed to create a single competency-based Epic onboarding process that would be portable across all the institutions in which our medical students complete clinical rotations. In collaboration with six health systems, we created online EHR training modules using a systematic approach to curriculum development and created an assessment within the Epic practice environment. Results All six collaborating health systems accepted successful completion of the developed assessment in lieu of standard site-specific medical student EHR training. In the pilot year, 443 students (94%) completed the modules and assessment prior to their clinical training and successfully entered clinical rotations without time consuming, often repetitive onsite training, decreasing the cumulative time as student might be expected to engage in Epic onboarding as much as 20-fold. Conclusion Medical schools with multisystem training sites with a single type of EHR can adopt this approach to minimize training burden for their learners and to allow them more time in the clinical setting with optimized access to the EHR.
Analytical Emission Spectroscopy in Biomedical Research

The role of trace metals in the etiology and pathogenesis of disease has been a subject of interest for many years. Early studies were principally concerned with acute toxicities caused by metals or with the effect that severe dietary deficiencies of the metals produced on growth, development, and reproduction of laboratory animals. More recently, interest has developed in the possibility that chronic dietary excesses or deficiencies of certain trace metals might play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases.
DNA Methylation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Epigenetics plays a direct and indirect role in the chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease. The decreased DNA methylation status with increasing age of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene promoter will boost transcription of this gene, leading to higher levels of APP. Furthermore, both the BACE and PS1 genes show similar decreased promoter methylation with aging, causing higher levels – and activity – of β- and γ-secretases, increasing APP processing toward Aβ production. Together, this increases the levels of Aβ that will lead to the development of the pathology that is characteristic of sporadic AD. Furthermore, epigenetics plays a role through the nutritional status of the individual, i.e., through low folate and high homocysteine levels the DNA methylation level can be decreased. It is of interest to note that it has been shown that AD patients tend to have low levels of folate and high levels of homocysteine. Finally, parental influences in the inheritance of AD have been demonstrated, likely caused by gene imprinting.
Recovering from selection bias in causal and statistical inference

Selection bias is caused by preferential exclusion of units from the samples and represents a major obstacle to valid causal and statistical inferences; it cannot be removed by randomized experiments and can rarely be detected in either experimental or observational studies. In this paper, we provide complete graphical and algorithmic conditions for recovering conditional probabilities from selection biased data. We also provide graphical conditions for recoverability when unbiased data is available over a subset of the variables. Finally, we provide a graphical condition that generalizes the backdoor criterion and serves to recover causal effects when the data is collected under preferential selection.
MAC-LEAP: Multi-antenna, cross layer, energy adaptive protocol

Abstract With the continuous development of wireless networks, energy conservation and energy efficiency are becoming key factors in improving the network lifetime. In multi-antenna wireless networks, the energy conservation problem can be addressed using the trade-off between the transmit power and the circuit energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a cross layer protocol, MAC-LEAP, that selects the best transmission policy based on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) in both single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. Various data transmission algorithms are presented in which many factors are considered in order to find the best transmission policy between each pair of nodes. An RTS/CTS handshake is used to exchange the required information to select the best transmission policy prior to data transmission. Moreover, we introduce a MIMO-based framework in Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) in which the wireless nodes may be equipped with more than one antenna. Using extensive simulations in ns-3, we compare the performance of MAC-LEAP with traditional protocols in terms of the network lifetime and the number of received packets. The simulation results show that MAC-LEAP outperforms the traditional protocols in both single-hop and multi-hop networks for various transmission distances and target Bit-Error-Rates (BER).
Integrative system genetic analysis reveals mRNA-lncRNA network associated with mouse spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility.

// Yu Zhou 1 and Ming You 1 1 Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA Correspondence to: Ming You, email: myou@mcw.edu Keywords: spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility; lncRNA; co-expression network; system genetic analysis Received: September 13, 2018 Accepted: December 10, 2018 Published: January 08, 2019 ABSTRACT Introduction : Lung cancer continues to be a significant health burden in the United States. Lung cancer in never smokers is considered as a different disease and underlying mechanism of spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility is still poorly known. Meanwhile, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have multiple functions in biological processes, have seldom been studied in spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility. Methods : In this study, microarray analyses of normal lung tissues were performed in 23 different mouse strains. LncRNA profile was analyzed by re-annotating exon array for lncRNAs detection. LncRNA/mRNA co-expression networks were constructed and the association between significant lncRNA module and significant mRNA modules was calculated. Finally, Genome-wide association (GWA) results were used to further highlight the key mRNAs and lncRNAs associated with spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility. Results : Four mRNA modules were significantly associated with spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility. Genes in these modules were enriched in “blood coagulation” and “immune system process”. Only one lncRNA module was significantly associated with spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility. Many lncRNAs in this module were co-expressed with mRNAs in the second most significant mRNA module. This co-expression network contained 113 interactions between 30 lncRNAs and 40 mRNAs. After GWA filtration, two mRNAs (Myo7a and Zfp874a) and two lncRNAs (n290048 and n271850) were highlighted as the candidates responsible for genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. Conclusions : We firstly used integrative system genetic analysis to report the mRNA-lncRNA network associated with spontaneous lung cancer susceptibility and identified potential targets for lung cancer prevention.
Review Article: Spectroscopic microreactors for heterogeneous catalysis

Microfluidic reactors with in situ spectroscopy have enabled many new directions of research over the last two decades. The miniature nature of these systems enables several key advantages in heterogeneous catalysis, which includes the reaction surface or interface accessible to spectroscopic equipment making the discovery of new catalytic materials possible. Devices fabricated with materials that are transparent to electromagnetic radiation enable in situ and in operando spectroscopy such as Raman, UV-Vis, and IR directly at the point of the reaction, and thus high fidelity, transient information on the reaction chemistry is available. Innovative designs with NMR, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, x-ray techniques, or terahertz imaging have also advanced the field of heterogeneous catalysis. These methods have been successfully engineered to make major breakthroughs in the design of catalytic materials for important classes of chemical reactions. In this review, the authors provide an overview of recent advances in the design of microreactors with in situ spectroscopy for the study of heterogeneous catalysis to raise awareness among the vacuum science community on techniques, tools, existing challenges, and emerging trends and opportunities.
The Effect of a Standardized Triage Process on Efficiency and Productivity of an Inpatient Palliative Care Team

Context:Studies have shown that palliative care involvement delivers a multitude of benefits to patients and caregivers. The existing palliative care workforce is inadequate to meet growing demand....
Guaranteed Localization of More Sources Than Sensors With Finite Snapshots in Multiple Measurement Vector Models Using Difference Co-Arrays

The Multiple Measurement Vector (MMV) problem is central to sparse signal processing, where the goal is to recover the common support of a set of unknown sparse vectors of size $N$ , from $L$ compressed measurement vectors, each of size $M . Recent advances in correlation-aware and Bayesian techniques for MMV models show promising evidence that under appropriate assumptions, it is possible to recover supports of size ( $s$ ) larger than the dimension ( $M$ ) of each measurement vector. However, these results are primarily asymptotic in $L$ , and cannot provide support recovery guarantees for finite $L$ . This paper overcomes such drawback by focusing on a broader family of correlation-aware optimization problems (which include convex problems), and establishing rigorous non-asymptotic probabilistic guarantees in the regime $s>M$ when the measurements are collected using appropriately designed sparse sensor arrays (such as nested and coprime). Assuming the source locations obey a certain “minimum separation” condition, we develop uniform upper bounds on the estimation error that is obeyed by any algorithm belonging to this family, and utilize this bound to ensure probabilistic support recovery in the regime $s>M$ . Our results crucially rely upon (i) the unique geometry of the difference co-array of the sparse arrays, and (ii) certain non-negativity constraints on the optimization variable. As a result of independent interest, we also show that this upper bound is tight with respect to the dimension $N$ . Extensive numerical simulations (including phase transition plots) are presented to validate the theoretical claims.
Effects of plane of milk-replacer nutrition on the health, behavior, and performance of high-risk Holstein bull calves from a commercial calf ranch

ABSTRACT Objective This research study aimed to determine whether preweaning plane of milk-replacer nutrition influences health, standing and oral behaviors, and performance of high-risk calves. Materials and Methods Thirty-six Holstein bull calves (1 d of age) from a commercial calf ranch were assigned to either a high plane of milk-replacer nutrition (HPN; n = 18; 20 and 28% DM lipid and protein, respectively, Cow’s Match, Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Protein Co., Shoreview, MN) or a low plane of milk-replacer nutrition (LPN; n = 18; 20% DM lipid and protein, Herd Maker, Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Protein Co.) through weaning. Total serum protein concentrations confirmed that 72 and 76% of calves had failure of passive transfer ( Results and Discussion Risk for bloat and scouring were greater for calves fed the HPN, but there was no difference in antibiotic treatment or mortality. The HPN calves had greater performance over the preweaning period including final BW, ADG, and feed:gain (total kg of milk replacer + calf starter, kg of DM/kg of BW gain), but weaning was more stressful for HPN calves. Implications and Applications In conclusion, the high-risk calves fed a HPN had increased preweaning ADG, but there was also an increased incidence of scours. There may be differences in the health status of calves that may affect the ability to consume and use high MR levels. When feeding high-risk calves there may be a need for alternate strategies when determining the quality and quantity of MR being fed when compared with low-risk calves. Differences in gut integrity may influence the ability of high-risk calves to handle high levels of MR early in life. Potential issues with high-risk calves being fed a HPN might be reduced with increased feeding times per day, a gradual step-up method, or other nutritional strategies that improve gastrointestinal development and function.
Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response.

Purpose of review Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While cardiac injury has been demonstrated in critically ill COVID-19 patients, the mechanism of injury remains unclear. Here, we review our current knowledge of the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms of myocardial injury due to viral toxicities and host immune responses. Recent findings A number of studies have reported an epidemiological association between history of cardiac disease and worsened outcome during COVID infection. Development of new onset myocardial injury during COVID-19 also increases mortality. While limited data exist, potential mechanisms of cardiac injury include direct viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and toxicity in host cells, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and immune-mediated cytokine release syndrome. Potential treatments for reducing viral infection and excessive immune responses are also discussed. COVID patients with cardiac disease history or acquire new cardiac injury are at an increased risk for in-hospital morbidity and mortality. More studies are needed to address the mechanism of cardiotoxicity and the treatments that can minimize permanent damage to the cardiovascular system.
Inherent limitation of digital imagery: spatial-phase vacillations and the ambiguity function

The spatial relationship of a scene image upon a pixilated focal-plane-array (FPA) can temporally change due to scene or camera motion, microjitter of camera line-of-sight, etc. It was found that degradation caused by subpixel spatial-phase vacillations (SPV) upon the performance of matched filters was unexpectedly significant. Subpixel spatial-phase vacillations can cause degradations in matched filter performance to detect desired objects and discriminate other objects. SPV appear to be an inherent limitation of digital imagery when processed using matched filter methodology and can negatively impact the performance of systems. Mitigation of this degradation was found to be possible by utilizing one of several matched filter constructions such as a multi-filter enhanced matched filter bank (EMFB) and a single-filter EMF. A significant conclusion of this investigation is that, for automatic target recognition (ATR) applications, improved overall task performance should be realized by the use of an EMF bank. Dramatic reduction in computational resources for image matching multispectral imagery was accomplished by spectrally-collapsing multispectral imagery to form pseudoimages with the spectral information appearing as a texture in a grayscale image. The Pattern Recognition Ambiguity Function, which sets the fundamental performance limit of an image processing system, is introduced.
Sustainable Development and Participatory Action Research: A Systematic Review

Sustainable development scholars are employing participatory action research to establish platforms for collaborative inquiry and knowledge integration. While this action research tradition supports the revitalization of scholarly influence in sustainability policy and practice, its recent expansion into new topics and disciplines suggests the need for broad-based evaluation. To fulfill this task, I conduct a systematic review of the last decade of peer-reviewed research. The results of this study advance scholarly knowledge in three critical ways. By mapping the field, I identify global patterns of engagement and assemble an interdisciplinary toolbox of methods for research and action. By interrogating descriptions of methodology and lessons learned, I uncover key issues with research and practice, including threats to methodological integrity. By connecting empirical insights with the discourse on ethics, I clarify research standards and suggest strategies for improving engagement. This article brings coherence to an emergent and potentially transformative field that is located at the crossroads of sustainability and participation.
Influence of Betrayal Trauma on Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is linked to a number of social problems and accordingly is the focus of intensive empirical study. There is reason to believe that ASPD is influenced at least in part by exposure to trauma, but there has been minimal research on the association between trauma and ASPD traits. Specifically, research has not examined how traumatic experiences with different degrees of interpersonal betrayal differentially influence ASPD traits. This is notable in light of recent studies indicating that exposure to traumatic experiences high in betrayal (i.e., high betrayal trauma) is the primary predictor of borderline and narcissistic personality pathology. In this study, we examined the relative associations between high, medium, and low betrayal trauma and ASPD traits in a sample recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 363) using structural equation modeling. Results confirmed a strong association between trauma and ASPD traits in general, although the influence of specific forms of trauma differed depending on both sex and how trauma was calculated (i.e., in terms of severity vs. exposure). In general, high betrayal trauma was the most consistent predictor of ASPD traits for men, whereas medium and low betrayal traumas were more consistently associated with ASPD traits for women. Study findings extend research on betrayal trauma to more malevolent forms of personality pathology. Sex differences in the influence of trauma across ASPD traits suggest the possibility of sex-specific personality responses to trauma high in betrayal, a topic that can be addressed in the future research.
Comparing Apples and Coconuts Food Regimes and (Farmers) Markets in Brooklyn, USA, and Suva, Fiji

Until the advent and spread of supermarkets, the markets that we now call farmers, public, open-air, or traditional markets needed no adjectives. They were simply markets. Currently, the bodies of research about traditional markets common in the Global South and about farmers markets resurging in the Global North tend to be separate. However, viewed through the lens of food regime frame­works, together these markets come more clearly into focus as globally local alternatives to a corpo­rate regime of supermarkets. As microcases within this macrosociological framework, this paper examines two urban markets—one traditional daily market in Suva, Fiji, and one seasonal Saturday farmers market in East New York, Brooklyn, in the United States. We analyze interviews and surveys with vendors and market-related documents. As we illustrate with brief case descriptions, other than both being urban, the individual markets and their contexts could hardly be more different. One market was formalized early in the colonial food regime, and the other was founded more recently as an alternative to the current neoliberal corporate regime. However, vendors in both reported that selling at the market generates income, autonomy, respect, and social connectedness for them. These commonalities suggest that examining lessons from such markets across communities globally, South or North, traditional or farmers, may offer new insights into how to sustain and expand such mar­kets even in the face of supermarket domination. In addition, doing so with a food regime lens may make that work more useful for informing how to support traditional and farmers market develop­ment in ways that help keep aspirations and needs of those who produce, distribute, and consume food at the heart of their work, as real alternatives to neoliberal frameworks. See the press release for this article.
Uniform Nonparametric Series Inference for Dependent Data with an Application to the Search and Matching Model

This paper concerns the uniform inference for nonparametric series estimators in time-series applications. We develop a strong approximation theory of sample averages of serially dependent random vectors with dimensions growing with the sample size. The strong approximation is first proved for heterogeneous martingale difference arrays and then extended to general mixingales via martingale approximation, readily accommodating a majority of applications in applied econometrics. We use these results to justify the asymptotic validity of a uniform confidence band for series estimators and show that it can also be used to conduct nonparametric specification test for conditional moment restrictions. The validity of high-dimensional heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) estimators is established for making feasible inference. The proposed method is broadly useful for forecast evaluation, empirical microstructure, dynamic stochastic equilibrium models and inference problems based on inter-section bounds. We demonstrate the empirical relevance of the proposed method by studying the Mortensen–Pissarides search and matching model for equilibrium unemployment, and shed new light on the unemployment volatility puzzle from an econometric perspective.
358 Ramucirumab in combination with pembrolizumab as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: a phase 1–2 trial

Background VEGF, a key mediator of angiogenesis and resistance to immunotherapy, is overexpressed in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The primary aims of this trial were to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of ramucirumab, a potent inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2, given with pembrolizumab, and the objective response rate (ORR) of this combination as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic (RM)-HNSCC. Methods Study participants provided written informed consent. Eligible patients had incurable HNSCC originating in the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. RM disease within 6 months of curative-intent systemic therapy and programmed death ligand (PD-L1) negative disease were permitted. In a dose de-escalation phase 1 design, patients received ramucirumab (level one: 10 mg/kg; then 8 and 6 mg/kg) and pembrolizumab (200 mg) on day 1 of each 21-day cycle until discontinuation criteria were met. Each dose level included three patients. The RP2D of ramucirumab was defined as the highest dose level at which one or fewer patients experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during cycle one. In a Simon two-stage phase 2 design, patients with measurable, previously untreated RM-HNSCC received ramucirumab at the RP2D with pembrolizumab. Tumor response was assessed by RECIST1.1. When the trial was developed, the ORR of pembrolizumab given as first-line treatment wasn’t known; however, the ORR for platinum pre-treated disease was 13–18%. Therefore, an ORR of 32% was of clinical interest. In stage one, two or more responses among ten patients were required to enroll to stage two. Eight or more responses among 33 evaluable patients (those with at least one response assessment) was evidence for efficacy (80% power; one-sided α= 0.05). Results Three patients were treated in phase 1 and 37 in phase 2. Eleven patients (28%) had recurrent disease within 6 months of curative-intent systemic therapy. In phase 1, no DLT occurred at the starting dose of ramucirumab. Tumor response occurred in 2 of these 3 patients. In phase 2, tumor response occurred in 19 of 33 evaluable patients (ORR 57.6%, 95%CI: 39.2–74.5). Tumor response by PD-L1 CPS is shown in the table below (table 1). No unexpected safety concerns were identified. Conclusions The RP2D of ramucirumab given with pembrolizumab was 10 mg/kg on day 1 of each 21-day cycle. The primary hypothesis was accepted: the ORR with ramucirumab and pembrolizumab was higher than expected with pembrolizumab monotherapy when given as first-line treatment for RM-HNSCC. Trial Registration This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03650764). Ethics Approval This study was approved by Washington University’s Ethics Board; approval number 201809094.
Antigens Expressed by Melanoma and Melanocytes

Serological studies with human sera and monoclonal antibodies have identified a large number of distinct antigen systems on melanoma cells. A major focus of the mapping of these antigens has been the identification of determinants that can serve as targets for recognition by the host. In the course of these studies, more has been revealed about the antigenic profile of normal cells than about specific antigenic changes that occur during the process of malignant transformation. The cell components that have been best characterized are differentiation antigens. The investigation of these antigens on melanoma cells has provided considerable information about antigenic changes occurring during normal differentiation of the normal cell counterpart, the melanocyte. The search continues for molecules that are expressed specifically during events of malignant transformation and tumor progression. Three categories of antigens on melanoma cells have been identified: (1) differentiation antigens; (2) antigens expressed during transformation; and (3) antigens that serve as targets for the immune system in the host with cancer. In this chapter, we discuss our recent studies, rather than review the substantial amount of information that has been published about melanoma antigens.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CALAXIOPSIS (DECAPODA: THALASSINIDEA: CALOCARIDIDAE) FROM JAPAN

A new species of calocaridid thalassinidean shrimp of the genus Calaxiopsis is described based on a single male specimen from Boso Peninsula, central Japan. It is related to C. serrata, but is readily distinguished from the latter in the unarmed submedian carinae on the gastric region, ventrally unarmed abdominal pleura, much shorter antenna! acicle and rudimentary podobranchs of the third maxilliped to third pereiopods, which lack normally developed gill filaments. The discovery of the new species shows that the development of the podobranchs on the third maxilliped to third pereiopods is variable within the genus. A check list of all known species of Axiidae and Calocarididae from the northwestern Pacific is included.
The physical interaction of gases with crystalline solids: III. Heat capacity and the localized-to-mobile transition

Abstract Computed heat capacities for a system of isolated atoms adsorbed on either the exposed (100) or the (111) face of a face-centered-cubic crystal are reported here. Classical statistical mechanics was used to calculate the heat capacities from a gas-solid interaction potential that was assumed to be given by a sum of pair-wise Lennard-Jones (12−6) energies over all the atoms of the solid. Results of this work are compared with a similar calculation due to Hill, who utilized a much cruder representation of the gas-solid energy. The present calculations yield heat capacities that go through a maximum in all systems considered; the temperatures of the maxima occur very near to V 0 5k , where V 0 is the barrier to translation (in agreement with Hill's conclusion), but the heights of the maxima vary from system to system (in disagreement with Hill's findings). Reasons for the differences between this calculation (and one due to Van Dongen) and that of Hill are discussed.
Intensification and rapid intensification of North Atlantic tropical cyclones: geography, time of year, age since genesis, and storm characteristics

Tropical cyclone best track data in the Atlantic from 1950 to 2009 were analysed to determine whether tendency to rapidly intensify varied among geographical sub-regions, 15-d intervals within the season, or when the storm displayed different characteristics of age, strength, or time of day. Wind speed increases of 7.7 m s−1 (15 kt)/24 h and 15.4 m s−1 (30 kt)/24 h were used to define intensification events; these ended up showing similar patterns. Cyclones were most likely to begin intensifying in the Gulf of Mexico and least likely in the northeast Atlantic. Likelihood did not peak during the early September peak of cyclone occurrence; cyclones were most likely to begin intensification on their initial observations, and at that time were most likely to do so if their wind speed was 18.0 m s−1 (35 kt). Older cyclones showed peaks of intensification onset at 15.4 m s−1 (30 kt) and 36.0 m s−1 (70 kt). Intensification rarely began immediately after wind speed had declined over the previous 6 h; when winds had been unchanged, intensification most often occurred when central pressure had dropped by 1 or 2 mb. Intensification onset was more likely when winds were slower than average relative to the storm's central pressure. In three time zones, onset of intensification (7.7 m s−1 [15 kt]/24 h) appeared to be most likely shortly after midnight local time, and least likely shortly before midnight. Cyclogenesis was least frequent around local midnight, and most likely in the diurnal morning hours.
Is there a local source of magnetic monopoles

Cabrera1 has reported the possible detection of a magnetic monopole in flight with magnetic charge g given by the Dirac condition2 2eg = hc. Here, we accept the Cabrera candidate as a t'Hooft–Polyakov3,4 monopole of mass M ∼ 1016 GeV as expected5 in SU(5) or other grand unified theories. The monopole flux on Earth, on the basis of the single candidate, is f∼(0.1) cm−2 yr−1 (2πsr)−1, presumably consisting of roughly equal numbers of north and south monopoles. Galactic or intergalactic monopoles will have typical velocities of ∼300 km s−1. The Cabrera flux would correspond to a mass density f M/v ∼1 GeV cm−3. Because the mean mass density of the Universe cannot exceed 10−5 GeV cm−3, the mean flux of monopoles in the Universe must be at least five orders of magnitude smaller than f (refs 6,7). This would not be a problem if the monopoles were concentrated in the Galaxy. However, Parker has shown8 that the existence of galactic magnetic fields is inconsistent with a mean galactic monopole flux of 10−7 cm−2 yr−1. It follows that f must be a local flux resulting from the special nature of the observation site. Three possibilities come to mind: the local monopole flux may be associated with the Earth, the Sun, or with the Solar System as a whole.
Understanding primate communities: recent developments and future directions.

In 1999, the edited volume Primate Communities presented several studies that examined broad-scale patterns of primate diversity.1 Similar studies were being conducted on nonprimate taxa; advances in data availability and statistical approaches were allowing scientists to investigate a variety of new questions and to reexamine classical questions in novel ways. While such studies on nonprimate taxa have continued at a steady pace, they have only crept forward for primate species (Fig. 1). In the intervening time, the field of macroecology (Box 1) rapidly developed and has resulted in several books[2-4] and the establishment of new research institutes. We suggest that examining primate communities, especially in a macroecological context, is an important line of research for our field to embrace and an area where biological anthropologists can provide major contributions. We review the current state of research, describe new datasets and research tools, and suggest future research directions.
Role of leptin in autoimmune arthritis

Abstract Rationale It has recently been shown that leptin a hormone that controls body weight, also regulates autoimmunity. We examined the role of leptin in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Serum was obtained from normal DBA male and female mice and leptin level was measured. CIA was induced in wild-type DBA (H-2 q ), wild-type C57BL/6 (H-2 b ), and Bcl-x L transgenic (H-2 b ) mice and their levels of serum leptin were measured prior to the onset of arthritis and at the peak time of arthritis. Results Leptin level in DBA mice prior to induction of arthritis was significantly higher (p L transgenic mice when compared to wild-type controls, consistent with the clinical severity of arthritis which was also significantly greater in the Bcl-x L transgenic group. Conclusions Serum leptin levels appear to correlate with the induction of CIA, in that leptin levels increased just prior to the onset of arthritis. There also appears to be a correlation between the degree of leptin surge and the severity of subsequent clinical arthritis.
Dislocation reduction in large-diameter LEC GaAs growth. I. Low gradient growth and indium doping

The effects of passive heat shielding, ambient pressure control, and indium doping on the properties of large-diameter, semi-insulating GaAs crystals grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) technique have been investigated. Dislocation densities in the “ring” region of undoped crystals as low as 3700 cm-2 were achieved by low gradient growth compared to levels of over 20,000 in standard LEC material. A reduction in operating pressure from 300 to 150 psi led to further reductions to levels as low as 2800 cm-2. Effectively dislocation-free material with dislocation densities ranging from 10 to 2000 cm-2 was grown in the low gradient configuration by isovalent doping with indium at concentration levels of (6–9) × 1019 cm-3. A new phenomenon of critical isovalent doping was identified, which establishes a critical indium concentration for minimum dislocation density. Critical doping is explained in terms of competing effects of lattice “hardening” and reduced thermal transport due to indium. It was found that background impurity and point defect concentrations remain substantially unaffected by passive shielding, although some differences between the properties of undoped and indium doped crystals were identified. Finally, from the standpoint of crystal manufacturing, it was demonstrated that wafer yield per crystal of an isovalent hardening growth process would be at least 30% lower than a comparable undoped growth process due to the limitation of constitutional supercooling.
Modal sound transmission loss of a single leaf panel: Effects of inter-modal coupling

Sound transmission through a single leaf panel has mostly been discussed and explained by using the approaching wave concept, from which the well-known mass law can be derived. In this paper, the modal behavior in sound transmission coefficients is explored, and it is shown that the mutual modal radiation impedances in modal sound transmission coefficients may not be ignored even for a panel immersed in a light fluid. By introducing the equivalent modal impedance which incorporates the inter-modal coupling effect, an analytical expression for the modal sound transmission coefficient is derived, and the overall sound transmission coefficient is simply a modal superposition of modal sound transmission coefficients. A good correlation is obtained between analytical calculation and boundary element method. In addition, it is found that inter-modal coupling has noticeable effects in modal sound transmission coefficients in the subsonic region but may be ignored as modes become supersonic. It is also shown that the well-known mass law performance is attributed to all the supersonic modes.
Differences in Establishment of Persistence of Vaccine and Wild Type Rubella Viruses in Fetal Endothelial Cells.

Both wild type (WT) and vaccine rubella virus (RV) can pass through the placenta to infect a human fetus, but only wtRV routinely causes pathology. To investigate possible reasons for this, we compared establishment of persistence of wtRV and RA27/3 vaccine strains in fetal endothelial cells. We showed that yields of RA27/3 and wtRV were similar after the first round of replication, but then only vaccine-infected cultures went through a crisis characterized by partial cell loss and gradual decline of virus titer followed by recovery and establishment of persistent cultures with low levels of RA27/3 secretion. We compared various steps of virus replication, but we were unable to identify changes, which might explain the 2-log difference in RA27/3 and wtRV yields in persistently infected cultures. Whole genome sequencing did not reveal selection of virus variants in either the wtRV or RA27/3 cultures. Quantitative single-cell analysis of RV replication by in situ hybridization detected, on average, 1–4 copies of negative-strand RNA and ~50 copies of positive-strand genomic RNA in cells infected with both vaccine and WT viruses. The distinct characteristics of RA27/3 replication were the presence of large amounts of negative-strand RV RNA and RV dsRNA at the beginning of the crisis and the accumulation of high amounts of genomic RNA in a subpopulation of infected cells during crisis and persistence. These results suggest that RA27/3 can persist in fetal endothelial cells, but the characteristics of persistence and mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of persistence are different from wtRV.
Meat and Bone Meal as an Alternative for Fish Meal in Soybean Meal-Based Diets for Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus L.

Alternative protein feedstuffs are potential surrogates for fish meal in the diet of Florida pompano. This study was designed to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal in a soybean meal-based diet for Florida pompano. In Trial I (10 wk), the basal diet (FM15, formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid) containing 15% fish meal was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal producing diets with 10 (FM10), 5 (FM05), and 0% (FM0) fish meal. In Trial II (8 wk), the FM0 served as the basal diet (Tau 0) and was modified by the additive supplementation of taurine to produce three test diets containing 0.25 (Tau 0.25), 0.5 (Tau 0.50), and 0.75% (Tau 0.75) taurine. In Trial I, reduced weight gain (220.1%), feed efficiency (0.31), and survival (84.5%) were observed in fish fed the FM0 diet (P < 0.05). In Trial II, the supplementation of taurine improved the growth performance, survival, and protein and energy retention efficiencies of Florida pompano (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of taurine was required in these feed formulations and that meat and bone meal is a good alternative ingredient for fish meal in soybean meal-based diets for Florida pompano.
Identifying patterns of ethical sensitivity in TV news viewers: An assessment of some critical viewing skills

This study applies a multidimensional assessment of ethical sensitivity to 104 viewers descriptions and evaluations of a local TV news story about a hit‐and‐run accident. Ethical sensitivity is measured along four dimensions or abilities: ability to notice relevant story characteristics, ethical issues, consequences, and stakeholders. Cluster analysis reveals eight distinct clusters or patterns of ethical sensitivity abilities, which we label broadly aware, outcome oriented, consequence oriented, stakeholder oriented, issue oriented, fact oriented, outcome oriented, and broadly unaware.
Vaccination to prevent type 1 diabetes.

Immune-based interventions to treat or prevent autoimmune disorders are opening up entirely novel therapeutic avenues. Presently, systemic immune modulators such as antibodies to cytokines or cell-surface molecules (i.e., costimulators) are undergoing clinical testing or are already in use. The next generation of interventions will function in an antigen-specific way. These strategies are more difficult to design, because successful immunization or vaccination has to be monitored on an individual basis and dose/route/timing considerations play an essential role. Both will be discussed in this chapter and suitable combinatorial approaches will be suggested.
View changes in augmented reality computer-aided-drawing

A prototype augmented reality computer-aided-drawing (AR CAD) prototype aimed at supporting a design detailing and review process has been developed. Utilizing head-mounted displays, AR CAD supports users in manipulating design models with two possible view change mechanisms---observer movement around the virtual object (model) or rotation of the virtual object. Previous studies in scene recognition across views of real objects yielded performances that were better under observer movement conditions, than under object rotation conditions. Based on these studies, it is hypothesized that the perception of 3D designs in an augmented scene from the AR CAD prototype is also better when changing views by observer movement than by model rotation. This study presents an experiment to test this hypothesis, so as to address the question of the appropriate mechanisms for view change that best support the perception of 3D designs presented in an augmented reality platform. The findings from the experiment suggest that an individual's perception of 3D designs in an augmented scene from AR CAD depends, in part, on the type of view change, showing that performance was better after observer movement than after model rotation.
What government should a region have

Professor Reed discusses the governmental needs of a region in the light of European experience.
Characterization of a gp91-phox Promoter Element That Is Required for Interferon γ-induced Transcription

The cytochrome b558 heavy chain (gp91-phox) is expressed nearly exclusively in terminally differentiating myelomonocytic cells, thereby providing a model to study the events of late myeloid differentiation. We describe a tissue culture assay for studying interferon gamma induction of gp91-phox expression and a cis-element in the gp91-phox promoter that is necessary but not sufficient for this activity. In vitro assays reveal two DNA-binding proteins that interact with this cis-element. One factor is restricted to hematopoietic cells, is required for an interferon gamma response, and binds to an element similar to the Ets protein family consensus, although it does not correspond to known family members. The second factor is the ubiquitous CCAAT-binding protein CP1, which is dispensable for an interferon gamma response. Single base pair mutations in the gp91-phox promoter that specifically abolish the binding of the hematopoietic-associated factor have previously been identified in chronic granulomatous disease patients (Newburger, P. E., Skalnik, D. G., Hopkins, P. J., Eklund, E. A., and Curnutte, J. T. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1205-1211). The data reported here directly demonstrate the functional significance of the hematopoietic-associated factor for gp91-phox promoter activity and reveal the binding properties and tissue distribution of this novel DNA-binding protein.
Social Support Rejection and Reappraisal by Providers and Recipients1

Study 1 used recalled incidents involving offered or sought social support that were either rejected or later reappraised. Rejected offers of support were perceived to be ignored by would-be recipients, whereas rejected requests for support were viewed as due to lack of concern by would-be providers. For providers, upward reappraisal of support as well as downward reappraisal was usually based on direct feedback of consequences. Recipient reappraisals in either direction were also based mainly on outcomes that contradicted initial perceived effects of support. Study 2 provided additional evidence on the factors that might lead to rejected support. Evaluations of the effect of specific behaviors from potential support providers in hypothetical stress situations identified common behaviors such as offering advice, implying blame, second-guessing the victim's behavior, and minimizing the problem to be unhelpful. Implications for increasing the effective delivery of social support are discussed.
High performance Fortran: an overview

The author gives an overview of the work of the High Performance Fortran Forum (HPFF). This group of industry, academic, and user representatives has been meeting to define a set of extensions for Fortran dedicated to the special problems posed by very high performance computers, especially the new generation of parallel computers. The author describes the HPFF effort and its goals and gives a brief description of the functionality of high performance Fortran. >
Choosing when to interact with learners

In this paper, we describe a method for pedagogical agents to choose when to interact with learners in interactive learning environments. This method is based on observations of human tutors coaching students in on-line learning tasks. It takes into account the focus of attention of the learner, the learner's current task, and expected time required to perform the task. A Bayesian network model combines evidence from eye gaze and interface actions to infer learner focus of attention. The attention model is combined with a plan recognizer to detect different types of learner difficulties such as confusion and indecision which warrant intervention. We plan to incorporate this capability into a pedagogical agent able to interact with learners in socially appropriate ways.