cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arteriovenous shunting as a new feature of PHACES: Case report

Patients with the congenital neurocutaneous disorder PHACES are at a markedly increased risk of ischemic infarction during childhood. Although intracranial arterial anomalies have been well described, venous abnormalities have not been documented. The authors report on a unique case of a 3-month-old girl with PHACES and a skull base osteodural arteriovenous fistula. A separate arteriovenous shunt at T-5 may also have been present. Imaging findings and treatment strategies are discussed.
Bidirectional Coupling between Ryanodine Receptors and Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) Channel Machinery Sustains Store-operated Ca2+ Entry in Human T Lymphocytes

The expression and functional significance of ryanodine receptors (RyR) were investigated in resting and activated primary human T cells. RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3 transcripts were detected in human T cells. RyR1/2 transcript levels increased, whereas those of RyR3 decreased after T cell activation. RyR1/2 protein immunoreactivity was detected in activated but not in resting T cells. The RyR agonist caffeine evoked Ca2+ release from the intracellular store in activated T cells but not in resting T cells, indicating that RyR are functionally up-regulated in activated T cells compared with resting T cells. In the presence of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) via plasmalemmal Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, RyR blockers reduced the Ca2+ leak from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the magnitude of SOCE, suggesting that a positive feedback relationship exists between RyR and CRAC channels. Overexpression of fluorescently tagged RyR2 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), an ER Ca2+ sensor gating CRAC channels, in HEK293 cells revealed that RyR are co-localized with STIM1 in the puncta formed after store depletion. These data indicate that in primary human T cells, the RyR are coupled to CRAC channel machinery such that SOCE activates RyR via a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism, which in turn reduces the Ca2+ concentration within the ER lumen in the vicinity of STIM1, thus facilitating SOCE by reducing store-dependent CRAC channel inactivation. Treatment with RyR blockers suppressed activated T cell expansion, demonstrating the functional importance of RyR in T cells.
Origins of debris and mitigation through a secondary RF plasma system for discharge-produced EUV sources

RF plasma based mitigation has been studied as an improved debris mitigation scheme for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources. The RF plasma ionizes sputtered neutral debris and, when used in conjunction with a collimator (also known as a foil trap), inhibits that debris from reaching the collector optics. An ionization fraction of 61+/-3% has been measured. In addition, increased scattering of the ion component of the debris has led to a decrease in erosive flux reaching the diagnostics. Results from in situ high-precision quartz crystal oscillators, ex situ surface characterization (Auger, XPS), and secondary plasma characterization is presented for a series of mitigation schemes, including a foil trap in conjunction with the RF plasma.
Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of ion and electron accelerations by parametric decay of fast lower hybrid waves

The transverse acceleration of ions by fast lower hybrid waves in the topside auroral ionosphere has remained elusive. The linear and nonlinear propagation and evolution of lower hybrid waves are essentially a three-dimensional problem. Analytical treatment of this problem, including the essential kinetic effects for particle acceleration, is a formidable task if not impossible. We have treated this problem by a fully three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is found that a fast lower hybrid pump wave undergoes a parametric decay generating secondary waves over a broad frequency range from the ion cyclotron frequency Ω i to just above the lower hybrid frequency ω lh . These secondary waves are instrumental in the accelerations of both cold ions and electrons perpendicular and parallel to the ambient magnetic field B, respectively.
Case report 754

The MRI features of bilateral xanthoma of the achilles tendon in type II hyperlipoproteinemia are reported. MRI has proved to be the best imaging modality available in assessing enlargement of the Achilles tendon. It demonstrates the heterogeneous signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images where the xanthomatous deposits are relatively higher in signal intensity than the tendon itself. MRI also has a potential value in the clinical assessment and therapeutic response of the xanthoma after operative intervention.
The First Ontological Challenge to the IAT: Attitude or Mere Familiarity?

Somebody once asked “Why is it that when peoplesay ‘that’s a good question’ they never have a good an-swer?” In response to the query of how we came to dothis work, “good question” was indeed our own re-sponse, and as such we cannot promise to have a goodanswer. In spite of the irony that this exercise poses forus, who insist on a healthy distrust of introspectiveanalysis, in this article we hope to communicate themany pleasures of our collaborative effort, the degreeto which we are indebted to our critics, and the recog-nition that the larger understanding of implicit socialcognition involves many others who constitute an inte-gral part of this discovery.
The role of intracellular calcium in axonal injury

Increased levels of axonal calcium have been found after Traumatic Brain injury. Calcium can enter the cell from an extracellular source or be released from intracellular stores. Here, we investigate the importance of intracellular calcium in axonal pathology by chelating intracellular calcium and isolating components of the injury pathway such as membrane damage, calcium influx, mitochondrial injury, and increased oxidative stress. The findings were that chelating intracellular calcium with BAPTA-AM was neuroprotective after increasing membrane permeability with melittin, damaging mitochondria with CCCP, and increasing oxidative stress with TbHp. Chelating intracellular calcium was not neuroprotective after injuring cells by selectively increasing axonal calcium with A23187.
Waiting for Palestine: refracted citizenship and latent sovereignty in Gaza

This article explores the dynamics of citizenship under conditions of statelessness and in territories with uncertain sovereignty. The Gaza Strip under Egyptian Administration (1948–1967) – a nearly indefinable entity that was under Egyptian authority but no one's sovereignty – offers an especially good site for this exploration. In this period, both the government and the population were invested in some notion of Palestinian citizenship, but there was no Palestinian state to codify that concept. The Palestinian loss of formal citizenship with the end of the British Mandate in 1948, and the continued absence of this legal category, has shaped Palestinian life and political identification in profound ways. Even under these conditions, though, both conceptions about, and the social practice of, citizenship have also been crucially important for Palestinian community. Conditions in Gaza under Egyptian Administration illuminate a ‘refracted citizenship’ that articulated a relationship to both a future state ...
Autoimmune myelopathy associated with collapsin response-mediator protein-5 immunoglobulin G.

Several autoimmune myelopathies are recognized clinically. We describe 57 patients in whom serological evaluation for myelopathy of uncertain cause demonstrated collapsin response-mediator protein 5 IgG. Most had spinal imaging and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities and insidiously progressive presentation; some had acute monophasic or relapsing myelopathy. Initial diagnoses included multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and unspecified neurodegenerative myelopathy. Most were smokers; neoplasia was discovered in 68% (most commonly small-cell lung carcinoma and after collapsin response-mediator protein-5 IgG detection). Collapsin response-mediator protein-5 autoimmune myelopathy and occult neoplasia are important considerations in patients with insidiously progressive myelopathy, especially with known cancer risk. Ann Neurol 2008
Sulfanilamide and the Macrophage Response to Hemolytic Streptococcal Peritonitis in Mice

SummaryStrain-differences in Group A hemolytic streptococci evoke marked differences in the inflammatory cell-response in mice undergoing treatment of experimental peritonitis with sulfanilamide.
A Conceptual Framework of Information Systems Usage and Consequences in Organizations

This article examines the relationship between information systems usage and the consequences which result. The concepts of system usage and consequences are discussed in some detail, along with th...
Interference phenomena in charge-density waves for monsinusoidal external drives

Abstract We have investigated the interference phenomena in NbSe 3 associated with the joint ac and dc driven charge-density waves (CDW). The application of nonsinusoidal periodic drives allows us to compare experiments to computer simulations, and it leads to a transparent qualitative description of the so-called “Shapiro steps” in this system. The results suggest that long time scales associated with the rearrangement of the CDW in the current carrying state are important for a quantitative description of the phenomena observed.
Facet heating in AlGaInP 670 nm double-heterojunction lasers

Raman microprobe studies of AlGaInP 670 nm lasers show a higher facet temperature rise per unit output power than that observed in AlGaAs lasers. This heating appears to be localised in the lasing region of the laser facet. These results are supported by probe beam facet heating experiments which show substantial differences between the AIGalnP and AlGaAs lasers.
A control-theoretic approach for energy efficient CPU-GPU subsystem in mobile platforms

This paper presents a control-theoretic approach to optimize the energy consumption of integrated CPU and GPU subsystems for graphic applications. It achieves this via a dynamic management of the CPU and GPU frequencies. To this end, we first model the interaction between the GPU and CPU as a queuing system. Second, we formulate a Multi-Input-Multi-Output state-space closed loop control to ensure robustness and stability. We evaluated this control on an Intel Baytrail-based Android platform. Experimental evaluations show energy savings of 17.4% in the CPU-GPU subsystem with a low performance impact of 0.9%.
On multicast interference alignment in multihop systems

This paper investigates alignment schemes for multicast traffic over an equal path length multihop time-varying circularly symmetric fading channels. A finite field channel model is assumed, where the inputs and channel gains belong to the same field F q . The mechanism used in this paper combines elements of the alignment strategy developed by Nazer et al. [1] with the multihop unicast alignment strategy devised by Jeon et al. [2].
Return to work, economic hardship, and women's postpartum health.

This study followed a sample of 217 new mothers in a North Carolina county as they returned to work full-time, measuring their mental and physical health-related quality of life through 16 months postpartum. In general, working mothers of infants had mental health scores that were comparable to the general population of U.S. women, and physical health that was slightly better than women in general. Using ANCOVA and controlling for important demographic characteristics, health-related quality of life was compared between mothers experiencing low and high levels of economic hardship. Across the study period, women with high economic hardship, who constituted 30.7% of the sample, had levels of mental and physical health below those of women with low economic hardship. Mothers with high economic hardship also had less stable health trajectories than mothers with low economic hardship. The findings highlight the importance of reconsidering the traditionally accepted postpartum recovery period of six weeks and ...
Arctic sea ice signatures for passive microwave algorithms

Two new sets of global pure type signatures are defined, and the precision of the concentration estimates made using the Team algorithm and the new signatures is estimated. One set varies temporally but not spatially and is defined by the modes of major peaks in histograms of brightness temperature. The other set is defined as the overall means of the temporally varying signatures; these are called 'new constant signatures'. Both sets of new signatures have essentially the same precision: 0.05 (fractional area) for winter ice concentration, 0.10 for summer ice concentration, and 0.15 to 0.3 for winter multilayer ice concentrations. Both sets result in about 0.6 to 0.7 winter multiyear ice for the Arctic Ocean, substantially more than the 0.3 to 0.4 computed using the original team algorithm signatures, and in the same range as several independent estimates of the multiyear ice, 0.54 to 0.75.
Two aspects of thin film analysis: boron profile and scattering length density profile

Boron/phosphorus-doped silicate glass (BPSG) thin films are widely used in microelectronic circuit devices. We employ two neutron techniques to investigate a 200-nm thick BPSG film: neutron depth profiling (NDP) and neutron reflectometry (NR) to obtain complementary information on the boron containing layer.
Power, Status, and Abuse at Work: General and Sexual Harassment Compared

Workplace harassment can be devastating for employees and damaging for organizations. In this article, we expand the literature by identifying common and distinct processes related to general workplace harassment and workplace sexual harassment. Using both structural equation modeling and in-depth case immersion, we analyze content-coded data from the full population of workplace ethnographies—ethnographies that provide in-depth information on the nature and causes of both general and sexual harassment that would otherwise be difficult to gather. Importantly, both forms of harassment emerge in settings characterized by physically demanding work and minority work groups. In such contexts, both general and sexual harassment enforce formal and informal status hierarchies and social exclusion. Grievance mechanisms and “team models” of workplace organization reduce sexual harassment but have no effect on general harassment. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical, legal, and policy implications for identi...
Measuring X-Efficiency in NCAA Division III Athletics:

This article expands on previous research regarding the relative efficiency of National Collegiate Athletic Association III Athletic Departments. In our analysis, we employ Frontier Analysis to develop an efficiency score for each program over the time frame of 2007-2008 to 2011-2012. We find that private schools dominate the rankings of the most efficient athletic departments. In addition, it is clear that some inputs are more valuable than others. In reviewing the yearly cross-sectional results, it is evident that for the average institution, increasing the number of female students participating in sports will yield the greatest expected increases in Director’s Cup points.
Experimental investigation of laser surface processing of flexure silicon nitride ceramic

Abstract A continuous wave carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (λ=10.6 μm) was employed to treat the surface of Si3N4 MOR (modulus of rupture) bars. The effects of the CO2 laser process on physical and mechanical properties of ground Si3N4 samples were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the area occupied by cavities and fracture is decreased by about 49.4% after laser treatments. Cross-sectional metallography results indicate that the secondary YSiAION phase in the Si3N4 ceramic is softened/melted and flowed into the defects. Four-point bending tests show that the flexural strength of the treated samples is improved to 10.9%. Fractographic analysis show that the fracture origins move from the surface to subsurface. It is concluded that laser surface processing have significant effects on fracture behavior of flexure Si3N4 ceramic.
Dominant CTL-inducing epitopes on GAD65 are adjacent to or overlap with dominant Th-inducing epitopes.

Abstract Immune responses to GAD65 are associated with progression to T1D in NOD mice and humans. Our previous data suggested that dominant CTL-inducing and Th-inducing determinants might preferentially occur in proximal GAD65 sequences. Using a panel of 192 GAD65 peptides we discovered that four of the eight CTL-inducing peptides, including those most biologically relevant, were proximal to previously described I-Ag7-restricted determinants that characterize natural islet autoimmunity in NOD mice. The CTL determinants 546-554 and 88-98 were presented by GAD65-expressing cells and were displayed on pancreatic LNC, along with 268-278, following beta cell damage. p546-554-specific CTL were detectable in young naive mice and transferred significant islet inflammation into NOD.scid mice. These findings demonstrate that unique regions of GAD65 may be favored during antigen processing, such that diverse dominant epitopes are produced from overlapping sequences, which can engage distinct T cell subsets. Additionally, cross-presentation may enhance GAD65-specific CTL responses in T1D.
Discriminant analysis of the autism spectrum disorder observation for children.

Purpose: To run a discriminant analysis on the individual items and the total scale of the ASD-OC to determine if they significantly discriminated between ASD and atypical groups.Method: The measure was administered to 78 children as part of an outpatient evaluation.Results: The DA revealed that all of the items, excluding five, were significant predictors by themselves. Additionally, Wilks’ lambda was significant, λ = 0.16, χ2 = 115.91, p < 0.001 for the function, indicating that all of the items together significantly discriminated between groups. The DA was run again excluding those items mentioned above and the variability accounted for by all of the items and prediction of group membership decreased. Therefore, all 45 items were retained for inclusion in the final version of the ASD-OC.Conclusion: The ASD-OC is able to discriminate between ASD and atypical groups.
A spacetime discontinuous Galerkin method for scalar conservation laws

Abstract We present a spacetime discontinuous Galerkin (SDG) finite element method for scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. The method is consistent with the integral forms of the conservation law and its associated entropy condition written in terms of the physical Godunov flux on each spacetime element. The discrete basis functions are piecewise continuous in spacetime, admitting discontinuities across element boundaries. The resulting Bubnov–Galerkin method is high-order stable for both convex and non-convex flux functions; it does not require stabilization beyond the basic Galerkin projection. The SDG method is applicable to both layered and unstructured spacetime grids. An element-by-element solution scheme delivers O( N ) computational complexity (where N is the number of elements) when applied to spacetime meshes that conform to a special causality constraint. We employ two different limiters to control the local overshoot and undershoot that the basic SDG projection generates near shocks.
Seasonal aerosol sulfate trends for selected regions of the United States.

Abstract Site and regional trends in seasonally averaged particle SO4 2− concentrations were examined for a large portion of the United States using data collected by the CASTNet air monitoring network. Trends were analyzed for overlapping periods of 1988–1999 and 1992–1999. The largest absolute SO4 2− decreases—approximately −0.4 μg/m3/yr—between 1988 and 1999 occurred in summer for sites in the Ohio River Valley and areas to the east. Generally, the largest SO4 2−, reductions were found for summer, but larger relative reductions often occurred for spring and autumn. Sulfate changes during 1992–1999 were quite different from those found for 1988–1999 and were not entirely consistent with changes in SO2 emissions. In some locations, the 1992–1999 period saw smaller declines in SO4 2−, while in other places seasonal SO4 2−, actually increased. Increases were mostly confined to summer and autumn across the southern and southwestern states. Multivariate analysis of ambient sulfur levels, by region, versus SO...
The influence of the financial press on stockholder wealth: the case of corporate governance

This study examines the impact that the publication of ratings of boards of directors by the business press has on stockholder wealth. We report findings from an event study of price reactions to the publication of Business Week's 1996 and 1997 ratings of boards of directors of U.S. corporations. As hypothesized, favorable ratings resulted in significant positive abnormal returns after controlling for market effects and confounding events, with only novel information explaining statistical variance. Contrary to expectations, unfavorable ratings also resulted in positive abnormal returns. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enchanced ventilatory and heart rate response to central chemoreflex activation in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea

Central chemoreflex activation by carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important mechanism regulating sympathetic drive as well as ventilation in health and disease. Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have potentiated ventilatory and hemodynamic responses to CO2 compared to normals. Patients with CHF and central sleep apnea (CSA) have more adverse outcomes than patients with CHF and no CSA. Hypothesis: Patients with CHF and CSA have greater potentiation of ventilatory and heart rate responses to central chemoreceptor activation by hypercapnia than normals and CHF patients without CSA. Methods: 14 subjects with optimally treated CHF and LVEF 40% and 14 normal controls underwent assessment of central chemoreceptor sensitivity by CO2 re-breathing with hyperoxic background with continuous monitoring for four minutes on a MedGraphics metabolic gas cart; 3 separate runs were performed and results averaged. CO2 sensitivity was measured by plotting the slope of the change in VE and heart rate (HR) versus the change in end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2). All subjects underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) within 12 hours of CO2 sensitivity testing. CSA was defined as central apnea-hypopnea index 15/hr; individuals with obstructive sleep apnea were excluded. For CO2 sensitivity, CHF subjects with CSA by PSG were compared to CHF subjects with no CSA as well as to normals (ANOVA). Results: Clinical characteristics of the CHF study group included mean age 63 13, LVEF 30 16, NYHA class 21 16. All subjects with CHF were treated with beta-blockers. Ventilatory and heart rate data are summarized in the table. Conclusion: CHF with CSA is characterized by potentiation of ventilatory response to central chemoreceptor activation by hypercapnia compared to subjects with CHF with no CSA and normals. CHF/CSA did not have an increased HR response compared to CHF nonCSA but both groups have a higher HR response than normals. Increased central chemoreceptor sensitivity to CO2 may contribute to worse outcomes for patients with CHF and CSA compared to those with no CSA despite optimal medical therapy.
Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus following unilateral cochlear ablation in the neonatal gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus

We evaluated the consequences of neonatal cochlear destruction upon ascending projections to the inferior colliculi. Unilateral cochlear ablations were performed in both neonatal and adult gerbils. Four to 12 months later, the inferior colliculus (IC) was examined physiologically and injected unilaterally with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The number of labeled cells was determined bilaterally in all three divisions of cochlear nucleus (CN) and in the medial superior olive (MSO). In both experimental groups, transneuronal changes within the deafferented CN were greater in the ventral divisions than in the dorsal division. On the unoperated side the magnitude of projections from CN to the inferior colliculi was altered in animals lesioned as neonates. Following HRP injections into the IC on the unoperated side, the number of ipsilaterally labeled cells in CN (unoperated side) was significantly greater in the neonatal experimental group than in adult experimental and control animals. These anatomical changes were accompanied by increased ipsilaterally evoked excitatory activity recorded in the IC on the unoperated side. Following HRP injections into the IC on the ablated side, the number of contralaterally labeled cells in CN (unoperated side) was significantly reduced in animals lesioned as neonates as compared with control animals. The number of labeled cells in ipsilateral MSO was not significantly different across groups. Our interpretation is that unilateral cochlear ablation in neonatal gerbils results in an increase in the magnitude of ipsilateral projections and a decrease in the magnitude of contralateral projections from CN on the unoperated side to the inferior colliculi. These data suggest that the normal pattern of innervation of the IC results, in part, from interactions among afferent projections.
Somethings Old and Somethings New

Crucial to Viotti da Costa's argument is the fundamental proposition that labor and working-class history must combine the "old" and "new" approaches, taking the best of each. As she points out, Pat Peppe, Ken Erickson, and I advanced this argument in the late 1970s and reiterated it in the face of Eugene Sofer's attack in 1980.l An overemphasis upon a simplistic macrodependency approach opposes the very notion of the centrality of the concept of class and class struggle in the historical process. Anyone attending Latin American Studies Association conven tions in the 1970s and 1980s could not help but notice the high percentage of work influenced by some form of dependency theory. Even granting that the Association has a liberal cast, had the majority of its members accepted Marxism, even if in some watered down version? Of course not! Straight line dependency theory ultimately robs the working class of any power because it argues fundamentally that extracontinental factors are the overriding determinants in Latin American history.2 Regarding Ian Roxborough's remarks about my Organized Labor in Latin America, I maintain the position, again in agreement with Viotti da Costa, that Latin American labor history can be viewed as a whole. Capitalism as a unitary system tends to reproduce broad patterns across geographical and time lines. As I wrote in that book: "The argument that outside factors played a crucial role in local history does not deny the importance of domestic events. Latin American labor history displays a remarkable unity, but significant national differences also exist." We should note carefully that I say outside factors play a, not the, crucial role. The introduction to the book explicitly acknowledges that it will not discuss such topics as working-class culture and that in many areas, its hypotheses are based upon inconclusive research.3 Proof of the advances made in Latin American working class and labor history is that well within ten years of its publication in 1977 (most of the research was done in the early 1970s, before the renaissance of labor and
Optimization of laser capture microdissection and RNA amplification for gene expression profiling of prostate cancer

To discover prostate cancer biomarkers, we profiled gene expression in benign and malignant cells laser capture microdissected (LCM) from prostate tissues and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas. Here we present methods developed, optimized, and validated to obtain high quality gene expression data. RNase inhibitor was included in solutions used to stain frozen tissue sections for LCM, which improved RNA quality significantly. Quantitative PCR assays, requiring minimal amounts of LCM RNA, were developed to determine RNA quality and concentration. SuperScript II™ reverse transcriptase was replaced with SuperScript III™, and SpeedVac concentration was eliminated to optimize linear amplification. The GeneChip® IVT labeling kit was used rather than the Enzo BioArray™ HighYield™ RNA transcript labeling kit since side-by-side comparisons indicated high-end signal saturation with the latter. We obtained 72 μg of labeled complementary RNA on average after linear amplification of about 2 ng of total RNA. Unsupervised clustering placed 5/5 normal and 2/2 benign prostatic hyperplasia cases in one group, 5/7 Gleason pattern 3 cases in another group, and the remaining 2/7 pattern 3 cases in a third group with 8/8 Gleason pattern 5 cases and 3/3 metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas. Differential expression of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) and hepsin was confirmed using quantitative PCR.
Buckling and Post-buckling Behavior of Elliptical Plates: Part II—Results

The economical, yet accurate nature of this solution, together with available graphic routines, has made it possible to present, figuratively, a comprehensive description of the plate behavior
Use of evolutionary limitations of HIV-1 multidrug resistance to optimize therapy

Wild-type reverse transcriptase has evolved for the survival of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by natural selection. In contrast, therapy relying on inhibitors of reverse transcriptase by nucleosides like zidovudine (AZT) or dideoxyinosine (ddI), and by non-nucleosides like pyridinones or nevirapine, may exert different selection pressures on this enzyme. Therefore the acquisition of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors by selection of mutations in the pol gene may require compromises in enzyme function that affect viral replication. As single mutations are unlikely to confer broad resistance when combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used, multiple mutations may occur that result in further compromises. Certain drug combinations may prevent the co-existence of adequate reverse transcription function and multi-drug resistance (MDR). Unlike bacterial or eukaryotic drug resistance, retroviral drug resistance is conferred only by mutations in its own genome and is limited by genome size. Combining drugs directed against the same essential viral protein may thus prevent HIV-1 MDR, whereas the conventional approach of targeting different HIV-1 proteins for combination therapy may not, because genomes with resistance mutations in different HIV-1 genes might recombine to develop MDR. Here we show that several mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene that confer resistance to inhibitors of this enzyme can attenuate viral replication. We tested whether combinations of mutations giving rise to single-agent resistance might further compromise or even abolish viral replication, and if multidrug-resistant viruses could be constructed. Certain combinations of mutations conferring resistance to AZT, ddI and pyridinone are incompatible with viral replication. These results indicate that evolutionary limitations exist to restrict development of MDR. Furthermore, a therapeutic strategy exploiting these limitations by using selected multidrug regimens directed against the same target may prevent development of MDR. This approach, which we call convergent combination therapy, eliminated HIV-1 replication and virus breakthrough in vitro, and may be applicable to other viral targets. Moreover, elimination of reverse transcription by convergent combination therapy may also limit MDR.
Interpolation and Approximation of Solutions to a Class of Linear Partial Differential Equations in Several Real Variables

Consider the equation whose coefficients are entire functions of the variable r = |X| Corresponding to a specified axially symmetric solution Ψ and set Cn of n = 1 circles, an axially symmetric solution is found that interpolates to Ψ(x,p)on the Cn and converges uniformly to Ψ(x,p)on certain axiaiiy symmetric domains. An extension is given for a class of solutions with the symmetry requirement relaxed.
Running Backwards and in High Heels: The Gendered Quality Gap and Incumbent Electoral Success

The question of whether voter bias exists toward female politicians remains unsettled. Although anecdotal accounts of gender inequality abound, systematic research demonstrates that women “do as well as men” when they run. Previous work suggests that these conflicting observations result from an omitted variables problem. Specifically, if women are higher quality than men, and if quality is omitted from models of vote-share, then voter bias may be concealed. Using a unique measure of incumbents’ political quality, the author’s research documents a sex-based quality gap and importantly, is the first to link the quality gap to the gender parity in electoral success.
The United Nations and Decolonization: the Case of Southern Yemen

Since 1962 the United Nations, mainly through the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (Special Committee of 24), has attempted to effect political change in dependent territories in accordance with the principle of self-determination of peoples. While the organization usually demands that the inhabitants be given a chance to determine their political future and to choose their government, its primary objective has been somewhat more specific. Spurred on by the influx of new members that occurred around the start of the decade, most of them former colonies, the UN has pressured for the complete displacement of alien rule in dependent territories and has tended to accept whatever type of government emerges as long as it is indigenous, that is, not controlled by a colonial power or European settlers.
Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea

In this paper, we argue for embodied corrversational characters as the logical extension of the metaphor of human - computer interaction as a conversation. We argue that the only way to fully model the richness of human I&+ to-face communication is to rely on conversational analysis that describes sets of conversational behaviors as fi~lfilling conversational functions, both interactional and propositional. We demonstrate how to implement this approach in Rea, an embodied conversational agent that is capable of both multimodal input understanding and output generation in a limited application domain. Rea supports both social and task-oriented dialogue. We discuss issues that need to be addressed in creating embodied conversational agents, and describe the architecture of the Rea interface.
Denitrification in created riverine wetlands: Influence of hydrology and season

Abstract Created riverine wetlands play an important role in nitrate removal from non-point source pollution. In this study, we investigated the effect of flooding frequency on seasonal denitrification rates in two created riverine wetlands in the Midwest USA receiving controlled hydrologic pulses. Denitrification was measured using the in situ acetylene block technique; sampling plots were distributed in a longitudinal gradient, i.e., along the water flow and in a transverse gradient from the edge to the center of the wetlands. Flood frequency plots in the transverse gradient were influenced by hidrological pulses as follows: low marsh and open water zones were permanently flooded, high marsh zones had permanently saturated soils, but standing water during pulses, and edge zones were normally dry with standing water during flood pulses. Denitrification was significantly correlated with soil temperature in all plots and with growing season nitrate concentrations in the inflow surface water in permanently flooded plots. Late spring denitrification rates in the high marsh zone were significantly higher under flood pulsing (778 ± 92 μg N m−2 h−1) than under steady flow (328 ± 63 μg N m−2 h−1). In the low marsh and edge zones, flood pulses did not affect denitrification. N2O/N2 ratios were higher in intermittently flooded (high marsh and edge) zones than in permanently flooded (low marsh) zones and ratios increased in the cold seasons. Highest mean denitrification rates were observed in the low marsh zone (800 ± 102 μg N m−2 h−1) and they were significantly higher (P
Preparation of composite particles of bulk Ba2YCu3O7‐X by electrostatic adhesion process

Electrostatic adhesion processes are used in preparing composite aerosol particles with the electrostatic adhesion force acting between electropositively-charged and elec-tronegatively-charged particles. This process enables one to disperse the core and subcomponent particles more uniformly and to control the amounts of subcomponent particles adhered to the surface of individual core particles by adjusting the charging voltage. Using the composite particles prepared by the electrostatic adhesion process as a starting powder for sintering a composite bulk body of the Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7-x oxide superconductor with BaZrO 3 inclusions is produced. BaZrO 3 particles with diameters less than 100 nm are uniformly dispersed in the Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7-x matrix. The composite bulk body shows improvement in critical current density, which is based on the uniform dispersion of fine BaZrO 3 particles as magnetic flux pinning centers. These advantages are attributed to the uniform dispersion of BaZrO 3 over the whole starting powder.
Shoulder US: Anatomy, Technique, and Scanning Pitfalls

Keys to a successful shoulder US examination include understanding the anatomy, imaging the structures of interest in long and short axis, eliminating artifacts, and then evaluating for disease, following a standardized imaging protocol.
Treating clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS.

For details of the training method used by EDSS physicians, see http://www. neurostatus.net/training/index. php
Optical metrology for real time control of elemental composition, distribution, and thickness of Cu(In 1−x Ga x )Se 2 thin films

An in situ optical metrology has been developed to provide real time control of three crucial film properties during the 3-stage deposition of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 thin films. These properties include: (1) the overall Cu/(In+Ga) ratio; (2) the distribution of indium and gallium between the 1st and 3rd stages; and (3) the film thickness. The accuracy and reliability of this metrology were experimentally verified. It has been established as a routine process control tool for CIGS depositions at NREL. This metrology greatly expands the parameter space that can be systematically explored. It also holds the promise for applications in PV module manufacturing.
Mycotic abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms in a 4-month-old treated with a cryopreserved homograft

A 4.4-kg, 4-month-old girl with transposition of the great vessels and coarctation of the proximal descending thoracic aorta presented 3 weeks after surgical correction with fulminant endocarditis and persistent enterococcal bacteremia, despite adequate antimicrobial coverage. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a 10-mm aortic pseudoaneurysm just distal to the superior mesenteric artery, occlusion of the right renal artery, and a 12-mm pseudoaneurysm at the aortic bifurcation extending into the left common iliac artery (A). We proceeded with surgical repair of the aneurysms through transabdominal approach. Exposure of the aorta revealed two pseudoaneurysms surrounded by a thin friable wall and a dense covering of inflammatory tissue (B, aortic and left common iliac artery pseudoaneurysm). The mycotic aneurysms were excised to clinically normal aortic wall margins. A 5-mm cryopreserved adult femoral artery homograft was implanted from the suprarenal aorta to the left distal common iliac artery, incorporating the left renal artery and the origin of the right common iliac artery (C). Cultures grew Enterococcus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus from both aneurysms. The patient underwent repair of her congenital cardiac anomalies 1 week later. After a prolonged hospital stay, she was dismissed, feeding well and gaining weight. She returned 4.5 years later, without clinical evidence of recurrent infection, aortic narrowing, or compromise. A computed tomographic scan showed patency of the homograft, with partial calcification of the wall, minimal intimal hyperplasia, and no evidence of infection or recurrent aneurysms (D).
Adaptive state feedback and tracking control of systems with actuator failures

Direct adaptive-state feedback control schemes are developed for linear time-invariant plants with actuator failures with characterizations that some of the plant inputs are stuck at some fixed or varying values which cannot be influenced by control action. Conditions and controller structures for achieving plant-model state matching in the presence of actuator failures are derived. Adaptive laws are designed for updating the controller parameters when both the plant parameters and actuator-failure parameters are unknown. Closed-loop stability and asymptotic-state tracking are ensured. Simulation results show that desired system performance is achieved with the developed adaptive actuator failure compensation control designs.
Key stakeholders' perspectives on a Web-based advance care planning tool for advanced lung disease

Abstract Purpose There is a paucity of scalable advance care planning strategies that achieve the diverse goals of patients, families, and clinicians. We convened key stakeholders to gain their perspectives on developing a Web-based advance care planning tool for lung disease. Materials and methods We conducted semistructured interviews with 50 stakeholders: 21 patients with lung disease, 18 surrogates, and 11 clinicians. Interviews explored stakeholders' desired content and design features of a Web-based advance care planning tool. Participants also rated the tool's acceptability and potential usefulness. We analyzed the interviews with modified grounded theory and validated themes through member checking. Results Stakeholders highly rated the acceptability (median, 5; interquartile range, 5-5) and potential usefulness (median, 5; interquartile range, 4-5) of a Web-based tool. Interviewees offered several suggestions: (1) use videos of medical scenarios and patient narratives rather than text, (2) include interactive content, and (3) allow the user control over how much they complete in 1 sitting. Participants identified challenges and potential solutions, such as how to manage the emotional difficulty of thinking about death and accommodate low computer literacy users. Conclusions There is strong stakeholder support for the development of a Web-based advance care planning tool for lung disease.
Romidepsin: A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor for Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Data Sources:An English-language literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE (Nov 2011–April 2012) was performed using the terms romidepsin, CTCL, and depsipeptide (FK228). The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, American Society of Clinical Oncology abstracts, American Society of Hematology abstracts, clinical trial registry, and prescribing information from the manufacturer were reviewed for additional information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Phase 1 and 2 trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of romidepsin were reviewed with a specific focus on its use in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. All peer-reviewed articles with clinically relevant information were evaluated for inclusion.Data Synthesis:In advanced stage CTCL, single or combination chemotherapy regimen responses are variable and lack durability. Romidepsin is a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for refractory cutaneous T...
Modeling of air traffic arrival operations through agent-based simulation

This paper reports on the development and validation of an agent based simulation model of air traffic control arrival operations. The simulation model includes modeling of both the structure and procedures of air traffic operations. It is thus suitable for evaluating the impacts of shifts in those structures and procedures. Three key operational metrics are introduced which are sensitive to the internal workings of air traffic arrival operations. The simulation model is validated by demonstrating agreement in those key metrics between the simulation and a set of baseline arrival operations radar data. After the simulation model has been shown to reproduce actual operations, select details of the simulation can be altered to incorporate proposed operational changes. The impact of the changes on the computer simulation will offer a prediction of how the operational changes will affect actual operations.
Shared decision making through informed consent in chiropractic management of low back pain.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to propose questions that may be helpful to educate patients considering treatment approaches to manage low back pain (LBP) and to determine if the information currently presented in informed consent (IC) documents at chiropractic colleges is sufficient to help a patient considering chiropractic management of LBP make a fully informed decision. Methods Questions to inform decision making for a patient contemplating any intervention for LBP were developed by the authors based on their clinical and research experience. Answers to the questions were suggested based on findings from recent clinical practice guidelines and systematic reviews. Institutions that are members of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges (ACC) were surveyed and asked to provide a copy of the IC documents currently used in their outpatient educational clinics. The IC documents were analyzed to determine if they stated (or implied) information that may be helpful in addressing each of the proposed questions. Results The list of 20 questions included 4 questions on each of the following 5 topics: condition, proposed treatment, potential benefits, potential harms, and possible alternatives. A total of 21 ACC institutions were contacted, of which 20 responded. The number of questions that could potentially be answered with information provided in the IC documents ranged from 2 to 13, with a mean of 6.5, including a mean of 3.6 stated answers and 2.9 implied answers. Conclusions Some information to help patients consider chiropractic management of LBP is currently included in the IC documents used in clinics of ACC institutions. However, many of the questions that could help achieve shared decision making are not included. Modifying IC documents may help patients understand the nature, benefits, harms, costs, and alternatives to LBP care.
A Hybrid Algorithm for Lightpath Assignment

This paper focuses on the assignment of multiple-wavelength lightpaths and presents a computationally simple algorithm to increase the number of simultaneous lightpath assignments in optical networks. Several approaches for lightpath assignment have been proposed in the literature, and most of them involve some variation of selecting or rejecting edge-disjoint paths for lightpath allocation, followed by assigning wavelengths in order. We have developed the Hybrid algorithm which either selects or rejects an edgedisjoint path, depending on the length of that path. We show using simulations that the algorithm performs significantly better (up to ~1,300%) than the consistent selection or rejection of edge-disjoint paths, and it performs comparably with (and in some cases even better than) an algorithm that makes lightpath selections dynamically based on the current network state.
`Link-functionalized' and triblock polymer architectures through bifunctional organolanthanide initiators: A review

Abstract Bimetallic complexes of the type Cp ∗ 2 Sm-R-Sm Cp ∗ 2 (Cp*=C5Me5) were used for the living bisinitiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate and e-caprolactone, giving polymers with discrete functionalities at the center of the backbone (`link-functionalized'). A method was also developed for generating a bifunctional Sm(III) initiator in situ from a (meth)acrylate monomer and a divalent Cp ∗ 2 Sm precursor. Well-defined, syndiotactic ABA triblock copolymers containing both methacrylate and acrylate segments were prepared in 2 monomer addition steps with this methodology.