cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The American Psychoanalytic Association: A decade of change

The American Psychoanalytic Association in the last decade has undergone the most extensive organizational changes in its history. Efforts at inclusion, outreach, and democratization have halted a decline in candidates, active members, and cultural influence and led to a vibrant, growing organization, as new professional groups have gradually been included in the association's training programs. The goal of increasing training opportunities for minority candidates has only partially been achieved. A recent effort to offer affiliate status to psychotherapists and students has begun, though with modest results. Alliances with otherpsychoanalytic groups have led to creation of the Psychoanalytic Consortium and steady progress toward external accreditation of institutes and licensure of psychoanalysts. In the interest of unification there is a need to develop pathways of affiliation and membership for independent institutes and societies that desire to join the association. Democracy has in large measure already been enhanced at the national level. Deliberations are now transparent, and an invigorated Executive Committee willingly shares power with the Executive Council. Candidates now are deeply involved in the governance of Board and Council and their committees. But only when all members and candidates enjoy full voting rights and all members are able to serve as officers and Executive Councilors will the decades-long effort to democratize the association be concluded.
54 Congenital Pernicious Anemia with Coexistent Transitory Intestinal Malabsorption of Vitamin B 12

Pernicious anemia (PA) with coexistent transitory intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 has been documented in adults. This report is the first description of proven transitory selective intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 in congenital PA. A vitamin B12 responsive anemia was demonstrated in the patient, a 2 ½-year-old girl, by change in the bone marrow from megaloblastic hyperplasia to normoblastic hyperplasia 48 h after 5 μg of vitamin B12. No intrinsic factor (IF) was found in gastric fluid by in vitro assay before and again 4 and 6 weeks after therapy. Congenital PA was established by the age of the patient, absence of IF in gastric fluid, lack of antibodies to IF and parietal cells, presence of HCl in gastric fluid, and normal gastric biopsy. The xylose tolerance test, 72 h fecal fat determination, upper GI series, and biopsy of the jejunum were normal, but the Schilling test was abnormal with hog IF of known potency on two occasions, indicating selective malabsorption of vitamin B12. Six months after therapy the Schilling test was still abnormal without IF, but was normal with both human and hog IF. This normal absorption with IF after therapy is indicative that selective malabsorption was originally present, probably as a consequence of the vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from IF lack. In patients with abnormal radioactive vitamin B12 absorption tests with administration of IF, coexistent PA must be excluded by demonstration of IF in gastric fluid. (SPR)
Magnetic response of closed-shell +/-1 nuclei in Dirac-Hartree approximation

We formulate a systematic approximation to the Dirac-Hartree description of closed-shell \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 nuclei using the closed-shell basis. Expectation values of one-body operators include random-phase-approximation-like loop corrections to the single particle (or hole) results. We use a nonspectral form of the Hartree propagator which allows inclusion of positive- and negative-energy continuum contributions exactly. The loop corrections quench the single-particle isoscalar magnetic moments back to the Schmidt values, resulting in good agreement with experiment. Elastic M1 electron scattering form factors are also quenched at low q. However, the loop corrections vanish at q\ensuremath{\simeq}1.2 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and change sign so as to enhance the single-particle result at still higher momentum transfers. This raises the possibility that experimental signatures of the strong relativistic nuclear dynamics characteristic of Dirac-Hartree models may be present in elastic M1 form factors for closed-shell \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 nuclei.
A collaborative framework for managing pregnancy loss in the emergency department

The purpose of this article is to examine how nurses can improve comprehensive care for women who suffer an early pregnancy loss in the emergency department and highlight the integral role of obstetric and emergency department nurses within a new holistic framework of collaborative care. These nurses are integral in the proposed collaborative "fetal loss framework," which provides an innovative approach for holistic care for this population.
The political economy of Reconstruction Finance Corporation assistance during the Great Depression

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of political rent-seeking in New Deal expenditures focusing on the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). Unlike other New Deal agencies, the RFC was not financed by government appropriations, it devolved assistance decisions, and primarily offered loans rather than grants. Although the RFC was subject to pressures for political favor during the Great Depression, the geographic distribution of RFC funds across states is not associated with standard political measures used to examine rent-seeking behavior in other studies of the New Deal.
Osmoregulation and salinity tolerance in the polychaete annelid Cirriformia spirabrancha (Moore, 1904)

Abstract 1. 1. Cirriformia spirabrancha (Moore, 1904) maintains its coelomic fluid slightly hyperosmotic to the blood over the range of salinities tested. 2. 2. The salinity tolerance limits of C. spirabrancha as determined by the ld 50 values are 23% and 220% sea water. These limits were slightly reduced for worms placed in the external medium without substrate. 3. 3. Volume changes for animals in various concentrations of sea water and in solutions composed of osmotically equivalent amounts of sea water and sucrose indicate that this polychaete reaches equilibrium to hyperosmotic media by a means not totally dependent upon water loss. This property may account for the observed tolerance to high salinities.
Bit level synchronized MAC protocol for multireader RFID networks

The operation of multiple RFID readers in close proximity results in interference between the readers. This issue is termed the reader collision problem and cannot always be solved by assigning them to different frequency channels due to technical and regulatory limitations. The typical solution is to separate the operation of such readers across time. This sequential operation, however, results in a long delay to identify all tags. We present a bit level synchronized (BLSync) MAC protocol for multireader RFID networks that allows multiple readers to operate simultaneously on the same frequency channel. The BLSync protocol solves the reader collision problem by allowing all readers to transmit the same query at the same time. We analyze the performance of using the BLSync protocol and demonstrate benefits of 40%-50% in terms of tag reading delay for most settings. The benefits of BLSync, first demonstrated through analysis, are then validated and quantified through simulations on realistic reader-tag layouts.
Alcohol Modulation of Immune Function: Clinical and Experimental Data

In both animal and human studies, ethanol seems to modulate host immune function. In a variety of animal studies, ethanol has been shown to decrease lymphocyte function and number. In human studies of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, these abnormalities were also seen with specific correlation with protein malnutrition. Hepatic pathological lesions were also correlated with lymphocyte subset infiltration. However, peripheral blood lymphocytes did not correlate consistently with hepatic histopathology.
Unrecognized penetrating intracranial foreign body

Low-velocity penetrating craniocerebral trauma may present as an apparently trivial injury. A case is presented which illustrates the need to suspect a penetrating injury whenever a low velocity object strikes the head.
Electrically widely tunable interband cascade lasers

Electrically tunable interband cascade lasers are demonstrated with a wide tuning range of about 280 cm−1 (34 meV in energy or 630 nm in wavelength) near 4.5 μm and about 180 cm−1 (22 meV or 900 nm) near 7 μm wavelengths. The laser structures are designed such that the heating and Stark effects act together to enhance the red-shift of the lasing wavelength with current injection to achieve wide tunability. The control and manipulation of the tuning range and rate are discussed.
Secondary electron imaging as an aid to STEM microanalysis

Abstract Secondary electron (SEM mode) imaging in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been utilized as an aid to the STEM microanalysis of second phase particles in an Alloy 800 foil by identifying particles at the foil surface facing the incident beam and energy dispersive X-ray detector. Such particles were optimally situated for microanalysis because possible deleterious effects from beam spreading and matrix absorption were eliminated. This was demonstrated by orienting the sample to analyze the particles on the surface of the foil facing away from the beam and X-ray detector, and subsequently, for comparison, reorienting the sample to reanalyze the particles with the foil surface facing beam and detector. Theoretical calculations of the magnitude of the relative change in particle X-ray signal between the two orientations were in good agreement with the experimental observations. SEM imaging also provided surface reference points for parallax-effect measurements of local foil thickness and particle depth within the foil.
The Association of Lean Mass and Fat Mass With Peak Bone Mass in Young Premenopausal Women

Total body mass is a major determinant of bone mass, but studies of the relative contributions of lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) to bone mass have yielded conflicting results. This is likely because of the use of bone measures that are not adequately adjusted for body size and, therefore, not appropriate for analyses related to body composition, which is also correlated with body size. We examined the relationship between body composition and peak bone mass in premenopausal women aged 18-30 yr using both size-dependent and size-adjusted measures of bone density and body composition, as well as statistical models adjusted for size-related factors. We measured total bone mass and areal bone density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and used established formulas to calculate estimates of volumetric (size-adjusted) bone density. LM tended to be positively associated with bone both before and after adjustment for size-related factors. FM and body fat percentage, however, were positively associated with size-dependent bone measures, but adjusting for size removed or reversed this association. These findings suggest that the association between bone mass and body composition, especially FM, is dependent on the bone measures analyzed, and that determining the most appropriate size-adjustment techniques is critical for understanding this relationship.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricular Free Wall Caused By Tumor

Ventricular pseudoaneurysms occur as complications of myocardial infarction, cardiac operations, trauma, and infective endocarditis. The process involves rupture of the ventricular wall where a structural weakness exists and containment of the blood by the pericardium. Although various malignancies may invade the heart, a pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle caused by tumor has not been reported.
Single wafer cleaning lessons in advanced node gate module development

With single wafer cleaning becoming a mature part of advanced semiconductor manufacturing, it seemed appropriate to reflect on a period of rapid and dramatic change within the gate module. Specifically, there are 6 key learnings that have enabled our team to take embedded contamination from top of the yield pareto to a more baseline level of defectivity. Those key learnings were: 1) Particle removal efficiency is critical. 2) DI Prewet improves pattern fidelity. 3) S/P ratio drives dual gate chemical oxide growth. 4) Hydrophobic dewetting can occur. 5) Predispense sequences are critical. 6) Concentration differences between batch and single wafer tooling can drive significant effects.
Band structure of strain-balanced GaAsBi/GaAsN superlattices on GaAs

GaAs alloys with dilute content of Bi and N provide a large reduction in band-gap energy with increasing alloy composition. GaAsBi/GaAsN heterojunctions have a type-II band alignment, where superlattices based on these materials offer a wide range for designing effective band-gap energy by varying superlattice period and alloy composition. The miniband structure and effective band gap for strain-balanced GaAsBi/GaAsN superlattices with effective lattice match to GaAs are calculated for alloy compositions up to 5% Bi and N using the k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p method. The effective band gap for these superlattices is found to vary between 0.89 and 1.32 eV for period thickness ranging from 10 to 100 \AA{}. The joint density of states and optical absorption of a 40/40 \AA{} GaAs${}_{0.96}$Bi${}_{0.04}$/GaAs${}_{0.98}$N${}_{0.02}$ superlattice are reported demonstrating a ground-state transition at 1.005 eV and first excited transition at 1.074 eV. The joint density of states is similar in magnitude to GaAs, while the optical absorption is approximately one order of magnitude lower due to the spatially indirect optical transition in the type-II structure. The GaAsBi/GaAsN system may provide a new material system with lattice match to GaAs in a spectral range of high importance for optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light emitters.
Integration of Enzymes and Electrodes: Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of Chitosan−Enzyme Films

A new film-forming solution was developed for the efficient immobilization of enzymes on solid substrates. The solution consisted of a biopolymer, chitosan (CHIT), that was chemically modified with...
Structure of 19O from measurement and R-matrix analysis of σ(θ) for 18O(n, n)18O and 18O(n, n′)18O∗(1.98 MeV)☆

Differential cross sections for neutrons elastically scattered from 18O and inelastically scattered to the first excited state 18O∗ (1.98 MeV) have been measured at forty-two incident energies for 5.0 < En < 7.5 MeV corresponding to excitation energies in 19O of 8.7 to 11.1 MeV. The cross sections were measured at eleven laboratory angles per energy from 20° to 160° and show considerable resonance structure. These new elastic and inelastic 1.98 MeV level data have been analyzed together with previously published cross sections for 0 < En < 2.5 MeV using a multilevel-multichannel R-matrix program to determine J, π, Eλ and γλc for states in 19O. The new assignments are compared to previous work where possible. Several previous assignments for resonances in the 0 < En < 2.5 MeV region were verified, and disagreements over the Jπ assignments for several levels in this region have been resolved. A total of fourteen new Jπ assignments were made in the 5 < En < 7.5 MeV region. An attempt was made to identify T =32 analog states in 19F for the newly assigned levels in 19O. On the basis of spin, parity, excitation energy and a comparison of reduced neutron widths in 19O with reduced proton widths in 19F, six previously-identified T = 32 analogs were verified and eight new T = 32 analogs were tentatively assigned. Comparisons with existing theoretical work are discussed.
Food policy : integrating supply, distribution, and consumption

In many developing countries the persistent problem of hunger calls for policies that encompass not only the production of food but also its distribution and its use by consumers. This book brings together the best of current thinking on food policy--by specialists in agriculture, nutrition, management, public health, education, development, and other related fields. The editors place the individual contributions within the broad framework of food policy. Topics discussed include world food policy; the outcome and effects of programs to increase production; trade and food aid; domestic marketing, price, and subsidy policies; nutrition, growth, and disease; and food and nutrition policy in the context of existing institutions and competing national priorities. Experience with food policy in China and in sub-Saharan Africa is reviewed. Throughout, the contribution of women to the household food budget and the impact on women of technological change and agricultural programs receive particular attention. This interdisciplinary collection will be of interest both to specialists in the areas covered and to persons interested in development issues and food security.
Musculoskeletal: what's different in children? Pain and limping.

This 4-year-old female came to the attention of our Emergency Department because of right leg pain and limp for 2 days. There was no history of trauma or injury and the parents indicated that the patient did not have any fever. They also did not see any swelling of the right lower extremity. The patient was never in any severe pain and when asked where she hurt she sort of pointed to the hip. Sometimes the pain would get better with activity. However, it did not seem to want to go away and so the parents brought the patient to our ER. On physical examination, there was decreased range of motion of the right hip, especially with internal rotation. No knee or ankle pain or abnormality was elicited. No swelling or other abnormal findings were detected on physical examination and the patient had no fever. In addition, the patient's appetite was as good as usual; over all, the patient seemed to be quite healthy except that she was limping. Because no fever was present and no systemic symptoms were present, no laboratory studies were obtained but a radiograph of the pelvis and hips (Fig. 1). Do you see anything?
Size distribution of liposomes by flow field-flow fractionation

The applicability of field-low fractionation (FFF) to the characterization of liposomes is discussed and theoretically described. Because of fundamental differences in their driving forces, sedimentation FFF and flow FFF measure different vesicle properties. Sedimentation FFF, although used previously to measure vesicle sizes and size distributions, is fundamentally a technique that measures the effective mass and mass distribution of particles. It is sensitive to small changes in the effective mass of either the biomembrane or its encapsulated load and thus is likely to be useful in characterizing such properties as drug loading, biomembrane volumes and areas, and distributions of these properties. Size characterization by sedimentation FFF can only be done by deducing size from effective mass. Flow FFF, by contrast, provides a direct measurement of vesicle size and size distribution. After demonstrating the high resolution and relative accuracy of size measurement of flow FFF by the separation of polystyrene latex standards, flow FFF was applied to two preparations of DSPC-DSPA liposomes that were sonicated under different temperature conditions. Fractograms and size distributions are reported as a function of sonication time. The rapid elimination of a large diameter tail to the distribution is shown to constitute a major mechanism for distribution narrowing. Finally, results are provided bearing on the reproducibility of size distribution measurements by flow FFF.
A computational approach to flame hole dynamics using an embedded manifold approach

We present a new numerical algorithm for tracking the evolution of flame holes in diffusion flames. The key element is the solution of an evolution equation for a flame state field defined on a complex moving surface. The surface itself can evolve in time and is defined implicitly as a level set of an associated Cartesian scalar field. The surface coordinates, or parameterization, do not need to be determined explicitly. Instead, the numerical method employs an embedding technique where the evolution equation is extended to the Cartesian space. In our application, the flame state field represents the chemical activity state of a diffusion flame; i.e. quenched and burning regions of the flame surface. We present a formulation that describes the formation, propagation, and growth of flame holes using edge-flame modeling in laminar and turbulent diffusion flames. The evolution equation is solved using a high-order finite-volume WENO method and a new extension algorithm defined in terms of propagation PDEs. The complete algorithm is demonstrated by tracking the dynamics of flame holes in a turbulent reacting shear layer and its applicability is also demonstrated in a turbulent reacting lifted jet simulation.
Chorioamnionitis and Early Childhood Outcomes Among Extremely Low-Gestational-Age Neonates

Importance Chorioamnionitis is strongly linked to preterm birth and neonatal infection. The association between histological and clinical chorioamnionitis and cognitive, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm neonates is less clear. We evaluated the impact of chorioamnionitis on 18- to 22-month neurodevelopmental outcomes in a contemporary cohort of extremely preterm neonates. Objective To compare the neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes of 3 groups of extremely low-gestational-age infants with increasing exposure to perinatal inflammation: no chorioamnionitis, histological chorioamnionitis alone, or histological plus clinical chorioamnionitis. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal observational study at 16 centers of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Two thousand three hundred ninety extremely preterm infants born at less than 27 weeks’ gestational age (GA) between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2008, with placental histopathology and 18 to 22 months’ corrected age follow-up data were eligible. Main Exposure Chorioamnionitis. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes included cerebral palsy, gross motor functional limitation, behavioral scores (according to the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment), cognitive and language scores (according to the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition), and composite measures of death/neurodevelopmental impairment. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were developed to assess the association between chorioamnionitis and outcomes while controlling for important variables known at birth. Results Neonates exposed to chorioamnionitis had a lower GA and higher rates of early-onset sepsis and severe periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage as compared with unexposed neonates. In multivariable models evaluating death and neurodevelopmental outcomes, inclusion of GA in the model diminished the association between chorioamnionitis and adverse outcomes. Still, histological plus clinical chorioamnionitis was associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment as compared with no chorioamnionitis (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.38 [95% CI, 1.32 to 4.28] without GA; adjusted OR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.10 to 3.64] with GA as a covariate). Histological chorioamnionitis alone was associated with lower odds of death/neurodevelopmental impairment as compared with histological plus clinical chorioamnionitis (adjusted OR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.89] without GA; adjusted OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.49 to 0.89] with GA as a covariate). Risk of behavioral problems did not differ statistically between groups. Conclusions and Relevance Antenatal exposure to chorioamnionitis is associated with altered odds of cognitive impairment and death/neurodevelopmental impairment in extremely preterm infants.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A LASER FIELD

Semiclassical and quantum mechanical approaches for describing the F + H -*• HF + H reaction in a laser field are summarized. For a laser-assisted reaction where the molecular system forms a van der Waals complex, such as He + T 0, a theory which combines radiative resonance formation with predissociation is suggested. During the past decade, both theory and experiment have indicated that laser radiation can significantly modify the dynamics of a molecular collision process, where the radiation need not be resonant with the asymptotic energy levels of the collision system. The collision process which is perhaps of most interest to chemists is the chexn-Lcat fina.cJxon, where bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. In this paper we discuss several theoretical treatments of chemical reactions in a laser field. We shall begin in Section II with a study of the F + H„ •* HF + H reaction and its isotopic variants. Our main focus will be on semiclassical techniques, although quantum mechanical techniques will also be mentioned. We shall look at effects due to the variation of the laser intensity and frequency, isotopic substitution and the variation of the collision energy. We shall then turn in Section III to a laser-assisted reaction where the molecular system forms a van der Waals complex, such as the He + I„ collision system. Our interest here is in^resonance formation, whereby the laser intensity can be low (less than a kW/cm ). The mechanism which we shall consider is one where the van der Waals complex is converted to products by laser-induced predissociation. Section III is the Summary. I. Semiclassical and quantum mechanical approaches In this section, we review some of the theoretical results which we have obtained for the collinear chemical reaction
Effects of oleoresins and monoterpenes on in vitro growth of fungi associated with pine decline in the Southern United States

Summary As a means of exploring pine resistance to root disease and declines, the effects of host plant secondary metabolites on the growth of root colonizing fungi associated with three diseases ⁄ declines of southern pines – loblolly pine decline, littleleaf disease and annosum root rot were tested. The associated fungi – Leptographium huntii, L. serpens, L. terebrantis, L. procerum, Heterobasidion annosum and Phytophthora cinnamomi – were grown in saturated atmospheres or in direct contact with, pure monoterpenes and crude oleoresin collected from the four southern pines (Pinus taeda, P. eschinata, P. palustris and P. elliotti) for 7 day. Fungal growth was measured at 3, 5 and 7 day. Root-infecting fungi differed significantly in sensitivity to crude oleoresin and pure monoterpenes. All fungi tested were inhibited, to some extent, by the resins tested. H. annosum and P. cinnamomi were strongly inhibited by all the monoterpenes tested. The ophiostomatoid fungi were significantly less affected by the compounds tested. L. huntii and L. serpens were less inhibited by monoterpenes than either L. terebrantis or L. procerum. These fungal growth studies show that the kind and amount of secondary metabolite produced by the host plant have a profound effect on tree pathogens. Alterations of tree physiology may have implications for defenses against tree pathogens as well as to the ecology and management of forest ecosystems. Difference in incidence of root disease observed in the field may be explained by the ability of the fungus to tolerate these host defense mechanisms.
Expression of oncogenic K-ras from its endogenous promoter leads to a partial block of erythroid differentiation and hyperactivation of cytokine-dependent signaling pathways.

When overexpressed in primary erythroid progenitors, oncogenic Ras leads to the constitutive activation of its downstream signaling pathways, severe block of terminal erythroid differentiation, and cytokine-independent growth of primary erythroid progenitors. However, whether high-level expression of oncogenic Ras is required for these phenotypes is unknown. To address this issue, we expressed oncogenic K-ras (K-rasG12D) from its endogenous promoter using a tetracycline-inducible system. We show that endogenous K-rasG12D leads to a partial block of terminal erythroid differentiation in vivo. In contrast to results obtained when oncogenic Ras was overexpressed from retroviral vectors, endogenous levels of K-rasG12D fail to constitutively activate but rather hyperactivate cytokine-dependent signaling pathways, including Stat5, Akt, and p44/42 MAPK, in primary erythroid progenitors. This explains previous observations that hematopoietic progenitors expressing endogenous K-rasG12D display hypersensitivity to cytokine stimulation in various colony assays. Our results support efforts to modulate Ras signaling for treating hematopoietic malignancies.
Competing unfolding pathways

Competing pathways for the unfolding of barstar pass through different transition states. These results support the new view of folding, but the earlier concepts of defined unfolding pathways and productive intermediates are still needed to interpret the results.
Lean rats with hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin overexpression exhibit greater diet-induced obesity and impaired central melanocortin responsiveness

Central pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene therapy ameliorates genetic- or age-related obesity. We hypothesised that this treatment would delay or prevent dietary obesity in young, lean rats. Recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding Pomc (rAAV-Pomc) was delivered bilaterally into the basomedial hypothalamus of lean rats for 42 days. Food intake, body weight, serum hormones, brown adipose tissue (BAT) uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides and melanocortin receptors were assessed. Beginning on day 43, half of the rats remained on chow while the others received a high-fat diet for 89 days. We examined energy balance and responsiveness to the melanocortin agonist melanotan II (MTII) or the antagonist SHU9119. Pomc gene delivery produced elevated hypothalamic Pomc mRNA (fourfold) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels in the arcuate nucleus (twofold). Food intake and body weight were not altered by rAAV-Pomc in rats fed standard-chow. In rAAV-Pomc rats at day 42, perirenal fat and serum leptin decreased but overall visceral adiposity did not; expression of the hypothalamic agouti-related protein (Agrp) mRNA was elevated, whereas expression of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor mRNA was reduced; BAT UCP1 protein increased nearly fourfold. The rAAV-Pomc rats fed the high-fat diet consumed more energy and gained more body weight compared with chow- or high-fat-fed controls that did not receive Pomc gene delivery. The anorexic response to MTII was impaired, whereas the orexigenic effect of SHU9119 was enhanced by rAAV-Pomc pretreatment. Delivery of the Pomc gene alters energy homeostasis in lean rats, predisposing them to diet-induced obesity. Diminished hypothalamic melanocortin receptors, increased Agrp expression, and potential rewiring of brain circuits may underlie the exacerbated obesity.
Efficacy of minocycline and EDTA lock solution in preventing catheter-related bacteremia, septic phlebitis, and endocarditis in rabbits.

Infections and thrombotic occlusions are the two most frequent complications from the use of central venous catheters (CVCs), and the two are pathogenetically related (21). Catheter-related bacteremia, which is often caused by staphylococcal organisms, is the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients (9, 14, 17). Existing catheter flush solutions, such as heparin, are designed to prevent thrombotic occlusions but not catheter-related infections. Over the last decade, an antibiotic lock solution with or without anticoagulant (such as vancomycin-heparin) was used for the prevention and management of catheter-related bacteremia (1, 10, 11, 12, 22, 26). Concerns over the use of vancomycin flush solution were raised because of the potential for the development of organism resistance to this therapeutic agent (14, 28). EDTA (disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a calcium and iron chelator with anticoagulant activity and limited antistaphylococcal and anti-Candida activities (7, 23, 24). Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with broad antistaphylococcal activity (31). We have previously demonstrated that minocycline and EDTA (M-EDTA) have highly synergistic activities in the decontamination of catheter surfaces when they are combined in a solution consisting of 3 mg of minocycline (Wyeth-Ayerst, Pearl River, N.Y.) and 30 mg of disodium EDTA (Endrate; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.) per ml of water and that M-EDTA is active against staphylococci, gram-negative bacilli, and Candida organisms that colonize polymers (I. Raad, R. Hachem, and R. Sherertz, Abstr. 34th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. J57, 1994). With the animal model used previously (8), we compared the efficacy of M-EDTA to those of vancomycin-heparin and heparin alone in preventing catheter-related staphylococcal bacteremia and its complications (septic phlebitis and endocarditis.) (This study was presented in part at the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 15 to 18 September 1996, New Orleans, La.)
Microstructure refinement of tungsten by surface deformation for irradiation damage resistance

Surface deformation by machining is demonstrated as a way to engineer microstructures of pure tungsten for extreme irradiation environments. Thermomechanical conditions are established for microstructure refinement in the chips and the workpiece subsurface. Ultrafine grains are observed both in the chip and the subsurface, at depths relevant to the typical thickness of the irradiation-induced damage. Guidelines for producing a uniform, ultrafine-grained structure via machining and other surface deformation processes are discussed along with the implications of such microstructures for damage resistance.
Energetic-statistical size effect in fracture of bimaterial hybrid structures

Abstract This paper investigates the size effect on the strength of bimaterial hybrid structures, which consist of a weak bimaterial interface. A general scaling relation was recently derived by combining the energetic scaling of fracture of the bimaterial notch and the finite weakest link model. This scaling relation is now studied through a stochastic cohesive crack model, which is able to capture the fracture process at the bimaterial notch tip as well as the random fracture properties of the bimaterial interface. The numerical example includes a series of metal-composite hybrid beams with a centered V-notch under three-point bending. A wide range of notch angles is considered, which represents various orders of stress singularities. The simulation shows that, as the stress singularities get weaker, there exists a transition from the energetic scaling to the statistical scaling. Within this transition range, the size effect on the structural strength can be explained by a combined energetic-statistical mechanism.
Effect of Pedestrian Impedance on Vehicular Capacity at Multilane Roundabouts with Consideration of Crossing Treatments

Past research has documented that pedestrian crossings at modern roundabouts can result in an impedance effect on the available capacity of entering traffic. The magnitude of this impedance effect is intuitively linked to the allocation of rights-of-way at the crosswalk, where a greater likelihood of driver yielding is expected to affect capacity more severely. However, existing pedestrian impedance models in the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual and the FHWA Roundabout Guide are not sensitive to yielding rates. The principal objective of this paper is to quantify pedestrian impedance effects on the vehicular entry capacity at multilane roundabouts as a function of driver yielding behavior. A calibrated microsimulation model is used to develop the relationships and explore changes in volume and yielding parameters. Impedance models are further developed for the pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) treatment, which is gaining increasing attention at multilane roundabouts across the United States. The results confirm the expected effects that the pedestrian impedance is more severe with higher pedestrian flow rates but decreases in severity with greater conflicting flows. The results further show that the effect of varying yielding rates on the impedance effect is minimal for congested roundabout approaches, because the relative effect of yielding is small compared with that of pedestrian volumes and conflicting circulating flow. The analysis of the PHB treatment shows that the impedance effect of the same pedestrian flows is generally less than that for an unsignalized crossing environment.
Population III Star Formation in a ΛWDM Universe

In this paper we examine aspects of primordial star formation in a gravitino warm dark matter universe with a cosmological constant (ΛWDM). We compare a set of simulations using a single cosmological realization but with a wide range of WDM particle masses that have not yet been conclusively ruled out by observations. The addition of a WDM component to the initial power spectrum results in a delay in the collapse of high-density gas at the center of the most massive halo in the simulation and, as a result, an increase in the virial mass of this halo at the onset of baryon collapse. Both of these effects become more pronounced as the WDM particle mass becomes smaller. A cosmology using a gravitino WDM power spectrum assuming a particle mass of mWDM 40 keV is effectively indistinguishable from the cold dark matter case, whereas the mWDM 15 keV case delays star formation in the parent halo by 108 yr. There is remarkably little scatter between simulations in the final properties of the protostar that forms at the center of the halo. The detailed evolution of the collapsing halo core in two representative WDM cosmologies is described. At low densities (nb 105 cm-3) the evolution of the two calculations is qualitatively similar, but occurs on significantly different timescales, with the halo in the lower particle mass calculation taking much longer to evolve over the same density range and reach runaway collapse. Once the gas in the center of the halo reaches relatively high densities (nb 105 cm-3), the overall evolution is essentially identical in the two calculations.
Design of mixed-signal systems-on-a-chip

The electronics industry is increasingly focused on the consumer marketplace, which requires low-cost high-volume products to be developed very rapidly. This, combined with advances in deep submicrometer technology have resulted in the ability and the need to put entire systems on a single chip. As more of the system is included on a single chip, it is increasingly likely that the chip will contain both analog and digital sections. Developing these mixed-signal (MS) systems-on-chip presents enormous challenges both to the designers of the chips and to the developers of the computer-aided design (CAD) systems that are used during the design process. This paper presents many of the issues that act to complicate the development of large single-chip MS systems and how CAD systems are expected to develop to overcome these issues.
A large spectral survey of small lunar craters: Implications for the composition of the lunar mantle†

A global spectral survey of 4506 immature craters with diameters <1 km was carried out using near-IR data from the Kaguya Spectral Profiler to characterize the composition of the lunar megaregolith. On the basis of band minima and radiative transfer mixing models, small crater spectra fall into three groups: (1) mare basalts with strong absorptions at relatively long wavelengths indicating high ratios of high- to low-Ca pyroxene; (2) norites containing about 50% plagioclase and with pyroxene assemblages dominated by low-Ca pyroxene that occur within the South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPA), near Apollo 14 and other locations near Imbrium Basin, and three major cryptomaria deposits; and (3) noritic anorthosites occurring within the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane containing about 20 wt% pyroxene with a pyroxene assemblage containing exclusively very low-Ca pyroxene. Very few pure anorthosites are present in this survey and there are no occurrences of pyroxene-poor olivine-rich assemblages. Models of the composition of basin ejecta incorporate large amounts of mantle material and the spectral results require that that the sampled mantle is orthopyroxenite. Basin depth-diameter ratios used in the models required to match the measured composition are consistent with prior estimates for the largest basins. The composition found in the SPA and Imbrium regions are consistent with mafic impact melt breccias or basaltic impact melts of basin origin. For SPA we model this composition and find it requires an extremely low impact angle. While this is consistent with prior work on an oblique impact for the SPA event, a more robust solution invokes the production of norite in impact melt seas.
A comparative evaluation of feature ranking methods for high dimensional bioinformatics data

Feature selection is an important component of data mining analysis with high dimensional data. Reducing the number of features in the dataset can have numerous positive implications, such as eliminating redundant or irrelevant features, decreasing development time and improving the performance of classification models. In this work, four filter-based feature selection techniques are compared using a wide variety of bioinformatics datasets. The first three filters, χ2, Relief-F and Information Gain, are widely used techniques that are well known to many researchers and practitioners. The fourth filter, recently proposed by our research group and denoted TBFS-AUC (i.e., Threshold-Based Feature Selection technique with the AUC metric), is compared to these three commonly-used techniques using three different classification performance metrics. The empirical results demonstrate the strong performance of our technique.
A retrospective cohort study: 10-year trend of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological agents use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at Veteran Affairs Medical Centers.

Objectives To evaluate the trends in patterns of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological agents use from 1999 to 2009 and to identify patient characteristics associated with different patterns of their use in a national sample of Veterans with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Design A retrospective cohort study. Settings Administrative databases of the USA Department of Veterans Affairs. Participants An incident cohort of 13 254 patients with newly diagnosed RA was identified. Primary outcome measures Trends and choice of DMARDs and biological agents’ usage, and time intervals between RA diagnosis and treatment Results Methotrexate use as first-line agent increased from 39.9% to 57.2% over the study period (p Conclusions Methotrexate use increased as it became the preferred first-line agent, while other traditional agents declined. Dispensation of biologics increased significantly, but the proportion of RA patients eventually given biologics stabilised below 30%. A significant shorter time between RA diagnosis and DMARD or biological agent initiation in recent years suggests improvements in quality of care. There were disproportionately lower use of biologics in certain age and ethnic groups, and further studies will be needed to elucidate these observations.
A Novel Cytology-Based, Two-Hybrid Screen for Bacteria Applied to Protein-Protein Interaction Studies of a Type IV Secretion System

DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis and FtsZ of Escherichia coli were used to target heterologous protein complexes to cell division sites of E. coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. DivIVA and FtsZ that were fused to the dimerizing leucine zipper (LZ) domain of the yeast transcription activator GCN4 directed the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that was fused to an LZ domain to E. coli division sites, resulting in fluorescence patterns identical to those observed with DivIVA::GFP and FtsZ::GFP. These cell division proteins also targeted the VirE1 chaperone and VirE2 secretion substrate complex to division sites of E. coli and A. tumefaciens. Coproduction of the native VirE1 or VirE2 proteins inhibited the dihybrid interaction in both species, as judged by loss of GFP targeting to division sites. The VirE1 chaperone bound independently to N- and C-terminal regions of VirE2, with a requirement for residues 84 to 147 and 331 to 405 for these interactions, as shown by dihybrid studies with VirE1::GFP and DivIVA fused to N- and C-terminal VirE2 fragments. DivIVA also targeted homo- and heterotypic complexes of VirB8 and VirB10, two bitopic inner membrane subunits of the A. tumefaciens T-DNA transfer system, in E. coli and homotypic complexes of VirB10 in A. tumefaciens. VirB10 self-association in bacteria was mediated by the C-terminal periplasmic domain, as shown by dihybrid studies with fusions to VirB10 truncation derivatives. Together, our findings establish a proof-of-concept for the use of cell-locationspecific proteins for studies of interactions among cytosolic and membrane proteins in diverse bacterial species. A first step in defining the architectures of supramolecular surface structures of bacteria often involves definition of subunit-subunit interactions among the surface components. Such an undertaking with the popular yeast dihybrid screens can be complicated by problems associated with folding or translocation of membrane proteins to the correct cellular compartment, lack of posttranslational modification of secreted pro
Salivary gland and nasopharyngeal cancers in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in United States

Individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) manifest an increased risk of cancer, particularly cancers caused by oncogenic viruses. Because some salivary gland and nasopharyngeal cancers are associated with Epstein Barr virus, the impact of AIDS on these cancers needs further evaluation. We used linked U.S. AIDS and cancer registry data (N=519,934 people with AIDS) to derive standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) comparing risk of salivary gland and nasopharyngeal cancers to the general population. For salivary gland cancers (N=43 cases), individuals with AIDS had strongly elevated risks for lymphoepithelial carcinoma (SIR 39, 95% CI 16-81) and squamous cell carcinoma (SIR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-8.6). Among nasopharyngeal cancers (N=39 cases), risks were elevated for both keratinizing and non-keratinizing carcinomas (SIR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.7, and SIR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.4, respectively). The elevated risks of salivary gland and nasopharyngeal cancers among people with AIDS suggest that immunosuppression and oncogenic viral infections are etiologically important.