cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic ductility of FeAl single crystals

Abstract The room-temperature ductility of FeAl is significantly reduced by environmental embrittlement caused by the water vapor present in air. Since Fe-rich FeAl can fail by either transgranular or intergranular fracture in both wet and dry environments, the relative effects of the environment on grain boundaries versus the grain interior are not known and warrant study. In this investigation, the effect of test environment on the tensile properties of single crystals of Fe-40Al was studied in order to eliminate the effects of grain boundaries. It was found that the single crystals exhibited significantly higher room-temperature ductilities when tested in a moisture-free environment, although {001} cleavage fracture initiation remained the same as for samples tested in air. At the 40 at% Al level, the degree of environmental embrittlement in the single crystals was similar to that observed in fine-grained binary polycrystals and B-doped polycrystals.
Detection of Oblique Shocks in a Conical Nozzle with a Circular-Arc Throat

Oblique shock detection in conical nozzle with circular arc throat, noting measurement techniques
Easy detection of chromatin binding proteins by the Histone Association Assay.

The Histone Association Assay provides an easy approach for detecting proteins that bind chromatin in vivo. This technique is based on a chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol using histone H3-specific antibodies to precipitate bulk chromatin from crosslinked whole cell extracts. Proteins that co-precipitate with chromatin are subsequently detected by conventional SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Unlike techniques that separate chromatin and nonchromatin interacting proteins by centrifugation, this method can be used to delineate whether a protein is chromatin associated regardless of its innate solubility. Moreover, the relative amount of protein bound to DNA can be ascertained under quantitative conditions. Therefore, this technique may be utilized for analyzing the chromatin association of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes.
Homocystinuria, Arteriosclerosis, Methylmalonic Aciduria, and Methyltransferase Deficiency: a Key Case Revisited

The original case of Cb1 C disease with homocystinuria, cystathioninuria, methylmalonic aciduria, and hypomethioninemia was reexamined because of its importance in the discovery of the homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis. The vascular lesions in the case consist of proliferative fibrous intimal plaques and focal necrosis of the artery wall, which are attributed to effects of excess homocysteine thiolactone on aggregation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and on respiration of endothelial cells. Atrophic, metaplastic, and dysplastic changes within the gastric mucosa are attributed to effects of excess homocysteine thiolactone on synthesis of keratin, sulfomucins, and nucleoproteins within affected cells. The case illustrates how investigation of an inborn error of metabolism illuminates pathophysiological disease processes, normal metabolic pathways, and important aspects of cellular function.
Empathic Computer Architectures and Systems

Any computer system ultimately aims to satisfy the end user. However, computer design, evaluation, and optimization typically leave the user out-of-the-loop. Recent studies [1, 3, 5] indicate that there is significant optimization potential in considering the user when making system-level decisions. One of key challenges in user-aware research lies in understanding user satisfaction. While it is possible to explicitly ask the user for feedback, such interaction may be annoying. An effective implicit form of user feedback would be ideal. In this paper, we argue for incorporating such feedback into future architectures/systems and ask the question: Can we use human physiological traits to make informed user-aware (empathic) architectural and system-level decisions? As an example, imagine the following scenario for a laptop user. An eye tracker follows the user’s line of vision. The OS scheduler increases the priority of the window which the user is focused on. During game play, the eye tracker recognizes user arousal through pupil dilation and notifies the game engine. To improve power consumption, several heuristics throttle CPU/memory/disk performance to minimize system performance to a level believed to satisfy the user. However, when biometric sensors indicate the user is annoyed, performance is increased, and the heuristics are updated accordingly.
Attrition From Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice in the United States

Study objective We estimate the annual attrition from emergency medicine clinical practice. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the American Medical Association's 2008 Physician Masterfile, which includes data on all physicians who have ever obtained a medical license in at least 1 US state. We restricted the analysis to physicians who completed emergency medicine residency training or who obtained emergency medicine board certification. We defined attrition as not being active in emergency medicine clinical practice. Attrition was reported as cumulative and annualized rates, with stratification by years since training graduation. Death rates were estimated from life tables for the US population. Results Of the 30,864 emergency medicine–trained or emergency medicine board-certified physicians, 26,826 (87%) remain active in emergency medicine clinical practice. Overall, type of attrition was 45% to non–emergency medicine clinical practice, 22% retired, 14% administration, and 10% research/teaching. Immediate attrition ( Conclusion Despite the high stress and demands of emergency medicine, overall attrition remains low and compares favorably with that of other medical specialties. These data have positive implications for the emergency physician workforce and are important for accurate estimation of and planning for emergency physician workforce needs.
Functional nicotinic ACh receptors on interneurones in the rat hippocampus

1. Neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) were studied in the rat hippocampal slice preparation using whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. 2. Responses to ACh (100 microM) were detected on inhibitory interneurones in the Ca1 field of the hippocampus proper and in the dentate gyrus, but not on principal excitatory neurones in either region. The different neuronal types were identified based on their morphology and location. 3. ACh excited interneurones in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in current-clamp recordings. In voltage-clamp recordings, ACh-activated inward currents were recorded from interneurones in the presence of blockers of synaptic transmission and the muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist atropine. The zero current potential for this response to ACh was near 0 mV. 4. The effect of ACh was mimicked by the nAChR-selective agonists nicotine (100 microM) and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP, 100 microM). The response to ACh was reversibly antagonized by the neuronal nAChR antagonist mecamylamine (10 microM). The nAChR alpha 7 subunit-selective antagonists alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nM) and methyllycaconitine (10 nM) also inhibited the response to ACh. 5. These observations demonstrate the presence of functional nAChRs on inhibitory interneurones in the rat hippocampus. Thus, a novel mechanism by which ACh can regulate neuronal activity in the hippocampus is revealed.
The role of mixing in burner-generated carbon monoxide and nitric oxide

Abstract Nonuniformities and rates of mixing are found to play an important role in determining emissions of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide from a kerosene-fueled atmospheric-pressure burner. Nonuniformaties are allowed for by assuming that burnt gas eddies have a normal distribution of equivalence ratios about the mean value. Mixedness is characterized by the ratio of the standard deviation of this distribution to the mean value and is related to combustor operating variables. A simple one-dimensional flow model is coupled with the mixing model to predict the variation of CO and NO concentrations with atomizing pressure and distance along the burner. The data obtained agree with the predictions and show clear mixing effects on both CO and NO concentration levels.
Ethical Considerations in Prenatal Sex Selection

Developments in assisted reproductive technologies have made it possible for couples to select the sex of a child prenatally. This article used the NASW Code of Ethics and information from the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine to consider ethical dilemmas related to social justice (for example, reinforcement of gender bias, the potential for gender discrimination and oppression, a move toward eugenics, restricted access based on social or economic status, and the discarding of human embryos), the importance of human relationships (for example, threats to the well-being of sex-selected children, parent-child relationships, and couple relationships), and self-determination and the dignity and worth of the individual (for example, the right of individuals or couples to choice and personal desires). Implications are discussed for social work practice, policy articulation and advocacy, research, and education.
Aqueous‐based cleaning with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract The pharmaceutical, military, and fine chemical industries have expressed much interest in eliminating organic solvents from their cleaning operations. Waste organic‐cleaning solvents such as acetone, toluene, and methanol have been characterized as hazardous or toxic wastes. As a substitute, 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was found to effectively clean tenacious residues off glass surfaces. This testing evaluated both moderately elevated pH conditions and iron‐based catalysts. Results revealed that 100% of an asphalt residue could be removed from glass surfaces within 105 min when it was submerged in a 3% H2O2 solution at pH 9.5 and ambient temperature. Furthermore, the asphalt residue could be completely removed within 45–60 min if the H2O2 solution also included 10‐3 M FeCl3.
Effect of chemical modification of wool on metal ion binding

The effect of specific functional group modification of wool on the binding of a number of metal ions (individually) from aqueous solutions was studied. The metal ion uptake profiles for the different modified keratin polymers show that a degree of specificity of binding is imparted by the various modifications in terms of changes in capacities or rates of metal ion uptakes. The changes of uptake depend on both the particular ion and the particular protein modification involved. The results show the potential usefulness of the keratin derivatives for removal of toxic and industrial metal ions from water and contribute to interpretation of metal ions interactions with native wool and proteins in general. Treatments of woven wool with aqueous solutions of certain metal salts impart flame and insect resistance to the fabric.
Extracellular cyclophilin levels associate with parameters of asthma in phenotypic clusters.

Objective. Leukocyte persistence during chronic (quiescent) phases of asthma is a major hallmark of the disease. The mechanisms regulating these persistent leukocyte populations are not clearly understood. An alternative family of chemoattracting proteins, cyclophilins (Cyps), has recently been shown to contribute to leukocyte recruitment in animal models of allergic asthma. The goals of this study were to determine whether Cyps are present in asthma patients during the chronic phase of the disease and to investigate whether levels of Cyps associate with clinical parameters of disease severity. Methods. Nasal wash samples from an urban cohort of 137 patients of age 6–20 years with physiciandiagnosed asthma were examined for the presence of cyclophilin A (CypA), cyclophilin B (CypB), as well as several other classical chemokines. Linear, logistic, or ordinal regressions were performed to identify associations between Cyps, chemokines, and clinical parameters of asthma. The asthma cohort was further divided into previously established phenotypic clusters (cluster 1: n = 55; cluster 2: n = 31; and cluster 3: n = 51) and examined for associations. Results. Levels of CypB in the asthma group were highly elevated compared to nonasthmatic controls, while a slight increase in Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) was also observed. CypA and MCP-1 were associated with levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP; a marker of eosinophil activation). Cluster-specific associations were found for CypA and CypB and clinical asthma parameters [e.g. forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 )a nd ECP].Conclusions. Cyps are present in nasal wash samples of asthma patients and may be a novel biomarker for clinical parameters of asthma severity.
Molecular dynamics simulation of ultrafast laser ablation of fused silica

Ultrafast laser ablation of fused silica is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Ionization and generation of free electrons, absorption of the laser energy by free electrons and energy coupling between free electrons and ions are considered. The BKS potential is used to describe molecular interactions and is modified to include the effect of free electrons. Temperature, density, and material removal are computed, and the thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of ultrafast laser ablation of fused silica are discussed.
Long Synthetic Nanotubes from Calix[4]arenes

We report the synthesis and encapsulation properties of long (up to 5 nm) molecular nanotubes 1-4, which are based on calix[4]arenes and can be filled with multiple nitrosonium (NO + ) ions upon reaction with NO 2 /N 2 O 4 gases. These are among the largest nanoscale molecular containers prepared to date and can entrap up to five guests. The structure and properties of tubular complexes 1·(NO + ) 2 -4·(NO + ) 5 were studied by UV/Vis, FTIR, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy in solution, and also by molecular modeling. Entrapment of NO + in 1·(NO + ) 2 -4·(NO + ) 5 is reversible, and addition of [18]crown-6 quickly recovers starting tubes 1-4. The FTIR and titration data revealed enhanced binding of NO+ in longer tubes, which may be due to cooperativity. The described nanotubes may serve as materials for storing and converting NO x and also offer a promise to further develop supramolecular chemistry of molecular containers. These findings also open wider perspectives towards applications of synthetic nanotubes as alternatives to carbon nanotubes.
Sound Generation from Swirling, Premixed Flames Excited by Helical Flow Disturbances

This article describes an analysis of the sound generated by swirling premixed flames when excited by helical disturbances, i.e., where the flow fluctuations have an azimuthal dependence of the form and denotes the helical mode number. These results illustrate the sensitivity of local and global sound generation characteristics to mode number, , swirl strength, and dimensionless frequency. An important result is the demonstration that specific mode numbers dominate particular aspects of the flame response. Specifically, particular helical modes dominate the magnitude of local flame wrinkling, , global heat release, , and sound generation, , and are generally not the same. For example, the helical mode that dominates the flame sound radiation, , is a function of flame compactness ratio, , while and are not. For compact, axisymmetric flames, , the axisymmetric, mode dominates the far-field sound radiation, both locally and in terms of global sound power. For and for , other helical modes dominate, generally...
Fearless cards: addressing emotional barriers to computer learning among extremely marginalized populations

We present a prototype for Fearless Cards, a novel design to help underserved communities such as Hispanic day laborers overcome emotional barriers to learn computer and internet use. Hispanic day laborers experience strong emotional barriers in addition to lacking technical skills: fear, anxiety, lack of self-confidence, and limited English language skills. Through an iterative process of design and testing we developed Fearless Cards, a set of basic computer literacy instructions that are bilingual, familiar, and easy to use. Fearless Cards help reach the deep pockets of exclusion and allow extremely marginalized populations such as immigrant day laborers gain self-confidence and overcome emotional barriers that prevent them from starting to use computers and the internet to meet their daily needs.
Update on Liposuction: Laser-Assisted Liposuction Versus Tumescent Liposuction

Tumescent liposuction has become an increasingly popular cosmetic procedure since its inception nearly 30 years ago. Laser lipolysis has more recently been studied as an alternative method of body contouring. We discuss the efficacy and safety of laser lipolysis in comparison to tumescent liposuction. Ultimately, while laser lipolysis is effective for localized fat reduction, data is lacking to show its superiority to tumescent liposuction.
Study of the effective two-body force using the 54Fe(3He, t) charge exchange reaction

Abstract Differential cross sections were measured for the 54Fe(3He, t)54Co reaction at 37.5 MeV. The T = 1 states are well described using a conventional microscopic DWBA analysis with ( f 7 2 ) −2 orbitals but similar analysis of the T = 0 states indicates a serious discrepancy between theoey and experiment.
An implicit Galerkin finite element Runge-Kutta algorithm for shock-structure investigations

This paper introduces an implicit high-order Galerkin finite element Runge-Kutta algorithm for efficient computational investigations of shock structures. The algorithm induces no spatial-discretization artificial diffusion, relies on cubic and higher-degree elements for an accurate resolution of the steep shock gradients, uses an implicit time integration for swift convergence to steady states, and employs original Neumann-type outlet boundary conditions in the form of generalized Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on normal stress and balance of heat flux and deviatoric-stress work per unit time. The formulation automatically calculates the spatial extent of the shock and employs the single non-dimensional (0,1) computational domain for the determination of any shock structure. Since it is implicit, the algorithm rapidly generates steady shock structures, in at most 150 time steps for any upstream Mach number considered in this study. The finite element discretization is shown to be asymptotically convergent under progressive grid refinements, in respect of both the H^0 and H^1 error norms, with an H^0 accuracy order as high as 6 and reduction of the discretization error to the round-off-error threshold of 1x10^-^9 with just 420 computational cells and 5th-degree elements. For upstream Mach numbers in the range 1.05=
Isozymes as genetic markers in bananas and plantains

Twenty-four clones of banana and plantain representing various levels of ploidy and diploid M. balbisiana, were analysed for enzyme variants of malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, shikimate dehydrogenase and peroxidase. Polymorphism was detected in all 5 enzyme systems. In addition, the four principal Cavendish clones, Robusta, Giant Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish and Pisang masak hijau were found to be monomorphic for isozymes of 10 additional enzymes. Isozymes of glutamate oxaloacetate transminase were the most useful for discriminating among clones of a particular genomic group.
An evaluation of some non-noble metal fuel cell catalysts

The platinum group metals are frequently used in low temperature fuel cells because of their stability and high catalytic activity [1-3]. Unfortunately the high cost and scarcity of these metals have limited fuel cells to military and space applications [4]. A more widespread application of fuel cells would probably result if the amount of noble metal catalyst required for a given power could be reduced, or if an inexpensive non-noble metal catalyst could be developed. Recently, by the use of a catalyst support, some success has been achieved in reducing the amount of noble metals required. With carbon, the catalyst loading for high performance hydrogen and oxygen electrodes has been reduced from 10 mg/cm 2 [5] to 0.2-2 mg/cm 2 [6], while for propane oxidation it has been reduced from 35 mg/cm 2 [7] to 10 mg/cm 2 [8]. Similar reductions in the catalyst loading for propane oxidation have been obtained with a boron carbide support [9]. This material is preferred to carbon because it is more inert, and because platinum has less tendency to sinter on it. For carbon monoxide oxidation a smaller amount of platinum has been used by diluting it with various transition metal oxides [10]. In another approach [11] the amount of noble metal required for hydrocarbon oxidation has been lowered by using a compound of platinum with phosphorus [PtP2]. Several non-noble metal materials have also been examined for electrocatalytic activity. For the oxygen electrode cobalt phthalocyanine [12], boron carbide [13], titanium nitride [14], tungsten bronze [15], nickel boride [16], and cobalt boride [16] have been shown to have some activity. Of these only tungsten bronze appears as though it might replace platinum in acid solutions. For the fuel electrode, Raney nickel [17], nickel boride [18, 19, 20], cobalt boride [21], hydrides of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium [22], cobalt molybdate [23], and manganese molybdate [24] have been reported. Raney nickel and nickel boride, apparently, are almost as good as platinum for the electrooxidation of hydrogen in alkaline solutions, while cobalt and manganese molybdates are claimed to be as good as platinum for the electro-oxidation of hydrocarbons. In the work reported here the electrocatalytic properties of cobalt and manganese molybdates have been re-examined.
Autoimmune myopathies: Autoantibodies, phenotypes and pathogenesis

The different autoimmune myopathies-for example, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM)-have unique muscle biopsy findings, but they also share specific clinical features, such as proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum levels of muscle enzymes. Furthermore, around 60% of patients with autoimmune myopathy have been shown to have a myositis-specific autoantibody, each of which is associated with a distinct clinical phenotype. The typical clinical presentations of the autoimmune myopathies are reviewed here, and the different myositis-specific autoantibodies, including the anti-synthetase antibodies, dermatomyositis-associated antibodies, and IMNM-associated antibodies, are discussed in detail. This Review also focuses on a newly recognized form of IMNM that is associated with statin use and the production of autoantibodies that recognize 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the pharmacological target of statins. The contribution of interferon signaling to the development of dermatomyositis and the potential link between malignancies and the initiation of autoimmune myopathies are also assessed.
Affliction and Testimony: A Reading of the Diary of Parvati Devi

This paper is an attempt to map out the life-world of a young unmarried woman with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, whom the author met in the course of her ethnographic study of general hospital psychiatry in a Delhi public hospital (Addlakha 1999). It is primarily based on the author’s reading of Parvati Devi’s diary, a document meticulously maintained by the patient in the months prior to her hospitalisation at the Lady Hardinge Hospital, New Delhi. Using the concepts of testimony, experience, narrative and voice, the paper explores a range of issues that appear to be germane to the constitution of a life-world, precariously pitched on the shifting sands of the real, the possible and the unimaginable. Methodologically, the reading of the diary is juxtaposed with an analysis of the patient’s case record and interactions with her and her family in the ward and home spaces. The positionality of the author as a single woman with visual impairment of approximately the same age cohort, social location within th...
Factors Affecting Image Quality for Megavoltage and Diagnostic X-Ray a-Si:H Imaging Arrays.

Two factors which could affect the image quality of the a-Si:H arrays under development by our collaboration are the temporal drift of the leakage current of the sensors and the capture and release of charge in deep trapping states in the sensors. Data for both of these factors are reported, the implications for imaging are discussed, and strategies for reducing or eliminating their effects are suggested.
MLCT state structure and dynamics of a copper(I) diimine complex characterized by pump-probe X-ray and laser spectroscopies and DFT calculations.

The molecular structure and dynamics of the photoexcited metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) state of [CuI(dmp)2]+, where dmp is 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, in acetonitrile have been investigated by time-domain pump-probe X-ray absorption spectroscopy, femtosecond optical transient spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT). The time resolution for the excited state structural determination was 100 ps, provided by single X-ray pulses from a third generation synchrotron source. The copper ion in the thermally equilibrated MLCT state has the same oxidation state as the corresponding copper(II) complex in the ground state and was found to be penta-coordinate with an average nearest neighbor Cu−N distance 0.04 A shorter than that of the ground state [CuI(dmp)2]+. The results confirm the previously proposed “exciplex” structure of the MLCT state in Lewis basic solvents. The evolution from the photoexcited Franck-Condon MLCT state to the thermally equilibrated MLCT state was followed by femtosec...
Vector animation: Web-based software training on demand

At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Training developers are creating vector animations to instruct engineers in the operation of mission software. These movies simulate interface software operations, providing a safe learning environment for flight teams. The technology is available as a COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) program called Flash, a Macromedia product. Flash movies are low cost, highly productive, easily modified and maintained, and deliverable via Intranet. Animations are excellent vehicles for delivering training across the Internet; they are easy to understand and enjoyable to use. Since training is available any time of the day or night, users adopt their own pace, digesting information at a rate suitable for their learning style. There is no delay between actions, the user chooses a path but can change direction or return instantly. Action-oriented Flash movies are very powerful, relatively small, quick to load, and offer tremendous potential for increased productivity.
Static and Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance for Miniature Air Vehicles

Small unmanned air vehicles are limited in sensor weight and power such that detection and avoidance of unknown obstacles during flight is difficult. This paper presents a low power low weight method of detection using a laser range finder. In addition, a rapidly-exploring random tree algorithm to generate waypoint paths around obstacles known a priori is presented, and a dynamic geometric algorithm to generate paths around detected obstacles is derived. The algorithms are demonstrated in simulation and in flight tests on a fixed-wing miniature air vehicle (MAV). Index Words - Obstacle avoidance, waypoint path planning, rapidly exploring random tree, unmanned air vehicles, miniature air vehicles.
Speaking of Feelings

Emotions in Crosslinguistic Perspective. Jean Harkins and Anna Wierzbicka. eds. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. 421 pp. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. Zoltan Kovecses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 223 pp. The Navigation of Feeling:. Framework for the History of Emotions. William Reddy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 308 pp.
Non-preemptive scheduling of messages on controller area network for real-time control applications

Scheduling messages on the controller area network (CAN) corresponds to assigning identifiers (IDs) to messages according to their priorities. If fixed priority scheduling such as deadline monotonic (DM) is used to calculate these priorities, then in general, it will result in low schedulability. Dynamic scheduling schemes such as earliest deadline (ED) can give greater schedulability, but they are not practical for CAN because if the ID is to reflect message deadlines then a long ID must be used. This increases the length of each message to the point that ED is no better than DM. Our solution to this problem is the mixed traffic scheduler (MTS), which is a cross between ED and DM, and provides high schedulability without needing long IDs. Through simulations, we compare the performance of MTS with that of DM and ED* (an imaginary scheduler which works like ED, except it needs only short IDs). We use a realistic workload in our simulations based on messages typically found in computer integrated manufacturing. Our simulations show that MTS performs much better than DM and at the same level as ED*, except under high loads and tight deadlines, when ED* is superior.
Central Stimulatory Activity of Vanillic Diethylamide

Vanillic diethylamide produced central nervous system effects indicative of medullary stimulation when injected into frogs and rats. Vanillic diethylamide administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs and cats produced a marked increase in both the rate and depth of respiration, which was usually accompanied by the return of the corneal reflex and a mild, transient hypotensive effect. The transient hypotensive effect could be eliminated by administering the compound via a slow infusion at rates ranging between 1 and 8 mg./Kg./min. The compound produced identical responses prior to and after bilateral carotid sinus area denervation, and it appears that the compound acts mainly on the medullary centers and that the carotid sinus-body complex is not essential for the stimulatory activity. A 10 mg./Kg. quantity of vanillic diethylamide administered into the arterial inflow to the recipient's head in 2 dog cross-circulation experiments awakened the recipient animal and produced a transient pressor effect in the recipient.
Radio science on the Cassini mission to Saturn

The Cassini spacecraft carries perhaps the most capable radio science instrument ever flown to explore a planet of our solar system. Six of the twelve instruments use passive and active remote sensing techniques that cover the ultraviolet, visible, infrared, millimeter, and microwave ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other six are designed to probe the particles, fields, plasma, and radio wave environment of the Saturn system. A suite of engineering subsystems, including subsystems for propulsion, attitude control, commanding, data recording, and telemetry, supports the scientific instruments and other spacecraft functions. The broad range of radio science experiments to be conducted during the mission lifetime will help search for the (so far) elusive gravitational waves, and will contribute in fundamental ways to our understanding of planet Saturn and its ring system, the planet-size satellite Titan, and other large satellites of Saturn.
Fetal umbilical vein deviation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objectives—Deviation of the intra-abdominal umbilical vein has been described as a marker of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and has been shown to help identify liver herniation into the fetal chest. The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of deviation in affected fetuses and to determine the accuracy of measurements for diagnosing liver herniation. Methods—In patients undergoing prenatal sonography for CDH, the midhepatic portion of the umbilical vein was identified, and the distance between the lateral edge of the vein and the inner rib margin was measured. The same was done on the right, and the ratio of the left to right measurement was termed the “umbilical vein ratio.” The accuracy of the umbilical vein ratio for predicting the presence and side of the hernia and for diagnosing liver herniation was determined. Results—All but 1 of the cases with right-sided hernias had an umbilical vein ratio above the normal range, and all had liver herniation. Of those with a left-sided hernia, only 2 had a ratio within the normal range. Of those with a left-sided hernia, an umbilical vein ratio less than 0.4 was shown by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to be the best predictor of liver herniation. This cutoff had sensitivity of 89% for predicting herniation, with a false-positive rate of 14%. Conclusions—Ninety-three percent of right-sided CDH lesions and 98% of left-sided lesions have an umbilical vein ratio outside the normal range. This finding shows that deviation may a useful indicator of CDH in screening ultrasound examinations. An umbilical vein ratio less than 0.4 is predictive of liver herniation.
Non-Stationary Analysis of DNA Sequences

Previous searches for long-range correlations in DNA sequences was carried out using statistical tools for stationary signals. However, genomic signals are non-stationary as can be attested by standard statistical tests for stationarity. In this paper, we address, in the light of non-stationary time-series analysis, the questions of (i) the existence of long-range correlations in DNA sequences and (ii) whether they are present in both coding and non-coding segments or only in the latter. It turns out that the statistical differences between coding and non-coding segments are more subtle than previously claimed by the stationary analysis. Both coding and non-coding sequences exhibit long-range correlations, as asserted by an evolutionary 1/f spectrum (i.e., having a time-dependent spectral exponent). Moreover, the average spectral exponent of non-coding segments is higher than its counterpart for coding segments. To prove that this observation is not an artifact of the 1/f evolutionary spectrum, we show, using an index of randomness that we derive from the frequency-time distribution of the genomic signals, that coding sequences are "more random" (i.e., whiter) than non-coding sequences. We believe that this result is likely the source of confusion and controversy in previous work, which relied on stationary analysis of DNA correlations.
The Development of the Full Passive.

Spontaneous full passives and related constructions from 234 children aged 2; 0 to 13; 11 and elicited passives from 262 college students were analysed. Full passives were classified as REVERSIBLE (The dog was chased by the girl), INSTRUMENTAL NON-REVERSIBLE (The lamp was broken by (or with) the ball), or AGENTIVE NON-REVERSIBLE (The lamp was broken by the girl). The Agentive non-reversible did not appear until after age 9; and until age 11 no child produced both Reversible and Non-reversible passives. All the children used the passive in a semantically restricted way (but not in the same way). The possible developmental course of the full passive was traced for children who initially used only Reversible passives versus those who initially used only Instrumental non-reversible passives.
Feasibility of a Novel Blood Noise Reduction Algorithm to Enhance Reproducibility of Ultra–High-Frequency Intravascular Ultrasound Images

Background—Ultra–high-frequency (40- to 50-MHz) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) improves image quality compared with conventional 20- to 30-MHz IVUS. However, as the frequency of IVUS increases, high-intensity backscatter from blood components may cause visual difficulties in discrimination between the lumen and arterial wall structure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel blood noise reduction algorithm (BNR) on quantitative coronary ultrasound measurements. Methods and Results—IVUS studies using a 40-MHz transducer were performed in 35 patients with coronary artery disease. A total of 620 gray-scale images (310 pairs) were processed with and without the BNR, and lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined by 2 independent observers. With the BNR, the intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients for lumen CSA were significantly improved (0.85 to 0.99 and 0.80 to 0.98, respectively). In the 270 images (135 pairs) in which vessel wall measurements were possible, t...
Dominant graminoids support restoration of productivity but not diversity in urban wetlands

Abstract In recent decades, both restoration ecologists and ecological theorists have promoted the hypothesis that species richness increases ecosystem function. If true, species-rich vegetation could be planted to restore both diversity and productivity. For urban, nutrient-rich wetlands, we found instead that plant diversity (measured as species richness, diversity, or dominance) and productivity (measured as shoot, litter, or root biomass) were not positively correlated, either in a mature prairie/wetland restoration or in two young wetland systems (an unweeded field experiment and a weeded mesocosm experiment). The mature restored prairie and the weeded mesocosms had no correlation between richness and biomass, whereas the mature restored wetland and the experimental wetland had negative correlations. In the latter two systems, tall productive graminoids increased aboveground biomass and had few co-occurring species, consistent with the mass ratio hypothesis, rather than diversity-function theory. In contrast, where forbs were most abundant, levels of biomass were relatively low and species richness relatively high. While urban wetlands are easily restored to produce copious biomass, the most productive dominants tend to suppress diversity. To increase diversity, we suggest planting a matrix dominant that can co-exist with other species and a cover crop to reduce colonization by aggressive graminoids, then adding forbs as the cover crop dies back.
Combining Cobalt and Resorcinolic Bonding Agents in Brass-Rubber Adhesion

Bonding of natural rubber compositions to brass-plated steel cord is critically important in steel-belted radial tires. It is often desirable to incorporate bonding agents such as cobalt naphthenate of HR additives (e.g., hexamethoxymethyl melamine, HMMM, and a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin) to promote bonding and enhance durability
Behavior Control of an Autonomous Mobile Robot in Dynamically Changing Environment

We report a developed autonomous mobile robot (AMR) in dynamically changing environment. The AMR's behavior controller is based upon a state-transition scheme, which suits for realizing the AMR behavior control according to sensory information. The network of state-transition, however, becomes very large as behaviors become complicated. We divide the network among multiple tasks in order to suppress increase of complexity in single network. The tasks consists of a supervisor task and functional tasks. A supervisor task watches overall statuses and events, and controls functional tasks. Each functional task controls a specified part of the AMR's behavior. We constructed a real AMR system, on which the behavior control method is applied and it demonstrated in a showroom as a greeter robot.
Tracing Maternal Transfer of Methylmercury in the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) with an Enriched Mercury Stable Isotope

Maternal transfer of methylmercury (MeHg) to eggs is an important exposure pathway for developing offspring. However, our understanding of this process is limited, particularly in estuarine fish. We conducted a 91-day chronic laboratory exposure of Cyprinodon variegatus to four concentrations of dietary MeHg ranging from 0.04 to 9.90 μg g–1 dw. Juvenile fish were fed a preoogenesis MeHg diet for 28 days, after which the diet was switched to a diet enriched with Me199Hg, spanning the period of oogenesis, allowing us to differentiate between mercury stored in female tissues and mercury assimilated from the maternal diet during oogenesis. We found that both maternal body burden and clutch size were strong predictors of egg Hg content. A constant percentage of preoogenesis Hg was transferred to eggs in each treatment. Additionally, preoogenesis Hg and during-oogenesis Hg were transferred proportionally to eggs, suggesting that both female tissues and the maternal diet during oogenesis are significant sources ...
Hypothermic circulatory arrest: 31-Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance of isolated perfused neonatal rat brain

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest facilitates repair of congenital cardiac anomalies in infants. However, despite its widespread use, little is known of the fundamental cellular and molecular changes induced. An isolated perfused brain model was developed in part to study high-energy phosphate metabolism with 31-phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31-P NMR) at 109.3 mHz. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats cannulated through the ascending aorta were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Soft tissues surrounding the calvarium and cervical and thoracic spine were excised and the preparation was lowered into an NMR tube (15 mm outer diameter). Then 200 to 400 free induction decays (FIDS) were averaged and transformed to produce each spectrum. The 31-P NMR spectra of well-perfused brain show six major resonances representing α, β, and γ phosphates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sugar phosphate, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and creatine phosphate (CrP). Preparations equilibrated to 37° C and 20° C were subjected to 20 minutes of ischemia with 15 to 20 minutes of reperfusion. Levels of CrP and ATP fell coordinately to 18% ± 1% and 34% ± 4% of control levels, respectively, by 15 minutes of normothermic ischemia. This is distinctly different from adult rat heart, wherein a fall in CrP significantly precedes the decrease in ATP: At 20° C CrP fell rapidly while ATP remained unchanged. This suggests isolation of creatine kinase from the ATP pool in brain. Following ischemia at 37° C, ATP and CrP recovered substantially but failed to return to control levels (51% ± 9% and 44% ± 12%, respectively). Following ischemia at 20° C, ATP and CrP returned to control levels by 20 minutes. Intracellular pH determinations by chemical shift of inorganic phosphate (Pi) revealed a decrease from 7.2 to 6.7 during ischemia at 37° C, whereas pH at 20° C remained unchanged above 7.2. NMR proved a valuable tool for studying high-energy phosphate metabolism in brain. This study suggests that permanent changes in ATP and CrP pools induced by 20 minutes of normothermic ischemia are attenuated whereas intracellular pH changes are abated by hypothermia.
The Effects of an Online Program and Test Format on Student Performance

The testing effect is a phenomenon that predicts increased retention of material when individuals are tested on soon-to-be-recalled information (McDaniel, Anderson, Derbish, & Morrisette, 2007). Although this effect is well documented in numerous studies, no study has looked at the impact that computer-based quizzes or online companion tools in a course can have on test performance. In addition to the use of online programs, it is important to understand whether or not the presentation of different question types can lead to increased or decreased student test performance. Although other pedagogical studies have looked at question order on student performance (Norman, 1954; Balch, 1989), none has looked at whether students exposed to questions in short answer format (testing free recall) before taking a multiple choice test (recognition memory) can lead to increased exam scores. The present study sought to understand how use of an online learning system (MindTap, Cengage) and test format order could affect final test scores. There were 5 exams (consisting of separate short answer and multiple choice sections) given to each set of Physiological Psychology students at George Mason University; each exam being worth 150 points. Results indicate that testing order (whether short-answer sections or multiple choice sections were taken first) impacts student test performance and this effect may be mediated by whether or not an online computer program is required. This research has implications for course organization and selection of test format, which may improve student performance.AÂ
The Axial Skeleton

The Shanidar Neandertals preserve a considerable number of vertebrae and ribs and one segment of a sternum, providing the largest sample of Neandertal axial skeletal remains from any known site. Most of the remains are from Shanidar 1, 2, 3, and 4, with Shanidar 5 and 6 retaining only a few pieces each. Even though it is difficult to reconstruct the overall configurations of the Shanidar axial skeletons because few of the vertebrae and ribs are complete, it is possible to obtain an accurate appreciation of most of the bones for at least one individual. This chapter discusses each type of vertebra, such as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal, followed by the descriptions of the ribs and sternal segment. It presents the vertebral morphometrics and the rib and sternal measurements. The remains of the Shanidar axial skeletons indicate a set of individuals whose trunks were similar to those of recent humans. The overall proportions of virtually all of the elements of their axial skeletons fall within the ranges of variation of more recent humans as do those of other Neandertals. The only consistent pattern is one of pronounced robusticity that places them near the limits of recent human ranges of variation with respect to several features.
Active treatment for food allergy

Food allergy has grown in rapidly in prevalence, currently affecting 5% of adults and 8% of children. Management strategy is currently limited to 1) food avoidance and 2) carrying and using rescue intramuscular epinephrine/adrenaline and oral antihistamines in the case of accidental ingestion; there is no FDA approved treatment. Recently, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous immunotherapy have been developed as active treatment of food allergy, though none have completed phase 3 study. Efficacy and safety studies of immunotherapy have been variable, though there is clearly signal that immunotherapy will be a viable option to desensitize patients. The use of bacterial adjuvants, anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies, and Chinese herbal formulations either alone or in addition to immunotherapy may hold promise as future options for active treatment. Active prevention of food allergy through early introduction of potentially offending foods in high-risk infants will be an important means to slow the rising incidence of sensitization.
Neurogenesis and developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity

The mechanism by which anesthetics might act on the developing brain in order to cause long term deficits remains incompletely understood. The hippocampus has been identified as a structure that is likely to be involved, as rodent models show numerous deficits in behavioral tasks of learning that are hippocampal-dependent. The hippocampus is an unusual structure in that it is the site of large amounts of neurogenesis postnatally, particularly in the first year of life in humans, and these newly generated neurons are critical to the function of this structure. Intriguingly, neurogenesis is a major developmental event that occurs during postulated windows of vulnerability to developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity across the different species in which it has been studied. In this review, we examine the evidence for anesthetic effects on neurogenesis in the early postnatal period and ask whether neurogenesis should be studied further as a putative mechanism of injury. Multiple anesthetics are considered, and both in vivo and in vitro work is presented. While there is abundant evidence that anesthetics act to suppress neurogenesis at several different phases, evidence of a causal link between these effects and any change in learning behavior remains elusive.