cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NERVE TRANSFERS: New Options for Reconstruction Following Nerve Injury

Surgical reconstruction of proximal level nerve repair or long nerve grafts have provided less than optimal results, presenting the opportunity for investigation of alternate reconstructive techniques. Good motor function following an injury to a motor nerve requires a maximal number of motor axons reaching the motor end plate within a critical time period. Nerve transfers eliminate the need for a nerve graft by allowing a direct end to end nerve repair without tension. This article reviews surgical options using nerve transfers for patients with upper and lower extremity nerve injuries.
High-pressure study of dravite tourmaline: Insights into the accommodating nature of the tourmaline structure

Author(s): O'Bannon, E; Beavers, CM; Kunz, M; Williams, Q | Abstract: The high-pressure behavior of dravite tourmaline [Na(Mg3)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)] has been studied using luminescence spectroscopy and synchrotron-based single-crystal diffraction up to ~65 and ~24 GPa, respectively. Two emission bands associated with Cr3+/V2+ substitution are constant in energy up to ~9.0 GPa, and they shift to longer wavelength at higher pressures, suggesting that a change in compressional mechanism could occur at this pressure. Single-crystal diffraction data show subtle changes in ring ditrigonality occur near 9.0 GPa, which could cause the observed change in luminescence. Near 15 GPa, a splitting of one of the emission bands is observed, suggesting that a phase transition occurs at this pressure and that two unique octahedral sites are present in the high-pressure phase. Hysteresis is not observed on decompression, which indicates that this is a second-order transition, and the high-pressure structure appears to be metastable up to ~65 GPa. Single-crystal diffraction measurements show that a phase transition from rhombohedral R3m to rhombohedral R3 occurs at pressures near 15.4 GPa. The high-pressure phase is characterized by a distorted Si6O18 ring (e.g., the Si-Si-Si angles deviate from 120°), and the Si, Al, O6, O7, and O8 sites of the low-pressure phase split, implying that the high-pressure phase of tourmaline is a higher entropy phase. The large X-site exerts the primary control on compressibility, and the substitution of larger cations into this site will likely lower the pressure at which this transition occurs. Dravite tourmaline shows anisotropic compression with the c-axis being more compressible than the a-axis. The pressure and volume data up to ~15.4 GPa were fit with second- and third-order Birch-Murnaghan equations of state. We obtain a bulk modulus, K0 = 109.6(3.2) GPa, and a pressure derivative, K0′ c K'0 = 4.6(8) GPa, and with the pressure derivative set to 4, a bulk modulus of 112.0(1.0) GPa is derived. Moreover, our high-pressure results show that massive overbonding of the X and Y sites can be accommodated by the tourmaline structure. This unexpected result may explain the extraordinary structural tolerance with respect to chemical substitution on the X, Y, and Z sites.
Musical Vision: an interactive bio-inspired sonification tool to convert images into music

Musical Vision is a highly flexible, interactive and bio-inspired sonification tool that translates color images into harmonic polyphonic music by mimicking the human visual system in terms of its field of vision and photosensitive sensors. Putting the user at the center of the sonification process, Musical Vision allows the interactive design of fully configurable mappings between the color space and the MIDI instruments and audio pitch spaces to tailor the music rendering results to the application needs. Moreover, Musical Vision incorporates a harmonizer capable of introducing the necessary modifications to create melodies using harmonic chords. Above all else, Musical Vision is an extremely flexible system that the user can interactively configure to convert an image into either a few seconds or a several minutes long musical piece. Thus, it can be used, for instance, with trans-artistic purposes like the conversion of a painting into music, for augmenting vision with music, or for learning musical skills such as sol-fa. To evaluate the proposed sonification tool, we conducted a pilot user study, in which twelve volunteers were tested to interpret images containing geometric patterns from music rendered by Musical Vision. Results show that even those users with no musical education background were able to achieve nearly 70% accuracy in multiple choice tests after less than 25 min training. Moreover, users with some musical education were capable of accurately “drawing by ear” the images from no other stimuli than the sonifications.
Corporate Climate Change Adaptation: Concepts and Evidence for a New Research Area

The effects of climate change on firms are becoming increasingly evident. However, research in the management discipline on this topic has been slow to develop. The goal of this manuscript is to id...
Introduction Journalism in the Reign of Charles X: The Social and Political Setting

The French have placed memorials to greatness throughout the city of Paris. From the countless names of streets to the bullet-pocked walls inscribed with the names of students who fell before Nazi firing squads, all talents and spirits have been honored. In the temple of the Pantheon, such monuments are dedicated especially to those whose courage rose from the mind and whose weapon was the pen. Beneath the great dome stands a large and prominent sculptured group — suitably in the Romantic style and labeled, “The Journalists of the Restoration”.
Performance of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition vs the Brigham and Women's Hospital Tumor Classification System for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance Brigham and Women’s tumor classification (BWH) better predicts poor outcomes than American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition (AJCC 7). AJCC 8th edition (AJCC 8) has not been evaluated. Objectives To compare BWH and AJCC 8 tumor classifications for head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNCSCC). Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 459 patients with 680 HNCSCCs in this cohort study were staged via BWH and AJCC 8 classifications and poor outcomes (ie, local recurrence [LR], nodal metastasis [NM], disease specific death [DSD], and overall survival [OS]) were compared. The study was carried out at a single academic tertiary care center in Boston, Massachusetts. Main Outcomes and Measures Distinctiveness (outcome differences between tumor class), homogeneity (outcome similarity within tumor class), monotonicity (outcome worsening with increasing tumor class), and C statistic. Results A total of 680 HNCSCCs in 459 patients were included in this study, of which 313 (68%) were men with the mean (SD) age of 70.2 (12.7) years. The AJCC 8 (T3/T4) and BWH (T2b/T3) high tumor classes accounted for 121 (18%) vs 63 (9%), 17 (71%) vs 16 (70%), and 11 (85%) vs 12 (92%) of total cases, metastases, and deaths, respectively. The AJCC 8 T2 and T3 comprised 23% of cases and had statistically indistinguishable outcomes. The BWH had higher specificity (93%) and positive predictive value (30%) for identifying cases at risk for metastasis or death. C statistics showed BWH to be superior in predicting NM and DSD (P = .01 and P = .005, respectively), but there was no difference for LR and OS. Conclusions and Relevance Lack of distinction between AJCC T2 and T3 resulted in a 23% subset of HNCSCCs with significant risk of metastasis and death—too large of a group for routine nodal staging or consideration of adjuvant therapy. The BWH identifies the same number of poor outcomes in a 9% subset of HNCSCCs, thus minimizing inappropriate upstaging of low-risk disease.
The impact of customer controllability and service recovery type on customer satisfaction and consequent behavior intentions.

Customer participation in service failure recovery has gained increasing attention as today’s customers are actively engaged in the service process. However, limited research examines customer part...
CT attenuation values and mineral distribution can be used to differentiate dogs with and without gallbladder mucoceles.

Gallbladder mucoceles are potentially fatal in dogs. Multiphase CT angiography was performed to evaluate the canine gallbladder in three conditions: no sludge, sludge occupying ≥25% of the lumen, and mucoceles. Twenty dogs with normal hepatobiliary bloodwork and no-to-minimal gallbladder sludge, 13 dogs with normal bloodwork and ≥25% sludge in the gallbladder lumen, and 18 dogs with histologically confirmed gallbladder mucoceles were enrolled in a prospective, observational diagnostic accuracy study. Three regions of interest (ROI) were stratified in the dorsal-ventral orientation and a single ROI was measured within the hepatic parenchyma. Mean attenuation and presence of mineral were recorded. Average Hounsfield units (HU) were recorded for precontrast, arterial, portovenous, and late venous phases. The overall median HU value for mucoceles was significantly higher than gallbladders without sludge and with sludge; precontrast median overall attenuation was 49.3, 35.8, and 39.7 HU, respectively (P < .000004). Mineral was seen in four (20%) dogs with no sludge, seven (56%) dogs with sludge, and nine (50%) dogs with mucoceles. Mineral in the dogs with mucoceles was located within the central aspect of the gallbladder lumen in 67% of mucoceles; this mineral distribution was not seen in any dog without a mucocele. Computed tomography can differentiate a subset of gallbladder mucoceles from dogs with and without gallbladder sludge, especially in the precontrast series. An HU value of 48.6 is 52% sensitive and 96% specific for a gallbladder mucocele. A hyperattenuating gallbladder on precontrast CT images and centrally distributed mineral can be a gallbladder mucocele.
The role of biomass burning agricultural emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains on the air quality in New Delhi, India

Abstract Agricultural residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) releases large amounts of reactive nitrogen, among other pollutants, into the atmosphere each year. This study focuses on rice paddy residue burning and wheat residue burning during October–November and April–May, respectively, in 2016 and 2017. Emissions of reactive nitrogen species (ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2)) were estimated for the study period using a suite of satellite products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aqua and Terra satellites. Emissions were compared against ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in New Delhi, India, to help determine the impact that these agricultural burns have on PM2.5, which is known to have numerous health and environmental impacts associated with prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations. Daily average measured concentrations of PM2.5 in New Delhi range from 22.43 μg m−3 to 718.94 μg m−3 (average 127.15 μg m−3 ± 95.23 μg m−3), with the daily average PM2.5 concentration exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of 60 μg m−3 approximately 75% of the time. Concentrations of PM2.5 were found to peak during October–November, which corresponds with rice paddy residue burning in the IGP. In addition to this, statistical regression models were created to predict average daily PM2.5 concentrations in New Delhi, India, based on emissions of NH3 and organic carbon (OC) in the IGP as well as meteorological conditions. The regression model predicted ambient PM2.5 concentrations ranging from 35 to 719 μg m−3. The average modeled concentrations of PM2.5 in New Delhi, India, were 111 μg m−3 (standard deviation: ± 23 μg m−3) during April/May and 207 ± 87 μg m−3 during October/November. Both regression models (for wheat residue burning and for rice paddy residue burning) were comparable to the average observations (normalized mean bias less than 0.1%).
Trends in prescription opioid use and dose trajectories before opioid use disorder or overdose in US adults from 2006 to 2016: A cross-sectional study

Background With governments’ increasing efforts to curb opioid prescription use and limit dose below the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended threshold of 90 morphine milligram equivalents per day, little is known about prescription opioid patterns preceding opioid use disorder (OUD) or overdose. This study aimed to determine prescribed opioid fills and dose trajectories in the year before an incident OUD or overdose diagnosis using a 2005–2016 commercial healthcare database. Methods and findings This cross-sectional study identified individuals aged 18 to 64 years with incident OUD or overdose in the United States. We measured the prevalence of opioid prescription fills and trajectories of opioid morphine equivalent dose (MED) prescribed during the 12-month period before the diagnosis. Of 227,038 adults with incident OUD or overdose, 33.1% were aged 18 to 30 years, 52.9% were males, and 85.0% were metropolitan residents. Half (50.5%) of the patients had a diagnosis of chronic pain, 32.7% had depression, and 20.3% had anxiety. Overall, 79,747 (35.1%) patients filled no opioid prescription in the 12 months before OUD or overdose diagnosis, with the proportion significantly increasing between 2006 and 2016 (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.86; 95% CI 1.79–1.93; P < 0.001). Patients without (versus with) prescribed opioids tended to be younger males and metropolitan and Northeast US residents. Of 145,609 patients who filled opioid prescriptions, 5 distinct prescribed daily dose trajectories preceding diagnosis emerged: consistent low dose (<3 mg MED, 34.6%), consistent moderate dose (20 mg MED, 27.3%), consistent high dose (150 mg MED, 15.0%), escalating dose (from <3 to 20 mg MED, 13.7%), and de-escalating dose (from 20 to <3mg MED, 9.4%). Overall, over two-thirds of patients with OUD or overdose with prescription opioids were prescribed a mean daily dose below 90 mg MED before diagnosis. Major limitations include the limited generalizability of the study findings and lack of information on out-of-pocket drug spending, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of participants, which prevents analyses addressing these characteristics. Conclusions In this study, we found that absence of opioid prescription fills in the year before incident OUD or overdose diagnosis was prevalent, and the majority of the patients received prescription opioid doses below the risk threshold of 90 mg MED. An increasing proportion of high-risk patients could be missed by current programs solely based on opioid prescribing and dispensing information in this new era of limited access to prescription opioids.
Skin Cancer in the Immunocompromised

Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) and other immunosuppressed populations is a significant health care concern. The more than two million American OTRs have a dramatically increased risk for developing squamous cell cancer, as well as a variety of other skin cancers, including basal cell cancer, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Skin cancer risk is also increased among patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment for various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, and also patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Management of cutaneous neoplasia in these at-risk populations includes topical therapies, photodynamic therapy, systemic retinoids, surgical excision, as well as multidisciplinary care involving patient education and frequent dermatological examinations. In OTRs and autoimmune patients the revision of immunosuppression is also a key treatment consideration for aggressive skin cancers.
Online Implementation of Optimal Control with Receding Horizon for Eco-Driving of an Electric Vehicle

As connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are being realized, their optimization has been studied in many areas. CAVs have the potential to improve safety and fuel economy through advanced control and planning with optimization. Implementation of the optimal control and planning is also very important for checking practical impacts in real world. In this study, we developed an optimal controller for CAVs, based on Pontryaginâ€™s minimum principle. It was implemented in a model-predictive framework to run it in a closed-loop multi-vehicle simulation with infrastructure. RoadRunner, a closed-loop simulation tool, was used to validate the developed controller. RoadRunner can emulate real- world environments, including road grade, speed limit, intersections, and multiple vehicles from Autonomie, a program that includes various types of vehicles and powertrain models. As a result, Pontryaginâ€™s minimum principle based model- predictive controller shows energy savings compared to a baseline controller in the real- world scenarios.
NAFTA's Double Standard of Review

Chapter 19 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) replaced court review of U.S. antidumping and countervailing duties with binding review by special binational panels of trade experts. It requires these panels to apply the same standard of review that U.S. courts use in trade remedy cases. Despite the centrality of this requirement to the Chapter 19 panel system, these panels have not adhered to this mandate. Chapter 19 panels overturn U.S. agency rulings much more often than the courts. In fact, they apply two different standards of review: exacting scrutiny where foreign producers and governments appeal, and near-absolute deference to agencies when U.S. industries appeal. In contrast, panels have shown great deference to Canadian agency determinations (which almost invariably find dumping exists) and favor Canadian industries seeking duties as often as foreign producers seeking their reduction or elimination. Previously suggested explanations - that Chapter 19 appeals involve different facts, that U.S. courts are inept, or that U.S. industries have captured U.S. agencies - fail to explain these phenomena. Rather, these discrepancies result from conflicting views about trade laws within the U.S. government, the relatively greater incentive of the Canadian government to control the Chapter 19 process through panel appointments and political action, and a procedural structure that makes it easy for panelists to override the U.S. legislative process. Proponents of free trade have, with some reason, warmly received Chapter 19. These discrepancies, however, may reduce the credibility of international dispute settlement and impede negotiations of other agreements.
Lelantus: fine-granularity copy-on-write operations for secure non-volatile memories

Bulk operations, such as Copy-on-Write (CoW), have been heavily used in most operating systems. In particular, CoW brings in significant savings in memory space and improvement in performance. CoW mainly relies on the fact that many allocated virtual pages are not written immediately (if ever written). Thus, assigning them to a shared physical page can eliminate much of the copy/initialization overheads in addition to improving the memory space efficiency. By prohibiting writes to the shared page, and merely copying the page content to a new physical page at the first write, CoW achieves significant performance and memory space advantages. Unfortunately, with the limited write bandwidth and slow writes of emerging Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs), such bulk writes can throttle the memory system. Moreover, it can add significant delays on the first write access to each page due to the need to copy or initialize a new page. Ideally, we need to enable CoW at fine-granularity, and hence only the updated cache blocks within the page need to be copied. To do this, we propose Lelantus, a novel approach that leverages secure memory metadata to allow fine-granularity CoW operations. Lelantus relies on a novel hardware-software co-design to allow tracking updated blocks of copied pages and hence delay the copy of the rest of the blocks until written. The impact of Lelantus becomes more significant when huge pages are deployed, e.g., 2MB or 1GB, as expected with emerging NVMs.
Ebola and the pestilence of corporate and governmental corruption in Guinea: Did mining interests exacerbate the largest Ebola outbreak in history (2014–2016)?

Abstract During the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, the government of Guinea appeared to lag behind in responding to the outbreak, routinely downplaying the severity of the outbreak and heavily criticizing international organizations for sensationalizing it. Given its entrenched poverty, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate healthcare system, why would the government downplay the epidemic and not seek a full international response until the epidemic reached critical levels that required a global response? Based on declassified documents from the US government, this research contends that Guinea's government downplayed the epidemic in an attempt to prevent investors’ perceptions that Guinea was unsafe for substantial investments that the government had been pursuing in the iron-ore production and export industry. However, those investments also proved to be tied to an extensive history of corruption in Guinea's mining industries linked to the leader's extraversion policies designed to consolidate and to maintain power domestically.
Improved ostrich eggshell and ungulate tooth enamel radiocarbon dating methods reveal Later Stone Age occupation in arid MIS 2 southern Somalia

Abstract Sixteen new and seven recently published AMS radiocarbon dates from Guli Waabayo rock shelter in southern Somalia show repeated use of the site over a ~ 20,000-year period that spans most of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 ~ 29–14.5 thousand years ago (ka) and the MIS 1 African Humid Period ~ 14.5–6 ka. Improved methods of ostrich eggshell and tooth enamel sample preparation increase dating accuracy and provide the earliest radiometric evidence of Later Stone Age (LSA) occupation in the southeastern Horn of Africa. Bayesian analysis of 18 dates helps evaluate chronostratigraphic relationships at the site and define separate phases of site-use and formation. These data indicate two major periods of rock shelter occupation. The first spans MIS 2 and the distinctive LSA Eibian industry ~ 29–26 to ~ 15–11 cal ka. The second dates to the early/mid-Holocene and the LSA Bardaale industry ~ 11–9 to ~ 7.5–6 cal ka. This new Guli Waabayo chronology provides a framework for reconstructing and interpreting LSA hunter-gatherer adaptations to rapidly changing Late/terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene environments in what is now the semi-arid southeastern lowlands of the Horn of Africa.
The endodontic-periodontic fistula: Report of a case

Abstract This article concerns an unusual case in which an endodontic-periodontic problem was due to a persistent fistula, the result of necrotic pulp tissue in a lateral canal. This clinical case demonstrates the effect that a pathologic pulp can have on the periodontium through communication by way of an aberrant lateral canal. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed thoroughly.
Facets of Megarian Fatalism: Aristotelian Criticisms and the Stoic Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence

The Megarians, as well as their Stoic heirs, are known to have been fatalists or logical determinists in the following, very broad sense of these terms: with respect to at least certain classes or kinds of nontautologous propositions, they held that the mere truth of a proposition entails its necessity. This paper explores, in a very tentative fashion, the relation between several versions of logical determinism and two passages in the Aristotelian corpus, one of which is specifically directed against Megarian doctrine and the other of which is an argument purporting to establish a thesis concerning the necessity of future events which Aristotle wished to reject but which the Megarian logician Diodorus Cronus apparently accepted.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: outcomes and treatment options for recurrence

Overall survival and recurrence rates aft er liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vary, however observational data support the notion that patients with HCC have an overall worse long-term prognosis aft er LT compared to patients transplanted without HCC. Patient selection for LT in patients with HCC fl uctuated as changes in the model for end-stage liver disease score was adjusted from 2002 to 2005. In the last decade, management of HCC patients on the waiting list has varied based on center experience. Since HCC patients have better access to the donor pool compared to non-HCC patients as evidenced by their lower dropout rate from the waiting list, living donation has been implemented in certain centers. Overall patient survival, recurrence free survival, and recurrence rates have been compared between living donor LT (LDLT) and deceased donor LT, with one meta-analysis reporting a lower disease free survival in LDLT, however overall patient survival and recurrence rates showed no diff erence at 1, 3 and 5 years. In patients exhibiting HCC recurrence, diff erent modalities regarding immunosuppression and therapies have been evaluated. Currently there are no consensus treatment strategies regarding post-transplant HCC recurrence in patients not suitable for locoregional therapy, hence consideration of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors with the addition of sorafenib might be a feasible option with close monitoring in clinical practice despite the notable toxicities.
Comparison of Lactulose and Neomycin in the Treatment of Chronic Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: A double blind controlled trial

A randomized double blind clinical comparison of neomycin and lactulose was performed in 33 cirrhotic patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) at seven cooperating hospitals. In order to maintain double blindness, sorbitol syrup was used as a control solution along with neomycin and was compared with lactulose syrup and placebo tablets in a double drug protocol. Twenty-nine patients were studied in a crossover investigation in which each received both therapeutic regimens preceded and followed by control periods. Four additional patients received one or the other agent, but did not recieve both. Serial, semiquantitative assessments were made in all patients of mental status, asterixis, and the trailmaking test (TMT) and electroencephalograms (EEG) and arterial ammonia levels. Both neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose were effective in the majority of patients (83 and 90%, respectively). Each of these parameters (mental state, asterixis, TMT, EEG, and NH3) was improved significantly by neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose. The post-treatment levels for each of these measures were similar in the neomycin and lactulose-treated groups. Mean stool pH was reduced by neomycinsorbitol to 6.1 and by lactulose to 5.5. This difference was highly significant statistically. Bowel activity was similar in the two groups. Both drugs were free of toxicity. These investigations demonstrate that both lactulose and neomycin-sorbitol are effective in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy.
Neuronal activity within the nucleus basalis and conditioned neocortical electroencephalographic activation

The relationship between neuronal activity within the nucleus basalis (NB) and conditioned neocortical EEG activation was investigated in New Zealand rabbits during Pavlovian differential conditioning. Twenty-seven of 56 neurons recorded in conditioned animals demonstrated a significantly greater change in activity to a tone (CS+) that predicted the occurrence of a mildly aversive unconditioned stimulus when compared to a tone (CS-) that did not. Twenty-four of these 27 neurons demonstrated a significant increase in activity to the CS+ compared to the CS-, while the remaining three neurons demonstrated a significant decrease in activity to the CS+ compared to the CS-. In 24 of these 27 neurons (89%) these changes in neuronal activity during CS presentations correlated significantly with a decrease in the power of delta activity in the EEG. In addition, 13 of these 24 neurons (54%) demonstrated significant correlations between neuronal activity and the power of delta activity during CS-free periods. In experimentally naive animals, the activity of 10 of 22 neurons (45%) recorded within the region of the NB correlated with the power of delta activity in the EEG during stimulus-free periods. These results complement a growing body of evidence and provide strong support for the hypothesis that the NB contributes to neocortical activation in the conscious animal.
Documents and Archives in Early America

Concern for documents and archival records in America began with religious motives and concern for colonists’ rights. By the late 18th century historians increasingly relied on original documents to establish facts and “objective” truth. Beginning with the Revolution historical documents served patriotic and nationalistic purposes, such as veneration of heroes. Efforts to preserve irreplaceable documents resulted in two separate but closely linked traditions – “multiplying the copies” through documentary editing and publication, and establishing repositories to protect original documents. This marked the beginning of archival consciousness in America, led by private historical societies. Archives served the needs of the social elite and confirmed their power. RESUME L’interet pour les documents d’archives en Amerique est ne de motifs religieux et d’une preoccupation pour les droits des colons. Vers la fin du 18e siecle, les historiens s’appuyaient de plus en plus sur les documents originaux pour etablir les faits et la verite « objective ». A partir de la Revolution, les documents historiques servaient des buts patriotiques et nationalistes, comme le culte des heros. Deux traditions differentes mais complementaires resultent des efforts pour preserver les documents juges irremplacables : la multiplication de copies par l’edition et la publication, et l’etablissement de depots afin de proteger les documents originaux. On assiste alors au debut de la conscience archivistique en Amerique, menee par des societes historiques privees. Les archives servent alors les besoins de l’elite sociale et confirment leur pouvoir.
Spacecraft Technologies and Environments: An Introduction

Space systems are affecting our lives profoundly and in a variety of ways. In approximately 50 years, space technology has evolved from its pioneering and initial demonstration period, toward a set of tools and a presence in most of our lives. This chapter provides a brief outline of the evolutionary path of space technology, its drivers and challenges, its current status, and also modern applications currently on the horizon. This chapter argues that the evolutionary trajectory of space systems is at an historic inflection point moving toward new paradigms of space exploration and entrepreneurship that can be game-changing for the industry overall. Keywords: space science; space engineering; space systems
Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT — An Updated Report

The ultimate value of this study is to help us understand the economic impact of the entrepreneurial ventures of university graduates. We know that some universities play an important role in many economies through their core education, research and development, and other spillovers. But in order to support economic growth through entrepreneurship, universities must create a culture and programs that make entrepreneurship widely accessible to students. While MIT’s leadership in developing successful entrepreneurs has been evident anecdotally, this study — one of the largest surveys of entrepreneur alumni ever conducted — quantifies the significant impact of MIT’s entrepreneurial ecosystem that supports firm startups. And, while MIT is more unique and unusual in the programs it offers and in its historical culture of entrepreneurship, MIT provides a benchmark by which other institutions can gauge the economic impact of their alumni entrepreneurs. The report also provides numerous examples of programs and practices that might be adopted, intact or modified as needed, by other universities that seek enhanced entrepreneurial development. The Appendix identifies several universities that have carried out surveys of alumni entrepreneurs.
ICE™ and ICE/T™: tools to assist in compiler design and implementation

ICE (Intermediate Code Engine) and ICE/T (ICE/Translator) are compiler back ends that execute on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). They allow the student to complete a working compiler quickly and can execute on any platform that supplies a JVM. ICE is a quadruple interpreter that executes ICE code directly, and includes an assembler, which a builder can use to side-step most symbol management issues. ICE/T is a translator that accepts ICE assembly code as input, and generates an equivalent Java class file as output. This paper advocates the use of these tools in compiler implementation courses.
The Princeton-Pennsylvania 3 GeV Proton Accelerator as a Nuclear Tool

I would like to describe the Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator as a tool for nuclear research. Some people tend to think of the PPA as being too high in energy for nuclear research and, therefore, regard it as only an elementary particle research tool. While much of our work has, in fact, been related to the study of mesons, especially K-mesons, and to the study of the invariance principles, such as C, P, T, about 15% of the research has been either purely nuclear, or with strong nuclear overtones. As examples of the purely nuclear, I mention spallation reactions at 3 BeV and the study of the resulting neutron deficient nuclei. On the other side of the valley are the baryon stable, neutron rich, light fragments, 19N and 21O, which have been discovered in confirmation of Garvey’s mass formula. Negative pion scattering by twelve different complex nuclei from Be to Au over the energy range 600-1600 MeV has been used to determine optical model potentials. Neutron total cross sections over the momentum range 500-2800 MeV/c are now being studied for a wide variety of target nuclei, including the Physical Review! An especially beautiful experiment, begun as a missing mass search in the reaction p+d → He3+X° not only studied things of interest to elementary particle physics, the so-called ABC region, but simultaneously, and inadvertently, provided a hadronic probe, the proton, at correlation distances far smaller than, ever achieved before.
A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension

The primary objective of this study was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of intravenously administered nicardipine with that of intravenous nitroprusside (SNP) in patients with severe hypertension. The study was conducted in 121 patients with severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure [BP] > 120 mm Hg, or systolic BP > 200 mm Hg). Patients were randomized to receive intravenous nicardipine or SNP. Drugs were administered according to a predetermined dosing schedule for a 10 to 12 h period. Sixty-one patients were randomized to intravenous nicardipine and 60 to SNP. Pretreatment BP values for the nicardipine and SNP groups were 217/128 mm Hg and 219/128 mm Hg, respectively. Therapeutic response (diastolic BP 15 mm Hg; systolic BP 20 mm Hg) was achieved in 98% (60/61) of patients treated with nicardipine and 93% (56/60) of patients treated with SNP. The mean decreases in systolic and diastolic BP were 61 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg after 4 h of nicardipine, and 59 mm Hg and 38 mm Hg after 4 h of SNP. The mean increases in heart rate also were similar in both groups (nicardipine, 12 beats/min; SNP 10 beats/min). The mean numbers of dose adjustments per hour required to maintain the BP reductions were lower (P < .01) in the nicardipine-treated patients (0.5 +/- 0.1 times per hour) than in the SNP-treated patients (1.5 +/- 0.2 times per hour).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Retailer Motivation to Adjust Milk Prices: An Analysis Using Superelasticity of Demand

Superelasticity of demand offers a quantitative measure of demand curvature which is an important consideration in firm pricing decisions. We derive superelasticity analytic formulations for logit and random coefficient logit (RCL) demand models that can be used to shed light on firm incentives to alter price, firm cost pass-through, and market power potential. We use the RCL superelasticities that are obtained via simulated generalized method of moments (GMM) to examine retail market power potential in regards to the marketing of national and store-brand milk in the U.S. Our findings show that elasticity of demand rises in price for both brands, with elasticity for store brand milk lagging behind that for national brand in magnitude. Similarly, elasticities for national brands tend to decrease faster when prices are on the decline. Such a condition suggests that retailers can identify a pricing position, possibly in relation to national brand prices, at which there is a low incentive to increase or reduce store brand prices. [JEL Codes: D22, L13.]
Creating Community and Collaboration Online: How to be a Distance Instructor without Becoming a Distant Instructor

Instructors, even good instructors, many times turn an online course into a correspondence course, a different model, by not requiring and leading in discussions, encouraging email and other forms of contact and collaboration. Distance instructors, who are not active in courses, building rapport with students, become distant instructors. This paper explores how a positive school culture can become a process of cooperation between designers, instructors and administrators, working together to find way of creating norms and interactions that support learning activity.
Synthesis, Characterization, Electrochemistry, and EQCM Studies of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Surface-Functionalized with Polypyridyl Metal Complexes

Polyamidoamine dendrimers have been surface-modified via peptide coupling with pyridyl, bipyridyl, and terpyridyl ligands to give the analogous polypyridyl dendrimer ligands in high yield. Complexation of the pendant chelating groups with appropriate ruthenium(II) precursor complexes yielded dendrimers surface-functionalized with tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) or bis(terpyridyl)ruthenium(II) pendant complexes. Electrochemical studies of the dendrimer complexes show metal-centered and ligand-centered redox couples. These molecules also adsorb onto platinum electrodes, and the deposition process and the properties of the resulting films have been investigated with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The resulting films exhibit morphological changes with potential that can be attributed to the deposition or dissolution of the dendrimer and/or to ejection or incorporation of counterions and/or solvent into the film. A number of the electrodeposited films exhibited charge trapping peaks. Dendrimers containing terminal tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complexes exhibited room-temperature luminescence, while these and dendrimers with terminal bis(terpyridyl)ruthenium(II) complexes exhibited luminescence in a rigid butyronitrile matrix at 77 K.
Use of Viscosigens to Stabilize Vitamin B12 Solutions against Photolysis

Glycerol stabilizes cyanocob(III)alamin (vitamin B12) against anaerobic photolysis by a high-intensity UV light source or a low-intensity fluorescent light source. The likely mechanism for stabilization by viscosigens is a decrease in diffusion and an enhancement of radical-pair recombination. Glycerol (25% or greater) stabilizes therapeutic doses of vitamin B12 in single-dose Tubex injection vials against adventitious photolysis by fluorescent light.
Interdigital regulation of digit identity and homeotic transformation by modulated BMP signaling

The developmental mechanisms specifying digital identity have attracted 30 years of intense interest, but still remain poorly understood. Here, through experiments on chick foot development, we show digital identity is not a fixed property of digital primordia. Rather, digital identity is specified by the interdigital mesoderm, demonstrating a patterning function for this tissue before its regression. More posterior interdigits specify more posterior digital identities, and each primordium will develop in accordance with the most posterior cues received. Furthermore, inhibition of interdigital bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling can transform digit identity, suggesting a role for BMPs in this process.
Predictors of Reduction in Symptoms of Depression for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care

Children and adolescents in the foster care system have less favorable mental health outcomes than those in the general population. Within this system, depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders, with prevalence rates up to three times that of same-aged peers, and is associated with long-term negative outcomes such as greater substance use, suicidality, and psychiatric hospitalization. The elevated rate of depression in children and adolescents in foster care and increased risk of adverse outcomes over time highlight the importance of identifying factors that promote reduction of symptoms of depression in this population. Using Optimal Data Analysis, this study examines the moderating effect of ecological systems variables, as measured by the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Mental Health, on decreases in depressive symptomatology in a sample of 228 foster care youth between the ages of 4 and 20. Results revealed positive change in adjustment to trauma (i.e., symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) as the optimal predictor of reduction of symptoms of depression. Positive change in family functioning, total youth strengths, positive change in sexualized behavior, and positive change in school functioning emerged as additional predictors of reduction of depression. These results indicate that clinically significant decreases over time in symptoms of depression are associated with concurrent improvement in variables across the social ecologies of children and adolescents, including the individual youth, family, and school systems. Implications for service providers working with this population are discussed.
The Aged Voice: A New Hypothesis

Summary The anatomical changes in the senescent larynx are presented, with particular reference to the nonlinearity model of laryngeal biomechanics. The behavior of the Ishizaka–Flanagan 2-mass model in geriatric phonation suggests that an increase in nonlinearity can explain a number of disparate observations about the aged voice. Biomechanical assessment of real laryngeal tissue and experimentation in vivo is needed to confirm the hypothesis, leading to better paradigms of some phonatory disorders and perhaps to novel treatments.
Aldose Reductase Is an Obligatory Mediator of the Late Phase of Ischemic Preconditioning

Aldose reductase (AR), a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, has been shown to metabolize toxic aldehydes generated by lipid peroxidation, suggesting that it may serve as an antioxidant defense. To investigate its role in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC), conscious rabbits underwent 6 cycles of 4-minute coronary occlusion/4-minute reperfusion. Twenty-four hours later, there was a marked increase in AR protein and activity and in the myocardial content of sorbitol, a unique product of AR catalysis. Pretreatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor (both given at doses that block late PC in this model), prevented the increase in AR protein 24 hours later, demonstrating that ischemic PC upregulates AR via nitric oxide- and protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathways. The AR-selective inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil prevented AR-mediated accumulation of sorbitol and abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, demonstrating that enhanced AR activity is necessary for this cardioprotective phenomenon to occur. Inhibition of AR did not affect infarct size or the myocardial accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal (HNE) in nonpreconditioned rabbits. The accumulation of HNE was inhibited by late PC, and this effect was abrogated by sorbinil. Taken together, these results establish AR as an essential mediator of late PC. Furthermore, the data suggest that myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is due in part to the generation of lipid peroxidation products and that late PC diminishes this source of injury by upregulating AR.
Re-establishment of the genus Unxia (Compositae-Heliantheae)

The type species ofUnxia, U. camphorata, long considered as a species ofMelampodium, andPolymnia suffruticosa are regarded as congeneric, andUnxia L. f., which is closely related toPolymnia in the Melampodiinae, is re-established. A discussion of generic relationships is followed by a taxonomic treatment ofUnxia.
Effect of improved glycemic control on the response of plasma triglycerides to ingestion of a saturated fat load in normotriglyceridemic and hypertriglyceridemic diabetic subjects

Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that improved glycemic control decreases the postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) response to ingestion of a saturated fat load. Fifteen normotriglyceridemic subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, group I) and six hypertriglyceridemic subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, group II) were studied. Each subject was studied before and after 12 days of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Each subject ingested identical meals on both study days. Plasma glucose was determined in all patients before and two hours after each meal and at 3 AM, and a mean value was calculated for each patient. CSII reduced mean plasma glucose from 252 to 140 mg/dL in group I, and from 209 to 120 mg/dL in group II (P
The Cognitive Cloud and Language Disorders

Abstract The other day I read an article in Aphasiology by Lesser (1987). I was excited by her initial conceptualization of psycholinguistics as within the domain of experimental cognitive psychoIogy. I was nodding happily over her position that aphasia treatment shodd be planned by directing it to or around a stage in a model of language processing, There was a model for reading aIoud with its representations for visual and phonological Iexicons and an orthographic-to-phonoIogical conversion process. Also, ‘cognitive system’ was drawn as a puffy little cIoud outside of, but contributing to, the processes for reading aloud. In spite of Lesser's initial thoughts on psycholinguistics, ‘cognitive system’ was separated from a Language process.
Potential of SAR for monitoring transportation infrastructures: an analysis with the multi-dimensional imaging technique

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has proven to be effective for accurate localization and monitoring of the displacement of ground targets. The high accuracy and spatial density of the measurements make this technique cost effective compared to the classical geodetic techniques typically used in the risk monitoring context. Ground infrastructure monitoring is typically carried out with in situ sensors. The new generation of high-resolution SAR sensors, however, allows one to acquire data sets with a spatial resolution reaching metric/submetric values. Here we investigate the application of a multi-dimensional SAR imaging technique, which is an extension of classical differential interferometric techniques, to very high resolution TerraSAR-X data in order to demonstrate the potential of this technology for monitoring of transportation infrastructures.
Nutrient limitation as a basis for the apparent toxicity of low levels of ethanol during fermentation

The rate of alcohol production (per mg cell protein) bySaccharomyces cerevisiae declines as ethanol accumulates during fermentation. The results of these studies indicate that this initial decline in activity is not due to the presence of ethanol or to growth in its presence. Nutrient limitation is proposed as a major factor responsible for the decline in fermentative activity during the early stages of fermentation.