cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evolutionary conserved target cell antigen along with MHC class I molecules influences susceptibility to murine NK cell lysis

Abstract We have previously characterized a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed 18C2, which binds to and inhibits the lysis of target cells by human natural killer (NK) cells. We now show that the anti-target cell mAb 18C2 also recognizes a similar structure on the murine NK sensitive target cell YAC-1, as well as on NK resistant target cells P815 and EL-4, as observed by flow cytometry. Functional studies demonstrated that the mAb 18C2 inhibited the lysis of both NK sensitive YAC-1 target cells, as well as NK resistant target cell lines P815 and EL-4 by freshly-isolated nylon wool nonadherent (NWNA) NK cells, 5-day lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and adherent lymphokine activated killer (ALAK) cells. The inhibitory activity of the mAb 18C2 occurred at the target cell level only. Single cell conjugate assays as demonstrated that the structure recognized by the mAb 18C2 was involved in recognition between NK cells and NK target cells, as the mAb inhibited conjugate formation between a variety of effector cells and various target cell lines tested. Further, the role of major bistocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens in NK cell cytotoxicity was examined. We observed that target cells expressing low levels of MHC class I antigens in association with the novel target cell antigen were more sensitive to NK cell lysis, as compared to cells that co-express higher levels of MHC class I antigen and the target cell antigen. Further, the presence of this antigen across different species suggests this target cell antigen/structure to be highly evolutionarily conserved.
Learning How to Learn Languages: The Teaching & Learning of African Languages

The African continent is home to over a thousand languages, many of which are unwritten and most of which are underdescribed. Learners and instructors of these languages – indeed of any underdescribed language – must think and operate well beyond the methodologies and organization of the better-resourced and more-established language programs in the US.
Diversity and excitability of deep-layer entorhinal cortical neurons in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy

The entorhinal cortex (ERC) is critically implicated in temporal lobe epileptogenesis—the most common type of adult epilepsy. Previous studies have suggested that epileptiform discharges likely ini...
Development And Field Evaluation Of Revenue Metering Device For HVDC Systems

A prototype dc revenue metering device was developed under sponsorship of the Electrical Power Research Institute. The device was installed at the-Sylmar Converter Station of the Pacific HVDC Intertie, owned by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (host utility) in November 1981, and has been operating satisfactorily for over two years. It uses voltage and current measurements from existing voltage dividers, current transductors, and a current shunt. The energy-computation algorithms are implemented using signal processing principles in a single eight-bit microprocessor. The algorithms accommodate the different characteristics of the sensors, and tolerate the unavailability of some of the sensors, with some loss in accuracy. Comparisons of the dc revenue nieter energy measurements with the ac revenue meter measurements plus the station losses (estimated by the host utility) reveal a 0.1 percent difference in one pole and a one percent difference in the other pole, for a net difference of about one-half percent.
Capital asset prices with heterogeneous beliefs

Abstract Assuming continuous trading in continuous time with Brownian motion processes, the basic capital asset pricing model of Sharpe, Lintner, and Mossin is developed under arbitrary distributions of investors' beliefs consistent with available information. Results on the processing of information are reported, and properties of investors' portfolios are derived.
Short-time asymptotics in Dirichlet spaces

This work is involved with the short-time asymptotics of the heat semigroup in a general setting. A generalization of Fang's version of Varadhan's formula is proved. A spectral gap or the possibility of obtaining one by an appropriate change of measure is required. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Purpose Central to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Gene expression of VEGF-A is regulated by several transcription factors, including specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Sp1 is known to participate in angiogenesis and co-localizes with VEGF-A in the epiretinal membranes of DR patients. Sp1 is heavily O-GlcNAcylated by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). This glycosylation modification affects its transcriptional activity, localization, stability, and protein interactions. Since O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is elevated under high glucose conditions, we investigated the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 and increased VEGF-A transcription. Methods Hyperglycemia-exposed ARPE-19 (retinal pigment epithelial cells) and TR-iBRB (rat retinal microendothelial cells) were assayed for levels of VEGF-A by RT-qPCR and Western blot. VEGF-A protein and mRNA levels were measured in cells depleted of Sp1 or OGT by shRNA. Small molecule inhibitors of OGA and OGT were used to increase or decrease total O-GlcNAc. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess levels of Sp1 bound to the VEGF-A promoter. Results Hyperglycemia caused increased VEGF-A transcript and protein expression in ARPE-19 and TR-iBRB cells. OGT or Sp1 depletion significantly abrogated these glucose-induced changes in both cell types, while minimally affecting basal expression. ChIP analysis showed that glucose increased the amount of promoter-bound Sp1. Conclusion Glucose-induced increases in pan O-GlcNac in the RPE and vascular retina may be participating in the aberrant expression of VEGF-A in DR. The highly O-glcosylated Sp1 transcription factor may be responsible for early VEGF-A production in the retina.
Reassessment of the theory of stimulated Raman scattering.

A modification of the standard theory of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) first proposed by Sparks (1974, 1975) is analyzed and shown to incorporate a possibly important physical effect; however, its original formulation is incorrect. The analysis is based on an exact numerical integration of the coupled equations of the modified theory, the results of which are compared with both the conventional theory of SRS and with one set of experimental data. A reformulation of the modified theory is suggested that leads to a gain which is in somewhat better agreement with the data than is the conventional theory.
Mechanism of the immunoregulatory effect of cloned T cells on proliferation in mixed lymphocyte responses.

The mechanism of the suppression of the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) by Tcell clones derived from the murine AMLR was studied in a system employing. 45 μm membrane chambers to isolate the cellular reactants. The clones effectively suppressed MLR regardless of the MHC haplotype of the reactants in the absence of direct cellular contact, via a soluble factor able to pass through this membrane. Utilizing specific neutralizing antibodies, this factor was shown to be principally TNF alpha, with a contributing effect of gamma interferon. Production of TNF alpha by the cloned T cells was confirmed by direct assay of clone culture supcrnatants.
Color Doppler imaging of the uteroplacental circulation in the first trimester: value in predicting pregnancy failure or complication.

The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of color duplex Doppler sonography of the uteroplacental circulation in predicting the outcome of first-trimester gestations.One hundred women with viable pregnancies of 7 to 12 weeks' gestational age were prospectively evaluated. Color Doppler imaging was used to identify the location of blood flow within the uteroplacental circulation, and spectral Doppler imaging was used to analyze waveforms obtained from the decidual spiral arteries.Abnormal color Doppler findings were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of complicated pregnancies. Among women with abnormal Doppler findings, 12 (43%) of 28 pregnancies ended in miscarriage, whereas among women with normal findings only one (1.4%) of 72 women miscarried (p < .005).This study indicates that abnormal blood flow patterns of the early uteroplacental circulation are associated with an increased prevalence of pregnancy complications and that color Doppler imaging may be used to predict preg...
Tuned power lines

A new approach to an important problem in the field of electric power is offered by the author, who limits his discussion to the possibilities of tuned lines rather than their practical application. He presents the results of extensive research work, and on the basis of laboratory experiments points out that through the use of higher transmission frequencies, the efficiency of a given line might be increased as much as 500 per cent.
A hierarchical classification of cellular automata

Abstract A central issue in the theory of cellular automata is classification . A classification is a structure imposed on the space of automata which groups together cellular automata with related properties. In this paper a classification based on the action of cellular automata on n -step Markov measures is presented. This classification is hierarchical and parametric. An algorithm is described which efficiently constructs all rules in a given class at a given level of the hierarchy. The utility of the classification is explored in the study of the invariant statistical properties of next-nearest neighbor cellular automata on two states per cell.
Surgical factors affecting return of renal function after partial nephrectomy

Introduction Nephron-sparing surgery is becoming the standard treatment for small renal tumors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between operative factors and recovery of renal function after partial nephrectomy.
Novel Therapies Targeting Signaling Pathways in Lung Cancer

Despite advances in chemotherapy, the prognosis for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains dismal. Increasing understanding of the biological processes responsible for lung carcinogenesis has led to development of new therapeutic strategies targeting this disease at a molecular level. This article examines the molecular events believed to lead to cellular changes in lung cancer, and how knowledge of these is used to develop new agents used individually or in combination with available cytotoxic drugs to improve survival. Finally, it explores how a deeper understanding of the embryonic signaling pathways responsible for airway epithelial repair and tumorogenesis, such as Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, and Wingless (Wnt), can lead to the development of newer and more specific therapies for lung cancer.
Bilingual Issues in Mental Health Assessment and Treatment

Bilingualism profoundly impacts psychiatric diagnosis and psychotherapy because language is the primary tool of both processes. This article reviews the contemporary research literature in the area...
On the validity of equation difference minimization techniques

Abstract A discussion is given of the validity of equation difference minimization techniques as they are employed to generate approximate periodic solutions for certain ordinary non-linear differential equations. The accuracy and range of validity of standard error bounding procedures is examined. It is concluded that the standard procedures are adequate to provide a basis for the approximate technique considered but are quite limited in their ability to provide quantitative information about solution errors.
Fourier-transform-spectroscopy measurements in the spectra of neutral lithium, I 6 and I 7 (Li I )

The most recent measurements leading to improved Li I energy levels appeared in the late 1950s. Since then, many high- and ultrahigh-precision spectroscopy techniques have been used to measure the fine and hyperfine structures and isotope shifts of this atom. Most previous measurements were made on $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. Using high- and low-current hollow cathode sources and Fourier-transform spectrometry, we have made measurements in both $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ including nine previously unmeasured infrared lines. Wave-number measurements were obtained on 34 lines from 1829 to 30 925 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The strongest lines have been determined to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We also measured 22 new isotope shifts, and added specific mass shifts for five levels. The resonance lines at 6707 \AA{} in both isotopes, emitted by low-current, commercial lithium hollow cathode sources, were measured to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The energy levels have been recalculated using the new data.
Multimodality Noninvasive Imaging for Assessment of Congenital Heart Disease

Major advances in the field of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery over the last several decades have led to a dramatic improvement in survival rates for most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). For example, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a previously lethal defect, now has early survival rates up to 90% at major centers.1 These improved outcomes have produced a growing population of survivors with complex CHD who are now reaching adulthood (Figure 1). During this period, improvements in surgical and medical treatments have been accompanied by developments in diagnostic modalities. Echocardiography has replaced catheterization as the primary diagnostic modality, and it is now uncommon for newborn infants to undergo catheterization for purely diagnostic purposes. Although echocardiography remains the bedrock of noninvasive cardiac imaging, the array of diagnostic modalities and techniques available continue to grow and this has spawned the specialty of “noninvasive cardiac imaging” and the need for the “cardiac imager” to be adept in all the different modalities. Figure 1. Percentage of patients under the age of 1 year (grey bars) and over the age of 18 years (black bars) undergoing echocardiography at Children’s Hospital Boston from 1983 through 2006. Note the reverse trends of these age groups reflecting the steady increase in the proportion of adult patients with congenital heart disease. Although the absolute number of infants undergoing echocardiography during this time period has increased, their proportion has steadily declined. Echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) are the primary modalities used for noninvasive cardiac imaging in patients with CHD. Nuclear scintigraphy is used in selected circumstances. The Table summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of each modality. Figure 2 shows temporal trends in utilization for the various noninvasive cardiac imaging techniques at our center. It is clear that echocardiography is the most frequently …
Relict iceberg keel marks on the New Jersey outer shelf, southern Hudson apron

Swath sonar bathymetry reveals sinuous furrows, 400 m wide, kilometers long, and 4 m deep inscribed in semilithified clays on the southern Hudson apron. We interpret these as keel marks created by floating icebergs detached from the retreating Laurentide ice sheet since ca. 25 ka. Keel-mark orientations suggest two phases of iceberg rafting. These phases could correlate with Heinrich meltwater events H2 and H1 ca. 25 and 17 ka, bracketing the late Wisconsinan glacial maximum ca. 22 ka. During Holocene transgression, some keel marks were reworked and reformed into oblique ridges where older, sandier sediments crop out at the seafloor. Relict glacial features on the New Jersey outer shelf provide a tie between the timing of Laurentide glacial retreat and the evolution of shallow stratigraphy on this mid-latitude shelf during the last global sea-level cycle (ca. 120 ka to present).
The Nexus of Organized Crime and Terrorism: Two Case Studies in Cigarette Smuggling

This article examines two case studies that illustrate how two different types of actors were involved in a cigarette smuggling‐terror nexus. The first case examines R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company's alleged deliberate sales of its products in Iraq in contravention of the UN embargo and U.S. law. R.J. Reynolds used criminal actors as suppliers and provided financial compensation to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a recognized terrorist organization, and Uday Hussein (Saddam Hussein's son) to facilitate this transport. The second case examines a Hezbollah cell operating out of Charlotte, North Carolina. The cell trafficked cigarettes from North Carolina to Michigan, reaping significant profits by exploiting the difference in cigarette tax rates between the two states. The two case studies revealed that terrorist financing occurs in the United States and as a result of the actions of a terrorist support cell and a U.S.‐based company. In both cases, a legitimate commodity was used for illicit purposes.
Common Cervical and Cerebral Vascular Variants

Successful open and endovascular carotid artery intervention depends on a thorough foundational knowledge of cervical and intracranial vascular anatomy. It is essential for the carotid interventionist to be familiar with the common and rare variants of the cervical and intracranial vasculature, and to understand the implications of these variants for the performance of carotid intervention with protection of the distal circulation. This article provides interventionists with a basic description of the normal and relevant variant vascular anatomy from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis, and outlines the potential difficulties that specific variants may present for endovascular therapy.
Burst structure in developing penicillin epileptic feline foci

Abstract Twenty-seven neurons from cat pericruciate cortex were followed from normalcy through genesis of epileptogenic cortex by topical administration of sodium penicillin. The burst structure was never structured nor stereo-typed during interictal periods. Antidromic activation of epileptic pyramidal tract cells produced single action potentials. This is in direct contrast to the behavior of epileptic pyramidal tract cells recorded from chronic alumina-induced foci. The variables which might influence these findings are discussed.
Studies on MSH-Induced Melanogenesis: Effect of Long-Term Administration of MSH on the Melanin Content and Tyrosinase Activity

Long-term in vivo administration of MSH induced melanogenesis in adult Rana pipiens. The melanin content of the skin was elevated to 2.6 times that of the control animals at the end of 8 weeks of administration. The elevation of the melanin content was accompanied by a parallel decrease of tyrosinase activity in the skin. Amphibian tyrosinase was found to be a soluble inactive enzyme which could be readily extracted by aqueous buffers and activated in vitro by trypsin. It was evenly distributed in pigmented and nonpigmented skin. These findings indicated that MSH-induced melanogenesis might be mediated through the release of an intracellular tyrosinase activator which was a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme. Melanin synthesis catalyzed by the activated tyrosinase converted the partially melanized melanosomes to fully melanized melanin granules. In the process of melanization, the tyrosinase molecule was buried by increasing layers of deposited melanin and eventually became inaccessible to extraction by aque...
No free lunch and benchmarks

We extend previous results concerning black box search algorithms, presenting new theoretical tools related to no free lunch NFL where functions are restricted to some benchmark that need not be permutation closed, algorithms are restricted to some collection that need not be permutation closed or limited to some number of steps, or the performance measure is given. Minimax distinctions are considered from a geometric perspective, and basic results on performance matching are also presented.
Photochemically reactive polymers: synthesis and photochemistry of polyamides containing Cp2Mo2(CO)6 molecules along the polymer backbone

Abstract The syntheses of polyamides containing MoMo bonds along their backbones are reported. Reaction of the organometallic ‘diamine’ (CpCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 + ) 2 Mo 2 (CO) 6 ( 1 ) with the mixed anhydride derivatives of adipic and sebacic acids ([CH 3 CH 2 OC(O)OC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 ] 2 and [CH 3 CH 2 OC(O)OC(O)(CH 2 ) 4 ] 2 , respectively) gave the polymers [-(CH 2 2 ) 4 CONH(CH 2 ) 2 (η 5 -C 5 H 4 )(CO) 3 Mo-Mo(CO) 3 (η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 NHCO-] n ( 2 ) and [-(CH 2 ) 8 CONH(CH 2 ) 2 (η 5 -C 5 H 4 )(CO) 3 Mo-Mo(CO) 3 (η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 NHCO-] n ( 3 ), respectively. The difunctional mixed anhydrides were used because the MoMo bond reacts with acyl chlorides to form oligomeric amides containing -MO(CO) 3 Cl units. The polyamides were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, 1 H NMR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy. As an aid to the spectroscopic characterization of the polymers, amide model complexes were synthesized by reacting monofunctional mixed anhydrides with the diamine dimer 1 . For example, (η 5 -C 5 H 4 R) 2 Mo 2 (CO) 6 (R = -CH 2 CH 2 NHCO(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 ) was synthesized by reacting 1 with CH 3 CH 2 OC(O)OC(O)(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 . Because of the metal-metal bonds along the backbone, the polyamides are photochemically reactive (as are the model complexes), undergoing metal-metal bond photolysis reactions similar to the CP 2 MO 2 (CO) 6 dimer. Photochemical decomposition of 2 and 3 also occurred over several days to weeks in the solid state. Both light and oxygen are necessary for this decomposition in the solid state. It is proposed that degradation occurs in the solid state by photolysis of the MoMo bond followed by trapping of the metal radicals with atmospheric oxygen.
The effect of immediate dentures on maxillomandibular relations

Immediate mandibular and maxillary dentures were made for six patients to determine the relative changes in the vertical dimension of occlusion and rest position over a 3-month test period. The dentures were mounted on the articular in centric occlusion (habitual). Pilkington-Turner anatomic teeth were used on the maxillary denture, which was set against a flat, noninterfering acrylic resin occlusion rim instead of mandibular posterior teeth. Positional cephalometric measurements in centric occlusion and rest position were made before extraction and at 1-week, 1-month, 2-month, and 3-month intervals. The dentures were relined after 2 months. The results were as follows: 1. In the centric occlusion position the mandible moved forward after 1 week and remained forward for the 3-month test period. 2. The rest position showed no significant change in the anteroposterior position of the mandible with time. 3. The vertical dimension of occlusion and rest showed a gradual decrease over the entire test period. 4. The reline procedure did not affect the trend of the dimensional changes. 5. A noninterfering occlusal scheme is advantageous for immediate dentures.
Rabid fans, death threats, and dysfunctional stakeholders: The influence of organizational and industry contexts on Whistle-Blowing cases

Organizational wrongdoing is frequently exposed by whistle-blowers, individuals who disclose unethical behavior to parties they believe can take corrective action. This study aimed to illuminate whistle-blowers’ experiences with particular attention to how their industry and organizational contexts affected their cases. We analyzed personal accounts of thirteen whistle-blowers in the collegiate sports industry. Results revealed three themes that significantly affected whistle-blowing accounts: the existence and influence of tightly coupled stakeholders, including the athletic governing body and news media; the hypermasculine character of collegiate sports; and the presence of highly identified fans as agents of retaliation. Implications of the study include the recognition and consequences of nonorganizational members as agents of retaliation and the importance of analyzing context when considering whistle-blowing experiences both inside and outside of collegiate sport.
Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones

WHETHER tyrannosaurs occupied predatory or scavenging niches has been debated for nearly a century1–5. Palaeontologists have turned to the study of dental morphology to address this question, but the results have been highly disparate. Some contend that the tyrannosaur dentition was very strong and well suited for engaging and killing herbivorous dinosaurs6,7. Others posit that tyrannosaurs ate carrion, because their teeth and/or jaws would fail during struggles with prey2,3. The discovery of skeletal remains with bite marks from Tyrannosaurus rex8makes it possible to estimate, through indentation simulations on bovine ilia, the bite forces produced by T. rexduring feeding. The estimates (6,410 to 13,400 N) rival the largest bite forces determined for any taxon to date and suggest that T. rex had very strong, impact-resistant teeth. Although these data do not prove that T. rex was predominantly predacious, they indicate that its dentition could probably withstand the stresses associated with prey capture.
Quality in U. S. Manufacturing Industries: An Empirical Study

Quality management practices were determined in this research study from previous research, in-depth interviews, multiple case-study analysis, and an empirically based survey. Twelve categories con...
Evaluating the Effects of Forestry Herbicides on Fish Development Using Rapid Phenotypic Screens

Abstract Herbicides are used to control invasive or noxious plants on public lands throughout the western United States. These chemicals are often applied in the upper reaches of watersheds that provide spawning and rearing habitat for anadromous species of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., steelhead O. mykiss, and bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. As a consequence, natural resource managers must often weigh the ecological benefits of using herbicides to control nonnative plants against the potential for unintended toxicological impacts on salmonids, particularly during early life stages. However, the effects of chemical control agents on fish development have not been widely investigated. Their use in the vicinity of aquatic habitats, including areas that support threatened and endangered species, is therefore a concern. To address this uncertainty, we used the zebrafish Danio rerio as a model experimental system for investigating developmental toxicity, which involved conducting rapid and sensitive phe...
Spontaneous lysis in lysogenic Staphylococci.

SummaryCultures of lysogenic staphylococci yielded significantly higher plaque counts when plated directly on streptomycin or penicillin with antibiotic resistant indicator strains than when supernatants of centrifuged cultures were assayed. This occurs at cell concentrations that permit significant read-sorption of free phage, which are inactivated upon adsorption. The probable cause for this divergence in titers is discussed.
Interactions between Copper-binding Sites Determine the Redox Status and Conformation of the Regulatory N-terminal Domain of ATP7B *

Copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B is essential for human copper homeostasis and normal liver function. ATP7B has six N-terminal metal-binding domains (MBDs) that sense cytosolic copper levels and regulate ATP7B. The mechanism of copper sensing and signal integration from multiple MBDs is poorly understood. We show that MBDs communicate and that this communication determines the oxidation state and conformation of the entire N-terminal domain of ATP7B (N-ATP7B). Mutations of copper-coordinating Cys to Ala in any MBD (2, 3, 4, or 6) change the N-ATP7B conformation and have distinct functional consequences. Mutating MBD2 or MBD3 causes Cys oxidation in other MBDs and loss of copper binding. In contrast, mutation of MBD4 and MBD6 does not alter the redox status and function of other sites. Our results suggest that MBD2 and MBD3 work together to regulate access to other metal-binding sites, whereas MBD4 and MBD6 receive copper independently, downstream of MBD2 and MBD3. Unlike Ala substitutions, the Cys-to-Ser mutation in MBD2 preserves the conformation and reduced state of N-ATP7B, suggesting that hydrogen bonds contribute to interdomain communications. Tight coupling between MBDs suggests a mechanism by which small changes in individual sites (induced by copper binding or mutation) result in stabilization of distinct conformations of the entire N-ATP7B and altered exposure of sites for interactions with regulatory proteins.
Book review: Programs for digital signal processing

This book contains a collection of 33 Fortran programs for digital signal processing, All programs are well explained, carefully reviewed, and prepared to be easily transportable to a wide variety of computers. Best of all is that all the programs are available in machine-readable form (magnetic tape) from the IEEE Service Center. The programs adhere to standards which require a particular portable subset of ANSI FORTRAN (PFORT).
Benchmark Requirements for Recovering Fish Stocks

Abstract Benchmark requirements for recovering fish stocks are examined. Recovery plans for depleted fishery resources should include four components: (1) a threshold measure (or measures) of the overfished state and periodic monitoring of the fishery resource relative to that measure, (2) a recovery period, (3) a recovery trajectory for the interim stock status relative to the overfished state, and (4) transition from a recovery strategy to an “optimal yield” strategy. Implications of ignoring some of these components are explored for a recovering fish stock for which annual quotas chosen by fisheries managers are based on the estimated catch associated with a benchmark fishing mortality rate. In particular, it is shown that a constant fishing mortality rate without an accepted recovery trajectory does not provide for “mid-course corrections” needed to adjust to differences between projected and realized resource status and in the risk choices of the managers relative to overruns and underruns of annual ...
Mesh refinement and iterative solution methods for finite element computations

Global and element residuals are introduced to determine a posteriori, computable, error bounds for finite element computations on a given mesh. The element residuals provide a criterion for determining where a finite element mesh requires refinement. This indicator is implemented in an algorithm in a finite element research program. There it is utilized to automatically refine the mesh for sample two-point problems exhibiting boundary layer and interior layer solutions. Results for both linear and nonlinear problems are presented. An important aspect of this investigation concerns the use of adaptive refinement in conjunction with iterative methods for system solution. As the mesh is being enriched through the refinement process, the solution on a given mesh provides an accurate starting iterate for the next mesh, and so on. A wide range of iterative methods are examined in a feasibility study and strategies for interweaving refinement and iteration are compared.
De novo origin of new genes with introns in Plasmodium vivax

The origin of new genes is critical for organisms adapting to new niches. Here, we present evidence for a recent de novo origin of at least 13 protein-coding genes in the genome of Plasmodium vivax. Although recently de novo originated genes have often been suggested to be initially intronless, five of the genes identified in our analysis contain introns in their coding regions. Further investigations revealed that these introns likely evolved from previously intergenic regions together with the coding sequences. We discuss the potential mechanisms for intron formation in these genes and propose that intronization be considered in the formation of de novo originated genes.
RELAXATION OF ASPHALTENES AT THE TOLUENE/WATER INTERFACE: DIFFUSION EXCHANGE AND SURFACE REARRANGEMENT

Upon adsorption at the oil/water interface, asphaltenes slowly form a glassy interphase. This robust, asphaltene-rich interphase is likely the reason for prolonged stability of crude oil/water emulsions and for the propensity of asphaltenic crude oils to alter the wettability of reservoirs. Here we adopt interfacial dilatation rheology using the oscillating pendant drop with axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) to investigate the relaxation mechanisms of asphaltenes adsorbed at the toluene/water interface. We compare classical viscoelastic models with the measured rheologic data and find that the frequency response of the dilatational moduli fits a combination of diffusion-exchange and surface-rearrangement mechanisms. The combined relaxation model is verified by solvent washing the asphaltenes from the interface and measuring the dilatational response of the resulting irreversibly adsorbed species. After washout, the oil-phase diffusion component of the frequency response disappears, and the relaxatio...
Unconventional superconducting pairing symmetry induced by phonons

The possibility of non-s-wave superconductivity induced by phonons is investigated using a simple model that is inspired by Sr$_2$RuO$_4$. The model assumes a two-dimensional electronic structure, a two-dimensional spin-fluctuation spectrum, and three-dimensional electron-phonon coupling. Taken separately, each interaction favors formation of spin-singlet pairs (of s symmetry for the phonon interaction and d$_{x^2-y^2}$ symmetry for the spin interaction), but in combination, a variety of more unusual singlet and triplet states are found, depending on the interaction parameters. This may have important implications for Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, providing a plausible explanation of how the observed spin fluctuations, which clearly favor d$_{x^2-y^2}$ pairing, may still be instrumental in creating a superconducting state with a different (e.g., p-wave) symmetry. It also suggests an interpretation of the large isotope effect observed in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$. These results indicate that phonons could play a key role in establishing the order-parameter symmetry in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, and possibly in other unconventional superconductors.
Eradication of the intramedullary Ph1 positive cell live without accompanying improved survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia

A patient with Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukemia is presented who upon entering the accelerated phase of her disease developed aneuoploidy, including duplication of the Philadelphia chromosome. Intensive chemotherapy resulted in a marrow remission and reversion of the marrow karyotype to normal. Rather than entering an anticipated prolonged remission she relapsed four weeks later with return of her aneuploid clone. Postmortem examination revealed several unsuspected areas of extramedullary leukemia, perhaps serving as the source for repopulation of the marrow. If a desired goal of therapy is to eradicate the Ph1+ cell line, then we recommend that it be undertaken early in the disease when there is the least likelihood of extramedullary leukemia.
Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States

Comparative research on the origins of modern welfare states typically asks why certain European nations, including Great Britain, enacted pensions and social insurance between the 1880s and the 1920s, while the United States “lagged behind,” that is did not establish such policies for the entire nation until the Social Security Act of 1935. To put the question this way overlooks the social policies that were distinctive to the early twentieth-century United States. During the period when major European nations, including Britain, were launching paternalist versions of the modern welfare state, the United States was tentatively experimenting with what might be called a maternalist welfare state. In Britain, male bureaucrats and party leaders designed policies “for the good” of male wage-workers and their dependents. Meanwhile, in the United States, early social policies were championed by elite and middle-class women “for the good” of less privileged women. Adult American women were helped as mothers, or as working women who deserved special protection because they were potential mothers.
A tool to support speech and non-speech audio feedback generation in audio interfaces

Development of new auditory interfaces requires the integration of text-to-speech synthesis, digitized audio, and non-speech audio output. This paper describes a tool for specifying speech and non-speech audio feedback and its use in the development of a speech interface, Conversational VoiceNotes. Auditory feedback is specified as a context-free grammar, where the basic elements in the grammar can be either words or non-speech sounds. The feedback specification method described here provides the ability to vary the feedback based on the current state of the system, and is flexible enough to allow different feedback for different input modalities (e.g., speech, mouse, buttons). The declarative specification is easily modifiable, supporting an iterative design process.
Right Ventricular Perforation and Pulmonary Embolism With Polymethylmethacrylate Cement After Percutaneous Kyphoplasty

A 58-year--old woman was referred to our center for further workup and treatment of a probable polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) embolism to the right ventricle (RV) and right pulmonary artery. The patient’s medical history included hypertension, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and anxiety. She developed lower back pain ≈1 month before admission and was diagnosed with multiple compression fractures. Ten days before admission, the patient underwent percutaneous kyphoplasty of the T11, T12, and L1 vertebral bodies. A biopsy during that procedure revealed multiple myeloma as the underlying cause of the fractures. No vascular abnormalities were noticed at that time. A day before transfer she was readmitted with chest pain and shortness of breath. She was noted to have diffuse ST segment elevations on her ECG and mildly elevated cardiac troponin. Coronary angiography did not show evidence of obstructive coronary disease. However, fluoroscopy during coronary angiography showed foreign material in the RV and the pulmonary artery (Figure 1 and online-only Data Supplement Movie I). A computed tomography demonstrated foreign material in the RV and the pulmonary artery with a free wall perforation (Figure 2 and …
The effects of maturation on early and late phases of phrenic neurogram during eupnea

We investigate the effects of maturation on the early and late phases of the phrenic neurogram. We have used the matching pursuit (MP) method to examine the effects of maturation on breathing patterns in both time and frequency domains. The MP was chosen since the wavelet transform method may not represent signals whose Fourier transforms have a narrow high-frequency support. The phrenic neurogram was recorded from 25 piglets (3-35 days) during eupnea (normal breathing) at three postnatal age groups: young (3-7 days (n=9)), (middle) 10-21 days (n=6), and old (29-35 days (n=10)). The energy percentage of atoms representing the nonperiodic neural activities (NPNAs) significantly decreased from young age to middle age groups (p<0.01) and from young age to old age groups (p<0.01), and from middle age to old age groups (p<0.055) in the early phase (the first half) of the phrenic neurogram, but these changes were not statistically significant in the late phase (the second half) of the phrenic neurogram as maturation proceeded. However, the energy percentage of atoms representing the periodic neural activities (PNAs) decreased with maturation, but these changes were not statistically significant in the early phase of the phrenic neurogram. The energy percentage of (PNAs) increased in the late phase of the phrenic neurogram as maturation proceeded although these changes were only significant between young and old age groups (p<0.01). These results suggest that the significant decrease of the NPNAs in the early phase and the increase in the late phase of the phrenic neurogram could be a sign of maturation in piglets.
Peritoneal dialysis in older individuals.

The number of healthy older individuals over the age of 65 years is increasing throughout the modern world, as are elderly patients with manageable morbid degenerative diseases. The older patient with renal disease presents the nephrologist with a long problem list, but a satisfying outcome when managed with expertise [1]. This paper will focus on peritoneal dialysis as the primary form of renal replacement therapy, and discuss its outcomes and complications, methods to improve the process, its effect on quality of life, and when such treatment becomes burdensome, or never should be started.
Classical Conditioning of Feeding in Aplysia: II. Neurophysiological Correlates

Feeding behavior in Aplysia californica can be classically conditioned using tactile stimulation of the lips as conditional stimulus (CS) and food as unconditional stimulus (US) [[Lechner et al., 2000][1] (companion paper)]. Conditioning resulted in an increase in the number of CS-evoked bites that persisted for at least 24 hr after training. In this study, neurophysiological correlates of classical conditioning training were identified and characterized in an in vitro preparation of the cerebral and buccal ganglia. Stimulation of a lip nerve (AT4), which mediates mechanosensory information, resulted in a greater number of buccal motor patterns (BMPs) in ganglia isolated from animals that had received paired training than in ganglia from control animals. The majority of the evoked BMPs were classified as ingestion-like patterns. Intracellular recordings from pattern-initiating neuron B31/32 revealed that stimulation of AT4 evoked greater excitatory input in B31/32 in preparations from animals that had received paired training than from control animals. In contrast, excitatory input to buccal neuron B4/5 in response to stimulation of AT4 was not significantly increased by paired training. Moreover, correlates of classical conditioning were specific to stimulation of AT4. The number of spontaneously occurring BMPs and the intrinsic properties of two buccal neurons (B4/5 and B31/32) did not differ between groups. These results suggest that appetitive classical conditioning of feeding resulted in the pairing-specific strengthening of the polysynaptic pathway between afferent fibers and pattern-initiating neurons of the buccal central pattern generator. [1]: #ref-27
Reduced attention‐related negative potentials in schizophrenic adults

Event-related potentials were recorded from outpatient adult schizophrenics receiving maintenance doses of neuroleptics and from normal control subjects during performance of a reaction time task and a complex visual discrimination task, the Span of Apprehension. Difference potentials were computed to isolate endogenous activity associated with the processing demands of the Span task. Schizophrenics produce significantly less early endogenous negative activity than do normal subjects. This processing-related negativity reflects pattern matching activity to an attentional trace during the serial scan of the visual icon. We previously reported an identical reduction in processing-related negativity in childhood-onset schizophrenia, suggesting that this deficit is age independent. Both frontal contingent negative variation and an early frontal P3 were larger in the schizophrenics than in normal subjects, suggesting an inappropriate mobilization of nonspecific attentional resources. A later posterior P3 was significantly smaller in schizophrenics than in normal subjects.
Behavioral extensions of institutions

We show that any institution ${\mathcal I}$ satisfying some reasonable conditions can be transformed into another institution, ${\mathcal I}_{beh}$, which captures formally and abstractly the intuitions of adding support for behavioral equivalence and reasoning to an existing, particular algebraic framework. We call our transformation an “extension” because ${\mathcal I}_{beh}$ has the same sentences as ${\mathcal I}$ and because its entailment relation includes that of ${\mathcal I}$. Many properties of behavioral equivalence in concrete hidden logics follow as special cases of corresponding institutional results. As expected, the presented constructions and results can be instantiated to other logics satisfying our requirements as well, thus leading to novel behavioral logics, such as partial or infinitary ones, that have the desired properties.
Liver segmentation using structured sparse representations

Segmentation of liver from volumetric images forms the basis for surgical planning required for living donor transplantations and tumor resections surgeries. This paper introduces a novel idea of using sparse representations of liver shapes in a learned structured dictionary to produce an accurate preliminary segmentation, which is further evolved using a joint image and shape based level-set framework to obtain the final segmented volume. Structured dictionary for liver shapes can be learned from an available training dataset. The proposed approach requires only 3 orthogonal segmented masks as user-input, which is less than half the number required by current state-of-the-art interaction-based methods. The increased accuracy of the preliminary segmentation translates into faster convergence of the evolution step and highly accurate final segmentations with mean average symmetric surface distances (ASSD) [1] of (1.03±0.3)mm when tested on a challenging dataset containing 62 volumes. Our approach segments a volume on an average of 5 mins and, is 25% (approx.) faster than comparably performing techniques.
Metrology for the NCSX Project

The National Compact Stellerator Experiment (NCSX) is being constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in partnership with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The complex geometry and tight fabrication tolerances of the NCSX's non-planar coils and vacuum vessel necessitate the use of computerized, CAD-based metrology systems capable of very accurate and reasonably quick measurements. To date, multi-link, portable coordinate measuring machines (pCMM) are used in the fabrication of the non-planar coils. Characterization of the CNC machined coil winding form and subsequent positioning of the conductor centroid (to within +/-0.5 mm) are accomplished via multiple sets of detailed measurements. A laser tracker is used for all phases of work on the vacuum vessel including positioning magnetic diagnostics and vessel ports prior to welding. Future tasks requiring metrology include positioning of the magnet systems and assembly of the three vacuum vessel sub-assemblies onto the final machine configuration. This paper describes the hardware and software used for metrology, as well as the methodology for achieving the required dimensional control and will present an overview of the measurement results to date.