cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEED DISPERSAL OF BUSH CHINQUAPIN (FAGACEAE) BY SCATTERHOARDING RODENTS

Seed dispersal often occurs in two or more discrete stages, but the effects of the latter stages of dispersal on successful recruitment have seldom been measured. We investigated the relative contributions of primary and secondary seed dispersal of Sierra bush chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens; Fagaceae) to seedling establishment. Rodents (mostly yellow pine chipmunks, Tamias amoenus) harvested chinquapin nuts rapidly during a three-week period starting in mid-August and scatterhoarded most nuts (81%) in the ground. Most initial (primary) caches contained one nut (range = 1–5 nuts) buried 10–23 mm deep within 46 m of source shrubs. Rodents subsequently retrieved 95% of these nuts and recached at least 33% elsewhere (secondary caches), at lower densities and up to 64 m from source plants. By winter, 41% and 21% of nuts harvested from shrubs remained in scatter caches in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Only 10 caches (4 primary and 6 secondary caches) present in winter 1999 (7.8%), and no caches from winter...
Glassy polarization behavior in ferroelectric compounds Pb(Mg13Nb23)O3 and Pb(Zn13Nb23)O3

Abstract We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the optic index of refraction, n(T), at several wave lengths in two ferroelectric compounds that have the simple perovskite ABO3 structure. The compounds are Pb(Mg 1 3 Nb 2 3 ) O 3 and Pb(Zn 1 3 Nb 2 3 ) O 3 where the B-site ions are disordered. Deviations from the high temperature linear n(T) can be observed starting at a temperature Td (far above the ferroelectric phase transition temperature Tc). We assume a model in which these deviations arise from very local randomly oriented polarization (i.e. glassy polarization), Pd. Then, using the quadratic electrooptic effect and the known coefficients, we determine Pd and compare it to the normally observed ferroelectric reversible spontaneous polarization Pr. Also, from infrared reflectivity data, we show that these materials are microscopically homogeneous. We believe that our model of the phase transition contains the basic physics describing ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transitions.
Photonic crystals: Straightening out light

An approach for transmitting ever-more information across silicon chips is to use optics. The demonstration of super-collimated propagation over centimetre lengthscales therefore creates exciting opportunites for optical interconnects.
Wealth effects of going private for senior securities

Abstract This paper investigates effects of going-private buyout proposals made from 1974 to 1985 on the value and default risk of convertible and nonconvertible debt and preferred stock securities. Positive average price reactions are documented for public convertible securities and nonconvertible preferred stock; many of these issues are redeemed as part of the buyout. Most nonconvertible debt securities remain outstanding without renegotiation after buyouts, and minimal average price reactions are documented for public nonconvertible debt. Following successful buyouts the proportion of debt in the capital structure more than triples on average, and most rated debt securities experience downgradings in Moody's ratings.
A stochastic approach to the estimation of the prevalence of IUD: Example of Taiwan, Republic of China

Assuming three patterns of changes in number of new IUD insertions, three stochastic models have been developed for the estimation of the “prevalence” of IUD in situ at a given point of time. The advantages of these models, compared with the conventional ways of estimating IUD prevalence, rest with their ease of use and simplicity of method for calculating variances of the estimates. The models are also useful for family planning administrators to set program targets. A correction factor to estimate the number of IUDs which, although “currently in situ,” are worn by women who have “passed over” the upper age limit of their reproductive spans has also been developed. This is particularly useful in estimating the “effective retention” of IUD.
Restructuring and Well‐Being in the Non‐Metropolitan Pacific Northwest

This paper shows how social and economic change impact well-being in Pacific Northwest counties from 1970–1990. Economic and social well-being, measured as income growth and low income inequality, are modeled using net migration data and measures of social and economic restructuring. In the 1970s there is an inverse relationship between population growth and income growth, while during both decades the retail sector contributes to income growth. Amenity or urban-adjacent counties show the most growth, in both population and employment, but also have the greatest income inequality. Several factors contributing to income growth also contribute to greater income inequality. Migration flows for each decade also illustrate the associations between restructuring, well-being, and population growth. Populations in counties with net out-migration over both decades are aging, but show greater income growth and lower inequality in the 1970s followed by lower income growth in the 1980s. Net in-migration over both decades is associated with lower income growth and greater inequality in the 1970s, but these counties are substantially better off economically in the 1980s and they maintain a balanced age structure through migration of different age cohorts over the two decades. This research provides needed work on the connections between social and economic change in the context of the Pacific Northwest.
β-Robust scheduling for single-machine systems with uncertain processing times

In scheduling environments with processing time uncertainty, system performance is determined by both the sequence in which jobs are ordered and the actual processing times of jobs. For these situations, the risk of achieving substandard system performance can be an important measure of scheduling effectiveness. To hedge this risk requires an explicit consideration of both the mean and the variance of system performance associated with alternative schedules, and motivates a β-robustness objective to capture the likelihood that a schedule yields actual performance no worse than a given target level. In this paper we focus on β-robust scheduling issues in single-stage production environments with uncertain processing times. We define a general β-robust scheduling objective, formulate the β-robust scheduling problem that results when job processing times are independent random variables and the performance measure of interest is the total flow time across all jobs, establish problem complexity, and develop e...
Complete endoscopic management of a retained bullet in the bladder

A 25-year-old male gunshot victim presented at our institution with gross hematuria following Foley catheter insertion. Computed tomography and cystogram did not show a bladder perforation, but were notable for a left ischial fracture and the presence of a bullet within the bladder. After failed attempts at retrieving the bullet with a resectoscope and loop, as well as a cystoscope and stone crusher, a 26 French nephroscope was inserted transurethrally, and the bullet was successfully engaged and removed using a Perc NCircle (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) grasper. The extraperitoneal injury was managed conservatively with catheter drainage. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of successful transurethral management of a retained intravesical bullet. Such an approach may benefit patients with retained intravesical bullets or other challenging intravesical foreign bodies and may be helpful in select circumstances to spare patients from more extensive surgeries.
Citrate-Binding Site in Proteorhodopsin Involves Two Lysines in the First Cytoplasmic Loop

Citrate-induced aggregation of native proteorhodopsin (pR) from octylglucoside solutions, observed at citrate concentrations as low as ∼15 mM (pH 5.5-7), is fully reversible by removal of the citrate and raising of the pH in the presence of detergent. The aggregation is specific for several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, including citrate, isocitrate, and cis-aconitate. The aggregation is not merely salting-out, since it is inhibited by phosphate. The citrate binding site on pR includes lysines 57 and 59, two of the four cationic residues in the first intracellular loop. That is, citrate no longer causes precipitation of pR when these lysines are mutated. The loss of citrate sensitivity is nearly complete for the quadruple mutant R51Q/R53Q/K57Q/K59Q, even with 1 M citrate. The double mutant K57Q/K59Q behaves nearly the same as the quadruple mutant. With the single-site R51Q mutant, on the other hand, there is only a ∼2-fold increase in the citrate concentration required to induce pR aggregation. Thus, the 2 arginines in the 1st intracellular loop play only a minor role in the citrate binding site Lysines 57 and 59 are conserved among pR sequences from genetically diverse /gamma/-proteobacteria. This conservation likely reflects a physiological function for the citrate binding site of pR, i.e. a structure-function relationship. Aggregation of pR occurs at citrate concentrations only a bit above the endogenous concentration, ∼10 mM, that has been measured inside thriving bacterial cells. This suggests that pR activity may be allosterically regulated by intracellular citrate. This would be consistent with recent observations in other labs, that bacteria expressing pR carry out light energy transduction only under starvation conditions that would be expected to decrease intracellular tricarboxylic acid concentrations.
Novel desilylation of alpha-dimethylsilyl esters by electrochemically generated superoxide ion

Electrochemical reduction of oxygen in the presence of an alpha-dimethylsilyl ester results in removal of the dimethylsilyl group. The reaction presumably proceeds by a mechanism involving electrochemically-generated superoxide ion.
Regulation of intracranial pressure in rat, dog, and man

Intracranial resistance and compliance were assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid system of rat, dog, and man by means of low-volume, short-duration infusions of artificial CSF into the subarachnoid space. A family of pressure/time response curves was obtained for each species: at low flow rates, steady-state pressure elevations were associated with normal neurological function; at high flow rates, rapid linear pressure elevations were associated with marked neurological dysfunction. From these curves a mathematical model was developed which describes transport and pressure-dependent valvelike characteristics of the CSF outflow resistance. This resistance shows a progressive phylogenetic change in rat, dog, and man which increasingly enhances the species' abilities to vent fluid from the intracranial cavity into the venous circulation. Arachnoid villi appear to be the major structures modulating sustained, nonlethal elevations of intracranial pressure.
Bioengineering and Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop V: a white paper on imaging and characterizing structure and function in native and engineered tissues.

The fifth Bioengineering and Image Research Opportunities Workshop (BIROW V) was held on January 18–19, 2008. As with previous BIROW meetings, the purpose of BIROW V was to identify and characterize research and engineering opportunities in biomedical engineering and imaging. The topic of this BIROW meeting was Imaging and Characterizing Structure and Function in Native and Engineered Tissues. Under this topic, four areas were explored in depth: (1) Heterogeneous single-cell measurements and their integration into tissue and organism models; (2) Functional, molecular and structural imaging of engineered tissuein vitro and in vivo; (3) New technologies for characterizing cells and tissuesin situ; (4) Imaging for targeted cell, gene and drug delivery.
Generalization as search

Abstract The problem of concept learning, or forming a general description of a class of objects given a set of examples and non-examples, is viewed here as a search problem. Existing programs that generalize from examples are characterized in terms of the classes of search strategies that they employ. Several classes of search strategies are then analyzed and compared in terms of their relative capabilities and computational complexities.
Gait and Gait Transition for a Robot With Two Actuated Spoke Wheels

This paper presents work on the gait and gait transition analysis for a novel mobile robot that uses two actuated spoke wheels. Gait transitions, known as acyclic feed forward patterns, allow the robot to switch from one type of gait to another during walking and turning. The mobile robot IMPASS (Intelligent Mobility Platform with Active Spoke System) uses a unique mobility concept for locomotion, thus gait transition plays an important role in generating gait patterns to walk and turn. The primary focus of this paper is how to perform gait transition between gaits in walking direction. First, the basic gait patterns for steering and straight line walking are presented. More specifically, the critical gait parameterizations and the possible foot positions in different gait patterns to produce capable steering locomotion over terrain are presented. Since IMPASS is expected to utilize its metamorphic configurations to carry out gait transitions, the extending forward and inverse analyses are also presented based on previous work about topology classification and mobility analysis for IMPASS. Then the gait transition analysis and simulation of typical patterns are performed. The results from this work lay the foundation for the future research on trajectory and path planning for IMPASS.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Statistical features of large fluctuations in stochastic systems

The fluctuation of transitional paths that describe the decay from a metastable state are studied with a space-time Monte Carlo algorithm. For a bistable stochastic system we characterize the statistical properties that describe the growth of large fluctuations. Interesting statistical features are discussed. In particular, we study the fluctuation enhancement (large non-Gaussian fluctuation) that occurs as the system escapes from a metastable state. The results are discussed in the context of a scaling theory for the decay from an unstable state.
Design synthesis and optimization for automotive embedded systems

Embedded software and electronics are major contributors of values in vehicles, and play a dominant role in vehicle innovations. The design of automotive embedded systems has become more and more challenging, with the rapid increase of system complexity and more requirements on various design objectives. Methodologies such as model-based design are being adopted to improve design quality and productivity through the usage of functional models. However, there is still a significant lack of design automation tools, in particular synthesis and optimization tools, that can turn complex functional specifications to correct and optimal software implementations on distributed embedded platforms. In this paper, we discuss some of the major technical challenges and the problems to be solved in automotive embedded systems design, especially for the synthesis and optimization of embedded software.
Chiasmal syndrome caused by pituitary-sellar disproportion

A patient with pituitary-sellar disproportion, a perichiasmal visual field defect, and no clinically demonstrable endocrinopathy is presented. Radiographic and pathologic studies suggested that the pituitary-sellar disproportion was secondary to sellar hypoplasia, a previously unrecognized cause of the chiasmal syndrome. It remains to be seen whether hormonal manipulation aimed at suppression of gonadotropin- and/or prolactin-secreting cells might obviate the need for exploration in patients similar to ours.
Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma masquerading as sclerosing mediastinitis: A diagnostic dilemma

A 48-year-old woman presented with dyspnea, chest discomfort, and left vocal cord paralysis that developed 2 months after a flu-like illness. Radiographic examination showed prominence of mediastinal soft tissues and an ill-defined left upper lobe infiltrate. Dense mediastinal sclerosis was found at thoracotomy, and biopsy samples taken from the sclerotic areas showed densely hyalinized fibrotic tissue. Necrotizing granulomas containing organisms resembling Histoplasma capsulatum were present within mediastinal lymph nodes. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of sclerosing mediastinitis was made. During the next year, the patient's respiratory function deteriorated, and biopsy samples taken during a second thoracotomy 1 year later were again interpreted as sclerosing mediastinitis. The patient died postoperatively; at autopsy, the sclerotic mass involving the mediastinum was composed of a mixture of dense fibrosis and sarcomatous tissue. The final diagnosis was localized mediastinal desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma. We report it here because of its unusual clinical presentation, which minicked sclerosing mediastinitis.
Everyday Problem Solving: Experience, Strategies, and Behavioral Intentions

Experience and strategic flexibility predict performance on solving hypothetical everyday problems, although their relation to real-world behavior is largely unknown (e.g., M. Diehl, S. L. Willis, & K. W. Schaie, 1995). Moreover, few studies have examined highly salient, rare-event problems such as relocation decisions. This study tested whether experience and strategic flexibility, in addition to demographic variables, were related to intentions to relocate. Ninety-five adults (M age = 72.1 years) completed problem-solving vignettes, provided information regarding previous experience with problems related to living arrangements, and stated personal relocation intentions. Logistic regression analyses showed that both experience (Odds Ratio (OR) = 40.6) and the number of strategies generated (OR= 3.0) were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of considering a late-life relocation. The benefits of linking lab-based assessments of everyday problem solving to real-world behavior are discussed.
Incumbents' use of pre-entry alliances before expansion into new technical subfields of an industry

Industry incumbents frequently delay entry into emerging technical subfields, fearing product cannibalization and uncertain investment, and enter only after technical and market uncertainties have subsided. We predict that many incumbents, particularly stronger firms, will participate in alliances with other firms before their standalone entry. The alliances will be used to realize part of the value of specialized assets and to gain information about the emerging products and markets. We support the predictions with evidence from the US. market of the medical diagnostic imaging industry.
A Modern Approach to Semiconductor and Vacuum Device Theory

An integrated approach to the understanding of charge-controlled electronic devices is presented. Although only vacuum triodes and diffusion-type transistors are discussed in detail, the methods suggested are also applicable to gas-filled and multi-electrode vacuum structures, to surface-barrier and to drift-type transistors, and to space-charge-limited solid-state devices. The treatment is tutorial in nature, and begins with the development of general equations of current flow applicable in any medium. The principles of charge-controlled devices are then summarized, and a general functional relationship between the total charge in transit and the transit time is developed. These results are then applied in turn to vacuum and semiconductor diodes and triodes to derive in a remarkably simple and consistent manner the salient features of their operation. 'Ideal' vacuum triode and transistor structures are first discussed, and the voltage and current amplification factors are then introduced as arbitrary parameters to account for practical departures from ideality. Specific results obtained are the d.c. characteristics and incremental equivalent circuits for each device. The model established for the transistor is identical with the hybrid-77 circuit due to Giacoletto, and both low- and high-level injection conditions are included. Finally, it is suggested that the transistor collector saturation current with open base is a more fundamental quantity than that with open emitter, and the temperature dependence of the base-emitter voltage is shown to be linear at any injection level. Throughout, emphasis is on the principles involved and on the method of approach, and a particular effort is made to present the development of the vacuum and the semiconductor devices in a completely analogous manner.
Enantiospecific Synthesis of 5′-Noraristeromycin and its 7-Deaza Derivative and A Formal Synthesis of (-)-5′-Homoaristeromycin

Abstract Beginning with the treatment of the diacetate of cis-3,5-cyclopentenediol (5) with Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, (-)-5′-noraristeromycin (1) and (-)-7-deaza 5′-noraristeromycin (3) have been prepared. Subjecting 5 to treatment with porcine liver esterase led to an efficient preparation of a substituted cyclopentane precursor which, following literature precedence, can be converted into (-)-5′-homoaristeromycin (4).
Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond

This lecture maps the concepts and templates explored in this tutorial with well-known architectural prescriptions, including the 4+1 approach of the Rational Unified Process, the Siemens Four Views approach, and the ANSI/IEEE-1471-2000 recommended best practice for documenting architectures for software-intensive systems. The lecture concludes by re-capping the highlights of the tutorial, and asking for feedback.
Existence of the C structure in poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT).

Abstract We show that the lithium salt of calf-thymus DNA can assume the C structure in nonoriented, hydrated gels. The transitions between the B and C structures showed little hysteresis and none of the metastable structural states which occur in oriented gels. Therefore crystal-lattice forces are not needed to stabilize the C structure. The occurrence of the alternative structures of the Li, Na and K salts of poly(dA-dC) · poly(dG-dT) was measured as a function of hydration for nonoriented gels. Poly(dA-dC) · poly(dG-dT) · Li exists in the B structure at high hydrations and in the C structure at moderate hydrations with no A or Z structure at any hydration tested. The Na salt of poly(dA-dC) · poly(dG-dT) exists in the B structure at high hydration, as mixtures of B and C at moderate hydrations and in the A structure at lower hydrations. The potassium salt behaves similarly except that mixtures of the C and A structures exist at lower hydrations. ZnCl2 and NaNO3, which promote the Z structure in duplex p...
Surface sediment response to deepwater circulation on the Blake Outer Ridge, western North Atlantic: paleoceanographic implications

Abstract Two transects of box core, hydrographic and photographic stations were made along the Blake Outer Ridge on the southeastern U.S. continental rise to study how circulation patterns affect surface sediment properties. Circulation is strongest at 4200 m on the flanks of the ridge and is reflected in the suspended particulate distribution. A second turbidity maximum at 3600 m suggests that there may be a second axis of circulation at this depth. The intense circulation on the flanks of the ridge has resulted in winnowing of the sediment revealed by coarsening and flattening of the grain size distribution in the detrital silt fraction, and concentration of carbonate by the formation of a foraminiferal lag deposit. The mean grain size of the detrital silt fraction on the crest of the ridge decreases southeastwards with increasing distance from upstream sediment sources. Shifts in the position and strength of the Western Boundary Undercurrent affect the distance that relatively coarse silt is transported. Downcore changes in grain size can therefore be used as paleoceanographic proxy for changes in deepwater circulation.
The Concept of the Surplus in Economic Development

The concept of the surplus was developed by Paul Baran in The Political Economy of Growth (1968) as a distinct category of economic analysis. He argued that by examining which classes received the surplus and the manner in which they disposed of it, the forces creating and perpetuating underdevelopment could be understood. His insights on the critical role of class structure and surplus use in underdeveloped countries have never been properly followed up, however, in part because of confusion and inconsistencies in his own presentation. This essay attempts to clarify the concept of the surplus and to show how it can be used, in conjunction with the analysis of class structure, in theoretical and empirical analyses of economic development.
Reovirus myocarditis in mice: An electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and virus assay study

Abstract Newborn white mice (Webster Swiss) uniformly died with extensive myocarditis 5–7 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of reovirus type 1. Myocardial damage was often so severe that by the 5th postinoculation day it was apparent on gross inspection of the heart. Virus was recovered in relatively high titers from the heart (10 6 PFU per gram) during the period when myocardial injury occurred; viremia was also present, but titers in the bloodstream remained much below those in the heart. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, distinctive of reovirus, were seen on histologic examination of myocardial lesions. Viral antigen, demonstrated by the direct fluorescent antibody method, was observed in and around foci of myocardial necrosis. Reovirus particles were numerous and readily visualized by electron microscopy in a distribution similar to that of viral antigen. Both complete and coreless particles were seen measuring 65–75 mμ in diameter; crystalline arrays were occasionally noted. Virus particles were embedded in granular matrices—the apparent sites of their replication. These virus nests were located in the cytoplasm of myocytes between myofibrils. Fine strands formed a filamentous network throughout such matrices. The earliest pathologic changes of fine structures in myocytes were nonspecific ones consisting of swelling and vesiculation of mitochondria and dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cellular necrosis was seen with release of virus into the surrounding tissue. Examples of a less severe cellular injury, focal cytoplasmic degradation, were also encountered.
High-field, low-temperature magnetoresistance of single crystalline heavy fermion YbNi2B2C

Abstract We have measured transverse (B⊥I) and longitudinal (B∥I) magnetoresistance on a single crystalline sample of YbNi2B2C in a temperature range from 50mK to 20K and in magnetic fields to 18T. A remarkably large anisotropic transverse magnetoresistance was found when applying a magnetic field parallel or perpendicular to the c axis of the tetragonal crystallographic structure. A pronounced maximum at 12 T develops below 4K in the transverse magnetoresistance when the magnetic field is applied along the c axis, whereas a minimum is found at 7T below 4K. Above 5K both configurations (B ∥ c and B⊥c) show a negative magnetoresistance. Finally, a change in sign is observed in the transverse magnetoresistance for B ⊥ c below 1K.
Real-time systems for federal applications: a review of significant technological developments

The Federal Systems Division of IBM has been heavily involved in complex, on-line, real-time systems for over twenty-five years. In this paper a representative sample of these programs are reviewed, and an evaluation of the significant lessons learned from this wealth of experience is presented. The key issues which differentiate real-time systems from their more conventional data processing counterparts are identified and their implications are discussed. This leads to some conclusions regarding the kind of commitment that is necessary in order to succeed in the area of real-time applications.
Estimation of G-renewal process parameters as an ill-posed inverse problem

Abstract Statistical estimation of G-renewal process parameters is an important estimation problem, which has been considered by many authors. We view this problem from the standpoint of a mathematically ill-posed, inverse problem (the solution is not unique and/or is sensitive to statistical error) and propose a regularization approach specifically suited to the G-renewal process. Regardless of the estimation method, the respective objective function usually involves parameters of the underlying life-time distribution and simultaneously the restoration parameter. In this paper, we propose to regularize the problem by decoupling the estimation of the aforementioned parameters. Using a simulation study, we show that the resulting estimation/extrapolation accuracy of the proposed method is considerably higher than that of the existing methods.
On Population Heterogeneity and Coexistence of Bacteria and Phage

Population dynamics experiments using bacterium Escherichia coli and phage lambda are carried out in a well-mixed environment. In all trials, the long-term behavior is the coexistence of the bacterial and the phage populations. This outcome is remarkably insensitive to various experimental conditions such as the initial bacterial population size and the initial infection ratio. Upon isolation of survival bactaria and regrown in a phage-free environment, the newly generated bacteria exhibit phage sensitivity similar to their parental cells. Thus the coexistence of bacteraium and phage is not due to genetic mutation but is intrinsic to nonlinear dynamics of the interacting species. Our measurements showed that the bacterial population is sustained by a small number of persistors that provide “physiological refuge” against phage infection. The measured bacterium and phage population dynamics can be reasonably account for by a simple mathematic model that takes into account stochastic switching between normal cells and persister cells.
The developmental roots of consciousness and emotional experience

Charles Darwin is generally credited with having formulated the first systematic attempt to explain the evolutionary origins and function of the expression of emotions in animals and humans. His ingenious theory, however, was burdened with popular misconceptions about human phylogenetic heritage and bore the philosophical and theoretical deficiencies of the brain science of his era that his successors strove to overcome. In their attempts to rectify Darwin’s errors, William James, James Mark Baldwin and John Dewey each made important contributions to a theory of emotion, which attempted to put it on a more secure philosophical and scientific footing. My contention is that Dewey and his collaborator, infant experimentalist Myrtle McGraw, succeeded where their contemporaries failed. They pointed the way out of the morass of recapitulationism, and showed how a developmental theory of consciousness, mind and emotion could be formulated that avoided the epistemological and ontological pitfalls of Darwin’s theory. Drawing on an extensive body of research from contemporary experimental studies of infant development, this essay attempts to put the questions raised by these historical figures about the structure, function and value of emotions in a theoretical framework. A developmental theory is proposed about the complex, interacting neurobiological and neurobehavioral factors that contribute to human emotional development. This theory identifies the possible relationships among emotions, consciousness and mind and how their co-development influences the capacity of young children to form moral judgments.
Three-Dimensional Homochiral Transition-Metal Camphorate Architectures Directed by a Flexible Auxiliary Ligand

Reported here are four homochiral and one racemic chiral compounds assembled from transition metals (Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+), rigid enantiopure camphoric acid, and flexible 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine; they feature an unusual homochiral three-dimensional supramolecular assembly (resulting from catenation of 4-connected bilayers) as well as a homochiral 3-fold interpenetrating diamond net and a noninterpenetrating primitive cubic net.
The Latent Class Model as a Measurement Model for Situational Judgment Tests

In a situational judgment test, it is often debatable what constitutes a correct answer to a situation. There is currently a multitude of scoring procedures. Establishing a measurement model can guide the selection of a scoring rule. It is argued that the latent class model is a good candidate for a measurement model. Two latent class models are applied to the Managing Emotions subtest of the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test: a plain-vanilla latent class model, and a second-order latent class model that takes into account the clustering of several possible reactions within each hypothetical scenario of the situational judgment test. The results for both models indicated that there were three subgroups characterised by the degree to which differentiation occurred between possible reactions in terms of perceived effectiveness. Furthermore, the results for the second-order model indicated a moderate cluster effect.
Preoperative localization of the carotid bifurcation for carotid endarterectomy using magnetic resonance angiography without tomography: technical note.

DBJECTIVE: Carotid endartereclomy without angiography is becoming increasingly common, Magnetic resonance imaging accurately demonstrates vascular anatomy and the degree of stenosis but may not localize the cervical carotid biturcation for incision planning without tomography. We report a method for preoperative localization of the bilurcation using the relatively constant axial coplanar relationship between the horizontal petrous (C2) segment of the internal carotid artery and the external auditory canal (EAC). METHODS: The vertical distance between the midpoint of the C2 segment and the cervical carotid bifurcation was measured on magnetic resonance angiography images in five patients. Before surgery, a transverse incision was planned the same distance below the EAC. After exposure, the distance from the EAC to the bifurcation was measured with calipers. The distances from the anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior wound margins during retraction were also measured. RESULTS: The mean vertical distance between the C2 segment and the bifurcation was 7.2 cm on preoperative imaging and 7.6 cm between the EAC and bifurcation using intraoperative messurement (difference, 0.4 cm). The average distances between the midportion of the bifurcation and the wound margins after retractor placement were 2.9, 2.4, 2.8, and 3.5 cm for anterior, posterior, superior, and infenor measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION: The C2 segment-cervical carotid bifurcation distance may be used to estimate accurately the vertical distance from the EAC to the biforcation. When coupled with a transverse incision for carotid endarterectomy, the use of this preoperative measurement produces a target well centered within the operative field.
Correlations between peripheral polyunsaturated fatty acid content and in vivo membrane phospholipid metabolites.

Abstract Background There is evidence for membrane abnormalities in schizophrenia. It is unclear whether the observed membrane deficits in peripheral cells parallel central membrane phospholipid metabolism. To address this question we examined the relations between red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain phospholipid metabolites from different regions of interest in schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Methods Red blood cell membrane fatty acids were measured by capillary gas chromatography and in vivo brain phospholipid metabolite levels were measured using a multi-voxel 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy technique on 11 first-episode, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic subjects and 11 normal control subjects. Results Both the total polyunsaturated fatty acids and the individual 20:4(n-6) contents were significantly correlated with the freely-mobile phosphomonoester [PME(s-τ c )] levels ( r = .5643, p = .0062 and r = .6729, p = .0006, respectively). The 18:2(n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids content correlated positively with freely-mobile phosphodiester [PDE(s-τ c )] levels ( r = .5573, p = .0071). The above correlations were present in the combined right and left prefrontal region of the brain, while other regions including the basal ganglia, occipital, inferior parietal, superior temporal and centrum semiovale yielded no significant correlations. Conclusions Our preliminary data support the association between the decreased red blood cell membrane phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids content and the decreased building blocks [PME(s-τ c )] and breakdown products [PDE(s-τ c )] of membrane phospholipids in the prefrontal region of first-episode, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic subjects.
Sediments of Nha Trang Bay, South Viet Nam: ABSTRACT

Textural and chemical analyses of 115 sediment samples from Nha Trang Bay on the central coast of South Viet Nam have permitted detailed mapping of the sediment characteristics within this relatively small area. The results show marked juxtapositions of sediment types and ages. Two areas of relict sand left from a time of glacially lowered sea-level are surrounded by Recent detrital and carbonate material. The exposure of these relict sands is a result of the sweeping away of sediment entering the bay by strong currents that develop during the summer and winter monsoons. Sediments within the bay fall into four basic groups: (1) clayey silt in low-energy areas between islands and in deeper water on the fringes of the bay, (2) sandy silt to silty sand extending out from the river mouths, (3) sand with low carbonate percentages including the relict sand in areas of vigorous currents; and (4) sand with high carbonate percentages; some of this sand occurs on shallow banks and exposed peninsulas and is in equilibrium with the energy environment, whereas that in shallow protected areas does not reflect the energy system. The distribution of organic materials in the bay is closely related to these sediment types. The highest concentrations of carbon and nitrogen occur consistently in the clayey silt areas with intermediate and low concentrations in the sandy ilt-silty sand and sand areas, respectively. Exceptions to this are revealed in the plot of carbon/nitrogen ratios where high organic-carbon contents occur in coarse-grained sediments of the nearshore and shallow-bank areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 454------------
Balloon Dilation of the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Resulting in SVC Rupture and Pericardial Tamponade: A Case Report and Brief Review

Stent placement is an accepted primary treatment for SVC syndrome. Balloon dilation is frequently performed prior to stent placement. Although various stent-related hemorrhagic complications have been reported, as well as reports of iatrogenic catheter and guidewire perforations, there has been only one previous report of balloon dilation-related SVC rupture. We report a second case, including the clinical scenario, in the hope that should this complication occur, it might be recognized quickly and treated successfully.
The Navier-Stokes equations on the rotating 2- D sphere: Gevrey regularity and asymptotic degrees of freedom

In this article we prove a Gevrey class global regularity to the Navier-Stokes equations on the rotating two dimensional sphere, S 2 - a fundamental model that arises naturally in large scale atmospheric dynamics. As a result one concludes the exponential convergence of the spectral Galerkin numerical method, based on spherical harmonic functions. Moreover, we provide an upper bound for the number of asymptotic degrees of freedom for this system.
Comparison and critical evaluation of six published extraction and clean-up methods for aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk

Abstract A practical evaluation has been carried out of six previously published extraction and clean-up methods for aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk. The procedures evaluated incorporated the most widely used stages of clean-pu including solvent extraction and silica gel chromatographic clean-up, selective solvent extraction of the extracted residue, the use of deproteination prior to hydrophilic column liquid—liquid partition or solvent extraction and the use of pre-packed reversed-phase cartridges for the direct extraction of aflation M1 from the milk. Analysis times for each method, recoveries and relative costs are reported together with fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms, obtained under identical conditions to compare the relative cleanliness of the final extracts produced by each method. A pre-packed reversed phase cartridge method was shown to be most satisfactory in terms of speed, cost and cleanliness of the final residue.
Tryptic cleavage of a peptide at modified aspartic acid.

Abstract Conversion of the carboxylic acid side chain of aspartic acid in the peptide pyroGlu·Asp·Phe·amide to a carboxamidomethylamine side chain (structure l ) results in the tryptic hydrolysis of the peptide at the Asp-Phe bond.
Asymmetric phase effects and mantle convection patterns.

Recent high-pressure experiments and thermodynamic calculations have shown that the Clapeyron slope of the spinel-perovskite phase transition at a depth of 660 kilometers in the Earth9s mantle changes from negative to positive at temperatures above 1700° to 2000°C. In numerical experiments that account for this phase behavior, cold downwelling flows were impeded at the phase boundary, but hot plumes ascended to the upper mantle with ease. The resultant mantle convection was partially layered and strongly time-dependent. Mantle layering was weaker when the mantle was hotter and when the Rayleigh number was larger.
Electric field-driven formation of particle concentration fronts in suspensions

A distinct front, separating regions enriched with and depleted of particles, was recently observed in suspensions subjected to high-gradient ac electric fields and a set of theoretical model equations for the particle concentration, containing no fitting parameters, were developed [Kumar et al., 2004. Combined negative dielectrophoresis and phase separation in nondilute suspensions subject to a high-gradient ac electric field. Phys. Rev. E 69, 021402-1–10; Bennett et al., 2003. Combined field-induced dielectrophoresis and phase separation for manipulating particles in microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4866–4868]. Although the numerical solutions of these equations were found to be quantitatively consistent with the experimental observations, they did not provide sufficient information for elucidating the mechanism of the front formation due to the complexity of the equations. Here, we examine these equations analytically for the special case in which they admit a similarity solution and establish the existence of shock solutions to these equations. The shocks are shown to arise because of the rapid local growth of the suspension viscosity due to the field-driven particle accumulation in certain areas of the domain.
Inhaled nitric oxide increases endothelin-1 levels: a potential cause of rebound pulmonary hypertension.

ObjectiveInhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is front-line therapy for pulmonary hypertension after repair of congenital heart disease. However, little clinical data exists regarding the effects of iNO on regulators of pulmonary vascular resistance. An imbalance between primary vasodilators, such as NO, and
Effect of glyphosate and nitrapyrin on selected bacterial populations in continuous-flow culture.

The limiting nutrient in the terrestrial environment often controls the overall productivity of that system. Nitrogen is one such nutrient which, under certain conditions, can become limiting to growth. Although the atmosphere provides a nearly endless supply of dinitrogen, most forms of life require nitrogen to be fixed for the synthesis of cellular constituents. Plants can obtain all of their carbon by fixing carbon dioxide, but they are dependent on the availability of inorganic nitrogen and other nutrients present in the soil. Nitrification, the oxidative conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate, produces the principle form of nitrogen assimilated by higher plants. Nitrification, however, is under the control of relatively few genera of bacteria. For these reasons, microbial toxicological procedures based on ecological processes or population testing can be especially useful as measurement endpoints in the assessment of wastes and toxic chemicals.
Sigma-1 receptor stimulation protects retinal ganglion cells from ischemia-like insult through the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2.

Abstract Sigma-1 receptor (σ-1) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from cell death. The purpose of this study was to determine if σ-1 receptor stimulation with pentazocine could promote neuroprotection under conditions of an ischemia-like insult (oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)) through the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK)1/2. Primary RGCs were isolated from P3–P7 Sprague–Dawley rats and purified by sequential immunopanning using Thy1.1 antibodies. RGCs were cultured for 7 days before subjecting the cells to an OGD insult (0.5% oxygen in glucose-free medium) for 6 h. During the OGD, RGCs were treated with pentazocine (σ-1 receptor agonist) with or without BD 1047 (σ-1 receptor antagonist). In other experiments, primary RGCs were treated with pentazocine in the presence or absence of an MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD098059. Cell survival/death was assessed by staining with the calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer reagent. Levels of pERK1/2, total ERK1/2, and beta tubulin expression were determined by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining. RGCs subjected to OGD for 6 h induced 50% cell death in primary RGCs (p
Joint impedance decreases during movement initiation

The mechanical properties of the joint influence how we interact with our environment and hence are important in the control of both posture and movement. Many studies have investigated how the mechanical properties—specifically the impedance—of different joints vary with different postural tasks. However, studies on how joint impedance varies with movement remain limited. The few studies that have investigated how impedance varies with movement have found that impedance is lower during movement than during posture. In this study we investigated how impedance changed as people transitioned from a postural task to a movement task. We found that subjects' joint impedances decreased at the initiation of movement, prior to increasing at the cessation of movement. This decrease in impedance occurred even though the subjects' torque and EMG levels increased. These findings suggest that during movement the central nervous system may control joint impedance independently of muscle activation.