cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bemerkungen über die elektronenmikroskopisch beobachtete Alterung von Al(OH)3

1. Die durch einstundige Erwarmung entstehende Umwandlung bei der Alterung von Al(OH)3 in warmem Wasser wird durch Elektronen-Mikroskopie und beugung untersucht. 2. Die zwei Verhaltensweisen von faserigen Bohmit-Kristallen werden elektronenmikroskopisch gezeigt, und dann wurde durch Mikrobeugung die Bildung von zwei Arten von Trihydraten gefunden. 3. Die Bildung des Einkristalls von Al(OH)3 wird durch Elektronen-Mikroskopie gezeigt und seine Flache als (001)-Flache nachgewiesen.
Platinum nanocatalysts immobilized on latex supports

Several latex dispersions of different hydrophobicity were investigated with respect to their ability to adsorb platinum nanoparticles that had been reduced in their presence. Two reduction methods were tested, specifically the slower method of refluxing the alcoholic solutions and the more rapid method of reaction with KBH 4 . The immobilization of the metal particles and their nanosize dimensions were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, and their catalytic activity was tested by the hydrogenation of cyclohexene as a model reaction. Some additional immobilized platinum nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of various protective polymers. This can lead to various advantages with respect to, for instance, the stability and the catalytic properties of these materials. Even in the presence of such additional protective polymers, the platinum nanoparticles remained immobilized for some of the hydrophobic latexes both before and after catalytic hydrogenations.
Sweetpotatoes—World production and food value

The sweetpotato surpasses the white potato in its content of fat, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, starch, calories and the vitamins carotene, riboflavin and pantothenic acid. In 1944, of more than a billion bushels produced throughout the world, over 600 million were raised in China, over 68 million in the United States.
Development of a Pulsed Combustion Actuator For High-Speed Flow Control

This paper describes the flow within a prototype actuator, energized by pulsed combustion or detonations, that provides a pulsed jet suitable for flow control in high-speed applications. A high-speed valve, capable of delivering a pulsed stream of reactants a mixture of H2 and air at rates of up to 1500 pulses per second, has been constructed. The reactants burn in a resonant chamber, and the products exit the device as a pulsed jet. High frequency pressure transducers have been used to monitor the pressure fluctuations in the device at various reactant injection frequencies, including both resonant and off-resonant conditions. The combustion chamber has been constructed with windows, and the flow inside it has been visualized using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The pulsed jet at the exit of the device has been observed using schlieren.
Forest resilience, climate change, and opportunities for adaptation: A specific case of a general problem

Abstract Ecosystems and ecosystem services are subjected to both typical disturbances (e.g., fire) and shifting climatic baselines resulting from anthropogenic drivers. Recovery from these perturbations is of prime interest to researchers and land managers. We explore how differing regeneration of the coniferous forest to specific disturbances and a shifting climate are mediated through managerial responses, in terms of both species composition and an important ecosystem service, carbon sequestration in the southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA. 112 sites across a variety of disturbance histories were surveyed for post-fire regeneration; carbon stock growth was then simulated in the US Forest Service Forest Vegetation Simulator under a variety of climate change scenarios for 100 years. Simultaneously, we simulated three managerial responses to the disturbance: no action, planting of local species (resilience-oriented management), and planting of the most climatically suitable species (adaptation-oriented management). These managerial responses simulate varying levels of intervention which attempt to maintain forest properties and associated carbon stocks. Carbon stocks, initially, were more resilient than the coniferous forest system; areas with little coniferous regeneration recovered carbon at a similar pace due to an influx of deciduous seedlings. However, future climate exerts a strong influence on carbon stocks. Both the no-action scenario and the resilience-oriented management scenario transitioned to non-forest by the end of the simulation period, due to climatic changes. Active, adaptation-oriented management, which included establishment of non-local species, maintained forest structure and carbon stocks under most future climate projections, albeit at lower densities. So while this preserves the presence of a forest, it does not preserve the presence of a specific forest. However, for ecosystem services associated with the mere existence of forest cover (e.g., carbon stocks and general forest habitat), this may be sufficient. In a sense, disturbances are opportunities for more climatically-adapted species/communities to establish, although the complexities of assisted migration and novel ecosystems remain.
The Effect of Changing Conditions and Agreement Provisions on Conflict and Renegotiation Between States with Competing Claims

Can agreements that states sign in order to manage competing claims help ensure a durable peace? This article examines the effect of “conciliatory agreements” that include attempts to address differences after significant conflict has occurred, such as peace agreements, as well as agreements designed to manage competing claims before they reach the level of violence. I argue that provisions specified in conciliatory agreements make the existing peaceful equilibrium more robust against the potentially disruptive effect of shocks, such as changes in relative capabilities or regime type. Conciliatory agreements not only increase the likelihood that peace is maintained but also impact the kind of peace maintained. Specifically, competing states may remain at peace either because they retain the status quo or because they peacefully renegotiate. Varying agreement provisions can account for why some states resort to force, while others peacefully renegotiate. I test the propositions concerning the effect of shocks and agreement provisions on the durability of peace and the likelihood of renegotiation using cases of territorial claims.
Reactivity of supported vanadium oxide catalysts: The partial oxidation of methanol

The partial oxidation of methanol was used to probe the reactivity of the surface vanadium oxide redox sites present in supported vanadium oxide catalysts. Formaldehyde was the main oxidation product for all the supported vanadium oxide catalysts operating under differential reactor conditions. The methanol oxidation turnover frequency (TOF) of the surface vanadium oxide phase varies by three orders of magnitude when the support is changed from ZrO2/TiO2 (100 s−1) to SiO2 (10−3). The TOF of the surface vanadium oxide phase supported on Nb2O5 (10−1 s−1) and Al2O3 (10−2 s−1) have intermediate values with the surface vanadium oxide phase on Nb2O5 having a TOF very close to ZrO2 or TiO2. The TOF of the surface vanadium oxide phase on all the oxide supports is essentially independent of the vanadium oxide loading below monolayer coverage. The similar structures of the surface vanadium oxide phase on the different oxide supports as well as the independence of the TOF with respect to vanadium oxide surface coverage suggests that a structural difference is not responsible for the difference in reactivity of the various supported vanadium oxide catalysts. Similar activation energies are observed for all the supported vanadium oxide catalysts (19.6 ± 2.3 kcal/mol) which correspond to the CH bond breaking of the surface methoxy species to form formaldehyde. The similar activation energies and different TOFs of the supported vanadium oxide catalysts with respect to the oxide support imply that the specific oxide support influences the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor. In situ Raman studies during methanol oxidation suggest that the pre-exponential factor is determined by the number of participating surface vanadium oxide sites. The importance of the activity per surface vanadium oxide site in determining the pre-exponential factor was not investigated and may also be significant. The TOF for methanol oxidation is not related to the terminal VO bond strength, but appear to be related to the reducibility (Tmax) of the supported vanadium oxide catalysts. It is proposed that the number of participating surface vanadium oxide sites is most probably related to the reducibility of the V0Support bond since this bridging bond strength controls the reducibility of the supported vanadium oxide catalysts.
Designing procedural illustrations

Ideally, illustrations for procedural documents should show actions from the point of view of performers, especially if performers' bodies need to be positioned a particular way to perform actions. At the same time, illustrations also should ameliorate the limits of two-dimensional displays (such as the printed page or electronic screen) by showing bodies, objects, and movements across the display plane. These two requirements may conflict, possibly necessitating use of compromise views.
The demographic consequences of metropolitan population deconcentration in the U.S.

Although the recent growth in the nonmetropolitan population of the U.S. is now well documented, little attention has been given to the consequences these trends will have on the future composition and growth of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions. This paper discusses the feedback effects of migration on the future age structure and population growth of both regions during the period 1975–2000.
Benthic hydrocarbons of Rhode Island Sound

Abstract The hydrocarbon contents of surface sediments, sediment cores and ocean quahogs ( Arctica islandica ) from Rhode Island Sound have been determined. Hydrocarbon concentrations in surface sediments normally range from 1.0 to 56.1 μg/g, largely dependent on sediment type and sedimentation rates. However, concentrations up to 301 μg/g are observed in surface samples from a dredge spoil deposit located in the study area. Based on (1) qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon distributions in the sediments, (2) the hydrocarbon to organic carbon ratio, and (3) the ratio of the concentration of a prominent cycloalkene compound to organic carbon, the normal hydrocarbon geochemistry of the region is defined. Using these criteria, the effect of the dredge spoil deposit (containing 5 to 20 × 10 3 metric tons of hydrocarbons) is seen to be insignificant beyond 2 km from the disposal site. Hydrocarbon contents of the ocean quahog do not reflect the sediment distributions qualitatively or quantitatively. Throughout the study area the clams' hydrocarbon contents vary by a factor of 2.5 (2.6–6.4 μg/g wet) while the sediment concentrations vary by two orders of magnitude. The hydrocarbon assemblage in the clams exhibits a lower boiling point distribution than that in the sediments. Key components of the surface sediments are two cycloalkene compounds of molecular weight 344 and 348. Their concentration covaries very significantly with the organic carbon content of the sediment. A major component of Arctica is another related cycloalkene of molecular weight 342. This compound is not present in the sediment. A sediment core from the area shows a decreasing concentration of hydrocarbons and a decreasing percentage of unresolved components (UCM) with increasing depth. It is proposed that the rapid increase in the quantity of the UCM observed at a certain depth within the sediment, can serve as a chemical marker in the recent sedimentary record. This marker corresponds to the increased usage of petroleum products at the end of the 19th century.
Counseling women with early pregnancy failure: Utilizing evidence, preserving preference

Objectives: To apply principles of shared decision-making to EPF management counseling. To present a patient treatment priority checklist developed from review of available literature on patient priorities for EPF management. Methods: Review of evidence for patient preferences; personal, emotional, physical and clinical factors that may influence patient priorities for EPF management; and the clinical factors, resources, and provider bias that may influence current practice. Results: Women have strong and diverse preferences for EPF management and report higher satisfaction when treated according to these preferences. However, estimates of actual treatment patterns suggest that current practice does not reflect the evidence for safety and acceptability of all options, or patient preferences. Multiple practice barriers and biases exist that may be influencing provider counseling about options for EPF management. Conclusion: Choosing management for EPF is a preference-sensitive decision. A patientcentered approach to EPF management should incorporate counseling about all treatment options. Practice implications: Providers can integrate a counseling model into EPF management practice that utilizes principles of shared decision-making and an organized method for eliciting patient preferences, priorities, and concerns about treatment options.
Edwin Mansfield’s contributions to the economics of technology

Abstract Edwin Mansfield’s contributions to the economics of technology are summarized from the early 1960s through his death in 1997. Mansfield’s methodology is discussed, as are his contributions on: the diffusion of technical innovation, the effect of firm size on innovation, the role of academic and basic research in increasing innovation and productivity, international technology transfer and the inaccuracy of technological forecasts. The economics profession’s evaluation of the relative importance of Mansfield’s work is presented, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Identified as among Mansfield’s most important contributions are his work on the importance of academic research for industrial innovations, his empirical estimation of the rates of diffusion of different innovations, and his estimation of the private and social returns from investments in industrial innovations. Finally, we present Mansfield’s advice on the future of the economics of technology.
Validation of Streamflow Measurements Made with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

The U.S. Geological Survey and other international agencies have collaborated to conduct laboratory and field validations of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements of streamflow. Laboratory validations made in a large towing basin show that the mean differences between tow cart velocity and ADCP bottom-track and water-track velocities were −0.51 and −1.10% , respectively. Field validations of commercially available ADCPs were conducted by comparing streamflow measurements made with ADCPs to reference streamflow measurements obtained from concurrent mechanical current-meter measurements, stable rating curves, salt-dilution measurements, or acoustic velocity meters. Data from 1,032 transects, comprising 100 discharge measurements, were analyzed from 22 sites in the United States, Canada, Sweden, and The Netherlands. Results of these analyses show that broadband ADCP streamflow measurements are unbiased when compared to the reference discharges regardless of the water mode used for making the ...
Interconversion of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate to inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate and (1,3,4)-trisphosphate in permeabilized adrenal glomerulosa cells is calcium-sensitive and ATP-dependent.

Summary The metabolism of [ 3 H]inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate was followed in permeabilized bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. At low Ca ++ concentration (pCa = 7.2), more than 90% of [ 3 H]inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate had disappeared within 2 min, while two other metabolites, [ 3 H]inositol (1,3,4)-trisphosphate and [ 3 H]inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate appeared progressively. At higher Ca ++ concentrations (pCa = 5.7 and 4.8), the formation of these two metabolites was markedly increased, but completely abolished if the medium was ATP-depleted. The peak levels for the generation of [ 3 H]inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate (1 min) preceded those of [ 3 H]inositol (1,3,4)-trisphosphate and were closely correlated. These results suggest that, in adrenal glomerulosa cells, the isomer inositol (1,3,4)-trisphosphate is generated from inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate via a calcium-sensitive and ATP-dependent phosphorylation/dephosphorylation pathway involving the formation of inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate.
Prostaglandin modulation of N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-induced transmembrane potential changes in rat neutrophils

Abstract Prostaglandins of the E-series (PGEs) and PGI 2 will inhibit formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine- (f-Met-Leu-Phe) induced lysosomal enzyme release and superoxide-anion (O − 2 ) production by neutrophils. The inhibitory effects of PGEs and PGI 2 on neutrophil functional responses have been correlated with their ability to increase intracellular cAMP. In this study we have examined the effects of PGEs and PGI 2 on f-Met-Leu-Phe- and phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced rat neutrophil membrane potential changes using an optical probe of membrane potential 3,3-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide. 15-( S )-15-methyl-PGE 1 (15-methyl-PGE 1 ), a stable analogue of PGE 1 and PGI 2 inhibited f-Met-Leu-Phe-induced transmembrane potential changes in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was correlated with the ability of these agents to increase intracellular cAMP levels and inhibit O − 2 production and degranulation. In contrast, 15-methyl-PGE 1 and PGI 2 , did not inhibit phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced transmembrane potential changes and O − 2 production. These results suggest independent mechanisms of activation of neutrophils by phorbol myristate acetate and f-Met-Leu-Phe, and they also suggest that the inhibitory effects of prostaglandins and cAMP on f-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated cells is at a step or steps prior to activation of those processes involved in effecting changes in transmembrane potential, which are common to both stimuli.
Maximizing critical currents in superconductors by optimization of normal inclusion properties

Abstract The movement of vortices in superconductors due to an applied current can induce a loss of perfect conductivity. Experimental observations show that material impurities can effectively prevent vortices from moving. In this paper, we provide numerical studies to investigate vortex pinning and critical currents through the use of an optimal control approach applied to a variant of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model that can account for normal inclusions. The effects that the size and boundary of the sample and the number, size, shape, orientation, and location of the inclusion sites have on the critical current and vortex lattices are studied. In particular, the optimal control approach is used to determine the optimal properties of the impurities so as to maximize the critical current, i.e., the largest current that can pass through a superconductor without resistance.
INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM FORTIFICATION ON SENSORY, PHYSICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUIT YOGURT

Abstract There has been great demand of calcium fortified dairy products as they can serve as an ideal vehicle for carrying extra calcium to fulfill the nutritional needs but there is need to generate information on the effect of fortification of calcium on the physical properties of these products. In the present study, the calcium enriched mango yogurt was prepared after fortification of pasteurized yogurt mix with 50 mg Ca/100 ml of calcium lactate, this level selected from a preliminary study of sensory evaluation. Fortification of yogurt with calcium lactate at this level significantly (P 0.05) difference was observed in tan δ values of control and calcium fortified fruit yogurt indicating similar nature of bonds involved in the gel structure formation of both the yogurt samples. The more firm structure of the calcium fortified fruit yogurt is thus attributed to the higher extent of colloidal calcium phosphate cross-linking between casein micelles due to increased calcium content by fortification. Also flavor, color, and body and texture scores of control and calcium fortified fruit yogurt did not show any significant difference (P>0.05).
Flow and pressure distributions in vascular networks consisting of distensible vessels

We examine the influence of vessel distensibility on the fraction of the total network flow passing through each vessel of a model vascular network. An exact computational methodology is developed ...
Optimum distribution of diagnostic-specific technology.

Recognizing that the suboptimal allocation of plant assets contribute to the inflationary pressures in the health industry, this paper employs the principles of goal programming to develop a model for distributing diagnostic-specific technology among potential recipients in a given geopraphic region. The model allocates diagnostic-specific equipment so as to ensure that (1) the provision of the related service satifies the health needs of the population at risk, (2) the capacity to provide the service in the region and in the hospital is optimal, (3) the service is provided at minimum cost, and (4) access to the equipment is satisfactory. An application and the practical implications of the model are also explored.
The effects of relationship quality on adolescent chlamydia infection over time.

Conclusions: Over time a direct causal relationship between condom use and chlamydia infection was found. Condom use is part of a complex set of social expectations around sexual behavior which is influenced by the quality of the relationship with the sexual partner. Results demonstrate that the reduction of chlamydia infection by reducing coital frequency would be a difficult task. Pre/intervention efforts need to attend to the interpersonal factors behind decisions to use condoms and involve both members of the relationship. (excerpt)
Molecular analysis of H-2 class I molecules expressed on the UV-induced tumour 1591.

SUMMARY We have biochemically characterized by 2D (two-dimensional) electrophoresis three novel class I molecules called A166, A149 and A216 expressed by 1591, a UV-induced fibrosarcoma, and have compared them to class I molecules expressed by mice of the H-2q and H-2s haplotypes. A166 and A149 are very similar if not identical to Dq and Lq respectively. We have shown, using HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) tryptic peptide mapping, that the expression of A166 is approximately three fold greater than A149, reminiscent of Dd compared to Ld. In addition A216 possess an identical isoelectric point to that of the Ks molecule. We demonstrate that outbred Swiss Webster mice express an analogous constellation of class I molecules and we conclude that our results can be most easily interpreted in terms of an allogeneic origin for the novel class I molecules expressed on 1591.
GW study of the metal-insulator transition of bcc hydrogen

We study the metal-insulator transition in a model Mott system, a bcc hydrogen solid, by performing ab initio quasiparticle band-structure calculations within the GW approximation for a wide range of lattice constants. The value of the critical electron density n(c) is consistent with Mott's original criterion. For smaller lattice constants, our spin-polarized GW results agree well with previous variational quantum Monte Carlo calculations. For large lattice constants, the computed quasiparticle band gap corresponds to the difference between the ionization energy and electron affinity of an isolated hydrogen atom. Near the metal-insulator transition, we investigate the quality of the quasiparticle wave functions obtained from different starting approximations in density-functional theory. Finally, we gain new insight into the GW method and its applicability to spin-polarized systems, for which several refinements are introduced.
Standard potentials of the couples involving AuBr4−, AuBr2− and Au In bromide media

Abstract Utilizing a spectrophotometric determination of AuBr 4 − in the presence of AuBr 2 − , the equilibrium constant for the reaction AuBr 4 − + 2Au + 2Br − = 3 AuBr 2 − has been evaluated by analysis of equilibrium solutions obtained from both the AuBr 4 − side and the AuBr 2 − side in hydrobromic acid between 0.1 and 1.0 M . The equilibrium constant at infinite dilution (25°) is 4.7 × 10 −6 with an uncertainty of ±10%. By observing the potential of a gold electrode in the equilibrating solution, it has been demonstrated that the potential determining couple is the AuBr 2 − /Au couple, rather than either the AuBr 4 − /AuBr 2 − couple or the AuBr 4 − /Au couple. The standard potentials at 25° vs . N.H.E. (infinite dilution) for the three couples are
Comparison of the inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin synthesis i. oral squamous carcinoma cells

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to suppress the growth rate of human osteogenic sarcoma cells and to have selective cytotoxic acitivity against human cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of various PUFAs on inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by oral squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-25). A significant inhibition of PGE 2 and PGF 2α synthesis in SCC-25 was observed by all PUFAs tested except in the case of linoleic acid (LA) at 10 μM level. At 10 μM level the rank order of inhibition of PG synthesis by PUFAs was docosahexaenoic (DHA) > eicosapentaenoic (EPA) + DHA > dihomogamma-linolenic (DGLA) > EPA > α-linolenic (ALA) > linoleic (LA). At 50, 75, 100 μM the rank order of inhibition was DGLA > EPA > EPA + DHA > DHA > ALA > LA.
Recent research advances in the chemistry of poly(vinyl chloride)

Summarized briefly here are some new observations that relate to the polymerization chemistry of vinyl chloride (VC) and to the thermal degradation, thermal stabilization, fire retardance, and smoke suppression of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). During polymerization, head-to-head VC emplacement leads to β-chloroalkyl radicals that can transfer chlorine atoms directly to VC. Another mechanism for transfer to monomer is responsible, however, for the polymer molecular-weight reductions that occur at high VC conversions. This transfer process involves the abstraction of methylene hydrogen from the polymer by an ordinary macroradical and the subsequent bimolecular donation of a chlorine atom to VC. The propagation steps of the polymerization do not become diffusion-controlled at VC conversions near 90%, and hydrogen abstraction from the polymer by ordinary macroradicals leads to the structural defects that cause thermal instability. The thermal dehydrochlorination of PVC involves ion pairs or four-center concerted transition states that are highly polarized. Reversible thermal stabilization of the polymer by organic metal salts occurs by the Frye-Horst process, and the reductive coupling of PVC chains may suppress both smoke and flame. This coupling can result from reactions of the polymer with zero- or low-valent transition-metal species that are formed in situ from appropriate additives.
The DPG method for the Stokes problem

We discuss well-posedness and convergence theory for the DPG method applied to a general system of linear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and specialize the results to the classical Stokes problem. The Stokes problem is an iconic troublemaker for standard Bubnov-Galerkin methods; if discretizations are not carefully designed, they may exhibit non-convergence or locking. By contrast, DPG does not require us to treat the Stokes problem in any special manner. We illustrate and confirm our theoretical convergence estimates with numerical experiments.
Progress in using conductive polymers as corrosion-inhibiting coatings

Abstract A general review of the chemistry and corrosion control properties of electroactive polymers will be presented. These polymers are also known as conductive polymers (CPs), and this term will be used throughout this article. This paper will focus on both the synthesis of applicable CPs used for corrosion protection in various environments and their potential benefits over common organic barrier coatings.
Approximation of stopped Brownian local time by diadic crossing chains

Abstract Let B ( t ) be a Brownian motion on R , B (0) = 0, and for α n := 2 − n let T n 0 = 0, T n k +1 = inf{ t > T n k :| B ( t )− B ( T n k )| = α n }, 0 ⩽ k . Then B ( T n k ):= R n ( kα 2 n ) is the n th approximating random walk. Define M n by T n M n = T (−1) (the passage time to −1) and let L ( x ) be the local time of B at T (−1). The paper is concerned with 1. (a) the conditional law of L given σ ( R n ), and 2. (b) the estimator E ( L (·)| σ ( R n )). Let N n ( k ) denote the number of upcrossings by R n of ( kα n , ( k + 1) α n ) by step M n . Explicit formulae for (a) and (b) are obtained in terms of N n . More generally, for T = T n K n , 0⩽ K n ∈ σ ( R n ), let L ( x ) be the local time at T, and let N ± n ( k ) be the respective numbers of upcrossings (downcrossings) by step K n . Simple expressions for (a) and (b) are given in terms of N ± n . For fixed measure μ on R , 2 n E [∫( E ( L ( x )| σ ( R n )) − L ( x )) 2 μ ( dx )| σ ( R n ] is obtained, and when μ (d x ) = d x it reduces to 14 15 α 2 n K n . With T kept fixed as n → ∞, this converges P -a.s. to 14 15 T .
Florida Residents' Constraints to Parks and Public Lands Visitation: An Assessment of the Validity of an Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Structural Model

Abstract The purpose of this study was to empirically test Crawford, Jackson and Godbey's (1991) constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) for construct validity within the context of visiting parks and public lands among the residents of Florida, U.S. Respondents were asked to respond (major reason, minor reason, not a reason, and not sure) to 17 perceived constraint statements that represented the three theoretical constraint constructs. A statewide survey (n=3610) that employed random digit dialing of households was conducted. Descriptive statistics identified the constraints that had the most influence: lack of time, too busy with other activities, lack of information, and preference to do other forms of recreation. Conversely, the constraints that had the least influence were lack of transportation, skills, and the dislike of participating in the outdoors. Data were analyzed employing the structural equations modeling package (EQS). Besides few differences between the hypothesiz...
V-type nerve agent detection using a carbon nanotube-based amperometric enzyme electrode.

An enzyme electrode for the detection of V-type nerve agents, VX (O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate) and R-VX (O-isobutyl-S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate), is proposed. The principle of the new biosensor is based on the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nerve agents and amperometric detection of the thiol-containing hydrolysis products at carbon nanotube-modified screen-printed electrodes. Demeton-S was used as a nerve agent mimic. 2-(Diethylamino)ethanethiol (DEAET) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol (DMAET), the thiol-containing hydrolysis product and hydrolysis product mimic of R-VX and VX, respectively, were monitored by exploiting the electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes (CNT). As low as 2 μM DMAET and 0.8 μM DEAET were detected selectively at a low applied potential of 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl at a CNT-modified mediator-free amperometric electrode. Further, the large surface area and the hydrophobicity of CNT was used to immobilize organophosphorus hydrolase mutan...
Product limit estimates: a generalized maximum likelihood study

The generalized maximum likelihood estimate (GMLE) assumptions are studied for four product-limit estimates (PLE): Censoring PLE (Kaplan-Meier estimate), truncation PLE, censoring-truncation PLE, and the degenerated PLE - the empirical distribution function. This paper shows that all the PLE's are also the GMLE's even if they are derived from partial likelihoods by natural parameterization techniques. However, a counter example is given to show that Kiefer Wolfowitz's assumption (1956) for consistency of GMLE can hardly be satisfied for un-dominated case.
Improving WMHP Journal Manuscripts

The objective of the WMHP Journal is to offer a publication platform for international professionals and assist them in publishing otherwise unrecognized articles. We find it rewarding to aid them in becoming a part of the international, scientific publication community; however, because of this commitment, editors spend a considerable amount of time correcting international manuscripts. It would behoove both the authors and the Journal if authors conform to the submission criteria and engage an English-speaking copy-editor before submitting manuscripts.
Theory of the Surface Tension of Simple Liquids: Application to Liquid Metals

This Letter presents an approximate closed-form solution to the density-functional theory for the surface tension and surface width of simple liquids. The results for both are in excellent agreement with experiments on Ar over wide range of temperature and density. The theory is extended via an ion density-functional formalism to simple metals. Good agreement is obtained for the surface tensions of ten liquid metals and for the surface width of liquid Hg.
Supercoiling of intracellular DNA can occur in eukaryotic cells

Abstract The supercoiling of 2μm DNA in yeast by a process or processes that generate positively and negatively supercoiled domains was shown by the use of yeast DNA topoisomerase mutants expressing Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I, an enzyme that relaxes negative supercoils specifically. Intracellular 2μm DNA becomes positively supercoiled in yeast top1 top2 ts strains expressing the E. coli enzyme when neither one of the yeast DNA topoisomerases I and II is functional. Examination of the linking number distributions of plasmids bearing the inducible promoters of GAL1 and GAL10 genes indicates that the generation of supercoiled domains of opposite signs is related to transcription.
Recombinomics: population genomics from a recombination perspective

As biotechnologies improve, coupled with falling costs, more and more genomic data becomes available fostering a renewed interest in understanding recombinational dynamics at unprecedented levels. In this paper, we survey the field for established as well as exploratory methods for handling the challenging task of untangling recombinations in observed data. These include ways to measure the effects of recombinations as well as infer the recombination events (crossover) themselves. We next track the progress made in model (or phylogeny) based approaches as they have the potential for ushering in the recombinome, the set of all the crossover points along the chromosome in a given organism.
Methyl iodide: an alternative to methyl bromide for insectary fumigation

Methyl bromide is a powerful fumigant that has been widely used in soil, structural and commodity fumigations for many years. Because of its designation as an ozone-depleting chemical and resulting federal and international laws, it is scheduled to be removed from production in the year 2001. In experiments testing the suitability of methyl iodide as a replacement chemical for insectary and quarantine fumigations, the chemical appears to be as effective or more effective than methyl bromide. Increased symptoms of plant toxicity to methyl iodide are evidenced only at concentrations above those required to kill insect pests.
Protection against Experimental Intraabdominal Sepsis by Two Polysaccharide Immunomodulators

Two immunomodulating polysaccharides, poly-(1-6)-beta-glucotriosyl-(1-3)-beta-glucopyranose (PGG)-glucan and Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A (PS A), were evaluated for the prevention of mortality and abscess formation associated with experimental intraabdominal sepsis. Prophylactic treatment with a combination of these compounds significantly reduced mortality (8% vs. 44% in the saline-treated control group) and the incidence of abscesses (30% vs. 100% in the saline-treated control group) after challenge with rat cecal contents. These compounds were also effective when administered therapeutically after bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity. PS A treatment conferred long-term protection against abscess formation and resulted in significantly fewer total aerobes and anaerobes in the peritoneal fluid of animals challenged with cecal contents. These data demonstrate the usefulness of two immunomodulatory polysaccharides in preventing experimental intraabdominal sepsis in the absence of antimicrobial therapy and may represent a new adjunct to antibiotic regimens currently used to prevent clinical cases of this disease.
Genetic studies of floral evolution in Layia

Layia glandulosa (Compositae) and L. discoidea are self-incompatible annual plants native to California which are completely interfertile and appear to be related as progenitor and recent derivative. L. glandulosa has sunflower-like heads (capitula) with showy female rays, each subtended by an involucral bract which enfolds the ovary. L. discoidea lacks both rays and enfolding bracts. We describe the results of a breeding programme to identify specific genes that control these and associated morphological traits. The differences in capitulum type are governed primarily by two genes, partially confirming the conclusions of Clausen, Keck and Hiesey (1947). Recombination of these genes produced a novel phenotype with “gibbous” florets in place of rays. Gibbous florets have aspects of both ray and disk florets as well as unique traits. They are fertile and consistent in expression, demonstrating that new combinations of developmental processes may be assimilated without evident adverse effects. Another recombinant genotype confers on ray florets traits such as ovary pubescence and pappus, normally found only on disk florets. Despite the absence of ray florets, L. discoidea has a polymorphism that affects ray presence/absence and additional genes modifying ray floret number, size, shape and colour. Thus, differences in floral morphology between the species depend on a complex assemblage of genes with significant and specific morphological consequences.
Silicium‐Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen

Die Chemie der SiN-Bindung hat in letzter Zeit einen enormen Aufschwung erfahren[1–5]. Wahrend sich fruher der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen auf offenkettige Silazane und Silylamine konzentrierte, sind es heute die cyclischen SiN-Verbindungen, die zunehmendes Interesse beanspruchen. Vor allem der Bedarf an besseren, oberhalb 350°C bestandigen Polymeren und Flussigkeiten[6] hat zur Intensivierung der Entwicklung auf diesem Gebiet beigetragen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden monomere cyclische Verbindungen mit mindestens einer SiN-Bindung im Ring sowie die sich davon ableitenden Polycyclen behandelt.
The Elusive Search for Normative Order in International Relations

Broken Chain of Being: James Brown Scott and the Origins of Modern International Law, Christopher R. Rossi (Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1998). 206 pp., cloth (ISBN: 9-0411-0629-6), $75.00. Books reviewed: Communicating Democracy: The Media and Political Transitions ,Patrick H. O'Neil, ed. Broken Chain of Being: James Brown Scott and theOrigins of Modern International Law , Christopher R. Rossi
Aberrant transcription and the failure of Plasmodium falciparum to differentiate into gametocytes

In the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, a DNA rearrangement is associated with erroneous transcription of the early gametocyte antigen gene, Pfg27/25, and the failure of the blood stages to differentiate into gametocytes. Altered blood stage-specific patterns of mRNA accumulation were observed for the Pfg27/25 gene, in mutant P. falciparum parasites that have lost the capacity to differentiate sexually. Each mutant demonstrates a DNA rearrangement upstream of the coding sequence. The location of the gene proximal breakpoint correlates with the complete absence of stable Pfg27/25 transcripts or with the accumulation of aberrant Pfg27/25 mRNAs in the asexual stages. The rearrangement identifies a labile region of the genome which contributes to accurate stage-specific Pfg27/25 gene transcription and may be necessary for a critical early step in sexual differentiation.
Doing Your Own Think: Transmission of Cognitive Skills to Inner City Children.

Think Workshops, training Harlem parents to experience “fun in thinking” with their children, led to significant gains in cognitive skills by both adults and youngsters. Brainstorming as an ego-oriented, rather than a task-oriented technique helped provide parents, paraprofessionals, and children with egostrengthening flexibility.
Time-resolved measurements of coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer

Time-resolved particle image velocimetry was used to examine the structure and evolution of swirling coherent structure (SCS), one interpretation of which is a marker for a three-dimensional coherent vortex structure, in wall-parallel planes of a turbulent boundary layer with a large field of view, 4.3δ × 2.2δ. Measurements were taken at four different wall-normal locations ranging from y/δ = 0.08–0.48 at a friction Reynolds number, Re_τ = 410. The data set yielded statistically converged results over a larger field of view than typically observed in the literature. The method for identifying and tracking swirling coherent structure is discussed, and the resulting trajectories, convection velocities, and lifespan of these structures are analyzed at each wall-normal location. The ability of a model in which the entirety of an individual SCS travels at a single convection velocity, consistent with the attached eddy hypothesis of Townsend (The structure of turbulent shear flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976), to describe the data is investigated. A methodology for determining whether such structures are “attached” or “detached” from the wall is also proposed and used to measure the lifespan and convection velocity distributions of these different structures. SCS were found to persist for longer periods of time further from the wall, particularly those inferred to be “detached” from the wall, which could be tracked for longer than 5 eddy turnover times.
Central Role of TRPM4 Channels in Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation

Background and Purpose— The transient receptor potential channel TRPM4 is critically linked to the myogenic constrictor response of cerebral arteries that occurs when intravascular pressure increases. This myogenic behavior is thought to be fundamentally involved in the mechanisms of blood flow autoregulation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TRPM4 channels in cerebrovascular myocytes contribute to cerebral blood flow autoregulation in vivo. Methods— In vivo suppression of cerebrovascular TRPM4 expression was achieved by infusing antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into the cerebral spinal fluid of 400- to 550-g Sprague-Dawley rats at 80 μg · day−1 for 7 days using an osmotic pump that discharged into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Absolute cerebral blood flow measurements were obtained over a range of mean arterial pressures using fluorescent microsphere methods. Results— Oligonucleotides infused into the cerebrospinal fluid were detected in the smooth muscle cells of pial arteries. Semi-quantit...
Leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency: a member of a probably underdiagnosed new group of neurometabolic diseases.

Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of biologically highly active compounds which mainly include the cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 and LTB4. Biosynthesis is limited to a small number of different cells including brain tissue. Besides their well known function in the mediation of inflammation and host defence, cysteinyl LTs have neuromodulatory functions in the brain. Here we describe the recently discovered first two cases with a defect in the synthesis of LTs, LTC4 synthesis deficiency which is characterised by severe muscular hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, failure to thrive, microcephaly, and by the total absence of cysteinyl LTs in body fluids and deficient synthesis of the primary cysteinyl LT, LTC4, in blood cells. We describe the clinical and biochemical findings as well as the pathophysiological aspects of this condition and of further defects suggested in the synthetic pathway of LTs. Moreover, certain disease states which are known to be associated with secondary disturbances of LT degradation are also discussed. Conclusion Leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency represents a member of a newly recognised group of neurometabolic disorders which are probably underdiagnosed. Analysis of leukotrienes is recommended in all patients with neurological symptoms who have no apparently obvious metabolic cause.
Bone Wax Prevents Nystagmus After Labyrinthine Fenestration in Guinea Pigs

Abstract Objective We examined the effect of 3 methods of closure of labyrinthine fenestrations. Study design and setting A guinea pig animal model was developed to examine the effect of 3 methods of closure of labyrinthine fenestrations. These methods included bone wax alone, fascia and fibrin glue, and fascia alone. Nystagmus, a reproducible sign of labyrinthine injury, was chosen as an end point for comparing materials commonly used in human ear surgery. Results Animals repaired with bone wax showed no postoperative nystagmus, whereas animals repaired with other materials or that underwent canal fenestration without repair showed 3 to 5 days of postoperative nystagmus. Conclusions Although it is premature to extrapolate our results to human surgery, postoperative nystagmus can be eliminated in guinea pigs by sealing labyrinthine fenestrations with bone wax. Significance Given the intimate relationship between the vestibular and cochlear systems, it is possible that prevention of vestibular irritation might be associated with preservation of cochlear function.
Delayed recurrence of nasal aspergillosis in a dog.

A two-year-old, female spayed Australian cattle dog was diagnosed with nasal aspergillosis. The dog was treated topically with clotrimazole. Clinical signs recurred two months later and the clotrimazole treatment was repeated and 5 mg/kg itraconazole twice daily was added to it. The recommended dose of itraconazole for nasal aspergillosis is 5 mg/kg twice daily administered orally. The dog's symptoms completely resolved, but it developed an adverse febrile reaction to the itraconazole. The itraconazole was discontinued and the dog remained asymptomatic for four years. The dog then developed mucopurulent discharge from the right nostril and was diagnosed as having recurrent nasal aspergillosis. Itraconazole at 5 mg/kg twice daily was prescribed, which again induced a fever. When the itraconazole was decreased to 5 mg/kg once daily there were no fever episodes, but the nasal discharge was not completely resolved. The dog was then treated with topical clotrimazole infusion, and maintained on 5 mg/kg itraconazole daily. To the authors' knowledge, this case is unique because of the delayed recurrence of nasal aspergillosis. Additionally, the idiosyncratic febrile reaction to the itraconazole has not previously been reported in the veterinary literature, but is similar to reports of drug-induced fever in humans.