cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating qualitative research requirements into professional psychology training programs in North America: rationale and curriculum model

At present, there is a paucity of required qualitative research training in graduate-level psychology programs throughout North America. This article presents a rationale and model for integrating qualitative research training in professional psychology. The current status of research training vis-a-vis quantitative and qualitative methods is reviewed, a multilevel rationale for enhanced qualitative training is presented, and specific guidelines for integrating qualitative methods competence into training programs are outlined. The article closes with a sample master's degree and doctoral degree curriculum model for research training in professional psychology.
Effect of Reducing Dietary Digestible Energy to Protein Ratio on Weight Gain and Body Fat of Juvenile Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1

. A laboratory feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of reducing digestible energy to protein (DE:P) ratios of practical diets on body fat and weight gain of channel catfish. Five diets were formulated to contain 32, 28, or 24% crude protein with typical DE:P ratios of 8.5, 9.9, or 11.4 kcal/g protein, respectively, and 28% or 24% protein with a reduced DE:P ratio of 8.5 kcal/g protein. Cellulose was used to adjust the DE:P ratio. Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 5.2 g/fish) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation for 12 wk. Fish fed the 28% protein diet with a reduced DE:P ratio of 8.5 kcal/g protein gained less weight and converted feed less efficiently than those fed the 28% protein diet with a typical DE:P ratio of 9.9 kcal/g protein. Fish fed the 24% protein diet with a reduced DE:P ratio of 8.5 kcal/g protein had a similar weight gain but converted feed less efficiently than those fed the 24% protein diet with a typical DE:P ratio of 11.4 kcal/g protein. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of fish fed the 32% protein diet with a typical DE:P ratio of 8.5 kcal/g protein were higher than for fish fed other diets except those fed the 28% protein diet with a DE:P ratio of 9.9 kcal/g protein. There were no differences in feed consumption and survival among dietary treatments. Fillet fat of fish fed the 24% and 28% protein diets with a reduced DE:P ratio was lower than that of the fish fed diets containing the same protein concentrations with typical DE:P ratios. At a DE:P ratio of 8.5 kcal/g protein, there were no differences in fillet fat concentration among fish fed diets containing different protein concentrations. There were no differences in fillet protein, moisture, and ash between fish fed the 24% or 28% protein diets containing reduced and typical DE:P ratios. Results from this study show that reducing DE:P ratios in practical diets lowers body fat but also depresses weight gain of channel catfish; thus it would not be economical to use this strategy to reduce body fat of the fish.
A new Species of Enteropneusta, Ptychodera pelsarti, from the Abrolhos Islands.*

SUMMARY. It will be advisable perhaps to add, in the form of a summary, a short diagnosis of the characters of the species Ptychodera pelsarti. Ptychodera Pelsarti, n. sp.—Moderately large form, average size of preserved specimens 50–60 mm. (considerable contraction had taken place). Proboscis cavity with longitudinal muscles gathered into distinct radially arranged bundles. Neck of proboscis with a distinct well-developed but unlobulated “racemose” organ. Ventral proboscis, caecum, and “racemose” organ compressed laterally. Cornua of nuchal skeleton very long and reaching posterior half of collar, body of skeleton with characteristic shape. Two proboscis pores. Stomochord with well-developed lateral pouches. (Esophageal region of pharynx predominates over the branchial. Collar nerve-cord with continuous lumen and usually with three dorsal roots. Locality: Polsart Island, Abrolhos Islands, West Coast of Australia.
Reactive ion etching damage to the electrical properties of ferroelectric thin films

Reactive ion etching damage to Pt/Pb(Zr, Ti)O3/Pt ferroelectric capacitors was evaluated under Ar bombardment and CHClFCF3 etch plasmas. The hysteresis and degradation properties, including fatigue and leakage current, were examined systematically to study the mechanism of damage. The damage was measured quantitatively by comparing the relative voltage shift with respect to the initial hysteresis loops. The damage effects were found to be dependent on etching time and mainly due to the physical effect of ion bombardment. The electrical properties of the etched Pt/Pb(Zr, Ti)O3/Pt capacitors were substantially recovered by annealing at 400 °C for 30 min.
Apolipoprotein L6, induced in atherosclerotic lesions, promotes apoptosis and blocks beclin 1-dependent autophagy in atherosclerotic cells

Inflammatory cytokine-regulated apoptosis and autophagy play pivotal roles in plaque rupture and thrombosis of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the molecular interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in vascular cells has not been investigated. Our prior study showed that human apolipoprotein L6 (ApoL6), a pro-apoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family, was one of the downstream targets of interferon-γ (INFγ), which sensitizes atherosclerotic lesion-derived cells (LDCs) to Fas-induced apoptosis. To investigate whether ApoL6 plays a causal role in atherosclerotic apoptosis and autophagy, in this study, we demonstrate that IFNγ treatment itself strongly induces ApoL6, and ApoL6 is highly expressed and partially co-localized with activated caspase 3 in activated smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, overexpression of ApoL6 promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptosis, which can be blocked by pan caspase inhibitor and ROS scavenger. Knockdown of ApoL6 expression by siApoL6 suppresses INFγ- and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Further, ApoL6 binds Bcl-XL, one of the most abundant anti-death proteins in LDCs. Interestingly, forced ApoL6 expression in LDCs induces degradation of Beclin 1, accumulation of p62, and subsequent attenuation of LC3-II formation and translocation and thus autophagy, whereas siApoL6 treatment reverts the phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that ApoL6 regulates both apoptosis and autophagy in SMCs. IFNγ-initiated, ApoL6-induced apoptosis in vascular cells may be an important factor causing plaque instability and a potential therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Inorganic carbon acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton communities

Despite significant advances in the understanding of carbon acquisition in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria, very little information is available on the mechanisms of C uptake in natural phytoplankton communities or the effects of CO2 variations on marine primary productivity. In this article, we present the results of a 3-yr study of C acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton populations and their responses to experimental CO2 manipulations. Diatom-dominated phytoplankton assemblages collected without incubation showed photosynthetic characteristics indicative of a carbon concentrating mechanism. Cells possessed a high affinity for external inorganic C (apparent Km ~1 µM CO2) and accumulated internal inorganic C pools that were ~3–5.5-fold higher than those in the external medium. Evidence of in situ carbonic anhydrase expression was found in some of the phytoplankton populations we examined, and inhibitor experiments showed that this enzyme was essential for C fixation by cells. The presence of carbon concentrating mechanisms enabled the phytoplankton to maintain rapid growth rates over a wide range of CO2 concentrations (3–32 µM). In five of six long-term (~2–5-d) CO2 manipulation experiments, no difference in growth rates could be detected across treatments. However, a significant decrease in growth rate (30%) was observed in one experiment at the lowest CO2 level tested (3 mM). Although phytoplankton growth rates were generally unaffected by the CO2 manipulations, significant CO2-dependent changes occurred in the cellular biochemistry and physiology of two assemblages that were examined. Cells grown at low CO2 showed higher short-term rates of C uptake (indicative of transport system up-regulation), as well as enhanced expression of Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase. In one of these two incubation experiments, lower C:N and carbohydrate:protein ratios were observed at low CO2 . Phytoplankton from both incubations showed low C isotope discrimination relative to the 13C/12C of the available CO2. Photosynthetic fractionation factors (ϵp) ranged from ~3.5‰ to 7.5‰ and were independent of both cellular growth rates and aqueous CO2 concentrations. Our data indicate that nutrient-replete, rapidly growing coastal phytoplankton can use carbon concentrating mechanisms and respond physiologically and biochemically to changing dissolved CO2 concentrations. Future field studies should examine the effects of CO2 on the growth of nutrient-limited phytoplankton and assess the potential long-term ecological shifts that may result from CO2 variations.
Fluorine in lunar samples: implications concerning lunar fluorapatite

Abstract The F contents of a number of Apollo 14 and 15 samples range from less than a ppm for anorthosite rock fragments to ~165 ppm for some soils and breccias. Apollo 15 soils tend to have lower F contents (50–70 ppm) than soils from other sites. In most cases samples were run simultaneously with W-1 in which F was determined to be 216 (±11) ppm. The F P 2 O 5 ratio is 0·032 ± 0·005 in soils and rocks. A correlation exists in soils between F, P 2 O 5 , and that fraction of the Cl which is insoluble in hot water. The F Cl r ratio in soils and rocks, though different, requires that the phosphate phase involved be fluorapatite; this is consistent with mineralogical observations. F, like Cl, is correlated with KREEP elements at all sites for which data are available.
Secretory proteins as markers for cellular phenotypes in rat salivary glands

Abstract The neonatal submandibular glands (SMG) of the rat contain two types of cells: Type III cells secrete a group of proteins in response to β-adrenergic stimulation, and Type I cells secrete a different protein, called Protein C (89 kDa), in response to cholinergic stimuli (Ball and Redman, 1984) . Polyclonal antibodies raised to Protein B1 (26 kDa) showed that the several proteins in the B1-Immunoreactive Protein (B1-IP) group are localized exclusively to Type III cells. Although we expected that antibodies to Protein B1 would label only the submandibular gland, we found instead that the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland (SLG) and the acinar cells and intercalated ducts of the parotid gland (PRG) were strongly reactive in both the neonate and the adult. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of gland extracts showed the major reactive species in the sublingual gland to have different mobilities than the B1-IP. On the other hand, reactive species in the parotid gland had mobilities identical to those of two SMG proteins. In the adult SMG, the neonatal Type I and Type III cells are not present, and the acinar cells are devoid of B1-IP reactivity; however, the cells of the intercalated ducts have components reactive with anti-B1 antibodies, and these do not appear to be identical to any neonatal bands. In contrast to the submandibular gland, the adult parotid and sublingual glands retain the localization of B1-IP reactivity in PRG acinar and intercalated duct cells and in SLG demilunes, and they show the neonatal immunoelectrophoretic pattern. This raises the possibility that the major B1-IP species in the adult PRG may be identical to transient proteins of the neonatal SMG.
Scenario-Based Learning: An Innovative Approach to Teaching Basic Engineering Courses

Research has established that traditional linear, didactic approaches to teaching through lecturing are at best only tenuously connected to the ultimate aim of achieving competency. In order for classroom instruction to become relevant and meaningful, the process of learning must be motivating and exciting, and the basis of learning should be focused on discovering and not memorizing or regurgitation. We believe a guided discovery process is the most effective way to convert a passive classroom lecture into an engaging active learning experience. Scenario Based Learning (SBL) is an effective approach that provides an excellent framework for active learning. It offers an effective way of engaging learners and building competency mastery. This paper describes the initiatives currently underway at Cal Poly Pomona to develop and implement SBL approach to teach major concepts in basic freshmen and sophomore level engineering courses.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Design and fabrication of magnetically tunable microstructured surfaces

In this work, we present a novel fabrication process for the development of magnetically tunable micropillar arrays, where the tilt angle is controlled with an applied magnetic field. The nickel pillar arrays were fabricated by electroplating and transferring onto a PDMS surface. With a field strength of 0.5 Tesla and a field angle of 60°, a uniform 10.5° tilt angle of the pillar arrays was achieved. Furthermore, we developed a model to capture the tilt angle as a function of the magnetic field, and showed that by replacing nickel to cobalt, the tilt angle could be increased to 30° with the same field. This work promises tunable surface designs for important device platforms in microfluidics, biological and optical applications.
Epitope insertions define functional and topological features of the Escherichia coli ferric enterobactin receptor

The outer membrane protein FepA of Escherichia coli is the receptor for the ferric enterobactin siderophore complex and colicins B and D. A foreign antigenic determinant inserted into selected FepA sites allowed mutational analysis of receptor function and in situ immunological tracking of specific protein domains with respect to the bacterial cell compartment. Immunoblot analysis of bacterial proteins using an epitope-specific antibody detected the peptide determinant in the receptor fusions. The impact of the insertions on FepA function was examined by ferric enterobactin-mediated iron uptake experiments and colicin sensitivity tests. In all cases, FepA retained biological activity despite introduction of the foreign sequence. To further develop the topological model of FepA, the peptide-specific antibody was used to localize epitope-carrying FepA domains in intact bacterial cells and their isolated membranes. One epitope resided in a region on the exterior of the cell, at the surface of the FepA protein, while other epitopes appeared to be localized to the periplasm or within the outer membrane.
B-cell receptor signaling as a driver of lymphoma development and evolution

The B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential for normal B-cell development and maturation. In an increasing number of B-cell malignancies, BCR signaling is implicated as a pivotal pathway in tumorigenesis. Mechanisms of BCR activation are quite diverse and range from chronic antigenic drive by microbial or viral antigens to autostimulation of B-cells by self-antigens to activating mutations in intracellular components of the BCR pathway. Hepatitis C virus infection can lead to the development of splenic marginal zone lymphoma, while Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. In some of these cases, successful treatment of the infection removes the inciting antigen and results in resolution of the lymphoma. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been recognized for decades as a malignancy of auto-reactive B-cells and its clinical course is in part determined by the differential response of the malignant cells to BCR activation. In a number of B-cell malignancies, activating mutations in signal transduction components of the BCR pathway have been identified; prominent examples are activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) that carry mutations in CD79B and CARD11 and display chronic active BCR signaling resulting in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway. Despite considerable heterogeneity in biology and clinical course, many mature B-cell malignancies are highly sensitive to kinase inhibitors that disrupt BCR signaling. Thus, targeted therapy through inhibition of BCR signaling is emerging as a new treatment paradigm for many B-cell malignancies. Here, we review the role of the BCR in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies and summarize clinical results of the emerging class of kinase inhibitors that target this pathway.
Multi-Sensor Integration Using Concurrent Computing

This paper addresses methods for high and low level multi-sensor integration based on maintaining consistent labelings of features detected in different sensor domains. Implementation in a concurrent computing environment is discussed. Keywords: Multi-Sensor Integration, Sensor Fusion, Consistent Labeling, Markov Random Field, Concurrent Computing, Hypercube, Simulated Annealing.
Architecture assessment of HLLV candidates

Results of an architecture study of four Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles (HLLV) families are summarized, with attention given to civil, commercial, military and Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) applications. The Mars Exploration architecture is used as the SEI model baseline, and the architecture of each vehicle family is analyzed with respect to ground processing, launch operations, on-orbit operations, mission performance, and cost. For lunar missions, a 70-t earth-to-orbit (ETO) vehicle is shown to have definite cost advantages, with only small operational disadvantages, if the lunar program is small or medium in size. For Mars, a comparison of 150-t and 250-t ETO vehicles shows that little operational advantage is gained by going to the 250-t size.
Mutual inhibition and the organization of a non-visual orientation inNotonecta

1. Hypotheses concerning the neural mechanisms by which the back swimmerNotonecta undulata locates prey have been examined using behavioral tests. 2. The results are consistent with the following hypotheses: A. The receptor nearest the target controls the direction of the turn which is elicited by a stimulus (Figs. 2 and 3). B. Sensory input via a given receptor is capable of eliciting a very limited range of motor responses (Fig. 3). C. There are inhibitory interactions between receptors at some level of the central nervous system (Figs. 6 and 7C). 3. A neuronal network analogous to a lateral inhibitory network is proposed to be the neural basis for the orientation (Fig. 5).
Modeling thermal and optical effects on photopolymerization systems

A comprehensive photopolymerization model that incorporates heat and mass transfer effects, diffusion-controlled propagation and termination, and temporal and spatial variation of species concentration, temperature, and light intensity is applied to systems with varying thermal and optical properties. The absorbance of the polymerizing system is varied by altering either the initiator concentration, sample thickness, or molar absorption coefficient of the initiator. Simulations show that the choice of initiator and sample thickness limits the initiator concentration usable to achieve complete conversion in a sample. Similarly, the initiator and its concentration should independently be chosen since each impact the polymerization differently. Three different thermal boundary conditions and their effects on polymerization are also considered. These boundary conditions include isothermal, perfectly insulating, and perfectly conducting. Simulations show that a higher absorbance sample polymerizes completely w...
The Effects of Cations on Sodium Fluxes in the Presence of Chlorine

Fish mortality to chlorine has been attributed to impairment of gill function and to oxidation of hemoglobin resulting in inhibition of respiration. Introduction of fish to a low concentration of chlorine (less then 1ppM) causes an immediate and significant efflux of sodium and gain in weight reflecting an ionic and osmotic imbalance. In addition, the toxicity of chlorine has been shown to be influenced differentially by cations prevelant in natural waters - sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Because of this, it is presumed that an influx of water due to an osmotic imbalance at the gill membrane is the direct cause of gill impairment and mode of toxic action under certain conditions. This study was undertaken to determine if these cations have a differential effect on sodium fluxes in the presence and absence of chlorine and if this relates to the protection and/or potentiation of toxicity to chlorine.
China, Taiwan, Japan, the United States, and the World . Edited by Kenneth W. Thompson. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998. xv, 210 pp. $27.50.

China, Taiwan, Japan, the United States and the World is the fifth volume in the Miller Center's series on Asian political leadership. As part of the Center's ongoing research program, recognized authorities participate in forums, colloquia, and conferences. China, Taiwan, Japan, the United States and the World provides valuable information on the economics, politics, and culture of Asian countries from theoretical and historical perspectives. In addition, the book predicts the future of these nations, their relations with the United States, and their role in the international arena.
Action of tetrodotoxin and observations on the characteristics of the chromatophore membrane of the prawn, Palaemonetes☆

Abstract 1. 1. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) at a concentration of 3 × 10−7 M causes a maintained hyperpolarization of the chromatophore membrane of the prawn, Palaemonetes. 2. 2. The recorded increase in resting potential using ten separate animals each serving as its own control was 7 ± 2 mV.
EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF LAPLACIAN MATRICES OF LARGE DILUTE RANDOM GRAPHS

We study the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrices and the normalized Laplacian matrices of the Erdos–Renyi random graph G(n, pn) for large n. Although the graph is simple, we discover some interesting behaviors of the two Laplacian matrices. In fact, under the dilute case, that is, pn ∈ (0, 1) and npn → ∞, we prove that the empirical distribution of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix converges to a deterministic distribution, which is the free convolution of the semi-circle law and N(0, 1). However, for its normalized version, we prove that the empirical distribution converges to the semi-circle law.
Screening for glucose intolerance in siblings of children with diabetes

Abstract We have found one-third of siblings of children with overt diabetes mellitus to have an abnormal 2-hr glucose tolerance test by liberal criteria. On retesting and applying more strict criteria, nearly half of these abnormal siblings (26 of 55 retested) had a normal 4-hr glucose tolerance. Their mean insulin responses were significantly greater than those of a more normal group of children. One developed overt diabetes and now receives insulin, 16 have chemical diabetes, and 12 have borderline abnormality.
Pressure dependence of ozone interference in the laser fluorescence measuremens of OH in the atmosphere

Experimental results are presented on the pressure dependence of ozone interference. Good agreement was observed between these results and relevant theoretical considerations. It is pointed out that chemical modulation can lead to sizable amounts of spurious signal in the presence of ozone dissociation.
Effect of Oxygen Addition on Ignition of Aero-Gas Turbine at Simulated Altitude Facility

An experimental investigation was made of the effect of oxygen addition on the altitude ignition performance of an aero-gas turbine engine (a J69-T41-A) under steady windmilling operation at a simulated high-altitude condition. The results show that the injection of oxygen can improve altitude light-up performance significantly. In general, compared with the previous engine test data without oxygen addition, the increase in maximum light-up altitude was about 5000-7000 m, the maximum light-up flight Mach number was varied roughly at 0.361.1, and the maximum combustor inlet velocity for successful ignition was increased from 25-30 to 60-90 m/s. With oxygen addition, the maximum flow velocity for ignition at low pressure was higher than that at high pressure. A series of ignition tests was carried out at subatmospheric pressure on a prechamber taken from an existing engine. Oxygen was uniformly injected into the airstream. In order to explore the effect of oxygen addition on ignition performance of a single igniter, various parameters such as airflow pressure, velocity, air-fuel ratio, and oxygen flow rate were individually varied. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the effect of oxygen addition on minimum ignition energy reduction in a static and uniform mixture was made.
Designer three-dimensional DNA architectures

The capability to de novo design molecular structures with precise weights, geometries, and functions provides an important avenue not only for scientific explorations, but also for technological applications. Owing largely to its rationalizable design strategies, super-molecular self-assembly with DNA has emerged as a powerful approach to assemble custom-shaped intricate three-dimensional nanostructures with molecular weights up to several megadaltons. Here, we summarize and discuss landmark achievements and important methodologies in three-dimensional DNA nanostructures.
The adsorption of acetic acid on Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloy surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of acetic acid is studied as a function of gold content by temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy on Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloys formed by depositing 5 ML of gold onto a Pd(1 1 1) surface and heating to various temperatures. For mole fractions of gold greater than ∼0.5, acetic acid adsorbs molecularly and desorbs intact with an activation energy of ∼52 kJ/mol. This acetic acid is present as catemers, where the nature of the catemer is found to depend on gold concentration. When the relative gold concentration is less than ∼0.33, adsorption of acetic acid at 80 K and heating to ∼207 K forms η1-acetate species on the surface. On further heating, these can either thermally decompose to eventually evolve hydrogen, water and oxides of carbon, or form η2-acetate species, where the coverage of reactively formed η2-acetate species increases with decreasing gold concentration in the near surface region.
Quinclorac Absorption, Translocation, Metabolism, and Toxicity in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Abstract Quinclorac is a herbicide registered in the United States for use in rice. In this study, the uptake, metabolism, translocation, and toxicity of quinclorac were evaluated for the suitability of this herbicide for use in the control of leafy spurge. [ 14 C]Quinclorac in the presence of a surfactant was readily absorbed through the leaves of leafy spurge. Alter foliar application, ca. 20% of the quinclorac became sequestered in the treated leaves. The remainder of the quinclorac was translocated basipetally and acropetally. The young leaves and apex were the strongest sinks for quinclorac. Although quinclorac was translocated to the roots, it was effluxed rapidly from the roots into the soil. Quinclorac was also taken up by the roots and translocated acropetally. it was metabolized to a C-1 glucose ester that was converted subsequently to a pentosylglucose ester (major product) or a malonylglucose eater (minor product). Quinclorac was metabolized at a rate of 1 nmol/g tissue/hr in the young leaves. Quinclorac was toxic to leafy spurge when applied to the leaves (LD 50 2.0 kg/ha), the soil (LD 50 1.7 kg/ha), or to both the leaves and the soil (LD 50 1.0 kg/ha). The activity of soil-applied quinclorac was increased 24-fold when the shoots were cut off at the soil level prior to treatment (LD 50 0.07 kg/ha). Symptoms were typical of an auxenic herbicide.
Solidification With a Throughflow in a Porous Medium

A steady throughflow in a porous medium is studied in the presence of a solidified layer due to cooling of the walls. Under the assumption of a moderately sloped melt-solid interface, analytical solutions are obtained for both a flow between parallel plates and a circular pipe. Differences and similarities are examined between the Darcian and the Brinkman porous media, as well as the effects of various parameters, such as the Peclet number, the ratio of diffusivities in the longitudinal and the lateral directions, and a parameter indicating the degree of wall cooling and flow heating, on thermofluid structure of a flow in porous media accompanied by solidification.
The inferior olive of Saimiri sciureus: olivocerebellar projections to the anterior lobe.

Abstract Olivocerebellar projections to lobules IV and V of the anterior lobe of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) cerebellum were studied using a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP). Placements of WGA-HRP in the cerebellar cortex, labeled neurons in different subgroups of the contralateral inferior olive depending on the position of the injection site. Injections in medial aspects of lobules IV and V labeled cells in subgroups a and b of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) and in the lateral dorsal accessory olive. Rostral parts of subgroup a of MAO and medial dorsal accessory olive contained labeled neurons when injections were made in intermediate areas of the cerebellar cortex. Subsequent to involvement of more lateral parts of lobules IV and V, labeled cells were found in the dorsal lamella and lateral bend of the principal olive. When the position and size of injection sites were compared to distribution of retrogradely labeled olivary somata, it was clear tha zones A, B, C1, C2, C3 and D were present in lobules IV and V of squirrel monkey. The general pattern of olivary labeling in this study is similar to that reported for other species.
Effectiveness of screening examinations to detect unrecognized exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Abstract Objective: To determine if a physician-administered physical examination and screening questionnaire accurately detects exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in adolescent athletes. Study design: Cross-sectional study of 256 adolescents participating in organized sports from 3 suburban high schools. The number of persons screened positive for EIB by physical examination and questionnaire was compared with the number of persons with EIB diagnosed by a "gold standard" test that consisted of a 7-minute exercise challenge followed by serial spirometry. Results: We diagnosed EIB in 9.4% of adolescent athletes. The screening history identified persons with symptoms or a previous diagnosis suggestive of EIB in 39.5% of the participants, but only 12.9% of these persons actually had EIB. Among adolescents with a negative review of symptoms of asthma or EIB, 7.8% had EIB. Among adolescents with no previous diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or EIB, 7.2% had EIB diagnosed by exercise challenge. Persons who screened negative on all questions about symptoms or history of asthma, EIB, and allergic rhinitis accounted for 45.8% of the adolescents with EIB. Conclusions: EIB occurs frequently in adolescent athletes, and screening by physical examination and medical history does not accurately detect it. (J Pediatr 2002;141:343-9)
Head and neck manifestations of distant carcinomas.

Metastatic lesions to the head and neck are rare entities. These lesions are often the first sign of systemic disease but are generally a sign of widespread systemic disease and poor outcome. This article discusses the general process of metastasis and describes the signs and symptoms of distant carcinomas (infraclavicular) to the oral and maxillofacial region.
The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5HTTLPR) moderates the effect of adolescent environmental conditions on self-esteem in young adulthood: a structural equation modeling approach.

Here we examine the effects of both self-reported and independent observer-reported environmental risk indices, the serotonin transporter gene promoter (5HTTLPR) polymorphism, and their interaction on self-esteem. This trait was assessed during early and mid adolescence (mean age = 14 and 16.5, respectively) and young adulthood (mean age = 21.8) in a prospective cohort of 1214 unrelated participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Using structural equation modeling we identified a gene–environment (G × E) interaction using observer-report but not self-report measures of environmental stress exposure during adolescence: 5HTTLPR genotype and observer-reports of home and neighborhood quality (HNQ) during adolescence interacted to predict self-esteem levels in young adulthood (p < .004). Carriers of the s allele who lived in poor HNQ conditions during adolescence reported lower self-esteem in young adulthood than those with a good HNQ during adolescence. In contrast, among individuals with the l/l genotype, adolescent HNQ did not predict adulthood self-esteem. Genes may moderate the effect of adolescent environmental conditions on adulthood self-esteem.
On the emergence of bilingual code-switching competence

Code-switching among proficient adult bilinguals has been extensively studied, and it is by now universally concluded that intra-sentential code alternations are rule-governed and systematic, displaying dependency relations that reflect the operation of underlying syntactic principles. The central, guiding question to be addressed herein is whether and, if so, how second language learners acquire the knowledge that defines structural coherence and allows them to render well-formedness judgments for code-switched forms. This exploration takes on particular significance given that learners receive no evidence which could guide them in rendering such judgments, and therefore results consistent with those observed among competent bilinguals could be imputed to unconscious, abstract linguistic knowledge. The investigation thus proves doubly fruitful, in the discovery of developmental patterns and in the evaluation of linguistic-theoretical methodologies and constructs.
Effect of Sulfonylurea Treatment on In Vivo Insulin Secretion and Action in Patients With Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The effect of glipizide treatment on diabetic control and on in vivo insulin secretion and action was studied in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Patients were examined before and after a minimum of 3 mo treatment. Mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma glucose level fell from 264 +/- 12 mg/dl to 172 +/- 10 mg/dl (P < 0.001) after glipizide treatment, and this was associated with a fall in total plasma glucose response to a test meal of approximately 35%. Mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma insulin levels increased slightly from 15 +/- 2 micronU/ml following sulfonylurea treatment, and the total plasma insulin response to the test meal increased by 63%. However, there was no correlation (r = - 0.20) between the increase in plasma insulin response and the fall in plasma glucose levels that occurred as the result of sulfonylurea therapy. Glipizide treatment also led to enhanced in vivo insulin action, whether measured by the insulin clamp technique (P < 0.001) or the insulin suppression test (P< 0.02). Furthermore, in this instance there was a significant correlation (r - 0.69, P < 0.001) between the enhanced insulin action and the improvement on diabetes control. Thus, chronic therapy with glipizide, a new sulfonylurea agent, led to increased in vivo insulin secretion and insulin action. These results lend direct support to the assumption that sulfonylurea compounds have a substantial extrapancreatic effect on glucose homeostasis, and suggest that this effect contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs.
Angiogenesis impairment in diabetes: role of methylglyoxal-induced receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, autophagy and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.

Diabetes impairs physiological angiogenesis by molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a metabolite of glycolysis, is increased in patients with diabetes. This study defined the role of MGO in angiogenesis impairment and tested the mechanism in diabetic animals. Endothelial cells and mouse aortas were subjected to Western blot analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) protein levels and angiogenesis evaluation by endothelial cell tube formation/migration and aortic ring assays. Incubation with MGO reduced VEGFR2 protein, but not mRNA, levels in a time and dose dependent manner. Genetic knockdown of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) attenuated the reduction of VEGFR2. Overexpression of Glyoxalase 1, the enzyme that detoxifies MGO, reduced the MGO-protein adducts and prevented VEGFR2 reduction. The VEGFR2 reduction was associated with impaired angiogenesis. Suppression of autophagy either by inhibitors or siRNA, but not of the proteasome and caspase, normalized both the VEGFR2 protein levels and angiogenesis. Conversely, induction of autophagy either by rapamycin or overexpression of LC3 and Beclin-1 reduced VEGFR2 and angiogenesis. MGO increased endothelial LC3B and Beclin-1, markers of autophagy, which were accompanied by an increase of both autophagic flux (LC3 punctae) and co-immunoprecipitation of VEGFR2 with LC3. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) generation not only blocked the autophagy but also reversed the reduction of VEGFR2 and angiogenesis. Like MGO-treated aortas from normglycemic C57BL/6J mice, aortas from diabetic db/db and Akita mice presented reductions of angiogenesis or VEGFR2. Administration of either autophagy inhibitor ex vivo or superoxide scavenger in vivo abolished the reductions. Taken together, MGO reduces endothelial angiogenesis through RAGE-mediated, ONOO–dependent and autophagy-induced VEGFR2 degradation, which may represent a new mechanism for diabetic angiogenesis impairment.
Novel Manganese-Porphyrin Superoxide Dismutase-Mimetic Widens the Therapeutic Margin in a Preclinical Head and Neck Cancer Model.

Purpose To test the effects of a novel Mn porphyrin oxidative stress modifier, Mn(III) meso- tetrakis( N -n-butoxyethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnBuOE), for its radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties in normal tissue versus tumor, respectively. Methods and Materials Murine oral mucosa and salivary glands were treated with a range of radiation doses with or without MnBuOE to establish the dose–effect curves for mucositis and xerostomia. Radiation injury was quantified by intravital near-infrared imaging of cathepsin activity, assessment of salivation, and histologic analysis. To evaluate effects of MnBuOE on the tumor radiation response, we administered the drug as an adjuvant to fractionated radiation of FaDu xenografts. Again, a range of radiation therapy (RT) doses was administered to establish the radiation dose–effect curve. The 50% tumor control dose values with or without MnBuOE and dose-modifying factor were determined. Results MnBuOE protected normal tissue by reducing RT-mediated mucositis, xerostomia, and fibrosis. The dose-modifying factor for protection against xerostomia was 0.77. In contrast, MnBuOE increased tumor local control rates compared with controls. The dose-modifying factor, based on the ratio of 50% tumor control dose values, was 1.3. Immunohistochemistry showed that MnBuOE-treated tumors exhibited a significant influx of M1 tumor-associated macrophages, which provides mechanistic insight into its radiosensitizing effects in tumors. Conclusions MnBuOE widens the therapeutic margin by decreasing the dose of radiation required to control tumor, while increasing normal tissue resistance to RT-mediated injury. This is the first study to quantitatively demonstrate the magnitude of a single drug's ability to radioprotect normal tissue while radiosensitizing tumor.
Ontogenetic selection on hatchery salmon in the wild: natural selection on artificial phenotypes.

Captive rearing often alters the phenotypes of organisms that are destined for release into the wild. Natural selection on these unnatural phenotypes could have important consequences for the utility of captive rearing as a restoration approach. We show that normal hatchery practices significantly advance the development of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry by 30+ days. As a result, hatchery fry might be expected to face strong natural selection resulting from their developmental asynchrony. We investigated patterns of ontogenetic selection acting on hatchery produced salmon fry by experimentally manipulating fry development stage at stocking. Contrary to simple predictions, we found evidence for strong stabilizing selection on the ontogeny of unfed hatchery fry, with weaker evidence for positive directional selection on the ontogeny of fed fry. These selection patterns suggest a seasonally independent tradeoff between abiotic or biotic selection favoring advanced development and physiological selection linked to risk of starvation in unfed fry. We show, through a heuristic exercise, how such selection on ontogeny may exacerbate problems in restoration efforts by impairing fry productivity and reducing effective population sizes by 13–81%.
Simultaneous design of reliable H ∞ filter and fault detector for linear continuous-time systems with sensor outage faults

The paper studies the problem of simultaneous design of reliable filter and fault detector for a class of linear continuous-time systems with bounded disturbances and nonzero constant reference inputs. An Hinfin filter and two detection weighting matrices are designed simultaneously. The filter is designed for both fault free and faulty cases, and by manipulating the steady-state values of the filter states and the measured outputs with the detection weighting matrices, a residual is then generated, through which the sensor outage faults can be detected effectively. A convergent iterative algorithm based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) is given to obtain the solutions. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
How deep is skin-deep? The relationship between skin color satisfaction, estimation of body image, and self-esteem among women of African descent

The study of skin color and its relationship to body (dis)satisfaction and self-esteem is critical to expanding upon the research that explores the intersection between body image and the sociocultural experience of women of the African diaspora. To this end, the relationships between skin color satisfaction, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem were examined in a sample of 328 women of African descent. Results revealed a significant effect for ethnicity and employment status on body dissatisfaction, skin color satisfaction, and self-esteem. Follow-up analyses revealed that Afro-Caribbean women were the most satisfied with their body shape, biracial women were most satisfied with their skin color, and women who self-identified as professionals had the highest self-esteem. Implications for the findings are discussed.
Lipids of human lens fiber cell membranes

A study of the membranes of human lens fiber cells revealed a very high protein to lipid ratio, which tended to increase with aging and in brunescent cataract. Phospholipids were more abundant than cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and other neutral lipids. With aging and cataract formation, a marked decrease in membranes phospholipid content occurred. Sphingomyelin was present in highest amount. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol were also present. Cholesterol represented approximately 40% of the total lipids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having 16 to 24 carbons were present. The lipid composition varied according to the portion of the lens examined and the state of the lens. The results do not support a conclusion that lipid peroxidation represents a major mechanism of membrane damage that contributes to cataract formation, since there is no decrease in unsaturated fatty acids with age or in cataractous lenses. We suggest that the aggregation of soluble proteins, and their association with lens membranes, and altered membrane function due to the loss of phospholipids are important processes leading to loss of transparency.
Two-population sequential tests with three hypotheses

SUMMARY A sequential procedure is proposed for choosing one of three hypotheses concerning the difference between the means of two normal populations. It is shown that error probabilities are approximately independent of the sampling rule for a wide class of sampling rules, and approximate expressions are derived for these probabilities. A data-dependent sampling rule is given for milnimizing any weighted average of the average sample numbers on the two populations, with the weights being allowed to depend on the difference between the means. It is shown that the rule is asymptotically optimal for the procedure, and simulation results indicate that it is nearly optimal for small sample sizes.
Cooperative responses from a portable natural language query system

Abstract This paper describes the design and implementation of CO-OP, a natural language database query system that provides conversationally cooperative responses to natural language requests for data retrieval and operates with a typical CODASYL database management system. A conversationally cooperative response to a question is one which addresses the goals and intentions of the questioner while observing the conventions normally associated with discourse, to demonstrate that the chosen approach captures some fundamental properties of conversational cooperation, CO-OP was designed to be portable to new database domains with a minimum of effort—the lexicon and database itself are the only sources of domain specific knowledge. A limited theory of cooperative behavior in question-answering is informally presented, and a practical technique for applying this theory in a natural language query system is described. Sample transcripts of the system that illustrate cooperative responses in two contrasting applications are given.
Measurement of liquid complex dielectric constants using non-contact sensors

Our primary objective in this work is the accurate measurement of complex dielectric constant and conductivity of unknown liquids. In this paper we present design, fabrication, and testing results for an IDC (interdigitated capacitor) electrode sensor for use as a fluid monitoring component that can be integrated into a microfluidic system. Unlike prior work we show how to accurately extract both the conductivity and permittivity of liquids, for loss tangents ranging from much less than one to greater than one (i.e., from lossy dielectrics to conductors); this has not been shown in previous work. In addition, we also demonstrate a method of remotely accessing the IDC sensor by wireless inductive coupling similar to EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) tags.
Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors

Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been described to date, although future investigations may elucidate other receptors. The actions of cannabimimetic agents via CB1 receptors in brain are mediated by GI/O to inhibit adenylate cyclase and Ca2+ channels. Little is known about signal transduction mechanisms utilized by CB2 receptors. Three classes of agonist ligands regulate cannabinoid receptors: cannabinoid, aminoalkyl-indole, and eicosanoid derivatives. Cannabinoid receptors produce analgesia and modify cognition, memory, locomotor activity, and endocrine functions in mammals.