cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased hexosamine pathway flux and high fat feeding are not additive in inducing insulin resistance: Evidence for a shared pathway

Excess fatty acids and carbohydrates have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and both can reproduce essential features of the disease including insulin resistance and beta cell failure. It has been proposed that both nutrients may regulate metabolism through a common fuel sensing mechanism, namely hexosamine synthesis. We have previously shown that transgenic overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), targeted to muscle and fat, leads to insulin resistance mediated by increased O-linked glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. We report here that hexosamine-induced insulin resistance is not additive with that induced by high fat feeding. In control mice fed a high fat diet, glucose disposal rates during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia were decreased by 37% (p < 0.02) compared to mice on a low fat diet. Transgenic mice overexpressing GFA and fed a low fat diet exhibited a 51% decrease in glucose disposal compared to controls on a low fat diet (p < 0.001), but no further decrease was evident in the transgenic mice fed a high fat diet. Decreased glucose disposal rates were mirrored by increases in skeletal muscle levels of the principal end product of the hexosamine pathway, UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine. Serum leptin levels, which are modulated both by feeding and hexosamine flux, also show no additivity in their stimulation by GFA overexpression and high fat feeding. These data are consistent with a shared nutrient sensing pathway for high fat and carbohydrate fluxes and a common pathway by which glucose and lipids induce insulin resistance.
The complete set of Hamiltonian intermittency scaling behaviors

Renormalization group equations describing the phenomenon of intermittency in Hamiltonian systems are presented. All solutions satisfying certain physical constraints are obtained; they are the complete set of simple singularities. Further considerations lead to precise predictions for scaling behavior at the onset of intermittency.
Determination of reduced scattering coefficient of biological tissue from a needle-like probe

Detection of interactions between light and tissue can be used to characterize the optical properties of the tissue. The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm that determines the reduced scattering coefficient (µs’) of tissues from a single optical reflectance spectrum measured with a small source-detector separation. A qualitative relationship between µs’ and optical reflectance was developed using both Monte Carlo simulations and empirical tissue calibrations for each of two fiber optic probes with 400-µm and 100-µm fibers. Optical reflectance measurements, using a standard frequency-domain oximeter, were performed to validate the calculated µs’ values. The algorithm was useful for determining µs’ values of in vivo human fingers and rat brain tissues.
Implicit upwind solution algorithms for three-dimensional unstructured meshes

The development of implicit upwind algorithms for the solution of the three-dimensional, time-dependent Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes is described. The implicit temporal discretization involves either a two-sweep Gauss-Seide relaxation procedure, a two-sweep Point-Jacobi relaxation procedure, or a single-sweep Point-Implicit procedure; the upwind spatial discretization is based on the flux-difference splitting of Roe. Detailed descriptions of the three implicit solution algorithms are given, and calculations for the Boeing 747 transport configuration are presented to demonstrate the algorithms. Advantages and disadvantages of the implicit algorithms are discussed. A steady-state solution for the 747 configuration, obtained at transonic flow conditions using a mesh of over 100,000 cells, required less than one hour of CPU time on a Cray-2 computer, thus demonstrating the speed and robustness of the general capability.
Scintigraphy of the whole gut: clinical evaluation of transit disorders.

Objective To describe an initial clinical experience with a nontnvasive scintigraphic technique for assessing gastrointestinal motility. Design We studied gastric, small bowel, and colonic transit in 109 undetected patients encountered between June and December 1992 at the Mayo Clinic. Material and Methods The study patients were categorized on the basis of major complaint (constipation in 46, upper gastrointestinal symptoms in 45, and diarrhea in 18) and presence or absence of an underlying organic disease. Radioscintigraphy was used to analyze various regions of the gastrointestinal tract; scans were obtained at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after ingest ion of a radiolabeled test meal. Results Overall, patients with a main complaint of constipation usually had slow or normal gastric, small bowel, and colonic transit, whereas those with diarrhea as the major symptom usually had normal or fast results of these studies. In the 65 patients with no underlying organic disease, inconsistent patterns of gastric emptying and small bowel and colonic transit were noted. Conclusion Our results suggest that this 24-hour scintigraphic test may be clinically useful in screening for dysmotility syndromes in patients with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.
Evaluation of multiple quantum well SLM

Poor performance in key components has limited the development of optical target recognition systems. New components are now available, however, that exhibit size and speed characteristics compatible with image processing applications. The U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command is well known for acquiring and testing a variety of spatial light modulators for image processing applications. We have recently acquired a pair of Sanders Multiple Quantum Well Spatial Light Modulators. These modulators will be evaluated in a manner similar to that used with previous modulators to determine contrast ratio, switching characteristics, optical efficiency, and residual phase modulation. The results of these measurements will be presented.
Dimension in latent variable models

Abstract Psychologists would like to say that a probability distribution on {0,1} n is d -dimensional if (1) the distribution can be represented by some smooth d -dimensional latent variable model and (2) the distribution cannot be represented by any smooth d −1 dimensional model. This does not work out because for d >1, every distribution that can be represented by a smooth d -dimensional model can also be represented by a smooth one-dimensional model. A proof and discussion of some implications of this mathematical result follow.
U-Pb dating of zircon in the Bishop Tuff at the millennial scale

Zircon from the Bishop Tuff (eastern California) was dated by the U-Pb isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) method to evaluate time scales of magmatic evolution and applicability of the method to rocks younger than 1 Ma. The 206 Pb/ 238 U dates from 17 of 19 grains are equivalent with a weighted mean of 767.1 ± 0.9 ka that overlaps with the published 40 Ar/ 39 Ar sanidine age, requiring that most zircon crystallized immedi- ately before eruption. Dates from two grains that are 6 and 12 k.y. older indicate minimum times that a small portion of the grains resided in the magma. These fi ndings are consistent with chemical zoning patterns in zircon that suggest a relatively simple crystallization history, yet contrast with previous results of ion microprobe dating of zircon that show 50-80 k.y. of magma residence. The weighted mean 207 Pb/ 235 U date is ~52 k.y. older than the 206 Pb/ 238 U date, a difference that is attributed to excess 207 Pb from initial Pa/U disequilibrium. The results dem- onstrate that high-precision ID-TIMS geochronology can resolve magma chamber dynamics of <1 Ma silicic eruptions at the millennial scale.
A Sponge Morphology in an Elementary Coacervate

A zwitterionic gemini surfactant forms a coacervate which is “elementary” in the sense that it consists of a single solute as opposed to the multicomponents (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride/hexanol/water/NaCl) common in the coacervate literature. The gemini dissolves in water but then quickly separates as oily droplets which, despite the high water content of 83 wt %, are immiscible with water. Cryogenic temperature high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (cryo-HRSEM) examination of the droplets shows a distinct “sponge” structure. Although previously proposed for coacervate phases, a sponge morphology has never before been clearly depicted. The absence of previous electron microscopy (EM) pictures of the coacervate network is attributed to artifacts associated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods, to the fragility of the coacervate toward physical perturbations, and to possible compositional changes with complex mixtures during sample preparation. When the gemini coacervate was exposed...
tDCS-induced analgesia and electrical fields in pain-related neural networks in chronic migraine.

Objective.—We investigated in a sham-controlled trial the analgesic effects of a 4-week treatment of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex in chronic migraine. In addition, using a high-resolution tDCS computational model, we analyzed the current flow (electric field) through brain regions associated with pain perception and modulation. Methods.—Thirteen patients with chronic migraine were randomized to receive 10 sessions of active or sham tDCS for 20 minutes with 2 mA over 4 weeks. Data were collected during baseline, treatment and follow-up. For the tDCS computational analysis, we adapted a high-resolution individualized model incorporating accurate segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures of interest. Results.—There was a significant interaction term (time vs group) for the main outcome (pain intensity) and for the length of migraine episodes (ANOVA,P < .05 for both analyses). Post-hoc analysis showed a significant improvement in the follow-up period for the active tDCS group only. Our computational modeling studies predicted electric current flow in multiple cortical and subcortical regions associated with migraine pathophysiology. Significant electric fields were generated, not only in targeted cortical regions but also in the insula, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and brainstem regions. Conclusions.—Our findings give preliminary evidence that patients with chronic migraine have a positive, but delayed, response to anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex. These effects may be related to electrical currents induced in pain-related cortical and subcortical regions.
Theodicy and Methodology in Black Theology: A Critique of Washington, Cone and Cleage

Our study criticizes the respective theodicies and methodologies of Joseph Washington, James Cone, and Albert Cleage. Our argument is reducible to the following propositions. (1) On the basis of their own presuppositions, the point of departure for black theology must be the question: Is God a white racist? (2) Accordingly, a viable theodicy, one which refutes the charge of divine racism, must be the foundation for the edifice of black theology. (3) The theodicies of the above theologians leave the issue of God's racism essentially unresolved. Consequently, the remainder of the theological system lacks adequate support.
Some Complex Answers to the Simple Question ‘Do Institutions Matter?’ Policy Choice and Policy Change in Presidential and Parliamentary Systems

Much current research in political science focuses on the impact which political institutions have on policy outcomes. A substantial body of this ‘neo-institutional’ work, often organized around th...
Some thermodynamic aspects of petroleum recovery by methane pressurization

In 2 previous papers a methane pressurization process was described by which the solubility of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in a solid phase could be enhanced within a liquid hydrocarbon phase by pressurizing the solid liquid system with methane gas. This solubility enhancement was demonstrated to occur for 2 diverse hydrocarbon solids in 2 prototype systems. In this study, several thermodynamic aspects of the process are considered with respect to the system and also a new system is presented the study of which has been recently completed. The experimental results are presented. The prospect of using gases other than methane is a promising area of consideration, ethane being an example of one such substitution. (10 refs.)
Group Decision Making Methods for Evaluating Social and Technological Risks

This paper discusses group choice processes in evaluating social and technological risks. We first outline the rationale for government involvement in regulating certain classes of risks. This discussion highlights the social roots of policymaking in the risk area. In particular, if one takes the normative perspective of trying to make policy choices in the name of certain stakeholders (e.g., the public at large), then the problem naturally arises of identifying and incorporating the possibly conflicting values and perceptions of such stakeholders into evaluation and choice procedures. Direct participation (e.g., through referenda) is one mechanism for accomplishing this. Other mechanisms include public opinion surveys and the use of panels and committees composed of community leaders or other role players representing the interests of stakeholders. These latter mechanisms, as well as the policy making process itself, lead to a discussion of controlled group processes as a means of accomplishing certain evaluation and information gathering tasks in the policy formation process. After structuring various forms of group activity (e.g., forecasting, scenario generation, and choice), an overview of recent research on group processes as it relates to these issues is presented.
The Stock Market of 1929 Revisited: A Note

Applying a formulation devised by Burton G. Malkiel to stock prices prior to the market crash of 1929, this study finds that descriptions of the period as a “speculative orgy” are misleading.
Influenza Infection Promotes Macrophage Traffic Into Arteries of Mice That Is Prevented by D-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide

Background— We reported that HDL loses its antiinflammatory properties during acute influenza A infection in mice, and we hypothesized that these changes might be associated with increased traffick...
Novel Tumor Suppressor Function of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor GITR in Multiple Myeloma

Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) plays a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation, however the role of GITR in human cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that GITR is inactivated during tumor progression in Multiple Myeloma (MM) through promoter CpG island methylation, mediating gene silencing in primary MM plasma cells and MM cell lines. Restoration of GITR expression in GITR deficient MM cells led to inhibition of MM proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induction of apoptosis. These findings were supported by the presence of induction of p21 and PUMA, two direct downstream targets of p53, together with modulation of NF-κB in GITR-overexpressing MM cells. Moreover, the unbalanced expression of GITR in clonal plasma cells correlated with MM disease progression, poor prognosis and survival. These findings provide novel insights into the pivotal role of GITR in MM pathogenesis and disease progression.
Success and Failure in Time-Limited Psychotherapy: With Special Reference to the Performance of a Lay Counselor

This article, based on data from the Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Research Project, is a detailed comparison of two patients (male college students with anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal) treated by a lay counselor in time-limited psychotherapy. One of the patients experienced noticeable therapeutic gains; the second was a therapeutic failure. Differences in process and outcome are shown to be due to the quality of the therapeutic interaction. The latter in turn, was importantly determined by the patient's character structure and the manner in which it enabled the patient to relate to the therapist. Fundamental differences exist between a trained and an untrained therapist's approach to psychotherapy. In these case histories, the lay counselor experienced difficulties with both patients in effectively confronting transference issues.
NEONATAL HYDROCEPHALUS TREATED BY COMPRESSIVE HEAD WRAPPING

Abstract A treatment is described for hydrocephalus, based on the premise that increasing the resistance to expansion of the skull by compressive bandaging promotes increased C.S.F. absorption, presumably by transventricular pathways.
Getting the Most Out of Service Learning: Maximizing Student, University and Community Impact

Service learning has become a very popular pedagogical approach for enhancing student learning at institutions of higher education across the United Statesby involving students in community service as a part of their educational experience. However, despite the vast number of service-learning efforts at universities across the nation, there is often little attention to the intended and actual results of the service learning. A growing body of literature calls for more attention to the impacts of service-learning efforts. Some service-learning experiences may actually reinforce negative or counterproductive attitudes among students. Many efforts fall short of maximizing the potential social change impact of the service and learning activity. We review and compare some of the various ways that service learning impacts has been discussed and measured in the literature. We propose that intentionally aiming for impact at three levels—on students, on the academic institution, and on the community—may be the key to making the most of any service-learning project. We further describe and draw lessons from a pilot project that build toward greater service-learning impact at our school of social work.
Using Focus Groups to Develop Health Surveys: An Example from Research on Social Relationships and AIDS-Preventive Behavior

Focus group data can inform the choice of words or phrases in a questionnaire, the construction of items to measure a given concept, the formation of new hypotheses, and the development of survey procedures. To date, few examples exist to show researchers in health behavior and health education how they might use focus groups for these purposes. This paper provides an example of group discussions that were held with gay and bisexual men on the topic of their experiences of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic and illustrates the many ways that focus groups assist in questionnaire development.
Finite Difference Scheme for Calculating Problems in Two Space Dimensions and Time

Abstract The effectiveness of a finite difference scheme for solving problems in continuum mechanics is demonstrated by a series of problems ranging from elasticity theory to gas dynamics. All of the results shown were plotted directly by the high speed computer and permit an easy evaluation of the technique.
On methods and purposes in econometric model building

Abstract : The paper is concerned with the empirical foundations of the natural and social sciences, namely, the formulation and testing of theories based on logically objective analyses of empirical observations. In many instances, both in the experimental and non-experimental sciences, this involves the use of logical empiricism in a stochastic context. The manner in which a scientist begins to construct a model is described, and some relevant definitions are put forward. Illustrations are drawn from several fields, and in particular economics, in which the empirical observations are analyzed as a sample realization of a stochastic process. In this fashion the concepts of stochastic economics are introduced, together with an integrated system of definitions to cover the basic assumptions, the economic theory relevant under these assumptions, and the model into which both these are incorportated. The logical, empirical and operational characteristics of economic theories are next considered, and certain basic requirements are put forward for simultaneous advancement of the generality and validity of these theories, in order to increase their explanatory power. The paper concludes with a short analysis of the practical utility of models for purposes of explanation, prediction, and decision making.
Performance characteristics of a variable-area vane nozzle for vectoring an ASTOVL exhaust jet up to 45 deg

Many conceptual designs for advanced short-takeoff, vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft need exhaust nozzles that can vector the jet to provide forces and moments for controlling the aircraft's movement or attitude in flight near the ground. A type of nozzle that can both vector the jet and vary the jet flow area is called a vane nozzle. Basically, the nozzle consists of parallel, spaced-apart flow passages formed by pairs of vanes (vanesets) that can be rotated on axes perpendicular to the flow. Two important features of this type of nozzle are the abilities to vector the jet rearward up to 45 degrees and to produce less harsh pressure and velocity footprints during vertical landing than does an equivalent single jet. A one-third-scale model of a generic vane nozzle was tested with unheated air at the NASA Lewis Research Center's Powered Lift Facility. The model had three parallel flow passages. Each passage was formed by a vaneset consisting of a long and a short vane. The longer vanes controlled the jet vector angle, and the shorter controlled the flow area. Nozzle performance for three nominal flow areas (basic and plus or minus 21 percent of basic area), each at nominal jet vector angles from -20 deg (forward of vertical) to +45 deg (rearward of vertical) are presented. The tests were made with the nozzle mounted on a model tailpipe with a blind flange on the end to simulate a closed cruise nozzle, at tailpipe-to-ambient pressure ratios from 1.8 to 4.0. Also included are jet wake data, single-vaneset vector performance for long/short and equal-length vane designs, and pumping capability. The pumping capability arises from the subambient pressure developed in the cavities between the vanesets, which could be used to aspirate flow from a source such as the engine compartment. Some of the performance characteristics are compared with characteristics of a single-jet nozzle previously reported.
Spatial interception for mobile robots

Human based vision algorithms for interception of flying balls in one-dimension have been researched and studied. We develop new perceptual strategies for three-dimensional space that are robust and simple. Results from simulations show the feasibility of human vision algorithms for ball catching. This paper discusses the experimental validation of two perceptual algorithms: linear optical trajectory and the optical acceleration cancellation.
Hyperbranched Polymer-Drug Conjugates with High Drug Payload for Enhanced Cellular Delivery

Purpose. To synthesize and evaluate hyperbranched polymer (HBP)-drug conjugates with high drug payload for enhanced cellular delivery.
Hospital evacuation: issues and complexities

Hospital evacuation is a difficult process that requires a robust strategy and careful execution. In the past, threats leading to possible evacuation were primarily natural disasters. In recent years the broadened nature of threats, including hazardous material spills and terrorist incidents, has complicated this already complex problem. Its importance continues to grow, but there is still no consistent approach to tackle this problem. Plan development and evaluation are crucial to the plan's refinement which leads to successful response when an evacuation threat occurs. This research describes the issues inherent in planning and evaluation along with the complexities of constructing appropriate models for emergency preparedness and evacuation.
The Time Course for Deactivation and Reactivation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Following Changes in CO2 AND O2

In this paper we describe studies which address the role that RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) plays in regulating photosynthesis. Conflicting reports claim that rubisco activation limits photosynthesis even at low light or high CO2 (1,2), and alternatively, that the RuBP regeneration capacity limits photosynthesis, even at low CO2 levels (3). Following a decrease in light intensity, rubisco activation state declines in a parallel manner with the decline in photosynthesis (1,3). Recently, Sharkey et al. (4), observed that rubisco deactivates following a switch from 21% to 2% O2 in plants which are photosynthetically O2 insensitive. The degree of deactivation corresponded to that required to explain the lack of O2 sensitivity, implying that rubisco deactivation is responsible for the O2 insensitivity. RuBP levels, however, become rate limiting immediately after the decrease in O2 pressure (5), indicating that rubisco activation does not limit photosynthesis, but is involved in the regulation of photosynthesis.
Lightweight Signal Processing for Wearable Body Sensor Networks

Use of mobile sensor-based platforms for human action recognitionis an ever-growing area of research. Recent advances in this field allowpatients to wear several small sensors with embedded processors and radios.Collectively, these sensors form a body sensor network (BSN). AlthoughBSNs have the potential to enable many useful applications [1], limitedprocessing power, storage and energy make efficient use of these systemscrucial. Moreover, user comfort is a major issue, which can cause patients tobecome frustrated and stop wearing the sensor nodes. The interactionbetween the human body and these wearable nodes here is defined as wearability.
Variation in Number of Doses, Bottle Volume, and Calculated Yearly Cost of Generic and Branded Latanoprost for Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate discrepancies in doses per bottle, bottle fill volume, and cost among branded and generic formulations of latanoprost. Design Comparative economic analysis. Methods This study was conducted at the Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth). Four regionally available latanoprost formulations were measured. Number of drops per bottle and actual bottle fill volume were measured for a calculated sample size (10 bottles). Annual cost (using average wholesale price), days use per bottle, drops per milliliter, and number of bottles used per year were calculated. Data were summarized using mean and standard deviation; 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's studentized range test were used for comparing means among manufacturers. Results Pfizer's branded lantanoprost, Xalatan (New York, New York, USA), had the largest fill volume ( P P P Conclusions Annual cost and number of doses per bottle, factors important to patients, vary significantly depending on the manufacturer of latanoprost. Practitioners can better advise patients by being aware of these differences.
Field Calibration and Verification of a Pathogen Transport Model

Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis throughout the world, especially the massive outbreak in Milwakee in 1993 drew public attention to the quality of drinking water supplies and to the efficiency of water treatment methods. Cryptosporidiosis is a severe gastrointestinal disease caused by the transmissive form of Cryptosporidium parvum protozoan – its oocysts. Digestion of as few as 30 oocysts may be fatal to infants, elderly and immunocompromized persons. C. parvum oocysts are ubiquitous in untreated water and extremely resistant to harsh environmental conditions including standard water treatment procedures. We have developed an integrated modeling strategy to quantify the risk of surface drinking water contamination by water borne pathogens, in particular the oocysts of C. parvum, from agricultural non-point pollution sources. This project is comprised of both a modeling and an experimental effort. The main experimental effort focused on the measurement of C. parvum oocysts partitioning in the soil/water systems with the objective of parameterizing the transport model. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781780404271 (eBook) ISBN: 9781843397113 (Print)
Solving words as anagrams: An issue re-examined

The present study compared solution times for word and nonsense anagrams in an attempt to resolve conflicting results obtained in earlier studies. No differences were found in solution times between word and nonsense anagrams and the results were related to an S-R mediational model of anagram problem solving behavior.
Statistical Method to Optimize the Efficiency of Multi-Layer Polymer LEDs

Research and development of displays and image sensors based on semiconducting polymers require design of new polymer materials and evaluation of film properties. Optimizing device performance using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) requires screening the effect of several process parameters, running numerous samples, and may consume more scarce new material than desired. This paper investigates the effects of Indium-tin oxide (ITO), alkoxy-poly(pphenylene vinylene) (OC1C10-PPV) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer preparation on polymer LED brightness and power efficiency by performing and analyzing a two-cubed full-factorial design experiment with 3 replicated center points. Full-factorial design evaluates all main factors and all interactions. Design of experiments (DOE) showed that correct selection of ITO anneal temperature can significantly improve brightness. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements affirm that the increased brightness correlates with a reduction in ITO average surface roughness.
Counterpart Theory, Quantified Modal Logic, and Extra Argument Places

We can couch our modal statements in the language of modal logic (sometimes, anyway) and then have recourse to possible worlds to explain the semantics of that language. Or we can proceed more directly, speaking explicitly of possible worlds from the start. Those who prefer the second course, as I do, have a choice to make. To say that there might be blue swans, for instance, we might provide our everyday descriptive predicates with extra argument places and write:
Reliable Control of Chemical Processes with a Supervisory Knowledge-Based System

Abstract The application of a supervisory knowledge-based system (KBS) to provide fault tolerant control of a chemical reaction process is examined. The supervisory KBS is capable of monitoring the process to detect process and control system faults or deteriorating control system performance due to changes in the process behavior or operating conditions. If a fault or untoward change in performance is detected, the KBS formulates and implements the necessary corrective action. This paper focuses on two important types of remedial action: control loop tuning and automatic restructuring of the control system configuration. The underlying mechanisms are discussed and validation results, using a rigorous simulation of the chemical reactor process, are presented.
In Need of Direction: An Evaluation of the "Direct Effect" Requirement Under Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 490II. History of U.S. Antitrust Law's Extraterritorial Reach 493A. The Sherman Act's Extraterritorial Reach Before 1982 494B. The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 4961. Statutory Language 4962. Congressional Purpose 497C. Early Interpretations of the FTAIA 498III. Diverging Tests for Direct Effect 502A. Immediate Consequence Test 503B. Reasonably Proximate Causal Nexus Test 5071. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit 5072. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 5093. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission 511IV. Evaluation of the Direct Effect Tests 512A. Immediate Consequence Test 5121. Definition of Direct 5122. Use of Direct in Other Statutes 5133. The FTAIA's Legislative History and Existing Common Law Standards 515B. Reasonably Proximate Causal Nexus Test 5201. Definition of Direct 5212. Plain Language 5223. Consistent with the Purposes of the FTAIA .......5234. Weaknesses of the Reasonably Proximate Causal Nexus Test 526V. Policy Considerations 527VI. Conclusion 531I. IntroductionCourts have long struggled with the question of when American antitrust laws apply to foreign anticompetitive conduct.1 The precise extraterritorial reach of U.S. antitrust laws remains uncertain as the global economy becomes increasingly interdependent and international trade barriers evaporate.2 Courts face the daunting task of balancing two competing interests: (1) encouraging vigorous antitrust enforcement against anticompetitive conduct that harms American commerce and (2) accommodating the antitrust regimes of foreign nations.3The Sherman Act4 makes illegal every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign commerce.5 Congress enacted the statute in 1890 to "secure equality of opportunity to protect the public against evils commonly incident to destruction of competition through monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade."6 Soon thereafter, the question arose as to whether and to what extent the Sherman Act applied extraterritorially.7 At first, the U.S. Supreme Court strictly limited the Sherman Act's application to when conduct occurred overseas.8 Some years later, Judge Learned Hand took a different approach, declaring that the Sherman Act applies to foreign conduct that has an "effect" on U.S. commerce.9 Subsequent judicial applications of Judge Hand's "effects test" produced varied expressions of the standard and created confusion among courts and the antitrust community.10In 1982, Congress enacted the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act11 (FTAIA) with the intention of clarifying the international reach of U.S. antitrust laws.12 The FTAIA provides that foreign conduct is outside of the scope of the Sherman Act unless it "has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic or import commerce and "such effect gives rise to a claim under the [Sherman Act]. …
Human Rights and Environmental Disaster ― Two Problems That Defy the 'Norms' of the International Law of Sea Piracy

The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention ("Convention") took effect in November 1994, and one hundred and ten nations have ratified it as of 1997. The Convention's drafters assert that it establishes a framework within which to codify existing customary law, in part, as well as to create new principles for civilized nations. However, the Convention has created new conflicts because it provides for expanded coastal state jurisdiction out to 200 nautical miles (creating exclusive economic zones). This territorial expansion has led nations to assert jurisdictional claims over broader areas of the seas and has created turbulence in many areas, including, inter alia, the Spratly Islands; Gulf of Thailand; East China Sea; Sea of Japan; Yellow Sea; Sea of Okhotsk; Arafura Sea; Timor Sea; Java Sea; Celebres Sea; Sulu Sea; South China Sea; etc. According to an article in the International Herald Tribune, Indonesia is still negotiating with the United States over proposed Indonesian regulations for restricting the free movement of foreign ships to three designated sea lanes. Indonesia believes that it is entitled to have this "right" of restriction; the United States correctly asserts that this restriction would be an infringement on the right of every nation to military and civilian navigation as defined under the Convention, as well as under customary international law. The framework established under the Convention is leading nations to assert broader jurisdictional claims because of the potential for mineral and hydrocarbon deposits within the expanded areas of seas. Greed – the common heritage of mankind – seems to be overcoming the theme of the Convention. The two problems that are presented in this article concern the effect of these restrictive norms on human rights (more specifically, the rights of "boat people" refugees), and on the environment. The methodology utilized is as follows: I will first set forth two case examples (Case 1 - the rape of Vietnamese women, and Case 2 - the pilotless vessel). In order for the reader to understand the problems, I will then discuss the necessary law of the sea terminology - its history, strengths and weaknesses - so that the reader may draw a conclusion as to the effectiveness of the 1982 Convention. I will then discuss and suggest what I believe will be a partial solution to the two problems posed in this article.
Choose Wisely: Auction or Negotiation?

We examine the method by which firms are sold, auctions or one-on-one negotiations. We define and describe a subset of transactions that result from auction failure (i.e., target-attempted auctions that secure only one bidder). Controlling for endogeneity, firm, and transaction specific characteristics, we show that failed auctions are associated with lower final premiums and higher acquirer returns compared with both successful auctions and pure negotiations (negotiations with only one bidder from the outset to the conclusion of the transaction). We find that several target, acquirer, and deal-specific characteristics affect the likelihood of auction failure. The loss of latent (perceived) competition that results from a failed auction partially shifts the wealth created by a merger or acquisition from targets’ to acquirers’ shareholders. To maximize shareholders’ wealth, targets should carefully consider the likelihood of auction failure ex ante.
Role of neutral ceramidase in colon cancer

Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism, especially ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, have been linked to colon cancer, suggesting that enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism may emerge as novel regulators and targets in colon cancer. Neutral ceramidase (nCDase), a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism that hydrolyzes ceramide into sphingosine, is highly expressed in the intestine; however, its role in colon cancer has not been defined. Here we show that molecular and pharmacological inhibition of nCDase in colon cancer cells increases ceramide, and this is accompanied by decreased cell survival and increased apoptosis and autophagy, with minimal effects on noncancerous cells. Inhibition of nCDase resulted in loss of β-catenin and inhibition of ERK, components of pathways relevant for colon cancer development. Furthermore, inhibition of nCDase in a xenograft model delayed tumor growth and increased ceramide while decreasing proliferation. It is noteworthy that mice lacking nCDase treated with azoxymethane were protected from tumor formation. Taken together, these studies show that nCDase is pivotal for regulating initiation and development of colon cancer, and these data suggest that this enzyme is a suitable and novel target for colon cancer therapy.-Garcia-Barros, M., Coant, N., Kawamori, T., Wada, M., Snider, A. J., Truman, J.-P., Wu, B. X., Furuya, H., Clarke, C. J., Bialkowska, A. B., Ghaleb, A., Yang, V. W., Obeid, L. M., Hannun, Y. A. Role of neutral ceramidase in colon cancer.
Abstract 4: The Association Between Admission Rate and 30-Day Risk Standardized Readmission Rate for Heart Failure and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: There is wide variation in regional admission and readmission rates and the association between the two is unknown. We sought to determine this association and whether it differs between heart failure (HF) admissions, more discretionary, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admissions, less discretionary. Methods: We used 2006-2008 Medicare ICD-9-CM claims data to determine AMI and HF admissions. Hospital referral region (HRR) admission rates were determined using Medicare denominator files. We estimated hospital level 30-day risk standardized readmission rates using hierarchical logistic models adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities and then aggregated them to HRRs level RSRRs. The correlation (R2) obtained by weighted linear regression characterized the relationship between admission rates and RSRRs for AMI and HF. Results: Among 306 HRRs, the median AMI admission was 9.2 per 1000 enrollees (range 2.8 to 26.5) and the median HF admission rate was 19.6 (range 7.6 to 41.4). Among the 306 HRRs, the median AMI RSRR was 0.196 (range 0.163 to 0.233) and the median HF RSRR was 0.242 (range 0.201 to 0.289). Regional AMI admission rate was weakly correlated with AMI RSRR (R2 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.11) and HF RSRR (R2 0.07, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.13). Regional HF admission rate was modestly correlated with both AMI RSRR (R2 0.28, 95% CI 0.20 - 0.37) and HF RSRR (R2 0.32, 95% CI 0.24 - 0.41). Conclusion: The modest association between HF admissions, a more discretionary admission condition, and both AMI and HF readmission rates suggest a systemic propensity to admit and readmit patients. In contrast, the same was not true of AMI, a less discretionary admission condition. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Development of a practice-based patient cohort for primary care research.

Background and objectives Efforts to develop "laboratories" for primary care research have largely focused on the development of networks that recruit subjects on a project-specific basis. We sought to develop an alternative model--a representative cohort of adult primary care patients maintained for use in multiple projects. Methods In 2001, research assistants in waiting areas of a representative sample of 16 family medicine practices in North Carolina approached all adult patients during a 4-week period. Follow-up has been maintained for 3 years. In 2004 and 2005, the cohort was refreshed by adding eight new practices. Each consenting subject was administered a four-page self report questionnaire that included items on demographics, risk factors, health status, and quality of life. Results Of 10,649 eligible patients approached in 2001, 6,811 (64%) completed the enrollment questionnaire, of whom 5,575 (81.9%) consented to be included in the cohort. African Americans, Latinos, and older persons were enrolled at rates paralleling the state's adult population. Poor general health, chronic illness, and risk factors for chronic disease were more prevalent in the cohort than in the general population. Over 3 years, cohort members were included in multiple studies, and 77% of the original cohort remained active. The per-subject enrollment cost varied between 27 US dollars and 45 US dollars; annual program maintenance costs were estimated at approximately 35,000 US dollars. Conclusions The research cohort has these advantages over traditional practice-based research networks: patient focus rather than physician focus, a structure that places few demands on practices, ability to target racial and ethnic minorities, and a better-defined patient population. As is true of all aspects of research infrastructure, the cost of development and maintenance is significant.
Revivalist Nationalism since World War II: From “Wake up, America!” to “Make America Great Again”

Between 1945 and 1980, evangelicals emerged as a key political constituency in American politics, helping to form the Religious Right and work for the election of Ronald Reagan and other conservative Republicans. This article argues that they embraced a distinctive type of revivalist nationalism, centered around the mass revival. Case studies of Billy Graham, Bill Bright, Jerry Falwell, and Ronald Reagan offer a narrative of postwar revivalist nationalism and demonstrate that evangelicals renegotiated the relationship between personal salvation and national renewal during this period, facilitating their mass entry into partisan politics. Billy Graham presented in his early crusades an unsophisticated assumption that mass conversion would lead to national renewal. Later revivalists such as Bill Bright, founder of Campus Crusade for Christ, sought to reorient revivalism toward directed political organization, leading in the 1970s to decreasing emphasis on personal conversion and increasing focus on the political process. By the 1980 presidential election, the Religious Right had completely abandoned the priority of personal conversion and sought instead to revive the “principles” of a Christian America. Ronald Reagan embodied this principle-oriented revival, and helped crystalize a revivalist nationalism that remains embedded in contemporary evangelical politics.
The Kinetics of Etoposide (VP-16) Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell (PBPC) Mobilization.

Abstract The kinetics of G-CSF PBPC mobilization are well described. CD34+cells in peripheral blood rise four days after G-CSF administration, and decline after the eighth day. VP-16 is increasingly used with G-CSF as a mobilizing regimen; however, the kinetics of mobilization are sparsely described. We retrospectively reviewed 275 patients (pts) with NHL or HD who received VP-16 plus G-CSF as a primary PBPC mobilizing regimen. 214 (78%) had NHL; 31% received prior radiation therapy; 63% were male; 85% had responsive disease. Pts received VP-16 (2 gm/m2) followed by daily G-CSF (10 mcg/kg). All pts experienced a significant WBC nadir. Pts began pheresis when their WBC recovered to 5,000. Pts were pheresed for at least 2 days or until 7.0 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg were collected; pheresis continued until a minimum of 2.0 x 106 CD34+ cells were collected. WBC nadir occurred day +6 after VP-16 and WBC recovery to 5,000 occurred day +13 (median) after VP-16. Pts were pheresed for a median of 3 days which yielded a median of 9.7 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg (range, 2.0–100.1 x 106). 72% of pts began collection on day +12, day +13, or day +14. The average CD34+ cell collection was maximal on the first 3 days of pheresis, but reasonable yields continued to be obtained for approximately 10 days of pheresis, as shown below: Download : Download high-res image (145KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 81% collected ≥ 5 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg, and 72% collected ≥ 7 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg. The platelet count on the first day of pheresis correlated with the ability to collect 5 and 7 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg (p
The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea

Why does the idea of a natural racial hierarchy persist in spite of abundant scientific evidence against it? In addressing this question, Robert Sussman, professor of physical anthropology at Washi...
Shared Rate Process for Mobile Users in Poisson Networks and Applications

This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of the temporal performance variation experienced by a mobile user in a wireless network and its impact on system-level design. We consider a simple stochastic geometry model: the infrastructure nodes are Poisson distributed while the user’s motion is the simplest possible, i.e., constant velocity on a straight line. We first characterize variations in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) process and associated downlink Shannon rate, resulting from variations in the infrastructure geometry seen by the mobile. Specifically, by making a connection between stochastic geometry and queuing theory, the level crossings of the SNR process are shown to form an alternating renewal process whose distribution is completely characterized. For large/small SNR levels, and associated rare events, we further derive simple distributional (exponential) models. We then characterize the second major contributor to such variations, namely, changes in the number of other users sharing the infrastructure. Combining these two phenomena, we study what are the dominant factors (infrastructure geometry or sharing number) when a mobile experiences a very high/low shared rate. These results are then used to evaluate and optimize the system-level quality of experience of the mobile users sharing such a wireless infrastructure, including mobile devices streaming video which proactively buffer content to prevent rebuffering and mobiles which are downloading large files. Finally, we use simulation to assess the fidelity of this model and its robustness to factors which are presently not taken into account.