cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a multi-species riparian buffer system for sediment and nutrient removal

vi GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation organization 3 Objectives 3 Description of the study site 4 References 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 General background 8 Effectiveness of sediment and nutrient trapping in buffers 11 References 18 NUTRIENT AND SEDIMENT REMOVAL BY SWITCHGRASS AND COOLSEASON GR.A.SS FILTERS IN CENTRAL IOWA. USA 24 Abstract 24 Introduction 25 Materials and Methods 27 Results and Discussion 30 Conclusions 34 References 35
Social normative and social network factors associated with adolescent pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of 176 villages in rural Honduras.

Background Adolescent pregnancy and childbirth are common throughout Central America. While gendered beliefs promoting motherhood are a known risk factor, their association with adolescent childbirth within the social networks of Central American communities is unknown. Methods This was a cross-sectional study looking at adolescent childbirth amongst women ages 15-20 years (N = 2990) in rural Honduras, using reproductive health data on all individuals ≥15 years of age (N = 24 937 of 31 300 population) including social network contacts, all of whom were interviewed as part of the study. The outcome, adolescent childbirth, was defined as having had a child < age 20 years. Predictors included whether a woman's social contact had an adolescent childbirth and the social contact's reported perception of community support for adolescent childbirth. Results While girls who identified a father in the village as a social contact had a lower likelihood of adolescent childbirth regardless of whether or not they reported being in a partnership, this finding did not hold for girls who identified mothers. There was an association between a social contact's report of norms supporting adolescent childbirth and a girl's risk of adolescent childbirth; however, village-level aggregate norms attenuated that relationship. Independent significant associations were found between a girl's risk of adolescent childbirth and both a social contact's adolescent childbirth and the village proportion of women who had had an adolescent childbirth. The association between social contacts' adolescent childbirth and a girl's risk of adolescent childbirth across relationships was more robust for stronger relationships and when the social contact was closer in age to the girl. Conclusions If, as this evidence suggests, a strong driver of adolescent childbirth is the frequency of the occurrence of adolescent childbirth both within the greater community and within a girl's proximal social network, the challenge for intervention strategies is to encourage norms that prevent adolescent childbirth without stigmatising those who have had an adolescent childbirth. Programmatic efforts to counter prevailing norms that limit a woman's role to motherhood, and that support and encourage strong norms for girls' education may play an important role in addressing this situation.
David Oliver: Detoxifying DNACPR decisions.

Could healthcare practitioners do more to demystify and detoxify the public conversation on “Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation” (DNACPR) decisions? Even before covid-19, DNACPR orders featured in many a misunderstanding or formal complaint. The pandemic response has made these orders more contentious, and the Care Quality Commission recently announced that it would review how DNACPR decisions had been used during the pandemic.1 Stories had emerged earlier in the pandemic of NHS commissioners pressuring local care homes to complete DNACPR orders for residents en masse2 or GP surgeries writing to registered patients with serious illnesses, asking them to complete forms.3 Doctors and advocacy groups expressed fears about using age or clinical frailty scores for crude rationing of intensive care or CPR, not least for younger people with physical or learning …
Southwest Borderland Voices and Stories: Community Cultural Wealth as Living Literacies

This study qualitatively examines the literacy experiences of three Southwest Borderland Latinos who left high school before graduating. Addressing a gap in the literature that reveals the limited attention paid to how students who left high school before graduating generate and use community cultural wealth (Burciaga & Erbstein, 2012), this investigation explores the vibrant role and contribution of community cultural wealth in literacy development. Through the frameworks of New Literacy Studies (NLS) and family literacy within the context of the Southwest Borderlands, and employing the tool of counternarratives through a Latino Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) lens, this study provides a platform for validating and affirming the voices, stories, experiences, and knowledges of the research participants. Utilizing portraiture as the methodology illuminates the living literacies that transpired when the participants read their world and the word (Freire, 2006).
Cutaneous manifestations of small fibre polyneuropathy.

BACKGROUND Because typical and atypical features of small fibre polyneuropathy (SFN) in the skin have not been fully elucidated, the diagnosis is often made by the exclusion of alternative conditions rather than by its identification as a primary syndrome. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize dermatologic manifestations in patients with SFN. METHODS Large retrospective series of biopsy-proven SFN cases seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital (January 2000 to December 2019). RESULTS The majority of the 301 participants included presented with at least one cutaneous manifestation [292/301 (97%)]. Pain was most common with 254/301 (84.4%) perceiving this as occurring in the skin. It was frequently described as 'burning' [95/254 (37.4%)] and affected distal [174/254 (68.5%)] slightly more than proximal [111/254 (43.7%)] limbs. Numbness [182/301 (60.5%)], edema [61/301 (20.3%)] and skin colour changes [53/301 (17.6%)], which include redness [23/53 (43%)], also had predominant distal distribution. Characteristic loss of distal hair occurred among 17/29 (59%) those reporting hair loss. Other findings with classic limb involvement, Raynaud's phenomenon [33/301 (11%)] and erythromelalgia [26/301 (8.6%)] were seen. Itch [45/301 (15%)], mostly localized [22/45 (49%)] and localized eczematous dermatitis were also found. CONCLUSION SFN has a wide range of clinical features in which the skin is affected, with characteristic findings affecting the extremities.
A prolegomenon to econometric model building

This chapter describes prototypical sets of assumptions made in econometric modeling leading to model types which are linear in their parameters. A prolegomenon is a philosophical disquisition on a given subject. As the statistical methods are complex for simple-to-state models as the linear expected value model and its relative, the system of simultaneous linear equations, there is great incentive for econometric models to be a form for which statistical methods of estimation are well developed. The chapter focuses on single-equation modeling to introduce some of these assumptions in a mathematically uncluttered context. The rich variety of single-equation models linear in their parameters includes the structural and functional relation, the conditional expected value in a multivariate normal distribution, and the linear stochastic difference equation. The two major issues in single equation modeling are the proper interpretation of the so-called error term and the appropriate imputation of causality to the independent variables.
Sticks and Stones: How Words Can Hurt

In 1969, in Bmndenbu?g u Ohio, the United States Supreme Court held that speech tending to promote lawlessness or advocating illegal activity cannot be restrained by criminal law unless the speech "is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action." The Brandenburgstandard, which applies to the use of civil as well as criminal sanctions to regulate free speech, reflects the Court's belief that the free competition of ideas, rather than censorship, is the preferred means of eliminating "bad" ideas in the public consciousness. Courts and constitutional scholars alike are in discord over the appropriateness of the First Amendment's protective veil, particularly when it functions to protect materials that instruct on how to perform illegal or harmful activity and negligent publications that contain misinformation, reliance upon which leads to injury. This Note explores the various types of litigation private parties have used in attempting to impose liability on speakers whose speech resulted in
Multi-channel wireless networks: capacity, protocols, and experimentation

Wireless technologies, such as IEEE 802.11, provide for multiple non-overlapping channels. Typical multi-hop wireless network configurations have only used a single channel for the network. The available network capacity can be increased by using multiple channels. However, the number of interfaces per node is expected to remain smaller than the number of channels, and therefore a single node cannot simultaneously use all the channels. In this talk, we present the capacity of general multi-channel networks wherein the number of interfaces per node may be smaller than the number of channel. Under this scenario, we show that for a random network of n nodes, there is no capacity degradation even with only one interface per node, as long as the number of channels is less than O(logn). Thus, in theory, multiple channels can improve network capacity significantly even with a small number of interfaces per node. However, in practice, many challenges have to be addressed before the capacity improvement can be realized. We present practical protocols for utilizing multiple channels that address many of these challenges. One set of protocols have been designed for the scenario where each node may have only one interface. Another set of protocols have been designed for the scenario where each node has multiple interfaces. We will present results from simulations that demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed protocols in significantly increasing network capacity. The talk will also discuss our work on implementing selected protocols on an experimental testbed.
Market Failure in Multiphase Electric Power Development for Agricultural Irrigation

The adoption of multiphase electric power for electric irrigation has been limited in an area characterized by extremely rapid expansion of irrigated acreage despite production cost advantages. Theoretical and empirical evidence of failure in the existing market for multiphase power development are presented. Alternative development mechanisms are presented and discussed.
Liu Zengfu as One of the Last Connoisseurs of Jingju (Peking Opera)

I write this essay as a belated tribute to Liu Zengfu 劉曾復 (1914–2012) as his disciple and as a junior scholar who wishes to contribute to the field of Jingju 京劇 (Peking opera) studies.1 I had been ...
First Report and Confirmed Distribution of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme in Southern Michigan.

Leaf lesions and root rot symptoms typical of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme O'Donnell & T. Aoki were observed in commercial soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in southern Michigan. Leaf symptoms ranged from chlorotic spots to severe interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, no foliar pathogens were noted. In 2008, isolates were collected from Berrien and St. Joseph counties. In 2009, isolates were collected from Cass, St. Joseph, Van Buren, Allegan, and Monroe counties. Pieces of roots with root rot symptoms were washed prior to surface disinfestation with 70% ethanol for 30 s and 0.5% NaOCl for 1 min and incubated on water agar (WA) in petri plates amended with 50 μg/ml of chloramphenicol for the production of sporodochia. Alternatively, spores were collected directly from nondisinfested roots expressing blue sporodochia. Single-spore cultures were derived by streaking macroconidia with a bacterial loop onto 3% WA + chloramphenicol and incubated overnight. With a dissecting...
Unraveling the Concept of Race in Brazil: Issues for the Rio de Janeiro Cooperative Agreement Site

Abstract Scholars throughout the Americas have spent much of the 20th century studying race and its meaning in Brazil. Racial identities in Brazil are dynamic concepts which can only be understood if situated and explored within the appropriate cultural context. Empirical evidence of the fluidity of racial identification quickly came to the authors' attention within the context of a prevention initiative targeting segments of the Rio de Janeiro population at high risk for HIV/AIDS. Because the main objective of this program was to slow the spread of AIDS through an intervention designed to promote behavioral change, comparisons of client data at the baseline and fol low-up assessments fo nn the core of the analyses. Through quality control procedures used to link client information collected at different points in time, it was revealed that 106 clients, or 12.5% of the follow-up sample, had changed their racial self-identification. The authors' attempts to engage project staff in a dialogue about the flui...
Characterization of the CNRE-1 family of repetitive DNA elements in Cryptococcus neoformans

Abstract The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans contains 10–20 dispersed repetitive elements that hybridize to clone CNRE-1.0. Screening of a genomic library with probes derived from CNRE-1.0 identified five phages with restriction maps that overlapped CNRE-1.0 and three additional phages that belonged to two distinct groups. Sequencing of internal 3.5-kb SstI fragments from two CNRE-1-like elements revealed 95% homology, as well as a conserved open reading frame. A PCR-RFLP assay was developed that can distinguish different subfamilies of CNRE-1-like elements.
Toward diagnostic and phenotype markers for genetically transmitted speech delay.

Converging evidence supports the hypothesis that the most common subtype of childhood speech sound disorder (SSD) of currently unknown origin is genetically transmitted. We report the first findings toward a set of diagnostic markers to differentiate this proposed etiological subtype (provisionally termed speech delay-genetic) from other proposed subtypes of SSD of unknown origin. Conversational speech samples from 72 preschool children with speech delay of unknown origin from 3 research centers were selected from an audio archive. Participants differed on the number of biological, nuclear family members (0 or 2+) classified as positive for current and/or prior speech-language disorder. Although participants in the 2 groups were found to have similar speech competence, as indexed by their Percentage of Consonants Correct scores, their speech error patterns differed significantly in 3 ways. Compared with children who may have reduced genetic load for speech delay (no affected nuclear family members), child...
Solubility of Globular Proteins in Polysaccharide Solutions

A statistical thermodynamic model based on the lattice model proposed by Baskir et al. (1987) was employed to predict the solubilities of globular proteins such as ovalbumin and lysozyme at their isoelectric points in dextran solutions of different molecular weights. The model accounted for protein-polysaccharide and polysaccharide-solvent interactions as well as entropy of mixing, and it employed simplifying assumptions such as a linear homogeneous polysaccharide molecule and a spherical globular protein molecule of uniform surface properties. The protein-polysaccharide interaction parameter χs, obtained by fitting the model to experimental data for one molecular weight of dextran, was found to be 0.132 and 0.115 for ovalbumin and lysozyme, respectively. Solubilities of ovalbumin and lysozyme in dextran solutions of different molecular weights exhibited a shallow maximum at intermediate dextran concentrations and compared well with model predictions. Protein solubility was found to be very sensitive to protein-polysaccharide interactions and increase with more favorable protein-polysaccharide interactions (larger χs), less favorable polysaccharide-solvent interactions (larger χ), smaller size protein molecule, and lower molecular weight polysaccharide.
Monitoring of compliance with infection control practices at a 710-bed tertiary facility

ISSUE: Compliance with hand hygiene practices and expanded precautions are two means of reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Monitoring of these performance indicators can be challenging in a facility with over 7000 employees and 80–100 patients on expanded precautions daily. PROJECT: Observations of hand hygiene are completed by registered nurses (RNs) of the supplemental staffing (SST) and IV teams. The RN makes random observations of hand hygiene behaviors of healthcare workers (HCWs) while performing his/her job duties. To monitor isolation, the infection control practitioners (ICPs) make weekly rounds of the units to assess compliance with established protocols. The ICP documents commendations and errors and communicates directly with available staff members. The manager is responsible for following up with staff to correct noncompliance and documenting actions taken. The data from both forms of monitoring is compiled into a quarterly report that includes unit specific HAI methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection/colonization rates. The report is disseminated to directors, managers, and staff to communicate unit compliance with infection control practices and identify areas for improvement. Focused education is conducted for specific identified issues, such as the education campaign directed at increasing physician hand hygiene compliance. RESULTS: A total of 1124 hand hygiene observations of individual HCWs were completed between January and December 2004. Observations indicate physician compliance is 32.0%, while total HCW compliance is 68.7%. Hand hygiene education focusing on physicians increased their compliance to 59.5%, which is a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.01). For isolation monitoring, 2095 commendations and 1302 errors have been documented. An increasing trend of the amount of commendations given each quarter can be noted since initiation of monitoring in October 2003. LESSONS LEARNED: Monitoring with feedback is an effective way of increasing compliance with infection control practices if done continuously. Utilizing SST and the IV Team in hand hygiene monitoring is an easy, time-efficient method of obtaining data. When attempting to monitor infection control practices at a large facility, the use of simple, standardized forms and uniform education of the monitoring process are key factors in the consistency of the data collected.
Osteopontin (OPN) may facilitate metastasis by protecting cells from macrophage NO-mediated cytotoxicity: evidence from cell lines down-regulated for OPN expression by a targeted ribozyme

Osteopontin (OPN) is a GRGDS-containing phosphoglycoprotein that is capable of facilitating cell adhesion and modulating gene expression via integrin receptors. Three hammerhead ribozymes designed to target three different regions of OPN mRNA were shown to cleave the message catalyticallyin vitro. Plasmid vectors that had been engineered to express the ribozymes in mammalian cells were used to generate stably transfected T24 H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells that normally express OPN at high levels. Northern and Western blot analyses showed that OPN mRNA and protein expression were reduced in a subset of these anti-OPN ribozyme-expressing cell lines. Cells whose ability to produce OPN had been impaired exhibited greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of activated RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells; they were also less effective at suppressing macrophage NO production. In agreement with previous reports, they were also less tumorigenic and metastatic in an experimental metastasis assay. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that OPN serves as a defense against NO-mediated host cell cytotoxicity and thereby augments the metastatic phenotype.
387 BLOOD PRESSURE DURING PREGNANCY AS A PREDICTOR OF SUBSEQUENT BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE CHILD

387 BLOOD PRESSURE DURING PREGNANCY AS A PREDICTOR OF SUBSEQUENT BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE CHILD
On the birefringent-coating method of stress analysis for fiber-reinforced laminated composites

A general relation based upon laminated-plate theory is developed which relates the state of stress throughout the thickness of the fiber-reinforced composite laminate to experimentally determined surface strains. The usefulness of the developed relation is discussed through an example given for a typical graphite-epoxy structural laminate. Birefringent coatings employed as a method to determine laminate surface strains are investigated. Isochromatic disturbances in the vicinity of a laminate free-edge, due to a Poisson's ratio mismatch between coating and laminate and interlaminar stress transfer between discrete lamina of the laminate, are investigated through exact elasticity solutions.
Comparison of isotope exchange, H2 evolution, and H2 oxidation activities of Azotobacter vinelandii hydrogenase.

Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii hydrogenase was purified aerobically with a 35% yield. The purified enzyme catalyzed H2 oxidation at much greater velocity than H2 evolution. There was a large difference in activation energy for the two reactions. EA was 10 kcal/mol for H2 oxidation and 22 kcal/mol for evolution. This difference in activation energies between the two reactions means that the ratio of oxidation velocity to evolution velocity drops from 70 at 33°C to 8 at 488°C. With D2 and H2O as substrates, both membranes and purified enzyme produced only H2 and no HD in the isotope exchange reaction. The velocity of isotope exchange was equal to the velocity of H2 evolution from reduced methyl viologen, indicating that the two reactions share the same rate-limiting step. D2 and H2 inhibited H2 evolution, but D2 did not inhibit isotope exchange. We conclude that H2 and D2 do not inhibit H2 evolution by competing with H+ for the active site of the reduced enzyme. The Km for D2 in isotope exchange is 40-times greater than its Km in D2 oxidation. The difference in Km cannot be accounted for by differences in kcat. We propose that redox environment regulates hydrogenase's affinity for D2 (and likely H2 as well).
Ferromagnetic resonance studies of exchange-biased Permalloy thin films.

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of Permalloy thin films exchange-coupled to iron-manganese films are analyzed. Studies were made on bilayer, ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic (FA) and trilayer (AFA) structures, as a function of both F and A layer thicknesses in the range 20--800 A\r{}. Data are presented at a frequency of 9.3 GHz for both in-plane and perpendicular directions of the applied field, and at 34.1 GHz, in-plane. Analysis of these data enables extraction of the magnetization, gyromagnetic ratio, and an exchange shift due to spin-wave stiffness and perpendicular-surface anisotropy, as a function of layer thickness. The azimuthal dependence of the in-plane resonance is used to determine the magnitude of the exchange anisotropy (bias field). The magnetization and gyromagnetic ratio show little dependence on the thickness of either the F or A layer down to 50 A\r{}, implying that the interfaces are sharp on a scale of a few lattice constants. Within this interfacial region the magnetization is reduced as a result of interaction with the antiferromagnet. We suggest that the perpendicular-surface anisotropy is created by exchange coupling to the antiferromagnet whose easy axes are not in the plane of the interface. Finally, we suggest a model for exchange anisotropy in which the antiferromagnetic domain pattern is not totally locked, but adjusts in response to the ferromagnetization. Such a model qualitatively explains the bias field exerted by the antiferromagnetic layer deposited before the ferromagnet, the field-training effect, the FMR linewidth, and the magnitude of the bias field.
Principles Governing the Interpretation and Exercise of Article v pOwers

A* MENDMENTS to the United States Constitution have been few and far between. Since its ratification in 1789, the Constitution has undergone only twenty-six amendments. Ten of these, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791. Article V of the Constitution provides for two alternatives for proposing amendments.' Either the Congress, upon two-thirds of both houses deeming it necessary, or a Convention, called by Congress upon receipt of applications from two-thirds of the states, may propose amendments. All twenty-six amendments to the Constitution have been proposed by Congress. Although several applications for a Convention have been submitted by various states2 the necessary two-thirds to effect the calling has at no time been obtained.3 Disagreement among constitutional scholars as regards the role of Congress and the states in calling a Convention may, in part, be attributable to the desuetude of this procedure. Moreover, this issue has never been presented to the United States Supreme Court for adjudication. Consequently, questions concerning the calling of a Convention have yet to be answered authoritatively. But this is true only in regard to the particulars. Broad principles governing the amendment process in general are discernible in several Supreme Court decisions dealing with Article V. Furthermore, the historical evidence which is available serves to provide some indication of the Framers' intentions as regards the constitutional function of the states, the Congress, and the Convention, respectively, in the process for proposing amendments. These two threads, relevant Supreme Court decisions and historical data, when pulled through the eye of common sense, seam the fabric on which the details of embroidery must be stitched.
Theory and the history of cartography

Abstract Cartographic history has been dominated by an empiricism that treats the nature of maps as self‐evident and which denies the presence of any theory. In contrast, this paper argues that theories lie at the root of all empirical study whether or not they are acknowledged. The linear, progressive model of cartographic development, for example, is not a law deduced from historical evidence; if it were it would be easily and quickly dismissed. It derives instead from our cultural beliefs concerning the nature of maps, which is to say from our unexamined theories. Historians of cartography need to be critical of their assumptions and preconceptions. Theoretical discussions in the history of cartography must address not whether we should use theory at all but to which theories we should adhere. It is inadequate simply to knock theories down. We must establish a debate in which old understandings of maps, of their creation, and of their use are replaced by better (that is, more consistent and coherent) t...
Clues to chondrule precursors: An investigation of vesicle formation in experimental chondrules

Abstract The absence of vesicles in chondrules and their presence in synthetic analogs yields information about the origin of chondrules. A variety of melting-crystallization experiments demonstrate the cause of vesicles in synthetic chondrules. Experiments involving the use of binding agents in sample preparation, samples with residual adsorbed moisture, incompletely melted samples, and the use of fine-grained sizesorted starting powder all generated more vesicles than experiments on control samples. Volatiles such as Na were not responsible for vesicles in our experiments because Na was not lost under our flashheating conditions. Because W dowiak (1983) assumed chondrule precursors contained volatiles, and his electrical discharge melting generated vesicles, he suggested chondrules were not formed by flashmelting events. However, vesicle-free chondrules are to be expected with flash melting provided that the precursors were poor in highly volatile material. Flash-melting experiments with serpentine in the precursor powder developed extremely porous “popcorn” spherules, as in some meteorite ablation spherules. Chondrule precursors must have consisted of anhydrous phases assembled at low ambient gas pressure above the condensation temperature of ice. The absence of vesicles in all chondrules, including those unlikely to have been heated multiple times, e.g., 16O-rich and granular chondrules, demonstrates that their original precursors, whether interstellar dust or nebular condensates, cannot have consisted of hydrous silicates.
Overlapping anomeric effects in a sucrose analogue.

Abstract Previous calculations with the molecular mechanics program MM3 gave unusually high energies (as much as 5.5. kcal/mol) for sucrosyl geometries found in single-crystal diffraction studies of oligosaccharides. Comparable MM3 energies for observed interresidue linkage conformations of disaccharides such as maltose and cellobiose are all within 2.8 kcal/mol. These results suggest that some energies calculated by MM3 for the linkage between anomeric centers of a pyranose ring and a furanose ring are too high. In the present paper, ab initio calculations at the 4-21G level and MM3 were used to study the conformational energies and geometry of a sucrose analogue, tetrahydro-2[(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)oxy]-2H-pyran. The range of energies of the observed structures was substantially reduced (to 2.4 kcal/mol) with the 4-21G calculations for the analogue despite an increase for the analogue (to 7.5 kcal/mol) based on new MM3 calculations. Besides the improved energy values, the 4-21G calculations also reproduced the observed variations in the endocyclic CO bond lengths better than did MM3.
Ultrasonic evaluation of filled polymers. II: Elastic moduli of a resin filled with iron inclusions of different aspect ratios

An ultrasonic technique is used for the nondestructive evaluation of elastic moduli of polymer composites. Samples with varying amounts of randomly oriented iron inclusions, having aspect ratios p = 0.20 (flakes) and p = 20.0 (short fibers), were fabricated and fully characterized. The results for the moduli are discussed in terms of available theoretical models. It is demonstrated that models which account for the microscopic details of the material offer a good description of the bulk properties. Also, experimental evidence is obtained for the effect of particle contiguity and allows not to evaluate the influence of particle/particle interaction.
Monte Carlo studies of high-transverse-energy hadronic interactions.

A four-jet Monte Carlo calculation has been used to simulate hadron-hadron interactions which deposit high transverse energy into a large-solid-angle calorimeter and limited solid-angle regions of the calorimeter. The calculation uses first-order QCD cross sections to generate two scattered jets and also produces beam and target jets. Field-Feynman fragmentation has been used in the hadronization. The sensitivity of the results to a few features of the Monte Carlo program has been studied. The results are found to be very sensitive to the method used to ensure overall energy conservation after the fragmentation of the four jets is complete. Results are also sensitive to the minimum momentum transfer in the QCD subprocesses and to the distribution of ${p}_{T}$ to the jet axis and the multiplicities in the fragmentation. With reasonable choices of these features of the Monte Carlo program, good agreement with data at Fermilab/CERN SPS energies is obtained, comparable to the agreement achieved with more sophisticated parton-shower models. With other choices, however, the calculation gives qualitatively different results which are in strong disagreement with the data. These results have important implications for extracting physics conclusions from Monte Carlo calculations. It is not possible to test the validity of a particular model or distinguish between different models unless the Monte Carlo results are unambiguous and different models exhibit clearly different behavior.
Electromagnetic potential vectors and spontaneous symmetry breaking

In general, electrodynamics requires two independent three-dimensional potential vectors for each Fourier mode, analogous to the position and momentum vectors of particle mechanics. The scalar potential may then be completely eliminated from the theory and a charged-particle Lagrangian will quite naturally contain a spontaneous-symmetry-breaking potential.
Simultaneous synthesis of two inducible enzymes in Staphylococcus aureus.

THE problem of inducible enzyme synthesis is currently receiving much attention because of its obvious value in the study of protein and nucleic acid formation and their interrelationship1.
Ice protection of offshore platforms

Climate change-induced reduction in the extent and duration of sea ice cover, as well as an increase in energy demands, has caused renewed interest in exploring and drilling for oil in Arctic waters. Superstructure icing from sea spray and atmospheric icing in the Arctic may impact offshore platform operations. Though icing has not caused the loss of an offshore platform, it can reduce safety, operational tempo, and productivity. Historically, many ice protection technologies were tested on offshore platforms with little success. However, new technologies and modern versions of old technologies used successfully in aviation, the electric power industry, and ground transportation systems, may be adapted to an offshore environment. This paper provides a framework for assessing the relative threat of ice accumulation types, such as superstructure ice, glaze, rime, frost, and snow, to the safety of platform functions. A review of ice protection strategies for functional platform areas is also provided.
Isolation and characterization of a galactose-specific carbohydrate binding protein from human lymphoblastic cells

Summary A carbohydrate binding protein of M r = 32,000 (CBP 32) has been isolated from detergent extracts of human B and T lymphoblastoid cells. CBP 32 binds specifically to glycoproteins containing asparagine-linked complex oligosaccharides, and can be eluted from a fetuin affinitymatrix by α -lactose. Binding is not thiol dependent, nor are divalent cations necessary for binding. Native CBP 32 appears to exist as a monomer, with a pl of 8.2. Purified CBP 32 can bind detergent, as shown by charge-shift electrophoresis, and thus appears to be an integral membrane protein.
Belief in collective emotions as conforming to the group

In three studies (N = 632), participants' belief in collective emotions and related concepts were examined. Participants' belief in the existence of collective emotions positively correlated with measures of ingroup identification, collective guilt assignment to an outgroup, patriotism, conformity to the ingroup, collectivist values, and collective self‐esteem. The belief in collective emotions mediated the relationship between ingroup identification and patriotism, and it also mediated the relationship between ingroup identification and assignment of collective guilt to an outgroup. Conformity to the ingroup and deriving collective self‐esteem by seeing one's self as a good ingroup member mediated the relationship between ingroup identification and the belief in collective emotions. The latter results support the notion that expressing a belief in collective emotions is a means of expressing conformity to a valued ingroup.
Fabrication and anti-fouling properties of photochemically and thermally immobilized poly(ethylene oxide) and low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) thin films

Abstract Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were covalently immobilized on silicon wafers and gold films by way of the CH insertion reaction of perfluorophenyl azides (PFPAs) by either photolysis or thermolysis. The immobilization does not require chemical derivatization of PEO or PEG, and polymers of different molecular weights were successfully attached to the substrate to give uniform films. Microarrays were also generated by printing polymer solutions on PFPA-functionalized wafer or Au slides followed by light activation. For low molecular weight PEG, the immobilization was highly dependent on the quality of the film deposited on the substrate. While the spin-coated and printed PEG showed poor immobilization efficiency, thermal treatment of the PEG melt on PFPA-functionalized surfaces resulted in excellent film quality, giving, for example, a grafting density of 9.2 × 10−4A−2 and an average distance between grafted chains of 33 A for PEG 20,000. The anti-fouling property of the films was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Low protein adsorption was observed on thermally-immobilized PEG whereas the photoimmobilized PEG showed increased protein adsorption. In addition, protein arrays were created using polystyrene (PS) and PEG based on the differential protein adsorption of the two polymers.
Occurrence of diabetes mellitus in families of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

Abstract A family history of diabetes mellitus was found in 11 of 25 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas seen at the University of Rochester Medical Center during a five-year period. The significance and implications of this finding are discussed.
Improvement in Motor Performance in Paretic and Paralyzed Extremities Following Nonembolic Cerebral Infarction

The problems involved in measuring improvement as well as the conceptual difficulties in considering this phenomenon were considered in general terms. Data on 300 patients with nonembolic cerebral infarction followed from five to nine years are presented, indicating that improvement in function of a paralyzed extremity may occur in the early phase after stroke but was extremely unlikely to continue during long-term follow-up from three months to five years. It was concluded that improvement in function might be determined more by retraining of the nonaffected muscles and particularly of the unaffected side rather than by recovery of the area paralyzed.
Policy‐relevant assessment of coastal zone management programs

Abstract The central purpose of policy‐relevant evaluation is to provide information that is directly relevant to decisions about the development, alteration, or termination of coastal zone management programs. Because of the number of potential clients for such information and the variety of decisions that have to be made, no single evaluative approach is likely to be appropriate for all situations. Five general approaches are outlined: program logic, compliance, process, goal achievement, and impact assessment. The choice of a particular approach depends primarily on the issues faced by policy‐makers. The design and conduct of evaluative studies of coastal zone managements pose special problems. These problems require special attention, but they are not insurmountable.
ASPaS: A Framework for Automatic SIMDization of Parallel Sorting on x86-based Many-core Processors

Due to the difficulty that modern compilers have in vectorizing applications on vector-extension architectures, programmers resort to manually programming vector registers with intrinsics in order to achieve better performance. However, the continued growth in the width of registers and the evolving library of intrinsics make such manual optimizations tedious and error-prone. Hence, we propose a framework for the Automatic SIMDization of Parallel Sorting (ASPaS) on x86-based multicore and manycore processors. That is, ASPaS takes any sorting network and a given instruction set architecture (ISA) as inputs and automatically generates vectorized code for that sorting network. By formalizing the sort function as a sequence of comparators and the transpose and merge functions as sequences of vector-matrix multiplications, ASPaS can map these functions to operations from a selected "pattern pool" that is based on the characteristics of parallel sorting, and then generate the vectorized code with the real ISA intrinsics. The performance evaluation of our ASPaS framework on the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor illustrates that automatically generated sorting codes from ASPaS can outperform the sorting implementations from STL, Boost, and Intel TBB.
Few-body processes in atom-diatom collisions

Abstract This contribution reviews recent progress on theories of atom-diatom collisions at thermal and hyperthermal energies. Following an overview of the types of theories being applied to triatomic systems,,it describes interaction potentials from a point of view relevant to few-body methods. Wavemechanical methods and results are reviewed for reactive collisions on single potential energy surfaces, including wavefunction propagation, basis expansion and purely numerical approaches. Reactions on multiple potential surfaces are briefly described, as well as approximations and models. Wave-mechanical treatments of dissociation are also considered. Applications of transition operator methods are reviewed, starting with results on two-atom transition operators and continuing with three-atom collisions at thermal and hyperthermal energies, including results of multiple-collision expansions.
Religiosity, the need for structure, death attitudes, and funeral preferences

Study one (N = 309) verified the common assumption that religious beliefs provide a sense of structure. Religion and structure indices contributed both shared and unique variance to the prediction of hope, affect, and life satisfaction. In a second study, 368 participants self-reported death attitudes, desire for structure, and answered questions concerning their own death (e.g., disposition of body, style of memorial). Strongly held religious beliefs linked to more positive and less negative attitudes toward death. The need for structure resonated with pain and natural aspects of death. Religious beliefs and structure needs further independently influenced attitudes toward and planning for one's own death.
EphB Receptors Couple Dendritic Filopodia Motility to Synapse Formation

Motile dendritic filopodial processes are thought to be precursors of spine synapses, but how motility relates to cell-surface cues required for axon-dendrite recognition and synaptogenesis remains unclear. We demonstrate with dynamic imaging that loss of EphBs results in reduced motility of filopodia in cultured cortical neurons and brain slice. EphB knockdown and rescue experiments during different developmental time windows show that EphBs are required for synaptogenesis only when filopodia are most abundant and motile. In the context of EphB knockdown and reduced filopodia motility, independent rescue of either motility with PAK or of Eph-ephrin binding with an EphB2 kinase mutant is not sufficient to restore synapse formation. Strikingly, the combination of PAK and kinase-inactive EphB2 rescues synaptogenesis. Deletion of the ephrin-binding domain from EphB2 precludes rescue, indicating that both motility and trans-cellular interactions are required. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between dendritic filopodia motility and synapse differentiation.
Weight loss and growth velocity in obese children after very low calorie diet, exercise, and behavior modification.

The prevalence of obesity in American youth is increasing and treatment of the condition is difficult. We have developed a multi-disciplinary weight reduction program that extends over 1 y and includes a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) followed by a hypocaloric diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Based on data collected at baseline, at the end of the acute intervention phase (10–20 wk), and at 1-y evaluation, we assessed the efficacy of this outpatient weight reduction program in treating obese children and adolescents in a follow-up of a series of cases. Furthermore, we examined the impact of the approach on growth velocity and maintenance of weight loss at 1 y. Fifty-six overweight children (aged 7–17 y) were recruited during a period of 18 mo to participate in the weight management program; 52 (93%) completed the acute phase of treatment and 35 (62.5%) successfully completed the I-y program. There was a significant decrease in body weight and body fat, as assessed by weight determinations and skinfold measurements 0, < 0.0001; results not corrected for age). The body mass index for the 35 individuals who completed the 1-y program decreased significantly from 32.7 on entry to 28.72 at 1 y (p < 0.0001; results not corrected for age). Conclusion: We conclude that a multidisciplinary weight reduction program that combines a VLCD, followed by a balanced hypocaloric diet, with a moderate-intensity progressive exercise program and behavior modification is an effective means for weight reduction in obese children and adolescents.
Multiscale Modeling of Cardiovascular Flows for Clinical Decision Support

Patient-specific cardiovascular simulations can provide clinicians with predictive tools, fill current gaps in clinical imaging capabilities, and contribute to the fundamental understanding of disease progression. However, clinically relevant simulations must provide not only local hemodynamics, but also global physiologic response. This necessitates a dynamic coupling between the Navier–Stokes solver and reduced-order models of circulatory physiology, resulting in numerical stability and efficiency challenges. In this review, we discuss approaches to handling the coupled systems that arise from cardiovascular simulations, including recent algorithms that enable efficient large-scale simulations of the vascular system. We maintain particular focus on multiscale modeling algorithms for finite element simulations. Because these algorithms give rise to an ill-conditioned system of equations dominated by the coupled boundaries, we also discuss recent methods for solving the linear system of equations arising from these systems. We then review applications that illustrate the potential impact of these tools for clinical decision support in adult and pediatric cardiology. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions in the field for both modeling and clinical application.
The Usefulness of Theophylline in Nonasthmatic Airway Obstruction

This study evaluated the effectiveness of oral bronchodilator therapy using theophylline in patients with nonreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. Twelve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were entered into a doubleblind crossover study using either active drug theophylline in 200 mg capsules (Elixophyllin) or placebo for 3 months, followed by 3 months of the alternate capsule. At baseline and monthly visits, data were recorded, including history, physical examination, and pulmonary function testing.Clinically, 7 of 11 patients responded favorably to theophylline, 3 were unchanged, and 1 improved on placebo. Comparison of each sign and symptom individually revealed no statistically significant differences. Pulmonary function (FEV1 and FVC) showed slight deterioration with placebo, but not with active drug therapy.These findings suggest that nonasthmatic patients may improve clinically during theophylline therapy whereas their pulmonary function may deteriorate during placebo therapy.
Cryostat mechanism design and fabrication

The harsh operating environment of high vacuum and extremely low temperature poses several challenges to cryogenic mechanisms. These challenges include out-gassing, physical property change of metal and nonmetal materials, differential thermal shrinkage of different materials. Many motorized cryogenic mechanisms have been designed and fabricated for various IR instruments at the Institute for Astronomy. These mechanisms include detector focus stages, filter wheels, 2 and 3-position bema selectors, lens switchers, grating tilt stages and gimbal mirror mounts. Cryogenic motors are used for all these mechanisms. The following topics will be discussed in this paper: motor selection, material selection, stress relieve and surface treatment, ball bearing and ball screw selection and treatment, bushing materials, lubrication methods, flex pivots, and Hall effect sensors.