cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies of Sino-American Rivalry in Africa: From 2000 to COVID-19

In this article it is argued that Sino-American rivalry in Africa is based on competing strategies utilized by each power to enhance their interests and bilateral ties on the continent, as well to try and outdo each other in image projection and overall influence expansion. These strategies of rivalry and power enhancement revolve around promoting close military ties and transactions on the continent; the framing of the continent in the language of securitization and strategic importance; and the perennial utilization of discourse or narrative that frames the other as detrimental to the interests of African states. These strategies of containing the others power preponderance or influence have expanded to include what is now referred to as vaccine diplomacy on the part of China, and during the Trump Administration the raising of loud alarm bells of China trying to dispossess Africa through what could be referred to as the “debt trap”. The consequences of these competing strategies enhance the following: authoritarianism in some key African states; increased jihadism in some regions of Africa as a reaction to the presence of the two major powers on the continent; weapons implicated in state violence and war crimes; and less money available for development as a result of resources being diverted to militarization. The ongoing pandemic will add another dimension to the US - China rivalry as both powers try to project an image of being the most concerned about Africa on as it relates to combating the virus.
Response to “Misunderstanding the Match: Do Students Create Rank Lists Based on True Preferences?”

Author(s): Schnapp, Benjamin H.; Ulrich, Katie; Hess, Jamie; Kraut, Aaron S.; Tillman, David; Westergaard, Mary
Integrating deep learning and unbiased automated high-content screening to identify complex disease signatures in human fibroblasts

Drug discovery for diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) are impeded by the lack of screenable cellular phenotypes. We present a novel, unbiased phenotypic profiling platform that combines automated cell culture, high-content imaging, Cell Painting, and deep learning. We applied this platform to primary fibroblasts from 91 PD patients and matched healthy controls, creating the largest publicly available Cell Painting image dataset to date at 48 terabytes. Using fixed weights from a convolutional deep neural network trained on ImageNet, we generated deep embeddings from each image and trained machine learning models to detect morphological disease phenotypes. Our platform’s robustness and sensitivity allowed the detection of individual-specific variation with high fidelity, across batches and plate layouts. Lastly, our models confidently separated LRRK2 and sporadic PD lines from healthy controls (ROC AUC 0.79 (0.08 standard deviation (SD))) supporting the capacity of this platform for complex disease modeling and drug screening applications.
Risk Communication and Regulatory Culture Clash

This paper discusses conflicting regulatory perspectives and their implications for the response to the discrepancy between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s public health objectives and public attitudes about health risks. If the goal of public policy is to maximize individual and social welfare, then we should permit people to trade their personal health for other, more preferred goods. This view implies that the appropriate measure of an risk communication program’s success is not whether everyone above some (arbitrary) exposure level takes action to reduce their exposure, but whether people fully understand the consequences of taking or not taking action. There are both practical and ethical problems with this approach. Informed consent provides an ethically attractive alternative model to the traditional standard-setting approach for public information programs. Advocates of informed consent are willing to accept people’s own judgment of where their best interest lies. Therefore they generally are more willing to allow people to trade off health for other values and are more willing to disclose information to facilitate such trade-offs than those who define well-being strictly in terms of public health. The disagreement on how to measure welfare explains much of the bureaucratic tension between those who ascribe to the standard-setting view of environmental risk regulation and those who advocate a less paternalistic approach.
Bile Acid Breath Test: Extremely Simple, Moderately Useful

Excerpt Despite the widespread use of14C-labeled compounds in clinical research, the Atomic Energy Commission's current list of "recognized medical uses of radioisotopes" does not include a single ...
Cell-mediated immunity.

CMI responses are key host protective responses against mycotic agents. Thus, to comprehend fully the means by which fungal pathogens are eliminated from the body, it is important to understand thoroughly the interactions of the cells with cell-produced soluble factors (cytokines) that are involved in the CMI response directed against the specific fungal pathogen. Like all immune responses, any given CMI response must be induced in the host by the specific organism before it is functional. This means that if the host has not previously encountered the specific fungus, then the host will not have memory T cells directed toward that organism and will not display a specific CMI response against that fungal agent. However, upon first entry of the organism into the body, the immunocompetent host generally develops a CMI response directed against the fungus.
Digital Data Structures and Order Statistics

This paper studies in a probabilistic framework some topics concerning the way words (strings) can overlap, and relationship of it to the height of digital trees associated with this set of words. A word is defined as a random sequence of (possible infinite) symbols over a finite alphabet. A key notion of alignment matrix {C ij } n i,j=1 is introduced where C ij is the length of the longest string that is prefix of the i-th and the j-th word. It is proved that the height of an associated digital tree is simply related to the alignment matrix through some order statistics. In particular, using this observation and proving some inequalities for order statistics, we establish that the height of a digital trie under independent model (i.e., all words are statistically independent), is asymptotically equal to 2 logαn where n is the number of words stored in the trie and α is a parameter of the probabilistic model. Some extensions of our basic model to other digital trees such as b-tries, tries with random number of keys (Poisson model) and suffix trees (dependent keys !) are also shortly discussed.
Carcinoma of the colon in the adolescent: A report of survival and an analysis of the literature

Abstract A case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon in a fourteen year old girl is presented. Five years after radical resection of this Dukes' C 2 lesion, the patient is alive and well without recurrent disease. The incidence of large bowel carcinoma in adolescents remains low, but there is an increasing tendency toward neoplasia in younger patients. Factors that affect patient survival include late stage at presentation, delay in treatment, paucity of symptoms, and a higher incidence of tumors of the transverse colon. An increased incidence of colloid carcinoma is noted. The etiology and pathogenesis of large bowel cancer as it pertains to childhood are reviewed.
Identifying significant genes with FM/CM-GA

Nowadays, there is a dramatic increase of the demand for new algorithms or techniques that is capable to solve complex computing problems on very large datasets. Particularly of great significance in practice are algorithms for finding optimal solution for a given problem with a high number of attributes or variables, such as selecting the most representative human genes from a microarray dataset. In this paper, we propose a new approach, FM/CM-GA, to identify significant genes from microarray datasets. FM/CM-GA combines our innovative FM/CM-test with genetic algorithm and leverages the strengths of each of them. The result is a list of selected genes that contribute significantly to a particular disease. The performance of FM/CM-GA is evaluated by the classification accuracy achieved by using the selected genes as features. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over other approaches.
Estrogen protection against mitochondrial toxin-induced cell death in hippocampal neurons: Antagonism by progesterone

Previously we demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Further, we have shown that the neuroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) are dependent upon mitochondrial function. In the current study, we sought to identify mitochondrial sites of E2 action that mediate neuroprotection by assessing the efficacy of E2 to protect neurons against inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration which target specific complexes within the respiratory chain. Subsequently, the impact of progesterone (P4) on E2-induced prevention against mitochondrial toxins was investigated. Mitochondrial inhibitors, rotenone, 3-NPA, antimycin, KCN, and oligomycin, exhibited concentration dependent toxicity in primary hippocampal neurons. The concentration inducing 30% cell death (LD30) was selected for analyses assessing the neuroprotective efficacy of ovarian hormones (E2 and P4). Pretreatment of hippocampal neurons with E2 significantly protected against 3-NPA (7.5 mM) and antimycin (125 μM) induced cell death and was moderately neuroprotective against rotenone (3 μM). E2 was ineffective against KCN and oligomycin-induced cell death. Pretreatment with P4 was without effect against these mitochondrial inhibitors. Co-administration of P4 with E2 abolished E2 induced neuroprotection against 3-NPA and antimycin. Additional metabolic analyses indicated that E2 and P4 separately increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity whereas the co-administration of E2 and P4 resulted in diminished mitochondrial respiration. These findings indicate that E2 protects against mitochondrial toxins that target complexes I, II and III whereas P4 was without effect. The data also predict that continuous combined co-administration of estrogen and progesterone common to many hormone therapy regimens is unlikely to prevent the deficits in mitochondrial function.
Public Sector Pension Plans in California: How Big Is the Problem?

A closer look at how the funding status and structure of public plans undercuts common assumptions and challenges proposed solutions.
Physiology and pharmacology of native glycine receptors in developing rat ventral tegmental area neurons

Properties of whole-cell glycine-activated currents (I(Gly)) of neurons freshly isolated from ventral tegmental area of rats between postnatal day (P) 0 and 40 (P0-P40) were examined using the gramicidin-perforated patch technique. I(Gly) was present throughout the period of investigation and displayed age-related alternations in its kinetics, reversal potentials (E(Gly)) and sensitivity to antagonists. During development, the time constant for desensitization of I(Gly) decreased about two-fold, and the E(Gly) shifted to more negative potentials. Specifically, E(Gly) was -29 mV in neonatal (P0-P7) and decreased to -50 mV in adult (P24-P40) neurons. While the neonatal glycine receptors (GlyRs) are resistant to strychnine, the adult GlyRs are sensitive to STR. The values for 50% inhibition (IC(50)) of I(Gly) was 110 and 12 nM in P0-P3 and P24-P40 neurons, respectively. Picrotoxin, on the other hand, was more effective in blocking neonatal neurons. The IC(50) values were 17 and 231 microM for the neonatal and adult neurons, respectively. These observations are discussed in terms of developmental changes of subunit composition of GlyRs and of intracellular Cl(-) concentrations.
A low earth orbit dynamic model for the proton anisotropy validation

Abstract Ionizing radiation measurements at low earth orbit (LEO) form the ideal tool for the experimental validation of radiation environmental models, nuclear transport code algorithms and nuclear reaction cross sections. Indeed, prior measurements on the space transportation system (STS; shuttle) have provided vital information impacting both the environmental models and the nuclear transport code development by requiring dynamic models of the LEO environment. Previous studies using computer aided design (CAD) models of the international space station (ISS) have demonstrated that the dosimetric prediction for a spacecraft at LEO requires the description of an environmental model with accurate anisotropic as well as dynamic behavior. This paper describes such a model for the trapped proton. The described model is a component of a suite of codes collectively named GEORAD (GEOmagnetic RADiation) which computes cutoff rigidity, trapped proton and trapped electron environments. The web version of GEORAD is named OLTARIS (On-line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space). GEORAD suite is applicable to radiation environment prediction at LEO, medium earth orbit (MEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) at quiet solar periods. GEORAD interest is in the study of long term effect of the trapped environment and therefore it does not account for any short term external field contribution due to solar activity. With the concentration of the paper on the LEO protons only, the paper presents the validation of the trapped proton model within GEORAD with reported measurements from the compact environment anomaly sensor (CEASE) science instrument package, flown onboard the tri-service experiment-5 (TSX-5) satellite during the period of June 2000 to July 2006. The spin stabilized satellite was flown in a 410 × 1710 km, 69° inclination elliptical orbit, allowing it to be exposed to a broad range of the LEO regime. The paper puts particular emphasize on the validation of the differential at 40 MeV, and integral at >40 MeV proton flux profiles, in the vicinity of the south Atlantic anomaly (SAA) region where protons exhibit east–west (EW) anisotropy and have a relatively narrow pitch angle distribution. Within SAA, the EW anisotropy results in different level of exposure to different sections of a formation flying spacecraft such as TSX-5 or ISS. While the magnitude of the EW effect at LEO depends on a multitude of factors such as trapped proton energy, orientation of the spacecraft along the velocity vector and altitude of the spacecraft, the paper draws quantitative conclusions on the combined effect of proton pitch angle and EW anomaly.
The Celestial Basis of Civilization

Abstract Scholars have long puzzled over the reasons for the ubiquity of celestial images in the residue of the world's earliest civilizations: in art, myth, religious cosmology, iconography, cosmogony, eschatological beliefs, and as portents for the conduct of royal and chiefly power. The general consensus is that these images represented a need by early societies to use the fixed celestial heavens in order to regulate ritual and agricultural cycles, and to satisfy a psychological need by people to relate themselves to their surrounding Universe. Such explanations are facile and miss an important aspect of the celestial heavens. The fixed celestial heavens served as the back-drop for a large number of often spectacular temporary naked-eye visible celestial events which animated the night and sometimes the daytime sky, and which created an ‘otherworld’ for virtually all cultural groups. In this paper I present a model derived from the detailed analysis of Hawaiian oral traditions and culture history in relation to historic astronomical records of temporary celestial events, and then apply this model to cultural traditions from Mesoamerica and other geographic regions in order to demonstrate that novae, supernovae, variable stars, comets, great meteor showers, aurorae, solar and lunar eclipses, and impacting Solar System debris, together played a critical role in the artistic, intellectual, and political development of early civilizations. These data not only provide important insights into the development of civilization, but also provide important details and longitudinal records of astronomical events and phenomena which are otherwise not readily available for scientific scrutiny.
Keynes's General Theory Critique of the Neoclassical Theories of Employment and Aggregate Demand

Before the General Theory there was neoclassical macroeconomic theory. Employment and real wages were determined by the demand and supply of labor, the rate of interest by the demand and supply of loanable funds. Say's law governed the aggregate volume of economic activity, and the level of money prices was assumed to be determined by "the quantity of money, ... its income-velocity ... by hoarding, by forced saving, by inflation and deflation et hoc genus omne" (CW, 7, p. 292). This theory was taught, it was written, and it was believed. It was "accepted by the city, by statesmen and by the academic world" (CW, 7, p. 32). Keynes speculated that
Autolytic Degradation of Skipjack Tuna during Heating As Affected by Initial Quality and Processing Conditions

Several factors were studied as affecting protein degradation and texture of skipjack tuna muscle following ambient pressure thermal processing (precooking). These included degree of mushy tuna syndrome (MTS) evidenced in the raw meat, raw meat pH, abusive thawing/holding, and precooking temperature/time. Slurries and intact pieces from frozen skipjack tuna, either tempered for 2 h or thawed and held at 25 °C for 22 h (abusive treatment) were heated at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C for up to 2 h, and also at 90 °C for 1 h, with or without prior adjustment of pH to 5 or 7 to favor cathepsin or calpain activity, respectively. Proteolysis of precooked samples was monitored by Lowry assay and SDS-PAGE; cooked texture of intact meat was measured using a Kramer shear press and by sensory profile analysis. Proteolysis maximally occurred in slurries of skipjack tuna muscle that had been abusively stored (22 h at 25 °C) and adjusted to pH 5 prior to heating at 55 °C. Intact pieces of tuna abusively thawed/held for 22 h with subsequent heating at 55 °C also evidenced the most proteolysis and were the least firm in texture. Raw fish that evidenced higher severity of MTS when raw displayed higher levels of proteolysis prior to cooking, which were further increased after cooking at 55 °C. Practical application The kinetic data presented here can be used to optimize processing conditions for skipjack tuna canning to minimize textural degradation and optimize quality.
The φ-maze: A versatile automated T-maze for learning and memory experiments in the rat

The φ-maze is a novel implementation of the T-maze that can be used for various behavioral experiments. It consists of a start/goalbox from which a central alley leads to a choice point. Left and right arms return to the start/goalbox, where reinforcers are delivered. A holding chamber at the choice point can be used for delayed (non)matching-to-sample experiments. Lamps mounted under the translucent acrylic floor serve as visual stimuli. The design incorporates reliable and inexpensive automated guillotine doors and a modification of a commercially available pellet dispenser that allows the automated dispensing of Froot Loop reinforcers. The φ-maze has been used successfully in experiments involving spatial and visual alternation, visual discrimination, and delayed matching-to-sample.
Inference on mean sub-vectors of two multivariate normal populations with unequal covariance matrices

The problem of testing the equality of sub-vectors of two multivariate normal mean vectors is addressed when the complementary sub-vectors are known to be equal, and the two populations have unequal covariance matrices. A test procedure is derived using the multivariate Satterthwaite approximation. The approximation is developed in such a way that the test satisfies a natural invariance condition. Accuracy of the approximation is numerically investigated, and the result is illustrated with an example.
Solidarity and Social Moral Rules

The value of solidarity, which is exemplified in noble groups like the Civil Rights Movement along with more mundane teams, families and marriages, is distinctive in part because people are in solidarity over, for or with regard to something, such as common sympathies, interests, values, etc. I use this special feature of solidarity to resolve a longstanding puzzle about enacted social moral rules, which is, aren’t these things just heuristics, rules of thumb or means of coordination that we ‘fetishize’ or ‘worship’ if we stubbornly insist on sticking to them when we can do more good by breaking them? I argue that when we are in a certain kind of solidarity with others, united by social moral rules that we have established among ourselves, the rules we have developed and maintain are a constitutive part of our solidary relationships with one another; and it is part of being in this sort of solidarity with our comrades that we are presumptively required to follow the social moral rules that join us together. Those in the Polish Revolution, for example, were bound by informally enforced rules about publicity, free speech and the use of violence, so following their own rules became a way of standing in a valuable sort of solidarity with one another. I explain why we can have non-instrumental reasons to follow the social moral rules that exist in our own society, improve our rules and even sometimes to break the otherwise good rules that help to unite us.
Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment

[i] Numerical simulations of the Hudson River estuary using a terrain-following, three-dimensional model (Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)) are compared with an extensive set of time series and spatially resolved measurements over a 43 day period with large variations in tidal forcing and river discharge. The model is particularly effective at reproducing the observed temporal variations in both the salinity and current structure, including tidal, spring neap, and river discharge-induced variability. Large observed variations in stratification between neap and spring tides are captured qualitatively and quantitatively by the model. The observed structure and variations of the longitudinal salinity gradient are also well reproduced. The most notable discrepancy between the model and the data is in the vertical salinity structure. While the surface-to-bottom salinity difference is well reproduced, the stratification in the model tends to extend all the way to the water surface, whereas the observations indicate a distinct pycnocline and a surface mixed layer. Because the southern boundary condition is located near the mouth the estuary, the salinity within the domain is particularly sensitive to the specification of salinity at the boundary. A boundary condition for the horizontal salinity gradient, based on the local value of salinity, is developed to incorporate physical processes beyond the open boundary not resolved by the model. Model results are sensitive to the specification of the bottom roughness length and vertical stability functions, insofar as they influence the intensity of vertical mixing. The results only varied slightly between different turbulence closure methods of k-e, k-ω, and k-kl.
Pollen differences between Stylisma and Bonamia (Convolvulaceae)

Although discounted in a monograph recognizingStylisma as distinct fromBonamia, pollen morphology is useful in distinguishing these genera, Light and scanning electron microscopy show that the pollen ofStylisma is characterized by an advanced 3-aggrecolpate aperture totaling 12 or 15 colpi, while pollen ofBonamia is typically of a primitive 3-colpate type.
Light-dark variation in response to chronic nicotine treatment and the density of hypothalamic α-bungarotoxin receptors

Chronic nicotine administration increased locomotor activity during the light, but not the dark, in rats maintained on a 12:12-hr light/dark cycle, but the period and peak of the circadian rhythm (CR) were not affected. In Experiment I, 24 male rats were implanted with battery-operated telemeters and locomotor activity was continuously measured for 10 days before and 10 days after the implantation of osmotic mini-pumps which delivered 0, 0.5, 3.0 or 10 mg/kg/day of (+/-)-nicotine tartrate. Nicotine increased locomotor activity during the light in a dose-dependent manner. Tolerance to the stimulant effects of nicotine during the light occurred in 5-6 days. To determine if the stimulant properties of nicotine were associated with light as opposed to disruption by the environmental stimuli normally present during the day in our animal facility, a second experiment was conducted in which rats were treated with saline or 10 mg/kg/day (+/-)-nicotine di(+)hydrate tartrate and maintained on a reversed light/dark cycle. Again nicotine increased activity during the light (21:00-09:00) but not the dark (09:00-21:00). In a third experiment, the density of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites was found to be significantly decreased when animals were sacrificed at 06:00 in comparison with animals sacrificed at 10:00 and 14:00.
LOW IRON REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH IN OCEANIC PHYTOPLANKTON

DESPITE the controversy on the importance of iron in limiting phytoplankton growth and affecting air–sea exchange of CO2 in the ocean1–4, there is very little information on cellular iron requirements for growth. The few data available5,6 come from species isolated from coastal sea water where dissolved Fe levels are 10–1,000 times higher than those (≤0.1 nM) in the open ocean1,7. Species from oceanic waters require much lower external Fe concentrations for growth than do comparable coastal species8. Here we report that an oceanic diatom was able to grow at a near maximum specific rate of about 1.0 per day at a cellular Fe:C ratio of 2 μmol: mol, about 25% of the amount needed for the same rate in a related estuarine species, and 2–20% of values previously used to estimate algal Fe requirements in sea water1,2. These results have important implications concerning iron limitation of primary productivity in the ocean and cell biology of iron in oceanic algae.
Response to Does Arginase Activity In Vitro Represent That In Vivo

We thank Drs Zhang and Kaye1 for their comments. We certainly agree that transgenic models are important in evaluating the role of arginase in pathophysiologic conditions. Currently, arginase inhibitors are available and have been used by investigators to assess the role of arginase in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, isoform-specific inhibitors (arginase I versus arginase II) would be helpful in determining the role of these 2 isoforms in the biology of reciprocal NO synthase (NOS) regulation and their role in specific disease processes. We, however, respectfully disagree with Drs Zhang and Kaye1 with regard to the absence of arginase activity in endothelial cells. The article quoted by the authors2 supports the idea that …
Collided-flux-expansion method for the transport of muonic deuterium in finite media.

Transport of muonic deuterium atoms in a slab of thickness d filled with a molecular deuterium gas is described by means of the multiple-collision expansion in the framework of a time-dependent theory. The relevant expressions for the emerging flux are derived. Numerically generated results are presented for several different cases, some of which are under experimental investigation. A justification of the approximations made in a previous work is given.
Comparison of two microcomputer-assisted methods of teaching word decoding and decoding and encoding to non-vocal, non-writing and learning disabled students

Abstract Two microcomputer‐assisted adaptations of traditional methods of teaching word decoding and encoding are described, which may be used with students who have severe physical and communication handicaps affecting speech and hand function, language disabilities affecting word finding or sound pattern analysis, or fine motor problems affecting hand function: (1) the alphabet‐spelling method (an adaptation of look‐say) or (2) the sound‐symbol method (an adaptation of phonics). Software that regulates whether a printed word is presented as a whole unit (alphabet spelling) or letter by letter in left‐to‐right sequence (sound‐symbol) was developed and pilot‐tested in a sample of 45 able‐bodied children in a local suburban school. Results showed that beginning readers decoded words more accurately, though not faster, with computer presentation of words letter by letter. The whole word presentation method may have special advantages, however, for students who use electronic communication devices that allow...
Modes of remodeling in the cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells.

The cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells plays an important role in responding to mechanical stimuli and controlling the distribution of cell surface proteins. Here, we have used atomic force microscopy to visualize the dynamics of cortical cytoskeleton in living bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. We demonstrate that the cortical cytoskeleton, organized as a complex polygonal mesh, is highly dynamic and shows two modes of remodeling: intact-boundary-mode where mesh element boundaries remain intact but move at ∼0.08 μm/min allowing the mesh element to change shape, and altered-boundary-mode where new mesh boundaries form and existing ones disappear.
Psychotherapy for bipolar II disorder: The role of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.

Although bipolar II disorder is a highly prevalent, chronic illness that is associated with burdensome psychosocial impairment, relatively little is known about the best ways to treat the disorder. Moreover, psychosocial interventions for the management of bipolar II disorder have been largely unexplored, leaving psychologists with few evidence-based recommendations for best treatment practices. In this article, we provide information about interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), an empirically supported treatment for bipolar I disorder that has preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy in bipolar II disorder. After reviewing the phenomenology of bipolar II disorder and differentiating it from bipolar I disorder, we summarize the extant empirical support for using psychotherapy in the management of bipolar II disorder. We explore what is known about the role of psychotherapy in the management of bipolar II disorder as well as lacunae in the evidence base. Next, we introduce IPSRT and discuss how it has been adapted for use as a treatment for individuals suffering from bipolar II disorder. Specific strategies of the treatment are detailed, and preliminary evidence for the efficacy of IPSRT in bipolar II disorder is described. Finally, we present a case vignette demonstrating the use of IPSRT for an individual with bipolar II disorder.
Addressing Parenting Disputes Between Estranged Parents Through Community Mediation

Mediation provides a means of resolving disputes that promises to reduce litigation while avoiding further damage to party relationships. The present study addressed the question whether parents en...
Phase Equilibria of Nafcillin Sodium-Water

The phase diagram for the binary system nafcillin sodium-water, was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. In the temperature range of −20–30°, three crystalline forms and an amphiphilic liquid crystalline phase were detected. The stable crystalline form of nafcillin sodium (form α) and water exhibit a eutectic mixture containing 28% drug (w/w) at −1°. In more dilute solutions a lower temperature eutectic (−5°) occurs. The composition and form of nafcillin sodium in this eutectic are not known. The form in the −5° eutectic was found to be metastable above 28% concentration and converted to form α. Two other crystalline forms were observed at 9° (form β) and 22° (form γ) at concentrations above 40%. The crystalline forms could not be further characterized due to their transient nature and existence in highly concentrated mixtures. A lamellar mesophase is present near ambient temperature in mixtures containing more than 55% nafcillin sodium. The phase equilibria were highly susceptible to supercooling. Temperature cycling methods were devised which gave reproducible DSC data and allowed construction of the phase diagram.
A single leg bending test for interfacial fracture toughness determination

A single leg bending test is described and its suitability for interfacial fracture toughness testing is evaluated. The test specimen consists of a beam-type geometry comprised of two materials, one ‘top’ and one ‘bottom’, with a split at one end along the bimaterial interface. A portion of the bottom material in the cracked section of the beam is removed and the geometry is loaded in three-point bending. Thus, the reaction force of the support at the cracked end is transmitted only into the material comprising the top portion of the beam. The test is analyzed by a crack tip element analysis and the resulting expressions for energy release rate and mode mixity are verified by comparison with finite element results. It is shown that, by varying the thicknesses of the two materials, the single leg bending test can be used to determine the fracture toughness of most bimaterial interfaces over a reasonably wide range of mode mixities.
An exploration of meaning and causation in clinical social work

When examined through the lens of Bruner's two legitimate ways of thinking, it appears that all clinical work utilizes both the causal scientific mode and the narrative creation of possible meaning, but intervention methodologies may differentially rely more heavily on one of these. Understanding the two modes of thinking as these apply to clinical work may contribute greatly to an understanding of practice as well as to research and educational strategies in the social work profession.
Immunity and retroviral superantigens in humans.

Abstract Several studies have suggested that some viruses use superantigens to modulate immune responses in humans. However, the identification and characterization of putative viral superantigens has proven to be very difficult. Two recent papers confirm the presence of an endogenous retroviral superantigen in humans, and show that its expression can be induced by secondary viral infections. The up-regulation of expression of endogenous retroviral superantigens has substantial implications for understanding the pathology of virus infections and human disease.
Microbial community structure and its functional implications

Marine microbial communities are engines of globally important processes, such as the marine carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Recent data on the structures of these communities show that they adhere to universal biological rules. Co-occurrence patterns can help define species identities, and systems-biology tools are revealing networks of interacting microorganisms. Some microbial systems are found to change predictably, helping us to anticipate how microbial communities and their activities will shift in a changing world.
Confounding influences on police detection of suspiciousness

Abstract The social psychological literature had shown wide acceptance by the police of the use of nonverbal behaviors such as smiles, speech disruptions, gaze aversion, and hand gestures as cues to deceptive or suspicious activity by criminal suspects. Current police investigative training also reinforces these beliefs. The present study analyzed the influence of race and emotional agitation level on the frequency with which these ‘suspicious’ nonverbal behaviors are displayed. Reviewing 120 videotaped police-citizen interactions of a noncriminal nature involving law-abiding citizens, the results suggested that level of emotional agitation had a weak but significant influence on the frequency with which two of these nonverbal behaviors were displayed. Race also had a significant influence that ranged from moderate to strong, as African-American and Hispanic citizens displayed significantly higher levels than Caucasians of behaviors thought of as ‘suspicious’ by police officers.
Possible Selves and Occupational Choices

These studies explore the usefulness of thinking about one's occupational future in gender-linked jobs from the perspective of "possible selves." We developed lists of feminine, masculine, and neutral occupations and asked 31 women and 66 men how possible they thought these jobs were for them, and how much they feared them (i.e., believed they would be unhappy doing them). Women feared masculine jobs more than they rated such jobs as possible. Both women and men feared feminine jobs more than they viewed these jobs as possible. The occupational list was revised and a second sample of 34 women was asked how much they expected, feared, and hoped for these gender-typed jobs. The results were similar. Women feared both the masculine and feminine jobs more than they saw these jobs as possible, and there was some indication they hoped for the masculine jobs more than they expected them. The results are discussed in terms of how a possible selves approach could facilitate career assessment and counseling.
Consequences of reversing preferences

Other than standard election disruptions involving shenanigans, strategic voting, and so forth, it is reasonable to expect that elections are free from difficulties. But this is far from being true; even sincere election outcomes admit all sorts of counterintuitive conclusions.
Cometary impacts, molecular clouds, and the motion of the Sun perpendicular to the galactic plane

The stochastic nature of the mass extinction model of Rampino and Stothers (1984), based on the vertical oscillation of the solar system about the plane of the Galaxy, can accommodate a few events with large phase discrepancies. The degree of modulation is crucial in that it depends on the scale height of the population of molecular clouds relative to the amplitude of the solar system and tends to zero if this ratio is large and encounters are entirely random. Here data are presented here from CO surveys of molecular clouds both within and beyond the solar circle which permit explicit calculation of the strength of the modulation. The cloud layer near the sun it too extended and, as a consequence, the modulation of cloud encounters is too weak for a statistically significant period to be extracted from the nine extinctions analyzed by Rampino and Stothers.
Chemical conjugation of heterologous proteins on the surface of Cowpea mosaic virus.

Genetic economy leads to symmetric distributions of chemically identical subunits in icosaherdal and helical viruses. Modification of the subunit genes of a variety of viruses has permitted the display of polypeptides on both the infectious virions and virus particles made in expression systems. Icosahedral chimeric particles of this type often display novel properties resulting in high local concentrations of the insert. Here we report an extension of this concept in which entire proteins were chemically cross-linked to lysine and cysteine residues genetically engineered on the coat protein of icosahedral Cowpea mosaic virus particles. Three exogenous proteins, the LRR domain of internalin B, the T4 lysozyme, and the Intron 8 gene product of the of the HER2 tyrosine kinase receptor were derivatized with appropriate bifunctional cross-linkers and conjugated to the virus capsid. Characterization of these particles demonstrated that (1) virtually 100% occupancy of the 60 sites was achieved; (2) biological a...
A connectionist model for dialog processing

A novel connectionist system for dialog processing is described. Based on a script-like formalism, the system consists of several modular neural networks which can track the semantic flow of a dialog. The system can be extended to understand and translate dialogs in a certain domain. >
Guidelines for preservation of methodological choices in the publication of computational results: B. Semiempirical electronic structure calculations(Technical report)

Guidelines are presented to assist authors in preparing manuscripts that describe the results of semiempirical computations. These guidelines are not intended to recommend how semiempirical calculations should be done, but rather to ensure that the reader can have a clear understanding of what actually was done. They are written in a form to facilitate reprinting in original research journals and as information sheets that can be distributed to authors and reviewers.
Trends in activity for the water electrolyser reactions on 3d M(Ni,Co,Fe,Mn) hydr(oxy)oxide catalysts.

Design and synthesis of materials for efficient electrochemical transformation of water to molecular hydrogen and of hydroxyl ions to oxygen in alkaline environments is of paramount importance in reducing energy losses in water–alkali electrolysers. Here, using 3d-M hydr(oxy)oxides, with distinct stoichiometries and morphologies in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) regions, we establish the overall catalytic activities for these reaction as a function of a more fundamental property, a descriptor, OH–M2+δ bond strength (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1.5). This relationship exhibits trends in reactivity (Mn < Fe < Co < Ni), which is governed by the strength of the OH–M2+δ energetic (Ni < Co < Fe < Mn). These trends are found to be independent of the source of the OH, either the supporting electrolyte (for the OER) or the water dissociation product (for the HER). The successful identification of these electrocatalytic trends provides the foundation for rational design of ‘active sites’ for practical alkaline HER and OER electrocatalysts. Efficient electrochemical transformation of water to molecular hydrogen and of hydroxyl ions to oxygen in alkaline environments is important for reducing energy losses in water–alkali electrolysers. Insight into the activities of hydr(oxy)oxides on platinum catalyst surfaces for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions should prove significant for designing practical alkaline electrocatalysts.
Incidence and nature of male genital exposure behavior as reported by college women.

(1988). Incidence and nature of male genital exposure behavior as reported by college women. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 227-234.
Coming Out with Our Children: Turning Points Facilitating Lesbian Parent Discourse with Their Children About Family Identity

In the present study, I examined the turning points identified by lesbian parents that facilitated discourse with their children regarding family identity. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 lesbian parents and an interpretive analysis was performed. Three turning points were identified: coming out to the child, challenges to family identity, and announcement of commitment ceremonies/weddings. Lesbian parents also stressed the importance of creating “normalcy” for their children.
Indices of Drug Misuse for Prescription Drugs

Few studies of prescription-drug misuse have taken into account the numbers of prescriptions dispensed for specific drugs. Using data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) and the National Prescription Audit, we calculated indices of drug misuse for specific prescription drugs that are used mainly in outpatient settings and are either benzodiazepines, barbiturates, other sedative-hypnotics, analgesics, or CNS stimulants. In 1983–1985 the drugs associated with the highest numbers of DAWN medical examiner-reported drug-misuse deaths were codeine, diazepam, propoxyphene, phenobarbital, and secobarbital. However, the drugs with the highest indices of DAWN medical examiner-reported drug-misuse deaths/100,000 dispensed prescriptions were metham-phetamine, methaqualone, amobarbital, secobarbital, and glutethimide. An index of fatality risk, calculated as 100 × DAWN medical examiner-reported drug-misuse deaths/DAWN emergency room-reported drug-misuse episodes, suggested that the risk of death from a glutethi...
On modeling and simulating transitions between microbial growth and inactivation or vice versa

Resumed growth of the survivors of a heat or chemical treatment after cooling or a disinfectant dissipation is not an uncommon phenomenon. Similarly, the inverse, the onset of mortality in a growing microbial population as a result of exposure to increasing temperature or concentration of an antimicrobial agent, is also a familiar scenario. Provided that in either regime, the organism has no time to adapt biologically, the continuous transition from growth to inactivation or vice versa can be simulated with conventional growth and inactivation models, whose rate constant is allowed to change sign. Where both the growth and inactivation follow first-order kinetics, the sign change has no effect on the model equation's solutions. The same applies when the growth and inactivation patterns are described by a rate model, like the differential logistic equation or its various variants. However, determination of such models' coefficients from experimental isothermal growth and inactivation data can be difficult for technical reasons, unless the model can be integrated analytically. If not, or when the model itself is unknown a priori, then the rate equation would have to be derived from the fit of empirical models like the Weibull, modified versions of the logistic function and the like. But this may create a new kind of problem as a result of that the log and certain power operations cannot be used for negative numbers. For certain models at least, the problem can be solved through modification of the procedure by which the rate equation is solved numerically. This is demonstrated in simulated transitions between growth and inactivation and between inactivation and growth based on the log linear and Weibullian-power law models and three logistic patterns based on a shifted logistic function, the Baranyi-Roberts model and a shifted arctan model.
The Development of Prehispanic Cotton-Spinning Technology in Western Morelos, Mexico

AbstractCotton textiles played important economic, social, and political roles in the Prehispanic civilizations of Mesoamerica, yet archaeologists have made little progress in the analysis of textile production beyond the simple identification of spindle whorls. In this article we identify and describe whorls and a second artifactual marker of cotton spinning: ceramic spinning bowls. Quantitative changes in the occurrence of these artifacts in excavated contexts from the Mexican state of Morelos are then used to discuss the development of the local cotton industry from the Epiclassic through the Late Post classic periods. The Postclassic cultures of Morelos apparently produced a number of innovations in cotton-spinning technology, and these changes along with increased textile production levels are linked to demographic, economic, and political changes occurring throughout Central Mexico at that time.
A Polynomial-Time Algorithm for the Knapsack Problem with Two Variables

The general knapsack problem is known to be NP-complete. In this paper a very special knapsack problem ia studied, namely, one with only two variables. A polynomial-time algorithm is presented and analyzed. However, it remains an open problem that for any fixed n > 2, the knapsack problem with n variables can be solved in polynomial time.