cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency Driven Socio-Technical System Design

In this paper we advocate that the efficiency measurement paradigm could transition from an evaluation-to-rank towards an evaluation-to-design paradigm. We suggest that this transition can inform the design of socio-technical systems. In order to achieve this type of design would require the consideration of issues associated with organizational design, enterprise systems engineering along with system complexity. We recommend that the required research be conducted within inter- or trans-disciplinary context with all of their benefits and challenges to achieve high quality application results. We describe five illustrations conducted over the years at Virginia Tech’s System Performance Laboratory. We present these illustrations by describing the societal or socio-technical system needs that drove the research, the research constraints and considerations, the stakeholders affected by the research, the approach or approaches used, the feedback to theory and open modeling issues, and a description of societal and socio-technical system impacts. We describe the potential of a complex adaptive systems approach as an enabler of socio-technical system design and conclude with a series of open-ended questions and issues.
Seasonal Variation of Common Surgical Site Infections: Does Season Matter?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate seasonal variation in the rate of surgical site infections (SSI) following commonly performed surgical procedures. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS We analyzed 6 years (January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2012) of data from the 15 most commonly performed procedures in 20 hospitals in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network. We defined summer as July through September. First, we performed 3 separate Poisson regression analyses (unadjusted, multivariable, and polynomial) to estimate prevalence rates and prevalence rate ratios of SSI following procedures performed in summer versus nonsummer months. Then, we stratified our results to obtain estimates based on procedure type and organism type. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of our findings. RESULTS We identified 4,543 SSI following 441,428 surgical procedures (overall prevalence rate, 1.03/100 procedures). The rate of SSI was significantly higher during the summer compared with the remainder of the year (1.11/100 procedures vs 1.00/100 procedures; prevalence rate ratio, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.04–1.19]; P=.002). Stratum-specific SSI calculations revealed higher SSI rates during the summer for both spinal (P=.03) and nonspinal (P=.004) procedures and revealed higher rates during the summer for SSI due to either gram-positive cocci (P=.006) or gram-negative bacilli (P=.004). Multivariable regression analysis and sensitivity analyses confirmed our findings. CONCLUSIONS The rate of SSI following commonly performed surgical procedures was higher during the summer compared with the remainder of the year. Summer SSI rates remained elevated after stratification by organism and spinal versus nonspinal surgery, and rates did not change after controlling for other known SSI risk factors. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(9):1011–1016
Canavan Disease as a Model for Gene Therapy-Mediated Myelin Repair

In recent years, the scientific and therapeutic fields for rare, genetic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as leukodystrophies, or white matter disorders, have expanded significantly in part due to technological advancements in cellular and clinical screenings as well as remedial therapies using novel techniques such as gene therapy. However, treatments aimed at normalizing the pathological changes associated with leukodystrophies have especially been complicated due to the innate and variable effects of glial abnormalities, which can cause large-scale functional deficits in developmental myelination and thus lead to downstream neuronal impairment. Emerging research in the past two decades have depicted glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as key, regulatory modulators in constructing and maintaining myelin function and neuronal viability. Given the significance of myelin formation in the developing brain, myelin repair in a time-dependent fashion is critical in restoring homeostatic functionality to the CNS of patients diagnosed with white matter disorders. Using Canavan Disease (CD) as a leukodystrophy model, here we review the hypothetical roles of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), one of the brain's most abundant amino acid derivatives, in Canavan disease's CNS myelinating pathology, as well as discuss the possible functions astrocytes serve in both CD and other leukodystrophies' time-sensitive disease correction. Through this analysis, we also highlight the potential remyelinating benefits of gene therapy for other leukodystrophies in which alternative CNS cell targeting for white matter disorders may be an applicable path for reparative treatment.
Room-temperature Single-photon Emitters in Silicon Nitride

We report the discovery of room-temperature quantum emitters in silicon nitride. Photophysical analysis reveals bright (>105 counts/s), stable, and pure single-photon emission with an average of g(2)(0) of about 0.25 collected from a hundred emitters.
Getting to the bottom of lncRNA mechanism: structure-function relationships.

While long non-coding RNAs are known to play key roles in disease and development, relatively few structural studies have been performed for this important class of RNAs. Here, we review functional studies of long non-coding RNAs and expose the need for high-resolution 3-D structural studies, discussing the roles of long non-coding RNAs in the cell and how structure-function relationships might be used to elucidate further understanding. We then describe structural studies of other classes of RNAs using chemical probing, nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray crystallography, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Next, we review early structural studies of long non-coding RNAs to date and describe the way forward for the structural biology of long non-coding RNAs in terms of cryo-EM.
Report from the School of Experience: Lessons-Learned on NASA's EOS/ICESat Mission

Abstract-NASA s Earth Observing System EOS) Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission was one of the first missions under Goddard Space Flight Center s (then-) new Rapid Spacecraft Development Office. This paper explores the lessons-learned under the ICESat successful implementation and launch, focusing on four areas: Procurement., Management, Technical, and Launch and Early Operations. Each of these areas is explored in a practical perspective of communication, the viewpoint of the players, and the interactions among the organizations. Conclusions and lessons-learned are summarized in the final section.
Help-Seeking Stigma and Mental Health Treatment Seeking Among Young Adult Veterans

Veterans underutilize mental health services. We investigated the association between treatment seeking stigma and utilization of mental health services in a sample of 812 young adult veterans. Higher perceived public stigma of treatment seeking was significantly related to lower treatment utilization. Although many veterans were concerned about negative perceptions if they were to seek treatment, a much smaller number of them endorsed that they would judge a fellow veteran negatively in similar situation. Targeting perceived public stigma of treatment seeking, through perceived norms interventions, might help in narrowing the gap between the need and receipt of help among veterans.
Intermixing Surface and Volume Rendering

Two complementary methodologies for volume visualization, surface rendering and volume rendering, can be employed constructively together. In many situations, as in 3D medical imaging, the voxel-based sampled image need to be visualized together with synthetic surface-based objects such as surgical cuts, prosthesis, scalpels, and radiation beams. Four approaches for intermixing geometric models with sampled 3D medical data are presented. Details are provided on a hybrid approach that employs a Z-merging algorithm.
Boundedness and Convergence of Fourier Integrals

In this chapter we return to fundamental questions in Fourier analysis related to convergence of Fourier series and Fourier integrals.
Campylobacter jejuni Infection during Pregnancy: Long-Term Consequences of Associated Bacteremia, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and Reactive Arthritis

Campylobacter jejuni infections are the main cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the United States and other developed countries. Generally, C. jejuni infections are self-limiting and treatment is not necessary; however, infections caused by this organism can lead to potentially dangerous long-term consequences for some individuals. Bacteremia, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS; an acute flaccid paralytic disease), and reactive arthritis (ReA) are the most serious of the long-term consequences of C. jejuni infections. During pregnancy, foodborne infections may be hazardous to both the woman and the fetus. C. jejuni-induced bacteremia during pregnancy may lead to intrauterine infection of the fetus, abortion, stillbirth, or early neonatal death. Infection of a newborn by the mother during the birth process or shortly after birth may lead to neonatal enteritis, bacteremia, and/or meningitis. C. jejuni enteritis is the inducing antecedent infection in approximately 30% of cases of GBS. Thus, pregnant women infected with C. jejuni may contract GBS. GBS during pregnancy does not affect fetal or infant development and does not increase spontaneous abortion or fetal death; however, it may induce spontaneous delivery during the third trimester in severe cases. Reactive arthritis occurs in approximately 2% of C. jejuni enteritis cases and leads to the impaired movement of various joints. Pregnant women with C. jejuni-induced reactive arthritis can be expected to deliver a normal infant. A pregnant patient with GBS or ReA may be unable to care for a newborn infant because of the physical impairment induced by these diseases. Since C. jejuni infections put both fetuses and pregnant women at risk, pregnant women must take special care in food handling and preparation to prevent such infections.
THE IMPACT OF THE EURO CRISIS ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN FIRMS

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the changes in European percentage sales before and after the Euro crisis for both US-based and European-based companies, both overall and across industries. We find that larger firms are associated with a decrease in return on assets (ROAs) in the post-crisis era; the largtest of these large firms are associated with an increase in ROAs after the crisis. In addition, European (North American) headquartered companies experience a statistically significant decrease (increase) in European sales after controlling for the additional control variables such as industry. Overall, we note that companies which have lower European sales and strategically move their sales out of Europe after crisis experienced an increase in ROA. This result is robust after controlling for endogeneity issues. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient care and daily stress among emergency medical technicians.

INTRODUCTION There is conflicting research regarding the extent to which patient care is a source of stress for emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Some research indicates that it is important, whereas other studies suggest that it takes a "back seat" to administrative and organizational problems. This study sought to explore this issue further by investigating the relationship between caring for patients, daily workday stress, and daily non-workday stress among EMTs. METHODS All EMTs employed by East Baton Rouge Parish Emergency Medical Services were eligible for participation. After the study was described, subjects completed a demographic information sheet and informed consent was obtained. Participants then completed 30 days of monitoring with a standardized measure of daily stress (the Daily Stress Inventory) and a measure of patient care stress designed for use in this study (Emergency Call Questionnaire). RESULTS A very large portion of the variance in the EMTs' overall daily workday stress was associated with patient care (r = 0.677, p < 0.001). Additionally, patient care stress on workdays significantly predicted overall daily stress on the following nonworkday (i.e., postworkday) (r = 0.633, p < 0.001). Finally, EMTs who had stressful pre-workdays rated their patient care as more stressful on the following workday (r = 0.512, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that patient care is a critical factor in daily stress among EMTs, both on workdays and post-workdays, providing preliminary evidence for a carryover effect. Evidence also suggests that stress on the day before work may influence EMTs' perceptions of their patients on workdays.
Hemiparetic Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Revisiting Mills Syndrome

A slowly progressive hemiparesis beginning in a single limb with evolution to the ipsilateral limb was originally described in 8 patients in 1906 by Mills. We present 5 cases of progressive hemiparetic corticospinal tract degeneration, identified by the clinical presentation and the exclusion of other etiologies using serological, imaging, and electrodiagnostic studies.
Development of a reproducible FDG PET/CT cardiac imaging protocol for the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis

2522 Objectives FDG-PET imaging has proven to have potential for detecting cardiac sarcoidosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate our protocol and propose the optimal scan parameters for FDG PET scanning for cardiac sarcoidosis. Methods 15 patients with suspected cardiac sarcoid were studied. All ate a high protein, high fat, no carbohydrate meal the night before their PET scan with a subsequent minimum 12 hour fast to suppress physiologic heart uptake. A resting 10 mCi Myoview cardiac perfusion SPECT scan was acquired first. Whole body PET/CT was acquired 45-60 minutes post injection of 12 mCi (+/- 20%) of FDG followed by a single bed position over the heart for 15 minutes. Image interpretation was prospective consisting of SUV analysis of the myocardium, visual interpretation, comparison to resting cardiac SPECT and whole body FDG PET/CT. Biopsy results, post-therapy follow-up, and clinical follow-up consensus review with cardiologists served as validation of results. Results Of 15 patients, 10 had no cardiac FDG uptake and were interpreted as negative with SUVmax 1.8 +/- 0.3 in the myocardium. Five patients exhibited increased focal/nodular uptake which was interpreted as positive. The ratio of SUVmax in the focal areas to suppressed myocardium is 10 +/- 5 to 1.8 +/- 0.27. Three of the positive patients had known sarcoidosis in distant regions prior to the whole body scan. Two of the positive patients had sarcoidosis localized to the heart only. Abnormal SPECT perfusion did not correlate to positive FDG PET. Also, negative SPECT did not completely correlate to negative FDG PET. Conclusions Our dedicated cardiac PET/CT protocol appears effective for suppressing native myocardial FDG uptake in order to detect active cardiac sarcoid lesions and follow-up PET/CT consistently shows post-therapeutic response to steroid treatment. In our pilot data cohort, the resting cardiac perfusion SPECT and whole body PET/CT did not appear to provide significant useful adjunctive clinical information and may potentially be eliminated from our procedure in the future.
Tcf3 Governs Stem Cell Features and Represses Cell Fate Determination in Skin

Many stem cells (SCs) respond to Wnt signaling, but whether β-catenin's DNA binding partners, the Tcfs, play a role in SCs in the absence of Wnts, is unknown. In adult skin, quiescent multipotent progenitors express Tcf3 and commit to a hair cell fate in response to Wnt signaling. We find that embryonic skin progenitors also express Tcf3. Using an inducible system in mice, we show that upon Tcf3 reactivation, committed epidermal cells induce genes associated with an undifferentiated, Wnt-inhibited state and Tcf3 promotes a transcriptional program shared by embryonic and postnatal SCs. Further, Tcf3-repressed genes include transcriptional regulators of the epidermal, sebaceous gland and hair follicle differentiation programs, and correspondingly, all three terminal differentiation pathways are suppressed when Tcf3 is induced postnatally. These data suggest that in the absence of Wnt signals, Tcf3 may function in skin SCs to maintain an undifferentiated state and, through Wnt signaling, directs these cells along the hair lineage.
Transient Flare of Ulcerative Colitis After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of infectious diarrhea and is usually treated with metronidazole or vancomycin. CDI recurs in 15%–30% of patients after the initial episode and in up to 65% after a second episode. Recurrent infections are a challenge to treat, and patients are usually managed with prolonged pulsed or tapered vancomycin. Fecal microbiota transplantation is an alternative treatment that has a 91% rate of success worldwide, with no reported complications. We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis that had been quiescent for more than 20 years who developed a flare of ulcerative colitis after fecal microbiota transplantation, indicating the need for caution in treating CDI with fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Spreading depression-like hypoxic depolarization in CA1 and fascia dentata of hippocampal slices: relationship to selective vulnerability.

Hippocampal tissue slices were made hypoxic for 4–10 min and then reoxygenated for 60–120 min. Postsynaptic evoked potentials were recorded and extracellular DC potential was monitored continuously in stratum (st.) pyramidale of CA1 and st. granulosum of fascia dentata (FD). In some preparations extracellular potassium ([K+]o) and calcium ([Ca2+]o) were also recorded in both regions. Postsynaptic responses disappeared sooner during hypoxia and were less likely to recover upon reoxygenation in CA1 than in FD. The CA1 region exhibited a spreading depression (SD)-like response to hypoxia more often than did FD. When both regions showed SD-like depolarization, voltage shift and elevation of [K+]o were of greater magnitude and shorter latency in CA1. The probability of posthypoxic recovery of synaptic transmission was inversely related to the time spent in the SD-like state in both CA1 and FD. We conclude that the selective vulnerability of CA1 neurons to hypoxic and ischemic damage may be due, at least in part, to the region's propensity to undergo prolonged and severe SD-like depolarization.
Knobe versus Machery: Testing the Trade-Off Hypothesis

: Recent work by Joshua Knobe has established that people are more likely to describe bad but foreseen side-effects as intentionally performed than good but foreseen side-effects (this is sometimes called the ‘Knobe effect’ or the ‘side-effect effect’. Edouard Machery has proposed a novel explanation for this asymmetry: it results from construing the bad side-effect as a cost that must be incurred to receive a benefit. In this paper, I argue that Machery’s ‘trade-off hypothesis’ is wrong. I do this by reproducing the asymmetry between judgments about good and bad side-effects in cases that cannot plausibly be construed as trade-offs.
Support groups for medical caregivers of people with HIV diseases

As we enter the second decade of AIDS, medical caregivers are experiencing stress and burnout as a result of their work with people with HIV diseases. There are common themes to the stress, as well as differences in the experience of stress according to the characteristics of the healthcare setting. Caregiver support groups are a means of reducing this stress by helping medical caregivers cope better, manage difficult cases, normalize their feelings, put understanding and context to their experiences, decrease isolation, and instill meaning in their work. The use of support groups across various medical settings is presented.
On averaging dynamics in general state spaces

In this paper, we present a framework for studying distributed averaging dynamics over general state spaces. We define several modes of ergodicity and consensus for such dynamics and show that, unlike for a finite dimensional space, these modes are not equivalent. Motivated by the role of the infinite flow property in ergodicity in finite dimensional spaces, we define the infinite flow property for averaging dynamics in general state spaces. We show that this property is a necessary condition for the weakest form of ergodicity. Also, we characterize a class of quadratic Lyapunov comparison functions for certain averaging dynamics and provide a relation capturing the decrease of these functions along the trajectories of the dynamics.
Incoherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Self-Diffusion

The cross section for incoherent inelastic scattering of neutrons by a many-body system is shown to be related to the real part of a generalized self-diffusion coefficient. The latter quantity is defined as the transport coefficient in the extension of Fick's law of diffusion to arbitrary space-time variations of the driving force. The derivation is based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, in a form given by Kubo, and on a treatment of conventional self-diffusion due to Montroll. Previous results, given by Vineyard and by Singwi, Sj\"olander, and Rahman, are shown to be special cases of the present result.
Quinazolinones and Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones as Orally Active and Specific Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Quinazolinones 8 and pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones 9 as orally active and specific matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitors were discovered for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Starting from a high-t...
X-ray micro-diffraction studies on biological samples at the BioCAT Beamline 18-ID at the Advanced Photon Source.

The small source sizes of third-generation synchrotron sources are ideal for the production of microbeams for diffraction studies of crystalline and non-crystalline materials. While several such facilities have been available around the world for some time now, few have been optimized for the handling of delicate soft-tissue specimens under cryogenic conditions. Here the development of a new X-ray micro-diffraction instrument at the Biophysics Collaborative Access Team beamline 18-ID at the Advanced Photon Source, and its use with newly developed cryo-diffraction techniques for soft-tissue studies, are described. The combination of the small beam sizes delivered by this instrument, the high delivered flux and successful cryo-freezing of rat-tail tendon has enabled us to record data to better than 4 A resolution. The ability to quickly raster scan samples in the beam allows selection of ordered regions in fibrous samples for markedly improved data quality. Examples of results of experiments obtainable using this instrument are presented.
Employee Health: A Prime Opportunity for Pharmacists

Much time has been spent debating health care reform. The solutions for fixing our health care system and the ever-increasing prevalence of chronic diseases are no doubt great in number and complex in nature. Chronic diseases affect 45% of Americans and account for 75% of our total health care costs (www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease). For employers, nearly 60% of after tax profits are spent on employee health care benefits – which are expected to rise. Reform, regardless of the design, is inevitable. However, with every great challenge comes great opportunity. Pharmacists working in an employee health setting can be part of the solution. It can also be a prime opportunity for pharmacists to practice “at the top of their license.”
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells from human intestinal mucosa: cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and modified self but not autologous and allogeneic colon cancer cells.

Abstract Patients with colorectal cancer respond poorly to in vivo immunotherapy with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We postulated that gut-derived immune cells could be a more relevant source of LAK cells directed against colorectal cancer. Intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and colonic adenocarcinoma cells were isolated from operative specimens by combination of mechanical and enzymatic dissociation methods. LAK cells were generated by culturing PBMC and LPMC with recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2), with and without OKT3 monoclonal antibody, in short-(4 days) and long-term (21 days) cultures. Other cultured tumor cells, normal intestinal fibroblasts, and hapten-modified autologous LPMC were used as control targets. Cytotoxicity was measured by a 4-hr 51 Cr release assay. Short-term cultured LAK cells exhibited a strong to moderate degree of killing against normal intestinal fibroblasts, hapten-modified self cells, and four different tumor cell lines. Instead, fresh colon cancer cells were resistant to cytotoxicity, regardless of their degree of histologic differentiation and the autologous or allogeneic nature of the LAK cells. Long-term culture with IL2 remarkably increased LAK cell activity against all tumor targets, but not against colonic adenocarcinoma cells. The results of this study, showing that freshly isolated colon cancer cells are intrinsically resistant in vitro to highly activated cytotoxic effector cells, may explain the poor clinical results observed in human trials with in vivo administration of IL2 or LAK cells.
Outcomes of Total Alloplastic Replacement With Periarticular Autogenous Fat Grafting for Management of Reankylosis of the Temporomandibular Joint

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to review the subjective, objective, and quality of life outcomes in a group of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reankylosis patients managed by total alloplastic replacement surgery with a patient fitted system augmented with periarticular autogenous fat grafts to prevent the reformation of heterotopic bone. A review of the literature regarding the use of autogenous fat as evidence for its efficacy in such cases is also presented. Patients and Methods All 20 TMJ reankylosis patients (4 males, 16 females) who had undergone total TMJ replacement with the TMJ Concepts (Ventura, CA) Patient-Fitted Total TMJ Prosthesis System were studied. Thirteen patients had bilateral, 7 unilateral for a total of 33 joint replacements. All patients had autogenous fat harvested from the abdomen and grafted around the articulating portion of the prostheses at implantation. The patients' subjective variable outcomes of TMJ pain, mandibular function, diet consistency, quality of life since the reconstruction, and objective variable of maximal interincisal opening were obtained in a detailed questionnaire and follow-up phone calls. Results Analysis of the subjective outcomes data showed improvement in reported pain, increased jaw function, and diet consistency. Further, a significant number of these patients reported improvement in their quality of life after surgery. Analysis of the objective outcomes data showed a significant increase in the maximum interincisal opening postreplacement that was maintained. Conclusions In the patients followed over the course of this study, total alloplastic replacement with a patient-fitted prosthesis seemed to provide a safe and effective management for reankylosis of the TMJ. Autogenous fat transplantation seems to be a useful adjunct as its use seems to minimize the recurrence of joint heterotopic calcification, consequently providing improved and consistent range of mandibular motion.
Zigzag slabs for solid-state laser amplifiers: batch fabrication and parasitic oscillation suppression.

We have developed a 100 W class Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier system based in part on an end-pumped zigzag slab power amplifier. This amplifier incorporates parasitic oscillation suppression by using roughened edges and achieves a small-signal gain coefficient (g0l) of 8.06. We describe a novel technique for suppression of parasitic oscillations using claddings on slab edges that significantly increases g0l to 11.63 and increases the single-pass extracted power in a power amplifier by 50%. Commercial use of these zigzag slab amplifiers has been limited by the time and cost of production. We describe a new batch fabrication technique that improves the quality and significantly reduces the cost of zigzag slabs.
A simple sleep control scheme based on traffic monitoring and inference for IEEE 802.16e/m systems

In IEEE 802.16 e/m mobile broadband wireless systems, mobile subscriber stations (MSSs) are encouraged to enter the sleep mode for energy saving when end users do not have downstream or upstream traffic. To avoid service disruption of an MSS which stays in the sleep mode, IEEE 802.16 e/m specifies a two-way handshake protocol between the base station (BS) and an MSS. After performing the handshake process, BS is aware of the sleep status of an MSS, and can thus buffer the downstream traffic which arrives when an MSS is asleep. However, the whole handshaking process takes at least four WiMAX frame durations, and the overhead involved may significantly impair the energy saving efficiency. In this paper, we propose a simple sleep control scheme to put an MSS into the sleep mode without performing the handshake between BS and MSSs. Our main idea is to let MSSs monitor and infer its downstream queue status based on the common information owned by both BS and MSSs, and make sleep decisions according to the inferred downstream queue information. We also let BS be aware of the sleep control scheme implemented at MSSs such that BS can accurately infer the status of MSSs without being explicitly notified. Simulation results show that significant power saving can be achieved without degrading the delay performances of MSSs.
Clinical Experience With Cyclosporine and Azathioprine at Bri*ham and Women's Hospital

Cyclosporine (CsA) immunosuppressive therapy of renal allograft recipients at Brigham and Women's Hospital yielded a 20% increase in 12- and 24-month allograft survival over azathioprine (Aza) treated controls. A trend towards increased allograft survival with better HLA-A,B, or DR matching in recipients of cadaver allografts treated with CsA was appreciated, but it fell short of statistical significance. Nephrotoxicity is common in CsAtreated patients and is manifested by a largely reversible increase in the serum creatinine. It is possible to convert patients from CsA to Aza without adverse effects on allograft survival or allograft function.
Money and Production, and Liquidity Trap

We prove the existence of monetary equilibrium in a finite horizon economy with production. We also show that if agents expect the monetary authority to significantly decrease the supply of bank money available for short term loans in the future, then the economy will fall into a liquidity trap today.
Developing language and literature collections in academic libraries: A survey

Abstract Reports a 1995 survey of Wisconsin academic libraries regarding collection development practices in the subjects of languages and literature. In general, libraries rely heavily on faculty selections and course- relatedness, buying almost exclusively current English language material. An analysis of OCLC holdings indicates that Choice's 1993 “Outstanding Academic Books” are not widely held, confirming the survey results showing an emphasis on local demand over presumed quality.
Diminutive colorectal polyp resection comparing hot and cold snare and cold biopsy forceps polypectomy. Results of a pilot randomized, single-center study (with videos).

Background: The optimal method of diminutive polypectomy ( Objective: To assess the rates of incomplete resection of diminutive polyps of the colon using three standard polyp resection techniques (hot snare, cold snare, and cold biopsy forceps). Design: Randomized, pilot study. Settings: Single-center endoscopy center. Patients: Patients undergoing routine outpatient colonoscopies. Interventions: Polypectomy was performed using the method to which the patient was randomized. Following retrieval of the polyp, the polypectomy base was lifted by submucosal injection of normal saline and then excised using the cold snare device. If no tissue could be removed, then at least four cold biopsies using forceps of the remaining margin were obtained. Main outcome measures: Adequacy of resection of diminutive polyps, which was defined as no visible adenoma or hyperplastic tissue seen in the base tissue on histology. Results: A total of 60 patients were enrolled (57 % male), the mean age was 60 (range 33 – 82), and 62 polyps were randomized from 37 patients. The mean polyp size was 3.6 mm (range 2 – 5 mm) and 37 polyps (60 %) were adenomatous. Overall incomplete polyp resection rate was 9 % (95 %CI 3 – 19 %), 5 of 37 (14 %) for adenomas. By the study arm, the incomplete resection rates were 1 of 18 (6 %) for hot snare, 2 of 21 (10 %) for cold snare, and 2 of 18 (11 %) for cold biopsy forceps. The majority of polyp bases were removed with cold biopsy forceps since most of the endoscopists did not feel that the saline lift cold snare method was feasible or appropriate. Limitations: Small sample size; endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of the polyp base tissue was not routinely performed. Conclusions: Recruiting patients to a pilot study that randomized polyps to one of three common methods of polypectomy for diminutive polyps was feasible, and approximately 1 in 10 diminutive polyps found on colonoscopy were incompletely resected by standard polypectomy methods.
Growth and Muscle Defects in Mice Lacking Adult Myosin Heavy Chain Genes

The three adult fast myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) constitute the vast majority of the myosin in adult skeletal musculature, and are >92% identical. We describe mice carrying null mutations in each of two predominant adult fast MyHC genes, IIb and IId/x. Both null strains exhibit growth and muscle defects, but the defects are different between the two strains and do not correlate with the abundance or distribution of each gene product. For example, despite the fact that MyHC-IIb accounts for >70% of the myosin in skeletal muscle and shows the broadest distribution of expression, the phenotypes of IIb null mutants are generally milder than in the MyHC-IId/x null strain. In addition, in a muscle which expresses both IIb and IId/x MyHC in wild-type mice, the histological defects are completely different for null expression of the two genes. Most striking is that while both null strains exhibit physiological defects in isolated muscles, the defects are distinct. Muscle from IIb null mice has significantly reduced ability to generate force while IId null mouse muscle generates normal amounts of force, but has altered kinetic properties. Many of the phenotypes demonstrated by these mice are typical in human muscle disease and should provide insight into their etiology.
Channel Routing Algorithms for Overlap Models

We consider routing models that consist of L layers in which each layer can contain horizontal and vertical wires and in which up to k wires on different layers are allowed to run on top of each other. Within this overlap model we study the relationship between the channel width, the number of contact points, and the amount of overlap used for routing n two-terminal nets across a channel. For k ≤ [L/2] - 2 we show how to solve the channel routing problem using [d/k] + 1 tracks, which is only one track more than the optimal channel width. We extend this algorithm to values of k in the range [L/2] - 1 ≤ k ≤ [L/2] +1. We also present algorithms for the 3- and 4-layer model with double overlap that use fewer tracks than our general channel routing algorithm. All algorithms use O(n) contact points and can be implemented to run in O(n) time.
Mechanical reorganization of cross-linked F-actin networks at the air-buffer interface

The response of an F-actin network at the air-buffer interface to nonlinear compression is studied. We observe two distinct classes of behavior: a mechanically induced structural reorganization of the monolayer and a subsequent reversible, nonlinear mechanical response. Measurements of pressure area isotherms, bulk modulus, and the epifluorescence microscopy of tracer beads provide evidence that an initial structural reorganization occurs that corresponds to the mechanically induced formation of bundles of actin. Once a steady state structure is formed, subsequent compressions exhibit four distinct regimes as a function of decreasing total area: a low density fragile network, a relatively uniform film of cross-linked bundles, a region characterized by a buckling instability, and finally, a close packed region. Evidence for the distinct regions comes from the epifluorescence microscopy of tracer beads and measurements of the bulk modulus. Key features of the dynamics include domain rearrangements in the fragile network and an irregular, jerk-like motion during the buckling transition.
A perfect lens makes a perfect trap

We present the first experimental demonstration of microwave electromagnetic trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using a full three-dimensional (3D) negative-refraction flat lens. Two most novel techniques, negative-refraction flat lens and electromagnetic tweezers, are appropriately combined in this configuration.
Self-dual Sheaves on Reductive Borel—Serre Compactifications of Hilbert Modular Surfaces

The main theorem of this article asserts that the category of self-dual sheaves compatible with the intersection chain sheaves (for upper/lower middle perversity) on the reductive Borel—Serre compactification \(\bar X\) of a Hilbert modular surface is nonempty. Also we prove that the direct image of such a sheaf under the canonical map to the Baily—Borel compactification is isomorphic (in the derived category) to the intersection chain sheaf for upper and lower middle perversity. As a consequence of the main theorem, there exist characteristic L-classes of these sheaves in the rational homology of \(\bar X\). In fact, these classes do not depend on the choice of a self-dual sheaf and hence are invariants of the compactification \(\bar X\).
Perceived Effectiveness of Environmental Warnings

This study examined perceived effectiveness of warning signs for various hazard situations. Four-statement signs contained a signal word, a hazard statement, a consequence statement, and an instruction statement. Four additional three-statement signs, each with a different statement systematically removed from the four-statement sign, were used, for a total of 5 signs for each hazard situation. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that removing content statements reduced perceived effectiveness. Hazard and instruction statements were the most important statements, showing the greatest decrease in effectiveness when deleted. Signs for the most hazardous situations were perceived as the most effective warnings. Experiment 3 examined redundancy of statements in a sign. The results suggested that the deletion of redundant statements, particularly signal words, had less influence on effectiveness. The hazard statement showed the lowest redundancy consistant with it producing the greatest effectiveness ...
Behavioral dimensions in city council decision-making

Abstract Nonmetric multidimensional scaling is used to analyze five city councils in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The five councils consistently perceive their members as acting in terms of power relationships and personality differences. The results further suggest that participation in decision-making may be a third dimension used to evaluate behavior. These behavioral dimensions are clearly consistent with those found in small group research by Timothy Leary and others. However, the focus given by multidimensional scaling to the group as a behavior unit suggests a new strategy for organizational development.
Colloidal magnetic resonance contrast agents : effect of particle surface on biodistribution

Abstract Surface structure of dextran-coated superparamagnetic particles is studied as a biodistribution-defining factor. Colloidal particle and polymer molecule of the same size and similar outer structure are shown to possess similar biokinetics and biodistribution. A dense dextran layer on the particle surface is identified as a structure responsible for particle accumulation in the lymph nodes.
EFFECTS OF MOTOR GESTURES AND MOTOR TYPES UPON MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTIONS'

The purpose of this study was to examine motor gestures dispiayed by infants in relation to their motor typesa (2, 3) and in relation to their mothers' concomitant behaviors during social interactions. The subjects were 11 infants, 7 to 12 mo. of age, with no known deficiencies. The children were not ambulatory but were able to crawl or creep independently. They were observed with their mothers in their homes on several consecutive days. Based on measures of extensibiliry' of che popliteal angle (4), motor development, and number of motor gestures5 displayed (5), the subjects were classified into categories of hypotonic, average, and hypertonic, according to Stambak's method (7). Each subject was observed an average of five times. The observation procedure was based on an event-recorder system. Touch control of keyboard entries allowed the observers to follow the action without shifting their attention. A tape recorder was connected to the SSR system0. Transcription was done by computer. For their training, two observers analyzed videotapes made during the pilot study. Their intra- and inter-observer reliability was checked (over-all, .85) for the type and frequency
Continuous and Discontinuous Response to Smoothly Decreasing Effective Distance: An Analysis with Special Reference to ‘Overbanking’ in the 1920s

An important problem of general interest concerns the aggregate response of a system to increasing density (or decreasing effective distance between units). An analysis is made for a system in which the individual responses to changing density are smooth. The analysis is presented in terms of the ‘overbanked’ situation of the USA in the 1920s. Models are derived from micro-economic principles concerning the interaction of two banks in competition for deposits as road transportation decreases in relative cost. The conclusion drawn from analysis of the models is that aggregate deposits may increase in a smooth or in a discontinuous (jump) fashion, the jump depending on the nature of an individual banker's response function and occurring despite smooth individual responses. In the case where the system is always in equilibrium, the jump may be a catastrophe in the sense described by Thorn. The analysis indicates that improvements in road transportation may have significantly reduced the stability of the bank...
High-resolution MR imaging of the carpal tunnel and the wrist. Application of a 5-cm surface coil.

Purpose: To make a comparative analysis of transversal tomograms obtained by high-resolution MR imaging with frozen cross-sections of an anatomical forearm specimen. Twenty-two healthy volunteers were also examined using the same coil system to test for a range of possible clinical applications and for the depiction of morphological and morphometrical values of normal anatomy in vivo.Material and Methods: MR images of the carpal tunnel of 22 healthy volunteers were obtained with a 1.5-T whole-body system with a 5-cm surface coil. Measurements were recorded with a field-of-view between 50 × 50 mm2 and 60 × 60 mm2 in a 256 × 256 pixel matrix for the T1 sequence. A slice thickness of 2 mm was used. The images were acquired using a T1-weighted SE sequence (TR/TE 500/38 ms) and a T2-weighted SE sequence (TR/TE 2000/70 ms). Additionally, a formalin-fixed anatomical forearm specimen was imaged for anatomic correlation. The imaged transversal cross-section levels in the specimen were subsequently freeze-sectioned...
HLA compatibility and cardiac transplant recipient survival.

Abstract Although the major histocompatibility complex has been linked with the control and expression of immune response in mammalian species, its importance for heart transplantation has not been demonstrated. The relationship of patient survival to human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) (A and B loci) compatibility was studied in 164 consecutive cyclosporine-treated patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation between 1980 and 1986 at Stanford University Medical Center. All patients receiving a transplant within this time frame were included except those for whom HLA typing was unavailable. A mismatched antigen was defined as an antigen present in the donor but not in the recipient. The actuarial four-year survival (Cutler-Ederer) for the 19 patients with 0 or 1 mismatch was 88 ± 8%; for the 39 patients with 2 mismatches, 70 ± 12%; for the 73 patients with 3 mismatches, 59 ± 7%; and for the 33 patients with 4 mismatches, 54 ± 14%. Both actuarial and linear rate analyses revealed no significant correlation between HLA mismatching and rejection rate, likelihood of death from rejection, or length of time to first episode of rejection. Patients with 3 or 4 mismatches had significantly ( p
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION: POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE TO DISTILLATION

Abstract Liquid-liquid extraction can often be a viable alternative to distillation for the separation of liquid mixtures. While it does not enjoy the support of confirmed, reliable methods for scaleup and design, as is the case for distillation, it does offer a potential for energy reduction and also can handle temperature-labile materials. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of extraction principles and applications that should be useful for conceptual design of new processes under development.
Rule or Rorschach? Approximating Children’s Best Interests

—Warshak defends the principle of deciding custody based on children’s future “best interests,” a goal that seems laudable on the surface. However, the law defines “best” only very generally, resulting in conflicting interpretations on the part of different parents, custody evaluators, and judges. In response to widespread dissatisfaction with a rule that offers little legal guidance and thereby encourages disputes, the American Law Institute (ALI) proposed a definition of “best.” The ALI recommends that, first and foremost, parents should be encouraged, and helped if need be, to decide what is best for their own children. If parents fail to reach agreement, judges would allocate parenting time following separation in a manner that approximates parenting time during marriage. Though untested, this approximation rule offers clear guidance to parents and judges, guides families toward individualized parenting plans ranging from 50/50 to more traditional arrangements, and narrows assessment to past facts rather than attempts at predicting the future.
Long wave infrared detection using dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes

This work focuses upon dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes, which detect long wave infrared radiation. These detectors offer CMOS compatible fabrication in a small pixel footprint, high speed and frequency selective detection, and full functionality at room temperature. These devices can be fabricated by either of two methods, both of which provide for the aforementioned device characteristics. In addition, the detection characteristics can be tailored to provide for multi-spectral imaging in specific applications by modifying device geometries.