cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity of Confined Ultrathin Polymers

We report ultrafast measurements of thermal transport in plasma polymerized CHF3 films deposited on standard Si substrates with Al sputtered on top. We characterize the thin films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry and measure polymer thicknesses ranging from 33 nm down to 6 nm. Time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) provides quantitative data on the polymer thermal response to periodic heating from a pulsed laser source. A pump beam heats the Al layer, which acts as an opto-thermal transducer to the stack (Al-Polymer-Si) and a delayed probe beam measures the change in Al surface reflectance. We extract the polymer thermal conductivity by comparing TDTR data to a thermal diffusion model and find it to increase with decreasing polymer thicknesses below 30 nm.
The Rhetoric of Study Abroad Perpetuating Expectations and Results Through Technological Enframing

This analysis examines the preparatory and reflective online rhetoric available to potential and past academic travelers at the university level. Utilizing Martin Heidegger’s (1977) notion of the ways in which technological processes “enframe” human experiences, the article scrutinizes the visual and verbal rhetoric found on the websites of the three U.S. universities that sent the most students abroad during the 2009-2010 school year. The analysis provides a critical look at the websites’ (over)emphasis on “firsthand” cultural immersion, promises for transformative experiences, tendencies for suggesting cultural homogeny, and dichotomies in depictions of skin color. Moreover, the analysis observes the ways in which program administrators perpetuate a specific experience by encouraging study abroad alumni to provide particular types of testimonials to be uploaded to the website (a practice often complicated by prize offers). Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Changes in inorganic fine particulate matter sensitivities to precursors due to large-scale US emissions reductions.

We examined the impact of large US emissions changes, similar to those estimated to have occurred between 2005 and 2012 (high and low emissions cases, respectively), on inorganic PM2.5 sensitivities to further NOx, SO2, and NH3 emissions reductions using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. Sensitivities to SO2 emissions are larger year-round and across the US in the low emissions case than the high emissions case due to more aqueous-phase SO2 oxidation. Sensitivities to winter NOx emissions are larger in the low emissions case, more than 2× those of the high emissions case in parts of the northern Midwest. Sensitivities to NH3 emissions are smaller (∼40%) in the low emissions case, year-round, and across the US. Differences in NOx and NH3 sensitivities indicate an altered atmospheric acidity. Larger sensitivities to SO2 and NOx in the low emissions case imply that reducing these emissions may improve air quality more now than they would have in 2005; conversely, NH3 reductions may not improve air qual...
Correlation analysis of curing agents

Abstract The linear correlation of the pKa to the σ* constants of the substituted phenylthio group indicates the validity of the σ* being equal to the sum of the Hammett's constant of these substituent groups and the σ* of the phenyl group (0.6). The inhibitory activity of the compound LSR depends on the reactivity of BtSSR with BtSH and the general stability of the mixed disulfides which form during the curing process. For BtSSR as accelerators, the Hammett's rule applies to scorch delay time versus σ* constant as the variable with negative slope in the LFER. In benzothiazole-2-sulfenamides, the 13C NMR chemical shift of the carbon at the 2-position of the benzothiazolyl group (C8) is consistently greater than the chemical shift at the carbon adjacent to the amino nitrogen (CN) in the same molecule. It indicates that the electronic distribution at the S-N bond is consistently more positive at the S atom and more negative at the amino nitrogen. The 13C NMR chemical shift at C8 is inversely proportional to...
Temporal refinement does not affect predicted human chorionic gonadotropin rise in early pregnancy.

Objective To examine the impact of validation and temporal resolution of estimation of hCG increase, because patients' hCG values are not obtained at precise daily increments or always in the same laboratory. Design Retrospective cohort study of women presenting with nondiagnosed symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies who had serial hCG level measurements over time. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 171 women presenting from September 2007 to February 2010 with first-trimester pregnancy pain and/or bleeding for whom a normal intrauterine pregnancy was ultimately confirmed. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serial hCG values, time period between hCG measurements, hCG rise. Result(s) After data verification, 118 subjects contributing 327 values met inclusion criteria and passed data verification for analysis with improved temporal precision. The more precise data showed a steeper hCG rise, and the predicted 2-day hCG increase at the 1st percentile was slightly faster (1.68-fold vs. 1.56-fold) than the "raw" clinical data and previous models. Conclusion(s) Data verification and improved temporal precision suggested a faster hCG increase in early intrauterine gestation than previously demonstrated. Because laboratory variation and temporal imprecision are common, these data demonstrate that current modeling of the expected rise of hCG in a normal gestation is valid and appropriately conservative in the determination of a nonviable gestation. No change in the minimal threshold for potential viability is recommended.
Notes on Stictocardia campanulata (L.) Merrill and S. Jucunda (Thw.) C. R. Gunn (Convolvulaceae)

The generic concept ofStictocardia is evaluated and accepted. Two species, whose nomenclature is interwoven withIpomoea alba andI. macrantha, are described, discussed, and illustrated.
Objectivity and Compassion.

One of my third-year medical students recently commented, “Why do you see somuch psych in your practice? Why don’t you just refer all of these patients with depression, anxiety, and stress to a psychiatrist”? The same student later commented, “I’m impressed that you spent time motivating your patient to take better care of himself in managing his diabetes and metabolic syndrome—when do we learn those techniques in medical school”? As in many of my previous forewords for the Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice series, I have stated the challenges of teaching the necessary tools and knowledge to address many complex medical and psychosocial issues within 4 years of medical school and 3 years of primary care residency. While this continues to be a formidable challenge, the proverbial bar becomes raised even higher day after day in meeting the needs of our patients—without simply referring our patients to a specialist when we can be well equipped to diagnose and treat common psychiatric conditions. Appropriate psychiatric treatment requires longitudinal care, sequential assessments, hours of compassionate listening, and the ability to motivate people to make positive changes in their lives. Primary care providers are poised to accept this challenge. This issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice dedicated to psychiatric care in the primary care setting highlights many salient components of psychiatric care requisite for daily practice. The issue commences with detailing the important conceptual framework of how psychiatric care is integrated through multidisciplinary teams, a necessary construct to understand and utilize relative to our resources. Articles outlining motivational interviewing techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness techniques contain strategies that clinicians can easily implement and teach that will improve outcomes. Many of the common psychiatric diagnoses seen in primary care are explored in detail, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and psychiatric emergencies. A dedicated article highlighting pharmacotherapy is rich in practical information that is always evolving.
Affective-Cognitive Consistency and Self-Conceptual Structure

Summary.-This study evaluated a model of self-conceptual organization. The model, an adaptation of the affective-cognitive theoq of social attitudes. predicted the maintenance of consistency in the perceived organ~zation or structure of self-conceptual items. Undergraduate subjects (N = 74) completed a questionnaire assessing self-conceptual structure and then returned one week later to complete a similar instrument. Control subjects were simply retested; subjects in four experimental groups completed the posnest following adoption of roles designed to create different types of imbalance in self-conceptual organization. Pretest results indicated a moderately consistent structuring of self-concepmal items. In response to the various types of role-induced imbalance, subjects tended to reestablish consistenq through a significant reorganization of self-conceptions. Most models of the self-concept are notably lacking in clarity and testability. This is particularly true of those models which portray the self-concept as an internally consistent organization or system. Although some theorists (3, 5, 7, 8) strongly emphasize the notion of a self-conceptual "Gestalt", their position remains largely untestable because they do not offer explicit organizational principles. In considering this issue Wylie (16) has noted in fact that "a search of self theories and related research does not reveal any adequate conceptual tools or methods for encompassing and representing the alleged patterning or unity" (p. 732). Although offered over a decade ago, her observation remains valid. The present work is an attempt to formulate and assess a more explicit, testable model of internal self-concept consistency. The model employed is an adaptation of Rosenberg's (9, 11) affective-cognitive consistency theory, a formulation originally offered to explain the organization of social attitudes. Rosenberg's model suggests that the sign and degree of affect toward an attitude object will vary directly with the over-all effect the attitude object is perceived to have upon associated objects. This over-all effect is operationally defined as the algebraic sum of a series of products. The products are obtained by multiplying (a) the perceived degree to which the object promotes (+) or blocks (-) the expression of each associated item, by (b) the degree to which each such associated item is pleasing (+) or displeasing (-). If the sum of these products is positive, for example, then so should be the affect toward the attitude object; the greater the sum, the stronger the affect. This article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation at the Universiry of Chicago. The author is deeply indebted to Milton J. Rosenberg, chairman of the dissertation committee. Requests for reprints should be sent to Timothy K. DeChenne, Counseling Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.
Nonspecific effects of liver extract-adjuvant injection in guinea pigs. A morphologic and immunologic study

Abstract The injection of homologous liver homogenate, with or without Freund's adjuvant, into guinea pigs does not give rise to specific liver lesions, serum protein changes, or the appearance of antibodies to the water-soluble components of liver tissue. Repeated injections and variations in the age of the experimental animals did not alter these negative results. The search for an experimental model for the production of autoantibodies to liver tissue and autoimmune liver disease has, so far, not met with success.
Proximity-dependent biotin labelling in yeast using the engineered ascorbate peroxidase APEX2

The engineered ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) has been effectively employed in mammalian cells to identify protein-protein interactions. APEX2 fused to a protein of interest covalently tags nearby proteins with biotin-phenol (BP) when H2O2 is added to the cell culture medium. Subsequent affinity purification of biotinylated proteins allows for identification by mass spectrometry. BP labeling occurs in 1 min, providing temporal control of labeling. The APEX2 tool enables proteomic mapping of subcellular compartments as well as identification of dynamic protein complexes, and has emerged as a new methodology for proteomic analysis. Despite these advantages, a related APEX2 approach has not been developed for yeast. Here we report methods to enable APEX2-mediated biotin labeling in yeast. Our work demonstrated that high osmolarity and disruption of cell wall integrity permits live-cell biotin labeling in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , respectively. Under these conditions, APEX2 permitted targeted and proximity-dependent labeling of proteins. The methods described herein set the stage for large-scale proteomic studies in yeast. With modifications, the method is also expected to be effective in other organisms with cell walls, such as bacteria and plants.
Remnant Intracranial Aneurysms: Safety and Feasibility of Observation Over Retreatment

Subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from ruptured aneurysms can be a neurologically devastating and fatal event. Aneurysm treatment by endovascular or open surgical means is an established and scientifically backed means of preventing aneurysmal rebleeding. The goal of aneurysm treatment is to completely exclude the aneurysmal portion of the artery from the arterial blood flow. It is not infrequent that a small aneurysmal remnant remains following treatment. Fortunately, the overall risk of rebleeding following aneurysm treatment is low, and in most cases remnants can be observed. The key factor in these cases is serial imaging to detect increases in the size of the remnant or increased flow into the aneurysm that would prompt retreatment.
Identification of Ligands of the Activator Cation of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase forms a stable model complex containing stoichiometric amounts of enzyme sites, activator CO2, divalent activator cation, and the transition state analog, carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate (CABP). Incorporation of Mn2+ in the model complex permits investigation of the environment of the activator cation by electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. Preparation of the R. rubrum RuBP carboxylase model complex in 17O enriched water results in a sample which exhibits an obviously broadened 35 GHz Mn2+ spectrum in comparison to unenriched samples. Removal of H2 17O by gel filtration abolished the spectral broadening, which is due to superhyperfine coupling, indicating that the Mn2+-coordinated water molecules can slowly exchange. NMR relaxation rate measurements demonstrate that the water molecules which coordinate directly to bound Mn2+ in the CABP-containing complex are non-exchangeable on an NMR time scale. Mn2+ containing complexes prepared with 17O enriched CABP produced spectra which were broadened in comparison to matched 16O controls. Thus, Mn2+ coordinates directly to CABP, arguing for participation of cation in the catalytic process.
Kant on materialism

ABSTRACTIn this paper I argue that Kant’s complex argument against materialism involves not only his generic commitment to the existence of non-spatio-temporal and thus non-material things in themselves (which follows directly from Transcendental Idealism), but also considerations pertaining to reason and the subject of our thoughts. Specifically, I argue that because Kant conceives of reason in such a way that it demands a commitment to the existence of the unconditioned so that we can account for whatever conditioned objects we encounter in experience, our thoughts, which are also conditioned, require something unconditioned that, because it is unconditioned, cannot be material. In this way, Kant’s attitude towards materialism is based not only on abstract features of his metaphysics and epistemology, but also on specific features that were under serious discussion in the early modern period.
NONLINEAR ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC 1–D STRESS – DISPLACEMENT WAVE PROPAGATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS

NONLINEAR ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC 1–D STRESS – DISPLACEMENT WAVE PROPAGATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS Two separate sets of nonlinear 3–D constitutive relations are modeled in terms of (1) elastic strain invariants and (2) viscoelastic strain and strain rate invariants each assembled in their own multi-dimensional Maclaurin series. Characterization of material properties is formulated and evaluated. Fundamental difficulties associated with the nature of the nonlinear functions defining the stress-strain relations are examined. Several protocols for joint analytical and experimental viscoelastic material characterization and wave motion analyses are presented. As an illustrative problem, the 1–D wave propagation phenomenon is studied in detail. It is shown that the wave front velocities in linear elasticity and viscoelasticity are invariant with respect to the magnitude and character of the forcing function. In nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic media, the specific characteristics of the constitutive relation nonlinearities also do not influence the wave front velocity, but impact stresses and strains. Both must be evaluated on a case by case basis for each specific material properties and impact load-time functions. The nonlinear analyses are carried out using Poincare’s successive approximation method (SAM). The use of SAM successively leads to linear elastic PDEs and to linear viscoelastic IPDEs respectively for each and every unknown approximation term of the stress and displace- ment wave series as well as the series representing the propagation velocity. The influences of the impact force loading pattern and of the nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic contributions on responding wave motions and wave front velocities and amplitudes are analyzed and evaluated. In particular, both the classical and distributed Dirac delta function impact loads are analyzed in detail and found to be incompatible models compared to the real world in certain areas in both linear and nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic media. An actual impact force pattern is then modeled and analyzed in the same medium and it was found to also work well with the SAM.
Phosphorylation mechanisms in dopamine transporter regulation

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a key role in several biological processes including reward, mood, motor activity and attention. Synaptic DA homeostasis is controlled by the dopamine transporter (DAT) which transports extracellular DA into the presynaptic neuron after release and regulates its availability to receptors. Many neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson disease and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are associated with imbalances in DA homeostasis that may be related to DAT dysfunction. DAT is also a target of psychostimulant and therapeutic drugs that inhibit DA reuptake and lead to elevated dopaminergic neurotransmission. We have recently demonstrated the acute and chronic modulation of DA reuptake activity and DAT stability through S-palmitoylation, the linkage of a 16-carbon palmitate group to cysteine via a thioester bond. This review summarizes the properties and regulation of DAT palmitoylation and describes how it serves to affect various transporter functions. Better understanding of the role of palmitoylation in regulation of DAT function may lead to identification of therapeutic targets for modulation of DA homeostasis in the treatment of dopaminergic disorders.
Developing Nutrition Label Reading Skills: A Web-Based Practice Approach

Background: Nutrition labels offer the information needed to follow Dietary Guidelines for Americans, yet many individuals use labels infrequently or ineffectively due to limited comprehension and the effort required to use them. Objective: The objective of our study was to develop and test a Web-based label-reading training tool to improve individuals’ ability to use labels to select more healthful foods. We were particularly interested in determining whether practice can lead to increased accuracy using labels as well as decreased effort, together reflecting greater efficiency. We compared a basic and an enhanced, prior-knowledge version of the tool that contained an additional component, a brief nutrition tutorial. Methods: Participants were 140 college students with an average age of 20.7 (SD 2.1) years and education 14.6 (SD 1.2) years, who completed 3 sets of practice that were designed to teach them, through repetition and feedback, how to use nutrition labels to select more healthful products. Prior to training, participants in the prior-knowledge group viewed a multimedia nutrition presentation, which those in the basic group did not receive. Mixed-effects models tested for improvement in accuracy and speed with practice, and whether improvements varied by group. Results: The training led to significant increases in average accuracy across the 3 practice sets (averaging 79% [19/24 questions], 92% [22/24], 96% [23/24] respectively, P<.001), as well as decreases in time to complete with mean (SD) values of 8.7 (2.8), 4.6 (1.8), and 4.1 (1.7) seconds, respectively. In block 3, the odds of a correct answer for the prior-knowledge group were 79% higher (odds ratio, OR=1.79, 95% CI 1.1-2.9) than those for the basic group (P=.02). There was no significant difference between the groups in block 2 (P=.89). Conclusions: Practice led to improvements in nutrition label reading skills that are indicative of early stages of automatic processing. To the extent that automatic processes are at the core of healthy habit change, this may be an efficient way to improve dietary decision-making. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(1):e16]
On the margins: black directors and the persistence of racial inequality in twenty-first century Hollywood

Decades after the Civil Rights era, scholars maintain that enduring racial inequality remains entrenched throughout the film industry even as Hollywood grows more racially diverse. This study takes...
Simultaneous event-specific estimates of transport, loss, and source rates for relativistic outer radiation belt electrons

The most significant unknown regarding relativistic electrons in Earth's outer Van Allen radiation belt is the relative contribution of loss, transport, and acceleration processes within the inner magnetosphere. Detangling each individual process is critical to improve the understanding of radiation belt dynamics, but determining a single component is challenging due to sparse measurements in diverse spatial and temporal regimes. However, there are currently an unprecedented number of spacecraft taking measurements that sample different regions of the inner magnetosphere. With the increasing number of varied observational platforms, system dynamics can begin to be unraveled. In this work, we employ in situ measurements during the 13–14 January 2013 enhancement event to isolate transport, loss, and source dynamics in a one-dimensional radial diffusion model. We then validate the results by comparing them to Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations, indicating that the three terms have been accurately and individually quantified for the event. Finally, a direct comparison is performed between the model containing event-specific terms and various models containing terms parameterized by geomagnetic index. Models using a simple 3/Kp loss time scale show deviation from the event-specific model of nearly 2 orders of magnitude within 72 h of the enhancement event. However, models using alternative loss time scales closely resemble the event-specific model.
Approaches for evaluating subsurface phosphorus loss potential from soil profiles

Abstract The importance of subsurface phosphorus (P) transport in deterioration of surface water quality is well documented. Practices and treatments have been identified and modeling approaches have been implemented to decrease the subsurface P load to surface waters. Soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC) is a site-assessment tool that predicts the potential for P loss from soils. We examined the use of SPSC to assess soil profile P distributions and loss potentials for two contrasting soil types: manure-impacted Spodosols and Ultisols. Our specific objectives were to (i) validate prediction of the Langmuir P bonding strength, K L , the Freundlich adsorption coefficient, K F , or the linear adsorption coefficient, K D , of Spodosols (Ap, E and Bh horizons) and Ultisols (Ap, E and Bt horizons) using SPSC-based equations developed for surface and sub-surface horizons (Ap, E and Bt) of Ultisols and (ii) identify factors affecting retention and release of P. Results showed that SPSC derived from oxalate-extractions data can effectively predict P isotherm parameters used in P transport models. The SPSC also captured differences between soil horizons within a profile pertinent to P loss. Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentrations related to negative SPSC, likely due to the presence of these components in dairy manure. The initial sorbed P in the solid phase (S 0 ) of both soil types was related to soil components such as Mg, Ca and total P when SPSC was positive. The equations developed from A, E and Bt horizons of Ultisol relating isotherm parameters to the PSR and SPSC made successful predictions for all horizons of Ultisols sampled from locations different from those in the current study and Spodosols suggesting that such equations might be applicable across a wide range of soils.
The 50 Most Cited Articles in Facial Plastic Surgery.

Bibliometric analysis is a common method to determine the most influential articles in medical specialties, as it is an objective measure of peer recognition of scientific work. This study is the first bibliometric analysis of the literature in facial plastic surgery, to determine the most cited papers in the field. Bibliometric analysis was performed using the Science Citation Index from the Institute for Scientific Information, accessed through the Web of Science™. Filter terms relevant to the field of facial plastic surgery were used to identify the 50 most cited journal articles between 1900 and 2016. The median number of citations was 150 (range 116–1091). The articles spanned a wide range of topics in the field, with the most common topics being free flap reconstruction (n = 10), nasal surgery (n = 9), and rhytidectomy (n = 6). The majority of these articles (n = 29) presented findings supported by level IV or V evidence. This analysis provides an overview of the most cited articles in facial plastic surgery, many of which introduced some of the most fundamental principles and techniques in the field. These landmark articles represent important educational points that should be reviewed by all clinicians and trainees in this field. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Adaptive Discount Allocation in Social Networks

It has been reported that 40% of consumers will share an email offer with their friend and 28% of consumers will share deals via social media platforms. This motivates us to study the influence maximization discount allocation problem: given a social network and a limited marketing budget, which set of initial users should be selected to receive the discount, and how much should the discounts be worth? Our goal is to maximize the number of customers who finally adopt the target product. We investigate this problem under both non-adaptive and adaptive settings. In the first setting, we have to commit the set of initial users and corresponding discounts all at once in advance. In the latter case, given that an user has been offered a discount, we are able to know immediately her decision on whether or not to accept that discount, therefore, the decision process is performed in a sequential manner based on the feedback from previously selected users. We propose a simple greedy policy with an approximation ratio of (1-1/e) in non-adaptive setting. For the significantly more complex adaptive setting, we propose a series of adaptive policies with bounded approximation ratio in terms of expected utility.
Identification of Splicing Quantitative Trait Loci (sQTL) in Drosophila melanogaster with Developmental Lead (Pb2+) Exposure

Lead (Pb) poisoning has been a major public health issue globally and the recent Flint water crisis has drawn nation-wide attention to its effects. To better understand how lead plays a role as a neurotoxin, we utilized the Drosophila melanogaster model to study the genetic effects of lead exposure during development and identified lead-responsive genes. In our previous studies, we have successfully identified hundreds of lead-responsive expression QTLs (eQTLs) by using RNA-seq analysis on heads collected from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource. Cis-eQTLs, also known as allele-specific expression (ASE) polymorphisms, are generally single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes that affect expression of the gene, such as by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors. Trans-eQTLs are genes that regulate mRNA levels for many genes, and are generally thought to be SNPs in trans-acting transcription or translation factors. In this study, we focused our attention on alternative splicing events that are affected by lead exposure. Splicing QTLs (sQTLs), which can be caused by SNPs that alter splicing or alternative splicing (AS), such as by changing the sequence-specific binding affinity of splicing factors to the pre-mRNA. We applied two methods in search for sQTLs by using RNA-seq data from control and lead-exposed w1118Drosophila heads. First, we used the fraction of reads in a gene that falls in each exon as the phenotype. Second, we directly compared the transcript counts among the various splicing isoforms as the phenotype. Among the 1,236 potential Pb-responsive sQTLs (p < 0.0001, FDR < 0.39), mostly cis-sQTLs, one of the most distinct genes is Dscam1 (Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule), which has over 30,000 potential alternative splicing isoforms. We have also identified a candidate Pb-responsive trans-sQTL hotspot that appears to regulate 129 genes that are enriched in the "cation channel" gene ontology category, suggesting a model in which alternative splicing of these channels might lead to an increase in the elimination of Pb2+ from the neurons encoding these channels. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that uses sQTL analyses to understand the neurotoxicology of an environmental toxin in any organism, and the first reported discovery of a candidate trans-sQTL hotspot.
Chance, determinism and the classical theory of probability.

Abstract This paper situates the metaphysical antinomy between chance and determinism in the historical context of some of the earliest developments in the mathematical theory of probability. Since Hacking's seminal work on the subject, it has been a widely held view that the classical theorists of probability were guilty of an unwitting equivocation between a subjective, or epistemic, interpretation of probability, on the one hand, and an objective, or statistical, interpretation, on the other. While there is some truth to this account, I argue that the tension at the heart of the classical theory of probability is not best understood in terms of the duality between subjective and objective interpretations of probability. Rather, the apparent paradox of chance and determinism, when viewed through the lens of the classical theory of probability, manifests itself in a much deeper ambivalence on the part of the classical probabilists as to the rational commensurability of causal and probabilistic reasoning.
The Predictive Value of Developmental Assessments at 1 and 2 for Intelligence Quotients at 6.

Abstract Intelligence is an important individual difference factor related to mental health, academic achievement, and life success, yet there is a lack of research into its early cognitive predictors. This study investigated the predictive value of infant developmental assessment scores for school-age intelligence in a large, heterogeneous sample of single- and twin-born subjects (N = 521). We found that Early Learning Composite (ELC) scores from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning have similar predictive power to that of other infant tests. ELC scores at age 2 were predictive of Stanford-Binet abbreviated intelligence (ABIQ) scores at age 6 (r = 0.46) even after controlling for sex, gestation number, and parental education. ELC scores at age 1 were less predictive of 6-year ABIQ scores (r = 0.17). When the sample was split to test robustness of findings, we found that results from the full sample replicated in a subset of children born at ≥32 weeks gestation without birth complications (n = 405), though infant cognitive scores did not predict IQ in a subset born very prematurely or with birth complications (n = 116). Scores at age 2 in twins and singletons showed similar predictive ability for scores at age 6, though twins had particularly high correlations between ELC at age 1 and ABIQ at age 6.
Kin Selection and the Origins of Hereditary Social Inequality

Anthropologists, and archaeologists in particular, have long used concepts derived from the biological sciences. Terms like evolution, adaptation, population pressure, and carrying capacity are commonplace in the archaeological literature. Perhaps no better example of this can be found than in anthropological theories concerning the development of hereditary social inequality where most archaeologists writing on the origin of chiefdoms and states have used one or more of these terms borrowed from biology (e.g., Fried 1967; Binford 1969; Carneiro 1970; A. Johnson and Earle 1987). The recent Darwinian movement within anthropology has brought into question many of the assumptions that underlie such an approach. We will examine this challenge, and argue that a scientific study of hereditary social inequality must be modernized and brought into line with recent advances in evolutionary biology and ecology.
The Influence of Uncertainty Visualization on Decision Making: An Empirical Evaluation

Uncertainty visualization is a research area that integrates visualization with the study of uncertainty. Many techniques have been developed for representing uncertainty, and there have been many participant-based empirical studies evaluating the effectiveness of specific techniques. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that uncertainty visualization influences, or results in, different decisions. Through a human-subjects experiment, this research evaluates whether specific uncertainty visualization methods, including texture and value, influence decisions and a users confidence in their decisions. The results of this study indicate that uncertainty visualization may effect decisions, but the degree of influence is affected by how the uncertainty is expressed.
Dimensions of Individual Difference in the Neonate

There has been an increasing recognition of the capacities and competencies of the newborn infant, and an appreciation of the infant’s active role in eliciting, shaping, and determining aspects of his/her environment. This recognition and appreciation has fostered a change of view about the infant’s development from that of a relatively passive recipient of environmental socialization factors to an active participant in the determination of outcome. As a result, there has been a focus upon some of the characteristics which an infant manifests from the time of birth, in terms of the effect these have on the infant’s interaction with the environment and ultimately on the infant’s growth and affective, cognitive, and personality development. These characteristics are variously referred to as inborn, congenital, or constitutional.
Interobserver variability in Rb-82 measured myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve measurements

1112 Objectives The recent proliferation of PET imaging coupled with commercial availability of Rb-82 generator systems has made possible routine clinical use of quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) imaging and coronary flow reserve (CFR) estimation. This study tests interobserver variability of MBF and CFR measurements using a beta version of Siemens SyngoMBF (SMBF) software. Methods Thirty consecutive clinical patients (M/F = 16/14; Age: 59 ± 11; BMI: 40 ± 8) referred for rest/dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion assessment with Rb-82 PET were imaged using standard clinical techniques (40 mCi injection, 6 minutes acquisition). List mode data were rehistogrammed into 26 dynamic frames (12x5s, 6x10s, 4x20s, 4x40s) and reconstructed to create the time course image set necessary to fit a single compartment pharmacokinetic model. From these data, quantitation of MBF was performed, creating quantitative rest and stress MBF maps and CFR estimates for major vascular territories. To test software robustness, three expert users manually oriented and reprocessed the PET data using SMBF, generated new MBF maps and CFR values, and compared them with those values generated by the fully automated SMBF technique. Results MBF values for each vascular territory as calculated for each of the user’s axis definition, were averaged to determine a consensus average flow. The percent standard deviation from this mean was calculated for each patient’s vascular territories to assess the sensitivity of MBF values to the definition of the cardiac axis by different users. The average % standard deviation for each of the vascular territories varied from 4.8%-6.3%. Conclusions Robust MBF and CFR quantitative data was generated on a 3D PET/CT scanner using fully automated software. Automated algorithms for detection of the myocardium and the cardiac axis proved consistent with human attempts to perform the same task with MBF and CFR variability of on the order of 5% observed. Research Support Siemens Medical Solution
Patient Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Older Than 80 Years.

Abstract Background Patients aged 80 and above who suffer from end-stage osteoarthritis may benefit from total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but at high potential risk. Additionally, there is controversy about whether functional improvement in patients above age 80 is similar to younger patients. We compared functional improvement, length of stay (LOS), and facility discharge rates after TKA between this cohort and patients less than 80 years of age. Methods We completed a retrospective cohort study comparing TKA patients aged 80 and above with all patients younger than 80. We utilized data from a prospectively collected institutional repository of 2308 TKAs performed from April 2011 through July 2016 at an academic medical center in the United States. We performed multivariable logistic regression to determine the association between age group and clinically significant improvement in the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-10 physical component summary (PCS) score. Secondary outcomes included the magnitude of PCS change, LOS, and facility discharge. Results There were 175 (7.6%) TKAs in patients older than 80 years compared with 2133 TKAs in patients younger than 80. Patients over 80 had similar adjusted odds of achieving clinically significant PCS improvement following TKA (P = .366), and there was no statistical difference in adjusted postoperative PCS improvement between the 2 age groups. Age 80 and above was associated with a longer adjusted LOS and demonstrated increased odds of facility discharge (odds ratio 4.11, P Conclusion Following TKA, patients older than 80 years demonstrate similar adjusted functional improvement in comparison to younger patients. However, older patients did require substantially more resources as they remained in the hospital longer and were discharged to rehabilitation more often.
Searching for lost nucleotides of the pre-RNA World with a self-refining model of early Earth

The nucleotides of RNA appear to be products of evolution. Experimental studies are showing that plausible proto-nucleotides can be formed in simulated early Earth environments. In turn, these results help to clarify the prebiotic processes that give rise to nucleotides.
The New Privity

Since 2011, the Supreme Court’s personal jurisdiction jurisprudence has turned to a discredited style of legal reasoning which had its heyday in the late nineteenth century. This style of legal reasoning involves resort to abstract concepts and inductive logic that appears rule-like and claims to provide clarity and consistency. In fact, this approach is not a more useful or predictable method deciding concrete cases than the more modern functional approach. The Court has also returned to discredited doctrinal rules from that era. The new personal jurisdiction jurisprudence is inconsistent with state substantive law and threatens to undermine traditional state police powers. There is an alternative. Instead of trying to come up with a general principle of personal jurisdiction, the Court could adopt rules of personal jurisdiction tailored to the particular substantive law at hand. Different rules could govern products liability, contracts, etc. as appropriate, and these rules should be attentive to the police powers of the states. Either the old balancing test or new conceptual approach will eventually yield such a set of rules anyway, so the Court might as well impose them explicitly and quit the pretense of a general, abstract principle for deciding personal jurisdiction challenges.
Neonatal neuroblastoma in otolaryngology: A case and literature review

Abstract A male born at 35 2/7 weeks gestation was found at one week of life to have a left-sided neck mass following a period of prolonged respiratory distress. The mass was associated with elevated urine catecholamine metabolites levels, and upon subsequent biopsy and PET scan was diagnosed as a stage 2A risk group L2 neuroblastoma. The patient was treated with four cycles of chemotherapy, and the residual tumor became stable in size several months after conclusion of chemotherapy. This differs from the classic presentation of neuroblastoma, which is a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass in a less than 2-year-old child. In this article, we detail the management of this patient and review the epidemiology, genetics, typical and otolaryngology-specific presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of neonatal neuroblastomas. Our review models the current understanding of neuroblastoma pathology in the neonatal population for the perspective of otolaryngology.
Generating nonnormal distributions via Gaussian mixture models

The purpose of this paper is to (1) present a method of generating nonnormal univariate and/or uncorrelated multivariate distributions using mixture models, and (2) compare the accuracy of generati...
Exploring naturally occurring clinical subgroups of post-traumatic headache.

To explore naturally occurring clinical subgroups of post-traumatic headache. Persistent post-traumatic headache (PTH) is defined as a headache developing within 7 days of an injury that lasts for greater than 3 months. However, there is no evidence available from the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) based classification between persistent and acute PTH based on clinical phenotypes. We conducted a retrospective study using the Stanford Research Repository Cohort Discovery Tool. We reviewed 500 electronic patient charts between January 2015 to September 2019 using inclusion criteria of adults older than 18 years with a diagnosis of PTH. The following variables were extracted from each patient’s chart: diagnosis of PTH as dependent variable, and predictor variables as age, sex, history of migraine, loss of consciousness during head injury, pre-existing psychological history, duration of PTH and new PTH-associated comorbidities (e.g. new onset vertigo, post-traumatic stress disorder). Logistic regression was employed to identify clinical phenotypes predicting persistent PTH. All predictor variables were tested in one block to determine their predictive capacity while controlling for other predictors in the model. Two-step cluster analysis was conducted to identify naturally occurring PTH subgroups. A total of 300 patients were included (150 acute, 150 persistent PTH) with a median age of 47 years (IQR 31, 59) and female: male ratio of 2.7:1. Two hundred patients were excluded due to misdiagnoses. Pre-existing psychological history (standardized beta 0.16), history of migraine (0.20), new PTH-associated comorbidities (0.23) and medication overuse (0.37) statistically significantly predicted the presence of persistent PTH (p < 0.0001). Clustering analysis revealed PTH subgrouping comparable to ICHD-based classification: 140 patients in Cluster 1 (76% persistent PTH) and 160 patients in Cluster 2 (83% acute PTH). Four distinct clusters were found within persistent PTH. Pre-existing psychological history, history of migraine, new PTH-associated comorbidities and medication overuse predicted the occurrence of persistent PTH as well as two naturally occurring PTH clusters correlating to acute and persistent PTH. Management emphasis should focus on these phenotypes.
Impact of Working Together for adults with autism spectrum disorder: a multifamily group intervention.

Background Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have lower engagement in their communities, higher rates of unemployment/underemployment, and continued difficulties with challenging behavior compared to their neurotypical peers. Multi-family psychoeducation emphasizes education and problem-solving with the goal of improving these outcomes for the individual with the disability. Methods Using a randomized waitlist control design, the present study evaluated a multi-family group psychoeducation intervention, Working Together, for adults on the autism spectrum without intellectual disability (n = 40). Five waves of data were collected at 3-month intervals. In this design, families in the intervention condition participated in intervention during the 6 months between baseline and time 3 data collection; the waitlist control condition received the intervention immediately after the time 3 data collection. We compared these two conditions, intervention group (n = 20) vs waitlist control group (n = 20), on key outcomes for the adults with ASD: engagement in work-related activities, engagement in meaningful activities, and behavior problems. Results Results indicated medium to large effect sizes associated with the Working Together intervention across key outcomes, including adults on the spectrum experiencing significant increases in meaningful activities and decreases in internalizing problems. Although increases in work-related activities were not statistically significant, an observed one-half of a standard deviation difference from before to after the intervention indicated clinically significant change. We also found maintenance of the treatment effect through 6 months post-treatment for the intervention group and replication of the treatment effect within the control group after they received the intervention. Conclusion Working Together is a promising multi-family group psychoeducation intervention designed to improve functioning during adulthood. These findings highlight the need for more intervention services research during adulthood and specifically the need for family-centered supports.