cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the purity of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose synthesized from the reactions of glycals with acetyl hypofluorite

Abstract The reactions of gaseous acetyl hypofluorite with glycals (1a–d) followed by hydrolysis with 2 N HC1 give 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (2) and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose (3). The ratio of 2 to 3 depends largely on the polarity of the solvent rather than on the size of the substituents on the hydroxyl groups of glucal. The amount of 3 in the final product from the reaction of 1b–d with acetyl hypofluorite ranges from 4% in non-polar solvents (Freon-11, CC14, hexane) to ∼ 20% in polar solvents (HOAc, MeOH, DMF, acetone).
Instrumenting and tuning dataView—a networked application for navigating through large scientific datasets

dataView is an application that allows scientists to fly visually through large, regularly-gridded, time-varying 3D datasets from their desktop computers. dataView works with data that has been divided into cubes and sub-cubes (which we call ‘tiles’ and ‘subtiles’), sampled at three levels of detail and written to a terabyte data server built on a PC cluster. dataView is a networked application. The dataView client component that runs on the scientist's computer is used only for user interaction and rendering. The selection of data subtiles for any given scene, and the geometry computation performed on those subtiles to create the virtual world, are performed by dataView components run in parallel on nodes of the PC cluster. This paper describes how we instrumented and tuned the code for improved performance in a networked environment. We report on how we measured network performance, first by inducing network delay and then by running the dataView client component in Washington DC and the compute components in Los Angeles. We report on the effect that tile size, level of detail, and client CPU speed have on performance. We analyze what happens when the geometry computation is performed in parallel using MPI (Message Passing Interface) vs. in serial, and discuss the effect on performance of adding additional computational nodes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
My Eyes Are Up Here: The Nature of the Objectifying Gaze Toward Women

Although objectification theory suggests that women frequently experience the objectifying gaze with many adverse consequences, there is scant research examining the nature and causes of the objectifying gaze for perceivers. The main purpose of this work was to examine the objectifying gaze toward women via eye tracking technology. A secondary purpose was to examine the impact of body shape on this objectifying gaze. To elicit the gaze, we asked participants (29 women, 36 men from a large Midwestern University in the U.S.), to focus on the appearance (vs. personality) of women and presented women with body shapes that fit cultural ideals of feminine attractiveness to varying degrees, including high ideal (i.e., hourglass-shaped women with large breasts and small waist-to-hip ratios), average ideal (with average breasts and average waist-to-hip ratios), and low ideal (i.e., with small breasts and large waist-to-hip ratios). Consistent with our main hypothesis, we found that participants focused on women’s chests and waists more and faces less when they were appearance-focused (vs. personality-focused). Moreover, we found that this effect was particularly pronounced for women with high (vs. average and low) ideal body shapes in line with hypotheses. Finally, compared to female participants, male participants showed an increased tendency to initially exhibit the objectifying gaze and they regarded women with high (vs. average and low) ideal body shapes more positively, regardless of whether they were appearance-focused or personality-focused. Implications for objectification and person perception theories are discussed.
Assessment of the impact of the tax on refined petroleum products in the Philippines

This paper uses an aggregate modelling approach to assess the impact of taxes in refined-petroleum products on the Philippine's economy. The approach used in the analysis consists of a general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, three household categories classified by income, and a government. The effects of removing the 48% tax on premium and regular gasoline and the 24% tax on other refined petroleum products on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing. For example, the consequences of a complete elimination of refined petroleum product taxes would be an increase in output by all producing sectors of about 3·7% or about 2·65 hundred billion (2·65 × 1011) Philippine pesos, a rise in the consumption of goods and services by about 13·6% or 4·2 hundred billion (4·2 × 1011) Philippine pesos, a rise in total utility by 14·3% or 4·5 hundred billion (4·5 × 1011) Philippine pesos and a lower tax revenue for the government of 62·4% or 2·8 hundred billion (2·8 × 1011) Philippine pesos. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities. That is, while the model's equilibrium values do vary in response to different assumptions of the values of these elasticities, the fluctuations are not so large as to suggest that the model is unrealistically sensitive to these parameters.
Blood Versus bone marrow ethanol concentrations in rabbits and humans

Abstract Post-mortem ethanol levels in bone marrow and heart blood were determined in rabbits and humans. The average ratio of blood/femur marrow ethanol in 39 rabbits was 2.10 ± 0.23 with a range of 1.27 – 3.50. In 18 human autopsy cases the average ratio of blood/rib marrow ethanol levels was 2.16 ± 0.32 with a range of 1.65 – 2.94. The average blood/marrow ratios in humans and rabbits were comparable. However, a wider range of ratios was noticed in the rabbit study.
The Role of Cutaneous Receptors in the Menton Tap Silent Period

The neuromuscular mechanisms of the electromyographic silent period are poorly understood but clinically significant. Our purpose was to isolate the contribution of cutaneous afferents from the chin to the latency and the duration of the EMG silent period. Under the conditions of our experiment, the afferents of the mental nerve have no observable influence on the latency or the duration of the silent period educed by a menton tap.
Quark masses and resummation in precision QCD theory

It is shown that amplitude-based, exact resummation tames the uncanceled IR divergences at O({alpha}{sub s}{sup 2}) in initial state radiation in QCD with massive quarks. Implications for precision predictions for LHC physics are discussed.
A NOTE ON HOLDING COSTS AND LOT-SIZE ERRORS

This note examines the sensitivity of the basic economic-order-quantity inventory model to lot-size errors when holding costs are assumed to be a strictly increasing (though not necessarily linear) function of average inventory. In particular, we show that the penalty associated with ordering either too much or too little is a function not only of the size of the error but of the shape of the holding-cost curve as well. We demonstrate that, under certain conditions, even relatively small lot-size errors can be extremely costly.
RESECTION OF MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS ABOUT THE SHOULDER : A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF RECONSTRUCTION WITH A NEW MODULAR SPACER

Reconstruction after resection of malignant bone tumors about the shoulder is difficult. Twelve patients had reconstruction using a new titanium modular spacer. This modular system allows the surgeon to reconstruct variable lengths of the proximal humerus. Although the patient has no active shoulder motion, excellent hand and elbow function is preserved. The spacer serves as a temporary device in the young active patient. A more definitive reconstructive procedure can be performed after the completion of chemotherapy and a sufficient disease-free interval.
A rare case of posterior interosseous nerve palsy associated with radial head fracture.

Abstract Background: Radial head fractures are the most common fractures occurring about the elbow in adults, but there have been few reported cases of associated nerve injury. The little-known posterior interosseous nerve travels in close proximity to the radial head and is particularly susceptible to injury. Objectives: The objectives of this case report include raising awareness of the possibility of posterior interosseous nerve palsy after radial head fracture and reviewing the clinical assessment of the posterior interosseous nerve to exclude occult injury. Case Report: Here we report a case of a 21-year-old man who developed a posterior interosseous nerve palsy after a fracture of the radial head sustained during a wrestling match. He also sustained frostbite to the extremity due to overaggressive icing of the injury. Conclusions: Physicians should screen patients with radial head fractures for associated nerve injury. A thorough neurovascular examination with attention to the motor innervation patterns in the hand and wrist will help identify posterior interosseous nerve involvement. Careful discharge instructions will help prevent iatrogenic frostbite from overaggressive icing of injuries.
Unifying the field: Developing and integrative paradigm for behavior therapy

Abstract The limitations of early conditioning models and treatments have led many behavior the therapist to abandon conditioning principles and replace them with loosely defined cognitive theories and treatments. Systematic theory extensions to human behavior, using new concepts and processes derived from and built upon the basic principles, could have prevented the divisive debates over whether psychological dysfunctions are the result of conditioning or cognitive techniques. Behavior therapy that provide objective behavioral methods of studying dysfunctional processes. We suggested a unifying paradigm for explaining abnormal behvior that links and integrates different fields of study and processes that are frequently believed to be incompatible or antithetical such as biological vulnerability variables, learned behavioral repertoires, and that also links historical and current antecedents of the problem. An integrative paradigmatic behavioral approach may serve a unifying function in behavior therapy (a) by promoting an understanding of the dysfunctional processes involved in different disorders and (b) by helping clinicals conduct functional analyses that lead to theory-based, individualized, and effective treatments.
Jule Gregory Charney

Twelve years ago, Jule Charney was honored by AGU when he was named the 38th William Bowie medalist for having epitomized the Bowie criteria of outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research. Fifty years of Bowie awards were celebrated at a Special Session of the AGU Spring Meeting held in Baltimore, Md., in May. It is a very special distinction that AGU has selected Charney, among others, from a truly impressive field of superachievers, as one meriting extended recall of his contributions and his place in history.
Denaturation of RNA with dimethyl sulfoxide.

The denaturation of single-stranded and double-stranded RNA's in solutions with varying proportions of dimethyl sulfoxide has been followed by changes in absorbancy, optical rotation, and—with a double-stranded form of bacteriophage of MS2 RNA— infectivity for bacterial spheroplasts. By these criteria the RNA's studied, including the synthetic polynucleotide rG:rC, are completely denatured at room temperature in high concentrations of this solvent. In lower concentrations, the T_m of the RNA preparation is decreased only slightly as the dimethyl sulfoxide concentration is raised until a critical concentration is reached. The T_m falls sharply with small further increases in dimethyl sulfoxide concentration. Sedimentation studies can be conducted directly in these media. The determination of sedimentation velocity in 99% dimethyl sulfoxide containing 0.001M EDTA provides a reliable estimate of RNA molecular weights.
Self-statements in aggressive, withdrawn, and popular children

The present study examined the use of inhibiting and facilitating self-statements (i.e., self-statements that make it harder or easier to deliver an effective social response) in groups of withdrawn (n = 33), aggressive (n = 32), and popular (n = 27) children. These self-statements were studied across two types of interpersonal situations (resolving conflict, initiating social interactions) and two levels of interpersonal relationship (friend, stranger). Results indicated that popular children made significantly more facilitating than inhibiting responses than aggressive or withdrawn children, who did not differ from one another. In addition, results indicated a tendency for children in all three status levels to endorse more facilitating than inhibiting self-statements in situations involving friends (vs. strangers) and the initiating of social behavior (vs. conflict situations). Finally, a Relationship ×Situation interaction was found, indicating significantly more facilitating self-statements than inhibiting self-statements for all three groups in situations involving initiating interactions with friends.
Cerebellar nucleo-cortical neurons projecting to the vermis of lobule VII in the rat

Abstract Cerebellar nucleo-cortical neurons projecting to lobule VII vermis in the rat are located in the caudal fastigial nucleus (FN) and in the white matter ventral to the intracerebellar nuclei. The cortico-nuclear and nucleo-cortical projections of lobule VII vermis are only in part reciprocal; nucleo-cortical neurons in the dorsolateral protuberance (dlp) of the FN and ventral to the more lateral cerebellar nuclei, may serve to relate the cerebellar hemispheres to the vermis.
Ultrasonic micromotor control using selfactuated micro-structures

This paper presents control of a surface micromachined ultrasonic micromotor using self-actuated micro-structures placed at a micro-gap separation to the rotor. An ultrasonic micromotor fabricated using MUMPS process and driven by bulk piezoelectric PZT bonded to the motor, operates at a drive voltage of 1.3 – 10 Vpp in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 5 MHz. We have previously demonstrated that the rotor is suspended in air during operation. A non-contact method of controlling the motor rotation rate would enable the stability of air suspension improving rotor stability for applications in which smooth operation is important. We show the non-contact control of the motor rotation using two distinct micro-structures surrounding two motors, the control enabled by the control of micro-gaps that modulate acoustic streaming forces around the rotor.
Longitudinal analysis of MRI T2 knee cartilage laminar organization in a subset of patients from the osteoarthritis initiative

The purpose of this pilot study was to longitudinally quantify the T2 laminar integrity of knee cartilage in a subset of subjects with osteoarthritis from the Osteoarthritis Initiative at baseline, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. Cartilage from 13 subjects was divided into six compartments and subdivided into deep and superficial layers. At each time point, mean T2 values in superficial and deep layers were compared. Longitudinal analysis included full-thickness mean T2, mean deep T2, mean superficial T2, mean T2 laminar difference, mean percentage T2 laminar difference, and two-dimensional measures of cartilage thickness. More compartments showed significantly higher superficial T2 than deep T2 values at baseline and 1-year follow-up compared to 2-year follow-up. No significant longitudinal changes of full-thickness mean T2 and superficial T2 values were observed. Significant longitudinal changes were observed in the deep T2 values, T2 laminar difference, and percentage T2 laminar difference. Cartilage thickness had no influence on T2 analysis. Results of this study suggest that laminar analysis may improve the sensitivity to detect longitudinal T2 changes and that disruption of the T2 laminar organization of knee cartilage may be present in knee osteoarthritis progressors. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the potential of the presented methodology to better characterize evolution and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The social life of engineering authorizations

We may view documents, not only as containers for information, but also as active participants in organizing and sustaining communities. This paper discusses our experiences in designing a web-based tool for writing and managing engineering authorizations, and the social perspectives influence on our understanding of the problem and the design of our system. It presents observations based on our fieldwork with users, and the evaluation of a set of prototype systems. It shows how these observations changed our central metaphor for the system, moving it from a machine model to a society of agents metaphor. Finally, it illustrates the way this new metaphor changed our system functionality and architecture.
Perception by cebus monkeys: I. Psychophysical judgments of minimal cylindrical volume differences by nonhuman and human subjects

Previously reported data have shown that monkeys can make visual discriminations quite well in three-dimensional space. But none have investigated the minimal space parameters which are necessary for a monkey to perceive a three-dimensional space. In the present experiment, the method of constant stimulus differences was used to assess both cebus monkey and human psychophysical judgments for minimal cylindrical volume differences. The data yielded a difference threshold of 3.7 mm for the cebus monkeys and a difference threshold of less than 1 mm for the human Ss. This species difference in thresholds is contrary to previously reported data.
Readiness and Patterns of Growth in Children With SELI

Readiness for language change is a concept that underlies parents' and clinicians' views about how to manage children with language impairments. Various notions exist about how to determine when a ...
Unavailability: When Neighbors Become Strangers

Richard Kearney’s Anatheism: Returning to God After God has hospitality to the stranger as one of its central features. This article traces the roots of such hospitality back through Kearney’s mentor Paul Ricoeur to Ricoeur’s own mentor, Gabriel Marcel. Marcel’s analysis of the role of abstraction in philosophical reflection leads him to propose a reflexion seconde as a means of avoiding the lure of the “spirit of abstraction.” Necessary to second reflection is the cultivation of the virtue Marcel calls “availability,” and it is in light of this elemental, though often elusive, ground for thinking and living that even the best ambitions of the hospitable wager are put to a strenuous test. The second part of the article takes up the case of post-Katrina New Orleans as a way of showing that in a consumerist and calculative society there is a default resistance to availability and therefore a severe handicap to entering even the most basic scene of hospitality. The intractable lack of availability thus rivals the otherwise provocative summons to the threshold of welcome, even where it concerns the neighbor . The anatheistic wager, though profound in its own right, will rarely be undertaken, and “available” inquiry thus faces a more elemental initial task.
Optimizing the use of β-blockers in the effective treatment and management of heart failure : A case study approach

Today, heart failure is an increasing concern in the United States. Its prognoses are poor and its treatment is a complicated endeavor, because heart failure is not a single disease state. Rather, it is a syndrome with a cyclic pathophysiology composed of multiple mechanisms. Effective case management of heart failure must address each of the many changes involved in this syndrome, and therapy must be individualized, especially because patients with heart failure often require regimens of five or more drugs. In special populations, such as the elderly and/or patients with concomitant diseases requiring added medication, polypharmacy becomes an important issue. Maintaining consistent compliance with the treatment regimen and patient education regarding symptoms of fluid retention can be critical. Currently, β-blockers, in addition to standard therapy, are recommended as first-line treatment in mild-to-moderate heart failure. The three cases presented in this article illustrate some common scenarios encountered and clinical decisions made when β-blockers are used in the management of heart failure.
Polarized neutron grazing angle diffraction

Abstract The principles underlying grazing angle X-ray diffraction can be applied to neutrons. We derive a formalism for the treatment of grazing angle diffraction using polarized neutrons and present measurements employing this geometry to observe the magnetization of an Y/Gd film.
The value of a weekly newsletter in neurology.

The Partners Neurology Residency Program spans two neurology departments in Boston. The neurology departments of the Brigham and Women's and Massachusetts General Hospitals comprise of 325 faculty members and 53 neurology residents. Given this large community and the vast number of opportunities that are available at these academic institutions, it is critical to have a system to disseminate information and inform the neurology community of important events. In the era of digital technology, email and web-based media provide an opportunity for efficient communication. One way in which this is accomplished is by means of a weekly newsletter detailing lectures, academic conferences and departmental meetings. This bulletin, our ‘Neurology Weekly Events,’ has become an important fixture in maintaining cohesion within the programme. Our weekly newsletter provides a comprehensive list of daily events for the upcoming week including time and …
Noncustodial parents and poetry: A look at circular causality and punctuation

This brief report examines a metaphorical poem concerning the unpredictable yet cyclical emotional turmoil faced by many noncustodial parents (NCPs). Illustrating the principles of circular causality and punctuation through a repeating grammatical pattern, the poem emphasizes distinctions among the same five emotions based on their location in the cause–remedy–effect sequence of interactions between NCPs and their children. The device conveys the chaotic nature of such interactions and the need for vigilance to establish and sustain the relationship.
Revising the Factor Structure of the Juror Bias Scale: A Method for the Empirical Validation of Theoretical Constructs

The application of factor analytic techniques to explore the construct and predictive validity of a popular scale used for the identification of pretrial juror bias is herein reported. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed on the Juror Bias Scale (JBS) scores of 301 participants, but empirical findings did not support the theoretically derived single-factor scales of Probability of Commission and Reasonable Doubt. Empirically driven alternative models were generated using exploratory factor analysis. The JBS scores of an additional 301 participants were then employed to cross-validate the initial findings using nested modeling CFA. The empirical model achieved a significantly improved fit over the theoretical model and resulted in the elimination of approximately 30% of the original items with no attenuation in the scale's ability to predict juror verdicts. Moreover, a theoretical reorganization of the items was consistent with the empirically derived model and provided a rationale for altering the scoring of the JBS which, in turn, maximized its predictive validity. The use of CFA techniques to aid in the development of scales assessing jury attitudes and biases is discussed.
Metropolitan Organization and Governance: A Local Public Economy Approach

New conceptualizations are needed to encompass cumulating research findings that complex, multijurisdictional, multilevel organization is a productive arrangement for metropolitan areas. A local public economy approach recognizes (I) the distinction between provision and production, and the different considerations that bear on each; (2) the distinction between governance and government, and the multiple levels of governance; (3) the difference between metropolitan fragmentation and complex metropolitan organization, and the prevalence of the complex organization over fragmentation; and (4) the necessity for citizen choice and public entrepreneurship in crafting productive organizational and governance arrangements. It may contribute to a rethinking with respect to governance structures adapted to the diversity characteristic of American metropolitan areas.
High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor and vincristine in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma

The incidence of malignant mesothelioma has increased greatly in the last 40 years. Current and recent past exposure to asbestos is expected to substantially increase this incidence. We report nine cases of malignant mesothelioma which temporarily responded to treatment with high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum rescue and vincristine. Further clinical trials of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum rescue appear indicated in this disease.
The construction and use of log-odds substitution scores for multiple sequence alignment.

Most pairwise and multiple sequence alignment programs seek alignments with optimal scores. Central to defining such scores is selecting a set of substitution scores for aligned amino acids or nucleotides. For local pairwise alignment, substitution scores are implicitly of log-odds form. We now extend the log-odds formalism to multiple alignments, using Bayesian methods to construct “BILD” (“Bayesian Integral Log-odds”) substitution scores from prior distributions describing columns of related letters. This approach has been used previously only to define scores for aligning individual sequences to sequence profiles, but it has much broader applicability. We describe how to calculate BILD scores efficiently, and illustrate their uses in Gibbs sampling optimization procedures, gapped alignment, and the construction of hidden Markov model profiles. BILD scores enable automated selection of optimal motif and domain model widths, and can inform the decision of whether to include a sequence in a multiple alignment, and the selection of insertion and deletion locations. Other applications include the classification of related sequences into subfamilies, and the definition of profile-profile alignment scores. Although a fully realized multiple alignment program must rely upon more than substitution scores, many existing multiple alignment programs can be modified to employ BILD scores. We illustrate how simple BILD score based strategies can enhance the recognition of DNA binding domains, including the Api-AP2 domain in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum.
The string landscape: On formulas for counting vacua

Abstract We derive formulas for counting certain classes of vacua in the string/M theory landscape. We do so in the context of the moduli space of M-theory compactifications on singular manifolds with G 2 holonomy. Particularly, we count the numbers of gauge theories with different gauge groups but equal numbers of U ( 1 ) factors which are dual to each other. The vacua correspond to various symmetry breaking patterns of grand unified theories. Counting these dual vacua is equivalent to counting the number of conjugacy classes of elements of finite order inside Lie groups. We also point out certain cases where the conventional expectation is that symmetry breaking patterns by Wilson lines and Higgs fields are the same, but we show they are in fact different.
The pattern of expression of the chicken homolog of HOX1I in the developing limb suggests a possible role in the ectodermal inhibition of chondrogenesis.

Homeobox-containing genes have been implicated in a variety of patterning events during vertebrate limb development. In an attempt to isolate cDNAs corresponding to 5′ members of the chicken HOX 4 cluster of homeobox-containing genes, a cDNA library constructed from mRNAs expressed during early stages of chick limb development was screened with probes generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sequences in the homeoboxes of the human HOX4C and HOX4F genes, the human homologs of Hox-4.4 and Hox-4.6. This screening resulted in the isolation of full length cDNAs for the chicken homolog of HOX4F (cognate of mouse Hox-4.6), which we have termed GHox-4.6, and the chicken homolog of human HOX1I, which we have named GHox-1i, a paralog of Hox-4.6 in the HOX 1 cluster. The homeodomains encoded by GHox-4.6 and GHox- li differ by only three amino acids, and the two proteins show extensive similarity along their entire lengths. Despite their sequence similarity, in situ hybridization analysis has revealed that GHox-4.6 and GHox-li exhibit strikingly different spatial patterns of expression during embryonic chick limb development. At early stages of limb development (stages 20–22), GHox-4.6 transcripts are present in high amounts throughout the posterior half of the limb mesoderm and are absent from the anterior half of the mesoderm, an expression pattern consistent with the possible involvement of GHox-4.6 in the specification of posterior positional identity. In contrast, GHox-li exhibits no distinct anterior-posterior polarity of expression at stage 22, but rather is expressed in high amounts throughout the mesenchyme of the limb bud. At later stages of development (stage 25), GHox-li continues to be expressed in high amounts throughout the undifferentiated mesenchyme subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge, and, in addition, is expressed in the mesodermal cells in the proximal peripheral regions of the limb bud subjacent to the ectoderm which are differentiating into nonchondrogenic lineages. Conversely, little or no expression of GHox-li is detectable in the proximal central core of the limb bud where chondrogenic differentiation is occur-ring. Thus, GHox-li is expressed by the undifferentiated subridge mesenchymal cells and proximal peripheral mesenchymal cells of the limb bud that are being inhibited from undergoing chondrogenesis by the apical ectodermal ridge and nonridge ectoderm. These observations suggest the possibility that GHox-li may be involved in mediating the antichondrogenic effect of limb ectoderm, and that the cessation of GHox-li expression may be required for chondrogenic differentiation to occur in the proximal central core of the limb bud.
Review Of Laser Induced Damage Thresholds

This paper reviews the mechanisms by which laser damage occurs and summarises the forms of the resulting damage which have been observed, with examples at both 1.064 and 10.6 μm. Summaries of the laser induced damage threshold measurements made on a wide range of materials, windows, mirrors and optical components are presented at both wavelengths.
Family member satisfaction with end-of-life decision making in the ICU.

Rationale Families of ICU patients may be at risk for increased psychological morbidity due to end-of-life decision making. The identification of chart-based quality indicators of palliative care that predict family satisfaction with decision making may help to guide interventions to improve decision making and family outcomes. Objective To determine patient and family characteristics and chart the documentation of processes of care that are associated with increased family satisfaction with end-of-life decision making for ICU patients. Methods We conducted a cohort study of ICU patients dying in 10 medical centers in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Measurement Outcomes from family surveys included summary scores for family satisfaction with decision making and a single-item score that indicated feeling supported during decision making. Predictor variables were obtained from surveys and chart abstraction. Main results The survey response rate was 41% (442 of 1,074 families responded). Analyses were conducted of 356 families with questionnaire and chart abstraction data. Family satisfaction with decision making was associated with the withdrawal of life support, and chart documentation of physician recommendations to withdraw life support, discussions of patients' wishes, and discussions of families' spiritual needs. Feeling supported during decision making was associated with the withdrawal of life support, spiritual care involvement, and chart documentation of physician recommendations to withdraw life support, expressions of families' wishes to withdraw life support, and discussions of families' spiritual needs. Conclusions Increased family satisfaction with decision making is associated with withdrawing life support and the documentation of palliative care indicators including the following: physician recommendations to withdraw life support; expressions of patients' wishes; and discussions of families' spiritual needs. These findings provide direction for future studies to investigate approaches to improving family satisfaction in end-of-life decision making. In addition, because there were few nonwhites in this study, these results may not be generalizable to more diverse populations. Future studies should target diverse populations in order to test whether similar factors are similarly important for end-of-life decision making.
The lower ionosphere of Mars

Recently reported (Savich et al. 1975) results of dual frequency (0.94 and 3.75 GHz) radio occultation experiments indicated the existence of a nocturnal ionospheric layer between the Martian surface and 80 km altitude. It is suggested that the observed ionosphere is due to ionization by galactic cosmic rays. The observed nocturnal electron density profile is compared with that of the negative ion model assumed by Whitten et al. (1971). The profiles are similar below 50 km if the negative ion concentration is reduced by a factor of 10.
American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on Corticosteroids, Immunomodulators, and Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gary R. Lichtenstein,* Maria T. Sbreu,** Russell Cohen,*** William Tremaine**** *Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. **Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York. ***University of Chicago Hospitals. University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. ***Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Correspondencia: Chair, Clinical Practice and Economics Comitte, AGA National Office, c/o Membership Department, 4930 Del Ray Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. Fax: (301) 654-5920.
Quantitative assessment of peptide sequence diversity in M13 combinatorial peptide phage display libraries.

Novel statistical methods have been developed and used to quantitate and annotate the sequence diversity within combinatorial peptide libraries on the basis of small numbers (1 – 200) of sequences selected at random from commercially available M13 p3-based phage display libraries. These libraries behave statistically as though they correspond to populations containing roughly 4.0 ^ 1.6% of the random dodecapeptides and 7.9 ^ 2.6% of the random constrained heptapeptides that are theoretically possible within the phage populations. Analysis of amino acid residue occurrence patterns shows no demonstrable influence on sequence censorship by Escherichia coli tRNA isoacceptor profiles or either overall codon or Class II codon usage patterns, suggesting no metabolic constraints on recombinant p3 synthesis. There is an overall depression in the occurrence of cysteine, arginine and glycine residues and an overabundance of proline, threonine and histidine residues. The majority of position-dependent amino acid sequence bias is clustered at three positions within the inserted peptides of the dodecapeptide library, þ 1, þ 3 and þ 12 downstream from the signal peptidase cleavage site. Conformational tendency measures of the peptides indicate a significant preference for inserts favoring a b-turn conformation. The observed protein sequence limitations can primarily be attributed to genetic codon degeneracy and signal peptidase cleavage preferences. These data suggest that for applications in which maximal sequence diversity is essential, such as epitope mapping or novel receptor identification, combinatorial peptide libraries should be constructed using codon-corrected trinucleotide cassettes within vector – host systems designed to minimize morphogenesis-related censorship. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
IL12B expression is sustained by a heterogenous population of myeloid lineages during tuberculosis

IL12B is required for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, promoting the initiation and maintenance of Mtb-specific effector responses. While this makes the IL12-pathway an attractive target for experimental tuberculosis (TB) therapies, data regarding what lineages express IL12B after infection is established are limited. This is not obvious in the lung, an organ in which both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic lineages produce IL12p40 upon pathogen encounter. Here, we use radiation bone marrow chimeras and Yet40 reporter mice to determine what lineages produce IL12p40 during experimental TB. We observed that hematopoietic IL12p40-production was sufficient to control Mtb, with no contribution by non-hematopoietic lineages. Furthermore, rather than being produced by a single subset, IL12p40 was produced by cells that were heterogenous in their size, granularity, autofluorescence and expression of CD11c, CD11b and CD8α. While depending on the timepoint and tissue examined, the surface phenotype of IL12p40-producers most closely resembled macrophages based on previous surveys of lung myeloid lineages. Importantly, depletion of CD11c(hi) cells during infection had no affect on lung IL12p40-concentrations. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IL12p40 production is sustained by a heterogenous population of myeloid lineages during experimental TB, and that redundant mechanisms of IL12p40-production exist when CD11c(hi) lineages are absent.
Job search with belated information and wage signalling A comment

Abstract Berninghaus (1986) investigated the optimal policy in a job-search problem with ‘belated information’, where jobs contain nonpecuniary components that can be observed only after the job has been tested for one period. Berninghaus uses techniques of dynamic programming, specifically the Gittens index, to derive conditions under which a reservation-wage policy is optimal for this problem. We demonstrate that the Gittens index has a simple economic interpretation when the pecuniary and nonpecuniary returns are jointly normally distributed. The reservation-wage policy is optimal in this case if the returns are either positively correlated or weakly negatively correlated.
Kinetics and mechanism of formation of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) by solid state reaction of MgO and SiO2

Abstract The development of forsterite, Mg2SiO4, by solid state reaction in mixed powders of MgO and SiO2 in various mole ratios at temperatures 1100–1400°c and for times up to 144 hrs is followed by quantitative x-ray diffraction measurements. Powders are used consisting of coarse (15 μ) particles of one component in a fine-grained matrix of the other component. The results are consistent with a diffusion-controlled mechanism and up to about 60–70% reaction to agree with the Ginstling-Brounshtein equation. Reaction constants are evaluated and activation energies in the range 70–80 kcal/mole are obtained. Studies, using platinum markers, indicate that Mg is the main diffusing species. A cathode-luminescent image shows a thin product layer of enstatite between the principal product (forsterite) and the SiO2 phase, which is confirmed by electron microprobe measurements. It is considered that a thin zone of enstatite moves ahead of the main product forsterite as the reaction progresses into the silica component.
A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis

A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis
The Future of Tissue-Engineered Organs for Transplant? It's Here!

The first-in-man bioengineered artificial tracheobronchial transplant consisting of a synthetic scaffold and autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal cells was recently reported. Extensive evaluation of the patient before and after transplant provides some insight into the potential mechanisms of stem cell mobilization and tracheal tissue regeneration.
Measuring the Union–Nonunion Wage Gap Using Propensity Score Matching

This paper examines the union wage effect among private sector wage and salary workers using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data. We estimate the average union premium by utilizing semi (non) parametric matching techniques, as well as by linear regression model. Our analysis reveals: (1) conditioning linearly on covariates understates the union wage effect. In addition, matching results under the alternative support conditions indicate that selection on unobservables has at most a modest impact on average. (2) Log wage estimations lead to an overstatement of the union wage effect. Solving these problems yields the union membership premium as 21.5 percent.
Database-backed decision trees with application to biological informatics

We describe a mechanism for the identification of biological organisms through the use of enhanced taxonomic keys-decision trees with nodes augmented by property lists that can serve as arguments to web or local services that access databases or other resources about species, specimens, and ecosystems. Authors of these identification schemes can use simple spreadsheet tools to structure the identification abstractions, and middleware renders the resulting trees into many different forms, with the databases possibly discovered and queried at the time an identification is proposed.
The “concept of time” and the “being of the clock”: Bergson, Einstein, Heidegger, and the interrogation of the temporality of modernism

The topic to be addressed in this paper, that is, the distinction between the “concept” of time and the being of the clock, divides into two parts: first, in the debate between Albert Einstein and Henri Bergson, one discovers the ground for the diverging concepts of time characterized by physics in its opposing itself to philosophy. Bergson’s duree or “duration” in opposition to Einstein’s ‘physicist’s time’ as ‘public time,’ one can argue, sets the terms for Martin Heidegger’s extending, his ontological analysis of Da-sein, as human being-in-the-world. Second, in this the ‘concept of time’ gives way to the analysis of the ‘being of the clock.’ What is this being of the clock that makes evident the fundamental temporality of Da-sein? This question is rehearsed in Division Two of Being and Time. My claim is that the fundamental insight into the nature of time revealed by the encounter between Bergson and Einstein is that time extemporizes itself. Temporality “is” not a being but a process that temporalizes itself, precisely because it “is not.”
2006 SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZERS

ISIF Organization General Co-Chairs Prof. Carlos Paz de Araujo (University of Colorado at Colorado Springs and Symetrix Corporation) Dr. Orlando Auciello (Argonne National Lab) Dr. Rudy Panholzer (...
Teaching top-down design using VHDL and CPLD

The paper presents a teaching experience in using VHDL and CPLD in the senior digital design course. The course focuses on teaching the top-down design methodology through hands-on experiments. The industrially available tools-Maxplus2, made possible through Altera's University Program, provide students with a smooth transition from academic concepts to industrial practice. VHDL, the industrial standard language (IEEE-1076), is used as the design entry. Thus the students are forced to learn the practical aspect of writing a synthesizable VHDL code. The hands-on weekly projects are exercised on the integrated CPLD design tool which has VHDL, compiler, logic synthesizer, functional and timing simulator, floor plan editor and programmer. With the help of programmable devices, students can bypass the timing period for IC fabrication and obtain ASIC designs after the devices have been programmed. The VHDL design entry in Maxplus2 is ideal for teaching top-down design methodology. Translating from a given algorithmic state machine (ASM) chart to a synthesizable and efficient VHDL code is presented. Exploiting the VHDL constructs to make a design reusable is demonstrated through examples. In this course, students learn how to partition a complex design into small components and focus on higher level of abstraction and hierarchy in design description which have become desirable to digital systems designers.
Differing roles of protein kinase C-ζ in disruption of tight junction barrier by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Background & Aims: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli harbor highly homologous pathogenicity islands yet show key differences in their mechanisms of action. Both disrupt host intestinal epithelial tight junctions, but the effects of enteropathogenic E. coli are more profound than those of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. The basis for this is not understood. The atypical protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase C-ζ, associates with and regulates the tight junction complex. The aim of this study was to compare the role of protein kinase C-ζ in the disruption of tight junctions after infection with enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Methods: Model intestinal epithelial monolayers infected by enteropathogenic E. coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli were used for these studies. Results: Neither bisindolylmaleimide nor Go6976, which block several protein kinase C isoforms but not protein kinase C-ζ, protected against the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance after enteropathogenic E. coli infection. Rottlerin at concentrations that block novel and atypical isoforms, including protein kinase C-ζ, significantly attenuated the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance. The specific inhibitory peptide, myristoylated protein kinase C-ζ pseudosubstrate, also significantly decreased the enteropathogenic E. coli–associated decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and redistribution of tight junction proteins. In contrast to enteropathogenic E. coli, the level of protein kinase C-ζ enzyme activity stimulated by enterohemorrhagic E. coli was transient and minor, and protein kinase C-ζ inhibition had no effect on the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance or the redistribution of occludin. Conclusions: The differential regulation of protein kinase C-ζ by enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli may in part explain the less profound effect of the latter on the barrier function of tight junctions.