cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated band intensities of HO2NO2 at 220 K

Abstract Integrated intensities of the 803, 940, 1304, 1397, 1728, and 3540 cm-1 bands of peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2) have been measured at 220 K. Simultaneously-recorded u.v. (200–350 nm) and Fourier transform i.r. (700–4000 cm-1) spectra of low-pressure gas mixtures containing HO2NO2 predominantly were analyzed to determine the number densities of HO2NO2 in a multi-pass absorption cell within an error of approx. 10%. Absorption coefficients at 220 K in the strong 803 cm-1 band, which should be useful in the interpretation of atmospheric spectra containing spectral features of HO2NO2, are also reported at high-resolution (0.003 cm-1).
Estimating PM10 air concentrations from dust storms in Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia

Abstract A model for the emission of PM10 dust has been constructed using the concept of a threshold friction velocity which is dependent on surface roughness. Surface roughness in turn was correlated with geomorphology or soil properties for Kuwait, Iraq, part of Syria, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. The PM10 emission algorithm was incorporated into a Lagrangian transport and dispersion model. PM10 air concentrations were computed from August 1990 through August 1991. The model predicted about the right number of dust events over Kuwait (events occur 18% of the time). The model results agreed quantitatively with measurements at four locations in Saudi Arabia and one in Kuwait for one major dust event (>1000 μg/m3). However, for smaller scale dust events (200–1000 μg/m3), especially at the coastal sampling locations, the model substantially over-predicted the air concentrations. Part of the over-prediction was attributed to the entrainment of dust-free air by the sea breeze, a flow feature not represented by the large-scale gridded meteorological data fields used in the model computation. Another part of the over-prediction was the model's strong sensitivity to threshold friction velocity and the surface soil texture coefficient (the soil emission factor), and the difficulty in accurately representing these parameters in the model. A comparison of the model predicted PM10 spatial pattern with the TOMS satellite aerosol index (AI) yielded a spatial pattern covering a major portion of Saudi Arabia that was quite similar to the observed AI pattern.
Abstract P2-02-06: Breast cancer in the elderly: Is MRI helpful?

Background: Guidelines support screening MRI in select high-risk groups; however, MRI is frequently obtained perioperatively and for breast cancer (BC) follow-up. Appropriate use of MRI in elderly patients remains unclear; we sought to identify the indications and implications of MRI use in our elderly BC population. Methods: Women 70 years of age or older at first BC diagnosis with an MRI performed at our institution either perioperatively or in follow-up were included from a prospectively maintained database from 2000-2010. Univariate logistic regression was used to test associations with upgrade (additional ipsilateral, contralateral, new cancer, or recurrence) following perioperative MRI. Kaplan-Meier and competing risks methods were used to estimate survival and cumulative incidence. Results: 305 breast cancers were identified in 286 patients. 133 patients were imaged with an MRI in the perioperative setting alone, 88 had only follow-up MRIs after BC treatment, and 65 had both. Patient, tumor, and treatment data are summarized in Table 1. View this table: Table Indications for perioperative MRI include: extent of disease evaluation for known cancer (155;78%); abnormal imaging (13;7%); protocol (13;7%); occult primary (10;5%); high-risk screening (5;3%); and abnormal physical exam (2;1%). MRI upgrade for occult primary cases was 4/10 (40%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 12.2-73.8%) and 21/188 (11.2%; 95% CI, 7.1-16.6%) for the remainder of perioperative cases; comprised of 9 contralateral and 5 additional ipsilateral cancers in women undergoing MRI for extent of disease evaluation, and 7 new cancers identified on MRIs for high-risk screening or abnormal imaging/physical exam. These lesions consisted of 10 DCIS and 11 node-negative invasive cancers (median size, 7mm; range, <1-18mm). Analysis of imaging and tumor characteristics failed to find significant predictors of upgrade. 369 postoperative follow-up MRIs were performed in 153 patients with a median of 2 MRIs per patient (range, 1-8), and identified 7 upgrades (1.9%; 95% CI, 0.8-3.9%), for an overall patient upgrade rate of 4.6% (7/153). Median follow-up was 5.3 years. Five-year incidence of local, regional, and distant recurrence, and contralateral BC was 3.3%, 1.3%, 4%, and 3.7%, respectively. Five-year overall and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 92% and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Our elderly patients had an excellent overall and RFS. MRI had the greatest benefit in women presenting with an occult primary. 11% of perioperative MRIs identified additional or new disease, while only 2% of follow-up MRIs resulted in an upgrade, calling into question the benefit of follow-up MRI imaging in elderly BC patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-02-06.
Perceived Mental Health Status of Drug Users with HIV: Concordance Between Caregivers and Care Recipient Reports and Associations with Caregiving Burden and Reciprocity

Because caregivers’ monitoring of care recipients’ mental health status likely facilitates provision of needed forms of assistance, the current study examines relationship factors associated with agreement in caregiver- and recipient self-reports of recipients’ mental health status. Participants were former or current injection drug using persons with HIV/AIDS and their main caregivers (N = 258 dyads). Care recipients completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and caregivers responded to a single item rating their recipients’ mental health. Nearly two-thirds (64.7 %) of dyads agreed on care recipients’ mental health status (κ = .26, p < .001). More secondary stressors of care, less reciprocity, and care recipients’ greater physical limitations, substance use, and younger age predicted greater agreement on recipients’ having poorer mental health. Greater secondary stressors and lower income were associated with less agreement on care recipients’ mental health. Findings, which suggest that promoting reciprocity and alleviating secondary stressors of caregiving may help facilitate these caregivers’ improved assessment of their care recipients’ mental health status, have implications to dyadic approaches to promote drug users’ HIV health outcomes.
How to Transform the Information Infrastructure of Enterprise into Sustainable, Global-Oriented and to Monitor and Predict the Sustainability of Civilization: The Organizational and Social Aspects

In this paper, the author defines the evolution of the Classic Enterprise Information Infrastructure into Sustainability and Global Enterprise Information Infrastructure. However, this is not the end of evolution. Since Enterprise Systems operate within larger entities, such as Local, National, Global Information Infrastructures and these create the Civilization Information Infrastructure. The latter is the foundation for modern civilizations and the emerging Global Civilization, with repercussions for lower level infrastructures as well as World Civilization. If such civilizations want to survive, they must be able to monitor and predict sustainability in relationship with enterprises. In this paper, the author then gives recommendations for pathways to a sustainable future.
Astroglial reaction in the gray matter lumbar segments after midthoracic transection of the adult rat spinal cord.

Previous studies of cordotomized rats revealed a glial reaction in the gray matter of the spinal cord at sites remote from the lesion, and the present study was done to explore this phenomenon further. Seventy-five young adult female rats were cordotomized and 10 hemicordotomized, both operations at T5. Between 1 and 28 days postoperatively, histologic sections of thoracic and lumbar segments stained by phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH, pH 2.37), by periodic acid Schiffdimedon (PAS-D) or by an immunocytochemical method for glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) revealed histological changes as follows: PTAH staining showed that astroglia in thoracic and lumbar regions of the cordotomized rats possessed a swollen, pink-staining cytoplasm and enlarged, thick, dark blue-staining fibrous processes. This response, first noted within 4 days, had intensified by 7 days and was maximal at 14 to 17 days postoperatively. By 28 days, the reaction had diminished but was still readily detectable. The more specific GFAP staining procedure confirmed that the reactive cells were astrocytes and demonstrated that their fibrillar density had increased. The PAS-D reaction revealed glycogen accumulation in glia of the lumbar gray matter within 2 days; this response intensified by 4 days and diminished to normal by 14 days. This reaction was largely concentrated in the perivascular end feet of astroglia, but also appeared in conjunction with perineuronal astroglia. The site of glial reactivity included both dorsal and ventral horns and was particularly noticed in the gray matter surrounding the central canal. In the hemicordotomized rats, the thoracic and lumbar glia response was much more pronounced ipsilaterally than contralaterally. These results support the interpretation that an astroglial response, involving hypertrophy, fibrillogenesis, and glycogen accumulation, occurs in response to degenerating nerve fibers caudal to sites of spinal cord injury.
Pressure‐volume‐temperature behavior of polypropylene

The pressure-volume-temperature behavior for both solid and molten polypropylene was determined for pressures up to 618 atmospheres. These data were measured with a newly developed compressibility device capable of obtaining precise and accurate data. Compressibilities calculated from the experimental data compared favorably to the limited existing literature data. Constants were determined for the Spencer-Gilmore polymer equation of state for both the solid and molten material.
The intracellular phase in rapidly solidified lloys based on the AlFe system

Abstract The nature of the second phase formed in rapidly solidified AlFe alloys has been determined. For those alloys studied exhibiting micro-cellular morphologies, the second phase is T′. The alloy Al-6.8Fe-2Mo-1.1V, in the melt-spun condition, exhibits a different microstructure, consisting of a uniform and extremely fine distribution of second phase particles. These particles possess the icosahedral structure, identical to that observed in rapidly solidified AlMn alloys. The mechanism of formation of these second phase particles is thought to involve the formation of an amorphous material following the nucleation of primary α-Al; this amorphous material is thought to be crystallized as a result of recalescence.
Hybrid cerenkov mode in a resonant medium

Energy stored in a resonant medium may be used to amplify the Cerenkov radiation generated by a small driving bunch. The hybrid eigenmode of the system is a combination of Cerenkov radiation and eigenmode of the resonant medium. In the vicinity of the resonant frequency of the medium and when Cerenkov condition is satisfied, the eigenfrequency has an imaginary part. The latter occurs in a relatively limited range of energies of the driving bunch and it depends on the guiding geometry and on the population inversion. Simulation results of electron acceleration using this eigenmode are presented. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Proton‐ionizable crown compounds. 20. The synthesis of polyazatriazolo‐, polyazabistriazolo‐ and bispyridono‐crown ligands containing lipophilic hydrocarbon substituents

Four new macrocyclic polyaza-crown compounds containing a triazole subcyclic group and two to five lipophilic hydrocarbon substituents have been prepared from the appropriate polyamine and N-THP-protected 2,5-triazoledimethyl dichloride. N,N,N',N'-Tetrabenzyltetraazabistriazolo-18-crown-6 was prepared from N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine and N-THP-protected 2,5-triazoledimethyl dichloride. Biscyclohexano-bispyridono-18-crown-6 was prepared from trans- 1,2-cyclohexanediol and THP-protected 4-hydroxy-2,6-pyridinedimethyl ditosylate.
Uniqueness of Stationary Equilibrium Payoffs in the Baron–Ferejohn Model

Abstract We consider a multilateral sequential bargaining model in which the players may differ in their probability of being selected as the proposer and the rate at which they discount future payoffs. For games in which agreement requires less than unanimous consent, we characterize the set of stationary subgame perfect equilibrium payoffs. With this characterization, we establish the uniqueness of the equilibrium payoffs. For the case where the players have the same discount factor, we show that the payoff to a player is nondecreasing in his probability of being selected as the proposer. For the case where the players have the same probability of being selected as the proposer, we show that the payoff to a player is nondecreasing in his discount factor. Journal of Economic Literature Classification numbers: C72, C78, D70.
Inferring colocation and conversation networks from privacy-sensitive audio with implications for computational social science

New technologies have made it possible to collect information about social networks as they are acted and observed in the wild, instead of as they are reported in retrospective surveys. These technologies offer opportunities to address many new research questions: How can meaningful information about social interaction be extracted from automatically recorded raw data on human behaviorq What can we learn about social networks from such fine-grained behavioral dataq And how can all of this be done while protecting privacyq With the goal of addressing these questions, this article presents new methods for inferring colocation and conversation networks from privacy-sensitive audio. These methods are applied in a study of face-to-face interactions among 24 students in a graduate school cohort during an academic year. The resulting analysis shows that networks derived from colocation and conversation inferences are quite different. This distinction can inform future research in computational social science, especially work that only measures colocation or employs colocation data as a proxy for conversation networks.
Elsie Clews Parsons: Inventing Modern Life

Elsie Clews Parsons: Inventing Modern Life. Desley Deacon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 520 pp.
Optimal quantization of periodic task requests on multiple identical processors

We simplify the periodic tasks scheduling problem by making a trade off between processor load and computational complexity. A set N of periodic tasks, each characterized by its density /spl rho//sub i/, contains n possibly unique values of /spl rho//sub i/. We transform N through a process called quantization, in which each /spl rho/i /spl isin/ N is mapped onto a service level s/sub j/ /spl isin/ L, where |L| = l /spl Lt/ n and /spl rho//sub i/ /spl les/ s/sub j/, (this second condition differentiates this problem from the p-median problem on the real line). We define the periodic task quantization problem with deterministic input (PTQ-D) and present an optimal polynomial time dynamic programming solution. We also introduce the problem PTQ-S (with stochastic input) and present an optimal solution. We examine, in a simulation study, the trade off penalty of excess processor load needed to service the set of quantized tasks over the original set, and find that, through quantization onto as few as 15 or 20 service levels, no more than 5 percent processor load is required above the amount requested. Finally, we demonstrate that the scheduling of a set of periodic tasks is greatly simplified through quantization and we present a fast online algorithm that schedules quantized periodic tasks.
From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean 1492-1969

This landmark work, by the late Prime Minister of Trinidad, illuminates a profoundly important but neglected and misrepresented area of the world. 50 photos, maps.
Observation of the London moment and trapped flux in precision gyroscopes

The London-moment readout has been observed in flight quality gyroscopes and it has been demonstrated that it is possible to reduce magnetic field trapped in these gyroscopes to levels as low as 1.5*10/sup -11/ T. A preliminary analysis shows that the horizontal component of the London-moment signal is 60% of the total expected London-moment signal and is proportional to the gyro spin speed. Experiments were carried out in a unique ground test facility which was designed to provide the conditions necessary to observe the London moment of the spinning gyroscope. >
Varying null locations and the number of nulls in DFT windows

An approach is presented for varying the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) frequency response by the use of a weighting sequence derived from convolved weightings. The nulls of the response may be varied within a finite set while maintaining low-amplitude sidelobes. The method is attractive when the DFT is mechanized with Winograd's small N algorithms.
WS13: Multiple pregnancy WS13‐01The effect of treatment of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome on the diagnosis to delivery interval

Purpose No randomized controlled trials of treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) exist. Since severely preterm neonatal survival has increased over time, survival as an outcome measure is confounded by calendar time. The diagnosis-to-delivery interval is a calendar year independent measure of success of treatment. We wished to evaluate whether treatment of TTTS is associated with a lengthening of the diagnosis-to-delivery interval. Methods MEDLINE search supplemented by careful reference review. All TTTS series were included where the following information on each patient was available: survival, fetal demise, gestational age (GA) at diagnosis and diagnosis to delivery interval in days. Inclusion criteria GA ≤ 29 weeks and diagnosis by ultrasound in the absence of maternal symptoms. Cases undergoing multiple types of treatment were excluded. Data were evaluated by Kruskal–Wallis anova, logistic regression & Wilcoxon rank sum testing. Results The 8 publications used included the following cases: controls (n = 16), amnioreduction (n = 61), septostomy (n = 12), and fetoscopic laser occlusion of chorioangiopagus vessels (FLOC) (n = 51). FLOC therapy showed a significantly longer diagnosis-to-delivery interval compared to amnioreduction (median 75 vs. 56 days) (p = 0.01). There was no difference in overall survival, at least one survivor, or number of fetal deaths between the 4 groups. Logistic regression using at least one survivor as the dependent variable revealed a positive association with GA at diagnosis and with diagnosis to delivery interval, a negative correlation with fetal death, and no correlation with treatment group. Conclusions FLOC therapy for TTTS is associated with a longer diagnosis-to-delivery interval compared to amnioreduction without a significant increase in survival. The lack of increase in survival appears to be due to a small sample size.
The Limits of Coercive Surveillance: Social and Penal Control in the German Democratic Republic

This article analyzes social and penal control strategies in the GDR with special emphasis on the role of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) in East German society, which by reinforcing party control of state and society through surveillance and political policing was an essential element of the socialist system. Empirical evaluation of the case of the GDR suggests that the carceral society Foucault imagined cannot achieve its aims of creating a self-regulating, obedient citizenry where a disciplinary regime diverges from popular values and aspirations. Such a regime may secure compliance so long as its power seems unassailable, but once its authority is threatened it may suddenly experience a revolt that is a more accurate reflection of popular sentiments. The citizens of the GDR adapted to the panoptic, disciplinary regime enforced by the Stasi by maintaining the outward appearance of conformity and compliance. At the same time, however, the state failed to penetrate the private lives of individual...
Chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide mirrors for extreme ultraviolet applications

Advances in optical coating and materials technology have made possible the development of instruments with substantially im- proved efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). For example, the de- velopment of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC mirrors provides an opportunity to extend the range of normal-incidence instruments down to 60 nm. CVD SiC is a highly polishable material yielding low-scattering surfaces. High UV reflectivity and desirable mechanical and thermal properties make CVD SiC an attractive mirror and/or coating material for EUV applications. The EUV performance of SiC mirrors, as well as some strengths and problem areas, is discussed. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
NOVEL PATHWAY FOR CONVERSION OF CHLOROHYDROXYQUINOL TO MALEYLACETATE IN BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA AC1100

Burkholderia cepacia AC1100 metabolizes 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) via formation of 5-chlorohydroxyquinol (5-CHQ), hydroxyquinol (HQ), maleylacetate, and β-oxoadipate. The step(s) leading to the dechlorination of 5-CHQ to HQ has remained unidentified. We demonstrate that a dechlorinating enzyme, TftG, catalyzes the conversion of 5-CHQ to hydroxybenzoquinone, which is then reduced to HQ by a hydroxybenzoquinone reductase (HBQ reductase). HQ is subsequently converted to maleylacetate by hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase (HQDO). All three enzymes were purified. We demonstrate specific product formation by colorimetric assay and mass spectrometry when 5-CHQ is treated successively with the three enzymes: TftG, TftG plus HBQ reductase, and TftG plus HBQ reductase plus HQDO. This study delineates the complete enzymatic pathway for the degradation of 5-CHQ to maleylacetate.
Fighting among America's youth: a risk and protective factors approach

Using three nationally representative, stratified samples of youth, this paper examines health-comprising behavior (fighting) using a risk and protective factors model. In addition, the interplay between risk and protective factors is explored in an attempt to specify their precise role in acting as either mediators or buffers in the risk-taking process. Regression results indicate some similarities among the three samples and the general model's utility in predicting self-reported fighting among youth. Specifically, general environmental risk variables in the form of exposure to violence (threats and victimization) were consistent predictors of fighting among all age groups (grades 3 through 12). Upon closer inspection, analysis revealed that protective factors were not effectively mediating the relationship between risks and risk-taking behavior. Results from the multiplicative regression analysis indicate that protective factors in some circumstances act as buffers; when protective factors are absent or at their weakest, the negative impact of risk on health-compromising behavior was clearly present. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of taking a multidimensional approach to examining risk-taking behavior among youth where individual-level, family, school, and community factors are all considered in the design of prevention strategies. Language: en
Oxygen Therapy Improves Cardiac Index and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

Study objectives: We tested the hypothesis that breathing 100% oxygen could result in selective pulmonary vasodilatation in patients with pulmonary hypertension, including those patients who would not meet current Health Care Finance Administration guidelines for long-term oxygen therapy. Design, setting, and patients: From 1996 to 1999, 23 adult patients (mean SEM age, 51 4 years) with pulmonary arterial hypertension without left-heart failure underwent cardiac catheterization in a university teaching hospital while breathing air and then 100% oxygen. Measurements and results: Treatment with 100% oxygen increased arterial oxygen saturation (91 1% to 99 0.1%, p < 0.05) and PaO2 (64 3t o 309 28 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Treatment with 100% oxygen also decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure (56 3t o 53 2m m Hg, p < 0.05) and increased cardiac index (2.1 0.1 to 2.5 0.2 L/min/m 2 ,p < 0.05). Calculated mean pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreased from 14.1 1.4 to 10.6 1.0 Wood units (p < 0.05). Vasodilatation with 100% oxygen occurred preferentially in the pulmonary circulation (PVR/systemic vascular resistance, 0.53 0.04 to 0.48 0.03; p < 0.05). The magnitude of the PVR response to oxygen therapy was correlated only with decreasing patient age (r 0.45, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Treatment with 100% oxygen is a selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with pulmonary hypertension, regardless of primary diagnosis, baseline oxygenation, or right ventricular function. Development of disease-specific oxygen prescription guidelines warrants consideration. (CHEST 2001; 120:1547–1555)
Early evolution of coal nitrogen in opposed flow combustion configurations.

A laminar opposed flow, pulverized coal combustion configuration was used to explore the early evolution of light gaseous nitrogenous species into the bulk gas phase. Two coals of different ranks were considered. Concentration profiles of HCN, NH3 and NO were measured, under both oxidizing and reducing environments and at high heating rates provided by the hot flue gases of a CO/O2/Ar flame. Net rates of formation into the bulk gas phase were calculated from the experimental data after correcting for diffusion and convection effects. These rates were then related to particle time-temperature histories. Experimental data show that HCN precedes NH3 and NO for both coals. It is the first light gaseous product of coal nitrogen evolution entering into the bulk gas phase. For low rank coals, either only a small amount of tar nitrogen is released or its subsequent oxidation to light gaseous products is slow. For high rank coals secondary reactions of tar are rapid and lead to substantial levels of nitrogenous species. A simple kinetic model is proposed to relate gas phase measurements to coal devolatilization kinetics. The latter are similar for three experiments involving two coals and can be described by a single rate constant given by 63.8 exp(−5220/RT). Bituminous coal, under oxidizing conditions, shows substantially higher rates, possibly due to energy feedback mechanisms in the vicinity of the particles. Our value, which was derived from gas phase species measurements, compares reasonably well with literature values, which originated from solid phase measurements.
Automation is a breeze with AutoIt

AutoIt is a free scripting language for Microsoft Windows that simulates Windows commands, mouse movements, and mouse-clicks; sends keystrokes to applications; and works with the clipboard to cut and paste text, among other tasks. Unlike many other scripting languages, AutoIt is able to interact with programs the same way that your users do - by actually using the mouse and keyboard shortcuts. The Solution Center has created several automated programs using AutoIt that perform many of the tasks repeated each day. Saving time, reducing error, and adding ease to report options are just some of the ways the Solution Center at Iowa State University has exploited AutoIt's features. AutoIt has allowed us to better serve our students and faculty members by reducing the amount of time it takes to complete a scripted task, removing human error, and eliminating some repetitive tasks for staff. This session is intended for all levels of user support staff.
Traumatic coccygeal luxation and distal amputation of the tail of an Appaloosa mare

Summary A 17-year-old Appaloosa mare presented to the emergency service for acute, traumatic, partial amputation of the tail at the level of the ninth coccygeal vertebra. The patient did not have tail or anal tone and did not respond to sharp stimulation of skin in the perineal region. Two grade 1 rectal tears were found during rectal palpation. Radiographs revealed dislocation of the second (Cd2) and third (Cd3) caudal vertebrae. The patient was treated with antibiotics, an anti-inflammatory drug and stall confinement. The ninth caudal vertebra was surgically removed to facilitate closure of skin over the wound. When the mare was discharged after 7 days of hospitalisation, she had regained partial sensation of the perineum and partial function of the internal and external anal sphincters. At re-evaluation one year following injury, the mare was able to move her tail laterally and had regained sensation of her perineum and tail; however, she still was unable to lift her tail.
Nonlinear dynamics of the rock-paper-scissors game with mutations

We analyze the replicator-mutator equations for the rock-paper-scissors game. Various graph-theoretic patterns of mutation are considered, ranging from a single unidirectional mutation pathway between two of the species, to global bidirectional mutation among all the species. Our main result is that the coexistence state, in which all three species exist in equilibrium, can be destabilized by arbitrarily small mutation rates. After it loses stability, the coexistence state gives birth to a stable limit cycle solution created in a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. This attracting periodic solution exists for all the mutation patterns considered, and persists arbitrarily close to the limit of zero mutation rate and a zero-sum game.
Triacylglycerol and phospholipid fatty acids of the silverleaf whitefly: Composition and biosynthesis

The identification and composition of the fatty acids of the major lipid classes (triacylglycerols and phospholipids) within Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) nymphs were determined. Comparisons were made to fatty acids from the internal lipids of B. argentifolii adults. The fatty acids, as ester derivatives, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and CGC-mass spectrometry (MS). All lipid classes contained variable distributions of eight fatty acids: the saturated fatty acids, myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0); the monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1); the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2), linolenic acid (18:3). Fourth instar nymphs had 5-10 times the quantities of fatty acids as compared to third instar nymphs and 1-3 times the quantities from adults. The fatty acid quantity differences between fourth and third instar nymphs were related to their size and weight differences. The percentage compositions for fatty acids from each lipid class were the same for the pooled groups of third and fourth instar nymphs. For nymphs and adults, triacylglycerols were the major source of fatty acids, with 18:1 and 16:0 acids as major components and the majority of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18:2 and 18:3 were present in the two phospholipid fractions, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Evidence was obtained that whiteflies indeed synthesize linoleic acid and linolenic acid de novo: radiolabel from (2- 14 C) acetate was incorporated into 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids of B. argentifolii adults and CGC-MS of pyrrolidide derivatives established double bonds in the D 9,12 and D 9,12,15 positions, respectively. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:66-79, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Rapid detachment of Giardia lamblia trophozoites as a mechanism of antimicrobial action of the isoflavone formononetin

Conclusions: The antigiardial activity of formononetin is at least partially due to its capacity to rapidly detach trophozoites.
Usage of the Terms Thelycum and Spermatheca in the Reproductive Morphology of the Decapoda, with Special Reference to the Penaeoidea

A recent proposal (Tavarcs and Secretan, 1993) lor restricted usage of the terms thelycum and spermatheca in the Decapoda is discussed. Although the term thelycum has been most commonly utilized io signify the female genital area in penaeoid shrimps, the proposal does not address or include some of the pertinent evidence from the extensive literature on penaeoid systematics and reproductive morphology. The sugges:ed limited definition of thelycum is not considered justifiable given the vast diversity in spermatophore structure, attachment and storage in penaeoids or other decapods. The view that the thelycum is formed from only one thoracic sternile is hardly tenable, because the literature on penaeoid shrimps clearly shows that two and sometimes three thoracic sternites are involved in spermatophore attachment or storage, the main criterion of the proposal for function of a thelycum. It is noted herein that the thelvcum of penaeoid females mav serve (a) for either temporary attachment or prolonged storage of spermatophorc s or (b) as an area of genital contact with the male, which leads to the apertures of paired internalized seminal receptacles or spermathecae; sperm-free male accessory substances may or may not be deposited on that area. A rigid, limited application of the term spermatheca to only one variation of sperm or spermatophore storage structure (that derived from intersegmental phragmata) is hardly acceptable given the generalized meaning of the term (=sperm storage) and the considerable variation in such structures in the Decapoda. Tavares and Secretan (1993) recently at­ tempted to unambiguously define the terms thelycum and spermatheca in the decapod Crustacea. However, their treatment of the problem has overlooked some of the liter­ ature on reproductive morphology and sys­ tematics of the penaeoid shrimps, a group with which the term thelycum is most close­ ly associated and used (e.g.. Andrews, 1911; Burkenroad, 1934a, b, 1936; Heldt, 1938; Kubo, 1949; Perez Farfante, 1969, 1971a, b, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1988). In this paper, restricted usage of these terms proposed by Tavares and Secretan (1993) is discussed, and rejection of their proposition is suggested for several reasons given below.
Monitoring the Monitors: The Corporate Governance in Japanese Banks and Their Real Estate Lending in the 1980s*

The corporate governance role of banks in “bank‐centered” countries like Japan has been well studied. This article studies the corporate governance in Japanese banks. It shows that large shareholders restrained bank managers from real estate lending in the 1980s. However, this effect was absent for the shareholders who belonged to the same keiretsu (corporate grouping) as the bank. Relationship banking and cross shareholding prevented these shareholders from disciplining the bank managers. In financial systems where banks play a large role in corporate governance, the more effective the banks are in monitoring other companies, the more difficult it may become to monitor bank managers.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Composite Oxides Related to the 2H-Perovskite Structure Type

The synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of three strontium rhodium oxides Sr 6 Rh 5 O 15 , Sr 4 Rh 3 O 9+δ , and Sr 9 Rh 7 O 21+δ , is presented. While Sr 6 Rh 5 O 15 is an example of a commensurate n = 1 member of the A 3n+3 A' n B n+3 O 6n+9 family of oxides, Sr 4 Rh 3 O 9+δ , and Sr 9 Rh 7 O 21+° , are examples of incommensurate n =2 and n = 3 members. Sr 6 Rh 5 O 15 crystallizes in space group R32, a = 19.3197(2) A, c = 13.0418(1) A. The Sr 6 Rh 5 O 15 structure is a superstructure of the Ba 6 Ni 5 O 15 structure type. Sr 4 Rh 3 O 9+δ , and Sr 9 Rh 7 P 21+δ crystallize in the superspace group with lattice parameters of a = 9.6007(6), c 1 = 2.6881(2), c 2 = 4.2373(3), and a = 9.6127(6), c 1 = 2.6769(2), c 2 = 4.252(1), respectively. Their magnetic data are consistent with antiferromagnetic coupling between the chains leading to an ordered state at low temperature.
Comparative Patent Quality

One of the most urgent problems with the US patent system is that there are too many patents of poor quality. Most blame the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) – its mistakes, overly generous grant rate, and lack of consistency. But, the quality and quantity of patents in force is the product of three sets of decisions: to submit an application of certain quality (by the applicant), to grant the patent (by the patent office), and to renew a patent and keep it in force (by the applicant/patentee). Startling, there is no consensus way to measure patent quality. This article addresses these shortcomings by developing new, comparative ways to measure patent quality, using the benchmark of the European Patent Office (EPO), viewed as the “gold standard” for patent quality. Tracking the progress of patent submissions, grants, and renewals, including of close to 100,000 applications filed at both the EPO and USPTO, it reveals subtle and thus far overlooked differences with implications for how the US should implement and prioritize improvements to patent quality.
Solvable model for spatiotemporal chaos

We show that the dynamical behavior of a coupled map lattice where the individual maps are Bernoulli shift maps can be solved analytically for integer couplings. We calculate the invariant density of the system and show that it displays a nontrivial spatial behavior. We also introduce and calculate a generalized spatiotemporal correlation function.
Anthrax Toxin-Mediated Delivery of the Pseudomonas Exotoxin A Enzymatic Domain to the Cytosol of Tumor Cells via Cleavable Ubiquitin Fusions

ABSTRACT Anthrax toxin proteins from Bacillus anthracis constitute a highly efficient system for delivering cytotoxic enzymes to the cytosol of tumor cells. However, exogenous proteins delivered to the cytosol of cells are subject to ubiquitination on lysines and proteasomal degradation, which limit their potency. We created fusion proteins containing modified ubiquitins with their C-terminal regions fused to the Pseudomonas exotoxin A catalytic domain (PEIII) in order to achieve delivery and release of PEIII to the cytosol. Fusion proteins in which all seven lysines of wild-type ubiquitin were retained while the site cleaved by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) was removed were nontoxic, apparently due to rapid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Fusion proteins in which all lysines of wild-type ubiquitin were substituted by arginine had high potency, exceeding that of a simple fusion lacking ubiquitin. This variant was less toxic to nontumor tissues in mice than the fusion protein lacking ubiquitin and was very efficient for tumor treatment in mice. The potency of these proteins was highly dependent on the number of lysines retained in the ubiquitin domain and on retention of the C-terminal ubiquitin sequence cleaved by DUBs. It appears that rapid cytosolic release of a cytotoxic enzyme (e.g., PEIII) that is itself resistant to ubiquitination is an effective strategy for enhancing the potency of tumor-targeting toxins. IMPORTANCE Bacterial toxins typically have highly efficient mechanisms for cellular delivery of their enzymatic components. Cytosolic delivery of therapeutic enzymes and drugs is an important topic in molecular medicine. We describe anthrax toxin fusion proteins containing ubiquitin as a cytosolic cleavable linker that improves the delivery of an enzyme to mammalian cells. The ubiquitin linker allowed modulation of potency in cells and in mice. This effective strategy for enhancing the intracellular potency of an enzyme may be useful for the cytosolic delivery and release of internalized drugs.
A high-throughput DPI engine on GPU via algorithm/implementation co-optimization

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a promising platform to implement Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) due to the GPU's rich parallelism and programmability for high performance and frequent pattern update requirements. However, it is a great challenge to achieve a high performance implementation due to the GPU's performance sensitivity to algorithm and implementation issues such as memory overhead, thread divergence, and large lookup table sizes. In this paper, we propose algorithm and implementation co-optimization techniques that achieve high performance by reducing required memory, removing thread divergence, optimizing memory access patterns, and optimizing for multithreading. To lower the implementation cost, a GPU performance model is developed to detect the bottlenecks and provide design direction for the GPU kernel. Based on these optimization techniques, a prototype implementation of DPI at 150?Gb/s is achieved on a single NVIDIA K20 GPU. Identify GPU programming challenges for high throughput DPI implementation.Develop an analytical GPU performance model to explore the design space.Present algorithm and implementation co-optimization techniques.Prototype a deep packet inspection engine onto GPU with up to 150?Gb/s throughput.
Complete absence of thebaine biosynthesis under home-brew fermentation conditions

Yeast-based biosynthesis of medicinal compounds traditionally derived from plant materials is improving. Both concerns and hopes exist for the possibility that individual small volume batch fermentations could provide distributed and independent access to a diversity of compounds some of which are now abused, illegal, or unavailable to many who need for genuine medical purposes. However, there are differences between industrial bioreactors and ‘home-brew’ fermentation. We used engineered yeast that make thebaine, a morphinan opiate, to quantify if differences in fermentation conditions impact biosynthesis yields. We used yeast that make an English ale as a positive fermentation control. We observed no production of thebaine and miniscule amounts of reticuline, an upstream biosynthetic intermediate, in home-brew fermentations; the positive control was palatable. We suggest that additional technical challenges, some of which are unknown and likely unrelated to optimized production in large-volume bioreactors, would need to be addressed for engineered yeast to ever realize home-brew biosynthesis of medicinal opiates at meaningful yields.
The Geometry of Cubic Polynomials

Given a complex cubic polynomial p(z) = (z 1)(z r1)(z r2) with jr1j = 1 =jr2j, where are the critical points? Marden’s Theorem tells us that the critical points are the foci of the Steiner ellipse of41r1r2. In this paper we further explore the structure of these critical points. If we let T be the circle of diameter passing through 1 and 1 , then there are ; 2 [0;2] such that the critical points of p lie on the circles T and T respectively. We show that T is the inversion of T over T1, from which many nice geometric consequences can be drawn. For example, (1) there is a \desert" in the unit disk, the open disk fz 2 C : jz 2 j < 1 g, in which critical points cannot occur, and (2) a critical point of such a polynomial almost always determines the polynomial uniquely.
Effects of ovariectomy and intrinsic aerobic capacity on tissue-specific insulin sensitivity

High-capacity running (HCR) rats are protected against the early (i.e., ∼11 wk postsurgery) development of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced insulin resistance (IR) compared with low-capacity running (LCR)...
Sensory Cortical Plasticity Participates in the Epigenetic Regulation of Robust Memory Formation

Neuroplasticity remodels sensory cortex across the lifespan. A function of adult sensory cortical plasticity may be capturing available information during perception for memory formation. The degree of experience-dependent remodeling in sensory cortex appears to determine memory strength and specificity for important sensory signals. A key open question is how plasticity is engaged to induce different degrees of sensory cortical remodeling. Neural plasticity for long-term memory requires the expression of genes underlying stable changes in neuronal function, structure, connectivity, and, ultimately, behavior. Lasting changes in transcriptional activity may depend on epigenetic mechanisms; some of the best studied in behavioral neuroscience are DNA methylation and histone acetylation and deacetylation, which, respectively, promote and repress gene expression. One purpose of this review is to propose epigenetic regulation of sensory cortical remodeling as a mechanism enabling the transformation of significant information from experiences into content-rich memories of those experiences. Recent evidence suggests how epigenetic mechanisms regulate highly specific reorganization of sensory cortical representations that establish a widespread network for memory. Thus, epigenetic mechanisms could initiate events to establish exceptionally persistent and robust memories at a systems-wide level by engaging sensory cortical plasticity for gating what and how much information becomes encoded.
The social side of CS: engaging undergraduate computer science students in the IRB process for research investigating cyberbullying in online multi-player gaming environments

This paper explores the implications of working with human subjects and human subject data in computer science research and describes one way of exposing computer science students to the IRB application process. Historically, a majority of computer science related research involving human subjects came from studies in human-computer interaction. Today research involving human subjects or human subject data are found in areas of computer science research traditionally not thought of as requiring special attention or consideration. Research involving the Internet, computer security, analysis of network traffic, social networks, and any work involving data that can identify subjects or cause injury to the subjects warrants special consideration of how the data are used. Understanding the IRB process is becoming an important part of computer science research and education, especially federally funded research, which under the common rule is mandated to have IRB approval. In this paper, we describe a summer scholar program devoted to researching cyberbullying in an online multi player gaming environment. The central focus of this paper is to describe the IRB process, offer a student perspective of the process and discuss the human subject research considerations that were part of this study. Limited results of the cyberbullying study are presented as the focus of this paper is on the considerations of teaching students how to work with human subjects and how this ultimately informed the study.
Using cross-platform graphics packages for GUIs and data plotting with SCL and C/C++

This tutorial discusses modular design and abstraction for including graphics in programs. It presents several of the most widely-used techniques and supporting software for GUI I/O and data plotting using the SCL, C, and C++ programming languages. Mixed-language and separation of concerns are emphasized in the various modules of a program. We have used this approach in developing computational models. The software tools selected are open source and multi-platform (Windows, Linux, and MacOS). The tutorial and all demonstration of case studies are performed on Linux. Design and implementation of a large and complex problem can be broken down into modules in several levels of abstraction. A top-down approach or hierarchical approach is used, by first defining the upper-level modules, then the modules in the next level down, and so on. Each module is defined by two or more submodules at the next level down. Another way to state this principle is by saying that each module is refined in terms of two or more submodules; this principle is known as stepwise refinement. At the highest level of abstraction, only the top modules are defined. This level is adequate when a program includes a GUI module for user interaction (front-end module), the main logic, and the module for the data visualization (data plotting) of the output data produced by the main logic module.