cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal multiwavelets with vanishing moments

A scaling function is the solution to a dilation equation Φ(t) = ΣckΦ(2t - k), in which the coefficients come from a low-pass filter. The coefficients in the wavelet W(t) = ΣdkΦ(2t - k) come from a high-pass filter. When these coefficients are matrices, Φ and W are vectors: there are two or more scaling functions and an equal number of wavelets. By dilation and translation of the wavelets, we have an orthogonal basis Wijk = Wi(2jt - k) for all functions of finite energy. These "multiwavelets" open new possibilities. They can be shorter, with more vanishing moments, than single wavelets. They can be symmetric, which is impossible for scalar wavelets (except for Haar's). We determine the conditions to impose on the matrix coefficients ck in the design of multiwavelets, and we construct a new pair of piecewise linear orthogonal wavelets with two vanishing moments.
In situ FTIR study of the adsorption geometry of bisulfate accepted ions on a platinum electrode

Abstract It is shown that a better understanding of the geometry of adsorbed bisulfate species on the surface is gained by monitoring simultaneously more than one vibrational mode of the molecule. We propose that in the double layer region the bisulfate ions are adsorbed via an oxygen atom of its SO3 unit with the Pt-O-S linkage along the surface normal. In the oxide region the bisulfate ions are adsorbed on the oxygen covered surface of the platinum electrode via the hydrogen atom by hydrogen bonding with the hydrogen bond showing a significant tilt (approximately 60° ).
Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Oxasilacyclopentane Acetals: Application of the “Inside Attack” Model for Reactions of Five-Membered Ring Oxocarbenium Ions

The additions of nucleophiles to oxocarbenium ions derived from oxasilacyclopentane acetates proceeded with high diastereoselectivity in most cases. Sterically demanding nucleophiles such as the silyl enol ether of diethyl ketone add to the face opposite the C-2 substituent. These reactions establish the syn stereochemistry about the newly formed carbon−carbon bond. Small nucleophiles such as allyltrimethylsilane do not show this same stereochemical preference: they add from the same face as the substituent in C-2-substituted oxocarbenium ions. The stereoselectivities exhibited by both small and large nucleophiles can be understood by application of the “inside attack” model for five-membered ring oxocarbenium ions developed previously for tetrahydrofuran-derived cations. This stereoelectronic model requires attack of the nucleophile from the face of the cation that provides the products in their lower energy staggered conformations. Small nucleophiles add to the “inside” of the lower energy ground-state...
New intramolecular alkylation and Michael addition reactions of hydroxysulfone derivatives—stereoselective preparation of functionalized cyclic ethers

Abstract A number of bromoacetal derivatives of γ and δ hydroxysulfones have been prepared and shown to undergo intramolecular alkylation reactions in good yields to give highly functionalized oxacyclic ring systems. Tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl ring systems have also been prepared using the Michael addition reactions of the acrylate derivatives of hydroxysulfones.
Advanced tape mastering system: Mechanical features

A new tape transport is described which incorporates unusual features of design. Among these are: a closed-loop drive with differential capstan resulting in significantly reduced flutter in the overall band from 0.5 to 5000 cycles, gentle tape handling, easy threading, and more efficient editing. Improved mechanical performance is employed with "two-track" technique to provide exceptional flutter and dynamic range.
Combined 3D-QSAR Modeling and Molecular Docking Study on Indolinone Derivatives as Inhibitors of 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase-1

3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is a promising target for developing novel anticancer drugs. In order to understand the structure−activity correlation of indolinone-based PDK1 inhibitors, we have carried out a combined molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D-QSAR) modeling study. The study has resulted in two types of satisfactory 3D-QSAR models, including the CoMFA model (r2 = 0.907; q2 = 0.737) and CoMSIA model (r2 = 0.991; q2 = 0.824), for predicting the biological activity of new compounds. The detailed microscopic structures of PDK1 binding with inhibitors have been studied by molecular docking. We have also developed docking-based 3D-QSAR models (CoMFA with q2 = 0.729; CoMSIA with q2 = 0.79). The contour maps obtained from the 3D-QSAR models in combination with the docked binding structures help to better interpret the structure−activity relationship. All of the structural insights obtained from both the 3D-QSAR contour maps and m...
When Does Extra Risk Strictly Increase an Option's Value?

It is well known that risk increases the value of options. This article makes that precise in a new way. The conventional theorem says that the value of an option does not fall if the underlying asset becomes riskier in the conventional sense of the mean-preserving spread. This article uses two new definitions of “riskier” to show that the value of an option strictly increases (i) if the underlying asset becomes “pointwise riskier,” and (ii) only if the underlying asset becomes “extremum riskier.”
Prediction of Hydroxyl Radical Rate Constants from Molecular Structure

Quantitative structure−property relationships are developed using multiple linear regression and computational neural networks (CNNs). Structure-based descriptors are used to numerically encode molecular features that can be used to form models describing reaction rates with hydroxyl radicals. For a set of 57 unsaturated hydrocarbons, a 5−2−1 CNN was developed that produced a root-mean-square (rms) error of 0.0638 log units for the training set and 0.0657 log units for an external prediction set. The residual sum of squares for all 57 compounds was 0.234 log units, which compares very favorably with existing methodologies. Additionally, a 10−7−1 CNN was built to predict hydroxyl radical rate constants for a diverse set of 312 compounds. The training set rms error was 0.229 log units, and the rms error for the external prediction set was 0.254 log units. This model demonstrates the ability to provide accurate predictions over a wide range of functionalities.
Four-way neutrino oscillations

Abstract We present a four-neutrino model with three active neutrinos and one sterile neutrino which naturally has maximal ν μ → ν τ oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and can explain the solar neutrino and LSND results. The model predicts ν e → ν τ and ν e → ν μ oscillations in long-baseline experiments with L / E ≫1 km/GeV with amplitudes that are determined by the LSND oscillation amplitude and argument controlled by the atmospheric δm 2 .
Comparison of the effects of 20 days and 15 months of calorie restriction on male Fischer 344 rats

The aim of this study was to compare, in 19-month-old male Fischer 344 rats, the influence of brief (20 days) and prolonged (approximately 15 months) calorie restriction (CR; consuming approximately 60% of ad libitum, AL, intake) on circulating levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids (FFA); age-matched AL rats were also studied. In the prolonged CR group, there was an approximately 85% decline in fat pad masses (epididymal and retroperitoneal) compared to AL and brief CR rats (these latter groups did not differ significantly). Compared to AL levels, glucose was 15% lower with prolonged CR (p < 0.05) while the brief CR values tended to be lower (10%) than AL; the CR groups did not differ significantly. Plasma FFA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) greater (85-106%) in the brief CR group compared to each of the other groups. Plasma insulin concentrations for the CR groups were lower (p < 0.05; approximately 50-60%) than AL levels. Plasma concentrations of C-peptide (an indicator of insulin secretion) were also lower for each CR group vs AL levels, and a high correlation was found between plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations (r2 = 0.90; p < 0.001). The C-peptide/insulin ratios for the CR groups were similar, and the value of each CR group exceeded that for the AL rats. These results demonstrate that: the CR-induced reduction in plasma insulin is attributable in large part to reduced insulin secretion; these decreases in insulin secretion and concentration are essentially undiminished when brief CR is initiated rather late in life, and the reductions are independent of substantial reductions in body fat.
Asymptotic Analysis of the Torsional Vibrations in Reciprocating Machinery

A class of two degree of freedom reciprocating machines is analyzed and simple asymptotic expressions for both the steady state and transient vibration levels are obtained. The results are compared with those of a standard numerical modeling package, and are found to be in good agreement for parameter values typical of real machines. This happens because real machines are designed so that the vibration levels are small, thereby satisfying the conditions for the validity of the approximation.
Green auctions: A biodiversity study of mechanism design with externalities

Abstract This paper uses a mechanism design approach to study the biodiversity improvement in a territory, where the government is the principal and the landholders are the agents. In particular, I analyze an optimal mechanism that considers multidimensional bid which includes both the biodiversity improvement of the project and its cost. Additionally, this mechanism incorporates the externality (either positive or negative) that a biodiversity project causes in the surrounding agents who decided not to participate. Specifically, I assume that externalities enter in the cost function of the nonparticipating landholders. I show that, in the case of negative externalities, the government will implement a transfer function which is decreasing in the landholder's efficiency level. On the other hand, in the case of a positive externality, paradoxically the government may be interested in the nonparticipation of the most efficient landholders.
Scattering theory of current-induced spin polarization

We construct a novel scattering theory to investigate magnetoelectrically induced spin polarizations. Local spin polarizations generated by electric currents passing through a spin-orbit-coupled mesoscopic system are measured by an external probe. The electrochemical and spin-dependent chemical potentials on the probe are controllable and tuned to values ensuring that neither charge nor spin current flow between the system and the probe, on time average. For the relevant case of a single-channel probe, we find that the resulting potentials are exactly independent of the transparency of the contact between the probe and the system. Assuming that spin relaxation processes are absent in the probe, we therefore identify the local spin-dependent potentials in the sample at the probe position, and hence the local current-induced spin polarization, with the spin-dependent potentials in the probe itself. The statistics of these local chemical potentials is calculated within random matrix theory. While they vanish on spatial and mesoscopic average, they exhibit large fluctuations, and we show that single systems typically have spin polarizations exceeding all known current-induced spin polarizations by a parametrically large factor. Our theory allows us to calculate quantum correlations between spin polarizations inside the sample and spin currents flowing out of it. We show that these large polarizations correlate only weakly with spin currents in external leads, and that only a fraction of them can be converted into a spin current in the linear regime of transport, which is consistent with the mesoscopic universality of spin conductance fluctuations. We numerically confirm the theory.
Opinion dynamics in social networks: A local interaction game with stubborn agents

The process by which new ideas, innovations, and behaviors spread through a large social network can be thought of as a networked interaction game: Each agent obtains information from certain number of agents in his friendship neighborhood, and adapts his idea or behavior to increase his benefit. In this paper, we are interested in how opinions, about a certain topic, form in social networks. We model opinions as continuous scalars ranging from 0 to 1 with 1(0) representing extremely positive(negative) opinion. Each agent has an initial opinion and incurs some cost depending on the opinions of his neighbors, his initial opinion, and his stubbornness about his initial opinion. Agents iteratively update their opinions based on their own initial opinions and observing the opinions of their neighbors. The iterative update of an agent can be viewed as a myopic cost-minimization response (i.e., the so-called best response) to the others' actions. We study whether an equilibrium can emerge as a result of such local interactions and how such equilibrium possibly depends on the network structure, initial opinions of the agents, and the location of stubborn agents and the extent of their stubbornness. We also study the convergence speed to such equilibrium and characterize the convergence time as a function of aforementioned factors. We also discuss the implications of such results in a few well-known graphs including small-world graphs.
Synthesis of Limonoid Natural Products

Limonoid natural products are a large family of oxygenated terpenoid compounds that are best known as secondary metabolites found in citrus fruit. The diverse array of significant bioactivities associated with limonoids has stimulated targeted synthetic investigations that are often confounded by complex three-dimensional landscapes and dense functionalization within a compact molecular framework. This Microreview aims to delineate the various structural subcategories of the limonoid aglycon class as well as provide an overview of synthetic efforts invested toward the laboratory preparation of these fascinating molecules.
Molecular rearrangements through thermal [1,3] carbon shifts

Molecular rearrangements through thermal [1,3] carbon shifts, such as vinylcyclopropane-to-cyclopentene and vinylcyclobutane-to-cyclohexene isomerizations, were recognized and exemplified repeatedly from 1960–1964. Serious mechanistic studies of these and related rearrangements over the past 40 years have provided ample grounds for interpreting them as processes taking place by way of conformationally flexible but not statistically equilibrated diradical intermediates. Orbital symmetry theory fails to account for the stereochemical characteristics of [1,3] carbon shifts. For sigmatropic reactions of this class the theory can no longer be retained as a valid basis for mechanistic interpretations, or even as a serious contender for consideration as a mechanistic possibility.
The tension-free vaginal tape procedure

This article discusses the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure, which attempts to recreate urethral support at the level of the pubourethral ligaments by placing a polypropylene sling at the midurethra as opposed to the bladder neck. The procedure has the proposed advantage of being done under local anesthesia and being an outpatient surgery and can be performed transvaginally or suprapubically.
Influence of Ionomeric Compatibilizers On the Morphology and Properties of Amorphous Polyester/Polyamide Blends

The utilization of sulfonated polyester ionomers as minor-component compatibilizers in blends of an amorphous polyester and polyamide was investigated. The blends were prepared using twin-screw extrusion and compared to solution blends to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures and shear mixing on blend miscibility and/or phase behavior. The phase domain sizes of the solution blends with respect to ionomer content were studied using small angle light scattering (SALS) and phase contrast optical microscopy. The thermal and mechanical properties of the extruded blends were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile testing while the morphology was investigated using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The interactions between the sulfonate group of the ionomer and the polyamide were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. Binary blends of the amorphous polyester and polyamide were immiscible with poor mechanical properties, while blends containing the polyester ionomer as a minor-component compatibilizer showed a significant reduction in the dispersed domain sizes and enhanced ultimate mechanical properties. The compatibilization mechanism is attributed to specific interactions between the sulfonate groups on the polyester ionomer and the amide groups of the polyamide. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1721–1731, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Antimatter gravity experiment

Abstract An experiment is being developed to measure the acceleration of the antiproton in the gravitational field of the earth. Antiprotons of a few MeV from the LEAR facility at CERN will be decelerated, captured, cooled to a temperature of about 10 K, and subsequently launched a few at a time into a drift tube where the effect of gravity on their motion will be determined by a time-of-flight method. Development of the experiment is proceeding at Los Alamos using normal matter. The fabrication of a drift tube that will produce a region of space in which gravity is the dominant force on moving ions is of major difficulty. This involves a study of methods of minimizing the electric fields produced by spatially varying work functions on conducting surfaces. Progress in a number of areas is described, with emphasis on the drift-tube development.
Sources of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations in the Nordic Countries

In an attempt to move beyond the purchasing power parity hypothesis, this paper addresses two issues. The first concerns the causes of movements in real exchange rates. In contrast to the typical result, supply shocks are found to dominate the long-run variance decompositions for each of the four Nordic countries under study. This suggests that productivity developments are the most important determinant of long-run movements in real exchange rates. A second topic is the relative importance of stationary and non-stationary components of real exchange rates. Also in contrast to previous findings, transitory shocks are more important than permanent shocks for three of the four countries.
Dispatch Scheduling for a Wind Farm With Hybrid Energy Storage Based on Wind and LMP Forecasting

In a deregulated power market, the real-time wholesale market price of electricity varies dramatically within a single day due to the availability of the resources. Moreover, the price of electricity can be different from one location to the other at the same time period due to the location of the available resources and transmission constraints. This is the so-called locational marginal price (LMP). Since wind power is noncontrollable and partially unpredictable, it is difficult to schedule its output to exploit LMP variations. While energy storage system (ESS) may accommodate wind farm output, it requires significant initial financial commitment. Accurately forecasted wind power and LMP information can reduce the required capacity and make it financially feasible for the ESS to perform desired functions. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) technique is employed to forecast the day-ahead wind power and LMP, and a hybrid ESS consisting of two storage facilities is developed. The primary ESS is utilized for the optimizing wind-storage system production schedule with day-ahead forecasting data, while the secondary ESS is applied to address the forecasting errors during real-time operation. With this hybrid ESS design, financial benefits are achieved for the wind farm.
Duals of Simple Two-Sided Vector Spaces

Let K be a perfect field, and let k ⊂ K be a subfield. In [4, Theorem 3.2], left finite dimensional simple two-sided k-central vector spaces over K were classified by arithmetic data associated to the extension K/k. In this article, we continue to study the relationship between simple two-sided vector spaces and their associated arithmetic data. In particular, we determine which arithmetic data corresponds to simple two-sided vector spaces with the same left and right dimension, and we determine the arithmetic data associated to the left and right dual of a simple two-sided vector space. As an immediate application, we prove the existence of the noncommutative symmetric algebra of any k-central two-sided vector space over K which has the same left and right dimension.
Inflation and inflation-uncertainty in India: the policy implications of the relationship

Purpose – Inflation and its related uncertainty can impose costs on real economic output in any economy. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty in India. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology uses a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model and Granger Causality test. Findings – Initial estimates show the inflation rate to be a stationary process. The maximum likelihood estimates from the GARCH model reveal strong support for the presence of a positive relationship between the level of inflation and its uncertainty. The Granger causality results indicate a feedback between inflation and uncertainty. Research limitations/implications – The research results have important implication for policy makers and especially the Reserve Bank of India. Practical implications – It provides strong support to the notion of an opportunistic central bank in India. Originality/value – The results of the paper are of relevance not only to...
First Light and Reionization: A Conference Summary

The search for the first illuminated astronomical sources in the universe is at the edge of the cosmic frontier. Promising techniques for discovering the first objects and their effects span the electromagnetic spectrum and include gravitational waves. We summarize a workshop on discovering and understanding these sources which was held in May 2005 through the Center for Cosmology at the University of California, Irvine.
Square-loop magnetic logic circuits

Ferrites, ferroelectric capacitors, and some ferromagnetic materials all possess bulk characteristics which are usually referred to as square-loop properties. It has been recognized for some time that these properties are particularly compatible with digital-device requirements. This paper attempts to categorize the various methods which are utilized in device synthesis. In addition, it introduces an equivalent circuit model of the devices to determine some of their attributes and limitations. The model is essentially a nonlinear resistive and reactive network whose parameters are determined by the internal state of the device and by its present state of excitation. For the sake of simplicity, the discussion will be limited to magnetic devices. Other authors have pointed out that a direct ferroelectric equivalent exists for multiple-aperture magnetic devices.
Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma-Ray Bursts

As is well known, the requirement that gamma-ray bursts be optically thin to high-energy photons yields a lower limit on the Lorentz factor (γ) of the expansion. In this paper, we provide a simple derivation of the lower limit on γ due to the annihilation of photon pairs and correct the errors in some of the previous calculations of this limit. We also derive a second limit on γ due to scattering of photons by pair-created electrons and positrons. For some bursts, this limit is the more stringent. In addition, we show that a third limit on γ, obtained by considering the scattering of photons by electrons that accompany baryons, is nearly always less important than the second limit. Finally, we evaluate these limits for a number of bursts.
SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC AND ALCOHOLIC SILYL ETHERS

Abstract Potassium carbonate/Kriptofix 222 and pyridinium p -toluenesulfonate or BF 3 -etherate have been found to remove the tert -butyldimethylsilyl group from phenolic and alcoholic silyl ethers, respectively. This methodology should find wide applicability in complex organic synthesis.
Oh Boy Comics! A Reflexive Ethnography of Comics and Childhood

This is a reflexive ethnography that interweaves a 1960s Midwest childhood with the culture of comic books and a critique of the 1960s and the nuclear family. My comic choices were more eclectic than my brother’s vast collection of Marvel, but both of us found in comics an escape from a strained childhood. The comic books, like all art, held meanings that were deeper than the pamphlet’s face value. What did this art form do for us? Certainly entertained, but even more. Becoming immersed in the lives of the characters, we were not alone. We lived lives balancing eggs on spoons, and we collected little pictured stories that offered clearer insights about family life than what the world was telling us.
Environmentally-Benign Conversion of Biomass Residues to Electricity

As petroleum resources are finite, it is imperative to use them wisely in energy conversion applications and look for alternative options as an energy source. Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that can be used to partially replace fossil fuels. Biomass-based fuels can be produced domestically and may thus reduce dependency on fuel imports. Due to their abundant supply, and given that to an appreciable extent they are considered to be carbon-neutral, their use for power generation is of technological interest. However, whereas biomasses can be directly burned in furnaces, such a conventional direct combustion technique is ill-controlled and typically produces considerable amounts of health-hazardous airborne compounds [1,2]. Thus, an alternative technology is described herein to further address our increasing energy needs and, at the same time, utilize our biomass streams in an environmentally-benign manner. More specifically, a multi-step process/device is outlined to accept biomass, of various types and shapes, and generate an easily-identifiable form of energy as a final product. To achieve low emissions of products of incomplete combustion, the biomass is gasified pyrolyticaly, mixed with air, ignited and, finally, burned in nominally premixed low-emission flames. Combustion is thus indirect, since the biomass is not directly burned, instead its gaseous pyrolyzates are burned upon mixing with air. Thereby, combustion is well-controlled and can be complete. A demonstration device has been constructed to convert the internal energy of plastics into clean thermal energy and, eventually to electricity.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
EFFECT OF DYNAMIC ROLLING OSCILLATIONS ON TWIN-TAIL BUFFET RESPONSE

Abstract The effect of dynamic rolling oscillations of delta-wing/twin-tail configuration model on twin-tail buffet response is investigated. The configuration model is statically pitched at a 30° angle of attack and then forced to oscillate in roll around the symmetry axis at a constant amplitude of 4° and reduced frequency of π and 2π . This multidisciplinary problem is solved using three sets of equations on a dynamic multi-block grid structure. The first set is the unsteady, full Navier–Stokes equations, the second set is the aeroelastic equations for coupled bending and torsion vibrations of the tails, and the third set is the grid-displacement equations. The results conclusively showed that the rolling oscillations of the configuration have led to higher loads, higher deflections, and higher excitation peaks than those of the stationary configuration. Moreover, increasing the reduced frequency has led to higher loads and excitation peaks and lower bending and torsion deflections and acceleration. The unsteady aerodynamic loads have never reached complete periodicity due to the irregular vibrations of the left and right tails.
Reversible hydrogen storage in the lithium borohydride-calcium hydride coupled system

Abstract We report large reversible hydrogen storage in a new coupled system, LiBH 4 /CaH 2 , via the reaction 6LiBH 4 + CaH 2 ↔ 6LiH + CaB 6 + 10H 2 having a theoretical hydrogen capacity of 11.7 wt% and an estimated reaction enthalpy of Δ H = 59 kJ/mol H 2 . Samples that include 0.25 mol (18.2 wt%) TiCl 3 reproducibly store 9.1 wt% hydrogen, corresponding to 95% of the available hydrogen. H 2 is the only evolved gas detected by mass spectrometry. X-ray diffraction confirms that the sample cycles between LiBH 4 and CaH 2 in the hydrogenated state and LiH and CaB 6 in the dehydrogenated state.
Structural survey of the organoaluminum coordination chemistry of oxygen and sulfur (thia) crown ethers

A. Introduction B. Organoaluminum host-guest chemistry. (i) Liquid clathrates (ii) Application of liquid clathrates C. Reaction of R3A1 with oxygen-based crown ethers. D. Reaction of alkylaluminum halides with oxygen-based crown ethers, E. Reaction of R,AI with sulfur-based (thia) crown ethers ......... F. Reaction of diethylaluminum chloride with diaza-l8-crown-6. .... G. Conclusions Acknowledgments References . . . . 221 . . 229 . . . . 229 230 . 230 . 234 . 238 . . 241 . . 243 . . 243 243
On a high-order compact scheme and its utilization in parallel solution of a time-dependent system on a distributed memory processor

The focus of this study is the design of a parallel solution method that utilizes a fourth-order compact scheme. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on a time-dependent parabolic system with Neumann boundaries. The core of the parallel computing facilities used in the study is a 2-head-node, 224-compute-node Apple Xserve G5 multiprocessor. The system is first discretized in both time and space such that it remains in its stability regimes, before being solved with the method. The solution requires time marching in which every time step, h t , calls for a single parallel solve of the intermediary subsystems generated. The solution uses p processors ranging in numbers from 3 to 63. The speedups, s p , approach their limiting value of p only when p is small. The solution produces good computational results at large p, but poor results as p becomes progressively small. Also, the parallel solution produces accurate results yielding good speedups and efficiencies only when p is within some reasonable range of values. The intermediary systems generated by this method are linear and fine-grained, therefore, they are best suited for solution on massively-parallel processors. The solution method proposed in this study is, therefore, expected to yield more impressive results if applied in a massively-parallel computing environment.
A magnetic sensing approach to characterize corrosion in reinforced concrete

The corrosion of steel reinforcing bars in concrete is a significant problem for the US infrastructure, and the need for effective corrosion sensing in structures clearly exists. This paper reviews recent developments in corrosion sensing. First the bases and applications of several different types of embedded corrosion sensors are discussed. We then present a new basis for corrosion sensing based on magnetic field measurement. Magnetic field measurement allows both the extent and rate of corrosion to be measured using active and passive sensing configurations respectively. These two sensing configurations are briefly described. Both active and passive approaches can be applied without excavation of the concrete, so either remote sensing at a surface or internal sensing with an embedded unit are possible. The feasibility of using recently-developed high sensitivity miniature GMR (Giant Magneto-Resistive) sensors in the magnetic sensing configuration is investigated. Initial tests with GMR sensors passive show promise for the passive sensing configuration.
Implementing and testing risk-preference-induction mechanisms in experimental sealed-bid auctions

Risk-preference-inducing lottery procedures can serve as valuable tools for experimental economists. However, questioning their effectiveness, experimenters may avoid them even when predictions and conclusions depend crucially on risk preferences. Here, I review risk-preference-induction attempts in sealed-bid auctions, discussing factors that promote or hinder success. Making the procedure very transparent and having subjects learn about it in simple environments promote success. Hysteresis resulting from switching between monetary payoffs and lottery procedures in one environment hinders success. Thus, lottery procedures appear sensitive to the implementation. However, implemented carefully, they can generate behavior consistent with the intended preferences.
The generalized Fényes-Nelson model for free scalar field theory

The generalized Fenyes-Nelson model of quantum mechanics is applied to the free scalar field. The resulting Markov field is equivalent to the Euclidean Markov field with the times scaled by a common factor which depends on the diffusion parameter. This result is consistent with Guerra's earlier work on stochastic quantization of scalar fields. It suggests a deep connection between Euclidean field theory and the stochastic interpretation of quantum mechanics. The question of Lorentz covariance is also discussed.
Thermodynamics of string field theory motivated nonlocal models

We investigate the thermodynamic properties of the nonlocal tachyon motivated by their nonlocal structure in string field theory. We use previously developed perturbative methods for nonlocal fields to calculate the partition function and the equation of state in the high temperature limit. We find that in these models the tachyons undergo a second order phase transition. We compare our results with those of ordinary scalar field theory. We also calculate the one loop finite temperature effective potential.
Two measures of difficulty

The paper constructs two measures of difficulty for functions defined over binary strings. The first of these measures,cover size, captures the difficulty of solving a problem in parallel. The second measure,ascent size, captures the difficulty of solving a problem sequentially. We show how these measures can help us to better understand the performance of genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, two widely used search algorithms. We also show how disparities in these two measures may shed light on the organizational structure of firms.
The Nature of Cyclopentyne from Different Precursors

Abstract The ratio of [2+2] and [2+4] cycloaddition products from reaction of spiro[4.2]hepta-1,3-diene with cyclopentyne depends on the source of the cyclopentyne. A mechanistic rationale for the phenomenon is presented. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Non-Spherical Shapes of the Proton: Existence, Measurement, and Computation

How can the spin 1/2 object known as the proton have a non-spherical shape? Why would a physicist even think of such a concept? Can a non-sphericity (or pretzelocity) be measured or computed? This article is concerned with such questions. The notion that the proton might not have a spherical shape has its impetus in the discovery that the spins of quarks and anti-quarks account for only about 30% of the total angular momentum [1]. Many experiments have sought the origins of the remainder, expected to arise from quark and gluon orbital angular momentum or from pairs of strange quarks.
Noise limits in matter-wave interferometry using degenerate quantum gases

We analyze the phase resolution limit of a Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer whose input consists of degenerate quantum gases of either bosons or fermions. For degenerate gases, the number of atoms within one de Broglie wavelength is larger than unity, so that atom-atom interactions and quantum statistics are no longer negligible. We show that for equal atom numbers, the phase resolution achievable with fermions is noticeably better than for interacting bosons.
Exact perturbative solution of the Kondo problem.

We explicitly evaluate the infinite series of integrals that appear in the {open_quote}{open_quote}Anderson-Yuval{close_quote}{close_quote} reformulation of the anisotropic Kondo model in terms of a one-dimensional Coulomb gas. We do this by developing a general approach relating the anisotropic Kondo model of arbitrary spin with the boundary sine-Gordon model, which describes an impurity in a Luttinger liquid and tunneling in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The Kondo solution then follows from the exact perturbative solution of the latter model in terms of Jack polynomials. {copyright} {ital 1995 The American Physical Society.}
Oxygen Diffusion in Magnesium Aluminate Spinel

Oxygen self-diffusion in MgAl2O4 single crystals was investigated by annealing the samples in 18O enriched gas at 98 kPa (1 atm) and measuring the tracer concentration profiles using a proton activation technique. The diffusion coefficients in the range 1625 to 1925 K for stoichiometric crystals are represented by: Oxygen diffusivity in alumina-rich nonstoichiometric samples is higher than in stoichiometric samples.
Elite attitudes toward multinational firms

The future evolution of multinational firms will depend to a large degree on the policy decisions of host nations, made essentially by leadership groups. Thus, knowledge of how elites feel about foreign business firms is a key element in analysis of the outlook for international business. There have been assorted expressions of elite attitudes on multinational firms including official national policies, speeches, and popular writing. But there have been no studies to identify systematically the views of the significant elite groups. To fill this gap, I undertook surveys in Britain and France in late 1970 and Canada in late 1971, results of which are summarized in this article.
Higher derivative terms from threebranes in F theory

Abstract The computation of higher derivative corrections to the low energy effective actions of N =2 gauge theories is considered. In particular, higher derivative corrections are computed for four dimensional N =2 super Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SU (2) and N f =4 hypermultiplets in the fundamental representation. The four derivative terms computed in an approach which realizes the gauge theory as the world volume theory of three branes in F theory are in agreement with the field theory result.
Some Team Models of a Sales Organization

The models presented in this paper grew out of an attempt to apply the theory of teams of Marschak and Radner to the organization of the sales force in a typical wholesale bakery. As organizations go, the one we have chosen to analyze is an extremely simple one, even when---as is quite obviously not the case in what follows---it is viewed in its full complexity. At the risk of achieving results of quite limited general interest, a “simple,” easily quantified subject was deliberately chosen as the best place to begin to apply a theory that pretends to prescribe optimum decisions of a team in a precise way. We shall not here go much beyond a discussion of some mathematical models which deal only with the day-to-day problem a bakery sales force faces in attempting to “properly” supply its regular customers with a single product. Problems of advertising, of price policy, of product design, and of obtaining new customers are ignored. All the reader needs to know, to begin with, is that the sales force consists of truck-driver salesmen who daily visit each of their given customers i.e. grocery stores leaving, on consignment, an amount of bread to be decided by the salesman. At the end of the day the salesman returns to the plant and submits an order for the next day. For our purposes here the “organization” is characterized by the way in which these orders are jointly formed. In the last section, after the models have pin-pointed the organization problem, we shall return to a more detailed description of procedures found in practice.
Reduced decompositions and permutation patterns

Billey, Jockusch, and Stanley characterized 321-avoiding permutations by a property of their reduced decompositions. This paper generalizes that result with a detailed study of permutations via their reduced decompositions and the notion of pattern containment. These techniques are used to prove a new characterization of vexillary permutations in terms of their principal dual order ideals in a particular poset. Additionally, the combined frameworks yield several new results about the commutation classes of a permutation. In particular, these describe structural aspects of the corresponding graph of the classes and the zonotopal tilings of a polygon defined by Elnitsky that is associated with the permutation.
Formula Pricing in Five Commodity Marketing Systems

Formula pricing has been a subject of concern in the food industry for twenty years, and perhaps longer (NCFM Report, p. 98). Formula pricing contracts involve prices on individual shipments or transactions which are tied directly, by formula, to a specific market price quotation. After buyers and sellers agree on the formula, subsequent transactions are routine and low in cost. Formula pricing is a delegation of price discovery to those who negotiate prices. Consequently, the market mechanism and the price reporting services which generate the prices used in formula-priced contracts have an increasingly important and potentially more difficult burden placed upon them. Formula-pricing arrangements reduce the fraction of total supply entering into market price determination, and the resulting, more thinly traded markets may be more sensitive to erratic or manipulative influences on market prices or market price reports.' More recent concerns in the beef subsector are evidenced by several court cases, hearings before a House Small Business subcommittee, a special USDA Meat Pricing Task Force, and congressional bills focusing on meat industry pricing and price reporting systems (e.g., H.R. 91, 1979). This study focuses on formula pricing in five commodity marketing systems where formula pricing was known or expected to be heavily used. We analyze the extent of formula pricing use in those markets, the incentives for or benefits of formula pricing, and the disadvantages and problems associated with formula pricing. Through a comparative analysis of formula pricing in the beef, pork, cheese, turkey, and egg markets, we offer some insights into the similarities and differences found in these markets and the sources of the controversy surrounding formula pricing systems. A few policy alternatives are then briefly considered.
Highly enantioselective synthesis of (+)- and (−)-perfluoroalkyl(aryl) homoallyl alcohols

Abstract Asymmetric allylboration of perfluoroaldehydes and fluorine substituted aromatic aldehydes with d Ipc 2 BAll and 2-Icr 2 BAll has been investigated. Both enantiomers of the fluorinated homoallyl alcohols were obtained in high yields and excellent enantiopurity (95–99% ee).
Collagen vascular diseases

Collagen vascular diseases are multisystem disorders that frequently affect the skin. 5 At times, cutaneous disease is the initial manifestation. This article focuses on lupus erythematosus (LE), dermatomyositis, and sclerodermoid syndromes.
A Quick Guide to Software Licensing for the Scientist-Programmer

Computing is ubiquitous in every domain of scientific research. Software is the means by which scientists harness the power of computers, and much scientific computing relies on software conceived and developed by other practicing researchers. The task of creating scientific software, however, does not end with the publication of computed results. Making the developed software available for inspection and use by other scientists is essential to reproducibility, peer-review, and the ability to build upon others' work [1], [2]. In fulfilling expectations to distribute and disseminate their software, scientist-programmers are required to be not only proficient scientists and coders, but also knowledgeable in legal strategies for licensing their software. Navigating the often complex legal landscape of software licensing can be overwhelming, even for sophisticated programmers. Institutional technology transfer offices (TTOs) exist to help address this need, but due to mismatches in expectations or specific domain knowledge, interactions between scientists and TTO staff can result in suboptimal outcomes. As practitioners in the scientific computing and technology law fields, we have witnessed firsthand the confusion and difficulties associated with licensing scientifically generated software. SBGrid.org is a consortium of scientific software developers and users in hundreds of biomedical research laboratories worldwide. As facilitator and middleman between developers and end-users, we commonly assist in the dissemination and use of scientifically generated software. Through research and advocacy, the Samuelson Law, Technology and Public Policy Clinic works with software developers and other creators on licensing issues, particularly issues related to facilitating “open access” to scientific, technical, or creative materials. Together, we offer a primer on software licensing with a focus on the particular needs of the scientist software developer. The aim of this guide is to help scientists better engage with their institutional TTO when choosing software licenses.
Mixing Dynamics Induced by Traveling Magnetic Fields

Microstructural and compositional homogeneity in metals and alloys can only be achieved if the initial melt is homogeneous prior to the onset of solidification processing. Naturally induced convection may initially facilitate this requirement but upon the onset of solidification significant compositional variations generally arise leading to undesired segregation. Application of alternating magnetic fields to promote a uniform bulk liquid concentration during solidification processing has been suggested. To investigate such possibilities an initial study of using traveling magnetic fields (TMF) to promote melt homogenization is reported in this work. Theoretically, the effect of TMF-induced convection on mixing phenomena is studied in the laminar regime of flow. Experimentally, with and without applied fields, both 1) mixing dynamics by optically monitoring the spreading of an initially localized dye in transparent fluids and, 2) compositional variations in metal alloys have been investigated.
CodePlay: Live Multimedia Streaming in VANETs Using Symbol-Level Network Coding

The fundamental challenges of providing live multimedia streaming (LMS) services in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) come from achieving stable and high streaming rate (smooth playback) for all the interested vehicles while using minimal bandwidth resources, especially under the highly dynamic topology of VANETs and the lossy nature of vehicular wireless communications. Packet level network coding (PLNC) technique has been widely accepted as an effective approach to improve the network performance during the last decade. More recent symbol-level network coding (SLNC) could further improve the efficiency of bandwidth utilization by exploiting both wireless symbol-level diversity and the benefits of network coding. In this paper, we introduce CodePlay, a new LMS scheme in VANETs that fully takes advantage of SLNC through a coordinated local push mechanism. Streaming contents are actively disseminated from dedicated sources to interested vehicles via local coordination of distributively selected relays, each of which will ensure smooth playback for vehicles nearby. Extensive simulations show that simply replacing the SLNC with PLNC technique in previous LMS schemes can not provide satisfiable user experience, and special scheme design based on the unique characteristics of SLNC proposed in CodePlay is necessary for future LMS applications in VANET.
Effect of High Temperature Annealing on the Microstructure of SCS-6 SiC Fibers

The effect of annealing the SCS-6* SiC fiber for one hour at 2000°C in an argon atmosphere is reported. The SiC grains in the fiber coarsen appreciably and the intergranular carbon films segregate to the grain junctions. It would appear that grain growth in the outer part of the fiber is primarily responsible for the loss in fiber strength and improvement in fiber creep resistance.