cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training in microbiology at Indiana University-Bloomington

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the various aspects of the bacteriology-microbiology program during the period 1940–1966, with brief notes relative to the early period and to the post-1966 changes. A curriculum in microbiology was established in 1940 at the Indiana University, Bloomington. Two introductory courses were introduced during the first year. The first was a two-semester lecture-laboratory course for science majors, and the second, in the spring semester, was a brief course intended for home economics majors, although the majority of the enrollment consisted of majors from the other sciences. Because the two-semester introductory course introduced some problems in the student's schedules, in 1941–1942, it was divided into separate courses, with the second semester titled “Applied Microbiology.” In 1941–1942, a course in “Bacteriological Technique” was added, as was an independent “Advanced Problems” course with variable credit. The technique course was expanded and the title was changed to “Diagnostic Microbiology.”
An efficient VLSI architecture for 2-D convolution with quadrant symmetric kernels

A high performance digital architecture for computing 2D convolution utilizing the quadrant symmetry of the kernels is proposed in this paper. Pixels in the four quadrants of the kernel region with respect to an image pixel are considered simultaneously for computing the partial products of the convolution sum. A novel data handling strategy to identify the pixels to be fed to different processing elements helps reducing the data storage requirements in the circuitry. The new design results in 75% reduction in multipliers and 50% reduction in adders when compared with the conventional systolic architecture. The proposed architecture design is capable of performing convolution operations with 14/spl times/14 kernel at a rate of 57 1024/spl times/1024 frames per second in a Xilinx 's Virtex 2v2000ff896-4 FPGA.
When the Euro Falls Apart - A Sequel

This paper examines the case for Member States withdrawing from the euro area (using Greece and Italy as examples), focusing on the economic benefits to exit and the operational and legal obstacles to doing so. It concludes that withdrawal is preferable to solely restructuring debt that remains denominated in euros. While both techniques can decrease debt burden, only withdrawal and establishment of a new currency allows for devaluation that can restore the competitiveness of economies. While some commentators fear the losses that devaluation might impose, particularly on European banks, the paper proposes using the European Union’s existing Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) to ensure that losses could be held to levels comparable to the debt haircut achieved through restructuring. This plan should be adopted now whether or not Greece uses it so it is in place for possible future withdrawals.
Multiscale modeling in granular flow

Granular materials are common in everyday experience, but have long-resisted a complete theoretical description. Here, we consider the regime of slow, dense granular flow, for which there is no general model, representing a considerable hurdle to industry, where grains and powders must frequently be manipulated. Much of the complexity of modeling granular materials stems from the discreteness of the constituent particles, and a key theme of this work has been the connection of the microscopic particle motion to a bulk continuum description. This led to development of the "spot model", which provides a microscopic mechanism for particle rearrangement in dense granular flow, by breaking down the motion into correlated group displacements on a mesoscopic length scale. The spot model can be used as the basis of a multiscale simulation technique which can accurately reproduce the flow in a large-scale discrete element simulation of granular drainage, at a fraction of the computational cost. In addition, the simulation can also successfully track microscopic packing signatures, making it one of the first models of a flowing random packing. To extend to situations other than drainage ultimately requires a treatment of material properties, such as stress and strain-rate, but these quantities are difficult to define in a granular packing, due to strong heterogeneities at the level of a single particle. However, they can be successfully interpreted at the mesoscopic spot scale, and this information can be used to directly test some commonly-used hypotheses in modeling granular materials, providing insight into formulating a general theory. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The Value of Corporate Votes and Control Benefits: A Cross-country Analysis

This paper measures corporate control benefits - the value that dominant vote-holders expropriate from a controlled company to the detriment of other shareholders. Control benefits are extracted from the total value of the votes in the control block, based on a baseline control contest model in the case of a dual-class firm. The study is based on a sample of 661 dual-class firms in 18 countries, using data for 1997. The determinants of control benefits are then explored in a consistent fashion across countries. We use measures of the general strictness of the legal environment, an index of takeover regulations, and a measure of power-concentrating Corporate Charter provisions, the probability of a control contest, and costs of holding the control block. We control for differences in the security value of the share classes, e.g. differences in dividend payments and liquidity. The value of control, or equivalently the total value of votes in the control block, ranges from about 0% in Denmark to 50% of firm market value in Mexico. Legal environment variables explain 75% of the cross-country variation in the value of control benefits.
Doxastic Freedom in John Dewey's School

While the Laboratory School was non-ideal in Dewey’s view, it approximated a utopian educational setting insofar as it provided doxastic freedom for all concerned. Doxastic freedom obtains when social conditions of belief are noncoercive. Absent cognitive constraints imposed by other individuals, singly or as members of a group, doxastic freedom is a condition of belief formation. Conditions of doxastic unfreedom range from social coercion at the most severe and explicit end of a continuum to social desirability at the most comfortable, implicit end. Given that belief in doxastic freedom as an inherent property of individuals has currency among philosophers, an argument for a social conception of doxastic freedom is required to substantiate its importance to the daily operation of the Dewey School. Successful argument for a social conception of doxastic freedom shows that it was the institutional structure of the Dewey School that made possible the pedagogy of inquiry practiced there. This point is important enough to merit demonstration that doxastic freedom describes social conditions, not psychological properties.
The Very Nature of God: Baroque Catholicism and Religious Reform in Bourbon Mexico City

The changing practices and meanings of Catholicism in Bourbon Mexico are the subject of this study, based on research in the last wills and testaments of the faithful of Mexico City as well as contemporary devotional literature and ecclesiastical documentation. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, baroque Catholicism, with its exuberant ornamentation of sacred space and lavish rituals, dominated both ecclesiastical and lay religious practice in New Spain. During the second half of the eighteenth century, a group of reforming bishops attempted to remake religious culture, to move the faithful away from baroque Catholicism to a simpler, and in their minds, more interior piety. The reform movement distanced God from the physical world as reformers sought to redefine the balance in Catholic religious practice to emphasize pious contemplation over ritual action. Larkin examines baroque Catholicism, the project to reform religious culture in Mexico, and the new pious practices that reformers and the faithful negotiated as the colonial period moved toward a close. He argues that baroque and reformed Catholicism rested on different understandings of the very nature of God. Baroque Catholicism privileged a corporeal conception of God; whereas reformed piety promoted a more spiritual one. Religious reform, he argues, coincided with secular reforming projects, all of which participated in and influenced new forms of epistemology and subjectivity that established the conditions for the contested beginnings of the modern era in eighteenth-century Mexico.
What Is a Disaster

Fieldwork is stimulating, challenging, and provides immediate rewards for the researcher. Although contemplating theoretical and paradigmatic issues in one’s office may be less exciting by comparison, it is important to deal with such tasks. Devising a definition of disasters or assessing consensus on a definition is not only a part of sound theory and methodology (Bunge, 1998) but also contributes to a clearer vision of the field of study, and on a very practical level, helps to sort out apparent anomalies in research findings and sets the stage for a progression from simple description toward the social scientific tasks of explanation, prediction, and control (Homans, 1967).
Neuropsychological performance of HIV-1 infected men with major depression

This study sought to determine if human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infected depressed men were more likely to be neuropsychologically impaired than their nondepressed counterparts. Subjects were 47 HIV-1 infected men who met DSM-III-R criteria for current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 47 HIV-1 infected nondepressed male controls (M age = 34.2 years) equated on HIV-1 disease severity, demographics, and drug use. The psychiatric interview included the Structured Clinical Inventory for the DSM-III-R, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The neuropsychological battery included tests covering 8 functional domains based on an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery. The medical assessment included a history and physical examination, immunologic staging, and evaluation of prescription and recreational drug use. Prevalence of global neuropsychological impairment in the two groups (depressed vs. control) did not differ [53% vs. 38% respectively; chi 2(1, N = 94) = 2.11, p > .05]. While syndromically depressed patients performed less well than nondepressed individuals on memory tests [delayed retention portions of the Story Memory Test: F(1,91) = 5.34, p < .05; and Figure Memory Test: F(1,90) = 4.16, p < .05], the majority of depressed participants (64%) did not have clinically impaired memory. No relationship between neuropsychological impairment and severity of depression was observed. The results suggest that, while HIV-1 infected men with major depression may perform more poorly than nondepressed men on some aspects of memory tasks, they are not more likely to evidence clinically significant neurocognitive impairment.
The "idealized individual" interpretation of individual differences in multidimensional scaling.

It is shown that several variants of the Tucker-Messick points of view procedure are interpretable in terms of their “idealized individual” concepts. It is contended that the main function of the method is that it allows the computation ofseveral vectors of mean judgments instead of only one and that each of these may be used to stand for the actual judgments of a subgroup of subjects. Vectors that do not correspond to the judgments of any subjects are to be avoided. It is alleged that Ross's interpretation of “points of view” is quite different from that intended by Tucker and Messick.
Acoustic-phonon scattering in modulation-doped heterostructures.

We use recently determined values of conduction- and valence-band edge deformation potentials to analyze two-dimensional electron and hole mobilities in $\frac{\mathrm{GaAs}}{{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}}\mathrm{As}$ modulation-doped heterostructures. Contrary to the commonly accepted view, it is shown that a consistent description of low-temperature mobility can be given only if the short-range deformation potential scattering is not screened by free carriers.
Portfolio Risk Management Implications of Mutual Fund Investment Objective Classifications

I examine portfolio risk management implications of using hypothetical investment returns from a sample of mutual funds in a variety of investment objective classifications to select mutual funds. While early research supported this practice by showing that risk is homogeneous within investment objective groups and heterogeneous between groups, more recent research suggests that earlier findings are no longer true. Research also suggests that load and no-load funds may exhibit risk differences. I examine whether risk is homogeneous within investment classification and heterogeneous between classes after controlling for potential load effects. Results reveal that significant risk differences exist even after controlling for the load structure of the fund and that those risk differences can have significant implications for portfolio risk management.
Glycoproteomics for prostate cancer detection: changes in serum PSA glycosylation patterns

Currently, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used for the early detection of prostate cancer despite its low specificity in the range of 4−10 ng/mL. Because aberrant glycosylation is a fundamental characteristic of tumor genesis, the objective of this study was to investigate whether changes in PSA glycosylation may be used to improve the cancer specificity of PSA. We developed five lectin immunosorbant assays to analyze the glycosylation patterns of PSA in serum. Each assay sandwiches serum PSA between a PSA monoclonal antibody and a biotinylated lectin and then tags the biotin complex using a streptavidin SULFO TAG for electrochemiluminescence detection. Low limits of detection (0.04−1.35 ng/mL), good reproducibility (%CVs < 10%), and direct analysis of PSA glycosylation in sera suggest these assays may have a potential role in improving PSA’s cancer specificity. Clinical performance was evaluated in 52 human subjects (26 cancer and 26 noncancer). ROC analysis showed that the total SNA assay (AUC...
Extending the dynamic range of RF receivers using nonlinear equalization

Systems currently being developed to operate across wide bandwidths with high sensitivity requirements are limited by the inherent dynamic range of a receiver's analog and mixed-signal components. To increase a receiver's overall linearity, we have developed a digital NonLinear EQualization (NLEQ) processor which is capable of extending a receiver's dynamic range from one to three orders of magnitude. In this paper we describe the NLEQ architecture and present measurements of its performance.
Time-dependent deformations in bone cells exposed to fluid flow in vitro: investigating the role of cellular deformation in fluid flow-induced signaling

Abstract Numerous experiments have shown fluid flow to be a potent stimulator of bone cells in vitro, suggesting that fluid flow is an important physical signal in bone mechanotransduction. In fluid flow experiments, bone cells are exposed to both time-dependent (e.g., oscillating or pulsing) and time-independent (e.g., steady) flow profiles. Interestingly, the signaling response of bone cells shows dependence on loading frequency and/or rate that has been postulated to be due to viscoelastic behavior. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the time-dependent deformations of bone cells exposed to fluid flow in vitro. Specifically, our goal was to characterize the mechanical response of bone cells exposed to oscillatory flow from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz and steady flow, since these flow profiles have previously been shown to induce different morphological and biochemical responses in vitro. By tracking cell-bound sulfate and collagen coated fluorescent beads of varying sizes, we quantified the normalized peak deformation (peak displacement normalized by the maximum peak displacement observed for all frequencies) and phase lag in bone cells exposed to 1.0 Pa oscillating flow at frequencies of 0.5–2.0 Hz. The phase lag was small (3–10°) and frequency dependent, while the normalized peak displacements decreased as a weak power law of frequency (∼f−0.2). During steady flow, the cells exhibited a nearly instantaneous deformation, followed by creep. Our results suggest that while substantial viscous deformation may occur during steady flow (compared to oscillating flow at ∼1 Hz), bone cells behave primarily as elastic bodies when exposed to flow at frequencies associated with habitual loading.
Luminescent properties of nanophosphors

Abstract The characteristics and luminescent properties of two nanophosphors, Y 2 SiO 5 : Ce and Y 2 O 3 : Tb , are reviewed and summarized in this work, with focus on the results obtained in our group. Hydrothermally prepared Y 2 SiO 5 : Ce crystallizes in the P 2 1 / c structure rather than the B 2 / b structure observed in bulk material. Relative to bulk powder, Y 2 SiO 5 : Ce nanophosphors of particle size ∼ 25 –100 nm diameter exhibit red shifts of the photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, reduced self absorption, enhanced light output, and a medium-dependent radiative lifetime. Perturbation of the Ce ion electric field due to reduced dimensionality of the nanocrystals is responsible for the variable lifetime. Y 2 O 3 : Tb nanophosphors prepared by the solution combustion method exhibit nanocrystals within the 30–70 nm range comprising cubic structure. Photoluminescence emission and excitation measurements show a complex behavior comprised of several sharp lines in the visible spectrum associated with electronic transitions of the Tb + 3 ion. The maximum of the nanophosphor photoluminescence quenching curve occurs at Tb concentration three times higher than that in the bulk phosphor.
Enhanced Heat Conduction in Fluids Subjected to Sinusoidal Oscillations

Analyse mathematique de l'augmentation du transfert de chaleur par conduction provoque par un ecoulement oscillatoire sinusoidale dans des tubes circulaires reliant 2 reservoirs maintenus a des temperatures differentes. Determination des variations temporelle et spatiale de temperature dans les tubes pour de faibles valeurs du produit du nombre de Womersley et du nombre de Prandtl du fluide. Calcul de la diffusivite thermique effective et determination du transfert de chaleur du reservoir chaud au reservoir froid
Inverted ductal papilloma: A distinctive lesion of minor salivary gland

Four cases of inverted ductal papilloma are presented. Their origin is the excretory duct reserve cell of minor salivary gland and they appear clinically as a submucosal mass. All tumors occurred in adults and there was equal distribution between men and women. Treatment is complete surgical excision and no recurrences have been reported thus far.
Evolved functional neural networks for system identification

A new approach to the identification of dynamical systems by means of evolved neural networks is presented. We implement two functional neural networks: polynomials and orthogonal basis functions. The functional neural networks contain four parameters that need to be optimized: the weights, training parameters, network topology and scaling factors. An approach to the solution of this combinatorial problem is to genetically evolve functional neural networks. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the proposed method to automatically select network parameters. The networks are encoded as chromosomes that are evolved during the identification by means of genetic algorithms. Experimental results show that the method is effective for the identification of dynamical systems.
Thematic Participants in a Kriol Story

Working on the assumption that meaningful choices made by a speaker are realized by linguistic devices in a text, this paper proceeds from an interpretation of a Kriol story to a partial explanation of that interpretation. The three parts of the article are divided as follows: part 1 outlines the contents of the story; part 2 examines the introduction of the main characters with the use of the near form of the demonstrative; part 3 looks at how the major participants are staged. The focus is on topicalization and on how the use of this and other devices contributes to the overall structure of the story.
Validation of the Two-Parameter Fracture Criterion using finite-element analyses with the critical CTOA fracture criterion

Abstract A Two-Parameter Fracture Criterion (TPFC) was derived from Inglis’ elastic-stress-concentration equation for an elliptical hole under remote uniform stress and Neuber’s equation relating the plastic stress and strain concentration factors to the elastic stress-concentration factor at the maximum stress location. Elastic–plastic 3D finite-element analyses (FEA) employing the critical crack-tip-opening-angle (CTOA) fracture criterion was used to simulate fracture on thin-sheet middle-crack-tension, M(T), and compact, C(T), specimens made of 7249-T76511 aluminum alloy over a wide range in crack-length-to-width ratios to validate the TPFC. A critical CTOA (7.6°) and the fracture parameters (KF and m) were determined from M(T) test specimens, and these values were then used to predict the failure on C(T) specimens. The FEA predicted failure loads on C(T) specimens were within a few percent; whereas, the TPFC generally over predicted the failure loads (5–15%). The TPFC over prediction on the C(T) specimens is likely related to net-section stress (Sn) being greater than the yield stress of the material for all test data, while the M(T) specimens all had Sn less than the yield stress.
Late effects of successive massive doses of radiation on parabiont rat pairs.

SummaryParabiosis of rats permits one partner to survive 1000 R X-radiation if the other is shielded. This dose to the previously shielded partner after intervals of 5, 10 or 30 days tests the ability of the first irradiated partner to recover and, in turn, support the second. The effectiveness of this can be measured by the late effects induced in the pair. Lifespan was shortened by 100–150 days following a 5-day interval, by 30 days following a 10-day interval and not shortened following a 30-day interval. The incidence of leukaemia was about 6 per cent in each group, close to that in control pairs. Shortening the interval between the irradiations decreased the average age of death from leukaemia. No solid lymphoid tumours were induced in the doubly irradiated pairs. The incidence of osteogenic sarcoma was 1·6 per cent in controls and 12·9 per cent in the pairs with both partners irradiated.
Religion and Support for Same-Sex Marriage: Implications from the Literature

This article examines the existing scholarship on the relationship between various religion-related concepts and support for same-sex marriage. From this literature, this paper argues that research examining the influence of religion on attitudes about same-sex marriage must attend not only to religious tradition and religiosity, but also to the everyday theologies (Moon, 2004) that people of faith use to construct their understanding of issues related to homosexuality, including attitudes about same-sex marriage. Failure to understand the complexity of these underlying religious themes has the potential to obscure important within-group differences potentially leading advocates of same-sex marriage to write off the support of certain religious communities based on the erroneous assumption that members of those communities necessarily embrace the doctrinal stand of their denomination or faith tradition.
Properties and Entanglements of Amorphous Polymer Interfaces

When two similar polymers contact in the melt to form a polymer-polymer interface, interdiffusion of random-coil chains occurs. For this case, we determine a set of properties, H, as a function of time, t, and molecular weight, M. They in clude the number of chains, n, number of bridges, p, average monomer inter penetration depth, X, the total monomer depth, Xo, the center of mass diffusion, χcm, the average contour interpenetration length, l, the total contour length, Lo, and the average bridge length, l p. The time dependent, H(t), and equilibrium solutions, H∞ , can be summarized as
The times they are a-changin': prognostic markers in the new era of BCR-targeting therapies for CLL

Introduction: Given the highly variable clinical presentation and prognosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prognostic markers have typically been used for estimating the risk of disease progression and prognosis in individual patients. The traditional clinical staging systems continue to be used for treatment decisions, but they do not allow for predictions in early-stage patients. Molecular and cytogenetic risk factors allow us to predict the risk for disease progression response to ‘standard’ therapy and prognosis. Increasing evidence indicates robust connections of several CLL risk factor markers to B-cell receptor (BCR) function and signaling. Areas covered: Several CLL risk factors (immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutational status, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression, CCL3 plasma levels) are related to the function of the BCR, a key factor in CLL pathogenesis. Their implications in the context of novel BCR-targeted therapies will be discussed. Expert opinion: With the emergen...
Identification of small lung nodules: technique of radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic biopsy.

Background This study describes a thoracoscopic technique to reliably locate and excise lung nodules that were not thought to be thoracoscopically visible or instrumentally palpable. Methods Initial laboratory studies succeeded in selecting a technetium 99m gamma-emitting solution, technetium 99m macro-aggregated albumin, that remained localized in lung parenchyma after percutaneous placement. Subsequently, 84 patients with solitary small nodules underwent computed tomography (CT)–guided percutaneous placement of this technetium solution in or near the nodule. Thoracoscopic localization with a radioprobe and excisional biopsy followed. Results In 3 patients, the previous lesion was not present on the CT scan done on the day of surgery. The 81 remaining patients underwent radiotracer placement and operation. No tracer activity was present in the lung in 4 patients, and open thoracotomy was necessary to locate the lesion. The lesion was successfully localized and excised in 77 patients (95.1%), and 71 underwent thoracoscopic excisional biopsy. Four underwent intentional thoracotomy for deep small nodules in which the tracer was used to guide the open biopsy. Two required conversion from thoracoscopy to thoracotomy because the anatomic location of the lesion prevented a thoracoscopic staple excision. Fifty percent of the lesions were benign, 39% were primary lung cancers, and additional 11% were either solitary metastatic lesions or lymphoma. No patients died, and morbidity rate was 16% (arrhythmias or pneumothoraces). Conclusions Radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic biopsy was 95% reliable for subsequent surgical successful localization and excision of small nodules. This technique can be expanded to localize deep lesions for open thoracotomy and be used to prevent thoracotomy in 50% of patients with benign disease.
Comparison of MRI and local anesthetic tendon sheath injection in the diagnosis of posterior tibial tendon tenosynovitis.

Background: The modalities currently available to clinicians to confirm the clinical suspicion of posterior tibial tendinitis include MRI, CT, sonography, tenography, and local anesthetic tendon sh...
Social networks integration and privacy preservation using subgraph generalization

Intelligence and law enforcement force make use of terrorist and criminal social networks to support their investigations such as identifying suspects, terrorist or criminal subgroups, and their communication patterns. Social networks are valuable resources but it is not easy to obtain information to create a complete terrorist or criminal social network. Missing information in a terrorist or criminal social network always diminish the effectiveness of investigation. An individual agency only has a partial terrorist or criminal social network due to their limited information sources. Sharing and integration of social networks between different agencies increase the effectiveness of social network analysis. Unfortunately, information sharing is usually forbidden due to the concern of privacy preservation. In this paper, we introduce the KNN algorithm for subgraph generation and a mechanism to integrate the generalized information to conduct social network analysis. Generalized information such as lengths of the shortest paths, number of nodes on the boundary, and the total number of nodes is constructed for each generalized subgraphs. By utilizing the generalized information shared from other sources, an estimation of distance between nodes is developed to compute closeness centrality. Two experiments have been conducted with random graphs and the Global Salafi Jihad terrorist social network. The result shows that the proposed technique improves the accuracy of closeness centrality measures substantially while protecting the sensitive data.
Electrodermal reactions to opposite types of autogenic training imagery.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of autogenic and ‘opposite autogenic’ verbal formulae upon electrodermal activity. In a between-subjects design, 15 unpracticed volunteers listened to and followed tape recorded imagery suggestions for relaxation and quietude, heaviness and warmth in the extremities, warmth in the central area of the body, coolness of the forehead, and calmness and regularity of breathing and circulation; 15 additional volunteers were exposed to opposite suggestions. Frequency of spontaneous GSRs, cumulative peak amplitude of spontaneous GSRs, and basal skin resistance levels were measured during 2 min epochs before and after the suggestions. Directionally appropriate changes occurred in all three electrodermal measures; these changes were significant for the two GSR measures and approached significance for the BSR measure. The autogenic suggestions produced greater and more reliable visceral effects than did the ‘opposite autogenic’ suggestions.
CIRCULATING CERULOPLASMIN IS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF COPPER FOR NORMAL AND MALIGNANT ANIMAL CELLS

Abstract The relative uptake of copper from ceruloplasmin and non-ceruloplasmin plasma pools, by normal and malignant cells, was investigated in vivo and in vitro, using 64 Cu and 67 Cu. 1. Most of the copper administered intravenously to normal and tumor-bearing rats was removed within 1 h, a substantial portion entering the liver. There were differences in the apparent avidity of individual tissues for ceruplasmin vs. ionic copper, but when calculated on the basis of actual μg absorbed, all showed a preference for ceruplasmin. 2. Appreciable amounts of copper from either source were also absorbed by the tumors, and cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells showed a rapid uptake and marked preference for ceruplasmin over non-ceruplasmin copper, as did primary rat muscle cell cultures. 3. Ceruplasmin protein was also absorbed by normal and neoplastic rat tissues, but less rapidly than ceruplasmin copper, as determined by administration of pure [ 3 H]leucine- or [ 125 I]ceruloplasmin. Copper deficiency did not accelerate this process. 4. It is concluded that, at least in rat, ceruloplasmin is the preferred plasma source of copper for normal and malignant cells, and that the copper on ceruplasmin turns over more rapidly than the protein moiety, a finding consistent with its role as a copper transport protein.
A light and electron microscopic study of mitosis inBullera alba and the histochemistry of some cytoplasmic substances

Mitosis in the imperfect yeast-like basidiomyceteBullera alba was studied by comparative light and electron microscopy. During mitosis the chromatin containing part of the nucleus moved into the progeny cell, and the nucleolus containing part of the nucleus remained in the parent cell. The two portions of the nucleus then separated and the nucleolar part degenerated. Metaphase and anaphase took place in the progeny cell. Subsequently one mass of chromatin returned to the parent cell, and two new nuclei were formed. The study concentrated on the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, spindle pole body, chromatin, spindle, and cytoplasmic microtubules. Mitosis inB. alba was compared with reports of mitosis in other basidiomycetes, theUredinales, and theAscomycotina and was deemed closest to the heterobasidiomycete yeasts. Histochemical evidence for the presence of lipid, glycogen, and polyphosphate in the cytoplasm was presented.
An Interdisciplinary, University-Community, Applied Developmental Science Partnership

Abstract This paper describes the Policy and Evaluation Project (PEP) of the University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development (OCD), an unusual university-based, public–private, interdisciplinary regional resource and management unit that emphasizes university–community partnerships. The Policy and Evaluation Project provides technical assistance to community agencies and conducts program evaluations, needs assessments, and policy studies in a participatory and empowerment manner. It represents one type of organization and activity that promotes and conducts applied developmental science. Issues, benefits, and liabilities of operating in this style are discussed.
Effects on seedling development of direct contact of Pinus resinosa seeds or young seedlings with Captan

Captan, at concentrations up to 2500 ppm did not affect seed germination of Pinus resinosa Ait. However, concentrations of 500 ppm or higher injured roots, stems, and cotyledons within 13 days. Root injury consisted of collapse of root hair cells, epidermal cells, and cortical cells; cotyledon injury of collapse of epidermal and mesophyll cells.
Surface-Operated Profiling Paravane

A surface-controlled paravane system was built to serve as a submerged platform for towing a buoyant cable. APL modeled the paravane after a helicopter-towed minesweeping vehicle designed at the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. The APL system allows a shipboard operator to direct the vehicle to hold a constant depth, to change depth, and to change between port and starboard tow-off directions. In addition to running the paravane at constant depth (as in the cable test), the system can operate in a mode wherein the depth is continuously changing. Such operation could be useful for oceanographic surveys if the paravane were instrumented with environmental sensors. Several profiling test runs were made at tow speeds from 5 to 11 knots over a 25 m vertical aperture. Climb/dive angles of about 20\deg were typical when averaged over two or more profiling cycles. A maximum angle of 38\deg was measured during the climb leg at 9 knots.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of the Effectiveness of Myoglobin and Its Derivatives as Photosensitizers in Singlet Oxygen Generation

The effectiveness of myoglobin and its derivatives as photosensitizers in singlet oxygen (1O2) generation was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using a spin trapping technique. A stable nitroxide radical adduct, 2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-N-oxyl (TAN), was formed and detected by EPR. Native myoglobin and apomyoglobin exhibited no photosensitizing function, whereas hematin appeared to be a weak sensitizer. Protoporphyrin IX ring showed strong photosensitizing activity. A 1O2 quencher, N,N N′N′-tetramethylethylene diamine (TMEDA) and the combination of TMEDA and a free radical scavenger, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) drastically reduced the EPR signal of TAN when protoporphyrin IX solution was illuminated indicating that 1O2 was produced using protoporphyrin IX ring as a sensitizer.
The Protein Coil Library: A structural database of nonhelix, nonstrand fragments derived from the PDB

Approximately half the structure of folded proteins is either alpha-helix or beta-strand. We have developed a convenient repository of all remaining structure after these two regular secondary structure elements are removed. The Protein Coil Library (http://roselab.jhu.edu/coil/) allows rapid and comprehensive access to non-alpha-helix and non-beta-strand fragments contained in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The library contains both sequence and structure information together with calculated torsion angles for both the backbone and side chains. Several search options are implemented, including a query function that uses output from popular PDB-culling servers directly. Additionally, several popular searches are stored and updated for immediate access. The library is a useful tool for exploring conformational propensities, turn motifs, and a recent model of the unfolded state.
Testosterone Propionate, a Bisexual Hormone in the American Chameleon

SummaryTestosterone propionate enlarges the Mullerian duct, keratinizes the cloaca and produces estrous behavior in Anolis. It also enlarges the epididymis, ductus deferens and sexual segment of the kidney, while producing male sex behavior. It has a gonado-tropic effect on the ovary but not on the testis.
Limits of the nuclear viscosity coefficient in the liquid-drop model

Abstract We estimate the upper and lower limits of the nuclear viscosity coefficient within the framework of the liquid-drop model. In addition, we find that there is a critical fissility parameter above which all quadrupole vibrations are overdamped even at T≈0
Structure and expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein kinase C2 gene. Origins and regulated expression of a family of Ca2+-activated protein kinase C isoforms.

The molecular and cellular basis for concerted Ca2+/lipid signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans was investigated. A unique gene (pkc-2) and cognate cDNAs that encode six Ca2+/diacylglycerol-stimulated PKC2 isoenzymes were characterized. PKC2 polypeptides (680-717 amino acid residues) share identical catalytic, Ca2+-binding, diacylglycerol-activation and pseudosubstrate domains. However, sequences of the N- and C-terminal regions of the kinases diverge. PKC2 diversity is partly due to differential activation of transcription by distinct promoters. Each promoter precedes an adjacent exon that encodes 5′-untranslated RNA, an initiator AUG codon and a unique open reading frame. PKC2 mRNAs also incorporate one of two 3′-terminal exons via alternative splicing. Cells that are capable of receiving and propagating signals carried by Ca2+/diacylglycerol were identified by assessing activities of pkc-2 gene promoters in transgenic C. elegans and visualizing the distribution of PKC2 polypeptides via immunofluorescence. Highly-selective expression of certain PKC2 isoforms was observed in distinct subsets of neurons, intestinal and muscle cells. A low level of PKC2 isoforms is observed in embryos. When L1 larvae hatch and interact with the external environment PKC2 content increases 10-fold. Although 77- and 78-kDa PKC2 isoforms are evident throughout post-embryonic development, an 81-kDa isoform appears to be adapted for function in L1 and L2 larvae.
ANALYSIS OF SIZE TRAJECTORY DATA USING AN ENERGETIC-BASED GROWTH MODEL

Individual growth rate of animals is increasingly used as an indicator of ecological stressors. Environmental contaminants often affect physiological processes with- in individuals, which in turn affect the animal's growth rate. Consequently, there is an increasing need to estimate parameters in physiologically based individual growth models. Here, we present a method for estimating parameters in an energetic-based individual growth model (a dynamic energy budget model). This model is a system of stochastic differential equations in which one of the state variables (the energy reserve) is unobservable. There is no analytical solution to the probability density of size at given age, so we use a numerical nonlinear state-space method to calculate the likelihood. An algorithm to calculate the likelihood is outlined in this paper. This method is general enough to apply to other sto- chastic differential equation models. We assessed the estimability of parameters in the individual growth model, and analyzed size trajectory data from delta smelt ( Hypomesus transpacificus ). We expect this method to become an important tool in ecological studies as computers become faster, as the models that we deal with become more complex, and as the data that we collect become more detailed.
A parallel virtual machine for efficient scheme compilation

Programs compiled by Gambit, our Scheme compiler, achieve performance as much as twice that of the fastest available Scheme compilers. Gambit is easily ported, while retaining its high performance, through the use of a simple virtual machine (PVM). PVM allows a wide variety of machine-independent optimizations and it supports parallel computation based on the future construct. PVM conveys high-level information bidirectionally between the machine-independent front end of the compiler and the machine-dependent back end, making it easy to implement a number of common back end optimizations that are difficult to achieve for other virtual machines.PVM is similar to many real computer architectures and has an option to efficiently gather dynamic measurements of virtual machine usage. These measurements can be used in performance prediction for ports to other architectures as well as design decisions related to proposed optimizations and object representations.
Comparison of Approaches to Prepare Polysiloxane-Functionalized Acrylic Latexes

Three methods were used to prepare polysiloxane-functionalized acrylic latexes via emulsion polymerization. Ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were used in all three methods as the acrylic phase. In the first method, an acrylic core was prepared with addition of a coupling agent, 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, after which a cyclic siloxane monomer (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane) was reacted with the coupling agent. In the second method, a silane-terminated polysiloxane (H-PDMS) was reacted with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and then copolymerized with ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate in a batch emulsion polymerization. In the third method, cyclic siloxane monomer was added during emulsion polymerization of ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Particle size distribution and particle morphology were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. A core-shell morphology was observed in TEM for the first preparation method as proposed. After film formation, surface tension, morphology and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Stratification was also examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Microphase separation was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) after polysiloxane modification. Energy dispersive X-ray data indicated that only the second preparation method had a higher silicon content at the film-air interface than film-substrate interface. In all methods, the storage modulus and surface energy of latex films decreased after polysiloxane modification.
Mechanochemical effects in coal conversion. 1. Coal hydrogenation in gaseous hydrogen aided by mechanical energy

Abstract Hydrogenation experiments with a Pennsylvania anthracite coal were carried out in H2 under the following conditions: with simultaneous grinding; with grinding and the addition of 1% tin; without simultaneous grinding; and without grinding but with the addition of SnCl2 (1% Sn). Temperature was maintained at 442 °C and pressure at ≈6.8 MPa gauge (1000 psig). By eliminating or minimizing the effects of heating that were due to grinding, and of size and mass transfer, the net effects on hydrogenation of the above conditions were examined. SnCl2, as expected, increased the light products, both gaseous and liquid. Grinding substantially increased the heavy oil products (MW ≈ 280), but not the light fractions. The effect of grinding in combination with the addition of tin was very similar to the effect of SnCl2. A simple mechanistic scheme is postulated to represent these effects. Rationale of the mechanochemical effects is presented. Some preliminary results of the e.s.r. measurements regarding these effects are also included.
Future Preference Uncertainty and Diversification: The Role of Temporal Stochastic Inflation

Consumers' choices tend to display greater variety when made for future versus immediate consumption. Previous accounts of such diversification differences suggested that they are driven primarily by (deterministic) shifts in underlying preference. Through a series of simulation studies, we propose and assess an alternative contributory mechanism: temporal stochastic inflation, the greater uncertainty typifying choices made for the future. We find effect sizes to be strongly influenced by relative brand attractiveness, brand attractiveness uncertainty, and degree of stochastic inflation, although not preference heterogeneity. Moreover, effect sizes are consistent with prior studies that attributed diversification differences to underlying preference shifts alone.
Future Space Transportation Technology: Prospects and Priorities

The Transportation Working Group (TWG) was chartered by the NASA Exploration Team (NEXT) to conceptualize, define, and advocate within NASA the space transportation architectures and technologies required to enable the human and robotic exploration and development of space envisioned by the NEXT. In 2002, the NEXT tasked the TWG to assess exploration space transportation requirements versus current and prospective Earth-to-Orbit (ETO) and in-space transportation systems, technologies, and research, in order to identify investment gaps and recommend priorities. The result was a study now being incorporated into future planning by the NASA Space Architect and supporting organizations. This paper documents the process used to identify exploration space transportation investment gaps, as well as the group's recommendations for closing these gaps and prioritizing areas of future investment for NASA work on advanced propulsion systems.
MO-A-214-01: 3D Breast Models

Breast CT and breast tomosynthesis are being developed to overcome the principal limitation of mammography, namely the superposition of breast tissue. The normal structure of the breast can be considered a source of noise that limits the detectability of cancer and causes the appearance of patterns that mimic a cancer. It has been shown that anatomical noise is the dominant noise source in the detection of breast cancer in a mammogram. Ideally, 3D imaging should reduce this noise source so that the imaging task becomes x‐ray quantum limited. To develop and optimize these systems, a 3D breast model is essential because the limiting effects of normal breast anatomy need to be incorporated into calculations of detectability. Standard mammographic phantoms are not useful as a 3D breast model. In this symposium, 3 different approaches will be described: a full simulation of breast anatomy, developing models from imaging actual breast tissue, and a pure mathematical approach of using filtered random noise. A following discussion period will delve into advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
Transforming growth factor-beta increases the expression of vascular smooth muscle cell markers in human multi-lineage progenitor cells.

Background Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation is an essential component of vascular repair and tissue engineering. However, currently used cell models for the study of SMC differentiation have several limitations. Multi-lineage progenitor cells (MLPCs) originate from human umbilical cord blood and are cloned from a single cell. The object of this study was to investigate whether MLPCs could differentiate into SMCs in vitro with induction by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1).