cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Return to Sport After Large Single-Surface, Multisurface, or Bipolar Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee Using Shell Grafts.

Background:Return to sport (RTS) after osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for large unipolar femoral condyle defects has been consistent, but many athletes are affected by more severe le...
Comparison between Expected and Observed Fisher Information in Interval Estimation

Maximum likelihood estimates and corresponding confidence regions of the estimates are commonly used in statistical inference. In practice, people usually construct approximate confidence regions with the Fisher information at given sample data based on the asymptotic normal distribution of the MLE (maximum likelihood estimator). Two common Fisher information matrices (FIMs, for multivariate parameters) are the observed FIM (the Hessian matrix of negative log-likelihood function) and the expected FIM (the expectation of the observed FIM). In this article, we prove that under certain conditions and with MSE (mean-squared error) criterion, approximate confidence interval of each element of the MLE with the expected FIM is at least as accurate as that with the observed FIM.
Person Centered Theory and Considerations for Counseling Practice and Teaching

This article reviews person centered theory and the core conditions: congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. The discussion explores considerations for practice including effectiveness, communication of the condition, and the multicultural considerations of the theory. Additionally, cultural considerations are presented with regards to the values of person centered theory, pedagogy, and additional limitations.
A Logic of SFP

This chapter introduces a logic of SFP. The logical framework lays the foundation for the derivation, from a denotational semantics, a sound and complete proof system for a programming language. Given a programming language, the domain for its denotational semantics specifies a type. That type allows the identification, in a uniform manner, an assertion language and a proof system from the general framework. Any proof system so derived is guaranteed to agree with the denotational semantics in the sense described in Section 1.4.
Nondeterministic Finite Automata

Nondeterminism is an important abstraction in computer science. It refers to situations in which the next state of a computation is not uniquely determined by the current state. Nondeterminism arises in real life when there is incomplete information about the state or when there are external forces at work that can affect the course of a computation. For example, the behavior of a process in a distributed system might depend on messages from other processes that arrive at unpredictable times wifrh unpredictable contents.
Comparative genetic organization of incompatibility group P degradative plasmids.

Abstract Plasmids that encode genes for the degradation of recalcitrant compounds are often examined only for characteristics of the degradative pathways and ignore regions that are necessary for plasmid replication, incompatibility, and conjugation. If these characteristics were known, then the mobility of the catabolic genes between species could be predicted and different catabolic pathways might be combined to alter substrate range. Two catabolic plasmids, pSS50 and pSS60, isolated from chlorobiphenyl-degrading strains and a 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading plasmid, pBR60, were compared with the previously described IncP group (Pseudomonas group P-1) plasmids pJP4 and R751. All three of the former plasmids were also members of the IncP group, although pBR60 is apparently more distantly related. DNA probes specific for known genetic loci were used to determine the order of homologous loci on the plasmids. In all of these plasmids the order is invariant, demonstrating the conservation of this "backbone" region. In addition, all five plasmids display at least some homology with the mercury resistance transposon, Tn501, which has been suggested to be characteristic of the beta subgroup of the IncP plasmids. Plasmids pSS50 and pSS60 have been mapped in detail, and repeat sequences that surround the suspected degradation genes are described.
Adapting the Decomposable Mandrel Technique to Build Specialty ICF Targets

AbstractIn this paper we describe our efforts to produce ICF target capsules with either controlled inner surface roughness or thin metallic diagnostic layers by adapting the decomposable mandrel t...
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador

List of illustrations and tables Preface and acknowledgments List of abbreviations 1. The puzzle of insurgent collective action 2. Ethnographic research in the shadow of civil war 3. Redrawing the boundaries of class and citizenship 4. From political mobilization to armed insurgency 5. The political foundations of dual sovereignty 6. The re-emergence of civil society 7. Campesino accounts of insurgent participation 8. Explaining insurgent collective action Epilogue: legacies of an agrarian insurgency Appendix: A model of high-risk collective action by subordinate social actors Chronology of El Salvador's civil war List of references.
Bulging Merchant Ships

Bulging is the process of adding a new skin to an existing ship to regain strength, reduce draft, and increase stability. A previous 1989 ASNE paper was entitled "Bulging Warships" and by its very name announced that it would not deal with applying bulges to non-military ships. This paper reviews the history of bulges being applied to merchant vessels. Bulges are most often applied to merchant vessels when the traffic is better than expected requiring a quick increase in carrying capacity or when regulatory authorities demand an increase in the stability standard to allow continued service. Rather than enduring the long and expensive process of buying a new vessel, the owner will send an existing ship into the yard to be cut and lengthened or, in the case of ferries, have more passenger spaces added topside. Such modifications cause weight and stability growth that requires additional hull strength, buoyancy, and waterplane area that only a larger dimensions hull can provide. The paper includes an appendix updating the 1987 warship bulge history and a second appendix on the post-1987 attempts to bulge modern US Navy ships.
Intramolecular diels-alder reactions of 1,2,4-triazines.

Abstract Intramolecular inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,4-triazines have been effectively utilized for the synthesis of furo[2,3- b ] pyridines, 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3- b ]pyridines, and 2,3-dihydropyrrolo-[2,3- b ]pyridines.
Physical activity promotion in primary care targeting the older adult.

Purpose: This integrative review identifies and examines research literature focused on physical activity promotion provided in primary care settings to older adult patients in order to evaluate the effectiveness of provider-delivered interventions on elders short- and long-term activity levels. Data Resources: A comprehensive review of original research published in English from all countries through May 2010 was performed. Relevant literature was identified through MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ProQuest on-line databases. Data from 11 unique studies were systematically extracted and summarized in table format. Conclusions: Activity interventions delivered in primary care can produce at least short term increases in activity; however, there is limited evidence to evaluate whether long-term changes can be achieved and thus making the case for future longitudinal studies. Implications for Practice: Tailored activity prescriptions should be provided after holistic patient assessment. Activity counseling requires recognition as a billable service and further study is needed to identify the most efficient intervention. Inclusion of health-economic evaluations in future research could reveal if efforts to improve physical activity levels are an efficient use of resources.
Heat capacity, enthalpy of mixing, and thermal conductivity of Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te pseudobinary melts

Heat capacity and enthalpy of mixing of Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te pseudobinary melts were calculated assuming an associated solution model for the liquid phase. The thermal conductivity of the pseudobinary melts for x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 was then calculated from the heat capacity values and the experimental values of thermal diffusivity and density for these melts. The thermal conductivity for the pseudobinary solid solution is also discussed.
Dimensions of object-oriented modeling

The problem-solving power of object-oriented and logic programming is discussed in terms of the dimensions of encapsulation, distribution concurrency, and reactiveness. Encapsulation and reactiveness are essential dimensions of object orientation; they support decentralized abstraction, interaction, and evolution of individual objects. Distribution is a strong two-way form of encapsulation, while concurrency reduces computation time and enhances modeling power. The fundamentals of object-oriented programming are reviewed. >
Microelectronic Cooling by Enhanced Pool Boiling of a Dielectric Fluorocarbon Liquid

An experimental study of boiling heat transfer from a simulated microelectronic component immersed in a stagnant pool of the dielectric Fluorinert (FC-72) is presented. Various enhancement surfaces were attached to an electrically heated copper calorimeter bar having a vertically oriented heat transfer surface area of 12.7 {times} 12.7 mm{sup 2}. A number of enhancement schemes aimed at a reduction of the incipience temperature overshoot were tested, employing various arrangement of fins, studs, grooves, and vapor-trapping cavities. Atmospheric pressure testing revealed a variation in the magnitude of boiling curve incipience temperature excursion as a function of both macro- and microcharacterization of the surface geometry and initial conditions (pressure and temperature history) prior to boiling. Increased incipience temperatures accompanied prolonged periods of nonboiling. It is assumed that this is due to vapor embryos within surface cavities collapsing to smaller radii. Large artificially created cavities (0.3 mm diameter) were found incapable of maintaining a stable vapor embryo for time periods greater than 10 min. In comparison to flat surfaces, low-profile surface geometries having a structure scale of the order of one bubble departure diameter resulted in significant enhancement of nucleate boiling while drilled surfaces had minimal effectiveness. Surface finish and artificial cavities hadmore » no effect on CHF, but levels of critical heat flux computed on base area were strongly dependent on macrogeometry, due in part to increased surface area.« less
Albumin leakage into cerebrospinal fluid of dogs lethally infected with R252 canine distemper virus

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) form nine lethally infected and three convalescent gnotobiotic dogs infected with the R252 strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) was evaluated prior to and following infection. Lethally infected dogs had a mean seven-fold increase in CSF albumin concentration compared to the preinoculation value, not present in dogs destined to survive. Immunochemical examination of tissue from these dogs revealed prominent perivascular localization of albumin. Examination of CSF cells demonstrated mild leukocytosis in both groups at the time when encephalopathic deaths occurred, with decreased lymphocyte percentages, particularly Thy-1-bearing lymphocytes, in lethally infected dogs. These dogs also had more extensive expression viral antigens in CSF and peripheral blood leukocytes at the time of death than did surviving dogs, and failed to make antibody to viral antigens. The findings link terminal breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and extensive viral antigen expression in CSF leukocytes with experimental CDV infection resulting in death.
Uniqueness and Indeterminacy: On the Dynamics of Endogenous Growth

Abstract In this paper we study the dynamics of endogenous growth, both in the model of Lucas and in a generalization that incorporates a labor–leisure choice. We characterize the regions of the parameter space that give rise to unique equilibria as well as the regions that yield a continuum of equilibria with positive growth rates. We find that such multiple equilibria exist for empirically very plausible parameters, in particular when the Lucas model is modified to incorporate endogenous labor. Journal of Economic Literature Numbers: E00, E3, O40.
What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves

Abstract The SLOSS (single large or several small) debate is no longer an issue in the discussion about the optimal size of nature reserves. The best way to estimate the minimum sizes of reserves may be a three-step process: (1) identify target or keystone species whose disappearance would significantly decrease the value or species diversity of the reserve; (2) determine the minimum number of individuals in a population needed to guarantee a high probability of survival for these species; (3) using known densities, estimate the area needed to sustain the minimum number. The forces that affect population viability and determine MVPs (minimum viable populations) are extremely complex. Thoughtful estimates of MVPs for many animal species are rarely lower than an effective size of a few hundred. Attempts to save only common or smaller species in a community will usually be ill-fated because of the web of ecological relationships between species, including the importance of predation and herbivory in the maintenance of species diversity. Other topics discussed include the complementarity of conservation goals, the problematic function of corridors and the value of buffer zones.
Antiemetic therapy: Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Physicians and nurses involved in the care of oncology patients share the responsibility for proper management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Oncology nurses have taken an active part in the research and investigation of new antiemetic agents and the sharing of this knowledge with others. Identifying patient characteristics, using specific guidelines for antiemetic selection, and a knowledge of the antiemetic agents that are active singly or in combination can mean the difference between success and failure in preventing or controlling vomiting induced by chemotherapy. Proper dosing and scheduling of antiemetics using recommendations that have proved efficacious can further decrease a patient's discomfort during a most difficult time in his or her life.
Soviet year in space, 1988☆

Abstract 1988 saw advances in the Soviet space programme on several fronts. Most impressive was the launch of the Buran space shuttle, but there were 89 other missions, compared with 26 by the rest of the world combined. Despite more major failures than usual, the USSR displayed its determination to maintain parity in space with the USA.
The Roles of the Media and Mediated Opinion Leadership in the Public Opinion Process A Content Analysis of a Political Incident in Korea

This study analyzed the content of newspapers regarding a political incident in Korea in which the government, yielding to public demand, reversed its initial policy position. Proposing the signifi...
Preclinical studies to understand nanoparticle interaction with the immune system and its potential effects on nanoparticle biodistribution.

Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties which make them promising platforms for drug delivery. However, immune cells in the bloodstream (such as monocytes, platelets, leukocytes, and dendritic cells) and in tissues (such as resident phagocytes) have a propensity to engulf and eliminate certain nanoparticles. A nanoparticle’s interaction with plasma proteins (opsonins) and blood components (via hemolysis, thrombogenicity and complement activation) may influence uptake and clearance and hence potentially affect distribution and delivery to the intended target sites. Nanoparticle uptake by the immune cells is influenced by many factors. Different nanoparticles have been shown to act on different pathways, while various characteristics/properties also affect which pathway is employed for particle internalization. Nanoparticle protein binding occurs almost instantaneously once the particle enters biological medium, and the physical properties of such a particle−protein complex are often different ...
Health Literacy, Health Inequality and a Just Healthcare System

Limited health literacy is a pervasive and independent risk factor for poor health outcomes. Despite decades of reports exhibiting that the healthcare system is overly complex, unneeded complexity remains commonplace and endangers the lives of patients, especially those with limited health literacy. In this article, we define health literacy and describe the empirical evidence associating health literacy and poor health outcomes. We recast the issue of poor health literacy from within the ethical perspective of the least well-off and argue that poor health outcomes deriving from limited health literacy ought to be understood as a fundamental injustice of the healthcare system. We offer three proposals that attempt to rectify this injustice, including: universal precautions that presume limited health literacy for all healthcare users; expanded use of technology supported communication; and clinical incentives that account for limited health literacy.
The measurement of interpersonal skills in instructional contexts

Interpersonal skills are not currently being assessed in many basic communication courses. A major reason for this may be the lack of a valid and flexible assessment format. An extensive review of social skills research and the data from a previous study were used to generate a sample of 25 molecular behavioral items relevant to the domain of conversational skill. These items were then selected for use in developing an instructional version of an interpersonal skills assessment form. In the first study, the behavioral items were used in self‐report recalled conversation format, and were found to substantially and positively relate to motivation, knowledge, and molar impressions of self‐competence in communicating. In all, the behaviors themselves explained 36 percent of the variance in self‐rated competence. In the second study, the behavioral items were used by instructors to rate the performance of subjects observed in dyadic get‐acquainted conversations. The behavioral items explained over 64 percent o...
On the analysis of futile cycles in metabolism

Abstract So-called futile cycles in cellular metabolism consist of paired opposing reactions that, if simultaneously operant, act only to degrade free energy of ATP to heat. Previous considerations of the behavior of such substrate cycles have indicated their possible usefulness in regulating flux along metabolic pathways, but such analyses have treated the cycles in isolation, i.e. without taking into account the effects of enzymatic inputs to and outputs from the cycle. We here develop models of three typical substrate cycles that include enzymatic inputs to and outputs from the cycle and allow the enzymes of the cycles per se to be subject to a variety of allosteric modulations. The non-linear equations which describe these models were solved by an iterative procedure for sets of parameter values of metabolic interest. The results, when analyzed using appropriate definitions of regulatory sensitivity and energetic futility, demonstrate that the effects of the enzymes leading into and out of the cycle may cause profound changes in the operation of the substrate cycle and therefore may not be ignored. We find that the structural differences among the three cycles considered here result in corresponding functional differences. Our results suggest that (1) the fructose-6-P/fructose-1,6-di-P cycle acts effectively to gate bidirectional flux, but doesn't appreciably enhance regulation of unidirectional flux, (2) the glucose/glucose-6-P cycle is well suited to perform a homeostatic function and to adjust the set points for these two metabolites, and (3) the cycle at the pyruvate crossroads functions largely as a complex switch box that directs metabolic flow towards gluconeogenesis or glycolysis not only in response to inputs of or requirements for oxaloacetate, pyruvate, and phosphoenolpyruvate, but also in response to the combined action of allosteric modulators on the individual enzymes of this substrate cycle.
Naturally Occurring Amino Acid Polymorphisms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag p7NC and the C-Cleavage Site Impact Gag-Pol Processing by HIV-1 Protease

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease activity is targeted at nine cleavage sites comprising different amino acid sequences in the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein. Amino acid polymorphisms in protease and in regions of Gag, particularly p7(NC) and the C-cleavage site between p2 and p7(NC), occur in natural variants of HIV-1 within infected patients. Studies were designed to examine the role of natural polymorphisms in protease and to identify determinants in Gag that modulate protease processing activity. Closely related Gag-Pol regions from an HIV-1-infected mother and two children were evaluated for processing in an inducible expression system, for protease activity on cleavage-site analogues, and for impact on replication by recombinant viruses. Gag-Pol regions displayed one of three processing phenotypes based on the appearance of Gag intermediates and accumulation of mature p24(CA). Gag-Pol regions that were processed rapidly to produce p24(CA) resulted in high-level replication by recombinant viruses, while slow-processing Gag-Pol variants resulted in recombinant viruses that replicated with reduced kinetics in both T cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Direct impact by Gag sequences on processing by protease was assessed by construction of chimeric Gag-Pol regions and by site-directed mutagenesis. Optimal protease activity occurred when Gag and Pol regions were derived from the same gag-pol allele. Heterologous Gag regions generally diminished rates and extent of protease processing. Natural polymorphisms in novel positions in p7(NC) and the C-cleavage site have a dominant effect on protease processing activity. Accumulation of Gag products after processing at the C site appears to delay subsequent cleavage and production of mature p24(CA).
King syndrome in pregnancy

Abstract background King syndrome is characterized by the presence of a nonspecific myopathy, a susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, and dysmorphic features similar to the phenotype seen in Noonan syndrome. Case A young primigravida with King syndrome presented at 19 weeks’ gestation. The patient required nocturnal mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy, and there was concern that the patient would become increasingly dependent on mechanical ventilation during pregnancy. The patient underwent a forceps-assisted delivery at 35 weeks’ gestation, and both the patient and her infant did well and were discharged on postpartum day 3. Conclusion In the gravida with King syndrome, agents that may trigger malignant hyperthermia should be avoided. Significant myopathy may result in respiratory compromise, and a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to optimize maternal and fetal outcome.
Confined blasts, and the impact of shock wave reflections on a human head and the related traumatic brain injury

We examine the effects of blast waves in a confined space on a human head model. A finite element human model (FEHM) is exposed to blast waves from explosions, as well as, to the reflected waves from the confinement walls. The intensity of the travelling blast shock waves is measured computationally and compared with experimental results. We monitor the mechanical response of the brain of the FEHM at different stand-off positions, either close to, or away from the surrounding walls in interaction with the travelling blast waves. The skull pressure, brain intracranial pressure (ICP), acceleration, shear stress, and principal stresses and strains are measured as the biomechanical parameters for injury diagnosis and compared for all the situations and stand-off positions considered. The results illustrate that the additional reflected shock waves due to the surrounding walls can dramatically change the brain biomechanical parameters.
Locating automated external defibrillators in a university community

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) use smart technology to determine whether a victim of cardiac arrest requires defibrillation and will deliver a shock only if one is needed. These portable devices are becoming increasingly more available in such places as airports, shopping malls, and sports facilities. This article reports on a model for determining appropriate locations for AEDs in a university community. Additionally, we describe difficulties encountered when attempting to implement the results obtained from the model.
A partition assay for the simultaneous determination of insect juvenile hormone esterase and epoxide hydrolase activity

Abstract A partition assay was developed to measure insect juvenile hormone (JH) I and III metabolism in biological samples containing both JH esterase and JH epoxide hydrolase activity. The assay utilizes commercially available radiochain 3H-labeled JH as substrate and the selective JH esterase inhibitor 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone. JH partitions into an isooctane phase and the metabolites JH acid, JH diol, and JH diol-acid into aqueous methanol after incubation of JH substrate with inhibited and uninhibited sample. The assay provides a time-and cost-efficient alternative to the currently available thin-layer chromatography method for the measurement of JH esterase and epoxide hydrolase activity.
Comparison of ornithine aminotransferase activities in the pigment epithelium and retina of vertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) in the pigment epithelia, retinas, and livers from several classes of vertebrates were assayed. 2. 2. The specific activities of OAT were much higher in the pigment epithelia from mammals and birds than in their respective retinas or livers. 3. 3. Pigment epithelium from porcine eyes had the highest specific activity measured. The specific activity of OAT in the pigment epithelium from the pig was five times higher than the OAT activity in its retina and 13 times higher than the OAT activity in its liver.
Book Ownership and Young Children's Learning.

Research indicates that there are positive effects when young children read and explore books for pleasure, as such activities help build the skills and knowledge that are critical to schooling. Reading for pleasure is facilitated when children have access to books in their own homes. There are great variations in children's book ownership throughout the world, however, due to social, economic, and cultural differences. Books (especially culturally relevant children's books) are not always easily accessible. In some areas of the world, oral storytelling traditions help develop many of the same comprehension skills as book reading does. In “Book Ownership and Young Children's Learning,” Selamawit Tadesse and Patsy Washington discuss the effects on learning that can be the result of early exposure to books and book ownership, both in the United States and across the globe.
Current-density-functional theory for time-dependent systems.

It is proved that the mapping, time-dependent potential \ensuremath{\rightarrow} time-dependent density, is not invertible, in general, over the class of all potentials expandable in a Taylor series with respect to time coordinates. However, an invertible mapping does exist between the time-dependent potential and time-dependent current density. To explore this in detail, a one-body time-dependent problem is examined in an attempt to seek a time-dependent current-density-functional formalism.
We Always Fight the Last War? Prior Experiences in Counterinsurgency and Conventional Warfare and War Outcomes

Does previous experience with conventional warfare harm a military fighting an insurgency? Or, conversely, does prior experience with a counterinsurgency lower a military’s likelihood for winning a conventional interstate war? Whereas firepower, maneuver, and associated tactics are essential for conventional warfare, counterinsurgency requires restrictions on firepower and effective policing in order to “win hearts and minds.” These competing requirements for military preparedness for conventional warfare and counterinsurgency have been extensively debated. However, the consequences of fighting counterinsurgency on a state’s readiness for fighting conventional wars (and vice versa) have been unexplored. We examine the relationship between past experiences with one type of conflict and war outcomes of the other type of conflict through a quantitative analysis of all wars that ended between 1838 and 2005. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that past experiences with either counterinsurgency or convent...
Benzene in the extended hückel approximation: an unexpected geometry

Abstract The equilibrium geometry predicted by the extended Huckel method for benzene with D 6h symmetry is found to correspond to a saddle point on the potential surface. The search for a more stable D 3h structure leads to the prediction that benzene is unstable in the EHT approximation. It is concluded that EHT calculations of molecular conformation are much less than has apparently been previously recognized.
Atmospheric water‐vapor

This note is a protest (Astroph. J., v. 37, 359, 1913) against the continued use of Hann's formula (l.c.) for the determination of the amount of water-vapor above a given place by way of the amount of water-vapor at that place. In the data here used the former is obtained as a function of the depth of the water-vapor band ρ calibrated in the laboratory (Astroph. J., v. 35, 149, 1912, and v. 37, 359, 1913); the latter is measured by a properly ventilated wet and dry. Both measures were made at Table Mountain, California, altitude, 2,300 meters.
Role of pertussis toxin sensitive g proteins in the alpha1 adrenergic receptor but not in the thyrotropin receptor mediated activation of membrane phospholipases and iodide fluxes in FRTL-5 thyroid cells

The regulation of thyroid hormone formation by thyrotropin and norepinephrine involves the activation of both phospholipases C and A 2 . When FRTL-5 cells are incubated with 10 −10 M pertussis toxin for 4 to 20 h, the stimulation of iodide efflux by norepinephrine is inhibited by 50 to 70%. At the same toxin concentration the norepinephrine induced increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ is unaffected; however upon 20 h pretreatment with 10 −9 M pertussis toxin a 30% inhibition is observed. By contrast, the pertussis toxin treatment had no effect on the increase in iodide efflux or in cytosolic Ca 2+ levels induced by thyrotropin. Our data suggest that two GTP binding proteins sensitive to pertussis toxin are involved in the alphal adrenergic but not in the thyrotropin induced activation of the signal transduction mechanisms leading to iodide efflux in FRTL-5 cells.
CLASSICAL NATURAL LAW THEORY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND TAXATION

Classical natural law theory derives moral conclusions from the essentialist and teleological understanding of nature enshrined in classical metaphysics. The paper argues that this understanding of nature is as defensible today as it was in the days of Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. It then shows how a natural law theory of the grounds and content of our moral obligations follows from this understanding of nature, and how a doctrine of natural rights follows in turn from the theory of natural law. With this background in place, the implications of the theory for questions about property rights and taxation are explored. It is argued that classical natural law theory entails the existence of a natural right of private property, and that this right is neither so strong as to support laissez faire libertarianism, nor so weak as to allow for socialism. Though the theory leaves much of the middle ground between these extremes open to empirical rather than moral evaluation, it is argued that there is a strong natural law presumption against social democratic policies and in favor of free enterprise.
Managing the Post-Soviet Security Space: A Continuing Demand for Behavioral Regimes

(1994). Managing the Post-Soviet Security Space: A Continuing Demand for Behavioral Regimes. Security Studies: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 242-280.
Experimental Demonstration of Fiber Impairment Compensation Using the Split-Step Finite-Impulse-Response Filtering Method

Digital distributed impairment postcompensation for dispersion and nonlinear effects using backward propagation is demonstrated in a wavelength-division-multiplexing environment for the first time. The experimental results clearly show the benefit of employing distributed postcompensation, compared to dispersion compensation only or lumped dispersion and nonlinearity compensation.
Social Capital and the Generation of Human Capital

We make use of a large sample of data taken from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey, to examine the effects of various measures of financial, human and social capital on the likelihood of dropping out of school. We test whether social capital mediates the effect of parental financial and human capital on leaving school. The findings indicate that both more general measures of social capital (attending a Catholic school, family structure) and more specific measures of social capital (parentchild and parent-school interaction) are related to dropping out of high school. The findings also indicate that social capital interacts with the financial and human capital of parents to determine school continuation. In reaction to the influence of economic theory on sociological thought, Coleman (1988) argues that the well-known concepts of financial and human capital (cf., Becker 1964, 1991) should be supplemented by the concept of social capital when attempting to explain human action. Coleman bases his argument on the selfevident fact that persons' actions are shaped by social context and not simply by the financial and human resources available to them. In this article, we test Coleman's argument by making use of a large sample of data taken from the National Educational Longitudinal Study to evaluate the joint impact of financial, human, and social capital on the creation of human capital in the next generation. In addition, we move beyond the simple consideration of the marginal effect of social capital by seeking to determine whether social capital
Superconducting transition temperatures and lattice parameters of simple-cubic metastable Te--Au solutions containing Fe and Mn

The superconducting transition temperatures and lattice spacings of simple-cubic Te-Au-Fe and Te-Au-Mn alloys, prepared by rapid quenching from the liquid state, have been measured and correlated with anomalies in the Te-Au system and the band structure proposed to explain those anomalies. The unusual behavior of these properties in the ternary alloys containing Fe and Mn has been interpreted in terms of a Fermi-surface-Brillouin-zone interaction based on information obtained from studying binary Te-Au alloys. The results of this study lend additional support to the electronic band structure proposed for simple-cubic Te-Au alloys, and in addition show a very distinct band-structure effect on the superconducting transition temperatures of the Te-Au-Fe alloys.
WetFET A Novel Fluidic Gate-Dielectric Transistor for Sensor Applications

In this work, we investigate the characteristics of a MOSFET with a hybrid solid/liquid gate-dielectric structure, which can be used for fluidic sensor applications. This "WetFET" device is made using a standard MOSFET fabrication process with additional steps to selectively remove portions of the gate dielectric and to subsequently refill the resultant gaps with liquid. Characteristics of the first prototype WetFET device are presented and analyzed with the aid of device simulations. It is concluded that as transistor performance is highly sensitive to the gate dielectric properties, this structure is promising for creating new, efficient sensors.
Nuclear reactions between energetic deuterons in contemporary beam-injected tokamak experiments

Abstract In tokamak heating experiments utilizing nearly isotropic D° injection, or with unidirectional injection and plasma Z eff ⪢ 1, large-relative-velocity collisions between energetic deuterons can be the dominant source of D-D neutrons when n hot n e ≳ 1 10 .
Surface waves contribute to ice retreat in Beaufort Sea

Surface waves, created by blowing wind, play a role in energy and nutrient transport and also shape coasts through erosion. Because the Arctic Ocean is usually covered by ice year-round, surface waves of the central Arctic Ocean have not been studied extensively.
Effects of ethanol and sorbitol on mixed-function oxidation in perfused rat livers.

Abstract Ethanol (20 mM) caused 50–90% inhibition of rates of mixed-function oxidation of p-nitroanisole, 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo(a)pyprene in perfused rat livers; however, the microsomal metabolism of these substrates was unaltered by low concentrations of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol was required for this inhibition in the perfused liver. In contrast to ethanol, sorbitol stimulated rates of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in perfused livers from fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats. Both sorbitol and ethanol infusion decreased the hepatic NAD + /NADH ratio; however, the NADP + /NADPH ratio was decreased by sorbitol but increased by ethanol. Stimulation of drug metabolism by sorbitol was abolished by pretreatment of fasted rats with 6-aminonicotinamide, an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate shunt. The data indicated that sorbitol stimulated p-nitroanisole metabolism by providing NADPH via the pentose phosphate shunt. The changes in intracellular concentrations of NADPH produced by ethanol and sorbitol correlated directly with changes in hepatic content of citrate and aspartate. These data suggest that inhibition of the citric acid cycle by ethanol decreases the movement of mitochondrial reducing equivalents into the cytosol via substrate shuttle mechanisms.
Tamoxifen versus Raloxifene versus Exemestane for Chemoprevention

Clinical trial data on selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have demonstrated reduced breast cancer incidence in the prevention setting among high-risk women. We conducted an extensive review of clinical trials and recent published reports of barriers to uptake of breast cancer chemoprevention, to provide health care professionals with information to improve decision-making regarding chemoprevention. Despite the positive results of these trials, uptake of chemoprevention has been low due to barriers in identifying high-risk women, lack of understanding of risks and benefits, as well as concerns about side effects. Interventions designed to increase uptake have met with limited success. Clinicians can support women in informed decision-making about SERMs and AIs by effectively communicating breast cancer risk and enhancing knowledge about the risks and benefits of chemoprevention. Promoting uptake and adherence to chemoprevention holds promise for reducing the public health burden of this disease.
Sinus histiocytosis presenting as bilateral epibulbar masses

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of sinus histiocytosis presenting as multiple, bilateral epibulbar masses. METHODS: We examined a 4-year-old child with a 2-month history of gradually enlarging, salmon-colored epibulbar masses. Excisional biopsies and a systemic evaluation were performed. RESULTS: Systemic evaluation was normal; no lymphadenopathy was documented. Histopathologic evaluation disclosed features consistent with sinus histiocytosis. Flow cytometry and gene rearrangement studies confirmed the benign nature of the disease. No tumor recurrence was noted. CONCLUSION: Sinus histiocytosis may present as isolated epibulbar masses that may be treated with surgical excision.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent flows in complex and moving rigid geometries using the immersed boundary method

A large eddy simulation (LES) methodology for turbulent flows in complex rigid geometries is developed using the immersed boundary method (IBM). In the IBM body force terms are added to the momentum equations to represent a complex rigid geometry on a fixed Cartesian mesh. IBM combines the efficiency inherent in using a fixed Cartesian grid and the ease of tracking the immersed boundary at a set of moving Lagrangian points. Specific implementation strategies for the IBM are described in this paper. A two-sided forcing scheme is presented and shown to work well for moving rigid boundary problems. Turbulence and flow unsteadiness are addressed by LES using higher order numerical schemes with an accurate and robust subgrid scale (SGS) stress model. The combined LES–IBM methodology is computationally cost-effective for turbulent flows in moving geometries with prescribed surface trajectories. Several example problems are solved to illustrate the capability of the IBM and LES methodologies. The IBM is validated for the laminar flow past a heated cylinder in a channel and the combined LES–IBM methodology is validated for turbulent film-cooling flows involving heat transfer. In both cases predictions are in good agreement with measurements. LES–IBM is then used to study turbulent fluid mixing inside the complex geometry of a trapped vortex combustor. Finally, to demonstrate the full potential of LES–IBM, a complex moving geometry problem of stator–rotor interaction is solved. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism and Flame Behavior of Small-Scale Oil Tank Boilover

Boilover is acknowledged as one of the most harmful fire in oil tank fire. A small-scale oil tank boilover apparatus was established to study the flame behavior during boilover process. Visualization experiments were also conducted to discuss the mechanism of boilover formation. The results indicate that boilover process can be divided into three stages: quasi steady combustion stage, boilover premonitory stage and boilover stage. The formation of boilover results from the reciprocity of bubbles and oil vacuoles generated by absorbing energy released from combustion reaction.
Determination of selenium by flow injection hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Two flow injection hydride generation procedures for the determination of selenium with an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer capable of monitoring transient signals were developed. In one, the acidified sample was injected into an acid carrier, which merged downstream with a stream of thiourea (for samples containing significant concentrations of copper) then with a stream of borohydride. In the second, the analyte was preconcentrated by passing the sample through an on-line anion-exchanger, followed by elution of the retained selenium eluted with acid into the HG manifold. A systematic study was made of the effect of radiofrequency power, plasma gas flow, stripping gas flow, sodium borohydride and hydrochloric acid concentrations and flow rates, sample acidity and the lengths of mixing and stripping coils. The hydride was stripped from solution and transported to the plasma by the gas normally delivered to the nebulizer, through a direct connection between the gas–liquid separator and the injector tube. The limits of detection for the first method, which ranged from 0.7 to 0.3 μg l−1 for 200–1000 μl sample volumes, were 10 times lower than those for conventional nebulization. The reproducibility (relative standard deviation of 5 successive measurements) was between 2–5% for 10 μg l−1–100 μg l−1 Se in 10% HCl. The repeatability, based on five measurements per day performed on three consecutive days, was 4–6% for 10 μg l−1–100 μg l−1 Se. The overall procedure was validated by the determination of selenium in digests of spinach leaves (SRM 1570a), bovine liver (SRM 1577b) and dogfish muscles (DORM-2). The interference from copper was removed by the addition of thiourea at a confluence point in the FI manifold. In the second method, the detection limit was improved further so that for preconcentration for 2, 4 and 8 min at 8 ml min−1, the limits of detection were 6, 2 and 0.6 ng l−1, respectively. Improved tolerance to interfering ions due to the separation of the matrix was found for Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, As(V), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Sb(III), although it was found that many of the metallic interfering species were partially retained. The post-column addition of 0.10% (w/v) thiourea improved the tolerance towards Cu(II). Recoveries of selenium from a variety of water samples showed that the resulting procedure was free from interferences.
A Variational Solution of the Thermoelectric Transport Properties of Two-Component Nanocomposite Systems

The successful fabrication of a nanocomposite in bulk form consisting of a randomly oriented assembly of nanoscale sized core-shell particles has required an increased understanding of the theoretical aspects of the thermoelectric transport properties. Our particular nanocomposite consists of a nanorod core in 1D quantum confinement coated with an outer conducting polymer shell. Upon fabrication of the bulk composite, these nanorods are embedded within a three-dimensional conducting polymer matrix. We address the nanorod thermoelectric components by assuming a single parabolic band within the one-dimension density of states. Both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons or holes is accommodated by solving the variational form of the Boltzmann transport equation. An altered lattice thermal conductivity for the confined nanorods is calculated separately to account for boundary scattering that is important in low dimension structures. Exact expressions for the bulk effective electrical and thermal conductivities, Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit are then obtained through the field decoupling transformation, which is a special case of two-component composites. Our method is easily generalized to any two component composite of spherical or cylindrical microstructure and is independent of the materials bulk geometry. The results similarly apply to one, two or three dimensional transport regimes with or without quantum confinement merely by solving the appropriate fundamental transport equations for each constituent material. Comparison to experimental data is then presented which helps validate the nanocomposite theory.
Contour: A hypermedia environment for teaching about subjective contours and other visual illusions

Contour is an interactive HyperCard stack for the Apple Macintosh computer, which presents users with a wealth of information (text, graphics, sound, and animation) concerning the history, theory, and methodology used in the research of a class of visual illusions calledsubjective contour illusions. The stack is divided into six sections (Introduction, Findings, Index, References, Map, and File Creator), which allow users to access differing types of information in several ways. As users navigate through the stack, they are presented with multimedia information that they can trace through author, theory, or type of illusion. The stack allows users to make notes to themselves on the information presented, to execute a literature search of the most relevant articles in the subjective contour literature, and to save them in text file for printing in a word processing program. The study of subjective contour illusions can be viewed as a microcosm of issues in the field of visual perception.