cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait loci determining autogeny and body size in the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus).

The majority of mosquito species require a blood meal to stimulate vitellogenesis and subsequent oviposition (anautogeny), but some autogenous individuals complete their first ovarian cycle without a blood meal. Autogeny may be facultative or obligatory. In this study, we selected for an autogenous strain in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus and examined an F1 intercross population for quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining the autogeny trait as well as wing length as a proxy for body size. Using composite interval mapping, we identified four QTL for each trait and observed considerable overlap in genome positions between each QTL for autogeny (follicle size) and wing length. Most QTL were minor in magnitude, individually explaining <10% of the phenotypic variation. Alleles from the autogenous parent generally showed a dominance or overdominance effect on both phenotypes. Strong genetic and phenotypic correlations indicate that autogeny and wing length are determined by up to four clusters of tightly linked genes or the potential pleiotropic effects of single genes. Although females from the autogenous strain produced approximately fivefold more eggs following a blood meal than through autogeny, we suggest that the maintenance of alleles for autogeny in natural populations is likely due to balancing selection. Autogeny should be favored under conditions of limited host availability for blood feeding or increased defensive behavior by the host and adequate larval nutrition. Correlation between autogeny and body size may reflect an increased ability for larger females to accumulate sufficient nutrient reserves to support oogenesis without the requirement for a blood meal.
Update on a proposed mechanism for the regulation of minimum midtropospheric and surface temperatures in the Arctic and Antarctic

[1] This paper is an update from our earlier paper to include data through July 2008. In our earlier paper, which included data through 1998, a mechanism which generally limits Arctic minimum 500 mb temperatures to the −40°C to −45°C range was presented. The current paper is in agreement with those earlier findings and also shows some evidence of later autumn onset dates of the initial appearance of these temperatures, in agreement with the recent reduction of Arctic sea ice cover in the summer and fall. In the southern hemisphere, little change can be seen for the seasonal onset and end of the temperatures reaching −40°C area, while the appearance of temperatures reaching −44°C area seems to show a later onset date beginning about 1998, but this time period is too small to define a clear trend. The limiting of the minimum of these midtropospheric temperatures has important implications for minimum surface temperatures that can occur over land during the Arctic winter.
HIV-1 Antibody Reactivity in Inner-city Alcoholics

To the Editor.— Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in substance abusers is a major public health concern, with intravenous (IV) drug users in urban centers such as New York, NY, 1 and Newark, NJ, 2,3 having an estimated prevalence of HIV seropositivity of 50% to 60%. Alcohol abusers, especially in inner-city areas, represent a large secondary at-risk population owing to geographic and social proximity to the primary high-risk groups, compounded by their being less likely than nonabusers to use safe-sex practices. The prevalence of antibody to HIV type 1 in alcoholics who deny the use of other substances has not, to our knowledge, been described. We conducted an anonymous screening for HIV type 1 antibody on discarded samples from routine blood analyses of 99 patients in an inner-city alcohol treatment center. Sixty-eight percent of samples were from patients reporting alcohol use exclusively and 27% were from those with an additional
Boundary Problems for Harmonic Functions and Norm Estimates for Inverses of Singular Integrals in Two Dimensions

ABSTRACT In this paper, we establish sharp well-posedness results for tangential derivative problems for the Laplacian with data in L p , 1 < p < ∞, on curvilinear polygons. Furthermore, we produce norm estimates/formulas for inverses of singular integral operators relevant for the Dirichlet, Neumann, tangential derivative, and transmission boundary value problems associated with the Laplacian in a distinguished subclass of Lipschitz domains in two dimensions. Our approach relies on Calderon-Zygmund theory and Mellin transform techniques.
Debiasing Comparative Optimism and Increasing Worry for Health Outcomes

Comparative optimism – feeling at less personal risk for negative outcomes than one’s peers – has been linked to reduced prevention efforts. This study examined a novel debiasing technique aimed at simultaneously reducing both indirectly and directly measured comparative optimism. Before providing direct comparative estimates, participants provided absolute self and peer estimates in a joint format (same computer screen) or a separate format (different computer screens). Relative to the separate format condition, participants in the joint format condition showed (1) lower comparative optimism in absolute/indirect measures, (2) lower direct comparative optimism, and (3) heightened worry. Implications for risk perception screening are discussed.
Building tolerance for bears: A communications experiment

The present study examined the feasibility of experimentally manipulating perceptions of benefit and control via communications to increase public acceptance of bears. We assigned subjects to either a pseudo-control (basic bear biology message) or 1 of 3 treatments adding a benefits message, a perceived control message, or combining messages about both benefits and perceived control. Within-subjects pre–post t-tests showed a significant increase in acceptance among those in the benefits and combined treatments. A between-subjects 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference between the perceived control and combined treatments (where the perceived control message actually decreased acceptance). Our results highlight the importance of including information about benefits stemming from the presence of black bears, as adding this information tended to increase stakeholder acceptance of black bear populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Evaluating re-identification risks with respect to the HIPAA privacy rule

Objective Many healthcare organizations follow data protection policies that specify which patient identifiers must be suppressed to share “de-identified” records. Such policies, however, are often applied without knowledge of the risk of “re-identification”. The goals of this work are: (1) to estimate re-identification risk for data sharing policies of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule; and (2) to evaluate the risk of a specific re-identification attack using voter registration lists. Measurements We define several risk metrics: (1) expected number of re-identifications; (2) estimated proportion of a population in a group of size g or less, and (3) monetary cost per re-identification. For each US state, we estimate the risk posed to hypothetical datasets, protected by the HIPAA Safe Harbor and Limited Dataset policies by an attacker with full knowledge of patient identifiers and with limited knowledge in the form of voter registries. Results The percentage of a state's population estimated to be vulnerable to unique re-identification (ie, g =1) when protected via Safe Harbor and Limited Datasets ranges from 0.01% to 0.25% and 10% to 60%, respectively. In the voter attack, this number drops for many states, and for some states is 0%, due to the variable availability of voter registries in the real world. We also find that re-identification cost ranges from $0 to $17 000, further confirming risk variability. Conclusions This work illustrates that blanket protection policies, such as Safe Harbor, leave different organizations vulnerable to re-identification at different rates. It provides justification for locally performed re-identification risk estimates prior to sharing data.
Fine roots are the dominant source of recalcitrant plant litter in sugar maple-dominated northern hardwood forests

Summary � Most studies of forest litter dynamics examine the biochemical characteristics and decomposition of leaf litter, but fine roots are also a large source of litter in forests. � We quantified the concentrations of eight biochemical fractions and nitrogen (N) in leaf litter and fine roots at four sugar maple (Acer saccharum)-dominated hardwood forests in the north-central United States. We combined these results with litter production data to estimate ecosystem biochemical fluxes to soil. We also compared how leaf litter and fine root biochemistry responded to long-term simulated N deposition. � Compared with leaf litter, fine roots contained 2.9-fold higher acid-insoluble fraction (AIF) and 2.3-fold more condensed tannins; both are relatively difficult to decompose. Comparatively, leaf litter had greater quantities of more labile components: nonstructural carbohydrates, cellulose and soluble phenolics. At an ecosystem scale, fine roots contributed over two-thirds of the fluxes of AIF and condensed tannins to soil. Fine root biochemistry was also less responsive than leaf litter to long-term simulated N deposition. � Fine roots were the dominant source of difficult-to-decompose plant carbon fractions entering the soil at our four study sites. Based on our synthesis of the literature, this pattern appears to be widespread in boreal and temperate forests.
Detoxification on a Short-Term Basis: Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome

This study investigates factors affecting treatment outcome in an ambulatory methadone detoxification clinic. A random sample of 198 patients was selected for study. Three outcome categories are defined: completion of detoxification, transfer to a long-term drug treatment program, and failure either to complete detoxification or to transfer. These are examined against an array of “social” and “drug” variables derived from intake interview information. It is found that completion of detoxification is related to being employed, living with one's immediate family, and using opiates but not cocaine. A conventionality index based on two social variables is constructed, against which outcome is examined. Completion of detoxification is found to vary directly with conventionality, while transfer to another program varies inversely with it. It is further found that conventionality has a stronger influence than drug use pattern on outcome.
An image-based method to measure all-terrain vehicle dimensions for engineering safety purposes

Background All-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes are a serious public health and safety concern. Engineering approaches that address ATV injury prevention are critically needed. Avenues to pursue include evidence-based seat design that decreases risky behaviours, such as carrying passengers and operation of adult-size vehicles by children. Objectives The goal of this study was to create and validate an image-based method to measure ATV seat length and placement. Methods Publicly available ATV images were downloaded. Adobe Photoshop was then used to generate a vertical grid through the centre of the vehicle, to define the grid scale using the manufacturer9s reported wheelbase, and to determine seat length and placement relative to the front and rear axles using this scale. Images that yielded a difference greater than 5% between the calculated and the manufacturer9s reported ATV lengths were excluded from further analysis. Results For the 77 images that met inclusion criteria, the mean±SD for the difference in calculated versus reported vehicle length was 1.8%±1.2%. The Pearson correlation coefficient for comparing image-based seat lengths determined by two independent measurers (20 models) and image-based lengths versus lengths measured at dealerships (12 models) were 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. Conclusions The image-based method provides accurate and reproducible results for determining ATV measurements, including seat length and placement. This method greatly expands the number of ATV models that can be studied, and may be generalisable to other motor vehicle types. These measurements can be used to guide engineering approaches that improve ATV safety design.
A 3D Cell Traction Force Measurement Technique Based on Collagen Fiber Tracking

Mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix play an important role in determining essential cell behaviors such as cell migration, proliferation, wound healing and metastasis. While creative techniques have been recently devised and successfully implemented to measure the forces a cell can generate on a two-dimensional substrate, three-dimensional measurements have yet to be validated. Because many cells, in their physiological environment, live in a 3D matrix rather than on a 2D surface, a true understanding of cell-matrix interactions requires robust 3D force measurements.We describe a new experimental technique and image analysis tools to measure forces generated by cells in a 3D reconstituted collagen matrix. This technique is based on confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled collagen fiber networks around the cell (see figure: cell in middle, collagen around, width 100 microns), before and after the addition of cytochalasin. Deformations caused by cell relaxation - measured by tracking fiber network crosslinks - can then be translated into strain energy and forces by using a simple elastic beam model for each collagen fiber segment. Preliminary results on the strain energy thus measured show close agreement with previous bead-based strain measurements.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Epidemiology and prevention of unintended pregnancy in adolescents.

Despite recent declines, the United States continues to have higher rates of adolescent pregnancy, birth, and abortion than other industrialized countries. Over a million pregnancies occur each year in adolescents in the United States. Many factors contribute to the sexual risk behaviors among adolescents. These include characteristics of the adolescents themselves, including age at sexual initiation, and contraceptive use; and influence of peers, partners, families, and the community. Effective interventions to encourage responsible sexual behaviors among adolescents need to provide clear and consistent information and advice on safe and responsible sexual behavior, and to promote life skill-building among adolescents.
The Impact of Socialization on Youth Program Outcomes: A Social Development Model Perspective

This study employs a mixed-methods design and a social development model (SDM) to examine the role of socialization processes within an international immersion program for adolescents. Longitudinal data from 108 participant and 49 comparison group members are analyzed using structural equation modeling procedures. Qualitative data are also used to assess participants’ perceptions of these processes. The quantitative findings indicate that the SDM fits the data well and partially mediates the growth of observed recreation program outcomes. The qualitative findings offer additional insights into the role of within program socialization processes.
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Ausblick

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde aufgezeigt, das fur den Bereich der offentlichen Abfallentsorgung tendenziell alle gangigen Erscheinungsformen von Marktversagen und deren Folgeprobleme vorliegen, namlich: (1) Negative externe Effekte im Rahmen des Entsorgungsprozesses, vor allem auf der Wertschopfungsstufe “unbehandelte Ablagerung”; (2) Erschopfbare Ressourcen in Form beschrankter Deponiekapazitaten und -standortbedingungen; (3) Gefahr von Marktmacht aufgrund der Bedingungen eines naturlichen Monopols, gekennzeichnet durch Unteilbarkeiten und steigende Skalenertrage; (4) Kollektivgutcharakter der Abfallentsorgung in allen Wertschopfungsbereichen mit Ausnahme der basalen Logistik; (5) Problem einer adaquaten staatlichen Preisregulierung, basierend auf einer entsprechenden Kostenermittlung und -zurechnung.
Soil Indentation by Translating Flanged Plate

Under the idealization that soil is a weightless, isotropic, frictional material with cohesion, the two-dimensional problem of quasistatic soil indentation by a translating grouser plate is solved. This problem can be stated in two distinct ways: (1) given the plate translation direction, determine the magnitude and direction of the plate collapse load and (2) given the collapse load direction, determine the collapse load magnitude and the plate translation direction. The results are presented in graphical form. Only the class of problems with the collapse load inclined downwardly and the plate translation direction inclined forwardly is considered.
Symbolism in Anthropology

The use and understanding of symbolism in anthropology involves a kind of double jeopardy consequent upon the fact that one is obliged to make use of the very thing one is studying. This poses two alternatives for the definition of symbolism. Either the paradox is appropriated as a function of the effort made to know or apply it, or it is detached from that effort in the acknowledgement that the symbol ‘stands for’ that which it is not. The first alternative results in the kind of self-compromising subjectivism familiar in hermeneutics, discourse analysis, sign theory, and the so-called ‘postmodern’ approaches. The second alternative makes the symbol a function of its own denial, an objective correlate that is pragmatic to its usage, as in the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Nanomaterial-Enabled Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing: A Review

Long-term, continuous, and unsupervised tracking of physiological data is becoming increasingly attractive for health/wellness monitoring and ailment treatment. Nanomaterials have recently attracted extensive attention as building blocks for flexible/stretchable conductors and are thus promising candidates for electrophysiological electrodes. Here we provide a review on nanomaterial-enabled dry electrodes for electrophysiological sensing, focusing on electrocardiography (ECG). The dry electrodes can be classified into contact surface electrodes, contact-penetrating electrodes, and noncontact capacitive electrodes. Different types of electrodes including their corresponding equivalent electrode–skin interface models and the sources of the noise are first introduced, followed by a review on recent developments of dry ECG electrodes based on various nanomaterials, including metallic nanowires, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Their fabrication processes and performances in terms of electrode–skin impedance, signal-to-noise ratio, resistance to motion artifacts, skin compatibility, and long-term stability are discussed.
The lifetime of nitrogen oxides in an isoprene-dominated forest

Abstract. The lifetime of nitrogen oxides (NOx) affects the concentration and distribution of NOx and the spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition. Despite its importance, the lifetime of NOx is poorly constrained in rural and remote continental regions. We use measurements from a site in central Alabama during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in summer 2013 to provide new insights into the chemistry of NOx and NOx reservoirs. We find that the lifetime of NOx during the daytime is controlled primarily by the production and loss of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates (ΣANs). During SOAS, ΣAN production was rapid, averaging 90 ppt h−1 during the day, and occurred predominantly during isoprene oxidation. Analysis of the ΣAN and HNO3 budgets indicate that ΣANs have an average lifetime of under 2 h, and that approximately 45 % of the ΣANs produced at this site are rapidly hydrolyzed to produce nitric acid. We find that ΣAN hydrolysis is the largest source of HNO3 and the primary pathway to permanent removal of NOx from the boundary layer in this location. Using these new constraints on the fate of ΣANs, we find that the NOx lifetime is 11 ± 5 h under typical midday conditions. The lifetime is extended by storage of NOx in temporary reservoirs, including acyl peroxy nitrates and ΣANs.
Application of ultraviolet spectrophotometry for detection in health food

Objective To establish the simple and accurate method for the determination of the total content of flavonoids,saponins and anthraquinones in health food. Methods The samples were extracted with ethanol,and purified by polyamide,the content of total flavonoids were performed by UV spectrophotometry. The method of Vanillin-Perchloric acid spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total saponins. The sample was extracted with methanol,acid disintegrated,and the content of total anthraquinones were performed by spectrophotometry. Results The average contents of total flavonoids,saponins and anthraquinones in samples were 0. 634-0. 932 g /100 g,0. 969-1. 18 g /100 g and 0. 164-0. 255 g /100 g,respectively. The recovery rate was 96. 2%-98. 7% and RSD was less than 10%. Conclusion The ultraviolet spectrophotometry method is simple and reproducible,and it could be applied to determine the content of total flavonoids,saponins and anthraquinones in different health food.
Church–state relations and the decline of Catholic parties in Latin America

AbstractThe decline of Catholic parties across Latin America appears as an interesting exception to the global political resurgence of religion. Catholic parties, once important players in the region’s politics, have become less distinctive or failed altogether. While many explanations focus on social secularization or the instability of regional politics, this article emphasizes the role of shifting relationship between the Catholic Church and Latin American states. Specifically, it argues that the emergence of flexible accoresearchers continue to catalog the myriad ways in whichmmodation, an arrangement whereby religious politics is managed by individual bishops, politicians and officials, has undermined the functionality and appeal of programmatic religious parties for elites and voters alike. As a result, Catholic religious politics remains vibrant, but is increasingly channeled outside the electoral arena.
Visuals, and Visions: Foreman, Breuer

This chapter hazards the most problematic aspect of contemporary divergent dramaturgy, which woos the eye as much as the ear. Certain Americans have forged influential visual modes in theatre: Peter Schuman of the Bread and Puppet Theatre; Robert Wilson, originally of the Byrd Hoffman Foundation; Richard Schechner of the Performance Group; Richard Foreman of the Ontological Hysteric Theatre; Lee Breuer and JoAnne Akalaitis of the Mabou Mines; and Liz Lecompte of the Wooster Group. All have published scripts, but the text is only one element of these contemporary avatars of Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk — arts blended in performance. In traditional terminology they resemble directors rather than dramatists. The critic Bonnie Marranca grouped Breuer, Foreman and Wilson as Theatre of Images, but Foreman and Breuer speak of themselves as playwrights, and both have published collections of their texts, which are beginning to be performed outside their particular theatres, with other casts. Although Breuer and Foreman are steeped in the visual arts, their plays abound in words.
Reovirus- und andere Virusinfektionen des Menschen

Die Reoviren sind eine Gruppe respiratorischer und enteraler „orphan-Viren“, die fruher als Echovirus Typ 10 klassifiziert worden waren.
The Process Strategy in Rework Production

Rework is defined as the transformation of production rejects into re-usable products of the same or lower quality. Rework can be very profitable, especially if disposal costs are high and if materials are expensive and limited in availability. This paper deals with the reworking in a production line that is dedicated to a single product and that uses the same facilities for production and rework. Produced lots may be non-defective, reworkable defective or non-reworkable defective. Reworkable defective lots deteriorate over time, which effects the rework time and the rework cost. We consider a disposal strategy and two types of rework strategies. We derive expressions for the average profit per time unit, including costs for production, rework, disposal, procurement of input materials, and storage of reworkable defective lots. Using those expressions, the strategies can be compared numerically.
Web App Security: A Comparison and Categorization of Testing Frameworks

Web app developers often face challenges in using the many available security-testing frameworks, owing to those frameworks' inherent complexity and the lack of proper documentation. No up-to-date criteria exist that can help practitioners and organizations select an appropriate framework. Consequently, numerous vulnerabilities go undetected in the final product, creating a potential for major attacks. To help practitioners select the right framework, researchers classified 26 frameworks, using 27 criteria.
Review: J. B. Fischer von Erlach: Architecture as Theater in the Baroque Era by Esther Gordon Dotson, with photographs by Mark Richard Ashton

Esther Gordon Dotson, with photographs by Mark Richard Ashton J. B. Fischer von Erlach: Architecture as Theater in the Baroque Era New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2012, 170 pp., 110 color and 108 b/w illus. $75, ISBN 9780300166682 Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, the imperial court architect in Vienna around 1700, is perhaps the most-studied early modern architect in northern Europe after Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, but, as the late Esther Gordon Dotson noted in the introduction to this book, his work is still relatively unfamiliar outside of the German-speaking world. Anglophone scholars have encountered it primarily through Hans Aurenhammer’s 1973 monograph and a few scattered articles on various more focused issues.1 For German readers, the essential book is Hans Sedlmayr’s monograph. This began as his 1925 dissertation, which he revised and expanded twice, in 1956 and 1976.2 In its final form, this book discusses the architect’s life and work more fully than any other. Nonetheless, Sedlmayr wrote that there was still much to do, and Dotson takes on some of those challenges. Much of the existing literature is concerned with iconographic aspects of Fischer’s work, and especially the ways in which it is suited to a pervasive imperial program associated with the Habsburg court. In the introduction, Dotson explains her fundamentally different goals. The book is not intended to locate Fischer in a chronology of European architectural history or to resolve historical or interpretive problems with the buildings. Nor, it could be added, is it particularly concerned with the broader artistic or architectural world in Vienna around 1700. Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt, one of Fischer’s main rivals, is hardly mentioned here, and another, Domenico Martinelli, is completely absent. Rather, Dotson is concerned with how Fischer approached his work as an architect in the most basic sense, as someone concerned with creating effective spatial relationships. To make her case, she is heavily dependent on the photographs by Mark Richard Ashton, which are “at least as essential as the text” (3). Dotson’s book is structured in …
Intestinal Inflammation Does Not Predict Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of hepatic steatosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and intestinal inflammation are implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with IBD and NAFLD seen in our health system from January 1997 to December 2011 to examine associations between IBD severity and phenotype; MetS; and NAFLD fibrosis as estimated by the NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS). A total of 84 patients were included in our analysis (24 UC, 60 CD). 23% of patients had MetS. IBD patients with MetS were significantly older at the time of IBD diagnosis (44 vs. 33, p = 0.005) and NAFLD diagnosis (55 vs. 47, p = 0.018). IBD patients with MetS had higher ALT (54 vs. 38 U/L, p = 0.02) and AST (52 vs. 35 U/L, p = 0.004). Comparing MetS patients to non-MetS IBD patients, there was no significant difference between IBD medication use (i.e., steroids, anti-TNFs, and immunomodulators) or NAFLD medication use, other than statins. Both UC and CD patients with concomitant MetS had significantly higher NFS scores than non-MetS patients: UC (−0.4 vs. −2.5, p = 0.02) and CD (−0.8 vs. −2.3, p = 0.03). IBD disease severity, disease location, or IBD medication use was associated with NAFLD severity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that NAFLD severity in both UC and CD IBD patients is associated with the presence of MetS but not with the severity of IBD.
A Rule against Perpetuities for the Twenty-First Century

The common law rule against perpetuities maintained alienation of property by voiding interests in property that did not vest within a life in being at the creation of the interest plus twenty-one years. The rule was applied strictly, often producing harsh results. The courts used a what-might-happen test to strike down nonvested interests that might not have vested in a timely manner. During the last half-century, many legislatures have softened the application of the rule against perpetuities by enacting wait-and-see provisions, which require courts to decide cases based on the facts as they actually developed, and reformation, which allowed some nonvested interests to be reformed to save them from invalidity. This paper describes the common law rule. Then it traces the modern developments, including promulgation of the widely adopted Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities, which includes an alternate 90 year fixed wait-and-see period to be applied in place of the common law's lives in being plus twenty-one years. The paper continues by exploring the policies which underlie the rule against perpetuities. Then, after finding that there is no significant movement to repeal the rule except for trusts, it is established that proposals for that federal law, including federal transfer taxes, cannot and should not be used to implement the policies served by the rule itself. There is a continuing need for state rules against perpetuities. The paper proposes that the rule be modified to make it more understandable and easier to apply. The proposed rule would replace lives in being plus twenty-one years with a fixed term of years. This would eliminate most of the difficulties encountered in application of the rule. Wait-and-see and reformation are part of the proposed rule. The proposed rule provides for determination of valid interests at the end of the fixed term of year Rule and contains a definition of "vested" to enable judges and attorneys to apply the rule in cases which will arise many years in the future.
METABOLISM OF THE STEROID HORMONES: THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE IN THE MALE CHIMPANZEE1

IN A PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION (Fish, Young and Dorfman, 1941), it was reported that the urinary concentrations of androgenic substances excreted by male chimpanzees were only about 10 per cent as high as that reported for men (Gallagher, Peterson, Dorfman, Kenyon and Koch, 1937). This difference is of interest, especially in view of the close phylogenetic relation of the chimpanzee to man. This study is concerned with the metabolism of testosterone in male chimpanzees compared to that already described for men. Further, if the metabolism of testosterone in the chimpanzee could be shown to be qualitatively similar to that in man a valuable test animal could be made available for further metabolism studies. Callow (1939) and Dorfman, Cook and Hamilton (1939) have shown that the principal urinary metabolites of testosterone in men are androsterone and etiocholanol-3 (α)-one-17. The conversion of testosterone to androsterone has also been demonstrated in the pregnant monkey (Horwitt, Dorfman and van Wagenen (1944).
Prosecutors and Literary or Media Deals; Conflicts of Interest Hiding in Plain Sight32 Crim. Just. 41 (Fall 2017)

Legal ethics disciplinary authorities and courts continue to admonish prosecutors for entering into literary or media deals related to pending cases. Why do some prosecutors fail to recognize these types of conflicts of interest? We analyze the applicable ethics rules and the reasons for rules. We explore why a prosecutor may not recognize such a conflict of interest. We also discuss how courts and ethics authorities address allegations of a prosecutor's conflict of interest for entering into a literary or media deal on a pending case. We conclude with some recommendations aimed at providing more guidance on the issue of entering into literary or media deals while representing a client.
Update on the Treatment of Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is associated with poor long-term outcomes compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Currently, chemotherapy remains the main modality of treatment for early-stage TNBC, as there is no approved targeted therapy for this subtype. The biologic heterogeneity of TNBC has hindered the development and evaluation of novel agents, but recent advancements in subclassifying TNBC have paved the way for further investigation of more effective systemic therapies, including cytotoxic and targeted agents. TNBC is enriched for germline BRCA mutation and for somatic deficiencies in homologous recombination DNA repair, the so-called “BRCAness” phenotype. Together, germline BRCA mutations and BRCAness are promising biomarkers of susceptibility to DNA-damaging therapy. Various investigational approaches are consequently being investigated in early-stage TNBC, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, platinum compounds, PI3K pathway inhibitors, and androgen receptor inhibitors. Due to the biological diversity found within TNBC, patient selection based on molecular biomarkers could aid the design of early-phase clinical trials, ultimately accelerating the clinical application of effective new agents. TNBC is an aggressive breast cancer subtype, for which multiple targeted approaches will likely be required for patient outcomes to be substantially improved.
Fluorouracil and Leucovorin in Advanced Breast Cancer

It is clear from the studies summarized above that the combination of leucovorin and 5-FU can salvage 15–20% of heavily-pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer. In previously-untreated patients, the combination generates objective responses in over one third of women with a very modest and acceptable toxicity profile. It is also clear that the addition of mitoxantrone or cisplatin to 5-FU and leucovorin produces very effective regimens, that, at least in the case of the platinum combination, may be quite active in patients who have failed therapy with an anthracycline. All of these recently-completed trials, suggest that studies currently in progress aimed at improving the biochemical modulation of the fluoropyrimidines have real promise for enhancing the therapy of patients with advanced breast cancer further.
Modular forms and the Shimura-Taniyama Conjecture

The concept of modular form are based on very natural considerations. In this chapter we recount some rudiments of the theory of modular forms without assuming any previous knowledge of the subject on the reader’s part. The number theoretic interest of the subject becomes apparent when we describe the Hecke operators on the spaces of modular forms and the L-functions attached to eigenforms. The connection between elliptic curves and modular forms of weight 2 is briefly described towards the end in order to state the celebrated Shimura-Taniyama Conjecture, which is now a theorem of A. Wiles, et al. See [Wi95] and related articles.
Early versus late surgery for intractable seizures.

It has been estimated that there are approximately 100,000 patients with medically refractory epilepsy in the United States. These patients are potential candidates for surgical treatment, with an additional 5,000 to 10,000 added to this pool each year. The data, however, indicate that only 1,500 surgical procedures for epilepsy were performed in 1991.9
The Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption-Desorption by Metals

The rate at which hydrogen can be absorbed and desorbed by a particular metal or alloy is an important factor for hydrogen storage. It can be decisive in the question of whether it is a useful material. Many properties influence the kinetics including; the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen; the sample size or surface-tovolume ratio; the occurrence of phase transitions; the heat of solution, and related to that, the rate at which this heat can be extracted or provided during the absorption and desorption cycles respectively. Some of these factors have been dealt with in more or less detail in the past. One factor which has, received relatively little attention is the intrinsic rate of hydrogen transfer through the solid-gas interface; the surface. In the present paper I shall review some experimental studies and a theoretical model for the potential energies involved with the hydriding-dehydriding process. I shall first discuss the theoretical model in detail, then, in reviewing the experimental results, show how it applies to the model substances Nb and Ta and how two major predictions of the model are fulfilled. One of the predictions deals with the surface modifications which can enhance the hydrogen uptake rate and a second one with the temperature, coverage and pressure dependence of the sticking coefficient. Nb and Ta were chosen as model substances because most of their bulk metal-hydrogen properties such as the phase diagram, the diffusion coefficient, the solubility, the resistivity as a function of hydrogen concentration etc., have been examined in detail and are well known. Another reason is that these materials can be cleaned easily in UHV.
Honey Bee Exposure to Pesticides: A Four-Year Nationwide Study

Pollinators, including honey bees, are responsible for the successful reproduction of more than 87% of flowering plant species: they are thus vital to ecosystem health and agricultural services world-wide. To investigate honey bee exposure to pesticides, 168 pollen samples and 142 wax comb samples were collected from colonies within six stationary apiaries in six U.S. states. These samples were analyzed for evidence of pesticides. Samples were taken bi-weekly when each colony was active. Each apiary included thirty colonies, of which five randomly chosen colonies in each apiary were sampled for pollen. The pollen samples were separately pooled by apiary. There were a total of 714 detections in the collected pollen and 1008 detections in collected wax. A total of 91 different compounds were detected: of these, 79 different pesticides and metabolites were observed in the pollen and 56 were observed in the wax. In all years, insecticides were detected more frequently than were fungicides or herbicides: one third of the detected pesticides were found only in pollen. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) number of detections per pooled pollen sample varied by location from 1.1 (1.1) to 8.7 (2.1). Ten different modes of action were found across all four years and nine additional modes of action occurred in only one year. If synergy in toxicological response is a function of simultaneous occurrence of multiple distinct modes of action, then a high frequency of potential synergies was found in pollen and wax-comb samples. Because only pooled pollen samples were obtained from each apiary, and these from only five colonies per apiary per year, more data are needed to adequately evaluate the differences in pesticide exposure risk to honey bees among colonies in the same apiary and by year and location.
Is There a Role for HIDA Scan in the Emergency Setting

The hydroxy iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, also known as cholescintigraphy or hepatobiliary scintigraphy, is a nuclear study that outperforms ultrasound for the diagnosis of cholecystitis. However, it exposes patients to radiation, is more expensive, and takes significantly more time. Thus, HIDA has a very limited role in the emergent evaluation of biliary disease.
Identification of Developmental Delay in Infants Using Wearable Sensors: Full-Day Leg Movement Statistical Feature Analysis

This paper examines how features extracted from full-day data recorded by wearable sensors are able to differentiate between infants with typical development and those with or at risk for developmental delays. Wearable sensors were used to collect full-day (8–13 h) leg movement data from infants with typical development ( $n=12$ ) and infants at risk for developmental delay ( $n = 24$ ). At 24 months, at-risk infants were assessed as having good ( $n = 10$ ) or poor ( $n = 9$ ) developmental outcomes. With this limited size dataset, our statistical analysis indicated that accelerometer features collected earlier in infancy differentiated between at-risk infants with poor and good outcomes at 24 months, as well as infants with typical development. This paper also tested how these features performed on a subset of the data for which the infant movement was known, i.e., 5-min intervals more representative of clinical observations. Our results on this limited dataset indicated that features for full-day data showed more group differences than similar features for the 5-min intervals, supporting the usefulness of full-day movement monitoring.
Least squares solvers for distributed-memory machines with GPU accelerators

This work presents an implementation of a linear least squares solver for distributed-memory machines with GPU accelerators, developed as part of the Software for Linear Algebra Targeting Exascale (SLATE) package. From the algorithmic standpoint, the work leverages recent advances in dense linear algebra, specifically the communication-avoiding QR factorization. From the implementation standpoint, the work represents a sharp departure from the traditional conventions established by legacy packages, such as LAPACK and ScaLAPACK. It is based on representing the matrix as a collection of individual tiles, and using batch operations for offloading work to accelerators. The article lays out the principles of the new approach, discusses the implementation details and presents the performance results.
The quiet remaking of computer power supplies: A half century ago, better transistors and switching regulators revolutionized the design of computer power supplies

As a tech enthusiast, you probably know what microprocessor is in your computer and how much physical memory it has, but odds are you know nothing about the power supply. Don't feel bad — even for manufacturers, designing the power supply is an afterthought.
Defining ‘Integration’ for Total Worker Health®: A New Proposal

The effects of work and the conditions of employment on health behaviors and intermediate health conditions have been demonstrated, to the extent that these relationships should be addressed in efforts to prevent chronic disease. However, conventional health promotion practice generally focuses on personal risk factors and individual behavior change. In an effort to find solutions to the myriad of health challenges faced by the American workforce, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) established the Total Worker Health® (TWH) program. Originally organized around the paradigm of integrating traditional occupational safety and health protections with workplace health promotion, TWH has evolved to a broader emphasis on workplace programs for enhancing worker safety, health, and well-being. Among the research programs and approaches developed by investigators at NIOSH Centers of Excellence for TWH and elsewhere, definitions of 'integration' in workplace interventions vary widely. There is no consensus about which organizational or individual outcomes are the most salient, how much to emphasize organizational contexts of work, or which program elements are necessary in order to qualify as 'Total Worker Health'. Agreement about the dimensions of integration would facilitate comparison of programs and interventions which are self-defined as TWH, although diverse in content. The specific criteria needed to define integration should be unique to that concept-i.e. distinct from and additive to conventional criteria for predicting or evaluating the success of a workplace health program. We propose a set of four TWH-specific metrics for integrated interventions that address both program content and process: (i) coordination and interaction of workplace programs across domains; (ii) assessment of both work and non-work exposures; (iii) emphasis on interventions to make the workplace more health-promoting; and (iv) participatory engagement of workers in pivotal ways during intervention prioritization and planning to develop self-efficacy in addressing root causes, skill transfer, building program ownership, empowerment, and continuous improvement. Thus we find that integration requires organizational change, both to engage two managerial functions with different goals, legal responsibilities, and (often) internal incentives & resources, and also to orient the organization toward salutogenesis. Examples from research activity within the Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace illustrate how these criteria have been applied in practice.
Chapter III : 1 – PRESSURE-SHEAR IMPACT AND THE DYNAMIC PLASTIC RESPONSE OF METALS

Pressure-shear impact experiments have been used to study the plastic response of metals at strain rates of 105s−1. Large increases in the flow stresses in aluminum and copper are viewed as indicative of a transition in the rate controlling mechanism of plastic flow at strain rates greater than, say, 104s−1. A Taylor model of rate dependent plastic flow is used to examine the transition in the plastic response of polycrystals due to the rate controlling mechanism for dislocation motion changing from thermal activation past obstacles to viscous glide through the clear lattice. Pressure sensitivity of the flow stress is examined experimentally and theoretically. Initial results are reported for 4340 steel specimens sheared at strain rates of 105s −1.
Telemedicine for Trauma and Emergency Care Management

Technology has advanced incredibly in recent years, which has made it possible to apply telemedicine in the remote management of trauma and emergency care. Yet, it is unclear why the initial enthusiasm for telemedicine has not continued as was expected. Today, access to trauma specialists and other highly trained caregivers during an emergency is possible from anywhere in the world, anytime, under any conditions, day or night. We, the trauma and critical care surgeons or emergency care physicians, do not have to be in the same room, the same town, the same village, the same country, or even on the same continent to help save a life. As long as there is one person in the field or in the ambulance, helicopter, emergency room, or operating theater, telemedicine is possible. The astonishing technological developments, as well as the far-reaching vision and dreams of medical and technical leaders, seemed out of reach just a few years ago. Medical and administrative communities of healthcare systems around the world need to become familiar with telemedicine. This chapter will review emergencies for stroke and other medical emergencies, such as myocardial infarction.
Exceptional points at the subwavelength scale

We present our latest work and investigation of exceptional point in plasmonic nanostructures. We show that the non-Hermitian singularity can be effectively deployed in small scale sensors and pave the path for engineering metamaterials with novel properties.