cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connected cruise control: modelling, delay effects, and nonlinear behaviour

ABSTRACTConnected vehicle systems (CVS) are considered in this paper where vehicles exchange information using wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The concept of connected cruise control (CCC) is established that allows control design at the level of individual vehicles while exploiting V2V connectivity. Due to its high level of modularity the proposed design can be applied to large heterogeneous traffic systems. The dynamics of a simple CVS is analysed in detail while taking into account nonlinearities in the vehicle dynamics as well as in the controller. Time delays that arise due to intermittencies and packet drops in the communication channels are also incorporated. The results are summarised using stability charts which allow one to select control gains to maintain stability and ensure disturbance attenuation when the delay is below a critical value.
Novel regenerable antimicrobial nanocomposite membranes: Effect of silver loading and valence state

Abstract Silver as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent has been widely studied as anti-biofouling coatings in membrane surface modifications. Incorporation of Ag in nano-zeolite grafted on the membrane surface was recently demonstrated to provide sustainable and regenerable antimicrobial activity. In this study, we examined two new methods of forming the Ag-zeolite based antimicrobial coating using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polydopamine (PDA), respectively. Both methods achieved a wide range of Ag loading. Silver release and bacterial exposure experiments showed that increasing Ag-zeolite loading accelerated Ag release, which led to stronger antimicrobial activity, but did not significantly extend the antimicrobial lifetime of the membrane. Reduction of Ag + to Ag(0), however, effectively stabilized Ag, reduced Ag release rate, and significantly prolonged the antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial growth on the membrane surface. All coatings strongly inhibited cell attachment and growth on the membrane surface despite the bacterial growth in the suspension, demonstrating the benefit of surface coating versus disinfection pretreatment of feed water. These results show the potential of polymer/Ag-zeolite nanocomposite coatings as versatile approach towards long lasting and regenerable anti-biofouling activity in membrane systems. They also highlight the importance of implementing slow-release mechanism in high Ag-zeolite loading samples for efficient utilization of loaded Ag.
Light regulation of pigment and photosystem biosynthesis in cyanobacteria

Most cyanobacteria are obligate oxygenic photoautotrophs, and thus their growth and survival is highly dependent on effective utilization of incident light. Cyanobacteria have evolved a diverse set of phytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) that allow cells to respond to light in the range from ∼300nm to ∼750nm. Together with associated response regulators, these photosensory proteins control many aspects of cyanobacterial physiology and metabolism. These include far-red light photoacclimation (FaRLiP), complementary chromatic acclimation (CCA), low-light photoacclimation (LoLiP), photosystem content and stoichiometry (long-term adaptation), short-term acclimation (state transitions), circadian rhythm, phototaxis, photomorphogenesis/development, and cellular aggregation. This minireview highlights some discoveries concerning phytochromes and CBCRs as well as two acclimation processes that improve light harvesting and energy conversion under specific irradiance conditions: FaRLiP and CCA.
Aubergine Controls Germline Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Progeny Differentiation via Distinct Mechanisms

Piwi family protein Aubergine (Aub) maintains genome integrity in late germ cells of the Drosophila ovary through Piwi-associated RNA-mediated repression of transposon activities. Although it is highly expressed in germline stem cells (GSCs) and early progeny, it remains unclear whether it plays any roles in early GSC lineage development. Here we report that Aub promotes GSC self-renewal and GSC progeny differentiation. RNA-iCLIP results show that Aub binds the mRNAs encoding self-renewal and differentiation factors in cultured GSCs. Aub controls GSC self-renewal by preventing DNA-damage-induced Chk2 activation and by translationally controlling the expression of self-renewal factors. It promotes GSC progeny differentiation by translationally controlling the expression of differentiation factors, including Bam. Therefore, this study reveals a function of Aub in GSCs and their progeny, which promotes translation of self-renewal and differentiation factors by directly binding to its target mRNAs and interacting with translational initiation factors.
Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) can be divided into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses. The low pathogenic CoVs infect the upper respiratory tract and cause mild, cold-like respiratory illness. In contrast, highly pathogenic hCoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) predominantly infect lower airways and cause fatal pneumonia. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic hCoVs is often associated with rapid virus replication, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses resulting in acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recent studies in experimentally infected animal strongly suggest a crucial role for virus-induced immunopathological events in causing fatal pneumonia after hCoV infections. Here we review the current understanding of how a dysregulated immune response may cause lung immunopathology leading to deleterious clinical manifestations after pathogenic hCoV infections.
Emerging Technology as a Key Enabler for Modernizing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

A high-quality drug is generally considered one that is free of contamination and that reliably delivers to the patient the therapeutic benefit as promised on the product label. When patients go to a local pharmacy, they do not inspect individual pills or vials to select the highest quality
Regarding “Oncology Drug Approvals: Evaluating Endpoints and Evidence in an Era of Breakthrough Therapies”

This editorial reflects on improvements in the cancer drug approval process of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Use of a self-rating scale of the nature and severity of symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PRO-PD): Correlation with quality of life and existing scales of disease severity.

A self-rating scale was developed to permit patient-reported, remote assessment of Parkinson’s disease symptom severity. The goal was to create a continuous outcome measure that does not require a clinical exam, does not fluctuate in response to dopaminergic medications, takes only a few minutes to complete, allows for stratification by symptom(s), and captures both motor and non-motor Parkinson’s disease symptoms, major contributors to quality of life. The Patient Reported Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease (PRO-PD) is the cumulative score of 32 slider bars, each evaluating a common Parkinson’s disease symptom. The PRO-PD has been used as an outcome measure in three studies. The baseline data from each of these studies were pooled for this analysis. Symptom frequency and severity are described, as well as correlation coefficients with existing measures of Parkinson's disease severity. Data on 1031 participants with Parkinson's disease were available for analysis. Fatigue, impaired handwriting, daytime sleepiness, slowness, tremor, muscle cramps, and forgetfulness were the most frequently reported symptoms. Persons with a relatively long duration of Parkinson's disease tended to report more, and more severe, symptoms. The PRO-PD was most highly correlated with the Parkinson’s Disease Questionaire-39 (r = 0.763, P < 0.000) and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Global quality of life (r = −0.7293, P < 0.000), other patient-reported quality of life measures. The PRO-PDnon-motor subset was highly correlated with the Non-Motor Symptom Score (r = 0.7533, P < 0.000). There was a moderate correlation seen with Hoehn & Yahr (r = 0.5922, P < 0.000), total Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (r = 0.4724, P < 0.000), and the Timed-Up-&-Go (r = 0.4709, P < 0.000). The PRO-PD may have utility for patients, providers, and researchers as a patient-centered measure of Parkinson’s disease symptom severity. Further PRO-PD validation efforts are warranted. Scientists develop a novel Patient Reported Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease (PRO-PD) scale to improve the assessment of disease progression. To overcome the limitations of existing measures of Parkinson's disease (PD) severity, Laurie K Mischley at Bastyr University Research Institute, USA, and colleagues have created a simple and low cost self-reporting scale that captures subtle changes in both motor and non-motor symptoms. A key feature is that it asks patients to estimate the severity of 32 common symptoms, on average, over the previous 7 days. This reduces score fluctuations due to patients’ response to medication and thus allows better detection of the underlying disease progression. PRO-PD scores from 1031 participants with PD increased with illness duration and correlated well with established scales of disease severity and other patient-reported quality of life measures.
“A borderline issue”: Are there child soldiers in the United States?

ABSTRACTThe human rights literature on child soldiers has long emphasized conflict zones in the Global South, fostering the stereotype of the gun-toting African child while ignoring militarizing practices in the West. Of note, the existing human rights legal framework fails to address the reality of Western youth exposed to military recruiting in their schools. Seeking to address this limitation, we examine some of the primary methods the US military employs to “penetrate” American high schools in search of new recruits. We discuss the apparent targeting by military recruiters of communities with large numbers of low-income students, immigrants, and youth of color. Indeed, in many educational settings, students with limited access to college preparatory programs find themselves ensnared in a “web of militarism” that sharply limits their career options. Drawing on primary source material and military recruiting documents, we demonstrate how US schools are sites for the socialization of youth to a culture o...
Correction to: Characterization of trabecular bone microstructure in premenopausal women with distal radius fractures

Owing to an oversight by the corresponding author, the name of the third author of this article was rendered wrongly. His correct name is Kempland C. Walley.
Influence of Multiple Traumatic Event Types on Mental Health Outcomes: Does Count Matter?

The experience of potentially traumatizing events (PTEs) may be associated with conflicting outcomes: individuals may experience greater psychological distress (dose-response theory), or individuals may become more resilient against repeated PTEs (stress-inoculation theory). With limited empirical data comparing these theories, we examined the relationships between the count of lifetime PTE types and psychological outcomes [posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, impaired distress tolerance] using linear and quadratic regressions. A linear relationship would support the dose-response theory, and a quadratic relationship would support the stress-inoculation theory. We also explored whether there was a threshold number of PTE types fostering resiliency before an increase of distressing outcomes. The sample included 123 (68.30% female) treatment-seeking patients at a community mental health center participating in a larger study (Contractor et al. in Psychiatry Research, 252, 252215–252222, 2017). Linear regression results indicated number of PTE types significantly predicted increasing PTSD and depression severity and distress tolerance difficulties. Quadratic regression model results were not significant. ROC analyses indicated exposure to at least 3.5 PTE types predicted PTSD with moderate accuracy. In conclusion, the dose-response theory was supported, with results indicating there may be a threshold count of lifetime PTE types (> 3) influencing traumatic stress outcomes.
Operating System Interfaces

We emphasized in the chapter on Flexibility the fact that the meaning of a program depends ultimately upon the meanings of the primitives from which it is constructed. These primitives are provided by the environment in which the program executes, and it has been pointed out that different environments generally provide different sets of primitives. One of the most difficult tasks facing the designer of a shareable program is that of selecting an appropriate set of primitives for the task at hand. Our discussion of flexibility dealt with most of the usual computational primitives; this chapter is concerned with primitives which normally require operating system action.
IONS OF THE SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN VACUUM AND IN SOLUTION

ABSTRACT The extension of the Periodic Table into the range of unknown atomic numbers of above one hundred requires relativistic calculations. The results of the latter are used to indicate probable values for X-ray transition lines which will be useful for identification of the atomic species formed during collision between accelerated ions and the target. If the half-lives of the isotopes are long, then the chemistry of these new species becomes an important question which is reviewed for E110, E111 and E112. The possible structural chemistry of the elements E108 to E112 is suggested. Finally the effects of solvation on ions of the actinide and superheavy elements have been studied.
Individual and Socioeconomic Impact of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) include obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea (CSA), and hypoventilation. Acute physiologic consequences of OSA, the most common of the SRBDs, include intrathoracic pressure changes, intermittent hypoxemia, frequent cortical arousals, and disrupted sleep architecture. Symptomatic consequences include sleepiness, impaired cognition, and decreased quality of life (QOL). Pathologic consequences include glucose intolerance, nocturia, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accident, and early mortality. There is a large societal impact via effects on traffic and occupational safety, workplace productivity, healthcare utilization, and economic burden.
Case-oriented alert correlation

Correlating alerts is of importance for identifying complex attacks and discarding false alerts. Most popular alert correlation approaches employ some well-defined knowledge to uncover the connections among alerts. However, acquiring, representing and justifying such knowledge has turned out to be a nontrivial task. In this paper, we propose a novel method to work around these difficulties by using case-based reasoning (CBR). In our application, a case, constructed from training data, serves as an example of correlated alerts. It consists of a pattern of alerts caused by an attack and the identity of the attack. The runtime alert stream is then compared with each case, to see if any subset of the runtime alerts are similar to the pattern in the case. The process is reduced to a matching problem. Two kinds of matching methods were explored. The latter is much more efficient than the former. Our experiments with the DARPA Grand Challenge Problem attack simulator have shown that both produce almost the same results and that case-oriented alert correlation is effective in detecting intrusions.
Estimation of thermal expansion behaviour of some refractory carbides and nitrides

Lattice parameters of some refractory carbides and nitrides were estimated up to 2400 K using an empirical approach. The computed lattice parameters are in very close agreement (±0.5%) with the values calculated from experimental thermal expansion data reported in the literature. This empirical approach with modifications may be applicable to the prediction of the thermal expansion behaviour of other classes of high temperature materials.
Visual Field Changes in Professional Wind versus Non-wind Musical Instrument Players in the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Purpose: We compare the prevalence of glaucoma in professional wind versus non-wind instrument players in the Philadelphia Orchestra. Visual field changes in individuals with glaucoma and glaucoma suspects were evaluated, and the results were correlated with cumulative practice time. Methods: In this cross-sectional, observational study, fifty-one Philadelphia Orchestra musicians were enrolled and categorized as wind or non-wind instrument players. All study participants underwent screening fundus photography. Participants with optic discs suspicious for glaucoma underwent further evaluation, including standard automated visual field perimetry and a comprehensive eye examination by a glaucoma specialist. Results: Of the 51 musicians enrolled, 9 of the 21 wind instrument players (43%) and 8 of the 30 non-wind instrument players (27%) were suspected of developing glaucoma in at least one eye (P = 0.25), with examinations performed on 12 of the 17 returning musicians (71%) for further confirmation. Wind instrument players exhibited significantly higher Octopus visual field mean defect scores (1.08 ± 1.5 dB) than non-wind instrument players (−0.43 ± 0.7 dB; P Conclusion: Among members of the Philadelphia Orchestra, the difference in prevalence of glaucoma suspicious optic discs between wind and non-wind instrument players was not significant. The clinical significance of the greater visual field mean defect found in wind instrument players, and the association between the degree of visual field mean defect and the cumulative practice-time of playing wind instruments, needs further investigation.
Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is unrelated to medical therapy.

INTRODUCTION Current guidelines recommend at least 3 months of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for patients with a new onset of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) prior to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). For patients who do not receive optimal GDMT, response to CRT is unknown. METHODS Patients with NICM and LBBB with QRS ≥ 120 ms were identified among all patients who underwent CRT. Patients who received GDMT for ≥ 3 months before CRT were compared to those who did not. Among 38 patients who met inclusion criteria, 24 received optimal GDMT prior to implantation (Group 1) and 14 did not (Group 2). RESULTS QRS narrowing occurred in Group 1 (160 ± 9 ms to 138 ± 20 ms, P = 0.001) and Group 2 (160 ± 17 ms to 139 ± 30 ms, P = 0.021). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement occurred in Group 1 (21.3 ± 5.9% to 34.4 ± 13.9%, P < 0.001) and Group 2 (18.8 ± 4.7% to 31.1 ± 13%, P = 0.010). QRS interval and LVEF changes were similar between groups (P = NS). There was a trend towards greater CRT response in women than in men, although differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION In patients with NICM and LBBB, CRT is associated with improvements in LV size and function independent of prior GDMT. The ability of resynchronization to improve LVEF without GDMT suggests that CRT without waiting 3 months for GDMT optimization may benefit some patients with NICM and LBBB.
Teaching the cerebellum about reward.

Selecting the most rewarding action and performing it accurately are two separable brain functions that are thought to rely upon different neural systems. New evidence suggests that the cerebellum could learn to do both.
Thermal-hydraulic correlations for zigzag-channel PCHEs covering a broad range of design parameters for estimating performance prior to modeling

Abstract Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs), with supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as the working fluid, are being considered for use as recuperators and condensers in Brayton cycles for Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) projects. Many experimental and numerical studies are being conducted to characterize and optimize sCO2 PCHE performance and develop correlations to describe their thermal-hydraulic performance. This paper seeks to develop the Nusselt number ( Nu ) and Fanning friction factor ( f ) correlations for zigzag-channel PCHEs that account for changes in geometric parameters as well as fluid properties. Data from a previous zigzag-channel PCHE factor sensitivity study was used to develop these correlations. The sensitivity study analyzed 20 factors by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model 50 test cases determined with design of experiments methodology. The Gauss-Newton nonlinear regression method was applied to this data to create best fit correlations. The developed correlations for hot and cold channel Nu and f were validated against experimental data and were found to model the data within ±30%. The new correlations predicted the numerical results from inlet parameters with an average error of approximately ±30%. These correlations appear to provide the best estimate, over current leading correlations, of PCHE thermal-hydraulic performance from inlet parameters prior to any simulation or experimentation.
Necrophilia, Necropolitics, and the Economy of Desire in the Squire of Low Degree

The fiscal and sexual fantasies articulated in the anonymous Squire of Low Degree seem extravagant, even by the standards of romance. A penniless squire of unknown origins ends up marrying the daughter of the King of Hungary. Equally unexpected is the daughter’s seven-year romance with a corpse, a love that is decidedly unproductive in terms of the heterosexual economy. In this chapter, I explore the links between these fiscal and sexual economies in the world of the romance. While the text seems to perpetuate certain fantasies of wealth and jouissance, in the end it demonstrates the limits of money’s ability to translate into social success and sexual freedom. The Squire of Low Degree is framed by a necropolitics that affirms, rather than questions, the importance of patriarchal structures and calls into question money’s potentially transformative effects.
Intertwined Development of Business Model and Product Functions for Mobile Applications: A Twin Peak Feature Modeling Approach

Mobile app stores like Apple’s AppStore or Google’s PlayStore are highly competitive markets for third-party developers wanting to develop successful applications. During the development process, many developers focus on the multitude of product functions but neglect the business model as an equally important part. As a result, developers often fail to meet customer needs, leading to unnecessary development costs and poor market penetration. This, in turn, raises the question of how we intertwine the business model and product functions during the development process to ensure a better alignment between the two.
Addressing the Needs of Diverse Youth with ASD and Anxiety in Public Schools: Stakeholder Input on Adaptations of Clinic-Based Facing Your Fears

Anxiety disorders are among the most common co-occurring psychiatric conditions for youth with ASD (van Steensel et al. in Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 14:302–317, 2011). Although modified cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) have yielded significant reductions in anxiety, substantial disparities in access to mental health services exist for youth from diverse and low-income families. Schools represent a consistent resource for underserved communities; thus, there is a critical need to adapt and implement CBT programs in school settings. Engaging stakeholders in the initial phase of adaptation is essential to support adoption and sustainability of best practice interventions in schools. The primary purpose of the study was to adapt group CBT (Facing Your Fears (FYF); Reaven et al. in Facing your fears: group therapy for managing anxiety in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, Paul Brookes Publishing, Baltimore, 2011) via iterative processes with key stakeholders to create a feasible, effective, and sustainable school-based program to manage anxiety in underserved students with ASD. Two rounds of parent and professional focus groups were conducted across three school districts (total 14 groups), using qualitative content analysis methodology. Details regarding the delivery of FYF, selection of students, training considerations for staff, and identifying meaningful outcomes were obtained in anticipation of an implementation trial of FYF.
Induction by Hypoxia of a New Haemoglobin-Like Pigment

Substances which bind strongly to cytochrome P-450 change the kinetics of the uptake of oxygen by rat liver slices. The relationship between the respiration rate and ambient PO2 of liver slices from untreated rats is generally of the form of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Slices from animals after exposure to piperonyl butoxide, metyropone or diazinon follow Warburg’s equation (Longmuir et al., 1971). The mechanism postulated to explain these findings is that normally the transport of oxygen through tissue is facilitated by cytochrome P-450. When this latter pigment is bound in the oxidized state to certain xenobiotics, it can no longer react with oxygen and facilitate its transport. Since cytochrome P-450 is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, it cannot act as a mobile carrier as proposed by Wittemberg (1959) but might act as a “bucket brigade” carrier according to Scholander’s model (1960). Curran and Gold (1975) have considered the consequences of partial deletion of carrier in the case of the general model. We have applied a method of partial binding of cytochrome P-450 to determine the effect this has on the kinetics of tissue oxygen uptake as a function of cytochrome P-450 concentration in mice and rats.
Measuring radar and communication congruence at millimeter wave frequencies

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication enables high-rate vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications by using larger bandwidths, but configuring mmWave links requires significant training overhead. This overhead can be greatly reduced by using either prior knowledge of the channel or information about the target’s location. In this paper, we conduct a measurement based study of vehicle positioning accuracy using roadside unit (RSU) mounted mmWave radar and GPS. Additionally, we analyze the spatial congruence between the communication and radar power spectra from the results of a measurement campaign. Finally, we compare the performance of radar-assisted and GPS-assisted beam-selection.
Predicting the photoresponse of soot nuclei: Spectroscopic characteristics of aromatic aggregates containing five-membered rings

Abstract Establishing the mechanism for soot nucleation will require in situ experimental characterization of the identity and intermolecular interactions of the initial precursors, and electronic spectroscopy methods have the potential to do both. However, the optical response of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dimers and complexes differs significantly from that of the constituent monomers, and studies of soot precursor complexes have largely been limited to PAHs containing only six-membered aromatic rings. Hydrocarbons containing unsaturated five-membered rings are also present in high concentration in flames, and the photoresponse of complexes containing five-membered rings has not yet been examined. In this work, we elucidate the spectroscopic properties of small hydrocarbon complexes containing cyclopentadienyl groups or cyclopenta-fused groups, calculating ground- and excited-state binding energies, optimal excited-state geometries, repulsion energies, and fluorescence emission wavelengths. We show that excited-state distortion of cyclopentadienyl groups allows strong binding and low-energy fluorescence emission compared to similar-sized PAHs, and that a cyclopenta-fused group dramatically lowers the absorption and emission energies for acenaphthylene, dominating excited-state noncovalent interactions—findings that could shed light on the complex electronic properties of flames.
Parasitic effects on millimeter-wave phase shifter design

The parasitic effects on millimeter-wave phase shifters have been studied for both analog and digital applications. The analog phase shifter uses the hybrid coupled configuration and the digital phase shifter uses the loaded line configuaraton. The results have shown that the parasitics have strong effects on the phase shifter performance at high frequencies.
Innovation behavior of agri-food small and medium-sized enterprises: the case of Europe's emerging economies

This paper examines the innovative behavior of agri-food firms located in Central and Eastern Europe. In the literature, empirical analyses on innovation activities of firms focus on various case s...
A plant lipocalin is required for retinal-mediated de novo root organogenesis

Branching of root systems enables the exploration and colonization of the soil environment. In Arabidopsis roots, de novo organogenesis of lateral roots is patterned by an oscillatory mechanism called the root clock, which is dependent on metabolites derived from the β-carotene pathway. Retinoids are β-carotene-derived regulators of organogenesis in the animal kingdom. To determine if retinoids function in plant development, we conducted time-lapse imaging of a chemical reporter for retinoid binding proteins. We found that it oscillates with a comparable frequency to the root clock and accurately predicts sites of lateral root organogenesis. Exogenous application of retinal to wild-type plants is sufficient to induce root clock oscillations and lateral root organogenesis. A homology search yielded a potential Arabidopsis homolog, TEMPERATURE INDUCED LIPOCALIN (TIL) to vertebrate retinoid binding proteins. Genetic analysis indicates that TIL is necessary for normal lateral root development and a til mutant has decreased retinal sensitivity. TIL expression in a heterologous system conferred retinal binding activity, suggesting that it may directly interact with this molecule. Together, these results demonstrate an essential role for retinal and for plant retinal binding proteins in lateral root organogenesis.
Hierarchical nanostructured surface design for robust and flexible multifunctional devices

Abstract This paper investigates structural and functional properties of a hierarchical hybrid flexible material with nanostructured surface architecture. These solids comprise of carpet-like arrays of covalently bonded carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the surface of strong and flexible carbon fabric. In-depth analysis of the multi-scale morphology of this structure is provided, with emphasis on structure-property relationships relevant to surface-interaction related applications such as catalysis, sensing, microfluidics and bio-scaffolding devices. A two-step process is used to anchor carbon nanotubes directly on the surface of carbon fiber cloth, and its morphology, structure and surface chemistry analyzed in detail. Surface structure model from structural and physical property measurements predict over 2000 times increase in specific surface area (SSA) of the fabric due to CNT carpet growth. This estimate is in good agreement with direct SSA measurement using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) gas-adsorption technique, indicating full utilization of the CNT surface sites, which can be used for adsorption, functionalization, thermal or electrical transport. Electrical measurement of these materials shows a systematic increase of sheet conductivity of the fabric with increasing CNT carpet height. These results indicate that this type of material design can combine the structural durability and flexibility of advanced fabrics with the enhanced surface activity of nanomaterials for a wide variety of surface interaction devices of the future.
Agencies, Courts, First Principles, and the Rule of Law

An inherent tension exists between the roles of agencies and courts in administrative enforcement cases. Those cases are initiated by agencies to enforce the statutes and regulations they administer but are then subject to judicial review by courts. Agencies tend to focus on creating and then implementing administrative enforcement systems that produce consistent results pursuant to the agency’s bureaucratic processes and informed by the agency’s expertise. In reviewing such decisions, by contrast, courts tend to focus on ensuring that the agency’s administrative system comports with fundamental legal principles. The two roles embody different goals: for agencies, rendering predictable and consistent outcomes that achieve the goals of the statute; for courts, adhering to the values of government accountability and protection of fundamental rights. All of these goals — predictability, consistency, government accountability, protection of rights — reflect different components of the Rule of Law, the idea that legitimate authority requires certain attributes that accomplish a threshold level of fairness. Effectuating the multi-faceted Rule of Law requires creating a relationship between administrative enforcement and judicial review that fully empowers both agencies and courts to fulfill their respective roles, but without undermining the other.
A Perfect Storm? Disasters and Evictions

Stable housing is a fundamental platform for individual and collective well-being, and research indicates that a significant disruptive effect of severe environmental disasters is residential displ...
Toward a comprehensive three-dimensional model of the contractile system of vertebrate smooth muscle cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent progress made in determining the 3-D organization of the contractile system of vertebrate smooth muscle cells and highlights its fruitful avenues for future research. ‘‘Contractile system” includes all the proteins known to participate in muscle contraction and the structures that contain them, as well as other structures to which contractile units attach and on which they depend for transmission of force. The review, in the chapter, is limited to vertebrate smooth muscles, although the term “smooth muscle” has sometimes been used to describe any nonstriated muscle in the animal kingdom. The structure of these other smooth muscles is often different from that of vertebrate smooth muscles and thus inappropriate to the review. An assumption has been made by some investigators that all vertebrates' smooth muscles have the same cellular organization, while research by others, has shown some specific differences between vertebrate smooth muscles.
The reaction π+p → (pn)p at 13 GeV/c

Abstract The cross section for the reaction π + p → ( p n ) p has been measured to be 39 ± 5 μ b at 13 GeV/ c . The production process is consistent with a one-pion-exchange approximation and the p n mass spectrum is remarkably similar to the peripheral p p mass spectrum recently reported.
U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Bush Administration Position on Guantanamo Detainees: The Watershed of the Boumediene v. Bush Line of Cases

The line of four Supreme Court cases culminating in the 2008 decision in Boumediene v. Bush are a watershed in American jurisprudence as to the separation of powers and vitality of the writ of habeas corpus. The context was the status and treatment of persons captured primarily in the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Guantanamo was chosen by the Bush administration in the belief that the writ of habeas corpus could not reach outside the United States. The administration further maintained that the Executive had plenary power over the conduct of war, including capture and treatment of those whom it considered to be "enemy combatants." The Supreme Court decisions reflected caution in the exercise of judicial review as to sensitive matters of national security, but proceeded, in decision after decision, to limit or reject the administration's positions. The government's sovereignty-based test for habeas corpus was replaced by a pragmatic case-by-case approach. Further, the Court looked to a full range of sources applicable to the standards to be applied by a court on habeas corpus, recognizing the references to the Geneva conventions and international law principles in both the UCMJ and American law. Thus the Boumediene line of cases has strengthened the legal basis for limits on the power of the American government to detain alleged enemy combatants, expanded the availability of the writ of habeas corpus to challenge status and conditions of detention, and affirmed the applicability of the international law of armed conflict. The article ends with an evaluation of the legal standards after Boumediene as to such unresolved issues as the process now due to detainees in habeas proceedings; whether a writ of habeas corpus can be used to challenge not only designation and detention as an enemy combatant but also other treatment; whether Boumediene applies to detainees held outside the U.S. other than at Guantanamo; the power of the government to hold persons in the U.S. without charges on the grounds that they are enemy combatants; whom the U.S. may hold as an "enemy combatant" indefinitely until the end of hostilities without filing charges; and whether the new procedures for military commission trials adopted by the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (and as altered by further procedural safeguards by the Obama administration) meet the requirements of the U.S. Constitution and the Geneva Conventions.
Dietary Esterified Astaxanthin Concentration Effect on Dermal Coloration and Chromatophore Physiology in Spinecheek Anemonefish, Premnas biaculeatus

Anemonefishes dominate the marine ornamental aquaculture production and coloration plays an important role in market price of the product. This study examined the effect of dietary esterified astaxanthin concentration and duration on skin coloration in spinecheek anemonefish, Premnas biaculeatus. The chromatophore physiology parameters examined were color, density, and diameter of carotenoid granules. Juveniles of 30 days post hatch (d.p.h.) were fed diets consisting of 23, 214, or 2350 ppm esterified astaxanthin for 115 d and the fish were sampled at 45, 120, and 145 d.p.h. Hue was significantly reduced with increasing time and astaxanthin concentration. Saturation fluctuated over time while luminosity was only affected by time. Carotenoid granule density was similar across the treatments: approximately 0.3 granules/µm2. Significant difference in carotenoid granule size was detected, with larger diameters at the higher astaxanthin treatment. Carotenoid granules showed significantly lower hues, higher saturation, and lower luminosity values for the higher astaxanthin concentration diets. This is indicative of higher concentration of carotenoids in the granules. Diets explicitly imparted different coloration in P. biaculeatus and the manifested color differences in the fish are result of increased carotenoid granule size and increased carotenoid concentration within granules. Astaxanthin concentration of 214 ppm imparts adequate coloration for high market value.
Graft-vs.-Host activity of thymocytes: relationship to the role of thymocytes in hemopoiesis.

The importance of graft-vs.-host (GVH) activity to the ability of thymocytes to augment hemopoiesis in radiation chimeras was investigated. Parental (P) lymph node cells were found by the 59Fe-uptake method not to have an analogous augmentative effect. When thymus donor, marrow donor, and irradiated recipient were chosen immunogenetically so that GVH could occur in either the presence or absence of graft-vs.-graft (GVG) activity, it was seen that GVH reactivity per se resulted in no improvement of marrow growth. However, when P thymocytes specifically tolerant to an F1 hybrid host were administered with P marrow, augmentation was three times greater than when nontolerant P thymocytes were given. It was concluded that GVH activity not only is not essential but actually is detrimental to augmentation. Ninety-day survival of chimeras given specifically tolerant P thymocytes was better than that of mice given P marrow only and very much better than those given marrow and nontolerant thymocytes.
5-Fluoro-1-(penta-noyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.

The penta­noyl group and the 5-fluoro­uracil moiety of the title compound, C9H11FN2O3, are essentially coplanar, with the penta­noyl carbonyl group oriented towards the ring CH group and away from the nearer ring carbonyl group. In the crystal structure, two inversion-related mol­ecules form a dimer structure, in which two N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate an inter­molecular R22(8) ring. In addition, there are intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Cancers caused by infections: unequal burdens.

Many people are surprised to learn that cancer can be caused by an infection. There are seven major infectious agents for which there has been sufficient evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and biological studies to be classified as human carcinogens by expert panels of the International Agency
An adrenal crisis secondary to the extraction of a tooth in a patient with panhypopituitarism

A patient with panhypopituitarism suffered from an adrenal crisis after an uncomplicated dental extraction. The patient had discontinued her prescribed medication because the seriousness of her systemic condition and the need for constant medication and periodic check-ups was never fully explained to her. A proper medical history obtained during the dental examination could have helped prevent this almost fatal crisis.
Introduction—Digression Analysis: A Decidedly Editorial Introduction to the Symposium on the State of Urban Geography; Dispatches from the Field

This is a time that poses numerous challenges to urban geographers and the cities they study. As it happens, 2004 was a period of disciplinary reflection marking the centennial of the Association of American Geographers (AAG). As graduate student members of the board of the AAG’s Urban Geography Specialty Group, we capitalized on a confluence of events to organize a panel entitled “The state of urban geography: What is it and where is it going?” for the AAG’s 2004 annual meeting in Philadelphia. This year of disciplinary celebration also coincided with the torment of our own early professional lives as newly-minted, so-called urban geographers. Drawn into collaboration through these circumstances, we chose to organize a session in which we invited urban geographers at various stages in their careers to reflect on the subdiscipline and its practice. To initiate dialogue, we asked: What is the significance of the subdiscipline to the production and application of geographic knowledge? What—or who—defines urban geography? Is urban geography what urban geographers do or is it something more? To be sure, the forward-looking spirit of the day fulfilled our initial hopes. We were fortunate to assemble an impressive set of urban geographers with diverse interests and experiences, including Larry Bourne (University of Toronto), Winifred Curran (DePaul University), Michael Dear (University of Southern California), Sarah Elwood (University of Arizona), Robert Lake (Rutgers University), and Sallie Marston (University of Arizona). Some panelists were close to retirement and others were equally close to the start of a new job. The group spoke to a standing-room-only crowd about their accomplishments, their hopes for, and their disappointments with urban geography at the turn of the millennium. When invited to assemble and introduce the panelists’ reflections as a symposium for this journal, we relished our own opportunity to ponder the state of the subdiscipline. But
Exercise electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and working capacity in young patients with valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis.

Abstract Electrocardiographic changes, blood pressure, and working capacity (total work) were recorded during an upright cycle exercise test in 65 children and young adults (mean age 12 years) with valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. All patients had cardiac catheterization, but none had surgical treatment. Controls consisted of 164 normal subjects (mean age 15 years). In the patients, the intervals between the exercise test and cardiac catheterization were 1 month or less in 66%, 2 to 12 months in 28%, and 12 to 24 months in 6%. The patients were classified by resting left ventricular to aortic peak systolic pressure gradient into Groups I (gradient less than 30 mm Hg), II (30 to 49 mm Hg), III (50 to 69 mm Hg), and IV (70 mm Hg or greater). The mean frequency and magnitude of exerciseinduced S-T depression were greater in the patients than in the control subjects ( p p
Impact of stressor exposure on the interplay between commensal microbiota and host inflammation

Exposure to stressful stimuli results in the activation of multiple physiological processes aimed at maintaining homeostasis within the body. These physiological processes also have the capacity to influence the composition of microbial communities, and research now indicates that exposure to stressful stimuli leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis. While the relative abundance of many different bacterial types can be altered during stressor exposure, findings in nonhuman primates and laboratory rodents, as well as humans, indicate that bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus are consistently reduced in the gut during stress. The gut microbiota, including the lactobacilli, have many functions that enhance the health of the host. This review presents studies involving germfree and antibiotic treated mice, as well as mice given Lactobacillus spp. to prevent stressor-induced reductions in lactobacilli, to provide evidence that the microbiota contribute to stressor-induced immunomodulation, both in gut mucosa as well ...
Estrogen reduces acute striatal dopamine responses in vivo to the neurotoxin MPP+ in female, but not male rats

The effects of in vivo estrogen treatment upon MPP+-induced dopamine (DA) release were determined using in vivo microdialysis in female and male rats. Ovariectomized female rats were implanted or not with an estrogen pellet (0.1 mg, 17β estradiol) and subjected to microdialysis 6 days later. After baseline DA release was determined, 5 mM MPP+ was infused through the microdialysis probe for one 20-min interval. Perfusion resumed with normal medium for the duration of the experiment. A significant attenuation of MPP+-induced DA release was obtained in estrogen-treated females. One week later, striatal DA and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations were determined for the lesioned and non-lesioned striata of each animal. MPP+ infusion significantly decreased striatal DA concentrations, however, there was no effect of estrogen treatment on striatal DA depletion. This experiment was repeated using orchidectomized male rats treated with 0, 0.1, or 5 mg estradiol. In contrast to the females, no differences in MPP+-induced DA release were seen among these males, and there was no significant effect of the varying estrogen treatments on striatal DA or DOPAC concentrations. These results demonstrate that in vivo estrogen treatment attenuates MPP+-induced striatal DA release in gonadectomized female, but not male, rats.