cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracavity Frequency Doubling for the Generation of Squeezed States of Light

While squeezed states of light represent a manifestation of the nonclassical character of the electromagnetic field and hence are of great intrinsic interest in quantum optics, there are as well a number of applications in measurement science associated with the possibility of sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit. Given the landmark initial observation of this phenomenon by Slusher et al. [1], a number of experimental groups are concentrating on making their own “first” observations and on subsequently exploring limitations on the degree of achievable and detectable squeezing [2,3]. Most of the experimental research thus far has concentrated on squeezing produced by four-wave mixing, either in atomic vapors or in condensed media. The tack that we have taken is to investigate a completely different technique with a new set of potential advantages (and disadvantages). Our experiments attempt to produce squeezed states of light by second harmonic generation within an optical cavity resonant at both fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Of course the Hamiltonian describing the two-mode coupled system in the limit of a lossless medium is related to a broad class analyzed by Yuen[4], and hence it is not surprising that squeezing is predicted in this system. However, an issue that is of prime importance in our investigation is the extent to which these parametric models of quantized nonlinear processes are realistic. This issue is naturally entangled with a number of other technological and scientific questions that we are only beginning to unravel. We begin in Section II with an overview of the relevant theoretical predictions before turning in Section III to the actual experiment. Other contributions to this volume as well as review articles [5] should be consulted for a more comprehensive view of the field.
Mechanism and Control of Cellular DNA Replication

Our understanding of DNA replication in bacteria has relied heavily upon studies on the replication of bacteriophage and plasmid chromosomes and the ability to compare and contrast the mechanisms of DNA synthesis and the functions of the replicative enzymes. In much the same way, studies of the mammalian DNA viruses have contributed to an understanding of the enzymology of cellular DNA replication. The choice model system to date for understanding the enzymology of eukaryotic DNA replication has been the study of Simian Virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication. This is due to the fact that SV40 DNA exists in the cell as a small, circular chromosome that can be thought of as the equivalent of a single replicon within the larger cellular chromosomes. Furthermore, SV40 DNA exists in a chromatin structure that resembles the structure of cellular chromatin and therefore could be a useful model for chromosome, as well as DNA replication (Stillman 1986; DePamphilis and Bradley 1986; Cheng and Kelly 1989; Smith and Stillman 1989).
Religion and Pet Loss: Afterlife Beliefs, Religious Coping, Prayer and Their Associations with Sorrow.

This study examined the relationship between religion and sorrow among a sample of 219 owners of deceased pets (the sample was predominantly comprised of white, female, educated Christians). The results indicated that the vast majority of the participants believed that their pets’ souls reside in a better place and that they will reunite with them in the afterlife. A sizeable percentage also engaged in positive religious coping and afterlife prayers to deal with their loss. A smaller, but significant percentage engaged in negative forms of religious coping. The results also showed that sorrow was correlated with education, gender, attachment, afterlife prayers and negative religious coping. However, gender and prayer did not predict sorrow when the other variables were taken into account. Implications for counsellors are discussed.
Why Motor Learning is Ignored: A Case of Ducks, Naughty Theories, and Unrequited Love

The question, What is, or ought to be, the relationship between motor learning research and the teaching of motor skills in sport and physical education? has been the subject of three decades of inconclusive discussion. After setting aside a number of topics as related, but not immediately relevant, the boundaries for the present effort were drawn at Why is there no evidence that teachers or teacher educators use knowledge based on motor learning research? A series of hypotheses are then entertained and rejected. Inadequacies in the theoretical base, research designs, undergraduate courses, teacher intellect, teacher educator effort, and workplace conditions do not adequately account for the neglect of motor learning. A more likely explanation is that knowledge based on motor learning research is ignored by teachers because it is irrelevant to their work. If motor learning scholars will accept that this conclusion does not diminish the legitimacy of their discipline, they will coexist more comfortably wit...
In unfractionated heparin dosing, the combination of patient age and estimated plasma volume predicts initial antifactor Xa activity better than patient weight alone

Study Objective. To determine whether patient factors other than body weight would better predict patients' initial antifactor Xa heparin activity (HA) after start of unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy. Design. Case series. Setting. A 625-bed, adults-only private, tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients. Ninety-two patients requiring UFH therapy. Interventions. Patients received initial UFH bolus doses of 72–80 U/kg ideal weight and initial UFH infusions of 19.1–21.2 U/kg ideal weight. Measurements and Main Results. Fifty-five percent of the first 6-hour HA measurements were supratherapeutic (> 0.7 U/ml antifactor Xa activity). Patient weight was inferior to a combination of age and estimated plasma volume in predicting initial HA. A predictive model including these two factors accounted for 38.5% of variation in first HA levels compared with 17.7% with actual weight alone. Conclusion. Weight-based UFH dosing may frequently result in nontherapeutic initial HA levels. Initial UFH dosing might be improved if protocols based on patient age and estimated plasma volume were developed.
Carp Muscle Calcium-binding Protein III. PHASE REFINEMENT USING THE TANGENT FORMULA

Abstract The tangent formula for crystallographic phase determination has been used to refine and extend the phase information for the crystal structure of carp muscle calcium-binding protein. Phases from the multiple isomorphous replacement analysis were used to initiate the tangent formula calculations. New phases were developed in a cautious, gradual procedure which continued to emphasize the isomorphous replacement data. Probability measures were instrumental in combining the phase information from the tangent formula with that from isomorphous replacement. The new electron density map which finally resulted showed a more highly resolved and readily interpreted image of the molecule than was evident in earlier maps. Most importantly, the new map permitted the interpretation of a second calcium-binding site.
Jamming is not just cool any more

Some solids - say, powdered raw materials in a conduit - often become jammed. Are the properties of such jammed solids different to those of ordinary solids? The answer 'yes' comes from a paper in which it is proposed that they should really be considered as belonging to a new class of materials known as fragile matter which, because of its unusual mechanical properties, requires a new theoretical description.
Specifying and verifying real-time systems using time Petri nets and real-time temporal logic

A method of integrating time predicate transition nets (a class of high-level Petri nets) and real-time first-order temporal logic is developed for specifying and verifying real-time systems. The integration of time predicate transition nets with real-time temporal logic is based on previous work (X. He and J.A.N. Lee, 1990) with the extension of time features so that not only concurrent systems but also real-time systems can be studied in this methodology. The methodology has the following significant features: a real-time system is initially specified by using a time predicate transition net; a consistent real-time temporal logic system (specification) is systematically derived from the time predicate transition net specification; system properties are expressed in real-time temporal logic; and system properties are verified by using the derived real-time temporal logic system with additional pure temporal logic axioms and inference rules. The methodology is illustrated through a simple example. >
PEP4 GENE FUNCTION IS REQUIRED FOR EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL VACUOLAR HYDROLASES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

The pep4-3 mutation results in a 90-95% reduction in the levels of five vacuolar hydrolases in yeast, including proteinases A and B, carboxypeptidase Y, RNase(s) and the repressible alkaline phosphatase. The mutation is without effect on two secreted glycoproteins, on an enzyme of the vacuolar membrane, and on a proteinase located outside of the vacuole. Mutations at the PEP4 locus exhibit a dosage effect on the levels of some, but not all, of the enzymes whose expression requires the function of the gene.
Phase equilibrium and crystallization behavior of mixed lipid systems

As complex lipid systems, the phase and crystallization behavior of mixtures of a high-melting milk fat fraction with a low-melting milk fat fraction or canola oil was studied. A turbidity technique was developed to estimate solubility and metastability conditions of these lipid mixtures. Both solubility and metastability of the high-melting milk fat fraction in liquid lipids increased exponentially with temperature. At a given equilibration temperature, liquid phases and solid fractions with nearly identical melting profiles and TAG compositions were obtained regardless of the original concentration of the lipid mixture. The maximum melting temperature (MMT), as measured by DSC, of the liquid phase increased dramatically in the equilibrium temperature range of 27.5–35.0°C but did not change at temperatures below and above this range (down to 25.0°C and up to 40°C in this study). The content of long-chain TAG (C46−C52) increased and short-chain TAG (C36−C40) decreased in the liquid phases as the equilibrium temperature increased. A plot of the TAG group ratio (i.e, long-short-chain TAG) vs. equilibrium temperature was generated to illustrate the phase behavior of the complex lipid system and to represent a solubility curve, from which the supersaturation level for crystallization kinetics was determined. Higher supersaturation and lower temperature resulted in higher nucleation and crystallization rates. Compared to the system with a low-melting milk fat fraction, mixtures of the high-melting milk fat fraction with canola oil had higher nucleation and crystallization rates due to the lower solubility found for this system.
The association of anticonvulsant use with fractures in spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether anticonvulsants, including the benzodiazepine subclass, are associated with an increased risk for lower extremity fractures in male patients with spinal cord injury. DESIGN: All male patients with a history of a traumatic spinal cord injury of 2 yrs' duration or longer in the Veterans Affairs Spinal Cord Disease Registry from 2002 to 2007 were included. Incident lower extremity fractures during this period and anticonvulsant use were identified. The association of anticonvulsant use, overall, by type (enzyme inducing, non-enzyme inducing), by number (monotherapy vs. polytherapy), by benzodiazepine subclass, and by individual medication used was determined. RESULTS: In this cohort, 892 veterans sustained a fracture, and 6555 did not. Compared with nonusers of anticonvulsants, there was a significant positive relationship with fractures by overall use of anticonvulsants (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.01-1.36]), by users of the benzodiazepine subclass (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.11-1.47]), and by polytherapy compared with monotherapy (HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.00-1.42]) but not by anticonvulsant type (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.58-1.47]). Temazepam (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.01-1.62]), alprazolam (HR, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.04-2.29]), and diazepam (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.06-1.41]) were significantly positively associated with fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Attention to fracture prevention is important when anticonvulsants are prescribed in spinal cord injury, particularly when more than one anticonvulsant is used. Language: en
Diagenetic Reactions in Monterey Formation, Pismo Syncline, California: ABSTRACT

The diagenesis of the Miocene Monterey Formation in the Pismo syncline can be described in five phases: (1) silica, (2) carbonate, (3) clay, (4) organics, and (5) seawater. During progressive diagenesis resulting from increasing temperatures due to burial, the reactions that characterize the four solid phases in contact with seawater are: (1) opal A ^rarr opal CT ^rarr quartz; (2) 2 CaCO3 + Mg++ ^rarr MgCa(CO3)2 + Ca++; (3) Mg++ + Na-clay ^rarr 2Na+ + Mg-clay, and 2 NH4+ + Mg-clay ^rarr Mg++ + 2 NH4-clay; and (4) CnH2n+1 COOH ^rarr Cn-H2n+2 + CO2, and CnH2n+2 ^rarr × CH4 + 2C(n-x2)/ Hn-x+2. These reactions are not independent of one another, for example the opal A ^rarr opal CT ^rarr quartz reaction sequence is not strictly a function of temperature. In addition to temperature this reaction also appears to be influenced by at least the chemical potential of Mg++. Thus, the reaction sequence is highly sensitive to the presence of other phases that complete for Mg++. Isotopic data suggest that most of the dolomitization of CaCO3 occurs in the presence of light CO2(^dgr13C = -13 to -17). The light CO2 is probably a result of decarboxylation reactions. The source of Mg++ during dolomitization appears to be concentrated subsurface fluids (seawater), with the rate controlling mechanism being dilution. The dilution in turn is a function of the opal A ^rarr opal CT ^rarr quartz reactions and the accompanying dewatering. During early diagenesis the organics underwent both fermentation and sulphate reduction, but the most significant organic reactions were decarboxylation and cracking. The decarboxylation reactions appear to have been pervasive, whereas the cracking reactions have been documented only deep in the center of the syncline (>6,500 ft). The clays, mainly smectites, were probably subjected to early cation exchange reactions and may have affected End_Page 449------------------------------ both the formation of early dolomite concretions and the reaction opal A ^rarr opal CT. We have found no evidence to suggest a smectite ^rarr illite reaction, probably due to the low activity of K+ and the high activity of H4SiO4 during diagenesis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 450------------
Renal lesions in hypothyroidism: a study based on kidney biopsies.

Abstract Disturbances of renal function are known to occur in hypothyroidism. Seven unselected patients with different forms of hypothyroidism underwent renal biopsy; the material was studied with light and electron microscopy. All patients showed uniform changes consisting of thickening of glomerular and tubular basement membranes and accumulation of various types of inclusions in the cell cytoplasm. In two patients re-biopsy after administration of thyroid hormones showed improvement in anatomical lesions.
Developing Optimism Skills to Help Youths Overcome Adversity

(2003). Developing Optimism Skills to Help Youths Overcome Adversity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 40-44.
Angiogenic potential of microvessel fragments established in three-dimensional collagen gels

During angiogenesis, the microvasculature displays both vessel remodeling and expansion under the control of both cellular and extracellular influences. We have evaluated the role of angiogenic and angiostatic molecules on angiogenesis in anin vitro model that more appropriately duplicates the cellular and extracellular components of this process. Freshly isolated microvessel fragments from rat adipose tissue (RFMF) were cultured within three-dimensional collagen I gels. These fragments were characterized at the time of isolation and were composed of vessel segments observed in the microvasculature of fatin situ (i.e., arterioles, venules, and capillaries). Fragments also exhibited characteristic ablumenally associated cells including smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Finally, fragments were encased in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen type IV and collagen type I/III. The elongation of microvascular elements was subsequently evaluated using morphologic and immunocytochemical techniques. The proliferation, migration, and elongation of cellular elements in microvessel fragments from rat adipose tissue was dependent on initial fragment density, matrix density, and required serum. Inclusion of endothelial cell growth factors to microvessel fragments from rat adipose tissue 3-D cultures resulted in the accelerated elongation of tube structures and the expression of von Willebrand factor in cells constituting these tubes. Molecules with reported angiostatic capacity (e.g., transforming growth factor and hydrocortisone) inhibited vessel tube elongation. In vitro methods have been developed to evaluate numerous mechanisms associated with angiogenesis, including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and phenotypic modulation. Microvascular endothelial cell fragments described in this study represent anin vitro population of cells that accurately duplicate thein vivo microcirculatory elements of fat. The proliferation of cells and elongation of microvascular elements subsequently observed in three-dimensional cultures provides anin vitro model of angiogenesis. Microvascular formation in this system results from pre-existing microvessel fragments unlike tube formation observed when cultured endothelial cells are placed in three-dimensional gels. This form of tube formation from cultured endothelium is more characteristic of vasculogenesis. Thus, the formation of microvascular elements from microvessel fragments provides the opportunity to examine the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in anin vitro system amenable to precise experimental manipulation.
A Thematic Coding System for the Intimacy Motive

A new thematic (TAT) measure of intimacy motivation was developed and cross-validated in four separate arousal studies using three different college populations. A brief sketch of the derived thematic scoring system for intimacy motivation was presented. The goal state of the intimacy motive was defined as experiencing a warm, close, and communicative exchange with another person. In a college sample, subjects scoring high on the intimacy motive were rated by friends and acquaintances as significantly more “warm,” “natural,” “sincere,” “loving,” and “appreciative” and less “dominant,” “outspoken,” and “selfcentered” than subjects scoring lower. The results were discussed in terms of the theories of Sullivan on the need for interpersonal intimacy, Maslow on growth motivation and “B-love,” Bakan on communion, and Buber on the I-Thou relation. Differences between the new coding system and the need for Affiliation (n Aff) system for scoring imaginative productions were also suggested. The project to be reported began as a revamping of the need for Affiliation measure (Heyns, Veroff, & Atkinson, 1958) for coding the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and other imaginative productions. During the course of the investigation, it became apparent that the newly evolving thematic coding system differed markedly from its predecessor and that the two might most fruitfully be conceived as complementary but related systems. The new construct has been termed the “intimacy motive.”
THE STOCK EXCHANGE: ITS ROLE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT*

THE PROCESS OF CAPITAL accumulation-the transformation of savings into real capital assets-is a crucial issue in any economic system. In a capitalistic economy the capital market and the stock exchange are the agencies which connect the savers in the society, the sources of funds, with the users of funds. This study examines the performance of the stock exchange and the capital market at various periods in English and American history. The principal conclusion is that the role of the stock market and the capital market in economic affairs has undergone great changes. The causes of the observed changes in the role of the markets are rooted in fundamental changes that have occurred in the underlying economic organization that the capital market and stock exchange are organized to serve. The shift from a commercial to an industrial economy, the particular problems involved in financing internal improvements and a national transportation system in the United States, and especially the shifting position of government in economic affairs have seriously affected the role of the stock exchange and the capital market. The first three chapters analyze the origins and early development of the stock exchange and the capital market in England and the United States. In both countries the initial impetus for the development of the market was the necessity of meeting the financial needs of the state. The construction of a national railroad system and the attendant problems of railroad finance became the basis for the American capital market and stock exchange and also helped give the markets their orientation toward speculation and purely private financial transactions. With the completion of the essential parts of the railroad network in the late 1880's, American finance capitalism shifted its attention to the opportunities for merger and combination in industrial units. While the orientation of the financial hierarchy shifted, the opera-
CdTe-HgTe (¯1¯1¯1) Heterojunction Valence-Band Discontinuity: A Common-Anion-Rule Contradiction

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to measure directly the CdTe-HgTe (\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1) heterojunction valence-band discontinuity (${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}$) with the result ${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}=0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ eV. On the basis of the frequently applied common-anion rule, it has generally been assumed that ${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}$ would be small; the large value of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}$ will affect predicted CdTe-HgTe heterojunction and superlattice properties. In conjunction with recent ${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}$ measurements on the $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ heterojunction system, the large ${\ensuremath{\Delta}E}_{v}$ result for the CdTe-HgTe (\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1) heterojunction provides direct experimental evidence in contradiction to the common-anion rule for lattice-matched heterojunction interfaces.
Posterior malleolar stabilization of syndesmotic injuries is equivalent to screw fixation.

Questions/Purposes To confirm this observation we compared the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and radiographic maintenance of fixation for fractures treated through direct posterior malleolar fixation versus syndesmotic screw fixation.
Managing innovation and change processes: Findings from the Minnesota innovation research program†

This article describes how innovations develop over time based on findings emerging from seven innovations included in the Minnesota Innovation Research Program. These observations are very different from typical models in the literature of the innovation process. The actual process is fluid, and includes an initial shock to propel the innovation into being, proliferation of the original idea, setbacks and surprises along the way which provide numerous opportunities for learning and failure, and a blending of the old and the new as the innovation is implemented and diffused. This article is one small step in developing descriptively more accurate and useful models of the innovation process based on longitudinal research studies.
GLO-STIX: Graph-Level Operations for Specifying Techniques and Interactive eXploration

The field of graph visualization has produced a wealth of visualization techniques for accomplishing a variety of analysis tasks. Therefore analysts often rely on a suite of different techniques, and visual graph analysis application builders strive to provide this breadth of techniques. To provide a holistic model for specifying network visualization techniques (as opposed to considering each technique in isolation) we present the Graph-Level Operations (GLO) model. We describe a method for identifying GLOs and apply it to identify five classes of GLOs, which can be flexibly combined to re-create six canonical graph visualization techniques. We discuss advantages of the GLO model, including potentially discovering new, effective network visualization techniques and easing the engineering challenges of building multi-technique graph visualization applications. Finally, we implement the GLOs that we identified into the GLO-STIX prototype system that enables an analyst to interactively explore a graph by applying GLOs.
Effect of Jet Nozzle Lip Momentum Loss on Circulation Control Airfoil Performance

*† Large-eddy simulations of flow around a circulation control airfoil (using a Coanda jet blowing over its trailing surface) are performed to investigate the influence of jet-nozzle-lip thickness on airfoil performance. The airfoil geometry is only slightly changed from our previous LES study [Nishino et al., Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, 2010, 125105] to study three different nozzle-lip thickness cases; the geometry inside the nozzle is maintained the same. The results show that the jet profile across the nozzle exit is insensitive to the nozzle-lip thickness; however, the jet flow downstream of the nozzle exit decelerates more rapidly and thus the circulation around the airfoil decreases as the nozzle-lip thickness increases. It is subsequently shown that this effect is mostly cancelled out by adjusting the jet blowing rate in such a way that the difference of momentum loss arising from the nozzle lip is taken into account, demonstrating that the performance of a Coanda jet on a circulation control airfoil is determined not only by the jet momentum at the nozzle exit but also by the momentum loss behind the nozzle lip. These results suggest that it may be useful to define a new jet momentum coefficient that takes account of the momentum loss due to the nozzle lip, which can be roughly estimated once the velocity of the flow above the nozzle lip is known.
Negative images of bacilli and mycobacterial infection: a study of fine-needle aspiration smears from lymph nodes in patients with AIDS.

In patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), four cases of mycobacterial infection in which bacilli appeared as cylindrical, nonstaining ‘negative images’ have been previously described. These may have been extracellular or within histiocyte cytoplasm, and they have been described in aspirations from liver, lymph node, and bone marrow and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We report three additional examples of this finding in fine-needle aspirations from lymph nodes in AIDS patients infected with Mycobacterium avium-intracel-lulare. Our findings support the concept that these negative images of bacilli are diagnostic of mycobacterial infection. Air-dried Romanovsky-stained material is requires for their identification.
The orthocompletion of a lattice-ordered group

Abstract A new construction for the orthocompletion of an l -group is given and discussed. Its relation to the l -group of almost-finite continuous real-valued functions on a Stone space is clarified.
Adaptation of modulation and coding for OFDM packet transmission

A novel protocol is proposed for adaptive modulation and coding for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in packet radio networks. Previous protocols in the literature rely on channel measurements or parameter estimates to provide channel state information, which is then processed to determine the appropriate transmission parameters. Our proposed protocols avoid the complexity of making measurements or estimates; instead, we use simple statistics that are derived easily from the receiver's demodulator and decoder. Employing only these simple statistics from the reception of the most recent packet, our protocol first determines the code rate for the next packet and then selects the modulation format to be used on each subcarrier. The throughput results for our adaptive OFDM transmission protocol are obtained analytically and by simulation.
The effects of traumatic brain injury on reporting and responding to causal relations: an investigation of sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies

Impairments in judging and responding to consequences that follow behaviour are often attributed to changes in various cognitive processes. An alternative conceptualization is that impairments may produce a reduction in sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies. The present investigation employed a methodology commonly used in research on judgements of causality to examine the effects of TBI on sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies. Participants were non-injured control subjects and adults with TBI. The experimental task required subjects to press a response key under a series of concurrent response-reinforcer contingencies that periodically delivered money for responding and not responding. Afterwards, subjects provided a judgement about each response-reinforcer contingency by reporting the amount of money earned for responding and for not responding. Results suggest that TBI reduced the sensitivity of judgements and responding under select contingencies. These results lend some support to the view that TBI may reduce sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies. Furthermore, the investigation highlights the potential benefits of employing methods commonly used in human and animal operant research for the study of TBI.
Empty-lattice test of the linearized atomic-cell orbital method for energy bands

The linearized atomic-cell orbital (LACO) method is used to compute free-electron energy bands. Variational calculations are carried out for a Wigner-Seitz atomic cell appropriate to the fcc Cu lattice, and are compared with exact free-electron energy bands along the \ensuremath{\Gamma}\char21{}K line. Spherical harmonics through l=4 are included in full polyhedral calculations. For comparison, calculations using a spherical approximation are carried through l=5. Results show that the LACO method is efficient and accurate. It converges more rapidly than the spherical approximation.
NASA Marshall Engineering Thermosphere model — 1999 version (MET-99) and implications for satellite lifetime predictions

Abstract The use of thermospheric density models in the prediction of atmospheric drag (the major perturbation for orbiting spacecraft) is of great importance. Issues associated with these predictions include lifetime estimates, orbit determination and tracking, attitude dynamics, and re-entry prediction. Logistics planning through attitude control requirements and re-boost planning are also influenced by future orbital altitude density estimates. The MET-99 model and its predecessors were developed to provide the inputs needed to address these issues. The sensitivity of the future estimation of solar activity, and thus thermospheric density and the prediction of a satellite's lifetime, to the selection of Solar Cycle 23 minimum other than the conventionally identified mathematical minimum is shown. This can produce about 25 percent error in predicted satellite lifetime for a typical low Earth orbit example.
Energy required to pulverize soil at different degrees of compaction

Abstract Two new laboratory methods to determine the energy to pulverize natural soil are presented. Results for impact loads produced by a machine similar to the Charpy impact testing machine for metal and elastic products are compared to results obtained for a compression method of loading at a slow rate. Results are presented for different degrees of compaction and soil moisture content. Energy requirements increased when using the impact machine, after soil shrinkage during the drying process, for the finer degrees of pulverization and for compacting the soil. The energy results are compared to soil shear and soil impedance penetrometer parameters.
Experimental Study of Ordering Kinetics in a Highly Degenerate Superlattice

The evolution of domain ordering is studied with use of real-time x-ray scattering in stage-2, -4, and -6 Sb${\mathrm{Cl}}_{5}$-intercalated graphite, an experimental realization of a fourteen-state quasi two-dimensional superlattice. Quenching from the disordered phase reveals scaling behavior $L\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. Evidence for defect pinning is observed, leading to very sluggish long-time kinetics. The experimental findings are discussed in terms of recent theoretical predictions and Monte Carlo simulations of highly degenerate systems.
Improving Rates of Cervical Cancer Screening and Pap Smear Follow-Up for Low-Income Women with Limited Health Literacy

Adult literacy is an independent and important predictor of health behavior. In 1993, the National Adult Literacy Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education demonstrated that one-third of the U.S. population over age 16 (44 million adults) is functionally illiterate. Several studies link low health literacy to self-reported poor health status, poor health behavior, and inadequate knowledge about disease. Epidemiologic studies of cancer prevention have not detected strong racial and ethnic disparities in disease detection and progression, resulting in an emphasis on behavioral and intervention-based research. Low literacy presents a wide-reaching barrier to disease prevention that, unlike race/ethnicity, is potentially modifiable. Here, we explore the relationship between health literacy and health behaviors related to cervical cancer prevention in an effort to address concerns about low rates of screening and follow-up in vulnerable populations. Our goal is to improve our understanding of the health impact of low literacy among urban women and to inspire interventions that will promote disease prevention behaviors in this population, particularly with regard to cervical cancer.
Why Have-Nots Win in the HIV Litigation Arena: Socio-Legal Dynamics of Extreme Cases

This study focuses on “extreme” cases, those in which “have-nots,” usually people with HIV (PWAs), win HIV-related disputes in direct contests with “haves.” Using extensive data gathered in the United States, we searched for a socio-legal explanation of how PWAs have managed to win claims against insurance companies, government agencies, and other institutional plaintiffs. We also looked at judicial preoccupation with PWAs as carriers of contagion. We have observed that PWAs win against haves when: their needs-based claims attract third parties with strategic interests and independent resources; and when litigators cause decision makers to identify with PWAs and employ proven scientific arguments to defeat fear of their clients' contagion. For example, gay activist lawyers devised such an effective strategy by defining PWAs as persons with disabilities and by extending to them the antidiscrimination protections won earlier by disability rights' lawyers. While this approach brought relief in court for some and secured a less onerous identity for PWAs, its importance is diminishing with the shifting epidemiology of HIV in the United States.
Phenytoin neurotoxicity in developing mouse cerebellum in tissue culture

Phenytoin applied to developing neonatal mouse cerebellar cultures at concentrations of 9-46 micrograms/ml of nutrient medium from the day of explantation to 16 days in vitro induced cerebellar cortical degeneration. The degree of neurotoxicity correlated with drug concentration. Purkinje cells were the most susceptible of the cerebellar elements, and intracerebellar nucleus neurons were the most resistant. In contrast, mature mouse cerebellar explants were resistant to chronic exposure to high concentrations of phenytoin.
Hypoxia Ischemia-Mediated Cell Death in Neonatal Rat Brain

The examination of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) protein’s role in the activation of cognate nuclear, mitochondrial and ER cell death signaling cascades and the resulting effects on cell death phenotype in the brain after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) requires an understanding of neonatal HI insult and progression, as well as, its dysfunctional outcomes. In addition, knowledge of key concepts of oxidative stress, a major injurious component of HI, and the different cell death phenotypes (i.e. apoptosis and necrosis) will aid the design of appropriate useful experimental paradigms. Here we discuss organelle cell death signaling cascades in the context of the different cell death phenotypes associated with animal models of neonatal hypoxia ischemia and tissue culture models used in the study of hypoxia ischemia, focusing on the intracellular shifts of the Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in the hypoxic brain.
A search-based imaging system for electromagnetic nondestructive testing

A crucial aspect of nondestructive-testing research is the inverse problem (or imaging), which involves the reconstruction of flaws in test specimen interiors, given a probe response signal. A novel approach that uses the finite-element model to solve the forward problem is presented. It is based on first formulating defect reconstruction as a parameter estimation problem. The test system functions as mathematical mapping from parameter space to signal space. The two major parts of the method are described: problem representation and the search procedure. Results obtained by applying the basic algorithm to defects simulated using the finite-element model are discussed. >
A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients: immunological effects

Background Cancer patients commonly use dietary supplements to “boost immune function”. A polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake extract) showed immunomodulatory effects in preclinical studies and therefore the potential for clinical use. Whether oral administration in human produces measurable immunologic effects, however, is unknown.
The outer cyst wall ofBdellovibrio bdellocysts is made de novo and not from preformed units from the prey wall

Bdellovibrio sp. strain W bdellocysts were produced inEscherichia coli using three sources of3H-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) for incorporation into the cyst wall peptidoglycan: (a) labeledE. coli peptidoglycan, (b) labeledBdellovibrio peptidoglycan, and (c) exogenous3H-DAP in the encystment medium. After cysts were produced, they were either sonicated to remove the prey cell wall, or germinated to solubilize the cyst wall. The results show that label was incorporated into the cyst wall preferentially from the exogenous DAP in the medium, and not from the bdellovibrio or bdelloplast peptidoglycan. The encysting bdellovibrio does not therefore incorporate existing peptidoglycan units from the bdelloplast for synthesis of the cyst wall.
Cod liver oil per rectum as an adjunct in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

1. Cod liver oil instilled into the rectum is a definite aid to the healing of ulcerative colitis lesions. 2. It seems to be valuable merely as an adjunct and of no value if used alone. 3. Daily instillations of from two to four ounces have been used following a course of treatment with yatren, acriflavine and gentian violet. 4. Of seventeen cases treated, thirteen (76%) have remained practically symptom-free for periods varying from three to twenty-two months. Only two showed marked residual ulceration while being otherwise symptom-free. Several showed incomplete healing of a minor degree. 5. The chief value of the cod liver oil seems to be that it produces a cleaner, more pliable and healthier appearing bowel wall with less dense scar formation.
Probabilistic preferences and topset voting

Abstract Random utility theory offers a powerful modeling tool for group decision, voting and persuasion. I combine and extend three recent developments: (1) probabilistic choice models of approval voting, (2) general random utility representations for a variety of order relations, and (3) stochastic theories of persuasion. The present topset voting model merges (1) and (2) by generalizing probabilistic choice models for approval voting to arbitrary binary preference relations. Whereas the econometric literature emphasizes parametric random utilities (e.g. generalized logit and probit ), I investigate parametrizations of the probabilistic relations. A new model for paneled subset choice combines (1) and (3).
Magnetic resonance imaging-based treatment planning for prostate brachytherapy

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is the standard imaging modality for planning prostate brachytherapy. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides greater anatomic detail than TRUS. We compared treatment plans generated using TRUS, endorectal coil MRI (erMRI), and standard body array coil MRI (sMRI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Treatmentplanswereusedfrompatientstreatedwithpermanent, stranded-seed 125 I brachytherapy in a prospective trial. All men underwent pretreatment planning basedonTRUS,andallunderwenterMRIbeforetreatmentandsMRI30daysaftertheimplant.Treat- mentsfor20consecutivepatientswerereplannedonsMRIanderMRIimagesbyinvestigatorsblinded to TRUS-based plans. Prostate volume/dimensions, radioactivity-to-prostate-volume ratio, and dosi- metric parameters were compared. RESULTS: Compared with TRUS, mean prostate volume measured by erMRI was smaller, medial- lateraldiameter waslarger, andanterior-posterior diameter wassmaller, suggesting that theendorectal coil produced anatomic distortions. Craniocaudal prostate length was smaller on both types of MRI than on TRUS, suggesting that TRUS overestimates prostate length. Activity per volume was 7.5% lower for plans based on sMRI than on TRUS (0.901 vs. 0.974 mCi/cm 3 , p!0.001). sMRI plans had similar coverage of the planning target volume (PTV) (dose to 90% of the prostate (D90) 116.6% sMRI vs. 117.5% TRUS, p50.526) and improved dose homogeneity (percentage of PTV receiving150%oftheprescriptiondose(V150)47.4%sMRIvs.53.8%TRUS,p50.001andpercentage of PTV receiving 200% of the prescription dose (V200) 16.6% sMRI vs. 19.2% TRUS, p!0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Staging erMRI should not be routinely used for treatment planning because it produces anatomic distortion. sMRI may have treatment planning advantages over TRUS because of superior soft-tissue delineation of the prostate and adjacent normal tissue structures. 2013
Weight change after spinal cord injury

Objectives: To study the patterns of weight change after spinal cord injury (SCI) and identify associated risk factors.Study design: Cohort study.Setting: Sixteen Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS), USA.Participants: One thousand and ninety-four individuals with an SCI who were entered into the SCIMS and had a 1-year follow-up between October 2006 and November 2012.Intervention: Not applicable.Outcome measure: Change in body mass index (BMI) during the first year of injury. Height and weight were assessed during inpatient rehabilitation and 1 year after injury.Results: Mean BMI decreased from 26.3 to 25.8 kg/m² during the first year after SCI (mean change: −0.5 kg/m² (standard deviation: 3.58)). Weight loss was mainly observed among individuals classified as overweight or obese during rehabilitation (n = 576) with a BMI decrease of 1.4 kg/m², which varied significantly by sex, education, neurological level, and the presence of vertebral injury. Weight gain was noted among individuals classified as...
Simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson's disease

Reaction-times were evaluated in 6 parkinsonian patients and 6 normal control subjects using a simple reaction task and 3 choice reaction tasks of differing complexity. Reaction-times were measured as the time from stimulus onset to the onset of electromyographic activity in the responding muscle. Reaction-time was significantly delayed in patients compared to controls in all tasks, but to a greater extent in the more difficult tasks. The relative magnitude of the change, however, was only 4% in the simple reaction task and 8% in the more difficult choice tasks. These results suggest that the deficit in Parkinson's disease is unlikely to represent a defect in preprogramming as suggested by some investigators. Instead, our results indicate a disturbance in the cerebral processing of the auditory stimuli after their occurrence and prior to the initiation of motor activity.
A Multilevel Decomposition Approach to Estimate the Role of Program Location and Neighborhood Disadvantage in Racial Disparities in Alcohol Treatment Completion

Large racial disparities in completion rates from substance abuse treatment programs in urban settings remain largely unexplained, although evidence is accumulating that neighborhood conditions may influence individual substance abuse patterns and consequences. Understanding racial disparities in alcohol treatment completion, in particular, is crucial to resolving health disparities because racial/ethnic minorities bear a disproportionate burden of alcohol-related health consequences. Patient records for all non-homeless African American (N=1677), Hispanic (N=1635), and white (N=1216) alcohol outpatients, ages 18 or older, discharged during 1998-2000 from publicly funded treatment programs in Los Angeles County, the second largest system of publicly funded substance abuse treatment in the United States, were combined with census data. We tested the hypothesis that racial differences in treatment completion are related to differences in neighborhood context, particularly neighborhood-level disadvantage. Estimates from multilevel statistical models indicate that treatment neighborhood disadvantage is independently associated with treatment completion after controlling for patient characteristics and facility- and zip code-level random effects. Results of a Oaxaca decomposition of the regression estimates indicate that racial differences in treatment neighborhood disadvantage account for 32.3% of African American-white differences in treatment completion. Hispanic-white differences in completion, and the effect of home neighborhood disadvantage on completion, were non-significant. We conclude that the location of publicly funded alcohol treatment programs is related to racial disparities in treatment completion, but additional research is necessary to understand the mechanism behind this association.
Formation, solid solution hardening and softening of nanocrystalline solid solutions prepared by mechanical attrition

Abstract Nanocrystalline Ti 100 − x Cu x ( x = 0–8), Nb 100 − x Cu x ( x = 0–20), Ni 100 − x Cu x ( x = 0–50), Cr 100 − x Cu x ( x = 0–20), Fe 100 − x Cu x ( x = 0–15). Cu 100 − x Ni x ( x = 0–50), Cu 100 − x Fe x ( x = 0–50) and Cu 100 − x Co x ( x = 0–50) solid solutions have been prepared by mechanical attrition of elemental powder mixtures. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and microhardness measurements are utilized to investigate the structural evolution and the thermal and mechanical properties of the solid solutions. The strength of the nanocrystalline solid solution depends on both solid solution hardening and grain boundary hardening while the latter makes the major contribution to the total strength. The increase or decrease in hardness is dependent on the combined effects of solid solution hardening and either increased or decreased hardness resulting from changes in grain boundary hardening.