cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in initial response to standard clopidogrel therapy, delayed conversion to clopidogrel hyper-response, and associated thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms

Background and purpose Variability in response to clopidogrel therapy is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications encountered after neurointerventional procedures. This study aims to determine the variability in response to clopidogrel therapy and associated complications in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Methods We recorded baseline patient characteristics, co-administered medications, P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) values with VerifyNow, clopidogrel dosing, and thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms at our institution during a 19 month period. Results 100 patients were included in the study, 76 women and 24 men, mean age 57.3 years. 15 patients exhibited an initial clopidogrel hypo-response (PRU >240) and 21 patients an initial clopidogrel hyper-response (PRU Conclusions We found wide and dynamic variability in response to clopidogrel therapy in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms, which was significantly associated with thromboembolic and major hemorrhagic complications in our cohort.
Fly Control in Dairy Barns Sprayed with Dimethoate and the Determination of Dimethoate Residues in Milk

During the summer of 1959, dairy barns and loafing pens were sprayed with 0.5% and 1% dimethoate ( O,O , dimethyl S- ( N -methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphoroditlhioate) in water emulsion. The sprays gave excellent control of the horn fly ( Haematobia irritans (L.)) and the house fly ( Musca domestica L.), their residual effect lasting from 5 to 9 weeks. The stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) appeared in the barns for a brief period during which it was effectively checked by the sprays. Analysis of milk samples collected during June, July, August, and September showed no detectable amounts of dimethoate residues.
Risk investigation on hyperuricemia among residents of two communities in Wenzhou City

[Objective] To study the epidemiological characteristics of hyperuricemia(HUA) in Wenzhou City. [Methods] By means of multistage stratified cluster sampling method 3 502 residents over 35 years old from 2 communities were investigated with questionnaire and received physical examination and lab tests.And then the relationship between serum uric acid and the chief parameters of the metabolic syndrome was observed. [Results] The mean serum uric acid of the residents investigated was(260.25±93.21)μmol/L.The prevalence of hyperuricemia in the two community population was 7.47%,which was higher in men(10.78%),compared with that in women(4.93%);The prevalence rate of the MS was 17.90%.The prevalence rate of hypertension,diabetes,low HDL-cholesterol,High triglycerides,Overweight and Obesity was 62.31%,26.15%,13.46%,67.31%,46.92% in hyperuricemia group,which were much higher than those in normal UA group,By using logistic regression analysis it was shown that serum uric acid levels was correlated with triglycerides,HDL-cholesterol,body mass index,drinking,and so on. [Conclusion] The prevalence of hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome in Wenzhou was 7.47% and 14.6% respectively,suggesting that hyperuricemia might be one of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
Practice and Probe into Prevention and Control for High Incidence Cancers in Shanghai

It is very important to explore the cancer prevention and control measure for high incidence in urban area. The achievements of prevention and control for common cancers in Shanghai, and the prospection for future development were summarized.
'This Should be My Responsibility': Gender, Guilt, Privilege and Paid Domestic Work

Although women’s presence in the labor force has shown a marked increase, much of the existing research on housework suggests that for heterosexual families men’s and women’s housework contributions remain unequal. Scholars of domestic labor suggest that this influx of privileged women into the labor force, coupled with growing income inequality has caused an increase in the demand for paid domestic labor. This re-delegation of domestic labor may in some ways represent a threat to privileged women’s self image as caring for family has been inextricably part of the ideological construction of what constitutes a good wife and mother. Research demonstrates that even as families hire someone for domestic/cleaning labor women feel “obligated” to retain control of its’ supervision. This is not necessarily challenging the existing gendered division of labor but rather displacing housework along raced and classed lines. Utilizing data from 30 qualitative interviews with white class privileged women who hire domestic workers; this paper explores the motivations for hiring domestic workers, the ways in which participants conceptualized this labor as gendered, and finally how they navigated the guilt that often times accompanied hiring domestic workers.
“Claret is the liquor for boys; port for men”

In May of 1762 the cellar master to King George III of Great Britain and Ireland purchased red port for the first time. Insignificant as this purchase may seem, it marked a change for the royal household, because port was almost impossible to find, and scarce when found, in the cellars of either of the young king’s Hanoverian predecessors. Nor was this change minor. By June 1762 (i.e. one month later) port surpassed luxury claret, if only slightly, as the most common wine within the royal cellars. For the rest of the decade these two wines, which dominated the royal household accounts, were purchased and consumed in almost equal amounts.1
A Theory of Law in the Age of Organizations

Theories of law have failed to account for changes that have taken place in law and society with the rise of organizations. Ed Rubin observed a quarter century ago that H.L.A. Hart’s theory of law is inconsistent with a great deal of legislation and administrative law, but legal theorists have paid no heed. Here I present a theory of law more fitting to modern law. Theories of law propounded by Lon Fuller and Hart revolve around rule systems of social ordering, but law does much else that does not fit this characterization, particularly when utilized by government organizations. To provide a more refined perspective, I distinguish law as social rules from government uses of law, and I identify three subtypes of the latter. Then I elaborate the differences and interaction between these two orientations, in particular engaging with Hayek’s notion of background legal rules. Following these theoretical clarifications, I show how the aggregate actions of organizations and instrumental uses of law by government have produced a relatively fixed background legal fabric within society. Then I portray courts as organizations that process cases, a markedly different perspective from standard legal theory discussions of judging. Finally, I explain how this view of law points to a crucial clarification of the status of Hart’s theory and theories of law by analytical jurisprudents generally. The section headings are: Jurisprudential Blindness to Aspects of Modern Law; Managerial Organizations Wielding Law; Two Orientations of Law; Sequential Emergence of Orientations, and Their Interaction; Why Common Law is not a Spontaneous Order Reflecting Society; Legal Fabric of Society; Courts as Organizations; Variation of Law in Societies; From Hart to a Social Historical Theory of Law.
Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Flow Ratings at Prototype Spillways and Weirs. I: Data Generation and Validation

AbstractAccurate flow ratings at water-control structures are essential for water-resource management. This paper presents an approach to obtain numerically generated data using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to complement field measurements needed to improve spillway flow-rating formulas. The procedure to generate CFD flow data described herein is based on solving Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the κ-e turbulence closure model with the free surface resolved by the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The steps for setting the computational domain, generating the mesh, selecting the boundary conditions, and choosing a convergence criteria for the simulations are discussed. The turbulence closure model and VOF method for the present application are verified with data from laboratory measurements of submerged jet flow below a gate and in a sharp open-channel bend. CFD flow data generation is validated with laboratory and field measurements for gated ogee spillways in south Florida. The results...
Taking the Measure of National Greatness: Georg Brandes’s Condemnation of German Imperialism

In numerous public speeches and essays published around the turn of the 20 th century, the Danish intellectual Georg Brandes (1842–1927) criticized Germany’s imperialistic behavior, in particular its oppressive treatment of the Danish minority in Slesvig-Holstein, as incompatible with true national greatness. In Brandes’s view, many of the same traits and actions that bolstered Germany’s national pride and international might violated human rights and compromised human dignity, thus diminishing Germany’s moral and cultural stature. Grounded in the traditions of bourgeois liberalism, Brandes’s brand of cosmopolitan nationalism privileges the “universal” conception of the nation as a civic union in which the rights of heterogeneous ethnic groups must be protected by the state to which they belong, regardless of that state’s dominant linguistic and ethnic identity. His defense of oppressed minority groups against the economic and military might of German imperialism exemplifies his privileging of the universal over the national. (JKA)
Transcranial alternating current stimulation attenuates neuronal adaptation.

We previously showed that brief application of 2 mA (peak-to-peak) transcranial currents alternating at 10 Hz significantly reduces motion adaptation in humans. This is but one of many behavioral studies showing that weak currents applied to the scalp modulate neural processing. Transcranial stimulation has been shown to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Few studies, however, have measured the neural consequences of transcranial current stimulation. We capitalized on the strong link between motion perception and neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque monkey to study the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral consequences of transcranial alternating current stimulation. First, we observed that 2 mA currents generated substantial intracranial fields, which were much stronger in the stimulated hemisphere (0.12 V/m) than on the opposite side of the brain (0.03 V/m). Second, we found that brief application of transcranial alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz reduced spike-frequency adaptation of MT neurons and led to a broadband increase in the power spectrum of local field potentials. Together, these findings provide a direct demonstration that weak electric fields applied to the scalp significantly affect neural processing in the primate brain and that this includes a hitherto unknown mechanism that attenuates sensory adaptation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Transcranial stimulation has been claimed to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Little is known, however, how transcranial current stimulation generates such effects, and the search for better stimulation protocols proceeds largely by trial and error. We investigated, for the first time, the neural consequences of stimulation in the monkey brain. We found that even brief application of alternating current stimulation reduced the effects of adaptation on single-neuron firing rates and local field potentials; this mechanistic insight explains previous behavioral findings and suggests a novel way to modulate neural information processing using transcranial currents. In addition, by developing an animal model to help understand transcranial stimulation, this study will aid the rational design of stimulation protocols for the treatment of mental illnesses, and the improvement of perception and learning.
Molecular mechanism for the regulation of yeast separase by securin

The crystal structure of yeast separase in complex with its inhibitor securin sheds light on the mechanism of inhibition, in which securin inhibits separase by inserting a short segment into the active site. Separase is a protease that acts on cohesin, the protein responsible for keeping sister chromatids in proximity until the appropriate time for them to separate during cell division. The activity of separase is kept in check by its inhibitor, securin. Liang Tong and Shukun Luo have now solved a high-resolution structure of the separase–securin complex in yeast. The structure shows that securin inhibits separase by inserting a short region into its active site, thereby revealing the mechanism of inhibition. Biochemical studies show that contacts outside the separase active site are crucial for stabilizing the complex. Separase is a cysteine protease with a crucial role in the dissolution of cohesion among sister chromatids during chromosome segregation1,2,3,4,5,6,7. In human tumours separase is overexpressed, making it a potential target for drug discovery8. The protease activity of separase is strictly regulated by the inhibitor securin, which forms a tight complex with separase and may also stabilize this enzyme9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Separases are large, 140–250-kilodalton enzymes, with an amino-terminal α-helical region and a carboxy-terminal caspase-like catalytic domain. Although crystal structures of the C-terminal two domains of separase17 and low-resolution electron microscopy reconstructions of the separase–securin complex18,19 have been reported, the atomic structures of full-length separase and especially the complex with securin are unknown. Here we report crystal structures at up to 2.6 A resolution of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae separase–securin complex. The α-helical region of separase (also known as Esp1) contains four domains (I–IV), and a substrate-binding domain immediately precedes the catalytic domain and has tight associations with it. The separase–securin complex assumes a highly elongated structure. Residues 258–373 of securin (Pds1), named the separase interaction segment, are primarily in an extended conformation and traverse the entire length of separase, interacting with all of its domains. Most importantly, residues 258–269 of securin are located in the separase active site, illuminating the mechanism of inhibition. Biochemical studies confirm the structural observations and indicate that contacts outside the separase active site are crucial for stabilizing the complex, thereby defining an important function for the helical region of separase.
What is the role of learning strategies in students' performance and participation?

In a recent study Ulstad, Halvari, Sorebo and Deci (2016) examined learning strategy use in physical education. Learning strategies included effort regulation, help seeking, peer learning, and task...
“You’re Fired,” Says the Robot

The rapid adoption of new technologies in the workplace, especially robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), has motivated some researchers to determine what effects such technologies may have. Few scholars, however, have examined the possibility that a large segment of the population is apprehensive about the quick pace of technological change and encroachment into modern life. Drawing from economic projections about the future of the digital economy and from literature in the sociology of technology and emotions, this article explores whether certain fears of technology exacerbate fears of unemployment and financial insecurity. Using data from Wave 2 of the Chapman Survey of American Fears (N = 1,541), I find that there exists a sizable population of “technophobes” or those who fear robots, AI, and technology they do not understand. Technophobes are also more likely than nontechnophobes to report having anxiety-related mental health issues and to fear unemployment and financial insecurity. With advanc...
Fostering scientists data sharing behaviors via data repositories, journal supplements, and personal communication methods

The purpose of this study is to examine how institutional pressures, individual motivations, and resources all affect scientists diverse data sharing behaviors, including (a) making data accessible through data repositories, (b) submitting data as journal supplements, and (c) providing data via personal communication methods upon request. A combined theoretical framework integrating institutional theory and theory of planned behavior was used to create a research model which presents how scientists make the decision to share data in diverse ways, and how the data sharing factors differ across diverse data sharing behaviors. A survey method was employed to evaluate the research model by using multivariate regression analysis technique with a total of 2172 survey responses in the U.S. The results of this research show the dynamic relationships between diverse data sharing factors and different forms of data sharing behaviors. For data sharing via data repository, journal pressure, perceived effort, and availability of data repositories are significant factors; for data sharing through journal supplement, journal pressure, perceived career benefit, perceived effort, and availability of data repository are significant factors; for personal data sharing, funding agency pressure, normative pressure, perceived career risk, perceived effort, and availability of data repositories are significant factors. This research suggests that funding agencies, journal publishers, and scientific communities that different strategies need to be employed to promote different forms of data sharing behaviors.
Fluid nitrogen fertilizers for direct application in the United States

The potential of ammonia as a lower cost source of nitrogen was first realized in California in the early 1930s when ammonia gas was added to irrigation waters. Direct injection followed in 1939. I...
Role of Point Defects in Spinel Mg Chalcogenide Conductors

Close-packed chalcogenide spinels, such as MgSc2Se4, MgIn2S4, and MgSc2S4, show potential as solid electrolytes in Mg batteries, but are affected by non-negligible electronic conductivity, which contributes to self-discharge when used in an electrochemical storage device. Using first-principles calculations, we evaluate the energy of point defects as a function of synthesis conditions and Fermi level to identify the origins of the undesired electronic conductivity. Our results suggest that Mg-vacancies and Mg-metal antisites (where Mg is exchanged with Sc or In) are the dominant point defects that can occur in the systems under consideration. While we find anion-excess conditions and slow cooling to likely create conditions for low electronic conductivity, the spinels are likely to exhibit significant n-type conductivity under anion-poor environments, which are often present during high-temperature synthesis. Finally, we explore extrinsic aliovalent doping to potentially mitigate the electronic conductivi...
Triethylamine-assisted Mg(OH)2 coprecipitation/preconcentration for determination of trace metals and rare earth elements in seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Abstract In this paper, we report an improved magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, coprecipitation method for the determination of 16 trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sb, Sn and Pb) and 18 rare earth elements (REEs), including Sc, Y, U and Th in seawater and estuarine water samples. The procedure involves coprecipitation of the trace elements and REEs on Mg(OH)2 upon addition of a small volume of triethylamine (TEA) followed by analysis of the dissolved pellet solutions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Three-step sequential coprecipitation was carried out on 10 mL aliquots of seawater to eliminate the matrix ions and to preconcentrate the analytes of interest into a 1 mL final volume. Spike recoveries varied from 85% (Th) to 105% (Y). Calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) matrices were virtually eliminated from the analysis solutions. Collision reaction interface (CRI) technology utilizing H2 and He gases was employed to determine its effectiveness in removing the spectral interferences originating from the residual Mg matrix, TEA and plasma gases. H2 was more effective than He in reducing spectral interferences from TEA and plasma gases. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.01 ng L−1 (Ho) to 72 ng L−1 (Al). The method was validated by using certified seawater (CASS-4) and estuarine water (SLEW-3) reference materials. Precision for five (n = 5) replicate measurements were between 1.2% (Pr) and 18% (Lu). Fe, Pb, Sn, and Zn impurities in TEA were significant in comparison to the levels in CASS-4 and SLEW-3, while relatively high background signals impacted determinations of low levels of Sc and Th. The effects of these hurdles on precision and accuracy were alleviated by measuring these elements in spiked CASS-4 and SLEW-3.
Conclusion: Return to the Old

The revolutionaries had challenged both the assumptions and practices of the old order; they contested the traditional norms of etiquette, dress, and language. Confrontational diplomacy proved an oxymoron. As the gales of revolution swept through France, the new diplomacy increasingly resembled the old as the revolutionaries found themselves making compromises. After Thermidor the revolutionaries found themselves violating previously declared principles. The Directory had an even more pragmatic emphasis. The same geostrategic concerns dominated policy. Realpolitik prevailed. Revolutionaries increasingly adopted practices they had earlier derided; they adopted a more elaborate ceremony and etiquette, they resorted to bribery and espionage, and they insisted on precedence. Although the revolutionaries continued to espouse revolutionary principles, the dream of transforming the international system remained just that.
Optimal Max-SINR scheduling in full-duplex OFDMA cellular networks with dynamic arrivals

In this paper, we propose an optimal algorithm for scheduling in a full duplex Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access network. This network exhibits a full-duplex base station that concurrently communicates with a pair of one uplink, and one downlink half duplex user equipment (UE). Our objective is to maximize the system's sum-SINR i.e., the sum of the SINR values of all the UEs that are allocated resources. We formulate our optimal algorithm as an integer linear optimization problem. Our formulation of the problem has the originality of incorporating a non-full buffer traffic model. In order to deal with such type of traffic, we introduce a resource utilization factor along with additional constraints on the optimization. This factor helps tune the problem, affecting outputs such as UE SINR and throughput. We compare our algorithm with an iterative greedy heuristic full duplex Max-SINR algorithm we previously proposed, as well as with the related works. Simulation results show that the optimal solution provides improved throughput values in comparison with the heuristic algorithm, and that it constitutes a more realistic approach to scheduling than the proposals in the state-of-the-art. Finally, we study the effect of partial state information on the performance of our algorithm. Under imperfect channel information, our FD algorithm still provides higher UE throughput than traditional half duplex systems.
Preservice teachers’ blogging: collaboration across universities for meaningful technology integration

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore technology integration by preservice teachers (PSTs) through collaborative blogging between two universities. Researchers aimed to learn more about ...
Erythrocyte cellular and membrane deformability in hereditary spherocytosis

In order to determine whether the relative rigidity of the hereditary spherocytosis (HS) red cell is due to membrane rididity or merely to an altered surface/volume ratio, we investigated the deformability of resealed red cell membranes from patients with HS. Whereas the osmotic fragility of intact red cells of HS patients showed the expected increase, the osmotic fragility of resealed HS membranes was normal, thus indicating that their surface/volume ratio was normal. Measurements with an ektacytometer showed that deformability of intact HS cells was markedly diminished, whereas deformability of resealed HS membranes was normal. These findings indicate that the HS red cell membrane is not intrinsically abnormally rigid, as has been suggested, but that the lack of deformability of the erythrocyte is primarily a function of the altered surface/volume ratio.
Effect of favorable employment change on alcohol abuse : One- and five-year follow-ups in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

Job loss has been linked to adverse outcomes such as alcohol abuse, but improved employment, usually assumed to be beneficial, has seldom been evaluated and may not help with addictive disorders. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, young adults who were unemployed or underemployed (low income or involuntary part-time) in 1984 were followed up in 1985 and 1989. Controlling for 1984 alcohol abuse, there were no effects of positive employment change on 1985 symptoms, but there were significant restorative effects on 1985 binge drinking among those who were heavy drinkers in 1984. There also appeared to be an indirect link of favorable 1984–1985 employment change to heavy drinking in 1989 via 1989 employment status. Because the effects of underemployment partially resembled those of unemployment, the discussion cautions against the conventional wisdom of promoting any work, including underemployment, as curative for the ills of unemployment.
Barriers impeding knowledge management for hardware integration and engineering teams

ABSTRACTThe paper identifies and ranks barriers to the four pillars of knowledge management (KM) that affect the ability of hardware integration and engineering (HIE) teams from achieving KM benefi...
Study of Two-Dimensional Acoustic Metamaterial Based on Lattice System

This article presents a comprehensive study of two-dimensional acoustic metamaterial based on mass-in-mass lattice model with both one resonator and multi-resonators. We demonstrate the dynamic anisotropic property of a two-dimensional lattice system and the existence of multiple stop bands of mass-in-mass lattice systems with more than one resonator. A two-dimensional stable lattice plate structure, composed of unit mass-in-mass cells is proposed, and been studied by adapting both an exact model and a continuum model. The dispersion surfaces and stop band obtained by the exact model show that the stop band of this metamaterial exists, and it can be shifted and operated upon. In contrast, the dispersion surface obtained through the continuum model describes the acoustic mode well, but is only accurate at low frequencies for the optical mode. By attaching a secondary resonator to the primary resonator, an additional stop band is achieved. Finally, an acoustic metamaterial plate which has more than one stop band is proposed and studied numerically. Good agreement has been achieved between theoretical and numerical analyses.
Antibiotic prescribing trends among US dermatologists in Medicare from 2013 to 2016.

Objectives: Antibiotics are commonly used in dermatology for infectious and inflammatory diseases, and dermatologists prescribe the most antibiotics per physician of any specialist in the United States (US). While oral antibiotics are effective for many conditions, adverse effects and increase in resistance are important public health issues. The purpose of this study is to examine trends in oral antibiotic prescription by US dermatologists using Medicare claims.Materials and Methods: Retrospective review using publicly available Medicare Part D prescriber public use files from 2013 to 2016.Results: The number of dermatologists within the Medicare system increased from 10,210 to 10,749. The proportion of prescriptions by dermatologists that were oral antibiotics increased from 10.0% to 10.7% (p = .023). The use of oral antibiotics increased 10.1% (2.9 claims per 1,000 beneficiaries) from 28.7 to 31.6 claims per 1,000 beneficiaries. There were more oral antibiotic prescriptions in the South than in other regions. Doxycycline was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic each year in all regions.Conclusions: Between 2013 and 2016, the number of oral antibiotics prescribed by dermatologists has increased among Medicare patients. Dermatologists must continue to reevaluate antibiotic prescription practices, particularly among the elderly population, in order to provide optimal care to patients.
Cosmology: Dark matter and dark energy

Observations continue to indicate that the Universe is dominated by invisible components — dark matter and dark energy. Shedding light on this cosmic darkness is a priority for astronomers and physicists.
Electrospray Ionization Inlet Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Hyphenated Method for the Sensitive Determination of Chemicals in Animal Tissues and Body Fluids

This study demonstrates the utility of electrospray ionization inlet mass spectrometry (ESII-MS/MS) for the quantitative determination of analytes in complex animal matrices without chromatographic...
Ein besserer Mensch dank Naturbeobachtung

Naturbeobachtung hat das Potenzial, den Menschen in umwelttugendethischer Perspektive zu starken.
Seeking Comfort In Complexity: A Path Home for Permanently Hospitalized Children

Pediatric Palliative Care's guiding principle of whole-patient and whole-family care brings with it a unique opportunity to appreciate and advocate for care gaps and disparities. The growing population of children with medical complexity and technological dependency have represented a challenge in Palliative Care practice as well as resource utilization and economic justice. Serving at the only major academic medical center in an under-resourced state, we have a population of majority-minority, …
Compliance with North Dakota's smoke-free law among vape and tobacco specialty shops.

Objective To determine compliance with North Dakota's smoke-free law in vape shops and other tobacco specialty shops selling electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or e-liquids. Design In this 2019 descriptive study, shops (n = 35) were assessed for compliance with the smoke-free law by observation of indoor and outdoor areas for smoking or vaping, or evidence of such activity in prohibited areas, and the presence of required no-smoking signs. Results Only two shops (5.7%) were fully compliant with the smoke-free law. Full compliance for indoor and outdoor environments was 8.5% and 42.8%, respectively. Vaping occurred inside five shops (14.3%), and smoking occurred outdoors within required smoke-free areas in two (5.7%) shops. Four (11.4%) and 17 (48.6%) shops complied with indoor and outdoor signage requirements, respectively. Conclusions Overall compliance remained low, although much of the noncompliance was related to signage. Use or evidence of ENDS use occurred both indoors and outdoors where prohibited by law. Classifying ENDS as tobacco products would require tobacco licensure of shops selling ENDS and e-liquids, aiding in identification of the shops for education and enforcement efforts to ensure compliance with the law and to improve public health protection.
Scale, Scope, and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in Drug Discovery

We examine the relationship between firm size and research productivity in the pharmaceutical industry. Using detailed internal firm data, we find that larger research efforts are more productive, not only because they enjoy economies of scale, but also because they realize economies of scope by sustaining diverse portfolios of research projects that capture internal and external knowledge spillovers. In pharmaceuticals, economies of scope in research are important in shaping the boundaries of the firm, and it may be worth tolerating the static efficiency loss attributable to the market power of large firms in exchange for their superior innovative performance.
Protecting Whiteness: Whitelash and the rejection of racial equality

Racial cultural wars; overt racism; white supremacist: domestic terrorism targeting Latino families; and the rise of authoritarianism have divided society in numerous ways. Protecting Whiteness: Wh...
Mitochondrial dysfunction–induced H3K27 hyperacetylation perturbs enhancers in Parkinson’s disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major pathophysiological contributor to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, whether it contributes to epigenetic dysregulation remains unknown. Here, we show that both chemically and genetically driven mitochondrial dysfunctions share a common mechanism of epigenetic dysregulation. Under both scenarios, lysine 27 acetylation of likely variant H3.3 (H3.3K27ac) increased in dopaminergic neuronal models of PD, thereby opening that region to active enhancer activity via H3K27ac. These vulnerable epigenomic loci represent potential transcription factor motifs for PD pathogenesis. We further confirmed that mitochondrial dysfunction induces H3K27ac in ex vivo and in vivo (MitoPark) neurodegenerative models of PD. Notably, the significantly increased H3K27ac in postmortem PD brains highlights the clinical relevance to the human PD population. Our results reveal an exciting mitochondrial dysfunction-metabolism-H3K27ac-transcriptome axis for PD pathogenesis. Collectively, the mechanistic insights link mitochondrial dysfunction to epigenetic dysregulation in dopaminergic degeneration and offer potential new epigenetic intervention strategies for PD.
Planetary Mine: Territories of Extraction under Late Capitalism: by Martín Arboleda, Brooklyn, Verso Books, 2020, $29.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781788732963

For most STS scholars, the details of world-system theorization are not of concern. We are a bit too theoretically fastidious for such world-geographic excursions, anxious of “views from nowhere” a...
Expression of Maf family proteins in glutamatergic neurons of the mouse olfactory bulb

The fate of neurons in the developing brain is largely determined by the combination of transcription factors they express. In particular, stem cells must follow different transcriptional cascades during differentiation in order to generate neurons with different neurotransmitter properties, such as glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. In the mouse cerebral cortex, it has been shown that large Maf family proteins, MafA, MafB and c-Maf, regulate the development of specific types of GABAergic interneurons but are not expressed in glutamatergic neurons. In this study, we examined the expression of large Maf family proteins in the developing mouse olfactory bulb (OB) by immunohistochemistry and found that the cell populations expressing MafA and MafB are almost identical, and most of them express Tbr2. As Tbr2 is expressed in glutamatergic neurons in the OB, we further examined the expression of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal markers in MafA and MafB positive cells. The results showed that in the OB, MafA and MafB are expressed exclusively in glutamatergic neurons, but not in GABAergic neurons. We also found that few cells express c-Maf in the OB. These results indicate that, unlike the cerebral cortex, MafA and/or MafB may regulate the development of glutamatergic neurons in the developing OB. This study advances our knowledge about the development of glutamatergic neurons in the olfactory bulb, and also might suggest that mechanisms for the generation of projection neurons and interneurons differ between the cortex and the olfactory bulb, even though they both develop from the telencephalon.
Response to ‘Dr Raymond David, BASF Corporation’

We thank Dr Raymond David from BASF for his letter and are pleased to address his concerns. Regarding Dr David's first point about the irrelevance of the kidney toxicity to humans due to the accumulation of the rat-specific protein alpha-2-u-microglobulin, please note that the EU SCENIHR report that was cited in our article, as well as the 2008 report, refers to alpha-2-macroglobulin (page 74 in the 2007 report; page 44 in the Table 12 footnote to which Dr David refers, and page 81 in the 2008 report), and unlike alpha-2-u-microglobulin, alpha-2-macroglobulin is a human protease inhibitor.1, 2 It is possible that this was a mistake by EU SCENIHR. However, it should be noted that the available literature regarding the health effects of DINCH was limited to summaries by BASF and the review in the EU SCENIHR report of unreferenced and unpublished animal studies submitted by BASF.1, 2 The publication of toxicological studies would enable independent evaluation of study results and prevent misinterpretation.
A New High Efficiency Segmented Thermoelectric Unicouple

To achieve high thermal-to-electric energy conversion efficiency, it is desirable to operate thermoelectric generator devices over large temperature gradients and also to maximize the thermoelectric performance of the materials used to build the devices. However, no single thermoelectric material is suitable for use over a very wide range of temperatures (approx. 300 - 1000 K). It is therefore necessary to use different materials in each temperature range where they possess optimum performance. This can be achieved in two ways: 1) multistage thermoelectric generators where each stage operates over a fixed temperature difference and is electrically insulated but thermally in contact with the other stages and 2) segmented generators where the p- and n-legs are formed of different segments joined in series. The concept of integrating new thermoelectric materials developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) into a segmented thermoelectric generator has been presented in detail in earlier publications . This new generator is expected to operate over a 300-973 K temperature difference and will use novel segmented legs based on a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials and novel p-type Zn4Sb3, p-type CeFe4Sb12-based alloys and n-type CoSb3-based alloys. An increase in the conversion efficiency of about 60% is expected compared to conventional Bi2Te3- and PbTe-based generators. We present in this paper the latest experimental results from the bonding studies between the different segments of the p-legs, n-legs, and p-leg to n-leg interconnect. Evaluation of the bond quality was done by measuring the contact resistance across the joints as well as by detailed microstructure investigations to reveal any potential interdiffusion. Among the materials investigated as inter-layers between the different segments of the legs, Pd-Ag joining alloys have been found to provide mechanically stable and low electrical resistance bonds.
Exponential Convergence for the Stochastically Forced Navier-Stokes Equations and Other Partially Dissipative Dynamics

We prove that the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations possess an exponentially attracting invariant measure. This result is in fact the consequence of a more general ``Harris-like'' ergodic theorem applicable to many dissipative stochastic PDEs and stochastic processes with memory. A simple iterated map example is also presented to help build intuition and showcase the central ideas in a less encumbered setting. To analyze the iterated map, a general ``Doeblin-like'' theorem is proven. One of the main features of this paper is the novel coupling construction used to examine the ergodic theory of the non-Markovian processes.
Lardil “Case Stacking” and the Timing of Case Assignment

Abstract. Lardil (Tangkic, Australia) allows nominals to surface with multiple case affixes. One condition on this so-called case stacking is that when new morphology is added to a nominal with a semantically uninterpretable Case (such as accusative), the Case is dropped; a nominal with a semantically interpretable Case (such as instrumental), by contrast, can stack more morphology outside the Case morpheme. I argue that uninterpretable Cases in these examples are in fact assigned and later eliminated, and develop an approach to Spell-out that allows such derivations to take place, in which PF Spell-out and LF Spell-out are dissociated. I offer two arguments that processes like Case assignment and concord take place in the narrow syntax: one has to do with the distinction drawn between meaningful and meaningless Cases, and the other with the interaction between Lardil Tense concord and various types of movement operations.
Well plate-based perfusion culture device for tissue and tumor microenvironment replication

There are significant challenges in developing in vitro human tissue and tumor models that can be used to support new drug development and evaluate personalized therapeutics. The challenges include: (1) working with primary cells which are often difficult to maintain ex vivo, (2) mimicking native microenvironments from which primary cells are harvested, and (3) the lack of culture devices that can support these microenvironments to evaluate drug responses in a high-throughput manner. Here we report a versatile well plate-based perfusion culture device that was designed, fabricated and used to: (1) ascertain the role of perfusion in facilitating the expansion of human multiple myeloma cells and evaluate drug response of the cells, (2) preserve the physiological phenotype of primary murine osteocytes by reconstructing the 3D cellular network of osteocytes, and (3) circulate primary murine T cells through a layer of primary murine intestine epithelial cells to recapitulate the interaction of the immune cells with the epithelial cells. Through these diverse case studies, we demonstrate the device's design features to support: (1) the convenient and spatiotemporal placement of cells and biomaterials into the culture wells of the device; (2) the replication of tissues and tumor microenvironments using perfusion, stromal cells, and/or biomaterials; (3) the circulation of non-adherent cells through the culture chambers; and (4) conventional tissue and cell characterization by plate reading, histology, and flow cytometry. Future challenges are identified and discussed from the perspective of manufacturing the device and making its operation for routine and wide use.
Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery: Next Generation, edited by James C. Schwab

Some books become like old friends. Although tattered and dog eared, marked with highlighters and Post-it Notes, they remain reliable, reassuring sources of information. Such has been the case with...
Patterns of accumulation of Bean common mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes nearly isogenic for the I locus

The I locus of Phaseolus vulgaris is genetically and phenotypically well described, conferring incompletely dominant, temperature-dependent resistance against viruses currently assigned to at least four Potyvirus species. Despite the fact that the resistance allele at this locus, the I gene, has been incorporated into nearly all bean germplasm worldwide, little is known regarding its resistance mechanism. In the present study, P. vulgaris lines nearly isogenic for I were challenged with Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV; genus Potyvirus) in order to investigate at the cellular level the temperature-dependent resistance reaction. Immunolocalisation and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed to visualise the virus and to identify patterns of BCMV accumulation in resistant, susceptible and heterozygous genotypes. Virus was detected in all three genotypes regardless of temperature, supporting previous findings that BCMV accumulates in protoplasts containing the I allele. Genotype-Specific and temperature-specific patterns of virus accumulation suggested a resistance mechanism that depends on host recognition of viral replication and/or local movement.
Model for the photooxidation of parylenes

Parylenes belong to a family of polymers that have been investigated for use in electronic and medical applications. The photooxidation of these materials is of interest both to prevent degradation and to induce targeted chemical changes. This article describes a transport and reaction model for the photooxidation of parylenes. This model is based on existing polymer photooxidation mechanisms that have been adapted to this system. The model has been compared with existing parylene photooxidation data for this system and shows qualitative agreement with surface oxidation profiles and oxidation depth profiles. On the basis of the results of the model comparison, it has been determined that the key parameters that appear to affect the photooxidation of parylenes are the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in these films and the concentration of oxygen initially present in these films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2666–2677, 2004
A comparison of the glycoproteins and the proteins from multiple sclerosis and normal brain tissue

Two highly sensitive techniques were used to identify glycoproteins and proteins in several tissue fractions from two normal brains and five brains from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Comparison of glycoproteins and proteins in white and gray matter, myelin and a myelin-related fraction between normal and MS brains not only showed the presence in all fractions of many more minor components than has previously been reported, but also subtle differences in some of these components. However, no change was unequivocally MS-specific. This provides additional evidence that MS is a demyelinating rather than a dysmyelinating disorder and may lead to some insight into the etiology and/or progression of this disease. Moreover, this study has served to characterize further the proteins and glycoproteins of human brain tissue.
Summary of U.S. clinical trials program for evaluation of anistreplase.

Because the reestablishment of coronary blood flow is believed to be central to the benefit of thrombolytic therapy, the U. S. evaluation program of anistreplase has focused on reperfusion, patency, and reocclusion comparisons with approved thrombolytic regimens, including (1) intracoronary streptokinase (completed) (TEAM-I), (2) intravenous streptokinase (completed) (TEAM-II), and (3) intravenous tissue plasminogen activator complex or alteplase (tPA, ongoing) (TEAM-III). The TEAM trials have established that anistreplase possesses similar reperfusion efficacy to intracoronary streptokinase, if given within 4 h, but is much easier to administer; comparisons with currently approved intravenous agents, streptokinase, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) have been completed and are being analyzed or are underway; reocclusion and reinfarction rates are low; safety is good, and similar to that of streptokinase; and mortality rates have been low with treatment, consistent with beneficial reports from randomized trials. Based on overall efficacy, ease of administration, and safety, anistreplase has been shown to be a promising agent for treatment of acute myocardial infarction.