cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual-Lens Electron Holography for Junction Profiling and Strain Mapping of Semiconductor Devices

Electron microscopes have been used extensively to look at structure at the nanometer scale. Most of the information obtained from electron microscopes is amplitude information. Yet, the phase information of electron microscopy, which can be obtained from off-axis electron holography, provides unique information on electronic structure and structural changes in a wide variety of materials.For the semiconductor industry, junction profiling and strain mapping in Si at high spatial resolution provide information that is critical for further scaling of semiconductor devices. Because of the complex process conditions involved to control the junction position relative to the gate position, determination of junction position at high spatial resolution can help to reduce the cost and cycle time of development. Bright-field holography can measure the phase change of electrons traversing the materials, which is directly related to the mean inner potential of Si, indicating the junction position at the nanometer scale. Furthermore, in recent years stressors have been incorporated into devices to change the semiconductor lattice constant in the channel region and thereby enhance hole and electron mobility. Like the junction definition, the extra processing steps involved to add strain in a device have increased development and manufacturing costs. One way to minimize development cycle time is to monitor, at a nanometer scale, changes in channel deformation resulting from process changes. In 2008, Hytch et al. reported that dark-field holography can provide a promising path to nanometer scale strain mapping [1]. Cooper et al. reported using dark-field holography to measure strain related to different process conditions [2, 3].The requirements of electron holography to inspect the current generation of semiconductor devices are: (1) a fringe width (fringe overlap) in the range of about 100 to 800 nm for an adequate field of view (FOV), (2) fringe spacing between 0.5 and 10 nm for meaningful spatial resolution, (3) visibility of the fringe contrast (10–30%) for useful signal-to-noise ratio, and (4) adjust-ability of both the FOV and the fringe spacing relative to the sample. In previous papers and patent disclosures, we reported that we had developed a dual-lens electron holography method on a JEOL instrument to meet the above requirements, and later we implemented the same method on FEI instruments to provide a similar operational range for electron holography [4–6]. This dual-lens operation allows electron holography to be performed from low to high magnification and provides the FOV and fringe spacing necessary for two-dimensional (2D) junction profiling and strain measurements for devices with various sizes.In this article, we describe the electron optics for this method. We also describe several examples of junction profiling and strain mapping to show how to use dual-lens electron holography to resolve semiconductor device issues at high spatial resolution.
Powering microbial electrolysis cells by capacitor circuits charged using microbial fuel cell

Abstract A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) was powered by a capacitor based energy storage circuit using energy from a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to increase MEC hydrogen production rates compared to that possible by the MFC alone. To prevent voltage reversal, MFCs charged the capacitors in a parallel configuration, and then the capacitors were discharged in series to boost the voltage that was used to power the MECs. The optimal capacitance for charging was found to be ∼0.01 F for each MFC. The use of the capacitor charging system increased energy recoveries from 9 to 13%, and hydrogen production rates increased from 0.31 to 0.72 m3 m−3-day−1, compared to coupled systems without capacitors. The circuit efficiency (the ratio of the energy that was discharged to the MEC to the energy provided to the capacitor from the MFCs) was ∼90%. These results provide an improved method for linking MFCs to MECs for renewable hydrogen gas production.
Presumed Motive in the Male and Female Perception of Rape.

Sexual differences in rape stereotypes, the subjective impressions of rape generated by information and misinformation about the act, were investigated. College subjects were asked to provide impre...
Demonstration of Biphasic Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Apolipoprotein B Secretion in HepG2 Cells

Abstract Oleic acid (OA) stimulates apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion from HepG2 cells by protecting the nascent protein from rapid intracellular degradation. In contrast, the n-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid, have been shown to reduce apoB secretion by increasing its intracellular degradation in rat hepatocytes. We attempted to determine if OA and DHA have these opposite effects at the same point in the secretory pathway for apoB or if they act at different points in HepG2 cells. Unexpectedly, we found that when DHA (0.2 mmol/L) was incubated with HepG2 cells for 2 hours, it stimulated both triglyceride (TG) synthesis and apoB secretion significantly (the “stimulatory effect”). The stimulatory effect of DHA on apoB secretion was associated with decreased intracellular degradation of newly synthesized apoB. These acute effects of DHA on TG synthesis and apoB secretion paralleled those previously demonstrated with OA. After DHA was removed from the medium, however, both TG synthesis and apoB secretion rapidly decreased to a level that was significantly less than the control level (the “inhibitory effect”). At the same time, intracellular apoB degradation was significantly increased, and this degradation was efficiently prevented by proteasome inhibitors. Removal of DHA from the incubation resulted in inhibition of the incorporation of endogenous fatty acids into TG. In contrast, removal of OA from the media was not associated with any such inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of DHA on basal apoB secretion persisted at least 8 hours. These studies suggest that incubation of HepG2 cells with DHA has biphasic effects on TG synthesis and apoB secretion: an initial stimulation of TG synthesis is followed by inhibition of TG synthesis and increased apoB degradation. Although the stimulatory effect of DHA is apparent during short incubations of HepG2 cells, both effects would be expected to occur during long incubations, since fatty acid uptake by cells is rapid and efficient. Thus, long incubations of HepG2 cells with DHA could result in overall reduced apoB secretion compared with cells incubated in bovine serum albumin. If these findings are extrapolated to the in vivo situation, they can explain the ability of dietary n-3 fatty acids, which would be delivered to the liver intermittently, to reduce very low density lipoprotein secretion.
Blind carrier synchronization and channel identification for OFDM communications

In OFDM communications, the loss of orthogonality due to carrier offset must be compensated before DFT-based demodulation can be performed. We present a high accuracy blind carrier offset estimation algorithm and a blind channel equalizer which exploit the intrinsic structure information of OFDM signals. The latter method allows the receiver to perform coherent demodulation in changing environments without the overhead required for additional pilots.
Is free-will theism religiously inadequate? A reply to Ciocchi

David Ciocchi has charged that ‘open’ or free-will theism is religiously inadequate. This is it is because it is unable to affirm the ‘presumption of divine intervention in response to petitionary prayer’ (PDI), a presumption Ciocchi claims is implicit in the religious practice of ordinary Christian believers. I argue that PDI and Ciocchi's other assumptions concerning prayer are too strong, and would upon reflection be rejected by most believers. On the other hand, God as conceived by free-will theism has extensive resources for answering petitionary prayers, including prayers whose fulfilment depends on the free responses of other persons.
Endotoxin tolerance attenuates LPS-induced TLR4 mobilization to lipid rafts: a condition reversed by PKC activation

Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by attenuated macrophage activation to subsequent LPS challenge and can be reversed through nonspecific protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and activation by LPS within naive cells requires the activation of the cell surface receptors CD14 and TLR4 on lipid rafts. The effect of PKC activation and endotoxin tolerance on lipid raft receptor complex assembly is unknown and the focus of this study. Tolerance was induced in THP-1 cells through LPS pre-exposure. Naive and tolerant cells were stimulated with LPS, with or without PMA pretreatment to activate PKC. TLR4 surface expression and LPS binding were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cellular and lipid raft protein was analyzed for the presence and activation of the TLR4 complex components. Harvested supernatants were examined for TNF-alpha production. Total TLR4 surface expression and LPS binding were not affected by tolerance induction. LPS stimulation of naive cells resulted in TLR4 and heat shock protein (HSP)70 lipid raft mobilization, MAPK activation, and TNF-alpha production. LPS stimulation of tolerant cells was associated with attenuation of all of these cellular events. Although PKC activation by PMA had no effect on naive cells, it did result in reversal in tolerance-induced suppression of TLR4 and HSP70 lipid raft mobilization, MAPK activation, and TNF-alpha production. In addition, the effects associated with PMA were reversed with exposure to a myristoylated PKC-zeta pseudosubstrate. Thus, endotoxin tolerance appears to be induced through attenuated TLR4 formation following LPS stimulation. This complex formation appears to be PKC-dependent, and restoration of PKC activity reverses tolerance.
CRASHWORTHINESS OF ROADSIDE FEATURES ACROSS VEHICLE PLATFORMS

Each year more than 14,000 persons are killed and 1 million persons are injured as a result of roadside crashes. Recent estimates of the annual societal costs associated with these roadside crashes amounted to $80 billion. Clearly, there is a need for further understanding of the roadside safety problem. The impact performances of roadside safety features are typically evaluated through full-scale crash testing with two vehicles selected from the extremes of the passenger vehicle fleet in terms of weight and size. The implicit assumption is that if a roadside safety feature successfully passes the test requirements for vehicles at the extremes for the fleet, the feature will perform satisfactorily for all other vehicles in between. Many vehicle parameters could influence performance during impacts, and this assumption may or may not be valid. The safety performances of roadside features for various passenger car platforms and light-truck subclasses were evaluated. The study approach consists of evaluation...
Long-term dynamics of winter and summer annual communities in the Chihuahuan Desert

Winter and summer annuals in the Chihuahuan Desert have been intensively studied in recent years but little is known about the similarities and differences in the dynamics between these two communities. Using 15 yr of census data from permanent quadrats, this paper compared the character- istics and temporal dynamics of these two distinct, spatially co-existent but temporally segregated communities. Although the total number of summer annual species recorded during our 15 yr of observation was higher than winter annuals, the mean number of species observed each year was higher in the winter community. The winter community exhibited lower temporal variation in total plant abundance and populations of individual species, lower species turnover rate and higher evenness than the summer community. The rank abundances of species in winter were significantly positively correlated for a period of up to 7 yr while in summer significant positive correlations in rank abundance disappeared after 2 to 3 yr. The higher seasonal species diversity (i.e. number of species ob- served in each season) in winter rather than the overall special pool (over 15 yr) may be responsible for the greater community stability of winter annuals. The difference in long-term commu- nity dynamics between the two communities of annual plants are likely due to the differences in total species pool, life history traits (e.g. seed size), and seasonal climatic regimes.
An icing physics study by using lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry technique

An experimental investigation was conducted to quantify the unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process within small icing water droplets in order to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding of the important micro-physical process of icing phenomena. A novel, lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry (MTT) technique was developed and implemented to achieve temporally-and-spatially resolved temperature distribution measurements to reveal the time evolution of the unsteady heat transfer and dynamic phase changing process within micro-sized water droplets in the course of icing process. It was found that, after a water droplet impinged onto a frozen cold surface, the liquid water at the bottom of the droplet would be frozen and turned to solid ice rapidly, while the upper portion of the droplet was still in liquid state. As the time goes by, the interface between the liquid phase water and solid phase ice was found to move upward continuously with more and more liquid water within the droplet turned to solid ice. Interestingly, the averaged temperature of the remaining liquid water within the small icing droplet was found to increase, rather than decrease, continuously in the course of icing process. The temperature increase of the remaining liquid water is believed to be due to the heat release of the latent heat during solidification process. The volume expansion of the water droplet during the icing process was found to be mainly upward to cause droplet height growth rather than radial to enlarge the contact area of the droplet on the test plate. As a result, the spherical-cap-shaped water droplet was found to turn to a prolate-spheroid-shaped ice crystal with cusp-like top at the end of the icing process. The required freezing time for the water droplets to turn to ice crystals completely was found to depend on the surface temperature of the test plate strongly, which would decrease exponentially as the surface temperature of the frozen cold test plate decreases.
On combining shortest-path and back-pressure routing over multihop wireless networks

Back-pressure-type algorithms based on the algorithm by Tassiulas and Ephremides have recently received much attention for jointly routing and scheduling over multihop wireless networks. However, this approach has a significant weakness in routing because the traditional back-pressure algorithm explores and exploits all feasible paths between each source and destination. While this extensive exploration is essential in order to maintain stability when the network is heavily loaded, under light or moderate loads, packets may be sent over unnecessarily long routes, and the algorithm could be very inefficient in terms of end-to-end delay and routing convergence times. This paper proposes a new routing/scheduling back-pressure algorithm that not only guarantees network stability (throughput optimality), but also adaptively selects a set of optimal routes based on shortest-path information in order to minimize average path lengths between each source and destination pair. Our results indicate that under the traditional back-pressure algorithm, the end-to-end packet delay first decreases and then increases as a function of the network load (arrival rate). This surprising low-load behavior is explained due to the fact that the traditional back-pressure algorithm exploits all paths (including very long ones) even when the traffic load is light. On the other-hand, the proposed algorithm adaptively selects a set of routes according to the traffic load so that long paths are used only when necessary, thus resulting in much smaller end-to-end packet delays as compared to the traditional back-pressure algorithm .
An instrument for the assessment of diarrhoeal severity based on a longitudinal community-based study.

Objective Diarrhoea is a significant contributer to morbidity and is among the leading causes of death of children living in poverty. As such, the incidence, duration and severity of diarrhoeal episodes in the household are often key variables of interest in a variety of community-based studies. However, there currently exists no means of defining diarrhoeal severity that are (A) specifically designed and adapted for community-based studies, (B) associated with poorer child outcomes and (C) agreed on by the majority of researchers. Clinical severity scores do exist and are used in healthcare settings, but these tend to focus on relatively moderate-to-severe dehydrating and dysenteric disease, require trained observation of the child and, given the variability of access and utilisation of healthcare, fail to sufficiently describe the spectrum of disease in the community setting. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Santa Clara de Nanay, a rural community in the Northern Peruvian Amazon. Participants 442 infants and children 0–72 months of age. Main outcome measures Change in weight over 1-month intervals and change in length/height over 9-month intervals. Results Diarrhoeal episodes with symptoms of fever, anorexia, vomiting, greater number of liquid stools per day and greater number of total stools per day were associated with poorer weight gain compared with episodes without these symptoms. An instrument to measure the severity was constructed based on the duration of these symptoms over the course of a diarrhoeal episode. Conclusions In order to address limitations of existing diarrhoeal severity scores in the context of community-based studies, we propose an instrument comprised of diarrhoea-associated symptoms easily measured by community health workers and based on the association of these symptoms with poorer child growth. This instrument can be used to test the impact of interventions on the burden of diarrhoeal disease.
A second generation assembly of the Drosophila simulans genome provides new insights into patterns of lineage-specific divergence.

We create a new assembly of the Drosophila simulans genome using 142 million paired short-read sequences and previously published data for strain w(501). Our assembly represents a higher-quality genomic sequence with greater coverage, fewer misassemblies, and, by several indexes, fewer sequence errors. Evolutionary analysis of this genome reference sequence reveals interesting patterns of lineage-specific divergence that are different from those previously reported. Specifically, we find that Drosophila melanogaster evolves faster than D. simulans at all annotated classes of sites, including putatively neutrally evolving sites found in minimal introns. While this may be partly explained by a higher mutation rate in D. melanogaster, we also find significant heterogeneity in rates of evolution across classes of sites, consistent with historical differences in the effective population size for the two species. Also contrary to previous findings, we find that the X chromosome is evolving significantly faster than autosomes for nonsynonymous and most noncoding DNA sites and significantly slower for synonymous sites. The absence of a X/A difference for putatively neutral sites and the robustness of the pattern to Gene Ontology and sex-biased expression suggest that partly recessive beneficial mutations may comprise a substantial fraction of noncoding DNA divergence observed between species. Our results have more general implications for the interpretation of evolutionary analyses of genomes of different quality.
Estimating the response rate in the presence of measurement error

In clinical research, it is often of interest to estimate the response rate (i.e. the proportion of subjects who achieve a clinically meaningful threshold) for a particular variable. The standard estimator of the response rate is generally biased in the presence of measurement error. The estimation accounting for the measurement error utilizing fully nonparametric (NP) methods is complicated and may not be efficient. Therefore, we propose a model-based approach assuming a parametric model for the true value and only the first few moments for the measurement error. The estimator for the true response rate and the variance for the estimator are derived. An innovative method using bootstrap simulation is proposed to check the model assumption. Simulations show that the proposed estimator outperforms a fully NP estimator if the model assumption for X holds. This method is applied to address a commonly occurring question in osteoporosis regarding response to treatment in terms of longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD). Bootstrap simulations showed that the model utilized is appropriate. The proposed method can also be applied in other fields of clinical research.
Analysis of gene transfer efficiency of retrovirus producer cell transplantation for in situ gene transfer to hematopoietic cells

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to assess the gene transfer efficiency of an in situ administration protocol for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) animal model. Materials and Methods Moloney murine leukemia virus amphotropic vector producer cells (1–2 × 10 8 cells/animal) were transplanted into the femoral bone marrow cavities of six macaques. To determine if the levels of gene transfer could be increased, a second injection at the same dose of producer cells was performed into the iliac crest in three of the six macaques. Results We demonstrated that 0.02–0.1% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells contained the vector transgene for up to 12 months following the initial administration of producer cells. Hematopoietic progenitor cell assays indicated that the neomycin phosphotransferase gene was detected in 10–30% of progenitor cell colonies. A humoral immune response directed toward viral particles was demonstrated in all animals. Additionally, we demonstrated that an increase in the levels of transduced cells, up to 1% of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes, contain the transgene following producer cell readministration. Conclusions These data demonstrate the successful in situ gene transfer to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells that persists as long as 12 months postinjection, in the absence of any preconditioning.
Pay-for-Performance’s Effect on Future Employee Performance Integrating Psychological and Economic Principles Toward a Contingency Perspective

Although pay-for-performance’s potential effect on employee performance is a compelling issue, understanding this dynamic has been constrained by narrow approaches to pay-for-performance conceptualization, measurement, and surrounding conditions. In response, we take a more nuanced perspective by integrating fundamental principles of economics and psychology to identify and incorporate employee characteristics, job characteristics, pay system characteristics, and pay system experience into a contingency model of the pay-for-performance–future performance relationship. We test the role that these four key contextual factors play in pay-for-performance effectiveness using 11,939 employees over a 5-year period. We find that merit and bonus pay, as well as their multiyear trends, are positively associated with future employee performance. Furthermore, our findings indicate that, contrary to what traditional economic perspectives would predict, bonus pay may have a stronger effect on future performance than me...
A high repetition rate VUV-soft X-ray FEL concept

We report on design studies for a seeded FEL light source that is responsive to the scientific needs of the future. The FEL process increases radiation flux by several orders of magnitude above existing incoherent sources, and offers the additional enhancements attainable by optical manipulations of the electron beam: control of the temporal duration and bandwidth of the coherent output, reduced gain length in the FEL, utilization of harmonics to attain shorter wavelengths, and precise synchronization of the X-ray pulse with seed laser systems. We describe an FEL facility concept based on a high repetition rate RF photocathode gun, that would allow simultaneous operation of multiple independent FELs, each producing high average brightness, tunable over the VUV-soft X-ray range, and each with individual performance characteristics determined by the configuration of the FEL. SASE, enhanced-SASE (ESASE), seeded, harmonic generation, and other configurations making use of optical manipulations of the electron beam may be employed, providing a wide range of photon beam properties to meet varied user demands.
Meiotic Chromosome Morphology and Behavior in zip1 Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Zip1 protein (Zip1p) is a component of the central region of the synaptonemal complex (SC). Zip1p is predicted to form a dimer consisting of a coiled-coil domain flanked by globular domains. To analyze the organization of Zip1p within the SC, in-frame deletions of ZIP1 were constructed and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the C terminus but not the N terminus of Zip1p is required for its localization to chromosomes. Deletions in the carboxy half of the predicted coiled-coil region cause decreases in the width of the SC. Based on these results, a model for the organization of Zip1p within the SC is proposed. zip1 deletion mutations were also examined for their effects on sporulation, spore viability, crossing over, and crossover interference. The results demonstrate that the extent of synapsis is positively correlated with the levels of spore viability, crossing over, and crossover interference. In contrast, the role of Zip1p in synapsis is separable from its role in meiotic cell cycle progression. zip1 mutants display interval-specific effects on crossing over.
Probability on Finite Sample Spaces

We continue the discussion of experiments with finite sample spaces. The doctor testing salve had a sample space with eight sample points: RRR, RRN, …, NNN; the waitress taking egg orders had a sample space with six points: S, OH, 0E, SS, B, P. In order to talk about a sample space S in general, it is necessary to have some names for the distinct sample points.
Crime, Punishment, Religion, and Constitutional Interpretation

This paper will examine the role cultural beliefs play in the confinement, control, and torture of the human body as acts of justice. Specifically, the work will explore the links between some of the foundational ideas of Christianity and the nature of constitutional law in the United State regarding matters of crime and punishment. These will include the role of biblical interpretation in defining of justice, the significance of the notion of 'free will' in the determination of sentencing for criminal behavior, and the significance of the idea of transcendence in the characterization of the law and punishment. This will include a discussion of the role of natural law. The paper will conclude with some suggestions regarding constitutional interpretation that seeks to move away from the influence of non-secular considerations in matters of criminal justice.
The expanding role of metformin in cancer: an update on antitumor mechanisms and clinical development

Metformin has been used for nearly a century to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epidemiologic studies first identified the association between metformin and reduced risk of several cancers. The anticancer mechanisms of metformin involve both indirect or insulin-dependent pathways and direct or insulin-independent pathways. Preclinical studies have demonstrated metformin's broad anticancer activity across a spectrum of malignancies. Prospective clinical trials involving metformin in the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer now number in the hundreds. We provide an update on the anticancer mechanisms of metformin and review the results thus far available from prospective clinical trials investigating metformin's efficacy in cancer.
Palaeolithic mollusc exploitation at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy) : food and ornaments from the Aurignacian through Epigravettian

This study considers exploitation of marine molluscs at Riparo Mochi (Italy) in cultural and ecological context. Five shell assemblages from this site represent the early Upper Palaeolithic (c. 36,000 BP) through Late Epigravettian (c. 9000 BP) periods. Taphonomic analysis reveals four kinds of shell debris: ornaments, food refuse, marine sponge inclusions, and land snails. While human foraging agendas at Riparo Mochi shifted over the five Palaeolithic phases, the kinds of marine shells favoured as ornaments remained nearly constant.
Response to Symposium: “Pracademics”: Mixing an Academic Career with Practical Politics

As a pracademic for my entire career and a department chair for almost 20 years, I found the wonderful symposium on pracademics to be right on target. The examples and the advice for faculty and administrators are invaluable to our profession. Thank you for publishing it.
Cause and management of muscle wasting in chronic liver disease.

Purpose of review Sarcopenia or loss of skeletal muscle mass is the major component of malnutrition and occurs in the majority of patients with liver disease. Lower muscle contractile function also contributes to the adverse consequences of sarcopenia. There are no effective therapies to prevent or reverse sarcopenia in liver disease. This review will discuss the advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options for sarcopenia in liver disease. Recent findings Sarcopenia increases mortality and risk of development of other complications of cirrhosis, and worsens postliver transplant outcomes while quality of life is decreased. Unlike other complications of cirrhosis that reverse after liver transplantation, sarcopenia may not improve and actually worsens. Impaired skeletal muscle protein synthesis and increased proteolysis via autophagy contribute to sarcopenia. Hyperammonemia is the best-studied mediator of the liver-muscle axis. Molecular studies show increased expression of myostatin whereas metabolic studies show impaired mitochondrial function and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates because of cataplerosis of α-ketoglutarate. Impaired skeletal muscle pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation during hyperammonemia suggest amino acids are diverted to acetyl CoA and potentially aggravate hyperammonemia. Nutritional supplementation is of limited or no benefit and suggests that cirrhosis is a state of anabolic resistance. Exercise may be beneficial but whether it overcomes anabolic resistance is not known. Summary The high clinical significance of sarcopenia is well established. Current approaches to nutritional supplementation have not been effective in reversing sarcopenia because of anabolic resistance. Myostatin antagonists, specific amino acid supplementation, mitochondrial protection, and combination endurance-resistance exercise are potential future therapeutic options.
Temporal changes in forage alfalfa associated with insect and disease stress

The effects of insects, fungus diseases, and their combined stress on stand persistence and dry matter production in irrigated forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were evaluated over 5 yr. Plant populations in plots subjected to disease or insect and disease stress declined 36% faster than in plots maintained pest free or plots subjected to unilateral insect stress. Disease, primarily Stagonospora crown rot incited by Stagonospora meliloti (Lasch.) Petr., was the principal contributory agent to long term plant mortality. Insect-imposed stress had no unilateral effect on stand deterioration. Losses in dry matter production were dependent on nonpersistent insect and foliar disease attack and the persistent stand reduction caused by Stagonospora crown rot. Insects and foliar diseases were most common before first cutting. Although these pests were not biologically active in later cuttings, the injury they caused before the first harvest continued to reduce yields for several additional cuttings. Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and A. kondoi Shinjiwere the most destructive insects. Common leaf spot and spring black stem, caused by Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Saccoand Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Rhoum. var medicaginis , respectively, were the most significant foliar diseases. Total forage yield over 5 yr was reduced 18 and 22% by insects and diseases respectively; their combined effect reduced yield 36%. Stress attributable to fungal diseases alone and the combined stress of insects and diseases shortened productive stand life by 1 and 2 yr, respectively, compared with plots maintained insect and disease free.
Finding Confidence Bound Using Two-Stage Data

ABSTRACTMultistage sampling schemes for statistical inference are widespread. In particular, computing one or two sided confidence limits from two-stage samples has many applications. Typically, in a two stage sampling scheme, at the end of the first stage, the investigator carries out a statistical testing procedure to decide whether to move on to the second stage or to stop sampling. If the investigator decides to go to the second stage, then more samples are taken and a final decision is reached. Since the cost of sampling is sometimes very high, it is desired to use all the samples from both the stages to make a terminal decision. Bias considerations usually make it improper to simply combine the samples and treat them as one sample. In this paper, we consider computing confidence bounds for a mean using data from two stages. Let n1 sample points be taken in the first stage and a standard level-α t-test performed for testing the hypothesis H0: μ ≤ μo∼vs.∼H1: μ > μo. If H0 is rejected, then a second sa...
The microscopic structure and thermal shock resist- ance of copper-impregnated graphite throat insert material

The copper-impregnated graphite ( CIG) throat insert material was made by means of impregnating copper to coarse granular graphite. The studied results on relation between microscopic structure and the property of thermal shock resistance are that the properties of copper-imperegnated thermal shock resistance of coarse granular graphite is more perfect than that of other five types of graphite in common use because impregnated copper to coarse granular has increased the thermal conductivity and improved the general effect of toughness. And for this reason, the material has met the expectations of throat insert material used in high performance tactical missile and space vehicles with high pressure, high flow rate solid rocket motor very well.
The Small GTPase Rab4 Controls an Early Endocytic Sorting Event

Small GTP binding proteins of the rab family have been implicated in the control of vesicular traffic in eukaryotes. It is thought that rab proteins ensure the specificity or directionality of a vesicle budding or fusion event by coupling the completion of the reaction to the hydrolysis of bound GTP (Bourne, 1988). Rab4 and rab5, two distinct rab proteins, have now been localized to early endosomes (Chavrier et al., 1990; van der Sluijs et al., 1991). Although the functions of the endosome-associated rabs are not clear, in vitro evidence indicates that rab5 is involved in lateral fusion between early endosomes (Gorvel et al., 1991). Although an activity for rab4 has yet to be established, it seems likely that it will play a role in the pathway of receptor recycling since it co-localizes with the transferrin receptor (Tfn-R) (van der Sluijs et al., 1991).
Spectral studies of drug interaction with hepatic microsomal cytochrome.

Two types of spectral changes are described as resulting from substrate interaction with a hepatic microsomal cytochrome; the magnitude of these spectral changes is dependent on protein concentration and substrate concentration as well as the substrate employed. In two of the three types of substrates examined, the concentration of substrate necessary to evoke half-maximal enzyme activity was similar to the concentration of the same substrate necessary for half-maximal spectral changes. The addition of NADPH, a corequirement for the microsomal mixed function oxidase, causes a modification of both types of spectral changes, without altering substrate affinity. Three possible hypotheses are advanced, based upon the experimental observations, to explain the two types of spectral changes observed.
Professional Preparation Needs of Community Health Educators

(1983). Professional Preparation Needs of Community Health Educators. Health Education: Vol. 14, Curricular Issues in High School Education, pp. 48-50.
Is There a Role for Laparoscopic and/or Robotic Techniques for Borderline Resectable Tumors?

Recent evidence suggests that minimally invasive approaches are safe and effective alternatives to open surgery in carefully selected patients with benign and malignant pancreatic disease. In this chapter, the role of laparoscopic and robotic approaches to resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is critically evaluated, focusing on metrics of safety, feasibility, and oncologic outcomes.
Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporine A

Cyclosporin-A (Cy-A) is a new drug used in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) over the past few years. The treatment is based on the two postulates; first, that INS is presumably a disorder of T lymphocytes, and second, that Cy-A exerts its immunomodulatory effect on T cell immunity. The paper first gives evidence why in the current nephrology the three histologic variants, i.e. minimal changes, focal glomerular sclerosis and diffuse mesangial hypercellularity are termed idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, and review of immunopathogenesis of INS, which might be a rational use of Cy-A as therapeutic modality. Recent data concerning the treatment of INS with Ca-A have shown that Cy-A might be an alternative drug for corticosteroid sensitive patients, but who are either frequent relapsers or drug-dependent. However, Cy-A maintain remission during administration only. It could be used to overcome side effects of corticosteroid therapy, which is of particular interest in children with growth retardation. Treatment of patients resistant to classic immunomodulatory therapy (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil) was beneficial only in 22% of cases. In these patients, especially if their glomerular filtration rate is reduced, Cy-A is potentially nephrotoxic and may lead to rapid deterioration of renal function. Long-term administration of Cy-A requires regular screening for nephrotoxicity by laboratory tests and renal biopsy every 6-12 months.
Secondary Industrialisation in South Africa

Swaziland’s industrialisation process cannot be analysed without establishing the South African semi-periphery as a context in relation to which Swaziland derives its peripheral status as well as the pace and quality of its industrialisation. After establishing the mechanisms directing South African secondary industrialisation in this chapter, I will consider the Swaziland political economy in Chapter 3. However, the relationship between core and periphery will be explored with regard to the BLS countries’ relationship with South Africa via the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).
Comparison of Visual and Acoustic Emission Observations in a Four Point Bending Experiment on Barre Granite

We present an experimental study in which a pre-notched specimen of Barre Granite was subjected to four point bending under crack mouth opening displacement control. The experimental observations consisted of load–displacement measurements, acoustic emissions, and photography on a macroscopic (~cm) as well as microscopic (~μm) scale. These observations were compared and analysed to better understand process zone development and crack propagation. Load–displacement data showed that the load reaches its maximum at crack initiation, and the machine input work is constant while the crack propagates. AE moment magnitudes between Mw = −6 to −10 were observed, and focal mechanisms consisted of both shear and tensile components. During process zone development, AE formed a large cloud of events located near the notch tip and then tended to occur away from the notch tip as the crack propagated. Image analysis at the microscopic scale showed that microcracks formed and coalesced during process zone development; specifically, the microcracks initiated in tension and then propagated as a series of en-echelon cracks. In general, the synthesis of the three observations showed that a wider bulb of activity at lower energy tended to occur during process zone development, while crack propagation tended to be more spatially concentrated and contained higher energy.
Spatio-Temporal Ecological and Evolutionary Dynamics in Natural Butterfly Populations (2015 Field Season)

The study of evolution in natural populations has advanced our understanding of the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. For example, long term studies of wild populations indicate that natural selection can cause rapid and dramatic changes in traits, but that in some cases these evolutionary changes are quickly reversed when periodic variation in weather patterns or the biotic environment cause the optimal trait value to change (e.g., Reznick et al. 1997, Grant and Grant 2002). In fact, spatial and temporal variation in the strength and nature of natural selection could explain the high levels of genetic variation found in many natural populations (Gillespie 1994, Siepielski et al. 2009). Long term studies of evolution in the wild could also be informative for biodiversity conservation and resource management, because, for example, data on short term evolutionary responses to annual fluctuations in temperature or rainfall could be used to predict longer term evolution in response to directional climate change. Most previous research on evolution in the wild has considered one or a few observable traits or genes (e.g., Kapan 2001, Grant and Grant 2002, Barrett et al. 2008). We believe that more general conclusions regarding the rate and causes of evolutionary change in the wild and selectionâs contribution to the maintenance of genetic variation could be obtained by studying genome-wide molecular evolution in a suite of natural populations. Thus, in 2012 we began a long term study of genome-wide molecular evolution in a series of natural butterfly populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). This study will allow us to quantify the contribution of environment-dependent natural selection to evolution in these butterfly populations and determine whether selection consistently favors the same alleles across space and through time.
Impact of Renal Failure on F18-FDG PET/CT Scans

Objective: The current guidelines for 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scanning do not address potential inaccuracies that may arise due to patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). We report a retrospective analysis of standard uptake values (SUVs) in patients with and without ESRD to identify if these patients require a protocol adjustment. Methods: Patients were matched based on age, gender and BMI which are all potential effectors on observed SUV. Thirty patients were selected with ESRD of which 12 were on dialysis. All 30 patients had age, gender and BMI control matches. In addition, to asses ESRD, BUN and creatinine levels were observed within one month of the scan. PET/CT scans for both the ESRD patients and controls were performed 60 minutes after FDG injection. SUV values were obtained by placing circular regions of interest in the right hepatic lobe (LSUV) and left psoas muscle (PSUV). Results: For the 30 ESRD patients, the mean LSUV was 2.77 and PSUV was 1.43 while the controls had mean LSUV 2.74 and PSUV 1.42. The SUV values from both the liver and psoas muscle were not significantly different between the ESRD patients and the normal controls with p values >0.05. In addition, dialysis and gender also had no effect on SUV values. Conclusion: Our data suggests renal failure patients do not require an adjustment in protocol and the standard protocol times should remain.
Results of clinical applications of negative pions at Los Alamos

Data are presented on forty patients treated under Phase I-II studies at Los Alamos with negative pi mesons (pions), alone or with subsequent conventional radiation, and followed from 6 to 15 months prior to 15 August 1978. Patients had advanced disease (large primary and/or metastatic solid tumors) in or near the thirteen sites planned for randomized Phase III studies, and were selected to provide information on tissue tolerance in those sites. Data on longevity, tumor response, and normal tissue reactions are presented.
Resounding the Campus: Pedagogy, Race, and the Environment

Through 2015, the Chapel Hill campus of the University of North Carolina was charged with debates about its landscape that drew attention to the contested racial history of particular monuments and buildings. The heated environment inspired and shaped a collaborative teaching project undertaken by the authors: an anti-racist soundwalk that asked its performers—undergraduate students at the university—to incorporate historical documents from the campus archives into site-specific performances. This article explores issues of vulnerability and difference in the context of classroom soundwalks with a particular focus on collaborative, experiential learning in contested public spaces.
Presurgical depression and anxiety are not associated with worse epilepsy surgery outcome five years postoperatively.

Abstract Purpose Anxiety and depression have been associated with poor seizure control after epilepsy surgery. This study explored the effect of presurgical anxiety or depression on two- and five-year seizure control outcomes. Methods Adult subjects were enrolled between 1996 and 2001 in a multicenter prospective study to evaluate outcomes of resective epilepsy surgery. A Poisson regression was used to analyze the association of depression and anxiety with surgical outcome, while adjusting for gender, age, ethnicity, number of years with seizures, and presence of mesial temporal sclerosis. Results The relative risk (RR) of presurgical depression on two-year seizure-free outcome in this cohort is 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.84–1.49) and 1.06 (CI, 0.73–1.55) on five-year seizure free outcome. The RR of presurgical anxiety on two-year seizure outcome is 0.73 (CI, 0.50–1.07) and 0.70 (CI, 0.43–1.17) on five-year seizure outcome. When including Engel classes I and II, the RRs of presurgical depression, anxiety, or both two years after surgery were 0.96 (p = 0.59), 0.73 (p Only presurgical anxiety was associated with worse epilepsy surgery outcome two year after surgery but not at five years postsurgery. Depression was not a risk factor for poor epilepsy surgical outcome in the long term. Conclusion These findings from a prospective study that utilized a standardized protocol for psychiatric and seizure outcome assessment suggest that presurgical mood disorders have no substantial impact on postsurgical seizure outcome for up to five years after surgery.