cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognosis for superconductivity in Np and Pu

Abstract Np and Pu were substituted for U in bcc γ-U alloys and the depression of Tc measured. By extrapolating the Np and Pu impurity concentrations to 100%, estimates were made for the maximum superconducting transition temperatures that may be expected for bcc γ-Np and ∈-Pu alloys.
Origins of Peptide Selectivity and Phosphoinositide Binding Revealed by Structures of Disabled-1 PTB Domain Complexes

Formation of the mammalian six-layered neocortex depends on a signaling pathway that involves Reelin, the very low-density lipoprotein receptor, the apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2), and the adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1). The 1.5 A crystal structure of a complex between the Dab1 phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain and a 14-residue peptide from the ApoER2 tail explains the unusual preference of Dab1 for unphosphorylated tyrosine within the NPxY motif of the peptide. Crystals of the complex soaked with the phosphoinositide PI-4,5P(2) (PI) show that PI binds to conserved basic residues on the PTB domain opposite the peptide binding groove. This finding explains how the Dab1 PTB domain can simultaneously bind PI and the ApoER2 tail. Recruitment of the Dab1 PTB domain to PI-rich regions of the plasma membrane may facilitate association with the Reelin receptor cytoplasmic tails to transduce a critical positional cue to migrating neurons.
The expected likelihood of transitivity of preference

May's model of pairwise preference determination is used to assess the expected likelihood that a subject's pairwise preference comparisons on three alternatives will be transitive. A closed form representation for this expected likelihood is obtained for each situation considered. When the subject is assumed to act precisely according to rankings on attributes with May's model, the computed expected likelihoods the relatively large. When the subject becomes a probabilistic chooser, as defined in a specific manner, expected likelihoods of transitivity decrease significantly from corresponding values with May's model. For a probabilistic Chooser, there is a significant likelihood that the subject might yield transitive pairwise preferences substantially different than the results suggested by May's model.
Major coexpression of kappa-opioid receptors and the dopamine transporter in nucleus accumbens axonal profiles.

The behavioral effects of psychostimulants, which are produced at least in part through inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT), are modulated by κ-opioid receptors (KOR) in the nucleus accumbens (Acb). Using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, we reveal that in the Acb KOR labeling is mainly, and DAT immunoreactivity is exclusively, presynaptic. From 400 KOR-labeled presynaptic structures, including axon terminals, intervaricosities, and small axons, 51% expressed DAT and 29% contacted another population of terminals exclusively labeled for DAT. Within axonal profiles that contained both antigens, DAT and KOR were prominently localized to plasma membrane segments that showed overlapping distributions of the respective immunogold-silver and immunoperoxidase markers. KOR labeling was also localized to membranes of small synaptic vesicles in terminals with or without DAT immunoreactivity. In addition, from 24 KOR-immunoreactive dendritic spines 42% received convergent input from DAT-containing varicosities and unlabeled terminals forming asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses. Our results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that in the Acb, KOR is localized to strategic sites for involvement in the direct presynaptic release and/or reuptake of dopamine. These data also suggest a role for KOR in the presynaptic modulation of other neurotransmitters and in the postsynaptic excitatory responses of single spiny neurons in the Acb. Dual actions on dopamine terminals and their targets in the Acb may account for KOR-mediated attenuation of drug reinforcement and sensitization. Synapse 42:185–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Purification and properties of a phosphorylase (phosphoprotein) phosphatase associated with an alkaline phosphatase of Mr 35000 from bovine adrenal cortex.

A metal-ion-independent, nonspecific phosphoprotein phosphatase (Mr= 35000) which represents the major phosphorylase phosphatase activity in bovine adrenal cortex has been purified to apparent homogeneity. An alkaline phosphatase activity (p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate) of the same molecular weight, which requires both a metal ion (Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Co2+) and a sulfhydryl compound for activity, has been found to co-purify with the phosphoprotein phosphatase throughout the purification procedures. Characterization of the phosphoprotein and the alkaline phosphatase activities with respect to their catalytic properties, substrate and metal ion specificities, relationship with large molecular forms of the enzymes and responses to various effectors has been carried out. The results indicate that the phosphoprotein phosphatase can be converted by pyrophosphoryl compounds (e.g. PPi and ATP) to a metal-ion-dependent form which, subsequently, can be reactivated by Co2+ > Mn2+ but not by Mg2+ or Zn2+. The results also indicate that, although the phosphoprotein and the alkaline phosphatase activities are closely associated, they exhibit distinct physical and catalytic properties. Discussions concerning whether these two activities represent two different forms of the same protein or two different yet very similar polypeptide chains have been presented.
Dose and Temporal Pattern of Estrogen Exposure Determines Neuroprotective Outcome in Hippocampal Neurons: Therapeutic Implications

To address controversies of estrogen therapy, in vitro models of perimenopause and prevention vs. treatment modes of 17β-estradiol (E2) exposure were developed and used to assess the neuroprotective efficacy of E2 against β-amyloid-1–42 (Aβ1–42)-induced neurodegeneration in rat primary hippocampal neurons. Low E2 (10 ng/ml) exposure exerted neuroprotection in each of the perimenopausal temporal patterns, acute, continuous, and intermittent. In contrast, high E2 (200 ng/ml) was ineffective at inducing neuroprotection regardless of temporal pattern of exposure. Although high E2 alone was not toxic, neurons treated with high-dose E2 resulted in greater Aβ1–42-induced neurodegeneration. In prevention vs. treatment simulations, E2 was most effective when present before and during Aβ1–42 insult. In contrast, E2 treatment after Aβ1–42 exposure was ineffective in reversing Aβ-induced degeneration, and exacerbated Aβ1–42-induced cell death when administered after Aβ1–42 insult. We sought to determine the mechanism...
Methylthioadenosine and polyamine biosynthesis in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae meu1Δ mutant

As part of our studies on polyamine biosynthesis in yeast, the metabolism of methylthioadenosine was studied in a mutant that lacks methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (meu1delta). The nucleoside accumulates in this mutant and is mainly excreted into the culture medium. Intracellular accumulation of the nucleoside is enough to account for the inhibition of spermidine synthase and thus to indirectly regulate the polyamine content of the meu1delta cells. By comparing the results with this mutant with a meu1delta spe2delta mutant that cannot synthesize spermidine or spermine, we showed that >98% of methylthioadenosine is produced as a byproduct of polyamine synthesis (i.e., from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine). In contrast, in MEU1+ SPE2+ cells methylthioadenosine does not accumulate and is metabolized through the methionine salvage pathway. Using a met15delta mutant we show that this pathway (i.e., involving polyamine biosynthesis and methylthioadenosine metabolism) is a significant factor in the metabolism of methionine, accounting for 15% of the added methionine.
The interaction of leukocytes and the kinin system

Abstract Kinin-generating and kinin-destroying (kininase) activities were demonstrable in normal and neoplastic granulocytes and eosinophils but not in lymphocytes. At physiologic pH, both activities were present mainly in the soluble fraction of the cells. At pH 5·5, granulocyte kininase activity was also found in the granule fraction. Kinin generation by granulocytes required factor XII (Hageman factor) in the substrate and was inhibited by low oxygen tension, dinitrophenol, potassium cyanide, and colchicine. Synthetic bradykinin had no demonstrable effect on the stability of leukocyte granules. An expanded model of the interaction of granulocytes and kinins in inflammatory reactions which integrates these observations is presented. From the available information, it seems reasonable to propose that glucocorticoids may inhibit kinin release by granulocytes, plasma, and tissue kallikreins and that colchicine may inhibit at least generation of kinins by granulocytes.
Book Review: Data plus Connectivity [review of Inescapable Data: Harnessing the Power of Convergence (Stakutis, C. and Webster, J.; 2005)]

A review of "Inescapable Data: Harnessing the Power of Convergence" by Chris Stakutis and John Webster.
Drug delivery monitoring by photoacoustic tomography with an ICG encapsulated double emulsion

We successfully encapsulated ICG in an ultrasound-triggerable perfluorocarbon double emulsion that prevents ICG from binding with plasma proteins. Photoacoustic spectral measurements on point target as well as 2-D photoacoustic images of blood vessels revealed that the photoacoustic spectrum changes significantly in blood when the ICG-loaded emulsion undergoes acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), which is the conversion of liquid droplets into gas bubbles using ultrasound. Other than providing a new photoacoustic contrast agent, the ICG encapsulated double emulsion, when imaged with photoacoustic tomography, could facilitate spatial and quantitative monitoring of ultrasound initiated drug delivery.
7,8-(Dichloromethano)homo[70]fullerene, an Unusual, but Unexceptional, Methanoannulene

The crystal structure of 7,8-(dichloromethano)homo[70]fullerene shows that addition of the dichlorocarbene (:CCl2) to C70 gives a surprisingly normal methano-bridged [9]annulene. The structural changes caused by the addition are highly localized; the C(7)C(8) distance lengthens by 0.705(2) A but no other distance changes by more than 0.022(3) A. Bond angles within the [9]annulene increase by as much as 7.8(1)°, but changes outside the C9 ring are much smaller. The nearly ellipsoidal molecules form hexagonally close-packed layers that interact in pairs through short Cl⋅⋅⋅C, and possibly short Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl and C⋅⋅⋅C, interactions.
PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS DECREASE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN MIXED GLIA, MICROGLIA-ENRICHED OR ASTROCYTE-ENRICHED CULTURES

Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), produced by glial cells have been implicated in the neuropathogenesis of various diseases. However, the signal transduction pathway(s) for the production of these cytokines in glial cells are not well understood. This study examined the effects of two potent protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin A25, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 in mouse primary mixed glia, microglia- or astrocyte-enriched cultures. LPS dose-dependently increased the production of TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 from the mixed glia cultures. Genistein or tyrphostin A25 significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of these cytokines. The LPS-induced TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 production in microglia- or astrocyte-enriched cultures were also inhibited by tyrphostin A25. These results demonstrate that protein tyrosine kinases are involved in the signaling events of the LPS-induced production of TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, or IL-6 in microglia or astrocytes, which may provide insights into therapeutic interventions in the pathway for cytokine production in the brain.
Implicit symmetrized streamfunction formulations of magnetohydrodynamics

SUMMARY We apply the finite element method to the classic tilt instability problem of two-dimensional, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics, using a streamfunction approach to enforce the divergence-free conditions on the magnetic and velocity fields. We compare two formulations of the governing equations, the standard one based on streamfunctions and a hybrid formulation with velocities and magnetic field components. We use a finite element discretization on unstructured meshes and an implicit time discretization scheme. We use the PETSc library with index sets for parallelization. To solve the nonlinear problems on each time step, we compare two nonlinear Gauss-Seidel-type methods and Newton’s method with several time-step sizes. We use GMRES in PETSc with multigrid preconditioning to solve the linear subproblems within the nonlinear solvers. We also study the scalability of this simulation on a cluster. Copyright q 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Monte Carlo brachytherapy study for dose distribution prediction in an inhomogeneous medium

The purpose of this study was to present a theoretical analysis of how the presence of bone in interstitial brachytherapy affects dose rate distributions. This study was carried out using a Monte Carlo simulation of the dose distribution in homogeneous medium for 3 commonly used brachytherapy seeds. The 3 seeds investigated in this study are iridium-192 (192Ir) iodine-125 (125I), and palladium-103 (103Pd). The computer code was validated by comparing the specific dose rate (Lambda), the radial dose function g(r), and anisotropy function F(r,theta;) for all 3 seeds with the AAPM TG-43 dosimetry formalism and current literature. The 192Ir seed resulted in a dose rate of 1.115 +/- 0.001 cGy-hr(-1)-U(-1), the 125I seed resulted in a dose rate of 0.965 +/- 0.006 cGy/h(-1)/U(-1), and the 103Pd seed resulted in a dose rate of 0.671 +/- 0.002 cGy/h(-1)/U(-1). The results for all 3 seeds are in good agreement with the AAPM TG-43 and current literature. The validated computer code was then applied to a simple inhomogeneous model to determine the effect bone has on dose distribution from an interstitial implant. The inhomogeneous model showed a decrease in dose rate of 2% for the 192Ir, an increase in dose rate of 84% for 125I, and an increase in dose rate of 83% for the 103Pd at the surface of the bone nearest to the source.
Dandy-Walker syndrome: A review of fifteen cases evaluated by prenatal sonography

Fifteen cases of the Dandy-Walker syndrome evaluated by prenatal sonography were reviewed retrospectively. A posterior fossa cyst communicating with the fourth ventricle was a feature in each case. Hydrocephalus was present in 53% of fetuses. Extracranial congenital malformations were documented in 60% of cases. Cardiac, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and skeletal anomalies were noted. Of 12 available karyotypes, 4 (33%) were abnormal, including two cases of trisomy 18. Excluding terminated pregnancies, there was an overall mortality of 55%. Associated congenital defects contributed to 83% of the postnatal. deaths. The Dandy-Walker syndrome can be accurately diagnosed in utero by sonographic demonstration of characteristic morphologic changes in the fetal posterior fossa. The prenatal examination should include an evaluation of associated supratentorial and extracranial defects. Coexisting structural and chromosomal anomalies occur frequently and adversely affect survival.
Commentary on new metrics, measures, and uses for fluency data

Fluency and rate-based assessments, such as curriculum-based measurement, are frequently used to screen and evaluate student progress. The application of such measures are especially prevalent within special education and response to intervention models of prevention and early intervention. Although there is an extensive research and professional literature on the development and evaluation of such measures, there is much left to learn with ongoing and future research. This special series presents a series of papers that explore newer topics and plant the seeds for future innovations.
Hydrogen Content of a-Si:H and a-Si:H,F as a Function of Chemical Annealing

Chemical annealing, the periodic exposure of the growing amorphous silicon surface to H radicals, has evoked much interest because of its potential for modifying the film properties during the crucial process of sub-surface restructuring. We report the results of measurements of H content in chemically annealed a-Si:H and a-Si:H,F films. We prepared a-Si:H and a-Si:H,F in a dc-triode reactor from SiH4 and SiF4 plus H2, respectively. We chemically anneal with a H2 discharge by switching off the Si bearing gas and switching on the H2 flow after 7 s of deposition. We measure the H content with a differential pressure effusion apparatus. We also report the opto-electronic properties of these films, including the defect density after light-soaking. The key parameter of chemical annealing is the anneal duty cycle, which we specify as the fraction of the time that the H2 discharge is on. In the silane samples, we find that the H content is independent of chemical annealing. For the fluorinated samples we observe that the H content starts out at about 5 at.% without chemical annealing, rises to 10-15 at.% at 0.5 to 0.7 annealing duty cycle, and then decays to 6-7 at.% at 0.9 duty cycle. Although not fully understood, we offer evidence that these effects are due to the physics of the glow-discharge rather than surface reactions.
An improved adaptive sampling scheme for the construction of explicit boundaries

This article presents an improved adaptive sampling scheme for the construction of explicit decision functions (constraints or limit state functions) using Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The proposed work presents substantial modifications to an earlier version of the scheme (Basudhar and Missoum, Comput Struct 86(19–20):1904–1917, 2008). The improvements consist of a different choice of samples, a more rigorous convergence criterion, and a new technique to select the SVM kernel parameters. Of particular interest is the choice of a new sample chosen to remove the “locking” of the SVM, a phenomenon that was not understood in the previous version of the algorithm. The new scheme is demonstrated on analytical problems of up to seven dimensions.
Towards an understanding of the use of an institutional repository with integrated social networking tools: A case study of PocketKnowledge

Abstract Transaction log analysis (TLA), content analysis, and grounded theory procedures were used to explore the use of an institutional digital repository and social networking website by the academic community of a graduate school of education in the northeastern United States. Three successive years of usage records were gathered and analyzed to determine: (a) the numbers and categories of persons signing up to use the repository during each school semester, (b) the type of content being archived and its rate of growth, and (c) the possible influence of the repository on collaborative, online and open access scholarship within the institution. Findings show a steady increase in the usage of the repository for archiving and sharing digital resources, and an item-tagging scheme that suggests user preference of the resource as a platform for enhancing professional rather than personal interests. User interactivity by way of textual scholarly discussions on the repository platform is however almost nonexistent.
Kinship Care Placement and Children's Academic Performance

Very little consideration has been given to the impact children's living situations can have on their educational performance. The relationship of family environment to the children's educational performance depends in part upon the experiences and intent of the mediating adults who frame, select, focus and interpret the experiences children have in ways that produce an appropriate attitude toward education. Because of changing family patterns, along with significant social and economic factors plaguing many families today, particularly African American families, a substantial number of children continue to grow up in circumstances that put them at risk for unstable family environments, low achievement, and school failure. These unstable family environments often lead to placements in families other than their biological families. Often times these placements are within the state foster care system and for some the placement is with a relative, known as kinship care. Kinship placement is seen as an alternative in maintaining some type of stable family environment for these children at risk. In view of the relatively high incidence of low school performance and other social issues of children at risk, the role of minority families in the education of their children has become a national interest. The issue being addressed in this article centers around specific family processing factors in kinship care environments and its impact on children's academic performance. doi:10.1300/J045v22n03_03.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4) Deficiency Improves Insulin Resistance and Glucose Metabolism under Diet-induced Obesity Conditions

The role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in regulating bile acid synthesis has been well defined; however, its reported role on glucose and energy metabolism remains unresolved. Here, we show that FGFR4 deficiency in mice leads to improvement in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and reduction in body weight under high fat conditions. Mechanism of action studies in FGFR4-deficient mice suggest that the effects are mediated in part by increased plasma levels of adiponectin and the endocrine FGF factors FGF21 and FGF15, the latter of which increase in response to an elevated bile acid pool. Direct actions of increased bile acids on bile acid receptors, and other potential indirect mechanisms, may also contribute to the observed metabolic changes. The results described herein suggest that FGFR4 antagonists alone, or in combination with other agents, could serve as a novel treatment for diabetes.
The 2010 Elections: Why Did Political Science Forecasts Go Awry?

In President Obama's words, the Democratic Party experienced a “shellacking” in the 2010 elections. In particular, the net loss of 63 House seats was the biggest midterm loss suffered by a party since 1938—the largest in the lifetimes of approximately 93% of the American population.
A study of the eastern Johnny Darter,Etheostoma olmstedi storer (teleostei, percidae)

The subgenusBoleosoma is herein restricted to include:Etheostoma olmstedi, E. nigrum, E. perlongum, E. longimanum, andE. podostemone. Members of the subgenus lack nuptial tubercles, the males darken during the breeding season and females have bilobed genital papillae. The following three species are excluded from the subgenusBoleosoma: Etheostoma jessiae andE. stigmaeum, males having elongate genital papillae (considerably shortened in males ofBoleosoma) and brightened breeding coloration;Etheostoma chlorosomum, males having breeding tubercles and less than half the lateral line scales pored.
The influences of renal function and maturation on vancomycin elimination in newborns and infants.

The purpose of this study was to describe the maturation of vancomycin (V) clearance and the influence of altered renal function in infants on vancomycin using population pharmacokinetic methods. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM from clinical data obtained from 374 newborns and infants < 2 years of age (median age = 27 days) from four institutions. A total of 1103 serum V concentrations were used in the model development, including 311 with elevated serum creatinine (CR) (® 0.8 mg/ dl) and more than 104 evaluations in infants older than 2 months of age. The final model was evaluated against a second data set of 160 concentrations from 67 infants at one of the institutions and then used to develop dosing guidelines. The data were best described by a two-compartment model. Weight and CR greatly influenced vancomycin elimination, while postnatal age and prematurity (< 28 weeks) were significant but less important predictors of V elimination. For the typical study infant (age = 27 days, CR = 0.6, WT =1.8 kg, gestational age = 33.5 weeks), this results in Vdss = 0.791/kg and Cl = 0.0661/h/kg. The validation data set showed the model to be unbiased. Dosing guidelines from this model, based on serum creatinine and gestational age at birth, performed better than published guidelines based on postconceptional age. Vancomycin clearance is initially reduced in premature infants and increases with postnatal age. Most of the age-related changes could be predicted by the concomitant fall in serum creatinine. Dosing guidelines that incorporate these factors are more likely to produce therapeutic V concentrations in infants.
On the geometry of composite bubbles

Clusters of three and four soap bubbles in which all surfaces are spherical are analysed. A simple geometrical theorem pertaining to the collinearity of centres of various soap film surfaces in the three-bubble problem is restated in terms of projective configurations, and expressions for various distances and radii in this system are derived. An extension of the analysis to the four-bubble problem is explored.
Scorpionflies and Hangingflies (Insecta: Mecoptera) from Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT The National Insect Collection was searched for specimens of Mecoptera collected on or near Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland, and the records were taken from those found. A special effort was made in 2004 and 2005 to collect insects on or adjacent to Plummers Island, using a number of techniques. In addition to the usual ultraviolet light traps, two Malaise traps were operated during the season in 2005. Eleven species of Mecoptera were identified from this material: nine taken in the 1900s and three in 2004–2005. They belong to four families and four genera. Most are species widely distributed over eastern North America, and none is considered endangered.
Working memory and insight in verbal problems: analysis of compound remote associates

Problem solving is sometimes accompanied by a sudden feeling of knowing, or insight. The specific cognitive processes that underlie insightful problem solving are a matter of great interest and debate. Although some investigators favor a special-process view, which explains insight in terms of specialized mechanisms that operate outside of conscious awareness, others favor a business-as-usual account, which posits that insightful problem solving involves the same con- scious mechanisms—including working memory (WM) and attention—that are implicated in noninsightful problem solv- ing. In the present study, we used an individual-differences approach to explore the contributions of WM and attention to the solution of compound remote associate (CRA) problems. On the basis of self-report insight ratings, we identified CRA problems whose solution was accompanied by a subjective feeling of insight and examined the correlations between problem performance and measures of WM capacity (verbal and spatial) and attention control (Stroop and antisaccade tasks). The results indicated that individual differences in verbal WM and attention significantly explained variation in overall CRA problem solving and, most importantly, in the occurrence of solutions that were accompanied by a feeling of insight. The findings implicated both modality-dependent WM mechanisms and modality-independent attention control mechanisms in this class of insight problems. Comparisons of the accuracy and solution-latency findings for insightfully versus noninsightfully solved CRA problems, and for partic- ipants working silently versus in a "think-aloud" condition, providedadditional evidence against the special-process view, and reinforcing the business-as-usual account of insight.
The zero distribution of the Tricomi-Carlitz polynomials

Abstract In this paper, we improve our previous results concerning the asymptotic distribution of the zeros of the Tricomi-Carlitz polynomials. Our approach is a probabilistic one, motivated by the fact that the central limit theorem is simply a version of the weak law of large numbers whose distribution is a δ-function. Also, our argument requires an extension of the Grommer-Hamburger theorem. This generalization is appropriate to situations where uniform convergence on compact subsets is difficult to establish, and is accomplished by means of an approximation-theoretic tool, namely, the closure of a special set of rational functions.
Drip-and-Ship Thrombolytic Treatment Paradigm Among Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients in the United States

Background and Purpose—To provide a national assessment of thrombolytic administration using drip-and-ship treatment paradigm. Methods—Patients treated with the drip-and-ship paradigm among all acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolytic treatment were identified within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Thrombolytic utilization, patterns of referral, comparative in-hospital outcomes, and hospitalization charges related to drip-and-ship paradigm were determined. All the in-hospital outcomes were analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders using multivariate analysis. Results—Of the 22 243 ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolytic treatment, 4474 patients (17%) were treated using drip-and-ship paradigm. Of these 4474 patients, 81% were referred to urban teaching hospitals for additional care, and 7% of them received follow-up endovascular treatment. States with a higher proportion of patients treated using the drip-and-ship paradigm had higher rates of overall thrombolytic utiliz...
The histological structure of dog knee menisci with comments on its possible significance

Knee-joint menisci are poorly understood terminologically, structurally and functionally in spite of their almost universal occurrence in mammals and their considerable clinical significance in man. A study was therefore undertaken of dog knee menisci utilizing several histological techniques. Terminologically, it is proposed that the part of the meniscus extending between the anterior and posterior horns and exclusive of them be called the meniscal “body.” Structurally, the horns and body differ in a number of ways. The horns are oval in cross section, the body triangular. Hyalinized areas are much more frequent in the body than in the horns. The collagen of the horns is organized into discrete bundles that are separated from one another by loose connective tissue septa, while that of the body is arranged in a “herringbone” pattern; no septa are present in the body. Finally, the meniscal horns are richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves (including large myelinated fibers which apparently terminate in the horns) while the body is almost completely devoid of blood vessels and nerves. Functionally, it is hypothesized that knee-joint menisci may serve important sensory functions.
Linking Career Counseling to Personality Disorders

This article relates personality disorders to career development issues and counseling interventions. Case examples suggesting career-focused treatment interventions for dependent, borderline, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive personality disorders are presented.
TEN YEAR EXPERIENCE WITH FURTHER ATTENUATED RUBEOLA VACCINES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

From July 27, 1965 to September 3, 1975, 1030 infants enrolled in the growth and development clinics at LAC/USC MC were inoculated with live further-attenuated rubeola vaccine singly, simultaneously or in combination with other live virus vaccines. Ages at the time of inoculation ranged from 167 days to 4½ years. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody responses of rubeola-susceptible (HAI <1:8) infants to rubeola vaccine was independent of other administered antigens. Seroconversion rates by age after 167 days at 23 day intervals (t½ human gamma globulin) were evaluated. After 335 days of age 90 to 96.6% of the inoculated infants developed HAI titers ≥ 1:8. Seroconversion rate to rubeola antigen in infants inoculated at 335-358 days of age was 91.4%; at 359-382 days, 92.6%; at 383-406 days, 96.6%; at 407-430 days, 94.6%; at 431-454 days, 93.3%; at 455-478 days, 90.9%; at 479-502 days, 92.3%; at 503-525 days, 90.0%; and at ≥ 530 days, 90.9%. The seroconversion rate in children ≥ 15 months of age was similar to that seen in infants 12-14 months of age. Our findings also suggest factors other than age which may be important in the occurrence of rubeola vaccine failures.
Calcium-dependent decrease in the single-channel conductance of TRPV1.

TRPV1 is a Ca2+ permeable cation channel gated by multiple stimuli including noxious heat, capsaicin, protons, and extracellular cations. In this paper, we show that Ca2+ causes a concentration and voltage-dependent decrease in the capsaicin-gated TRPV1 single-channel conductance. This Ca2+-dependent effect on conductance was strongest at membrane potentials between −60 and +20 mV, but was diminished at more hyperpolarised potentials. Using simultaneous recordings of membrane current and fura-2 fluorescence to measure the fractional Ca2+ current of whole-cell currents evoked through wild-type and mutant TRPV1, we investigated a possible link between the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ permeation and the Ca2+-dependent effect on conductance. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a structural correlation, and observed that the substitution of amino acids known to regulate Ca2+ permeability had little effect on the ability for Ca2+ to decrease TRPV1 conductance. However, we did observe that the Ca2+-dependent effect on conductance was not diminished by negative hyperpolarisation for a mutant receptor with severely impaired Ca2+ permeability, TRPV1-D646N/E648Q/E651Q. This would be consistent with the idea that Ca2+ reduces conductance by interacting with an intra-pore binding site, and that negative hyperpolarization reduces occupancy of this site by speeding the exit of Ca2+ into the cell. Taken together, our data show that in addition to directly and indirectly regulating channel gating, Ca2+ also directly reduces the conductance of TRPV1. Surprisingly, the mechanism underlying this Ca2+-dependent effect on conductance is largely independent of mechanisms governing Ca2+ permeability.
Optimal Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio with Taguchi Method

Spectrum sensing is an essential topic in cognitive radio networks to detect primary users. Cooperative spectrum sensing with linear fusion scheme is studied in multiband channel systems. The problem turns out to be a nonconvex optimization problem in general with thresholds of the energy detectors and the weights of linear fusion scheme as parameters. In this paper, we use the Taguchi method to estimate the gradient of the aggregate throughput function, determine thresholds of the energy detector and linear combination weights of the linear fusion rule. One of the advantages of our approach is to optimize the thresholds and the linear weights simultaneously. In addition, we modify the input parameters of experiments to satisfy the constraints before we calculate the cost and analyze the trends, and it improves the computation and search efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be used in all classes of CR. Our approach has a very good performance with short computational time and it is also insensitive to initial values of parameters and gives a relatively stable result.
Determination of vitamin C nutrition by means of a skin test A critical evaluation.

ConclusionIn 100 tests there was no correlation between the amount of ascorbic acid in the blood during fasting and the time of decolorization of an intradermal injection of 2–6-dichlorphenol-indo-phenol. This skin test is not a satisfactory method for the determination of the state of vitamin C nutrition.
Walk the Talk: Applying TQ Principles to an Element of Management Development ‐Contracting

As a result of organizations′ increasing predilection to contract for services, a gap has emerged between the management skills we emphasize in management development programmes and the skill needs of future managers. A total quality approach to management development will require us to close this contract‐related training gap. Introduces ideas which inform the need for the development of skills in conceiving, negotiating and administering contracts for services heretofore performed by employees. Suggests that we need to begin to re‐examine the current content of management development programmes to identify this and other gaps. We must ask: What additional skills do today′s managers need to be effective tomorrow? Why? How do these skills differ from currently required skills? What kinds of training can close the identified gaps?
Second-Guessing Scientists and Engineers: Post Hoc Criticism and the Reform of Practice in Green Chemistry and Engineering

The article examines and extends work bringing together engineering ethics and Science and Technology Studies, which had built upon Diane Vaughan’s analysis of the Challenger shuttle accident as a test case. Reconsidering the use of her term “normalization of deviance,” the article argues for a middle path between moralizing against and excusing away engineering practices contributing to engineering disaster. To explore an illustrative pedagogical case and to suggest avenues for constructive research developing this middle path, it examines the emergence of green chemistry and green engineering. Green chemistry began when Paul Anastas and John Warner developed a set of new rules for chemical synthesis that sought to learn from missed opportunities to avoid environmental damage in the twentieth century, an approach that was soon extended to engineering as well. Examination of tacit assumptions about historical counterfactuals in recent, interdisciplinary discussions of green chemistry illuminate competing views about the field’s prospects. An integrated perspective is sought, addressing how both technical practice within chemistry and engineering and the influence of a wider “social movement” can play a role in remedying environmental problems.
Prenatal detection of chromosomal mosaicism

A significant problem associated with cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis is distinguishing between true and pseudomosaicism. This becomes a diagnostic dilemma when fetal mosaicism corresponds with a known clinical entity. True mosaicism reportedly occurs with a frequency of 0·2 per cent and pseudomosaicism in 0·7 per cent to 2·7 per cent of cases. In the past 12 months, our laboratory has completed 522 fetal karyotypes. Nine cases were found to demonstrate mosaicism, 4 true mosaics (0·8 per cent) and 6 pseudomosaics (1·1 per cent). One case demonstrated both true and pseudomosaicism. In all cases of true mosaicism, the pregnancy was continued and karyotypes completed at birth. Our results demonstrate a danger of rigid adherence to the criteria for true and pseudomosaicism in the examination of amniotic fluids. It is suggested that the criteria established for true and pseudomosaicism may not be valid when an aberrant cell line is found in a single flask and when that aberrant cell line is compatible with a known clinical entity due to a chromosome anomaly.
Optimal Ordering Policies for Perishable Inventory-II

This paper deals with the problem of computing optimal ordering policies for a single product with a lifetime of exactly m periods. Costs are charged against ordering, holding, shortages, and out-dating. To take explicit account of the perishability, we substitute a cost to be incurred at the time of outdating. The functional equation approach of dynamic programming is used to extend this model to the multiperiod case, and the structure of optimal ordering policies is analyzed.
Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels

Previous research studies have implicated polar organic nitrogen compounds in fuel instability. Twenty-one middle distillate fuels were investigated for their organic nitrogen content and to determine if any specific organic nitrogen compound might be linked to fuel instability. The organic nitrogen compounds were isolated by mild acid extraction followed by silica gel adsorption. Three extracts were obtained from each fuel sample: a basic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (BNC), a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (NBNC), and a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methanol (NBNC). The major constituents of each extract were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). After the compounds were identified for each fuel, the fuels were grouped by ASTM stability values to determine if there was significantly more or less of one type of organic nitrogen compound present that could cause instability. The results of this study showed that there was not a specific organ...
Defining mild stroke: outcomes analysis of treated and untreated mild stroke patients.

Background Mild deficit is a relative contraindication to administration of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) for acute ischemic stroke. However, what constitutes "mild" deficit is vague. Prior studies showed patients with mild strokes have substantial disability rates at hospital discharge and at 90 days. We investigated whether the application of a new definition altered the rates of disability overall and assessed the effects of thrombolysis. Methods This analysis included all adult acute ischemic stroke patients from a prospective registry of consecutive patients (University of California San Diego Specialized Programs of Translational Research in Acute Stroke (SPOTRIAS) database, 2003-2014) with 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score available who were defined as "mild" using either: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 0-5 or a "Re-examining Acute Eligibility for Thrombolysis" (TREAT) Task Force definition (NIHSS 0-5 and nondisabling based on prespecified syndromes). Dichotomized 90-day mRS were compared between treated and untreated patients using the 2 definitions. Results Of 802 ischemic stroke patients with mRS scores available, 184 had baseline mRS (0) and met TREAT criteria; 45 (24.5%) were rtPA treated. Among the treated patients, 35.6% had 90-day mRS (2-6), versus 28.8% in the untreated group, a nonsignificant difference after adjusting for baseline NIHSS ( P = .47). None of the 45 treated patients had symptomatic hemorrhage. Outcomes were similar using the simpler NIHSS 0-5 definition. Conclusions About one third of mild stroke patients were not functionally independent at 90 days, irrespective of treatment or mild definition applied, calling into question the treatment efficacy of IV rtPA for mild strokes and what constitutes an appropriate definition of "mild." Randomized studies are necessary to determine rtPA treatment efficacy in mild stroke patients.
Strategies for assessing proton linkage to bimolecular interactions by global analysis of isothermal titration calorimetry data

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a traditional and powerful method for studying the linkage of ligand binding to proton uptake or release. The theoretical framework has been developed for more than two decades and numerous applications have appeared. In the current work, we explored strategic aspects of experimental design. To this end, we simulated families of ITC data sets that embed different strategies with regard to the number of experiments, range of experimental pH, buffer ionization enthalpy, and temperature. We then re-analyzed the families of data sets in the context of global analysis, employing a proton linkage binding model implemented in the global data analysis platform SEDPHAT, and examined the information content of all data sets by a detailed statistical error analysis of the parameter estimates. In particular, we studied the impact of different assumptions about the knowledge of the exact concentrations of the components, which in practice presents an experimental limitation for many systems. For example, the uncertainty in concentration may reflect imperfectly known extinction coefficients and stock concentrations or may account for different extents of partial inactivation when working with proteins at different pH values. Our results show that the global analysis can yield reliable estimates of the thermodynamic parameters for intrinsic binding and protonation, and that in the context of the global analysis the exact molecular component concentrations may not be required. Additionally, a comparison of data from different experimental strategies illustrates the benefit of conducting experiments at a range of temperatures.
Solving postbuckling collapse of structures

Abstract This paper overviews the current state of solution schemes used to solve pre- and postbuckling problems. Main emphasis will be given to (i) defining the generic features of buckling, (ii) outline the shortcomings associated with classical incremental Newton-Raphson type schemes, (iii) introducing the constrained incremental Newton-Raphson methodology, (iv) review capacities of various currently available general purpose codes, and (v) point out several areas of further investigation.
Late Oligocene bunch grassland and early Miocene sod grassland paleosols from central Oregon, USA

Abstract Fossil soils, burrows and mammals of the upper John Day Formation in central Oregon are evidence of bunch grasses and open, semiarid vegetation as old as late Oligocene (earliest Arikareean, 30 Ma). Root traces in these paleosols include both stout, tapering tubes, like roots of trees, as well as sinuous filamentous tubes, similar to roots of grasses. Paleosol structure is fine subangular blocky, with patchy distribution of grass-like roots, as in wooded grassland and sagebrush steppe with bunch grasses. Cursoriality in horses (Mesohippus, Miohippus) and hypsodonty in rhinos (Diceratherium) is also evidence for open grassy vegetation. Trace fossils of Pallichnus (dung beetle boli) and Edaphichnium (earthworm chimneys) are characteristic of wooded grassland paleosols, whereas Taenidium (cicada burrows) dominates desert shrubland paleosols, as has also been found in Quaternary paleosols and soils of eastern Washington. In both Oligocene and Quaternary paleosol sequences, arid shrubland and semiarid grassland paleosols alternate on Milankovitch frequencies (23, 41, 100 ka). The oldest known paleosols in Oregon with crumb structure and abundant fine fossil root traces characteristic of sod grasslands are dated by mammalian biostratigraphy as Hemingfordian (early Miocene, ca. 19 Ma). Wooded grassland habitats are indicated by scattered chalcedony-calcite rhizoconcretions from large woody plants, and by fossil chalicotheres (Moropus), camels (Gentilicamelus, “Paratylopus”) and horses (Parahippus). Silty texture and silcrete horizons are evidence of semiarid to arid paleoclimate, and are in striking contrast to highly calcareous, and clayey underlying paleosols of the John Day Formation. These silcrete paleosols may represent the Miocene onset of summer-dry (Mediterranean) seasonality, as opposed to a summer-wet (monsoonal) pattern of seasonality found in this region during the Oligocene. Oregon's early rangelands can be compared with those in the North American Great Plains. Granular-structured calcareous paleosols of the Brule Formation of South Dakota are evidence of dry, bunch grasslands as old as 33 Ma (early Orellan, early Oligocene), and crumb-structured paleosols of the Anderson Ranch Formation of Nebraska are evidence of sod grasslands as old as 19 Ma (late Arikareean, early Miocene). Although grasses were a conspicuous part of dry rangelands well back into the Oligocene, early and middle Miocene sod grasslands in North America were restricted to regions estimated to have had less than 400 mm mean annual precipitation.