cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Mediating Food and Liquid Intake in Chickens 1. Studies on the Preference for Sucrose or Saccharine Solutions

Abstract THREE causal factors can be applied to an interdisciplinary approach to the determination of food preferences (Scott, 1948; Woods 1949a, b): (1) Physiologists, biochemists and nutritionists tend to emphasize the effect of organic need on food choice, directing their experimental work to the search for mechanisms which direct food-getting behavior in order to maintain a steady state with regard to any necessary food component (Richter, 1947; Lepkovsky, 1948; Hollander, 1955). (2) In some cases it appears that food preferences are completely independent of organic need, specific foods being chosen because they “taste good.” This type of food preference might interest the nutritionist only to the extent that it may interfere with proper nutrition, or that it may be used to induce animals to consume certain nutritious foods by improving their “palatability” (Young, 1948). (3) The third approach, primarily of interest to the psychologist, attempts to explain those cases attributable to …
Short-term and Long-term Efficacy of Psychological Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background & Aims Several meta-analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological therapies for reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, no meta-analysis has investigated the duration of these effects. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the immediate, short-term, and long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for reducing GI symptoms in adults with IBS. Methods We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses through August 15, 2015 for randomized controlled trials that compared psychological therapy with an active or non-active comparison (control) condition for treatment of GI symptoms in adults with IBS. Results Forty-one trials were included in our meta-analysis, comprising data from 2290 individuals (1183 assigned to psychotherapy and 1107 assigned to a control condition). Compared with a mixed group of control conditions, psychological therapies had a medium effect on GI symptom severity ( d ¯ = 0.69) immediately after treatment. On average, individuals who received psychotherapy had a greater reduction in GI symptoms after treatment than 75% of individuals assigned to a control condition. After short-term follow-up periods (1–6 months after treatment) and long-term follow-up periods (6–12 months after treatment), this effect remained significant and medium in magnitude ( d ¯ = 0.76 and d ¯ = 0.73, respectively). Conclusions Psychological therapies reduce GI symptoms in adults with IBS. These effects remained significant and medium in magnitude after short-term and long-term follow-up periods.
Property, Corporate, and Government Crime

The various forms of stealing constitute property crime. The most prevalent are burglary and larceny. Burglary refers to unlawful entry into a residence or place of business in order to commit a theft. Usually doors or windows or other points of access are forced in some way. Larceny is theft without force or fraud. Shoplifting, purse snatching, pickpocketing, and theft of vehicles are major forms. Grand larceny refers to theft of items of higher value, often $100 or more, while petit larceny involves theft of items of lesser value. In most jurisdictions, burglary and grand larceny are considered felonies and petit larceny a misdemeanor. Robbery, it will be recalled, is both a property and a violent crime: force or the threat of force is used against an individual in order to steal money or goods from that person. In other words, force is used against a structure in burglary, against a person in robbery, and not at all in larceny.
Thermal Analysis of a TREAT Fuel Assembly

The objective of this study was to explore options as to reduce peak cladding temperatures despite an increase in peak fuel temperatures. A 3D thermal-hydraulic model for a single TREAT fuel assembly was benchmarked to reproduce results obtained with previous thermal models developed for a TREAT HEU fuel assembly. In exercising this model, and variants thereof depending on the scope of analysis, various options were explored to reduce the peak cladding temperatures.
Physician as Body Mechanic—Patient as Scrap Metal: What’s Wrong with the Analogy

It is not often that I find myself in such consistent disagreement with a presentation as I have with Michael D. Bayles’ “Physician as Body Mechanic.” My disagreement ranges from the basic infrastructure of the analogy to the heuristic value of using it. Unfortunately, I find the disagreement fundamental and total.
Exercise and hypertension: common questions.

Although for most patients with hypertension the benefits of exercise far outweigh the risks, surprisingly little data exists on this topic.
Temperature and humidity effects on ferric sulfate stability and phase transformation

Evolution of concentrated Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solution, a process including both evaporation of the solution and post-evaporation aging of the precipitates, was studied at 2 and 50 °C under controlled relative humidity (RH). At 50 °C and 42–47% RH, ferricopiapite [Fe 4.67 (SO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ·20H 2 O] and rhomboclase [(H 5 O 2 )Fe(SO 4 ) 2 ·2H 2 O] first crystallized from the starting solution, and then combined to form kornelite [Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·7.5H 2 O] at 42% RH or to paracoquimbite [Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2 O] at 46–47% RH. At 2 °C and 34–43% RH, initially crystallized ferricopiapite and rhomboclase appeared to be stable and did not proceed to form a single ferric sulfate hydrate phase over 385 days. At both 2 and 50 °C and RH ≤ 31%, an amorphous ferric sulfate formed. The amorphous ferric sulfate was preserved longer at low RH conditions, e.g., RH ≤ 11%, than higher RH, at which it slowly transformed to crystalline phases of rhomboclase and ferricopiapite, as observed at 31% RH and 50 °C. Combining the results from this study and those from our previous study at 25 °C, the ferric sulfate phase evolution at 2, 25, and 50 °C were mapped and compared. Temperature shows a strong effect on the evolution kinetics; low T may inhibit the evolution from reaching an equilibrium state. Also, an RH and T -controlled in situ X-ray diffraction (RH- T -XRD) method was used to study phase transitions of ferric sulfate hydrates at temperatures from 25 to 80 °C. A dehydration of paracoquimbite to ferric sulfate pentahydrate [Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·5H 2 O] was identified at 80 °C. The results are discussed with a previously constructed ferric sulfate RH– T phase diagram by Ackermann et al. (2009).
Dengue virus infection-enhancing activity of undiluted sera obtained from patients with secondary dengue virus infection.

BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) infection-enhancing activity of pre-existing antibody has been suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of the severe form of DENV infection, dengue haemorrhagic fever. Although studies of infection-enhancement activity using diluted serum sera are informative, infection-enhancement activity determined using undiluted sera may better reflect in vivo conditions. METHODS We determined whether serum samples collected from dengue patients possessed the ability to enhance DENV infection without dilution using FcγR-expressing cells. RESULTS Serum samples obtained at the early phase of secondary infection enhanced DENV infection without dilution. In contrast, sera obtained at the late stage of secondary infection demonstrated low levels or absence of infection-enhancing activity. CONCLUSION The results indicate that human sera obtained from patients with secondary infection possess the ability to enhance DENV infection without dilution, and suggest that antibody-dependent enhancement may occur in vivo during secondary DENV infection to infecting DENV serotypes.
Temperature-modulated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis on the extremities: a pilot study.

BACKGROUNDThe efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AKs) is lower on the distal extremities compared with the head and neck areas. The strong temperature dependence of porphyrin synthesis in biologic tissue suggests t
Discussion of the Möller radiation chart

Moller's assumptions for the carbon dioxide-water vapor overlap region, which lead to the construction of his radiation chart, are reinvestigated in the light of modern theory. A new radiation chart, taking into account the carbon dioxide-water vapor overlap, is constructed using water vapor and carbon dioxide absorption data as furnished byMoller andElsasser respectively. The results of the radiative fluxes computed from the new chart are compared with equivalent results using the original Moller and the revised Elsasser radiation diagrams, as well as with measurements.
Stretched states in B 12 , 13 with the ( d , α ) reaction

The $(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ reaction is highly selective, favoring final states in which the removed neutron and proton are completely aligned in a $J=2j$ configuration. We have studied the $^{14,15}\mathrm{C}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{12,13}\mathrm{B}$ reactions in inverse kinematics using the Helical Orbit Spectrometer (HELIOS) at Argonne National Laboratory. In $^{12}\mathrm{B}$, the reaction strongly favors the population of a known ${3}^{+}$ state at 5.61 MeV, and for $^{13}\mathrm{B}$, we observe a possible unreported doublet of states at high excitation energy, probably corresponding to the $^{12}\mathrm{B}({3}^{+})$ state coupled to the $1{s}_{1/2}$ neutron from the $^{15}\mathrm{C}$ ground state. In contrast to single-nucleon transfer, deuteron-transfer reactions have not been widely studied with exotic nuclei.
THE RELATION OF GROWTH TO HETEROZYGOSITY IN PITCH PINE.

The connection between fitness and heterozygosity has eluded geneticists for decades. The classic form of the Neo-Darwinian argument hypothesizes that heterozygosity confers genetic homeostasis (Lerner, 1954); i.e., multiple, molecular forms of the same enzyme endow the organism with a broader range of tolerance to environmental variation because different forms may differ in their optima for temperature, pH, and other factors (Johnson, 1976). In maize (Zea mays L.), inbred lines and their hybrids are similar in growth rate when raised under constant conditions at optimal temperatures, but hybrid superiority becomes progressively more obvious as conditions deviate from the optimum (McWilliam and Griffing, 1965). Apparently, homozygotes in maize can only deal successfully with a narrow range of conditions as compared to heterozygotes. In a variety of organisms, including butterflies, fish, and oysters, variance for morphological traits decreased with increasing heterozygosity at enzyme loci (Eanes, 1978; Mitton, 1978; Zouros et al., 1980), and bilateral symmetry, a measure of developmental homeostasis, increased with heterozygosity in lizards and bivalves (Soule, 1979; Kat, 1982). Growth rate increased with heterozygosity in oysters and salamanders (Singh and Zouros, 1978; Zouros et al., 1980; Pierce and Mitton, 1982). The perennial herb, cylindric blazing star (Liatris cylindracea Michx.), can be roughly aged by counting rings in the corm, the subterranean perennating organ. In natural populations, heterozygosity was higher among older than among younger individuals, suggesting poor survival for homozygotes (Schaal and Levin, 1976). Grown in a uniform environment, biomass production and reproductive potential of the herb were weakly, but positively, related to the level of enzyme heterozygosity. However, Mitton and colleagues (Mitton and Grant, 1980; Knowles and Grant, 1981; Mitton et al., 1981) noted conflicting results in forest trees, which are among the most polymorphic of organisms (Hamrick, 1979; Hamrick et al., 1979). In only one of three tree species was there a positive association between mean width of the annual ring, taken as a measure of growth and fitness, and heterozygosity. In two of the species, variance in ring width increased with increasing heterozygosity and in the third, it decreased. The relationship between growth and heterozygosity in trees is confusing, and more data are needed to draw firm conclusions. Our objective was to relate growth to heterozygosity in pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), for which we had information on 21 enzyme loci in several populations. We were also interested in whether heterozygotes had greater longevity and whether annual growth was more or less well-buffered in heterozygotes than in homozygotes. A positive association be-
Effect of Average Diameter of Activated Carbon Granules on Estimation of Organic Vapor Breakthrough Time Using NIOSH MultiVapor TM Software and Discussion of Its Practical Use

有機ガス用の呼吸保護具吸収缶などに見られる活性 炭層に関して,前稿 1)において破過時間推算ソフトウェ ア NIOSH MultiVaporTM(以降はMultiVaporと記載す る.)1–4)の紹介を行った.そこでは,日本国内での既 報中の単一種類の有機ガスの破過データにMultiVapor を適用した場合の有効性の検討を示した.その結果, MultiVaporは不完全な部分を残しており,単一種類の 有機ガスによる破過状態に対しても,そのままでの適 用には,精度をはじめとしてまだ難しい点があること を指摘した. ここでその後,MultiVaporの利用にあたり入力が必 要となる項目のうち,活性炭の平均粒径(直径)の値 を変えた場合には,前稿と大きく異なる結果が得られ ることがわかった.これはMultiVaporの持つ不完全さ を解消するものではないが,推算結果に活性炭の平均 粒径が与える影響は極めて大きいと考えられる.そこ で本稿は,まず前稿での検討の不足を補うためにそれ らの結果を報告する.さらに,MultiVaporの実用に向 けた考察の一環として,同ソフトウェアによる推算値 に,呼吸保護具吸収缶製品に添付されている破過曲線 図のデータを組み合わせることで,それらの製品での 有機ガス破過時間を予測する方法の検討を続けて記す.
SP7 Next-Generation Sequencing Technology: Practical Application

There presently are a number of “next generation” sequencing technologies that are, or soon will be, commercially available. While there is much promise for applying these technologies in the near term, careful consideration of several critical aspects of implementation must be made. I will present our experiences to date, highlighting several unique applications of next-generation technology platforms that are underway at the Genome Sequencing Center. I also will describe the bioinformatics and IT infrastructure considerations of applying these technologies that are commonly overlooked.
Pancreatic Beta Cell G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Second Messenger Interactions: A Systems Biology Computational Analysis

Insulin secretory in pancreatic beta-cells responses to nutrient stimuli and hormonal modulators include multiple messengers and signaling pathways with complex interdependencies. Here we present a computational model that incorporates recent data on glucose metabolism, plasma membrane potential, G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCR), cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium dynamics, cAMP and phospholipase C pathways that regulate interactions between second messengers in pancreatic beta-cells. The values of key model parameters were inferred from published experimental data. The model gives a reasonable fit to important aspects of experimentally measured metabolic and second messenger concentrations and provides a framework for analyzing the role of metabolic, hormones and neurotransmitters changes on insulin secretion. Our analysis of the dynamic data provides support for the hypothesis that activation of Ca2+-dependent adenylyl cyclases play a critical role in modulating the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and catecholamines. The regulatory properties of adenylyl cyclase isoforms determine fluctuations in cytoplasmic cAMP concentration and reveal a synergistic action of glucose, GLP-1 and GIP on insulin secretion. On the other hand, the regulatory properties of phospholipase C isoforms determine the interaction of glucose, acetylcholine and free fatty acids (FFA) (that act through the FFA receptors) on insulin secretion. We found that a combination of GPCR agonists activating different messenger pathways can stimulate insulin secretion more effectively than a combination of GPCR agonists for a single pathway. This analysis also suggests that the activators of GLP-1, GIP and FFA receptors may have a relatively low risk of hypoglycemia in fasting conditions whereas an activator of muscarinic receptors can increase this risk. This computational analysis demonstrates that study of second messenger pathway interactions will improve understanding of critical regulatory sites, how different GPCRs interact and pharmacological targets for modulating insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
Application and Research of Auto-welding Technology in Process of Automobile Body Manufacture

Introduce the application of auto-welding technology in process of Automobile Body Manufacture and the kind of auto-welding gun.The research production shows that the successful application of auto-welding gun can improve the level of body welding quality and the degree of manufacturing autoimmunization.
Investigation and analysis of the allergen of 470 dermatitis and eczema outpatients in Chongqing city

Objective To investigate the allergen of dermatitis and eczema in Chongqing city.Methods 470 outpatients who suffered from dermatitis and eczema underwent patch test in our department from January to December in 2006.The results were recorded for statistical analysis. Results 381 cases(80.13%)in 470 cases presented positive results in patch test for certain allergen.The main pathogenic factors involved were nickelous sulfate,flavor,rubber and ursol.Conclusion The experiment indicates that patch test is helpful for identifying the pathogenic factors of dermatitis and eczema and providing theoretic basis for preventing and treating dermatitis and eczema.
Connecting Students Cross-Nationally Through Facebook

ABSTRACTFor over a decade, academia has been engaged in a lively discussion of how to internationalize the curriculum so that students are better prepared to step into the role of global citizens. This article contributes to the discussion of methods that can be employed to further promote internationalization. The article examines a class project designed with the goal of connecting students through the use of Facebook in order to expand their global awareness and perspectives. In the project, students from U.S. and non-U.S. colleges posted images and descriptions of international relations concepts. By recognizing that others around the world attribute different (and sometimes similar) meanings to these concepts, students broadened their own understandings and gained a greater awareness of the diversity in the study of international relations. A review of three iterations of the project yields useful feedback for future endeavors. While this study is focused on international relations concepts, the fram...
Acute Postviral Encephalopathy: Pathologic and Radiologic Correlation in an Atypical Case

The authors report a case of fatal acute encephalopathy following influenza infection, with slightly atypical pathological and imaging findings. A healthy 8-year-old boy with probable recent influenza A/B infection admitted for refractory seizures was placed on phenobarbital coma and later developed hemodynamic instability. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral cerebral and cerebellar white matter lesions and microhemorrhages. Following his demise, the autopsy revealed a large area of necrosis in the right centrum semiovale with similar lesions in the temporal and cerebellar regions. Microscopically, there was extensive coagulative necrosis, compatible with necrotizing white matter encephalopathy, and neuronal loss suggesting superimposed hypoxic-ischemia. The acute progressive neurologic deterioration was partly reminiscent on acute necrotizing encephalopathy, a condition recently associated with influenza A. In acute necrotizing encephalopathy, typical brain findings are characterized by bilateral thalamic necrosis/petechiae with variable white matter edema. The somewhat atypical findings in our case can relate to superadded cardiovascular collapse and hypoxic-ischemic effects.
Using a Life-World Approach to Understand Family Resilience

The aim of this chapter is to highlight the strengths of using a life-world approach to understanding family resilience in the face of chronic illness in a member. The philosophical principles that underpin an interpretive phenomenological study of family life are reviewed. On balance, using life-world or narrative approaches to understanding family responses to chronic illness add depth to our understanding of family processes, help identify new family patterns of response that have not been identified in existing theories, and provide accessible holistic paradigm cases and exemplars of family patterns of response. Clinical use of family paradigms and exemplars can assist in orienting families who are new to the challenges of chronic illness, normalizing family responses within an observed range of responses, and illustrating new patterns of family adjustment to families struggling with their situations.
Rapid urinary tract infection diagnostics by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): identification and antibiotic susceptibilities

SERS spectra of 12 bacterial strains of urinary tract infection (UTI) clinical isolates grown and enriched from urine are reported. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification treatment of these SERS spectra results in strain level identification with >95% sensitivity and >99% specificity. The classification model successfully identified the SERS spectra of a urine-cultured strain not used to build this statistical model. Enrichment was accomplished by a filtration and centrifugation protocol. The predetermined drug susceptibility profiles of these clinical isolates thus allowed the SERS methodology to provide appropriate UTI antibiotic information in less than 1 h. Most of this time was used for sample preparation procedures (enrichment and washing) for this proof of principle study. SERS spectra of the enriched bacterial samples are dominated by nucleotide degradation metabolites: adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, guanine, uric acid, AMP, and guanosine. Strain-specific specificity is due to the different relative amounts of these purines contributing to the corresponding SERS spectra of these clinical isolates. All measurements were made at the minimal bacterial concentration in urine for UTI diagnosis (105 cfu/mL).
The search for the top quark at DØ

The results of a search for the top quark taken from 15 pb−1 of data accumulated by the DO experiment at the Tevatron are presented. No conclusive evidence for top is found. An upper limit on value of the tt¯ cross section is measured to be 12.6 pb with 95% CL. The lower limit to the top mass established above 131 GeV assuming standard model decays.
Electronic textbooks: usability of advanced features a limiting factor

Electronic textbooks (eTexts) are promoted as the evolution of the print textbook. However, usage and student opinion have not lived up to expectations. This study explores how a modification of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) assessing usability (ease of use) and perceived usefulness of specific features affects overall use of electronic textbooks. Students reported frequency of use, perceived usefulness and perceived usability of eight eText functions. Based on the responses of 100 undergraduate eText users, this study finds very high associations between usability and perceived usefulness and actual feature use. The findings confirm that the advanced eText features such as highlighting, annotating and linking to external information are among the least usable features available and thus less likely to be used. Results support the conclusion that usability of electronic textbooks must be improved before they will be a viable alternative to print textbooks.
User-aware Frame Rate Management in Android Smartphones

Frame rate has a direct impact on the energy consumption of smartphones: the higher the frame rate, the higher the power consumption. Hence, reducing display refreshes will reduce the power consumption. However, it is risky to manipulate frame rate drastically as it can deteriorate user satisfaction with the device. In this work, we introduce a screen management system that controls the frame rate on smartphone displays based on a model that detects user dissatisfaction due to display refreshes. This approach is based on understanding when higher frame rates are necessary, and providing lower frame rates —thus, saving power— if the lower rate is predicted not to cause user dissatisfaction. According to the results of our first user survey with 20 participants, individuals show highly varying requirements: while some users require high frame rates for the highest satisfaction, others are equally satisfied with lower frame rates. Based on this observation, we develop a system that predicts user dissatisfaction on the runtime and either increases or decreases the maximum frame rate setting. For user dissatisfaction predictions, we have compared two different approaches: (1) static model, which uses dissatisfaction characteristics of a fixed group of people, and (2) user-specific model, which is learning only from the specific user. Our second set of experiments with 20 participants shows that users report 32% less dissatisfaction and 4% more dissatisfaction than the default Android system with user-specific and static systems, respectively. These experiments also show that, compared to the default scheme, our mechanisms reduce the power consumption of the phone by 7.2% and 1.8% on average with the user-specific and static models, respectively.
First Crossing by Poisson Processes

In this chapter we discuss distributions of first crossing linear boundaries. First crossing of concave boundaries by Poisson processes is studied in Chapter 5
Children, literacy, and ethnicity: reading identities in the primary school

In this book, Lexie Scherer takes us into Three Chimneys school, a primary grade, inner-city, multi-ethnic school located in London. The school has been labeled as a ‘school in crisis’ based on sta...
One Step: Interactive Posters to Raise Awareness of Poverty

Those living in poverty are often misjudged as being the reason they are in their situation. Many people who do not deal with poverty believe that those who do live in poverty could have easily prevented their situation or can easily get out of it if they work "hard enough"; often creating an "us" and "them" mentality. Because of this misconception, most people do not know how extensive and how many people are affected by poverty. The problem is commonly ignored in Bryan/College Station, TX, mainly on the college campuses in the area. One Step was created to address this misconception and bridge the gap between people who are affected by poverty and those who are not. By using interactive installations and social media to put people in "the shoes" of individuals who live in poverty One Step aims to create an emotional response and understanding in its viewers and nurture a relationship between individuals affected by poverty and students in Bryan/College Station.
Inhibition of protein kinase C by staurosporine promotes elevated accumulations of inositol trisphosphates and tetrakisphosphate in human platelets exposed to thrombin.

We have examined regulation by protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) of thrombininduced inositol polyphosphate accumulation in human platelets. When platelets are exposed to thrombin for 10 s, the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine causes inositol phosphate elevations over control values of 2.7-fold (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3)), 1.9-fold (inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4)), and 1.2-fold (inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate). In the same period, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol are unaffected. The myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-7 has no effect on inositol phosphate accumulations. Staurosporine does not inhibit Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase and 5-phosphomonoesterase activities in saponin-permeabilized platelets incubated with exogenous Ins(1,4,5)P3 unless the platelets have been exposed to thrombin and protein kinase C is consequently activated. The protein kinase C agonist β-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increases the Vmax of the 3-kinase 1.8-fold, with little effect on Km. Our results provide strong evidence for a role for protein kinase C in regulating inositol phosphate levels in thrombin-activated platelets. We propose that endogenously activated protein kinase C removes Ins(1,4,5)P3 by stimulating both 5-phosphomonoesterase and Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. Initial activation of phospholipase C does not appear to be affected by such protein kinase C. Inhibition of protein kinase C by staurosporine decreases 5-phosphomonoesterase activity. The resulting elevated Ins(1,4,5)P3, as substrate for Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase, promotes production of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, which also may accumulate through decreased 5-phosphomonoesterase activity and elevated Ca2+ levels. These factors apparently counteract the inhibitory effect on 3-kinase, yielding a net increase in Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Folate and antifolate pharmacology

Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin associated with the other B vitamins. In its fully reduced form (tetrahydrofolate), folate serves as a 1-carbon donor for synthesis of purines and thymidine as well as in the remethylation cycle of homocysteine to methionine. Folate is essential for normal cell growth and replication. It therefore is not surprising that folate analogues have served and continue to serve well as antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, psoriasis, and bacterial and protozoal infections. During the past 50 years, many of the enzymes requiring folate as a co-factor (ie, thymidylate synthase), and molecules critical in folate homeostasis (ie, the reduced folate carrier, folylpolyglutamate synthase), have been purified and even crystallized. The genes have been cloned, sequenced, and mapped, providing detailed knowledge of their regulation and three-dimensional structure. This has, in part, led to the rational synthesis of a large number of folate analogues that differ from methotrexate, the "classical antifolate," in transport, metabolism, and intracellular targets. Currently, several new folate analogues with unique biochemical properties and clinical applications are being tested. The goals of this brief review are to review folate homeostasis, to highlight the similarities and differences between natural folate and antifolates with respect to biochemistry and metabolism, and to present the pharmacology of methotrexate and several next-generation folate analogues, such as trimetrexate and raltritrexed, with an emphasis on mechanisms of drug resistance.
Energy Content of U.S. Fast-Food Restaurant Offerings: 14-Year Trends

Background Within the past decade, there has been increasing attention to the role of fast food in the American diet, including a rise in legislative and media-based efforts that address the healthfulness of fast food. However, no studies have been undertaken to evaluate changes in the energy content of fast-food chain restaurant menu items during this period. Purpose To examine changes in the energy content of lunch/dinner menu offerings at eight of the leading fast-food chain restaurants in the U.S. between 1997–1998 and 2009–2010. Methods Menu offerings and nutrient composition information were obtained from archival versions of the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center Food and Nutrient Database. Nutrient composition information for items was updated biannually. Changes in median energy content of all lunch/dinner menu offerings and specific categories of menu items among all restaurants and for individual restaurants were examined. Data were collected between 1997 and 2010 and analysis was conducted in 2011. Results Spanning 1997–1998 and 2009–2010, the number of lunch/dinner menu items offered by the restaurants in the study increased by 53%. Across all menu items, the median energy content remained relatively stable over the study period. Examining specific food categories, the median energy content of desserts and condiments increased, the energy content of side items decreased, and energy content of entrees and drinks remained level. Conclusions Although large increases in the number of menu items were observed, there have been few changes in the energy content of menu offerings at the leading fast-food chain restaurants examined in this study.
Relative contributions of lesion location and lesion size to predictions of varied language deficits in post-stroke aphasia

Despite the widespread use of lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) techniques to study associations between location of brain damage and language deficits, the prediction of language deficits from lesion location remains a substantial challenge. The present study examined several factors which may impact lesion-symptom prediction by (1) testing the relative predictive advantage of general language deficit scores compared to composite scores that capture specific deficit types, (2) isolating the relative contribution of lesion location compared to lesion size, and (3) comparing standard voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) with a multivariate method (sparse canonical correlation analysis, SCCAN). Analyses were conducted on data from 128 participants who completed a detailed battery of psycholinguistic tests and underwent structural neuroimaging (MRI or CT) to determine lesion location. For both VLSM and SCCAN, overall aphasia severity (Western Aphasia Battery Aphasia Quotient) and object naming deficits were primarily predicted by lesion size, whereas deficits in Speech Production and Speech Recognition were better predicted by a combination of lesion size and location. The implementation of both VLSM and SCCAN raises important considerations regarding controlling for lesion size in lesion-symptom mapping analyses. These findings suggest that lesion-symptom prediction is more accurate for deficits within neurally-localized cognitive systems when both lesion size and location are considered compared to broad functional deficits, which can be predicted by overall lesion size alone.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A and EPAC mediate VIP and secretin stimulation of PAK4 and activation of Na+,K+-ATPase in pancreatic acinar cells.

Pancreatic acini possess only the group II p21-activated kinase, PAK4, which is activated by PLC-stimulating agents/growth factors and is important in enzyme-secretion/growth/pancreatitis. Little i...
A World of Research Subjects: Informed Consent and Benefit Sharing*

The most important question for any research project is whether the research should be done at all. Only after this is answered do issues of how and where to do the research become relevant. When d...
Plasmacytoma as a cause of small bowel obstruction in a virgin abdomen in a patient with multiple myeloma: a case report

Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy that classically results in an abnormal clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Extramedullary disease in the setting of multiple myeloma, referred to as secondary extramedullary plasmacytoma, is found in 7–17% of cases of multiple myeloma at the time of diagnosis and can involve any organ system. Small bowel obstruction is a rare but important gastrointestinal manifestation of multiple myeloma that should be considered in patients with multiple myeloma who present with concerning abdominal symptoms. We present the case of a 52-year-old African-American man with a history of deep venous thrombosis (he is on anticoagulation) and pathologic fracture secondary to multiple myeloma diagnosed 4 months prior to our encounter. He presented with abdominal pain, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. An abdominal X-ray showed distended bowel loops concerning for bowel obstruction and a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of his abdomen and pelvis showed a 5.4 cm soft tissue mass involving a loop of distal ileum. He underwent laparoscopic exploration of his abdomen with small bowel resection and primary anastomosis for a small intussusception. He had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on postoperative day 6. Multiple myeloma has myriad presentations. Gastrointestinal involvement, although rare, can manifest as small bowel obstruction for which early recognition and appropriate surgical management are key to improving outcome. Intussusception is the most common mechanism of obstruction from extramedullary plasmacytoma causing small bowel obstruction and this has been seen in five of six case reports, including this case. It is important to recognize and consider the risks of immunosuppression, venous thromboembolism, and malnutrition in the surgical management of gastrointestinal complications of multiple myeloma.
Liquid-Phase Applications of Metal–Organic Framework Mixed-Matrix Membranes Prepared from Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) composed of a metal-organic framework (MOF, UiO-66) and a (poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymer were synthesized with a range of MOF loadings. The MOF pores...
Does auditor ratification matter to bondholders? Evidence from new bond issues

Abstract We investigate the relation between shareholder votes on auditor ratification and the client’s credit risk, using both parametric and nonparametric regression techniques. Using data from 2006 to 2016, we show that the proportion of shareholder disapproval for auditors heterogeneously impacts credit risk, as shown by bond spread and bond rating. The results suggest that higher shareholder disapproval of the auditor has an adverse effect on yield spread and bond ratings after controlling for firm characteristics associated with audit quality, such as auditor size and tenure.
Long-term nutrient enrichment, mowing, and ditch drainage interact in the dynamics of a wetland plant community

This work was supported by NSF grants to Carol Goodwillie (DUE 126824 and DEB 1049291) and Ariane Peralta (DEB 1845845). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Working Pairs for Adsorption Heat Pumps

When designing an adsorption heat pump, one of the critical choices a designer must make is the choice of working pair. The working pair, which consists of a solid adsorbent and a gaseous adsorbate, influences the performance of the cycle through its thermodynamic and thermophysical properties, and its suitability for a given application is additionally governed by other properties. In this chapter, the thermophysical and other properties that are desirable in a high-performing working pair are discussed, along with the reasons for which they are desired. Working pair metrics are suggested to allow quick comparisons between working pairs. Common refrigerants and classes of working pairs are discussed, along with recent developments in these areas. The influence of operating conditions on working pair metrics is demonstrated by calculation of several of the working pair metrics for some common working pairs under different operating conditions.
Modularity in Production and Firm Relative Positional Advantage: Evidence from the Global Automobile Industry in China

This study investigates modularization and its impact on cost, speed to market and product quality (firm relative positional advantage) in the world’s largest car market. The research findings supp...
Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacologic Interventions in Patients Experiencing a Gout Flare: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Comment on the Article by Zeng et al.

I appreciated the network meta-analysis of pharmacologic interventions in acute gout by Zeng et al. recently published in Arthritis Care and Research (1). However, I was surprised that the authors choose to break down the analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by chemical class.
Focusing Profiles of Planar Si-SiO 2 Metamaterial GHz Frequency Ultrasonic Lens

Advancesin machine learning and signal processing have increased the demand for power-efficient and high-performance computation. Two-dimensional Fast Fourier transform is one of the most widely used mathematical algorithms in modern science that requires computation on the scale of O(N2logN). It has been demonstrated that ultrasonic waves can be used to compute 2D Fourier Transforms owing to the wave diffraction propagation properties. The use of ultrasonic waves requires an ultrasonic lens. Here we demonstrate an ultrasonic lens that can focus ultrasonic waves at a focal length of 500µm. In order to show the focusing effect, we fabricated a planar GHz-scale lens by etching spatially varying posts inside a silicon wafer and thermally growing SiO2 inside the trenches that can generate gradually changing phase shifts over different radii. The fabricated lenses were tested by attaching piezoelectric GHz transducer chips to the lens chips. Preliminary wave propagation was measured using an optical interferometer, and focused wavefronts agree with the analytical calculations.
Epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke among residents in Tianjin from 1999 to 2018

Objective: To explore the incidence characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke among residents in Tianjin from 1999 to 2018, to provide data for formulating accurate prevention and control strategies. Methods: The incidence rate of hemorrhagic stroke and its distribution in different ages, gender, urban and rural areas were analyzed by monitoring new hemorrhagic stroke cases in Tianjin from 1999 to 2018. The standardized incidence rate was calculated based on the sixth national population census in 2010. χ2 test was used to compare the incidence rate. The trend of age and trend of age were analyzed by trend χ2 test. Joinpoint software was used to analyze the change in the annual incidence rate. Results: During the study period, hemorrhagic stroke accounted for 13.08% of all stroke cases. The incidence rate of a hemorrhagic stroke in Tianjin residents was 75.38/100 000-46.70/100 000, showing a downward trend (Z=-28.63, P<0.01, APC=-1.45%). After adjustment of age and gender, the standardized rate was 57.93/100 000-27.55/100 000, still showing a downward trend (Z=-54.72, P<0.01, APC=-3.38%). The incidence rate of male and female hemorrhagic stroke decreased, and the incidence rate of males in all ages and age groups was higher than that in females (P<0.01). The age of onset is younger, and the standardized incidence rate of an urban hemorrhagic stroke in the city decreases (P<0.01), and the city descends faster. Conclusions: The characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke in Tianjin are similar to those in developed countries. The lower age group and rural population are the key groups of intervention. The study of incidence characteristics and trends is of great significance for accurate prevention and control of stroke, reducing disease and medical costs.
The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire: Regions, Resources, and Settlement

The century leading up to Lepanto and above all the long reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520–66) marks the so-called Ottoman classical age when the empire's distinctive political and military system took root and flourished. The sultan, lodged in his imperial palace at Topkapi on the seaward tip of old Constantinople, oversaw the decisions of his viziers and officers in the imperial divan, met with petitioners and ambassadors from the furthest corners of his empire and beyond, and personally led his soldiers year after year to distant fronts in Hungary and Persia, where the empire continued to expand decade after decade. His soldiers comprised, on the one hand, the sipahis , or prebendal cavalry, awarded grants of land for military service at the discretion of the sultan, and on the other hand, the Janissaries, the slave soldiers recruited from Balkan children, raised as Muslims and trained in the arts of war. The same slave recruitment provided for an elaborate palace staff and bureaucracy in the imperial capital, while the kadis , the judge-administrators schooled in Islamic law, oversaw the day-to-day running of the provinces.
Grammar Workshop: Systematic Language Study in Reading and Writing Contexts

Responding to claims that grammar instruction has become too limited, Zuidema describes field notebooks, mentor text, show-and-tell essays, and other strategies for engaging students in systematic language analysis.
Phase II study of neoadjuvant 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and temozolomide for newly diagnosed anaplastic glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium Trial.

BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) and 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) are reported to be active agents in anaplastic glioma (AG). TMZ has also been shown to deplete alkyltransferase, a DNA repair enzyme that contributes to nitrosourea resistance. The objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy and toxicity profile of a combination of these agents before radiotherapy in newly diagnosed AG. METHODS Eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed newly diagnosed AG with measurable enhancing disease, a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥ 60, normal pulmonary function, and normal laboratory parameters. In addition, informed consent was obtained from all patients. BCNU given at a dose of 150 mg/m2 intravenously was followed after 2 hours by TMZ given at a dose of 550 mg/m2 orally on Day 1 of a 42-day cycle to a maximum of 4 cycles, unless there was tumor progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS Forty-one eligible patients were accrued. Their median age was 40 years. Seventy-six percent of patients had a KPS of 90–100. The histology was 81% anaplastic astrocytoma, 12% anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and 7% mixed tumors. Twenty-two percent of patients did not complete 4 cycles because of toxicity, mainly hematologic. Forty-six percent of patients experienced Grade 3 or 4 (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) thrombocytopenia. Twenty percent had Grade 4 granulocytopenia. Two patients died while receiving therapy, 1 of progressive disease and the other of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The complete and partial response rates were 2% and 27% respectively. An additional 54% of patients had stable disease. Seventeen percent developed progressive disease (10% after the first cycle and 7% after the second cycle). CONCLUSIONS This neoadjuvant strategy was associated with significant myelosuppression and a modest response rate in patients with newly diagnosed AG. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.