cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure calculations of liquid-solid interfaces: Combination of density functional theory and modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory

A robust and efficient computational method for electronic structure calculations of liquid-solid interfaces is presented. The theory employs the density functional theory and a modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory, combining them through a smooth dielectric model function. The free energy, including electrostatic and nonelectrostatic interactions between solutes and the solvation medium, is formulated, and its first derivatives with atomic positions are presented. This methodology is applied to two different topics; one is the potential of zero charge (PZC) of Pt(111), and the other is a poisoning of active sites for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) by interfacial water molecules on Pt(111). The results of the first topic show that induced charge redistributions caused by the adsorption of water molecules form a surface dipole moment that dominates the experimentally observed negative shift in the PZC when platinum is immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. The results of the second topic show the possibility of a decrease in the surface coverage of the first reaction precursor to the ORR due to site blocking by the adsorbed water molecules.
Metal–organic hybrid networks constructed with the 4,4′-bisimidazolylbiphenyl ligand

Abstract The ligand 4,4′-bisimidazolylbiphenyl has been used to prepare three new 2D hybrid networks: (C18H14N4)CuSO4 · H2O (1), (C18H14N4)2Ni(H2PO3)2 (2), and (C18H14N4)3Ni3(H2PO4)2(HPO4)2 · 4H2O (3). All structures have been fully elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 2D hybrid sheets in crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 are packed in simple AAA stacking arrangement. Conversely, in 3 the sheets are interdigitated. The topologies of the two nickel-based networks are strongly dependant on the nature of the acid employed in the synthesis procedure.
Mean Field Theory of enhanced defect formation in AgCl and AgBr

The large conductivity anomaly observed at high temperatures indicates substantial enhancement of defect formation near the melting point T,. Since neither Debye-Hiickel corrections nor the classical continuum theory yield a suitable temperature dependence, a mean field theory is introduced in which the formation energy is reduced by an amount directly proportional to the defect concentration. The simple MFT does gives a rapid rise in defect concentration at high T, but when the strength constant is chosen to match T, the predicted concentrations are too small at lower temperatures. 1. Defect model. 1 .1 NORMAL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE. The ionic conductivity is dominated by cation Frenkel defects, with transport by silver ion vacancies and by two kinds of interstitialcy jumps [I]. Careful fitting of conductivity curves in an intermediate intrinsic temperature range (1500 to 280 OC for AgCl and 150° to 2200 for AgBr) gives the activation enthalpies in table I [2]. Table I. Fornzation and migration enthalpies (eV) for AgCl and AgBr. Mechanism Ag Cl AgBr Formation of Frenkel defects 1.49 + 0.02 1.16 & 0.02 Cation vacancy migration 0.31 + 0.01 0.32 f 0.01 Coliinear interstitialcy 0.02 & 0.01 0.04 + 0.01 Non-collinear interstitialcy 0.14 + 0.01 0.28 + 0.01 1 . 2 HIGH TEMPERATURE ANOMALY. At higher temperatures the measured conductivity becomes considerably larger than the extrapolated value, assuming all formation and jump enthalpies are independent of temperature. The excess appears at least 150 OC below T, and rises to more than 100 % near T;, (see Fig. 4). Since evidence from diffusion of Na in AgCl and AgBr [3] indicates that most of the effect is due to an increase in defect concentration (rather than enhanced mobilities), we measure the anomaly by Thus we obtain AgToT directly from experimental measurements, and then calculate the final concentration x, from the extrapolated value x, without any defect interactions. 2. Defect interactions. 2 . 1 DEBYE-HUCKEL CORRECTIONS. The sizable Coulomb interactions between charged defects at large concentrations are represented by the usual first order theory [4]. We find that the formation energy of a Frenkel pair is lowered by Ag,,, which varies approximately as the square root of x,. Since AgDH cannot account for all of the observed anomaly expressed by AgToT in figure 1, we are forced to introduce some extra defect interaction AgEX lo make up the difference. The expla-
Assessment of visual acuity in the supine position.

Objective: To determine whether a modified Snellen eye chart could be used to accurately assess visual acuity (VA) in the supine position. Method: This was a prospective study involving ED staff volunteers comparing VA on a standard Snellen eye chart with VA on a size-reduced ceiling-mounted modified Snellen eye chart. Results: Fifty-six volunteers participated. VA ranged from 20/10 to 20/200 on both of the cham, but 87% of the volunteers had VA of 20/50 or better. The VA results for the 2 charts were highly correlated; right eye r = 0.931 and left eye r = 0.953. Weighted ks showed substantial agreement for both eyes; k = 0.63 and 0.79 for the right and left eyes, respectively. In only 4 of 112 paired measurements did the VA recorded with the ceiling chart differ by >1 line from that recorded on the Snellen chart. Conclusion: There is an excellent correlation between VAs determined in the erect and the supine positions using the standard Snellen eye chart and the modified ceiling-mounted version. Substantial agreement exists between readings using the 2 charts. Although, additional testing is warranted in an ophthalmologically diverse patient population, use of this chart for the assessment of VA in the supine ED patient may allow for earlier VA evaluation.
Serrated flow and deformation substructure at room temperature in Inconel 718 superalloy during strain controlled fatigue

Serrated flow was observed in Inconel 718 during strain controlled fatigue at room temperature when tested after a double aging treatment. The material was also tested in the solution annealed condition. In both conditions, unlocking type serrations were seen in the plastic portions of stress-strain hysteresis loops, from the beginning until the end of the fatigue life. The back stress, exerted by accumulated parallel pile-ups of dislocations in planar slip bands and subsequent relaxation of internal stress by initiating new plastic flow in adjacent grains, is proposed to be the cause of serrated flow in this alloy at room temperature.
Using neural networks to locate edges and linear features in satellite images

Abstract Edges and linear features are manifestations of discontinuities. In geologic applications of satellite imagery, edges and linear features are used to identify faults, lineaments, or lithology changes. Two techniques for detecting these types of features in satellite imagery are skilled human interpretation and mathematical manipulation (e.g. Fourier analysis). The former approach has the advantage of being able to learn, combined with a high degree of fault tolerance. Disadvantages to this approach are that it is labor intensive (slow) and somewhat arbitrary in its decision process. The latter approach is purely mathematical and, when implemented on a computer, is fast and consistent. The disadvantages of the mathematical approach are the lack of both fault tolerance and learning ability. A third approach, applied here, is to use neural networks (NNs). NNs combine the speed and accuracy of computers with the fault tolerance of human beings. NNs are arrays of highly interconnected, simple processing units which excel at pattern recognition. Because of this ability, they are appropriate tools for recognizing edges and linear features in two-dimensional (2-D) data, such as satellite imagery, aeromagnetic, and gravity data. Image interpretation is comprised of two phases. The syntactic phase identifies image primitives such as lines and edges, and the semantic phase resolves the meaning of the lines and edges. This study focused on the first aspect of locating syntactical information in an image. We determined that NNs are of only limited use for detecting linear features, but they are capable of detecting edges at various scales.
Development of a community pharmacy human papillomavirus vaccine program for underinsured university students along the United States/Mexico border

Objective To describe the development and implementation of a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine patient assistance program (PAP) for university students, and to acquire information on the number who accessed the program and completed the series. Setting University of Texas at El Paso University Student Health Clinic Pharmacy, Fall 2011–Spring 2014. Practice description A community pharmacy located within the university student health clinic providing services to an underinsured student population. Practice innovation Existing evidence shows the benefit of using PAP in community pharmacies but is nonspecific regarding the use of PAP for vaccines in an uninsured and underinsured Hispanic student population. The implementation of this unique HPV vaccine program in a community setting aims to increase awareness, access, and rates. Main outcome measures Primary measures included results from a needs-assessment questionnaire that were used to implement the HPV vaccine program. After implementation, utilization data were collected on the number of students who qualified and enrolled in the HPV PAP and the number of students who completed the HPV series. Results The preliminary data from a needs assessment indicated that a majority (72.1%, n = 80) of students did not understand how HPV is transmitted. A total of 89 students qualified for PAP. The majority were women (81%). A total of 71 students (79.8%) received their second dose and 43 (48.3%) completed the series. Conclusions Although pharmacists continue to provide vaccine services, minorities such as the Hispanic population continue to be underimmunized. Students may not be taking the proper precautions to prevent the acquisition of HPV. For these reasons services such as this HPV vaccine program are warranted. Pharmacists need to continue to educate and advocate on the importance of vaccines and how they prevent disease.
Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the valence band structures of polymerized thin films of C60 and La0.1C60

The electronic valence band structures of polymerized thin films of C60 and La0.1C60 have been studied by using ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the films have been characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The valence band of the C60 film shows major peaks at binding energies of 2.6, 7.2, 10.3, and 12.6 eV. In the case of the doped film, we observe (i) an additional peak with a binding energy of 13.7 eV, (ii) evidence for redistribution of the density of electronic states due to hybridization between the 5d orbitals of La and the C60 cage, and (iii) significantly higher density of the electronic states near the Fermi energy. The valence band spectra of the doped film are in good agreement with recent results of the density functional theory that support strong hybridization between the d-valence orbitals of La and the C60 cage.
Electromagnetic Scattering by Metallic Cylinders Perpendicularly Truncated by a Metal Plane

The electromagnetic scattering of an obliquely incident plane wave by various metallic cylinders of different cross sections is considered, in the phasor domain. The cylinders are truncated perpendicularly to their generators by a metal plane. Exact solutions are obtained for several cylinder shapes. In particular, exact expressions for the surface current densities on the cylinders and on the truncating plane are provided.
Self-Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanotubes on Bioengineered Flagella Scaffolds

The previously described FliTrx E. coli flagellin protein was genetically engineered to display rationally designed histidine, arginine-lysine, and aspartic acid-glutamic acid peptide loops on the solvent-accessible outer domain region. The resulting flagellin monomers were self-assembled to obtain the corresponding oligomeric flagella bionanotubes in which the peptide loops were 5 nm apart. These flagella nanotubes were equilibrated with solutions of various metal ions (Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ag(I), Au(I), and Pd(II)). Controlled reduction of these metal ions yielded ordered arrays of nanoparticles or nanotubes, and in some cases, extensive aggregation resulted in formation of metal nanotube bundles. Both metal nanoparticles and nanotubes were generated with Cu(II) and Au(I), depending on the initial concentration of Cu(II) ions, while Ag(I) consistently formed metal nanowires, even under relatively mild conditions of reduction. The covalent attachment of separately synthesized Au nanoparticles to the f...
The Dutch on Khark Island: A Commercial Mishap

The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) was founded in 1602 and began its trading activities in Iran and the Gulf in 1623, when factories (trading stations) were established in Bandar Abbas and Isfahan, after a favorable commercial treaty had been concluded with Shah Abbas I. This was the beginning of a very profitable trade for the VOC, which throughout the 17th and in the beginning of the 18th century was Iran's most important foreign trading partner. VOC activities in Iran were not restricted to Bandar Abbas and Isfahan: the VOC also had a trading station in Kirman (1697–1739) for the collection of goat's wool, and in 1738 its sphere of activities was extended to Bushire.
An antibody to a receptor for fibronectin and laminin perturbs cranial neural crest development in vivo

Previous studies from this laboratory (M. Bronner-Fraser (1985). J. Cell Biol. 101, 610) have demonstrated that an antibody to a cell surface receptor complex caused alternations in avian neural crest cell migration. Here, these observations are extended to examine the distribution and persistency of injected antibody, the dose dependency of the effect, and the long-term influences of antibody injection. The CSAT antibody, which recognizes a cell surface receptor for fibronectin and laminin, was injected lateral to the mesencephalic neural tube at the onset of cranial neural crest migration. Injected antibody molecules did not cross the midline, but appeared to diffuse throughout the injected half of the mesencephalon, where they remained detectable by immunocytochemistry for about 22 hr. Embryos were examined either during neural crest migration (up to 24 hr after injection) or after formation of neural crest-derived structures (36–48 hr after injection). In those embryo fixed within the first 24 hr, the major defects were a reduction in the neural crest cell number on the injected side, a buildup of neural crest cells within the lumen of the neural tube, and ectopically localized neural crest cells. In embryos allowed to survive for 36 to 48 hr after injection, the neural crest derivatives appeared normal on both the injected and control side, suggesting that the embryos compensated for the reduction in neural crest cell number on the injected side. However, the embryos often had severely deformed neural tubes and ectopic aggregates of neural crest cells. In contrast, several control antibodies had no effect. These findings suggest that the CSAT receptor complex is important in the normal development of the neural crest and neural tube.
“Cleaning-up cognition” in triple-response fear assessment through individualized functional behavior analysis☆

Improvements in behavioral assessment spurred by the triple-response concept have been overshadowed by a preoccupation with content of assessment and a lack of regard for the context of assessment. The aims of this article are to (a) clarify the imprecise use of the verbal-subjective-cognitive mode and to reinterpret cognitive events based on evidence and methods derived from clinical behavior analysis, (b) discuss the limitations of the triple-response assessment framework, and (c) suggest an alternative functional idiographic approach to assessment and treatment that may direct attention toward behavior relations understood functionally within the context of environmental contingencies; an approach that once was the hallmark of behavior therapy and the basis for therapeutic interventions.
High risk subjects and the cost of large field trials

IN RECENT years the large-scale field trial designed to test the efficacy of prophylactic treatments has become a major tool in coronary heart disease research. The basic design of such a trial for coronary heart disease or, similarly, chronic degenerative diseases generally, consists of two groups of subjects, designated a control group and an experimental or treatment group. The goal of the trial is to detect a difference in disease incidence (if any) between the two groups. Of central importance in the design of any such trial is the minimum sample size required to show the hypothesized effect. Closely related to this minimum sample size is the selection of criteria to determine the admissibility of subjects to the study. In designing this type of study, investigators tend to favor admission only of high risk subjects to the study. One of the arguments advanced for this policy is that if high risk subjects are entered in the study there will be more opportunity for detection of treatment effects and the number of subjects required for study will be smaller. This paper discusses the relationship between subject selection criteria, sample size and the cost of a field trial and shows that, for the coronary heart disease examples below, the use of higher risk subjects in clinical trials is not generally effective in increasing statistical power or decreasing costs and in certain circumstances can actually decrease the power of the trial. To reach these conclusions we have extended the general methodology in Halperin et al. [l] to include subjects with varying degrees of risk and risk reduction potential. Thus, we consider those situations in which the a priori subject risk is not uniform over all subjects. In such trials higher risk subjects may be preferred for various reasons. Clearly, if the objective is to evaluate some treatment for primary disease, one would choose subjects with the disease-for example, in reno-vascular hypertension, surgery would be performed only on patients with high blood pressure. Sometimes ethics dictates that the subjects be patients in advanced stages of the disease, such as in many phase-I and phase-II studies in the treatment of cancer. In secondary treatment studies, moreover, the subjects are high risk patients by definition-for example, patients who have just recovered from a heart attack.
The effect of adrenalin on adrenal cortical function.

RECENT evidence indicates that adrenalin will activate the adrenal cortex in animals and man. Vogt (1) demonstrated that adrenalin produces a significant increase in the corticoids in eviscerated dogs and cats, and Long (2, 3) showed that large amounts activate the adrenal cortex in rats. Sayers and Sayers (4) confirmed this in rats. Recently, Recant et al. (5) and Thorn et al. (6), administered adrenalin to humans and demonstrated increased adrenal cortical function. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the importance of adrenalin as an adrenal cortical activator, by studying its influence on those hematologic elements, urinary products and blood chemicals which are affected by the hormones of the adrenal cortex. METHODS All subjects, unless otherwise specified, were normal. They comprised aides, doctors, nurses and selected patients. The patients who were chosen were in the hospital either for nonpsychotic emotional difficulties in which the element of anxiety was minimal; for minor med...
A depressive phenotype induced by Bacille Calmette Guérin in 'susceptible' animals: sensitivity to antidepressants.

Rationale The depressive phenotype in the BCG model of chronic inflammation has not been pharmacologically characterized.
Priorities for neuropsychiatric genetics at the National Institutes of Health

Over the last decade, molecular genetics has become one of the most important technologies in medical research. However, the application of these approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders has been met with both unreasonable expectations, and at times, unreasonable criticism. Molecular genetics has opened a new window into these disorders that has great promise, but is likely to reveal a complex reality. Clearly, the potential exists to actually define some of the disorders that make up the syndromes that we are studying. In doing so, we will not only begin to address the fundamental pathophysiology of these disorders, but also begin to design treatments based on this new understanding. In this report, a series of four papers on the genetics programs of the National Institutes of Health will be introduced. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A flow system for partial automation of plating efficiency tests

A flow system that sterilely deposits a known number of cells into a collection vessel has been constructed and evaluated. In this device, the cells from a single-cell suspension flow through a nozzle that constrains them to the center of the emerging jet. The cells in the jet are illuminated by a 0.5-mW helium-neon laser; they are detected, sized and counted on the basis of the light scattered as they pass through the laser beam. The device has been used for plating efficiency tests in a tissue culture laboratory. We found that it saved considerable labor by eliminating the dilution step from the standard plating efficiency procedure. The biologic effect of machine plating was determined by comparing plating efficiencies of KHT, CHO-T5, and CHO-AA8 cells established by hand plating with those established by machine plating. Results indicate that machine plating reduces the plating efficiency of the CHO-T5 cells while the plating efficiencies of the CHO-AA8 and KHT cells are unaffected.
The pattern of substitution mutation in different nearest-neighbor environments of the human genome☆

Abstract The pattern of spontaneous transition and transversion mutations in the human genome has been obtained directly in this study from differences between a large number of extant human gene and pseudogene sequences. A total of 18,844 mutations have been scored over 252,416 bp in regions of gene sequences where the level of similarity to the corresponding pseudogene sequences is >/ 90%. When mutations were scored the neighbor pairs on the 5′ and 3′ side were also noted, leading to a table of 192 transitions and transversions in different neighbor environments. Biases of varying magnitude are found in the rates of substitution of the same base pair in different neighbor environments. The overall order for the effect of the 5′ neighbor to a pyrimidine of a pair undergoing mutation is A > G > C > T, and G > A > T > C for the 3′ neighbor; where these results represent the average of substitution rates for the complement purine with complement neighbors of bases ordered above. The order for the 3′ neighbor is essentially the same for two transitions and most of the four transversions as well; however, the order for the 5′ neighbor is more variable. The overall rates of both transitions and transversions of the C·G base pair are not unusual, however the presence of a 3′ neighboring G·C pair boosts the rates substantially, presumably due to specific cytosine methylation of the CpG duplet in the human genome. The rate of the T·A → C·G transition is also well above average when the 3′ neighbor is an A·T, and to a lesser extent a G·C pair. The latter bias is typical in that it reflects the association of alternating pyrimidine—purine sequences with increasing mutation rates. The substitution of the pyrimidine in a 5′purine—pyrimidine—purine3′ sequence generally occurs much faster than in a pyrimidine tract, and points to the local conformation as a possible factor in the determination of the substitution rate.
Match-mismatch of fear, panic and performance.

The present study tested predictions derived from Rachman's match-mismatch theory of fear. Students (N = 117) displaying claustrophobic fear made predictions of fear, panic and performance prior to exposure to a claustrophobic chamber. Subjects were then classified into groups (i.e. matchers, overpredictors, underpredictors) based on the congruence between their anticipated phobic reactions and their actual reactions during exposure. The effects of match-mismatch status on predictions of fear, panic and performance on a subsequent exposure trial were examined. Results provided further evidence that phobic Ss are frequently inaccurate in predicting their phobic reactions during exposure. Consistent with previous findings, Ss who overpredicted fear, panic or performance tended to lower their predictions on a subsequent exposure trial, whereas Ss who underpredicted fear, panic or performance showed heightened predictions upon subsequent exposure. Contrary to previous findings, Ss were more likely to underpredict rather than overpredict their phobic reactions. Our findings are in accord with those of Rachman indicating that the magnitude of mismatch between predicted and actual fear/panic is more influential in determining subsequent predictions of fear/panic than it is in determining Ss' actual fear/panic. Moreover, this asymmetry was observed when the mismatch paradigm was applied to phobic behavior (i.e. tendency to escape).
Size Distribution Characteristics of Particulates from Glass and Plastic Lvp's

AbstractAn automated microscopic system was used to detect particulates from four different large-volume parenteral solutions in glass and plastic containers. Solutions from glass containers were found to contain a significantly greater number of particles; however, the mean diameter of particles from plastic containers was greater. Characteristics of the size distribution of particles from glass and plastic containers were also different. An overall (particle size 5-50μ) cleanliness factor was calculated. Cleanliness factors for glass containers were larger by 55.5% to 264.1% than those for plastic.
Numerical simulation of a steady-state electron shock wave in a submicrometer semiconductor device

Appropriate numerical methods for steady-state simulations (including shock waves) when the electron flow is both subsonic and supersonic are addressed. The one-dimensional steady-state hydrodynamic equations will then be elliptic in the subsonic regions and hyperbolic/elliptic in the supersonic regions. A second upwind method is used for both elliptic and hyperbolic/elliptic regions. In the elliptic regions, the second upwind method is related to the Scharfetter-Gummell exponential fitting method. The hydrodynamic model consists of a set of nonlinear conservation laws for particle number, momentum, and energy, coupled to Poisson's equation for the electric potential. The nonlinear conservation laws are just the Euler equations of gas dynamics for a gas of charged particles in an electric field, with the addition of a heat conduction term. Thus the hydrodynamic model partial differential equations (PDEs) have hyperbolic, parabolic, and elliptic modes. The nonlinear hyperbolic modes support shock waves. The first numerical simulations of a steady-state electron shock wave in a semiconductor device are presented, using the hydrodynamic model. For the ballistic diode (which models the channel of a MOSFET), the shock wave is fully developed in Si (with 1-V bias) at 300 K for a 0.1- mu m channel and at 77 K for a 1.0- mu m channel. >
Arctic sea-ice melt in 2008 and the role of solar heating

There has been a marked decline in the summer extent of Arctic sea ice over the past few decades. Data from autonomous ice mass-balance buoys can enhance our understanding of this decline. These buoys monitor changes in snow deposition and ablation, ice growth, and ice surface and bottom melt. Results from the summer of 2008 showed considerable large-scale spatial variability in the amount of surface and bottom melt. Small amounts of melting were observed north of Greenland, while melting in the southern Beaufort Sea was quite large. Comparison of net solar heat input to the ice and heat required for surface ablation showed only modest correlation. However, there was a strong correlation between solar heat input to the ocean and bottom melting. As the ice concentration in the Beaufort Sea region decreased, there was an increase in solar heat to the ocean and an increase in bottom melting.
Time-Varying Spectral Approximation of Filtered Signals

An approximation of the time-varying (Wigner) spectrum of a filtered signal is presented. The approximation is simple to apply, yet insightful, in that it shows the effects of the magnitude and phase of the frequency response of the filter on the time-frequency properties of the signal. In addition, the approximation yields the correct Fourier spectrum of the filtered signal, to within a complex constant
Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha on Dendritic Cell Accumulation in Lymph Nodes Draining the Immunization Site and the Impact on the Anticryptococcal Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) have been shown to be essential in acquired protection against Cryptococcus neoformans. Induction of a protective anticryptococcal CMI response includes increases in dendritic cells (DC) and activated CD4(+) T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLN). During the expression phase, activated CD4(+) T cells accumulate at a peripheral site where cryptococcal antigen is injected, resulting in a classical delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Induction of a nonprotective anticryptococcal CMI response results in no significant increases in the numbers of DC or activated CD4(+) T cells in DLN. This study focuses on examining the role of TNF-alpha in induction of protective and nonprotective anticryptococcal CMI responses. We found that neutralization of TNF-alpha at the time of immunization with the protective immunogen (i) reduces the numbers of Langerhans cells, myeloid and lymphoid DC, and activated CD4(+) T cells in DLN and (ii) diminishes the total numbers of cells, the numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells, and amount of gamma interferon at the DTH reaction site. Although TNF-alpha neutralization during induction of the nonprotective CMI response had little effect on cellular and cytokine parameters measured, it did cause a reduction in footpad swelling when mice received challenge in the footpad. Our findings show that TNF-alpha functions during induction of the protective CMI response by influencing the accumulation of all three DC subsets into DLN. Without antigen stimulated DC in DLN, activated CD4(+) T cells are not induced and thus not available for the expression phase of the CMI response.
Role for ICAT in β-catenin-dependent nuclear signaling and cadherin functions

Inhibitor of β-catenin and TCF-4 (ICAT) is a 9-kDa polypeptide that inhibits β-catenin nuclear signaling by binding β-catenin and competing its interaction with the transcription factor TCF (T cell...
Logic and Conversation Revisited: Evidence For a Division Between Semantic and Pragmatic Content in Real Time Language Comprehension

The distinction between semantics (linguistically encoded meaning) and pragmatics (inferences about communicative intentions) can often be unclear and counterintuitive. For example, linguistic theories argue that the meaning of some encompasses the meaning of all while the intuition that some implies not all results from an inference. We explored how online interpretation of some evolves using an eye-tracking while listening paradigm. Early eye-movements indicated that while some was initially interpreted as compatible with all, participants began excluding referents compatible with all approximately 800 ms later. These results contrast with recent evidence of immediate inferencing and highlight the presence of bottom-up semantic–pragmatic interactions which necessarily rely on initial access to lexical meanings to trigger inferences.
Discrete state estimators for a class of nondeterministic hybrid systems on a lattice

The problem of estimating the discrete variables in nondeterministic hybrid systems where the continuous variables are available for measurement is considered. Using partial order theory, we construct a discrete state estimator, the LU estimator, which updates the lower (L) and upper (U) bounds of the set of all possible discrete variables values compatible with the output sequence and with the systems' dynamics. If the system is weakly observable, we show that there always exist a lattice on which to construct the LU estimator. For computational issues, some partial orders are to be preferred to others. We thus show that nondeterminism may be added to a system to obtain a new system that satisfies the requirements for the construction of the LU estimator on a chosen lattice. These ideas are applied to a nondeterministic multi-robot system.
The Significance of the “Hole” Community in Anthropological Studies

Communities of complex cultures are residential expressions of national institutions and of total socio-cultural organization. The small, rural community of a complex culture is a complement to the large city. Unlike Indian and traditional peasant communities, the “hole” community is closely embedded in the larger society; its customs and ceremonies are those found in the city, but they are thinned out and made unimpressive by poverty. The presence of unimpressive urban patterns makes the community into what is called in American slang a “hole.”
Counting unlabeled k-trees

Abstract We count unlabeled k-trees by properly coloring them in k + 1 colors and then counting orbits of these colorings under the action of the symmetric group on the colors.
Geophysical Setting of the Wabash Valley Fault System

Interpretation of existing regional magnetic and gravity data and new local high-resolution aeromagnetic data provides new insights on the tectonic history and structural development of the Wabash Valley Fault System in Illinois and Indiana. Enhancement of short-wavelength magnetic anomalies reveal numerous NW- to NNE-trending ultramafic dikes and six intrusive complexes (including those at Hicks Dome and Omaha Dome). Inversion models indicate that the interpreted dikes are narrow (≤3 m), lie at shallow depths ( Based on the interpretation of both the regional magnetic and gravity data and the high-resolution magnetic data, we propose that the shallow faults and deep-seated rift structures in the Wabash Valley terminate at or near the Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System. The Grayville Graben (∼20 km wide, ∼700 m maximum basement relief, and et al. , this volume]) underlying the Wabash Valley developed during rifting, perhaps in response to stress concentrations generated by a bend in the Reelfoot-Rough Creek-Rome rift system. We therefore hypothesize that although the Reelfoot Rift and Rough Creek Graben represent tectonic intraplate structures of large areal extent (>500 km long and generally >50 km wide) and with deep basins (locally >3 km thick), the ancestral Wabash Valley faults express, in comparison, minor tectonic structures and probably do not represent a failed rift arm. There is a lack of any obvious relation between the Wabash Valley Fault System and the epicenters of historic and prehistoric earthquakes. Five prehistoric earthquakes lie conspicuously near structures associated with the Commerce geophysical lineament, a NE-trending magnetic and gravity lineament lying oblique to the Wabash Valley Fault System and possibly extending over 600 km from NE Arkansas to central Indiana.
Cast Away:Social Exclusion and Social Aggression – The Roles of Self-Esteem and Anger

Although some research has demonstrated that people with lower self-esteem are more aggressive, a review of this literature has suggested that aggression is also a high self-esteem trait, especially when considering the impact of social exclusion. Specifically, anger and aggression may result from the conflict experienced by individuals who are socially excluded but who have a high self-esteem. To examine this possibility, we tested a group of college students in which half were socially excluded and the others were not. We then measured anger and social aggression toward the excluders and toward a stranger. Students reporting relatively high levels of self-esteem were significantly more angry, but not aggressive after being excluded. In general, low self-esteem participants showed higher social aggression than those with high self-esteem. Also, socially excluded participants were more socially aggressive towards the excluders and non-socially excluded participants were more aggressive towards a stranger. The social aggression in lower self-esteem participants is seen as part of their overall critical nature and instead, an increase in anger is a more indicative reaction to social exclusion for those with higher self-esteem.
Spatiotemporal Flicker Detector Model of Motion Silencing

Motion can impair the perception of other visual changes. Suchow and Alvarez (2011a, Current Biology, 21, 140-143) recently demonstrated a striking 'motion silencing' illusion, in which the salient changes among a group of objects' luminances (or colors, etc) appear to cease in the presence of large, coherent object motion. To understand why the visual system might be insensitive to changes in object luminances ('flicker') in the presence of object motion, we constructed similar stimuli and did a systematic spectral analysis of them. We conducted human psychophysical experiments to examine motion silencing as a function of stimulus velocity, flicker frequency, and spacing; and we created a simple filter-based model as a working hypothesis of motion silencing. From the results, we found that the threshold of silencing occurs when the log frequency of object replacement is roughly one quarter of the log flicker frequency (the mean slope is approximately 0.27). The dependence of silencing on object spacing may be explained as a phenomenon of temporal sampling of the stimuli by the visual system. Our proposed model successfully captures the psychophysical data over a wide range of velocities and flicker frequencies.
Social capital and the revitalization of New York City's distressed inner‐city housing

Abstract This article presents evidence that social capital can be an effective component of locally sponsored low‐income housing programs. It provides a model for measuring social capital at the building level, where it may be most effective in improving housing quality and security. The study compares five programs in New York City that house the city's poorest, mostly minority residents. The surveys from 487 buildings in Brooklyn, NY, were analyzed to compare the success of programs in maintaining and revitalizing landlord‐abandoned buildings taken by the city in lieu of taxes. Results of the analysis demonstrate that the positive effects of tenant ownership were largely mediated by the higher levels of social capital found in these buildings. These levels have implications for the survival and economic advancement of poor households and civic participation in poor communities. The study suggests the value of alternative homeownership programs.
Aspect modeling of parsed representation for image retrieval

A probabilistic framework based on a universal source coding for content-based image retrieval is proposed. By a multidimensional incremental parsing technique, which is an extension of the Lempel-Ziv incremental parsing algorithm, a given image is parsed into a number of variable-size rectangular blocks, called parsed representations. To achieve a semantically relevant pattern matching, we introduce a new similarity measure from the first- and second-order statistics of given image patches. Once the occurrence patterns of images in the corpus are analyzed, the term-document joint distribution is estimated by an aspect modeling technique under the assumption of latent aspects. To compare the performance of the proposed image retrieval framework based on the parsed representations, we implement a benchmark system based on the fixed-shape block representations trained by vector quantization. In addition to these two systems, we bring two content-based image retrieval systems into the performance evaluation. The experimental results on a database of 20,000 natural scene images demonstrate that the proposed image retrieval system significantly outperforms other existing and the benchmark systems.
Partial nephrectomy in renal calculus disease

Abstract Excision of a polar segment by partial nephrectomy, when calculus disease is limited to an inferior or superior calyx whose normal architecture reveals deformity and dilatation, is a highly recommended procedure. The rate of recurrence in this series of 25 successive cases has been 0 to 4 per cent. Postoperative complications and morbidity rates compare well with simple pyelo- or nephrolithotomy.
Comparison of Interfacial Charge Densities, Valence Band Offsets, and Formation Enthalpies of (GaAs)n(AlAs)n(001), (110), and (111)

We became intrigued with the thermodynamic stability of GaAs-AlAs su perlattices when Kuanf[1] reported that long range (GaAs)1(AlAs)1(100)(110) ordering occurred during continuous codeposition of Al,Ga and As without any imposition of special growth sequences. (Note that the (001) and (110) monolayer superlattices are identical, differing only by a 90° rotation). He suggested that this superlattice might be the thermodynamically stable state, but since the ordering occurred much more strongly and over a wider range of deposition parameters with a (110) rather than a (001) substrate, we thought this ordering was more likely a result of growth kinetics. In this talk we will present formation enthalpies of (GaAs)n(AlAs)n(001),(110) and (111) with n = 1 and 3 calculated with the scalar relativistic norm conserving pseudopotential method.
Failure of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Secondary to New Onset of Paget Disease

Case: Paget disease of bone occurs in 3% to 4% of the population over fifty years of age, more often in men than in women. There is no known genetic basis for the disease, which is often diagnosed via incidental radiographic findings. We present a seventy-seven-year-old man with new-onset Paget disease after total hip arthroplasty, leading to loosening of the femoral stem and necessitating revision. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the need for thoughtful evaluation of patients with failed arthroplasty and proposes steps for an appropriate workup prior to revision surgery.
Field Biology of Mexican Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Central Mexico

Before the rainy season, eggs of Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan and Smith were found to be dormant in nonirrigated fields in Jalisco, Mexico. At this time, soil moisture was about 11.5%. Embryo development began in June, when the soil moisture was about 20%. Initial egg hatch occurred during the first week of July. There appeared to be no difference in the rate of development between D. v. zeae in central Mexico and D. v. virgifera leConte in the U.S. corn belt, but all events in the development of D. v. zeae in nonirrigated fields occurred ca. 1 month later than the same events in the development of D. v. virgifera in the corn belt. The population of D. v. zeae appeared to be adapted to several different cropping practices: in May, before the rainy season began, we found eggs in diapause, larvae, or adults in different fields depending upon the availability of soil moisture and the time of planting. Diseasesand predatorsappearedto have a greater influenceon the populationdynamics of D. virgifera in Mexico than in the corn belt.
Food accessory substances in bacterial growth. III. Their fate in bacterial cultures.

Since the previous observations have shown that bacterial cultures containing tomato extract undergo a rapid change in hydrogen ion concentration leading to a considerable increase in pH, it was decided to determine whether the pH of surrounding fluid would have anything to do with the fate of growth promoting factors in bacterial cultures.Preliminary experiments had shown that during the first 24 hours of multiplication of B. Shiga in plain broth of various initial pH no growth promoting nor growth inhibiting substances can be detected in the surrounding fluid which could vitiate the interpretation of the following results.Cultures of B. Shiga containing tomato extract and of initial pH 5.4, 7.0 and 8.6 and control cultures of the same pH in plain broth were centrifuged at various intervals of incubation time for a period of 24 hours, the pH of these samples recorded, adjusted to pH 8.2 and inoculated with B. Shiga. These experiments demonstrated that the growth promoting factors are present in fluids de...
Structure of Type IIL Restriction-Modification Enzyme MmeI in Complex with DNA Has Implications for Engineering New Specificities.

The creation of restriction enzymes with programmable DNA-binding and -cleavage specificities has long been a goal of modern biology. The recently discovered Type IIL MmeI family of restriction-and-modification (RM) enzymes that possess a shared target recognition domain provides a framework for engineering such new specificities. However, a lack of structural information on Type IIL enzymes has limited the repertoire that can be rationally engineered. We report here a crystal structure of MmeI in complex with its DNA substrate and an S-adenosylmethionine analog (Sinefungin). The structure uncovers for the first time the interactions that underlie MmeI-DNA recognition and methylation (5’-TCCRAC-3’; R = purine) and provides a molecular basis for changing specificity at four of the six base pairs of the recognition sequence (5’-TCCRAC-3’). Surprisingly, the enzyme is resilient to specificity changes at the first position of the recognition sequence (5’-TCCRAC-3’). Collectively, the structure provides a basis for engineering further derivatives of MmeI and delineates which base pairs of the recognition sequence are more amenable to alterations than others.
Capturing Family–School Partnership Constructs Over Time: Creating Developmental Measurement Models

Longitudinal research methods have become increasingly popular with researchers interested in understanding how and why outcomes change over time. Recent developments in statistical methodology and the availability of software with which to conduct such research have made longitudinal methods more accessible. These include latent growth models, which allow researchers in the area of family–school partnerships to investigate issues such as how parental involvement in students’ schoolwork changes over time and how changes in parental involvement relate to changes in students’ achievement levels. The estimation of longitudinal models has traditionally been based on use of the same items at each time point. However, this may pose a problem because items that are developmentally appropriate for younger students may not be appropriate for older students. In this chapter we propose and illustrate developmental measurement models that are appropriate for measuring student outcomes over time, but that do not necessarily include the same items at each age or grade level. These models explicitly allow for items to be dropped from or added to the scale in order to maintain developmental appropriateness, while maintaining a common set of items. Inclusion of the common items provides a basis on which the scores for each age group to be linked or equated such that they are on the same scale. Thus, developmental measurement models make it possible to conduct longitudinal research using scales that are appropriate to each age group.
Corporatist Representation Via People’s Congress: An Aspect on the State–Society Relationship in Contemporary China

The third generation of contemporary Chinese studies aims to depict changes in China via examination of the interaction between state and society (Harding 1984; Perry 1994). This paper takes on the wave of the third generation, aiming to analyze roles of legislatures in shaping the state–society relationship in a decentralized authoritarian regime with marketization and economic development for over three decades.