cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the photo-currents of CdTe thin-film solar cells in both short and long wavelength regions

The recent increases in the record efficiency of CdTe thin-film solar cell technology largely benefited from enhancements in short circuit current densities (JSC) in the short-wavelength regions by reducing the thicknesses of CdS window layers. Here, we report that the JSC can be enhanced in both short and long wavelength regions by using CdSe as the window layer. Comparing to CdS, CdSe has a higher solubility in CdTe, resulting in stronger interdiffusion at the CdSe/CdTe interface and the formation of CdTe1−xSex alloys with high x values. Due to bowing effects, the CdTe1−xSex alloys exhibit narrower band gaps than CdTe, enhancing the JSC in the CdTe-based solar cells for long-wavelengths. We further report that the use of combined CdS/CdSe window layers can realize high open circuit voltages and maintain the JSC enhancements. Our results suggest a viable approach to improve the performance of CdTe thin-film solar cells.
Three‐dimensional, impulsive magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma

Impulsive, local, 3-D reconnection is identified for the first time in a laboratory current sheet. The events observed in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) are characterized by large local gradients in the third direction and cannot be explained by 2-D models. Detailed measurements show that the ejection of flux rope structures from the current sheet plays a key role in these events. By contrast, even though electromagnetic fluctuations in the lower hybrid frequency range are also observed concurrently with the impulsive behavior, they are not the key physics responsible. A qualitative, 3-D, two-fluid model is proposed to explain the observations. The experimental results may be particularly applicable to space and astrophysical plasmas where impulsive reconnection occurs.
A Case Series of Individual Six-Week Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Individually Tailored Manual-Based Treatment Delivery for Depressed College Students With or Without Suicidal Ideation

Despite their prevalence, depression and suicidal ideation (SI) are relatively unaddressed problems in the college student population. There are limited individual treatment studies targeting this population. Nine students (M = 19.33 years of age; SD ± .87) with depressive symptoms and/or SI were enrolled in 6-weeks of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with a individually tailored manual-based treatment delivery. Measures were given before and after treatment. Primary results, presented as a case series, suggested decreases in depression across students and an overall downward trend in SI. As a secondary analysis, paired samples t tests showed significant decreases in both depression and SI. In summary, short-term, individually tailored manual-based CBT may be beneficial for reducing depressive symptoms and SI among college students. More research is needed to determine the best clinical interventions and targeted treatments for this vulnerable population.
Potential Developments in Systemic Delivery of Insulin

(1989). Potential Developments in Systemic Delivery of Insulin. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 1601-1634.
State and locality in the creation of Indonesian cultures

Paul Alexander, editor. Creating Indonesian Cultures. Oceania Ethnographies 3. Sydney: Oceana Publications, University of Sydney, 1989. Pp. 229.
Three dimensional structure of the endochorion in wild type Drosophila melanogaster

The endochorion of the Drosophila melanogaster eggshell has been isolated and its structure examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In the main shell the thin inner endochorion (floor) shows small pits or pores and characteristic fenestrae crossed by irregular strands; vertical columns surrounded by air spaces separate this layer from the thick outer endochorion (roof) which is covered by a regular, external reticulum of thin fibers. The endochorion of the respiratory horns has sharply divided dorsal and ventral surfaces, with characteristic structures somewhat reminiscent of the floor and the external reticulum of the roof, respectively.
Management information system for a research institute in a developing country: a case study

: An information system which is designed for and is being implemented at Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Institute, Turkey, is described. The basic objectives of the system are to provide for a continuous review of the activities carried out at the Institute based on quantitative as well as qualitative information and to facilitate the gathering of timely and accurate information required by the organizations with which the Institute is affiliated.
Verbal working memory and on-line syntactic processing: evidence from self-paced listening.

Two experiments investigated the relationship between performance on standard tests of verbal working‐memory and the on‐line construction of syntactic form. In Experiment 1, working‐memory was measured in 100 college students on a version of the Daneman and Carpenter (1980) reading‐span task, and online syntactic processing was assessed using a self‐paced listening task with four sentence types. In Experiment 2, working‐memory was measured in 48 college students on two versions of the reading‐span task and two other tests of verbal working‐memory, and on‐line syntactic processing was assessed using the self‐paced listening task with an additional sentence type. In both experiments, there was no relationship between working‐memory capacity and the increase in processing time seen for the on‐line construction of syntactic form for either syntactically more complex or syntactically simpler sentences. The results indicate that the capacity of the working‐memory system that is measured by standard working‐memo...
GROWTH EXPECTATIONS AMONG PARENTS AND PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH SHORT STATURE

Concerns regarding growth and adult stature are frequent pediatric complaints. To evaluate patient and parental estimates of current and expected stature among children presenting with a chief complaint of short stature to our pediatric endocrine clinic, we mailed a questionnaire to 101 consecutive families (patients 1-18 yr, 23 female, 78 male). Patients 11 yr and older (57) completed a similar questionnaire. When indicated, bone ages were obtained (47) and adult heights predicted (PAH). Parent and patient estimates of the child's current height (H) were very accurate (parent, r=0.99; patient, r=0.90) and their assessments of the child's H percentile (%ile) for age were moderately accurate (parent r=0.42; patient r=0.70). Parental estimates of the lower limit of normal adult H averaged 167.4±6.5 cm (±SD) for males and 154.5±8.0 cm for females (both at the 11th %ile for normal adult H) while estimates by the patient were somewhat lower at 165.6±11.3 cm for males (7th %ile) and 147.3±14.6 cm for females (1st %ile). The H desired for the child, expressed by parent or patient, clustered near the average normal adult H. Parent and patient estimates of the child's final adult H did not correlate with the PAH, however, with more parents underestimating final adult H then overestimating it. In general, both parents and patients accurately estimate the child's current H and appear to have an appropriate perception of normal H. However, their expectations of ultimate H are distorted, indicating the need for counseling on the range of normal growth patterns.
Confirmatory measurement channels for LIF-based bioaerosol instrumentation.

As part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Detect-to-Protect (DTP) program, a multilab [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)] effort is addressing the need for useable detect-to-warn bioaerosol sensors for public facility protection. Towards this end, the SNL team is investigating the use of rapid fluorogenic staining to infer the protein content of bioaerosols. This is being implemented in a flow cytometer wherein each particle detected generates coincident signals of correlated forward scatter, side scatter, and fluorescence. Several thousand such coincident signal sets are typically collected to generate a distribution describing the probability of observing a particle with certain scattering and fluorescence values. These data are collected for sample particles in both a stained and unstained state. A linear unmixing analysis is performed to differentiate components in the mixture. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the staining process and the cytometric measurement, the results of their application to the analysis of known and blind samples, and a potential instrumental implementations that would use staining.
Radiation heat transfer in catalytic monoliths

Numerical simulations of heat- and mass-transfer and heterogeneous reactions in catalytic monoliths are reported with the focus on the influence of radiation heat transfer on the thermal behavior of the monolith. Appropriate heterogeneous kinetics and boundary conditions were calculated for two cases including: an automobile catalytic converter in which carbon monoxide is oxidized over a platinum (Pt) catalyst and a catalytic combustor for gas turbine power generation in which methane is oxidized over a palladium oxide (PdO) catalyst. Surface oxidation rates of carbon monoxide are based on measurements of Pt catalyst activity in a catalytic flow reactor, and rates for methane oxidation are based on reaction kinetics for a supported PdO catalyst assigned from differential reactor measurements. These simulations show that in the high aspect ratio passageways (length to diameter) in catalytic monoliths, radiation heat transfer can play a major role in the energy balance on the catalytic surfaces, which determines the transient warm-up behavior and the steady-state location of catalyst light-off. For gray surfaces, however, the predicted steady-state and transient behaviors are not sensitive to the emissivity of the monolith walls.
Psychosocial stress and changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate among adults with diabetes mellitus

Background Psychosocial stress has been hypothesized to impact renal changes, but this hypothesis has not been adequately tested. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychosocial stress and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and to examine other predictors of eGFR changes among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM).
Diffusion Tensor (DT)-MRI of the Brain. Review of Clinical Pediatric Applications

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is a new MR-based technique allowing, in-vivo, the assessment of the water diffusive transport in cerebral tissues, depending on the molecular and biochemical environment. Over the past decade, DTI has become an indispensable part of the MR evaluation of pediatric brain in the clinical practice. Quantitative analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), the two most common indices used to describe the diffusion characteristics, helps the comprehension of the childhood brain maturation and enables the early detection of several brain diseases. DTI also allows us to look at anisotropic diffusion within white matter tracts. To better demonstrate the location and orientation of the white matter tracts, new and/or more sophisticated methods such as Color-Encoded Map and Fiber Tracking have been proposed. We review the theoretical background of DT-MRI, the modality of its data acquisition and processing and some of its commonest applications, pa...
Expanding Diagnostic Testing beyond Cytogenetics: Implications for Birth Defects Research and Surveillance

For decades, classical cytogenetic techniques that yielded a karyotype were the mainstay for identifying and characterizing the causes of certain genetic syndromes and birth defects. The capacity to identify chromosome anomalies expanded in the late 1980s and the 1990s with the development and maturation of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to interrogate submicroscopic regions of the chromosomes for deletions or duplications. Beyond karyotypes and FISH, new technologies—chromosomal microarrays and next generation DNA sequencing—have markedly increased the number of birth defects and genetic syndromes that now have a known cause. These new testing techniques that can unambiguously confirm a diagnosis—as occurred previously, for example, with FISH for 22q11.2 deletions—will increase the specificity and sensitivity for classifying birth defects and improve prevalence estimates. Although these testing techniques improve the resolution of analysis of smaller and more complex chromosome and DNA anomalies, their interpretation can be problematic, particularly when the test results are of unknown significance. Broader usage of new prenatal screening technologies, such as testing for chromosome and DNA anomalies in cell-free fetal DNA, will likely impact prevalence estimates of certain birth defects included in surveillance systems. These new advancements in genetic testing can create challenges for birth defects surveillance and research programs in learning how to abstract, interpret, classify, store, and incorporate new findings into surveillance systems, as well as categorizing the data in epidemiological studies. Birth defects research and surveillance programs must be mindful of these new challenges and thoughtful in addressing them.
Adenovirus RIDβ Subunit Contains a Tyrosine Residue That Is Critical for RID-Mediated Receptor Internalization and Inhibition of Fas- and TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis

The adenovirus-encoded receptor internalization and degradation (RID) protein (previously named E3-10.4K/14.5K), which is composed of RIDalpha and RIDbeta subunits, down-regulates a number of cell surface receptors in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, namely Fas, TRAIL receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor 2. Down-regulation of these "death" receptors protects adenovirus-infected cells from apoptosis induced by the death receptor ligands Fas ligand and TRAIL. RID also down-regulates certain tyrosine kinase cell surface receptors, especially the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). RID-mediated Fas and EGFR down-regulation occurs via endocytosis of the receptors into endosomes followed by transport to and degradation within lysosomes. However, the molecular interactions underlying this function of RID are unknown. To investigate the molecular determinants of RIDbeta that are involved in receptor down-regulation, mutations within the cytoplasmic tail of RIDbeta were constructed and the mutant proteins were analyzed for their capacity to internalize and degrade Fas and EGFR and to protect cells from death receptor ligand-induced apoptosis. The results demonstrated the critical nature of a tyrosine residue near the RIDbeta C terminus; mutation of this residue to alanine abolished RID function. Mutating the tyrosine to phenylalanine did not abolish the function of RID, arguing that phosphorylation of the tyrosine is not required for function. These data suggest that this tyrosine residue forms part of a tyrosine-based sorting signal (Yxxphi). Additional mutations that target another potential sorting motif and several possible protein-protein interaction motifs had no discernible effect on RID function. It was also demonstrated that mutation of serine 116 to alanine eliminated phosphorylation of RIDbeta but did not affect any of the functions of RID that were examined. These results suggest a model in which the tyrosine-based sorting signal in RID plays a role in RID's ability to down-regulate receptors.
Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning in Death-Related Literature for Children

In preparing a series of annotated bibliographies on death-related literature for children and adolescents (Corr, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003a, 2003b), it became evident that this literature discusses topics related to bereavement, grief, and mourning in a variety of ways. That should not be surprising, since much of this literature was written to help children cope with experiences of death and loss. What is surprising, however, is the apparent absence of formal studies of bereavement issues in this body of literature in the major professional journals in the field of dying, death, and bereavement. This article is an initial attempt at rectifying that apparent gap in attention. It is also an effort to stimulate increased appreciation of these and other noteworthy aspects of death-related literature written to be read by or with children.
Comparative water relations of three successional hardwood species in central Wisconsin.

Summary Water relations of co-occuning understory saplings of Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill, an early successional, xeric species, Populus tremuloides Michx., an early successional, mesic species, and Acer rubrum L., a late successional species that occurs on both wet and dry sites, were evaluated on four dates during the 1986 growing season. The understory was characterized by high soil water content, low irradiance and low vapor pressure deficit throughout the growing season. Stomata1 conductance and calculated transpiration flux were lowest for A. rubrum and highest for P. tremuloides and Q. ellipsoidalis. Except early in the growing season, leaf water potentials were lower in P. tremuloides than in the other species. Populus tremuloides had the highest bulk modulus of elasticity, Q. ellipsoid&is the lowest. Over the growing season, Populus tremuloides and Q. ellipsoidalis, but not A. rubrum, exhibited a decrease in osmotic potential at both full and zero turgor. Of the three species, Populus tremuloides exhibited the sharpest decrease in leaf water potential and turgor pressure with decreasing relative water content.
Behavioral ecology of Phanaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera: scarabaeidae): review and new observations

The genus Phanaeus Macleay comprises an important part of the Neotropical dung beetle fauna. With a few exceptions, these beetles are preferentially coprophagous, exploiting the moist excrement of large herbivores and omnivores. The nesting behavior (nidification) of Phanaeus is characterized mainly by tunneling rather than rolling behavior. Phanaeus species are Pattern II nesters: during the breeding season, the male and female cooperate in provisioning the nesting gallery, even though females can perform these activities alone. Their intricate behaviors and extravagant colors and horns have made these beetles the subject of numerous publications dealing with male-male competition, bisexual cooperation, nidification and more. This review is meant to give an overview of published and new behavioral observations for these species as well as to suggest directions for future research.
Shape Sensitivity Analysis of Linear-Elastic Cracked Structures Under Mode-I Loading

A new method is presented for shape sensitivity analysis of a crack in a homogeneous, isotropic, and linear-elastic body subject to mode-I loading conditions. The method involves the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics, domain integral representation of the J-integral, and direct differentiation. Unlike virtual crack extension techniques, no mesh perturbation is needed in the proposed method. Since the governing variational equation is differentiated prior to the process of discretization, the resulting sensitivity equations are independent of any approximate numerical techniques, such as the finite element method, boundary element method, or others. Since the J-integral is represented by domain integration, only the first-order sensitivity of displacement field is needed. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method. The results show that the maximum difference in calculating the sensitivity of J-integral by the proposed method and reference solutions by analytical or finite-difference methods is less than three percent. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1486017#
Kinship in Professional Relations: A Study of North Indian District Lawyers

The development of the modern Indian legal system provides, as Marc Galanter notes, a remarkable instance of the total displacement of a major intellectual and institutional complex in a highly developed civilization with one largely of foreign origin or at least inspiration and the replacement of the savants and practitioners of the older system by a new elite. The bulk of this modern elite, the second largest body of legal practitioners in the world, comprises the district lawyers or vakils. This paper describes some aspects of social organization among the vakils of Ambala City, a small district headquarters town in the North Indian state of Haryana.
Fleet Conversion in Local Government: Determinants of Driver Fuel Choice for Bi-Fuel Vehicles

This study evaluates the conversion of one local government's fleet from gasoline to bi-fuel E-85, compressed natural gas, and liquid propane gas powered vehicles at the midpoint of a 10-year conve...
Short- and long-term racing performance of Standardbred pacers and trotters after early surgical intervention for tarsal osteochondrosis.

Summary Reasons for performing study Osteochondrosis (OC) is commonly diagnosed in young Standardbred racehorses but its effect on performance when surgically treated at a young age is still incompletely understood. This is especially true for Standardbred pacers, which are underrepresented in the existing literature. Objective To characterise the short- (2-year-old) and long-term (through 5-year-old) racing performance in Standardbred pacers and trotters after early surgical intervention (<17 months of age) for tarsal OC. Study design Retrospective clinical study. Methods The study population consisted of related, age-matched Standardbred racehorses (n = 278; 151 pacers, 127 trotters) with (n = 133) or without (n = 145) one or more tarsal OC lesions. All OC-affected horses were treated surgically prior to being sold as yearlings. Data obtained from publicly available race records for each horse included starts, wins, finishes in the top 3 (win, place or show), earnings and fastest time. Comparisons between OC-affected and unaffected horses were made for the entire population and within gaits. A smaller related population (n = 94) had these performance measures evaluated for their 2–5-year-old racing seasons. Results Osteochondrosis status was associated with few performance measures. Trotters were at higher risk for lesions of the medial malleolus but lower risk for lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia than were pacers. Horses with bilateral OC lesions and lateral trochlear ridge (LTR) lesions started fewer races at 2 years of age than those with unilateral lesions or without LTR lesions. Conclusions Osteochondrosis seemed to have minimal effect on racing performance in this cohort, although horses with bilateral and LTR lesions started fewer races at 2 years. There was evidence for different distribution of OC lesions among pacers and trotters, which should be explored further. Standardbreds undergoing early removal of tarsal OC lesions can be expected to perform equivalently to their unaffected counterparts.
Enabling resonant clock distribution with scaled on-chip magnetic inductors

Resonant clock distribution with distributed LC oscillators is promising to reducing clock power and jitter noise. Yet the difficulty in the integration of on-chip inductors still limits its application in practice. This paper resolves such a key issue with sub-50 µm magnetic inductors, which are fully compatible with the CMOS process. These inductors leverage soft magnetic coils to achieve inductances up to 4nH, Q-factor of 3 at 1 GHz with a device diameter of only 30–50 µm, resulting in area savings of nearly 100X as compared to conventional design. The latency and noise performance of the resonant clock network is demonstrated to be comparable to those using conventional inductors without soft magnetic materials. In addition, inductors with integrated magnetic materials significantly reduce mutual coupling and eddy current loss in the power grid below the clock network. These design advantages enable high density of on-chip distributed oscillators, providing better phase averaging, lower power and superior noise characteristics as compared to traditional buffer-tree based clock network.
Learning Not to Think Like an Economist

This essay describes my progress bringing the core ideas of economics into conversations with noneconomists about important public policy issues within my faith community, through local politics, and through interdisciplinary conversations in academia. Thinking like an economist is essential to conducting research and performing careful analysis of public policy issues. However, it can reduce the economists’ effectiveness in teaching and interacting with neighbors and political leaders. Effective pedagogy requires that faculty be present as good economists to their neighbors, their fellow citizens, in daily conversations and public policy debates. Our continuing education as teachers of economics requires that we enter those conversations as committed students as well--committed to learning how our neighbors process economic facts and principles and how their insights into public policy debates might alter our own understanding.
The use of knee braces, part 1: Prophylactic knee braces in contact sports

Surrogate knee model biomechanical studies have indicated that off-the-shelf braces provide 20% to 30% greater resistance to a lateral blow when the knee is in full extension. Custom functional braces doubled the protective effects and proved effective with the knee in some flexion. Although functional performance studies are not consistent, preventive knee braces may slow straight-ahead sprint speed, cause early fatigue, and increase muscular relaxation pressures, energy expenditure, blood lactate levels, maximal torque output, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Two epidemiologic studies have been performed. At West Point, a randomized control study of 71 injuries in 1396 cadets indicated knee brace effectiveness with a statistically higher rate of injury in the control group (3.4/1000 exposures) than in the braced group (1.5/1000 exposures), with the most significance for medial collateral ligament sprains in defensive players. The Big Ten Conference conducted a descriptive study of 100 medial collateral ligament sprains among 987 players in different positions, strings, and types of session. Brace-wear tendency varied directly with the unbraced player counterpart's risk of medial collateral ligament sprain, with the nonplayer linemen experiencing both the greatest risk of unbraced practice session injury (0.0801 injuries/1000 exposures) and the highest incidence of brace wear (85%). During practices, there was a nonsignificant but very consistent reduction in injury rate for braced players in every position and string. During games, there was also a reduced rate for linemen and the linebacker/tight end group. The study concluded that although the issue is not closed, preventive knee braces appear to offer some protection to the medial collateral ligament from a contact injury involving a valgus blow, but there may be negative effects on performance level, leg cramping, and fatigue symptoms.
Oscillation Amplitude Considerations In Frequency Domain Experiments

We present a discussion of the issues to consider when setting oscillation amplitudes in frequency domain experiments, with particular reference to gradient direction estimators.
Activation profiles of HSPA5 during the glomerular mesangial cell stress response to chemical injury

Environmental injury has been associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a response characterized by activation of the unfolded protein response, proteasomal degradation of proteins, and induction of HSPA5, also known as GRP78 or BiP. Although HSPA5 has been implicated in the stress response to environmental injury in several cell types, its role in the glomerular ER stress response is unknown. In this study, we evaluated HSPA5 activation profiles in rat glomerular mesangial cells (rGMCs) challenged with heavy metals (HgCl2 or Pb2+ acetate) or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, ie, benzo(a)pyrene [BaP]). Challenge of rGMCs with 1 or 10 μM HgCl2 or Pb2+ acetate increased HSPA5 mRNA and protein levels. The induction response was sensitive to transcriptional and translational inhibition by actinomycin D (AD) and cyclohexamide, respectively. HSPA5 mRNA was induced by 3 μM BaP in an AD-sensitive manner, but this response was unaffected by the presence of heavy metals. A promoter construct containing sequences that mediate thapsigargin (TH) inducibility of the HSPA5 promoter was refractory to both heavy metals and BaP. The HSPA5 induction response in rGMCs is conserved because it was reproduced with fidelity in immunolocalization experiments of HSPA5 protein in M15 and HEK293 cells in embryonic lines of murine and human origin, respectively. Collectively, these findings identify HSPA5 in the stress response of rGMCs and implicate regulatory mechanisms that are distinct from those involved in TH inducibility.
Immunohistochemical comparison of T-cell and macrophage populations in mammary tissue of control and Trichinella spiralis-infected rats.

We have shown that antigen-specific T lymphocytes can mediate maternal-to-neonatal immunity during lactation. Present studies address the dynamics of lymphocyte accumulation in the mammary gland during normal and disease stimulated conditions. Monoclonal antibodies specific for total T cells, suppressor/cytotoxic and helper subsets, and macrophages were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to identify and count the individual cell types. In unstimulated mammary tissue, following a rise in T cells to maximal numbers in late pregnancy, the total number of T cells/high power field (HPF) was significantly diminished in early lactation and continued to decline to the late lactation period. Both the numbers of T cells/HPF located in the mammary alveolar epithelium and surrounding connective tissue were significantly reduced in early lactation as compared to late pregnancy. This indicates the possible passage of cells into the milk during lactation. Prior infection of the mother with Trichinella spiralis and a secondary challenge 48 h. before sacrifice caused a significant reduction in the number of T cells in the mammary tissue in early lactation as compared with unstimulated controls, indicating the possibility of an even greater outflow of T cells into milk. In controls, the T-suppressor/cytotoxic subtype showed a reduction in early lactation versus late pregnancy but showed no shifts in total cells/HPF during infection. The T-helper subtype in controls remained unchanged from late pregnancy to early lactation with a considerable decline in late lactation. However, the T-helper cells were significantly decreased in T. spiralis-treated animals as compared with noninfected controls in early lactation. The population of macrophages declined from late pregnancy to early lactation but remained unchanged between normal and T. spiralis-infected animals.
A control design strategy of a reconfigurable manufacturing system

A Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) is defined as one that can provide adaptability to quickly adjust the production capacity and functionality in response to fluctuations in customer demand. An advanced analytical modelling approach and control design strategy is introduced to improve the system responsiveness of multistage feedback control RMS. A System Dynamics (SD)-based multistage RMS model is mathematically translated into block diagram representations and transfer functions. A control design technique called Root-Locus is presented to propose a new operation management policy to better predict and control the dynamic responses of a RMS in reduction of inventory and Lead-Time (LT). By applying this graphic view approach, one can improve the RMS responsiveness and also determine its relative system stability without iterative trial-and-error simulation replications as found in discrete event simulation and SD approach.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF ZYGOTIC EMBRYO CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS

Summary Isolation of zygotic embryos from seeds and their culture in a defined medium, initiated by Hannig in 1904, has proved to be a promising method to study the factors that control growth and differentiation of embryos. Using this technique, several investigations have focused on the carbohydrate and nitrogen nutrition during germination of cultured seed embryos and on the effects of plant hormones on their morphogenesis. Culture of immature embryos leads to their germination into weak seedlings, skipping the later stages of embryogenesis, by a process known as precocious germination. Progressively smaller embryos have been cultured by supplementation of the medium with coconut milk or hormonal additives or by osmotic adjustment of the medium by high concentrations of sucrose or mannitol. Although methods have not been developed for large-scale isolation and culture of zygotes, zygotes of maize isolated from embryo sacs and those obtained by in vitro fertilization have been grown in culture into full-term embryos. Embryo culture techniques are widely used to rescue embryos from seeds of wide crosses which usually abort and to overcome dormancy of recalcitrant seeds.
Induction of mycobacterial proteins during phagocytosis and heat shock: a time interval analysis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives macro- phage bactericidal activities by mechanisms that may in- dude induction of stress proteins. We sought to determine whether the synthesis of any mycobacterial proteins is in- creased during phagocytosis and whether any of these proteins are also up-regulated during heat shock. Protein synthesis by M. tuberculosis H37Ra during phagocytosis by the mouse macrophage cell line IC-21, and during heat shock at 45 and 48#{176}C, was monitored at various time in- tervals using 35S-labeled methionine/cysteine and so- dium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Our data suggest the existence of certain common dc- ments in the stress response of mycobacteria to the three stress stimuli. This apparent similarity was best charac- terized by the up-regulation of a 25-kDa protein after cx- posure to each of the stress conditions. Furthermore, this 25-kDa protein and a 37-kDa protein that was also syn- thesized during phagocytosis appeared to be extracellular because they were preferentially solubilized when in- fected macrophages were lysed with 0.5% NP-40.J. Leu- koc. Biol. 55: 633-641; 1994.
Developing a Reinforced Heritagescape using GIScience : A Case Study of Gyeongju, South Korea

AbstractHeritage tourism has emerged as a popular type of tourist activity as the landscape of heritage sites has been recognized as a major tourist attraction. Heritage sites contain complex social spaces created by the interactions and perceptions of the tourists who visit heritage sites and the residents of these sites. Therefore, an analysis of heritage sites is essential in order to understand the sense of place of heritages that can be used as major attractions in heritage tourism. However, despite the importance of heritage sites for tourism development, there has been a lack of theoretical framework to consider the wide range and unique characteristics of heritage sites. In addition, our understanding of heritage sites seems to be exploratory and experimental. As a solution, Garden suggested a theoretical framework, called heritagescape, to consider heritage sites with three guiding principles: (1) boundary, (2) cohesion, and (3) visibility. Although Garden’s heritagescape made an opportunity to a...
Abstract WP254: The Contribution of Serpinf2 to Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy for Stroke: Effects on Neuronal Cell Death, Brain Swelling, Breakdown of the Blood Brain Barrier and Mortality

For poorly understood reasons, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) therapy for ischemic stroke is limited by a narrow therapeutic window and by toxicities including hemorrhage. In this study we investigated the contribution of serpinf2 (Sf2, a2-plasmin inhibitor, a2-antiplasmin) to the success and complications of TPA therapy. Methods: Ischemic stroke was induced by MCA thromboembolism in anesthetized mice. Infarct size, hemorrhage and swelling were examined by a blinded observer. Breakdown of the blood brain barrier, MMP-9 expression and apoptosis were determined by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Results: TPA treatment within 15 min. of ischemia significantly reduced infarction (p Conclusion: Sf2 reduces TPA’s efficacy and enhances toxicity by increasing stroke infarct size and brain swelling. In contrast, inactivation of Sf2 increased the therapeutic window for TPA, which in turn reduced infarction, brain swelling and hemorrhage. Sf2-i also significantly reduced break down of the blood brain barrier and apoptosis. Thus inactivation of Sf2 may increase the therapeutic value of TPA.
Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Phenology of Fall and Summer Diapausing and Degree-Day Requirements for Larval Development and Adult Emergence

The annual diapause phenology, larval development, and adult emergence of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was studied under insectary conditions at Phoenix, Ariz., from August 1986 to September 1987. The percentage of pupae entering fall diapause peaked at approximately 97% on 16 November 1986 and remained high (near 80%) through February 1987. The percentage of pupae entering summer diapause reached a maximum of 51.7% on 19 July as mean daily temperatures increased to 30°C. Moths emerging from nondiapausing and diapausing pupae contributed to major moth peaks in the fall (23 August to 1 December) and spring (1 April to 15 May) months. Very little moth emergence was observed from 15 December to 1 April. Larvae required an average of 10–88 d to complete development, depending on annual temperature and photophase fluctuations. Larval mortality (range, 1–93%) also was highly correlated with larval developmental time. Pupal developmental time varied greatly among cohorts: nondiapause, 10–45 d; fall diapause, 40–190 d; and summer diapause, 28–105 d. Pupal mortality for fall diapause (43.5%) also was significantly higher than that of other pupae. Lower and upper temperature thresholds for larval and pupal development, taken from the literature, were modified using coefficient of variation analyses of degree-day accumulations. Based on the coefficient of variation method, lower and upper thresholds for larvae, nondiapausing, fall-diapausing, and summer-diapausing pupae were 11.25–32.0, 12.8–34.0, 12.8–32.0, and 12.8–30.0°C, respectively. Use of this information to develop a season-long model of H. virescens phenology is discussed.
A System Modeling Method Based on Data Driving

This paper proposed a system modeling method based on the data driving.A fusion algorithm,which was based on subtraction clustering and fuzzy C-means algorithm(FCM),was proposed to identify the former Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network,it automatically obtained precise cluster number and membership parameters.Then,Back Propagation(BP) algorithm was used to train the weights after the network,so a T-S fuzzy neural network system model was set up,which only used the input/output data,and made full use of BP neural network and RBF neural network.Finally,a nonlinear system is used to identify this model.MATLAB simulation results demonstrate that the proposed identification methods are effective.
Surveillance on the quality of disinfection and sterilization among medical institutes in Xi'an in 2011- 2013

Objective To investigate the status of disinfection and sterilization quality of different levels of medical institutes in Xi'an,and improve the management level of disinfection and sterilization of medical institutes. Methods Disinfection and sterilization efficacy of 69 medical institutes were monitored and evaluated according to Standardization for Disinfection Techniques( 2002 edition) and Sanitary Standards for Hospital Disinfection( GB15982- 1995). Results From 2011 to2013,2 224 specimens were tested,1 766( 79. 41%) were qualified. The qualified rate of tertiary medical institutes was higher than second and below medical institutes( 83. 67% vs 77. 50%,P = 0. 001),the qualified rate between public medical institutes and private medical institutes was not statistically different( 79. 64% vs 78. 20%,P = 0. 532),the qualified rate of comprehensive medical institutes was higher than specialized medical institutes( 80. 18% vs 74. 92%,P =0. 030). Of different detected specimens,the qualified rates of disinfectant in use and pressure steam sterilizers( including test pack and process challenge device) were higher( 98. 46%,100. 00%,and 98. 06% respectively),while the hands of health care workers( HCWs) and glutaraldehyde were lower( 58. 48% and 43. 28% respectively). Conclusion Disinfection and sterilization quality in different medical institutes in Xi'an is different,and different disinfected and sterilized objects are also varied. It is necessary to intensify the management of hand hygiene of HCWs and concentration of glutaraldehyde.
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles of Law Enforcement Executives

Policing in the 21st century is becoming more complex and dynamic as law enforcement executives deal with operational, political, and economic challenges. Organizational theory and research indicate positive relationships among emotional intelligence (EI), leadership effectiveness, leadership styles, and employee outcomes. But these relationships have not been investigated in law enforcement organizations. The purpose of this quantitative study was to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the above relationships in a sample of law enforcement executives. Situational leadership theory, full range leadership model, and trait EI theory comprised the theoretical framework for this study. Data were collected from 139 law enforcement executives from the International Association of Chiefs of Police via an Internet survey. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. Statistically significant relationships were indicated in the studied sample between EI and all the five measures of transformational leadership style and one measure of transactional leadership style-contingent reward; but EI failed to correlate with the laissez-faire leadership style. Social change implications of this study include using the study results to expand leadership development programs that leverage a full range of leadership skills and EI traits to address the new reality of law enforcement for the benefit of American communities and society.
Overconfidence at the Keyboard: Confidence and Accuracy in Interpreting Affect in E‐Mail Exchanges

Gesture, voice, expression, and context add richness to communications that increase chances of accurate interpretation. E-mails lack much of this richness, leading readers to impose their own richness. Three experiments tested the effect of communicator relationship and availability of context on e-mail writer and reader confidence levels and accuracy. Effects of nonverbal and verbal behavior were also investigated. Results showed that confidence levels for both writers and readers were high, yet somewhat unwarranted based on accuracy rates. Further, writers had more confidence that friends would correctly interpret e-mails than strangers, although friends showed no more accuracy. Findings suggest that reliance upon friendship and context, as well as verbal and nonverbal cues, to interpret emotion in e-mail is ineffective, sometimes detrimental.
Contingent Valuation Analysis of an Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology Emergency Department: The Value of Acute Specialty Care.

Importance Specialty emergency departments (EDs) provide a unique mechanism of health care delivery, but the value that they add to the medical system is not known. Evaluation of patient preferences to determine value can have a direct impact on resource allocation and direct-to-specialist care. Objective To assess the feasibility of contingent valuation (CV) methodology using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey to evaluate specialty emergency services, in the context of an ophthalmology- and otolaryngology-specific ED. Design, Setting, and Participants Contingent valuation analysis of a standalone otolaryngology and ophthalmology ED. Participants were English-speaking adults presenting to a dedicated otolaryngology and ophthalmology ED. The WTP questions were assessed using a payment card format, with reference to an alternative modality of treatment (ie, general ED), and were analyzed with multivariate regression. Intervention Validated WTP survey administered from October 14, 2014, through October 1, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Sociodemographic data, level of distress, referral data, income, and WTP. Results A total of 327 of 423 (77.3%) ED patients responded to the WTP survey, with 116 ophthalmology and 211 otolaryngology patients included (52.3% female; mean [range] age, 46 [18-90] years). The most common reason for seeking care at this facility was a reputation for specialty care for both ear, nose, and throat (80 [37.9%]) and ophthalmology (43 [37.1%]). Mean WTP for specialty-specific ED services was $377 for ophthalmology patients, and $321 for otolaryngology patients ($340 overall; 95% CI, $294 to $386), without significant difference between groups (absolute difference, $56; 95% CI, $−156 to $43). Self-reported level of distress was higher among ear, nose, and throat vs ophthalmology patients (absolute difference, 0.47 on a Likert scale of 1-7; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.84). Neither level of distress, income, nor demographic characteristics influenced WTP, but patients with higher estimates of total visit cost were more likely to have higher WTP (β coefficient, 0.27; SE, 0.05; adjusted R 2 = 0.17 for model). Conclusions and Relevance Patients with eye and ear, nose, and throat complaints place a mean explicit value on specialty emergency services of $340 per visit, relative to general emergency care. Ultimately, CV data using WTP methodology are useful in valuing patient preferences in monetary terms and can help inform state-wide resource allocation and the availability of direct-to-specialist care.
Conical Nanopores for Efficient Ion Pumping and Desalination.

Previous experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that nanofabricated synthetic channels are able to pump ions using oscillating electric fields. We have recently proposed that conical pores with oscillating surface charges are particularly effective for pumping ions due to rectification that arises from their asymmetric structure. In this work, the energy and thermodynamic efficiency associated with salt pumping using the conical pore pump is studied, with emphasis on pumps needed to desalinate seawater. The energy efficiency is found to be as high as 0.60 to 0.83 mol/kJ when the radius of the tip side of the conical pore is two Debye lengths and the pump works with a concentration gradient smaller than 1.5. As a result, the energy consumption needed for seawater desalination with 20% salt rejection is 0.32 kJ/L. In addition, the energy consumption can be further reduced to 0.21 kJ/L (20% salt rejection) if the bias voltage is adaptively altered four times during the pump cycle while salt c...