cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of selenium on the growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor cells in culture.

Selenium is an essential dietary trace element which has anticancer properties. Among its effects in rats, selenium has been shown to inhibit the development of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors by interfering with the post-initiation, promotion phase of carcinogenesis. We studied the effects of selenium on the growth of rat mammary tumor cells in primary culture. The objective was to determine whether selenium had any direct influence on cell growth which might explain its influence on tumor development. Rat mammary tumors were induced by N-nitrosomethylurea. The addition of low concentrations of sodium selenite, less than 1.0 ..mu..g/ml, stimulated tumor cell proliferation. Protein synthesis and the production of type IV collagen increased within the first hour of exposure, prior to any measurable increase in DNA synthesis. Concentrations of selenite greater than 1.0 ..mu..g/ml inhibited cell proliferation, the synthesis of protein, and the replication of DNA in a dose-related manner. These studies demonstrated that selenium has the potential to influence the post-initiation phase of rat mammary tumorigenesis by directly altering the growth of tumor cells, possibly through the regulation of protein synthesis.
Obsessive—Compulsive Personality Disorder and Behavioral Disinhibition

Although obsessive—compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is an Axis II diagnosis that is not commonly associated with behavioral disinhibition, the literature contains reports of occasional explosive aggressive outbursts. Existing explanations of OCPD etiology do not address the coexistence of compulsive and impulsive features witnessed in some subpopulations of patients. In this study, the authors present a compensatory theory of OCPD in an effort to explain clinical observations of an unexpectedly large number of OCPD diagnoses among patients clinic referred and self-referred for aggression problems.
Airborne contamination associated with in-use airoidized beds: A descriptive study

The air-fluidized bed (Clinitron; Support Systems International, Charleston, S.C.) has been in use for several years as a treatment modality for numerous medical conditions including decubitus ulcers, burns, spinal injuries, and pain. The bed is filled with a 30 cm layer of silicone-coated ceramic microspheres. Air passes through a porous diffuser and rises through the microsphere layer at a flow rate of 61 cm/min, which serves to fluidize the microspheres. Room air is drawn into the bed and is heated or cooled as necessary to maintain a temperature of 30 to 35” C. A polyester filter sheet separates the patient from the microspheres, but is permeable to body fluids, creating a potential for contamination of the microspheres. Studies conducted under laboratory conditions fail to show survival of microorganisms in significant numbers at 24 hours on microspheres,‘! 2 on the filter sheet, or from air outflo~.~, 3 No studies of airborne contamination from in-use beds have been reported, although a theoretical risk of airborne contamination with patient microflora exists. This study was designed to test the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in airborne contamination with the microbial flora of a patient whether the patient was occupying an air-fluidized or a conventional bed.
Development of supported liquid-phase microextraction probes for in vivo PK studies.

Background: A new sample preparation method termed supported liquid-phase microextraction is proposed. With this technique, the extraction phase is a liquid immobilized inside the pores of a membrane coated on a solid support. Methodology: Supported liquid-phase microextraction probes were prepared by coating wires with porous polyacrylonitrile followed by saturation with 1-octanol. The probes were introduced inside hypodermic needles and used for in vivo extraction of oxybutynin from the blood and tissues of rabbits. The linear range of the method was from 0.5 to 500 ng/ml. Conclusion: The proposed method was successfully applied to monitor the PK profile of oxybutynin. The drug followed a two-compartment model, with a volume of distribution of 14 l/kg and a half-life of 76 min.
Telling the future of information design

Ask 10 technical communicators to define information design, and you're likely to get as many very different answers (Redish, 2000). Despite the variety, however, I think that most definitions of information design correspond more or less to one of the following approaches.
Antiestrogens: Mechanisms of action and resistance in breast cancer

Antiestrogens have proven to be highly effective in the treatment of hormone-responsive breast cancer. However, resistance to antiestrogen therapy often develops. In addition, although tamoxifen-like antiestrogens are largely inhibitory and function as estrogen antagonists in breast cancer cells, they also have some estrogen-like activity in other cells of the body. Thus, recent efforts are being directed toward the development of even more tissue-selective antiestrogens, i.e. compounds that are antiestrogenic on breast and uterus while maintaining the beneficial estrogen-like actions on bone and the cardiovascular system. Efforts are also being directed toward understanding ligand structure-estrogen receptor (ER) activity relationships and characterizing the molecular changes that underlie alterations in parallel signal transduction pathways that impact on the ER. Recent findings show that antiestrogens, which are known to exert most of their effects through the ER of breast cancer cells, contact a different set of amino acids in the hormone binding domain of the ER than those contacted by estrogen, and evoke a different receptor conformation that results in reduced or no transcriptional activity on most genes. Resistance to antiestrogen therapy may develop due to changes at the level of the ER itself, and at pre- and post-receptor points in the estrogen receptor-response pathway. Resistance could arise in at least four ways: (1) ER loss or mutation; (2) Post-receptor alterations including changes in cAMP and phosphorylation pathways, or changes in coregulator and transcription factor interactions that affect the transcriptional activity of the ER; (3) Changes in growth factor production/sensitivity or paracrine cell-cell interactions; or (4) Pharmacological changes in the antiestrogen itself, including altered uptake and retention or metabolism of the antiestrogen. Model cell systems have been developed to study changes that accompany and define the antiestrogen resistant versus sensitive breast cancer phenotype. This information should lead to the development of antiestrogens with optimized tissue selectivity and agents to which resistance may develop more slowly. In addition, antiestrogens which work through somewhat different mechanisms of interaction with the ER should prove useful in treatment of some breast cancers that become resistant to a different category of antiestrogens.
Atomic interaction networks in the core of protein domains and their native folds.

Vastly divergent sequences populate a majority of protein folds. In the quest to identify features that are conserved within protein domains belonging to the same fold, we set out to examine the entire protein universe on a fold-by-fold basis. We report that the atomic interaction network in the solvent-unexposed core of protein domains are fold-conserved, extraordinary sequence divergence notwithstanding. Further, we find that this feature, termed protein core atomic interaction network (or PCAIN) is significantly distinguishable across different folds, thus appearing to be “signature” of a domain's native fold. As part of this study, we computed the PCAINs for 8698 representative protein domains from families across the 1018 known protein folds to construct our seed database and an automated framework was developed for PCAIN-based characterization of the protein fold universe. A test set of randomly selected domains that are not in the seed database was classified with over 97% accuracy, independent of sequence divergence. As an application of this novel fold signature, a PCAIN-based scoring scheme was developed for comparative (homology-based) structure prediction, with 1–2 angstroms (mean 1.61A) Cα RMSD generally observed between computed structures and reference crystal structures. Our results are consistent across the full spectrum of test domains including those from recent CASP experiments and most notably in the ‘twilight’ and ‘midnight’ zones wherein <30% and <10% target-template sequence identity prevails (mean twilight RMSD of 1.69A). We further demonstrate the utility of the PCAIN protocol to derive biological insight into protein structure-function relationships, by modeling the structure of the YopM effector novel E3 ligase (NEL) domain from plague-causative bacterium Yersinia Pestis and discussing its implications for host adaptive and innate immune modulation by the pathogen. Considering the several high-throughput, sequence-identity-independent applications demonstrated in this work, we suggest that the PCAIN is a fundamental fold feature that could be a valuable addition to the arsenal of protein modeling and analysis tools.
Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation studies of mutant forms of staphylococcal nuclease

Several mutant forms of staphylococcal nuclease with one or two defined amino acid substitutions have been purified, and the effects of the altered amino acid sequence on the stability of the folded conformation have been analyzed by guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. Two nuc- mutations, which greatly reduced the level of enzyme activity accumulated in E coli colonies carrying a recombinant plasmid with the mutant nuc gene (ie, a NUC- phenotype), both result in protein unfolding at significantly lower guanidine hydrochloride concentrations than the wild-type protein, whereas three sup mutations isolated on the basis of their ability to suppress partially the NUC- phenotype of the above two mutations result in unfolding at significantly higher guanidine hydrochloride concentrations. Characterization of nuclease molecules with two different amino acid substitutions, either nuc- + sup pairs or sup + sup pairs, suggests that the effect of an amino acid substitution on the stability of the native conformation, as measured by the value of delta delta GD, may not be a constant, but rather a variable that is sensitive to the presence of other substitutions at distant sites in the same molecule. Surprisingly, the slopes of the log Kapp vs guanidine hydrochloride concentration plots vary by as much as 35% among the different proteins.
Kinetics of 18-Carbon Carboxylate Adsorption at the Fluorite Surface

In this study the kinetics of oleate and linoleate adsorption at the fluorite surface have been examined, in-situ, by Fourier transform infrared internal reflection spectroscopy. Data obtained in this study show that the adsorption process is not controlled by convective diffusion. Other results from this study indicate that oleate adsorbs to approximately the same monolayer coverage level when given sufficient time over a variety of temperature and solution conditions. This study also shows that competitive anions such as OH-, CO32-, and F- can severely restrict the rate of oleate adsorption; furthermore, proper control of such species will result in maximum oleate adsorption kinetics.
Theoretical study of the dynamics of hyperthermal collisions of Ar with a fluorinated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer

We present a classical-trajectory study of the dynamics of energy exchange in collisions between hyperthermal Ar (6–12 eV collision energy) and a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Product translational-energy, polar-angle, and azimuthal-angle distributions as a function of collision energy and incidence angle are presented to provide a detailed description of the gas/surface energy exchange dynamics. Our results indicate that while the properties of the scattered Ar atom at normal and 30° incidence are notably similar and essentially independent of collision energy in the 6–12 eV range, the dynamics of energy exchange when Ar impinges at 60° are remarkably different and depend on collision energy. This behavior is understood via analysis of the microscopic mechanism of the collisions. Three main collision mechanisms—direct collisions without surface penetration, direct collisions involving surface penetration, and surface-penetrating non-direct collisions—are found to govern the dynamics, and the ratio of these mechanisms determines the properties of the scattered Ar atom. Our study also reveals that the Ar atoms that penetrate the organic monolayer do not desorb following a direct-ejection mechanism proposed in recent studies of Xe collisions with a hydrogenated SAM. The vast amount of energy transferred to the surface found in the calculations lends support to recent experiments showing degradation of fluorinated surfaces in collisions with hyperthermal Ar.
Responses evoked from the thalamic centrum medianum by painful input: Suppression by dorsal funiculus conditioning

Abstract Prior stimulation of either dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord in cats produces a suppression of cutaneous evoked activity recorded in the thalamic nucleus centrum medianum. The dorsal funicular influence is exerted bilaterally on activity arising from all four limbs. These data are presented as evidence that suppression of cutaneous information occurs rostral to the spinal cord, and that there may be central, as well as spinal, “gate control” mechanisms important in the transmission of painful information.
Control of Disorder and order in Signaling by Proteins

Proteins serve as switches in signaling networks and their switch-like behavior is often controlled by inputs such as ligand binding, post-translational modification, changes in micro-environment (pH, oxidation state), mechanical force, and light irradiation. Disordered proteins and domains, which are prevalent in eukaryotic proteomes, often serve as hubs within signaling networks. Motifs within disordered protein regions mediate their multifarious interactions, and these interactions are often regulated by post-translational modifications. Of course, folded proteins also participate in signaling networks and also exhibit switch-like behavior. Interestingly, we have observed that some folded proteins function as signaling switches through transitions to disordered states due to ligand binding or post-translational modification_a phenomenon we term “regulated unfolding”. It is well appreciated that many proteins that are disordered in isolation play their regulatory roles by folding upon binding their biological targets. We have observed that these proteins, in their functional, largely ordered bound states, also experience regulated unfolding as a mechanism of signaling. We will discuss several examples of regulated unfolding from the realms of both folded and disordered proteins. Observations from us and others suggest that the biological palette of protein disorder is more diverse than currently appreciated. The emerging view is that both regulated order-to-disorder and disorder-to-order transitions contribute to and enhance the functional complexity of proteins.
Sex of offspring and fertility in South Asia: demographic variance and decision procedures in "joint family" households.

Data from India were used to explore some of the implications of stochastic demographic variation for selected theories of fertility and household management current in the anthropological economic and historical literature. A recurrent theme in the analysis of domestic groups in historical and contemporary peasant populations is that they are formed and managed according to norms and procedures in which kinship morality and tradition predominate and in which rational adjustment of means to ends is at a minimum. Among Indian families sex composition is highly variable and such variation may have a negative impact on household viability. Householders sometimes try to control it through behaviors that influence mortality differentials by sex. Analysis of bith intervals and reproductive periods in relation to sex of prior offspring show that householders also try to control variation in family composition through fertility behaviors even though they use little contraception. The conclusion suggested by the analysis of fertility in terms of offspring is similar in form to demographic transition theory. Given that the sex composition of families is highly variable only those sociocultural systems persist which at the household level can adapt readily to the viability problems such variation causes. The incidence of partitions as a function of differences among the families of brothers and the interpretation by participants of partition disputes show that in South Asia the task oriented character of complex nonnuclear household formation and management provides a framework in which such adaptation may occur. Changing its nature over the course of family formation some portion of the process of adapting fertility behavior to sex of offspring must involve active decision procedures even if these fall short of full maximization. The argument developed here cannot be applied to all household systems. There are few if any means other than marriage by which South Asian households may rid themselves of "surplus" female children; domestic service is all but unknown; the wage-labor market for women in general is limited; and marriage is not linked to an expectation that the couple will establish their own household. The kinds of safety valves that were built into the English system (1541-1871) permitting households to maintain viability while not attempting to control family size and composition are not available in South Asis.
Pyruvate-dependent oxidative phosphorylation in erythroid and myeloid tumor mitochondria

Abstract The pyruvate-supported oxidative phosphorylation activity was determined in mitochondria isolated from the fast-growing erythroid and myeloid tumors of hematopoietic origin. Normal bone marrow and liver mitochondria were used for comparison. In the absence of primers, both tumor mitochondria exhibited a pyruvate-dependent respiratory state 4/state 3 transition, which was totally inhibited by either α-cyanocinnamate or arsenite. The transition rate increased in a concentration-dependent manner from 5 to 100 μ m pyruvate, where the maximum activity was reached. Increasing the concentration to 500 μ m and beyond, however, resulted in decreasing state 3 respiratory jump with little or no jump demonstrable at concentrations above 5 m m . Moreover, the addition of high concentrations of pyruvate during the respiratory state 3 caused a blockage of that state which was reestablished by the addition of succinate or α-ketoglutarate. These results clearly show the capacity of erythroid and myeloid tumor mitochondria to actively utilize low concentrations of pyruvate to support their oxidative phosphorylation activity. The reason for the absence of activity found with the high concentration, however, is not readily apparent.
EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT ON METHIONINE-STIMULATED HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism with levothyroxine would improve homocysteine metabolism. Methods Twenty-four patients with subclinical hypothyroidism who had thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) levels between 5 and 10 μIU/mL and normal free thyroxine concentrations were recruited from a primary care clinic and were randomized to receive levothyroxine (N = 12) or placebo (N = 12) for a period of 6 months in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Homocysteine was measured during fasting and after methionine challenge at the beginning and the end of the study in all patients treated with levothyroxine or placebo. Results The 12 patients treated with levothyroxine had normal TSH levels at the end of the study, with a median value of 1.8 μIU/mL. The 12 patients receiving placebo had a median TSH of 6.0 μIU/mL after the 6-month study period. The ratio of fasting homocysteine at 6 months in comparison with baseline was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.63) for the levothyroxine-treated group and 1.00 (0.88 to 1.29) for the placebo group (P = 0.95). The ratio of post-methionine homocysteine at 6 months in comparison with baseline was 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.35) for the levothyroxine-treated group and 0.89 (0.68 to 1.05) for the placebo group (P = 0.081). Conclusion In this study, levothyroxine treatment of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism did not alter homocysteine levels in the fasting or post-methionine states. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12:529-534)
Prenominal adjectives and the disambiguation of anaphoric nouns

Two experiments are described in which subjects read short passages containing an adjective-category noun reference (e.g., wooden toy) to an antecedent in the text (wooden block). In half the passages a nonantecedent example of the category also appeared in the text (rubber ball). The presence of this nonantecedent distractor generally slowed reading time for the anaphoric reference, but this interference effect interacted with the typicality of the examples. No interference effect was obtained when the antecedent was a typical example of the adjective-category phrase and the nonantecedent distractor was not typical. The results suggest that, while prenominal adjectives can be used to select the intended antecedent quickly, the adjectives do not actually prevent the nonantecedent distractors from being accessed.
Parallax: a tool for parallel program scheduling

Parallax, a scheduling tool that incorporates seven traditional and nontraditional scheduling heuristics and lets developers compare their performance for real applications on real parallel machines, is discussed. Of the seven heuristics, two simple ones consider only task execution time, two consider both task execution and message-passing delay times, two use task duplication to reduce communication delay, and one considers communication delays, task execution time, and target machine characteristics such as interconnection network topology and overhead due to message-passing and process creation. Two examples of parallel applications of Parallax are described. >
An infinite color analogue of Rado's theorem

Let R be a subring of the complex numbers and a be a cardinal. A system L of linear homogeneous equations with coefficients in R is called a-regular over R if, for every a-coloring of the nonzero elements of R, there is a monochromatic solution to L in distinct variables. In 1943, Rado classified those finite systems of linear homogeneous equations that are a-regular over R for all positive integers a. For every infinite cardinal a, we classify those finite systems of linear homogeneous equations that are a-regular over R. As a corollary, for every positive integer s, we have 2^@?^"^0>@?"s if and only if the equation x"0+sx"1=x"2+...+x"s"+"2 is @?"0-regular over R. This generalizes the case s=1 due to Erdos.
Ecotypic differentiation in populations of Ruppia maritima L. germinated from seeds and cultured under algae-free laboratory conditions

Ruppia maritima L. from the west coast of Florida and North Carolina was grown from seeds under common garden conditions and showed the same pattern in growth and photosynthetic rates when exposed to different temperatures (14, 22, 30°C) or photoperiods (6, 12, 18 h L) but showed different responses to the salinities tested (10, 20, 30ℵ). Photosynthetic responses were significantly higher for the northern population due to significantly elevated levels of Chl a in the North Carolina population. It is proposed that ecotypic differentiation with relation to levels of Chl a and photosynthetic responses to salinity have occured between two R. maritima populations. This differentiation may be due to the different salinity regimes from which the seeds were collected. In contrast, no differentiation with relation to temperature or photoperiod is evident, perhaps reflecting the similar conditions for these two parameters during the growing season of R. maritima in these two habitats.
Can Lean Thinking transform American health care

Lean thinking is a unique approach to improvement of manufacturing processes. Also known as the Toyota production system, Lean manufacturing, or simply Lean, it can be traced back decades to Henry Ford, Edward Demming, and other innovators in search of manufacturing efficiency. Although the initial step may have been American, Lean is rightly considered a Japanese achievement, for it was there that Toyota’s Taiichi Ohno (1912 to 1990) and many others developed and refined Lean in manufacturing industries. Lean practices have been adopted successfully by many American manufacturing companies. Can such industrial practices transform American health care as well? In this issue of Annals, Holden analyzes the limited literature available on the application of Lean thinking in the emergency department (ED) and concludes that we don’t thoroughly understand the use of Lean in the ED, nor do we know how to apply Lean methods in the ED. He observes the widespread application of the Lean method by manufacturing companies and its spread to many health care institutions. His assessment is accurate from a research perspective. However, Lean is not a physical science but a transformational management strategy that can address many health care challenges. Randomized trials did not guide our adoption of the digital revolution, but the changes came nonetheless. The first step of Lean is to understand its purpose. It is critical to appreciate that Lean is more than a new shade of quality improvement or a method to increase efficiency incrementally. The purpose of Lean thinking is to create value as defined by the customer. Lean thinking changes the focus of management from perfecting individual things (technologies, assets, people, processes) to creating perfect flow of products and services through the business to the customer. The result is a more effective, less resource-consuming product for the customer. In health care, the primary customer is the patient. The health care provider and the health care system often benefit from Lean as well, but the explicit goal of Lean is to create value for the customer. Value is created by removing waste, known by e
Privacy aware access control for data sharing in cloud computing environments

In cloud computing environments, data protection is usually limited to access control policies that are enforced by cloud service providers (CSPs). However, there are many cases where the CSPs are not trusted and pose a risk to their users' privacy. Several approaches have been proposed to prevent CSPs from accessing the data where the cryptographic mechanisms are used to enforce access control policies. However, most of these approaches incur a huge communication overhead, involve users in a complex and expensive key management process and are burdensome for users. In this paper, we propose a privacy aware access control system for data sharing that provides two levels of protection for user's data stored on a CSP. The users' data is protected from unauthorized users using a CSP-enforced access control mechanism, while protection from the CSP is achieved through multiple layers of commutative encryption with the help of a third-party service provider. We present the proposed framework and describe its components and various cryptographic operations. Furthermore, we provide a security analysis to discuss potential threats against the proposed system and provide some solutions for those threats.
Social desirability bias in self-reported dietary, physical activity and weight concerns measures in 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls: results from the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS).

Abstract Background. Social desirability (SocD) may bias children's self-reported health behaviors and attitudes and confound relationships with health outcome measures. Methods. Ninety-five, 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls completed dietary recalls, a physical activity checklist, psychosocial questionnaires related to diet, and physical activity; and 3 days of physical activity monitoring. Potential SocD construct bias was investigated by comparing designated criterion measures of physical activity, beverage intake, and body mass index (BMI) with respective self-reported measures related to activity, beverage preferences, and body image and weight concerns in cross-sectional regression models. Potential confounding by SocD of associations between self-reported behaviors with BMI was assessed using change-in-coefficient regression analyses. Results. Controlling for age and BMI, overestimates of self-reported activity (P = 0.02), underestimates of sweetened beverage preferences (P = 0.02), and lower ratings of weight concerns and dieting behaviors (P's Conclusions. In 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls, SocD was found to bias self-reports of diet and physical activity and confound associations between BMI and self-reported physical activity and energy intake. Methods to measure and control SocD bias are needed to reduce potential distortion of relationships between diet and physical activity and health outcomes.
The homeobox gene Hex induces T-cell-derived lymphomas when overexpressed in hematopoietic precursor cells

Proviral insertions at the viral insertion site Lvis1 occur frequently in B- and T-cell leukemias and lymphomas in AKXD mice and activate two nearby genes, the divergent homeobox gene Hex and the kinesin-related spindle protein gene Eg5. To determine whether Hex misexpression results in the altered differentiation or neoplastic transformation of hematopoietic lineages, we have transplanted mice with bone marrow cells transduced with retrovirus containing the Hex coding region. High levels of Hex expression in hematopoietic precursor cells inhibit contribution to mature blood cell lineages by these precursors. Hex bone marrow transplant recipient mice also develop hematologic neoplasms that appear to originate in the bone marrow. The tumors have clonal rearrangements of the TCR locus, are Thy1+, and are CD4+CD8+, CD4-CD8-, or mixed, indicating tumor origin from a precursor T-cell population. Tumors in transplant mice contain clonal and transcriptionally active Hex proviral insertions, demonstrating a causal role for Hex misexpression in the onset of these neoplasms. Our results demonstrate that Hex can act as a T lineage oncogene when misexpressed in hematopoietic precursor cells.
Influence of Obstruction of the Bowel upon its Length and Weight.

Summary and ConclusionsThere is a marked shortening of the bowel in simple ileal obstruction (30 to 50%). The bowel wall above the site of simple ileal obstruction increases over 100% in weight. When the factor of shortening of the bowel is eliminated, the increase of weight is 34%. Edema of the bowel wall accounts for only 7% increase in weight. Next to shortening of the bowel the increase of blood in the bowel wall is most responsible for its great increase in weight.
Industry Looks at Saline Ground Water

Industry uses water for two basic purposes; for cooling and for process. The volume used for cooling is far greater than that used for process and on that basis, water for cooling is the most important use of this resource by industry. Generally, the water used for cooling or process purposes ranges in character from fresh to brackish; that is, waters having a sodium chloride concentration ranging from a few ppm to less than 3000 ppm. Above a concentration of 3000 ppm, the water is generally classified as salt or saline and it is this water and its potential use by industry which is discussed in this paper.
“I Hit a Home Run!” The Lived Meaning of Scoring in Games in Physical Education

This paper offers reflections on the lived meaning of “scoring” in the game world of the child. One of the emergent themes in the stories of fourth-grade children was that “feeling good” in the gymnasium results primarily from that no one was keeping score, What meaning, then, do these experiences of “scoring” have for the child? And how can educators utilize this knowledge? This article explores the lived meaning of scoring for the child using Arnold's (1979) text, Meanding in Movement, Sport and Physical Education, as a stimulus. A brief discussion of implications for teachers follows. An integral part of this paper is the rationale for and description of a method for enabling researchers to gain insights on these topics. A phenomenological analysis that purposefully goes beyond themes to meaning is described.
The psychological contract: enhancing productivity and its implicatona for long-term care

When hired, a new employee is usually given a job description and an explanation of benefits. In addition, the employee will also have a psychological contract with the organization. This contract, often unstated, reflects the main source of the employee's motivation to work hard. This is true of all groups of employees, including long-term care staff. Common examples of psychological contracts for long-term care administrative staff include autonomy, social acceptance, and being in the forefront of cutting-edge research. An awareness of these psychological contracts can result in better "fits" between employee aspirations and relevant long-term care organization tasks so that productivity is enhanced. This article outlines the steps necessary to create these good fits in ways that benefit both the organization and its employees. These recommendations are of particular relevance to administrators and supervisors in long-term carefacilities.
The Patterning of Repression: FBI Counterintelligence and the New Left

While the social movement literature recognizes the interactive nature of collective action, models almost uniformly focus on protestors themselves. Consequently, we know a great deal about how social movement organizations recruit participants, mobilize resources, and initiate activity, but have considerably less understanding of how authorities allocate repression in response to (and sometimes in anticipation of) protest events. Here, I use memosfrom the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) against the New Left between 1968 and 1971 to understand the patterning of repression against protest groups. COINTELPRO is a unique data source; the program was autonomous from other government agencies and was organized solely to covertly "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize" the activities of FBI targets. The level of tangible threat proxied by New Left groups' size, level of activity, or propensity for violence did not directly structure FBI activity. Instead, these target group characteristics were mediated by organizational processes endogenous to the FBI itself. Specifically, central actors in the FBI allocated organizational controls that ensured that visible (i.e., nonlocal) targets were repressed independent of the targets' local activities. The literature on social movements and collective action usefully recognizes that protest is an interactive clash between authorities and challengers. Most work in this area, however, has dealt with one side of this equation, focusing squarely on the challengers themselves. Consequently, we know a lot about how
Synchronous-Motor Pulling-Into-Step Phenomena Mathematical Solutions of Various Idealized Differential Equations of Motion Made Upon the Differential Analyzer

The Differential Analyzer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has made possible the rapid and accurate solution of the idealized non-linear differential equations of motion of synchronous motors which describe the pulling-into-step transients. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of these solutions in a useable form. These results give a rather complete analysis of the phenomena, and thus enable the determination of the performance of practically any machine. One of the factors which is considered in this paper is the time constant of the field circuit with the armature short-circuited. Curves are given showing the additional load which may be synchronized when the field switching is angularly controlled to the best angle. The influence of salient poles has been considered as well as non-uniformity of the amortisseur winding. The practical application of the study is indicated by a numerical example.
A Note about the Book Reviews in This Issue of Technical Services Quarterly

As readers of review columns might speculate, column editors are constantly on the lookout for new books that will interest their readership. And, of course, a significant function of any book revi...
Research on ion induction linacs at Berkeley

Abstract Since October 1983 most of the research in the USA on heavy-ion fusion (HIF) has been devoted to the physics and technology of the induction linac driv
A-type k+ current can act as a trigger for bursting in the absence of a slow variable

Models of bursting in single cells typically include two subsystems with different timescales. Variations in one or more slow variables switch the system between a silent and a spiking state. We have developed a model for bursting in the pituitary lactotroph that does not include any slow variable. The model incorporates fast, noninactivating calcium and potassium currents (the spike-generating mechanism), as well as the fast, inactivating A-type potassium current (IA). IA is active only briefly at the beginning of a burst, but this brief impulse of IA acts as a burst trigger, injecting the spike trajectory close to an unstable steady state. The spiraling of the trajectory away from the steady state produces a period of low-amplitude spiking typical of lactotrophs. Increasing the conductance of A-type potassium current brings the trajectory closer to the unstable steady state, increasing burst duration. However, this also increases interburst interval, and for larger conductance values, all activity stops. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a physiologically based, single-compartmental model of bursting with no slow subsystem.
THE CRAMPON-BASED DICTYOSTELIA

A B S T R A C T Four new species of Dictyostelium, all with sorophore bases of a unique crampon-like pattern, are recognized among 25 isolates obtained from samples of soil and leaf litter collected in forests of Panama, Mexico, Costa Rica, Florida, and Texas. The species described are as follows: D. rhizopodium, characterized by frequently clustered sorocarps with yellowish to grayish olive sori and yellow or brownish purple sorophores; D. coeruleo-stipes with white or cream-colored sori and purplish blue sorophores; D. lavandulum with grayish lavender to drab vinaceous sori and vinaceous purple sorophores; and D. vinaceo-fuscum with deep vinaceous gray to dark smokecolored sori and lavender sorophores.
A Role for SUMO in Meiotic Chromosome Synapsis

During meiotic prophase, homologous chromosomes engage in a complex series of interactions that ensure their proper segregation at meiosis I. A central player in these interactions is the synaptonemal complex (SC), a proteinaceous structure elaborated along the lengths of paired homologs. In mutants that fail to make SC, crossing over is decreased, and chromosomes frequently fail to recombine; consequently, many meiotic products are inviable because of aneuploidy. Here, we have investigated the role of the small ubiquitin-like protein modifier (SUMO) in SC formation during meiosis in budding yeast. We show that SUMO localizes specifically to synapsed regions of meiotic chromosomes and that this localization depends on Zip1, a major building block of the SC. A non-null allele of the UBC9 gene, which encodes the SUMO-conjugating enzyme, impairs Zip1 polymerization along chromosomes. The Ubc9 protein localizes to meiotic chromosomes, coincident with SUMO staining. In the zip1 mutant, SUMO localizes to discrete foci on chromosomes. These foci coincide with axial associations, where proteins involved in synapsis initiation are located. Our data suggest a model in which SUMO modification of chromosomal proteins promotes polymerization of Zip1 along chromosomes. The ubc9 mutant phenotype provides the first evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between sumoylation and synapsis.
Power comparisons for tests of trend in dose-response studies.

The Cochran-Armitage test for trend is a popular statistical procedure for detecting increasing or decreasing probabilities of response when a categorical exposure is ordered. Such associations may arise in a variety of biomedical research settings, particularly in dose-response designs such as carcinogenicity experiments. Previously, computing limitations mandated the use of the asymptotic trend test, but with the availability of new algorithms, increased computing power, and appropriate software the exact trend test is now a practical option. Nevertheless, the exact test is sometimes criticized on the grounds that it is conservative. In this paper we investigate the implications of this conservatism by comparing the true type I error and power of three alternative tests of trend - the asymptotic test, the exact test and an admissible exact test proposed by Cohen and Sackrowitz. The computations are performed by an extension to the network algorithm of Mehta et al. This allows us to make precise power comparisons between the tests under any given design without resorting to simulation. We show how this tool can guide investigators in choosing the most appropriate test by considering the design of two-year carcinogenicity studies carried out by the National Toxicology Program. We additionally compare the tests for various other combinations of sample sizes and number of groups or levels of exposure. We conclude that the asymptotic test, while more powerful where it is valid, generally does not preserve the type I error. This violation of the a priori testing level can be greatly affected by imbalance in the data or unequal spacing of dose levels.
Pyruvate kinase: Diagnostic value in neuromuscular disease

Abstract Pyruvate kinase activity was examined in the sera of a group of patients with neuromuscular disease and in carriers, and compared with that of creatine kinase. The following observations were made: 1. 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was elevated in all 14 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with very high values generally correlating inversely with age or disease duration. Elevated values of pyruvate kinase were usually, but not invariably, associated with elevated values of creatine kinase. 2. 2. Almost all patients with other muscle diseases and those with neural atrophy had modest elevations in pyruvate kinase activity. 3. 3. Ten of 17 individuals were identified as carriers of muscle disease by using both pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase while eight and nine, respectively, were detected using either assay alone. 4. 4. When frozen stored EDTA-plasma was used for pyruvate kinase estimation, higher levels, as compared with the corresponding sera or fresh plasma, were found in controls and carriers but not in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Frozen stored EDTA-plasma should, therefore, not be used for diagnostic purposes.
Unilateral lateral mass compression fractures of the axis

Lateral mass compression fractures of the axis involve compression of the pedicle and displacement of the overlying facet, with or without an accompanying fracture of the odontoid. These unilateral fractures are not rare. Correlation is made between clinical cases and cadaver material with analysis of microradiographs. Criteria for recognition of the resultant healed fracture deformity include: (1) Tilting of the odontoid; (2) Loss of the odontoid shoulder on the affected side; (3) Increased downward slope of the affected facet; (4) Lateral compression, possibly with buckling; (5) Asymmetrical apophyseal joints between axis and atlas; and (6) Tilting downward of occiput on affected side, often with evidence of rotation between the occiput and the axis. Not all criteria need be present. Clinical sequelae often include persistent neck pain, limited rotation of the head, and occipital headaches radiating anteriorly.
Nonlinear optical properties of porphyrin and chlorophyll dimers studied by degenerated four-wave mixing

As one of the important elements in natural and artificial electron transfer and energy transfer processes, porphyrin and its derivatives have received much attention in photoelectronics and photoelectronic materials. As our first attempt to relate the [pi]-[pi] electronic couplings between porphyrin macrocycles to apparent third order nonlinear susceptibilities, we measured [chi]([sup 3]) for several porphyrin and chlorophyll a derivatives, including dimers with different configurations. Our preliminary results show that the dimers have enhanced [chi]([sup 3]) compared to those of the monomer. This enhancement is related to the relative orientations between the two macrocycles in the dimers. The parallel dimers with close face-to-face distances seem to have the highest enhancement in [chi]([sup 3]). Thus, we believe that [chi]([sup 3]) is strongly related to the [pi]-[pi] electronic coupling between the two conjugated ring systems.
From After Death to Afterlife: Martyrdom and Its Recompense

In rabbinical literature the belief in a postmortem existence is rather obvious. Related terminology is relatively abundant, although fluid and obscure at times. The use of this terminology by a diversity of Jewish sources further complicates the understanding of the enigmatic notion called afterlife.The purpose of this article is to explore one aspect of the Jewish credo of the afterlife: the nature of divine recompense in relation to martyrdom. The article aims at determining when a relationship between voluntary death and divine recompense was first established and what the nature of this recompense was. While this relationship does not contain answers to every question regarding Jewish tenets on the afterlife, I believe it to be indicative of general Jewish attitudes toward life and death in various periods and Jewries.
Endogenous-Exogenous Versus Internal-External Attributions: Implications for the Development of Attribution Theory

It is argued that Kruglanski's revision of attribution theory in terms of a distinction between endogenous and exogenous attributions is not superior to the usual distinction between internal and external attributions at the level of scientific conceptualization. His distinction is seen as more appropriate as an hypothesis about the phenomenological manifestation of the core ideas of existing attribution theory. The implications of this argument for advances in attribution theory are discussed.
Does the Vascular Surgery Board of the American Board of Surgery work

Recommendations to form an independent American Board of Vascular Surgery were made several years ago by leaders in vascular surgery. All major vascular societies in the United States voted by majority rule to approve the formation of this organization. Although the Vascular Surgery Board of the American Board of Surgery is well intentioned, its focus and intentions are outdated because it is subservient to the American Board of Surgery.