cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of hue on the perception of blackness using munsell samples

Although black is an important color, the perception of black objects has not been systematically examined. The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of hue on the perception of preferred blackness. A set of 20 glossy low chroma Munsell sheets were purchased comprising a complete hue circle with a value and chroma of two and one, respectively (L* = 19.3–20.75, and C* = 3.66–6.58). The Munsell samples were divided into two interleaved groups: (5R, 5YR, 5Y, 5GY, 5G, 5BG, 5B, 5PB, 5P, and 5RP) and (10R, 10YR, 10Y, 10GY, 10G, 10BG, 10B, 10PB, 10P, and 10RP). Fifty color-normal observers force-ranked the two sets of 10 samples from “most like black” to “least like black.” Observers then assessed a set of six samples that represented the three samples from each set of 10 that the observer chose to be “most like black.” The 50 observers were found to have fairly good autoconcordance and concordance values. In repeat experiments observers agreed with themselves in 81% of the pairwise decisions, and they agreed with the grand mean rank 76% of the time. The blue–green samples (with Munsell hue notations 10G, 5BG, and 10BG) were most selected (and were considered blackest), followed by green, blue, and purple–blue. The samples selected the fewest times by any observer as being most black were the red samples. The grand mean rankings demonstrate that greenish to bluish blacks are perceived by the observers as “blacker” than yellowish and reddish blacks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 423–428, 2013
Phase behavior of binary mixtures of oligomeric styrene/allyl alcohol copolymers and aliphatic polyesters

The phase behavior of binary mixtures of copolymers containing varying amounts of styrene and allyl alcohol (SAA) with a wide range of aliphatic polyesters has been examined. All of the copolymers and most of the polyesters had low molecular weights in the oligomeric range; hence, entropy effects were a significant factor in the observed phase behavior. The polyesters employed had CH2/COO ratios over the entire range from 2 to 12. The SAA copolymers were completely miscible with polyesters in the middle of this range based on the observation of a single composition-dependent glass transition for these mixtures. Upper critical solution temperature behavior was observed for blends of SAA copolymers with polyesters having ratios of CH2/COO immediately on either side of this optimum region of Polyester structure. Complete immiscibility was noted for blends with polyesters having CH2/COO ratios at either extremity of the range examined. Interaction parameters were deduced from either melting point depression data or the cloud point observations and correlated with the structure of the components.
Energy levels of 14C

The 9Be (6Li, p)14C reaction has been studied using 20 MeV 6Li ions and the Penn multiangle spectrograph. Proton groups are reported corresponding to thirty excited states of 14C with Ex < 18.2 MeV. The total cross section for formation of the six bound excited states, whose Jπ are known, is proportional to 2Jf + 1. Possible new spin assignments are suggested for several unbound levels of 14C, based on the 2Jf + 1 rule and a comparison of the experimental widths and widths predicted from neutron penetration of a centrifugal barrier.
Electrosorption of L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at the mercury solution interface

Abstract Electrocapillary curves were measured for L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in 97% (υ/υ) methanol-water solutions containing 0·01 M NH4NO3. The electrosorption isotherms are similar to those of simpler aliphatic compounds. Saturated coverage of the electrode surface with this lipid in 97% (υ/υ) methanol-water was not possible owing to the formation of micelles in the bulk solution. It is shown that it is possible from the electrocapillary curves to estimate the critical micelle concentration of lipids in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions.
Three-dimensional sequential/parallel universal array grammars for polyhedral object pattern analysis

We introduce a sequential/parallel parsing algorithm for analyzing 3-dimensional polyhedral objects represented by 3-d universal array grammars. The mechanism serves as a compromise between purely sequential methods, which normally take too much time, and purely parallel methods, which take too much hardware for large digital arrays. Several examples of 3-d polyhedral objects of various shapes and their corresponding parsing sequences are illustrated. Future research topics are discussed.
Lack of effect of enteric coating on aspirin-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers

Background Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Some individuals are less responsive to aspirin's antiplatelet effect, a phenomenon termed aspirin resistance . It is not known whether the antiplatelet effect is fully preserved with the enteric-coated (EC) formulation. Methods We performed a prospective randomized trial of 50 healthy volunteers using a crossover design to compare the EC with the standard aspirin formulations. The subjects received a 7-day course of each aspirin formulation (81-mg) (Bayer Corporation, Morristown, NJ) separated by a 3-week washout period. Platelet function was measured before and after each course using optical aggregometry (with arachidonic acid and adenosine diphosphate as agonists) and a point-of-care platelet assay. Results The assays were reproducible, and the variation in baseline platelet function was small to moderate between the subjects. There was no difference in the extent of platelet inhibition between the EC and standard formulations with any of the 3 assays. With the point-of-care platelet assay, the mean aspirin effect favoring the standard formulation (more aggregation inhibition) compared with the EC formulation was 1.6% ± 15.8% ( P = .60 for difference between the formulations). The corresponding optical aggregometry values were −3.4% ± 39.5% ( P = .97) and −1.4% ± 16.6% ( P = .75) for arachidonic acid and adenosine diphosphate, respectively. Conclusions Compared with standard aspirin, EC aspirin appears to exhibit similar inhibition of platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Furthermore, point-of-care platelet assessment correlated well with the gold standard of laboratory-based optical platelet aggregometry.
A novel formulation for scratch-based wear modelling in total hip arthroplasty

Damage to the femoral head in total hip arthroplasty often takes the form of discrete scratches, which can lead to dramatic wear acceleration of the polyethylene (PE) liner. Here, a novel formulation is reported for finite element (FE) analysis of wear acceleration due to scratch damage. A diffused-light photography technique was used to globally locate areas of damage, providing guidance for usage of high-magnification optical profilometry to determine individual scratch morphology. This multiscale image combination allowed comprehensive input of scratch-based damage patterns to an FE Archard wear model, to determine the wear acceleration associated with specific retrieval femoral heads. The wear algorithm imposed correspondingly elevated wear factors on areas of PE incrementally overpassed by individual scratches. Physical validation was provided by agreement with experimental data for custom-ruled scratch patterns. Illustrative wear acceleration results are presented for four retrieval femoral heads.
DNase I hypersensitivity in the γ globin gene locus of K562 cells

We have probed the chromatin conformation of the G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta globin gene locus of K562 cells, a human hematopoietic cell line, with the enzyme pancreatic DNAse I. This enzyme preferentially digests genes in an active configuration. We have found that in K562 cells, which produce embryonic and fetal but not adult hemoglobins, both the active gamma and inactive beta genes are DNAse I sensitive. However, only the active gamma genes have DNAse I hypersensitive regions. The hypersensitive regions have been mapped to an area approximately 100 base pairs 5' to the G gamma and A gamma genes.
Free Surface Effects on the Near-Inertial Ocean Current Response to a Hurricane

Abstract During the passage of hurricane Frederic in 1979, four ocean current meter arrays in water depths of 100–950 m detected both a baroclinic and a depth-independent response in the near-inertial frequency band. Although the oceanic response was predominately baroclinic, the hurricane excited a depth-independent component of 5–11 cm s−1. The origin and role of the depth-independent component of velocity is investigated using a linear analytical model and numerical simulations from a 17-level primitive equation model with a free surface. Both models are forced with an idealized wind stress pattern based on the observed storm parameters in hurricane Frederic. In an analytical model, the Green's function (K0) is convolved with the wind stress curl to predict a sea surface depression of approximately 20 cm from the equilibrium position. The near-inertial velocities are simulated by convolving the slope of the sea surface depression with a second Green's function. The barotropic current velocities rotate ...
Magnetic Structures of Thulium

Neutron diffraction studies on polycrystalline and singlecrystal specimens of thulium were made at room temperature to 1.3 deg K. The results are interpreted by a method exhibiting explicitly the Fourier components of the distribution of magnetic moments on the lattice sites. At about 56 deg K, the Neel temperature, a simple oscillating zcomponent-type antiferromagnetic structure is developed. At approximately 40 deg K, nonzero Fourier coefficients of overtones of the fundamental observed at higher teraperatures are first detected. At 4.2 deg K, the magnetic structure of thulium is a type of antiphase domain structure in which several layers of moments parallel to the + a/sub 3/ direction are followed by several layers in which the moments are oppositely directed. The sequence in thulium is --4, +3, --4, +3,... etc. Each atom has, within the precision of the experiments, an ordered moment of 7 mu s, and the ferrimagnetic structure has a net moment, parallel to the c axis, of 1 mu /sub B/ per atom. The fundamental period of the modulation remains constant over the whole range of teraperatures at a value corresponding to 3.5 a/sub 3/ periods. The scattering amplitude of thulium is b/sub Tm/ = (0.69 plus or minusmore » 0.02) x 10/sup -12/ cm. (auth)« less
Interaction of Elastic Dilatational and Shear Waves With a Frictional Sliding Interface

The refraction and reflection of plane dilatational and shear waves, which are incident upon a sliding frictional interface between two elastic half-spaces, is considered. The contact interface is governed by Coulomb's friction law with a constant friction coefficient. The incoming waves interact with the interface to form two reflected waves (shear and dilatational) as well as two such refracted waves. The dependency of the reflected and refracted wave amplitudes on the incoming wave angle is investigated. It is shown that the contact normal stress, shear stress and relative sliding velocity are proportional to each other. The interaction of an isolated interfacial rectangular wave pulse, or of a periodic set of pulses, with the frictional interface is then investigated. It is shown that steady motion of the two bodies can result due to the propagation of interface stick-slip waves. This motion can occur in the same direction or in the opposite direction of the remotely applied shear traction, or without an applied shear traction. The velocity of relative motion as a function of material parameters, friction coefficient, remotely applied shear and normal tractions, and parameters of the pulse is presented and discussed. These results may lead to a new form of ultrasonic propulsion which can be utilized for position or velocity control of a sliding body.
Cyclic diethers and short-range solvation: a bifurcated hydrogen-bond model for ether—amine bonding

Abstract Short-range solvation, the effect on solute properties of hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent, has been studied using ethers as the electron-donating solvents, and using the equilibrium constant for the formation of the proton transfer complex ( K PT ) between 2,4-dinitrophenol and diethylamine (the proton donor) as a probe. The equilibrium constants ( K SR ) for the formation of the solvent—amine hydrogen bond indicate that the tendency for both 5- and 6-membered ring diethers to solvate the amines is 10–20 fold greater than for a non-cyclic or cyclic monoether, or a non-cyclic diether. It is proposed that the cyclic diether forms a bifurcated hydrogen bond involving both oxygen atoms of the diether. The formation of the short-range solvation structure is affected by substituents on the dioxalane rings in a fashion consistent with the bifurcated bonding model.
An Exploration of Modifiable Risk Factors for Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: Which Factors Should We Target?

Abstract Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Tate DG, Richards JS, Wilson CS, Warren AM, Temkin NR, Heinemann AW, for the PRISMS Investigators. An exploration of modifiable risk factors for depression after spinal cord injury: which factors should we target? Objective To identify modifiable risk factors for depression in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Outpatient and community settings. Participants Community-residing people with SCI (N=244; 77% men, 61% white; mean age, 43.1y; 43% with tetraplegia) who were at least 1 month postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ]), pleasant and rewarding activities (Environment Rewards Observation Scale [EROS]), and self-efficacy to manage the effects of SCI (Modified Lorig Chronic Disease Self-Management Scale). Results Greater depression severity was associated with being 20 to 29 years of age, not completing high school, not working or attending school, and being ≤4 years post-SCI. After controlling for demographic and injury characteristics (adjusted R2=.13), lower EROS scores (change in adjusted R2=.34) and lower self-efficacy (change in R2=.13) were independent predictors of higher PHQ-9 scores. Contrary to predictions, physical activity as measured by the IPAQ did not predict depression severity. Conclusions Our findings suggest that having fewer rewarding activities, and to a lesser extent, having less confidence in one's ability to manage the effects of SCI are independent predictors of greater depression severity after SCI. Interventions such as behavior activation, designed to increase rewarding activities, may represent an especially promising approach to treating depression in this population.
Keeping the score: The hegemonic everyday practices in golf

Because of the taken‐for‐granted, common sense position, it is often difficult to examine what is naturalized in our culture. Semiotic analysis is one method in which scholars may apply to common everyday practices revealing subtleties about what our culture perpetuates and values. Golf is no exception, for the game contains naturalized phenomenon privy to examination and representative of larger social issues. This essay contains a semiotic analysis of the language used on golf course scorecards. Specifically, the tee box nomenclatures stated on the scorecards traditionally designate a location from which women should tee off; however, for men, this designation is determined by ability. Thus, men are offered more semantic choices, while women are instructed to tee off from the same location as junior golfers (the red or forward tees) regardless of their abilities. Further, symbolic decoding of scorecards represents “men's continued attempts to retain power and privilege over women” (Messner, 1988, p. 207...
Effects of ionizing radiation and annealing of thin film MOS capacitors

Abstract In this paper an investigation of the effects of ionizing radiation damage and subsequent annealing of thin film (10.0–5 nm) MOS capacitors is reported. Isochronal annealing of the oxides was performed in vacuum for 90 min in the temperature range of 50–110°C with a 20°C increment. Studies were performed on very high dose X-ray irradiated samples to ascertain if annealing is possible at low temperatures in vacuum. These samples usually need a high temperature. long duration forming gas anneal (> 1 h) for restoration to its original state. Vacuum annealing of the samples irradiated in the dose range of 8.65–19.21 Mrad showed a decrease in the flatband voltage shift ( ΔV fb ) as the post-metal annealing temperature was increased. After the initial anneal run at 50°C the oxide charge saturates and subsequently shows a decrease with each successive annealing step. There is a slow reduction in the number of interface states. and a monotonic relationship between the annealed flatband voltage shift and the radiation dose is observed. The flatband voltage shift was determined using high frequency C - V technique for pre-irradiated, post-irradiated and ost-metal anneal cases. Results were obtained and compared for three different oxide thichness and three different radiation doses.
Foxa1 Functions as a Pioneer Transcription Factor at Transposable Elements to Activate Afp during Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

Epigenetic control of genes that are silent in embryonic stem cells, but destined for expression during differentiation, includes distinctive hallmarks, such as simultaneous activating/repressing (bivalent) modifications of chromatin and DNA hypomethylation at enhancers of gene expression. Although α-fetoprotein (Afp) falls into this class of genes, as it is silent in pluripotent stem cells and activated during differentiation of endoderm, we find that Afp chromatin lacks bivalent histone modifications. However, critical regulatory sites for Afp activation, overlapping Foxa1/p53/Smad-binding elements, are located within a 300-bp region lacking DNA methylation, due to transposed elements underrepresented in CpG sequences: a short interspersed transposable element and a medium reiterated sequence 1 element. Forkhead family member Foxa1 is activated by retinoic acid treatment of embryonic stem cells, binds its DNA consensus site within the short interspersed transposable/medium reiterated sequence 1 elements, and displaces linker histone H1 from silent Afp chromatin. Small interfering RNA depletion of Foxa1 showed that Foxa1 is essential in providing chromatin access to transforming growth factor β-activated Smad2 and Smad4 and their subsequent DNA binding. Together these transcription factors establish highly acetylated chromatin and promote expression of Afp. Foxa1 acts as a pioneer transcription factor in de novo activation of Afp, by exploiting a lack of methylation at juxtaposed transposed elements, to bind and poise chromatin for intersection with transforming growth factor β signaling during differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON THE SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SIXTH-GRADE CHILDREN

Summary. In this investigation it is shown that when a child has above-average intellectual ability he will probably overcome the effects of a deprived home environment. However, as the intellectual ability decreases, the effect of deprived social and economic conditions of the home begins to have a more serious effect on scholastic achievement.
Assessing a Mediated Learning Joint Television Course: Foreign Policy Problem Management in the First Bush Administration1

This article reports on a multimedia television course taught jointly at two universities and focusing on foreign policy problem management in the administration of George H. W. Bush. The course centered on appearances by President Bush and his major foreign policy team members, discussing in a case study format, the major foreign policy challenges of the administration. The theoretical framework of the course is outlined, the technological aspects are discussed, some evaluative comments are presented, and some future-oriented ideas are offered for building on this experience.
Informed consent and patient videotaping.

Purpose To determine whether videotaping consent forms used in family medicine residencies meet the criteria for informed consent, adhere to published guidelines for videotaping patients, and are written at a suitable reading level. Method Three reviewers independently evaluated videotaping consent forms obtained from 20 family practice residencies to determine whether they included the elements of informed consent and conformed to published guidelines for ethical videotaping. The reading level of each consent form was also determined using a standardized assessment. Results Depending on the reviewer, only one to three of the 20 consent forms were judged adequate in providing a patient with enough information to make an informed choice. Specific aspects of voluntariness were absent from most of the forms. In addition, the reading level was, on average, well above recommended levels for patient comprehension. Conclusion Most of the videotaping consent forms analyzed in this study did not provide adequate information to assist patients in making a voluntary, informed choice to be videotaped. The absence of this information raises the potential for violations of patient privacy and confidentiality.
Practicing space: Vending practices and street markets in Sana’a Yemen

Abstract Qat, a legal stimulant commonly consumed in Yemen, is the center of an extensive production and consumption culture, and a significant component of contemporary Yemeni economy and society. This paper explores qat vending practices and street market politics in Sana’a, Yemen’s largest city. Using interviews focused on the business practices of qat vendors, it argues that making spatial claims on street markets is a central component of everyday vending practices, and that this provides empirical insight into the formation and regulation of informal institutions in the regional qat market. This is seen in (1) micro-politics over allocations of space inside individual street markets which regulate interactions between vendors and local government, and enforce localized standards of business propriety; (2) vending practices which build place reputations for qat markets, in the process producing a retail landscape that institutionalizes market reputations; and (3) practices of networking in which street markets serve as material and symbolic points of reference around which wholesale and labor networks are assembled. The paper contributes to empirical conversations on the role of street markets and vending in semi-formal economies, arguing that market spaces feature centrally in small business strategies. It contributes to conceptual debates over how markets are performed and assembled, using a practice-based analytical lens to identifying the ways in which business practices strategically utilize the marketplaces to form and stabilize markets more abstractly.
High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem-cell rescue for refractory CIDP

Four patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) who were refractory to conventional treatment were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg over 4 days). All improved in functional status and muscle strength. Nerve conduction studies improved in three of four. Other immunomodulatory medications have been discontinued. High-dose cyclophosphamide can be given safely to patients with CIDP and patients with disease persistence after standard therapy may have a response that lasts for over 3 years and results in long-term disease remission.
Novel anti-fouling Fe2O3/TiO2 nanowire membranes for humic acid removal from water.

Abstract Membrane fouling is one of the major obstacles inhibiting the wide application of membrane technologies for water treatment. Membranes with surface modification of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles or TiO 2 nanowire membranes (Ti–NWM) have demonstrated reduced membrane fouling due to the photocatalytic capability of TiO 2 in degrading foulants on the membrane surface. However, the wide band gap of TiO 2 makes it only absorb ultraviolet light, which limits its applications under solar irradiation. In this study, a novel membrane made of interwoven iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) nanowires and TiO 2 nanowires (FeTi–NWM) has demonstrated superior anti-fouling capability in removing humic acid (HA) from water. Results showed that under simulated solar irradiation the FeTi–NWM achieved nearly complete HA removal during a 2 h short-term test at an initial HA concentration of 200 mg/L, compared with 89% HA removal by Ti–NWM. During a 12 h long-term test, the FeTi–NWM maintained 98% HA removal, while the Ti–NWM showed only 55% removal at the end. Without solar irradiation, the FeTi–NWM was severely contaminated and by contrast, a clean surface was maintained under solar irradiation after the 12 h test and the transmembrane pressure change was minimal. The improved HA removal by FeTi–NWM compared with Ti–NWM and its excellent anti-fouling capability under solar irradiation can be attributed to (1) the enhanced HA absorption by Fe 2 O 3 nanowires and (2) the formed Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 heterojunctions that increase photo-induced charge transfer and improve visible light activity.
Early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma—Reality or oxymoron?

The greatest impact on survival in pancreatic carcinoma will most likely be from earlier diagnosis. Newer technologies have surfaced and dramatic improvements in existing diagnostic techniques have occurred in detecting smaller tumors. Fast spiral CT scans utilizing dynamic intravenous contrast have resulted in very high resolution of small masses while improving accuracy of vascular staging. Improved cytology brushes and biopsy forceps during ERCP should improve the preoperative diagnosis of malignancy. Endoscopic ultrasound similarly is proving very useful for detecting small lesions, depth of invasion, and vascular involvement. Specialized use, lengthy training, and cost may limit its dissemination though. Also remarkable has been vastly improved MR images with 3-D reconstruction (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography). Randomized controlled trials comparing these improved and new techniques are awaited. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Link between Inactivation and High-Affinity Block of hERG1 Channels

Block of human ether-a-go-go–related gene 1 (hERG1) K+ channels by many drugs delays cardiac repolarization, prolongs QT interval, and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Preferential block of hERG1 channels in an inactivated state has been assumed because inactivation deficient mutant channels can exhibit dramatically reduced drug sensitivity. Here we reexamine the link between inactivation gating and potency of channel block using concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing a variable number (0–4) of subunits harboring a point mutation (S620T or S631A) that disrupts inactivation. Concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing four wild-type subunits exhibited high-affinity block by cisapride, dofetilide, and MK-499, similar to wild-type channels formed from hERG1 monomers. A single S620T subunit within a tetramer was sufficient to fully disrupt inactivation gating, whereas S631A suppressed inactivation as a graded function of the number of mutant subunits present in a concatenated tetramer. Drug potency was positively correlated to the number of S620T subunits contained within a tetramer but unrelated to mutation-induced disruption of channel inactivation. Introduction of a second point mutation (Y652W) into S620T hERG1 partially rescued drug sensitivity. The potency of cisapride was not altered for tetramers containing 0 to 3 S631A subunits, whereas the potency of dofetilide was a graded function of the number of S631A subunits contained within a tetramer. Together these findings indicate that S620T or S631A substitutions can allosterically disrupt drug binding by a mechanism that is independent of their effects on inactivation gating.
The growing years and prevention of osteoporosis in later life.

Ca is the major mineral in bone, and 99 % of the Ca in the body resides in the skeleton. Skeletal mass is a determinant of risk of fracture in childhood as well as adulthood. Over 40 % of adult peak bone mass is acquired during adolescence. This period is when lifestyle choices, including ensuring adequate dietary Ca, regular weight-bearing exercise and avoiding hormonal insufficiency, are especially important. Current Ca intakes for adolescent females are woefully inadequate.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Desensitization as a Measure of Signaling: Modeling of Arrestin Recruitment to Activated CCK-B Receptors

Gastrin is one of the principle hormonal mediators of gastric acid secretion, and its cognate receptor (CCK-B) is a member of the superfamily of GPCRs. Patients with hypergastrinemia may present with a variety of symptoms, including gastric ulcers or malignant tumors. Thus, the molecular mechanisms that terminate CCK-B receptor signaling, as well as an ability to measure gastrin bioactivity in a timely manner, have important clinical implications. In order to assess CCK-B receptor regulation, we have constructed a single cell biosensor containing the CCK-B receptor and an arrestin/GFP chimera. The gastrin biosensor responded to both immunologically detectable gastrin-17 and undetectable pentagastrin, and was able to determine the gastrin bioactivity of serum from a patient with clinical hypergastrinemia. We determined that the CCK-B receptor binds arrestin with a pharmacology mirroring CCK-B receptor signaling through inositol phosphate, and that the rate of arrestin dissociation from internalized recepto...
Sparking Self-Sustained Learning: Report on a Design Experiment to Build Technological Fluency and Bridge Divides

In this article we report assessment results from two studies in an ongoing design experiment intended to provide a single school system with a sequence of secondary school level (ages 14-18) computer technology courses. In our first study, we share data on students' learning as a function of the required introductory course and their pre-course history of technological experience. In order to go beyond traditional assessments of learning we assessed two aspects of students' ''learning ecologies'': their use of a variety of learning resources and the extent to which they share their knowledge about technology with others. In our second study we present patterns of course taking by male and female students who have almost completed their secondary schooling. In addition, we share case studies of students who elected to take more technology classes and leveraged their course experiences for intern- ships, further education, and jobs. The quantitative and qualitative data are con- sistent with our hypothesis that students would become more technologically fluent and that their learning ecologies would diversify as a result of their project-based experiences.
Identifying exposure disparities in air pollution epidemiology specific to adverse birth outcomes

More than 147 million people in the US live in areas where pollutant levels are above regulatory limits and pose a risk to health. Most of the vast network of air pollutant monitors in the US are located in places with higher pollution levels and a higher density of pollutant sources (e.g., point sources from industrial pollution). Vulnerable populations are more likely to live closer to pollutant sources, and thus closer to pollutant monitors. These differential exposures have an impact on maternal and child health; maternal air pollutant exposures have been linked to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth and infant low birth weight. Several studies are highlighted that address methodological approaches in the study of air pollution and health disparities.
B Cells Induce Tolerance by Presenting Endogenous Peptide-IgG on MHC Class II Molecules via an IFN-γ-Inducible Lysosomal Thiol Reductase-Dependent Pathway

We have previously demonstrated that splenic B cells, transduced with peptide-IgG fusion proteins, are efficient tolerogenic APCs in vivo. Specific hyporesponsiveness to epitopes encoded in the peptide-IgG fusion protein has been achieved to over one dozen Ags, and clinical efficacy has been established in animal models for several autoimmune diseases and hemophilia. Previous studies also demonstrated that tolerance in this system requires MHC class II expression by the transduced B cells. Yet, the mechanisms of this B cell tolerogenic processing pathway remain unclear. In this study, we show that MHC class II molecules on tolerogenic B cells present epitopes derived from endogenous, but not exogenous (secreted), peptide-IgG fusion protein. These class II epitopes from the IgG fusion protein are processed in lysosomes/endosomes in an IFN-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-dependent manner. We suggest that the MHC class II presentation of endogenously produced fusion protein epitopes represents a novel mechanism for tolerance induced by peptide-IgG-transduced B cells. An understanding of this process might provide insights into central and peripheral tolerance induced by other professional and nonprofessional APCs.
Electrical modeling of Through Silicon and Package Vias

This paper presents analytical modeling and 3D full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation of the bias voltage dependent semiconductor (MOS) capacitance of a Through Silicon Via (TSV). An accurate electrical model of the TSV is proposed by considering the semiconductor effects. The high-frequency electrical performance of TSVs and Through-Package Vias (TPVs) are compared by means of 3D EM simulations. A parametric study is performed on TSV capacitance and design guidelines are presented for signal and power TSVs.
Molecular neuroendocrine events during stress in poultry

ABSTRACT Magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus containing arginine vasotocin (AVT) project to the posterior pituitary and release the peptide peripherally to target tissues. Parvocellular neurons contain either corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), AVT, or both neuropeptides and project to the median eminence. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and AVT are then transported to the anterior pituitary where they bind to CRH1 or vasotocin VT2 receptors, many found co-localized on the same pituitary cell type, the corticotrope. Central administration of CRH compared with AVT is more effective in releasing the stress hormone corticosterone, whereas peripheral administration of AVT is more efficacious. Simultaneous, peripheral administration of CRH and AVT also resulted in a synergistic release of corticosterone. Cell culture studies demonstrated a synergistic release of the second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, when both CRH and AVT were added to cells transfected with CRH and VT2 receptors, providing a possible explanation for the enhanced release of corticosterone following combined peripheral administration of the 2 peptides. A social stress model, mature male-male interaction, demonstrated activation of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and suggested that the posterior pituitary as well as the anterior pituitary are involved in a social stress response.
Second Dose of Varicella Vaccine for Children: Are We Giving It Too Late?

least 1 month apart for persons 5^ 13 years of age were recommended. Since routine immunization of children began, there have been substantial declines (among both children and adults) in the incidence of varicella, in hospitalizations and ambulatory visits for varicella, in mortality due to varicella, and in overall expenditures for varicella-related illnesses [1-5]. In sentinel areas in which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has established active surveillance (Ante-
THE TOWER OF BABEL AS A COORDINATION GAME: POLITICAL LINGUISTICS IN GHANA

G od's punishment for the audacity of building the Tower of Babel sets up a neat n-person coordination game for the world's scattered peoples. Individuals from each language group may want to communicate directly with members from other language groups, but they have to agree upon a common language to do so.' In world history, the Babelian curse has been negotiated in a variety of ways. The most common solution is based on simple market conditions: high levels of contact between peoples of different language groups induce new speech forms, permitting intergroup communication. Over a long expanse (e.g., of a river or through a subcontinent), linguists have discovered language chains. People at point A communicate effectively but haltingly with neighbors at point B, who themselves communicate with their neighbors at point C, and so on; but people at point A cannot communicate at all with people at point N. Dialect chains are not the only solution; often pidgins or lingua francas help overcome the Babelian curse.2 All these solutions are based on the microdynamics of
TotalReCaller: improved accuracy and performance via integrated alignment and base-calling

Motivation: Currently, re-sequencing approaches use multiple modules serially to interpret raw sequencing data from next-generation sequencing platforms, while remaining oblivious to the genomic information until the final alignment step. Such approaches fail to exploit the full information from both raw sequencing data and the reference genome that can yield better quality sequence reads, SNP-calls, variant detection, as well as an alignment at the best possible location in the reference genome. Thus, there is a need for novel reference-guided bioinformatics algorithms for interpreting analog signals representing sequences of the bases ({A, C, G, T}), while simultaneously aligning possible sequence reads to a source reference genome whenever available. Results: Here, we propose a new base-calling algorithm, TotalReCaller, to achieve improved performance. A linear error model for the raw intensity data and Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) based alignment are combined utilizing a Bayesian score function, which is then globally optimized over all possible genomic locations using an efficient branch-and-bound approach. The algorithm has been implemented in soft- and hardware [field-programmable gate array (FPGA)] to achieve real-time performance. Empirical results on real high-throughput Illumina data were used to evaluate TotalReCaller's performance relative to its peers-Bustard, BayesCall, Ibis and Rolexa-based on several criteria, particularly those important in clinical and scientific applications. Namely, it was evaluated for (i) its base-calling speed and throughput, (ii) its read accuracy and (iii) its specificity and sensitivity in variant calling.
A Comprehensive Approach to Logic Synthesis and Physical Design for Two-Dimensional Logic Arrays

This paper introduces a new design approach that combines logic and layout synthesis for Cellular-Architecture (CA) FPGAs. The comprehensive design method starts from a Boolean function, specified as SOP or ESOP, and produces a rectangularly-shaped multi-level structure of (mostly) locally connected cells. This two-dimensional array of logic cells is well suited for CA-type FPGA realization. Two stages: restricted factorization and technology folding are discussed in more details. The architecture constraints and the implementation are presented for ATMEL6000 series architecture.
Avionics upgrade strategies for the Space Shuttle and derivatives

Some approaches aimed at providing a low-cost, low-risk strategy to upgrade the Shuttle onboard avionics are described. These approaches allow migration to a Shuttle-derived vehicle and provide commonality with Space Station Freedom avionics to the extent practical. IBM's Federal Sector Division is studying alternatives for upgrading the Shuttle's cockpit. Some goals of the upgrade include: offloading of the main computers by distributing avionics display functions, reducing crew workload, reducing maintenance cost, and providing display reconfigurability and context sensitivity. Software development using Ada is discussed. Advanced active matrix liquid crystal displays are used to meet the tight space, weight, and power consumption requirements. These displays are tied to commercially available 80386 microprocessors. >
Fibromyalgia: A Review of Its Pathophysiology and Drug Treatment:

The objective of this article is to review the literature related to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and the drug therapy used to treat this disease. Fibromyalgia, the second most frequently diagnosed rheumatological disorder, has complex interrelated pathologies that must be addressed to achieve effective symptom control. Central and peripheral sensitization along with neurotransmitter abnormalities play a major role in defining the symptoms associated with this disease. Drug therapy must be multifaceted because no single drug addresses all pathologies. Drug and nondrug therapies showing strong-to-moderate effectiveness should be used to obtain the most benefit.
Comparing timeliness, content, and disease severity of formal and informal source outbreak reporting

Background Infectious disease surveillance has recently seen many changes including rapid growth of informal surveillance, acting both as competitor and a facilitator to traditional surveillance, as well as the implementation of the revised International Health Regulations. The present study aims to compare outbreak reporting by formal and informal sources given such changes in the field.
Chronic hepatitis C in patients with HIV/AIDS: a new challenge in antiviral therapy

HIV-infected patients are living longer since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, coinfection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to increased morbidity from liver disease and higher overall mortality. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C among patients with HIV/AIDS ranges from 7% (sexual transmission of HIV) to >90% (injection drug use). Uncontrolled HIV infection seems to accelerate the progression of HCV-induced liver fibrosis. Forty-eight weeks of combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha (2a or 2b) plus ribavirin achieves a sustained viral response in coinfected individuals in up to 38% with HCV genotype 1 and up to 73% with genotypes 2 or 3. The safety profile of this treatment is similar to therapy in HCV-monoinfected patients with influenza-like symptoms, cytopenia and neuropsychiatric symptoms dominating. However, HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who also take zidovudine develop more profound anaemia than those on other HIV nucleoside analogue therapy. Didanosine and stavudine are associated with rare but serious mitochondrial toxicity, such as pancreatitis or lactic acidosis. It does not appear that the addition of ribavirin increases that risk. There is currently no evidence that in HIV/HCV coinfection one pegylated interferon product is superior to the other. Contrary to common perception, it is also unproven that HIV/HCV-coinfected patients respond less well to therapy with peginterferon alpha plus ribavirin than HCV-monoinfected patients. Given the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with peginterferon plus ribavirin and the deleterious effects of chronic hepatitis C, all HIV/ HCV-coinfected patients should be evaluated for therapy.
The Mechanisms and Energetics of Honeybee Swarm Temperature Regulation

1. 1. Free (active) honeybee swarms regulated their core temperature ( T c) generally within 1 °C of 35 °C. They maintained the same temperature around freshly built honeycomb, and in the brood nest of the hive, from ambient temperatures of between at least 1 and 25 °C. Captive (inactive) swarms in the laboratory often allowed T c to decline below 35 °C. 2. 2. The temperature of the swarm mantle ( T m) varied with the general activity of the swarm as well as with ambient temperature ( T A), but in captive swarms (and sometimes at night in free swarms), T m was generally held above 17 °C, even at T A < 5 °C. 3. 3. Within the swarm, temperatures varied between 36 °C, an upper temperature set-point, and 17 °C, a lower temperature set-point. 4. 4. Before swarm take-off, all temperature gradients in the swarm were abolished and T m equalled T c. 5. 5. The regulated T c and T m were unrelated to size and passive cooling rates in swarms ranging from 1000 to 30000 bees. 6. 6. The weight-specific metabolic rate of swarms was correlated with T A and T c, but relatively little affected by swarm size. 7. 7. Bees on the mantle experiencing low temperatures pushed inward, thus contracting the mantle, diminishing the mantle porosity, and filling interior passageways. As a result, their own rate of heat loss, as well as that from the swarm core, decreased. 8. 8. In large tightly clumped swarms, even at T A < 5 °C, the resting metabolic rate of the bees in the swarm core was more than sufficient to maintain T c at 35 °C or above. The active thermoregulatory metabolism was due to the bees on the swarm mantle. 9. 9. There was little physical exchange of bees between core and mantle at low (< 5 °C) T A. In addition, there was no apparent chemical or acoustic communication between the bees in the swarm mantle that are subjected to the changes of the thermal environments and the bees in the swarm interior that constantly experience 35 °C regardless of T A. 10. 10. The data are summarized in a model of T c control indicating a primary role of the mantle bees in controlling heat production and heat loss. 11. 11. The possible ecological significance of swarm temperature regulation is discussed.
Dominator-path scheduling: a global scheduling method

Dominator-path scheduling performs global instruction scheduling of paths in the dominator tree. Unlike other global scheduling methods, dominator-path scheduling does not require copies of operations to preserve program semantics. In a limited test suite for a typical superscalar architecture, dominator-path scheduling produces schedules requiring 8.3% fewer cycles than local scheduling alone.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Triazole-Pyrimidine Analogues as SecA Inhibitors

SecA, a key component of the bacterial Sec-dependent secretion pathway, is an attractive target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Through a combination of virtual screening and experimental exploration of the surrounding chemical space, we identified a hit bistriazole SecA inhibitor, SCA-21, and studied a series of analogues by systematic dissections of the core scaffold. Evaluation of these analogues allowed us to establish an initial structure-activity relationship in SecA inhibition. The best compounds in this group are potent inhibitors of SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel activity and protein translocation activity at low- to sub-micromolar concentrations. They also have minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against various strains of bacteria that correlate well with the SecA and protein translocation inhibition data. These compounds are effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with various levels of efflux pump activity, indicating the capacity of SecA inhibitors to null the effect of multidrug resistance. Results from studies of drug-affinity-responsive target stability and protein pull-down assays are consistent with SecA as a target for these compounds.