cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic properties and critical behavior of quasi-two-dimensional systems

The magnetic properties and critical behavior of the quasi-two-dimensional ferromagnets [${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$(${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}$${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$${]}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuBr}}_{4}$, with n=1, 2, and 3, have been studied. These compounds are typical of layered magnets in that they assume distorted layer perovskite structures in which copper(II) bromide layers are sheathed by the bulk organic cations. Magnetization and susceptibility measurements show strong ferromagnetic intralayer exchange of the order of 20--25 K with weak interlayer exchange coupling of less than 1 K. The magnetic anisotropies are explored through EPR-linewidth analysis. The critical exponent \ensuremath{\gamma} and transition temperatures ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ were determined by the measurements of ac initial susceptibility and isothermal magnetization. By employing a static scaling law to analyze the data of isothermal magnetizations near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, it was found that in a certain low-field and low-temperature region the powder magnetizations are suppressed so that the scaling hypothesis no longer holds. It is shown from the scaling analysis that the powder samples of these two-dimensional (2D) layer ferromagnets cannot be classified as simple ferromagnets whose critical behavior is described by the usual 2D critical theories.
The apprehensive: Fear as endophoric evidence and its pragmatics in English, Mandarin, and Russian

Abstract This study attempts to explicate the cross-linguistically widespread uses of fear expressions that can be understood as serving pragmatic purposes, here dubbed the “apprehensive”, as in I’m afraid I must ask you to leave now. We argue that such uses instantiate “endophoric evidential” ( Plungian, 2001 ) in the sense that the emotion of fear is recruited as direct personal source of information in the construction of epistemological stance. Quantitative collocation data from English, Mandarin, and Russian suggest that the apprehensive strongly attracts a proposition of high-certainty, such as denied ability, asserted predictability, and recognized obligation or necessity. The results call for a pragmatic analysis of the apprehensive as a discourse device of expressing epistemological stance. It prepares the listener of the undesirable news for which the speaker has reliable evidence. The psychology of fear as a basic emotion is discussed as the experiential basis of the pragmatics of the apprehensive. The study suggests that pragmatics is shaped by human cognitive and affective processes and is therefore embodied.
Prolonged half‐life of argatroban in patients with renal dysfunction and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome being treated for heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia

Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor approved for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) type II. Argatroban is predominantly metabolized in the liver. It is widely believed that no dosage adjustment is required in patients with renal insufficiency, making it a preferred agent in patients on renal replacement therapy (Reddy and Grossman, Ann Pharm 2005;39:1601-1605). The elimination half-life of argatroban is approximately 50 min. Lupus anticoagulants can cause baseline elevation of the PTT and hence it is difficult to monitor the effects of anticoagulants such as heparin, lepirudin, or argatroban in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Heparin levels may be used as an alternative for heparin monitoring but plasma levels of argatroban are not commercially available. A chromogenic antifactor IIa assay could be useful for monitoring argatroban in the presence of a lupus anticoagulant, but it is not widely available at present. We report a patient with end-stage renal disease, maintained on peritoneal dialysis with HIT, who demonstrated a markedly prolonged half-life when treated with argatroban despite the discontinuation of therapy. This case also demonstrates the lack of guidelines for the monitoring of argatroban therapy in the presence of an underlying lupus anticoagulant.
Attitudes of women in their forties toward the 2009 USPSTF mammogram guidelines: a randomized trial on the effects of media exposure

Objective The objective of the study was to assess women's attitudes toward 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force mammography screening guideline changes and evaluate the role of media in shaping opinions. Study Design Two hundred forty-nine women, aged 39-49 years, presenting for annual examinations randomized to read 1 of 2 articles, and survey completion comprised the design of the study. Results Eighty-eight percent overestimated the lifetime breast cancer (BrCa) risk. Eighty-nine percent want yearly mammograms in their 40s. Eighty-six percent felt the changes were unsafe, and even if the changes were doctor recommended, 84% would not delay screening until age 50 years. Those with a friend/relative with BrCa were more likely to want annual mammography in their forties (92% vs 77%, P = .001), and feel changes unsafe (91% vs 69%, P ≤ .0001). Participants with previous false-positive mammograms were less likely to accept doctor-recommended screening delay until age 50 years (8% vs 21%, P = .01). Conclusion Women overestimate BrCa risk. Skepticism of new mammogram guidelines exists, and is increased by exposure to negative media. Those with prior false-positive mammograms are less likely to accept changes.
Measuring Success in the Reduction of Obesity in Childhood Limited Weight Reduction Success Among 50 Outpatients

"This is an age of justified pessimism concerning the probability of success in treating obesity in adults. It is worth emphasizing, therefore, that judging by weight and by ponderal indices, some measure of success, major or minor ... can be anticipated in about one-half of obese children and adolescents."
Numerical experiments on a new class of nonoscillatory schemes

Numerical experiments for the SONIC schemes on 2D inviscid, compressible, steady, and unsteady problems are presented. These schemes belong to a new class of uniformly second-order accurate nonoscillatory schemes introduced by Huynh, with the well known UNO2 scheme of Harten and Osher being the most 'diffusive' in this class. The SONIC schemes can also be considered as uniformly second order accurate extensions of the popular TVD schemes. For simplicity, a MUSCL approach for spatial discretization and a Runge-Kutta method for time integration are used. Test problems include steady oblique shock reflection and the well known unsteady double Mach reflection problem. Results confirm that the SONIC schemes are more accurate than their TVD counterparts.
Flat panel displays for portable systems

Flat panel display technologies for portable and personal information systems are reviewed. The display sub-system performance requirements, and the metrics for evaluating display technologies for portable systems are discussed. The current display technology choices for high performance portable systems are active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) and field emitter display (FED). AMLCD is at the forefront at an advanced state of development, and it is already in mass production for notebook computer applications. Because of the huge market size, AMLCD technology continues to be developed at an aggressive pace to address the needs of the future portable systems. On the other hand, FED technology is not currently in mass production, but it is being developed at rapid pace; Impressive technology capabilities and demonstration displays have already been shown. This review focuses on the current status and future development trends in both the these display technologies for application to portable systems. The current status of the reflective LCDs and their future development trends are also reviewed.
A new contactless S-polarized reflectance technique for determining the Si film and buried oxide thickness in silicon-on-insulator materials

Abstract A new contactless dual-beam S-polarized reflectance (DBSPR) technique has been developed for measuring the top Si film and buried oxide thickness in a SIMOX (Separation by IMplantation of OXygen) wafer. Top Si film and buried oxide thicknesses of the SIMOX wafers ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 μm and 0.36 to 0.44 μm, respectively, were determined using this new technique. The DBSPR method is based on the S-polarized reflectances measured at oblique angle incidence using laser beam of different wavelengths ( λ = 442 and 632.8 nm). A theoretical model for the DBSPR technique has been derived for determining the top Si film and buried oxide thicknesses in the SOI wafers. A three-dimensional (3D) mapping of the top Si film and buried oxide thicknesses for several SIMOX wafers has been carried out, and the results were found in excellent agreement with values determined by the conventional reflection interference spectroscopy and ellipsometry methods.
Ecosystem assembly grammars: Generative capacity and empirical adequacy

Abstract Using models based on generative grammars a theory of ecosystem assembly can be formulated that maps a set of species onto a set of environments (Haefner, 1977) . Such a theory must incorporate a minimal set of ecological properties in order to correctly describe the adaptive strategies of species and the non-random collection of species comprising an ecosystem. These properties include (1) concordance between activities performed by the individuals of a species, (2) the elaboration of niches due to species invasion, (3) concordance between resources and the users of resources, and (4) the plasticity of species behavior. These properties are used to define the criteria for the weak and strong empirical adequacy of grammars. Weak empirical adequacy of a grammar is the ability of a grammar to generate the sentences of a language. Strong empirical adequacy of a grammar is the ability of a grammar to generate the correct relationships between the elements of the sentences of a language. The adequacy of the members of the Chomsky hierarchy (regular grammars, context-free phrase-structure grammars, context-sensitive phrase-structure grammars, and transformational grammars) is evaluated by comparing their generative capacities and the criteria for empirical adequacy. This analysis indicates that for the representations of the phenomena considered strong empirical adequacy requires at least the generative capacity of a transformational grammar.
Age-related differences in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury: effects of estrogen deficiency

Despite conflicting evidence for the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in cardioprotection of postmenopausal women, numerous studies have demonstrated reductions in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following chronic or acute exogenous estradiol (E2) administration in adult male and female, gonad-intact and gonadectomized animals. It has become clear that ovariectomized adult animals may not accurately represent the combined effects of age and E2 deficiency on reductions in ischemic tolerance seen in the postmenopausal female. E2 is known to regulate the transcription of several cardioprotective genes. Acute, non-genomic E2 signaling can also activate many of the same signaling pathways recruited in cardioprotection. Alterations in cardioprotective gene expression or cardioprotective signal transduction are therefore likely to result within the context of aging and E2 deficiency and may help explain the reduced ischemic tolerance and loss of cardioprotection in the senescent female heart. Quantification of the mitochondrial proteome as it adapts to advancing age and E2 deficiency may also represent a key experimental approach to uncover proteins associated with disruptions in cardiac signaling contributing to age-associated declines in ischemic tolerance. These alterations have important ramifications for understanding the increased morbidity and mortality due to ischemic cardiovascular disease seen in postmenopausal females. Functional perturbations that occur in mitochondrial respiration and Ca2+ sensitivity with age-associated E2 deficiency may also allow for the identification of alternative therapeutic targets for reducing I/R injury and treatment of the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women.
The growth of carbonaceous contamination on surfaces undergoing ion bombardment

The development of carbonaceous polymer films, formed by the ion bombardment of surface adsorbed hydrocarbon molecules, is examined, and simple expressions describing the film growth are derived. The mean residence time of typical hydrocarbon molecules is shown to be several orders longer than inferred from earlier work, and the polymerization cross-section is found to be comparable to the projected molecular area. Methods are discussed for minimizing contamination build-up on surfaces undergoing ion bombardment.
The de-pinning of Schottky barrier at the In/n-GaAs(1 1 0) interface

The phenomenon of metal/semiconductor interface Fermi level “de-pinning” is observed at the interface of In on n-GaAs(1 1 0). The temperature dependence of Schottky barrier formation at the nonreactive In/n-GaAs(1 1 0) interface has been studied by photoemission spectroscopy. For the n-GaAs(1 1 0) surface, which is kept at liquid nitrogen temperature during cleave and indium deposition, the surface Fermi level pinning at midgap does not occur until a complete In overlayer is formed. When the In/n-GaAs(1 1 0) interface formed at low temperature is warmed up to room temperature, part of the GaAs surface band bending disappears, while the In overlayers froms clusters and the GaAs substrate is partly re-exposed. The phenomenon of “de-pinning” may shine new light on the Schottky barrier formation mechanism for nonreactive interface systems. Its implication is discussed in terms of various plausible Schottky barrier theories and models.
Double resonant charge exchange in ion-ion collisions

Abstract The process of resonant double charge exchange in low energy ion-ion collisions is considered. The effects of the Coulomb interaction of the nuclei are taken into account. Cross section calculations are performed both for completely and partially stripped projectile ions with 3⩽ Z ⩽ 10.
Modal analysis using fiber optic sensors and neural networks for prediction of composite beam delamination

Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) fiber optic sensors and a neural network provided a health-monitoring capability for laminated glass/epoxy composite beams. The EFPI sensors experimentally determined the first five modal frequencies of the cantilever beams. The feedforward backpropagation neural network used these modal frequencies to predict the size and location of delaminations in the composite beams. Beam modal frequencies shift as a function of delamination size and location. Five beams with prescribed delaminations, as well as a `healthy' beam with no delaminations, were excited by a surface-mounted piezoelectric actuator at frequencies up to 1 kHz. All beams had an eight-ply symmetric glass/epoxy composite design, were fabricated simultaneously, and had length and width dimensions of 26.04 and 2.33 cm, respectively. The beams with flaws had different delamination sizes ranging from 1.27-6.35 cm long prescribed in the mid-plane, i.e. between the fourth and fifth plies. The neural network was trained using classical-beam theory and tested using the experimental EFPI data. The delamination size and location predictions resulting from the neural network simulation had an average error of 5.9 and 4.7%, respectively. Also, analytical classical-beam theory, finite element methods, and ceramic piezoelectric sensors validated the EFPI modal frequency measurements.
Light-induced transfer of molecular chirality in solution: enantiospecific photocyclization of molecularly chiral acrylanilides.

Molecularly chiral o-tert-butylacrylanilides undergo enantiospecific 6π-photocyclization to yield 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones with very high enantioselectivity (>90%) in solution. The photocyclization results in the removal of the ortho tert-butyl substituent, presumably via a zwitterionic intermediate. β-Substitution in the alkene is found to be critical for the transfer of molecular chirality (axial chirality) in the reactant to point chirality in the photoproduct(s).
Mediators of the effect of neighborhood poverty on physical functioning among breast cancer survivors: a longitudinal study

Female breast cancer survivors, a large and growing population, experience impaired physical functioning after treatment. Survivors living in impoverished neighborhoods may suffer even greater impairment, but the mechanisms linking neighborhood poverty and individual outcomes are poorly understood. This study sought to identify mediators of the effect of neighborhood poverty on physical functioning using longitudinal data from a Missouri cancer registry-based sample of 909 female breast cancer survivors. Survivors were recruited 1 year after diagnosis (Y1) and completed two telephone interviews, at Y1 and 1 year later (Y2). The association between census-tract-level poverty and physical functioning (RAND SF-36) was tested using a multilevel a priori path model with 19 hypothesized mediators, demographic and socioeconomic confounders, and covariates. Hypothesized mediators included clinical and treatment variables, psychosocial factors (depression, stress, social support), perceived neighborhood characteristics, behavioral risk factors (physical activity, smoking, body mass index, alcohol use), and comorbidity. In unadjusted analysis, women living in neighborhoods with higher poverty were more likely to report lower physical functioning at Y2 (β = −.19, p < .001). The final mediated model fit the data well (χ2(8) = 12.25, p = 0.14; CFI = .996; RMSEA = .024). The effect of neighborhood poverty on physical functioning was fully mediated by physical activity and body mass index. Breast cancer survivors living in neighborhoods with greater poverty reported lower physical functioning, but this effect was fully explained by physical activity and body mass index. Community-based lifestyle interventions sensitive to the unique challenges faced by cancer survivors and the challenges of living in a high-poverty neighborhood are needed to ameliorate neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in physical functioning.
Tibetan Peregri-nations: Mobility, Incommensurable Nationalisms and (Un)belonging Athwart the Himalayas

Putting into context the sentiment expressed by Tibetans on both sides of the Himalayas that true Tibet is located elsewhere, this essay focuses on an under-commented-upon consequence of Tibetan trans-Himalayan mobilities since 1959: the creation of two incommensurable modes of nationalism. One of these is territorial, the other embodied in the form of the Dalai Lama himself. The result of this dual nationalism has not been mutual compatibility and an increase in potential modes of Tibetan belonging, but mutual interference and a broadened scope for unbelonging. As such, the dispersed spatiality of community it enacts is reminiscent not so much of the romantic, organic unity of Herderian modes of (methodological) nationalism as it is of Heine's experiences of manifold unbelonging and contemporary German-Jewish articulations of a ‘portable homeland’. Ultimately, to reckon with such originary unbelonging, theories of diaspora and mobility must treat concepts of both home and mobility as mixtures of stabilit...
Physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in solutions of diethanolamine or di-2-propanolamine in polyethylene glycol

Several properties important for the absorption of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in solutions of diethanolamine (DEA) or di-2-propanolamine (DIPA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400, average molecular weight 400) were determined experimentally. These properties include the density and viscosity of the amine-PEG 400 solutions, the physical solubility and diffusivity of CO[sub 2] in PEG 400, and the physical solubility and diffusivity of N[sub 2]O in DEA-PEG 400 and DIPA-PEG 400 solutions. The results were obtained for 0-300 wt% amine in PEG 400 over the temperature range of 20-40C. The results were correlated for temperature and composition dependence.
Liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria of the binary mixtures carbon dioxide+n pentadecylbenzene and carbon dioxide+n-nonylbenzene

Abstract The liquid-liquid-vapor loci for the binary mixtures CO2 + n-pentadecylbenzene and CO2 + n-nonylbenzene were studied experimentally. We report here the composition and molar volume of each of the liquid phases along with pressure and temperature. In addition, the solid-liquid-vapor locus for the binary system CO2 + n-pentadecylbenzene was detailed, with the liquid phase composition, molar volume, pressure and temperature along the locus being reported.
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY OF ARMA MODELS

. A general approach for the development of a statistical inference on autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models is presented based on geometric arguments. ARMA models are characterized as members of the curved exponential family. Geometric properties of ARMA models are computed and used to suggest parameter transformations that satisfy predetermined properties. In particular, the effect on the asymptotic bias of the maximum likelihood estimator of model parameters is illustrated. Hypothesis testing of parameters is discussed through the application of a modified form of the likelihood ratio test statistic.
Economic achievement, inequalities and health disparities: The intervening role of early health status

Abstract The persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in adult health and mortality, and the equally stubborn reproduction of social class inequalities are two salient regularities in modern societies. In the domain of health and mortality, it is still uncertain if and to what extent adult health and mortality inequalities across the socioeconomic ladder are the product of attributes of socioeconomic positions themselves or, alternatively, the result of health conditions established earlier in life that influence both adult health and economic success. In the domain of social stratification, the persistence across generations of inequalities in educational attainment, wages, income, and wealth is still resistant to satisfactory explanations. This paper argues that there are important mechanisms that could bridge these seemingly disparate domains and, in addition, offer the materials for simultaneously explaining social and economic inequalities. A systematic review of recent investigations of determinants of wages and income in labor economics and of empirical findings supporting life course theories of adult health status sheds light on the potential relevance of early childhood health for late economic success and adult health status. Linking theories of expanded human capital formation with life course theories of health status is a promising avenue to enrich social stratification theories which have all but ignored mechanisms originating in early childhood health status.
Methods of Testing for Absorption Value of Nonfat Dry Milk Solids in Bread Dough

Summary Two methods for determination of the absorption value of nonfat dry milk solids in a 6 per cent bread dough are described. The modified mixing bowl method is recommended for use without subsequent baking tests for loaf volume. It determines the absorption value of samples of nonfat dry milk solids in comparison with control samples of known absorption value. It is suggested that low-heat nonfat dry milk solids be used as one of the controls to establish the lowest point of the absorption value scale at 0.58 or three and one-half parts of extra water to six parts of nonfat dry milk solids with 100 parts of flour. Other control samples with absorption values determined by other laboratories or preferably by tests in a commercial bakery should be used for checking the mixing bowl test. The absorption value as determined by the mixing bowl method is accurate probably only to approximately ±0.05, and the results are recorded in increments of 0.08. The 50 per cent Mixograph method is recommended for routine tests of nonfat dry milk solids samples to check the effect of the heat treatment on the absorption value. It is a purely empirical test based on absorption values obtained with the modified mixing bowl method. Calibration curves obtained by testing control samples are presented to show the correlation of initial viscosity and time of development with the absorption value as determined by the modified mixing bowl method. There is a fairly good correlation between viscosities of 25 per cent solutions of nonfat dry milk solids samples and absorption values up to 1.20, but above that the viscosities vary considerably with samples of the same absorption value. Constant temperature of the room and ingredients (±1° C.) and a uniform composition of the flour used are very important factors in reproducibility of both methods. The calibration curves all refer to spray-process nonfat dry milk solids samples. Similar calibration curves for roller-process samples probably can be made with higher water levels.
Mead's Philosophy of Education

An essay review ofThe Philosophy of Education(Mead, G. H. G. J. J. Biesta & D. Trohler, Eds. Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2008)
Sexual activity and the cardiac patient.

Coronary heart disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population in the United States, affecting both men and women. Advances in cardiac therapies have enabled cardiac patients to remain both physically and sexually active even into their eighties and nineties. However, both patients and physicians are reluctant to discuss sexual issues. A significant number of patients will have sexual dysfunction following a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. It is therefore imperative that physicians initiate discussions regarding sexual activity and potential risks to the patient such as myocardial infarction, sudden death, and arrhythmia. Risk stratification based on objective criteria and in particular cases, functional testing, may be useful in counseling patients regarding individual risk. Newly available pharmacologic therapies such as sildenafil may be useful, but must be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease.
Single Reconstituted Neuronal SNARE Complexes Zipper in Three Distinct Stages

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins drive membrane fusion by assembling into a four-helix bundle in a zippering process. Here, we used optical tweezers to observe in a cell-free reconstitution experiment in real time a long-sought SNARE assembly intermediate in which only the membrane-distal amino-terminal half of the bundle is assembled. Our findings support the zippering hypothesis, but suggest that zippering proceeds through three sequential binary switches, not continuously, in the amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of the bundle and the linker domain. The half-zippered intermediate was stabilized by externally applied force that mimicked the repulsion between apposed membranes being forced to fuse. This intermediate then rapidly and forcefully zippered, delivering free energy of 36 k(B)T (where k(B) is Boltzmann's constant and T is temperature) to mediate fusion.
GENETIC VARIATION IN SUBTROPICAL POPULATIONS OF SIMOCEPHALUS (CRUSTACEA:CLADOCERA)

Subtropical populations of the cladoceran Simocephalus serrulatus were assayed for allozymic and quantitative genetic variation. The observed levels of variation were generally lower than those observed for cladoceran populations (primarily Daphnia) in the temperate zone. This would seem to be attributable either to the subtropical location, to prolonged clonal selection, or lo some inherent characteristic of the genus. A survey of cladoceran literature for data on allozyme variation vs. latitude revealed no pattern. The lack of departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the S. serrulatus populations suggests that long-term clonal selection is not likely. Therefore, subtropical location and long-term clonal selection do not seem to be likely causes of the low amount of genetic variation. This suggests that some inherent characteristic of Simocephalus, such as the fact that they deposit only one resting egg at a time, may be the cause of this level of genetic variation.
Total Absorption and Overlapping Effect Due to Two Spectral Lines of Equal Width and Strength

The total absorption due to two narrow, identical spectral lines, of equal strength and width, is computed as a function of two parameters, γ and σ, where γ characterizes the frequency distance of the two lines, while σ is proportional to the product of the number of absorbing particles (per unit volume) and the thickness of the absorbing layer. This represents the so-called “curves of growth,” for the case in question. Of special interest, besides the two limiting cases, γ→0 and γ→∞, is the influence of the overlapping effect for relatively small γ.
Acoustic noise measurements on Axial Seamount, Juan De Fuca Ridge

Anomalously high ambient acoustic noise was observed within the caldera of Axial Seamount, located on the Juan de Fuca Ridge at 46°N. Noise spectra from 2 to 30 Hz were calculated from hydrophone signals from four separate seismic recording systems. Noise levels varied up to 25 dB over 6 km. This observation suggests the noise source is at or near the sea floor. By assuming spherical spreading, we estimate the source of the noise to be within 400 m of one of the instruments. A low temperature hydrothermal vent field, located within 600 m of this instrument, has been previously mapped with submersibles and is likely the source of the anomalous noise. A high temperature, black smoker, vent field, also located within the caldera, shows no evidence of anomalous acoustic noise.
Protein synthesis and viability in x-irradiated Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract In the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas spheroides the capacity for induced catalase synthesis is inhibited by low doses of X-rays to the same extent as the ability to form colonies. The inhibition is manifested fully within a few minutes after irradiation. The presence of catalase during and after irradiation does not modify the effect of X-rays on survival, and the activity of intracellular catalase is not altered by X-ray doses up to 100 kR. The effects of X-rays on catalase synthesis and survival are potentiated to the same extent by oxygen. Experiments dealing with kinetics and external factors suggest that X-rays act in an all-or-none manner, early in a sequence of events that culminates in synthesis of the enzyme. The syntheses of “general cell protein”, of proteins associated with bacteriochlorophyll in the chromatophores, and of constitutive catalase are inhibited by X-irradiation to about the same extent as the synthesis of inducible catalase and the ability to form colonies. The lethal action of X-rays is discussed in terms of the destruction of genetic material that directs the synthesis of proteins.
Modeling of Spacecraft Rarefied Environments Using a Proposed Surface Model

The modeling of spacecraft glow surrounding a small clean satellite is discussed. A direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique was used to model the flowfield and included both surface and gas-phase chemical reactions. It has been suggested that emission from excited NO 2 molecules produces the spacecraft glow. The DSMC calculations included chemical reactions in the flowfield to produce NO, as well as surface chemical reactions to generate the NO 2 . The orbit-dependent optical radiation was calculated and compared with data from the Atmosphere Explorer experiment over the 140-200-km altitude range. The results show that the surface model can account for the observed data in magnitude and altitude dependence for suitable choices of the surface heat of absorption and freestream NO concentration.
Landscape variables as predictors of characteristics of native-grass communities in xeroriparian areas of the Sonoran Desert

Abstract Data on density, percentage of cover, and species richness were collected for grasses occurring in xeroriparian (desert riparian) areas across the Barry M. Goldwater Range, Arizona, to understand how native grasses occurring in isolated xeroriparian areas are related to use by wildlife, exotic invasive plants, and the surrounding floral community. These data were analyzed for significant associations with two aspects of landscape: adjoining matrix community of plants; distance from water-developments for wildlife (as a proxy for long-term use by wildlife). The adjoining matrix community, either Creosote-Bursage Desert Scrub or Palo Verde-Mixed Cacti-Mixed Scrub on Bajadas, had a significant influence on communities of native and exotic grasses in xeroriparian habitats, suggesting that observed characteristics of these communities can be predicted in the Sonoran Desert when large-scale distribution of floral communities are known. Increasing cover of exotic plants was associated with decreasing na...
A pairwise independent stationary stochastic process

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study pairwise independence in the context of strictly stationary stochastic processes {Xπ, n = 0, ±1, …}. Our main result is an example of such a process that maximizes E(X1X2X3). We also show that subject to some additional independence assumptions any two of these processes are distributionally the same. The spectral properties of this process are then analysed.
Equilibrium vapor pressure of mercury from dental amalgam in vitro

Abstract Objectives . The purpose of this study was to acquire reliable quantitative data on mercury vapor pressure above the surface of dental amalgam samples in both the as-formed and the abraded state. Methods . The equilibrium vapor pressure of mercury from dental amalgam was obtained using residual gas analysis in conjunction with a quartz crystal microbalance. The measurements were performed under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Results . Using the residual gas analyzer, the average mercury vapor pressures measured from the as-formed and abraded dental amalgam surfaces were 8 × 10 −7 and 1.7 × 10 −4 Pa, respectively. The corresponding vapor densities are: 6 × 10 −2 μg/m 3 and 14 μg/m 3 . The average mercury vapor pressures measured from the as-formed and abraded dental amalgam surfaces using the quartz crystal microbalance were: 2.4 × 10 −6 and 1.0 × 10 −4 Pa, respectively. The corresponding vapor densities are: 0.2 μg/m 3 and 8 μg/m 3 . Significance . This project provides a measurement of the equilibrium vapor pressure of mercury from as-formed and abraded amalgam surfaces. By definition, the equilibrium vapor pressure provides the maximum density of mercury which can be present in the environment above the amalgam. The vapor density of mercury within the oral cavity must be less than this value due to the dynamic nature of the system.
Effective grievance handling procedures

A grievance may be defined as any dispute that arises between an employer and employee, which relates to the implied or explicit terms of the employment agreement (Britton, 1982:12). The validity of a grievance depends upon whether or not there is “just cause” or reason for such complaint. Certain tests are used in determining whether a company had just cause for disciplining an employee (BNA Editorial Staff, 1959‐1987:1). Anyone having an affiliation with an organisation can file a grievance on behalf of or against that organisation. Some of the most common complaints by employees include unfair treatment by the employer, broken employment agreement, and employer communications and defamation. The most common employers’ complaints are absenteeism, insubordination, misconduct, substance abuse, unsatisfactory performance, and safety and health violations. For grievance handling to be effective, the employer has to follow certain guidelines. In disciplining employees, management should mainly use penalties such as warnings, suspensions, and discharge (BNA Editorial Staff, 1959‐1987:11).
Nascent Metal Atom Condensation in Self-Assembled Monolayer Matrices: Coverage-Driven Morphology Transitions from Buried Adlayers to Electrically Active Metal Atom Nanofilaments to Overlayer Clusters during Aluminum Atom Deposition on Alkanethiolate/Gold Monolayers

Al atom deposition with controlled coverages has been carried out on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), prepared by assembly of HS(CH2)15X, with X = -CH3 (M-SAM) and -CO2CH3 (ME-SAM), on Au {111} su...
A standard test set for numerical approximations to the shallow water equations in spherical geometry

A suite of seven test cases is proposed for the evaluation of numerical methods intended for the solution of the shallow water equations in spherical geometry. The shallow water equations exhibit the major difficulties associated with the horizontal dynamical aspects of atmospheric modeling on the spherical earth. These cases are designed for use in the evaluation of numerical methods proposed for climate modeling and to identify the potential trade-offs which must always be made in numerical modeling. Before a proposed scheme is applied to a full baroclinic atmospheric model it must perform well on these problems in comparison with other currently accepted numerical methods. The cases are presented in order of complexity. They consist of advection across the poles, steady state geostrophically balanced flow of both global and local scales, forced nonlinear advection of an isolated low, zonal flow impinging on an isolated mountain, Rossby-Haurwitz waves, and observed atmospheric states. One of the cases is also identified as a computer performance/algorithm efficiency benchmark for assessing the performance of algorithms adapted to massively parallel computers.
Quadratic extensions of totally real quintic fields

In this work, we establish lists for each signature of tenth degree number fields containing a totally real quintic subfield and of discriminant less than 10 13 in absolute value. For each field in the list we give its discriminant, the discriminant of its subfield, a relative polynomial generating the field over one of its subfields, the corresponding polynomial voer Q, and the Galois group of its Galois closure. We have examined the existence of several non-isomorphic fields with the same discriminants, and also the existence of unramified extensions and cyclic extensions.
Are intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab effective in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization

Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important stimulator of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Bevacizumab (Avastin), ranibizumab (Lucentis) and pegaptanib sodium (Macugen) are anti-VEGF medications that have been used in the treatment of CNV. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib sodium in the treatment of CNV in a rat model.
Diversity in times of austerity: documenting resistance in the academy

What happens to feminism in the university is parallel to what happens to feminism in other venues under economic restructuring: while the impoverished nation is forced to cut social services and thereby send women back to the hierarchy of the family, the academy likewise reduces its footprint in interdisciplinary structures and contains academic feminists back to the hierarchy of departments and disciplines. When the family and the department become powerful arbiters of cultural values, women and feminist academics by and large suffer: they either accept a diminished role or are pushed to compete in a system they recognize as antithetical to the foundational values of feminist priorities of social justice. Collaborative work to nurture diversity and interdisciplinarity does not register as individual accomplishment. This paper considers the necessity of this type of academic work to further the vision of a society committed to the collective values espoused by feminism and other areas in social justice.
Analyzing multi-axis data versus scalar data for UXO discrimination

The objective of this paper is to study the advantage of multi-axis (vector) data over scalar one-dimensional data in the electromagnetic induction (diffusion) regime in both frequency and time domains for discriminating unexploded ordnance (UXO). Particular attention is given to the time domain. Traditional magnetometers and coil-based electromagnetic induction sensors measure only one component of the scattered magnetic field. They provide high sensitivity, but one-component magnetic field measurements provide limited information about the electromagnetic signatures of buried items, particularly for target localization and determination of target parameters. Recently much effort has been directed at developing next-generation electromagnetic geophysical sensors to collect vector data; for example, Geophex has built a new 3D GEM-3 sensor, with one transmitter and three (all Hx, Hy, Hz) receiver coils, and similar capabilities exist in the time domain. In this paper a surface magnetic charge (SMC) model, in conjunction with a differential evolution (DE) algorithm, is used to treat multi-axis data to advance, motivated by potential application to discrimination of buried UXO’s. In the SMC model the scattered magnetic field is produced by a set of magnetic charges distributed mathematically around the target location. The amplitudes of these charges is determined by matching to measured magnetic fields at a selected set of points. When the charge amplitudes are normalized by the corresponding normal component of the primary field at each location, their sum is regarded as an indication of the magnetic capacity of the object and is used as a discriminant. Once the amplitude of this normalized source set is found for each object, it can be stored for subsequent use in a discrimination algorithm. Time domain SMCs are developed for highly permeable and metallic objects buried inside a magnetic half-space. Air/magnetic ground interface effects are taken into account using image theory. Examples of synthetic electromagnetic induction data sets in the time domain are designed to show the advantage of vector over scalar data. The numerical tests for inversion of an object’s location and position from the multi-axis data and single component data will are discussed and analyzed in detail.
Photoperiod cues and the modulatory action of octopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine on locomotor and pheromone response in male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the biogenic amines octopamine (OA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) exert modulatory effects on pheromone responsiveness and random locomotor activity in male gypsy moths. When injected into males, OA significantly enhanced sensitivity to pheromone, while 5-HT enhanced general locomotor activity, results that were very similar to those previously shown for the cabbage looper. Maximal effect of the amines, however, was observed when injection occurred just prior to the onset of scotophase, rather than photophase, as we had originally hypothesized for this diurnally active insect. Male gypsy moths also displayed a prominent scotophase response, with sensitivity to pheromone greater in the scotphase compared with photophase, but with the level of random locomotor activity lower in scotophase than in photophase. The upwind flight behavior of males to a pheromone source in a wind tunnel, as well as the time spent at the source, were also significantly different in the two light regimes. Furthermore, when exposed to a 1 h scotophase (instead of the normal 8), or to continuous dark conditions, while males exhibited response to pheromone and locomotor activity during the same scotophase and photophase periods as observed in a 16:8 light : dark cycle, the levels of response, as well as qualitative aspects of the upwind flight behaviors in both periods were a function of the light intensity. Our combined results suggest that male gypsy moths display a bimodal rhythm of locomotor and pheromone response over the diel cycle, with light intensity and scotophase onset providing critical cues for the expression of behaviors, as well as the modulatory action of the amines. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Condition-Dependent Mating Success in Male Fruit Flies: Ingestion of a Pheromone Precursor Compensates for a Low-Quality Diet

Previous studies revealed that males of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, require protein in the adult diet to obtain matings and that ingestion of methyl eugenol, which acts as a pheromone precursor, increases male attractiveness and mating competitiveness. The goal of this study was to investigate the interaction between diet quality and methyl eugenol consumption in affecting the mating frequency of B. dorsalis males. In one set of experiments, mature males were deprived of protein for 1, 3, or 7 days and were either given or denied access to methyl eugenol (ME). These males competed against control males (continuously protein-fed, no feeding on ME) for copulations in field cages. Without ME, males held without protein for 3 or 7 days obtained significantly fewer matings than control males. With ME, however, males held for even 7 days without protein achieved higher mating success than control males. In a second set of experiments, mature males were held without protein for 7 days and then given a protein-rich diet for 1, 3, or 7 days before testing and were either given or denied access to ME. Without ME, males were competitively inferior to control males when tested 1 or 3 days after resumption of protein feeding and equivalent to control males only after 7 days of protein feeding. With ME, however, males obtained significantly more matings than control males when tested 3 or 7 days after resumed protein feeding and had similar mating success as control males after 1 day of access to the protein-rich diet. Results show that mating success in this species is condition-dependent, with both nutritional state and ME consumption influencing male mating success. Under the test conditions, feeding on ME counteracted a low quality diet and enhanced male mating success.
Rational inattention and revealed preference: The data-theoretic approach to economic modeling

Abstract Beliefs have as pervasive a role as utility functions in economic models of choice, and are no more visible to the naked eye. This suggests the value of a data-theoretic approach to imperfect information along the lines of Samuelson's “revealed preference” approach to utility maximization. I introduce a recently developed approach of this nature ( Caplin and Martin, 2013a , Caplin and Dean, 2013a , Caplin and Dean, 2013b ). I highlight the broader potential of the data-theoretic approach to answer questions of an inter-disciplinary nature and to discipline an oncoming flood of behaviorally-relevant data.