cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Access Channel Resolvability Codes from Source Resolvability Codes.

We show that the problem of code construction for multiple access channel (MAC) resolvability can be reduced to the simpler problem of code construction for source resolvability. Specifically, we propose a MAC resolvability code construction which involves a combination of multiple source resolvability codes, used in a black box manner, and leverages randomness recycling implemented via distributed hashing and block-Markov coding. Since explicit source resolvability codes are known, our results also yield the first explicit coding schemes that achieve the entire MAC resolvability region for any discrete memoryless multiple access channel with binary input alphabets.
Establishing the Minimal Clinically Important Difference and Patient-Acceptable Symptomatic State After Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair and Associated Variables for Achievement.

Purpose To establish the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient-acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) after arthroscopic meniscal repair and identify the factors associated with achieving these outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective study with prospectively collected data. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected from April 2017 to March 2020. All patients who underwent arthroscopic meniscal repair and completed both preoperative and postoperative PROMs were included in the analysis. MCID and PASS were calculated via half the standard deviation of the delta PRO change from baseline (for International Knee Documentation Committee Score [IKDC]) and via anchor-based methodology (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS] subscales). Results Sixty patients were included in the final analysis. The established MCID threshold values were 10.9 for IKDC, 12.3 for KOOS Symptoms, 11.8 for KOOS Pain, 11.4 for KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL), 16.7 for KOOS Sport, and 16.9 for KOOS Quality of Life (QoL). Postoperative scores greater than the following values corresponded to the PASS: 69.0 for IKDC, 75.0 for KOOS Symptoms, 80.6 for KOOS Pain, 92.7 for KOOS ADL, 80.0 for KOOS Sport, and 56.3 for KOOS QoL. Higher preoperative PRO scores were associated with lower likelihood of achieving MCID. Concomitant ligament procedures were associated with a higher likelihood of achieving PASS. Tears to both menisci were associated with decreased likelihood of achieving MCID and PASS for IKDC. Horizontal tears were associated with decreased likelihood of achieving PASS for IKDC and KOOS. Complex tears were associated with decreased likelihood of achieving MCID for KOOS. Conclusion Clinically meaningful outcomes such as MCID and PASS were established for meniscal repair surgery using selected PROMs for IKDC and KOOS subscales. Variables more likely to be associated with achieving these outcomes include lower preoperative PRO score and concomitant ligament procedure, whereas higher preoperative PRO score, tearing of both medial and lateral menisci, and horizontal and complex tear classifications were associated with decreased likelihood of achieving these outcomes. Level of Evidence IV, retrospective case series.
Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study of Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Response to Stress

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems, including increases in inflammatory and sympathetic function, responsible for maintenance of symptoms. Treatment options including medications and psychotherapies have limitations. We previously showed that transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tcVNS) blocks inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-6) responses to stress in PTSD. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of tcVNS on PTSD symptoms and inflammatory responses to stress. Methods Twenty patients with PTSD were randomized to double blind active tcVNS (N=9) or sham (N=11) stimulation in conjunction with exposure to personalized traumatic scripts immediately followed by active or sham tcVNS and measurement of IL-6 and other biomarkers of inflammation. Patients then self administered active or sham tcVNS twice daily for three months. PTSD symptoms were measured with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), clinical improvement with the Clinical Global Index (CGI) and anxiety with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) at baseline and one-month intervals followed by a repeat of measurement of biomarkers with traumatic scripts. After three months patients self treated with twice daily open label active tcVNS for another three months followed by assessment with the CGI. Results Traumatic scripts increased IL-6 in PTSD patients, an effect that was blocked by tcVNS (p<.05). Active tcVNS treatment for three months resulted in a 31% greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to sham treatment as measured by the PCL (p=0.013) as well as hyperarousal symptoms and somatic anxiety measured with the Ham-A p<0.05). IL-6 increased from baseline in sham but not tcVNS. Open label tcVNS resulted in improvements measured with the CGI compared to the sham treatment period p<0.05). Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that tcVNS reduces inflammatory responses to stress, which may in part underlie beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms.
Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospitalization in COVID-19 patients.

Abstract Background Ecological evidence suggests that exposure to air pollution affects coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. However, no individual-level study has confirmed the association to date. Methods We identified COVID-19 patients diagnosed at the University of Cincinnati hospitals and clinics and estimated particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) exposure over a 10-year period (2008–2017) at their residential zip codes. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between PM2.5 exposure and hospitalizations for COVID-19, adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and comorbidities. Results Among the 1128 patients included in our study, the mean (standard deviation) PM2.5 was 11.34 (0.70) μg/m3 for the 10-year average exposure and 13.83 (1.03) μg/m3 for the 10-year maximal exposures. The association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and hospitalization for COVID-19 was contingent upon having pre-existing asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) (Pinteraction = 0.030 for average PM2.5 and Pinteraction = 0.001 for maximal PM2.5). In COVID-19 patients with asthma or COPD, the odds of hospitalization were 62% higher with 1 μg/m3 increment in 10-year average PM2.5 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–2.64) and 65% higher with 1 μg/m3 increase in 10-year maximal PM2.5 levels (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.16–2.35). However, among COVID-19 patients without asthma or COPD, PM2.5 exposure was not associated with higher hospitalizations (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.65–1.09 for average PM2.5 and OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65–0.95 for maximal PM2.5). Conclusions Long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with higher odds of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing asthma or COPD.
Solaris: A unisex solar-powered jacket for the day hiker

The power source of portable consumer electronics are typically designed with a limited life-span; however, integration of flexible solar cells into apparel can provide off-grid renewable power for such devices. Solar-powered garments are potentially useful to a range of individuals from the recreational outdoor market to those in the safety industry. Flexible solar panels have been successfully integrated into fashion accessories such as backpacks and hats. However, only a few solar-powered apparel products exist in the marketplace today, due to challenges of apparel manufacturing and sizing (Roston & Bhasin, 2016). Design research is needed not only for the functional integration of flexible solar cells in a garment, but also on how to integrate them into apparel in a manner consistent with consumerâ€™s expressive and aesthetic needs (Hwang, Chung, & Sanders, 2016; Sanders et al. 2012). The purpose of this project was to design a mass-producible solar-powered garment that would meet consumersâ€™ functional, aesthetic and expressive needs. The FEA framework (Lamb & Kallal) was useful in guiding design processes, techniques, and execution to form a cohesive final product integrating the functional electrical component requirements of solar-energy harvesting along with consumersâ€™ functional, expressive, and aesthetic needs. In the consumer market, smart apparel must remain visually attractive and enhance the wearerâ€™s appearance; to be commercially successful. We successfully integrated flexible solar cells into an aesthetically-pleasing and functional jacket, and generated energy to power electronic devices.
Effect of alloying with Sc, Nb and Zr on reduction-diffusion synthesis of magnetically hard Sm(Fe,Co,Ti)12-based monocrystalline powders

Abstract Powders of Sm(Fe,Co)11.2Ti0.8 alloys modified with Sc, Nb and Zr, as well as with additional Ti were prepared by reducing mechanically activated raw oxides with Ca metal in the furnace preheated to 990–1250 °C. Expansion of the crystal lattice upon introduction of Nb or additional Ti implies that atoms of these elements replace the smaller Fe atoms in the tetragonal ThMn12-type structure. On the other hand, contraction of the lattice upon introduction of Sc or Zr was smaller than what was expected for replacement of the Sm atoms, which suggests that the Sc and Zr atoms replace both the Sm and Fe atoms. Washing away the reduction byproducts expands the crystal lattice of the 1:12 particles and increases their coercivity. The lattice expansion associated with the washing is believed to be caused by interstitial H atoms; more research, however, is needed to establish the mechanism(s) of the washing effect on the coercivity. The earlier reported development of a high coercivity in zirconium-modified monocrystalline particles achieved by increasing the reduction annealing temperature to ≈1200 °C was similarly characteristic of the particles modified with Sc (the coercivity reaches 11.5 kOe) and Nb (8.1 kOe), but not for the particles prepared with additional Ti where the maximum coercivity of 8.3 kOe develops for a lower annealing temperature. It is concluded that Sc, Nb and Zr modify the high-temperature phase equilibria of the Sm(Fe,Co)11.2Ti0.8 alloys allowing for an effective high-temperature processing, whereas the alloy coercivity increases with the synthesis temperature through a different, still unknown mechanism which may involve suppression of the defects specific to the 1:12 crystals.
Development of ecosystem structure and function on reforested surface-mined lands in the Central Appalachian Coal Basin of the United States

Surface mining in the Appalachian Coal Basin drastically disturbs the landscape. Post-mining reforestation efforts have reached reliable tree survivability and growth; however, it is unclear whether these reforestation efforts also restore the ecological functions associated with the native forest ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to quantify the rate at which certain key ecosystem functions return to the landscape, and to relate the development of those functions to structural attributes of the ecosystem. A chronosequence of four reclaimed and reforested stands (ages 5, 11, 21 and 30 years) and unmined reference stands representing pre-mining conditions, were identified on the Appalachian Plateau in southwestern Virginia. Total soil nitrogen (N) and component (mineral soil, forest floor, root, and aboveground biomass) ecosystem carbon (C) pools were quantified. Throughout the growing season, monthly samples for soil gas fluxes [i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)], available inorganic-N [nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +)], and total and active microbial biomass were measured. As expected, soil organic C (SOC) and total ecosystem C returned to the mined landscape, although at levels still less than half of the unmined reference after 30 years. Ecosystem C accumulation was significantly correlated with soil N (r = 0.80; p = 0.0003) as well as total and active microbial biomass (r = 0.92; p = <0.0001 and r = 0.86; p = <0.0001, respectively). Surprisingly, available inorganic-N and gas fluxes of CO2 and N2O showed no significant differences among any of the mined and unmined stands; however, the reforested mined soils showed a significantly diminished capacity for CH4 uptake, where upland soils typically represent the largest global biogenic sink of atmospheric CH4. Thus, although many ecosystem components (e.g., forest and microbial biomass) and functions (e.g., N cycling), rapidly returned to the reclaimed landscape, some critical ecosystem functions (e.g., methanotrophy) exhibited a fundamentally different rate of return, if present at all. Our results indicate that reforestation of native hardwoods on reclaimed surface mined lands is largely successful at restoring many ecosystem functions, but that certain functional attributes are decoupled from the observed redevelopment of ecosystem structure. Thus, reforestation and forest ecosystem restoration are not necessarily the same thing, and a better understanding of potential disconnects between the two concepts can be critical in guiding both the science and the practice into the future.
Genetic algorithms and fuzzy theory for optimization and control of food processes

Abstract Genetic Algorithms are search algorithms seeking improved (optimized) performance by mimicking the mechanics of natural selection and genetics. Fuzzy set theory imitates the human way of judging by using linguistic descriptions and criteria. A combination of the two methods may assist the optimization and on-line control of food processes. The structure of Genetic Algorithms and the way optimization is implemented through them are presented. Emphasis is placed on classifier systems. Furthermore, fuzzy set theory and its applications in fuzzy control are discussed. The important aspects of combining the two methods (Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Control) for simultaneous optimization and control of food processes are investigated. Some potential applications in the food industry are briefly discussed.
Al-NiTi Metal Matrix Composites for Zero CTE Materials: Fabrication, Design, and Modeling

Al-NiTi composites fabricated via ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) provide a light-weight solution for low thermal expansion applications. It is shown that the thermal expansion of Al 6061 can be reduced by over 50% by incorporating a 13% volume fraction of NiTi fibers. This reduction in thermal expansion occurs from the contraction of the NiTi fiber during heating, thereby offsetting the thermal expansion of the Al matrix. Al-NiTi composites are made possible by low temperature UAM process. Successful implementation of these composites requires a careful design approach that includes the processing characteristics as well as the thermo-mechanical response of the shape memory fibers and matrix. This is achieved using a NiTi microstructure based FEA model implemented that captures the underlying thermomechanical response of the NiTi fibers and calculates the complex stress state within the composite.
Charisma and Myth

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Raphael Falco Year: 2010 Pages: 224 Publisher: Continuum ISBN: 9780826433657 (hard cover).
A Market for Air Traffic Flow Management

The two somewhat conflicting requirements of efficiency and fairness make ATFM an unsatisfactorily solved problem, despite its overwhelming importance. In this paper, we present an economics motivated solution that is based on the notion of a free market. Our contention is that in fact the airlines themselves are the best judge of how to achieve efficiency and our market-based solution gives them the ability to pay, at the going rate, to buy away the desired amount of delay on a per flight basis. The issue of fairness is simply finessed away by our solution – whoever pays gets smaller delays. We show how our solution has the potential of enabling travelers from a large spectrum of affordability and punctuality requirements to achieve an end that is most desirable to them. Our market model is particularly simple, requiring only one parameter per flight from the airline company. Furthermore, we show that it admits a combinatorial, strongly polynomial algorithm for computing an equilibrium landing schedule and prices.
Analogs of parasympathetic neuroeffectors—II: Comparative pharmacological studies of acetylcholine, its thio and seleno analogs, and their hydrolysis products

Abstract Acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine exert acetylcholine-like effects on the guinea pig ileum and frog rectus abdominis preparations. With the latter preparation, responses to acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine, in contrast to that to acetylcholine, are not enhanced by the addition of an anticholinesterase. This is attributable to the relatively high activity of the hydrolysis products, cholinethiol and cholineselenol; acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine undergo enzymatic hydrolysis at approximately the same rate as does acetylcholine. The hydrolysis products of acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine, which have effects on the guinea pig ileum comparable to those of the parent esters, are readily oxidized in air to the relatively inactive eholine disulfide and choline diselenide, respectively. These observations are helpful in explaining many of the apparently contradictory statements in the literature regarding the actions of acetylthiocholine.
Modified steroid hormones—XLIX

Abstract The preparation of some 7α- and 7β-methyl-6-oxo-3α,5α-cyclosteroids via 7-methylene intermediates is described.
Radiative transfer modeling of the OI 135.6 nm emission in the nighttime ionosphere

Remote sensing of the nighttime OI 135.6-nm emissions has been a widely used method for measuring the F-region ionospheric plasma. In this work, we first develop a comprehensive radiative transfer model from first principles to investigate the effects of different physical processes on the production and transport of the 135.6-nm photons in the ionosphere, and then propose a new approach for estimating electron densities from the nightglow. The forward modeling investigation indicates that under certain conditions mutual neutralization can contribute up to ∼38% of the total production of the nighttime 135.6-nm emissions. Moreover, depending on the ionospheric conditions, resonant scattering by atomic oxygen and pure absorption by oxygen molecules can reduce the limb brightness observed by satellite-borne instuments by up to ∼40% while enhancing the brightness viewing in the nadir direction by typically ∼25%. Further analysis shows that without properly addressing these effects in the inversion process, the peak electron density in the F-region (NmF2) obtained using limb observations can be overestimated by up to ∼24%. For accurate estimation of the ionospheric electron density, we develop a new type of inverse model that accounts for the effects of mutual neutralization, resonant scattering, and pure absorption. This inversion method requires the knowledge of O and O2 densities in order to solve the radiative transfer equations. Application of the inverse model to the nighttime ionosphere in the noiseless cases demonstrates that the electron density can be accurately quantified with only ∼1% error in Nmf2 and Hmf2.
Senior-level embedded system design project using FPGAs

There is a growing need to provide students with meaningful system-level design (SLD) experiences at the undergraduate level. Relevant SLD skills include the ability to integrate IP from third-party providers, create reusable IP (including appropriate documentation), partition system functionality between software and hardware, and properly integrate real-time functions within an operating system. A senior SLD project was created to provide such an experience for undergraduate students. With cooperation from Xilinx corporation, this single semester course provides students the opportunity to learn SLD skills by creating a single-chip multimedia computer system using FPGAs. Students in this class integrate custom IP and third-party IP into a PowerPC-based system within a single FPGA device. The final product is a real-time multimedia computer system providing both audio and video services. This paper describes the SLD course, beginning by outlining its goals and requirements. Next, the hardware and software infrastructure used by the project is described. Finally, the class schedule is reviewed.
The effects of accounting knowledge on the omission of value added information in wealth measurement and distribution decisions

Purpose – This study aims to examine whether accounting knowledge is associated with a decision maker's tendency to ignore value added information in wealth measurement and distribution decisions.Design/methodology/approach – A between‐subjects laboratory experiment was employed. Subjects prepared accounting reports that measured and distributed an entity's wealth based upon given accounting data. Accounting knowledge was measured as: a discrete variable by classifying subjects into high‐, low‐ and no‐accounting knowledge groups, and a continuous variable by classifying subjects on the number of accounting courses completed.Findings – Findings provide empirical evidence that high levels of accounting knowledge interferes with a decision maker's ability to incorporate value added information (versus accounting profit) in wealth measurement and distribution decisions.Research limitations/implications – This experiment used subjects from the USA where the production and disclosure of a value added report is ...
Rigor in cross-cultural nursing research

With the increasing number of cross-cultural nursing studies, many scholars have suggested methods for conducting cross-cultural research. However, rigor in cross-cultural research has rarely been addressed. In this paper, five evaluation criteria for rigor in cross-cultural nursing research are proposed based on a review of the literature related to cross-cultural research published from 1965 to 2003. The proposed evaluation criteria include: (a) cultural relevance; (b) contextuality; (c) appropriateness; (d) mutual respect; and (e) flexibility. We advocate that these evaluation criteria be used to ensure rigor of cross-cultural nursing research, whether quantitative or qualitative work.
LPS Activation of bone marrow natural suppressor cells

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhosa was injected into C57B1/6 mice and the effect on bone marrow (BM) natural suppressor (NS) cell activity was examined. It was shown that injection of LPS, as low as 0.01 μg/g body weight, could enhance BM NS activity. The enhanced activity was apparent 24 hr postinjection, and returned to normal by Day 5. It was necessary to show that the enhanced suppression displayed characteristics of NS cells. The suppressor cell is Thy negative and can be found in low density Percoll fractions. Suppression was dependent upon interferon-γ and could be augmented by lymphokines that were contained in the supernatant of TH 2 helper cell. The data suggest that BM NS activity may be influenced in vivo during gram-negative sepsis.
Automatic generation of software pipelines for heterogeneous parallel systems

Pipelining is a well-known approach to increasing parallelism and performance. We address the problem of software pipelining for heterogeneous parallel platforms that consist of different multi-core and many-core processing units. In this context, pipelining involves two key steps -- partitioning an application into stages and mapping and scheduling the stages onto the processing units of the heterogeneous platform. We show that the inter-dependency between these steps is a critical challenge that must be addressed in order to achieve high performance. We propose an Automatic Heterogeneous Pipelining framework (AHP) that generates an optimized pipelined implementation of a program from an annotated unpipelined specification. Across three complex applications (image classification, object detection, and document retrieval) and two heterogeneous platforms (Intel Xeon multi-core CPUs with Intel MIC and NVIDIA GPGPU accelerators), AHP achieves a throughput improvement of up to 1.53x (1.37x on average) over a heterogeneous baseline that exploits data and task parallelism.
The action of erythropoietin is mediated by lipoxygenase metabolites in murine fetal liver cells

Summary Erythroid progenitor cells synthesize 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) when stimulated by erythropoietin (Ep). Maximal stimulation of 12-HETE production occurred at one hour, whereas 15-HETE activity remained constant in response to Ep for 24 hours. Lipoxygenase-selective inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism blocked HETE production and Ep-stimulated growth and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cell-derived colonies (CFU-E). On the other hand, specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (aspirin and meclofenamate) did not significantly inhibit Ep-induced erythroid colony formation. It is hypothesized that the stimulation of HETE production from arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential step in the mechanism of action of Ep.
WITHDRAWN: Employee Retention and Turnover in Child Welfare: A Qualitative Study of 369 Child Welfare Professionals’ Perspectives about Factors Contributing to Employee Retention and Turnover

Available online 7 July 2008 The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Children and Youth Services Review 29 (2007) 264–281, doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.07.005 . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
Probing the Frontiers of Glycoprotein Synthesis: The Fully Elaborated β‐Subunit of the Human Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone

The human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) belongs to a family of hormones responsible for the maintenance of essential reproductive processes (gonadotropins).[1] FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary, and the binding of FSH to its receptor stimulates the maturation of follicles and the production of estrogen in females, and maintains spermatogenesis in males.[2] Consequently, FSH is clinically used in the treatment of anovulatory disorders associated with infertility.[3] Administration is usually in the form of subcutaneous injections, often once a day, over prolonged periods of time. Side effects of this treatment range from allergic reactions and nausea, to mood swings and fatigue.[4] Presently, FSH is mainly derived from recombinant technologies, specifically, from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.[5] The material so obtained is a complex mixture of hormone glycoforms, i.e. highly heterogeneous vis-a-vis the carbohydrates on the peptide backbone.[6] In normal adult humans, the FSH receptor (FSH-R) is expressed only on the ovarian granulosa cells of females and the testicular Sertoli cells of males. However, in a recent discovery it was found that the FSH-R is ubiquitously expressed on the endothelial cells of the peripheries of the tumors of the breast, prostrate, colon, pancreas, kidney, stomach, testis and ovary.[7] Earlier studies in mice have indicated that the effect of FSH on the growth of tumors is at least as potent as that of epidermal growth factor (EGF).[8] Although there was a concentration dependency of this effect, what might be an interesting study of the relative roles of the various glycoforms is presently stymied by the unavailability of homogeneous forms of FSH.
Factors determining ion exchange selectivity—I high temperature phases formed by α-zirconium phosphate and its sodium and potassium exchanged forms☆

Abstract The phases formed at elevated temperatures by α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) and its partially exchanged sodium and potassium ion phases have been determined by a combination of thermal and X-ray methods. α-ZrP converts to ζ-ZrP without water loss at 105–115°C. At somewhat higher temperatures one mole of water is lost followed by conversion of ζ-ZrP to ν-ZrP at ca . 230°C. Starting at 400–450° phosphate groups condense by split out of another mole of water. In the process a largely amorphous solid results. This in turn is converted to α-ZrP 2 O 7 at still higher temperatures. Two new partially sodium and potassium exchanged phases were discovered to form at elevated temperatures. The phases have the approximate compositions ZrNa 0·20 H 1·80 (PO 4 ) 2 and ZrNa 0·80 H 1·20 (PO 4 ) 2 and ZrK 0·16 H 1·84 (PO 4 ) 2 and ZrK 0·64 H 1·36 (PO 4 ) 2 in the sodium and potassium ion systems, respectively. The spontaneous disproportionation at room temperature of partially exchanged sodium and potassium ion phases into phases of lower and higher Na + or K + content indicates that ions can diffuse very readily throughout the crystal lattice. In the same context a new phase, λ-ZrP, was prepared by reaction of gaseous HCl with the cation exchanged zirconium phosphate phases.
The mediating role of psychological contract violation on the relations between psychological contract breach and work‐related attitudes and behaviors

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of psychological contract violation (PCV) as a mediating variable in the relations between psychological contract breach (PCB) and work‐related attitudes and behaviors. In addition, this study aims to expand the generalizability of psychological contract theories by examining service‐oriented employees rather than a population of managers as in most research on PCB., – A survey was administered to 196 service‐oriented employees working in the USA. Factor analyses (principal components, varimax rotation) were conducted on all the variables in the study to determine the factorial independence of the constructs. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the main effects and mediating hypotheses., – The findings are consistent with the proposed mediation model of the study. PCV was found to fully mediate the relations between PCB and job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intentions to quit, perceived organizational support, service delivery, service‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior, and participation service‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior. PCV was found to partially mediate the relation between PCB and loyalty service‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior. PCV was not found to mediate the relation between PCB and in‐role job performance., – The use of a cross‐sectional non‐experimental design does not allow for definitive conclusions regarding causality and there is a possibility that the results may be influenced by common method variance., – Managers need to carefully consider and manage the psychological contracts of their subordinates from a cognitive perspective (PCB) and an affective perspective (PCV)., – The paper empirically examines the PCB‐PCV Outcomes model using a sample of service‐oriented employees.
Envisioning experience: the potential of picture books

The reading of picture books contributes to the development of language skills and literacy. The visual content of the books helps to develop these skills but also enhances the effect of the text, develops children's aesthetic understanding, and provokes emotional response. By studying children who regularly use picture books in classrooms, Barbara Kiefer develops a framework for understanding children's responses to picture books and observes the growth of cognitive and aesthetic responses. Her findings have implications for illustrators, publishers, educators, and librarians.
Ethnicity and the grief response: Mexican American versus Anglo American college students.

Responses of 39 Mexican American college students were compared with those of 61 Anglo students via the Grief Experience Inventory. All participants had experienced, within the prior 2 years, the death of an individual they regarded as "close."In comparisons of ethnic groups, significant differences were found on two scales: Loss of Control and Somatization. The Mexican American sample had higher scores on both scales. While significant gender-related differences were found on three scales, no interactions between ethnicity and gender were found.
Developmental isolation and subsequent adult behavior of Drosophila paulistorum. III. Alternative rearing.

We have been utilizing membres of theDrosophila paulistorum complex of semispecies to study the development of adult discriminatory behavior. In this study, three rearing methods were used to examine the effects of previous exposure to heterosemispecifics on reproductive isolation among the various semispecies. Experimental flies were exposed to heterosemispecifics by one of three methods: exposure to airborne heterosemispecific stimuli from egg through sexual maturity, physical contact with heterosemispecifics only during the postimaginal period, and mixed culturing (total physical contact with heterosemispecific individuals during each of five preimaginal stages). Effects of the first treatment varied with semispecies. The second treatment had no significant effect on mating behavior. The third treatment of mixed culturing reinforced sexual isolation.
Chemically treated alfalfa : lignin composition and in situ disappearance of neutral detergent fiber components

Abstract The effect or effects of varying levels of alkali (NaOH) or oxidant (NaClO 2 ) on composition of alfalfa and in situ disappearance of OM, NDF, and NDF monosaccharides were determined. Three field replicates of fourth-cutting alfalfa (early and late bud) were treated at harvest with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8g of NaOH or NaClO 2 /100g of herbage DM. Herbage was hand cut (15-cm stubble height), hand sprayed, and artificially dried (50°C). Alkali treatment linearly increased NDF, crude hemicellulose, and NDF N but decreased CP. Quantity or composition of lignin was not altered consistently by NaOH treatment. Glucose concentration was lowered as a result of NaOH treatment. Oxidant linearly decreased NDF, lignin, ADF N, CP, and concentration of lignin nitrobenzene oxidation products. Alkali and oxidant treatment linearly increased in situ disappearance of OM and NDR NaOH tended to increase xylose disappearance, whereas NaClO 2 tended to increase glucose disappearance. Both treatments increased arabinose disappearance. Alkali and oxidant had divergent effects on fiber and lignin composition, yet both types of treatment increased potential disappearance of NDF. Disappearance of NDF in chemically treated alfalfa may not be related to quantity or composition of lignin.
Interrelatedness of 5S RNA sequences investigated by correspondence analysis.

Correspondence analysis (a form of multivariate statistics) applied to 74 5S ribosomal RNA sequences indicates that the sequences are interrelated in a systematic, nonrandom fashion. Aligned sequences are represented as vectors in a 5N-dimensional space, where N is the number of base positions in the 5S RNA molecule. Mutually orthogonal directions (called factor axes) along which intersequence variance is greatest are defined in this hyperspace. Projection of the sequences onto planes defined by these factorial directions reveals clustering of species that is suggestive of phylogenetic relationships. For each factorial direction, correspondence analysis points to regions of “importance”, i.e., those base positions at which the systematic changes occur that define that particular direction. In effect, the technique provides a rapid determination of group-specific signatures. In several instances, similarities between sequences are indicated that have only recently been inferred from visual base-to-base comparisons. These results suggest that correspondence analysis may provide a valuable starting point from which to uncover the patterns of change underlying the evolution of a macromolecule, such as 5S RNA.
Caveolae as portals of entry for microbes

Many pathogens, including many traditionally extracellular microbes, now appear capable of entry into host cells with limited loss of viability. A portal of entry shared by some bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses and parasites are caveolae (or lipid rafts), which are involved in the import and intracellular translocation of macromolecules in host cells. A requirement for caveolae-mediated endocytosis of microbes appears to be that the respective receptor is a constituent of caveolae or must move to caveolae following ligation.
Practices and attitudes about cathode-ray tube-based and film-based image interpretation.

A questionnaire was mailed to 708 practicing radiologists and 348 members of the Society for Computer applications in Radiology (SCAR) in order to evaluate current practices and attitudes regarding the perceived advantages or disadvantages of film- and CRT-based image interpretation. A total of 27% of the 1,056 questionnaires (137 practicing radiologists; 145 SCAR members were returned. Ninety percent of practicing radiologists used film at least 75% of the time. Advantages of film-based reading listed by more than 75% of the respondents included: film reading is faster, and facilitates viewing multiple images. Advantages of CRT-based reading included: access to the entire dynamic range and potential image processing. Desirable attributes of existing displays included: adjustable grey scale, magnification, ability to view multiple images, allow quick review, and viewing by several individuals. Valued potential advances included: multiple higher resolution monitors, image processing and multimodality display. Practicing radiologists and computer applications society members had similar attitudes. Film-based reading is still nearly universal, but radiologists are interested in CRT-based reading if such devices have the proper features and become more available.
Microbial genomic analysis reveals the essential role of inflammation in bacteria-induced colorectal cancer

Enterobacteria, especially Escherichia coli, are abundant in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it is unclear whether cancer is promoted by inflammation-induced expansion of E. coli and/or changes in expression of specific microbial genes. Here we use longitudinal (2, 12 and 20 weeks) 16S rRNA sequencing of luminal microbiota from ex-germ-free mice to show that inflamed Il10(-/-) mice maintain a higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae than healthy wild-type mice. Experiments with mono-colonized Il10(-/-) mice reveal that host inflammation is necessary for E. coli cancer-promoting activity. RNA-sequence analysis indicates significant changes in E. coli gene catalogue in Il10(-/-) mice, with changes mostly driven by adaptation to the intestinal environment. Expression of specific genes present in the tumour-promoting E. coli pks island are modulated by inflammation/CRC development. Thus, progression of inflammation in Il10(-/-) mice supports Enterobacteriaceae and alters a small subset of microbial genes important for tumour development.
Adsorption of light hydrocarbons on liquid-modified adsorbents

Abstract Adsorption isotherms of propane and butane were determined at three temperatures on a graphitized carbon black adsorbent (Carbopack C) both uncoated and coated with 0.2% Carbowax 1500. In addition, the specific retention volumes of each alkane were determined as a function of the amount of the other alkane adsorbed on the normal and liquid-modified surfaces. The equilibrium isotherms for both alkanes on the liquid modified adsorbent were almost linear, but segmented into two distinct regions. The low-pressure adsorption was postulated to be adsorption on the portion of the solid not covered by the polymeric modifier. At higher pressures, adsorption occurred on the preadsorbed adsorbate and/or the polymer itself. Cooperative adsorption caused by lateral interactions on the surface was observed for both propane and butane on the uncoated adsorbent, and a similar effect between adsorbate and liquid modifier was used to explain the adsorption data for liquid-modified adsorbent. In general, the effects of volatile and nonvolatile modifiers on the adsorptive properties of a surface are similar and involve concurrent cooperative and competitive adsorption processes. However, volatile modifiers provide much more flexibility and greater potential for control of the physical and chemical activity of adsorbents and catalysts.
Electron spin relaxation in semiconducting carbon nanotubes: The role of hyperfine interaction

A theory of electron spin relaxation in semiconducting carbon nanotubes is developed based on the hyperfine interaction with disordered nuclei spins $I=1∕2$ of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ isotopes. It is shown that strong radial confinement of electrons enhances the electron-nuclear overlap and subsequently electron spin relaxation (via the hyperfine interaction) in the carbon nanotubes. The analysis also reveals an unusual temperature dependence of longitudinal (spin-flip) and transversal (dephasing) relaxation times: the relaxation becomes weaker with the increasing temperature as a consequence of the particularities in the electron density of states inherent in one-dimensional structures. Numerical estimations indicate relatively high efficiency of this relaxation mechanism compared to the similar processes in bulk diamond. However, the anticipated spin relaxation time of the order of $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ in carbon nanotubes is still much longer than those found in conventional semiconductor structures. Moreover, it is found that the curvature effect and subsequent rehybridization of $s$ and $p$ orbitals in ultrathin nanotubes may significantly impact the electron spin relaxation leading to its further suppression at certain dimensions.
Moral Perspective and the Cycles of Jacksonian History

It is not surprising that an era that saw the creation of much of the America that we know—its mass political parties, sustained capitalist growth, individualistic creed, modern labor, feminist and moral reform movements, and formalized racism—witnessed intense moral controversy. The Jacksonian period posed in its starkest form what Edmund S. Morgan has called the central “paradox” of American history—the “marriage” of slavery and freedom, each of them expanding by leaps and bounds, each doing so increasingly within its own sphere. This was a time when many Americans were seized, as never before, with an intensely self-seeking and accumulating spirit. It was also a period when Americans' collective national mission, suffused with benevolent dreams of “righteous liberty and opportunity that would surpass all worldly limits,” was frequently invoked, sometimes in support of the claims of interest and law, and other times in ways that challenged authority justified purely in terms of selfish interest, positivistic application of the law, or coercive force. All this is to say that in the epoch from the end of the War of 1812 to the eve of the Civil War, moral dispute among different groups of Americans—parties and factions, classes, races and the national minorities, vested and emerging interests, masters and slaves, men and women—was often ferocious.
Covalent heme binding to CYP4B1 via Glu310 and a carbocation porphyrin intermediate.

Recently we found that CYP4B1, and several other members of the CYP4 family of enzymes, are covalently linked to their prosthetic heme group through an ester linkage. In the current study, we mutated a conserved CYP4 I-helix residue, E310 in rabbit CYP4B1, to glycine, alanine, and aspartate to examine the effect of these mutations on the extent of covalent heme binding and catalysis. All mutants expressed well in insect cells and were isolated as a mixture of monomeric and dimeric forms as determined by LC/ESI-MS of the intact proteins. Rates of metabolism decreased in the order E310 > A310 ≫ G310 > D310, with the A310 and G310 mutants exhibiting alterations in regioselectivity for ω-1 and ω-2 hydroxylation of lauric acid, respectively. In marked contrast to the wild-type E310 enzyme, the G310, A310, and D310 mutants did not bind heme covalently. Uniquely, the acid-dissociable heme obtained from the D310 mutant contained an additional 16 amu relative to heme and exhibited the same chromatographic behavior...
Laboratory adaptation of an indigenous Braconid parasite to the face fly.

A laboratory colony of the braconid palasite Aphaereta pallipes (Say) capable of utilizing the face fly, Musca Autumnalis De Geer, as a host was developed by subjecting the abnormal host to oviposition through 27 generations. Average parasitism during the experiment was 45.4%, and average natural emergence was 8.1%. Highest parasitism, 90.4%, occurred during the 13th generation, and highest rate of natural emergence of adult parasites from the hard, calcareous face fly pup aria, 29.3%, occurred in the 18th generation. Genetic variability was low in the parent stock, and the colony declined in rate of parasitism on the face fly and in ability to break out of the hard puparia of the host.
Nanostructured soluble conducting polyaniline produced by emulsion polymerization

Abstract Conducting polymers, such as the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline, have many industrial applications due to high conductivity and environmental stability. However, the traditional method of synthesis yields an insoluble powder that is difficult to process. Here, an emulsion synthesis is used to produce a soluble conducting form of polyaniline and the effects of both dopant and oxidant on material conductivity are investigated. The results of this study suggest improvements in the emulsion polymerization pathway, as well as provide a way to predict conductivity of synthesized conductive PANi using multiple linear regression analysis. A model is suggested taking into account both the dopant and oxidant variables, which have been shown to have a significant effect on the overall conductivity of the material.
Interactions of the human telomere sequence with the nanocavity of the α-hemolysin ion channel reveal structure-dependent electrical signatures for hybrid folds.

Human telomeric DNA consists of tandem repeats of the sequence 5′-TTAGGG-3′, including a 3′ terminal single-stranded overhang of 100–200 nucleotides that can fold into quadruplex structures in the presence of suitable metal ions. In the presence of an applied voltage, the α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein ion channel can produce unique current patterns that are found to be characteristic for various interactions between G-quadruplexes and the protein nanocavity. In this study, the human telomere in a complete sequence context, 5′-TAGGG(TTAGGG)3TT-3′, was evaluated with respect to its multiple folding topologies. Notably, the coexistence of two interchangeable conformations of the K+-induced folds, hybrid-1 and hybrid-2, were readily resolved at a single-molecule level along with triplex folding intermediates, whose characterization has been challenging in experiments that measure the bulk solution. These results enabled us to profile the thermal denaturation process of these structures to elucidate the relative ...
Research on combustion of black-liquor drops

Black liquor, the major by-product of the kraft process for production of pulp, is one of the most important industrial fuels. It is burned in recovery boilers in the form of large spray drops (mm), with the objective of simultaneous recovery of heat and chemicals (sodium and sulfur). Even though black-liquor combustion in boilers has been practiced for over half a century, research efforts toward improvement of combustion efficiency and abatement of environmental emissions are much more recent. The present paper addresses a specific aspect of that research, namely, elucidation of processes which occur during combustion of black-liquor drops in boiler-gas streams. The paper (a) gives a brief description of the kraft process, (b) reviews the experimental and theoretical (modeling) research advances on combustion of kraft-liquor drops during the 1980s and 1990s, (c) reexamines the results of an earlier combustion study in which black-liquor drops were observed in free flight at temperatures near those in recovery boilers, and (d) recommends input for the modeling of in-flight combustion of kraft-liquor drops in recovery boilers.