cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gossypol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro

4727 Background: Resistance to apoptosis is one of the major mechanisms through which cancer cells evade chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Bcl-2 and Bcl- xL have been shown to induce anti- apoptosis by heterodimerising with pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bad or Bax. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are over expressed in several cancers. Targeting these molecules may provide novel therapeutic options in fighting certain cancers. Gossypol, a non peptide small molecule has been shown to bind Bcl-xL and bcl-2 and induce cell death in certain adult cancer cell lines. The exact mechanism of cell death induced by gossypol or its effects on pediatric cancers has not been studied. Objective: To study the effects of (-) gossypol on rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro, delineate the mechanisms of gossypol induced cell death and to evaluate if (-) gossypol enhances chemotherapy induced cell death. Design/methods: Embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were cultured in DMEM overnight. Different concentrations of (-) gossypol dissolved in DMSO were added and analysis done after 24, 48 and 72 hours. DMSO and DMEM served as controls. Cell viability with MTT assay and analysis of proteins of interest using immunoflorescence staining and western blot were done. Data analysis and graphic presentation were done with microsoft excel. Materials: RH30 (alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line), RD2 (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line), (-) gossypol, DMSO, DMEM culture medium, 92, 12 , 6 wells and 20cm cell culture plates, cleaved caspase 3, 8 and 9 antibodies and MTT assays. Results: At a concentration of 5 micromolar, (-) gossypol inhibits cell proliferation and induces significant cell death as early as 24 hours post treatment. At a concentration of 10 micromolar, there is complete cell death at 72 hours post treatment. These effects are similar for both RH30 and RD2 cell lines. Cell death is via apoptosis as evidenced by caspase 3 cleavage. Controls with medium only and DMSO show continued cell propliferation with no significant cell death. Conclusion: (-) gossypol induces cell death in rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro. The effect of combined therapy with traditional chemotherapy needs further studies both in vitro and in vivo. If this effect is proven in vivo without significant adverse effects, gossypol has the potential to become an important component in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and other cancers that over express Bcl 2 family anti apoptotic proteins.
Simplifying Detection of Cognitive Impairment: Comparison of the Mini‐Cog and Mini‐Mental State Examination in a Multiethnic Sample

Objectives: To compare detection of cognitive impairment using the Mini-Cog and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and to identify sociodemographic variables that influence detection in an ethnoculturally diverse sample. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: A registry of the University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Satellite. Participants: A heterogeneous community sample (n=371) of predominantly ethnic minority elderly assessed using a standardized research protocol, 231 of whom met criteria for dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Measurements: Demographic data, a standardized research protocol for cognitive assessment and dementia diagnosis, MMSE, and Mini-Cog. Results: Both screens effectively detected cognitive impairment, the Mini-Cog slightly better than the MMSE (P<.01). Overall accuracy of classification was 83% for the Mini-Cog and 81% for the MMSE. The Mini-Cog was superior in recognizing patients with Alzheimer-type dementias (P=.05). Low education negatively affected detection using the MMSE (P<.001), whereas education did not affect the Mini-Cog, and low literacy minimally affected it. Conclusion: The Mini-Cog detects clinically significant cognitive impairment as well as or better than the MMSE in multiethnic elderly individuals, is easier to administer to non-English speakers, and is less biased by low education and literacy.
The language of sexual abuse: An exploratory lexical analysis

We sought to determine whether the psychological effects of sexual abuse systematically affect the language of abuse survivors. To accomplish this, we used a computerized lexical analysis system to compare the Rorschach responses of 30 female psychiatric inpatient abuse survivors with those of a matched group of female psychiatric inpatients with no abuse history. We then replicated the results in a holdout sample of 20 additional female inpatients. Our findings suggest that childhood sexual abuse has enduring and identifiable effects on the language of abuse survivors.
The Bradyrhizobium japonicum nolA gene and its involvement in the genotype-specific nodulation of soybeans.

Abstract Several soybean genotypes have been identified which specifically exclude nodulation by members of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123. We have identified and sequenced a DNA region from B. japonicum strain USDA 110 which is involved in genotype-specific nodulation of soybeans. This 2.3-kilobase region, cloned in pMJS12, allows B. japonicum serocluster 123 isolates to form nodules on plants of serogroup 123-restricting genotypes. The nodules, however, were ineffective for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The nodulation-complementing region is located approximately 590 base pairs transcriptionally downstream from nodD2. The 5' end of pMJS12 contains a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 710 base pairs, termed nolA. Transposon Tn3-HoHo mutations only within the ORF abolished nodulation complementation. The N terminus of the predicted nolA gene product has strong similarity with the N terminus of MerR, the regulator of mercury resistance genes. Translational lacZ fusion experiments indicated that nolA was moderately induced by soybean seed extract and the isoflavone genistein. Restriction fragments that hybridize to pMJS12 were detected in genomic DNAs from both nodulation-restricted and -unrestricted strains.
Cosmic-Ray Ionization as a Function of Pressure, Temperature, and Dimensions of the Ionization Chamber

Experiments have been performed to test the adequacy of the writer's explanation of the dependence upon pressure of the cosmic-ray ionization in gases at high pressures in terms of subsidiary radiations emitted solely from the walls of the ionization chamber. The ionization in a 436 cc sphere of 33.32 g mass located at the center of the 660 lb. bomb of 13.8 liters capacity used in previous experiments, was found not to differ greatly from the average ionization in the large chamber at corresponding pressures up to 175 atmospheres. At the higher pressures gamma-ray ionization and cosmic-ray ionization were found to vary with the pressure in the same manner. These facts are considered to be incompatible with the explanation mentioned above. The temperature effect was found to amount to 0.19 percent increase in ionization per centigrade degree increase in temperature at a mean pressure of 23.3 atmospheres, and 0.27 percent per degree at 162.1 atmospheres, in qualitative but not entirely in quantitative agreement with the theory and observations of Compton, Bennett and Stearns. The cosmic-ray ionization at 205 atmospheres in the shielded bomb was found to agree within about one percent with the upper limit previously observed in the same chamber with similar shielding at pressures between 130 and 170 atmospheres. Certain transient effects associated with changes in pressure and temperature were observed.
Hemoglobin formation in the chick embryo

Abstract Following a preliminary analysis of the hemoglobins of 7- and 11-day chick embryos and the adult fowl by paper electrophoresis, a quantitative evaluation of the relative concentrations of the two types of hemoglobin in chick embryos of progressive age was undertaken. There was found to be complete reversal in dominant types of hemoglobin during ontogeny of the chicken. The embryonic hemoglobin found in concentration of 84 per cent in the 5-day embryo was reduced during development to 28 per cent by the time of hatching. This amount is retained in the adult. The transition in hemoprotein concentrations did not parallel morphological changes in the red blood cell lines or sites of blood cell formation during the ontogeny of the chick. The progressive genetic expression of hemoglobin formation is considered to be carried through the changing hemopoietic foci during development.
Thinking with Numbers: An Informal Look

In response to a single question requiring simple arithmetic and consideration of a constraint 60% of 435 freshmen performed the correct calculation and 36% obtained the correct solution. More of the college students responded adequately than the 13-yr.-olds of a larger prior sample, but in both groups large percentages failed to appreciate the constraint and so did not give a correct solution.
Contribution of Failure Mechanisms to Crush Energy Absorption in a Composite Tube

The main energy absorbing mechanisms during quasi-static crush of a circular composite tube have been investigated using an axisymmetric finite element model. Failure mechanisms such as material failure, delamination, friction between plies and friction between a metallic initiator and the tube are explicitly represented in the model. A Design of Experiments (DOE) study is performed to estimate the contribution of each of these mechanisms on the total energy absorbed. The results confirmed that friction between the tube and the initiator was the dominant mechanism, representing approximately 50% of the total energy absorption. The delamination mechanism did not absorb significant amounts of energy, but the presence of delamination had a strong effect on the bending stiffness and the deformation of the tube, which in turn affected strongly the total energy absorbed. The results of this study not only provide a better understanding of tube crush behavior, but also guide the development of better models for ...
Forced thermal ratchets.

We consider a Brownian particle in a periodic potential under heavy damping. The second law forbids it from displaying any net drift speed, even if the symmetry of the potential is broken. But if the particle is subject to an external force having time correlations, detailed balance is lost and the particle can exhibit a nonzero net drift speed. Thus, broken symmetry and time correlations are sufficient ingredients for transport.
The lost ones: Post-gatekeeper border fictions and the construction of cultural trauma

In the wake of heightened border policing measures including Operation Gatekeeper (1994) and Operation Hold-the-Line (1993), and the subsequent escalating deaths of undocumented migrants crossing the border, writers including Ana Castillo, Reyna Grande, and Susan Straight have begun to narrate the deaths and disappearances of undocumented border crossers as a form of cultural trauma that fragments Latino and Mexican families and communities. Expanding the notion of the “disappeared” to take into account migrant disappearances at the border, these novels increasingly attend to the significance of absent bodies that interrupt narratives of belonging and identity. In assigning responsibility for cultural trauma, the novels condemn nativism, the demand for cheap and exploitable labor, and the institution of border enforcement initiatives that knowingly increase the possibility of migrant deaths, in an effort to bring attention to the human costs of inhumane border and immigration policies. But they also suggest the construction of collective identities based on a recognition and narration of the trauma caused by migration and disappearance.
The search for host genetic factors of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis in the post-genome era: Progress to date and new avenues for discovery

Though pursuit of host genetic factors that influence the pathogenesis of HIV began over two decades ago, progress has been slow. Initial genome-level searches for variations associated with HIV-related traits have yielded interesting candidates, but less in the way of novel pathways to be exploited for therapeutic targets. More recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that include different phenotypes, novel designs, and that have examined different population characteristics suggest novel targets and affirm the utility of additional searches. Recent findings from these GWAS are reviewed, new directions for research are identified, and the promise of systems biology to yield novel insights is discussed.
Demonstratives in Interaction: The emergence of a definite article in Finnish

This book concerns one of the paradigm examples of grammaticalization, the development of a definite article from a demonstrative determiner. Although standard written Finnish has no articles, the demonstrative se is currently emerging as a definite article in spoken Finnish. This book describes and explains the developing use of se based on a database consisting of spoken narratives from three different periods spanning the last one hundred years. The author proposes that the development from demonstrative to article has its roots in the way that speakers ordinarily use demonstratives in conversation, and provides an analysis of the use of se and the two other Finnish demonstratives, tama and tuo in a corpus of multi-party conversations, showing that speakers of Finnish use demonstratives to focus attention on important referents and to express and negotiate access to them in the interactive context of ongoing talk, and not primarily to talk about how near or far referents are. The development of se into a general marker of identifiability is shown to be connected with both the focusing function of demonstratives as well as its use for referents which the speaker considers accessible to the addressee.
Prediction of Thread Quality by Detection and Estimation of Tapping Faults

A method is proposed for predicting the internal thread height as a function of tapping process faults and relating it to the standardized thread quality tolerances. Based on the mechanistic tapping model [6], a method of estimating the magnitudes of the faults has been proposed. The effects of tap-hole axes misalignment and tap runout on thread height have been revealed by the mechanistic tapping process model. Based on this model and data obtained from the process estimated process fault values have been used to predict thread height and then predict thread pitch diameter. Using standard tolerances for pitch diameter an assessment of thread quality can then be made. Validation experiments have been run on several materials for different combinations of process faults. Results of thread measurements showed excellent correspondence with the model predictions.
90Y PET/CT quantitative accuracy and image quality

Purpose: To optimize 90Y-PET/CT image reconstruction for quantitative accuracy and optimal image quality. Methods : PET/CT scans of a NEMA IEC phantom (3GBq 90YCl2, sphere uptake ratio of ~7) were acquired on 4 GE (BGO:DSTE, DST & LYSO:DRX, D690) and 1 Siemens (LSO:mCT) scanners in 3D list mode with 30 min/bed; replayed to 20, 15, 10 min/bed. Iterative reconstruction parameters explored were SUB × IT (3 – 80) and post-reconstruction filters: transaxial: 5 – 25 mm cutoff & z-axis (GE only): std vs. heavy. The effects of PSF modeling and TOF correction were evaluated for D690 and mCT. VOIs were drawn inside spheres and in adjacent background regions. The accuracy of sphere activity concentration (AC in kBq/mL) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was calculated as function of SUB × IT. Reconstructed PET images were also evaluated qualitatively for sphere detectability and artifacts. Results: AC converged to 70 – 90% accuracy for 37 mm sphere and further degraded for smaller spheres. Spheres at max CNR might not reach AC convergence yet. Smaller spheres have slower convergence but reach CNR max together with other spheres. Scan duration did not strongly affect sphere convergence but shorter scans increased noise and reduced detectability; 13 mm spheres were not visible going from 30 to 15 min/bed. Heavy z-axis (GE) and transaxial filter with 10 – 15 mm cutoff helped suppress noise and increase sphere detectability at the expense of accuracy. Images with PSF+TOF corrections had higher sphere detectability and converged faster. Hot cluster artifacts 5 – 7 times the background were seen in some cases with SUB × IT near convergence and lower filtration. Conclusion : Accurate 90Y AC was not achieved even at convergence and noise is a major concern. 90YPET/CT reconstruction parameters are different than those for 18F and benefit substantially from PSF+TOF corrections. Optimum image quality and accurate AC may not be simultaneously achievable. ---------------------------------------- Cite this article as: Siman W, Mawlawi O, Kappadath SC. 90Y PET/CT quantitative accuracy and image quality. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020235. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.35
Domesticating nature?: Surveillance and conservation of migratory shorebirds in the “Atlantic Flyway”

Abstract Using a recent environmental controversy on the U.S. east coast over the conservation of red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) as a lens, I present a history of North American efforts to understand and conserve migratory shorebirds. Focusing on a few signal pieces of American legislation and their associated bureaucracies, I show the ways in which migratory wildlife have been thoroughly enrolled in efforts to quantify and protect their populations. Interactions between wildlife biologists and endangered species have been described by some scholars as “domestication”—a level of surveillance and intervention into nonhuman nature that constitutes a form of dependence. I pause to reflect on this historical trajectory, pointing out the breaks and continuities with older forms of natural history. Using the oft-mobilized Foucauldian metaphor of the panopticon as a foil, I question the utility and ethics of too-easily declaring “domesticated” wildlife an act of “biopower.” Instead, I argue that Jacob von Uexkull’s “umwelt” from early ecology and ethology, and more contemporary Science and Technology Studies (STS) analyses emphasizing multiple ontologies, offer more illuminating accounts of endangered species science. Neither science, conservation, nor history are well-served by the conflation of wildlife “surveillance” with the language of Foucauldian discipline.
Guaranteeing service rates for cell-based schedulers with a grouping architecture

Packet fair queueing (PFQ) algorithms are packetised versions of generalised processor sharing (GPS), which is an idealised fluid scheduling model with desirable properties in terms of delay bound and fairness. To support a large number of sessions with diverse bandwidth requirements, the grouping architecture, which is scalable, has been proposed to approximate PFQ algorithms. The authors analyse the relationship between the guaranteed service rates and utilisation for cell-based schedulers with the grouping architecture. Based on this analysis, call admission control (CAC) schemes are proposed to provide the guaranteed service rate for each session, and their performance is evaluated and compared in terms of computational complexity.
31-Nordihydrolanosterol, a Minor 4α-Methyl Sterol in Pollen of Taraxacum dens leonis

4α,14α-dimethyl-Δ8-cholesten-3β-01 (31-nordihydrolanosterol) has been identified by TLC, GLC and GLC-MS in the ester fraction of pollen from Taraxacum dens leonis.Its probable role in phytosterol biosynthesis is discussed.
Stress Among Caregivers of Hip Fracture Patients: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract In this longitudinal study of stress among caregivers of patients up to one year following hip fracture, scores on the Caregiver Strain Index (Robinson, 1983) declined overall from 2, 6, to 12-month follow-up. However, 2 of the 13 items were reported at increasing rates and caregiver strain increased by twelve-month follow-up among care-givers living with a patient who fell during the follow-up period. Recommendations for addressing modifiable factors associated with care-giver stress include promoting functioning in activities of daily living, medication monitoring and environmental modifications, addressing positive aspects of caregiving, plus further exploration of social supports and services for caregivers.
Cultivating the walled garden: English in Japan

(1999). Cultivating the walled garden: English in Japan. English Studies: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 556-568.
Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates

Advances in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) have improved survival after ischemic cardiac injury. Post-infarct structural and functional remodeling results in electrophysiologic substrates at risk for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MMVT). Characterization of this substrate using a variety of clinical and investigative tools has improved our understanding of MMVT circuits, and has accelerated the development of device and catheter-based therapies aimed at identification and elimination of this arrhythmia. This review will discuss the central role of the ischemic heart disease substrate in the development MMVT. Electrophysiologic characterization of the post-infarct myocardium using bipolar electrogram amplitudes to delineate scar border zones will be reviewed. Functional electrogram determinants of reentrant circuits such as isolated late potentials will be discussed. Strategies for catheter ablation of reentrant ventricular tachycardia, including structural and functional targets will also be examined, as will the role of the epicardial mapping and ablation in the management of recurrent MMVT.
Understanding Tobacco Use Among Filipino American Men

Although lung cancer is the top cancer killer among Filipino American men, data on tobacco-related knowledge and attitudes, cessation efforts, and preferences for smoking cessation programs among this population are lacking. We interviewed a community sample of 318 Filipino American men (110 current, 108 former, and 100 never-smokers, all immigrants) aged 40-75 years in Los Angeles County in English and Tagalog, to gain a better understanding of their tobacco use as a first step toward developing a culturally tailored smoking cessation program. In our sample, smokers had lower levels of education and income compared with nonsmokers and were less acculturated based on language use and English fluency. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to agree that smoking can alleviate stress, depression, and boredom, and that it is part of social interactions, growing up, being a man, and looking mature. These beliefs were summarized in a Smoking Beliefs Scale (Cronbach's alpha = .84), which predicted current smoking in a multivariate analysis, together with perceived risk of getting smoking-related diseases and peer norms. The most preferred smoking cessation intervention formats were educational small group sessions with other Filipino men (32%), followed by one-on-one consultations by a health professional (26%), video (20%), pamphlet (17%), and toll-free telephone number (6%). More than half of the current smokers requested these smoking cessation activities in Tagalog (34%) or a combination of Tagalog and English (24%). Based on these findings, we make specific recommendations for a smoking cessation program for Filipino men.
Beliefs among physicians in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to non-small cell lung cancer.

Purpose The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) has established evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of patients with lung cancer. Physicians' beliefs and practice patterns may differ significantly from established guidelines. We conducted a survey to assess and compare physician beliefs against the evidence-based guidelines. Methods A survey was sent by electronic mail (e-mail) in March 2006 to 2100 randomly selected physicians who were members of the ACCP practicing in the United States, followed by two reminder e-mails. Results Three hundred forty-seven surveys were completed and evaluable. The majority (84%) of the respondents reported having read, consulted, or used the guidelines to set practice policies, and 75% found the guidelines helpful. The respondents' practice beliefs were in agreement with the guidelines on the evaluation of operable patients with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of stage III disease, and the evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of respondents' practice beliefs differed from the guidelines on issues such as screening for lung cancer, the survival benefit of chemotherapy in stage IV disease, and postoperative radiation therapy. Only a minority of respondents believed that chemotherapy improved quality of life in stage IV disease. The survey results indicate that there has been acceptance of the adjuvant chemotherapy and increasing integration of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule and in staging the mediastinum. Conclusions The majority of physicians found the evidence-based guidelines beneficial; nevertheless, practice beliefs differ from the guidelines in select areas.
Evidence for multiphonon emission from interface states in MOS structures

Abstract Transient capacitance measurements on MOS structures give strong evidence for a temperature-dependent capture cross-section for electrons at the continuously distributed interface states. A theoretical model that explains this behavior is lattice-relaxation multiphonon emission.
Fermentative conversion of swine and poultry wastes into nitrogen-enriched feedstuffs for ruminants

Fermentative conversion of swine and poultry wastes, augmented with carbohydrate-rich agroindustrial residues, into nitrogenenriched feedstuff for ruminants is described. Fermentation methodology described is simple, efficient and inexpensive and appears to be an attractive alternative to disposal of wastes.
Cognitive restructuring and response prevention in the treatment of bulimia nervosa

Single-S methodology was used to compare the effects of cognitive restructuring (CR) and exposure plus vomiting prevention (EVP) in the treatment of 4 Ss with bulimia nervosa. Binge eating and vomiting ceased in 2 Ss and was decreased in a third following EVP treatment. Improvements in attitudes towards food and weight, assertiveness and depression were also observed. Results were largely maintained at a 1-yr follow-up. CR had little effect on any measure. In contrast to results with obsessive-compulsive disorders, self-reported habituation of anxiety across EVP sessions did not relate to outcome.
Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient of Water in SiO2 Glass

Analyse de l'influence de la concentration sur la diffusion de l'eau dans un verre SiO 2 en supposant que les deux formes d'eau (eau moleculaire et eau hydroxyle) diffusent et qu'elles sont en equilibre en tant qu'impuretes interstitielles et de substitution. L'equation obtenue semble etre compatible avec les observations experimentales de la diffusion de l'eau dans le verre de silice
Binding of arylpiperazines to 5-HT3 serotonin receptors: results of a structure-affinity study.

Abstract The binding affinities of a series of arylpiperazine derivatives at [3H]quipazine-labeled central 5-HT3 sites were investigated. Features determined to be important for binding include the N4 piperazine nitrogen atom (but not the N1 piperazine nitrogen), and a quinolinyl group. The quinoline nitrogen atom of quipazine also contributes to affinity and its replacement by carbon reduces affinity by 20-fold. The entire quinoline nucleus is not necessary for binding, and certain monocyclic arylpiperazines, particularly those with a chloro group meta to the position of the piperazine ring (e.g. mCPP, MK-212), also bind at 5-HT3, sites; however, the affinities of these agents are at least an order of magnitude less than that of quipazine itself. Taking advantage of the fact that tertiary amines are not well tolerated at 5-HT1B sites, but that N-methyl substituents have little effect on 5-HT3 binding, we designed and synthesized a tertiary amine analog of quipazine, i.e., N-methylquipazine (NMQ). NMQ binds at 5-HT3 sites with an affinity similar to that of quipazine; however, unlike quipazine, NMQ shows very little affinity (IC50 > 10 000 nM) for central 5-HT1B sites.
Monitoring pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations, using the genetic marker sooty.

The use of an autosomal dominant body color mutation, sooty, of the pink bollworm was used in the evaluation of changes in insect population densities. Sooty males were released in one cotton field, and sooty females were released in another field. Population densities were measured during the release and in the F1 generation by pheromone trap captures and by larval samples from boll collections. Sooty male migration was recorded in fields surrounding three sides of the male release field. Developmental times observed in the field were compared with results from a computer program which used daily maximalminimal temperatures to derive developmental rates. Sooty adults of both sexes mated with feral adults. Trap captures indicated that sooty males migrated out of the release field in directions that were predicted by the prevailing winds. Generation times ranged from 22 to 25 days. The proportion of F1 sooty males (compared with feral males) captured in the field where males were released was a good indicator of the proportion of sooty males which could be recovered in boll collections. Predictions of adult F1 populations and larval FI populations were closely related.
Digital nerves of the foot: anatomic variations and implications regarding the pathogenesis of interdigital neuroma.

Seventy-one cadaveric feet were dissected, with attention to communicating branches of the digital nerves, the diameters of the digital nerves, the distance between the metatarsal heads, and the presence or absence of interdigital neuromas. A communicating branch was absent in 52 feet (73.2%) and present in 19 specimens (26.8%). The communication was from the fourth to the third web space common digital nerve (i.e., from the lateral to the medial plantar nerve) in 11 specimens. A reverse communication, from the third to the fourth web space common digital nerve (i.e., from the medial to the lateral plantar nerve), was present in eight specimens. Neuromas were identified in the second web space in 26 specimens and in the third web space in 32 feet. The common digital nerve to the third web space was not thicker in feet with a contribution from the fourth to the third web space nerve. Additionally, the incidence of third web space neuroma in feet with this type of communication was not significantly greater than in those feet without an internervous communication. However, the intermetatarsal head distances and the ratios of the intermetatarsal head distance to the digital nerve diameter in web spaces 2 and 3 were significantly smaller in comparison to spaces 1 and 4 (P < .05). The morphometric data lend support to theories that explain the propensity for neuroma formation in both the second and third web spaces on a mechanical basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adduct formation in the extraction of zinc oxinate into various organic solvents

Abstract The extraction of zincoxinate into 10 different organic solvents was investigated. By studying the dependence of the distribution upon pH, reagent concentration, and solvent concentration (in an inert medium), the species were identified and the extraction constants estimated. Correlations between the species type and the efficiency of extraction are postulated. The species extracting into 4-methyl-2-pentanone, I-butanol, and 4-methyl-2-pentanol is ZnR 2 S 2 , that extracting into benzene and chloroform is ZnR 2 (HR)S, that extracting into butyl and pentyl ethers is ZnR 2 S, that extracting into carbon tetrachloride is ZnR 2 (HR), and that extracting into hexane and cyclohexane is ZnR 2 (H 2 O) 2 . In these formulas, R is the oxinate ion, HR is oxine, and S is the organic solvent. It is suggested that the extraction behavior can be explained by assuming a water molecule to be attached to the ZnR 2 S and ZnR 2 (HR) species.
Slavic‐Related Pamphlets from the Communist Party USA's Reference Center for Marxist Studies

This article describes the nearly 1,000 Slavic‐related pamphlets acquired in 2006 by New York University's Tamiment Library from the Reference Center for Marxist Studies, which was the library of the Communist Party USA.
Synthesis of 2′-Deoxyformycin B and 2′-Deoxyoxoformycin B

Abstract 3-β-D-Ribofuranosylpyazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (formycins)1 modified in the heteroaromatic moiety are of biological interest as analogues of adenosine and guanosine, and have been the objects of intensive synthetic chemical effort by several groups.2-9 2′-Deoxynucleosides2c,2d,7b,13 and other analogties of the formycins modified in the sugar moiety10-12 are also of potential interest, but have been less extensively studied. Examples of the 2′-deoxyribonucleoside type known to date include the 2′-deoxy-6-thioguanosine analogue 1, the 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) analogue 2 (2′-deoxyformycin A),10,13 and the 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine analogue 3.7b Compound 2 was found to be 10-15 times more potent than 2′-deoxyadenosine as an inhibitor of the growth of S49 cells, a murine lymphoma line of T-cell origin.13 Activity depended on 5′- phosphorylation, since mutants lacking the enzymes adenosine kinase (AK) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) were insensitive to the drug. Furthermore, activity was comparable in th...
Medical-psychiatry units: an economic alternative for consultation-liaison psychiatry?

Reasons other than clinical and economic also support the value of a combined medical-psychiatry approach to clinical care. Medical-psychiatry units firmly place the psychiatrist back in the mainstream of the medical care system and solidify the psychiatrist's identity as a physician and medical specialist. The psychiatrist on such a unit may continue to provide consultation on an on-call basis and to perform limited liaison work when necessary, but he will maintain his principal affiliation with a unit that has the ability to provide integrated, conjoint care. Patients requiring more acute medical care would continue to be followed by consultation-liaison psycniatrists on medical or surgical wards until their condition became stable for the intermediate level of medical care that is generally appropriate for a medical-psychiatry unit. These units would not replace consultation-liaison activities, since such clinical activities are essential to recruit patients for the medical-psychiatry unit. The primary...
Labor law as an impediment to labor relations reform: Leveling the playing field

Reforming labor law has been arduous task. The foundations of American labor law are now over fifty years old and rooted in a series of premises that may no longer be correct. Designed for smokestack industries and predicated on the adversarial framework, labor law today may be dated and out of synchronization with the nature of unionized employment relationships. This research suggests seven areas in need of change if the “playing field” upon which labor relations is contested is to be made more impartial. These include requirements of bargaining agent certification, the entitlement to exclusive representation, the legality of employee involvement schemes, developments in wrongful discharge and employment-at-will, the right to strike, the status of scope of bargaining, and job security for supervisory and managerial employees.
Congenital absence of the internal carotid artery in a patient with spinal cord injury: case report

Case report. To describe a rare case of congenital absence of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the setting of acute spinal cord injury and review the existing literature. Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center of the Delaware Valley, Philadelphia, PA, USA. We report on a 47-year-old male who presented as a T2 ASIA A spinal cord injury with a T2–T3 fracture dislocation injury after a 25-feet fall from a tree. Magnetic resonance angiography imaging of the neck carried out as per routine spinal trauma protocol suggested an acute traumatic injury to the carotid artery. Therefore, computed tomographic angiography imaging of the neck was performed, which revealed absence of the left ICA and a diminutive left carotid canal at the skull base, suggesting congenital absence. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging of the brain to evaluate for acute infarct showed no diffusion restriction contributing to the evidence that this was a congenital anomaly and not traumatic occlusion of the artery. Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the ICA is a rare anomaly. It should be considered in the differential in patients who have absent or diminished carotid arteries on radiologic imaging in the setting of trauma.
Method for quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesion burden on the basis of high-resolution black-blood MRI

The aim of this work was to develop a reliable semi-automatic method for quantifying carotid atherosclerotic lesion burden using black-blood high-resolution MR images. Vessel wall volume was quantified by measuring its cross-sectional area in adjacent slices. Two methods for obtaining this measure are presented. The first method approximates the outer boundary of the vessel on a slice-by-slice basis by fitting an ellipse to user-identified points and automatically identifying the lumen through examination of the histogram obtained from a local region of interest (ROI). The second, method identifies the lumen and wall throughout the entire volume based upon user-selected points in a single slice. Radially directed intensity profiles are examined in order to automatically locate points on the outer boundary, and the same histogram-based method is used for lumen delineation. The measure of wall area provided by the manual outer boundary selection has an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.83 for test-retest comparisons, but the ICC values for the inter-observer comparisons (0.84, 0.65) suggest that user bias remains a potential source of error. A susceptibility to low image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may present a limitation on the usefulness of the automated outer boundary selection method for use on whole image volumes.
Enhanced pesticide metabolism, a previously unreported effect of dietary fibre in mammals

Abstract The effects of various dietary fibres on the metabolism of the organochlorine insecticide, lindane, were compared. Groups of six weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a synthetic low-residue diet (LRD), LRD + 10% pectin, LRD + 10% agar, LRD + 10% cellulose, or Purina Lab Chow for 28 days. The animals were then dosed orally with 2·87 mg lindane (containing 1·66 μCi [U- 14 C]lindane) and were killed 24 hr later. A smaller proportion of administered radioactivity was recovered in the excreta and selected tissues from the rats fed the LRD diet than from other groups and the fate of the radioactivity not accounted for was investigated in a second experiment using rats fed either LRD unsupplemented, LRD + 10% pectin or the standard chow diet. Pectin and the dietary fibre contained in Purina Lab Chow caused significant alterations in the metabolism of lindane. A significant increase in the excretion of radiolabelled products, a higher level of conjugated chlorophenols and polar metabolites, a significant alteration in the proportions of the excreted chlorophenols and significant stimulation of the enzymes involved in lindane metabolism indicated that dietary fibre such as pectin or the plant fibre in Purina Lab Chow can significantly affect the metabolism of xenobiotics in mammals.
Über die Zusammensetzung des Retamowachses

Die Hauptkomponenten des Retamowachses wie Sauren, Alkohole und Kohlenwasserstoffe werden qualitativ und quantitativ mit den entsprechenden Anteilen bekannter Naturwachse verglichen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden mehrere Retamowachsproben jeweils mit Hilfe von Ionenaustauschverfahren, selektiven Extraktionen und Saulenchromatographie in die genannten Hauptkomponenten getrennt. Die Kettenlangenverteilungen der genannten Fraktionen wurden gaschromatographisch ermittelt. Composition of Retamo Wax The chief components of retamo wax like acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the corresponding amounts of known natural waxes. To this purpose several retamo wax samples were each separated into the mentioned chief components by means of ion exchange processes, selective extractions and column chromatography. The chain length distribution of the mentioned fractions were determined by gaschromatography.
Mu- and kappa-opiate receptor control of prolactin secretion in rats: ontogeny and interaction with serotonin.

The present study explores developmental changes in mu- and kappa-opiate receptor control of PRL secretion. The ontogeny of mu- and kappa-receptor function was determined by assessing the PRL response to the mu-agonist sufentanil (SUF) and the kappa-agonist U50488 in 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 60-day-old rats. Both mu- and kappa-agonists stimulated PRL secretion at all ages. The selectivity of the mu- and kappa-agonists was confirmed by selective blockade with their respective antagonists (beta-funaltrexamine and nor-binaltorphimine). Serotonin mediation of opiate-induced changes in PRL secretion was explored across ontogeny by testing cyproheptadine (CYPRO) blockade of agonist responses in 5-, 10-, 20-, and 60-day-old rats. CYPRO attenuated the PRL response to the mu-agonist SUF in 20- and 60-day-old rats, but not in the 5- or 10-day-old pups. CYPRO did not block the kappa-agonist U50488 at any age. Similarly, pretreatment with parachlorophenylalaine lowered the PRL response to SUF in 60-day-old rats, but no...
A Three-Cycle 3,500-Megavolt-Ampere Air-Blast Circuit Breaker for 138,000-Volt Service

Early investigation of the air-blast principle of arc interruption clearly indicated that this principle was based on sound fundamentals and that continued research and development would lead to an economical and practical design. Preliminary studies indicated that the axial-flow interrupter was admirably suited to the high-voltage breakers with their lower current ratings, while the high current of the low-voltage equipments could be handled best by an interrupter comprising a cross-blast principle. Outdoor axial-blast breakers' having interrupting ratings as high as 1,500 megavolt-amperes for service up to 138 kv have been in service for the past few years. Circuit-breaker designers and operating engineers have expended many years of diligent effort in the development of high-voltage oil circuit breakers to their present high degree of dependability and performance. Although the development of high-voltage air-blast breakers is of much more recent origin, the rate of progress has been relatively so rapid that the air-blast breaker described in this paper has exhibited performance characteristics so outstanding as to merit careful attention.
Hematologic abnormalities following renal transplantation.

Recipients of renal allografts are surviving longer and, consequently, may experience a variety of complications related not only to the transplanted kidney, but also to the hematopoietic system. Common hematologic complications in the renal transplant patient include abnormalities of one cell line, such as post-transplantation erythrocytosis or anemia, that are often treatable with simple measures. Conversely, pathologies involving the leukocyte and platelet population often exist in the context of pancytopenia, which may be a manifestation of systemic infection (e.g., cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 8) or malignancy (post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders). Uncommon, but life-threatening, processes complicating renal transplantation include hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma and viral-induced hemophagocytic syndrome, both of which are associated with severe pancytopenia and, often, death. Since this patient population is often managed in a multidisciplinary fashion by nephrologists, infection specialists, transplant surgeons, hematologists, and internal medicine physicians, a succinct review of this topic is warranted.
The combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and low-grade Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Purpose The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the fludarabine/cyclophosphamide combination in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) and low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and to assess the impact of adding granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to this regimen in a randomized fashion.
Transient changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in hippocampus during moderate ischemia induced by chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusions in the rat

Chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) induces moderate ischemia (oligemia) in the rat forebrain in the absence of overt neuronal damage. In situ hybridization for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA was used to search for a molecular response to moderate ischemia. BDNF mRNA was significantly increased in the hippocampal granule cells at 6 h of occlusion (ANOVA, Tukey test P<0.05). At 1, 7 and 14 days BDNF mRNA levels returned to control levels. The frequency of BDNF gene expression at 6 h was 83%, which was significantly higher than the 7% incidence of histological injury in the hippocampus (Fisher’s exact test, P<0.002). Cerebral blood flow was reduced to 75% of control levels in the hippocampus after 1 week of BCCAO when measured with the autoradiographic method. Measurements of tissue flow with a microprobe for laser Doppler flow excluded decreases into the ischemic range during the period when elevated gene expression was observed. Prolonged moderate ischemia (oligemia) is a sufficient stimulus for BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus. These molecular studies provide direct evidence for an involvement of the hippocampus in the BCCAO model.
Regulation of protein degradation in normal and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells in culture

Protein degradation rates are decreased in some transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. We have tested the generality of this phenomenon and evaluated the role of the lysosomes in this down-regulation. To this end we have compared the induction of lysosomal protein degradation among normal, transformed (BEAS-2B), and transformed tumorigenic (BZR, Calu-1) human bronchial epithelial cells in culture. Serum and/or nutrient deprivation, cell confluency, and Ca2+ were used to modulate lysosomal protein degradation. Protein degradation and synthesis were determined by the release or incorporation of [14C]valine in the cells. Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm by lysosomes was evaluated by ultrastructural morphometry. Basal protein degradation was lower (27%) in two of the transformed cell lines (BEAS-2B and BZR). Incorporation of [14C]valine label was raised approximately 4-fold in the transformed cells. Nutrient deprivation stimulated protein degradation equally (2-fold) in transformed and normal cells. Postconfluency increased (1.5-fold) basal protein degradation in Calu-1 cells and a marked enhancement (4-fold) of degradation occurred during nutrient deprivation. Culture of normal human bronchial epithelial cells in high Ca2+ caused phenotypic changes and increased (30%) the degradation of protein induced by nutrient deprivation. In Calu-1, high Ca2+ caused only phenotypic changes. The volume density (Vd) of autophagic vacuoles and dense bodies in the transformed cells was lower under basal conditions but increased markedly during nutrient deprivation. A marked accumulation of lysosomes also occurred in transformed cells during postconfluency. We conclude that cell transformation lowers basal protein degradation in some human epithelial cells. Lysosomal proteolysis of transformed cells is not down-regulated and can be markedly enhanced during nutritional deprivation by the autophagic degradation pathway.