cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ideological Effects of a Failed Constitutive Rhetoric: The Co-Option of the Rhetoric of White Lesbian Feminism

Attempts by white lesbian feminists of the second wave to define feminism resulted in a failed constitutive rhetoric of feminist identity. This rhetoric opened a rhetorical space for antifeminists to launch a critique of feminist activism, specifically the Equal Rights Amendment. The study provides an account of how the ideological effects of a failed constitutive rhetoric may be co-opted and ultimately undermine the social movement in which it operates.
Satellite active and passive vibration control during liftoff

The feasibility of active and passive vibration control systems for suppressing the transfer pf orbiter vibration energy to its payload during liftoff is studied. A simple five-degree-of-freedom lump parameter model of a satellite is considered, and the performances of active and passive vibration control systems are evaluated and compared. Effectiveness of various vibration control systems for protection of the Space Shuttle payload during liftoff are analyzed. Peak responses of the satellite with active and passive vibration control systems are compared with those in the absence of vibration control systems. The results show that properly designed passive and active vibration control systems are highly effective in reducing the liftoff vibration to its payload.
Thermal isolation of large loads at low temperature using Kevlar rope

Abstract A mechanical support system is described for a space-borne 3 He refrigerator that relies on Kevlar 29 braided cords to achieve thermal isolation at temperatures ranging from 0.3 to 40 K. Measurements of the Young's modulus, tensile strength, creep and thermal conductivity of Kevlar cords at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures are discussed and used to predict the performance of the system. Results of vibration tests of the mechanical support are compared with these predictions. The system safely supports a 350 g mass against 30 G sinusoidal accelerations at frequencies of 20 Hz to 2 kHz. The calculated heat load between 2 and 0.3 K is 0.7 μW.
Vitamin E Deficiency in Rats Given Succinyl Sulfathiazole in Purified Diets

Conclusions(1) Hyalinization, necrosis and calcification of voluntary muscle occur in rats given succinyl sulfathiazole in certain purified diets. (2) These lesions may be prevented by the oral administration of α-tocopherol.
Synthesis of alkoxyamine initiators for controlled radical polymerization

On page 2161 of this volume, Hawker and coworkers report a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of alkoxyamine initiators for controlled radical polymerization. The method involves treatment of a styrene derivative with (salen)manganese(III) chloride and an oxidant, trapping of the intermediate adduct with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO), and reduction with sodium borohydride. The method works nicely as a one-pot procedure and provides the target alkoxyamines in yields of ca. 55–75%. An attractive feature of the synthesis is the fact that hydroxyl, ester, halide, and alkene functional groups can be tolerated without loss of yield, suggesting that appropriately-substituted alkoxyamine initiators should become readily available for the preparation of polymers of controlled endgroup functionality.
Enantiomeric separations of basic pharmaceutical drugs by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using a chiral surfactant, N-dodecoxycarbonylvaline

A novel surfactant with a chiral head group, (R)- or (S)-N-dodecoxycarbonylvaline (DDCV), was used to achieve enantiomeric separations of twenty basic pharmaceutical compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Most of these compounds were β-agonists (anti-asthmatic, broncodilators) or β-antagonists (anti-hypertension, anti-angina). DDCV can separate polar as well as more hydrophobic chiral analytes in the same buffer system. The selectivities for these enantiomeric pairs range from 1.03 to 1.23 with good efficiencies. Separations utilizing DDCV are easy to optimize and allow for exact enantiomeric migration order reversal by switching the enantiomeric form of the surfactant. Buffer systems were assessed to minimize Joule heating and to optimize the repeatability of parameters such as migration time, relative migration time, selectivity, peak areas and area ratios. An electrolyte system consisting of 25 mM DDCV, 100 mM zwitterionic CHES (2-[N-cyclohexylamino]ethanesulfonic acid) and 10 mM triethylamine (TEA) was most effective for these runs. The precision for migration times, relative migration times and selectivities was better than 1%, 0.1% and 1% R.S.D., respectively, while the precision for the area ratios ranged from 1% to 4%. The possible effect of analyte structure on selectivity, efficiency and precision of peak area was studied.
HIV and safety: universal precautions.

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was considered to be an obscure, indolent, neoplastic disorder, occurring predominantly in elderly men of Mediterranean or Eastern European descent until 1981 when a combined epidemic of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and KS was described in young men of homosexual or bisexual orientation in New York and California. 1–6 Since then, KS has become widely known among physicians and the public as a manifestation of what is referred to as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to infection with a previously nescient human retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This form of KS is referred to as the "epidemic" type. Three other types of KS had been previously described: the "classic" type, the endemic "African" type, and the "allograft-associated" type. Although the histopathology of the different stages of the Kaposi's tumor is essentially identical in all of these groups, the clinical manifestations and course of the disease differ markedly. 7
N-H Cleavage as a Route to Palladium Complexes of a New PNP Pincer Ligand

Pd halide and hydride complexes of a new PNP pincer ligand with a central diarylamido moiety can be prepared via N−H cleavage in a neutral amine/diphosphine PNP ligand. The solid-state structure of (PNP)PdCl shows a meridional PNP ligand about an approximately square-planar Pd center. (PNP)PdH hydrodehalogenates alkyl and certain aryl halides, while (PNP)PdX (X = Cl, I, H, OAc) complexes catalyze Heck coupling of ethyl acrylate with aryl halides.
Age-related differences in ophthalmic drug disposition II: drug-protein interactions of pilocarpine and chloramphenicol

Although drug-protein interactions have been shown to be important in the transport of drugs into and through the eye, age-related differences in ocular drug-protein binding have not been explored. This study was designed to investigate protein binding characteristics of pilocarpine and chloramphenicol in aqueous humour and plasma from rabbits of different ages. The method of equilibrium dialysis was used to quantitate drug-protein interactions. Younger animals showed decreased binding of chloramphenicol in plasma when compared to older rabbits. On the other hand, the interactions of both drugs with aqueous humour proteins were more extensive in younger rabbits. Age-related differences in drug-protein binding were not directly related to the total protein contents of the respective biological fluids. These findings suggest possible age-related differences in the relative protein fractions contained in aqueous humour and plasma, or qualitative differences in the binding capacity of the proteins involved.
Prime Goldie Rings of Uniform Dimension at Least Two and with All One-Sided Ideals CS Are Semihereditary

Throughout this note, all rings are assumed to be associative and to have an identity. Likewise, all modules are supposed to be unitary. A right R-module M R is called a CS module (or an extending ...
Theory of weak localization in a lateral superlattice

Abstract A theory of weak localization for the parallel and transverse conductivity in lateral semiconductor superlattices is presented. Based on our previous studies of planar superlattices, we assume that there exists coherent transport between quantum wires. The theory explicitly accounts for the superlattice periodic structure. Small collisional broadening calculations are performed as quantum corrections to Boltzmann transport. Similar to planar superlattices, weak localization corrections to the conductivity depend on the width of the superlattice miniband. This theory allows for (i) direct determination of the effective interwire electron coupling by measurement of the parallel conductivity, and (ii) computation of the electron dephasing time (such as the electron-electron scattering time) for this quantum structure.
Reducing the Risk and Improving Mission Success for NASA's Human Mission to a Near-Earth Asteroid: How Many Robotic Surveyors?

NASA's recent attention and interest in sending a human mission to land on a Near-Earth asteroid raises the question of need for a robotic surveyor. This paper describes a Bayesian approach for comparing the productivity and cost-risk tradeoffs of sending (versus not sending) one or more robotic surveyor missions prior to a human mission to land on an asteroid. The probability of finding an asteroid suitable for landing was derived from an analysis of more than 1200 asteroids in order to define a quantitative estimate of suitability. The low cost of the surveyors relative to the human mission underlined the multi-surveyor strategy as relatively inexpensive insurance against the risks of encountering an unsuitable asteroid for landing on arrival by a human mission.
DNA Structure Requirements for the Escherichia coliγ Complex Clamp Loader and DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme

The Escherichia coli chromosomal replicase, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, is highly processive during DNA synthesis. Underlying high processivity is a ring-shaped protein, the β clamp, that encircles DNA and slides along it, thereby tethering the enzyme to the template. The β clamp is assembled onto DNA by the multiprotein γ complex clamp loader that opens and closes the β ring around DNA in an ATP-dependent manner. This study examines the DNA structure required for clamp loading action. We found that the γ complex assembles β onto supercoiled DNA (replicative form I), but only at very low ionic strength, where regions of unwound DNA may exist in the duplex. Consistent with this, the γ complex does not assemble β onto relaxed closed circular DNA even at low ionic strength. Hence, a 3′-end is not required for clamp loading, but a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) junction can be utilized as a substrate, a result confirmed using synthetic oligonucleotides that form forked ssDNA/dsDNA junctions on M13 ssDNA. On a flush primed template, the γ complex exhibits polarity; it acts specifically at the 3′-ssDNA/dsDNA junction to assemble β onto the DNA. The γ complex can assemble β onto a primed site as short as 10 nucleotides, corresponding to the width of the β ring. However, a protein block placed closer than 14 base pairs (bp) upstream from the primer 3′ terminus prevents the clamp loading reaction, indicating that the γ complex and its associated β clamp interact with ∼14–16 bp at a ssDNA/dsDNA junction during the clamp loading operation. A protein block positioned closer than 20–22 bp from the 3′ terminus prevents use of the clamp by the polymerase in chain elongation, indicating that the polymerase has an even greater spatial requirement than the γ complex on the duplex portion of the primed site for function with β. Interestingly, DNA secondary structure elements placed near the 3′ terminus impose similar steric limits on the γ complex and polymerase action with β. The possible biological significance of these structural constraints is discussed.
Complete eradication of Aspergillus fumigatus from the lung in an immunocompromised patient by oral itraconazole

Itraconazole is a new orally active antifungal agent shown to have in vitro and experimental activity against Aspergillus spp. This case report documents the successful eradication of biopsy-proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a 17 year old boy with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Cerebral involvement by the fungal infection was suspected clinically but was not biopsy proven. Although the patient subsequently died following bone marrow transplant and Escherichia coli septicaemia there was no evidence of residual Aspergillus at autopsy.
Fenfluramine: riddle or Rosetta stone?

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) used to be called primary pulmonary hypertension. Both terms indicate that we do not yet fully understand the aetiology of the disease. A clue to the underlying mechanisms lies in the observation that the appetite-suppressant drugs aminorex 1, 2 and fenfluramine 3 were both associated with a marked increase in the incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) while they were available in Europe. Although they are no longer prescribed, it is important to study them to gain an understanding of IPAH and to ensure that new drugs do not have the potential to cause pulmonary hypertension. In general, there is no clinical or pathological way to distinguish PAH associated with these anorectic agents from IPAH independent of them. This point is clearly made in a study by Souza et al. 4 in the present issue of the European Respiratory Journal . Souza et al. 4 describe the follow-up of 109 patients diagnosed with PAH in association with exposure to fenfluramine between 1986 and 2004. In virtually every respect, the presentation and clinical course of these patients was the same as that of patients with IPAH who were diagnosed over the same period. Interestingly, 18% of the fenfluramine PAH patients had a bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene mutation, a very similar incidence to that observed in sporadic IPAH 5. This suggests the likelihood of underlying genetic susceptibility that renders both groups vulnerable, perhaps to a similar second hit. There is one marked difference in the spectrum of disease caused by fenfluramine and that seen in IPAH. Although fenfluramine was recognised to cause PAH it was actually withdrawn from the market in 1997 because of an associated cardiac valvulopathy 6. The valvulopathy does not occur in IPAH but resembles that seen in …
Aerosol growth studies—II. Preparation and growth measurements of monodisperse salt aerosols

Abstract A continuous-flow apparatus has been developed for studying inorganic salt particle growth by water vapor condensation. Monodisperse salt aerosols in the submicron size range were prepared by nebulizing an aqueous solution, dried, and subsequently size separated using a mobility separator of simple construction. The aerosol extracted from the separator was subjected to various relative humidities, and the equilibrium size changes were measured with an optical counter calibrated for different particle shapes and refractive indices. The system was characterized by measuring the size changes exhibited by a NaCl aerosol at a number of specific relative humidities. The experimental results were compared with those calculated from thermodynamic considerations and good agreement was obtained. At 25°C, airborne NaCl particles were found to transform abruptly into saturated solution droplets at a relative humidity of 75.7 ± 0.4%. This is in good agreement with the reported value of 75.3% measured for the bulk solution. The technique is well suited for measuring the growth of either pure or mixed inorganic salt aerosols.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis before liver transplantation does not affect patient survival.

Background & Aims Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a devastating complication of cirrhosis with high mortality. The impact of a prior episode of SBP on the outcome of liver transplantation (LT) is not well known. We aimed to determine the short- and long-term morbidity and mortality of patients who received LT, with and without a history of SBP. Methods We reviewed the records of all adult patients who underwent LT at a single center between June 1999 and June 2009. Patients with SBP were compared with all other patients who underwent LT during the same time period, without prior episodes of SBP. Results A total of 1491 adult patients underwent LT in the study period; 80 (5.4%) had at least 1 episode of SBP before LT. The mean follow-up time for all patients in the study was just over 4 years. Patients in the SBP cohort were more likely to be male (74%) and to have alcoholic liver disease. Patients with SBP had higher Child–Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease scores at the time of transplantation compared with controls, but there was no difference in long-term mortality between the 2 groups. Patients with SBP, however, were more likely to require surgery for complications related to LT within 1 year and were more likely to die of sepsis. Conclusions Despite higher Child–Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease score at the time of LT, survival times of patients with SBP before LT are similar to those patients without SBP.
Fair and Balanced? Experimental Evidence on Partisan Bias in Grading

Is grading polarized in political science classrooms? We offer experimental evidence that suggests it is not. Many have argued that instructors’ grading in political science classrooms is skewed by...
Interactions of Lithium Ions with Lipid Membranes

Lithium is a naturally occurring alkali metal which is very easily ionized to Li+, especially in aqueous solutions. Lithium is found mainly in mineral and seawater and in trace amounts in the human body. Lithium ions are being used in various fields ranging from energy storage to the treatment of mental illnesses including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The reason why lithium is such a peculiar ion is not exactly known except that its mode of interactions with charged surfaces depends on its hydration properties (i.e. interaction with nearby water molecules). We report two kinds of experimental measurements of lithium interactions with charged lipid membranes. One set of experiments involves X-ray scattering of multilamellar lipid vesicles in solution for which we measure how lithium salts modify van der Waals and electrostatic forces between neighboring membranes. The other set of measurements compare the effect of added lithium on the activity of gramicidin channels in neutral and negatively charged lipid bilayers. We find that in both x-ray and channel measurements, lithium ions modify lipid interactions in a manner that differs from other monovalent posititive ions.
The Use of Telecommunications in Public Education during the 1980's

The use of telecommunications in public education is likely to increase dramatically during the eighties. Six forces acting to stimulate such use are identified and discussed: improvements in telecommunications technology; consumer acceptance of electronics generally; demographic factors; new educational needs and wants; tighter budgets for education; and, a desire for educational reform. Given that uses of telecommunications will increase rapidly, the important questions for public debate relate to the effectiveness and social value of such application.
Absolute Rate Constant of the OH + ClO Reaction at Temperatures between 218 and 298 K

The total absolute rate constant (k1a + k1b) for the reactions OH + ClO → Cl + HO2 (k1a) → HCl + O2 (k1b) has been determined in the temperature range from 218 to 298 K at a total pressure of 1 Torr of helium. Pseudo-first-order conditions were used with ClO in large excess over initial OH. ClO was produced by reacting Cl atoms with an excess of O3; both ClO and O3 were quantitatively determined by UV spectrophotometry between 210 and 310 nm. Two sources of OH were used: the reaction of F atoms with excess water vapor and the reaction of H atoms with an excess of NO2. OH was monitored by resonance fluorescence near 308 nm. The absolute rate constant was determined from plots of ln [OH] vs time and absolute ClO concentrations. At 298 K, the result is (2.22 ± 0.33) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The temperature dependence expressed in Arrhenius form is (7.2 ± 2.2) × 10-12 exp[(333 ± 70)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The uncertainties are at the 95% confidence limits and include statistical errors from the data analy...
Optimum Constant-Gain Filters

The problem of estimating the state of a linear system over a finite time interval in the presence of noise is considered. The expected value of the integral of the quadratic error is taken as the performance index. A configuration of the same type as the Kaiman filter is assumed with the restriction that the gain must be constant. An integral equation is obtained as a necessary condition for the gain to be optimum, and an iterative procedure is suggested for its solution. Numerical results indicate that this filter can be significantly more accurate than one utilizing the steady-state gain of the Kalman filter.
A Review of the Effects of Guided Imagery on Cancer Patients with Pain

Over half of the patients diagnosed with cancer suffer from pain. Often, analgesic medications do not completely relieve the pain and alternative measures are sought out for relief. Mind—body techniques such as guided imagery (GI) have been thought to be helpful and used as an adjuvant to pain relief. This article evaluates and summarizes studies performed from 2001 to 2008, which investigated the use of GI for relief of cancer pain. Electronic databases were searched with the keywords cancer pain, visualization, and guided imagery, for any studies utilizing GI with an outcome measure of pain. Five studies included pain as either a primary or a secondary outcome measure. In three of those, pain intensity and pain-related distress decreased in the GI intervention versus control. There is inconsistency in the methodological qualities of these trials and further research is necessary to provide better evidence for the use of GI in cancer pain.
Schedulability-analyzable exception handling for fault-tolerant real-time languages

Exceptions add a significant element of robustness and fault-tolerance to an application. In real-time systems, however, we require not only semantic correctness, robustness, and fault-tolerance, but also timely behavior. For restricted languages, schedulability analysis can be made efficient through use of polynomial-time analyses and transformations. In this paper, we show how a reasonable level of exception handling can be added to such a language. Specifically, we present an exception mechanism which reasonably provides for (1) guaranteed schedulability, (2) fine granularity of exception handling, (3) possibility of non-termination of the process that raises the exception, (4) reuse of exception handlers within the program, (5) information hiding in exception handlers, (6) exceptions as first-class objects, (7) casting or binding of exceptions, and (8) deadline modification. Furthermore, the mechanism allows for easy specification of multi-mode operation, and permits program component assignment using expected behavior while enabling schedulability analysis of worst-case (often exceptional) behavior. While adding features to exception handler semantics can create new analysis problems while solving expressivity problems, we show that the exception handling features described above are desirable, that the complexity of static schedulability analysis in the presence of these features is manageable, and that existing language provides all these desirable features.
TH-C-230A-07: Reconstruction of Spatially Varying Optical Properties of Human Prostate During Metexafin Lutetium PDT

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterize the internal optical absorption and reduced scattering distribution of human prostate during the interstitial metexafin lutetiumphotodynamic therapy(PDT). These distributions could be utilized in PDTtreatment planning, which optimizes the arrangement and weighting of interstitial light sources to ensure sufficient photon are delivered to the treatment volume. Method and Materials: A continuous‐wave diffuse optical tomography system has been developed using a finite element reconstruction algorithm based on diffusion approximation of light distribution in biological tissue. Reconstructed images are presented from simulated data and clinical data acquired from prostate cancer patient being treated by PDT. Sourcedetector arrangement is identical in simulated data and patient data. The contour of prostate was obtained using ultrasound imaging. The meshes were generated by MATLab PDE Toolbox. Results: The synthetic measurement data were calculated for a rectangular phantom containing a single absorption anomaly and a single scattering anomaly. The model had a background of μ a =0.03 mm −1 , μ′ s =1.4 mm −1 . The absorption anomaly was located at (15mm,15mm), with a radius 5mm, μ a =0.06 mm −1 ; the scattering anomaly was located at (35mm,10mm), with a radius 5mm, μ′ s =2.0 mm −1 .A total number of 5 sources and 12 detectors yielded 60 measurements (12 detectors ×5 sources). The reconstruction basis uses a coarser mesh (100 nodes) to reduce the degree of freedom. The reconstruction images successfully recover the both anomalies with good localization. The clinical DOT imaging was performed on 70‐year old male subject. The reconstructed prostate μa varied between 0.025 and 0.07 mm−1 and μ′s ranged from 1.1 to 2 mm−1. These results are consistent with previous measurement using a point‐by‐point method. Conclusion: We have shown that this modeling and reconstruction algorithm can produce fast and reliable images of internal optical properties with fast computation time.
In utero and early life exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution increases adult susceptibility to heart failure in mice

Background Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is a global health concern, as exposure to PM2.5 has consistently been found to be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although adult exposure to traffic related PM2.5, which is largely derived from diesel exhaust (DE), has been associated with increased cardiac hypertrophy, there are limited investigations into the potential effect of in utero and early life exposure on adult susceptibility to heart disease. In this study, we investigate the effect of in utero and early life exposure to DE on adult susceptibility to heart failure.
Evaluation of a Short-Range Multimodel Ensemble System

Abstract Forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s experimental short-range ensemble system are examined and compared with a single run from a higher-resolution model using similar computational resources. The ensemble consists of five members from the Regional Spectral Model and 10 members from the 80-km Eta Model, with both in-house analyses and bred perturbations used as initial conditions. This configuration allows for a comparison of the two models and the two perturbation strategies, as well as a preliminary investigation of the relative merits of mixed-model, mixed-perturbation ensemble systems. The ensemble is also used to estimate the short-range predictability limits of forecasts of precipitation and fields relevant to the forecast of precipitation. Whereas error growth curves for the ensemble and its subgroups are in relative agreement with previous work for large-scale fields such as 500-mb heights, little or no error growth is found for fields of mesoscale interest, s...
Pseudomosaicism in prenatal diagnosis: Two simultaneous, independent reciprocal translocations

Cytogenetic evaluation of cultured amniotic fluid cells showed mosaicism of three karyotypes: 46,XY; 46,XY [t(13;17)(q13;q25]; and 46, XY [t(11;12)(p11;q13)]. Reanalysis of cells from the four original culture flasks harvested individually revealed that both translocations derived from the same flask. Repeat amniocentesis, as well as peripheral blood obtained postnatally from a phenotypically normal male infant, demonstrated only normal chromosomes (46,XY). This observation represents a case of pseudomosaicism containing two different reciprocal translocations.
Heterogeneous methanation: In situ infrared spectroscopic study of RuAl2O3 during the hydrogenation of CO

Abstract The synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H 2 was studied on a high surface area Ru Al 2 O 3 catalyst using transmission infrared spectroscopy. At 523 K in the presence of CO only, a carbonyl stretching band is observed at 2043 cm −1 and is attributed to CO adsorbed on Ru. In a flowing gas stream of H 2 CO ratio equal to 3, the carbonyl band appears at 1996 cm −1 and is only slightly reduced in intensity compared to CO only. Other infrared bands are attributed to adsorbed hydrocarbons, adsorbed surface formate species and adsorbed water. These latter materials are inactive reaction products as shown by isotope substitution experiments and are apparently adsorbed on the alumina support. At higher temperatures, a deactivation of the catalyst is associated with a decrease in the intensity of the carbonyl band and a shift to lower frequencies. This change is not reversible upon cooling the Ru Al 2 O 3 to 523 K, but can be reversed by a reduction in H 2 at 723 K.
Frontalis-associated sarcoma of the forehead†‡

A 40-year-old Filipino man had a mass on the left side of his forehead of 4 months' duration. Examination revealed a firm, nontender tumor, measuring 2.5 X 4.0 ern (Fig. I). The overlying skin was uninvolved and no adenopathy was noted. The preoperative diagnosis was a frontalis-associated lipoma. A glossy, firm, white mass was found beneath and infiltrating the frontalis muscle, adherent to periosteum and adjacent tissue. The tumor consisted of a monomorphous cellular proliferation. An average of one to two mitoses per highpower field was found (Fig. 2); atypical mitoses were not present. A small amount of mucin was present between spindle cells. Immunoperoxidase staining with antibodies against vimentin and factor XIII (a fibrohistiocytic marker) was positive. Focal, nonspecific staining was present with antibodies directed against S100 protein and muscle-specific actin. Immunoperoxidase staining for CD34 (an endothelial marker), HMB-45, and keratin were negative. A low-grade sarcoma of probable fibrohistiocytic origin was diagnosed. Although a lack of diagnosis of specific tissue type prevented formal grading, the tumor was most compatible with an American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJC), GI (grade I), TI No Mo sarcoma.' Subsequent wide local excision was performed. The patient remains disease free after 2 years. David A. Randall, MD,a J. Greg Brady, DO,b John L. Boone, MD,a and Terry L. Barrett, MOb San Diego, California Grosshans et a1. I and Salasche et a1. 2 described the subfascial or frontalis muscle-associated lipoma of the forehead. We describe a patient with a forehead mass clinically similar to a frontalis-associated lipoma that was found to be a fibrohistiocytic sarcoma.
Differential Conductance Measurements of ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ -Based Josephson Junctions Below 1 Kelvin

Magnesium diboride has many intriguing characteristics, including its relatively high critical temperature and two-band nature. Most prior studies of MgB2 thin film Josephson junctions have been conducted above 2 Kelvin. We report results of sub-1 Kelvin experiments of MgB2/insulator/Pb junctions whose a-b plane is exposed for electron tunneling. By measuring differential conductance at low temperature, new details in the structure of the sigma- and pi-band gaps are observed in this data, consistent with theoretical predictions.
Sb-Heterostructure Millimeter-Wave Detectors With Reduced Capacitance and Noise Equivalent Power

InAs/AlSb/GaSb backward diodes are used for millimeter-wave square-law power detection. A new heterostructure design with low capacitance, low resistance, and high curvature coefficient as compared to previous designs is presented. Voltage sensitivity, which is directly proportional to curvature coefficient, is improved by 31% as compared to prior reports of devices with similar barrier thicknesses. The junction capacitance is also reduced by 24% to 13 . The improved sensitivity and decreased junction capacitance originate from the incorporation of a p-type-doping plane with sheet concentration of in the n-InAs cathode layer. The combination of low resistance (and thus Johnson noise) and high sensitivity results in an estimated noise equivalent power of 0.24 at 94 GHz for a conjugately matched source, whereas the reduced capacitance facilitates wideband matching and increases the detector cutoff frequency. These modified Sb-based detectors have promise for improving the performance of passive millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave imaging systems.
Relationships between arterial hypertension and renal allograft survival in African-American patients

In previous studies, we showed that in African-American patients arterial hypertension during the first 6 months after transplantation is associated with a high risk of renal allograft loss. In this study, we sought to examine the relationships between pretransplant blood pressure (preBP), blood pressure early after transplantation (postBP), and allograft function and survival. The study included 116 African-American recipients of first cadaveric renal allografts followed for 64 ± 40 months. Prior to transplantation, 78% of the patients required antihypertensive medications and 59% had poorly controlled BP (average mean arterial pressure, ≥107 mm Hg). Blood pressure levels increased significantly during the first month posttransplant, particularly in patients with poorly controlled preBP. During the first 6 months posttransplant, 95% of patients required antihypertensive drugs; after the transplant, patients required significantly more and higher doses of antihypertensives compared with pretransplant. In 38% of the patients, postBP remained high despite therapy. The level of postBP correlated with the patient's weight pretransplant and with the level of preBP. Pretransplant BP correlated with postBP 1 month after transplantation (r = 0.4, P < 0.0001), and 70% of the patients with poorly controlled postBP had uncontrolled preBP. Patients with poorly controlled preBP had worse graft survival than patients with well-controlled preBP (P = 0.03 by Cox regression). Furthermore, compared with patients with well-controlled postBP, patients with high postBP had higher serum creatinine at 10 days (P = 0.04) and at 6 months (P = 0.0004) posttransplant; these patients had reduced graft survival (P = 0.0006 by Cox). We found no objective evidence of differences in patient compliance between individuals with high postBP and those with well-controlled postBP. This study confirms the association between high postBP and reduced renal allograft survival in African-American patients. In addition, these results show that the level of preBP can be used to identify patients at high risk of developing severe hypertension immediately after transplantation and those at risk for renal allograft failure.
Global flow optimization in automatic logic design

A method for optimizing digital logic networks is described. This approach uses the techniques of global flow analysis to efficiently gather information about the relationship between different wires in a circuit and uses methods from network flow to use this information to optimize the circuit. It differs from earlier methods for optimization of multilevel logic networks in that valid rearrangements of signal connections depend on the maintenance of global circuit invariants. An algorithm which reduces the problem of finding small circuits in this equivalence class to the problem of finding a min-cut in an associated graph is described. This algorithm has been implemented and forms part of an automatic design system in use within IBM. The authors describe the results of experiments undertaken to evaluate the effect of the techniques. >
A Rapid and Sensitive Technique for Assessing Exposure VX via GC-MS-MS Analysis

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of the chemical warfare agent VX in plasma taken from Gi~ttingen minipigs | has been developed using isotope-dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 5% diphenyi/95% dimethyl polysiloxane capillary column with a total run time of about 11 rain. The analyte was detected using ammonia chemical ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, following a simple extraction with 10% 2-propanol in hexane. A good linear relationship was obtained in the quantitative concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL (r 2 = 0.9998) with an average slope of 1.275  0.037 (n = 7), and an absolute detection limit of 0.4 pg on column. The average recovery for VX was 95% in saline in the concentration range of 50-100 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of VX in minipig plasma in a preliminary toxicokinetic study. methylphosphonic acid in serum (5) or urine (7), and the fluoride-induced reactivated phosphonyl moiety of VX, O-ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate in serum (8) or plasma (9). However, these methods involve tedious sample preparation steps and/or derivatization of the isolated analyte prior to analysis. Recently, the quantification of VX in whole blood has been reported and applied to a toxicokinetic investigation in guinea pigs and marmosets (10). In this paper, an alternate method for determining exposure to VX in plasma that involves a simple extraction of residual VX followed by analysis using isotope-dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) is described. Application of the method is demonstrated in the toxicokinetic study of VX after intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration to male G6ttingen Minipigs.
China's Transition to Markets: Market Preserving Federalism, Chinese Style

This paper studies the relationship between decentralization and the success of reform in China. We argue that a particular form of decentralization—called market-preserving federalism Chinese style—provides the critical foundations for market success. China's form of decentralization has served the critical purpose of creating markets at a time when political resistance to economic reform remained strong and when the durability of the reforms was important. Nonetheless, federalism, Chinese style, lacks some national public goods, and the new system needs to be institutionalized. We also highlight some parallels between the United States under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1787) and those of modern China.
Human NK cell IFN-γ production is regulated by endogenous TGF-β

NK cells are an important component of innate immunity, and they can promote CTL and Th1 cell development and macrophage activation via cytokines. TGF-beta is believed to be an important immunoregulatory molecule, and for this reason several TGF-beta inhibitors are currently in clinical development. However, the modulation of specific innate immune responses by endogenous human TGF-beta remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that blocking the action of endogenous TGF-beta resulted in an increase in both the percentage of responding NK cells and the amount of IFN-gamma produced by human NK cells when stimulated by monokines and TLR agonists. Blocking endogenous TGF-beta resulted in significant NK cell IFN-gamma production under suboptimal stimulation conditions. Our findings also suggest that TGF-beta associated with other blood cells may be involved in limiting NK cell activation. Thus, inhibiting endogenous TGF-beta provides a means to shift NK cell activation and promote cellular immunity.
Balanced Scheduling and Operation Chaining in High-Level Synthesis for FPGA Designs

In high-level synthesis for FPGA designs, scheduling and chaining of operations for optimal performance remain challenging problems. In this paper, we present a balanced scheduling routine that uniformly distributes operations across states to reduce critical timing paths in the absence of accurate functional unit delay models. On average, results show improvements in frequency and run times for balanced scheduling over ASAP, ALAP, and force-directed scheduling. Additionally, we provide a methodology for precision-based delay modeling of operations. We present a balanced chaining routine that, given a target frequency, uses this modeling technique to reduce the number of clock cycles in the design. Results show approximately 20% improvement on average in run times when incorporating our balanced chaining routine with scheduling. Applying balanced chaining in a high-level synthesis tool allowed performance improvements between 8-29x for large, complex applications. Our method for modeling operation delays is shown to be accurate in estimating delays for operation chaining during high-level synthesis
A complete electromagnetic simulation of the separated-aperture sensor for detecting buried land mines

The detection of buried land mines is a problem of military and humanitarian importance. Electromagnetic (EM) sensors (ground-penetrating radars) use signals at radio and microwave frequencies for this purpose. In the past, EM sensors for land-mine detection have been empirically developed and optimized. This has involved experimental tests that are complicated, time consuming, and expensive. An alternative is to carry out initial development and optimization using accurate numerical simulations. One objective of this paper is to show, for the first time, that such simulations can be done using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The separated-aperture sensor has been under investigation by the United States Army for land-mine detection for many years. It consists of two parallel dipole antennas housed in corner reflectors that are separated by a metallic septum. It is a continuous-wave sensor tuned to a particular frequency (typically 790 MHz). When the sensor is over empty ground, the coupling between the antennas is very small. As the sensor is moved over a buried mine, the coupling between the antennas increases indicating the presence of the mine. In this paper, the complete EM system composed of the separated-aperture sensor, air and soil, and buried land mine is modeled using the FDTD method. The finite computational volume is truncated with an absorbing boundary condition: the generalized perfectly matched layer. Detailed studies made with the simulation increase the understanding of this sensor. Results computed from the simulation are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Pollination biology and outcrossing rates in hermaphroditic Schiedea lydgatei (Caryophyllaceae).

The influence of outcrossing and pollination biology on the maintenance of hermaphroditism was studied for Schiedea lydgatei (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae), a species endemic to Moloka‘i in the Hawaiian Islands. Schiedea lydgatei is the only hermaphroditic species in an otherwise dimorphic clade and hermaphroditism is likely the result of a reversal from a gynodioecious ancestor. Both wind and native moths in the family Pyralidae are responsible for pollination in S. lydgatei. Outcrossing rates were generally high (0.80), especially in years when the greatest number of plants were flowering. The combination of high outcrossing rates and substantial inbreeding depression indicates that at present females would not be favored in the population. Pollination by both wind and insects is consistent with the hypothesis that hermaphroditism is the result of a relatively recent reversal, as the ancestor of S. lydgatei was probably wind pollinated and gynodioecious with few females in the populations. A shift from wind to predominately insect pollination on Moloka‘i may have resulted in increased outcrossing rates and prevented the expression of high inbreeding depression among progeny of hermaphrodites, a condition that would select against females and favor a reversal to hermaphroditism. Because few females were likely to have been present in ancestral populations that colonized Moloka‘i, founder effect is another potential explanation for loss of females. In either case, current high levels of outcrossing prevent re-establishment of females in populations of S. lydgatei.
Annotated Facsimile Editions: Defining macro-level structure for image-based electronic editions

Annotated Facsimile Edition (AFED) is a high-level model for representing macro-level structure in digital facsimiles. AFED models a facsimile as a set of images with multiple orderings or collations. The structure of these collations are encoded by 'annotations' that define a range of images in the collation and describe the properties of the content object identified by the annotations (for example, chapter, paragraph, page, poem). Separate annotation streams encode multiple analytical perspectives, for example, the physical structure of the edition (volumes, pages, and lines) and the poetic structure (poems, titles, epigraphs, and stanzas). Annotations within a single analytical perspective―but not those from different perspectives―follow a hierarchical structure. We discuss our initial results in implementing AFED and using it to deploy a reading interface for AJAX enabled rich-client Web applications. The primary contribution of our work is a general-purpose model for representing digital facsimiles that focuses on the major conceptual structures present among the contents of documents drawn from a wide range of sources. AFED provides a highly flexible model that can serve as a substrate for developing tools designed to support visual document editing during the exploratory stages of scholarly research.
Transport of heavy organic vapors through silicone rubber

Permeability, solubility, and diffusion coefficients have been determined for halothane (CF3CHClBr) and methoxyflurane (CHCl2CF2OCH3) in silicone rubber at temperatures from 17 to 60°C and at relative pressures from 0.05 to 0.96. The solubility of both penetrants in silicone rubber is a strong function of penetrant concentration (or relative pressure), and can be represented satisfactorily by the Flory-Huggins relation with single values of the interaction parameter χ. The solubility coefficients decrease with increasing temperature at constant pressure. Mutual diffusion coefficients exhibit maxima when plotted against penetrant concentration; these maxima are attributed to the mass flow of polymer together with dissolved penetrant. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients increase linearly with increasing concentration. The energies of activation for diffusion are low, probably because of the ease of segmental motion about the SiO linkage. The diffusivity data are examined in terms of Fujita's “free volume” model and of transition-state theory. Permeability coefficients for the two penetrants are large, of the order of 10−6–10−5 cm3(STP)-cm/(sec-cm2-cm Hg), and increase markedly with increasing concentration or decreasing temperature. This behavior is regarded as a consequence of the low energies of activation for diffusion.
Use of thulium-sensitized rare earth-doped low phonon energy crystalline hosts for IR sources

Crystalline hosts with low phonon energies enable novel energy transfer processes when doped with rare earth ions. Two applications of energy transfer for rare earth ions in thulium-sensitized low phonon energy crystals that result in infrared luminescence are discussed. One application is an endothermic, phonon-assisted cross-relaxation process in thulium-doped yttrium chloride that converts lattice phonons to infrared emission, which raises the possibility of a fundamentally new method for achieving solid-state optical cooling. The other application is an optically pumped mid-IR phosphor using thulium-praseodymium-doped potassium lead chloride that converts 805-nm diode light to broadband emission from 4,000 to 5,500 nm. These two applications in chloride crystals are discussed in terms of critical radii calculated from Forster-Dexter energy transfer theory. It is found that the critical radii for electric dipole-dipole interactions in low phonon energy chloride crystals are comparable to those in conventional oxide and fluoride crystals. It is the reduction in multi-phonon relaxation rates in chloride crystals that enable these additional energy transfer processes and infrared luminescence.