cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of N Budgets for Crops

ABSTRACT Estimating N input and removal from crop production systems is one of the first considerations when evaluating management practices to minimize nitrate leaching and contamination of ground water. Nitrogen inputs may be from natural sources such as precipitation, soil organic matter decomposition, or microbial fixation of atmospheric N. Producers can directly impact N inputs from fertilizer, manure, and nitrate in irrigation water, and indirectly affect timing of crop N availability through selection of tillage and cultural practices. Aside from crop N removal, most N losses are frequently difficult to precisely quantify because of complex chemical, physical, and microbial interactions. It may not be necessary to precisely quantify all N inputs and outputs from crop production systems before sound N management practices can be developed, provided producers are aware of how various management variables can be integrated to minimize nitrate leaching.
Microbial delignification with white rot fungi improves forage digestibility.

Three wild-type white rot fungi and two cellulase-less mutants developed from Phanerochaete chrysosporium K-3 (formerly Sporotrichum pulverulentum) were tested for their ability to delignify grass cell walls and improve biodegradation by rumen microorganisms. Fungal-treated and control stems of Bermuda grass were analyzed for their content of ester- and ether-linked aromatics by using alkali extraction and gas chromatography, for in vitro dry weight digestion and production of volatile fatty acids in in vitro fermentations with mixed ruminal microorganisms, for loss of lignin and other aromatics from specific cell wall types by using microspectrophotometry, and for structural changes before and after in vitro degradation by rumen microorganisms by using transmission electron microscopy. P. chrysosporium K-3 and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora FP 90031-sp produced the greatest losses in lignin and improved the biodegradation of Bermuda grass over that of untreated control substrate. However, C. subvermispora removed the most lignin and significantly improved biodegradation over all other treatments. Phellinus pini RAB-83-19 and cellulase-less mutants 3113 and 85118 developed from P. chrysosporium K-3 did not improve the biodegradation of Bermuda grass lignocellulose. Results indicated that C. subvermispora extensively removed ester-linked p-coumaric and ferulic acids and also removed the greatest amount of non-ester-linked aromatics from plant cell walls. Microscopic observations further indicated that C. subvermispora removed esters from parenchyma cell walls as well as esters and lignin from the more recalcitrant cell walls (i.e., sclerenchyma and vascular tissues). C. subvermispora improved in vitro digestion and volatile fatty acid production by ruminal microorganisms by about 80%, while dry matter loss due to fungi was about 20% greater than loss in untreated control stems. The chemical and structural studies used identified sites of specific fungal attack and suggested mechanisms whereby improvement occurred.
Contaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds foraging together at two neighboring sites in South San Francisco Bay, California.

The San Francisco Bay estuary is used by over one million shorebirds during spring migration and is home to several hundred thousand during the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in the southern reach of the estuary (South Bay). The reduced water circulation and discharge from industrial sources in the South Bay are responsible for the highest levels of some trace elements in the estuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to have strong site fidelity to areas as small as a few kilometers in the South Bay, which may increase their exposure to contaminants near local point sources. In addition, different shorebird species foraging at the same site have been shown to have different contaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were to test whether contaminant burdens differed by species, or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirds collected at adjacent sites. We examined the contaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds, long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus) and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) that forage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark, separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We used multivariate analysis of variance tests to compare the composition of 14 elemental analytes in their liver tissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analyses because of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V) were below detection limits in a majority of the samples so statistical analyses were precluded. In the measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn), we found no significant intra-site differences of contaminant profiles for the two species. We pooled the samples to examine inter-site differences and found significant differences in contaminant profiles between shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P 0.05).
Financing the transition to multipillar

This report focuses primarily on the mechanics of financing the transition from an unfunded pension scheme with equates with hidden public debt to a funded scheme which makes this debt explicit, and on the financial stocks and flows involved. Only if the problem is treated in a consistent stock/flow concept can the true costs or benefits of transition, and its economic and distributive implications be fully assessed. To this end, the structure of this report is as follows: after the introductory section, section 2 elaborates on the appropriate definition of the scope of the obligations that become explicit, the way these are measured, and how they change under reform. Section 3 presents the main strategies for reducing the debt to be made explicit. Section 4 highlights the changes in the composition of total (i.e., implicit and explicit) debt and the related fiscal requirements during the transition under alternative reforms. Section 5 presents the options to finance the transition through debt or budgetary financing.
Thermal Effects on Black Hole Formation in Failed Core-Collapse Supernovae

We investigate several aspects of black hole formation in failing core-collapse supernovae using 1D general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations. We use the open-source code GR1D and incorporate into it nucleon-nucleon Bremsstrahlung, a crucial neutrino pair-production channel. We focus on how various thermal effects can influence the postbounce supernova evolution towards black hole formation. By performing simulations with and without nucleon-nucleon Bremsstrahlung, we investigate the sensitivity of black hole formation to thermal support in the protoneutron star. We also investigate delayed black hole formation by artificially driving explosions in an extreme model where the protoneutron star is initially thermally supported above the maximum baryonic cold neutron star mass but then collapses to a black hole after neutrino cooling removes sufficient thermal support.
The Importance of Size-Dependent Processes in the Ecology of Deposit-Feeding Benthos

What are the environmental and ontogenetic constraints that control the size-scaling of forni and function, and therefore energy gain and expenditure, in deposit-feeding invertebrates? How do these constraints interact to shape the ontogeny of an organism from larval recruit to reproductive adult.? Evolutionary theory predicts that natural selection can act at any point within the life cycle of an organism in order to increase the fitness of the individual (Calow, 1978). The comprehensive study of developmental changes in functional morphology and critical physiological rate processes should therefore provide valuable insights into the adaptation and design of deposit-feeding benthos.
Learning detectors of events in multivariate time series.

Detection of events in multivariate time series is one of the key objectives of applied biomedical informatics. Vigilant monitoring, fast detection and rapid resolution of problems are key factors in effective mitigation of adverse events. Analysts require support of automated surveillance tools to process multiple streams of complex heterogeneous data in a timely and accurate manner. We present a pragmatic approach to constructing such tools. It takes advantage of aggregating evidence from multiple streams of data, it is able to use specific features of outbreaks to detect them faster, and it automates the design process using machine learning. In the proposed approach, the individual streams of data are monitored with a temporal scan algorithm which tests null hypothesis that the current values of the observed time series do not differ from the baseline. The resulting p-values are then aggregated using e.g. Fisher’s method, and the alert is generated whenever any of the streams is out of control, or if some of them are almost critical. This constitutes a basic non-specific multivariate detector. We then add a filter which suppresses alerts if the data characteristics are sufficiently similar to known false alerts. Such a filter can limit false positive rates resulting in higher sensitivity and improved timeliness of detection. We compare a manual method of constructing such filters with two machine learning approaches. They rely on features such as current and recent reads of the single streams’ and aggregated p-values. If a substantial number of labeled outbreak examples are available, a classifier can be trained to tell apart false and correct detections. Otherwise, we build in feature space a model of the distribution of known false alerts (and, separately, known correct detections, if they are available). Candidate alerts which likely originate from the false alert distribution (and do not seem to belong to the correct detections distribution, if available) can then be suppressed. We present results obtained using real-world food safety data in configurations ranging from training sets where experts label negative examples only (data instances which do not correspond to any known event of interest), to training sets where experts identify many known events. We experimentally show that powerful detectors can be learned from a few negative examples, and that the power of detectors can be improved if more labeled data is available. That finding has a strong practical significance because labeled data is often difficult and costly to get.
Tertiary Excess of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Hypophosphatemia Following Kidney Transplantation

Hypophosphatemia caused by inappropriate urinary phosphate wasting is a frequent metabolic complication of the early period following kidney transplantation. Although previously considered to be caused by tertiary hyperparathyroidism, recent evidence suggests a primary role for persistently elevated circulating levels of the phosphorus-regulating hormone, FGF23. In the setting of a healthy renal allograft, markedly increased FGF23 levels from the dialysis period induce renal phosphate wasting and inhibition of calcitriol production, which contribute to hypophosphatemia. While such tertiary FGF23 excess and resultant hypophosphatemia typically abates within the first few weeks to months post-transplant, some recipients manifest persistent renal phosphate wasting. Furthermore, increased FGF23 levels have been associated with increased risk of kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, and death outside of the transplant setting. Whether tertiary FGF23 excess is associated with adverse transplant outcomes is unknown. In this article, we review the physiology of FGF23, summarize its relationship with hypophosphatemia after kidney transplantation, and speculate on its potential impact on long-term outcomes of renal allograft recipients.
Composite quadratures for functions of dominated variation

We analyze the performance of the closed Newton-Cotes quadratures applied to integrands of low continuity. Order of convergence rates are obtained by dominating with a summable function the total variation of a suitable derivative of the integrand over a sequence of expanding intervals. The analysis given allows any finite number of singularities anywhere in the interval of integration.
Investigation of the Cosine Law for Lateral Power MOSFETs

The results of recent Single Event Effect (SEE) testing of newly available power MOSFETs are presented.
Access to the 1,3,4,6-tetraazapentalene ring system

Abstract An oxidative cyclization method is described for synthesizing molecules containing the 1,3,4,6-tetraazapentalene ring system.
Process simulated laminate (PSL) : a methodology to internal stress characterization in advanced composite materials

Solidification, under nonisothermal conditions and pressure gradients present during processing, is shown to be a major contributor to the generation of internal stresses in advanced composite materials. These stresses may be amplified in composite materials with significant anisotropic characteristics. Using the process simulated lami nate (PSL) technique, a methodology was developed for the evaluation of the residual stress distributions induced during processing. The PSL contained separation films placed between certain layers of the laminate, enabling separation of the laminate after process ing. Using a strain gage attached to the laminate, the residual stress distribution over the laminate was calculated. The detached laminates served as specimens for the evaluation of through-thickness morphological and property distributions. The direct relationship be tween the residual stresses and the investigation of stress releasing phenomena such as voids, microcracks and/or fiber buckling was important for ...
Extraction of buried P waves from printed electrocardiograms.

Background: Morphologic identification of ectopic P-waves from surface ECGs can be challenging, particularly when the P-wave is buried in the QRST wave complex. Because ECGs are often available on paper and not digitally, we developed a method of subtracting the T-wave from the buried P-wave complex on paper ECGs. Methods: To validate our system, an atrial extrastimulus was introduced during and following the T-wave. The ECGs were scanned and then transformed from an image format to a digital format. A computer algorithm digitally subtracted a QRST with no buried P-wave from one with a buried P-wave, thus resulting in an extracted P-wave. The extracted P-waves were compared to the nonburied P-wave by determining correlation coefficients and by visual grading by two independent reviewers. Results: Visual grading comparing the buried P-wave with the exposed paced P-wave was 94%. The median correlation coefficient was 85%. Conclusions: An ectopic atrial P-wave obscured by a coincident QRST wave complex can be accurately derived from printed ECG using this PC-based system. Addition of this technique to the existing methods may aid in the localization and ablation of ectopic atrial foci.
The Post-Translational Modification in Cytochrome c Oxidase Is Required To Establish a Functional Environment of the Catalytic Site†

Mutation of tyrosine-288 to a phenylalanine in cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides drastically alters its properties. Tyr-288 lies in the CuB−cytochrome a3 binuclear catalytic site and forms a hydrogen bond with the hydroxy group on the farnesyl side chain of the heme. In addition, through a post-translational modification, Y288 is covalently linked to one of the histidine ligands that is coordinated to CuB. In the Y288F mutant enzyme, the “as-isolated” preparation is a mixture of reduced cytochrome a and oxidized cytochrome a3. The cytochrome a3 heme, which is largely six-coordinate low-spin in both oxidation states of the mutant, cannot be reduced by cytochrome c, but only by dithionite, possibly due to a large decrease in its reduction potential. It is postulated that the Y288F mutation prevents the post-translational modification from occurring. As a consequence, the catalytic site becomes disrupted. Thus, one role of the post-translational modification is to stabilize the functional cat...
From krill to convenience stores: Forecasting the economic and ecological effects of fisheries management on the US West Coast

Abstract There is a need to better understand the linkages between marine ecosystems and the human communities and economies that depend on these systems. Here those linkages are drawn for the California Current on the US West Coast, by combining a fishery ecosystem model (Atlantis) with an economic model (IO-PAC) that traces how changes in seafood landings impact the broader economy. The potential effects of broad fisheries management options are explored, including status quo management, switching effort from trawl to other gears, and spatial management scenarios. Relative to Status Quo, the other scenarios here involved short-term ex-vessel revenue losses, primarily to the bottom trawl fleet. Other fleets, particularly the fixed gear fleet that uses pots and demersal longlines, gained revenue in some scenarios, though spatial closures of Rockfish Conservation Areas reduced revenue to fixed gear fleets. Processor and wholesaler revenue tracked trends in the bottom trawl fleet, which accounted for 58% of total landings by value. Income impacts (employee compensation and earnings of business owners) on the broader economy mirrored the revenue trends. The long-term forecast (15 years) from the Atlantis ecosystem model predicted substantial stock rebuilding and increases in fleet catch. The 15 year projection of Status Quo suggested an additional ∼$27 million in revenue for the fisheries sectors, and an additional $23 million in income and 385 jobs in the broader economy, roughly a 25% increase. Linking the ecological and economic models here has allowed evaluation of fishery management policies using multiple criteria, and comparison of potential economic and conservation trade-offs that stem from management actions.
Degree-Day Model for Egg Eclosion of the Pine Needle Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Eclosion of overwintering eggs of pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), was modeled from growth chamber fluctuating temperature rearings. A computer model, DEGDAY, was used to determine daily and accumulated degree-day accumulations to hatch. This model and simple regression techniques were used to identify the developmental threshold. Percentage of survivorship ranged from 0 at 9°C to 98 at 18.5°C. At 18.5°C, 136 degree-days accumulated to hatch, and time to 50% hatch was 17.25d. The developmental threshold lies between 10.8 and 11. 8°C.
Biphasic waveform external defibrillation thresholds for spontaneous ventricular fibrillation secondary to acute ischemia

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine if the defibrillation threshold (DFT) after spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF) secondary to acute ischemia differs from the DFT for electrically induced VF in the absence of ischemia in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs and pigs. Background The efficacy of external defibrillators has been tested mainly in animals and humans using E-VF, yet external defibrillators are often used in patients to halt S-VF. Methods Protocol 1: biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) waveform shocks were delivered through electrodes placed in an anterior-anterior (A-A) position (left and right lateral thorax) in nine dogs. After measuring the E-VF DFT, acute ischemia was induced with an angioplasty balloon in either the left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery, and the S-VF DFT was determined. Protocol 2: in a group of 12 pigs, the E-VF DFT and S-VF DFT were determined for electrodes in the A-A position and in the anterior-posterior position (A-P). Protocol 3: the E-VF DFT was determined in seven pigs. Then up to three shocks 1.5× the E-VF DFT were delivered to S-VF. If defibrillation did not occur, a step-up protocol was used until defibrillation occurred. Results Protocol 1: the DFT for E-VF was 65 ± 28 J (mean ± SD) compared with 226 ± 97 J for S-VF, p Conclusions External defibrillation of S-VF induced by acute ischemia requires significantly more energy than VF induced by 60-Hz current in the absence of ischemia. A safety margin >1.5× the DFT for electrically induced VF may be necessary in BTE external defibrillators to defibrillate S-VF.
Temperature distribution along a fiber embedded in a matrix under steady state conditions

The temperature distribution along a high thermal conductivity bar (fiber) embedded in a low thermal conductivity half-space (matrix) subjected to an axial differential of temperature is studied. It is assumed that the fiber and matrix are perfectly bonded along the entire interface between them. The system is assumed to be in steady state condition and no heat is generated internally. An approximated analytical solution to the problem based on the heat conduction equation, the principle of conservation of energy and the idea of boundary layer is presented. The problem is also solved numerically by means of the finite element method using commercial software. The results obtained by both approaches, analytical and numerical, are compared. The discrepancy between the two approaches appears very small in most of the cases although substantial relative error can be found at specific points in specific cases.
RIC-8 (Synembryn): A Novel Conserved Protein that Is Required for Gqα Signaling in the C. elegans Nervous System

Recent studies describe a network of signaling proteins centered around Goα and Gqα that regulates neurotransmitter secretion in C. elegans by controlling the production and consumption of diacylglycerol (DAG). We sought other components of the Goα–Gqα signaling network by screening for aldicarb-resistant mutants with phenotypes similar to egl-30 (Gqα) mutants. In so doing, we identified ric-8, which encodes a novel protein named RIC-8 (synembryn). Through cDNA analysis, we show that RIC-8 is conserved in vertebrates. Through immunostaining, we show that RIC-8 is concentrated in the cytoplasm of neurons. Exogenous application of phorbol esters or loss of DGK-1 (diacylglycerol kinase) rescues ric-8 mutant phenotypes. A genetic analysis suggests that RIC-8 functions upstream of, or in conjunction with, EGL-30 (Gqα).
Phosphorus Dynamics in Agricultural Runoff and Reservoirs in Oklahoma

ABSTRACT Concentrations of soluble and total phosphorus in runoff from 16 grassed and cropped watersheds were measured over the past decade. Six watersheds drained into two flood detention reservoirs, where phosphorus concentrations were also measured at the inflow, within the lake, and at the outflow over a two-year period, to assess the effects of agricultural management practices on water quality. Soluble and total phosphorus concentrations in runoff from the native grass (133 and 343 mgP m−3, respectively) and cropped watersheds (215 and 2423 mgP m−3, respectively) were similar to phosphorus concentrations at the inflows to the reservoirs. Adsorption, biological uptake, and suspended sediment settling reduced soluble and total phosphorus levels 75 and 93 percent, respectively, in outflow from the reservoir with the grassed drainage basin and 72 and 96 percent, respectively, for the cropped drainage basin reservoir. Mean annual chlorophyll a and Secchi depths classified both reservoirs as eutrophic, ev...
Respiratory effects of a long-acting analog of adenosine

The effect on respiration, measured as integrated phrenic nerve activity, of an analog of adenosine, N6(l-2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), was determined in 26 paralyzed, vagotomized and glomectomized cats whose end-tidal pCO2 was kept constant by means of a servocontrolled ventilator. Whether given intravenously or into the third cerebral ventricle, PIA caused a dose-related depression of respiration, involving both tidal activity and respiratory frequency. In a group of 6 cats, the effects of intraventricular PIA or its vehicle alone on medullary extracellular fluid (ECF) pH were also determined. Vehicle alone had no effect on either ECF pH or respiratory activity. PIA was associated with the development over 10–20 min of a metabolic acidosis in the medulla, but still led to marked depression of respiration, thus ruling out an increase of medullary blood flow as cause of the decreased respiration. We conclude that the adenosine analog, PIA, acts to inhibit directly neurons in the brain that are involved in the control of respiration, and we suggest that adenosine may act as a tonic modulator of respiration.
Cytological and Isozyme Evaluation of Tall Fescue × Italian Ryegrass Hybrids

Development of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., 2n = 6x - 42) × Italian rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., 2n = 2 ×= 14) hybrids would enhance efforts to improve the quality of tall fescue. Two ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue ×‘Lemtal Italian ryegrass hybrids were obtained via embryo rescue on MS media containing casein hydrolysate, ascorbic acid and sucrose. Chromosome pairing at metaphase I had an average of more than 12 bivalents per cell. Since Festuca-Lolium pairing can account only for seven of the paired chromosomes, intergenomic as well as interspecific chromosome pairing is indicated. There was no cytoplasmic effect on chromosome pairing. To determine if enzymes could be used as genetic markers for distinguishing hybrids from self-contaminants in crosses, zymograms of PGI, 6-PGD, MDH, GOT and ACPH were obtained from parents and hybrids using starch gel etectrophoresis. PGI, 6-PGD and MDH had fewer bands in the diploid ryegrass, as compared with the hexaploid tall fescue and the tetraploid hybrid.
Metallothionein and Heat-Shock Protein 70 Induction in Caged and Wild Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) Exposed to the Ouachita River, Louisiana

The purpose of this study was to explore the changes in mRNA expression levels for metallothionein subtype 2 (MT-2) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in fathead minnows in response to environmental exposure in a mercury (Hg)-contaminated freshwater ecosystem. It was hypothesized that expression levels of both genes may rise concurrent with the bioaccumulation of Hg and possibly other heavy metals during exposure to the Ouachita River. The experimental design incorporated three distinct populations of fathead minnows: (1) a negative control population of laboratory-raised fathead minnows unexposed to heavy metals or other contaminants, (2) laboratory-raised fatheads placed in cages and exposed to a contaminated ecosystem for 2 wk, and (3) wild-caught (native) fathead minnows captured at the same site where caged fatheads tested positive for Hg bioaccumulation. Study endpoints included growth rates and gross pathology at necropsy. Total Hg levels of the water at the exposure sites as well as in whole fish h...
Social capital and female entrepreneurship in rural regions: Evidence from Vietnam

An emerging literature suggests that distressed regions tend to be characterized by strong social structures that may be mobilized as social capital for entrepreneurial activities. This paper examines the role of social capital on female entrepreneurship (measured by self-employment) in two distressed regions in Northern Vietnam. Social capital is investigated at two geographical scales, namely the micro (family), and the macro (Women's Union). The role of market access is also highlighted given the geographically disadvantaged location of the regions. Logistic regressions based on survey data indicate that family social capital increases the women's probability of becoming entrepreneurs but institutional social capital has the opposite effect. As part of family social capital, children and male family members contribute to labor, income and community networks. The Women's Union, on the other hand, is overly embedded at Vinh Loc resulting in negative network externalities. Distance to public markets significantly raises the probability of female entrepreneurship. Finally access to capital, that is the number of micro-finance loans and minimum loan size have a positive effect.
The Effect of Acetic Acid and Air Injection on Appearance, Moisture Pick-Up, Microbiological Quality, and Salmonella Incidence on Processed Poultry Carcasses

Broiler carcasses were subjected to a 10-min prechill treatment with and without air injection and glacial acetic acid at concentrations of .3 and .6%. Some of the carcasses were inoculated with approximately 800 cells of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium 1 min prior to treatment. After treatment, the carcasses were monitored for their visual appearance, moisture pick-up, and microbiological quality. Appearance was subjectively monitored for color change and resulting skin texture. Microbiological quality was determined using the low volume whole carcass rinse, and moisture pick-up was determined by weight differences. The skin color of treated carcasses was light yellow and the feather follicles were protruded or puckered. Moisture pick-up was significantly reduced by the acid treatments. Total aerobes were not affected by any of the treatments, but Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts of treated carcasses were significantly lower than the counts for the water control carcasses. Log10 ENT counts ranged from 5.52 for the control to 4.48 for the air injection, and to a low of 2.93 for the air injection with .6% acetic acid. Salmonella incidence of inoculated carcasses was significantly reduced by the treatments. Using .6% acetic acid with air injection resulted in the greatest reduction in Salmonella incidence (8% positive).
Resource Allocation to Minimize Delay in a Dual-Purpose Service Facility

This paper considers in a deterministic way the problem of dividing a general set of service stations into two groups in order to satisfy two types of service at minimum delay to the customers. The optimum decision depends on the combined effect of initial queue lengths and arrival rates relative to available service capacity. Various conditions are considered and a model is employed to derive theoretical results for optimization in each case.
Simplified Pairing of Lactic Streptococcal Strains for Cheese Manufacture

Abstract A selected group of 43 strains from a culture bank of over 600 lactic culture isolates was tested for temperature sensitivity and bacteriophage typed with 28 phage isolates. Data were analyzed to maximize differences between paired strains. Only the best pairs, as determined by computer, were propagated in a buffered growth medium after which they were inoculated at 2% into sterilized nonfat dry milk containing .015% brom cresol purple pH indicator. Inoculated milk was dispersed into a microtiter plate. Filtered homologous phage stock was inoculated into these milk samples to produce serial dilutions from 10 0 to 10 −11 . The inoculated plate was sealed and incubated through a temperature cycle simulating cheese making. The pairs least affected by phage attack were evident through color differences. Measurement of pH in each well with a pH meter further refined selection. Several pairs selected in this manner were used successfully in rotation programs at two cooperating cheese plants.
Reproductive effects of chlorpromazine exposure to female mice: cell proliferation disadvantage revealed by the Chimera Embryo Assay.

Abstract Administration of chlorpromazine-HCI at 5 to 15 mg/kg bodyweight to pregnant CD-1 mice at 24 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (20–23 h after mating) inhibited blastocyst formation and reduced the cell number of embryos recovered at 95 h after hCG. When embryos are recovered at the two- to four-cell stage (48–50 h after hCG) and cultured for an additional 47 h (to 95 h after hCG) or 72 h (to 120 h after hCG), blastocyst formation and embryo cell number were similarly reduced. When the dose range was reduced to 0.5 to 2 mg/kg bodyweight, no significant effect of the drug was observed on blastocyst formation or on embryo cell number. However, when aggregation chimeras were formed between embryos recovered from drug-exposed females and from untreated females, a decrease in cell proliferation rate of the embryo from the drug-exposed female was observed at a dose of 2 mg/kg bodyweight. This result indicates that exposing pregnant mice to chlorpromazine-HCI at doses as low as 2 mg/kg bodyweight can induce a potential for decreased cleavage rate in their pre-implantation embryos that can be revealed by challenging those embryos by direct contact with embryos from nonexposed females. Finally, when four-cell stage embryos recovered from untreated females cultured in the presence of chlorpromazine (0.1–25 mM), blastocyst formation and embryo cell number were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. This last result suggests that in vivo the drug may act directly on the embryo from the pronuclear stage to the early morula stage of development.
Expression of receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2/neu in synovial sarcoma.

BACKGROUND Synovial sarcomas are high-grade soft tissue neoplasms often characterized by a biphasic spindle and epithelioid cell morphology. The majority of synovial sarcomas harbor a specific chromosomal translocation in which the proximal portion of the SYT gene at chromosome 18q11 is fused to the distal portion of one of several duplicated SSX genes (most notably SSX1 and SSX2) at chromosome Xp11. SYT/SSX1 translocations are seen in nearly three times as many synovial sarcomas as SYT/SSX2 translocations. Although the SYT/SSX2 fusion is usually associated with the monophasic disease pattern, the SYT/SSX1 fusion is present in tumors with biphasic or monophasic patterns. The SYT/SSX1 fusion gene is associated with more aggressive tumor growth and poor outcome. Despite advances in the therapy of local disease, distant metastasis remains the predominant cause of death. Accordingly, there is a need for alternate therapies, such as those recently developed against the receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2/neu. METHODS Archival specimens of synovial sarcoma (n = 38) representing 30 patients were assessed for EGFR and HER-2/neu protein expression by standard immunohistochemical techniques. To validate the immunohistochemistry results, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assays using either fresh and/or archival material was performed. The presence of gene amplification was determined by chromogenic in-situ hybridization. RESULTS EGFR and HER-2/neu protein were detected by immunohistochemistry in 21 of 38 (55.3%) and 20 of 38 (52.6%) synovial specimens, respectively. EGFR immunoreactivity showed a granular and membranous pattern, whereas HER-2/neu immunoreactivity demonstrated only a membrane pattern. Coexpression was observed in 13 of 38 specimens (34.2%). HER-2/neu expression by immunohistochemistry in synovial sarcomas was restricted to tumors with the SYT/SSX1 translocations. Of 6 specimens with SSX2 translocation, none (0%) showed HER-2/neu immunoreactivity and 1 (17%) demonstrated EGFR expression. Q-PCR demonstrated the presence of mRNA for EGFR and HER-2/neu in 19 of 30 specimens (63.3%) and 22 of 30 specimens (73.3%), respectively. EGFR and HER-2/neu were expressed at low concentrations compared with the expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). No evidence of gene amplification was observed. CONCLUSIONS EGFR and HER-2/neu are expressed in the majority of patients with SYT/SSX1 synovial sarcomas, albeit at low levels. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may represent appropriate alternate therapy for these patients. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Optic Tract Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis

We studied two cases of optic tract involvement in multiple sclerosis with documentation by magnetic resonance imaging. In one, incongruous homonymous hemianopsia was accompanied by a decrease in visual acuity in one eye from chiasmal involvement. In the other, the involvement was restricted to the optic tract and the homonymous hemianoptic visual field defect was nearly congruous.
Voltage-Sensitive Dyes And Imaging Techniques Reveal New Patterns Of Electrical Activity In Heart Cortex

Voltage-sensitive dyes bind to the plasms membrane of excitable cells (ie., muscle or nerve cells) and exhibit fluorescence and/or absorption changes that vary linearly with changes in transmembrane electrical potential. These potentiometric optical probes can be used to measure local changes in transmembrane potential by monitoring optical signals from dye molecules bound to the surface membrane. Consequently, when excitable cells are stained with such a dye and are stimulated to fire an electrical impulse (ie., an action potential (AP)), the changes in dye fluorescence have the characteristic shape and time course of APs recorded with an intracellular micro-electrode. Potentiometric dyes in conjuction with imaging techniques can now be used to visualize complex patterns and propagation of electrical activity. With photodiode arrays on video imaging techniques, patterns of biological electrical activity can be obtained with high temporal and spatial resolution which could not be obtained by conventional micro-electrodes. These methods reveal new details and offer powerful approaches to study fundamental problem in cardiac electrophysiology, communication in nerve networks, and the organization of cortical neurons.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficient genotyping of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia following whole genome amplification

Small parasites and larval stages pose a problem for molecular analyses because limited amounts of DNA template are available. Isothermal methods for faithfully copying DNA have the potential to revolutionize studies of such organisms. We evaluated the fidelity of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) for amplifying DNA extracted from a single miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. To do this we genotyped DNA extracted from 28 F1 miracidia following MDA using 56 microsatellite markers. Because these miracidia were obtained from a cross between a male and female worm of known genotypes, we were able to predict the alleles present in the progeny and quantify the genotyping error rate. We found just 8/1568 genotypes deviated from Mendelian expectations. Furthermore, because 1 of these resulted from a genuine mutation, the error rate due to MDA is 7/1568 (0.45%). We conclude that many hundreds of microsatellites or other genetic markers can be accurately genotyped from a single miracidium using this method, greatly expanding the scope of population genetic, epidemiological and evolutionary studies on this parasite.
Integrating the Liberal Arts and Preprofessionalism Through Field Experience: A Process Analysis.

Qualitative studies of seven field internship programs have focused on understanding the key meanings of field study for students and on key variables associated with significant meanings. Based on self-report data and on analysis of student performance, two processes have been identified as central to the achievement of liberal arts goals in a field setting. These processes are reciprocity and decentering, both implying, in Piagetian terms, the coordination of multiple perspectives on the experience. The simultaneous occurrence involves an integrative process that bridges the liberal versus vocational education gap. Operational definitions and practical applications are presented, along with a theoretical model for understanding the utility of field study in higher education.
Describing the relationship between occupational and non-occupational physical activity using objective measurement.

Objective Physical inactivity is a major health risk for working adults, yet the interplay between physical activity levels in work and non-work settings is not well understood. The association between occupational physical activity (OPA) and non-occupational physical activity (non-OPA), and associations by sex, were examined in a group of 233 working adults in the Minneapolis, MN metro area between 2010 and 2012.
Calculation of Solvation Free Energies of Charged Solutes Using Mixed Cluster/Continuum Models

We derive a consistent approach for predicting the solvation free energies of charged solutes in the presence of implicit and explicit solvents. We find that some published methodologies make systematic errors in the computed free energies because of the incorrect accounting of the standard state corrections for water molecules or water clusters present in the thermodynamic cycle. This problem can be avoided by using the same standard state for each species involved in the reaction under consideration. We analyze two different thermodynamic cycles for calculating the solvation free energies of ionic solutes: (1) the cluster cycle with an n water cluster as a reagent and (2) the monomer cycle with n distinct water molecules as reagents. The use of the cluster cycle gives solvation free energies that are in excellent agreement with the experimental values obtained from studies of ion−water clusters. The mean absolute errors are 0.8 kcal/mol for H+ and 2.0 kcal/mol for Cu2+. Conversely, calculations using th...
Transient or Persistent Norovirus Infection Does Not Alter the Pathology of Salmonella typhimurium Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice

Murine noroviruses (MNV) are currently the most prevalent viruses infecting mouse research colonies. Concurrent infection of research mice with these viruses can dramatically alter the experimental outcome in some research models, but not others. In this report, we investigated the effect of MNV1 and MNV4 on a murine model of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent co-infection of these mice with MNV1 or MNV4 did not lead to major changes in histopathology, the inflammatory response, or the fibrotic response. Thus, MNV does not substantially alter all gastrointestinal research models, highlighting the importance of investigating potential alterations in the research outcome by MNV on an individual basis. We hypothesize that this is particularly important in cases of research models that use immunocompromised mice, which could be more sensitive to MNV infection-induced changes.
Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Ruppia maritima L. from the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Seeds from the seagrass Ruppia maritima L. collected in North Carolina and Florida were tested for their germination at 17, 23 and 29°C and at 0, 15 and 30%. salinities. Percent germination was significantly higher for seeds from North Carolina and the seeds from Florida did not germinate in 30%. salinity. The northern population also had a more rapid rate of germination. These germination patterns suggest that ecotypic differentiation in germination occurred between the two populations in relation to salinity but not temperature.
Brood Pheromone Modulation of Pollen Forager Turnaround Time in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Foraging for pollen is an important behavior of the honey bee because pollen is their sole source of protein. Through nurse bees, larvae are the principal consumers of pollen. Fatty acid esters extractable from the surface of larvae, called brood pheromone, release multiple colony-level and individual foraging behaviors increasing pollen intake. In this study pollen forager turnaround time was measured in observation hives supplemented with brood pheromone versus a blank control treatment. Treatment with brood pheromone significantly decreased pollen forager turnaround time in the hive between foraging bouts by approximately 72%. Concurrently, brood pheromone increased the ratio of pollen to non-pollen foragers entering colonies. Brood pheromone has been shown to release most of the mechanisms known to increase pollen intake by colonies acting as an important regulator of colony foraging decisions and growth.
Low energy electron induced X-ray emission spectrometry (LEXES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) sensitivity studies to ultra shallow arsenic implants

Abstract CMOS device sensitivity to process variation is becoming increasingly important as devices are scaled down to smaller sizes. As a result, there is a growing demand for ion implantation and annealing tools to increase accuracy and repeatability. In parallel, there is also an increasing challenge on the metrology equipments to exhibit greater sensitivity to implant and annealing process variations. In this work we will focus on studying metrology sensitivity to NMOS junctions formed with ultra shallow arsenic implants. For the sensitivity to energy variation, the arsenic is implanted at energies from 1800 eV to 2200 eV by steps of ±20 eV, ±50 eV, ±200 eV around arsenic 2 keV at 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. To study the sensitivity to dose variation, a second set of wafers were implanted with arsenic at 2 keV with different doses ranging from 1 × 1014 to 2 × 1015 ions/cm2. Low energy electron induced X-ray emission spectrometry (LEXES) is used to monitor dose sensitivity before and after annealing, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to monitor the dose and profile sensitivity after anneal. AR-XPS was also used to monitor the native oxide thickness before and after annealing, and the oxidation state of arsenic.
Reservation Economic Development in the Era of Self-Determination

born on March 6, 1968, when President LyndonJohnson, in a special message to Congress entitled "The Forgotten Americans," called for a new goal in federal Indian policy. He proposed "a policy of maximum choice for the American Indian: a policy expressed in programs of self-help, self-development, and selfdetermination" (Tyler 1973:200). Although the so-called era of self-determination was inaugurated by Johnson, Richard Nixon's special message on "The American Indians" of July 8, 1970, is generally viewed as the foundation of what was hailed at the
Change‐point methods and their applications: contributions of Ian MacNeill

The present paper reviews the important contributions of Ian MacNeill to the theory and methodology of change-point analysis and environmental statistics. The review concentrates on four areas of change-point analysis: sequences of independent random variables; linear regression models with independent as well as serially correlated random errors; regression models with continuity constraints and spatial models of change-points.
Enhanced production of cellulase, hemicellulase, and b-glucosidase by trichoderma reesei, (rut c-30)

LBL-11 074 Prepri nt Submitted to Biotechnology and Bioengineering ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF CELLULASE, HEMICELLULASE AND S-GLUCOSIDASE BY TRICHODERMA REESEI (RUT-C-30) S. Kishen Tangnu, Harvey W. Blanch and Charles R. Wilke June 1980 TWO-WEE LOAN Y This is a Library Copy which may borrowed for two weeks. For a personal Tech. In Divis call Ext. 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Staged management of high-energy proximal tibia fractures (OTA types 41): the results of a prospective, standardized protocol.

Objectives:This study evaluated the use of a staged protocol involving temporary spanning external fixation and delayed formal definitive fixation in the management of high-energy proximal tibia fractures (OTA types 41) with regard to soft-tissue management, development of complications, and functio
A Corpus-Based Discourse Analysis of ICEY in Korean: A Diachronic and Synchronic Perspective

Abstract. This paper investigates the semantic development of icey 'now,' originating as a temporal adverb and evolving into a discourse marker, by analyzing a large corpus drawn from diachronic and synchronic data. Further, through a corpus-based frequency analysis this study explores the mecha-nism of the semantic change. It demonstrates that icey was used as a transition device in historical texts which focuses on a temporal contrast or shift between one event and another. By analyzing the distribution of icey in both written and spoken corpus, it shows that the discourse meaning of icey emerges in the contexts where the speaker/writer expresses his/her subjective stance and attempts to elicit attention from the addressee/reader. It argues that (inter)subjectivity is the primary factor for the semantic extension of icey.