cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Bile Duct Injuries

Bile duct injuries have become more common since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery, and they are a major source of morbidity and litigation. These injuries may take many forms, classified as Type A to Type E, (Fig. 77.1). In this classification of injuries to the biliary tract, Type E injuries are subdivided according to the Bismuth classification. Type B and C injuries almost always involve aberrant right hepatic ducts. The notations “> 2 cm” and “< 2 cm” for Type E1 and Type E2 indicate the length of common hepatic duct remaining. A Hepp-Couinaud approach can be used for injuries of Types E1, E2, and E3, but not for injuries with an isolated right duct – Types B, C, E4, and E5.
Exploring Gender Identity with Photography: A Multilevel Treatment Approach

This chapter focuses on the use of photography as a vehicle to explore issues of gender identity, gender presentation, and sexual orientation among individuals who self-identify sexually as a member of a sexual minority group. The first portion of the chapter lays the foundation for what is to follow, with a discussion of sex, gender, and sexual orientation. I then move to examine how photography has been used in social work in the past in a variety of settings. This is followed by a discussion of how photography can be utilized to explore issues of gender identity, gender presentation, and sexual orientation. The final section of the chapter describes how photography was used in a project conducted with African American sexual minority young adults in Cleveland, Ohio, as a means of exploring both individual and group identity.
Fighting Poverty at Home and Abroad: Explaining Attitudes Towards Redistribution

Why do individuals support redistribution? This paper broadens the scope of the literature on redistribution to include the international context. It investigates whether national borders are barriers to public support for income redistribution, and if so, why. To begin to answer these questions, I fielded two surveys to nationally-representative samples of Americans in February and July of 2013. By experimentally manipulating the nationality of the recipients of a redistributive program, while keeping other program details constant, I am able to isolate the effect of nationality on public support. I find that Americans are significantly less supportive of a program that targets recipients in other countries. While Americans view the foreign poor as needier and more deserving than the domestic poor, they believe the U.S. government has a greater moral obligation to help domestic recipients. Moreover, they view the foreign program as less effective and believe the opportunity costs of funding the foreign program are higher. These mechanisms help explain why Americans support domestic redistribution at higher rates than foreign redistribution.
Revising the Bantu tree

Phylogenetic methods offer a promising advance for the historical study of language and cultural relationships. Applications to date, however, have been hampered by traditional approaches dependent on unfalsifiable authority statements: in this regard, historical linguistics remains in a similar position to evolutionary biology prior to the cladistic revolution. Influential phylogenetic studies of Bantu languages over the last two decades, which provide the foundation for multiple analyses of Bantu sociocultural histories, are a major case in point. Comparative analyses of basic lexica, instead of directly treating written words, use only numerical symbols that express non-replicable authority opinion about underlying relationships. Building on a previous study of Uto-Aztecan, here we analyse Bantu language relationships with methods deriving from DNA sequence optimization algorithms, treating basic vocabulary as sequences of sounds. This yields finer-grained results that indicate major revisions to the Bantu tree, and enables more robust inferences about the history of Bantu language expansion and/or migration throughout sub-Saharan Africa. "Early-split" versus "late-split" hypotheses for East and West Bantu are tested, and overall results are compared to trees based on numerical reductions of vocabulary data. Reconstruction of language histories is more empirically based and robust than with previous methods.
Similarities in joint stiffness across footwear conditions in older and younger runners

Stiffness has been shown to be associated with both running performance and injury (Butler, Crowell, & Davis, 2003). Differences in joint stiffness have been reported between footwear conditions am...
Single-chip nanophotonic near-field imager

Near-field imaging in the microwave regime has many applications from radar to through-the-wall imaging and cancer cell detection. Currently, practical near-field imagers are implemented as benchtop systems and therefore are bulky, expensive, and typically susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Here we introduce and demonstrate the first single-chip nanophotonic near-field imager, where the impinging microwave signals are upconverted to the optical domain and optically delayed and processed to form the near-field image of the target object. The 121-element imager, which is integrated on a silicon chip, is capable of simultaneous processing of ultra-wideband microwave signals and achieves 4.8° spatial resolution for near-field imaging with orders of magnitude smaller size than the benchtop implementations and a fraction of the power consumption.
Posttransplant Outcomes for cPRA-100% Recipients Under the New Kidney Allocation System.

Background There is concern in the transplant community that outcomes for the most highly sensitized recipients might be poor under Kidney Allocation System (KAS) high prioritization. Methods To study this, we compared posttransplant outcomes of 525 pre-KAS (December 4, 2009, to December 3, 2014) calculated panel-reactive antibodies (cPRA)-100% recipients to 3026 post-KAS (December 4, 2014, to December 3, 2017) cPRA-100% recipients using SRTR data. We compared mortality and death-censored graft survival using Cox regression, acute rejection, and delayed graft function (DGF) using logistic regression, and length of stay (LOS) using negative binomial regression. Results Compared with pre-KAS recipients, post-KAS recipients were allocated kidneys with lower Kidney Donor Profile Index (median 30% versus 35%, P 0.9), DGF (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.580.861.27, P = 0.4), acute rejection (aOR: 0.610.941.43, P = 0.8), and LOS (adjusted LOS ratio: 0.981.161.36, P = 0.08). Conclusions We did not find any statistically significant worsening of outcomes for cPRA-100% recipients under KAS, although longer-term monitoring of posttransplant mortality is warranted.
Deploying Health Campaign Strategies to Defend Against Social Engineering Threats

Abstract The threat of social engineering is one that affects not only the financial and reputational well-being of corporate entities but also the basic rights of individuals to privacy. Methods common to health campaigns used to disseminate information warning against social engineering have the potential for success. By providing potential scenarios and exact descriptions of threats, the recipients of the messages might become more aware of the dangers posed through the Internet. Case studies of effective health campaigns will be examined, as well as specific threats that could be avoided by more awareness on the part of the individual. Psychological effects of different techniques and the way that general knowledge can help to prevent social engineering attacks will also be examined.
Geburt der Avantgarde—Emmy Hennings

The “birth” referenced in this book’s title is not a simple beginning; rather, in Behrmann’s account, the trope of birth offers a key to understanding Emmy Hennings’ relationship to the Dada moveme...
Syllogisms and existence in Aristotle’s posterior analytics

Abstract In this paper I examine how Aristotle thinks syllogisms establish existence. I argue against the traditional "Instantiation" reading and in favor of an alternative "causal" or "structural" account of existential syllogisms. On my interpretation, syllogisms establish the existence of kinds by revealing that they are per se unities whose features are causally underwritten by a single cause/essence. They do so by tracing correlations between propria--peculiar, coextensive features--of the kind in question.
Can genetic assignment tests provide insight on the influence of captive egression on the epizootiology of chronic wasting disease

Identifying the sources of ongoing and novel disease outbreaks is critical for understanding the diffusion of epizootic diseases. Identifying infection sources is difficult when few physical differences separate individuals with different origins. Genetic assignment procedures show great promise for assessing transmission dynamics in such situations. Here, we use genetic assignment tests to determine the source of chronic wasting disease infections in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Natural dispersal is thought to facilitate the geographic diffusion of chronic wasting disease, but egression from captive cervid populations represents an alternative source of infection that is difficult to detect due to physical similarities with wild deer. Simulated reference populations were created based on allele frequencies from 1,912 empirical microsatellite genotypes collected in four sampling subregions and five captive facilities. These reference populations were used to assess the likelihood of ancestry and assignment of 1,861 free-ranging deer (1,834 noninfected and 27 infected) and 51 captive individuals to captive or wild populations. The ancestry (Q) and assignment scores (A) for free-ranging deer to wild populations were high (average Qwild = 0.913 and average Awild = 0.951, respectively), but varied among subregions (Qwild = 0.800-0.947, Awild = 0.857-0.976). These findings suggest that captive egression and admixture are rare, but risk may not be spatially uniform. Ancestry and assignment scores for two free-ranging deer with chronic wasting disease sampled in an area where chronic wasting disease was previously unobserved in free-ranging herds indicated a higher likelihood of assignment and proportion of ancestry attributable to captive populations. While we cannot directly assign these individuals to infected facilities, these findings suggest that rare egression events may influence the epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging populations. Continued disease surveillance and genetic analyses may further elucidate the relative disease risk attributable to captive and wild sources.
Parent Perceptions of Audiology and Speech–Language Services and Support for Young Children With Cochlear Implants:

Parents of young children diagnosed with severe-profound sensorineural hearing loss are selecting cochlear implants at an increasing rate. Audiologists and speech–language pathologists are typicall...
Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Hypertensive Patients With Substance Use Disorders: Electronic Health Record Findings.

Objective:Substance use disorder (SUD) management by medical providers may be important for patients with comorbid health conditions exacerbated by SUD. This study evaluated potential associations ...
Temptation and Struggle — Conclusion

In this final chapter, I want to take a look around and see the relationship between human living and moral decisions. It should be evident that making moral decisions is a terribly difficult thing, and in our era, not always fashionable. We have become so indoctrinated with the so-called “behavioral sciences” and “psycho-analytical” concepts that we tend to consider moral problems disguises, moral concepts meaningless, and moral decisions rationalizations of what we would do anyway. There appears to be a trend to equate “immorality” with “disease” and “morality” with “self-enhancement.” The most amazing thing about all this is that men tend to make of themselves simply aggregates of material particles whose behavior is the result of “drives,” “impulses,” “chemical imbalances,” or “childhood frustrations.” Under such influences, words like “responsibility,” “human dignity,” and “freedom” lose all significance. In fact, the whole problem of making moral decisions loses not only its importance but its very import. This simply cannot be correct because human living is a direct contradiction of such a view. Men do make moral decisions and they do, at times at least, act as moral agents.
Choosing to Give More: Experimental Evidence on Restricted Gifts and Charitable Behavior

It is common for charitable organizations to allow donors to place material restrictions on their gifts. Nonprofits and fundraisers generally believe that allowing gift restrictions will increase donation revenue. Restricted gifts are costly to the nonprofit because of increased management expenses and an inability to reallocate gifts to higher valued uses. We report the results of an experiment which tests the influence of charitable gift restrictions on donor behavior. We find that allowing restricted gifts significantly increases the amount given in a laboratory setting. However, we find no evidence that grant restrictions increase the probability of giving.
Influenza-Associated Neurologic Complications in Hospitalized Children.

Objectives To define the incidence and characteristics of influenza-associated neurologic complications in a cohort of children hospitalized at a tertiary care pediatric hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza and to identify associated clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic factors. Study design This was an historical cohort study of children aged 0.5-18.0 years old hospitalized between 2010 and 2017 with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Children with immune compromise or a positive test due to recent receipt of live virus vaccine or recently resolved illness were excluded. Influenza-associated neurologic complications were defined as new-onset neurologic signs/symptoms during acute influenza illness without another clear etiology. Results At least 1 influenza-associated neurologic complication was identified in 10.8% (95% CI 9.1-12.6%, n = 131 of 1217) of hospitalizations with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Seizures (n = 97) and encephalopathy (n = 44) were the most commonly identified influenza-associated neurologic complications, although an additional 20 hospitalizations had other influenza-associated neurologic complications. Hospitalizations with influenza-associated neurologic complications were similar in age and influenza type (A/B) to those without. Children with a pre-existing neurologic diagnosis (n = 326) had a greater proportion of influenza-associated neurologic complications compared with those without (22.7% vs 6.4%, P Conclusions Influenza-associated neurologic complications are common in children hospitalized with influenza, particularly those with pre-existing neurologic diagnoses. A better understanding of the epidemiology and factors associated with influenza-associated neurologic complications will direct future investigation into potential neuropathologic mechanisms and mitigating strategies. Vaccination is recommended and may help prevent influenza-associated neurologic complications in children.
Case 35: Doing Research in Low-Resource Environments. What to Watch Out for

You are an academic anesthesiologist from the USA and are on sabbatical in a very busy hospital attached to the University of Cairo in southern Egypt. You have been there for 6 months. Cairo University anesthesia residents rotate to your hospital for 1 month. A keen anesthesia resident asks you if it is a possibility to use your hospital database to attempt to answer a simple clinical question. The question he would like to elucidate relates to the prediction of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. The resident suggests to extract from the database all episodes of post-induction hypotension and to analyze the possible associated factors.
Definitions, Motivations, and Learning Practices in Games and Virtual Worlds for Children

Facilitated by the ascendance of massive multiplayer online games and virtual worlds, digital game culture has become a part of children’s lives over the past few years. By playing these games, children can not only socialize with their regular friends face to face but also establish relationships with other players online. This chapter presents an overview of games and virtual worlds, including defining these terms and how these technologies could be employed to leverage learning. This chapter also addresses the motivational components in games, which is an area of interest for game researchers and educators. Additionally, this chapter includes research in educational and commercial virtual worlds for children as means to identify the educational and motivational outcomes of these technologies. Lastly, the chapter concludes with implications for the use of games and virtual worlds for educational purposes.
Partitioning the Relative Importance of Phylogeny and Environmental Conditions on Phytoplankton Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids (EFA), which are primarily generated by phytoplankton, limit growth and reproduction in diverse heterotrophs. The biochemical composition of phytoplankton is well-known to be governed both by phylogeny and environmental conditions. Nutrients, light, salinity, and temperature all affect both phytoplankton growth and fatty acid composition. However, the relative importance of taxonomy and environment on algal fatty acid content has yet to be comparatively quantified, thus inhibiting predictions of changes to phytoplankton food quality in response to global environmental change. We compiled 1145 published marine and freshwater phytoplankton fatty acid profiles, consisting of 208 species from six major taxonomic groups, cultured in a wide range of environmental conditions, and used a multivariate distance-based linear model to quantify the total variation explained by each variable. Our results show that taxonomic group accounts for 3-4 times more variation in phytoplankton fatty acids than the most important growth condition variables. The results underscore that environmental conditions clearly affect phytoplankton fatty acid profiles, but also show that conditions account for relatively low variation compared to phylogeny. This suggests that the underlying mechanism determining basal food quality in aquatic habitats is primarily phytoplankton community composition, and allows for prediction of environmental-scale EFA dynamics based on phytoplankton community data. We used the compiled dataset to calculate seasonal dynamics of long-chain EFA (LCEFA; ≥C20 ɷ-3 and ɷ-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) concentrations and ɷ-3:ɷ-6 EFA ratios in Lake Washington using a multi-decadal phytoplankton community time series. These analyses quantify temporal dynamics of algal-derived LCEFA and food quality in a freshwater ecosystem that has undergone large community changes as a result of shifting resource management practices, highlighting diatoms, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates as key sources of LCEFA. Moreover, the analyses indicate that future shifts towards cyanobacteria-dominated communities will result in lower LCEFA content in aquatic ecosystems.
Characterization of coal ash released in the TVA Kingston spill to facilitate detection of ash in river systems using magnetic methods

Abstract The magnetic properties of riverbed samples collected after the 2008 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee are investigated. Coal ash persists in this fluvial environment because 400,000 m 3 of ash remains in areas that were not dredged. The magnetic fraction is low in comparison to other coal ash; 1.4 wt% in a sample from the failed ash storage cell increasing to 3.0 wt% in riverbed samples in the Emory River near the spill. Thermomagnetic analysis, XRD, SEM and polarized light microscopy identified magnetospheres with magnetite and maghemite from the Kingston coal ash as the magnetic carrier. Anthropogenic nonspherical magnetic particles are introduced from the industrialized Tennessee River watershed prior to reaching the Watts Bar Reservoir. A bivariate plot of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) versus mass-normalized low field magnetic susceptibility ( χ LF ) models the mixing of ash in the rivers, identifying both enrichment of magnetospheres by sorting near the spill and dilution with native sediment downstream. Concentration-dependent magnetic parameters in ash-bearing samples are approximately 2–56 times stronger than those of the ash-free watershed samples. This study supports the use of magnetic parameters to track the ash as it is eroded and transported 71 km downstream to the Watts Bar Dam and suggests that χ LF can be utilized to track the migration of coal ash in other river systems.
Characterization of Deoxyribonucleic Acids from Streptomycetes and Nocardiae

The relationships among selected streptomycetes, nocardiae, and mycobacteria have been determined, based upon the base composition of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and upon the ability of their denatured DNA to anneal with single-stranded reference DNA. The streptomycetes constituted a homogeneous group whose DNA contained between 69 and 73 mole% guanine + cytosine (% GC). Moreover, the streptomycetes examined showed 37 to 88% homology with the Streptomyces venezuelae and S. rimosus reference DNA. The nocardial and mycobacterial DNA both contained 62 to 69% GC. The nocardial strains studied fell into either a 62 to 64% GC group or a 68 to 69% GC group, indicating that they should not be assigned to a single species. The nocardiae having 68 to 69% GC showed 24 to 44% homology with S. venezuelae reference DNA. In competition experiments, wherein unlabeled heterologous DNA interfered with binding of labeled homologous DNA, the nocardial DNA with 68 to 69% GC showed a greater degree of homology with the streptomycetes than did the nocardial DNA with 62 to 64% GC. In addition, the DNA from spores of S. venezuelae was cursorily examined, and interactions between S. venezuelae denatured DNA and polyribonucleotides were sought. The buoyant density of the DNA from S. venezuelae spores was distinctly less than that from mycelia. Moreover, denatured S. venezuelae DNA formed a dense complex with polyriboguanylate.
Generalized recursive splitting algorithms for learning hybrid concepts

This paper describes the Competitive Relation Learner (CRL), a generalized recursive splitting algorithm capable of producing a wide range of hybrid concept representations through the competitive application of multiple learning strategies, multiple decomposition strategies, and multiple decomposition evaluation strategies. Experimental results are reported that demonstrate CRL's ability to outperform several well known fixed-bias strategies.
Lepton flavor violating decays and soft leptogenesis in a supersymmetric SO(10) model

We investigate lepton flavor violating decays in a supersymmetric (SUSY) SO(10) model with symmetric textures recently constructed by us. Unlike the models with lopsided textures which give rise to a large decay rate for {mu}{yields}e{gamma}, the decay rate we get is much suppressed and yet it is large enough to be accessible to the next generation of experiments. We have also investigated the possibility of baryogenesis resulting from soft leptogenesis. We find that with the soft-SUSY masses assuming their natural values, B{sup '}{identical_to}{radical}(BM{sub 1}){approx}1.4 TeV and Im(A){approx}1 TeV, the observed baryon asymmetry in the Universe can be accommodated in our model. We have also updated the predictions of our model for the masses, mixing angles, and CP violating measures in both charged fermion and neutrino sectors, using the most up-to-date experimental data as input.
The Effect of Cyclic Loading During Ductile Tearing on the Fracture Resistance of Nuclear Pipe Steels

As part of the First International Piping and Integrity Research Group (IPIRG-1) program, a series of 152.4-mm (6-in.)-diameter Schedule 120, A106 Grade B carbon steel and TP304 stainless steel cyclic through-wall crack (TWC) pipe tests were conducted at 288 C (550 F). The conclusion reached from these experiments was that fully reversed loading decreases the ductile tearing resistance of nuclear pipe steels. As part of the Second International Piping and Integrity Research Group (IPIRG-2) program, a series of cyclically loaded compact tension [C(T)] tests were conducted to determine if this effect is present in laboratory specimens and whether these small-scale results can be used to predict larger through-wall crack pipe behavior. The specimens wee run in displacement control using several cyclic displacement increments and stress ratios. It was found that as the stress ratio was decreased, i.e., the amount of compressive plasticity is increased, the ductile tearing resistance of the material decreased. Fractographic analysis was performed on several C(T) specimens to determine the cyclic degradation mechanism. It was found that crack tip sharpening and void flattening were observed and could be the mechanisms that contributed to the cyclic degradation. In addition to the laboratory tests, finite element analyses were performedmore » on a cyclic C(T) specimen to verify the ASTM E 1152 procedure used and to calculate the cyclic J-R curves.« less
Patient Self-Management of Diabetes Care in the Inpatient Setting: Pro.

Patients should be allowed to manage their diabetes in the hospital. Diabetes mellitus is a common and sometimes difficult to control medical issue in hospitalized patients. Oftentimes patients who have been controlling their diabetes well as an outpatient are not allowed to continue this management on the inpatient setting, which can lead to hypo- and hyperglycemia. Involving the patient in his or her diabetes care, including self-management in select patients, may provide a safe and effective way of improving glycemic control and patient satisfaction. This may particularly benefit the dosing and coordination of meal-time
The Quest for Evidence-Based Practice?: We Are All Positivists!.

Throughout the history of professional social work in the United States, the field has embraced a positivistic view of science, a view continuing to be held by the mainstream of the profession. All...
Analysis of binary voting algorithms for use in fault-tolerant and secure computing

We examine three binary voting algorithms used with computer replication for fault tolerance and separately observe the resultant reliability and security. We offer insights to answer the question: Can a voting algorithm provide a system with both security and reliability? We show that while random dictator (i.e., randomly choosing one of the replicas) provides good security and majority rule yields good fault tolerance neither is effective in both. We present the random troika (a subset of 3 replicas) as an effective combination of fault-tolerant and secure computing.
Liquid-vapor critical temperatures of several aqueous-organic and organic-organic solution systems

Abstract Liquid-vapor critical temperature curves have been determined for the two-component systems, methanol-water, ethanol-water, acetone-water, tetrahydrofuran-water, dioxane-water, benzene-toluene and acetone-ethanol. Variations in the critical temperatures (tc) are described by plots of tc against both composition (mole fraction) and concentration (molarity). Some interpretations of differences in behavior for several of the systems are proposed but they depend upon whether composition or concentration is used as the variable. For example, values of tc for the several systems formed separate curves when plotted against mole fraction. However, when the molarity of water was used, some values of tc, notably for the alcohol-water and acetone-water systems, fell predominantly on the same curve. This latter behavior suggested that concentration might be more appropriate to use than composition in attempts to understand multicomponent critical temperature behavior.
A numerical study of the use of path independent integrals in elasto-dynamic crack propagation

Abstract The use of the path independent J' integral for dynamic crack propagation, which has the physical meaning of energy release rate is numerically studied by the finite element method. Other path independent integrals are also investigated along with the J' integral. Numerical results show that the combined use of the J' integral and the finite element method is a useful tool to obtain the fracture parameters such as the stress intensity factors and the energy release rates. The use of the several other types of path-independent integrals, despite their lack of a direct interpretation as energy release rates, is also demonstrated. This is so, because the alternate path-independent integrals have been explicitly expressed in terms of the time-dependent K-factors, or the energy release rate, in the present work.
Preparing for Democracy: How Community-Based Organizations Build Civic Engagement among Urban Youth.

The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) shows a civic knowledge gap similar to the achievement gap, showing urban youth struggling in particular. However, research has shown that urban...
Abnormal tau proteins and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease

SummaryDementia in Alzheimer's disease is associated closely with the accumulation of hyperpkosphorylated, C-terminally truncated tau protein. It is accumulated, in part, into paired helical filaments (PHF) which form the neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of the disease. The accumulation of this abnormal tau protein creates a tau 'sink’ which, by depleting normal tau, results in the depolymerization of microtubules, the failure of microtubule-dependent intraneuronal transport systems, and ultimately, in the degeneration of neurons. This degenerative process may be modelled by the effect of heat shock on nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC 12 cells in vitro. The model, which suggests that neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease may be associated with interactions between abnormal tau protein, microtubules and mitochondria, allows these three reactants to be manipulated experimentally. It may prove useful in the development of pharmaceutical agents that inhibit the formation of abnormal ta...
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Antimicrobial and Host-Defense Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides represent promising therapeutic agents against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Efforts to improve peptide activity through structure/function studies have been numerous but they have not traditionally used the bioinorganic chemistry toolbox. Nature exploits inorganic chemistry to design antimicrobial peptides in three ways: (1) the use of metal ions as structural cofactors; (2) removal of metal ions through chelation; and (3) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This article reviews some of the findings of the antimicrobial community that highlight the role of transition metal ions.
A comparison of extracts of cockroach nerve-cord and gut after forced activity

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts were made of hindgut and foregut from unstressed and stressed cockroaches. 2. 2. Cardioacceleratory activity was found in all tissues extracted. 3. 3. Foregut extracts from stressed animals contained significantly more cardioacceleratory activity than those of the unstressed animals while hindgut extracts showed no significant change. 4. 4. The amount of cardioacceleratory activity in foregut extracts from stressed animals varied from the unstressed in an opposite manner to the activities in most central nervous ganglia extracts treated in the same fashion, while hindgut extracts, by not varying, resembled abdominal ganglia extracts.
The effect of environment on local dynamics of macromolecules

The role of local environment on mobility of chain molecules is illustrated by considering the case of a miscible mixture of two polymers. The historical background, observed dynamic responses to mixing, and theoretical explanations for these responses are outlined. Two miscible blend systems: poly(isoprene) [PI]/poly(vinyl ethylene) [PVE] and poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO]/poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] are reviewed in detail, with available data consolidated in a set of figures. Unusual features of the PEO/PMMA blend are discussed.
The virtual industrial/organizational psychology class: Learning and teaching in cyberspace in three iterations

The virtual industrial/organizational psychology course is an asynchronous, discussion-based undergraduate class that exists on the Internet, featuring lectures and class discussion in a Usenet group. The development, evolution, and successes and challenges from three iterations of this virtual course are described. While networked computer technology has enabled virtual classrooms for collaborative learning in which learners and teachers interact through computer-mediated communication, perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this course is the issue of experiential learning. In the virtual industrial/organizational psychology course, students are experiencing the organization of the future (networked, virtual) while learning about industrial/organizational psychology and the conceptual underpinnings of the world of work in the future.
Unexpected retention behavior of supercritical fluid chromatography at the low density near critical region of carbon dioxide.

The retention factors of octylbenzene, octadecene, anthracene, and pyrene eluted from columns packed with neat silica and C18-bonded silica by pure carbon dioxide near its critical region increase with increasing temperature along low-density isopycnic lines. This behavior is markedly different from the one observed in nearby regions of the pressure–temperature diagram of CO2, where the retention factors of these compounds decrease with increasing temperature along high-density isopycnic lines. Several possible reasons that could explain this reversal in the behavior of the retention factors are discussed. The most plausible is related to the formation of multilayer adsorption of CO2 on the stationary phases in a density range slightly lower than the critical density.
Interpretation of the serum digoxin concentration

Significant problems exist in the interpretation of serum digoxin concentration data. Failure to distinguish between results that do not require precise clinical correlation (proof of absorption, presence of drug, etc) and those which depend upon clinical correlation for their meaning (‘toxicity’ or ‘effectiveness’) can result in interpretive errors. Problems relating to the source of the serum digoxin concentration can also confound interpretation. Such difficulty may be controllable (obtaining the sample at the proper time, haemolysis, etc) or related to the laboratory technique (cross-reactivity with digoxin metabolites or other medications, technical errors, or lack of precision).
A Macroergonomic Approach to Designing a University College

The sociotechnical system components of the University of Denver's newly formed College of Systems Science were assessed using a macroergonomic approach to determine their implications for the Coll...
Internal states or external stimuli: Observers' attitude judgments and the dissonance-theory-self-persuasion controversy

Abstract Bem (1965, 1967a) has proposed a self-judgment model of attitude change in an attempt to account for a variety of hypotheses derived from dissonance theory. One derivation from Bem's model is that observer-subjects should be able to discriminate the circumstances controlling the behavior of involved subjects and to estimate accurately the attitudes of involved subjects at the end of the experimental procedure. This derivation has been supported in serveral “interpersonal replications” conducted by Bem. It was hypothesized that these results were obtained because Bem's descriptions of the experimental procedures allowed observer-subjects to perceive systematic differences between conditions in initial attitudes of involved subjects. A series of experiments was performed in an attempt to replicate Bem's results and then to show that observer-subjects cannot accurately predict the results of experiments when perceptions of initial attitudes of the involved subjects are controlled. The results of these experiments indicated that attribution of differential initial attitudes had produced the earlier results and that observer-subjects cannot predict the outcomes of attitude-change experiments when perceptions of initial attitudes are controlled by design.
The Influence of Age, Sex, and Energy Level on the Tenderness of Broilers

Abstract THE consumer’s demand for better meat products has stimulated extensive research for the production of better poultry items. In 1967 Marion reviewed various factors that had been reported to influence tenderness in the avian species. This article noted that Shrimpton and Miller (1960) compared a fast growing strain of White Rocks to a slower growing strain of Brown Leghorn. These workers reported no differences attributable to sex in the breast meat of White Rock broilers; Leghorn males were the least tender; and the fast growing females, when restricted fed, were equal in tenderness to full fed Brown Leghorn females. Additional research has compared the influence of energy level, horminization, and protein level on tenderness evaluation and chemical composition of the carcass. Composition of the diet has had relatively little or no influence on tenderness so long as the birds were growing at the maximum rate (Marsden et al., 1957; Harkin…
A Compression algorithm for hyperspectral imagery using the linear mixing model and wavelet transform

A scheme for lossy hyperspectral data cube compression, using a linear mixing model approach and wavelet transform, is presented. The data is first compressed in the spectral dimension by using the linear mixing model approximation to reduce the number of dimensions needed to represent the data. The reduced data is then compressed along the spatial dimensions using a wavelet transform. Five hyperspectral data cubes have been tested using the algorithm. Compression ratios of up to 1000:1 are achieved with peak signal-to-noise (PSNR) ratios of over 40 dB. For all test cases, we were able to achieve ratios of over 200:1 with PSNR exceeding 46 dB. The ultra-high compression ratio with low distortion is an improvement over other results reported in the literature. In addition, the reconstructed spectra from the highly compressed file are shown to preserve the overall shape of the original spectra. However, in some cases the curves are slightly offset in some spectral regions from the original.
Windows, Bridges and Mirrors: Building Culturally Responsive Early Childhood Classrooms through the Integration of Literacy and the Arts

This article investigates how instructors can utilize the integration of early literacy skills and the arts to cultivate the appreciation and celebration of cultures in early childhood classrooms. The theoretical framework is developed through three personal accounts establishing a rationale for the importance of a viable home to school connection for young children. Finally, the suggested activities support the transference of theory into classroom practice.
Results on undecidability of isomorphism of forms over polynomial rings

We show the undecidability of the question of isomorphism of forms over a polynomial ring $ R[t_1,\ldots,t_n] $, assuming a hypothesis about units in certain quaternion rings. Assuming this, it follows that isomorphisms of modules, and of affine algebraic varieties over R are undecidable.
Sampling the density and distribution of Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the ground cover of Michigan apple orchards.

An extraction method, timed counts taken from broadleafed forbs, and counts taken on apple sucker leaves were evaluated as sampling methods to estimate populations of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis Garman in the ground cover of commercial apple orchards. All three gave comparable density estimates at moderate and high population levels. The extraction sample technique was most effective in measuring low population densities, however the timed vegetational procedure was deemed the most practical method for monitoring these mites for pest management purposes. With respect to predator distribution in the ground cover, mites were aggregated somewhat in the heterogeneous understory, but were almost randomly distributed on apple sucker leaves. Predators were equally likely to find prey irrespective of location beneath the tree canopy. They showed little preference for different plant species with the exception of a higher incidence than expected on apple (Malus) and possibly on grape (Vitus sp.) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).
Study of visible light photocatalytic activity achieved by NMP solvent treatment of polymorphic titania

Abstract Visible light active polymorphic titania samples were prepared by post-treatment of a water-based ambient condition sol (WACS) sample using a solvent-based ambient condition sol (SACS) process with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. SACS samples were calcined in either air or nitrogen atmosphere under various conditions. Nitrogen incorporation of SACS titania was investigated by CHN analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All samples were also characterized by X-ray diffraction, N 2 physisorption, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and TEM and compared to a commercial titania powder, Degussa P25. The calcination conditions, especially the temperature and calcination atmosphere, have an influence on the BET surface area, crystallite size, titania phase content, and photocatalytic activity, evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange dye under visible light irradiation. SACS calcined in air at 200 °C for 2 h showed the best visible light activated photocatalytic performance in this study.
On a problem of Gillman and Keisler

We shall obtain a result concern ing the quest ion 3B o f Keisler [6] . If S is a set, then ISl is the cardinal i ty of S. The axiom of choice is assumed th roughout . Eor the not ion of an ul trafi l ter over a set S we refer e.g. to Keisler [6 ] , p. 115. Suppose now that ISI = m is infini te and og is an ul traf i l ter over S. c-g is said to be un i fo rm if for every X ~ ~ , IXl = m. Keisler [6] calls an u l t r a f i l t e r ~ over S regular if there is a set ~c_ cg such that Iq~t m and the intersect ion o f any infini tely many sets f rom q~ is empty . Now we can state the ques t ion 3B, [6] . Is it t rue that for any infinite S, every un i fo rm ultraf i l tcr o,Oer S is regular? Keisler [6] states tha t the answer is knowl~, only in the case when ISI = ~0The answer is then trivially positive. In the present paper we shall consider the next case, namely ISI = s 1 • Our main result is then as follows. If G6del ' s ax iom of construct ibi l i ty , V = L, is true, then every un i fo rm ul traf i l ter over S is regular. Using the me t hods of Cohen [21, models of set theory can be cons t ruc ted in which "V = L" is false and " i t ISI = S l , then every uniform ultraf i l ter over S is regular" is true. The quest ion, "'if ISl = ~ 1, is every un i fo rm ultrafi l ter over S regular?", also appears in Erd6s, Hajnal [3] as Problem 8 2 . 1 h e wording there is different , The ques t ion is a t t r ibu ted to L.Gillman. No reference is given. Thus we answer Gil lman's ques t ion under the assumpt ion tlaat V = L .
Glucose Transport by Osmotic Shock and Vanadate Is Impaired by Glucosamine

In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we previously reported that glucosamine impairs insulin stimulation of glucose transport, which is accompanied by impaired insulin stimulation of serine/threonine kinase Akt. To examine the role of Akt in glucosamine-induced insulin resistance, we investigated time course for insulin stimulation of Akt activity and glucose transport during recovery from glucosamine-induced insulin resistance. After induction of insulin resistance by glucosamine, we washed cells to remove glucosamine and incubated them for various times. After one hour, insulin stimulated-glucose transport was significantly increased and continued to increase up to 6-24 h. Insulin stimulation of Akt, however, did not increase after 1-3 h and began to slightly increase after 6 h. Next, we investigated effects of osmotic shock and vanadate on glucose transport in glucosamine-treated cells and found that glucosamine completely inhibited their actions in these cells. These data suggest that an Akt-independent mechanism is operative in glucosamine-induced insulin resistance and glucosamine impairs glucose transport stimulated by various stimuli involving and not involving Akt activation.
Tissue-specific transcription start site usage in the leader exons of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene: evidence for differential regulation in the developing kidney.

The production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in extrahepatic tissues supports both autocrine and paracrine functions and is regulated differently from that in liver, which supports endocrine function. In rat liver, transcription initiation primarily occurs at four distinct, widely separated sites in exon 1 of the IGF-I gene, whereas in exon 2, transcription initiation occurs at a cluster of sites. To understand the molecular basis for tissue-specific regulation of IGF-I gene expression, we have mapped transcription start site usage in the following extrahepatic tissues: testes, lung, kidney, heart, brain, muscle, and stomach, with liver serving as a control. In adult rats, kidney and brain exhibited a pattern of exon 1 transcription similar to that seen in liver, i.e. roughly equivalent use of start sites 2 and 3. In contrast, testes and lung preferentially used start site 3, while stomach, heart, and muscle predominantly used start site 3. Start sites 1 and 4 were used in all tissues at extreme...
Cleaning verification assays for highly potent compounds by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry: strategy, validation, and long-term performance.

Abstract A cleaning-verification assay was validated for a highly potent family of compounds utilizing a swab-sampling procedure and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for separation and detection of the analytes. Due to the high potency of the compound, the LC-MS method was validated at a level of 50 ng/25 cm 2 and 50 ng/100 cm 2 (which equates to 10 ng/ml after extraction in 5 ml of sample solvent, and 3 ng/ml after correction for sampling losses). This validation exercise included recovery estimates from all drug product contact surfaces within the clinical trial manufacturing equipment, namely, stainless steel, anodized aluminum, Rilsan ® coated aluminum, bronze, polyvinylchloride, and Oilon ® . The limit of detection for the LC-MS method was determined to be less than 0.5 ng/ml, or less than 0.1 ng/cm 2 , of the analyte. This method does not employ an internal standard. Long-term performance of the validated method is also reported. The precision on replicate injections of the standard prepared in the range of 3–6 ng/ml was typically better than 8.0% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) over the course of 1 year, which resulted from 10 cleaning-verification submissions. Those results were consistent with the data obtained during method validation.