cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Polymeric Material Removal by Low Diffraction Laser Beam

of cut to near the tool natural frequency at higher depths of cut. As the effective lead angle orients the thrust force more orthogonal to a vibration mode, the mode’s contribution to the vibration of the system is reduced. In the limiting case, it will reduce the two degree of freedom system to a one degree of freedom system. For such a system at low spindle speeds ~relative to modal natural frequencies!, it is well known that the chatter frequency will be near the natural frequency of the single mode. For the given two degree of freedom system, at low depths of cut the effective lead angle orients the thrust force more along the transverse direction of the workpiece ~perpendicular to feed direction!. At higher depths of cut, the effective lead angle approaches the side cutting edge angle of the tool, which, in this case, orients the force more along the transverse direction of the cutting tool ~feed direction!. In these two cases, the system may be modeled as a one degree of freedom in the X direction ~at low depths of cut! and a one degree of freedom system in the Z direction ~at higher depths of cut!. Therefore, it is expected that the chatter frequency would be near the workpiece natural frequency at low depths of cut and near the tool natural frequency at high depths of cut. The effect of the nose radius on the lower limit of stability is clearly seen by comparing case 1 to case 2 and by comparing case 3 to case 4 in Fig. 1. The upper limit of stability is unaffected by the change in nose radius but the lower limit changes. As the nose radius increases, the lower limit of stability increases. This follows directly from the fact that the influence of the nose radius on the effective lead angle continues to a larger depth of cut for a larger value of the nose radius. 5 Improved Stability Chart This nonlinear influence of the effective lead angle changes the look of the stability charts for many processes involving cutting with a corner radiused tool. An example stability chart generated with the approach explained in this paper is presented in Fig. 3. The unstable regions of the cutting process are represented in the figure with the shading and the stable regions are white. Two key features of this modified stability chart can be seen. First, there exists an envelope in which the process is stable as opposed to just an upper limit on the depth of cut for a stable process. Second, since the important structural frequency is different at low depths of cut than at higher depths of cut, the peaks on the lobes at high depth of cut are located at different spindle speeds than the lower limit of the low depth of cut limit. For example, there is a peak in the upper limit at 5700 rpm while the valley of the lower limit has its minimum near 6100 rpm.
"PROLACTIN" AND THE PITUITARY GLANDS OF FISHES.

Abstract Evidence for the occurrence of prolactin in the hypophysis of fishes is both sparse and unconvincing. In order to re-examine this question, fresh-frozen or acetone-dried pituitary tissues from five teleostean species and three chondrichthyean species were assayed for prolactin content by the pigeon-crop local “micro” method. In addition, assays were performed on media samples obtained from organ cultures of pituitary tissues from five teleostean species and two chondrichthyean species. None of the tissue preparations or media samples elicited responses which were considered typical prolactin reactions, although about 30% of the pigeons injected with these materials showed reactions which were classified as “prolactin-like.” Histological examination of the crops showing these atypical reactions disclosed that the “prolactin-like” reactions were the consequence of intense lymphocytic infiltration of the crop-sac mucosal-submucosal tissues, rather than the typical epithelial proliferation reaction characteristic of the response to injections of mammalian prolactin. Inasmuch as assays of similar preparations from tetrapod pituitaries, including those of amphibians, produced unquestionably typical prolactin responses in the pigeon crop, it seems unlikely that the adenohypophysis of fishes contains a crop sac-stimulating principle.
Single- and dual-polarized millimeter-wave slot-ring antennas

Single- and dual-polarized dielectric lens-supported slot-ring antennas have been developed for operation at millimeter-wave frequencies. The antennas are fed with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to be compatible with uniplanar mixers and low-noise amplifiers, and the feedline is shown to have a minimal effect on the antenna performance. The measured antenna patterns agree well with theoretical results and have symmetric main beams, low sidelobe levels (<-15 dB), low cross polarization (<-20 dB), and 27 dB directivity. A 2/spl times/2 array of single-polarized slot-ring antennas for monopulse applications demonstrates excellent patterns at 94 GHz with -3 dB crossover power levels in both elevation and azimuth scans. The dual-polarized slot ring antenna patterns are nearly identical to those of the single-polarized antenna, and two-port isolation is as low as -25 dB. The dielectric lens-supported slot-ring antenna is an excellent candidate for compact, low-cost millimeter-wave systems with fixed or variable polarization capabilities.
Facilitating innovative faculty projects: an information technology perspective

The Center for Instruction, Research, and Technology (CIRT) at Indiana State University assists faculty with integration of emerging and innovative technologies into their instruction and research activities. This support ranges from High Performance Computing (HPC) to visualization services. CIRT also provides academic programming support to the University community. Additionally, one of the center's main goals is to continually explore and evaluate new and emerging technologies to support teaching, research, and student learning. This paper covers an internal grant program established by the center, the process of working with faculty on research proposals, and descriptions of several projects developed by CIRT for faculty.
The molecular clock runs more slowly in man than in apes and monkeys.

The molecular clock hypothesis1 postulates that the rate of molecular evolution is approximately constant over time. Although this hypothesis has been highly controversial in the past, it is now widely accepted2–5. The assumption of rate constancy has often been taken as a basis for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships among organisms or genes and for dating evolutionary events2–5. Further, it has been taken as strong support for the neutral mutation hypothesis5, which postulates that the majority of molecular changes in evolution are due to neutral or nearly neutral mutations6. For these reasons, the validity of the rate constancy assumption is a vital issue in molecular evolution. Recent studies7–12 using DNA sequence data have raised serious doubts about the hypothesis. These studies provided support for the suggestion made from immunological distance and protein sequence data13,14 that a rate slowdown has occurred in hominoid evolution, and showed, in agreement with DNA hybridization studies15,16, that rates of nucleotide substitution are significantly higher in rodents than in man. Here, rates of nucleotide substitution in rodents are estimated to be 4–10 times higher than those in higher primates and 2–4 times higher than those in artiodactyls. Further, this study provides strong evidence for the hominoid slowdown hypothesis13,14 and suggests a further rate-slowdown in hominoid evolution. Our results suggest that the variation in rate among mammals is primarily due to differences in generation time8,16 rather than changes in DNA repair mechanisms9. We also propose a method for estimating the divergence times between species when the rate constancy assumption is violated.
Population Genomics of Human Adaptation

Recent advances in genotyping technologies have facilitated genome-wide scans for natural selection. Detecting targets of natural selection sheds light on human evolution and it can help identify genetic variants that influence normal human phenotypic variation as well as disease susceptibility. Here we focus on studies of natural selection in modern humans who originated ∼200,000 years ago in Africa and migrated across the globe ∼50,000–100,000 years ago. Movement into new environments, as well as changes in culture and technology, including plant and animal domestication, resulted in local adaptation to diverse environments. We summarize statistical approaches for detecting targets of natural selection and for distinguishing the effects of demographic history from natural selection. On a genome-wide scale, immune-related genes are major targets of positive selection. Genes associated with reproduction and fertility also are fast evolving. Additional examples of recent human adaptation include genes asso...
Forcing of the wintertime atmospheric circulation by the multidecadal fluctuations of the North Atlantic ocean

The North Atlantic sea surface temperature exhibits fluctuations on the multidecadal time scale, a phenomenon known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This letter demonstrates that the multidecadal fluctuations of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are tied to the AMO, with an opposite-signed relationship between the polarities of the AMO and the NAO. Our statistical analyses suggest that the AMO signal precedes the NAO by 10–15 years with an interesting predictability window for decadal forecasting. The AMO footprint is also detected in the multidecadal variability of the intraseasonal weather regimes of the North Atlantic sector. This observational evidence is robust over the entire 20th century and it is supported by numerical experiments with an atmospheric global climate model. The simulations suggest that the AMO-related SST anomalies induce the atmospheric anomalies by shifting the atmospheric baroclinic zone over the North Atlantic basin. As in observations, the positive phase of the AMO results in more frequent negative NAO—and blocking episodes in winter that promote the occurrence of cold extreme temperatures over the eastern United States and Europe. Thus, it is plausible that the AMO plays a role in the recent resurgence of severe winter weather in these regions and that wintertime cold extremes will be promoted as long as the AMO remains positive.
A Practical Guide to Risk Management (a summary)

True risk management is about much more than numbers; it is the art of using numbers and quantitative tools to actually manage risk. Risk is a central, maybe the central, component of managing a financial organization. But risk management has something of a split personality. Managing risk is as much the art of managing people, processes, and institutions as it is the science of measuring and quantifying risk. A Practical Guide to Risk Management addresses that split personality—one side soft management skills, the other side hard mathematics—with an emphasis on how to think about risk. There are two preliminary issues before turning to risk management itself. The first is to recognize the importance of a consistent risk framework throughout the organization. The second is to think carefully about risk, ran domness, and uncertainty.
Coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering in polyatomic gases

We present experimental data and a well matched theory of the coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering line shape in polyatomic gases. Interactions between optical lattice and thermal gas molecules are discussed.
PAPER Geographical variation in climatic sensitivity of intertidal mussel zonation

Aim To identify geographic locations where lethal temperatures and upper zonation limits of Mytilus californianus beds coincide and to determine the dominant climatic factor where lethal limits occur. Location Intertidal shores along 1500 km of the west coast of North America. Methods Lethal temperatures for M. californianus were determined using temperature-controlled chambers in which both the magnitude and duration of exposure were manipulated. Field surveys of the shore level and solar exposure of upper zonation limits of mussel beds were conducted at 15 sites. Measurements from the lethal temperature studies and field surveys were used with a biophysical model of mussel body temperature to hindcast M. californianus mortality rates from 1997‐2007. Results The critical lethal high body temperature was c. 38 °C. Hindcasts of mortality rates predicted that lethal temperatures occurred along the upper limits of the mussel bed at only two of the sites, Santa Cruz and Alegria, CA, USA, and daily maximum air temperature during low tide was the variable that distinguished these sites. Santa Cruz and Alegria were not adjacent to each other and not the most equatorward of the sites examined. Main conclusions Local upper zonation limits of the mussel M. californianus are determined by lethal high body temperatures at two of 15 locations, which means that alternative environmental factors are determining local zonation at most of the study sites. Mussel body temperature is driven by many physical variables, but air temperature was higher at Santa Cruz and Alegria than elsewhere making it the most likely factor driving the climatic sensitivity at local upper zonation limits. There was no significant evidence of local acclimation or local adaptation in this species. Some local zonation limits are more vulnerable to climate change than others, potentially causing the magnitude and timing of zonation shifts to differ even among closely situated sites.
Effect of Lipid Additives on Pre- and Post-Freeze Survival of Bovine Spermatozoa,

Abstract Bovine spermatozoa were frozen in NJ-2 and EYC extenders with one of seven levels, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0%, of cholesterol, diolein, triolein, milk fat triglycerides, and lecithin. Based upon motility estimates of NJ-2 extended semen, only cholesterol and lecithin provided protection for spermatozoa during the initial cooling phase, and only lecithin protected the cells during freezing and thawing. In a second study, using 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0% lecithin, with and without 2.0% cholesterol, in citrate, Tris, Minn-Go, phosphate, and NJ-2 buffers, it was found that cholesterol, when averaged across all treatments, reduced motility. It appeared that 2.0% lecithin was superior to 4.0 or 8.0% and that motility was highest in Tris, Minn-Go, and phosphate buffers. In Experiment 3, 0.5% lecithin, considering all treatments, resulted in greater sperm motility than 1.0 or 2.0%; whereas 5.0% glycerol was superior to either 7.0 or 9.0% prior to freezing, post-thaw motilities were higher with 7.0% glycerol. In a fourth study, in which semen was extended in 20% EYC or Tris with 1.0% fructose, 0.5% lecithin, and 7.0% glycerol, motility of spermatozoa in EYC was significantly higher (P
Purification and analysis of expression of the stationary phase-inducible Slp lipoprotein in Escherichia coli: role of the Mar system

Entrance into the stationary phase in Escherichia coli induces a group of stress response genes including slp, which encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein. Glucose limitation is sufficient, but not necessary, for the increase in slp expression. The Slp protein was purified and an antibody-based assay was developed, which enabled identification of Slp as spot R2226 (G018.1) in the E. coli gene–protein database. Although Slp is a major membrane component in stationary phase cultures grown in complex medium, no significant changes in resistance to oxidative stress or membrane perturbants were found in a slp null mutant strain. The presence or absence of multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) A did not alter the final stationary phase levels of Slp. However, the Mar system could modestly influence the level of slp expression during the transition from exponential to stationary growth phase. Accumulation of Slp leads to a small increase in sensitivity to chloramphenicol.
Copy number variation shapes genome diversity in Arabidopsis over immediate family generational scales.

Arabidopsis thaliana is the model plant and is grown worldwide by plant biologists seeking to dissect the molecular underpinning of plant growth and development. Gene copy number variation (CNV) is a common form of genome natural diversity that is currently poorly studied in plants and may have broad implications for model organism research, evolutionary biology, and crop science. Herein, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to identify and interrogate regions of gene CNV across the A. thaliana genome. A common temperature condition used for growth of A. thaliana in our laboratory and many around the globe is 22 °C. The current study sought to test whether A. thaliana, grown under different temperature (16 and 28 °C) and stress regimes (salicylic acid spray) for five generations, selecting for fecundity at each generation, displayed any differences in CNV relative to a plant lineage growing under normal conditions. Three siblings from each alternative temperature or stress lineage were also compared with the reference genome (22 °C) by CGH to determine repetitive and nonrepetitive CNVs. Findings document exceptional rates of CNV in the genome of A. thaliana over immediate family generational scales. A propensity for duplication and nonrepetitive CNVs was documented in 28 °C CGH, which was correlated with the greatest plant stress and infers a potential CNV–environmental interaction. A broad diversity of gene species were observed within CNVs, but transposable elements and biotic stress response genes were notably overrepresented as a proportion of total genes and genes initiating CNVs. Results support a model whereby segmental CNV and the genes encoded within these regions contribute to adaptive capacity of plants through natural genome variation.
Counting homomorphisms onto finite solvable groups

We present a method for computing the number of epimorphisms from a finitely presented group G to a finite solvable group , which generalizes a formula of � � �.
FOREIGN POLICY AS AN ISSUE AREA: A ROLL CALL ANALYSIS,*

James N. Rosenau has elaborated the issue area typology developed by Theodore Lowi in an ambitious attempt to categorize motivations, role structures, and interaction sequences which distinguish "domestic" from "foreign" issues. Lowi classified domestic issues into three areas: distribution of resources, regulation of resources, and redistribution of resources, and he equated interaction sequences in these areas with the coalition (distributive), pluralist (regulatory), and elitist (redistributive) models of the political process. The theoretical underpinning of Lowi's typology was the assumption that stable expectations develop about appropriate patterns of political competition and conflict for issues in each of these three "arenas."1 The internal logic of Lowi's argument is as follows: (1) people's expectations concerning benefits to be derived from relating to others determine their choices of relationships; (2) governmental policies (outputs) determine expectations about questions of politics; (3) ergo, the type of policy at stake determines the patterning of any political relationship; a distinctive type of political relationship should characterize every major type of policy.2 In these arenas of power, "each arena tends to develop its own characteristic political structure, political process, elites, and group relations."3 Distributive policies are easily disaggregable into small units and can be apportioned among participants in relative isolation from one another. Regulatory policies, while specific in their impact, are not so infinitely disaggregable:
Supply-demand adjustment for eggs.

Egg production in a free economy is characterized by alternating periods of excessive expansion and periods over production which result in financial difficulty for producers and an inefficient use...
Domain 5 binds near a highly conserved dinucleotide in the joiner linking domains 2 and 3 of a group II intron

Photocrosslinking has identified the joiner between domains 2 and 3 [J(23)] as folding near domain 5 (D5), a highly conserved helical substructure of group II introns required for both splicing reactions. D5 RNAs labeled with the photocrosslinker 4-thiouridine (4sU) reacted with highly conserved nucleotides G588 and A589 in J(23) of various intron acceptor transcripts. These conjugates retained some ribozyme function with the lower helix of D5 crosslinked to J(23), so they represent active complexes. One partner of the g{g9 tertiary interaction (A587{U887) is also in J(23); even though g{g9 is involved in step 2 of the splicing reaction, D5 has not previously been found to approach g{g9. Similar crosslinking patterns between D5 and J(23) were detected both before and after step 1 of the reaction, indicating that the lower helix of D5 is positioned similarly in both conformations of the active center. Our results suggest that the purine-rich J(23) strand is antiparallel to the D5 strand containing U32 and U33. Possibly, the interaction with J(23) helps position D5 correctly in the ribozyme active site; alternatively, J(23) itself might participate in the catalytic center.
Molecular weight and degree of deacetylation effects on lipase-loaded chitosan bead characteristics

The effects of the molecular weight (MW) and degree of deacetylation (DD) of chitosan on chitosan hydrogel beads were characterized, and the entrapment efficiency, release of entrapped lipase, and activity of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase were investigated. Fresh and freeze-dried beads were characterized. A solution of lipase was prepared in a 1.5% (w/v) chitosan and 1% (v/v) acetic acid medium, and then dropped into a tripolyphosphate solution to prepare the beads. The release studies were performed over 36 h. The enzyme activity was assayed using the Sigma lipase activity method. Chitosan with high MW and DD resulted in a higher loading. A lower activity was observed for beads produced with high DD chitosan. MW did not have a marked effect on the activity. The release study revealed that enzyme release increased to a maximum when the bead was manufactured with a low MW and a moderate to high DD chitosan sample. Freeze drying did not affect the release or the activity of the lipase. Chitosan with a high MW and DD can thus improve loading and reduce the release of lipase in these beads. The choice of chitosan can affect the activity normalized for lipase loading, and beads with desirable qualities can be produced.
Cholecystostomy offers no survival benefit in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis and severe sepsis and shock

Abstract Background Acute acalculous cholecystitis is often managed with cholecystectomy or cholecystostomy, but data guiding surgical practice are lacking. Materials and methods Longitudinal analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Data was performed from 1995–2009. Patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis were identified by International Classification of Diseases 9 code. Cox proportional hazard analysis found predictors of time to death, adjusting for patient demographics, sepsis, shock, frailty, Charlson comorbidity index, length of stay, insurance status, teaching hospital status, and year. Results Of 43,341 patients, 63.5% received a cholecystectomy, 2.8% received a cholecystostomy, and 1.2% received both. Overall, 30.4% of patients died, with higher mortality among patients with cholecystostomy (61.7%) or no procedure (42.0%) than cholecystectomy (23.0%). In patients with severe sepsis and shock, there was no difference in survival of patients with cholecystostomy versus no intervention (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, P = 0.256), although patients with cholecystectomy (with or without prior cholecystostomy) had improved survival (HR 0.29, P 96 h. Conclusions Although cholecystostomy offered no survival benefit for patients with severe sepsis and shock, cholecystectomy offered improved survival compared with patients without surgical management. Cholecystostomy may not benefit the sickest patients in whom cholecystectomy may never be considered.
A bilevel game theoretic approach to optimum design of flywheels

Multiobjective optimization problems arise frequently in mechanical design. One approach to solving these types of problems is to use a game theoretic formulation. This article illustrates the application of a bilevel, leader–follower model for solving an optimum design problem. In particular, the optimization problem is modelled as a Stackelberg game. The partitioning of variables between the leader and follower problem is discussed and a variable partitioning metric is introduced to compare various variable partitions. A computational procedure based on variable updating using sensitivity information is developed for exchanging information between the follower and leader problems. The proposed approach is illustrated through the design of a flywheel. The two objective functions used for the design problem include maximizing the kinetic energy stored in the flywheel while simultaneously minimizing the manufacturing cost.
Networking Arguments: Rhetoric, Transnational Feminism, and Public Policy Writing by Dingo, Rebecca

As many have argued, globalization is marked by a dense web of political, social, and economic relations and leads to problems that require collaborative solutions by the international community. I...
EGGSHELL CHARACTERISTICS AND CALCIUM DEMANDS OF A MIGRATORY SONGBIRD BREEDING IN TWO NEW ENGLAND FORESTS

Calcium has been reported to be a limiting nutrient for eggshell production in birds living in areas of northern Europe suffering from heavy acid deposition. To investigate whether calcium might be limiting for birds in northeastern North America, a region also experiencing high and persistent acid precipitation, we analyzed eggshell characteristics and assessed calcium needs for eggshell production of a Neotropical migrant songbird, the Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), in two forests in New England that differed in calcium content of their soils. We found no significant differences between the two regions in warbler eggshell mass, thickness, or in the concentration or the amount of calcium in eggshells. Moreover, calculations show that a diet of larval Lepidoptera, a major food source, is not a sufficient source of calcium for this species during egg laying, but that ingestion of eight average-sized (60 mg dry mass) snails during the egg-laying period would supply sufficient calcium for eggshell formation for a 4-egg clutch. Although current densities of snails suggest that they are not a limiting resource for birds at these sites, recent findings of declining calcium availability in New England forest soils suggest that calcium could in the future become a limiting factor for birds in northern temperate forests.
Ligand steals spotlight from metal to orchestrate hydrogen production.

In comparison to green plants, we humans severely underuse the sun’s energy. Although the high costs of solar photovoltaics have been an early barrier to widespread utilization, the lack of efficient solar energy storage mechanisms has greatly hindered the adoption of this sustainable energy resource. The development of sunlight-to-fuel technologies, with the goal of mimicking the process of photosynthesis on an industrial scale, has been a major and growing global research endeavor over the last decade (1, 2). Key to these technologies is the transformation of abundant but energy-poor feedstocks (like water and carbon dioxide) into energy-rich fuels (like hydrogen and methanol). Transition metal catalysts help orchestrate the proton-coupled electron transfer processes that underpin fuel synthesis, such as the production of hydrogen (3–6). Transition metal hydride intermediates are almost always invoked as key species during hydrogen evolution, with the metal at the center of the reactivity docking both protons and electrons. Reporting in PNAS, Solis et al. (7) now show that the ligand can play a role similar to the metal center, with a C–H bond in a phlorin reacting like a metal hydride to release hydrogen.
Evidence for Conspecificity of Aculus cornutus and A. fockeui (Acari: Eriophyidae), Rust Mites of Prunus Fruit Trees

Eriophyid mites of the genus Aculus Keifer collected from the peach (Prunus persica [L.]), at Moreno, Riverside Co., Calif., reproduced and increased in numbers on excised leaves of the following palearctic species: myrobalan plum, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., mahaleb cherry, Prunus mahaleb L., sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) var. sylvestris , and P. persica . The mites did not reproduce on the following nearctic species: Prunus hortulana L. H. Bailey, Prunus maritima Marsh., Prunus subcordata Benth., and Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa. Mites of the genus Aculus collected from the prune, Prunus domestica L., at Yakima, Wash., reproduced and increased in numbers on excised leaves of P. persica and P. domestica . Feeding by Aculus from peaches caused chlorotic spots on young peach leaves and young myrobalan plum leaves. Aculus from peaches in Moreno and prunes in Yakima reproduced on either host. Females from either host visited spermatophores of males from the other host and subsequently produced predominantly female progeny, an indication of fertilization of eggs. F1 females produced viable eggs from which, in the absence of spermatophores, F2 males were produced. F2 males produced spermatophores.
An Assessment of the Contribution of log Linear Models to Marketing Research

Recent literature contains several expositions of the log-linear modeling (LLM) capability of analyzing multiway contingency tables. This method has been proposed as a way of overcoming the deficie...
Planning clinically relevant biomarker validation studies using the "number needed to treat" concept.

Despite an explosion of translational research to exploit biomarkers in diagnosis, prediction and prognosis, the impact of biomarkers on clinical practice has been limited. The elusiveness of clinical utility may partly originate when validation studies are planned, from a failure to articulate precisely how the biomarker, if successful, will improve clinical decision-making for patients. Clarifying what performance would suffice if the test is to improve medical care makes it possible to design meaningful validation studies. But methods for tackling this part of validation study design are undeveloped, because it demands uncomfortable judgments about the relative values of good and bad outcomes resulting from a medical decision. An unconventional use of “number needed to treat” (NNT) can structure communication for the trial design team, to elicit purely value-based outcome tradeoffs, conveyed as the endpoints of an NNT “discomfort range”. The study biostatistician can convert the endpoints into desired predictive values, providing criteria for designing a prospective validation study. Next, a novel “contra-Bayes” theorem converts those predictive values into target sensitivity and specificity criteria, to guide design of a retrospective validation study. Several examples demonstrate the approach. In practice, NNT-guided dialogues have contributed to validation study planning by tying it closely to specific patient-oriented translational goals. The ultimate payoff comes when the report of the completed study includes motivation in the form of a biomarker test framework directly reflecting the clinical decision challenge to be solved. Then readers will understand better what the biomarker test has to offer patients.
Study on Effects of Different Natural and Technical Conditions on Yield of Rice

The effects of natural and technical conditions on rice yield were studied systematically by comparing and analyzing the differences in yield of the new super hybrid rice variety Zhuliangyou 819 under different natural and technical conditions.The results showed that natural ecological conditions were the main factors to affect rice yield.At the same time,the technical conditions were also important factors to affect yield.So strengthening research,integration,promotion and popularization of the supporting techniques will play an important role in enhancing the yield level of large-scale rice.
The next Black America: Obstacles amidst opportunities for Black families.

In this article, the author offers personal accounts on how she feels about the current Black America and obstacles that people face reaching for opportunities for Black families. Focus relies on the current state of Black America, poverty, schools, academic achievement, raising children in the next Black America and much more. (PsycINFO Database Record.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: CRISPR-Cas9 Revolutionizes Gene Editing

ABSTRACTA simple but revolutionary technique for editing genetic material is exciting the scientific community. CRISPR-Cas9 produces affordable, efficient genome editing that will affect future developments in agriculture, animal science, human disease, and potentially the heritable human genome. The controversy surrounding the regulation and ethical questions of CRISPR-Cas9 is starting to build in the popular and scientific press. Understanding the basics of CRISPR-Cas9 will help science librarians prepare for reference and resource requests from students, faculty, and researchers.
Design of Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Propargylations through Computational Screening

The development of asymmetric catalysts is typically driven by the experimental screening of potential catalyst designs. Herein, we demonstrate the design of asymmetric propargylation catalysts through computational screening. This was done using our computational toolkit AARON (automated alkylation reaction optimizer for N-oxides), which automates the prediction of enantioselectivities for bidentate Lewis base catalyzed alkylation reactions. A systematic screening of 59 potential catalysts built on 6 bipyridine N,N′-dioxide-derived scaffolds results in predicted ee values for the propargylation of benzaldehyde ranging from 45% (S) to 99% (R), with 12 ee values exceeding 95%. These data provide a broad set of experimentally testable predictions. Moreover, the associated data revealed key details regarding the role of stabilizing electrostatic interactions in asymmetric propargylations, which were harnessed in the design of a propargylation catalyst for which the predicted ee exceeds 99%.
The Social Ontology of Capitalism: An Introduction

This book emerged from the 2015 Symposium for New Directions in Critical Social Theory at Iowa State University, May 11–12. The original idea for the Symposium was proposed at an April 2007 meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society in Chicago and was put into motion the next year as a biennial gathering of a handful of sociologists, Germanists, and philosophers in Ames, Iowa, with the goal of surveying the state of critical social theory in hopes of establishing vectors for future interdisciplinary research. As of June 2016, the Symposium has grown into a larger and more formally structured workshop incorporating several days of sessions devoted to the reinvention of critical social theory and critical sociology. Revised and thematically integrated papers from the 2014 meeting were published in 2016 as Capitalism’s Future: Alienation, Emancipation and Critique, edited by Daniel Krier and Mark P. Worrell, as Volume 85 of the Studies in Critical Social Sciences (Brill). The present volume is dedicated to an exploration of the ontology of capitalist society.
CHAPTER 198 – Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Levels by Sequestration

Physiological sequestration of second messengers and other signaling agents is not a new concept. Cyclic nucleotides bind to specific proteins in cells and are thereby sequestered into different functional compartments. Some of the bound cyclic nucleotide serves to activate target proteins such as protein kinases or ion channels while another portion is bound to sites in other proteins and therefore inactive for stimulating protein kinases or ion channels. Sequestration into or release from such inactive sites could be modulated in response to certain stimuli. In order for sequestration to be physiologically relevant, cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins should have ample affinity and be present in sufficient amounts to bind a significant portion of the total cellular cyclic nucleotide. Moreover, the sequestration should be a regulated process. These conditions appear to be met for cGMP binding to the allosteric (noncatalytic) sites of phosphodiesterase-5 in penile corpus cavernosum or of phosphodiesterase-6 in retina. It is usually emphasized that extracellular signals modulate levels of cyclic nucleotides in cells by regulation of the activities of adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases. Changes in concentrations of signals presented to cells are thus critical determinants for rate of formation of cAMP or cGMP.
Bridge to Transplant and Destination Therapy Strategies in the United States

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Many treatments have been developed for patients with end-stage heart failure, among which heart transplantation remains the standard. However, the persistent shortage of available donor organs has resulted in an ever-increasing waitlist for transplantation, as well as longer waiting periods prior to surgery. Within the last 15 years, major strides have been made in the area of mechanical circulatory support, allowing patients with medically refractory heart failure a number of exciting and practical alternatives to heart transplantation. This chapter will focus on the use of implantable long-term mechanical circulatory support devices as bridge to transplant and destination therapy for adult patients with advanced heart failure in the United States.
Localized Forms of Scleroderma

Morphea, also called localized scleroderma, is a fibrosing disorder that resembles scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) microscopically, but typically has a quite different clinical presentation, course and possible pathophysiology. The individual with morphea has single or multiple circumscribed indurated cutaneous plaques that can have variable appearances, depending on the subtype (see classification below and Table 12.1). The main variants are circumscribed or plaque-type morphea (Fig. 12.1a), generalized morphea (Fig. 12.1b), linear morphea (Figs. 12.1c–f and 12.2a–d), and deep morphea or morphea profunda. Unlike scleroderma, systemic disease and involvement of internal organs are uncommon in morphea.
Perioperative Management of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Cardiac Surgery Patients

Perioperative hyperglycemia is common after cardiac surgery, reported in 60% to 90% of patients with diabetes and in approximately 60% of patients without history of diabetes. Many observational and prospective randomized trials in critically-ill cardiac surgery patients support a strong association between hyperglycemia and poor clinical outcome. Despite ongoing debate about the optimal glucose target, there is strong agreement that improved glycemic control reduces perioperative complications.
Ethanol (Alcohol) Intoxication

History, chemical profile Alcoholic beverages exist since the dawn of humanity and are part of the culture of many civilizations since antiquity. Ethanol is obtained through fermentation of countless products leading to an infinite variety of flavors. It is believed that ethanol binds several receptors in the human brain, including GABA receptors. This profile explains many of the empirical effects of alcohol.
Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy Severity Predicts Hospital Mortality*

Objectives:To assess whether sepsis-associated coagulopathy predicts hospital mortality.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:One-thousand three-hundred beds urban academic medical center.Patients:Six-thousand one-hundred forty-eight consecutive patients hospitalized between January 1, 2010, and
Processes and Problems That May Define the New BioMathematics Field

Historically, mathematics developed hand-in-hand with the physical sciences. While biological processes must obey the laws of physics, biology is not reducible to physics (otherwise we would not be able to distinguish one set of phenomena from the other!), and therefore mathematics that have been adequate for describing physical processes are often inadequate to describe biological ones. In consequence, I argue that the a new phase of scientific development is required in which mathematicians turn to biological processes for inspiration in creating novel forms of mathematics appropriate to describe biological functions in a more useful manner than has been done so far. Many the kinds of problems that seem to remain unaddressable at present involve forms of mathematics that currently have competing assumptions. For example, biologists need to describe phenomena that involve discrete and continuous functions simultaneously (control of metabolism through binding of single molecules to unique gene promoters; the statistical description of continuously varying molecular complexes); they need to handle spatial descriptors (geometry?) at the same time as kinetic data (calculus?) to explain developmental processes; they need to explain how scalar processes (random diffusion) gave rise to vectorial ones (facilitated transport). These, and other hybrid problems described in this paper, suggest that a fertile field of enquiry exists for mathematicians interested in developing new forms of biologically-inspired mathematics. I predict the result of the development of this new field of biologically-inspired mathematics will be as fundamentally revolutionary as physics-inspired mathematics was during the original Scientific Revolution.
Designing for Young Children: Learning, Practice, and Decisions

This paper presents a vignette of our development of a robot-based app sponsored by the corporation producing the robot. The discussion in this paper begins with the affordances of humanoid robots that enable transformative pedagogical approaches to address children’s needs. Next, we present our design case, where we develop a humanoid robot-based English-learning curriculum for young children to learn English as a second language. This case highlights a multifaceted app development process that involves synergistic, multidisciplinary teamwork and design enhancement through repeated observations of child/robot interactions. We present a few snapshots from the design case to illustrate the teamwork and design enhancement. From our observations in repeated user testing, the robot app seems to induce independent navigation, sustained attention and engagement, and rich learning experiences for children. The design challenges and the way we address them may be useful for others developing similar interventions for young children.
The Nuts and Bolts of Democracy: Democratic Theory and Technological Design

Technology is a taboo subject in philosophy and the social sciences. Yes, there is an occasional passing mention. Even a seminal book or two. But the vast mainstream of social science proceeds as though technologies simply do not exist, do not matter.
Prokaryote Molecular Biology

When beginning a study of the genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages, it is important to have clearly in mind the ways in which these prokaryotes and their viruses organize their genetic and molecular processes, and the ways in which these processes differ from those used by eukaryotic organisms. This chapter provides a brief overview of major cell activities with comparisons specifically between the eubacteria, primarily represented by Escherichia coli, and the “lower” eukaryotes, primarily represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The focus in this chapter is on the major molecular biologic processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Specific genetic considerations are the subject of the next chapter. Some of the material in these chapters may be familiar from introductory biology classes, but all of it forms a necessary foundation for the topics to be presented later. The many varied replication and transcription mechanisms found among the bacteria, their plasmids, and their viruses refer back to this material.
Mechanisms of Formation of Radionuclide Contamination at the Oil Fields of Azerbaijan

Territory of Azerbaijan due to its geographic position, aggregation of natural-climatic zones, industrial potential is a unique object of ecologic investigations. One of the most ecologically tense zones in Azerbaijan is the Absheron peninsula. Active industrialization and urbanization resulted in a constantly growing anthropogene impact on the environment which is expressed in concentration, redistribution and disperse of huge masses of chemical elements of a technogenic origin.
Geographic Health Disparities: Satellite Clinics for Cancer Care in Rural Communities.

BACKGROUND Cancer treatment is time-consuming and challenging for most patients, but particularly for those who live in geographically isolated areas. Satellite chemotherapy infusion centers offer a possible solution to geographic disparities in health care. OBJECTIVES This article analyzes a satellite chemotherapy infusion center on the island of Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. METHODS Interviews were conducted with staff of the infusion department of Martha's Vineyard Hospital, which has partnered with the cancer center at Massachusetts General Hospital to offer a satellite chemotherapy infusion center for island residents. FINDINGS High-quality community hospitals are increasingly able to offer specialized oncology treatment and nursing care at greater convenience for patients through the use of satellite clinics.
Synthesis of centimeter-scale monolithic SiC nanofoams and pore size effect on mechanical properties

Abstract By pressure infiltrating pre-ceramic polymer polycarbosilane (PCS) into thermally and mechanically stable silica nanofoam, followed by PCS pyrolysis and silica template removal, synthesis of large-scale monolithic SiC nanofoams has been accomplished. Tailoring of the porosity and cell size of the SiC nanofoam has been realized by dissociating the porosity and pore size of the silica nanofoam. Because of the surface hardening and increased surface volume ratio of deformable nanopores, with the same porosity, the decrease of nanopore size has led to an increase in the quasi-static and dynamic indentation resistance for SiC nanofoams.